                    United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
      ___________

      No. 06-4102
      ___________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
            Appellee,                   *
                                        *
      v.                                *
                                        *
Nicole Tipton,                          *
                                        *
            Appellant.                  *

      ___________                           Appeals from the United States
                                            District Court for the
      No. 06-4134                           Northern District of Iowa.
      ___________

United States of America,              *
                                       *
            Appellee,                  *
                                       *
      v.                               *
                                       *
Sadik Seferi,                          *
                                       *
            Appellant.                 *
                                  ___________

                             Submitted: October 16, 2007
                                Filed: March 6, 2008
                                 ___________

Before MURPHY, MELLOY, and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________
COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.

       Sadik Seferi and Nicole Tipton were convicted of hiring, harboring, and
conspiring to hire and harbor unlawful aliens working at a restaurant owned by
Tipton. The district court1 sentenced Seferi to 30 months’ imprisonment and Tipton
to 27 months’ imprisonment. Seferi and Tipton argue on appeal that there was
insufficient evidence to support their convictions. Tipton also contends that the
district court erred at sentencing when it calculated the advisory guidelines range. We
affirm the judgments of the district court.

                                           I.

      We recite the evidence presented at trial in a light most favorable to the verdict.
According to this evidence, Tipton purchased The Galley restaurant in Vinton, Iowa,
on June 2, 2005. Tipton hired, supervised, and paid the wait staff. Seferi hired,
supervised, and paid the kitchen staff. Tipton and Seferi split the restaurant’s profits
equally.

       On March 6, 2006, acting on a tip from local police, agents of the Bureau of
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) executed search warrants at The Galley
and at an apartment used to house Galley workers. They discovered evidence that six
undocumented aliens had worked in the restaurant’s kitchen since September 2005.

       The ICE agents found job applications, W-4 documents, and I-9 forms for every
employee of the Galley, except for the six aliens. The personnel files for some of the
aliens contained counterfeit identity documents. An ICE agent described one of these
documents at trial as a “fantasy document.” The six undocumented aliens were paid


      1
        The Honorable Linda R. Reade, United States District Judge for the Northern
District of Iowa.

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in cash and below the minimum wage, while all other employees were paid by check.
The Galley withheld income tax and paid unemployment insurance premiums for all
employees except for the six aliens.

       The agents discovered that Tipton provided an apartment for the undocumented
aliens. The apartment was in Tipton’s name, and she paid the rent and utilities. At
Tipton’s request, the aliens later moved out of the apartment and rented a different
place. Although one of the aliens signed the second lease, Tipton selected the
apartment, completed the leasing documents, and paid the $375 deposit using her
personal checking account.

       On March 14, 2006, a grand jury indicted both defendants under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1324(a)(1)(A) for harboring illegal aliens, under 8 U.S.C. § 1324a(a)(1)(A) for
hiring unauthorized aliens, and under 18 U.S.C. § 371 for conspiring to hire and
harbor illegal aliens. After a joint trial, a jury found both defendants guilty on all
three counts, and the district court sentenced Seferi to 30 months’ imprisonment and
Tipton to 27 months’ imprisonment. In calculating the advisory guidelines range, the
court applied a specific offense characteristic under USSG § 2L1.1(b)(2)(A) for
harboring six or more unlawful aliens, and increased each defendant’s offense level
under USSG § 3B1.4 on the ground that the defendant used a minor to commit the
offense.

                                         II.

                                         A.

       In reviewing the appellants’ challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we
consider the record in the light most favorable to the verdict. We inquire whether a
jury reasonably could find proof beyond a reasonable doubt of the charged offenses.
United States v. Red Bird, 450 F.3d 789, 791 (8th Cir. 2006).

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       Tipton and Seferi argue that there was insufficient proof to show that they
violated 8 U.S.C. § 1324a(a)(1)(A), which makes it unlawful to hire an alien for
employment in the United States while knowing that the alien is an “unauthorized
alien.” An unauthorized alien is one who is not either lawfully admitted to the United
States for permanent residence, or authorized by law to be employed in the United
States. 8 U.S.C. § 1324a(h)(3).

       We conclude that the evidence presented at trial was adequate to support the
convictions of both defendants on this charge. There is no dispute that the six aliens
were unauthorized within the meaning of the statute, and there was sufficient evidence
from which a jury reasonably could infer that Tipton and Seferi knew that the aliens
were unauthorized. Rather than hire these aliens based on a job application and
interview, Seferi hired three of them at a truck stop without a job application, form of
identification, or employment verification form. Tipton and Seferi treated the six
aliens differently than they treated employees legally in the United States: they
withheld no federal income tax from the aliens’ wages, made no contribution to
unemployment insurance on their behalf, and paid them in cash at a rate far below the
minimum wage. Seferi drove the aliens to and from work from an apartment that
Tipton maintained for them. These circumstances adequately support an inference
that Tipton and Seferi knew the aliens were unauthorized.

       We also conclude that the evidence is sufficient to support the appellants’
convictions for harboring illegal aliens. The statute makes it unlawful to “harbor” an
alien, knowing or in reckless disregard of the fact that the alien has come to, entered,
or remained in the United States in violation of the law. 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A)(iii).
Harboring means any conduct that “substantially facilitate[s] an alien’s remaining in
the United States illegally.” (R. Doc. 52, Jury Instruction 14); United States v. Rubio-
Gonzales, 674 F.2d 1067, 1073 (5th Cir. 1982). A jury reasonably could conclude
that Tipton and Seferi harbored these aliens by granting them employment, by
providing the aliens a place to live, daily transportation, and money to purchase

                                          -4-
necessities, and by maintaining counterfeit immigration papers for each alien. See
United States v. Sanchez, 963 F.2d 152, 155 (8th Cir. 1992); United States v. Kim, 193
F.3d 567, 574-75 (2d Cir. 1999). The same evidence that supported a finding that
Tipton and Seferi knew the aliens were unauthorized for employment also furnished
an adequate basis for the jury to conclude that the appellants knew or recklessly
disregarded the fact that the aliens were unlawfully in the country.

       The government also presented sufficient evidence to support the conspiracy
conviction. The offense of conspiracy as charged in this case requires that the
defendants knowingly reached an agreement or understanding either to hire
unauthorized aliens or to harbor them, and that at least one defendant took an act in
furtherance of the conspiracy. See 18 U.S.C. § 371; United States v. Bertling, 510
F.3d 804, 808 (8th Cir. 2007). There was sufficient circumstantial evidence of an
agreement or understanding between Tipton and Seferi. The Galley restaurant was
run as a joint enterprise. Tipton and Seferi resided together, and divided equally the
duties and profits of the restaurant. Tipton ran the dining room and kept the
restaurant’s books. Seferi hired, paid, and managed the kitchen staff, including the
six aliens. Tipton maintained an apartment for the aliens from which Seferi
transported them to work at the restaurant. A reasonable jury thus could have
concluded that the two defendants had formed an agreement with respect to hiring and
harboring the undocumented aliens. Once the jury found the requisite agreement, any
of the several acts discussed above satisfied the element of an overt act in furtherance
of the agreement.

                                          B.

      Tipton also appeals her sentence, arguing that the district court erroneously
calculated the advisory guidelines range. In particular, she challenges the district
court’s application of a specific offense characteristic under USSG § 2L1.1(b)(2)(A)



                                          -5-
for harboring six or more unlawful aliens, and the court’s increase of her offense level
under USSG § 3B1.4 for use of a minor to commit the offense.

       A specific offense characteristic applies, resulting in an increase of three
offense levels, where an offense involves the “harboring of six or more unlawful
aliens.” USSG § 2L1.1(b)(2). The district court found that Tipton harbored six
unlawful aliens, and this finding was not clearly erroneous. Four unlawful aliens were
living at the apartment that Tipton rented for use by Galley workers. Seferi identified
two additional aliens who were detained at the apartment as workers in the Galley
kitchen. All six aliens were paid in cash below minimum wage, with no taxes
withheld, and with payment recorded on a separate log apparently reserved for
unlawful aliens. This evidence was sufficient to support the district court’s finding
that Tipton intended to harbor six unlawful aliens.

       The advisory sentencing guidelines also provide that the defendant’s offense
level shall be increased by two levels if she “used or attempted to use a person less
than eighteen years of age to commit the offense.” USSG § 3B1.4. The enhancement
applies even if the defendant does not know that the persons used are minors. United
States v. Voegtlin, 437 F.3d 741, 748 (8th Cir. 2006). In the district court, Tipton
disputed the application of this provision on the ground that none of the six
undocumented aliens was younger than eighteen years old. The district court found,
however, that two of the aliens were minors, and we conclude that the finding was not
clearly erroneous. One alien, J.L., testified at trial that he was only seventeen years
old. At sentencing, an ICE agent testified that the statements and appearance of
another alien who worked at the Galley established that this alien, R.V., was about
fourteen years of age. This evidence was sufficient to support the district court’s
finding.

       Tipton argues for the first time on appeal that § 3B1.4 does not apply, even if
the aliens were minors, because Tipton did not “use” or “attempt to use” them in

                                          -6-
committing the offense. The application note to § 3B1.4 states that “use or attempted
use” of a minor includes “directing, commanding, encouraging, intimidating,
counseling, training, procuring, recruiting, or soliciting.” USSG § 3B1.4, comment.
(n.1). Consistent with that listing, we have said that “the unambiguous legislative
design of section 3B1.4 is to protect minors as a class from being ‘solicited, procured,
recruited, counseled, encouraged, trained, directed, commanded, intimidated, or
otherwise used’ to commit crime.” United States v. Paine, 407 F.3d 958, 965 (8th Cir.
2005) (internal quotation omitted).

       Tipton contends that there was “no particular advantage” in employing minors
rather than adults, that the minors were not used as “a cover for employing illegal
aliens,” and that the minors were not used to escape apprehension for the offense. She
relies on United States v. Parker, 241 F.3d 1114, 1120 (9th Cir. 2001), for the
proposition that a minor’s “mere participation” in a crime is not sufficient to trigger
application of § 3B1.4, and that the government must show the defendant “acted
affirmatively to involve the minor in the crime.” This argument was not advanced at
sentencing, and the district court did not address it. We thus review the claim on
appeal under a plain error standard. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725 (1993).

       We see no basis for relief. Tipton did act affirmatively to involve the minors
in the offense. She hired them and harbored them. The plain language of the
guideline encompasses use of a minor, regardless of special advantage to the
defendant. The purpose of the enhancement – “to protect minors as a class” – is
served by punishing the use of minors whether or not there was a comparative
advantage in using minors rather than adults. It is not plain to us that these minor
aliens were not “used” to commit the offense within the meaning of § 3B1.4, given
that “use” includes recruitment, that the employees were necessary to commission of
the offense, and that the minor aliens were hired by Tipton and Seferi for employment
at the restaurant without legal authorization to work in the United States.
Accordingly, we conclude that the district court made no plain error warranting relief.

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                           *      *       *

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
                ______________________________




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