FOR PUBLICATION



ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                   ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE,
                                          Giselle Guzman:
MARK S. O’HARA
Hostetter & O’Hara                        ROY W. HARRIS
Brownsburg, Indiana                       Biesecker Dutkanych & Macer, LLC
                                          Evansville, Indiana




                             IN THE                                 Mar 14 2013, 9:13 am

                   COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

GERSH ZAVODNIK,                           )
                                          )
      Appellant-Plaintiff,                )
                                          )
             vs.                          )   No. 49A02-1209-CC-750
                                          )
BRIAN RICHARDS and,                       )
NJGOLFMAN.COM a/k/a                       )
SAVVA’S GOLF ENTERPRISES a/k/a            )
PROGOLFJERSEYCITY@ YAHOO.COM and,         )
STEVE PANAYIOTOV, a/k/a                   )
STEVE PANAYIOTOU, a/k/a                   )
SAVVA PANAYIOTOV, a/k/a                   )
SAAVA PANAYIOTOU,                         )
                                          )
      Appellees-Defendants,               )
_______________________________________   )
             and,                         )
                                          )
GERSH ZAVODNIK,                           )
                                          )
      Appellant-Plaintiff,                )
                                          )
             vs.                          )
                                          )
GISELLE GUZMAN,                                    )
                                                   )
       Appellee-Defendant.                         )


                   APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT
                           The Honorable David Dreyer, Judge
                Cause No. 49D10-1205-CC-19269 & 49D10-1204-CC-16659


                                      March 14, 2013

                             OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION


BARNES, Judge

                                     Case Summary

       Gersh Zavodnik appeals the dismissal of his lawsuits against Giselle Guzman,

Brian Richards, and Steve Panayiotou.1 We affirm.

                                           Issue

       The sole issue is whether the trial court properly dismissed Zavodnik’s lawsuits

against Guzman, Richards, and Panayiotou based upon their similarity to previous

lawsuits that had been dismissed without prejudice under Indiana Trial Rule 41(E).

                                           Facts

       From 2008 through 2010, Zavodnik filed a total of twenty-seven lawsuits against

defendants who resided in five different states and ten different countries. Guzman and

Richards were defendants in two separate lawsuits; Panayiotou does not appear to have

been a defendant in this original batch of suits. These lawsuits were consolidated before

1
  Zavodnik has also listed Panayiotou as a/k/a “Njgolfman.com,” “Savva’s Golf Enterprises,”
“Progoldjerseycity@yahoo.com,” “Steve Panayiotov,” “Savva Panayiotov,” or “Savva Panayitou.”
                                             2
Judge Timothy Oakes of the Marion Superior Court. On March 2, 2011, Judge Oakes

dismissed without prejudice all twenty-seven lawsuits under Indiana Trial Rule 41(E) for

Zavodnik’s failure to comply with local rules and failure to effect service upon a number

of defendants. On March 1, 2012, this court affirmed the dismissal of twenty-four of the

lawsuits, including those against Guzman and Richards, while reversing three of the

dismissals. Zavodnik v. Gehrt, No. 49A02-1105-CT-393 (Ind. Ct. App. March 1, 2012).

        On April 24, 2012, Zavodnik filed a new lawsuit against Guzman, and on May 11,

2012, he filed a new lawsuit against Richards, though Panayiotou was now named as a

co-defendant in that suit. The allegations of the new complaints were the same as those

of the originally-dismissed complaints.2 The new complaints were assigned to Judge

David Dreyer of the Marion Superior Court.

        On June 12, 2012, Guzman filed a motion to dismiss Zavodnik’s new complaint

based on his failure to seek reinstatement of his original complaint before Judge Oakes.

On July 11, 2012, Judge Dreyer dismissed with prejudice Zavodnik’s complaint against

Guzman. On July 12, 2012, without there having been an answer or motion to dismiss

filed by Richards or Panayiotou, Judge Dreyer also dismissed the complaint against them.

Judge Dreyer subsequently denied motions to correct error filed by Zavodnik in both

cases, and he now appeals.

                                               Analysis

2
  Unfortunately, neither the original nor subsequent complaints have been provided to this court on
appeal. However, the motion to dismiss filed by Guzman asserts, and Zavodnik does not deny, that
Zavodnik “attempts to make his living by filing lawsuits,” namely, by filing “suit against individuals who
he alleges caused him damages by failing to complete Internet sales purchases . . . .” App. p. 13.
                                                    3
       Guzman’s motion to dismiss invoked as its basis Indiana Trial Rule 12(B)(6),

failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. We review a trial court’s ruling

on such a motion de novo. Carter ex rel. CNO Fin. Group, Inc. v. Hilliard, 970 N.E.2d

735, 747 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012). We will affirm a trial court’s dismissal of an action if it is

sustainable on any basis found in the record. City of New Haven v. Reichhart, 748

N.E.2d 374, 378 (Ind. 2001).

       Guzman’s motion further alleged that Zavodnik’s filing of an entirely new

complaint in a different court than his original action(s) contravened Indiana Trial Rule

41(E) and (F), given that dismissal of the original action occurred under Rule 41(E).

Subsections (E) and (F) of Trial Rule 41 state:

              (E) Failure to prosecute civil actions or comply with rules.
              Whenever there has been a failure to comply with these rules
              or when no action has been taken in a civil case for a period
              of sixty [60] days, the court, on motion of a party or on its
              own motion shall order a hearing for the purpose of
              dismissing such case. The court shall enter an order of
              dismissal at plaintiff’s costs if the plaintiff shall not show
              sufficient cause at or before such hearing. Dismissal may be
              withheld or reinstatement of dismissal may be made subject
              to the condition that the plaintiff comply with these rules and
              diligently prosecute the action and upon such terms that the
              court in its discretion determines to be necessary to assure
              such diligent prosecution.

              (F) Reinstatement following dismissal. For good cause
              shown and within a reasonable time the court may set aside a
              dismissal without prejudice. A dismissal with prejudice may
              be set aside by the court for the grounds and in accordance
              with the provisions of Rule 60(B).



                                             4
(Brackets in original). Guzman contends that subsections (E) and (F) clearly contemplate

that upon Judge Oakes’s dismissal of Zavodnik’s complaint without prejudice under

subsection (E) for failure to comply with court rules, Zavodnik was required to petition

Judge Oakes for reinstatement of his complaint and could not avoid that requirement by

filing an entirely new complaint before a different judge making the same allegations as

the original complaint.

       Zavodnik argues that the dismissal of his original complaint(s) without prejudice

under Trial Rule 41(E) had no res judicata effect and did not hamper his ability to file an

entirely new complaint or complaints in a different court, despite his admission on appeal

that the new complaints against Guzman, Richards, and Panayiotou “were substantially

the same” as the original complaints.3 Appellant’s Br. p. 1. We accept that dismissal of a

complaint without prejudice ordinarily has no res judicata effect, and we will assume

there was no such effect here. See Zaremba v. Nevarez, 898 N.E.2d 459, 463 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2008).

       Zavodnik also relies upon Zaremba for the proposition that when a case is

dismissed without prejudice, “a party is not prohibited from re-filing a complaint alleging

the facts, and seeking the remedies requested in the original case that was dismissed.”

Appellant’s Br. p. 3. Zavodnik overstates Zaremba’s holding. In that case, we addressed

Indiana Small Claims Rule 10, which provides in part that in the event default judgment

is entered, a court may “vacate such judgment . . . [u]pon good cause shown” within one
3
 Zavodnik does not argue that the addition of Panayiotou as a co-defendant in the new complaint against
Richards substantially altered the nature of the complaint.
                                                  5
year of the default being entered; otherwise, a party must seek to set aside the default

through an independent action under Indiana Trial Rule 60(B). The plaintiff in Zaremba

had voluntarily requested dismissal of her small claims complaint without prejudice,

which the trial court granted, and later re-filed the action. The trial court had concluded

that the plaintiff was required to seek relief from the dismissal under Trial Rule 60(B)

before re-filing the action, but we disagreed and held that the plaintiff was entitled to

proceed on her re-filed complaint. Zaremba, 898 N.E.2d at 464-65. Zaremba addressed

an entirely different rule than Trial Rule 41, one that contains no procedure or

requirements for reinstating a complaint that has been dismissed without prejudice. The

Small Claims Rule’s reinstatement procedure only applies to default judgments, not

dismissals without prejudice.

       Rather than being persuaded by Zaremba, we conclude this case bears many

similarities to Thacker v. Bartlett, 785 N.E.2d 621 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). In Thacker, a

plaintiff’s complaint was dismissed under Trial Rule 12(B)(6) for failing to state a cause

of action. The plaintiff then filed a second, substantially identical complaint fourteen

days later within the same county, which also was dismissed.           Although the first

dismissal did not operate as res judicata for the second complaint, we affirmed the second

dismissal under Trial Rule 12(B)(8), “The same action pending in another state court of

this state.” Thacker, 785 N.E.2d at 625. We observed, “When an action is pending

before a court of competent jurisdiction, other courts must defer to that court’s extant

authority over the case.” Id. “This rule applies where the parties, subject matter, and

                                            6
remedies of the competing actions are precisely the same, and it also applies when they

are only substantially the same.” Id. Under Trial Rule 12(B), a pleading that has been

dismissed under Rule 12(B)(6) “may be amended once as of right pursuant to Rule 15(A)

within ten [10] days after service of notice of the court’s order sustaining the motion and

thereafter with permission of the court pursuant to such rule.” Because of this rule,

“Thacker could reanimate his complaint while his new complaint was active in another

court, thereby defeating the interests of fairness to litigants, comity between and among

courts of this state, and judicial efficiency.” Id. We also noted that by filing a new

complaint rather than amending the original complaint, “Thacker was circumventing the

authority and discretion of the original trial court.” Id.

       Much like Trial Rule 12(B), we conclude that when a trial court has involuntarily

dismissed a case without prejudice pursuant to Trial Rule 41(E), subsection (F) of that

rule ascribes to the dismissing trial court the discretion to consider whether a complaint

should be reinstated. Subsection (E) likewise provides options to a trial court to permit a

complaint to proceed, despite rules violations by a plaintiff, in order to control its own

docket and courtroom. We also presume that the Indiana Supreme Court, in drafting

Trial Rule 41, did not intend to place a nullity in the rule by adding subsection (F)’s

explicit procedure for how to go about reinstatement of a complaint dismissed without

prejudice. Zavodnik’s position, that such complaints can be re-filed in a different court

without following the reinstatement procedure, would render that provision meaningless.

By re-filing complaints before Judge Dreyer that were substantially similar, if not

                                               7
identical, to complaints that Judge Oakes had already dismissed, Zavodnik was

improperly attempting to circumvent Judge Oakes’s authority and discretion to decide

whether Zavodnik had good cause to reinstate his original complaint(s). Judge Dreyer

apparently recognized this and acted properly in dismissing the re-filed complaints,

which dismissal served the interests of fairness to litigants, judicial comity, and judicial

efficiency.

       We do acknowledge with respect to the complaint against Richards and

Panayiotou that they did not file a motion to dismiss; rather, it appears Judge Dreyer

dismissed this complaint sua sponte. Ordinarily, “a trial court may not sua sponte dismiss

an action unless the court lacks jurisdiction or is otherwise authorized by statute or the

rules of procedure.”    Tracy v. Morell, 948 N.E.2d 855, 862 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011).

Regardless, Zavodnik makes no argument that Judge Dreyer could not sua sponte dismiss

the complaint against Richards and Panayiotou upon discovering that it suffered from

precisely the same defect as the complaint against Guzman, nor does he argue that there

is any significant legal difference between the two complaints that could subject one to

dismissal but not the other. We affirm the dismissal of both complaints.

                                       Conclusion

       Judge Dreyer acted properly in dismissing both complaints against Guzman,

Richards, and Panayiotou. Zavodnik’s only remedy if he wishes to continue to pursue

legal action against those parties is to obtain reinstatement of his original complaints

before Judge Oakes. We affirm.

                                             8
      Affirmed.

BAKER, J., and RILEY, J., concur.




                                    9
