                              FIRST DIVISION
                                DOYLE, C. J.,
                         PHIPPS, P. J., and BOGGS, J.

                   NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                   physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                   days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                              http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/


                                                                      July 16, 2015




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A15A0765. JERNIGAN v. THE STATE.

      PHIPPS, Presiding Judge.

      Demetrius Jernigan was found guilty of kidnapping, hijacking a motor vehicle,

armed robbery (two counts), aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, and

aggravated assault with intent to rape.1 He appeals from the convictions, contending

that the evidence was insufficient to support the verdict for aggravated assault with

intent to rape, and that the court erred by sentencing him on convictions that should

      1
        The indictment pertinently charged Jernigan with the following offenses:
Count 1 - kidnapping of C. B.; Count 3 - hijacking a motor vehicle, by obtaining a
motor vehicle from C. B. by force or violence while in possession of a firearm; Count
4 - armed robbery, by taking a motor vehicle from C. B. by use of an article having
the appearance of a firearm; Count 5 - armed robbery, by taking currency from C. B.
by use of an article having the appearance of a firearm; Count 6 - aggravated assault,
by assaulting C. B. with a deadly weapon (handgun); Count 7 - aggravated assault,
by making an assault upon C. B. with the intent to rape. The indictment alleged that
each offense was committed in Clayton County.
have merged. For the reasons that follow, we hold that the evidence was sufficient

and that the two armed robbery convictions did not merge. However, the court erred

in not merging the aggravated assault (with a deadly weapon) conviction into one of

the armed robbery convictions. Thus, we affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand for

resentencing.

      1. Jernigan contends that the evidence was insufficient to prove aggravated

assault with intent to rape.2 We disagree.

             On appeal from a criminal conviction, the evidence must be
      viewed in the light most favorable to support the verdict, and [the
      appellant] no longer enjoys a presumption of innocence; moreover, an
      appellate court determines evidence sufficiency and does not weigh the
      evidence or determine witness credibility.3



      2
          Former OCGA § 16-5-21 (2011) pertinently provided: “(a) A person commits
the offense of aggravated assault when he or she assaults another: (1) With intent to
. . . rape.” OCGA § 16-5-20 (a) pertinently provides that a person commits the offense
of simple assault when he either: (1) attempts to commit a violent injury to the person
of another or (2) commits an act which places another in reasonable apprehension of
immediately receiving a violent injury. OCGA § 16-6-1 (a) pertinently provides that
“[a] person commits the offense of rape when he has carnal knowledge of: (1) a
female forcibly and against her will. . . .Carnal knowledge in rape occurs when there
is any penetration of the female sex organ by the male sex organ.”
      3
        Jackson v. State, 252 Ga. App. 268 (1) (555 SE2d 908) (2001) (punctuation,
citations and footnotes omitted).

                                             2
      So viewed, the evidence showed the following. On September 8, 2011, C. B.

went alone to a Citgo gas station in Clayton County and was preparing to pump

gasoline into her vehicle’s gas tank when a man approached her. He lifted his shirt,

displayed a gun, and told C. B., “[D]on’t scream, don’t make a scene, and I won’t hurt

you.” He told C. B. to finish “pump[ing] the gas,” then demanded her keys and

ordered her to get in the passenger seat of her vehicle. C. B. complied, and the man

drove the vehicle to a BP gas station. The man put the gun in his waistband and

ordered C. B. to go inside the store with him to withdraw money from an automated

teller machine (ATM) using her ATM card. With the gun still tucked in his pants, he

again warned C. B. not to “make a scene.” C. B. complied, and when the ATM

dispensed money, the man grabbed it. The man then drove C. B. in her vehicle to

another gas station (this time in DeKalb County); he attempted to add more gasoline

to the vehicle’s tank using her ATM card, but the transaction was declined.

      With C. B. still in the vehicle, the man drove to a school in DeKalb County,

where he forced C. B. to perform oral sex on him. He then forced her to have sexual

intercourse with him.

      The man then drove C. B. to another gas station, where he unsuccessfully

attempted to use her ATM card to withdraw money from an ATM. He next drove

                                          3
C. B. to another street and forced her to get out of the vehicle. A passerby came to

C. B.’s aid and phoned police. C. B. gave police a description of her assailant, and she

later identified Jernigan in a photographic array and at trial as her assailant.

      Jernigan asserts that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for

aggravated assault with intent to rape because “there was no evidence that when he

came in contact with [the victim] in Clayton County and brandished his firearm that

he had any intent to commit rape.”

             Whether the defendant entertained an intent to commit a felony
      rape . . . is a matter for the jury to say, under the facts and circumstances
      proved. As a general rule the state must, of necessity, rely on
      circumstantial evidence in proving intent.4


“[O]n review, this court will not disturb the factual determination [of criminal

intention] unless it is contrary to the evidence and clearly erroneous.”5




      4
        Kinney v. State, 155 Ga. App. 95 (1) (270 SE2d 209) (1980) (citation and
punctuation omitted); see Mobley v. State, 279 Ga. App. 476, 478 (1) (631 SE2d 491)
(2006); Butler v. State, 194 Ga. App. 895, 897 (2) (392 SE2d 324) (1990); see
generally Goodall v. State, 277 Ga. App. 600, 602-603 (1) (a) (627 SE2d 183) (2006).
      5
       Hardy v. State, 159 Ga. App. 854, 860 (285 SE2d 547) (1981) (citation and
punctuation omitted).

                                           4
      Construed in the light most favorable to support the verdict, the evidence

included testimony that Jernigan had approached C. B. when she was alone and,

brandishing a gun, forced her to go with him in a vehicle; he had the gun throughout

the ordeal, showing it to C. B. and threatening her; and he had a condom, which he

wore while forcing sexual intercourse on her. Thus, “[t]here was evidence, although

circumstantial insofar as intent is concerned, sufficient to establish that the defendant

assaulted the victim with intent to commit rape; a rational trier of fact was authorized

to find the defendant guilty of the crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt.”6

      2. Jernigan contends that the trial court erred by sentencing him on two armed

robbery counts when the taking of the motor vehicle at the Citgo gas station (Count

4) and the taking of the currency from the ATM at the BP gas station (Count 5) were

parts of a single, continuous transaction. We disagree.




      6
          See Butler, supra (citation and punctuation omitted).

                                           5
      “The doctrine of merger precludes the imposition of multiple punishments

when the same conduct establishes the commission of more than one crime.”7

“Whether offenses merge is a legal question, which we review de novo.”8

      “Where a single victim is robbed of multiple items in a single transaction, there

is only one robbery.”9 “A defendant who takes multiple items from a victim in one

transaction cannot be convicted of multiple robberies. . . .The question is whether the

thefts involve a single transaction or sequential crimes.”10


      7
       Louisyr v. State, 307 Ga. App. 724, 730 (2) (706 SE2d 114) (2011) (citations
and punctuation omitted).
      8
         McGlasker v. State, 321 Ga. App. 614, 616 (2) (741 SE2d 303) (2013)
(citation omitted).
      9
        Davis v. State, 281 Ga. 871, 874 (4) (644 SE2d 113) (2007); Wells v. State,
294 Ga. App. 277, 280 (1) (b) (668 SE2d 881) (2008). Note that the “required
evidence” test set forth in Drinkard v. Walker, infra, applies where the same act or
transaction constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions. Wells, supra.
The required evidence test does not apply where (as here) the question presented is
whether a course of conduct can result in multiple violations of the same statute. State
v. Marlowe, 277 Ga. 383, 384 (1) (589 SE2d 69) (2003).
      10
         Holloway v. State, 269 Ga. App. 500, 504 (3) (604 SE2d 844) (2004) (stating
that the analysis regarding whether one robbery count is included in another robbery
count differs from the analysis employed in the context of other types of crimes;
holding that the armed robbery and attempted armed robbery counts merged because
only one robbery could be charged when one victim was robbed of more than one
item in a single transaction) (footnotes omitted); see Lewis v. State, 261 Ga. App. 273,
275 (1) (582 SE2d 222) (2003) (noting the “unique” merger analysis in robbery cases,

                                           6
      In this case, the theft of the vehicle and the theft of the currency were

sequential crimes. Jernigan had taken C. B.’s vehicle at gunpoint at the first gas

station, thus committing the armed robbery alleged in Count 4.11 He had next driven

to a second gas station, where, with a gun in his waistband, he had ordered C. B. to

exit the vehicle, enter the store with him, and withdraw money from an ATM, which

money he then took, thereby committing the armed robbery alleged in Count 5. The

taking of the money from the ATM was not part of Jernigan’s initial act of taking the

vehicle. The two offenses were committed at different times and in different

locations, and thus did not merge.12


and holding that the taking of property in a single transaction from a single victim -
money, phone, and wallet - constituted a single robbery).
      11
           See OCGA § 16-8-41 (a).
      12
         See Andrews v. State, 328 Ga. App. 344, 349 (2) (c) (764 SE2d 553) (2014)
(physical precedent only) (no merger of robbery counts where defendant had taken
the victim’s cash and check card, and then assaulted and raped her, before taking her
car keys; the robbery offenses were based on the defendant having committed two
distinct acts of taking at two different times); Denson v. State, 212 Ga. App. 883, 884
(3) (443 SE2d 300) (1994) (two robbery convictions did not merge because, although
the robberies were committed in close temporal proximity, the offenses were
committed sequentially; the defendant had committed the initial theft by taking the
victim’s gun, and the second theft by then using that gun to strike the victim and take
her purse). Compare Tesfaye v. State, 275 Ga. 439, 442 (4) (569 SE2d 849) (2002)
(two armed robberies merged where defendants had taken cash from the victim and
vehicle keys from the victim at two sites under the same roof); Randolph v. State, 246

                                          7
      3. Jernigan contends that his conviction on Count 6 (aggravated assault on

C. B., by assaulting her with a deadly weapon) should have merged into the

conviction on Count 4 (armed robbery, by taking a motor vehicle from C. B. by use

of a firearm), Count 5 (armed robbery, by taking currency from C. B. by use of a

firearm), or Count 7 (aggravated assault, by assaulting C. B. with the intent to rape).

The state concedes that Count 6 should have merged with Count 5.

      To determine whether the aggravated assault (with a deadly weapon) was a

lesser included offense of the armed robbery counts or the aggravated assault (with

intent to rape) count, we apply the “required evidence” test set forth in Drinkard v.

Walker.13 Under that test, we examine “whether each offense requires proof of a fact

which the other does not.”14 “Because aggravated assault does not require proof of

any element that armed robbery does not, convictions for both offenses will merge —


Ga. App. 141, 144 (1) (538 SE2d 139) (2000) (two armed robbery counts merged
where defendant had robbed victim of store’s money at one end of a store, and then
robbed him of his wallet at the other end of the store); Creecy v. State, 235 Ga. 542,
544 (5) (221 SE2d 17) (1975) (only one armed robbery where robber had taken, in
a single transaction, a wallet from a store employee and money from the store’s cash
drawer).
      13
           281 Ga. 211 (636 SE2d 530) (2006).
      14
        Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 888 (2) (700 SE2d 399) (2010) (citations and
punctuation omitted).

                                          8
but only if the crimes are part of the same act or transaction.”15 Jernigan’s convictions

for aggravated assault (with a deadly weapon) and armed robbery (taking currency

by use of a firearm) arose from the same act or transaction.16 Therefore, the conviction

and sentence for aggravated assault (with a deadly weapon) must be vacated and the

case remanded to the trial court for resentencing.17

      Judgment affirmed in part and vacated in part, and case remanded. Doyle,

C. J., and Boggs, J., concur.




      15
        Thomas v. State, 289 Ga. 877, 880 (3) (717 SE2d 187) (2011) (punctuation
omitted), citing Long, supra, and Drinkard, supra.
      16
           See Thomas, supra.
      17
           See id.; Long, supra.

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