                                                                   NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                         No. 17-3375
                                         ___________

    GNANA M. CHINNIAH, also known as Gnanachandra M. Chinniah; SUGANTHINI
                           CHINNIAH, Appellants

                                               v.

EAST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP; JEFFREY S. SHULTZ; KAREN DUNKLE; JAMES
HERZLER; JOHN KUNTZELMAN; CHRISTOPHER UNDERHILL; LAW OFFICES
   OF HARTMAN UNDERHILL & BRUBAKER; JOSHUA AUTRY; JEFFREY
 CONRAD; LAW OFFICES OF CLYMER MUSSER & CONRAD; CUMBERLAND
                   COUNTY TAX CLAIM BUREAU
               ____________________________________

                       On Appeal from the United States District Court
                           for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                               (D.C. Civil No. 1-15-cv-02240)
                          District Judge: Honorable Yvette Kane
                        ____________________________________

                       Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                     December 4, 2018

          Before: GREENAWAY, JR., RESTREPO and FUENTES, Circuit Judges

                               (Opinion filed: January 24, 2019)
                                        ___________

                                          OPINION *
                                         ___________

PER CURIAM



*
    This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
       Pro se appellants Gnana and Suganthini Chinniah appeal the District Court’s order

dismissing their amended complaint. For the reasons discussed below, we will affirm in

part, vacate in part, and remand for further proceedings.

       This case is effectively a sequel to a civil-rights action that the Chinniahs filed in

2008. In the first action, the Chinniahs claimed that East Pennsboro Township and one of

its building inspectors discriminated against them because they are of Indian descent and

adhere to Hinduism. The Chinniahs purchased property in East Pennsboro in 2007, and

alleged that the defendants treated them worse than the previous owner, a white man, and

that this was part of a pattern in East Pennsboro of treating Indian property owners worse

than similarly situated non-Indians. After a four-day trial, a jury found for the defendants.

The Chinniahs appealed, and we affirmed. See Chinniah v. E. Pennsboro Twp., 602 F.

App’x 558 (3d Cir. 2015) (per curiam) (non-precedential).

       The Chinniahs then instituted this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against East

Pennsboro Township, four Township employees, 1 three lawyers and their firms, and the

Cumberland County Tax Claim Bureau. They alleged that the defendants had retaliated

against them for filing the first action, violated their Fourth Amendment rights by

entering their rental unit on several occasions, violated their due process rights by failing


constitute binding precedent.
1
  These individuals are (1) John Kuntzelman, a current commissioner of East Pennsboro
Township; (2) James Herzler, a former commissioner of East Pennsboro Township and
current commissioner of Cumberland County; (3) Jeffrey Shultz, the building inspector
who was a defendant in the first action; and (4) Karen Dunkle, a building inspector and
code enforcement officer.
                                             2
to hold a hearing before condemning the rental unit, prevented them from accessing the

courts, violated their rights under the Equal Protection Clause by treating them differently

from white property owners, conspired to violate their rights, and committed numerous

state-law torts.

       Approving a report and recommendation from a Magistrate Judge, the District

Court granted the defendants’ motions to dismiss and dismissed the complaint in its

entirety. The Court dismissed all claims with prejudice with the exception of the

retaliation and conspiracy claims, which the Court allowed the Chinniahs to replead, and

the state-law claims, which the Court dismissed without prejudice to the Chinniahs’

reasserting in state court. The Chinniahs filed an amended complaint. Again approving a

report and recommendation, the District Court dismissed the amended complaint. The

Chinniahs filed a timely notice of appeal.

       We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise a plenary standard of

review. See Fleisher v. Standard Ins. Co., 679 F.3d 116, 120 (3d Cir. 2012). In

reviewing the dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6), “we accept all factual allegations as true

[and] construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Pinker v. Roche

Holdings Ltd., 292 F.3d 361, 374 n.7 (3d Cir. 2002). To survive a motion to dismiss, a

complaint’s “[f]actual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the

speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007).

       At the outset, we note that, because the Chinniahs have not challenged the District

Court’s dismissal of their access-to-the-courts or due-process claims or its dismissal of
                                             3
their § 1983 claims against the attorneys and the law firms on the ground that they were

not state actors, we will not consider those matters on appeal. See Laborers’ Int’l Union

of N. Am., AFL-CIO v. Foster Wheeler Corp., 26 F.3d 375, 398 (3d Cir. 1994) (“An

issue is waived unless a party raises it in its opening brief, and for those purposes a

passing reference to an issue will not suffice to bring that issue before this court.”

(quotation marks, alteration omitted); Mala v. Crown Bay Marina, Inc., 704 F.3d 239,

245 (3d Cir. 2013) (noting that pro se litigants “must abide by the same rules that apply to

all other litigants”). Further, we will not consider the Chinniahs’ argument that the

condemnation of their rental unit amounts to a taking in violation of their Fifth

Amendment rights because they did not raise this claim in the District Court. See, e.g.,

Birdman v. Office of the Governor, 677 F.3d 167, 173 (3d Cir. 2012).

       Meanwhile, although the Chinniahs’ claim that the defendants conspired against

them in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1985 is properly before us, we will affirm the District

Court’s dismissal of the claim. As the District Court explained, the Chinniahs simply

have not provided “plausible grounds to infer an agreement” between the sundry

defendants. Great W. Mining & Mineral Co. v. Fox Rothschild LLP, 615 F.3d 159, 178

(3d Cir. 2010) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). Likewise, the District Court

properly dismissed the Chinniahs’ claims against Pennsboro Township and the

Cumberland County Tax Claim Bureau because they failed altogether to show that the

alleged deprivation of their constitutional rights resulted from any official policy or

custom. See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978); see also Groman
                                              4
v. Twp. of Manalapan, 47 F.3d 628, 637 (3d Cir. 1995) (finding “vague assertions” were

insufficient to impose Monell liability). 2

       However, we will vacate in part the District Court’s dismissal of the Chinniahs’

retaliation claims. To plead a plausible First Amendment retaliation claim, the Chinniahs

were required to allege three elements: (1) “[they] engaged in constitutionally protected

conduct, (2) there was retaliatory action sufficient to deter a person of ordinary firmness

from exercising [their] constitutional rights, and (3) there was a causal link between the

constitutionally protected conduct and the retaliatory action.” Conard v. Pa. State Police,

902 F.3d 178, 183 (3d Cir. 2018) (alterations omitted) (quoting Mirabella v. Villard, 853

F.3d 641, 649 (3d Cir. 2017)). The Chinniahs allege that, in retaliation for filing and

litigating their previous action, the defendants raised their property-tax assessment,

induced the Cumberland County Housing and Redevelopment Authorities to refuse to

pay rent for a property it leased from them, and endeavored to have their rental property

condemned.

       We agree in part with the District Court’s resolution of these claims. As the

District Court ruled, the Chinniahs failed to plead that John Kuntzelman had any personal

involvement in any of the alleged acts of retaliation. See Chavarriaga v. N.J. Dep’t of


2
  Like the District Court, we interpret the Chinniahs’ equal-protection claim to be
asserted primarily against the Township, and conclude that they have to plead a plausible
equal-protection claim against any individual defendant. See generally Hill v. Borough
of Kutztown, 455 F.3d 225, 239 (3d Cir. 2006). We also agree with the District Court
that the Chinniahs are barred from re-litigating issues or claims that were decided
adversely to them in the first action. See generally Montana v. United States, 440 U.S.
                                              5
Corr., 806 F.3d 210, 222 (3d Cir. 2015); see also Rode v. Dellarciprete, 845 F.2d 1195,

1207 (3d Cir. 1988) (“Allegations of participation or actual knowledge and acquiescence,

however, must be made with appropriate particularity.”). Likewise, they failed to plead

that (a) any of the named defendants were personally involved in the failure of the

Cumberland County Housing and Redevelopment Authorities to pay rent; (b) Jeffrey

Shultz or James Herzler had any personal involvement in the condemnation; and (c)

Karen Dunkle had any personal involvement in the tax reassessment. However, we are

satisfied that the Chinniahs adequately pleaded that Shultz and Herzler were personally

involved in the property reassessment by providing incorrect information about the

construction that the Chinniahs had completed and that Dunkle was personally involved

in the condemnation. 3

       Further, as to these defendants and these claims only, we conclude that the

Chinniahs adequately pleaded causation. The District Court concluded that there was no

unusual temporal proximity between the date that the Chinniahs filed their first action

and the reassessment or the condemnation. However, we have not always limited our

analysis of temporal proximity to the date that the previous action was filed. See Hill v.

City of Scranton, 411 F.3d 118, 132–33 (3d Cir. 2005) (looking to disposition of appeal);


147, 153 (1979).
3
  The Chinniahs also alleged that Kuntzleman and Herzler retaliated against them by
failing to show up at the first trial to testify. However, in light of the Chinniahs’
admissions that these defendants did appear for depositions and then were not called by
the Chinniahs’ counsel to testify at trial, we agree with the District Court that this conduct
would not deter a person of ordinary firmness from exercising their First Amendment
                                                  6
see also Treglia v. Town of Manlius, 313 F.3d 713, 720–21 (2d Cir. 2002). Moreover, “it

is causation, not temporal proximity itself, that is an element of plaintiff’s prima facie

case, and temporal proximity merely provides an evidentiary basis from which an

inference can be drawn.” Kachmar v. SunGard Data Sys., Inc., 109 F.3d 173, 178 (3d

Cir. 1997). We conclude that, at least for purposes of the motion-to-dismiss stage, the

Chinniahs’ allegations of retaliation “do not lack plausibility,” and the District Court’s

dismissal on the basis of causation in these circumstances was “premature at the motion

to dismiss stage.” Conard, 902 F.3d at 184.

       We reach the same conclusion as to the Chinniahs’ Fourth Amendment claim.

The Chinniahs alleged that Dunkle “made multiple intrusions” onto their property leading

up to the condemnation proceedings. The District Court dismissed this claim on two

grounds, concluding that “Dunkle’s entry onto the State Street Property and subsequent

search was inherently reasonable under the consent and exigency exceptions to the

warrant requirement in light of the tenant’s complaint of flooding from broken sewer

lines.” D.C. dkt. #71 at pg. 26. While we express no opinion about whether these

defenses may have merit at a different stage of the case, we conclude that it was

premature for the District Court to dismiss the claims on these grounds.

       It is typically the Government’s burden to show that the consent or exigency

exception to the warrant requirement applies. See United States v. Price, 558 F.3d 270,

277 (3d Cir. 2009); Parkhurst v. Trapp, 77 F.3d 707, 711 (3d Cir. 1996). These defenses


rights. See generally McKee v. Hart, 436 F.3d
                                           7 165, 173 (3d Cir. 2006).
are not apparent on the face of the complaint. Moreover, while we acknowledge that

Dunkle filed the record from the condemnation proceedings, without converting the

motion to dismiss to a motion for summary judgment, the District Court could take

judicial notice of only the existence of these proceedings, not for the truth of the facts

asserted in the record. See Lum v. Bank of Am., 361 F.3d 217, 221 n.3 (3d Cir. 2004).

The Chinniahs alleged that Dunkle entered and searched their property on multiple

occasions; we have found no facts either as alleged in the complaint or of which we may

judicial notice that establish that each search was either consented to or justified by

exigent circumstances. See generally Michigan v. Tyler, 436 U.S. 499, 511 (1978)

(ruling that while no warrant is necessary for entry to fight a fire and to remain thereafter

to investigate the cause, “additional entries to investigate the cause of the fire must be

made pursuant to the warrant procedures governing administrative searches”).

Accordingly, we will also vacate the District Court’s dismissal of this claim.

       Thus, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment in part and vacate in part and

remand for further proceedings. More particularly, we will affirm the District Court’s

dismissal of all of the Chinniahs’ claims with the exception of the following claims under

§ 1983: (1) a First Amendment retaliation claim against defendants Shultz and Herzler

concerning the property reassessment; (2) a First Amendment retaliation claim against

defendant Dunkle concerning the condemnation proceedings; and (3) a Fourth




                                              8
Amendment claim concerning Dunkle’s alleged multiple searches of the rental property. 4

Because our decision to remand this matter as to these claims means that not all claims

over which the District Court has original jurisdiction have been dismissed, we will also

vacate and remand the District Court’s order as to supplemental jurisdiction. See United

States ex rel. Silver v. Omnicare, Inc., 903 F.3d 78, 94 (3d Cir. 2018). 5




4
 We express no opinion about the merits of these claims or whether the defenses that the
defendants have asserted might be viable at a later stage of this case.
5
 The Chinniahs’ motions to recuse counsel and to strike one of the response briefs are
denied.
                                          9
