J. A15025/16


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37


COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,             :     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                          :          PENNSYLVANIA
                        Appellant         :
                                          :
                  v.                      :
                                          :
JOSHUA SAMUEL BENNETT                     :
                                          :
                                          :     No. 2417 EDA 2015
                                          :

                     Appeal from the Order July 8, 2015
               In the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County
            Criminal Division at No(s): CP-09-CR-0002123-2015

BEFORE: FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., DUBOW, J., and JENKINS, J.

MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.:                              FILED JULY 13, 2016

      The Commonwealth appeals from the July 8, 2015 Order entered in

the Bucks County Court of Common Pleas granting the Motion to Suppress

filed by Appellee, Joshua Samuel Bennett. After careful review, we conclude

that the trial court erred as a matter of law when it concluded Appellant’s

arrest had not been supported by probable cause. Accordingly, we reverse

the trial court’s Order and remand for further proceedings consistent with

this Memorandum.

      In its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) Opinion, the trial court summarized the factual

and procedural history as follows.

      On February 25, 2015, Appellee was charged with Driving Under
      the Influence ("DUI"): Controlled Substance- 1st Offense, DUI:
      Controlled Substance- Metabolite- 1st Offense, DUI: Controlled
      Substance- Impaired Ability- 1st Offense and Careless Driving.
J. A15025/16


     On July 7, 2015, Appellee filed a Motion to Suppress, alleging
     that no probable cause existed for Appellee's DUI arrest.

     A hearing was held in front of [the trial court] on Appellee's
     Motion to Suppress on July 8, 2015. The following evidence was
     submitted at said hearing.

     On January 9, 2015, around 4:16 p.m., Appellee was involved in
     a single vehicle traffic accident on Central Avenue, Route 309
     overpass in Hilltown Township. Appellee was the driver of a car
     [that] left the paved roadway and struck a tree.

     Officer Tucholski, of the Hilltown Township Police Department
     ("HTPD"), testified that he has been employed as a police officer
     with Hilltown for approximately eleven (11) years. Prior to this,
     Officer Tucholski was a deputy sheriff for one (1) year with
     Montgomery County's Sheriffs Department. Officer Tucholski has
     received training in the investigation of individuals suspected of
     driving under the influence of marijuana. Officer Tucholski was
     first to arrive at the scene of the accident.

     When Officer Tucholski arrived, he instructed Appellee to take a
     seat on the ground as he indicated that he may have suffered a
     neck or back injury from the crash. Appellee initially obeyed and
     sat on the ground but then stood back up and continued to
     stand. Officer Tucholski testified that Appellee appeared
     disoriented and unsteadily paced about the vehicle. Officer
     Tucholski further observed that Appellee had watery eyes and
     was speaking with a slower speech.          Appellee told Officer
     Tucholski that he possibly drove over ice which caused him to
     lose control of the motor vehicle but Officer Tucholski observed
     that there was no ice on the road at this time. When asked
     whether Appellee had a difficult time in answering questions that
     day, Officer Tucholski answered "no."

     During the investigation, Appellee was asked to keep his hands
     out of his pockets for the safety of the officers at least three (3)
     times. Officer Tucholski testified that Appellee kept putting his
     hands back into his pocket.       As a result, Officer Tucholski
     searched Appellee's pockets for weapons. During the search,
     Officer Tucholski found a soft-pouch containing a multi-colored
     glass pipe which had what Officer Tucholski believed to be
     marijuana residue in Appellee's left jacket side pocket. When
     Appellee stated that he had not smoked marijuana in the past
     two (2) days, Officer Tucholski testified that it was his belief that


                                     -2-
J. A15025/16


     Appellee had smoked more recently.         Thereafter, Officer
     Tucholski advised Appellee that he thought Appellee was under
     the influence and therefore the police would be requesting a
     blood sample at the hospital.

     When questioned by defense counsel as to why the officers did
     not conduct a field sobriety test on Appellee, Officer Tucholski
     answered that he did not want to harm Appellee, who had just
     been in a car accident with potential injuries that could have
     been exacerbated. Also, Officer Tucholski testified on cross
     examination that he did not find any marijuana in the car nor did
     he smell any marijuana on Appellee. Further, Officer Tucholski
     testified that the pipe used to smoke marijuana found on
     Appellee's person was not warm. Finally, Officer Tucholski did
     not testify that he smelled marijuana in the pipe, although that
     question was not asked on direct or cross.

     One of the other responding officers, Officer John Gildea of the
     Hilltown Township Police Department, has been a police officer
     for over twenty (20) years and has been employed with Hilltown
     for over eighteen (18) years.       Officer Gildea is trained in
     detecting marijuana intoxication and has experience with
     individuals who are under the influence of marijuana.

     Officer Gildea arrived at the scene of the motor vehicle crash and
     he observed that Appellee had a visible head injury and was
     bleeding from a wound on his forehead. Officer Gildea also
     observed that Appellee's eyes were watery and glazed. Officer
     Gildea testified that Appellee appeared to be unsteady on his
     feet, dazed, confused, and disoriented. Appellee admitted that
     he had last smoked marijuana two (2) to three (3) days prior to
     the accident.

     Officer Gildea testified that he did not smell any odor of freshly
     burnt marijuana on either Appellee or in Appellee's car.
     Further, no field sobriety tests were conducted. Because there
     was an accident and that Appellee had a visible head injury,
     Officer Gildea testified that there was a fifty-fifty chance that
     Appellee was driving under the influence of marijuana. It follows
     that the officer testified that there was also a fifty-fifty chance
     that his observations of Defendant were a result of his head
     injury. Officer Gildea further noted that the tire tracks showed
     that Appellee likely did not swerve to avoid an obstacle and he
     stated that the fact Appellee was involved in a single vehicle
     accident was an indicator that the driver might be impaired.


                                    -3-
J. A15025/16


      There was snow on the sides of the road but the roadway itself
      was clear.

Trial Court Opinion, dated 8/27/15, at 1-4 (footnotes omitted).

      At the close of the hearing, the trial court granted Appellee’s Motion to

Suppress. Id. at 5.

      Appellant filed a timely Notice of Appeal. Both Appellant and the trial

court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

      Appellant raises the following issue for our review:

      Did the trial court err and/or misapply the law in granting
      suppression of all evidence in this case by finding insufficient
      probable cause to arrest Appellee for driving under the influence
      of a controlled substance where, at the scene of a one-vehicle
      crash, experienced officers made observations of Appellee that,
      while possibly attributable to Appellee's head injury, were more
      indicative of being under the influence of a controlled substance,
      where Appellee made inconsistent statements as to how the
      crash occurred, reflecting consciousness of guilt, where Appellee
      admitted to smoking marijuana, albeit on previous days, where
      Appellee was found in possession of a marijuana pipe, and,
      where one officer formed the opinion that Appellee was under
      the influence of a controlled substance to a degree that rendered
      him incapable of safe driving?

Appellant’s Brief at 4.

      Our standard of review applicable to suppression determinations is

well-settled.

      When the Commonwealth appeals from a suppression order, we
      follow a clearly defined standard of review and consider only the
      evidence from the defendant's witnesses together with the
      evidence of the prosecution that, when read in the context of the
      entire record, remains uncontradicted. The suppression court's
      findings of fact bind an appellate court if the record supports
      those findings. The suppression court's conclusions of law,
      however, are not binding on an appellate court, whose duty it is


                                      -4-
J. A15025/16


      to determine if the suppression court properly applied the law to
      the facts.

Commonwealth v. Nester, 709 A.2d 879, 880-81 (Pa. 1998).

      The trial court’s findings of facts are not at issue in the instant appeal.

Rather, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in its conclusions of law

when it concluded that the facts did not support the police officers’ probable

cause determination.     Appellant’s Brief at 13.     After careful review, we

agree.

      “To be constitutionally valid, a warrantless arrest must, of course, be

supported by probable cause.” Commonwealth v. Evans, 685 A.2d 535,

537 (Pa. 1996) (citation omitted).      Probable cause to stop and arrest a

defendant exists when “the facts and circumstances which are within the

knowledge of the officer at the time of the arrest, and of which he has

reasonably trustworthy information, are sufficient to warrant a man of

reasonable caution in the belief that the suspect has committed or is

committing a crime.” Commonwealth v. Rodriguez, 585 A.2d 988, 990

(Pa. 1991) (citation omitted). As our Supreme Court has made clear:

      The question we ask is not whether the officer's belief was
      correct or more likely true than false. Rather, we require only a
      probability, and not a prima facie showing, of criminal activity.
      In determining whether probable cause exists, we apply a
      totality of the circumstances test.

Commonwealth v. Thompson, 985 A.2d 928, 931 (Pa. 2009) (emphasis in

original) (quotation marks and citations omitted).




                                      -5-
J. A15025/16


        In applying the totality of the circumstances test, courts are instructed

to “consider all the factors and their total effect” and to refrain from

“concentrat[ing] on each individual element[.]” Commonwealth v. Quiles,

619 A.2d 291, 298 (Pa. Super. 1993) (citation omitted). In addition, it “is

important to view all of the facts and the totality of the circumstances in

order    to   avoid rendering a decision that       is ‘totally devoid of    the

commonsensical inferences that are drawn by trained police officers[.]’”

Commonwealth v. Wells, 916 A.2d 1192, 1195 (Pa. Super. 2007)

(emphasis in original) (citation omitted).

        Finally, “[p]robable cause exists when criminality is one reasonable

inference; it need not be the only, or even the most likely, inference.”

Quiles, supra at 298. See also Commonwealth v. Moss, 543 A.2d 514,

518 (Pa. 1988) (noting that the fact that other inferences could be drawn

does not demonstrate that the inference that was drawn by police was

unreasonable).

        In the instant case, the totality of the circumstances—when viewed

through the eyes of a “prudent, reasonable, cautious police officer guided by

experience and training”—amply supports the officers’ determination that

probable cause existed to arrest Appellant for DUI. Wells, supra at 1195.

Appellee was involved in a single-car crash for which he gave conflicting




                                       -6-
J. A15025/16


explanations.1 Even though they did not administer a formal field sobriety

test due to Appellee’s injury, both officers observed Appellee at the scene

and noted that (i) he was disoriented and unsteady on his feet, (ii) his

speech was unusually slow, and (iii) his eyes were watery and glazed. In

addition, Appellee admitted to the regular use of marijuana and officers

recovered a glass pipe with suspected marijuana residue from Appellee’s

person. N.T. 7/8/15, at 35-36. Based on those specific observations and

their many years of experience, both officers reasonably believed that

Appellee was under the influence of a controlled substance. Id. at 16, 37.

      The trial court opined that because Officer Gildea admitted that he

could not be certain whether the head wound was the cause of Appellee’s

appearance of intoxication at the scene, and there was no odor of a

prohibited   substance,   probable   cause   for   Appellee’s   arrest   was   not

supported. See Trial Court Opinion at 8. We note that, contrary to the trial

court’s implication, the Commonwealth was not required to disprove that

Appellee’s behavior was caused by a head injury suffered in the crash or to

prove that there was an odor of an illegal substance.               Rather, the

Commonwealth was only required to show that a DUI offense was one

1
  When first asked about the accident, Appellee told Officer Tucholski that his
vehicle slipped on ice in the roadway. N.T. 7/8/15, at 31-32. When Officer
Tucholski pointed out that there was no ice on the roadway, Appellee
changed his story and claimed to have crashed while avoiding a truck that
crossed over into his lane of travel. Id. at 32. Appellee gave Officer Gildea
a third version of events, claiming he swerved to avoid something in the
roadway. Id. at 17.



                                     -7-
J. A15025/16


“reasonable inference” to be drawn from the totality of the circumstances at

the time of the arrest. Quiles, supra at 298.

     For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the trial court erred in granting

Appellee’s Motion to Suppress.    Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s

Order and remand for further proceedings consistent with this Memorandum.

     Order reversed. Case remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished.

     President Judge Emeritus Ford Elliott joins the memorandum.

     Judge Jenkins concurs in the result.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 7/13/2016




                                    -8-
