Filed 5/13/16 Mani Investments v. Harouche CA2/3
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION THREE



MANI INVESTMENTS et al.,                                                 B263486

         Plaintiffs and Appellants,                                      (Los Angeles County
                                                                         Super. Ct. No. BC514710)
         v.

MICHEL HAROUCHE et al.,

         Defendants and Respondents.




         APPEAL from a postjudgment order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles
County, Michael P. Linfield, Judge. Affirmed.
         Wolf, Rifkin, Shapiro, Schulman & Rabkin, Marc E. Rohatiner and Eric Levinrad
for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
         Greenberg Glusker Fields Claman & Machtinger, Ricardo P. Cestero and Daniel
G. Stone for Defendants and Respondents.

                                        _________________________
       Plaintiffs and appellants Mani Investments, LLC (Investments) and Simon Mani
(Mani) (collectively, appellants) appeal a postjudgment order granting a motion to amend
a judgment obtained by defendants and respondents Michel Harouche and Kathy
Harouche (hereafter, Harouche). The amended judgment adds Mani, an individual, as an
additional judgment debtor liable for Harouche’s attorney fees.
       We perceive no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s decision naming Mani as an
additional judgment debtor and affirm the order.
                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       Investments and Harouche were equal members of HMS Air, LLC (HMS), a
limited liability company which owns and operates a Gulfstream aircraft. On March 8,
2007, Investments and Harouche executed an operating agreement for HMS. The HMS
operating agreement included an attorney fee provision entitling the prevailing party to
recover attorney fees in any dispute among the members of HMS, or between HMS and
its members.
       On January 28, 2013, Investments sued Harouche in the superior court (Mani I),
alleging that Harouche breached the HMS operating agreement by refusing to consent to
Investments’ transfer of its ownership interest in HMS. On July 10, 2013, Investments
filed a second action against Harouche and his wife Kathy (Mani II) (the instant action),
alleging a single cause of action for fraudulent conveyance.
       Harouche filed motions for summary judgment in both cases. On September 25,
2013, Harouche filed a motion for summary judgment in Mani II. On December 10,
2013, Harouche filed a motion for summary judgment in Mani I. Investments dismissed
Mani I on January 28, 2014, the day its opposition to the summary judgment motion was
due. Investments dismissed Mani II on April 16, 2014, the day after its opposition to the
motion for summary judgment in that case was due.
       On July 23, 2014, in Mani II, the trial court awarded Harouche $50,000 in attorney
fees incurred in that action. After the trial court issued its ruling, Harouche’s attorney
called Investments’ counsel to inquire regarding payment of the $50,000 award.


                                              2
Investments’ counsel responded that Investments “has no assets and therefore could not
pay the award.”
       On February 23, 2015, Harouche filed a motion in Mani II, the instant action, to
amend the judgment to add Mani as a judgment debtor liable for the $50,000 award.
Harouche also requested an additional $22,531.25 in attorney fees which were incurred to
collect on the judgment. The motion was based on Code of Civil Procedure section 187,1
which authorizes the trial court to amend a judgment to impose liability upon an alter ego
of the judgment debtor.
       Harouche contended there was a unity of interest and ownership between
Investments and Mani, Investments did not observe corporate formalities and does not
have any bank accounts or liquid assets, all of Investments’ expenses (including litigation
expenses) were paid by Mani from his personal account, Mani controlled the litigation
from the outset, and in all respects, Investments and Mani were one and the same.
       In opposition to Harouche’s motion to amend the judgment, Investments and Mani
denied that Mani is the alter ego of Investments and argued: limited liability companies
legitimately shield owners from liability and may only be disregarded under exceptional
circumstances; Harouche failed to establish a unity of interest between Mani and
Investments; Harouche failed to show that denial of the motion to amend the judgment
would produce an inequitable result; and alter ego liability is inappropriate where, as
here, Harouche voluntarily chose to contract with Investments, not with Mani
individually.
       On March 26, 2015, after hearing the matter, the trial court granted Harouche’s
motion, stating: “I’ve been convinced that equity is on the defendant’s side to grant the
motion to amend the judgment, that basically Mani Investments filed this lawsuit, or [at]
least it was filed under the name of Mani Investments. [¶] Mr. Mani was the person who
decided – and obviously companies don’t decide on their own. Individuals decide for

1
      All further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure, unless
otherwise specified.

                                             3
companies. But Mr. Mani personally paid the bills of this lawsuit, including the bills to
his attorneys. And then in effect he was the one who chose to file the lawsuit. . . . [¶] If
Mr. Mani is going to fund this lawsuit and pay for his attorney to file the lawsuit, he
ultimately will pay the . . . fees for the attorney on the other side when the Court finds
that there should be attorney’s fees awarded. [¶] Otherwise, we’d get to the situation,
had there been a discovery dispute, for instance, and the Court awarded sanctions
against . . . Mani Investments[, it] would never have to pay the sanctions because it has
no money, and the Court would have its hands tied. It couldn’t go to Mr. Mani to get
the . . . sanctions paid. And I think that would be an unjust result also. [¶] Weighing
these issues -- and I do believe it’s not a clearcut case -- I believe the equities do lie on
the defendant’s side. And after hearing the argument and reading the briefs of both sides,
the Court is going to grant the motion to amend the judgment.”
       On April 17, 2015, after the hearing but before the trial court issued its written
ruling, Investments and Mani filed a premature but timely notice of appeal. (Cal. Rules
of Court, rule 8.104(d).) On June 10, 2015, the trial court entered an order granting
Harouche’s motion to amend the judgment to add Mani as a judgment debtor, and
awarding Harouche additional attorney fees and costs against both Investments and Mani
in the amount of $18,531.25. We construe the notice of appeal to refer to said order.
                                      CONTENTIONS
       Appellants contend: the imposition of alter ego liability is an extreme remedy
which is only appropriate in extraordinary circumstances not present here; and Harouche
failed to meet his burden to establish that Mani is the alter ego of Investments.2




2
       Appellants do not challenge the award of $18,531.25 in postjudgment attorney
fees and costs.

                                               4
                                       DISCUSSION
       1. Standard of appellate review.
       Appellants acknowledge the decision to amend a judgment to add a judgment
debtor lies within the sound discretion of the trial court, and that factual findings
necessary to the trial court’s decision are reviewed to determine whether they are
supported by substantial evidence. (Carolina Casualty Ins. Co. v. L.M. Ross Law Group,
LLP (2012) 212 Cal.App.4th 1181, 1189; McClellan v. Northridge Park Townhome
Owners Assn. (2011) 89 Cal.App.4th 746, 751-752 (McClellan).)
       2. Trial court’s jurisdiction to amend judgment to name additional judgment
debtors.
       Pursuant to section 187, a trial court has jurisdiction to modify a judgment to add
additional judgment debtors. (McClellan, supra, 89 Cal.App.4th at p. 752.) Section 187
grants to every court the power to use all means to carry its jurisdiction into effect, even
if those processes are not set out in the code. (Ibid.) Section 187 provides: “When
jurisdiction is, by the Constitution or this Code, or by any other statute, conferred on a
Court or judicial officer, all the means necessary to carry it into effect are also given; and
in the exercise of this jurisdiction, if the course of proceeding be not specifically pointed
out by this Code or the statute, any suitable process or mode of proceeding may be
adopted which may appear most conformable to the spirit of this code.”
       Utilizing section 187, “judgments are typically ‘amended to add additional
judgment debtors on the grounds that a person or entity is the alter ego of the original
judgment debtor. [Citations.] This is an equitable procedure based on the theory that the
court is not amending the judgment to add a new [party] but is merely inserting the
correct name of the real [party]. [Citations.] ‘Such a procedure is an appropriate and
complete method by which to bind new [individuals] where it can be demonstrated that in
their capacity as alter ego of the corporation they in fact had control of the previous
litigation, and thus were virtually represented in the lawsuit.” [Citation.]’ [Citations.]”
(McClellan, supra, 89 Cal.App.4th at p. 752.)


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       To recover on an alter ego theory, two requirements must be satisfied: (1) there be
such unity of interest and ownership that the separate personalities of the corporation and
the individual no longer exist and (2) if the acts are treated as those of the corporation
alone, an inequitable result will follow. (Automotriz Del Golfo De California S. A. De
C. V. v. Resnick (1957) 47 Cal.2d 792, 796 (Automotriz); Leek v. Cooper (2011)
194 Cal.App.4th 399, 415 (Leek).)
       The factors to be considered in applying the alter ego doctrine include
“ ‘ “[c]ommingling of funds and other assets, failure to segregate funds of the separate
entities, and the unauthorized diversion of corporate funds or assets to other than
corporate uses . . . ; . . . the treatment by an individual of the assets of the corporation as
his own . . . ; . . . the failure to obtain authority to issue stock or to subscribe to or issue
the same; . . . the holding out by an individual that he is personally liable for the debts of
the corporation . . . ; the failure to maintain minutes or adequate corporate
records . . . ; . . . sole ownership of all of the stock in a corporation by one individual or
the members of a family . . . ; . . . the failure to adequately capitalize a corporation; the
total absence of corporate assets, and undercapitalization . . . ; . . . the use of a corporation
as a mere shell, instrumentality or conduit for a single venture or the business of an
individual or another corporation . . . .” ’ ” (Leek, supra, 194 Cal.App.4th at p. 417.)
These factors are not exhaustive and the enumerated factors may be considered among
others under the particular circumstances of each case. (Id. at p. 418.)
               3. Trial court properly exercised its discretion in amending the judgment
to add Mani as a judgment debtor.
       Mani’s testimony at his judgment debtor examination disclosed the following:
Mani is the sole member of Investments, and is also its manager. Investments is a single
purpose entity. Investments’ only property is its membership interest in HMS, through
which it has a 50 percent interest in the airplane.
       Mani further testified: Investments does not have any cash in its possession.
Investments has never had a bank account in its name. Investments’ monthly expenses


                                                 6
(such as maintenance, upkeep, and costs associated with the airplane) are paid by Mani
himself, from his personal account, which he pays directly to HMS. In the instant
litigation, filed by Investments against Harouche, Investments’ attorney fees were paid by
Mani. Mani testified, “if HMS needs some money, we wire it from one of my personal
accounts.”
       Further, no promissory notes exist between Investments and Mani, and Mani did
not know of any documents evidencing loans by Mani to Investments. The expenses that
Mani pays on Investments’ behalf are not a loan; Mani testified that Investments has no
liabilities apart from what it owes HMS.
       Mani also admitted that Investments had never conducted meetings at which
minutes were taken, and as far as Mani knew, Investments did not have any books or
records.
       Other relevant evidence in the record, apart from Mani’s testimony at the
judgment debtor examination, includes a copy of Mani’s personal verification of
Investments’ discovery responses in this litigation, dated January 14, 2014. On the
verification form, Mani verified Investments’ responses to a request for production of
documents as “a party to this action” (emphasis added), as opposed to a representative of
a party.3
       In view of all the above, the trier of fact properly could determine that there is a
unity of interest between Mani and Investments, such that Mani is the alter ego of
Investments. We note in particular the financial arrangements between Mani and
Investments, which has no financial accounts. Instead, all of Investments’ expenses are
paid by Mani personally, out of his own accounts, and without any reimbursement by

3
        We note the declaration of Mani’s attorney, filed in opposition to the motion to
amend the judgment, asserted the designation of Mani as a party to the action “was the
result of my error in preparing the verifications and was not a conscious decision on
[Simon] Mani’s part to assert that he and [Investments] were one [and] the same.”
However, Mani did not move to amend the verification form on the ground of mistake,
inadvertence or excusable neglect. (§ 473.)

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Investments. Mani pays HMS directly for the monthly upkeep of the airplane. Mani also
has directly paid the attorney fees billed by Investments’ counsel in this litigation.
       Other pertinent factors include the undercapitalization of Investments, which has
zero funds from which to pay its expenses. There is the admitted failure of Investments
to maintain minutes or corporate formalities. Also, Investments is a single purpose
entity, with a single member, and it exists solely to hold an interest in HMS. Further,
Mani has held himself personally liable to Investments’ creditors, namely its legal
counsel as well as HMS, for Investments’ debts. (See Leek, supra, 194 Cal.App.4th at
p. 417)
       The totality of these circumstances show “such unity of interest and ownership
that the separate personalities” (Automotriz, supra, 47 Cal.2d at p. 796) of Investments
and Mani do not exist. Further, because Mani, the newly added judgment debtor, funded
this litigation, Mani “ ‘controlled the litigation, [and] thereby . . . had the opportunity to
litigate, [so as] to satisfy due process concerns.’ ” (Toho-Towa Co., Ltd. v. Morgan
Creek Productions, Inc. (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 1096, 1106.)
       In an attempt to show the separateness of Investments and Mani, appellants
emphasize that Investments and Mani have not commingled their funds. However, the
reason that funds were not commingled is that Investments has no financial accounts of
its own. Instead, Mani directly pays all of Investments’ obligations out of his own
accounts. It is unclear how there could be a greater unity of interest and ownership
between Mani and Investments. Appellants also argue that Investments was not formed
with a fraudulent intent. However, fraudulent intent is not required for application of the
alter ego doctrine. (Misik v. D'Arco (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 1065, 1074.) Appellants
also stress that Mani did not siphon assets from Investments for his personal use; to the
contrary, over the years Mani has made millions of dollars in capital contributions to
Investments to enable Investments to meet its financial obligations, including $813,000 in
2013 alone. The argument is unavailing because the relevant inquiry is whether there is



                                               8
substantial evidence to show a unity of interest and ownership between Investments and
Mani. As discussed, the evidence in that regard is abundant.4
      Finally, the trial court properly concluded that denial of the motion to amend the
judgment to add Mani as a judgment debtor would lead to an inequitable result.
(Automotriz, supra, 47 Cal.2d at p. 796.) Mani has undercapitalized Investments, which
does not even have a bank account, and thereby has rendered Investments incapable of
paying any of its expenses. Instead, Mani has undertaken to pay all of Investments’
expenses, except for the attorney fees which Investments owes to Harouche. As the trial
court found, Mani cannot pick and choose which of Investments’ expenses he will pay.
Mani, through Investments, initiated and prosecuted a failed lawsuit against Harouche.
The litigation resulted in a $50,000 award of attorney fees to Harouche as the prevailing
party, pursuant to the parties’ operating agreement. Had Investments been the prevailing
party, it would have recovered damages as well as attorney fees against Harouche. Under
these circumstances, it would be inequitable to permit Mani to escape his attorney fee
obligation under the fiction that Harouche must look to Investments alone to collect the
$50,000 fee award.




4
        Appellants’ arguments that Harouche voluntarily contracted with Investments, not
with Mani individually, and that Harouche’s difficulty in enforcing the judgment against
Investments does not warrant the imposition of alter ego liability, likewise do not meet
the issue.

                                            9
                                    DISPOSITION
      The June 10, 2015 postjudgment order, which amended the judgment to name
Simon Mani as an additional judgment debtor and awarded an additional $18,531.25 in
attorney fees and costs to Harouche, is affirmed. Harouche shall recover costs on appeal.


      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS




                                                EDMON, P. J.


We concur:




                    LAVIN, J.




                    HOGUE, J.*




*
        Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
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