[Cite as Harris v. Columbus, 2016-Ohio-1036.]

                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                  TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


Howard F. Harris,                                :

                Plaintiff-Appellant,             :               No. 15AP-792
                                                            (C.P.C. No. 14CV-13556)
v.                                               :
                                                       (ACCELERATED CALENDAR)
City of Columbus et al.,                         :

                Defendants-Appellees.            :



                                          D E C I S I O N

                                    Rendered on March 15, 2016


                On brief: Howard F. Harris, pro se. Argued: Howard F.
                Harris

                On brief: Ron O'Brien, Prosecuting Attorney, Scott O.
                Sheets, and Jesse W. Armstrong, for appellee Zach Scott.
                Argued: Scott O. Sheets

                On brief: Richard C. Pfeiffer, Jr., City Attorney, and
                Timothy J. Mangan, for appellees City of Columbus, Joren
                Byers, Bret Wilson, Chad Morrow, Jimmie Barnes, William
                Beard, Ken Kuebler, David Gitlitz, Ryan McNamara, and
                Alex Riling. Argued: Timothy J. Mangan

                 APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

PER CURIAM.
        {¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, Howard F. Harris, proceeding pro se, appeals from a
judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas granting: the motion for
summary judgment filed by defendant-appellee, City of Columbus ("city"); the motion for
judgment on the pleadings filed by defendant-appellee, Franklin County Sheriff Zach
Scott; and the motion for summary judgment filed by defendants-appellees, city police
officers Joren Byers, Bret Wilson, Sgt. Chad Morrow, Lt. Jimmie Barnes, Deputy Chief
No. 15AP-792                                                                              2


Ken Kuebler, William Beard, David Gitlitz, Sgt. Ryan McNamara, and Alex Rilling ("police
officers"). For the following reasons, we affirm.
I. Facts and Procedural History
       {¶ 2} On January 18, 2013, city police were called to Harris' residence due to a
report of a cutting or stabbing. Officer Byers confronted and tasered Harris, arresting him
at the scene. Officers Rilling and Gitlitz carried Harris from the residence to a prisoner
transport vehicle. The other appellee police officers were involved in this incident only as
support or supervisory personnel. The police transported Harris to Mt. Carmel Hospital
and then to the Franklin County Correctional Center, where he was held for four days.
       {¶ 3} Based on Columbus Police Officer Joshua Rhoads' investigation of Harris'
dispute with his family at the residence, Harris was charged on the day of the incident
with multiple counts of assault and domestic violence. Harris was also charged that day
with obstructing official business in connection with his confrontation with Officer Byers.
In exchange for the dismissal of the assault and domestic violence charges, Harris pleaded
no contest to the charge of obstruction of official business. The trial court accepted
Harris' plea and sentenced him to time served.
       {¶ 4} In December 2013, Harris filed suit in the Franklin County Court of
Common Pleas against the city, the police officers, and Sheriff Scott, alleging state and
federal claims against the appellees relating to Harris' arrest and confinement in jail in
January 2013 (Franklin C.P. No. 13CV-13784). The matter was removed to federal court
and then remanded to state court after Harris filed an amended complaint no longer
containing federal claims. In March 2014, the city asserted political subdivision immunity
and moved for dismissal as a party pursuant to Civ.R. 12(C). On December 4, 2014, the
trial court granted the city's motion to dismiss. A few weeks later, Harris voluntarily
dismissed the action without prejudice pursuant to Civ.R. 41.
       {¶ 5} On December 30, 2014, Harris refiled his state claims against the city, the
police officers, and Sheriff Scott, in the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas (Franklin
C.P. No. 14CV-13556). On February 9, 2015, the city moved for summary judgment,
arguing that the claims against it were barred by res judicata, collateral estoppel, and its
immunity. On February 17, 2015, Harris, represented by counsel, filed a response to the
city's motion for summary judgment, asserting that while he disagreed with the ruling of
No. 15AP-792                                                                               3


the trial court in the previous case, he agreed that the trial court's previous ruling
addressed the same issues as presented in the city's subsequent motion. On March 13,
2015, the trial court filed a decision and entry granting the city's motion for summary
judgment "[f]or the reasons already set forth" in the court's December 2014 decision.
       {¶ 6} On April 17, 2015, the police officers filed a motion for summary judgment
and evidence to support the motion. Three days later, Harris, still represented by counsel,
moved for an expansion of time to respond to the police officers' motion for summary
judgment. The request for additional time was based on Harris' counsel's request to
withdraw as counsel. On April 23, 2015, Sheriff Scott filed a motion for judgment on the
pleadings pursuant to Civ.R. 12(C).
       {¶ 7} On May 12, 2015, the trial court granted Harris additional time to respond
to the pending dispositive motions, specifically permitting him to file his responses to
those motions within 60 days of the date of the entry. The next day, the trial court
granted Harris' counsel's request to withdraw as counsel. On June 16, 2015, Harris filed a
pro se response to Sheriff Scott's motion for judgment on the pleadings. One week later,
Sheriff Scott filed a reply in support of his motion. Although not permitted by rule, on
July 4, 2015, Harris filed a memorandum contra to Sheriff Scott's reply. Harris did not
file a memorandum in opposition to the police officers' motion for summary judgment.
       {¶ 8} On July 28, 2015, the trial court filed two decisions in this matter. First, the
trial court filed a decision and entry granting Sheriff Scott's motion for judgment on the
pleadings. The trial court found that, even after construing all the material allegations in
the complaint in Harris' favor, none of the exceptions in R.C. 2744.02(B) apply to the
facts, and Sheriff Scott is therefore entitled to immunity and judgment as a matter of law.
Second, the trial court filed a decision and entry granting the police officers' motion for
summary judgment. The trial court found that, because the police officers are political
subdivision employees entitled to immunity under R.C. 2744.03(A)(6) and because no
exception applies to remove the immunity, the police officers are entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.
       {¶ 9} Harris timely appeals.
No. 15AP-792                                                                           4


II. Assignments of Error
       {¶ 10} Harris assigns the following errors for our review:
               [1.] The trial court erred in granting defendant-appellee(s),
               the police officers, motion for summary judgment under the
               implied immunity doctrine.

               [2.] The trial court erred in not addressing the constitutional
               issue of whether a suspect not in custody, reentering his
               residence per police orders can be subsequently pursued into
               his residence without an arrest warrant.

               [3.] The trial court erred in granting defendant-appellee, the
               City of Columbus' motion for summary judgment by applying
               the rules of immunity without application of the laws of
               agency and liability.

               [4.] The trial court erred in granting the defendant-appellee
               the Franklin County Sherriff Zach Scott motion for summary
               judgment in finding that the sheriffs [sic] bad conduct was not
               addressed by any known statutes.

III. Discussion
       {¶ 11} Before addressing Harris' assignments of error, we address a preliminary
matter. Following oral argument, Harris filed a "Memorandum Requesting Permission
To Submit Affidavit of Evidence."        Harris requests that this court consider certain
evidentiary materials in connection with his appeal. In effect, Harris attempts to submit
into the record materials that were not part of the record in the trial court. However,
"evidence not presented in the trial court may not be considered on appeal." Columbus v.
Wright, 48 Ohio App.3d 107, 110 (10th Dist.1988), citing State v. Ishmail, 54 Ohio St.2d
402 (1978). Therefore, we deny Harris' request to supplement the record on appeal with
material not part of the trial court record.
       A. First Assignment of Error – Summary Judgment in Favor of
          Police Officers
       {¶ 12} Harris' first assignment of error asserts the trial court erred in granting
summary judgment in favor of the police officers because the officers are not entitled to
immunity. This assignment of error lacks merit.
No. 15AP-792                                                                                               5


        {¶ 13} An appellate court reviews summary judgment under a de novo standard.
Coventry Twp. v. Ecker, 101 Ohio App.3d 38, 41 (9th Dist.1995); Koos v. Cent. Ohio
Cellular, Inc., 94 Ohio App.3d 579, 588 (8th Dist.1994).                       Summary judgment is
appropriate only when the moving party demonstrates (1) no genuine issue of material
fact exists, (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and
(3) reasonable minds could come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to
the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made, that party being
entitled to have the evidence most strongly construed in its favor. Civ.R. 56(C); State ex
rel. Grady v. State Emp. Relations Bd., 78 Ohio St.3d 181, 183 (1997).
        {¶ 14} Pursuant to Civ.R. 56(C), the moving party bears the initial burden of
informing the trial court of the basis for the motion and identifying those portions of the
record demonstrating the absence of a material fact. Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280,
293 (1996). However, the moving party cannot discharge its initial burden under this rule
with a conclusory assertion that the nonmoving party has no evidence to prove its case;
the moving party must specifically point to evidence of the type listed in Civ.R. 56(C)
affirmatively demonstrating that the nonmoving party has no evidence to support the
nonmoving party's claims. Id.; Vahila v. Hall, 77 Ohio St.3d 421, 429 (1997). Once the
moving party discharges its initial burden, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to set
forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Todd Dev. Co., Inc. v.
Morgan, 116 Ohio St.3d 461, 2008-Ohio-87, ¶ 11. If the nonmoving party does not so
respond, summary judgment, if appropriate, may be entered in favor of the party seeking
affirmative relief. Id.; Civ.R. 56(E).
        {¶ 15} Harris argues the trial court erred in not finding that the police officers
engaged in misconduct excluding them from immunity under R.C. 2744.03(A)(6). Under
R.C. 2744.03(A) a political subdivision employee, sued in his or her individual capacity,1
is immune from liability for "injury, death, or loss to person or property allegedly caused
by any act or omission in connection with a governmental or proprietary function," unless
one of three exceptions applies. Specifically, immunity under R.C. 2744.03(A)(6) does

1 A claim for damages against an officer or employee of a political subdivision acting in his or her official

capacity is the equivalent of a claim against the political subdivision itself and is governed by R.C.
2744.02(A) and (B). Lambert v. Clancy, 125 Ohio St.3d 231, 2010-Ohio-1483, ¶ 22. Harris' claims against
the city are discussed below in reference to his third assignment of error.
No. 15AP-792                                                                             6


not apply if: the "employee's acts or omissions were manifestly outside the scope of the
employee's employment or official responsibilities," R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(a); "[t]he
employee's acts or omissions were with malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or
reckless manner," R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(b); or "[c]ivil liability is expressly imposed upon
the employee by a section of the Revised Code." R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(c).
       {¶ 16} Harris does not allege the police officers were acting outside the scope of
their employment or official responsibilities, or that a statute expressly imposes civil
liability on the officers. Instead, Harris alleges they acted in a wanton manner or with a
malicious purpose. Thus, the trial court's analysis regarding the police officers' immunity
centered on whether there were any genuine issues of fact regarding whether the police
officers acted in a wanton manner or with a malicious purpose. "Willful misconduct
implies an intentional deviation from a clear duty or from a definite rule of conduct, a
deliberate purpose not to discharge some duty necessary to safety, or purposefully doing
wrongful acts with knowledge or appreciation of the likelihood of resulting injury."
Anderson v. Massillon, 134 Ohio St.3d 380, 2012-Ohio-5711, paragraph two of the
syllabus. "Wanton misconduct is the failure to exercise any care toward those to whom a
duty of care is owed in circumstances in which there is great probability that harm will
result." Id. at paragraph three of the syllabus.
       {¶ 17} As the party requesting summary judgment, the police officers had the
initial burden of demonstrating the absence of any genuine dispute regarding whether
they acted wantonly or maliciously. The police officers met their burden.
       {¶ 18} Harris' allegations of malicious and wanton conduct against the police
officers concern the police officers tasering him and carrying him to the transport vehicle
after his arrest.    Specifically, Harris' complaint alleged that he was tasered without
justification, that he was carried "in the most painful manner possible" to the police
transport vehicle after his arrest, and that his head was intentionally banged against the
vehicle. (Dec. 30, 2014 Complaint, 6.) The affidavit testimony of Officers Byers and
Rilling, submitted in support of their motion for summary judgment, directly refuted
those allegations.
       {¶ 19} Officer Byers averred as follows: Officer Byers was dispatched to Harris'
residence on a report of a "cutting/stabbing" and he understood the circumstance at
No. 15AP-792                                                                              7


Harris' residence to be on-going and life-threatening. (Byers Affidavit, 1.) Officer Byers
arrived at the scene in his police cruiser, quickly exited the vehicle, and approached the
residence with his weapon drawn. He encountered two upset women in front of the
Harris residence who informed him that another woman had been cut and was still in the
residence with the "crazy" male suspect. (Byers Affidavit, 2.) Officer Byers then saw
Harris "coming down the hallway of the house, covered with blood, and yelling in an
aggressive and hostile manner" at him. (Byers Affidavit, 3.) Harris exited the house and
"continued to yell as he came toward" Officer Byers. (Byers Affidavit, 3.) Officer Byers
dropped his gun and told Harris to back up. Harris began going back into the residence,
and Officer Byers told him to stop. Officer Byers ordered Harris not to go back into the
residence because he had not located the victim and was concerned for her safety. Officer
Byers was also concerned that Harris might retrieve a weapon or barricade himself and
the victim inside the residence. Because Harris continued to go back into the residence,
Officer Byers tasered him.
       {¶ 20} Officer Rilling averred as follows: Officer Rilling and Officer Gitlitz
transported Harris from inside his home to the transport vehicle. Harris was told to stand
up, but he refused. Because Harris did not cooperate in any way, the officers had to
physically lift and carry him to the transport vehicle. The officers took steps to carry
Harris in a manner that would avoid discomfort for him, which was difficult because he
"remained limp." (Rilling Affidavit, 2.) Officer Rilling was unaware that Harris bumped
his head as he was transported from the residence into the transport vehicle. Harris did
not complain that he had bumped his head, and Harris did not mention any discomfort
during the transport.
       {¶ 21} Because the police officers met their initial burden under Civ.R. 56 by
submitting evidence demonstrating that they did not engage in wanton or malicious
conduct, Harris was then required to respond setting forth specific facts in the record
showing that there was a genuine issue for trial. Harris did not respond to the police
officers' motion. Ruling on the police officers' motion, the trial court determined that the
affidavits of the police officers, as well as the other evidence submitted in support of the
motion, demonstrated that no genuine issue remains as to whether the police officers
acted wantonly or maliciously. We agree that the evidence submitted and relied on by the
No. 15AP-792                                                                               8


police officers in support of their motion, in particular the averments of Officers Byers and
Rilling, demonstrated the police did not act wantonly or maliciously. Consequently, we
find the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment in favor of the police
officers.
       {¶ 22} Accordingly, Harris' first assignment of error is overruled.
       B. Second Assignment of Error – Search and Seizure
       {¶ 23} In his second assignment of error, Harris asserts the trial court erred by
failing to address the issue of whether the police officers engaged in an unlawful search
and seizure without an arrest warrant in violation of the Fourth Amendment. This
assignment of error is meritless.
       {¶ 24} Harris' original complaint filed in state court in December 2013 contained
federal claims, and the matter was removed to federal court. After removal, Harris filed
an amended complaint not containing any federal claims, resulting in the federal court
remanding the matter to the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas. At the end of
2014, Harris voluntarily dismissed the action. One week later, he refiled his complaint in
state court without asserting any federal claims. Because Harris did not raise any federal
constitutional claim in the trial court in the refiled case, he cannot now assert a federal
constitutional issue. See State v. Awan, 22 Ohio St.3d 120, 123 (1986) (failure to raise an
apparent constitutional claim at the trial court level constitutes a waiver of that argument
on appeal). Insofar as Harris alleges a violation of the Ohio Constitution, there is no
private right of action for damages based on a violation of the Ohio Constitution. See
Provens v. Stark Cty. Bd. of Mental Retardation & Dev. Disabilities, 64 Ohio St.3d 252,
261 (1992) (finding no private cause of action for torts allegedly arising under the Ohio
Constitution).
       {¶ 25} Therefore, Harris' second assignment of error is overruled.
       C. Third Assignment of Error – Summary Judgment in Favor of
          the City
       {¶ 26} In his third assignment of error, Harris argues the trial court erred in
granting summary judgment in favor of the city because the trial court did not properly
apply the laws of agency. This assignment of error also has no merit.
No. 15AP-792                                                                              9


       {¶ 27} In Harris' first filed action, the city moved for judgment on the pleadings
pursuant to Civ.R. 12(C). In his response to the motion, Harris, citing R.C. 2744.03(A)(6),
argued that the city was not immune from liability because its employees acted
maliciously and wantonly. The trial court granted the city's motion, determining that,
even construing all the material allegations in the complaint in Harris' favor, the city is
immune from Harris' claims pursuant to R.C. 2744.02(A)(1). When Harris refiled his
action, he again named the city as a defendant. The city moved for dismissal of the claims
against it, arguing the claims are barred by res judicata and collateral estoppel and are
otherwise without merit. In response, Harris stated that while he disagreed with the trial
court's previous decision on the city's Civ.R. 12(C) motion, and he "preserves such
objection for appeal if necessary," he agreed that the court had "ruled on certain issues
herein." (Feb. 17, 2015 Memorandum in Response.) The trial court granted the city's
motion for summary judgment "for the reasons already set forth" in its earlier decision.
(Decision and Entry, 1.)
       {¶ 28} To the extent Harris preserved his argument based on R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)
for the purpose of this appeal, that argument is unpersuasive. R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)
addresses the immunity available to a political subdivision employee, who is sued in his or
her individual capacity. Harris' argument, however, did not address the immunity of the
city pursuant to R.C. 2744.02. See Lambert v. Clancy, 125 Ohio St.3d 231, 2010-Ohio-
1483, ¶ 10 (determining the immunity of a political subdivision and an individual
employee of the political subdivision requires different analyses). Furthermore, insofar as
Harris attempts to assert additional arguments in this appeal, those arguments are
waived. A party who fails to raise an argument in the trial court waives his or her right to
raise the argument on appeal. Niskanen v. Giant Eagle, Inc., 122 Ohio St.3d 486, 2009-
Ohio-3626, ¶ 34. Accordingly, Harris' third assignment of error is overruled.
       D. Fourth Assignment of Error – Judgment in Favor of Sheriff Scott
       {¶ 29} In his fourth assignment of error, Harris asserts the trial court erred in
entering judgment in favor of Sheriff Scott because the trial court did not consider
statutes prohibiting his conduct. This assignment of error lacks merit.
       {¶ 30} Pursuant to Civ.R. 12(C), "[a]fter the pleadings are closed but within such
time as not to delay the trial, any party may move for judgment on the pleadings."
No. 15AP-792                                                                               10


Judgment on the pleadings is proper only when the material facts are undisputed, and the
pleadings demonstrate that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. State
ex rel. Midwest Pride IV, Inc. v. Pontious, 75 Ohio St.3d 565, 570 (1996). Thus, when
addressing a Civ.R. 12(C) motion, the court "is required to construe as true all the material
allegations in the complaint, with all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom, in
favor of the nonmoving party." Whaley v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 92 Ohio St.3d
574, 581 (2001). A trial court's determination under this rule is restricted solely to the
allegations in the pleadings, as well as any material incorporated by reference or attached
as exhibits to those pleadings. Curtis v. Ohio Adult Parole Auth., 10th Dist. No. 04AP-
1214, 2006-Ohio-15, ¶ 24. Appellate review of motions for judgment on the pleadings is
de novo, without deference to the trial court's determination. Fontbank, Inc. v.
CompuServe, Inc., 138 Ohio App.3d 801, 807 (10th Dist.2000).
       {¶ 31} It is undisputed that Harris sued Sheriff Scott in his official capacity and not
individually. Because Harris' claims against Sheriff Scott are the equivalent of claims
against the political subdivision itself, they are governed by R.C. 2744.02(A) and (B). See
Lambert at ¶ 22.
       {¶ 32} Pursuant to R.C. 2744.02(A)(1), a political subdivision generally cannot be
held liable for damages in a civil action for injury or loss.       Determining a political
subdivision's immunity under R.C. Chapter 2744 involves a three-tiered analysis. Colbert
v. Cleveland, 99 Ohio St.3d 215, 2003-Ohio-3319, ¶ 7. The first tier requires a court to
determine whether the matter involves a political subdivision performing either a
governmental function or proprietary function. Id.; see R.C. 2744.02(A) (a political
subdivision is generally immune from civil liability incurred in performing either a
governmental function or proprietary function) . The second tier of the analysis requires
a court to determine whether any of the specific exceptions set forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)
through (5) apply. Colbert at ¶ 8. These exceptions concern operation of motor vehicles,
exercise of proprietary functions, failure to keep public roads and thoroughfares in repair,
physical defects in public buildings, or specific liability imposed by statute in derogation
of the general immunity granted by R.C. 2744.02. Perkins v. Columbus Bd. of Edn., 10th
Dist. No. 13AP-803, 2014-Ohio-2783, ¶ 10. If none of the exceptions to immunity in
R.C. 2744.02(B) apply, then the analysis ends and the political subdivision is entitled to
No. 15AP-792                                                                                  11


immunity. See id. If any of the exceptions to immunity in R.C. 2744.02(B) apply, and no
defense in that revised code section protects the political subdivision from liability, then
the third tier of the analysis requires a court to determine whether any of the defenses in
R.C. 2744.03 apply. Colbert at ¶ 9.
         {¶ 33} Here, the trial court determined that Harris' claims against Sheriff Scott
relating to his confinement at the Franklin County Correctional Center fail as a matter of
law because Sheriff Scott is immune from such claims pursuant to R.C. 2744.02. We
agree.    Franklin County is a political subdivision, and the operation of a jail is a
governmental function. R.C. 2744.01(C)(2)(h) and (F). Because Sheriff Scott was sued in
his capacity as an official of Franklin County, he is entitled to a general grant of immunity
under R.C. 2744.02(A)(1). See Lambert.
         {¶ 34} Turning to the second tier of the analysis under R.C. 2744.02, Harris'
argument      on   appeal   regarding   the   exceptions   to   immunity       is   limited   to
R.C. 2744.02(B)(5), which applies "when civil liability is expressly imposed upon the
political subdivision by a section of the Revised Code." R.C. 2744.02(B)(5) further states
that this exception does not apply merely because a particular statute imposes a
responsibility or mandatory duty upon a political subdivision, provides for a criminal
penalty, generally authorizes a political subdivision to sue or be sued, or uses the term
"shall" in a provision pertaining to a political subdivision. Harris argues Sheriff Scott
should be held liable for violating R.C. 5120.10, which addresses minimum standards for
jails.   Pursuant to R.C. 5120.10, the state director of rehabilitation and correction
promulgates minimum standards for jails, and the division of parole and community
services investigates jails for compliance with the standards. State v. Black, 142 Ohio
St.3d 332, 2015-Ohio-513, ¶ 41. However, R.C. 5120.10 does not expressly impose civil
liability upon a county operating a jail below the promulgated minimum standards. See
Bell v. Franklin Cty. Commrs., 10th Dist. No. 92AP-872 (Dec. 10, 1992). Thus, Harris
fails to demonstrate the applicability of R.C. 2744.02(B)(5).
         {¶ 35} Because Sheriff Scott is immune under R.C. 2744.02(A)(1) and none of the
exceptions in R.C. 2744.02(B) apply, the trial court properly entered judgment in favor of
Sheriff Scott. Accordingly, Harris' fourth assignment of error is overruled.
No. 15AP-792                                                                      12


IV. Disposition
      {¶ 36} Having overruled all four of Harris' assignments of error, we affirm the
judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas.
                                                                 Judgment affirmed.

               DORRIAN, P.J., LUPER SCHUSTER and HORTON, JJ.
