                           In the
    United States Court of Appeals
              For the Seventh Circuit
                        ____________

No. 03-3470
YOULUA SOSNOVSKAIA,
                                                      Petitioner,
                              v.

ALBERTO R. GONZALES,1
                                                     Respondent.
                        ____________
                  Petition for Review of an Order
              of the Board of Immigration Appeals.
                         No. A73 403 141.
                        ____________
    ARGUED SEPTEMBER 21, 2004—DECIDED AUGUST 31, 2005
                      ____________


 Before EASTERBROOK, RIPPLE, and WILLIAMS, Circuit
Judges.
  WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge. Youlua Sosnovskaia, a Ukrai-
nian national, was admitted to the United States
on February 8, 1995, as a nonimmigrant visitor for plea-
sure. Later that year she applied for asylum, claiming
she feared persecution in Ukraine based on her religion. An
immigration judge (“IJ”) initially declared Ms. Sosnov-


1
  Pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 43(c)(2), we
have substituted the current Attorney General of the United
States, Alberto R. Gonzales, for his predecessor as the named
respondent.
2                                               No. 03-3470

skaia’s testimony incredible and denied her application.
However, the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”)
reversed this ruling, finding Ms. Sosnovskaia credible
and remanding the case to the IJ. On remand, the IJ
again denied Ms. Sosnovskaia’s application, and this
time the BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision without com-
ment. As we find that the IJ failed to give due consideration
to the evidence favoring Ms. Sosnovskaia, we grant the
petition for review and remand for further proceed-
ings consistent with this opinion.


                   I. BACKGROUND
  Ms. Sosnovskaia is a native-born citizen of Ukraine. The
product of a mixed Russian-Jewish marriage, she has
always considered herself Jewish and practiced the
Jewish religion. While the parties dispute the current
strength of anti-Semitism in Ukraine, they agree that it
was widespread in earlier years, and Ms. Sosnovskaia
has testified that she suffered individually before she
came to the United States.
  Representative incidents from her testimony include
a rape, a groundless arrest, and several beatings, all of
which she ascribes to anti-Semitic animus. As disturbing as
these events are, Ms. Sosnovskaia has also testified that a
fellow member of an organization dedicated to saving a
Jewish cemetery died after an anti-Semitic group poisoned
her.
  Ms. Sosnovskaia came to the United States on February
8, 1995, entering as a nonimmigrant visitor for pleasure.
She applied for asylum on July 17, 1995. Noting that Ms.
Sosnovskaia’s authorization to stay in the country ex-
pired on August 7, 1995, the Immigration and Naturaliza-
No. 03-3470                                                    3

tion Service (“INS”)2 initiated removal procedures against
her on August 25, 1995, pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(1)
(C)(i) (1994) (currently codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)
(C)(i) (2000)).
  On December 13, 1995, the IJ assigned to Ms.
Sosnovskaia’s case denied her applications for asylum
and withholding of removal, declaring her testimony not
credible, but granted Ms. Sosnovskaia’s request for volun-
tary departure. The BIA reversed the IJ in part, holding on
July 10, 1997, that Ms. Sosnovskaia’s testimony was indeed
credible and demonstrated that she had suffered past
persecution.
  On remand, the Agency put forward substantial evi-
dence in support of the proposition that the situation in
Ukraine had changed fundamentally since the time of
Ms. Sosnovskaia’s earlier persecution. It cited a decrease in
government tolerance of anti-Semitism, an increase in the
number of Jewish schools and synagogues, and a set of
newly elected Jewish mayors. The Agency relied primarily
on Country Reports from the State Department to support
its arguments.
  To rebut the Agency’s claim that anti-Semitism was on
the wane in Ukraine, Ms. Sosnovskaia submitted contempo-
raneous news articles and reports from Jewish advocacy
groups regarding ongoing discrimination in the country. Ms.
Sosnovskaia bolstered her case with a recent letter from her
mother, who delivered her own view of the situation in
Ukraine, where she still lived.


2
  On March 1, 2003, Congress transferred the functions of the old
INS to the new Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”). As the
precise title of the government body seeking Ms. Sosnovskaia’s
deportation has no bearing on the instant appeal, we shall
hereinafter refer to both divisions as simply “the Agency.” Cf.
Diallo v. Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 687, 690 n.1 (7th Cir. 2004).
4                                              No. 03-3470

   In response to the Agency’s suggestion that she re-
locate within Ukraine, Ms. Sosnovskaia made two argu-
ments. First, she submitted additional news articles
that detailed ongoing anti-Semitic discrimination in the
supposedly safe areas. Second, she argued that internal
relocation was legally infeasible for her on account of
Ukraine’s “propiska” system. Under that system, a party
who desires to move from one city to another must
first demonstrate that he or she has arranged a job and
a place to live in the destination city. Without a grant
of propiska a party is not permitted to move internally
within Ukraine.
  The Agency acknowledged that such a propiska sys-
tem existed in the past but argued that the modern Ukraine
no longer enforced such draconian limits on internal
relocation. As proof of the propiska system’s continuing
force, Ms. Sosnovskaia presented a document she claimed
had come from the Ukrainian government, denying her
request to move to Kiev. The Agency challenged the authen-
ticity of that document, and forensic analysis proved
inconclusive.
  The IJ who first ruled against Ms. Sosnovskaia received
the case again on remand. This time around, the IJ sched-
uled an evidentiary hearing for October 16, 2001. However,
on July 3, 2001, well before the planned hearing, the IJ
issued her final ruling on Ms. Sosnovskaia’s case. Ms.
Sosnovskaia apparently first learned of this ruling
on October 16, 2001, when she appeared for the (ulti-
mately moot) hearing.
  Ms. Sosnovskaia requested and received a copy of the IJ’s
ruling on October 17, 2001. In the ruling, the IJ listed two
reasons why Ms. Sosnovskaia’s past persecution did not
suffice to establish that she had a well-founded fear
of future persecution. First, the IJ stated that the condi-
tions in Ukraine had changed substantially since Ms.
No. 03-3470                                               5

Sosnovskaia last lived there. Second, the IJ held that Ms.
Sosnovskaia could avoid further persecution by relocating to
safer areas within Ukraine.
  Ms. Sosnovskaia took issue with various facets of the
IJ’s ruling. In particular, she objected to the IJ’s state-
ment that she had “testified that she simply never at-
tempted to receive the necessary documentation (the
‘propiska’).” In fact, Ms. Sosnovskaia had delivered no
such testimony and had lost her opportunity to testify when
the IJ canceled the October 16 hearing. The IJ’s ruling
mentioned neither the letter Ms. Sosnovskaia had purport-
edly received in response to her request for a propiska, nor
any of the other evidence Ms. Sosnovskaia had submitted,
despite the BIA’s finding that her testimony was credible.
Rather, the IJ appeared to base her decision almost exclu-
sively on the Country Reports, which Ms. Sosnovskaia
alleged were biased.
  Ms. Sosnovskaia appealed the IJ’s July 3rd ruling, and
the BIA declared her appeal timely in recognition of her
delayed receipt of the ruling. The BIA affirmed the IJ’s
ruling without comment, and Ms. Sosnovskaia appealed.


                     II. ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
  With respect to the asylum issues presented in this
appeal, we have jurisdiction to review the BIA’s decision
pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252. When the BIA affirms an IJ’s
ruling without opinion, we review the IJ’s ruling itself,
granting it the same deference we would an explicit opinion
from the BIA. Krouchevski v. Ashcroft, 344 F.3d 670, 671
(7th Cir. 2003). In particular, we must uphold the IJ’s
findings of fact “unless any reasonable adjudicator would be
compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. §
1252(b)(4)(B) (2000); see also Nikrodhanondha v. Reno, 202
6                                                No. 03-3470

F.3d 922, 925 (7th Cir. 2000). This will be the case only if
those findings are not “supported by reasonable, substan-
tial, and probative evidence on the record [considered] as a
whole.” Angoucheva v. INS, 106 F.3d 781, 788 (7th Cir.
1997) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1105a(a)(4) (1994) (repealed
1996)) (internal quotation marks omitted) (alteration added
to conform with the statute). To earn such deference,
however, the IJ must “announce its decision in terms
sufficient to enable a reviewing court to perceive that it has
heard and thought and not merely reacted.” Mansour v.
INS, 230 F.3d 902, 908 (7th Cir. 2000) (quoting Becerra-
Jimenez v. INS, 829 F.2d 996, 1000 (10th Cir. 1987))
(internal quotation marks omitted).


B. Improper Analysis of Well-Founded Fear of
   Persecution
  Based on our review of the record, we find that the IJ
failed to follow proper procedure in assessing Ms.
Sosnovskaia’s asylum claim, thus necessitating that we
vacate the IJ’s ruling and remand this case to the BIA.
Specifically, Ms. Sosnovskaia concedes deportability
but seeks asylum, which would prevent the Agency
from removing her or returning her to Ukraine. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(c)(1)(A) (2000). The Secretary of Homeland Security
or the Attorney General may grant asylum to aliens who
apply for asylum in a timely fashion, meet certain proce-
dural requirements, and qualify as refugees. 8 U.S.C.A.
§ 1158(b)(1)(A) (West 2005). A “refugee” is defined as a
person who is unable or unwilling to return to the country
of her nationality because of “persecution or a well-founded
fear of future persecution on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular social group, or
political opinion . . . .” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A) (2005);
Zheng v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 804, 808 (7th Cir. 2005).
  Applicants for asylum bear the burden of proving by a
preponderance of the evidence that they qualify as refugees
No. 03-3470                                                 7

according to this definition. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a) (2005).
However, an applicant who is determined to have suffered
past persecution is presumed to have a well-founded fear of
future persecution. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1); see also
Angoucheva, 106 F.3d at 788 (“If the alien establishes past
persecution, moreover, a rebuttable presumption arises in
favor of granting asylum.”). To rebut this presumption, the
Agency must prove by a preponderance of the evidence
either that there has been such a “fundamental change in
circumstances” in the applicant’s country that the appli-
cant’s fear of persecution is no longer well-founded, id., or
that the applicant “could avoid future persecution by
relocating to another part of the applicant’s country.” 8
C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1)(i)(B) (2005); Bace v. Ashcroft, 352 F.3d
1133, 1140 (7th Cir. 2003).
  Ms. Sosnovskaia bases her claim for asylum on her
averred fear of persecution on account of her religion. In its
review of the IJ’s first ruling, the BIA ruled that Ms.
Sosnovskaia had indeed been persecuted in the past, and
the Agency did not appeal that finding of fact. Thus, Ms.
Sosnovskaia qualifies as a refugee unless the situation
in Ukraine has changed fundamentally or there exists
safe regions within Ukraine to which she can relocate.
  The IJ determined that both of these conditions were
satisfied. However, on the record before us, we find that the
IJ did not follow proper procedure, and as such, leads us to
the conclusion that the IJ did not thoroughly consider all of
the issues raised before her in this matter. See Mansour,
230 F.3d at 908. The IJ’s ruling made no reference to Ms.
Sosnovskaia’s evidence regarding current anti-Semitism in
Ukraine. Specifically, the IJ’s ruling did not address the
letter that Ms. Sosnovskaia presented from her mother. The
letter stated that the mother had been harassed because of
her religion. The letter further expressed that in the
mother’s opinion, Ms. Sosnovskaia still has much to fear if
she returns to Ukraine. The IJ also did not address the
8                                               No. 03-3470

various newspaper articles and compilations from the Union
of Council for Soviet Jews which indicates recent anti-
Semitic activity in Ukraine. The IJ also did not address any
evidence Ms. Sosnovskaia presented that indicated that her
request to move to Kiev was rejected by the Ukrainian
government, thereby indicating the continued existence of
a propiska system in Ukraine. Indeed, the IJ cites nonexis-
tent testimony from Ms. Sosnovskaia, in which she suppos-
edly denied having attempted to relocate within Ukraine.
The record contains no such testimony. In addition, the IJ
appears to have treated the Country Report as dispositive,
contrary to our admonitions in cases such as Diallo v.
Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 687 (7th Cir. 2004), regarding the
potential for bias in such reports and “the inability of
asylum-seekers to question the conclusions contained
therein.” Diallo, 381 F.3d at 700; see also Zheng, 409 F.3d
at 811; Niam v. Ashcroft, 354 F.3d 652, 658 (7th Cir. 2004);
Galina v. INS, 215 F.3d 955, 958-59 (7th Cir. 2000). Most
egregiously, the IJ issued her final ruling before permitting
Ms. Sosnovskaia to give evidence at the hearing scheduled
for October 16, 2001.
  The procedure that the IJ employed in this case is
an affront to Ms. Sosnovskaia’s right to be heard. Re-
gardless of the strength of her case on the merits, funda-
mental tenets of proper administrative procedure de-
mand that before Ms. Sosnovskaia be deported, she
should be granted a fair hearing in which the judge
gives due consideration to her arguments. As she has not
received a fair hearing and the findings are overreach-
ing and not supported by the evidence in the record, we
must vacate the IJ’s ruling and remand for further proceed-
ings. Cf. Mansour, 230 F.3d at 908 (vacating because the
BIA’s mislabeling of an applicant’s ethnic and religious
affiliation called into question the logic of the ruling);
Chitay-Pirir v. INS, 169 F.3d 1079, 1081 (7th Cir. 1999)
(vacating because it was “impossible to be confident that
No. 03-3470                                                  9

Chitay-Pirir’s claim has been fully understood or ana-
lyzed”); Hengan v. INS, 79 F.3d 60, 63-64 (7th Cir. 1996)
(vacating, despite the presence of evidence in favor of the
Agency that would “[o]rdinarily . . . lead[ ] a reviewing court
to affirm,” on the grounds that the IJ took into account
irrelevant facts and did not properly consider the appli-
cant’s arguments).
   On remand, the IJ must again consider the two questions
asked by the BIA in its opinion following Ms. Sosnovskaia’s
first appeal: first, whether circumstances in Ukraine have
changed sufficiently that Ms. Sosnovskaia’s fear of persecu-
tion is no longer well-founded; and second, whether Ms.
Sosnovskaia can return to Ukraine and yet avoid anti-
Semitism by relocating to a different region of the country.
Unless the Agency proves that one of these conditions is
satisfied, Ms. Sosnovskaia will qualify as a refugee based on
the presumption arising from the BIA’s findings of fact. As
the procedural defects here cast doubt on the current IJ’s
ruling in its entirety, the IJ who receives this case on
remand may properly consider all of Ms. Sosnovskaia’s
requested forms of relief, including not only asylum but also
withholding of removal and relief pursuant to the Conven-
tion Against Torture.


                    III. CONCLUSION
  For the reasons stated above, we GRANT the petition for
review and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion. Furthermore, we note that the same IJ has
twice found Ms. Sosnovskaia deportable, only to have one of
her rulings reversed and the other vacated. While the final
choice of a presiding judge remains always with the BIA, we
strongly encourage the BIA to assign Ms. Sosnovskaia’s
case to a different judge on remand in order to avoid any
perception of lingering bias. See Georgis v. Ashcroft, 328
F.3d 962, 970 (7th Cir. 2003) (citing Circuit Rule 36 of the
10                                           No. 03-3470

United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit,
which establishes the same default rule for cases remanded
to federal district courts).

A true Copy:
      Teste:

                       ________________________________
                       Clerk of the United States Court of
                         Appeals for the Seventh Circuit




                  USCA-02-C-0072—8-31-05
