J-S58044-19


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

 K.J.W.                                  :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                         :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                         :
              v.                         :
                                         :
                                         :
 B.H.W.                                  :
                                         :
                                         :   No. 967 WDA 2019

                Appeal from the Order Entered May 28, 2019
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Blair County Civil Division at No(s):
                              2009 GN 4830


BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., BENDER, P.J.E., and DUBOW, J.

MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.:                        FILED DECEMBER 19, 2019

      Appellant, K.J.W. (“Mother”), appeals from the May 28, 2019 Order that,

inter alia, transferred primary physical custody of ten-year-old C.W. (“Child”)

from Mother to B.H.W. (“Father”). Upon careful review, we affirm.

      The parties are familiar with the factual and procedural history in this

case and we need not restate them in detail here. Briefly, Father and Mother,

who are the parents of Child, were married in 2008 and divorced in 2010.

Mother is also the parent of fourteen-year-old J.W., her older son from a

previous marriage.

      Father has worked as a purchasing agent for Sheetz, a convenience

store, for approximately seventeen years and owns his own home where only

he and Child reside. Mother works as a respiratory therapist at two different

hospitals and owns her own home, where she resides with Child and J.W.

Parents live approximately one mile away from each other
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       At the time of their divorce, the parties agreed to a custody Order that

awarded Mother primary physical custody of Child and Father substantial

periods of physical custody, including three evenings per week and overnight

every other weekend.         In February 2014, Father filed a Petition to Modify

Custody and in July 2014, after an evidentiary hearing, the court awarded

Mother primary physical custody of Child and awarded Father the same

substantial periods of physical custody with the addition of one weekday

overnight visit every other week.

       On October 25, 2017, Father filed a Petition for Modification of the

Custody Order, requesting primary physical custody of Child. On December

22, 2017, Mother married R.C., who resides in Nevada. This was Mother’s

fourth marriage.      On January 16, 2018, Mother filed a Notice of Proposed

Relocation and a Petition to Confirm Relocation, proposing to relocate Child to

Nevada; Father opposed the Notice and Petition. On July 18, 2018 and July

19, 2018, the trial court began to hear evidence on Father’s Petition to Modify

and Mother’s Notice and Petition to Relocate.

       In October 2018, Mother withdrew her Notice and Petition to Relocate

after R.C. filed for divorce. On October 29, 2018 and March 29, 2019, the

trial court continued to hear evidence on Father’s Petition to Modify.1


____________________________________________


1 At these hearings, the trial court also heard evidence regarding a Petition
for Modification of Custody filed by J.W.’s father, M.W.




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        The trial court heard testimony from Father, Mother, Child, and Arnold

Shienvold, Ph.D, who conducted a custody evaluation and testified as an

expert in psychology, forensic psychology, and custody evaluations in high

conflict cases.2

        On May 28, 2019, the trial court issued an Order granting Father’s

Petition to Modify and awarding Father primary physical custody of Child. The

Order awarded Mother substantial periods of physical custody, including every

other weekend from Thursday evening until Monday morning, overnight on

every other Monday, and every other week during the summer months.

        Mother timely appealed. Both Mother and the trial court complied with

Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

        Mother raises the following issues for our review:


        I.     Did the trial court err and/or abuse its discretion by
               transferring primary residential custody of [Child] from
               []Mother to []Father under all the facts and circumstances
               of this case and the law applicable thereto?

        II.    Did the trial court err and/or abuse its discretion in its
               consideration and application of the custody factors based
               on the facts and circumstances of this case?

        III.   Did the trial court err and/or abuse its discretion in finding
               that []Mother’s proposed relocation with her children to
               Nevada to reside with her husband constituted an alienation
               of [Child] from the []Father and demonstrated Mother’s lack
               of understanding of the importance of stability in [Childs]’s
               life?

Mother’s Br. at 8.
____________________________________________


2   The trial court also heard evidence presented by J.W.’s father, M.W.

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      The Child Custody Act, 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 5321-5340, governs all custody

proceedings commenced after January 24, 2011. E.D. v. M.P., 33 A.3d 73,

77 (Pa. Super. 2011). The Custody Act requires a trial court to consider all of

the Section 5328(a) best interests factors when “ordering any form of

custody.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a). A trial court must “delineate the reasons for

its decision when making an award of custody either on the record or in a

written opinion.” S.W.D. v. S.A.R., 96 A.3d 396, 401 (Pa. Super. 2014). See

also 23 Pa.C.S. § 5323(a) and (d). However, “there is no required amount

of detail for the trial court’s explanation; all that is required is that the

enumerated factors are considered and that the custody decision is based on

those considerations.” M.J.M. v. M.L.G., 63 A.3d 331, 336 (Pa. Super. 2013).

      When reviewing child custody matters and the trial court’s consideration

of the Section 5328(a) factors, our paramount concern is the best interests of

the child. See Saintz v. Rinker, 902 A.2d 509, 512 (Pa. Super. 2006). “The

best interests standard, decided on a case-by-case basis, considers all factors

which legitimately have an effect upon the child's physical, intellectual, moral

and spiritual well-being.” Id. (quotation and citation omitted).

      This Court reviews a custody determination for an abuse of discretion.

In re K.D., 144 A.3d 145, 151 (Pa. Super. 2016). We will not find an abuse

of discretion “merely because a reviewing court would have reached a different

conclusion.” Id. (citation omitted). Rather, “[a]ppellate courts will find a trial

court abuses its discretion if, in reaching a conclusion, it overrides or


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misapplies the law, or the record shows that the trial court's judgment was

either manifestly unreasonable or the product of partiality, prejudice, bias or

ill will.” Id.

       Further, when this Court reviews a trial court’s “best interests” analysis

in custody matters, our scope of review is broad, but we are “bound by

findings supported in the record, and may reject conclusions drawn by the

trial court only if they involve an error of law, or are unreasonable in light of

the sustainable findings of the trial court.” Saintz, supra at 512 (quotation

and citation omitted). Importantly, “[o]n issues of credibility and weight of

the evidence, we defer to the findings of the trial judge who has had the

opportunity to observe the proceedings and demeanor of the witnesses.” K.T.

v. L.S., 118 A.3d 1136, 1159 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation omitted). We can

only interfere where the “custody order is manifestly unreasonable as shown

by the evidence of record.” Saintz, supra at 512 (citation omitted).

       In her first issue, Mother avers that the trial court abused its discretion

when it determined that it was in Child’s best interest to transfer primary

physical custody of Child from Mother to Father. Mother’s Br. at 17. Mother

argues that the evidence presented during the hearing failed to support a

change in primary physical custody because the evidence demonstrated that

Child expressed a preference for the custody arrangement to remain the

same, has a strong bond with his half-brother, J.W., and was doing well under

the existing custody arrangement. Id. at 18-21. Mother also contends that


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the   trial   court   relied   too   heavily   on   Dr.   Shienhold’s   report   and

recommendations, which, Mother argues, contained errors regarding her

employment history. Id. at 22. These claims lack merit.

      Our review of the record reveals that the trial court did consider Child’s

relationship with J.W. and his preference for the custody arrangement to

remain the same. The trial court made the following findings, which the record

supports:

      Child’s only sibling is his half-brother, [J.W.]. It appears their
      relationship has, at times, been difficult for [Child] and has even
      posed danger to him. During his interview, [Child] testified to be
      enjoying his relationship with [J.W.]. . . [Child] expressed
      satisfaction with the current arrangement, which places him with
      Mother more, but still with Father frequently.

Opinion and Order, dated 5/28/19, at 10 (internal citations omitted).

Nevertheless, the trial court placed greater weight on which parent could

provide stability for Child. The trial court concluded that “Mother’s decision to

uproot [Child], take him across the Country and remove him from all of the

foundations of lifetime stability that he had developed in Blair County,

demonstrates Mother’s lack of understanding of the importance of this factor

[and] place[s] her own interests above those of her child(ren].” Id. at 14.

The trial court found that Mother’s decision to marry a man who lived across

the country that she had only known for a brief time “created worry,

insecurity, and most of all, uncertainty with her sons.” Id. The trial court

opined:




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      There is no doubt both [p]arents love [Child] and have proven
      they can provide him with his economic and social needs. The
      deciding factor here is that the [c]ourt considered Dr. Shienvold’s
      Report and [R]ecommendations, and more importantly, the
      factual basis upon which he relied in creating said Report.

      The [c]ourt found Father more credible than Mother.              Dr.
      Shienvold’s report was a comprehensive evaluation and
      encompassed all aspects of this very difficult [c]ustody situation.

      Dr. Shienvold directly stated he found Mother deceitful, and found
      her to lack candor and honesty. He found [Father]’s as well as
      [M.W.]’s statements regarding Mother being dishonest and
      manipulative to be credible. Most importantly, Dr. Shienvold
      found Mother’s lack of stability to have negative effects on the
      children, and that Mother remains susceptible to continue and/or
      repeat her previous mistakes.

Id. at 15 (internal citations omitted). The record supports the trial court’s

findings.

      Moreover, despite Mother’s representation that Child was doing well

under the current custody arrangement, the trial court heard evidence to the

contrary.   Mother admitted during her testimony that Child and his half-

brother J.W. both required extensive counseling soon after Mother began

dating and became engaged to R.C. N.T. Hearing, 7/19/18, at 129-140. The

trial court also heard evidence that around the same time, J.W. was acting out

and, on one occasion, attempted to choke Child. Id. Accordingly, the record

supports the trial court’s findings and we find no abuse of discretion.

      Further, Mother’s argument that the trial court abused its discretion

when it relied on an erroneous report lacks merit. The trial court gave Mother

an opportunity to cross-examine Dr. Shienvold about his custody evaluation

and clear up any discrepancies in her work history.         See N.T. Hearing,

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3/29/19, at 90-150. The trial court acknowledged the errors in Dr. Shienvold’s

report and opined, “Dr. Shienvold’s report further stated that ‘it is difficult to

ignore the lack of stability that [Mother] has shown in various areas of her

life.’ The [c]ourt notes that Dr. Shienvold affirmed this conclusion even after

Mother’s [c]ounsel, on [c]ross-[e]xamination, demonstrated that Mother was

not in the Armed Forces as his report states.” Opinion and Order at 6. The

trial court found Dr. Shienvold’s testimony to be credible. We decline to

reweigh the evidence or usurp the credibility determinations of the court. As

the record supports the trial court’s findings, we find no abuse of discretion.

      In her second issue, Mother asserts that the trial court erred in its

application of the Section 5328 custody factors and that the evidence

demonstrates that awarding primary physical custody to Mother would be in

Child’s best interest. Mother’s Br. at 24. Essentially, Mother argues that the

record does not support the trial court’s findings. Specifically, Mother claims

that there is no evidence that Child endured physical abuse from J.W. and that

Child was endangered by his relationship with J.W. Id. at 26-27. Moreover,

Mother argues that the record does not support the trial court’s findings that

Mother was more likely to alienate Child against Father, and Father was more

likely to maintain a more stable, consistent, and nurturing relationship with

Child. Id. at 29-30. Our review of the record belies these claims.

      As discussed above, Mother testified that J.W. attempted to choke Child

on one occasion, providing support for the trial court’s findings regarding the


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relationship between the siblings. See N.T. Hearing, 7/19/18, at 129-140.

Additionally, our review of the record reveals that Dr. Shienvold’s custody

evaluation, which was incorporated into the record, provides support for the

trial court’s findings that Mother is more likely to alienate Child and Father is

more stable. See Custody Evaluation, dated 3/6/19, at 24-25. Specifically,

the custody evaluation concludes that Mother made unilateral decisions

regarding Child’s therapy without informing Father, was secretive about her

relationship with R.C. and decision to move to Nevada, was “pushing” the

importance of a relationship with R.C. on Child, had a history of unstable

personal relationships, failed to consider the negative emotional impact that

her decision to move to Nevada had on Child, and was willing to put her

relationship with R.C. first and Child’s needs second. Id.

      Our review of the record reveals that the trial court considered all of the

Section 5328 custody factors when rendering its custody decision. The record

supports the trial court’s findings and, thus, we find no abuse of discretion.

      In her final issue, Mother asserts that the trial court abused its discretion

when it found that Mother’s proposed relocation with her children to Nevada

to reside with her husband constituted an alienation of Child from Father and

demonstrated Mother’s lack of understanding of the importance of stability in

Child’s life. Mother’s Br. at 34. Mother argues that her request to relocate

her residence “should not have been used as a factor against her,” but fails to

cite any legal authority to support this argument. See id. at 36. Accordingly,


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we find this issue to be waived. See R.L.P. v. R.F.M., 110 A.3d 201, 208–09

(Pa. Super. 2015) (stating that arguments that are not appropriately

developed     are     waived,     including    those     where     the   party

has failed to cite any authority in support of a contention).

      In sum, the trial court engaged in an analysis of the Section 5328(a)

factors when making its custody determination and the record supports the

trial court’s findings. Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion.

      Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 12/19/2019




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