                                          Slip Op. 13-97

          UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
__________________________________
                                             :
UNITED STATES STEEL CORP.                    :
                                             :
                             Plaintiff,      :
                                             :
                     v.                      :        Before: R. Kenton Musgrave, Senior Judge
                                             :        Court No. 12-00070
UNITED STATES,                               :
                                             :
                             Defendant,      :
                                             :
                    and                      :
                                             :
HYUNDAI HYSCO LTD.,                          :
                                             :
                  Defendant-Intervenor.      :
                                             :

                                           OPINION

[Commerce’s determination is upheld.]

                                                                              Dated: July 31, 2013

     Jeffrey D. Gerrish, Nathaniel B. Bolin, and Robert E. Lighthizer, Skadden, Arps, Slate,
Meagher & Flom, LLP, of Washington, D.C., for plaintiff.

       Tara Hogan, Senior Trial Counsel, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S.
Department of Justice, of Washington, D.C., for defendant. With her on the brief were Stuart F.
Delery, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and
Reginald T. Blades, Jr., Assistant Director. Of counsel on the brief was Sapna Sharma, Office of
Chief Counsel for Import Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.

       Brady W. Mills of Morris, Manning & Martin, LLP, of Washington D.C. for defendant-
intervenors. With him on the brief were Donald B. Cameron, Julie C. Mendoza, R. Will Planert
and Mary S. Hodgins.

              Musgrave, Senior Judge:            Plaintiff United States Steel Corp. (“Plaintiff”)

challenges the Department of Commerce’s (“Commerce”) final results in the 2009
Court No. 12-00070                                                                             Page 2


countervailing duty administrative review of Certain Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat

Products from the Republic of Korea, 77 Fed. Reg. 13093 (Dept. Commerce, Mar. 5, 2012)

Public Record Part 1 Doc. (“PR1”) 49 (“Final Results”). Plaintiff challenges the benchmark

interest rate used by Commerce to determine whether and to what extent sales in the U.S. of

Defendant-Intervenor Hyundai Hysco Ltd.’s (“Hysco”) products were affected by a

countervailable subsidy.

                       JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

               The court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c). Commerce’s final

determination will be upheld unless it is found “to be unsupported by substantial evidence on the

record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).                 More

specifically, when reviewing agency determinations, findings or conclusions for substantial

evidence the court assesses whether the agency action is reasonable given the record as a whole.

Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 458 F.3d 1345, 1350-51 (Fed. Cir. 2006).

               Separately, the two-step framework provided in Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural

Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842-45 (1984), governs judicial review of Commerce’s

interpretation of the antidumping statute. See United States v. Eurodif S.A., 555 U.S. 305, 316

(2009) (Commerce’s “interpretation governs in the absence of unambiguous statutory language

to the contrary or unreasonable resolution of language that is ambiguous”).              Commerce’s

interpretation will not be set aside unless it is “arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to the

statute.” Chevron, 467 U.S. at 844, 104 S.Ct. 2778.
Court No. 12-00070                                                                      Page 3


                                           FACTS

              Commerce reviewed loans that Hysco received from the government-owned

Export-Import Bank of Korea (KEXIM), for the period of calendar year 2009. Commerce had

previously determined that the KEXIM program loans were countervailable.            Issues and

Decision Memorandum in Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products from the Republic of

Korea, 77 Fed. Reg. 13093 (Dept. Commerce Mar. 5, 2012) (“I&D Memo”) at 2-3.

              The KEXIM loans were short-term, variable rate loans, whose interest rate

changed monthly. I&D Memo at 3. Hysco received the KEXIM loans in 2008 and by their

terms they extended into 2009. Commerce initially determined that the KEXIM loans should be

benchmarked against all 2008 commercial loans received by Hysco.           Corrosion-Resistant

Carbon Steel Flat Products from the Republic of Korea, 76 Fed. Reg. 54208 (Dept. Commerce

Aug. 31, 2011) (“Preliminary Results”). Hysco pointed out that the 2008 interest rates were

much higher than the rates charged in 2009 and argued that the 2009 KEXIM loan payments

should be judged against annual average 2009 interest rates. In response, Commerce decided

that only Hysco’s short term variable interest rate loans were comparable to the KEXIM loans

and requested further information from Hysco. Commerce removed Hysco loans taken out in

2009 from the benchmark, because the KEXIM loans were taken out in 2008. Final Results, 77

Fed. Reg. at 13093.

              Commerce then determined how the commercial loans’ variable interest rates

were calculated. It identified the commercial loans’ monthly base CD rate regularly reported by

the Korean Financial Investment Association, and their specific fees and interest rate spreads.

I&D Memo at 10-11. Commerce then applied a weighted average calculation to determine
Court No. 12-00070                                                                          Page 4


monthly rates for the 2009 review period. Plaintiff’s Memorandum In Support of Motion for

Judgment on the Agency Record under Rule 56.2 (“Pl. Br.”) at 11, and sources cited therein.

Commerce concluded that the resulting rates reflected the interest rates that Hysco would have

paid had the commercial loans extended into 2009 and been paid on the same date as Hysco’s

KEXIM loan payments. I&D Memo at 10-11. Commerce thus determined what the short-term

commercial loan rates would have been had Hysco made payments under the 2008 loans in 2009.

I&D Memo at 11; see 19 C.F.R. § 351.505. Commerce stated:

       HYSCO took out comparable, variable rate, short-term financing in 2008, which
       is the year in which the KEXIM short-term financing was taken out. Therefore,
       we used the variable rate loans provided by commercial banks during 2008 to
       determine our weighted-average commercial benchmark and compared the
       benchmark rate to the interest rate charged on the KEXIM loans. To determine
       the benefit from the KEXIM loan, we then compared the amount of actual interest
       paid on the KEXIM loan to the amount HYSCO should have paid at the
       commercial benchmark.

I&D Memo at 11. Commerce found that the ad valorem subsidy rate fell from a preliminary

finding of 0.09% to the final determination of only 0.03% subsidy. I&D Memo at 3. Commerce

determined for this review period that the benefit enjoyed by Hysco under the program was a de

minimis rate of 0.46% and thus not countervailable. Final Results, 77 Fed. Reg. at 13094.

                                         ANALYSIS

              The relevant statute provides:

       (E) Benefit conferred
       A benefit shall normally be treated as conferred where there is a benefit to the
       recipient, including--- * * *

           (ii) in the case of a loan, if there is a difference between the amount the
           recipient of the loan pays on the loan and the amount the recipient would pay
           on a comparable commercial loan that the recipient could actually obtain on
           the market. . . .
Court No. 12-00070                                                                         Page 5


19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(E)(ii). Commerce determines a loan benchmark by looking at loans the

company received from commercial lenders, 19 C.F.R. § 351.505(a)(3)(i), provided those loans

are comparable to the government loan involved. 19 C.F.R. § 351.505(a)(2)(i). Commerce

“normally will rely on the actual experience of the firm in question in obtaining comparable

commercial loans.” 19 C.F.R. § 351.505(a)(3)(i).

               Plaintiff argues that Commerce incorrectly used an “artificial” benchmark rate

derived from commercial loans made to Hysco in 2008. Pl. Br. at 10. “Commerce’s loan

benchmarks represented purely artificial loans that it constructed, not the interest rates charged

on loans that HYSCO -- or any other company -- actually obtained or could have obtained from

commercial lenders in Korea.” Pl. Br. at 11. Plaintiff implies that the actual commercial loan

rates charged to Hysco (had it obtained any such loans in 2009) would have been much greater

than the ones the Commerce calculated using the formula from the 2008 commercial loan

agreements and the 2009 base rates. Plaintiff’s Reply Brief (“Pl. Reply”) at 3-4, 9.

               The government points out that Commerce calculated a comparable benchmark

for Hysco’s short term, variable interest rate KEXIM loans which accounted for the variability of

interest rates over the review period. Defendant’s Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment

on the Agency Record (“Deft. Br.”) at 5-6. In the absence of any specific guidance from the

statute or regulations to account for the variability of interest rates on variable rate loans,

Commerce developed a reasonable methodology to do so in accordance with 19 U.S.C.

§ 1677(5)(E)(ii) and 19 C.F.R. § 351.505(a)(2)(iv). Deft. Br. at 12. Commerce accounted for

the variability of the interest rate on the KEXIM loans by calculating what the interest rate for

comparable commercial loans would have been had the payments been made on the same dates
Court No. 12-00070                                                                        Page 6


as payments were made on the KEXIM loans. Deft. Br. at 6, 13.

              Hysco points out that “[h]ad Commerce used the interest rates on the

[commercial] loans that were paid in 2008 it would have been comparing variable interest rates

set in 2008 with variable interest rates paid on the KEXIM loans in 2009.” Hyundai Hysco Ltd.

Brief in Opposition to the Motion of Plaintiff U.S. Steel Corp. for Judgment on the Agency

Record (“Hysco Br.”) at 10 (emphasis in original). Hysco argues that using the higher 2008 rates

to benchmark 2009 interest payments would have overstated the benefit to Hysco of the KEXIM

loans. Hysco Br. at 11.

              Plaintiff admits that the commercial loans obtained by Hysco in 2008 were

comparable to the government loans in question. Pl. Reply at 2. Indeed, plaintiff states that the

2008 commercial loans satisfy “each and every one of the factors considered by Commerce when

assessing comparability of short term loans.” Pl. Reply at 3. But plaintiff seeks to use those

loans in toto, including their 2008 rates, to judge the 2009 short term rates charged by the

government. Pl. Reply at 2-3. This argument fails because the rates differed significantly during

the two periods, a factor Commerce recognized.

              Plaintiff also argues that Commerce should have used a national average interest

rate in this case because Hysco did not take out any commercial loans in 2009. Pl. Br. at 16-17,

19. This argument fails because the regulation requires Commerce to judge the KEXIM loans by

comparison with commercial loans taken out in the same year as the KEXIM loans. Hysco took

out the commercial loans relied upon by Commerce during 2008, the same year that the subject

KEXIM loans were taken out. I&D Memo at 10; 19 C.F.R. § 351.505(a)(2)(iv). Furthermore,

the court agrees with Commerce that the use of annual average interest rates is inappropriate
Court No. 12-00070                                                                            Page 7


when Commerce benchmarks short term variable interest rate government loans.

                 The court finds plaintiff’s arguments speculative and an invitation to interpose the

court’s own judgment for that of the agency. The court declines to do so. The court is not

convinced that, as plaintiff claims, the benchmark rates determined by Commerce were

“hypothetical” or “artificial”. Plaintiff has failed to convince the court that Commerce has

overstepped its bounds under Chevron. Commerce’s use of the loan calculation methodology

from Hysco’s 2008 commercial loans in order to benchmark the payments Hysco made on the

KEXIM loans in 2009 was appropriate under the applicable laws and regulations. The court has

reviewed the record and finds that Commerce’s decision was reasonable under the

circumstances.

                                          CONCLUSION

                 Based upon the record developed before Commerce and upon the papers and

proceedings before this court, for the reasons set forth above, the court sustains Commerce’s

decision to benchmark the KEXIM loans using 2008 commercial loan calculation methodology

and 2009 variable interest rates.



                                                       /s/ R. Kenton Musgrave
                                                       R. Kenton Musgrave, Senior Judge

Dated: July 31, 2013
       New York, New York
