[Cite as State v. Pullen, 2012-Ohio-1858.]




          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR MONTGOMERY COUNTY, OHIO

STATE OF OHIO                                        :

        Plaintiff-Appellee                           :            C.A. CASE NO.    24620

v.                                                   :            T.C. NO.   10CR1053

GARY L. PULLEN                                       :            (Criminal appeal from
                                                                   Common Pleas Court)
        Defendant-Appellant                   :

                                                     :

                                             ..........

                                             OPINION

                          Rendered on the     27th       day of      April    , 2012.

                                             ..........

JOHNNA M. SHIA, Atty. Reg. No. 0067685, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, 301 W. Third
Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, Ohio 45422
        Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

JOYCE M. DEITERING, Atty. Reg. No. 0005776, 8801 N. Main Street, Suite 200, Dayton,
Ohio 45415
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                             ..........

DONOVAN, J.

        {¶ 1}     Defendant-appellant Gary Lee Pullen appeals his conviction and sentence for
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one count of possession of crack cocaine (less than one gram), in violation of R.C.

2925.11(A), a felony of the fifth degree. Pullen filed a timely notice of appeal with this

Court on April 26, 2011.

       {¶ 2}    The incident which forms the basis for the instant appeal occurred on March

25, 2010, when Dayton Police Detective Mitch Olmstead and Sergeant Michael McKune

observed Pullen get into a purple Ford Taurus parked near the corner of Deeds and Leo

Streets in Dayton, Ohio. The officers were familiar with Pullen because he had been

involved in an incident the week before wherein he was found to be driving under

suspension in the same vehicle. Before the officers could turn around to follow him, Pullen

drove the Taurus away at a “rapid speed.” The officers sent out a radio transmission

notifying any nearby officers of Pullen’s description and the direction in which he was

traveling.

       {¶ 3}    Dayton Police Officer Scott Florea received the dispatch and observed

Pullen’s vehicle heading westbound on Leo Street. Officer Florea began following Pullen’s

vehicle. Officer Florea, who was also familiar with Pullen, initiated a traffic stop after

observing Pullen commit a lane violation. Officer Florea approached the vehicle and asked

Pullen for identification. Pullen provided Officer Florea with an Ohio Identification Card

and a Sinclair Community College identification card. Officer Florea ordered Pullen to exit

the vehicle. After performing a Terry pat down which failed to produce any weapons or

contraband, Officer Florea placed Pullen in the back of his cruiser while he verified the

information from the identification cards.

       {¶ 4}    Officer Florea discovered that Pullen’s driving privileges remained
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suspended and arrested him. Since Pullen was the only occupant of the vehicle and it was

blocking an entire lane of traffic, Officer Florea decided to have the vehicle impounded

pursuant to the Dayton Police Tow Policy (“DPTP”). The DPTP also provided for an

inventory search of the vehicle prior to it being towed. Det. Olmstead and Officer Jennifer

Godsey performed the search of the vehicle. As a result of the inventory search, Det.

Olmstead discovered several small pieces of a white substance on the front passenger seat of

the vehicle. Field testing established that the substance was crack cocaine, and Pullen was

additionally charged with possession thereof.

       {¶ 5}    Officer Godsey testified that Pullen’s mother, the owner of the vehicle,

appeared at the scene after the officers had started inventorying its contents. Pullen’s

mother asked the officers if she could take her vehicle, but the officers finished the inventory

search and had the vehicle towed.

       {¶ 6}    Officer Godsey transported Pullen to jail for processing. While they were

in the cruiser, Godsey testified that Pullen asked her where they found the crack. Officer

Godsey told him that the crack was found on the front passenger seat. Pullen responded

that they “didn’t have to arrest him for that small amount,” and “that [they] could have

thrown it away – it’s called discretion.” Officer Godsey testified that she told Pullen that he

should stop talking. Pullen then informed Officer Godsey that he was not a dealer, rather he

only uses drugs. Pullen also allegedly stated “it’s not like I’m out here selling it.”

       {¶ 7}    Pullen was subsequently indicted for one count of possession of crack

cocaine on July 1, 2010. At his arraignment on July 8, 2010, Pullen stood mute, and the

trial court entered a plea of not guilty on his behalf. Pullen filed a motion to suppress on
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July 27, 2010. A hearing was held on August 19, 2010, and the trial court overruled

Pullen’s motion to suppress in an oral ruling from the bench, journalized thereafter on

August 20, 2010. After a jury trial, Pullen was found guilty of possession of crack cocaine,

a felony of the fifth degree. On April 13, 2011, the trial court sentenced Pullen to five years

of community control sanctions.

       {¶ 8}    It is from this judgment that Pullen now appeals.

       {¶ 9}    Pullen’s first assignment of error is as follows:

       {¶ 10} “THE        TRIAL       COURT        ERRED       WHEN       DENYING         THE

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT’S PRE-TRIAL MOTION TO SUPPRESS FINDING THE

INVENTORY SEARCH AND TOW WERE VALID.”

       {¶ 11} In his first assignment, Pullen contends that the trial court erred when it

overruled his motion to suppress. Specifically, Pullen argues that the inventory search was

not valid because the vehicle was not lawfully impounded. In the alternative, Pullen asserts

that if the vehicle was lawfully impounded, the police improperly searched the vehicle for

investigatory purposes, rather than to simply inventory the contents of the vehicle.

       {¶ 12} In regards to a motion to suppress, “the trial court assumes the role of trier of

facts and is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and evaluate the credibility of

witnesses.” State v. Hopfer, 112 Ohio App.3d 521, 679 N.E.2d 321 (2d Dist.1996), quoting

State v. Venham, 96 Ohio App.3d 649, 653, 645 N.E.2d 831 (4th Dist.1994). The court of

appeals must accept the trial court’s findings of fact if they are supported by competent,

credible evidence in the record. State v. Isaac, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20662,

2005-Ohio-3733, citing State v. Retherford, 93 Ohio App.3d 586, 639 N.E.2d 498 (2d
                                                                                            5

Dist.1994). Accepting those facts as true, the appellate court must then determine, as a

matter of law and without deference to the trial court’s legal conclusion, whether the

applicable legal standard is satisfied. Id.

        {¶ 13} It is well settled that the “inventory exception” to the warrant requirement of

the Fourth Amendment permits the police to conduct a warrantless search to produce an

inventory of the contents of an impounded vehicle. See South Dakota v. Opperman, 428

U.S. 364, 376, 96 S.Ct. 3092, 3100, 49 L.Ed.2d 1000 (1976); State v Mesa, 87 Ohio St.3d

105, 108-109, 717 N.E.2d 329, 332-333 (1999). The rationale for excluding inventory

searches from the warrant requirement is that inventory searches are an administrative or

caretaking function, rather than an investigative function. Opperman, supra, 428 U.S. at 370.

        {¶ 14} Such an inventory search is deemed to be constitutionally permissible in the

absence of a warrant because it reasonably serves to protect the owner’s property while it is

in police custody, to protect police against claims concerning lost or stolen property, and to

protect police and the public against potential hazards posed by impounded property. Florida

v. Wells, 495 U.S. 1, 110 S.Ct. 1632, 109 L.Ed2d 1 (1990).

        {¶ 15} “To satisfy the requirements of the Fourth Amendment to the United States

Constitution, an inventory search of a lawfully impounded vehicle must be conducted in

good faith and in accordance with reasonable standardized procedure(s) or established

routine.” State v. Myrick, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21287, 2006-Ohio-580; citing State v.

Hathman, 65 Ohio St.3d 403, 604 N.E.2d 743 (1992). We note that the evidence presented

must demonstrate that the police department has a standardized, routine policy, demonstrate

what that policy is, and show how the officer’s conduct conformed to that policy. State v.
                                                                                               6

Wilcoxson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 15928, 1997 WL 452011 (July 25, 1997).

       {¶ 16} In the instant case, Officer Florea testified that he initially arrested Pullen for

driving without a valid license. When Pullen was arrested he was the only occupant of the

vehicle which was blocking traffic on Keowee Street. Officer Florea testified that he based

his decision to impound the vehicle on the Dayton Police Tow Policy which states in

pertinent part:

       {¶ 17} I. WHEN TO TOW A VEHICLE

                  A. Driver/Owner Arrested

                  RCGO 76.08 describes circumstances, which allow a vehicle to be

                  impounded due to an arrest. It states, in part, Members of the Police

                  Department are authorized to remove or direct the removal of a

                  vehicle under any of the following circumstances...(C) Arrest and

                  Detention of Driver. Whenever the driver or person in charge of any

                  vehicle is placed under arrest and taken into custody and detained by

                  police under circumstances which leaves or will leave a vehicle

                  unattended.

                  ***

                  C. *** [T]o remove the vehicle from obstructing traffic.

       {¶ 18} Pullen does not dispute that his vehicle was obstructing traffic after Officer

Florea arrested him for driving with a suspended license. Pullen, however, asserts that his

mother, who was the owner of the vehicle, appeared at the scene and requested to take the

car before Officer Florea directed Det. Olmstead and Officer Godsey to perform an inventory
                                                                                             7

search of the vehicle prior to its impoundment. Pullen argues that “any threat to public

safety and the efficient flow of traffic was obviated by Pullen’s mother’s presence at the

scene prior to the tow taking place.” Simply put, Pullen argues that had police allowed his

mother to take the vehicle, it would have no longer been obstructing traffic, and there would

have been no need to impound it. Pullen’s assertion in this regard is undermined by the

evidence adduced at the suppression hearing which clearly establishes that Pullen’s mother

did not appear at the scene until after the officers began the inventory search of the vehicle.

This is highlighted during the redirect examination of Officer Godsey by the State:

               The State: Can you tell me at what point in this process the

               Defendant’s mother arrived, do you recall?

               Officer Godsey: I remember we were inventorying the car, and she

               drove up [and] parked in that – in the parking lot there of the motel

               and approached again. I didn’t know her. I think the officers were a

               little more familiar with her from prior dealings. But then that’s

               when I started talking to her.

               Q: Okay. So you were already in the process of inventorying

               the car when she arrived on the scene?

               A: That’s correct.

               Q: Did she ever ask you if she could take the vehicle?

               A: No.

       {¶ 19} Additionally, when the trial court overruled Pullen’s motion to suppress at

the close of the hearing, it made the following findings of fact:
                                                                                      8

              The Court: All right. At this time, the Court finds consistent

              with Mr. Bailey’s concession that the officer had a reasonable

              articulable suspicion to stop the vehicle to investigate not only

              the improper turn but also the driving with no operator’s

              license.

                     The Court finds that it’s reasonable to have detained

              the Defendant at that point to place him in the officer’s patrol

              car. And upon determining that in fact he did not have an

              operator’s license, the decision to tow the vehicle was

              appropriate.

                     The Court finds consistent with Ms. Godsey’s

              testimony that the Defendant’s mother did not arrive prior to

              the commencement of the inventory search and the decision to

              tow the vehicle.1 The cocaine was apparently in open view.

                             Therefore, the Court is going to overrule the

              motion to suppress.

       {¶ 20} The record clearly establishes that Officer Florea possessed a valid basis

upon which to order that the vehicle be towed because it was blocking an entire lane of


         1
          We note that, pursuant to App. R. 9(E), the parties have agreed to
  stipulate to the fact that the printed transcript of the suppression hearing
  mistakenly omitted the word “not” on page 33, line 11, when the trial court was
  making its findings of fact. The transcription error was discovered upon review
  of the video transcript of the hearing by this Court. We further note that the
  omission of the word “not” dramatically changes the meaning of the trial court’s
  pronouncement. Said stipulation was filed with this Court on March 26, 2012.
                                                                                            9

traffic on Keowee Street.     Pursuant to the Dayton Police Tow Policy, Officer Florea

directed Det. Olmstead and Officer Godsey to perform an inventory search of the vehicle

prior to having it towed. By the time Pullen’s mother arrived at the scene, the officers had

already begun the inventory search of the vehicle and had no duty to turn the car over to her.

 During the search, Det. Olmstead discovered a small amount of crack cocaine in plain view

on the front passenger seat of the vehicle. There was no evidence adduced at the hearing

which established that the purpose of the officers’ search was anything other than simply an

attempt to inventory the car’s contents before it was towed. Upon review, we conclude that

the decision to tow and inventory search of the vehicle was proper under the circumstances,

and Pullen’s constitutional rights were not violated. Accordingly, the trial court did not err

when it overruled Pullen’s motion to suppress.

       {¶ 21} Pullen’s first assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 22} Pullen’s second assignment of error is as follows:

       {¶ 23} “THE     TRIAL      COURT      ERRED      WHEN       ADMITTING       OFFICER

GODSEY’S TESTIMONY AS UNPREJUDICAL.”

       {¶ 24} In his second assignment, Pullen argues that the trial court erred when it

allowed the admission of Officer Godsey’s testimony regarding the inculpatory statements

made by Pullen while he was being transported to the jail. Specifically, Pullen asserts that

the statement he made that he “doesn’t sell drugs,” he “only uses them,” was not relevant to

or probative of any material issue. Rather, Pullen argues that the statement was improperly

admitted and used as inadmissible character evidence.

       {¶ 25} With respect to the admission or exclusion of evidence, the trial court has
                                                                                            10

broad discretion and its decision in such matters will not be disturbed by a reviewing court

absent an abuse of discretion that has caused material prejudice. State v. Noling, 98 Ohio

St.3d 44, 2002-Ohio-7044, 781 N.E.2d 88. An abuse of discretion means more than a mere

error of law or an error in judgment. It implies an arbitrary, unreasonable, unconscionable

attitude on the part of the court. State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 404 N.E.2d 144 (1980).

       {¶ 26} Evid.R. 403(A) provides:

               “Exclusion mandatory.      Although relevant, evidence is not

               admissible if its probative value is substantially outweighed by

               the danger of unfair prejudice, of confusion of the issues, or of

               misleading the jury.”

       {¶ 27} The requirements for criminal liability are (1) conduct that includes a

voluntary act and (2) the requisite degree of culpability specified by the statute defining the

offense.   R.C. 2901.21(A)(1) and (2).        Pullen was found guilty of violating R.C.

2925.11(A) which states: “no person shall knowingly obtain, possess or use a controlled

substance.”

       {¶ 28} “Knowingly” is defined in R.C. 2901.22(B):

               A person acts knowingly, regardless of his purpose, when he is

               aware that his conduct will probably cause a certain result or

               will probably be of a certain nature. A person has knowledge

               of circumstances when he is aware that such circumstances

               probably exist.

       {¶ 29} “Possession” includes both actual and constructive possession and is defined
                                                                                          11

in R.C. 2925.01(K):

               “Possess” or “possession” means having control over a thing

               or substance, but may not be inferred solely from mere access

               to the thing or substance through ownership or occupation of

               the premises upon which the thing or substance is found.

       {¶ 30} The State was obligated to prove that Pullen knowingly possessed the crack

cocaine found in plain view on the front passenger seat of the vehicle. Pullen’s statement to

Officer Godsey that he “doesn’t sell drugs, he only uses them” was directly relevant and

probative of the issue regarding whether he was aware that the crack was in the vehicle. Of

course, the trial court must exclude the evidence if its probative value is substantially

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues or misleading the jury.

Evid.R. 403(A). Such is not the case here. Merely because the statement was detrimental

to Pullen’s defense does not bar its admission at trial to prove beyond a reasonable doubt

that he knowingly possessed the crack prior to its discovery during the inventory search.

Moreover, we reject Pullen’s assertion that the statement amounted to inadmissible character

evidence. Pullen’s statement supported the State’s assertion that he knowingly possessed

the crack cocaine, and the probative value of this evidence was not outweighed by the

dangers of unfair prejudice.    Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it

allowed the admission of Pullen’s statement into evidence.

       {¶ 31} Pullen’s second assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 32} Pullen’s third and final assignment of error is as follows:

       {¶ 33} “THE CONVICTION IS IN ERROR BECAUSE INSUFFICIENT
                                                                                            12

EVIDENCE WAS INTRODUCED AT TRIAL TO DEMONSTRATE THAT PULLEN

KNOWINGLY POSSESSED THE CRACK COCAINE.”

          {¶ 34} In his final assignment, Pullen contends that the evidence adduced at trial

was insufficient to sustain his conviction for possession of crack cocaine.

          {¶ 35} A sufficiency of the evidence argument challenges whether the State has

presented adequate evidence on each element of the offense to allow the case to go to the

jury or sustain the verdict as a matter of law. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380,

1997-Ohio-52, 678 N.E.2d 541. The proper test to apply to such an inquiry is the one set

forth in paragraph two of the syllabus of State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492

(1991):

                 An appellate court's function when reviewing the sufficiency

                 of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine

                 the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether such

                 evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the

                 defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The relevant

                 inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most

                 favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could

                 have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond

                 a reasonable doubt.

          {¶ 36} Pullen was charged in count one with violating R.C. 2925.11(A), which

required the State to prove that Defendant knowingly possessed crack cocaine. Possession

of a drug may be either actual physical possession or constructive possession. State v. Butler,
                                                                                            13

42 Ohio St.3d 174, 538 N.E.2d 98 (1989). A person has constructive possession of an item

when he is conscious of the presence of the object and able to exercise dominion and control

over that item, even if it is not within his immediate physical possession. State v. Hankerson,

70 Ohio St.2d 87, 434 N.E.2d 1362 (1982).

        {¶ 37} Readily usable drugs found in very close proximity to a defendant may

constitute circumstantial evidence sufficient to support a conclusion that he constructively

possessed those drugs. State v. Miller, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19174, 2002-Ohio-4197.

In determining whether a defendant knowingly possessed a controlled substance, it is

necessary to examine the totality of the facts and circumstances surrounding its discovery.

State v. Teamer, 82 Ohio St.3d 490, 492, 1998-Ohio-193, 696 N.E.2d 1049, State v. Pounds,

2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21257, 2006-Ohio-3040.

        {¶ 38} The relevant and probative evidence adduced by the State included Pullen’s

inculpatory statements to Officer Godsey as well as the presence of the crack cocaine found

on the front passenger seat in the vehicle from which Pullen was removed. When viewed in

light most favorable to the prosecution, this combination of direct and circumstantial

evidence clearly permits a rational trier of fact to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Pullen

knowingly possessed the crack cocaine found in the vehicle, and therefore, sustain his

conviction for violating R.C. 2925.11(A).

        {¶ 39} Pullen’s third and final assignment of error is overruled.

        {¶ 40} All of Pullen’s assignments of having been overruled, the judgment of the

trial court is affirmed.

                                         ..........
                                                                                           14

FAIN, J., concurs.

GRADY, P.J., concurring:

       {¶ 41} Routine police inventories of lawfully impounded vehicles are justified to

protect the owner’s property, to protect police against claims of lost or stolen property, and

to protect the police from potential danger. South Dakota v. Opperman, 428 U.S. 364, 96

S.Ct. 3092, 49 L.Ed.2d 1000 (1976).       “Implicit in Chief Justice Burger’s approach to

inventories (in Opperman) was the rationale that the impounding of the illegally parked

vehicle was lawful because the owner was not present to make other arrangements for the

automobile.” Katz, Ohio Arrest, Search and Seizure (2008 Ed.), Section 13:09.

       {¶ 42}    After officers had called for a tow truck and commenced their inventory

search of Defendant’s vehicle, his mother appeared at the scene. Officer Florea testified at

the hearing on Defendant’s motion to suppress that he was aware that Defendant’s mother

was the registered owner of the vehicle. (Tr. 19.) When asked whether that fact avoided

the need to tow the vehicle, Officer Florea replied: “She arrived at the scene after my

decision to tow the vehicle was already made and to arrest Gary.” (Tr. 20.) Officer

Godsey also testified that, otherwise, the vehicle “[p]robably could have” (Tr. 28) been

released to Defendant’s mother instead of being impounded.

       {¶ 43} A routine inventory search of a lawfully impounded vehicle is reasonable

when performed pursuant to a standardized policy, and “when the evidence does not

demonstrate that the procedure involved is merely a pretext for an evidentiary search of the

impounded automobile.” State v. Robinson, 58 Ohio St.2d 478, 480, 391 N.E.2d 317

(1979). That prohibited pretext is at least suggested when the owner of the vehicle is
                                                                                               15

available to remove it from the scene and there is no reason to search the vehicle except for

the fact it may be impounded because it is illegally parked or presents a hazard to traffic.

       {¶ 44}    In a circumstance of this kind, the fact that the driver of the vehicle has

been arrested and/or impoundment procedures have begun do not avoid the preferred

alternative of releasing the vehicle to a person on the scene who can make other

arrangements for it. On the record before us, however, it is unclear when Defendant’s

mother actually appeared on the scene in relation to the officers’ seizure of the crack cocaine

that Defendant moved to suppress. If the seizure occurred before Defendant’s mother

arrived, there was no such preferred alternative to an impoundment and inventory search.

       {¶ 45}    On a Crim.R. 12(C)(3) motion to suppress evidence, it is the movant’s

burden to show that a search was illegal and that the evidence to be suppressed was the fruit

of the illegal search. Therefore, the failure to show whether the crack cocaine was seized

before his mother arrived is chargeable to Defendant, not the State. On this record, there

was no basis to suppress the evidence officers seized.

                                          ..........

Copies mailed to:

Johnna M. Shia
Joyce M. Deitering
Hon. Dennis Adkins
