   United States Navy-Marine Corps
       Court of Criminal Appeals
                     _________________________

                       UNITED STATES
                           Appellee

                                 v.

                    Mansoo M. MASGA
           Gunnery Sergeant (E-7), U.S. Marine Corps
                          Appellant

                         No. 201700276

  Appeal from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary
                     Decided: 13 February 2019
                         Military Judge:
          Lieutenant Colonel Eugene H. Robinson, USMC.
Sentence adjudged 12 May 2017 by a general court-martial consisting
of officer and enlisted members convened at Camp Foster, Okinawa,
Japan. Sentence approved by the convening authority: reduction to
E-1, total forfeiture of pay and allowances, confinement for 2 years,
and a dishonorable discharge.
                         For Appellant:
                     Brian A. Pristera, Esq.;
        Lieutenant Commander Jeremy J. Wall, JAGC, USN
                           For Appellee:
             Lieutenant Allyson L. Breech, JAGC, USN;
                  Captain Sean M. Monks, USMC;
              Lieutenant Jonathan Todd, JAGC, USN;
              Lieutenant Kurt W. Siegal, JAGC, USN
                     _________________________

       This opinion does not serve as binding precedent,
        but may be cited as persuasive authority under
         NMCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.2
                     _________________________
                     United States v. Masga, No. 201700276


                Before HUTCHISON, TANG, and LAWRENCE,
                         Appellate Military Judges.


HUTCHISON, Senior Judge:
    A general court-martial convicted the appellant, contrary to his pleas, of
wrongfully possessing and viewing child pornography in violation of Article
134, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 934 (2012). The
Convening Authority (CA) approved the adjudged sentence of two years’ con-
finement, reduction to paygrade E-1, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and
a dishonorable discharge. Except for the punitive discharge, the CA ordered
the sentence executed.
   The appellant initially raised three assignments of error (AOEs). First,
the appellant contends that the military judge abused his discretion by per-
mitting the trial counsel to improperly argue. Second, the appellant avers
that he received ineffective assistance of counsel during the post-trial phase
because his detailed defense counsel did not contact him to finalize his clem-
ency submission and failed to submit matters he wanted submitted to the
CA. Third, the appellant argues the CA failed to consider and decide his re-
quest to waive automatic forfeitures.
    Following our review of the record and the pleadings, we identified an ad-
ditional issue that impacted the appellant’s second and third AOEs. Specifi-
cally, we noted that the appellant’s end of active obligated service (EAOS) oc-
curred prior to trial, and that, as a result, he was not entitled to pay upon en-
tering post-trial confinement. 1 In light of the appellant’s non-pay status, we
asked the parties: (1) given the nature of the appellant’s punishment and the
limited authority of the CA to grant clemency pursuant to Article 60, UCMJ,
what prejudice did the appellant suffer from any post-trial deficient perfor-




   1  The appellant’s EAOS was 10 April 2017 and he was sentenced on 12 May 2017.
See United States v. Fischer, 61 M.J. 415, 419 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (“[E]very servicemem-
ber’s entitlement to pay is terminated at EA[O]S.”); see also Simoy v. United States,
64 F. App’x 745, 747 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (“[A] service member’s entitlement to pay ceases
when his enlistment expires.”); Matter of: Courts-martial Sentences-Records Lost Be-
fore Appellate Review-Appellate Leave Benefits, 1996 U.S. Comp. Gen. LEXIS 442, at
*4-5 (Sept. 12, 1996) (“It is a well settled rule that no credit for pay and allowances
accrues to a court-martialed enlisted member during periods after the expiration of
his term of enlistment.”); Dep’t Def. Fin. Mgmt. Reg. Vol. 7A, para. 010402.g.3, (Apr.
2017) (“An enlisted member retained in the Military Service for the purpose of trial
by court-martial is not entitled to pay for any period after the expiration of the en-
listment unless acquitted or the charges are dismissed, or the member is retained in
or restored to a full-duty status.”).


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                      United States v. Masga, No. 201700276


mance on the part of his trial defense counsel?; and (2) whether his third
AOE—alleging the CA failed to consider waiving automatic forfeitures—was
moot. 2 In response to our specified issues, the appellant concedes that he was
not entitled to pay and that his third AOE is therefore rendered moot.
   Having carefully considered the appellant’s remaining assigned errors,
the record of trial, and the parties’ submissions, we find no prejudicial error
and affirm.

                                 I. BACKGROUND

    While conducting an undercover operation in Okinawa, Japan, Naval
Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) agents identified a known child por-
nography video downloaded from a peer-to-peer file sharing network to an
internet protocol (IP) address registered to the appellant. During an NCIS
interrogation following his apprehension, the appellant admitted to using the
peer-to-peer program to search for and download adult pornography. The ap-
pellant explained that during his sweeping searches for adult pornography
using the peer-to-peer program, he would download numerous files respon-
sive to the search terms he entered. Sometimes those files, unbeknownst to
him, contained child pornography, and he would, therefore, unwittingly, “ac-
cidentally,” download child pornography. 3 According to the appellant, he
would then immediately delete any file containing child pornography.
    The appellant consented to a search of his computers, hard drives, and
other electronic media. A subsequent forensic examination conducted by the
Defense Computer Forensics Lab (DCFL) of the appellant’s digital media re-
vealed the presence of numerous images and videos depicting child pornogra-
phy. In addition to the DCFL report and the images and videos found, the
government introduced two additional documents pursuant to MILITARY
RULE OF EVIDENCE (MIL. R. EVID.) 404(b), MANUAL FOR COURTS-MARTIAL,
UNITED STATES (2016 ed.). The first document, Prosecution Exhibit (PE) 14,
is a list of 390 search terms related to child pornography that were entered
into the search bar of the peer-to-peer application found on the appellant’s
computer. The second document, PE 15, is a spreadsheet showing the dates
and times various files with names indicative of child pornography were
downloaded using the peer-to-peer program on the appellant’s computer. The
government’s computer forensic expert testified that the list constituted




   2   See N-M. Ct. Crim. App. Order of 11 Dec 2018.
   3 Prosecution Exhibit (PE) 10; Appellate Exhibit (AE) XLV at 48. AE XLV is a
transcript of the appellant’s NCIS interrogation, PE 10.


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                        United States v. Masga, No. 201700276


“trace evidence” that each file listed in PE 15 had been downloaded to the ap-
pellant’s computer via the peer-to-peer program, but she qualified her testi-
mony to indicate that she was not testifying that each file listed in PE 15 was
actually on the appellant’s computer. 4 The expert explained that although it
was possible to search the appellant’s computer to verify the presence of all of
the downloaded file names indicated in the download list, it was not feasible
to do so because it was such a laborious process. 5 She did, however, manually
confirm that four of the videos and images entered into evidence at trial
matched file names contained in PE 15. She further explained it was “too
much data to report on all the files on the system” and she had already iden-
tified and extensively analyzed 16 images and videos of suspected child por-
nography found in allocated (undeleted) space. 6 The military judge admitted
the two documents as evidence of the appellant’s intent to download child
pornography and to rebut his assertion that any download of child pornogra-
phy was the result of accident or mistake.
   Prior to closing arguments, the military judge instructed the members
how they could use the two documents:
             Prosecution Exhibit 14 is a list of Internet search terms.
         Prosecution Exhibit 15 is a list of downloaded files. You may
         consider evidence that the accused may have searched for child
         pornography on the Internet using those search terms and
         downloaded files with those titles for the limited purpose of
         their tendency, if any, to prove intent to view and possess child
         pornography, knowledge of the child pornography he allegedly
         viewed and possessed, and to rebut the contention of the ac-
         cused that his viewing and possession of child pornography was
         the result of accident or mistake. You may not consider this ev-
         idence for any other purpose, and you may not conclude from
         this evidence that the accused is a bad person or has general
         criminal tendencies and that he, therefore, committed the of-
         fenses charged. 7




   4   Record at 663-64.
   5   The trial counsel explained this process required “search[ing] for every single
file of every single download on the computer.” Excluding duplicates, there were over
200 downloaded file names in PE 15 that were indicative of child pornography. Id. at
585.
   6   Id. at 666.
   7   Id. at 858-59.


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                       United States v. Masga, No. 201700276


    During his closing argument the trial counsel referenced the search terms
found on the appellant’s computer, referring to them as “390 items of specific
intent.” 8 Referencing a specific search term used, the trial counsel reminded
the members of a graphic video found on the appellant’s computer and argued
that “[y]ou put in a search term like this, you might get something like [the
graphic video].” 9 The trial counsel explained:
             Is there any lawful, logical, or innocent person—a reason
         for searching for something like this? . . . [H]ow many terms
         does the government have to provide to show you that that was
         his intent to download that garbage? 390 is overwhelming. It's
         overwhelming. What were the results? He got exactly what he
         ordered. When you look at just the search terms and the [child
         pornography] on the DVD, he got exactly what he was search-
         ing for. 10
    The civilian defense counsel objected, claiming the trial counsel’s argu-
ment was contrary to the military judge’s instructions. The military judge
overruled the objection. The trial counsel continued with his argument, again
referring to the search terms and the names of files downloaded to the appel-
lant’s computer. The trial counsel conceded that the files listed on the
spreadsheet as having been downloaded to the appellant’s computer were not
necessarily the files found on the appellant’s computer during the forensic
search, but argued that the graphic file names along with the search terms
was evidence of the appellant’s intent. The appellant’s civilian defense coun-
sel objected again, and the military judge noted the objection.
   Additional facts necessary to resolve the issues are included below.

                                   II. DISCUSSION

A. Improper Argument
   The appellant contends that the military judge erred when he permitted
the trial counsel to “criminalize [the appellant’s] alleged use of the search
term[s]” and to argue that a “lawful, logical, or innocent person” would have
not used those search terms. 11 The appellant contends that such an argument
was in direct violation of the military judge’s limiting instruction on the use



   8   Id. at 875.
   9   Id.
   10   Id.
   11   Appellant’s Brief of 19 Mar 2018 at 15.


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                         United States v. Masga, No. 201700276


of that evidence, and was instead an impermissible argument that the appel-
lant had a propensity for crime.
    When preserved by objection, we review allegations of improper argument
de novo to determine whether the military judge’s ruling constitutes an abuse
of discretion. United States v. Sewell, 76 M.J. 14, 18 (C.A.A.F. 2017) (citing
United States v. Hornback, 73 M.J. 155, 159 (C.A.A.F. 2014). Improper argu-
ment is one facet of prosecutorial misconduct. See United States v. Young, 470
U.S. 1, 7-11 (1985). Prosecutorial misconduct occurs when the trial counsel
“oversteps the bounds of that propriety and fairness which should character-
ize the conduct of such an officer in the prosecution of a criminal offense.”
United States v. Fletcher, 62 M.J. 175, 178 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (quoting Berger v.
United States, 295 U.S. 78, 84 (1935)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Such conduct “can be generally defined as action or inaction by a trial counsel
in violation of some legal norm or standard, e.g., a constitutional provision, a
statute, a Manual rule, or an applicable professional ethics canon.” Id. at 160
(citations and internal quotation marks omitted). The trial counsel may ap-
propriately “argue the evidence of record, as well as all reasonable inferences
fairly derived from such evidence.” United States v. Baer, 53 M.J. 235, 237
(C.A.A.F. 2000). But, he may not inject his personal opinion into the mem-
bers’ deliberations, inflame their passions or prejudices, or ask them to con-
vict on the basis of criminal predisposition. See Sewell, 76 M.J. at 18; United
States v. Burton, 67 M.J. 150, 153 (C.A.A.F. 2009); Fletcher, 62 M.J. at 180;
Baer, 53 M.J. at 238.
    We conclude the trial counsel’s arguments were not improper and the mil-
itary judge did not, therefore, abuse his discretion in overruling the civilian
defense counsel’s objections. The military judge specifically instructed the
members that they were to consider the search terms and downloaded file
names in PE 14 and 15 for the limited purpose “to prove intent to view and
possess child pornography” and to “rebut the contention of the [appellant]
that his viewing and possession . . . was the result of accident or mistake.” 12
The trial counsel’s arguments conformed to this instruction. Each time the
trial counsel described a search term or the name of a file downloaded on the
appellant’s computer, he linked it to the appellant’s intent to download child
pornography. While the trial counsel did state, “Is there any lawful, logical,
or innocent person—a reason for searching for something like this?” we do
not read this sentence as an inappropriate propensity argument. Rather, we
believe a reasonable member would believe the trial counsel briefly misspoke
and immediately corrected the sentence to refer to an “innocent reason” why
a person would use such search terms. This reading makes more sense in the


   12   Record at 858.


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                     United States v. Masga, No. 201700276


context of the question. The disjointed sentence does not make any assertions
as to what an “innocent person” would or would not do and does not argue
that the appellant is not “innocent” merely because the search terms were
found on his computer. And although the words were used consecutively, we
do not find this to be an improper euphemism for predisposition or propensi-
ty. Rather, the trial counsel’s argument focused on the intent of the appel-
lant; that the search terms were circumstantial evidence that the appellant
sought out and purposefully downloaded the child pornography actually
found on his computer, rather than innocently or accidentally downloading it
along with adult pornography, as he claimed.
    Regardless, even were we to find the trial counsel’s argument improper,
“reversal is warranted only when the trial counsel’s comments, taken as a
whole, were so damaging that we cannot be confident that the members con-
victed the appellant on the basis of the evidence alone.” Sewell, 76 M.J. at 18
(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). In Fletcher, the Court of Ap-
peals for the Armed Forces set out three factors to guide our determination of
the prejudicial effect of improper argument: “(1) the severity of the miscon-
duct, (2) the measures adopted to cure the misconduct, and (3) the weight of
the evidence supporting the conviction[s].” 62 M.J. at 184. Indeed, the “third
factor [alone] may so clearly favor the government that the appellant cannot
demonstrate prejudice.” United States v. Andrews, 77 M.J. 393, 402 (C.A.A.F.
2018) (alteration in original) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
    Here, the case against the appellant was overwhelming. NCIS agents
identified suspected child pornography being downloaded via a peer-to-peer
network to a computer using an IP address registered to the appellant. The
appellant had sole access to the computer and admitted to using the peer-to-
peer software to download pornography. He admitted viewing child pornog-
raphy, although he claimed it was an accident and he immediately deleted
the few offensive files. A forensic examination of the appellant’s computer
and portable hard drive revealed multiple undeleted videos of child pornog-
raphy and identified the graphic search terms used in the peer-to-peer pro-
gram—terms that were highly probative of the appellant’s intent, knowledge,
and lack of mistake. 13 Consequently, we conclude that even if the trial coun-
sel’s argument was improper, the appellant cannot demonstrate prejudice.



   13  Notably, the appellant does not contend that the military judge erred in admit-
ting the search terms or the spreadsheet of downloaded files as evidence of intent or
lack of mistake, pursuant to MIL. R. EVID. 404(b). Rather, the appellant argues only
that the trial counsel’s argument was improper. Thus, the members would still have
considered evidence of the search terms and the spreadsheet containing the list of
files downloaded.


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                     United States v. Masga, No. 201700276


B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
    The appellant next argues that his detailed defense counsel was ineffec-
tive in her post-trial representation. 14 In a post-trial affidavit, the appellant
asserts that he was never contacted to finalize his clemency submission, that
he spoke with trial defense counsel only four times after sentencing and re-
layed to her his desire to write a letter to the CA, and that she eventually
submitted clemency matters without his knowledge. 15 As a result, his pro-
posed, but undrafted, letter to the CA and a certificate of completion for a re-
lapse prevention course—completed while confined—were not presented to
the CA.
    We review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo. United
States v. Harpole, 77 M.J. 231, 236 (C.A.A.F. 2018). The Sixth Amendment
entitles criminal defendants to representation that does not fall “below an
objective standard of reasonableness” in light of “prevailing professional
norms.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688 (1984). The right to ef-
fective assistance of counsel extends to post-trial proceedings. United States
v. Cornett, 47 M.J. 128, 133 (C.A.A.F. 1997).
    In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, an appel-
lant must demonstrate both (1) that his counsel’s performance was deficient,
and (2) that this deficiency resulted in prejudice. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.
“The burden on each prong rests with the appellant challenging his counsel’s
performance.” United States v. Davis, 60 M.J. 469, 473 (C.A.A.F. 2005). The
first prong requires the appellant to show that counsel’s performance fell be-
low an objective standard of reasonableness, indicating that counsel was not
functioning as counsel within the meaning of the Sixth Amendment. United
States v. Terlep, 57 M.J. 344, 349 (C.A.A.F. 2002). Our review of counsel’s
performance is highly deferential and is buttressed by a strong presumption
that counsel provided adequate representation. United States v. Garcia, 59
M.J. 447, 450 (C.A.A.F. 2004).
    The second prong requires a showing of prejudice resulting from counsel’s
deficient performance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. When evaluating claims
of ineffective assistance of counsel related to post-trial representation, courts
must give an appellant the benefit of the doubt and find that “there is mate-
rial prejudice to the substantial rights of an appellant if there is an error and



   14  The appellant’s allegation of ineffective assistance is aimed solely at his de-
tailed defense counsel and not his civilian defense counsel, as the civilian defense
counsel was not retained for post-trial matters.
   15 See Appellant’s Motion to Attach of 15 Mar 2018 at Exhibit G (Affidavit of Ap-
pellant of 13 Mar 2018).


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                     United States v. Masga, No. 201700276


the appellant ‘makes some colorable showing of possible prejudice.’” United
States v. Wheelus, 49 M.J. 283, 289 (C.A.A.F. 1998) (quoting United States v.
Chatman, 46 M.J. 321, 324 (C.A.A.F. 1997)). In resolving claims of ineffec-
tiveness, we “need not determine whether counsel’s performance was defi-
cient before examining the prejudice suffered by the [appellant].” Strickland,
466 U.S. at 697. “Rather, ‘[i]f it is easier to dispose of an ineffectiveness claim
on the ground of lack of sufficient prejudice, which . . . will often be so, that
course should be followed.’” United States v. Datavs, 71 M.J. 420, 424-25 (al-
teration in original) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697).
    Regarding Strickland’s first prong, the detailed defense counsel submitted
an affidavit pursuant to an order from this court, generally denying the ap-
pellant’s allegations and specifically denying that the appellant ever told her
he intended to write a letter to the CA. We received the detailed defense
counsel’s affidavit prior to ordering the parties to brief the specified issues.
As a result, the detailed defense counsel’s affidavit did not address the expi-
ration of the appellant’s EAOS. We are, however, mindful that the detailed
defense counsel asked the CA for “clemency on the forfeitures” seemingly un-
aware that her client was no longer entitled to pay, and that the CA was
powerless to grant her request. 16 While this level of advocacy seems to fall
below professional norms, we need not decide whether the counsel’s perfor-
mance was deficient, because, in this case, we conclude the appellant has not
made a colorable showing of possible prejudice resulting from either the de-
tailed defense counsel’s alleged failure to consult with him before submitting
clemency matters, or her flawed clemency request.
    Given the appellant’s adjudged sentence, the restrictions imposed by Arti-
cle 60(c)(4), UCMJ, on the CA’s clemency powers, and the fact that the appel-
lant was sentenced after the end of his term of enlistment and was therefore
not entitled to pay and allowances, 17 the CA’s ability to grant clemency in
this case was extremely limited. Although “[t]he colorable showing threshold
is low, . . . the prejudice must bear a reasonable relationship to the error, and
it must involve a reasonably available remedy.” United States v. Capers, 62
M.J. 268, 270 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (emphasis added) (citation omitted). Here, the
appellant has not provided an “adequate description” of what “alternative



   16   Clemency ltr of 20 Aug 17 at 1. The CA was also apparently unaware of the
appellant’s status. Neither the CA’s Action, the Staff Judge Advocate’s Recommenda-
tion, its addendum, nor the CA’s letter denying the appellant’s request to defer impo-
sition of forfeitures ever mentions the fact that the appellant was not entitled to pay,
and that, therefore, the CA was powerless to waive or defer forfeiture of pay.
   17See also Appellant’s Response to Specified Issue of 28 Dec 2018 at 2 (“Once
GySgt Masga was convicted he was no longer eligible for pay and allowances.”).


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                   United States v. Masga, No. 201700276


form of clemency” he might have sought. Id. Indeed, the only clemency avail-
able to the appellant would have been action on his reduction in rank. But,
the appellant has provided no evidence to suggest that he desired any relief
from the reduction in rank. And, in the appellant’s case, as a prisoner not en-
titled to pay and allowances and pending a punitive discharge, we find any
such relief illusory.

                             III. CONCLUSION

   After careful consideration of the record and briefs of appellate counsel,
we have determined that the approved findings and sentence are correct in
law and fact and that no error materially prejudicial to the appellant’s sub-
stantial rights occurred. Arts. 59 and 66, UCMJ. Accordingly, the findings
and sentence as approved by the convening authority are AFFIRMED.
   Judge TANG and Judge LAWRENCE concur.


                                FOR THE COURT:




                                RODGER A. DREW, JR.
                                Clerk of Court




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