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            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

LANG PHAM,
                                                   No. 70956-9-1
                     Appellant,
                                                   DIVISION ONE
       v.



SHAWN CORBETT AND SHAKIA
MORGAN,                                    )       PUBLISHED OPINION

                     Respondent.           )       FILED: May 26,2015

       Spearman, C.J. — Landlord Lang Pham brought this unlawful detainer action

against tenants Shakia Morgan and Shawn Corbett (Tenants). The Tenants

counterclaimed for relocation assistance under RCW 59.18.085 and raised defenses of

setoff and breach of implied warranty of habitability. The trial court found that Pham had

breached the implied warranty and awarded damages and relocation assistance to the

Tenants. Pham appeals, disputing the trial court's findings of fact, the Tenants'

entitlement to damages, and their right to bring counterclaims in an unlawful detainer

action. Finding no error, we affirm the decision of the trial court.

                                           FACTS


       Lang Pham purchased the residential property located at 9312 51st Avenue

South, Seattle, Washington (Property) at a foreclosure sale in March 2012. Pham owns

and rents other apartment buildings. The Property was metered for five living units, so

Pham had assumed it met regulatory requirements for use as a five-plex. But the
No. 70956-9-1/2


Property was permitted for use as a triplex only. Renting the building as a five-plex

violated city land use and building codes. Pham repainted, installed new carpet, and

refinished the floors, but did not verify the building's permit status before renting the five

units. The permit information could easily have been accessed through the King County

Assessor and the website of the City of Seattle, Department of Planning and

Development (City).

       On April 25, 2012, Pham and Shawn Corbett and Shakia Morgan entered into a

one-year lease agreement for Unit 5 (Unit) of the Property, for May 1, 2012 through

April 30, 2013. The Tenants were required to pay $850 rent on the first of each month.

They paid the first and last month's rent and a security deposit of $650, for a total of

$2,350.

       The tenancy presented a number of difficulties. The Tenants' income varied and

they often paid their rent late or in installments. They complained to Pham about the

Unit's conditions, including the absence of baseboards, holes and gaps between the

floor, walls, and doors, lack of railings on an outside deck and stairs, leaking

water/sewage in a large "crawl space," and the stench of sewage coming from the

bathroom sink. Pham characterized the Tenants' complaints as "playing this game" and

arising only when rent was due. Verbatim Report of Proceedings ((VRP) at 64-65; 68. In

contrast, the Tenants said that Pham would tell them to address the issues themselves,

or would fail to address their concerns at all.

       In August 2012, the Tenants notified Pham that they had seen a rat in the Unit.

Pham hired an exterminator to inspect and treat the Property for rodents and insects on

a quarterly basis. The exterminator came twice to spray and set traps. Because the
No. 70956-9-1/3


exterminator did not see evidence of rats, Pham discontinued the scheduled quarterly

visits and opted for annual visits. The Tenants continued to see and hear rats in the

Unit, and caught several rats using traps they purchased and placed themselves.

       The Tenants had paid rent in full through April 2013, when the lease expired. The

lease provided that the Tenants would be liable for rent and other damages sustained

as a result of any holdover. The Tenants did not make any subsequent rent payments

and were still in possession of the Unit at the time of trial in July 2013. Because the

Tenants did not make payment or payment arrangements for May 2013, Pham testified

that he posted and mailed a three-day pay or vacate notice on May 6, 2013, but the

Tenants denied receiving it.

       On May 10, 2013, the Tenants filed a complaint with the City regarding the Unit's

conditions. Five days later, City housing and zoning inspector Tom Bradrick, inspected

the Unit. Bradrick found that "the overall quality of the installation of the unit was very

poor and would never have passed a building inspection at that time. . . ." VRP at 114.
       On May 16, 2013, the day after the inspection, Pham served the Tenants with

anotherthree-day pay or vacate notice. The next day Bradrick mailed a Notice of
Violation to Pham's home address notifying him that the Property was not permitted for

use as a five-plex and that he needed to take corrective action by June 30, 2013.1
Pham testified that he did not receive this letter until May 22, 2013, five days later.

       On Monday, May 20, 2013, Pham filed an unlawful detainer action to evict the
Tenants because they failed to comply with the May 16, 2013 pay or vacate notice.


        1Under the Seattle Municipal Code, the City has the authority to issue a notice ofviolation that
identifies each violation of the standards and requirements of the Code and the corrective action
necessary to bring the building into compliance. SMC 22.206.220(A)(1). The Notice of Violation must also
specify a time for compliance. SMC 22.206.220(A)(2).
No. 70956-9-1/4


       Bradrick sent a follow up letter on Wednesday, May 22, 2013, notifying Pham

that the Property must be brought into compliance or the City would require him to pay

relocation assistance of $2,000.2 The letter also advised Pham that multiple repairs

would be required before permitting the Unit, and that the sewage leak would need to

be repaired immediately.

        On June 6, 2013, Bradrick sent Pham a third letter listing specific repairs that

needed to be done in order to obtain a permit and pass a housing inspection. These

repairs included the sewage leak, the absence of a P-trap in the vanity drain under the
bathroom sink, and the rodent access to the crawl space and bedroom closet. The letter

again instructed Pham that if he did not make the necessary repairs, he would need to
discontinue renting the Unit and pay $2,000 in relocation assistance. Pham hired an
architect to work on permitting the Property for use as a five-plex. At the time oftrial,
because Pham was still waiting to find out whether such use would be permittable, none

of the other repairs had been made.

        A bench trial was held on July 17, 2013. The parties presented testimony from

five witnesses: Pham, Eric Bittenbender from Paratex Pest Control, Bradrick, Morgan,

and Corbett. The trial court found that the Unit's habitability had been reduced by

twenty-five percent for the nine-month period in which the Tenants lived with the sewer
and rodent issues. The trial court determined that the Tenants had overpaid rent for that
period, but also that they owed rent because they remained in the Unit for two additional

       2Under SMC 22.206.260(A), whenever a building, housing unit, or premises has been found to
be"an imminent threat to the health orsafety of the occupants orthe public, an emergency order may be
issued directing that the building, housing unit or premises be restored to a condition of safety and
specifying the time for compliance. In the alternative, the order may require that the building, housing unit
or premises be immediately vacated and closed to entry." Subsection (F)(1) requires relocation
assistance to be paid to "[a]ny tenant who is required to vacate and actually vacates a housing unit as a
 result of an emergency order."
No. 70956-9-1/5


months without paying. The Tenants were awarded a net amount of $637.50 for the

habitability claim, $2,550 in relocation assistance under RCW 59.18.085 and $650 for

their security deposit. The trial court denied Pham's motion for reconsideration and

awarded attorney's fees to the Tenants. Pham appeals.

                                      DISCUSSION

      "When a trial court has weighed the evidence in a bench trial, appellate review is

limited to determining whether substantial evidence supports its findings of fact and, if

so, whether the findings support the trial court's conclusions of law. Substantial

evidence exists when there is a sufficient quantity of evidence to persuade a fair-

minded, rational person that a finding is true." Heqwine v. Lonqview Fibre Co., Inc., 132

Wn. App. 546, 555-56, 132 P.3d 789 (2006) (citations omitted). A reviewing court

begins with a presumption in favor of the trial court's findings and the appellant has the
burden ofshowing that a finding offact is not supported by substantial evidence. Green
v. Normandy Park Riviera Section Comm. Club, Inc., 137 Wn. App. 665, 689, 151 P.3d

1038 (2007). Unchallenged findings are verities on appeal. Cowiche Canyon
Conservancy v. Boslev, 118 Wn.2d 801, 808, 828 P.2d 549 (1992). Conclusions of law

are reviewed de novo. Heqwine, 132 Wn. App. at 556 (citing Sunnvside Vallev Irrigation

Dist. v. Dickie, 149 Wn.2d 873, 880, 73 P.3d 369 (2003)).

                      Counterclaims in an Unlawful Detainer Action

       Pham argues that the Tenants cannot bring counterclaims for relocation
assistance and for damages for breach of implied warranty of habitability in an unlawful
No. 70956-9-1/6


detainer proceeding.3 The Tenants argue that these claims are equitable defenses that

directly relate to the issue of possession, and if proven, would excuse a breach of lease.

         Pham correctly cites the rule that counterclaims are not allowed in unlawful

detainer actions, except for those "'based on facts that would excuse a tenant's

breach.'" Br. of Appellant at 19, (quoting Josephinium Assoc, v. Kahli, 111 Wn. App.

617, 625, 45 P.3d 627 (2002). The exception properly applies when resolution of the

counterclaim is "necessary to determine the right of possession." First Union Mgmt, Inc.

v. Slack, 36 Wn. App. 849, 854, 679 P.2d 936 (1984).

         Under this exception, Washington courts have permitted counterclaims for

breach of warranty of habitability and breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment. See

Foisv v. Wvman, 83 Wn.2d 22, 32, 515 P.2d 160 (1973); Income Props. Inv. Corp. v.

Trefethen, 155 Wash. 493, 284 P. 783 (1930). The Foisv court approved of the

affirmative defense of breach of warranty of habitability, because it "goes directly to the

issue of rent due and owing, which is one of the basic issues in an unlawful detainer

action      " 83 Wn.2d at 31-32. Pham claims that the Foisv standard is "limited to the

diminution in rental value" only, not claims for damages, but cites no authority for this

argument. Br. of Appellant at 21. On the contrary, Foisv is often cited as the authority

allowing counterclaims for damages for breach of the implied warranty of habitability.

See Munden v. Hazelrigg, 105 Wn.2d 39, 41, 711 P.2d 295 (1985), Anqelo Prop. Co.,

LP v. Hafiz, 167 Wn. App. 789, 811-812, 274 P.3d 1075 (2012): Heaverlo v. Keico

Indus., Inc., 80 Wn. App. 724, 729, 911 P.2d 406 (1996). Furthermore, RCW 59.18.400



        3 Pham also argues that the Tenants are notentitled to a monetary award because they failed to
pay the required filing fee for a counterclaim or obtain a waiver. But because he cites no authority for the
argument, we decline to consider it.
No. 70956-9-1/7



enables a tenant to "assert any legal or equitable defense or set-off arising out of the

tenancy." We reject Pham's arguments and hold that the Tenants are permitted to raise

the defense of breach of warranty of habitability in this action.

       We also find that the Tenants' claim for relocation assistance was properly raised

in this action. An unlawful detainer action is a limited statutory proceeding to resolve the

right to possession between the landlord and the tenant. Chapter 59.12 RCW; Munden,

105 Wn.2d at 45. The law draws a distinction between possession and the right of

possession. Kessler v. Nielsen, 3 Wn. App. 120, 126, 472 P.2d 616 (1970). Once an

unlawful detainer action is commenced and the defendant does not concede the right to

possession, he or she has the right to have the issue determined. Housing Auth. of City
of Pasco and Franklin Ctv. v. Pleasant, 126 Wn. App. 381, 389, 109 P.3d 422 (2005).

       Pham argues that the trial court "fail[ed] to explain how relocation assistance
relates to possession of the property." Br. ofAppellant at 21. And he claims it is
contradictory for a tenant to ask for assistance to vacate while he or she continues to
assert a right to possession. We disagree. By seeking relocation assistance, the
Tenants do not concede the right to possession. Instead, they claim the right has been
compromised by the Unit's unlawful status, which, in turn, gives rise to the claim for
relocation assistance. Thus, the issue of the right to possession is intimately tied to the

lawful status of the Unit and the Tenants' right to relocation assistance. Furthermore,

the relocation assistance claim is also based on facts that would excuse a tenant's

breach, because it requires a finding that the dwelling is or will be unlawful to occupy. A
No. 70956-9-1/8



landlord would be precluded from renting a dwelling that was illegal to occupy, and any
tenants would be absolved of their duty to pay rent.4

        The Tenants also argue that excluding relocation assistance claims from unlawful

detainer proceedings would undermine the goals of the statute. We find this argument

persuasive. The legislature's stated purpose when it enacted RCW 59.18.085 was to

prevent tenants from being forced to "remain[ ] in rental housing that does not meet the

state's minimum standards for health and safety because they cannot afford to pay the

costs of relocation in advance of occupying new, safe, and habitable housing." See

RCW 59.18.085, Laws of 2005 ch. 364, § 1, Historical and Statutory Notes. Requiring

displaced tenants to bring separate actions for relocation assistance on the regular civil

calendar would impose unnecessary delay and costs on top of the financial burdens

involved in the moving process. In accordance with the statute's purpose, we hold that

an unlawful detainer action is an appropriate forum for relocation assistance claims

under RCW 59.18.085.


                                   Implied Warranty of Habitability

        Pham claims that the trial court's finding of breach of the implied warranty of

habitability is not supported by substantial evidence. He argues that the sewer leak did

not present a habitability issue, or if it did, he was not notified or given opportunity to



        4 Even if Pham were correct that a relocation assistance claim did not relate to possession, there
is no reason why the trial court could not have resolved the question of possession and then converted
the unlawful detainer action to a civil action at that time. This would have permitted the trial court to
address the relocation assistance claim in the same proceeding, while preserving the special nature of
the unlawful detainer action. Where the right to possession ceases to be at issue at any time between the
commencement of an unlawful detainer action and trial of that action, the proceeding may be converted
into an ordinary civil suit for damages. Munden, 105 Wn.2d at 45-46. Despite Pham's contention at oral
argument that this is "not the law," a trial court has "inherent power to fashion the method by which an
unlawful detainer action is converted to an ordinary civil action." \j± at 47. Once the case has been
converted, the trial court's general jurisdiction is restored and it can hear claims between the parties that
were excluded from the unlawful detainer action. Id at 45-46.

                                                      8
No. 70956-9-1/9


cure. He also argues that there was no evidence of a rodent infestation. The Tenants

argue that the record contains sufficient evidence to show that Pham breached the

implied warrant of habitability.

       In a residential unlawful detainer action, a tenant may raise a defense based on a

landlord's breach of the implied warranty of habitability. Foisv, 83 Wn.2d at 32. For a

breach of this warranty, the trier of fact must find "(1) Whether the evidence indicates

that the premises were totally or partially uninhabitable during the period of habitation

and, if so, (2) what portion, if any or all, of the defendant's obligation to pay rent is

relieved by the landlord's total or partial breach of his implied warranty of habitability."

Id. at 34. A warranty's applicability is a mixed question of law and fact. Burbo v. Harlev

C. Douglass, Inc., 125 Wn. App. 684, 694, 106 P.3d 258 (2005). Conditions that

"present a substantial risk of future danger" will give rise to a claim for breach of

warranty of habitability. Westlake View Condo. Ass'n. v. Sixth Ave. View Partners, LLC,

146 Wn. App. 760, 771, 193 P.3d 161 (2008).

       The record contains ample evidence of conditions in the Unit that would cause a

fair-minded, rational person to find a substantial risk of future danger. As long as

substantial evidence supports the trial court's findings, "a reviewing court will not

substitute its judgment for that of the trial court even though it may have resolved a

factual dispute differently." Sunnvside, 149 Wn.2d at 879-80. Pham misstates the

evidence when he claims that Bradrick testified that "the habitability issues were not so

egregious as to warrant an order of condemnation, eviction or displacement, even

though he had authority to issue such orders." Reply Brief at 11. Bradrick testified that
he didn't consider the sewer leak to be "egregious to the point where I was going to get
No. 70956-9-1/10


excited and create an emergency on it or anything, but I did want it to be addressed

relatively quickly." VRP at 115. He further testified that "[i]f I went back to inspect today,

and the sewage had not been rectified, I would immediately put out an emergency

order, yes." VRP at 132. The Tenants also testified about the sewage leak and smell

and presented evidence that Pham had been informed that the lines needed to be

replaced. The Tenants' testimony about the persistence of rodents as well as Bradrick's

testimony and letter, all supported a likelihood that rodents were present. Bradrick also

testified about the poor condition and installation of the stairs and handrails, back door,

sewer pipe, door to the crawl space, bathroom sink, and dangerous electrical violations.

We find that the record contains sufficient evidence to support a finding of breach of the

warranty of habitability.

       Pham argues the Tenants failed to provide him with notice and opportunity to

cure any defects as required by RCW 59.18.070. Br. of Appellant at 11. The argument

is without merit. The record shows that Pham had ample notice of the defects and an

opportunity to cure them. In addition to the complaints from the Tenants, Pham received
at least three letters from Bradrick advising him of the defects. Pham presented no

evidence that, to the extent he acted in response to these complaints, the defects were

ever cured.

       Pham argues that the trial court applied the wrong standard when it found him in
breach of the implied warranty of habitability. He contends the trial court erroneously
required him to take "'all reasonable measures'" to insure that the unit was rodent-free
because the Tenants had a small child. Br. of Appellant at 12-13. In support of this

argument Pham points to the court's oral ruling, in which, citing Landis, it stated "'[tjhere


                                               10
No. 70956-9-1/11


is no doubt that a rodent infestation can create an actual or potential safety hazard'" and

that this was "'especially true where, as here, an infant is in the home.'" CP at 85. The

trial court also stated that Pham "had a responsibility to take all reasonable measures to

keep rats from the unit, which he failed to do." |g\ But the trial court's written findings

show that its conclusion was based on the totality of the circumstances, including the

sewage leak, the rats, the odors, the faulty handrails, the holes in the floor, and Pham's

failure to remedy any of the conditions.5 A written order controls over any apparent

inconsistency with the court's earlier oral ruling. Shellenbarqer v. Briqman, 101 Wn.

App. 339, 346, 3 P.3d 211 (2000). Accordingly, we reject Pham's argument that the trial
court relied on an improper standard of habitability when it concluded that he breached

the implied warranty of habitability.

                                  Award of Relocation Assistance

       Pham argues that the trial court erred in finding that the Tenants were entitled to
relocation assistance under RCW 59.18.085(3). Pham's first argument is one of

statutory interpretation. He argues that the Tenants are not entitled to relocation
assistance because the City never issued a "notice of condemnation, eviction or

displacement order." Br. of Appellant at 17. The Tenants argue thatan order is not
required because the obligation to provide relocation assistance arose when Pham was
notified that the dwelling was unlawful.




        5Pham also argues that the trial court erred in finding that he breached the duty imposed by the
implied warranty of habitability, because the duty requires nothing more than for a landlord to act with
"reasonable diligence to eliminate dangers that pose an actual or potential safety hazard to its
occupants." Br. of Appellant at 12. He contends "'[tjhere is no breach if the landlord's efforts are
reasonable but unsuccessful.'" ]& But the case Pham cites, Lian v. Stalick. 106 Wn. App. 811,818, 25
P.3d 467 (2001), supports neither proposition. Nowhere in Ljan does the court suggest that a finding of
breach is precluded if a landlord merely takes reasonable measures to cure.
                                                     11
No. 70956-9-1/12



        This court reviews questions of statutory interpretation de novo. State v.

Wentz, 149 Wn.2d 342, 346, 68 P.3d 282 (2003). In interpreting statutes, we strive to

discern and implement the Legislature's intent. State v. J.P., 149 Wn.2d 444, 450,

69 P.3d 318 (2003). Where the plain language of a statute is unambiguous, and "the

legislative intent is apparent... we will not construe the statute otherwise." ]d. (citing

State v. Wilson, 125 Wn.2d 212, 217, 883 P.2d 320 (1994)). Plain meaning, however,

may be gleaned "from all that the Legislature has said in the statute and related statutes

which disclose legislative intent about the provision in question." Dep't of Ecology v.

Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 11, 43 P.3d 4 (2002).

        Pham bases his argument on RCW 59.18.085(3)(c)'s reference to a "notice of

the condemnation, eviction, or displacement order."6 Amicus King County Bar

Association (KCBA) argues that the obligation to pay relocation assistance under

subsection (3)(a) does not require that a unit actually be condemned or unlawful to

occupy. It is enough for an agency to notify a landlord that the dwelling will be

condemned or will be unlawful to occupy.

        We agree with the Tenants and KCBA. The plain language of RCW 59.18.085(3)
supports this interpretation. Subsection 3(a) applies when a landlord has been notified
that the dwelling will be condemned or unlawful to occupy due to conditions that violate
applicable codes, statutes, ordinances, or regulations. At that point, a landlord who
knew or should have known of the conditions shall be required to pay relocation




        6RCW 59.18.085(3)(a)(i)-(ii) also refer to a "condemnation or no occupancy order." These are the
exceptions under which a landlord will not be required to pay relocation assistance, and neither apply
here.

                                                    12
No. 70956-9-1/13


assistance, unless the conditions are a result of illegal activity, natural disaster, or

acquisition by eminent domain. RCW 59.18.085(3)(i)-(iii).

        If a landlord refuses to pay relocation assistance under RCW 59.18.085(3)(a)

and the governing agency is forced to condemn the dwelling, then the enforcement

mechanisms in subsections (3)(c), (f), (g), and (h) come into play. At that point the

landlord must pay the required relocation assistance within seven days of receiving

notice of the condemnation, eviction, or displacement order. If a landlord does not pay

within that period, the governing agency may advance payment to the tenants and seek

to recover from the landlord, with interest. The governing agency is entitled to its fees

and costs and the landlord may face civil penalties if more than sixty days have passed.

        Pham argues that "the legislative history" supports his interpretation and at oral

argument, cited RCW 59.18.085, Historical and Statutory Notes. But the notes, titled
"Purpose" are consistent with our reading of the statute's plain language. The notes

read:

        Certain tenants in the state of Washington have remained in rental
        housing that does not meet the state's minimum standards for health
        and safety because they cannot afford to pay the costs of relocation
        in advance of occupying new, safe, and habitable housing. In
        egregious cases, authorities have been forced to condemn property
        when landlords have failed to remedy building code or health code
        violations after repeated notice, and, as a result, families with limited
        financial resources have been displaced and left with nowhere to go.

Subsection 3(a) addresses the first issue oftenants being forced to stay in substandard
housing by requiring landlords to pay relocation assistance. Subsections (3)(c), (f), (g),
and (h) were enacted for the "egregious cases," where a landlord has notice and has
refused to pay relocation assistance, and a governing authority is forced to condemn

the property.


                                               13
No. 70956-9-1/14



       Based on the language of the statute, we find that if RCW 59.18.085(3)(a)

applies, a landlord is required to pay relocation assistance if the building will be

condemned or deemed unlawful to occupy. In this circumstance, it is irrelevant whether

the landlord has received notice of an order of condemnation, eviction, or displacement.

       Pham next argues that he was never notified that the unit will "be condemned" or

will "be unlawful to occupy." Br. of Appellant at 17. The Tenants argue that Pham

received three letters informing him that the units were illegal. The record shows that

Pham received notice that the dwelling was unlawful to occupy because (1) it was

permitted only for use as a triplex, and (2) its condition was substandard and violated

multiple provisions of the housing code. The initial Notice of Violation states, in all caps,

that Pham must:

       DISCONTINUE THE MAINTENANCE/USE OF 9312 51st AVE
       SOUTH AS A FIVEPLEX OR OBTAIN A PERMIT AND FINAL
       APPROVAL INSPECTION TO ESTABLISH THE USE. A FIVEPLEX
       IS NOT THE LEGALLY ESTABLISHED USE OF THE PROPERTY;
       THE CURRENT PERMITTED USE OF THIS PROPERTY IS AS A
       TRIPLEX.

CP at 69. The second letter reads "[tjhe units will have to be legalized, under a permit,

or the tenants removed (you will have to pay them $2000 for tenant relocation

assistance) and the units shut down and never rented again until they are legalized,"
and that "multiple repairs will be needed to the lower unit if it is to be permitted." CP at
76. The final letter, dated June 6, 2013, indicated that there were numerous housing

violations that would need to be addressed before the building would be legal to rent.

Pham's contention that the City did not notify him that the dwelling "is unlawful to

occupy" is contradicted by the explicit text ofthe notice and letters. Br. of Appellant at

17.


                                              14
No. 70956-9-1/15


       Third, Pham argues that the statute and the Residential Landlord Tenant Act

(RLTA) provide him with opportunity to cure before being required to pay relocation

assistance. The Tenants argue that there is no cure period and to infer one would

defeat the statute's purpose, because landlords would take advantage of such period

and delay taking any action until forced to do so.

       We find that there is no safe harbor for landlords once they have been notified

that the dwelling will be condemned or will be unlawful to occupy, even if they are in the

process of permitting.7 The statute inherently requires notice before the violation is

issued because it only applies to landlords who "knew or should have known" about the

conditions. RCW 59.18.085(3)(a). There is no additional opportunity to cure and to

impose one would allow landlords to delay the process and continue to rent unlawful
dwellings without penalty.

       Pham argues that the statute must contain an additional implicit notice
requirement and cure period because RCW 59.18.085 Notes indicate that a landlord is
to receive "due notice." Uws of 2005 ch. 364, § 1. The notes read "[tjhe purpose of this

act is to establish a process by which displaced tenants would receive funds for
relocation from landlords who fail to provide safe and sanitary housing after due notice

of building code or health code violations." \± Again, the Legislature already provided
for "due notice" by requiring a "governmental agency responsible for the enforcement of
a building, housing, or other appropriate code" to "notif[yj the landlord that a dwelling" is


         7At oral argument, Pham claimed that without additional notice and opportunity to cure, the
statute as written would open the floodgates for relocation assistance claims because tenants would be
able to sit idly in substandard conditions and only notify their landlords when they were facing eviction.
Again, the statute requires that a landlord be notified that a building is unlawful to occupy and to have
actual orconstructive knowledge of the conditions giving rise to the illegal status before requiring them to
pay relocation assistance.
                                                     15
No. 70956-9-1/16


or will be "condemned" or "unlawful to occupy," before imposing a duty to provide

relocation assistance. RCW 59.18.085(1), .085(3)(a).

       According to Pham, the City's letter also gives him opportunity to cure. He claims

he is not required to pay relocation assistance because the City gave him the option

and he chose to permit the unit. The Seattle Municipal Code (SMC) imposes its own

requirements for payment of relocation assistance upon the issuance of an emergency

order to vacate. SMC 22.206.260(F). The City's procedures do not affect the Tenants'

rights or a landlord's obligations under the RLTA. Nothing in the Seattle Municipal Code

"is intended to affect or limit a tenant's right to pursue a private right of action pursuant

to Chapter 59.18 RCW for any violation of Chapter 59.18 RCW for which that chapter

provides a private right of action." SMC 22.206.305. Moreover, even if Pham had

obtained the permits, the Unit was still unlawful to occupy because of the multiple

violations of the housing code which had not been remedied.

       Pham makes several additional perfunctory arguments against the Tenants'

entitlementto relocation costs. We reject each of them. Pham's claim that substantial

evidence did not support the trial court's finding that the building was unlawful to occupy

is meritless. The explicit language in the City's letters demonstrate otherwise. Pham's
argument that the statute does not allow assistance to be paid to tenants who choose to
relocate is simply incorrect. RCW 59.18.085(3) does not address a tenant's choice to
relocate, but subsection (2) specifically allows a tenant who "elects to terminate the
tenancy as a result of the conditions leading to the posting" to recover additional
damages if a landlord knowingly violates subsection (1). The trial court stated that the
tenants "elected to be relocated" but found that Pham had to only pay relocation


                                               16
No. 70956-9-1/17


assistance under RCW 59.18.085(3)(a). CP at 88. Thus, the trial court's comment is of

no consequence to the Tenants' entitlement to relocation assistance. Even if the tenants

had chosen to relocate, it would not negate the mandatory payment required by

subsection (3)(a).

       Pham also argues that a tenant can sue under RCW 59.18.085(3)(e) only if

relocation assistance has been ordered and the landlord fails to pay. The Tenants argue

that 3(e) creates a private right of action against a landlord, independent of

governmental enforcement. We agree with the Tenants and find that (3)(e) allows a

tenant to bring a private action to recover relocation assistance due under subsection

(3)(a). The text of subsection (3)(e) distinguishes the governmental enforcement and

the private right by allowing attorneys' fees and costs to be awarded for actions brought

under (3)(e) or (3)(c).

        Finally, Pham argues that the trial court was required to find that he brought the
eviction to avoid paying relocation assistance.8 Reply brief at 6. This is not correct.
RCW 59.18.085(3)(a) requires payment of relocation assistance regardless of whether

any retaliatory action has been taken against the tenants.

                                            Tenants' Default

        Pham argues that the trial court wrongfully applied the Tenants' last month's rent
to bring them out ofdefault. He claims that in order to apply the last month's rent, the
Tenants had to 1) give twenty days' notice of intent to vacate, 2) indicate that they
wanted to apply the last month's rent to thatfinal month, and 3) actually vacate. Br. of


        8 Subsection (3)(d) prevents a landlord from taking retaliatory or collateral action against tenants
after receiving a notice of violation. This does not have any effect on a landlord's duty to pay relocation
assistance under subsection (3)(a).


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Appellant at 14. The Tenants claim that they are entitled to apply the prepaid last

months' rent as an offset for any amount due and owing.

       We find no error in the trial court's assessment. Pham received a month's worth

of prepaid rent from the Tenants. The lease does not contain any provisions specifying

how this prepaid rent will be applied, or any conditions that must be met before it may

be credited. Again, under RCW 59.18.400, a defendant in an unlawful detainer action

"may assert any legal or equitable defense or set-off arising out of the tenancy." The

Tenants raised the defense that they were current in rent because they prepaid the last

month's rent. The trial court appropriately applied the prepayment as an offset and

found that the Tenants prevailed on their defense that no rent is due and owing.

       Pham argues that the Tenants were barred by RCW 59.18.080 from exercising

remedies under the RLTA because they were not current in rent. The Tenants argue

that they can exercise RLTA remedies because RCW 59.18.080 does not limit the right
to raise a defense that there is no rent due and owing.9

       RCW 59.18.080 requires a tenant to "be current in the payment of rent including

all utilities ... before exercising any of the remedies accorded him or her under the

provisions of this chapter... PROVIDED FURTHER, That this section shall not be
construed as limiting the tenant's right in an unlawful detainer proceeding to raise the
defense that there is no rent due and owing." As discussed earlier, the Tenants raised

the defenses that they did not owe any rent due to their claims ofsetoff and breach of




        9Alternatively, the Tenants argue that the statute does not limit the tenant's "civil remedies for
negligent or intentional damages" and that the standards required for relocation assistance should qualify
as a civil remedy for negligent or intentional damages. Given our disposition of this case, we do not
address this argument.

                                                     18
No. 70956-9-1/19


warranty of habitability. The trial court found that they prevailed on those claims and that

they were current in the payment of rent.

        Pham also argues that the tenants had not proved any diminution in value for the

alleged defects in the premises. According to him, the trial court's conclusion that the

premises were twenty-five percent uninhabitable was not supported by evidence, and

even if it were, the Tenants are still required to tender rent for the diminished value. We

disagree. First, the Tenants have already paid full rent for the entire lease term, and rent
for May 2013 was prepaid. The trial court also required the Tenants to tender rent for
June and July 2013 and calculated that amount into the offset, even though the Unit had
been deemed illegal to inhabit at that time.10 Second, there is substantial evidence in
the record to supporta finding ofsignificantly reduced habitability as a result ofthe
sewer leak, the rodent problem, the structural defects, the electrical violations, and the
"very poor" overall quality of the Unit's installation. VRP at 114. At trial, the Tenants
proposed a percentage of twenty-five based on an estimate of the percentage of actual
uninhabitable space in the Unit. This included "the pantry area, any areas where there
were rats ... [or] sewage smell." VRP at 217. Pham accepted the estimate at that time
but later disputed it in his motion for reconsideration. From the record, a rational, fair-
minded person could easily find that the Unit's habitability had been reduced by twenty-
five percent.

         Pham argues that the trial court should have found that the terms of the lease
agreement continued to apply after the lease expired. He claims he should have been

         10 The trial court in its discretion awarded Pham rent for that period because the Tenants were
still in possession. We note, however, that Pham's entitlement to rent during that time is questionable
given his knowledge that the Unit was unlawful to occupy. Nonetheless, because the Tenants did not
 appeal the issue, we will not disturb that award.
                                                     19
No. 70956-9-1/20


allowed to charge late fees for the months that the Tenants held over and failed to pay

rent. The Tenants claim that they were not subject to late fees because they were not

late—they had already overpaid based on the unit's condition.

        The relevant portion of the trial court's finding reads:

        As Plaintiff acknowledges, late fees are a provision of the lease that
        expired April 30, 2013, and Defendants paid rent through that date.
        No evidence was offered to suggest the parties orally agreed that
        the lease terms continue into a month-to-month tenancy.
        Accordingly, Plaintiff's claim for late fees has no legal basis. For the
        reasons stated below, the Court finds that Defendants are excused
        from payment of rent after expiration of the lease. . . . CP at 84-85.

The lease states "[ijf any rent is not paid on or before the due date, Tenant agrees to
pay a late charge of [$]25 for each day that the same is delinquent, including the day of
payment          "CP at 56. Pham correctly cites the general rule that the terms of a fixed
lease apply to the terms of a holdover tenancy, even in the absence of language in a
holdover provision. Marsh-McLennan Bldq.. Inc. v. Clapp, 96 Wn. App. 636, 644-648,
980 P.2d 311 (1999). Under this rule, the terms of the lease would have extended to the
holdover tenancy and Pham would have been entitled to charge late fees if the Tenants
had been in default.11

        We find that the terms of the lease apply to the holdover tenancy. However, we

agree with the trial court's assessment that Pham's claim for late fees "has no legal
basis" because the Tenants were found to be current in rent. CP at 84. An appellate
court may "sustain a trial court's judgment upon any theory established by the pleadings
and supported by proof." Wendle v. Farrow, 102 Wn.2d 380, 382, 686 P.2d 480 (1984)
(citing Gross v. Lvnnwood, 90 Wn.2d 395, 401, 583 P.2d 1197 (1978)). Based on

         11 This assumes that the building would have been lawful to occupy. It was not lawful to occupy
 during the time that Pham argues that he is entitled to charge late fees.
                                                      20
No. 70956-9-1/21


Pham's breach of the warranty of habitability, the trial court concluded that as of April

2013, the Tenants had overpaid rent for nine months, and that overpayment had

already covered the rent due for May, June, and July 2013. Therefore, at the time of

trial, there was no rent that had "not [been] paid on or before the due date." CP at 56.

      The Tenants request an award of attorney's fees as the prevailing party on

appeal. Under RCW 59.18.290 and RAP 18.1, the Tenants are entitled to an award of

reasonable attorney's fees and costs on appeal.

      Affirmed.




WE CONCUR:




                  Z




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