April 29, 2020


                                                                     Supreme Court


        Town of Exeter, by and through its      :
          Solicitor, James P. Marusak

                        v.                      :                     No. 2018-274-Appeal.
                                                                      (PC 17-1549)

           State of Rhode Island et al.         :


        Town of Richmond, Rhode Island          :

                        v.                      :                     No. 2018-307-Appeal.
                                                                      (PC 17-1666)

           State of Rhode Island et al.         :




                 NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before
                 publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers are requested to
                 notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme Court of Rhode Island,
                 250 Benefit Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone
                 222-3258 of any typographical or other formal errors in order that
                 corrections may be made before the opinion is published.
                                                                      Supreme Court


     Town of Exeter, by and through its        :
       Solicitor, James P. Marusak

                      v.                       :                      No. 2018-274-Appeal.
                                                                      (PC 17-1549)

         State of Rhode Island et al.          :


     Town of Richmond, Rhode Island            :

                      v.                       :                       No. 2018-307-Appeal.
                                                                       (PC 17-1666)

         State of Rhode Island et al.          :


              Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.

                                          OPINION

       Justice Indeglia, for the Court. These consolidated cases came before this Court on

appeals by the petitioners, the Town of Exeter and the Town of Richmond (the towns or

petitioners), from a final judgment in favor of the respondents, the State of Rhode Island; Janet

Coit, in her capacity as Director of the Department of Environmental Management; and Michael

DiBiase,1 in his capacity as Director of the Department of Administration (collectively the state or

respondents), entered on August 17, 2018, following the denial of the towns’ motion for summary

judgment and the grant of the state’s cross-motion for summary judgment.2 After each appeal was




1
  Pursuant to Rule 25(d)(1) of the Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure, Brett Smiley was
automatically substituted for Michael DiBiase in this action after he replaced him as the Director
of the Rhode Island Department of Administration.
2
  We note that the parties are here on appeal, not by writ of certiorari. The parties, however, are
designated as petitioners and respondents herein because the initiating documents filed in the
Superior Court were verified petitions for declaratory and injunctive relief.


                                             -1-
assigned to the regular argument calendar, the towns moved to consolidate the appeals, and this

Court granted the motion on May 17, 2019. On appeal, the towns argue that the trial justice erred

in finding that the Comprehensive Planning and Land Use Regulation Act, G.L. 1956 chapter 22.2

of title 45 (the Act), provides the proper procedure to resolve zoning disputes between the state

and municipalities. The towns assert that the state, in its capacity as a developer of land, should

be required to submit to local zoning procedures and that the test set forth in the Act was not

intended to replace the balancing-of-interests test set forth in Blackstone Park Improvement

Association v. State Board of Standards and Appeals, 448 A.2d 1233 (R.I. 1982). The parties

appeared before this Court on February 27, 2020, for oral argument. For the reasons set forth in

this opinion, we vacate the judgment of the Superior Court.

                                                I

                                        Facts and Travel

       The facts of this case are largely undisputed. Annually, between the 2012 and 2018 fiscal

years, funding for the Arcadia Natural Resources and Visitors Center (the building or project),

which included office spaces for respondent Rhode Island Department of Environmental

Management (DEM), laboratory space, and a visitor center, was included in the Governor of Rhode

Island’s Capital Budgets. According to the state’s written submissions, “funding for the [building]

was vetted as part of the annual budget process[,]” “considered at public hearings, and included in

multi-year Rhode Island Capital Asset Protection * * * budgets approved by the General Assembly

over several years.” Intent on use of the public funds for this proposed project, DEM began

planning construction of a 12,716-square-foot building in the Arcadia Management Area, adjacent

to Browning Mill Pond, in 2014. It appears from the blueprints that the primary purpose of the




                                             -2-
building was to serve DEM employees.3 According to the state, the plans and specifications for

the building were posted for public bid on the website of the Rhode Island Department of

Administration Division of Purchases from January through November 2016. The state then

accepted a bid and entered into a contract to build with Mill City Construction, Inc., on January

20, 2017.4

       The proposed building was to be located entirely in the Town of Richmond, in an area

zoned for residential use. A portion of the building’s parking lot, a driveway, and a wastewater

treatment system for the project was to be located within the Town of Exeter, in an area zoned for

open space public land. According to the state, Richmond was notified of the project in 2015 and

Exeter was notified in 2014 or 2015. In connection with this litigation, the state provided a letter

dated December 2, 2015, that indicates that an Exeter building official was aware of the project.

Exeter disputes this, asserting that the town did not learn of the project until 2017.

       In February and March 2017, at the Richmond Town Council’s request, officials from

DEM met with Richmond town officials, attended a Richmond Town Council meeting to explain

the project, and attended a public meeting to answer questions from town residents. The state,

however, indicated that it would not agree to alter the project in any way. On February 16, 2017,

Exeter sent a cease and desist letter to DEM, the respondent Rhode Island Department of

Administration (DOA), and the Rhode Island Department of Attorney General, demanding that




3
  According to the state, 39 percent of the proposed building is designated for public space, 33
percent of the building is office space for DEM employees, and 28 percent of the building is
laboratory space.
4
  Such a factual scenario reminds us of the words of former President Calvin Coolidge: “Nothing
is easier than the expenditure of public money. It does not appear to belong to anybody. The
temptation is overwhelming to bestow it on somebody. But the results of extravagance are ruinous.
* * * Nothing is more destructive of the progress of the Nation than government extravagance.”
Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States, State of the Union 1926, December 7, 1926.


                                              -3-
the project stop “until proper local permits are obtained and administrative review has been

completed[,]” to which Exeter received no response. It is unclear from the record whether a

meeting between Exeter and the state took place.

       On April 6, 2017, Exeter filed a “verified petition for declaratory and injunctive relief” in

Providence County Superior Court against respondents, seeking a declaration that (1) the project

was subject to development plan review by the town; (2) the project required town planning board

and zoning board review and approval; (3) the project violated environmental quality standards;

and (4) the state failed to obtain permitting for earth removal, soil erosion, and drainage. Exeter

also asked for issuance of an injunction preventing the state from proceeding with the project.

        On April 12, 2017, Richmond filed its own action for declaratory and injunctive relief in

Superior Court against the State of Rhode Island and the Director of DEM. Richmond likewise

sought a declaration that the state was required to consult with the town and comply with the

town’s zoning ordinance, comprehensive plan, and subdivision regulations. Richmond also sought

to enjoin the state’s construction of the building until the state complied with the town’s zoning,

planning, and subdivision requirements.

       On May 25, 2017, an order was entered consolidating the two actions in Superior Court.

On July 19, 2017, the towns filed a joint motion for a preliminary and/or permanent injunction, to

which the state objected. In a written decision issued on December 15, 2017, a hearing justice (the

first hearing justice) denied the towns’ motion for a preliminary injunction; an order implementing

the decision followed. The first hearing justice had found that the state was immune from the

towns’ zoning ordinances.

       The towns and the state thereafter filed cross-motions for summary judgment as to the

towns’ requests for declaratory judgment. A hearing justice (the second hearing justice) issued a




                                             -4-
bench decision on the motions on August 6, 2018. The second hearing justice found that the state

was not required to obtain municipal approval and permits before beginning a project and, further,

that the Act was the proper mechanism to resolve land-use issues that arise between the state and

municipalities. Specifically, the second hearing justice noted that a municipality must conform its

zoning ordinance to its comprehensive plan and that § 45-22.2-10(g) governs the process a state

agency must follow when it wishes to pursue a project that does not conform with a municipality’s

land-use regulations. She thereafter granted summary judgment in favor of the state and denied

the towns’ motion for summary judgment with regard to the towns’ requests for declaratory

judgment.    She also denied the towns’ requests for a permanent injunction.             An order

memorializing that decision was entered on August 17, 2018. Final judgment in favor of the state

was also entered on August 17, 2018. Exeter filed a notice of appeal on August 21, 2018, and

Richmond filed a notice of appeal on September 4, 2018.

                                                 II

                                       Standard of Review

       “A motion for summary judgment ‘is designed to decide in an expeditious fashion cases

presenting groundless claims.’” Hexagon Holdings, Inc. v. Carlisle Syntec Incorporated, 199 A.3d

1034, 1038 (R.I. 2019) (deletion omitted) (quoting Gallo v. National Nursing Homes, Inc., 106

R.I. 485, 487, 261 A.2d 19, 21 (1970)). This Court reviews a hearing justice’s grant of a motion

for summary judgment de novo. See id. “If we conclude, after viewing the evidence in the light

most favorable to the nonmoving party, that there is no genuine issue of material fact to be decided

and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, we will affirm the grant of

summary judgment.” McGovern v. Bank of America, N.A., 91 A.3d 853, 857 (R.I. 2014) (quoting

Pereira v. Fitzgerald, 21 A.3d 369, 372 (R.I. 2011)).




                                             -5-
       To resolve this case, we must interpret several statutory provisions. “We review questions

of statutory interpretation de novo.” Lang v. Municipal Employees’ Retirement System of Rhode

Island, 222 A.3d 912, 915 (R.I. 2019) (quoting Bluedog Capital Partners, LLC v. Murphy, 206

A.3d 694, 699 (R.I. 2019)). “In so doing, our ultimate goal is to give effect to the purpose of the

act as intended by the Legislature.” Id. (quoting Bluedog Capital Partners, 206 A.3d at 699).

“When the language of a statute is clear and unambiguous, this Court must interpret the statute

literally and must give the words of the statute their plain and ordinary meanings.” Id. (quoting In

re B.H., 194 A.3d 260, 264 (R.I. 2018)). “The Legislature is presumed to have intended each word

or provision of a statute to express a significant meaning, and the Court will give effect to every

word, clause, or sentence, whenever possible.” Id. (quoting In re B.H., 194 A.3d at 264).

                                                III

                                            Discussion

                                                 A

                                  Blackstone Park and the Act

       On appeal, the towns argue that the Act is not intended to provide the exclusive remedy to

resolve local land-use conflicts between the state and its municipalities. Instead, the towns argue

that the test set forth in Blackstone Park remains valid, despite the later enactment of the Act, and

that the Blackstone Park test applies to zoning conflicts, whereas the Act applies exclusively to

comprehensive-planning conflicts. The towns further argue that an outdated comprehensive plan

does not invalidate local zoning ordinances or the ordinances’ applicability to the state and its




                                              -6-
agencies.5 In opposition, the state argues that the Act controls all intergovernmental land-use

disputes and, further, that the Act is not implicated here because neither town has an approved

comprehensive plan.6 According to the state, Exeter’s comprehensive plan expired in 2009, and

Richmond’s comprehensive plan expired in June 2017. The state contends that, without approved

comprehensive plans, the state is immune from being required to follow both towns’

comprehensive plans and zoning ordinances.

       At issue in Blackstone Park was an appeal from the Rhode Island Building Code Board of

Standards and Appeals, which dealt with whether the state was immune from the zoning

ordinances of the City of Providence. Blackstone Park, 448 A.2d at 1234. The state proposed to

build an addition to the Dr. John E. Donley Rehabilitation Center in a residential neighborhood,

zoned by the City of Providence as an R-1 residential district intended for single-family dwellings.

Id. at 1234, 1235.     In addressing a question of first impression, this Court adopted the

balancing-of-interests test to determine whether the state was immune from Providence’s zoning

ordinance and, after applying that test, found in favor of the state. Id. at 1239-40. This Court made

clear in Blackstone Park that such test was the “‘fairest method’ by which [intergovernmental

zoning] conflicts can be resolved because it is sensitive to the needs and concerns of the competing

governmental entities, potentially affected property owners, local residents, and the public as a




5
  An insightful and helpful law review comment discussing the interplay between Rhode Island’s
land-use statutes and the issue of intergovernmental zoning appears in the Roger Williams
University Law Review as part of its Summer 2018 edition. We refer the interested reader to that
article. Jillian M. Nobis, To Apply or Not to Apply? That is the Question of Intergovernmental
Zoning, 23 Roger Williams U. L. Rev. 580 (2018).
6
  General Laws 1956 § 45-22.2-8(b)(2), part of the Comprehensive Planning and Land Use
Regulation Act, provides that “[t]he comprehensive plan of a municipality shall not take effect for
purposes of guiding state agency actions until approved by the chief [of the state planning council]
or the Rhode Island superior court.”


                                              -7-
whole and takes into consideration all of the salient factors that may properly influence the result.”

Id. at 1240.

       In addressing the issue of immunity under Blackstone Park, the balancing court is required

to weigh the following factors: “(1) the nature and scope of the instrumentality seeking immunity,

(2) the kind of function or land use involved, (3) the extent of the public interest to be served, (4)

the effect local land-use regulation would have upon the enterprise concerned, and (5) the impact

upon legitimate local interest.” Blackstone Park, 448 A.2d at 1239. The dispute is thereafter

resolved in favor of the party whose interests outweigh the other party’s interests. See id.

       As noted supra, the state argues that Blackstone Park’s balancing-of-interests test was

superseded by the enactment of the Act, which, it argues, provides the proper procedural

mechanism for resolving all land-use disputes between the state and a municipality. Specifically,

the state points to a procedure set out in subsection (g) of section 10 of the Act, which provides:

               “Once a municipality’s comprehensive plan is approved, programs
               and projects of state agencies, excluding the state guide plan as
               provided for by [G.L. 1956] § 42-11-10, shall conform to that plan.
               In the event that a state agency wishes to undertake a program,
               project, or to develop a facility which is not in conformance with the
               comprehensive plan, the state planning council shall hold a public
               hearing on the proposal at which the state agency must demonstrate:

                       “(1) That the program, project, or facility conforms to the
                       stated goals, findings, and intent of this chapter; and
                       “(2) That the program, project, or facility is needed to
                       promote or protect the health, safety, and welfare of the
                       people of Rhode Island; and
                       “(3) That the program, project, or facility is in conformance
                       with the relevant sections of the state guide plan; and
                       “(4) That the program implementation, project, or size,
                       scope, and design of the facility will vary as little as possible
                       from the comprehensive plan of the municipality.” Section
                       45-22.2-10(g) (emphasis added).




                                               -8-
The state alleges that zoning and comprehensive planning are inextricably intertwined in that

zoning must reflect comprehensive planning, and that therefore § 45-22.2-10(g) applies to disputes

concerning both zoning and comprehensive planning. The State contends that, therefore, when a

municipality has an outdated or unapproved comprehensive plan, the state is immune from both

the municipality’s comprehensive plan and its zoning ordinances. We disagree.

       In West v. McDonald, 18 A.3d 526 (R.I. 2011), this Court made clear that zoning and

comprehensive planning are two distinct mechanisms that “are meant to address substantively

different issues and may contain different, yet non-conflicting, requirements.” West, 18 A.3d at

541. We noted that “[t]here is no requirement that the zoning ordinances and comprehensive plan

be identical.” Id. While municipalities are required to conform their zoning ordinances to their

comprehensive plans, the deadlines for doing so are, in most instances, directory, not mandatory;

a municipality’s failure to conform its zoning ordinances to its comprehensive plan does not

automatically invalidate the zoning ordinances. See id. at 534-35, 541.

       Additionally, a plain reading of the Act leads us to the conclusion that § 45-22.2-10(g)

governs comprehensive planning disputes between the state and a municipality—it does not,

however, confer immunity on the state from application of a municipality’s zoning ordinance. The

Act was enacted in 1988, six years after this Court decided Blackstone Park, and yet

§ 45-22.2-10(g) provides only the procedure for comprehensive planning disputes; the word

“zoning” is not mentioned in that section.7 Bolstering our reading is the fact that, although the Act

in other sections mentions zoning, it is notably left out of § 45-22.2-10(g). See § 45-22.2-4(26)




7
  One can speculate ad infinitum as to why the General Assembly did not include a reference to
zoning in § 45-22.2-10(g), but the fact is that it did not include such a reference in that subsection;
our role is to respect that reality. See Mohasco Corporation v. Silver, 447 U.S. 805, 826 (1980)
(“We must respect the compromise embodied in the words chosen by Congress.”).


                                               -9-
(defining “zoning”); § 45-22.2-5(c) (requiring each municipality to ensure that its zoning

ordinance and map are consistent with its comprehensive plan); § 45-22.2-6(b)(2)(i)(B) (noting

that a comprehensive plan map must illustrate zoning); § 45-22.2-7(b)(4) (requiring neighboring

municipalities to work together for zoning designations at municipality borders to ensure

consistency and compatibility with adjacent areas); § 45-22.2-13(c), (g) (indicating that a

municipality must amend its zoning ordinance and map to conform to its comprehensive plan and

providing a resolution when they do not conform). Had the Legislature intended the procedure set

forth in § 45-22.2-10(g) to govern both disputes involving comprehensive planning and those

involving zoning, it would have included such language. See In re B.H., 194 A.3d at 264 (“The

Legislature is presumed to have intended each word or provision of a statute to express a significant

meaning, and the Court will give effect to every word, clause, or sentence, whenever possible.”)

(brackets omitted) (quoting State v. Clark, 974 A.2d 558, 571 (R.I. 2009)). The plain language of

subsection (g) of section 10 of the Act therefore does not extend the procedure for dealing with

intergovernmental tension and comprehensive planning to zoning disputes.

       Moreover,     this   Court    affirmed    the   Superior    Court’s    application   of   the

balancing-of-interests test in Town of Smithfield v. Fanning, 602 A.2d 939 (R.I. 1992), which is

the most recent case from this Court involving an intergovernmental zoning dispute between the

state and a municipality. In Fanning, this Court was asked to review a trial court’s decision that

the balancing-of-interests test weighed in favor of the state with regard to construction of a road

salt storage facility in the Town of Smithfield. Id. at 940, 943. The Act had been enacted four

years prior to Fanning and included the language of § 45-22.2-10(g), but neither the parties, the

trial justice, nor this Court argued or indicated that the Act provided the proper mechanism for




                                             - 10 -
deciding such zoning disputes. Id. at 943. This supports our firm conclusion that the Act does not

supersede the test set forth in Blackstone Park.

       Furthermore, our survey of the law in other states indicates that we are not an outlier in our

continued use of the balancing-of-interests test to resolve intergovernmental zoning conflicts. In

Blackstone Park, this Court noted that at least nine other states had adopted the

balancing-of-interests test. Blackstone Park, 448 A.2d at 1239. By our count, there are now fifteen

states that utilize the balancing-of-interests test to resolve intergovernmental zoning conflicts.8

       Although we are not persuaded by the state’s argument that zoning and comprehensive

planning are so intertwined that the procedure set forth in § 45-22.2-10(g) governs all

intergovernmental land-use conflicts, that section still applies to comprehensive planning. As

such, when the state seeks to pursue a project in a municipality, it must first gain approval by the

State Planning Council solely on the issue of whether the state’s proposed project complies with

the municipality’s comprehensive plan, through the process set forth in § 45-22.2-10(g). Such a

procedure is only required, per the Act, where a municipality has an approved comprehensive plan

at the time the state begins the project. Section 45-22.2-8(b)(2) (“The comprehensive plan of a

municipality shall not take effect for purposes of guiding state agency actions until approved by

the chief [of the state planning council] or the Rhode Island superior court.”).




8
  In addition to Rhode Island, Alaska, Delaware, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota,
Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, and South Dakota have all
adopted the balancing-of-interests test. Native Village of Eklutna v. Alaska Railroad Corporation,
87 P.3d 41, 54 (Alaska 2004). The Supreme Court of Alaska perceptively indicated that a few
states have approved of the test in dicta. Id. (citing Hagfeldt v. City of Bozeman, 757 P.2d 753, 757
(Mont. 1988); Kunimoto v. Kawakami, 545 P.2d 684, 687 (Haw. 1976)). That court additionally
noted that “[a] few other states, while not explicitly adopting balancing tests, resolve such conflicts
by assessing the necessity for the state’s action, or the reasonableness of the state’s exercise of
immunity, or of the zoning ordinance, tasks that may easily turn into a balancing of interests.” Id.
at 54-55 (footnotes omitted).


                                              - 11 -
       In the present case, when the state began planning construction of the project in 2014,

Richmond clearly had in place an approved comprehensive plan that did not expire until June

2017. And, when the state sought bids for the project, Richmond clearly had an approved

comprehensive plan. Finally, when Richmond filed its petition in Superior Court on April 12,

2017, the town clearly had an approved comprehensive plan. It was not until June 2017 that

Richmond’s comprehensive plan expired—three years after the point in time when the parties

agree the state began planning construction. Under the facts of this case it is clear to us that,

although Richmond may not as of the date of the arguments in this case have had an approved

comprehensive plan, the town was in compliance at the time the state should have brought the

issue before the State Planning Council. See § 45-22.2-10(g) (requiring the state planning council

to hold a public hearing “[i]n the event that a state agency wishes to * * * develop a facility which

is not in conformance with the comprehensive plan” and indicating that it is the state agency’s

burden to meet four requirements). As such, the state must bring the issue of the proposed project’s

compliance with Richmond’s comprehensive plan, as the plan existed when Richmond filed suit

on April 12, 2017, to the State Planning Council for review under the process set forth in

§ 45-22.2-10(g). Although we note that Exeter has not had an approved comprehensive plan since

2009, under the unique facts of this case and Exeter’s clear connection with the project, we

additionally require that the state bring the issue of the proposed project’s compliance with

Exeter’s comprehensive plan, as the plan existed when Exeter filed suit on April 6, 2017, to the

State Planning Council for review under the process set forth in § 45-22.2-10(g).

       While we recognize the impact of a state project on a municipality’s comprehensive plan

and require the parties to utilize the procedure set forth in § 45-22.2-10(g), there remains still the

issue of local zoning.




                                              - 12 -
                                                   B

                                            Local Zoning

        The towns aver that the state must apply to a municipal zoning board prior to bringing an

action in Superior Court for a trial justice to balance the interests of the state against the interests

of the municipality with respect to a proposed project. According to the towns, such a procedural

step and the development of a record at the zoning board level will aid the Superior Court in

conducting Blackstone Park’s balancing-of-interests test to determine whether the proposed state

project is subject to the town’s zoning ordinances.

        Our decision in Blackstone Park adopted the view that the state agency “ought to consult

with the local authorities and sympathetically listen and give every consideration to local

objections, problems and suggestions in order to minimize the conflict as much as possible.”

Blackstone Park, 448 A.2d at 1239 (quoting Rutgers, State University v. Piluso, 286 A.2d 697,

703 (N.J. 1972)). In our view, consultation would best occur through the exercise of the

municipality’s zoning ordinance. Our research reveals that the jurisdictions that have adopted the

balancing-of-interests test and discussed the concept of consultation with local authorities that is

referenced in Rutgers required the state to apply to the local zoning authority before an action

could be brought in the appropriate court for application of the balancing-of-interests test in the

case of a conflict.




                                               - 13 -
       Additionally, and more generally, such a procedure has been adopted by the majority of

jurisdictions that have adopted the balancing-of-interests test.9 One such court stated:

               “[I]f the state were not required to seek local approval, the city
               would always be forced to litigate its disagreement * * *. It serves
               the public’s benefit to resolve these controversies in a way which
               does not mandate the most expensive and least expeditious way of
               settling intergovernmental disputes.” Brown v. Kansas Forestry,
               Fish and Game Commission, 576 P.2d 230, 236 (Kan. 1978)
               (quoting Hillsborough Association for Retarded Citizens, Inc. v.
               City of Temple Terrace, 332 So.2d 610, 612 n.3 (Fla. 1976)).

In Hayward v. Gaston, 542 A.2d 760 (Del. 1988), the Supreme Court of Delaware noted that “[a]

variance request, in itself, is an indication that the intruding governmental entities respects [sic]

the underlying purpose of zoning regulation.” Hayward, 542 A.2d at 767 n.3. More recently, the

Supreme Court of Alaska likewise noted that “the court will not resolve conflicts under the

balancing test unless the state has made a reasonable good faith attempt to comply with local

zoning laws.” Native Village of Eklutna v. Alaska Railroad Corporation, 87 P.3d 41, 55 (Alaska

2004). Such a requirement serves to encourage the resolution of zoning disputes outside of the

courts, and it also assures the development of a record that would provide a basis for the balancing

of the interests in the event that the matter proceeds to Superior Court.

       As such, assuming the state gains approval from the State Planning Council on the issue of

conformity with a municipality’s comprehensive plan, the state must then apply to the local zoning




9
   Our research reveals that, of the fourteen other jurisdictions that have adopted the
balancing-of-interests test, only one jurisdiction expressly rejected the notion that a state agency
must apply to the local zoning board for a variance or special use permit before the court balanced
the interests. See City of Bridgeton v. City of St. Louis, 18 S.W.3d 107, 112 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000)
(“We find it is not necessary for St. Louis to exhaust administrative remedies before asking the
court in its counterclaim to determine immunity.”). Another court did not reach the issue of
application to the zoning board; however, it did not expressly reject the notion. See generally
Independent School District No. 89 of Oklahoma County v. City of Oklahoma City, 722 P.2d 1212
(Okla. 1986).


                                             - 14 -
board of review, utilizing the process set forth in the Zoning Enabling Act of 1991, chapter 24 of

title 45 of the general laws, sections 27 through 72, to obtain zoning relief for its proposed project.

Notably, the Zoning Enabling Act does not carve out an exemption from its application process

for state agencies, nor does it carve out an exception for state agencies with regard to judicial

enforcement. See G.L. 1956 § 45-24-57(1)(iv), (v) (authorizing the zoning board of review to

authorize, upon application, variances and special-use permits); § 45-24-58 (establishing the

application procedure to seek relief from a zoning ordinance); § 45-24-62 (indicating that the

courts may compel compliance with the Zoning Enabling Act). Therefore, the state and its

agencies are required to act in conformity with a municipality’s zoning procedures.

       Accordingly, we hold that, where there is a conflict between the state’s proposed

development and local land-use and zoning regulations, the state agency must first bring the project

or development before the State Planning Council to pass upon the issue of compliance with the

municipality’s comprehensive plan. See § 45-22.2-10(g). If the State Planning Council approves

the project, the state must then apply to the municipality’s zoning board of review for zoning relief

and act in conformity with the procedures set forth in the Zoning Enabling Act. Finally, if the

parties remain in disagreement, an aggrieved party may file suit in the Superior Court, which will

utilize the record from both the State Planning Council and the municipality’s zoning board of

review and apply Blackstone Park’s balancing-of-interests test to resolve the matter.

                                                  IV

                                             Conclusion

       For the reasons set forth herein, we vacate the judgment of the Superior Court and remand

the case to that tribunal with instructions that the court (1) remand the case to the State Planning

Council and (2) order the State Planning Council to, without delay, conduct the formal




                                              - 15 -
administrative hearing concerning the state’s compliance with the towns’ comprehensive plans, as

the plans existed at the time each town filed suit in Superior Court.




                                             - 16 -
STATE OF RHODE ISLAND AND                                  PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS



                         SUPREME COURT – CLERK’S OFFICE

                                 OPINION COVER SHEET

                                     Town of Exeter, by and through its Solicitor, James P.
                                     Marusak v. State of Rhode Island et al.
Title of Case
                                     Town of Richmond, Rhode Island v. State of Rhode
                                     Island et al.
                                     No. 2018-274-Appeal.
                                     (PC 17-1549)
Case Number
                                     No. 2018-307-Appeal.
                                     (PC 17-1666)
                                     April 29, 2020
Date Opinion Filed
                                     Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and
Justices
                                     Indeglia, JJ.
Written By                           Associate Justice Gilbert V. Indeglia
                                     Providence County Superior Court
Source of Appeal

                                     Associate Justice Melissa A. Long
Judicial Officer From Lower Court
                                     For Petitioners:

                                     James P. Marusak, Esq.
                                     Karen E. Ellsworth, Esq.
Attorney(s) on Appeal
                                     For Respondents:

                                     Sean Lyness, Esq.
                                     Department of Attorney General




SU-CMS-02A (revised June 2016)
