                         In the
                    Court of Appeals
            Second Appellate District of Texas
                     at Fort Worth
                  ___________________________
                       No. 02-19-00208-CV
                  ___________________________

                   KEVIN SCRIBNER, Appellant

                                  V.

RANDAL WINEINGER, INDIVIDUALLY AND D/B/A AKINS OIL COMPANY
           AND PARRA OIL AND GAS, INC., Appellees




               On Appeal from the 97th District Court
                        Archer County, Texas
                  Trial Court No. 2018-0094A-CV


             Before Sudderth, C.J.; Bassel and Womack, JJ.
               Memorandum Opinion by Justice Bassel
                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

                               I.     INTRODUCTION

      This case concerns adverse possession of an oil-and-gas leasehold interest. In a

single issue, Appellant Kevin Scribner challenges the trial court’s order and final

judgment granting summary judgment in favor of Appellees Randal Wineinger,

Individually and d/b/a Akins Oil Company, and Parra Oil and Gas, Inc. on their

affirmative defense of adverse possession and Parra’s claim of limitations title (under

the five-year statute). The trial court ordered that Scribner take nothing on his claims

for trespass to try title, conversion, and trespass and declared that Parra was the

owner of the oil-and-gas leasehold interest.

      Scribner does not dispute that the summary-judgment record establishes that

Appellees’ predecessors in title obtained adverse title to the leasehold interest before

the conveyance of that interest to Appellees.       Scribner contends that Appellees

acknowledged his title in the lease at least three times when they sought an assignment

of that interest and that the acknowledgements precluded any limitation title running

in their favor. But even assuming that the acknowledgments occurred, they came too

late to benefit Scribner because all the acts necessary for Appellees’ predecessors to

obtain adverse title and to divest Scribner of any claim to the lease occurred before

the claimed acknowledgments. The acknowledgments did not stop the clock on the

adverse claim because the clock had already run out before they occurred.



                                           2
      Scribner also contends that Appellees’ acknowledgements of his title raised a

fact issue on whether Appellees’ possession was adverse. An acknowledgement of

title after the statutory bar may constitute evidence showing that an adverse claimant’s

possession was not adverse during the limitations period because the possessor must

intend to appropriate the property. But that principle does not apply here because

Appellees did not possess the leasehold interest during the limitations period.

Accordingly, we affirm.

                                 II.    BACKGROUND

A.    The parties proffer alternative contentions regarding ownership of the
      leasehold interest.1
      In 1999, Scribner’s father acquired an oil-and-gas leasehold interest arising by

virtue of an oil-and-gas lease recorded in Archer County, Texas. The record reflects

that Scribner’s father conveyed all the working interest in the lease to him by virtue of

a May 30, 2002 Assignment and Bill of Sale (2002 Assignment) filed of record in

Archer County. Scribner contends that he did not know about the 2002 Assignment

until 2016. He alleged that he had never transferred the working interest to any other

person or entity and that he remains the owner.




      1
        We draw these allegations and facts from the parties’ live pleadings and the
summary-judgment evidence. We refer to allegations in the pleadings only to more
clearly outline the context for this dispute; we do not consider them evidence
supporting summary judgment. See Laidlaw Waste Sys. (Dall.), Inc. v. City of Wilmer, 904
S.W.2d 656, 660 (Tex. 1995).

                                           3
       Wineinger contends that he previously held and Parra contends that it currently

holds superior title to the leasehold interest because their predecessors acquired title

through adverse possession under the five-year statute.2 See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.

Code Ann. § 16.025. The summary-judgment evidence shows that on March 29,

2010, Louise Daniel, acting under the will of Scribner’s father (then deceased),

assigned the working interest and lease to Latigo Drilling, LLC (2010 Assignment).

Appellees allege that although Scribner was present when Daniel executed and

delivered the assignment of the lease to Latigo, Scribner did not assert any ownership

to the lease at that time.

       The record reflects that a series of individuals and entities owned and assigned

the leasehold interest following the 2010 Assignment:

       •      On October 8, 2010, Latigo assigned the working interest to Hanaco
              LLC.

       •      On September 10, 2012, Hanaco assigned one-third of the working
              interest to Duncan Oil Company, assigned one-third of the working
              interest to Gary Grace d/b/a Grace Services, and retained one-third of
              the working interest for itself.

       •      On May 15, 2014, Grace assigned its one-third of the working interest to
              A&G Operating, LLC.

       •      On June 13, 2016, Hanaco, Duncan, and A&G assigned 100% of the
              working interest to Wineinger and David Park, in their individual
              capacities.


       Wineinger does not assert current ownership of the leasehold interest because
       2

he had assigned his interest to Parra prior to Scribner filing suit, as discussed below.


                                           4
       •      On October 1, 2016, Wineinger and Park assigned the working interest
              to Parra, a company in which they both own an interest.
These assignments were recorded in Archer County.

       According to Appellees, Parra and each of its predecessors exclusively operated

the lease, received all revenue (less royalty) from the lease, and paid all taxes

attributable to the lease. They assert that Scribner, on the other hand, did not

participate in the operations of the lease; did not make any expenditures for the lease;

did not receive any revenue from the lease; and did not pay any taxes attributable to

the lease.

       In June 2018, Scribner filed suit against Appellees asserting claims for trespass

to try title, trespass to real property, and conversion. Scribner sought a determination

that he holds superior title to the working interest, an accounting, and an award of

damages. Appellees answered, asserting the affirmative defense of perfection of title

by adverse possession under the five-year statute of limitations, citing section 16.025

of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code (five-year statute).           Parra also

counterclaimed for trespass to try title, declaratory judgment, and suit to quiet title,

seeking a declaration that it has a superior title by limitations.3



       3
        Appellees asserted other affirmative defenses, including limitations under the
three- and ten-year statutes of limitations under chapter 16 of the Texas Civil Practice
and Remedies Code, and Parra asserted counterclaims in addition to those listed
above. Those defenses and counterclaims are not relevant to the disposition of this
appeal, and the trial court’s judgment provides that “[t]his Judgment disposes of all
parties and claims and is final and appealable.” This language unmistakably indicates

                                              5
B.    Appellees moved for summary judgment on Scribner’s claims and
      Parra’s counterclaims, arguing that their predecessors acquired
      limitation title by adverse possession under the five-year statute.
      Appellees moved for traditional summary judgment, arguing that Scribner’s

claims were precluded by their predecessors’ adverse possession and that Parra was

the rightful, current owner of the leasehold interest.       Appellees argued that the

summary-judgment evidence satisfied each element of the five-year statute and that

after tacking or stringing together all periods of possession of their predecessors since

April 2010 (when Latigo began operating the lease), they had adversely possessed the

lease by April 2015, and Scribner’s claimed ownership in and right to possess the

property had terminated in April 2015.

      Appellees requested that the trial court enter a judgment that Scribner take

nothing on his trespass-to-try-title claim, arguing the evidence established the

affirmative defense of limitations under the five-year statute as a matter of law. They

also requested that the trial court enter a judgment that Scribner take nothing on his

trespass and conversion claims, arguing that the evidence established that they had

adversely possessed the lease in April 2015 under the five-year statute, thereby

dispensing with the essential elements of these claims relating to Scribner’s ownership

or rights to possession. Parra also requested summary judgment on its counterclaims

for trespass to try title, declaratory judgment, and suit to quiet title, arguing that the

that the summary judgment was final. See In re Daredia, 317 S.W.3d 247, 248 (Tex.
2010) (orig. proceeding).


                                            6
evidence established all elements to each counterclaim based on the evidence

establishing title through adverse possession under the five-year statute.

C.    Scribner opposed summary judgment by arguing that Appellees
      acknowledged his title to the lease, precluding limitations from running
      in Appellees’ favor and evidencing that their possession at any time was
      not adverse.
      In response to Appellees’ motion, Scribner argued that there was “a genuine

issue of material fact as to who owns the working interest” that precluded summary

judgment. Scribner cited Tex-Wis Co. v. Johnson, 525 S.W.2d 232 (Tex. App.—Waco

1975), aff’d on other grounds, 534 S.W.2d 895 (Tex. 1976), for the proposition that a

defendant’s offer to buy land constitutes an acknowledgment in title in the plaintiff

that precludes limitations from running in favor of the defendant and is evidence

tending to show that any possession by the defendant is not adverse to the plaintiff.

Scribner argued that Appellees acknowledged title in him when they contacted him at

least three times to request that he execute a proposed assignment of his interests.

      First, Billy Elder is an attorney who represented Parra in June 2016 in

connection with Parra’s acquisition of leasehold interests in several leases situated in

Archer County, including the lease at issue. In connection with that work, Elder

discovered the 2002 Assignment in the Archer County records.4




      4
       Elder submitted an affidavit attesting to these facts.


                                            7
      On June 10, 2016, Elder sent Scribner an email, which provided,

      Thank you for visiting with me. Attached is the assignment from [your
      father] to you, back in 2002. I could not find any assignment back into
      [your father] that was filed with the County Clerk. The assignment to
      Latigo Drilling was from Louise Daniel u/w/o [your father], instead of
      you. I have attached a copy of the assignment to Latigo as well, so you
      can see the problem. What I would like to do to clear this up is to do an
      assignment from you into the current owners, Hanaco, LLC, A&G
      Operating, LLC and Robert Duncan d/b/a Duncan Oil Company, so
      we can clear up this break in the change.[5] Let me know if this is
      acceptable and I will prepare it for your signature.
That same day, Elder sent Scribner a draft of the proposed assignment of Scribner’s

working interest to Hanaco, Duncan, and A&G. 6 Elder copied Park on at least one

of his June 10, 2016 emails to Scribner. 7

      Second, on June 13, 2016, Park forwarded Elder’s June 10, 2016 email with the

draft assignment attached to Scribner’s wife asking, “Can you have Kevin sign,



      5
        The original text says “change”; Scribner contends this was a typo and should
state “chain.” This issue is not relevant to the disposition of the appeal.
      6
        After referencing the 2010 Assignment, the proposed assignment provided
that the working interests in the lease “are now purported to be owned” by Hanaco,
A&G, and Duncan and that “a question has arisen as to a possible break in the chain
of title, due to an Assignment and Bill of Sale from [Scribner’s father] to Kevin
Scribner, dated May 30, 2002, said assignment being recorded at Volume 616, Page
649 of the Official Public Records of Archer County, Texas.” The proposed
assignment further provided, “Kevin Scribner desires to correct the chain of title and
assign all of his right, title, and interest in the above described lease to the now
purported owners . . . .” In a sworn declaration, Scribner authenticated Elder’s first
June 10, 2016 email and the draft assignment.
      7
       As noted above, Park is an owner of Parra.


                                             8
notarize and return to me? Thanks for your help.” 8 Park and Scribner’s wife worked

together at First Bank.9

      Third, according to Scribner’s declaration, in July 2016, he received another

email from Elder inquiring about the status of the proposed assignment. This email is

not in the summary-judgment record. 10

      Attributing the above actions to Appellees, Scribner argued that Appellees’

contacts regarding execution of the proposed assignment were analogous to the offer

to purchase real property in Tex-Wis Co. He argued that the contacts constituted an

acknowledgement of title in Scribner that precluded any limitations from running in

Appellees’ favor as a matter of law and was evidence tending to show that any

possession by Appellees was not adverse to Scribner.

      The trial court granted Appellees’ motion and entered a final judgment that

Scribner take nothing on all of his claims; awarded Parra title to a 100% working




      That same day, Hanaco, Duncan, and Grace executed an assignment of the
      8

working interest to Wineinger and Park.
      9
       In a sworn declaration, Scribner’s wife testified to these facts and
authenticated Park’s June 13, 2016 email, which forwarded Elder’s second June 10,
2016 email to Scribner.
      10
         In Elder’s affidavit, he averred that he called Scribner in July 2016 asking him
about the assignment. In Scribner’s declaration, he denied this conversation took
place. This dispute is not material to the disposition of this appeal. See Tex. R. Civ. P.
166a(c).


                                            9
interest in the lease; declared Parra to be the sole owner of the working interest; and

declared the 2002 Assignment null, void, and of no effect. Scribner timely appealed.

                              III.   STANDARD OF REVIEW

         We review a summary judgment de novo. Tex. Workforce Comm’n v. Wichita Cty.,

548 S.W.3d 489, 492 (Tex. 2018). Summary judgment is proper when no genuine

issue of material fact exists and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c). We consider the evidence presented in the light most

favorable to the nonmovant, crediting evidence favorable to the nonmovant if

reasonable jurors could, and disregarding evidence contrary to the nonmovant unless

reasonable jurors could not. Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289

S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. 2009). We indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any

doubts in the nonmovant’s favor. 20801, Inc. v. Parker, 249 S.W.3d 392, 399 (Tex.

2008).

         Here, we deal with the affirmative defense of limitations title, and a defendant is

entitled to summary judgment on an affirmative defense if the defendant conclusively

proves all the elements of that defense. Frost Nat’l Bank v. Fernandez, 315 S.W.3d 494,

508–09 (Tex. 2010); see Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(b), (c). To accomplish this, the defendant

must present summary-judgment evidence establishing each element of the affirmative

defense as a matter of law. Chau v. Riddle, 254 S.W.3d 453, 455 (Tex. 2008); Ryland Grp.,

Inc. v. Hood, 924 S.W.2d 120, 121 (Tex. 1996). This standard governs the trial court’s

ruling that Scribner take nothing on his trespass-to-try-title claim.

                                              10
       Additionally, a defendant that conclusively negates at least one essential element

of a plaintiff’s cause of action is entitled to summary judgment on that claim. Frost

Nat’l Bank, 315 S.W.3d at 508; see Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(b), (c). Once the defendant

produces sufficient evidence to establish the right to summary judgment, the burden

shifts to the plaintiff to come forward with competent controverting evidence that

raises a fact issue. Van v. Peña, 990 S.W.2d 751, 753 (Tex. 1999). This standard is the

basis for the trial court’s ruling that Scribner take nothing on his trespass and

conversion claims.

       Finally, a claimant is also entitled to summary judgment on a cause of action if

it conclusively proves all essential elements of the claim. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(a),

(c); MMP, Ltd. v. Jones, 710 S.W.2d 59, 60 (Tex. 1986). This standard is the basis for

the trial courts’ ruling in favor of Parra on its counterclaims.

       Although each of the above standards applies to this case, all questions we

resolve in this appeal rely upon our analysis of the evidence regarding Appellees’

affirmative defense of adverse title by limitations under the five-year statute.

                                IV.    APPLICABLE LAW

       “‘A mineral estate, even when severed from the surface estate, may be

adversely possessed under the various statutes of limitations,’ so long as the statutory

requirements are met.” BP Am. Oil Prod. Co. v. Marshall, 342 S.W.3d 59, 69 (Tex.

2011) (quoting Nat. Gas Pipeline Co. of Am. v. Pool, 124 S.W.3d 188, 192–93 (Tex.

2003)). The five-year statute provides,

                                            11
      (a)     A person must bring suit not later than five years after the day the cause
              of action accrues to recover real property held in peaceable and adverse
              possession by another who:
              (1)   cultivates, uses, or enjoys the property;

              (2)   pays applicable taxes on the property; and

              (3)   claims the property under a duly registered deed.

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 16.025(a). If an action for the recovery of real

property is barred by the five-year statute, then “the person who holds the property in

peaceable and adverse possession has full title, precluding all claims.” Id. § 16.030(a).

An adverse possession claimant may “tack” or string together and aggregate prior

periods of possession by the claimant’s predecessors to satisfy the limitations period

as long as there is privity of estate between each holder and its successor. See id.

§ 16.023.11

      Pertinent to this appeal, section 16.021 of the Texas Civil Practice and

Remedies Code defines “adverse possession” to mean “an actual and visible

appropriation of real property, commenced and continued under a claim of right that


      11
         Here, Scribner does not challenge whether Appellees’ summary-judgment
evidence established the elements of the five-year statute, except the requirement that
the possession be adverse to Scribner, which we address below. Production of oil and
gas constitutes a use of the mineral estate that is an adverse use, as discussed below.
And the summary-judgment record establishes a use for the requisite period of time.
That record also establishes—and Scribner does not contend otherwise—that Parra’s
predecessors held title under documents that qualify as duly registered deeds. Finally,
the summary-judgment record establishes that Parra’s predecessors in title paid the
taxes attributable to the mineral estate.


                                           12
is inconsistent with and is hostile to the claim of another person.” Id. § 16.021(1).

“The ‘possession must be of such character as to indicate unmistakably an assertion of

a claim of exclusive ownership in the occupant.” BP Am. Oil Prod. Co., 342 S.W.3d at

70 (citing Rhodes v. Cahill, 802 S.W.2d 643, 645 (Tex. 1990), and McDonnold v. Weinacht,

465 S.W.2d 136, 141 (Tex. 1971)). “[I]n order to mature title by limitations to a

mineral estate, actual possession of the minerals must occur.” Nat. Gas Pipeline Co.,

124 S.W.3d at 193 (citations omitted). In the context of a mineral interest, actual

possession occurs through production of oil and gas, and with respect to the mineral

estate, the supreme court provides the following description of the process of how

actual possession occurs:

       A mineral estate, even when severed from the surface estate, may be
       adversely possessed under the various statutes of limitations. Once
       severance occurs, possession of the surface alone will not constitute
       adverse possession of minerals. Generally, courts across the country
       including Texas courts have said that in order to mature title by
       limitations to a mineral estate, actual possession of the minerals must
       occur. In the case of oil and gas, that means drilling and production of
       oil or gas.

Id. at 192–93 (citations and footnotes omitted). With uncontroverted proof of such

actual possession, adverse title may be conclusively established and warrant a

determination that adverse title exists as a matter of law. Id. at 201.

       But “[n]o matter what the use and occupancy of the land may be, the possessor

must intend to appropriate it.” Calfee v. Duke, 544 S.W.2d 640, 642 (Tex. 1976)

(citation omitted). “If by mental reservation the possessor intends to hold the land


                                            13
only until or unless the true owner appears, his claim of right does not satisfy this

requirement.” Id. (citations omitted). “In many cases the statements of the adverse

claimant appear to be, or may in fact be, inconsistent. It is usually held that a fact

issue is thereby presented on the question of his intent to claim the land.” Id. (citation

omitted).

      A “possessor’s acknowledgement of title in another when made before the

completion of the bar will defeat limitation.” Bruni v. Vidaurri, 166 S.W.2d 81, 88

(Tex. 1942) (emphasis added) (citations omitted); see also Brown v. Snider Indus., LLP,

528 S.W.3d 620, 629 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2017, pet. denied) (“If, prior to the

completion of the limitations period, an adverse possessor acknowledges that another

has superior title to the property he is possessing, it will defeat limitations as to that

possessor.” (citations omitted)). An acknowledgment of title may occur, for example,

if a possessor’s offer to purchase the property from the record owner involves an

admission of title. Brown, 528 S.W.2d at 629 (citations omitted); see also Bruni, 166

S.W.2d at 88 (explaining that it is usually a fact question on whether a person’s offer

to purchase property is a recognition of superior title or is an effort to buy peace and

protect oneself from adverse litigation).

      A possessor’s acknowledgement of title in another after the limitation title has

been completed, however, does not destroy the limitation title. Bruni, 166 S.W.2d at

88. As the Texas Supreme Court has stated,



                                            14
      A limitation title once consummated, is as full and absolute as any other
      perfect title, and is not lost by a subsequent oral statement by the
      limitation owner that he never intended to claim by limitations. . . . A
      written acknowledgement of tenancy by one who perfected title is also
      ineffective to divest a limitation title.
Republic Nat’l Bank of Dall. v. Stetson, 390 S.W.2d 257, 260 (Tex. 1965) (citations

omitted); see also Butler v. Hanson, 455 S.W.2d 942, 946 (Tex. 1970) (same); Harris v.

Mayfield, 260 S.W. 835, 838 (Tex. [Comm’n Op.] 1924) (holding that once limitation

title accrues, a later gratuitous acknowledgement that the title never existed cannot

defeat the acquired title); Hurr v. Hildebrand, 388 S.W.2d 284, 291 (Tex. App.—

Houston 1965, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (“[A] title acquired by limitation can no more be

abandoned by moving away or orally conveyed or divested by other conduct, or orally

relinquished than a record title.”). But a possessor’s acknowledgement of title in

another after the limitation period may tend to show that the possession was not

adverse. See Bruni, 166 S.W.2d at 88; see also Butler, 455 S.W.2d at 946 (stating that it

was for the jury to determine whether a possessor claimed land as his own under a

claim of right during the limitations period when, after the limitation period, he

executed an affidavit disclaiming interest in the property).




                                           15
  V.   THE TRIAL COURT DID NOT ERR BY GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT
 BECAUSE ANY ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF TITLE BY APPELLEES OCCURRED AFTER
          APPELLEES’ PREDECESSORS OBTAINED ADVERSE TITLE.
      The sole issue on appeal as phrased by Scribner is whether the trial court erred

by granting summary judgment in favor of Appellees 12 under the five-year statute

because Appellees acknowledged title in Scribner.13 This issue requires us to address

two   questions.       First,    did    the   summary-judgment   evidence    regarding

acknowledgments of title in Scribner preclude limitations from running in favor of

Appellees?         Second,      did    the    summary-judgment   evidence    regarding

acknowledgements of title in Scribner raise a genuine issue of material fact on whether

Appellees’ possession was adverse to Scribner? We resolve both questions against

Scribner.



      12
         Scribner’s briefing in the trial court and on appeal is often unclear about
which party he intends to reference (or if he is referencing both) when he refers to
“Appellee” or “defendant” in the singular. Construing the briefing liberally, we read
his briefing as referring to both Appellees as necessary. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1.
      13
         Scribner argued in the trial court and on appeal that he did not know that his
father had assigned the lease to him until June 10, 2016, when he was contacted by
Elder. Scribner does not assign any error to the trial court’s order based on this
argument. Even if we construe Scribner’s briefing in the trial court and on appeal
liberally to include a tolling argument, we conclude that such argument is without
merit. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1. Limitations is not suspended due to a record
titleholder’s ignorance of what it owns. Nat. Gas Pipeline Co., 124 S.W.3d at 198. The
record on appeal also does not include any answer to the counterclaim in which
Scribner alleged any basis for tolling the five-year statute, thus waiving the defense.
See Tex. R. Civ. P. 63; Woods v. William M. Mercer, Inc., 769 S.W.2d 515, 518 (Tex.
1988).


                                              16
A.    Any acknowledgement of title in 2016 did not preclude limitations from
      running in favor of Appellees.
      As explained above, an acknowledgment of title precludes limitations from

running in favor of an adverse-possession claimant only if it occurs before limitation

title is completed. See Bruni, 166 S.W.2d at 88. Scribner raised no argument in the

trial court or on appeal disputing April 2010 through April 2015 as the relevant time

period for the five-year statute or disputing Appellees’ adverse-possession claim based

on the tacking of successive interests from Latigo through Parra. Thus, evidence of

an acknowledged title in Scribner after April 2015 does not preclude limitations from

running in favor of Appellees under the five-year statute.

      Here, all contacts that Scribner contends evidence “acknowledgements of title”

occurred in June or July 2016. Those three contacts are (1) Elder’s June 10, 2016

emails to Scribner regarding the proposed assignment; (2) Park’s June 13, 2016 email

to Scribner’s wife asking her to have Scribner sign the assignment; and (3) Elder’s July

2016 email to Scribner inquiring about the proposed assignment. These events all

took place over a year after title matured by limitations in April 2015. See Tex. Civ.

Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 16.023, 16.025, 16.030. Scribner cites no evidence of any

acknowledgement of title taking place during or prior to April 2015. Accordingly,

assuming    without   deciding    that   the   three   contacts   at   issue   constitute

“acknowledgements of title” in Scribner, we conclude as a matter of law that they did

not preclude limitations from running in favor of Appellees’ predecessors in title. See,



                                          17
e.g., Auchterlonie v. McBride, 705 S.W.2d 183, 186 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

1985, no writ) (holding that appellees’ offer to purchase property from appellant did

not destroy limitation title, which had already matured).

B.    Any acknowledgement of title by Elder or Park in 2016 did not create a
      genuine issue of material fact on whether any possession was adverse to
      Scribner during the statutory time period.
      As noted above, adverse possession includes a mental component. If the

possessor does not intend to appropriate the land, but instead intends to hold the land

only until or unless the true owner appears, the possessor’s claim of right does not

satisfy the appropriation requirement of the five-year statute as the possessor does not

have the necessary intent to claim the land. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.

§§ 16.021(1), 16.025(a); Calfee, 544 S.W.2d at 642. Again, Scribner raised no argument

in the trial court or on appeal disputing that the relevant time period for the five-year

statute is April 2010 through April 2015. Instead, Scribner attributes the actions of

Elder and Park in 2016 to Appellees and then argues that the summary-judgment

evidence reflecting their “acknowledgments of title” in him raised a fact question on

whether the acknowledgements negated an intent to claim an interest adverse to his

claim of title. We disagree.

      Scribner’s argument fails to acknowledge the existence of successive periods of

possession in this case and that Appellees did not have possession prior to completion

of the statutory bar. The record reflects, and Scribner does not dispute, that Latigo,

Hanaco, Duncan, Grace, and A&G possessed all or a portion of the working interest

                                           18
in the lease at various times between April 2010 and April 2015. Consequently, it is

the intent of Latigo, Hanaco, Duncan, Grace, and A&G during each of their

respective periods of possession that is relevant to the issue of whether the possession

was adverse to Scribner during the five-year limitations period. See, e.g., Collins v. Ivey,

531 S.W.2d 357, 359 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1975, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (holding that it was

immaterial whether appellee’s actions in inquiring about acquiring an interest in the

land at issue was an acknowledgment of appellants’ title during the limitations period

because appellee did not possess the property while title was maturing by limitations).

       Like in the trial court, the sole authority Scribner cites in support of his

argument on appeal is Tex-Wis Co. That case does not support the proposition that

any “acknowledgement of title” by Appellees, who obtained possession after April

2015, is relevant to the question of whether the possession by any of their

predecessors was adverse during the already-expired, five-year limitations period.14 In

Tex-Wis Co., the defendants appealed a judgment that the trial court rendered in favor

of the plaintiffs after a jury found that the plaintiffs, and not the defendants, had

adversely possessed two tracts of land under the three- and ten-year statutes. 525

S.W.2d at 233–34. At trial, a defendant’s president testified that he had offered to buy




        Scribner does not contend that the intent of Appellees is relevant when
       14

neither possessed the leasehold interest during the limitations period.


                                            19
the land in controversy from the plaintiffs in 1964.15 Id. at 235. On appeal, the

defendants argued, among other things, that the evidence established that they had

adverse possession of the tracts under the three- or ten-year statutes and that the jury

findings to the contrary were against the great weight and preponderance of the

evidence. Id. The Waco court affirmed, explaining that “[t]he acknowledgement of

title in plaintiffs by [defendants’] offering to buy the land in controversy precluded any

limitation running in favor of defendants after 1964 as a matter of law and is evidence

showing their possession at any time was not adverse to plaintiffs.” Id. The Waco

court did not address the relevance of an acknowledgment of title that was made by a

party who did not possess the property at issue at any time during the limitations

period.

      Turning back to the instant case, Elder and Park made all the contacts that

Scribner contends constitute “acknowledgments of title.”           We assume without

deciding that the actions of Elder and Park constitute “acknowledgements of title” in

Scribner and that Elder’s actions are attributable to any individual or entity he

represented in connection with his work. Scribner cites no evidence in the summary-

judgment record, and we have found none, by which we can reasonably infer that

      15
         The opinion states that the president testified that he had offered to buy the
tracts “from defendants.” Id. at 235. Our reading of the opinion is that the reference
to “defendants” in this sentence is a typographical error that should have read “from
plaintiffs” because in the paragraph that follows that sentence the Waco court
construes the offer to buy the land as an “acknowledgement of title in plaintiffs.” See
id.


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Elder’s and Park’s contacts with Scribner in 2016 have any bearing upon the intent of

Latigo, Hanaco, Duncan, Grace, or A&G to appropriate the working interest between

April 2010 and April 2015. 16 Scribner also cites no evidence, and we have found

none, indicating that Elder represented Latigo, Hanaco, Duncan, Grace, or A&G in

2016 in connection with any of his actions. On the contrary, Elder testified in his

declaration that he represented Parra in 2016. When Elder emailed Scribner on

June 10, 2016, he copied Park, who has an interest in Parra. Scribner also cites no

evidence, and we have found none, indicating that Park had any affiliation with

Latigo, Hanaco, Duncan, Grace, or A&G.

       Our review of the summary-judgment record identifies no evidence of actions

attributable to Latigo, Hanaco, Duncan, Grace, or A&G to acknowledge title in

Scribner at any point in time. There is testimony in Scribner’s declaration in which he

stated that Elder had told him “in his June 10, 2016 email” that he represented

Hanaco. The June 10, 2016 emails and their attachments, however, do not identify

any express or implied statement by Elder that he represented Hanaco. Thus, the

communication that Scribner cites does not contain the statement he relies upon. In

that circumstance, Scribner’s affidavit did not create a genuine issue of material fact that

precluded summary judgment for Appellees. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Davis v.

Conveyor-Matic Inc., 139 S.W.3d 423, 429 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, no pet.) (“A

       We reach the same result regardless of whether the July 2016 conversation
       16

between Elder and Scribner took place.


                                            21
genuine issue of material fact is raised by presenting evidence on which a reasonable

jury could return a verdict in the nonmovant’s favor.”); Rayon v. Energy Specialties, Inc.,

121 S.W.3d 7, 11–12 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, no pet.) (“A material fact issue is

‘genuine’ only if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could find the fact in favor

of the nonmoving party.”).

       Finally, Scribner argues that Appellees “knew of the break in the chain of title”

or “knew about the existence of the [2002 Assignment],” claiming evidence of such

knowledge created a fact issue on ownership. We disagree. The summary-judgment

evidence reflecting knowledge (at least by Elder and Park) of a break in the chain of

title following Elder’s discovery of the 2002 Assignment in 2016 did not raise a

genuine issue of material fact precluding summary judgment. Scribner’s argument

concerns the existence of a deficiency in record title from his father to Parra, rather

than any relevant intent to appropriate real property. Satisfaction of the statutory

requirements cannot be defeated by a lack of knowledge of the deficiency of record

title or by the absence of a realization that there could be other claimants for the

property. See Calfee, 544 S.W.2d at 642.

       Again, Appellees’ predecessors in title had already performed the acts necessary

to establish adverse title before Appellees knew about the break in the record title.

Knowledge of a possible break in the chain of title through Scribner might prompt an

investigation into the property’s title, but that knowledge is no evidence that

Appellees would disavow the title created by the actions of the parties conveying title

                                            22
to them. Further, Scribner is again relying upon events that occurred too late to be of

help to him. If Appellees’ acknowledgements of title are irrelevant because Appellees

did not possess the property during the limitations period, then Appellees’ knowledge

of a record deficiency prompting such acknowledgements is also irrelevant.

      With the exception of one issue, Scribner does not challenge that Appellees

have established limitations title. For all the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the

“acknowledgements of title” that Scribner relied on in an attempt to avoid summary

judgment did not create a fact issue on whether possession was adverse for purposes

of the five-year statute. The summary-judgment record establishes all the other

necessary elements to demonstrate limitations title. Thus, the trial court properly

quieted title in Parra, decreed that it was the owner of the subject property, and

ordered that Scribner take nothing on his causes of action against Appellees that relied

on his claim of title. Accordingly, we overrule Scribner’s sole issue.

                                 VI.    CONCLUSION

      Having overruled Scribner’s sole issue, we affirm the trial court’s order and

final judgment.

                                                       /s/ Dabney Bassel

                                                       Dabney Bassel
                                                       Justice

Delivered: October 17, 2019




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