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            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                     FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                                                                            United States Court of Appeals

                                            No. 13-40751
                                                                                     Fifth Circuit

                                                                                   FILED
                                                                             August 15, 2014
                                                                              Lyle W. Cayce
In the matter of: EDWARD MANDEL,                                                   Clerk
                                                         Debtor,

------------------------------------------------------


EDWARD MANDEL,

                                                         Appellant, Cross–Appellee,
v.

STEVEN THRASHER; JASON COLEMAN,

                                                         Appellees, Cross–Appellants.




                      Appeals from the United States District Court
                            for the Eastern District of Texas
                                 USDC No. 4:11-CV-774


Before BARKSDALE, CLEMENT, and OWEN, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*


        *Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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                                 No. 13-40751
       The bankruptcy court entered judgment in favor of Stephen Thrasher
and Jason Coleman on state-law claims, including the misappropriation of
trade secrets, against Debtor Edward Mandel. The district court affirmed the
decision in its entirety. All parties appeal and sixteen issues have been
presented in this court. We affirm the judgment in part but vacate the award
of damages and remand to the bankruptcy court for further proceedings.
                                      I
       This lawsuit arose out of the failure of White Nile, a joint-venture
between Mandel and Thrasher. Thrasher, an intellectual property attorney,
conceived of an idea for a new type of search engine. He shared that idea with
Mandel, who represented that he had expertise with the databases that would
store the index for the search engine. They signed non-disclosure agreements.
Thrasher submitted a provisional patent application, entitled “System,
Methods, and Devices for Searching Data Storage Systems and Devices,” to the
United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Thrasher was the sole
inventor listed on the application.
       Mandel and Thrasher formed White Nile to develop this invention.
Mandel agreed to finance a prototype, which they anticipated would cost
approximately $300,000. Thrasher signed a consulting agreement with White
Nile that named Thrasher as a co-founder, an inventor, and chief executive
officer.   Shortly thereafter, Thrasher filed a second provisional patent
application, “System, Methods, and Devices for Searching Data Storage
Systems and Devices.” Thrasher again was shown as the sole inventor.
       Mandel and Thrasher then met with representatives of Meaningful Data
Solutions (MDS), who agreed to develop the software for the search engine.
MDS forecast a cost of $216,500, and Mandel represented that he would pay
MDS. Thrasher assigned to White Nile his search engine intellectual property.
The document provided:
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                                 No. 13-40751
      [S]hould White Nile Software, Inc. fail to timely prosecute any
      such invention by failing to timely file appropriate responses to
      government entities, including the USPTO statutorily shortened
      response periods, all rights in the inventions or creations
      transferred to White Nile Software, Inc. are then void, and any
      rights remaining transfer back to [Thrasher], and [Thrasher] may
      prosecute the applications [and] other documentation needed, and
      this agreement shall have no effect as to those items.

      Thrasher and Mandel then signed a document titled, “Unanimous
Consent in Lieu of Organizational Meeting of Directors of White Nile Software,
Inc.” It named Mandel as president/treasurer of White Nile and Thrasher as
chief executive/secretary. It granted both men 26 million shares of White Nile
stock in exchange for the following consideration: (1) Thrasher agreed to assign
his then-existing provisional patent applications as well as any future
intellectual property to White Nile and (2) Mandel agreed, among other things,
to develop White Nile’s search engine at his expense by December 31, 2005.
      White Nile retained Paul Williams as the Chief Financial Officer. His
role was to develop a business plan and raise capital. Mandel and Williams
led Thrasher to believe that Williams was a licensed broker-dealer. This was
untrue.
      White Nile also retained Jason Coleman to develop a graphic
representation of the search engine. Coleman signed a consulting agreement,
which provided that he was to be “chief creative officer” and a co-founder.
Coleman was to produce a demonstrative version of Thrasher’s idea, to be
called SAQQARA, for which he was to receive an annual salary of $133,000
and an equity interest in the venture if he completed the prototype on schedule.
Coleman assigned his work product, including patentable ideas, to White Nile
as part of this agreement.
      Mandel assured Coleman that White Nile had detailed financial
projections, that he intended to pay MDS to create system documents, and
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                                No. 13-40751
later, when MDS’s participation did not materialize, that he would contribute
the funds that were to have been paid to MDS directly into White Nile.
Thrasher subsequently submitted a third provisional patent application to the
USPTO titled “Real-Time Search Visualization.” It listed both Thrasher and
Coleman as inventors. Despite completing his work, Coleman never received
an equity interest in White Nile.
      Instead of proceeding with the plan to hire MDS to develop the search
engine, Mandel suggested that an acquaintance of his, Eduardo Carrascoso,
could perform the same work at a lower cost in the Philippines. Mandel
represented that Carrascoso had agreed to invest in White Nile, and that
Carrascoso had hired a team of PhDs to develop a prototype search engine.
Mandel represented that Carrascoso had placed $1 million in escrow to invest
in White Nile.       Thrasher included these representations in a written
presentation, reviewed by Mandel, to potential investors.         Mandel had
previously visited the Philippines and represented that he had met the
developers working for White Nile.
      White Nile persuaded Rod Martin to become a member of the board of
directors and hired Skinner Layne as an employee. Skinner thought that his
parents, Eddie and Ellen Layne, should invest in White Nile. The bankruptcy
court found that Martin “cautioned the Laynes about the risks of investing in
a start-up company.” Nevertheless, the Laynes invested $300,000 in exchange
for 75,000 shares of stock.
      Thrasher, Mandel, and Coleman thereafter traveled to the Philippines.
Thrasher and Coleman discovered that no one had been working on the search
engine and that Carrascoso had not, in fact, escrowed $1 million to invest in
White Nile. Carrascoso not only had not invested any money in White Nile, he
did not plan to do so, and he had not hired any developers. Just the opposite,
Carrascoso expressed interest in being paid in excess of $1 million in return
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                                No. 13-40751
for providing services to White Nile. Thrasher eventually reached a tentative,
oral agreement with Carrascoso to provide development services. Thrasher,
Mandel, and Coleman interviewed applicants to begin work on the project in
Manila. During the interviews, Thrasher and Coleman learned that “Mandel
was not particularly knowledgeable about . . . database programming,” despite
his earlier representations. The three of them also discussed new names for
White Nile, including “Nexplore,” but did not reach an agreement. After they
returned to the United States, Carrascoso declined to proceed with providing
services to White Nile.
      On December 15, 2005, Williams conducted an investor meeting in
Arkansas using the demonstrative materials developed by Coleman. The next
day, Thrasher discovered that Williams was not a licensed broker. As the
bankruptcy court found, “Thrasher was well aware of the legal repercussions
of a misrepresentation about Williams’ status to potential investors and took
immediate action to address what he viewed as a disaster.”
      By mid-December 2005 Mandel and Thrasher’s relationship was
disintegrating.   There was no development team functioning in the
Philippines.   It had also become evident that Mandel did not intend to
contribute any of his own funds to White Nile despite his previous
representations. Instead, Mandel and Skinner formed a new company. On
December 18, Skinner reserved NeXplore.com as a domain name. Mandel sent
Joseph Savard, the chief technology officer that Mandel had hired for White
Nile, to Thrasher’s home to review White Nile’s patents and projects. Mandel
then hired Savard at NeXplore.      Mandel also recruited Williams to join
NeXplore. At about this time, Thrasher instructed White Nile’s bank to make
a payment to Thrasher’s father as reimbursement for hardware purchased for
White Nile.    These instructions conflicted with instructions Mandel had
already given the bank, unbeknownst to Thrasher, to place all the funds in
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                                 No. 13-40751
White Nile’s account into a new account under Mandel’s sole control. Thrasher
and Martin met with Mandel to discuss the situation. Mandel did not tell them
that he was forming a new company, NeXplore, or that Mandel had asked the
Laynes to move their invested funds from White Nile to NeXplore. Thrasher
and Martin discovered much later that NeXplore received $197,000 from the
Laynes and $286,500 from Arkansas Investment, a limited liability company
formed by the Laynes after the December 15 White Nile presentation.
      On January 11, 2006, Mandel signed corporate documentation
purporting to remove Thrasher from office and purporting to appoint Skinner
and Williams to serve as new directors of White Nile. On January 16, 2006,
Mandel, Williams, and Skinner held a directors’ meeting without informing
either Thrasher or Martin. At the meeting, they purported to declare that
White Nile was no longer a going concern, and also purported to release all
individuals from the non-compete and non-disclosure agreements they had
signed with White Nile. The next day, Skinner incorporated NeXplore.
Skinner, Mandel, and Williams all became shareholders and directors and the
Laynes became investors.       Williams drafted a business plan “virtually
identical” to the one he created for White Nile. Savard testified that Mandel
referred to NeXplore as “just a name change” from White Nile and that Mandel
told him to hide from Thrasher that NeXplore was building a search engine.
      Thrasher filed two non-provisional (or utility) patents relating to White
Nile’s search engine during 2006. Prior to that time, Mandel, the acting CEO
of White Nile, had taken no action to protect White Nile’s intellectual property
from NeXplore or other possible encroachers. The first patent application (299
patent), listing Thrasher as the sole inventor, was filed on June 30, 2006 and
issued on September 14, 2010. The second (802 patent), listing both Thrasher
and Coleman as inventors, was filed on December 14, 2006. Shortly after the
filing of the 299 utility patent, Williams filed a grievance against Thrasher
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                                   No. 13-40751
with the Texas State Bar. Skinner testified that this was an attempt by
Mandel “to cow” Thrasher by threatening his livelihood. The Bankruptcy
Court found that “Mandel’s testimony that he did not participate in filing the
grievance, or that he did not intend to threaten Thrasher’s livelihood, was
contradicted by the documentary evidence.” The Texas Bar dismissed the
grievance.
         In early 2006, Coleman approached Mandel and Thrasher to seek
payment for his work for White Nile. Thrasher agreed to pay Coleman but
Mandel declined and instead sued Coleman in state court on behalf of White
Nile. Mandel later sued Thrasher as well. Coleman and Thrasher responded
by asserting counter-claims against Mandel and brought claims against others.
The parties reached a tentative settlement in which Thrasher and Coleman
were to receive payments of $450,000 and a royalty fee of two percent of
NeXplore’s gross revenue for five years in return for agreeing to license their
patents to NeXplore. After the settlement had been announced in open court,
Mandel refused to proceed with it. The state court appointed a receiver for
White Nile, but Mandel refused to pay his portion of the receiver’s fees. Mandel
filed a grievance against Thrasher with the USPTO contending that he was
the one who actually invented the intellectual property. The USPTO dismissed
his complaint. The bankruptcy court found that “Mandel was not, in fact, an
inventor or co-inventor of any of the intellectual property at issue.”
         On January 25, 2010, Mandel filed a Chapter 11 petition. The state court
was proceeding to sanction Mandel for his failure to pay the receiver’s fees
when he filed for bankruptcy. Since 2006, NeXplore had paid Mandel a total
of $2,726,926 in salary and incurred approximately $750,000 in legal fees on
his behalf. Thrasher and Coleman, on their own behalf and derivatively on
behalf of White Nile, asserted numerous state law claims in the bankruptcy
court.      Mandel counterclaimed against Thrasher and Coleman. The
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                                         No. 13-40751
bankruptcy court conducted a bench trial and found Mandel liable for (1) theft
or misappropriation of trade secrets; (2) breach of contract; (3) breach of
fiduciary duty; (4) fraud and fraudulent inducement; (5) oppression of
shareholder rights; and (6) conspiracy.                The bankruptcy court awarded:
$400,000 in damages to Coleman; $1,000,000 to Thrasher; and $300,000 to
White Nile. The Court denied the request for exemplary damages. It awarded
attorneys’ fees to Thrasher and Coleman because they prevailed on their theft
of a trade secret claim. The parties appealed and cross-appealed to the district
court, which affirmed the judgment in its entirety. The parties now appeal and
cross-appeal to this court. We affirm the judgment of the district court in part
and vacate in part. We vacate only the damages award by the bankruptcy
court, and we remand the issue of damages to the bankruptcy court so that it
may explain, support, or revise its compensatory damages award in order to be
consistent with state and federal precedents.
                                               II
       This court reviews the decision of a district court, sitting in an appellate
capacity, by applying the same standards employed by the district court in its
review of the bankruptcy court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law. 1 We
review findings of fact, including a damages award, for clear error, and we
review conclusions of law de novo. 2 Under the clearly erroneous standard, we
will “defer to a bankruptcy court’s factual findings unless, after reviewing all
of the evidence, we are left with a firm and definite conviction that the
bankruptcy court made a mistake.” 3


       1   In re Tex. Commercial Energy, 607 F.3d 153, 158 (5th Cir. 2010).
       2 Id.; see also Delahoussaye v. Performance Energy Servs., L.L.C., 734 F.3d 389, 394
(5th Cir. 2013) (“A district court’s award of damages is a finding of fact, which we will reverse
only for clear error.”).
       3   In re Cahill, 428 F.3d 536, 542 (5th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted).
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                                        No. 13-40751
       Mandel raises a number of errors on appeal. He contends no damages
should have been awarded, there was no breach of contract as to Coleman, the
misappropriation or theft of trade secrets causes of action cannot be sustained,
there is no evidence of fraud, the finding of shareholder oppression in favor of
Thrasher cannot stand, Mandel did not breach a fiduciary duty to White Nile,
and there is no basis for the finding of conspiracy.
       Thrasher and Coleman challenge the award of damages, claiming that
the award should have been greater. They also challenge the exclusion of
certain evidence by the bankruptcy court and the denial of punitive damages.
                                              III
       Mandel asserts that the bankruptcy court erred by finding that he
misappropriated trade secrets. Misappropriation is established by showing
that (a) a trade secret existed, (b) the trade secret was acquired through a
breach of a confidential relationship or discovered by improper means, and (c)
there was use of the trade secret without authorization. 4 Mandel alleges that
the third element, use, was not established. The term “use” is defined broadly
under Texas law.
       [A]ny exploitation of the trade secret that is likely to result in
       injury to the trade secret owner or enrichment to the defendant is
       a use . . . . Thus, marketing goods that embody the trade secret,
       employing the trade secret in manufacturing or production, relying
       on the trade secret to assist or accelerate research or development,




       4 Wellogix, Inc. v. Accenture, L.L.P., 716 F.3d 867, 874 (5th Cir. 2013); see also Trilogy
Software, Inc. v. Callidus Software, Inc., 143 S.W.3d 452, 463 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, pet.
denied).
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                                        No. 13-40751
      or soliciting customers through the use of information that is a
      trade secret all constitute use. 5

Our review of the record reflects that there were sufficient facts to support a
finding of actual use.
      Mandel formed NeXplore in order to develop a search engine technology
that experts testified was very similar to the technology developed and
patented by White Nile. The bankruptcy court found these experts to be
credible. Additionally, NeXplore hired a number of former employees of White
Nile and developed an almost identical business plan. Mandel joked that the
only difference between the two companies was the name. Mandel ensured
that he and NeXplore’s employees retained access to White Nile’s intellectual
property by purporting to vote Thrasher and Coleman out of White Nile’s
management and by sending NeXplore employees to inspect Thrasher and
Coleman’s patent applications and SAQQARA documents. As an example,
Mandel instructed Savard to discuss the White Nile patents, specifications,
and algorithms with Thrasher and Coleman before hiring him at NeXplore.
      Mandel argues that Coleman testified that there were no other search
engines on the market with the functionality envisioned by Thrasher and
Coleman. Mandel alleges that Coleman, in referring to other search engines
on the market, “was of necessity including NeXplore,” which implies that
NeXplore was not using White Nile’s technology. But Coleman compared the
NeXplore patent application to the White Nile patents and determined that
there was “substantial duplication.”            Further, NeXplore’s product had not
launched at the time that Coleman testified.
      The weight of expert testimony supported the conclusion that White
Nile’s and NeXplore’s concepts were very similar. The bankruptcy court could


      5   Wellogix, Inc., 716 F.3d at 877 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
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properly and reasonably conclude that actual use was demonstrated. At the
very least it appears that NeXplore “rel[ied] on the trade secret to assist or
accelerate research or development.” 6 Even if these facts were insufficient to
support a finding of actual use, they support a reasonable inference of actual
use. 7 NeXplore was formed by the same individuals, to create a substantially
similar product, with funding from the same investors, based on intellectual
property that those individuals had not invented and did not own. We affirm
the bankruptcy court’s ruling on this claim.
       Mandel contests his liability under the Texas Theft Liability Act (TTLA).
The TTLA imposes civil liability for “unlawfully appropriating property” as
defined by Texas Penal Code § 31.05. 8 Under § 31.05, a person commits theft
of trade secrets if, without the trade secret owner’s consent, he knowingly (1)
steals a trade secret, (2) makes a copy of an article representing a trade secret,
or (3) communicates or transmits a trade secret. 9 Mandel asserts that he did
not commit theft of a trade secret because he lacked the requisite mens rea.
The bankruptcy court found that “Mandel specifically intended to take control
of White Nile’s intellectual property and use it to start up his own business”
and that Mandel and his co-conspirators were “fully aware of exactly what they
were doing.” These conclusions are not clearly erroneous based on the record.



       6   Id.
       7 See Global Water Grp., Inc. v. Atchley, 244 S.W.3d 924, 930 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008,
pet. denied) (“Evidence of a similar product may give rise to an inference of actual use under
certain circumstances.”).
       8 TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 134.001-004. The civil remedy provided for by the
TTLA for misappropriation of trade secrets was superceded by the Texas Uniform Trade
Secrets Act (TUTSA), which took effect September 1, 2013. Id. § 134A.001-008. The TUTSA
has no effect on the present litigation because the act only applies “to the misappropriation
of a trade secret made on or after [September 1, 2013].” Uniform Trade Secrets Act, 83rd
Leg., R.S., ch. 10, § 3, 2013 Tex. Gen. Laws 12, 14.
       9   TEX. PENAL CODE § 31.05.
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Rather, the facts present a premeditated, calculated plan to siphon the
intellectual property of White Nile for the benefit of NeXplore. Mandel counters
that, as an officer of White Nile, he had the ability to give “effective consent”
to the theft of the trade secret and thus he cannot be held liable. But this
argument is unconvincing.          A single officer and shareholder cannot give
“effective consent” to breaching his own fiduciary duty to the company by
stealing that company’s trade secrets. Mandel was not “legally authorized” to
consent to this own theft. 10 We affirm the bankruptcy court’s ruling on this
claim.
                                           IV
     Mandel raises issues that relate to Coleman but not to Thrasher or White
Nile. In particular, he contends that the court erred in (1) finding that Mandel
breached a contract with Coleman, (2) finding that he had misappropriated
Coleman’s trade secrets, (3) awarding Coleman attorneys’ fees, and (4) holding
that he fraudulently induced Coleman.
     The bankruptcy court concluded that Coleman could not prevail on a
breach of contract claim because he was not a third-party beneficiary of
Mandel’s non-disclosure agreement. The court’s September 30, 2011 order
reflects this conclusion, but the court’s initial opinion suggests that Coleman
prevailed on his breach of contract claim. The district court held that the
bankruptcy court’s conclusion of law with respect to breach of contract
appeared to be a typographical error and was harmless. Mandel argues that
awarding attorneys’ fees based on breach of contract was error. However, the
attorneys’ fees awarded by the bankruptcy court were based on the theft of
trade secrets claim, not the breach of contract claim. The bankruptcy court said



      10  TEX. PENAL CODE § 31.01(3) (defining “Effective Consent” as “consent by a person
legally authorized to act for the owner”).
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the fees were “duplicative” of the fees based on breach of contract. Any errant
statement that Coleman proved breach of contract was harmless.
       Mandel asserts that Coleman’s misappropriation claim fails because
Coleman assigned his intellectual property to White Nile. The courts below
held that White Nile breached its contract with Coleman by failing to pay his
salary and thus the assignment failed for lack of consideration. But Mandel is
correct in asserting that a failure of a party to perform the contract does not
void the obligations under that contract.                As a bilateral contract, the
consideration was the promise of performance not the actual performance. 11
However, this does not dispose of the issue because we may affirm a judgment
upon any basis supported by the record. 12 The courts below also held that
Mandel was liable to Coleman for fraud in the inducement and “a fraudulently
induced contract is void.” 13
       Mandel counters that Coleman’s fraudulent inducement claims fail for
two reasons: (1) Coleman did not timely file a fraud cause of action and (2) the
misrepresentations that form the basis of the fraud claim came after Coleman
agreed to the consulting contract. As to the first argument, Mandel claims that
Coleman failed to include a fraudulent inducement claim in the joint pre-trial
order and thus could not recover on that theory. Although Coleman may not
have delineated his fraudulent inducement allegations as a specific count, he
did include factual allegations of misrepresentations that Mandel made to


       11 E.g., Roark v. Stallworth Oil & Gas Inc., 813 S.W.2d 492, 496 (Tex. 1991)
(“Consideration is a present exchange bargained for in return for a promise.”); see also
Westlake Petrochemicals, L.L.C. v. United Polychem, Inc., 688 F.3d 232, 239 (5th Cir. 2012)
(stating that consideration requires mutual obligation or promises, not actual performance).
       12  United States v. Chacon, 742 F.3d 219, 220 (5th Cir. 2014) (“We may affirm the
district court’s judgment on any basis supported by the record.”).
       13Fazio v. Cypress/GR Houston I, L.P., 403 S.W.3d 390, 419 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2013, no pet.) (citing Italian Cowboy Partners, Ltd. v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 341
S.W.3d 323, 331 (Tex. 2011)).
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entice Coleman into becoming a consultant for White Nile under a heading
titled, “Representations to Coleman.” The pretrial order included assertions
that Mandel represented to Coleman that Mandel intended to invest of his own
money, that Mandel had hired a local firm to create system documents, and
that Mandel had already invested $100,000 of his own money. “[A] pleading,
or pretrial order, need not specify in exact detail every possible theory of
recovery—it must only give the defendant fair notice of what the plaintiff’s
claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” 14
       Mandel contends that Coleman’s failure to include these allegations in
the first version of his complaint barred him from subsequently alleging these
facts in the pre-trial order. But it is well established that a pre-trial order
“supersede[s] all prior pleadings and ‘control[s] the subsequent course of the
action.’” 15 “Once the pretrial order is entered, it controls the scope and course
of the trial.” 16 Further, Mandel signed the pre-trial order and did not object to
the inclusion of these allegations at the time of the order, and any argument
regarding their propriety is waived.
       Mandel’s final assertions of error on this issue are that five of the six
alleged misrepresentations occurred after Coleman signed his consulting
agreement and therefore could not serve as the basis for a fraudulent
inducement claim. This is incorrect. Coleman testified that at least three of
the six alleged misrepresentations found by the bankruptcy court occurred
prior to Coleman signing his consulting agreement on October 1, 2005.
Coleman testified that he was told that Mandel had made a $100,000


       14 Thrift v. Hubbard, 44 F.3d 348, 356 (5th Cir. 1995) (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted).
       15 Rockwell Int’l Corp. v. United States, 549 U.S. 457, 474 (2007) (citing Syrie v. Knoll
Int’l, 748 F.2d 304, 308 (5th Cir. 1984) (internal quotation marks omitted)).
       16   Kona Tech. Corp. v. S. Pac. Transp. Co., 225 F.3d 595, 604 (5th Cir. 2000).
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                                 No. 13-40751
investment by both Mandel and Thrasher in September 2005.              Coleman
testified that the representation that Mandel had arranged for a $1 million
investment for the Manila development team occurred in September 2005. He
testified that he was told that White Nile would hire a local firm, to be paid by
Mandel in cash, to create system documents for White Nile, also in September
2005.    The other three misrepresentations found by the bankruptcy court
occurred either before or at the same time that Coleman signed his contract.
Coleman testified that he was told that Mandel had prepared pro-forma
financial projections for White Nile “in or around the end of September, the
beginning of October.” He was also incorrectly told that Rod Martin was
working full-time for White Nile in September, before he signed the contract.
That most of the alleged misrepresentations occurred before Coleman signed
his consulting contract is sufficient to uphold the bankruptcy court’s finding of
fraudulent inducement. To the extent that there is conflicting testimony on
some of these statements or that some of these statements may have taken
place after October 1, 2005, the bankruptcy court found Coleman’s testimony
that the events took place before he signed the contract to be credible, and
nothing in the record discredits this finding or shows that the bankruptcy court
committed clear error in making this finding. Mandel’s second ground for
reversing the district court fails. We affirm the judgment on these issues as
well.
                                       V
    Mandel assigns error regarding various other causes of action alleged by
Thrasher and Coleman.
   A. Fraud as to Thrasher and White Nile
        Mandel alleges that the bankruptcy court erred in finding fraud as to
Thrasher and White Nile.        The elements of fraud are: (1) a material
misrepresentation was made, (2) it was false, (3) the speaker knew it was false
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                                          No. 13-40751
or made it recklessly, (4) the representation was made with the intention that
it be acted on by the other party, (5) the party acted in reliance, and (6) the
party suffered injury. 17          The bankruptcy court found three statements by
Mandel to be fraudulent: that Mandel had invested $300,000 in White Nile,
an investor had placed $1 million in escrow, and there was a team in the
Philippines developing White Nile’s intellectual property.
         Mandel contends that there was no fraud because there was no evidence
that Thrasher and Coleman would have developed the intellectual property
absent these statements. The materiality of this argument is unclear. To the
extent that it pertains to the question of whether there was injury, there was
evidence of an injury.             While at NeXplore, Mandel was able to attract
investments of more than $18 million to develop the intellectual property that
belonged to Thrasher and Coleman.                  Thrasher and Coleman’s intellectual
property clearly had value, and investors were available to fund a venture had
Thrasher and Coleman developed the intellectual property absent Mandel. The
bankruptcy court found that Thrasher was prevented from attempting to
develop          this    technology      because      of   his    reliance     on    Mandel’s
misrepresentations. That finding is supported by the evidence.
   B. Shareholder Oppression
         The bankruptcy court found six acts of shareholder oppression, including
that Mandel usurped White Nile’s business opportunities, failed to prosecute
White Nile’s intellectual property, used litigation in an attempt to prevent
Thrasher and Coleman from reclaiming their intellectual property, and
created NeXplore to develop substantially similar intellectual property.
Subsequent to the bankruptcy court’s decision the Supreme Court of Texas



         17   Johnson & Higgins of Tex., Inc. v. Kenneco Energy, Inc., 962 S.W.2d 507, 524 (Tex.
1998).
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                                       No. 13-40751
held that there is no common law cause of action for shareholder oppression,
concluding instead that such a claim may only be brought pursuant to Section
11.404 of the Texas Business Organizations Code. 18                 Under the statutory
definition of shareholder oppression:
      [A] corporation’s directors or managers engage in “oppressive”
      actions under . . . section 11.404 when they abuse their authority
      over the corporation with the intent to harm the interests of one or
      more of the shareholders, in a manner that does not comport with
      the honest exercise of their business judgment, and by doing so
      create a serious risk of harm to the corporation. 19
      Even under this new standard we conclude that Thrasher has met his
burden to demonstrate shareholder oppression. Mandel does not challenge any
of the findings of fact of the bankruptcy court on this issue. These findings of
fact clearly lay out not only that Mandel abused his authority but that he did
so with an intent to harm Thrasher’s interests in White Nile. However, we
note that on remand, Thrasher is not entitled to compensatory damages on this
claim even though he has prevailed. The Supreme Court of Texas made clear
that Section 11.404 “creates a single cause of action with a single remedy.” 20
This remedy is not the award of compensatory damages but the “appointment
of a rehabilitative receiver.” 21 Therefore, on remand the district court should
not award compensatory damages on the shareholder oppression claim.
   C. Breach of Fiduciary Duty
      The bankruptcy court found seven breaches of the fiduciary duty Mandel
owed to White Nile. The elements of a breach of fiduciary duty claim are: (1) a
fiduciary relationship between the plaintiff and defendant exists; (2) a breach


      18   Ritchie v. Rupe, 2014 WL 2788335, at *6, 22 (Tex. Jun. 20, 2014).
      19   Id. at *9.
      20   Id. at *10.
      21   Id.
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                                       No. 13-40751
by the defendant of his fiduciary duty; and (3) an injury to the plaintiff or a
benefit to the defendant from the breach. 22 The bankruptcy court found that
Mandel failed to prosecute White Nile’s patent rights, failed to enforce non-
disclosure agreements, released members from nondisclosure agreements,
competed with White Nile by forming NeXplore, transferred funds from White
Nile to NeXplore, disseminated White Nile’s trade secrets, and failed to
disclose to other officers and shareholders the formation of NeXplore. Mandel
contends that he could not have breached his fiduciary duty because a
resolution of the board of directors released him from his non-disclosure and
non-compete agreements. This analysis elides that this resolution was adopted
after Mandel purported to force Thrasher and Martin out of the company and
purported to elect two of his allies to the board.                In any event, a board
resolution adopted by interested directors does not negate a breach of fiduciary
duties. 23 Mandel has not shown that the bankruptcy court’s detailed findings
on this issue were incorrect.
   D. Breach of Contract as to White Nile and Thrasher
       Mandel argues that the bankruptcy court wrongly concluded that
Mandel breached his non-disclosure agreements with both Thrasher and
White Nile. He cites no authority in this section of his brief. This argument is
waived for being insufficiently briefed. 24



       22 Lundy v. Masson, 260 S.W.3d 482, 501 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet.
denied) (citing Jones v. Blume, 196 S.W.3d 440, 447 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, pet. denied)).
       23See, e.g., Gearhart Indus., Inc. v. Smith Int’l, Inc., 741 F.2d 707, 719-20 (5th Cir.
1984); Clark v. Lomas & Nettleton Fin. Corp., 625 F.2d 49, 52-53 (5th Cir. 1980); see also TEX.
BUS. ORGS. CODE ANN. § 21.418 (“Contracts or Transactions Involving Interested Directors
and Officers”).
       24 United States v. Demmitt, 706 F.3d 665, 670 (5th Cir. 2013) (“As Demmitt has cited
no authority in support of her contentions . . . we hold this argument waived.”); N.W. Enters.,
Inc. v. City of Hous., 352 F.3d 162, 183 n.24 (5th Cir. 2003) (“A litigant’s failure to provide
legal or factual analysis results in waiver.”); see also FED. R. APP. P. 28(a)(8)(A).
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                                 No. 13-40751
   E. Conspiracy
      Mandel contends that “[i]f the Court reverses the conclusions of fraud
and of misappropriation and theft of trade secrets in favor of Coleman, then
there is no underlying tort [for conspiracy] and the Court should reverse the
conclusion of conspiracy.” As we do not reverse the conclusions of fraud and
misappropriation, we affirm the bankruptcy court’s judgment regarding the
count of conspiracy.
                                       VI
      The bankruptcy court awarded $1.7 million in actual damages. Mandel
asserts that this award should be vacated because there was insufficient,
credible evidence presented to support it. Thrasher and Coleman claim that
the damages award should be increased significantly because the evidence
demonstrates that the actual value of either White Nile or the misappropriated
trade secrets was significantly more than $1.7 million. Mandel also challenges
the bankruptcy court’s award of attorneys’ fees to Coleman, and Thrasher and
Coleman cross-appeal that the bankruptcy court erred in denying exemplary
damages.
   A. Compensatory Damages
      Thrasher and Coleman offered a number of damage theories in the
bankruptcy court. First, they advanced a “lost asset” or “lost profit” theory of
damages, asserting that they could recover the value of the asset that they lost.
An expert testified that the fair market value of White Nile was $56 million
based on the sale of other, similarly situated start-up companies.           The
bankruptcy court rejected this evidence, concluding that the expert’s
“calculations of market value fail[ed] to adequately account for the extremely
high failure rate of companies like White Nile.” Thrasher and Coleman also
offered evidence of the value of White Nile based on the investments made by
the Laynes. Extrapolating from the Laynes’ purchase of 75,000 shares in White
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                                 No. 13-40751
Nile for $300,000, White Nile would have a value of $219 million.              The
bankruptcy court rejected this evidence because the Laynes had, like Thrasher
and Coleman, “received false information about [Carrascoso’s] investment in
White Nile at the investor meeting in Arkansas” prior to their decision to
invest.
      Thrasher and Coleman introduced evidence of the value of NeXplore as
evidence of either the value of the lost asset or the value of a fair licensing
price. NeXplore never made a profit but it was trading, at its lowest point, at
approximately $0.30 per share on the “Pink Sheets.” Using this price as a
benchmark, Mandel owned $9.9 million in NeXplore stock. The bankruptcy
court concluded that this value was on a “sharply downward trajectory,” and
that the evidence of the fair market value of NeXplore was “fuzzy.” Finally, the
bankruptcy court declined to base damages on the extent of the wrongful
benefit to Mandel—$2,726,926 in salary from NeXplore and $725,789 in
attorneys’ fees from NeXplore—because it was “not necessarily an indication
of value” for the misappropriated trade secret.
      The bankruptcy court rejected each of Thrasher’s and Coleman’s theories
of damages.     It nevertheless assessed damages because “Thrasher and
Coleman were damaged by the conduct of Mandel” and “should prevail on their
claims.” The court then awarded $1,000,000 to Thrasher and $400,000 to
Coleman, without explaining the theory on which it relied or identifying the
evidence that supported these awards.
      The district court affirmed the damages in their entirety. The district
court first held that “the bankruptcy court did not error [sic] in determining
that the damages models advanced by claimants are not helpful in assessing
damages under the facts of this case.” The district court reasoned that the
evidence adduced was not determinative of either the value of the trade secret
as a lost asset or the value of the “reasonable royalty” that the owners of the
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                                       No. 13-40751
trade secret would have been due. The district court nevertheless affirmed the
award, reasoning that “[t]he nature of Mandel’s misappropriation made it
virtually impossible to prove the amount of damages with reasonable
certainty,” but that this uncertainty should not completely prevent recovery.
The district court concluded that assessing damages in this type of a case
“require[d] a flexible and imaginative approach.”                Both sides appeal this
determination.
     Damages in misappropriation cases can take several forms: the
     value of plaintiff’s lost profits; the defendant’s actual profits from
     the use of the secret, the value that a reasonably prudent investor
     would have paid for the trade secret; the development costs the
     defendant avoided incurring through misappropriation; and a
     reasonable royalty. 25

Damages need not be proved with great specificity. A flexible approach is
applied to the calculation of damages in a misappropriation of trade secrets
case. 26    “Where the damages are uncertain . . . we do not feel that the
uncertainty should preclude recovery; the plaintiff should be afforded every
opportunity to prove damages once the misappropriation is shown.” 27                    It is
sufficient that the plaintiff demonstrates “the extent of damages as a matter
of just and reasonable inference” even if the extent is only an approximation. 28




        Wellogix, Inc. v. Accenture, L.L.P., 716 F.3d 867, 879 (5th Cir. 2013) (quoting
       25

Bohnsack v. Varco, L.P., 668 F.3d 262, 280 (5th Cir. 2012)).
       26Id. (“This variety of approaches demonstrates the flexible approach used to calculate
damages for claims of misappropriation of trade secrets.” (internal quotation marks
omitted)).
       27Univ. Computing Co. v. Lykes-Youngstown Corp., 504 F.2d 518, 539 (5th Cir. 1974).
While University Computing was a decision under Georgia law the Fifth Circuit has cited it
favorably in regard to Texas trade secret law on multiple occasions. See Wellogix, 716 F.3d at
879; Carbo Ceramics, Inc. v. Keefe, 166 F. App’x 714, 722 (5th Cir. 2006).
       28 DSC Commc’ns Corp. v. Next Level Commc’ns, 107 F.3d 322, 330 (5th Cir. 1997)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
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                                       No. 13-40751
      In the present case the bankruptcy court did not make clear the theory
upon which it was relying to award damages nor did it explain the evidence
supporting the amount of damages. While it is true that uncertainty should
not preclude recovery in a trade secrets misappropriation case, 29 Thrasher and
Coleman were required to produce enough credible evidence to show “the
extent of the damages as a matter of just and reasonable inference,” even if the
“result be only approximate.” 30 From the bankruptcy court’s opinion we do not
see an approximation—only numbers chosen by the court.
      Thrasher and Coleman contend that our recent decision in Wellogix, Inc.
v. Accenture, L.L.P. 31 supports awarding damages based on the evidence
presented at trial. This is incorrect. In Wellogix, we affirmed a jury award of
$26.2 million in compensatory damages in a Texas misappropriation of trade
secrets case despite the defendant’s arguments that the valuation was “too
speculative.” 32         The amount awarded was the amount that the plaintiff’s
damages expert had testified the company was worth, after deducting the cost
of licensing fees. 33 Unlike the present case, the trier of fact calculated the
damages award by crediting the evidence presented at trial. Here, the
bankruptcy court awarded a damages figure that does not appear to be based
on any of the damages models presented.
     Rather, the bankruptcy court justified its damages award with a sole
citation: a reference to a treatise on uncertainty in damages in Texas law that
relied on a handful of decades-old Texas court of appeals cases that



      29   Univ. Computing Co., 504 F.2d. at 539.
      30   Wellogix, 716 F.3d at 879 (citing DSC Commcn’s Corp., 107 F.3d at 330).
      31   716 F.3d 867 (5th Cir. 2013).
      32   Id. at 880.
      33   Id. at 879.
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                                         No. 13-40751
predominantly involved personal injury torts. The district court affirmed the
awards with a citation to one of those personal injury cases. Neither of these
citations justifies the damages award here. Even under our “flexible approach”
to damages in a misappropriation of trade secrets case, the damages awarded
must have some rational relationship to the evidence presented.
       Thrasher         and    Coleman       alternatively     argue     that    we    should
independently increase the damages awarded on the basis of the evidence that
the bankruptcy court rejected. We decline to do so.
     Because neither the bankruptcy court nor the district court explained the
evidentiary and legal basis for the damages awarded, we are unable to review
the damages adequately. Because, however, Thrasher and Coleman did suffer
some damage, we vacate the award of compensatory damages and remand to
the bankruptcy court so that it may either conduct an additional evidentiary
hearing on the issue of damages or explain its award of damages on the basis
of the evidence in the present record. 34
   B. Attorneys’ Fees
     Mandel challenges the award of attorneys’ fees to Coleman. We review
the amount of attorneys’ fees granted by a bankruptcy court for an abuse of
discretion. 35      In the initial bankruptcy court opinion the court awarded
$705,000 to the Law Offices of Elvin E. Smith. Mandel alleges that these fees
were errantly awarded on the basis of Coleman’s breach of contract claim. But
this is incorrect. The bankruptcy court explained in its opinion that the


       34 See, e.g., Lebron v. United States, 279 F.3d 321, 329 (5th Cir. 2002) (remanding issue
of damages because court could not determine, from trial court’s opinion, whether the
calculation of damages was correct); Great Pines Water Co. v. Liqui-Box Corp., 203 F.3d 920,
925 (5th Cir. 2000) (“Because we cannot determine [the basis for the damages award] we
must vacate the award and remand for a partial new damage trial.”); see also MBM Fin. Corp.
v. Woodlands Operating Co., 292 S.W.3d 660, 665 (Tex. 2009).
       35   In re Repine, 536 F.3d 512, 518 (5th Cir. 2008).
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                                     No. 13-40751
primary basis for the fees is the theft of trade secrets claim. The court stated
that “90% of [the claimed attorneys’ fees] relates to their theft of trade secrets
claim, which is duplicative (at least in part) of their claim for attorneys’ fees
and costs based on breach of contract.”            In the accompanying order, the
bankruptcy court found that Coleman “ha[d] established claims against
Mandel for fraud, conspiracy, and misappropriation or theft of trade secrets.”
The $705,000 in attorneys’ fees for Elvin E. Smith could only have been based
on the theft of trade secrets claim. 36 The bankruptcy court did not abuse its
discretion in awarding these fees.
   C. Exemplary Damages
   Thrasher and Coleman also assert that courts below erred by failing to
award exemplary damages. Under Texas law, with exceptions not relevant
here, “exemplary damages may be awarded only if the claimant proves by clear
and convincing evidence that the harm with respect to which the claimant
seeks recovery of exemplary damages results from . . . fraud . . . malice . . . or
. . . gross negligence.” 37 The bankruptcy court held that exemplary damages
were inappropriate because the Claimants had failed to prove malice. But even
if the bankruptcy court erred by failing to consider fraud or gross negligence,
exemplary damages are inherently discretionary. “[T]he determination of
whether to award exemplary damages and the amount of exemplary damages
to be awarded is within the discretion of the trier of fact.” 38 Claimants have not
shown that it was an abuse of discretion not to award such damages.




      36See TEX CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 134.005(b) (“Each person who prevails in a suit
under this chapter shall be awarded court costs and reasonable and necessary attorney’s
fees.).
      37   Id. § 41.003.
      38   Id. § 41.010.
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                                         No. 13-40751
                                               VII
      Thrasher and Coleman argue that emails prepared by an attorney, Jeff
Travis, who was then counsel for both White Nile and Mandel, were wrongly
excluded by the bankruptcy court on the basis of attorney-client privilege. To
reverse based on an evidentiary ruling of a bankruptcy court, the court must
have abused its direction 39 and must have prejudiced the substantial rights of
the objecting party. 40 Thrasher and Coleman assert that these documents
supported their claim for exemplary damages. In particular, the emails “relate
to impeaching Mandel about his testimony regarding his knowledge,
participation and direction in the [bar grievance] procedure that was filed
against Thrasher.”          However, it is not clear how the admission of these
documents would have altered the bankruptcy court’s ultimate conclusion.
Even without these documents, the bankruptcy court accepted that Mandel’s
purpose in filing the bar grievance was to “cow Thrasher by threatening his
livelihood.” Nevertheless, the bankruptcy court declined to award exemplary
damages. As we have already affirmed that it was not an abuse of discretion
for the bankruptcy court to decline to award punitive damages, the exclusion
of these documents, even if erroneous, did not substantially prejudice the
rights of the Claimants.
                                         *       *      *

      The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED in part. We VACATE
the award of compensatory damages and REMAND to the bankruptcy court
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.




      39   In re Repine, 536 F.3d at 518.
      40   Triple Tee Golf, Inc. v. Nike, Inc., 485 F.3d 253, 265 (5th Cir. 2007).
                                                25
