                                  IN THE
                          TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

                                 No. 10-12-00182-CV

WILLIAM J. GONYEA
AND CATHERINE J. GONYEA,
                                                            Appellants
v.

MIKE KERBY,
                                                            Appellee



                            From the 18th District Court
                              Johnson County, Texas
                            Trial Court No. C200800530


                          MEMORANDUM OPINION


       In two issues, appellants, William J. and Catherine J. Gonyea, challenge the trial

court’s judgment in favor of appellee, Mike Kerby. Specifically, appellants contend

that: (1) the evidence supporting Kerby’s breach-of-contract claim is legally insufficient;

and (2) the attorney’s fees award is improper because Kerby failed to segregate between

recoverable and unrecoverable fees. We affirm.
                                          I.      BACKGROUND

        In 1994, Kerby contracted with appellants to purchase Lots 21 and 22 of the

Greenfield Ridge development in Alvarado, Texas. This development consisted of

57.575 acres, and Kerby’s lots together comprised 2.262 acres of the development.

William drafted two contracts for deed, signed them, and sent them to Kerby to be

signed and returned. The parties agreed that Kerby would pay $16,500 for the two lots.

Kerby agreed to make a $6,500 down payment and pay off the remaining $10,000

balance in 180 installments with a 10% interest rate, amounting to a monthly payment

of $107.47.1 However, the crux of this dispute pertains to the language in the contracts

pertaining to the mineral estate.

        A review of the two contracts for deed drafted by William shows that they are

different. One of the contracts for deed specifically stated: “NO MINERAL RIGHTS

ARE GRANTED ON THIS CONTRACT. ALL MINERAL RIGHTS OWNED BY THE

SELLERS WILL BE CONVEYED TO THE PURCHASERS WHEN THIS NOTE HAS

BEEN PAID IN FULL.” Kerby signed this contract and kept it for his records. The

other contract for deed drafted by William, which Kerby signed and returned to

William, stated: “NO MINERAL RIGHTS ARE GRANTED ON THIS CONTRACT. NO

MINERAL RIGHTS OWNED BY THE SELLERS WILL BE CONVEYED TO THE

PURCHASERS WHEN THIS NOTE HAS BEEN PAID IN FULL.” The parties agree that

the existence of the two contracts for deed, which contain different language, render

        1   Testimony at trial revealed that William’s original contracts for deed stated that Kerby must
make a $6,000 down payment; however, after reviewing the contracts, William later authorized changes
to reflect that Kerby make a $6,500 down payment.


Gonyea v. Kerby                                                                                   Page 2
their agreement ambiguous. Furthermore, both William and Kerby testified at trial and

disagreed about whether the mineral estate was discussed in the course of the contract

negotiations.

        In January 2008, Kerby noticed oil and gas activity going on around his property.

In particular, Kerby testified that oil and gas companies were doing vibration tests and

some drilling near his property. Kerby subsequently called William and asked about

ownership of the mineral rights to the land. William stated that he owned the mineral

rights and that they were not for sale.2

        At this point, Kerby had not finished making the installment payments on the

underlying contracts for deed. On August 6, 2008, William sent Kerby a letter stating

that Kerby had completely finished making the installment payments on the underlying

contract and that William would send Kerby a warranty deed for the lots shortly. On

August 13, 2008, William sent Kerby the warranty deed for the lots. In the deed,

William included the following exception to the warranty: “No oil, gas, and mineral

rights are conveyed with this Warranty Deed. This Warranty Deed conveys surface and

surface rights only as mineral rights have been retained by the Grantor.” This deed was

subsequently recorded in the Official Public Records of Johnson County, Texas.



        2 The testimony shows that appellants entered into an oil and gas lease covering the entire
development on February 3, 2005. William noted that there were several wells on the development that
were producing in paying quantities. He later admitted to receiving $314,757.78 in royalties based on the
oil and gas production from the date of the lease to the date of trial—March 5, 2012.

        In any event, Kerby testified that he thought he was purchasing the surface and mineral rights
and that he would have offered less money for the lots if he had known he was only purchasing the
surface rights. William, on the other hand, stated that he was selling only the surface rights and that he
would have requested more money if the mineral rights were included with the sale of the surface rights.

Gonyea v. Kerby                                                                                    Page 3
        Upon receiving the warranty deed, Kerby’s counsel sent William a demand

letter, requesting that William convey the mineral rights pursuant to the contract for

deed that William drafted and Kerby kept. William refused to convey the mineral

rights to the lots that Kerby purchased.

        On September 22, 2008, Kerby filed his original petition, alleging breach of

contract and Texas Business and Commerce Code section 27.01 fraud-in-real-estate

causes of action. See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. §27.01(a) (West 2009). Appellants

responded by filing an original answer, asserting a general denial and affirmative

defenses of estoppel by contract and fraud, and a counterclaim requesting a declaration

that appellants own the mineral rights to the lots purchased by Kerby.

        On March 5, 2012, the trial in this matter commenced. At the conclusion of the

evidence, the jury found in favor of Kerby on his breach-of-contract claim.3                               In

particular, the jury concluded that the evidence established that appellants agreed to

convey the mineral rights to Lots 21 and 22 to Kerby and failed to comply with the

agreement. The jury awarded Kerby $3,200 in damages and the following amounts in

attorney’s fees:       (1) $30,000 for representation in the trial court; (2) $2,500 for

representation in the court of appeals; (3) $2,500 for representation at the petition for

review stage in the Supreme Court; (4) $2,500 for representation at the merits briefing

stage in the Supreme Court; and (5) $5,000 for representation through oral argument

and the completion of proceedings in the Supreme Court. Thereafter, the trial court



        3  Prior to charging the jury, the trial court granted a directed verdict as to Kerby’s fraud-in-real-
estate claim. Furthermore, appellants agreed to drop their fraud counterclaim.

Gonyea v. Kerby                                                                                        Page 4
signed a judgment mirroring the jury’s findings and awarding Kerby an additional

$553.60 in prejudgment interest measured from September 22, 2008, at a rate of 5% per

annum. This appeal followed.

                               II.    THE CONTRACTS FOR DEED

       In their first issue, appellants contend that the evidence supporting the jury

verdict on Kerby’s breach-of-contract claim is legally insufficient.              Specifically,

appellants argue that there is no evidence that the parties mutually assented to the

transfer of the mineral rights.

A.     Standard of Review

       The test for legal sufficiency is “whether the evidence at trial would enable

reasonable and fair-minded people to reach the verdict under review.” City of Keller v.

Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005).        In making this determination, we credit

favorable evidence if a reasonable factfinder could and disregard contrary evidence

unless a reasonable factfinder could not. Id. So long as the evidence falls within the

zone of reasonable disagreement, we may not substitute our judgment for that of the

factfinder. Id. at 822. The trier of fact is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses

and the weight to give their testimony. See id. at 819. Although we consider the

evidence in the light most favorable to the challenged findings, indulging every

reasonable inference that supports them, we may not disregard evidence that allows

only one inference. Id. at 822.




Gonyea v. Kerby                                                                          Page 5
B.     Applicable Law

       The elements of a breach of contract claim are: (1) the existence of a valid

contract between plaintiff and defendant; (2) the plaintiff’s performance or tender of

performance; (3) the defendant’s breach of the contract; and (4) the plaintiff’s damage as

a result of the breach. Runge v. Raytheon E-Systems, Inc., 57 S.W.3d 562, 565 (Tex. App.—

Waco 2001, no pet.). Settled law establishes that the requisites for a valid contract are:

(1) an offer; (2) an acceptance in strict compliance with the terms of the offer; (3) a

meeting of the minds; (4) each party’s consent to the terms; and (5) execution and

delivery of the contract with the intent that it be mutual and binding. Choctaw Props.,

L.L.C. v. Aledo Indep. Sch. Dist., 127 S.W.3d 235, 245 (Tex. App.—Waco 2003, no pet.)

(citing New Caney Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Burnham AutoCountry, Inc., 30 S.W.3d 534, 537 (Tex.

App.—Texarkana 2000, pet. denied); Copeland v. Alsobrook, 3 S.W.3d 598, 604 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 1999, pet. denied)). To determine whether there was a meeting of

the minds, a court reviews, in an objective fashion, what the parties actually said and

did without consideration of subjective intent. Id. (citing Burnham AutoCountry, Inc., 30

S.W.3d at 538; Copeland, 3 S.W.3d at 604). “‘The court looks to the communications

between the parties and to the acts and circumstances surrounding those

communications.” Id. (quoting Copeland, 3 S.W.3d at 605).

       In arguing that there was not a meeting of the minds regarding the mineral estate

associated with Lots 21 and 22, appellants rely heavily on extrinsic evidence. Moreover,

at trial, the parties agreed that the contracts for deed were ambiguous. Accordingly,

when construing a written agreement, we must ascertain and give effect to the parties’

Gonyea v. Kerby                                                                     Page 6
intentions as expressed in the agreement. Frost Nat’l Bank v. L&F Distribs., Ltd., 165

S.W.3d 310, 311-12 (Tex. 2005) (per curiam); Carbona v. CH Med., Inc., 266 S.W.3d 675,

680 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.). We discern intent from the agreement itself, and

the agreement must be enforced as written. Deep Nines, Inc. v. McAfee, Inc., 246 S.W.3d

842, 846 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.). We consider the entire writing and attempt

to harmonize and give effect to all the provisions of the contract by analyzing the

provisions with reference to the whole agreement. Frost Nat’l Bank, 165 S.W.3d at 312.

In doing so, we will “‘avoid when possible and proper a construction which is

unreasonable, inequitable, and oppressive.’” Id. (quoting Reilly v. Rangers Mgmt., Inc.,

727 S.W.2d 527, 530 (Tex. 1987)). And, it is a rule of construction of deeds that they are

to be most strongly construed against the grantor and in favor of the grantee; this rule

applies to reservations and exceptions. See Commerce Trust Co. v. Lyon, 284 S.W.2d 920,

921 (Tex. Civ. App.—Fort Worth 1955, no writ); see also Key Prod. Co. v. Quality

Operating, Inc., No. 10-10-00379-CV, 2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 4074, at *10 (Tex. App.—

Waco Mar. 28, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.).

       When a written contract is so worded that it can be given a certain or definite

legal meaning or interpretation, it is not ambiguous, and the court construes it as a

matter of law. Am. Mftrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Schaefer, 124 S.W.3d 154, 157 (Tex. 2003). On

the other hand, a contract is ambiguous when its meaning is uncertain and doubtful or

is reasonably susceptible to more than one interpretation.         Heritage Res., Inc. v.

NationsBank, 939 S.W.2d 118, 121 (Tex. 1996). This determination is made in light of the

circumstances present when the parties entered into the contract. Ganske v. Spence, 129

Gonyea v. Kerby                                                                     Page 7
S.W.3d 701, 707 (Tex. App.—Waco 2004, no pet.) (citing Grimes v. Andrews, 997 S.W.2d

877, 881 (Tex. App.—Waco 1999, no pet.)). An ambiguity does not arise simply because

the parties advance conflicting interpretations of the contract.              Columbia Gas

Transmission Corp. v. New Ulm Gas, Ltd., 940 S.W.2d 587, 589 (Tex. 1996).             For an

ambiguity to exist, both interpretations must be reasonable. Id.

       Further, extrinsic evidence of intent is admissible only if the deed is ambiguous

on its face. See Friendswood Dev. Co. v. McDade & Co., 926 S.W.2d 280, 283 (Tex. 1996); see

also CenterPoint Energy Houston Elec., L.L.P. v. Old TJC Co., 177 S.W.3d 425, 431 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied) (“A court may consider the parties’

interpretations of the contract through extrinsic or parol evidence only after a contract is

first determined to be ambiguous.”).          A mere disagreement about the proper

interpretation of a contract, however, does not make the contract ambiguous; the

instrument is ambiguous only if, after application of the rules of construction, the

contract is reasonably susceptible to more than one meaning. Brown v. Havard, 593

S.W.2d 939, 942 (Tex. 1980); Universal C.I.T. Credit Corp. v. Daniel, 150 Tex. 513, 243

S.W.2d 154, 157 (1951).

       Moreover, the Texas Supreme Court has also held that “all writings that pertain

to the same transaction will be considered together, even if they were executed at

different times and do not expressly refer to one another.” DeWitt County Elec. Coop.,

Inc. v. Parks, 1 S.W.3d 96, 102 (Tex. 1999); see Miles v. Martin, 159 Tex. 336, 321 S.W.2d 62,

65 (1959) (“It is well settled that separate instruments executed at the same time,

between the same parties, and relating to the same subject matter may be considered

Gonyea v. Kerby                                                                         Page 8
together and construed as one contract.”); GPA Holding, Inc. v. Baylor Health Care Sys.,

344 S.W.3d 467, 471 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, pet. denied); see also McDowell v. Bier, No.

2-09-231-CV, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 2546, at **9-10 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Apr. 8, 2010,

no pet.) (mem. op.). The supreme court cautioned, however, “that this rule is simply a

device for ascertaining and giving effect to the intention of the parties and cannot be

applied arbitrarily.” Parks, 1 S.W.3d at 102 (citing Miles, 321 S.W.2d at 65).

C.      Discussion

        Because of the existence of the two differing contracts for deed, and because of

the conflicting testimony from Kerby and William regarding whether the mineral estate

was considered in the contract negotiations, appellants argue that the evidence is

insufficient to establish a meeting of the minds. In essence, appellants challenge only

one element of Kerby’s breach-of-contract claim—the existence of a valid contract

between the parties.

        The record reflects that William drafted, signed, and sent two contracts for deed

to Kerby, one of which stated that the mineral rights would be conveyed to Kerby once

the contract was paid in full. Kerby signed the contracts and fully performed. Given

this evidence, we are not persuaded by appellants’ argument that the parties did not

have a meeting of the minds or, in other words, a valid contract.4 Further, we must



        4 We do not believe that either contract for deed, when read alone, is ambiguous. See Am. Mftrs.

Mut. Ins. Co. v. Schaefer, 124 S.W.3d 154, 157 (Tex. 2003); see also Heritage Res., Inc. v. NationsBank, 939
S.W.2d 118, 121 (Tex. 1996). The purported ambiguity resulted from trying to read both contracts for
deed together. However, the jury was posed with the task of essentially choosing which contract for
deed encapsulated the parties’ agreement. And the jury ultimately concluded that, based on the
evidence, the contract for deed that William drafted and Kerby signed and kept memorialized the parties’
agreement. Therefore, even if we were to read both contracts for deed together, we must construe the

Gonyea v. Kerby                                                                                      Page 9
emphasize the fact that William drafted both of the contracts for deeds, and Texas law

provides that contracts are to be construed against the drafter. See AT&T Corp. v.

Rylander, 2 S.W.3d 546, 559 (Tex. App—Austin 1999, pet. denied) (“As a general rule,

writings are construed strictly against the author and in a manner so as to reach a

reasonable result that is consistent with the intent of the parties.”); Lyon, 284 S.W.2d at

921; see also Key Prod. Co., 2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 4074, at *10.

        In addition, we believe that the existence of the second contract for deed that

differed from the one kept by Kerby and Kerby’s and William’s conflicting testimony

about the contract negotiations constituted parol evidence about the surrounding

circumstances of the contract negotiations and merely created fact issues, which are

within the province of the jury to resolve.5 See Wilson, 168 S.W.3d at 819. Clearly, in

concluding that the parties agreed that Kerby would receive the mineral rights once the

contract was paid in full, the jury believed that the contract that William drafted and

Kerby kept, rather than the contract signed by Kerby and returned to William,

encapsulated the parties’ agreement.              See id.     Ultimately, the jury’s conclusion is

supported by the contract for deed that was kept by Kerby.

        Therefore, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict,

we cannot say that the jury was unreasonable in concluding that the parties agreed that

contracts against William and conclude that Kerby is entitled to the mineral rights to Lots 21 and 22. See
AT&T Corp. v. Rylander, 2 S.W.3d 546, 559 (Tex. App—Austin 1999, pet. denied); Commerce Trust Co. v.
Lyon, 284 S.W.2d 920, 921 (Tex. Civ. App.—Fort Worth 1955, no writ); see also Key Prod. Co. v. Quality
Operating, Inc., No. 10-10-00379-CV, 2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 4074, at *10 (Tex. App.—Waco Mar. 28, 2013,
no pet.) (mem. op.). The existence of the second contract for deed does not somehow invalidate the first.

        5 At trial, William, a retired college professor who has participated in approximately seventy real-
estate transactions, explained that the contract for deed tendered to Kerby contained a mistake
attributable to William’s computer program.

Gonyea v. Kerby                                                                                     Page 10
Kerby would receive the mineral rights upon completion of the contract and that

appellants’ failure to convey the mineral rights upon Kerby’s completion of the contract

amounted to a breach of contract. See Wilson, 168 S.W.3d at 822, 827; see also Choctaw

Props., L.L.C., 127 S.W.3d at 245; Runge, 57 S.W.3d at 565. Accordingly, we conclude that

the evidence supporting the jury’s verdict on Kerby’s breach-of-contract claim is legally

sufficient. See Wilson, 168 S.W.3d at 822, 827; see also Choctaw Props., L.L.C., 127 S.W.3d

at 245; Runge, 57 S.W.3d at 565. We overrule appellants’ first issue.

                                   III.   ATTORNEY’S FEES

         In their second issue, appellants complain about the attorney’s fees awarded to

Kerby.     In particular, appellant contend that the attorney’s fees award should be

reversed because Kerby failed to segregate his fees. Kerby responds that he was not

required to segregate his attorney’s fees because he alleged two causes of action—

breach of contract and fraud-in-real-estate—that are “inextricably intertwined.”

A.       Error Preservation

         A party seeking to recover attorney's fees is “required to segregate fees between

claims for which they are recoverable and claims for which they are not.” Tony Gullo

Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 311 (Tex. 2006); accord NP Anderson Cotton Exch.,

L.P. v. Potter, 230 S.W.3d 457, 466 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.). Conversely,

the opposing party must properly preserve for appellate review a contention that the

fee claimant failed to segregate the fees sought. Green Int'l, Inc. v. Solis, 951 S.W.2d 384,

389 (Tex. 1997); Cullins v. Foster, 171 S.W.3d 521, 535-36 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2005, pet. denied); Cont'l Dredging, Inc. v. De-Kaizered, Inc., 120 S.W.3d 380, 397

Gonyea v. Kerby                                                                       Page 11
(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, pet. denied). Generally, such an issue is preserved by

objection during testimony offered in support of attorney's fees or an objection to the

jury question on attorney's fees. See Cullins, 171 S.W.3d at 535-36; Cont’l Dredging, Inc.,

120 S.W.3d at 397.

       Here, appellants objected to testimony provided by Kerby’s trial counsel

regarding attorney’s fees. Appellants argued that trial counsel’s attorney’s fees figure

was inaccurate given that the trial court directed a verdict on Kerby’s fraud-in-real-

estate claim. Appellants also objected to the charge questions about attorney’s fees on

the basis of segregation. Given this, we conclude that appellant has preserved this issue

for review. See Cullins, 171 S.W.3d at 535-36; Cont’l Dredging, Inc., 120 S.W.3d at 397.

B.     The “Inextricably Intertwined” Exception to the Segregation of Attorney’s Fees

       “[T]he need to segregate fees is a question of law.” Chapa, 212 S.W.3d at 312. The

courts of appeals have generally (though not always) applied a de novo standard of

review. Id. Nonetheless, “it may often be impossible to state as a matter of law the

extent to which certain claims can or cannot be segregated; the issue is more a mixed

question of law and fact for the jury.” Id.

       As noted above, Kerby argues that he did not have to segregate his attorney’s

fees because his breach-of-contract and fraud-in-real-estate claims are “inextricably

intertwined.” Texas courts have held that a party requesting attorney’s fees is required

to exclude fees that are not earned in pursuing claims presented during trial of the case.

See Chilton Ins. Co. v. Pate & Pate Enters., Inc., 930 S.W.2d 877, 896 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 1996, writ denied) (citing Stewart Title Guar. Co. v. Sterling, 822 S.W.2d 1, 10-11

Gonyea v. Kerby                                                                      Page 12
(Tex. 1991)); see also Helm v. Kingston, No. 13-10-00224-CV, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 10024,

at *42 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Dec. 21, 2011, pet. denied) (mem. op.). However, an

exception to the segregation requirement applies when the attorney’s fees incurred are

rendered in connection with claims arising from the same transaction or occurrence and

are so interrelated that their prosecution or defense entails proof or denial of essentially

the same facts. Ski River Dev., Inc. v. McCalla, 167 S.W.3d 121, 143 (Tex. App.—Waco

2005, pet. denied) (citing Stewart Title Guar. Co., 822 S.W.2d at 11); see Chapa, 212 S.W.3d

at 313-14 (noting that “a claimant must segregate recoverable from unrecoverable fees.

[And] . . . it is only when discrete legal services advance both a recoverable and

unrecoverable claim that they are so intertwined that they need not be segregated”).

        Here, Kerby’s claims involved: (1) contracts for deed pertaining to real estate, (2)

in which appellants and Kerby were parties, (3) where appellants made representations

to Kerby regarding the conveyance of mineral rights associated with Lots 21 and 22, (4)

where appellants failed to convey the mineral rights purportedly covered by their

agreement with Kerby, and (5) which resulted in injury to Kerby.                             Based on the

foregoing, we conclude that both of Kerby’s claims arose from the same transaction or

occurrence and involved “essentially the same facts.” See Chapa, 212 S.W.3d at 313-14;

Stewart Title Guar. Co., 822 S.W.2d at 11; see also McCalla, 167 S.W.3d at 143.

Accordingly, Kerby was not required to segregate his fees.6 See Chapa, 212 S.W.3d at


        6Appellants also suggest that Kerby should have segregated his fees because the trial court
granted a directed verdict as to Kerby’s fraud-in-real-estate claim. See Int’l Sec. Life Ins. Co. v. Finck, 496
S.W.2d 544, 546-47 (Tex. 1973) (holding that attorney’s fees are recoverable only for authorized claims).
We do not find this argument to be persuasive given our conclusion that the facts involved in Kerby’s
two causes of action are “inextricably intertwined” and because both causes of action permitted the

Gonyea v. Kerby                                                                                       Page 13
313-14; Stewart Title Guar. Co., 822 S.W.2d at 11; McCalla, 167 S.W.3d at 143; see also Helm,

2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 10024, at *42. We overrule appellants’ second issue.

                                             IV.     CONCLUSION

        Having overruled both of appellants’ issues on appeal, we affirm the judgment

of the trial court.



                                                           AL SCOGGINS
                                                           Justice


Before Chief Justice Gray,
       Justice Davis, and
       Justice Scoggins
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed August 8, 2013
[CV06]




recovery of attorney’s fees. See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 27.01(e) (West 2009) (permitting the
recovery of attorney’s fees for a fraud-in-real-estate claim); TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 38.001(8)
(West 2008) (permitting the recovery of attorney’s fees for a claim based on an oral or written contract);
see also Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 313-14 (Tex. 2006) (concluding that attorney’s
fees need not be segregated if the facts underlying the claims are “inextricably intertwined”); Ski River
Dev., Inc. v. McCalla, 167 S.W.3d 121, 143 (Tex. App.—Waco 2005, pet. denied) (noting that attorney’s fees
need not be segregated when the fees incurred are rendered in connection with claims arising from the
same transaction or occurrence and are so interrelated that their prosecution or defense entails proof or
denial of essentially the same facts); but see Chapa, 212 S.W.3d at 304 (“For fraud, she could recover
economic damages, mental anguish, and exemplary damages, but not attorney’s fees.” (citing New
Amsterdam Cas. Co. v. Tex. Indus., Inc., 414 S.W.2d 914, 915 (Tex. 1967) (stating that “attorney’s fees are not
recoverable either in an action in tort or a suit upon a contract unless provided by statute or by contract
between the parties”); Neeley v. Bankers Trust Co. of Tex., 757 F.2d 621, 633 (5th Cir. 1985))).

Gonyea v. Kerby                                                                                       Page 14
