                                                          FILED
                                                           NOV 03 2014
 1                          NOT FOR PUBLICATION
 2                                                     SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                         U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                         OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )       BAP No.   CC-14-1091-DKiTa
                                   )
 6   EARL JACKSON, JR. and CHERYL )        Bk. No.   13-29626-WB
     HODGES JACKSON,               )
 7                                 )
                     Debtors.      )
 8   ______________________________)
                                   )
 9   MOSES F. ABONAL; ABONAL       )
     PARALEGAL SERVICES,           )
10                                 )
                     Appellants,   )
11                                 )
     v.                            )       M E M O R A N D U M1
12                                 )
     UNITED STATES TRUSTEE,        )
13                                 )
                     Appellee.     )
14   ______________________________)
15                  Argued and Submitted on October 23, 2014
                              at Malibu, California
16
                            Filed - November 3, 2014
17
                 Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
18                   for the Central District of California
19            Honorable Julia W. Brand, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
20
     Appearances:      Marvin Levy argued for Appellants; Ron Maroko
21                     argued for Appellee.
22
     Before: DUNN, KIRSCHER AND TAYLOR, Bankruptcy Judges.
23
24
25
26        1
            This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
27   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
     have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value.
28   See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8013-1.
 1        Following a hearing on a motion by the United States Trustee
 2   (“UST”) for fines and/or disgorgement of fees (“Motion”), the
 3   bankruptcy court entered an order sanctioning the appellants,
 4   Moses F. Abonal and his business, Abonal Paralegal Services
 5   (collectively, “Mr. Abonal”), $11,000 for various violations
 6   under § 110.2    The bankruptcy court found that Mr. Abonal had not
 7   performed bankruptcy services for the debtors as the employee of
 8   their attorney, Ruth Prager (“Ms. Prager”), but had acted as a
 9   bankruptcy petition preparer within the meaning of § 110(a)(1).
10   Alternatively, the bankruptcy court found that, even if
11   Mr. Abonal was Ms. Prager’s employee, he did not show that he was
12   under her direct supervision while he performed bankruptcy
13   services for the debtors.
14        For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM.
15
16                                    FACTS
17        Ms. Prager is an attorney licensed to practice in
18   California.     She apparently had two Los Angeles addresses for her
19   legal practice.    The street name in the address listed with the
20   State Bar of California and on the bankruptcy court docket was
21   Angelo Drive.    The street name in the address listed in the
22   debtors’ bankruptcy documents was Santa Monica Boulevard.    The
23   Angelo Drive address is Ms. Prager’s personal residence, and the
24   Santa Monica Boulevard address is her office.
25
26        2
            Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter and section
27   references are to the federal Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-
     1532, and all “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of
28   Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037.

                                        2
 1        Mr. Abonal is not an attorney licensed to practice in
 2   California.    He operates a business called Abonal Paralegal
 3   Services, located in Los Angeles, California.    Mr. Abonal listed
 4   his business address as the same one Ms. Prager indicated was her
 5   office address (i.e., Santa Monica Boulevard).
 6        The debtors, Earl and Cheryl Jackson, filed their chapter 7
 7   petition on August 2, 2013.    They converted their case to
 8   chapter 13 on November 1, 2013, but later voluntarily dismissed
 9   their case on December 4, 2013.3
10        Prepetition, the debtors gave Mr. Abonal a total of $1,806,
11   which included the $306 court filing fee.4   The debtors paid
12   Mr. Abonal $800 cash on June 22, 2013, and then directly
13   deposited $706 and $300 into his personal bank account on July 2,
14   2013, and July 11, 2013, respectively.    When he filed their
15   bankruptcy documents, Mr. Abonal used his own credit card to pay
16   the debtors’ filing fee.
17        Mr. Abonal prepared the debtors’ bankruptcy documents,
18   including the petition, schedules, amended schedules, statement
19   of financial affairs (“SOFA”), amended SOFA and the chapter 13
20   plan.    He neither signed nor provided his social security number
21   or address on the petition, the certificate of non-attorney
22   bankruptcy petition preparer attached to the notice of available
23   chapters (“chapter notice”), the declaration concerning debtor’s
24
          3
25          The bankruptcy court retained jurisdiction on all issues
     arising under § 110. See docket no. 55.
26
          4
27          As the UST noted in its brief, Mr. Abonal does not dispute
     that he received these funds from the debtors. He also admitted
28   this fact in his opening brief.

                                        3
 1   schedules (“schedules declaration”), the SOFA or the amended
 2   SOFA.    Ms. Prager signed all of these documents, except the SOFA,
 3   amended SOFA and schedules declaration.       She also signed the
 4   electronic filing declaration and the verification of the
 5   creditor mailing list.
 6        Mr. Abonal did not file a declaration of non-attorney
 7   bankruptcy petition preparer (Official Form 19)(“bankruptcy
 8   petition preparer declaration”).       He also did not file the
 9   disclosure of compensation of a bankruptcy petition preparer
10   (Official Form 280)(“bankruptcy petition preparer fee
11   disclosure”).
12        The SOFA, amended SOFA, the disclosure of compensation of
13   attorney for debtor (“attorney fee disclosure”) and the
14   declaration re: limited scope of appearance pursuant to
15   LBR 2090-1 (“attorney appearance declaration”) indicated that the
16   debtors paid Ms. Prager $1,500.    The attorney fee disclosure and
17   the attorney appearance declaration both indicated that
18   Ms. Prager was the attorney for the debtors.
19        Although she was named as their attorney, Ms. Prager neither
20   personally met the debtors nor spoke with them.       She also did not
21   appear on their behalf at the initial and continued § 341(a)
22   meetings.5
23
24        5
            Ms. Prager admitted that she neither met nor spoke with
25   the debtors personally due to her health. She explained that she
     was experiencing “excruciating pain in her lower extremity” which
26   prevented her from walking. Due to her pain, she was scheduled
27   to have surgery. Ms. Prager also admitted that she did not
     appear at the initial and continued § 341(a) meetings on the
28                                                      (continued...)

                                        4
 1        Instead, Mr. Abonal met with the debtors, advising them to
 2   file for bankruptcy and explaining the various bankruptcy
 3   chapters available to them.   He informed the debtors that their
 4   debts would be discharged in chapter 7, and later, that they
 5   should convert their chapter 7 case to chapter 13.   Mr. Abonal
 6   also arranged to have attorneys make special appearances on the
 7   debtors’ behalf at the initial and continued § 341(a) meetings.6
 8   Notably, these two attorneys did not speak with Ms. Prager about
 9   the § 341(a) meetings; they only spoke with Mr. Abonal.7
10        On December 24, 2013, the UST filed its Motion against
11   Mr. Abonal.8   The UST sought a total of $16,500 in fines against
12
          5
13         (...continued)
     debtors’ behalf for this same reason.
14
          6
            Mr. Abonal arranged these attorney appearances through a
15   service called Lawyers on Call. Lawyers on Call is a service
16   that obtains appearance attorneys to cover various court
     appearances for attorneys in the Los Angeles area.
17        Kari Morris appeared on the debtors’ behalf at the initial
     § 341(a) meeting. Marvin Levy appeared on their behalf at the
18
     continued § 341(a) meeting. He also represented Mr. Abonal at
19   the February 13, 2014 hearing on the UST’s Motion and in this
     appeal.
20
          7
            Mr. Abonal did not submit a declaration from Ms. Morris.
21
     However, in her declaration, Ms. Prager stated that Ms. Morris
22   had “informed [Ms. Prager’s] office that the Chapter 7 Trustee
     needed more documents to be submitted.”
23        In his declaration, Mr. Levy stated that he “spoke with
24   Mr. Abonal on behalf [of] Ms. Prager” before the continued
     § 341(a) meeting. After the continued § 341(a) meeting, he
25   “called Ms. Prager’s office and spoke with Mr. Abonal and gave
     him a report of what had occurred at the [meeting].”
26
          8
27          The UST also filed a motion for sanctions and/or
     disgorgement of attorney’s fees against Ms. Prager (“Attorney
28                                                      (continued...)

                                      5
 1   him for eleven violations of § 110.9
 2        Specifically, the UST contended that Mr. Abonal failed to
 3   sign the petition, schedules and SOFA, or to provide an
 4   identifying number on them, as required under § 110(b)(1) and
 5   (c)(1), respectively.   It further asserted that he failed to file
 6   the bankruptcy petition preparer declaration and the bankruptcy
 7   petition preparer fee disclosure timely, as required under
 8   § 110(b)(2) and (h)(2).
 9        The UST also claimed that Mr. Abonal collected payment from
10   the debtors for the court filing fee in violation of § 110(g).
11   It pointed out that the deposits of cash by the debtors into a
12   non-attorney bank account (i.e., Mr. Abonal’s personal bank
13   account) indicated that Mr. Abonal, not Ms. Prager, controlled
14   the funds therein.   Although he claimed that he delivered these
15   funds to Ms. Prager, Mr. Abonal did not provide any documentary
16   evidence of any withdrawal of any portion of these funds from his
17   bank account to make a payment(s) to Ms. Prager.
18
19
          8
           (...continued)
20   Sanctions Motion”). See docket no. 58. Following a hearing, the
     bankruptcy court granted the UST’s Attorney Sanctions Motion,
21
     entering an order directing Ms. Prager to disgorge and refund the
22   debtors $1,500 in attorney’s fees. See docket no. 76.
          At the February 13, 2014 hearing on the Motion, the UST
23   informed the bankruptcy court that Ms. Prager had refunded the
24   money to the debtors.
          9
25          The UST apparently counted Mr. Abonal’s failure to sign
     each bankruptcy document as a separate and distinct violation.
26   The UST repeated this methodology as to Mr. Abonal’s other
27   actions concerning his handling of the debtors’ bankruptcy case
     (e.g., failure to list his identifying number on the bankruptcy
28   documents).

                                      6
 1        The UST also contended that Mr. Abonal used the word “legal”
 2   or a similar term in his ad or advertised under a category that
 3   included the word “legal” or a similar term, in contravention of
 4   § 110(f).
 5        Specifically, the UST noted that case law had interpreted
 6   § 110(f) to mean that bankruptcy petition preparer advertising
 7   could not suggest that the bankruptcy petition preparer offered
 8   legal services.   Some business names that have been found to
 9   violate § 110(f) include, “Legal Aid Services,” “People’s Law,”
10   “Legaltype” and “American Legal Clinic, Inc.”
11        According to the UST, case law further had determined that
12   the term “paralegal” implied that such a person possessed legal
13   skills and worked under a lawyer’s supervision or was authorized
14   to use those legal skills.    Under California Business &
15   Professions Code § 6452(a), a person could not hold oneself out
16   as a paralegal on any ad, letterhead, business card, sign or
17   elsewhere unless he or she performed services under an attorney’s
18   direction and supervision.    It further provided that a
19   paralegal’s business card must include the name of the law firm
20   where he or she was employed or a statement that he or she was
21   employed by or contracted with a licensed attorney.
22        Here, the UST argued, Mr. Abonal had used “paralegal” in his
23   business name, Abonal Paralegal Services.    He placed his business
24   name on business cards.10    However, he did not mention Ms. Prager
25
26        10
            The UST also referenced a website called Manta.com.
27   Manta.com appears to be a website where people can search for and
     locate products or services offered by small businesses in
28                                                      (continued...)

                                       7
 1   at all on his business cards.   The UST also pointed out that
 2   Mr. Abonal had failed to submit any evidence showing that he was
 3   Ms. Prager’s employee.   It stressed that the “admitted lack of
 4   communication, in-person or by telephone, with Debtors . . .
 5   supports a finding that [Ms.] Prager did not directly supervise
 6   [Mr.] Abonal.”   The UST further emphasized that, in their
 7   declaration, the debtors considered Mr. Abonal to be the person
 8   they were hiring to prepare their bankruptcy documents.    Thus, by
 9   using “paralegal” in his business’s name and advertising his
10   services as such on his business cards, Mr. Abonal violated
11   § 110(f).
12        The UST also asserted that Mr. Abonal violated § 110(e)(2)
13   by offering the debtors legal advice, even though he was not an
14   attorney within the meaning of § 101(4).   It pointed out that
15   both Ms. Prager and Mr. Abonal admitted that Mr. Abonal had
16   explained to the debtors the various bankruptcy chapters
17   available to them, that their debts would be discharged and,
18   later, that they should convert their chapter 7 case to
19   chapter 13.   Mr. Abonal admitted that he prepared the debtors’
20   chapter 13 plan and arranged to have Ms. Morris and Mr. Levy
21
          10
22         (...continued)
     various cities around the country. Small business owners can
23   list their services and products on Manta.com for free.
          In his reply brief, Mr. Abonal claims that he neither placed
24
     his business name on Manta.com nor authorized anyone to do so on
25   his behalf. He did not raise this argument before the bankruptcy
     court, so we do not consider it here.
26        Moreover, we note that the bankruptcy court did not rely on
27   the Manta.com listing in making its determination. Instead, it
     relied on the debtors’ declaration and testimony at the continued
28   § 341(a) meeting, among other evidence.

                                      8
 1   appear with the debtors at their § 341(a) meetings.
 2        The UST sought $5,500 in fines against Mr. Abonal for his
 3   various violations of § 110.   However, it asked that the
 4   bankruptcy court triple this amount for a total of $16,500 in
 5   fines against him under § 110(l)(2)(D).
 6        In support of its Motion, the UST submitted two
 7   declarations, one from its bankruptcy analyst, Wendy Sadovnick,
 8   and the other from the debtors.   The UST also provided a portion
 9   of the transcript of the continued § 341(a) meeting held on
10   September 25, 2014.
11        According to the debtors in their declaration, Mr. Abonal
12   had explained: 1) whether or not to file a bankruptcy petition;
13   2) the differences between chapters 7, 11, 12 or 13 bankruptcy
14   cases; 3) whether their debts would be discharged; 4) whether
15   they would be able to retain their home, car or other property
16   after filing bankruptcy; 5) any tax consequences from filing
17   bankruptcy; 6) whether they should enter into a reaffirmation
18   agreement; and 7) any bankruptcy procedures and rights they may
19   have as debtors in bankruptcy.    The debtors further declared that
20   Mr. Abonal informed them that an attorney would review their
21   bankruptcy documents before filing the bankruptcy documents with
22   the bankruptcy court.   They also stated that they received from
23   him a copy of the amended bankruptcy preparer guidelines issued
24   in February 2003 by the Office of the UST.
25        At the continued § 341(a) meeting, the debtors testified
26   that neither of them had met or spoken with Ms. Prager.     They
27   further testified that they spoke only to Mr. Abonal and to May,
28   Ms. Prager’s receptionist.

                                       9
 1        The debtors also testified that Mr. Abonal had explained the
 2   differences between chapter 7 and chapter 13 and their ability to
 3   keep their assets while in bankruptcy.   They further testified
 4   that he had advised them to file a chapter 7 petition and, if it
 5   did not work out, to file a chapter 13 petition.
 6        In her declaration, Ms. Sadovnick asserted that, throughout
 7   the entire course of the debtors’ bankruptcy case, she tried
 8   several times to communicate directly with Ms. Prager without
 9   success.   Despite Ms. Sadovnick’s requests, Ms. Prager never
10   returned her phone calls.   Ms. Sadovnick only communicated with
11   May, Ms. Prager’s receptionist, and Mr. Abonal, who had
12   introduced himself to Ms. Sadovnick as Ms. Prager’s paralegal.
13        The UST submitted other documents in support of the Motion,
14   including copies of the debtors’ bankruptcy documents, a printout
15   of the bankruptcy court’s credit card transaction search result
16   in the debtors’ bankruptcy case (“credit card transaction search
17   result”), and receipts evidencing the three payments the debtors
18   made to Mr. Abonal.   It also submitted a copy of Mr. Abonal’s
19   business card and a printout from Manta.com.   Both the business
20   card and the Manta.com printout listed Mr. Abonal’s business
21   name, address and contact information.   (Notably, the Manta.com
22   printout described Abonal Legal Services as providing “an
23   amalgamation of legal services.”).
24        Mr. Abonal opposed the Motion, arguing that he was not a
25   bankruptcy petition preparer within the meaning of § 110(a)(1).11
26
          11
27          The UST submitted a reply to Mr. Abonal’s opposition.
     Its reply repeated many of the arguments it made in its Motion,
28                                                      (continued...)

                                     10
 1   Rather, he worked as Ms. Prager’s paralegal.    Because he was a
 2   paralegal and not a bankruptcy petition preparer, Mr. Abonal
 3   contended that he did not need to make certain disclosures and
 4   take certain actions as required for bankruptcy petition
 5   preparers.
 6        As evidence in support of his opposition, Mr. Abonal
 7   submitted his own declaration and the declaration of Ms. Prager.
 8   Mr. Abonal and Ms. Prager’s declarations essentially echoed all
 9   of the assertions Mr. Abonal made in his opposition.    However,
10   Mr. Abonal submitted no other evidence in support of his
11   opposition.
12        In the declarations and his opposition, Mr. Abonal claimed
13   that Ms. Prager had employed him as her paralegal for the last
14   eight years.    In fact, Ms. Prager had “personally trained”
15   Mr. Abonal to perform paralegal work for her.    At all times, he
16   asserted that he performed work only at Ms. Prager’s office.     She
17   paid him $35 per hour for the services he performed as her
18   paralegal.    Mr. Abonal also understood that Ms. Prager could
19   terminate his employment at any time.
20        As her paralegal, he was under her direct supervision and
21   control; Ms. Prager “had the right to exercise complete control
22   over [Mr. Abonal’s] work and employment.”    “At all times,
23   [Ms. Prager] instruct[ed] and [gave] directions to Mr. Abonal [as
24   to] when and how to do or perform the legal services for all of
25
26        11
           (...continued)
27   though it added some other facts and contentions. We incorporate
     these additional contentions into our summary of the UST’s
28   Motion.

                                      11
 1   her clients on her behalf.”    He maintained that she instructed
 2   him to “manage the daily operations of her office under her
 3   direct supervision and control, such as[,] but not limited to[,]
 4   meeting the clients on her behalf, obtaining initial information
 5   from clients, accepting payments on her behalf, etc.”    He further
 6   asserted that Ms. Prager always reviewed and approved any and all
 7   documents he had prepared before they were filed with the court.
 8        With respect to the preparation of the debtors’ bankruptcy
 9   case, Mr. Abonal averred that all the information he had given
10   the debtors was given pursuant to Ms. Prager’s instructions.    He
11   claimed that he did not provide this information to the debtors
12   on his own.   He then went on to describe his interactions with
13   the debtors, careful to emphasize that all that he did and said
14   were at Ms. Prager’s direction and instruction.
15        Mr. Abonal explained that, on June 21, 2013, the day before
16   he met with the debtors, he informed Ms. Prager that the debtors
17   wanted to file bankruptcy.    She therefore instructed him to meet
18   with the debtors on her behalf as she could not personally meet
19   with them due to her health.    Accordingly, Mr. Abonal met with
20   the debtors on June 22, 2013.
21        He averred that, before the meeting, Ms. Prager directed
22   Mr. Abonal to inform the debtors that Ms. Prager would be their
23   attorney in their bankruptcy case.    She also told him to disclose
24   to the debtors the amount of her fee, which was $1,500, as well
25   as the amount of the chapter 7 bankruptcy filing fee.
26        According to Mr. Abonal, at the meeting, the debtors told
27   him that they did not have the full amount for the attorney’s fee
28   and the filing fee.   They only had $800 cash on hand.   Upon

                                      12
 1   informing Ms. Prager, she directed Mr. Abonal to accept the $800
 2   cash on her behalf and to issue a receipt acknowledging the
 3   payment.   He averred that he later turned over these funds to
 4   Ms. Prager.    A week later, the debtors informed Mr. Abonal that
 5   they wanted to pay a portion of Ms. Prager’s fees in cash (i.e.,
 6   $706), but they could not meet with him personally to do so.      At
 7   Ms. Prager’s direction, Mr. Abonal told the debtors to deposit
 8   the funds in her bank account with City National Bank.    The
 9   debtors were unable to get to a City National Bank branch, so
10   again, on Ms. Prager’s instruction, Mr. Abonal told the debtors
11   to deposit the funds into his bank account with Bank of America.
12   He repeated this instruction to the debtors when they later
13   sought to pay the remaining fees in cash.
14        He further asserted that Ms. Prager instructed him to
15   collect all of the debtors’ financial information (e.g., billing
16   statements).   She also directed him to explain to the debtors the
17   various bankruptcy chapters available to them and the mechanics
18   of each bankruptcy chapter.    When the debtors disclosed their
19   financial difficulties, Ms. Prager instructed Mr. Abonal to
20   inform them that their debts could be fully discharged by filing
21   a chapter 7 petition.
22        Mr. Abonal averred that, when Ms. Prager received full
23   payment of her attorney’s fees and the chapter 7 filing fee from
24   the debtors, she directed him to complete preparation of their
25   bankruptcy documents and to send the bankruptcy documents to her
26   for her review and approval.    She later directed Mr. Abonal to
27   prepare the debtors’ motion to convert their chapter 7 to
28   chapter 13, which she also reviewed and approved.

                                      13
 1        He further claimed that Ms. Prager also instructed him to
 2   prepare the debtors’ chapter 13 plan and other required
 3   documents.   When the debtors wished to dismiss their chapter 13
 4   case, Ms. Prager directed him to prepare a motion to dismiss.       He
 5   maintained that she reviewed and approved the motion to dismiss
 6   before she directed Mr. Abonal to file it.
 7        At the February 13, 2014 hearing on the Motion, the UST’s
 8   attorney stressed that Mr. Abonal submitted no credible evidence
 9   showing that he was Ms. Prager’s employee.     The UST’s attorney
10   pointed out that Mr. Abonal’s declarations only contained
11   self-serving statements.   Moreover, the UST’s attorney noted,
12   Mr. Abonal did not submit any other evidence, such as W-2s,
13   indicating that an employee-employer relationship existed between
14   himself and Ms. Prager.
15        After hearing the UST’s and Mr. Abonal’s arguments, the
16   bankruptcy court granted the Motion.     It concluded that
17   Mr. Abonal was a bankruptcy petition preparer, finding that he
18   was not Ms. Prager’s employee and was not under her direct
19   supervision.
20        The bankruptcy court found that the declarations submitted
21   by Mr. Abonal were not credible.     It agreed with the UST that
22   Mr. Abonal had not submitted W-2s or any other evidence “other
23   than just the bold statement that he’s an employee without
24   discussion of the terms of his employment because he also does
25   advertise himself as a paralegal and he’s got his own paralegal
26   services [business].”   Tr. of February 13, 2014 hr’g, 8:14-18.
27   The bankruptcy court opined “that [should be] given more weight
28   than just the [plain] statement that he’s an employee.”      Tr. of

                                     14
 1   February 13, 2014 hr’g, 8:18-19.
 2        The bankruptcy court found that Ms. Prager was absent during
 3   the entire process of the debtors’ bankruptcy case.    It
 4   determined that the debtors “believed that they were hiring
 5   [Mr. Abonal], not Ms. Prager . . . .”   Tr. of February 13, 2014
 6   hr’g, 12:20-23.
 7        Upon finding that Mr. Abonal was a bankruptcy petition
 8   preparer, the bankruptcy court ruled in favor of the UST on all
 9   of the § 110 violations asserted against Mr. Abonal.    It further
10   found that Mr. Abonal was not entitled to any fees.
11        The bankruptcy court fined Mr. Abonal a total of $5,550 for
12   all of his § 110 violations.   It decided to double the fine,
13   which equated to $11,000.   The bankruptcy court believed that its
14   doubling of the fine was warranted in that the debtors “had to go
15   the round about route through two different chapters of
16   bankruptcy and without reaching resolution.”   Tr. of February 13,
17   2014 hr’g, 12:21-24.
18        Consistent with its ruling at the hearing, the bankruptcy
19   court entered both its factual findings and legal conclusions
20   (“findings and conclusions”) and a separate order on February 24,
21   2014.
22        The findings and conclusions adopted additional factual
23   findings articulated in the UST’s Motion, such as: 1) Mr. Abonal
24   was not an attorney licensed to practice in California;
25   2) Mr. Abonal filed the debtors’ bankruptcy petition and paid the
26   court filing fee with his credit card; 3) Mr. Abonal’s business
27   card did not state that he was performing paralegal services for
28   an attorney; 4) even if Mr. Abonal was Ms. Prager’s employee, he

                                     15
 1   did not show that she directly supervised the bankruptcy services
 2   he performed for the debtors; 5) although Ms. Prager’s name
 3   appeared on their bankruptcy documents, the debtors never met nor
 4   spoke with Ms. Prager about their bankruptcy case; 6) Ms. Prager
 5   did not supervise Mr. Abonal’s bankruptcy services related to the
 6   debtors; 7) Mr. Abonal provided legal-related services by
 7   arranging for attorneys to appear with the debtors at their
 8   § 341(a) meetings through a third-party service and preparing the
 9   debtors’ chapter 13 plan; 8) Mr. Abonal engaged in the
10   unauthorized practice of law; and 9) Mr. Abonal prepared the
11   debtors’ bankruptcy documents in a manner that failed to disclose
12   his identity.
13        Mr. Abonal timely appealed.
14
15                               JURISDICTION
16        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
17   §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(A).   We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
18   § 158.
19
20                                 ISSUES12
21        (1) Did the bankruptcy court err in finding that Mr. Abonal
22
23        12
            Although Mr. Abonal sets forth numerous issues on appeal,
     we have distilled them down to two, given that he advances only
24
     two main arguments in his opening and reply briefs.
25        One of the issues Mr. Abonal raises is the doubling of the
     fines against him. However, he fails to discuss or argue this
26   issue further in his opening brief.   Mr. Abonal therefore has
27   waived this issue. Dilley v. Gunn, 64 F.3d 1365, 1367 (9th Cir.
     1995)(“Issues not raised in the opening brief usually are deemed
28   waived.”).

                                      16
 1   was a bankruptcy petition preparer within the meaning of
 2   § 110(a)(1)?
 3        (2) Did the bankruptcy court err in finding that Mr. Abonal
 4   violated § 110(g), (e)(2) and (f)?13
 5
 6                           STANDARDS OF REVIEW
 7        We review the bankruptcy court’s decision to impose
 8   penalties for violations of § 110 for an abuse of discretion.
 9   Frankfort Digital Servs., Ltd. v. Neary (In re Reynoso), 315 B.R.
10   544, 550 (9th Cir. BAP 2004), aff’d, 477 F.3d 1117 (9th Cir.
11   2007)(citing Consumer Seven Corp. v. United States Trustee
12   (In re Fraga), 210 B.R. 812, 816 (9th Cir. BAP 1997)).     We apply
13   a two-part test to determine objectively whether the bankruptcy
14   court abused its discretion.   United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d
15   1247, 1261-62 (9th Cir. 2009)(en banc).     First, we “determine de
16   novo whether the bankruptcy court identified the correct legal
17   rule to apply to the relief requested.”     Id.   Second, we examine
18   the bankruptcy court’s factual findings under the clearly
19   erroneous standard.   Id. at 1252 & n.20.    A bankruptcy court
20   abuses its discretion if it applied the wrong legal standard or
21
22
          13
            Mr. Abonal also challenges the bankruptcy court’s
23   findings under § 110(b)(1) and (2), (c)(1) and (h)(2) on the
     sole, broad ground that, because he was not a bankruptcy petition
24
     preparer, he was not required to make certain disclosures and to
25   take certain affirmative actions pursuant to § 110. As we
     explain below, we determine that the bankruptcy court did not
26   clearly err in finding that Mr. Abonal was a bankruptcy petition
27   preparer. Because he does not advance any other argument
     concerning those particular subsections of § 110, we need not go
28   farther in our analysis regarding them.

                                     17
 1   misapplied the correct legal standard or its factual findings
 2   were illogical, implausible or without support in the record.
 3   Trafficschool.com, Inc. v. Edriver Inc., 653 F.3d 820, 832 (9th
 4   Cir. 2011).
 5        We review the bankruptcy court’s fact findings concerning
 6   violations of § 110 for clear error, Reynoso, 315 B.R. at 550,
 7   and its conclusions of law de novo.    Fraga, 210 B.R. at 816.
 8        “‘Where there are two permissible views of the evidence, the
 9   factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.’”
10   Duckett v. Godinez, 109 F.3d 533, 535 (9th Cir. 1997)(quoting
11   Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, N.C., 470 U.S. 564, 574
12   (1985)).   Under the “clearly erroneous standard,” we accept the
13   bankruptcy court’s factual findings unless we have a definite and
14   firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.    Greene v.
15   Savage (In re Greene), 583 F.3d 614, 618 (9th Cir. 2009).
16        We give special deference to the bankruptcy court’s
17   credibility determinations.    Duckett, 109 F.3d at 535.   We apply
18   the same standard to its credibility determinations as we do to
19   its factual findings; we will not disturb such determinations
20   unless we have a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has
21   been committed.   Id. (quoting Anderson, 470 U.S. at 574).
22
23                                 DISCUSSION
24        Bankruptcy petition preparers help pro se debtors in
25   preparing papers for filing in bankruptcy cases.    In re Hill,
26   450 B.R. 885, 891 (9th Cir. BAP 2011).     Although they are allowed
27   to provide such services to pro se debtors, “many of them also
28   attempt to provide legal advice and legal services to debtors.”

                                       18
 1   Ferm v. United States Trustee (In re Crawford), 194 F.3d 954, 957
 2   (9th Cir. 1999) (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 103-385, at 56 (1994),
 3   reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3340, 3365).    However, these
 4   bankruptcy petition preparers “often lack the necessary legal
 5   training and ethics regulation to provide such services in an
 6   adequate and appropriate manner.”    Id.   “These services may take
 7   unfair advantage of persons who are ignorant of their rights both
 8   inside and outside the bankruptcy system.”    Id.
 9        Section 110 was created to regulate bankruptcy petition
10   preparers and to protect pro se debtors from abuse.    Fraga,
11   210 B.R. at 818-19 (citations omitted).    It sets forth “standards
12   and penalties pertaining to bankruptcy petition preparers.”
13   Crawford, 194 F.3d at 957 (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 103-835, at 56
14   (1994), reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3340, 3365).
15        Mr. Abonal raises several arguments challenging the
16   bankruptcy court’s rulings on the alleged § 110 violations.
17   However, he mainly contends that § 110 does not apply to him,
18   focusing on the definition of “bankruptcy petition preparer.”
19   A.   Meaning of bankruptcy petition preparer under § 110(a)(1)
20        Under § 110(a)(1), a bankruptcy petition preparer is “a
21   person, other than an attorney for the debtor or an employee of
22   such attorney under the direct supervision of such attorney, who
23   prepares for compensation a document for filing.”14
24        Mr. Abonal repeats the same argument that he made before the
25
26        14
            Section 110(a)(2) defines a “document for filing” as “a
27   petition or any other document prepared for filing by a debtor in
     a United States bankruptcy court or a United States district
28   court in connection with a case under this title.”

                                     19
 1   bankruptcy court: that he was not a bankruptcy petition preparer
 2   within the meaning of § 110(a)(1) because he was a paralegal
 3   employed by Ms. Prager.   He contends that an employee-employer
 4   relationship existed between himself and Ms. Prager as evidenced
 5   by: 1) her instructions and direct supervision of the bankruptcy
 6   services he performed for the debtors; 2) her review and approval
 7   of the debtors’ bankruptcy documents; and 3) the fact that she
 8   had the right to terminate his employment at will.    Mr. Abonal
 9   maintains that the declarations he submitted in support of his
10   argument provide unquestionable proof of that employee-employer
11   relationship.   He principally relies on Ms. Prager’s declaration,
12   touting its credibility because, he stresses, as an attorney, she
13   is an officer of the court who made the declaration under penalty
14   of perjury.
15        But Mr. Abonal seems to forget that the bankruptcy court did
16   not find credible any of the declarations he submitted.    As we
17   noted earlier, we accord great deference to a bankruptcy court’s
18   credibility determinations unless we are firmly and definitely
19   convinced that it erred in its determinations.    See Duckett,
20   109 F.3d at 535.   We have no such qualms here.   In fact, we agree
21   with the UST that these declarations merely contain self-serving
22   statements.
23        More importantly, Mr. Abonal failed to submit any
24   documentary evidence establishing that he was Ms. Prager’s
25   employee.   He did not present any employment contract, W-2s, tax
26   returns – anything that would show that Ms. Prager employed him
27   as a paralegal.
28        Mr. Abonal insists that proof of his employment with

                                     20
 1   Ms. Prager is found in her constant direction, supervision,
 2   review and approval of every single bankruptcy service he
 3   performed for the debtors.   We do not quibble with Ms. Prager’s
 4   claim that she was unable to be physically present when giving
 5   Mr. Abonal such directions and instructions.   But aside from his
 6   and Ms. Prager’s bald assertions, Mr. Abonal provided no other
 7   evidence of Ms. Prager’s direction and supervision.   He could
 8   have provided notes, memos, phone records, emails, letters or any
 9   other written communication showing that Ms. Prager gave him
10   direction and provided supervision, but he did not provide any
11   such evidence.
12        Mr. Abonal attacks the sufficiency of the UST’s evidence,
13   arguing that it failed to disprove that he was Ms. Prager’s
14   employee.   The UST not only submitted declarations, but, in
15   addition, it submitted portions of the debtors’ testimony at the
16   § 341(a) meeting and a copy of Mr. Abonal’s business card.
17   Mr. Abonal even acknowledged the information on his business
18   card.
19        Mr. Abonal makes much of the fact that he informed the
20   debtors that Ms. Prager would be their attorney.   Mr. Abonal also
21   highlights the debtors’ statement in their declaration that he
22   informed the debtors that an attorney would review their
23   bankruptcy documents before filing them with the bankruptcy
24   court.   He further points out that the debtors signed the
25   electronic filing declaration, in which they declared, under
26   penalty of perjury, that they authorized their attorney to file
27   electronic versions of their bankruptcy documents.
28        This evidence does not wash away the evidence of the

                                     21
 1   debtors’ firm belief that only Mr. Abonal was handling their
 2   bankruptcy case.   The debtors did sign the electronic filing
 3   declaration.   They also disclosed in their declaration that
 4   Mr. Abonal informed them that Ms. Prager would review their
 5   bankruptcy documents.   But a review of bankruptcy documents by an
 6   attorney does not necessarily translate into an understanding
 7   that an attorney actually would handle their bankruptcy case.
 8   Their belief is especially understandable, given that they never
 9   once met or spoke with Ms. Prager and that they solely interacted
10   and dealt with Mr. Abonal.    And Ms. Prager did not deny that she
11   never met or spoke with the debtors, her supposed clients.     Even
12   Ms. Morris and Mr. Levy, the two attorneys who appeared at the
13   § 341(a) meetings in Ms. Prager’s stead, did not speak with
14   Ms. Prager about the § 341(a) meetings; Ms. Morris and Mr. Levy
15   spoke with Mr. Abonal only.
16        In short, Mr. Abonal simply did not provide sufficient
17   evidence to overcome the UST’s evidence that he was a bankruptcy
18   petition preparer.   The bankruptcy court made choices in its
19   findings based on conflicting evidence, and we conclude that the
20   bankruptcy court did not err in finding that Mr. Abonal was a
21   bankruptcy petition preparer within the meaning of § 110(a)(1).
22   B.   Violations of § 110(e)(2), (f) and (g)
23        Because it did not err in determining that Mr. Abonal was a
24   bankruptcy petition preparer under § 110(a)(1), the bankruptcy
25   court could apply the standards and penalties of § 110 to him.
26   We now address the bankruptcy court’s determinations on each
27   contested violation of § 110.
28

                                      22
 1        1.    Violation of § 110(e)(2)
 2        Section 110(e)(2)(A) and (B) provide that a bankruptcy
 3   petition preparer may not offer a potential bankruptcy debtor any
 4   legal advice, including: whether to file a bankruptcy petition;
 5   whether a chapter 7, 11, 12 or 13 case is appropriate; whether
 6   the debtor’s debts will be discharged; whether the debtor will be
 7   able to retain his or her home or other assets; the tax
 8   consequences of a bankruptcy case; whether to enter into a
 9   reaffirmation agreement with a creditor; or concerning bankruptcy
10   procedures and rights.
11        Mr. Abonal claims that he did not give the debtors any legal
12   advice.   All the information he provided to the debtors regarding
13   their bankruptcy case had been provided as Ms. Prager’s paralegal
14   pursuant to her instructions and under her direct supervision.
15   He did not provide this information on his own.
16        As we noted above, Mr. Abonal did not submit any evidence,
17   aside from his and Ms. Prager’s declarations, showing that he did
18   not provide legal advice on his own.      He did not present any
19   written communications or other records indicating that
20   Ms. Prager had directed him to proffer legal advice on her
21   behalf.   The bankruptcy court did not find the declarations
22   submitted by Mr. Abonal credible.       It therefore did not clearly
23   err in finding that Mr. Abonal offered the debtors legal advice
24   in violation of § 110(e)(2).
25        2.    Violation of § 110(f)
26        Section 110(f) provides that a bankruptcy petition preparer
27   shall not use the word “legal” or any similar term in any ads or
28   advertise under any category that includes the word “legal” or

                                        23
 1   any similar term.    Under California Business & Professions Code
 2   § 6452(a), a person cannot advertise as a paralegal unless he or
 3   she performs services under an attorney’s direction and
 4   supervision.    Also, the paralegal’s business card must include
 5   the name of the law firm where he or she is employed or a
 6   statement that he or she is employed by or contracted with a
 7   licensed attorney.
 8        Mr. Abonal contends that he was allowed to hold himself out
 9   as a paralegal on his business card because he worked under
10   Ms. Prager’s direct supervision.       However, as we explained above,
11   Mr. Abonal failed to submit sufficient evidence to demonstrate
12   that he was employed as a paralegal under Ms. Prager’s direct
13   supervision.
14        Even assuming he was a paralegal employed by Ms. Prager,
15   Mr. Abonal failed to include any information on his business
16   cards pertaining to Ms. Prager as required under California
17   Business & Professions Code § 6452(a).      We therefore conclude
18   that the bankruptcy court did not clearly err in finding that
19   Mr. Abonal had violated § 110(f) in using “paralegal” in the name
20   of his business on his business cards.
21        3.   Violation of § 110(g)
22        Section 110(g) provides that a bankruptcy petition preparer
23   shall not collect or receive any payment from the debtor or on
24   his or her behalf for the court fees in connection with filing
25   the petition.    Mr. Abonal argues that he did not violate § 110(g)
26   because he received payments from the debtors on Ms. Prager’s
27   behalf pursuant to her instructions.      These payments, he claims,
28   constituted her attorney’s fees.       Mr. Abonal then asserts that he

                                       24
 1   delivered these payments to Ms. Prager.
 2          The UST submitted as evidence three receipts, one filled out
 3   by Mr. Abonal and the other two issued by Bank of America.      The
 4   receipts all indicate that the payments were given to Mr. Abonal,
 5   either personally or into his bank account.
 6          Mr. Abonal did not effectively counter the UST’s evidence.
 7   Aside from his declarations, Mr. Abonal did not present any
 8   evidence showing that: 1) Ms. Prager directed him to receive
 9   these payments on her behalf, and 2) he delivered the funds to
10   Ms. Prager.    He did not provide any notes, memos, letters,
11   deposit slips or any other written communications in support of
12   his contentions.
13          The bankruptcy court based its determination on the only
14   credible evidence it had before it: the receipts, the credit card
15   transaction search result and the debtors’ declaration.    We
16   therefore conclude that the bankruptcy court did not clearly err
17   in finding that Mr. Abonal violated § 110(g) by receiving payment
18   on the debtors’ behalf for fees and for their chapter 7 filing
19   fee.
20
21                                CONCLUSION
22          Based on the evidence before it, the bankruptcy court did
23   not clearly err in determining that Mr. Abonal was a bankruptcy
24   petition preparer within the meaning of § 110(a)(1).    It moreover
25   did not clearly err in finding that, as a bankruptcy petition
26   preparer, he had violated § 110(e)(2), (f) and (g).    We therefore
27   AFFIRM.
28

                                      25
