       IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT JACKSON
                          Assigned on Briefs June 2, 2015


        STATE OF TENNESSEE V. TRAVARIOUS DEJAUN WHITE

                 Appeal from the Circuit Court for Madison County
                       No. 12-549    Nathan B. Pride, Judge




               No. W2014-01348-CCA-R3-CD - Filed August 7, 2015
                       _____________________________

A Madison County Grand Jury indicted the Defendant, Travarious Dejaun White, on one
count of carjacking, two counts of aggravated robbery, and one count of felony evading
arrest. The incident leading to the Defendant’s arrest occurred on August 26, 2007.
Following a jury trial, the Defendant was convicted of all charged offenses. The trial
court sentenced the Defendant to eight years for carjacking, eight years each for both
counts of aggravated robbery, and one year for felony evading arrest. The court ordered
all sentences to be served consecutively, for a total effective sentence of twenty-five
years. On appeal, the Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting
his conviction for carjacking and aggravated robbery. After review, we affirm the
judgments of the trial court.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed

ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ROBERT W.
WEDEMEYER and D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., JJ., joined.

Lee R. Sparks, Jackson, Tennessee, for the Appellant, Travarious White.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Tracy L. Alcock, Assistant
Attorney General; Jerry Woodall, District Attorney General; and Benjamin Mayo,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the Appellee, State of Tennessee.
                                       OPINION

                                      Background

       On August 26, 2007, between 10:00 and 10:30 p.m., James Walker picked up
Natalie Bouie from her job at Red Robin. Mr. Walker then drove to a parking lot behind
North Side School, where he and Ms. Bouie stepped out of the vehicle to talk. As the
two talked, a man approached them and asked what time the last bus would arrive. Mr.
Walker informed the man that the last bus had already departed.

       After turning to leave, the man quickly turned back around, pulled out a black
handgun, and announced that he was robbing the couple. Mr. Walker ran from the scene
in an effort to lead the assailant away from Ms. Bouie. However, the assailant caught up
with him and forced Mr. Walker to hand over his wallet, his cell phone, and the keys to
his green GMC Denali Yukon. The assailant then stepped into the Denali and drove off
with Mr. Walker’s belongings around 10:45 p.m. Ms. Bouie’s purse, left inside the
vehicle, was also taken when the assailant drove away.

       Following the robbery, Mr. Walker and Ms. Bouie walked to a gas station and
called the police. At approximately 11:00 p.m., Officer Jerod Cobb of the Jackson Police
Department responded to the call. After meeting the victims at the gas station, he issued
a be on the lookout (BOLO) for the stolen vehicle.

       Sergeant Shane Barnes of the Madison County Sheriff’s Department was on patrol
the night of the robbery. At approximately 11:05 p.m., shortly after receiving the BOLO
dispatch describing Mr. Walker’s stolen vehicle, Sergeant Barnes observed a vehicle
matching the description turning from Sweetbay Drive onto North Parkway heading east.
Sergeant Barnes pursued the vehicle. The driver of the vehicle attempted to turn west
onto Allen Avenue at a high rate of speed but lost control and crashed, flipping the stolen
vehicle several times. Sergeant Barnes witnessed the crash from approximately 200 to
300 feet away.

       As he approached the accident, Sergeant Barnes witnessed a single individual
emerge from the wrecked vehicle and flee the scene. Sergeant Barnes pursued the
individual on foot but was unable to apprehend him.

       Lieutenant Mike Turner of the Jackson Police Department supervised the
collection and documentation of evidence from the scene of the crash. Along with a
camouflage colored hat and a black handgun, Lieutenant Turner collected three blood
swabs from the vehicle.

                                           -2-
       Less than twenty-four hours after the robbery, Mr. Walker and Ms. Bouie were
shown a photo lineup including a photograph of the Defendant. Neither victim was able
to positively identify the man who robbed them from the lineup.

        At trial, Mr. Walker and Ms. Bouie both testified to being within arm’s length of
their assailant. They recalled that the man who robbed them wore a camouflage hat with
a soft, full brim, similar to the hat recovered at the scene of the wreck. Both victims
testified that their assailant wore his hat pulled down low on his head. Additionally, both
victims stated that their assailant carried a black handgun similar to the gun recovered
from Mr. Walker’s vehicle. When asked to describe their assailant, Mr. Walker and Ms.
Bouie admitted to being scared and to focusing primarily on the weapon being pointed at
them. However, they both described the man as approximately five feet six to five feet
seven inches tall, with a slender build and dark complexion. Neither victim noticed any
facial hair on the assailant.

       Though neither victim could say positively whether the defendant was the man
who robbed them on August 26, 2007, Mr. Walker testified that his assailant was of a
similar height and build as the Defendant. Mr. Walker also testified that, prior to the
robbery, there were no blood stains, camouflage hats, or handguns in his vehicle.

       Captain Mike Holt of the Jackson Police Department testified that in August 2007,
he worked in the department’s Violent Crimes Unit and was assigned with investigating
the case. Captain Holt testified that the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI) Crime
Lab was able to generate a DNA profile based on blood swabbed from the front center
console of Mr. Walker’s vehicle. However, at the time, the profile did not match any
existing profiles in the TBI database.

        In March 2012, the TBI notified Captain Holt of a DNA match to the 2007 DNA
sample taken from Mr. Walker’s vehicle. The match identified the Defendant as the
source of the DNA collected from Mr. Walker’s stolen vehicle. Captain Holt testified
that on March 15, 2012, he obtained a search warrant for a buccal swab of the Defendant.
He testified that he collected the buccal swab from the Defendant and that the TBI’s
subsequent testing of the swab confirmed the Defendant as the source of the DNA from
the stolen vehicle.

       Special Agent Charles Hardy, supervisor of the TBI’s DNA data base, was
qualified as an expert witness in the area of DNA collection and matching. He testified
that the sample taken from the victim’s vehicle in 2007 matched the sample taken from
the Defendant in 2012. Agent Hardy confirmed that the Defendant’s blood was in the
victim’s vehicle following the 2007 crash.

                                           -3-
       Following the testimony of Agent Hardy, the State concluded its case. The
Defendant then elected not to testify, and the case was submitted to the jury, which
returned a verdict of guilty as to all charges.

                                         Analysis

       On appeal, the Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence as it relates to
identity for his convictions of carjacking and two counts of aggravated robbery. In
support of his argument, the Defendant concedes that he was in Mr. Walker’s stolen
vehicle at the time it crashed, resulting in his blood and DNA being left at the scene of
the accident but argues that the DNA evidence shows only that the Defendant was in the
vehicle at the time of the crash and that this, in and of itself, does not substantiate the
State’s claim that the Defendant committed the crimes of carjacking and aggravated
robbery. The Defendant stresses the victims’ inability to positively identify him as their
assailant less than twenty-four hours after the robbery occurred. The State argues that the
DNA evidence, along with the victims’ testimony describing their assailant, was
sufficient evidence to support the conviction. We agree with the State.

        The applicable standard of review for a sufficiency of the evidence challenge is
“whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (emphasis in original);
see also Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). A guilty verdict “removes the presumption of innocence
and replaces it with a presumption of guilt, and the Appellant has the burden of
illustrating why the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s verdict.” State v. Bland,
958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997); State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982).
Our standard of review “is the same whether the conviction is based upon direct or
circumstantial evidence.” State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting
State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

        In order to sustain a conviction, “the proof must be sufficient to support each and
every element of the conviction offense.” State v. Parker, 350 S.W.3d 883, 909 (2011).
A reviewing court must examine each element of the offense of which the defendant
stands convicted and determine if each element is supported by sufficient evidence. Id.
“If the proof does not adequately support each and every element, the defendant is
entitled to a reversal of the conviction.” Id. The identity of the perpetrator “is an
essential element of any crime.” State v. Rice, 184 S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn. 2006).
Identity may be established with circumstantial evidence alone, and the “jury decides the
weight to be given to circumstantial evidence, and [t]he inferences to be drawn from such
evidence . . . .” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). The question of identity is a

                                            -4-
question of fact left to the trier of fact to resolve. State v. Crawford, 635 S.W.2d 704,
705 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1982).

       In a jury trial, the weight and credibility given to the testimony of witnesses, as
well as the reconciliation of conflicts in that testimony, are questions of fact best
determined by the jury, because it saw and heard the witnesses, and by the trial judge,
who concurred in and approved the verdict. Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659. This court will
not reweigh the evidence. Id. On review, the “State must be afforded the strongest
legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn
therefrom.” State v. Vasques, 221 S.W.3d 514, 521 (Tenn. 2007).

       Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-401(a) (2006) defines robbery as “the
intentional or knowing theft of property from the person of another by violence or by
putting the person in fear.” A robbery is aggravated when it is “[a]ccomplished with a
deadly weapon or by display of any article used or fashioned to lead the victim to
reasonably believe it to be a deadly weapon[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-402(a)(1)
(2006).

       The crime of carjacking is defined in Tennessee as “the intentional or knowing
taking of a motor vehicle from the possession of another by use of: (1) [a] deadly
weapon; or (2) [f]orce or intimidation.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-404(a) (2006).

       Here, the Defendant has failed to show that no rational trier of fact could find he
committed the crimes of aggravated robbery and carjacking beyond a reasonable doubt.
He argues that the evidence is only sufficient to establish his presence in Mr. Walker’s
stolen vehicle at the time it crashed. However, the direct and circumstantial evidence is
sufficient to establish that the Defendant both robbed the victims and stole their vehicle.
The DNA evidence clearly places the Defendant inside the stolen vehicle at the time it
crashed. Because the vehicle wrecked less than twenty minutes after being taken from
Mr. Walker and Ms. Bouie, a rational trier of fact could reasonably infer that the
Defendant stole the vehicle from the victims.

       Additionally, the victims testified that their assailant wore a camouflage hat and
carried a black handgun at the time of the robbery. The presence of these items at the
scene of the crash, moments after the Defendant fled the vehicle, lends further support to
the jury’s conclusion that the Defendant robbed and carjacked Mr. Walker and Ms.
Bouie. Also, Sergeant Barnes testified that he only witnessed a single person fleeing the
stolen vehicle after it crashed. A reasonable trier of fact could infer from this testimony,
and from the evidence collected at the scene, that the Defendant robbed the victims and
was the sole occupant of the vehicle at the time it crashed.

                                           -5-
       Finally, the Defendant complains of the victims’ inability to positively identify
him as their assailant less than twenty-four hours after the robbery occurred. However,
the jury heard the testimony of both Mr. Walker and Ms. Bouie that the fear induced by
the Defendant’s weapon prevented them from focusing on what the Defendant looked
like beyond his basic physical characteristics. At trial, the Defendant sat in full view of
the jury, and the jury concluded that the Defendant fit the victims’ description of their
assailant.

                                       Conclusion

      After careful review, the judgments of the trial court are affirmed.


                                                 _________________________________
                                                 ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR, JUDGE




                                           -6-
