                           NUMBER 13-17-00417-CR

                           COURT OF APPEALS

                 THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                   CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG


JOSEPH D. CANCINO,                                                      Appellant,

                                         v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                                       Appellee.


                   On appeal from the 94th District Court
                        of Nueces County, Texas.


                        MEMORANDUM OPINION
  Before Chief Justice Contreras and Justices Longoria and Perkes
         Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Contreras

      Appellant Joseph D. Cancino was convicted of murder, a first degree felony, and

aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, a second degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE

ANN. §§ 19.02, 22.02 (West, Westlaw through 2017 1st C.S.). He was sentenced to

concurrent forty-eight-year and five-year prison terms for the respective offenses. On
appeal, he raises thirteen issues making five general arguments: (1) the evidence was

insufficient to support the convictions; (2) the trial court and the prosecutor gave incorrect

instructions to the jury; (3) members of the victim’s gang communicated with and

intimidated jurors; (4) appellant’s Fifth Amendment rights were violated; and (5) his

convictions were based on “incorrect, uncorrected testimony.” We affirm.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

       In the early morning of July 10, 2016, gunfire erupted at the Office Club, a bar on

Rand Morgan Road in Corpus Christi, resulting in the death of Roddy Rodriguez and a

minor injury to Loreto “Larry” Gonzalez. Appellant was charged by indictment with the

murder of Rodriguez and the aggravated assault of Gonzalez.

       At trial, testimony established that appellant was playing pool at the bar on the

night in question along with his half-brother Roman Cancino Jr. and Roman’s wife Karen.

Rodriguez, a member of the Texas Syndicate street gang (TS), was at the bar with

Gonzalez and Samantha Trejo. Rodriguez and his associates were members of a branch

of TS known as the Goon Squad.

       Video surveillance recordings from several locations in and around the bar were

played for the jury and entered into evidence. The videos showed that appellant and

Rodriguez were initially standing in different sections of the bar. At one point, Rodriguez

got up to use the restroom; as he was walking back to his seat, he bumped into appellant,

and the two argued before separating. Appellant can be seen on the video recordings

talking on his cell phone. Later, according to the testimony of several witnesses, as

Rodriguez was leaving the bar with his associates, appellant fatally shot him in the head

and chest, outside of the view of the surveillance cameras. Gonzalez retrieved a gun


                                              2
from his car in the parking lot and returned fire. The principal issues at trial were whether

appellant’s actions were intentional and whether they were made in self-defense.

A.     State’s Witnesses

       Jason DeLeon testified that he used to work at the Office Club and arrived there

at around 10:30 or 11:00 p.m. on the night of July 9, 2016. At some point, he went to a

different bar for about an hour, and when he came back he noticed there was a

commotion outside. He observed a “thicker lady wearing a blouse and maybe some

shorts” retrieve something from a Cadillac and return to the bar. He then went into the

bar and saw Rodriguez paying his tab. According to DeLeon, as Rodriguez walked out

of the bar after paying, a group of people including appellant came up to Rodriguez and

started arguing. Rodriguez turned around and pointed his finger. DeLeon stated: “As

soon as [Rodriguez] points, [appellant] pushes his friend over and fires. You hear pop,

pop, pop, and then, I’m standing there, I watch it all, and then, as soon as they go out,

he’s outside firing also.” DeLeon stated that appellant was “maybe less than five feet

away” from Rodriguez and “running towards [Rodriguez]” when the shots were fired. He

denied that Rodriguez was holding anything in his hands at the time, that Rodriguez

motioned toward his waistband or his pocket before being shot, or that there was a

“scuffle” before the shooting. He said appellant was “hiding behind somebody and looking

to shoot.” After the shooting, DeLeon checked on Rodriguez’s condition; upon seeing

that he had a bullet wound on his forehead, DeLeon called the police.

       DeLeon stated he was not intoxicated during these events, but he conceded that

the inside of the bar was poorly lit.     On cross-examination, he acknowledged that,

according to the surveillance videos, the woman who went to the Cadillac may not have


                                             3
returned to the bar immediately afterward, as he had testified he observed.

      Rey Herrera was sitting at the bar about six feet away from the door at the time of

the shooting. As Rodriguez was leaving the bar with a female associate, Herrera could

hear him say: “So what you want to do it here.” Herrera said he had a “clear view” of

Rodriguez leaving the bar, but he did not see a “group of people converge towards the

door,” and he did not see Rodriguez “struggling” with anyone. He heard shots and saw

that Rodriguez fell on his back, blocking the doorway.

      Chelaine Henderson, a former employee at the Office Club, was at the bar that

night. She saw two groups of people—one by a pool table and a smaller group at the

bar—“throwing hands up like we were gonna fight or whatever.” She followed Rodriguez

outside to make sure everything was okay and there would be no fights; he assured her

everything was fine, so she went back in. About half an hour later, he came back in to

pay his tab. When he started to walk out, she saw what she described as a “bum rush”—

the group of people that had been by the pool table rushed toward the door. Henderson

then heard four or five shots fired, and she later saw Rodriguez laying dead in the

entryway. She denied that Rodriguez struggled with anyone or pulled a weapon prior to

being shot.

      Henderson conceded that she has mediocre eyesight and is supposed to wear

glasses but does not. She did not view the surveillance videos before testifying. On cross

examination, she admitted that she had four drinks at the bar that night. When watching

the surveillance video, she stated that Rodriguez appeared to be making hand gestures

toward one of the men at the pool table.

      Thomas Soliz, who was playing pool in the Office Club that evening, gave


                                            4
testimony that was largely similar to that of DeLeon, Herrera, and Henderson.             As

Rodriguez was leaving the bar, appellant’s group approached him and shots were fired.

Soliz saw Rodriguez throwing gang signs on the night in question.

      Celeste Paiz testified she was at the bar when she heard a man next to her argue

with people behind them. Rodriguez walked toward the door at one point, and she heard

him say “one on one” while holding a phone to his ear. He did not have a gun or a knife

in his hand. She heard six to eight gunshots. Paiz did not see Rodriguez reach for his

waistband or struggle with anyone prior to being shot. She acknowledged on cross-

examination that Rodriguez may not have been speaking into the phone when he said

“one on one.”

      Cody Jo McDaniel, who also patronized the Office Club on the night of July 9,

acknowledged that she can be heard on the surveillance video saying “Are you gonna kill

him with your knife?” while standing near Rodriguez. McDaniel said this remark had

nothing to do with Rodriguez, but was directed at a different bar patron, who was angry

because he had earlier been ejected from a different pool hall, where McDaniel was

employed as a bartender.

      Trejo testified that she was with Rodriguez and Gonzalez at the bar that night. She

stated that Rodriguez was her boyfriend and that the Goon Squad is “just family friends”

and “has nothing to do with [TS].” At one point, Rodriguez went to use the restroom, and

he “looked upset” when he returned a few minutes later. Trejo testified that Rodriguez

pointed to appellant and remarked, “[T]hat’s that nigga Ghost over there,” referring to

appellant’s nickname.

      Trejo stated that, after Rodriguez said he wanted to leave the bar “to avoid conflict,”


                                             5
she, Rodriguez, and Gonzalez went outside. Trejo moved her car from a parking spot to

a location in front of the bar that was roughly the same distance from the entrance of the

bar as was the parking spot. Meanwhile, Rodriguez was speaking on the phone outside

the bar, but Trejo did not hear Rodriguez’s phone conversation and did not know who he

was talking to. When the phone call ended, Rodriguez went back into the bar to pay, and

Trejo and Gonzalez followed him.         She believed that the video recording showed

Rodriguez throwing a gang sign at that point.

       As the three began to exit the bar again, appellant and “some other gentleman with

a hat” approached them. Trejo testified that someone yelled “somebody stop him” toward

Rodriguez. Rodriguez stopped at the front door and turned around to his left. Trejo then

heard gunshots coming from inside the bar. Appellant ran out of the bar, passing in front

of Trejo. Trejo saw that Rodriguez had been shot dead. Gonzalez then took Rodriguez’s

diamond cross necklace off of him and gave it to Trejo, who testified that the necklace

had sentimental value to her because “[o]ne of [Rodriguez’s] friends had passed away”

and “that used to be his charm.” Later, after Trejo had been placed in a police car, she

took the necklace out of her pocket and put it on. She denied that she had it in her pocket

in order to conceal it from police, and she denied that Rodriguez ever told her he had

stolen it from appellant. Instead, Trejo testified that Rodriguez had the necklace since

before their relationship started six years prior.

       Trejo did not know why she moved her car to the front of the bar entrance instead

of in an “authorized parking space,” but she denied that Rodriguez told her to park there

so he “could make a quick getaway.” According to Trejo, Rodriguez never indicated to

her that he wanted to fight appellant, and he did not attack appellant. She denied that


                                              6
Rodriguez was intoxicated during the events in question, and she denied that he brought

a gun to the bar. She also denied that Gonzalez had been injured prior to the shooting.

       Andrew Garcia, an inmate at the Nueces County Jail accused of murder, testified

that appellant was housed in the cell next to him while awaiting trial. Appellant told Garcia

he was in jail because he was accused of murder, and appellant said he was a member

of TS. Garcia told appellant that he had heard about Rodriguez’s killing “in the streets”

and that he had heard from his friends that Rodriguez had stolen some jewelry and money

from appellant’s house.     Garcia told appellant that he had heard from friends that

appellant “asked for permission from the gang members if he could, you know, take care

of his business” and “[t]he gang member said, yeah, go ahead handle your business.”

Garcia understood this to mean that appellant “got the green light” to kill Rodriguez.

       According to Garcia, appellant told him “the first part is true, the second part didn’t

go down like that.” Appellant explained to Garcia that Rodriguez broke into his house

and stole a Rolex watch, a “gold cross with diamonds on it, a medallion, a real expensive

gold chain that belonged to him and some money.” According to Garcia, appellant said

that he told Rodriguez he wanted the watch back because it belonged to his dad, and he

would be willing to trade “real expensive rims” for it. Garcia testified that appellant told

him: “Roddy said, I didn’t break inside your house but I know who did. And so he said, if

you give me the rims I’ll beat him up for you, and [appellant] told him, I don’t need you to

beat up anybody for me, I can beat him up myself . . . .”

       Garcia testified:

       [A]ppellant told me one day that if . . . he told me how he did it that I would
       be saying, wow, you know. He said, I did it real slick. . . .

       I asked [appellant] where did—how did it happen, right? And I told him, did

                                              7
        it happen inside the bar. He said, no, it happened at the door. And I said,
        what, you-all just started blasting at each other? And he said something
        like that. And I said where did you hit him? He said in the head. . . . And I
        said—and he said that he grazed the other guy.

Garcia recalled that appellant said he used a .40 caliber pistol and that he “got rid of” the

weapon after the shooting. Garcia also stated that appellant told him he previously had

sex with Rodriguez’s ex-girlfriend and had posted “revealing” pictures of her on Facebook

prior to the murder.

        When asked what appellant’s demeanor was when he made these admissions,

Garcia testified that appellant was “[b]ragging, like he was proud of himself and he thought

he was real slick about what he did and that there was no way they were gonna get

him . . . . He didn’t say anything about self-defense.” When asked what, if anything,

appellant said about Gonzalez, Garcia testified: “Just that he wasn’t gonna be—he

wasn’t—that he wasn’t gonna say anything. . . . Supposedly, his dad had taken care of

all that.”

        On cross-examination, Garcia conceded that he had told the district attorney’s

office that he would be willing to testify against appellant in exchange for a plea deal on

his current charges, but he said “[t]hey told me no.”

        From the scene, police recovered two .40 caliber pistols, one of which was

registered to Gonzalez, and eleven spent bullet casings—three from inside the bar, seven

from the parking lot, and one from the floorboard of an orange Mustang parked in the

parking lot. Ten of the casings were fired from the same gun, but they were not fired from

either of the guns recovered by police at the scene. Upon viewing the surveillance videos,

police determined that Gonzalez fired at appellant as Gonzalez ran to his Mustang in the

parking lot.

                                             8
       Rodriguez had a closed pocket knife, a wallet, and a phone in his pockets when

he died. An autopsy performed by Nueces County Medical Examiner Ray Fernandez

revealed that Rodriguez’s body showed no searing, soot, or stippling. Fernandez stated

that this indicates Rodriguez was shot from a distance of at least about two and a half

feet, though he acknowledged that his autopsy report stated that the range for both

gunshots was “indeterminate.” He did not examine Rodriguez’s clothing, as that type of

testing is not done by the medical examiner, but he did not see any soot on Rodriguez’s

clothing as depicted in a photo.

       David Curtiss, a firearms examiner for the Corpus Christi Police Department,

testified that two bullets which were found in Rodriguez’s body, along with one bullet found

lodged in the grill of a car in the parking lot, were fired from a gun that had polygonal

rifling. The gun registered to Gonzalez did not have polygonal rifling.

       The State called appellant’s half-brother Roman as an adverse witness. Roman

did not recall telling police that appellant left the bar before the shooting. According to

the surveillance footage, Roman’s wife Karen left the bar at around 1:25 a.m., and she

returned about twenty to thirty minutes later. Roman denied that Karen left so she could

bring appellant a gun, but he conceded that he owned two .40 caliber pistols, that he sold

one of them, and that one of them is missing.

B.     Appellant’s Witnesses

       Karen Cancino testified that she suffers from polycystic ovary syndrome, a disorder

which can cause “dysfunctional urine bleeding.” She alleged that she left the Office Club

at around 1:30 a.m. because she was bleeding due to her condition and needed to change

her clothes.


                                             9
       Appellant testified that, because he was and is currently on parole, he “shouldn’t

have been at” the bar. He denied currently being a member of TS, but he said “at one

point I was affiliated with them, until they put a red light on me.” Appellant testified that in

2013, there was a burglary at his parents’ house, where he was living at the time, and

“quite a bit of jewelry” was stolen from him and his father. Appellant later saw a photo on

the internet of Rodriguez wearing a necklace that he believed was stolen from his parents’

house.    He spoke to Rodriguez and a higher-ranking TS member, “Koast,” about

retrieving the necklace; however, he never got the necklace back, and he “just left it alone”

because he “didn’t want no problems.” He was concerned about his safety in Rodriguez’s

presence because another higher-ranking TS member, “Turtle,” told him “to be careful.”

He did not expect Rodriguez to be at the Office Club on the night of July 9, 2016. At one

point, he bumped into Rodriguez near the bar’s bathroom.             According to appellant,

Rodriguez’s demeanor was “aggressive” and “angry.” Appellant testified Rodriguez “was

calling me outside and putting his hands like guns and calling me a pussy.”

       Appellant testified that the bartender told him that she had called the police.

Appellant then called “Turtle” several times, hoping that “Turtle” could defuse any conflict

with Rodriguez. “Turtle” advised appellant that Rodriguez “was going to leave and there

was going to be no problems.”

       Defense counsel showed appellant text messages recovered from Rodriguez’s

phone, and they were entered into evidence. One of the messages, sent from Rodriguez

to “Koast” at 1:34 a.m. on July 10, 2016, stated: “I’m hit ghost the snitch he’s w I am.”

Appellant testified that this meant Rodriguez planned to kill him.            Rodriguez then

exchanged messages with “Turtle” as follows:


                                              10
       “Turtle”:      Wats up bro

       Rodriguez:     U no

       “Turtle”:      U want to act like that bro. Bet ima meet up with u. Act hard
                      like that in my face

                      U can go tell whoever u want too. U disrespecting me first.
                      Thats wats up

       Rodriguez:     Come then

       “Turtle”:      Meet me

       Rodriguez:     Come on then bro u ain’t gonna save a rat

Appellant testified that “rat” referred to him. According to appellant, Rodriguez was

rebuking the efforts of “Turtle” to prevent appellant’s killing.

       As to the shooting, appellant testified:

       I was walking to the door and I was like two feet away when I saw
       [Rodriguez] at the door facing me, and he reached for his waistband. Right
       then and there, I knew I had to defend myself, my life was in danger because
       I saw him reaching for his waistband, and I know what kind of a person he
       is and he—you know, he has hurt people before.

According to appellant, as he went to grab Rodriguez’s hand, he saw Rodriguez “pull the

gun out” with his finger on the trigger. Appellant stated: “I went for it, the gun went off a

few times. I got a hold of it, and I ran.” He denied that he pushed anyone out of the way

before Rodriguez was shot, though he said Gonzalez pushed him from the side.

Appellant denied conspiring with Trejo to kill Rodriguez, and he denied that Karen left the

bar to bring him a gun.

C.     Verdict

       The jury was charged on the indicted offenses and was instructed on the

justification of self-defense, including the exception to that justification for provocation.

See id. § 9.31(a), (b)(4) (West, Westlaw through 2017 1st C.S.). The jury found appellant

                                              11
guilty as charged and sentenced him to prison terms of forty-eight years for the murder

and five years for the aggravated assault.         The trial court rendered judgment in

accordance with the verdict, ordering the sentences to run concurrently. See id. § 3.03

(West, Westlaw through 2017 1st C.S.). Appellant filed a motion for new trial, which was

denied. This appeal followed.

                                       II. DISCUSSION

A.     Evidentiary Sufficiency

       By his first two issues, appellant contends the evidence was legally insufficient to

support his conviction for murder, and by his third and fourth issues, he argues the

evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for aggravated assault. Appellant

contends by his fifth issue that “the State did not disprove [his] valid self-defense that was

on video”; we construe this issue as a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to

support the jury’s rejection of his self-defense theory.

       1.     Standard of Review

       In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we consider

the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable

doubt. Griffin v. State, 491 S.W.3d 771, 774 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016); see Brooks v. State,

323 S.W.3d 893, 895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (plurality op.) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443

U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). We resolve any evidentiary inconsistencies in favor of the verdict,

keeping in mind that the jury is the exclusive judge of the facts, the credibility of the

witnesses, and the weight to give their testimony. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 899; see TEX.

CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.04 (West, Westlaw through 2017 1st C.S.). We determine,


                                             12
based upon the cumulative force of all of the evidence, whether the necessary inferences

made by the jury are reasonable. Griffin, 491 S.W.3d at 774.

       Sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined

by a hypothetically correct jury charge. Villarreal v. State, 286 S.W.3d 321, 327 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2009); Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (en banc).

“Such a charge is one that accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment,

does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the

State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the

defendant was tried.” Villarreal, 286 S.W.3d at 327; Malik, 953 S.W.2d at 240. Here, a

hypothetically correct charge would instruct the jury to find appellant guilty of murder if he

(1) intentionally or knowingly caused Rodriguez’s death by shooting him with a firearm or

(2) intended to cause serious bodily injury and committed an act clearly dangerous to

human life—i.e., shooting Rodriguez with a firearm—that caused his death. See TEX.

PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b)(1), (B)(2).        It would instruct that appellant is guilty of

aggravated assault if he intentionally, knowingly or recklessly caused bodily injury to

Gonzalez and used or exhibited a deadly weapon while doing so. See id. §§ 22.01(a)(1)

(West, Westlaw through 2017 1st C.S.), 22.02(a)(2).

       A hypothetically correct jury charge would also instruct the jury that appellant was

justified in using force against Rodriguez and Gonzalez when and to the degree he

reasonably believed the force was immediately necessary to protect himself against

Rodriguez’s or Gonzalez’s use or attempted use of unlawful force. See id. § 9.31(a).

Self-defense is not an affirmative defense but is rather a “defense to prosecution” under

penal code § 2.03. See id. § 2.03 (West, Westlaw through 2017 1st C.S.); Zuliani v. State,


                                             13
97 S.W.3d 589, 594 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). For this type of defense, a defendant bears

the burden of production, which requires the production of some evidence that supports

the particular defense. Zuliani, 97 S.W.3d at 594 (citing Saxton v. State, 804 S.W.2d 910,

914 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)). Once the defendant produces such evidence, the State

then bears the burden of persuasion to disprove the raised defense. Id.; see TEX. PENAL

CODE ANN. § 2.03(d). The burden of persuasion is not one that requires the production of

evidence; rather, it requires only that the State prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt.

Zuliani, 97 S.W.3d at 594. When a jury finds the defendant guilty, there is an implicit

finding against the defensive theory. Id. In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence when

a jury has rejected a claim of self-defense, in addition to considering the essential

elements of the offense, we must determine, after viewing all the evidence in the light

most favorable to the prosecution, whether any rational trier of fact could have found

against the appellant on the self-defense issue beyond a reasonable doubt. Saxton, 804

S.W.2d at 914.

        2.      Analysis

        In his brief, appellant incorrectly states that the State “was not able to provide one

actual witness to the shooting” and that “[n]o one observed [appellant] with a weapon.”1

Still, he does not appear to dispute that the essential statutory elements of murder and

aggravated assault were supported by sufficient evidence. Instead, he argues that the

jury’s rejection of his self-defense theory is “blatantly contradicted” by the extensive

surveillance video evidence that was adduced at trial.


        1
        Several witnesses observed the shooting, and DeLeon directly testified that he observed appellant
shoot Rodriguez with a gun. Appellant himself testified that he “got a hold” of the gun and it “went off a few
times."

                                                     14
       Appellant’s first five issues rely on the notion that the ordinary standard of review

does not apply in this case. He contends that “[w]here the evidence includes multiple

videos with audio of what occurred, the Court of Appeals becomes the original fact finder

despite the ordinarily deferential standard of review.” Appellant appears to base this

argument on Scott v. Harris, in which the United States Supreme Court held that the lower

court erred by “adopting” the plaintiff’s assertions despite the fact that there was video

evidence that “quite clearly contradicts” those assertions. See 550 U.S. 372, 378 (2007).

In that case, a police officer engaged in a high-speed chase rammed the suspect’s car

from behind, causing the suspect’s car to spin off the road and resulting in severe injuries

to the suspect. Id. at 374–75. The suspect sued the officer alleging “excessive force

resulting in an unreasonable seizure under the Fourth Amendment.” Id. at 375–76. The

officer’s summary judgment motion was denied, and the court of appeals affirmed on the

basis that the suspect’s claims may have merit because “there was little, if any, actual

threat to pedestrians or other motorists, as the roads were mostly empty and [the suspect]

remained in control of his vehicle.” Id. at 378. The supreme court reversed, however,

based on its viewing of the video recording of the chase. The Court held that the suspect’s

story “is so utterly discredited” by the video “that no reasonable jury could have believed

him”; therefore, there was no “genuine” dispute as to the facts and summary judgment

was warranted. Id. at 380–81 (“The Court of Appeals should not have relied on such

visible fiction; it should have viewed the facts in the light depicted by the videotape.”).

       Appellant urges us to view the facts “in the light depicted by the videotape,” as the

Scott Court did, and to conclude that no rational juror could have found against his self-

defense theory after viewing the surveillance videos. He specifically notes that, although


                                             15
DeLeon initially testified that appellant “pushe[d] his friend over” before firing, DeLeon

could not identify that “friend” when the recordings were played for him at trial. He

contends that the video evidence “clearly” shows that “Rodriguez’s intentions were to

confront and kill [appellant] that night with the help of his associates,” and that appellant

“feared for his life, sought to leave the club peacefully, and was pursued by Rodriguez

and his associates who were the aggressors.”

       We have viewed the video recordings entered into evidence in this case, and we

cannot agree with appellant that they discredit or contradict the testimony upon which the

jury based its verdict. The recordings establish that appellant and Rodriguez exchanged

words outside the bar’s bathroom; that Rodriguez made hand gestures to appellant on

multiple occasions following the bathroom confrontation; and that the shootout happened

as Rodriguez and his associates were leaving the bar after he paid his tab. However, the

surveillance videos do not depict the area surrounding the entrance of the bar, and

therefore, they do not show appellant or Rodriguez at or around the time the fatal shots

were fired. Therefore, there is no basis for us to disturb the jury’s implicit decisions (1) to

disbelieve appellant’s testimony that Rodriguez reached for his waistband and brandished

a gun immediately prior to the shooting, and (2) to believe the other witnesses who

testified that Rodriguez was not armed, did not reach for his waistband, and did not

threaten appellant with unlawful force. See Lancon v. State, 253 S.W.3d 699, 707 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2008) (“Because the jury is the sole judge of a witness’s credibility, and the

weight to be given the testimony, it may choose to believe some testimony and disbelieve

other testimony.”).

       Scott is distinguishable most obviously because the video in that case, according


                                              16
to a majority of the United States Supreme Court, directly contradicted the plaintiff’s

factual assertions which were the basis of his lawsuit. See id. The videos in evidence

here, though useful for background purposes, do not depict the specific events upon

which the indicted offenses and appellant’s self-defense theory were based. Therefore,

they had no potential to “utterly discredit[]” the testimony of the other witnesses—including

DeLeon, Herrera, Henderson, Solis, Paiz, and Trejo—specifically regarding those events.

See id.2 Moreover, in rejecting appellant’s self-defense theory, the jury could have also

considered Garcia’s testimony that (1) appellant believed Rodriguez had stolen his

father’s watch from him, and (2) appellant admitted that he “did it real slick.” See Guevara

v. State, 152 S.W.3d 45, 50 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (“Motive is a significant circumstance

indicating guilt.”); Hyde v. State, 846 S.W.2d 503, 505 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1993,

pet. ref’d) (“[A]ny conduct on the part of a person accused of a crime subsequent to its

commission, which indicates a ‘consciousness of guilt’ may be received as a

circumstance tending to prove that he committed the act with which he is charged.”).

        Appellant also emphasizes in his sufficiency argument that Gonzalez did not testify

at trial. He contends Gonzalez’s testimony “must be presumed to be favorable” to him

because, “where the state is in control of the witness and does not call that witness, it




         2 Further, as the State notes, appellant’s proposed standard of review reads too much into Scott.

Even if the video recordings depicted the shooting and contradicted the testimony of some witnesses, we
would not “become[] the original fact finder.” Rather, we would still review all of the evidence to determine
whether the jury’s verdict is rational, as illustrated by the following hypothetical:
        The store clerk at trial identifies A as the robber. A properly authenticated surveillance
        videotape of the event clearly shows that B committed the robbery. But, the jury convicts
        A. It was within the jury’s prerogative to believe the convenience store clerk and disregard
        the video. But based on all the evidence the jury’s finding of guilt is not a rational finding.
Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 907 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (plurality op.) (demonstrating “proper
application of the Jackson v. Virginia legal-sufficiency standard”).

                                                     17
creates a presumption that the witness would be favorable to the Appellant.” He cites

Roberts v. State, in which the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals held, in the context of

overruling a complaint regarding the lack of a jury instruction on circumstantial evidence,

as follows:

       This Court recognizes that the failure of the State to call or explain why it
       does not call an available witness that would directly connect appellant to
       the offense creates a presumption that the witness would be favorable to
       the appellant. The rule is applicable only to cases in which the State is
       relying solely on circumstantial evidence. However, there is no duty to call
       all available witnesses when there is other direct evidence available in the
       case.

489 S.W.2d 893, 894 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972) (citations omitted). Appellant has not

established that the State “controlled” Gonzalez or that he was “an available witness” as

contemplated in Roberts. Further, as the State points out, the court of criminal appeals

has since abolished the concept, relied upon in Roberts, that juries may convict on

circumstantial evidence only if every reasonable hypothesis other than guilt is excluded.

See Geesa v. State, 820 S.W.2d 154, 159 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991), overruled on other

grounds by Paulson v. State, 28 S.W.3d 570 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). In any event, direct

evidence of appellant’s culpability was adduced in this case, including the eyewitness

testimony of DeLeon that appellant shot Rodriguez and the testimony of multiple

witnesses that Rodriguez did not reach for his waistband or pull a weapon. Therefore,

assuming but not deciding that this passage from Roberts remains valid law, it would not

apply here.

       Viewing all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude

a rational trier could have found the essential elements of the charged offenses, and

against appellant on his self-defense issue, beyond a reasonable doubt. See Griffin, 491


                                            18
S.W.3d at 774; Saxton, 804 S.W.2d at 914. Appellant testified to facts that, if believed,

may have supported his assertion that his actions were immediately necessary to protect

himself against Rodriguez’s attempted use of unlawful force. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.

§ 9.31(a). However, other witnesses testified to facts which, if believed, controvert that

assertion.    Under these circumstances, where the video evidence is inconclusive

regarding the ultimate issues before the jury, we must defer to the jury’s resolution of the

evidentiary conflict. See Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 899; see also Reeves v. State, 420

S.W.3d 812, 820 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (refusing to revisit the jury’s resolution of a

conflict in evidence regarding a self-defense theory).

       Appellant’s first five issues are overruled.

B.     Jury Instructions

       By his thirteenth issue on appeal, appellant argues that “[t]he jury instructions

allowed [his] conviction when he had a valid defense of self-defense.” He contends that,

in its instruction on self-defense in the jury charge, the trial court “added an immediacy

requirement to the threat that [appellant] faced which is not present in the law.” Appellant

further argues that the prosecutor “incorrectly argued in closing not that someone feared

that one would attempt to use deadly force in the future but that immediacy was required.”

       The instruction regarding self-defense in the jury charge stated in part:

       [Y]ou are instructed that a person is justified in using force against another
       when and to the degree that he reasonably believes the force is immediately
       necessary to protect himself against the other person’s use or attempted
       use of unlawful force. A person is justified in using deadly force against
       another if he would be justified in using force against the other in the first
       place, as above set out, and when he reasonably believes that such deadly
       force is immediately necessary to protect himself against the other person’s
       use or attempted use of unlawful deadly force.

       ....

                                             19
      When a person is attacked with unlawful deadly force, or he reasonably
      believes he is under attack or attempted attack with unlawful deadly force,
      and there is created in the mind of such person a reasonable expectation
      or fear of death or serious bodily injury, then the law excuses or justifies
      such person in resorting to deadly force by any means at his command to
      the degree that he reasonably believes immediately necessary, viewed
      from his standpoint at the time, to protect himself from such attack or
      attempted attack. It is not necessary that there be an actual attack or
      attempted attack, as a person has a right to defend his life and person from
      apparent danger as fully and to the same extent as he would had the danger
      been real, provided that he acted upon a reasonable apprehension of
      danger, as it appeared to him from his standpoint at the time, and that he
      reasonably believed such deadly force was immediately necessary to
      protect himself against the other person’s use or attempted use of unlawful
      deadly force.

The application paragraph with respect to the murder charge stated in part:

      Now, if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that
      [appellant] did cause the death of [Rodriguez] as alleged in the indictment,
      but you further find from the evidence, as viewed from the standpoint of the
      defendant at the time, that from the words or conduct, or both, of
      [Rodriguez] it reasonably appeared to the defendant that his life or person
      was in danger and there was created in his mind a reasonable expectation
      or fear of death or serious bodily injury from the use of unlawful deadly force
      at the hands of [Rodriguez], and that acting under such apprehension and
      reasonably believing that the use of deadly force on his part was
      immediately necessary to protect himself against [Rodriguez]’s use or
      attempted use of unlawful deadly force, he SHOT [Rodriguez] WITH A
      FIREARM, then you should acquit the defendant on the grounds of self-
      defense . . . .

The remarks by the prosecutor which appellant complains of are as follows:

      [A]s it goes to self-defense, [the court] read to you the law on self-defense
      and there are a few things I wanted to point out to you. Okay. The first is,
      when you get here, it’s in paragraph 5, it says that a person is justified in
      using deadly force against another if he would be justified in using force
      against the other in the first place as set out above, and when he reasonably
      believes that such deadly force is immediately necessary. So the reason I
      wanted to point it out to you is the law requires immediacy, okay? Not the
      idea that at some point in the future he could potentially harm, but that at
      that point immediately, you’re facing that force, okay? So it’s one of the
      things I wanted to point out to you.

      Also, it requires that under the term “reasonable belief,” reasonable belief

                                            20
       as meant here is that a belief that would be held by an ordinary and prudent
       person in the same circumstances as the Defendant. So what that means
       is, what would an ordinary and prudent person think, in terms of the
       immediacy and in terms of any force that they may have been faced with or
       not faced with.

(Emphasis added.)

       The trial court is required to give the jury a written charge “distinctly setting forth

the law applicable to the case . . . .” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14 (West,

Westlaw through 2017 1st C.S.). Here, both the instruction and application paragraph of

the jury charge tracked the self-defense statute, which explicitly states that the actor must

“reasonably believe[] the force is immediately necessary to protect the actor” in order for

the defense to apply. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 9.31(a). Accordingly, the trial court’s

written charge to the jury did not contain error.

       Appellant argues that the prosecutor misinformed the jury by implying that the

threat against the defendant must be “immediate” in order for the defense to apply, not

merely that the force used against the other person be “immediately necessary.” We do

not construe the prosecutor’s remarks as making that implication. In any event, to the

extent appellant complains about an improper jury argument, he has failed to preserve

the issue because no objection was made at trial. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); Hernandez

v. State, 538 S.W.3d 619, 622–23 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018) (“The right to a trial untainted

by improper jury argument is forfeitable. In order to claim on appeal that an instruction to

disregard was inadequate to cure erroneous jury argument, the defendant must object

and pursue his objection to an adverse ruling. If he fails to pursue his objection to an

adverse ruling, he forfeits his right to complain on appeal about the argument. Even an

inflammatory jury argument is forfeited if the defendant does not pursue his objection to


                                             21
an adverse ruling.” (Citations omitted)).

       We overrule appellant’s thirteenth issue.

C.     Motion for New Trial

       Appellant’s remaining issues concern grounds raised in his motion for new trial.

We review the trial court’s denial of that motion for abuse of discretion. Burch v. State,

541 S.W.3d 816, 820 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). We must uphold the ruling if it is within the

zone of reasonable disagreement and will reverse only if no reasonable view of the record

could support the ruling. Id.

       1.     Improper Juror Communication and Intimidation

       By his sixth and seventh issues, appellant argues that his federal and state

constitutional rights were violated because “Goon Squad [TS] members communicated

with the jurors and prejudice is presumed.” By his eighth issue, he argues he was

deprived of a fair and impartial jury because the jurors were “intimidated” by this

communication.

       A defendant has a constitutional right to an impartial jury. Howard v. State, 941

S.W.2d 102, 117 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (citing U.S. CONST. amends. VI, XIV; Holbrook

v. Flynn, 475 U.S. 560 (1986)), overruled on other grounds by Easley v. State, 424 S.W.3d

535 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014); see TEX. CONST. art. I, §§ 13, 19. To obtain a reversal based

on external juror influence, an appellant must show actual or inherent prejudice. Howard,

941 S.W.2d at 117.        To determine inherent prejudice, we look to whether “an

unacceptable risk is presented of impermissible factors coming into play.” Holbrook, 475

U.S. at 570. Actual prejudice occurs when jurors “actually articulated a consciousness of

some prejudicial effect.” Howard, 941 S.W.2d at 117. “[S]pectator conduct or expression


                                            22
which impede[s] normal trial proceedings w[ill] not result in reversible error unless an

appellant show[s] a reasonable probability that the conduct or expression interfered with

the jury’s verdict.” Id.

       When a juror converses with an unauthorized person about the case, injury to the

accused is presumed, and a new trial may be warranted. Hughes v. State, 24 S.W.3d

833, 842 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Chairs v. State, 878 S.W.2d 250, 253 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christi 1994, no pet.); see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.22 (West, Westlaw

through 2017 1st C.S.) (“No person shall be permitted to converse with a juror about the

case on trial except in the presence and by the permission of the court.”); TEX. R. APP. P.

21.3(f) (providing that a trial court must grant a new trial “when a juror has talked with

anyone about the case”). The communication need not rise to the level of a conversation.

Mize v. State, 754 S.W.2d 732, 739 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1988, pet. ref’d) (citing

McIntire v. State, 698 S.W.2d 652, 659 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985)). But the appellant has

the burden to show that a communication occurred which “involved the specific case at

trial and was more than an innocuous, unrelated comment or exchange.” Chairs, 878

S.W.2d at 253 (citing Romo v. State, 631 S.W.2d 504, 506 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982)); see

Patrick v. State, 906 S.W.2d 481, 498 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).

       At a hearing on appellant’s motion for new trial, appellant’s trial counsel testified

that “[a]t least one” trial spectator had the word “Goon” tattooed on his neck. Counsel

explained that several spectators’ clothing, their “general demeanor,” and their “close

friendship” with the State’s witnesses indicated to him that “they wanted to make it obvious

that they were members of [TS].” He testified these spectators “[g]ather[ed] around the

witnesses every opportunity that they had, conferr[ed] with some of the witnesses to some


                                            23
small extent in the courtroom, but to a large extent outside of the courtroom, show[ed]

what appeared to be some animosity towards the Defense, toward me, staring, that sort

of thing.” Counsel testified that the trial spectator with the neck tattoo “mouthed some

words to one of the jurors and the juror gave him a signal, a hand signal and mouthed

something back,” though he did not know what the mouthed words were or what the hand

signals meant. Counsel further testified that “one of jurors indicated that his tires had

been slashed” and, though the juror attributed this to “kids in the neighborhood,” counsel

speculated that TS members were trying to send a “message” to return a guilty verdict.

       The State contends that appellant failed to establish that any improper

communication took place.        We agree.        Although counsel testified that a juror

communicated via mouthed words and hand signals with an audience member who bore

a “Goon” tattoo, there was no evidence as to the meaning or content of that

communication. Accordingly, appellant did not meet his burden to show that any such

communication “involved the specific case at trial and was more than an innocuous,

unrelated comment or exchange.” See Chairs, 878 S.W.2d at 253. Moreover, with

respect to conduct by other trial spectators possibly influencing or “intimidating” the jury,

though appellant’s trial counsel stated that these spectators “show[ed] . . . animosity”

toward the defense by their conduct, there is no evidence the jury was aware of this

conduct. Accordingly, appellant has not shown a reasonable probability that the conduct

of these spectators “interfered with the jury’s verdict.” Howard, 941 S.W.2d at 117. We

overrule appellant’s sixth, seventh, and eighth issues.

       2.     Fifth Amendment Violation

       By his ninth issue, appellant contends that his Fifth Amendment right against


                                             24
compelled self-incrimination was violated because “[a] juror based her decision on the

fact that she did not hear evidence from the defendant.” At the new trial hearing,

appellant’s trial counsel testified:

        In the jury room, after the verdict, one of the jurors inquired as to why they
        had not had access to [appellant’s] telephone. That telephone played a
        major role in the trial of the case and they obviously were asking about
        evidence that was not before them, inquiring as to why the Defendant didn’t
        put on that evidence, and shifting the burden of presenting evidence to the
        Defendant instead of the prosecution, and I was quite concerned about
        that. . . . [A]pparently, there had been some discussion about the
        truthfulness of [appellant] in the jury room with regard to what was being
        discussed on that telephone, and apparently, there had been discussion to
        the effect that if what he was saying was true, he should have produced the
        telephone.[3]

Appellant’s trial counsel noted that the State did not have appellant’s cell phone in its

custody and did not produce appellant’s cell phone records at trial.

        Appellant cites Powell v. State, 502 S.W.2d 705 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973), for the

proposition that “when jurors discuss one’s failure to bring forth evidence and consider it

in their deliberations, it violates the defendant’s right to a fair trial and results in reversal

of the conviction.” But the Powell Court found no reversible error where “three jurors

asked the question as to why the appellant did not tell his side of the story,” reasoning

that “[n]owhere in the record is there any reference to an answer being given or that the

matter was considered by anyone as a circumstance against the appellant.” Id. at 711.

        In this case, appellant did tell his side of the story at trial; therefore, his right against



        3  The State argues in part that the argument in appellant’s ninth issue “attempts to circumvent”
Texas Rule of Evidence 606(b). See TEX. R. EVID. 606(b)(1) (“During an inquiry into the validity of a verdict
or indictment, a juror may not testify about any statement made or incident that occurred during the jury’s
deliberations; the effect of anything on that juror’s or another juror’s vote; or any juror’s mental processes
concerning the verdict or indictment. The court may not receive a juror’s affidavit or evidence of a juror’s
statement on these matters.”). But the State did not object to the testimony of appellant’s trial counsel at
the new trial hearing.

                                                     25
compelled self-incrimination is not implicated. See U.S. CONST. amend. V. Moreover, a

defendant’s failure to produce non-testimonial evidence is not akin to a defendant’s

refusal to testify against himself, and there is nothing preventing the State from

commenting on the defendant’s failure to produce such evidence. See Patrick, 906

S.W.2d at 491 (“A remark that calls attention to the absence of evidence which only the

defendant could supply will result in reversal; however, if the language can reasonably be

construed to refer to appellant’s failure to produce evidence other than his own testimony,

the comment is not improper.”); see also Bible v. State, 162 S.W.3d 234, 249 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2005) (concluding that “the prosecutor’s reference to the absence of documentary

evidence did not constitute a shifting of the burden of proof”); O’Bryan v. State, 591

S.W.2d 464, 479 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979) (“It is well settled that the prosecutor, in

argument, may comment upon the defendant’s failure to call certain witnesses.”). It

stands to reason that, if a prosecutor may permissibly comment on a particular issue, the

jury may permissibly consider that issue in its deliberations. Appellant cites no authority

establishing otherwise.

       The trial court did not err by denying the motion for new trial on these grounds. We

overrule appellant’s ninth issue.

       3.     Medical Examiner’s Testimony

       Appellant’s tenth and eleventh issues contend that his convictions were “based

upon incorrect, uncorrected testimony” by Fernandez “that the distance of the gun shot

to Rodriguez indicated four feet distance or more when, in fact, one could not tell the

distance of the shot without the firearm.” In an affidavit attached to the new trial motion,

appellant’s trial counsel averred that he “was and is very concerned that the prosecutor


                                            26
caused the medical examiner to change his opinion from that stated in the autopsy report

to one more convenient to the prosecution theory, without any notice to counsel.”4

       The use of material false evidence to procure a conviction violates a defendant’s

due process rights under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States

Constitution, regardless of whether the falsity is known to the State at the time of trial. Ex

parte De La Cruz, 466 S.W.3d 855, 866 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015); see U.S. CONST. amends.

V, XIV; Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 269 (1959). To be entitled to post-conviction relief

on the basis of false evidence, an appellant must show by a preponderance of the

evidence that (1) false evidence was presented at his trial and (2) the false evidence was

material to the jury’s verdict of guilt. De La Cruz, 466 S.W.3d at 866.

       Appellant complains that, while Fernandez’s autopsy report stated that the range

of the gunshot that killed Rodriguez was “indeterminate,” he testified at trial that the shots

were fired from at least about two and a half feet away. Appellant assumes that the two

assessments conflict, and he postulates that only the former one is correct.                            But

Fernandez acknowledged and affirmed the accuracy of his autopsy report at trial, and he

explained how the assessments are mutually consistent:

       You can have a contact wound where the muzzle of the gun is at the surface
       of the body, and you can have . . . a near contact wound where it’s almost
       in contact with the surface of the body, or angle contact wound where it’s
       angled and with a contact wound to the body. And then as you get further
       away, you get what you call a close range wound where you have the soot
       4   When asked to elaborate on this at the new trial hearing, counsel testified:
       Well, it seems—it occurred to me that the prosecution had misidentified [appellant] in the
       surveillance tapes. It occurred to me that they thought that [appellant] was a different
       individual in the surveillance tapes, and that at the time of the shooting, he would have
       been 25 feet away. But they later figured out that that person that they thought was
       [appellant] was actually not [appellant]. I don’t know whether I contributed to their figuring
       it out or not, because I know I tried to point it out to the jury that they had identified the
       wrong person. I thought that might be helpful. Obviously, it wasn’t. So I—I think that might
       be why it got stretched out that far away so that—but I’m not sure.

                                                      27
        and some of the—some of the stippling. And then as you get further out
        within the two feet, you just get the powder tattooing and that would be
        called the intermediate range. So when you get further out than that, you
        don’t have any of those findings, searing, soot or stippling, that’s considered
        distance—distant range wound consistent with distant range wound or
        indeterminate range.

In any event, appellant does not point to any evidence in the record establishing that

Fernandez’s trial testimony was false or that it gave the jury a false impression. See id.

(“[T]he relevant question is whether the testimony, taken as a whole, gives the jury a false

impression.”). Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying a new

trial on this basis.

        Appellant’s tenth and eleventh issues are overruled.

        4.      Newly Available Evidence

        Appellant argues by his twelfth issue that the trial court erred in denying his motion

for new trial on grounds of newly available evidence.5 Appellant neither sets forth nor

discusses the law applicable to the granting of a new trial on these grounds. See TEX.

CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 40.001 (West, Westlaw through 2017 1st C.S.) (“A new trial

shall be granted an accused where material evidence favorable to the accused has been

discovered since trial.”); Carsner v. State, 444 S.W.3d 1, 2–3 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014)

(setting forth a four-pronged test a defendant must satisfy in order to be entitled to a new

trial on the basis of newly discovered or newly available evidence).                          Accordingly,

appellant’s twelfth issue is waived as inadequately briefed. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i).


        5  Specifically, appellant presented the testimony of the following “newly available” witnesses at the
new trial hearing: (1) a “forensic audio and video expert” who enhanced a portion of the surveillance footage
and opined that it did not show that Karen was carrying a gun when she returned to the parking lot of the
Office Club; (2) an associate of appellant and eyewitness to the shooting, who stated that appellant and
Rodriguez “wrestle[d]” for several minutes prior to the shooting and that Rodriguez was the aggressor; (3)
appellant’s girlfriend, who stated she did not see Karen give appellant a gun; and (4) McDaniel, who stated
Rodriguez was “[r]eady for something to happen” on the night of July 9, 2016.

                                                     28
                                     III. CONCLUSION

       Having overruled appellant’s thirteen issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.


                                                               DORI CONTRERAS
                                                               Chief Justice

Do not publish.
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

Delivered and filed the
9th day of May, 2019.




                                            29
