                                                                                  [PUBLISH]


                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                              FILED
                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUITU.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                              ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                          DEC 07, 2010
                                     No. 09-10978                          JOHN LEY
                               ________________________                      CLERK


                     D. C. Docket No. 07-00540-CV-3-MCR-WCS

LAWRENCE DIGSBY,


                                                                        Petitioner-Appellant,

                                            versus

WALTER MCNEIL,

                                                                      Respondent-Appellee.


                               ________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Northern District of Florida
                            _________________________

                                    (December 7, 2010)

Before HULL and MARCUS, Circuit Judges, and COOKE,* District Judge.

HULL, Circuit Judge:


       *
         Honorable Marcia G. Cooke, United States District Judge for the Southern District of
Florida, sitting by designation.
       Lawrence Digsby, a Florida prisoner serving a ten-year sentence for a felon-

in-possession-of-a-firearm conviction, appeals from the district court’s denial of

his petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Digsby argues that

his jury trial on his firearm charge was barred by collateral estoppel, and therefore

his state appellate counsel was ineffective for not raising Digsby’s collateral

estoppel claim in the state direct appeal. After review and oral argument, we

conclude that Digsby has not shown that the state courts’ rejection of his

ineffective appellate counsel claim was contrary to, or an unreasonable application

of, clearly established federal law. Thus, we affirm the district court’s denial of

Digsby’s § 2254 petition.

                             I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

A. State Information

       On October 19, 2004, Digsby was arrested and charged by information with

aggravated battery with great bodily harm and discharge of a firearm, in violation

of Fla. Stat. §§ 784.045(1)(a), 775.087(1) and (2) (Count 1); possession of a

firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of Fla. Stat. §§ 790.23 and 775.087(2)

(Count 2)1 ; and possession of less than 20 grams of marijuana, in violation of Fla.

Stat. § 893.13(6)(a)–(b) (Count 3). On Digsby’s motion, the firearm possession


       1
         The information stated that Digsby “did unlawfully and knowingly . . . have in his or her
care, custody, possession or control a firearm, to-wit: a handgun, . . . .”

                                                2
charge was severed for a separate trial.

B. Evidence at Trial on Counts 1 and 3

       At Digsby’s jury trial on the aggravated battery and drug charges, there was

disputed testimony about the events surrounding the fight and shooting that led to

his arrest. Eyewitness Jackie Swindell testified that, on September 29, 2004, he

and his houseguest were at a pay phone on the corner of Mobile Highway and

Green Street in Pensacola, Florida. Swindell said that, as they were standing at the

phone, an older Jeep pulled into the gas station where the pay phone was located,

and parked about ten feet from the phone booth. A man (later revealed to be

victim George Willey2 ) who appeared to be drunk got out of the Jeep and asked if

Swindell and his companion wanted to party; they declined. Swindell did,

however, grant the man’s request that Swindell light his cigarette.

       After a couple of minutes, a beige station wagon pulled up with two men in

it. The two men got out, and the passenger, Appellant Lawrence Digsby,

confronted Willey about stealing the Jeep, and then punched him. This started a

fight, during which Digsby was “whipping” Willey. Swindell testified that he

“could see the silver or the top of the gun” in Digsby’s back pocket during

Digsby’s fight with Willey. Swindell said that Digbsy kept knocking Willey


       2
       The trial transcript refers to the victim as “Wiley,” but other sources, including the
information, refer to him as “Willey.” Willey did not testify at trial.

                                                 3
down, but that Willey continued getting up. At some point, Digsby got the gun out

of his back pocket and shot Willey, and then returned the gun to his back pocket.

Swindell testified that Willey did not have a weapon, and that there was never a

point in the fight during which Willey was the aggressor.

      After the fight was over, Digsby approached Swindell and his companion

and hung up the pay phone. Swindell testified that Digsby still had the gun in his

hand at that point. The police arrived a short time later, and Swindell said he

pointed out to them that Digsby still had a gun in his back pocket after Digsby was

handcuffed. According to Swindell, Willey never had possession of the gun.

Swindell did not know any of the participants in the fight.

      William Arnold, the deputy sheriff who responded to the scene, testified that

he observed Digsby and another man (Willey) arguing across the street from him.

Arnold observed bystanders next to a phone booth and a Jeep parked nearby.

Arnold crossed the street to see what was going on.

      According to Arnold, Willey was holding himself and told Arnold that

Digsby had shot him. Arnold went over to Digsby, handcuffed him, patted him

down, and observed a handgun pushed down in Digsby’s right back pocket.

Arnold removed the loaded gun from Digsby’s pocket and secured it. Arnold

found “[s]ome marijuana” on Digsby’s person.



                                          4
      Deputy Josh Taylor also testified, and generally affirmed Arnold’s

testimony. Taylor added that Willey was shot twice and that Willey was

“belligerent” with the police investigating the shooting.

      Digbsy testified in his own defense. Digsby first met Willey on September

24, 2004, when he picked up Willey and gave him a ride to Winn-Dixie in

Digsby’s Jeep. Digsby and Willey both went into the Winn-Dixie, but when

Digsby came out of the store, his Jeep had disappeared from the parking lot.

Digsby reported the Jeep stolen, but the police told him that they were too busy in

the aftermath of Hurricane Ivan to look for it. Disgby then called all of his friends

to ask for their help in looking for the Jeep. Digsby received a call from a friend at

7:30 P.M. on September 29 telling him that Digsby’s stolen Jeep had been spotted;

the friend gave Digsby the Jeep’s location.

      Digsby went to retrieve the Jeep, driving a blue Ford Escort station wagon to

the location where his friend reported seeing it. Digsby’s brother was with him,

but Digsby was driving the car. Digsby went by the phone booth and hung up the

phone as soon as he got out of the car, telling Swindell and his companion “this

doesn’t concern y’all.” Digsby denied having a gun with him when he came to the

crime scene.

      When Digsby and his brother saw the Jeep, Willey, whom Digsby suspected



                                           5
of the theft, was standing nearby. Digsby confronted Willey about the Jeep and

Willey pushed him, so Digsby slapped Willey with an open hand in response.

When Digsby slapped Willey, Willey almost fell. When Willey came back up

towards Digsby, Digsby saw a pistol in Willey’s hand. Digsby grabbed the gun,

and it went off in the subsequent struggle, wounding Willey. Digsby then put the

gun in his left back pocket, where the police found it on his arrest.

      On cross-examination, Digsby testified that he did not know Swindell before

the fight, and that Swindell had no reason to testify falsely against him. Digsby did

not call the sheriff’s department when he heard about his Jeep being spotted

because he had previously reported the theft. Digsby never saw Willey’s gun until

he slapped Willey and Willey came back towards him. In response to the State’s

questioning about how Willey could have shot himself in the side, Digsby stated

that he had no idea how that could have happened.

C. Jury Instructions and Questions at First Trial

      The state trial court instructed the jury on the elements of the aggravated

battery claim and on the lesser included offense of simple battery. On aggravated

battery, the state court told the jury that to find Digsby guilty, they had to find (1)

that Digsby intentionally touched or struck Willey against his will or intentionally

caused bodily harm to Willey; and (2) in committing the battery, Digsby



                                            6
intentionally or knowingly caused great bodily harm to Willey or used a deadly

weapon. The state court also instructed the jury that if it found Digsby committed

the aggravated battery and “that during the commission of the crime [Digsby]

carried, displayed, used[,] threatened to use or attempted to use a firearm, you

should find him guilty of aggravated battery with a firearm.” The state court

further explained that if the jury found Digsby committed the aggravated battery

but did not use the firearm, then it should convict him only of the aggravated

battery.

      The state court also instructed the jury on justification and self-defense. The

state court explained that it would be a defense to aggravated battery “if the injury

to George Wiley [sic] resulted from the justifiable use of force likely to cause death

or great bodily harm. A person is justified in using force likely to cause death or

great bodily harm if he reasonably believes that such force is necessary to prevent

imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or another.” The state court also

instructed the jury that Digsby could not use deadly force if he “initially provoked

the use of force against himself unless the force asserted toward the defendant was

so great that he reasonably believed that he was in imminent danger of death or

great bodily harm and had exhausted every reasonable means to escape the use of

force likely to cause death or great bodily harm to [Willey].”



                                           7
      The state court further explained that the jury should evaluate Digbsy’s self-

defense claim in light of all of the circumstances of his fight with Willey, and

instructed the jury that “the appearance of danger must have been so real that a

reasonably cautious and prudent person” in the same circumstances would have

believed he had to use deadly force to escape the danger.

      The court instructed the jury on the lesser included offense of battery and on

the elements of possession of marijuana, which was Count 3. The court also

instructed the jurors on the verdict form, which included three options for Count 1.

The first option was to convict Digsby of aggravated battery. If the jury did that, it

then had to answer three separate questions: (1) whether Digsby possessed a

firearm during the battery; (2) whether Digbsy discharged the firearm during the

battery; and (3) whether great bodily harm was inflicted upon Willey during the

commission of the battery. The second option was to convict Digsby of the lesser

included offense of battery. The third option was to acquit him of the charges

under Count 1.

      During deliberations, the jury asked the state trial court to answer two

questions: “Is the person that started the fight the only one guilty of battery or are

both participants in the fight considered guilty of battery?” and “[i]s self defense

battery?” As to the first question, the state court told the jury that Digsby was the



                                            8
only person charged with a crime, and that the jury could find him guilty of the

lesser included offense of battery. As to the second question, the court told the

jury that if Digsby acted rightfully in self-defense, that would be a defense to the

aggravated battery charge and the jury could accordingly return a not guilty

verdict. The jury found Digsby not guilty on the aggravated battery charge but

convicted him on the drug charge. The state court sentenced Digsby to eleven

months and fifteen days’ imprisonment on the drug conviction.

D. Motion to Bar Trial on Felon in Possession Charge

      After his acquittal on the aggravated battery charge, Digsby filed a motion to

dismiss Count 2, the possession of a firearm by a convicted felon charge, on

collateral estoppel and double jeopardy grounds. Specifically, Digsby’s motion

asserted that the state was collaterally estopped from prosecuting Count 2 because

the jury in the first trial must have believed his self-defense argument when it

acquitted him. Digsby’s self-defense argument was founded on his contention that

Willey had initially possessed the gun and pulled it on Digsby during the fight.

The state court summarily denied Digsby’s motion to dismiss. A trial was held on

Count 2, the charge of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.

E. Evidence at Trial on Count 2

      At Digsby’s trial on the gun charge, Deputy William Arnold again testified.



                                           9
Arnold stated that, while on patrol, he encountered Digsby after seeing Digsby and

Willey in an argument. Arnold put handcuffs on Digsby “[t]hree or four seconds”

after making contact with him, and Arnold found a pistol in Digsby’s back right

pocket after putting the handcuffs on him. Digsby did not voluntarily give Arnold

the gun. However, Digsby could not have given Arnold the gun because Arnold

handcuffed Digsby immediately.

      Digsby also testified at his gun trial. Digsby first asserted that he had the

gun in his pocket because he “took it from Mr. Wiley [sic] and placed it in my back

pocket. [Willey] was trying to shoot me with it.” Digsby knew Willey because

Willey had stolen his Jeep; Digsby also said that law enforcement had told him it

could not help him find the Jeep. Digsby got information from an acquaintance

about the whereabouts of his Jeep, and said that he found it at the corner of Mobile

Highway and Green Street.

      When Digsby approached Willey to ask him why Willey stole his Jeep,

Willey pushed Digsby, so Digsby slapped Willey. Willey nearly fell down. As

Willey came back up, Digsby saw a pistol in Willey’s hand and reached for it.

When Digbsy reached for the pistol, “it [shot and] hit [Willey’s] leg,” and Willey

lost his grip on the gun; Digsby then pulled the gun out of Willey’s hand and put it

in his back pocket. Around that time the police officer came up and handcuffed



                                          10
Digsby. Digbsy also testified that he felt it was necessary to take the gun from

Willey because Digsby felt like his life or safety was threatened. Digsby did not

have time to think about his convicted felon status between the time he put the gun

in his pocket and the police officer’s arrival.

      On cross-examination, Digsby admitted that he did not know Swindell, and

that Swindell had a clear view of the confrontation between Digsby and Willey.

Digsby denied having the gun with him when he went to confront Willey, and also

denied pulling the gun to shoot Willey. Digsby reaffirmed his earlier testimony

that he did not have time to voluntarily give the gun to the police officer, and said

that when the officer showed up, Willey was on the ground and Digsby was

backing away from Willey. Digsby said that when he put the gun in his pocket, it

did not cross his mind that he was a convicted felon.

      Digsby’s brother Roger (“Roger”) also testified. Roger stated that he was

with Digsby when Digsby was arrested. When investigators from the State

Attorney’s office interviewed Roger, he lied and said he had not been with Digsby.

Roger discussed the matter with Digsby’s defense attorney, and decided to tell the

truth after talking to his sister. Roger left the scene of the crime because he did not

want to get in any trouble.

      On cross-examination, Roger said he did not see that Digsby possessed a



                                           11
gun on the evening in question. Roger first spotted the Jeep while Digsby was

driving their car at the corner of Green Street and Mobile Highway. Roger never

saw a gun that evening, and after Roger heard a gun discharge, Digsby told him to

leave. The rest of Roger’s testimony essentially confirmed Digsby’s testimony

about the nature of the confrontation. Roger asserted that when Digsby approached

Willey, Willey shoved Digsby, starting the fight.

      Swindell also testified at Digsby’s gun trial. Swindell testified that, at the

time of the confrontation between Digsby and Willey, he was on a pay phone at the

corner of Mobile Highway and Green Street. When Swindell and his companion

had been on the phone for a time, “[t]he fellow that was shot,” i.e., Willey, arrived

“[i]n that Jeep . . . .” The phone booth was no more than ten feet from the Jeep.

After Willey drove up, another car approached with two people inside (Digsby and

Roger), and both got out. The two men got out of the car and confronted Willey

about stealing the Jeep; this confrontation took place “[r]ight in front” of the phone

booth. After the confrontation over the Jeep, a fight ensued, with Digsby throwing

the first punch. Digsby had a gun in his back right pocket before the fight broke

out. Willey never possessed a gun during the fight, and Digsby was the only

person with a gun. Willey also never had any weapons on him that would have

justified his being shot. The only shot that Swindell heard fired was one fired



                                          12
point-blank into Willey’s abdomen.

      The state court instructed the jury on the elements of possession of a firearm

by a convicted felon. The state court told the jurors that to convict Digsby, they

had to determine (1) that he was previously convicted of a felony and (2) that after

the conviction, Digsby had knowingly owned a firearm or had one in his care,

custody, possession or control. The state court instructed the jury that it should

acquit Digsby if it found that he possessed the gun out of necessity, and gave the

required elements for a necessity defense. The jury found Digsby guilty of

possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. The state court sentenced Digsby to

ten years’ imprisonment with three years’ mandatory minimum sentence.

      After the gun conviction, Digsby through counsel filed a notice of appeal

and a “Statement of Judicial Acts to be Reviewed,” pursuant to Rule 9.140(d) of

the Florida Rules of Appellate Procedure. Digsby’s statement identified the denial

of his motion to dismiss, along with the state trial court’s refusal to give a

proffered jury instruction, as the issues on appeal. However, Digsby’s appellate

counsel did not raise either of these issues, instead arguing only that the trial court

erred in permitting evidence that Digsby was previously convicted of possession of

a firearm by a convicted felon. The state appellate court affirmed Digsby’s gun

conviction without a written opinion. Digsby v. State, 925 So. 2d 313 (Fla. Dist.



                                           13
Ct. App. 2006).

       Digsby then filed a state post-conviction petition alleging ineffective

assistance of counsel, which was denied “on the merits” by the First District Court

of Appeal of Florida without written opinion. Digsby v. McDonough, 965 So. 2d

831 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2007). Digsby subsequently filed a petition seeking a writ

of habeas corpus on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel, which the First

District Court of Appeal also expressly denied “on the merits,” also without written

opinion. Digsby v. McDonough, 969 So. 2d 1195 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2007).3

F. Federal § 2254 Petition

       On December 27, 2007, Digsby filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus

under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in federal court. Digsby’s § 2254 petition argued that he

was denied effective assistance of appellate counsel in the gun case because of

counsel’s failure to raise the issues of double jeopardy and collateral estoppel on

direct appeal in state court. On December 15, 2008, the Magistrate Judge issued a

Report and Recommendation (the “Report”), which concluded that Digsby’s

petition should be denied with prejudice. Specifically, the Report stated that a

rational jury in the aggravated battery case did not have to support its verdict with

a finding that Willey possessed the gun when the fight began. Instead, the jury


       3
        The State does not argue that Digsby failed to exhaust his claim of ineffective assistance
of appellate counsel.

                                                14
could have found that Digsby had the gun when the fight started and the gun went

off accidentally during the struggle. If Digsby did have the gun when the fight

began, he was guilty of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Thus,

Digsby’s collateral estoppel claim would have been rejected on direct appeal, and

Digsby’s appellate counsel was not ineffective for failing to present it.

      On February 9, 2009, the district court adopted the Magistrate Judge’s

Report and denied Digsby’s § 2254 petition. This Court granted a Certificate of

Appealability on this issue:

      Whether the district court erred by finding that appellate counsel was
      not ineffective for failing to raise on direct appeal the issue of whether
      collateral estoppel barred the state from prosecuting a charge of
      possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, after the appellant was
      acquitted of aggravated battery with great bodily harm and
      discharging a firearm?

                           II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      We review a district court’s grant or denial of a § 2254 petition de novo,

while the court’s factual findings are reviewed for clear error. Sims v. Singletary,

155 F.3d 1297, 1304 (11th Cir. 1998).

      As amended by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act

(“AEDPA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) forbids a federal court from granting habeas

relief on claims that were previously decided in state court, unless the state court

decision was (1) “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly

                                          15
established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,”

or (2) “based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence

presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).

                                 III. DISCUSSION

A. Strickland Principles

      Because Digsby asserts that his appellate counsel rendered ineffective

assistance, our analysis begins with the familiar rule that the Sixth Amendment

affords a criminal defendant the right to “the Assistance of Counsel for his

defence.” U.S. Const. amend. VI. Under the test set forth in Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984), when a defendant claims

ineffective assistance of counsel, he must show both that (1) his counsel’s

performance was deficient; and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced his

defense. Id. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064. “For performance to be deficient, it must

be established that, in light of all the circumstances, counsel’s performance was

outside the wide range of professional competence.” Putman v. Head, 268 F.3d

1223, 1243 (11th Cir. 2001). Courts must be highly deferential in reviewing

counsel’s performance, and must apply the strong presumption that counsel’s

performance was reasonable. Chandler v. United States, 218 F.3d 1305, 1314

(11th Cir. 2000) (en banc). Under the prejudice prong, the defendant must show



                                         16
“that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors,

the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at

694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068.

      Our standard of review is “doubly deferential” when “a Strickland claim [is]

evaluated under the § 2254(d)(1) standard.” Knowles v. Mirzayance, 556 U.S. __,

129 S. Ct. 1411, 1420 (2009). “The question is not whether a federal court

believes the state court’s determination under the Strickland standard was incorrect

but whether that determination was unreasonable – a substantially higher

threshold.” Id. (quotation marks omitted).

B. Collateral Estoppel Principles

      To determine whether Digsby’s appellate counsel rendered ineffective

assistance, we first assess the strength of the collateral estoppel claim that Digbsy

asserts his appellate counsel should have raised in his state direct appeal. Only if

failure to bring the claim both rendered counsel’s performance deficient and

resulted in prejudice to Digsby was there ineffective assistance.

       “The doctrine of collateral estoppel is a narrow exception to the

Government’s right to prosecute a defendant in separate trials for related conduct.”

United States v. Brown, 983 F.2d 201, 202 (11th Cir. 1993). It is a bar to

prosecution only if “a fact or issue necessarily determined in the defendant’s favor



                                           17
in the former trial is an essential element of conviction at the second trial.” Id. In

deciding whether collateral estoppel applies, we first “must examine the verdict

and the record to see what facts, if any, were necessarily determined in the

acquittal at the first trial.” United States v. Ohayon, 483 F.3d 1281, 1286 (11th

Cir. 2007) (quotation marks omitted). Second, we “must determine whether the

previously determined facts constituted an essential element of the second

offense.” Id. (quotation marks omitted).

      Put another way, “‘[w]here a previous judgment of acquittal was based upon

a general verdict,’” a court must consider “‘whether a rational jury could have

grounded its verdict upon an issue other than that which the defendant seeks to

foreclose from consideration.’” Id. (quoting Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436, 444,

90 S. Ct. 1189, 1194 (1970)). In making this determination, the court must

examine the record of the prior proceeding and other relevant matters. Ohayon,

483 F.3d at 1286. After examining this record, the court “must decide whether it

can ascertain the basis of the acquittal at the first trial.” Brown, 983 F.2d at 202.

Only if the jury’s acquittal in the first trial was based upon reasonable doubt about

an element essential to conviction in the second trial does collateral estoppel apply.

Id.

C. Digsby’s Appellate Counsel



                                           18
       In this case, we cannot say that the state courts’ refusal to grant relief on the

basis of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel was “contrary to, or involved an

unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the

Supreme Court of the United States,” as required for Digsby to be entitled to

habeas relief. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).4 This is because Digsby has not shown

collateral estoppel bars his gun conviction, and thus his appellate counsel was not

ineffective for not raising the collateral estoppel claim on appeal.

       In this context, Digsby’s collateral estoppel claim depends on a finding that

the jury in the first trial “necessarily determined” that he did not possess a firearm

during his fight with Willey, and that possession of a firearm was “an essential

element” of his conviction for felon-in-possession-of-a-firearm. Ohayon, 483 F.3d

at 1286. Possession of a firearm was certainly an essential element of Digsby’s

conviction in the second trial. See Fla. Stat. § 790.23 (defining crime of

possession of a firearm by a convicted felon). Thus, the question here is only

whether the jury in the first trial necessarily determined that Digsby never

possessed a firearm during his confrontation with Willey.

       Digsby argues that “[t]he only factual basis for the jury’s verdict of not

guilty as to Count 1 [aggravated battery] was the Defendant’s assertion of self-


       4
        Alternatively, even if de novo review applies, we would affirm the district court’s denial
of Digsby’s § 2254 petition.

                                                19
defense.” From this, he argues that the jury necessarily determined that he did not

unlawfully possess the firearm before, during, or after his confrontation with

Willey.

      Despite Digsby’s assertions, we cannot “ascertain the basis of the acquittal”

in his first trial, and therefore cannot say that collateral estoppel applies. Brown,

983 F.2d at 202. While the jury in the first trial may have concluded that Digsby

did not unlawfully possess the firearm, it did not necessarily make that conclusion,

and collateral estoppel does not apply. See Ohayon, 483 F.3d at 1286 (stating that

collateral estoppel applies only when the jury necessarily decided a fact in favor of

a defendant and that fact is an essential element of the offense in the second trial).

      It is well-established that a jury may believe a witness’s testimony in whole

or in part. United States v. Brown, 53 F.3d 312, 316 (11th Cir. 1995). Here, for

example, the jury could have believed Swindell’s testimony that he initially saw

the gun in Digsby’s back pocket, thereby establishing unlawful possession at the

outset of the confrontation, and still concluded that the firearm accidentally went

off in the course of the physical altercation between Digsby and Willey. That is

only one of a number of scenarios suggesting the possibility that Digsby

unlawfully possessed the firearm at the start of the fight, and still that Digsby never

unlawfully brandished or used the weapon during the ensuing struggle.



                                           20
      Accordingly, we conclude that the gun possession issue was not “necessarily

determined in [Digsby’s] favor” in the first trial, because we cannot “ascertain the

basis of [his] acquittal.” Brown, 983 F.2d at 202. Because a rational jury in the

first case could have grounded its verdict on an issue other than the one which

Digsby seeks to foreclose from consideration, his collateral estoppel claim fails.

See Ohayon, 483 F.3d at 1286 (stating standard for application of collateral

estoppel).

      Because Digsby’s collateral estoppel claim fails, he cannot demonstrate that

his appellate counsel’s failure to bring the collateral estoppel claim on direct appeal

was deficient performance or that it prejudiced his defense. See Strickland, 466

U.S. at 687–88, 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2064, 2068. Thus, the state courts’

determination that Digsby did not receive ineffective assistance from appellate

counsel was not “contrary to, or . . . an unreasonable application of, clearly

established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.”

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).

      Because Digsby has not shown that the state courts’ rejection of his

ineffective appellate counsel claim was contrary to, or an unreasonable application

of, Strickland or other clearly established federal law, we cannot grant habeas

relief. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s denial of Digsby’s § 2254



                                          21
petition.

       AFFIRMED.




                   22
