                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT NASHVILLE
                                    August 7, 2002 Session

              PATRICK L. MCCOLLUM v. DAN HUFFSTUTTER

                A Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Davidson County
                No. 00C35    The Honorable Hamilton Gayden, Chancellor



                    No. M2002-00051-COA-R3-CV - Filed October 8, 2002


       This is an appeal from a Judgment on a jury verdict for Plaintiff. Plaintiff sued Defendant
on grounds of trespass, abuse of process, and outrageous conduct arising from Defendant’s attempt
to serve a writ of possession at Plaintiff’s place of business. A jury found for Plaintiff on all
grounds. Defendant appeals, alleging seven grounds for reversal: (1) The Trial Court erred in not
dismissing the complaint on the grounds of an executed Settlement Agreement and Full Release of
All Claims; (2) The Trial Court erred in failing to grant a new trial on the grounds of newly
discovered evidence; (3) The Trial Court erred in not granting Defendant’s Motion for Summary
Judgment, and in failing to grant the Defendant’s Motion for Directed Verdict; (4) The jury verdict
should be set aside and the complaint dismissed on the grounds of an oral agreement not to file civil
proceedings; (5) The Trial Court erred in failing to give the special instructions requested by the
Defendant; (6) The Trial Court erred in not granting a new trial on the grounds of improper conduct
by counsel for the Plaintiff; (7) The verdict and remittitur were excessive and given under the
influence of passion and prejudice. We affirm.

    Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed

W. FRANK CRAWFORD , P.J., W.S., delivered the opinion of the court, in which DAVID R. FARMER ,
J. and HOLLY KIRBY LILLARD, J., joined.

Michael D. Noel, Nashville, For Appellant, Dan Huffstutter

Stephen C. Knight, Nashville, For Appellee, Patrick L. McCollum

                                            OPINION

       This is an appeal from a Judgment Order entered on a jury verdict. Patrick L. McCollum
(“Mr. McCollum,” “Appellee,” or “Plaintiff”) is the president and C.E.O. of Nashville Coach Works,
Inc. (“Nashville Coach”). Nashville Coach is in the business of converting shells from bus
manufacturers into luxury touring buses. On July 26, 1995, Mobile Gourmet II, L.P. (“Mobile
Gourmet”) contacted Nashville Coach and the two companies entered into an agreement whereby
Nashville Coach would convert Mobile Gourmet’s bus (“Bus”) into a gourmet kitchen for use in
their catering business. In late 1995, work was completed on the Bus and a balance of approximately
sixty thousand dollars ($60,000) was due to Nashville Coach and payable by Mobile Gourmet.
There was some dispute about the work and Mobile Gourmet did not pay. When payment was not
forthcoming, Nashville Coach retained possession of the Bus under a mechanic’s lien. Despite the
mechanic’s lien, Appellee spoke with Mr. Hamilton, the president of Mobile Gourmet, and agreed
to allow Mobile Gourmet use of the Bus so long as it remained on Nashville Coach’s premises.1 Mr.
Hamilton also advised Appellee that any demands for payment should be made through Mobile
Gourmet’s attorney, Dan Huffstutter (“Mr. Huffstutter,” “Appellant,” or “Defendant”).

       After making several phone calls to Mr. Huffstutter’s office, Mr. McCollum and his sister,
Sherry Wise (“Ms. Wise”), went to Appellant’s law office on Thursday, December 21, 1995 in order
to speak with Mr. Huffstutter about the money owed by his client, Mobile Gourmet. After waiting
approximately two hours to see Mr. Huffstutter, Mr. McCollum and Ms. Wise proceeded to Mr.
Huffstutter’s office and put a copy of the mechanic’s lien on his desk.

        When Mr. McCollum arrived at his office on the morning of December 22, 1995, he had a
message from Appellant’s law partner, Mr. Whitney Kemper (“Mr. Kemper”), requesting that Mr.
McCollum call him. Mr. Kemper informed Mr. McCollum that he [Mr. Kemper] and Mr.
Huffstutter were going to the courthouse to get a writ of possession for the Bus and that Mr.
McCollum should come down there with counsel. Mr. McCollum did not go to the courthouse. At
approximately 10:00 a.m., Mr. Huffstutter and Mr. Hamilton arrived at Nashville Coach.2 Mr.
McCollum met them at the doorway and told Mr. Huffstutter several times to leave the property.
Mr. Huffstutter then handed papers to Mr. Hamilton who put them inside Mr. McCollum’s office.3
At this point, Mr. McCollum shut the door and, in the process, “nudged,” “pushed” or otherwise
displaced Mr. Huffstutter.4

      After leaving Nashville Coach, Mr. Huffstutter went to the Metropolitan Police Department
and made a sworn offense report, which formed the basis of a criminal warrant for assault issued


         1
           There is some dispute in the record as to whether Mr. M cCollum called Mr. Ham ilton, after releasing the Bus
to M obile Go urmet, to ask that he return the Bus for rep lacem ent of a sto ve and then kept the B us und er a mechanic’s
lien or whether Mr. McCollum and Mr. Hamilton agreed that M obile Go urmet would have use of the Bus but only if it
rema ined o n the N ashville C oach pro perty.

         2
          Mr. McCo llum testified that Mr. Huffstutter told Mr. M cCollum that he [Mr. Huffstutter] was there to ge t “his
bus” and that, if Mr. McCollum did not turn over the Bus, Mr. Huffstutter would have him [Mr. McCollum] arrested.

         3
           These papers included and Order for Immediate Recovery of Property, dated December 22, 1995 and a
Comp laint and Petition for Immediate Recovery of Property, which was sworn and subscribed on December 22, 1995.
Neither of these do cuments authorized the re mov al of the B us from Nashville Coach’s pro perty.

         4
           This is the action from which the assault charges against Mr. M cCollum arose. There is dispute in the record
as to what degree of force Mr. McCollum used against Mr. Huffstutter. Mr. McCollum testified that he “nudged” or
“pushed” or “sho ved” M r. Huffstutter with his [Mr. McCollum’s] torso but never touched Mr. Huffstutter with his [Mr.
McCollum’s] hands. In his affidavit on the assault, Mr. Huffstutter stated that Mr. McC ollum“shoved” him [Mr.
Huffstutter] and ordered him [M r. Huffstutter] off the p roperty.

                                                           -2-
against Mr. McCollum.5 While attending an office Christmas party at Old Hickory Country Club,
Mr. McCollum was arrested at approximately 8:00 p.m. on the assault charges filed by Mr.
Huffstutter.6 Mr. McCollum was handcuffed and taken to the police station where he was held in
a holding cell for approximately two hours until his father made bail.7 On April 8, 1996, the date
that the criminal assault case was set for trial, Mr.Huffstutter agreed to drop the criminal assault
charges against Mr. McCollum and the District Attorney dismissed the case.8

        On November 12, 1996, Nashville Coach and Mobile Gourmet entered into a Settlement
Agreement and Full Release of All Claims agreement (“Settlement Agreement”). This Settlement
Agreement resolved the civil dispute between Mobile Gourmet and Nashville Coach that arose from
the bus conversion contract entered on July 26, 1995.9 An Agreed Order of Dismissal was entered
on November 14, 1996 in the civil matter between National Coach and Mobile Gourmet.

        On December 20, 1996, Mr. McCollum instituted a civil suit against Mr. Huffstutter for
tortious conduct, including trespass, abuse of process, outrageous conduct and malicious prosecution.
On March 4, 1997, Mr. Huffstutter filed a Motion for Summary Judgment and Affidavit in support
of that Motion. Mr. McCollum filed Plaintiff’s Response to Defendant’s Motion for Summary
Judgment on the malicious prosecution claim and an Affidavit in support thererof. After a hearing
on the Defendant’s Motion, Chancellor Ellen Hobbs Lyle entered an Order granting the Motion on


         5
            Cap tain John D . Hoffman of the Metropolitan Police Department testified that his department has
app roxim ately 47,0 00 w arrants currently waiting to be served. He further testified that there are only 18 people available
to serve these wa rrants. Consequently, the d epartment must exercise d iscretion in terms o f what warrants ge t priority,
with major felonies (e.g. murder, attemp ted murder, rape, armed robbe ry) getting to p priority and simple assault warrants
against private citizens getting a very low priority. Despite this system of prioritizing, the warrant for Mr. McCo llum
was served the same day that it was obtained.

         6
         Mr. M cCollum testified that there were “several” officers present during the arrest, including Detective T im
Maso n. Mr. H uffstutter had previously represented D etective M ason and several mem bers of his fam ily on an estate
case.

         7
           Mr. M cCollum testified that the officer on his right used undue force to handcuff him, although no formal
complaint was filed against the officer. Mr. McCollum’s mother was witness to these events and was very upset
[“hysterical”] during the arrest. Mr. McCollum further testified that he was not permitted to use the restroom or ob tain
his overcoat before being taken to jail.

         8
            Mr. Huffstutter claims that he dismissed the charges pursuant to an oral agreement between himself and Mr.
McC ollum that McCollum would not pursue civil charges against Mr. Huffstutter. Mr. M cCollum and those present
to testify for him at his criminal trial deny that any such oral agreement was ever contemplated. There is no written
evide nce o f any such agreement.

         9
           This Settlement Agreement was neither signed nor negotiated by either the App ellant or the Ap pellee in this
case. John Thomas signed as agent for Mobile Gourmet and R onald D. W ise signed as Vice President of N ashville
Coach. Ken Jones, attorney for Nashville Coach on its civil case with Mobile Gourmet, drafted the Settlement
Agre ement. In M r. Jones’ testimo ny, he states that the Settlement Agreement was between Nashville Coach and Mobile
Gourmet and was meant to cut off any further claims between those two parties, such claims being those relating o nly
to the Bus at issue in the case. The Settlement Agreement, in its final form, was the result of negotiations between Ken
Jones and Mr. Kempe r, attorne y for M obile Go urmet.

                                                             -3-
May 6, 1997. This Order dismissed only the malicious prosecution claim and gave the Plaintiff until
May 16, 1997 to amend the complaint to include a cause of action for outrageous conduct and/or
abuse of process. Plaintiff filed an Amended Complaint on May 19, 1997 and Defendant filed a
Motion to Dismiss on June 6, 1997, asserting that the May 19, 1997 filing date exceeded the time
limit of Chancellor Lyle’s Order by three (3) days. The Motion to Dismiss was denied by Order on
July 2, 1997 and Defendant filed his Answer to the Amended Complaint on July 23, 1997.

        After discovery and a substitution of counsel for the Defendant, an Order of Recusal was
entered by Chancellor Ellen Hobbs Lyle on May 14, 1999 and an Order was entered on May 18,
1999, transferring the case to Chancellor Carol L. McCoy. On May 21, 1999, the Defendant filed
a Motion for Summary Judgment. Chancellor McCoy entered an Order of Recusal on November
5, 1999 and the case was transferred by Order to Judge Hamilton Gayden on November 16, 1999.
Plaintiff filed a Response to Defendant’s [May 21, 1999] Motion for Summary Judgment on July
19, 2000. On July 28, 2000, Judge Gayden entered an Order granting the Motion for Summary
Judgment as to the malicious prosecution claim and denying the Motion in all other respects. On
August 17, 2000, this case was finally set for jury trial to commence on November 27, 2000.

        This matter was tried before a jury between November 27 and 30, 2000. On November 30,
the jury reached a verdict, awarding Mr. McCollum compensatory damages in the amount of
seventy-five thousand ($75,000.00) and punitive damages in the amount of one-hundred-seventy-five
thousand ($175,000.00). On December 7, 2000, Mr. Huffstutter filed a Motion for the Trial Court
to Vacate and Disapprove Punitive Damages. This Motion was subsequently denied and judgment
was entered on the jury verdict on December 15, 2000. Mr. Huffstutter filed a Motion for a New
Trial on January 11, 2001 and amended and supplemented that Motion on October 9, 2001.10
Defendant’s Motion for New Trial and Motion for a Remittitur, Amended and Supplemental Motion
for a New Trial, and Motion to Vacate Punitive Damages Verdict were heard on November 7, 2001.
On December 10, 2001, the court entered an Order denying all of the Defendant’s motions except
the Defendant’s Motion for New Trial on the grounds that the verdict was excessive. The Court
suggested remittitur as to both compensatory and punitive damages wherein the amount of
compensatory damages should not exceed fifty thousand dollars ($50,000) and the amount of
punitive damages should not exceed twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000). On December 18,
2001, Plaintiff accepted the remittitur under protest. On January 8, 2002, Mr. Huffstutter filed
Notice of Appeal. Final judgment in favor of Plaintiff , and reflecting the remittitur amounts, was
entered on March 11, 2002. Defendant appeals and presents seven issues for review:

                  1. Whether the trial court erred in not dismissing the complaint on the
                  grounds of an executed Settlement Agreement and Full Release of All
                  Claims.

                  2. Whether the trial court erred in failing to grant a new trial on the
                  grounds of newly discovered evidence.


         10
            Pursuant to Tenn. R. A pp. P . 3(e), D efendant’s M otion for New T rial specifically mentioned each of the
seven issues presented on app eal.

                                                         -4-
       3. Whether the trial court erred in not granting the Defendant’s
       Motion for Summary Judgment, and in failing to grant the
       Defendant’s Motion for a directed verdict.

       4.Whether the jury verdict should be set aside and the complaint
       dismissed on the grounds of an oral agreement not to file civil
       proceedings.

       5.Whether the trial court erred in failing to give the special instruction
       requested by the Defendant.

       6. Whether the trial court erred in not granting a new trial on the
       grounds of improper conduct by counsel for the Plaintiff.

       7. Whether the verdict and remittitur were excessive and given under
       influence of passion and prejudice.

Appellee presents one issue for review:

       Whether the trial court’s remittitur should be reversed and the jury
       verdict reinstated because the trial court’s remittitur is contrary to the
       preponderance of the evidence.

We will consider the issues in the order presented.

       1. Whether the trial court erred in not dismissing the complaint on
       the grounds of an executed Settlement Agreement and Full Release
       of All Claims.

The pertinent sections of the Settlement Agreement at issue in this case read as follows:

       This Settlement Agreement and Full Release of All Claims (the
       “Settlement Agreement”) is made and entered into as of November
       12, 1996, by and between Mobile Gourmet II, a Nevada partnership
       (“Mobile Gourmet”) and Nashville Coach Works, Inc., a Tennessee
       corporation (“Nashville Coach” and, together with Mobile Gourmet,
       the “Parties”).

       *                               *                                   *

       1.      Definition of Claims. As used herein, “claims” shall mean
               any and all accounts, covenants, agreements, and obligations
               (other than the obligations contained in this Settlement
               Agreement) and any and all claims, debts, liabilities, offsets,


                                           -5-
                       demands, costs, expenses, actions, or causes of action of
                       every nature, character, and description, of any kind
                       whatsoever, known or unknown, suspected or unsuspected,
                       whether arising in contract or tort, or at law, in equity, or
                       pursuant to administrative rule or regulation including, but
                       not limited to, claims asserted or which could have been
                       asserted by one party against another, as well as that party’s
                       agent, officer, director, employee, representative, attorney, or
                       accountant, from the beginning of time until the date of this
                       Settlement Agreement.

                       *                            *                                *

               6       Release of Claims. Except for the obligations set forth in this
                       Settlement Agreement, Mobile Gourmet does hereby release,
                       remise, and forever discharge Nashville Coach from any and
                       all claims (as that term is defined above) related to the Bus or
                       the Trailer. Mobile Gourmet shall forever refrain from
                       commencing, instituting, or prosecuting any such claim
                       against Nashville Coach. Nashville Coach does hereby
                       release, remise, and forever discharge Mobile Gourmet from
                       any and all claims (as that term is defined above) relating to
                       the Bus or the Trailer. Nashville Coach shall forever refrain
                       and forebear from commencing, instituting, or prosecuting
                       any such claim against Mobile Gourmet.

   The interpretation of a written contract is a matter of law, and thus, no presumption of correctness
in its interpretation exists. NSA DBA Benefit Plan, v. Connecticut Gen. Life Ins. Co., 968 S.W.2d
791 (Tenn. Ct. App.1997). The cardinal rule in the construction of contracts is to ascertain the intent
of the parties. West v. Laminite Plastics Mfg. Co., 674 S.W.2d 310 (Tenn. Ct. App.1984). If the
contract is plain and unambiguous, the meaning thereof is a question of law, and it is the Court's
function to interpret the contract as written according to its plain terms. Petty v. Sloan, 277 S.W.2d
355 (Tenn. 1955). The language used in a contract must be taken and understood in its plain,
ordinary, and popular sense. Bob Pearsall Motors, Inc. v. Regal Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 521
S.W.2d 578 (Tenn.1975). In construing contracts, the words expressing the parties' intentions should
be given the usual, natural, and ordinary meaning. Ballard v. North American Life & Casualty Co.,
667 S.W.2d 79 (Tenn. Ct. App.1983). If the language of a written instrument is unambiguous, the
Court must interpret it as written rather than according to the unexpressed intention of one of the
parties. Sutton v. First Nat. Bank of Crossville, 620 S.W.2d 526 (Tenn. Ct. App.1981). Courts
cannot make contracts for parties but can only enforce the contract which the parties themselves have
made. McKee v. Continental Ins. Co., 234 S.W.2d 830 (Tenn. 1950).

     By its plain language, the Settlement Agreement names only Nashville Coach and Mobile
Gourmet as parties to this agreement and limits the terms of the Settlement Agreement to those two


                                                 -6-
parties. Mr. McCollum is not a party to this Settlement Agreement and, therefore, cannot be bound
by it.

        However, Mr. Huffstutter contends that the Settlement Agreement included not only
Nashville Coach’s agreement to dismiss the Mobile Gourmet lawsuit but also an agreement to
release all claims, specifically including any tort claim that could be filed by the registered agent of
Nashville Coach (i.e. Mr. McCollum). Mr. Huffstutter relies, in part, upon the language “...claims
asserted or which could have been asserted by one party against another, as well as that party’s
agent, officer, director, employee, representative, attorney, or accountant...” found in the
Definition of Claims section of the agreement. The Appellant would have us read this language as
follows: claims asserted or which could have been asserted by one party, as well as that party’s agent,
officer, et al., against another [party], as well as that party’s agent, office, et al. However, as we are
bound by the plain language of this document and the general rules of grammatical construction, we
cannot be so expansive in our interpretation. As a matter of basic construction, the article “that,”
when coupled with a noun, refers to the most recent appearance of that noun11. Consequently, we
can only read this language “as well as that party’s agent...” to refer to the party against whom a
claim is made. Even if we were willing to go so far outside the plain language of this contract as to
include Mr. McCollum and Mr. Huffstutter under the definition of “Parties,” we still could not find
for Mr. Huffstutter on this issue. The tort claims at issue in this case are asserted “by the one party”
(i.e. Mr. McCollum) against [only] another (i.e. Mr. Huffstutter) and not against Mr. Huffstutter’s
agent, director, et al. As discussed above, the language “as well as that party’s agent...” only refers
to the party against whom a claim is made (i.e. Mr. Huffstutter); therefore, it is not applicable in the
context of this suit no matter how far we may stretch the plain language.

         Finally, the language of the Release of Claims paragraph clarifies not only the fact that the
contemplated parties to this Settlement Agreement include only Nashville Coach and Mobile
Gourmet but this paragraph also clarifies the fact that any claim covered by the agreement must
relate to the Bus. This Release of Claims paragraph contains a reciprocal promise whereby “Mobile
Gourmet...release[s]...Nashville Coach” and “Nashville Coach...release[s]...Mobile Gourmet.” There
is no mention of any release of, or by, either party’s agents or employees. Additionally, the language
“...claims related to the Bus...” is unambiguous and we must interpret it as written.

        It is clear that the tort claims brought by Mr. McCollum against Mr. Huffstutter were not the
subject of this Settlement Agreement. The trial court was correct in not dismissing Mr. McCollum’s
suit on the basis of this Settlement Agreement.



         11
            In grammatical terms, the construction at issue here is called a remote relative. A remote relative exists when
a relative pronoun (that, which, who) is separated from its antecedent. For example, in the sentence “The files sitting
in the courtroom that I was talking about yesterd ay are in disarra y,” the word that strictly modifies courtroom, not files.
In the context of modern usage, remote relatives may be loosely interpreted in order to link them to their remo te
antecede nts. However, in the context of con tract interpretation, grammar must be read according to rules of general
construction. In the ca se of a remote relative contained within a contract, courts must read any relative pronoun so that
it modifies the noun that immediately p reced es it. See B ryan A. Garner, A Dictionary of Mod ern Legal Usage 753 (2 nd
ed.1995 ).

                                                            -7-
                   2. Whether the trial court erred in failing to grant a new trial on the
                   grounds of newly discovered evidence.

        The record indicates that, by Amended and Supplemental Motion for a New Trial, filed on
October 9, 2001, Defendant moved the trial court to set aside the verdict on the grounds of newly
discovered evidence. After the date of trial, Defendant discovered evidence in form of the bond
(“Bond”), which had, in fact, been posted on December 22, 1995 in accordance with the order of
Judge Lyle for the issuance of the Writ of Possession of the Bus, and that the Writ of Possession was
actually issued.12 After hearing on November 7, 2001, the trial court denied Defendant’s Motion for
a New Trial on the ground of newly discovered evidence.

       Tennessee law provides for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence only under very
limited circumstances. That rule, as stated in Crain v. Brown, 823 S.W.2d 187 (Tenn. Ct.
App.1991), is:

                   Generally, in order for a party to obtain a new trial based on newly
                   discovered evidence, it must be shown that the evidence was
                   discovered after the trial, that it could not have been discovered
                   earlier with due diligence, that it is material and not merely
                   cumulative or impeaching, and that the evidence will probably change
                   the result if a new trial is granted. 20 Tennessee Jurisprudence, New
                   Trials §§ 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.
Id. at 192.

        A new trial will be granted on account of newly discovered evidence only when it is evident
that an injustice has been done and a new trial will change the result. Diversified Equities, Inc. v.
Warren, 567 S.W.2d 171, 175 (Tenn. Ct. App.1976). In ruling on a motion for new trial on the
grounds of newly discovered evidence, the trial court is vested with wide discretion and its denial
of such a motion will not be disturbed by an appellate court unless it has abused its discretion.
Evans v. Evans, 558 S.W.2d 851, 853 (Tenn. Ct. App.1977).

         The Bond evidence at issue here clearly fails the due diligence, materiality and result prongs
of Crain. On the due diligence prong, we find at least three reason why even the slightest amount
of due diligence would have led to the discovery of this Bond long before this case was ever filed.
First, the Bond was posted on December 22, 1995, in the presence of Appellant when he and Mr.
Kemper went to the courthouse to procure the Writ of Possession for the Bus.13 Secondly, it was Mr.
Kemper, Appellant’s law partner and original counsel in this case, who signed the Bond as Surety.
Consequently, the Bond should have been in the file records of their law firm and, even if no record
was retained, the Bond was still within the personal knowledge of Mr. Huffstutter’s original counsel

         12
           Mr. Huffstutter did not have the actual Writ of Possession with him when he went to Nashville Coach on
Decemb er 22, 1995, nor did M r. McCo llum receive a copy of that Writ of Possession.

         13
             Mr. H uffstutter testified that he was outside a glass windo w while M r. Kempe r was insid e obtaining the W rit
of Po ssession and p osting the bond. Altho ugh he could not hear the transactio n, he co uld see it.

                                                             -8-
in this case. Finally, the Bond was filed in the court clerk’s office and easily could have been
obtained from that office with minimal effort.

        On the materiality prong of Crain, the jury in this case returned a general verdict for Mr.
McCollum on theories of trespass, abuse of process, and outrageous conduct. In his Amended
Complaint of May 19,1997, Mr. McCollum alleged two separate instances of abuse of process. First,
that Mr. Huffstutter misused the Order for Immediate Recovery of Property by alleging that it gave
him the authority to possess the Bus.14 Secondly, that Mr. Huffstutter committed abuse of process
by misusing an arrest warrant to attempt to force Mr. McCollum to turn over the Bus.15 The Bond
evidence at issue here only relates to the first assertion of abuse of process, that is the misuse of the
Order for Immediate Recovery of Property. The jury in this case returned a general verdict for the
Plaintiff. Since there is no way to know which of the two factual predicates for abuse of process the
jury based their finding on, we cannot say with certainty that the Bond evidence would have been
material to this finding.

        However, in deciding this issue, we do not have to rely on supposition as to what evidence
the jury relied upon. The general verdict also encompassed the claims of trespass and outrageous
conduct, neither of which were factually reliant upon the Bond evidence for their proof. These
counts remain intact regardless of the Bond evidence. T.C.A. § 20-9-502 states that, “[i]f any counts
in a declaration are good, a verdict for entire damages shall be applied to such good counts.”
Therefore, the Bond evidence would not have changed the result in this case. For these reasons and
on the record before us we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing a new trial
on the ground of newly discovered evidence.

                   3. Whether the trial court erred in not granting the Defendant’s
                   Motion for Summary Judgment, and in failing to grant the
                   Defendant’s Motion for a directed verdict.

        Since the trial court’s denial of the summary judgment was predicated upon the existence of
a genuine issue of fact, that decision is not reviewable where there has been a judgment rendered
after a trial on the merits of the case. Tate v. Monroe County, 578 S.W.2d 642, 644 (Tenn. Ct.
App.1978); Mullins v. Precision Rubber Products Corp., 671 S.W.2d 496 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984);

         14
            Paragraph 3 of the Amended Complaint, filed on May 19, 1997, states that: “On December 22, 1 995 while
purporting to represent Mo bile Gourmet II, a Nevada limited partnership, in a lawsuit involving Na shville Coach W orks,
Inc., Huffstutter appeared at the premises of Nashville Coach W orks, Inc. with a copy of the complaint in the case styled
Mobile Gourmet II v. Nashville Coach Works, Inc., Case No . 95-4 011 -I, Chancery Court of D avidson C ounty,
Tennessee, and a copy of an order of the Court in that case entitled “Order for Immediate Recovery of Property,” which
stated that a writ of possession would be issued upon posting of a bond in the amount of $10,000.” Paragraph 5
continues: “Huffstutter’s purpose in rep resenting that he had a valid order and w rit was to o btain the bus before posting
of a bond and p roper service of a writ....”

         15
             Paragraph 5 of Mr. McCollum’s Amended Complaint states that “...Mr. Huffstutter proceeded to swear out
a false warrant for assault against [Mr. McCollum].” And Paragraph 6 continues “Huffstutter’s stateme nts in his affidavit
to secure the warrant were false and misleading. Such statements were also made with the ulterior and improper mo tive
of intimid ating M cCo llum into releasing the bus without proper b ond and w rit.”

                                                            -9-
Bills v. Lindsay, 909 S.W.2d 434 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993).                       The portion of this issue related to
summary judgment is, therefore, without merit.

        At the close of Plaintiff’s case, Defendant made a motion for a directed verdict on the three
claims at issue in this case, outrageous conduct, trespass, and abuse of process. The trial court
denied the motion, which was subsequently renewed at the close of all evidence, and again denied.
Defendant filed a Motion for a New Trial, which, in accordance with Tenn.R.App.P. 3(e),
specifically averred error by the trial court in denying Defendant’s Motion for Directed Verdict.

       The rule for determining a motion for directed verdict requires the trial judge and the
reviewing court on appeal to look to all of the evidence, take the strongest legitimate view of it in
favor of the opponent of the motion, and allow all reasonable inferences from it in his favor. The
court must discard all countervailing evidence, and if there is then any dispute as to any material
determinative evidence, or any doubt as to the conclusion to be drawn from the whole evidence, the
motion must be denied. Conatser v. Clarksville Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 920 S.W.2d 646, 647
(Tenn. 1995); Hurley v. Tennessee Farmers Mut. Ins. Co., 922 S.W.2d 887, 891 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1995). A directed verdict cannot be sustained if there is material evidence in the record which would
support a verdict for the defendant under any of the theories the defendant had advanced. Id.;
Conatser, 920 S.W.2d at 647.

        The rule is well settled that a general verdict is not vitiated by the absence of proof on some
counts of the declaration if there is any evidence to sustain the allegations of a single count.16
Consequently, in order to find for Appellant on this issue, we would have to find that Appellant was
entitled to directed verdict on all three claims–trespass, abuse of process, and outrageous conduct.
Because we find that Mr. Huffstutter was not entitled to directed verdict on the claim of abuse of
process, we pretermit discussion of the merits of directed verdict on the trespass and outrageous
conduct claims.

        In order to recover for abuse of process, a plaintiff must establish by evidence two elements:
(1) the existence of an ulterior motive; and (2) an act in the use of process other than such as would
be proper in the regular prosecution of the charge. Priest v. Union Agency, 125 S.W.2d 142 (Tenn.
1939).

       Mr. McCollum presented two factual premises to establish his claim of abuse of process
against Mr. Huffstutter. First, that Mr. Huffstutter misused the Chancery Court’s Order for
Immediate Recovery of Property by representing to Mr. McCollum that the order gave authority to


         16
             T.C.A. § 20-9-502; Tutton v. Patterson, 714 S.W .2d 268, 271 (Tenn. 1986 ) (“The jury returned a general
verdict for plaintiff. On appeal, this Court found that the trial judge erred in not directing a verdict for the defendant on
the attractive nuisance count. There was material evidence in the record from which the jury could conclude that the
playground doctrine applied; thus applying T.C.A. § 20-9-502, this Court held that ‘[h]aving found the jury was justified
in finding liability under the count of the declaration based on the playground doctrine, the verdict will be applied to that
count.’”); See also Helton v. Reynolds, 640 S.W.2d 5, 8 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1982) (“Notwithstanding our determination
with regard to the first theory, because of T.C.A. 20-9-502 and of decisional law, the judgment must still be affirmed
if the pro ceed ings as to a seco nd theory are free of reversible error.” (citations om itted)).

                                                           -10-
seize the Bus. Secondly, that Mr. Huffstutter misused an arrest warrant to attempt to force Mr.
McCollum to turn over the Bus.

       Mr. Huffstutter argues that, although the Order for Immediate Recovery of Property was not
in proper form to allow for seizure of the Bus, presenting this document to Mr. McCollum for that
purpose was an error and not an abuse of process. The jury heard testimony that a Writ of
Possession, served by a sheriff, was the proper means of possessing the Bus. They heard testimony
that Mr. Huffstutter was an attorney who had practiced for some twenty years. Mr. Huffstutter’s own
testimony indicated that he did not look to see what papers Mr. Kemper had handed him before
taking them to Nashville Coach and using them as the basis for demanding the Bus from Mr.
McCollum. Based upon this evidence, a reasonable jury could have found that an attorney should
not only have known what process was necessary but should also have inquired as to what
documents he was serving and whether he had the authority to serve them. A reasonable jury could
have found that failure to do so constituted more than mere error, and veiled an ulterior motive.17

        Furthermore, Plaintiff asserts a second factual premise for abuse of process, specifically that
Mr. Huffstutter obtained an arrest warrant against Mr. McCollum solely for the purpose of forcing
Mr. McCollum to turn over the Bus. The jury heard testimony that the warrant was served the same
day it was issued, despite a great backlog of unserved warrants. The jury also heard a detailed
accounting of the manner in which Mr. McCollum was arrested. The fact that Mr. McCollum was
arrested at his office Christmas party, at night, by “several” officers, including Detective Tim Mason
for whom Mr. Huffstutter had previously provided legal services could have led a reasonable jury
to conclude that the circumstances of the arrest indicated a motive beyond mere convenience of time
and place. On this evidence, a reasonable jury could have found that Mr. Huffstutter used the arrest
warrant to intimidate Mr. McCollum and to force him to release the Bus. For the foregoing reasons,
we hold that the trial court did not err in denying Defendant’s Motion for Directed Verdict.

                  4. Whether the jury verdict should be set aside and the complaint
                  dismissed on the grounds of an oral agreement not to file civil
                  proceedings.

       The record in this case contains a classic dispute of fact on the issue of whether an oral
agreement existed wherein Mr. McCollum agreed not to file civil proceedings against Mr.
Huffstutter in exchange for Mr. Huffstutter’s agreement to drop the criminal assault charges against
Mr. McCollum.

         When the resolution of the issues in a case depends upon the truthfulness of witnesses, the
trier of fact, either the trial judge or jury, who has the opportunity to observe the witnesses in their
manner and demeanor while testifying and is in a far better position than this Court to decide those


         17
            Disciplinary Rule 6-101, “Failing to Act Competently.–(A) A lawyer shall not: (1) Handle a legal matter
which the lawyer knows or sh ould know that the lawyer is not competent to handle, without associating with a lawyer
who is competent to handle it. (2) Handle a legal matter without preparation adequate in the circumstances. (3) Neglect
a legal matter entrusted to the lawyer.

                                                        -11-
issues. See McCaleb v. Saturn Corp., 910 S.W.2d 412, 415 (Tenn. 1995); Whitaker v. Whitaker,
957 S.W.2d 834, 837 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). The weight, faith, and credit to be given to any
witness’ testimony lies in the first instance with the trier of fact, and the credibility accorded will be
given great weight by the appellate court. See id.; In re Estate of Walton v. Young, 950 S.W.2d
956, 959 (Tenn. 1997).

         The Defendant, in his answer to the Amended Complaint, asserted the oral agreement not to
file a civil proceeding as an affirmative defense. The Defendant had the burden of proof on this
defense and, in fact, offered evidence, in the form of his own testimony, that an oral agreement was
reached on April 8, 1996. In turn, the Plaintiff put on evidence to refute the existence of an oral
agreement. The jury was in the best position to weigh this evidence in reaching their verdict and we
are in no position to second-guess their findings. For this reason, we hold that the jury verdict should
not be set aside based upon the existence of an oral agreement.

                5.    Whether the trial court erred in failing to give the
                speciainstructions requested by the Defendant.

        The Defendant requested that the trial court charge the jury with the following Special
Instruction on abuse of process:

                The gist of the tort of abuse of process consists in an unlawful use of
                a lawful process. In other words the bad intent must culminate in an
                actual abuse of the process by perverting it to a use to obtain a result
                which the process was not intended by law.

                An example would be where the process is perverted in a manner to
                accomplish a collateral purpose not contemplated by law, such as
                where a party is fraudulently induced to come within the jurisdiction
                of the Court so as to render him subject to its process, or in a criminal
                case where process is executed in an oppressive and unlawful
                manner.

                A mere arrest and detention under a lawful warrant, without any act
                amounting to a misuse or oppression, is not an abuse of process. A
                legal and legitimate use of process, to effect the result which such
                process is designed by law to accomplish is not an abuse of process.

                Members of the jury I further charge you that if legal process has been
                lawfully issued, no action for abuse of process would lie because it
                was used in a regular and legitimate manner, and this is true even
                though the user was actuated by a wrongful motive.

      The trial court denied Defendant’s request on this Special Instruction and instead used the
Tennessee Pattern Jury Instruction on abuse of process, which reads as follows:


                                                  -12-
                    Abuse of process is the use of legal process for a result for which the
                    legal process was not designed and for a wrongful purpose.

                    To be entitled to damages for abuse of process, the plaintiff must
                    show that the legal process was used for a purpose for which it was
                    not designed in order to compel the plaintiff to do something that
                    could not legally be compelled by the use of that legal process.18

         It is a well settled rule that trial courts should give a requested jury instruction if it satisfies
three requirements (1) it is supported by the evidence, (2) it embodies the party’s theory, (3) it is a
correct statement of the law. Hayes v. Gill, 390 S.W.2d 213, 214 (Tenn. 1965); Strickland v. City
of Lawrenceburg, 611 S.W.2d 832, 837 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1980); Tallent v. Fox, 141 S.W.2d 485,
497 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1940). However, where the court correctly charges the law applicable to the
case, it is not error to deny a special request that embodies a theory of a party if the court charges in
general terms and with clearness sound propositions of law that would guide the jury in reaching a
correct decision in the case. Otis v. Cambridge Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 850 S.W.2d 439, 445 (Tenn.
1992).

        Appellant asserts that his special jury instruction was necessary to fully and fairly state the
applicable law on abuse of process. We do not agree. The pattern instruction used by the trial court
clearly communicates the principle, contained in Mr. Hufstutter’s proposed instruction, that use of
process in a “regular and legitimate manner” is not abuse of process. The pattern jury instruction
states what constitutes abuse of process. Mr. Huffstutter’s proposed instruction presents the
converse in that it states what is not abuse of process. The use of this converse language makes Mr.
Huffstutter’s proposed instruction less clear than the pattern instruction, and creates a need for
extraneous examples in the instruction. The pattern jury instruction, therefore, provides a more
clear and concise statement of the law on abuse of process while, at the same time, encompassing
Appellant’s theory of the case. For this reason, we find that the trial court did not err in denying the
Appellant’s request for Special Instruction on the issue of abuse of process.

                        6. Whether the trial court erred in not granting a new trial on
                        the grounds of improper conduct by counsel for the Plaintiff.

        In general, the control over the argument of counsel resides with the trial court, and the trial
court has broad discretion as to what shall and shall not be permitted in argument. The appellate
courts generally will not interfere with the discretionary action of a trial court in refusing to grant a
mistrial or a new trial for misconduct of counsel in argument unless the argument is clearly
unwarranted and made purely for the purpose of appealing to passion, prejudices and sentiment
which cannot be removed by sustaining the objection of opposing counsel. Perkins v. Sadler, 826
S.W.2d 439, 442 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991). Moreover, we note from the record that defendant made
no objection to the attorney’s argument that a party who invites or waives error, or who fails to take



        18
             Civil Instruction 8.30, Tennessee Pattern Jury Instructions (3rd ed. 1997).

                                                           -13-
reasonable steps to cure an error is not entitled to relief on appeal. Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a). We find
no error by the trial court, and this issue is without merit.

       We will consider Appellant’s seventh issue for review and Appellee’s issue for review
together.

               7.      Whether the verdict and remittitur were excessive and given
               under influence of passion and prejudice.

               Whether the trial court’s remittitur should be reversed and the jury
               verdict reinstated because the trial court’s remittitur is contrary to the
               preponderance of the evidence.

       This court reviews a trial court's remittitur under the standard of Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). See
T.C.A. § 20-10-102(b); Thrailkill v. Patterson, 879 S.W.2d at 841 (Tenn. 1994). Accordingly,
when reviewing a trial court’s suggestion of remittitur, we must use the standard of review that
applies to findings of a trial judge. See Coffey v. Fayette Tubular Prods., 929 S.W.2d 326, 331
(Tenn.1996), and determine whether the evidence preponderates against the trial judge’s adjustment.
See Long v. Mattingly, 797 S.W.2d 889, 896 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990); Coffey v. Fayette Tubular
Prods., 929 S.W.2d at 331.

         A review of the record does not suggest that the evidence preponderates against the trial
court’s finding that the verdict was excessive or the trial court’s decision to remit Mr. McCollum’s
damages by $175,000. The trial court was in a better position than this court to weigh the testimony
concerning Mr. McCollum’s injuries and damages. Accordingly, we find that the record supports
the trial court’s decision to reduce Mr. McCollum’s damages to $75,000.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court as remitted is affirmed.
Costs of the appeal are assessed against the appellant, Dan Huffstutter, and his surety.


                                       __________________________________________
                                       W. FRANK CRAWFORD, PRESIDING JUDGE, W.S.




                                                 -14-
