                              ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS
                                          GREG        ABBOTT




                                             January 11,2008



The Honorable Elton R. Mathis                          Opinion No. GA-0590
Waller County Criminal District Attorney
846 Sixth Street, Suite 1                              Re: Consequences resulting from the downsizing
Hempstead, Texas 77445                                 of the Waller County Appraisal District
                                                       (RQ-0601-GA)

Dear Mr. Mathis:

       With the 2007 enactment of House Bill 1010, the Eightieth Legislature altered the legal
framework for appraising property for ad valorem taxation in taxing units located in more than one
county. See Act of May 17,2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 648, §§ 1-7,2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 1223,
1223-25 (codified at TEX. TAX CODE ANN. §§ 6.02(a)-(b), 25.17 (Vernon Supp. 2007) and TEX.
EDUC. CODE ANN. §§ 41.097(a), .210(b) (Vernon Supp. 2007)). As a result of these changes, you
ask "whether the Waller County Appraisal District (WCAD) will be responsible, after January 1,
2008, for litigation filed against the district involving properties outside the boundaries of Waller
County, and if not, who will be responsible."l

I.      Background

       To provide context for your questions, we begin with a review of the framework for
appraising property in taxing units located in more than one county ("multi-county taxing units")
before and after the changes adopted by the Eightieth Legislature through enactment of House Bill
1010.

        A.   ~   Prior to House Bill 1010

       The Tax Code establishes a tax appraisal district in each county and makes the district
responsible for appraising all property in the district for ad valorem tax purposes. See TEX. TAX
CODE ANN. § 6.01(a)-(b) (Vernon 2001). An appraisal district's boundaries are the same as the
boundaries ofthe county for which the appraisal district is established-sometimes referred to as the
appraisal district's "home county." See id. § 6.02(a). However, prior to House Bill 1010 (the "Act"),



         lSee Letter from Honorable Elton R. Mathis, Waller County Criminal District Attorney, to Honorable Greg
Abbott, Attorney General of Texas, at 1 (July 10, 2007) (on file with the Opinion Committee, also available at
http://www.oag.state.tx.us) [hereinafter Request Letter].
The Honorable Elton R. Mathis - Page 2                     (GA-0590)




"[a] taxing unit that ha[d] boundaries extending into two or more counties [could] choose to
participate in only one ofthe appraisal districts." Id. § 6.02(b); see also id. § 1.04(12) (Vernon Supp.
2007) (defining "taxing unit" to include entities such as school districts and cities).

        When a multi-county taxing unit chose to participate in a single appraisal district, the
boundaries of the appraisal district serving the taxing unit extended outside the district's home
county to the extent of the taxing unit' s boundaries. See ide § 6.02(b) (Vernon 2001). This area of
extension was referred to as "overlapping" territory? See id. § 6.025 (Overlapping Appraisal
Districts; Joint Procedures) (Vernon Supp. 2007).

        An appraisal district is funded by the taxing units that it serves. See id. § 6.062(c) (Vernon
2001) (providing that the notice ofpublic hearing on the budget "must state that the appraisal district
is supported solely by payments from the local taxing units served by the appraisal district"). Unless
a different method of allocating district costs is prescribed, each taxing unit is responsible for that
portion of the appraisal district's budget that is proportionate to the dollar amount of property taxes
that the unit imposes in the district in the year when the budget is proposed in relation to the total
dollar amount of taxes imposed in the district. See id. §§ 6.06(d), 6.061. Prior to the Act, where a
multi-county taxing unit chose to participate in a single appraisal district, "[a]ll costs of operating
[the] appraisal district in territory outside the county for which the appraisal district [was] established
[were] allocated to the taxing unit for which the appraisal district appraise[d] property in that
territory." Id. § 6.02(t); see also TEXAS COMPTROLLER OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS, APPRAISAL DISTRICT
DIRECTOR'S MANUAL (Feb. 2006) at 24-25, available at http://www.window.state.tx.us/taxinfo/
proptax/director06/index.html (last visited Jan. 7, 2008) (explaining how an appraisal district's costs
are allocated to the taxing units it serves).

         An interim report submitted to the Eightieth Legislature by the House Committee on Local
Government Ways and Means concluded "that overlapping appraisal districts create[d] substantial
and expensive administrative problems" for districts and were "confusing to taxpayers who
happen[ed] to own property in the overlapping territory." HOUSE COMM. ON LOCAL GOV'T WAYS
AND MEANS, INTERIM REpORT TO THE 80TH LEGISLATURE (2007) at 89, available at http://www.lrl
.state.tx.us/research/interim/lrlhome.cfm (last visited Jan. 7, 2008).3 The report recommended,
among other things, that appraisal district boundaries be reconfigured to follow county boundary
lines. See id. at 90.




           2The Texas Comptroller ofPublic Accounts reported that in 2005-06 only six appraisal districts indicated that
they did not have property overlapping an adjoining appraisal district. See TEXAS COMPTROLLER OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS,
ApPRAISAL DISTRICT OPERATIONS REpORT: 2005 AND 2006 DATA (Feb. 2007) at 4, available at http://www.window
.state.tx.us /taxinfo/proptax/ador0506/ (last visited Jan. 7, 2008).

          3 Some ofthe administrative and legal difficulties in regard to the system prior to the House Bill 1010 changes
are reflected in opinions issued by this office. See, e.g., Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. Nos. GA-0317 (2005), GA-0283 (2004);
Tex. Att'y Gen. LO-98-022.
The Honorable Elton R. Mathis - Page 3                 (GA-0590)



        B.    House Bill 1010

        The Act amends section 6.02(a), Tax Code, to provide that "an appraisal district's boundaries
[be] the same as the county's boundaries." Act of May 17,2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 648, § 1,2007
Tex. Gen. Laws 1223,1223 (codified at TEX. TAX CODE ANN. § 6.02(a) (Vernon Supp. 2007)). The
Act makes other changes as well, including the amendment of section 6.02(b) and repeal of sections
6.02(c)-(g) and 6.025, Tax Code. See id. §§ 1,5, at 1223-24. Taken together, the changes in the
Act eliminate the authority of multi-county taxing units to participate in only one appraisal district.
As for properties located in two or more appraisal districts, the Act requires the chief appraisers of
the districts to coordinate their appraisals to the greatest extent possible. See id. § 2, at 1224
(codified at TEX. TAX CODE ANN. § 25 .17(b) (Vernon Supp. 2007)). These boundary,and operational
changes take effect January 1, 2008, and "apply only to the appraisal of property for a tax year that
begins on or after January 1, 2008." Id. §§ 6(a), 7, at 1224-25. The Act also includes certain
transitional provisions, effective September 1, 2007, to assist appraisal districts in complying with
the new law. See id. §§ 6, 7(b).

        With this background regarding the framework for appraising property in multi-county taxing
units before and after the Act, we analyze your question.

II.     Analysis

         You initially ask whether "Waller County Appraisal District ... will be responsible, after
January 1, 2008, for litigation filed against the district involving properties outside the boundaries
of Waller County ...." Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1. We understand your reference to
"litigation filed against the district" to mean a case filed by a person under chapter 42 of the Tax
Code prior to January 1,2008. See TEX. TAX CODE ANN. §§ 42.01-.43 (Vernon 2001 & Supp. 2007)
(chapter 42).4 You explain that WCAD is involved in "[e]xisting litigation [related to] Harris
County properties [that] originated in tax years 2006, 2005, 2004, and 2003" and that "[i]t is
anticipated that 2007 litigation involving properties outside of Waller County will be filed later this
year." Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1.

        In a brief submitted by WCAD to our office, the district argues that by eliminating a multi-
county taxing unit's choice ofparticipating in one appraisal district, the Act also eliminates WCAD' s
source to fund pending litigation related to property in that taxing unit and outside WCAD's home
county. See WCAD Letter, supra note 4, at 1-3. Citing to Tax Code section 6.06(d), WCAD
explains that its "budget is comprised of allocations from taxing units that are based on the total
amount of taxes imposed by the taxing unit" and that "[t]his includes taxes imposed in territory
outside the appraisal district's home county." Id. at 2. As a result ofadoption ofthe Act, the district
argues as follows:



          4Accord Letter from James R. Evans, Jr., Hargrove & Evans, L.L.P., to Honorable Greg Abbott, Attorney
General of Texas, at 1-3 (Aug. 10,2007) [hereinafter WCAD Letter] (discussing the perceived impact of the Act on
litigation filed against WCAD under chapter 42 of the Tax Code) (on file with the Opinion Committee).
The Honorable Elton R. Mathis - Page 4             (GA-0590)



               After January 1, [2008,] an appraisal district may be defending itself
               in a lawsuit filed by a property owner prior to the effective date [of
               the Act] concerning property in a county with which the appraisal
               district now has no connection. However, there will be no funding to
               conduct litigation in the adjacent county because the overlapping
               taxing entity will now be paying its appraisal district budget
               allocation to the appraisal district. in the county where the unit has
               territory.

Id. WCAD asserts that the Act not only leaves it without a funding mechanism, but also without
"authority to conduct litigation in another county after January I." Id. at 3. WCAD's legal theory
appears to be that the amendment of section 6.02(a)-(b) and repeal of section 6.02(c)-(g) abrogate
WCAD's authority under those statutes to conduct pending litigation filed under chapter 42 and
related to territory outside its home county. Id.

        Having clarified the underlying concerns for your questions, we examine the Act's impact
on chapter 42 litigation filed prior to January 1, 2008, by first considering whether the Act is
retrospective or prospective in nature. "A statute is presumed to be prospective in its operation
unless expressly made retrospective." TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 311.022 (Vernon 2005); see also
Subaru oj Am. v. David McDavid Nissan, 84 S.W.3d 212, 219 (Tex. 2002) (explaining courts
generally presume a statute or amendment is prospective in nature, but this general rule does not
apply when the statute or amendment is procedural or remedial). The plain language ofthe Act here
indicates that its reach is prospective: "The changes in law made by this Act relating to the appraisal
of property for ad valorem tax purposes apply only to the appraisal of property for a tax year that
begins on or after January 1,2008." Act ofMay 17,2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 648, § 6(a), 2007 Tex.
Gen. Laws 1223, 1224. Moreover, nothing in the Act expressly makes its operation retrospective.
See id. §§ 1-7, at 1223-25.

        That the statute is prospective in application does not, however, answer the question of
whether WCAD retains its authority to conduct chapter 42 litigation outside its home county where
such litigation is filed prior to January 1,2008. That query is answered by examining whether any
provision "saves" the effect of section 6.02 as it existed before the Act. The Act itself does not
contain a savings clause. See id. "A savings clause is a clause providing that the former law is
continued in effect for certain purposes." Firemen's Pension Comm 'n v. Jones, 939 S.W.2d 730,
733 (Tex. App.-Austin 1997, no pet.). And generally, when a statute is repealed or amended
without a savings clause, the repeal or amendment abrogates any cause of action based upon the
former law, and pending suits cease. See Quickv. City ofAustin, 7 S.W.3d 109, 125, 128-29 (Tex.
1998).

       However, Texas has adopted, in the Code Construction Act, a general savings clause limiting
the effect of repeals of and amendments to a statute. See id.; TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN.
§ 311.031 (Vernon 2005). The statute is codified at section 311.031, Government Code, and
provides:
The Honorable Elton R. Mathis - Page 5              (GA-0590)



                (a) Except as provided by Subsection (b), the reenactment, revision,
                amendment, or repeal of a statute does not affect:

                     (1)    the prior operation of the statute or any prior action taken
                under it;

                     (2) any validation, cure, right, privilege, obligation,or liability
                previously acquired, accrued, accorded, or incurred under it;

                     (3) any violation of the statute or any penalty, forfeiture, or
                punishment incurred under the statute before its amendment or repeal;
                or

                      (4) any investigation, proceeding, or remedy concerning any
                privilege, obligation, liability, penalty, forfeiture, or punishment; and
                the investigation, proceeding, or remedy may be instituted, continued,
                or enforced, and the penalty, forfeiture, or punishment imposed, as if
                the statute had not been repealed or amended.

                (b) If the penalty, forfeiture, or punishment for any offense is
                reduced by a reenactment, revision, or amendment of a statute, the
                penalty, forfeiture, or punishment, if not already imposed, shall be
                imposed according to the statute as amended.

TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 311.031 (Vernon 2005).

        "The Legislature's adoption of the general savings clause in the Code Construction Act
indicates a general legislative policy that the repeal of any statute shall not affect the prior operation
ofthat statute ... or affect any right accrued or claim arising before the repeal takes effect." Quick,
7 S.W.3d at 129-30. And the court "will presume that the general savings clause applies unless a
contrary legislative intent is shown by clear expression or necessary implication." Id. at 130.

        The general savings clause in the Code Construction Act applies here. No contrary
legislative intent is expressed or implied by the Act. Moreover, Title 1 of the Tax Code, which
includes chapters 1 through 43, expressly provides that "[t]he Code Construction Act (Chapter 311,
Government Code) applies to the construction of each provision of [the] title except as otherwise
expressly provided by [the] title." TEX. TAX CODE ANN. § 1.03 (Vernon 2001). We conclude,
therefore, that pertinent portions of Tax Code section 6.02, as they existed before the Act, remain
effective under the general savings clause.

        Prior to the Act, section 6.02(b) was the underlying authority for a multi-county taxing unit
to choose to participate in one appraisal district and for the boundaries of the district to extend
outside its home county. See ide § 6.02(b). Action taken before the Act by a taxing unit under
section 6.02(b) to have an appraisal district extend its boundaries and provide its services outside
The Honorable Elton R. Mathis - Page 6              (GA-0590)




its home county constitutes an action taken under the prior law. Thus, the general savings clause
bars application of the Act to pending cases related to such services to the extent the Act abolishes
a district's authority to serve territory outside its home county. See TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN.
§ ·311.031 (a)(1) (Vernon 2005) (providing the "amendment, or repeal of a statute does not affect
... the prior operation ofthe statute or any prior action taken under it"); see also id. § 311.031 (a)(4)
(providing the "amendment, or repeal of a statute does not affect ... any ... proceeding, or remedy
concerning any privilege, obligation, [or] liability"); Valero Transmission Co. v. Hays Consolo Indep.
Sch. Disf., 704 S.W.2d 857, 861 n.l (Tex. App.-Austin 1985, writ refd n.r.e.) (discussing the
remedies available to a taxpayer under chapters 41 and 42, Tax Code). In other words, we believe
an appraisal district has continuing authority to defend itself in litigation brought under chapter 42
and related to territory outside its home county where a multi-county taxing unit chose to participate
in the district in compliance with section 6.02 as that section existed prior to the Act.

        As to WCAD's concern regarding the mechanism to fund the pending litigation at issue,
WCAD is correct that the section 6.06(d) proportionate cost allocation provision may not generate
sufficient funding. See WCAD Letter, supra note 4, at 2; TEX. TAX CODE ANN. § 6.06(d) (Vernon
2001); Act of May 17, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 648, § 6(f), 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 1223, 1225.
Nevertheless, there was a separate cost allocation provision in section 6.02(f) prior to the Act which
provided, in relevant part, that "[a]ll costs of operating an appraisal district in territory outside the
county for which the appraisal district [was] established are allocated to the taxing unit for which
the appraisal district appraise[d] property in that territory." TEX. TAX CODE ANN. § 6.02(f) (Vernon
2001).

         The phrase "costs ofoperating" is not defined in the Tax Code. But read in context, the term
necessarily included costs incurred by an appraisal district in relation to judicial review sought under
chapter 42. See TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 311.011(a) (Vernon 2005) (directing that "[w]ords and
phrases shall be read in context"). An appraisal district is funded solely through the taxing units it
serves. See TEX. TAX CODE ANN. § 6.062(c) (Vernon 2001). Prior to the Act, three statutory
provisions, including sections 6.02, 6.06 and 6.061, addressed a taxing unit's obligation to provide
funds to an appraisal district and all spoke in terms of "costs of operating." See id. §§ 6.02(f) ("[a]ll
costs of operating an appraisal district ... are allocated to the taxing unit"), 6.06(a) ("the chief
appraiser shall prepare a proposed budget for the operations of the district"),6.06 (g) (explaining if
a taxing unit does not impose taxes, "the unit is not liable for any of the costs of operating the
district"), 6.06 (h) (a newly formed taxing unit or unit that did not impose taxes in the preceding year
"is allocated a portion of the amount budgeted to operate the district as if it had imposed taxes in the
preceding year, except that the amount of taxes the unit imposes in the current year is used to
calculate its allocation"), 6.061 (a) ("The board of directors of an appraisal district, ... may prescribe
a different method of allocating the costs of operating the district ...."), 6.061 (b) ("The taxing units
... may adopt a different method of allocating the costs of operating the district ...."). Neither
these nor any other statutory provision provided separately for chapter 42 litigation expenses. But
the fact that an appraisal district will be involved in such litigation is expressly contemplated under
state law. See, e.g., id. § 42.21 (b) (providing when a petition for review must name the appraisal
district as a party defendant). The most reasonable construction of the statute is, therefore, that the
"operating costs" of an appraisal district include the costs incurred in conjunction with chapter 42
The Honorable Elton R. Mathis - Page 7               (GA-0590)



litigation. See TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 311.021(3)-(4) (Vernon 2005) (providing that it is
presumed that in enacting a statute "a just and reasonable result is intended" and that "a result
feasible of execution is intended").

         Because "operating costs" under section 6.02(f) necessarily included a district's chapter 42
litigation costs, we conclude that a taxing unit had an obligation under that provision to fund such
costs in territory outside a district's home county. See TEX. TAX CODE ANN. § 6.02(f) (Vernon
2001) ("All costs of operating an appraisal district in territory outside the county for which the
appraisal district is established are allocated to the taxing unit for which the appraisal district
appraises property in that territory."). And because the general savings clause continues in effect a
taxing unit's obligations under section 6.02(f), we conclude WCAD'slitigation costs as to chapter
42 cases filed prior to January 1, 2008, are allocated according to' section 6.02(f) for territory outside
its home county. See TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 311.031 (a)(l )-(2) (Vernon 2005) (providing that
the amendment or repeal of a statute does not affect the prior operation of the statute and does not
affect any obligation acquired, accrued, accorded, or incurred under the statute as it existed before
amendment or repeal).
The Honorable Elton R. Mathis - Page 8          (GA-0590)



                                     SUMMARY

                      Waller County Appraisal District is responsible, on or after
              January 1, 2008, for litigation filed against the district under Tax
              Code chapter 42 before January 1, 2008, and involving property
              outside the district's home county. The general savings clause in the
              Code Construction Act continues in effect relevant portions ofsection
              6.02, Tax Code, such that the district has continuing authority to
              defend itself in the pending litigation, and a taxing unit has a
              continuing obligation to pay the related costs.

                                            Very truly yours,




KENT C. SULLIVAN
First Assistant Attorney General

ANDREW WEBER
Deputy Attorney General for Legal Counsel

NANCY S. FULLER
Chair, Opinion Committee

Christy Drake-Adams
Assistant Attorney General, Opinion Committee
