Opinion issued August 28, 2018




                                        In The

                                Court of Appeals
                                       For The

                            First District of Texas
                              ————————————
           Nos. 01-17-00804-CV, 01-17-00910-CV & 01-17-00911-CV
                             ———————————
        IN RE YAKOV ALBAZ AND AA TOP SUCCESS, LLC D/B/A
            CROSSLAND VAN LINES AND STORAGE, Relators


                On Appeal from County Civil Court at Law No. 2
                             Harris County, Texas
                 Trial Court Case Nos. 1080464 & 1080464-101


                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Yakov Albaz and AA Top Success, LLC d/b/a Crossland Van Lines & Storage

have filed a petition for writ of mandamus and a related interlocutory appeal

challenging the trial court’s: (1) refusal to compel the parties to arbitrate a claim for

enforcement of a promissory note; (2) severance of the claim for enforcement of a

promissory note from the original cause number; (3) refusal to order arbitration on
the unsevered claims and stay its proceedings in the original cause number; and (4)

refusal to order arbitration of all of the claims and stay all judicial proceedings.

      Because the court found that the claims remaining in the original cause

number after severance of the claim for enforcement of a promissory note were

arbitrable, the court was required to stay judicial proceedings with respect to those

claims and it had no discretion to do otherwise. We conditionally grant mandamus

relief in Cause Nos. 01-17-00910-CV and No. 01-17-00804-CV, which we treat as

a petition for writ of mandamus, and we deny mandamus relief in Cause No. 01-17-

00911-CV.

                                     Background

      This case began as a simple breach of contract case between two parties. It

has since morphed into a complicated, multi-party dispute involving two contracts,

two different trial court cause numbers, and claims for, among other things, fraud,

breach of fiduciary duty, indemnity, conversion, and conspiracy to commit fraud.

A.    Procedural History

      On July 21, 2016, Raam Abbou filed suit in Harris County Civil Court at Law

Number 2 (trial court case no. 1080464) for enforcement of a May 18, 2016

promissory note (“the Note”) executed by Albaz. Abbou alleged that Albaz defaulted

on the Note by failing to pay Abbou the principal amount of $22,500.00 on or before

July 5, 2016.


                                           2
      On August 29, 2016, Albaz filed a general denial and asserted affirmative

defenses based on, among other things, failure of consideration, unclean hands,

fraud, and misrepresentation.

      On November 18, 2016, Crossland intervened in trial court case no. 1080464

and asserted claims against Abbou for fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, conversion,

and money had and received. Crossland alleged that Abbou, the company’s former

owner and managing member, sold his ownership interest and Crossland’s assets to

a third party1 in May 2016 and that Abbou wrongfully collected over $19,000 from

Crossland’s customers during the process of, and the time directly after, the sale.

      On July 25, 2017, Albaz and Crossland moved to compel arbitration of all

claims in trial court case no. 1080464, including Abbou’s claim for enforcement of

the Note, based on the arbitration clause included in the Membership Transfer

Agreement (“the Agreement”) executed by Jak Yosef, Abbou, and Crossland on

May 18, 2016. Albaz, who is not a signatory to the Agreement, alleged that the Note

was made in consideration for Abbou’s sale of his ownership interest in Crossland

to Yosef, a non-party to the case. Crossland and Albaz also asked the court to stay

all judicial proceedings.




1
      According to Crossland, Abbou sold his assets in the company to Hanya Vaknin.
      The Agreement, however, unambiguously reflects that Abbou sold his interest to
      Jak Yosef.
                                          3
      On August 2, 2017, Abbou filed a response to Albaz’s motion to compel

arbitration. Abbou argued, among other things, that the Note and Agreement were

separate contracts, Albaz is not a signatory to the Agreement, and Crossland, who is

not a party to the Note, lacks standing to compel arbitration with regards to

enforcement of the Note.

      During a hearing on August 8, 2017, the trial court found that Albaz had failed

to prove that the Note was subject to arbitration under the Agreement and signed an

order denying Albaz’s and Crossland’s motion to compel arbitration and stay

judicial proceedings.

      Abbou filed “Plaintiff’s Second Amended Petition” on August 8, 2017 that

omitted his claim for enforcement of the Note and asserted new claims against Albaz

for fraud, civil conspiracy to commit fraud, theft of property, breach of fiduciary

duty, and promissory estoppel. Abbou also added Prosperity Bancshares Inc. as a

defendant. Abbou’s new claims were based on his allegations that Albaz had made

fraudulent misrepresentations to him and unauthorized withdrawals from

Crossland’s bank account before Abbou sold his interest in Crossland in May 2016,

and Albaz refused to return Abbou’s personal property in May 2017.

      Abbou filed “Plaintiff’s Third Amended Petition” on August 21, 2017 that

reasserted his claim for enforcement of the Note, in addition to the new claims raised

in his prior amended petition. Abbou then filed “Plaintiff’s Second Amended


                                          4
Petition” on August 22, 2017 which, like the “Plaintiff’s Second Amended Petition”

filed on August 8, 2017, omitted his claim for enforcement of the Note. Abbou

contends that the amended petition filed on August 22, 2017 was filed in error and

should be disregarded.

      On August 24, 2017, pursuant to Paragraph 6(h) of the Agreement, Crossland

sought indemnification from Abbou with respect to Albaz’s claim against Crossland

for repayment of funds Albaz had advanced to Crossland.

      On September 5, 2017, Abbou filed a motion to sever his claim against Albaz

for enforcement of the Note into a separate cause.

      On September 14, 2017, Albaz responded to the motion to sever and alleged

that the claim should not be severed because the Note was related to and given in

consideration for the Agreement. That same day, Albaz also filed a crossclaim

against Crossland in which he demanded repayment of the loans that he had made

to Crossland since March 2015. Crossland also amended its plea in intervention that

day, adding a claim against Abbou for failure to indemnify Crossland, pursuant to

Paragraph 6(h) of the Agreement, for the portion of Albaz’s crossclaim that arose

before May 18, 2016 (the effective date of the Agreement).

      On September 15, 2017, Abbou amended his petition and once again asserted

a claim on the Note against Albaz, in addition to the claims he had previously added.




                                         5
      On September 19, 2017, Crossland moved the trial court to reconsider its

August 8, 2017 order denying the motion to compel arbitration and argued that every

claim in the case was arbitrable because it was related to the Agreement. On

September 22, 2017, Albaz joined in support of Crossland’s motion for

reconsideration.

      On October 3, 2017, Abbou filed an amended response in opposition to

Crossland’s motion to reconsider.

      On October 5, 2017, Albaz amended his answer and raised additional

affirmative defenses.

      During the October 10, 2017 hearing on Abbou’s motion to sever and Albaz’s

and Crossland’s motion to reconsider the August 8th order denying their motion to

compel arbitration, the trial court stated:

      ‘If’ we sever it out then Abbou has fraud claim against Albaz; Albaz
      has cross-claim against Crossland for the loan balance; and then
      Crossland has claims against Abbou on the indemnity clause.

      So I’m going to sever this out, but I think all the rest of claims and then
      your Motion to Compel Arbitration clause will be granted.

At the end of the October 10, 2017 hearing, the trial court also stated:

      I can assure you the jury will be confused if we put this promissory note
      in the middle. So I’m going to sever this out, but I think all the rest of
      claims and then your Motion to Compel Arbitration clause will be
      granted. But first you have to go to mediation, because that’s what the
      agreement says. You are going to mediation first, but you have to go
      through discovery, though.


                                              6
      Why don’t we come back if the mediation is not successful because I
      am sure at that time when you go to mediation, you have completed
      your discovery. When you come back, you can argue fully about
      whether or not the whole case should go to arbitration or not.

      On October 16, 2017, the trial court granted Abbou’s motion to sever his

enforcement claim.

      On October 18, 2017, Albaz and Crossland filed a notice of interlocutory

appeal from the trial court’s August 8, 2017 order denying their motion to compel

arbitration and stay judicial proceedings.

      On October 25, 2017, the trial court signed an order in the main cause number

granting, in part, Albaz’s and Crossland’s motion to reconsider the August 8th order

denying their motion to compel arbitration and setting aside the portion of the

August 8th order with respect to the previously severed claim, Abbou’s claim for

enforcement of the Note.

      The Court FINDS that all the claims in [the Remaining Cause] are
      subject to arbitration following adequate discovery, including but not
      limited to the deposition of Yakov Albaz and unsuccessful mediation.

      The trial court also signed an order in the severed cause number denying

Albaz’s and Crossland’s motion to reconsider the August 8th order denying their

motion to compel arbitration with respect to the enforcement claim and affirming

the August 8th order with respect to that claim.




                                             7
      On October 27, 2017, Albaz and Crossland filed an amended notice of

interlocutory appeal from the October 25, 20172 order in the main cause number

which grants the motion to compel arbitration with respect to all the claims, except

for Abbou’s claim for enforcement of the Note that had previously been severed,

and effectively denies their request for a stay because it orders the parties to conduct

discovery and proceed to mediation before arbitrating their claims.

      On November 28, 2017, Albaz and Crossland filed a Petition for Writ of

Mandamus challenging the severance and arbitration orders entered by the trial court

in both cause numbers.

B.    Promissory Note

      On May 18, 2016, Albaz and Abbou executed the Note, which has a principal

amount of $22,500.00 that matured on July 5, 2016. The Note does not mention the

Agreement or Crossland.

C.    The Agreement

      On May 18, 2017, Abbou, Yosef, and Crossland executed the Agreement,

which memorialized Abbou’s transfer of his interest in Crossland to Yosef. The

Agreement states that Abbou will transfer his interest in Crossland to Yosef “[i]n

consideration of [$45,000.00] and other valuable consideration, with $22,500.00



2
      The notice of appeal mistakenly identifies the order as having been signed on
      October 26, 2017.
                                           8
payable by [Yosef] to [Abbou] on May 18, 2016 and $22,500.00 payable by [Yosef]

to [Abbou] on or before July 5, 2016.”

      Paragraph 6(h)(a) of the Agreement states that Abbou is responsible for “all

lawsuits (collectively “Claims”) that may arise out of conduct occurring prior to

[May 18, 2017] (“Prior Conduct”) and [Abbou] shall indemnify and hold

[Crossland] and [Yosef] harmless from any and all Claims regarding such Prior

Conduct.” Paragraph 13 of the Agreement states:

      Any claim or controversy arising directly or indirectly out of this
      Agreement that cannot be resolved by direct negotiation will be
      mediated in Harris County, Texas as provided in chapter 154 of the
      Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. Any claim or controversy
      arising directly or indirectly out of this Agreement that has not been
      resolved in mediation shall be submitted to binding arbitration in
      Harris County, Texas in accordance with the commercial rules of the
      American Arbitration Association. Buyer and Seller shall equally
      share all costs of mediation or arbitration.

                         Petition for Writs of Mandamus

      In their petition for writ of mandamus, Albaz and Crossland argue that the

trial court abused its discretion by: (1) denying the motion to compel arbitration on

Abbou’s claim on the Note because that claim arose directly or indirectly out of the

Agreement; (2) severing Abbou’s claim on the Note because that claim was

arbitrable under the Agreement and involves the same facts and issues as the

unsevered claims; (3) refusing to order arbitration on the unsevered claims and stay




                                          9
its proceedings; and (4) collectively, refusing to order arbitration of all of the claims

and stay all judicial proceedings.

      Albaz and Crossland further contend that they are entitled to mandamus relief

because they do not have an adequate remedy on appeal with regard to any of these

abuses of discretion.

A.    Standard of Review

      Generally, to be entitled to mandamus relief, the relator must demonstrate that

the trial court abused its discretion and that she has no adequate remedy by appeal.

See In re J.B. Hunt Transp., Inc., 492 S.W.3d 287, 299 (Tex. 2016) (orig.

proceeding). A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts arbitrarily, unreasonably, or

without regard to guiding legal principles. Id. at 293–94. A trial court has no

discretion in determining what the law is or in applying the law to the facts. Id. at

294. Thus, the trial court’s failure to analyze or apply the law correctly constitutes

an abuse of discretion. In re Nationwide Ins. Co. of Am., 494 S.W.3d 708, 712 (Tex.

2016) (orig. proceeding). Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy issued not as a

matter of right but at the court’s discretion. See In re Reece, 341 S.W.3d 360, 374–

75 (Tex. 2011) (orig. proceeding).

      The adequacy of appeal as a remedy for an alleged clear abuse of discretion

in an interlocutory ruling involves a balance of jurisprudential considerations. In re

Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d 134, 135 (Tex. 2004). “The operative word,


                                           10
‘adequate,’ has no comprehensive definition; it is simply a proxy for the careful

balance of jurisprudential considerations that determine when appellate courts will

use original mandamus proceedings to review the actions of lower courts.” Id. at

136.

B.     Enforcement of the Note

       In the first issue in the petition for writ of mandamus, Albaz challenges the

trial court’s October 25, 2017 order denying the motion to reconsider the court’s

August 8, 2017 order denying Albaz’s initial motion to compel arbitration of

Abbou’s claim for enforcement of the Note. According to Albaz, the trial court

abused its discretion when it refused to compel arbitration on Abbou’s claim because

that claim arose directly or indirectly out of the Agreement. Albaz further contends

that Abbou’s claim for enforcement of the Note is intertwined with the other claims

in this case that the trial court has found to be arbitrable, and he does not have an

adequate remedy on appeal of the trial court’s refusal to compel arbitration of the

claim on the Note because he will be forced to litigate and arbitrate these issues in

parallel in two separate proceedings.

       Albaz could have challenged the trial court’s August 8, 2017 order denying

the initial motion to compel arbitration of the claim on the Note by filing a timely

interlocutory appeal. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 171.098(a)(1) (West

2011). Albaz’s October 18, 2017 notice of interlocutory appeal challenging the


                                         11
August 8, 2017 order, however, was untimely. See TEX. R. APP. P. 28.1(a) (appeals

from interlocutory orders are accelerated), 26.1(b) (notice of appeal must be filed

within twenty days after interlocutory order is signed to timely perfect accelerated

appeal). Albaz does not argue, much less demonstrate, “that a timely filed,

accelerated appeal would not have afforded [him] a complete and adequate remedy”

in this case. In re Santander Consumer USA, Inc., 445 S.W.3d 216, 222–23 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, orig. proceeding) (denying petition for writ of

mandamus because relator, who could have challenged order denying motion to

compel arbitration by interlocutory appeal, failed to “establish the inadequacy of its

remedies on appeal”).

      We deny the petition for writ of mandamus with respect to his first issue. See

id.; see also In re Reece, 341 S.W.3d at 374–75 (observing that mandamus is

extraordinary remedy issued not as matter of right but at court’s discretion).

C.    Severance of Abbou’s Claim for Enforcement of the Note

      In his second issue, Albaz argues that the trial court abused its discretion by

severing Abbou’s claim for enforcement of the Note because the Note was given in

consideration for the Agreement, and Abbou’s claim and Albaz’s affirmative

defenses to that claim are interwoven with, and involve the same facts and issues as,

the unsevered claims which are related to the Agreement.




                                         12
      The Rules of Civil Procedure give trial courts broad discretion in deciding

whether to sever claims. TEX. R. CIV. P. 41; see Liberty Nat’l Fire Ins. Co. v. Akin,

927 S.W.2d 627, 629 (Tex. 1996). Under Rule 41, “[a] claim is properly severable

if (1) the controversy involves more than one cause of action, (2) the severed claim

is one that would be the proper subject of a lawsuit if independently asserted, and

(3) the severed claim is not so interwoven with the remaining action that they involve

the same facts and issues.” Guar. Fed. Sav. Bank v. Horseshoe Operating Co., 793

S.W.2d 652, 658 (Tex. 1990). In other words, severance is not appropriate when the

claims are largely interwoven and most of the evidence introduced will be admissible

on both claims. See Pierce v. Blalack, 535 S.W.3d 35, 42 (Tex. App.—Texarkana

2017, no pet.) (citing Liberty Nat’l Fire Ins., 927 S.W.2d at 630). “The controlling

reasons for a severance are to do justice, avoid prejudice and further convenience.”

Guar. Fed. Sav. Bank, 793 S.W.2d at 658.

      Mandamus is the appropriate avenue for seeking review of a trial court’s

interlocutory severance order. Beckham Grp., P.C. v. Snyder, 315 S.W.3d 244, 245

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.).

      Albaz and Crossland do not dispute that the original lawsuit involves more

than one cause of action or that Abbou’s claim for enforcement of the Note would

be the proper subject of a lawsuit if independently asserted. The question presented

is whether the claim for enforcement of the Note is “so interwoven with the


                                         13
remaining action that they involve the same facts and issues.” Guar. Fed. Sav. Bank,

793 S.W.2d at 658.

      This case began when Abbou filed suit against Albaz for enforcement of the

Note. To collect on the Note, Abbou must only establish that: (1) the Note exists; (2)

Abbou is the Note’s legal owner and holder; (3) Albaz is the maker of the Note; and

(4) a certain balance on the Note is due. See Suttles v. Thomas Bearden Co., 152

S.W.3d 607, 611 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet.). Specifically,

Abbou alleged that Albaz executed the Note on May 18, 2016, Abbou is the Note’s

legal owner and holder, and Albaz failed to pay Abbou the $22,500 payable to

Abbou on the maturity date, July 5, 2016.

      Abbou later added claims against Albaz for fraud, civil conspiracy to commit

fraud, theft of property, breach of fiduciary duty, and promissory estoppel based on

allegations that Albaz made fraudulent misrepresentations to Abbou about the

operation of Crossland, Albaz made unauthorized withdrawals from Crossland’s

bank account before Abbou sold his interest in Crossland, and Albaz refused to

return Abbou’s personal property. Albaz also asserted a cross-claim against

Crossland, demanding repayment of the loans that he had made to Crossland

beginning in March 2015, and Crossland asserted claims against Abbou for fraud,

breach of fiduciary duty, conversion, money had and received based on tortious

conduct that Abbou had allegedly engaged in before he sold his interest in Crossland,


                                         14
and breach of the Agreement for failing to indemnify Crossland. Thus, the record

reflects that these additional claims and cross-claims are either based on events prior

to the Note’s execution or unrelated events, such as Abbou’s theft of property claim

against Albaz based on Albaz’s alleged refusal to return Abbou’s personal property.

      Albaz and Crossland argue that Albaz’s affirmative defenses, such as

misrepresentation, fraud, offset, and failure of consideration, and “Abbou’s likely

responses to these defenses,” necessarily concern the facts and circumstances

surrounding Abbou’s sale of Crossland, as memorialized by the Agreement. Aside

from such conclusory assertions, Albaz and Crossland have offered little explanation

as to precisely how these claims and defenses are related and we cannot consider

any response Abbou may raise in the future regarding Albaz’s affirmative defenses

for purposes of our review of the severance order. See In re Bristol-Myers Squibb

Co., 975 S.W.2d 601, 605 (Tex. 1998) (stating that when considering whether trial

court abused its discretion by granting motion to sever, appellate court’s review is

limited to record as it existed before trial court at time of ruling). Furthermore, even

if the enforcement claim and affirmative defenses to that claim share some facts and

evidence with the non-severed claims, Albaz and Crossland have not explained

which evidence would be admissible in both proceedings. See generally Pierce, 535

S.W.3d at 42 (stating severance is inappropriate when most evidence introduced will

be admissible as to both severed and non-severed claims).


                                          15
      Albaz also argues that Abbou’s claim on the Note is not severable for many

of the same reasons that it is arbitrable under the Agreement. As previously

discussed, Albaz and Crossland are not entitled to mandamus relief with respect to

the claim that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to compel arbitration

of Abbou’s claim on the Note. Furthermore, even if Abbou’s claim on the Note is

arbitrable under the Agreement, Albaz has not cited us to any binding authority

holding that a trial court abuses its discretion by severing an arbitrable claim from

other claims subject to the same arbitration agreement if the severed claims are

otherwise severable.

      Because Albaz and Crossland have not demonstrated that the trial court

abused its discretion by severing Abbou’s claim for enforcement of the Note, they

are not entitled to mandamus relief on this issue.

D.    Refusal to Stay Judicial Proceedings

      In the third issue in their petition for writ of mandamus, Albaz and Crossland

argue that the trial court abused its discretion by finding all the claims remaining in

the original cause number to be arbitrable, but effectively refusing to stay all judicial

proceedings regarding those claims, as mandated by Texas Civil Practice and

Remedies Code section 171.021. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§ 171.021(c) (West 2011) (requiring order compelling arbitration to “include a stay

of any proceeding subject to Section 171.025”); id. § 171.025 (West 2011) (requiring


                                           16
court to stay any “proceeding that involves an issue subject to arbitration if an order

for arbitration or an application for that order is made”).

      Albaz and Crossland are also challenging the trial court’s refusal to stay its

proceedings in their interlocutory appeal under section 171.098 of the Texas

Arbitration Act. Section 171.098, however, does not permit an interlocutory appeal

from an order denying a request to stay judicial proceedings. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. &

REM. CODE ANN. § 171.098 (West 2011).3 Therefore, the court will treat their

interlocutory appeal as a petition for writ of mandamus. See generally In re Devon

Energy Corp., 332 S.W.3d 543, 547–48 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no

pet.) (“Mandamus is the proper means to address a trial court’s failure to stay

litigation.”) (citing In re Merrill Lynch Trust Co., 235 S.W.3d 185, 188 (Tex. 2007)).

      Section 171.021(c) states that “[a]n order compelling arbitration must include

a stay of any proceeding subject to Section 171.025.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

§ 171.021. But “[t]he stay applies only to the issue subject to arbitration if that issue

is severable from the remainder of the proceeding.” Id. § 171.025(b). When parties

have entered into a valid agreement to arbitrate, a trial court must compel arbitration


3
      Abbou also contends that while the Federal Arbitration Act authorizes an
      interlocutory appeal from orders “refusing a stay of any action under section 3 of
      this title,” and the denial of a “petition under section 4 of this title to order arbitration
      to proceed,” “there is no authority that supports the contention that an interlocutory
      order directing the parties to proceed in accordance with the terms of the agreement
      is appealable” under the FAA. Albaz and Crossland, however, do not argue that they
      have authority to bring an interlocutory appeal based on the FAA.

                                               17
and stay its own proceedings. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 171.021; Forest

Oil Corp. v. McAllen, 268 S.W.3d 51, 56 (Tex. 2008).

      Albaz and Crossland argue that once the trial court found that the claims

remaining after severance were arbitrable, the trial court was required to order the

parties to arbitration and stay all judicial proceedings in the original cause number

pursuant to sections 171.021(c) and 171.025. They further contend that the trial court

abused its discretion by refusing to do so and ordering the parties to arbitration

“following adequate discovery, including but not limited to the deposition of Yakov

Albaz and unsuccessful mediation.”

      Abbou responds that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to

grant the stay because the TAA does not apply to the Agreement. See generally TEX.

CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 171.002(a)(2) & (b) (West 2011).4 Abbou did not present

this argument to the trial court and we are only permitted to affirm a judgment on a

legal theory that was properly before the trial court. See Victoria Gardens of Frisco

v. Walrath, 257 S.W.3d 284, 290 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, pet. denied); see also

Guar. Cty. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Reyna, 709 S.W.2d 647, 648 (Tex. 1986) (court of

appeals must uphold lower court judgment on any legal theory before it, even if court

gives incorrect reason for its judgment); Brocail v. Detroit Tigers, Inc., 268 S.W.3d


4
      Abbou raises this argument in his response in the interlocutory appeal. He does not
      directly address the propriety of the stay in his response to the petition for writ of
      mandamus.

                                            18
90, 99 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. denied) (appellate court will

affirm on any legal theory “expressly placed at issue and supported by the

evidence”). Because Abbou did not raise this argument below, we will not consider

it on appeal.

      Abbou also contends that the trial court never decided the arbitrability of the

claims that he added in his fourth amended petition. Abbou did not raise this

argument below and, in any case, the trial court’s October 25, 2017 order states that

the court found that “all the claims in this case after severance in [the original cause

number] are subject to arbitration.” (Emphasis added).

      Abbou also argues that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by refusing

to compel arbitration and grant the stay because Albaz and Crossland did not

establish that any of the claims were arbitrable. If the court addresses this argument,

the court will be effectively reviewing the trial court’s grant of the motion to compel

arbitration. First, a party cannot challenge the granting of a motion to compel

arbitration by interlocutory appeal. See In re Gulf Expl., LLC, 289 S.W.3d 836, 839

(Tex. 2009) (orig. proceeding). Second, although such an interlocutory order may be

challenged by a petition for writ of mandamus, Abbou has not filed a petition for

writ of mandamus or asked for relief on this basis.

      In this case, the trial court found that the parties had entered into a valid

agreement to arbitrate with respect to all of the claims in the case, except for the


                                          19
claim on the Note which had already been severed into a separate cause number.

Because the court found that the claims in the original cause number were arbitrable,

the court was required to stay judicial proceedings with respect to those claims. See

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 171.021(c) & 171.025.

      By requiring Albaz and Crossland to conduct “adequate discovery, including

but not limited to the deposition of Yakov Albaz” and mediate arbitrable claims

before proceeding to arbitration, the trial court has effectively deprived Albaz and

Crossland of their right to stay judicial proceedings pending arbitration. Forcing the

parties to engage in “adequate discovery,” without defining or limiting the scope of

such activity, also impedes Albaz and Crossland’s right to a speedy resolution of the

arbitrable claims raised in this litigation. See generally In re Prudential Ins., 148

S.W.3d at 136; In re MHI P’ship, Ltd., 7 S.W.3d 918, 922–23 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.) (holding trial court had no discretion to defer ruling on

motion to compel arbitration until after discovery was completed because deferral

substantially defeated purpose of arbitration which is to allow for “speedy dispute

resolution”).

      Because the trial court abused its discretion by not staying judicial

proceedings in the original cause number after finding the claims arbitrable, we must

now determine whether Albaz and Crossland have an adequate remedy on appeal

with respect to this issue.


                                         20
      The adequacy of an appellate remedy must be determined by balancing the

benefits of mandamus review against the detriments. In re Prudential Ins., 148

S.W.3d at 136. In evaluating benefits and detriments, courts consider whether

mandamus will preserve important substantive and procedural rights from

impairment or loss. Id. Generally, “[a]n appeal is inadequate when the parties are in

danger of permanently losing substantial rights.” In re Drobny, No.

01-15-00435-CV, 2016 WL 4537076, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug.

30, 2016, no pet.) (orig. proceeding) (citing In re Van Waters & Rogers, Inc., 145

S.W.3d 203, 211 (Tex. 2004)); see also Jack B. Anglin Co., Inc. v. Tipps, 842 S.W.2d

266, 272–73 (Tex. 1992) (granting mandamus relief where party “would be deprived

of the benefits of the arbitration clause it contracted for, and the purpose of providing

a rapid, inexpensive alternative to traditional litigation would be defeated”).

      Because the trial court’s order would permanently deprive Albaz and

Crossland of their bargained-for right to meaningful arbitration of the claims in this

case, we conclude that Albaz and Crossland do not have an adequate remedy by

appeal of the trial court’s refusal to stay judicial proceedings in the original cause

number. See In re Prudential Ins., 148 S.W.3d at 138; see also In re Drobny, 2016

WL 4537076, at *6.

      We sustain Albaz and Crossland’s third issue.




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E.    The August 2017 and October 2017 Orders

      In their fourth issue, Albaz and Crossland argue that all of the claims in this

case, including Abbou’s claim for enforcement of the Note, are subject to the

Agreement’s arbitration clause, and, therefore, the trial court abused its discretion

by severing the claim on the Note and effectively refusing to stay judicial

proceedings regarding all the claims asserted in this litigation. As previously

discussed, Albaz and Crossland are only entitled to mandamus relief with respect to

the trial court’s refusal to stay judicial proceedings in the original cause number.

They are not entitled to relief from the trial court’s severance of the claim on the

Note or its refusal to compel arbitration on that claim. We overrule their fourth issue.

                                     Conclusion

      We conditionally grant mandamus relief in Cause Nos. 01-17-00910-CV and

01-17-00804-CV, which we treat as a petition for writ of mandamus, and we deny

mandamus relief in Cause No. 01-17-00911-CV. We are confident the trial court

will comply, and our writ will issue only if it does not. Any pending motions are

dismissed as moot.



                                               Russell Lloyd
                                               Justice


Panel consists of Justices Bland, Lloyd, and Caughey.


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