                                        2014 IL App (1st) 140773
                                              No. 1-14-0773
                                      Opinion filed October 10, 2014
                                                                                    FIFTH DIVISION

     ______________________________________________________________________________

                                                 IN THE

                                    APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                            FIRST DISTRICT

     ______________________________________________________________________________

     In re J.B. AND J.H., Minors,                      ) Appeal from the
                                                       ) Circuit Court of
     (The People of the State of Illinois,             ) Cook County
                                                       )
            Petitioner-Appellee,                       )
                                                       ) Nos. 12 JA 1059
     v.                                                )      12 JA 1060
                                                       )
     Natasha B.,                                       ) The Honorable
                                                       ) Bernard J. Sarley,
            Respondent-Appellant).                     ) Judge, presiding.
     _____________________________________________________________________________

            PRESIDING JUSTICE PALMER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
            Justices McBride and Gordon concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                                OPINION


¶1        Respondent, Natasha B., is the biological mother of minors, J.H., born on November 20,

     2003, and J.B., born on November 4, 2009. Respondent appeals the trial court's November 14,

     2013, ruling finding the two minors neglected and abused and adjudicating respondent unfit, and

     the trial court's March 17, 2014, order finding that it was in the best interests of the minors to
     No. 1-14-0773


     terminate respondent's parental rights. On appeal, respondent asserts that her due process rights

     were violated because she was incarcerated, she was refused any services, and she was denied

     visitation with her children, and these facts were used as evidence to establish unfitness. She

     also contends that the trial court's findings of unfitness were against the manifest weight of the

     evidence. 1 For the following reasons, we affirm.

¶2                                                 I. BACKGROUND

¶3         On October 18, 2012, the State filed a petition for adjudication of wardship for the minors

     and a petition for temporary custody, alleging that they were abused and neglected. In J.H.'s

     petition, the State alleged that, pursuant to the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (705 ILCS 405/1-1 et

     seq. (West 2012)), J.H. was (1) neglected based on an environment injurious to his welfare, (2)

     abused based on a substantial risk of physical injury, (3) neglected as to necessary care, and (4)

     physically abused. 705 ILCS 405/2-3(1)(a), (1)(b), (2)(i), (2)(ii) (West 2012). With respect to

     J.B., the petition alleged that he was neglected based on an environment injurious to his welfare

     and abused based on a substantial risk of physical injury. 705 ILCS 405/2-3(1)(b), (2)(ii) (West

     2012). The petitions alleged that on approximately October 13, 2012, J.H. "presented to Ingalls

     Memorial Hospital with leg pain and swelling as well as facial contusions" and he was diagnosed

     with an "oblique femur fracture and fracture to his right hip," injuries which medical personnel

     indicated were "inflicted trauma and non-accidental." The petitions alleged that respondent

     admitted to causing J.H.'s injuries.

¶4         The trial court placed both minors under the temporary custody of the Department of

     Children and Family Services (DCFS). The trial court also entered a no-contact order against

     respondent and an order denying visits between respondent and the minors. The record reflects
              1
                The minors' putative fathers never appealed and were defaulted by the trial court, and are not parties to
     this appeal.


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     that, as a result of the incident giving rise to DCFS intervention, respondent was incarcerated in

     the Cook County jail and criminal charges were filed against her.

¶5        The State later moved to amend the petition to seek permanent termination of parental

     rights at disposition and appointment of a guardian with the right to consent to adoption. The

     State also moved to add the grounds of torture to J.H.'s petition based on the allegation that

     respondent forced J.H. to do leg squats as a form of punishment, punched him and threw him to

     the floor when he could not do any more, stood on his leg and choked him until he almost lost

     consciousness, and then left him "immobile on the bathroom floor while she went to bed." The

     trial court granted both motions.

¶6        The State also submitted a request for admissions of fact pursuant to Illinois Supreme

     Court Rule 216 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011) regarding a written statement that respondent gave to an

     Assistant State's Attorney (ASA) while she was at Riverdale police department on October 14,

     2012, which concerned the battery of J.H. The requests for admissions were as follows: (1)

     respondent was present at the Riverdale police department on October 14, 2012; (2) she gave an

     oral statement regarding the battery of J.H. to an ASA and a detective; (3) she was "duly"

     advised of her Miranda rights before giving the statement; (4) she stated that she understood the

     Miranda warnings and wanted to give a statement; (5) the statement she gave was memorialized

     in writing by the ASA; (6) respondent was given the opportunity to review the written statement

     and make changes and did so; (7) she reviewed and signed each page of the statement indicating

     that the statement was true and accurate; (8) respondent's signature was on each page of the

     statement and her initials are next to any changes; and (9) the attached statement/exhibit

     accurately reflected the statement she gave. Respondent objected based on relevance, and the




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     State then moved for the facts to be deemed admitted. The trial court held that the admissions

     were deemed admitted, but it struck the word "duly" from the third admission.

¶7        Respondent's written statement was attached to the State's request for admissions of fact.

     According to the statement, respondent indicated that she was living with the two minors and

     Sandra H., Thornton H., and Sheena H. Respondent indicated that J.B. came to her and told her

     that J.H. almost pulled down the television on him. However, J.H. denied this when she asked

     him about it. When he continued to deny it, respondent instructed him to do squats as a form of

     punishment in the hallway. Respondent indicated that J.H. complained that his legs hurt, but

     respondent informed him that they were "supposed to hurt." Respondent stated that she got up

     from her chair and instructed him to stop complaining and do the squats correctly, but he

     continued complaining. Respondent explained that she then grabbed J.H. by his shirt, brought

     him to the bathroom, and told him she was going to "whoop" him. She left and told J.B. to give

     her his belt; J.B. refused to do so, at first. Respondent then returned to the bathroom with the

     belt and started struggling with J.H. Respondent indicated that J.H. asked if his "God-Granny"

     could "whoop" him instead, but respondent refused. Respondent indicated that she attempted to

     take off J.H.'s shorts and underpants, but he continued struggling. She held onto his shirt and

     was finally able to remove his clothing, and then "hit him once on his behind with the belt."

     Respondent related that J.H. then "slumped down" like "dead weight," and she tried to pull him

     up by his shirt. She became more frustrated and angry, so she pulled his "whole body up by his

     shirt with both of her hands and threw him to the floor of the bathroom," where he hit his head

     on a ledge near the bathtub. Respondent stated that she then "squatted over [J.H.] and she

     punched about his body many times." She did not remember if she choked him, but she did

     punch him on the leg and "sat on his leg." Respondent indicated that Sheena H. intervened at


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       that point and stopped her. Respondent stated that her vision was blurred, her head hurt, and she

       was shaking, so she went to her room and lay down. She called to J.H. and told him to get up,

       but he yelled that he could not. She asked Sheena H. to help, but J.H. continued to cry and yell.

       Respondent indicated that she returned to the bathroom and saw him curled on the floor without

       his pants, and his right leg was swollen and "shifted a little bit." Respondent called 911.

       Respondent got clean pants and underpants for J.H., but she could not help dress him "because

       she felt so bad about what she had done to him," so she asked Sheena H. to dress him. She

       indicated that J.H. cried in pain while being dressed. When the paramedics and police arrived,

       respondent told police that J.H. hurt his leg while doing squats. However, respondent admitted

       to the ASA that this was not true, and she said it "because she didn't want to face the fact that she

       was the one who hurt him."

¶8                                  A. Adjudication and Unfitness Hearing

¶9          The adjudication and unfitness hearing occurred simultaneously over three days. The State

       admitted into evidence its request for admissions and the attached exhibit containing

       respondent's October 14, 2012, statement, along with J.H.'s medical records from the hospital.

¶ 10        Margo Cralle, an investigator for DCFS, was initially assigned to investigate the case and

       she spoke with J.B. on October 16, 2012. J.B. told her that he was two years old and his brother

       J.H. was in the hospital. J.B. "blurted out" that J.H. "gets whooped. She whoops him in the

       hallway." Cralle indicated that no marks or bruises were found on J.B.'s body. When she asked

       whether his mother "whips him," J.B. responded that he "doesn't get in trouble."

¶ 11        Harriett Holmes took over as the primary DCFS investigator. Holmes interviewed J.H. at

       the Advocate Children's Hospital in Oak Lawn, Illinois, on October 16, 2012. She observed that

       his left or right leg was bandaged and elevated in the air, he had a large bump on his forehead, a


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       blackened left eye, a swollen right cheek, and scratches, bruises and contusions "all over his

       face." J.H. was "[v]ery, very sad" during the interview and spoke in a monotone voice. He

       appeared depressed and did not talk much except to answer her questions. His voice became

       more agitated when she asked about respondent.

¶ 12        Holmes testified that J.H. explained to her that he and J.B. were playing, and J.B. climbed

       up a bookshelf with a television on it and the television almost fell. J.B. left to tell respondent

       that J.H. almost knocked the television on him, and respondent came into the room and asked

       J.H. if this was true. J.H. denied it, and respondent stated that she did not believe him and that he

       "was going to have to do squats as a form of punishment." J.H. described to Holmes how he did

       the squats with his arms held out. Holmes testified that J.H. told respondent that it hurt to do

       squats and he stopped doing them, but respondent "would punch him in the leg and make him

       continue," and she "said it's supposed to hurt, it's a punishment." Eventually, J.H. stopped doing

       the squats and respondent told him that he if did not continue, "he was going to get a whooping."

       Respondent told J.H. to go get a belt, and when he returned with one, she took him into the

       bathroom. Holmes testified that J.H. told her that respondent directed him to take off his pants,

       and then respondent "proceeded to whoop him, but he kept grabbing the belt." When he grabbed

       the belt, respondent punched or hit him with a closed fist on his face, arms, and chest. J.H. told

       Holmes that, at some point, respondent "picked him up by his collar and threw him down to the

       ground." J.H. indicated that respondent grabbed him by his shirt collar and her hands were

       around his throat, choking him. Further, when he landed on the ground, the side of his face hit

       the bathtub. Respondent continued to hit and punch him. J.H. told Holmes that he then "begged

       his mom to let God granny, who was the other person who lived in the home[,] whoop him."

       Respondent refused and continued to whip him, while J.H. continued to grab the belt. J.H.


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       informed Holmes that "at that point mom grabbed—started punching him in the arm and the

       face, just all over, and was standing on top of his leg." She continued punching him all over with

       her fist while J.H. tried to get away, but "the more he squirmed, the more she hit him." J.H. told

       Holmes that at some point, the daughter of the godmother, "TT," came into the bathroom and

       "dragged" respondent off of him. Respondent told J.H. to get up and get dressed, but J.H. could

       not get up because his leg hurt badly. At that point, 911 was called and the paramedics arrived.

¶ 13        Holmes testified that she asked J.H. whether respondent had ever hit him before, and he

       responded that she "hits him a lot, all the time. But it had never been like what it was this time."

       J.H. also stated that "he hated his mother and that she didn't care about him." J.H. then pulled the

       covers over his head and refused to talk further with Holmes.

¶ 14        Holmes also interviewed respondent on October 16, 2012, at the Riverdale police station

       jail. Holmes testified that respondent admitted she "had a history of anger management issues

       and specifically with [J.H.]" She admitted hitting him, "but never anything like what" transpired

       in the current case. She admitted that the domestic violence had been going on for "years."

       Respondent explained to Holmes that when J.H. would anger her, "she would hit him with her

       fist in the chest or the arms" and tell him "to get away from her" because she "just didn't want to

       be bothered with him." Holmes testified that respondent was "[m]atter of fact" about this.

¶ 15        When Holmes asked respondent specifically about the incident at issue, respondent

       explained that she and the minors were living in the home of a friend of the family, which

       included the "God granny," and "Sandra," who was also called "TT." Respondent indicated that

       she was in different room watching television, when J.B. entered and told her that a television

       had almost fallen on him because J.H. "made him climb up on the bookcase." Respondent went

       into the other room and asked J.H. if this was true, but he denied it. Respondent did not believe


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       J.H. and "she was going to make him do squats as a form of punishment." Holmes testified that

       respondent related that J.H. would do some squats, but then stop, and every time he stopped, she

       punched him on his leg with her fist to make him continue. Respondent stated that when J.H.

       told her that "it really hurts," she responded that "it's a form of punishment, it's supposed to hurt."

       Eventually, when J.H. completely stopped doing squats, she threatened to "get a belt and

       w[h]oop him." When he refused to do more squats, she got a belt and took him in the bathroom,

       where she made him remove his pants and "proceeded to whoop him."

¶ 16        Holmes testified that respondent explained that as she tried to "whoop" him with the belt,

       J.H. kept grabbing the belt, which angered her even more, and so she began to punch him when

       he grabbed the belt. When he continued grabbing the belt, respondent explained to Holmes that

       she "grabbed him by his shirt, lifted him off his feet and through [sic] him on the floor," causing

       him to hit the side of his face on the bathtub. Respondent also stated that she tried to lift him up,

       but "he made himself like dead weight and so she couldn't," and she then continued trying to hit

       him with the belt. However, J.H. continued "squirming and grabbing the belt," which respondent

       indicated made her angrier.        Respondent "started just hitting him and punching him."

       Respondent told Holmes that J.H. "begged her to let God granny whoop him," but respondent

       refused because "he got in trouble with her and she was going to whoop him." Holmes testified

       that respondent related that as J.H. continued grabbing the belt, respondent "was so angry that

       she started just punching him on his arms, on his body, just everywhere. And at that point in

       time she was standing on top of his leg just punching him on [sic] choking him." Respondent

       explained to Holmes that she was choking him by the collar of his shirt.

¶ 17        Holmes testified that respondent stated that at that point, the "God granny's daughter came

       in the room and dragged her off of [J.H.]" Respondent told J.H. to get up and get dressed, and


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       then she left the bathroom and laid down on a bed for about 10 minutes. Respondent told

       Holmes that "Sandra *** came to her and told her that [J.H.] was still in the bathroom on the

       floor." Respondent instructed her to tell J.H. to get up and get dressed, but she returned after a

       few minutes and told respondent that J.H. said "he can't get up, he can't move his leg."

       Respondent told Holmes that she "did not get up and go check on him, because she admitted that

       she knew she had hurt him and she didn't want to see him like that." Respondent indicated that

       Sandra H. dressed J.H. and called 911. Respondent related to Holmes that when the paramedics

       arrived, she told them that J.H. had fallen. Holmes testified that respondent stated that J.H. "just

       makes her so mad and angry. But she was sorry, and she didn't mean to hurt her child like that."

       Holmes testified that respondent became more agitated and irritated the more they talked about

       J.H. Holmes affirmed that this was an "A sequence case."

¶ 18        Dr. Guneesh Saluja, an emergency medical doctor at Ingalls Hospital, testified that J.H.

       came to the emergency room on October 13, 2012. J.H., who was eight years old at the time,

       had bruises on the left side of his face and forehead, and his right thigh was swollen and tender to

       the touch, and it was deformed or bent at a place where there was no joint. When Saluja asked

       how J.H. received the injuries, J.H. reported that he was squatting and fell. Saluja testified that

       respondent was present during this initial conversation. Saluja asked respondent how the injuries

       occurred, and she likewise told him that J.H. was squatting and fell. Saluja ordered X-rays of

       J.H.'s leg and pelvis, and a CT scan of his head.

¶ 19        According to Saluja, the X-ray of J.H.'s right femur bone showed two fractures. One was a

       proximal femur fracture close to the hip that was completely displaced, meaning that the edges of

       the fracture were not in contact with each other. Saluja indicated that this was an acute fracture

       and was "very recent." He opined that it could not have been caused from J.H. doing squats and


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       falling over, because the femur is "a big bone. It needs [a] high impact to break." The second

       fracture was a distal femur fracture, which was closer to the knee, minimally displaced, and

       showed bony sclerosis. Saluja explained that the edges of the fracture were not sharp anymore

       and showed calcification, an indication that "[i]t had been there for a few days."            Saluja

       concluded that the distal femur fracture could not have occurred on October 13, 2012, and it also

       could not have been caused by the minor falling over accidentally, as such a fracture would not

       have been caused by "a minor trauma." Saluja concluded that the two fractures occurred at

       different times.

¶ 20        The X-ray of J.H.'s pelvis revealed a "nondisplaced inferior pubic rami fracture on the right

       side." The fracture had no callus formation, which indicated that it could either be a new injury

       or that "the bone is not healing at all." Saluja testified that the injury was not consistent with an

       eight-year-old doing squats and falling, because the bone was "deep seeded [sic] with a lot of

       tissue around it, so a minor fall should not break that bone."

¶ 21        Saluja testified that he and a nurse spoke with J.H. after reviewing the X-rays, without

       respondent present, and J.H. gave a different explanation for his injuries. J.H. told the nurse that

       "his mother sat on his leg and hit him with a belt, and then picked him up and threw him on the

       floor." Saluja opined that this explanation was consistent with J.H.'s injuries, with the exception

       of the distal femur fracture, which appeared to be a week to 10 days old. Saluja later reviewed

       respondent's written statement and opined that her description was consistent with J.H.'s facial

       bruising, pelvic fracture, and right proximal femur fracture, but not the distal femur fracture.

       Saluja opined that the distal femur fracture was older. It would have caused pain, but J.H. may

       have still be able to walk, albeit with a limp, because the fracture was only "mildly displaced."




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¶ 22        Riverdale police detective sergeant Willie Darkried was summoned to Ingalls Hospital on

       October 13, 2012, and he found J.H. in the emergency room, "screaming," and stating, " 'I'm

       sorry for whatever I did. Please don't hurt me anymore.' " J.H. appeared to be in intense pain.

       Darkried noticed multiple large bruises and red marks on J.H.'s face, his right leg was swollen,

       and his right thigh appeared higher than the other side. 2

¶ 23        Darkried testified that he interviewed J.H. on October 15, 2012, at Hope Children's

       Hospital, with an ASA present. J.H. told Darkried that after he almost knocked a television over,

       J.B. reported this to respondent, who then took J.H. "into the hallway to make him do squats as

       punishment." J.H. stated that he eventually became fatigued and was unable to continue. This

       upset respondent, who then took him into the bathroom and "threw him on the floor," where "a

       part of his body hit a cabinet in the bathroom." J.H. told Darkried that respondent then "sat on his

       legs" with her full weight and "punched him in the face with both hands." She then "placed both

       hands around his throat, and he remembers almost throwing up."

¶ 24        Elena Padilla, a caseworker for Illinois Mentor, was assigned to the minors' cases in

       January 2013. She testified that respondent was incarcerated in Cook County department of

       corrections and has a criminal case pending against her. Padilla testified that respondent has

       never engaged in or completed any reunification services, and if respondent was ever to be

       reunited with the minors, she would be in need of such services. Padilla testified that a social

       worker informed her that respondent "would not be able to engage in services at Cook County

       because they will not be able to provide the services that we were requesting through the service

       plan."




                2
                    Two photographs showing J.H.'s facial injuries were admitted into evidence by the State.

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¶ 25        Following the presentation of this evidence, the parties gave closing arguments on

       November 14, 2013. The trial court adjudicated the minors neglected and abused. The court

       held that the evidence established that respondent severely beat J.H., based on respondent's

       statements and J.H.'s statements about what happened, and the medical evidence supported that

       J.H.'s injuries were consistent with the statements regarding the beating, and inconsistent with

       the exculpatory statements offered by the mother. The trial court found that clear and convincing

       evidence established that respondent tortured J.H. by inflicting "excruciating pain and the

       infliction of severe physical pain as a means of punishment or coercion," and the State had also

       thereby proven abuse based on substantial risk of injury. With regard to neglect, the trial court

       held that respondent failed to provide a safe home and instead severely tortured and beat J.H.

       The court also held there was evidence of prior physical abuse based on the older fracture in

       J.H.'s leg and J.H.'s statement that respondent hit him a lot and all the time. With respect to J.B.,

       the trial court held that based on the fact that he lived in the same household as J.H., the State

       had proven that J.B. was in substantial risk of physical injury and subjected to an injurious

       environment.

¶ 26        With regard to parental fitness, the trial court found by clear and convincing evidence that

       respondent was unfit as to both minors for failure to show a reasonable degree of interest,

       concern, or responsibility for the minors' welfare by virtue of the severe beating she inflicted on

       J.H. The court also found respondent unfit for failure to protect both minors from conditions

       injurious to their welfare. As to unfitness based on depravity, the court held that a criminal

       conviction was not required to prove depravity, and held that respondent's severe beating of J.H.

       established that she acted in a depraved manner. The court noted that there was no evidence that

       J.H. was not limping before the October 13, 2012, incident, and no evidence contradicted


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       Saluja's testimony regarding the older fracture. The court also held that the act of depravity as to

       J.H. was sufficient to prove depravity as to J.B., the other minor in the home. The trial court

       held that respondent was unfit based on extreme or repeatedly cruelty as to J.H. only, citing the

       same reasons that it held torture was proven. The trial court entered adjudication and unfitness

       orders reflecting these rulings on the same date. 3

¶ 27                                    B. Disposition and Best Interests Hearing

¶ 28        On March 17, 2014, the trial court conducted a consolidated disposition and best interests

       hearing.

¶ 29        Padilla, the DCFS caseworker for the minors, testified that respondent was currently

       incarcerated and needed reunification services if she were to ever reunify with the minors,

       including a parenting capacity assessment, a psychological evaluation, domestic violence for

       perpetrators services, individual therapy, and family therapy. Padilla testified that the social

       worker for respondent's division informed her that respondent "will not be able to engage in any

       of those services while she was incarcerated at Cook County."

¶ 30        Padilla indicated that the minors were placed with their maternal grandmother, Cheryl W.,

       in September 2013, which was their second placement after initially being placed in a non-

       relative foster home. Cheryl W. was assessed and found to be an appropriate caregiver after

       DCFS investigated whether she had known about the abuse before DCFS intervention. DCFS

       observed multiple supervised visitations with Cheryl W. and the minors, she denied knowing

       about the abuse, and the minors and Cheryl W. have a strong attachment. Padilla testified that

       Cheryl W. indicated that she would put the minors' interests above those of respondent.

       According to Padilla, J.H.'s eating habits, grades, and behavior have improved while living with


              3
                  The trial court also found the minors' fathers unfit based on several grounds.

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       Cheryl W. J.B. now uses the bathroom on his own and his behavior problems have diminished.

       Padilla's visits to the home showed that it was safe and appropriate, and neither minor reported

       any abuse or corporal punishment. Cheryl W. was able to meet J.H.'s medical needs. Padilla

       testified that Cheryl W. seemed committed to providing the minors with a permanent home, there

       was a bond between them, and J.H. expressed a desire to continue living with Cheryl W. Padilla

       recommended that Cheryl W. adopt them. Although J.B. was not currently enrolled in preschool,

       Padilla explained that there had been issues with DCFS approval of the two schools Cheryl W.

       had chosen. Padilla believed that Cheryl W. would manage to get J.B. enrolled in school with

       her help.

¶ 31        Ellen Tannenbaum, a therapist for Catholic Charities, testified that she treated the minors in

       this case during separate weekly sessions. Initially, J.H. cried, had tantrums "for hours on end,"

       and functioned poorly in school. During his tantrums, J.H. sometimes hit his head against the

       wall or engaged in other self-injurious behavior. The tantrums improved more when visits with

       Cheryl W. began, and J.H. expressed a desire to live with her. Tannenbaum involved Cheryl W.

       in the therapy, and the minors began living with Cheryl W. in September 2013. When J.H. had

       his first tantrum after moving in with Cheryl W., she acted appropriately by calling Tannenbaum.

       Tannenbaum testified that Cheryl W. reported that the tantrum started when she asked J.H. to do

       his homework. Tannenbaum gave Cheryl W. the telephone number for a home-based assessment

       service, which Cheryl W. contacted. The service came to her home and stabilized the situation.

       Since that time, J.H. and Cheryl W. have not reported any more severe tantrums. Tannenbaum

       testified that Cheryl W. has been "fundamental" in reducing his tantrums. J.H. reported no

       corporal punishment by Cheryl W., and Cheryl W. was committed to using techniques other than

       physical punishment with both minors.       Tannenbaum also testified that J.H. has processed


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       respondent's abuse, although he "continues to see the incident where his leg was broken as

       exceptional" and particularly emotionally painful. She testified that she has started to discuss

       terminating therapy because J.H.'s functioning at school and home has improved "dramatically"

       and he reported less intrusive thoughts and anger regarding respondent and the abuse.

       Tannenbaum believed that Cheryl W. was committed to providing a permanent home and she

       provided appropriate emotional support for him.

¶ 32        With respect to J.B., Tannenbaum testified that he had behavioral problems, such as

       aggressive behavior and tantrums, in his first foster placement, but then moved in with Cheryl

       W. Cheryl W. and J.B. reported that he has not had a tantrum since moving in with her.

       Tannenbaum indicated that Cheryl W. calms J.B. down by placing him in a "time out," which

       was an appropriate discipline technique. Tannenbaum reported that J.B. was now "very bonded"

       to Cheryl W. and reported no physical abuse. Tannenbaum was contemplating terminating

       therapy. Tannenbaum testified that J.B. was not currently enrolled in school, despite being

       school age. Cheryl W. indicated that she applied for several schools, but preschools with

       Headstart programs were already full since it was late in the school year. Tannenbaum did not

       know whether this was a failing by DCFS or Cheryl W., but she was willing to continue therapy

       until he was enrolled.

¶ 33        Cheryl W. testified that she sought to have the minors live with her because she loved them

       and they needed her. Cheryl W. also testified that she wanted to adopt the minors because she

       loved them and they needed her. She testified that the minors were "very loveable, so all day

       long kissing and hugging. They're just very loveable, and I just give it back to them." She

       participated in therapy sessions and she understood it was her responsibility to protect them and

       that there was a no-contact order against respondent. Cheryl W. testified that other than the


                                                    - 15 -
       No. 1-14-0773


       severe tantrum J.H. had shortly after he came to live with her, when she called Tannenbaum and

       supportive services for assistance, he has not had a tantrum since. She talked with Tannenbaum

       about proper methods to calm him down and discipline him. She testified that she has a "great

       relationship" with J.H., he shows her affection, and she encourages him to talk about his feelings.

       With respect to J.B., Cheryl W. testified that, initially, he used profanity and had tantrums, but

       now he no longer used profanity. She testified that she enrolled J.B. in school in November

       2013, but he had to leave because DCFS was not paying the school. She enrolled him in a

       different school, but was told by the school that it was not receiving payment from DCFS. She

       also tried to enroll J.B. in another school, but it was full. She testified that she was willing to

       have J.B. go to school and she was willing to work with DCFS to get him enrolled.

¶ 34        In ruling, the trial court took judicial notice of all of the evidence presented in the prior

       adjudication and unfitness proceeding. Citing its previous findings that the minors were abused

       and neglected and that respondent was unfit, and considering the evidence presented at the

       disposition and best interests hearing, the trial court held that it was in the minors' best interest to

       be adjudged wards of the court. Having previously found respondent unfit, the trial court

       determined that respondent was unfit and unable, for reasons other than financial circumstances,

       to care for, protect, train, or discipline the minors. 4 The court held that reasonable efforts to

       prevent removal had been made and services were unsuccessful. The court held that it was in the

       minors' best interests to be removed from the parents' custody and placed in the custody of the

       DCFS guardianship administrator.

¶ 35         Regarding the State's request to terminate parental rights, the trial court noted that it had

       previously adjudicated the minors to be neglected and abused, and the parents to be unfit, by


              4
                  The court also found the two fathers unable, unwilling, and unfit.

                                                               - 16 -
       No. 1-14-0773


       clear and convincing evidence. Therefore, it concluded that it was in the minors' best interests to

       terminate parental rights based on the prior findings and the evidence presented at the disposition

       and best interests hearing. The court noted that there was a no-contact order against the mother

       based on the criminal case, the minors were well-cared for by Cheryl W., and their behavior had

       improved. The court also held that it was in the best interests of the minors to appoint a guardian

       with the right to consent to adoption.

¶ 36        On March 17, 2014, the trial court entered dispositional orders adjudicating the minors to

       be wards of the court, finding respondent unfit and unable to care for them, and placing them in

       the custody of a DCFS guardianship administrator. The court also entered termination orders,

       finding by clear and convincing evidence that respondent was unfit because she failed to

       maintain a reasonable degree of interest, concern, and responsibility in the minors; failed to

       protect the minors from conditions injurious to them; behaved in a depraved manner toward

       them, and as to J.H. specifically, committed extreme or repeated cruelty. The orders further

       indicated that it was in the minors' best interests to terminate respondent's parental rights and to

       appoint a guardian with the right to consent to adoption. The court also entered an order that J.B.

       be enrolled in school.

¶ 37        Respondent appealed from both the trial court's November 14, 2013, order and the March

       17, 2014 order.

¶ 38                                            II. ANALYSIS

¶ 39          On appeal, respondent first raises a constitutional challenge in arguing that the

       proceedings did not satisfy her due process rights. She asserts that she was prevented from

       visiting the minors and making progress toward reunification because she was incarcerated and

       the trial court entered a no-contact order and an order denying visitation, and these were unfairly


                                                      - 17 -
       No. 1-14-0773


       used to support the finding that she failed to demonstrate a reasonable degree of interest,

       concern, or responsibility for the minors’ welfare. Respondent argues that DCFS failed to

       provide her with any services toward the goal of reunification. Respondent suggests that the trial

       court could have considered the goal of private guardianship, but unfitness was essentially "a

       foregone conclusion" and the hearing was tainted.

¶ 40        Initially, we note that respondent raises her constitutional challenge for the first time on

       appeal. Because she failed to raise this argument in the trial court, it has been procedurally

       defaulted and waived. In re Tamera W., 2012 IL App (2d) 111131, ¶ 29. See also In re Jaron

       Z., 348 Ill. App. 3d 239, 255 (2004) (the respondent's argument regarding the constitutionality of

       the Adoption Act (750 ILCS 50/1(D) (West 2001)) was forfeited and waived because it was not

       raised at trial). Nevertheless, we further observe that forfeiture is a limitation on the parties, and

       not the court, and we may relax the rules of forfeiture where an issue impacts the fundamental

       fairness of a proceeding and address it under the plain error rubric. Tamera W., 2012 IL App

       (2d) 111131, ¶ 30.

¶ 41        Even if we were to review respondent's argument, however, we would conclude that it has

       no merit.

¶ 42        "Parents have a fundamental due process right to the care, custody and control of their

       children, but that right is subject to termination." In re A.W., 397 Ill. App. 3d 868, 872 (2010)

       (citing In re M.H., 196 Ill. 2d 356 (2001)). The procedure to terminate a parent's rights "must

       comply with the requirement of procedural due process." Id. The overriding concern remains the

       best interests of the child. Id. Issues of constitutional law are reviewed de novo. In re D.W., 214

       Ill. 2d 289, 309 (2005).




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¶ 43        In asserting that her due process rights were violated, respondent relies on In re O.S., 364

       Ill. App. 3d 628 (2006). In O.S., the respondent mother was incarcerated for two years and was

       not permitted visits with her son during that time, and although she was permitted visitations

       with her son after she was released, the trial court ordered that the son was not allowed to know

       that respondent was his mother. Id. at 630-32. As a result, at the time of the best interest

       hearing, the son was more bonded with his foster parents than the respondent. Id. at 633. On

       appeal, the court agreed with the respondent that the decision to create the fiction that she was

       not his mother essentially "predetermined" the outcome of the case and "actively impeded the

       development of any parental bonding between [the] respondent and [the] son and frustrated one

       of the goals the legislature set in the Act." Id. at 636. The court held that, in assessing the child's

       best interests, any harm to the parent/child relationship "must be assessed absent artificial or

       coercive intervention of others into the bonding process." Id. at 637. As this was not possible in

       O.S., the court held that a fundamental injustice had occurred. Id.

¶ 44        We find O.S. distinguishable from the present circumstances. In contrast to the case at bar,

       the parent's challenge in O.S. concerned the best interest hearing, and not the hearing to

       determine unfitness, which is the primary focus of respondent's argument on appeal here. Id. at

       633. In further contrast from O.S., nothing in the record here suggests that DCFS "actively

       impeded" respondent's bonding with the minors by creating a fiction or lying to them about their

       mother.   Rather, it appears from the record before us that services were not provided to

       respondent because they were unavailable in jail. "When official action frustrates parental

       efforts, their fitness will be judged by actions that show their intent, rather than by their ultimate

       success." In re S.B., 348 Ill. App. 3d 61, 67 (2004).




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¶ 45         Most importantly, although respondent asserts that a fundamental injustice occurred

       because she was prevented from visiting her children and DCFS failed to provide services, the

       trial court did not rely on this as a basis for finding the minors neglected and abused or finding

       respondent unfit. Rather, during the adjudication hearing, the trial court relied on respondent's

       physical abuse of J.H. in finding the minors neglected and abused. The court then found

       respondent unfit based on several grounds for both J.H. and J.B.: failure to maintain reasonable

       interest or concern, failure to protect conditions injurious to minor, and depravity, and, as to J.H.

       only, extreme or repeated cruelty. In finding respondent unfit, the court repeatedly cited the

       severe beating inflicted by respondent on J.H., along with other evidence of prior physical abuse

       of J.H. and the fact that J.B. was present in the home. For example, in finding respondent unfit

       for failing to maintain a reasonable degree of interest, concern, or responsibility in the minors,

       the court stated:

                         "I can't think of a more clear way of showing lack of responsibility for welfare

                    than to severely beat your child the way this minor was beaten in this case. *** She

                    severely beat the child, and that clearly shows no possible concern or responsibility as

                    to the child's welfare. And with regard to the minor, [J.B.], for [J.B.] to be in that

                    household, the same applies to him."

¶ 46         Thus, the trial court did not base its finding of unfitness on the time period after the

       beating, during which she was incarcerated and the orders were in effect. In fact, the court did

       not reference the orders prohibiting contact with the minors and respondent's incarceration until

       the disposition and best interests hearing. 5



                5
                  Also, although respondent asserts that the trial court should have considered a "private guardianship," she
       failed to present this contention below and it has therefore been forfeited. Tamera W., 2012 IL App (2d) 111131, ¶
       29.

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       No. 1-14-0773


¶ 47        Moreover, we disagree with respondent that her due process rights were violated because

       she was not given an opportunity to engage in DCFS services and remedy the circumstances

       which resulted in the petitions. The different bases of finding unfitness do not provide for a

       specific time period for a parent to remedy any conditions. See In re Dominique W., 347 Ill.

       App. 3d 557, 567-68 (2004) (noting that the language of section 1(D)(b) (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(b)

       (West 2002)) "provides no *** evidentiary time frame" directing the court to consider only the

       time period before a petition is filed and that the legislature "included no evidentiary time

       limitation whatsoever"); In re M.J., 314 Ill. App. 3d 649, 656 (2000) (same); In re I.B., 397 Ill.

       App. 3d 335, 339-40 (2009) (rejecting the parent's claim that his due process rights were violated

       in not allowing him an opportunity to correct the conditions that led to the removal of his child

       under subsection 1(D)(e) (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(e) (West 2008)), for extreme or repeated cruelty to

       a child, because the language of that subsection "does not entitle a parent to a specific period of

       time before a trial court may find a parent unfit on this ground"); In re C.W., 199 Ill. 2d 198, 216

       (2002) (finding that the parent was not entitled to a period of time to correct the injurious

       environment before being found unfit under subsection 1(D)(g) (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(g) (West

       1998))).

¶ 48        Having found no constitutional due process violation, we next address her remaining

       claims on appeal in which she argues that the trial court's findings of unfitness were against the

       manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 49        Pursuant to the Juvenile Court Act, the involuntary termination of parental rights involves a

       two-step process. In re D.F., 201 Ill. 2d 476, 494 (2002). First, the State must prove by clear

       and convincing evidence that the parent is "unfit" as defined by section 1(D) of the Adoption

       Act. Id. at 494-95 (citing 750 ILCS 50/1(D) (West 1998)). Assuming the parent is found unfit,


                                                      - 21 -
       No. 1-14-0773


       the circuit court must then consider whether it is in the best interests of the children to terminate

       parental rights. Id. at 495. "A parent's rights may be terminated if even a single alleged ground

       for unfitness is supported by clear and convincing evidence." In re Gwynne P., 215 Ill. 2d 340,

       349 (2005). "This means that, on review, if there is sufficient evidence to satisfy any one

       statutory ground we need not consider other findings of parental unfitness." M.J., 314 Ill. App.

       3d at 655. On appellate review, this court "will not disturb a finding of unfitness unless it is

       contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence and the record clearly demonstrates that the

       opposite result was proper." In re Konstantinos H., 387 Ill. App. 3d 192, 203 (2008). We give

       great deference to the trial court's finding of unfitness, defer to the trial court's factual findings

       and credibility assessments, and will not re-weigh the evidence anew on appeal. In re April C.,

       345 Ill. App. 3d 872, 889 (2004). Issues of statutory construction are reviewed de novo. In re

       C.W., 199 Ill. 2d 198, 211 (2002). When interpreting the language of a statute, our goal is to

       give effect to the intent of the legislature by enforcing clear, unambiguous language. Id. at 211-

       12.

¶ 50         In the case at bar, the trial court held that respondent was unfit as to both minors pursuant

       to section 1(D)(b) for "[f]ailure to maintain a reasonable degree of interest, concern or

       responsibility as to the child's welfare." 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(b) (West 2012). Similar to her

       constitutional claim, respondent argues that she was never provided any DCFS services and was

       unable to contact the minors following the October 2013 incident because she was incarcerated

       and because of the no-contact orders.

¶ 51         Because subsection (b) is phrased in the disjunctive, "any of the three elements may be

       considered on its own as a basis for unfitness: the failure to maintain a reasonable degree of

       interest or concern or responsibility as to the child's welfare." In re C.E., 406 Ill. App. 3d 97, 108


                                                       - 22 -
       No. 1-14-0773


       (2010). A parent's interest, concern, or responsibility toward the minor must be objectively

       reasonable, and the trial court should consider the parent's reasonable efforts along with any

       circumstances that may have made it difficult for the parent to show interest in or visit the minor.

       In re Daphnie E., 368 Ill. App. 3d 1052, 1064 (2006); In re Jaron Z., 348 Ill. App. 3d 239, 259-

       60 (2004).

¶ 52         As discussed, supra, the trial court did not base its finding of unfitness under section

       1(D)(b) on the time period after the filing of the petitions, while respondent was incarcerated and

       the no-contact/no visitation orders were entered. As the State points out, the petitions never

       alleged a failure to make reasonable progress by failing to engage in DCFS services (as may

       have been relevant under section 1(D)(m) (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m) (West 2012)). Instead, the trial

       court stated that respondent's lack of responsibility towards the minors' welfare under section

       1(D)(b) was demonstrated by the fact that she severely beat J.H., and that J.B. was present in the

       household at the time. 6 Considering that the trial court did not base its finding of unfitness under

       section 1(D)(b) on the time period after the beating, while respondent was incarcerated, or on the

       orders prohibiting contact or visitation with the minors, we reject respondent's challenge on that

       basis. As stated, petitions alleging unfitness pursuant to section 1(D)(b) are not statutorily

       limited to a specific time frame. Dominique W., 347 Ill. App. 3d at 568; M.J., 314 Ill. App. 3d at

       656. Accordingly, the trial court properly considered the time period and respondent's conduct,

       i.e., the severe physical beating of J.H. on October 13, 2012, and the evidence of prior abuse,

       without regard to the time period following the filing of the petition.




                6
                  As to J.B., although there was no evidence that respondent physically abused J.B., "[e]vidence supporting
       a parent's unfitness toward one child may serve as the basis for termination of parental rights as to all children." In
       re Janine M.A., 342 Ill. App. 3d 1041, 1050 (2003). We also note that the evidence reflects that respondent asked
       J.B. for his belt in order to use it to hit J.H.

                                                               - 23 -
       No. 1-14-0773


¶ 53        Respondent next challenges the unfitness finding as to J.H. only based on section 1(D)(e),

       for "[e]xtreme or repeated cruelty to the child." 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(e) (West 2012). Initially, we

       note that, having concluded that the finding of unfitness pursuant to section 1(D)(b) was

       supported by sufficient evidence, "we need not consider other findings of parental unfitness."

       M.J., 314 Ill. App. 3d at 655. This court "may affirm the trial court's finding of unfitness under

       its conclusions with respect to" one subsection, even if we were to conclude that the evidence

       was insufficient to support allegations on other grounds. In re Jaron Z., 348 Ill. App. 3d 239,

       259 (2004).

¶ 54        Nevertheless, respondent asserts that the evidence did not support the finding of extreme or

       repeated cruelty as to J.H. because this was her first contact with DCFS, it involved only a single

       incident, it only amounted to "excessive corporal punishment," and there was no evidence that

       she caused J.H's older distal femur fracture. We observe that, while a parent generally has the

       right to "care for, control, and discipline" her own child, " '[d]iscipline' ha[s] been interpreted by

       the courts to extend to reasonable corporal punishment.' " (Emphasis in original.) In re F.W., 261

       Ill. App. 3d 894, 898 (1994). Although respondent contends that the incident on October 13,

       2012, constituted only "excessive corporal punishment, not extreme cruelty," the evidence in this

       case belies her contention. Respondent inflicted a severe beating on eight-year-old J.H. which

       included choking him, lifting him up by his shirt collar and throwing him to the bathroom floor

       where he hit his head on the bathtub, removing his pants and underwear and beating him

       repeatedly with a belt, punching him repeatedly when he tried to block the blows of the belt, and

       then, when he continued to struggle, standing on his leg with her full weight while continuing to

       hit and punch him all over his body. That this was not merely an incidence of corporal

       punishment is also belied by the fact that respondent was so angry and intent on inflicting harm


                                                       - 24 -
       No. 1-14-0773


       that she did not stop beating J.H. until someone else in the home intervened and "dragged" her

       off of him. The beating entailed such force that it broke J.H.'s femur bone and a bone in his

       pelvis. Saluja testified that the femur fracture required a "high impact," breaking the pelvic bone

       required more than just a "minor trauma."         As further evidence that respondent's actions

       constituted extreme cruelty to her child, Darkried indicated that, while at the hospital, J.H. was in

       intense pain and screaming, " 'I'm sorry for whatever I did. Please don't hurt me anymore." The

       record also contradicts respondent's claim that she "immediately" obtained medical care for J.H.

       The record evidence showed that she left J.H. lying on the bathroom floor and went and lay

       down in her bedroom, leaving Sandra H. to attend to him, dress him, and eventually call 911.

       Additionally, respondent initially lied about the source of his injuries and stated that J.H. had

       fallen.

¶ 55         We also reject respondent's argument that the trial court's finding was against the manifest

       weight of the evidence because there was only a single incident instead of repeated acts. The

       language of the statute is phrased in the disjunctive, "or." 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(e) (West 2012).

       Thus, extreme or repeatedly cruelty to a child may result in a finding of unfitness. See, e.g.,

       C.E., 406 Ill.App.3d at 108 (noting that because subsection (b) was phrased in the disjunctive,

       "any of the three elements may be considered on its own as a basis for unfitness."). At any rate,

       the evidence also supported that respondent caused the older femur fracture and committed

       repeated acts of abuse in the past. According to Saluja, the older fracture in J.H.'s leg could not

       have been caused by minor trauma or J.H. falling over accidentally. Additionally, J.H. informed

       Holmes that respondent hit him "a lot, all the time," respondent admitted that she had a history of

       anger management issues with respect to J.H, that she hit him before, that the violence had been

       going on "for years," and that she would hit him with her fist and tell him "to get away from


                                                      - 25 -
       No. 1-14-0773


       her." Accordingly, we find that the trial court's decision that respondent was unfit as to J.H. for

       extreme or repeatedly cruelty was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 56        Next, respondent challenges the trial court's conclusion that she was unfit with respect to

       both J.H. and J.B. based on section 1(D)(g) of the Adoption Act for failing "to protect the child

       from conditions within his environment injurious to the child's welfare." 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(g)

       (West 2012). As previously stated, upon determining that at least one basis for unfitness was

       proper, we need not address the remaining bases found by the trial court. M.J., 314 Ill. App. 3d

       at 655.

¶ 57        Nevertheless, we note that respondent reasons that the statute contemplates a parent's

       failure to protect a child from another person, not from the parent herself. In support of her

       argument, respondent cites only C.W., 199 Ill. 2d 198. We disagree that this case supports her

       position. In that case, the parent was found unfit under section 1(D)(g) based on her conduct

       before the children were removed, where the environment included abusive relationships with

       the children's fathers and the children had bruises at the time of removal. C.W., 199 Ill. 2d at

       201-04, 215. Our supreme court held that it was irrelevant for purposes of section 1(D)(g)

       whether the parent failed to correct or improve the injurious conditions after removal of the child

       (although this would be relevant to an unfitness finding under other sections, such as section

       1(D)(m)). C.W., 199 Ill. 2d at 212-13, 218. Under section 1(D)(g), the parent's conduct before

       removal was "precisely the kind of evidence a court must consider in making a determination

       under" this section. Id. at 215. As the court explained, evidence of a parent's completion of

       DCFS services or refrainment from objectionable conduct after the child has been removed "does

       not somehow absolve or erase" the initial conduct which led to removal of the child. Id. at 217.




                                                     - 26 -
       No. 1-14-0773


¶ 58        We find that the plain language of the statute does not support respondent's argument or her

       interpretation of section 1(D)(g). The statute specifically refers to a parent's failure to protect a

       child from "conditions within his environment" that are injurious to the child's welfare. It does

       not state that a parent can only be found unfit if he or she fails to protect a child from "another

       person," and it also does not exclude the possibility that a parent may be found unfit for failing to

       protect a child from the parent, herself. Moreover, cases applying this subsection have found a

       parent unfit for failure to protect a child from injurious conditions even when those conditions

       arose from that parent's conduct. See, e.g., In re S.B., 348 Ill. App. 3d 61, 65-66 (2004) (holding

       that unfitness for failure to protect a child from injurious conditions was supported by evidence

       of the mother's long-term absences, substandard care of her children, and beatings of two of the

       children). Therefore, as directed in C.W., the relevant evidence under this section consists of

       respondent's conduct and the injurious conditions which existed before the children were

       removed from her home. We decline respondent's invitation to carve out an exception to section

       1(D)(g) for circumstances where it is the parent herself who is causing an injurious environment.

       In addition, the court in C.W. held that "there is no requirement under section 1(D)(g) that a

       parent be permitted a period of time to correct or improve an injurious environment before he or

       she may be found unfit on this ground." C.W., 199 Ill. 2d at 216. Accordingly, respondent was

       not entitled to a set period of time after the petitions were filed in order to remedy the injurious

       environment.

¶ 59        In ruling, we note that, besides arguing that section 1(D)(g) is inapplicable to her case,

       respondent raises no challenge to the trial court's factual findings with respect to this section.

       And as previous stated, the evidence established that respondent severely beat J.H., while in

       J.B.'s presence, and she requested that J.B. give her his belt so that she could hit J.H. with it.


                                                      - 27 -
       No. 1-14-0773


       Evidence regarding unfitness as to J.H. may be used to support a finding of unfitness as to J.B.

       Janine M.A., 342 Ill. App. 3d at 1050.

¶ 60        Next, respondent contends that the trial court also erred in finding her unfit as to both

       minors based on depravity. However, as previously stated, upon determining that at least one

       basis for unfitness was proper, we need not address the remaining bases found by the trial court.

       M.J., 314 Ill. App. 3d at 655. In this case, we have already concluded that the trial court properly

       found her unfit as to both minors for failure to maintain a reasonable degree of interest, concern,

       or responsibility as to the minors' welfare, and for failure to protect the minors from conditions

       injurious to their welfare, and as to J.H. for extreme or repeatedly cruelty. Thus, we need not

       address this remaining issue on appeal.

¶ 61        Nevertheless, even if we were to address her contention, we would conclude that the trial

       court's finding was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. While depravity is not

       defined by the Adoption Act, our supreme court has held that it "consists of an inherent

       deficiency of moral sense and rectitude." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Adoption of

       K.B.D., 2012 IL App (1st) 121558, ¶ 200. Further, depravity may consist of "a series of acts or a

       course of conduct which indicates a deficiency in a moral sense and shows either an inability or

       an unwillingness to conform to accepted morality. [Citations.]" (Internal quotation marks

       omitted.) Id. Here, the trial court's conclusion was not against the manifest weight of the

       evidence as it based its decision on the severe beating inflicted by respondent on her eight-year-

       old son, the extent of which we need not review again, and there was evidence that respondent

       had been physically abusing J.H. for years. We also defer to the trial court's determinations

       regarding witness credibility and what inferences to draw from the evidence with respect to

       Saluja's testimony regarding J.H.'s older femur fracture. Moreover, we are unpersuaded by


                                                      - 28 -
       No. 1-14-0773


       respondent's argument that she did not act in a depraved manner because she called 911 and

       expressed remorse. The evidence indicated that she did not stop beating J.H. until another adult

       intervened, she did not call immediately 911, she left him on the bathroom floor and lay down on

       a bed, and she initially claimed that he fell while doing squats.

¶ 62        Lastly, we note that the public guardian and the State argue that respondent has forfeited

       any challenge to the trial court's best interests determination because she failed to present any

       argument in her brief on appeal in that regard. We agree; other than brief references to the trial

       court's best interest determination, respondent presents no argument challenging this holding on

       appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013). "[T]his court has repeatedly held that the

       failure to argue a point in the appellant's opening brief results in forfeiture of the issue.

       [Citations.] *** An issue that is merely listed or included in a vague allegation of error is not

       'argued' and will not satisfy the requirements of the rule." Vancura v. Katris, 238 Ill. 2d 352,

       369-70 (2010).

¶ 63                                          III. CONCLUSION

¶ 64        For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.

¶ 65        Affirmed.




                                                      - 29 -
