     Case: 12-50382      Document: 00512674156       Page: 1   Date Filed: 06/23/2014




         IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                  FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                                  Fifth Circuit

                                                                      FILED
                                                                     June 23, 2014

                                      No. 12-50382                   Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                          Clerk

In the Matter of: 804 CONGRESS, L.L.C.,

                                              Debtor,

-----------------------------------
WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A.; GRETA GOLDSBY,

                                              Appellees,
v.

804 CONGRESS, L.L.C.,

                                              Appellant.


Cons w/ 12-50392

In the Matter of: 804 CONGRESS, L.L.C.,

                                              Debtor,

-----------------------------------
WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A.,

                                              Appellee,
v.

804 CONGRESS, L.L.C.,

                                              Appellant.
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                            Nos. 12-50382, 12-50392 & 12-50425


Cons w/ 12-50425

In the Matter of: 804 CONGRESS, L.L.C.,

                                                 Debtor,

-----------------------------------
GRETA GOLDSBY,

                                                 Appellee,
v.

804 CONGRESS, L.L.C.,

                                                 Appellant.



                      Appeals from the United States District Court
                            for the Western District of Texas


Before JOLLY, GARZA, and OWEN, Circuit Judges.
PRISCILLA R. OWEN, Circuit Judge:
        The principal issue in this case is whether, after an automatic stay in
bankruptcy has been lifted and a creditor is permitted to foreclose on real
property, federal or state law governs an oversecured creditor’s recovery of
attorneys’ and other fees from the sale proceeds. A corollary issue is whether the
bankruptcy court has jurisdiction over the sale proceeds for purposes of
determining the creditor’s right to recover attorneys’ fees and the Deed of Trust
trustee’s right to recover a contractually specified commission for conducting the
non-judicial foreclosure sale. The bankruptcy court held that it had jurisdiction.
It denied the request for attorneys’ fees, based on the lack of supporting
evidence, and substantially reduced the Deed of Trust trustee’s commission,


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                        Nos. 12-50382, 12-50392 & 12-50425

finding the contractual commission unreasonable under 11 U.S.C. § 506(b). The
district court reversed, holding that the bankruptcy court had no jurisdiction.
We reverse the district court’s judgment and remand for further proceedings.
                                             I
       The debtor in the bankruptcy proceedings is 804 Congress, whose only
significant asset was an office building in Austin, Texas (to which we will refer
as “the property”). Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (Wells Fargo) had financed the
purchase of the property and held a “Real Estate Lien Note” (the Note). To
secure the Note, 804 Congress executed a “Deed of Trust Security
Agreement/Financing Statement” (the Deed of Trust), which granted Wells
Fargo a first-priority lien on the property.           Greta Goldsby (Goldsby, and,
collectively with Wells Fargo, the Creditors) became the substitute trustee under
the Wells Fargo Deed of Trust. After purchasing the building, 804 Congress
obtained a loan from another creditor, VIA Lending (VIA), secured by a second-
priority lien on the property.
       This bankruptcy proceeding is 804 Congress’s second. In response to
threatened foreclosure by VIA, 804 Congress first filed for bankruptcy in 2009.
That case was dismissed. 804 Congress commenced the present bankruptcy
proceeding after a foreclosure sale was scheduled by Wells Fargo.1
       Wells Fargo filed an Emergency Motion for Relief from Stay, seeking to
proceed with a non-judicial foreclosure sale of the property. The bankruptcy
court granted Wells Fargo’s motion in an order that provided that Wells Fargo
“shall be permitted to conduct a foreclosure sale of the Property on September
7, 2010, in accordance with applicable state laws” if 804 Congress had not met
certain conditions designed to permit it to sell the property under the


       1
        804 Congress had been in default on Wells Fargo’s loan since August of 2009, and
Wells Fargo actually had been operating the building itself for some time after 804 Congress
abandoned it.

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                           Nos. 12-50382, 12-50392 & 12-50425

superintendence of the bankruptcy court before that date. 804 Congress did not
meet these conditions.
       Goldsby conducted a non-judicial foreclosure sale of the property in
accordance with the Deed of Trust, and that sale yielded proceeds of
approximately $4.355 million. Pursuant to the terms of the Deed of Trust,2
Goldsby determined that the proceeds should be distributed as follows:

           1) Commission to the Deed of                    $217,750.00
           Trust Trustee (Goldsby),
           equaling five percent of the bid
           2) Indebtedness and                             $3,296,915.00
           management expenses to
           Wells Fargo (including
           attorneys’ fees of more than
           $87,000)
           3) To VIA, as second                            $618,639.28
           lienholder
           4) To 804 Congress, remaining                   $221,695.72
           balance


Because 804 Congress did not have a debtor-in-possession account in which to
deposit the amount due 804 Congress, Goldsby filed a motion with the
bankruptcy court to distribute the funds to 804 Congress’s attorney. Upon
objection from the United States Trustee in the bankruptcy proceeding, Goldsby
withdrew this motion.



       2
         The Deed of Trust directed the trustee to distribute the proceeds of the foreclosure
sale in following order, consistent with Texas law:
       a.       expenses of foreclosure, including a commission to Trustee of 5% of the bid;
       b.       to [Wells Fargo], the full amount of principal, interest, attorney’s fees, and other
                charges due and unpaid;
       c.       any amounts required by law to be paid before payment to [804 Congress]; and
       d.       to [804 Congress], any balance.

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                         Nos. 12-50382, 12-50392 & 12-50425

       The bankruptcy court indicated that it intended to exercise jurisdiction
over the entire proceeds of the foreclosure sale, and the Creditors each filed
proofs of claim for the amount to which they claimed they were entitled under
the Deed of Trust. 804 Congress subsequently filed objections to Wells Fargo’s
and Goldsby’s proofs of claim and filed a Motion to Distribute Funds seeking an
order directing Goldsby to pay the principal and interest due Wells Fargo and
VIA and to pay the remaining funds to 804 Congress pending resolution of the
claims against the funds.
       The bankruptcy court subsequently entered an order directing Goldsby to
pay (1) VIA in full,3 (2) Wells Fargo in full with the exception of its claim for
attorneys’ fees, which the bankruptcy court completely disallowed, and (3)
herself $7,500 rather than $217,750. The bankruptcy court reasoned that Wells
Fargo’s request for attorneys’ fees in the amount of $87,894 should be denied in
its entirety because it had not filed a proper application for fees and provided no
supporting documentation or testimony that the fees were reasonable. With
regard to Goldsby’s claim for her commission, the bankruptcy court reasoned
that $217,750 (five percent of the bid for the property, as specified in the Deed
of Trust) was an unreasonable amount under 11 U.S.C. § 506(b), since Goldsby
testified that she had spent no more than twenty hours of time on the foreclosure
and that her hourly rate was $375. The bankruptcy court awarded Goldsby
$7,500, based on twenty hours of work at her hourly rate.
       Wells Fargo appealed to the district court, which reversed the bankruptcy
court and remanded for further proceedings. The district court held that when
the bankruptcy court lifted the stay and the foreclosure sale occurred, the
bankruptcy court ceased to have jurisdiction over the property and the sale
proceeds. The district court held “that the bankruptcy court erred in exercising

       3
         VIA had already been paid, so the bankruptcy court’s order was actually a ratification
of that prior payment.

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                          Nos. 12-50382, 12-50392 & 12-50425

jurisdiction over the foreclosure-sale proceeds, as the proceeds were governed by
Texas law.”        The district court remanded “for further proceedings with
instructions that Goldsby disburse the foreclosure-sale proceeds in accordance
with Texas law and the Deed of Trust.” This appeal followed.
                                              II
      The extent of a bankruptcy court’s jurisdiction is a legal issue that we
review de novo.4 Wells Fargo contends that the bankruptcy estate only has an
interest in “any surplus proceeds over the contractual, state law calculated debt
payable under the Deed of Trust.” It argues that the bankruptcy court therefore
“had no authority to direct Goldsby to disburse the foreclosure sale proceeds in
a manner different than provided under the Deed of Trust.” We disagree.
      Contrary to Wells Fargo’s position and the district court’s holding, federal
law governs what is to be distributed to a secured claimant that is oversecured.5
When a “secured claim is secured by property the value of which, after any
recovery [of certain amounts by the bankruptcy trustee], is greater than the
amount of such claim, there shall be allowed to the holder of such claim, interest
on such claim, and any reasonable fees, costs, or charges provided for under the
agreement or State statute under which such claim arose.”6 By the terms of
§ 506(b), an oversecured creditor may recover, on a secured basis, “fees, costs, or
charges provided for under the agreement . . . under which such claim arose,”
such as the Deed of Trust at issue in this case, but only to the extent that the
fees, costs, or charges are reasonable. We do not read § 506(b) as applying only
when a sale occurs by the trustee in bankruptcy under § 363.7


      4
          Bass v. Denney (In re Bass), 171 F.3d 1016, 1021 (5th Cir. 1999).
      5
          11 U.S.C. § 506(b).
      6
          Id.
      7
          11 U.S.C. § 363.

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                             Nos. 12-50382, 12-50392 & 12-50425

                                                A
       The only disputed amounts in this appeal are the amount to be paid to the
Deed of Trust trustee, Goldsby, and the amount of attorneys’ fees that Wells
Fargo is to recover. The Note provided that Wells Fargo was entitled to “all
reasonable attorneys’ and/or collection fees” that it incurred following default.
The Deed of Trust directed that upon foreclosure, the trustee was to “from the
proceeds of the sale, pay, in this order”:
                 a.        expenses of foreclosure, including a commission to
                           Trustee of 5% of the bid;
                 b.        to [Wells Fargo], the full amount of principal, interest,
                           attorney’s fees, and other charges due and unpaid;
                 c.        any amounts required by law to be paid before payment
                           to [804 Congress]; and
                 d.        to [804 Congress], any balance.

The attorneys’ fees that Wells Fargo seeks were largely incurred post-petition,
though the parties agree that Wells Fargo claimed pre-petition attorneys’ fees
as well.
       Our court addressed the applicability of § 506(b) to pre-petition attorneys’
fees in Blackburn-Bliss Trust v. Hudson Shipbuilders, Inc. (In re Hudson
Shipbuilders, Inc.),8 holding that § 506(b) governs, rather than state law.9 The
creditor in that case held a note that was secured by a lien on real property.10
The note provided that upon default and if the note was placed in the hands of
an attorney for collection, an additional amount of fifteen percent was to be




       8
         794 F.2d 1051 (5th Cir. 1986), overruled in part by Stern v. Marshall, 131 S. Ct. 2594
(2011), as recognized in Frazin v. Haynes & Boone, L.L.P. (In re Frazin), 732 F.3d 313, 319 (5th
Cir. 2013).
       9
           In re Hudson Shipbuilders, Inc., 794 F.2d at 1056-58.
       10
            Id. at 1053.

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                          Nos. 12-50382, 12-50392 & 12-50425

added to the remaining unpaid principal as attorneys’ fees.11 The creditor filed
a proof of claim in bankruptcy that included attorneys’ fees calculated as fifteen
percent of the unpaid balance.12 The creditor requested the bankruptcy court to
lift the automatic stay so that it could foreclose on the debtor’s property.13 The
bankruptcy court entered an order lifting the stay, but before the foreclosure
occurred, a second-in-priority lienholder filed a motion in the bankruptcy court
disputing the amount of attorneys’ fees that the first-priority creditor claimed.14
The bankruptcy court held that § 506(b) controlled, not state law, and that
notwithstanding the agreement’s provisions, a reasonable attorneys’ fee was
$30,000.15 This court affirmed.
      We held in Hudson Shipbuilders that the bankruptcy court had
jurisdiction to resolve the attorneys’ fee issue reasoning that “the bankruptcy
court acted pursuant to the [c]ongressional mandate expressed in 11 U.S.C.
§ 506(b) to prevent [the first-priority creditor] from getting a windfall by
extracting attorneys’ fees in excess of what could legitimately be demanded in
a bankruptcy proceeding.”16 We rejected the creditor’s contention “that state law
governs the enforcement of attorneys’ fee provisions in connection with secured
claims in bankruptcy.”17 We concluded that when Congress enacted § 506(b),
it “intended that federal law should govern the enforcement of attorneys’ fees



      11
           Id.
      12
           Id.
      13
           Id.
      14
           Id.
      15
           Id. at 1054.
      16
           Id. at 1055.
      17
           Id. at 1056.

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                           Nos. 12-50382, 12-50392 & 12-50425

provisions, notwithstanding contrary state law.”18 We held that the creditor’s
“assertion that if the contractual attorneys’ fee provision is valid under state law
it must be enforced by the bankruptcy court, and that in such cases the
bankruptcy court is without power to arrive at what it otherwise perceives to be
a reasonable fee, is contrary to the weight of judicial precedent and is betrayed
by a legislative intent indicating that awards are to be made under § 506(b)
regardless of state law.”19
       Our decision in Hudson Shipbuilders is controlling, at least with respect
to Wells Fargo’s claim for pre-petition attorneys’ fees. With regard to claims for
post-petition attorneys’ fees and Goldsby’s post-petition claim for the five percent
Deed of Trust trustee’s fee, we can discern no basis from the text of § 506(b) for
treating post-petition claims differently. We agree with the Eleventh Circuit
that § 506(b) “does not draw a distinction between fees vested pre- or post-
petition.”20 The Supreme Court held in United States v. Ron Pair Enterprises21
that § 506(b) governs an oversecured creditor’s claim for post-petition interest,22
and in dicta, clearly indicated that § 506(b) would govern post-petition claims for




       18
         Id. (citing Joseph F. Sanson Inv. Co. v. 268 Ltd. (In re 268 Ltd.), 789 F.2d 674 (9th
Cir. 1986); Unsecured Creditors’ Comm. v. Walter E. Heller & Co. Se. (In re K.H. Stephenson
Supply Co.), 768 F.2d 580 (4th Cir. 1985)).
       19
          Id. at 1057; see also Welzel v. Advocate Realty Invs., LLC (In re Welzel), 275 F.3d
1308, 1311, 1314, 1316 (11th Cir. 2001) (holding that although a note provided for attorneys’
fees equal to fifteen percent of the principal, which would have been $146,799, “the language
of 506(b) [does not] indicate that just because a given fee arrangement is enforceable under
state law, it should be exempt from the reasonableness standard” and that “the contractually
set attorney’s fees [that became due under the note pre-petition] . . . must be assessed for
reasonableness under § 506(b)”).
       20
            In re Welzel, 275 F.3d at 1314.
       21
            489 U.S. 235 (1989).
       22
            Ron Pair Enters., 489 U.S. at 237.

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                           Nos. 12-50382, 12-50392 & 12-50425

fees, costs, or charges provided for under the agreement from which the claim
arose.23
       The only distinction that the text of § 506(b) draws between interest and
fees, costs, or charges is that fees, costs, or charges provided for in an agreement
or under a state statute must be reasonable while no such restriction is placed
on interest. The Supreme Court held in Ron Pair Enterprises that the word
“reasonable” in § 506(b) does not modify “interest” but does modify “fees, costs,
or charges provided for under the agreement.”24 The issue in that case was
whether a creditor could receive post-petition interest on a nonconsensual
oversecured claim allowed in a bankruptcy proceeding.25 The creditor was the
federal government, which had filed proof of a pre-petition claim for unpaid
withholding and Social Security taxes, penalties, and pre-petition interest and
had perfected a lien on property owned by the debtor. The Supreme Court held
that under § 506(b), an oversecured creditor is entitled to recovery of post-
petition interest.26 “Recovery of postpetition interest is unqualified.”27 However,
“[r]ecovery of fees, costs, and charges . . . is allowed only if they are reasonable
and provided for in the agreement under which the claim arose.”28
       The question remains as to whether a lifting of a stay in bankruptcy and
a non-judicial foreclosure conducted under state law changes the equation.


       23
          Id. at 241; see also 1 COLLIER BANKRUPTCY MANUAL ¶ 506.03 (Alan N. Resnick &
Henry J. Sommer eds., 4th ed. 2013) (“In the case of postpetition fees, costs and charges, the
allowance of these expenses as part of an oversecured claim is subject to a determination as
to their reasonableness under federal bankruptcy law.”).
       24
            Ron Pair Enters., 489 U.S. at 241.
       25
            Id. at 237.
       26
            Id. at 241.
       27
            Id.
       28
            Id.

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                          Nos. 12-50382, 12-50392 & 12-50425

Again, we can discern no intent from § 506(b) that oversecured creditors who are
permitted to foreclose are to be treated differently from oversecured creditors
whose claims are satisfied within the bankruptcy proceeding.
       Wells Fargo and Goldsby argue that once the stay was lifted and
foreclosure occurred, state law should govern how the proceeds from the sale of
the property are distributed by the Deed of Trust trustee. They contend that the
terms of the Deed of Trust are to be strictly applied and are controlling. A
necessary corollary of that argument is that the Deed of Trust trustee would be
empowered to resolve not only what attorneys’ fees, charges, and costs were to
be paid from the proceeds to Wells Fargo and Goldsby, but also the validity or
amount of claims asserted by subordinate lienholders, such as VIA, since the
Deed of Trust directed Goldsby to pay “any amounts required by law to be paid
before payment” to the debtor. Although there is no dispute in this case as to
whether VIA was to be paid from the sale proceeds or how much it was to be
paid, in other cases in which a deed of trust directs the trustee to satisfy junior
liens from the sale proceeds, disagreements could arise. Under Wells Fargo’s
and Goldsby’s view of the law, the bankruptcy court would have no role to play
in resolving disputes about a junior lienholder’s claim.
       The bankruptcy court’s order lifting the stay allowed Wells Fargo to
foreclose on the property in accordance with state law foreclosure procedures.
It did not give the Deed of Trust trustee any further authority and did not have
the effect of insulating the debtor or any of the creditors from the reach of
§ 506(b). Lifting the automatic stay to allow Wells Fargo to foreclose was not
tantamount to an abandonment of the property.29


       29
          See Killebrew v. Brewer (In re Killebrew), 888 F.2d 1516, 1519 (5th Cir. 1989)
(explaining that “[t]he concept of abandonment appears to have become confused with actions
taken to allow [a creditor] to realize on its security interest through the lifting of the automatic
stay under section 362”); see also Catalano v. Comm’r, 279 F.3d 682, 687 (9th Cir. 2002)
(holding that “an order lifting the automatic stay by itself does not release the estate’s interest

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                             Nos. 12-50382, 12-50392 & 12-50425

                                                 B
         Based on the text of § 506(b), both the Deed of Trust trustee’s fee sought
by Goldsby and the attorneys’ fees sought by Wells Fargo must be reasonable.
It is not dispositive that under Texas law,30 a trustee’s contractual fee of five
percent of the indebtedness would generally be enforceable. We held in Hudson
Shipbuilders that a bankruptcy court has the power to arrive at a reasonable
attorneys’ fee even “if the contractual attorneys’ fee provision is valid under state
law.”31 We agree with the Eleventh Circuit that “the language of 506(b) [does
not] indicate that just because a given fee arrangement is enforceable under
state law, it should be exempt from the reasonableness standard.”32
         The Ninth Circuit’s decision in Joseph F. Sanson Investment Co. v. 268
Ltd. (In re 268 Ltd.)33 is also persuasive.                The debtor, 268 Limited, had
purchased property from Sanson and executed a deed of trust that provided that
in the event 268 Limited defaulted and the property was sold by the deed of trust
trustee, five percent of the remaining balance due at the time of default would
be paid Sanson, who had retained a security interest in the property evidenced
by the deed of trust.34 An involuntary bankruptcy petition was filed against 268



in the property and ‘the act of filing the automatic stay is not analogous to an abandonment
of the property’”).
         30
           E.g., Adams v. First Nat’l Bank of Bells/Savoy, 154 S.W.3d 859, 874 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2005, no pet.) (enforcing five-percent commission provision); Airline Commerce
Bank v. Commercial Credit Corp., 531 S.W.2d 171, 176 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1975,
writ ref’d n.r.e.) (same).
         31
           Blackburn-Bliss Trust v. Hudson Shipbuilders, Inc. (In re Hudson Shipbuilders,
Inc.), 794 F.2d 1051, 1057 (5th Cir. 1986).
         32
              Welzel v. Advocate Realty Invs., LLC (In re Welzel), 275 F.3d 1308, 1314 (11th Cir.
2001).
         33
              789 F.2d 674 (9th Cir. 1986).
         34
              In re 268 Ltd., 789 F.2d at 675.

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Limited, the property was sold for a sum in excess of the principal owed, and
Sanson, as an oversecured creditor, applied to the bankruptcy court to recover
the five percent stipulated in the deed of trust for attorneys’ fees.35 The Ninth
Circuit held that “§ 506(b) preempts the state law governing the availability of
attorney’s fees as part of a secured claim, and . . . the bankruptcy court correctly
engaged in an independent reasonableness inquiry.”36 The debtor had argued
“that if the contractual fee provision would be enforceable under Nevada law,
then the amount provided is reasonable per se under § 506(b).”37 The court
rejected that argument, explaining that “[r]easonableness and enforceability are
not, however, coterminous.”38 The court upheld the bankruptcy court’s finding
that $20,000 was a reasonable fee, rather than $197,500, which was five percent
of the outstanding balance at the time the property was sold.39
       The reasoning in Hudson Shipbuilders, Welzel, and 268 Limited, that a
bankruptcy court may engage in a reasonableness analysis under § 506(b) even
if an agreement’s provisions for fees would be enforceable under state law,
applies to a deed of trust’s provisions setting a commission for a trustee. If a
contractual fee is not reasonable, it will not be given effect for the purposes of
§ 506(b).


       35
            Id.
       36
            Id.
       37
            Id.
       38
            Id. at 675-76.
       39
          Id. at 675, 677-78; see also 1 COLLIER BANKRUPTCY MANUAL ¶ 506.03[3][b] (Alan N.
Resnick & Henry J. Sommer eds., 4th ed. 2013) (observing that “most courts hold that federal
law applies in determining the enforceability of a provision requiring the payment of attorney’s
fees” and “[o]nly a handful of courts have held that state law, or a synthesis of state and
federal law, applies”); id. at ¶ 506.03[3][c] (“The courts have been fairly uniform in holding
that they have inherent power to determine the reasonableness of the amount of any
attorney’s fees to be allowed under section 506(b) and that reasonableness is to be determined
in accordance with federal standards.”).

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                        Nos. 12-50382, 12-50392 & 12-50425

       A fee determination under 11 U.S.C. § 506(b) is a mixed question of law
and fact. We review the applicability of § 506(b) de novo but review the
bankruptcy judge’s determination of reasonableness for abuse of discretion.40
The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that a
reasonable fee for Goldsby was $7,500. This amount was supported by her
testimony that she spent more than ten but no more than twenty hours in
carrying out the foreclosure and that her hourly rate was $375.
       Whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in finding that Wells
Fargo failed to prove any reasonable attorneys’ fees is a closer question. There
was evidence that attorneys for Wells Fargo had provided some services, and
there was evidence that Wells Fargo had in fact paid its attorneys the amounts
it sought to recover. However, on balance, we conclude that the bankruptcy
court was within its discretion in finding that there was no documentation of the
time that was spent and no testimony as to what was a reasonable fee.41 Based
on this record, we cannot say that the bankruptcy court erred in finding under
§ 506(b) that the amount of attorneys’ fees Wells Fargo sought was not
substantiated and therefore was not shown to be reasonable.
       We note that even if Texas law governed the issue of attorneys’ fees, the
Supreme Court of Texas has recognized that a noteholder can be limited to
reasonable attorneys’ fees notwithstanding a clause in the note obligating
payment of a specified percentage of the loan as attorneys’ fees to the



       40
          See Bridgeport Tank Trucks v. Lien Agent (In re EnRe LP), 457 F.3d 493, 494 (5th
Cir. 2006); Blackburn-Bliss Trust v. Hudson Shipbuilders, Inc. (In re Hudson Shipbuilders,
Inc.), 794 F.2d 1051, 1058 (5th Cir. 1986).
       41
         See generally 1 COLLIER BANKRUPTCY MANUAL ¶ 506.03[3][c] (Alan N. Resnick &
Henry J. Sommer eds., 4th ed. 2013) (“The bankruptcy courts will generally require the party
seeking allowance of attorney’s fees to carry the burden of demonstrating reasonableness by
providing a detailed description of the services rendered, supporting documentation, or other
evidence prior to making a determination on an application for payment [under § 506(b)].”).

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                          Nos. 12-50382, 12-50392 & 12-50425

noteholder.42         Under Texas law, Wells Fargo would bear the burden of
demonstrating that the fees it requested were reasonable.43
                                              III
       Wells Fargo and Goldsby assert that, even if § 506(b) governs rather than
state law, and the bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in failing to find
that the contractual commission under the Deed of Trust and the attorneys’ fees
that Wells Fargo claims were reasonable under § 506(b), the claims for the
balance of the commission and all of Wells Fargo’s attorneys’ fees should be
recoverable under § 502. Several courts have concluded that § 506(b) deals with
the priority of secured claims, not allowance of claims.44 These same courts have
indicated that certain claims for amounts found not to be reasonable under
§ 506(b) may be recoverable under § 502.45
       The Ninth Circuit, in 268 Limited, discussed above, held that although the
bankruptcy court found that $20,000 was a reasonable attorneys’ fee under


       42
        E.g., F. R. Hernandez Constr. & Supply Co. v. Nat’l Bank of Commerce of Brownsville,
578 S.W.2d 675, 676-77 (Tex. 1979).
       43
            See Garcia v. Gomez, 319 S.W.3d 638, 646 (Tex. 2010).
       44
          See UPS Capital Bus. Credit v. Gencarelli (In re Gencarelli), 501 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir.
2007) (asserting that “[t]here is universal agreement that whereas section 506 furnishes a
series of useful rules for determining whether and to what extent a claim is secured (and,
therefore, entitled to priority), it does not answer the materially different question of whether
the claim itself should be allowed or disallowed” and that “the general rules that govern the
allowance or disallowance of claims are set out in section 502”); Welzel v. Advocate Realty
Invs., LLC (In re Welzel), 275 F.3d 1308, 1317 (11th Cir. 2001) (holding that § 506(b) “is
completely silent with regard to the allowance/disallowance issue” and that “[t]his silence
suggests that § 506(b) is meant not to displace the general instructions laid down in § 502, but
to be read together with § 502 in a complementary manner”); In re 268 Ltd., 789 F.2d at 678
(concluding that § 506(b) “establishes the requirements for a secured claim” and “may be
understood to define the portion of the fees which shall be afforded secured status”); see also
1 COLLIER BANKRUPTCY MANUAL ¶ 506.01 (Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. Sommer eds., 4th ed.
2013) (“[Section 506] does not govern the allowance or disallowance of the underlying claim
itself. Rules governing the allowance of claims generally are provided in section 502.”).
       45
            See id.

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                          Nos. 12-50382, 12-50392 & 12-50425

§ 506(b), the remainder of the five percent contractual attorneys’ fee was
recoverable under § 502 as an unsecured claim.46 The court reasoned that the
text of § 506(b) supported its conclusion and that “to bar Sanson from seeking
the balance of its fees as an unsecured claim would make it worse off in
bankruptcy than it would have been if its claim were unsecured.”47
      Similarly, in Welzel, the Eleventh Circuit held that any portion of a
contractual attorneys’ fee that was not found reasonable under § 506(b) should
be bifurcated and treated as an unsecured claim.48 In Welzel a contractual
provision in a note stipulated that the lender would be entitled to collect fifteen
percent of the principal plus accrued interest as attorneys’ fees.49            After
concluding that these “contractually set attorney’s fees . . . must be assessed for
reasonableness under § 506(b),”50 the court held that “[r]easonable fees are then
to be treated as a secured claim.              If a portion of the fees are deemed
unreasonable, however, the fees should be bifurcated between the reasonable
portion, treated as a secured claim, and the unreasonable portion, treated as an
unsecured claim.”51
      The First Circuit, in dicta, agreed with Welzel, concluding that contractual
prepayment penalties were recoverable by a creditor from a solvent debtor under
§ 502 even if, or to the extent that, the penalties were found unreasonable under




      46
           In re 268 Ltd., 789 F.2d at 678.
      47
           Id.
      48
           In re Welzel, 275 F.3d at 1318.
      49
           Id. at 1311.
      50
           Id. at 1316.
      51
           Id. at 1318.

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                           Nos. 12-50382, 12-50392 & 12-50425

§ 506(b).52 The court ultimately concluded that because the debtor was “solvent
and the bankruptcy estate possesses funds sufficient to pay all claims (secured
and unsecured) in full, no useful purpose would be served by inquiring into
whether the prepayment penalties are reasonable (and, thus, deserving of
priority) within the contemplation of section 506(b).”53
       The reasoning in 268 Limited, Welzel, and Gencarelli regarding the
allowance under § 502 of fees, costs, or charges found unreasonable under
§ 506(b) is arguably in tension with the Supreme Court’s decision in United
Savings Ass’n of Texas v. Timbers of Inwood Forest Associates.54 The Supreme
Court held that, with respect to interest, § 506(b) had the “substantive effect of
denying undersecured creditors postpetition interest on their claims.”55 The
contention has been made that § 506(b) similarly has the substantive effect of
denying recovery of post-petition fees, costs, or charges found unreasonable from


       52
          UPS Capital Bus. Credit v. Gencarelli (In re Gencarelli), 501 F.3d 1, 6-7 (1st Cir.
2007); see also id. at 5, concluding:

              We are persuaded that UPS’s view of the interrelationship between
       sections 502 and 506(b) is correct. As a matter of bankruptcy law, the lower
       courts should not have disallowed the claims for prepayment penalties in toto
       based solely upon a finding that they were not entitled to priority under section
       506(b). Section 502, not section 506(b), affords the ultimate test for allowability,
       and any claim satisfying that test is, at the very worst, collectible as an
       unsecured claim. Leading commentators, case law from other circuits, and
       common sense all conduce to this result.
       53
            Id. at 8.
       54
            484 U.S. 365 (1988).
       55
          Timbers of Inwood Forest Assocs., 484 U.S. at 372; id. at 373, 379 (holding that
§ 506(b) “deni[es] . . . postpetition interest to undersecured creditors,” and recognizing “an
apparent anomaly” that when a debtor proves solvent, 11 U.S.C. § 726(a)(5) provides for post-
petition interest on unsecured claims “but not on the secured portion of undersecured
creditors’ claims,” but concluding that these particular “inequitable effects . . . are entirely
avoidable, since an undersecured creditor is entitled to ‘surrender or waive his security and
prove his entire claim as an unsecured one[]’”) (quoting U.S. Nat’l Bank v. Chase Nat’l Bank,
331 U.S. 28, 34 (1947)).

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                           Nos. 12-50382, 12-50392 & 12-50425

being recovered as unsecured claims.56 However, the Second Circuit, in Ogle v.
Fidelity & Deposit Co. of Maryland,57 distinguished Timbers, concluding that in
addition to § 506(b), Timbers referenced § 502(b)(2), “which expressly disallows
a claim for interest that is unmatured.”58
       In Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. of America v. Pacific Gas & Electric
Co.,59 the Supreme Court expressly declined to consider whether “§ 506(b)
categorically disallows unsecured claims for contractual attorney’s fees” because
that issue had not been raised in the courts below.60 It is not clear whether the
issue of whether § 506(b) categorically forecloses recovery of fees or charges
found to be unreasonable was raised by 804 Congress in the bankruptcy court


       56
          See Ogle v. Fid. & Deposit Co. of Md., 586 F.3d 143, 147-48 (2d Cir. 2009) (observing
that “[a] fair question is raised by Ogle as to whether section 506(b) of the Code amounts to
an express disallowance of [the creditor’s] claim by negative inference or otherwise” but
concluding “that section 506(b) does not implicate unsecured claims for post-petition attorneys’
fees, and it therefore interposes no bar to recovery,” rejecting the argument that Timbers
supports a general rule that bars “claims for post-petition attorneys’ fees”).
       57
            586 F.3d 143 (2d Cir. 2009).
       58
         Ogle, 586 F.3d at 148; see also In re Gencarelli, 501 F.3d at 6 n.2 (distinguishing
Timbers on the basis that it “dealt with claims for post-petition interest, which—unlike the
prepayment penalties at issue here—are made unavailable as unsecured claims by an explicit
statutory provision”).
       59
          549 U.S. 443 (2007). But see Ogle, 586 F.3d at 145-46, 148 (discussing the split of
authority and holding that an unsecured claim for attorneys’ fees incurred post-petition in
seeking to enforce a pre-petition indemnity agreement should have been allowed and that
“section 506(b) does not implicate unsecured claims for post-petition attorneys’ fees, and it
therefore interposes no bar to recovery”); SNTL Corp. v. Centre Ins. Co. (In re SNTL Corp.),
571 F.3d 826, 841 (9th Cir. 2009) (holding that “we reject the argument that section 506(b)
preempts postpetition attorneys’ fees for all except oversecured creditors”); 1 COLLIER
BANKRUPTCY MANUAL ¶ 502.03[2][b][iv] (Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. Sommer eds., 4th ed.
2013) (“[T]he Ninth Circuit has analyzed and discarded the most commonly made arguments
that other bankruptcy principles provide an independent basis for disallowing unsecured
claims for attorney’s fees incurred postpetition” and that “the trend seems to be moving
towards courts allowing claims for attorney’s fees where permitted by state law or contractual
agreement”).
       60
            Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co. of Am., 549 U.S. at 454-55 (emphasis added).

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                     Nos. 12-50382, 12-50392 & 12-50425

or the district court, and we decline to decide an issue of such moment on the
sparse briefing and sketchy factual record before us. Similarly, it is unclear
whether the closely-related arguments that Wells Fargo and Goldsby have
included in their briefing in this court regarding treatment of their claims, or
parts of their claims, as unsecured claims under § 502 were raised in the
bankruptcy court.
      We leave it to the bankruptcy court to consider in the first instance the
questions raised regarding § 502 and whether Goldsby may seek to recover the
remainder of her contractual commission as an unsecured creditor, and whether
Wells Fargo may seek to recover pre- or post-petition attorneys’ fees under § 502,
even though the bankruptcy court failed to find that its claim as an oversecured
creditor for attorneys’ fees was reasonable under § 506(b) for purposes of
determining whether those fees should be paid from the proceeds of the sale of
secured property.
                                *       *       *
      We REVERSE the district court’s judgment and REMAND the case to the
bankruptcy court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.




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