[Cite as A.M.R. v. Zane Trace Local Bd. of Edn., 2012-Ohio-2419.]


                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                      ROSS COUNTY

A.M.R.,                               :    Case No. 11CA3261
                                      :
     Appellant-Appellee,              :
                                      :    DECISION AND
     v.                               :    JUDGMENT ENTRY
                                      :
ZANE TRACE LOCAL BOARD                :
OF EDUCATION,                         :    RELEASED 05/30/12
                                      :
     Appellee-Appellant.              :
______________________________________________________________________
                            APPEARANCES:

Lisa M. Burleson, BENESCH, FRIEDLANDER, COPLAN & ARONOFF LLP, Columbus,
Ohio, for appellant Zane Trace Local Board of Education.

James Kingsley, KINGSLEY LAW OFFICE, Circleville, Ohio, for appellee A.M.R.
______________________________________________________________________
Harsha, J.

        {¶1}    The Zane Trace Local Board of Education appeals from the trial court’s

reversal of the Board’s decision to expel A.M.R. from school. The Board contends that

the trial court lacked jurisdiction because it struck the final, appealable order from the

record, i.e., the minutes of the meeting at which the Board voted to uphold the

expulsion. However, A.M.R. appealed from a letter her attorney received from the

Board’s executive officer declaring that the Board unanimously voted to uphold the

expulsion. Because this letter is “an order, adjudication, or decision that determines

rights, duties, privileges, benefits, or legal relationships of a person,” it constitutes a final

order under R.C. 2506.01(C). Therefore, the trial court had jurisdiction to consider

A.M.R.’s appeal.

        {¶2}    The Board also argues that the trial court erred when it reversed the
Ross App. No. 11CA3261                                                                      2


Board’s decision based on two findings: 1.) A.M.R.’s superintendent-level expulsion

hearing occurred after the time required by statute and the record did not show that

A.M.R. sought an extension of the time; and 2.) the record did not show that the Board

voted to uphold the expulsion at a public meeting as required by statute. The Board

claims that in reversing the expulsion based on these findings, the trial court

misallocated the burden of proof. We agree that A.M.R. had the burden to affirmatively

demonstrate error, and the mere fact that the record does not reveal whether the board

acted at a public meeting does not satisfy that burden. Thus, the trial court erred when

it reversed the Board’s decision based on the public meeting finding. Nonetheless,

once A.M.R. established that she did not receive her superintendent-level hearing in the

time required by statute, the burden shifted to the Board to show A.M.R. or someone

acting on her behalf sought an extension of the hearing date. Because the Board does

not challenge the trial court’s implicit conclusion that it failed to meet this burden or

argue that a belated hearing does not constitute reversible error, the court’s decision

must stand.

       {¶3}   Finally, the Board claims that the trial court abused its discretion by

“striking additional evidence submitted by the school board * * *.” However, the Board

provided no supporting analysis for this argument, so we summarily reject it.

Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s decision.

                                           I. Facts

       {¶4}   On November 12, 2009, A.M.R. allegedly attacked a fellow student at

Zane Trace High School, and the principal suspended her for ten school days.

Apparently on November 19, 2009, A.M.R. received notice that she might be expelled,
Ross App. No. 11CA3261                                                                      3


and the superintendent held an expulsion hearing on December 4, 2009. On December

7, 2009, the superintendent notified A.M.R.’s parents in writing that A.M.R. had been

expelled from that day to April 9, 2010. A.M.R. appealed and the Board held a hearing

on the appeal on December 16, 2009. The hearing transcript does not indicate what the

Board decided. But after the hearing, A.M.R.’s attorney received a letter dated

December 17, 2009 from the superintendent, writing in her capacity as the Board’s

“executive officer.” The letter appears on Zane Trace Local School District letterhead

and states in part that on December 16, 2009, the Board unanimously voted to uphold

A.M.R.’s 75-day expulsion.

       {¶5}   Based on this letter, A.M.R. filed a notice of an administrative appeal, and

the Board prepared and filed a transcript of proceedings under R.C. 2506.02. Then the

parties filed their respective briefs with the common pleas court. In her brief, A.M.R.

claimed in part that her expulsion was illegal because the Board did not vote to uphold

the expulsion at a public meeting under R.C. 3313.66(E). In response, the Board

attached an exhibit to its brief titled “RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS,” which purportedly

contained the minutes of the meeting the Board held on December 16, 2009. The

document states in part:

       120409
       Ms. Brooks made a motion, seconded by Mr. Greenwalt regarding the
       expulsion appeal held in executive session at the request of the student’s
       family, the Board agrees to uphold the administration’s decision. Roll Call:
       Ms. Brooks, yes; Mr. Detty, yes; Mr. Greenwalt, yes; Ms. Pflaumer, yes;
       Mr. Tillis, yes. Motion carried.

The document was signed by the Board’s president and treasurer but does not indicate

when the minutes were actually prepared. A.M.R. filed a motion to strike all of the

Board’s exhibits. The trial court granted the motion, holding that it would only consider
Ross App. No. 11CA3261                                                                                     4


the documents in the certified transcript and that all other materials the Board submitted

were “dehors the record and inadmissible under Section 2506.03 ORC.”

        {¶6}    Subsequently, the trial court reversed the Board’s decision. The court

found that the record did not show the Board made the decision to uphold A.M.R.’s

expulsion at a public meeting, as required by R.C. 3313.66(E). The court also found

that A.M.R. did not receive a superintendent-level expulsion hearing in the time required

by R.C. 3313.66(B)(6). The court held that these procedural defects were “legally fatal”

to the Board’s action and rendered the Board’s decision “in violation of statute,

unconstitutional in violation of due process, and * * * unsupported by the preponderance

of substantial, reliable and probative evidence on the whole record.” Based on these

procedural issues, the court found it unnecessary to address A.M.R.’s substantive

arguments. The court ordered the Board to reinstate A.M.R. as a student to the extent

legally possible and take other steps to reverse the effects of the expulsion. This

appeal followed.

                                      II. Assignments of Error

        {¶7}    The Board assigns two errors for our review:

        I.      THE COMMON PLEAS COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION AND
                ERRED AS A MATTER OF LAW UNDER R.C. §3313.66 AND R.C.
                §2506.01 WHEN IT REVERSED AND VACATED THE SCHOOL
                BOARD’S DECISION TO EXPEL [A.M.R.] BECAUSE OF
                ALLEGED PROCEDURAL DEFECTS.1

        II.     THE COMMON PLEAS COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION AND
                ERRED AS A MATTER OF LAW UNDER R.C. §2506.03 BY
                STRIKING ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE SUBMITTED BY THE
                SCHOOL BOARD WHEN IT APPEARED ON THE FACE OF THE
                CERTIFIED TRANSCRIPT THE TESTIMONY ADDUCED WAS
                NOT GIVEN UNDER OATH.

1
 The Board words this assignment of error differently throughout its Appellate Brief; we have quoted the
wording used on page i.
Ross App. No. 11CA3261                                                                       5



                                III. Final, Appealable Order

       {¶8}   In its first assignment of error, the Board contends in part that the trial

court lacked jurisdiction to act because the record does not contain a final, appealable

order. The Board argues that a public board only speaks through its minutes or its

written record of resolutions, directives, and action and that the trial court deprived itself

of jurisdiction when it struck from the record the minutes of the meeting at which the

Board voted to uphold the expulsion. A.M.R. contends that the letter her attorney

received from the Board’s executive officer, which states that the Board unanimously

voted to uphold the expulsion, constitutes a final order.

       {¶9}   The Board did not raise its jurisdictional argument in the common pleas

court. However, “the lack of a final appealable order goes to the issue of subject matter

jurisdiction which cannot be waived.” Bell v. Turner, 4th Dist. No. 05CA10, 2006-Ohio-

704, ¶ 17, fn. 10. “A determination of whether a court has subject-matter jurisdiction

involves a question of law that we review de novo.” Parsons v. Dept. of Youth Servs.,

4th Dist. No. 09CA3302, 2010-Ohio-284, ¶ 6.

       {¶10} A pupil or the pupil’s parent, guardian, or custodian may appeal a school

board’s decision to affirm a superintendent’s expulsion order “under Chapter 2506. of

the Revised Code.” R.C. 3313.66(E). Chapter 2506 deals with appeals from orders of

administrative officers and agencies. R.C. 2506.01(A) provides: “[E]very final order,

adjudication, or decision of any officer, tribunal, authority, board, bureau, commission,

department, or other division of any political subdivision of the state may be reviewed by

the court of common pleas of the county in which the principal office of the political

subdivision is located as provided in Chapter 2505. of the Revised Code.” R.C.
Ross App. No. 11CA3261                                                                        6


2506.01(C) provides that “[a]s used in * * * [C]hapter [2506.], ‘final order, adjudication,

or decision’ means an order, adjudication, or decision that determines rights, duties,

privileges, benefits, or legal relationships of a person * * *.” Thus, it is our task to

determine whether as a matter of law, only the Board’s minutes could constitute a “final

order, adjudication or decision” under R.C. 2506.01(C) or whether an alternative

document, in this case the letter sent to A.M.R.’s attorney, qualifies as a final order.

       {¶11} “The primary goal in construing a statute is to ascertain and give effect to

the intent of the legislature.” Pratte v. Stewart, 125 Ohio St.3d 473, 2010-Ohio-1860,

929 N.E.2d 415, ¶ 45. “In interpreting statutes, [the Supreme Court of Ohio] has long

held that ‘the intent of the law-makers is to be sought first of all in the language

employed, and if the words be free from ambiguity and doubt, and express plainly,

clearly and distinctly, the sense of the law-making body, there is no occasion to resort to

other means of interpretation.’” Id., quoting Slingluff v. Weaver, 66 Ohio St. 621, 64

N.E. 574 (1902), paragraph two of the syllabus. “A court is neither to insert words that

were not used by the legislature nor to delete words that were used.” Cleveland Mobile

Radio Sales, Inc. v. Verizon Wireless, 113 Ohio St.3d 394, 2007-Ohio-2203, 865 N.E.2d

1275, ¶ 12.

       {¶12} In support of its contention that only its minutes could constitute a final

order in this case, the Board cites the Supreme Court of Ohio’s decision in State, ex rel.

Hanley v. Roberts, 17 Ohio St.3d 1, 476 N.E.2d 1019 (1985) (per curiam). In that case,

the Court held the appellant could resort to the extraordinary remedy of quo warranto to

challenge a municipal civil service commission’s decision because the commission did

not “journalize” its rejection of the appellant’s complaint in its written minutes.
Ross App. No. 11CA3261                                                                  7


Therefore, the appellant could not appeal the commission’s decision and had no other

means available to seek redress for his grievances. The Court explained:

             R.C. 2506.01 provides that “[e]very final order, adjudication, or
      decision of any * * * commission * * * of any political subdivision of the
      state may be reviewed by the common pleas court of the county in which
      the principal office of the political subdivision is located, as provided in
      sections 2505.01 to 2505.45, inclusive, of the Revised Code, and as such
      procedure is modified by sections 2506.01 to 2506.04, inclusive, of the
      Revised Code.”

            As a prerequisite for appeal, and for the time for perfecting an
      appeal to begin to run, R.C. 2505.07 provides:

             “After the journal entry of a final order, judgment, or decree has
      been approved * * * in writing and filed * * * for journalization, or after the
      entry of other matter for review, the period of time within which the appeal
      shall be perfected unless otherwise provided by law is, * * * (B) * * * within
      ten days.” (Emphasis added.)

                                           * * *

              In Grimes v. Cleveland (C.P.1969), 17 Ohio Misc. 193, 243 N.E.2d
      777 [46 O.O.2d 279], at 195-196, 243 N.E.2d 777, a Cuyahoga County
      trial court applied the principles of [Schenley v. Kauth, 160 Ohio St. 109,
      113 N.E.2d 625 (1953)] in terms with which we agree:

             “It is clear that since the statute definitely applies to an
      administrative agency as well as to a court of record, such agency has the
      duty of reducing its rulings to writing before they may become effective
      and before the ten-day period for an appeal can start running. * * *

            “The form of written entry of a decision of an administrative board
      should be the written minutes of its meeting at which the decision was
      rendered. * * * The ten-day period for appeal starts to run at the time
      when the board’s decision has been set forth in writing in its minutes.”

                                             * * *
              In this case, the record is devoid of the actual minutes of the
      commission’s rejection of appellant’s complaint. Because of the
      commission’s failure to journalize its decision appellant asserts that “the
      remedy by way of appeal was not available.” We agree. The court of
      appeals failed to take into account the requirement that the commission’s
      decision be journalized before it could become a final appealable order. In
      that failure lies the error in the judgment below. We consequently hold
Ross App. No. 11CA3261                                                                    8


      that pursuant to R.C. 2505.07, the decision of an administrative agency
      must be journalized before an appeal from such decision may be taken
      under R.C. 2506.01. Since this was not done here, appellant has no
      means available by which he may seek redress of his grievances; he
      therefore can resort to the extraordinary remedy of quo warranto.
      (Emphasis sic.) Hanley at 4-5.

      {¶13} However, the legislature amended R.C. 2506.01 and R.C. 2505.07 after

the Supreme Court decided Hanley. Former R.C. 2506.01 provided:

      Every final order, adjudication, or decision of any officer, tribunal,
      authority, board, bureau, commission, department or other division of any
      political subdivision of the state may be reviewed by the common pleas
      court of the county in which the principal office of the political subdivision
      is located, as provided in sections 2505.01 to 2505.45, inclusive, of the
      Revised Code, and as such procedure is modified by sections 2506.01 to
      2506.04, inclusive, of the Revised Code.

      The appeal provided in sections 2506.01 to 2506.04, inclusive, of the
      Revised Code is in addition to any other remedy of appeal provided by
      law.

      A “final order, adjudication, or decision” does not include any order from
      which an appeal is granted by rule, ordinance, or statute to a higher
      administrative authority and a right to a hearing on such appeal is
      provided; any order which does not constitute a determination of the
      rights, duties, privileges, benefits, or legal relationships of a specified
      person; nor any order issued preliminary to or as a result of a criminal
      proceeding.

And former R.C. 2505.07 provided:

      After the journal entry of a final order, judgment, or decree has been
      approved by the court in writing and filed with the clerk for journalization,
      or after the entry of other matter for review, the period of time within which
      the appeal shall be perfected unless otherwise provided by law, is as
      follows * * *.

      {¶14} In the former version of R.C. 2506.01, the legislature did not specifically

define what constituted a “final order, adjudication, or decision” of the enumerated

entities – it simply described orders that phrase would not encompass. Because the

legislature did not explicitly define this phrase and because former R.C. 2506.01
Ross App. No. 11CA3261                                                                         9


provided that the final order “may be reviewed by the common pleas court * * * as

provided in sections 2505.01 to 2505.45, inclusive, of the Revised Code,” the Hanley

Court presumably turned to former R.C. 2505.07 for additional guidance on what

constituted a final order. Emphasizing the references in that statute to a “journal entry”

and “journalization,” the Hanley Court concluded that an administrative decision had to

be “journalized” in the form of meeting minutes before it could become a final,

appealable order.

       {¶15} After Hanley, the legislature enacted the current version of R.C. 2506.01

and explicitly defined a “final order, adjudication, or decision” of a board and other

entities as “an order, adjudication, or decision that determines rights, duties, privileges,

benefits, or legal relationships of a person * * *.” R.C. 2506.01(C). This broad definition

would certainly encompass documents other than board minutes. And given this clear

statement from the legislature on what constitutes a final order of an administrative

agency, we do not believe it is necessary to utilize R.C. 2505.07 – which discusses the

time limit for perfecting an appeal – for additional guidance on what types of documents

qualify as a final order. Even if we could consider R.C. 2505.07 to determine what

constitutes a final order, the current version of that statute provides: “After the entry of a

final order of an administrative officer, agency, board, department, tribunal, commission,

or other instrumentality, the period of time within which the appeal shall be perfected,

unless otherwise provided by law, is thirty days.” As the Second District pointed out in

Centerville Bd. of Tax Appeals v. Wright, 72 Ohio App.3d 313, 594 N.E.2d 670 (2nd

Dist.1991) and American Aggregates Corp. v. Clay Twp., 2nd Dist. No. 16311, 1997 WL

282334 (May 30, 1997), the legislature omitted the language regarding a “journal entry”
Ross App. No. 11CA3261                                                                      10

and “journalization” that the Supreme Court relied on to reach its decision in Hanley.

       {¶16} Given the changes to R.C. 2506.01 and R.C. 2505.07 after Hanley, we

reject the contention that, as a matter of law, only board minutes could constitute a final,

appealable order in this case. See American Aggregates Corp. at *3; McGath v.

Hamilton Local School Dist., 10th Dist. No. 10AP-340, 2010-Ohio-5445, ¶ 16

(“Appellants have failed to cite any legal authority that stands for the proposition that

when a board issues a written decision, and subsequently reduces its hearing minutes

to writing, the latter controls for the purpose of what constitutes a ‘final order,

adjudication, or decision’ under R.C. 2506.01.”). But see Guttentag v. Etna Twp. Bd. of

Zoning Appeals, 177 Ohio App.3d 53, 2008-Ohio-2642, 893 N.E.2d 890. As we explain

below, none of the other authorities cited by the Board persuade us otherwise.

       {¶17} The Board cites several other cases for its position that “because a public

board speaks only through its minutes, written record of resolutions, directives or

actions, action by a public board is not final until such a written record is made and

approved at a public meeting.” (Appellant’s Br. 1). The Board cites the First District’s

decision in Swafford v. Norwood Bd. of Edn., 14 Ohio App.3d 346, 471 N.E.2d 509

(1984) and indicates that the Swafford Court obtained this proposition from the

Supreme Court of Ohio’s decision in Schenley v. Kauth, 160 Ohio St. 109, 113 N.E.2d

625 (1953). (Appellant’s Br. 1). But Swafford was decided before Hanley and the

statutory changes that followed that decision.

       {¶18} Moreover, the Board’s reliance on Schenley is misplaced. The Swafford

Court stated: “As a court speaks only through its journal, Schenley v. Kauth (1953), 160

Ohio St. 109 * * * a public board, commission, or other deliberative body speaks through
Ross App. No. 11CA3261                                                                                 11

its minutes or its written record of resolutions, directives, and action. Cf. Grimes v.

Cleveland (C.P.1969), 17 Ohio Misc. 193, 195, 243 N.E.2d 777 * * *.” Swafford at 348.

Given the placement of the citation in the preceding sentence and our review of

Schenley, it is clear that Schenley only supports the statement that a court speaks

through its journal – not the statement that a public board speaks only through its

minutes.

       {¶19} The Board also cites the Sixth District’s decision in LaPlant Enterprises v.

Toledo, 6th Dist. No. L-87-369, 1988 WL 69147 (June 30, 1988).2 In that case, the

Sixth District addressed when the time for appeal of an administrative decision denying

an application for a special use permit commenced. The court, applying the former

version of R.C. 2505.07, held that the “time period for the perfection of an administrative

appeal commences when the ‘matter for review’ is reduced to record form and

approved.” LaPlant at *2. The court concluded that the ten day period the appellant

had to file a notice of appeal commenced on the date of the city council’s vote and the

minutes and vote of a committee hearing on the matter were reduced to writing. Id.

However, LaPlant does not discuss what types of writings could constitute final orders

under R.C. 2506.01. In fact, LaPlant makes no mention of Hanley or R.C. 2506.01.

And because the LaPlant Court applied the former version of R.C. 2505.07, the decision

does not address the impact of the amendment to that statute on Hanley. Thus we also

find LaPlant unhelpful.

       {¶20} Next, the Board cites the Sixth District’s decision in Popson v. Danbury

Local Schools Bd. of Edn., 152 Ohio App.3d 304, 2003-Ohio-1625, 787 N.E.2d 686, to


2
 The Board mistakenly attached a copy of LaPlant Enterprises v. Toledo, 6th Dist. No. L-89-090, 1989
WL 150990 (Dec. 15, 1989) to its appellate brief as its “Exhibit B.”
Ross App. No. 11CA3261                                                                     12


support its argument. In that case, the court held that a letter from the school

superintendent stating that he affirmed the student’s one day in-school suspension did

not constitute a final order of a public board, so the common pleas court lacked

jurisdiction to review the student’s appeal. The Court explained:

              Reading R.C. 2506.01 and R.C. 3313.66 together, a common pleas
       court can review only a “final order, adjudication, or decision” of a board of
       education or its designee. It is well established, however, that the time
       period for the perfection of an administrative appeal commences when the
       “matter for review” is reduced to record form and approved. Swafford v.
       Norwood Bd. of Edn. (1984), 14 Ohio App.3d 346, 348, 14 OBR 414, 471
       N.E.2d 509; LaPlant Enterprises v. Toledo (June 30, 1988), Lucas App.
       No. L-87-369, 1988 WL 69147. Because a public board speaks only
       through its minutes, written record of resolutions, directives, or actions,
       action by a public board is not final until such a written record is made and
       approved. Swafford, supra, at 348, 14 OBR 414, 471 N.E.2d 509. This
       procedure is equally applicable to action by a board of education, whether
       the action is taken by the board as a whole or by its designee. See Kipp
       v. Lorain Bd. of Edn. (Nov. 22, 2000), Lorain App. No. 99CA007373, 2000
       WL 1729485; Cashdollar v. Bd. of Edn., Northridge High School (1983),
       Licking App. No. CA 2951, 1983 WL 6527.

              In our view, the undated letter of [the] Local Superintendent * * *
       does not meet the requirements of a final order of a public board. It is
       undated, is on plain white paper without a letterhead, and does not appear
       to be an official record of anything. Absent a final order of a public body, a
       common pleas court does not have jurisdiction to review an administrative
       appeal. R.C. 2506.01. Accordingly, the trial court properly dismissed [the]
       appeal for lack of jurisdiction, and the sole assignment of error is not well
       taken. Popson at ¶¶ 7-8.

       {¶21} However, the Popson Court relied in part on Swafford and LaPlant, which

we have already concluded are unpersuasive in this matter. The Popson Court also

cited the Ninth District’s decision in Kipp and the Fifth District’s decision in Cashdollar.

However, the Cashdollar Court cites no legal authority for its position that “a Board of

Education * * * speaks only by resolution through the journal of its proceedings.”

Cashdollar at *1. And the Kipp Court did not consider what documents could constitute
Ross App. No. 11CA3261                                                                      13


a final order of a board of education since the student in that case failed to exhaust

administrative remedies. The student appealed from a letter the superintendent sent

refusing to ask the board to consider matter, not a decision of the board itself. Based

on our assessment of the authorities Popson cites, we find it unhelpful in resolving this

case.

        {¶22} The Board also cites our decision in Webb v. Ironton City Schools, 115

Ohio App.3d 699, 686 N.E.2d 285 (1996), to support its position. In Webb, we reversed

a trial court’s decision to permanently enjoin Ironton City Schools from suspending a

student for allegedly egging a teacher’s home because the court lacked jurisdiction to

hear the matter. However, we did not address when the decision of a board of

education constitutes a final order because the student never appealed to the board the

principal’s decision to suspend him. Thus, we found that the trial court lacked

jurisdiction because the student failed to exhaust administrative remedies. Therefore,

we also find Webb unhelpful.

        {¶23} Having determined that meeting minutes are not the only document that

could constitute a final order of the Board, we must decide whether the letter A.M.R.’s

attorney received constitutes such an order. In American Aggregates Corp., after

rejecting the contention that only the written minutes of an administrative board could

constitute a final, appealable order, the Second District went on to outline specific items

a “final decision” of an administrative board “should contain”: “1. the case number, the

applicant, and a brief description of the matter before the administrative board; 2. a

designation as a final decision; 3. a clear pronouncement of the board’s decision; 4. the

signatures of the entire board, the voting majority of the board, or the signature of the
Ross App. No. 11CA3261                                                                       14


clerk for the board expressly certifying that the decision constitutes the action taken by

the board; 5. a date indicating when the decision was mailed to the applicant.”

American Aggregates Corp., supra, at *5-6. We decline to adopt that list as a

mandatory minimum requirement because R.C. 2506.01(C) only requires that the

document constitute “an order, adjudication, or decision that determines rights, duties,

privileges, benefits, or legal relationships of a person” (and meet other requirements not

relevant here) to qualify as a final order.

       {¶24} Here, the Zane Trace Local School District Administrative Guidelines

provide that in deciding an expulsion appeal, the Board or its designee “shall reach the

decision and inform the parent in writing within two (2) school days of the hearing.” The

day after the hearing, presumably in an effort to follow these guidelines, the

superintendent sent a letter to A.M.R.’s attorney. The letter: 1.) is dated; 2.) appears

on school district letterhead; 3.) was sent by the superintendent, explicitly writing in her

capacity “[a]s executive officer for the Zane Trace Board of Education”; and 4.)

unequivocally states that “on December 16, 2009, the Board unanimously voted to

uphold [A.M.R.’s] seventy-five (75) day expulsion.” We hold that this letter satisfies the

definition of a final order under R.C. 2506.01 – a representative of the Board clearly set

forth a decision by the Board that determined A.M.R.’s rights. Because this letter

qualifies as a final order under the statute, we overrule the first assignment of error to

the extent the Board contends the trial court lacked jurisdiction.

                                   IV. Procedural Defects

       {¶25} In its first assignment of error, the Board also contends that the trial court

erred when it reversed the expulsion based on certain procedural defects. “R.C.
Ross App. No. 11CA3261                                                                     15


2506.04 governs the standard of review employed by the common pleas court and this

court in an appeal from an administrative decision. A trial court has extensive power to

review the entire record to determine whether the board’s decision is unconstitutional,

illegal, arbitrary, capricious, unreasonable, or unsupported by the evidence. An

appellate court’s review is more limited—we simply review the trial court’s judgment for

errors of law and abuses of discretion.” Kearns v. Monroe Twp. Bd. of Zoning Appeals,

4th Dist. No. 10CA32, 2011-Ohio-1138, ¶ 9, citing Henley v. Youngstown Bd. of Zoning

Appeals, 90 Ohio St.3d 142, 147, 735 N.E.2d 433 (2000), and Lorain City School Dist.

Bd. of Edn. v. State Emp. Relations Bd., 40 Ohio St.3d 257, 260-261, 533 N.E.2d 264

(1988).

       {¶26} The trial court held that A.M.R.’s expulsion did not comply with R.C.

3313.66(E) which provides that in considering an expulsion appeal, “[a]t the request of

the pupil or of the pupil’s parent, guardian, custodian, or attorney, the board or its

designee may hold the hearing in executive session but shall act upon the suspension

or expulsion only at a public meeting.” After striking the Board’s minutes from the

record, the trial court concluded that the record failed to show that the Board voted to

uphold the expulsion at a public meeting. The Board contends that the trial court

misallocated the burden of proof when it reversed the expulsion based on this finding.

       {¶27} “In reviewing an appeal of an administrative decision, a court of common

pleas begins with the presumption that the board’s determination is valid, and the

appealing party bears the burden of showing otherwise.” Hollinger v. Pike Twp. Bd. of

Zoning Appeals, 5th Dist. No. 2009CA00275, 2010-Ohio-5097, ¶ 15, citing C. Miller

Chevrolet, Inc. v. Willoughby Hills, 38 Ohio St.2d 298, 302, 313 N.E.2d 400 (1974). The
Ross App. No. 11CA3261                                                                    16


party asserting error has the burden to affirmatively demonstrate irregularity in the

proceedings below through matters found in the record. See by way of analogy

Satterfield v. Ohio State Bd. of Registration for Professional Engineers and Surveyors,

4th Dist. No. 98CA670, 1999 WL 339234, *3 (May 20, 1999) (explaining that appellate

court presumes regularity in lower court’s judgment and party asserting error has

burden to affirmatively demonstrate irregularity in trial court’s proceeding through

matters found in the record).

       {¶28} The Board claims that the trial court erroneously placed the burden on it to

show that it voted to uphold the expulsion at a public meeting. The Board argues that

A.M.R. had the burden to affirmatively show, through the record, that the Board did not

act at a public meeting and argues that A.M.R. did not satisfy this burden. The Board

cites Rossman v. Conran, 61 Ohio App.3d 246, 572 N.E.2d 728 (1988), in support of its

argument.

       {¶29} In Rossman, the appellant argued that the board of education did not act

on his minor son’s school suspension in a public meeting. The Tenth District rejected

this argument. The court explained that “an appellant bears the burden of affirmatively

demonstrating error” and the appellant failed to meet this burden because the “only

support for [his] assertion [was] the fact that the record [did] not reveal whether the

board acted in a public meeting.” (Emphasis sic.) Rossman at 251.

       {¶30} Here, the only support for A.M.R.’s public meeting argument is the fact

that the record simply does not reveal one way or another whether the Board acted in a

public meeting when it voted. We agree with the Rossman Court that under these

circumstances, a student has not met her burden to affirmatively demonstrate
Ross App. No. 11CA3261                                                                     17


irregularity in the proceedings. Therefore, we agree that the trial court erred when it

reversed the expulsion on the grounds that the record did not show the Board acted in a

public meeting.

       {¶31} However, the trial court gave an alternative basis for its reversal of the

Board’s decision – the expulsion did not comply with R.C. 3313.66(B)(6), which

provides that prior to expelling a student, the superintendent must: 1.) give “the pupil

and the pupil’s parent, guardian, or custodian written notice of the intention to expel the

pupil[,]” and 2.) provide “the pupil and the pupil’s parent, guardian, custodian, or

representative an opportunity to appear in person before the superintendent * * * to

challenge the reasons for the intended expulsion or otherwise to explain the pupil’s

actions.” The notice must include the time and place to appear before the

superintendent. Id. “The time to appear shall not be earlier than three nor later than

five school days after the notice is given, unless the superintendent grants an extension

of time at the request of the pupil or the pupil’s parent, guardian, custodian, or

representative.” Id.

       {¶32} At the trial court level, A.M.R. argued that the superintendent gave her

written notice of intent to expel on November 19, 2009, and the hearing did not occur

until December 4, 2009. A.M.R. claimed that the hearing occurred more than five

school days after she received the notice of intent to expel. Although the record does

not reveal how many school days actually elapsed during this period, the Board

conceded that the hearing occurred more than five school days after the superintendent

gave A.M.R. the notice. Because the transcript was “devoid of any proof” that A.M.R.

requested an extension of the hearing date, the trial court reversed her expulsion.
Ross App. No. 11CA3261                                                                     18


       {¶33} The Board contends that the trial court also misallocated the burden of

proof when it reversed the expulsion based on this finding. The Board argues that the

trial court improperly placed the burden on it to show that neither A.M.R. nor someone

acting on her behalf sought an extension of the hearing. According to the Board,

A.M.R. had the burden to affirmatively demonstrate that neither she nor her

representative requested an extension, and A.M.R. failed to meet that burden. We

disagree.

       {¶34} Once the Board conceded that the hearing occurred outside the statutory

time-limit, A.M.R. met her burden to establish irregularity in the proceedings below. The

burden then shifted to the Board to show that the delay was justified, i.e., that A.M.R. or

someone acting on her behalf requested an extension. See, by way of analogy, the

allocation of the burden of proof in statutory speedy trial appeals. State v. Younker, 4th

Dist. No. 07CA18, 2008-Ohio-6889, ¶ 12 (explaining that once the defendant makes a

prima facie case for discharge by demonstrating that the state did not bring him to trial

within the statutory time frame, the burden shifts to the state to show events chargeable

to the defendant sufficiently extended the time for trial). Therefore, the trial court did not

misallocate the burden of proof when it reversed based on the Board’s failure to prove

that A.M.R. or someone acting on her behalf requested an extension.

       {¶35} The Board does not challenge the trial court’s implicit conclusion that the

Board failed to meet this burden or argue that a belated R.C. 3313.66(B)(6) hearing is

not reversible error, so we need not address those issues. Thus, even though the trial

court erred when it reversed the Board’s decision based on R.C. 3313.66(E), the

reversal must stand based on the court’s alternative R.C. 3313.66(B)(6) holding.
Ross App. No. 11CA3261                                                                  19


Accordingly, we overrule the remainder of the Board’s first assignment of error.

                   V. Assignment of Error without Supporting Analysis

       {¶36} In its second assignment of error, the Board claims that the trial court

abused its discretion by “striking additional evidence submitted by the school board * *

*.” However, the Board did not specifically identify what evidence the court erred in

striking (the meeting minutes, etc.) or provide any supporting analysis for this

assignment of error. Thus we summarily reject it under the provisions of App.R.

12(A)(2) and App.R. 16(A)(7).

                                     VI. Conclusion

       {¶37} We overrule the Board’s first and second assignments of error and affirm

the trial court’s judgment.

                                                                 JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Ross App. No. 11CA3261                                                                      20


                                    JUDGMENT ENTRY

         It is ordered that the JUDGMENT IS AFFIRMED and that Appellant shall pay the
costs.

         The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Ross
County Court of Common Pleas to carry this judgment into execution.

        IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE UPON BAIL HAS
BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL COURT OR THIS COURT, it is
temporarily continued for a period not to exceed sixty days upon the bail previously
posted. The purpose of a continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme
Court of Ohio an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court.
If a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the
sixty day period, or the failure of the Appellant to file a notice of appeal with the
Supreme Court of Ohio in the forty-five day appeal period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of
the Rules of Practice of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court
of Ohio dismisses the appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as
of the date of such dismissal.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure. Exceptions.

Abele, P.J. & McFarland, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.


                                            For the Court



                                            BY: ____________________________
                                                William H. Harsha, Judge




                                  NOTICE TO COUNSEL

       Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment
entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing
with the clerk.
