[Cite as State v. Fisher, 2012-Ohio-6260.]
                                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                      FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                           JACKSON COUNTY


STATE OF OHIO,                                                 :

        Plaintiff-Appellee,                                    :    Case No. 11CA10

        vs.                                                    :

JASON E. FISHER,                                               :    DECISION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY


        Defendant-Appellant.                                   :

______________________________________________________________

                                                   APPEARANCES:

COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:                          Timothy Young, Ohio Public Defender, and Melissa M.
                                                Prendergast, Ohio Assistant Public Defender, 250 East
                                                Broad Street, Ste. 1400, Columbus, Ohio 432151

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:                           John L. “Jack” Detty, Jackson County Prosecuting
                                                Attorney, 295 Broadway Street, Ste. 100, Jackson, Ohio
                                                45640

_________________________________________________________________
CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM COMMON PLEAS COURT
DATE JOURNALIZED: 12-27-12
ABELE, P.J.

        {¶ 1} This is an appeal from a Jackson County Common Pleas Court judgment of

conviction and sentence. A jury found Jason E. Fisher, defendant below and appellant herein,

guilty of unlawful sexual conduct with a minor, in violation of R.C. 2907.04. Appellant assigns

the following errors for review:



        1
            Different counsel represented appellant during the trial court proceedings.
               FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

               “MR. FISHER’S CONVICTION FOR ONE COUNT OF
               UNLAWFUL SEXUAL CONDUCT WITH A MINOR WAS
               ENTERED AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE
               EVIDENCE, IN VIOLATION OF THE FIFTH AND
               FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES
               CONSTITUTION AND SECTION 16, ARTICLE I OF THE
               OHIO CONSTITUTION.”

               SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

               “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT CLASSIFIED MR.
               FISHER AS A TIER II OFFENDER UNDER THE PROVISIONS
               OF THE ADAM WALSH ACT.”

               THIRD ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

               “MR. FISHER DID NOT RECEIVE THE EFFECTIVE
               ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL BECAUSE COUNSEL DID NOT
               OBJECT TO THE TRIAL COURT’S CLASSIFICATION OF MR.
               FISHER UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF OHIO’S ADAM
               WALSH ACT, NOR DID COUNSEL OBJECT TO THE
               IMPOSITION OF COURT COSTS DESPITE THE INDIGENCE
               OF HIS CLIENT.”

       {¶ 2} Appellant and C.W. are cousins. On October 15, 2007, they drove to “lovers

lane” before visiting the Jackson Motor Inn where they twice engaged in intercourse. C.W. was

thirteen years old at the time, and appellant twenty-five. The police stopped the pair after

C.W.’s mother apparently reported her daughter missing. Subsequently, the Grand Jury returned

an indictment that charged appellant with unlawful sexual conduct with a minor.

       {¶ 3} At the jury trial, C.W. testified that she and appellant twice engaged in sexual

intercourse and appellant performed oral sex. The victim and her mother both testified that they

told appellant that C.W. was thirteen years old at the time. Appellant, however, denied that he

and his cousin engaged in intercourse, but did admit that they visited the Jackson Motor Inn

where C.W. simultaneously masturbated him and herself. Appellant also testified that (1) C.W.
JACKSON, 11CA10                                                                                       3

did not tell him that she was thirteen, and (2) his mother once told him that C.W. was either

sixteen or seventeen. Ashley Fisher, appellant’s sister, also testified that she thought C.W. was

sixteen years old.

       {¶ 4} After hearing the evidence, the jury returned a guilty verdict. The trial court

sentenced appellant to serve four years in prison and pay court costs. On August 22, 2011,

pursuant to App.R. 5, we granted appellant leave to file a delayed appeal. Consequently, this

appeal is now properly before us.

                                                 I

       {¶ 5} In his first assignment of error, appellant asserts that his conviction is against the

manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶ 6} When an appellate court considers a claim that a conviction is against the manifest

weight of the evidence, the court must dutifully examine the entire record, weigh the evidence,

and consider the credibility of witnesses. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678

N.E.2d 541 (1997). Accord State v. Hunter, 131 Ohio St.3d 67, 2011-Ohio-6524, 960 N.E.2d

955, ¶119. A reviewing court must bear in mind, however, that credibility generally is an issue

for the trier of fact to resolve. See State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967),

paragraph one of the syllabus. “‘Because the trier of fact sees and hears the witnesses and is

particularly competent to decide “whether, and to what extent, to credit the testimony of

particular witnesses,” we must afford substantial deference to its determinations of credibility.’”

Barberton v. Jenney, 126 Ohio St.3d 5, 2010-Ohio-2420, 929 N.E.2d 1047, ¶20, quoting State v.

Konya, 2nd Dist. No. 21434, 2006-Ohio-6312,¶6, quoting State v. Lawson, 2nd Dist. No. 16288

(Aug. 22, 1997). Thus, an appellate court should leave the issues of weight and credibility of the
JACKSON, 11CA10                                                                                     4

evidence to the fact finder, as long as a rational basis exists in the record for the decision. State

v. Picklesimer, 4th Dist. No. 11CA9, 2012-Ohio-1282, ¶24. Accord State v. Howard, 4th Dist.

No. 07CA2948, 2007-Ohio-6331, ¶16 (“We will not intercede as long as the trier of fact has

some factual and rational basis for its determination of credibility and weight.”).

       {¶ 7} Once the reviewing court finishes its examination, the court may reverse the

judgment of conviction only if it appears that the fact-finder, when resolving the conflicts in

evidence, “‘clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the

conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387,

quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1983). If the prosecution

presented substantial evidence upon which the trier of fact reasonably could conclude, beyond a

reasonable doubt, that the essential elements of the offense had been established, the judgment of

conviction is not against the manifest weight of the evidence. E.g., State v. Eley, 56 Ohio St.2d

169, 383 N.E.2d 132 (1978), syllabus. Thus, “‘”[w]hen conflicting evidence is presented at

trial, a conviction is not against the manifest weight of the evidence simply because the jury

believed the prosecution testimony.”’” State v. Cooper, 170 Ohio App.3d 418,

2007-Ohio-1186, 867 N.E.2d 493, ¶17, quoting State v. Mason, 9th Dist. No. 21397,

2003-Ohio-5785, ¶17, quoting State v. Gilliam, 9th Dist. No. 97CA6757 (Aug. 12, 1998).

Instead, a reviewing court should find a conviction against the manifest weight of the evidence

only in the “‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’”

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, quoting Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d at 175. Accord State v.

Lindsey, 87 Ohio St.3d 479, 483, 721 N.E.2d 995 (2000).

       {¶ 8} R.C. 2907.04(A) forbids anyone eighteen years of age or older from engaging in
JACKSON, 11CA10                                                                                        5

sexual conduct with someone (other than his spouse) when the offender knows the other person

is thirteen years of age or older, but younger than sixteen. Sexual conduct includes, inter alia,

vaginal intercourse. R.C. 2907.01(A). C.W. testified she and appellant twice engaged in vaginal

intercourse. Holzer Medical Center nurse Melinda Jordan testified that she examined C.W. on

the night in question and that her “vaginal and labia area were very red, irritated and swollen[.]”

Ohio Bureau of Criminal Investigation forensic scientist Kristen Slaper testified that vaginal

swabs of semen from C.W. were compatible with the DNA profile obtained from appellant's oral

swabs. Also, C.W. and her mother both testified that they told appellant that C.W. was thirteen

years old. This evidence, if believed, is sufficient for a jury to find appellant guilty of unlawful

sexual conduct with a minor.

        {¶ 9} Appellant challenges the manifest weight of the evidence rather than its

sufficiency. Specifically, he argues that (1) he did not know C.W.’s true age, and (2) her

testimony that she told him her age has an “inherent lack of credibility.” We again note,

however, that the weight of the evidence and witness credibility are issues that the trier of fact

must determine. State v. Dye, 82 Ohio St.3d 323, 329, 695 N.E.2d 763 (1998); State v.

Williams (1995), 73 Ohio St.3d 153, 165, 652 N.E.2d 721 (1995). The rationale for this view is

that the trier of fact (in this case the jury) is in the best position to view the witnesses and to

observe their demeanor, gestures and voice inflections and to use those observations to weigh

credibility. Myers v. Garson, 66 Ohio St.3d 610, 615, 614 N.E.2d 742 (1993); Seasons Coal Co.

v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984). Consequently, a jury may choose

to believe all, part or none of the witness testimony. Rogers v. Hill, 124 Ohio App.3d 468, 470,

706 N.E.2d 438 (4th Dist. 1998); Stewart v. B.F. Goodrich Co., 89 Ohio App.3d 35, 42, 623
JACKSON, 11CA10                                                                                      6

N.E.2d 591 (4th Dist. 1993).

       {¶ 10} In the case sub judice, although we recognize that C.W. sometimes contradicted

even her own testimony and further admitted that she changed her story on several occasions, it is

apparent that the trier of fact found her testimony credible and obviously more so than appellant's

testimony. Furthermore, even if we accept appellant’s argument that C.W.’s testimony lacked

credibility, the verdict is nevertheless consistent with the testimony from other witnesses and

evidence. C.W.'s mother was emphatic in stating that she made appellant aware of her

daughter’s true age. Testimony from Melinda Jordan and Kristen Slaper support C.W.’s claim

that she and appellant had sexual intercourse on the evening in question. In short, even without

C.W.’s testimony, considerable evidence exists to support the verdict against appellant.

       {¶ 11} Thus, in light of the foregoing, we cannot find that the verdict is a manifest

miscarriage of justice and we hereby overrule appellant's first assignment of error.

                                                  II

       {¶ 12} In his second assignment of error, appellant asserts that the trial court erred by

classifying him a Tier II sex offender. We disagree because in our review of the record, we

cannot find any indication that the trial court made such classification. The September 23, 2009

judgment of conviction and sentence makes no mention of it. Indeed, the only part of the record

appellant cites to show that he was designated a Tier II offender is the prosecutor's comment

during the sentencing hearing. The trial court cannot be said to have erred by making a

classification that it did not make. Therefore, even if it was improper to classify appellant as a

Tier II sexual offender, we find nothing in the record to indicate that he was so classified.
JACKSON, 11CA10                                                                                                                7

         {¶ 13} For these reasons, we hereby overrule appellant's second assignment of error.2

                                                               III

         {¶ 14} In his third assignment of error, appellant asserts that he received constitutionally

ineffective representation from his trial counsel.

         {¶ 15} Our analysis begins with the proposition that a criminal defendant has a

constitutional right to counsel, and that this right includes the right to effective assistance from

trial counsel. McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771, 90 S.Ct. 1441, 25 L.Ed.2d 763

(1970); In re C.C., 4th Dist. No. 10CA44, 2011-Ohio-1879, at ¶10. To establish ineffective

assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that (1) his counsel's performance was deficient,

and (2) such deficient performance prejudiced the defense and deprived him of a fair trial.

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); also see

State v. Perez, 124 Ohio St.3d 122, 920 N.E.2d 104, 2009–Ohio–6179, at ¶200. To establish

prejudice, a defendant must show that a reasonable probability exists that, but for his counsel’s

alleged error, the result of the trial would have been different. See State v. White, 82 Ohio St.3d

16, 23, 693 N.E.2d 772 (1998); State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989), at

paragraph three of the syllabus. However, both prongs of the Strickland test need not be

analyzed if a claim can be resolved under one prong. State v. Madrigal, 87 Ohio St.3d 378, 389,


         2
               We hasten to add that the precise language of the Court’s opinion refers to the “enactment” of S.B. 10 rather than
the “effective date.” See 2011-Ohio-3374, at syllabus & ¶22. “Enactment” is defined as the “method or process by which a
                                                                   th
bill in the [l]egislature becomes a law.” Black’s Law Dictionary (5 Ed. 1979) 472. S.B. 10 was “passed” on June 27, 2007, and
then “approved” on June 30, 2007. Thus, June 2007 is the date of “enactment.” We mention this because S.B. 10 has
different “effective dates (July 2007 and January 2008). See S.B. 10, Sections 3 & 4. At least one court since Williams appears
to mistakenly refer to the effective date when it should have referred to date of enactment. See e.g. State v. Knowles, 2nd Dist.
No. No. 2011–CA–17, 2012-Ohio-2543, at ¶¶7&9.
JACKSON, 11CA10                                                                                                                  8

721 N.E.2d 52 (2000); also see State v. Saultz, 4th Dist. No. 09CA3133, 2011-Ohio-2018, at ¶19.

         {¶ 16} In the case at bar, appellant offers two arguments to support his contention that he

received ineffective assistance from trial counsel. First, he argues that trial counsel should have

objected to his classification as a Tier II sexual offender. However, as we noted above (1) the

trial court made no such classification and, (2) even if it did, appellant committed the crime after

enactment of S.B. 10. Thus, the application of that law was not retrospective as to him. Courts

have said time and again that trial counsel need not perform a vain act to avoid an ineffective

assistance claim. See e.g. State v. Halley, 4th Dist. No. 10CA13, 2012-Ohio-1625, at ¶27; State

v. Sowards, 4th Dist. 09CA8, 2011–Ohio–1660, at ¶20; State v. Caldwell, 8th Dist. 80556,

2002–Ohio–4911, at ¶37.

         {¶ 17} Appellant also argues that trial counsel was ineffective because he did not

challenge the trial court’s order that he pay the court costs imposed on him as part of the final

judgment. For the following reasons we disagree.

         {¶ 18} First, on November 13, 2009, appellant filed his own pro se motion for the relief

of court costs. This motion was apparently denied (the court file does not contain any ruling on

the motion).3 We find no indication that counsel's motion would have been more effective.

Second, a determination of whether appellant was actually indigent and able to pay costs requires

the consideration of both present and future ability to pay. See generally State v. Jacobs, 189

Ohio App.3d 283, 938 N.E.2d 79, 2010–Ohio–4010 at ¶11 (8th Dist.); State v. Doss, 4th Dist. No.



         3
          The trial court did not rule on this motion. Thus, it is treated as a denial. State v. Sweeney, 8th Dist. No. 97414,
2012-Ohio-3152, at ¶9; State v. Fry, 9th Dist. No. 26121, 2012-Ohio-2602, at ¶6, fn. 1; State v. Sydenstricker, 4th Dist. No.
96CA15, 1996 WL 730501 (Dec. 11, 1996).
JACKSON, 11CA10                                                                                       9

09CA20, 2012-Ohio-883, at ¶21. Appellant was born in 1982. That means he will be

thirty-one years old at the time of his release. Also, nothing in the record indicates that he has

any physical disability to prevent him from working. A financial disclosure affidavit indicated

that prior to his arrest appellant earned $700 a month from employment. His pro se motion to

waive court costs reveals that the total amount of those costs is $489.65, or, in other words, less

than one month of income.

       {¶ 19} In Doss, supra at ¶¶19-22, we held that an absence of physical disabilities and a

young age at release from prison made it difficult to find a defendant’s trial counsel

constitutionally ineffective for not requesting a waiver of court costs. We apply that same

holding here. Appellant will be relatively young when he is released, and we find nothing in the

record to indicate that he cannot earn what he earned before his conviction. For these reasons,

we cannot find that trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective for not raising this issue and we

overrule appellant's third assignment of error.

       {¶ 20} Having considered all of the errors assigned, we hereby affirm the trial court's

judgment.

                                                              JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
[Cite as State v. Fisher, 2012-Ohio-6260.]
                                             JUDGMENT ENTRY

        It is ordered that the judgment be affirmed and that appellee recover of appellant the costs
herein taxed.

        The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

     It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Jackson County
Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.

        If a stay of execution of sentence and release upon bail has been previously granted, it is
continued for a period of sixty days upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of said stay is
to allow appellant to file with the Ohio Supreme Court an application for a stay during the
pendency of the proceedings in that court. The stay as herein continued will terminate at the
expiration of the sixty day period.

       The stay will also terminate if appellant fails to file a notice of appeal with the Ohio
Supreme Court in the forty-five day period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of
the Ohio Supreme Court. Additionally, if the Ohio Supreme Court dismisses the appeal prior to
the expiration of said sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date of such dismissal.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute that mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the
Rules of Appellate Procedure.

        Kline, J. & McFarland, J.: Concur in Judgment & Opinion

                                                                  For the Court




                                                                  BY:
                                                Peter B. Abele
                                                Presiding Judge


                                         NOTICE TO COUNSEL

       Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment entry and the
time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.
