      TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                       NO. 03-10-00129-CV



                Appellant, Old HH, Ltd.// Cross-Appellant, Mary Henderson

                                                  v.

  Appellee, Mary Henderson// Cross-Appellees, Old HH, Ltd.; Christopher Conyers and
                                  Yolanda Conyers


 FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF WILLIAMSON COUNTY, 368TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
        NO. 05-821-C368, HONORABLE BURT CARNES, JUDGE PRESIDING



                             MEMORANDUM OPINION


               Yolanda and Christopher Conyers sold Mary Henderson their house, which had been

built by Old HH, Ltd. After discovering alleged defects in the house, Henderson sued the Conyerses

and Old HH, asserting causes of action against the Conyerses for violations of the Deceptive Trade

Practices-Consumer Protection Act (DTPA), see Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. §§ 17.45, .50 (West

2011), common law fraud, statutory fraud, and negligent misrepresentation, and causes of action

against Old HH for violations of the DTPA, breach of the implied warranty of good workmanship,

and breach of the implied warranty of habitability. The Conyerses filed a counterclaim requesting

their attorneys’ fees under a provision of the sales contract permitting attorneys’ fees to be awarded

to “the prevailing party in any legal proceeding brought under or with respect to the transaction.”

Following a six-day trial, the jury found that Old HH breached the implied warranty of good

workmanship. The jury failed to make any liability findings against the Conyerses. The district
court rendered judgment that Henderson take nothing by way of her claims against the Conyerses

and awarded them their requested attorneys’ fees. The judgment also awarded Henderson $99,700 in

damages against Old HH plus pre-judgment interest. Both Old HH and Henderson appealed the

district court’s judgment. We will affirm the portion of the judgment awarding the Conyerses their

attorneys’ fees; we will reverse the portions of the judgment adjudicating Henderson’s claims against

Old HH and remand those claims to the district court for a new trial.


                      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

                The Conyerses purchased a single-family residence from the builder, Old HH, in

1996. In January 2002, the Conyerses and Henderson entered into a home sale contract (“the

Contract”) whereby the Conyerses conveyed the residence to Henderson. In her petition, Henderson

alleged that in September 2003 water began leaking into the residence from a “dead valley” located

above the front entry. She claims that subsequent mold testing revealed the presence of pathogenic

mold in the living room, home office, a bedroom, and the chimney area. Henderson hired an

engineer to inspect the house, and the engineer reported that there were numerous other construction

defects, including defects in the foundation and roof framing.

               Henderson sued Old HH alleging breaches of the implied warranty of good

workmanship and the implied warranty of habitability, breach of express warranties, negligence, and

DTPA violations. See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. §§ 17.46, .50 (West 2011). Henderson also

sued the Conyerses, asserting causes of action for negligent misrepresentation, fraud, statutory fraud,

and DTPA violations. Id. Henderson non-suited her claims against Old HH for breach of express




                                                  2
warranties, and the trial court granted Old HH’s motion for partial summary judgment on

Henderson’s DTPA and negligence claims.

               After a six-day trial, the jury found that Old HH breached the implied warranty of

good workmanship and awarded Henderson $85,000 to compensate her for the “reasonable cost of

repairs necessary to cure any construction defect,” $4,500 as reasonable and necessary engineering

and consulting costs, and $10,200 as the “reasonable expenses of temporary housing reasonably

necessary during the repair period.” The district court refused Henderson’s request to submit a

question to the jury asking whether Old HH violated the implied warranty of habitability. The jury

found in favor of the Conyerses on all issues related to the causes of action asserted against them.

After trial, the district court granted the Conyerses’ motion for judgment and for attorneys’ fees

pursuant to a provision in the Contract. The court rendered judgment that Henderson recover from

Old HH $99,700 in actual damages and $20,213 in pre-judgment interest, that Henderson take

nothing by her claims against the Conyerses, and that the Conyerses recover $83,700 in attorneys’

fees with additional amounts awarded conditioned on Henderson’s unsuccessful appeals to this Court

and the supreme court. This appeal followed.

               In its first two issues, Old HH contends that the district court erred by submitting a

question to the jury regarding breach of the implied warranty of good workmanship because (1) it

had disclaimed that warranty when it sold the residence to the Conyerses, and (2) the alleged defects

were discoverable by a reasonably prudent inspection, i.e., they were not latent. In its third and

fourth issues, Old HH challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the jury’s award of

damages to compensate Henderson for the cost of repairs to the residence, engineering and



                                                 3
consulting fees, and temporary housing. Henderson, as cross-appellant, challenges the district

court’s award of attorneys’ fees to the Conyerses, the exclusion of testimony from her expert witness

regarding the cost to repair her residence, and the court’s refusal to submit her question regarding

Old HH’s alleged breach of the implied warranty of habitability.


                                           DISCUSSION

               We first consider whether the district court erred in awarding the Conyerses their

attorneys’ fees. We will next address Henderson’s contention that the district court erred by refusing

to submit to the jury a question regarding Old HH’s breach of the implied warranty of habitability.

Our disposition of that issue renders consideration of the remaining appellate issues unnecessary.


Award of Attorneys’ Fees to the Conyerses

               At trial, the jury answered all liability questions regarding the Conyerses’ conduct

favorably to the Conyerses and against Henderson. Specifically, the jury failed to find that the

Conyerses made any negligent misrepresentation to Henderson and failed to find that they committed

fraud or statutory fraud against Henderson in the transaction. The jury also failed to find that the

Conyerses engaged in any false, misleading, or deceptive act or practice or engaged in any

unconscionable action or course of action that caused damages to Henderson.

               After trial, the Conyerses requested an award of their attorneys’ fees based on the

following provision in the Contract:




                                                  4
       17. ATTORNEYS FEES: The prevailing party in any legal proceeding brought
       under or with respect to the transaction described in this contract is entitled to recover
       from the non-prevailing party all costs of such proceeding and reasonable
       attorney’s fees.


The district court granted the motion and rendered judgment awarding the Conyerses attorneys’ fees

of $84,709.01 for trial, $20,000 in the event of an unsuccessful appeal by Henderson to the court of

appeals, and $20,000 in the event of an unsuccessful appeal by Henderson to the Texas Supreme

Court. In her first issue, Henderson contends that the court erred by awarding the Conyerses their

attorneys’ fees because “they sought no affirmative relief and were awarded none by the [j]udgment”

and therefore were not prevailing parties. We disagree.

               The Conyerses may recover attorneys’ fees under the contract if they were the

“prevailing party in any legal proceeding brought under or with respect to the transaction” described

in the contract. Henderson alleged that the Conyerses made misrepresentations or failed to make

proper disclosures with respect to the sale of the home to her. Thus, the suit is plainly “with respect

to” the home sale transaction described in the contract. The central question, then, is whether the

Conyerses were “prevailing parties.”

                Because the term “prevailing party” is undefined in the contract, we “presume the

parties intended the term’s ordinary meaning.” International Group P’ship v. KB Home Lone Star

L.P., 295 S.W.3d 650, 653 (Tex. 2009) (citing Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 565,

662 (Tex. 2005)). A prevailing party is the party “who successfully prosecutes the action or

successfully defends against it, prevailing on the main issue, even though not to the extent of its

original contention.” Johns v. Ram Forwarding, Inc. 29 S.W.3d 635, 637-38 (Tex. App.—Houston



                                                   5
[1st Dist.] 2000, no pet.) (citing City of Amarillo v. Glick, 991 S.W.2d 14, 17 (Tex. App.—Amarillo

1997, no pet.)). This Court has observed that “‘prevailing party’ status requires obtaining relief from

the court (e.g., ‘enforceable judgments on the merits and court-ordered consent decrees’) that effect

a ‘material alteration of the legal relationship of the parties.’” See Wibbenmeyer v. TechTerra

Commc’ns, Inc., No. 03-09-00122-CV, 2010 WL 1173072, at *10 (Tex. App.—Austin Mar. 26,

2010, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (citing Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc. v. West Va. Dep’t of

Health & Human Res., 532 U.S. 598, 603-05 (2001)). A prevailing party is one who is “vindicated

by the court’s judgment.” See Robbins v. Capozzi, 100 S.W.3d 18, 27 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2003, no

pet.). A party may be a “prevailing party” even if the party is not awarded damages so long as that

party is successful on the merits of the claim. See Fowler v. Epps, No. 03-08-00055-CV,

2010 WL 521109, at *3 (Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 10, 2010, pet. granted) (mem. op.) (citing Robbins,

100 S.W.3d at 27).

               The Conyerses, as defendants, did not seek recovery of any actual damages. Rather,

their sole purpose in the litigation was to defend themselves against Henderson’s causes of action.

The Conyerses prevailed in the trial court when the court rendered a take-nothing judgment in their

favor. That judgment effected a material alteration in the Conyerses’ legal relationship with

Henderson. Consequently, we hold they are entitled, under the “prevailing party” clause of the

Contract, to their attorneys’ fees for their defense of the claims asserted by Henderson related to the

home sale transaction. See Fitzgerald v. Schroeder Ventures II, LLC, No. 04-10-00471-CV,

2011 WL 1303276, at *5 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Apr. 6, 2011, pet. filed) (defendants who

obtained take-nothing judgment in their favor were prevailing parties entitled to recover attorneys’



                                                  6
fees under parties’ agreement); Silver Lion, Inc. v. Dolphin Street, Inc., No. 01-07-00370-CV,

2010 WL 2025749, at *18 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] May 20, 2010, pet. denied) (mem. op.)

(defendant awarded take-nothing judgment on breach of contract claim was prevailing party entitled,

under parties’ agreement, to recover attorneys’ fees for successfully defending claim against him).

We overrule Henderson’s first appellate issue.


Breach of the Implied Warranty of Habitability

               In her third issue, Henderson contends that the district court erred by refusing to

submit to the jury a requested issue regarding Old HH’s breach of the implied warranty of

habitability. Old HH counters that the court correctly refused to submit the question because, as a

subsequent purchaser of the home, the implied warranty of habitability does not extend to

Henderson. The supreme court has held, however, that the implied warranty of habitability, which

is implicit in the contract between the builder/vendor and the original purchaser, is automatically

assigned to a subsequent purchaser. Gupta v. Ritter Homes, Inc., 646 S.W.2d 168, 169 (Tex. 1983).

The supreme court reasoned:


       As between the builder and owner, it matters not whether there has been an
       intervening owner. The effect of the latent defect on the subsequent owner is just as
       great as on the original buyer and the builder is no more able to justify his improper
       work as to a subsequent owner than to the original buyer.


Id. Henderson’s status as a subsequent purchaser does not preclude her from recovering damages

under a breach of the implied warranty of habitability theory.

               Henderson requested the trial court to submit the following question to the jury:



                                                 7
       As to the subject house, did [Old HH] violate the implied warranty of habitability?
       You are hereby instructed that with regards to the construction of a house, the
       violation of the implied warranty of habitability means constructing or selling a house
       that was not suitable for human habitation.


Henderson contends that this question was submitted in substantially correct form and that the

question and instruction were supported by the pleadings and the evidence. Rule 278 of the Texas

Rules of Civil Procedure provides that “the court shall submit the questions, instructions and

definitions in the form provided by Rule 277, which are raised by the written pleadings and

evidence.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 278. This rule provides a substantive, non-discretionary directive to trial

courts requiring them to submit requested issues to the jury if the pleadings and any evidence support

them. Elbaor v. Smith, 845 S.W.2d 240, 243 (Tex. 1992). A trial court may refuse to submit a

question only if there is no evidence in the record to warrant its submission. Id. To determine

whether legally sufficient evidence supported Henderson’s implied warranty of habitability

submission, we must examine the record for evidence supporting submission of her question and

ignore all evidence to the contrary. Id.


       1. Evidence of latent defects

               The extension of the builder’s liability to subsequent purchasers under a breach of

implied warranty of habitability theory is limited to latent defects that manifest themselves after the

purchase and are not discoverable by the subsequent purchaser’s reasonably prudent inspection at

the time of sale. Gupta, 646 S.W.2d at 170 (Spears, J. concurring). Old HH argues that “the

evidence presented at trial, without question, demonstrated that the alleged defects in this case were

not latent.” We disagree.

                                                  8
               “Latent defects” are those that are not known by or expressly disclosed to the buyer.

See Centex Homes v. Buecher, 95 S.W.3d 266, 274 (Tex. 2002). In order to be covered by the

implied warranty of habitability, the alleged defect must have been unknown to Henderson and

not discoverable by a reasonably prudent inspection of the building at the time of sale. Gupta,

646 S.W.2d at 169. Henderson testified extensively regarding the defects in her home. She

explained that the roof of the house had a “dead valley,” which is a trough where two portions of the

roof meet. The slope of this dead valley was insufficient to permit water to run off the roof.

Rainwater accumulated in this dead valley until it either evaporated or was blown off by wind. The

flashing in the dead valley was also inadequate to prevent water intrusion. Henderson testified that

about one year after she purchased the house, several rooms experienced water intrusion as the result

of this structural defect. Water also came through the skylight and a bay window in the master

bedroom. The water intrusion required removal of the carpet, at which time Henderson noticed

cracks in the foundation. She testified that these cracks were not visible from the home’s exterior.

Henderson hired a forensic engineer to further inspect the house and learned that the shingles were

improperly layered causing the roof to leak; she also learned that the house was not built in

conformance with its plans and specifications. The evidence showing that a number of the defects

were not observable during a visual inspection of the home and that the water intrusion did not occur

until approximately one year after Henderson purchased the home constitutes some evidence that

the defects Henderson complained of were not discoverable by a reasonably prudent inspection. See

7979 Airport Garage, L.L.C. v. Dollar Rent A Car Sys., 245 S.W.3d 488, 503 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2007, pet. denied) (structural problems with expansion joints not discoverable at



                                                 9
inception of lease were latent defects); Exxon Corp. v. Butler Drilling Co., 508 S.W.2d 901, 904

(Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1974, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (latent defect is one that could not have

been discovered with ordinary care).

               Old HH argues, however, that a reasonably prudent inspection means an inspection

by a “reasonably prudent home inspector.” In its view, the buyer herself cannot conduct a

“reasonably prudent inspection” and, to demonstrate that the defects were latent, Henderson must

have established that a reasonably prudent inspection by a home inspector would not have discovered

them. We disagree. In Gupta, the supreme court explained that two of the reasons for extending the

implied warranty to subsequent purchasers are (1) “the buyer cannot, by reasonable inspection or

examination, discern such defects” and (2) “the buyer cannot normally rely on his own judgment in

such matters.” Gupta, 646 S.W.2d at 169 (emphases added). The implied warranty arises to protect

the purchaser from defects that she herself cannot discover by reasonable inspection. There is no

requirement that the defects be undiscoverable by a person with more knowledge or experience than

the buyer, such as a professional home inspector.

               Old HH points out that Henderson did hire a home inspector when she purchased the

house and that the inspector prepared a report of his findings, which he provided to Henderson.

Henderson, however, was unable to produce the entire report in discovery, which Old HH contends

gives rise to a rebuttable presumption that the report would be “unfavorable to” Henderson. We

understand Old HH to mean that it was entitled to a rebuttable presumption that the report disclosed

to Henderson the defects about which she now complains. We agree that if the report disclosed the

defects to Henderson, those disclosed defects would not be covered by the implied warranty. See



                                                 10
Centex Homes, 95 S.W.3d at 274 (latent defects are those that are not known by or expressly

disclosed to buyer). At trial, Henderson testified about the home inspection. She stated that during

his inspection the home inspector found some “negligible items that needed to be fixed—a total of

under $1,000.00.” Henderson further testified that the home inspector prepared a list of those items,

and that list was admitted into evidence at trial. Henderson stated that she and Christopher Conyers

“agreed to a price reduction to offset the cost of the nominal repairs that needed to be made that were

identified by the home inspection company.” At trial, Henderson asserted claims against the home

inspector alleging that he failed to discover the defects, and her expert witness testified that the home

inspector should have discovered them but did not. Henderson testified that she was not told that

there was any problem with the home’s foundation or roof. She stated that while the home inspector

was inspecting the property, she walked around the house and did not notice any problems with the

roof or foundation, nor any structural problems. Therefore, we conclude that the record contains

some evidence that Henderson did not know of the alleged defects, even after her own reasonably

prudent inspection of the residence, and that the alleged defects were not disclosed to her by her

home inspector at the time of sale.


        2. Evidence that premises were uninhabitable.

                Breach of the implied warranty of habitability occurs when the defect is of a nature

that will render the premises unsafe, unsanitary, or otherwise unfit for living therein. See Kamarath

v. Bennett, 568 S.W.2d 658, 661 (Tex. 1978). The nature of the deficiency, its effect on habitability,

the length of time for which it persisted, the age of the structure, and the area in which the premises

are located are all factors to be considered in deciding if there has been a breach of the warranty of

                                                   11
habitability. Id. The existence of a breach is usually a question of fact to be determined by the

circumstances of each case. Id. (citing Reese v. Diamond Housing Corp., 259 A.2d 112 (D.C. Ct.

App. 1969)). In the present case, the record contains evidence that engineering consultants hired by

Henderson to inspect the house after the alleged defects manifested themselves advised her that she

should move out of the house to protect herself. A report prepared by one of the consultants refers

to the unsafe condition of the house, including unsafe structures. There was also extensive testimony

regarding the presence of mold in the house. We conclude, therefore, that the record contains some

evidence that the house was unfit to live in and that it would have been unsafe for Henderson to

continue to live there.1

                Because the pleadings and evidence supported submission of the requested issue

regarding breach of the implied warranty of habitability, the trial court was required to submit the

question and erred in failing to do so. When matters are timely raised and properly requested as part

of a trial court’s charge, a judgment cannot be permitted to stand when a party is denied proper

submission of a valid theory of recovery raised by the pleadings and evidence. Exxon Corp. v. Perez,

842 S.W.2d 629, 631 (Tex. 1992). Consequently, this error requires that we reverse the district

court’s judgment and remand the case for a new trial of Henderson’s claims against Old HH. Id.

Because the court’s error relates only to Henderson’s claims against Old HH, and not to any claims

she asserted against the Conyerses, we reverse only the portions of the judgment adjudicating

Henderson’s claims against Old HH. Having sustained Henderson’s third appellate issue, for which


       1
          Old HH does not argue that the evidence that the house was uninhabitable was legally
insufficient to support submission of a question regarding breach of the implied warranty
of habitability.

                                                 12
she requested a remand to the district court for a new trial, we need not address either Henderson’s

remaining issue or the issues presented on appeal by Old HH.


                                          CONCLUSION

               The district court properly awarded the Conyerses attorneys’ fees pursuant to the

home sale contract between them and Henderson. Henderson does not challenge the district court’s

judgment that she take nothing by her claims against the Conyerses. Consequently we affirm those

portions of the judgment that award the Conyerses attorneys’ fees and costs of court. Having

concluded that the court erred by refusing to submit a question regarding Old HH’s breach of the

implied warranty of habitability, we reverse the portions of the district court’s judgment adjudicating

the claims between Henderson and Old HH and remand those claims to the district court for a

new trial.



                                               _____________________________________________

                                               J. Woodfin Jones, Chief Justice

Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Henson and Goodwin;
  Concurring and Dissenting Opinion by Justice Goodwin

Affirmed in Part, Reversed and Remanded in Part

Filed: July 27, 2011




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