            IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT KNOXVILLE
                                  Assigned on Briefs April 29, 2015

                    STATE OF TENNESSEE v. DARRYL L. BRYANT

                      Appeal from the Criminal Court for Sullivan County
                       No. S61,966    Robert H. Montgomery, Jr., Judge


                       No. E2014-01323-CCA-R3-CD – Filed July 17, 2015


The Defendant, Darryl L. Bryant, was indicted for one count of possession of oxycodone
with intent to sell or deliver, a Class C felony; and one count of simple possession of
marijuana. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-17-417, -418. Following a jury trial, the
Defendant was convicted of the lesser-included offense of facilitation of possession of
oxycodone with intent to sell, a Class D felony; and acquitted of the simple possession
charge. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-11-403, -17-417. The trial court sentenced the
Defendant to six years as a Range II, multiple offender. In this appeal as of right, the
Defendant contends (1) that the trial court erred in denying the Defendant‟s motion to
suppress the evidence against him; (2) that the trial court erred in denying the
Defendant‟s request for a hearing pursuant to Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978);
(3) that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction for facilitation of
possession of oxycodone with intent to sell; (4) that the trial court erred in instructing the
jury; and (5) that the State committed prosecutorial misconduct.1 Following our review,
we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

    Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ROBERT W.
WEDEMEYER and TIMOTHY L. EASTER, JJ., joined.

Darryl L. Bryant, Whiteville, Tennessee, Pro Se.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Clarence E. Lutz, Senior Counsel;
Barry Staubus, District Attorney General; and Kent L. Chitwood, Jr., Assistant District
Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                                  OPINION

1
    For the purpose of clarity, we have reordered the issues as stated by the Defendant in his brief.
                               FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       At the suppression hearing, Detective Nathan Elliot of the Kingsport Police
Department (KPD) testified that on November 7, 2012, he received a tip from a
confidential informant (CI) named “Rachel.” Det. Elliot testified that he believed that the
CI was a reliable informant because she had been used in twelve previous controlled
purchases. Det. Elliot further testified that the CI had given him information on three
prior occasions that had led to the issuance of search warrants, subsequent arrests and
“recovery of narcotics.” According to Det. Elliot, on those three occasions, he found
narcotics where the CI said they would be located. Det. Elliot admitted that the CI had
convictions for simple possession of marijuana and possession of drug paraphernalia,
associated with “known criminals,” and was paid for the information she provided in this
case.

       Det. Elliot testified that the CI told him that at approximately 10:00 a.m., there
would be a black Lexis in the parking lot of the West Side Inn with two people inside.
The CI told Det. Elliot that one of them would be Winfred Byrd, Jr., the co-defendant in
this case, and that Mr. Byrd “would be in possession of more than 100 [o]xycodone
pills.” Det. Elliot testified that he believed the CI‟s information was based on her
personal knowledge. However, Det. Elliot admitted that the CI did not say that she had
personally observed the pills. Instead, Det. Elliot testified that the CI “had stated that Mr.
Byrd was somebody [she] had met recently who was dealing a lot of narcotics in
Kingsport.” Det. Elliot admitted that the CI provided no information about the
Defendant.

       Based upon the CI‟s information, Det. Elliot and another detective went to the
West Side Inn in an unmarked minivan. Det. Elliot testified that once they arrived at the
West Side Inn, they saw a black Lexis in the parking lot with two men inside. According
to Det. Elliot, the car was alone in the middle of the parking lot. Det. Elliot drove by the
car and saw Mr. Byrd in the passenger‟s seat. Det. Elliot testified that he recognized Mr.
Byrd from “past narcotics investigations” and that he had “dealt with [Mr. Byrd] many
times” when he was a jailer. Det. Elliot further testified that he knew Mr. Byrd was a
convicted drug dealer. However, Det. Elliot admitted that it had been four or five years
since he had last seen Mr. Byrd. Det. Elliot further admitted that there was nothing
suspicious about the car and that the Defendant and Mr. Byrd were just sitting in the car
when he drove by.

       Det. Elliot testified that after he drove by the Lexis, he parked about fifty to sixty
feet away and called the CI to ask her to describe the car again and “to ascertain if [she]
had any more new information.” The CI told Det. Elliot that she had just spoken to Mr.
Byrd and he told her “that they were there.” Det. Elliot admitted that he did not see Mr.
                                             -2-
Byrd using a phone when he drove by the car. Det. Elliot testified that after speaking to
the CI on the phone, he initiated a “felony stop in the parking lot.” According to Det.
Elliot, he pulled the van up behind the driver‟s side of the Lexis and a marked patrol car
pulled up behind the passenger‟s side. Det. Elliot testified that he drew his weapon,
pointed the gun at the car, and ordered the men out of the car. Det. Elliot further testified
that as the Defendant was exiting the car, he saw “something fly in the air, several small
pills in the air when the vehicle door opened.”

       Det. Elliot testified that he handcuffed the Defendant and advised him of his rights
pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). According to Det. Elliot, he asked
the Defendant what he was doing at the parking lot, and the Defendant answered, “We
came here to meet some girl named Rachel to sell some pills.” Det. Elliot testified that
he then asked the Defendant why there were “pills scattered over the car” and that the
Defendant answered, “When you all pulled up [Mr.] Byrd threw them inside the car.”
Det. Elliot further testified that he asked the Defendant how many pills were in the car
and the Defendant answered, “Probably 100.” According to Det. Elliot, the Defendant
also admitted that the car was his.

       Det. Elliot testified that in the driver‟s seat, there was “a small clear plastic bottle
that had [twenty] pills” inside it. Det. Elliot further testified that there were more pills
“scattered throughout the vehicle in the cup holder and the floorboard areas.” In total,
Det. Elliot found eighty-eight pills scattered throughout the car in addition to the twenty
inside the plastic bottle. Det. Elliot testified that he found also “a very small amount of
marijuana” in the trunk of the car and two cell phones inside the car. Det. Elliot testified
that he found $600 on the Defendant when he searched him. According to Det. Elliot, the
parking lot for the West Side Inn was an area with a “significant amount of drug activity”
at that time. At the conclusion of the suppression hearing, the trial court denied the
Defendant‟s motion, finding that the CI was reliable and had personal knowledge of the
information she provided to Det. Elliot.

       At trial, Detective Noah Tidwell of the KPD testified that on November 7, 2012,
he was a patrolman and was asked to assist Det. Elliot in an investigation. Det. Elliot
instructed Det. Tidwell to park his patrol car behind the West Side Inn so it would not be
seen. Det. Tidwell testified that the area where the West Side Inn was located was “a
high crime area.” Det. Elliot then radioed Det. Tidwell and informed him that the car he
was looking for was in the parking lot. Det. Tidwell pulled up behind “a dark colored
Lexis” with a Knox County license plate and two people inside. Det. Tidwell testified
that as he approached the passenger‟s side door he saw “through the back glass . . . just
kind of pills go flying everywhere.” Det. Tidwell testified that he got the passenger out
and “just secured” him while Det. Elliot dealt with the Defendant.


                                              -3-
        Det. Elliot‟s testimony at trial was consistent with his testimony from the
suppression hearing. Det. Elliot testified that the CI specifically told him that there
would be two black men in the car. Det. Elliot also estimated that the “street value” of
the pills was over $3,000. Det. Elliot testified that Mr. Byrd had no money on him when
he was arrested, but that the Defendant had $600 in $100 bills. Det. Elliot admitted that
“the most common denomination [of] currency found on drug dealers . . . would be
normally [twenty dollar bills].” Det. Elliot further testified that he knew Mr. Byrd also
went by the alias Michael Byrd.

        Michael Bleakley testified that he was a special agent and forensic scientist for the
Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI). Agent Bleakley was admitted as an expert in
narcotics identification. Agent Bleakley testified that he examined the pills and plant
material recovered from the Defendant‟s car. Agent Bleakley concluded that the 108
pills found in the car were oxycodone and that the plant material found in the trunk of the
car was marijuana residue. Agent Bleakley explained that at the TBI laboratory, residue
was considered “anything weighing less than .03 grams.”

          Mr. Byrd testified on the Defendant‟s behalf at trial. Mr. Byrd admitted that he
went by both Michael Byrd and Winfred Byrd, Jr. Mr. Byrd testified that he met the
Defendant while they were both in prison. Mr. Byrd claimed that on November 7, 2012,
he learned that his brother had died and that the Defendant picked him up to take him to
the bus station so he could go to his brother‟s funeral. Mr. Byrd also claimed that the
Defendant gave him $100 for a bus ticket. Mr. Byrd testified that once he was in the
Defendant‟s car, he asked the Defendant to take him to the West Side Inn parking lot “to
pick up some money from this girl that owed [him] some money.” Mr. Byrd testified that
the Defendant was impatient and did not want to wait for the woman because he needed
to get to work.

        Mr. Byrd admitted that he pled guilty in this case and that he was there to “meet
Rachel to sell her some pills.” Mr. Byrd also admitted that he threw the pills in the car as
the police approached them. Mr. Byrd testified that he could not remember how many
times he spoke to the CI on the phone that day, but admitted that he had met her
“[m]ultiple times.” Mr. Byrd denied that the Defendant knew anything about his plan to
sell the pills to the CI. Mr. Byrd admitted that he had a prior conviction for cocaine
possession and that he was “sure” the Defendant knew why he was in prison. Mr. Byrd
further admitted that he testified at his guilty plea submission hearing that the
Defendant‟s answers to Det. Elliot‟s questions were truthful. However, Mr. Byrd
testified that he did not hear Det. Elliot question the Defendant, claimed that “a lot” of the
guilty plea submission hearing was not transcribed, and claimed that he did not
understand the prosecutor‟s questions at the hearing.


                                             -4-
        The Defendant testified that he met Mr. Byrd while they were both in prison. The
Defendant explained that he spent eighteen years in prison for aggravated robbery and
especially aggravated robbery convictions before he was paroled. The Defendant
admitted that he knew Mr. Byrd was in prison for being a “drug dealer.” The Defendant
testified that once he and Mr. Byrd had both been released from prison, he “tried to help”
Mr. Byrd. According to the Defendant, on November 7, 2012, he received a phone call
from Mr. Byrd‟s aunt informing him that Mr. Byrd‟s brother had died. The Defendant
testified that she asked him to call Mr. Byrd and tell Mr. Byrd about his brother. The
Defendant claimed that he then called Mr. Byrd, told Mr. Byrd about his brother, and that
Mr. Byrd said he had no way to get back home for the funeral.

        The Defendant testified that he offered to buy Mr. Byrd a bus ticket and drive him
to the bus station in Knoxville. The Defendant claimed that he drove to Kingsport to pick
up Mr. Byrd and that he left his home in Knoxville with the television on and the coffee
“running” because he was “coming straight back.” The Defendant explained that he had
to be at work to open the convenience store he worked at. The Defendant admitted that
he was arrested with Mr. Byrd in Kingsport around 10:00 a.m., but claimed that the
convenience store he worked at did not open until noon. The Defendant testified that he
picked Mr. Byrd up at “his brother‟s house” in Kingsport and that Mr. Byrd put his bag in
the trunk of the car before he got in the car.

       The Defendant testified that as Mr. Byrd was getting in the car, he noticed that Mr.
Byrd had a blunt of marijuana in his hand. The Defendant claimed that he told Mr. Byrd
to get rid of it and that Mr. Byrd “faked like he [threw] it away.” According to the
Defendant, he and Mr. Byrd were on their “way back to Knoxville” when Mr. Byrd asked
him to stop at the West Side Inn so Mr. Byrd could “pick up money from a girl.” The
Defendant testified that the woman was supposed to already be in the parking lot, but Mr.
Byrd was texting her and said she was “pulling in.” The Defendant stated that he parked
the car and left it running, but that he was upset and worried that he was going to be late
for work.

        The Defendant recalled seeing a van drive by his car and park “a few cars down.”
The Defendant testified that “a few minutes later [he] look[ed] up and there [was] a gun
pointed right at [him].” The Defendant claimed that he did not hear any commands from
the police officers, but that when he saw the gun and Det. Elliot‟s badge, he “immediately
open[ed] the door,” put his hands up, and said, “Please do not shoot me.” The Defendant
claimed that Det. Elliot never questioned him and that a different police officer asked him
if the pills in the car were his. The Defendant testified that he told the police officers that
he did not know where the pills had come from and denied knowing that Mr. Byrd
planned to sell the pills to the CI.


                                              -5-
       The Defendant claimed that he had $600 on him the day of his arrest because he
was planning on paying off his car loan. The Defendant testified that there were three
cell phones in his car that day. The Defendant admitted that all three of the phones
belonged to him, but claimed that he gave a phone to Mr. Byrd. The Defendant further
claimed that he “never used [the] phone” Mr. Byrd used to call the CI and arrange the
sale of the oxycodone pills. On cross-examination, the Defendant claimed, contrary to
his previous testimony, that Det. Elliot actually did speak to him at the scene of the arrest
and asked him how many pills were in the car and to whom the car belonged.

       Based upon the foregoing, the jury acquitted the Defendant of the charged offense
of possession of oxycodone with intent to sell and convicted him of the lesser-included
offense of facilitation of possession of oxycodone with intent to sell. The jury also
acquitted the Defendant of the simple possession of marijuana charge. Following a
sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced the Defendant to six years‟ incarceration as a
Range II, multiple offender. The trial court ordered the Defendant‟s sentence to be
served consecutively with the remainder of the sentence from which the Defendant had
been released on parole when this offense was committed. The Defendant filed a timely
motion for new trial and several amendments in which he raised the claims brought on
appeal as well as ineffective assistance of counsel. The trial court denied the motion,
including the Defendant‟s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. The Defendant now
appeals.

                                        ANALYSIS

                                   I. Suppression Motion

       The Defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his suppression
motion. The Defendant argues that Det. Elliot lacked the requisite probable cause to
seize Mr. Byrd and himself because the CI did not provide Det. Elliot with any
information to suggest she had personal knowledge of what she told Det. Elliot about Mr.
Byrd and the oxycodone pills. The State does not respond to the Defendant‟s argument
regarding the CI‟s basis of knowledge. Rather, the State argues that “the officers had
probable cause to arrest the [D]efendant when they found contraband in his car in the
process of arresting his passenger.”

        On appellate review of a suppression issue, the prevailing party “is entitled to the
strongest legitimate view of the evidence adduced at the suppression hearing as well as
all reasonable and legitimate inferences that may be drawn from that evidence.” State v.
Talley, 307 S.W.3d 723, 729 (Tenn. 2010) (quoting State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23
(Tenn. 1996)). Questions about “the assessment of witness credibility, the weight and
value of evidence, and the resolution of evidentiary conflicts are entrusted to the trial
court” as the trier of fact. State v. Meeks, 262 S.W.3d 710, 722 (Tenn. 2008). When the
                                             -6-
trial court “makes findings of fact in the course of ruling upon a motion to suppress, those
findings are binding on appeal unless the evidence in the record preponderates against
them.” Id. A trial court‟s conclusions of law along with its application of the law to the
facts are reviewed de novo without any presumption of correctness. Id.

       Both the federal and state constitutions offer protection from unreasonable
searches and seizures with the general rule being “that a warrantless search or seizure is
presumed unreasonable and any evidence discovered subject to suppression.” Talley,
307 S.W.3d at 729 (citing U.S. Const. amend. IV; Tenn. Const. art. I, § 7). As has often
been repeated, “the most basic constitutional rule in this area is that „searches conducted
outside the judicial process, without prior approval by judge or magistrate, are per se
unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment—subject to only a few specifically
established and well delineated exceptions.‟” Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443,
454-55 (1971) (quoting Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357 (1967)); see also State
v. Berrios, 235 S.W.3d 99, 104 (Tenn. 2007). Such exceptions to the warrant
requirement include “searches incident to arrest, plain view, exigent circumstances, and
others, such as the consent to search.” Talley, 307 S.W.3d at 729. These constitutional
protections “are designed to safeguard the privacy and security of individuals against
arbitrary invasions of government officials.” Id. (quoting State v. Keith, 978 S.W.2d 861,
865 (Tenn. 1998)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       “[W]hen the officer, by means of physical force or show of authority, has in some
way restrained the liberty of a citizen . . . a „seizure‟ has occurred.” Terry v. Ohio, 392
U.S. 1, 19 n.16 (1968). Here, the officers approached the car with their guns pointed at
the car and ordered the Defendant and Mr. Byrd out of the car. Therefore, the seizure of
the Defendant and Mr. Byrd occurred before Mr. Byrd threw the oxycodone pills into
plain view. As such, and contrary to the State‟s argument on appeal, our analysis turns
on whether the CI‟s tip and Det. Elliot‟s confirmation of the CI‟s information constituted
probable cause for the warrantless arrest of the Defendant and Mr. Byrd.

        A police officer may arrest a person without a warrant when the officer has
probable cause to believe that the person has “committed or was in the process of
committing a felony.” State v. Tays, 836 S.W.2d 596, 598 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992)
(citing Draper v. United States, 358 U.S. 307 (1959)); see also Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-7-
103(a)(3)-(4) (stating that a police officer may conduct a warrantless arrest of a person
when “a felony has in fact been committed, and the officer has reasonable cause for
believing the person arrested has committed the felony” and on “a charge made, upon
reasonable cause, of the commission of a felony by the person arrested”).

      To establish whether probable cause existed to make the warrantless arrests of the
Defendant and Mr. Byrd, the State must satisfy the two-prong test established in Aguilar
v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108 (1964), and Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410 (1969). See
                                            -7-
State v. Jacumin, 778 S.W.2d 430, 436 (Tenn. 1989) (holding that the Aguilar-Spinelli
test is “the standard by which probable cause will be measured to see if the issuance of a
search warrant is proper under” the Tennessee Constitution); Tays, 836 S.W.2d at 599-
600 (holding that the Aguilar-Spinelli test is applied to determine the validity of a
warrantless arrest). Probable cause requires that there be a basis for the informant‟s
knowledge, and that the informant must be credible or her information reliable. Jacumin,
778 S.W.2d at 436.

       The evidence adduced at the suppression hearing established that Det. Elliot had
worked with the CI on several controlled narcotics purchases and that she had provided
information on three prior occasions that had resulted in the issuance of search warrants
and subsequent arrests. Det. Elliot further testified that on those three prior occasions, he
located narcotics where the CI had said they would be. Therefore, the CI‟s credibility
and reliability were established at the suppression hearing. With respect to the CI‟s basis
of knowledge, Det. Elliot testified that the CI did not say she had personally observed Mr.
Byrd with the pills, but that she “had stated that Mr. Byrd was somebody [she] had met
recently who was dealing a lot of narcotics in Kingsport.” This fact was corroborated by
Mr. Byrd when he testified at trial that he had met the CI multiple times. See State v.
Henning, 975 S.W.2d 290, 299 (Tenn. 1998) (holding that appellate courts “may consider
the proof adduced both at the suppression hearing and at trial” in evaluating a trial court‟s
ruling on a pretrial motion to suppress).

        The CI‟s knowledge of Mr. Byrd and his status as a drug dealer coupled with Det.
Elliot finding the Defendant and Mr. Byrd, whom he knew to be a convicted drug dealer,
at the appointed location and time and in a car matching the CI‟s description was
sufficient to satisfy the basis of knowledge prong of the Aguilar-Spinelli test. See Tays,
836 S.W.2d at 600 (concluding that basis of knowledge prong was satisfied where
informant told police officer that he had met with the defendant and learned that the
defendant “could supply large amounts of” narcotics, and the defendant arrived in
Nashville from the city and on the night “predicted by the informant”); see also State v.
Brown, 898 S.W.2d 749, 752 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994) (concluding that any doubts about
the informant‟s veracity were “erased when the [defendant] came to the prearranged spot
for the drug transaction at the exact time [the informant] had requested” which “perfectly
corroborated” the informant‟s statements). Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court
did not err in denying the Defendant‟s suppression motion.

                                    II. Franks Hearing

       The Defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his request for a
hearing pursuant to Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978). The Defendant alleges that
there were numerous instances where Det. Elliot lied during his testimony at the
suppression hearing and that the trial court should have held a pre-trial hearing to address
                                             -8-
his allegations. The State has failed to respond to the Defendant‟s argument with respect
to this issue.

        In Franks, the United States Supreme Court held that the Fourth Amendment
requires that a defendant be provided an evidentiary hearing to challenge a facially valid
search warrant when the defendant has made “a substantial preliminary showing that a
false statement knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth, was
included by the affiant in the warrant affidavit, and if the allegedly false statement is
necessary to the finding of probable cause.” 438 U.S. at 155-56. However, the
defendant‟s challenge “must be more than conclusory” and “must be accompanied by an
offer of proof.” Id. at 171. As such, “[a]ffidavits or sworn or otherwise reliable
statements of witnesses should be furnished, or their absence satisfactorily explained.”
Id.

       The Defendant was not entitled to a Franks hearing because “there was no search
warrant to challenge.” State v. Dock Battles, No. 02C01-9212-CR-00294, 1996 WL
551786, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 30, 1996), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Jan. 27,
1997). Furthermore, the Defendant‟s allegations were merely conclusory and not
accompanied by an offer of proof. Additionally, the Defendant did not file his motion for
a Franks hearing until after the suppression hearing. At the suppression hearing, the
Defendant had the opportunity to raise the issues complained of in his motion and to
cross-examine Det. Elliot about the alleged inconsistencies in his testimony.
Accordingly, we conclude that this issue is devoid of merit.

                              III. Sufficiency of the Evidence

        The Defendant contends that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his
conviction for facilitation of possession of oxycodone with intent to sell. Chiefly, the
Defendant argues that both he and Mr. Byrd testified that he did not know about the pills
or that Mr. Byrd planned to sell the pills to the CI. Therefore, the Defendant argues that,
he could not have knowingly assisted Mr. Byrd in the offense. The Defendant also
argues that Det. Elliot was “repeatedly inconsistent” and lied during his trial testimony.
The State responds that the evidence was sufficient to support the Defendant‟s
conviction.

       An appellate court‟s standard of review when the defendant questions the
sufficiency of the evidence on appeal is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,
319 (1979). This court does not reweigh the evidence, rather, it presumes that the jury
has resolved all conflicts in the testimony and drawn all reasonable inferences from the
evidence in favor of the State. See State v. Sheffield, 676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984);
                                            -9-
State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). Questions regarding witness
credibility, conflicts in testimony, and the weight and value to be given to evidence were
resolved by the jury. See State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997).

      A guilty verdict “removes the presumption of innocence and replaces it with a
presumption of guilt, and [on appeal] the defendant has the burden of illustrating why the
evidence is insufficient to support the jury‟s verdict.” Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659; State v.
Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). A guilty verdict “may not be based solely
upon conjecture, guess, speculation, or a mere possibility.” State v. Cooper, 736 S.W.2d
125, 129 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). However, “[t]here is no requirement that the State‟s
proof be uncontroverted or perfect.” State v. Williams, 657 S.W.2d 405, 410 (Tenn.
1983). Put another way, the State is not burdened with “an affirmative duty to rule out
every hypothesis except that of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at
326.

       The foregoing standard “applies to findings of guilt based upon direct evidence,
circumstantial evidence, or a combination of [both] direct and circumstantial evidence.”
State v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). Our supreme
court has held that circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence. State v.
Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379-81 (Tenn. 2011). In doing so, the supreme court rejected
the previous standard which “required the State to prove facts and circumstances so
strong and cogent as to exclude every other reasonable hypothesis save the guilt of the
defendant, and that beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 380 (quoting State v. Crawford,
470 S.W.2d 610, 612 (Tenn. 1971)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

        Instead, “direct and circumstantial evidence should be treated the same when
weighing the sufficiency of such evidence.” Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 381. The reason
for this is because with both direct and circumstantial evidence, “a jury is asked to weigh
the chances that the evidence correctly points to guilt against the possibility of inaccuracy
or ambiguous inference.” Id. at 380 (quoting Holland v. United States, 348 U.S. 121, 140
(1954)). To that end, the duty of this court “on appeal of a conviction is not to
contemplate all plausible inferences in the [d]efendant‟s favor, but to draw all reasonable
inferences from the evidence in favor of the State.” State v. Sisk, 343 S.W.3d 60, 67
(Tenn. 2011).

       “It is an offense for a defendant to knowingly . . . [p]ossess a controlled substance
with intent to manufacture, deliver or sell the controlled substance.” Tenn. Code Ann. §
39-17-417(a)(4). “A person is criminally responsible for the facilitation of a felony, if,
knowing that another intends to commit a specific felony, but without the intent required
for criminal responsibility . . . , the person knowingly furnishes substantial assistance in
the commission of the felony.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-403(a). The facilitation statute
applies to a person who provides substantial assistance in the commission of a felony, but
                                            -10-
who does so “without an intent to promote, assist in, or benefit from the commission of
the felony.” State v. Ely, 48 S.W.3d 710, 720 (Tenn. 2001).

        Here, the Defendant drove from Knoxville to Kingsport to pick up Mr. Byrd, who
the Defendant knew to be a convicted drug dealer. The Defendant then drove Mr. Byrd
to the location where Mr. Byrd had agreed to meet the CI at the arranged time. Mr. Byrd
admitted at trial that he knew the CI and was at the West Side Inn parking lot, a location
known as a high crime area, that day to sell oxycodone pills to the CI. The Defendant
also provided Mr. Byrd with the cell phone he used to communicate with the CI. After
his arrest, police found over 100 oxycodone pills in the Defendant‟s car. The Defendant
had a large sum of money on his person while Mr. Byrd had none. Det. Elliot testified
that the Defendant admitted to him that he and Mr. Byrd were there “to meet some girl
named Rachel to sell some pills.”

        This evidence was sufficient to establish that the Defendant knowingly furnished
substantial assistance to Mr. Byrd in the commission of a felony. With respect to the
Defendant‟s argument that Det. Elliot was “repeatedly inconsistent” and lied during his
trial testimony, the Defendant thoroughly cross-examined Det. Elliot about the alleged
inconsistencies and lies. Det. Elliot‟s credibility was a question for the jury, which we
will not revisit on appeal. Likewise, the jury‟s rejection of the Defendant and Mr. Byrd‟s
testimony that the Defendant was unaware of Mr. Byrd‟s plan to sell the oxycodone pills
involved questions of witness credibility, conflicts in testimony, and the weight and value
to be given to evidence, which were the sole province of the jury as the trier of fact. We
will not revisit those determinations on appeal. Accordingly, we conclude that the
evidence was sufficient to sustain the Defendant‟s conviction for facilitation of
possession of oxycodone with intent to sell.

                                    IV. Jury Instructions

                                 A. Facilitation Instruction

         The Defendant contends that the trial court erred by instructing the jury on
facilitation as a lesser-included offense. The Defendant argues that the evidence adduced
at trial did not support an instruction on facilitation. The State responds that the evidence
at trial warranted the instruction.

        Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-18-110(d) provides, in the pertinent part,
that “[i]f the defendant fails to object to a lesser included offense instruction, the
inclusion of the lesser included offense instruction may not be presented as a ground for
relief either in a motion for a new trial or on appeal.” The Defendant was provided with
the trial court‟s proposed jury instructions, which included the facilitation instruction, and
did not object to those instructions. The Defendant did not object when the trial court
                                            -11-
read the facilitation instruction to the jury. Accordingly, the Defendant has waived our
consideration of this issue by his failure to object to the inclusion of the instruction at
trial.

                          B. Criminal Responsibility Instruction

       The Defendant contends that the trial court erred in instructing the jury on criminal
responsibility for the conduct of another. The Defendant argues that the instruction was
“not supported by the proof.” The Defendant further argues that its placement before the
expert witness instruction gave “it more weight,” as well as confused and misled the jury.
The State failed to respond to the Defendant‟s argument with respect to this issue.

         “A person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by the conduct of
another, if . . . [a]cting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense, or
to benefit in the proceeds or results of the offense, the person solicits, directs, aids, or
attempts to aid another person to commit the offense . . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-
402(2). The trial court instructed the jury as such. Criminal responsibility is not a
separate crime, but rather, “a theory by which the State may prove the defendant‟s guilt
of the alleged offense . . . based upon the conduct of another person.” State v. Lemacks,
996 S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tenn. 1999). “A charge of criminal responsibility is appropriate if
it is fairly raised by the evidence.” State v. Gene Shelton Rucker, Jr., No. E2002-02101-
CCA-R3-CD, 2004 WL 2827004, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 9, 2004), perm. app.
denied (Tenn. Mar. 21, 2005).

       Here, the instruction was warranted given Det. Elliot‟s testimony that the
Defendant said that he and Mr. Byrd were there to “to meet some girl named Rachel to
sell some pills.” Additionally, the evidence at trial established that the Defendant drove
Mr. Byrd to the arranged meeting place at the appointed time, that he provided Mr. Byrd
with the cell phone used to contact the CI, and that the Defendant was in possession of a
large amount of cash while Mr. Byrd had no money on him.

       With respect to the Defendant‟s claim that the instruction‟s placement before the
expert witness instruction gave “it more weight,” the trial court instructed the jury that
the “order in which these instructions are given is no indication of their relative
importance.” A jury is presumed to follow the instructions of the trial court. See State v.
Banks, 271 S.W.3d 90, 134 (Tenn. 2008).

       Furthermore, any error with respect to the criminal responsibility instruction
would ultimately be harmless as the jury rejected the theory of criminal responsibility by
acquitting the Defendant of the charged offenses; therefore, it did not affect the verdicts
or result in prejudice to the judicial process. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b). Accordingly,
we conclude that this issue is without merit.
                                            -12-
                            C. Inaccurate Statements of the Law

        The Defendant contends that the trial court‟s instruction on facilitation was an
inaccurate statement of the law because it did not state that the Defendant had “to be
found guilty of all” the essential elements and that it should have combined the second
and third elements into one element. The Defendant also contends that the trial court‟s
definition of “knowing” was “confusing and improper.” The State has failed to respond
to these contentions.

       With respect to facilitation, the trial court instructed the jury as follows:

       For you to find the [D]efendant guilty of facilitation of any offense the
       State must have proven beyond a reasonable doubt the existence of the
       following essential elements:

       (1) the [D]efendant knew that another person intended to commit the
       specified offense but did not have the intent to promote or assist the
       commission of the offense or to benefit in the proceeds or the results of the
       offense; and

       (2) that the [D]efendant furnished substantial assistance to that person in
       the commission of the specified offense; and

       (3) that the [D]efendant furnished such assistance knowingly.

(Emphasis added).

       While the instruction did not use the word “all,” it is clear from the instruction that
the jury had to find all three elements beyond a reasonable doubt. With respect to the
Defendant‟s argument that the second and third elements should have been combined, we
note that this instruction was taken from Tennessee Criminal Pattern Jury Instructions
3.02 and is an accurate statement of the law. As such, the Defendant‟s argument is
without merit.

       The trial court provided the jury with the following definition of “knowingly”:

       “Knowingly” means that a person acts knowingly with respect to the
       conduct or to circumstances surrounding the conduct when a person is
       aware of the nature of the conduct or that the circumstances exist. A person
       acts knowingly with respect to a result of the person‟s conduct when the
       person is aware that the conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result.


                                             -13-
        The trial court‟s definition specifically tracked the language of the statutory
definition of “knowing” found in Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-11-302(b) and
was not misleading or confusing. See State v. Raines, 882 S.W.2d 376, 383 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1994) (holding that the term “knowing” is “commonly used by the general
population” and “understood by persons of ordinary intelligence”). Accordingly, we
conclude that this issue has no merit.

                               V. Prosecutorial Misconduct

                                   A. Brady Violations

      The Defendant contends that the State withheld exculpatory evidence in violation
of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). Chiefly, the Defendant complains that the
State withheld “court documents, police records, and cell phones that would have
corroborated his trial defense.” The State responds that the Defendant “has shown no
suppression of exculpatory evidence.”

       In order to ensure a defendant‟s constitutional right to a fair trial, the State must
provide the defendant with exculpatory evidence that is either material to guilt or relevant
to punishment. State v. Ferguson, 2 S.W.3d 912, 915 (Tenn. 1999). This also includes
evidence which could be used to impeach the State‟s witnesses. Johnson v. State, 38
S.W.3d 52, 56 (Tenn. 2001). However, the State is not required to disclose “information
that the accused already possesses or is able to obtain, or information which is not
possessed by or under the control of the prosecution or another governmental agency.”
State v. Marshall, 845 S.W.2d 228, 233 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992) (internal citations
omitted). Likewise, the State “is under no obligation to make an investigation, or to
gather evidence, for the defendant.” State v. Brownell, 696 S.W.2d 362, 363 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1985).

         The Defendant‟s argument with respect to this issue is somewhat vague, but it
appears that his main complaints are that he never received Mr. Byrd‟s criminal history
or the cell phones seized from his car on the day of his arrest. With respect to Mr. Byrd‟s
criminal history, our supreme court has held that the State “has no duty, either under the
Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure or by decisional law in this state to provide [the
arrest histories of the State‟s witnesses] to the defendant.” State v. Workman, 667
S.W.2d 44, 51 (Tenn. 1984). Here, Mr. Byrd was not a witness for the State, but rather
testified on the Defendant‟s behalf. As Mr. Byrd was the Defendant‟s own witness, he
should have been able to obtain Mr. Byrd‟s criminal history from him. With respect to
the cell phones, they were in police custody, but it does not appear from the record that
the Defendant ever attempted to subpoena the items or properly admit them into evidence
at trial. Accordingly, we conclude that this issue is devoid of merit.

                                            -14-
                                  B. Closing Argument

       The Defendant contends that the State intentionally misstated the evidence on
several occasions during its closing arguments. The State has again failed to respond to
this contention.

        Closing arguments “have special importance in the adversarial process” and the
parties “have an ancient right to make closing arguments.” Banks, 271 S.W.3d at 130.
Closing arguments allow the parties “to present their theory of the case and to point out
the strengths and weaknesses in the evidence to the jury.” Id. Attorneys “should be
given great latitude in both the style and the substance of their arguments.” Id. at 131.
This leeway often results in closing arguments in criminal cases having a “rough and
tumble quality” to them. Id. (quoting State v. Skakel, 888 A.2d 985, 1060-61 (Conn.
2006)). However, while attorneys “may strike hard blows, . . . [they are] not at liberty to
strike foul ones.” Id. (quoting Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 88 (1935)).

       “[A] prosecutor‟s closing argument must be temperate, must be based on the
evidence introduced at trial, and must be pertinent to the issues in the case.” Banks, 271
S.W.3d at 131. Prosecutors “may use colorful and forceful language in their closing
arguments, as long as they do not stray from the evidence and the reasonable inferences
to be drawn from the evidence, or make derogatory remarks or appeal to the jurors‟
prejudices.” Id. (emphasis added) (internal citations omitted). This court has found five
general areas of prosecutorial misconduct with respect to closing arguments, the only one
of which is at issue in this case is that it “is unprofessional conduct for the prosecutor
intentionally to misstate the evidence or mislead the jury as to the inferences it may
draw.” State v. Goltz, 111 S.W.3d 1, 6 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003) (citing Standards
Relating to the Prosecution Function and the Defense Function §§ 5.8-5.9 Commentary
(ABA Project on Standards for Criminal Justice, Approved Draft 1971)).

       “A criminal conviction should not be lightly overturned solely on the basis of the
prosecutor‟s closing argument.” Banks, 271 S.W.3d at 131. Instead, “[a]n improper
closing argument will not constitute reversible error unless it is so inflammatory or
improper that it affected the outcome of the trial to the defendant‟s prejudice.” Id. In
reviewing the propriety of a prosecutor‟s closing argument, this court considers:

      (1) the conduct at issue in light of the facts and circumstances of the case,
      (2) the curative measures undertaken by the trial court and the prosecution,
      (3) the intent of the prosecutor in making the improper argument, (4) the
      cumulative effect of the improper argument and any other errors in the
      record, and (5) the relative strengths and weaknesses of the case.

Id.
                                           -15-
       The Defendant argues that the prosecutor intentionally misstated the evidence
when discussing the cell phone the Defendant provided to Mr. Byrd. The Defendant
points to the following excerpt from the State‟s closing argument:

      [Mr. Byrd was] using the [D]efendant‟s phone that the [D]efendant never
      uses and you heard his testimony, “I never use that phone. I‟ve got three
      phones, I never use that one, the one I gave to Mr. Byrd to call this person
      to arrange this drug deal. I don‟t want my voice on that phone. I don‟t
      want my text on that phone. I never used that phone that I gave to Mr.
      Byrd to call this individual to arrange this drug deal.” Okay, this again is
      not disputed.

The Defendant did not object to this statement.

      Later, in arguing that the Defendant could be found guilty under a theory of
criminal responsibility, the prosecutor stated as follows:

      How likely is it that [the Defendant] with his connections, he met Mr. Byrd
      in prison, knows he‟s a drug dealer. Mr. Byrd gets out [of prison]. “Hey,
      why don‟t you come hang around with me. Why don‟t I give you a ride.
      Why don‟t you use my phone. I‟m never going to touch the drugs. I‟m
      never going to talk on the phone. You do your thing over there. I‟ll drive
      you around. I‟ll let you use the phone.”

The Defendant objected to the prosecutor‟s statement, and the trial court overruled the
objection.

        It was undisputed that the Defendant provided Mr. Byrd the cell phone used to
communicate with the CI. The Defendant also testified that he never used the phone that
he provided to Mr. Byrd. The Defendant did not testify that he provided the phone to Mr.
Byrd for the purpose of setting up a drug deal. However, given the evidence introduced
at trial, this was a reasonable inference that could be drawn from that evidence.
Likewise, the prosecutor‟s inference that the Defendant did not use the phone because he
did not want to leave any evidence of his participation in the drug deal could be
reasonably inferred from the evidence adduced at trial. Accordingly, we conclude that
the prosecutor‟s statements in this regard were not intentional misstatements of the
evidence.

       The Defendant further argues that multiple other statements made by the
prosecutor during his closing arguments were intentional misstatements of the evidence.
Specifically, the Defendant points to statements by the prosecutor that Mr. Byrd agreed
during his plea submission hearing that what the Defendant said to Det. Elliot on the day
                                           -16-
of their arrest was the truth and that Mr. Byrd did not come forward until the trial to
claim that the Defendant did not know about the drug deal. However, the Defendant
failed to object to these statements. Failure to object to the State‟s alleged misconduct
during closing argument waives the issue on appeal. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a); State v.
Little, 854 S.W.2d 643, 651 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992). Furthermore, the prosecutor‟s
statements about Mr. Byrd‟s testimony at his plea submission hearing were factually
accurate. Mr. Byrd testified at trial that he told his attorney that the Defendant was not
involved in the plan to sell oxycodone pills to the CI, but, despite this, the prosecutor‟s
statements that Mr. Byrd had not brought this to the attention of the police or prosecutors
until trial were factually accurate. Accordingly, we conclude that this issue is without
merit.

                              C. Presenting False Testimony

        The Defendant contends that the State knowingly presented false testimony by
allowing Det. Elliot to testify at trial. The Defendant argues that Det. Elliot lied during
his testimony on several occasions. The Defendant alleges that Det. Elliot could not have
known who Mr. Byrd was because Mr. Byrd sometimes went by an alias. The Defendant
also alleges that Det. Elliot‟s description of how he investigated the CI‟s information
defies “common sense.” The Defendant further alleges that Det. Elliot‟s description of
seeing the pills being thrown by Mr. Byrd was “mathematically impossible.” The State
has once more failed to respond to these arguments.

       The State “may not present false testimony and . . . it has an affirmative duty to
correct false testimony presented by State‟s witnesses.” State v. Cureton, 38 S.W.3d 64,
74 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000). “To obtain a new trial, the defendant must demonstrate that
the State presented false testimony, the State knew the testimony was false, and the
testimony was material.” Id. at 74-75. Having reviewed Det. Elliot‟s testimony, we
conclude that there is nothing in the record to suggest that his testimony was false or that
the State knowingly presented false testimony. Accordingly, this issue has no merit.

                                     CONCLUSION

        Upon consideration of the foregoing and the record as a whole, the judgments of
the trial court are affirmed.

                                                   _________________________________
                                                   D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., JUDGE




                                            -17-
