                          STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
                        SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                            FILED
                                                                        June 16, 2015
State of West Virginia ex rel. Jane Doe-1 et al.,                        released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                                       RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
Petitioners                                                          SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                          OF WEST VIRGINIA

vs) No. 15-0029 (Berkeley County 13-C-656)

The Honorable Gray Silver III, Judge of the Circuit Court of Berkeley County;

Corporation of the President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints;

Corporation of the Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day

Saints; Steven Grow; Donald Fishel; Christopher Jensen; Sandralee Jensen;

Unnamed Defendant-1; and Kirk H. Bottner,

Respondents



                           MEMORANDUM DECISION

       In this original proceeding, the petitioners and plaintiffs below, twelve children
and eleven parents from six families, by counsel Robert P. Fitzsimmons, Brent E. Wear,
Justin J. Wiater and Carl F. Kravitz, petition to prohibit the circuit court from enforcing
its order of December 9, 2014. The circuit court’s order adopted the recommended order
and report of the discovery commissioner that the guardian ad litem appointed for
incarcerated defendant Michael Jensen should continue to serve, in effect, as Jensen’s
attorney ad litem. The order also required that the plaintiffs bear one-half of the costs
associated with that appointment. The respondents, defendants below, Corporation of the
President of the Church of Jesus Christ, Corporation of Presiding Bishop of the Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Steven Grow, and Donald Fishel, by counsel William J.
Powell and Alan E. Kraus, respondents Christopher Jensen and Sandralee Jensen, by
counsel John J. Polak, Unnamed Defendant-1, a respondent, by counsel Joseph R.
Ferretti, and respondent Kirk H. Bottner, appearing pro se, ask this Court to deny the
writ.

       This Court has considered the parties’ briefs, oral argument, and the record on
appeal. Upon our consideration of the applicable standards of review and the record
presented, we conclude that the circuit court’s December 9, 2014, order is clearly
erroneous as a matter of law and that the requested writ of prohibition should be moulded
and granted. Because this Court finds no substantial question of law, a memorandum
decision granting and moulding the requested extraordinary writ is appropriate under
Rule 21 of the West Virginia Rules of Appellate Procedure.


                                            1

                          Factual and Procedural Background

       Jensen was convicted by a jury in February 2013 of three sex offenses against two
brothers—aged three and four—that occurred in 2007, when Jensen was sixteen years
old. On appeal, we affirmed Jensen’s convictions, see State v. Jensen, No. 13-1088, 2014
WL 2681229 (W. Va. June 13, 2014), for which he was sentenced as an adult to an
aggregate term of imprisonment of thirty-five to seventy-five years. Jensen, his parents,
his victims, and his victims’ parents all belonged to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-
day Saints (the “Church”), within which they were members of the Martinsburg Stake. In
the Church, a stake is a geographically homogenous group of wards, or local
congregations.

       On September 16, 2013, the two victims in the criminal proceedings, their parents,
and five other families in the Martinsburg Stake filed under seal a civil action against
Jensen, Jensen’s parents, the Church, a pair of corporate Church entities,1 the Stake
President, and the Bishop of the Hedgesville Ward. The plaintiffs alleged therein that
Jensen had sexually abused as many as twelve children, and that, on several occasions,
another child had been forced to watch his younger brother be abused by Jensen.
Thereafter, the parties entered into a stipulation dismissing the Church, an unincorporated
association, without prejudice. The operative Amended Complaint of February 4, 2014,
retained the initial defendants other than the Church, and it added another, unnamed
defendant who was formerly a member of the Martinsburg Stake. The Amended
Complaint asserts myriad claims for, inter alia, negligence, fraud, intentional infliction of
emotional distress, and civil conspiracy, all stemming from the Stake’s and the Church’s
purported indifference to and complicity in Jensen’s sexual predations. The plaintiffs
seek compensatory and punitive damages.

      A few weeks after litigation commenced, the plaintiffs moved the circuit court to
appoint a guardian ad litem for Jensen, so that he could be legally served with process.2

       1
        Specifically, the corporate entities defending the interests of the national Church
are the Corporation of the President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
and the Corporation of the Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints.
       2
          West Virginia Rule of Civil Procedure 4(d)(4) provides for service on
incarcerated convicts “by delivering a copy of the summons and complaint to that
person’s committee, guardian, or like fiduciary resident in the State.” The committee
referred to in Rule 4(d)(4) is a person appointed by a county commission on the motion
of an interested party who may take possession of and manage a convict’s estate, real and
personal, “until the convict is discharged from confinement or dies.” W. Va. Code § 28­
5-33 (1982).
                                                                         (continued. . .)
                                             2

A guardian is generally appointed by a court of law to exercise domain over the affairs of
an incompetent or incapacitated person, depending on the specific grant of authority. 3 At
the extremes, a court may designate a guardian as the incompetent’s legal surrogate for
all purposes, or it may limit a guardian to stand in for the incompetent in particular
litigation by appointing him or her ad litem, that is, for the suit. See Black’s Law
Dictionary 725 (8th ed. 2004) (noting that a guardian “ad litem” is appointed by a court
for the express purpose of “appear[ing] in a lawsuit”). In West Virginia, a guardian ad
litem is required to be “a discreet and competent attorney at law.” W. Va. R. Civ. P.
17(c).

        The circuit court entered an order on October 31, 2013, appointing attorney Kirk
Bottner as Jensen’s guardian ad litem “for the purpose of service of process and for such
other purposes as contemplated by the Rules of Civil Procedure.” The order also set forth
the circuit judge’s handwritten addendum that “[t]he Plaintiffs agree to pay the
reasonable attorney fees and expenses of the Guardian ad litem subject to other
individuals or entities being ordered to do so by the Court.” Service on Jensen was
thereby perfected by delivery of process to Mr. Bottner, the culmination of which appears
to have terminated the latter’s appointment in the eyes of the parties. But not long
thereafter, on January 23, 2014, the corporate Church entities and the Stake and Ward
officials moved to once again appoint Mr. Bottner to “represent the interests” of Jensen
as guardian ad litem.

       In their motion, the four moving defendants explained that the plaintiffs had
served notice of Jensen’s deposition, evidencing the plaintiffs’ intent to continue the suit
against him and necessitating the protections provided by law. The moving defendants
cited our decision in Craigo v. Marshall, 175 W. Va. 72, 331 S.E.2d 510 (1985), in
syllabus point 2 of which we held that, absent an express written waiver of the right to a
committee or a guardian ad litem, a lawsuit cannot be directly maintained against an
incarcerated convict. Accord syl. pt. 1, State ex rel. Lawson v. Wilkes, 202 W. Va. 34,
501 S.E.2d 470 (1998); see also W. Va. R. Civ. P. 55(b)(2) (barring default judgments
against convicts and other incompetents absent an appearance on the defendant’s behalf
“by a guardian, guardian ad litem, committee, conservator, curator, or other
representative”).




       3
        See, e.g., Matter of Estate of Kutchins, 523 N.E.2d 1025, 1028 (Ct. App. Ill.
1988) (observing one purpose of appointing a guardian “is to protect [an] incompetent
from personally wasting his estate or allowing others to do so,” and instructing that no
one else may act generally on the incompetent’s behalf “without express authority or
appointment”).

                                             3

       In response to the motion, the plaintiffs agreed that a guardian ad litem should be
appointed “for the limited purposes of accepting service and notices” and to protect
Jensen’s “interests in this civil action to the extent events here bear on or impact his
criminal case.” The plaintiffs conditioned their approval, however, on the appointee
performing the “normal” functions expected of a guardian ad litem, “as opposed to being
appointed as defense counsel for . . . Jensen in this civil action,” and on not being held
liable for any costs thereby incurred. In that vein, the plaintiffs rejected the moving
defendants’ proposal that the opposing sides bear equal responsibility for the
compensation paid the guardian ad litem.

       The circuit court entered an order on February 27, 2014, granting the motion and
reappointing Mr. Bottner as guardian ad litem. In so doing, the court found that both
sides “desire the appointment of a Guardian ad Litem; that [otherwise] Michael Jensen
would be deemed incompetent; and his best interest and the best interests of all parties
would not be served.” The circuit court acknowledged the lack of consensus on
compensation, reciting that the parties had requested to proceed in accordance with the
West Virginia Trial Court Rules, which, under certain conditions, provide for payment of
a guardian ad litem from Supreme Court funds. See T.C.R. 21.05(c) (authorizing Court
to pay for guardian ad litem appointed on behalf of “an incarcerated person who is
indigent”). Although Trial Court Rule 21.06 clearly sets forth the procedure for
requesting payment from the Supreme Court, i.e., “on forms provided by the
Administrative Director of the Court,” the circuit court expressed its belief that it was
without authority to proceed in that fashion. The circuit court thus appointed Mr. Bottner
“for the purpose of representing [Jensen’s] interests in this civil action to allow this
matter to proceed.” The order directed that Mr. Bottner submit his invoices to the circuit
court “for review of reasonableness, [with] the payment thereof, if not agreed to by the
parties, to be resolved by a subsequent Order of this Court.”

        Shortly after his appointment, Mr. Bottner attended the depositions of Jensen’s
trial counsel and of Jensen himself. The latter took place in April 2014 at Mount Olive
Correctional Complex in Fayette County, during the pendency of Jensen’s appeal in his
criminal proceeding. There, Mr. Bottner instructed Jensen not to answer certain
questions posed by plaintiffs’ counsel on the ground that he might incriminate himself.
On July 18, 2014, Mr. Bottner filed a motion to quash a subpoena served on a State
Police corporal who had been involved in the criminal investigation. The corporal,
prompted by counsel for the plaintiffs, had acquired Jensen’s juvenile records in Utah,
which included the details of Jensen’s 2005 guilty plea to two counts of lewdness
involving a child. After the records had been produced, Mr. Bottner moved for a
protective order to avoid having Jensen respond to requests for admissions relating to the
Utah offenses. On August 7, 2014, Mr. Bottner attended the corporal’s deposition and
that of a State Police colleague who had also been assigned to the Jensen investigation.



                                            4

       On September 30, 2014, the plaintiffs filed a “Motion to Limit and Define the
Role” of Mr. Bottner, seeking further to strike Jensen’s yet-pending motions to quash and
for a protective order. All three motions came on for hearing before the court-appointed
discovery commissioner on October 2, 2014. The commissioner indicated at the hearing
that he had discussed the motions with the circuit judge, and, noting that no committee
had yet been appointed, he conveyed the court’s thinking:

              [I]t is anticipated that there will be an application to have [a]
       committee appointed within a period of three months prior to any
       abatement by the Court of this civil action, because we really don’t want it
       abated. But in the interim, the guardian ad litem shall continue in full
       capacity as he has been until such time as . . . a committee can be
       appointed.

             The legal obligation of the committee at that point in time is to
       marshal the assets of the convict, which I would anticipate are going to be
       zero. But in any event, either side is free to then make application to the
       committee for reimbursement.

               The Judge was anticipating that until such time as a committee gets
       appointed . . . that Mr. Bottner’s expenses ought to be divided equally
       between the plaintiff side and the defense side. In fact, he was anticipating
       that Mr. Bottner might be in a position where he probably . . . ought to be
       sending out an interim bill to try to get some compensation from somebody.
       . . . [A]t the present Mr. Bottner is going to have to continue in his capacity
       because the Judge feels that that’s necessary as an alternative to abating this
       matter.

       The plaintiffs voiced objections to the ruling, in response to which the
commissioner opined, “The difficulty is . . . the plaintiffs elected to proceed with the
direct action against a convict without securing a committee. . . . And the Court is now
faced with the prospect of trying to cover that in the interim without having to invoke the
abatement process.” The commissioner thereafter denied Jensen’s motion to quash as
moot, and he declined to rule on the motion for a protective order. The commissioner
noted that, if Jensen refused to answer the requests for admissions, the circuit court could
determine at trial whether the refusals would have any probative significance.

       By his recommended order and report of November 10, 2014, the discovery
commissioner memorialized in writing his oral rulings, which, by its order of December
9, 2014, the circuit court summarily adopted in full over the plaintiffs’ exceptions. Mr.
Bottner subsequently submitted an invoice to the parties for fees and expenses from
February 26, 2014, through December 19, 2014. The invoice contained over 700 billable
entries, totaling $46,800.58. Of that amount, $44,075.00 was billed for 176.3 hours of

                                             5

attorney fees at $250/hour, plus $2,725.58 for mileage, travel, and office expenses. On
January 13, 2015, the plaintiffs filed the instant petition seeking Mr. Bottner’s removal
and to prohibit enforcement of the December 9 order insofar as it purports to hold them
liable for one-half of the submitted fees and costs.

                                     Standard of Review

        We will grant a petition seeking a writ of prohibition “‘only to restrain inferior
courts from proceedings in causes over which they have no jurisdiction, or, in which,
having jurisdiction, they are exceeding their legitimate powers.’” Syl. pt. 3, in part, State
ex rel. Hoover v. Berger, 199 W. Va. 12, 483 S.E.2d 12 (1996) (quoting syl. pt. 1, in part,
Crawford v. Taylor, 138 W. Va. 207, 75 S.E.2d 370 (1953)). A petition for a writ of
prohibition “‘may not be used as a substitute for a petition for appeal or certiorari.’” Id.
(quoting Crawford) (alteration omitted). In Hoover, we set forth five factors to assist us
in determining whether a lower tribunal has exceeded its legitimate authority such that
we should exercise our discretion to grant extraordinary relief in prohibition:

        (1) whether the party seeking the writ has no other adequate means, such as
        direct appeal, to obtain the desired relief; (2) whether the petitioner will be
        damaged or prejudiced in a way that is not correctable on appeal; (3)
        whether the lower tribunal’s order is clearly erroneous as a matter of law;
        (4) whether the lower tribunal’s order is an oft repeated error or manifests
        persistent disregard for either procedural or substantive law; and (5)
        whether the lower tribunal’s order raises new and important problems or
        issues of law of first impression. These factors are general guidelines that
        serve as a useful starting point for determining whether a discretionary writ
        of prohibition should issue. Although all five factors need not be satisfied,
        it is clear that the third factor, the existence of clear error as a matter of law,
        should be given substantial weight.

Syl. pt. 4, in part, id.

                                            Analysis

       We observe that the first two Hoover factors are satisfied. The circuit court has
imposed on the plaintiffs more than $23,000 in fees and costs that are expected to be paid
sooner rather than later. In addition, it seems certain that the plaintiffs’ obligations under
the circuit court’s order will increase, perhaps substantially, before any appeal in the
underlying matter may ripen. If there be error in the circuit court’s rulings, either in the
appointment of Mr. Bottner or in allocating the responsibility for his compensation, then
postponing the correction of the error is likely to prove exceedingly problematic and
inconvenient for the parties. For example, monies paid to Mr. Bottner by the plaintiffs
may have to be disgorged, with insufficient assurance at the conclusion of a prolonged

                                                6

trial and appellate process that such disgorgement would smoothly succeed or that
substitute recompense would follow immediately. Deferring our consideration of the
matter until appeal therefore poses an unacceptable risk of the eventual remedy proving
inadequate, such that the plaintiffs suffer damage or prejudice of a kind not readily
susceptible to amelioration.

       Moreover, the circuit court’s order is clearly erroneous in two ways: First, it
requires Mr. Bottner to perform legal services that are not contemplated by our law, and
second, it orders the plaintiffs to shoulder a portion of Mr. Bottner’s fees and costs.

       We begin by pointing out the obvious, that is, by recognizing that our enactments
requiring the appointment of a litigation proxy for an incompetent derive from traditional
due process concepts of notice and fairness. As prescribed by our federal and State
constitutions, the fundamental right of due process exists to protect persons against
arbitrary divestitures of life, liberty, or property. U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1 (providing
that no state shall “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of
law”); W. Va. Const. art. III, § 10 (“No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law, and the judgment of his peers.”). The essential
purpose of a civil action in which a money judgment is demanded is to deprive, insofar as
may be possible, the defendant of his property in an amount equivalent to the judgment.
Threshold protections commensurate with due process must therefore apply, even in the
case of an indigent convict with meager property and poor prospects for acquiring more.

        The requisite protections, however, rise to nowhere near the level of appointing
counsel to defend the civil lawsuit without charge to the convict. See Craigo v. Hey, 176
W. Va. 514, 518–19, 345 S.E.2d 814, 818–19 (1986) (confirming that prisoners have no
right to defense counsel in an ordinary civil action, outside of traditional exceptions such
as proceedings involving divorce, termination of parental rights, determination of
paternity, or adjudication of insanity), overruled on other grounds by State ex rel.
Deblasio v. Jackson, 227 W. Va. 206, 707 S.E.2d 33 (2011). A convict with sufficient
resources and motivation to defend the asserted claims is entitled to hire legal
representation, or he or any interested party may cause the county commission to appoint
a committee, whom would thereby be empowered to retain counsel on behalf of the
convict.

        Frequently, a convict will lack the necessary assets to obtain the services of a paid
committee or to hire an attorney. In such an instance, the county sheriff may be
appointed as committee. See W. Va. Code § 28-5-34 (1903). Among the sheriff’s duties
as committee are to appraise and account for the convict’s estate, see id. § 28-5-35, and to
“prosecute or defend” lawsuits as a placeholder for the convict, id. § 28-5-36. By
fulfilling those duties and responsibilities, the county sheriff affords the constitutional
modicum of process due an indigent convict.


                                             7

       There is no reason to believe that, in a similar situation, the duties of a duly
appointed guardian ad litem should be radically different from those thrust upon a
committee. Although service as a guardian ad litem is restricted to attorneys, it is clear
that Trial Court Rule 21, detailing the position’s appointment and compensation, is not
intended as a boon for lawyers. To qualify for payment from Supreme Court funds, a
guardian ad litem must be appointed on behalf of an incompetent who is indigent. See
T.C.R. 21.05. Compensation is paid at $100 per hour for time spent in court and $80 per
hour otherwise, capped at $3000 except as may be approved by the Court in an
exceptional case. See id. 21.06.4 Such rate and cap parameters in no way suggest that the
proper role of a guardian ad litem is to provide full-blown legal representation. Instead,
the Trial Court Rules instruct merely that “[a] guardian ad litem shall make a full and
independent investigation of the facts involved in the proceeding and make
recommendations to the court by testimony or in writing, unless otherwise ordered by the
court.” Id. 21.03.

      By attending discovery depositions, instructing Jensen not to answer questions
under oath, and sponsoring motions in opposition to the plaintiffs’ attempts to gather
evidence, Mr. Bottner assumed a role as Jensen’s legal representative far beyond the
modest duties expected of a guardian ad litem. In that regard, Mr. Bottner acted as
Jensen’s attorney ad litem.5 West Virginia does not provide for the appointment of an


      4
         A guardian ad litem may also serve on a voluntary basis, or may receive payment
from a litigant with sufficient funds. See T.C.R. 21.02(a)–(b). In the latter instance, of
course, compensation may be paid in excess of the public rate. The extensive revisions to
Trial Court Rule 21 in 2005 amended the law as set forth in Quesinberry v. Quesinberry,
191 W. Va. 65, 443 S.E.2d 222 (1994). At the time of our Quesinberry decision, there
existed “neither a valid statute nor an appropriation for an expenditure providing
compensation to a lawyer appointed as a guardian ad litem for an incarcerated convict
named as a defendant in a civil action.” 191 W. Va. at 69, 443 S.E.2d at 226. We thus
concluded that the circuit court in that case lacked the authority to direct the
Administrative Director to pay guardian ad litem fees.
      5
        The distinction between a guardian ad litem and an attorney ad litem has been
explained thusly:

      The role of the guardian ad litem . . . should be . . . to protect the child’s
      interest and to gather and present facts for the court’s consideration. The
      role of the attorney ad litem, however, should be that of any other
      attorney—to represent and advocate the child’s interests before the court,
      including the calling and cross-examining of witnesses, etc. The guardian
      ad litem may testify; the attorney ad litem should not. The guardian ad
                                                                            (continued. . .)
                                            8

attorney ad litem to represent an incarcerated convict in a civil proceeding. Mr. Bottner’s
performance of duties attendant to the position of attorney ad litem was therefore
manifestly in derogation of State law. By ordering that Mr. Bottner continue to
effectively serve as Jensen’s attorney ad litem, the circuit court’s order of December 9,
2014, is clearly erroneous as a matter of law.

        Furthermore, we recognize that Mr. Bottner was appointed at the moving
defendants’ instance over the objection of the plaintiffs, who, bearing the brunt of his
unauthorized advocacy, continued to resist his appointment through motion, and
ultimately, initiated this proceeding resulting in his discharge. Under the circumstances, it
would be inequitable to hold the plaintiffs responsible for any portion of Mr. Bottner’s
compensation for services performed after his appointment by the circuit court’s order of
February 27, 2014.6 See Quesinberry v. Quesinberry, 191 W. Va. 65, 69 n.2, 443 S.E.2d
222, 226 n.2 (1994) (“Thus, when [a] . . . well-financed litigant crossclaims,
counterclaims, or otherwise joins an indigent to a lawsuit, the trial court has discretion to
require the party creating the problem that compels appointment of a guardian ad litem to
pay for such a guardian.”). That burden shall instead fall upon the moving defendants,
subject to the circuit court’s approval of Mr. Bottner’s invoices using the same evaluative
criteria as any award of attorney fees.

                                        Conclusion

        While the appointment of Mr. Bottner as guardian ad litem did not constitute clear
error, the circuit court’s order of December 9, 2014, insofar as it effectively appointed
Mr. Bottner as Jensen’s attorney ad litem, was clearly erroneous as a matter of law. Mr.
Bottner is therefore discharged from his effective appointment as attorney ad litem in the


       litem is guided by the child’s best interest, irrespective of the child’s
       wishes; the attorney ad litem should advocate the wishes of the client.

Potter v. Paterson, No. E2013–01569–COA–R3–CV, 2014 WL 2442776 at *4 (Tenn. Ct.
App. May 28, 2014) (unpublished) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Texas takes a similar view. See City of Houston v. Woods, 138 S.W.3d 574, 582 (Tex.
App. 2004) (explaining that “[a] guardian ad litem is not an attorney for the child, but an
officer appointed by the court to assist in properly protecting the child’s interests. An
attorney ad litem, on the other hand, performs the same services as any other attorney—
giving advice, doing research, and conducting litigation” (citations omitted)).
       6
        The record does not reflect that Mr. Bottner currently seeks payment for services
rendered prior to his appointment by the circuit court’s order of February 27, 2014.


                                             9

underlying civil action.7 Additionally, the circuit court is prohibited from enforcing its
order insofar as it purports to impose any liability on the plaintiffs for Mr. Bottner’s fees
and costs in the service of Jensen.

                                                                    Writ granted as moulded.

ISSUED: June 16, 2015


CONCURRED IN BY:
Justice Robin Jean Davis
Justice Brent D. Benjamin
Justice Menis E. Ketchum

CONCURRING AND WRITING SEPARATELY: Justice Allen H. Loughry II; joined
by Chief Justice Margaret L. Workman


        The majority’s conclusion that the circuit court “inequitably” required the
plaintiffs to pay the guardian ad litem fees incurred in defense of their accused molester
may be one of the more remarkable understatements offered by this Court. I cannot
fathom how the circuit court justified requiring the plaintiffs to contribute to their alleged,
and for some, convicted, molester’s defense. There is no question that the apportionment
of fees was error. Moreover, this error was heavily exacerbated by the circuit court’s
abject failure to define the proper scope of the guardian ad litem’s duties. It is on this
issue that I write separately to ensure that our circuit courts are not haphazardly enabling
defenses for every incarcerated criminal who demands a defense attorney in a civil
matter, where a defense is meritless or pointless, or access to the courts is otherwise
available.

       Importantly, the appointment of a guardian ad litem for an incarcerated person is
not an automatic right:

                    Pursuant to W.V.R.C.P., Rule 17(c) [1978], the
              appointment of a guardian ad litem for an incarcerated
              convict in a civil action is not mandatory if the court can
              reasonably order another appropriate remedy while the
              convict remains under the legal disability of incarceration.

       7
         Pursuant to W. Va. Code §§ 28-5-33 to -36, we expect that Jensen or an
interested party to this matter will seek the appointment of a committee to represent
Jensen’s interests as an incarcerated defendant in this civil litigation.

                                              10

              There are several alternatives to appointment of a guardian ad
              litem for indigent incarcerated defendants.

Syl. Pt. 2, in part, Quesinberry v. Quesinberry, 191 W.Va. 65, 443 S.E.2d 222 (1994)
(emphasis added). Through this syllabus point, the Court explains that a continuance, if
feasible, is a reasonable alternative to the appointment of a guardian ad litem that should
be considered. More importantly, however, Quesinberry mandates that the circuit court
utilize its discretion to determine the necessity of even appointing a guardian ad litem.
Syllabus point two further provides that “the court should determine whether a guardian
ad litem is essential for the protection of the incarcerated defendant’s rights under the
particular circumstances of the pending action.” Id. This syllabus point then directs the
circuit court to examine whether the prisoner is contesting the suit or if an adverse
judgment would “affect any present or future property rights” of the prisoner. Id.
Accordingly, before appointing a guardian ad litem to an incarcerated person, the circuit
court must examine, among other things, 1) the nature of the prisoner’s proposed defense,
2) the merits thereof, and 3) the resulting deprivation if the defense is unsuccessful.

       Regarding the guardian ad litem’s duties after appointment, Trial Court Rule
21.03, entitled “Duties Generally,” provides that “[a] guardian ad litem shall make a full
and independent investigation of the facts involved in the proceeding and make
recommendations to the court by testimony or in writing, unless otherwise ordered by the
court.” (emphasis added). Because the lower court neither defined the scope of the
guardian ad litem’s duties nor established who would pay for his services at the outset, it
permitted the guardian ad litem to essentially write himself a blank check for a seemingly
unlimited defense. The extensive time and fees that were being incurred clearly indicated
the need for a further order pursuant to the “unless otherwise ordered” provision in Trial
Court Rule 21.03. The duties described in this Rule more aptly apply to the appointment
of a guardian ad litem in summary proceedings, requiring a defined area of investigation
and reporting to the court. However, in this instance, where a guardian ad litem is
appointed for an incarcerated person, it is plain that the discretionary language in Rule
21.03 becomes operative and the court must “otherwise order[]” the scope of the duties of
the guardian ad litem.

     It is on this particular point that I do take issue with the majority’s suggestion that
there is a defined scope of duties for guardian ad litem that exists in every case, which
falls somewhere short of full-blown representation and hovers somewhere around the
duties of a committee. See W.Va. Code §§28-5-33 to -36 (2013). This is not only at odds
with the discretion created by Quesinberry and Trial Court Rule 21.03, but is completely
unsupported and impractical. As noted above, the circuit court’s careful guidance and
strict parameters at the outset of a guardian ad litem appointment provide checks and
balances on the guardian ad litem and the fees incurred. Nowhere does the majority
memorandum decision adequately explain the defined duties of a guardian ad litem
despite vaguely referring to “[t]he proper role of a guardian ad litem” and stating that Mr.

                                            11

Bottner’s services were “not contemplated by our law[.]” Further, it is the initial failing
of the circuit court to define Mr. Bottner’s duties in light of the defense being asserted by
Mr. Jensen which created reversible error.

        Accordingly, it would appear that upon request for the appointment of a guardian
ad litem for an incarcerated person pursuant to Rule 17(c) of the West Virginia Rules of
Civil Procedure and Rule 21 of the West Virginia Trial Court Rules, it is incumbent upon
the trial court to examine the factors set forth in syllabus point two of Quesinberry v.
Quesinberry, 191 W.Va. 65, 443 S.E.2d 222 (1994), to determine whether the
appointment of a guardian ad litem is necessary. If the court determines that the
appointment is appropriate, the trial court must, at the outset of the appointment, carefully
and specifically define the scope of the guardian ad litem’s duties, his or her hourly rate,
and identify the source of the guardian ad litem’s compensation.

       That said, circuit courts must be mindful that to whatever extent due process
requires minimal access to the court for an incarcerated person, it certainly does not
create an unfettered right to appointed counsel as in the criminal realm. As explained by
the Wisconsin Supreme Court: “Incarceration does not necessarily mandate the
appointment of counsel. A prisoner who appears in circuit court to defend a civil tort
action pro se should not have greater rights to appointed counsel than an indigent
defendant who is not incarcerated.” Piper v. Popp, 482 N.W.2d 353, 355 (Wis. 1992)
(emphasis added). The Piper court, like this Court and others, noted that reasonable
alternatives providing access are equally compliant with due process:

                      A state court may avert depriving indigent incarcerated
              defendants in civil actions of the opportunity to defend
              themselves in a number of ways. These include, but are not
              limited to, postponing trial until the prisoner is released from
              incarceration, granting a continuance until the prisoner can
              retain counsel, allowing the prisoner to appear in circuit court
              pro se, or appointing counsel.

Id. The California Supreme Court has noted that reasonable alternatives for access must
first be exhausted before counsel is appointed:

              In an appropriate case, and as a last alternative, appointment
              of counsel may be the only way to provide an incarcerated,
              indigent civil defendant with access to the courts for the
              protection of threatened personal and property rights. We
              again stress that access—not the right to counsel—is the
              keystone of the structure [governing appointment of counsel
              for incarcerated indigents][.]


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Yarbrough v. Superior Court, 702 P.2d 583, 585 (Cal. 1985) (emphasis added). As the
Yarbrough court emphasized, “access” to the courts is the guiding precept for
consideration of a request for appointment of a guardian ad litem for an incarcerated
person. This is entirely consistent with the construct this Court created in Quesinberry
and the Trial Court Rules, which, if properly utilized, should ensure that situations such
as this do not recur. In short, neither our caselaw nor our rules countenance granting
incarcerated persons a free civil defense attorney at his or her whim.

        Finally, I note that the majority memorandum decision disposes of this matter
insofar as Mr. Bottner’s duties are concerned by ruling that he is “discharged from his
effective appointment as attorney ad litem in the underlying civil action” without further
explanation or direction. (Emphasis added.). We assume this is meant to suggest that Mr.
Bottner is to continue in his role as guardian ad litem, but should not function in same
manner as he has previously. Obviously, in absence of any direction in the majority
memorandum decision about the precise role of a guardian ad litem and, more
importantly, the majority’s refusal to incorporate the directives contained in this
concurrence, the circuit court and Mr. Bottner will be left with a great deal of uncertainty.
As a matter of prudence, I would suggest to the circuit court that the precepts contained
in this concurrence regarding the proper scope of a guardian ad litem’s duties should be
applied. On remand, I would recommend that the circuit court determine what remains to
be accomplished in this action and what the guardian ad litem’s necessary role in those
matters will be, if any, and enter an order directing him accordingly. In such order, I
would also recommend that the circuit court revisit the fee schedule previously set by Mr.
Bottner and establish a new schedule that adheres to the directives herein regarding
assessment of such fees.

     Accordingly, I respectfully concur. I am authorized to state that Chief Justice
Workman joins in this separate concurrence.




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