[Cite as State v. May, 2015-Ohio-4275.]




                     Court of Appeals of Ohio
                               EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                              JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                      No. 102482




                                      STATE OF OHIO
                                                    PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                              vs.

                                          THOMAS MAY
                                                    DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                           JUDGMENT:
                                            AFFIRMED


                                    Criminal Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                   Case No. CR-14-589961-A

        BEFORE: E.A. Gallagher, J., Keough, P.J., and Kilbane, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: October 15, 2015
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Rick L. Ferrara
2077 East 4th Street, 2nd Floor
Cleveland, Ohio 44114


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Timothy J. McGinty
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
BY: Frank Romeo Zeleznikar
       John Hirschauer
Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys
The Justice Center, 8th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J.:

      {¶1} Defendant-appellant Thomas May appeals his conviction for assault of a

corrections officer. May contends that his conviction was not supported by sufficient

evidence and was against the manifest weight of the evidence. He also contends that he

was denied effective assistance of counsel because counsel failed to request a self-defense

jury instruction and stipulated to facts establishing venue and certain elements of the

offense.   He further contends that the trial court erred in allowing the state to use

peremptory challenges to excuse two prospective jurors who were racial minorities from

the jury and in giving a Howard charge near the end of the day during jury deliberation.

Finding no merit to his appeal, we affirm May’s conviction.

Factual and Procedural Background

      {¶2} May’s conviction arose out of a September 15, 2014 altercation with a

corrections officer while May was an inmate in the Cuyahoga County jail.

      {¶3} On October 7, 2014, a Cuyahoga County Grand Jury indicted May on a single

count of assault in violation of R.C. 2903.13(A).       The indictment also included a

specification pursuant to R.C. 2903.13(C)(4)(a) (the “furthermore specification”) as

follows:

      FURTHERMORE, offense was committed in or on the grounds of a local

      correctional facility, the victim of the offense was an employee of the local

      correctional facility or a probation department or is on the premises of the

      facility for business purposes or as a visitor, and the offense was committed
       by a person who was under custody in the facility subsequent to the

       person’s arrest for any crime or delinquent act, subsequent to the person’s

       being charged with or convicted of any crime, or subsequent to the person’s

       being alleged to be or adjudicated a delinquent child.

May pled not guilty, and the case proceeded to a jury trial.

       {¶4} The state presented testimony from three witnesses who provided the

following account of the incident that led to May’s conviction.             Julius Keyes, a

corrections officer with the Cuyahoga County Sheriff’s Department, testified that on

September 15, 2014 he was working as “jail security” in the intake pod — the area of the

jail in which new inmates are housed temporarily while they are booked and processed —

overseeing the “med pass.”      Keyes explained that certain prisoners in the intake pod

require medication and that it was his job to maintain order and protect Mary Kissling,

the nurse on duty that day, as she was administering medicine to the prisoners from a

medication cart in the hall outside the intake pod. Keyes testified that when he oversees

the “med pass,” he is given a list of the prisoners requiring medication.   He notifies each

inmate on the list that it is time for the inmate to receive his or her medication and

requires them to “come fully dressed” and line up near the doorway of the intake pod

behind a line approximately 15 feet from the medication cart.      Keyes testified that the

nurse stands behind the medication cart.    Once the inmates are lined up, he stands beside

the nurse and calls the prisoners to come forward, one at a time, to receive their

medication. In turn, each inmate steps out into the hall to the medication cart, states his
or her name and shows the nurse his or her armband.           After the nurse verifies the

inmate’s identity based on the armband, he or she administers whatever medication is

prescribed for the inmate based on the information in the nurse’s chart.    A mouth check

is performed to ensure that the inmate has swallowed the medication.       The inmate then

steps away from the cart and the next inmate is called forward to receive his or her

medication.

       {¶5} Keyes testified that on the morning at issue, he had instructed May to come

fully dressed to the medication cart and to stand behind the line and wait his turn to

receive his medication.   May, however, was “noncompliant.”       Keyes testified that May

stepped over the line and “had his shirt outside, halfway on, one sleeve in.”        Keyes

testified that he told May to tuck in his shirt and wait his turn. Keyes testified that when

it was May’s turn to receive his medication, May walked up to the medication cart and

confirmed his identity.      As Kissling gave May his medication, he “mumble[d]

something.” Keyes testified that he told May “just take your meds and go.” May

started to walk away, but then turned around and “head-butted” Keyes.       Keyes testified

that he “almost lost consciousness for a minute” but grabbed May’s arm, pulled him to the

ground and restrained him.    “[W]ithin a couple of seconds,” a team arrived to assist, and

they took over. Keyes was taken to the hospital. He testified that his forehead was cut

and bleeding and that he had had a headache and felt dizzy.

       {¶6} Kissling, an LPN with the Cuyahoga County Sheriff’s Department, testified

that for the past 18 and one-half years she has worked primarily on the medication cart in
the jail. She testified that on the morning of September 15, 2014, she gave Keyes a list

of inmates in the intake pod who were scheduled to receive medication, that Keyes called

the inmates on the list and lined them up and that, one-by-one, the inmates came out of

the intake pod to receive their medication and then returned to the intake pod.    Kissling

testified that at approximately 9:00 a.m., when ten or so inmates were still in line to

receive their medication, May came out of the intake pod into the hallway.     She testified

that, instead of walking to the medication cart to receive his medication, May “charged

right towards [Keyes]” and “was physical with him.” She testified that the two men

were “like interlocked together” and “kind of hunched over” and that May “was hitting

[Keyes] some” as Keyes was “trying to extricate himself from * * * being all * * *

engulfed by the inmate.”     Kissling testified that she had been instructed to lock up the

medication cart and to get away from the scene if anything happened and that she

immediately began to do so.     As she pulled the medication cart away, Keyes and May

“went down to the floor” and other corrections officers started coming over to assist.

Kissling testified that she observed the two men engaged in aggressive physical contact

for 15 to 20 seconds before she locked up the medication cart.      As to whether she saw

May “head-butt” Keyes, Kissling testified that she “really wasn’t analyzing the type of

physical interaction” and “didn’t really try to figure out what kind of punch” it was except

to observe that it was “aggressive physical interaction.”

       {¶7} Steven Boardman, a corporal employed by the Cuyahoga County Sheriff’s

Department, testified that he was in his office in the jail with Corporal Miller when he
was alerted to a disturbance in the hallway.   He testified that, as he exited his office, he

saw Keyes involved in an altercation with May and saw Kissling pulling the medication

cart away from the area.    He testified that Keyes was behind May and had secured him

to the floor in an arm hold. Corporal Boardman testified that he and Corporal Miller

assisted Keyes in securing May. Corporal Boardman held May’s left arm and Corporal

Miller held May’s right arm as May lay face down in the pod.            Corporal Boardman

testified that he ordered May “to give up and to stop resisting” but that May “would not

give up his arms” and “kept flailing around, trying to turn over and face [the officers].”

Corporal Boardman, therefore, sprayed May in the face with pepper spray.                May

thereafter “became more compliant” and allowed the officers to handcuff him.

Corporal Boardman testified that he did not personally observe the altercation between

May and Keyes.

       {¶8}    Although there were video cameras throughout the jail, none of them

captured the incident.     Keyes testified that corrections officers did not wear body

cameras.   Corporal Boardman testified that he was wearing a body camera on the day of

the incident but did not have time to activate it until after May was secured.

       {¶9} At the close of the state’s case, May moved for acquittal pursuant to Crim.R.

29. The trial court denied the motion. No witnesses testified on behalf of the defense.

       {¶10} After the defense rested, May renewed his Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal,

arguing, once again, that the state failed to present sufficient evidence to meet its burden

of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that May committed the offense. May also argued
that venue had not been established. The trial court again denied the motion and the case

went to the jury.

       {¶11} The parties stipulated that (1) the alleged offense was committed in or on the

grounds of a local correctional facility as defined in R.C. 2903.13, (2) the alleged victim,

Keyes, was an employee of a local correctional facility as defined in R.C. 2903.13 and (3)

the alleged offense was committed by a person who was under custody in the facility

subsequent to that person’s arrest for any crime as defined in R.C. 2903.13.

       {¶12} After the jury had been deliberating for several hours, it submitted a note

with the following question to the trial court: “If we don’t feel like we can come to an

unanimous decision, what happens next?”       The trial court gave the jury a supplemental

instruction based on State v. Howard, 42 Ohio St.3d 18, 537 N.E.2d 188 (1989), then

indicated on the note it received from the jury, “12/10/14 @ 4:30 Howard Charge on

Record.”    Five minutes later, the jury returned a guilty verdict on the assault count as

charged in the indictment. The trial court thereafter sentenced May to one year in prison,

concurrent to the three-year sentence imposed in Case No. CR-570449, and postrelease

control for up to three years.

       {¶13} This appeal followed. May has raised the following six assignments of

error for review:

       Assignment of Error I:
       The state failed to present sufficient evidence to establish venue.

       Assignment of Error II:
       The state presented insufficient evidence of felony assault.
      Assignment of Error III:
      The manifest weight of the evidence did not support appellant’s conviction
      for assault.

      Assignment of Error IV:
      Defense counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to request a
      self-defense instruction and in stipulating to unproven facts and jurisdiction.


      Assignment of Error V:
      The trial court erred when it overruled defendant’s challenge to state
      removal of minority jurors.

      Assignment of Error VI:
      The trial court erred in giving a Howard instruction minutes before the end
      of the day, resulting in a verdict five minutes after the instruction had been
      giv[en].

Law and Analysis

      Sufficiency of the Evidence

      {¶14} In his first two assignments of error, May challenges the sufficiency of the

evidence relating to venue and the “elements of felony assault.”      May argues that the

trial court erred in denying his Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal because “the State failed

to elicit a city, county, or state where the alleged crimes occurred” and “[n]o witness

testified to the address of the jail.” May also contends that his conviction should be

vacated because the state failed to prove that the offense occurred on the grounds of a

“local correctional facility” as defined in R.C. 2903.13(D)(4) — an element necessary to

elevate the offense from misdemeanor assault to felonious assault under R.C.

2903.13(C)(1).
       {¶15} A Crim.R. 29(A) motion for acquittal tests the sufficiency of the evidence.

State v. Hill, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98366, 2013-Ohio-578, ¶ 13. Crim.R. 29 mandates

that the trial court issue a judgment of acquittal where the state’s evidence is insufficient

to sustain a conviction for an offense.   State v. Taylor, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100315,

2014-Ohio-3134, ¶ 21.     Accordingly, we review a trial court’s denial of a defendant’s

motion for acquittal using the same standard we apply when reviewing a

sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim. Id. at ¶ 21-23 (“Crim.R. 29(A) and sufficiency of

evidence review require the same analysis.”), citing         Cleveland v. Pate, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 99321, 2013-Ohio-5571.

       {¶16} A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a conviction

requires a determination of whether the state has met its burden of production at trial.

State v. Hunter, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 86048, 2006-Ohio-20, ¶ 41, citing State v.

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 390, 678 N.E.2d 541. When reviewing sufficiency of

the evidence, an appellate court must determine “‘whether, after viewing the evidence in

a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the

essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.’” State v. Leonard,

104 Ohio St.3d 54, 2004-Ohio-6235, 818 N.E.2d 229, ¶ 77, quoting State v. Jenks, 61

Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. In a sufficiency

inquiry, an appellate court does not assess whether the state’s evidence is to be believed

but whether, if believed, the evidence admitted at trial supported the conviction. State v.
Starks, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 91682, 2009-Ohio-3375, ¶ 25, citing Thompkins, supra;

Jenks at paragraph two of the syllabus.

       {¶17} May was convicted of assault in violation of R.C. 2903.13(A) along with a

furthermore specification pursuant to R.C. 2903.13(C)(4)(a). R.C. 2903.13(A), assault,

provides, in relevant part:

       No person shall knowingly cause or attempt to cause physical harm to

       another * * * .

       {¶18} Assault is fifth-degree felony where certain specifications apply.         R.C.

2903.13(C)(4)(a) provides, in relevant part:

       If the offense is committed in any of the following circumstances, assault is
       a felony of the fifth degree * * * [t]he offense occurs in or on the grounds
       of a local correctional facility, the victim of the offense is an employee of
       the local correctional facility * * *, and the offense is committed by a
       person who is under custody in the facility subsequent to the person’s arrest
       for any crime or delinquent act, subsequent to the person’s being charged
       with or convicted of any crime, or subsequent to the person’s being alleged
       to be or adjudicated a delinquent child.

       {¶19} “Local correctional facility” is defined as

       a     county,     multicounty,       municipal,     municipal-county,    or
       multicounty-municipal jail or workhouse, a minimum security jail
       established under section 341.23 or 753.21 of the Revised Code, or another
       county,       multicounty,       municipal,        municipal-county,     or
       multicounty-municipal facility used for the custody of persons arrested for
       any crime or delinquent act, persons charged with or convicted of any
       crime, or persons alleged to be or adjudicated a delinquent child.

R.C. 2903.13(D)(4).

       {¶20} Venue refers to the proper place in which to try a criminal matter.       Under

Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution and R.C. 2901.12, “evidence of proper
venue must be presented in order to sustain a conviction for an offense.” State v.

Hampton, 134 Ohio St.3d 447, 2012-Ohio-5688, 983 N.E.2d 324, ¶ 20.                             Article I,

Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution provides, in relevant part: “In any trial, in any court,

the party accused shall be allowed * * * a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the

county in which the offense is alleged to have been committed.”                            Former R.C.

2901.12(A)1 provides:         “The trial of a criminal case in this state shall be held in a court

having jurisdiction of the subject matter, and in the territory of which the offense or any

element thereof was committed.”

        {¶21} Venue is not a material element of an offense charged, but it is,

nevertheless, a fact the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt in a criminal

prosecution unless it is waived by the defendant. State v. Headley, 6 Ohio St.3d 475,

477, 453 N.E.2d 716 (1983), citing State v. Draggo, 65 Ohio St.2d 88, 90, 418 N.E.2d

1343 (1981).      “‘A conviction may not be had in a criminal case where the proof fails to

show that the crime alleged in the indictment occurred in the county where the indictment

was returned.’”      Hampton at ¶ 19, quoting State v. Nevius, 147 Ohio St. 263, 71 N.E.2d

258 (1947), paragraph three of the syllabus.

        {¶22} May argues that the trial court erred in denying his Crim.R. 29 motion for

acquittal on venue grounds because “the State failed to elicit a city, county, or state where


        1
          Effective March 23, 2015, R.C. 2901.12(A) was amended to state: “The trial of a criminal
case in this state shall be held in a court having jurisdiction of the subject matter, and, except in cases
of emergency under section 1901.028, 1907.04, 2301.04, or 2501.20 of the Revised Code, in the
territory of which the offense or any element of the offense was committed.”
the alleged crimes occurred” and “[n]o witness testified to the address of the jail.”

However, venue does not need to be proven in express terms, but rather, can be

established by the totality of facts and circumstances of the case. State v. Price, 7th

Dist. Mahoning No. 14 MA 28, 2015-Ohio-1199, ¶ 36, citing State v. Chintalapalli, 88

Ohio St.3d 43, 45, 723 N.E.2d 111 (2000); Headley at 477; Hampton at ¶ 19 (“‘it is not

essential that the venue of the crime be proven in express terms, provided it be established

by all the facts and circumstances in the case, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the crime

was committed in the county and state as alleged in the indictment’”), quoting State v.

Dickerson, 77 Ohio St. 34, 82 N.E. 969 (1907), paragraph one of the syllabus.

       {¶23} Upon reviewing the entire record in this case, we find that the state

presented sufficient evidence to establish Cuyahoga County as the proper venue for the

case and that the crime at issue occurred in a “local correctional facility” in Cuyahoga

County.   Keyes testified that he was employed as a corrections officer by the Cuyahoga

County Sheriff’s Department, that he worked in “jail security” for the Cuyahoga County

Sheriff’s Department and that he was working in the jail on September 15, 2014 when he

was assaulted by May, an inmate in the facility.        Kissling and Corporal Boardman

similarly testified that they were employed by the Cuyahoga County Sheriff’s

Department, that they worked in the jail and that they were working in the jail at the time

the incident occurred.    There was no evidence that the incident occurred outside

Cuyahoga County, Ohio. Based on this testimony, it could be reasonably determined

beyond a reasonable doubt that (1) the crime at issue occurred in the Cuyahoga County
jail located in Cuyahoga County and (2) the jail was a “local correctional facility” as

defined in R.C. 2903.13(D)(4), i.e., “a county * * * jail * * * used for the custody of

persons arrested for any crime or delinquent act [or] persons charged with or convicted of

any crime * * *.”

       {¶24} Venue may be established by circumstantial evidence. See, e.g., Price at ¶
2. It was not necessary, as May contends, for the state to specifically ask one of the
witnesses if the jail was run by the state or the county. See, e.g., State v. Wheat, 10th
Dist. Franklin No. 05AP-30, 2005-Ohio-6958, ¶ 10, 13 (although no witness testified that
offenses at issue occurred in Franklin County, state presented sufficient circumstantial
evidence as to the location of the crime to establish venue); State v. Martin, 10th Dist.
Franklin Nos. 02AP-33 and 02AP-34, 2002-Ohio-4769, ¶ 27-30 (where there was no
direct testimony that offense at issue occurred in Franklin County, sufficient
circumstantial evidence existed to establish venue based on testimony of responding
police officer that he was employed by the city of Columbus, assigned to the Franklinton
area and dispatched to a specific address in the area and video that showed that location
of offense was in an urban setting and there was no evidence to suggest that the offense
occurred outside Franklin County); State v. Norton, 2d Dist. Greene No. 97 CA 112, 1998
Ohio App. LEXIS 5872, *18-21 (Dec. 11, 1998) (evidence that officers employed by the
Greene County Sheriff’s Department investigated a burglary committed in Bath Township
was sufficient to prove venue in Greene County). Because the state presented sufficient
evidence of venue and the location of the offense for the case to be properly considered
by the jury, the trial court did not err in denying May’s Crim.R. 29 motion. May’s first
and second assignments of error are overruled.

      Manifest Weight of the Evidence

      {¶25} In his third assignment of error, May argues that his assault conviction was

against the manifest weight of the evidence due to inconsistencies between the testimony

of Keyes and Kissling as to whether May “head-butted” Keyes.            May claims that

“[w]ithout a head-butt,” the struggle between Keyes and May could not have “directly

cause[d] Keyes’[s] injury” and that the injury must have been caused by “the response of

other officers * * * after they swarmed on the scene.”   May further argues that because
Kissling testified that “she did not see [May] head-butt Keyes,” “serious doubt” exists as

to whether May committed the offense.

       {¶26} In contrast to a challenge based on sufficiency of the evidence, a manifest

weight challenge attacks the credibility of the evidence presented and questions whether

the state met its burden of persuasion at trial. State v. Whitsett, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

101182, 2014-Ohio-4933, ¶ 26, citing Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541;

State v. Bowden, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92266, 2009-Ohio-3598, ¶ 13.                 When

considering an appellant’s claim that a conviction is against the manifest weight of the

evidence, the court of appeals sits as a “thirteenth juror” and may disagree “with the

factfinder’s resolution of conflicting testimony.”    Thompkins at 387, citing Tibbs v.

Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 42, 102 S.Ct. 2211, 72 L.Ed.2d 652 (1982). The reviewing court

must examine the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences,

consider the witnesses’ credibility and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the

evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of

justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. Thompkins at 387,

citing State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). In

conducting such a review, this court remains mindful that the credibility of the witnesses

and the weight to be given the evidence are primarily for the trier of fact to assess. State

v. Bradley, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97333, 2012-Ohio-2765, ¶ 14, citing State v. DeHass,

10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967), paragraph one of the syllabus. The trier of

fact is in the best position to take into account inconsistencies, along with the witnesses’
manner, demeanor, gestures and voice inflections, in determining whether the proffered

testimony is credible.      State v. Holloway, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101289,

2015-Ohio-1015, ¶ 42, citing State v. Kurtz, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99103,

2013-Ohio-2999, ¶ 26.       Reversal on manifest weight grounds is reserved for the

“‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’”

Thompkins at 387, quoting Martin, supra.

      {¶27} We find no merit to May’s assertion that the jury’s verdict was against the

manifest weight of the evidence.       There are admittedly some inconsistencies between

Keyes’s and Kissling’s testimony in this case. However, a conviction is not against the

manifest weight of the evidence solely because the jury heard inconsistent or

contradictory testimony.       State    v.   Wade, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 90029,

2008-Ohio-4574, ¶ 38, citing State v. Asberry, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 04AP-1113,

2005-Ohio-4547, ¶ 11; see also State v. Mann, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 10AP-1131,

2011-Ohio-5286, ¶ 37 (“‘While the jury may take note of the inconsistencies and resolve

or discount them accordingly, * * * such inconsistencies do not render defendant’s

conviction against the manifest weight or sufficiency of the evidence.’”), quoting State v.

Nivens, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 95APA09-1236, 1996 Ohio App. LEXIS 2245, *7 (May

28, 1996).   The decision whether, and to what extent, to believe the testimony of a

particular witness is “within the peculiar competence of the factfinder, who has seen and

heard the witness.” State v. Johnson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99822, 2014-Ohio-494, ¶

54.
       {¶28} Although Kissling did not testify to seeing May “head butt” Keyes, she

testified that she saw May “charge towards” Keyes and become “physical with him,”

hitting him.   She further explained that she “really wasn’t analyzing the type of physical

interaction” and “didn’t really try to figure out” what kind of physical interaction it was

other than to observe that it was “aggressive physical interaction.” Whether May “head

butted” Keyes or engaged in some other type of physical contact with Keyes, both

witnesses testified consistently that May, unprovoked by any conduct by Keyes, came at

Keyes and made physical contact with him. Keyes further testified that, as a result of the

altercation, he sustained a physical injury, i.e., a laceration to his forehead as well as a

headache and dizziness. The testimony of Keyes and Kissling constituted competent,

credible evidence that May, by his actions, “knowingly cause[d] or attempt[ed] to cause

physical harm” to Keyes. R.C. 2903.13(A). There is nothing in the record to support

May’s claim that Keyes’s injury must have been caused by “the response of other officers

* * * after they swarmed on the scene.”

       {¶29} Following our review of the record in this case, we cannot say that the jury

clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that May’s assault

conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Accordingly, May’s third

assignment of error is overruled.

       Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       {¶30} In his fourth assignment of error, May contends that his trial counsel

provided ineffective assistance by (1) failing to request a self-defense jury instruction and
(2) stipulating to venue and the facts underlying the furthermore specification that

elevated the offense to a felony.

       {¶31} A criminal defendant has the right to effective assistance of counsel.

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). To

prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must demonstrate: (1)

deficient performance by counsel, i.e., that counsel’s performance fell below an objective

standard of reasonable representation, and (2) that counsel’s errors prejudiced the

defendant, i.e., a reasonable probability that but for counsel’s errors, the result of the trial

would have been different. Strickland at 687-688, 694; State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d

136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989), paragraphs two and three of the syllabus.             “Reasonable

probability” is “probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”

Strickland at 694.

       {¶32} Because there are “countless ways to provide effective assistance in any

given case,” judicial scrutiny of a lawyer’s performance must be “highly deferential.”

Id. at 689.    “‘[D]ecisions on strategy and trial tactics are granted wide latitude of

professional judgment, and it is not the duty of a reviewing court to analyze trial

counsel’s legal tactics and maneuvers.’” State v. Edgerson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

101283, 2015-Ohio-593, ¶ 6, quoting State v. Quinones, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100928,

2014-Ohio-5544, ¶ 18; see             also    State v. Conway, 109 Ohio St.3d 412,

2006-Ohio-2815, 848 N.E.2d 810, ¶ 101 (“debatable trial tactics” do not constitute

ineffective assistance of counsel).    A reviewing court, therefore, “must indulge a strong
presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional

assistance; that is, the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the

circumstances, the challenged action might be considered sound trial strategy.”

Strickland at 689. May has not met his burden in this case.

       Failure to Request a Self-Defense Instruction

       {¶33} May first contends that his trial counsel was ineffective because he failed to

request a jury instruction on self-defense.        Under Ohio law, self-defense is an

affirmative defense. State v. Martin, 21 Ohio St.3d 91, 93, 488 N.E.2d 166 (1986). A

defendant is entitled to a jury instruction on an affirmative defense only if the defendant

presents sufficient evidence which, if believed, “would raise a question in the minds of

reasonable people concerning the existence of that defense.” State v. Porozynski, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93827, 2010-Ohio-5122, ¶ 23, citing State v. Melchior, 56 Ohio St.2d

15, 381 N.E.2d 195 (1978), paragraph one of the syllabus; see also State v. Tuggle, 6th

Dist. Lucas No. L-09-1317, 2010-Ohio-4162, ¶ 69.

       {¶34} To establish self-defense, a defendant must prove by a preponderance of the

evidence that he (1) was not at fault in creating the situation giving rise to the fight; (2)

had a bona fide belief that he was in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm and

that his only means of escape was through the use of force; and (3) did not violate any

duty to retreat or avoid the danger.      State v. Hill, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98633,

2013-Ohio-578, ¶ 44, citing State v. Robbins, 58 Ohio St.2d 74, 388 N.E.2d 755 (1979),

paragraph two of the syllabus.     In this case, no evidence was presented at trial upon
which the jury could have reasonably found that May acted in self-defense.      May did not

call any witnesses and did not take the stand in his defense.   There was no evidence that

May was not at fault for the incident or that he had a bona fide belief that he was in

imminent danger and that his only means of escape was to use force.      Rather, Keyes and

Kissling testified unequivocally that May was the unprovoked aggressor in the incident.

Corporal Boardman, the only other witness to testify, did not observe the incident.

       {¶35} Trial counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to perform a futile

act. See, e.g., State v. Witherspoon, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94475, 2011-Ohio-704, ¶ 33

(“the failure to do a futile act cannot be the basis for claims of ineffective assistance of

counsel and is not prejudicial”). Had May’s trial counsel requested a jury instruction on

self-defense, his request would have no doubt been denied.      A trial court “as a matter of

law, cannot give a jury instruction on an affirmative defense” if the defendant fails to

present sufficient evidence to support the affirmative defense. State v. Stoutemire, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94802, 2011-Ohio-473, ¶ 38. Where, as here, the record contains no

evidence that would support a self-defense instruction, the defendant cannot meet his

burden of establishing that he was denied effective assistance of counsel based on

counsel’s failure to request a self-defense instruction. See, e.g., Hill at ¶ 42-45 (defense

counsel did not err in not requesting a jury instruction regarding self-defense where there

was no evidence to support the instruction); State v. Tabasso, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

98248, 2012-Ohio-5747, ¶ 25 (where defendant failed to meet his burden to show

evidence of possible self-defense, such that trial court had no basis to give an instruction
on self-defense even if defense counsel had requested it, defense counsel’s performance

was not deficient); Stoutemire at ¶ 43 (where there was insufficient evidence to merit a

request for a jury instruction on self-defense, defendant failed to establish that his

counsel’s performance, in failing to request such an instruction, fell below an objective

standard of reasonableness or prejudiced his ability to receive a fair trial).

          Trial Counsel’s Stipulations

          {¶36} May also contends that his trial counsel was ineffective because he

stipulated to two “unproven facts” — venue and that the offense occurred on the grounds

of a “local correctional facility” — “before moving to dismiss based on these very same

facts.”    May contends that by stipulating to these facts after the close of the state’s case,

defense counsel gave up a “distinct advantage” May would have otherwise had based on

the state’s failure to prove these facts, thereby prejudicing him.   We disagree.

          {¶37} The record reflects that the parties stipulated to the elements of the

furthermore specification, i.e., (1) that the alleged offense was committed in or on the

grounds of a local correctional facility as defined in R.C. 2903.13, (2) that       the alleged

victim, Keyes, was an employee of a local correctional facility as defined in R.C. 2903.13

and (3) that the alleged offense was committed by a person who was under custody in the

facility subsequent to that person’s arrest for any crime as defined in R.C. 2903.13.

However, it is not clear from the record precisely when the parties agreed to stipulate to

these facts.    It is likewise unclear from the record whether, in fact, defense counsel ever
stipulated to venue. The discussion of the stipulations that appears in the record occurs

after May made his initial Crim.R. 29 motion.

         {¶38}    Moreover, May never moved to dismiss the case based on the state’s

alleged failure to prove the offense occurred on the grounds of a “local correctional

facility.” In his initial motion to dismiss May argued only that, due to inconsistencies in

the witnesses’ testimony, the state failed to meet its burden of proof beyond a reasonable

doubt that May caused or attempted to cause physical harm to Keyes.           In his renewed

motion to dismiss, May argued that the state had failed to carry its burden of proving that

May “committed this offense beyond a reasonable doubt” and had failed to establish

venue.

         {¶39} “Generally, the decision to enter into stipulations is a tactical decision that

“falls ‘within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.’” State v. Hammen,

5th Dist. Stark No. 2012CA00009, 2012-Ohio-3628, ¶ 16, quoting State v. James, 3d

Dist. Allen No. 1-10-20, 2010-Ohio-5411, ¶ 16. Trial counsel’s decision to stipulate to

uncontested facts constitutes ineffective assistance only if it results in prejudice to

appellant. Hammen at ¶ 16.

         {¶40} May has not shown that he was prejudiced by trial counsel’s decision to

enter into the stipulations at issue, i.e., that the result of the trial would have been

different absent the stipulations.       As stated above, the state presented sufficient

evidence, separate and apart from the stipulations, to establish that Cuyahoga County was

the proper venue for this criminal action and that the offense at issue was committed in a
“local correctional facility” as defined in R.C. 2903.13(D)(4).   May does not identify any

evidence he contends counsel could or should have presented to disprove these elements

of the offense.   Accordingly, trial counsel’s use of stipulations was a legitimate tactical

decision that does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.

       {¶41} As May has failed to demonstrate that his trial counsel’s performance was

deficient or that he was prejudiced by such performance, his fourth assignment or error is

meritless and is overruled.

       Use of Peremptory Challenges in Jury Selection

       {¶42} In his fifth assignment of error, May argues that the prosecutor’s peremptory

challenges of two prospective jurors –– the only African-American in the venire and a

prospective juror whom defense counsel maintained was Japanese-American — violated

Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986), and that the trial

court, therefore, erred in overruling his objections to the state’s peremptory challenges.

       {¶43} In Batson, the United States Supreme Court recognized that the Equal

Protection Clause of the United States Constitution prohibits the use of peremptory

challenges in a discriminatory manner to exclude potential jurors solely on account of

their race. Id. at 89; see also State v. Hernandez, 63 Ohio St.3d 577, 581, 589 N.E.2d

1310 (1992). A three-step test is applied in adjudicating an alleged Batson violation.

       State v. Thompson, 141 Ohio St.3d 254, 2014-Ohio-4751, 23 N.E.3d 1096, ¶ 50.

First, a defendant must make a “‘prima facie case of racial discrimination.’” Id. at ¶ 50,

quoting State v. Bryan, 101 Ohio St.3d 272, 2004-Ohio-971, 804 N.E.2d 433, ¶ 106. The
defendant must show that the prosecutor used peremptory challenges to remove from the

venire members of a cognizable racial group and that the facts and other relevant

circumstance raise an inference that the use of the peremptory challenges was racially

motivated. State v. Johnson, 88 Ohio St.3d 95, 116, 723 N.E.2d 1054 (2000), citing

State v. Hill, 73 Ohio St.3d 433, 444-445, 653 N.E.2d 271 (1995).

       {¶44} If the defendant satisfies that burden, then the burden shifts to the state to

provide a race-neutral explanation for the use of the peremptory challenges. Thompson

at ¶ 51, citing Batson at 97. At step two of the inquiry, the issue is the “‘facial validity

of the * * * explanation’” offered for seeking to excuse the jurors. Thompson at ¶ 51,

quoting Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 360, 111 S.Ct. 1859, 114 L.Ed.2d 395

(1991). “Although it is not enough to simply deny a discriminatory motive or assert

good faith * * *, the ‘explanation need not rise to the level justifying exercise of a

challenge for cause.’”      Thompson at ¶ 51, quoting Batson at 97.             “Unless a

discriminatory interest is inherent in the * * * explanation, the reason offered will be

deemed race neutral.’” Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 768, 115 S.Ct. 1769, 131 L.Ed.2d

834 (1995), quoting Hernandez at 360.

       {¶45} Finally, in step three, the court “‘must examine the prosecutor’s

[peremptory] challenges in context to ensure that the reason is not merely pretextual.’”

State v. Pickens, 141 Ohio St.3d 462, 2014-Ohio-5445, 25 N.E.3d 1023, ¶ 63, quoting

State v. Frazier, 115 Ohio St.3d 139, 2007-Ohio-5048, 873 N.E.2d 1263, ¶ 65. The trial

court must decide “‘based on all the circumstances,’” whether the defendant has proved
purposeful racial discrimination. Thompson at ¶ 52, citing Bryan at ¶ 106, and Batson at

98. As the Ohio Supreme Court explained in Thompson:

      The court must “assess the plausibility of” the prosecutor’s reason for
      striking the juror “in light of all evidence with a bearing on it.” Miller-El
      v. Dretke, 545 U.S. 231, 252, 125 S.Ct. 2317, 162 L.E.2d 196 (2005).
      Relevant factors may include “the prosecutor’s demeanor; * * * how
      reasonable, or how improbable, the explanations are; and * * * whether
      the proffered rationale has some basis in accepted trial strategy.” Miller-El
      v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 339, 123 S.Ct. 1029, 154 L.Ed.2d 931 (2003).
      “In addition, race-neutral reasons for peremptory challenges often invoke a
      juror’s demeanor * * *, making the trial court’s firsthand observations of
      even greater importance.” Snyder v. Louisiana, 552 U.S. 472, 477, 128
      S.Ct. 1203, 170 L.Ed.2d 175 (2008).

Thompson at ¶ 52. The burden of persuasion always stays with the opponent of the

strike. State v. White, 85 Ohio St.3d 433, 437, 709 N.E.2d 140 (1999), citing Purkett at

768. A trial court’s determination that the state did not possess discriminatory intent in

the exercise of its peremptory challenges will not be reversed on appeal unless it was

clearly erroneous. State v. Strong, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100699, 2015-Ohio-169, ¶ 14,

citing Hernandez, 63 Ohio St.3d at 583, 589 N.E.2d 1310.

      {¶46} In this case, May raised two Batson challenges.          He raised a Batson

challenge to the state’s use of its first peremptory challenge to excuse prospective juror

No. 5, the only African-American in the venire. Although the trial court questioned

whether May had established a prima facie case of racial discrimination given that

prospective juror No. 5 was the first prospective juror to be excused and, therefore, no

“pattern” of excusing jurors of a particular race had been established, the trial court

nevertheless asked the state to provide a race-neutral explanation for its decision to
excuse prospective juror No. 5. The state gave two reasons. First, it indicated that the

prospective juror had a family member who had been in prison.             Second, the state

indicated that the prospective juror had a son “in the age range of the defendant” and

might “identify with her son as the defendant.” The trial judge accepted the state’s

race-neutral explanation, found it to be non-pretextual and overruled May’s objection.

       {¶47} After May exercised a peremptory challenge to excuse prospective juror No.

1, the state then used its second peremptory challenge to excuse prospective juror No. 6.

Once again, May raised a Batson challenge, arguing that prospective juror No. 6 was the

only other “ethnic minority” on the panel. There is nothing in the record indicating the

race or ethnicity of prospective juror No. 6; however, defense counsel claimed, based on

her last name and physical appearance, that prospective juror No. 6 was

Japanese-American. Although the trial judge did not agree that prospective juror no. 6

“appears to be a member of any cognizable racial group” and disputed May’s claim that

racial discrimination could be established based on assumptions regarding a prospective

juror’s ethnicity, she nevertheless asked the state to explain why it had chosen to excuse

prospective juror No. 6.   The state offered three reasons.   First, prospective juror No. 6

had been arrested and in jail for marijuana possession.    As a result, the state explained,

she might “think that the situation is not that serious,” identify with the defendant or have

some bias based on the fact that she had been to jail.           The state also noted the

prospective juror’s “profession” and the fact that she had recently engaged in “teen [sic]

building exercises” as a reason for choosing to exclude her.     Finally, the state indicated
that “[w]e just didn’t like the vibe and the impression that we got from her.”            The trial

court found the state’s explanation to be race-neutral and not pretextual and, once again,

overruled May’s objection and excused prospective juror No. 6.

       {¶48} The state argues, at the outset, that May failed to establish a prima facie case

of discrimination because (1) the use of a peremptory challenge to strike the sole

African-American juror on the panel does not in and of itself support an inference of

racial discrimination and (2) it was not clear from the record whether prospective juror

No. 6 was, in fact, a racial minority. However, we need not decide that issue because

“‘[o]nce a prosecutor has offered a race-neutral explanation for the peremptory challenges

and the trial court has ruled on the ultimate question of intentional discrimination, the

preliminary issue of whether the defendant had made a prima facie showing becomes

moot.’” Hernandez, 63 Ohio St.3d at 583, 589 N.E.2d 1310, quoting Hernandez, 500

U.S. 352, 359, 111 S.Ct. 1859, 114 L.Ed.2d 395.2 Even assuming May had established a

prima facie case of racial discrimination (such that the burden shifted to the state), we

find that the record supports the trial court’s determination that (1) the state met its

burden by providing legitimate, race-neutral explanations for its decisions to excuse

prospective juror Nos. 5 and 6, in light of the particular biases it believed these




       2
         We note, however, that the existence of a pattern of discriminatory strikes is not a
prerequisite to prevailing on a Batson challenge. See, e.g., White, 85 Ohio St.3d at 436, 709 N.E.2d
140. “Such a rule would license prosecutors to exercise one illegal peremptory strike per trial. The
law of equal protection does not allow ‘one free bite.’” Id.
individuals may have had based on their experiences and (2) the state did not exercise its

peremptory challenges with discriminatory intent.

      {¶49} May argues that the state’s explanation that prospective juror No. 5 had a 25

year-old son and, therefore, might identify with the defendant was not a legitimate

race-neutral explanation for excusing prospective juror No. 5 because her son was a chef,

not a person confined to a correctional institution, and because “other (white) jurors” who

were not stricken had children who were the same age as May or were themselves the

same age as May. May, however, completely ignores the other reason the state gave for

seeking to excuse prospective juror No. 5 — that she had a family member who had been

in prison. The record reflects that prospective juror No. 5 indicated during voir dire that

she had a brother who had been in prison, that she had communicated with him while he

was in prison and that he had conveyed to her that his experience in prison “wasn’t good

at times.” The state indicated that these facts together led to its decision to excuse

prospective juror No. 5.

      {¶50} With respect to prospective juror No. 6, May claims that the trial court erred

in accepting the state’s explanation as race-neutral based on the state’s comment that it

did not like the “vibe” of the prospective juror. Once again, however, May focuses on

only one part of the explanation the state provided for its decision to strike prospective

juror No. 6 and ignores the state’s concern that the prospective juror may have a bias

based on her own prior experience with the criminal justice system.
       {¶51} Courts have previously recognized that the potential bias that may result

from a prospective juror’s or his or her family’s experiences with the criminal justice

system may be a legitimate, racially neutral reason for exercising a peremptory strike

against the prospective juror. See, e.g., State v. King, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-060335,

2007-Ohio-4879, ¶ 30 (“A prior criminal conviction of a prospective juror or a family

member of the prospective juror can serve as a valid, race-neutral reason to remove a

juror, even if the conviction is not recent.”); State v. Lacey, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 10

MA 122, 2012-Ohio-1685, ¶ 127 (“‘Removing a juror based on the past criminal history

of him or her, or his or her family member, is a valid, race-neutral reason for raising a

peremptory challenge.’”), quoting State v. Santiago, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 02AP-1094,

2003-Ohio-2877, ¶ 10; State v. Harris, 7th Dist. Jefferson No.                  04 JE 44,

2006-Ohio-3520, ¶ 18 (state gave a race-neutral reason for peremptorily striking

prospective juror where her son and sister had extensive contact with the criminal justice

system and the prosecutor did not believe her assurance that this would not affect her

ability to decide the case); see also State v. Conner, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 84073,

2005-Ohio-1971, ¶ 28-29 (race-neutral basis for exclusion of prospective juror existed

where several family members had been convicted of drug offenses and state stated it had

doubts concerning prospective juror’s ability to serve as a fair and impartial juror). The

record reflects that the trial court did not simply take the state’s purported “race-neutral”

explanations at face value but rather, probed the prosecutor’s proffered explanations in

order to evaluate their credibility, ultimately finding them to be credible and not
pretextual. The trial court was in the best position to weigh the credibility of the state’s

explanations in determining whether the state exercised its peremptory challenges with a

discriminatory intent. Following a thorough review of the record, we cannot say that the

trial court’s decision to allow the state to exercise its peremptory challenges was clearly

erroneous. May’s fifth assignment of error is overruled.

       Timing of Howard Charge

       {¶52} In his sixth and final assignment of error, May argues that the trial court

abused its discretion in giving the jury a Howard instruction at 4:30 p.m. rather than

waiting until the following morning. May contends that by giving the instruction at the

end of the day, the trial court “coerced the jury to come to a decision” as evidenced by the

fact that they returned a verdict five minutes after the instruction was given.

       {¶53} “Where it appears to a trial court that a jury is incapable of reaching a

consensus, the court, in its discretion, may make a last-ditch effort to prod the jury into

reaching a unanimous verdict so long as its instructions are balanced, neutral, and not

coercive.” State v. King, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99319, 2013-Ohio-4791, ¶ 24, citing

State v. Howard, 42 Ohio St.3d 18, 24, 537 N.E.2d 188 (1989).               It is within the

discretion of the trial court whether and when to give a Howard instruction.      “There is

no formula or required period of time a trial court must wait before issuing a Howard

instruction.”   King at ¶ 26, citing State v. Shepard, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 07AP-223,

2007-Ohio-5405, ¶ 11-12, and State v. Morgan, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97934,

2012-Ohio-4937.
       {¶54} May raised no objection to the Howard instruction or the timing of the

Howard instruction below. Accordingly, he waived all but plain error.        See, e.g., State

v. Hassan, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 12AP-626, 2013-Ohio-2071, ¶                 29; State v.

Townsend, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87521, 2006-Ohio-5457, ¶ 25; State v. Barnes, 94

Ohio St.3d 21, 27, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (2002). Under Crim.R. 52(B), “[p]lain errors or

defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the

attention of the court.”    To demonstrate plain error, the defendant must show “an error,

i.e., a deviation from a legal rule,” that was “an ‘obvious’ defect in the trial proceedings”

and that the error “affected a substantial right,” i.e., a “reasonable probability” that the

error resulted in prejudice, affecting the outcome of the trial. State v. Rogers, Slip

Opinion No. 2015-Ohio-2459, ¶ 22; Barnes at 27.        “We recognize plain error ‘with the

utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a manifest

miscarriage of justice.’”      Lyndhurst v. Smith, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101019,

2015-Ohio-2512, ¶ 32, quoting State v. Landrum, 53 Ohio St.3d 107, 110, 559 N.E.2d

710 (1990).

       {¶55} Based on our review of the record, we cannot say that the trial court abused

its discretion or committed plain error in giving a supplemental Howard instruction at

4:30 p.m. rather than the following morning. Although it was late in the day, there is

nothing in the instruction the trial court gave to the jury that would suggest it coerced

them into a guilty verdict. The instruction is balanced and neutral. It does not rush the

jury to come to a verdict, but rather encourages the jurors to continue debating and for
both sides to re-examine their positions and attempt to come to a consensus. May’s sixth

assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶56} The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

       It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to

Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



________________________________________
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, JUDGE

KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, P.J., and
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J., CONCUR
