                              FIFTH DIVISION
                               PHIPPS, P. J.,
                        DILLARD and PETERSON, JJ.

                   NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                   physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                   days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                               http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                 September 21, 2016




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A16A1470. DAVISON v. CITIZENS BANK & TRUST
     COMPANY.

      DILLARD, Judge.

      Citizens Bank & Trust Company (“Citizens Bank”) filed suit against Stephen

Davison, Robert Fricks, and HOCO Cubs, LLC (“HOCO”), alleging that HOCO

defaulted on a promissory note and that Davison and Fricks were personally liable

based on a written guaranty. Following a bench trial, the court dismissed HOCO,

found that Fricks was not personally liable, but concluded that Davison was

personally liable, under OCGA § 11-3-403, as an unauthorized signer on the note,

because Citizens Bank, in good faith, took the note for value. On appeal, Davison

contends that the trial court erred in finding that he was liable on the note under
OCGA § 11-3-403. For the reasons set forth infra, we reverse the trial court’s judgment.

      At the outset, we note that on appellate review of a bench trial, the factual

findings shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous, and “due regard shall be given

to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses.”1

Furthermore, in a bench trial, the judge sits as trier of fact, and “the court’s findings

are analogous to a jury’s verdict and should not be disturbed if there is any evidence

to support them.”2 We review any questions of law decided by the trial court,

however, de novo.3

      So viewed, the record shows that in 2009, Davison and Fricks were co-owners

of Zoegetics International, LLC, with each owning 25 percent of the company and

two other individuals splitting the remaining 50 percent. In addition to handling most

of Zoegetics’s financial matters, Fricks also separately and solely owned HOCO,

which listed property containing a small youth baseball field as its sole asset.

Davison, however, had no involvement with HOCO in any capacity.



      1
       Brock Built, LLC v. Blake, 316 Ga. App. 710, 712 (730 SE2d 180) (2012)
(punctuation omitted).
      2
          Id. (punctuation omitted).
      3
          Washington v. Harrison, 299 Ga. App. 335, 336 (682 SE2d 679) (2009).

                                           2
       In June 2009, Davison and Fricks met with Mac Hardin, the president of

Citizens Bank in Warner Robins, to discuss obtaining a loan for Zoegetics. During

that initial meeting, Davison, Fricks, and Hardin discussed whether Fricks had

property that could serve as sufficient collateral for the loan. And because he did not

want to be personally liable on the loan, Davison emphasized that he would not sign

a promissory note unless there was sufficient collateral to secure it. The issue was not

resolved at that point, and Davison left the meeting without signing any documents.

Nevertheless, a few days later, $300,000 was deposited into Zoegetics’s account, and

thus, Davison assumed that Fricks and Hardin had successfully negotiated a loan with

sufficient collateral.

       In September 2009, Hardin contacted Davison to discuss renewing the June

loan, and as part of that process, Davison and Fricks paid $12,500 each to reduce the

overall debt. Thereafter, on September 24, 2009, Davison went to Citizens Bank, met

briefly with Hardin’s assistant, and signed several documents, which he admittedly

did not read but assumed were the renewal note and personal guaranty. That same

month, Fricks also signed a personal guaranty of the September renewal note but not

the note itself. At some point, Fricks also signed a security deed that provided

Citizens Bank with the property owned by HOCO as collateral for the renewal note,

                                           3
but for reasons unclear from the record, Citizens Bank did not record that deed until

July 2010.

      Several months later, after the September 2009 renewal note went into default,

Hardin, on behalf of Citizens Bank, began contacting Davison to discuss collection

on the debt. And in an attempt to understand the exact nature of his debt obligations,

Davison went to Citizens Bank, confronted Hardin, and demanded to see all the loan

documents. Hardin complied, and upon reviewing the June 24, 2009 promissory note,

Davison observed that HOCO—a company with which he was not familiar—was

indicated as the borrower and that his name and title as a member of HOCO were

printed below the signature line. Additionally, Davison determined that his signature

had been forged on both the June note and the guaranty of that note. Davison also

reviewed the September 24, 2009 renewal note and guaranty, which he had actually

signed, and now noticed that it similarly indicated HOCO as the borrower and that

he was signing as a member of that company.

      Immediately thereafter, Davison reported the forgeries on the June 2009 loan

documents to law enforcement and the local district attorney. Law enforcement and

the FDIC ultimately opened investigations into Hardin’s banking practices and

eventually charged him with offenses related to many of the loans he originated. But

                                          4
these authorities never definitively determined that Hardin forged Davison’s signature

on the June 2009 note and guaranty, and none of the charges filed against him

pertained to that loan. Subsequently, Citizens Bank terminated Hardin’s employment,

but it also continued efforts to collect the HOCO debt from Davison.

      On September 9, 2011, Citizens Bank filed a lawsuit against Davison and

HOCO, seeking $363,718, interest, and attorney fees for non-payment of the June

2009 promissory note and guaranty and September 2009 renewal note and guaranty.

Shortly after Davison filed his answer, Citizens Bank successfully moved to add

Fricks as a defendant, and Fricks filed an answer as well. The case proceeded to a

bench trial, during which Davison, Fricks, and a vice-president of Citizens Bank

testified. After the trial’s conclusion, the court dismissed HOCO based on the

undisputed evidence that Citizens Bank never even attempted to serve the company.

Additionally, the court directed the parties to file briefs on the issue of whether

Davison and Fricks were personally liable for the debt in light of HOCO’s dismissal,

and it took the matter under advisement pending its review of those briefs.

      The parties then filed post-trial briefs as directed by the trial court. And in its

rebuttal brief, Citizens Bank argued for the first time that even if the June 2009

promissory note and guaranty were unenforceable because Davison’s signature was

                                           5
a forgery, Davison was nevertheless liable for the September 2009 renewal note as

an unauthorized signer under OCGA § 11-3-403. Davison contested this argument

in a further reply. Nevertheless, on November 6, 2015, the trial court issued an order

of judgment finding that Fricks was not personally liable for any of the debt but that

Davison was liable for the full amount of the debt, plus interest and attorney fees,

based on his signing of the September 2009 renewal note. Specifically, the trial court

found that Davison’s signature on the June 2009 note and guaranty was indeed a

forgery and, therefore, that note and guaranty were unenforceable. However, because

Citizens Bank did, in fact, loan $300,000 to HOCO, which Fricks immediately

transferred to Zoegetics’s account, Citizens Bank had an unspecified “quasi ex

contractu” claim. It then found that Davison was liable on the September 2009

renewal note as an unauthorized signer, under OCGA § 11-3-403 (a), and that

Citizens Bank took the note in good faith and for value. The court further reasoned

that Citizen Bank’s quasi ex contractu claim constituted the consideration for the

renewal note, which otherwise would have been lacking given that it was the renewal

of the unenforceable June 2009 note. Finally, the trial court found that neither

Davison nor Fricks were liable under the September 2009 guaranty because Citizens



                                          6
Bank failed to proffer the original or a copy of the guaranty into evidence. This

appeal follows.

      In three separate enumerations of error, Davison contends that the trial court

erred in ruling that he was liable on the September 2009 note under OCGA § 11-3-

403 (a). Specifically, he argues that the court erred in finding that he was an

unauthorized signer on the note, that Citizens Bank took the note in good faith, and

that it took the note for value. But pretermitting whether Davison was an

unauthorized signer and whether the September 2009 note was taken for value, the

trial court erred in finding that Citizens Bank took the note in good faith, and thus,

we reverse its judgment.

      OCGA § 11-3-403 (a) provides that “[u]nless otherwise provided in this article

or Article 4 of this title, an unauthorized signature is ineffective except as the

signature of the unauthorized signer in favor of a person who in good faith pays the

instrument or takes it for value. An unauthorized signature may be ratified for all

purposes of this article.” And although this section of Georgia’s Uniform Commercial

Code is most commonly applied to instances involving forged checks,4 as noted in the

      4
       See, e.g., Gerber & Gerber, P.C. v. Regions Bank, 266 Ga. App. 8, 10 (2) (596
SE2d 174) (2004) (noting that because payee’s signatures on check were forgeries,
they were ineffective as endorsements by payee under OCGA § 11-3-403 (a)).

                                          7
UCC official comments5 accompanying OCGA § 11-3-403, an “‘[u]nauthorized’

signature is defined in Section 1-201 (43) as one that includes a forgery as well as a

signature made by one exceeding actual or apparent authority.”6 Consequently, as

Citizens Bank argued below and on appeal, the Code section may also apply to one

such as Davison, who signed his own signature but without authority to do so on

behalf of HOCO.

      Turning to the manner in which OCGA § 11-3-403 (a) imposes liability, the

comments provide that

      [t]he clause of the first sentence of subsection (a) states the generally
      accepted rule that the unauthorized signature, while it is wholly
      inoperative as that of the person whose name is signed, is effective to
      impose liability upon the signer or to transfer any rights that the signer
      may have in the instrument. The signer’s liability is not in damages for




      5
        This Court has held that “[i]n order to determine the meaning and purpose
behind the enactment of a Georgia Commercial Code provision that is taken verbatim
from the UCC, we turn to the UCC Official Comments for assistance.” Metzger v.
Americredit Fin. Servs., 273 Ga. App. 453, 457 n.3 (615 SE2d 120) (2005); accord
Coleman v. DaimlerChrysler Servs. of N. Am., 276 Ga. App. 336, 339 n.3 (623 SE2d
189) (2005).
      6
          OCGA § 11-3-403, Official Comment 1.

                                          8
      breach of warranty of authority, but is full liability on the instrument in
      the capacity in which the signer signed.7


But importantly, the last sentence of the same comment also provides that the signer’s

liability “is, however, limited to parties who take or pay the instrument in good faith;

and one who knows that the signature is unauthorized cannot recover from the signer

on the instrument.”8

      Here, Davison undisputedly testified that he has never been a member of

HOCO and, in fact, has never been affiliated with that company in any capacity.

Furthermore, Fricks testified that he was the sole shareholder of HOCO and that

Davison never had any role in the company. But more importantly, Citizens Bank had

information in its possession confirming that Fricks was the sole owner of HOCO and

that Davison had no involvement with the company. Indeed, during the bench trial,

Citizens Bank’s vice president provided the following testimony on cross-

examination:

      Q. Okay. The Bank—if the Bank is making a loan to an entity such as
      a corporation or a limited liability company, does the bank normally


      7
          OCGA § 11-3-403, Official Comment 2.
      8
          Id.

                                           9
      require documents in its file to verify who can sign on behalf of the
      company?


      A. We would.


      Q. And so in this case with the loan being made to HOCO Cubs, LLC,
      the Bank has obtained an operating agreement from HOCO Cubs, LLC;
      is that correct?


      A. That is correct.


      Q. And that’s in the Bank’s file?


      A. That’s correct.


      Q. And according to the operating agreement of HOCO Cubs, LLC, Rob
      Fricks is the sole member manager; is that correct?


      A. From what I can find, correct.


      Q. Is there anything in the Bank’s file that would say that Steve Davison
      had any authority to sign for HOCO Cubs, LLC?


      A. Nothing presented and executed.


Given this undisputed testimony from Davison, Fricks, and Citizens Bank’s own vice-

president, Citizens Bank knew that Davison was not authorized to sign a promissory

                                          10
note on behalf of HOCO and, therefore, cannot recover the debt from Davison in this

regard.9 Thus, the trial court erred in finding that Citizens Bank took the note in good

faith and in ruling that Davison was liable for the debt under OCGA § 11-3-403 (a).

Accordingly, we reverse that ruling and the trial court’s judgment in favor of Citizens

Bank.

        Judgment reversed. Phipps, P. J., and Peterson, J., concur.




        9
            See id.

                                          11
