J-S49004-19


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,                     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT
                                                                OF
                                                           PENNSYLVANIA
                             Appellee

                        v.

    ROBERT SPENCE,

                             Appellant                   No. 2190 EDA 2017


          Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered July 1, 2014
             In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
             Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0010155-2009


BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., STABILE, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.:                       FILED DECEMBER 18, 2019

        Appellant, Robert Spence, appeals nunc pro tunc from the judgment of

sentence of an aggregate term of 17 to 34 years’ incarceration, imposed after

he was convicted, following a non-jury trial, of interference with child custody,

promoting prostitution, corrupting the morals of a minor, trafficking of

persons, and sexual exploitation of children. We affirm.

        The trial court set forth the facts of this case, as follows:
              The incidents in this case took place from December 2008
        through March 2009[,] and a separate incident took place in
        January of 2012. In December 2008, N.S. (hereinafter “[N.S.]”)
        ran away from home. At their first in[-]person meeting[,] [N.S.]
        and a friend entered into the car of Appellant and were asked by
        Appellant if they wanted to work for him … [and] they agreed.
        Upon arriv[ing at] Appellant[’s] home[,] there was another
        discussion in which Appellant described to [N.S.] that she was
        going to make money for him as a prostitute and she agreed.
____________________________________________


*   Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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     During this time of prostitution, Appellant gave guidelines to
     [N.S.] to follow and controlled [N.S.] in various aspects of [her]
     life[,] including where [N.S.] lived, [her] attendance (or lack
     thereof) [at] school, the money [she] earned, where she went,
     etc. For a period of about two (2) months[,] [N.S.] worked for
     Appellant[, during which time] he would drive [N.S.] to various
     locations in the [c]ity and [N.S.] stood on the corner waiting to
     make money. [N.S.] was expected to work as much as possible,
     almost every night, and Appellant would threaten [N.S.] with
     physical harm if she did not cooperate with [his] demands. Once
     done for the night[,] [N.S.] would give the money [she] earned to
     Appellant and he would provide [N.S.] with clothes and jewelry.
     Additionally, one[]night Appellant had [N.S.] view a movie about
     prostitution and gave her the idea of going to Atlantic City to
     prostitute for a higher price. Although [N.S.] did leave on a few
     occasions, [she] came back and chose to stay because Appellant
     had issued many threats of harm to her and her family.

            On January 12, 2009, Appellant was pulled over by police
     for possession of a stolen car with [N.S.] in the car. After being
     taken down to the police station[, N.S.] was released to the care
     of her mother. After [N.S.] returned home she told her mother
     she had been prostituting for Appellant, the police were notified,
     and a statement was made on January 23, 2009. … [N.S.]
     positively identified Appellant through a photograph [and stated]
     that he was the person she had been working for while
     prostituting. A warrant was issued for his arrest[,] and Appellant
     was arrested on March 2, 2009.

            Upon Appellant’s arrest and incarceration, he attempted to
     send a letter to a friend. In the letter[,] Appellant describe[d]
     [N.S.] and [made] reference to her age. Further, … Appellant
     discusse[d] prostitution [and] trafficking, and ask[ed] the
     recipient to keep … [N.S.] away so she d[id] not show up to court.
     The mail was labeled “frank” and returned back to the sender. On
     January 20, 2012[,] a correction officer found the letter in the
     desk of the … unit where Appellant was believed to be housed.
     Based upon review of the contents of the letter[,] the correction
     officer gave the letter to his sergeant.

Trial Court Opinion (TCO), 11/20/18, at 3-4.

     On February 10, 2014, Appellant’s non-jury trial began. At the close

thereof, the court convicted him of the above-stated offenses.    On July 1,

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2014, Appellant was sentenced to the aggregate term stated supra. He filed

a timely post-sentence motion challenging, inter alia, the weight of the

evidence supporting his convictions and discretionary aspects of his sentence.

Appellant’s motion was denied by operation of law on November 10, 2014. He

did not file an appeal. However, he subsequently filed a timely petition under

the Post Conviction Relief Act (PCRA), 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541-9546, seeking the

reinstatement of his appellate rights, which was granted on June 22, 2017.

Appellant filed the present, nunc pro tunc appeal on July 7, 2017, and he

complied with the trial court’s order to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise

statement of errors complained of on appeal. The court filed its Rule 1925(a)

opinion on November 20, 2018.

      Herein, Appellant states four issues for our review:
      I. Whether the court erred in failing to grant Appellant’s post-
      sentence motion on the grounds that the verdict was against the
      weight of the evidence and in failing to grant defense counsel’s
      oral motion for judgment of acquittal.

      II. Whether the guilty verdicts on the charges of interference with
      custody of a child, corruption of the morals of a minor, trafficking
      of persons and sexual exploitation of children were contrary to
      law.

      III. Whether the court erred in denying Appellant’s motion to
      reconsider sentence.

      IV. Whether the court erred in denying the motion to preclude the
      letter in question based on multiple evidentiary issues.

Appellant’s Brief at 9 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).

      Appellant first challenges the weight of the evidence to support his

convictions.


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     A claim alleging the verdict was against the weight of the evidence
     is addressed to the discretion of the trial court. Accordingly, an
     appellate court reviews the exercise of the trial court’s discretion;
     it does not answer for itself whether the verdict was against the
     weight of the evidence. It is well[-]settled that the jury is free to
     believe all, part, or none of the evidence and to determine the
     credibility of the witnesses, and a new trial based on a weight of
     the evidence claim is only warranted where the jury’s verdict is so
     contrary to the evidence that it shocks one’s sense of justice. In
     determining whether this standard has been met, appellate review
     is limited to whether the trial judge’s discretion was properly
     exercised, and relief will only be granted where the facts and
     inferences of record disclose a palpable abuse of discretion.

Commonwealth v. Houser, 18 A.3d 1128, 1135-36 (Pa. 2011) (citations

and internal quotation marks omitted).

     Appellant first avers that the court erred by finding N.S.’s testimony

credible where “[d]efense counsel impeached [N.S.] not once, not twice, but

five times.” Appellant’s Brief at 22 (emphasis in original). While Appellant

provides citations to the transcript of where these alleged impeachments

occurred, he offers no discussion about the points on which N.S. was

impeached, or why those moments during her cross-examination cast doubt

on the veracity of her testimony overall. Accordingly, we are unconvinced by

Appellant’s bald assertion that the impeachment of N.S., in and of itself,

“demonstrates the lack of evidentiary support for the court’s verdict.”      Id.

Additionally, his remaining arguments attack the sufficiency of the evidence,

rather than its weight. See id. at 22 (arguing that the Commonwealth failed

to prove he enticed or took N.S. away from her mother); id. at 24 (claiming

the evidence did not establish that he knew N.S. was a minor); id. at 25

(asserting that the Commonwealth’s evidence did not establish that he forced


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N.S. to prostitute herself).   “A challenge to the weight of the evidence, in

contrast to a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, concedes that there

is sufficient evidence to sustain the verdict.” Commonwealth v. Smith, 853

A.2d 1020, 1027 (Pa. Super. 2004). Because Appellant has offered no

convincing challenge to the weight of the evidence to support his convictions,

his first issue does not warrant relief.

      Next, Appellant attacks the sufficiency of the evidence to support his

convictions. Initially, we conclude that Appellant waived his sufficiency claim

by failing to specify, in his Rule 1925(b) statement, what element(s) of his

crimes the Commonwealth failed to prove. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) Statement,

1/8/18, at 2 (“The verdicts were contrary to law on the charges of

[i]nterference with [c]ustody of a [c]hild, [corrupting the morals of a minor],

[t]rafficking of [p]ersons[,] and [s]exual [e]xploitation of [c]hildren.    The

elements of the offenses were not made out as articulated by trial counsel in

closing arguments.”); Commonwealth v. Williams, 959 A.2d 1252, 1257

(Pa. Super. 2008) (“If [an a]ppellant wants to preserve a claim that the

evidence was insufficient, then the [Rule] 1925(b) statement needs to specify

the element or elements upon which the evidence was insufficient.”).

      Nevertheless, even had Appellant preserved his sufficiency claim, we

would deem it meritless. In Commonwealth v. Troy, 832 A.2d 1089 (Pa.

Super. 2003), we explained that:

      The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence
      is whether viewing all evidence admitted at trial in the light most
      favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence to

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      enable the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond
      a reasonable doubt. In applying [the above] test, we may not
      weigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for the fact-
      finder. In addition, we note that the facts and circumstances
      established by the Commonwealth need not preclude every
      possibility of innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt
      may be resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak
      and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may
      be drawn from the combined circumstances. The Commonwealth
      may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime
      beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial
      evidence. Moreover, in applying the above test, the entire record
      must be evaluated and all evidence actually received must be
      considered. Finally, the trier of fact while passing upon the
      credibility of the witnesses and the weight of the evidence
      produced, is free to believe all, part or none of the evidence.

Id. at 1092 (citations omitted).

      First, Appellant argues that the Commonwealth failed to prove the crime

of interference with custody of a child, which is defined as follows:

      (a) Offense defined.--A person commits an offense if he
      knowingly or recklessly takes or entices any child under the age
      of 18 years from the custody of its parent, guardian or other lawful
      custodian, when he has no privilege to do so.

18 Pa.C.S. § 2904(a). Notably, a defense to this crime is that “the child, being

at the time not less than 14 years old, was taken away at its own instigation

without enticement and without purpose to commit a criminal offense with or

against the child[.]” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2904(b)(2).

      Here, Appellant contends that N.S.’s testimony demonstrated that she

voluntarily left her mother’s home and stayed with Appellant of her own

volition and, therefore, he did not “take or entice[]” her away from her

mother. Appellant’s Brief at 27. However, this Court has held that “it is the

interruption of lawful custody, and not merely the ‘taking[,’] … that constitutes


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the statutory offense.” Commonwealth v. Rodgers, 599 A.2d 1329, 1331

(Pa. Super. 1991) (quoting Commonwealth v. Stewart, 544 A.2d 1384,

1388 (Pa. Super. 1988) (holding that, “it is not merely the act of taking or

enticing that constitutes the offense, but rather the continued maintenance

of the child outside of the custodian’s dominion”)) (emphasis added).

      In the case sub judice, N.S. testified that during her first encounter with

Appellant, he told her she was going to work as a prostitute for him. N.T.,

2/25/14, at 71. Appellant forced N.S. to live with him, and said that he would

kill her if she tried to leave or broke any of his rules. Id. at 71-72. N.S.

testified that she did not feel free to leave Appellant’s home and return to her

mother because Appellant had threatened to hurt her if she did. Id. at 80.

We would deem this evidence sufficient to demonstrate that Appellant

maintained custody of N.S. for the purpose of committing a criminal offense,

thus interfering with the custody of N.S.’s mother.        As such, we would

conclude that his conviction under section 2904 must stand.

      Appellant next contends that the evidence was insufficient to support

his convictions of corrupting the morals of a minor and sexual exploitation of

a child, which are defined, respectively, as follows:

      (a) Offense defined.--

         (1)(i) Except as provided in subparagraph (ii), whoever,
         being of the age of 18 years and upwards, by any act
         corrupts or tends to corrupt the morals of any minor less
         than 18 years of age, or who aids, abets, entices or
         encourages any such minor in the commission of any crime,
         or who knowingly assists or encourages such minor in


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         violating his or her parole or any order of court, commits a
         misdemeanor of the first degree.

18 Pa.C.S. § 6301(a)(1)(i).

      (a) Offense defined.--A person commits the offense of sexual
      exploitation of children if he procures for another person a child
      under 18 years of age for the purpose of sexual exploitation.

18 Pa.C.S. § 6320(a). Section 6320 defines “procure” as “[t]o obtain or make

available for sexual exploitation.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 6320(c).

      In this case, Appellant claims that the Commonwealth’s evidence was

insufficient to support these offenses because N.S. “admitted to lying to him

about her age. She also verified Appellant did not learn of her true age until

later, after she began working for him.” Appellant’s Brief at 28. Appellant

seems to suggest that because he believed N.S. was 18 when he met her, he

could not be convicted of the above-stated offenses. Notably, Appellant cites

no legal authority to support this theory.    Moreover, he admits that the

evidence established that he learned N.S. was a minor during the time that

she was working for him as a prostitute. Id. Therefore, we would deem the

evidence sufficient to prove that he procured a minor for sexual exploitation

and corrupted the morals of a minor.

      Finally, Appellant contends, in a three-sentence argument, that his

conviction for trafficking of persons was not supported by sufficient evidence

because N.S. “explicitly stated that she willingly worked for Appellant.” Id.

(citing N.T., 2/25/14, at 103). In support of this argument, Appellant cites a

portion of his cross-examination of N.S., wherein he confronted her with her

out-of-court statement to police that Appellant did not force her into

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prostitution. However, he wholly disregards that at trial, N.S. testified that

Appellant forced her into prostitution by threatening to kill her if she told

anyone or tried to leave. N.T., 2/25/14, at 71-72. The trial court, as the fact-

finder, was free to credit this testimony and disbelieve N.S.’s contrary

statement to police during their investigation of Appellant’s crimes. See Troy,

supra.

      In Appellant’s fourth issue, he challenges the discretionary aspects of

his sentence, contending that the court imposed an excessive sentence

without considering mitigating factors, his mental health issues, or his

rehabilitative needs. Again, Appellant has waived this claim for our review.

In his post-sentence motion, Appellant stated that he was challenging his

sentence because he “does have remorse for the victim of the crime he

committed” and he “is motivated to use his incarcerated time to better himself

in order to be a productive member of society.”         Post-Sentence Motion,

7/11/14, at 4 (unnumbered). Appellant did not mention his mental health

issues, nor claim that the court failed to consider his rehabilitative needs.

Additionally, in Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) statement, he generally averred that

“[t]he [c]ourt was in error in denying the [m]otion to reconsider [s]entence.

The sentence was unduly harsh and unreasonable.”            Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)

Statement at 2 (unnumbered).       Again, Appellant made no mention of the

court’s failure to consider his mental health or rehabilitative needs.

Consequently,   we   deem    Appellant’s   sentencing   issue   waived.    See

Commonwealth v. Bullock, 948 A.2d 818 (Pa. Super. 2008) (stating that

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the right to appeal a discretionary aspect of sentence is not absolute and is

waived if the appellant does not challenge it in post-sentence motions or by

raising    the    claim    during     the      sentencing   proceedings);   Pa.R.A.P.

1925(b)(4)(vii) (“Issues not included in the Statement and/or not raised in

accordance with the provisions of this paragraph (b)(4) are waived.”).1

       In Appellant’s fifth and final issue, he contends that the trial court erred

by admitting a letter ostensibly written by him while incarcerated prior to trial,

in which he discussed N.S. and “the alleged trafficking operation.” Appellant’s

Brief at 31. Appellant vaguely claims that the admission of the letter “violated

Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence 402, 403, 404, 405, 901, 1001, 1002, and


____________________________________________


1  Notwithstanding waiver, we would conclude that Appellant failed to
demonstrate an abuse of discretion by the court. Notably, he does not
elaborate on his bald assertion that “the sentence was inconsistent with [his]
rehabilitative needs[,]” nor discuss the mitigating factors or “mental health
concerns” that the court failed to consider. Appellant’s Brief at 30. Appellant’s
undeveloped argument would fail to convince us that the trial court erred by
imposing his sentence, the basis for which it explains as follows:
             In anticipation of sentencing, this [c]ourt reviewed the Pre-
       Sentence Report. The defense attorney recommended thirty (30)
       months with credit for time served.           The Commonwealth
       recommended twenty-four and [one] half (24½) to forty-nine (49)
       years of incarceration. In this case, Appellant was sentenced to a
       total of seventeen (17) to thirty-four (34) years with credit for
       time served. This [c]ourt’s sentence was within the guidelines.
       Further, Appellant’s sentence was justified by the physically and
       emotionally damaging acts that Appellant was found to have
       committed against [N.S.], the need to protect the public from
       Appellant, and the potential for continuing criminal behavior to be
       exhibited by Appellant.
TCO at 9.


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those pertaining to ‘authenticity and a lack of foundation.’” Id. Appellant also

contends that “the Commonwealth made no attempt to authenticate the letter

as actually written by Appellant[,]” and that “the letter needlessly presented

cumulative evidence of the alleged trafficking activity.”          Id. at 31-32.

Appellant claims he was prejudiced by the admission of this evidence because

the letter “spoke of alleged trafficking activity for which Appellant did not stand

trial.” Id. at 31.

      Once again, Appellant’s claim is waived. In his Rule 1925(b) statement,

Appellant vaguely stated that “[t]he [c]ourt … was in error in denying the

Motion to Preclude the letter in question based on multiple evidentiary issues.”

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) Statement at 2 (unnumbered). Clearly, this generic claim

is insufficient to preserve Appellant’s specific arguments.

      In any event, even if not waived, we would deem Appellant’s evidentiary

claim meritless.     Aside from listing rules of evidence, Appellant offers no

discussion of those rules or how they were violated. He also fails to cite any

legal authority to support his cursory argument that the Commonwealth failed

to properly authenticate the letter, or that he was prejudiced by its admission.

Therefore, we would conclude that Appellant has not demonstrated an abuse

of discretion by the court.      Commonwealth v. Young, 989 A.2d 920,

924 (Pa. Super. 2010) (“Questions concerning the admissibility of evidence lie

within the sound discretion of the trial court, and a reviewing court will not

reverse the trial court’s decision absent a clear abuse of discretion.”) (citation

omitted).

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     Judgment of sentence affirmed.



Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 12/18/19




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