[Cite as In re M.D., 2019-Ohio-3674.]


                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                  TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT



In the Matter of:                                :

M.D. and A.D.                                    :             No. 18AP-786
                                                            (C.P.C. No. 15JU-9691)
(D.D.,                                          :
                                                         (REGULAR CALENDAR)
                Defendant-Appellant).            :



                                        D E C I S I O N

                                  Rendered on September 12, 2019


                On brief: Yeura R. Venters, Public Defender, and Ian J.
                Jones, for appellant.

                On brief: Robert J. McClaren, for appellee Franklin County
                Children Services.

                  APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas,
                      Division of Domestic Relations, Juvenile Branch
SADLER, J.
         {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, D.D., appeals from a judgment of the Franklin County
Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic Relations, Juvenile Branch, awarding
permanent custody of D.D.'s two minor children, M.D. and A.D., to plaintiff-appellee,
Franklin County Children Services ("FCCS").
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
         {¶ 2} On August 5, 2015, FCCS filed a three-count complaint in the juvenile court
alleging that M.D., born July 3, 2002, and A.D., born November 21, 2003, were both
neglected and dependent children. The complaint identified the biological parents of the
two minor children as mother, D.D., and father, R.D., who were married and residing with
the two minor children in Franklin County, Ohio. The material allegations of the complaint
are as follows:
No. 18AP-786                                                                              2


              On or about August 4, 2015, the Franklin County Children
              Services caseworker went to the home of [M.D.], [A.D.] and
              their parents. The home had no stove, no hot water, and very
              little food. * * * [M.D.] and [A.D.] had noticeable body odor
              and their clothes and hair were dirty. [M.D.] and [A.D.] had
              dirt caked under their fingernails and bites all over their
              bodies in various stages of healing. * * * The home had an
              infestation of bed bugs. It is reported the family does laundry
              at a relative's home; however they had not done laundry in
              recent weeks. [R.D.] had a toilet chair that was located in the
              living room that he used due to his physical limitations. * * *
              [D.D.] was unable to respond to the [FCCS] caseworker about
              the basic care of [M.D.] and [A.D.] It is also reported that
              [M.D.] has been diagnosed with a medical condition that
              requires insulin. [M.D.] had been using her father's insulin
              and insulin procured from an adult family friend. The insulin
              had not been prescribed by a physician. Columbus Police
              Officers were contacted[.] [M.D.] and [A.D.] were transported
              to [FCCS] for safekeeping, [FCCS] was given custody via LAW.
              [M.D.] was then assessed by medical staff and it was
              determined that it was necessary to transport her to
              Nationwide Children's Hospital Emergency Department due
              to an elevated blood sugar level. After review of [M.D.'s] case
              by Nationwide Children's Hospital Endocrinology Clinic, a
              direct inpatient hospital admission was recommended due to
              [M.D.'s] uncontrolled medical condition. The * * * family had
              been under investigation in the State of Indiana by child
              welfare officials recently for similar concerns as well.
(Aug. 5, 2015 Compl. at 1-2.)
       {¶ 3} On August 5, 2015, a magistrate issued an emergency care order for the
children, and on August 6, 2015, the magistrate awarded temporary custody of the two
minor children to FCCS. A guardian ad litem ("GAL") was appointed for the children, and
on September 8, 2015, the GAL recommended an order of temporary custody to FCCS. At
the September 8, 2015 hearing before the magistrate, the parents did not contest the
allegations of neglect, as defined in R.C. 2151.03(A)(2), and dependency, as defined in R.C.
2151.04(C). The juvenile court issued a judgment entry on September 14, 2015, adopting
the magistrate's decision, finding M.D. and A.D. were dependent and neglected children
and awarding temporary custody to FCCS. A case plan was adopted by the juvenile court
on October 22, 2015.
No. 18AP-786                                                                               3


       {¶ 4} On August 18, 2016, following the second semi-annual review, the juvenile
court found, pursuant to R.C. 2151.415(D)(1), that clear and convincing evidence supported
the extension of temporary custody to FCCS. On December 5, 2016, FCCS moved the
juvenile court for permanent court commitment ("PCC") of both M.D. and A.D. On
January 9, 2017, the GAL recommended PCC.
       {¶ 5} Following the semi-annual review filed on August 2, 2017, the juvenile court
appointed a GAL for both mother, D.D., who is hearing impaired and suffers from mental
illness, and father, R.D., who suffers from physical disability. On October 25, 2017, D.D.'s
GAL filed a report wherein the GAL recommended that PCC was not in the mother's best
interest, but the GAL retained the right to change the recommendation with the receipt of
new information.
       {¶ 6} The juvenile court appointed counsel to represent both D.D. and R.D. in the
PCC matter. On March 26, 2018, FCCS filed a motion to temporarily suspend the parents'
visitation due to allegations of sexual abuse made by M.D. against her father, R.D. R.D.
died on April 10, 2018, and on April 11, 2018, FCCS withdrew the pending motion to
suspend visitation.
       {¶ 7} On June 7, 2018, the GAL for the minor children issued a report and
recommendation wherein the GAL recommended PCC. On June 28, 2018, the children's
maternal aunt, A.W., filed her pro se motion to be added as a party to the custody action for
the purpose of seeking legal custody of M.D. and A.D.
       {¶ 8} On August 13, 2018, following numerous continuances for various reasons,
the juvenile court commenced a two-day trial on FCCS's December 5, 2016 motion for PCC.
The following evidence was presented at trial. A.W. testified she lives in Alabama and is
related to the children as an aunt. A.W. admitted she had not seen M.D. and A.D. since
2011 or 2012 when she lived in Indiana. A.W. stated that D.D. has recently moved in with
her and A.W.'s 17-year-old daughter. A.W. wanted custody of the girls because they are
part of her family, and she loves them. She believes the children should be with a family
member and "know where they came from." (Aug. 13, 2018 Tr. at 13.)
       {¶ 9} A.W. asserted she would still want to have custody of the children, even if the
children wished to stay with their foster parent. According to A.W., D.D. was not at fault
No. 18AP-786                                                                              4


for the circumstances that led to the removal of the children because she "was just caught
in a circumstance out of her control." (Aug. 13, 2018 Tr. at 17.)
       {¶ 10} Suzanne Barker, the GAL for the two children, testified M.D. and A.D. are
"very bonded" with their foster mother and wish to be adopted by her. (Aug. 13, 2018 Tr.
at 29.) She stated M.D. and A.D. are now 16 and 14 years old, respectively. The GAL
testified the two children disclosed to their foster mother abuses they suffered when living
with D.D. According to the GAL, both children have told her they do not want to live with
their mother, and they do not know their maternal aunt, A.W. The GAL represented to the
juvenile court that both children want the motion for permanent custody to be granted.
       {¶ 11} Dianna Lippencott is a licensed drug and alcohol counselor who works at
Specialized Alternatives for Families and Youth where she provides therapy and home-
based services. Lippencott has been providing therapy to the girls since May 2017, under
the supervision of Dr. Jeremy Kaufman, Psy.D. According to Lippencott, M.D. has been
diagnosed with depression, oppositional defiant disorder, and PTSD. Lippencott opined
that M.D. shows signs of trauma.
       {¶ 12} M.D. told Lippencott that D.D. was asleep most of the time while she and her
sister were living with their parents. M.D. told Lippencott that she was required to make
her own food, and the house was very dirty. M.D. believed D.D. was not capable of caring
for herself. After entering FCCS's custody, M.D. did not wish to see her father and did not
visit with him for more than one year prior to his death. During this time period, M.D. did
not want to visit D.D. either because she was together with her father. She did wish to see
her mother once or twice to see how she was doing. In Lippencott's opinion, M.D.'s decision
to forego visitation with her parents benefited M.D.'s mental health.
       {¶ 13} Lippencott stated that M.D. was struggling with her diabetes symptoms and
behaviors such as food stealing and binging when she first went into foster care, but "she's
made some improvements." (Aug. 13, 2018 Tr. at 155.) According to Lippencott, M.D. now
"smiles more. * * * [H]er mood is more positive. She enjoys activities." (Aug. 13, 2018 Tr.
at 157.) Lippencott testified M.D. now takes antidepressant medications. When M.D.
visited her mother after her father's death, she expressed relief that "Mom was okay and
that she was managing without Dad." (Aug. 13, 2018 Tr. at 158.)
No. 18AP-786                                                                                  5


       {¶ 14} With regard to A.D., Lippencott testified A.D. is diagnosed with "adjustment
disorder, and then she's developmentally delayed." (Aug. 13, 2018 Tr. at 159.) According
to Lippencott, A.D. has displayed some signs of trauma, but she is generally "more laid
back" than M.D. and "more positive." (Aug. 13, 2018 Tr. at 159.) Lippencott stated that
"[w]hen she came to us, she had a pretty se -- they both had a pretty severe case of lice that
took quite a while to get rid of. She has a lot of hygiene problems, not showering, not
changing clothes." (Aug. 13, 2018 Tr. at 160.)
       {¶ 15} When Lippencott was asked if the children's mental health was improving,
she testified:
                 A. Yes. I would say that they're doing much better than they
                 were, and they -- a lot of times the -- the kids can tell you, I'm
                 feeling so much better. They do look forward to the
                 counseling, and they always have positive -- they express
                 positive feelings about having it. So, a lot of times the kids will
                 tell you, like, I'm feeling better and I don't feel like I need it as
                 much.
                 Q. Have you reached that point with either of these children?
                 A. N -- not yet.
(Aug. 13, 2018 Tr. at 163.)
       {¶ 16} Sally Pedon testified she has been the court-appointed special advocate for
the two children for the last two years. According to Pedon, the girls want to be adopted by
the foster mother because she provides a safe, stable, caring, and nurturing home meeting
all their needs. Pedon testified the girls are bonded to each other and want to stay together.
Pedon opined that "[b]ased upon the case records and the history of the family with Child
Protective Services in two different states, I don't believe that [D.D.] * * * is capable of
providing the stability, the care, the nurturing, the attention that both girls need." (Aug. 14,
2018 Tr. at 26-27.) Pedon had no opinion regarding A.W., whom she first learned of around
June 21, 2018. Pedon recommended the motion requesting permanent custody be granted.
       {¶ 17} Tawnee Tanner is a forensic psychologist who worked at Forum from October
2016 to January 2018 performing assessments for FCCS of children and parents. Tanner
performed a psychological evaluation of D.D. Tanner testified D.D.'s IQ was 78, which is
the borderline functioning range, and D.D. demonstrates a borderline ability to make
decisions, as well as borderline memory and vocabulary. According to Tanner, D.D. denied
No. 18AP-786                                                                                 6


any current difficulties but acknowledged a history of depressive symptoms and suicidal
ideation. Tanner noted that Childrens Services' records showed D.D. suffered physical
abuse at the hands of her own mother.
       {¶ 18} Tanner diagnosed D.D. with borderline intellectual functioning as a
provisional diagnosis and recurrent major depressive disorder. Tanner related the effect of
major depressive disorder on one's ability to parent as follows:
              With major-depressive disorder an individual may be less
              motivated, less likely to get out of bed in the morning and
              perform daily activities, such as eating, making food, cleaning,
              even bathing themselves or -- and that makes it more difficult
              to take care of other people if they're having difficulty taking
              care of themselves, just kind of -- can also slow you down a lot,
              making it more difficult to do daily activities.
(Aug. 14, 2018 Tr. at 76-77.)
       {¶ 19} Tanner recommended that D.D. continue her current psychotropic
medication, meet her prescriber on a regular basis, engage in individual therapy, either
cognitive behavioral or dialectical behavior, attend parenting classes, and improve her
overall hygiene. Tanner opined that the parenting classes and individual therapy would
need to be delivered in a more repetitive or simplistic manner and for the therapist to use
sign language. According to Tanner, D.D. would need to work on herself and be able to
demonstrate that she could deal with everyday stressors, demonstrate that she could keep
a clean home, and deal with extra stressors of a child with diabetes. Tanner cautioned that
if D.D. discontinued medication or individual counseling, the depressive symptoms would
worsen, resulting in a lack of motivation needed to complete a case plan or attend visits.
       {¶ 20} FCCS supervisor Michael Schilling testified, on receiving the case, the main
issues were getting D.D. linked with counseling, home conditions, and trying to get D.D.
more consistent with visitation. Schilling testified the father, R.D., reported that D.D. was
on a wait list for counseling but that D.D. did not feel she needed counseling. Schilling
testified home conditions were a continual problem due to animal feces in the home and
the failure of the father to effectively treat the bedbugs.
       {¶ 21} According to Schilling, visits were suspended at one point due to failure to
treat lice and that the parents' subsequent lack of cooperation with efforts to treat the
infestation prevented reinstatement of visits with the children. Schilling stated that visits
No. 18AP-786                                                                               7


were also suspended until the father completed an evaluation necessitated by M.D.'s sexual
abuse allegations. R.D. died before the evaluation occurred. Schilling testified in the four-
month period before visitation was suspended, D.D. and R.D. visited the children 3 or 4
times and stayed just 30 to 45 minutes. Schilling acknowledged some of the missed visits
were due to double scheduling of the children by the foster mother but that the foster
mother worked with FCCS to encourage the children to visit with their parents and to
schedule as many visits as possible. Schilling stated no other relatives inquired of the
children while he was supervising the case.
       {¶ 22} D.D. testified at the custody hearing with the aide of an interpreter for the
hearing impaired. D.D. stated that she was married to R.D. on November 10, 2001. She
testified she is currently living in Alabama with her sister, A.W. In the summer of 2015,
just prior to the time when her two daughters, M.D. and A.D., were taken into the
temporary custody of FCCS, the family was living with R.D.'s step-aunt. When the family
moved in with the step-aunt after leaving Indiana and staying briefly in Michigan, they had
two dogs as pets, and the step-aunt had five dogs and two cats. According to D.D., she slept
in their van parked in the yard because of the animals, flies, and fleas in the home; the
children slept in the home.
       {¶ 23} According to D.D., shortly after the family moved into an apartment, an FCCS
representative and the landlord showed up at the door. According to D.D., she let the case
worker into the home and M.D. showed her around. D.D. stated that her husband had heart
problems, and he used oxygen and a wheelchair. R.D. kept a portable toilet chair in the
living room because he could not quickly get up the stairs to the bathroom. During her
testimony, D.D. essentially corroborated many of the factual allegations made in the
complaint regarding the condition of the home, but she deflected responsibility for those
conditions onto the prior tenants. She also blamed others for A.D.'s head lice and M.D.'s
dangerously high blood sugar, which required hospitalization. She also stated that A.D.
had to be constantly reminded to brush her teeth and bathe.
       {¶ 24} D.D. testified that she and R.D. moved into another residence when the
children were taken by FCCS but that residence had bed bugs and her landlord would not
treat the home for bed bugs. She stated visitation with the children had to be suspended
because of the issues with lice and bed bugs. D.D. denied that she ever had lice or bed bugs
No. 18AP-786                                                                                 8


on her person when she visited the children. She did admit that visits were suspended from
December 2016 to July 2017 because the home they lived in was infested with bed bugs.
She also admitted that the kitchen in the home was infested with cockroaches. She recalled
that R.D. cancelled numerous appointments to have their required psychological
evaluations completed.
       {¶ 25} D.D. testified when visits were reinstated in the summer of 2017, M.D.
refused to visit her parents and that A.D. told her the foster mother, "Ms. [T.]," limited
A.D.'s visits to 30 minutes. (Aug. 13, 2018 Tr. at 102.) On the next scheduled visitation,
both children refused to go. Several subsequent visits in September 2017 were cancelled by
R.D. as were four consecutive visits in October 2017. On October 29, 2017, both children
refused to attend. After R.D. cancelled two consecutive visits in November 2017, visitation
was suspended. M.D. subsequently made the allegations of sexual abuse by R.D. With
regard to the allegations, D.D. testified "I personally do not believe her." (Aug. 13, 2018 Tr.
at 104.) When asked about M.D.'s testimony that D.D. was sleeping all the time and
suffering from depression while they lived in Indiana, D.D. said "she's lying about that and
the sexual abuse by [R.D.]" (Aug. 13, 2018 Tr. at 108.) D.D. admitted they lived in an old
trailer in Indiana, and it needed repairs and maintenance from time to time, but she denied
that child welfare authorities in Indiana found deplorable living conditions.
       {¶ 26} With regard to her mental health, she admitted a diagnosis of major
depressive disorder. She claimed a physician who performed her mental health assessment
at North Central Mental Health in August 2016 never recommended counseling. She
insisted the physician only prescribed medication for depression.           She maintained,
however, that she recently scheduled an appointment to start counseling in Alabama, but
the appointment had to be cancelled because there was no interpreter provided.
       {¶ 27} She admitted that she did not hug her children when they left the courtroom
after being interviewed by the juvenile judge because she was upset. She acknowledged
when M.D. tried to give her a hug, she said "[n]o, don't touch me." (Aug. 13, 2018 Tr. at
128.) She claimed she was not mad at the children for what they told the judge but that she
was just upset and wanted to cry.
       {¶ 28} On September 18, 2018, the juvenile court issued a decision and judgment
entry wherein the court reached the following conclusion:
No. 18AP-786                                                                             9


               The Court DENIES [A.W.]'s motion to be added as a party and
               DISMISSES her motion for custody. The Court has carefully
               reviewed the testimony and evidence presented, the entire
               file, and the applicable law. The Court hereby finds that
               Permanent Custody is in [M.D.'s] and [A.D's] best interest.
               Accordingly, the Court hereby GRANTS FCCS's request for
               Permanent Custody. Therefore, [M.D.] and [A.D.] are
               committed to the Permanent Custody of FCCS for the
               purposes of adoption.
               Based upon the foregoing findings of fact, and pursuant to
               R.C. §2151.417, the Court hereby determines that continuation
               in the children's own home would be contrary to the children's
               best interests; that Franklin County Children Services has
               made reasonable efforts to prevent or eliminate the need for
               removal of said children from the children's own home.
               Reasonable efforts have also been made to finalize the
               permanency plan in effect for the children.
               This Decision and Judgment Entry divests the mother, [D.D.],
               of any and all parental rights, privileges, and obligations
               except the right of the mother to appeal the Permanent
               Custody Order within thirty (30) days of the filing date of this
               Decision and Judgment Entry.
(Sept. 18, 2018 Decision at 18-19.)
       {¶ 29} D.D. has appealed to this court from the decision of the juvenile court. A.W.
did not file a notice of appeal.
II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
       {¶ 30} D.D. assigns the following as trial court error:
               [1.] The trial court's granting of PCC to FCCS was against the
               manifest weight of the evidence that PCC was in the children’s
               best interests.
               [2.] The trial court erred by failing to add [A.W.] as a party
               and by dismissing her motion for custody of the children.
III. LEGAL ANALYSIS
       A. Appellant's First Assignment of Error
       {¶ 31} In her first assignment of error, D.D. argues that granting PCC to FCCS was
against the manifest weight of the evidence in that the evidence does not support the
juvenile court's conclusion that PCC was in the best interest of M.D. and A.D. We disagree.
No. 18AP-786                                                                              10


       {¶ 32} In re E.B., 10th Dist. No. 16AP-352, 2017-Ohio-2672, sets forth the standard
of review this court applies in reviewing a manifest weight challenge to a juvenile court's
judgment granting PCC. The standard is as follows:
              A trial court's determination in a PCC case will not be reversed
              on appeal unless it is against the manifest weight of the
              evidence. In reviewing a judgment granting permanent
              custody to FCCS under the manifest weight standard, an
              appellate court must make every reasonable presumption in
              favor of the judgment and the trial court's findings of facts. If
              the evidence is susceptible of more than one construction, we
              must give it that interpretation which is consistent with the
              verdict and judgment, most favorable to sustaining the juvenile
              court's verdict and judgment. An appellate court will not
              overturn a permanent custody order when it is supported by
              competent, credible evidence.

(Internal citations and quotations omitted.) Id. at ¶ 19.
       {¶ 33} Parents have a basic and fundamental interest in the care, custody, and
management of their children. Id., citing Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000). "The
Supreme Court of Ohio recognizes that it is the constitutionally protected right of a parent
to raise his or her child." In re E.B. at ¶ 19, citing In re Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d 155, 157
(1990); In re C.F., 113 Ohio St.3d 73, 2007-Ohio-1104, ¶ 28. "Parental rights, however, are
not absolute, and a parent's natural rights are always subject to the ultimate welfare of the
child." In re E.B. at ¶ 19, citing In re K.M., 10th Dist. No. 15AP-64, 2015-Ohio-4682, ¶ 15,
citing In re Cunningham, 59 Ohio St.2d 100, 106 (1979).
       {¶ 34} There is no dispute in this matter that M.D. and A.D. had been in the
temporary custody of FCCS for 12 or more months of a consecutive 22-month period. R.C.
2151.414(B)(1)(d). Consequently, the merit of FCCS's motion in this case resolves to a
determination of the best interest of M.D. and A.D. In re I.H., 10th Dist. No. 16AP-463,
2017-Ohio-815, ¶ 7. In order for the juvenile court to grant a motion for permanent custody,
pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(B)(1), FCCS must prove by clear and convincing evidence that
PCC is in the best interest of the child. Id. R.C. 2151.414(D) sets forth the factors the
juvenile court must consider in determining whether PCC is in the child's best interest. R.C.
2151.414(D) provides in relevant part as follows:
              (1) In determining the best interest of a child at a hearing held
              pursuant to division (A) of this section or for the purposes of
No. 18AP-786                                                                                 11


              division (A)(4) or (5) of section 2151.353 or division (C) of
              section 2151.415 of the Revised Code, the court shall consider
              all relevant factors, including, but not limited to, the
              following:
              (a) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with the
              child’s parents, siblings, relatives, foster caregivers and out-
              of-home providers, and any other person who may
              significantly affect the child;
              (b) The wishes of the child, as expressed directly by the child
              or through the child's guardian ad litem, with due regard for
              the maturity of the child;
              (c) The custodial history of the child, including whether the
              child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public
              children services agencies or private child placing agencies for
              twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month
              period, or the child has been in the temporary custody of one
              or more public children services agencies or private child
              placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive
              twenty-two-month period and, as described in division (D)(1)
              of section 2151.413 of the Revised Code, the child was
              previously in the temporary custody of an equivalent agency
              in another state;
              (d) The child's need for a legally secure permanent placement
              and whether that type of placement can be achieved without a
              grant of permanent custody to the agency;
              (e) Whether any of the factors in divisions (E)(7) to (11) of this
              section apply in relation to the parents and child.
              For the purposes of division (D)(1) of this section, a child shall
              be considered to have entered the temporary custody of an
              agency on the earlier of the date the child is adjudicated
              pursuant to section 2151.28 of the Revised Code or the date
              that is sixty days after the removal of the child from home.
       1. R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a)
       {¶ 35} Subsection (a) requires the juvenile court to consider the interaction and
interrelationship of the children with their parents, siblings, relatives, foster caregivers and
out-of-home providers, and any other person who may significantly affect the child. The
juvenile court found M.D. and A.D. are bonded with each other and with their foster
mother. The juvenile court noted both M.D. and A.D. showed gratitude and appreciation
for the way their foster mother has treated them. Overwhelming evidence supports the
juvenile court's finding.
No. 18AP-786                                                                            12


       {¶ 36} The juvenile court found the visitation history with the parents was
"inconsistent at best." (Sept. 18, 2018 Decision at 8.) The record supports the juvenile
court's finding as visitation was suspended on one occasion due to persistent problems with
bed bugs, lice, and cockroaches. Visitation was suspended another time due to the parents'
missing or cancelling numerous scheduled visits. FCCS filed a third motion to suspend
visitation when M.D. made the allegations of sexual abuse against R.D. The motion was
withdrawn following R.D.'s death. The record also shows that one or both of the children
refused visitation with their parents on several occasions. Though the juvenile court noted
the absence of any testimony regarding the interaction between the children and their
parents when visits did occur, the record shows that A.D. limited her visits to 30 minutes
and that she only wished to visit her mom. The record supports the juvenile court's
findings. Though the juvenile court acknowledged D.D.'s claim that R.D.'s controlling
behavior was the reason she missed so many visits, the juvenile court noted that D.D. did
not complain about these behaviors to anyone.
       {¶ 37} The juvenile court noted that M.D.'s behaviors when FCCS became involved
included lying, yelling at her foster mother, stealing, and binging on food. The juvenile
court found M.D. has shown improvement in her behavior while in foster care and the
evidence in the record supports that finding. The record also supports the juvenile court's
finding that M.D.'s mood has improved in foster care and that she has become more
positive and less anxious. M.D.'s physical health has also improved with more vigilant care
of her diabetes.
       {¶ 38} With regard to A.D., the juvenile court found A.D.'s issues with lying and
stealing have abated, and she has improved hygiene since entering foster care. She now has
an individual educational plan ("IEP") to help her overcome her developmental disabilities.
Thus, the record supports the juvenile court's finding that both children have shown
improved behaviors and attitudes with counseling and both have taken to their respective
counselors.
       {¶ 39} The juvenile court acknowledged that both children care for their mother and
want to maintain a connection with her and that D.D. loves her children. However, given
the unsanitary conditions in which they lived, the lack of food and medical care, their
No. 18AP-786                                                                                 13


father's physical disabilities and their mother's depression, the children's interactions with
D.D. have not been positive.
       2. R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b)
       {¶ 40} Subsection (b) requires the juvenile court to consider the wishes of the child,
as expressed directly by the child or through the child's GAL, with due regard for the
maturity of the child. In our view, given the age of the two children, this factor holds a great
deal of sway over the custody determination in this case. Both M.D. and A.D. unequivocally
expressed their desire to remain together with their foster mother and be adopted by her.
       {¶ 41} D.D. argues the children's testimony suggests they do not want to sever the
parent-child relationship. However, when the GAL asked A.D. about her wishes, she
expressed the following:
              MS. BARKER: Yeah. Have you guys also talked about if she
              did get to adopt you, what your relationship with your mom
              would look like?
              [A.D.]: Yes.
              MS. BARKER: What did you guys talk about?
              [A.D.]: She said we would get to see her sometimes, not all
              the time.
              MS. BARKER: Okay. So, how often would you want to see
              your mom?
              [A.D.]: Like, once every si -- like, three or four times out of six
              months.
(Aug. 13, 2018 Tr. at 58.)
       {¶ 42} M.D. expressed similar sentiments when asked about her desires:
              MS. BARKER: Do you think Ms. [T.] would support you
              having a relationship with your family?
              [M.D.]: I mean, me and Ms. [T.] have had this conversation
              before, she said that'd be fine.
              MS. BARKER: Yes. So, did you guys talk about what that
              would look like?
              [M.D.]: She asked me if I wanted to visit Mom and then she
              asked me, like, what time? I said because they live in
              Alabama, maybe once or twice every six months.
(Aug. 13, 2018 Tr. at 44.)
No. 18AP-786                                                                               14


       {¶ 43} Though the children's testimony shows they want to maintain a relationship
with their biological mother, it is clear the children do not want their mother to have
custody, and they want to stay in the custody of their foster mother with the hope of
adoption. When the juvenile court judge asked M.D. about her aunt, A.W., M.D. stated that
she did not know whether A.W. could provide her with the stable home life that her foster
mother has provided for the last four years.
       {¶ 44} When the juvenile court asked 14-year-old A.D. why she was in the
courthouse, she responded "[t]o see if we're gonna (sic) go home or get adopted." (Aug. 13,
2018 Tr. at 50.) A.D. testified she sees herself with her foster mother and wants to be
adopted by her. She told the juvenile court that she wished to be adopted by her foster
mother even if that meant she could not see her biological mother. She stated that her
foster mother "cooks for us; she -- she gives us clothes and shoes; she takes us places. * * *
Bowling, skatin' (sic), swimming." (Aug. 13, 2018 Tr. at 54.) She stated she loves her foster
mother, her foster mother loves her, and she likes living with her sister. A.D. stated she was
not happy living with her biological mother and father because "I didn't get fed all the time
and it was dirty." (Aug. 13, 2018 Tr. at 56.)
       3. R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(c)
       {¶ 45} The record shows at the time of the PCC hearing, M.D. and A.D. had been in
the uninterrupted custody and care of their foster mother for more than three years. Thus,
there is no dispute that this factor favors permanent custody to FCCS in anticipation of
adoption.
       4. R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(d)
       {¶ 46} Subsection (d) requires the juvenile court to consider the children's need for
a legally secure permanent placement and whether that type of placement can be achieved
without a grant of permanent custody to the agency. There is no doubt on this record that
proper consideration of this factor favors an award of permanent custody to FCCS.
       {¶ 47} M.D. suffers from Type 1 diabetes which requires daily monitoring of her
blood sugar and injectable insulin. She has also been diagnosed with depression and PTSD.
Though her current age of 16 years better prepares her to monitor and care for her
condition, her condition was uncontrolled while she lived with her parents. A.D. has been
diagnosed with adjustment disorder, and she is developmentally delayed. She requires an
No. 18AP-786                                                                               15


IEP to help her at school due to her developmental disabilities. As previously noted, FCCS
has had temporary custody of both children since August 2015.              Thus, the record
overwhelmingly supports the juvenile court's determination that M.D. and A.D. are "in
great need of legally secure permanent placement." (Sept. 18, 2018 Decision at 12.)
        {¶ 48} The record also supports the juvenile court's finding that legally secure
permanent placement cannot be achieved without granting permanent custody to FCCS.
Our review of the record reveals little or no evidence to support a finding that returning the
girls to their mother's custody would result in legally secure permanent placement. The
record clearly establishes that D.D. has never provided the children with a safe and secure
home.
        {¶ 49} D.D. makes two arguments in support of custody. First, she claims because
R.D.'s controlling behavior caused her to lose custody of the two children, R.D.'s death
removes the impediment to a return of legally secure permanent custody. Second, she
argues A.W.'s emergence as a person willing and able to provide assistance to her in raising
the girls shows that she can provide a legally secure permanent home for the children. The
juvenile court was not persuaded by these arguments.
        {¶ 50} With regard to the first point, the juvenile court viewed D.D.'s claim with
skepticism. The juvenile court stated:
              If, indeed, now mother is free of an isolating, controlling
              husband, the court wonders why she did not enjoy her
              independence and remain geographically close to her
              children, and why she has yet to enter mental health
              counselling. The court believes mother knows she needs help
              to care for herself and with the death of her husband, sought
              that help in her sister who may not yet fully realize the extent
              of mother's needs, nor the needs of these two children.
              Mother has not remedied the cause, for removal and the
              children should not and cannot be returned to her within a
              reasonable time.
(Sept. 18, 2018 Decision at 17.)
        {¶ 51} The record supports the juvenile court's ruling in that M.D. expressed her
concern for her mother's well-being after R.D.'s death because, in her experience, R.D.
provided a great deal of support for D.D. M.D. opined that D.D. could not take care of
herself. Additionally, A.W. estimated it would take D.D. about one year to obtain a driver's
license, get a job, which would affect her Social Security benefits, complete her mental
No. 18AP-786                                                                                         16


health treatment, and obtain suitable alternative housing. Even if A.W.'s estimate were
accurate, another year in foster care would not strengthen D.D.'s case for custody.
Moreover, there is no evidence in this record to support a finding that D.D. could become a
suitable parent within any predictable period of time, let alone one year.1
        5. R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(e)
        {¶ 52} The juvenile court found, and the parties agree, that none of the factors in
R.C. 2151.414(E)(7) to (11) apply in relation to the parents and children in this case.
        6. PCC is in the Best Interest of M.D. and A.D.
        {¶ 53} R.C. 2151.414 governs the procedure for granting permanent custody of a
child to a children's services agency such as FCCS. In re I.H., 2017-Ohio-815, at ¶ 7. Under
R.C. 2151.414(B)(1), a trial court may grant permanent custody to an agency if the court
determines by clear and convincing evidence that: (1) it is in the best interest of the child;
and (2) one of the circumstances set forth in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) through (d) applies. Id.
Clear and convincing evidence is that measure or degree of proof which is more than a mere
preponderance of the evidence, but not to the extent of such certainty as is required beyond
a reasonable doubt in criminal cases, and that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a
firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be established. Id., citing In re K.H., 119
Ohio St.3d 538, 2008-Ohio-4825, ¶ 42, citing Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469 (1954),
paragraph three of the syllabus.
        {¶ 54} There is no dispute in this case that, pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d), M.D.
and A.D. have been in the temporary custody of FCCS for 12 or more months of a
consecutive 22-month period.          Following the evidentiary hearing, the juvenile court
concluded that FCCS had proven by clear and convincing evidence that PCC was in the best
interest of M.D. and A.D. Though the juvenile court did not specify which of the factors set
forth in R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a) through (e) favored PCC, the juvenile court's decision and
the evidence in the record establishes that all applicable factors favor PCC.
        {¶ 55} The record shows a total of six semi-annual reviews were conducted in this
case, three separate case plans were issued, and temporary custody to FCCS was extended.
Though some progress was noted in the reviews, there is no evidence that D.D. ever

1Counsel for FCCS explained to the juvenile court the placement process via the Interstate Compact for

Placement of Children would take six to nine months to complete, and the GAL told the juvenile court the
children would oppose a move to Alabama.
No. 18AP-786                                                                                 17


completed the case plan. On this record, in order to justify the return of M.D. and A.D. to
their mother's custody, the juvenile court would have been required to disregard the
children's unequivocally stated wishes, sever the loving and nurturing relationship with
their foster mother that has developed over nearly four years, separate the children from
their current out-of-home providers, and permit the children to be moved to Alabama to
live with a maternal aunt whom they do not know and a mother who suffers from mental
illness and did not provide them with a safe and secure home. The juvenile court would
also be required to disregard the recommendations of both the GAL and lay GAL. In our
view, the record contains overwhelming evidence to support the conclusion that PCC is in
the best interest of M.D. and A.D.
       {¶ 56} Based on the foregoing, we hold the juvenile court's judgment granting
FCCS's motion for PCC is not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Accordingly, we
overrule D.D.'s first assignment of error.
       B. Appellant's Second Assignment of Error
       {¶ 57} D.D.'s second assignment of error challenges the portion of the juvenile
court's decision and judgment entry that denies A.W.'s motion to be added as a party and
"dismisses" A.W.'s motion for legal custody. (Sept. 18, 2018 Decision at 18.) FCCS argues
that D.D. does not have standing to make such a challenge in her appeal. We agree.
       {¶ 58} As a general rule, "[o]nly litigants with standing are entitled to have a court
determine the merits of the claims they have presented." In re S.G.D.F., 10th Dist. No.
16AP-57, 2016-Ohio-7134, ¶ 11, citing Moore v. Middletown, 133 Ohio St.3d 55, 2012-Ohio-
3897, ¶ 20. "A party has standing when they have a ' "right to make a legal claim or seek
judicial enforcement of a duty or right." ' " In re S.G.D.F. at ¶ 11, quoting Ohio Pyro, Inc. v.
Ohio Dept. of Commerce, 115 Ohio St.3d 375, 2007-Ohio-5024, ¶ 27, quoting Black's Law
Dictionary 1442 (8th Ed.2004). "Similarly, a party who attempts to appeal a judgment
must meet standing requirements to invoke the jurisdiction of the appellate court." In re
S.G.D.F. at ¶ 11, citing Ohio Contract Carriers Assn. v. Public Util. Comm. of Ohio, 140 Ohio
St. 160, 161 (1942). "One of these requirements is that a party who seeks to appeal must
assert his own rights." In re S.G.D.F. at ¶ 11, citing In re N.G., 1st Dist. No. C-130684, 2014-
Ohio-720, ¶ 7.
No. 18AP-786                                                                                 18


       {¶ 59} In the context of child custody proceedings, this court has previously stated
" '[a]n appellant cannot raise issues on another's behalf, especially when that party could
have appealed the issues appellant posits.' " In re S.G.D.F. at ¶ 14, quoting In re D.T., 10th
Dist. No. 07AP-853, 2008-Ohio-2287, ¶ 8. More recently, in In re J.P., 10th Dist. No. 18AP-
834, 2019-Ohio-1619, this court held that a parent had standing to raise arguments
regarding the possibility of a relative assuming legal custody of a child but only to the extent
that those arguments challenge the decision to terminate the parent's rights. Id. at ¶ 27.
       {¶ 60} Though A.W. was not a party in the juvenile court proceedings, she clearly
had standing to appeal the adverse ruling on her motion to intervene as a party. In re D.T.
at ¶ 8, citing In re J.W., 10th Dist. No 06AP-864, 2007-Ohio-1419, ¶ 24, citing In re Fusik,
4th Dist. No. 02CA16, 2002-Ohio-4410. See also In re C.G., 12th Dist. No. CA2007-03-
005, 2007-Ohio-4361 (an order denying a motion to intervene constitutes a final,
appealable order). Accordingly, it was A.W., and not D.D., who had standing to appeal from
the judgment denying A.W.'s motions to intervene. In re D.T. See also In re J.D., 7th Dist.
No. 14 MA 33, 2014-Ohio-5726, ¶ 68-73 (determining that mother lacked standing to argue
that trial court erred by denying grandparent's motion to intervene in permanent custody
action); In re L.W., 8th Dist. No. 104881, 2017-Ohio-657, ¶ 23 (a parent has no standing to
argue an abuse of discretion occurred in failing to give the grandmother custody but has
standing to challenge only whether the termination of parental rights was proper); In re
Qu.W., 11th Dist. No. 2015-A-0016, 2015-Ohio-2202, ¶ 41 (appellant/father must confine
his challenge to how the court's award of permanent custody to the agency impacted his
rights and not the rights of relatives); In re S.C., 8th Dist. No. 106701, 2018-Ohio-2523, ¶ 16
(parent has no standing to assert a juvenile court abused its discretion by failing to grant a
relative legal custody; rather, the challenge is limited to how the court's decision impacted
the parent's rights).
       {¶ 61} Nevertheless, we are aware other appellate courts have held an appellant has
standing to raise the denial of a relative's motion to intervene in a child custody proceeding,
to the extent the denial impacted appellant's parental rights. In re S.G., 3d Dist. No. 4-16-
13, 2016-Ohio-8403, ¶ 51-53 (considering father's argument that trial court erred by
denying grandparent's motion to intervene in permanent custody decision to the extent
that it "impacted [the father's] rights"); In re Mourey, 4th Dist. No. 02CA48, 2003-Ohio-
No. 18AP-786                                                                                   19


1870, ¶ 20-21 (mother and grandparent interests might align when both oppose placing
child in children services agency's permanent custody such that mother had standing to
argue trial court erred by denying grandparent's motion to intervene). However, even if we
were to conclude that, under the particular facts of this case, D.D. has standing to appeal
the denial of her sister's motion to intervene, it is clear that the juvenile court did not err in
denying the motion.
       {¶ 62} A.W. testified that D.D. now lives with her in Alabama. She testified she has
a five-bedroom home where she lives with her 17-year-old daughter and D.D. A.W. stated
she lived in Indiana prior to moving to Alabama and that she last saw the girls in 2011 or
2012 when they were living in Portage, Indiana. A.W. claimed that she did not know the
girls' whereabouts after M.D. and A.D. moved to Ohio with their parents.
       {¶ 63} A.W. testified she found out that the two children were in foster care when
she contacted D.D. in April 2018. According to A.W., R.D. was in the hospital at that time
and that R.D. died shortly thereafter. A.W. testified she contacted FCCS, and FCCS sent
her some materials explaining how "to go about getting the kids to come live with [her]."
(Aug. 13, 2018 Tr. at 11.) According to A.W., when she traveled to Ohio for one of the court
hearings, she learned nothing had been done to support her request to have the children
with her. She did visit with the children at that time.
       {¶ 64} A.W. blamed R.D.'s controlling behavior for her loss of contact with the
children. She responded affirmatively when the juvenile court asked her if she wanted
custody of the children even "if their wishes were other than to have you have custody and
for them to live with you and their mother." (Aug. 13, 2018 Tr. at 14.) In denying A.W.'s
motion to intervene and dismissing her motion for custody, the juvenile court stated:
               Because this motion was filed less than two months before
               trial and, if granted, would result in a lengthy continuance for
               an interstate compact investigation; the aunt was not
               remembered by the teenage girls who had no relationship
               with her and no desire to live with her; and, because this case
               is over three years old, the court dismissed that motion and
               dismissed the motion for custody.
(Sept. 18, 2018 Decision at 2.)
No. 18AP-786                                                                                            20


          {¶ 65} In the proceedings on A.W.'s motion, the juvenile court also noted that A.W.
did not show that "she was ever in loco parentis" with the children. (Aug. 13, 2018 Tr. at
36.)
          {¶ 66} The record supports the juvenile court's findings. Moreover, as previously
noted, the trial court gave consideration to A.W.'s emergence as a potential supporter of
D.D.'s bid to regain custody in determining whether PCC was in the best interest of M.D.
and A.D. The juvenile court stated:
                   No one from the agency has had the opportunity to view the
                   house. Testimony is that it is clean, and mother cleans up
                   after herself.
                   ***
                   Aunt, [A.W.], has good intentions. She is to be applauded for
                   stepping up and helping her sister. Her lack of any bond with
                   [M.D.] and [A.D.], her lack of knowledge of the complexity of
                   the girls' needs, and the lateness of her request for custody and
                   resulting lack of time for the court and a necessary
                   investigation by FCCS make her an inappropriate custodian at
                   the time of this hearing.

(Sept. 18, 2018 Decision at 17.)
          {¶ 67} A juvenile court may allow permissive intervention, pursuant to Civ.R. 24(B),
in its discretion. An order denying a motion to intervene will be reversed only on a showing
that the trial court abused its discretion. In re J.W., 2007-Ohio-1419, at ¶ 26, citing In re
Goff, 11th Dist. No. 2001-P-0144, 2003-Ohio-6768, ¶ 11. The term abuse of discretion
connotes more than an error of law or judgment; it implies that the court's attitude is
unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. In re J.W. at ¶ 26, citing In re Wright, 10th
Dist. No. 04AP-435, 2004-Ohio-4045, ¶ 18, citing Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d
217, 219 (1983).
          {¶ 68} On this record, we find the juvenile court acted reasonably when it prohibited
A.W.'s eleventh hour entry into this child custody case that had been ongoing for several
years.2 Thus, to the extent A.W.'s proposed intervention in this action impacted D.D.'s
parental rights, the juvenile court considered A.W.'s evidence in ruling on the motion for
PCC. See In re J.P., 2019-Ohio-1619, at ¶ 27 (the possibility that a relative could provide a


2R.C.   2151.414(A)(2) directs the juvenile court to resolve permanent custody cases within 200 days.
No. 18AP-786                                                                               21


permanent placement for a child by assuming legal custody is relevant to the consideration
of the R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(d) best-interest factor).
       {¶ 69} For the foregoing reasons, D.D.'s second assignment of error is overruled.
IV. CONCLUSION
       {¶ 70} Having overruled D.D.'s two assignments of error, we affirm the judgment of
the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic Relations, Juvenile
Branch.
                                                                     Judgment affirmed.
                      BRUNNER and BEATTY BLUNT, JJ., concur.
                                   _______________
