       In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                      No. 15-601C

                                  (Filed: July 31, 2018)

*************************************
                                    *
WALTER N. STRAND, III,              *
                                    *
                                                 Action for Review of Military Records;
                    Plaintiff,      *
                                                 Assistant General Counsel’s Reversal of
                                    *
                                                 Decision by Board for Correction of
v.                                  *
                                                 Naval Records; Decision on Remand
                                    *
                                                 from Federal Circuit; Standard of
THE UNITED STATES,                  *
                                                 Review; Substantial Evidence.
                                    *
                    Defendant.      *
                                    *
*************************************

Jeffery M. Chiow, with whom was Lucas T. Hanback, Rogers Joseph O’Donnell, P.C.,
Washington, D.C., for Plaintiff.

Daniel K. Greene, with whom were Chad A. Readler, Acting Assistant Attorney General,
Robert E. Kirschman, Jr., Director, and Douglas K. Mickle, Assistant Director,
Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington,
D.C., as well as Lieutenant Maryam Austin, Office of the Judge Advocate General, U.S.
Navy, for Defendant.

                                OPINION AND ORDER

WHEELER, Judge.

       Plaintiff, an enlisted serviceman in the United States Navy, brings this action to
correct the manner by which he was separated from the military after more than nineteen
years of largely exemplary service. In a proceeding before the Board for Correction of
Naval Records, the Board primarily agreed with Plaintiff’s position, but the favorable
ruling was promptly reversed by the Assistant General Counsel for Navy Manpower and
Reserve Affairs. The Court held that the Assistant General Counsel’s reversal of the
Board’s decision was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and not supported by
substantial evidence. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit upheld this Court’s
ruling and ordered the Court to remand the case to the Navy. The new Assistant General
Counsel again reversed the Board’s favorable ruling. The Court must now review whether
the new Assistant General Counsel’s reversal was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of
discretion, or not supported by substantial evidence.

                               Factual and Procedural Background1

       Plaintiff, Walter N. Strand, III, brings claims before this Court which involve the
manner in which he was separated from the Navy. Mr. Strand enlisted in the Navy in 1988
and served for more than nineteen years, rising to the rank of Chief Petty Officer. He spent
more than eleven of those years deployed abroad, including deployments in support of
Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. Pl.’s Mot. for J. on the Admin. R.
(“MJAR”) at 4, Dkt. No. 23. Mr. Strand earned several commendations and personal
awards during his service, including four Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medals
and four Good Conduct Medals. Id. Mr. Strand’s service record reflects high marks for
military performance and confirms his qualification as an “information assurance
professional” whom the military trusted with classified information. Id. at 4–5.

       Prior to the incident that led to his separation from the Navy, Mr. Strand’s
evaluations portray an exemplary officer ripe for further promotion.2 See AR 105 (“His
contributions to ENTERPRISE and the Navy have been exemplary. He is ready for greater
responsibility. Promote to Senior Chief Petty Officer.”); AR 107 (“Petty Officer Strand is
a dynamic leader. . . . Continue to select for the most challenging assignments and promote
ahead of his peers.”); AR 109 (“Superb Manager. . . . An extraordinary coach and mentor.
He is a pillar for subordinates and juniors alike to emulate. . . . Ready for Chief NOW!
Petty Officer Strand has my highest personal recommendation for advancement to Chief
Petty Officer.”).

       After returning from his final combat deployment in the spring of 2007, Mr. Strand
discovered that his wife had emptied his bank account and left home without explanation,
taking his children and belongings with her. AR 059. A heated confrontation at his wife’s
new apartment building in June 2007 led to Mr. Strand’s first negative fitness report. Pl.’s
MJAR at 5, Dkt. No. 23; AR 103 (“Chief Strand displayed unsatisfactory conduct and
1
 The facts in this decision are taken from the administrative record (“AR”) and the administrative record
volume II (“AR II”). The pages in both volumes of the administrative record are numbered in sequence.
The Court’s citations to both volumes of the administrative record are to the AR page numbers.
2
 There is one much older negative conduct offense reflected in Mr. Strand’s record. While serving on the
USS Thomas C. Hart as a new Radioman Petty Officer, Third Class, in 1992, at the age of twenty-two, Mr.
Strand was counseled for “ABUSE OF ALCOHOL WHICH RESULTS IN DISORDERLY CONDUCT”
and instructed to “REFRAIN FROM OVERINDULGENCE IN ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.” Am.
Compl. at 3–4, Dkt. No. 16 (citing NAVSPERS 1070-613, February 26, 1992). The same incident was
addressed in a counseling form dated September 29, 1993. Id. Mr. Strand served without incident from
1993 to 2007.
                                                   2
decision making for a Chief Petty Officer.”). In February 2008, Mr. Strand was arrested
after shooting at the car his wife and her boyfriend were driving. As a result of that
incident, Mr. Strand was convicted of attempted malicious wounding, attempted unlawful
wounding, and use of a firearm in the commission of a felony. AR 009. Following his
conviction, Mr. Strand was administratively separated from the Navy. His discharge was
characterized as “under other than honorable circumstances” with less than twenty years
of service. Id. Mr. Strand was released from prison for good behavior after serving three
years of his six-year sentence. Id.

        Upon his release, Mr. Strand asked the Navy Discharge Review Board (“NDRB”)
to upgrade his service characterization and change his reentry code. AR 078. Although it
initially denied Mr. Strand’s requests, the NDRB eventually granted Mr. Strand partial
relief when he appeared before them on December 12, 2013. The NDRB agreed to change
the characterization of Mr. Strand’s service from “under other than honorable conditions”
to “general under honorable conditions,” but declined to revise the narrative reason for
discharge in his record. AR 032.

       After his success before the NDRB, Mr. Strand petitioned the Board for Correction
of Naval Records (“BCNR”), “requesting six months retirement credit with an honorable
characterization of service, or an upgrade of his general discharge to honorable, a change
of his narrative reason for separation, and a favorable reenlistment code.” AR 008. On
December 15, 2014, after a full review of Mr. Strand’s application, naval record, record
evidence, and deliberations by a quorum, the BCNR came to the following conclusion:

             Upon review and consideration of all the evidence of record,
             the Board concludes that Petitioner’s request warrants partial
             favorable action. Nonetheless, the Board initially notes the
             seriousness of Petitioner’s disciplinary infractions and does not
             condone his misconduct. However, the Board also notes
             Petitioner’s overall record of more than 19 years and six
             months of satisfactory service, which included being awarded
             four Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medals, four Good
             Conduct Medals, and personal awards. The Board further
             notes his good post service conduct and early release from civil
             confinement due to his good behavior.

             The Board considered the fact that NDRB upgraded the
             characterization of service to general under honorable
             conditions based, in part, on Petitioner’s overall record of
             service and good post service conduct. With that in mind, the
             Board concluded that Petitioner has suffered long enough for
                                           3
                 his indiscretion and should be granted relief in the form of
                 credited time served for retirement, i.e., approximately six
                 months . . . .

AR 010–11, BCNR Decision dated December 15, 2014. Based on its consideration of all
of the evidence of record, the BCNR recommended “[t]hat Petitioner’s naval record be
corrected to show he was honorably retired with 20 years of service vice issued a general
discharge under honorable conditions by reason of misconduct (civil conviction) on 26
June 2009.” AR 011.

       The Secretary of the Navy is authorized under 10 U.S.C. § 1552, as implemented
by SECNAVINST 5420.193, to correct a Navy member’s service record when “necessary
to correct an error or remove an injustice.” In exercising this authority, the Secretary must
act through a board of civilians, in this case the BCNR, who shall review and evaluate an
applicant’s claim. SECNAVINST 5420.193 at 3. Although not required, the Executive
Director of the BCNR chose to seek secretarial approval of the BCNR’s recommendation
to correct Mr. Strand’s record.3 On December 15, 2014, the same day that a quorum of the
BCNR unanimously recommended correcting Mr. Strand’s naval record, Executive
Director Robert J. O’Neill unilaterally opted to seek review of the BCNR’s
recommendation, writing “[i]t is my opinion, based on the seriousness of the offense and
the significant grant of relief, that SECNAV should review this case for decision.” AR
013.

       On February 3, 2015, Robert L. Woods, Assistant General Counsel, Navy
Manpower and Reserve Affairs, rejected the BCNR’s decision in a two-paragraph
memorandum.4 AR 003. Mr. Woods gave two rationales for overturning the BCNR’s
decision. First, he stated that granting the recommended relief would contravene “Navy
core values and practice in similar cases.” Id. Second, quoting an April 3, 2009
Administrative Separation Memorandum prepared by Mr. Strand’s commanding officer,
Mr. Woods stated that Mr. Strand “had a ‘long-standing history of FAP [Family Advocacy
Program] involvement and domestic violence issues.’” Id.
3
  Section 6(e)(1) allows that “[w]ith respect to all petitions for relief properly before it, the Board is
authorized to take final corrective action on behalf of the Secretary…” except under three circumstances,
the last of which being that “[i]t is in the category of petitions reserved for decision by the Secretary of the
Navy.” SECNAVINST 5420.193, Section 6(e)(1)(c). Section 6(e)(2)(c), cited in the secretarial review
memorandum, is a discretionary catchall category that references “[s]uch other petitions as, in the
determination of the Office of the Secretary or the Executive Director, warrant Secretarial review.”
4
  The Secretary of the Navy delegated to the Assistant Secretary, Manpower and Reserve Affairs the
authority to review BCNR petitions if required. SECNAVINST 5420.193 at 1–2 (¶b) (Nov. 1997). The
Assistant Secretary in turn delegated that authority to the assistant general counsel of Manpower and
Reserve Affairs. Def.’s Cross-MJAR at 11 n.6, Dkt. No. 35.
                                                       4
        On June 15, 2015, Mr. Strand challenged Mr. Wood’s decision before this Court.
Strand v. United States, 127 Fed. Cl. 44, 46 (2016). Mr. Strand initially brought this action
by filing a complaint as a pro se plaintiff. Id. Shortly thereafter, Mr. Strand was able to
secure representation through this Court’s pro bono referral program and subsequently filed
an amended complaint on October 8, 2015. Id. Mr. Strand prevailed, showing that Mr.
Woods’ disapproval of the BCNR’s recommendation was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse
of discretion, and not supported by substantial evidence. Id. at 51. On appeal, the U.S.
Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit found that “the Secretary’s finding that Mr. Strand
had a long-standing history of domestic violence issues and FAP involvement is not
supported by substantial evidence.” Strand v. United States, 706 Fed. Appx. 996, 1000
(Fed. Cir. 2017) (“Strand II”). The court then directed this Court to remand the case to the
Navy, requiring that the Secretary consider whether he or she would reach the same
conclusion to deny Mr. Strand relief in the absence of such substantial evidence. Id. at
1001–02. This Court issued an Order on November 21, 2017, remanding the case to the
Secretary of the Navy in accordance with the Federal Circuit’s Mandate. See Dkt. No. 67.

       The new Assistant General Counsel for Manpower and Reserve Affairs, Catherine
L. Kessmeier (“Ms. Kessmeier” or “the Secretary”), sent a letter to counsel for Plaintiff
identifying the references she would be using to review Mr. Strand’s case and inviting him
to submit any additional information for review. AR II 001. Counsel responded by
confirming that the documents Ms. Kessmeier planned to review were appropriate, and
explained the background of the case. AR II 002–03. Counsel for Plaintiff also mentioned
that the BCNR granted Mr. Strand relief based on more than just his prior service alone.
AR II 003. Plaintiff’s counsel then continued to state that both this Court and the Federal
Circuit declined to adopt the rationale that denying Mr. Strand relief on the Navy core
values alone was sufficient. AR II 004. Additionally, Plaintiff’s counsel contended that
each case should be judged on its own merits as to whether or not it conforms to the Navy’s
core values—not on the Navy’s practice in similar cases. AR II 004 n.2.

       On January 5, 2018, Ms. Kessmeier again denied Mr. Strand relief. AR II 013. In
her memorandum, Ms. Kessmeier expanded on the core values in relation to both the
incident for which Mr. Strand was convicted, as well as a counseling and non-judicial
punishment for an alcohol-related incident from 25 years ago. AR II 009–12. Ms.
Kessmeier explained that the counseling and non-judicial punishment Mr. Strand received
for this alcohol-related incident should have been “clear and repeated notice” that his
conduct did not comport with the Navy’s core values. AR II 010. Ms. Kessmeier also
compared Mr. Strand’s case to other cases before the military justice system—forums in
which Mr. Strand has never appeared. See AR II 012; see also Supplemental Compl. ¶ 49,
Dkt. No. 80 (“Suppl. Compl.”). Ultimately, Ms. Kessmeier concluded that Mr. Strand’s
application did not warrant relief and that his discharge to “general under honorable
                                            5
conditions” sufficed to “reflect[] his 19.5 years of satisfactory service and post-
incarceration efforts to rebuild his life.” AR II 013.

       In response to Ms. Kessmeier’s decision, Mr. Strand filed a supplemental complaint
before this Court. In his supplemental complaint, Mr. Strand argues that Ms. Kessmeier’s
decision was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and not supported by substantial
evidence, and urges this Court to give effect to the BCNR’s initial recommendation. Suppl.
Compl. at 18. Mr. Strand asks that the Court direct the Navy to correct Mr. Strand’s record
consistent with the BCNR’s decision granting him retirement with twenty years of service
and seeks monetary relief in the form of back pay calculated from his date of separation on
June 26, 2009, up to the present based on his retirement credit, with interest, and applicable
pay and benefits moving forward. Id. The Government maintains that Ms. Kessmeier
properly rejected the BCNR’s recommendation and that Mr. Strand waived his right to
judicial review of certain issues by failing to raise them to the Navy on remand.

                                         Discussion

       A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

        In the Court of Federal Claims, “[b]ecause subject matter jurisdiction is a threshold
matter, it must be established before the case can proceed on the merits.” Sellers v. United
States, 110 Fed. Cl. 62, 66 (2013) (citing Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S.
83, 94–95 (1998)). In this case, the Court’s subject matter jurisdiction is derived from both
the Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1491, and the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”),
5 U.S.C. § 703. The Tucker Act grants jurisdiction over claims “against the United States
founded either upon the Constitution, or any Act of Congress or any regulation of an
executive department, or upon any express or implied contract with the United States, or
for liquidated or unliquidated damages in cases not sounding in tort.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 1491(a)(1). The APA in turn entitles a person legally wronged by agency action to seek
judicial review, thus waiving sovereign immunity of the United States. 5 U.S.C. § 703;
Weaver v. United States, 46 Fed. Cl. 69, 76 (2000). Thus, in conjunction with the APA,
this Court has jurisdiction pursuant to the Tucker Act to review a decision by a corrections
board, or a decision to override a corrections board recommendation, “[t]o provide an entire
remedy and to complete the relief afforded by the judgment” by issuing an “order directing
restoration to office or position, placement in appropriate duty or retirement status, and
correction of applicable records.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(2); see also Weaver, 46 Fed. Cl. at
76–77.

       The Tucker Act, however, does not confer any substantive rights upon a plaintiff,
and a plaintiff may not rely on the APA as an independent source of jurisdiction, as it does
not mandate payment of money damages. Thus, a plaintiff must establish an independent
                                             6
right to money damages from a money-mandating source within a contract, regulation,
statute, or constitutional provision in order for the case to proceed. Jan’s Helicopter Serv.
Inc. v. FAA, 525 F.3d 1299, 1306 (Fed. Cir. 2008); Volk v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl.
313, 323 (2013). Here, the separate money-mandating source is 10 U.S.C. § 6333, which
provides the schedule according to which military retired and retainer pay are computed.

       B. Standard of Review

           1. Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss

        When considering a motion to dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim upon
which relief may be granted under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court must accept as true all factual
allegations submitted by the plaintiff. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555
(2007). Accepting those allegations as true, for the plaintiff to survive dismissal, the Court
must conclude that “the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the
reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v.
Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). The plaintiff’s factual
allegations must be substantial enough to raise the right to relief above the speculative
level, accepting all factual allegations in the complaint as true and indulging all reasonable
inferences in favor of the non-movant. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 545; Chapman Law Firm
Co. v. Greenleaf Constr. Co., 490 F.3d 934, 938 (Fed. Cir. 2008).

       In this case, the Government first argues that Mr. Strand’s supplemental complaint
must be dismissed pursuant Rule 12(b)(6) because it presents a nonjusticiable controversy
in which the Court is unable to grant relief. See Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss & MJAR at 17–
18, Dkt. No. 84. In so arguing, the Government opines that a plaintiff can only challenge
a Secretary’s procedural errors and may not challenge the merits of that Secretary’s
decision, further arguing that Mr. Strand has improperly challenged the latter. Id. at 17.
The Court finds the Government’s argument unavailing. To start, this Court and the
Federal Circuit have already issued decisions on the merits in earlier iterations of this case
where Mr. Strand has challenged the merits of the Secretary’s decision to deny him relief.
See Strand, 127 Fed. Cl. 44; Strand II, 706 Fed. Appx. 996. Moreover, even if a plaintiff
may only challenge a Secretary’s procedural errors, the Court agrees that Mr. Strand’s
allegations against the Secretary’s decision can be viewed as procedural in nature and
present a justiciable controversy in which this Court has the ability to grant relief. See Pl.’s
Cross-MJAR at 7–8, Dkt. No. 85. As such, the Court DENIES the Government’s motion
to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) and turns next to the parties’ cross-motions for
judgment on the administrative record.




                                               7
          2. Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record

       Rule 52.1 of this Court governs motions for judgment on the administrative record.
A review of this kind is like a paper trial based upon the documents assembled by the
agency. The Court makes factual findings based upon the evidence presented in this
record. See, e.g., Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2005);
Coastal Envtl. Grp., Inc. v. United States, 118 Fed. Cl. 1, 10 (2014). To review a motion
under Rule 52.1, this Court must decide whether a party has met its burden of proof based
on the evidence in the record given all disputed and undisputed facts. Anderson v. United
States, 111 Fed. Cl. 572, 578 (2013), aff’d (Fed. Cir. 13-5117, July 11, 2014); Bannum,
Inc., 404 F.3d at 1356.

        In reviewing the actions of a military correction board, this Court must apply the
standard of review set forth in the APA, 5 U.S.C. § 706. Under section 706(2)(A), the
Court must “hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and conclusions found to
be arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with
law . . . .” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). The Court shall overturn a correction board’s decision
only if it determines that the decision was “arbitrary and capricious, unsupported by
substantial evidence, or not in accordance with the applicable laws or regulations.”
Laningham v. United States, 30 Fed. Cl. 296, 310 (1994). Substantial evidence includes
“such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a
conclusion.” Consolidated Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 217 (1935).

        Although the Court reviews a service Secretary’s decision to overrule a corrections
board recommendation pursuant to the same standard, its review nevertheless “is limited
in nature.” Moehl v. United States, 34 Fed. Cl. 682, 690 (1996). Thus, a Secretary’s
decision may “differ with a board’s recommendations where the evidence is susceptible of
varying interpretations.” Id. at 690 (citing Sanders v. United States, 219 Ct. Cl. 285, 299
(1979)). However, a Secretary may not “arbitrarily refuse to follow the fact findings of the
correction board where all the evidence supports the board’s findings.” Moehl, 34 Fed. Cl.
at 690 (citing Hertzog v. United States, 167 Ct. Cl. 377 (1964)); see also Boyd v. United
States, 207 Ct. Cl. 1, 8 (1975) (“The court, in turn, may reject the decision of a Secretary
only if he has exercised his discretion arbitrarily, capriciously, in bad faith, contrary to
substantial evidence, or where he has gone outside the board record, or fails to explain his
actions, or violates applicable law or regulations. Then we will not hesitate to set him
right.”).

       C. Waiver of Mr. Strand’s Arguments

        The Government first contends that Mr. Strand waived his right to judicial review
by failing to raise all but one of his arguments before the Navy on remand. Def.’s Mot. to
                                              8
Dismiss & MJAR at 14, Dkt. No. 84. It has long been held that once a party has availed
him or herself to the administrative process of an agency, “he [or she] is bound by it unless
the decision is unsupported by substantial evidence, arbitrary, capricious, or contrary to
law.” Doyle v. United States, 220 Ct. Cl. 285, 311 (1998) (citing Sanders v. United States,
219 Ct. Cl. 285, 298 (1979)). The reason for this rule is so that plaintiffs cannot “stand on
their objections waiting to see if they [are] retroactively promoted by the [BCNR] and only
upon the [BCNR’s] adverse recommendations, contend that the remedy did not achieve its
intended result.” Id. at 312. “Absent a showing of good cause and prejudice, an appellant’s
failure to raise his constitutional claims in the military court system bars him from raising
them in federal court.” Martinez v. United States, 914 F.2d 1486, 1488 (Fed. Cir. 1990).

        Contrary to the Government’s assertions, Mr. Strand raised his arguments prior to
remand during the first time this case was litigated before this Court. Both parties agreed
that the Navy would reference four documents in its review: (1) the Remand Order of this
Court, (2) the judgment of the Federal Circuit, (3) the judgment of this Court, and (4) the
Administrative Record Volume I. AR II 001–02. Therefore, by incorporating the decisions
of the courts in the Secretary’s review on remand, Mr. Strand sufficiently raised the
following three arguments that the Government alleges he waived in the Amended
Complaint: (1) that the Assistant General Counsel lacked the discretion to reject the
BCNR’s recommendation without justification, see Am. Compl. at 8, Count I, Dkt. No. 16;
(2) that it was improper to compare Mr. Strand’s case to cases tried in the military justice
system, see id.; and (3) that Mr. Strand was entitled to the protection of 10 U.S.C. § 1176,
see id. at Count III.

        The one argument that Mr. Strand concedes he did not raise prior to remand was
that “reliance on the core values alone as a basis to deny relief is specious when those
values are untethered to any statute or regulation, and are not themselves determinant of
punishment.” Pl.’s Cross-MJAR at 12, Dkt. No. 85. This argument, however, is attached
to the argument that the Secretary acted arbitrarily and without substantial evidence, since
Mr. Strand alleges that the core values standing alone are arbitrary. Thus, having found
that Mr. Strand did not waive any of the above arguments, the Court must now look to
whether Ms. Kessmeier’s decision was arbitrary and capricious, an abuse of discretion, or
not supported by substantial evidence.

       D. Ms. Kessmeier’s Decision to Overrule the BCNR’s Recommendation

          1. Application of the Navy’s Core Values

       The Secretary of a military department is required to act through boards of civilian
officers or employees in reviewing and correcting military records. 10 U.S.C. § 1552.
Generally, after reviewing a service member’s record, the BCNR is authorized to take final
                                             9
corrective action based on its findings. SECNAVINST 5420.193, Section 6(e)(1). Even
in those instances where secretarial review or approval is sought or required, the Secretary
must nevertheless justify a decision to overturn a recommendation that is supported by the
record. Thus, when a Secretary goes outside of the record before the board, the Secretary
“must justify such a departure by explicitly stating the ‘policy reasons’ behind such action.”
Hertzog, 167 Ct. Cl. at 387. In Hertzog, the Court held that in the absence of such an
explanation, the Secretary’s discretionary action was arbitrary and capricious. Id. at 388.
Although “the final authority regarding requested corrections is vested in the Secretary,”
such authority must be exercised in accordance with the law. Strickland v. United States,
423 F.3d 1335, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2005).

        Mr. Strand alleges that the Secretary’s reliance on the core values alone is arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, and not supported by substantial evidence. In her
decision, Ms. Kessmeier relied upon the following facts to deny Mr. Strand relief: (1) two
counselings and a non-judicial punishment stemming from an alcohol-related incident 25
years ago; (2) other cases from the military justice system; and (3) the conduct that led to
Mr. Stand’s conviction. Pl.’s Cross-MJAR at 13, Dkt. No. 85. Mr. Strand argues that these
facts provide no basis to deny him relief because the facts are too “sparse” and the Secretary
relies too heavily on her own subjective understanding and application of the Navy’s “core
values” to Mr. Strand’s conduct. Id. The Government counters that Ms. Kessmeier’s
decision is supported by substantial evidence because of the two disciplinary entries Mr.
Strand received early in his enlistment from alcohol-related incident in the early 1990s, as
well as the BCNR’s statement of recommendation for review by the Secretary and the
characterization of his service. Def.’s Resp. at 11, Dkt. No. 86.

       Ms. Kessmeier contends that Mr. Strand’s counselings and non-judicial punishment
from 25 years ago gave him “notice” of his obligation to comply with the Navy’s standards
and relies on this argument to show Mr. Strand’s alleged lack of courage and commitment.
AR II 010–12. The Navy’s present core values, however, including courage and
commitment, did not exist at the time of Mr. Strand’s alcohol-related incident. See Pl.’s
Cross-MJAR at 13, Dkt. No. 85. Thus, to give Mr. Strand retroactive “notice” of his
obligation to comply with not-yet existing core values or standards is irrational, irrelevant,
and certainly arbitrary and capricious. Betts v. United States, 145 Ct. Cl. 530, 535 (1959)
(“A decision . . . for which, even on post audit, no reason can be given except an irrelevant
reason, cannot be characterized as other than capricious.”). The Court also notes that Mr.
Strand was awarded a Good Conduct medal for the period covering the second counseling
related to this incident. Pl.’s Cross-MJAR at 15, Dkt. No. 85 (citing Suppl. Compl. ¶ 63;
AR 194 (first Good Conduct Award on “96JAN01”)). Therefore, when assessing the
record as a whole, Ms. Kessmeier’s reliance on Mr. Strand’s pre-2008 disciplinary entries
and her retroactive application of Mr. Strand’s earlier mishap to the Navy’s not-yet existing

                                              10
core values render her decision arbitrary, capricious, and not supported by substantial
evidence.

          2. Reliance on Cases From Other Military Tribunals

        Ms. Kessmeier also cites to four military justice cases as further evidence that Mr.
Strand should be denied the relief he requested. AR II 012 (citing United States v. Sexton,
1 M.K. 679 (N.C.M.R. 1975); United States v. Gutierrez, 11 M.K. 122 (C.M.A. 1981);
United States v. Wall, 2013 CCA LEXIS 418 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2013); United States v.
Knowles, 2016 CCA LEXIS 236 (N-M Ct. Crim. App. 2016)). The Secretary contends
that the NRDB’s decision granting Mr. Strand partial relief is inconsistent with the Navy’s
practice in similar cases. AR II 013. Mr. Strand contends that comparing his case to these
cases is erroneous because the Navy could have, but did not, prosecute Mr. Strand for his
conduct in the military courts. Pl.’s Cross-MJAR at 15, Dkt. No. 85. Therefore, any
comparison to the military justice system is speculation based on hypothetical facts. Id. at
16.

        As Mr. Strand correctly points out, none of the cases the Secretary relies upon
“apply the core values to the facts of the respective case, and none deal with post-service
efforts at rehabilitation.” Id. By comparing Mr. Strand’s civil case to military cases that
do not apply the same analysis, and by claiming Mr. Strand would have received a
punishment (which he did not), Ms. Kessmeier acted speculatively. Rather than basing her
decision on facts in the record, Ms. Kessmeier based her decision on hypothetical
forecasting. Thus, in the absence of providing a sufficient justification for her decision,
the Court finds that the Secretary acted arbitrarily and capriciously in using these cases to
justify her decision. Hertzog, 167 Ct. Cl. at 387–88 (holding that in the absence of a
justification for departing from the record before the board, the Secretary’s discretionary
action was arbitrary and capricious).

       The Government further contends that the NDRB compared Mr. Strand’s conviction
to analogous convictions as well, and that this fact supports the Secretary’s decision to
deny Mr. Strand relief. Def.’s Resp. at 11, Dkt. No 86. However, the NDRB merely
explained the usual procedure for someone convicted of the same offenses as Mr. Strand
in the military courts, not in the civil courts. AR 063. Moreover, the NDRB did not cite
to any actual cases in its decision. Id. What is more, the NDRB’s regulations state:

              The primary function of the NDRB is to exercise its discretion
              on issues of equity by reviewing the individual merits of each
              application on a case-by-case basis. Prior decisions in which
              the NDRB exercised its discretion to change a discharge based
              on issues of equity (including the factors cited in such
                                             11
              decisions or the weight given to factors in such decisions) do
              not bind the NDRB in its review of subsequent cases because
              no two cases present the same issues of equity.

32 C.F.R. § 724.902(c). Thus, the NDRB’s own regulations state that it should not be
relying on other cases regardless, as it must view each case as a separate issue of equity.
As such, the NDRB’s decision provides no support for Ms. Kessmeier’s reliance on the
military justice cases, but rather shows that she acted arbitrarily and capriciously in
reaching her decision. See Dodson v. United States Gov’t, Dep’t of the Army, 988 F.2d
1199, 1204–05 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (“The boards for correction of military records may be
reviewed for failure to correct plain legal error committed by the military . . . [including]
the military’s ‘violation of statute, or regulation.’” (citations omitted)).

          3. Mr. Strand’s Prior Conviction

         Finally, as to Mr. Strand’s prior conviction, the Government has already argued
before this Court and the Federal Circuit that Mr. Strand’s conduct in 2008 was inconsistent
with the core values and showed a longstanding history of domestic violence. See Strand,
127 Fed. Cl. 44; Strand II, 706 Fed. Appx. 996. Both courts have rejected these arguments,
however, and the Federal Circuit found that Mr. Strand’s conduct did not constitute
substantial evidence to support the Secretary’s decision, ordering the Secretary’s decision
to be reversed and remanded. Strand II, 706 Fed. Appx. at 1000 (“We conclude that the
Secretary’s decision is not supported by substantial evidence. The Secretary relied on the
sum of two facts in the record and two policy reasons to reject the BCNR’s decision
[including the Navy’s core value]. . . . [B]ecause the Secretary relied on a combination of
intertwined reasons, and Mr. Strand has shown that at least one of those reasons is not
supported by substantial evidence, the record is not clear as to whether the Secretary would
still reach the same conclusion.”).

       The Government also argues that BCNR Executive Director Robert O’Neill’s
recommendation that the Secretary review the BCNR’s decision “based on the seriousness
of the offense and the significant grant of relief” supports the Secretary’s contention that
Mr. Strand’s offense on its own and its application to the core values is enough to deny
him relief. Def.’s Resp. at 11, 15, Dkt. No. 86. Mr. O’Neill, however, did not sit on the
Board when the Board reviewed Mr. Strand’s case; rather, he was still an officer of the
Navy and is now retired. See AR 008; see also Pl.’s Rep. at 11, Dkt. No. 87. The
Government argues that “by deciding to make a recommendation instead of a final
decision, the BCNR [specifically Mr. O’Neill] invited the Secretary to second-guess its
recommendation.” Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss & MJAR at 16, Dkt. No. 84. However, this
Court already held that the Secretary may not rely on the advice or recommendation of a
military officer in reversing the recommendation of the BCNR. See Strand, 127 Fed. Cl.
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at 51 (“[T]his Court cannot uphold [the Secretary’s] decision to overrule [the BCNR’s]
findings on the basis of a military official’s statement.”); see also Strand II, 706 Fed. Appx.
at 1000.

        Further, Ms. Kessmeier failed to give any real consideration to Mr. Strand’s post-
service conduct. Instead, the Secretary relies almost solely on Mr. Strand’s conduct that
occurred prior to the creation of the Navy’s current core values as well as the conduct for
which Mr. Strand already served civil time, whereas the BCNR recognized that Mr. Strand
satisfactorily served his country for nineteen years and six months, was granted partial
relief by the NDRB “based, in part, on [his] overall record of service and good post service
conduct,” and paid his debt to society, earning “early release from civil confinement due
to his good behavior.” See AR 010. Ms. Kessmeier not only failed to give due
consideration to the all the evidence before the BCNR and in the administrative record, but
also failed to provide any substantial evidence to support her decision to deny Mr. Strand
relief. Given that the BCNR’s findings are based on a thorough consideration of the
evidence of record, this Court cannot uphold Ms. Kessmeier’s decision to overrule the
Board on the basis of (1) core values alone and the retroactive application of Mr. Strand’s
singular alcohol-related incident from 1992 to those core values, especially since those core
values did not yet exist at the time of this incident; (2) decisions of other military tribunals;
and (3) Mr. Strand’s prior conviction—a justification that has been rejected twice by this
Court and the Federal Circuit. Consequently, the Court must hold that the Secretary’s
decision to overturn the BCNR’s recommendation was arbitrary and capricious, and not
supported by substantial evidence. See Hertzog, 167 Ct. Cl. at 387.

       Finally, both parties agree that 10 U.S.C. § 1552(f)(2) grants the BCNR clemency
power to strike evidence of Mr. Strand’s criminal conviction from his records and upgrade
his discharge conditions. Def.’s Resp. at 18, Dkt. No. 86; Pl.’s Rep. at 15, Dkt. No. 87.
The Government argues only that 10 U.S.C. § 1552(f)(2) does not allow the BCNR to
remove evidence of a court martial from the record. Def.’s Resp. at 18, Dkt. No. 86.
However, Mr. Strand was not court martialed. Therefore, 10 U.S.C. § 1552(f)(2) provides
no additional basis to deny Mr. Strand relief.

                                          Conclusion

      Ultimately, Ms. Kessmeier’s decision to overrule the BCNR’s reasoned
recommendation is simply not justified in her memorandum that is before this Court.
Considering the entire administrative record, the Court finds the Secretary’s disapproval of
the BCNR’s recommendation to be arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and not
supported by substantial evidence. The Court directs the Navy to carry out the BCNR’s
recommendation “[t]hat Petitioner’s naval record be corrected to show he was honorably

                                               13
retired with 20 years of service vice issued a general discharge under honorable conditions
by reason of misconduct (civil conviction) on 26 June 2009.”

      Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s cross-motion for judgment on the
administrative record, and DENIES Defendant’s motion to dismiss and motion for
judgment on the administrative record. The Court directs the Navy to correctly retire Mr.
Strand with all appropriate back pay, benefits, and allowances. The Clerk shall enter
judgment in accordance with this opinion.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                        s/ Thomas C. Wheeler
                                                        THOMAS C. WHEELER
                                                        Judge




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