                                                                NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 17-1785
                                       ___________

                                  GLENN ESKRIDGE,
                                            Appellant

                                             v.

           PHILADELPHIA HOUSING AUTHORITY; JOANNE STRAUSS;
                           KELVIN A. JEREMIAH
                   ____________________________________

                            On Appeal from the District Court
                         for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                            (E.D. Pa. Civ. No. 2-15-cv-05576)
                      District Judge: Honorable Wendy Beetlestone
                      ____________________________________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                 on January 22, 2018

   Before: GREENAWAY, JR., and KRAUSE, Circuit Judges, and JONES, District
                                 Judge

                            (Opinion filed: January 24, 2018)
                                     ___________

                                        OPINION*
                                       ___________




       
          The Honorable John E. Jones III, United States District Judge for the Middle
District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
       *
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
does not constitute binding precedent.
KRAUSE, Circuit Judge.

       Glenn Eskridge, an African American Sergeant in the Philadelphia Housing

Authority Police Department (PHAPD), appeals the District Court’s orders granting

summary judgment against him on his retaliation and equal protection claims arising out

of his demotion and alleged subsequent mistreatment. We will affirm.

I.     Background

       Eskridge dated Nanette Jordan, an Officer in the PHDPA, from 2005 to 2015. In

2013, after the Philadelphia Housing Authority (PHA) instituted a policy prohibiting any

employee from directly or indirectly supervising another employee with whom he or she

has a “close relationship,” including “a romantic or intimate relationship,” App. 72–73,

PHA’s Office of Audit and Compliance (OAC) began looking into whether Eskridge and

Jordan’s relationship complied with the policy. Because Eskridge, an Inspector at the

time, did not then supervise Jordan, OAC initially concluded their relationship did not

violate the policy. But when subsequent personnel changes placed Jordan within

Eskridge’s chain of command, OAC reversed course and urged Human Resources to take

corrective action. After considering several options, PHA’s head of Human Resources,

Joanne Strauss, recommended moving Eskridge to a lower rank; Kelvin Jeremiah, PHA’s

President and Chief Executive Officer, then approved that recommendation; and, in July

2014, Eskridge was demoted from Inspector to Sergeant, a position he retains to this day.


                                            2
       Well before his demotion, Eskridge had learned of complaints that other black

PHAPD supervisors were mistreating white officers, and, in late 2013, he had brought the

matter to the attention of PHAPD’s Chief of Police, warning him, “[I]f you don’t do

something you’re going to have a lawsuit.” App. 94. As a result, when—six months

later—Eskridge found out he was being demoted, he allegedly believed it was a

consequence of that warning, and so in June 2014 he filed a charge with the Equal

Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), alleging discrimination, retaliation, and

hostile work environment.

       That October, Eskridge assumed his role as a Sergeant—he had been on paid

medical leave since before his demotion for “stress and anxiety,” App. 193, but

conditions at work, he maintains, quickly changed. First, he was assigned “extra . . .

responsibilities.” App. 136. Likewise, when the PHDPA thereafter began assigning

Sergeants longer shifts, all Sergeants were teamed in pairs except Eskridge, who was

required to work his shift alone. Finally, Eskridge applied for promotions to Lieutenant

or Inspector but did not receive either position.

       Eskridge then filed this action in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, naming as

Defendants PHA, Strauss, and Jeremiah, and bringing claims for (1) discrimination,

retaliation, and hostile work environment in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act

of 1964 and the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act (PHRA); (2) retaliation in violation

of the First Amendment; and (3) denial of equal protection in violation of the Fourteenth

Amendment. Defendants moved for summary judgment. The District Court granted the
                                              3
motion in part, entering summary judgment on all of Eskridge’s claims other than his

retaliation claims to the extent they were based on conduct occurring after his demotion

or his equal protection claims, on the ground that Defendants’ briefing had not addressed

the factual basis for those claims. After giving Defendants leave to file another motion

for summary judgment, the District Court found the remaining claims insufficient and

granted summary judgment on them as well.

       This appeal followed.

II.    Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

       The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1367(a), and we

have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review a District Court’s decision granting

summary judgment de novo. Sikora v. UPMC, 876 F.3d 110, 113 (3d Cir. 2017).

Summary judgment is appropriate when, taking all facts and inferences in favor of the

nonmoving party, “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Steele v. Cicchi, 855 F.3d 494, 500 (3d Cir.

2017) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)).

III.   Discussion

       Eskridge purports to appeal the dismissal of all his claims, but his brief discusses

only his retaliation and equal protection claims, and we therefore deem the remainder

forfeited. Royce v. Hahn, 151 F.3d 116, 125 (3d Cir. 1998) (“[W]e will not review

matters that were not even discussed in the briefs filed in this Court.”). For the reasons


                                             4
explained below, we conclude Eskridge has not identified any genuine dispute of material

fact with respect to either set of claims.

       As an initial matter, we are compelled to address the strikingly inadequate

advocacy of Eskridge’s attorney, Brian Puricelli. After review of his largely

incomprehensible brief, riddled with typographical and grammatical errors, it is apparent

that Mr. Puricelli not only has failed to live up to his obligations to his client, but also has

violated his duties as an Officer of the Court. Of particular note, Mr. Puricelli’s

assertions of material fact generally are not followed by any citations to the record. Not

only is this conduct in violation of the requirement that briefs contain “citations to the . . .

parts of the record on which the appellant relies,” Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8)(A), but our

independent review of the record indicates many of these assertions lack any support at

all. What’s more, among the few times Mr. Puricelli does provide record citations, he

misrepresents outright what the record shows. While we have pierced through

Mr. Puricelli’s deficiencies to consider fully the substance of Eskridge’s appeal, we

admonish Mr. Puricelli that future noncompliance with his obligations and

responsibilities as counsel before this Court will risk a referral for disciplinary action.

       A.     Retaliation Claims

       To prove retaliation under Title VII, the PHRA, or the First Amendment, a

plaintiff must show that his “protected activity was a but-for cause of the alleged adverse

action by the employer.” Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 133 S. Ct. 2517, 2534

(2013) (Title VII); Connelly v. Lane Constr. Corp., 809 F.3d 780, 792 n.9 (3d Cir. 2016)
                                               5
(PHRA); Mirabella v. Villard, 853 F.3d 641, 651 (3d Cir. 2017) (First Amendment).

Because Eskridge has not identified any evidence showing his protected activity was

linked to his demotion or alleged subsequent mistreatment, he has not met this burden

and, therefore, he cannot establish his retaliation claims as a matter of law.

       First, while Eskridge asserts he was demoted because he complained of

discrimination in the PHAPD, there is no indication that the individuals who made that

decision—Strauss and Jeremiah—knew of Eskridge’s complaints at the time he was

demoted, and “for protected conduct to be a . . . factor in a decision, the decisionmakers

must be aware of the protected conduct,” Ambrose v. Township of Robinson, 303 F.3d

488, 493 (3d Cir. 2002). While before us, Eskridge omits to mention the lack of evidence

on this point, he acknowledged it in the District Court and argued there nevertheless was

a “question of material fact” as to whether “Strauss and Jeremiah had [such] knowledge”

because Eskridge “cannot recall if he had conversations with either . . . about the

complaints.” App. 88. Such “speculation and conjecture,” however, “may not defeat a

motion for summary judgment.” Wharton v. Danberg, 854 F.3d 234, 244 (3d Cir. 2017)

(brackets omitted) (quoting Acumed LLC v. Advanced Surgical Servs., Inc., 561 F.3d 199,

228 (3d Cir. 2009)).

       Second, Eskridge’s claim based on alleged mistreatment following his demotion

likewise lacks record support. While Strauss and Jeremiah were both aware that Eskridge

had filed an EEOC charge, there is no evidence that either played any role in the

decisions to assign him more work or not to promote him. Eskridge asserts it was
                                              6
“Jeremiah’s decision to increase [his] workload,” Appellant’s Br. 9, but the portion of the

record he relies on for that proposition shows only that his workload was increased, not

that Jeremiah had anything to do with it. Indeed, when Eskridge was asked at his

deposition to identify the individual responsible for assigning him more work, he replied:

“I don’t know. I don’t know who.” App. 186. Likewise, though Eskridge contends he

was “skipped over for promotions by Strauss and Jeremiah,” Appellant’s Br. 5, nothing in

the record shows Strauss or Jeremiah were involved in those decisions.

       Shifting arguments, Eskridge suggests that, regardless of who was responsible for

any of this alleged mistreatment, we should infer it was done with a retaliatory motive

because “only . . . 4 months elapsed between [his] . . . EEOC complaint” and the

employment actions at issue. Appellant’s Br. 9. We disagree. For “temporal proximity”

between protected activity and an adverse action to establish causation on its own, the

gap must be “very close,” Clark Cty. Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 273 (2001) (per

curiam) (quoting O’Neal v. Ferguson Constr. Co., 237 F.3d 1248, 1253 (10th Cir. 2001)),

and we have found gaps even shorter than four months insufficient to prove causation,

see LeBoon v. Lancaster Jewish Cmty. Ctr. Ass’n, 503 F.3d 217, 233 (3d Cir. 2007) (“[A]

gap of three months between the protected activity and the adverse action, without more,

cannot create an inference of causation and defeat summary judgment.”). While Eskridge

alternatively argues the broader “circumstances” here support that inference, Appellant’s

Br. 10, he does not support that assertion with any citation to the record.


                                              7
       In sum, we will affirm the District Court’s grant of summary judgment on

Eskridge’s retaliation claims.



       B.     Equal Protection Claims

       We also will reject Eskridge’s equal protection claims. To establish a denial of

equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment, a plaintiff “must prove the existence

of purposeful discrimination.” Chambers ex rel. Chambers v. Sch. Dist. of Phila. Bd. of

Educ., 587 F.3d 176, 196 (3d Cir. 2009) (quoting Andrews v. City of Philadelphia, 895

F.2d 1469, 1478 (3d Cir. 1990)). Over four pages of briefing on these claims, the only

evidence Eskridge offers to meet that standard is the following: “Plaintiff is African

American.” Appellant’s Br. 18. That is woefully insufficient. The rest of Eskridge’s

arguments are devoted to the District Court’s ostensibly improper decision to grant

Appellees leave to file a second summary judgment motion, but that decision is not

before us, and even if it were, a summary judgment motion may be filed at any time “the

court orders.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(b). We thus perceive no error in the District Court’s

grant of summary judgment on Eskridge’s equal protection claims.

                                        *    *    *

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s orders granting

Appellees summary judgment on all claims.




                                             8
