                                                                            FILED
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                             JUN 28 2016
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                           U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No. 14-56080

              Plaintiff - Appellee,              D.C. No. 3:12-cv-02643-JLS-
                                                 WVG
 v.

MARISELA CASTRO-JUAREZ, AKA                      MEMORANDUM*
Judy Maricella Juarez, AKA Marisela
Castro Vargas,

              Defendant - Appellant.


                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of California
                   Janis L. Sammartino, District Judge, Presiding

                        Argued and Submitted May 2, 2016
                              Pasadena, California

Before: PREGERSON, BYBEE, and N.R. SMITH, Circuit Judges.

      Defendant-appellant Marisela Castro-Juarez (Castro) appeals the district

court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the United States stripping Castro

of her naturalized U.S. citizenship. The district court found that Castro willfully



        *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
misrepresented and concealed material facts to procure U.S. citizenship because

she failed to disclose her criminal history on her application for naturalization and

in her INS interview. Castro concedes that she misrepresented her criminal

history, but argues that she did not do so willfully. She contends she was unable to

recall those facts at the time she filled out the form, due to traumatic events in her

past that caused her to repress her memories. Castro also argues that her criminal

history was not material because the acts occurred outside the relevant five-year

period leading up to her application for naturalization, and that the government has

not sufficiently shown that her criminal history renders her ineligible for

naturalization. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

      Summary judgment is reviewed de novo. The moving party bears the initial

burden of identifying evidence in the record that “it believes demonstrates the

absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S.

317, 323 (1986). Once the moving party does so, however, the burden shifts to the

nonmoving party to present “specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for

trial.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250 (1986); see also Fed. R.

Civ. P. 56(c).

      The government is required to demonstrate by clear, convincing, and

unequivocal evidence that Castro willfully misrepresented material facts on her


                                           2
application for naturalization. Kungys v. United States, 485 U.S. 759, 767, 772

(1988). There is no dispute that the government met its initial burden on summary

judgment. The question is whether Castro created a genuine dispute of fact as to

her state of mind at the time she filled out her naturalization application. Castro’s

misrepresentation is “willful” if it was “deliberate and voluntary.” Espinoza-

Espinoza v. I.N.S., 554 F.2d 921, 925 (9th Cir. 1977). Typically, a party’s state of

mind is a factual issue inappropriate for resolution at the summary judgment stage.

However, where the facts are undisputed, issues of state of mind can become

questions of law. Braxton-Secret v. A.H. Robins Co., 769 F.2d 528, 531 (9th Cir.

1985).

      Castro submitted an affidavit stating that the repeated sexual abuse she

suffered as a child, as well as her time spent in foster care during adolescence,

caused her to repress her memories of her years of illegal drug use, the near-year

she spent in juvenile hall on burglary charges, and her additional arrest as an adult

for use of PCP for which she made an appearance in court after having spent two

nights in jail. Castro states that while she was in prison on unrelated charges over

a decade later, she spent hundreds of hours in therapy and realized that the trauma

of her past had caused her to repress memories of that past, including her criminal

history. Castro submits no other evidence in support of her declaration.


                                           3
      Castro failed to create a genuine dispute of material fact here. “A

conclusory, self-serving affidavit, lacking detailed facts and any supporting

evidence, is insufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact.” FTC v. Publ’g

Clearing House, Inc., 104 F.3d 1168, 1171 (9th Cir. 1997); see also Hansen v.

United States, 7 F.3d 137, 138 (9th Cir. 1993) (“When the nonmoving party relies

only on its own affidavits to oppose summary judgment, it cannot rely on

conclusory allegations unsupported by factual data to create an issue of material

fact.”). While Castro’s affidavit is quite detailed as to her history of abuse, she

gives relatively few details about the events she claims are so critical to her case:

the fact that she went through therapy, discovered she had repressed her memories,

and in so doing was able to recapture years worth of traumatic memories that she

had apparently lost. And, although she claimed she suffered trauma as a result of

sexual and physical abuse, she offered no explanation as to why that affected her

memory with respect to her juvenile incarceration of nearly a year and her

subsequent arrest and jailing on drug charges.

      Furthermore, even if she had tried to make such a connection, Castro, as a

lay person, is not qualified to attest that her past trauma caused her memory loss.

See Frisone v. United States, 270 F.2d 401, 402 (9th Cir. 1959); Lawson v.

Lawson, No. 3:14-cv-00345-WGC, 2015 WL 5474763, at *2 (D. Nev. Sept. 17,


                                           4
2015) (“Plaintiff may testify about his mental state and his physical condition, but

he may not testify as to causation and cannot express medical diagnoses.”). Absent

any expert evidence corroborating Castro’s statements, the district court did not err

in refusing to accept Castro’s affidavit as evidence that her history of abuse caused

her to forget her criminal history. Castro thus failed to present any evidence

sufficient to raise a genuine dispute of material fact as to her state of mind.

      As to materiality, Castro’s misrepresentations were material. A

misrepresentation is material if it is “predictably capable of affecting, i.e., [has] a

natural tendency to affect, the official decision.” Kungys, 485 U.S. at 771

(emphasis in original). In addition, the government must raise a “fair inference”

that the applicant is statutorily ineligible for naturalization. United States v.

Puerta, 982 F.2d 1297, 1304 (9th Cir. 1992) (quoting Kungys, 485 U.S. at 783–84

(Brennan, J., concurring)). The government submitted an affidavit from a

Homeland Security agent indicating that, had immigration officials known about

the outstanding warrant for Castro’s arrest, her naturalization application would not

have been approved. Additionally, it appears that Castro did not meet the good

“moral character” requirement necessary for naturalization because she testified

falsely during her immigration interview regarding her criminal history. See 8

U.S.C. § 1101(f)(6) (precluding a finding of good moral character where the


                                            5
applicant has given false testimony in order to obtain an immigration benefit); 8

C.F.R. 316.10(a)(2)(vi). The government has raised more than a fair inference that

Castro was ineligible for naturalization.

      AFFIRMED.




                                            6
United States v. Castro-Juarez, No. 14-56080                            FILED
Pregerson, J., dissenting
                                                                         JUN 28 2016
                                                                     MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                      U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

      Revoking Marisela Castro-Juarez’s (“Marisela Castro”) U.S. citizenship

through summary judgment, thereby bypassing a trial on the merits, is

inappropriate and cruel.

      It is no exaggeration to describe Marisela Castro’s adolescent and teenage

years as a “living hell.” From the age of six, Marisela Castro suffered ceaseless

sexual abuse at the hands of multiple predatory men: two uncles, a tenant in her

mother’s house, and her mother’s boyfriend. Her mother abandoned her when she

was 11, choosing an abusive boyfriend over her own daughter.

      Marisela Castro spent the next eight years bouncing around more than

twenty foster homes and living on the streets. She frequently considered taking her

own life.

      During this time, when she was only fifteen, Marisela Castro was arrested

for trespassing and spent six months in Juvenile Hall. She was homeless at the

time, and she and a friend were in an abandoned home, looking for a place to sleep.

On many other occasions, the police would find Marisela Castro sleeping in an

abandoned home or in a field and take her to Juvenile Hall for the night or return

her to her foster home.


                                         1
      When she was eighteen, Marisela Castro spent two nights in jail after being

arrested by the Fresno police for drug intoxication. Having spent many nights in

jail without having been arrested, Marisela Castro did not understand the

circumstances of this arrest, and she assumed she was taken to Fresno jail to sleep

off her condition.

      Marisela Castro was depressed and angry and often felt like she did not care

whether she lived or died. To survive this traumatic and unstable time in her

young life, she blocked out negative painful and destructive memories.

      Yet Marisela Castro was able to overcome her devastating past. She went

back to school to earn her GED and to complete a medical assistant course. She

now works full time as a sous-chef in a restaurant and single-handedly supports her

three U.S. citizen children. Her two sons live with her, and her oldest daughter

attends college. I find it hard to justify depriving Marisela Castro of her American

citizenship through summary judgment.

      It is important to keep in mind that “[i]n a denaturalization proceeding, the

government bears a ‘heavy burden’ of providing ‘clear, unequivocal, and

convincing’ evidence that citizenship should be revoked.” United States v.

Arango, 670 F.3d 988, 992 (9th Cir. 2012) (emphasis added) (quoting United

States v. Dang, 488 F.3d 1135, 1139 (9th Cir. 2007)).




                                         2
      As the Supreme Court has emphasized, and we have reiterated, “The

government bears the burden of such a high degree of proof in denaturalization

proceedings because of the ‘importance of the right that is at stake.’” Id. (quoting

Federenko v. United States, 449 U.S. 490, 505–06) (1981)). Considering this

“heavy burden,” summary judgment for the government is rarely warranted. Id.

      Marisela Castro raised a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the

government met this high burden regarding the willfulness of her

misrepresentations during her naturalization proceedings. Marisela Castro

provided an extremely detailed sworn declaration. In her declaration, she

described her criminal history—her stay in Juvenile Hall after being picked up for

trespassing and the two nights she spent in Fresno Jail. She also described her

mental state during the time of her naturalization proceedings to explain her

inability to recall that history. She explained that she had deeply suppressed

painful memories from her traumatic and abusive past in order to survive on the

streets. She described the period of time in which these arrests took place as

covered by a “mental fog.”

      The majority argues that Marisela Castro should have provided

corroborating evidence regarding her “mental fog.” But, as we have stated, “[A

party’s] sworn statements cannot be disbelieved at the summary judgment stage

simply because [her] statements are in [her] interest and in conflict with other

                                          3
evidence.” Arango, 670 F.3d at 994. Marisela Castro’s declaration speaks to her

failure to accurately represent her criminal history and how she recovered her

suppressed memories only after intensive individual and group therapy in prison

that lasted several years.

      Her declaration provides direct evidence of the central fact in dispute. The

fact that Marisela Castro was able to recall some information, such as past

residences, from the same time period does not discount the fact that her memory

of this time period was not wholly reliable. Recent studies on PTSD and episodic

amnesia support Marisela Castro’s experience of memory loss. As one recent

study on trauma and memory indicates, “If you are motivated to try to prevent

yourself from reliving a flashback of [your] initial trauma, anything that you

experience around that period of time of suppression tends to get sucked up into

this black hole as well.” Nicola Davis, Suppressing Traumatic Memories Can

Cause Amnesia, Research Suggests, GUARDIAN, Mar. 15, 2016.1

      Had there been a trial, an expert could have testified about the nature of

memory suppression to support Marisela Castro’s description of her “mental fog.”

      At the summary judgment stage, accepting Marisela Castro’s experience of

memory loss as true, she certainly has raised an issue of fact for trial. The majority



1
 For the full study, see Justin C. Hulbert et al., Inducing Amnesia Through
Systemic Suppression, 7 NATURE COMM. 11003 (2016).
                                           4
correctly notes that issues of a party’s state of mind are typically inappropriate for

resolution on summary judgment. Maj. at 3 (citing Braxton-Secret v. A.H. Robins

Co., 769 F.2d 528, 531 (9th Cir. 1985)). Marisela Castro’s case is no different.

      Marisela Castro has provided evidence sufficient to overcome summary

judgment. Her American citizenship is too precious to be torn from her without

even a hearing where the government has to prove its case with clear, unequivocal,

and convincing evidence. This is why I dissent.




                                           5
