             In the
        Court of Appeals
Second Appellate District of Texas
         at Fort Worth
      ___________________________

           No. 02-18-00247-CR
      ___________________________

    THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellant

                     V.

        RICHARD OPARE, Appellee


On Appeal from County Criminal Court No. 3
           Tarrant County, Texas
         Trial Court No. 1470887


  Before Sudderth, C.J.; Meier and Kerr, JJ.
Opinion on Rehearing by Chief Justice Sudderth
                           OPINION ON REHEARING

                                   I. Introduction

         The State filed a motion for rehearing in which it complains that we reached

the wrong result, referring us to State v. Prieto, PD-1115-14, 2014 WL 6478236, at *1

(Tex. Crim. App. Nov. 19, 2014) (not designated for publication),1 an unpublished

court of criminal appeals opinion that they cited in footnote 3 on page 13 of their

opening brief. Because we are not bound by an unpublished—nonprecedential—

opinion, and based on the reasoning set out below, we affirm the trial court’s order

granting Appellee Richard Opare’s motion to suppress.

                                   II. Background

         Around 2:30 a.m. on September 15, 2015, Christine Hubbell, who was a

Pantego police officer at the time, conducted a traffic stop of Opare and arrested him

for driving while intoxicated. Three years later, Opare filed a motion to suppress,

arguing that the stop had been illegal because there was insufficient reasonable

suspicion or probable cause to support it. During the interim, Hubbell moved out of

state.



       Because we discuss both the underlying El Paso opinion that was reversed by
         1

the court of criminal appeals’s unpublished opinion, see State v. Prieto, No. 08-12-
00268-CR, 2014 WL 2447711 (Tex. App.—El Paso May 30, 2014) (not designated for
publication), judm’t vacated, 2014 WL 6478236, at *1, and the higher court’s opinion,
we will refer to the El Paso opinion as Prieto I and the court of criminal appeals’s
opinion as Prieto II.


                                           2
      At the April 13, 2018 suppression hearing, Sergeant Ben Moore, who had been

called out to the stop on September 15,2 testified that by the time he had arrived at the

scene, the stop had already occurred. Because he had no independent knowledge of

Opare’s driving behavior prior to the stop, Sergeant Moore conceded that he was not

able to answer questions about what Hubbell’s intentions had been in stopping Opare

or how she might have perceived in realtime the events on the dashcam video

recorded by her patrol car.

      The prosecutor then explained to the trial court that Sergeant Moore was at the

hearing to authenticate the dashcam video, to which the trial court replied, “[H]ow

can he authenticate the video . . . when he wasn’t there?”           At that point, the

prosecutor suggested moving for a continuance3 and running the suppression motion

concurrent with the trial, but the trial court—without admitting the video into

evidence—responded, “[L]et’s go ahead and just watch the video,” and then “sort of

informally decide here what to do.”




      2
       Sergeant Moore was no longer with the Pantego Police Department; at the
time of the hearing, he worked for the Erath County Sheriff’s Office.
      3
       The record does not reflect that the trial court ruled on the State’s oral
suggestion of a continuance or that either party filed a motion for continuance after
the hearing. Cf. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 29.02 (West 2006) (“A criminal
action may be continued by consent of the parties thereto, in open court, at any time
on a showing of good cause, but a continuance may be only for as long as is
necessary.”).


                                           3
      After viewing the video, the trial court concluded that it would be necessary for

Hubbell, as the arresting officer, to authenticate it. The State agreed, adding that the

State was willing to subpoena and pay for Hubbell’s travel so that she could testify if

trial were set. No exhibits were admitted into evidence at the hearing, but the trial

court offered to receive briefing and then issue an “advisory” ruling, i.e., “come to a

legal conclusion of what might happen at trial if [the State] had the officer here and

proved the video up.”

      Three weeks later, the trial court issued a letter ruling in which, after noting that

there was “insufficient evidence present to justify that reasonable suspicion existed for

the stop,” it granted Opare’s motion “in all respects.”

                                   III. Discussion

      In a single issue, the State appeals the trial court’s order,4 arguing that the stop

was justified because the video showed that Opare committed an offense—failing to

signal a lane change—in Hubbell’s presence. And on rehearing, the State argues that

this court erred by not considering the dashcam video (or Hubbell’s offense report)

“simply because they were not formally admitted as evidence.”5



      4
       The State may appeal an order in a criminal case granting a motion to suppress
evidence. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 44.01(a)(5) (West 2018).
      5
       The State also argues that we erred by concluding that the dashcam video was
not included as part of the appellate record. We have corrected the opinion on
rehearing to reflect this.


                                            4
A. Standard of Review

      We review a suppression ruling by giving almost total deference to the trial

court’s rulings on questions of historical fact and application-of-law-to-fact questions

that turn on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor and view the evidence in the

light most favorable to the ruling, while reviewing the remaining law-to-fact questions

de novo. See Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Wiede v.

State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24–25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818

(Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).

B. Our Original Conclusion

      The record here contains no evidence for our review. Because no evidence was

admitted to support that Hubbell had reasonable suspicion based on specific,

articulable facts to conduct a lawful temporary detention, see Crain v. State, 315 S.W.3d

43, 52 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010), the trial court did not err by granting Opare’s motion

to suppress.

C. On Rehearing

      1. Evolution of the Law on the Use of Exhibits Not Formally Admitted
         into Evidence

      When parties treat an exhibit, document, or other material as if those items had

been admitted into evidence, even though they were never formally offered or

admitted in the trial court, they can properly be considered as part of the evidence on

the theory that, in the absence of a timely objection, displaying the evidence before


                                           5
the jury and eliciting testimony about it is tantamount to introducing it into evidence.

Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 673–74 (discussing Harden v. State, 417 S.W.2d 170, 174 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1967) (op. on reh’g)). That is, documents or items in some way made part

of the trial record “‘[that] are treated by the court and parties as if formally introduced into

evidence are properly considered by the judge and jury on the merits of the case.’” Id.

at 674 & n.30 (emphasis added) (quoting 43A George E. Dix & Robert O. Dawson,

Texas Practice: Criminal Practice & Procedure § 43.349 at 606 (2nd ed. 2001), and

citing Cornish v. State, 848 S.W.2d 144, 145 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993), Heberling v. State,

834 S.W.2d 350, 356 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992), Smith v. State, 859 S.W.2d 463, 465 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 1993, pet. ref’d), and State v. Brown, 929 S.W.2d 588, 591 (Tex.

App.—Corpus Christi 1996), abrogated on other grounds by State v. Riewe, 13 S.W.3d 408

(Tex. Crim. App. 2000)). We will review each of the cases relied upon by the court in

Amador.

           a. Harden v. State

       Harden was an arson case tried before a jury in which the appellant was found

guilty of burning down a trailer house. 417 S.W.2d at 171–72. On rehearing, he

complained that the evidence did not show that the trailer house in question was

mounted on blocks and leveled or that it was enclosed with walls and covered,

pointing out that the testimony of the witness about the blocks and leveling was given

outside the jury’s presence. Id. at 174. The court acknowledged that while that

particular testimony was not heard by the jury, the jury was present when the witness

                                               6
identified State’s Exhibit No. 1 as a photograph of the burned-out trailer house and

testified about it. Id. While the photograph was not formally offered and introduced

into evidence, “[i]n [the] absence of a timely objection, the display of the photograph

before the jury and the elicitation of testimony concerning its features was tantamount

to the introduction of the photograph[,] and it could be properly considered as part of

the evidence.”6 Id. (citing Erwin v. State, 350 S.W.2d 199 (Tex. Crim. App. 1961) (op.

on reh’g)).7

           b. Heberling v. State

       Heberling was a jury trial in which the defendant was charged with delivering

more than 400 grams of a controlled substance (cocaine), which the State did not

introduce into evidence.     834 S.W.2d at 355.      However, the officer and police

department chemist testified about the cocaine, it was marked as an exhibit and was

physically shown to the jury, and “the trial court and the parties treated the cocaine as

if it had been introduced into evidence.” Id.

       The court concluded that based on the jury’s visual inspection of the cocaine

and the witnesses’ testimonies about it, the jury could have reasonably inferred that


       6
        The opinion on rehearing drew a dissent that complained about the court’s
having considered “the picture which has never been filed or introduced in evidence
in the trial court.” Harden, 417 S.W.2d at 175 (Morrison, J., dissenting).

       In Erwin, a jury trial, the court stated, “Testimony read into the record without
       7

objection is tantamount to the introduction of the documents from which the
testimony was taken.” 350 S.W.2d at 326.


                                           7
the cocaine had been “introduced by the State in evidence” as set forth in the charge. 8

Id. at 355–56.

          c. Cornish v. State

      Cornish was a Batson challenge case in which the court stated that it was

apparent from the record that the parties and the trial court had regarded the juror

information cards, which were not admitted into the record, as a significant part of

the evidence upon which a resolution of the Batson claim would depend. 848 S.W.2d

at 145. In a step away from the “jury-saw-it” basis set out above, the court stated,

“We have held that evidence which, although not formally introduced is nevertheless

treated by the trial court and the parties as if it had been, may be considered on appeal

as if admitted.” Id. (citing Heberling, 834 S.W.2d at 356). Accordingly, the court held

that the juror information cards, which the trial judge had said would “speak for

themselves,” could be considered to evaluate the Batson claim. Id. at 144–45.

      8
        In Heberling, the court held that the mere fact that the State did not technically
introduce the exhibit was not dispositive of the court’s determination that there was
sufficient evidence to support the conviction as set forth in the jury charge. 834
S.W.2d at 356. The argument on appeal in Heberling was “predicated on insufficient
evidence arising from a jury charge that enlarges on the State’s burden of proof.” Id.
at 353 (relying on Arceneaux v. State, 803 S.W.2d 267 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990), for the
sufficiency standard). However, Arceneaux, upon which Heberling was based, was
subsequently overruled by Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997),
which set out the current sufficiency standard of measuring sufficiency not by the jury
charge actually given but by the elements of the offense as defined by a hypothetically
correct jury charge. See generally Malik, 953 S.W.2d at 240 (“[T]he standard we
formulate today ensures that a judgment of acquittal is reserved for those situations in
which there is an actual failure in the State’s proof of the crime rather than a mere
error in the jury charge submitted.”).


                                            8
          d. Smith v. State

       Smith was a DWI jury trial in which the trial court erred by disqualifying one of

the potential jurors during voir dire, essentially granting the State an additional strike.

859 S.W.2d at 464. The State argued that because the jury and strike lists were not

admitted into evidence by the trial court, they were not properly before this court

despite this court’s having granted the appellant’s motion to supplement the record.

Id.   We cited Cornish and Heberling to support our decision to consider those

documents because the record reflected that the trial court had reviewed both strike

lists and the defendant’s request for an additional strike, denied by the trial court, was

on the record. Id. at 465 (citing Heberling for the proposition that evidence that is not

formally admitted may be considered on appeal if the court or parties treat it as if

admitted and concluding that the court and parties had “treated these documents as if

admitted”).

          e. State v. Brown

       Brown was an indecent exposure case in which the appellant filed a motion to

suppress that the trial court granted. 929 S.W.2d at 589. At the suppression hearing,

the State produced “what was purportedly an accurate model of the fourth

[bathroom] stall,” which was marked as an exhibit and used at the hearing but not

introduced into evidence. Id. at 591. The record contained no diagram of the stall or

its dimensions but “[i]t is clear, however, that both sides, as well as the trial judge,

treated the stall as evidence.” Id. Accordingly, the court treated the exhibit as if it had

                                            9
been admitted. Id. The court relied not only on Cornish and Heberling but also on two

of its own cases to support this reasoning. Id. (citing Cornish, Heberling, Smith, Reyna v.

State, 846 S.W.2d 498, 503 n.1 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1993, no pet.),9 and Munoz

v. State, 840 S.W.2d 69, 72 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1992, pet. ref’d),10 for the

proposition that an exhibit treated by both sides and the trial court as evidence may

be considered on appeal as if admitted).

           f. Amador v. State

      In Amador, a DWI case in which the appellant filed a motion to suppress, the

trial court heard testimony from the arresting officer and viewed portions of the

arresting officer’s dashcam video at the suppression hearing but did not formally

admit the video into evidence. 221 S.W.3d at 668–69. After the trial court denied the

motion, the appellant pleaded guilty and then appealed the denial of his motion to

suppress. Id. at 668.

      The court of appeals affirmed the trial court’s ruling at least in part based on

the appellant’s failure to present a complete record on appeal because he had

      9
       In Reyna, the court stated that although the appellant’s counsel never
introduced the entirety of some former jurors’ affidavits into evidence, he read
portions of them at the hearing, the trial court said that it would consider them, and
the State did not object. 846 S.W.2d at 501 n.1, 503. Accordingly, the court
concluded that the parties and trial court had considered the affidavits as evidence. Id.
at 501 n.1 (citing Heberling, 834 S.W.2d at 355–56 n.6).
      10
        In Munoz, the court took another step away from the “jury-saw-it” basis,
holding that “[e]vidence [that] the parties treat as admitted is deemed admitted.” 840
S.W.2d at 72–73 (emphasis added) (citing Heberling, 834 S.W.2d at 355).


                                            10
successfully objected to the supplementation of the record with the videotape; the

court of appeals assumed that the video would support the trial court’s inference of

reasonable suspicion.     Id. at 668, 672.       The appellant had objected to the

supplementation of the record with the videotape because it had never been marked

as an exhibit or been formally introduced into evidence in the trial court. Id. at 671.

      The appellant then filed a petition for discretionary review, which the court

granted to consider whether the court of appeals had erred by assuming that the

missing videotape supported the trial court’s ruling. Id. at 668.

      The court identified the quandary before the intermediate court as follows:

      [T]he trial judge obviously viewed portions of the videotape and
      appellant relied upon some portions of the tape in the trial court, but
      appellant objected to supplementation of the record because the trial
      court may not have viewed the entire tape. It would be improper to
      ignore evidence that the trial judge did consider, but it would be equally
      improper to consider evidence that the trial judge did not consider.

Id. at 676. In addressing this dilemma, the court noted that “[s]ometimes the parties

may treat” an item as if it had been admitted into evidence even though it was never

formally offered or admitted. Id. at 673. The court reviewed Harden, in which the

photograph was shown to the jury but not offered or admitted into evidence, and

considered commentary on the state of the law after Harden, which was that items “in

some way made part of the trial record [that] are treated by the court and [the] parties

as if formally introduced into evidence are properly considered by the judge and [the]

jury on the merits of the case” and thus “properly included in the appellate record and


                                           11
considered by the appellate court.” Id. at 673–74 (quoting 43A George E. Dix &

Robert O. Dawson, Texas Practice: Criminal Practice & Procedure § 43.349 at 606

(2nd ed. 2001)).

      The court then stated, however, that “if the court reporter’s record is unclear

and the parties cannot agree as to whether and to what extent they, the trial court, or

the jury saw or used an item that was not formally introduced into evidence, ‘the trial

court must[—]after notice and a hearing[—]settle the dispute.” Id. at 674 (quoting

Tex. R. App. P. 34.6(e)(2)). The court ultimately vacated the intermediate court’s

judgment and remanded the case to the trial court to resolve the parties’ dispute about

what portions of the videotape the trial court had reviewed and had used in making its

ruling. Id. at 669, 677–78.

      2. Prieto I and Prieto II

      In Prieto I, the El Paso court noted that at the initial suppression hearing, the

State called the arresting officer and played the video that he had recorded during the

traffic stop, and both sides relied on the video during their examination of the officer.

2014 WL 2447711, at *1. The trial court granted the suppression motion and entered

findings of fact and conclusions of law, finding, among other things, that the officer’s

testimony lacked credibility. Id.

      Three weeks later, at a subsequent hearing, the State formally offered the video

into evidence; Prieto objected that it had not been offered or admitted into evidence

at the initial suppression hearing and that it was not clear whether it was the same

                                           12
video. Id. The trial court sustained Prieto’s objections. Id. On appeal of the trial

court’s order granting the motion to suppress, the State did not challenge the trial

court’s ruling on the video’s admissibility, and the video was not included in the

appellate record. Id. at *1, *3. The court distinguished Amador by observing (1) that

the State had not sought to supplement the appellate record with the video, and (2)

that the State had offered no argument that the court could review the ruling without

the video, and Prieto had not agreed to an appellate review of stipulated facts. Id. at

*2 (declining to sua sponte supplement the record “where the video’s absence was

clearly known to the parties, both of whom elected nevertheless to proceed”). The

court also noted that a distinction between Prieto’s case and Cornish, Heberling, and

similar cases was that in Prieto I, the State had formally offered the video, and the trial

court had expressly refused to admit it. Id. at *3 & n.2 (“[T]he validity of the trial

court’s refusal to admit the video for purposes of the suppression hearing is not

before us.”).

       In Prieto II, the court of criminal appeals vacated Prieto I. 2014 WL 6478236, at

*1. The State argued in its petition for discretionary review that the video was in the

appellate record and that it had been treated as though it had been admitted at the

suppression hearing. Id. (referencing Cornish). Without additional discussion, the

court agreed, stating,

       The parties and the court treated the videotape as admitted at the initial
       suppression hearing. Additionally, at the second hearing, the State
       proffered the tape, and the trial court instructed the court reporter to

                                            13
      ‘put it in there as something that’s in there that’s not been admitted.’
      The court reporter did so, showing State’s Exhibit 1 as the ‘DVD (Filed
      with the Court Reporter) Offered but not Admitted.’

Id. The court concluded that the appellate court had a duty to request the DVD from

the trial court clerk and that it had erred by refusing to request the DVD sua sponte

and to consider the DVD in its analysis. Id.

      While somewhat similar to the instant case, Prieto II is an unpublished opinion.

Criminal opinions that are “not designated for publication” have no precedential

value. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.7(a). Further, the arresting officer had been present at

the suppression hearing to sponsor the video and presumably had attempted to

authenticate it in some fashion. See Prieto I, 2014 WL 2447711, at *1, *3.

      3. Analysis

      The genesis of the law on the use of exhibits not formally admitted into

evidence began with jury trials. See Harden, 417 S.W.2d at 174; see also Heberling, 834

S.W.2d at 355–56. The “jury-saw-it” rule makes sense from a public policy standpoint

because if the unobjected-to item or items introduced to the jury, but not formally

offered into evidence, were treated by the jury as evidence, it would be a waste of

judicial resources—as well as the time of litigants, lawyers, and jurors—to force a

retrial on the merits based on a harmless technicality.

      The extension of the law from the “jury-saw-it” standard to Batson challenges in

Cornish is similarly of a harmless-error, practical nature: when clearly reflected in the

record that the parties and the trial court had treated the unadmitted evidence as

                                           14
admitted, it could be considered on appeal as if admitted. 848 S.W.2d at 145. But the

court in Cornish acknowledged that the juror information cards in that case would

“speak for themselves,” quieting any concerns about authentication. Id. at 144–45.

We relied on Cornish with regard to the jury and strike lists in Smith, which likewise

required no discretion, interpretation, or authentication to determine whether the

State had essentially received an additional strike. Smith, 859 S.W.2d at 464–65.

      From this, we glean that there are two circumstances under which evidence

that was not admitted can be treated as if it had been admitted for purposes of

appellate review: (1) the record clearly reflects that a jury saw, heard, or felt the

unobjected-to item; or (2) the record clearly reflects that the trial court and the parties

treated the evidence as admitted, and there is nothing about the evidence itself that

requires discretion, interpretation, or authentication, i.e., the evidence “speaks for

[itself].” See Cornish, 848 S.W.2d at 144–45; Smith, 859 S.W.2d at 464–65.

      4. Application

      The first instance—a jury trial—is inapposite here.

      The State has acknowledged that the trial court “declined to formally admit the

dashcam video into evidence” but refers us to Prieto II in an attempt to convince us

that we should nonetheless consider it. The State contends on rehearing that “the

parties and the trial court in the instant case treated both the video and the offense

report as if they had been admitted after the trial court ordered briefing from both



                                            15
parties” and directs us to the trial court’s subsequent letter ruling granting Opare’s

motion as based on facts viewed on the video.

       But the record reflects that no one treated the video as admitted in the trial

court. To the contrary, Opare objected to the lack of authentication, and the trial

judge asked, “[H]ow can [this witness] authenticate the video . . . when he wasn’t

there?” The State neither complained in its opening brief nor complains on rehearing

that the trial court erred by failing to admit the video into evidence at the suppression

hearing, and in the trial court, no one complained that the trial court did not rule on

the video’s admissibility or pressed the trial court for a ruling.

       After viewing the video, the trial judge said that they “could sort of come to a

legal conclusion of what might happen at trial if you had the officer here and proved

the video up.” [Emphasis added.] After that, the prosecutor indicated that the State

was willing to subpoena the arresting officer and to pay for her travel to come in and

testify, and the trial judge said, “Right. Well, I think you would have to. Yes?” The

prosecutor agreed, “Yes, and we would.” But the record does not reflect that the

State did this. To the contrary, the parties agreed to accept an advisory ruling from

the trial court on how it would rule if the arresting officer were available to

authenticate the video—a hypothetical.

       In its letter ruling, the trial court listed facts from the arresting officer’s report

and the dashcam video, but it also noted that the arresting officer was not present at

the suppression hearing and that the officer who had attended the hearing “did not

                                             16
witness the Defendant’s driving behavior[] but brought Officer Hubbell’s dash camera

video to the hearing.” The trial court considered the cases relied upon by the parties,

merely noting that there was “considerably more evidence of ‘reasonable suspicion’

than present here,” with regard to the case cited by the State. It then concluded its

recitation by stating that after considering the cases, “I am of the opinion that there

was insufficient evidence present to justify that reasonable suspicion existed for the

stop and am granting the Motion to Suppress. It is therefore ordered, judged, and

decreed that the Motion to Suppress filed by Richard Opare is in all respects granted.”

       The trial court did not elaborate on whether it had reached the conclusion that

the evidence was insufficient because Officer Hubbell did not authenticate it or

because of the contents of the dashcam video and offense report, and neither party

has asked that we abate the case to the trial court for clarification. Cf. Amador, 221

S.W.3d at 674 (stating that if the record is unclear and the parties cannot agree to what

extent the trial court used an item that was not formally admitted into evidence, the

trial court must settle the dispute).

                                        IV. Conclusion

       Prieto II is an unpublished, nonbinding opinion, distinguishable on these facts

because the unauthenticated and unadmitted dashcam video and offense report were

not treated by the trial court and parties as if they had been formally introduced into

evidence; accordingly, we deny the State’s motion for rehearing and affirm the trial

court’s order granting Opare’s motion to suppress.

                                              17
                                    /s/ Bonnie Sudderth

                                    Bonnie Sudderth
                                    Chief Justice

Publish

Delivered: December 27, 2018




                               18
