            IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Kendra Smith on behalf of                    :
Smith Butz, LLC,                             :
                 Petitioner                  :
                                             :
               v.                            : No. 1431 C.D. 2016
                                             : Argued: April 6, 2017
Pennsylvania Department of                   :
Environmental Protection,                    :
                 Respondent                  :


BEFORE:        HONORABLE ROBERT SIMPSON, Judge
               HONORABLE JULIA K. HEARTHWAY, Judge
               HONORABLE DAN PELLEGRINI, Senior Judge


OPINION BY
SENIOR JUDGE PELLEGRINI                                      FILED: May 8, 2017


               Kendra Smith, on behalf of Smith Butz, LLC (Requester), petitions
for review of a Final Determination of the Office of Open Records (OOR) denying
in part her request to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
(DEP) for access to records relating to Core Laboratories d/b/a ProTechnics,
division of Core Laboratories, LP (ProTechnics), under the Pennsylvania Right-to-
Know Law (RTKL).1




      1
          Act of February 14, 2008, P.L. 6, 65 P.S. §§ 67.101–67.3104.
                                              I.
              On February 1, 2016, Requester submitted a RTKL request, later
amended,2 for all records held by the DEP relating to ProTechnics, a business that
performs drilling diagnostics using radioactive tracers. The request sought records
related to ProTechnics’ activities at all drill sites throughout the Commonwealth,
including:

              [Item 1] Any and all approvals, permits,
              licenses/licensures, applications for permits and/or
              licenses, reciprocity letters, reciprocity licenses,
              reciprocity agreements and/or reciprocity arrangements,
              including, but not limited to all licenses issued by the
              [DEP to Protechnics] for use, storage and possession of
              radioactive materials and/or other licensed material.
              Additionally, this request seeks any and all investigation
              reports, Notices of Violation(s), Consent Order and
              Agreement(s) issued to Protechnics by the PA DEP
              and/or between Protechnics and the PA DEP for any and
              all work or services performed by Protechnics at any
              natural gas well site in the Commonwealth of
              Pennsylvania. Included in this request is a request for
              copies of all Notices of Violation issued by the PA DEP
              to Protechnics, including but not limited to Notices of
              Violation dated 06/15/10, 1/28/10, 11/26/13, 09/13/13
              and 10/14/13, Violation Numbers 677913, 677915,
              677914, 682834, 682833, 682829, 682835 and all
              corresponding inspection reports, field notes and other
              related writings. Further, this request seeks any and all
              Consent Order and Agreements between the PA DEP and
              Protechnics, including, but not limited to, Consent Orders
              and Agreements dated November 2, 2013 and November
              2, 2010.


       2
        While the original RTKL request sought only records relating to the Yeager Drill Site,
on February 3, 2016, the RTKL request was modified to include all Commonwealth drill sites.




                                              2
[Item 2] Additionally, this request includes a request for
copies of all enforcement activity taken by the PA DEP
against Protechnics, including but not limited to
Enforcement ID Number 305057, 259202 and 263973, as
well as all inspection reports completed by the PA DEP
regarding Protechnics, including, but not limited to,
Inspection ID Numbers 1891418, 1919964, 2147772,
2204156 and 2221258.

[Item 3] This request further seeks any and all
Radioactive Tracer Well Site Agreements made between
Protechnics and any well site operator(s) for each and
every well traced in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
that is or was submitted to the PA DEP, including, but
not limited to, the April 7, 2013, Radioactive Tracer Well
Site Agreement between Protechnics and a well operator.

[Item 4] In addition to the above, this request seeks any
and all notifications submitted to the PA DEP by
Protechnics or the associated operator or subcontractor
regarding Protechnics[’] confirmation that licensed
material, including, but not limited to, radioactive
material, was returned to the surface at any well site in
which Protechnics operated/performed work or services
in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

[Item 5] Additionally, this request seeks any and all
documents, correspondence, e-mails and any other
communication(s) between Protechnics and the PA DEP
and/or Range Resources and the PA DEP regarding
Protechnics and any and all work/services performed in
the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania by Protechnics.

[Item 6] Further, this request seeks any and all
MSDS/SDS (material data safety sheets and safety data
sheets) in the possession of the PA DEP regarding any
and all products utilized by Protechnics at any well site in
Pennsylvania, including, but not limited to, all
MSDS/SDS for Protechnics Radioactive Tracer Products,
as well as any and all Chemical Frac Tracer (“CFT”)
products, including, but not limited to, CFT 1000, CFT
1100, CFT 1200, CFT 1300, CFT 2000, CFT 2100, CFT
1900, CFT 1700.

                             3
(Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 3a-4a.)


              Because the request was statewide in scope, the DEP tasked its
Central Office as well as its Southeast, Northeast, Southcentral, Northcentral,
Southwest and Northwest Regional offices to gather those documents that
responded to the request.         On February 8, 2016, the DEP invoked a 30-day
extension. See Section 902(b) of the RTKL, 65 P.S. § 67.902(b). On March 9,
2016,3 the DEP partially denied the RTKL request.


              On March 28, 2016, Requester appealed to the OOR, challenging the
DEP’s denial and giving reasons why the records should be released. The OOR
then directed the DEP to notify any third parties that may be affected by the release
of the documents of their right to participate in the appeal. See Section 1101(c) of
the RTKL, 65 P.S. § 67.1101(c).              Soon thereafter, ProTechnics requested to
participate in this appeal, and the OOR granted the request. The OOR then invited
all parties to supplement the record.


       3
          The Southwest Regional Office allegedly “completed its letter and placed it in the
office’s mail system on March 9, 2015, [but] the letter was not postmarked until March 10, 2015.
All offices but the Northeast Regional Office granted in part and denied in part [the RTKL]
request. The Northeast Regional Office possessed no records.” (DEP’s Brief at 6.) Because it is
undisputed that the Southwest Regional Office’s reply was postmarked after the response
deadline, this was deemed a denial. See Section 901 of the RTKL, 65 P.S. § 67.901. The
Northeast Regional Office provided the affidavit of Colleen B. Stutzman, Assistant Regional
Director, attesting that the Northeast Regional Office does not have any of the requested records
in its custody, control or possession. (R.R. at 1633a-1634a.) “[A]n agency may satisfy its
burden of proof that it does not possess a requested record with either an unsworn attestation by
the person who searched for the record or a sworn affidavit of nonexistence of the record.”
Hodges v. Department of Health, 29 A.3d 1190, 1192 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011).




                                               4
                The DEP then submitted a position statement along with ten
affidavits4 and privilege logs.5 The DEP’s position statement contended that it was
partially denying the RTKL request because the records were exempt under the
Radiation Protection Act (RPA)6 exception, the attorney-client privilege and/or the
attorney work product doctrine,7 as well as certain RTKL exceptions.8

       4
         The DEP provided the sworn affidavits of: Dawn Schaef, DEP’s Open Records Officer;
David Allard, Director of DEP’s Bureau of Radiation Protection Program; Lisa Forney,
Radiation Protection Supervisor of the Radioactive Materials and Special Projects Section of the
DEP’s Southcentral Regional Office; Terry Derstine, Environmental Program Manager of the
Radiation Protection Program in the DEP’s Southeast Regional Office; Colleen Stutzman,
Assistant Regional Director of the DEP’s Northeast Regional Office; Patrick Brennan,
Environmental Program Manager of the Waste Management Program in the DEP’s Northcentral
Regional Office; Jennifer Means, Program Manager of the Oil and Gas Management Program in
the DEP’s Northcentral Regional Office; Barbara Bookser, Section Chief of the Bureau of
Radiation Protection for the DEP’s Southwest and Northwest Regions; Dwight Shearer, Program
Manager of the Bureau of Radiation Protection for the DEP’s Southwest and Northwest Regions;
and Staci Gustafson, Assistant Regional Director of the DEP’s Northwest Regional Office.

       5
           “Testimonial affidavits found to be relevant and credible may provide sufficient
evidence in support of a claimed exemption.” Heavens v. Department of Environmental
Protection, 65 A.3d 1069, 1073 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2013). “In addition, a privilege log, which
typically lists the date, record type, author, recipients, and a description of the withheld record,
can serve as sufficient evidence to establish an exemption, especially where the information in
the log is bolstered with averments in an affidavit.” McGowan v. Department of Environmental
Protection, 103 A.3d 374, 381 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014).

       6
           Act of July 10, 1984, P.L. 688, as amended, 35 P.S. §§ 7110.101-7110.703.

       7
         As pertinent, the RTKL defines “privilege” as incorporating “[t]he attorney-work
product doctrine” and “the attorney-client privilege.” See Section 102 of the RTKL, 65 P.S. §
67.102.

       8
         The DEP relied on Sections 708(b)(6), (10), (11), (12) and (17) of the RTKL, 65 P.S. §§
67.708(b)(6), (10), (11), (12) and (17), which exclude from disclosure personal identification
information, internal predecisional deliberations, trade secrets or confidential proprietary
information, the notes and working papers of department employees/officials, and non-criminal
investigations, respectively. The DEP also relied on Sections 708(b)(2) and (3) of the RTKL, 65
(Footnote continued on next page…)

                                                 5
               ProTechnics submitted a position statement contending that certain
records were exempt from disclosure because they contain trade secrets and/or
confidential proprietary information. See Section 708(b)(11) of the RTKL, 65 P.S.
§67.708(b)(11). In support thereof, ProTechnics attached the sworn affidavit of
Will Williams, the Director of U.S. Operations for ProTechnics.


               On July 27, 2016, after reviewing the submissions of the parties, the
OOR issued its final determination partially denying Requester’s appeal. The net
effect is that the DEP was not required to release “all of the identified records in its
privilege logs except for a small subset of records regarding ProTechnics’ license
information and limited information regarding gas well pads.” (DEP’s Brief at 8.)9
Requester then filed this appeal in which she contends that the OOR erred in not
releasing the requested records for a number of reasons.10

(continued…)

P.S. §§ 67.708(b)(2) and 67.708(b)(3), which exclude from disclosure records reasonably likely
to threaten public safety or endanger the safety and physical security of a building, public utility,
resource or infrastructure.

       9
          After reviewing the privilege log submitted by the DEP and determining that it was
identical to the privilege log for a different RTKL matter the DEP was involved in with a
different requester, the OOR determined that the DEP was “collaterally estopped” from denying
certain records and incorporated that opinion to effectively deny Requester the remainder of her
RTKL request. As a preliminary matter, Requester contends on appeal that the OOR violated
her due process rights when resolving this matter by incorporating a previous decision.
However, because this is a de novo appeal and Requester does not assert a particular harm
deriving from the OOR’s incorporation and reliance on its previous decision, which involved an
identical privilege log and withheld records by the DEP, Requester does not assert and we do not
find any material harm resulting from the OOR’s conduct.

       10
          This Court’s standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.
Bowling v. Office of Open Records, 75 A.3d 453, 477 (Pa. 2013). Under the RTKL, information
(Footnote continued on next page…)

                                                 6
                                               II.
               Requester contends that under the DEP’s RPA regulation, she is
entitled to its investigation reports for three separate incidents regarding well sites11
where ProTechnics used radioactive tracers.


               The RTKL exempts from disclosure any records relating to an agency
investigation.     Under its regulations promulgated under the RPA,12 the DEP
exempts from disclosure only “[a] report of investigation, not pertaining to safety
and health in industrial plants, which would disclose the institution, progress or
results of an investigation undertaken by the Department.” 25 Pa. Code § 215.14

(continued…)

is only subject to disclosure if it is a “public record.” Section 301(a) of the RTKL, 65 P.S. §
67.301(a). Pursuant to Section 305 of the RTKL, 65 P.S. § 67.305, a record in the possession of
a Commonwealth agency shall be presumed to be a public record unless: (1) it is exempt under
Section 708 of the RTKL; (2) the record is protected by a privilege; or (3) the record is exempt
from disclosure under any other federal or state law or regulation or judicial order. McGowan,
103 A.3d at 380. The agency receiving a RTKL request bears the burden of proving that the
record is exempt by a preponderance of the evidence. Section 708(a) of the RTKL, 65 P.S. §
67.708(a). The preponderance of the evidence standard, which is “the lowest evidentiary
standard, is tantamount to a more likely than not inquiry.” Delaware County v. Schaefer ex rel.
Philadelphia Inquirer, 45 A.3d 1149, 1154 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2012).

       11
            The DEP’s regulation defines “well site” as an “area occupied by the equipment of
facilities necessary for or incidental to the drilling, production or plugging of a well.” 25 Pa.
Code § 78.1.

       12
           The DEP is designated “as the agency of the Commonwealth for the purpose of
registration, licensing, regulation and control of radiation, radiologic procedures, radiation
sources and users of radiation sources.” Section 301(a) of the RPA, 35 P.S. § 7110.301(a). As
pertinent, the RPA provides the DEP with the power and duty to conduct studies and
investigations relating to the control, regulation and monitoring of radiation sources, and to
collect and disseminate information related to the control of radiation sources and the effects of
radiation exposure. 35 P.S. § 7110.301(c)(12)-(13).



                                                7
(emphasis added).13 Requestor contends that since the regulation does not exempt
from disclosure any records of investigation “pertaining to safety and health in
industrial plants,” those records should be disclosed. The DEP contends that the
records need not be released because a “well site” is not an “industrial plant.”


              The term “industrial plant” or its component words are not defined in
the RPA or its regulations. When terms in a statute are not defined, “[w]ords and
phrases shall be construed according to rules of grammar and according to their
common and approved usage. . . .” See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1903(a).14 Because both
parties agree that what takes place on a well pad is industrial in nature, the question
is does a “well site” fall within the definition of “plant.”


              Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary 899 (1989) defines
“plant” as:

              a. the land, buildings, machinery, apparatus, and
              fixtures employed in carrying on a trade or an industrial
              business;

              b. a factory or workshop for the manufacture of a
              particular product;

              c. the total facilities available for production or service;
              or
       13
           While the RPA regulations also protect “[t]rade secrets or secret industrial processes
customarily held in confidence,” 25 Pa. Code § 215.14(1), neither the DEP nor ProTechnics
assert an exemption under this provision.

       14
          This rule applies equally when interpreting administrative regulations. See Bayada
Nurses, Inc. v. Department of Labor & Industry, 958 A.2d 1050 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2008).




                                               8
             d. the buildings and other physical equipment of an
             institution.


Id. (Emphases added.)


             The DEP contends that a well site is not a “plant” within that
definition as a well site is not a “factory or workshop” because to fall within those
terms the activity must take place in a building. Because a well site is not enclosed
in a building, it contends that a well site is not a plant. The DEP also contends that
its interpretation of what is a “plant” should be given deference because it is charged
with enforcing the regulation at issue.


             For its part, Requester contends that a well site is a “plant” because all
the drilling apparatus, holding tanks and other machinery that produce natural gas
fall within the definition of “plant” as that term is commonly understood to mean
“the land, buildings, machinery, apparatus, and fixtures employed in carrying on a
trade or an industrial business.” Id.


             In deciding what is meant by the term “industrial plant,” initially, we
point out that while we agree with the DEP that, normally, deference is given to an
agency’s interpretation of its own ambiguous regulation, giving deference here is
“undoubtedly inappropriate . . . when it appears that the interpretation is nothing
more than a ‘convenient litigation position.’” Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham
Corporation, 567 U.S. 142 (2012) (quoting Bowen v. Georgetown University
Hospital, 488 U.S. 204, 213 (1988) (no deference given to an interpretation of a
regulation contained in a court brief)).


                                           9
             The only statute we have been able to find that defines this term is the
Energy Policy and Conservation Act which defines “industrial plant” as “any fixed
equipment or facility which is used in connection with, or as part of, any process or
system for industrial production or output.” 42 U.S.C. § 6326(5). We adopt that
definition because it is in accord with the dictionary definitions listed above as well
as common understanding of the word that does not require the facility to be
enclosed in a building – e.g., concrete and asphalt plants. Accordingly, under the
RPA regulations, investigative reports pertaining to well sites are public records
unless the report contains trade secrets and/or confidential proprietary information
which can be redacted.


                                         III.
             Requester next contends that the DEP failed to demonstrate certain
records are protected by the attorney-client privilege and/or work-product doctrine.


             Section 102 of the RTKL defines “privilege” as “[t]he attorney work-
product doctrine, the attorney-client privilege, the doctor-patient privilege, the
speech and debate privilege or other privilege recognized by a court incorporating
the laws of this Commonwealth.” 65 P.S. § 67.102. The burden of proving a
privilege rests on the party asserting it. Heavens, 65 A.3d at 1074.


             To establish the attorney-client privilege, the agency asserting it must
demonstrate that: (1) the asserted holder of the privilege is or sought to become a
client; (2) the person to whom the communication was made is a member of the
bar of a court or his subordinate; (3) the communication relates to a fact of which



                                          10
the attorney was informed by his client, without the presence of strangers, for the
purpose of securing either an opinion of law, legal services or assistance in a legal
matter and not for the purpose of committing a crime or tort; and (4) the privilege
has been claimed and is not waived by the client. Bagwell v. Department of
Education, 103 A.3d 409, 420 n.12 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014).

                     The work-product doctrine, while closely related
              to the attorney-client privilege, provides broader
              protection. Levy [v. Senate of Pennsylvania, 94 A.3d 436
              (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014)]; Dages v. Carbon County, 44 A.3d
              89 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2012). Confidential information flows
              from the client to the attorney, and vice versa, in the
              attorney-client relationship. Gillard v. AIG Insurance
              Co., 15 A.3d 44 (Pa. 2011). The attorney-client privilege
              protects such confidential communications. Id. By
              contrast, the work-product privilege only applies to “the
              mental impressions, theories, notes, strategies, research
              and the like created by an attorney in the course of his or
              her professional duties. . . .” Pennsylvania Public Utility
              Commission v. Seder, 106 A.3d 193, 201 (Pa. Cmwlth.
              2014) (emphasis added) (citing Levy). Neither privilege
              protects mere facts. Commonwealth v. Vartan, 733 A.2d
              1258 (Pa. 1999); Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S.
              383 (1981).


Pennsylvania Department of Education v. Bagwell, 114 A.3d 1113, 1123–24 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2015).


              In support of its assertion that certain records are protected as
privileged, the DEP supplies several affidavits15 attesting that certain specified

       15
         The affidavits of David Allard, Director of DEP’s Bureau of Radiation Protection
Program, Lisa Forney, Radiation Protection Supervisor of the Radioactive Materials and Special
(Footnote continued on next page…)

                                             11
records sought legal advice regarding: the DEP’s noncriminal investigations of
ProTechnics; preparation for meetings with ProTechnics; enforcement actions
against ProTechnics; and ProTechnics’ applications, agreements and reporting
obligations. Each affidavit specifies the DEP attorneys consulted and that they are
admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar. Each affidavit also attests that these records
contain the mental impressions, conclusions, opinions and written work-product
created by the DEP counsel regarding the issues for which legal advice was sought.
“At no time were the communications of DEP legal counsel made in the presence
of a third party.” (R.R. at 1959a.)


              Accordingly,       because     Requester     has    not    provided     evidence
demonstrating waiver of privilege,16 the OOR correctly determined that the DEP
met its burden of proving that these records are protected by the attorney-client
privilege and/or the attorney-work product doctrine.




(continued…)

Projects Section of the DEP’s Southcentral Regional Office, and Terry Derstine, Environmental
Program Manager of the Radiation Protection Program in the DEP’s Southeast Regional Office.
The DEP also provided privilege logs for its various offices asserting, inter alia, that certain
specified records were exempt from disclosure under the RTKL because they were privileged.

       16
           See Bagwell, 103 A.3d at 420. (“[W]hen waiver is the focus of a dispute, the burden is
shifted to the party asserting waiver.”).




                                               12
                                             IV.
              Requester next contends the DEP failed to demonstrate that disclosure
of responsive records reflecting the current location and quantity of radioactive
material will likely jeopardize public safety and security.17


              Section 708(b)(2) of the RTKL exempts from disclosure records
“maintained by an agency in connection with . . . law enforcement or other public
safety activity that if disclosed would be reasonably likely to jeopardize or threaten
public safety . . . or public protection activity. . . .” 65 P.S. § 67.708(b)(2). To
establish this exemption, an agency must show: (1) the record at issue relates to
law enforcement or public safety activity; and (2) disclosure of the record would be
reasonably likely to threaten public safety or a public protection activity. Carey v.
Department of Corrections, 61 A.3d 367, 374-75 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2013).


              Section 708(b)(3) of the RTKL also exempts from disclosure “[a]
record, the disclosure of which creates a reasonable likelihood of endangering the
safety or the physical security of a building, public utility, infrastructure, facility or
information storage system.” 65 P.S. §67.708(b)(3). For this exemption to apply,
“the disclosure of” the records, rather than the records themselves, must create a
reasonable likelihood of endangerment to the safety or physical security of certain



       17
           Because Requester only appeals from the OOR’s determination, we do not decide
whether the OOR correctly granted Requester records disclosing the location of gas well sites,
the contact information of well site owners/operators, and contact information and licensing
records relating to ProTechnics, including internal tracking numbers.




                                             13
structures or other entities, including infrastructures. “Reasonably likely” has been
interpreted as “requiring more than speculation.” Carey, 61 A.3d at 375.


               In its position statement and again in its brief on appeal, the DEP
asserts a multitude of security and safety reasons for why radioactive materials
files, which contain information regarding the current location and quantity of
radioactive materials possessed by licensees, should not be released to the public.
As pertinent, Director Allard attests that other states and regulatory agencies have
already dealt with fictitious entities and individuals fraudulently obtaining
radioactive materials.        According to a 2014 report by the United States
Government Accountability Office (GAO), since 1993, there have been 615
confirmed incidents involving theft or loss of nuclear and radioactive materials
worldwide.18

               The conclusion of the GAO’s 2014 report . . . warns that
               “[i]n the hand of terrorists, these sources could be used to
               produce a simple and crude, but potentially dangerous
               weapon, known as a radiological dispersal device or dirty
               bomb, whereby conventional explosives are used to
               disperse radioactive material.”


(R.R. at 1941a.)



       18
          The DEP also attached a 2016 GAO Report to its brief that is not part of the certified
record. In a RTKL appeal involving a Commonwealth agency, this Court has the discretion to
rely upon the record created below or to create its own. Department of Labor & Industry v.
Heltzel, 90 A.3d 823 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014) (en banc). Here, we have relied on the record created
by the OOR because we are serving in our appellate capacity.




                                              14
              Due to these experienced and real-world risks associated with
disclosure of information relating to radioactive materials, the DEP determined:

              DEP’s radioactive materials files also contain
              information regarding the current location and quantity of
              radioactive materials possessed by licensees. Making
              this information available to the public presents a risk
              “reasonably likely to jeopardize or threaten public safety
              or preparedness or public protection activity.”

              Location and quantity information, should it be publicly
              available, could be used by terrorists or other criminals
              who want to obtain radioactive materials or could create
              an increased threat to the licensee housing the materials
              thus making it a target of criminal activity. An increased
              threat would exist of exposing other persons to
              radioactive materials, and the associated health risks,
              after the materials were taken from the licensee.


(R.R. at 1946a.)19


              Accordingly, the DEP clearly met its burden of proving that the
disclosure of certain records reflecting the current location and quantity of
radioactive materials possessed by ProTechnics is reasonably likely to jeopardize
public security and/or safety.




       19
           Notwithstanding this determination, “DEP granted [Requester’s] RTKL request with
respect to NOVs, Consent Order and Agreements, and Addendum, but redacted information that
could compromise public health, safety, and security. . . .” (R.R. at 1950a.)




                                            15
                                              V.
              Requester contends that ProTechnics20 failed to demonstrate that its
Race and Logging Services Field Receipt Agreements (FRAs), certain
correspondence with the State of California relating to tracer materials (California
Correspondence), and raw data and methodology are exempt from disclosure
because each would reveal trade secrets and/or confidential proprietary
information.21


              Section 708(b)(11) of the RTKL specifically exempts from disclosure
“[a] record that constitutes or reveals a trade secret or confidential proprietary
information.” 65 P.S. § 67.708(b)(11). Trade secrets are defined in the RTKL as:

              Information including a formula, drawing, pattern,
              compilation, including a customer list, program, device,
              method, technique or process that:

                     (1) derives economic value, actual or potential,
              from not being generally known to and not being readily
              ascertainable by proper means by other persons who can
              obtain economic value from its disclosure or use; [and]

                    (2) is the subject of efforts that are reasonable
              under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy.




       20
         Because ProTechnics is a party in this appeal and has filed a brief in this matter, the
DEP did not brief this particular issue.

       21
        Because Requester only appeals from the OOR’s determination, we will not evaluate
the OOR’s partial grant of Requester’s RTKL with respect to this exemption.




                                              16
Section 102 of the RTKL, 65 P.S. § 67.102. This definition is identical to that
contained in the Uniform Trade Secrets Act. See 12 Pa.C.S. §§ 5302, 5308.


             Certain information constitutes a “trade secret” based upon the
following factors: (1) the extent to which the information is known outside of the
business; (2) the extent to which the information is known by employees and
others in the business; (3) the extent of measures taken to guard the secrecy of the
information; (4) the value of the information to the business and to competitors; (5)
the amount of effort or money expended in developing the information; and (6) the
ease or difficulty with which the information could be properly acquired or
duplicated by others.    Commonwealth v. Eiseman, 85 A.3d 1117, 1126 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2014), rev’d on other grounds, 125 A.3d 19 (Pa. 2015) (citing Crum v.
Bridgestone/Firestone North American Tire, 907 A.2d 578 (Pa. Super. 2006)). A
“trade secret” must be an “actual secret of peculiar importance to the business and
constitute competitive value to the owner.”      Parsons v. Pennsylvania Higher
Education Assistance Agency, 910 A.2d 177, 185 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2006). “The most
critical criteria are ‘substantial secrecy and competitive value.’” Eiseman, 85 A.3d
at 1126 (quoting Crum, 907 A.2d at 585.)


             “Confidential proprietary information” is defined as “[c]ommercial or
financial information received by an agency:          (1) which is privileged or
confidential; and (2) the disclosure of which would cause substantial harm to the
competitive position of the person that submitted the information.” Giurintano v.
Department of General Services, 20 A.3d 613, 615-16 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011) (citing
Section 102 of the RTKL, 65 P.S. § 67.102).



                                         17
               In determining whether certain information is “confidential,” the OOR
must consider “the efforts the parties undertook to maintain their [sic] secrecy.”
Eiseman, 85 A.3d at 1128. “In determining whether disclosure of confidential
information will cause ‘substantial harm to the competitive position’ of the person
from whom the information was obtained, an entity needs to show: (1) actual
competition in the relevant market; and, (2) a likelihood of substantial injury if the
information were released.” Id. “Competitive harm analysis ‘is limited to harm
flowing from the affirmative use of proprietary information by competitors. . . .’”
Id. (citing Watkins v. United States Bureau of Customs, 643 F.3d 1189, 1194 (9th
Cir. 2011)).


               By way of background, ProTechnics provides state-of-the-art
radioactive tracing services to the energy industry in more than 30 countries and
has “patented Zero Wash® materials which are radioactive particles encapsulated
in a ceramic bead that allow ProTechnics to pinpoint specific stages or segments
and different proppant or fluid types in hydraulic fracture and other completion
operations.”     (R.R. at 1521a.)    The DEP regulates ProTechnics’ “licensure
conditions and the authorized use of byproduct radioactive material in tracer
studies in oil, gas, and geothermal wells,” and “[p]art of [its] obligations as a
regulated entity is to submit to the DEP various documentation related to its
business activities.” (R.R. at 1522a.)


               ProTechnics contends that disclosure of its FRAs is exempt under the
RTKL as trade secrets and/or confidential proprietary information because they




                                         18
provide a detailed description of the exact type and amount of tracer used in trace
and logging services, which is “unique and client specific.” (R.R. at 1523a.)

            If this information were shared publicly, competitors
            would gain access to information regarding ProTechnics’
            completion designs, its clients’ well dynamics, and
            production estimates. . . . [F]rom this information,
            competitors could gain insight into ProTechnics’ clients’
            preferences regarding completion designs, well dynamics
            and production information and then use that information
            to tailor their pitches to ProTechnics’ clients accordingly.

            Furthermore, the [FRAs] also reflect ProTechnics’
            confidential pricing information for its trace and logging
            services. . . . [T]he disclosure of client confidentiality
            would result in substantial competitive harm to
            [ProTechnics] . . .

            Indeed, ProTechnics goes to great lengths to protect its
            confidential propriety information . . . Such information
            is only shared with third parties when legally obligated,
            in confidence and with those who ProTechnics provides
            services. ProTechnics has multiple service agreements
            and/or contracts that specify confidentiality terms
            between ProTechnics and its clients. All recipients of
            this sensitive information receive notification that it is
            confidential proprietary information. This information
            within ProTechnics is accessible to only a limited
            number of individuals and on a “need-to-know” basis.
            ProTechnics has taken specific steps to protect the
            confidentiality of this information, including the
            implementation of strict work practice requirements to
            ensure that the necessary internal company controls are
            in place to ensure the limited use of confidential
            information. Confidential information is maintained in a
            company password-protected system. Employees of
            ProTechnics that have access to such information have,
            in addition to their common law obligations, undertaken
            a written obligation to maintain the confidentiality and
            secrecy of that information.


                                        19
(R.R. at 1523a, 1525a) (enumerations omitted).


             Regarding the California Correspondence, ProTechnics Director
Williams attests that it contains confidential customer information including the
location of ProTechnics’ customer facility, the materials stored there, and
“sensitive information regarding low-level radioactive materials including a
description of the exact type of low-level radioactive material at issue, the amount
of activity and low-level radiation levels of those materials.” (R.R. at 1524a.)
Williams attests this Correspondence includes non-public “information about client
names, specific projects and pricing for ProTechnics’ work. . . .” Id.


             Regarding ProTechnics’ raw data and/or methodology, Williams
attests that this information is proprietary and confidential because it “would
enable ProTechnics’ competitors to copy ProTechnics’ valuable and proprietary
business methods and, if ProTechnics’ competitors or customers gained access . . .
it would severely harm ProTechnics’ business by posing significant competitive
and financial detriment to ProTechnics.” (R.R. at 1524a-1525a.) Williams further
attests that ProTechnics treats this information as confidential and proprietary and
implements numerous safeguards so as to protect the information at issue.


             Notwithstanding the Williams’ affidavit, Requester contends that “this
information is already available in the public domain and, as such, is not privileged
or confidential.” (Requester’s Brief at 49.) As she contends, “Not only was this
information disclosed in open court by the President of ProTechnics, it is also
available on the United States Patent and Trademark Office’s website and in a



                                         20
research article published . . . entitled ‘Study and application of Zero Wash tracer
fracture monitoring.’” Id.


            While ProTechnics’ patent discloses the general contents of Zero
Wash, it only discusses the amounts of each particular substance and/or ingredient
in terms of “ranges.” (See R.R. at 202a.) The same can be said regarding its
president’s testimony, who repeatedly only provided testimony “without revealing
any confidential or proprietary trade secret information. . . .” (See R.R. at 480a.)
As for the Chinese research article provided by Requester, which does not seem to
be sponsored or published by ProTechnics, this study does not even seem to
specify all of the contents of Zero Wash, which is alleged to be “unique and client
specific.” (R.R. at 1523a.)


            In any event, Williams’ statements establish that ProTechnics keeps
its raw data and methodology and the information contained in the Correspondence
and FRAs confidential, and that disclosing these identified records and the
information contained therein would cause substantial harm to its competitive
position.


            Accordingly, accepting Williams’ statements, we conclude the OOR
correctly determined that these records constitute confidential proprietary
information and/or trade secrets. See Giurintano, 20 A.3d at 616-17 (affidavit of
president and CEO of third-party contractor sufficient to establish that the
requested information constituted confidential proprietary information).




                                        21
                                         VI.
             Requester contends that the DEP failed to demonstrate that certain
records constitute notes and working papers because certain descriptions contained
in the DEP’s privilege logs “clearly relate to a person’s official position and
action.” (Requester’s Brief at 53.)


             Section 708(b)(12) of the RTKL exempts from disclosure “[n]otes and
working papers prepared by or for a public official or agency employee used solely
for that official’s or employee’s own personal use, including telephone message
slips, routing slips and other materials that do not have an official purpose.” 65
P.S. § 67.708(b)(12). “‘‘Personal’ within this definition does not mean that it has
to involve a public official’s personal affairs—a message slip that his wife called—
because those types of documents are not covered by the RTKL, Easton Area
School District v. Baxter, 35 A.3d 1259 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2012); it covers those
documents necessary for that official that are ‘personal’ to that official in carrying
out his public responsibilities.” City of Philadelphia v. Philadelphia Inquirer, 52
A.3d 456, 461 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2012).


             As the above language demonstrates, a record will only fall within the
“notes and working papers” exemption when it relates to an official’s public
responsibilities but is personal. In any event, the DEP provides the affidavit of
Lisa A. Forney, Radiation Protection Supervisor of the Radioactive Materials and
Special Projects Section of DEP’s Southcentral Regional Office, who attests:

             Approximately 42 Records also contain the personal
             notes prepared by DEP staff and are used solely for that
             employee’s own personal use.

                                         22
              The handwritten records were personal notes of Steven
              Acker, Radiation Protection Program Manager and
              myself. Each set of notes remained in the takers sole and
              exclusive possession and used to refresh recollections.
              The notes were not shared with others but created for the
              takers own personal use. The subject of these notes was
              the pending enforcement about the flowback/loss of
              control incident involving ProTechnics that was the
              subject of a DEP investigation. The notes were not taken
              at the direction of anyone at DEP and were created in the
              sole discretion of each employee.


(R.R. at 1738a.)


              Accordingly, the DEP demonstrated that certain records fell within the
notes and working papers exemption.


                                           VII.
              Requester contends the DEP failed to demonstrate that certain
responsive records reflect internal, pre-decisional deliberations.22 As pertinent,
Section 708(b)(10)(i)(A) of the RTKL exempts from disclosure a record that
reflects:




       22
          The OOR determined that the DEP met its burden of proof with respect to certain
records withheld under Section 708(b)(10) of the RTKL. “However, to the extent the records
were sent to or received by individuals other than [DEP] employees/officials, such as
representatives of ProTechnics, the records are not internal to [DEP] and cannot be withheld
under Section 708(b)(10).” Because the DEP has not appealed the OOR’s determination, we
only address whether the OOR correctly determined that certain records fell within this
exemption.




                                            23
             The internal, predecisional deliberations of an agency, its
             members, employees or officials or predecisional
             deliberations between agency members, employees or
             officials and members, employees or officials of another
             agency, including predecisional deliberations relating to a
             budget recommendation, legislative proposal, legislative
             amendment, contemplated or proposed policy or course
             of action or any research, memos or other documents
             used in the predecisional deliberations.


65 P.S. § 67.708(b)(10)(i)(A).


             To prove the predecisional deliberation exception, an agency must
demonstrate that “(1) the information is internal to the agency; (2) the information
is deliberative in character; and, (3) the information is prior to a related decision,
and thus ‘predecisional.’” Carey, 61 A.3d at 379. Records satisfy the “internal”
element when they are maintained internal to one agency or among governmental
agencies. Id. at 378; see also Kaplin v. Lower Merion Township, 19 A.3d 1209,
1216 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011).         To demonstrate that a record is deliberative in
character, an agency must “submit evidence of specific facts showing how the
information relates to deliberation of a particular decision.” Carey, 61 A.3d at 379.
“Only . . . confidential deliberations of law or policymaking, reflecting opinions,
recommendations or advice [are] protected as ‘deliberative.’” Id. at 378. Factual
information is not deliberative in character. See McGowan, 103 A.3d at 387-88.


             In support of its nondisclosure of certain records, the DEP supplies
numerous affidavits that specify the individual involved by name and title as well
as the issues deliberated among DEP personnel. As attested to by Director Allard
and other affiants:


                                         24
             Records considered as being or reflect DEP’s
             deliberations were emails, discussing proposed
             enforcement actions that DEP contemplated taking
             against ProTechnics, draft notification letters, draft
             NOVs, draft Consent Order and Agreements, draft
             Addendum, internal DEP emails, meeting notes
             pertaining to the NOVs issued by DEP to ProTechnics . .
             . ProTechnics’ radioactive materials license application .
             . . radioactive materials license amendments, and an
             informal request for records submitted to DEP’s
             Communication Office in October 2015.


(R.R. at 1957a.) Director Allard and other affiants also attest that the “[w]ithheld
records for the RTKL exception did not include ProTechnics or any other third-
party . . . contain no final decisions of DEP . . . [and] were not created after the
final decisions to which they correlate. . . . The records do not contain purely
factual information.” (R.R. at 1956a, 1957a.)


             A review of the affidavits supplied by the DEP and its privilege logs
demonstrate that the records withheld by the DEP for purposes of this appeal
consist of internal communications between DEP employees and officials and are
predecisional because they occurred prior to a final decision.        Moreover, the
records are deliberative in nature as they relate to the course of action taken by the
DEP when investigating ProTechnics and considering other actions.


             Accordingly, the DEP met its burden in demonstrating that certain
records reflect internal, predecisional deliberations.




                                          25
                                       VIII.
             Finally, Requester contends that the DEP failed to demonstrate that
responsive records relate to noncriminal investigations of ProTechnics.


             As pertinent, Section 708(b)(17) of the RTKL exempts from
disclosure “record[s] of an agency relating to a noncriminal investigation,”
including “[i]nvestigative materials, notes, correspondence and reports[,]” and
records that, if disclosed, would “[r]eveal the institution, progress or result of an
agency investigation.”    65 P.S. §§ 67.708(b)(17)(ii), (iv).     In order for this
exemption to apply, an agency must demonstrate that “‘a systematic or searching
inquiry, a detailed examination of official probe was conducted regarding a
noncriminal matter.” Johnson v. Pennsylvania Convention Center Authority, 49
A.3d 920, 925 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2012) (quoting Department of Health v. Office of
Open Records, 4 A.3d 803 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010)). The agency examination or probe
must be “conducted as part of an agency’s official duties,” Department of Health, 4
A.3d at 814, and must specifically involve an agency’s legislatively granted fact-
finding powers. Department of Public Welfare v. Chawaga, 91 A.3d 257, 259 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2014).


             Pursuant to the RPA and its regulations, the DEP has the authority to
conduct inspections and investigations related to the control, regulation and
monitoring of radiation sources. See Section 310(c)(2) of the RPA, 35 P.S. §
7110.310(c)(2); see also 25 Pa. Code § 215.12 (emphasis added). Director Allard
attests that when the DEP conducts a noncriminal investigation pursuant to its




                                         26
authority under the RPA and its regulations, it routinely performs the following
general steps:

             Upon receiving notification from a waste disposal facility
             of non-acceptable radioactive material, the Radiation
             Protection Program will request information from the
             facility about the load of waste, including but not limited
             to, the type of waste and volume; the isotope identified;
             the activity of the isotope; the generator of the waste; the
             identity of the person(s) who performed a radiation
             survey; the type of equipment used to survey the waste;
             the current location of the waste; and a determination
             from the facility of its plans for the waste. . . .

             The Regional Radiation Protection Program will contact
             the waste generator director and/or assign a radiation
             health physicist to investigate the flowback/loss of
             control incident at the well site, seek to identify all
             parties involved, and investigate how the loss of control
             of licensed material occurred. Whenever possible, the
             radiation health physicist will document site conditions in
             a formal inspection report and obtain photographs of the
             well site.

             Once completed, all documentation is submitted to the
             Regional Radiation Protection Management Staff for
             review and approval of the inspection findings.
             Depending upon the severity of the violation, Regional
             Radiation Protection Management Staff will disclose
             inspection findings in accordance with its established
             compliance and enforcement guidance documents. If
             additional information is needed prior to disclosing
             inspection findings, DEP will schedule a conference.


(R.R. at 1934a.)




                                         27
               Following these general steps, the DEP has investigated ProTechnics
for three separate incidents. Each investigation resulted after a landfill alerted the
DEP that shipments of residual waste had triggered the landfill’s radiation alarm
and then the DEP tracked each of these shipments back to a well pad engaged by
ProTechnics. Director Williams attests that various documents have been created
during these three investigations, including “inspection reports prepared by the
Radiation Protection program, photographs, internal pre-enforcement documents
such as emails, drafts enforcement documents, and staff reviews of ProTechnics’
radioactive materials license registration.” (R.R. at 1953a.) “These records do not
contain purely factual information.” (Id.)


               Regarding the content of these records, Director Allard attests that
“[t]hese records exist and were solely created because of DEP’s investigations into
ProTechnics activities . . . as required under the [RPA] and its regulations.” Id.
“Releasing these records would reveal the institution and progress of DEP
noncriminal investigations into its investigation of ProTechnics. . . .” Id.23


               Director Allard’s attestations demonstrate that the DEP’s investigative
records were the result of three noncriminal investigations. Each investigation
consisted of a systematic and searching inquiry, which was carried out pursuant to
the DEP’s official duties under the RPA and involving its legislatively granted


       23
            While some investigative records were provided to Requester, these records
“memorialize the imposition of a fine or civil penalty; the suspension, modification, or
revocation of a license, permit, registration, certification or similar authorization issued by DEP;
or is an executed settlement agreement, redactions were required.” (R.R. at 1953a.)




                                                28
fact-finding powers. Clearly, the DEP has sufficiently demonstrated that certain
records are exempt under the noncriminal investigation exception of the RTKL.24


               Accordingly, the final determination of the OOR is affirmed but we
reverse its finding that documents relating to the investigation of well sites made
under the RPA need not be released.25



                                             ___________________________________
                                             DAN PELLEGRINI, Senior Judge

       24
          Requester does not challenge the OOR’s determination that the DEP was permitted to
redact certain responsive records under Section 708(b)(6)(i)(A) of the RTKL, which exempts
from disclosure “[a] record containing all or part of a person’s Social Security number, driver’s
license number, personal financial information, home cellular or personal telephone numbers,
personal e-mail addresses, employee number or other confidential personal identification
number.” 65 P.S. § 67.708(b)(6)(i)(A). (See Requester’s Brief at 42). Instead, and quite
incomprehensibly, Requester contends that the OOR should not have other redactions under this
exemption, but then also acknowledges that the DEP is not “alleging that it did not withhold this
information as personal identification information. . . .” (Requester’s Brief at 41 n. 17.).
Because we have affirmed the OOR’s determination, we do not need to decide whether these
records could have also been exempt from disclosure under Section 708(b)(6)(i)(A).

       25
          Notwithstanding the DEP partially granting the RTKL request and not appealing the
OOR’s final determination, the DEP asks for permission not to disclose any records found
protected and/or exempted under the RTKL. To the extent that the DEP or the OOR granted the
request with redactions, the DEP must do so. As for those documents not specifically subject to
redaction, the DEP must redact those documents constituting “public records” under the RTKL.
See Section 706 of the RTKL, 65 P.S. § 67.706. As pertinent, a Commonwealth agency bears
the burden of proving that a record is exempt from disclosure under the RTKL. Section 708(a)
of the RTKL, 65 P.S. § 67.708(a). If a record is exempt or protected from disclosure, it is not a
public record subject to disclosure under the RTKL. See Section 102 of the RTKL, 67 P.S. §
67.102; see also Department of Labor & Industry v. Simpson, 151 A.3d 678 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2016)
(en banc). Conversely, if a record is not exempt or protected from disclosure “but contains
information that is not subject to access, the agency may discharge its duty by providing redacted
records.” Id. at 682 (citing Section 706 of the RTKL, 65 P.S. § 67.706).



                                               29
          IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Kendra Smith on behalf of            :
Smith Butz, LLC,                     :
                 Petitioner          :
                                     :
             v.                      : No. 1431 C.D. 2016
                                     :
Pennsylvania Department of           :
Environmental Protection,            :
                 Respondent          :




                                  ORDER


             AND NOW, this 8th day of May, 2017, the final determination of the
Office of Open Records (OOR) dated July 27, 2016, is affirmed in part and
reversed in part.



                                     ___________________________________
                                     DAN PELLEGRINI, Senior Judge
