          United States Court of Appeals
                     For the First Circuit

No. 12-2133

                     MINERVA CARRERO-OJEDA,

                      Plaintiff, Appellant,

                               v.

  AUTORIDAD DE ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA; VÍCTOR RUIZ, in his personal
  and official capacities; MIGUEL CORDERO, in his personal and
                 official capacities; JOHN DOE,

                     Defendants, Appellees.


          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                 FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO

         [Hon. Francisco A. Besosa, U.S. District Judge]


                             Before

                 Thompson, Lipez, and Kayatta,
                         Circuit Judges.


     Wilbert Méndez Marrero for appellant.
     Angel A. Valencia-Aponte for appellees Autoridad de Energía
Eléctrica; Víctor Ruiz, in his official capacity; and Miguel
Cordero, in his personal and official capacities.
     Susana I. Peñagarícano-Brown, Assistant Solicitor General,
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, with whom Margarita L. Mercado
Echegaray, Solicitor General, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, was on
brief, for appellee Víctor Ruiz, in his individual capacity.



                          June 20, 2014
            THOMPSON, Circuit Judge.         Plaintiff-appellant Minerva

Carrero-Ojeda ("Carrero") says that after she blew the whistle on

wrongdoing in her office, her employer and her superiors retaliated

against    her   in   myriad   ways.     They   threatened   her,     unjustly

disciplined her, and — most relevantly for our purposes — deprived

her of benefits owed to her under the Family and Medical Leave Act

("FMLA"), 29 U.S.C. §§ 2601-2654, and ultimately fired her.

Carrero now appeals the district court's dismissal of her FMLA

complaint for failure to state a claim.            She also challenges the

court's failure to grant or, at least, expressly deny her post-

judgment request for leave to amend the pleadings.           For reasons we

explain shortly, we affirm.

                                I. BACKGROUND

            Because this appeal follows a dismissal pursuant to

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) ("Rule 12(b)(6)"), we

take as true the facts alleged in Carrero's complaint and draw all

reasonable inferences in her favor.1            See Maloy v. Ballori-Lage,

744 F.3d 250, 251 (1st Cir. 2014).

                                 A. The Facts

            Carrero began working for defendant-appellee Autoridad de

Energía Eléctrica (the Puerto Rico Electrical Power Authority, or

"PREPA")    in   September     1986.    At   all   times   relevant    to   her

     1
       Unlike the district court, we do not consider the three
documents that defendants appended to their motion to dismiss. We
explain why in Part II(A), infra.

                                       -2-
complaint, Carrero held the position of administrative coordinator

in PREPA's Aguadilla Technical Office.          Defendant-appellee Víctor

Ruiz was district engineer of the technical section and Carrero's

immediate    supervisor.     Defendant-appellee      Miguel   Cordero   was

PREPA's executive director.

             In August 2007, PREPA's internal affairs office initiated

an investigation of corruption in the Aguadilla Technical Office.

Carrero's supervisor, Ruiz, was one of the targets.               Carrero

testified and provided information for the investigation.          To get

back at her, Carrero says, Ruiz, "in connection and conspiracy with

other employees, commenced a pattern of discriminatory acts against

[her] affecting the terms, conditions, benefits[,] and privileges

of her employment."      Carrero claims "[t]he acts of discriminatory

retaliation included denying [her] job promotions, denying [her]

marginal     benefits,   submitting     [her]   to   unjust   disciplinary

measures, threatening [her] with dismissal, initiat[ing] illegal

administrative procedures[,] . . . illegally discharging her from

her employment," and "violating her rights under [the] FMLA."

             Specifically, in November 2007, Carrero alleges that Ruiz

"commenced    an   administrative     investigation"   against   her    "for

allegedly having photocopied her personnel file without [his]

consent." Carrero says this occurred "during the period when [she]

was on family leave protected by the FMLA[] for the care of her

mother due to a medical procedure she had to undergo."                   The


                                    -3-
subsequent investigation led PREPA's chief human resources officer,

Alex Carvajal,2 to file administrative charges against Carrero for

violations of PREPA's Rules of Conduct 18 and 29, as well as Notes

1 and 5, on January 30, 2008.         (Carrero does not tell us what these

rules prohibit or what the charges stated. From now on, we'll call

them the "January 2008 charges.")

           While   the    January     2008   charges   were    pending,    other

harassment was underway. For example, in March 2008, PREPA's labor

affairs office refused to pay Carrero's travel expenses to attend

an administrative hearing, though it had always reimbursed her for

such travel before.       Carrero contends that this shows the labor

office was in cahoots with Ruiz and company.                   Because of the

denial, Carrero filed an administrative claim "before the Court of

Appeals" (she does not say which one), which ordered a hearing.

Carrero says PREPA did not comply with that court's judgment (but

does not say what the judgment was).

           In April 2008, PREPA's internal affairs office summoned

Carrero to offer testimony in the corruption investigation of the

Aguadilla Technical Office.         A few weeks later, Ruiz instructed a

security guard to withhold a vehicles report from Carrero that she

usually   maintained     and   that   she    had   planned    to   give   to   the

investigators.



     2
       We use the spelling of Carvajal's name found in defendants'
answer to the complaint.

                                       -4-
            In June 2008, Carrero's mother fell and injured herself.

Carrero requested and was granted leave to care for her.                     While

Carrero was away, human resources chief Carvajal and two co-workers

(whose   roles   Carrero       does     not    explain)   promoted   three   PREPA

employees to superior positions in the Aguadilla Technical Office

"without granting [Carrero] the opportunity . . . [to] interview

and knowing[] she applied for such position." In doing so, Carrero

says they deprived her of an opportunity for promotion in violation

of her FMLA rights. In response, Carrero filed complaints with the

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC"), as well as a

grievance with the labor affairs office, none of which were ever

resolved.

            Also while Carrero was out on leave, Ruiz and two

different    co-workers        (whose    roles     Carrero   likewise   does   not

explain)    instigated     a    second        administrative   investigation    of

Carrero. The ensuing inquiry caused human resources chief Carvajal

to file a second set of administrative charges against Carrero on

August 8, 2008 for violations of PREPA's Rules of Conduct 17 and

27.   (Again, Carrero does not tell us what these rules prohibit or

what the charges stated. We'll call them the "August 2008 charges"

from here on out.)       In response, Carrero filed another complaint

with the EEOC against Ruiz for violating her FMLA rights that was

also never resolved.




                                          -5-
              In September 2008, Ruiz tasked Carrero with preparing

absence letters for employees with unsatisfactory attendance.

Then,   in    October      2008,    Ruiz   asked           Carrero    to    photocopy    the

personnel files of every Aguadilla Technical Office employee.

Carrero complains that both jobs were beneath her managerial status

and were better suited to "clerical personnel."                       Additionally, she

says the assignments amounted to "employment harassment" because

they violated PREPA's procedures and because she was then under

investigation        for    copying     her          own    personnel       file   without

permission. In response, she filed a union grievance against Ruiz,

but no resolution was reached.

              On January 23, 2009, a hearing officer reviewing the

January 2008 charges recommended Carrero's discharge.                          A few weeks

later, an employee acting on Ruiz's behalf twice attempted to

"force [Carrero] to receive" a copy of the resolution of the

charges — once at Ruiz's office and once at Carrero's office — but

Carrero refused.        Carrero perceived these attempted deliveries to

be "acts of intimidation."

              In May 2009, Ruiz, along with unnamed co-conspirators in

PREPA's      labor   office,       deducted      6    hours     and    16    minutes    from

Carrero's pay and made her use vacation leave for time spent

attending a meeting regarding her EEOC complaints against Ruiz and

a co-worker for violating her FMLA rights. Later, PREPA's director




                                           -6-
of transmission and distribution ordered that Carrero be reimbursed

for the discounted hours.

             On June 22, 2009, though one hearing officer had already

recommended      Carrero's   termination   based      on   the   January      2008

charges, Cordero — then newly appointed as executive director —

ordered a second hearing on those charges before a different

officer.     In the meantime, in September 2009, a PREPA accounting

office employee denied Carrero's reimbursement request for $201 for

travel to San Juan for a meeting with the labor affairs office.

The office usually paid Carrero back promptly for her work-related

expenses.

             On May 25, 2010, Carrero informed Cordero by letter that

she   was    a   collaborating   witness   in   the    internal     corruption

investigation.        Shortly thereafter, on June 10, 2010, a second

hearing     officer   recommended   Carrero's   discharge        based   on   the

January 2008 charges.

             Not much later, on August 19, 2010, Carrero again applied

for family leave to take care of her sick mother, "who was

suffering [from] various serious health conditions which might need

emergency treatment and medical care outside and at home."                     On

September 2, 2010, Ruiz recommended that Carrero's request be

granted.     Another employee approved her request that same day, but

Carrero did not take the leave immediately.




                                    -7-
          In October 2010, as a result of the administrative

investigation of corruption in the Aguadilla Technical Office, the

internal affairs office recommended filing charges against Ruiz,

among others, for embezzlement.    Thereafter, Carrero says she was

"subject[ed] to threats and retaliation by . . . Ruiz" and others

under investigation, causing her to "fear[] for her life."

          "By the middle of October[] 2010," Carrero's lawyer

received a letter signed by executive director Cordero saying that

Carrero was discharged from her position effective October 3, 2010.

Carrero's lawyer told her about the letter, but Carrero herself was

not notified by PREPA, so she kept working as usual.       Then, on

October 27, 2010, Carrero's lawyer received a second letter, this

time signed by Angel Rivera (another player whose role Carrero does

not explain) on Cordero's behalf, reiterating that Carrero had been

discharged but amending the effective date to October 31, 2010.

Carrero says she did not receive a copy of this letter either.

          In the middle of all this, on the night of October 21,

2010, Carrero's mother fell and "injur[ed] her hip and other parts

of her body."   The following day, Carrero notified Ruiz that she

needed three months of family leave to take care of her mother and

"request[ed] to activate the family leave already approved" on

September 2 "for the time she was going to be absent."       Carrero

does not say whether she in fact missed work to care for her mother

that day, but because she says she "requested her immediate absence


                                  -8-
from work" after her mother fell, we assume she in fact stopped

going to work on October 22.              And because her employment was

terminated a few days later, we also assume she did not return to

work following this absence, though her complaint does not say so

expressly.

             On   November    4,   2010   —   a    few   days   after   Carrero's

discharge had taken effect — Carrero's lawyer received a letter

from PREPA's labor office stating that PREPA would not acknowledge

Carrero's leave activation request.               Carrero's mother passed away

on June 18, 2011.      Carrero says she did not personally receive a

letter notifying her of her discharge until July 15, 2011.

                             B. Travel of the Case

             On October 31, 2011, Carrero filed a complaint against

PREPA, Ruiz and Cordero in their personal and official capacities,

and John Doe,3 alleging violations of her rights under (1) the

FMLA, and (2) the Puerto Rico Whistle Blower Act, as provided by

P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 29, § 194, and P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 1, § 601.

             With respect to her FMLA claim, Carrero said that in

October 2010 — though she qualified for leave, she had given PREPA

adequate notice that she intended to take leave, and PREPA had

already approved the leave — when she tried to "activate" the



     3
       Carrero described John Doe as "any person who may be
responsible for the acts committed against [her] whose identity is
not known at the moment," and said she would join such person once
his or her identity became known.

                                      -9-
leave, PREPA wrongfully "denied her the applicable FMLA benefits"

and "illegally discharged [Carrero] from her position . . . during

the period she was protected by the FMLA."   By discharging her on

October 31, 2010, PREPA "illegally interfered [with], restrained[,]

and denied [her] the family leave approved on September 2, 2010 and

activated on October 22, 2010." There was "no . . . justification"

for discharging her "during the period she was under the protection

of the FMLA," she said, other than to "retaliate against her [and]

to deprive her of her right[s] as part of the pattern of harassment

and retaliation [she] suffered."4

          On January 18, 2012, defendants filed a motion to dismiss

Carrero's complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state

a claim on which relief could be granted.    They contended Carrero

was discharged for disciplinary reasons entirely unrelated to any

exercise of her FMLA rights.   Moreover, they argued the FMLA did

not insulate Carrero from adverse employment actions unrelated to

her FMLA rights.

          Defendants attached three documents to their motion to

dismiss: (1) the disciplinary complaint filed against Carrero on

January 30, 2008, which lays out relevant personnel regulations and

details Ruiz's accusations against her; (2) the administrative



     4
       Carrero also claimed PREPA canceled her salary and benefits
at the beginning of October, though she was not slated to be
discharged until October 31. She did not file a separate claim
based on this premature termination.

                               -10-
ruling recommending Carrero's discharge, dated June 10, 2010 and

amended July 30, 2010; and (3) the letter discharging Carrero

effective October 31, 2010, dated October 14, 2010.    Carrero had

not attached these documents to her complaint, but she did not

object to their consideration or challenge their authenticity.

Rather, she cited the documents in her opposition to the motion to

dismiss, saying they "serve[d] to demonstrate the pattern of

retaliation perpetuated by [defendants]."

          On June 27, 2012, the district court granted defendants'

motion to dismiss.   In evaluating the motion, the court considered

both Carrero's complaint and defendants' documents.      Assessing

Carrero's FMLA claim, the court found PREPA had "provided [Carrero]

with all required entitlements" and "discharged [her] for reasons

entirely independent of the FMLA," while Carrero had "fail[ed] to

demonstrate a causal connection between her FMLA leave and her

discharge."   Accordingly, the court dismissed Carrero's FMLA claim

with prejudice, and, lacking any federal claim upon which to anchor

supplemental jurisdiction, dismissed Carrero's Puerto Rico law

claims without prejudice.

          On July 25, 2012, Carrero filed a motion to alter or

amend judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e)

("Rule 59(e)").   She argued the pleadings adequately supported her

allegations that defendants had interfered with her FMLA rights.




                                -11-
In the alternative, she requested leave to amend the pleadings.

The district court denied her motion a few days later.

            On   August    10,   2012,    Carrero   filed    a    motion    for

reconsideration of the order denying her motion.                   Defendants

objected because Carrero filed the motion without the court's

leave.    The district court denied the motion on August 13, 2012.

This timely appeal followed.

                                 II. ANALYSIS

            Before us, Carrero argues the district court erred by

finding that her complaint did not state a sufficiently plausible

claim for relief to withstand defendants' motion to dismiss.                In

the   alternative,   she   contends      the   district   court    abused   its

discretion by not granting or specifically denying her request for

leave to amend the pleadings.5

            We find Carrero's arguments unpersuasive.            But before we

turn to the merits of her claims, we pause to ascertain what

materials are properly before us.

                      A. Configuring the Record

            At the motion-to-dismiss stage, our primary focus is on

the complaint. See, e.g., Maloy v. Ballori-Lage, 744 F.3d 250, 251

(1st Cir. 2014). Ordinarily, courts may not consider any documents

"outside of the complaint, or not expressly incorporated therein,"



      5
       Carrero does not challenge the district court's dismissal
without prejudice of her Puerto Rico law claims.

                                     -12-
without converting the motion into one for summary judgment.                   Alt.

Energy, Inc. v. St. Paul Fire and Marine Ins. Co., 267 F.3d 30, 33

(1st Cir. 2001) (citing Watterson v. Page, 987 F.2d 1, 3 (1st Cir.

1993)).     However, there is a narrow exception for documents — the

authenticity of which is not challenged — that are central to the

plaintiff's claim or sufficiently referred to in the complaint,

even   if   those   documents     are    not   physically     attached    to   the

pleading.    Id. (citing Watterson, 987 F.2d at 3); see also Schatz

v. Republican State Leadership Comm., 669 F.3d 50, 55 (1st Cir.

2012); Rodi v. S. N.E. Sch. of Law, 389 F.3d 5, 12 (1st Cir. 2004);

Beddall v. State St. Bank & Trust Co., 137 F.3d 12, 17 (1st Cir.

1998).

             Here, when appraising defendants' Rule 12(b)(6) motion,

in addition to the complaint, the district court considered three

documents submitted by defendants.             As a quick refresher, those

documents were: (1) the January 2008 disciplinary complaint filed

against     Carrero;   (2)   the        June   2010    administrative        ruling

recommending Carrero's discharge; and (3) the October 2010 letter

terminating    Carrero.      Though      Carrero      had   not   appended   those

documents to her complaint, the court said she had "ma[de] explicit

reference to" them, so it could properly consider them.

             It is a close question whether these documents are

sufficiently     referred    to    in    Carrero's      complaint    to   warrant

consideration at this stage.            See Alt. Energy, Inc., 267 F.3d at


                                        -13-
33.   While Carrero mentioned the October 2010 letter in her

complaint, she did not directly cite the disciplinary complaint or

administrative ruling; rather, she simply discussed the proceedings

memorialized in those documents.

          Absent any preserved objection by either party, we, like

the district court, could choose to regard the documents "as part

of the pleadings" and consider them here.   See Maloy, 744 F.3d at

251 n.1 (citing Watterson, 987 F.2d at 4).     But because we find

Carrero's complaint insufficient to surmount defendants' motion to

dismiss on its own, we feel no need to muddy the waters of our

analysis by considering defendants' documents.    So we move on to

the merits, considering Carrero's complaint alone.

              B. Family and Medical Leave Act Claims

          Carrero's main contention on appeal is that her complaint

contained sufficient factual allegations to make out a plausible

claim for relief under the FMLA.        Accordingly, she says the

district court erred by granting defendants' motion to dismiss.

1. Standard of Review

          We review orders granting motions to dismiss under Rule

12(b)(6) de novo, applying the same criteria as the district court.

Schatz, 669 F.3d at 55.     Our "sole inquiry . . . is whether,

construing the well-pleaded facts of the complaint in the light

most favorable to the plaintiff[], the complaint states a claim for

which relief can be granted."   Ocasio-Hernández v. Fortuño-Burset,


                                -14-
640 F.3d 1, 7 (1st Cir. 2011) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6)).

In other words, we ask whether the complaint "contain[s] sufficient

factual matter to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its

face."   Rodríguez-Reyes v. Molina-Rodríguez, 711 F.3d 49, 53 (1st

Cir. 2013) (internal quotation mark omitted).

           We proceed in two steps:   First, we "isolate and ignore

statements in the complaint that simply offer legal labels and

conclusions or merely rehash cause-of-action elements."     Schatz,

669 F.3d at 55.    Second, we take the facts of the complaint as

true, "drawing all reasonable inferences in [plaintiff's] favor,

and see if they plausibly narrate a claim for relief."    Id.

           "Plausible," we have noted, "means something more than

merely possible." Id.   And a complaint that "pleads facts that are

'merely consistent with' a defendant's liability . . . 'stops short

of the line between possibility and plausibility.'"         Ocasio-

Hernández, 640 F.3d at 12 (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662,

678 (2009)).

           However, a complaint need not "plead facts sufficient to

establish a prima facie case," Rodríguez-Reyes, 711 F.3d at 54

(alteration added), or "allege every fact necessary to win at

trial," Rodríguez-Vives v. P.R. Firefighters Corps of P.R., 743

F.3d 278, 283 (1st Cir. 2014), to make out a plausible claim.   See

also Swierkiewicz v. Sorema, 534 U.S. 506, 515 (2002).   "The prima

facie standard is an evidentiary standard, not a pleading standard,


                               -15-
and there is no need to set forth a detailed evidentiary proffer in

a complaint."    Rodríguez-Reyes, 711 F.3d at 54 (alteration added).

            That said, the elements of a prima face case remain

relevant to our plausibility assessment, as "[t]hose elements are

part of the background against which a plausibility determination

should be made."     Id.    Though "[t]here need not be a one-to-one

relationship between any single allegation and a necessary element

of the cause of action," reference to the prima facie elements can

help a court determine whether the "cumulative effect of the

complaint's factual allegations" is a plausible claim for relief.

Id. at 55 (brackets omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).

            The bottom line is that "the combined allegations, taken

as true, must state a plausible, not merely conceivable, case for

relief."     Ocasio-Hernández, 640 F.3d at 12 (quoting Sepúlveda-

Villarini v. Dep't of Educ. of P.R., 628 F.2d 25, 29 (1st Cir.

2010) (Souter, J.)).       Having thus described the plausibility bar

Carrero must overcome, we next provide a basic FMLA primer before

we consider Carrero's FMLA claims.

2. FMLA Primer

            The FMLA was enacted to help working women and men

balance the competing demands of work and personal life.          Hodgens

v. Gen. Dynamics Corp., 144 F.3d 151, 159 (1st Cir. 1998); see 29

U.S.C. § 2601(b)(1)-(2).       It includes two types of provisions:

"those     establishing    substantive    rights   and   those   providing


                                   -16-
protection for the exercise of those rights."            Colburn v. Parker

Hannifin, 429 F.3d 325, 330 (1st Cir. 2005); see, e.g., 29 U.S.C.

§§ 2612, 2614, 2615.

            In terms of substantive rights, the FMLA entitles an

employee to take twelve weeks of leave during any twelve-month

period for a variety of reasons, including to care for a family

member — such as a parent — with a serious health condition.          Nagle

v. Acton-Boxborough Reg'l Sch. Dist., 576 F.3d 1, 2 (1st Cir.

2009); Hodgens, 144 F.3d at 159 (citing, inter alia, 29 U.S.C.

§ 2612(a)(1)(C)).       Upon an employee's return, her employer must

reinstate her to the same or an equivalent position, without any

loss of accrued seniority. Colburn, 429 F.3d at 330 (citing, inter

alia, 29 U.S.C. § 2614(a)(1) and 29 C.F.R. §§ 825.214(b), 825.216).

            To protect these rights, the FMLA and its accompanying

regulations make it unlawful for any employer to, among other

things: (1) "interfere with, restrain, or deny the exercise" of any

FMLA    right,   29    U.S.C.    §   2615(a)(1);   or   (2)   retaliate   or

"discriminat[e] against employees . . . who have used FMLA leave,"

such as by "us[ing] the taking of FMLA leave as a negative factor

in     employment     actions,   such    as   hiring,   promotions[,]     or

disciplinary actions," 29 C.F.R. § 825.220(c); see also 29 U.S.C.

§ 2615(a)(2).       See Colburn, 429 F.3d at 330-31 (explaining the

origins of and overlap between FMLA interference and retaliation

claims).


                                     -17-
            In her complaint, Carrero contends that defendants both

interfered with and retaliated against her for exercising her FMLA

rights.     We tackle each of her claims in turn, beginning with

retaliation for ease of analysis.

3. Retaliation Claim

            Carrero   first   alleges   that    defendants   impermissibly

retaliated against her for exercising her FMLA rights when they

fired her while "she was under the protection of [the] FMLA" in

October 2010. She says her termination represented the culmination

of a "pattern of discriminatory acts" by defendants that began

after     she   started   helping    with      the   internal   corruption

investigation in August 2007. To the extent that defendants' other

acts of mistreatment coincided with or followed Carrero's use of

family leave, Carrero says those acts amounted to FMLA retaliation

as well.

            As we pointed out above, the FMLA forbids an employer

from retaliating against an employee for exercising her FMLA

rights.    Henry v. United Bank, 686 F.3d 50, 55 (1st Cir. 2012)

(citing 29 U.S.C. § 2615(a)).       Thus, for example, an employer may

not use an employee's FMLA leave as a negative factor in deciding

to hire, fire, promote, or provide benefits to an employee.             29

C.F.R. § 825.220(c); see Henry, 686 F.3d at 55.         However, while an

employee may not be penalized for exercising her rights under the

statute, an employee may nevertheless be discharged, not promoted,


                                    -18-
or denied benefits for independent reasons during or after her

taking of FMLA leave.       See Henry, 686 F.3d at 55 (citing Nagle, 576

F.3d at 3) (finding that employee was discharged for independent

reasons).     In an FMLA retaliation case, the employer's intent —

i.e., why the employer fired or acted against the employee —

matters.    Hodgens, 144 F.3d at 160.

            To make out a prima facie case of FMLA retaliation, an

employee must show: (1) she availed herself of a protected FMLA

right; (2) she was "adversely affected by an employment decision;"

and (3) "there was a causal connection between [her] protected

conduct and the adverse employment action."              See Orta-Castro v.

Merck, Sharp & Dohme Química P.R., Inc., 447 F.3d 105, 107 (1st

Cir. 2006).     Though, as we set out above, a plaintiff need not

plead facts sufficient to establish a prima facie case at the

pleading stage, the elements of a prima facie case are useful "as

a prism to shed light upon the plausibility of a [plaintiff's]

claim."     Rodríguez-Reyes, 711 F.3d at 54.             We view Carrero's

retaliation claims through that lens now, asking whether she has

pleaded    enough   facts    in   toto   to   make   entitlement   to   relief

plausible in light of the prima facie standard that will pertain at

trial.    See id.

            Carrero's primary claim is that defendants retaliated

against her for exercising her FMLA rights when they discharged her

after she attempted to take FMLA leave in October 2010.            We assume


                                     -19-
for the sake of argument that this claim meets the first two prongs

of the prima facie test:    First, she availed herself of her FMLA

rights when she took family leave in November 2007 and June 2008,

and again when she attempted to "activate" leave in October 2010

that was approved in September 2010.     Second, she was adversely

affected by her termination effective October 31, 2010.

           However, as to the third prong, Carrero offers too little

to connect her taking of FMLA leave and her termination to push her

claim across the plausibility threshold.     Applying our two-step

plausibility analysis, we first set aside Carrero's conclusory

statement that there was "no . . . justification" for discharging

her "during the period she was under the protection of the FMLA,"

other than to "retaliate against her . . . as part of the pattern

of harassment and retaliation [she] suffered."      See Schatz, 669

F.3d at 55.   Calling her discharge FMLA retaliation does not make

it so. Indeed, to the extent the actions about which she complains

could be seen as retaliatory, Carrero's participation in the

internal corruption investigation offers a more likely explanation.

           Next, we look to the facts Carrero puts forth, taking

them as true and drawing all reasonable inferences in her favor.

See id.   Carrero says she was fired "during the effectiveness" of

her FMLA leave.    She appears to assume that the chronological

overlap between her termination and her leave renders the causal

connection between the two actions obvious.     But while temporal


                                -20-
proximity is one factor from which an employer's bad motive can be

inferred,    by   itself,   it   is   not    enough   —   especially   if   the

surrounding circumstances undermine any claim of causation.                 See

Wright v. CompUSA, Inc., 352 F.3d 472, 478 (1st Cir. 2003) (finding

plaintiff established prima facie case of retaliation under the

Americans with Disabilities Act but noting that "chronological

proximity does not by itself establish causality, particularly if

the larger picture undercuts any claim of causation" (brackets

omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted)); Hodgens, 144 F.3d at

170 ("[T]emporal proximity may           give rise to a suggestion of

retaliation, [but] that suggestion is not necessarily conclusive."

(brackets omitted) (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks

omitted)).

             Carrero gives us no facts beyond the timing of her

discharge — e.g., no negative comments, complaints, or expressions

of reluctance by her superiors or co-workers about her FMLA leave-

taking, no discussion of her FMLA leave status in performance

reviews, etc. — that would lead us to think that defendants took

her FMLA requests or leave status into account when deciding to

discharge her. Compare Hodgens, 144 F.3d at 165 (finding plaintiff

sufficiently showed causal connection between his FMLA-leave-taking

and his termination where his supervisor warned him "he was taking

'too much time off'" shortly after he took leave, his performance

evaluation "advised him to 'make every effort to have [his]


                                      -21-
absenteeism fall within company guidelines,'" and his employer

decided   which   employees   to   lay   off   based   on   a   ranking   that

considered plaintiff's absence rate), with Donald v. Sybra, Inc.,

667 F.3d 757, 763 (6th Cir. 2012) (finding temporal proximity plus

supervisor's single negative comment did not establish employer's

bad motive at summary judgment stage).

           Instead, Carrero's complaint provides us with another

explanation for defendants' decision to terminate her at that time:

After an investigation of Carrero for alleged misconduct, two

different officers recommended her termination after two separate

hearings, and executive director Cordero decided to follow their

advice    in   October   2010.6      Whether     the   investigation       was

well-grounded or instead part of a long-standing desire to get rid

of Carrero, the key point is that both the investigation and the

alleged animus pre-existed Carrero's October 2010 attempt to take

FMLA leave.    In this respect, the bulk of the allegations in the

complaint relate to her FMLA claim only in that they provide a

detailed explanation of why she was fired, rightly or wrongly, and

cut directly against any conclusion that her firing was related to

FMLA-protected activity.      Consequently, considering, as we must,

the "cumulative effect of the complaint's factual allegations," see



     6
       Needless to say, we make no judgment as to whether Carrero
actually committed this misconduct.      We only note that the
misconduct allegations are the reason both Carrero and her
superiors provide for her termination.

                                   -22-
Rodríguez-Reyes,     711    F.3d   at   55,    and   the   "larger   picture"

surrounding her discharge, see Wright, 352 F.3d at 478, we cannot

find that Carrero's complaint plausibly supports a finding that her

termination was causally connected to her requests for FMLA leave.

          Carrero    also    claims     that   other   adverse   actions   by

defendants constituted impermissible FMLA retaliation insomuch as

they coincided with or followed her use of family leave.                   For

example, in November 2007 and June 2008, Ruiz initiated misconduct

investigations of Carrero while Carrero was out on family leave.

Also, while Carrero was out on leave in June 2008, Carvajal

promoted three of Carrero's co-workers without giving Carrero an

opportunity to interview.

          However, even assuming arguendo that this claim meets the

first two prongs of the prima facie inquiry, Carrero has not put

forth sufficient facts to demonstrate a causal connection between

her FMLA leave-taking and defendants' acts to establish a plausible

claim for relief.     Again, beyond synchronicity, Carrero makes no

connection between those acts and her leave-taking.

          As for Ruiz's opening of misconduct investigations,

Carrero explicitly says Ruiz acted as he did because of her

participation   in   the    internal    corruption     investigation.      She

neither disclaims nor admits any misconduct on her part, and she




                                    -23-
does not say the accusations were unfounded.7   She simply says Ruiz

began the investigations "during the period when [she] was on

family leave protected by the FMLA."    Again, an employer can take

adverse action against an employee while she is on leave for

reasons other than her leave status.     See Henry, 686 F.3d at 55

(citing Nagle, 576 F.3d at 3).        Thus, this allegation alone,

without more, is not enough to support a plausible claim.

          As for Carvajal's promotion of Carrero's co-workers,

Carrero says only that these actions "affected [her] right to a

promotion while protected by [the FMLA]."    Carrero has no greater

(or lesser) right to promotion by virtue of her FMLA-leave status.

See 29 C.F.R. § 825.216(a) ("An employee has no greater right . .

. to . . . benefits or conditions of employment" because she takes

FMLA leave.); 29 C.F.R. § 825.220(c) ("[E]mployers cannot use the

taking of FMLA leave as a negative factor in employment actions,

such as . . . promotions.").   Though Carrero says she applied for

the open positions and was not given a chance to interview, she

asserts no factual allegation as to why her FMLA leave had any

bearing on Carvajal's decision not to interview her or award her

the position.   See Orta-Castro, 447 F.3d at 114 (finding no proof

that defendants took plaintiff's absences into account in denying

her a higher position, even where plaintiff alleged an unidentified



     7
       Again, we do not judge whether Carrero actually committed
this misconduct.

                               -24-
human resources representative told her she was not given the

position because of her absenteeism, and affirming dismissal of

plaintiff's claim).

           Considering Carrero's factual allegations as a whole, we

again   cannot   say   she   has   stated    a   plausible   claim   of   FMLA

retaliation based on defendants' adverse actions. As a result, the

district court rightly found Carrero had not alleged a sufficiently

plausible retaliation claim to withstand defendants' Rule 12(b)(6)

motion to dismiss.     So we journey on.

4. Interference Claim

           Carrero also says defendants interfered with her FMLA

rights by terminating her employment while she was out on leave to

care for her sick mother.

           As we set forth above, the FMLA makes it unlawful for

"any employer to interfere with, restrain, or deny the exercise of"

any FMLA-protected right.      29 U.S.C. § 2615(a)(1). We recall that

the FMLA entitles an employee to twelve weeks' leave per year for

listed family and medical reasons, such as to care for a parent

with a serious health condition.           Nagle, 576 F.3d at 2; Hodgens,

144 F.3d at 159 (citing, inter alia, 29 U.S.C. § 2612(a)(1)(C)).

However, "[i]f an employee is laid off during the course of taking

FMLA leave and [her] employment is terminated, the employer's

responsibility to continue FMLA leave, maintain . . . benefits[,]

and restore the employee cease at the time the employee is laid


                                    -25-
off." 29 C.F.R. § 825.216(a)(1). (We remember, of course, that an

employer cannot discharge an employee because she requests or takes

FMLA leave, see 29 C.F.R. § 825.220(c), but we dealt with this

concern with respect to Carrero's retaliation claim.)

          To withstand a motion to dismiss on her interference

claim, a plaintiff need only plausibly state that she is entitled

to the disputed leave.    See Coburn, 429 F.3d at 331 (describing

summary judgment standard).8   Unlike in a retaliation claim, "no

showing as to employer intent is required."   Id.   The key issue is

simply whether the employer provided its employee the benefits to

which she was entitled per the FMLA.   Hodgens, 144 F.3d at 159.

          In her complaint, Carrero does not assert that defendants

wrongfully denied her requests for FMLA leave.      To the contrary,

she says PREPA permitted her to take FMLA leave both in November

2007 and June 2008.      Ruiz also approved her third FMLA leave

request in September 2010.      Instead, Carrero says defendants

interfered with her FMLA rights by terminating her employment once



     8
       Other circuits have described the prima facie interference
standard more fully as requiring an employee to show: (1) she was
eligible for the FMLA's protections; (2) her employer was covered
by the FMLA; (3) she was entitled to leave under the FMLA; (4) she
gave her employer notice of her intention to take leave; and (5)
her employer denied her FMLA benefits to which she was entitled.
E.g., Donald v. Sybra, Inc., 667 F.3d 757, 761 (6th Cir. 2012)
(reh'g and reh'g en banc denied); Goelzer v. Sheboygan Cty., Wis.,
604 F.3d 987, 993 (7th Cir. 2010). As most of these elements are
undisputed here, we use the abridged standard from our summary
judgment jurisprudence to focus in on what is at issue.        See
Coburn, 429 F.3d at 331.

                               -26-
she "activated" her third leave in October 2010, rather than

permitting her to take the three months' leave she requested.

            Carrero admits her lawyer was notified of her discharge

— originally effective October 3 but amended to October 31 — "by

the middle of October[] 2010."       She claims she was not informed of

her termination at that time.              Rather, she insists that she

remained    employed   when   she   properly   triggered    her    previously

approved FMLA leave on October 22, was entitled to that leave, and

was "protected by the law at the time she was illegally discharged

from her employment."

            However, the FMLA does not protect an employee from

discharge for any reason while she is on leave — rather, as we

discussed in the retaliation context, it protects her only from

discharge because she requests or takes FMLA leave.              See 29 C.F.R.

§ 825.220(c).    Thus, while Carrero may have had a claim for leave

prior to October 31, once her discharge took effect, Carrero was no

longer     entitled    to   FMLA    leave    benefits.9    See     29   C.F.R.



     9
      At oral argument, the panel asked Carrero's counsel whether,
in the alternative, Carrero was also arguing that defendants had
interfered with her FMLA rights for the limited time span between
October 22 (when she requested leave) and October 31 (when she was
discharged). In response, counsel simply repeated his argument
that the termination was null and void, so Carrero had a right to
three months' leave. Accordingly, any separate argument relating
to this limited time period is waived.      See United States v.
Anderson, 745 F.3d 593, 598 (1st Cir. 2014); Rodríguez v.
Municipality of San Juan, 659 F.3d 168, 175 (1st Cir. 2011) ("[W]e
deem waived claims not made or claims adverted to in a cursory
fashion, unaccompanied by developed argument.").

                                    -27-
§ 825.216(a)(1).       As a result, she cannot state a plausible FMLA

interference    claim,    and   the   district   court    correctly    granted

defendants' Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss on this ground as well.

                      C. Motion to Amend the Pleadings

             In a last-ditch effort to save her FMLA claims, Carrero

argues the district court abused its discretion by not granting or

explicitly     denying    her    post-judgment    request    to    amend    the

pleadings.     Carrero asked for leave to amend the pleadings as

alternative relief in her motion to alter or amend judgment under

Rule 59(e).     The district court did not address Carrero's amend-

pleadings request separately from her amend-judgment request;

rather, it denied the motion altogether, saying only that Carrero

"ha[d] not demonstrated a clear error of law, a change in the law,

or new evidence that [she] could not have presented previously."

             We review the district court's denial of relief under

Rule 59(e) for abuse of discretion, mindful that the court enjoys

"considerable" discretion in this area.          Soto-Padro v. Pub. Bldgs.

Auth., 675 F.3d 1, 9 (1st Cir. 2012); see also Markel Am. Ins. Co.

v. Díaz-Santiago, 674 F.3d 21, 32 (1st Cir. 2012).                 Rule 59(e)

permits a party to move to alter or amend judgment within 28 days

of entry of judgment.           Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e).           We generally

recognize     three    valid    grounds   for    Rule    59(e)    relief:   "an

'intervening change' in the controlling law, a clear legal error,

or newly-discovered evidence."         Soto-Padro, 675 F.3d at 9.


                                      -28-
             Requests to amend the pleadings, on the other hand, are

generally governed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a) ("Rule

15(a)").10    Fisher v. Kadant, Inc., 589 F.3d 505, 508 (1st Cir.

2009).    Rule 15(a) says that "[t]he court should freely give leave

[to amend] when justice so requires."          Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2).

"If, however, a motion to amend is filed after the entry of

judgment, the district court lacks authority to consider the motion

under Rule 15(a) unless and until the judgment is set aside."

Fisher, 589 F.3d at 508 (citing Palmer v. Champion Mortg., 465 F.3d

24, 30 (1st Cir. 2006); Maldonado v. Dominguez, 137 F.3d 1, 11 (1st

Cir. 1998)); Acevedo-Villalobos v. Hernandez, 22 F.3d 384, 389 (1st

Cir. 1994).     In other words, so long as the judgment remains in

effect, a motion under Rule 15(a) is beside the point. Fisher, 589

F.3d at 509.

             Before   us,   Carrero   does   not   challenge   the   district

court's denial of her request to amend judgment based on the merits

of her claims; rather, she appeals only its refusal of her request

to amend the pleadings "without any justifiable reason."             However,

the court did explain its rejection of Carrero's Rule 59(e) motion

overall: Carrero had not established any of the three accepted

grounds for Rule 59(e) relief — i.e., a change in the law, an error

of law, or newly discovered evidence — in her motion. Carrero does


     10
       Carrero offered no specific legal support for her request
to amend the pleadings, but we presume her request fell under Rule
15(a).

                                      -29-
not say that this aspect of the court's ruling amounted to an abuse

of discretion.      Because the court's initial judgment dismissing

Carrero's claims therefore remained in place, Carrero's alternative

request to amend the pleadings automatically failed.             See Fisher,

589   F.3d   at   508-09.   The   district   court   did   not    abuse   its

discretion by not spelling out what should have been obvious based

on its resolution of Carrero's Rule 59(e) amend-judgment request.

Accordingly, we reject Carrero's final challenge on this front.

                            III. CONCLUSION

             Our work completed, for the foregoing reasons, we affirm

the district court's dismissal of Carrero's FMLA claims with

prejudice.




                                   -30-
