17‐831
Estremera v. United States


                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                      August Term 2019

           (Argued: November 15, 2019                Decided: December 9, 2019)

                                          No. 17‐831

                             ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

                                      NELSON ESTREMERA

                                      Petitioner‐Appellant

                                              ‐v.‐

                                  UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                      Respondent‐Appellee.

                             ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

Before:          LEVAL, LIVINGSTON, and BIANCO, Circuit Judges.

       Petitioner Nelson Estremera filed a motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his
sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Estremera principally argues that his prior
Connecticut state convictions for first‐ and second‐degree robbery do not
categorically qualify as violent felonies under the force clause of the Armed Career
Criminal Act (“ACCA”). Based on our decision in Shabazz v. United States, 912
F.3d 73 (2d Cir. 2019), we disagree. Accordingly, the judgment of the district
court is AFFIRMED.




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FOR PETITIONER‐APPELLANT:            CHARLES F. WILLSON, Federal Defender’s
                                     Office, Hartford, CT.

FOR RESPONDENT‐APPELLEE:             MARC H. SILVERMAN, Assistant United
                                     States Attorney, for John H. Durham, United
                                     States Attorney for the District of
                                     Connecticut, New Haven, CT.

DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judge:

      Petitioner Nelson Estremera appeals from a denial of his motion to vacate,

set aside, or correct his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255.      Estremera

principally argues that his prior Connecticut state convictions for first‐ and

second‐degree robbery do not categorically qualify as violent felonies under the

force clause of the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”) and, therefore, the

fifteen‐year minimum sentence mandated by the ACCA for individuals with three

prior qualifying convictions should not apply to him.     For the reasons stated

below, we disagree and affirm the judgment of the district court.

                                BACKGROUND

      On December 13, 2006, a jury found Estremera guilty of being a felon in

possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(e).   The

indictment identified three prior convictions: (1) first degree robbery and

attempted robbery, in violation of Connecticut General Statutes §§ 53a‐134(a)(3)




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and 53a‐49; (2) second degree robbery and conspiracy to commit robbery, in

violation of Connecticut General Statutes §§ 53a‐135(a)(1) and 53a‐48; and (3)

conspiracy to distribute more than 5 grams of cocaine base, 500 grams of cocaine,

and a quantity of heroin and marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and

846.   Based on these three prior convictions, the district court concluded that

Estremera fell within the ambit of the ACCA, which provides for a fifteen‐year

mandatory minimum sentence “[i]n the case of a person who . . . has three previous

convictions . . . for a violent felony or serious drug offense, or both . . . .” 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(e)(1). We affirmed Estremera’s sentence on direct appeal. United States v.

Estremera, 282 F. App’x 935, 939 (2d Cir. 2008).

       Following the Supreme Court’s decision in Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct.

2551 (2015), which invalidated the residual clause of the ACCA’s definition of

“violent felony,” Estremera initiated this collateral proceeding pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 2255.     He argued that his Connecticut robbery convictions did not

qualify as violent felonies under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B), and therefore his sentence

was improperly imposed.        The district court denied his petition but granted a

certificate of appealability. Estremera timely appealed.




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                                 DISCUSSION

      “We review de novo all questions of law relating to the district court’s

application of a federal sentence enhancement.”      United States v. Beardsley, 691

F.3d 252, 257 (2d Cir. 2012) (italics added). In determining whether an offense is

a violent felony under the ACCA’s force clause, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i), we

employ the categorical approach.     See Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 600

(1990).   Under the categorical approach, courts “focus solely on whether the

elements of the crime of conviction sufficiently match the elements of [the generic

crime], while ignoring the particular facts of the case.”   Mathis v. United States,

136 S. Ct. 2243, 2248 (2016). Where, however, a statute has “a more complicated

(sometimes called ‘divisible’) structure,” the modified categorical approach

applies. Id. at 2249. Under this approach, we may “look[] to a limited class of

documents (for example, the indictment, jury instructions, or plea agreement and

colloquy) to determine what crime, with what elements, a defendant was

convicted of.” Id.

      Our decision in Shabazz v. United States, 912 F.3d 73 (2d Cir. 2019), resolves

this appeal.    There, we held that Connecticut’s simple robbery statute,

Connecticut General Statute § 53a‐133, qualifies as a violent felony under the




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ACCA’s force clause.        Id. at 78.   As relevant to this appeal, Estremera was

convicted under Connecticut General Statute § 53a‐134(a)(3) (first‐degree robbery)

and Connecticut General Statute § 53a‐135(a)(1) (second‐degree robbery).

Section 53a‐134(a) enumerates different ways of committing first‐degree robbery,

but every manner of committing robbery defined therein requires that the

defendant commit “the crime of robbery as defined in section 53a‐133.” Conn.

Gen. Stat. § 53a‐134(a).     Similarly, Section 53a‐135(a) defines multiple ways of

committing second‐degree robbery, but the subsection under which Estremera

was convicted defines the crime in part as “commit[ting] robbery, as defined in

section 53a‐133.”1 Id. § 53a‐135(a)(1).

       In other words, the statutes under which Estremera was convicted require

that he have committed simple robbery. And, as noted above, simple robbery is

categorically a violent felony.     See Shabazz, 912 F.3d at 78 (“[A]ny violation of

§ 53a‐133 qualifies as an ACCA predicate.”); see also United States v. Bordeaux, 886


       1 Connecticut General Statute § 53a‐135(a)(2) does not appear to incorporate § 53a‐
133. The record of Estremera’s conviction—signed documents from the clerk of a
Connecticut state court—indicates that he was convicted under § 53a‐135(a)(1). See
United States v. Moreno, 821 F.3d 223, 228 (2d Cir. 2016) (quoting Shepard v. United States,
544 U.S. 13, 20–21 (2005)) (noting that, under the modified categorical approach, courts
may consider the charging document, plea agreement or colloquy or “some comparable
judicial record of this information”). Accordingly, we do not address whether § 53a‐
135(a)(2) qualifies as a violent felony.


                                             5
F.3d 189, 194 (2d Cir. 2018) (holding that § 53a‐134(a)(4) qualifies as a violent

felony under the ACCA). Accordingly, both of his convictions are themselves

categorically violent felonies.

      In an attempt to escape the bonds of our precedent, Estremera posits that

the Supreme Court’s decision in Stokeling v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 544 (2019),

narrowed the class of state robbery offenses that qualify as violent felonies as

compared to the analysis we undertook in Shabazz and, therefore, his convictions

do not qualify as violent felonies. There are two flaws with this argument.

      First, Estremera contends that Stokeling relied on the physical confrontations

between people inherent in robbery in concluding that Florida robbery was a

violent felony, whereas Shabazz focused on the threat of escalation.            As the

Supreme Court explained, robbery involves “overpower[ing] a victim’s will,” which

“necessarily involves a physical confrontation and struggle . . . that is itself capable

of causing physical pain or injury.” Stokeling, 139 S. Ct. at 553 (emphasis added)

(quotation marks and citation omitted). Our decision in Shabazz applies a similar

rationale: Connecticut robbery involves “tak[ing] property from the person of

another against the victim’s will” and that “face‐to‐face circumstance[] inherently

carr[ies] an implicit threat of escalation . . . capable of resulting in physical harm.”




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912 F.3d at 78 (emphasis added); see also Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a‐133 (defining

robbery as “us[ing] or threaten[ing] the immediate use of physical force upon

another person for the purpose of: (1) Preventing or overcoming resistance to the

taking of the property . . . ; or (2) compelling the owner of such property . . . to deliver

up the property . . . .” (emphasis added)). The underlying rationale of Stokeling

is consonant with Shabazz.

       Second, Stokeling relied substantially on Florida courts’ interpretation of that

state’s robbery statute.    See 139 S. Ct. at 549, 553–55.       Estremera identifies no

Connecticut case that supports his position. State v. Wright, 246 Conn. 132 (1998),

upon which he relies, does not suggest that Connecticut robbery may be

committed either without the use of force or without a physical confrontation.

And State v. Leggett, 94 Conn. App. 392, 402 (2006), which Estremera referred to at

oral argument, merely held that a defendant may commit robbery even if a co‐

conspirator is the one who contemporaneously threatens the use of force.                See

Wood v. Barr, 941 F.3d 628, 630 (2d Cir. 2019) (“[W]e reject Wood’s argument that

the Connecticut first‐degree robbery statute is overbroad because a conviction may

be predicated on another person’s display of a firearm.”). The court did not hold

that robbery may be committed without force or without overpowering a victim’s




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will. Nor do any of the other Connecticut cases that we have reviewed support

Estremera’s position.    See, e.g., State v. Blango, 102 Conn. App. 532, 539 (2007)

(noting that both subdivisions of § 53a‐133 “involve an intent to force or intimidate

the victim to yield his property so as to permit its taking or retention by the

defendant” (quoting State v. Torres, 82 Conn. App. 823, 834 (2004)) (brackets

omitted)); State v. Channer, 28 Conn. App. 161, 166 (1992) (“A larceny does not

constitute a robbery unless the force or threat of force is for the purpose of coercing

the victim in the manner described in General Statutes § 53a‐133.”). We know of

no Connecticut case applying “the statute in such a manner to show that there is a

realistic probability that [Connecticut robbery] would reach the conduct

[Estremera] describes.”     United States v. Hill, 890 F.3d 51, 59 (2d Cir. 2018)

(quotation marks and citation omitted).        Thus, Estremera’s challenge to his

sentence fails.

                                  CONCLUSION

      We have considered Estremera’s remaining arguments and find them to be

without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.




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