                                                                                          03/06/2019
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT KNOXVILLE
                               January 16, 2019 Session

                                    IN RE D.V. ET AL.

                Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Hamilton County
                  No. 277713, 277714       Robert Philyaw, Judge
                      ___________________________________

                            No. E2018-01438-COA-R3-PT
                       ___________________________________

J.V. (mother) and R.W. (father) have two children together, D.V. (child 1) and S.W.
(child 2). In connection with a case involving the custody of the children, father attended
a hearing in the trial court. He brought his children to the courthouse. While there, he was
taken into custody and thereafter extradited to Michigan on outstanding warrants. Mother
was not able to care for the children. As a consequence, the children remained in
Hamilton County without a parent or legal guardian. The children were adjudicated
dependent and neglected and placed in the custody of the Department of Children’s
Services. Father was later convicted in Michigan on four counts of criminal sexual
conduct in the first degree; mother was identified as the victim. Father was sentenced to
serve a minimum of fifteen years in prison. In 2017, DCS filed a petition to terminate
mother and father’s parental rights. Mother did not oppose the termination, but father did.
The trial court found clear and convincing evidence to support DCS’s petition to
terminate the parties’ parental rights. By the same quantum of proof, the court also found
that termination is in the children’s best interest. Father appeals. We affirm.

       Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court
                            Affirmed; Case Remanded

CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. MICHAEL
SWINEY, C.J., and JOHN W. MCCLARTY, J., joined.

Ardena J. Garth, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant, R.W.

No appearance by or on behalf of mother, J.V.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter, and Erin A. Shackelford, Assistant
Attorney General, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Tennessee Department of
Children’s Services.


                                            -1-
Berry Foster, Chattanooga, Tennessee, Guardian ad Litem for D.V. and S.W.

                                                OPINION

                                                      I.

       The familial situation in this matter is atypical.1 Father began dating the mother of
J.V. when J.V. was approximately two-years old. Father and J.V.’s mother have two
children together. Beginning when J.V. was a pre-teen and continuing through her
teenage years, father engaged J.V. in sexual activity. In 2006, when J.V. was sixteen-
years old, she became pregnant with their son, child 1. He was born on March 31, 2007,
in Oakland, Michigan. No father was listed on the birth certificate.2

       When J.V. was eighteen-years old, she became pregnant with her and father’s
daughter, child 2. The child was born on April 9, 2009, in Catoosa County, Georgia.
Father was listed as the biological father on the birth certificate. Around this time, mother
and father had a formal live-in relationship.

       In 2010, mother and father separated. Mother and the children moved back to
Michigan. While in Michigan, mother disclosed to a mental health counselor that father
had sexual relations with her when she was a teenager. Following this disclosure, in
2011, mother made a formal complaint to Michigan police regarding the copulation that
occurred between her and father prior to her reaching the age of consent. Father was not
arrested until 2015.

       In 2014, mother decided she was unable to properly care for the children. She gave
the children to father. He brought them from Michigan to live with him in Tennessee. On
January 26, 2015, Tennessee’s Hamilton County Juvenile Court granted father temporary
custody of the children pending a home study. On June 1, 2015, father returned to court
for further hearing on his custody petitions; he was arrested there on outstanding
Michigan warrants stemming from four counts of “criminal sexual conduct in the first
degree.” He was extradited to Michigan.

      Following father’s arrest, the children were present in Hamilton County,
Tennessee without an effective parent or legal guardian. The court therefore found clear
and convincing evidence that the children were dependent and neglected and committed
them to DCS custody. The court further held that DCS was not the original petitioner and
had no opportunity to provide preventative services; that there was clear and convincing
evidence to believe the children were dependent and neglected within the meaning of the
        1
          To avoid confusion, we will continue to refer to mother as “J.V.” rather than “mother” in the
first two paragraphs of this section. After that period, I will refer to her as “mother.”
        2
            On July 13, 2017, father was determined to be child 1’s biological father by DNA testing.

                                                     -2-
law; that there was no less drastic alternative to removal; and that it was contrary to the
best interest of the children to remain in the care, custody, and control of father. Father
has remained in custody since his arrest.

       On December 3, 2015, father was found guilty on all four counts by a Michigan
jury. On January 15, 2016, he was sentenced to serve a minimum of fifteen years and a
maximum of thirty years in prison. On August 15, 2017, the Michigan Court of Appeals
affirmed father’s convictions; on April 3, 2018, the Supreme Court of Michigan denied
his application for leave to appeal. His earliest possible release date is June 1, 2030.

       DCS informed mother that her children were in their custody. Mother still lived in
Michigan, so they mailed her a copy of the permanency plan and the criteria for
termination of parental rights. The children were placed in foster care in Tennessee. The
court later ratified the permanency plans set by DCS.

       DCS testified that mother made little to no progress on the permanency plan from
August 2015 to April 2017. Mother never visited the children in person. She was offered
transportation assistance to visit and attend hearings in Tennessee, but she routinely
declined all offers. Mother attended some mental health treatment for her PTSD, but
never on a consistent basis. Mother is not employed; she instead receives Social Security
Supplemental Income for her PTSD and arthritis diagnoses. Furthermore, in 2015, mother
had a baby who tested positive at birth for marijuana and opiates. As a result, DCS added
an alcohol and drug assessment requirement to the permanency plan. Mother never
completed the assessment.

       Due to mother’s lack of progress on the permanency plan, DCS testified that they
sought a suitable placement for the children with another family member. DCS inquired
into maternal grandfather’s ability to take custody of the children. The request was denied
because maternal grandfather lacked adequate space for the two children, and because he
was already caring for another grandchild.

       The children were ultimately placed with foster parents. The foster parents have
bonded with the children and wish to adopt them should that opportunity become
available. DCS testified that the children are thriving in their new environment and
disrupting their present stability would be devastating. Accordingly, on May 31, 2017,
DCS filed a petition to terminate both mother and father’s parental rights. On May 9,
2018, a hearing was held.

       The court heard telephonic testimony from father and mother, and in-person
testimony from three representatives of DCS and the foster mother. Mother testified “that
she would not contest the termination of her parental rights…and acknowledged that
termination of her parental rights is in the best interest of the children.” The DCS
representatives testified regarding mother’s failure to visit the children in person, her

                                            -3-
failure to meet the requirements of the permanency plan, her failure to maintain adequate
housing, and her failure to receive the mental health treatment that she needs for her
PTSD. The court noted that a DCS representative testified that there were “many
concerns regarding [mother’s] stability, her history with [CPS3] in Michigan, and her
decision to send the subject children to Tennessee to live with [father].” The court
ultimately sustained termination of mother’s parental rights

                 upon the grounds of abandonment–failure to visit, substantial
                 noncompliance with the permanency plan, and failure to
                 assume custody or financial responsibility…

        As to father, a DCS representative testified that it was difficult to maintain contact
with father due to his incarceration in Michigan. Nonetheless, at father’s request, DCS
mailed him letters, pictures, and drawings from the children. Father testified regarding his
convictions and that he is serving a lengthy prison sentence. He acknowledged that child
2 was less than eight-years old at the time of his sentencing. He testified that he has
remained in custody since his initial arrest in 2015. Father testified that, prior to his
incarceration, he was involved in the children’s lives. He was at prenatal visits, doctor
visits, and was present for the birth of both children. He testified that his attempts to
establish paternity for child 1 were frustrated by mother, but that he never denied he was
the child’s father. Father has not seen the children since he was arrested. He testified that
a no-contact order prevents him from maintaining a relationship with the children.

       The court heard testimony evincing that the children have bonded with their foster
parents. The children are purportedly thriving in their foster home and are receiving
proper physical, dental, and mental health care. The children are confused regarding their
family and have questions:

                 [s]pecifically, the children have asked why their half-sibling
                 [] looks so much like their mother []. [The social worker]
                 explained that [father] had a child with [mother’s] mother [].
                 Therefore, [half-sibling] is not only the subject children’s
                 half-sibling, but also their aunt.

The foster parents have placed the children in therapy to professionally address some of
these issues. Foster mother testified that the children have matured and responded well to
the therapy. She testified that the children will still mention father from time to time
when a memory is triggered.

      The trial court held that DCS had proven by clear and convincing evidence the
ground of ten (10) year sentence, pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(6), as to

       3
           Child Protective Services.

                                              -4-
child 2. The court held that DCS had proven by clear and convincing evidence the ground
of persistent conditions, pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3), as to both child 1
and child 2. The court held, pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i), that it is in the
children’s best interest for termination to be granted. As is relevant to the present appeal,
the court held that:

              [the parents] have not made changes in their conduct or
              circumstances that would make it safe for the children to
              return home… Specifically, [father] remains incarcerated…
              [father] has not seen the children since being arrested on June
              1, 2015, and he will not be eligible for release from
              incarceration until the children have reached adulthood…
              there is no meaningful relationship between [parents] and
              children… changing caregivers at this stage of the children’s
              lives will have a detrimental effect on the children. The
              children have been placed together in the same pre-adoptive
              home since October 2015, where they are thriving and are
              bonded to the foster family…

(Paragraph numbering omitted.) The court terminated mother and father’s parental rights.
Father appeals.

                                             II.

              Whether the juvenile court erred in holding that the DCS had
              proven persistence of conditions by clear and convincing
              evidence.

              Whether the juvenile court erred in holding that the DCS had
              shown by clear and convincing evidence that termination of
              father’s parental rights was in the best interest of the children.

                                             III.

       A parent has a fundamental right, based on both the federal and state constitutions,
to the care, custody, and control of his or her child. Stanley v. Ill., 405 U.S. 645, 651
(1972); In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 250 (Tenn. 2010); Nash-Putnam v. McCloud,
921 S.W.2d 170, 174-75 (Tenn. 1996). While this right is fundamental, it is not absolute.
The State may interfere with a parent’s rights in certain circumstances. In re Angela E.,
303 S.W.3d at 250. Our legislature has listed the grounds upon which termination
proceedings may be brought. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g) (2018). Termination
proceedings are statutory, In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 250; Osborn v. Marr, 127
S.W.3d 737, 739 (Tenn. 2004), and a parent’s rights may be terminated only where a

                                             -5-
statutory basis exists. Jones v. Garrett, 92 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tenn. 2002); In the Matter
of M.W.A., Jr., 980 S.W.2d 620, 622 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998).

       To terminate parental rights, a court must determine by clear and convincing
evidence the existence of at least one of the statutory grounds for termination and that
termination is in the child’s best interest. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c); In re
Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002). “Clear and convincing evidence enables
the fact-finder to form a firm belief or conviction regarding the truth of the facts, and
eliminates any serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of these factual
findings.” In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586, 596 (Tenn. 2010) (citations omitted).
Unlike the preponderance of the evidence standard, “[e]vidence satisfying the clear and
convincing standard establishes that the truth of the facts asserted is highly probable.” In
re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 861 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).

        Once a ground for termination is established by clear and convincing evidence, the
trial court conducts a best interest analysis. In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 251 (citing
In re Marr, 194 S.W.3d 490, 498 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005)). “The best interest[ ] analysis is
separate from and subsequent to the determination that there is clear and convincing
evidence of grounds for termination.” Id. at 254. The existence of a ground for
termination “does not inexorably lead to the conclusion that termination of a parent’s
rights is in the best interest of the child.” In re C.B.W., No. M2005-01817-COA-R3-PT,
2006 WL 1749534, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App., filed June 26, 2006).

       We are required to review all of the trial court’s findings with respect to grounds
and best interest. In re Carrington, 483 S.W.3d 507, 525-26 (Tenn. 2016) (“[W]e hold
that in an appeal from an order terminating parental rights the Court of Appeals must
review the trial court’s findings as to each ground for termination and as to whether
termination is in the child’s best interest[ ], regardless of whether the parent challenges
these findings on appeal.”)

       The Supreme Court has stated our standard of review:

              An appellate court reviews a trial court’s findings of fact in
              termination proceedings using the standard of review in Tenn.
              R. App. P. 13(d). Under Rule 13(d), appellate courts review
              factual findings de novo on the record and accord these
              findings a presumption of correctness unless the evidence
              preponderates otherwise. In light of the heightened burden of
              proof in termination proceedings, however, the reviewing
              court must make its own determination as to whether the
              facts, either as found by the trial court or as supported by a
              preponderance of the evidence, amount to clear and
              convincing evidence of the elements necessary to terminate

                                            -6-
              parental rights. The trial court’s ruling that the evidence
              sufficiently supports termination of parental rights is a
              conclusion of law, which appellate courts review de novo
              with no presumption of correctness. Additionally, all other
              questions of law in parental termination appeals, as in other
              appeals, are reviewed de novo with no presumption of
              correctness.

Id. at 523-24 (internal citations omitted). “When a trial court has seen and heard
witnesses, especially where issues of credibility and weight of oral testimony are
involved, considerable deference must be accorded to . . . the trial court’s factual
findings.” In re Adoption of S.T.D., No. E2007-01240-COA-R3-PT, 2007 WL 3171034,
at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App., filed Oct. 30, 2007) (citing Seals v. England/Corsair Upholstery
Mfg. Co., Inc., 984 S.W.2d 912, 915 (Tenn. 1999)).

                                             IV.

                                             A.

       Tennessee law permits a court to terminate parental rights when:

              [t]he parent has been confined in a correctional or detention
              facility of any type, by order of the court as a result of a
              criminal act, under a sentence of ten (10) or more years, and
              the child is under eight (8) years of age at the time the
              sentence is entered by the court.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(6). Accordingly, the court must hold by clear and
convincing evidence that (1) father is sentenced to detention for ten or more years, and
(2) the child at issue was under eight years of age when the sentence was entered.

        Child 2 was born on April 9, 2009. On January 15, 2016, father was sentenced to a
minimum of fifteen years in prison. His attempts to appeal the conviction have failed.
Simple math dictates that child 2 was less than eight years old when father received his
lengthy prison sentence. Therefore, clear and convincing evidence exists to support the
trial court’s finding as to terminating father’s parental rights to child 2, pursuant to Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(6).

                                             B.

       Pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3), parental rights may be terminated
when: the conditions that led to the child’s removal still persist preventing the child’s safe
return to the care of the parent, there is little likelihood that these conditions will be

                                             -7-
remedied at an early date, and the continuation of the parent child relationship greatly
diminishes the child’s chances of integrating in a safe, stable, and permanent home. See
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g). The child must have been removed from the home or the
physical or legal custody of a parent/guardian for a period of six (6) months by a court
order entered following a petition alleging that the child is a dependent and neglected
child. Id.

       On June 1, 2015, the children were removed from father’s custody because he was
arrested for criminal sexual conduct against the children’s mother. As noted elsewhere in
this opinion, at that time the children were left in Tennessee without a parent or legal
guardian and were adjudicated dependent and neglected. The children have been in DCS’
custody since that time. As of the May 31, 2017 petition, the children had been removed
for well over the required six months.

       Father has remained in custody since his arrest, and therefore the conditions that
led to removal persist. There is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied,
because father was convicted and his attempts to appeal were unsuccessful. His earliest
release date from prison is June 1, 2030. By that time, the younger of the two children
will be twenty-one years old. Furthermore, father’s lengthy incarceration renders him
unable to provide the children with a home.

       We hold, as a matter of law, that the evidence found by the trial court amounts to
clear and convincing evidence supporting termination of father’s parental rights, to child
1 and child 2, based on persistent conditions.

                                             V.

       We now focus on whether termination is in the children’s best interest. When
considering the issue of “best interest,” we are guided by the statutory factors set forth in
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i). The list found therein is not exhaustive, and there is no
requirement that all of the factors be present before a trial court can determine that
termination of parental rights is in a child’s best interest. State Dep’t of Children’s Servs.
v. B.J.N., 242 S.W.3d 491, 502 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007) (citing State Dep’t of Children’s
Servs. v. P.M.T., No. E2006- 00057-COA-R3-PT, 2006 WL 2644373, at *9 (Tenn. Ct.
App., filed Sept. 15, 2006)).

        In addition, “[t]he child’s best interest must be viewed from the child’s, rather than
the parent’s, perspective.” In re Marr, 194 S.W.3d 490, 499 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005)
(citing White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 194 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004)). Once a parent has
been found to be unfit, the interests of the parent and the child diverge. While
the parent's interests do not evaporate upon a finding of unfitness, Santosky v.
Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 1394–95, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982), the focus
of the proceedings shifts to the best interests of the child. In re Marr, 194 S.W.3d at 498.

                                             -8-
       Father testified that, prior to his arrest, he spent a significant amount of time
bonding with the children. They would barbecue, visit and enjoy Tennessee’s beautiful
nature sites and parks, and sit down for family dinners at night. He taught the children
how to ride bicycles. He argued that the reason he has been unable to keep up with the
children’s current likes and dislikes is that the court ordered him to cease contact with the
children.

        Father testified that he loves his children; we do not doubt this is true.
Nonetheless, as noted above, our focus and paramount concern is not what is best for
father, but instead, what is in the best interest of the children. As the trial court correctly
found, while father may have previously had a relationship or bond with the children, this
has been substantially altered by his lengthy incarceration. Father acknowledged at trial
that he was not eligible for release from prison for at least twelve more years.

        Father’s incarceration precludes his ability to properly care and provide for the
children. He will not be able to rectify or otherwise alter his circumstances until 2030, at
the earliest; by that time the children will be adults. See Tenn. Code. Ann. § 36-1-
113(i)(1). His incarceration substantially inhibits his ability to maintain regular visitation
or other contact with the children. See Tenn. Code. Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(3). In addition, it
is clear that changing the children’s caretakers and physical environment at this point in
their lives is almost certain to have a negative effect on the children’s emotional and
psychological wellbeing. See Tenn. Code. Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(5). Allowing the children
to remain with their foster family, and opening up the potential for them to be adopted,
provides the children with their best chance for future stability.

       Accordingly, we hold, as a matter of law, that the evidence found by the trial court
to be credible amounts to clear and convincing evidence that termination of father’s
parental rights is in the children’s best interest.

                                             VI.

       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Costs on appeal are taxed to the
appellant, R.W. Case remanded for enforcement of the trial court’s judgment and
collection of costs assessed below.



                                                      _______________________________
                                                      CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., JUDGE




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