
192 Kan. 490 (1964)
389 P.2d 803
CARL WEINER and HOWARD BOWKER, Administrator of the Estate of John G. Kienzle, Deceased, Appellees,
v.
WILSHIRE OIL COMPANY OF TEXAS, a Corporation, Appellant.
No. 43,344
Supreme Court of Kansas.
Opinion filed March 7, 1964.
K.W. Pringle, Jr., of Wichita, argued the cause, and L.H. Cable, of Chanute, George B. Collins, Oliver H. Hughes, Robert Martin, William F. Schell, Laverne Morin, Robert M. Collins and William L. Oliver, all of Wichita, and Thomas M. Burns, of Denver, Colorado, were with him on the brief for the appellant.
Joe F. Balch, of Chanute, argued the cause, and Robert L. Briley, also of Chanute, was with him on the brief for the appellees.
The opinion of the court was delivered by
SCHROEDER, J.:
This is an action for a declaratory judgment to construe the terms of a written contract for the sale of several oil *491 and gas leases. The defendant has duly perfected an appeal from a judgment decreeing that the plaintiffs are the owners of a 1/7th of 7/8ths overriding royalty interest in the oil and gas leases and ordering the defendant to account to the plaintiffs therefor.
The question is whether the plaintiffs' overriding royalty interest reserved in the contract of sale continued during the entire life of the leases or whether such interest terminated when H.K. Dougherty, the original assignee, ceased operating these particular oil and gas leases.
The facts pertinent to the issue in this case are not in dispute. They have been established either by stipulation or admission of the parties.
On January 26, 1939, the plaintiffs, Weiner and Kienzle, were the owners of a 7/8ths working interest in five oil and gas leases located in Neosho County, Kansas. On that date they entered into a written contract with H.K. Dougherty granting him the option for ninety days to purchase said leases and appurtenant equipment, and the right to investigate the property and to drill test wells. The contract further fixed the purchase price and method of payment in the event the option was exercised.
The principal issue in this case involves the construction of the last sentence in paragraph 3 (c) of the written contract. This paragraph, in its entirety, provides as follows:
"Weiner and Kienzle shall except and reserve from said assignments covering the leased lands an undivided one-seventh (1/7th) interest in all oil and gas produced and saved from the 7/8ths working interest in said leases, hereinafter referred to as the overriding royalty interest; and Dougherty shall deliver or cause to be delivered to the pipe lines to which said leases are connected an undivided 1/7th of the 7/8ths working interest in such oil or gas as may be produced and saved and sold from said leases free and clear to Weiner and Kienzle of all cost and expense (except taxes assessable against the overriding interest and the production therefrom); provided that Dougherty shall have the right to use crude oil and gas produced from the herein demised premises for his operations on said premises, such oil and gas so used to be free of overriding royalties under the terms of this agreement. This overriding royalty interest shall continue so long as Dougherty operates the properties hereunder." (Emphasis added.)
The written contract further provides that Dougherty, in the event of his intention to abandon any of the leases after two years because of nonprofitable operation, shall give notice of such intention to Weiner and Kienzle, who shall have the preferential right of repurchase.
*492 The last paragraph of the written contract provides:
"9. It is further agreed that all the terms, covenants, stipulations and agreements herein contained shall extend to and bind the heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns of the respective parties."
On April 20, 1939, a modification of the written contract was entered into between the parties, in which the method of payment, but not the amount, was changed, and in which paragraph 3 (b) was deleted from the contract. Neither modification is material to this controversy.
On April 24, 1939, and within the ninety-day option period, Dougherty exercised the option.
At all times from and after January 26, 1939, Weiner and Kienzle were apprised by Dougherty that he (Dougherty) was acting as the agent for Hugh Grant, Bradford, Pennsylvania, doing business under the name and style of Kirby Oil Company, and that Dougherty was not performing solely for himself or for an undisclosed principal.
On June 15, 1939, Weiner and Kienzle, pursuant to the terms of the contract, assigned said leases to Dougherty, in the form of an assignment attached to the contract, in which Weiner and Kienzle reserved the following interest:
"... save and except that the undersigned hereby reserve and except to themselves, their heirs and assigns, an undivided one-seventh (1/7) of the oil and gas produced, saved and sold from the 7/8ths working interest of the leases hereby assigned, free and clear of all cost and expense, save taxes, all subject to the terms and conditions of the agreement dated January ____, 1939, between the parties hereto concerning the aforesaid leases."
On June 16, 1939, effective June 17, 1939, Weiner, Kienzle and Dougherty executed and delivered to the oil purchaser their transfer orders setting over to Dougherty the proceeds from the oil produced and sold under 6/7ths of the 7/8ths working interest.
On July 8, 1939, Dougherty assigned said leases to the Kirby Oil Company. The assignment contained the following special provisions:
"But subject to the reservation and exception of an undivided 1/7 of the oil and gas produced, saved and sold from the 7/8 working interest of the aforesaid leases, free and clear of all cost and expense save taxes, reserved by Carl Weiner and John G. Kienzle in the Assignment of the aforesaid oil and gas leases by them to H.K. Dougherty dated June 15, 1939, recorded in Book 24M, page 448, reference to which is hereby made for the terms thereof; and also subject to the terms and conditions of the Contract dated January 26, 1939, between Carl Weiner and John G. Kienzle as first parties and H.K. Dougherty as second party as modified by supplemental contract dated April 20, 1939, between the same parties concerning the aforesaid *493 leases; and also subject to the mortgage dated June 15, 1939, from H.K. Dougherty as mortgagor to Carl Weiner and John G. Kienzle as mortgagees covering the above described property and given to secure the sum of $22,500.00.
"That for the same consideration, and as a part hereof, the Assignor, H.K. Dougherty, hereby assigns to Kirby Oil Company the said Contract of January 26, 1939, and the said Supplemental Contract of April 20, 1939, and all rights thereunder, between Carl Weiner and John G. Kienzle and H.K. Dougherty with respect to the aforesaid leases; and the Assignee, Kirby Oil Company, hereby assumes all of the obligations thereof, and agrees to perform the same according to the terms and conditions and the tenor thereof; and the Kirby Oil Company assumes the payment of said mortgage for $22,500.00 and the indebtedness secured thereby; and the Kirby Oil Company shall save the assignor free and harmless of any and all loss or liability that may arise under, out of, or in connection with said contract as modified and said mortgage."
This assignment was duly recorded on July 17, 1939.
On July 11, 1939, effective July 1, 1939, Dougherty and Kirby Oil Company executed and delivered to the oil purchaser their transfer orders setting over to Kirby Oil Company the proceeds from the oil produced and sold under 6/7 of the 7/8 working interest.
On July 1, 1944, Kirby Oil Company assigned said leases to Grant & Mohan Oil Company, which assignment contained the exact special provisions above quoted. This assignment was duly recorded on September 21, 1944.
In June and August, 1944, effective July 1, 1944, Kirby Oil Company and Grant & Mohan Oil Company executed and delivered to the oil purchaser their transfer orders setting over to Grant & Mohan Oil Company the proceeds from the oil produced and sold under 6/7ths of the 7/8ths working interest.
On January 15, 1945, Grant & Mohan Oil Company assigned said leases to Frank Young. The assignment contained the following special provisions:
"... But subject to the reservation and exception of an undivided 1/7 of the oil and gas produced, saved and sold from the 7/8 working interest of the aforesaid leases, free and clear of all cost and expense save taxes, reserved by Carl Weiner and John G. Kienzle in the Assignment of the aforesaid oil and gas leases by them to H.K. Dougherty dated June 15, 1939, recorded in Book 24M, Page 448, reference to which is hereby made for the terms thereof; and also subject to the terms and conditions of the Contract dated January 26, 1939, between Carl Weiner and John G. Kienzle as first parties and H.K. Dougherty as second party as modified by supplemental contract dated April 20, 1939, between the same parties concerning the aforesaid leases.
"That for the same consideration, and as a part hereof, the Assignor, Grant *494 & Mohan Oil Company, hereby assigns to ____ the said Contract of January 26, 1939, and the said Supplemental Contract of April 20, 1939, and all rights thereunder, between Carl Weiner and John G. Kienzle and H.K. Dougherty with respect to the aforesaid leases; and the Assignee, ____ hereby assumes all the obligations thereof, and agrees to perform the same according to the terms and conditions and the tenor thereof."
This assignment was duly recorded on March 19, 1945.
In January, 1945, effective January 15, 1945, Grant & Mohan Oil Company and Frank Young executed and delivered to the oil purchaser their transfer orders setting over to Frank Young the proceeds from the oil produced and sold under the 3/4ths working interest (being the same as 6/7ths of 7/8ths working interest).
On November 15, 1946, Frank Young assigned said leases to C.L. Keas and Kenneth C. Keas, partners, d/b/a Keas Drilling Company, which assignment contained the exact special provision last above quoted. This assignment was duly recorded on November 29, 1946.
On November 16, 1946, effective November 16, 1946, Frank Young and Keas Drilling Company executed and delivered to the oil purchaser their transfer orders setting over to Keas Drilling Company the proceeds from the oil produced and sold under the 3/4ths working interest.
On October 1, 1955, C.L. Keas and Kenneth C. Keas, partners, d/b/a Keas Drilling Company, assigned said leases to Keas Drilling Company, Inc. This assignment was duly recorded on November 30, 1955.
It should perhaps be noted, as a matter of clarification, that during the month of November, 1958, one of the five leases here involved was abandoned and no further production was had from it. However, the four remaining leases have continued to produce.
On November 15, 1961, Keas Drilling Company, Inc. assigned the entire 7/8ths working interest in and to said leases to Wilshire Oil Company of Texas, defendant (appellant) "subject to the rights of Carl Weiner and John G. Kienzle, ... if any." This assignment was duly recorded on December 5, 1961.
Wilshire entered into possession of the leases in December, 1961, continued its operation, and retained and continues to retain the proceeds from oil produced and sold under the entire 7/8ths working interest.
Plaintiffs, on April 18, 1962, filed this action for a declaratory judgment, seeking a decree that they were and are entitled to the *495 proceeds from 1/7th of 7/8ths of the oil produced, saved and sold from said leases.
Execution and delivery of the several assignments and transfer orders as heretofore noted were admitted by the parties and accepted in evidence, but their materiality was not conceded. Weiner and Kienzle waived any objection to materiality and competency. No parol testimony was presented to the trial court.
Weiner and Kienzle admitted that Dougherty was no longer the operator of the leases  "that he may have operated for some period of time for a principal after his assignment to the Kirby Oil Company in July, 1939, but the plaintiff[s] did not have any information as to the exact date he ceased his actual operation for a principal."
On July 11, 1962, the trial court entered judgment in favor of plaintiffs, decreeing that plaintiffs' 1/7th of 7/8ths overriding royalty in the oil and gas leases is in full force and effect, and that defendant should account to plaintiffs therefor.
Defendant's motion for new trial was duly filed and was overruled. Appeal has been duly perfected.
Subsequent to the filing of an appeal in this court Kienzle died and the action was revived in the name of Howard Bowker, the administrator of his estate.
In actions founded upon written instruments, where the rights of parties relative to the terms thereof are in controversy, certain fundamental legal concepts permeate the law, and with minor variations it matters not whether the instrument be a contract, a deed or a will.
The doctrine has been well established and frequently applied that where parties have carried on negotiations, and have subsequently entered into an agreement in writing with respect to the subject matter covered by such negotiations, the written agreement constitutes the contract between them and determines their rights. (Arensman v. Kitch, 160 Kan. 783, 789, 165 P.2d 441; Hudson v. Riley, 104 Kan. 534, 539, 180 Pac. 198; Hudson State Bank v. Haile, 130 Kan. 322, 286 Pac. 228; Grantham v. Hanenkratt Lead & Zinc Co., 131 Kan. 535, 542, 292 Pac. 757; Continental Supply Co. v. Morgan, 133 Kan. 121, 123, 298 Pac. 790; and McKay v. Clark, 162 Kan. 653, 659, 178 P.2d 679.)
It is a judicial function to interpret a written contract which is free from ambiguity and does not require oral testimony to determine its meaning. Ambiguity in a written instrument does not *496 appear until the application of pertinent rules of interpretation to the face of the instrument leaves it genuinely uncertain which one of two or more meanings is the proper meaning. (Klema v. Soukup, 175 Kan. 775, 267 P.2d 501.) If a written contract is actually ambiguous concerning a specific matter in the agreement, facts and circumstances existing prior to and contemporaneously with its execution are competent to clarify the intent and purpose of the contract in that regard, but not for the purpose of varying and nullifying its clear and positive provisions. (Maltby v. Sumner, 169 Kan. 417, 219 P.2d 395; Oliver v. Nugen, 180 Kan. 823, 308 P.2d 132; Custom Built Homes Co. v. State Comm. of Rev. and Taxation, 184 Kan. 31, 334 P.2d 808; and Dearborn Motors Credit Corporation v. Neel, 184 Kan. 437, 337 P.2d 992.)
In placing a construction on a written instrument reasonable rather than unreasonable interpretations are favored by the law. Results which vitiate the purpose or reduce the terms of the contract to an absurdity should be avoided. The meaning of a contract should always be ascertained by a consideration of all the pertinent provisions and never be determined by critical analysis of a single or isolated provision. (Tate v. Stanolind Oil & Gas Co., 172 Kan. 351, 240 P.2d 465; Brooks v. Mull, 147 Kan. 740, 78 P.2d 879; and Heckard v. Park, 164 Kan. 216, 188 P.2d 926. It is not the province of the court to make contracts for the parties. Its function is confined to an interpretation of the contract which the parties have entered into. Every presumption is in favor of the legality of a contract rather than its illegality. (Mosher v. Kansas Coop. Wheat Mkt. Ass'n., 136 Kan. 269, 15 P.2d 421; and Geier v. Eagle-Cherokee Coal Mining Co., 181 Kan. 567, 313 P.2d 731.)
Prior to a resort to extrinsic evidence, the instrument is to be interpreted from its "four corners." That is to say, all the language used anywhere in the instrument should be taken into consideration and construed in harmony with other portions of the instrument. (Skelly Oil Co. v. Cities Service Oil Co., 160 Kan. 226, 231, 160 P.2d 246; Heckard v. Park, supra; and Smith v. Russ, 184 Kan. 773, 339 P.2d 286.)
Are the contract and assignment ambiguous on the question of the duration of the overriding royalty interest?
Two portions of the contract seem to apply: (a) "This overriding royalty interest shall continue so long as Dougherty operates the properties hereunder;" and (b) "all the terms, covenants, stipulations *497 and agreements herein contained shall extend to and bind the heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns of the respective parties."
The appellant (Wilshire) in the instant case contends the written contract is clear and unambiguous. It argues provision (a) above contemplates the actual operation of the leases by Dougherty; that any other construction would render this phrase meaningless; and that the appellees have admitted Dougherty no longer operates the properties. Accordingly, it is argued, the appellees' interest has terminated. (Citing Smith v. Holmes, 181 Kan. 438, 312 P.2d 228.)
The trial court found the contract and assigment not to be ambiguous, and in its memorandum, among other things, said:
"My decision is made with all the above principles in mind and by applying the fundamental rule that the instruments must be read in their entirety to determine their intention and legal effect, from the four corners, as courts have said, and considering all portions together. I have no hesitancy in holding that the overriding royalty reserved to plaintiffs is effective so long as Dougherty and his assigns operate the properties under the leases. Inasmuch as the contracts are specifically made assignable and the first paragraph of each instrument contains the recital, `party of the second part, hereinafter referred to as Dougherty,' the name Dougherty is simply an identification, and all references to him throughout the contracts apply fully to his assignees, as Paragraph 9 of the original contract states in unmistakable terms."
The appellees adopt the reasons set forth by the trial court in its finding that the contract is not ambiguous, and that the overriding royalty interest is a continuing one. They contend, however, that they are not bound to adopt a theory or contention that the contract and assignment are or are not ambiguous; that:
"... The question of ambiguity goes to the test of materiality of evidence offered outside the terms of the instruments themselves, such evidence being material if the court first finds the contract and assignment to be ambiguous, and being immaterial if the court first finds the contract and assignment to be not ambiguous. The means employed by the court to determine the intention of the contracting parties varies according to the prior determination by the court of the absence or presence of ambiguity in the terms of the contract and assignment."
When the "four corners" rule is applied to determine the intention of the parties to the contract and assignment herein, it leads to the conclusion that the overriding royalty interest reserved extends to the assigns of the contracting parties, in accordance with the reasons set forth by the trial court. Obviously, Dougherty had the right under the contract to assign and remove himself absolutely from any connection with the leases, and he could have done *498 so the day following the assignment of the leases to him pursuant to the contract. Was it within the contemplation of the parties that the overriding royalty interest could be so easily terminated?
Can it be successfully argued that Dougherty's personal operation of the leases was a condition necessary to the continued existence of the overriding royalty interest, when other provisions relating to obligations of payment for the balance of the purchase price, the giving of notice of intention to abandon the leases for nonprofitable operation, and the payment of gross production taxes all extended to the assigns of Dougherty?
In the court's opinion the foregoing questions must be answered in the negative. Application of the foregoing rules to the written contract and the assignment of the leases to Dougherty lead to the conclusion that there is no ambiguity in the written instruments  that the overriding royalty interest reserved to Weiner and Kienzle is binding upon Dougherty and his assigns.
The appellant's contention that the language "so long as" creates a base or determinable fee (citing authorities), has no application. Cases relied upon by the appellant disclose that in each instance the instrument was a conveyance of oil and gas in place and real property law was applied. In the instant case, the subject matter is an overriding royalty interest, the right to receive money, a chose in action, and not an interest in real property. (Connell v. Kanwa Oil, Inc., 161 Kan. 649, 170 P.2d 631; and Denver National Bank v. State Commission of Revenue & Taxation, 176 Kan. 617, 272 P.2d 1070.)
The judgment of the lower court decreeing the appellees' undivided 1/7th interest in all oil and gas produced and saved from the 7/8ths working interest in the oil and gas leases, known as an overriding royalty, to be in full force and effect, thus calling for the appellant to account to the appellees therefor, is affirmed.
JACKSON and FONTRON, JJ., not participating.
SCHROEDER, J., concurring:
I concur with the result reached by the court, but disagree as to the reasons. In my opinion, the written instruments in question are ambiguous and require a resort to extrinsic evidence. Only then can a court consider the fact that the appellees knew they were dealing with Dougherty as an agent, and that the parties recognized the overriding royalty interest of the appellees in subsequent assignments.
*499 Another rule of construction (in addition to the rules stated in the court's opinion) applicable to a written contract is that where an irreconcilable conflict exists between general provisions of the contract and particular portions written into the contract, preference is given to the latter for the purpose of ascertaining the intention of the parties. (Haynes Hardware Co. v. Western Casualty & Surety Co., 156 Kan. 356, 133 P.2d 574; and Geier v. Eagle-Cherokee Coal Mining Co., 181 Kan. 567, 313 P.2d 731.)
The paragraph specifically reserving the overriding royalty interest concludes with the specific provision: "This overriding royalty interest shall continue so long as Dougherty operates the properties hereunder." It may fairly be said this is a specific provision of the contract. On the other hand, paragraph 9 is a concluding paragraph which generally says the provisions of the contract are binding on the assigns of the parties, among others. Under these circumstances, the rule is that preference shall be given to the specific provision.
When we look more closely to the specific provision further questions are suggested. What is meant by "operates the properties hereunder?" Did operation mean ownership? Or did it mean management? Or did it mean supervision for either a principal or for himself? What degree of control by Dougherty was required to amount to operation? Upon the happening of what event did the overriding royalty interest terminate, if the overriding royalty has, in fact, terminated?
The appellant says it cannot be contended the instruments in question are ambiguous for two reasons: (1) No oral testimony was presented; and (2) the trial court found that the contract was unambiguous. These reasons have no merit.
The introduction of oral testimony in the trial court is not a condition precedent to a determination by the Supreme Court of the ambiguity of a written instrument. Furthermore, extrinsic evidence need not be parol evidence. As here, stipulations and admissions of the parties conceding the execution and delivery of written legal documents were presented to the trial court. They become material in construing the instruments before the court, where ambiguity is determined.
Where the controlling facts in a case are based upon stipulations, admissions and documentary evidence, the Supreme Court has the same opportunity to consider the evidence as did the trial court. *500 (Wolf v. Mutual Benefit Health & Accident Association, 188 Kan. 694, 366 P.2d 219; and Keeler Co. v. Atchison, T. & S.F. Rly. Co., 187 Kan. 125, 354 P.2d 368.)
In my opinion the contract and the assignment of the leases to Dougherty pursuant thereto are ambiguous as a matter of law.
At this point extrinsic evidence becomes material to assist in the construction of the instruments.
Where, as here, extrinsic evidence is conclusive and undisputed and renders the meaning of an instrument clear, construction of such instrument becomes a question of law for the court.
An important fact supplied by the extrinsic evidence is that the parties knew, at all times material herein, that Dougherty was an agent acting for a disclosed principal.
In Mosher v. Kansas Co-op. Wheat Mkt. Ass'n., 136 Kan. 269, 15 P.2d 421, it was said:
"... The obligation of the court, if it can legally and fairly be done, is to read life rather than death into a written instrument executed by competent parties. (Gas Co. v. Altoona, 79 Kan. 466, 469, 100 Pac. 50.) To accomplish this end the court should take into consideration all of the circumstances and conditions which confronted the parties when they made the contract, and sometimes these circumstances will make plain the otherwise doubtful intent of the parties. (Ehrsam v. Jackman, 73 Kan. 435, 85 Pac. 559; Berg v. Scully, 120 Kan. 637, 245 Pac. 119.) It may also take into consideration the interpretation placed upon the contract by the parties themselves. (Kanzius v. Jenkins, 98 Kan. 94, 97, 157 Pac. 417.) If the parties have by their conduct placed an interpretation on an ambiguous contract it will be followed by the court, if not inconsistent with the language of the contract. (Landon v. Railway Co., 113 Kan. 628, 216 Pac. 309; Carlisle v. Business Association, 104 Kan. 512, 180 Pac. 280.) This is true even though the language used may more strongly suggest another construction. (Brick Co. v. Bailey, 76 Kan. 42, 90 Pac. 803.)" (p. 274.)
The construction of the instruments placed upon them by the parties is indicated by the assignment and transfer orders executed by Dougherty to his principal just twenty-three days after he acquired the property, recognizing the continuing and unrestricted overriding royalty interest of the appellees. In each assignment of the leases here involved the parties or their successors recognized the overriding interest of the appellees by either specifically excepting it in the assignment or by leaving the interest of the appellees out of the transfer orders. Not one of the parties to the various instruments contested the appellees' overriding interest until the appellant received its assignment in 1961. Thus, from January 26, 1939, to December 1, 1961, a period of approximately twenty-two *501 years, different parties placed an interpretation on the various instruments to the effect that the overriding royalty interest of the appellees extended to and bound the assigns of H.K. Dougherty. Such construction is not unreasonable in view of the language utilized in the instruments to express the intent of the original contracting parties.
It can be assumed that the parties to a contract know best what was meant by its terms, and they are the least liable to be mistaken as to the intention of the contract. (Berg v. Scully, 120 Kan. 637, 245 Pac. 119; Mayse v. Grieves, 130 Kan. 96, 285 Pac. 630; and Oliver v. Nugen, 180 Kan. 823, 308 P.2d 132.)
When the extrinsic facts disclosed by the evidence, together with the parties' own interpretation of the instruments, is considered, it becomes clear that the parties to the original contract and assignment intended the overriding royalty reserved to the appellees to extend and bind the assigns of Dougherty; that the name of "Dougherty" was simply an identification of the party of the second part in the contract and the assignment; and that each reference to Dougherty throughout the instruments applied fully to his assigns in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 9 of the contract.
