[Cite as In re OPC Polymers v. Pub. Utilities Comm. of Ohio, 2013-Ohio-5443.]
                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                  TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

In the Matter of : OPC Polymers,                    :

                Appellant,                          :
                                                                   No. 12AP-735
v.                                                  :        (PUCO No. 11-5330-TR-CVF)

The Public Utilities Commission of Ohio,            :       (REGULAR CALENDAR)

                Appellee.                           :




                                           D E C I S I O N

                                  Rendered on December 12, 2013



                Roetzel & Andress, and Douglas M. Kennedy, for appellant.

                Michael DeWine, Attorney General, Ryan P. O'Rourke and
                John H. Jones, for appellee.

                     APPEAL from the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio

VUKOVICH, J.

        {¶ 1} Appellant, OPC Polymers,1 brings this direct appeal pursuant to R.C.
4923.99(C) from an order of appellee, the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio
(hereinafter "commission" when referring to specific procedural determinations in this
case, or "PUCO" when referring to administrative staff actions or general regulatory
context). The order upholds a civil forfeiture imposed by the commission's staff. This
civil forfeiture, essentially a regulatory fine, is based upon a violation of rules covering the
transportation of hazardous materials.
        {¶ 2} With one exception that we reserve for later discussion under OPC
Polymers' fourth assignment of error, the facts in this case are not in dispute. OPC

1 Neither the parties nor the commission have discussed the formal status of this business entity. We take
judicial notice that OPC Polymers is a trade name registered to the Yenkin-Majestic Paint Corporation, 1920
Leonard Avenue, Columbus, Ohio. This also appears to be the location at which the truck-loading activity
discussed below took place.
No. 12AP-735                                                                            2


Polymers shipped a load of paint resin from its facility in Columbus, Ohio to Greensboro,
North Carolina.      This flammable resin, contained in 55-gallon drums, constituted
hazardous material subject to heightened safety restrictions in transportation, including
requirements for load securement ("blocking and bracing"). OPC Polymers used its own
dock personnel and fork lift to load this cargo onto a truck operated by USF Glen Moore
Transport, Inc. ("USF Glen Moore") in the presence of USF Glen Moore's driver. The
driver, upon completion of loading, signed a bill of lading containing a notation that the
driver, as agent of the carrier, approved the load securement.
       {¶ 3} In transit, a roadside inspection by PUCO personnel revealed that the load
lacked a bracing bar or other means of preventing the drums from shifting towards the
rear of the truck. USF Glen Moore's driver secured the load on the spot and proceeded
with his delivery.
       {¶ 4} USF Glen Moore subsequently paid without dispute a forfeiture for the
violation of applicable hazardous materials transportation regulations ("HMRs") based on
the improperly-secured load. The initial staff report from PUCO concluded that, as a
shipper that undertook to load a truck, OPC Polymers could be jointly liable for any HMR
violations with the carrier that operated the truck. PUCO then served OPC Polymers with
a notice of violation based on the same occurrence.
       {¶ 5} OPC Polymers objected to the PUCO staff determination and appealed
therefrom. OPC Polymers asserted that applicable regulations placed all responsibility for
load securement on the carrier, even if the shipper had participated in loading the truck.
The matter proceeded to a hearing before the commission, which heard extensive
testimony and reviewed the disputed regulations.       The commission agreed with the
conclusions in the staff report regarding shipper liability. The commission, however,
sought to limit the scope of its determination as follows: "Our opinion in this case is
limited to the finding that, after OPC Polymers had loaded hazardous materials onto the
transport vehicle, the company did not ascertain that the cargo was secure." (Appellant's
appendix, A. Commission Opinion and Order, at 8.) By this statement, it appears that the
commission intends to create a distinction for regulatory purposes between: (1) requiring
the shipper to actually provide the labor and materials to secure the load, and (2) merely
asking the shipper to ascertain whether the carrier has done so.
No. 12AP-735                                                                              3


       {¶ 6} OPC Polymers appeals from the commission's order and brings the
following four assignments of error:
               [I]. The Commission erred as a matter of law in finding that
               49 CFR §173.30 places a duty on a shipper who loads
               hazardous materials to also block and brace the load.

               [II]. The Commission made errors of law interpreting and
               distinguishing   pre-transportation    and transportation
               functions under 49 CFR §171.1 and §171.2.

               [III]. The Commission erred as a matter of law by finding that
               shipper and carrier are jointly responsible for the same act or
               omission in failing to block and brace the load.

               [IV]. The Commission Staff violated Appellant's due process
               rights and the Commission erred as a matter of law by
               upholding this violation.

       {¶ 7} This appeal is brought under R.C. 4923.99(C), pursuant to which this court
will determine appeals "in the same manner, and under the same standards, as the
supreme court hears and determines appeals under Chapter 4903."              "R.C. 4903.13
provides that a PUCO order shall be reversed, vacated, or modified by this court only
when, upon consideration of the record, the court finds the order to be unlawful or
unreasonable." Constellation NewEnergy, Inc. v. Pub. Util. Comm., 104 Ohio St.3d 530,
2004-Ohio-6767, ¶ 50. While we are severely constrained in our review of a PUCO
decision insofar as it resolves issues of fact and evidentiary questions, Elyria Foundry Co.
v. Pub. Util. Comm., 114 Ohio St.3d 305, 2007-Ohio-4164, the present appeal alleges only
errors of law, which we review de novo. Cleveland Elec. Illum. Co. v. Pub. Util. Comm., 76
Ohio St.3d 163 (1996). In this de novo review of questions of law, however, we review the
matter with due deference to the commission's expertise in its own field of regulation.
Braddock Motor Freight, Inc. v. Pub. Util. Comm., 174 Ohio St. 203 (1963), paragraph
four of the syllabus.
       {¶ 8} On appeal, the parties agree that relevant case law is sparse and this court
must deal with much of the matter as a case of first impression. The fundamental question
in this case is whether a shipper who loads hazardous material onto a truck operated by a
common carrier can be held liable for a regulatory violation when neither the carrier nor
the shipper properly blocks and braces the load against shifting. The duties of shippers
No. 12AP-735                                                                              4


and carriers in this domain are governed by an array of federal regulations promulgated
by the United States Department of Transportation ("USDOT"). These are incorporated
into Ohio law by reference. Ohio Adm.Code 4901:2-5-02(A) (adopting 49 C.F.R. 171
through 180 and charging PUCO with enforcement).
       {¶ 9} The commission argues persuasively that its interpretation of federally-
promulgated regulations that are formally adopted by the state should be accorded the
same deference given to its interpretation of regulations promulgated directly by the state.
We agree, at least with respect to areas in which PUCO is statutorily charged with current
enforcement of such federal regulations. See, e.g., In re Cities of Annandale and Maple
Lake, 731 N.W.2d 502 (Minn.2007); Yelder v. Hornsby, 666 F.Supp. 1518, 1521
(S.D.Ala.1987) ("absent clear and unambiguous language in the federal regulation, a court
must give deference to any reasonably acceptable interpretation by the federal agency or,
in the absence of a federal interpretation, by the state agency).
       {¶ 10} OPC Polymers' first assignment of error asserts the commission erred in
finding that one of the two applicable regulatory sections, 49 C.F.R. 173.30, requires the
shipper to block and brace a load where the carrier has not done so. OPC Polymers argues
that the language of this section does not create such a duty. OPC Polymers also argues
that industry custom places the burden on the carrier to secure the load and that, in this
case, the carrier contractually assumed the responsibility to do so.
       {¶ 11} 49 C.F.R. 173.30 states in pertinent part as follows: "A person who is subject
to the loading and unloading regulations in this subchapter must load or unload
hazardous materials * * * in conformance with the applicable loading and unloading
requirements of parts 174, 175, 176, and 177 of this subchapter."
       {¶ 12} The commission concluded that by loading USF Glen Moore's truck, OPC
Polymers became "subject to the loading and unloading regulations" in the above-listed
sections. Specifically, PUCO staff initiated enforcement for this violation by citing OPC
Polymers under the same subsection invoked to cite USF Glen Moore. 49 C.F.R.
177.834(a) states:
               Packages secured in a motor vehicle. Any package containing
               any hazardous material, not permanently attached to a motor
               vehicle, must be secured against shifting, including relative
               motion between packages, within the vehicle on which it is
               being transported, under conditions normally incident to
No. 12AP-735                                                                            5


               transportation. Packages having valves or other fittings must
               be loaded in a manner to minimize the likelihood of damage
               during transportation.

       {¶ 13} The term "secured against shifting," as found above, is used more or less
interchangeably by all parties in the case with the perhaps more specific industry terms
"blocking" and "bracing." These terms, as used with respect to transportation of cargo, do
not appear in the hazardous materials regulations, but are defined in related chapters in
the Code of Federal Regulations governing motor carrier safety, applicable to
transportation of both hazardous and non-hazardous cargo:
               Blocking. A structure, device or another substantial article
               placed against or around an article of cargo to prevent
               horizontal movement of the article of cargo.

               ***

               Bracing. A structure, device, or another substantial article
               placed against an article of cargo to prevent it from tipping,
               that may also prevent it from shifting.

49 C.F.R. 393.5.
       {¶ 14} This section also defines terms of art for other means of securing cargo
including "[d]unnage," "[d]unnage bag," "[e]dge protector," "[f]riction mat," "[s]horing
bar," "[t]iedown" and "[v]oid filler." 49 C.F.R. 393.5.
       {¶ 15} Before directly examining the language of these regulations, we address
OPC Polymers' arguments that both common industry practice and the express terms of
the shipping transaction here placed on the carrier the entire burden to secure the load.
OPC Polymers presented evidence at the hearing before the commission to establish that
the "widespread understanding in the industry" assigns responsibility for blocking and
bracing to carriers. (Appellant's brief, at 13.) OPC Polymers also introduced the bill of
lading covering the shipment and argued that, under its terms, the driver acknowledged
on behalf of USF Glen Moore that the load had been blocked and braced, and that this
acknowledgement represented a contractual assumption by the carrier of any legal duty to
secure the load.
       {¶ 16} Admitted as an exhibit was the USDOT's Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration booklet "How to Comply with Federal Hazardous Materials Regulations."
No. 12AP-735                                                                              6


(PUCO's exhibit No. 5.) OPC Polymers alleges that this government-produced pamphlet
instructs the regulated community that shippers are not responsible for blocking and
bracing, and that motor carriers bear full responsibility for this function.
       {¶ 17} OPC Polymers also placed evidence before the commission showing that
leading safety training firms produce training materials that instruct clients' shippers,
including OPC Polymers, about shipper duties, and that these training materials provide
no instruction regarding shipper responsibility for blocking and bracing. The testimony
of Andrew Smith, the chief operating officer for OPC Polymers, was summarized by the
commission as follows: "the carrier is best equipped and best suited to perform blocking
and bracing. * * * [L]oad securement equipment is expensive and, if OPC Polymers were
to purchase such equipment and secure loads with it, that equipment would leave the
company's premises in the truck and might never be seen again." (Commission Opinion
and Order, at 4.)
       {¶ 18} We initially note that Mr. Smith's testimony, with respect to the practicality
of requiring a shipper to provide bracing bars, while undoubtedly appropriate for a cargo
of uniformly-sized and loaded 55-gallon drums as found in the present case, might in
other circumstances be utterly inapplicable. Federal regulations certainly contemplate
the use of tools other than the bracing bars commonly carried on trucks to prevent
backward-movement of loads: the above-quoted regulations mention dunnage, inflatable
dunnage bags, specialized padding, specialized strapping, and other forms of void filler or
dunnage peculiarly adapted to the unique cargo needs of the shipper.            While this
particular load was amenable to securement with equipment that is by all accounts
routinely owned and furnished by the carrier, other hazardous cargo may present
securement problems that the shipper, rather than the carrier, is far better equipped to
resolve. We hesitate to declare a rule of general application based only upon the practical
solution suggested by the specific facts before us.
       {¶ 19} More to the point, the practicality of providing securement is not dispositive
of the application of federal regulations, and OPC Polymers admits as much in its brief:
"Appellant does not argue that industry understanding, experts, or contracts between the
parties should outweigh the clear meaning of the law." (Appellant's brief, at 15.) The
commission, moreover, did not rule that the shipper would be responsible for providing
loading bars, but only that the shipper would be responsible for ensuring that loading bars
No. 12AP-735                                                                                    7


or other means had been properly applied to block and brace the load. The material
obstacles suggested by OPC Polymers, therefore, cannot form the basis for our decision in
this case.
       {¶ 20} With respect to its argument that obligation to secure the load rested by
contractual agreement upon USF Glen Moore, OPC Polymers stresses the terms of the bill
of lading, with its specific notations that the driver and carrier had undertaken to secure
the load properly. We note that while OPC Polymers could contractually delegate the task
of securing the load, it could not contractually delegate its legal liability, if any, for failure
to secure. The notation on the bill of lading, therefore, is not dispositive.
       {¶ 21} In sum, practical considerations or contractual custom in the industry
would not supersede express government regulation, even if they would certainly have
weight in the commission's interpretation and application of those regulations. In other
words, if industry custom or a contractual agreement are in derogation of law, a shipper in
violation of the law cannot be exonerated by pointing to adherence to a customary
practice.
       {¶ 22} We now turn to the language of the regulations themselves.                     The
commission relied on 49 C.F.R. 173.30 for the proposition that OPC Polymers, as shipper,
was liable for any violation of HMRs, because this section states that persons who
undertake loading of materials governed by the regulations must do so in conformance
with all regulations. The commission extended this to find that, by loading the drums of
paint resin, OPC Polymers assumed a duty to do so in conformity with all other applicable
regulations, and this included the blocking and bracing requirements under section 49
C.F.R. 177.834(a).     OPC Polymers now argues that, at best, pursuant to 49 C.F.R.
177.800(b), by loading the truck it assumed a responsibility to perform only loading in
conformance with regulations, and the commission incorrectly extended that
responsibility beyond loading to all regulatory requirements ancillary to loading, such as
securing the load.
       {¶ 23} OPC Polymers thus fully accepts that specific requirements imposed on
loading must be complied with once a shipper assumes the loading function: making sure
warning labels are visible (49 C.F.R. 177.834(b)), banning smoking or fire hazards in the
vicinity (49 C.F.R. 177.834(c) and (d)), and using appropriate equipment that will not
damage containers (49 C.F.R. 177.834(f)). OPC Polymers posits, however, that other
No. 12AP-735                                                                                  8


regulatory requirements not directly connected with the loading process cannot be
directly imposed on the shipper, and that blocking and bracing are not part of the loading
process.
       {¶ 24} We agree. In the final analysis, we find that the interpretation given to 49
C.F.R. 173.30 by the commission is overbroad and imposes a liability on shippers of which
they have no fair warning in the language of the regulation. This section mentions loading
and unloading of hazardous materials, but makes no reference to securement. If the
federal government, and by adoption the state of Ohio, had sought to specifically impose a
duty on shippers who load to also secure the load, that section could clearly have
indicated as much. The fact that 49 C.F.R. 173.30 does not expressly mention securement
is manifestly not by economy of language, but by limitation of intent. As such, we must
first examine the plain language of the regulation when the meaning is clear and
unambiguous. State v. Lowe, 112 Ohio St.3d 507, 2007-Ohio-606, ¶ 9. 49 C.F.R. 173.30
does not clearly and unambiguously place responsibility for blocking and securing a load
upon the shipper, and we find that the commission erred in concluding that OPC
Polymers had violated the regulation in this respect. OPC Polymers' first assignment of
error is accordingly sustained.
       {¶ 25} OPC Polymers' second assignment of error asserts the commission made
errors of law in attempting to distinguish between pre-transportation and transportation
functions under applicable federal regulations. The distinction is important because pre-
transportation functions imply liability for the shipper, whereas transportation functions
are the exclusive responsibility of the carrier. 49 C.F.R. 171.1(b) and (c). The commission
concluded that when OPC Polymers loaded its cargo on the truck using its own dock
personnel and equipment, it engaged in a pre-transportation function. OPC Polymers
asserts that loading of cargo in the presence of the carrier's driver is, by express definition,
a transportation function. 49 C.F.R. 171.1(c)(2) states:
               Transportation functions. Requirements in the HMR apply to
               transportation of a hazardous material in commerce and to
               each person who transports a hazardous material in
               commerce * * *. * * * Transportation of a hazardous material
               in commerce includes the following:

               ***
No. 12AP-735                                                                              9


               (2) Loading incidental to movement of a hazardous material.
               Loading of packaged or containerized hazardous material
               onto a transport vehicle, aircraft, or vessel for the purpose of
               transporting it, including blocking and bracing a hazardous
               materials package in a freight container or transport vehicle
               * * *.

       {¶ 26} While this section does define "loading incidental to movement" as a
transportation function, we note that under pre-transportation functions, we can find
"[l]oading, blocking, and bracing a hazardous materials package in a freight container or
transport vehicle." 49 C.F.R. 171.1(b)(12). We accordingly find that the commission did
not err when it concluded that OPC Polymers had engaged in a pre-transportation
function when it loaded its cargo onto the truck.
       {¶ 27} The commission did err, however, based on our analysis of the first
assignment of error, when it concluded that 49 C.F.R. 171.1(c)(2) placed a duty on a
shipper who loads in the presence of carrier personnel to also block and brace that load.
This section classifies functions, but creates no obligation to block and brace a load based
on the language of this section.
       {¶ 28} In accordance with the foregoing, OPC Polymers' second assignment of
error is sustained in part and overruled in part.
       {¶ 29} OPC Polymers' third assignment of error asserts the commission erred as a
matter of law by finding that there could be joint responsibility on the part of the shipper
and the carrier for the same act or omission in the shipping process. To the extent that
this assignment of error implicates issues that are addressed in our interpretation of 49
C.F.R. 173.30 and 173.834(a), pursuant to the first and second assignments of error,
further discussion is duplicative and unnecessary. If, on the other hand, OPC Polymers
seeks a declaration that the overall regulatory scheme under the HMRs could never
contemplate joint liability for the same act and omission, we would be reluctant to offer
such a broad holding even if the facts and posture of this case did not prevent us from
reaching the issue. Despite our finding that the regulation is too vague to impose liability
upon OPC Polymers, we cannot find that there is any blanket obstacle to joint liability for
violation of commission regulations governing the transportation of hazardous materials.
The third assignment of error is sustained in part in the measure that it coincides with our
conclusions under the first and second assignments of error, and otherwise overruled.
No. 12AP-735                                                                            10


      {¶ 30} OPC Polymers' fourth assignment of error asserts the administrative
process culminating an issuance of the forfeiture in the current matter violated OPC
Polymers' due process rights. On its face, the argument in support of this assignment of
error does not set forth a constitutional violation, but only arguments regarding the
manifest weight of the evidence or the sufficiency of the evidence before the commission
to support the actual occurrence of a violation. OPC Polymers strives to create a material
contested point of fact in this case: whether the truck, when stopped by the commission's
agent some 50 miles from Columbus, was in the same condition as when it left OPC
Polymers' premises.
      {¶ 31} The bulk of OPC Polymers' evidentiary arguments concern the effect of the
seal applied to the truck doors. The commission chose to make the permissible
evidentiary assumption that the sealed load was, at the time of the vehicle inspection, in
the same state as when it was sealed and left OPC Polymers' dock. Given our deference to
the commission's proceedings with respect to the weight of the evidence, we will not
strain to accept a less-likely inference over that chosen by the commission. Moreover,
OPC Polymers does not suggest that there is any evidence, nor even any reason to infer,
that the contents of the truck left the dock in a more secure or compliant condition than
when stopped by a PUCO agent in transit. OPC Polymers' fourth assignment of error is
overruled.
      {¶ 32} In accordance with the foregoing, OPC Polymers' first assignment of error is
sustained, second and third assignments of error are sustained in part and overruled in
part, and fourth assignment of error is overruled. The order of the Public Utilities
Commission of Ohio imposing a civil forfeiture penalty upon OPC Polymers is vacated.
                                                                             Order vacated.
                           KLATT, P.J., and SADLER, J., concur.
               VUKOVICH, J., of the Seventh Appellate District, sitting by
               assignment in the Tenth Appellate District.
