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                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]



             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 19-12545
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                  D.C. Docket No. 3:18-cr-00096-MCR-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                               Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

BRANDON ONEAL PREYER,

                                                          Defendant-Appellant.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Northern District of Florida
                      ________________________

                              (March 4, 2020)

Before BRANCH, GRANT, and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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         Brandon Preyer appeals his conviction for possession of firearms and

ammunition by a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Preyer

argues that the government’s evidence was insufficient to establish either that he

knowingly possessed the firearms and ammunition described in the indictment or

that he knew of his status as a convicted felon. We disagree, and therefore affirm.

                                            I.

         As part of an investigation that centered around Preyer’s girlfriend, Paola

Sotolongo, agents of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives

secured a warrant to search the house where Preyer and Sotolongo lived. During

the search, the agents found a 16-gauge shotgun, several 16-gauge shotgun shells,

and a loaded .22-caliber semi-automatic rifle in the bedroom that Preyer shared

with Sotolongo. Preyer, who had previously been convicted of several felony

offenses, was charged with possession of firearms and ammunition by a convicted

felon.

         Preyer proceeded to trial, where the government presented testimony from

Sotolongo, other witnesses who lived in the house with Preyer and Sotolongo at

the time of the search, three ATF agents, and a prisoner who had spoken with

Preyer while they both were held in the county jail. At the close of the

government’s case, Preyer moved for a judgment of acquittal on general grounds,

arguing that one of the witnesses was not credible. The district court denied the


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motion, and Preyer did not testify or present any evidence. The jury found Preyer

guilty as charged. After trial, Preyer renewed his motion for judgment of acquittal,

arguing that there was insufficient evidence to prove that he knowingly possessed

firearms and ammunition, and that the government had failed to prove the required

nexus between the ammunition and interstate commerce. The district court denied

Preyer’s renewed motion and later sentenced him to 24 months in prison followed

by one year of supervised release.

      On appeal, Preyer argues that the government presented insufficient

evidence for the jury to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that he knowingly

possessed the firearms and ammunition at issue. For the first time, he also argues

that the government failed to present sufficient evidence that he knew that one or

more of his previous convictions were for crimes that were punishable by

imprisonment for more than one year.

                                         II.

      We review a preserved challenge to “the sufficiency of the evidence de

novo, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and

drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the verdict.” United States v. Schier,

438 F.3d 1104, 1107 (11th Cir. 2006). “We will not overturn a conviction on the

grounds of insufficient evidence ‘unless no rational trier of fact could have found

the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” United States v.


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Wright, 392 F.3d 1269, 1273 (11th Cir. 2004) (quoting United States v. Christo,

129 F.3d 578, 579 (11th Cir. 1997)).

      When the defendant raises a claim challenging the sufficiency of the

evidence on a ground not argued below, however, we review the new claim for

plain error only. United States v. Joseph, 709 F.3d 1082, 1093 (11th Cir. 2013).

Plain-error review applies where, as here, the defendant filed a motion for

judgment of acquittal below but challenged the sufficiency of the evidence

supporting a different element of the crime, or supporting his conviction generally,

and failed to make the specific argument that he raises on appeal. See id. at 1103.

                                         III.

      Section 922(g)(1) prohibits the possession of firearms or ammunition by any

person who has been convicted of a crime punishable by imprisonment for more

than one year. To convict a defendant of a violation of this statute, “the

Government must prove both that the defendant knew he possessed a firearm and

that he knew he belonged to the relevant category of persons barred from

possessing a firearm.” Rehaif v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 2191, 2200 (2019). The

jury may infer a defendant’s knowledge from circumstantial evidence. See id. at

2198 (citing Staples v. United States, 511 U.S. 600, 615 n.11 (1994)); United

States v. Howard, 742 F.3d 1334, 1341 (11th Cir. 2014).




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                                         A.

      To show that Preyer knowingly possessed the firearms and ammunition, the

government “need not prove actual possession” but rather “need only show

constructive possession through direct or circumstantial evidence.” United States

v. Greer, 440 F.3d 1267, 1271 (11th Cir. 2006). Constructive possession requires

“knowledge of the thing possessed coupled with the ability to maintain control

over it or reduce it to his physical possession even though he does not have actual

personal dominion.” United States v. Derose, 74 F.3d 1177, 1185 (11th Cir. 1996)

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

      We readily conclude that the government met its burden of proof under these

standards. One of Preyer’s housemates, Brandon Ptomey, testified that he helped

Preyer move his belongings from Preyer’s father’s house when Preyer moved in

with Sotolongo about a month before the ATF search. According to Ptomey, one

of the items that Preyer brought with him when he moved was a shotgun that

Preyer said he had inherited from his father.

      Another of Preyer’s housemates, Steve Burleson, testified that Preyer came

to his room shortly after Preyer moved in, asking Burleson if he would store two

firearms in his closet. Preyer had a shotgun and what looked like a rifle in a soft

camouflage gun case. Burleson, who was also a convicted felon, refused to store

the guns, and Preyer promised that he would get rid of them.


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      ATF agents who participated in the search of the house testified that they

found the .22-caliber rifle in a soft camouflage gun case in the master bedroom

closet. The rifle was loaded, and there was a single 16-gauge shotgun shell in the

case with the rifle. The agents found the 16-gauge shotgun under the mattress in

the master bedroom and several more 16-gauge shotgun shells in a storage

container that also held men’s clothing and documents bearing Preyer’s name. The

agents also found a wallet containing Preyer’s identification card and Social

Security card on a shelf next to the bed in the master bedroom.

      Sotolongo testified that she shared the bedroom where agents found the

firearms and ammunition with Preyer. She also testified that the firearms and

ammunition were not hers, and that she was not aware that they were being stored

in the bedroom until the agents found them there.

      The government also called Deangelo Black, a federal prisoner who had

encountered Preyer when they were both in holding at the county jail after Preyer’s

arrest on the gun-possession charges. According to Black, Preyer said that he had

possessed a firearm but he did not think that the government would be able to

prove possession because there were no fingerprints on the firearm and Preyer did

not think that Sotolongo or any of his other housemates would testify against him.

Preyer said that one of the guns was a .22-caliber rifle, and one was a shotgun that

his father had left him.


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      This evidence was sufficient to prove Preyer’s constructive possession of the

firearms and ammunition. Ptomey’s testimony that Preyer told him about the

shotgun and Burleson’s testimony that he saw Preyer with both firearms were

sufficient for a reasonable jury to conclude that Preyer knew about the firearms.

And evidence that Preyer owned the shotgun, that the firearms and ammunition

were found in Sotolongo and Preyer’s room with his other belongings, and that the

guns did not belong to Sotolongo was sufficient to prove that he had the ability to

maintain control of the weapons and take physical possession of them at any time.

                                           B.

      Because Preyer did not challenge the sufficiency of the government’s

evidence that he knew of his status as a convicted felon in the district court, we

consider that argument under the plain-error standard. See Joseph, 709 F.3d at

1103. Under that standard, we may correct an unpreserved error that is plain or

obvious and affects the defendant’s substantial rights, but we will do so only if the

error also “seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial

proceedings.” United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 631 (2002) (alteration in the

original) (citation omitted). To show that an error affected his substantial rights,

Preyer “must show there is a reasonable probability that, but for the error, a

different outcome would have occurred; and a reasonable probability is a

probability ‘sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.’” United States v.


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Margarita Garcia, 906 F.3d 1255, 1267 (11th Cir. 2018) (citation omitted), cert.

denied sub nom. Garcia v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 2027 (2019). He cannot make

that showing here.

      Under Rehaif, the failure to include Preyer’s knowledge of his status as a

felon in the indictment, to require the government to prove that knowledge beyond

a reasonable doubt, and to instruct the jury that such knowledge was an element of

the crime was plain error. See Rehaif, 139 S. Ct. at 2200; United States v. Reed,

941 F.3d 1018, 1021 (11th Cir. 2019). But Preyer cannot show that there was a

reasonable probability that the outcome of his trial would have been different in the

absence of this error.

      At trial, the government introduced into evidence certified copies of Preyer’s

eight prior felony convictions, as well as matching fingerprint cards connecting

Preyer with those judgments. One of the judgments showed that Preyer had

entered a nolo contendere plea to five counts of grand theft auto and two counts of

burglary of an unoccupied structure and had been sentenced to 24 months in state

prison on each count (to be served concurrently). This evidence was sufficient to

establish beyond a reasonable doubt that Preyer knew that one or more of his prior

crimes was “punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year,” 18

U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), especially when considered in conjunction with the evidence

that Preyer tried to store the firearms in Burleson’s closet. Furthermore, according


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to the presentence investigation report (PSR), Preyer in fact served more than one

year of his 24-month sentence in prison for the grand theft auto and burglary

convictions. See Reed, 941 F.3d at 1021–22 (we “may consult the whole record

when considering the effect of any error on [the defendant’s] substantial rights,”

including facts in the PSR to which the defendant raises no objection (citation

omitted)). “Because the record establishes that [Preyer] knew he was a felon, he

cannot prove that the errors affected his substantial rights or the fairness, integrity,

or public reputation of his trial.” Id. at 1022.

                                          IV.

      The evidence presented at trial was sufficient to permit a rational trier of fact

to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Preyer was guilty of possessing a firearm as

a convicted felon. We therefore affirm.

      AFFIRMED.




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