                                                                                                       01/21/2020
                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                              AT KNOXVILLE
                            Assigned on Briefs November 1, 2019

                                       IN RE AUBRIE W.1

                   Appeal from the Chancery Court for Sullivan County
                    No. 17-CK-41137     John S. McLellan, III, Judge


                                 No. E2019-00862-COA-R3-PT


This is an appeal from the termination of the father’s parental rights. The trial court found
the petitioners had proved that the father abandoned the child by willfully failing to visit,
willfully failing to support the child, and exhibiting conduct showing a wanton disregard
for the child’s welfare and that termination of the father’s parental rights, was in the
child’s best interest. Following the entry of the order terminating his rights, the father
appealed. Finding the record does not clearly and convincingly establish the ground of
abandonment by wanton disregard, we reverse the trial court’s determination on that
ground; however, the record clearly and convincingly established the other two grounds
and that termination of the father’s parental rights is in the child’s best interest.
Therefore, we affirm the termination of the father’s parental rights.

       Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court
                       Affirmed in part and Reversed in part

FRANK G. CLEMENT JR., P.J., M.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which THOMAS
R. FRIERSON II and KENNY W. ARMSTRONG, JJ., joined.

Samuel Ervin White, Kingsport, Tennessee, for the appellant, Willie J.

Christina Susanne Stapleton, Kingsport, Tennessee, for the appellees, Chad D. and
Andrea D.

                                              OPINION




        1
           This court has a policy of protecting children’s identities in parental termination cases, and
therefore, certain names appearing herein are presented by their initials.
        Aubrie W. (“the Child”) was born out of wedlock in August 2012 to Andrea D.
(“Mother”) and Willie J. (“Father”), and the Child has lived with Mother since her birth.
Father was incarcerated at the time of the Child’s birth but was released from custody in
November 2012. Before the end of 2012, Mother broke off the relationship with Father
because she learned that he was selling drugs again. Thereafter, Father took a paternity
test that confirmed he was the father of the Child.

       On October 4, 2013, when the Child was fourteen months old, Father was
incarcerated for violating his probation by carrying a firearm and for the manufacture,
sale, and possession of Schedule II Narcotics; Father pled guilty to the new charges and
has remained incarcerated ever since.

       On February 4, 2019, Mother and her husband Chad D. filed a petition for the
termination of Father’s parental rights based on three grounds of abandonment and the
Child’s best interest.2 Father was appointed counsel who filed an answer on Father’s
behalf opposing the petition. The case proceeded to trial in April 2019.

       Mother testified that Father saw the Child when taking the paternity test and
attended the Child’s first birthday party in August of 2013, but he only visited the Child
“four or five times tops” during the four months preceding his last incarceration on
October 4, 2013. She also stated that the Child, who was six years old at the time of trial,
believed her step-father, Chad D., to be her father.

       Mother also testified that Father failed to provide any support during the four
months preceding his incarceration, other than bringing a toy to the Child’s first birthday
party in August of 2013. Alvin W., the maternal grandfather, with whom Mother lived
during the applicable four-month period, corroborated Mother’s testimony that Father


        2
           As we discuss in more detail in our analysis, because Father was incarcerated when the petition
was filed, we may only consider Father’s acts and omissions prior to being incarcerated on October 4,
2013. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv). More specifically, with regard to the grounds of
abandonment by failing to visit or failing to make reasonable payments toward the support of the child,
the relevant period is the “four (4) consecutive months immediately preceding” his October 4, 2013
incarceration. See id. However, with regard to the ground of abandonment by conduct exhibiting “a
wanton disregard for the welfare of the child,” we may consider Father’s conduct prior to the four months
immediately preceding incarceration. See In re Michael O., No. W2017-01412-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL
576777, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 26, 2018) (“Additionally, the court may consider a parent's behavior
prior to the four months immediately preceding incarceration in finding behavior that exhibited wanton
disregard for the child.”) (citing In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 871 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005)).




                                                  -2-
provided no support and confirmed that he had not seen Father visit more than a handful
of times.

       Step-father testified that he treated the Child as his own and provided insurance
and other means of support for the Child. He testified that, to his knowledge, Father had
never provided support for the Child nor had Father telephoned or made any effort to
establish a relationship with the Child since being incarcerated in 2013.

       Father’s counsel attended the trial in person, and Father testified by telephone
from prison. Father stated that he only visited the Child four or five times during the
applicable four-month period in 2013. After seeing the Child at her first birthday party in
August 2013, Father claimed he had been denied further visitation but conceded he never
petitioned the court for visitation. Father stated that he provided support by giving
Mother cash, although he could not recall how frequently this happened or the amounts
he provided. On cross-examination, Father was asked about his relationship with the
Child and testified that he had attempted to contact Mother since his incarceration but had
been denied any relationship with his daughter since being incarcerated. Father stated that
he had been rebuffed by threats of a restraining order and did not have an address or
phone numbers to contact Mother or the Child.

        On April 18, 2019, the trial court entered an order in which it found that the
petitioners had proven three grounds for termination based on clear and convincing
evidence. The court found that Father abandoned the Child by failing to visit, by willfully
failing to support, and by exhibiting a wanton disregard for the Child. The trial court also
found that termination of Father’s parental rights was in the Child’s best interest. Based
on these findings, the court terminated Father’s parental rights. This appeal followed.

                                  STANDARD OF REVIEW

       “To terminate parental rights, a trial court must determine by clear and convincing
evidence not only the existence of at least one of the statutory grounds for termination but
also that termination is in the child’s best interest.” In re F.R.R., III, 193 S.W.3d 528, 530
(Tenn. 2006); See In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002) (citing Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-113(c)).

       We review “findings of fact made by the trial court de novo upon the record
‘accompanied by a presumption of the correctness of the finding, unless the
preponderance of the evidence is otherwise.’” In re F.R.R., 193 S.W.3d at 530 (quoting
Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d)). However, because of the heightened burden of proof in
termination proceedings, this court “must make its own determination as to whether the
facts, either as found by the trial court or as supported by a preponderance of the
evidence, amount to clear and convincing evidence of the elements necessary to
terminate parental rights.” In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d 507, 524 (Tenn. 2016); See

                                            -3-
In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586, 596–97 (Tenn. 2010). The trial court’s ruling
regarding whether the evidence sufficiently supported termination is a conclusion of law,
which we review de novo with no presumption of correctness. Id.

        Because of the gravity of their consequences, proceedings to terminate parental
rights require individualized decision making. In re Swanson, 2 S.W.3d 180, 188 (Tenn.
1999). Accordingly, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(k) explicitly requires courts
terminating parental rights to “enter an order which makes specific findings of fact and
conclusions of law,” whether they have been requested to do so or not. In re Adoption of
Muir, No. M2002-02963-COA-R3-CV, 2003 WL 22794524, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov.
25, 2003) (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(k)). These specific findings of fact and
conclusions of law facilitate appellate review and promote just and speedy resolution of
appeals. When a lower court has failed to comply with Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(k),
the appellate courts must remand the case with directions to prepare the required findings
of fact and conclusions of law. In re D.L.B., 118 S.W.3d 360, 367 (Tenn. 2003); In re
K.N.R., No. M2003-01301-COA-R3-PT, 2003 WL 22999427, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec.
23, 2003).

                                        ANALYSIS

                                I. GROUNDS FOR TERMINATION

       Abandonment is a ground for termination of parental rights. Tenn. Code Ann. §
36-1-113(g)(1). For the purposes of terminating parental rights, “abandonment” may be
established by proving that:

      A parent or guardian is incarcerated at the time of the institution of an
      action or proceeding to declare a child to be an abandoned child, or the
      parent or guardian has been incarcerated during all or part of the four (4)
      months immediately preceding the institution of such action or proceeding,
      and either has failed to visit or has failed to support or has failed to make
      reasonable payments toward the support of the child for four (4)
      consecutive months immediately preceding such parent’s or guardian's
      incarceration, or the parent or guardian has engaged in conduct prior to
      incarceration that exhibits a wanton disregard for the welfare of the child.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv).

                                       A. Failure to Visit

       “Abandonment” can be found when the parent has failed to visit the child for a
period of four consecutive months immediately preceding the parent’s incarceration.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv). Because Father was incarcerated when the

                                          -4-
petition was filed and has been incarcerated since October 4, 2013, we may only consider
Father’s acts and omissions during the four months immediately preceding his
incarceration. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv); In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at
871. Thus, the relevant period for us to consider is the four months from June 4, 2013,
until October 3, 2013.

        The statute defines “failed to visit” as “the failure, for a period of four (4)
consecutive months, to visit or engage in more than token visitation.” Tenn. Code Ann. §
36-1-102(1)(E). “Token visitation” means “visitation, under the circumstances of the
individual case, constitut[ing] nothing more than perfunctory visitation or visitation of
such an infrequent nature or of such short duration as to merely establish minimal or
insubstantial contact with the child.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(C). Whether a
parent failed to visit a child is a question of fact. Whether a parent’s failure to visit
constitutes willful abandonment is a question of law. In re Adoption of Angela E., 402
S.W.3d 636, 639 (Tenn. 2013) (citing In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d 793, 810
(Tenn. 2007)). We review questions of law de novo with no presumption of correctness.
Id. (citing In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d at 810).

       Prior to 2018, the statutory definition of abandonment placed the burden of proof
on the petitioner to show that the parent’s failure to visit was “willful.” In 2018, the
General Assembly amended the statute to shift the burden of proof to the parent or
guardian to show that his or her failure to visit was not willful. For cases filed on or after
July 1, 2018, Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-102(1)(I) now provides:

       For purposes of this subdivision (1), it shall be a defense to abandonment
       for failure to visit or failure to support that a parent or guardian's failure to
       visit or support was not willful. The parent or guardian shall bear the
       burden of proof that the failure to visit or support was not willful. Such
       defense must be established by a preponderance of evidence. The absence
       of willfulness is an affirmative defense pursuant to Rule 8.03 of the
       Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(I). Here, Mother and her husband Chad D. filed
the petition on February 4, 2019. Accordingly, Father has the burden to show that
his failure to visit the Child was not willful. Concerning willfulness in the context
of abandonment for purposes of termination of parental rights, this Court has
stated:

       In the statutes governing the termination of parental rights, “willfulness”
       does not require the same standard of culpability as is required by the penal
       code. Nor does it require malevolence or ill will. Willful conduct consists
       of acts or failures to act that are intentional or voluntary rather than
       accidental or inadvertent. Conduct is “willful” if it is the product of free

                                             -5-
       will rather than coercion. Thus, a person acts “willfully” if he or she is a
       free agent, knows what he or she is doing, and intends to do what he or she
       is doing. . . .

       The willfulness of particular conduct depends upon the actor’s intent. Intent
       is seldom capable of direct proof, and triers-of-fact lack the ability to peer
       into a person’s mind to assess intentions or motivations. Accordingly,
       triers-of-fact must infer intent from the circumstantial evidence, including a
       person’s actions or conduct.

In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 863-64 (internal citations and footnotes omitted).

       Father does not dispute that he only visited with the Child four or five times for
approximately two hours each time during the relevant period. The last two times Father
was present with the Child occurred on August 29, 2013, the child’s first birthday party,
and thereafter during the DNA test. Father testified that his failure to visit the Child
thereafter was due to Mother denying him visitation. Father also takes the position that
four to five visits are more than token visitation; thus, the ground was not proven.

       In contrast, Mother contends that Father’s short, infrequent visits were token.
Mother states that in the four months prior to his incarceration, Father could have easily
reached out to set up more consistent visitation with the Child or could have requested
scheduled visitation through the court. Although Mother concedes she changed her
contact information after Father’s October 2013 incarceration, she insists Father had
multiple ways to contact her during the relevant period.

       The trial court found Father’s contentions that Mother denied him visitation with
the Child unpersuasive and that Father failed to take any affirmative steps to regain
contact with his child during the relevant period. Based on these and other facts, the trial
court ruled that Father abandoned the Child by willfully failing to visit the Child for more
than token visitation during the four months preceding his October 2013 incarceration.

        Whether a parent failed to visit or support a child is a question of fact. See In re
Keri C., 384 S.W.3d 731, 748 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010) (whether visitation should be
characterized as token is a fact-intensive inquiry to be decided on a case-by-case basis).
Here, it is undisputed that Father only visited the Child four or five times for
approximately two hours per visit during the statutory four-month period. Having
considered the quality and quantity of Father’s visits, the evidence does not preponderate
against the trial court’s finding of fact that the visits were merely token. Moreover, our
conclusion regarding Father’s visitation is consistent with other cases involving token
visitation. See, e.g., In re Matthew T., No. M2015-00486-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL
1621076, at *12 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 20, 2016) (four visits in a four-month period
constituted token visitation); In re L.J., No. 2014-02042-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL

                                           -6-
5121111, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 29, 2015) (attending three of eight offered
visitations was token visitation); In re E.L.R., No. E2014-00394-COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL
6735394, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 1, 2014), (seeing the child five times in the four-
month period was token visitation); In re Joseph G., No. E2012-2501-COA-R3-PT, 2013
WL 3964167, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 31, 2013) (weekly visits for only two of the four
months constituted token visitation); In re Hope A.A., No. E2012-01209-COA-R3-PT,
2013 WL 1933026, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 10, 2013) (five visits for a total of ten
hours was insufficient); In re Keri C., 384 S.W.3d at 750-51 (four or five visits amounted
to token visitation). We affirm the trial court’s finding of fact that father willfully failed
to visit.

       Whether a parent’s failure to visit constitutes abandonment is a question of law.
See In re Adoption of Angela E., 402 S.W.3d at 639. We review questions of law de novo
with no presumption of correctness. Id. (citing In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d at
810). Having considered the record and finding that the evidence does not preponderate
against the trial court’s finding of fact that the visits were merely token, we also agree
with the trial court’s legal conclusion that Father’s failure to visit during the relevant
period constitutes abandonment.

      Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s ruling that the petitioners proved the
ground of abandonment by willful failure to visit by clear and convincing evidence.

                                          B. Failure to Support

      “Abandonment” can be found when the parent has failed to support the child for a
period of four consecutive months immediately preceding the parent’s incarceration.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv). As determined above, the relevant period for us
to consider is the four-month period from June 4, 2013, until October 3, 2013. For
purposes of terminating the parental rights of a parent to a child on the ground of
abandonment under Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A), “failed to support” or “failed to
make reasonable payments toward such child’s support” means:

       [T]he failure, for a period of four (4) consecutive months, to provide
       monetary support or the failure to provide more than token payments
       toward the support of the child. That the parent had only the means or
       ability to make small payments is not a defense to failure to support if no
       payments were made during the relevant four-month period[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(D). “Token support” means that “the support, under the
circumstances of the individual case, is insignificant given the parent’s means.” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(B).



                                            -7-
       As discussed above, Father carries the burden of proof by a preponderance of the
evidence to show that his failure to support was not willful. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
102(1)(I). Failure to pay support is “willful” if the parent is “aware of his or her duty to
support, has the capacity to provide the support, makes no attempt to provide support,
and has no justifiable excuse for not providing the support.” In re J.J.C., 148 S.W.3d 919,
926 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004) (quoting In re Adoption of Muir, WL 22794524, at *5). A
parent cannot be said to have abandoned a child when his failure to support is due to
circumstances outside of his control. Id.

       At trial, Father testified regarding his income and expenses during the relevant
period. He earned money from selling drugs and was unable to state exactly how much
income was generated. He admitted that he assisted his girlfriend with her bills and
expenses. He claimed he gave support payments in cash to Mother, but he neither
recalled the amounts or dates of such payments nor provided documentation of any
payments.

       Mother testified that Father never provided financial assistance and did not
provide supplies for the Child other than bringing a gift to the Child at her first birthday
party. Mother’s testimony is corroborated by the maternal grandfather’s testimony that
there was no financial support given to Mother during the relevant period, during which
Mother and the Child were residing with the maternal grandparents.

       In its written findings of fact and conclusions of law, the trial court found that
Father had the means to provide support for his child and failed to pay support for the
Child other than token support, at best, during the relevant period and that the petitioners
proved the ground of abandonment by failing to support the child. Based on the foregoing
and other evidence in the record, we affirm the court’s determination that Father
abandoned the child pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1- 102(1)(A)(iv) by failing to
provide support within the four-month statutory period.

                           C. Conduct Exhibiting Wanton Disregard

       Abandonment by conduct exhibiting wanton disregard is designated as a ground
for terminating parental rights and is defined as follows:

       A parent or guardian is incarcerated at the time of the institution of an
       action or proceeding to declare a child to be an abandoned child, or . . .
       during all or part of the four (4) months immediately preceding the
       institution of such action or proceeding, and . . . the parent or guardian has
       engaged in conduct prior to incarceration that exhibits wanton disregard for
       the welfare of the child.



                                           -8-
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv). This court has stated that Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-
1-102(1)(A)(iv) “reflects the commonsense notion that parental incarceration is a strong
indicator that there may be other problems in the home that threaten the welfare of the
child.” In re Audrey S., at 866. “A parent’s decision to engage in conduct that carries with
it the risk of incarceration is itself indicative that the parent may not be fit to care for the
child.” Id. (citing James G. Dwyer, A Taxonomy of Children’s Existing Rights in State
Decision Making About Their Relationship, 11 Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J. 845, 958
(2003)). However, incarceration alone does not satisfy the test for abandonment under §
36-1-102(1)(A)(iv). Id. To sustain the ground, the court must find “by clear and
convincing evidence, that the parent’s pre-incarceration conduct displayed a wanton
disregard for the welfare of the child.” Id. Accordingly, a parent’s incarceration is “a
triggering mechanism” that allows the court to “take a closer look at the child’s situation
to determine whether the parental behavior that resulted in incarceration is part of a
broader pattern of conduct that renders the parent unfit or poses a risk of substantial harm
to the welfare of the child.” Id.

        Unlike the relevant period for abandonment for failure to visit and failure to
support, the relevant pre-incarceration period for conduct exhibiting wanton disregard
referred to in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1- 102(1)(A)(iv) “is not limited to acts during the
four-month period immediately preceding the incarceration.” In re Jeremiah T., No.
E2008-02099-COA-R3-PT, 2009 WL 1162860, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 30, 2009)
(citing In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 871). To the contrary, “the court may consider a
parent’s behavior prior to the four months immediately preceding incarceration in finding
behavior that exhibited wanton disregard for the child.” In re Michael O., 2018 WL
576777, at *5 (citing In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 871). However, this extended
window does have a limiting factor. As we explained in Michael O., “In order for a
parent to disregard or show indifference to a child, the parent must know of the child’s
existence.” 2018 WL 576777 at *6 (citing In re Anthony R., No. M2014–01753–COA–
R3–PT, 2015 WL 3611244, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 9, 2015)) (other citations
omitted). Thus, the relevant time cannot precede the Child’s conception and may be
limited to when the father knew or should have known that he was the biological parent.
See In re E.C., No. E2016-02582-COA-R3-PT, 2017 WL 2438574, at *12 (Tenn. Ct.
App. June 6, 2017) (holding that it was inappropriate to consider the parent’s poor
conduct prior to his knowledge of the child’s existence). “Thus, even though the statutory
meaning of the word ‘child’ encompasses the time at which the child was conceived up
until its eighteenth birthday, we must construe Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-
102(1)(A)(iv) ‘to require that the father has knowledge of the child at the time his actions
constituting wanton disregard are taken.’” In re Michael O., 2018 WL 576777, at *6
(quoting In re E.C., 2017 WL 2438574, at *12).

       Accordingly, the issue is whether Father’s conduct prior to incarceration but after
knowing of the Child’s existence exhibited a wanton disregard for the welfare of the
Child. See id.

                                             -9-
       As noted earlier in this opinion, the trial court must make specific findings of fact
and conclusions of law in parental termination cases. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(k).
Moreover, “Tenn. Code Ann. § 36–1–113(k) explicitly requires courts terminating
parental rights to ‘enter an order which makes specific findings of fact and conclusions of
law’ whether they have been requested to do so or not.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at
861 (citing In re S.M., 149 S.W.3d at 639; In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d at 653–54).

        The only “specific findings of fact and conclusions of law” set forth in writing by
the trial court specific to the ground of wanton disregard read:

       That pursuant to T.C.A. §36-1-113(g)(1) the record in this matter
       establishes by clear and convincing evidence that [Father] abandoned the
       minor child within the meaning of T.C.A. §36-1-102 as to wanton disregard
       prior to incarceration.

        As we consider whether the foregoing sufficiently complies with the mandate in
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(k) and whether the facts in the record clearly and
convincingly establish the ground of abandonment by exhibiting conduct of wanton
disregard for the Child, we find it appropriate to consider other cases in which we
affirmed the trial court’s finding of wanton disregard. See In re Kierra B., No. E2012-
02539-COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL 118504, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 14, 2014) (Father
showed a wanton disregard for child by engaging in “criminal behavior [that] was serious
and detrimental to his child’s welfare” and which resulted in him being “absent from
[child’s] life for most of her childhood”); In re K.F.R.T., 493 S.W.3d 55, 61 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2016) (finding that father’s behavior was part of a broader pattern of conduct that
rendered him unfit because he “was arrested for theft, multiple D.U.I. offenses, repeated
traffic offenses, domestic violence against the biological mother of the children central to
this appeal, multiple illegal border crossings, and even extortion”); In re Donte N.,
E2013-01617-COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL 201612, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 17, 2014)
(finding that father exhibited a wanton disregard for his children after he failed to comply
with the permanency plan and moved out of state, where he was then convicted of several
offenses and received two one-year sentences for charges involving minors); In re
C.L.D., No. M2008-02805-COAR3-PT, 2009 WL 1684667, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. June
15, 2009) (concluding that mother exhibited a wanton disregard for the children by,
among other things, “being arrested approximately forty-seven times”; leaving two of the
children “with her grandmother who, admittedly, was unable to care for them”; and
leaving the youngest child “in the care of complete strangers”); In re Selena L., No.
E2015-02059-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL 4056185, at *12 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 27, 2016)
(finding that “Mother’s conduct prior to her incarceration, including both her criminal
activity and her illegal drug use, clearly and convincingly constituted a wanton disregard
for the welfare of the Children”); In re Charles K. Jr., No. M2015-00714-COA-R3-PT,
2016 WL 3036049, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 19, 2016) (finding clear and convincing

                                           - 10 -
evidence that father showed wanton disregard for the children where father “exhibited a
substantial amount of criminal behavior, . . . engaged in domestic violence toward
Mother while in the presence of the Children, and . . . failed to address his mental health
and substance abuse issues”).

       By comparing Father’s conduct during the relevant period in this case with the
above cases, and considering the fact the trial court set forth its conclusion of law that the
ground of wanton disregard had been proven without identifying the specific findings of
fact upon which the conclusion was based, we conclude that the ground has not been
established by the requisite standard.

      Accordingly, reverse the trial court’s finding that the ground of abandonment by
wanton disregard was established.

                                     II. BEST INTEREST

       Having concluded that there was clear and convincing evidence supporting at least
one statutory ground of termination, we must consider whether termination was in the
best interest of the Child. In making this determination, we are guided by the following
non-exhaustive list of factors:

       (i) In determining whether termination of parental or guardianship rights is
       in the best interest of the child . . . the court shall consider, but is not
       limited to, the following:

              (1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an adjustment of
              circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the
              child’s best interest to be in the home of the parent or guardian;

              (2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a lasting
              adjustment after reasonable efforts by available social services
              agencies for such duration of time that lasting adjustment does not
              reasonably appear possible;

              (3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular visitation
              or other contact with the child;

              (4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been
              established between the parent or guardian and the child;

              (5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical environment is
              likely to have on the child’s emotional, psychological and medical
              condition;

                                            - 11 -
              (6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing with the
              parent or guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional
              or psychological abuse, or neglect toward the child, or another child
              or adult in the family or household;

              (7) Whether the physical environment of the parent’s or guardian’s
              home is healthy and safe, whether there is criminal activity in the
              home, or whether there is such use of alcohol or controlled
              substances as may render the parent or guardian consistently unable
              to care for the child in a safe and stable manner;

              (8) Whether the parent’s or guardian’s mental and/or emotional
              status would be detrimental to the child or prevent the parent or
              guardian from effectively providing safe and stable care and
              supervision for the child; or

              (9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support consistent
              with the child support guidelines promulgated by the department
              pursuant to § 36-5-101.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i). “This list is not exhaustive, and the statute does not
require a trial court to find the existence of each enumerated factor before it may
conclude that terminating a parent’s parental rights is in the best interest of a child.” In re
M.A.R., 183 S.W.3d 652, 667 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). The General Assembly has also
stated that “when the best interest[] of the child and those of the adults are in conflict,
such conflict shall always be resolved to favor the rights and the best interest[] of the
child, which interests are hereby recognized as constitutionally protected.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-101(d); see also White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 194 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2004) (holding that when considering a child’s best interest, the court must take the
child’s perspective, rather than the parent’s).

       We acknowledge Father’s current efforts to rehabilitate himself and his desire to
build a relationship with the Child. However, Father was still incarcerated at the time of
the hearing and will not be released for at least another year. The Child has bonded with
her step-father, and a change of caretakers at this point in the Child’s life would be
detrimental to her emotional condition when she has not visited with Father since her first
birthday and does not know her step-father is not her biological parent. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(5). The Child should be allowed to achieve permanency and stability
in her current home. With all of the above considerations in mind, we conclude that there
was clear and convincing evidence to establish that termination of Father’s parental rights
was in the best interest of the Child. We affirm the trial court.


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                                   IN CONCLUSION

       We reverse the trial court’s determination that the ground of abandonment by
wanton disregard for the child’s welfare was established. However, we affirm the trial
court’s determination that two other grounds were established and that termination of
Father’s parental rights is in the Child’s best interest. Accordingly, we affirm the
termination of Father’s parental rights. Costs of appeal are assessed against Father.


                                                 ________________________________
                                                 FRANK G. CLEMENT JR., P.J., M.S.




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