                 NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            File Name: 18a0135n.06

                                         No. 17-3328

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                    FILED
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                              )                      Mar 15, 2018
                                                       )                  DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                             )
                                                       )      ON APPEAL FROM THE
v.                                                     )      UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                       )      COURT FOR THE
KRISTOPHER COURTNEY,                                   )      NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
                                                       )      OHIO
       Defendant-Appellant.                            )
                                                       )



       Before: KEITH, KETHLEDGE, and DONALD, Circuit Judges.

       KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. A federal jury convicted Kristopher Courtney of various

gun and drug charges. On appeal, Courtney argues that the district court erred by denying his

motion to suppress and that the government lacked sufficient evidence to prove him guilty.

We reject his arguments and affirm.

                                               I.

       In August 2016, an informant told Cleveland Police Detective Robert McKay that

Courtney was using an apartment on 130th Street to sell heroin. McKay checked property

records and learned that Courtney had bought the apartment in 2012 and later sold it (along with

ten other properties) to a company owned by his nephew.

       McKay and other officers then began to surveil Courtney and—pursuant to a warrant—

attached a GPS device to his pickup truck. They observed the following pattern: Courtney
No. 17-3328, United States v. Courtney


arrived at the apartment each day around noon, unlocked the door, and went inside; and

thereafter, throughout the day, people walked up to the apartment, went inside for a few minutes,

and then left. On one occasion, Courtney walked out of the building and up to a car where he

engaged in a hand-to-hand transaction with someone inside. In addition, half a dozen times a

day, Courtney left the apartment and drove to houses throughout Cleveland. In doing so, he

drove only on side streets, circled city blocks repeatedly, and travelled routes that took him miles

out of his way. When he arrived at a house, Courtney parked his truck and went inside for a few

minutes or exchanged small items with people outside.

       Courtney typically stayed at the 130th Street apartment until around midnight, locked the

apartment door as he left, and drove somewhere else to spend the night—usually a house on

Shady Oak Boulevard, or another on Normandy Road. Detective McKay again checked property

records and learned that the house on Shady Oak was owned by a woman with whom Courtney

had lived in the past. Officers later searched the trash behind the house on Normandy, and found

a bank statement addressed to Courtney.

       Eighteen days after the informant’s tip, McKay presented affidavits to an Ohio judge

detailing information from the informant, the property records, the GPS findings, and the

officers’ own observations, among other things. The judge signed warrants to search three

residences: the apartment on 130th and the houses on Shady Oak and Normandy. The next day

McKay and other officers searched all three residences simultaneously.

       In the apartment building, officers found 58 grams of heroin, 140 grams of cocaine, a

196-gram mixture of heroin and fentanyl, hundreds of plastic bags and rubber gloves, a loaded

rifle, a digital scale with heroin residue, a pill bottle with Courtney’s name on it, mail addressed

to Courtney, and a loaded sawed-off shotgun. At the house on Shady Oak, officers found plastic



                                                -2-
No. 17-3328, United States v. Courtney


bags, rubber gloves, a device to compress powder into smaller sizes, another device to vacuum-

seal bags, digital scales, and paperwork from the Cleveland Municipal Court with Courtney’s

name on it. At the house on Normandy, officers found a pistol and bank statements with

Courtney’s name on them.

       As the searches began, officers pulled over Courtney’s truck to the side of the road.

A few minutes later, the government says, the officers at the apartment radioed the officers who

had stopped Courtney and told them about the drugs and mail in the apartment. The officers then

arrested Courtney, drove him to the apartment, and read him his Miranda rights. McKay later

asked Courtney for the keys to the apartment, which Courtney said were in his truck.

       An officer retrieved the keys and Detective McKay used them to lock the apartment.

Officers later towed the truck per Cleveland police department policy. Over the next few days,

Detective McKay got two more warrants: one to search the building’s downstairs apartment,

which was mostly empty, and another to search the truck, where officers found mail addressed to

Courtney and to his nephew’s company.

       A federal grand jury later indicted Courtney on five counts: possession with intent to

distribute heroin and fentanyl; possession with intent to distribute heroin; possession with intent

to distribute cocaine; being a felon in possession of a firearm; and maintaining a drug-involved

premises. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B), and (b)(1)(C); 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1); 21 U.S.C.

§ 856(a)(2).

       Courtney thereafter moved to suppress the evidence found in the apartment building, at

the houses, and in his truck. The district court held that the warrant affidavits established

probable cause to search those places. The court also held that police had illegally seized

Courtney when they first pulled over his truck, but that they gained probable cause to arrest him



                                                -3-
No. 17-3328, United States v. Courtney


five minutes later, when they learned that drugs and mail addressed to him had been found in the

apartment. Hence the court denied the motion to suppress.

       After a two-day trial, the jury convicted Courtney on all counts. He then filed a motion

for judgment of acquittal or a new trial. The court denied his motion and later sentenced him to

140 months’ imprisonment. This appeal followed.

                                               II.

                                               A.

       Courtney challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress on three grounds

that merit discussion here. We review de novo the court’s denial of that motion. See United

States v. Hockenberry, 730 F.3d 645, 657 (6th Cir. 2013).

       First, Courtney argues that police lacked probable cause to search the apartment building,

the houses, and his truck. Probable cause means a “fair probability that contraband or evidence

of a crime will be found in a particular place.” United States v. Coffee, 434 F.3d 887, 892 (6th

Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, Detective McKay’s affidavits recited that

an informant had said Courtney sold heroin out of his apartment. The affidavits further recited

what the officers themselves had seen: throughout the day Courtney typically let people into the

apartment who stayed for only a few moments; outside the apartment, Courtney made a hand-to-

hand exchange that looked like a drug sale; Courtney drove his truck from the apartment to

numerous houses where he made similar hand-to-hand exchanges; and Courtney often circled the

block to see if anyone was following him. That information established a fair probability that

police would find drugs and evidence of drug trafficking in the apartment building and in

Courtney’s truck.




                                              -4-
No. 17-3328, United States v. Courtney


       Detective McKay’s affidavits also recited that, when Courtney left the apartment at night,

he drove miles out of his way to lose anyone following him; that he spent most nights at the

houses on Shady Oak or Normandy; that the Shady Oak house was owned by a woman with

whom Courtney had lived in the past; and that officers had found Courtney’s bank statement in

the trash outside the Normandy house. That information established a fair probability that drugs

and evidence of drug trafficking would likewise be found at the houses.

       Yet Courtney contends that the affidavits failed to establish probable cause because the

informant gave information based on hearsay rather than personal observation. But the Rules of

Evidence hardly govern questions of probable cause. Detective McKay’s affidavits recited that

he had known the informant for 15 years, and that the informant had given information in the

past that led police to execute search warrants and seize illegal drugs. To corroborate what the

informant said, Detective McKay watched the apartment, followed Courtney, attached a GPS to

Courtney’s truck, and searched property records. Thus the district court did not err when it

determined that the affidavits established probable cause based in part on what the informant had

told Detective McKay. See United States v. Brown, 732 F.3d 569, 574 (6th Cir. 2013).

       Second, Courtney argues that police lacked probable cause to arrest him. Plainly they did

have probable cause: by the time the officers formally placed Courtney under arrest, the officers

searching the apartment had told them that drugs had been found there. At that time, therefore, a

reasonable person would think that Courtney had committed a crime. See United States v.

Harness, 453 F.3d 752, 754 (6th Cir. 2006). Nor, contrary to Courtney’s suggestion here, did the

district court need to hold an evidentiary hearing to make that determination, since Courtney did

not dispute in the district court that the arresting officers knew about the drugs in the apartment




                                                -5-
No. 17-3328, United States v. Courtney


when they formally arrested him. See United States v. Abboud, 438 F.3d 554, 577 (6th Cir.

2006).

         Courtney’s third argument rests on the premise—which the government does not dispute

here—that the officers lacked probable cause when they seized Courtney in his truck as the

searches began. And from that premise, Courtney seems to think, it follows that the district court

should have granted his motion to suppress in full. Again he is mistaken. The illegal seizure

lasted only five minutes (before the officers arrested him with probable cause), and the officers

recovered no evidence as a result of it. Instead, the officers searched his truck pursuant to a

lawful inventory search only after they lawfully arrested him. See United States v. Jackson,

682 F.3d 448, 455 (6th Cir. 2012).

         Courtney’s remaining arguments as to suppression are either not developed or likewise

meritless. The district court correctly denied his motion to suppress.

                                                 B.

         Courtney challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his convictions. We ask

only whether any rational jury “could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt.” United States v. Castano, 543 F.3d 826, 837 (6th Cir. 2008).

         Specifically, Courtney argues that the government failed to prove at trial that he (rather

than someone else) possessed the drugs and guns found in the apartment building. As repeatedly

detailed above, however, the evidence at trial easily allowed the jury to find that Courtney had

the power to “exercise dominion and control” over the drugs and guns. See United States v.

Hunter, 558 F.3d 495, 504 (6th Cir. 2009). Hence this argument too is meritless.

         The district court’s judgment is affirmed.




                                                 -6-
