                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA



 RYAN NOAH SHAPIRO,

         Plaintiff,
                 v.                                        Civil Action No. 16-592 (JEB)
 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,

          Defendant.


                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       When it comes to the Supreme Court, Plaintiff Ryan Shapiro believes that Yogi Berra

had it wrong. While the Yankees catcher opined, “It ain’t over ’til it’s over,” Shapiro contends

that for the Justices, it’s not even over then. Relying on recent New York Times and Harvard

Law Review articles, Plaintiff points out that the Court keeps revising its opinions even after

publication. He therefore filed this Freedom of Information Act suit against the U.S. Department

of Justice seeking records relating to such changes. The Office of the Solicitor General (OSG),

the Department’s representative at the Supreme Court, produced two responsive letters and now

moves for summary judgment. Maintaining that OSG’s search was deficient, Shapiro opposes

and files his own Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment. The Court will grant each in part and

deny each in part.

I.     Background

       For those readers whose subscriptions to the Harvard Law Review may have lapsed, the

Court reminds them that, a couple of years ago, Adam Liptak wrote a New York Times article

discussing a study by Harvard Professor Richard Lazarus entitled “The (Non)Finality of

Supreme Court Opinions,” 128 Harv. L. Rev. 540 (2014), which described how the Supreme

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Court continued to make corrections to its opinions months and years after their issuance. See

Adam Liptak, Final Word on U.S. Law Isn’t: Supreme Court Keeps Editing, N.Y. TIMES, May

25, 2014, at A1. Seizing on this news, Plaintiff Shapiro filed a FOIA request seeking records

maintained at DOJ, particularly at OSG, related to both “change pages” and “changes between

versions of Supreme Court opinions[] or changes to published supreme court [sic] opinions,

including but not limited to erratum [sic].” ECF No. 10-2 (Declaration of Valerie Hall Yancey),

Att. A (FOIA Request) at 1. The term “change pages” appears in the Lazarus article and

“‘refer[s] to the marked up pages that result from editing and review within the Court following

the initial opinion announcement (bench and slip opinions) and again after the publication of the

preliminary print. They are literally the pages that the Court sends to the publisher of the United

States Reports to indicate what changes to make for the “final” and “official” version.’” Pl.

MSJ/Opp. at 2 (quoting Lazarus article at 581).

       Upon receipt of the request, OSG ran a number of queries through its Automated Docket

System (ADS), which is “an internal docketing system used to track case filings between OSG

and the Court. The system contains information related to cases before the Court, appeal

recommendations (adverse decisions), authorized petitions, and unnumbered matters . . . .”

Yancey Decl., ¶ 9. “ADS maintains tracking information on all such cases, regardless of

whether the case documents/files are still physically located within the OSG office or have been

transferred elsewhere and are no longer in OSG custody.” ECF No. 18-1 (Supplemental

Declaration of Valerie Hall Yancey), ¶ 8. The search located no responsive records. See Yancey

Decl., ¶ 10. OSG also “electronically searched its ‘OSG OFFICE POLICIES’ folder on the OSG

network shared drive . . . , which contains internal policy directives or guidelines.” Yancey

Supp. Decl., ¶ 5. This search, too, yielded no responsive materials. Id. Deputy Solicitor



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General Edwin Kneedler thereafter sent an email to “current OSG attorneys and asked whether

anyone suggested/proposed a change to the Court. The email also asked whether anyone had any

record consisting of, referring to, or relating to the ‘change pages’ of the Court; or changes

between versions of Court opinions, or changes in published opinions, including errata.” Yancey

Decl., ¶ 11.

          One attorney responded that he had telephoned the Court with a suggested change, but

had not sent a written request, and another attorney provided an “errata” letter in a particular

case, a copy of which was produced to Plaintiff. Id., ¶ 12. In addition, after the date of its

search, Deputy Solicitor General Michael Dreeben also sent a letter to the Supreme Court

suggesting a minor revision to an opinion, and this letter was also produced. See Yancey Supp.

Decl., ¶ 18. OSG also noted that, presumably at the conclusion of a case, it returns “files

containing other material concerning the case to the Division of the Justice Department or

government agency that has subject matter responsibility for the case.” Yancey Decl., ¶ 13.

          The parties have now cross-moved for summary judgment on the adequacy of OSG’s

search.

II.       Legal Standard

          Summary judgment may be granted if “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute

as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(a); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986); Holcomb v.

Powell, 433 F.3d 889, 895 (D.C. Cir. 2006). A fact is “material” if it is capable of affecting the

substantive outcome of the litigation. See Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 248; Holcomb, 433 F.3d at

895. A dispute is “genuine” if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict

for the nonmoving party. See Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007); Liberty Lobby, 477



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U.S. at 248; Holcomb, 433 F.3d at 895. “A party asserting that a fact cannot be or is genuinely

disputed must support the assertion” by “citing to particular parts of materials in the record” or

“showing that the materials cited do not establish the absence or presence of a genuine dispute,

or that an adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(c)(1). The moving party bears the burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of

material fact. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986).

       FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.

See Brayton v. Office of U.S. Trade Rep., 641 F.3d 521, 527 (D.C. Cir. 2011). In a FOIA case,

the agency may obtain summary judgments on the basis of affidavits that are “relatively detailed

and non-conclusory, and . . . submitted in good faith.” SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d

1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted; ellipses in original).

Such “affidavits are accorded a presumption of good faith, which cannot be rebutted by purely

speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of other documents.” Id. (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted).

III.   Analysis

       Congress enacted FOIA in order to “pierce the veil of administrative secrecy and to open

agency action to the light of public scrutiny.” Dep’t of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 361

(1976) (citation omitted). “The basic purpose of FOIA is to ensure an informed citizenry, vital to

the functioning of a democratic society, needed to check against corruption and to hold the

governors accountable to the governed.” John Doe Agency v. John Doe Corp., 493 U.S. 146,

152 (1989) (citation omitted). The statute provides that “each agency, upon any request for

records which (i) reasonably describes such records and (ii) is made in accordance with

published rules . . . shall make the records promptly available to any person.” 5 U.S.C.



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§ 552(a)(3)(A). Consistent with this statutory mandate, federal courts have jurisdiction to order

the production of records that an agency improperly withholds. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B);

Dep’t of Justice v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. 749, 755 (1989).

“Unlike the review of other agency action that must be upheld if supported by substantial

evidence and not arbitrary or capricious, the FOIA expressly places the burden ‘on the agency to

sustain its action’ and directs the district courts to ‘determine the matter de novo.’” Reporters

Comm., 489 U.S. at 755 (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B)). “At all times courts must bear in

mind that FOIA mandates a ‘strong presumption in favor of disclosure’ . . . .” Nat’l Ass’n of

Home Builders v. Norton, 309 F.3d 26, 32 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (quoting Dep’t of State v. Ray, 502

U.S. 164, 173 (1991)).

        In the current Cross-Motions, there is but one question presented: Was OSG’s search for

responsive documents adequate? In providing an answer, the Court first considers the

Defendant’s explanation of the contours of its search. It next addresses Plaintiff’s two principal

objections.

        A. Adequacy of Search

        “An agency fulfills its obligations under FOIA if it can demonstrate beyond material

doubt that its search was ‘reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents.’” Valencia-

Lucena v. Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 325 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (quoting Truitt v. Dep’t of State, 897

F.2d 540, 542 (D.C. Cir. 1990)); see also Steinberg v. Dep’t of Justice, 23 F.3d 548, 551 (D.C.

Cir. 1994). The adequacy of an agency’s search for documents under FOIA “is judged by a

standard of reasonableness and depends, not surprisingly, upon the facts of each case.”

Weisberg v. Dep’t of Justice, 745 F.2d 1476, 1485 (D.C. Cir. 1984). To meet its burden, the

agency may submit affidavits or declarations that explain the scope and method of its search “in



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reasonable detail.” Perry v. Block, 684 F.2d 121, 127 (D.C. Cir. 1982). Absent contrary

evidence, such affidavits or declarations are sufficient to show that an agency complied with

FOIA. Id.

       To establish the sufficiency of its search here, Defendant submitted two declarations from

Valerie Hall Yancey, who serves as both OSG’s Executive Officer and its FOIA Officer. See

Yancey Decl., ¶ 1. As set forth in more detail above, OSG conducted a search in its Automated

Docket System (ADS) and its network shared drive, and it emailed all current attorneys seeking

responsive materials. See Yancey Decl., ¶¶ 9-11; Yancey Supp. Decl., ¶ 5. The fact that only

two such documents emerged does not alone cast doubt on the search’s comprehensiveness. See

Iturralde v. Comptroller of Currency, 315 F.3d 311, 315 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (“[T]he adequacy of a

FOIA search is generally determined not by the fruits of the search, but by the appropriateness of

the methods used to carry out the search.”) (emphasis added; citation omitted). Yet OSG’s

failure to satisfy another FOIA requirement does. More specifically, at no point in her

declarations does Yancey ever “aver[] that all files likely to contain responsive materials (if such

records exist) were searched.” Oglesby v. Dep’t of Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990).

“Where the government has not made such an attestation, courts have typically found that an

issue of material fact exists as to the adequacy of the search.” Am. Immigration Council v. U.S.

Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 21 F. Supp. 3d 60, 71 (D.D.C. 2014) (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted). The Court thus cannot say that, on its face, OSG’s search was adequate.

       B. Plaintiff’s Objections

       In challenging the adequacy of the search, Shapiro does not rely on the technical

requirement set forth in Oglesby. He instead raises multiple specific objections in his initial




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brief, only two of which he continues to argue in his Reply. Assuming for the time being that he

is not pursuing the others, the Court will address only this pair of contentions.

       Plaintiff first points out that Yancey did not initially disclose the search terms OSG

employed in querying the ADS database. See Pl. Mot./Opp. at 4. While this is true, she has

rectified that omission in her Supplemental Declaration, which lists the terms: “change page,”

“change opinion,” “opinion letter,” “amended letter,” “amend opinion,” and “amended opinion.”

Yancey Supp. Decl., ¶ 11. In his Reply, Plaintiff contends that “[i]t is . . . highly unlikely that

those search terms would be fruitful,” Reply at 2, because OSG concedes that “ADS does not

contain the full body of the records indexed in that database[, meaning] that keyword search[es]

of ADS would yield responsive records only if the relevant terms . . . appeared in the ADS data

entry field identifying the letter that was recorded as sent on a particular date.” Yancey Supp.

Decl., ¶ 12.

       Although Shapiro expresses his disdain for the search terms used, he never offers others

that he prefers. In addition, Yancey explains that if OSG were to search the body, as opposed to

the data-entry field, of all ADS documents, that would be highly impracticable: “There are over

100,000 records in ADS dating back to 1982, and OSG does not retain the case files pertaining to

the cases to which the ADS system relates after OSG’s involvement in the case ends.” Id. The

work would thus have to be done by hand in each of the agencies to which the records were

returned. Plaintiff, moreover, has not even identified a single case by name or date that he

wishes targeted. In these circumstances, the Court believes the ADS search adequate.

       Shapiro’s second objection is that OSG, in addition to asking current attorneys about

records, “should have searched the electronic records of former OSG personnel.” Reply at 3

(emphasis added). Citing the recent decision in Leopold v. National Security Agency, No. 14-



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805, 2016 WL 3747526 (D.D.C. July 11, 2016), Plaintiff argues that Justice has the capability to

use “Clearwell electronic discovery software” to search the electronic records of departed OSG

attorneys. See Reply at 4. In Leopold, Judge Tanya Chutkan first concluded that the Office of

Legal Counsel did not have to search the hard drives of former OLC attorneys for records

regarding surveillance of judges. Id. at *5. She did, however, conclude that “Defendants have

not established that searching the email files of departed OLC attorneys [via the Clearwell tool]

would be unduly burdensome.” Id.

       OSG acknowledges the Leopold decision and concedes that “[a] search of the electronic

records of all former OSG attorneys . . . could be accomplished by requesting the Justice

Department’s OCIO Office to conduct a search using the Clearwell electronic discovery

software.” Yancey Supp. Decl., ¶ 15. It nonetheless contends that FOIA “requires neither a

‘perfect’ search nor a search so exhaustive that it reaches every conceivable record.” Def.

Opp./Reply at 14 (citing cases). Since such a search would be unlikely to turn up responsive

records, OSG believes that it should not be required. Id. Yet, it does not complain that such a

search would be difficult to implement. In articulating the burden this would impose, OSG

argues only that a comprehensive search using “broadly generic search terms” would likely

generate an enormous cache of documents to sift through. Id. at 15. This may be true, but

Plaintiff, unlike in his objections to the ADS search, sensibly offers more targeted terms that

would appear to avoid this dilemma. See Reply at 4. The Court will adopt these and thus

require OSG to search the emails of former attorneys using the terms “change pages,” “change

sheets,” “amended opinion,” and “revised opinion.” If such terms still generate an unwieldy

number of records, OSG may argue in a renewed motion for summary judgment that the burden

of review outweighs the likelihood of recovering responsive documents.



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       In any event, the Court will require the parties to explain in a subsequent status report

their proposed schedule for further proceedings. If, moreover, the Court is incorrect in believing

that Plaintiff has abandoned his other objections to the search not discussed in his Reply, Shapiro

is free to raise these points in any future summary-judgment briefing.

IV.    Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant in part and deny in part the parties’ Cross-

Motions for Summary Judgment. A contemporaneous Order will so state.


                                                     /s/ James E. Boasberg
                                                     JAMES E. BOASBERG
                                                     United States District Judge

Date: October 11, 2016




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