                                                                              FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                                   MAR 19 2015

                                                                          MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS



                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No. 13-50634

              Plaintiff - Appellee,              D.C. No. 3:12-cr-04852-L-1

  v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
LUIS ALEJANDRO ALARCON-TAPIA,

              Defendant - Appellant.


                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Southern District of California
                 M. James Lorenz, Senior District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted March 6, 2015
                              Pasadena, California

Before: PREGERSON, PARKER**, and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges.

       Luis Alejandro Alarcon-Tapia appeals the district court’s denial of his

motion to dismiss the indictment for a violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326. We have




        *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
       **
            The Honorable Barrington D. Parker, Jr., Senior Circuit Judge for the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, sitting by designation.
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Reviewing de novo, United States v. Ubaldo-

Figueroa, 364 F.3d 1042, 1047 (9th Cir. 2004), we affirm.

      1.    We reject Alarcon-Tapia’s claim that alleged defects in the 1998

removal proceeding taint the validity of the 2003 expedited removals that form the

basis for the present prosecution. As an initial matter, we assume, without

deciding, that the 1998 removal order is invalid. Even so, the 2003 expedited

removals are not reinstatements of the 1998 removal, cf. United States v. Arias-

Ordonez, 597 F.3d 972, 978–82 (9th Cir. 2010), but rather are distinct removal

orders that may serve as stand-alone predicates for a prosecution under 8 U.S.C. §

1326, see United States v. Barajas-Alvarado, 655 F.3d 1077, 1086–87 (9th Cir.

2011). Under these circumstances, the invalidity of one removal order does not

taint a subsequent, distinct removal order. See United States v. Davalos-Martinez,

537 F. App’x 773, 774 (9th Cir. 2013); United States v. Garcia-Arredondo, 489 F.

App’x 171, 172 (9th Cir. 2012).

      We recognize that Alarcon-Tapia lost his status as a legal permanent resident

as a result of the 1998 removal proceeding. Nonetheless, regardless of any but-for

causal nexus between his removal from the United States as a result of the 1998

order and his subsequent expedited removals in 2003, Alarcon-Tapia was still

bound by the 1998 order unless and until it was invalidated through legal


                                         2
proceedings. Cf. Maness v. Meyers, 419 U.S. 449, 458 (1975) (explaining that

persons who “refuse to obey [a court] order generally risk criminal contempt even

if the order is ultimately ruled incorrect”). Thus, Alarcon-Tapia was an

inadmissible alien in the eyes of the law when he sought admission to the United

States in 2003.

      2.     The 2003 expedited removals also did not violate Alarcon-Tapia’s due

process rights when viewed in isolation. First, aliens in expedited removal

proceedings do not have a due process right to be informed of their ability to

withdraw their application for admission. United States v. Sanchez-Aguilar, 719

F.3d 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2013). Thus, the immigration authorities’ failure to

advise him of this option does not constitute a due process violation. See id. And,

even if it did, consideration of the factors set forth in the INS Inspector’s Field

Manual and other factors demonstrates that Alarcon-Tapia did not have “plausible

grounds” for obtaining that relief. See United States v. Raya-Vaca, 771 F.3d 1195,

1206–07 (9th Cir. 2014). Among the negative factors were Alarcon-Tapia’s false

claim that he was a United States citizen; his attempt to enter the United States on

April 6, 2003, after being subjected to an expedited removal one week earlier; his

numerous criminal convictions including an aggravated felony; and the fact that he

was not in poor health or of an age weighing in favor of relief. The presence of his


                                           3
family in the United States, the frequency with which aliens generally withdrew

their applications for admission in 2003, and the specific instances cited by him

where withdrawal was granted in other cases are insufficient to tip the scales in

favor of finding relief to be plausible in his case.

      Additionally, Alarcon-Tapia provides no argument as to how he suffered

prejudice from the inspectors’ failure to read his sworn statement back to him. To

the extent that he intends for this assertion to form the basis for a distinct due

process challenge to the 2003 expedited removals, that challenge is waived. See

EEOC v. Peabody W. Coal Co., 773 F.3d 977, 990 (9th Cir. 2014).

      AFFIRMED.




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