                            IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
                                      NO. 92-IA-00397-SCT
VIVIAN FAITH SCOTT, BY AND THROUGH HER MOTHER AND NEXT OF KIN,
CYNTHIA ANN SCOTT
v.
JOEL R. FLYNT, M.D.

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                                    4/2/92
TRIAL JUDGE:                                         HON. RICHARD WAYNE MCKENZIE
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                           FORREST COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                             C. VICTOR WELSH, III
                                                     CRYMES G. PITTMAN
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:                              F.M. TURNER, III
                                                     SANDRA S. MOHLER
NATURE OF THE CASE:                                  CIVIL - MEDICAL MALPRACTICE
DISPOSITION:                                         REVERSED AND REMANDED - 4/18/96
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:                          5/17/96
MANDATE ISSUED:                                      12/15/97




      BEFORE DAN LEE, C.J., PITTMAN AND ROBERTS, JJ.


      ROBERTS, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:


                                            INTRODUCTION

¶1. This case presents the Court with a policy decision regarding the scope of the waiver for the medical
privilege as contemplated by Mississippi Rule of Evidence 503 and whether or not ex parte contacts with
medical providers are permissible under the rules of discovery in the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure.
Having reviewed the rules and comments, and attempting to balance the interests and concerns of all, the
Court today finds that the scope of the waiver of the medical privilege is limited to relevant medical
information to the injury placed in issue by the plaintiff. Further, our rules of evidence and procedure
prohibit the admissibility of any evidence obtained from any ex parte contacts without prior patient consent
by opposing counsel with medical providers of the plaintiff. Accordingly, the lower court's ruling ordering
the plaintiff to execute an unconditional waiver of her medical privilege is reversed and this case is reversed
and remanded.

                                     STATEMENT OF THE CASE
¶2. This case began December 2, 1991, with the filing of Vivian Faith Scott's complaint, by and through her
mother, Cynthia Ann Scott, in the Forrest County Circuit court seeking civil damages against Dr. Joel R.
Flynt for negligence (medical malpractice). The alleged medical malpractice occurred on September 21,
1989, during the delivery of Vivian Faith Scott. Dr. Flynt filed his Answer on February 18, 1992, denying
the claim and alleging several defenses.

¶3. Discovery began and Dr. Flynt subsequently filed his Motion To Compel Medical Waiver seeking to
have the circuit court require the plaintiff to unconditionally waive her medical privilege to permit ex parte
conversations by the defendant with any and all health care providers of the plaintiff. The plaintiff filed her
respective response alleging that the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure and her constitutional right to
privacy under both the Mississippi and United States Constitution prohibited any such ex parte contacts.
The plaintiff contended that she would only allow discovery of her relevant medical records through formal
discovery. However, Forrest County Circuit Court Judge Richard W. McKenzie entered an Order on April
2, 1992, granting the requested waiver ordering the plaintiff to execute the unconditional medical waiver
and permitting ex parte conferences by the defendants with any medical provider of the plaintiff.

¶4. On April 22, 1992, the plaintiff filed her Petition For Extraordinary Relief with the Mississippi Supreme
Court. The motion was presented to a three-justice panel which ordered that all discovery of medical
information in the matter was to be stayed until further order of the Court. Additionally, the panel found that
the petition presented two interrelated questions of law about which there was a substantial basis for a
difference of opinion requiring the Court to treat the Petition for Extraordinary Relief as an Interlocutory
Appeal.

¶5. The two interrelated questions of law, as determined by the panel, for resolution of this dispute are:

      (1) THE SCOPE OF THE MEDICAL WAIVER AS CONTEMPLATED BY MISSISSIPPI
      RULE OF EVIDENCE 503, AND

      (2) WHETHER OR NOT EX PARTE CONTACTS WITH MEDICAL PROVIDERS ARE
      PERMISSIBLE UNDER THE RULES OF DISCOVERY IN THE MISSISSIPPI RULES
      OF CIVIL PROCEDURE.

¶6. The Forrest County Circuit court subsequently entered an Order staying all other proceedings in this
action pending the resolution of the Interlocutory Appeal by the Court.

                                     STATEMENT OF THE FACTS

¶7. This case began September 21, 1989, when Cynthia Scott was admitted to the Forrest General
Hospital in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, under the supervision of Dr. Flynt for delivery of her baby girl, Vivian
Faith Scott. Dr. Flynt also provided Cynthia with prenatal services. Vivian allegedly suffered shoulder
dystocia resulting in partial permanent paralysis of her left arm and shoulder following her delivery.
However, the issue of medical malpractice is not presently before the Court.

¶8. Approximately two years and two months later, the present complaint for medical malpractice was filed.
The parties began discovery creating the disputes over the waiver of plaintiff's medical privilege and the
discoverabilty of her medical information which is presently before the Court on interlocutory appeal.

                                        DISCUSSION OF ISSUES
      (1) WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF THE MEDICAL WAIVER AS CONTEMPLATED BY
      MISSISSIPPI RULE OF EVIDENCE 503?

¶9. The plaintiff, Vivian, contends that the scope of the medical waiver under M.R.E. 503 and Miss. Code
Ann. §13-1-21(4) is limited and not unconditional as ordered by the trial court. She urges the Court to hold
that the waiver is limited to relevant medical information only. Vivian also contends that a plaintiff in a
medical malpractice or personal injury action should be allowed to review any requested medical
information prior to its disclosure to prevent persons with personal medical knowledge of the plaintiff from
disclosing irrelevant and possibly embarrassing personal information about her medical history. Vivian urges
that compounded problems in the form of civil suits for invasion of privacy will result unless such precautions
are taken to prevent the disclosure of protected irrelevant privileged information. We agree.

¶10. In support of a limited waiver under M.R.E. 503 and §13-1-21, Vivian points out one case in
particular in which we held that the waiver of the medical privilege was a limited and not an unconditional
waiver. Sessums v. McFall, 551 So. 2d 178 (Miss. 1989). Sessums involved injuries to a motorcyclist
after being hit by an automobile. Sessums held: (1) that testimony of the physician who treated the injured
plaintiff about information obtained on the cause of the accident was privileged and should have been
excluded when the plaintiff objected to the testimony; (2) introduction into evidence of his medical bills and
testimony by the plaintiff on cross-examination, denying he made the statements to his physician did not
waive his physician/patient privilege as to the cause of the accident; and (3) the failure to exclude the
physician's testimony about the cause of the accident was prejudicial error. Id. at 180-81.

¶11. The essence of Sessums was that filing suit and submitting evidence on his injuries only waived his
medical privilege to the extent of those injuries. Id. at 180. Notably however, Sessums was a personal
injury suit against a third party and not against his physician for medical malpractice. Nevertheless, we find
that the waiver is to be treated the same in medical malpractice cases as well.

¶12. Dr. Flynt's contrary viewpoint is that the mere fact of having filed a medical malpractice action means
that all information from whatever source which was previously privileged is no longer protected according
to his interpretation of M.R.E. 503 and §13-1-21. He further contends that the waiver acts to allow ex
parte contacts before the formal discovery processes begin. Therefore, according to Dr. Flynt, when a
plaintiff files or gives notice of a claim to be filed for medical malpractice against a physician, that such
actions create an automatic and absolute waiver of any medical privilege concerning any of the plaintiff's
medical history. We disagree.

¶13. Mississippi Rule Of Evidence 503. Physician and Psychotherapist-Patient Privilege states in
relevant part:

      (b) General Rule of Privilege. A patient has a privilege to refuse to disclose and to prevent any
      other person from disclosing (A) knowledge derived by the physician or psychotherapist by virtue of
      his professional relationship with the patient, or (B) confidential communications made for the purpose
      of diagnosis or treatment of his physical, mental or emotional condition, including alcohol or drug
      addiction, among himself, his physician or psychotherapist, and persons who are participating in the
      diagnosis or treatment under the direction of the physician or psychotherapist, including members of
      the patient's family.
     (c) Who May Claim the Privilege.

     The privilege may be claimed by the patient, his guardian or conservator, or the personal
     representative of a deceased patient. The person who was the physician or psychotherapist at the time
     of the communication is presumed to have the authority to claim the privilege but only on behalf of the
     patient.

     (d) Exceptions.

     ....

     (3) There is no privilege under this rule as to an issue of breach of duty by the physician or
     psychotherapist to his patient or by the patient to his physician or psychotherapist.

     (e) In an action commenced or claim made against a person for professional services rendered or
     which should have been rendered, the delivery of written notice of such claim or the filing of such an
     action shall constitute a waiver of the privilege under this rule.

     (f) Any party to an action or proceeding subject to these rules who by his or her pleadings places in
     issue any aspect of his or her physical, mental or emotional condition thereby and to that extent only
     waives the privilege otherwise recognized by this rule. This exception does not authorize ex parte
     contact by the opposing party.

M.R.E. 503 (amended October 13, 1992)(emphasis added).

                                  Advisory Committee Historical Note


     Effective October 13, 1992, Rule 503(f) was amended to state that the rule is inapplicable in contexts
     other than hearings or discovery proceedings and to delete reference to worker's compensation
     proceedings. 603-605 So.2d XXI (West Miss. Cas.1993).(1)

                                                  Comment


     Subsection (c) is reflective of Miss. Code Ann. §13-1-21. The privilege belongs to the patient, and
     only the patient can waive it.

     ....

     Under the third exception [503(D)(3)] there is no privilege when a controversy develops between
     physician and patient, such as in a dispute over medical fees or medical malpractice.

     Subsection (e) is required by considerations of fairness and policy, and simply provides that the
     institution of a claim, either by delivery of written notice or by the filing of an action, operates to waive
     the privilege as to any medical information relevant to the claim.

     The primary impact of subsection (f) will be in personal injury actions, although the exception by its
     terms is not so limited. This subsection, like the remainder of these rules, has no application outside
     the context of hearing or discovery processes in the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure and other
     rules of court. See Rules 101 and 1101. By virtue of this exception a party who seeks recovery of
     damages for a physical, mental or emotional injury waives the privilege for purposes of that action
     only and to the extent that he or she has put his or her physical, mental or emotional condition in issue
     by his or her pleadings. With respect to any aspect of the party's physical, mental or emotional
     condition not put in issue by his or her pleadings, the privilege remains in full force and effect. Rules of
     Evidence by their definition govern the admissibility of evidence at trial. Subsection (f) is not a
     procedural rule and cannot be used as such.

(M.R.E. 503 Comment amended October 13, 1992)(emphasis added).

¶14. The primary statute in question is Mississippi Code Annotated Section 13-1-21. §13-1-21.

     Miss. Code Ann. §13-1-21. Communications privileged; exception.

     (1) All communications made to a physician, osteopath, dentist, hospital, nurse, pharmacist, podiatrist,
     optometrist or chiropractor by a patient under his charge or by one seeking professional advice are
     hereby declared to be privileged, and such party shall not be required to disclose the same in any
     legal proceeding except at the instance of the patient or, in case of the death of the patient, at the
     instance of his personal representative or legal heirs in case there be no personal representative, or
     except, if the validity of the will of the decedent is in question, at the instance of the personal
     representative or any of the legal heirs or any contestant or proponent of the will.

     (2) Waiver of the medical privilege of patients regarding the release of medical information to health
     care personnel, the State Board of Health to local health departments, made to comply with Sections
     41-3-15, 41-23-1 and 41-23-2 and related rules, shall be implied. The medical privilege likewise
     shall be waived to allow any physician, osteopath, dentist, hospital, nurse, pharmacist, podiatrist,
     optometrist or chiropractor to report to the State Department of Health necessary information
     regarding any person afflicted with any communicable disease or infected with the causative agent
     thereof who neglects or refuses to comply with accepted protective measures to prevent the
     transmission of the communicable disease.

     (3) Willful violations of the provisions of this section shall constitute a misdemeanor and shall be
     punishable as provided for by law. Any physician, osteopath, dentist, hospital, nurse, pharmacist,
     podiatrist, optometrist, or chiropractor shall be civilly liable for damages for any willful or reckless and
     wanton acts or omissions constituting such violations.

     (4) In any action commenced or claim made after July 1, 1983, against a physician, hospital, hospital
     employee, osteopath, dentist, nurse, pharmacist, podiatrist, optometrist or chiropractor for
     professional services rendered or which should have been rendered, the delivery of written notice of
     such claim or the filing of such an action shall constitute a waiver of the medical privilege and any
     medical information relevant to the allegation upon which the cause of action or claim is based shall
     be disclosed upon the request of the defendant, or his or her counsel.

     (5) In any disciplinary action commencing on or after July 1, 1987, against a medical physician, an
     osteopathic physician or a podiatrist pursuant to the provisions of Sections 73-25-1 through 73-25-
     39, 73-25-51 through 73-25-67, 73-25-81 through 73-25-95 and 73-27-1 through 73-27-19,
     waiver of the medical privilege of a patient to the extent of any information other than that which
      would identify the patient shall be implied.

Miss. Code Ann. §13-1-21 effective from and after July 1, 1988 (emphasis added).

¶15. Under the language of M.R.E. 503 it could appear that the waiver of the medical privilege is to
possibly be treated in different ways depending upon what type of suit is being tried. Under M.R.E. 503(d)
(3), medical malpractice suits are addressed specifically and no reference is made to other personal injury
claims. Next, under M.R.E. 503(f), the claim of medical malpractice is not specifically addressed, and the
rule speaks in terms of waivers being limited to the extent that the suit places a plaintiff's physical, emotional
or mental condition in issue. However, the comment clearly says that even though the primary impact of
subsection (f) will be in personal injury actions, that the exception by its terms is "not so limited." M.R.E.
503(f) Comment. Accordingly, the scope of the waiver for the medical privilege is not to be treated any
differently in a medical malpractice case than it is in any other typical personal injury case; i.e. it is limited to
relevant medical history in medical malpractice cases as well.

¶16. M.R.E. 503(e) and Miss. Code Ann. §13-1-21(4) both refer to relevant information although
admittedly M.R.E. 503(d)(3) does not. However, based upon common sense of fair play and equal justice,
we find that the medical information which is discoverable because of the waiver of the privilege is limited to
all relevant medical history. Such medical history can concern either the negligence on behalf of the doctor
or the injuries by a third person that have been placed in issue by the plaintiff in either a medical malpractice
or garden variety personal injury suit.

¶17. Otherwise, an open-ended total waiver would or might allow the defendant to possess personal
irrelevant information which should still be privileged since it would have no bearing upon the outcome of the
case as it would not concern any injury placed in issue by the complaint and would likewise be inadmissible
at trial on relevancy grounds. On the flip side of the coin, to allow the plaintiff to stand behind the privilege
regarding information possessed by the alleged tortfeasor physician or other physicians would allow a
plaintiff to possibly be compensated unjustly when the real cause of the injury might have been a preexisting
injury which the jury would not know about because of the privilege. However, our intent is that such
problems will not result from this interpretation and that the privilege will remain protected.

¶18. In sum, the Court finds the following regarding the scope of M.R.E. 503 and the applicability of Miss.
Code Ann. §13-1-21. If a suit is filed on either medical malpractice grounds or other grounds placing the
plaintiff's condition in issue, then the plaintiff's medical privilege regarding any relevant medical information
from whatever source is automatically waived for the purposes of and only to the extent to which the
plaintiff's condition is put in issue. The determination of the relevancy of medical information which cannot
be worked out on amicable terms between opposing counsel, is to be resolved by a judicial relevancy
hearing. However, under no circumstances should a court order or require a person to release medical
information unconditionally as in this case. Such disregard for a patient's right to confidentiality will not be
tolerated by this Court.

      (2) ARE EX PARTE CONTACTS WITH MEDICAL PROVIDERS PERMISSIBLE
      UNDER THE RULES OF DISCOVERY IN THE MISSISSIPPI RULES OF CIVIL
      PROCEDURE?

¶19. There is a national split of authority on the propriety of ex parte contacts and, at first glance, this would
appear to be a civil procedure question. However, the rules of civil procedure send us back to the rules of
evidence to determine what is discoverable when the information sought falls under a privilege. M.R.C.P.
26(b)(1) tells us that the scope of discovery allows a party to discover any matter not privileged which is
relevant to the issues raised by the claims or defenses.

¶20. The methods of discovery are set forth in M.R.C.P. 26(a) which states that a party "may" obtain
discovery in seven methods. Ex parte contacts are neither excluded nor included under the seven methods.
This could mean that an ex parte contact is not considered a formal discovery mechanism and thus not
governed by the rules set forth for formal discovery mechanisms making the use of ex parte contacts
permissible.(2) However, the silence in the rule on ex parte contacts could also mean that such a practice is
unacceptable.(3)

¶21. It is understood that evidence does not have to be admissible to be discoverable, only relevant.
Likewise, it is also understood that the objection that evidence sought would ultimately be inadmissible does
not prohibit its discoverability so long as it is "reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible
evidence." M.R.C.P. 26(b)(1). Naturally, this opens up the question of who determines when and what
information is relevant for the particular purpose of the suit and the manner by which it is to be obtained?

¶22. We urge that parties mutually agree in this area whenever possible. If the parties can not come to terms
on what information is relevant and disclosable giving the plaintiff an opportunity to confer with the physician
prior to disclosure, then it is to be handled by relevancy hearings. This allows the plaintiff the needed
protection of confidentiality which the legislature and the Court intended. But the defendants allege that
requiring a court order from a relevancy hearing to obtain or know what can be obtained would add
unnecessary expense and delay to the litigation. However, the need for patient confidentiality outweighs that
of judicial expeditiousness. A patient's privilege of medical confidentiality is of paramount importance and
must be afforded protection.

¶23. The defendant provides examples of other courts holding that the use of ex parte contacts is
permissible and orders plaintiffs to execute the requisite waiver forms. See Doe v. Eli Lilly & Co., 99
F.R.D. 126 (D.D.C. 1983). Eli Lilly & Co. ordered the plaintiff to execute an authorization form allowing
his treating physicians, at their option, to engage in informal ex parte interviews with defense counsel
because, absent the existence of a privilege, which the court found to be waived by the filing of the
complaint, a party cannot restrict access to witnesses. We do not find the reasoning of Eli Lilly & Co.
persuasive or reasonable.(4)

¶24. Another significant argument about ex parte interviews revolves around who is the holder of the
privilege. M.R.E. 503(c) makes the patient the holder of the privilege. Therefore, a patient is deprived of
this right when a physician is allowed to speak ex parte because the physician then decides how, when and
what information is to be waived when he is not the holder of said privilege. See Wisconsin ex rel.
Klieger v. Alby, 373 N.W.2d 57, 61 (1985)("If the court orders private conferences outside the scope of
discovery, the patient loses control of the privilege, a result the statutes clearly do not contemplate."(5)
;Jaap v. District Court, 623 P.2d 1389 (Mont.1981). Our rules of evidence clearly give the privilege to
the patient and say further that the physician can claim the privilege, but only on behalf of the patient. The
Comment to M.R.E. 503(c) also states that only the patient can waive the privilege. Therefore, to allow the
physician to speak ex parte would be inconsistent with our rules. Accordingly, we find that the rules only
permit the patient to waive the privilege and that to allow the treating physician to do so would deprive the
patient of that very right.
¶25. More recent decisions, and particularly the only one in our Fifth Circuit treating it as a case of first
impression, while recognizing the national split of authority on the issue, have held to the contrary and
criticized Eli Lilly & Co.. Horner v. Rowan, 153 F.R.D. 597, 601-602 (Texas 1994) held that:

      the appropriate rule should prohibit ex parte interviews between defense counsel and plaintiff's
      treating physicians unless, with advance notice thereof, plaintiff specifically and unconditionally
      authorizes same; this is the only way in which the physician/patient privilege can be held inviolate. ...
      Therefore, while there is conflicting authority, in order to preserve the integrity of the physician/patient
      privilege, a defendant must be limited to the formal methods of discovery enumerated by the Rules of
      Civil Procedure, absent the plaintiff's express consent to counsel's ex parte contact with his treating
      physicians. ... Moreover, while Rule 509 [Texas' medical privilege] removes the privilege in regard to
      information concerning any medical condition in issue, information not related to that condition remains
      privileged. The decision to waive the privilege as to unrelated matters belongs to the patient; yet, if ex
      parte interviews are permitted, it would be left to the physician to determine what information is
      subject to disclosure and what remains privileged. The doctor is not only unskilled in making that
      determination, any error in judgment could, in addition, expose the physician to liability arising from an
      improper disclosure .... Requiring the contact with treating physicians to occur only in the context of
      formal discovery relieves the physician of this responsibility, protects him from inadvertent liability and
      protects any information still privileged by assuring plaintiff's representative will be in a position to
      timely assert the privilege where appropriate. Formal discovery, on the record, with notice and an
      opportunity to other parties to be present and to participate in the proceeding, is simply the fairest and
      most satisfactory means of obtaining discovery from a treating physician. Besides, this rule regulates
      only how defense counsel may obtain information from a treating physician, not the substance of what
      is discoverable.

Id. at 601-02; (citations omitted) (emphasis added).

¶26. The rationale and holding of Horner v. Rowan is the most sound and reasonable solution for handling
the disclosure of relevant privileged medical information. Accordingly, we adopt the rationale of Horner v.
Rowan for use in Mississippi state courts regarding the waiver and treatment of medical privileges where
the plaintiff's physical, mental or emotional condition has been placed in issue.

¶27. Dr. Flynt takes the position that ex parte contacts are appropriate anytime and certainly when a
plaintiff puts his condition at issue. He alleges that to treat a doctor differently than other fact witnesses goes
against our holding in Scafidel v. Crawford, 486 So. 2d 370 (Miss. 1986). Scafidel simply held that it
was not error to allow a testifying physician to testify as both a fact and expert witness. Id. at 372.
Therefore, Dr. Flynt maintains that it is impermissible to prevent a doctor from making ex parte contacts as
a fact witness when a physician can be a fact witness, and other fact witnesses are permitted to make ex
parte contacts. We find this argument without merit.

¶28. The language in M.R.E. 503(f) states specifically that ex parte contacts by the opposing party are not
authorized by the exception addressing the privilege in the context of other personal injury suits. Therefore,
the defendants pose the question of whether this also applies to M.R.E. 503(d)(3) cases, i.e. medical
malpractice cases?

¶29. According to the Comment, M.R.E. 503(f) is not limited to other personal injury actions. The
defendants allege that the last sentence of M.R.E. 503(f) simply says that ex parte contacts are not
authorized, which does not necessarily mean that they are prohibited. The logical conclusion is that ex parte
contacts by the opposing party are prohibited in both medical malpractice and other personal injury cases
as well, which limits the gathering of the medical information to the presently available formal discovery
mechanisms absent express patient consent once the lawsuit has begun.

¶30. The defendants have raised the concern as to how rules of evidence can be applied outside of a legal
proceeding. Also, the rules are for the purpose of governing the admissibility of evidence, so what can allow
them to control someone's actions in a nonlegal setting ex parte, i.e. ex parte contacts?

¶31. The evidentiary prohibition against ex parte contacts by the opposing party presumably can not
prevent a person, i.e. a physician of the plaintiff, from physically speaking ex parte. However, the rule
against such will be used to prevent the admissibility of any evidence gathered ex parte just as in Horner v.
Rowan and Karsten v. McCray. This produces the result desired by the amended rule.

¶32. Our rules of evidence and rules of civil procedure are only applicable during a court proceeding which
includes discovery. M.R.E. 1101. The question of ex parte contacts and the waiver of a privilege only
come into play during a court proceeding. Therefore, our rules are not applicable and can neither allow nor
prohibit a defendant from speaking ex parte with the plaintiff's physician. We simply note with caution that
those who violate these rules do so at their own risk.

¶33. The procedure offered for obtaining medical information by the Mississippi Defense Lawyers
Association, (hereinafter MDLA), in their Amicus Curiae brief on behalf of Dr. Flynt and other physicians,
does not seek to permit unmonitored informal ex parte interviews. Rather, the MDLA suggests the circuit
court issue an order requiring the plaintiff to execute a medical waiver form authorizing the release of
medical information as to the physical, mental and/or emotional condition placed in issue by the lawsuit
upon the filing of any type of personal injury suit. But, MDLA concedes and suggests that it would be
proper and tolerable to require the defendant to give the plaintiff notice of any interviews it anticipated
conducting prior to doing so to allow the plaintiff to either be present or speak with the physician to assure
that he does not breach a privilege. The only significant difference between the MDLA approach and our
holding today is that if the patient does not gives his consent to his physician to speak ex parte, that the
physician will do so at his own risk and the information divulged will be inadmissible. Under the MDLA
approach, the patient would only be required to be given notice, not the right to prevent the disclosure and
require the formal discovery processes to be used instead. We find that it is necessary for the patient to be
given notice and have the right to prevent any ex parte contacts. It is not the substance of the information
that is being regulated, it is the method of how it is obtained. See, Horner, at 601.

¶34. In the event a physician speaks, then the only rules applicable at that point in the absence of a court
proceeding are his professional ethical codes of conduct concerning confidentiality. Avenues of redress are
available in the event of the breach of such rules, but cases have shown that such deterrents may not be
sufficient in the all important area of patient confidentiality.

¶35. In the event a waiver occurs, it is only for relevant information in a court proceeding, which includes
all hearings, trials, and discovery measures. In the event irrelevant privileged information is disclosed, and an
attempt is subsequently made to use the information in a court proceeding, our rules of evidence and
procedure will prohibit such use.

¶36. The waiver is not in any circumstance to be unconditional to allow the disclosure of irrelevant
privileged information. The waiver should always be limited to the disclosure of relevant information to the
injury placed in issue. Privileged, irrelevant information should always be protected from use.

¶37. Vivian contends that to allow a physician to unconditionally disclose medical information about her will
be a civil violation for invasion of privacy. Dr. Flynt maintains that to prevent him from divulging medical
information because of a protected privilege would amount to a violation of his due process rights, his right
to effective representation of counsel and a fair trial. Dr. Flynt further contends that his rights to due process
etc., are specifically enumerated rights under the Mississippi and U.S. Constitutions which take precedence
over the right to privacy which is not specifically stated in the constitutions.

¶38. The Court bases its decision today on statutory interpretation grounds making it unnecessary to
address the constitutional concerns. As this Court stated in Kron v. Van Cleave, 339 So. 2d 559, 563,
(Miss. 1976), "courts will not decide a constitutional question unless it is necessary to do so in order to
decide the case." This claim is decided upon state statutory and evidentiary law grounds making it
unnecessary to discuss the constitutionality. Thus, this issue is not addressed as it is unnecessary to dispose
of this case.

¶39. One additional argument submitted by the defendant is that to allow the plaintiff to be present
whenever medical information is sought by the defendant about the plaintiff would infringe upon the attorney
work product privilege and deny the defendant his right to effective representation. Hickman v. Taylor,
329 U.S. 495 (1946); M.R.C.P. 26(b)(3). The attorney work product privilege would not necessarily be
violated under these circumstances. Our present discovery mechanisms allow counsel to be present during
any other deposition. Therefore, there is no difference in the issues in this case rendering this argument
without merit.

                                               CONCLUSION

¶40. The rules, as amended, were intended to be applied as follows. When a personal injury suit is pending,
the medical privilege with regard to relevant information is automatically waived, making it unnecessary to
have an automatic court order issued, to permit both parties equal access to all of the relevant information
needed to get to the truth. The manner by which the relevant information is to be acquired is limited to either
a voluntary consensual disclosure by the patient who is the holder of the privilege or the formal discovery
process to prevent any breach of confidentiality. We hold that evidence obtained from ex parte contacts,
without prior patient consent, by the opposing party which is subsequently used during a legal proceeding, is
inadmissable. This procedure allows the defendant access to the needed information, and does not
improperly allow the plaintiff to be protected behind the shield of the privilege. In sum, the relevant
information is disclosed and the plaintiff's confidentiality is protected.

¶41. REVERSED AND REMANDED.

LEE, C.J., PRATHER AND SULLIVAN, P.JJ., PITTMAN, McRAE, SMITH AND MILLS, JJ.,
CONCUR. BANKS, J., CONCURS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY
PITTMAN, J.
     BANKS, JUSTICE, CONCURRING:

¶42. I concur with the result reached by the majority and all that is said except with one particular. While
our rules of evidence do not sanction ex parte contact in my view neither do they prohibit them. The
majority's desire to discourage such contact, while salutary, finds no support in our rules of evidence. Those
rules, as noted by the majority, govern proceedings in court but have no application otherwise. One who
obtains information not otherwise privileged without recourse to the processes of court should not for,
solely that reason, have the evidence barred. In my view, duties on the part of physicians and other
professionals to hold client communications in confidence which emanate from professional standards and
elsewhere are sufficient to protect the public. We need not erect an evidentiary barrier for that purpose. The
risk of liability for unsanctioned disclosure is sufficient to that task.

PITTMAN, J., JOINS THIS OPINION.




1. The Advisory Committee Historical Note appears in the 1995 Mississippi Rules of Court.

2. See, e.g., Trans-World Investments v. Drobny, 554 P.2d 1148 (Alaska 1972); Green v.
Bloodsworth, 501 A.2d 1257 (Del.Super.Ct.1985); Coralluzzo v. Fass, 450 So. 2d 858 (Fla.1984),
but recently superseded by statute prohibiting ex parte contacts as stated in Acosta v. Richter, 1996 WL
15522 (Fla. Jan. 18, 1996); Samms v. Colorado, 908 P.2d 520 (Colo. 1996); Steinberg v. Jensen,
534 N.W.2d 361 (Wis. 1995).

3. See, e.g., Weaver v. Mann, 90 F.R.D. 443 (D.N.D.1981); Acosta v. Richter, 1996 WL 15522 (Fla.
Jan. 18, 1996); Jaap v. District Court, 623 P.2d 1389 (Mont.1981); Johnson v. District Court, 738
P.2d 151 (Okl.1987).

4. The real threat of ex parte contacts is best understood in light of Karsten v. McCray, 509 N.E.2d 1376,
157 Ill.App.3d 1, appeal denied, 117 Ill.2d 544, 517 N.E.2d 1086 (1987); (wherein Illinois held that a
plaintiff's treating physicians could not be interviewed ex parte and that the fruits of the unauthorized
interviews would be barred from being introduced). See, also Philip H. Corboy, EX PARTE CONTACTS
BETWEEN PLAINTIFF'S PHYSICIAN AND DEFENSE ATTORNEYS: PROTECTING THE
PATIENT-LITIGANT'S RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL, 21 Loy. U. Chi. L.J. 1001 (1990).

5. Notably Klieger has been overruled by Steinberg v. Jensen, 534 N.W.2d 361 (Wisc. 1995) because
of an expansive subsequent interpretation the Wisconsin Court of Appeals had been giving Klieger.
However, Steinberg reaffirms the Klieger position that the patient is the holder of the privilege. Steinberg
additionally set forth a similar position taken by the Court in this case by recognizing that ex parte contacts
are not absolutely prohibited as rules of evidence do not control matters other than those during judicial
proceedings, and that the plaintiff must be given prior notice of the intended contact by opposing counsel,
and finally, that the disclosure of prejudicial confidential information by a plaintiff's treating physician can be
inadmissible. Steinberg v. Jensen, 534 N.W.2d 361, 371-373 (Wisc. 1995).
