                                  Cite as 2017 Ark. App. 480


                  ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
                                         DIVISION I
                                       No.CR-16-1079
                                                  OPINION DELIVERED: SEPTEMBER 27, 2017
KOREY K. BROWN
                                 APPELLANT APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI
                                           COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT,
                                           FIRST DIVISION
                                           [NO. 60CR-14-2410]
V.
                                                  HONORABLE LEON JOHNSON,
                                                  JUDGE

STATE OF ARKANSAS
                                   APPELLEE AFFIRMED


                              ROBERT J. GLADWIN, Judge

        Appellant, Korey Brown, appeals his conviction by the Pulaski County Circuit Court

 on a charge of committing theft of automobile by threat, for which he was sentenced as a

 habitual offender to eighteen years’ imprisonment. Appellant’s sole point on appeal is that

 the trial court erred in denying his motion for a directed verdict. We affirm.

                                 I. Facts and Procedural History

        On April 6, 2016, the State filed an amended three-count felony information alleging

 that on or about January 22, 2014, appellant committed three felony offenses against J.L.

 The three felony offenses were (1) rape; (2) kidnapping; and (3) theft of J.L.’s automobile

 by threat of serious physical injury. In the information, the State also alleged that appellant

 was a habitual offender with four or more prior felony convictions.

        At appellant’s jury trial held on May 10–12, 2016, the State offered proof through

 J.L.’s testimony that appellant allegedly threatened J.L. in order to obtain her automobile.
                                 Cite as 2017 Ark. App. 480

She testified as to the events that occurred early on the morning of January 22, 2014,

involving her encounter with appellant that resulted in the above-described charges.

       Appellant preserved at trial the issue now on appeal at trial by complying with

Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 33.1(a) (2016) when, at the close of the State’s

presentation of its case-in-chief, appellant’s trial counsel moved for a directed verdict on

theft by threat as a lesser offense of theft by threat of serious physical injury, based on the

State’s failure to prove that appellant made any kind of threat to J.L. in order to obtain her

automobile. The trial court denied this directed-verdict motion. At the close of presentation

of all the evidence, appellant’s counsel renewed the earlier motion for a directed verdict,

which the trial court also denied.

       The jury was unable to reach a verdict on the rape charge but found appellant (1)

not guilty of kidnapping and (2) guilty of having committed theft of J.L.’s automobile by

threat. The jury sentenced appellant, as a habitual offender, to eighteen years’ imprisonment

pursuant to a sentencing order filed on May 24, 2016, and an amended sentencing order

filed on June 2, 2016. Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal on June 20, 2016.

                                     II. Standard of Review

       The denial of a motion for directed verdict is treated as a challenge to the sufficiency

of the evidence. Petty v. State, 2017 Ark. App. 347, __ S.W.3d __. When the sufficiency of

the evidence is challenged on appeal, the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to

the verdict. Id. The appellate court considers only the evidence that supports the verdict.

Id. The verdict will be affirmed if it is supported by substantial evidence. Id. Evidence is

substantial if it is of sufficient force and character to compel reasonable minds to reach a


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conclusion and pass beyond suspicion and conjecture. Id. This court does not weigh the

evidence presented at trial nor does this court assess the credibility of witnesses. Fronterhouse

v. State, 2015 Ark. App. 211, 463 S.W.3d 312. The fact-finder is free to believe all or part

of a witness’s testimony and may resolve all questions of conflicting testimony and

inconsistent evidence. Id. Inconsistent testimony does not render proof insufficient as a

matter of law. Harmon v. State, 340 Ark. 18, 8 S.W.3d 472 (2000). Criminal intent can be

inferred from one’s behavior under the circumstances. Id. It is presumed that a person

intends the natural and probable consequences of his or her acts. Id.

                                        III. Discussion

       Appellant argues that the State failed to introduce substantial evidence that he

obtained J.L.’s automobile by threat. Appellant submits that J.L.’s testimony established that,

while his conduct showed an intention to inflict harm toward her, the State failed to

introduce substantial evidence that appellant’s menacing behavior was specifically directed

toward obtaining J.L.’s automobile. He notes that J.L. never specifically testified that she let

appellant obtain her automobile because she believed he would harm her. Appellant submits

that the jury had to speculate as to what offense the State was arguing that his conduct was

directed toward achieving—the rape, the kidnapping, or the theft of J.L.’s automobile.

Appellant argues that the crucial proof missing from the State’s case was testimony from J.L.

that he obtained her automobile because she felt threatened by him.

       “Threat,” as is relevant to this case, is defined as “a menace, however communicated,

to: cause physical injury to any person.” Ark. Code Ann. § 5-36-101(11)(A)(i) (Supp. 2015).

Although “menace” is not defined in the Arkansas Criminal Code, the ordinary, dictionary


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definition of “menace” is “a show of intention to inflict harm.” See Saffold v. State, 951 So.

2d 777, 780 (Ala. Crim. App. 2006). A person “obtains” property by theft by threat by

bringing about a transfer of the property. Ark. Code Ann. §§ 5-36-101(7)(A); 5-36-

103(a)(2) (Repl. 2013).

       Appellant argues that even when viewed in the light most favorable to the State,

J.L.’s trial testimony established that while his conduct toward her showed an intention to

inflict harm on her, his intention to inflict harm on her was not specifically directed toward

obtaining her automobile. Appellant compares the facts of a rape and robbery case, Carter v.

State, 295 Ark. 218, 748 S.W.2d 127 (1988), to illustrate the absence of the State’s proof on

this point. In Carter, during a home-invasion rape, the defendant beat the victim, threatened

her with a knife, and then raped her. After he had raped her, the defendant went through

the victim’s purse looking for money. On appeal, the defendant argued that there was no

substantial evidence that he committed robbery because he exercised no physical force

against the victim after he had raped her. The Arkansas Supreme Court rejected this

argument, noting that when the defendant was going through the victim’s purse, “she

thought he would start hitting her again.” Carter, 295 Ark. at 222–23, 748 S.W.2d at 129.

       Contrast those facts with this case in which appellant notes that there was no similar

testimony from J.L.. She never testified at trial that she allowed appellant to drive her

automobile because she feared that he would punch her again or otherwise inflict harm on

her. Without such testimony, appellant urges that the jury could only speculate that he

punched J.L. in the face to obtain control of her automobile or that he did so to facilitate

commission of the offenses of rape or kidnapping.


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       We disagree, and we hold that the trial court did not err in denying his motion for

directed verdict. J.L.’s testimony included that, in the early morning hours of January 22,

2014, after several hours of drinking with friends that left her moderately intoxicated, she

left a bar and got into her white 2013 Scion TC. The next thing she remembered was

driving down Main Street with appellant in the passenger seat of her automobile, although

she did not remember how he got there. J.L. testified that, upon noticing appellant in her

passenger seat, she slammed on the brakes and ordered him out of the automobile. She

explained that appellant then hit her in the face, that “everything went black,” and that

when she eventually came to in the passenger seat, appellant was driving her automobile

around town. We hold that at that point, appellant had committed theft by threat, based on

evidence that he took unauthorized control of J.L.’s automobile by threatening to cause

physical injury to her via his hitting her in the face and displacing her from the driver’s seat.

See Ark. Code Ann. § 5-36-101(10)(A)(i) and (ii); and § 5-36-103(a).

       We also hold that appellant continued to exercise unauthorized control over J.L.’s

person and her automobile by not allowing her to drive it and by refusing to let her out of

the automobile. Testimony indicated that, at a stoplight, when J.L. tried to kick her door

open and get out, appellant grabbed her and pulled her back in, which caused her to drop

her phone. Appellant kept driving the automobile, though she had never asked him to or

given him permission to drive it. J.L. testified that appellant kept saying that he “messed

up,” and she explained that she was worried about her safety.

       We note that, even after J.L. eventually escaped from the automobile, appellant

continued to behave in such a manner that could have led the jury to conclude that his


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earlier threatening behavior was intended, at least in part, to facilitate the theft of J.L.’s

automobile. Rather than leaving the automobile in the cul-de-sac, appellant continued to

drive it, even refueling it so that he could continue to drive it. It was not until he was

pursued by a police car with blue lights flashing that he abandoned the automobile and fled

on foot. Accordingly, we hold that the jury reasonably could have concluded from

appellant’s actions after J.L. escaped that the theft of the automobile was at least part of his

purpose in behaving in a threatening manner toward her. See Harmon, 340 Ark. at 26, 8

S.W.3d at 477.

       We find no merit in appellant’s argument that the State’s proof was deficient because

J.L. never specifically stated that she “let” appellant control her automobile because she

believed he would inflict harm on her. That argument is based on the incorrect assumption

that she ever “let”—or allowed—appellant have control of her automobile. The evidence,

viewed in the light most favorable to the State, indicates that appellant took the automobile

from J.L. by threat of force and never returned it. Her leaving the automobile while he still

maintained control does not equate to her “letting” him have control or use of the

automobile; rather, it is evidence that she escaped from appellant, who had stolen her

automobile, threatened her, and physically assaulted her. Accordingly, we affirm.

       Affirmed.

       HARRISON and KLAPPENBACH, JJ., agree.

       William R. Simpson, Jr., Public Defender, by: Clint Miller, Deputy Public Defender,
for appellant.

       Leslie Rutledge, Att’y Gen., by: Karen Virginia Wallace, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.




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