Filed 2/18/15 Reed v. Tong CA2/4
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                   SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION FOUR


ZSHONETTE REED,                                                      B242698

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                      Super. Ct. No. LC078351)
         v.

TU MY TONG,

         Defendant and Appellant.




         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
James A. Kaddo, Judge. Affirmed.
         Tu My Tong, in pro. per., for Defendant and Appellant.
         Lorden & Reed and Zshonette L. Reed for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                 INTRODUCTION
      Attorney Zshonette Reed and the firm of Lorden & Reed (collectively
“Reed”) sued Tu My Tong (“Tong”) based upon Tong’s failure to pay for legal
services rendered by Reed. After Reed prevailed at trial on a quantum meruit
theory, Tong appealed, contending that the trial court had erroneously denied her
motion for leave to file a compulsory cross-complaint. In an unpublished decision,
we reversed the judgment to permit Tong to file her compulsory cross-complaint.
(Reed v. Tong, November 17, 2010, B212743 [nonpub. opn] (Reed I).) However,
we qualified the reversal with the following directions: If Reed was successful in
obtaining a pretrial dismissal of the cross-complaint, the trial court was to reinstate
Reed’s judgment on the quantum meruit action. If, however, Tong’s cross-
complaint survived pretrial litigation, the trial court was to conduct a new trial on
Reed’s complaint and Tong’s cross-complaint. (Ibid.)
      On remand, Tong was permitted to file a cross-complaint alleging causes of
action for breach of contract, declaratory relief, and legal malpractice. On the first
day of trial, Tong indicated that she did not have an expert witness to testify in
support of her cross-complaint and that she would not go to trial because of the
trial court’s purported bias against her. The trial court granted Reed’s motion for a
nonsuit and reinstated the judgment in Reed’s favor, and it is from that later
judgment reinstating the earlier judgment that Tong now appeals.
      Tong, who is in propria persona, has submitted an appellate brief that is
unintelligible and does not comply with appellate rules. We therefore deem any
and all arguments to be forfeited. Moreover, despite procedural irregularities in
the trial court’s rulings, we conclude that Tong abandoned her claims and thus the
dismissal of her cross-complaint can be affirmed on that basis. We therefore
affirm the judgment.



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              FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      The appellate record provided by Tong is inadequate; for instance, it does
not include the judgment from which she appeals. In an attempt to discern the
basis for Tong’s appeal, and in light of her declaration indicating that the judgment
and other records were missing from the superior court file at the time the
appendix was filed, we have exercised our discretion to take judicial notice of the
contents of the superior court file. We have gleaned the facts and procedural
history from the superior court file and our previous opinion in Reed I, in addition
to the appellate record provided by Tong.
      In June 2007, Reed filed an action against Tong for breach of contract,
quantum meruit and fraud based upon Tong’s failure to pay for legal services Reed
provided Tong in two separate lawsuits. In April 2008, Tong, who was in propria
persona, filed an application for leave to file a cross-complaint against Reed for
breach of contract and legal malpractice arising out of the same representation for
which Reed sought recovery of fees. The trial court denied Tong’s application,
finding it untimely.
      Reed dismissed the claims for breach of contract and fraud, and a jury trial
was held in September 2008 on Reed’s quantum meruit claim seeking the
reasonable value of services provided in representing Tong in two actions. The
jury awarded Reed $32,453.50 for work reasonably expended, and the trial court
awarded Reed costs ($2,267.21) and interest (10 %). The trial court subsequently
ordered that another law firm holding funds belonging to Tong turn over to Reed
the sum of $40,225.21, in satisfaction of the judgment.
      On appeal, in Reed I, we reversed the judgment with directions. We
determined that the trial court had erroneously denied Tong’s motion for leave to
file a compulsory cross-complaint on the ground that the motion was untimely,
which is not a sufficient basis for denying such leave. We found that reversal of

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the judgment on Reed’s claim was required, because had Tong been permitted to
file her cross-complaint and try her counter-claims at the same time as Reed’s
quantum meruit claim, “the parties would have had the opportunity to present
expert witnesses about the nature and quality of Reed’s legal services and Tong
could have presented evidence about how Reed’s alleged failures damaged her.
Consequently, Tong’s claims for breach of contract and legal malpractice might
reasonably have affected the outcome of the quantum meruit trial.” However, we
agreed with Reed that “a complete reversal of the judgment it obtained could be
wasteful because Tong’s cross-complaint may not survive pretrial litigation.”
Therefore, we “reverse[d] the judgment to permit Tong to file the proposed cross-
complaint and Reed to test its sufficiency and merits short of trial.” We further
ordered that “[i]f Reed succeeds in obtaining a pretrial dismissal of the cross-
complaint for any reason, then the trial court is to reinstate Reed’s judgment on the
quantum meruit action. If, on the other hand, Tong’s cross-complaint survives
pretrial litigation, the trial court is to conduct a new trial on Reed’s complaint and
Tong’s cross-complaint.” (Fn. omitted.)
      On remand, Tong was permitted to file her cross-complaint for breach of
contract, legal malpractice, and declaratory relief, followed by a first and a second
amended cross-complaint. The cause of action for breach of contract alleged that
Reed breached the parties’ oral agreements, some of which were later reduced to
writing, “by failing to perform services necessary to the representation of [Tong],
performing unnecessary work, overcharging for work performed, charging
unreasonable and/or unconscionable fees not reasonably related to the reasonable
value of their services and charging for hours in excess of the hours actually
performed in providing legal services to [Tong].” The cause of action for
malpractice alleged that Reed had (1) failed to timely file necessary pleadings and
to enter defaults against opposing parties; (2) handled a matter requiring

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bankruptcy expertise that Reed did not possess; (3) abruptly withdrawn as counsel
just before trial, prejudicing Tong; (4) unnecessarily hired and incurred fees for an
expert who was of no use; and (5) failed to obtain critical documents that would
have changed the outcome in litigation.
      Tong also moved for an order compelling Reed to disgorge $40,225.21 in
funds obtained after the original judgment was entered. On May 24, 2011, the
court granted Tong’s motion to compel disgorgement, and ordered Reed to turn
over the sum to Tong because the judgment had been reversed on appeal. Reed
moved to vacate the order requiring her to disgorge the funds. As of the trial date,
the trial court had not yet ruled on that motion.
      Before trial, Reed moved to exclude any expert witness testimony,
specifically excluding testimony as to the claim of malpractice and the
unreasonableness of fees and services rendered by Reed. Reed simultaneously
moved for a nonsuit as to the legal malpractice claim. The motions were based on
Tong’s failure to disclose any expert witness before trial or to comply with the
expert discovery requirements.
      On April 9, 2012, the matter was called for a court trial. Tong indicated that
she would not go forward with the trial, because she believed the trial judge was
biased against her. The court inquired whether Tong had procured an expert to
testify that Reed’s representation fell below the standard of care; Tong replied that
at that time she had no expert witness because she could not afford to pay one.
The court then granted Reed’s motion to exclude any expert testimony due to
Tong’s failure to make the required disclosures and to designate an expert.
      At that time, the court also granted Reed’s motion for a nonsuit, finding that
the claim was not supported by sufficient evidence because there was no expert
testimony to support Tong’s claim for legal malpractice. Although the cross-
complaint also alleged causes of action for breach of contract and declaratory

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relief, Reed indicated that it was her understanding that the appellate court had
directed that only Tong’s malpractice claim could be asserted in the cross-
complaint on remand. The court indicated that a judgment in favor of Reed and
against Tong would be entered.
         After reading the directions from this court in Reed I, the trial court stated as
follows: “In compliance with that direction from the appellate court, the court
finds that Tong’s cross-complaint has not survived the pretrial motion. And,
therefore, the court has granted judgment for the cross-defendant in that matter.
And pursuant to the instruction of the appellate court, the original judgment
obtained in this matter is reinstated fully, and there will be no further trial on this
case.”
         A judgment in favor of Reed was entered, indicating that it was a judgment
“after court trial.” The judgment provides that “[t]he Judgment entered on October
15, 2008, in favor of Plaintiffs Zshonette Reed and Lorden & Reed, and against
Defendant Tu My Tong is hereby reinstated.” Subsequently, the court granted
Reed’s motion to vacate the May 24, 2011 order requiring Reed to disgorge the
$40,225.21 in funds that had been held for Tong.
         Tong timely appealed from the judgment.


                                         DISCUSSION
         Tong’s brief on appeal is unsupported by pertinent legal authority, and does
not appear to raise any cognizable arguments connected to the judgment granting a
nonsuit in favor of Reed. It is well settled that the failure to make a coherent
argument constitutes a waiver of an issue on appeal. (Mansell v. Board of
Administration (1994) 30 Cal.App.4th 539, 545–546 [“[I]t is established that ‘. . .
an appellate brief “should contain a legal argument with citation of authorities on
the points made. If none is furnished on a particular point, the court may treat it as

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waived, and pass it without consideration.”’”].) “This court is not inclined to act as
counsel for . . . appellant and furnish a legal argument as to how the trial court’s
rulings . . . constituted an abuse of discretion.’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.; Inyo Citizens
for Better Planning v. Inyo County Bd. of Supervisors (2009) 180 Cal.App.4th 1,
14 [“We do not serve as ‘backup appellate counsel,’ or make the parties’
arguments for them.]”.) Nor does the fact that Tong is unrepresented by counsel
entitle her to special consideration. (Burnete v. La Casa Dana Apartments (2007)
148 Cal.App.4th 1262, 1267 [“‘“[T]he in propria persona litigant is held to the
same restrictive rules of procedure as an attorney”’”].) Thus, Tong has forfeited
her arguments on appeal.
      Moreover, “‘[a] judgment or order of the lower court is presumed correct
. . . and error must be affirmatively shown. This is not only a general principle of
appellate practice but an ingredient of the constitutional doctrine of reversible
error.’” (Denham v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 557, 564; Hernandez v.
California Hospital Medical Center (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 498, 502.) In this case,
Tong has failed to meet her burden on appeal to affirmatively show prejudicial
error based on adequate legal argument and citation to the record. (Yield
Dynamics, Inc. v. TEA Systems Corp. (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 547, 556–557.)
      Although Tong’s brief does not raise them, we recognize that there were
some procedural irregularities in the trial court’s disposition of this matter. To
begin with, the trial court granted Reed’s motion for a nonsuit at the outset of the
trial, when such a motion may not be granted until after the plaintiff’s opening
statement. (Lingenfelter v. County of Fresno (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 198, 207;
Code Civ. Proc., § 581c, subd. (a).) However, in this case, Tong indicated that she
would not proceed with the trial, and thus made plain that she would not be making
an opening statement. Thus, any irregularity in granting the motion at that juncture
did not prejudice Tong, because she had indicated she would not proceed with the

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trial. (See Atkinson v. Elk Corp. (2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 739, 748-749 [where trial
court granted nonsuit on its own motion, prior to oral argument, appellate court
would not reverse in absence of showing of prejudice].) Moreover, because Tong
failed to raise the issue, she has forfeited any challenge based on the irregular
timing of the grant of a nonsuit.
       Similarly, Tong has forfeited any contention that the trial court erroneously
granted a nonsuit as to her causes of action for breach of contract and declaratory
relief, when Reed moved for a nonsuit only as to the malpractice claim.1 Even if
she had raised the issue, the trial court’s dismissal of all the claims may be
affirmed on the basis of Code of Civil Procedure section 581, subdivision (d),
which provides, in relevant part: “[T]he court shall dismiss the complaint . . . in its
entirety . . . with prejudice, when upon the trial and before the final submission of
the case, the plaintiff abandons it.” In this case, when Tong stated her intention not
to proceed after the case had been called for trial, she signaled her intention to
abandon the matter “upon the trial,” triggering the court’s power to dismiss her
cross-complaint with prejudice. (Code Civ. Proc., § 581, subd. (d); see Lewis C.
Nelson & Sons, Inc. v. Lynx Iron Corp. (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 67, 76 [the concept
of “trial” in Code of Civil Procedure section 581 includes pretrial procedures that
effectively dispose of the case]; Larsson v. Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (1950) 97
Cal.App.2d 704, 708 [abandonment found where plaintiff’s “persistent refusal to
proceed as the court advised was necessary rendered it impossible for her to
receive a favorable decision on the issue”]; see also Lyons v. Wickhorst (1986) 42
1
       Tong makes no intelligible argument that the trial court erred in granting a nonsuit
as to her malpractice claim. In any event, because she could not prove her claim without
the opinion testimony of an expert witness, the trial court did not err in granting the
motion for nonsuit as to that claim. (Lipscomb v. Krause (1978) 87 Cal.App.3d 970,
975–976 [affirming grant of nonsuit on malpractice claim where plaintiff failed to
produce expert testimony on standard of care].)


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Cal.3d 911, 915 [recognizing that trial court may invoke discretionary power to
dismiss claims with prejudice where the plaintiff fails to prosecute diligently].)
      We note one final irregularity, also not raised by Tong and thus forfeited:
Although our instructions in Reed I stated that the original judgment was to be
reinstated in the event that Tong’s cross-complaint was dismissed prior to trial, in
fact the trial court reinstated the original judgment upon granting a nonsuit on
Tong’s cross-complaint. A motion for a nonsuit is not a pretrial motion, but rather
a motion granted once trial has commenced, and thus technically, one could read
our instructions to require a retrial of Reed’s quantum meruit claim because of the
timing of the dismissal of Tong’s cross-complaint. However, requiring a retrial of
Reed’s quantum meruit claim would be both impractical and a waste of judicial
resources. In Reed I, we reasoned that had Tong been afforded the opportunity to
present evidence and expert testimony in support of her cross-complaint, the
outcome on Reed’s quantum meruit claim might have been different. But on
remand, after being allowed to file a cross-complaint, Tong indicated at the outset
of trial that she had no expert witness and would not go to trial. As such, Reed’s
quantum meruit claim would not have been affected by Tong’s claims, and there is
no basis for holding a new trial on Reed’s quantum meruit claim. Therefore, we
uphold the decision to reinstate the jury’s verdict on Reed’s quantum meruit claim.




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                                DISPOSITION
            The judgment entered in favor of Reed, reinstating the original
judgment entered on October 15, 2008, is affirmed. Reed is to recover costs on
appeal.
            NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS




                                            WILLHITE, J.




            We concur:




            EPSTEIN, P. J.




            COLLINS, J.




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