                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                    FILED
                      FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                        ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                           FEBRUARY 12, 2008
                              No. 06-15649                 THOMAS K. KAHN
                          Non-Argument Calendar                 CLERK
                        ________________________

                    D. C. Docket No. 04-20897-CR-WMH

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                                Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                   versus

ROBERT GUNN,

                                                          Defendant-Appellant.


                        ________________________

                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of Florida
                       _________________________

                            (February 12, 2008)

Before CARNES, BARKETT and HULL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     Robert Gunn appeals his conviction and 200-month sentence for being a
felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and

924(d)(1), (e). After review, we affirm Gunn’s conviction and sentence.

                                 I. BACKGROUND

      The Miami Gardens Police were investigating a shooting incident when an

anonymous call was placed to the police station’s publicly listed telephone number.

The anonymous caller stated that the man the police were looking for was named

Gunn and gave a physical description and Gunn’s location. The officer who took

the anonymous call relayed the information to officers on the scene.

      Two officers spotted Gunn, whom they knew from previous interactions.

Gunn fled and, while being pursued on foot by the officers, threw a firearm to the

ground. As the officers searched for Gunn, an individual approached them and

indicated that the man they were looking for was inside his house. With the

homeowner’s consent, officers search the house and found Gunn lying on the floor

in his underwear. On the floor next to Gunn was a sock filled with .38 caliber

bullets, the same caliber as the discarded firearm, and a leather holster that fit the

discarded gun. During the search, officers also found a “sweaty” t-shirt matching

the t-shirt worn by Gunn during the foot pursuit.

      After Gunn was arrested, an officer asked Gunn why he had possessed a

firearm. Gunn responded that he had the firearm for his protection. Later, Gunn



                                            2
confided in another jail inmate that he had engaged in “some gunplay” and then

fled from police, running into a house and taking off his clothes before he was

arrested. Gunn also asked the fellow inmate for advice on how to “beat” the gun

charge.

       Gunn was charged with being a felon in possession of a firearm. A jury

found Gunn guilty. The district court sentenced Gunn to 200 months’

imprisonment, followed by five years of supervised release. Gunn appealed.

                                      II. DISCUSSION

A.     Jury Instruction

       Gunn argues that the district court erred in refusing to give Gunn’s proposed

jury instruction, this Court’s Special Instruction 1.1,1 because a fellow inmate who

testified against him hoped to receive favorable treatment from the government.

       We review “a district court’s refusal to give a requested jury instruction for



       1
        Gunn’s requested instruction read:
       The testimony of some witnesses must be considered with more caution than the
       testimony of other witnesses.

       For example, a paid informer, or a witness who has been promised that he or she will
       not be charged or prosecuted, or a witness who hopes to gain more favorable
       treatment in his or her own case, may have a reason to make a false statement
       because the witness wants to strike a good bargain with the Government.

       So, while a witness of that kind may be entirely truthful when testifying, you should
       consider that testimony with more caution than the testimony of other witnesses.
Eleventh Circuit Pattern Jury Instructions (Criminal), Special Instruction 1.1 (2003).

                                                 3
abuse of discretion.” United States v. Klopf, 423 F.3d 1228, 1241 (11th Cir.

2005). The refusal to give a requested jury instruction only warrants a new trial

when: “(1) the requested instruction was substantively correct, (2) the court’s

charge to the jury did not cover the gist of the instruction, and (3) the failure to

give the instruction substantially impaired the defendant’s ability to present an

effective defense.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). To determine whether the gist

of the requested instruction was covered by the charge actually given, we “need

only ascertain whether the charge, when viewed as a whole, fairly and correctly

states the issues and the law.” Id. (quotation marks omitted).

      Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to give Gunn’s

requested jury instruction. The government had told Gunn’s fellow inmate, who

testified as a witness in Gunn’s trial, unequivocally that he would receive no

benefit for his testimony. Furthermore, the gist of the instruction – that the

testimony of some witnesses need to be viewed with more caution than others –

was already covered in the court’s charge. Specifically, the district court instructed

the jury that, in determining the believability of any witness, it should consider,

among other things, whether the witness had “a personal interest in the outcome of

the case.” The district court also instructed the jury that it could consider prior

convictions as a factor in determining whether a witness was believable, and the



                                            4
only witness who had been convicted of a felony was the fellow inmate of Gunn.

B.     Admission of Anonymous Call

       During Gunn’s trial, the district court admitted evidence of the anonymous

call received at the police station. Citing Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 126

S. Ct. 2266 (2006), Gunn argues the admission of the anonymous caller’s

statements to the police violated his Sixth Amendment confrontation right.2

       The Confrontation Clause forbids the introduction of testimonial hearsay

evidence at trial, unless: (1) the declarant is unavailable, and (2) the defendant had

a prior opportunity to cross-examine the declarant. Crawford v. Washington, 541

U.S. 36, 68, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 1374 (2004) (concluding that statements made during

police interrogations are testimonial hearsay). However, in Davis, the Supreme

Court explained that “[s]tatements are nontestimonial when made in the course of

police interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary

purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing

emergency.” 547 U.S. at ___, 126 S. Ct. at 2273 (concluding that statements made

in response to 911 operator’s questions were not testimonial hearsay). The parties

dispute whether the anonymous tip in this case is more closely analogous to the


       2
        We review the admissibility of evidence for abuse of discretion. See United States v.
Miles, 290 F.3d 1341, 1351 (11th Cir. 2002). However, we review a preserved constitutional
claim de novo. See United States v. Cantellano, 430 F.3d 1142, 1144 (11th Cir. 2005).


                                               5
nontestimonial statements made during the 911 calls in Davis or the testimonial

statements made during the police interrogation in Crawford.

       We need not resolve this question because even assuming arguendo that the

anonymous tip was a testimonial statement, its admission was harmless beyond a

reasonable doubt. See United States v. Edwards, 211 F.3d 1355, 1359 (11th Cir.

2000) (stating that the harmless error doctrine applies to violations of the

Confrontation Clause).3

       In addition to the testimony about the anonymous call identifying Gunn as

the man for whom the police were looking, the jury heard testimony from two

officers, both of whom knew Gunn from previous interactions and recognized

Gunn as he attempted to flee the scene. Both officers observed Gunn throw the

gun to the ground as he ran. Later, Gunn was found in the house with a holster and

ammunition matching the weapon thrown nearby and a “sweaty” t-shirt matching

that of the man who ran away.

       After his arrest, Gunn admitted to one officer that he had possessed the gun



       3
         Under the harmless error doctrine, we ask “whether, assuming that the damaging
potential of the cross-examination were fully realized, a reviewing court might nonetheless say
that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673,
684, 106 S. Ct. 1431, 1438 (1986). Whether the error is harmless depends upon numerous
factors, including “the importance of the witness’ testimony in the prosecution’s case, whether
the testimony was cumulative, the presence or absence of evidence corroborating or
contradicting the testimony of the witness on material points, the extent of cross-examination
otherwise permitted, and . . . the overall strength of the prosecution’s case.” Id.

                                               6
for protection. Gunn also confessed to a fellow inmate at the jail that he ran from

police, threw his gun away during the chase, ran into a house and stripped in the

bedroom to look like he had been there for a while, but that police found his

clothes, a holster and bullets. Furthermore, Gunn stipulated that the gun and

ammunition had traveled in interstate commerce and that he was a convicted felon.

Although no fingerprints suitable for comparison were found on the gun or

ammunition, a latent fingerprint expert explained to the jury the difficulty in

collecting fingerprints from ammunition and guns kept in holsters.

      Considering all the other evidence pointing to Gunn’s guilt, the testimony

about the anonymous call was cumulative evidence that did not add any new or

significant information. In addition, while much of the evidence presented at trial

corroborated the anonymous call, no evidence contradicted it. Even absent the

evidence of the anonymous call, there was ample evidence to convict Gunn of

being a felon in possession of a firearm. Thus, the admission of the anonymous

call, if anything, was harmless error.

C.    Armed Career Criminal Enhancement

      Gunn contends that the government presented insufficient proof of his

underlying convictions to support an armed career criminal sentencing




                                           7
enhancement.4

       Under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e), the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), a

person who violates § 922(g) and who has three previous convictions for a “violent

felony,” a serious drug offense, or both, is an armed career criminal and subject to

a mandatory-minimum fifteen-year term of imprisonment. In addition, U.S.S.G.

§ 4B1.4 provides that armed career criminals be assigned an offense level of at

least 33.

       The government points to these predicate convictions to support the armed

career criminal enhancement: (1) a 1999 Florida conviction for strong-arm robbery

(a violent felony); (2) a 2001 Florida conviction for possession of cocaine with

intent to sell (serious drug offense); and (3) a 2002 Florida conviction for

possession of cocaine with intent to sell (serious drug offense). At sentencing, as

proof of these convictions, the government produced a National Crime Information

Center (“NCIC”) criminal history report that was generated based on Gunn’s

fingerprints and was tied to his social security number.

       On appeal, Gunn does not elaborate upon his claim that the government’s

proof is insufficient or contend that the NCIC criminal history report is unreliable



       4
         “We review the district court’s findings of fact in sentencing for clear error.” United
States v. DeVegter, 439 F.3d 1299, 1303 (11th Cir. 2006). “We review questions of law arising
under the Sentencing Guidelines de novo.” Id. (quotation marks omitted).

                                                8
or inaccurate.5 It is well-established that a district court may consider at sentencing

otherwise inadmissible evidence so long as there are sufficient indicia of reliability.

See United States v. Wilson, 183 F.3d 1291, 1301 (11th Cir. 1999) (concluding

that sources relied upon by district court–presentence investigation report,

testimony of one probation officer and notes of another probation officer–were

sufficiently reliable to support district court’s finding as to existence of prior

conviction). The NCIC report was generated based on Gunn’s fingerprints and

social security number, which provided sufficient indicia of reliability. Given that

Gunn does not challenge the accuracy of the NCIC report, we cannot say that the

government did not prove Gunn’s three convictions by a preponderance of the

evidence.

       Gunn also argues that his predicate offenses should have been alleged in his

indictment and proven to the jury beyond a reasonable doubt. This argument is

foreclosed by Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 118 S. Ct. 1219

(1998). United States v. Greer, 440 F.3d 1267, 1273 (11th Cir. 2006).

       AFFIRMED.

       5
         Significantly, Gunn does not and has never argued that the predicate convictions do not
qualify as either violent felonies or serious drug offenses within the meaning of the ACCA. Nor
does Gunn argue that these convictions are ambiguous and that the district court referred to
impermissible records under Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 125 S. Ct. 1254 (2005), to
determine whether the convictions qualified as either a violent felony or a serious drug offense
under the ACCA. Rather, Gunn argues only that the government offered insufficient proof of
the fact of these convictions.

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