                              UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

____________________________________
                                    )
HUNTER INNOVATIONS COMPANY, )
                                    )
            Plaintiff,              )
                                    )
               v.                   )                 Civil Action No. 08-0671 (PLF)
                                    )
THE TRAVELERS INDEMNITY             )
CO. OF CONNECTICUT, et al.,         )
                                    )
            Defendants.             )
____________________________________)


                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION

               This diversity action arises from an alleged contractual relationship between

plaintiff Hunter Innovations Company (“HIC”) and defendant The Travelers Indemnity Company

of Connecticut (“Travelers”). The matter is before the Court on defendants’ motion to dismiss.

After careful consideration of the parties’ papers, and the entire record in the case, the Court will

grant defendants’ motion.1


                                        I. BACKGROUND

               HIC is a Virginia business that provides repair, improvement and refurbishment

services for historical properties. See Compl. ¶ 1. On December 12, 2003, defendants (Travelers

and Stephen Brady, a Technical Specialist in Property Claim Services for Travelers) offered a



       1
               The Court considered the following papers in connection with this motion:
plaintiff’s Complaint (“Compl.”); defendants’ Motion to Dismiss (“Mot.”); plaintiff’s Opposition
to Motion to Dismiss (“Opp.”); defendants’ Reply in Support of Their Motion to Dismiss
(“Reply”); and plaintiff’s Surreply in Further Support of Opposition to Motion to Dismiss
(“Surreply”).
contract to HIC to repair and refurbish a property insured by Travelers and located in the District

of Columbia. See id. ¶¶ 5–6. The contract called for HIC to make an accounting of its time and

materials in order to receive payment for that amount plus an additional amount for overhead

expenses and profit. See id. ¶ 7. HIC accepted the terms of the contract and completed the work

on the property. See id.

               Following completion of the repairs, a dispute arose as to the accuracy of HIC’s

accounting of its costs. See id. ¶ 13. Defendants concluded that the cost of completion of the

repairs was $210,214.21, substantially less than the $318,555.12 claimed by HIC. See id. ¶¶ 11,

13. Because of this discrepancy, after crediting a check issued by Travelers for the lesser amount

on June 22, 2005, HIC alleges that it is still owed $189,193.88. See id. ¶ 14. On April 17, 2008,

HIC filed suit in this Court asserting claims for breach of contract, fraud, unjust enrichment, and

in quantum meruit.2 Defendants now move to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), arguing, among other

grounds, that plaintiff lacks standing to sue in this Court.3


                                   II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

               As a threshold jurisdictional matter, the Court must address defendants’ challenge

to plaintiff’s standing to sue. See A.N.S.W.E.R. Coalition v. Kempthorne, 493 F. Supp. 2d 34,



       2
               The allegations in the complaint support a finding that the Court has jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Plaintiff is a business located in Virginia, defendant Travelers has its
principal place of business in Connecticut, and defendant Brady is a citizen of Maryland. See
Compl. ¶¶ 1–3. Plaintiff seeks $189,193.88 in compensatory damages. See Compl. ¶ 14.
       3
               Defendants’ other arguments include: failure to state a claim upon which relief
may be granted; that the complaint is barred by the statute of limitations; and that plaintiff’s
equitable claims are barred by the existence of a written contract. See Mot. at 1.


                                                   2
41 (2007). Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. They therefore may hear only cases

entrusted to them by a grant of power contained in either the Constitution or in an act of

Congress. See, e.g., Beethoven.com L.L.C. v. Librarian of Congress, 394 F.3d 939, 945 (D.C.

Cir. 2005); Best v. United States, 522 F. Supp. 2d 252, 254 (D.D.C. 2007); Srour v. Barnes, 670

F. Supp. 18, 20 (D.D.C.1987) (citing City of Kenosha v. Bruno, 412 U.S. 507, 511 (1973)). A

federal court has no subject matter jurisdiction where the plaintiff lacks standing. See

A.N.S.W.E.R. Coalition v. Kempthorne, 493 F. Supp. 2d at 42 (citing Worth v. Jackson, 451 F.

3d 854, 855 (D.C. Cir. 2006)). Accordingly, the Court will treat plaintiff’s motion to dismiss for

lack of standing as a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction brought under Rule

12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See, e.g., Telephone & Data Sys., Inc. v.

American Cellular Network Corp., 966 F.2d 696, 699 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (treating statutory

requirement that foreign corporation register to do business in the District of Columbia prior to

maintaining suit there as jurisdictional bar).

               Under Rule 12(b)(1), plaintiff bears the burden of establishing subject matter

jurisdiction. See Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Insurance Co., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994); Moms

Against Mercury v. FDA, 483 F.3d 824, 828 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (citing Georgiades v.

Martin-Trigona, 729 F.2d 831, 833 n.4 (D.C. Cir. 1984)). In determining whether to grant a

motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the Court must accept all of the factual

allegations in the complaint as true. The Court, however, need not accept factual inferences

drawn by plaintiff if those inferences are not supported by facts alleged in the complaint, nor

must it accept plaintiff’s legal conclusions. See Best v. United States, 522 F. Supp. 2d at 255;

Primax Recoveries, Inc. v. Lee, 260 F. Supp. 2d 43, 47 (D.D.C. 2003).


                                                 3
                                         III. DISCUSSION

               In support of their motion to dismiss, defendants assert that plaintiff lacks

standing for two separate reasons: (1) HIC is an unincorporated association and, according to the

law of the District of Columbia, unincorporated associations may not sue in their own names;

and (2) James Hunter is conducting business under the unregistered trade name “Hunter

Innovations Company” and thus HIC is prohibited by statute from maintaining suit in any court

in the District of Columbia.


                               A. Unincorporated Association Status

               Defendants argue that HIC is an unincorporated association and therefore that the

common law of the District of Columbia prohibits it from bringing suit in its own name. An

unincorporated association is a “collection of persons united for collective purpose generally

formed under common law right of contract.” Pritchett v. Stillwell, 604 A.2d 886, 889 (D.C.

1992) (citation omitted). In contrast, a sole proprietorship is a business form characterized by a

single natural person who owns all the assets of the business; is responsible for all debts of the

business; and is entitled to all the profits of business. See id.; see also Reclade v. ITT Hartford,

492 S.E.2d 435, 437 (Va. 1997) (ruling on a question of Virginia law certified by the District of

Columbia Court of Appeals) (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1392 (6th ed. 1990)). A sole

proprietorship is an entity that is so identified with its owner that the business either must

undergo a fundamental change or cease to exist upon the owner’s death or retirement. See

Pritchett v. Stillwell, 604 A.2d at 889. A sole proprietorship cannot be an unincorporated

association. See id.



                                                  4
                HIC relies on an affidavit from James F. Hunter in support of its argument that it

is a sole proprietorship, not an unincorporated association. See Opp., Affidavit of James F.

Hunter (“First Hunter Aff.”). Mr. Hunter states that HIC is a sole proprietorship — he alone runs

HIC; he makes all the decisions regarding the business; he is personally responsible for all the

debts of HIC; and he is entitled to all the profits of HIC. See First Hunter Aff. ¶ 3. Mr. Hunter

does not have any partners in his business, nor is HIC “owned or operated by a collection of

persons united for collective purpose pursuant to a contract.” See id. Mr. Hunter further states

that HIC will cease to exist at the time of his retirement or death. See id. Defendants do not

contest these statements in their reply. Based upon the statements in Mr. Hunter’s affidavit, the

Court concludes that HIC is a sole proprietorship and therefore is not an unincorporated

association. Accordingly, the Court concludes that defendants’ argument that unincorporated

associations do not have standing to sue is irrelevant.


                                     B. Trade Name Registration

                Defendants argue that because HIC has not complied with a statutory requirement

to register its trade name, it is statutorily barred from maintaining suit in any court in the District

of Columbia. The relevant provision of the District of Columbia Code states that a sole

proprietorship which conducts business within the District of Columbia under a trade name

“shall register” that trade name with the Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs

(“DCRA”). D.C. Code § 47-2855.02(a)(1) (emphasis added). The statute provides a significant

penalty for failing to register: “No person carrying on, conducting, or transacting business under

any trade name shall be entitled to maintain any suit in any of the courts of the District of



                                                   5
Columbia until the person has properly completed the registration as provided for in this

section.” D.C. Code § 47-2855.03(d) (emphasis added).4 Defendants argue that because “Hunter

Innovations Company” is a trade name, which has not been registered with the DCRA, HIC is

barred from maintaining suit in this Court. Plaintiff agrees that it is not registered as a trade

name with the DCRA, and instead argues that “Hunter Innovations Company” is not a trade

name under the District of Columbia Code.5

               The District of Columbia Code defines “trade name” as follows:

       “Trade name” means a word or name, or any combination of a word or name, used
       by a person to identify the person’s business which:

       (A)     Is not, or does not include, the true and real name of all persons conducting
               the business; or

       (B)     Includes words which suggest additional parties of interest such as
               “company”, “and sons”, or “and associates”.

D.C. Code § 47-2855.01(6). A plain reading of the statute makes clear that “Hunter Innovations

Company” is a trade name because it uses the word “company” in its name, and “company” is an


       4
                A federal court sitting in diversity jurisdiction in the District of Columbia must
apply the jurisdictional statutes of the District. See Woods v. Interstate Realty Co., 337 U.S. 535,
536–538 (1949) (citing Guar. Trust Co. v. York, 326 U.S. 99, 108 (1945) (“a federal court
adjudicating a State-created right solely because of the diversity of citizenship of the parties is for
that purpose, in effect, only another court of the State”)); Tel. & Data Sys, Inc. v. American
Cellular Network Corp., 966 F.2d at 699 (applying District of Columbia “door-closing” statute).
       5
                In support of its argument that it is not operating under a trade name, plaintiff
submitted a second affidavit from James F. Hunter, which states, in part, that “[f]or more than
thirty (30) years, I have had numerous communications with the [DCRA]. . . . In those
communications, the DCRA advised me that Hunter Innovations Company was not a trade name,
which needed to be registered with the DCRA.” See Surreply, Second Affidavit of James F.
Hunter ¶ 5. Even assuming this statement is true, and assuming that plaintiff relied on this
misstatement of the law, in light of the statute it does not give the Court subject matter
jurisdiction over plaintiff’s claims.


                                                  6
example set out in the statute itself of a word that “suggest[s] additional parties of interest.” See

D.C. Code § 47-2855.01(6)(B).

               Plaintiff argues that while the phrase “and company” would suggest additional

parties of interest, the word “company” by itself does not. See Surreply at 2–3. This argument

might make sense in common parlance, but that is not what the statute says. The other statutory

examples of phrases suggesting additional parties of interest — “and sons” and “and associates”

— both explicitly include the conjunction “and,” while “company” is given as a stand-alone

example without the conjunction. See D.C. Code § 47-2855.01(6)(B). In light of these statutory

examples, this Court is compelled to conclude that Section 47-2855.01(6)(B)’s use of the word

“company,” by itself, was explicitly intended to qualify as a word that “suggest[s] additional

parties” within the statute’s meaning and intent. “Hunter Innovations Company” is thus a trade

name under Section 47-2855.01(6)(B) and, because plaintiff has not registered that trade name

with the DCRA, it may not maintain suit in this Court. See D.C. Code § 47-2855.03(d). Cf.

Bourbeau v. The Jonathan Woodner Co., 549 F. Supp. 78, 84–85 (D.D.C. 2008) (finding

provisions of the District of Columbia Code regarding incorporation precluded plaintiff from

having standing).6




       6
               The Court will grant defendants’ motion to dismiss without prejudice, so that
plaintiff may consider whether subsequent registration of the trade name would permit suit for
the alleged contractual violations.


                                                  7
                                     III. CONCLUSION

              For the reasons explained above, defendants’ motion to dismiss is granted without

prejudice. An Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion will issue this same day.



                                                  /s/________________________
                                                  PAUL L. FRIEDMAN
                                                  United States District Judge

DATE: March 31, 2009




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