                                    [J-10-2016]
                     IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                                 MIDDLE DISTRICT

          SAYLOR, C.J., BAER, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, JJ.

MORRISON INFORMATICS, INC.,                       :   No. 18 MAP 2015
ANTHONY M. GRIGONIS, AND MALCOLM                  :
H. MORRISON                                       :   Appeal from the Order of the Superior
                                                  :   Court at No. 467 MDA 2013 dated
                                                  :   8/12/14 affirming in part and vacating in
                v.                                :   part the Order entered 2/20/13 in the
                                                  :   Cumberland County Court of Common
MEMBERS 1ST FEDERAL CREDIT UNION,                 :   Pleas, Civil Division, at No. 2011-4636
MARK ZAMPELLI, AND SCOTT                          :   and remanding with instructions
DOUGLASS                                          :
                                                  :
APPEAL OF: MEMBERS 1ST FEDERAL                    :   ARGUED: November 17, 2015
CREDIT UNION                                      :   RESUBMITTED: January 20, 2016




                                          OPINION


CHIEF JUSTICE SAYLOR1                                            Decided: May 25, 2016


         The central question presented concerns whether a federal bankruptcy trustee

may be substituted as a plaintiff in a civil action previously commenced by the debtor in

bankruptcy in a Pennsylvania state court, although the statutory limitations period

expired prior to the attempted substitution.

         Morrison Informatics, Inc. (the “Company”) filed a petition for relief under Chapter

7 of the United States Bankruptcy Code in September 2009. See 11 U.S.C. §§701-784.

In due course, Leon P. Haller, Esquire (the “Trustee”), was appointed as trustee. See

id. §701.


1
    This matter was reassigned to this author.
       In May 2011, the Company and two shareholders (the “Shareholders”), who also

apparently were officers of the corporation, commenced a civil action in the court of

common pleas against Members 1st Federal Credit Union (the “Credit Union”), Mark

Zampelli, and Scott Douglass by filing a praecipe for a writ of summons. See Pa.R.C.P.

No. 1007. About a year later, at the Credit Union’s instance, the common pleas court

issued a rule requiring a complaint to be filed. See id. No. 1037(a).

       In an ensuing complaint, the Company and the Shareholders asserted that,

beginning sometime after January 2005 and continuing into 2009, the Company’s

finance manager, Zampelli, had colluded with a Credit Union relationships officer,

Douglass, to embezzle Company funds. The complaint advanced claims against the

Credit Union, Zampelli, and Douglass variously sounding in fraud, conversion, civil

conspiracy, and negligence.2

       The Credit Union interposed preliminary objections. This bid for dismissal was

based, in material part, on the Company’s lack of authorization to advance causes of

action after seeking bankruptcy relief. According to the Credit Union, upon the filing of a

Chapter 7 petition for relief, all equitable and legal interests – including causes of action

which had previously arisen – became part of the bankruptcy estate subject to the

Trustee’s exclusive control.

       The Trustee and the Shareholders responded with an amended complaint

indicating, in the body of the pleading, that the action was being pursued by the




2
  Douglass eventually also filed a bankruptcy petition, albeit this is immaterial in the
context of the Credit Union’s present appeal.


                                      [J-10-2016] - 2
Trustee.3 They simultaneously filed a motion seeking leave to amend the caption to

substitute the Trustee for the Company as a plaintiff.

       The Credit Union then lodged a second set of preliminary objections, in which it

maintained, inter alia, that the Company’s participation in the filing of the writ of

summons was a nullity, given the Trustee’s succession to the Company’s rights and

interests. Further, according to the Credit Union, no new action could be commenced

since the applicable statute of limitations had run. See 42 Pa.C.S. §5524 (establishing

a two-year limitations period for the commencement of actions, among others, seeking

redress for injuries to persons or property founded on negligent, intentional, or

otherwise tortious conduct, as well as certain other harms which may be remedied per

theories sounding in trespass, including deceit or fraud).4

       The common pleas court denied the motion to amend and sustained the

preliminary objections. Initially, the court found that the Shareholders lacked standing to

pursue civil redress against the Credit Union for injuries suffered by the Company. As

to the Company’s standing, the court agreed with the Credit Union’s position that, when

3
  The amended complaint advanced an additional contract-based claim against the
Credit Union. The parties, however, do not suggest that this modification alters the
legal analysis by which the present appeal should be determined.

4
   Per Section 108 of the Bankruptcy Code, a trustee may benefit from a two-year
extension after an order for relief is deemed to have been issued by the bankruptcy
court (or a longer period if a suspension of the initial limitations period occurs on or after
the commencement of the bankruptcy case). See 11 U.S.C. §108(a); see also id.
§301(b) (prescribing that “[t]he commencement of a voluntary case . . . constitutes an
order for relief”). Such provision does not appear to be relevant here, however, since
the Trustee first attempted to bring himself into the record in the common pleas court
more than two years after the Company filed its Chapter 7 petition (and there is no
suggestion that a suspension of the initial limitations period occurred on or after the
initiation of the bankruptcy proceeding). In any event, the Trustee has not relied upon
Section 108 in his submissions to this Court, the intermediate court, or the common
pleas court.


                                       [J-10-2016] - 3
a debtor files a bankruptcy petition, its property becomes that of the estate, and the

debtor loses all rights to it. See Morrison Informatics, Inc. v. Members 1st Fed. Credit

Union, No. 2011-4636 Civ. Term, slip op. at 7 (C.P. Cumberland Feb. 20, 2013) (citing

Jones v. Cendant Mortg. Corp., 396 B.R. 638, 646 (Bankr. W.D. Pa. 2008)). While

recognizing that the Trustee had become the real party in interest, the common pleas

court determined that the action commenced by the Company must be deemed void ab

initio given the Company’s lack of standing to initiate it. See id. at 9 (citing Thompson v.

Peck, 320 Pa. 27, 30, 181 A. 597, 598 (1935) (“There can be no amendment where

there is nothing to amend.”)). In this regard, the court stressed that the Trustee must be

considered as an entity separate and apart from the Company. See id. at 9-10 (“The

trustee is not the same entity as the pre-bankruptcy debtor, but is a new entity with his

own rights and duties . . ..     The trustee acts as the representative of the estate,

managing its funds for the benefit of its creditors.” (quoting In re Fid. Am. Fin. Corp., 43

B.R. 74, 77 (Bankr. E.D. Pa. 1984), vacated on other grounds sub nom. In re

Neshaminy Office Bldg. Assocs., 62 B.R. 798 (E.D. Pa. 1986))). For this reason, the

court refused to treat the substitution of the Trustee as being merely in the nature of

correcting a technical defect.

       The common pleas court accepted that amendment in the circumstances

presented might be appropriate under federal practice, per Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 17(a)(3), which prescribes that “[t]he court may not dismiss an action for

failure to prosecute in the name of the real party in interest until, after an objection, a

reasonable time has been allowed for the real party in interest to ratify, join, or be

substituted into the action.”    Fed. R. Civ. P. 17(a)(3).    See generally Rousseau v.

Diemer, 24 F. Supp. 2d 137, 143-44 (D. Mass. 1998) (applying Rule 17(a)(3) to permit

substitution of a bankruptcy trustee as the plaintiff in an action which had been


                                      [J-10-2016] - 4
commenced by a discharged debtor, reasoning that “the axiom that substitution of the

real party in interest to avoid injustice favors allowing the [t]rustee’s motion”). The court

stressed, however, that the closest analogue in the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil

Procedure, Rule 1033, contains no such express prohibition.

       On the Trustee’s appeal, the Superior Court affirmed in part, vacated in part, and

remanded with instructions. See Morrison Informatics, Inc. v. Members 1st Fed. Credit

Union, 97 A.3d 1233, 1244 (Pa. Super. 2014). Initially, the intermediate court agreed

with the common pleas court’s determination that both the Company and the

Shareholders lacked standing to sue. See id. at 1239. As to the Trustee and his motion

to amend the caption, however, the panel viewed the salient question as centering upon

whether the Company continued to exist as a legal entity after the bankruptcy, not

whether its institution of insolvency proceedings had deprived it of real-party-in-interest

status relative to claims against the Credit Union. See, e.g., id. at 1239 n.2. In this

regard, the panel apprehended both that the Company’s legal and equitable interests

became property of the estate as of the commencement of the bankruptcy proceedings,

see id. at 1239 (citing In re Emoral, Inc., 740 F.3d 875, 879 (3d Cir. 2014)), and that

actions by and against “persons” or “entities” unrecognized at law are void ab initio, see

id. at 1240-41 (discussing this Court’s determination, in Thompson, that an action

against a deceased person was a nullity).

       Nevertheless, the Superior Court noted that the Company did not cease to exist

upon its filing of a Chapter 7 petition for relief. See id. at 1240 (“Neither [the Credit

Union] nor the trial court cites authority for the proposition that a pending bankruptcy

petition is the equivalent of death.”). Rather, the intermediate court highlighted, the

Trustee succeeded to its rights and interests relative to the Credit Union. See id. (“The

issue here is that the claims stated in the complaint were the property of the bankruptcy


                                      [J-10-2016] - 5
estate rather than that of [the Company]. Thus, the [Trustee], and not [the Company],

was and is the real party in interest.”).

       Given its position that the matter concerned real-party-in-interest status rather

than a disability fatal to the action’s commencement, the Superior Court rejected the

common pleas court’s rationale supporting dismissal. Rather, the intermediate court

found the issue of whether a bankruptcy trustee may be substituted for a debtor when a

case stating claims representing property of the estate was initiated by the debtor was

one of first impression in Pennsylvania.        In this regard, the court distinguished a

decision involving an attempted post-limitations-period addition of a plaintiff (a municipal

authority) in an action commenced by a distinct legal entity (a municipality), where the

rights asserted were not derivative. See id. at 1243-44 (discussing Borough of Berwick

v. Quandel Grp. Inc., 440 Pa. Super. 367, 655 A.2d 606 (1995)).

       Next, since the issue was a novel one, the Superior Court looked to the

approaches of other jurisdictions. Upon such review, it found a tendency to permit a

real party in interest to be substituted for an original plaintiff, so long as the modification

does not alter the factual allegations asserted or otherwise cause prejudice to the

defendant. See id. at 1241-42 (citing Cloud v. Northrop Grumman Corp., 79 Cal. Rptr.

2d 544, 554 (Cal. Ct. App. 1998) (“[A]n amendment to substitute in the real party in

interest is entitled to relation-back effect.”); Miller v. Campbell, 192 P.3d 352, 356

(Wash. 2008) (holding that the substitution of a bankruptcy trustee as a plaintiff related

back to the original filing of an action by a debtor in bankruptcy); Rice v. Adam, 575

N.W.2d 399, 405 (Neb. 1998) (concluding that a district court had erred in dismissing a

cause of action without providing the plaintiff the opportunity to amend the pleadings to

substitute a bankruptcy trustee as the real party in interest); 67A C.J.S. Parties §73

(2014); 59 AM. JUR. 2D Parties §318 (2014) (“[C]ourts generally hold that the pleadings


                                       [J-10-2016] - 6
in an action brought by a nominal plaintiff (or one suing for the use of another) may be

amended to substitute the real party in interest (or person for whose benefit the suit is

brought) at least where the claims and recovery sought were included in the original

complaint.”)). The intermediate court was persuaded by the rationale applied in such

cases and discussed in the treatises.

       Additionally, given the derivative nature of the rights and interests administered

by the Trustee, the Superior Court did not attribute, to his substitution as the plaintiff, the

effect of adding a new party or cause of action. See Morrison Informatics, 97 A.3d at

1244. Furthermore, the panel members did not believe that the Credit Union would

suffer any surprise as a result of the amendment, since the Company had discussed its

bankruptcy in the body of the initial complaint. See id.

       The Superior Court also discussed Rule of Civil Procedure 1033’s liberal policy

favoring amendment. See id. at 1240 (“Leave to amend lies within the sound discretion

of the trial court and the right to amend should be liberally granted at any stage of the

proceedings unless there is an error of law or resulting prejudice to an adverse party.”

(quoting Hill v. Ofalt, 85 A.3d 540, 557 (Pa. Super. 2014))). For the above reasons, and

in such context, it found that the common pleas court had erred and abused its

discretion in denying the amendment. See id. at 1241, 1244.

       We allowed appeal to consider the merits of the Superior Court’s holding in such

regard. As the issues presented are ones of law, our review is plenary. The litigants

agree that, once it became a Chapter 7 debtor in bankruptcy, the Company surrendered

its ability to pursue relief against the Credit Union.      See 11 U.S.C. §§301, 541(a);

Emoral, Inc., 740 F.3d at 879 (“A cause of action that is ‘property of the estate’ is

properly pursued by the bankruptcy trustee because it inures to the benefit of all

creditors.”). Accordingly, there is no disagreement that the Trustee became the real


                                       [J-10-2016] - 7
party in interest relative to causes of action against the Credit Union. See United States

v. Whiting Pools, Inc., 462 U.S. 198, 204-05 & n.9, 103 S. Ct. 2309, 2313 & n.9 (1983)

(explaining that property of the estate, subject to administration by a bankruptcy trustee,

includes causes of action which accrued prior to the filing of the petition for relief). See

generally Pa.R.C.P. No. 2002(a) (prescribing, subject to limited exceptions, that “all

actions shall be prosecuted by and in the name of the real party in interest”). The

parties do dispute, however, the impact of the Company’s disability upon the Trustee’s

ability to enter and maintain the action that had been initiated by the Company.

       Presently, the Credit Union references In re Estate of Sauers, 613 Pa. 186, 32

A.3d 1241 (2011), for the proposition that a person or entity without authority to bring an

action lacks the capacity and standing to sue. See id. at 198, 32 A.3d at 1248 (quoting

67A C.J.S. Parties §11 (2011)). Consistent with the decision of the common pleas

court, the financial institution maintains that an action by or against one lacking the

capacity and/or standing to sue is a nullity. See, e.g., Brief for the Credit Union at 20

(“[T]he Trial Court’s decision to dismiss was grounded on the straightforward and logical

tenet of Pennsylvania law that a valid action at law requires a person or entity which has

the legal capacity and right to bring it.”).

       Along these lines, the Credit Union criticizes the Superior Court’s analysis

concerning whether the Company “exists” as immaterial to the dispositive circumstance

entailing the Company’s lack of authority to sue. See, e.g., id. at 15 (“The issue is not

whether the person or entity ‘exists’ when attempting to bring the action, but whether it

has the legal capacity and right to do so.”). According to the Credit Union, no proper

plaintiff or cause of action ever was before the common pleas court, and the Superior

Court departed from 125 years of consistent jurisprudence -- including the decisions in

Sauers, Maxson v. McElhinney, 370 Pa. 622, 88 A.2d 747 (1952), Thompson, and


                                        [J-10-2016] - 8
Usher v. West Jersey Railroad Co., 126 Pa. 206, 17 A. 597 (1889) -- in ruling to the

contrary. Alternatively, the financial institution maintains, even if the case caption were

amendable in the abstract, such amendment could not be implemented validly, after the

expiration of the applicable statutory limitations period, to add the Trustee, a new party

entirely separate and distinct from the Company.        See, e.g., Brief for the Credit Union

at 31-39 (citing, inter alia, Kincy v. Petro, 606 Pa. 524, 536-37, 2 A.3d 490, 497 (2010),

La Bar v. N.Y., Susquehanna & W. R.R. Co., 218 Pa. 261, 264-65, 67 A. 413, 414

(1907), Borough of Berwick, and Prevish v. Nw. Med. Ctr. – Oil City Campus, 692 A.2d

192, 205 (Pa. Super. 1997) (en banc)).

       The Trustee’s responsive arguments are consistent with the decision of the

intermediate court. In particular, the Trustee emphasizes that his interests derive from

and are limited according to the Company’s predecessor interests. See, e.g., Brief for

the Trustee at 8 (“It is well settled that ‘the trustee stands in the shoes of the debtor and

can only assert those causes of action possessed by the debtor.’” (quoting Hays & Co.

v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 885 F.2d 1149, 1154 (3d Cir. 1989))); id.

at 15 (“The trustee is not asserting new and distinct causes of action and is merely

stepping in the shoes of [the Company].”).        Accordingly, the Trustee perceives no

prejudice to the Credit Union associated with his continuance of the action against it.

       At the outset, we observe that a procedural dynamic of this case militates in favor

of allowing the amendment to substitute the Trustee for the Company as the plaintiff in

the action against the Credit Union, given the liberal policy reflected in the applicable

rules. See Pa.R.C.P. No. 1033 (“A party, either by filed consent of the adverse party or

by leave of court, may at any time change the form of action, add a person as a party,

correct the name of a party, or otherwise amend the pleading.”); Hoare v. Bell Tel. Co.

of Pa., 509 Pa. 57, 60, 500 A.2d 1112, 1114 (1985) (explaining that “our rules permit


                                      [J-10-2016] - 9
liberal amendment of the pleadings in order to secure a proper determination of the

merits”); Saracina v. Cotoia, 417 Pa. 80, 83, 208 A.2d 764, 765 (1965) (noting that

amendments to pleadings under Rule of Civil Procedure 1033 “should be granted with

liberality so as to secure determination of cases on their merits whenever possible”

(emphasis in original)).   Although our procedural rules do not contain an express

analogue to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17(a)(3), they certainly do not foreclose the

amendment sanctioned by the Superior Court.

       Moreover, as a policy matter, consistent with the rationale employed by a number

of other jurisdictions, we find good cause to adopt a relation-back approach permitting a

bankruptcy trustee to enter into and to maintain an action previously filed by a debtor.

Initially, as both parties recognize, federal bankruptcy law is designed precisely to

permit a trustee to “stand[] in the shoes” of the debtor. Wornick v. Gaffney, 544 F.3d

486, 490 (2d Cir. 2008). Particularly given that the impediment to the Company’s own

ability to assert claims against the Credit Union arises under federal law, we believe that

it is appropriate to afford some deference to the salient federal policies involved. In this

regard, a main interest underlying federal bankruptcy law is the fulfilment, as much as

possible, of creditor interests. See, e.g., In re Mitchell, 357 B.R. 142, 155 (Bankr. C.D.

Cal. 2006).

       The vindication of the interests of innocent creditors, and the absence of

prejudice to defendants, are primary themes in the line of decisions from other

jurisdictions which employ a relation-back approach permitting bankruptcy trustees to

enter into actions previously initiated by debtors. As explained by one court:

              [T]he plaintiff debtor derived no benefit from filing in his own
              name rather than that of the trustee; the creditors of the
              bankrupt would otherwise be deprived of the potential asset;
              and the defendants would not be prejudiced since they had


                                     [J-10-2016] - 10
              notice of the claim and the issues remained the same except
              for the addition of the trustee as a party.
Asmus v. Capital Region Family Practice, 115 S.W.3d 427, 436-37 (Mo. Ct. App. 2003)

(citing Hammes v. Brumley, 659 N.E.2d 1021, 1030 (Ind. 1995)).5

       We recognize the legitimacy of the Credit Union’s observation that recourse to

relation-back theory is in tension with language employed in a number of decisions of

this Court.    As this Court frequently reiterates, however, the holdings of judicial

decisions are to be read against their facts, see, e.g., Oliver v. City of Pittsburgh, 608

Pa. 386, 395, 11 A.3d 960, 966 (2011) (citing Commonwealth v. McCann, 503 Pa. 190,

195, 469 A.2d 126, 128 (1983)), and there simply is no precedent controlling

substitution in a scenario involving a bankruptcy trustee.

       More broadly, none of the cases referenced by the Credit Union involve

substitution of a real party in interest for a direct predecessor in interest per federal law.

Concededly, the Court’s precedent has taken a hard line relative to proceedings errantly

initiated against deceased persons, see, e.g., Thompson, 320 Pa. at 30, 181 A. at 598;

cf. Prevish, 692 A.2d at 204-05 (reflecting the en banc Superior Court’s refusal to

employ relation-back theory to validate an action improperly commenced against an


5
  Accord Putzier v. Ace Hardware Corp., 50 F. Supp. 3d 964, 984 (N.D. Ill. 2014)
(collecting cases for the proposition that “courts in this [d]istrict and in other circuits have
tended to allow for substitution by a trustee in the context of bankruptcy”); Miller v.
Campbell, 192 P.3d 352, 356 (Wash. 2008) (highlighting that “the substitution changes
only the representative capacity of the parties, not the nature of the claims against
which [the defendant] must defend”); Hammes, 659 N.E.2d at 1030 (“We believe that
permitting bankrupt parties to substitute the trustee as the real party in interest is sound
public policy[;] [t]he innocent creditors of the plaintiff-debtors should not suffer due to
commencing a lawsuit in the name of the plaintiff-debtor rather than in the name of the
trustee.”). But see Bibbs v. Cmty. Bank of Benton, 289 S.W.3d 393, 398-99 (Ark. 2008)
(refusing to apply relation-back theory to permit a bankruptcy trustee to enter a civil
action as the real party in interest, particularly where such status was not difficult to
determine).


                                       [J-10-2016] - 11
estate, in light of an attempted amendment to substitute the estate executor),6 as well

as in scenarios in which plaintiffs have not appeared in the appropriate capacity as

required per express statutory commands, see, e.g., La Bar, 218 Pa. at 263-65, 67 A. at

413-14; Maxson, 370 Pa. at 626, 88 A.2d at 749; Usher, 126 Pa. at 216, 17 A. at 599.

Nevertheless, the cases are not entirely homogenous in terms of such strictness. See,

e.g., Holmes v. Pa. R.R. Co., 220 Pa. 189, 193, 69 A. 597, 598 (1908) (“Without

question, a change in the name of partners, or the adding of the names of partners

omitted by mistake, or the name of another administrator or trustee, or of a use plaintiff

would be allowed after the bar of the statute [of limitations]” where “[t]he cause of action

remain[s] the same, and no change in the allegations or proofs [is] involved, and the

defendant [is] not in the slightest degree prejudiced by it.” (emphasis added)).

       Moreover, in our considered judgment, permitting substitution of a bankruptcy

trustee as the real party in interest does not offend either the terms of, or the policy

underlying, the applicable statute of limitations.      The operative statute, reposed in

Section 5524 of the Judicial Code, merely indicates that a negligence action or

proceeding “must be commenced” within a two-year period. 42 Pa.C.S. §5524(2), (7).

Facially, the statute is satisfied, since the present action was, in fact, commenced within

the salient period. 7

6
  The Sauers decision, referenced by the Credit Union, touches on this line of cases,
albeit that the Court determined that an estate had legal capacity to implicate legal
processes in an attempt to redirect the proceeds of a life insurance policy from a named
beneficiary to a named contingent beneficiary. See Sauers, 613 Pa. at 199-200, 32
A.3d at 1249. The decision, however, does not have a relation-back dynamic, and thus,
we do not consider its general discussion of legal capacity to be particularly useful in
addressing the present, discrete scenario which involved relation back on account of
directly derivative interests.

7
  We note that this Court has treated statutes of limitations as warranting strict
construction, given that their purpose is to prevent stale claims which might prejudice
(continuedN)
                                     [J-10-2016] - 12
       Nor does it alter our analysis that the present action was commenced via writ of

summons.      Straightforward procedures are available to defendants to redress

uncertainties connected with the filing of a writ of summons, principally, in the form of

securing the issuance of a rule upon the plaintiff to file a complaint within twenty days.

See Pa.R.C.P. No. 1037(a). Here, we deem the salient points to be that: an action had

been “commenced” in a timely fashion, 42 Pa.C.S. §5524; see also Pa.R.C.P. No. 1007

(providing that an action may be “commenced” by the filing of a praecipe for a writ of

summons); application of the relation-back doctrine in favor of a bankruptcy trustee is in

no way inconsistent with the actual terms of the governing statutory limitations regime;

and such application represents the better policy. In this last regard, the approach

avoids forfeitures detrimental to creditors that would result from a per se approach, even

in the absence of prejudice to defendants.




(Ncontinued)
the defense. See, e.g., Bonfitto v. Bonfitto, 391 Pa. 187, 188, 137 A.2d 277, 278 (1958)
(affirming on the basis of a common pleas court’s decision). This statement about strict
construction is somewhat confounding, since the Statutory Construction Act directs,
generally, that statutes not expressly subject to strict construction under this
enactment’s own terms are to be construed liberally to promote their purposes and in
the interests of justice. See 1 Pa.C.S. §1928(c). See generally Perry Dane,
Jurisdictionality, Time, and the Legal Imagination, 23 HOFSTRA L. REV. 1, 62 n.188
(1994) (discussing the courts’ inconsistent usage of the term “strict construction” in the
limitations arena). In context, in this line of cases, it appears that the Court meant that
statutes of limitations are to be construed in favor of the defendant’s interest in being
free from stale litigation (which entails liberal construction in favor of the statute’s
litigation bar). See, e.g., Bonfitto, 391 Pa. at 188, 137 A.2d at 278. In all events, this
“strict construction” in favor of a defendant’s interests is certainly a tempered
application, as, for example, the Court allows for tolling of certain limitations periods via
a particular construction of the term “accrual” (of actions), as that term is employed in
the statutory delineation of methods of computing periods of limitations generally. See
Wilson v. El-Daief, 600 Pa. 161, 176-77, 964 A.2d 354, 363 (2009) (discussing the
prevailing construction of Section 5502(a) of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S. §5502).


                                      [J-10-2016] - 13
       Although we recognize that the interests of a debtor and a trustee may diverge in

some respects, we find it most important that trustees’ interests are derivative, and

accordingly, they generally cannot assert any greater rights as against defendants than

debtors could have in the first instance.

       In summary, while we depart from the Superior Court’s focus on the continued

“existence” of the Company after the initiation of insolvency proceedings, we also reject

a strict rule foreclosing a relation-back approach to substitution of a bankruptcy trustee

for a debtor.8 Instead, we hold that relation back in favor of a federal bankruptcy trustee

is appropriate, at least where the trustee has acted in a reasonably diligent fashion to

secure his or her substitution, and there is no demonstrable prejudice to defendants.9

8
  Notably, some jurisdictions maintain a determinative distinction between standing and
real-party-in-interest status in the application of relation-back theory. See generally
Tate v. Snap-On Tools Corp., No. 90 C 4436, slip. op., 1997 WL 106275, at *4 (N.D. Ill.
Feb. 11, 1997) (“The distinction between standing to sue and the real party in interest
doctrine is, understandably, often blurred by judges and lawyers.”); Hammes, 659
N.E.2d at 1029-30 (taking the position that standing refers to injury in fact and real-
party-in-interest status concerns whether the person is the true owner of the right
sought to be enforced); Asmus, 115 S.W.3d at 434-35 (same). Our present decision,
however, rests on narrower grounds centered on the discrete circumstances presented
involving the interests of a federal bankruptcy trustee deriving directly from those of a
debtor in bankruptcy.

9
  We make no determination here that the Trustee, in fact, has acted in a reasonably
diligent fashion, or that prejudice to the Credit Union is absent, as such inquiries are
beyond the scope of our present review of the legal issue arising out of the common
pleas court’s per se approach to the dismissal. See Morrison Informatics, Inc. v.
Members 1st Fed. Credit Union, ___ Pa. ___, 111 A.3d 170 (2015) (per curiam)
(centering the questions presented on the consequences of the Company’s lack of legal
authorization to commence a civil action to vindicate causes of action that accrued
before it filed its Chapter 7 petition).

The appeal also was not accepted to resolve subsidiary disputes, such as the degree to
which the Trustee may have attempted to add additional claims and/or causes of action.
See supra note 3. As to such matters, we observe only that the common pleas court’s
(continuedN)
                                     [J-10-2016] - 14
       The order of the Superior Court is affirmed and the matter is remanded for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.



       Justices Baer, Todd, Donohue and Dougherty join the opinion.

       Justice Wecht files a concurring opinion.




(Ncontinued)
decision to dismiss the action did not address a number of the challenges otherwise
raised in the Credit Union’s preliminary objections. See, e.g., Preliminary Objections to
Amended Complaint in Morrison Informatics, No. 2011-4636 Civ. Term, at ¶63
(asserting that “plaintiffs’ claim for breach of implied contract fails to state a claim [and]
is merely a restatement of their negligence claim”).


                                      [J-10-2016] - 15
