Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
09/15/2017 09:10 AM CDT




                                                       - 455 -
                                  Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                                          297 Nebraska R eports
                                            IN RE ESTATE OF ETMUND
                                                Cite as 297 Neb. 455




                           In re Estate of Cora H. Etmund, deceased.
                      Jean Holubar et al., appellants, v. Cheryl A. Brown,
                            Personal R epresentative of the Estate of
                              Cora H. Etmund, deceased, appellee.
                                                   ___ N.W.2d ___

                                        Filed August 11, 2017.   No. S-16-804.

                1.	 Decedents’ Estates: Judgments: Appeal and Error. In the absence of
                    an equity question, an appellate court, reviewing probate matters, exam-
                    ines for error appearing on the record made in the county court. When
                    reviewing a judgment for errors appearing on the record, the inquiry is
                    whether the decision conforms to the law, is supported by competent
                    evidence, and is neither arbitrary, capricious, nor unreasonable.
                2.	 Decedents’ Estates: Wills: Trusts: Judgments: Appeal and Error.
                    The interpretation of the words in a will or a trust presents a question of
                    law. When reviewing questions of law in a probate matter, an appellate
                    court reaches a conclusion independent of the determination reached by
                    the court below.
                3.	 Decedents’ Estates: Appeal and Error. The probate court’s factual
                    findings have the effect of a verdict and will not be set aside unless
                    clearly erroneous.
                4.	 Decedents’ Estates: Wills: Intent. The cardinal rule concerning a
                    decedent’s will is the requirement that the intention of the testator shall
                    be given effect, unless the maker of the will attempts to accomplish a
                    purpose or to make a disposition contrary to some rule of law or pub-
                    lic policy.
                5.	 ____: ____: ____. To arrive at a testator’s intention expressed in a
                    will, a court must examine the decedent’s will in its entirety, consider
                    and liberally interpret every provision in a will, employ the generally
                    accepted literal and grammatical meaning of words used in the will,
                    and assume that the maker of the will understood words stated in
                    the will.
                                    - 456 -
             Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                     297 Nebraska R eports
                         IN RE ESTATE OF ETMUND
                             Cite as 297 Neb. 455

 6.	 Wills. When language in a will is clear and unambiguous, construction
     of a will is unnecessary and impermissible.
 7.	 Wills: Words and Phrases. Ambiguity exists in an instrument, includ-
     ing a will, when a word, phrase, or provision in the instrument has, or is
     susceptible of, at least two reasonable interpretations or meanings.
 8.	 Uniform Commercial Code: Sales. The issue of whether a sale was
     commercially reasonable under the Uniform Commercial Code is a
     question of fact for the fact finder to decide.
 9.	 Trial: Witnesses: Evidence: Appeal and Error. In a bench trial of an
     action at law, the trial court is the sole judge of the credibility of the
     witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. An appellate court
     will not reevaluate the credibility of witnesses or reweigh testimony but
     will review the evidence for clear error.

   Appeal from the County Court for Lancaster County: Holly
J. Parsley, Judge. Affirmed.

  Daniel E. Klaus and Sheila A. Bentzen, of Rembolt Ludtke,
L.L.P., for appellants.

  Reginald S. Kuhn and Christina L. Usher, of Mattson
Ricketts Law Firm, for appellee.

   Heavican, C.J., Wright, Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy,
K elch, and Funke, JJ.

   Heavican, C.J.
                     I. INTRODUCTION
   This case involves a dispute as to whether the personal
representative of the estate of Cora H. Etmund (Etmund),
deceased, should be removed pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 30-2454 (Reissue 2016).
   Etmund’s will directed the personal representative of her
estate, Cheryl A. Brown, to provide the current farm ten-
ant, Norris Talcott, with the first opportunity to purchase
the subject property “under commercially reasonable terms
and conditions as he and [Etmund’s] personal representative
may agree.”
                                      - 457 -
                 Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                         297 Nebraska R eports
                             IN RE ESTATE OF ETMUND
                                 Cite as 297 Neb. 455

   Brown hired a certified appraiser, who valued the subject
property at $785,859 based on its agricultural use. Brown
thereafter entered into a purchase agreement for the sub-
ject property with the current farm tenant for $900,000.
Jean Holubar; Paul Etmund; Dale Etmund, Sr.; and Diane
Geistlinger (petitioners), all of whom are devisees under the
will, argue that a sale at this price is not in the best interests
of the estate because, according to their appraiser, the value
of the land is $1,457,000 based on the “highest and best use”
for the subject property as a residential development with
interim agricultural use.1 Petitioners thereafter filed a petition
for removal.
   The county court denied petitioners’ petition for removal.
Petitioners appeal. We affirm.

                       II. BACKGROUND
                     1. Factual Background
   Etmund died on March 2, 2015. Etmund had a validly
executed will dated May 24, 2013. On March 17, 2015, Brown
filed an application for informal probate of will and appoint-
ment of personal representative. Brown requested that she be
appointed to serve as personal representative. That same day,
the county court appointed Brown as personal representative
of the estate.
   Etmund’s will states in relevant part:
         A. I nominate and appoint . . . Brown as personal rep-
      resentative of my estate. . . .
         B. My personal representative shall have full power
      in her discretion to do any and all things necessary for
      the complete administration of my estate, including the
      power to sell at public or private sale, without order of
      court, any real or personal property belonging to my
      estate, and to compromise or otherwise settle or adjust

 1	
      Brief for appellants at 14.
                              - 458 -
           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   297 Nebraska R eports
                     IN RE ESTATE OF ETMUND
                         Cite as 297 Neb. 455

      any and all claims, charges, debts, and demands whatever
      against or in favor of my estate as fully as I could do
      if living.
         C. I direct my personal representative to provide my
      current farm tenant, . . . Talcott, the first opportunity
      to purchase the real estate owned by me under com-
      mercially reasonable terms and conditions as he and my
      personal representative may agree, it being my desire
      that . . . Talcott be given the opportunity to purchase
      said real estate before any other. If . . . Talcott does not
      wish to purchase said real estate or if he and my personal
      representative are unable to come to mutual terms of
      agreement for its sale, then my personal representative is
      directed to sell said real estate either by private or pub-
      lic sale.
   At the time of Etmund’s death, the subject property was
used as agricultural land and zoned as agricultural. The per-
sonal representative hired an appraiser to conduct an appraisal
of the subject property. The appraiser valued the property at
$785,859, based on its agricultural use. Brown testified that
after receiving the appraisal price, she negotiated the purchase
price with Talcott. After thinking about it for “a couple days,”
Talcott accepted the offer. On November 18, 2015, Brown,
acting in her capacity as personal representative, entered into
an agreement for sale of the subject property with Talcott and
his wife for a price of $900,000.
   On January 7, 2016, pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-2450
(Reissue 2016) of Nebraska’s Uniform Probate Code, petition-
ers sought an order restraining the personal representative
from closing on the sale of the real estate. Petitioners con-
tended that the agreement provided for a sale price that was
“significantly below fair market value.”
   Following a hearing, on January 13, 2016, the county court
filed an order restraining the personal representative, stating
that the sale would “unreasonably jeopardize the interest of
                              - 459 -
           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   297 Nebraska R eports
                     IN RE ESTATE OF ETMUND
                         Cite as 297 Neb. 455

. . . Petitioners” and restraining Brown from closing on the
sale until March 1. Petitioners were given until March 1 to
complete their investigation as to a commercially reason-
able sale.
   Pursuant to the court’s order, petitioners hired a licensed
real estate appraiser to do an appraisal of the subject prop-
erty. Petitioners’ appraiser testified that the total value of the
property was $1,457,000 and determined that the “highest and
best use [was] residential development with interim agricul-
tural use.” Petitioners filed a certification of completion of
investigation as to commercially reasonable sale and stated
that according to their appraisal report, the subject property
had a value that exceeded the price at which Brown agreed to
sell it by $557,000.
   Petitioners also filed a petition for formal probate of the
will, determination of heirs, and appointment of successor
copersonal representatives after removal of the personal rep-
resentative; for accounting by personal representative; and
for accounting by agent under power of attorney. The peti-
tion stated that “it is in the best interests of the Estate that
Dale Etmund, Sr. and Jean Holubar be appointed as Successor
Co-Personal Representatives of the Estate.” Following
a hearing, the county court denied the petition. Petitioners
appeal.

                    2. Testimony in Support
                         of A ppraisals

                 (a) Appraiser for Petitioners
   The appraiser hired by petitioners testified that the “high-
est and best use analysis is the cornerstone of any appraisal.”
Using this analysis, petitioners’ appraiser testified that the
highest and best use of the subject property was residential
development with interim agricultural use, because he “saw
that there was potential there.” He reasoned, “[Y]ou can . . .
divide [the] property by 20 acres, . . . clump those together in
                               - 460 -
           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   297 Nebraska R eports
                     IN RE ESTATE OF ETMUND
                         Cite as 297 Neb. 455

what is called a Community Unit Plan, . . . [build] houses in
one area, and then the rest of it is then restricted use until . . .
you would have a zoning change.” He stated that he had seen
this approach done “multiple times” in the corridor in which
the property is located.
   However, in the report he gave to petitioners, the appraiser
cited to a map in evidence entitled “2040 Priority Growth
Areas.” In explaining the map, petitioners’ appraiser stated
that “[t]he tiers, as they are laid out, [are] where [the Lancaster
County Engineer] anticipate[s] . . . the city could potentially
grow. This is completely based on drainage basins for sewer.”
The subject property is in “Tier II,” which, according to the
accompanying text on the map, indicates that the city antici-
pates development will occur in approximately 2060, based
on when the sewer is projected to reach the property. In his
report, petitioners’ appraiser stated that based on other devel-
opments in the area, including the projected construction of
a “South Beltway,” he “estimate[d] the city will expand to
the subject property and the subject property will include city
serv­ices much sooner than 2060.” However, the report does
not specify by which year that might occur. There was no testi-
mony explaining the discrepancy in the estimates of when city
services will be available.
   As part of his analysis, petitioners’ appraiser also looked
at comparable sales in the surrounding area, but he admitted
that some of these sales were in “probably better areas.” He
further testified, “I had the high end, I had the low end, and
somewhere in the middle, . . . and it gives me a good idea of
where I believe it should fall.”
   Petitioners’ appraiser incorporated into his testimony of the
total valuation the valuation of the house and surrounding 4.59
acres performed by a certified appraiser at the same appraisal
company. By viewing comparable sales, this appraiser valued
the house and surrounding 4.59 acres at $110,000 and charac-
terized the home as being in “fair condition.”
                             - 461 -
           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   297 Nebraska R eports
                    IN RE ESTATE OF ETMUND
                        Cite as 297 Neb. 455

                    (b) Appraiser for Personal
                          Representative
   The appraiser hired by Brown to appraise the property was
a licensed general certified appraiser, real estate broker, and
crop insurance agent. In reaching his appraisal value, Brown’s
appraiser testified that he inspected the property and “used
the three approaches to value: the sales comparison approach,
the income approach, and the cost approach.” He determined
that “the highest and best use is agriculture, dry land row crop
reduction, and cattle grazing.” Brown’s appraiser further stated
that “another highest and best use of the subject property was
rural residential acreage use” for the part of the property with
a building site and improvements. Brown’s appraiser testified
that he assigned a value to the land for agricultural use and
that he did not consider himself competent under the Uniform
Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice to appraise prop-
erty for development.
   Brown’s appraiser testified that he considered other uses of
the property besides agriculture, but explained:
      [A]s I looked at it from a feasible standpoint, I felt what
      the — what a potential buyer would pay for land . . . it
      wasn’t financially feasible because by the time you do the
      development cost in it, and then I researched the market
      to see what three- to five-acre tracts of land were selling
      for, there wasn’t enough profit margin in my opinion for
      a developer to take that risk.
   In his appraisal, Brown’s appraiser relied on comparable
sales with a similar type of cropland soil quality. He charac-
terized the home as “poor condition,” noting that it had been
vacant since about 2009. He also estimated the building site
to be 5 acres, valued the building and site improvements at
$83,450, and stated that in his opinion, the value of the subject
property was $785,859. He further testified that he conducted
the appraisal in accordance with the Uniform Standards of
Professional Appraisal Practice.
                                    - 462 -
                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        297 Nebraska R eports
                          IN RE ESTATE OF ETMUND
                              Cite as 297 Neb. 455

                III. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
   Petitioners assign, restated, that the county court erred in
finding that petitioners did not show cause for removal of
Brown as personal representative of the estate.

                IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1] In the absence of an equity question, an appellate
court, reviewing probate matters, examines for error appear-
ing on the record made in the county court.2 When reviewing
a judgment for errors appearing on the record, the inquiry
is whether the decision conforms to the law, is supported by
competent evidence, and is neither arbitrary, capricious, nor
unreasonable.3
   [2] The interpretation of the words in a will or a trust pre­
sents a question of law. When reviewing questions of law in a
probate matter, an appellate court reaches a conclusion inde-
pendent of the determination reached by the court below.4
   [3] The probate court’s factual findings have the effect of a
verdict and will not be set aside unless clearly erroneous.5

                          V. ANALYSIS
   Petitioners contend that Brown failed to sell the prop-
erty “under commercially reasonable terms and conditions” as
directed by the will, and thus removal is in the best interests
of the estate. Petitioners argue that the will directs Brown “to
arrive at a commercially reasonable price or value, which, in
the case of real estate, means valuing land at its highest and
best use”6 of commercial developmental property with interim
agricultural use.

 2	
      In re Estate of Nemetz, 273 Neb. 918, 735 N.W.2d 363 (2007).
 3	
      Id.
 4	
      In re Estate of Shell, 290 Neb. 791, 862 N.W.2d 276 (2015).
 5	
      In re Estate of Webb, 20 Neb. App. 12, 817 N.W.2d 304 (2012).
 6	
      Brief for appellants at 10.
                                     - 463 -
                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        297 Nebraska R eports
                           IN RE ESTATE OF ETMUND
                               Cite as 297 Neb. 455

   Section 30-2454(b) provides that “[c]ause for removal exists
when removal would be in the best interests of the estate, or
if it is shown that a personal representative . . . has misman-
aged the estate or failed to perform any duty pertaining to
the office.”
   Section 30-2450(a) provides in relevant part:
       On petition of any person who appears to have an interest
       in the estate, the court by temporary order may restrain a
       personal representative from performing specified acts of
       administration, disbursement, or distribution, or exercise
       of any powers or discharge of any duties of his office,
       or make any other order to secure proper performance of
       his duty, if it appears to the court that the personal rep-
       resentative otherwise may take some action which would
       jeopardize unreasonably the interest of the applicant or
       of some other interested person. Persons with whom the
       personal representative may transact business may be
       made parties.
   And Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-2464(a) (Reissue 2016) states that
a personal representative is “under a duty to settle and distrib-
ute the estate of the decedent in accordance with the terms of
any probated and effective will and this code, and as expedi-
tiously and efficiently as is consistent with the best interests of
the estate.”
   [4,5] The cardinal rule concerning a decedent’s will is the
requirement that the intention of the testator shall be given
effect, unless the maker of the will attempts to accomplish a
purpose or to make a disposition contrary to some rule of law
or public policy.7 To arrive at a testator’s intention expressed
in a will, a court must examine the decedent’s will in its
entirety, consider and liberally interpret every provision in a
will, employ the generally accepted literal and grammatical

 7	
      In re Estate of Ritter, 227 Neb. 641, 419 N.W.2d 521 (1988).
                              - 464 -
            Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                    297 Nebraska R eports
                     IN RE ESTATE OF ETMUND
                         Cite as 297 Neb. 455

meaning of words used in the will, and assume that the maker
of the will understood words stated in the will.8

                  1. “Commercially R easonable”
   Rather than address the term “commercially reasonable” in
a vacuum, as petitioners’ argument suggests, this court must
examine Etmund’s will in its entirety. The phrase “commer-
cially reasonable terms” is used in the will to refer to negotia-
tions for sale of the property between the personal representa-
tive and Talcott.
   [6,7] When language in a will is clear and unambigu-
ous, construction of a will is unnecessary and impermissible.9
Ambiguity exists in an instrument, including a will, when a
word, phrase, or provision in the instrument has, or is suscep-
tible of, at least two reasonable interpretations or meanings.10
   According to Etmund’s will, Brown, as personal representa-
tive, has “full power in her discretion . . . to sell at public or
private sale, without order of court, any real or personal prop-
erty belonging to [Etmund’s] estate.”
   As mentioned above, Talcott is a current tenant who farms
the property at issue. According to Brown’s testimony, Etmund
inherited the property from a brother in 2002. Talcott has
been one of the farm tenants on the property since 1993,
when Etmund’s brother owned the property. The will directs
the personal representative to provide the “current farm ten-
ant, . . . Talcott,” with the first opportunity to purchase the
property. Such characterization of Talcott in the will indicates
that Etmund’s intent was to provide Talcott an opportunity to
continue to pursue his livelihood of farming on the property,
which he had been doing prior to Etmund’s ownership of
the property.

 8	
      Id.
 9	
      Id.
10	
      Id.
                                    - 465 -
               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       297 Nebraska R eports
                          IN RE ESTATE OF ETMUND
                              Cite as 297 Neb. 455

    The will further directs that “Talcott be given the opportu-
nity to purchase said real estate before any other” and states,
“If . . . Talcott does not wish to purchase said real estate or
if he and my personal representative are unable to come to
mutual terms of agreement for its sale, then my personal rep-
resentative is directed to sell said real estate either by private
or public sale.” Therefore, other passages in the will provide
a basis for the county court’s finding that “commercially rea-
sonable terms and conditions” are between the personal repre-
sentative and the tenant farmer.
    While, as petitioners argue, the will does not explicitly
state that the property must be sold as agricultural property,
the testator’s intent of such a sale can be discerned from the
rest of the sentence quoted above and the sentences following
it. In contrast, nowhere in the will does Etmund state that she
desires the highest price or the best use for the property; nor
does the rest of the will support that reading.
    Petitioners cite In re Estate of Webb11 and Reeves v.
Associates Financial Services Co., Inc.,12 for the proposition
that a personal representative should be removed if he or she
attempts to sell the decedent’s home at a price lower than the
appraiser’s value. We find that both of those cases involve dif-
ferent factual scenarios and are not applicable to the current
set of facts.
    [8,9] Furthermore, this court has held that the issue of
whether a sale was commercially reasonable under the Uniform
Commercial Code is a question of fact for the fact finder to
decide.13 In a bench trial of an action at law, the trial court
is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the

11	
      In re Estate of Webb, supra note 5.
12	
      Reeves v. Associates Financial Services Co., Inc., 197 Neb. 107, 247
      N.W.2d 434 (1976).
13	
      See Chadron Energy Corp. v. First Nat. Bank, 236 Neb. 173, 459 N.W.2d
      718 (1990).
                                   - 466 -
               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       297 Nebraska R eports
                          IN RE ESTATE OF ETMUND
                              Cite as 297 Neb. 455

weight to be given their testimony. An appellate court will not
reevaluate the credibility of witnesses or reweigh testimony
but will review the evidence for clear error.14
   In this case, the county court had to determine whether the
price of $900,000 was commercially reasonable for the prop-
erty based on two competing appraisals. The county court was
presented with the appraisals, weighed the evidence, evaluated
the credibility of the witnesses, and found Brown’s appraiser
to be more credible.
   In light of the surrounding language in the will, its phrase
“commercially reasonable terms” could not reasonably be
interpreted as meaning the “highest and best” use of residen-
tial development.15 As this is a question of law, we conclude
that the term “commercially reasonable” as used in the will
is not susceptible to two reasonable interpretations or mean-
ings and is thus not ambiguous. Furthermore, we hold that
the county court did not clearly err in its factual findings that
“commercially reasonable” was not ambiguous and that Brown
sold the property “under commercially reasonable terms and
conditions” to Talcott in selling it at a price based on the
appraisal by a certified appraiser who valued the property as
agricultural use.
                  2. Personal R epresentative’s
                    Discretion With R espect
                          to A ppraisals
   We turn next to petitioners’ contention that Brown’s
appraiser was not qualified to appraise the land at issue, and
by extension that Brown should be removed as personal repre-
sentative for hiring that appraiser and adopting his appraisal.
   Neither party contends that the purpose of the will is con-
trary to a rule of law or public policy. As such, this court is

14	
      Eicher v. Mid America Fin. Invest. Corp., 275 Neb. 462, 748 N.W.2d 1
      (2008).
15	
      See brief for appellants at 10.
                                       - 467 -
                 Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                         297 Nebraska R eports
                            IN RE ESTATE OF ETMUND
                                Cite as 297 Neb. 455

concerned only with giving effect to the intent of the testa-
tor.16 Etmund’s will gives broad discretion to Brown as per-
sonal representative. Brown employed both a general certified
appraiser and an attorney to advise her in the performance of
her administrative duties and acted upon their recommenda-
tions. This she is allowed to do. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-2476
(Reissue 2016) provides that except when otherwise restricted
by the will, the personal representative, “acting reasonably for
the benefit of the interested persons,” may employ persons to
advise and may “act without independent investigation upon
their recommendations.”17 And Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-2468
(Reissue 2016) explicitly states that the personal representa-
tive may employ a “qualified and disinterested appraiser” to
determine the fair market value of any asset of value that may
be subject to reasonable doubt.
   Petitioners contend that the admission by Brown’s appraiser
that he was not qualified to appraise development property
meant he used a “limited approach” in his appraisal, thus
calling into question whether he was qualified to appraise
the property.18
   As noted above, the property at issue was used as agricul-
tural land by the current tenant and is zoned as agricultural.
Brown’s appraiser held a general certified appraiser’s license,
a real estate broker’s license, and a crop insurance agent’s
license. He had significant experience appraising farms, par-
ticularly farms in Lancaster County. Brown’s appraiser testi-
fied that he considered whether the property could be sold
for residential developmental use, but determined it was not
“financially feasible” based on his analysis of the profit mar-
gin for a developer. He did not appraise the land for residen-
tial development. His testimony that he was not qualified to

16	
      See In re Estate of Ritter, supra note 7.
17	
      § 30-2476(21).
18	
      Brief for appellants at 15.
                             - 468 -
          Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                  297 Nebraska R eports
                    IN RE ESTATE OF ETMUND
                        Cite as 297 Neb. 455

appraise development property does not make him unqualified
to appraise the property at issue.
   Brown’s appraiser’s licensing, experience, and testimony
indicate that he was qualified to appraise property he deemed
agricultural. Furthermore, there is no testimony to indicate
that Brown’s appraiser had an interest in the estate. Thus,
Brown’s appraiser was a qualified and disinterested appraiser,
and Brown was entitled to act without independent investiga-
tion into his appraisal.
   The county court applied the language of § 30-2454(b)
and found that no cause existed to remove Brown as personal
representative. Based on an examination for error appearing
on the record, we conclude that the county court’s ruling con-
formed to the law, was supported by competent evidence, and
was neither arbitrary, capricious, nor unreasonable. We further
hold that the county court was not clearly erroneous in making
its factual determination of the value of the property.
   Petitioners’ assignment of error is without merit.
                     VI. CONCLUSION
  For the reasons stated above, we affirm.
                                                   A ffirmed.
