                                 NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                                APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.




                                                          SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                          APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                          DOCKET NO. A-1185-17T1

ROBERT G. MARTINEZ,
individually and d/b/a
ALL AROUND HOME IMPROVEMENT,
and JOAN G. MARTINEZ,

           Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

JOSEPH SWOMIAK, RONALD SWOMIAK,
BETTY SWOMIAK, CASH NOW, LLC,
and FAST CASH ON THE SPOT 2, LLC,

           Defendants,

and

HOME DEPOT U.S.A, INC.,

     Defendant-Respondent.
_______________________________________

                    Submitted September 13, 2018 – Decided September 27, 2018

                    Before Judges Currier and Mayer.

                    On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                    Division, Ocean County, Docket No. L-2820-15.
            Robert G. Martinez and Joan G. Martinez, appellants
            pro se.

            High Swartz, LLP, attorneys for respondent (Mark R.
            Fischer, Jr., on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      Plaintiffs Robert G. Martinez and Joan G. Martinez appeal from a

September 29, 2017 order granting summary judgment in favor of defendant

Home Depot U.S.A., Inc. (Home Depot). 1 Plaintiffs alleged Home Depot was

aware that a former employee and co-defendant, Joseph Swomiak, was stealing

construction items from their construction business, returning the stolen items

to Home Depot for gift cards, and then visiting pawn shops to convert the gift

cards to cash. Plaintiffs claimed Home Depot owed them a duty of care to

prevent Swomiak's criminal activity and failed to implement a corporate policy

to avoid such criminal schemes. We disagree and affirm.




1
  Plaintiffs' claims against defendants Fast Cash On the Spot 2, LLC, Cash Now,
LLC, and Joseph Swomiak's parents, Ronald and Betty, were settled prior to
argument on Home Depot's motion for summary judgment. Plaintiffs' claims
against defendant Joseph Swomiak were voluntarily dismissed with prejudice.



                                                                       A-1185-17T1
                                      2
        Swomiak was employed in plaintiffs' construction business, All Around

Home Improvement. Swomiak stole tools and materials from the business, was

criminally charged with theft, and pleaded guilty. 2

        Swomiak's criminal conduct was simple.         He stole items from his

employer, returned the stolen items to Home Depot, and received a store credit

in the form of a gift card. Swomiak presented no receipts when he returned the

items to Home Depot. Plaintiffs claimed Swomiak made such exchanges at

Home Depot on ninety-four separate occasions. According to plaintiffs, Home

Depot knew or should have known Swomiak was stealing tools and materials,

returning the items for a refund in the form of a store gift card, and converting

the store gift card to cash. Plaintiffs also alleged Home Depot knew or should

have known Swomiak was stealing from their construction business based on

the number of returns he made and that the company should have questioned his

transactions. Plaintiffs filed suit against Home Depot for conversion, aiding and

abetting, fraud 3, and negligence.




2
   After pleading guilty, Swomiak was sentenced to jail and ordered to pay
restitution in the amount of $30,443.73.
3
    Plaintiffs elected to withdraw their fraud claim against Home Depot.


                                                                           A-1185-17T1
                                        3
      Home Depot filed an answer and the parties exchanged discovery. After

expiration of the extended discovery period, Home Depot filed a motion for

summary judgment.       After reviewing the motion papers and hearing the

arguments of counsel, the judge granted Home Depot's motion. The judge found

no evidence Home Depot was aware Swomiak had stolen the items he was

returning to the store. The judge concluded Home Depot owed no duty to third

parties for Swomiak's wrongful conduct. He rejected plaintiffs' argument that

Home Depot should have known something was amiss because Swomiak

returned items ninety-four times to Home Depot, each time without presenting

a receipt for the returned items. Similarly, the judge disagreed with plainti ffs'

contention that Home Depot should have better trained its employees regarding

returns. The judge declined to second guess Home Depot's corporate policy

governing returns that allowed customers to return items at any time and for any

reason. Absent Home Depot's knowledge of Swomiak's wrongful conduct, the

judge concluded plaintiffs could not prevail on their claims.

      On appeal, plaintiffs argue summary judgment was premature as

discovery was incomplete. Plaintiffs also contend there were genuine issues of

material fact, precluding entry of summary judgment.




                                                                          A-1185-17T1
                                        4
      We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same

standard as the trial court. Henry v. N.J. Dep't of Human Servs., 204 N.J. 320,

330 (2010). Summary judgment must be granted if "the pleadings, depositions,

answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if

any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact challenged and

that the moving party is entitled to a judgment or order as a matt er of law." R.

4:46-2(c). See also Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520, 540

(1995). The "trial court's interpretation of the law and the legal consequences

that flow from established facts are not entitled to any special deference." Estate

of Hanges v. Metro. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 202 N.J. 369, 382 (2010) (quoting

Manalapan Realty, LP v. Twp. Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 336, 378 (1995)).

      To prove negligence, a plaintiff must demonstrate: (1) a duty of care, (2)

breach of that duty, (3) proximate cause, and (4) injury. Townsend v. Pierre,

221 N.J. 36, 51 (2015). The plaintiff bears the burden of proving negligence.

Khan v. Singh, 200 N.J. 82, 91 (2009).

      On plaintiffs' negligence claim, the motion judge properly determined

Home Depot owed no duty of care to plaintiffs. Because the duty of care is a

legal question to be resolved by the court, the matter was ripe for summary

judgment. Tarabokia v. Structure Tone, 429 N.J. Super. 103, 106 (App. Div.


                                                                           A-1185-17T1
                                         5
2012). The judge found, "there is no legal duty that Home Depot has to protect

its customers against theft once they transfer custody/control of the item into the

hands of the purchaser." The judge concluded, "there is no body of law which

would require holding a retail establishment responsible for the conduct of a

third party who wrongfully deprives one of its customers of possession/control

of the [sold item]."

      Returns in the retail sales market are a daily occurrence and a retailer

cannot be expected to reasonably foresee that returns by individuals who lack a

store receipt evidences theft of the item from a third-party. Whether Home

Depot refused to accept the return of goods did not alter the fact that t he items

were stolen by Swomiak. Contrary to plaintiffs' contention, no public interest

or duty of care requires retailers to scrutinize customers who return items

without a receipt. Absent a duty of care on the part of Home Depot, plaintiffs'

negligence claim was properly dismissed.

      To prevail on a claim for conversion, a plaintiff must prove "the wrongful

exercise of dominion and control over property owned by another inconsistent

with the owners' rights." LaPlace v. Briere, 404 N.J. Super. 585, 595 (App. Div.

2009). "'Conversion is an intentional exercise of dominion or control over a

chattel which so seriously interferes with the right of another to control it that


                                                                           A-1185-17T1
                                        6
the actor may justly be required to pay the other the full value of the chattel.'"

Chicago Title Ins. Co. v. Ellis, 409 N.J. Super. 444, 454 (App. Div. 2009)

(quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 222A(1) (1965)). If the person who

committed the theft or conversion "has spent the money to buy goods or services,

the victim cannot recover the money from the innocent merchant . . . ." Id. at

461.

       Here, the judge found Home Depot had no knowledge the items returned

by Swomiak were stolen.         Nor did plaintiffs demonstrate Home Depot

participated in Swomiak's criminal actions.      Thus, plaintiffs' evidence was

insufficient to establish liability against Home Depot for conversion and the

judge properly dismissed that claim as a matter of law.

       A claim for aiding and abetting requires a plaintiff prove:

             (1) the party whom the defendant aids must perform a
             wrongful act that causes an injury; (2) the defendant
             must be generally aware of his role as part of an overall
             illegal or tortious activity at the time that he provides
             the assistance; (3) the defendant must knowingly and
             substantially assist the principal violation.

             [State, Dep't of Treasury, Div. of Inv. ex rel. McCormac
             v. Qwest Commc'ns Int'l, Inc., 387 N.J. Super. 469, 483
             (App. Div. 2006).]

       In this case, plaintiffs offered no evidence to establish Home Depot knew

Swomiak was returning stolen items to receive a refund or that Home Depot

                                                                          A-1185-17T1
                                        7
knowingly and substantially assisted Swomiak in stealing plaintiffs' tools and

materials. Plaintiffs failed to cite any legal basis for their claim that Home

Depot had an obligation to ensure the items returned to the store belonged to

Swomiak and should have refused to accept returned items without a receipt.

Thus, we agree with the judge that plaintiffs' claim against Home Depot for

aiding and abetting in Swomiak's criminal enterprise failed as a matter of law.

      Lastly, we reject plaintiffs' argument that outstanding discovery precluded

the entry of summary judgment. Plaintiffs had ample opportunity to pursue all

discovery on their claims. In fact, the motion judge granted five discovery

extensions, all requested by plaintiffs, during the nearly two years this matter

was litigated. Nor did plaintiffs identify what discovery they believed was

outstanding and how the discovery would defeat Home Depot's motion. Badiali

v. New Jersey Mfrs. Ins. Grp., 220 N.J. 544, 555 (2015) ("A motion for summary

judgment is not premature merely because discovery has not been completed,

unless plaintiff is able to demonstrate with some degree of particularity the

likelihood that further discovery will supply the missing elements of the cause

of action.").

      Having thoroughly reviewed the record, we conclude the motion judge

properly granted summary judgment in favor of Home Depot.


                                                                         A-1185-17T1
                                       8
Affirmed.




                A-1185-17T1
            9
