                                                                            FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                            NOV 16 2017
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


NANCY CARRERA; et al.,                           No.   16-56038

              Plaintiffs-Appellants,             D.C. No.
                                                 3:13-cv-01585-BAS-JLB
 v.

FIRST AMERICAN HOME BUYERS                       MEMORANDUM*
PROTECTION COMPANY, a California
Corporation,

              Defendant-Appellee.


                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Southern District of California
                   Cynthia A. Bashant, District Judge, Presiding

                     Argued and Submitted November 9, 2017
                              Pasadena, California

Before: REINHARDT and WARDLAW, Circuit Judges, and DANIEL,** District
Judge.

      Appellants Nancy Carrera et al. appeal the interlocutory order of the district

court denying class certification of their fraudulent concealment and Unfair

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
              The Honorable Wiley Y. Daniel, United States District Judge for the
U.S. District Court for Colorado, sitting by designation.
Competition Law (“UCL”) claims under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(3).

We granted Appellants permission to file an interlocutory appeal under Federal

Rule of Procedure 23(f). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(e), and we

affirm.

      1.     The district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that

questions of law or fact common to class members did not predominate over

questions affecting individual class members. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3).

Appellants argue that they are entitled to a classwide presumption of reliance and

materiality because, although First American Home Buyers Protection Company

(“First American”) did not make uniform representations to members of the

putative class and used different sales channels to market its home warranty plans,

First American uniformly concealed the same material information from all class

members. Because Appellants’ fraudulent concealment and UCL claims are based

on omissions, not affirmative misrepresentations, Appellants contend that they do

not need to show that all First American’s representations “were uniformly made to

all members of the proposed class.” See Davis-Miller v. Auto. Club of S. Cal., 201

Cal. App. 4th 106, 125 (2011); Mazza v. Am. Honda Motor Co., Inc., 666 F.3d

581, 595 (9th Cir. 2012). We disagree.




                                          2
      On appeal, Appellants pursued only one fraudulent concealment theory,

arguing that First American’s marketing materials and contracts were deceptive

because First American made partial representations to the class but suppressed

some material facts about their warranty plans. See LiMandri v. Judkins, 52 Cal.

App. 4th 326, 336 (1997) (describing four circumstances of actionable fraudulent

concealment under California law). Because Appellant’s theory of fraudulent

concealment tethers the materiality of First American’s omissions to what First

American represented to the putative class, Appellants cannot avoid the

requirement, articulated in Mazza v. American Honda Motor Company, 666 F.3d

581 (9th Cir. 2012) and Berger v. Home Depot USA, Inc., 741 F.3d 1061 (9th Cir.

2014), abrogated on other grounds, Microsoft Corp. v. Baker, 137 S. Ct. 1702,

1715 (2017), that all class members have some exposure to the representations.

See also Mirkin v. Wasserman, 5 Cal. 4th 1082, 1093 n.4 (1993) (concluding that

plaintiffs cannot “through clever pleading” transform “every fraud case based on

material misrepresentation . . . into a material omissions case”). The district court

did not clearly err in concluding that not all putative class members had been

exposed to “any representations about First American, much less the alleged

misrepresentations.”




                                           3
       To the extent that Appellants could have pursued class certification on

alternative concealment theories, see LiMandri, 52 Cal. App. 4th at 336,

Appellants forfeited these arguments by not raising them to the district court or in

the appellate briefs and at oral argument. Appellants did not seek class

certification, for example, under California Insurance Code section 332, which

imposes a duty to disclose on an insurer. It is not clear what additional facts, if

any, First American would have had to disclose to class members to satisfy section

332, or whether a class under section 332 would be sufficiently uniform and

cohesive to merit certification. Neither this alternative theory nor any other is

before us.

      2.     Nor did the district court abuse its discretion in denying Appellants

leave to amend to add a claim under California Insurance Code section 12760. The

district court denied Appellants’ motion for leave to amend as moot because

Appellants sought leave to amend the Third Amended Complaint, when the

operative complaint was the Consolidated Complaint. Because Appellants cannot

amend a complaint that is no longer valid, the district court did not abuse its

discretion in denying the motion.

      AFFIRMED.




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