                                                                                             08/25/2020
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                                 October 2, 2019 Session

              STATE OF TENNESSEE v. MARQUICEON FIELDS

                  Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                  No. 16-06290      John Wheeler Campbell, Judge
                       ___________________________________

                            No. W2018-02014-CCA-R3-CD
                        ___________________________________

The Defendant, Marquiceon Fields, was convicted of one count of rape of a child and
was sentenced to twenty-eight years’ incarceration. On appeal, the Defendant argues that
the trial court erred by failing to require the State to make an election of offenses, that the
evidence is insufficient to support the Defendant’s conviction, and that the trial court
erred by sentencing the Defendant as a Range II offender. The State concedes that the
trial court erred in sentencing the Defendant. Based on our review of the record and
applicable authorities, we affirm the Defendant’s conviction but modify his sentence to
twenty-five years and remand for entry of an amended judgment.

       Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court
                Affirmed in Part; Modified in Part; Case Remanded

THOMAS T. WOODALL, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which NORMA MCGEE
OGLE and ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JJ., joined.

Lance R. Chism, Memphis, Tennessee (on appeal); Phyllis Aluko, Chief Public Defender,
and Constance Barnes, Assistant Public Defender (at trial), for the appellant, Marquiceon
Fields.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Katharine K. Decker, Assistant
Attorney General; Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; and Lessie Rainey and
Stacy McEndree, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of
Tennessee.

                                         OPINION

        On November 10, 2016, the Defendant was indicted for one count of rape of a
child and one count of aggravated statutory rape. Count One of the indictment alleged
that the Defendant sexually penetrated the victim between April 14, 2009, and November
24, 2010, when the victim was less than thirteen years old. Count Two alleged that the
Defendant sexually penetrated the victim between November 24, 2010, and December
31, 2011, when the victim was thirteen years or older and that the Defendant was at least
ten years older than the victim.

        At trial, the victim testified that she was born on November 24, 1997, and that she
was twenty years old at the time of trial. The victim testified that the Defendant was her
first cousin and that their fathers were brothers. The victim used to see the Defendant
every weekend and over holidays. The victim and the Defendant were close, and she
trusted and confided in him.

        The victim testified that when she was six or seven years old, the Defendant would
fondle her breasts and buttocks while they were wrestling. The victim testified that the
“first time” the Defendant “molested” her occurred in September of 2010 when she was
twelve years old. She recalled it was around the time that her paternal grandmother,
Carolyn Fields, got custody of the victim and her younger brother. The victim also
recalled talking to her family about her thirteenth birthday being only two months away.
The victim testified that the incident began late at night when she and the Defendant were
in the living room of her grandmother’s house watching television while her grandparents
and her brother were upstairs. The Defendant pulled the victim onto his lap, and the
victim told him that she was not supposed to sit on anyone’s lap. He pulled his penis
over the waistband of his gray jogging pants and asked the victim to play with it. The
victim had never seen the Defendant’s penis before that day. The Defendant pulled the
victim’s hands down toward his penis, but she pulled away. The victim said that the
incident made her uncomfortable, but she did not try to yell or alert her grandparents.

       About an hour or so later, the victim went upstairs to the bedroom she shared with
her younger brother, which was next to her grandparents’ bedroom. The victim testified
that she slept in the same king sized bed as her brother, who usually slept “on the far
opposite end” of the bed and was a “hard sleeper.” The victim testified that she began
dozing off while watching the show Family Guy on television. The Defendant then came
into the room, told her to be quiet, and pulled down his pants and the victim’s pants. The
victim demonstrated for the jury how the Defendant touched her leg as he pulled her
under the covers. The victim told him to stop, but the Defendant again told her to be
quiet. The Defendant penetrated the victim’s vagina with his penis. The victim said
“ouch, stop it,” and the Defendant replied “it’s okay, it’s nothing but my dick biting you.”
The victim testified that it lasted two or three minutes. The victim testified that she did
not yell for help and that neither her brother nor her grandparents woke up. When the
Defendant finished, he left the room and told the victim to go to the bathroom, where the
victim took a shower before returning to bed. The victim testified that she was “a
hundred percent” sure that she was only twelve years old at that time.

                                            -2-
        The victim testified that incident was not the only time it happened: “He used to
come over almost every weekend, so I can’t just say. It was pretty often. I don’t – I can’t
just give a number of times but it was often.” She testified that it happened both in
Memphis and at the Defendant’s mother’s house in Mississippi. She also testified that it
continued after her thirteenth birthday, which was on November 24, 2010. The victim
testified that the Defendant did not always rape her vaginally but that he had also “done
anal” with her before. The victim testified that “it happened so often” that she stopped
saying no.

        The victim testified that she was previously raped by her father’s friend when she
was twelve years old. She testified that it occurred in the summertime, a few months
before she was first raped by the Defendant. The victim told her family about the rape by
the friend, but “they did nothing about it.” Her family also accused her of being a liar.
Because of this experience, the victim believed that she could not tell her family about
the rapes by the Defendant. The victim also testified that she was afraid of the Defendant
because he told her that he was a chief enforcer in the Vice Lords gang and that he could
get people to “do stuff” to her. The Defendant also threatened to kill the victim if she
told anyone, and he told her that she could get in trouble and end up in foster care.

        The victim recalled that the “last time” the Defendant raped her was in May 2011,
a few of months after her thirteenth birthday and a few days before her track meet. This
rape also occurred at her grandmother’s house in a bedroom that had been built for the
victim on the first floor. The victim recalled that the Defendant penetrated her vaginally
while she was on her hands and knees and that he “didn’t pull out” before he ejaculated.
The victim discovered that she was pregnant eight months later when her mother, Melissa
Holmes, noticed her protruding stomach and took her to the hospital for an ultrasound.
The victim’s child was born a few weeks later on February 25, 2012. Ms. Holmes asked
if any of the victim’s family members were molesting her, or if one was the father of the
victim’s child, which the victim denied. The victim testified that the Defendant told her
to tell people that the father of her child was “a guy that [she] had been talking to for one
day named Jared,” but a DNA test confirmed that he was not the father. After that, the
victim claimed that she did not know who was the father of her child.

       The victim testified that when she was eighteen years old, she moved out into her
own apartment. One night, her boyfriend at the time, Darius Williams, touched her in a
way that reminded her of the Defendant. She began crying and told him the truth. The
victim testified that was the first time she told anyone about what the Defendant had
done. Several months later, the victim told her best friend and her mother that she knew
that the Defendant was the father of her child. The victim and Ms. Holmes went to the
victim’s uncle’s house where her father’s family was having a gathering for Mother’s
Day. The victim spoke to her father first, and then Ms. Holmes told the victim’s
grandparents, who accused the victim of lying. They called the Defendant and told him
                                            -3-
that the victim was accusing him of raping her. The Defendant came over and threatened
to kill the victim. The Defendant was “trying to get at” the victim but was held back by
his father. The family told the Defendant to leave before the police arrived.

       Two days later, the victim came to the police station to give a statement. The
victim picked the Defendant out of a photographic lineup as the man who raped her when
she was twelve years old. The victim told the police that the Defendant’s penis was
uncircumcised. The police also took cheek swabs from both the victim and her child.

       On cross-examination, the victim denied having a case worker or guardian ad
litem during the custody proceedings to whom she could report what was happening
when she was twelve years old. The victim agreed that in 2012, she claimed that
someone else was the father of her child. The victim also agreed that she did not report
that the Defendant had raped her and was the father of her child until 2016. She initially
told her boyfriend “a little after Christmas” and then told the rest of her family on
Mother’s Day. The victim denied having seen pictures of the Defendant’s penis on his
tablet or having walked in on the Defendant using the restroom. The victim agreed that
her younger brother was usually with her and the Defendant at her grandmother’s house
or the Defendant’s mother’s house.

        Darius Williams, the victim’s ex-boyfriend, testified that he had known the victim
since ninth grade, when she was thirteen and he was fourteen. Mr. Williams had also
known the Defendant since Mr. Williams was ten years old. In 2016, Mr. Williams and
the victim were in a romantic relationship and were living together. Mr. Williams
testified that one time when he and the victim were in bed, he “touched her a certain
way,” and the victim pulled away and started to cry. Mr. Williams asked the victim what
was going on, and the victim told him that “[i]t reminded her of the rapes.” Mr. Williams
testified that the victim told him everything that had happened. On cross-examination,
Mr. Williams testified that he and the victim had talked about the possibility that he was
the father of her child because they had dated for a while in the ninth grade, but they
never did a paternity test.

       Melissa Holmes, the victim’s mother, testified that she was not always able to take
care of her children after she separated from the victim’s father. Initially, the victim and
her younger brother would go back and forth between their mother’s house and the house
of their paternal grandmother, Carolyn Fields. After several months of this arrangement,
Ms. Fields petitioned for custody of the children. Ms. Holmes testified that in September
of 2010, the victim and her brother were primarily staying with Ms. Fields. When Ms.
Fields was awarded full custody, Ms. Holmes did not have any visitation rights and was
only able to see her daughter on limited occasions. On one of those occasions, Ms.
Holmes noticed a line on the victim’s stomach. Ms. Holmes asked if the victim was
having sex, and the victim said she did not want to talk about it. Ms. Holmes testified
                                            -4-
that she suggested to Ms. Fields that the victim should be checked out by a doctor but that
it never happened. Later, Ms. Holmes noticed that the victim “looked very pregnant”
because her stomach was swollen. Ms. Holmes took the victim to the emergency room,
where they discovered that the victim was eight months pregnant. Ms. Holmes asked the
victim who the father was, and the victim said that she did not want to talk about it. Ms.
Holmes testified that she specifically asked the victim whether the victim’s father,
grandfather, or uncles had been “messing” with her, and the victim denied each one.
However, when Ms. Holmes asked about the Defendant, the victim said that she did not
want to talk about it. Ms. Holmes testified that she reported her suspicions to the victim’s
guardian ad litem but that she did not hear anything further about an investigation.

       Ms. Holmes testified that on Mother’s Day of 2016, the victim called her crying
and saying that everything Ms. Holmes had suspected was true. The victim told Ms.
Holmes that the Defendant had been molesting her since she was twelve years old. Ms.
Holmes called the victim’s father. Then, Ms. Holmes picked up the victim and brought
her to the family gathering at the victim’s uncle’s house. After the victim spoke to her
father, Ms. Holmes spoke to Ms. Fields. Ms. Fields called the Defendant on speaker
phone, and Ms. Holmes heard him say “that bitch lied on me, I’m going to kill her.” Ms.
Holmes called 911 and waited for the police to arrive. The Defendant came over to the
house, “trying to rush at [the victim]” and threatening to kill her. Other people had to
pull the Defendant away and told him to leave. The Defendant returned to his car and left
before the police arrived.

       On cross-examination, Ms. Holmes denied that there was bad blood with the
victim’s father related to the custody of their children. Ms. Holmes agreed that she was
not invited to the family gathering at the victim’s uncle’s house on Mother’s Day.
However, she denied that anybody asked her to leave. She agreed that she got into an
argument with the Defendant and his mother, but she denied getting into an argument
with Ms. Fields. Ms. Holmes agreed that the situation was “a big ruckus” and more of a
“screaming match” than a polite conversation. Ms. Holmes testified that she and the
victim were outside of the home, standing by their vehicle that was parked on the street,
while the Defendant was standing in the doorway of the house. Ms. Holmes was focused
on the Defendant and protecting her daughter rather than on what other people were
saying.

        Derek Cutler testified that he works as a forensic DNA analyst for Sorenson
Forensics, a private DNA testing laboratory in Salt Lake City, Utah. Mr. Cutler analyzed
buccal swabs from the victim, the victim’s child, and the Defendant in order to develop
DNA profiles and determine the parentage of the victim’s child. Mr. Cutler testified that
he was not able to exclude the Defendant as the father of the victim’s child. Mr. Cutler
explained that the test cannot confirm paternity with 100% certainty but can give a
statistical likelihood that the person is the father over a random person selected from the
                                            -5-
general population. Mr. Cutler testified that the Defendant was 99.99% more likely to be
the father of the victim’s child than a person randomly selected from the Caucasian,
African American, or Hispanic populations.

        On cross-examination, Mr. Cutler testified that he was not provided information
that the Defendant and the victim were cousins and that he did not test any other male
relatives. He explained that the statistics were based off of the likelihood of an unrelated
male selected at random being the father. However, if a male relative was suspected to
be the father, “there would be additional calculations that would probably bring the
number down to account for that but that was never an issue that was presented to us to
account for.” On redirect examination, Mr. Cutler testified that the fact that the mother
and father are first cousins does not change his calculations. Mr. Cutler clarified that the
change in the calculation would occur if there was another male relative that was
suspected to be the father.

        Detective Yolonda Springfield testified that in 2016, she was an investigator in the
Sex Crimes Bureau of the Memphis Police Department. As the case officer assigned to
this case, Detective Springfield interviewed the victim and presented a photographic
lineup to her. Detective Springfield then contacted the Defendant and set up a time for
him to come in and give a statement. The Defendant arrived with his mother and
grandparents but was taken back to an interview room alone. Detective Springfield
testified that the Defendant was not under arrest at that point. Detective Springfield
testified that the Defendant indicated that he understood his rights, signed an advice of
rights form, and agreed to talk to her without a lawyer. The Defendant’s statement was
later reduced to writing, which the Defendant was able to review and make changes
before signing. The Defendant also agreed to provide a DNA sample.

        According to the Defendant’s statement, he was aware of the claim by the victim,
his first cousin, that he had raped her. The Defendant believed that his grandmother got
custody of the victim when the victim was thirteen years old. The Defendant stated that
he did not visit his grandmother’s house often because he was working as a security
guard. The Defendant said that he was never alone with the victim at his grandmother’s
house because the victim’s brother was always around and the Defendant usually went
upstairs to his grandparents’ room. The Defendant denied touching the victim’s body in
a sexual manner. When asked if he had shown the victim his penis, the Defendant
replied, “Yes. She was using my phone and I was sending pictures to a couple of girls,
and she saw them on a text message.” The Defendant denied forcing the victim to touch
his penis when she was twelve years old, but he agreed that she had touched it
voluntarily:

       It was multiple times we got high together and smoked marijuana and drink
       and black out together. We use to wrestle a lot and she grabbed my penis.
                                            -6-
       And when she grabbed it we stopped wrestling. She has walked in on me
       multiple times when I was using the restroom.

When asked if he ever had sex with the victim when she was between the ages of twelve
and fourteen years old, the Defendant replied, “Possibly at 13[ years]. That’s when her
Mom jumped on her that night. We dr[a]nk a whole bottle Paul Masson (Brown Liquor)
and blacked out.” When asked if he ever had consensual sex with the victim at any age,
the Defendant said, “I had [c]onsensual [s]ex with [the victim] when she was 13[ years]
old, at least once or twice, but no more than that. I was 18[ years] old working at
Imperial Security.” The Defendant stated that he was uncircumcised. When asked what
kind of sex he had with the victim, the Defendant stated, “If we had sex it was regular
sex, penile/vaginal.” The Defendant did not know if he ejaculated in the victim’s vagina
but stated that it was “very possible.” The Defendant also said it was possible that he did
not use a condom. When asked at what age he had sex with the victim, the Defendant
said, “I’m going to stick with 13[ years].” The Defendant described the incident as
follows:

       I came to my grandmother’s house and I was already under the influence. I
       seen her and we talked and joked around. I started back drinking. I put the
       bottle in the refrigerator, she started drinking and we started wrestling and I
       guess that is when we start[ed] having sex.

The Defendant recalled drinking in the living room of his grandmother’s house and
waking up on the couch. The Defendant said that he and the victim had vaginal sex. The
Defendant admitted that he was a chief enforcer in the Vice Lords gang, explaining that
his role was to “teach my young brothers and sisters to get a job, take care of their family,
stay out of trouble, and get an education.” The Defendant denied being an active member
of the gang and denied threatening to harm or kill the victim if she told anyone that he
had sex with her. When asked if he was the father of the victim’s child, the Defendant
said, “I have no idea. I have to wait until the DNA test comes back.” When asked if he
knew why the victim would say that he was the father, the Defendant said, “All I can
think of is that we had sex once or twice, and it’s very possible.” When asked if he knew
why the victim would accuse him of raping her repeatedly between the ages of twelve
and fourteen years old, the Defendant said,

       That, I don’t know. I guess she was embarrassed about the situation. It
       won’t be the first time she said somebody has raped her. The first time she
       said her daddy’s best friend raped her. The second time she told her
       boyfriend it was her Mom’s friend who raped her.

When asked if there was anything else that he wanted to add to his statement, the
Defendant said, “I am 100 percent sure that I never raped her.”
                                            -7-
        On cross-examination, Detective Springfield testified that the Defendant appeared
nervous while giving his statement and that his leg was shaking. Detective Springfield
agreed that the Defendant initially denied having sex with the victim. Detective
Springfield denied that she suggested to the Defendant that it could have happened while
he was drunk, explaining that the Defendant stated that on his own. Detective Springfield
explained that the Defendant started saying it “maybe” happened once or twice after she
told him that the victim reported that it happened twenty-five to thirty times. Detective
Springfield did not specifically ask the Defendant if he recalled having sex with the
victim in her brother’s room. Detective Springfield learned from the Defendant that he
had graduated from high school but did not ask whether he had been in special education
classes or had a learning disability. On redirect examination, Detective Springfield
testified that the Defendant did not appear to have any difficulty understanding either the
advice of rights form or the questions being asked.

        The parties entered a stipulation that the victim was born on November 24, 1997,
and that the Defendant was born on April 14, 1991. The parties also stipulated that the
juvenile court records reflected that the victim’s paternal grandmother, Carolyn Fields,
filed a petition for custody on October 4, 2010, which indicated that the victim had been
residing with her for three weeks and was twelve years old at the time. After the State
rested its case in chief, the trial court granted the Defendant’s motion for judgment of
acquittal with regard to the charged offense of aggravated statutory rape in Count Two,
finding that the proof did not establish that there was at least a ten-year age difference
between the victim and the Defendant.

        The Defendant called Carolyn Fields, who testified that she was the grandmother
of both the victim and the Defendant. Ms. Fields testified that in 2010, the Defendant
would come over to help her care for her bedridden father or when her husband had a
seizure. About the same time, the victim and her younger brother began living with Ms.
Fields. Ms. Fields testified that the Defendant would come to her house in the evening
before going to work at night and that he usually played videogames with the victim’s
brother. Ms. Fields testified that the victim was never there at the same time as the
Defendant because she would go to the house of her cousin or her friend. Ms. Fields
testified that occasionally the Defendant would spend the night and that he and the
victim’s brother would fall asleep on the couch in the den.

        With regard to whether the victim had been molested or raped, Ms. Fields testified
that the victim had told her that “a guy was messing with her . . . over [at] her daddy’s
girlfriend[’s] house,” but Ms. Fields did not know the guy and did not report it. Ms.
Fields found out that the victim was pregnant in February of 2012 after the victim’s
mother took her to the doctor. Ms. Fields initially did not believe it. She denied that the
victim was dating or had a boyfriend. The victim initially claimed someone else was the
                                           -8-
father of her child until a DNA test confirmed that he was not. Ms. Fields did not learn
that the victim believed the Defendant to be the father until Mother’s Day in 2016.

       Ms. Fields testified that the family was gathered at the home of one of her son’s
for a Mother’s Day dinner. The victim was supposed to come over with one of her
friends. Ms. Fields was inside of the house when she heard a commotion outside. When
Ms. Fields came outside to see what was going on, the victim told her that the Defendant
was the father of her child. Ms. Fields testified that she became upset and told the victim
“that she was a liar because ain’t [sic] no way I believe that.” Ms. Fields called the
Defendant and told him what was going on. The Defendant came over and was inside of
the house while Ms. Fields was outside arguing with the victim and her mother. Ms.
Fields denied hearing anybody threaten to harm or kill anyone. Ms. Fields testified that
the “commotion” lasted “[a] couple of hours” and that it ended when the Defendant left
and the police arrived.

       On cross-examination, Ms. Fields agreed that the victim and the victim’s brother
began living with her in September 2010 when the victim was twelve years old. She
agreed that the victim and the victim’s brother shared a bedroom upstairs “for a little
while.” Ms. Fields testified that the Defendant was not allowed to drink or “smoke
drugs” in her house. She also testified that she did not keep alcohol in the refrigerator
where the children could get it. Ms. Fields denied ever finding the Defendant passed out
or intoxicated, saying “he knew better to come to my house like that” or she “would
whoop his butt.” Ms. Fields denied ever finding any drugs or seeing the victim drinking
or using drugs in her home. Ms. Fields testified that she was not aware that a DNA test
had been conducted to determine if the Defendant was the father of the victim’s child, but
she was convinced that he was “absolutely not” the father because the baby was
“normal.”

       The Defendant testified that he was born on April 14, 1991, and that he graduated
from high school in 2009. The Defendant testified that he had been in “resource classes”
since the second grade because he “comprehend[s] very slowly.” In 2010, the Defendant
and his family lived in Horn Lake, Mississippi. The Defendant would visit his
grandparents’ house every other day, but he did not have the ability to come and go as he
pleased. When asked if he ever spent time alone with the victim, the Defendant
responded, “When she was telling me about the situation what was going on with her
family . . . . some issues on her mother’s side of the family.” The Defendant testified that
in September of 2010, he began working for Imperial Security. The Defendant testified
that he worked twelve-hour, overnight shifts and that he only slept at this grandparents’
house when he was too tired to make it home in the morning. The Defendant testified
that sometimes he got drunk after a stressful situation at work but that it did not happen
often, and he did not drink or use drugs at his grandparents’ house.

                                            -9-
        When asked if he ever had sex with the victim, the Defendant responded, “If I did,
I don’t remember.” The Defendant testified that when he gave his statement to Detective
Springfield and her partner, his ankle was shackled. The Defendant testified that he
became emotional and was crying as they were asking him questions. The Defendant
testified that one of the detectives kept telling him “anything is possible,” so he started to
agree that it was possible. The Defendant testified that he told the detectives that the
victim was thirteen because that was how old she was when the Defendant started coming
over to his grandparents’ house. The Defendant testified that he did not remember
having sex with the victim, but “anything is possible. If we did have sex, it wasn’t me
raping her. . . . It wasn’t me about [sic] no force or anything.”

       On cross-examination, the Defendant testified that although he was diagnosed as
“a slow learner,” he graduated from high school, had held several jobs since graduating,
and was not receiving any disability benefits. The Defendant remembered getting a
phone call on Mother’s Day in 2016 and being told that the victim was claiming that he
raped her and was the father of her child. Although the Defendant agreed that he said
that the victim was lying, he denied threatening to kill her, and he denied that the victim
was still at his uncle’s house when he arrived. The Defendant testified that he was
emotional when giving his statement to the detectives and that he did not feel like he
could leave. The Defendant agreed that he did not tell the detectives about his work
schedule. The Defendant claimed that some of the responses in his statement were
“missing and messed up.” The Defendant denied drinking with the victim, explaining
that the victim drank on her own. The Defendant agreed that his grandmother was not
around when he and the victim drank in her house and that she would not have allowed it.
The Defendant agreed that he was not sure if he had sex with the victim, but if he did, it
was when he was drunk or high. However, the Defendant testified that he was
“absolutely sure” how old the victim was because “she wasn’t around when she was
twelve,” although he did not know what year she was born. The Defendant agreed that
he was nineteen years old in 2010 and explained that he was confused when he told the
detectives that he was eighteen. On redirect examination, the Defendant testified that he
did not get a car and start going over to his grandparents’ house until November of 2010.

       At the conclusion of the proof, the trial court dismissed all possible lesser included
offenses in Count Two, finding that the statute of limitations had expired and had not
been waived by the Defendant. The trial court informed the jury that it was to only
consider the offense of rape of a child charged in Count One. The jury convicted the
Defendant as charged. As discussed further below, the trial court imposed a sentence of
twenty-eight years at the subsequent sentencing hearing. The trial court overruled the
Defendant’s motion for new trial on October 8, 2018. The Defendant filed a timely
notice of appeal.


                                            - 10 -
                                         Analysis

                                  I. Election of Offenses

        The Defendant argues that the trial court erred in failing to compel the State to
make an election of offenses with regard to Count One of the indictment. The Defendant
contends that given the victim’s testimony suggesting that the Defendant raped her
multiple times between the September 2010 incident and November 24, 2010, when she
turned thirteen, “there is no way to determine whether all twelve jurors relied upon one
specific event to convict Defendant.” Further, the Defendant argues that the error was
not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The State argues that the Defendant waived the
issue by failing to raise a contemporaneous objection at trial and contends that the
Defendant has not established that the trial court committed plain error. In his reply
brief, the Defendant asserts that because the trial court had a duty to compel the State to
make an election, the failure to object is not fatal and that he properly preserved the issue
by raising it in his motion for new trial.

       The Tennessee Constitution protects the right of a criminal defendant to a
unanimous jury verdict. See State v. Lemacks, 996 S.W.2d 166, 169-70 (Tenn. 1999). In
other words, in rendering a verdict, “jurors must unanimously agree on the particular
criminal act the defendant committed.” State v. Qualls, 482 S.W.3d 1, 9 (Tenn. 2016).
In most types of cases, unanimity is not a problem because evidence of bad acts
committed by the defendant other than the offense alleged in the indictment is generally
not admissible because it is irrelevant. Id.; see Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b) (such evidence may
be admissible for limited purposes). However, this rule is relaxed in the context of sexual
offenses committed against children over a span of time, and “‘evidence of unlawful
sexual contact between the defendant and the victim allegedly occurring during the time
charged in the indictment is admissible.’” Qualls, 482 S.W.3d at 9 (quoting State v.
Rickman, 876 S.W.2d 824, 827 (Tenn. 1994)). However, this creates “the potential for a
non-unanimous jury verdict because ‘each unlawful act of carnal knowledge is a separate,
substantive offense, rather than a continuous offense.’” Id. (quoting State v. Shelton, 851
S.W.2d 134, 137 (Tenn. 1993)). Thus, the Tennessee Supreme Court “has consistently
held that the prosecution must elect the facts upon which it is relying to establish the
charged offense if evidence is introduced at trial indicating that the defendant has
committed multiple offenses against the victim.” State v. Johnson, 53 S.W.3d 628, 630
(Tenn. 2001) (citations omitted). The State must make its election at the conclusion of its
case-in-chief and the trial court must properly instruct the jury to ensure that the jury
deliberates upon the same conduct. See Burlison v. State, 501 S.W.2d 801, 804 (Tenn.
1973). “The two primary purposes of this election requirement are ‘to preserve a
criminal defendant’s right under the state constitution to a unanimous jury verdict, and to
allow the State some latitude in the prosecution of criminal acts committed against young
children who are frequently unable to identify a specific date on which a particular
                                            - 11 -
offense was committed.’” State v. Knowles, 470 S.W.3d 416, 423-24 (Tenn. 2015)
(quoting Rickman, 876 S.W.2d at 828). “[W]hen it is properly preserved, the issue of
whether the election requirement has been satisfied is a question of law, to which de novo
review applies.” Qualls, 482 S.W.3d at 8.

        In asserting that this issue has been waived, the State merely relies upon
Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 36(a), which states that “[n]othing in this rule
shall be construed as requiring relief be granted to a party responsible for an error or who
failed to take whatever action was reasonably available to prevent or nullify the harmful
effect of an error.” However, the Tennessee Supreme Court has “stressed that the
election requirement is a responsibility of the trial court and the prosecution and,
therefore, does not depend on a specific request by a defendant.” State v. Kendrick, 38
S.W.3d 566, 569 (Tenn. 2001); see also Burlison, 501 S.W.2d at 804 (holding that the
election requirement is “fundamental, immediately touching the constitutional rights of
an accused, and should not depend upon his demand therefor”). This Court has
previously held that the election issue is not waived when a defendant raised it for the
first time in his motion for new trial. State v. Charles A. Walker, No. M2005-00165-
CCA-R3-CD, 2006 WL 3313651, at *14 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 15, 2006), perm. app.
denied (Tenn. Mar. 12, 2007). Indeed, the Tennessee Supreme Court has previously
criticized this Court for raising the election issue sua sponte and reviewing it “as if the
defendant had properly preserved it for review on appeal by raising it in his motion for
new trial, rather than applying the plain error doctrine,” suggesting that raising the
election issue in a motion for new trial is all that is required to properly preserve it for
plenary review on appeal. Knowles, 470 S.W.3d at 423 (emphasis added). Because the
Defendant raised the issue in this motion for new trial, it is not waived.

        In this case, the only count of the indictment submitted to the jury for
consideration was Count One, which charged the Defendant with rape of a child
occurring before November 24, 2010, which is when the victim turned thirteen years old.
See T.C.A. § 39-13-522(a) (2010). During direct and redirect examination, the State
elicited testimony from the victim about more than just a single incident of sexual
penetration by the Defendant, focusing on the on-going nature of the abuse. Much of the
testimony at trial related to the victim’s pregnancy and the paternity of her child, who
was not born until February 2012, about fifteen months after the victim became thirteen
years old. However, after the victim testified in detail about the incident in September
2010, the State elicited further testimony suggesting that the abuse continued up to her
thirteenth birthday on November 24, 2010. Thus, the trial court should have required the
State to make an election with regard to Count One. See State v. Perry Hinkle, No.
02C01-9603-CR-00076, 1996 WL 601726, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 22, 1996)
(holding that the State should have been required to make an election when it elicited
testimony from the victim about “ongoing offenses” after she testified about one specific
incident).
                                           - 12 -
       In Shelton, the Tennessee Supreme Court held that when a victim provided
detailed testimony about one specific incident of penile penetration and testified only “in
very general terms” about other incidents of digital penetration, the failure to make an
election was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. 851 S.W.2d at 138. As this Court has
previously explained:

      [M]inor references to other instances of sexual contact which are made only
      in general terms, and the subsequent failure to elect by the State, are, in
      some circumstances, harmless error beyond a reasonable doubt. This is
      particularly so when the witness describes the charged incident with
      particularity, in other words, with sufficient detail of time, place, and
      method, such that the jury is able to consider the charged incident and rely
      on the one particular instance in rendering its verdict.

State v. Cayle Wayne Harris, No. M2004-00049-CCA-R3-CD, 2005 WL 2255488, at
*16-17 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 23, 2005) (citing State v. Kenneth Lee Herring, No.
M1999-00776-CCA-R3-CD, 2000 WL 1208311, at *7-8 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 24,
2000), perm. app. denied (Tenn. 2001)) (internal quotations omitted), no perm. app. filed.

        In Perry Hinkle, cited above, this Court held that although the State should have
been required to make an election after eliciting testimony about “ongoing offenses,” the
failure to do so was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because it was “unlikely that a
jury could have convicted the [d]efendant for any other incidents based on the proof
offered.” 1996 WL 601726, at *5. This Court noted that “the overwhelming majority of
detailed evidence presented at trial concerned the first incident in the guest room.” Id.
On the other hand, there were “[n]o details” about the other incidents other than the
victim’s “acknowledgment that it had happened again, in her bedroom.” Id. The victim
“was unable to describe or estimate the number of times or any identifying details about
any other occurrences.” Id. Thus, the jury “had no real option of selecting from a group
of offenses on which to convict.” Id.; see also Charles A. Walker, 2006 WL 3313651, at
*15 (holding that the failure to make an election was harmless error with regard to two
counts of rape because the victim “described only two incidents in detail” and there was
“no danger that the jurors might have been considering different offenses when
deliberating on those counts”); State v. James Webb, No. 02C01-9512-CC-00383, 1997
WL 80971, at *10 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 27, 1997) (concluding the failure to make an
election was not reversible error when “the only incident described in any detail by the
victim was the 1982 rape” and “[t]he victim made only vague and brief reference to the
other incidents”), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Nov. 10, 1997); State v. Clabo, 905 S.W.2d
197, 204-05 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995) (holding that “[t]he minor innuendos about another
incident were harmless”).

                                           - 13 -
        Like in Perry Hinkle, the victim in this case provided very detailed testimony
regarding the “first time” that the Defendant raped her in September 2010. The victim
testified about such details as the color of the shorts the Defendant was wearing when he
tried to make her touch his penis in the living room, the show she was watching on
television after she went to the bedroom she shared with her brother, how the Defendant
touched her, and what the Defendant said to her when she complained that it hurt. The
remainder of the victim’s testimony was vague with regard to whether other instances of
penetration occurred prior to November 24, 2010. When the prosecutor asked whether
the September 2010 incident was “the only time it happened,” the victim responded,
“No. . . . He used to come over almost every weekend, so I can’t just say. It was pretty
often. I don’t -- I can’t just give a number of times but it was often.” The victim testified
that “it” not only happened in Memphis but also at the Defendant’s mother’s house in
Mississippi, which clearly would have been outside of the jurisdiction of the trial court.
The prosecutor asked if “it continue[d] on after your thirteenth birthday” on November
24, 2010, to which the victim responded, “Yes,” and proceeded to testify about her
pregnancy in February 2012 and about the “last time” the Defendant raped her in May
2011, which clearly did not occur within the timeframe of Count One. Later in her
testimony, the victim testified that “it” was not always vaginal penetration and that the
Defendant had “done anal before,” but she did not specify whether this type of
penetration occurred before or after November 24, 2010. The victim testified that “it
happened so often” that she stopped saying no.

        Based on this proof, we conclude that failure to make an election was harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt. The victim provided detailed testimony about only one
incident of penetration during the timeframe of Count One. Her testimony with regard to
the rape that occurred on September 2010 was sufficiently specific and detailed with
regard to time, place, and method that there was no reasonable likelihood that some of the
jurors may have convicted the Defendant based on her vague and generalized assertions
that “it happened” on other, unspecified occasions. The Defendant is not entitled to relief
on this issue.

                              II. Sufficiency of the Evidence

        In challenging the sufficiency of the evidence, the Defendant again relies on his
contention that the State was required to make an election of offenses with regard to
Count One and asserts that this Court is precluded from reviewing the sufficiency of the
evidence “because it is unclear exactly which act the jury relied upon to convict
Defendant.” Additionally, the Defendant argues that the evidence is insufficient because
“no reasonable jury could have believed the victim’s testimony in this case.” The State
responds that the jury clearly accredited the victim’s testimony over the Defendant’s and
that the evidence sufficiently supports a conviction for rape of a child. We agree with the
State.
                                            - 14 -
        When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, this court is obliged
to review that claim according to certain well-settled principles. The relevant question is
whether, after reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the accused guilty of every element of the offense
beyond a reasonable doubt. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.
307, 319 (1979); State v. Davis, 354 S.W.3d 718, 729 (Tenn. 2011). The jury’s verdict
replaces the presumption of innocence with one of guilt; therefore on appeal, the burden
is shifted onto the defendant to show that the evidence introduced at trial was insufficient
to support such a verdict. State v. Reid, 91 S.W.3d 247, 277 (Tenn. 2002). On appellate
review, “‘we afford the prosecution the strongest legitimate view of the evidence as well
as all reasonable and legitimate inferences which may be drawn therefrom.’” Davis, 354
S.W.3d at 729 (quoting State v. Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn. 2010)). Questions
involving the credibility of witnesses and the weight and value to be given the evidence,
as well as all factual disputes raised by the evidence, are resolved by the jury as trier of
fact. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997); State v. Pruett, 788 S.W.2d 559,
561 (Tenn. 1990). “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial court, accredits the
testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the
prosecution’s theory.” Reid, 91 S.W.3d at 277 (quoting Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659). It is
not the role of this court to reweigh or reevaluate the evidence, nor to substitute our own
inferences for those drawn from the evidence by the trier of fact. Id. The standard of
review is the same whether the conviction is based upon direct evidence, circumstantial
evidence, or a combination of the two. State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn.
2011); State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009).

       Rape of a child is defined as “the unlawful sexual penetration of a victim by the
defendant . . . if the victim is more than three (3) years of age but less than thirteen (13)
years of age.” T.C.A. § 39-13-522(a) (2010). “Sexual penetration” is defined as “sexual
intercourse, cunnilingus, fellatio, anal intercourse, or any other intrusion, however slight,
of any part of a person’s body or of any object into the genital or anal openings of the
victim’s . . . body, but emission of semen is not required.” T.C.A. § 39-13-501(7) (2010).

       In the light most favorable to the State, the evidence presented in this case
establish that in September of 2010, the victim and her younger brother began residing
with their grandmother for several weeks before the grandmother petitioned the juvenile
court for custody. The Defendant, who is the victim’s first cousin, visited the
grandmother’s house regularly. One night in September 2010, the Defendant and the
victim were in the living room watching television when the Defendant pulled the victim
onto his lap, pulled out his penis, and asked the victim to play with it. The Defendant
pulled the victim’s hands down toward his penis, but the victim pulled away. The victim
had never seen the Defendant’s uncircumcised penis before. The victim went to her
bedroom and began dozing on the king-sized bed she shared with her younger brother,
                                            - 15 -
who was a “hard sleeper.” The Defendant came into the room, pulled the victim’s pants
down, and told her to be quiet. The Defendant penetrated the victim’s vagina with his
penis. The victim said “ouch, stop it,” and the Defendant replied “it’s okay, it’s nothing
but my dick biting you.” The rape lasted two or three minutes before the Defendant left
the room and told the victim to go to the bathroom. The victim was twelve years old at
the time, and she recalled that the rape occurred two months before her thirteenth
birthday. From this evidence, a rational jury could easily conclude that the Defendant
sexually penetrated the victim when she was less than thirteen years of age.

       The Defendant contends that the victim’s testimony “is simply incredible” because
she claimed that her brother was in the same bed while the rape was happening and that
she never screamed to try to awaken him or her grandparents. Additionally, the
Defendant argues that the victim’s credibility was called into question by the fact that she
lied about the paternity of her child and because she did not report the rape until 2016.
On the other hand, the Defendant asserts that his testimony and statement to police, in
which he claimed that any sexual contact occurred only after the victim turned thirteen
years old, “were quite credible.” However, by its verdict, the jury clearly accredited the
testimony of the victim over that of the Defendant, as was its prerogative. See Reid, 91
S.W.3d at 277. This Court does not second-guess the jury’s credibility determinations on
appeal. The Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                       III. Sentencing

        The Defendant argues that the trial court erred in imposing a Range II sentence of
twenty-eight years. The State concedes that the trial court erred by sentencing the
Defendant based on the statute in effect at the time of trial rather than the statute in effect
at the time of the offense.

        The general rule is that “a criminal offender must be sentenced pursuant to the
statute in effect at the time of the offense.” State v. Smith, 893 S.W.2d 908, 919 (Tenn.
1994). The current version of Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-522(b)(2)(A),
which became effective January 1, 2012, provides the following with regard to the
punishment for a conviction for rape of a child:

       Notwithstanding title 40, chapter 35, a person convicted of a violation of
       this section shall be punished as a Range II offender; however, the sentence
       imposed upon such person may, if appropriate, be within Range III but in
       no case shall it be lower than Range II.

T.C.A. § 39-13-522(b)(2)(A) (2012). At the time of the offense in this case, the statute
provided as follows:

                                             - 16 -
      Notwithstanding title 40, chapter 35, a person convicted of a first or
      subsequent violation of this section shall be punished by a minimum period
      of imprisonment of twenty-five (25) years. The sentence imposed upon any
      such person may, if appropriate, exceed twenty-five (25) years, but in no
      case shall it be less than the minimum period of twenty-five (25) years.

T.C.A. § 39-13-522(b)(2)(A) (2010). In construing this version of the statute, this Court
has held that if the defendant is a Range I offender, “the sentence to be imposed must be
twenty-five years for each offense of rape of a child” because that is the maximum
sentence for that range. State v. William “Bill” Douglas Farr, Sr., No. M2016-01216-
CCA-R3-CD, 2017 WL 4280701, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 26, 2017) (quoting State
v. Rhonda Louise Medley, No. M2009-02446-CCA-R3-CD, 2011 WL 2739512, at *7
(Tenn. Crim. App. July 12, 2011), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Nov. 16, 2011)), perm. app.
denied (Tenn. Jan. 17, 2018).

       At the sentencing hearing, the parties agreed that the Defendant was a Range I
offender. However, the trial court stated that his range of punishment was twenty-five to
forty years, which is the range of punishment for a Range II offender. See T.C.A. § 40-
35-112(b)(1). There is no question that the offense in this case occurred before January
1, 2012. Thus, according to the statute in effect at the time of the offense, the minimum
statutory sentence of twenty-five years for the Defendant was also the maximum possible
sentence for the Defendant. See William “Bill” Douglas Farr, Sr., 2017 WL 4280701, at
*7. Thus, the trial court erred in imposing a Range II sentence of twenty-eight years, and
the Defendant’s sentence must be modified to twenty-five years.

                                      Conclusion

      Based on the foregoing, we affirm the Defendant’s conviction but modify his
sentence to twenty-five years and remand the case to the trial court for entry of an
amended judgment.

                                         ____________________________________
                                         THOMAS T. WOODALL, JUDGE




                                          - 17 -
