                           UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

                                                )
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       )
                                                )
                v.                              )       Criminal No. 16-cr-0030 (KBJ)
                                                )
CHARLES HILLIE,                                 )
                                                )
                Defendant.                      )
                                                )


                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

        A federal grand jury has indicted Charles Hillie (“Hillie” or “Defendant”) of

seven counts of production and possession of child pornography in violation of 18

U.S.C. §§ 2251 and 2252, and ten counts of child sexual abuse in violation of District

of Columbia law. (See Superseding Indictment (“Indictment”), ECF No. 9, at 1–14

(citing 18 U.S.C. §§ 2251(a), (e), 2252(a)(4)(B); D.C. Code §§ 22-3008, -3009,

-3009.02, -3020(a)(2), (a)(5)).) 1 Hillie has filed seven separate motions challenging

various aspects of this prosecution. (See ECF Nos. 17–23.) 2 Before this Court at

present is the motion in which Hillie raises questions about the sufficiency of the

indictment, which charges Hillie with multiple counts of nearly identical offenses. (See

Motion to Dismiss Indictment (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 19.) According to Hillie, the

language of the charging document does not provide an adequate description of the


1
 Page numbers herein refer to those that the Court’s electronic case filing system automatically
assigns.
2
  The motions are: (1) a motion to sever counts (ECF No. 17); (2) a motion to dismiss counts One
through Seven of the indictment (ECF No. 18); (3) a motion to dismiss the indictment in its entirety
(ECF No. 19); (4) a motion for a Bill of Particulars (ECF No. 20); (5) a motion to suppress statements
and request for an evidentiary hearing (ECF No. 21); (6) a motion to suppress tangible and electronic
evidence (ECF No. 22); and (7) a motion to suppress identification evidence (ECF No. 23).
“place and time” that the alleged offenses took place, nor does it specify “the nature or

type of ‘sexually explicit conduct’” at issue. (Id. at 7.) Instead, says Hillie, the

indictment merely quotes the broad language of the child pornography statutes without

including any facts that specify the particular conduct of Hillie’s that is the basis of the

government’s charges. (See id.; see also Reply to United States’ Suppl. Resp. to Def.’s

Mot. (“Def.’s Suppl. Br.”), ECF No. 42, at 3–4.) Hillie argues that these deficiencies

amount to insufficient notice of the “nature of the accusations against him” and prevent

him from “rais[ing] a double jeopardy defense in the event he is charged with similar

offenses in the future” (Def.’s Mot. at 7–8), all in violation of his Fifth Amendment

right to due process and Sixth Amendment right to be appraised of the nature and cause

of the criminal charges against him (see id. at 5–8).

       For the reasons explained below, this Court agrees with Hillie’s arguments, at

least as far as the federal child pornography counts are concerned. In this Court’s view,

the challenged indictment fails to provide minimally required factual information

regarding the conduct of Hillie’s that the government says constitutes production and

possession of child pornography in violation of federal law (Counts One through

Seven), and as a result, the Court concludes that Hillie’s Motion to Dismiss the

Indictment must be GRANTED IN PART, and that Counts One through Seven of the

indictment must be DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE. Because the dismissal of

the federal child pornography counts impacts this Court’s continued exercise of

jurisdiction over the remaining state law charges, this Court’s dismissal order will be

HELD IN ABEYANCE for a period of 14 days, to provide the government with an




                                             2
opportunity to consider the path forward and, if it so chooses, seek a superseding

indictment that comports with the Constitution and the Federal Rules.


I.     BACKGROUND

       A.      The Criminal Charges

       On March 22, 2016, a federal grand jury returned a 17-count indictment against

Hillie, and the government filed that charging document with this Court. (See

Indictment, ECF No. 9.) 3 The indictment charged Hillie with seven violations of

federal law: two counts of Production of Child Pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 2251(a) (Counts One and Two); one count of Possession of Child Pornography in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4) (Count Three); and four counts of Attempted

Production of Child Pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a) and (e) (Counts

Four, Five, Six, and Seven). (See Indictment at 1–6.) The indictment also alleged that

Hillie committed several serious child sex abuse offenses in violation of D.C. law: one

count of First Degree Child Sexual Abuse with Aggravating Circumstances in violation

of D.C. Code §§ 22-3008, -3020(a)(2), and (a)(5) (Count Eight); eight counts of Second

Degree Child Sexual Abuse with Aggravating Circumstances in violation of D.C. Code

§§ 22-3009, -3020(a)(2), and (a)(5) (Counts Nine, Ten, Eleven, and Thirteen through

Seventeen); and one count of Second Degree Sexual Abuse of a Minor with




3
 “The government’s formal prosecution against Charles Hillie [actually] began on or about July 29,
2015, in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia when a complaint was filed” charging Hillie
“with one count of First Degree Child Sexual Abuse and one count of Second Degree Child Sexual
Abuse.” (Def.’s Mot. at 2.) On February 23, 2016, a federal grand jury indicted Hillie of one count of
Production of Child Pornography and one count of First Degree Child Sexual Abuse based on the same
conduct at issue in the Superior Court case (see id. at 2–3; Original Indictment, ECF No. 2), and
“[a]fter the federal indictment was returned, the Superior Court case was dismissed” (Def.’s Mot. at 3
n.4). The current charges were brought on March 22, 2016, in the form of a superseding indictment.



                                                  3
Aggravating Circumstances in violation of D.C. Code §§ 22-3009.02, -3020(a)(2), and

(a)(5) (Count Twelve). (See Indictment at 6–14.)

              1. The Charged Federal Offenses

       The child pornography counts (Counts One through Seven) charge Hillie with

violations of two statutory provisions: namely, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2251 and 2252, as

amended. Congress first enacted these statutes in the Protection of Children Against

Sexual Exploitation Act of 1977, Pub. L. No. 95–225, 92 Stat. 7, in order to sanction

the use of minors in sexually explicit depictions and thereby eradicate the harms

flowing from the clandestine distribution of child pornography. See Am. Library Ass’n

v. Barr, 956 F.2d 1178, 1181 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (summarizing the legislative history of

18 U.S.C. §§ 2251, 2252, and 2256). Section 2251(a) broadly criminalizes the

production of child pornography; it punishes anyone who, in connection with interstate

commerce, “employs, uses, persuades, induces, entices, or coerces any minor to engage

in . . . any sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of producing any visual depiction

of such conduct[.]” 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a). Section 2252(a) makes knowing possession

of child pornography unlawful; specifically, possession of “1 or more books,

magazines, periodicals, films, video tapes, or other matter which contain any visual

depiction . . . if—(i) the producing of such visual depiction involves the use of a minor

engaging in sexually explicit conduct; and (ii) such visual depiction is of such

conduct[.]” Id. § 2252(a)(4)(B).

       The term “sexually explicit conduct”—which appears in both child pornography

statutes—is defined as, inter alia, “actual or simulated . . . lascivious exhibition of the

genitals or pubic area of any person[.]” Id. § 2256(2)(A)(v). Furthermore, Congress

has criminalized not only the completed acts of producing and possessing child


                                             4
pornography, but also the attempt to commit those crimes. See id. § 2251(e)

(prescribing punishment for “[a]ny individual who violates, or attempts or conspires to

violate, [§ 2251(a)]”); see also id. § 2252(b)(2) (prescribing punishment for “[w]hoever

violates, or attempts or conspires to violate, [§ 2252(a)(4)]”). To prove attempt, the

government must show that the defendant (1) took a “substantial step” toward

committing the crime, such as “utiliz[ing] another person to perform an element” of the

offense, and (2) acted “with the clear intent to cause the harm proscribed by the

statute.” United States v. Hite, 769 F.3d 1154, 1162 (D.C. Cir. 2014).

              2. The Language In The Indictment

       Counts One and Two of the indictment against Hillie—the production counts—

are substantively identical with the exception of the date ranges alleged. Count One

alleges that the violative conduct occurred sometime between July 1, 2008, and August

30, 2010, while Count Two charges Hillie with a violation that allegedly occurred

sometime between July 1, 2008, and August 30, 2011. These two counts otherwise state

the allegations against Hillie in identical terms, using solely the words of the statute, as

follows:

       Between on or about July 1, 2008 and on or about [either August 30,
       2010 or August 30, 2011], in the District of Columbia, the defendant,
       CHARLES HILLIE, did knowingly and intentionally employ, use,
       persuade, induce, entice, and coerce J.A.A., [a] . . . minor female, to
       engage in sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of producing any
       visual depiction of such conduct, knowing and having reason to know
       that such visual depiction would be transported or transmitted using any
       means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce or knowing and
       having reason to know that such visual depiction would be transported
       or transmitted in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce; and which
       visual depiction was produced or transmitted using materials that had
       been mailed, shipped, or transported in or affecting interstate or foreign
       commerce by any means, including by computer; and the visual depiction
       was transported or transmitted using any means or facility of interstate



                                             5
       or foreign commerce or the visual depiction was transported or
       transmitted in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce.

(Indictment at 1–2.)

       Counts Four, Five, Six, and Seven—the attempted production counts—also recite

this same statutory language with respect to the underlying conduct, but each of these

counts adds the words “attempt to” after “did knowingly and intentionally[.]” (Id. at 3–

5; see, e.g., id. at 3 (stating, as to Count Four, that Hillie “did knowingly and

intentionally attempt to employ, use, persuade, induce, entice, and coerce J.A.A.”

(emphasis added)).) Furthermore, as with the first two counts, the four attempt counts

differ slightly with respect to the date ranges upon which the underlying conduct

allegedly occurred. (See id. at 3 (Count Four covers attempted conduct during a period

ranging from May 1, 2007, to May 31, 2012); id. at 4 (Count Five covers attempted

conduct during a period ranging from July 1, 2008, to August 30, 2011—the same date

range as Count Two); id. at 5 (Count Six covers attempted conduct that allegedly

occurred on October 12, 2011); id. (Count Seven covers attempted conduct during a

period ranging from July 1, 2011, to May 31, 2012).)

       Lastly, the child-pornography-possession count (Count Three) reads:

       Between on or about July l, 2008, and on or about August 30, 2011, in the
       District of Columbia, the defendant, CHARLES HILLIE, did knowingly
       possess at least one matter which contained any visual depiction that had
       been shipped or transported using any means or facility of interstate or
       foreign commerce, or in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce; and
       which was produced using materials which had been mailed or shipped or
       transported using any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce,
       or in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce; and the production of such
       visual depiction involved the use of an eleven-to-fourteen-year-old minor
       female engaging in sexually explicit conduct, and such visual depiction was
       of such conduct.

(Id. at 3.)



                                             6
                3. The D.C. Sexual Abuse Charges

        In addition to the federal child pornography offenses described above, the

indictment charges Hillie with one count of sexual abuse of a minor (Count Twelve)

and nine counts of sexual abuse of a child in the first and second degree (Counts Eight

through Eleven and Thirteen through Seventeen), all in violation of District of

Columbia law. (See Indictment at 6–14.) 4 The relevant statutory provisions penalize

anyone who, “being 18 years of age or older,” has sexual contact with a “minor” with

whom he or she has a significant relationship, D.C. Code § 22-3009.02 (“Second degree

sexual abuse of a minor”), or who engages in a sexual act or sexual contact with a

“child” at least 4 years younger than the offender, see id. § 22-3008 (“First degree child

sexual abuse”); id. § 22-3009 (“Second degree child sexual abuse”). The D.C. Code

defines a “sexual act” as, inter alia, “[t]he penetration, however slight, of the anus or

vulva by a hand or finger or by any object, with an intent to abuse, humiliate, harass,

degrade, or arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person[,]” id. § 22-3001(8)(C),

and “sexual contact” as “the touching with any clothed or unclothed body part or any

object, either directly or through the clothing, of the genitalia, anus, groin, breast, inner

thigh, or buttocks of any person” with the same intent, id. § 22-3001(9).

        With respect to the state law sex abuse charges that have been brought against

Hillie, the indictment specifies certain sexual acts and sexual conduct that Hillie is

alleged to have undertaken with two different children. Each count tracks the D.C.


4
  In addition to having different degrees of child sex abuse offenses, D.C. law contains separate
statutory provisions regarding the sexual abuse of children that vary based upon the age of the victim.
As pertinent to nine of the counts in the indictment (Counts Eight through Eleven and Thirteen through
Seventeen), the D.C. Code defines a “Child” as anyone “who has not yet attained the age of 16 years.”
D.C. Code § 22-3001(3). For the purpose of Count Twelve, a “Minor” is defined as anyone “who has
not yet attained the age of 18 years.” Id. § 22-3001(5A).



                                                   7
Code’s language and provides somewhat different date ranges. (See Indictment at 6–

14.) Furthermore, and significantly for present purposes, each count alleges the

specific act of Hillie’s that is the basis of the charge. (See, e.g., id. at 6 (alleging that

between July 1, 2007, and August 30, 2010, Hillie “engaged in a sexual act with that

child, that is, penetration of J.A.A.’s vulva by CHARLES HILLIE’s finger”); id. at 7

(alleging that between July 1, 2007, and August 30, 2009, Hillie “engaged in sexual

contact with that child, that is, contact between CHARLES HILLIE’s hand and J.A.A.’s

buttocks”); id. at 8 (charging “contact between CHARLES HILLIE’s hand and J.A.A.’s

breast” between July 1, 2007, and May 31, 2012).) The sex abuse counts further note

(a) the relationship between Hillie and the two victims (see, e.g., id. at 6 (“HILLIE had

a significant relationship to J.A.A., in that [he] . . . was the paramour of the person who

was charged with any duty or responsibility for the health, welfare, or supervision of

J.A.A.”); id. at 10 (noting that Hillie and J.A. had the same relationship)); (b) the age

difference between Hillie and that alleged victim (see id.); and (c) the fact that Hillie

resided in the same dwelling as the victims when the abusive conduct allegedly

occurred (see id.).

       B.     The Underlying Facts

       The facts that underlie Hillie’s prosecution are described in various memoranda

that the government has filed in this Court, and are as follows. Beginning in 2005,

Charles Hillie (who was born in November of 1983) became romantically involved with

a woman who is referred to throughout the parties’ briefs by the initials “W-1” or

“Jo.A.” (See Gov’t’s Mot. to Admit Other Crimes Evid., ECF No. 14, at 2.) Jo.A. is

“the mother of the two [alleged] victims” involved in this case: “J.A.A. (born in

February 1997) and J.A. (born in May 2002).” (Id.) The government maintains that


                                               8
“[b]etween 2005 and his arrest in 2015, the defendant lived on and off with the child

victims and [their mother].” (Id.) Moreover, at all times relevant to this case, Hillie,

Jo.A., J.A.A. and J.A. resided at two locations: first, “an apartment on Douglas Road in

Southeast, Washington, D.C.[,]” where they lived between August of 2007 and June of

2012; and second, “a residence on Good Hope Court in Southeast, Washington, D.C.[,]”

where they lived beginning in the summer of 2012. (Id.)

       J.A., the younger of the two sisters, was the first to speak up about the alleged

sexual abuse. In December of 2012, J.A.’s biological father retained custody of her

after Hillie purportedly “struck J.A. in the face” for trying to tell her mother about the

abuse, “causing her to bleed severely from her mouth and nose.” (Gov’t’s Notice, ECF

No. 15, at 3.) According to the government, J.A. confided in her biological father

shortly after moving in with him, telling him about Hillie’s conduct, which led her

father to file a formal report with the police. (See id.) On January 23, 2013, the D.C.

Children’s Advocacy Center interviewed J.A. (who was 10 years old at the time);

during the interview, J.A. “disclosed multiple instances of sexual abuse by the

defendant” relating to both her and her sister. (Id.) J.A.’s allegations prompted D.C.

government officials to launch a formal investigation into Hillie. (See id. at 3 n.1.)

       On March 29, 2013, “J.A. was shown a confirmation photograph of the

defendant[,]” who she called “Mr. Charlie[,]” the man “who had ‘touched’ her[.]”

(Gov’t’s Resp. to Def.’s Mot. to Suppress Identification, ECF No. 26, at 3.) The police

also questioned J.A.’s sister, J.A.A., who was 16 years old at that time and was living

with her mother and Hillie. (See id. at 2.) When questioned, J.A.A. denied J.A.’s

allegations, and also said that J.A. had been untruthful in the past. (See id.; Gov’t’s




                                             9
Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Suppress Tangible & Elec. Evid., ECF No. 31, at 2–3.)

J.A.A.’s adamant refusal to corroborate J.A.’s account led the police to suspend their

investigation into the child sex abuse allegations. (See Gov’t’s Notice at 3 n.1.)

       The investigation was revived the following year, however, when, in August of

2014, J.A.A. reversed course and admitted to the investigators that she had previously

lied about not being abused by Hillie. (See Gov’t’s Resp. to Def.’s Mot. to Suppress

Identification at 3.) J.A.A. said that “[t]he reason [she] was silent about the defendant’s

abuse was because her mother . . . had warned [her] that their family would be broken

apart if [she] disclosed the truth[,]” and had specifically directed J.A.A. to lie to the

authorities. (Gov’t’s Mot. to Admit Other Crimes Evid. at 4.) J.A.A. said that she had

agreed to lie about the abuse in exchange for her mother’s promise that Hillie “would

never touch either of the girls again.” (Id.) However, according to J.A.A., “the

defendant [did] touch[] [her] on the buttocks again” and as a result, she decided to tell

the authorities about Hillie’s conduct. (Id.) Thereafter, “J.A.A. reported to Child

Protective Services that the defendant, her mother’s boyfriend named ‘Charles Hillie,’

had been sexually abusing her for a period of time.” (Gov’t’s Resp. to Def.’s Mot. to

Suppress Identification at 3.) Moreover, and significantly for present purposes, J.A.A.

told the police that, in 2011, she had discovered nude photographs of herself on the

family’s pink laptop computer, and that the photos had been taken without her

knowledge. (See Gov’t’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Suppress Tangible & Elec. Evid. at

3.) “The investigation was thus re-initiated” in earnest. (Gov’t’s Resp. to Def.’s Mot.

to Suppress Identification at 3.) To this end, on August 8, 2014, J.A.A. was shown a




                                             10
confirmatory photograph of the defendant, who she identified as “Charles Hillie,” and

who she claimed had “‘touched’ her on her ‘butt, vagina, breast.’” (Id.)

      On July 29, 2015, the government filed a criminal complaint in the Superior

Court of the District of Columbia, accusing Hillie of first and second degree child

sexual abuse with respect to J.A.A. and J.A. (See Superior Court Criminal Complaint,

Attach. A to Gov’t’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Suppress Tangible & Elec. Evid., ECF No.

31-2; see also Def.’s Mot. at 2.) Thereafter, law enforcement officers secured a search

warrant that authorized government agents to locate and seize “[a] pink laptop

computer, black camera, and any other electronic equipment capable of taking or

storing photographs relating to sexual abuse[.]” (Aug. 5, 2015 Search Warrant, Attach.

B to Gov’t’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Suppress Tangible & Elec. Evid., ECF No. 31-3,

at 1.) Officers arrested Hillie at the same time that they executed the August search

warrant; during the search, they recovered a “black and silver camera” and a “pink

laptop in the same bedroom where the defendant” was hiding. (Gov’t’s Opp’n to Def.’s

Mot. to Suppress Tangible & Elec. Evid. at 6.) With these items secured, the officers

then requested and received a separate warrant to search the contents of the pink laptop

and black camera for “[e]vidence of sexual abuse to include digital files, records and

photographs[.]” (Sep. 9, 2015 Search Warrant, Attach. C to Gov’t’s Opp’n to Def.’s

Mot. to Suppress Tangible & Elec. Evid., ECF No. 31-4, at 1.)

      During the subsequent forensic examination of the laptop’s contents, multiple

deleted videos that Hillie had created surreptitiously using a hand-held visual recording

device were allegedly identified. (See Gov’t’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Suppress

Tangible & Elec. Evid. at 7.) The videos purportedly capture Hillie “placing the




                                           11
recording device in hidden locations in [J.A.A.’s] bedroom and bathroom prior to

J.A.A. entering the room, and [he] is then seen retrieving the recording device after

J.A.A. leaves the room.” (Id.) There are apparently six such videos, each of which

showcases J.A.A. in the nude (or nude from the waist down) in her bedroom or

bathroom “grooming her genitalia and other parts of her body” when she was “15 years

old or younger” (approximately 2007–2012). (Id.)

       C.     Procedural History

       On July 29, 2015, Hillie was formally charged “with one count of First Degree

Child Sexual Abuse and one count of Second Degree Child Sexual Abuse” in the

District of Columbia Superior Court. (Def.’s Mot. at 2.) A federal grand jury first

returned an indictment against Hillie in the U.S. District Court for the District of

Columbia on February 23, 2016 (see Original Indictment, ECF No. 2), after which the

D.C. case was terminated (see Def.’s Mot. at 3 n.4). A superseding indictment against

Hillie—which is the operative pleading for the purpose of the instant case—was filed

on March 22, 2016. (See Indictment at 1.) As explained in Part I.A above, the pending

federal indictment contains 17 counts, the first seven of which charge either actual or

attempted production of child pornography (Counts One, Two, Four, Five, Six, Seven)

or possession of child pornography (Count Three) in violation of federal law, and the

remaining ten charge child sex abuse in violation of D.C. law for various acts that Hillie

allegedly engaged in with respect to J.A.A. and J.A.

       On July 27, 2016, Hillie’s counsel filed seven separate motions challenging

Hillie’s indictment and prosecution in various respects. (See Def.’s Mot. to Sever

Counts, ECF No. 17; Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss Counts One Through Seven of the

Indictment, ECF No. 18; Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss Indictment, ECF No. 19; Def.’s Mot.


                                            12
for a Bill of Particulars, ECF No. 20; Def.’s Mot. to Suppress Statements & Req. for

Evid. Hr’g, ECF No. 21; Def.’s Mot. to Suppress Tangible & Elec. Evid., ECF No. 22;

Def.’s Mot. to Suppress Identification Evid., ECF No. 23.) After the motions were ripe,

this Court ordered the parties to file supplemental briefs clarifying their positions with

respect to Hillie’s Motion to Dismiss the Indictment. (See Nov. 8, 2016 Min. Order;

see also Def.’s Suppl. Br.; Gov’t’s Suppl. Resp. to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss Indictment

(“Gov’t’s Suppl. Br.”), ECF No. 40.)

              1. Hillie’s Motion To Dismiss The Indictment

       As reflected in the primary and supplemental briefs that the parties have filed,

Hillie’s Motion to Dismiss the Indictment makes two overarching arguments: (1) that

the indictment “fails to make a sufficient factual assertion to support the government’s

contention that [he] committed the crime alleged in each count”; and (2) that the grand

jury “relied on insufficient and erroneous information when charging [him] with the

offenses alleged in Counts One through Seven.” (Def.’s Mot. at 1; see also Def.’s

Suppl. Br. at 1–11.) With respect to the first contention, Hillie argues that the

indictment does not include sufficient facts to support the crimes charged and to

properly appraise him of “the nature of the accusations against him.” (Def.’s Mot. at

7.) For example, as to all counts, Hillie claims there is not an adequate description of

when and where the alleged offenses took place—i.e., the only “place” that is identified

is “the District of Columbia,” and the “time frame” broadly “spans a period of more

than three years.” (Id. at 6.) In addition, Hillie asserts that the child pornography

charges (Counts One through Seven) “fail to describe the nature or type of ‘sexually

explicit conduct’” the child allegedly engaged in and “fail to provide a factual basis for

the interstate or foreign commerce nexus.” (Id. at 7; see also Def.’s Suppl. Br. at 6.)


                                            13
Furthermore, says Hillie, in the pornography-production-related counts, there are no

facts to indicate the requisite mens rea (i.e., purposeful production of child pornography

and knowledge and intent to use a minor) or the specific acts that he allegedly

committed and “the manner in which it is alleged that he” committed them. (Def.’s

Suppl. Br. at 5.) As to the sex abuse charges (Counts Eight through Seventeen), Hillie

challenges the lack of factual support for the claim that he acted intentionally and that

he was previously found guilty of sexually offending two or more victims. (See Def.’s

Mot. at 7.)

       Hillie’s second line of argument relates only to the child pornography charges.

Hillie maintains that a properly instructed grand jury that was looking solely at the facts

alleged in the indictment and “the evidence provided to the defense through discovery”

“would have declined to charge” him with the various acts of production and possession

of child pornography, because the statute does not criminalize the mere capture of “a

nude visual depiction of a minor” not engaging in “sexually explicit conduct” or the

mere passive participation in said production. (Id. at 9.) As a result, Hillie argues that

the grand jurors were deprived of all pertinent information needed to make an

“independent[], fair[], or intelligent[]” determination to indict Hillie (id. at 10), and this

deprivation violated his Fifth Amendment rights to due process and to a grand jury’s

protection from “arbitrary and oppressive government action” and from “being harassed

by unfounded and vexatious accusations” (id. at 11).

              2. The Government’s Opposition To Hillie’s Indictment Challenge

       The government responds to Hillie’s argument that the indictment contains

insufficient facts by insisting that an indictment need not include the “time, place,

circumstances, [and] causes” of an alleged crime. (Gov’t’s Resp. to Def.’s Mot. to


                                             14
Dismiss Indictment (“Gov’t’s Resp. to Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 32, at 5 (quoting United

States v. Haldeman, 559 F.2d 31, 121 (D.C. Cir. 1976)).) Rather, in the government’s

view, it suffices that a criminal indictment contains the elements of the offense set forth

in a manner that “sufficiently appraises the defendant of what he must be prepared to

meet[,]” and enough facts for the defendant to discern “to what extent he may plead a

former acquittal or conviction” with respect to the instant charges. (Id. at 4–5 (quoting

Russell v. United States, 369 U.S. 749, 763–64 (1962)); see also Gov’t’s Suppl. Br. at 3

(asserting that “the test is not whether the indictment might have been drawn with

greater certainty and exactitude, but whether it sets forth the elements of the offense

and sufficiently apprises the defendant of the charges” (citation omitted)).) Here, the

government says, the indictment “contains the elements of the crimes, the fact that the

offenses occurred in the District of Columbia, the identity of the victims, the specific

range of dates within which the offenses occurred and the ages of the victims, the

specific nature of each sexual act, and the statutes violated” (Gov’t’s Resp. to Def.’s

Mot. at 4), which, in the government’s view, is all that is necessary to place Hillie on

notice of the charges against him. (See Gov’t’s Suppl. Br. at 3 (“[T]he charging

language is sufficient, because it tracks the language of the statute and provides the

defendant with notice of what he has been charged with.”).)

       The government also argues that, in any event, “the proper remedy for a need for

greater specificity in the indictment” is the issuance of a bill of particulars, not

dismissal, and because the government has already given Hillie a detailed bill of

particulars—one was tendered in response to another one of the defense motions (see

Gov’t’s Bill of Particulars, ECF No. 39)—Hillie’s dismissal argument is moot.




                                             15
(Gov’t’s Resp. to Def.’s Mot. at 5.) The government also rejects Hillie’s critique of the

grand jury’s instructions, arguing that Hillie’s mere suspicion that “something

unspecified . . . went wrong in the grand jury” does not, without more, warrant

dismissal of an indictment or the disclosure of grand jury transcripts. (Id. at 5–6.)

       This Court held a hearing on Hillie’s Motion to Dismiss the Indictment on

November 8, 2016. The supplemental briefing (mentioned above) followed, and the

motion is now ripe for this Court’s review.


II.    LEGAL STANDARD

       A facially valid indictment is intended to guarantee at least two core

constitutional protections. The first is notice: an “indictment’s main purpose is to

inform the defendant of the nature of the accusation against him.” United States v. Hitt,

249 F.3d 1010, 1016 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

This protection is established in the Sixth Amendment, which provides that “[i]n all

criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be informed of the nature

and cause of the accusation[.]” U.S. Const. amend. VI; see also Fed. R. Crim. P.

7(c)(1) (requiring that a criminal indictment “be a plain, concise, and definite written

statement of the essential facts constituting the offense charged”). A valid indictment

also preserves the Fifth Amendment’s protections against abusive criminal charging

practices; specifically, its guarantees that a criminal defendant can only be prosecuted

for offenses that a grand jury has actually passed up on, and that a defendant who is

convicted of a crime so charged cannot be prosecuted again for that same offense. See

Stirone v. United States, 361 U.S. 212, 218 (1960) (explaining that the Grand Jury

Clause of the Fifth Amendment “limit[s] [a defendant’s] jeopardy to offenses charged



                                              16
by a group of his fellow citizens acting independently”); see also Puerto Rico v.

Sanchez Valle, 136 S. Ct. 1863, 1867 (2016) (“The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth

Amendment prohibits more than one prosecution for the ‘same offen[s]e.’”). No less an

authority than the Supreme Court of the United States has repeatedly explained that

careful drafting in the “language of the indictment is essential because the Fifth

Amendment requires that criminal prosecutions be limited to the unique allegations of

the indictments returned by the grand jury[,]” Hitt, 249 F.3d at 1016 (citing, inter alia,

Russell, 369 U.S. at 768–71), and that “[t]he precise manner in which an indictment is

drawn cannot be ignored, because an important function of the indictment is to ensure

that, in case any other proceedings are taken against [the defendant] for a similar

offen[s]e, . . . the record [will] sho[w] with accuracy to what extent he may plead a

former acquittal or conviction[,]” Sanabria v. United States, 437 U.S. 54, 65–66 (1978)

(first and third alteration added) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

       Given these core constitutional values, an indictment must meet certain

requirements in order to survive a pretrial challenge to its facial sufficiency. “[A]n

indictment is sufficient if it, first, contains the elements of the offense charged and

fairly informs a defendant of the charge against which he must defend, and, second,

enables him to plead an acquittal or conviction in bar of future prosecutions for the

same offense.” Hamling v. United States, 418 U.S. 87, 117 (1974). “The [general] test

for sufficiency is whether it is fair to require the accused to defend himself on the basis

of the charge as stated in the indictment[,]” United States v. Conlon, 628 F.2d 150, 155

(D.C. Cir. 1980); therefore, “[a]n indictment is sufficient if it clearly informs the




                                             17
defendant of the precise offense of which he is accused so that he may prepare his

defense.” Id.

       It is important to note that, “[i]n order to meet the requirements of the Sixth

Amendment, an indictment must contain every element of the offense charged and must

fairly apprise the accused of the conduct allegedly constituting the offense so as to

enable him to prepare a defense against those allegations.” United States v. Dale, 782

F. Supp. 615, 621 (D.D.C. 1991) (emphasis added). To be sure, “the language of the

statute may be used in the [government’s] general description of an offen[s]e, but it

must be accompanied with such a statement of the facts and circumstances as will

inform the accused of the specific offen[s]e, coming under the general description, with

which he is charged.” Hamling, 418 U.S. at 117–18 (emphasis added) (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted). Courts have found that it is especially important

to include such facts and circumstances in cases where, by solely tracking the statutory

language, the indictment’s terms create ambiguity regarding the defendant’s conduct.

See United States v. Palfrey, 499 F. Supp. 2d 34, 45 (D.D.C. 2007); see also United

States v. Carll, 105 U.S. 611, 612 (1881) (finding that “it is not sufficient to set forth

the offen[s]e in the words of the statute, unless those words of themselves fully,

directly, and expressly, without any uncertainty or ambiguity, set forth all the elements

necessary to constitute the offen[s]e intended to be punished” (emphasis added)). Thus,

“[a]n indictment not framed to apprise the defendant ‘with reasonable certainty[] of the

nature of the accusation against him is defective, although it may follow the language

of the statute.’” United States v. Nance, 533 F.2d 699, 701 (D.C. Cir. 1976) (quoting

United States v. Simmons, 96 U.S. 360, 362 (1877)).




                                             18
       When testing the sufficiency of the charges in an indictment, “the indictment

must be viewed as a whole and the allegations [therein] must be accepted as true at this

stage of the proceedings.” United States v. Bowdoin, 770 F. Supp. 2d 142, 145 (D.D.C.

2011). Moreover, the court “is limited to reviewing the face of the indictment and,

more specifically, the language used to charge the crimes.” United States v. Sunia, 643

F. Supp. 2d 51, 60 (D.D.C. 2009) (emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted). The key question is whether the allegations in the indictment, if

proven, are sufficient to permit a petit jury to conclude that the defendant committed

the criminal offense as charged. See United States v. Sanford, Ltd., 859 F. Supp. 2d

102, 107 (D.D.C. 2012).


III.   ANALYSIS

       The indictment at issue in this case is, for the most part, a verbatim recitation of

the broad and varied statutory elements of the offenses that are charged against Hillie in

the various counts. Among other things, Hillie argues that the “limited facts contained”

in the indictment render this charging document constitutionally deficient, because the

indictment does not “sufficiently apprise him of what he must be prepared to meet at

trial” or “enable him to identify the conduct on which the government intends to base

its case.” (Def.’s Suppl. Br. at 3, 4.) The government responds that “the charging

language is sufficient[] because it tracks the language of the statute and provides the

defendant with notice of what he has been charged with.” (Gov’t’s Suppl. Br. at 3.)

       For the reasons explained below, this Court agrees with Hillie that the federal

child-pornography charges that appear in the pending indictment (Counts One through

Seven) do not contain any facts that describe the conduct of Hillie’s that the



                                            19
government believes constitutes criminal behavior, and thus, these counts of the

indictment fail to provide adequate notice of the factual bases for the myriad,

manifestly indistinguishable charges that the government has brought. Nor do the

indictment’s vague child-pornography allegations provide adequate protection for

Hillie’s grand jury and double jeopardy rights. As a result, this Court concludes that

the federal child pornography counts in the instant indictment (Counts One through

Seven) are constitutionally deficient and must be dismissed.

       A.     The Child Pornography Charges Violate The Sixth Amendment
              Because They Fail To Provide Hillie With Adequate Notice

              1. Counts One Through Seven Do Not Contain Any Allegations That
                 Reveal The Particular Factual Bases For The Government’s
                 Accusations

       It is axiomatic that “[a] crime is made up of acts and intent; and these must be

set forth in the indictment, with reasonable particularity of time, place, and

circumstances” if the charging document is to comport with the Constitution. United

States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542, 558 (1875); see also U.S. Const. amend. VI (“In all

criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be informed of the nature

and cause of the accusation [against him.]”). To satisfy the protections that the Sixth

Amendment guarantees, “facts are to be stated, not conclusions of law alone.”

Cruikshank, 92 U.S. at 558 (emphasis added). In other words, “[t]he accusation must

be legally sufficient, i.e., it must assert facts which in law amount to an offense and

which, if proved, would establish prima facie the accused’s commission of that

offense.” United States v. Silverman, 745 F.2d 1386, 1392 (11th Cir. 1984) (citation

omitted).




                                            20
        “The requirement that an indictment contain a few basic factual allegations

accords defendants adequate notice of the charges against them and assures them that

their prosecution will proceed on the basis of facts presented to the grand jury.” United

States v. Cecil, 608 F.2d 1294, 1297 (9th Cir. 1979). “The . . . generally applicable rule

is that the indictment may use the language of the statute, but that language must be

supplemented with enough detail to apprise the accused of the particular offense with

which he is charged.” Conlon, 628 F.2d at 155. Furthermore, and importantly for

present purposes, “[i]t is an elementary principle of criminal pleading[] that where the

definition of an offen[s]e . . . includes generic terms, it is not sufficient that the

indictment shall charge the offen[s]e in the same generic terms as in the definition; but

it must state the species[]— it must descend to particulars.” United States v. Thomas,

444 F.2d 919, 921 (D.C. Cir. 1971) (first alteration in original) (quoting Cruikshank, 92

U.S. at 558). Thus, an indictment that mirrors the exact language of a criminal statute

may nevertheless be dismissed as constitutionally deficient if it is “not framed to

apprise the defendant ‘with reasonable certainty[] of the nature of the accusation

against him[.]’” Nance, 533 F.2d at 701 (quoting Simmons, 96 U.S. at 362).

       The indictment at issue here clearly fails to satisfy these basic constitutionally

mandated principles. To recap, each of the child pornography-related counts that the

government has filed against Hillie (Counts One through Seven of the indictment)

provides only a verbatim recitation of the language of the criminal statute, devoid of

any facts regarding the circumstances of Hillie’s behavior and adorned only with the

broadest possible references to time and place. Based on the indictment, one knows

only that Hillie did something involving visual depictions of sexually explicit conduct




                                              21
of a minor “in the District of Columbia” during periods of time that span two to three

years, and that the government has chosen to charge this alleged criminal activity

(whatever it is) in a series of separate counts that appear to differ based solely on the

overlapping time frames that relate to each count. The indictment is barren of factual

averments regarding the what, where, or how of Hillie’s conduct, and thus, a non-

clairvoyant reader cannot possibly ascertain the substance of the government’s

accusations from the face of the charging instrument.

       This lack of particularity or specificity regarding Hillie’s actions also makes it

impossible to discern—and therefore to distinguish between—the conduct underlying

each separate count. For example, Count One charges that, “[b]etween on or about July

1, 2008, and on or about August 30, 2010, in the District of Columbia,” Hillie “did

knowingly and intentionally employ, use, persuade, induce, entire, and coerce J.A.A.,

an eleven-to-thirteen-year-old minor female, to engage in sexually explicit conduct for

the purpose of producing any visual depiction of such conduct[.]” (Indictment at 1.)

Count Two repeats that same generic charge, relating it to a slightly larger timeframe.

(See id. at 2 (charging that Hillie “did knowingly and intentionally employ, use,

persuade, induce, entire, and coerce J.A.A., . . . to engage in sexually explicit conduct

for the purpose of producing any visual depiction of such conduct” and that he did so

“[b]etween on or about July 1, 2008, and on or about August 30, 2011”).) Because

nothing in these counts reveals the particular conduct that Hillie allegedly engaged in

with respect to J.A.A. during this overlapping multi-year period, one cannot tell

whether the charges relate to distinguishable or separate child-pornography-production




                                             22
offenses, and, indeed, it is not at all clear that these counts even reference different acts

on the Defendant’s part.

       The D.C. Circuit has long held that an indictment that is drawn in the generic

words of a statute and that fails entirely to describe in any meaningful way the acts of

the defendant that constitute the offenses charged is insufficient to notify a defendant of

the nature of the accusations against him. See, e.g., Nance, 533 F.2d at 701 (holding

that an indictment “following the generic wording of a statute” but lacking “any

[factual] allegation whatsoever” with respect to a key element of the offense is “fatally

defective”); Thomas, 444 F.2d at 922 (noting that an indictment that “describes the

offense only in impermissibly broad and categorical terms” drawn from the statute fails

to “achieve the requisite degree of precision” demanded by the Constitution). In Hunter

v. District of Columbia, 47 App. D.C. 406 (D.C. Cir. 1918), for example, the Circuit

examined an indictment that alleged that the defendants had “congregate[d] and

assemble[d] on Pennsylvania avenue, N.W., [and] did then and there crowd, obstruct,

and incommode the free use of the sidewalk thereof on said avenue” in violation of the

unlawful-assembly statute. Id. at 408. Beyond the general terms of acts prohibited by

the statute, there was no averment of fact “to inform defendants of the nature of the acts

which [were] relied upon by the prosecution as constituting alleged obstruction of the

sidewalk, or that would enable defendants to make an intelligent defense, much less to

advise the court of the sufficiency of the charge in law to support a conviction.” Id. at

410. And the fact that the charging document “fail[ed] to set out the acts committed by

the defendants which constituted the crowding and obstructing of the free use of the

walk by them[,]” id. at 409, was a fatal flaw:




                                             23
        [i]t is elementary that an information or indictment must set out the facts
        constituting the offense, with sufficient clearness to apprise the
        defendant of the charge he is expected to meet, and to inform the court
        of their sufficiency to sustain the conviction. . . . In other words, when
        the accused is led to the bar of justice, the information or indictment
        must contain the elements of the offense with which he is charged, with
        sufficient clearness to fully advise him of the exact crime which he is
        alleged to have committed.

Id. at 409, 410 (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The

Hunter Court also helpfully observed that the defendants in that case could have

engaged in a number of acts that fell outside the scope of the statute, and thus, by

failing to specify the defendants’ particular conduct, the indictment was “too vague,

general, and uncertain to meet the requirements of the established rules of criminal

pleading,” which in turn rendered it “insufficient in law.” Id. at 410; see also Kinoy v.

District of Columbia, 400 F.2d 761, 770–71 (D.C. Cir. 1968) (citing Hunter

approvingly and incorporating its reasoning indirectly with respect to vaguely worded

conduct in indictments). 5

        So it is here. Although Counts Eight through Sixteen contain specific references

to the particular act of Hillie’s that allegedly constitutes sexual abuse, Counts One

through Seven do not include any allegations of fact that would enable this Court to

ascertain the precise conduct of Hillie’s that the government believes constitutes

production and possession of child pornography. Thus, in accordance with the great

weight of authority, it appears that the first seven counts of the indictment do not pass

constitutional muster.


5
 At the time Hunter was decided, the federal appellate court we know today as the “United States
Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit” was called the “Court of Appeals of the District
of Columbia.” For a detailed description of the evolution of the names and structures of the federal
courts in the District of Columbia see Susan Low Bloch & Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Celebrating the 200th
Anniversary of the Federal Courts of District of Columbia, 90 Geo. L.J. 549, 559–61 (2002).



                                                  24
              2. The Government’s Contention That The Indictment’s Recitation Of
                 The Statutory Elements Of A Child Pornography Offense Provides
                 Sufficient Notice To Hillie Is Unpersuasive

       Undaunted, the government argues that the charges against Hillie are “sufficient

to place the defendant on notice of the offenses with which he is charged” because

“[t]he language contains the elements of the crimes, the fact that the offenses occurred

in the District of Columbia, the identity of the victims, the specific range of dates

within which the offenses occurred and the ages of the victims [on those dates], the

specific nature of each sexual act, and the statutes violated.” (Gov’t’s Resp. to Def.’s

Mot. at 4.) The government is plainly mistaken to insist that the indictment at issue

here alleges “the specific nature of each sexual act” that forms the basis of each child

pornography count; as this Court has already explained, Counts One through Seven do

not, in fact, specify the nature of the sexual acts that relate to Hillie’s unspecified

conduct involving video depictions, let alone the manner of his actual or attempted

video recording of any such sexual act. And the government’s related suggestion that it

is sufficient for constitutional purposes for an indictment merely to recite the elements

of the charged offenses is inconsistent with the well-established principles of proper

pleading as discussed above, and is thus entirely unpersuasive.

       To be sure, there are certain criminal offenses in which the statutory text is

worded so narrowly that a statement of the elements provides the defendant with

sufficient notice of the acts that constitute the specific offense charged against him, and

in such a case, “an indictment parroting the language of a federal criminal statute is

often sufficient[.]” United States v. Resendiz-Ponce, 549 U.S. 102, 109 (2007); see,

e.g., id. at 108–10 (upholding indictment charging attempted reentry at a specific place

and time, without further description of the underlying act, because the time-and-place


                                             25
allegations were sufficient to narrow the subject conduct); United States v. Fitzpatrick,

No. 95-42, 1995 WL 495994, at *2 (D.D.C. Aug. 7, 1995) (finding bribery statute

sufficient to give notice if the indictment “particularizes the purpose of the bribery”).

But there are also criminal offenses that are broadly worded, and thus “must be charged

with greater specificity” in order to give the defendant sufficient notice of the crime.

Resendiz-Ponce, 549 U.S. at 109; see, e.g., Thomas, 444 F.2d at 921–22 (noting that the

language of a statute that references only a “genus” of conduct will not, without more,

“allege with sufficient particularity the offense with which [a defendant] was charged”).

       Hillie’s indictment undoubtedly falls into the latter category. As noted, the

production-related counts charge Hillie with the actual (or attempted) employment, use,

persuasion, inducement, enticement, and coercion of J.A.A. “to engage in sexually

explicit conduct for the purpose of producing any visual depiction of such conduct[.]”

(Indictment at 1); accord 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a). The statute from which this language is

lifted proscribes a wide array of conduct in the broadest, most generic terms, and while

some of the key elements of this offense are narrowed by definition, see 18 U.S.C.

§ 2256 (defining “sexually explicit conduct” and “visual depiction”), the actus reus that

the statute criminalizes is not similarly restricted. The terms “employ,” “use,”

“persuade,” “induce,” “entice,” and “coerce”—which are not statutorily defined—are

“words of common usage that have plain and ordinary meanings,” United States v.

Richards, 649 F. App’x 65, 67 (2d Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted), and courts have interpreted each term in the context of child-pornography-

production cases to connote different types of conduct depending on the circumstances

in which the alleged offense took place. As the First Circuit has explained,




                                            26
      “Use” reaches a defendant’s active involvement in producing the
      depiction even if the interpersonal dynamics between the defendant and
      the depicted minor are unknown. Inclusion of the term “use” in the
      statute permits the conviction of a defendant who was actively and
      directly involved in producing a sexually explicit depiction of a minor
      even in the absence of a complaining witness or even without being able
      to identify the specific minor. In contrast, the terms employ, persuade,
      induce, entice, and coerce reach various types of external pressure that a
      defendant might apply on a minor to get him or her to engage in sexually
      explicit conduct. These terms could reach a defendant’s conduct even if
      the pressure were remotely applied and the defendant had no involvement
      in any actual filming or photography, so long as that pressure were
      applied with the intent to cause a minor to be visually depicted in a
      sexually explicit manner.

Ortiz-Graulau v. United States, 756 F.3d 12, 19 (1st Cir. 2014).

      Similarly, with respect to the possession-of-child-pornography charge, “[t]he

word ‘possess’ [generally] means to own or to exert control over”; however, it can still

“take on several different, but related, meanings[,]” United States v. Tucker, 150 F.

Supp. 2d 1263, 1266 (D. Utah 2001), aff’d, 305 F.3d 1193 (10th Cir. 2002), and may be

“either actual or constructive[,]” United States v. Moreland, 665 F.3d 137, 149 (5th Cir.

2011). The possession count against Hillie (Count Three) further fails to describe the

alleged “matter” or form of the visual depiction, and it also omits the “by computer”

language provided in the statute, assuming that Hillie’s alleged possession of the video

recordings of J.A.A. in the nude is the basis for the indictment’s possession count. See

18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(B) (criminalizing the possession of “1 or more books,

magazines, periodicals, films, video tapes, or other matter” depicting child pornography

“by any means including by computer”). Thus, the indictment’s mere accusation that

Hillie did, or attempted to do, something that, in the government’s view, satisfies the

statutory elements of possession of child pornography does not suffice to provide

adequate notice of the particular conduct upon which the indictment’s charges are



                                           27
based. Cf. United States v. Staiti, 397 F. Supp. 264, 267 (D. Mass. 1975) (dismissing as

insufficient a “blanket” indictment charging theft of “property” in general terms,

without any description of the property, where the statute “at least mention[ed] ‘goods,

wares, merchandise, securities or money’” as qualifying); see also Nance, 533 F.2d at

701–02 (citing Staiti for the proposition that a statute’s generic language is not

necessarily sufficient, and further noting that the government could have easily

incorporated the object of one count by reference to the other counts).

       This all means that, when the government sought to charge Hillie with various

violations of the broadly-worded federal statutes that criminalize production and

possession of child pornography, the government’s accusations needed to be

accompanied by further details about Hillie’s actual conduct—i.e., an explanation of

how he allegedly violated those statutes—in order to satisfy constitutional and pleading

standards. See Nance, 533 F.2d at 701 (“The United States Supreme Court has stated:

‘Where guilt depends so crucially upon . . . a specific identification of fact, our cases

have uniformly held that an indictment must do more than simply repeat the language of

the criminal statute.’” (alteration in original; quoting Russell, 369 U.S. at 764)).

Otherwise, a court has little choice but to conclude that the indictment lacks adequate

notice of the charged violations, and it is especially evident here that any attempt on

Hillie’s part to mount a meaningful defense against the indictment’s multiple,

undifferentiated charges is impermissibly frustrated. See, e.g., Valentine v. Konteh, 395

F.3d 626, 633 (6th Cir. 2005) (“As the forty criminal counts were not anchored to forty

distinguishable criminal offenses, [the defendant] had little ability to defend himself.”);

see also Cecil, 608 F.2d at 1296–97 (finding that an indictment that “clearly lacked a




                                             28
statement of the facts and circumstances that would inform the accused of the specific

offenses with which they were charged” had to be dismissed, even if it mirrored the

statute and named the general place and open-ended dates upon which the offenses

occurred).

       Accordingly, and in light of the government’s failure identify the conduct of

Hillie’s that allegedly constitutes each of the child pornography offenses that is charged

in the indictment, this Court finds that Counts One through Seven violate Hillie’s Sixth

Amendment rights.

       B. The Indictment’s Silence Regarding The Facts That Underlie The Child
          Pornography Counts Also Raises The Specter Of A Fifth Amendment
          Violation

              1. The Specific Child Pornography Offenses That The Grand Jury
                 Authorized Cannot Be Ascertained On The Face Of This Indictment

       The Fifth Amendment’s mandate that “[n]o person shall be held to answer for a

capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand

Jury” is every American citizen’s safeguard against unfounded criminal charges. U.S.

Const. amend. V; see United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 634 (2002) (explaining that

“the Fifth Amendment grand jury right serves a vital function in providing for a body of

citizens that acts as a check on prosecutorial power”). “In this respect a defendant’s

Fifth Amendment right to indictment by a grand jury intersects the Sixth Amendment

right ‘to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation’ in criminal

prosecutions.” Haldeman, 559 F.2d at 123 n.258; see Sunia, 643 F. Supp. 2d at 77–78

(noting that, “as nearly every circuit court of appeals has expressly held,” the

requirement that an indictment “allege the essential facts constituting the offense” in

addition to stating “each element of the offense” is borne out of the protections



                                            29
guaranteed by the “Grand Jury Clause” (emphasis in original) (quotation marks and

citation omitted)). “Little may be left open to construction or interpretation of an

indictment” after the grand jury returns its charge, because “[i]f the offense is not

plainly stated and is made so only by a process of interpretation, there is no assurance

that the Grand Jury would have charged such an offense.” Van Liew v. United States,

321 F.2d 664, 669 (5th Cir. 1963). And where there is ambiguity, “the principal harm

suffered by the [defendant] because of the lack of precision in the indictment results

from his inability to discern the specific underlying offense, if any, that the grand jury

had in mind when it returned the indictment.” Thomas, 444 F.2d at 922.

       Here, the government claims that the grand jury concluded that there was

probable cause to believe that Hillie had engaged in certain illegal acts involving child

pornography based on the prosecutor’s oral representations at the time the case was

presented. Specifically, the government maintains that the grand jury was orally

instructed to consider facts related to Hillie’s alleged surreptitious recording of J.A.A.

in various states of undress in her bathroom and bedroom, and that the grand jury was

told to consider these charges in light of the individual videos that the prosecutor said

corresponded to each specific count in the indictment. But grand jury proceedings are

not conducted publically. See Douglas Oil Co. of Cal. v. Petrol Stops Nw., 441 U.S.

211, 218 n.9 (1979) (“Since the 17th century, grand jury proceedings have been closed

to the public, and records of such proceedings have been kept from the public eye.”).

Thus, even if the government instructed the grand jury in the represented fashion and

provided the surreptitious video recordings as proof, in the absence of a written charge

that includes this factual basis for the grand jury’s probable cause finding, one cannot




                                            30
know with the requisite degree of certainty that the criminal charges that appear in the

indictment are actually based on the information so presented. See Gaither v. United

States, 413 F.2d 1061, 1070–71 (D.C. Cir. 1969) (noting that, unless explicitly charged

on the face of the indictment, “the prosecutor can know [the grand jury’s] will only by

guesswork from the evidence he has presented to the jurors” but “[h]e cannot know the

actual tenor of their deliberations or decisions”); Jeffers v. United States, 392 F.2d 749,

752 (9th Cir. 1968) (finding that, unless explicitly stated in the indictment, a court

“cannot say” that “the theory now advanced by the government” as the basis for the

charge is “the [same] theory adopted by . . . the grand jury,” or that a petit jury will

ultimately convict on “the same theory” found by the grand jury).

       In other words, while “[i]t may well be that the grand jury intended the

[surreptitious video recordings] to constitute the substance of the offense it sought to

charge” in each of the purportedly corresponding child pornography counts, “[i]t did

not . . . say so, and neither this Court nor a trial jury may be permitted to guess at the

grand jury’s unexpressed intent.” United States v. Pickett, 209 F. Supp. 2d 84, 88–89

(D.D.C. 2002); see id. (dismissing a count because the indictment’s recitation of the

statutory elements, without further description of the defendant’s specific acts

constituting the offense, did not provide a sufficient indication of the grand jury’s

intent); see also United States v. Pirro, 212 F.3d 86, 92 (2d Cir. 2000) (“The Indictment

Clause of the Fifth Amendment requires that an indictment contain some amount of

factual particularity to ensure that the prosecution will not fill in elements of its case

with facts other than those considered by the grand jury.” (quotation marks and citation

omitted)). And it is well established that “[t]o allow the prosecutor, or the court, to




                                             31
make a subsequent guess as to what was in the minds of the grand jury at the time they

returned the indictment would deprive the defendant of a basic protection which the

guaranty of the intervention of a grand jury was designed to secure[, f]or a defendant

could then be convicted on the basis of facts not found by, and perhaps not even

presented to, the grand jury which indicted him.” Russell, 369 U.S. at 770.

Consequently, where, as here, the indictment omits the particular facts that purportedly

led the grand jury to conclude that (if proven) the elements of the charged offense

would be satisfied with respect to that this defendant, the charging document is

deficient with respect to the Fifth Amendment’s right to be tried only upon charges

found by a grand jury.

              2. Counts One Through Seven Do Not Provide Hillie With Effective
                 Protection Against The Risk Of Double Jeopardy

       The factual omissions in Counts One through Seven of Hillie’s indictment also

implicate Hillie’s Fifth Amendment right to be free from the risk of double jeopardy.

In this case, that risk is doubly concerning, because not only do the child pornography

charges lack sufficient specificity to enable Hillie to plead convictions or acquittals as a

bar to a future prosecution, the various substantively identical child pornography counts

also create a risk that Hillie might be punished more than one time for the same offense

in the present criminal prosecution, if the case proceeds to trial. See Ohio v. Johnson,

467 U.S. 493, 497–98 (1984) (“The Double Jeopardy Clause, of course, affords a

defendant three basic protections: [It] protects against a second prosecution for the

same offense after acquittal. It protects against a second prosecution for the same

offense after conviction. And it protects against multiple punishments for the same

offense.” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). It is clear beyond cavil that



                                            32
“Due [P]rocess requires that criminal charges be specific enough to protect defendants

from this danger”; yet, the “multiple, identically worded counts” in the indictment at

issue here contain “no specificity regarding the factual offenses [Hillie] allegedly

committed[,]” and, thus, fail to satisfy that essential function. Valentine, 395 F.3d at

635.

       In Valentine v. Konteh, the Sixth Circuit considered the sufficiency of a similar

indictment, insofar as the defendant had been charged with “20 ‘carbon-copy’ counts of

child rape, each of which was identically worded so that there was no differentiation

among the charges and 20 counts of felonious sexual penetration, each of which was

also identically worded[,]” and “[t]he prosecution did not distinguish the factual bases

of these charges in the indictment[.]” Id. at 628. The Valentine court concluded that,

although the “lack of time- and date-specific” allegations might not be fatal to each

count in isolation, id. at 632, an indictment that charged the defendant “with multiple,

identical and undifferentiated counts violated the constitutional requirements imposed

by due process[,]” id. at 636, because

       [i]f [the defendant] had been acquitted of these 40 charges, it is unclear
       what limitations would have been imposed on his re-indictment. Would
       double jeopardy preclude any prosecution concerning the abuse of this
       child victim, the abuse of this victim during the stated time period, the
       abuse of this victim at their residence, the stated sexual offenses in the
       indictment, the offenses offered into evidence at trial, or some group of
       forty specific offenses? We cannot be sure what double jeopardy would
       prohibit because we cannot be sure what factual incidents were presented
       and decided by this jury.

id. at 635. Similarly, the court hypothesized that, “[i]f [the defendant] had been found

not guilty, it is not clear to what extent he could ably assert that his acquittal barred

prosecution for other similar incidents.” Id.




                                             33
       The broadly-worded and factually sparse child pornography counts in Hillie’s

indictment—none of which are tied to any particular act or video on the face of the

charging document—suffer from this same defect, because the allegations are

insufficient to establish the boundaries of the charged conduct, and thus it is not at all

clear that a future prosecution for conduct arising out of these same charges would be

barred. See Pickett, 209 F. Supp. 2d at 89 (finding, with respect to an indictment

without specific factual averments, that no “other court considering the identical charge

in a future indictment, [could] say, upon a subsequent prosecution of [defendant], that

the jury’s verdict in this case operated as a bar to that prosecution”). Furthermore,

based on the indictment as drafted, it is possible that Hillie could be punished more

than once for the exact same offense in the context of this very prosecution. For

example, because the indictment itself does not distinguish between the various videos

upon which the government purportedly has based the charges, the jury might convict

Hillie of producing a pornographic video of J.A.A. (say, in Count Two) and also

convict him of attempting to produce that very same video (in Count Five). Likewise,

the vagueness with respect to each count could result in a unanimous consensus among

the jurors regarding Hillie’s guilt with respect to a particular count, but a lack of

unanimity regarding the offensive conduct that is the basis for each juror’s vote. See

Valentine, 395 F.3d at 636 (noting that vague charged offenses can result in a defendant

being “convicted . . . without jury unanimity as to the underlying factual offenses” in

violation of his due process rights).

       The government is wrong to suggest that, because the Federal Rules of Criminal

Procedure do not require specificity with respect to the “time, place, circumstances,




                                             34
[and] causes” of an alleged offenses, an indictment that contains multiple charges of

similar offenses need not differentiate between them. (Gov’t’s Resp. to Def.’s Mot. at

5.) It is true that the Federal Rules “were designed to eliminate technicalities in

criminal pleading” and to dispense with exacting particularity in indictments, United

States v. Debrow, 346 U.S. 374, 376 (1953), but with respect to the constitutional

concerns at issue here, that goal is largely beside the point. That is, while generalized

pleading might well be permissible when the charged conduct is otherwise clear on the

indictment’s face and/or where there is only one act or count at issue, “if prosecutors

seek multiple charges against a defendant, they must link those multiple charges to

multiple identifiable offenses[,]” Valentine, 395 F.3d at 636 (emphasis added), and it is

well established that “these basic principles of fundamental fairness [with respect to

criminal charges] retain their full vitality under modern concepts of pleading, and

specifically under Rule 7(c) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure,” Nance, 533

F.2d at 701–02; see also Kinoy, 400 F.2d at 770–71 (noting that “[t]he right to be

clearly apprised of a criminal charge is constitutional in scope and cannot be avoided in

this instance by the more simplified rules of modern pleading”).

       Notably, the requirement that the government provide sufficient facts to establish

the nature of the different offenses and to differentiate one count from another does not,

by any means, demand high levels of exactitude: “[r]equiring some minimal

differentiation between criminal counts is quite different from requiring exact time and

place specifications.” Valentine, 395 F.3d at 637 (internal quotation marks omitted).

The government has not pointed to one case the contradicts the established principle

that adequate “differentiation will often require reference to date ranges or time ranges




                                            35
or certain locations or certain actions[,]” id., and this Court is not aware of any. As

relevant here, adequate notice of the particular conduct that underlies each of the

various counts with which Hillie has been charged might require a specific reference to

the actus reus (e.g., “surreptitious videotaping”) and the approximate location where

this conduct took place inside the home (e.g., bathroom or bedroom), along with the

numeric file name or other identifier that is particular to the video file that is the basis

for the count. This information is apparently readily available, see Conlon, 628 F.2d at

156 (noting that “[i]t is clear that the government could have been more specific in the

indictment” if it had wanted to), as evinced by the government’s willingness to clarify

and differentiate the basis for each individual count against Hillie in its submissions

and in the bill of particulars (see Gov’t’s Bill of Particulars at 1; see also Gov’t’s Resp.

to Def.’s Mot. for a Bill of Particulars, ECF No. 27, at 5–8). Moreover, the fact that the

government provided some specificity in the sexual abuse counts of the indictment (see,

e.g., Indictment at 6 (specifying, with respect to Count Eight, that the sexual act

allegedly committed upon J.A.A. was Hillie’s “penetration of J.A.A.’s vulva by [his]

finger”); id. at 8 (indicating, with respect to Count Ten, that the sexual act alleged was

Hillie’s hand coming into contact with “J.A.A.’s breast”)), indicates that it knows full

well what sorts of details to provide in order to clarify and distinguish the charges in

each count consistent with Hillie’s constitutional rights.

       The bottom line is this: if a criminal indictment is going to be drafted to provide

adequate notice, to preserve the role of the grand jury, and to avoid the risk of double

jeopardy—as the Constitution demands—then “the defendant, the judge, and the jury

must be able to tell one count from another.” Valentine, 395 F.3d at 637. Counts One




                                             36
through Seven of Hillie’s indictment fall woefully short of this standard, and as a result,

this Court has no choice but to conclude that, as currently drafted, these charges violate

Hillie’s constitutional rights.

       C. Under The Circumstances Presented Here, A Bill Of Particulars Does Not
          Suffice; Rather, The Child Pornography Counts Must Be Dismissed

       The government argues that “the proper remedy for a need for greater specificity

in the indictment” is the submission of a bill of particulars, not dismissal of the

defective charges (Gov’t’s Resp. to Def.’s Mot. at 5); and, to this end, the government

has provided Hillie with an itemized statement of the factual basis for each of the

charged counts (see Gov’t’s Bill of Particulars at 1; Gov’t’s Resp. to Def.’s Mot. for a

Bill of Particulars at 5–8). Having provided this statement of clarification to the

defendant and the Court, the government maintains that Hillie’s motion to dismiss the

indictment is now moot, because these subsequent clarifications have “cured” any

notice problem and a court in the future will look to the entire record to determine the

facts when evaluating whether Hillie will be put in jeopardy twice for the same conduct.

(See Gov’t’s Resp. to Def.’s Mot. at 5 (“[T]he defendant has requested and received a

bill of particulars which should render [the facial insufficiency] argument moot”);

Gov’t’s Suppl. Br. at 5 (“[T]he defendant is fully protected from being put in jeopardy

for the same offense, since the entire record is relied upon for purposes of a double

jeopardy analysis.” (emphasis in original)); see also id. at 4 (“[A]ny perceived lack of

specificity with the charging language has been remedied by the government’s response

to the defendant’s request for a Bill of Particulars.”).)

       Despite the apparent appeal of the government’s logical reasoning, courts have

long held that, while a valid indictment can be clarified through a bill of particulars, an



                                             37
invalid indictment cannot be saved by one. See Conlon, 628 F.2d at 156 (“[I]t is settled

that a bill of particulars and a fortiori oral argument cannot cure a defective

indictment.”); see also Nance, 533 F.2d at 701–02 (same); Thomas, 444 F.2d at 922–23

(same). As explained above, the indictment defect at issue here goes beyond mere

confusion about the evidentiary basis for the charges brought, and instead, relates to

core constitutional concerns about the grand jury’s actual findings. A subsequent

statement by the government in the form of a bill of particulars does not guarantee that

the formal charges brought against the defendant adhere to the facts that the grand jury

considered. See Nance, 533 F.2d at 701 (finding that a bill of particulars did not

remedy an indictment that lacked “any allegation whatsoever” on a key element of the

offense, because merely reciting the words of the statute gave the government “a free

hand to insert the vital part of the indictment without reference to the grand jury”).

And “to permit the omission [of a material fact] to be cured by a bill of particulars

would be to allow the grand jury to indict with one crime in mind and to allow the U.S.

Attorney to prosecute by producing evidence of a different crime”; which would, in

essence, “usurp the function of the grand jury . . . and, in many cases, would violate due

process by failing to give the accused fair notice of the charge he must meet.” Thomas,

444 F.2d at 922–23. Therefore, even if the government’s subsequent statement might

reduce the future risk of double jeopardy, see, e.g., Sanford, Ltd., 859 F. Supp. 2d at

124, it cannot “cure” an indictment that fails to provide Defendant with present notice

of the charges against him or that potentially thwarts the role of the grand jury in

bringing those charges in the first place, see Russell, 369 U.S. at 770 (finding that a bill

of particulars cannot cure an imprecise and fatally defective indictment); see also




                                             38
Gaither, 413 F.2d at 1067 (“The bill of particulars fully serves the functions of

apprising the accused of the charges and protecting him against future jeopardy, but it

does not preserve his right to be tried on a charge found by a grand jury.”). For these

reasons, this Court rejects the government’s contentions regarding the efficacy of its

Bill of Particulars, and agrees with Hillie that Counts One through Seven of the

indictment must be dismissed without prejudice. See, e.g., Pickett, 209 F. Supp. 2d at

88–89 (dismissing count for factual insufficiency); United States v. Lattimore, 127 F.

Supp. 405, 410–13 (D.D.C) (dismissing indictment as vague for failing to describe the

charge), aff’d, 232 F.2d 334 (D.C. Cir. 1955).

       The Court acknowledges that, despite its conclusions regarding the federal

counts, Counts Eight through Seventeen—the child sex abuse charges brought under

D.C. law—remain pending, and there appears to be no federal interest remaining in this

case. Thus, the Court would ordinarily immediately cede jurisdiction over Hillie’s

continued prosecution. See United States v. Kember, 685 F.2d 451, 454 (D.C. Cir.

1982) (noting that “the federal court must dismiss a criminal prosecution when federal

charges have faded from the case prior to trial, leaving only District of Columbia

offenses for adjudication, unless the court determines, in its discretion, that retention of

the case is warranted by remaining matters of legitimate federal concern”). But under

the circumstances presented here, this Court will hold in abeyance the order dismissing

the federal counts for 14 days, which should give the government adequate time to

determine whether a superseding federal indictment that contains constitutionally

sufficient child pornography charges will be sought. See United States v. Slough, 679

F. Supp. 2d 55, 58 (D.D.C. 2010) (explaining that, “[i]n most instances, the dismissal of




                                             39
an indictment does not bar the government from seeking re-indictment if, in so doing, it

can cure the defect that required the dismissal of the original indictment”); see also

United States v. Poindexter, 719 F. Supp. 6, 8 (D.D.C. 1989) (“The government

obviously has the authority to return to the grand jury to seek a superseding indictment

narrower in scope than the present indictment. The Court has no involvement in that

process, and unless and until such a superseding indictment is before it, there is nothing

for it to decide.”). If and when such a new indictment is filed, Hillie may seek leave to

refile any of the other pending defense motions that challenge various aspects of this

prosecution, none of which this Court has considered on the merits and each of which is

effectively mooted by the Court’s dismissal decision.


IV.    CONCLUSION

       The constitutional burden of providing adequate notice and preventing the risk of

double jeopardy with respect to bringing criminal charges is not an especially heavy

load, and yet the government has somehow failed to carry it in the instant case. Counts

One through Seven of the pending indictment are manifestly deficient, because they do

not contain any facts regarding the particular conduct of Hillie’s that, according to the

government, constitutes the criminal acts that the law prohibits. Consequently, the

Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss the Indictment will be GRANTED IN PART and the

federal child pornography charges will be DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE as

factually insufficient. The local offenses (Counts Eight through Seventeen) remain

pending, and the government might yet opt to secure a superseding indictment that

cures the deficiencies in the federal counts. Thus, this Court’s forthcoming Order will

be HELD IN ABEYANCE for a period of 14 days to permit the government to decide



                                            40
whether to follow this course. If the government decides not to file superseding

charges, the lack of any lingering federal concerns would likely lead this Court to

conclude that the entire criminal action must be dismissed (to be further pursued, if at

all, in state court).



DATE: January 5, 2017                            Ketanji Brown Jackson
                                                 KETANJI BROWN JACKSON
                                                 United States District Judge




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