                    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                                NO. 2012-CA-01458-SCT

TAGHI “TED” BOROUJERDI

v.

CITY OF STARKVILLE


DATE OF JUDGMENT:                          03/07/2012
TRIAL JUDGE:                               HON. LEE J. HOWARD
TRIAL COURT ATTORNEYS:                     ANDREW WALLACE STUART, II
                                           M. JAY NICHOLS
                                           MARC D. AMOS
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                 OKTIBBEHA COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                    ADAM GRANT PINKARD
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:                     MARC DARREN AMOS
NATURE OF THE CASE:                        CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
DISPOSITION:                               REVERSED AND REMANDED - 02/12/2015
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

       EN BANC.

       KITCHENS, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    Ted Boroujerdi’s home and yard were flooded with sewage that backed onto his

property in February 2009. Boroujerdi filed suit against the City of Starkville (“the City”),

alleging that he had suffered property damage and personal injuries as a result of the City’s

negligent maintenance of its sewage system. The trial court granted summary judgment for

the City, finding that the maintenance of the sewage system is a discretionary function and

that the City is immune from suit pursuant to Mississippi Code Section 11-46-9(1)(d) and
this Court’s plurality opinion in Fortenberry v. City of Jackson, 71 So. 3d 1196 (Miss.

2011).

¶2.      Boroujerdi appealed, arguing that the maintenance of the sewage system is ministerial

and the City is not immune from suit, that summary judgment was therefore inappropriate,

and that this Court should overrule its plurality opinion in Fortenberry. We reverse the trial

court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the City. Recently, in Brantley v. City of

Horn Lake, 152 So. 3d 1106 (Miss. 2014), this Court overhauled its analysis of discretionary

function immunity. Accordingly, we now must revisit our treatment of sewage-system

maintenance as a discretionary function. We hold that, while the overall function of

maintaining a sewage system may be discretionary, certain narrower functions and duties

involved with sewage maintenance may be rendered ministerial through applicable statutes,

regulations, and/or ordinances. Accordingly, we remand this case to the Circuit Court of

Oktibbeha County for the plaintiff to address whether his premises flooded as a result of the

City’s fulfilling or its failing to fulfill a ministerial function or duty.

                         FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶3.      On February 27, 2009, the toilets, sinks, and tubs of Boroujerdi’s home in Starkville

overflowed from sewage backup after a heavy downpour of rain. Boroujerdi called the

Starkville water and sewage department to fix the problem. He walked outside to meet with

the workers, and as he was walking back to his house to show them the damage, he slipped

and fell in the raw sewage that had covered his driveway. Boroujerdi alleges that he suffered

serious injuries as a result of the fall. Boroujerdi brought suit against the City of Starkville,

averring that its reckless and negligent failure properly to maintain the sewer system had

                                                 2
proximately caused his physical injuries and damage to his property. He alleged that similar

problems had occurred on his property previously, and that the City “had been put on notice

of the problems but recklessly refused to make the necessary repairs.” Boroujerdi sought

compensation for medical bills and pain and suffering in the amount of $500,000.

¶4.    The City moved for summary judgment, arguing that maintaining its sewage system

is a discretionary function under Mississippi Code Section 21-27-189(b)1 and the City was

therefore immune from suit pursuant to Mississippi Code Section 11-46-9(1)(d).2 The City

attached an affidavit from its mayor, Parker Wiseman, stating that, to his knowledge, the City

had not violated any ordinance, state or federal regulation, or any waste-removal and

treatment permit with respect to its sewage system. In response, Boroujerdi argued that

“Starkville accepted the responsibility for repairing Plaintiff’s sewage problems and thus

owed Plaintiff a duty of reasonable care in their efforts.” He did not cite any potential

ordinance, state or federal regulation, or waste-removal or treatment permit, the violation of

which may have caused his house and lot to be flooded with sewage.

¶5.    The trial court granted the City’s motion for summary judgment, citing this Court’s

then-recent holding in Fortenberry, which specifically held that a municipality is immune



       1
        “A municipality, . . . is authorized and empowered, in the discretion of its
governmental authorities . . . [t]o construct, operate, and maintain sewerage systems, sewage
treatment facilities, and sewage disposal systems in the manner and to the extent required
by the metropolitan area plan.” Miss. Code Ann. § 21-27-189(b) (Rev. 2007) (emphasis
added).
       2
        “A governmental entity and its employees acting within the course and scope of their
employment or duties shall not be liable for any claim . . . [b]ased upon the exercise or
performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty on the part
of a governmental entity . . . .” Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9(1)(d) (Rev. 2012).

                                              3
from suit for negligent maintenance of its sewage system under Section 11-46-9(1)(d)

because maintaining such a system is a discretionary function of the municipality. See

Fortenberry, 71 So. 3d at 1204. Boroujerdi appealed, asking this Court to overrule its

holding in Fortenberry and hold instead that a municipality has a ministerial duty to maintain

its own sewage system once it decides to construct one.

¶6.    This Court requested and received supplemental briefing from the parties to address

our intervening decision regarding discretionary function immunity in Little v. Mississippi

Department of Transportation, 129 So. 3d 132 (Miss. 2013), and what effect, if any, state

and federal statutes and regulations related to the disposal of sewage may have upon our

determination of whether sewage-system maintenance is a ministerial or discretionary

function.

                               STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶7.    This Court conducts de novo review of a trial court’s determination that a

governmental entity is immune under the Mississippi Tort Claims Act (MTCA).

Fortenberry, 71 So. 3d at 1199 (¶ 7) (citing City of Jackson v. Harris, 44 So. 3d 927, 931

(Miss. 2010)). Additionally, when reviewing a grant of summary judgment, this Court

employs a de novo standard of review. Anglado v. Leaf River Forest Prods., 716 So. 2d

543, 547 (¶ 13) (Miss. 1998). We must consider all of the evidence “in the light most

favorable to the non-moving party.” Palmer v. Anderson Infirmary Benevolent Ass’n, 656

So. 2d 790, 794 (Miss. 1995) (internal citations omitted). However, the nonmoving party

“must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial,” and cannot

simply “rest upon the mere allegations or denials of his pleadings.” M.R.C.P. 56(e).

                                              4
                                         ANALYSIS

¶8.    The sole issue on appeal, as stated by Boroujerdi, is “whether a municipality that

controls and operates a sewage system has a ministerial duty to repair and maintain the

sewage system . . . or whether . . . the municipality has discretion . . . to repair and maintain

the sewage system so as to provide the municipality with immunity from liability under

Mississippi Code Section 11-46-9.” Boroujerdi urges this Court to adopt the reasoning of

Presiding Justice Randolph’s dissent in Fortenberry, 71 So. 3d at 1204 (¶ 28), and overrule

the Court’s decision, which held that a municipality’s duty to maintain its sewage system is

a discretionary one, and thus is one that provides immunity from tort liability to the

municipality under the MTCA.

¶9.    The City argues that this issue was conclusively decided in Fortenberry, and that the

facts in this case are even more compelling for a finding of immunity under the MTCA than

those in that case. In Fortenberry, 71 So. 3d at 1201 (¶ 14), the plaintiffs relied in part on

an ordinance which required all sewage pipes in the City of Jackson to be of a certain

diameter. Here, “there was no city ordinance which positively imposed upon the City of

Starkville the duty to operate and maintain a sewage system.” The City included an affidavit

of Starkville’s mayor, Parker Wiseman, stating that “no city ordinance had been violated with

respect to Starkville’s operation of its sewage system. . . .” The affidavit further stated that,

to the mayor’s knowledge, “the City of Starkville has not violated any state or federal

regulation or law or any of its waste-removal and treatment permits with respect to its

operation of the sewage system, and no such violation has been alleged.” The City argues




                                               5
that this Court’s holding in Fortenberry is directly applicable to this case, and that the trial

court was therefore correct in holding that summary judgment for the City was appropriate.

       1.     Fortenberry v. City of Jackson

¶10.   Since Boroujerdi asks this Court to overrule Fortenberry, a summary of that case will

be instructive. The properties of two sets of plaintiffs were damaged when sewage backup

flooded their homes due to heavy rain.3 Id. at 1198 (¶ 3). The plaintiffs sued the City of

Jackson (Jackson), and the trial court granted summary judgment because it found that

Jackson’s maintenance of its sewage system was a discretionary function and, therefore, the

MTCA immunized the City from tort liability. Id. at 1198 (¶ 4). The Court of Appeals held

that an ordinance that mandated the size of sewage pipes that could be installed in the

municipality made the duty to maintain the sewage system ministerial rather than

discretionary and reversed the grant of summary judgment. Fortenberry v. City of Jackson,

71 So. 3d 1211, 1217-18 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010). This Court granted certiorari and reversed

the Court of Appeals, with a plurality of four justices holding that the ordinance mandating

pipe diameters did not apply to the neighborhoods in which the plaintiffs lived, that the duty

to maintain the sewage system was discretionary, and that Jackson was therefore immune

under the MTCA. Fortenberry, 71 So. 3d at 1203-04.

¶11.   In reaching its decision, the plurality relied on the application of the two-part public-

policy function test. Id. at 1199-1202. Historically, this Court has used that test “to determine

if governmental conduct is discretionary so as to afford the governmental entity immunity.”


       3
       The suits stemmed from separate incidents at two different domiciles, but the cases
were consolidated because the Court considered the same question of law in each.

                                               6
Miss. Transp. Comm’n v. Montgomery, 80 So. 3d 789, 795 (¶ 20) (Miss. 2012) (quotation

omitted). Under the test, the Court first determines “whether the activity in question involved

an element of choice or judgment[,]” and, if so, “whether that choice or judgment involved

social, economic, or political-policy considerations.”Id. If the duty or activity which forms

the basis of the suit “is not imposed by law and depends upon the judgment or choice of the

government entity or its employee[,]” then the duty or activity is discretionary. Pratt v.

Gulfport-Biloxi Reg’l Airport Auth., 97 So. 3d 68, 72 (¶ 9) (Miss. 2012) (citing

Montgomery, 80 So. 3d at 795).

¶12.   In Fortenberry, the Court determined that the first prong of the two-part test was

satisfied because the plain language of Section 21-27-189(b) permitted a municipality, in its

discretion, to maintain a sewage system. Fortenberry, 71 So. 3d at 1200 (¶ 10). The second

prong was satisfied because “operating and maintaining sewage systems clearly implicate,

specifically, both economic and social policy.” Id. at 1202 (¶ 18). As both prongs were

satisfied, the Court held that discretionary function immunity applied to sewage-system

maintenance.

       2.      Discretionary function immunity since Fortenberry.

¶13.   This Court’s treatment of discretionary function immunity pursuant to Section 11-46-

9(d) has changed drastically since it decided Fortenberry. That change began in Little, 129

So. 3d at 132, in which we confronted the issue of whether a governmental entity enjoyed

immunity for its exercise of discretionary acts done in the performance of a ministerial

function. In that case, three motorists sued the Mississippi Department of Transportation

(MDOT), alleging that it had negligently maintained a road across which a pine tree had

                                              7
fallen. Id. at 134 (¶ 1). MDOT asserted immunity under the MTCA, claiming that road

maintenance is a discretionary function. Id. at 134 (¶ 3). The circuit court and the Court of

Appeals agreed. Id.

¶14.   This Court reversed, holding that, while the acts involved in maintaining rights-of-way

are discretionary, the function of maintaining the rights-of-way was ministerial, and

therefore, under the facts presented in Little, MDOT was not immune from civil liability.

There, the statute at issue, Section 65-1-65, affirmatively required that MDOT “shall . . .

maintain all highways. . . .” Id. at 135 (¶ 6). Without relying upon the public-policy function

test, the Court held that “[i]t is the function of a governmental entity—not the acts performed

in order to achieve that function—to which immunity does or does not ascribe under the

MTCA.” Id. at 138 (¶ 10).

¶15.   More recently, we decided Brantley, 152 So. 3d at 1106, which greatly changed the

manner in which this Court analyzes discretionary function immunity. After analyzing the

plain language of the discretionary function immunity statute, Section 11-46-9(d), and its

clear directive that immunity attaches to function rather than acts, as stated in Little, this

Court formally abolished the public-policy function test. Id. at 1112-13 (¶¶ 19-20). Instead,

we held that determining the overarching discretionary function at issue is only the first step

in the analysis. Id. at 1114 (¶ 26). “The Court then must examine any narrower duty

associated with the activity at issue to determine whether a statute, regulation, or other

binding directive renders that particular duty a ministerial one, notwithstanding that it may

have been performed within the scope of a broader discretionary function.” Id. at 1115 (¶

26). We went on to hold that “a plaintiff may defeat sovereign immunity, even when a

                                              8
governmental entity’s act furthered a discretionary function or duty, when the plaintiff proves

that the act also furthered a more narrow function or duty which is made ministerial by

another specific statute, ordinance, or regulation promulgated pursuant to lawful authority.”

Id. at 1115 (¶ 28).

¶16.   The Court’s task in Brantley, therefore, was to determine whether the alleged act of

negligently unloading a patient from a city-owned ambulance fell under a discretionary

function entitling the municipality to immunity. Id. at 1116 (¶ 33). The Court held that,

initially, a city was imbued with the discretion to “own, maintain, and operate an ambulance

service” pursuant to the clear statutory language of Mississippi Code Section 41-55-1. Id.

However, our analysis did not end there. We held that, because much of the activity of a city-

run ambulance service is subject to the ministerial regulations of the State Board of Health,

once a city has decided to operate and maintain its own ambulance service, “it is subject to

several ministerial statutes and regulations which remove the municipality’s discretion from

many functions and duties and render such functions and duties ministerial.” Id. at 1116 (¶

34). Ultimately, the Court remanded the case to the trial court for a determination of whether

the plaintiff could point to a regulation, ordinance, or statute which would render the act of

removing a person from an ambulance subject to a ministerial function or duty within the

larger discretionary function of the city’s having decided to establish a municipal ambulance

service. Id. at 1118 (¶ 39).

¶17.   Our abolition of the public-policy function test is at odds with our analysis of sewage-

system maintenance in Fortenberry. As we no longer utilize the test which the Court

employed to hold that sewage maintenance was a discretionary function in that case, we now

                                              9
must analyze the issue in accord with our current standard for the determination of

governmental discretionary function immunity.4

       3.       Sewage maintenance as a discretionary function

¶18.   Sewage maintenance is rendered discretionary by statute.

       A municipality, as defined in Section 21-27-163, is authorized and
       empowered, in the discretion of its governmental authorities, to exercise the
       following powers and authority within the area and territories comprising the
       metropolitan area of which it is a part:

       ...

       (b) To construct, operate and maintain sewage systems, sewage treatment
       facilities and sewage disposal systems in the manner and to the extent required
       by the metropolitan area plan.

Miss. Code Ann. § 21-27-189 (Rev. 2007) (emphasis added).

¶19.   If the duty or activity which forms the basis of the suit “is not imposed by law and

depends upon the judgment or choice of the government entity or its employee,” then the

duty or activity is discretionary. Pratt, 97 So. 3d at 72 (¶ 9) (quoting Montgomery, 80 So.

3d at 795). The duty to maintain a sewage system is not imposed by law upon municipalities.

The language of Section 21-27-189 explicitly leaves it to the discretion of municipalities

whether and how to maintain their sewage systems, if any. Accordingly, sewage

maintenance, as a general function, is discretionary. This, in fact, is similar in principle to the

statute 5 rendering a city ambulance service a discretionary function in Brantley. Our task



       4
        As for the dissent’s suggestion that we are ignoring stare decisis, our treatment of
discretionary function immunity comports with the current law of Mississippi, as the
mandate has issued in Brantley v. City of Horn Lake, 152 So. 3d 1106 (Miss. 2014).
       5
           Miss. Code Ann. § 41-55-1 (Rev. 2013).

                                                10
now, pursuant to our holding in Brantley, is to consider whether there are narrower functions

or duties concomitant to the general discretionary function of sewage maintenance that have

been rendered ministerial through statute, ordinance, or regulation.

¶20.   There are. Sewage systems must comply with the Federal Water Pollution Control Act

(the “Act”), a statute which makes it unlawful to discharge raw sewage into the environment.

The Act requires publicly owned sewage-treatment works to establish effluent limitations and

to abide by those limitations. 33 U.S.C.A. § 1311 (2009). According to the Congressional

Research Service,6 “[u]nder this act, federal jurisdiction is broad, particularly regarding

establishment of national standards or effluent limitations. . . . [T]he federal government sets

the agenda and standards for pollution abatement, while states carry out day-to-day activities

of implementation and enforcement.” Claudia Copeland, Clean Water Act: A Summary of the

Law, http://crs.ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/10May/RL30030.pdf (last viewed February 11,

2014). The federal government sets the standards; and, although the states have some

discretion with respect to how they will meet those standards, they have no choice but to

comply. Accordingly, the function of maintaining a sewage system to maintain compliance

with the Act is a ministerial function that is set within the larger discretionary function of

general sewage creation and maintenance.

¶21.   Additionally, the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ)

regulates the permits required to operate wastewater-treatment facilities and wastewater



       6
       “The Congressional Research Service (CRS) works exclusively for the United States
Congress, providing policy and legal analysis to committees and Members of both the House
and Senate, regardless of party affiliation.” http://www.loc.gov/crsinfo (last viewed February
11, 2014).

                                              11
polluters. See generally Miss. Admin. Code 11-6:1.1. Permits must be obtained before

wastewater treatment is begun by anyone. Miss. Admin. Code 11-6:1.1.1(B)(1) (“Any person

proposing a discharge of wastes to waters of the State . . . shall file an application in the case

of [a] . . . permit.”). To maintain a permit, and thus, the right to have a sewage system, “[t]he

permittee shall at all times properly operate, maintain, and when necessary, promptly replace

all facilities and systems of collection, treatment and control (and related appurtenances)

which are installed or used by the permittee to achieve compliance with the conditions of this

permit.” Miss. Admin. Code 11-6:1.1.4(A)(18) (emphasis added). So, an operator of a

sewage system must maintain that system in order to keep the permit which allows it to

operate that system.

¶22.   These administrative, ministerial regulations apply in much the same way with regard

to sewage maintenance as do the Department of Health regulations to city ambulance

services referenced in Brantley. The overarching discretionary function of sewage-system

maintenance, therefore, shelters several smaller functions and duties which may be

ministerial according to statute, regulation, or ordinance. Pursuant to Brantley, in order to

defeat sovereign immunity provided by the discretionary nature of sewage-system

maintenance in this case, the plaintiff must prove that the act which caused his property to

flood with sewage “furthered a more narrow function or duty . . . made ministerial by another

specific statute, ordinance, or regulation promulgated pursuant to lawful authority.” Brantley,

152 So. 3d at 1115 (¶ 28).

¶23.   Clearly, although the legislature granted to municipalities the discretion to maintain

their sewage systems initially, there remain many statutes and regulations which render

                                               12
ministerial certain more narrow functions of sewage-system maintenance. Operators of

sewage systems in Mississippi generally obtain permits from the Mississippi Department of

Environmental Quality (MDEQ),7 the raw sewage contained in the sewage system must meet

water-quality effluent limitations,8 and all of this must be done within the boundaries

provided in the federal Clean Water Act.9 Several functions and duties involved in sewage

maintenance and operation are ministerial, and if a plaintiff can show that his or her injuries

were caused by the government’s act or failure to act in furtherance of one or more of such

ministerial functions, that plaintiff can proceed with his or her claim.

       4.       Boroujerdi’s Suit

¶24.   In Brantley, the act which caused the injury—unloading a patient from an

ambulance—was easy to identify. In this case, it is the City’s alleged failure to act which

Boroujerdi claims caused his damages. He alleges that the City acted recklessly and with

gross negligence by “failing to make adequate, necessary repairs to the sewer system while

having knowledge of the necessity of same.” The City moved for summary judgment and

attached an affidavit from its mayor stating that no ordinance required the city to maintain

the sewage system, and that he knew of no ordinance, state or federal regulation, or permit

requirement which had been violated in relation to Boroujerdi’s flooded home and injuries.

In response to the motion for summary judgment, Boroujerdi failed to identify any ordinance

or regulation or permit requirement which would have rendered the City’s inaction subject


       7
           See generally Miss. Admin. Code 11-6:1.1.
       8
           See generally Miss. Admin. Code 11-6:1.2.
       9
           33 U.S.C.A. § 1311 (2009).

                                              13
to a ministerial function. He simply reiterated that, once the City had decided to build a

sewage system, the duty to maintain it became ministerial. He stated that the City’s failure

to use reasonable care to repair his sewage problems proximately caused his injuries.

¶25.   Boroujerdi has failed to point to any statute, regulation, or ordinance which would

render the City’s alleged negligent inaction subject to a ministerial function. He had the

opportunity to do so in response to Mayor Wiseman’s affidavit stating that the City had not

violated any statutes or regulations in relation to Boroujerdi’s flooding. Instead, Boroujerdi

chose simply to argue that the City’s duty to maintain its sewage system was ministerial once

it had decided to create a sewage system. Under our holding in Brantley, Boroujerdi’s claim

must fail unless he can prove that the City’s negligence in failing to repair the sewage system

involved a function or duty made ministerial by a statute, regulation, or other binding

directive.

¶26.   Boroujerdi has failed to do so, thus far. However, as our treatment of discretionary

function immunity changed significantly in consequence of Brantley, we find that it would

be patently unfair to affirm summary judgment in the City’s favor without Boroujerdi’s

having an opportunity to attempt to conform his complaint and proof to this Court’s current

approach to discretionary function immunity. Sewage-system maintenance is presumptively

discretionary and entitled to immunity. But on remand, if Boroujerdi can prove that the

City’s alleged inaction in repairing the sewage system was related to a more narrow function

made ministerial by statute, ordinance, regulation, or other binding directive, then he may

proceed with his claim. If not, the City is entitled to immunity under Section 11-46-9(d), as

the overarching function of sewage maintenance is a discretionary one.

                                              14
                                       CONCLUSION

¶27.   Municipal sewage maintenance generally is a discretionary function. However, several

narrower functions and duties associated with sewage maintenance are mandated by statute

or regulation and thus are ministerial and removed from discretionary function immunity. If

Boroujerdi can prove that the City was engaged in a ministerial function, as described in this

decision, in relation to his flooding and damages, he may proceed with his claim.

Accordingly, the grant of summary judgment in favor of the City of Starkville is reversed,

and the case is remanded to the Circuit Court of Oktibbeha County for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

¶28.   REVERSED AND REMANDED.

    DICKINSON, P.J., LAMAR, KING AND COLEMAN, JJ., CONCUR.
WALLER, C.J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY
RANDOLPH, P.J., CHANDLER AND PIERCE, JJ.

       WALLER, CHIEF JUSTICE, DISSENTING:

¶29.   Because I would find that Starkville is not entitled to discretionary-function immunity

in this case, I must respectfully dissent.

¶30.   As explained in my separate opinion in Brantley v. City of Horn Lake,152 So. 3d

1106 (Miss. 2014), this Court has followed the analysis of the federal courts in analyzing

discretionary-function immunity under the Mississippi Tort Claims Act (“MTCA”) for the

last fifteen years. See Jones v. Miss. Dep’t of Transp., 744 So. 2d 256, 260 (Miss. 1999)

(citing U.S. v. Gaubert, 499 U.S. 315, 322, 111 S. Ct. 1267, 113 L. Ed. 2d 335 (1991),

abrogated on other grounds by Strange ex rel. Strange v. Itawamba County Sch. Dist., 9

So. 3d 1187, 1192 (Miss. 2009)). The reason for this decision is simple: the MTCA’s

                                             15
discretionary-function exception is identical to its counterpart in the Federal Tort Claims Act,

and it is not only logical, but beneficial, to apply our statute in the same manner as the federal

courts have done. Compare Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9(1)(d) (Rev. 2012) with 28 U.S.C.

2680(a) (2006). The Legislature has declined to correct this Court’s interpretation of the

discretionary-function exception, even though Section 11-46-9 has been amended since our

adoption of the public-policy function test in Jones. See 2007 Miss. Laws Ch. 582 § 21.

¶31.   The majority’s opinion today departs from this precedent without regard for the

fundamental legal doctrine of stare decisis. The doctrine of stare decisis “proceeds from that

first principle of justice, that, absent powerful countervailing considerations, like cases ought

to be decided alike.” State ex rel. Moore v. Molpus, 578 So. 2d 624, 634 (Miss. 1991).

“Our application of stare decisis is necessary, inter alia, so that trial courts can make correct

decisions and lawyers can properly advise their clients.” United Servs. Auto. Ass’n v.

Stewart, 919 So. 2d 24, 30 (Miss. 2005).

       In stare decisis generally, we look for error, but, finding that, we look for more
       and we look largely in the area of public or widespread disadvantage.
       Ordinarily, we do not overrule erroneous precedent unless it is “pernicious,”
       Stone v. Reichman-Crosby Co., 43 So. 2d 184, 190 (Miss. 1949);
       “impractical,” Robinson v. State, 434 So. 2d 206, 210 (Miss. 1983) (Hawkins,
       J., concurring); or is “mischievous in its effect, and resulting in detriment to
       the public.” Childress v. State, 188 Miss. 573, 577, 195 So. 583, 584 (1940).
       We look for “evils attendant upon a continuation of the old rule.” Tideway Oil
       Programs, Inc. v. Serio, 431 So. 2d 454, 467 (Miss. 1983).

Molpus, 578 So. 2d at 635.        Furthermore, even where this Court determines a prior

interpretation of a statute to be incorrect, “we will nevertheless continue to apply the

previous interpretation, pursuant to the doctrine of stare decisis, upon finding the Legislature

amended or reenacted the statute without correcting the prior interpretation.” Caves v.

                                               16
Yarbrough, 991 So. 2d 142, 154 (Miss. 2008) (holding that stare decisis required adherence

to a judicially created discovery rule under the MTCA, where the Legislature had reenacted

the statute in question without countermanding this Court’s prior interpretations).

¶32.   A thorough review of the majority opinion reveals no mention of the Legislature’s

reenactment of Section 11-46-9 eight years after this Court’s holding in Jones, which serves

as evidence of the Legislature’s approval and incorporation of the public-policy function test

into the statute. See Caves, 991 So. 2d at 154. The majority does not explain how our

established rule for analyzing discretionary-function immunity is erroneous as an initial

matter. And even assuming arguendo that our prior interpretation of the law has been

incorrect, the majority fails to point out how our continued adherence to precedent is in any

way impractical, pernicious, mischievous in effect, or detrimental to the public. On the

contrary, I view our adoption of the public-policy function test as a well-reasoned decision

that should not be abandoned simply because some members of this Court do not agree on

its intricacies. Erasing fifteen years of precedent on this issue, on the other hand, is a careless

measure that will likely “create chaos for the trial bench and bar, which have a right to expect

consistency from this Court.” Stewart, 919 So. 2d at 30. Ultimately, though, the majority

is simply applying the first prong of the public-policy function test without saying so. To this

extent, I agree that an analysis of the first prong of the public-policy function test is

dispositive in this case. I would find that, under the statutes and regulations cited by the

majority, the City of Starkville’s maintenance of its sewage system fails this prong.

¶33.   Under the first prong of our public-policy function test, a duty is considered

ministerial rather than discretionary if “its performance [is] required at a time and in a

                                                17
manner or upon conditions which are specifically designated.” L.W. v. McComb Separate

Mun. Sch. Dist., 754 So. 2d 1136, 1141 (Miss. 1999). This Court has never held that every

governmental act related to sewage maintenance is discretionary, as the majority suggests.

In Fortenberry v. City of Jackson, 71 So. 3d 1196, 1203 (Miss. 2011), this Court found that

“[t]he plaintiffs alleged no law or regulation established by the MDEQ which sets forth a

specific procedure for operating and maintaining sewage systems.” 10 However, it is clear

from the majority’s own opinion that such laws and regulations do exist. The MDEQ

regulations cited by the majority require all operators of sewage systems to properly operate

and maintain their facilities at all times in compliance with their wastewater permits. See

Miss. Admin. Code § 11-6:1.1.4(A)(18). See also 40 C.F.R. § 122.41(e). This Court has

interpreted similar statutory language as imposing a ministerial duty of maintenance on a

governmental entity. See Little, 129 So. 3d at 135 (interpreting Section 65-1-65 of the

Mississippi Code, which provides, “It shall be the duty of the state highway commission to

have the state highway department maintain all highways . . . in such a way as to afford

convenient, comfortable, and economic use thereof by the public at all times,” as imposing

a ministerial duty). This regulatory language plainly requires sewage maintenance to be

performed at a specific time – “at all times” – and in a specific manner – “[i]n a manner and

to the extent required by the metropolitan area plan” and to “achieve compliance with the


       10
          The majority implicitly overrules Fortenberry to the extent that it relied on this
Court’s previously well-established test for analyzing discretionary-function immunity. See
Maj. Op. at ¶17. I simply would hold that Fortenberry cannot be read as a pronouncement
that all acts of municipal sewage maintenance are discretionary, as such an interpretation
would require the lower courts to ignore the very regulations cited by both myself and the
majority when analyzing these types of cases.

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conditions of the permit.” Miss. Admin. Code § 11-6:1.1.4(A)(18); Miss. Code Ann. § 21-

17-189(b) (Rev. 2007). Thus, sewage-system maintenance fails the first prong of the public-

policy function test, as the above regulatory scheme removes any element or choice or

judgment from the matter. See Berkovitz by Berkovitz v. U.S., 486 U.S. 531, 537, 108 S. Ct.

1954, 100 L. Ed. 2d 531 (1988). The majority’s disposal of the second prong of the public-

policy test is unwarranted, because a discussion of that prong is unnecessary for the

disposition of this case. Nevertheless, I stand firm in my belief that this Court should remain

faithful to precedent, absent strong countervailing considerations.

¶34.   For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent.

       RANDOLPH, P.J., CHANDLER AND PIERCE, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION.




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