                        This opinion will be unpublished and
                        may not be cited except as provided by
                        Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                             STATE OF MINNESOTA
                             IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                   A16-0405

                                   Linda E. Walsh,
                                      Appellant,

                                          vs.

                         Richard J. Walsh, et al., Defendants,

                            Warrenn C. Anderson, et al.,
                                  Respondents.

                              Filed December 27, 2016
                                     Affirmed
                                 Rodenberg, Judge

                             Swift County District Court
                              File No. 76-CV-12-436

Thomas Gunther, Gunther Law Office, LLC, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for appellant)

William M. Hart, Bradley M. Jones, Julia J. Nierengarten, Meagher & Geer, P.L.L.P.,
Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondents)

      Considered and decided by Halbrooks, Presiding Judge; Rodenberg, Judge; and

Kirk, Judge.

                       UNPUBLISHED OPINION

RODENBERG, Judge

      Appellant Linda E. Walsh challenges the district court’s dismissal of her legal-

malpractice and breach-of-fiduciary-duty claims against Fluegel, Anderson, McLaughlin
& Brutlag, Chartered (FAMB), and Warrenn C. Anderson (collectively respondents). We

affirm.

                                            FACTS

          After 45 years of marriage to Richard Walsh, appellant initiated divorce proceedings

in October 2010. During the divorce proceedings, Richard Walsh was represented by

FAMB, which had previously represented the couple in other matters. Appellant dismissed

the divorce proceeding in December 2010, and later signed a conflict waiver assenting to

FAMB’s representation of Richard Walsh.             After appellant dismissed the divorce

proceeding, FAMB did estate-planning work for appellant and Richard Walsh. FAMB

drafted documents creating Walsh Family Farm, LLC, and irrevocable trusts for both

Richard Walsh and appellant. In February 2011, Richard Walsh and the couple’s son,

Jason Walsh, brought appellant to FAMB’s office, where appellant and Richard Walsh

signed various documents that FAMB prepared for them. Appellant later started a second

divorce action.

          Appellant claims that, in the course of litigating the marriage dissolution, she

learned “there were no real estate assets in the marital estate because they were all in

irrevocable trusts.” In July 2012, appellant sued Richard Walsh, Jason Walsh, FAMB,

Anderson, Walsh Family Farm, LLC, and the two trusts. Among other claims, she alleged

breach of fiduciary duty and legal malpractice against respondents. All claims against

Richard Walsh and Jason Walsh were later settled, the complaint dismissed with prejudice

by stipulation, and the trusts dissolved, removing the LLC and the trusts from the litigation.

Respondents are the only remaining defendants in this action.


                                               2
       After appellant sued respondents, she served an amended complaint and attached to

it an affidavit signed by her attorney stating that the attorney had reviewed the facts of the

case with an expert witness, and that the expert would opine that respondents deviated from

the applicable standard of care. Appellant later disclosed to respondents an expert report

dated December 1, 2012. The expert report was not signed by appellant’s counsel, but in

March 2013, appellant incorporated the expert report in her answers to interrogatories,

which were signed by her attorney.

       The expert report is ten pages long. It lists the expert’s credentials, summarizes the

facts of the case, describes the mechanics of proving a legal-malpractice claim, and

concludes with two pages of “opinions and analysis.” The report describes Anderson as

“a lawyer and principal of [FAMB]” and indicates that he represented appellant and

Richard Walsh on a variety of legal matters over a period of 20 years. The “opinions and

analysis” section does not refer to Anderson at all. The report details the attorney-client

relationship between FAMB and appellant, the standard of care the expert believes FAMB

owed to appellant, and FAMB’s claimed breaches of that standard of care. The expert

concludes by explaining the effect of the trust transactions, which were “advantageous to

Richard and the children and disadvantageous to [appellant].” According to the expert:

              The apparent purposes and overriding effects of the scheme
              were to exclude [appellant] from control and management of
              the farm properties and to deprive [her] of any claim to the farm
              properties as marital assets in the event of a divorce. All
              significant features of the documents tended to those purposes.

The report makes two comments concerning causation, first opining that “FAMB and its

lawyers deviated from the standard of care in their representation of [appellant], causing


                                              3
injury to [appellant],” and later stating that “[appellant] was caused to accept and enter into

the transactions by the malpractice of FAMB and thereby sustained injury. Whether that

injury may be remedied by rescission or other relief remains to be determined. At the least,

she has been injured by the uncertainty and expense of seeking relief.”

       On August 19, 2013, respondents moved to dismiss, arguing that the expert report

did not adequately explain its opinions about FAMB’s or Anderson’s conduct as to satisfy

the requirements of Minn. Stat. § 544.42 (2012), which requires a summary of the

anticipated expert testimony as to each element for which an expert opinion will be offered

at trial. The district court determined that the expert report meets the minimum standards

set out for expert disclosure in all respects except that the disclosure lacked an attorney

signature, which the court determined was a minor technical problem that had already been

remedied. It denied respondents’ motions to dismiss.

       On January 21, 2014, respondents submitted a letter to the district court seeking

permission to file a motion for reconsideration. On September 4, 2015, the district court

granted respondents’ request for reconsideration in light of the Minnesota Supreme Court’s

decision in Guzick v. Kimball, 869 N.W.2d 42 (Minn. 2015). Respondents then filed a

motion for reconsideration of the earlier motion to dismiss, arguing that Guzick required

dismissal of this case. On January 8, 2016, the district court issued an order applying

Guzick and concluding that the expert report “failed to provide any meaningful information

on [the expert’s] opinion regarding causation.” Accordingly, it dismissed appellant’s

claims.




                                              4
       This appeal followed. Anderson filed a related appeal, arguing that the district court

erred when it denied Anderson’s original motion to dismiss.

                                      DECISION

       In a legal-malpractice case where expert testimony is necessary to prove the claim,

the plaintiff must produce two affidavits concerning the expert testimony. Minn. Stat.

§ 544.42, subd. 2 (2014).1 First, the plaintiff must attach to her pleading an affidavit of

expert review, stating that the attorney has reviewed the facts of the case with an expert

and that the expert will opine that the defendant “deviated from the applicable standard of

care and by that action caused injury to the plaintiff.” Id., subds. 2, 3 (2014). Second, she

must “serve upon the opponent within 180 days” an affidavit of expert disclosure. Id.,

subds. 2, 4 (2014). This affidavit must identify the experts to be called at trial, describe

the substance of their expected testimony, and summarize the grounds for the testimony.

Id., subd. 4.    The expert disclosure requirement may be satisfied by answers to

interrogatories, but whether submitted as answers to interrogatories or as a stand-alone

affidavit, the disclosure must be signed by the plaintiff’s attorney. Id.

       The purpose of the expert disclosure requirement under Minn. Stat. § 544.42 is to

“provide for the early dismissal of frivolous malpractice claims.” Brown-Wilbert, Inc. v.

Copeland Buhl & Co., 732 N.W.2d 209, 217 (Minn. 2007). To that end, failure to produce

an affidavit of expert review or expert disclosure is fatal to a legal-malpractice claim.


1
 In 2014, Minn. Stat. § 544.42 was amended to modify certain time limits in subdivisions
2 and 4. 2014 Minn. Laws ch. 153 §§ 3 at 111; 4 at 111. Because these amendments do
not affect our analysis of whether the affidavits were legally adequate, we reference the
most recent version of the statute.

                                              5
Minn. Stat. § 544.42, subd. 6 (2014). On motion, a district court must dismiss with

prejudice a malpractice action not supported by adequate affidavits. Id. Before dismissal,

however, the statute contains a safe-harbor provision, requiring the court to give the

plaintiff “specific findings as to the deficiencies of the affidavit,” and allow “60 days to

satisfy the disclosure requirements.” Id., subd. 6(c); Guzick, 869 N.W.2d at 47. However,

“[i]n order to give life” to the expert disclosure requirement, the Minnesota Supreme Court

has held that the safe-harbor provision is meant only for curing minor technical deficiencies

in an otherwise legally sufficient expert disclosure. Guzick, 869 N.W.2d at 48; Brown-

Wilbert, 732 N.W.2d at 217-18.

       To qualify for the 60-day safe harbor to remedy the technical problems of an expert

disclosure, the initial expert disclosure must “provide some meaningful information,

beyond conclusory statements.” Brown-Wilbert, 732 N.W.2d at 219. This meaningful

information must include identification of the expert and an explanation of the expert’s

opinion on each element of the plaintiff’s prima facie case of malpractice for which the

plaintiff needs to call an expert. Guzick, 869 N.W.2d at 48. A prima facie case of legal

malpractice requires a litigant to establish “(1) the existence of an attorney-client

relationship; (2) acts constituting negligence or breach of contract; (3) that such acts were

the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s damages; and (4) that but for [the attorney’s] conduct

the plaintiff would have been successful in the prosecution or defense of the action.” Id.

at 47 (quotation omitted).

       The district court dismissed appellant’s legal-malpractice and breach-of-fiduciary-

duty claims on reconsideration for failure to satisfy Minn. Stat. § 544.42, subd. 4. While


                                             6
appellant’s affidavit of expert review was adequate, the district court found the expert

report did not meet the requirements of Minn. Stat. § 544.42 or qualify for safe-harbor

treatment. The district court determined that the report sufficiently establishes a prima

facie case for the existence of an attorney-client relationship and the breach of a standard

of care, but it determined that the report “failed to provide any meaningful information on

[the expert’s] opinion regarding causation.” The district court also determined that the

expert report did not contain sufficient information on damages, but determined that expert

testimony was not required for that element, a determination that neither party has

appealed.

       We review the dismissal of a legal-malpractice action for failure to comply with

expert disclosure requirements under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Id. at 46; Brown-

Wilbert, 732 N.W.2d at 215. However, we review statutory construction de novo. Guzick,

869 N.W.2d at 46. The question of whether expert testimony is required for the plaintiff

to establish a prima facie case of a particular element is a question of law that we review

de novo. Id. at 46-47.

       Generally, when determining if an expert disclosure is adequate, a court must first

assess whether the plaintiff is required to make an expert disclosure, a question which

“must be determined on a case by case basis for each element of the prima facie case of

malpractice.” Id. at 48-49. A plaintiff need not use expert testimony to establish an

element of her case if a lay jury can adequately evaluate the attorney’s conduct without an

expert opinion. Hill v. Okay Constr. Co., 312 Minn. 324, 337, 252 N.W.2d 107, 116




                                             7
(1977). Here, appellant admits that her claims require expert testimony to establish

proximate causation.

       We therefore move to the second step of the inquiry and assess whether appellant’s

disclosure was sufficient to explain the expert’s opinion on causation. When making this

determination, we apply the safe-harbor standard because, so long as an expert disclosure

meets this standard, the plaintiff is entitled to specific findings of insufficiency and 60 days

to cure. Minn. Stat. § 544.42, subd. 6. We must assess whether the party’s disclosure

related to that element imparts a meaningful summary of the expert’s opinion “beyond

conclusory statements.” Guzick, 869 N.W.2d. at 49; Brown-Wilbert, 732 N.W.2d at 219.

“A summary requires more than an implication; rather, a sufficient summary explicitly

explains the expert’s opinion on how the negligent acts were the proximate cause of the

injury.” Guzick, 869 N.W.2d at 51. An affidavit which “read as a whole may very well

imply” causation does not qualify for safe harbor. Id.

       The district court determined appellant’s expert report inadequate concerning

proximate cause because it makes only “two conclusory statements” regarding plaintiff’s

injuries and how respondents caused them. The statements allege that FAMB caused harm

to appellant and that appellant “sustained injury” because of FAMB’s actions. Because

neither statement details the chain of events that make up causation, the district court

concluded that the expert report “fails to provide any meaningful information or

explanation as to the causal-link between the alleged breach of duty by FAMB and its

attorneys and the injuries, if any, suffered by [appellant].”




                                               8
       We agree with the district court that the expert report, though quite thorough on the

issues of duty and breach, lacks “causational detail” in the fashion Guzick requires. A

comparison to Guzick, where the expert disclosure was also found lacking, bears this out.

Guzick was a dispute related to a power of attorney drafted for an elderly client without

fully consulting with the client about the implications accompanying execution of a power

of attorney. Id. at 44-45. The disclosure in Guzick identified ten acts that deviated from

the standard of care and “caused damages.” Id. at 45. The statement that the actions

“caused damages” was the only line in the expert disclosure related to causation. The

supreme court determined that “the affidavit read as a whole may very well imply”

proximate causation, but this is “not enough to satisfy Brown-Wilbert, which requires an

affidavit to provide meaningful information that ‘summarizes the expert’s opinion.’” Id.

at 51 (quoting Brown-Wilbert, 732 N.W.2d at 219).

       Appellant attempts to distinguish her expert’s report from the expert disclosure in

Guzick because her expert does more than simply allege that FAMB “caused damages.”

Although appellant’s expert report contains two pages of legal opinion, most of the opinion

section focuses on explaining the deviations from the standard of care. The expert’s

analysis flows logically from FAMB’s duty to its client, appellant, to its breaches, to the

effects of the breaches. Appellant argues that these statements are not conclusory when

viewed as a whole. However, an implication of proximate cause is just as insufficient as a

mere legal conclusion. Id. at 47, 51. Appellant’s expert report contains both implications

and conclusions concerning causation, but does not provide a description of how the

breaches of duty caused appellant damages. Accordingly, the district court acted within its


                                             9
discretion in dismissing the action under Minn. Stat. § 544.42, as interpreted by the

supreme court.

       Appellant argues that the district court should have afforded her safe harbor under

Minn. Stat. § 544.42, subd. 6. Although appellant poses this argument in the alternative,

courts apply the safe-harbor standard when determining whether an expert disclosure meets

statutory requirements. See id. at 51. The district court determined that appellant’s expert

report did not sufficiently describe the expert’s analysis of proximate cause, as required by

Brown-Wilbert and Guzick. Accordingly, the safe-harbor provision is unavailable. Id. at

49; Brown-Wilbert, 732 N.W.2d at 219. Appellant attempts to argue that the report

meaningfully explains causation and meets the Brown-Wilbert standard when analyzed “in

toto.” But Guzick holds that even an affidavit that “read as a whole may very well imply”

proximate causation does not qualify for the statutory safe harbor. 869 N.W.2d at 51.

       Appellant’s argument concerning the safe-harbor provision is at its core an attack

on Brown-Wilbert and Guzick. She argues that “the goal of expediency and finality that a

section 544.42 dismissal can offer should not come at the expense of ensuring that all cases

are decided upon their true merits.” It is true that Guzick and Brown-Wilbert place a heavy

burden on a malpractice plaintiff. See Guzick, 869 N.W.2d at 55 (Lillehaug, J., concurring)

(examining the more stringent requirement for professional malpractice cases than medical

malpractices cases to qualify for safe harbor). And appellant’s expert report appears to be

far more specific and detailed than the five-sentence expert disclosure in Brown-Wilbert,

which stated that the experts were “expected to testify as to the conclusions set forth in the

complaint, based upon the facts alleged in the complaint,” or Guzick’s expert disclosure, a


                                             10
repurposed affidavit of expert review which listed deviations from the standard of care and

concluded that these actions “caused damages.” Id. at 45; Brown-Wilbert, 732 N.W.2d at

214. However, the supreme court reaffirmed Brown-Wilbert’s narrow interpretation of the

safe-harbor provision in Guzick. 869 N.W.2d at 51. As an error-correcting court, it is not

for us to assess whether Guzick and Brown-Wilbert interpret the safe-harbor provision too

narrowly. See State v. Ward, 580 N.W.2d 67, 74 (Minn. App. 1998) (“[W]e are not in

position to overturn established supreme court precedent.”). It is our duty to ensure that

the district court properly applied Guzick and Brown-Wilbert to the facts of this case. It

did.

       Finally, appellant argues that the district court improperly changed its analysis in its

order granting respondents’ motion to dismiss on reconsideration. But between the district

court’s initial denial of respondents’ motion to dismiss and its grant of that motion on

reconsideration, Guzick was decided. Appellant cites no authority supporting her argument

that a district court may not change its findings or its conclusion when reconsidering a prior

order in light of a change or clarification in the relevant law. We are aware of no law

prohibiting a district court, before the entry of judgment, from reconsidering an earlier

order after a change in the legal landscape governing a claim.

       Because we affirm the district court’s dismissal of all claims against Anderson, we

do not reach the issue raised by Anderson’s related appeal.

       Affirmed.




                                             11
