                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS


PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   July 20, 2017
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 333056
                                                                   Eaton Circuit Court
DANNY DEWAYNE WALLER,                                              LC No. 15-020380-FH

              Defendant-Appellant.


Before: MARKEY, P.J., and RONAYNE KRAUSE and BOONSTRA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant appeals by right his convictions after a jury trial of using a computer to
commit a crime, MCL 752.796 and MCL 752.797(3)(d), and possession of child sexually
abusive material, MCL 750.145c(4). The trial court sentenced defendant as a fourth offender,
MCL 769.12, to 10 to 25 years’ imprisonment for using a computer to commit a crime and to 10
to 15 years’ imprisonment for possession of child sexually abusive material. We affirm.

        This case arises from a search of defendant’s residence that resulted in the discovery of
34 photographs of nude children on a tablet computer. Defendant was on parole and living alone
in a residence provided by the Michigan Department of Corrections (MDOC). As part of the
terms of his parole, defendant was prohibited from using a device capable of connecting to the
internet. Defendant’s parole supervisor was informed that defendant had been using a tablet
computer in a waiting room. Accordingly, he went to defendant’s residence to investigate,
searched defendant’s bedroom, and discovered a tablet computer and charging device under the
covers of defendant’s bed.

        When questioned about the tablet, defendant informed the parole supervisor that a former
resident of the MDOC home owned the tablet. Another parolee had lived in the residence with
defendant for a short time but was arrested and “locked up again.” Before his arrest, he gave
defendant the passcode and permission to use the tablet. Defendant admitted to using the tablet,
to being aware that it contained “two pornographic movies” when he borrowed it, and that he
had “downloaded other stuff” onto the tablet. A subsequent forensic evaluation revealed that the
tablet computer had 34 photographs depicting adolescents in various poses and stages of undress.

       Defendant first argues that the prosecutor offered insufficient evidence to convict him of
possession of child sexually abusive material or using a computer to commit a crime. We
disagree.


                                               -1-
        This Court reviews claims of insufficient evidence de novo. People v Lueth, 253 Mich
App 670, 680; 660 NW2d 322 (2002). “The standard of review is deferential: a reviewing court
is required to draw all reasonable inferences and make credibility choices in support of the jury
verdict.” People v Nowack, 462 Mich 392, 400; 614 NW2d 78 (2000). “It is for the trier of fact,
not the appellate court, to determine what inferences may be fairly drawn from the evidence and
to determine the weight to be accorded those inferences.” People v Hardiman, 466 Mich 417,
428; 646 NW2d 158 (2002). Any conflict in the evidence must be resolved in favor of the
prosecution. People v Terry, 224 Mich App 447, 452; 569 NW2d 641 (1997).

        To comport with due process, the prosecution must establish a defendant’s guilt of each
essential element of a criminal charge beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Johnson, 460 Mich
720, 723; 597 NW2d 73 (1999). Circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences arising
therefrom are sufficient to support a criminal conviction. Nowack, 462 Mich at 400.

        MCL 750.145c(4) provides, in relevant part, that a person is guilty of possession of child
sexually abusive material when “[a] person [] knowingly possesses or knowingly seeks and
accesses any child sexually abusive material . . . .” Defendant argues that there was insufficient
evidence to establish the knowing possession element because he did not have exclusive use of
or control over the tablet computer. “Possession can be established with circumstantial or direct
evidence, and the ultimate question of possession is a factual inquiry to be answered by the jury.”
People v Flick, 487 Mich 1, 14; 790 NW2d 295 (2010) (citation and quotation marks omitted).
Further, possession may be established without exclusive dominion or control over the object.
Id. at 14, citing People v Konrad, 449 Mich 263, 271; 536 NW2d 517 (1995).

        The evidence established that the photographs were stored on a tablet computer found in
defendant’s residence, in defendant’s bed. There was evidence that it was passcode protected
and that defendant knew the passcode. In addition, defendant admitted to using the tablet, to
being aware that it contained “two pornographic movies,” and to downloading “other stuff” onto
the tablet. Moreover, the prosecutor presented evidence that some of the photographs were
downloaded during a time when only defendant lived in the residence and had access to the
tablet. Thus, although the former resident may have also had access to the tablet, when viewing
this evidence and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a rational
finder of fact could determine beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant knowingly possessed
the photographs that were stored on the tablet.

        Defendant also argues that there was insufficient evidence to establish that the
photographs constituted child sexually abusive material because they depicted only nudity, rather
than erotic nudity. “Child sexually abusive material” is defined as “any depiction, whether made
or produced by electronic, mechanical, or other means, . . . which is of a child or appears to
include a child engaging in a listed sexual act . . . . ” MCL 750.145c(o). The listed sexual acts
include “sexual intercourse, erotic fondling, sadomasochistic abuse, masturbation, passive sexual
involvement, sexual excitement, or erotic nudity.” MCL 750.145c(i). At trial, both parties stated
that erotic nudity was the only listed sexual act relevant to the photographs at issue. Innocent or
benign child nudity may not amount to “erotic nudity.” People v Riggs, 237 Mich App 584, 590-
592; 604 NW2d 68 (1999). Erotic nudity is defined as “the lascivious exhibition of the genital,
pubic, or rectal area of any person. As used in this subdivision, ‘lascivious’ means wanton,
lewd, and lustful and tending to produce voluptuous or lewd emotions.” MCL 750.145c(h).

                                                -2-
        In this case, there was sufficient evidence to prove that the photographs amounted to
depictions of erotic nudity in that they constituted wanton, lewd, and lustful depictions of young
girls’ genital, pubic, or rectal areas that tended to produce voluptuous or lewd emotions in
defendant. Specifically, the genital, pubic, and rectal areas of the children were the main focus
of several of the photographs, and in many photographs the children were “posing,”
“mimicking” sexual acts, or kissing. Moreover, at least one photograph of the children contained
a caption—“Lesbian lolitas”—that designated its sexual or lewd content. Evidence also showed
that defendant had a sexual interest in young girls, which shed light on his motive for possessing
the photographs. Further, the jury was properly instructed on the statutory definition of “erotic
nudity” and the word “lascivious.” Thus, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecutor, a reasonable jury could have concluded that these photographs portrayed erotic
nudity and produced lewd emotions in defendant. Accordingly, sufficient evidence supported
defendant’s child sexually abusive material conviction. Because defendant’s conviction of
possession of child sexually abusive material need not be reversed, we conclude his conviction
for using a computer to commit a crime must also stand.

       Defendant also argues that his constitutional protection against unreasonable search and
seizure was violated when the parole supervisor conducted a warrantless search of the tablet
computer. He also asserts that defense counsel’s failure to file a pretrial motion to suppress the
contents of the tablet computer that was discovered in violation of defendant’s Fourth
Amendment rights was ineffective assistance of counsel. We disagree.

        To preserve a claim that a search violated a defendant’s Constitutional right to protection
from unreasonable search and seizure, the defendant must move to suppress the evidence below.
People v Knox, 469 Mich 502, 508; 674 NW2d 366 (2004). Defendant did not object to the
validity of the search at trial. Accordingly, this issue is unpreserved. To preserve a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must move for a new trial or an evidentiary hearing
with the trial court. People v Heft, 299 Mich App 69, 80; 829 NW2d 266 (2012). Because
defendant never moved for a new trial or an evidentiary hearing in the trial court, this issue is
unpreserved. 1 Review of unpreserved claims of ineffective assistance of counsel is limited to
the existing record. Id.

        This Court reviews unpreserved claims of nonstructural constitutional error for plain
error. People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). “To avoid forfeiture under
the plain error rule, three requirements must be met: 1) error must have occurred; 2) the error
was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, 3) and the plain error affected substantial rights. The third
requirement generally requires a showing of prejudice, i.e., that the error affected the outcome of
the lower court proceedings.” Id.



1
  Defendant did file a timely motion to remand with this Court seeking to file with the trial court
a motion for new trial and an evidentiary hearing concerning his counsel’s alleged
ineffectiveness for failing to seek suppression of the contents of the tablet computer. This Court
denied the motion. People v Danny Dewayne Waller, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals,
entered January 31, 2017 (Docket No. 333056).


                                                -3-
        The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and the Michigan Constitution
guarantee the right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. US Const, Am IV; Const
1963, art 1, § 11. There is no guarantee against all searches and seizures, only unreasonable
ones. People v Dagwan, 269 Mich App 338, 342; 711 NW2d 386 (2005). “Ordinarily, searches
or seizures conducted without a warrant are unreasonable per se.” Id. But, “the warrant and
probable cause requirements generally do not apply to searches of parolees, probationers or their
residences.” United States v Smith, 526 F 3d 306, 308 (CA 6, 2008), citing Samson v California,
547 US 843, 857; 126 S Ct 2193; 165 L Ed 2d 250 (2006). Instead, the relevant standard
governing searches of parolees in Michigan, Mich Admin Code, R 791.7735, is as follows:

       (1) A parole agent may conduct a warrantless search of a parolee’s person or
       property under any of the following circumstances

       (a) Incident to a lawful arrest pursuant to section 39 of Act No. 232 of the Public
       Acts of 1953, as amended, being [MCL] 791.239 of the Michigan Compiled
       Laws.

       (b) A stop and frisk, if there is reasonable cause to believe that the parolee is
       presently involved in criminal conduct, has violated a condition of parole, or is
       carrying a weapon.

       (c) Seizure of evidence or contraband in plain view.

       (d) With the consent of the parolee or a third party having mutual control over the
       property to be searched.

       (2) Where none of the circumstances specified in subrule (1) of this rule are
       present and there is reasonable cause to believe that a violation of parole exists, a
       parole agent may conduct a search of a parolee’s person or property if, as soon as
       possible thereafter, the parole agent files a written report with his or her
       supervisor setting forth the specific reasons for the search, describing the location
       or place searched, and describing the specific items seized.

        Here, the reasonable cause standard in Rule 791.7735(2) was satisfied in regards to the
search of defendant’s residence. A counselor at Eaton Behavioral Health informed the parole
supervisor that defendant had been using a device that was possibly capable of connecting to the
internet in violation of the terms of his parole. Thus, there was reasonable cause to believe that
defendant was violating the terms of his parole. See People v Barbarich, 291 Mich App 468,
474; 807 NW2d 56 (2011) (reasonable suspicion may be based upon information received from
an informant if the information exhibits sufficient indicia of reliability). Accordingly, the parole
supervisor was justified in conducting a warrantless search of defendant’s residence.

        Further, the search was justified under Rule 791.7735(1)(a) which provides that a parole
agent may conduct a warrantless search of a parolee’s person or property incident to a lawful
arrest as described in MCL 791.239. That statute authorizes a parole officer to arrest a parole




                                                -4-
violator without a warrant if the officer has reasonable grounds to believe the prisoner has
violated his or her parole.2 Thus, read in conjunction, these two provisions allow a parole
officer, with reasonable grounds to believe that a parolee has violated his or her parole, to arrest
the violator without a warrant and subsequently conduct a warrantless search of the parolee’s
property. As discussed above, there was reasonable cause to believe that defendant violated his
parole by possessing a device capable of connecting to the internet, and the parole supervisor
therefore had the statutory power to arrest him under MCL 791.239. Having ordered this lawful
arrest, he was entitled, pursuant to Rule 791.7735(1)(a), to thoroughly search the tablet as he did
without a warrant. Accordingly, defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights were not violated.

        The United States and Michigan Constitutions guarantee a defendant the right to the
effective assistance of counsel. US Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 20. To establish
ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show: (1) that counsel’s performance was
below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms, and (2) that
there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s deficient performance, the result of the
proceedings would have been different. People v Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich 38, 51; 826 NW2d
136 (2012). “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.” Strickland v Washington, 466 US 668, 694; 104 S Ct 2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984).

        Failing to file a suppression motion is not per se ineffective assistance; a defendant must
still demonstrate that counsel’s performance was objectively unreasonable and that “but for
counsel’s deficient performance, the result of the proceedings would have been different.”
Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich at 51; see also People v Fike, 228 Mich App 178, 181-182; 577 NW2d
903 (1998) (finding that the defendant failed to establish that he received ineffective assistance
of counsel as his Fourth Amendment claim had no merit). This Court has found that where
counsel failed to seek suppression of evidence on the basis of a Fourth Amendment violation that
likely would have succeeded, counsel’s performance was unreasonable. People v Thomas, 184
Mich App 480, 482; 459 NW2d 65 (1990). Counsel is not, however, required to advocate a
meritless position. People v Ericksen, 288 Mich App 192, 201; 793 NW2d 120 (2010).

       As discussed above, any claim that defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights were violated
could not have succeeded. Because counsel is not required to argue meritless positions,
Ericksen, 288 Mich App at 192, counsel’s failure to move for suppression of the evidence found
on the tablet computer on that basis did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness,
and defendant was not denied the effective assistance of counsel, Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich at 51.



2
    MCL 791.239 states:
A probation officer, a parole officer, a peace officer of this state, or an employee of the
department other than a probation or parole officer who is authorized by the director to arrest
parole violators may arrest without a warrant and detain in any jail of this state a paroled
prisoner, if the probation officer, parole officer, peace officer, or authorized departmental
employee has reasonable grounds to believe that the prisoner has violated parole or a warrant has
been issued for his or her return under section 38.


                                                -5-
       Next, defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying defendant’s pretrial motion to
suppress his statements to his probation supervisor. We disagree.

        This Court reviews a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress de novo. People v
Steele, 292 Mich App 308, 313; 806 NW2d 753 (2011). A trial court’s findings of fact regarding
a motion to suppress are reviewed for clear error. People v Elliott, 494 Mich 292, 300; 833
NW2d 284 (2013). The ultimate question of whether a person is “in custody” requiring Miranda
warnings is a mixed question of fact and law that must be answered independently on the basis
of a de novo review of the record. People v Mendez, 225 Mich App 381, 382; 571 NW2d 528
(1997).

        The United States and Michigan Constitutions guarantee the right against self-
incrimination. US Const, Am V; Const 1963, art 1, § 17. Miranda3 requires that a person who is
subject to custodial interrogation be given a series of warnings to protect that constitutional
privilege against self-incrimination. People v Tanner, 496 Mich 199, 207-208; 853 NW2d 653
(2014). Interrogation “refers to express questioning and to any words or actions on the part of
the police that the police should know are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response
from the suspect.” People v Anderson, 209 Mich App 527, 532-533; 531 NW2d 780 (1995).
Statements a defendant makes during a custodial interrogation are inadmissible at trial unless the
defendant voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waived his Fifth Amendment rights. People
v Mayes (After Remand), 202 Mich App 181, 190; 508 NW2d 161 (1993).

         To determine whether a defendant was in custody at the time of questioning, courts
consider the totality of the circumstances. Id. “ ‘Relevant factors include the location of the
questioning, its duration, statements made during the interview, the presence or absence of
physical restraints during the questioning, and the release of the interviewee at the end of the
questioning.’ ” Elliott, 494 Mich at 307, quoting Howes v Fields, 565 US 499, 509; 132 S Ct
1181; 182 L Ed 2d 17 (2012). “ ‘Not all restraints on freedom of movement amount to custody
for purposes of Miranda.’ ” Id. “[W]hether incarceration constitutes custody for Miranda
purposes . . . depends upon whether it exerts the coercive pressure that Miranda was designed to
guard against—the danger of coercion [that] results from the interaction of custody and official
interrogation.” Id. at 306 (citations and quotation marks omitted). Thus, “the first constitutional
step is to determine ‘whether an individual’s freedom of movement was curtailed . . . .’ ” Id. at
308, quoting Howes, 565 US at 509. If it was, “the court should then ask ‘the additional question
whether the relevant environment presents the same inherently coercive pressures as the type of
station house questioning at issue in Miranda.’ ” Id.

        Here, defendant was on parole with an electronic tether that required his presence at the
scene of the questioning. There was no evidence that defendant was told that he was free to
leave the meeting or end the questioning. Our Supreme Court has acknowledged that inherently
compelling pressures might arise in the relationship between a parolee and a parole officer.4


3
    Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966).
4
 Because the parolee-parole officer relationship is adversarial, a parole officer is a state agent,
parolees are generally “obligated to report to and answer his or her parole officer’s questions to


                                                -6-
Elliott, 494 Mich at 314-315. Thus, defendant was subject to some conditions that limited his
ability to end the interview. But “custody for Miranda purposes has been more narrowly
circumscribed,” and under that narrower standard, defendant “was not in custody for purposes of
receiving Miranda protection since there was no formal arrest or restraint on freedom of
movement of the degree associated with a formal arrest.” Minnesota v Murphy, 465 US 420,
430; 104 S Ct 1136; 79 L Ed 2d 409 (1984) (citations omitted).

        Defendant was questioned at his residence for about 12 to 15 minutes; the questions
pertained to a suspected parole violation rather than a suspected crime; there was no evidence
that the parole supervisor was armed or threatened defendant, and he did not impose restraints in
addition to those imposed by defendant’s parole, and there was no indication that defendant tried
to stop the interview, refused to answer any questions, or requested or attempted to leave. In
fact, there was no nexus between defendant’s location and his interrogation as he “was not taken
into, or maintained in, custody to facilitate his interrogation.” People v Herndon, 246 Mich App
371, 396; 633 NW2d 376 (2001). Thus, “any compulsion [defendant] might have felt from the
possibility that terminating the meeting would have led to revocation of probation was not
comparable to the pressure on a suspect who is painfully aware that he literally cannot escape a
persistent custodial interrogator.” Minnesota, 465 US at 433; see also Elliott, 494 Mich at 308-
316 (finding a parolee detained on a parole violation was not in custody for purposes of
Miranda). Accordingly, under the totality of the circumstances, a reasonable person in
defendant’s position would not have believed that there was a restriction of his freedom beyond
his normal parole restrictions, and the situation did not present the “ ‘same inherently coercive
pressures as the type of station house questioning at issue in Miranda.’ ” Elliott, 494 Mich at
308, quoting Howes, 565 US at 509. Thus, defendant’s statements were made during a
noncustodial interrogation, which did not require that he be advised of his rights pursuant to
Miranda, and the trial court therefore did not err in denying the motion to suppress.

       Lastly, defendant argues that he was denied due process and a fair trial when the trial
court abused its discretion by admitting evidence of his prior convictions—four counts of
criminal sexual conduct (CSC) in the 3rd degree, and one count of CSC in the 4th degree with a
victim between the ages of 13 and 15. We disagree.

       This Court reviews a trial court’s determination regarding the admissibility of evidence
for an abuse of discretion. People v Gursky, 486 Mich 596, 606; 786 NW2d 579 (2010). An
abuse of discretion occurs where the result falls outside the range of principled outcomes.
People v Babcock, 469 Mich 247, 269; 666 NW2d 231 (2003).

      If offered for a permissible purpose, MRE 404(b)(1) permits evidence of other crimes,
wrongs, or acts to be admitted at trial. Specifically, MRE 404(b)(1) provides that:



avoid the revocation of parole,” and “[i]f a parole officer has reasonable grounds to believe that a
parolee has violated the conditions of his or her parole, MCL 791.239 provides the officer with
statutory authority to arrest the parolee.” People v Elliott, 295 Mich App 623, 644; 815 NW2d
575 (2012), reversed on other grounds 494 Mich 292 (2013).


                                                -7-
       Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character
       of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be
       admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent,
       preparation, scheme, plan, or system in doing an act, knowledge, identity, or
       absence of mistake or accident when the same is material, whether such other
       crimes, wrongs, or acts are contemporaneous with, or prior or subsequent to the
       conduct at issue in the case. [MRE 404(b)(1).]

MRE 404(b)(1) is a rule of inclusion, meaning other acts evidence should be admitted if it is not
being offered solely to demonstrate “action in conformity,” i.e., criminal propensity. People v
Martzke, 251 Mich App 282, 289; 651 NW2d 490 (2002).

       Our Supreme Court has detailed the correct approach to admitting other acts evidence:

       First, the prosecutor must offer the other acts evidence under something other
       than a character to conduct or propensity theory. MRE 404(b). Second, the
       evidence must be relevant under MRE 402, as enforced through MRE 104(b), to
       an issue of fact of consequence at trial. Third, under MRE 403, a determination
       must be made whether the danger of undue prejudice [substantially] outweighs
       the probative value of the evidence in view of the availability of other means of
       proof and other facts appropriate for making decision of this kind under Rule 403.
       Finally, the trial court, upon request, may provide a limiting instruction under
       MRE 105. [People v Sabin (After Remand), 463 Mich 43, 55-56; 614 NW2d 888
       (2000) (quotation marks and citation omitted).]

        “Relevant evidence [] is evidence that is material (related to any fact that is of
consequence to the action) and has probative force (any tendency to make the existence of a fact
of consequence more or less probable than it would be without the evidence).” Id. at 57. A fact
is material when it is within the range of litigated matters in controversy. Id. Evidence causes
unfair prejudice if it is only marginally probative and may be given undue weight by the jury.
People v Ackerman, 257 Mich App 434, 442; 669 NW2d 818 (2003).

       First, evidence of defendant’s prior convictions was offered for the purpose of proving
defendant’s intent in possessing the photographs at issue. Intent is a proper purpose under MRE
404(b). People v Crawford, 458 Mich 376, 387; 582 NW2d 785 (1998) (noting that “intent” is
included in “MRE 404(b)’s laundry list of proper purposes”). Thus, the prosecutor articulated a
proper purpose for admission of defendant’s prior CSC convictions.

        Second, defendant’s intent in possessing the photographs was relevant to a fact at issue:
namely, whether the photographs constituted child sexually abusive material. Because
“knowledge” is the mens rea element of possession of child sexually abusive materials, Flick,
487 Mich at 13, a prosecutor is not required to prove a defendant’s intent for possessing the
materials to demonstrate criminal culpability under the statute. But in determining whether
images constitute child sexually abusive material, this Court has considered a defendant’s
subjective intent for possessing the images. See Riggs, 237 Mich App at 590 (considering the
defendant’s intent in making videos that contained nudity when determining whether those
videos were lascivious and therefore constituted erotic nudity). In this case, the claim was that

                                               -8-
the photographs defendant possessed of nude young girls produced voluptuous or lewd emotions
in defendant. Evidence that defendant previously engaged in sexual activity with a 14 and 15
year old girl made this claim more probable than it would have been without the evidence. Thus,
the prior CSC convictions tended to create an inference that defendant possessed the photographs
for sexual stimulation, which is probative of whether they contained erotic—rather than
innocent—nudity and constituted child sexually abusive material.

       Third, the danger of undue prejudice did not substantially outweigh the probative value of
evidence of defendant’s prior convictions. As discussed above, the evidence was highly
probative of defendant’s intent in possessing the photographs, which negated his claims of
innocent intent. The evidence was admitted only for the purpose of proving intent, and no details
were elicited regarding defendant’s prior convictions, thereby limiting the prejudicial effect.
Moreover, the trial court instructed the jury that other acts evidence could be considered only for
limited purposes. The trial court also specifically instructed the jurors that they could not
“convict the defendant here because [they] think he is guilty of other bad conduct” or decide that
defendant’s prior CSC convictions “show[] that the defendant is a bad person or that he is likely
to commit crimes.” Jurors are presumed to follow the trial court’s instructions. People v Unger,
278 Mich App 210, 237; 749 NW2d 272 (2008). Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in admitting the other acts evidence.

       We affirm.

                                                            /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                            /s/ Amy Ronayne Krause
                                                            /s/ Mark T. Boonstra




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