                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     August 15, 2017
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                    No. 331267
                                                                     Berrien Circuit Court
TOSHI EDWARD WILLINGHAM,                                             LC No. 2015-002016-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: BOONSTRA, P.J., and RONAYNE KRAUSE and SWARTZLE, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant appeals by right his convictions, following a jury trial, of assault with intent to
commit murder (AWIM), MCL 750.83, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a
felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. The trial court sentenced defendant as a fourth-offense
habitual offender, MCL 769.12, to consecutive prison terms of 2 years for felony-firearm and 30
to 90 years for AWIM. We affirm.

                   I. PERTINENT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        On May 11, 2015, Ashley Davis went to J&B’s Liquor Store (J&B’s) with Demetrious
Howard and Kashmir Zahoui. Davis spoke with her cousin, Angela Hemphill, in J&B’s parking
lot. While Davis and Hemphill were talking, Zahoui told Davis that defendant, whom Davis had
dated in the past, was behind her. Davis wanted to avoid defendant because she had fought with
defendant’s sister just a few days before. She returned to Howard’s car, but defendant
confronted her before she could leave.

       Hemphill testified that an argument between defendant and Davis ensued and that as
Howard began driving away, Davis called defendant or his sister a “bitch,” and in response
defendant took out a firearm and started shooting at Howard’s car as it drove away. Because
Davis was unavailable for trial, Benton Harbor Public Safety Department Officer Benjamin
Ingersoll testified to Davis’s account of the events as relayed to him during an interview
conducted shortly after the shooting. According to Ingersoll, Davis indicated that she and
Howard were leaving J&B’s parking lot when defendant pulled out a gun and started shooting at
Howard’s car.

       Howard was also unavailable for trial, but a recording of his preliminary examination
testimony was played for the jury. Howard testified that defendant was not the man who had

                                                 -1-
shot at his car. Rather, the man who had shot at the car later approached Howard, identified
himself as “Boo Man,” apologized, and offered to pay for damages to the vehicle. Ingersoll
testified, to the contrary, that when he interviewed Howard about the shooting, Howard stated
that an unnamed person had come up to his car before the shooting and said to him, “Drive off,
I’m gonna shoot,” at which point Howard drove from the parking lot and the person shot at
Howard’s car. Ingersoll also testified that Howard never mentioned a person named “Boo Man”
at any point after the shooting.

        Davis called 911 from Howard’s car. A recording of the 911 call was played for the jury.
In the call, Davis stated that defendant had shot at her and that she was not going back to J&B’s
because she did not think that it was safe. Ingersoll met Davis at her home while another officer
went to J&B’s to secure the scene. At Davis’s home, Ingersoll interviewed Davis and Hemphill,
and recorded those interviews with his body camera. Recordings of those interviews were
played for the jury. Ingersoll also investigated Howard’s car at Davis’s home and confirmed that
four bullets had impacted the car.

        The officer who responded to J&B’s canvassed the parking lot and found seven shell
casings. Ingersoll also canvassed J&B’s at a later time and found an eighth shell casing. The
shell casings were sent to the Michigan State Police (MSP) for analysis. An expert in firearm
examinations testified that the casings were from nine-millimeter luger rounds that required a
nine-millimeter caliber luger firearm to fire.

        In an unrelated investigation, Benton Township Police Department Detective Brian Smit
found a gun during a search of the residence where a Daniel Autry was staying. Shortly before
the gun was found, defendant’s brother, Kayjuan Spears, was seen leaving the home. The gun
was sent to the MSP for analysis. An expert in firearm examinations testified that the gun was a
nine-millimeter caliber luger firearm capable of firing the ammunition from the casings that were
recovered at J&B’s. The expert further concluded, based on his examination of four of the eight
casings, that the ammunition was fired from the firearm that had been recovered by Smit. The
results of the examination of the other four casings were inconclusive.

        Defendant was subsequently interviewed by MSP Detective Sergeant Michael Logan.
According to Logan, defendant originally told him that he had purchased the gun for $150 from a
man nicknamed “Little Joe” and that he had sold the gun to Autry for $300 in May 2015.
However, in a subsequent interview, defendant said that those statements were not true and that
he had made them up to protect his brother, whom he knew was under investigation. Defendant
stated that the only time he had handled the gun was when his brother handed it to him and he
posed for a picture with it. That picture was entered into evidence at defendant’s trial.

       Before trial, the prosecution sought to admit, under MCL 768.27c, the recordings of the
911 call and Davis’s interview with Ingersoll. Defendant objected, arguing that Davis’s
statements did not meet any hearsay exception and that, even if they did, the admission of




                                               -2-
Davis’s statements would violate the Confrontation Clause.1 At a hearing on the matter, the trial
court granted the prosecution’s motion, and also held that Davis’s statements were admissible as
excited utterances and present sense impressions. The trial court also held that Davis’s
statements did not violate the Confrontation Clause because they were made to assist the police
in addressing an ongoing emergency.

       After the jury convicted defendant, he filed two motions regarding sentencing. First,
defendant objected to being treated as a fourth-offense habitual offender, because his
September 6, 2010 conviction for resisting and obstructing a police officer in Illinois was a
misdemeanor and therefore could not be counted as a prior felony, and because he did not have a
conviction for possession of marijuana in September 2012. Second, defendant contested
numerous alleged errors in his presentence investigation report (PSIR), and the scoring of several
sentencing guideline variables, including the assessment of 50 points for Offense Variable (OV)
6.

        At sentencing, the trial court did not address any of defendant’s challenges to the PSIR or
any scoring challenges, including defendant’s challenge to OV 6. The trial court only addressed
part of defendant’s challenge to his habitual offender status, determining that defendant’s
conviction for resisting and obstructing a police officer in Illinois could be considered a felony in
Michigan for habitual-offender purposes. After the trial court held that this conviction was a
felony, it concluded that defendant could be sentenced as a fourth-offense habitual offender.
When the trial court asked defense counsel whether he had any other additions or corrections,
defense counsel stated that the trial court had addressed each concern that defendant had raised
in his two motions as well as his objections to the PSIR. Defendant was then sentenced as
described. This appeal followed.

                            II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

        Defendant argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction of
AWIM. We disagree. “Challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence are reviewed de novo.”
People v Cline, 276 Mich App 634, 642; 741 NW2d 563 (2007). “To determine whether the
prosecutor has presented sufficient evidence to sustain a conviction, we review the evidence in
the light most favorable to the prosecutor and determine whether a rational trier of fact could find
the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” People v Smith-Anthony, 494 Mich 669, 676;
837 NW2d 415 (2013) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

        Our review of the sufficiency of the evidence is deferential. A “reviewing court is
required to draw all reasonable inferences and make credibility choices in support of the jury
verdict.” People v Gonzalez, 468 Mich 636, 640-641; 664 NW2d 159 (2003) (citation and
quotation marks omitted). “It is for the trier of fact, not the appellate court, to determine what
inferences may be fairly drawn from the evidence and to determine the weight to be accorded


1
  “The Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause provides that, “[i]n all criminal prosecutions,
the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him.” Crawford
v Washington, 541 US 36, 42; 124 S Ct 1354; 158 L Ed 2d 177 (2004).


                                                -3-
those inferences.” People v Hardiman, 466 Mich 417, 428; 646 NW2d 158 (2002). “The scope
of review is the same whether the evidence is direct or circumstantial.” People v Nowack, 462
Mich 392, 400; 614 NW2d 78 (2000). “Circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences
arising from that evidence can constitute satisfactory proof of the elements of a crime.” Id.
(citation and quotation marks omitted). “Even in a case relying on circumstantial evidence, the
prosecution need not negate every reasonable theory consistent with the defendant’s innocence,
but need merely introduce evidence sufficient to convince a reasonable jury in the face of
whatever contradictory evidence the defendant may provide.” Hardiman, 466 Mich at 423-424
(citation and quotation marks omitted).

        “The elements of assault with intent to commit murder are (1) an assault, (2) with an
actual intent to kill, (3) which, if successful, would make the killing murder.” People v Ericksen,
288 Mich App 192, 195-196; 793 NW2d 120 (2010) (citation and quotation marks omitted). In
this case, defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence showing his actual intent to kill.
“[A]n intent to kill for purposes of [AWIM] may not be proven by an intent to inflict great bodily
harm or a wanton and wilful disregard of the likelihood that the natural tendency of the acts will
likely cause death or great bodily harm.” People v Brown, 267 Mich App 141, 150; 703 NW2d
230 (2005) (citation and quotation marks omitted). But a “[d]efendant’s intent [can] be inferred
from any facts in evidence,” Ericksen, 288 Mich App at 196, including “the use of a deadly
weapon,” People v Henderson, 306 Mich App 1, 11; 854 NW2d 234 (2014), as well as

       the nature of the defendant’s acts constituting the assault; the temper or
       disposition of mind with which they were apparently performed, whether the
       instrument and means used were naturally adapted to produce death, his conduct
       and declarations prior to, at the time, and after the assault, and all other
       circumstances calculated to throw light upon the intention with which the assault
       was made. [Brown, 267 Mich App at 149 n 5 (citations and quotation marks
       omitted).]


“Because of the difficulty of proving an actor’s state of mind, minimal circumstantial evidence is
sufficient to establish a defendant’s intent to kill.” People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 231; 749
NW2d 272 (2008).

        In this case, evidence was presented that Davis had attempted to avoid a confrontation
with defendant. Before Davis could leave the area, however, defendant confronted her, pulled
out a handgun (a dangerous weapon, see Henderson, 306 Mich App at 11), and discharged the
weapon in Davis’s direction. Defendant thus used “an instrument and means” that were
“naturally adapted to produce death.” Brown, 267 Mich App at 149 n 5. Defendant fired eight
times, hitting the vehicle multiple times, which supports the inference that he intended to kill
someone in the car. Id. Testimony from several witnesses supports the conclusion that Davis
had had a serious fight with defendant’s sister in the days before the shooting and that
defendant’s actions in approaching Davis may have been motivated by his ill will towards her.
See Brown, 267 Mich App at 149 n 5. Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, Smith-Anthony, 494 Mich at 676, taking into consideration all reasonable inferences
arising from the evidence, Gonzalez, 468 Mich at 640-641, resolving all conflicts in favor of the
prosecution, People v Kanaan, 278 Mich App 594, 619; 751 NW2d 57 (2008), and deferring to

                                                -4-
the jury’s assessment of the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses,
Hardiman, 466 Mich at 428, a rational trier of fact could have found sufficient circumstantial
evidence, Unger, 278 Mich App at 231, to conclude that defendant intended to kill Davis.

        Defendant argues on appeal that defendant’s actions could also support the conclusion
that defendant intended to scare, rather than kill, Davis. However, “the prosecution need not
negate every reasonable theory consistent with the defendant’s innocence.” Hardiman, 466
Mich at 423-424. The evidence here was sufficient to allow a rational jury to convict defendant
of AWIM.

                               III. ADMISSION OF EVIDENCE

        Defendant also argues that Davis’s 911 call and her interview with Ingersoll contained
hearsay statements not subject to an exception and should not have been admitted at trial. We
disagree. We review for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s decision on the admission of
evidence. People v Benton, 294 Mich App 191, 195; 817 NW2d 599 (2011). “A trial court
abuses its discretion when its decision falls outside the range of reasonable and principled
outcomes.” People v Duncan, 494 Mich 713, 722-723; 835 NW2d 399 (2013). “Preliminary
questions of law, such as whether a rule of evidence or statute precludes the admission of
particular evidence, are reviewed de novo[.]” People v Bynum, 496 Mich 610, 623; 852 NW2d
570 (2014). The trial court’s findings of fact in support of an evidentiary ruling are reviewed for
clear error. People v Barrera, 451 Mich 261, 269; 547 NW2d 280 (1996). “A finding is clearly
erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court, on the whole
record, is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” People v
Dendel, 481 Mich 114, 130; 748 NW2d 859 (2008), amended 481 Mich 1201 (2008) (citation
and quotation marks omitted). Even if admitted in error, such an error “does not warrant reversal
unless after an examination of the entire cause, it shall affirmatively appear that it is more
probable than not that the error was outcome determinative.” People v Burns, 494 Mich 104,
110; 832 NW2d 738 (2013) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

        Hearsay is “a statement, other than the one made by the declarant while testifying at the
trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” MRE 801(c).
“Hearsay is generally prohibited and may only be admitted at trial if provided for in an exception
to the hearsay rule.” People v Gursky, 486 Mich 596, 606; 786 NW2d 579 (2010). In this case,
the trial court admitted the 911 call and Davis’s interview with Ingersoll under MCL 768.27c
(domestic violence exception), MRE 803(1) (present sense impression exception), and
MRE 803(2) (excited utterance exception).

         MCL 768.27c(1) allows a trial court to admit a statement (that may otherwise be hearsay)
if all of the following apply:

               (a) The statement purports to narrate, describe, or explain the infliction or
       threat of physical injury upon the declarant.

              (b) The action in which the evidence is offered under this section is an
       offense involving domestic violence.



                                                -5-
               (c) The statement was made at or near the time of the infliction or threat of
       physical injury. Evidence of a statement made more than 5 years before the filing
       of the current action or proceeding is inadmissible under this section.

              (d) The statement was made under circumstances that would indicate the
       statement’s trustworthiness.

               (e) The statement was made to a law enforcement officer.


MCL 768.27c(2) provides that circumstances relevant to the determination of trustworthiness
under MCL 768.27c(1)(d) include, but are not limited to, the following:

               (a) Whether the statement was made in contemplation of pending or
       anticipated litigation in which the declarant was interested.

              (b) Whether the declarant has a bias or motive for fabricating the
       statement, and the extent of any bias or motive.

              (c) Whether the statement is corroborated by evidence other than
       statements that are admissible only under this section.


       Defendant does not contest that MCL 768.27c(1)(a), (c), and (e) were satisfied, and the
record indicates that those requirements indeed were clearly satisfied. However, defendant
argues that MCL 768.27c(1)(b) was not satisfied because defendant was not “engaged in an
offense involving domestic violence.” We disagree.

      An “offense involving domestic violence” for purposes of MCL 768.27c(1)(b) is defined
in MCL 768.27c(5)(b) as follows:

       “Domestic violence” or “offense involving domestic violence” means an
       occurrence of 1 or more of the following acts by a person that is not an act of self-
       defense:

             (i) Causing or attempting to cause physical or mental harm to a family or
       household member.

               (ii) Placing a family or household member in fear of physical or mental
       harm.

              (iii) Causing or attempting to cause a family or household member to
       engage in involuntary sexual activity by force, threat of force, or duress.

              (iv) Engaging in activity toward a family or household member that would
       cause a reasonable person to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, threatened,
       harassed, or molested.



                                                -6-
A “[f]amily or household member” includes “[a]n individual with whom the person has or had a
dating relationship.” MCL 768.27c(5)(b)(iv) Defendant does not dispute that he had previously
been in a dating relationship with Davis, and that she was therefore a “family or household
member” under MCL 768.27c(5)(b)(iv). Rather, defendant appears to argue that he was not
engaged in an offense “involving domestic violence” because his conduct was in retaliation for
the fight between Davis and his sister, and was unrelated to his own relationship with Davis.

        However, the motivation for an offense is immaterial to whether it constitutes an “offense
involving domestic violence” for purposes of MCL 768.27c(1)(b) and MCL 768.27c(5)(b).
Moreover, an offense may “involve[] domestic violence” even though the defendant is not
charged with the crime of domestic violence. In People v Railer, 288 Mich App 213, 220; 792
NW2d 776 (2010), we held that assault with intent to commit great bodily harm less than murder
was an “offense involving domestic violence” because “[s]uch conduct constitutes ‘domestic
violence’ ” as defined by MCL 768.27b(5)(a). Railer, 288 Mich App at 220-221. Similarly in
this case, the offense with which defendant was charged (AWIM) arose out of conduct (shooting
eight times at his ex-girlfriend as she attempted to flee) that “involv[ed] domestic violence.”
Railer, 288 Mich App at 220-221. Accordingly, MCL 768.27c(1)(b) was satisfied.

        Defendant also contends that the trial court erred by admitting Davis’s statements under
MCL 768.27c because the statements were not trustworthy and therefore were admitted in
violation of MCL 768.27c(1)(d). The trial court never specifically addressed in its ruling
whether Davis’s statements were trustworthy. However, the trial court noted that the statements
were corroborated by physical evidence, and it ultimately held that they were admissible under
MCL 768.27c, thus necessarily (albeit impliedly) finding the statements to be trustworthy.
Defendant asserts that, because Davis did not testify at any hearings, the trial court lacked a basis
on which to conclude that she was not biased or did not have a motive for fabricating her
statements. See MCL 768.27c(2)(b) (stating that one factor to consider in determining
trustworthiness was possible bias or motive). Defendant argues that there was actually evidence
to conclude the opposite, i.e., that Davis had a motive to fabricate her story and implicate
defendant, because of the recent physical altercation between Davis and his sister. However,
there is no evidence in the record, beyond the mere fact that the fight occurred, to support this
assertion. To the contrary, the evidence suggests that by attempting to leave the vicinity after
learning of defendant’s presence, Davis sought to avoid any type of involvement with defendant.

        Even if there were evidence that Davis may have been biased or may have had a motive
to fabricate her story, proof of the factors that are specifically listed in MCL 768.27c(2) is not
required for a finding of trustworthiness. Rather, MCL 768.27c(2) is merely a “nonexclusive list
of possible circumstances that may demonstrate trustworthiness.” People v Meissner, 294 Mich
App 438, 449; 812 NW2d 37 (2011) (holding that “a lack of proof on the subsections [of
MCL 768.27c(2)] did not require the trial court to exclude the statements”). With regard to the
other listed factors, there is nothing in the record to indicate that Davis made the statements in
anticipation or contemplation of litigation. MCL 768.27c(2)(a). And there was ample evidence
that corroborated Davis’s story: her 911 call matched the statement that she gave to Ingersoll;
Hemphill reported largely the same series of events as did Davis; shell casings were found in the
parking lot of J&B’s; and four bullets had impacted the car. MCL 768.27c(2)(c). The trial court
also considered other evidence that tended to indicate the trustworthiness of the statements, such
as the amount of time between when the events occurred and when the victim gave her

                                                -7-
statement, and the victim’s agitated and upset demeanor when making her statements. See
Meissner, 294 Mich App at 449 (stating that a trial court could consider factors outside of
MCL 768.27c(2) when determining whether a victim’s statements were trustworthy).
Considering all the circumstances, the trial court did not err by finding that Davis’s statements in
the 911 call and to Ingersoll were admissible under MCL 768.27c.

       Further, because we hold that the evidence was properly admitted under the domestic
violence exception, MCL 768.27c, any error in admitting Davis’s statements under MRE 803(1)
and 803(2) would be harmless. See Gursky, 486 Mich at 620-621.

        Defendant additionally argues that the admission of the 911 call and Davis’s interview
with Ingersoll violated his right of confrontation. We disagree. Whether the admission of
evidence “violate[s] a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right of confrontation is a question of
constitutional law that this Court reviews de novo.” People v Nunley, 491 Mich 686, 696-697;
821 NW2d 642 (2012).

       The protections of the Confrontation Clause apply “only to statements used as substantive
evidence.” People v Fackelman, 489 Mich 515, 525; 802 NW2d 552 (2011). “In particular, one
of the core protections of the Confrontation Clause concerns hearsay evidence that is
‘testimonial’ in nature.” Nunley, 491 Mich at 697-698, citing Crawford v Washington, 541 US
36, 51; 124 S Ct 1354; 158 L Ed 2d 177 (2004). Statements “are testimonial when the
circumstances objectively indicate that there is no [] ongoing emergency, and that the primary
purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later
criminal prosecution.” Davis, 547 US at 822. In contrast, “[s]tatements are nontestimonial when
made in the course of police interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that the
primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing
emergency.” Id. “To determine whether the ‘primary purpose’ of an interrogation is ‘to enable
police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency,’ which would render the resulting statements
nontestimonial, [reviewing courts] objectively evaluate the circumstances in which the encounter
occurs and the statements and actions of the parties.” Michigan v Bryant, 562 US 344, 359; 131
S Ct 1143; 179 L Ed 2d 93 (2011) (citation omitted).

        In this case, Davis’s 911 call was clearly made with the primary purpose of assisting in
an ongoing emergency. Davis called to inform the police of the shooting. Davis made the call
immediately after the shooting occurred. Davis’s call appeared to be “a call for help against a
bona fide physical threat” as opposed to “a narrative report of a crime absent any imminent
danger,” which supports finding that the call was made to address an ongoing emergency. Davis,
547 US at 827. Moreover, Davis was so agitated by the events that the trial court, in listening to
the 911 recording, had difficulty understanding her at times, tending to show that the statements
were made “in an environment that was not tranquil, or even (as far as any reasonable 911
operator could make out) safe.” Id. at 827. Consequently, Davis’s 911 call was not admitted in
violation of the Confrontation Clause because the primary purpose of the call was to objectively
seek “to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency.” Id. at 828.

       Similarly, the admission of Davis’s statements to Ingersoll did not violate the
Confrontation Clause. When Ingersoll responded to Davis’s residence, all he knew was that
there were shots fired near J&B’s. When he questioned Davis, she told him that defendant had

                                                -8-
shot at her, but she did not say why defendant had done so. Ingersoll’s subsequent questioning
of Davis was objectively necessary to address an ongoing emergency. See Bryant, 562 US at
360. Ingersoll was aware that defendant was still at large and had a gun, see id. at 364 (stating
that “the duration and scope of an emergency may depend in part on the type of weapon
employed”), but was uncertain of defendant’s motivation for shooting at Davis and whether this
was an isolated incident, see id. at 372 (stating that it was significant in that the police were
unsure of whether “the cause of the shooting was a purely private dispute or that the threat from
the shooter had ended” in determining whether there was an ongoing emergency). Ingersoll was
therefore confronted with an ongoing emergency because he was uncertain whether defendant
posed an ongoing risk to the public. See id. at 370-371 (stating that “the existence and duration
of an emergency depend on the type and scope of danger posed to the victim, the police, and the
public.”). Defendant’s location was unknown when Ingersoll questioned Davis. See id. at 374
(stating that a finding of an ongoing emergency is supported if the threat’s location remained
unknown). Accordingly, Ingersoll’s questions to Davis were “the exact type of questions
necessary to allow the police to ‘ “assess the situation, the threat to their own safety, and possible
danger to the potential victim” ’ and to the public,” id. at 376 (quoting Davis, 547 US at 832),
and did not violate defendant’s right of confrontation.

                                IV. SENTENCING VARIABLES

        “Offense variable 6 is the offender’s intent to kill or injure another individual.”
MCL 777.36(1). A trial court is to assess 50 points under OV 6 if “[t]he offender had
premeditated intent to kill.” MCL 777.36(1)(a). Defendant challenges the trial court’s scoring
of OV 6, arguing that it should have been scored at 25 points instead of 50 points.2 We disagree.
“Under the sentencing guidelines, the [trial] court’s factual determinations are reviewed for clear
error and must be supported by a preponderance of the evidence.” People v Hardy, 494 Mich
430, 438; 835 NW2d 340 (2013). “Whether the facts, as found, are adequate to satisfy the
scoring conditions prescribed by statute, i.e., the application of the facts to the law, is a question
of statutory interpretation, which an appellate court reviews de novo.” Id. “Clear error exists if
the reviewing court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.”
People v Miller, 482 Mich 540, 544; 759 NW2d 850 (2008) (citation and quotation marks
omitted).

       A jury’s decision that a defendant had the requisite intent to kill for purposes of AWIM
does not reach the issue of whether the intent was premeditated. People v Steanhouse, 313 Mich
App 1, 41; 880 NW2d 297 (2015), aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds ___ Mich ___
(2017). “Premeditation, which requires sufficient time to permit the defendant to take a second



2
  We note that there appears to be a second volume of the sentencing transcript from the lower
court. This Court requested that transcript, and defendant failed to provide it to this Court.
Defendant was responsible for providing that transcript on appeal. MCR 7.210(B)(1)(a). Failure
to provide a relevant transcript “constitutes a waiver.” People v Anderson, 209 Mich App 527,
535; 531 NW2d 780 (1995). Nonetheless, we address defendant’s argument with reference to
the record that is before this Court.


                                                 -9-
look, may be inferred from the circumstances surrounding the killing.” People v Coy, 243 Mich
App 283, 315; 620 NW2d 888 (2000). “[B]ut the inferences must have support in the record and
cannot be arrived at by mere speculation.” Steanhouse, 313 Mich App at 41. Factors that may
be considered in determining premeditation include “(1) the previous relationship between the
defendant and the victim; (2) the defendant’s actions before and after the crime; and (3) the
circumstances of the killing itself, including the weapon used and the location of the wounds
inflicted.” Id. at 40-41 (citation and quotation marks omitted).

        Evidence was presented that, in the days leading up to the shooting, Davis had been in a
serious fight with defendant’s sister. As a result, when Davis became aware of defendant’s
presence at J&B’s, she attempted to leave. However, rather than letting Davis leave, defendant
confronted her. Defendant was carrying a firearm when he approached Davis, and he discharged
the firearm eight times in her direction, both of which support a finding of premeditation. See
Coy, 243 Mich App at 315. Based on all the facts and circumstances, there was sufficient
evidence to conclude that defendant acted with premeditation, and the trial court properly
assessed 50 points for OV 6. Hardy, 494 Mich at 438. Further, defense counsel was not
ineffective in failing to object to the scoring of OV 6 at sentencing because an objection would
have been meritless. See People v Putman, 309 Mich App 240, 245; 870 NW2d 593 (2015)
(holding that defense counsel was “not ineffective for failing to raise meritless or futile
objections”).

                        V. HABITUAL OFFENDER ENHANCEMENT

       Defendant also argues that the trial court erred by sentencing him as a fourth-offense
habitual offender because he only had one prior felony conviction. We disagree. “[T]he proper
construction or application of statutory sentencing guidelines presents a question of law that is
reviewed de novo.” People v Mack, 265 Mich App 122, 125; 695 NW2d 342 (2005).
       Defendant first argues that the trial court relied on a non-existent possession of marijuana
conviction from September 12, 2012. A review of defendant’s PSIR reveals, however, that on
February 28, 2011 defendant pleaded to a charge of possessing 30 to 500 grams of marijuana,
and that he was sentenced to 2 years’ probation. That same charge indicates that, on September
12, 2012, defendant violated his probation and was subsequently sentenced to 18 months’
imprisonment. There is no other reference to September 12, 2012 in defendant’s PSIR.
Therefore, it appears that, for habitual offender purposes, two of the listed felonies (possession of
marijuana and a probation violation attendant to it) were actually one.

         Nonetheless, defendant’s PSIR reveals a 2010 conviction for manufacture/delivery of
marijuana, and subsequent 2010 and 2011 convictions for second-offense and third-offense
possessions of marijuana. All of these convictions fit the definition of a “felony” under the Code
of Criminal Procedure, as they were punishable by imprisonment for more than one year. See
MCL 761.1(g); People v Smith, 423 Mich 427, 445; 378 NW2d 384 (1985). And defendant
admits on appeal that his conviction in Illinois for resisting and obstructing a police officer also
fits this definition. Defendant thus was convicted of at least three prior felonies for purposes of
the habitual offender statute, and any error was harmless. See People v McAllister, 241 Mich
App 466, 473; 616 NW2d 203, 207 (2000), remanded on other grounds 465 Mich 884 (2001)
(“However, when the alleged inaccuracies would have no determinative effect on the sentence,
the court’s failure to respond may be considered harmless error.”).

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        Defense counsel was also not ineffective regarding this issue. Defense counsel is not
required to make futile objections. See Putman, 309 Mich App at 245. Had defense counsel
objected at sentencing to defendant’s habitual-offender status, there is not a reasonable
probability that the outcome would have been different. See People v Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich
38, 51; 826 NW2d 136 (2012).

                                   VI. FELONY-FIREARM

        In his Standard 4 brief,3 defendant argues that there was insufficient evidence to support
his conviction for felony-firearm because no evidence directly linked him to the gun that was
admitted into evidence at trial. In the alternative, defendant argues that defense counsel was
ineffective for not moving to suppress the gun on the ground that it could not be linked to
defendant. We disagree. Again, we review de novo challenges to the sufficiency of the
evidence. Cline, 276 Mich App at 642.

        “The elements of felony-firearm are that the defendant possessed a firearm during the
commission of, or the attempt to commit, a felony.” People v Avant, 235 Mich App 499, 505;
597 NW2d 864 (1999). Defendant argues that there was insufficient evidence to prove that
defendant had actual or constructive possession of the handgun that was admitted at trial.
Defendant argues that the only evidence linking him to the handgun was the photograph of him
holding it. However, Hemphill testified that defendant had a gun at J&B’s and fired multiple
rounds at Howard’s car as he drove away with Davis. Ingersoll testified that Davis told him
during their interview that defendant had fired at her as she was being driven away from J&B’s
in Howard’s car. And Davis reported in her 911 call that defendant had fired a gun at her.
Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, Smith-Anthony, 494 Mich at
676, there was sufficient evidence for the jury to conclude that defendant possessed a firearm
during the commission of the felony for which he was convicted. Defense counsel was not
ineffective for moving to suppress the admission of the handgun because any such objection
would have been meritless. See Putman, 309 Mich App at 245.

       Affirmed.



                                                            /s/ Mark T. Boonstra
                                                            /s/ Amy Ronayne Krause
                                                            /s/ Brock A. Swartzle




3
 A supplemental brief filed in pro per by a criminal defendant pursuant to Michigan Supreme
Court Administrative Order 2004-6, Standard 4.


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