Filed 1/13/15 P. v. Garcia CA2/7
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION SEVEN


THE PEOPLE,                                                          B251502

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. TA126868)
         v.

MOISES GARCIA,

         Defendant and Appellant.




                   APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Michael Shultz, Judge. Affirmed.
                   Ann Krausz, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
                   Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant
Attorney General, Jonathan J. Kline and Ryan M. Smith, Deputy Attorneys General, for
Plaintiff and Respondent.
                        ___________________________________
       Appellant Moises Garcia appeals from the judgment on his conviction on one
count of receiving stolen property in violation of Penal Code1 section 496, subdivision
(a). Appellant contends that the trial court erred in admitting the hearsay statement of a
witness implicating him in the crime. As we shall explain, appellant’s claim lacks merit.
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment.
                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       At approximately 3:40 p.m. on January 13, 2013, Los Angeles County Deputy
Sheriff Carolina Roman received a routine call to respond to a residence on Louise
Avenue in Lynwood. The dispatcher informed Deputy Roman that two men had been
observed removing copper wire from a Ryder rental truck and placing the wire in the
garage of the residence. When Deputy Roman arrived on the scene, she walked towards
the Ryder truck. She saw a man, later identified as Alberto Murillo, walking toward her
and away from the truck. Deputy Roman detained Murillo. While doing so, she also
observed a second man, later identified as appellant, in the driver’s seat on the driver’s
side of the truck. Appellant was approximately 40 feet away from Deputy Roman at the
time and his face was turned towards her. Deputy Roman observed appellant exit the
truck. He walked towards the garage where some of the copper wire had been unloaded,
and attempted to close the garage door. When the door would not close, appellant
walked to the back of the house and disappeared from view. According to Deputy
Roman, her opportunity to view appellant spanned a number of seconds. Other Sheriff’s
deputies arrived on scene to search for appellant, but he was not apprehended that day.
       Deputy Roman recovered a license plate and an ignition switch from the floor of
the driver’s side of the truck. The investigation revealed that the truck had been reported
stolen. Inside the garage of the house on Louise Avenue, police recovered large spools of
copper wire marked “DWP.” Deputy Roman also questioned Murillo, who identified


1
       The references to statute are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.



                                              2
appellant as “Moses [sic] Garcia.” Murillo told Deputy Roman that appellant was the
person who was in the driver’s seat of the Ryder truck, and who left the scene. Later that
day Deputy Roman prepared a written report of the incident; she included the name:
“Moses Garcia” in her report. Deputy Roman also input the name, “Moses Garcia” into a
law enforcement computer database to find him. Deputy Roman testified that she did not
locate any information about appellant during that search.
          Deputy Roman forwarded the information she had gathered to Detective Salvador
Rios, who conducted the investigation. Detective Rios reviewed Deputy Roman’s report,
and researched the name of the suspect included in the report. Detective Rios also
interviewed Murillo and Yojari Solis, the owner of the property where the copper wire
was being stored. The owner of the property indicated that appellant was renting the
space for $400 per month. Based upon his investigation, Detective Rios located a picture
of appellant and prepared a six-pack photographic lineup. From the six-pack, Deputy
Roman identified appellant as the person in the driver’s seat of the truck who fled the
scene.
          Five months earlier in August 2012, Whittier Police Officer Adrian Bobadilla was
patrolling an area of Santa Fe Springs when he saw appellant standing by a parked truck
in the lot of a vacant business. Officer Bobadilla approached appellant, but appellant
fled. In the bed of the truck, the officer found a spool of copper wire, wire cutters and a
saw. Officer Bobadilla identified appellant from a six-pack photographic lineup as the
person he saw standing by the truck (“Santa Fe Springs Incident”).
          Appellant was apprehended and charged (for the January 2013 incident) with
receiving stolen property with a prior theft conviction in violation of section 666.5 in
Count 1; and receiving stolen property in violation of section 496, subdivision (a) in
Count 2. As to both counts, the information further alleged that, at the time of the current
offenses, appellant was out on bail pursuant to section 12022.1. Appellant pled not
guilty.
          During the trial the court admitted evidence of the Santa Fe Springs Incident
pursuant to Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (b). In addition, Deputy Rios


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testified regarding the investigation. Deputy Roman testified as to her eyewitness
observation of appellant and her investigation. On direct examination, Deputy Roman
testified that Murillo had given her the name of the man who was in the Ryder truck
while Murillo was being detained. The prosecutor asked Deputy Roman for the name
Murillo had given her. Over appellant’s hearsay objection, the court heard arguments at
side bar:

       “[Prosecutor]: The name that she received is a part of her
       investigation, and it’s one of the tools that were used in order for the
       detective to bring up a photograph of a suspect and then later do a
       six-pack with Deputy Roman.

       “The Court: In that case, you’re offering it for non-hearsay
       purposes?

       “[Prosecutor]: That’s right.

       “The Court: It was a little unclear from the way you responded, . . . .
       But, so, you’re just simply offering it for the non-hearsay purpose to
       explain her [Roman] conduct after receiving the name?

       “[Prosecutor]: Right, in terms of investigation. . . .

       “[¶¶]

       “[Appellant’s defense counsel]: I’m going to stand by my objection,
       Your Honor. What I believe the People are trying to elicit from this
       witness is the fact that she spoke to the co-suspect, that co-suspect
       identified my client as being the person he was with. That’s clearly
       hearsay. [¶] The suggestion that it’s going to be used to describe
       her further actions, the non-hearsay purpose, I don’t believe the
       evidence is going to pan out in that manner. It was a different
       deputy who ultimately develops a six-pack with my client’s
       information and photograph. [¶] So the fact that this witness may
       have developed information that this suspect names my client as
       being present isn’t furthering her investigation. . . .

       “The Court: Right. But she did direct the second deputy with the
       information she had learned; is that correct?



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       “[Prosecutor]: That’s correct.
       “The Court: The objection is overruled. Again, I will give a limited
       instruction as each piece of evidence comes in, . . . .”


       Deputy Roman then testified that Murillo told her the name of the other suspect
was “Moses Garcia.” The trial court instructed the jury that the statement made by
Murillo was admitted for the limited purpose of explaining what effect or impact, if any,
it had on Deputy Roman, and that the jury could not consider it for the truth of the matter
asserted.
       The jury found appellant guilty of receiving stolen property in Count 2, but he was
acquitted in Count 1. In a bifurcated proceeding, the trial court found true appellant’s
admission that he was out on bail in another case at the time the current offense was
committed. Appellant was sentenced to a five-year term that included the upper term of
three years on Count 2, plus two years for the out-on-bail enhancement.
       Appellant timely appeals.
                                      DISCUSSION
       Appellant complains that the trial court erred when it admitted Deputy Roman’s
testimony in which she relayed to the jury the name Murillo had given her. Appellant
argues that the testimony was hearsay, and that the court improperly concluded that it
was admissible for the nonhearsay purpose, i.e., to explain Deputy Roman’s conduct after
receiving the name. Appellant maintains that Deputy Roman’s conduct was not relevant
to any issue in the case, and therefore the hearsay objection should have been sustained
and the evidence should have been excluded.
       Only relevant evidence is admissible. (Evid. Code, § 350; People v. Crittenden
(1994) 9 Cal.4th 83, 132.) All relevant evidence is admissible unless excluded under the
federal or California Constitution or by statute. (Evid. Code, § 351; see also Cal. Const.,
art. I, § 28, subd. (d).) Relevant evidence is defined in Evidence Code section 210 as
evidence having any tendency in reason to prove or disprove any disputed fact that is of
consequence to the determination of the action. The test of relevance is whether the



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evidence tends “logically, naturally, and by reasonable inference” to establish material
facts such as identity, intent, or motive. (People v. Garceau (1993) 6 Cal.4th 140, 177.)
The trial court has broad discretion in determining the relevance of evidence but lacks
discretion to admit irrelevant evidence. (Ibid.; People v. Crittenden, supra, 9 Cal.4th at
p. 132.)
       Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered for the truth of the matter asserted.
(Evid. Code, § 1200.) Generally, it is inadmissible, unless it falls into one of the
enumerated exceptions to the hearsay rule. (Evid. Code, § 1220 et seq.) Evidence may
be admitted for a nonhearsay purpose if it is relevant to a matter at issue in the case.
(People v. Turner (1994) 8 Cal.4th 137, 189 [“An out-of-court statement is properly
admitted if a nonhearsay purpose for admitting the statement is identified, and the
nonhearsay purpose is relevant to an issue in dispute.”].) Thus, evidence may be properly
admitted for the nonhearsay purpose of proving, for example, why Deputy Roman and
Detective Rios began to investigate appellant for the crime.
       Appellant argues, however, that the police conduct and investigation is not
relevant in this case because the jury was not asked to decide why the police focused on
appellant. We disagree. The record from the trial does not support appellant’s argument
on appeal.2
       Such “course of investigation” testimony is routinely admitted at trial. (See
People v. Marsh (1962) 58 Cal.2d 732, 738.) Appellant’s reliance on this Division’s
decision in People v. Lucero (1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 1107 is misplaced. In Lucero, the
trial court permitted a police officer to testify that a witness at the scene of a robbery told
him a footprint left at the scene belonged to the robber. In overruling the defendant’s
hearsay objection, the trial court concluded, “the statement was not introduced to prove
the truth of the matter asserted but to explain the conduct of the officer.” (Id. at p. 1109.)

2
        Appellant’s challenge on appeal is different from the objection he asserted in the
trial court. At trial he argued that the evidence should be excluded because Deputy
Roman’s actions after receiving the name were not connected to Detective Rios’s
investigation and preparation of the six-pack photographic line-up. He did not argue, as
he does here, that the police investigation and conduct were not at issue in the case.

                                               6
On appeal, the Attorney General argued: “the evidence was admitted for the nonhearsay
purpose of ‘showing [Officer Mundy’s] good faith or the reasonableness of his conduct.’”
(Ibid.) The Court disagreed: “[t]he problem with the People’s argument is that even if the
witness’s statement . . . was offered for a nonhearsay purpose it still had to be relevant to
be admissible. . . . [T]he jury was not asked to determine whether the police had
probable cause to arrest Lucero. Therefore, the witness’s statement . . . about the suspect
stepping on the counter was simply irrelevant for the nonhearsay purpose offered because
it had no tendency in reason to prove any disputed issue of fact in the action.
[Citations.]” (People v. Lucero, supra, 64 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1109-1110.)
       Lucero does not stand for the proposition that “course of investigation” evidence is
only relevant if probable cause is a disputed issue at trial. In Lucero the reasonableness
of police conduct simply was not at issue in that case.
       In contrast, here the police conduct was at issue during the trial. Indeed, appellant
argued to the jury that no physical evidence linked him to the crime. He also pointed to
trial testimony from the owner of the residence, Solis, who testified that appellant was not
present on January 13 when Deputy Roman arrived. Appellant challenged every aspect
of Deputy Roman’s identification of him and the manner in which Detective Roman
conducted her investigation. He argued that the police “rushed to judgment” to focus on
him as a suspect. Consequently, the conduct of the police was at issue in this case and
therefore, Murillo’s statement to Deputy Roman was relevant for the nonhearsay purpose
to explain why the police focused on appellant as a suspect in the crime.
       In view of the foregoing, we conclude the trial court did not err in admitting
evidence of the name Murillo provided to Deputy Roman.
       This notwithstanding, even if the evidence was wrongfully admitted, any error was
harmless. A conviction will only be reversed when it is reasonably probable a result
more favorable to the defendant would have occurred in the absence of the error. (People
v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836.) In this case, ample evidence, including evidence
that appellant had rented the garage where the copper wire was found, the Evidence Code



                                              7
section 1101, subdivision (b) evidence of the Santa Fe Springs Incident, and Deputy
Roman’s eyewitness identification of appellant, supports the jury’s verdict.
                                     DISPOSITION


       The judgment is affirmed.




                                                                      WOODS, J.


We concur:




              PERLUSS, P. J.                                          FEUER, J.*




*
 Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.


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