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                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                       Nos. 17-11943; 17-11949
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

      D.C. Docket Nos. 1:11-cr-00043-CG-B-1; 1:16-cr-00231-CG-N-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                               Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                 versus

ROY DARWOOD RAY,

                                                        Defendant-Appellant.

                      ________________________

               Appeals from the United States District Court
                  for the Southern District of Alabama
                      ________________________

                           (December 29, 2017)

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, JULIE CARNES, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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       In 2011, Defendant Roy Ray was convicted of being a felon in possession of

a firearm and sentenced to 70 months’ imprisonment. Defendant was released in

2016 and before expiration of his three-year term of supervised release, he pled

guilty to being a felon in possession of ammunition. He was sentenced to 134

months’ imprisonment, consisting of 110 months’ imprisonment on the new felon-

in-possession conviction and a consecutive 24-month sentence for violating the

terms of his supervised release. On appeal, Defendant challenges a four-level

enhancement he received under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) for possessing a firearm

or ammunition in connection with another felony offense. He also argues that his

sentence is substantively unreasonable. After careful review, we affirm.

I.     BACKGROUND

       A.      Facts1

       On June 21, 2016, Detective Vincent Gazzier of the Mobile County Sheriff’s

Office responded to a dispatch call regarding two robberies that had occurred in the

North Ann Street and Saint Stephens Area. The first robbery occurred around

10:30 PM in the area of North Ann. The victim reported that a bald, black male

with facial hair had approached him with a semiautomatic handgun and demanded

money. The victim described the suspect as being five-foot-eleven-inches,

1
   The facts are taken from the testimony presented at the sentencing hearing. See United States
v. Polar, 369 F.3d 1248, 1255 (11th Cir. 2004) (“The district court’s factual findings for
purposes of sentencing may be based on, among other things, evidence heard during [the] trial,
undisputed statements in the [PSR], or evidence presented during the sentencing hearing.”).
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between 230 to 250 pounds, and wearing a red shirt and dark pants. The second

robbery occurred three blocks away approximately ten minutes later. That victim

reported that he was on his bicycle when a black male pointed what looked like a

.40-caliber semiautomatic weapon at him and demanded the bicycle. This victim

provided the same description of the robbery suspect as the victim in the first

robbery.

      Approximately one hour after the robberies, an officer patrolling the area

observed an individual matching the description of the robbery suspect.

Specifically, the individual, later identified as Defendant, appeared to be five-foot-

eleven-inches, was wearing a red shirt and dark pants, and was heavy-set, bald, and

had a beard. When the officer approached, Defendant fled and a brief foot-chase

ensued. Defendant was subsequently apprehended. Both robbery victims were

shown a photo lineup. One victim identified Defendant; the other victim was not

able to identify anyone in the lineup. Following Defendant’s arrest, he was found

in possession of nine-millimeter ammunition. Neither a firearm nor a bicycle was

recovered from the scene.

      B.     Procedural History

      In light of the events discussed above, the probation officer filed a petition in

district court seeking to revoke Defendant’s supervised release. According to the

petition, Defendant violated the conditions of his supervised release by: (1)


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admitting to consuming alcohol; (2) being found in possession of ammunition on

June 21, 2016; and (3) being arrested and charged with two counts of first-degree

robbery on June 21, 2016.

       A federal grand jury subsequently charged Defendant with being a felon in

possession of ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Defendant pled

guilty without a plea agreement. The district court scheduled a combined

sentencing and revocation hearing.

      Prior to that hearing, the probation officer prepared a Presentence

Investigation Report (“PSR”). The PSR assigned Defendant a base offense level of

24 under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(2). He also received a four-level enhancement

under § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) because he used or possessed a firearm or ammunition in

connection with another felony offense. With a three-level reduction for

acceptance of responsibility, Defendant’s total offense level was 25. Based on a

total offense level of 25 and a criminal history category of VI, Defendant’s

guideline range was 110 to 137 months’ imprisonment. However, because the

offense carried a 120-month statutory maximum sentence, the guideline range

became 110 to 120 months’ imprisonment. Defendant objected to the four-level

enhancement under § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) for possessing a firearm or ammunition in

connection with another felony offense.




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      At the combined sentencing and revocation hearing, the Government

presented testimony to support the § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) enhancement. Detective

Vincent Gazzier testified about the details of the two robberies that occurred on

June 21, 2016. Defendant’s probation officer, Thomas Cost, testified that

Defendant denied participating in the robberies but admitted to having possessed

the nine-millimeter ammunition. Defendant told Cost that a “crackhead” had

offered him a box of nine-millimeter ammunition and he purchased it for his uncle

who works as a security guard.

      Following the witness testimony, Defendant argued that the

§ 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) enhancement was not applicable because the Government had

not demonstrated that the ammunition he possessed facilitated another felony

offense. Specifically, Defendant was found in possession of nine-millimeter

ammunition but one of the victims had alleged that Defendant possessed a .40-

caliber firearm. Because the ammunition did not match the firearm—and

Defendant was not even found in possession of a firearm—the Government could

not establish that the ammunition facilitated another felony offense.

      The district court rejected Defendant’s argument and concluded that the

Government had established by a preponderance of the evidence that the four-level

enhancement under § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) applied. The court explained that the

robbery victim could have easily mistaken a semiautomatic firearm for a .40-


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caliber firearm and that the ammunition possessed by Defendant would fit a

semiautomatic firearm. The court found Defendant’s explanation that he had

purchased the ammunition from a “crackhead” to be improbable. Moreover, the

court stated that Defendant’s clothing matched the description provided by the

victims and that Defendant “somehow ditched” the firearm between the time of the

robberies and when he was arrested.

       As to the § 922(g) violation, the district court calculated a guideline range of

110 to 120 months’ imprisonment and noted that a high-end sentence was

appropriate. However, the court credited Defendant with the time spent in custody

for a related offense and sentenced him to 110 months’ imprisonment. As to the

violation of supervised release, the district court sentenced Defendant to 24

months’ imprisonment to be served consecutively to the 110-month sentence

imposed on the § 922(g) violation. [Id.] This appeal followed.2

II.    DISCUSSION

       A.     U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) Enhancement

       We review the district court’s application of the Sentencing Guidelines de

novo and its factual findings for clear error. United States v. Perez-Oliveros, 479

F.3d 779, 783 (11th Cir. 2007). When reviewing for clear error, we will not

disturb a district court’s findings unless we are left with a definite and firm

2
  We granted Defendant’s motion to consolidate the new criminal case and the revocation
proceedings on appeal.
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conviction that a mistake has been committed. United States v. Dimitrovski, 782

F.3d 622, 629 (11th Cir. 2015). The Government has the burden of establishing

the facts necessary to support a sentencing enhancement by a preponderance of the

evidence. United States v. Aguilar-Ibarra, 740 F.3d 587, 592 (11th Cir. 2014).

      Pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B), a defendant receives a four-level

enhancement if he “used or possessed any firearm or ammunition in connection

with another felony offense.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B). The application notes

state that the enhancement applies if the firearm or ammunition “facilitated, or had

the potential of facilitating, another felony offense.” Id. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B),

comment. (n.14(A)). We have explained that “in connection with” should be given

its ordinary and natural meaning and we have explicitly rejected a restricted

interpretation of the term. United States v. Smith, 480 F.3d 1277, 1280 (11th Cir.

2007) (analyzing § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B)’s prior version set forth in

§ 2K2.1(b)(5)(2005)).

      Defendant argues that the district court erred by applying the

§ 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) enhancement because insufficient evidence supports the finding

that he possessed a gun or that a gun was used during the robberies. In other

words, he asserts that the district court erred by finding that he committed the

armed robberies. We disagree and conclude that the Government established by a

preponderance of the evidence that Defendant committed the robberies using a


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firearm and that the ammunition facilitated or had the potential to facilitate those

robberies.

      The consistent description of the suspect by both robbery victims and the

fact that the robberies occurred in close proximity to each other suggested that one

perpetrator committed both robberies. Given the number of details linking

Defendant to the robberies, the district court could infer that Defendant committed

the robberies. United States v. Chavez, 584 F.3d 1354, 1367 (11th Cir. 2009)

(indicating that a district court may make reasonable inferences so long as they are

not so speculative as to be clearly erroneous). Indeed, Defendant’s physical

characteristics and attire matched both victims’ descriptions. Officers encountered

Defendant in the same general area as the robberies approximately one hour after

they occurred and he fled when an officer approached him. Notably, Defendant

was found in possession of ammunition that could have been used in a

semiautomatic handgun. Moreover, one of the victims positively identified

Defendant in a subsequent photo lineup. In short, the Government presented

enough consistent information to provide a reliable and sufficient basis for the

district court to find by a preponderance of the evidence that Defendant committed

the two robberies using a firearm and that the ammunition facilitated or potentially

facilitated those robberies. See United States v. Askew, 193 F.3d 1181, 1183 (11th

Cir. 1999) (“It is the district court’s duty to ensure that the Government carries [its]


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burden by establishing a sufficient and reliable basis for its request for an

enhancement.”).

      We are not persuaded by Defendant’s arguments to the contrary. It is true

that one of the victims was unable to identify Defendant from the photo lineup as

the perpetrator. But that victim never ruled out Defendant or identified anyone

else. Thus, the first victim’s positive identification of Defendant has never been

contradicted. Defendant also makes much of the fact that the nine-millimeter

ammunition found in his possession would not have been compatible with a .40-

caliber handgun, which the second robbery victim attributed to the perpetrator.

However, we have previously indicated that a firearm need not be operable to

warrant the four-level enhancement for possessing a firearm or ammunition in

connection with another felony offense. See United States v. Rhind, 289 F.3d 690,

695 (11th Cir. 2002) (“We know of no requirement that the firearms be loaded or

operable to meet the ‘in connection with’ requirement.”). Moreover, as Detective

Gazzier explained at the sentencing hearing, the second victim could have

mistakenly identified the firearm as being 40-caliber, given that a nine-millimeter

and .40-caliber weapon are both semiautomatic and have the same frame and size.

      Finally, while it is true that Defendant was not found in possession of a

firearm or a bicycle at the time of his arrest, the district court noted that he would

have had enough time after the second robbery to abandon the weapon and bicycle.


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In short, although Defendant identifies some conflicting evidence about his

involvement, that evidence did not negate the possibility that he carried out both

robberies and does not outweigh the district court’s finding that it was more

probable than not that he committed the robberies using a firearm and that the

ammunition facilitated or had the potential to facilitate the robberies. See

Dimitrovski, 782 F.3d at 628 (“Under the preponderance of the evidence standard,

the trier of fact must find the existence of a fact is more probable than not.”).

Accordingly, the district court did not err by applying the four-level enhancement

under § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B).

      B.     Substantive Reasonableness

      We review the reasonableness of a district court’s sentence for an abuse of

discretion. United States v. Cubero, 754 F.3d 888, 892 (11th Cir. 2014); United

States v. Sweeting, 437 F.3d 1105, 1106–07 (11th Cir. 2006) (reviewing a sentence

imposed upon revocation of supervised release for reasonableness).

      When reviewing the reasonableness of a sentence, we first look to whether

the district court committed any significant procedural error. Cubero, 754 F.3d at

892. Once we have determined that the sentence is procedurally reasonable, then

we examine whether the sentence is substantively reasonable in light of the totality




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of the circumstances and the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. 3 Id. The party

challenging the sentence bears the burden of showing that it is unreasonable.

United States v. Pugh, 515 F.3d 1179, 1189 (11th Cir. 2008).

       Defendant has not met his burden of showing that his 134-month sentence is

substantively unreasonable. The district court’s imposition of the 110-month

sentence as to the § 922(g) conviction was reasonable in light of the totality of the

circumstances. As noted by the district court, the sentence was necessary to

address several § 3553(a) factors, including Defendant’s criminal history, “the

seriousness of the offense and the sentencing objectives of punishment, deterrence,

and incapacitation.” See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), (2). Indeed, Defendant

committed two armed robberies and possessed ammunition only three months after

being released from a 70-month sentence imposed for being a felon in possession

of a firearm. Although Defendant argues that the district court assigned too much

weight to his criminal history, the weight assigned to each factor is entirely within

the discretion of the district court. See United States v. Clay, 483 F.3d 739, 743




3
 The § 3553(a) factors include: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history
and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to
promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense; (3) the need for
deterrence; (4) the need to protect the public; (5) the need to provide the defendant with needed
education or vocational training or medical care; (6) the kinds of sentences available; (7) the
Sentencing Guidelines range; (8) pertinent policy statements of the Sentencing Commission;
(9) the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities; and (10) the need to provide restitution
to victims. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
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(11th Cir. 2007) (stating that the district court has “sound discretion” when

determining the weight to assign each § 3553(a) factor).

       We turn next to the 24-month sentence imposed for the violation of

supervised release.4 Revocation was mandatory based on the district court’s

finding that Defendant committed the armed robberies and thus necessarily

possessed a firearm and ammunition. See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e), (g)(2). Further, we

have held that a district court is not required to consider § 3553(a) factors under

such circumstances. United States v. Brown, 224 F.3d 1237, 1241–42 (11th Cir.

2000) (“[W]hen revocation of supervised release is mandatory under 18 U.S.C.

§ 3583(g), the statute does not require consideration of the § 3553(a) factors.”

(emphasis omitted)), abrogated in part on other grounds as recognized in United

States v. Vandergrift, 754 F.3d 1303, 1309 (11th Cir. 2014). Even so, Defendant’s

24-month sentence was supported by the § 3553(a) factors, which factors the

district court discussed. Moreover, the 24-month sentence was within the

applicable statutory maximum for the underlying Class C felony—possession of a


4
  The Government asserts in passing that Defendant waived his right to appeal the 24-month
sentence imposed upon revocation of his supervised release. However, because the Government
does not argue that the district court questioned Defendant about the sentence appeal waiver
during the plea colloquy or that Defendant otherwise understood the full significance of the
waiver, we address the merits of Defendant’s argument. See United States v. Bushert, 997 F.2d
1343, 1350–51 (11th Cir. 1993) (explaining that in order for an appeal waiver to be enforceable,
the Government must show that (1) the district court specifically questioned the defendant about
the appeal waiver, or (2) it is “manifestly clear from the record” that the defendant understood
the full significance of the waiver).

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firearm by a convicted felon—that resulted in Defendant’s supervised release. See

18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3).

       We also cannot say that the district court acted unreasonably by ordering

consecutive sentences. Indeed, the imposition of consecutive sentences took into

account the fact that Defendant’s conduct implicated two different statutory

prohibitions: a violation of the terms of his supervised release, as well as the

commission of a new criminal offense. Further, the imposition of consecutive

sentences was consistent with the relevant Guidelines’ policy statement. See

U.S.S.G. § 7B1.3(f) (“Any term of imprisonment imposed upon revocation of

probation or supervised release shall be ordered to be served consecutively to any

sentence of imprisonment that the defendant is serving, whether or not the sentence

of imprisonment being served resulted from the conduct that is the basis of the

revocation of probation or supervised release.”).

III.   CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s sentence is AFFIRMED.




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