                                RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                     Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                             File Name: 06a0139p.06

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                         FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
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                               Plaintiff-Appellant, -
 RONALD E. MARSHALL,
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                                                          No. 05-5492

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          v.                                           >
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                             Defendant-Appellee. -
 COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY,

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                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Eastern District of Kentucky at Pikeville.
                    No. 02-00041—G. Wix Unthank, District Judge.
                                            Argued: March 9, 2006
                                    Decided and Filed: April 18, 2006
                     Before: GIBBONS, GRIFFIN, and BRIGHT, Circuit Judges.*
                                             _________________
                                                   COUNSEL
ARGUED: Wolodymyr Cybriwsky, LAW OFFICES OF WOLODYMYR CYBRIWSKY,
Prestonsburg, Kentucky, for Appellant.        Nancy R. Bartlett, SOCIAL SECURITY
ADMINISTRATION, OFFICE OF GENERAL COUNSEL, Atlanta, Georgia, for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: Wolodymyr Cybriwsky, LAW OFFICES OF WOLODYMYR CYBRIWSKY,
Prestonsburg, Kentucky, for Appellant. Nancy R. Bartlett, Elyse Sharfman, Dennis R. Williams,
Mary Ann Sloan, Nancy Weiss, SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION, OFFICE OF
GENERAL COUNSEL, Atlanta, Georgia, for Appellee.
                                             _________________
                                                 OPINION
                                             _________________
        GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.
       Plaintiff Ronald E. Marshall appeals an order of the district court denying his motion for
attorney’s fees brought pursuant to the Equal Access to Justice Act (“EAJA”). 28 U.S.C.
§ 2412(d)(1)(A). Marshall argues that the district court abused its discretion in ruling that he was

        *
           The Honorable Myron H. Bright, Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit,
sitting by designation.


                                                         1
No. 05-5492               Marshall v. Commissioner of Social Security                                           Page 2


not the “prevailing party” for EAJA purposes. We agree and accordingly reverse and remand for
further proceedings.
                                                           I.
        On January 30, 2002, Marshall filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the
Eastern District of Kentucky appealing the Commissioner of Social Security’s (“the Commissioner”)
partial denial of his claim for Social Security benefits. Without answering Marshall’s complaint,
the Commissioner filed a motion to1 remand his case pursuant to sentence six of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g)
to search for his missing claim file. Following Marshall’s response indicating his non-opposition,
the district court issued an order dated May 17, 2002, granting the Commissioner’s motion.
         On remand, the claim file was not located and, as a result, the Appeals Council vacated the
partial denial of Marshall’s claim on November 4, 2002, with instructions to the Administrative Law
Judge (“ALJ”) to conduct further proceedings. The Appeals Council further instructed the ALJ as
follows:
         The [ALJ] . . . will take all actions necessary to reconstruct the record in this case.
         The [ALJ] will give the claimant the opportunity to submit additional evidence
         including updated medical reports and functional assessments from the claimant’s
         treating physicians that are available for the pertinent period at issue. The [ALJ] will
         provide the claimant an opportunity to appear at a de novo hearing, based on the
         reconstructed record, develop the record pursuant to 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1512-
         404.1518 and/or 416.912-416.918, and issue a new decision.
Pursuant to the Appeals Council’s order, the ALJ conducted additional proceedings and ultimately
issued to Marshall a fully favorable decision on April 10, 2003.
         On July 1, 2003, Marshall filed a “Motion to Affirm Decision On Remand,” which the
district court subsequently granted on August 8, 2003. That same day, Marshall filed a motion
pursuant to the EAJA seeking $8,400 in attorney’s fees, plus costs of $166.19 and expenses of
$238.10. The district court subsequently issued an order on January 12, 2005, denying Marshall’s
fee petition. In doing so, the court held that Marshall was not a “prevailing party” for EAJA
purposes because no underlying litigation on the merits took place between Marshall and the
Commissioner.
         This timely appeal followed.
                                                           II.
        Marshall asserts that the district court erred in determining that he was not a “prevailing
party” for EAJA purposes. Specifically, Marshall takes issue with the court’s conclusion that no
underlying litigation of the merits occurred; indeed, Marshall points out that he earned an award of
benefits after an “extensively argued and hard-fought administrative favorable decision that took
place in the year following the U.S. District Court’s sentence six (6) remand . . . .” Moreover,
according to Marshall, the district court retained jurisdiction over the matter even when remanding
to the ALJ because “it was the Commissioner’s obligation to report back to the Court following
completion of administrative proceedings.” Given his efforts at the administrative level, alongside



         1
         Sentence six of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) provides, in pertinent part, that “[t]he court may, on motion of the
Commissioner of Social Security made for good cause shown before the Commissioner files the Commissioner’s answer,
remand the case to the Commissioner of Social Security for further action by the Commissioner of Social Security . . . .”
No. 05-5492           Marshall v. Commissioner of Social Security                                  Page 3


the fact that the district court retained jurisdiction, Marshall concludes that the favorable disposition
of his claim “has the necessary judicial imprimatur to make the Plaintiff the prevailing party.”
        We review a district court’s denial of attorney’s fees pursuant to EAJA for an abuse of
discretion. Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 559 (1988); United States v. $515,060.42 in U.S.
Currency, 152 F.3d 491, 506-07 (6th Cir. 1998).
        The EAJA provides that a court shall award fees and other expenses to a prevailing party,
other than the United States, in any civil action brought by or against the United States, unless the
court finds that the position of the United States was substantially justified or that special
circumstances would make an award unjust. 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A). Eligibility for a fee award
in a civil action therefore requires that (1) the claimant be a prevailing party, (2) the government’s
position was not “substantially justified,” and (3) no special circumstances made an award unjust.
I.N.S. v. Jean, 496 U.S. 154, 158 (1990).
                                                   A.
        To gain prevailing party status, the Supreme Court has determined that “enforceable
judgments on the merits and court-ordered consent decrees create the ‘material alteration of the legal
relationship of the parties’ necessary to permit an award of attorney’s fees.” Buckhannon Bd. &
Care Home, Inc. v. West Virginia Dep’t of Health & Human Res., 532 U.S. 598, 604 (2001) (quoting
Tex. State Teachers Ass’n v. Garland Indep. Sch. Dist., 489 U.S. 782, 792-93 (1989)); see Farrar
v. Hobby, 506 U.S. 103, 114 (1992) (“[T]he prevailing party inquiry does not turn on the magnitude
of the relief obtained.”). Conversely, “[a] defendant’s voluntary change in conduct, although
perhaps accomplishing what the plaintiff sought to achieve by the lawsuit, lacks the necessary
judicial imprimatur on the change” sufficient for a plaintiff to be considered a prevailing party.
Buckhannon, 532 U.S. at 605. Moreover, one does not earn “prevailing party” status by simply
obtaining a remand for further proceedings before the agency from which he appealed. Sullivan v.
Hudson, 490 U.S. 877, 887 (1989).
        Given that Marshall does not possess a court-ordered consent decree, we must determine
whether an ALJ’s judgment qualifies as a “judgment on the merits” for purposes of prevailing party
status. In Sullivan, the Supreme Court acknowledged that although, for EAJA purposes, Social
Security benefit proceedings are not “adversarial,” administrative proceedings may nonetheless “be
so intimately connected with judgment proceedings as to be considered part of the ‘civil action’ for
purposes of a fee award.” 490 U.S. at 892. According to the Court, “[t]his is particularly so in the
Social Security context where ‘a suit [has been] brought in a court,’ and where ‘a formal complaint
within the jurisdiction of a court of law’ remains pending and depends for its resolution upon the
outcome of the administrative proceedings.” Id. The Court therefore concluded as follows:
        [W]here a court orders a remand to the Secretary in a benefits litigation and retains
        continuing jurisdiction over the case pending a decision from the Secretary which
        will determine the claimant’s entitlement to benefits, the proceedings on remand are
        an integral part of the “civil action” for judicial review, and thus attorney’s fees for
        representation on remand are available subject to the other limitations in the EAJA.
Id.
No. 05-5492              Marshall v. Commissioner of Social Security                                       Page 4


        Because the district court remanded Marshall’s case pursuant to sentence six, the question
becomes whether the court “retain[ed] continuing jurisdiction” in doing so.2 Sullivan, 490 U.S. at
892; see Shalala v. Schaefer, 509 U.S. 292, 300 n.4 (1993) (“Hudson remains good law as applied
to remands ordered pursuant to sentence six.”). We have acknowledged that determining whether
a court retains jurisdiction following a sentence six remand raises a confusing issue. Buck v. Sec’y
of HHS, 923 F.2d 1200, 1205 (6th Cir. 1991) (“The Supreme Court has created some confusion as
to when a court is ‘retaining jurisdiction.’”). Indeed, in Buck, we cryptically concluded that
“[a]pparently, the remanding court always ‘retains jurisdiction’ in the sense that it has the legal
power to decide remaining issues in the case, but it may choose not to exercise that power.” Id.
        In interpreting the Supreme Court’s decision in Schaefer, at least three other circuits have
agreed that a district court retains jurisdiction in sentence six cases. See, e.g., Johnson v. Gonzales,
416 F.3d 205, 209 (3d Cir. 2005) (“[A] ‘sentence-four’ remand results in the immediate entry of
judgment (and relinquishment of jurisdiction) by the District Court, whereas in the ‘sentence-six’
remand context judgment is not entered (and the District Court retains jurisdiction) until
post-remand agency proceedings are complete.”); Butts v. Barnhart, 388 F.3d 377, 384 n.4 (2d Cir.
2004) (“Sentence four remands are distinct from sentence six remands in that ‘[s]entence four
remands are appealable because they are part of a final judgment disposing of the action’ while
‘[s]entence six remand orders are considered interlocutory and non-appealable, because the district
court retains jurisdiction over the action pending further development and consideration by the
ALJ.’” (quoting Raitport v. Callahan, 183 F.3d 101, 104 (2d Cir. 1999)), amended on other
grounds, 416 F.3d 101 (2d Cir. 2005); Krishnan v. Barnhart, 328 F.3d 685, 691 (D.C. Cir. 2003)
(“The ‘principal feature’ that distinguishes the two types of remands is that in a sentence-four
remand, the district court disposes of the action by a final judgment and relinquishes jurisdiction,
whereas in a sentence-six remand, the district court retains jurisdiction over the action pending
further development by the agency.”). We now join our sister circuits in holding that a district court
retains jurisdiction when remanding a social security claimant’s case pursuant to sentence six.
         In this case, the district court ordered a remand to the Secretary in a benefits litigation and
retained continuing jurisdiction over the case pending a decision from the Secretary. By granting
Marshall’s “motion to affirm decision on remand,” the district court’s opinion acknowledges that
jurisdiction was retained. The Commissioner’s brief likewise concedes that jurisdiction was retained
and, as a result, “the proceedings on remand are an integral part of the ‘civil action’ for judicial
review, and thus attorney’s fees for representation on remand are available subject to the other
limitations in the EAJA.” Sullivan, 490 U.S. at 892. The district court therefore erred in denying
Marshall’s fee application on the basis that he was not a “prevailing party” for EAJA purposes.
Indeed, a sentence six remand preserves a claimant’s right to file a fee petition assuming the
claimant prevails on remand. Freeman v. Barnhart, 274 F.3d 606, 610 (1st Cir. 2001). Although
a sentence six remand, by itself, is not a sufficient basis for a litigant to claim “prevailing party”
status, e.g., Sims v. Apfel, 238 F.3d 597, 600 (5th Cir. 2001), the result of subsequent administrative
proceedings is sufficient to confer prevailing party status upon that same litigant, Jackson v. Chater,
99 F.3d 1086, 1097 (11th Cir. 1996) (“Because [claimant] succeeded on remand, at least in part on
sentence-six grounds, judgment must be entered in his favor by the district court, and [claimant] will
be a prevailing party under that judgment.”). Accord Willis v. Sullivan, 931 F.2d 390, 400 (6th Cir.
1991) (awarding EAJA attorney’s fees for counsel’s work performed during the administrative
proceedings after the district court’s remand of [claimant’s] disability claims pursuant to Hudson).




        2
         “Sentence-six remands may be ordered in only two situations: where the Secretary requests a remand before
answering the complaint, or where new, material evidence is adduced that was for good cause not presented before the
agency.” Shalala v. Schaefer, 509 U.S. 292, 297 n.2 (1993). This case falls in the former category.
No. 05-5492                Marshall v. Commissioner of Social Security                                              Page 5


                                                             B.
         Recognizing the district court’s erroneous determination that Marshall was not a prevailing
party is, however, only a threshold inquiry. See Schaefer, 509 U.S. at 302 (prevailing party status
is a threshold requirement to recovery under the EAJA). Even as a prevailing party under the EAJA,
Marshall is not entitled to attorney’s fees if the Commissioner’s position was “substantially
justified.” 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A). “Substantially justified” means “justified in substance or in
the main - that is, justified to a degree that could satisfy a reasonable person.” Pierce v. Underwood,
487 U.S. 552, 565 (1988). According to the EAJA:
         Whether or not the position of the United States was substantially justified shall be
         determined on the basis of the record (including the record with respect to the action
         or failure to act by the agency upon which the civil action is based) which is made
         in the civil action for which fees and other expenses are sought.
28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(B).
        In this case, although Marshall’s fee petition was timely,3 Marshall did not append the record
of administrative proceedings below. As a result, we cannot determine whether the Commissioner’s
position below was “substantially justified.” Moreover, the district court made no determination
regarding “substantial justification” and Marshall provides no appellate argument or comment about
“substantial justification.” The same observations hold true for the final step of the analysis -
whether special circumstances would make an award unjust. Accordingly, on this record, we cannot
determine whether the Commissioner’s position was “substantially justified,” and whether special
circumstances would otherwise make an award unjust.
                                                            III.
        For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the district court’s denial of Marshall’s fee application
on the basis that he was not a “prevailing party” for EAJA purposes. On remand, the district court
must determine, based on the administrative record, whether (1) the Commissioner’s position was
“substantially justified,” or (2) special circumstances made an award unjust.




         3
           A district court must likewise inquire into the timeliness of a claimant’s fee petition. Buck, 923 F.2d at 1202
(observing EAJA time limit is jurisdictional). In Melkonyan v. Sullivan, 501 U.S. 89 (1991), the Supreme Court
explained that “in sentence six cases, the filing period does not begin until after the post-remand proceedings are
completed, the [Commissioner] returns to court, the court enters a final judgment, and the appeal period runs.” Id. at
102 (alteration in original). In this case, Marshall’s fee petition was timely; the district court granted Marshall’s “Motion
to Affirm Decision On Remand” on August 8, 2003, and Marshall filed his fee petition that same day.
