               NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
                      MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED


                                             IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

                                             OF FLORIDA

                                             SECOND DISTRICT


PIERRE LUDOVIC DUCLOS-LASNIER,               )
                                             )
              Appellant,                     )
                                             )
v.                                           )             Case No. 2D14-2415
                                             )
STATE OF FLORIDA,                            )
                                             )
              Appellee.                      )
                                             )

Opinion filed April 1, 2016.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Manatee
County; Charles E. Roberts, Judge.

N. Adam Tebrugge of Tebrugge Legal,
Bradenton, for Appellant.

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General,
Tallahassee, Susan M. Shanahan and
Jason M. Miller, Assistant Attorneys
General, Tampa, for Appellee.


SLEET, Judge.


              Pierre Duclos-Lasnier challenges his convictions and sentences for use of

a computer to seduce, solicit, or entice a child to commit a sex act (count one); traveling

to seduce, solicit, or entice a child to commit a sex act (count two); attempted lewd or

lascivious battery on a victim twelve years old or older but younger than sixteen (count
three); and two counts of transmission of an image harmful to a minor (counts four and

five). We affirm his convictions and sentences in counts two through five for the

reasons discussed herein but reverse his conviction and sentence in count one because

it violates the prohibition against double jeopardy.

              Duclos-Lasnier met the female victim, L.S., at a public tennis court when

her godmother approached him and inquired about tennis lessons for the victim. During

their conversation, Duclos-Lasnier asked L.S.'s godmother how old L.S. was, and the

godmother responded that L.S. was thirteen years old. Sometime after this meeting,

Duclos-Lasnier obtained L.S.'s phone number and started sending her text messages

that were sexual in nature. After a couple of weeks, Duclos-Lasnier and L.S. mutually

decided to end the texting relationship, and at Duclos-Lasnier's request, L.S. deleted

from her cellular phone the text messages he had sent her. However, she told a friend

about the texting, and the matter ultimately came to the attention of the Manatee County

Sheriff's Office. As part of the Sheriff's investigation, deputies were able to recapture

some of the texts that L.S. previously had deleted from her phone. The texts included a

picture of a male's clothed groin area with a male's hand down the front of the pants and

a photo of a naked penis. The wording of the texts indicated that these photos were of

Duclos-Lasnier.

              Eventually, a sheriff's deputy took possession of L.S.'s phone and,

pretending to be L.S., began texting Duclos-Lasnier. Through this text messaging, the

deputy set up a meeting with Duclos-Lanier at a coffee shop with the stated purpose of

Duclos-Lanier and the victim ultimately engaging in sex. In the same text message, the

deputy requested a picture of Duclos-Lasnier's penis, and Duclos-Lasnier obliged by




                                            -2-
texting a photo of his erect penis. When Duclos-Lasnier arrived at the coffee shop, he

was arrested.

                Prior to trial, Duclos-Lasnier filed two motions to dismiss in which he

challenged counts three, four, and five. Following a hearing, the trial court denied both

motions. Duclos-Lasnier then entered open guilty pleas to all the charged offenses,

reserving his right to appeal the denials of his dispositive motions to dismiss. The trial

court sentenced him to 71.1 months' imprisonment on each of counts one, three, four,

and five and to seventy-two months' imprisonment followed by four years' sex offender

probation on count two; all sentences are to be served concurrently.

                Duclos-Lasnier first argues on appeal that the trial court erred in denying

his motions to dismiss as they related to count three. In his first motion to dismiss, he

argued that the charge of attempted lewd or lascivious battery on a child twelve or older

but younger than sixteen should be dismissed because the State could never establish

the victim's age to be between twelve and sixteen due to the fact that when Duclos-

Lasnier arranged to meet the victim he was actually texting an adult sheriff's deputy.

See § 800.04(4)(a), Fla. Stat. (2012).

                However, "Florida has not adopted the defense of legal impossibility.

Therefore, the issue is not the legal impossibility of the offense[] but whether [the

appellant] possessed the requisite intent and committed sufficient overt acts to

effectuate that intent." Hudson v. State, 745 So. 2d 997, 1000-01 (Fla. 2d DCA 1999)

(citation omitted). Furthermore, Duclos-Lasnier exchanged text messages with a phone

number he knew to belong to a thirteen-year-old girl. Those messages included a

picture of his naked penis sent from his phone and an agreement to meet at an




                                             -3-
arranged location for the stated purpose of ultimately engaging in sex. Duclos-Lasnier

then arrived at the arranged location prepared to have sex with a minor. Even though

he was actually communicating with a police officer portraying himself as a thirteen-

year-old girl, every reasonable inference indicates that Duclos-Lasnier attempted to

meet a thirteen-year-old girl in order to have sex with her; he clearly was not trying to

meet an adult police officer. See generally § 800.04(1)(d), Fla. Stat. (2012) (defining

"victim" as "a person upon whom an offense described in this section was committed or

attempted or a person who has reported a violation of this section to a law enforcement

officer").

              Duclos-Lasnier also sought the dismissal of count three by arguing that

the State could not establish the attempt because it could not show that he had

committed an overt act toward the completion of the crime. "Criminal attempt requires

three elements: the intent to commit a crime, an overt act towards its commission, and

failure to successfully complete the crime." Bist v. State, 35 So. 3d 936, 941 (Fla. 5th

DCA 2010). In determining whether a defendant committed a sufficient overt act to

constitute an attempt "the statutory question is whether he did 'any act toward the

commission of' the offense . . . . Florida case law, in general, focuses on whether a

defendant's actions were preparatory or overt." Hudson, 745 So. 2d at 999-1000

(quoting § 777.04(1), Fla. Stat. (1995)). Duclos-Lasnier maintains that his actions here

were merely preparatory. We do not agree.

              "An overt act is one that manifests the pursuance of a criminal intent,

going beyond mere preparation to the actual commencement of the crime." Bist, 35 So.

3d at 941. Here, while the act of sending a text agreeing to meet the victim may be




                                            -4-
classified as preparatory, texting a picture of his naked erect penis and showing up at

the designated location for the stated purpose of having sex with the victim

demonstrated Duclos-Lasnier's willingness and ability to consummate the criminal

offense. See id.; see also Hudson, 745 So. 2d at 1000 ("[T]he line between preparatory

acts and overt acts is difficult to draw and tends to be case specific."). As such, we

affirm Duclos-Lasnier's judgment and sentence in count three.1

              As to his convictions on counts four and five, Duclos-Lasnier argues on

appeal that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss these counts for

transmission of an image harmful to a minor. The bases of these charges were two

photos of Duclos-Lasnier's naked penis that he sent to the victim via cellular phone text

messages. He maintains that photos sent as text messages do not violate section

847.0138(2), Florida Statutes (2012), the statute under which he was charged. That

section provides that "any person who knew or believed that he or she was transmitting

an image, information, or data that is harmful to minors . . . to a specific individual

known by the defendant to be a minor commits a felony of the third degree." The

statute defines "transmit" as "to send to a specific individual known by the defendant to

be a minor via electronic mail." § 847.0138(1)(b) (emphasis added). However, the

statute does not define the term "electronic mail." Duclos-Lasnier maintains that the

term does not include cellular phone texts. We do not agree.

              "Questions of statutory interpretation are subject to de novo review."

Mendenhall v. State, 48 So. 3d 740, 747 (Fla. 2010). And "legislative intent is the



              1
                Duclos-Lasnier also argues on appeal that the trial court committed a
procedural error in conjunction with the hearing on the motions to dismiss. We find no
merit to this argument.


                                             -5-
polestar that guides a court's statutory construction analysis." Knowles v. Beverly

Enters.-Fla., 898 So. 2d 1, 5 (Fla. 2004). "In determining that intent . . . 'we look first to

the statute's plain meaning.' " Id. (quoting Moonlit Waters Apartments, Inc. v Cauley,

666 So. 2d 898, 900 (Fla. 1996)).

              The plain meaning of the term "electronic mail" or "email" is "a means or

system for transmitting messages electronically (as between computers on a network)."

Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 405 (11th ed. 2014). Although the use of a

computer is included in the definition, it is added only as a parenthetical example and is

not a required element. In Simmons v. State, 944 So. 2d 317, 325 n.7 (Fla. 2006), the

Florida Supreme Court approved of the First District's opinion in Simmons v. State, 886

So. 2d 399 (Fla. 1st DCA 2004), and "agree[d] with the First District's interpretation of

'electronic mail' as including both email and electronic mail sent by instant messaging."

"Instant messaging" is defined as "a means or system for transmitting electronic messages

instantly." Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 648 (11th ed. 2014).

              Based on these definitions, we conclude that there is no substantial

difference between either an email or an instant message sent by computer and a text

message, which is defined as "a short message sent electronically usually from one cell

phone to another." See Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 293 (11th ed. 2014).

Like emails and instant messages sent from a computer, text messages sent from a

cellular phone are sent electronically, are sent to a specific individual, and can include

"image[s], information, [and] data." See § 847.0138(2) (defining the offense as

"transmitting an image, information, or data that is harmful to minors"). And nothing in the

plain language of the statute requires the use of a computer or the internet. In fact, it is




                                             -6-
common knowledge that service providers offer users internet access and the ability to

send emails and instant messages not only from computers but also from tablets,

cellular phones, and now even watches as well.

              However, to the extent that the statutory use of the term "electronic mail"

may be considered "unclear, we apply rules of statutory construction and explore

legislative history to determine legislative intent." Bautista v. State, 863 So. 2d 1180,

1185 (Fla. 2003). "To discern legislative intent, courts must consider the statute as a

whole, including the evil to be corrected, the language, title, and history of its

enactment, and the state of law already in existence on the statute." Id. (quoting State

v. Andersen, 764 So. 2d 848, 849 (Fla. 3d DCA 2000)). Here, the evil that the

legislature is trying to prevent is minors being exposed to harmful images.

              To that end, the legislature passed this statute and entitled it

"Transmission of material harmful to minors to a minor by electronic device or

equipment prohibited; penalties." § 847.0138 (emphasis added). The Florida Supreme

Court has explained that "in determining legislative intent, we must give due weight and

effect to the title of the section. 'The title is more than an index to what the section is

about or has reference to; it is a direct statement by the legislature of its intent.' "

Aramark Uniform & Career Apparel, Inc. v. Easton, 894 So. 2d 20, 25 (Fla. 2004)

(citation omitted) (quoting State v. Webb, 398 So. 2d 820, 824-25 (Fla. 1981)). Here,

not only is there no language in the statute requiring that the "electronic mail" be sent

from a computer, the very title of the statute contemplates that some other electronic

device or equipment may be used. Accordingly, we can see no reason to differentiate a

text message from an email or instant message communication.




                                              -7-
              Moreover, "[a]nother applicable maxim of statutory construction is that

statutes will not be construed so as to reach an absurd result." Campbell v. State, 125

So. 3d 733, 741 (Fla. 2013) (quoting Vill. of Doral Place Ass'n v. RU4 Real, Inc., 22 So.

3d 627, 631 (Fla. 3d DCA 2009)). Here, it would be absurd to conclude that conduct

considered criminal when accomplished via an email or an instant message sent from a

personal computer would somehow be less offensive and harmful because it is

accomplished via text message using a cellular or smart phone. And it would be even

more absurd to criminalize conduct when it is accomplished via the email and internet

applications of a cellular phone but excuse the same conduct when it is carried out by

using the text messaging application of that same cellular phone.

              The intent of the statute is to prohibit the direct transmission of harmful

images to a minor. Despite any perceived minute technological differences between

emails or instant messages and text messages, the end result is inescapably the same:

a person can electronically send images, information, and data to a designated

individual. Because the statutory language is plain and unambiguous and the legislative

intent is clear, we affirm Duclos-Lasnier's convictions and sentences for counts four and

five and hold that texting a harmful image to a minor violates section 847.0138.

              Finally, Duclos-Lasnier argues on appeal that his conviction in count one

for use of a computer to seduce, solicit, or entice a child to commit a sex act and his

conviction in count two for traveling to seduce, solicit, or entice a child to commit a sex

act violate the prohibition against double jeopardy.2 The Florida Supreme Court has



              2
               Although Duclos-Lasnier did not raise this argument below, he may raise
it on appeal because "(a) [his] plea [wa]s a general plea as distinguished from a plea
bargain; (b) the double jeopardy violation is apparent from the record; and (c) there is


                                            -8-
resolved this issue in State v. Shelley, 40 Fla. L. Weekly S362, S364 (Fla. Jun. 25,

2015), by approving this court's decision in Shelley v. State, 134 So. 3d 1138 (Fla. 2d

DCA 2014), and holding that "dual convictions for solicitation and traveling after

solicitation based upon the same conduct impermissibly place [a defendant] in double

jeopardy." Therefore, as to count one, we reverse and remand to the trial court with

instructions to vacate Duclos-Lasnier's conviction and sentence for solicitation. See

Shelley, 40 Fla. L. Weekly at S364; Pizzo v. State, 945 So. 2d 1203, 1207 (Fla. 2006).

We affirm his convictions and sentences in counts two through five.

              Affirmed in part; reversed in part.


KHOUZAM, J., Concurs.
SALARIO, J., Concurs in result only.




nothing in the record to indicate a waiver of the double jeopardy violation." See
Novaton v. State, 634 So. 2d 607, 609 (Fla. 1994).


                                            -9-
