                                      COURT OF CHANCERY
                                              OF THE
                                      STATE OF DELAWARE

TAMIKA R. MONTGOMERY-REEVES                                          Leonard Williams Justice Center
      VICE CHANCELLOR                                                500 N. King Street, Suite 11400
                                                                    Wilmington, Delaware 19801-3734


                                Date Submitted: October 4, 2018
                                Date Decided: October 26, 2018




    Marc S. Casarino, Esquire                     David E. Moore, Esquire
    White and Williams LLP                        Jonathan A. Choa, Esquire
    600 North King Street, Suite 800              Alan R. Silverstein, Esquire
    Wilmington, DE 19801                          Potter Anderson & Corroon LLP
                                                  Hercules Plaza
                                                  Wilmington, DE 19899

            RE:    Lexington Services Ltd. v. U.S. Patent No. 8019807 Delegate, LLC,
                   and Florian Karrer, Civil Action No. 2018-0157-TMR

      Dear Counsel:

            This letter opinion resolves Defendants Florian Karrer and U.S. Patent No.

      8019807 Delegate, LLC’s Motion to Dismiss the Verified Complaint of Plaintiff

      Lexington Services Ltd. For the reasons that follow, I stay this action.

      I.    BACKGROUND
            All facts are drawn from the Verified Complaint (the “Complaint”) and the

      documents incorporated therein. At this stage of the proceedings, I must take all of

      Plaintiff’s well-pled facts as true and draw all reasonable inferences in its favor.
      Plaintiff Lexington Services Ltd. (“Lexington”) is a Maltese company under

the control of the Flannery family, including James Flannery. 1 Lexington and non-

party Mortimer J. Walters are in the midst of a dispute over control of U.S. Patent

8,019,807 (the “Patent”). The Patent is “directed to methods and systems for

integrating heterogeneous computer systems’ components into a service broker

system, which simplifies application connections between different types of

application programs and interfaces within the application programs, typically

enterprise level or wider.”2 Walters, who owned 20% of the company holding the

Patent, and Flannery, who with his family invested in the same company, set out to

monetize the patent, but they ended up in a court dispute in Ireland (the “Irish

Litigation”).3 The Irish Litigation settled, resulting in (1) the Irish Settlement

Agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”), which laid out the general terms of the

settlement; (2) the Patent Security Agreement (the “Security Agreement”), which

specifically defined the obligations of the parties; (3) Lexington taking title to the

Patent; (4) Walters (through his company Anthology SA) taking a security interest

in the Patent; and (5) Lexington paying a sum of money to Walters.4 The Settlement


1
      Compl. 2-3.
2
      Id. at 4 (citing Ex. A, at 1:15-20).
3
      Id. at 4-5.
4
      Id. at 5.


                                             2
Agreement gives Walters—or his nominee, as the security interest was assignable—

“power to appoint a receiver or equivalent with a power of sale” if Lexington

defaults. 5 The Settlement Agreement also requires Lexington to (1) provide annual

accounting reports to Walters regarding its efforts to monetize the Patent and (2) not

become insolvent.6

      Walters alleges that Lexington defaulted on its obligations under the

Settlement Agreement by failing to provide reports and becoming insolvent.7 On

that basis, on March 8, 2017, Walters and U.S. Patent No. 8019807 Delegate, LLC

(“Delegate”) executed a Patent Assignment Agreement (the “PAA”). 8 The PAA

purports to transfer ownership of the Patent from Lexington to Defendant Delegate,

which was organized to receive the Patent. 9 Defendant Karrer signed the PAA on

behalf of Defendant Delegate.10 Walters signed the PAA on behalf of Lexington.11

This dispute centers on the validity of Walters’ signature and whether this was a



5
      Walters Aff. Ex. 1 ¶ 6.a.
6
      Defs.’ Opening Br. 5-6.
7
      Id.
8
      Id.
9
      Id.
10
      Id.
11
      Id.


                                          3
fraudulent transaction. Both issues depend on Walters’ authority under the Security

Agreement.

II.   THE LITIGATIONS
      On April 19, 2017, Lexington filed a Corrective Declaration for Recordation

of Corrective Notice of Assignment (“Corrective Recordation”) with the United

States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”), disputing transfer of title.12 The

USPTO recorded the Corrective Recordation but informed Lexington that it could

not prevent future assignments.13

      Litigation soon commenced. On May 17, 2017, Lexington filed suit in the

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, arguing that Walters

signed the PAA fraudulently. 14 That court granted Walters, Delegate, and Karrer’s

motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction on August 30, 2017.15

      Lexington next challenged the PAA in Virginia state court. On September 5,

2017, Lexington filed a complaint against Walters, Delegate, and Karrer in the




12
      Id. at 9.
13
      Id. at 9-10.
14
      Pl.’s Opp. Ex. B.
15
      Id. Ex. C (Lexington Servs., Ltd. v. Walters, 2017 WL 5158680, at *5 (E.D. Va.
      Aug. 30, 2017)).


                                          4
Virginia Circuit Court for the City of Alexandria.16 On November 2, 2017, the

Virginia state court dismissed the matter for lack of personal jurisdiction. 17

       Meanwhile, non-parties Walters and Brian Connell attempted to proceed with

a lawsuit in Ireland. On September 20, 2017, Walters and Connell filed suit in

Ireland seeking an injunction to bar Flannery and Lexington from pursuing the

Virginia state case.18 On October 11, 2017, the Irish court denied the request for

injunctive relief; 19 that case remains open but has not proceeded further.20

       On January 10, 2018, Walters and Campbell filed the most recent litigation in

Ireland. 21 In that suit, Walters seeks “a declaration that the [Settlement Agreement]

and the [Security Agreement] entitle him and Delegate to take possession of the

[Patent].” 22




16
       Id. Ex. D.
17
       Id. Ex. E (Lexington Servs., Ltd. v. Walters, No. CL17003336 (Va. Cir. Ct., City of
       Alexandria, Nov. 2, 2017)).
18
       Pl.’s Opp. 19.
19
       Id.
20
       Defs.’ Reply Br. 14 n.6.
21
       Defs.’ Opening Br. 9.
22
       Id.


                                            5
       On March 8, 2018, Lexington filed the lawsuit currently pending before me. 23

First, Lexington asserts that Karrer and Delegate fraudulently transferred the

ownership of the Patent from Lexington to Delegate because non-party Walters was

not authorized to sign on behalf of Lexington. Second, Lexington contends that

Karrer and Delegate’s actions put a cloud on the title of the patent, causing Lexington

to lose licensing revenue.     Third, Lexington avers that Delegate and Karrer

unlawfully attempted to take title, and this interfered with Lexington’s future

business prospects. Lexington seeks monetary, injunctive, and declaratory relief.

III.   ANALYSIS
       In this case, the parties chose foreign law—here, Irish law—and the forum-

selection clause should be interpreted in accordance with the law chosen. 24 None of

the relevant conduct occurred in Delaware. The parties, however, make only passing

references to Irish law. Defendants Delegate and Karrer (“Defendants”) note that

             [t]o the extent the Court determines that the forum
             selection clause is to be interpreted according to Irish law,
             forum selection clauses are presumed exclusive under
             Irish law. As Irish law affords at least as much deference
             to the contracting parties as does Delaware law,




23
       Compl. 10-22.
24
       Ashall Homes Ltd. v. ROK Entm’t Gp., 992 A.2d 1239, 1245 (Del. Ch. Apr. 23,
       2010) (citation omitted).


                                          6
             interpretation thereunder compels the same result as does
             interpretation under Delaware law. 25

      One assurance that forum-selection clauses are enforced under Irish law is not

enough for me to rule on what Irish law requires. Here, as in Ashall Homes Ltd. v.

ROK Entertainment Group, the Court does not have the knowledge of Irish law or

the access to Irish sources necessary to decide a question of Irish law. 26 Thus, out

of respect to the Irish courts, and because the parties have not cited Irish law to an

appreciable extent, this analysis proceeds exclusively under Delaware law. 27

      Delaware law favors the enforcement of forum-selection clauses. “Forum

selection [ ] clauses are ‘presumptively valid’ and should be ‘specifically’ enforced

unless the resisting party ‘[ ] clearly show[s] that enforcement would be


25
      Def.’s Opening Br. 11 n.3 (citing Lanier v. Syncreon Hldgs., Ltd., 2012 WL
      3475680, at *6 (E.D. Mich. Aug. 14, 2012)).

26
      992 A.2d 1239, 1245-46 (Del. Ch. 2010).
27
      Id. (citations omitted) (“When a contract contains a forum selection clause, this
      court will interpret the forum selection clause in accordance with the law chosen to
      govern the contract. Here, the agreements clearly chose English law to govern the
      parties’ relationship, and it appears that most of the relevant conduct occurred in
      England, and that none of the conduct on which the Ashall Plaintiffs’ claims turn
      occurred in Delaware. It is telling, however, that neither party has cited to English
      law—the law for which they bargained—in its briefing on this motion to any
      material degree. That illustrates a basic problem with adjudicating this dispute in
      Delaware: this court does not have—and cannot pretend to have—the same
      knowledge of English law or even access to English sources as the courts of
      England. In deference to the English courts, for which this court has great respect,
      and because the parties have not cited English law to an appreciable extent, the
      analysis will proceed exclusively under Delaware law.”).


                                            7
unreasonable and unjust, or that the clause [is] invalid for such reasons as fraud or

overreaching.’” 28 The Delaware Supreme Court affirmed that holding in National

Industrial Group (Holding) v. Carlyle Investment Management, ruling that “[a] valid

forum selection clause must be enforced.”29 “The courts of Delaware defer to forum

selection clauses and routinely ‘give effect to the terms of private agreements to

resolve disputes in a designated judicial forum out of respect for the parties’

contractual designation.’” 30 This Court typically will grant a motion to dismiss

under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(3) based upon a forum-selection clause “where

the parties ‘use express language clearly indicating that the forum selection clause


28
      Ingres Corp. v. CA, Inc., 8 A.3d 1143, 1146 (Del. 2010) (quoting M/S Bremen v.
      Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1 (1972) (some citations omitted); see also id. at
      1146 n.9 (citing Capital Grp. Cos. v. Armour, 2004 WL 2521295, at *3 (Del. Ch.
      Nov. 3, 2004); M/S Bremen, 407 U.S. at 15 (“A contractual choice-of-forum clause
      should be held unenforceable if enforcement would contravene a strong public
      policy of the forum in which suit is brought, whether declared by statute or by
      judicial decision.”); HealthTrio, Inc. v. Margules, 2007 WL 544156, at *3 (Del.
      Super. Jan. 16, 2007) (“Mere inconvenience or additional expense is not the test of
      unreasonableness. In light of present day commercial realities, a forum clause
      should control absent a strong showing that it should be set aside.”); Elia Corp. v.
      Howard Corp., 391 A.2d 214, 216 (Del. Super. 1978) (“Such an agreement is
      unreasonable only when its enforcement would, under the circumstances then
      existing, seriously impair the plaintiff’s ability to pursue his cause of action.”); Cent.
      Contr. Co. v. Md. Cas. Co., 367 F.2d 341, 345 (3d Cir. 1966) (“[I]t should be
      respected as the responsible expression of the intention of the parties so long as there
      is no proof that its provisions will put one of the parties to an unreasonable
      disadvantage and thereby subvert the interests of justice.”)).
29
      67 A.3d 373, 381 (Del. 2013) (emphasis added) (citation omitted).
30
      Ashall, 992 A.2d at 1245 (citing Troy Corp. v. Schoon, 2007 WL 949441, at *2 (Del.
      Ch. Mar. 26, 2007)).


                                              8
excludes all other courts before which those parties could otherwise properly bring

an action.’” 31

       A.     Walters’ Authority Under the Security Agreement is a Threshold
              Question
       Plaintiff’s entire case hinges on the notion that Walters did not have the

authority to transfer the Patent from Lexington to another entity. Plaintiff claims

that non-party Walters and Defendant Karrer committed fraud, equitable fraud,

fraudulent conveyance, conspiracy to defraud, tortious interference with prospective

business prospects, and conversion when they conveyed title to the Patent. Plaintiff

also seeks to quiet title and a declaratory judgment. Defendants respond that Walters

had authority under the Security Agreement to transfer title from Lexington to

Delegate; thus, Plaintiff’s claims fail.

       Security Agreement Clause 11, entitled Powers of Receiver, lays out the

powers that any receiver or delegate appointed by Walters or his assignee will

have. 32 These include the power to “take immediate possession of” the Patent, to

“sell, realise, or otherwise dispose of property and enter into, abandon, perform,




31
       Id. (citing Eisenbud v. Omnitech Corp. Sols., Inc., 1996 WL 162245, at *1 (Del. Ch.
       Mar. 21, 1996)).
32
       Walters Aff. Ex. 2 § 11.


                                            9
repudiate, rescind, vary or cancel any contracts,” and to “sell or assign . . . [the

Patent] on any terms and conditions as he thinks fit.”33

      Security Agreement Clause 14, entitled Power of Attorney, sets out more

powers that any receiver or delegate will have.34 This includes the power to

             be the attorney of [Lexington] and, in its name, on its
             behalf and as its act and deed, to execute any documents
             and do any acts and things that pursuant to the Settlement
             Agreement: (a) [Lexington] is required to execute and do
             under this agreement; or (b) any attorney so appointed
             deems proper or desirable in exercising any of the rights,
             powers, authorities and discretions conferred by this
             agreement or by law on [Walters], any Receiver or any
             Delegate. [Lexington] ratifies and confirms, and agrees to
             ratify and confirm, anything that any of its attorneys may
             do in the proper and lawful exercise, or purported exercise,
             of all or any of the rights, powers, authorities and
             discretions referred to in clause 14.1. 35

      Interpretation of the Security Agreement—particularly whether Lexington

was in default on its Security Agreement obligations and whether Walters properly

exercised his authority under the Security Agreement—is at the core of this dispute,

and that interpretation must be decided before I can rule on any of Plaintiff’s claims.




33
      Id.
34
      Id. § 14 (heading omitted).
35
      Id.


                                          10
      B.     The Settlement Agreement and the Security Agreement Contain
             Exclusive Forum-Selection Clauses
      The Settlement Agreement states that any dispute “arising out of or in

connection with [this agreement] or its subject matter or formation” must be brought

in Ireland.36 The Settlement Agreement adds that “[t]his Agreement may be pleaded

as a full and complete bar to any proceedings, or other legal action commenced or

brought in any jurisdiction in breach of, or contrary to, the terms of the

Agreement.” 37

      Paragraph 21.2 of the Security Agreement reads

             (a) Each party irrevocably agrees that, subject to the
             exception set out in (b) below, the courts of Ireland shall
             have exclusive jurisdiction over any dispute or claim
             arising out of or in connection with this agreement or its
             subject matter or formation (including non-contractual
             disputes or claims) and, for such purposes, irrevocably
             submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts. Any
             proceedings, suit or action arising out of [or] in connection
             with this agreement shall therefore be brought in the
             Courts of Ireland.
             (b) The parties agree that any dispute arising in relation
             to the USPTO Registration and/or any licence granted by
             [Lexington] pursuant to Clause 7.1 . . . shall be subject to
             the jurisdiction of U.S. District Court for the Eastern
             District of Virginia applying U.S. Federal law and any
             dispute arising out of the Maltese Registration shall be
             governed by the laws of the Republic of Malta. 38

36
      Walters Aff. Ex. 1 ¶ 20.
37
      Id. ¶ 19.
38
      Id. Ex. 2 ¶ 21.2.


                                          11
       The USPTO Registration means

              the registration of this agreement as a grant of a first fixed
              charge Security by [Lexington] to [Walters or his
              assignee] in the Patent in the US Patent and Trade Mark
              Office upon the execution of this Patent Security
              Agreement recording the interests of [Lexington] in the
              Patent as set out in this document in accordance with the
              Confirmatory Security Agreement attached at Schedule
              2. 39

       Security Agreement Clause 7.1 reads, in relevant part, “[Lexington] shall not

at any time, except with the prior written consent of [Anthology SA]: … sell, assign,

transfer, part with possession of or otherwise dispose of in any manner (or purport

to do so) all or any part of, or any interest in, the [Patent].” 40

       C.     The Forum-Selection Clause Requires the Threshold Question Be
              Litigated in Ireland
       Under Paragraph 21.2(a) of the Security Agreement, the courts of Ireland have

exclusive jurisdiction over cases “arising out of or in connection with this

agreement.” Plaintiff argues that Paragraph 21.2 does not apply because this case

arises out of the PAA. 41 Plaintiff’s argument fails. Regardless of the validity of the

PAA—which Plaintiff contests—the dispute arises out of Walters’ authority or lack



39
       Id. ¶ 1.1.
40
       Id. ¶ 7.1(b).
41
       Pl.’s Opp. 7-12.


                                             12
of authority under the Security Agreement to dispose of the patent by assigning it to

Delegate.

      Security Agreement Paragraph 21.2(b) provides an exception to Paragraph

21.2(a)’s selection of Ireland. Plaintiff reads Paragraph 21.2(b) to provide two

situations where a case must proceed in the United States District Court for the

Eastern District of Virginia: first, “any dispute arising in relation to the USPTO

Registration” and second “any licence granted by the Debtor pursuant to Clause 7.1.”

Even applying Plaintiff’s reading, the exceptions do not apply here. This dispute

does not arise in relation to the USPTO Registration as defined by the Security

Agreement because that is a narrow technical provision relating to the recording of

interests. This dispute also does not arise in relation to a license granted by

Lexington, pursuant to Clause 7.1 or otherwise, because the PAA is not a license

either by name or by nature—it is an assignment, as Plaintiff says many times in its

papers.42

      Because Paragraph 21.2(a) applies to this case, and because the exception in

Paragraph 21.2(b) does not apply to this case, the forum-selection clause requires

the courts of Ireland first address the threshold question of Walters’ authority to

transfer the Patent.


42
      See, e.g., id. at 13 (“[T]he PAA falls under Section 7.1 of the Security Agreement
      regarding any disagreement over assignment” of the Patent.).


                                          13
      D.       Defendants May Invoke the Forum-Selection Clauses of the
               Settlement Agreement and the Security Agreement
      Plaintiff claims that Defendants may not invoke the forum-selection clauses

of the Settlement Agreement and Security Agreement because Defendants are not

signatories.    Delaware law, however, allows non-signatories to invoke these

provisions in cases where they are “closely related to one of the signatories such that

the non-party’s enforcement of the clause is foreseeable by virtue of the relationship

between the signatory and the party sought to be bound.”43 In Ashall, then-Vice

Chancellor, now-Chief Justice, Strine allowed officers and directors of the entity

with the forum-selection clause to invoke its benefits because they were closely

involved in the creation of the entity and because they were being sued as a result of

acts that directly implicated the negotiation of the agreement that led to the entity’s

creation.44

      Here, as in Ashall, the Defendants are closely related to one of the signatories

by virtue of Defendants’ positions as officers and foreseeable by virtue of their

relationship to the Security Agreement. Defendants are also being sued because of

acts they took in regards to the Security Agreement. Defendant Delegate is an entity

created to receive the Patent, and the ownership of the Patent—including its possible



43
      Ashall, 992 A.2d at 1249.
44
      Id.


                                          14
eventual assignment to a different entity such as Delegate in case of Plaintiff

Lexington’s default—is foreseen by the Security Agreement.              The Security

Agreement explicitly allows Walters, who is a signatory, to assign his security

interest to a third party. 45 Thus, Delegate or a party standing in Delegate’s shoes is

foreseeable. Defendant Karrer is being sued for his actions as a manager of

Delegate. In the event of the foreseeable transfer to an entity, someone must carry

out the role Karrer did. His actions were foreseeable, and he is closely related to the

agreement. For those reasons, Delegate and Karrer may invoke the Settlement

Agreement’s and the Security Agreement’s forum-selection clauses.

      E.     A Decision in the Irish Court Would Not Necessarily Decide All
             Potential Delaware Claims
      In deciding between a dismissal or a stay, it is important to understand the

effects that a decision in Irish court would have on the claims in this Court.

      Walters has asked the Irish court to decide “whether the PAA is a valid

exercise of Mr. Walters’s authority under the [Security Agreement] and the

[Settlement Agreement].” 46

      If the Irish court finds that Mr. Walters acted properly under the terms of the

Security Agreement and the Settlement Agreement, then the PAA is valid. All of



45
      Walters Aff. Ex. 2, at 19.
46
      Defs.’ Reply Br. 16 (citing Def.’s Opening Br. Ex.14, at 11).


                                          15
Lexington’s Delaware claims would be decided, because they are all based on the

premise that Walters did not have the authority he exercised.

      If the Irish court decides that the PAA is not a valid exercise of Walters’s

authority under the Security Agreement and the Settlement Agreement, Lexington

might reasonably have claims based on the Patent’s illegitimate transfer that could

be litigated in Delaware.

      For this reason, a stay is appropriate. Because I grant a stay of the action, I

do not reach the forum non conveniens argument or the 12(b)(6) argument.

IV.   CONCLUSION
      To summarize, I hereby STAY these proceedings pending resolution of the

Irish action. I do not address the remaining arguments for dismissal.

                                             Sincerely,

                                             /s/Tamika Montgomery-Reeves

                                             Vice Chancellor

TMR/jp




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