                                                               [DO NOT PUBLISH]


               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT            FILED
                          ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                               ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                No. 04-13116                      JUNE 8, 2005
                            Non-Argument Calendar               THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                                    CLERK
                          ________________________

                              BIA No. A97-189-233

MARUF BANGSAWA,
                                                                   Petitioner,

                                      versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
                                                                   Respondent.

                          ________________________

                      Petition for Review of an Order of the
                          Board of Immigration Appeals
                         _________________________


                                 (June 8, 2005)



Before BIRCH, BARKETT and HULL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Maruf Bangsawa, a citizen and native of Indonesia, proceeding pro se,

petitions this Court for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA’s”)
final order affirming the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ’s”) denial of asylum and

withholding of removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”).1

After review, we dismiss in part and deny in part Bangsawa’s petition.

                                   I. BACKGROUND

       Although Maruf Bangsawa has lived in the United States since October 31,

1999, his non-immigrant crewman visa expired on November 14, 1999. On March

18, 2003, Bangsawa filed a petition for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief

under the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman

and Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“CAT”). On April 15, 2003, the Bureau

of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“BICE”) served Bangsawa with a

notice to appear, charging that he was an alien subject to removal because he had

overstayed his visa. On May 20, 2003, Bangsawa appeared before the IJ and

conceded his removability, pursuing only on his claims for asylum, withholding of

removal, and CAT relief.

A. Bangsawa’s Application and Testimony Before the IJ

       In his asylum application and in his testimony before the IJ, Bangsawa

claimed that he was attacked and threatened by Muslims in Indonesia because of


       1
         Because Bangsawa's removal proceedings commenced after April 1, 1997, the effective
date of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (“IIRIRA”),
this case is governed by the permanent provisions of the INA, as amended by the IIRIRA.
Gonzalez-Oropeza v. United States Att'y Gen., 321 F.3d 1331, 1332 (11th Cir. 2003).

                                              2
his Christian faith. Specifically, Bangsawa stated that: (1) when he was a child, his

parents held Bible studies at their home with Jehovah's Witnesses; (2) in 1979, a

group of Muslims told his parents to stop having religious gatherings in their

home; (3) later, Muslims threw rocks at their home and mocked their faith; and (4)

in 1980, his parents were forced to move because their lives were in danger.2

       Bangsawa claimed that his life was peaceful from 1980 until 1990, when his

Muslim neighbors threw stones at his family’s house and threatened to kill his

family. Bangsawa’s neighbors also assaulted the Jehovah's Witnesses who came to

his parents’ home for Bible study.

       Bangsawa reported further incidents beginning in 1996. Specifically,

Bangsawa claimed that: (1) in January 1996, he was fired from his job for being a

Christian; (2) in July 1997, his house was burglarized and vandalized, and

anti-Christian words were written on the walls; (3) in January 1998, he received a

letter from radical Muslims, stating that non-Muslims should get out of Indonesia;

(4) in mid-January 1998, when he was going to church with his parents, a group of

Muslims with knives stopped their car and shattered their windshield with stones,



       2
         There is some confusion about Bangsawa’s religious background. Bangsawa claimed
that he was a Christian and not a Jehovah’s witness. However, he also claimed that his parents
were Jehovah’s Witnesses, had gatherings in their home for Jehovah’s Witnesses, and witnessed
to Bangsawa. It is clear that Bangsawa now contends that he is a Christian. He also contends
that the precise nature of his religion is not relevant because he was persecuted by Muslims
simply because he is a non-Muslim.
                                                    3
seriously injuring his mother; and (5) in February 1998, he and his brother were

attacked by a group of Muslims.

      Bangsawa additionally stated that, in April 1998, in the midst of rampant

rioting and looting, a group of Muslims asked him to join them in burning churches

and killing Christians. After discovering that Bangsawa was a Christian,3 the

group “started to hit [him], tied [him] with rope, and hit [his] face with a hot bar

until [he] was unconscious.” Bangsawa stated that his friend found him the next

day seriously injured, but Bangsawa did not go to the hospital because his parents

could not afford it.

      Bangsawa claimed that because of these incidents he decided to come to the

United States, and did so in 1998. However, according to Bangsawa, he returned

to Indonesia soon thereafter because his mother was critically ill. Bangsawa later

left Indonesia and lived for five months in South Africa. He did not apply for

asylum in South Africa, and returned again to Indonesia. Bangsawa claimed that

he went back to Indonesia on this occasion because his friend “ran away with [his]

money, so [he] could not do anything else,” and, “even though [he] was scared,

[he] had to go back.” When asked, Bangsawa stated that he had originally

purchased the return ticket to Indonesia because it was required by law.




      3
          Indonesian government-issued identity cards display the individual’s religion.
                                                4
        Bangsawa submitted several documents in support of his application. He

submitted a letter from Reverend Mesach G. Agung Wijoyo, the pastor of the

Bethany Indonesian Church of God of Georgia, located in Norcross, Georgia. The

letter stated that Bangsawa had been a faithful and active church worker since

2000.

        Bangsawa also submitted a letter from his parents stating that: (1) Bangsawa

and his family were persecuted by Muslim groups when Bangsawa was a youth

because his parents had a Bible study at their house with Jehovah's Witnesses; (2)

their car was attacked by a group of Muslims when they were on their way to

church, and, as a result, Bangsawa's mother was hospitalized; and (3) Bangsawa

himself also was seriously injured at some later date, but did not receive

hospitalization because of the cost. The letter also stated that: “after [Bangsawa]

had arrived in America the first time, we asked him to return as soon as possible

because his mother seriously fell sick,” but, because of the persecution, “we

consented our son to leave for America for the second time.”

        Bangsawa also submitted a letter from “RS Persahabatan,” which was

translated as “General Hospital,” purporting to document that Bangsawa's mother

“went through intensive medical treatment on January 18, 1998 due to a shock,

head and face injury, which had caused unconsciousness.”



                                          5
       In addition, Bangsawa submitted numerous reports from international

organizations chronicling violence against Christians in Indonesia.

B. IJ’s Decision

       In an oral decision, the IJ found that Bangsawa’s testimony lacked

credibility, and that Bangsawa’s entire application was frivolous and fraudulently

filed. The IJ based this determination on several factors.

       First, during the course of the hearing, the IJ questioned Bangsawa about the

tenets of the Jehovah's Witness faith. According to the IJ, Bangsawa incorrectly

answered questions about the Jehovah’s Witness view of “how Christ died”; their

teachings about the year in which Satan rebelled against God; their view of hell;

and the number of people who will be able to “live in the presence of God.” The IJ

observed: “[Y]ou represent that you, both your parents are Jehovah's Witnesses

and obviously they would witness to you, . . . but you don't know the

fundamentals.”4       Further, the IJ found Bangsawa’s application suspicious

because of the involvement of Reverend Wijoyo. Bangsawa’s initial interviewer at

the BICE office in Atlanta noted that Bangsawa arrived at the BICE office to file



       4
        As noted above, Bangsawa contends that he is a Christian and not a Jehovah’s Witness.
He also argues that his knowledge of the Jehovah’s Witness religion is irrelevant because he was
persecuted merely because he was a non-Muslim, not for any specific religious belief. However,
these arguments do not alter our analysis of the IJ’s credibility determination, which was based
on Bangsawa’s contentions that his parents held Jehovah’s Witness Bible studies in their home,
regularly witnessed to him, and were persecuted because of these practices.
                                                  6
his application for asylum along with 25 other individuals from Bethany

Indonesian Church of God, each of whom recently filed for asylum. In addition,

the BICE interviewer noted that the Philadelphia BICE office “is conducting an

ongoing investigation into 1700 fraudulent asylum applications, many of which

can be linked back to Wijoyo and his church.”

      Further, the IJ explicitly found that Bangsawa was untruthful about whether

Wijoyo helped Bangsawa apply for asylum. During Bangsawa’s initial interview

with the BICE, Bangsawa stated that Wijoyo encouraged him to apply. Later in

the interview, Bangsawa recanted this story and stated that filing for asylum was

his own idea. At the hearing before the IJ, Bangsawa again denied that Wijoyo had

played any role in the preparation of Bangsawa’s asylum application. The IJ made

a finding that Bangsawa perjured himself on this point based in part upon the letter

from Reverend Wijoyo included in Bangsawa’s application, and the fact that

Bangsawa applied for asylum along with a 25-person group from Wijoyo’s church.

      Additionally, the IJ found it suspicious that Bangsawa did not file his

application until he had been in the United States for more than three years.

Bangsawa testified that he did not file an asylum application when he first arrived

in the United States because his friends told him that he would be deported if he

applied.



                                          7
      In its decision, the IJ pointed out several other inconsistencies in Bangsawa's

testimony: (1) Bangsawa did not explain why his parents gave up their Jehovah's

Witness beliefs between 1980 and 1990; (2) Bangsawa failed to provide any details

about his home being burglarized and vandalized in July 1997; (3) Bangsawa

described being viciously attacked by a group of Muslims, but did not go to the

hospital; and (4) after all of the events he described, Bangsawa returned to

Indonesia twice. The IJ also questioned the authenticity of the purported hospital

document that Bangsawa submitted to substantiate the claim that his mother was

hospitalized after Muslims attacked their car. The IJ noted that the document

contained irregular hospital language and did not describe the nature of the

treatment or the injuries.

      The IJ acknowledged that there was conflict between Christians and

Muslims in Indonesia, but questioned whether Bangsawa was taking advantage of

the conflicts to create a claim. The IJ specifically stated that it “question[ed]

[Bangsawa's] association with this pastor . . . [who] is involved in assisting

individuals with creating asylum claims.” The IJ also expressed doubt as to

whether Bangsawa was even Christian, as the only evidence of his belief was a

letter from the questionable pastor.

      In addition to the adverse credibility determination, the IJ found that

Bangsawa's repeated returns to Indonesia further cut against his asylum claim. The
                                            8
IJ noted that: (1) Bangsawa had provided no documentation of his mother's illness,

the purported reason for his initial return; and (2) Bangsawa had failed to explain

adequately why he would return to Indonesia after spending five months in South

Africa. The IJ stated that “[i]t seems unlikely, if this individual had suffered so

greatly . . . and feared for his life and . . . would rather die than return to Indonesia,

yet he does, not once but twice.”

       The IJ thus found that Bangsawa had not established that he had suffered

past persecution or had a well-founded fear of future persecution, and denied him

asylum. For the same reasons, the IJ denied Bangsawa’s request for withholding

of removal, finding that Bangsawa failed to meet the heavier burden of showing a

clear probability of persecution. The IJ found that Bangsawa likewise was not

entitled to CAT relief.5

       In addition, the IJ determined that Bangsawa’s asylum application was not

timely filed. The IJ found that Bangsawa had not provided a reasonable

explanation sufficient to waive the one-year requirement, and thus denied

Bangsawa’s asylum application on the additional ground of untimeliness.




       5
       On appeal, Bangsawa does not make any argument regarding his CAT claim, and thus it
is deemed abandoned. Mendoza v. United States Att’y Gen., 327 F.3d 1283, 1286 n.3 (11th Cir.
2003).
                                            9
       Thus, the IJ ordered Bangsawa removed to Indonesia.6

       Bangsawa appealed to the BIA. In a brief opinion, the BIA adopted and

affirmed the IJ’s decision and dismissed Bangsawa’s appeal.7

       Bangsawa then timely petitioned this Court for review of the BIA’s decision,

and requested a stay of his removal pending adjudication of his petition. The

government opposed Bangsawa’s motion for a stay of removal and this Court

denied the motion.8 We now address Bangsawa’s petition for review.

                                     II. DISCUSSION

A. Asylum Claim

       We first conclude that we lack jurisdiction to consider Bangsawa’s asylum

claim asserted in his petition of review. An alien may apply for asylum only if he

“demonstrates by clear and convincing evidence that the application has been filed


       6
         The IJ also specifically found that Bangsawa had committed fraud at the hearing and
that this was an excludable offense under INA § 212(a)(6)(C)(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(C)(i).
The IJ thus ordered Bangsawa removed to Indonesia based upon this fraud in addition to the
overstay-of-visa grounds stated in the notice to appear.
       7
        Because the BIA adopted the IJ’s reasoning, we review the IJ’s decision. See Al Najjar
v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001).
       8
        In its July 2, 2004 filing that opposed Bangsawa’s motion for a stay of removal, the
government also included a motion to dismiss Bangsawa’s petition for lack of jurisdiction. The
government’s motion to dismiss was filed before Bangsawa filed his initial brief on appeal and
was based upon the government’s belief that Bangsawa had not exhausted, before the IJ and the
BIA, certain claims he would be making in this Court. This Court ordered the government’s July
2, 2004 motion to dismiss carried with the case. We now conclude that Bangsawa did not fail to
exhaust those claims, and we therefore deny the government’s July 2, 2004 motion to dismiss.
       After filing the July 2, 2004 motion, the government’s brief on appeal raised an
additional jurisdictional issue which we address in Part II.A of this opinion.
                                                 10
within 1 year after the date of the alien’s arrival in the United States.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1158(a)(2)(B). The IJ concluded that Bangsawa’s application was not timely

filed, and that none of the exceptions to the one-year time limitation applied.9

       This Court is without jurisdiction to review such a determination. See 8

U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3) (“No court shall have jurisdiction to review any determination

of the Attorney General under [section 1158(a)(2)].”); Mendoza v. United States

Att’y Gen., 327 F.3d 1283, 1287 (11th Cir. 2003) (concluding that 8 U.S.C.

§ 1158(a)(3) divests this Court of jurisdiction to review “a decision regarding

whether an alien complied with the one-year time limit or established extraordinary

circumstances that would excuse his untimely filing”).

       Therefore, we must dismiss the portion of Bangsawa’s petition for review

addressing his claim for asylum. We are thus left only with Bangsawa’s claim for

withholding of removal.10

B. Withholding of Removal

       We also conclude that substantial evidence supports the IJ’s determination

that Bangsawa was not entitled to withholding of removal. Under the INA, “[a]n

       9
         Bangsawa conceded that his application was filed more than three years after his arrival
in the United States. However, he had argued that his claim fell under 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D),
which provides an exception to the one-year time limitation if the alien shows (1) changed
circumstances that have materially affected the alien’s eligibility for asylum, or (2)
“extraordinary circumstances relating to the delay . . . .”
       10
         The timely-filing provisions of 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B) apply only to asylum claims,
and not to claims for withholding of removal.
                                               11
alien seeking withholding of removal . . . must show that his life or freedom would

be threatened on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular

social group, or political opinion.” Mendoza, 327 F.3d at 1287; see also 8 U.S.C. §

1231(b)(3)(A). The alien also “bears the burden of demonstrating that he

more-likely-than-not would be persecuted or tortured upon his return to the country

in question.” Mendoza, 327 F.3d at 1287.

      The IJ determined that Bangsawa had not carried this evidentiary burden.

We must affirm the IJ’s decision if it is “‘supported by reasonable, substantial, and

probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.’” Al Najjar v. Ashcroft,

257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

      Here, substantial evidence supports the IJ’s determination. First, the IJ made

permissible adverse credibility determinations regarding Bangsawa’s testimony

about matters that form the basis of his claim for withholding of removal. See

D-Muhumed v. United States Att’y Gen., 388 F.3d 814, 818 (11th Cir. 2004)

(noting that credibility determinations are reviewed under the substantial evidence

test and stating that “[t]he trier of fact must determine credibility, and [we] may not

substitute [our] judgment for that of the [IJ] with respect to credibility findings”).

Such a determination, standing alone, may have been enough to support the denial

of Bangsawa’s application. See Forgue v. United States Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d

1282, 1287 (11th Cir. 2005) (“[A]n adverse credibility determination alone may be
                                           12
sufficient to support the denial of an asylum application.” (citation omitted)).



      However, in addition to this adverse credibility determination, the IJ further

found that Bangsawa’s repeated returns to Indonesia, and his subsequent stays

there without incident, also undermined his claim that it was more likely than not

that he would be persecuted upon his return. See, e.g., Ngarurih v. Ashcroft, 371

F.3d 182, 188-89 (4th Cir. 2004) (alien’s return and remaining unharmed in his

native country after allegedly suffering persecution diminishes fear of future

persecution).

      On appeal, Bangsawa goes to great lengths to show generally that there is

violence in Indonesia against Christians. He relies on numerous newspaper

accounts and reports from the State Department and other organizations regarding

violence, reportedly perpetrated by Muslims (some with links to Al-Qaeda).

However, as noted by the IJ, none of this information shows that it is more likely

than not that Bangsawa himself will be singled-out for persecution or torture upon

his return to Indonesia. See Sepulveda v. United States Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226,

1231-32 & 1232 n.7 (11th Cir. 2005) (concluding that petitioner’s failure to show

that petitioner will be “singled-out” for persecution is fatal to asylum claim where

petitioner relied merely on reports of generalized violence).



                                          13
      Accordingly, the portion of Bangsawa’s petition for review pertaining to

withholding of removal is denied.

                                III. CONCLUSION

      For all of the above reasons, we dismiss Bangsawa’s petition for review of

the denial of his asylum application and deny his petition for review of the denial

of his application for withholding of removal.

      PETITION DISMISSED IN PART, DENIED IN PART.




                                          14
