Filed 3/23/15 P. v. Perez CA3
                                          NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                     THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                     (El Dorado)
                                                            ----




THE PEOPLE,                                                                            C075627

                   Plaintiff and Respondent,                             (Super. Ct. No. P13CRF0197)

         v.

CRYSTAL JEANETTE PEREZ,

                   Defendant and Appellant.




         Following an unsuccessful Penal Code section 1538.5 motion to suppress evidence
essential to her conviction, defendant Crystal Jeanette Perez pleaded no contest to
possession of heroin (Health & Saf. Code, § 11350, subd. (a)) and possession of drug
paraphernalia (Health & Saf. Code, § 11364.1, subd. (a)). On appeal, she claims the trial
court erred in denying her motion to suppress evidence because the search of her person
following a traffic stop was unreasonable. The People argue it was proper to deny the
suppression motion because the search was reasonable based on officer safety concerns
and defendant’s consent, and because discovery of contraband in defendant’s pocket was

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inevitable. We conclude the patdown search was reasonable based on the totality of
circumstances and that defendant consented to the search of her pockets. Therefore, we
shall affirm the judgment.

                              FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       Because the sole issue on appeal is the denial of the motion to suppress, we
summarize the facts as adduced at that hearing.

       On February 25, 2013, at approximately 12:05 a.m., Sheriff’s Deputy Adam
Stockeland, who had more than 10 years of experience as a police officer, was on a
regular patrol of the parking garage at the Red Hawk Casino. Narcotics and alcohol are
commonly consumed in the garage before, during, and after casino patrons enter and exit
the casino. There are pedestrian entrances to the casino on each floor of the garage, and
at the relevant time there was a consistent flow of foot traffic to and from the casino.

       Deputy Stockeland noticed a car traveling approximately 25 miles per hour, which
he considered excessive speed given the number of pedestrians passing through the
vehicle traffic path, the restrictive driving area, and the small parking spaces. Out of his
concern for pedestrians and other drivers, Stockeland began following the car in a parallel
path through the garage. As they reached the far end of the garage, Stockeland made a
left hand turn, and the car turned in front of Stockeland without observing cross-traffic,
cutting Stockeland off and forcing him to brake to avoid hitting the car. Stockeland
followed the car and activated his spotlight, causing the car to stop about five feet from
the entrance to the casino.

       Once the car stopped, the driver and passenger (defendant) both got out in “an
accelerated fashion” and walked towards Deputy Stockeland’s patrol car. Stockeland
directed them to stop, and defendant asked why in a manner Stockeland described as
“excited a little bit, mild” but not necessarily aggressive. Stockeland patted down the



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driver. Before he began patting down defendant, she told the driver she loved him and to
call someone. Stockeland understood this comment to indicate that defendant was
feeling guilty and may have contraband on her person. Stockeland justified the patdown
of defendant based on her bulky loose-fitting sweatshirt, which in his experience may be
worn to conceal weapons.

       As Deputy Stockeland began patting down defendant’s exterior clothing, he asked
where her identification was. She pointed with her head toward the right side of her body
and said it was in her right front pants pocket. Stockeland reached into her right pants
pocket, where he felt a number of personal items but not her identification. He pulled out
a few of the items, including 10 oval-shaped pills wrapped in plastic and a small plastic
baggie containing what he suspected to be marijuana. Defendant did not have a medical
marijuana card. Stockeland again asked defendant where her identification was, and this
time she gestured her head to the left and said it was in her left front pants pocket. There,
Stockeland found a clear blue plastic baggie and a pink container containing a black tarry
substance he observed to be heroin.

       Deputy Stockeland placed the driver in the back of his patrol car, and asked a
since-arrived deputy to watch defendant. Stockeland walked to the passenger side of the
vehicle, and through the window he saw a methamphetamine pipe and three syringes, two
of which were filled with a black substance, on the passenger side floorboard. Defendant
admitted the syringes and pipe were hers.

       The trial court denied defendant’s motion to suppress evidence. It found there was
reasonable cause to stop the vehicle and to contact defendant, and that defendant had
“injected herself” into the situation by getting out of the car and approaching Deputy
Stockeland. The trial court also found that once Stockeland had found the marijuana and
pills in defendant’s right pants pocket, the continued searches of defendant’s person and
the car were not problematic. The crux of the case, from the trial court’s perspective, was


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whether the deputy had cause to initiate the patdown search of defendant. Though the
court considered Stockeland’s testimony inarticulate, it found he had expressed an officer
safety concern warranting a patdown search based on the totality of the circumstances,
e.g., the time of night, the location, the deputy’s solo status, that the driver and defendant
approached him, and that defendant was wearing bulky clothing that may be used to
conceal weapons. The trial court also found that by defendant’s informing Stockeland
her identification was in her right, then her left pants pocket, instead of providing it to
him, she “tacit[ly] invit[ed]” him to reach into both of her pockets.

                                       DISCUSSION

       Challenges to the admissibility of evidence obtained by a search or seizure are
evaluated under federal constitutional standards. (People v. Schmitz (2012) 55 Cal.4th
909, 916.) The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects an
individual’s right to be secure in his or her person against unreasonable searches and
seizures. (Terry v. Ohio (1968) 392 U.S. 1, 8-9 [20 L.Ed.2d 898] (Terry).) The central
inquiry under the Fourth Amendment is the reasonableness under all of the circumstances
of the particular governmental invasion of a defendant’s personal security. (Terry, supra,
at p. 19.) A defendant may move to suppress evidence obtained as the result of an
unreasonable search or seizure. (Pen. Code, § 1538.5, subd. (a)(1)(A).)

       In reviewing the trial court’s denial of a suppression motion, we consider the
record in the light most favorable to the trial court’s disposition and defer to the trial
court’s factual findings, if supported by substantial evidence. (People v. Tully (2012)
54 Cal.4th 952, 979.) Any conflicts in the evidence are resolved in favor of the trial
court’s order. (People v. Limon (1993) 17 Cal.App.4th 524, 529.) If “ ‘ “the evidence is
uncontradicted, we do not engage in a substantial evidence review, but face pure
questions of law.” ’ ” (Ibid.) We exercise our independent judgment to determine
whether, on the facts found, the search or seizure was reasonable under the Fourth


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Amendment. (Tully, supra, at p. 979.) And we will affirm the trial court’s ruling if
correct on any theory of applicable law, even if for reasons different than those given by
the trial court. (People v. Evans (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 735, 742; People v. Hua (2008)
158 Cal.App.4th 1027, 1033.)

                         I. Reasonableness of Patdown Search

       Defendant contends Deputy Stockeland’s patsearch of defendant was not
reasonable. Under Terry, Stockeland could subject defendant to a patsearch for weapons
only if there were specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational
inferences from those facts, would lead a reasonably prudent person in the same
circumstances to believe that defendant may be armed and dangerous. (Arizona v.
Johnson (2009) 555 U.S. 323, 326-327 [172 L.Ed.2d 694, 700]; Ybarra v. Illinois (1979)
444 U.S. 85, 92-94 [62 L.Ed.2d 238, 246-247]; People v. Superior Court (Simon) (1972)
7 Cal.3d 186, 206; see People v. Sandoval (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 205, 212-213; People
v. Dickey (1994) 21 Cal.App.4th 952, 956 (Dickey).) We do not view the facts and
inferences in isolation or taken separately from each other, rather we review the totality
of the circumstances to determine the reasonableness of the search. (United States v.
Arvizu (2002) 534 U.S. 266, 273-275 [151 L.Ed.2d 740].) In considering the totality of
the circumstances, we must give due weight to the factual inferences drawn by law
enforcement. (Ibid.; see Dickey, supra, 21 Cal.App.4th at p. 957.)

       Nonetheless, the sole justification for a Terry search is to discover weapons or
instruments that may be used to assault a police officer. (Adams v. Williams (1972)
407 U.S. 143, 146 [32 L.Ed.2d 612, 617].) And, a nonspecific suspicion the detainee
potentially may have been armed cannot support an officer’s patdown search. (Dickey,
supra, 21 Cal.App.4th at p. 956.) However, where there is a reasonable suspicion illegal
drugs are in a car, an officer may be justified in conducting a patdown search of the car’s
occupants for officer safety reasons in the absence of facts allaying those concerns.


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(People v. Collier (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 1374, 1377-1378.) This is premised, at least
in part, on the commonly accepted notion that “ ‘guns often accompany drugs.’ ” (Id. at
p. 1378, quoting U.S. v. Sakyi (4th Cir. 1998) 160 F.3d 164, 169; accord, People v.
Osborne (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 1052, 1060.)

       Here, Deputy Stockeland stopped the car defendant was riding in as a passenger at
12:05 a.m. in a parking garage that is reputed to be used for the consumption of narcotics;
the driver of the vehicle was driving at an excessive speed and nearly collided with
Stockeland’s patrol car; instead of waiting in the car for the solo deputy to approach
them, defendant and the driver rapidly exited their vehicle and approached the deputy;
defendant was wearing baggy clothing that the deputy knew could be worn to conceal
weapons; and before he began his search of defendant, she told the driver she loved him
and to call someone, which Stockeland understood to be indicative that she was carrying
contraband of some kind. Based on the totality of circumstances, we conclude it was
reasonable for Stockeland to conduct a patdown search of defendant for officer safety
reasons.

                             II. Consent to Search Pockets

       Defendant also contends that the search of her pockets was unlawful because her
“consent” was not voluntarily given in light of the unlawful patsearch. Defendant is
correct that if the initial patdown search of defendant was unlawful, her consent to have
Deputy Stockeland reach into her pockets to find her identification would likely also be
invalid. (See People v. Henderson (1990) 220 Cal.App.3d 1632, 1651 [noting consent
that is the product of unlawful police conduct is invalid unless there is a showing of
attenuation]; accord, People v. Valenzuela (1994) 28 Cal.App.4th 817, 833 [“it is
axiomatic that a consent to search produced by an illegal arrest or detention is not
voluntary”].) She is also correct that an officer may not conduct a patdown search in
order to locate a person’s identification. (People v. Garcia (2006) 145 Cal.App.4th 782,


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788.) However, here, in light of the totality of circumstances, we have found the
patdown search was supported by a reasonable suspicion that defendant may have been
carrying a weapon. Therefore, we address whether defendant voluntarily consented to
Stockeland’s search of her pockets for her identification.

       Consent is a question of fact to be determined in light of all of the circumstances.
(People v. James (1977) 19 Cal.3d 99, 107.) Thus, “[w]hether consent was voluntarily
given or was in submission to an express or implied assertion of authority is a question of
fact.” (People v. Robinson (1974) 41 Cal.App.3d 658, 668.) “Where there is substantial
evidence supporting the conclusion that consent to search was given voluntarily, an
implied finding to this effect implicit in the order admitting the evidence pursuant to such
consent, is binding on appeal. [Citations.] Where evidence on the issue of the voluntary
nature of the consent conflicts, the finding of the lower court that the consent was
voluntary . . . must be upheld.” (Id. at pp. 668-669.) Here, the trial court found
defendant not only consented to have Deputy Stockeland search her pockets for her
identification, but that she tacitly invited him to do so. We conclude the evidence
presented—that defendant’s verbal and gestural direction to her right and then left pocket
when Stockeland asked where her identification was—meets the test of substantiality to
support a finding of voluntary consent. Therefore, the search of her pockets was not
unlawful.

                                III. Inevitable Discovery

       The People, for the first time on appeal, contend discovery of the contraband on
defendant’s person was “inevitable” because Deputy Stockeland would have searched her
once he saw the heroin and methamphetamine pipe on the passenger floorboard in plain
view. Under the inevitable discovery doctrine, illegally seized evidence may be used if it
would have been discovered by the police through lawful means. (People v. Robles
(2000) 23 Cal.4th 789, 800.) Defendant contends the argument is waived (forfeited)


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because it was not raised below and the factual basis for the argument is not fully set
forth in the record. We need not decide the issue because we have concluded
Stockeland’s search of defendant’s person was reasonable. Nonetheless, we note this is
not an ideal record on which to make such a contention: Stockeland searched defendant
before ever looking in the car and, absent Stockeland’s discovery of drugs on defendant’s
person, he would have no reason to look closely at the interior of the car, let alone
“inevitably” arrest and search its passenger (defendant).

                                      DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed.


                                                        BUTZ                  , J.



We concur:



      BLEASE                , Acting P. J.



      DUARTE                , J.




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