                             2015 IL App (2d) 131319
                                  No. 2-13-1319
                            Opinion filed June 11, 2015
______________________________________________________________________________

                                             IN THE

                             APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                              SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE                ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS,                           ) of Kane County.
                                       )
      Plaintiff-Appellee,              )
                                       )
v.                                     ) No. 10-CF-2325
                                       )
JAIME L. VALLE,                        ) Honorable
                                       ) James C. Hallock,
      Defendant-Appellant.             ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

       JUSTICE JORGENSEN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Presiding Justice Schostok and Justice Birkett concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                           OPINION

¶1     After a bench trial, defendant, Jaime L. Valle, was convicted of unlawful possession of

cocaine with the intent to deliver (720 ILCS 570/401(a)(2)(A) (West 2010)) and sentenced to six

years’ imprisonment. On appeal, he contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to

quash his arrest and suppress evidence. Defendant argues that the police exceeded the scope of

the warrant that authorized the search leading to the evidence of his offense. We affirm.

¶2     Defendant was charged with unlawful possession of cocaine with intent to deliver and

unlawful possession of cocaine (720 ILCS 570/402(a)(2)(A) (West 2010)). His motion to quash

his arrest and suppress evidence alleged that, on March 23, 2010, while executing a search

warrant, police seized evidence from a detached garage at 216 South East Avenue in Aurora.
2015 IL App (2d) 131319


Defendant and his mother, Celia Valle, lived in the house at that address. The motion contended

that the search of the garage exceeded the scope of the warrant, which was limited to the house.

¶3     The warrant, issued by Judge Leonard Wojtecki, read:

               “On this day, March [23], 2010, Complainant [Officer Steven Stemmet] has

       signed and sworn to a complaint for search warrant before me. Upon examination of the

       complaint, I find that it states facts sufficient to show probable cause and I therefore

       command that the following person(s), place(s), or thing(s):

               * The person of Jaime Luis Valle Male Hispanic Date of Birth 06/08/75,

       approximately 6’04” 315 lbs. black hair brown eyes.

               * 216 S. East Av. Aurora, Kane County, IL 60505 described as a two story split

       level single family residence that is light blue in color with white trim. The front door to

       the residence is white in color with windows and faces west. There is white screen door

       [sic] with windows. There are several concrete steps, with white wrought iron railings,

       leading to the front door. The numerals ‘216’ appear in black to the right of the front

       door. The residence has two driveways. One is in the northwest section of the yard, and

       the other runs along the east (rear) of the residence. The east drive leads to a large

       detached garage that is light blue in color with a white garage door. There is tall white

       fence [sic] in the yard. The structure is located on the northeast corner of S. East Av. and

       North Av. in Aurora, Kane County, Illinois; be searched and the following instruments,

       articles, or things which have been used in the commission of, or which constitute

       evidence of the offense of Unlawful Delivery of Controlled Substance in violation of

       720ILCS570/401 [sic] be seized therefrom.

               (1) any and all substances containing cocaine;



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2015 IL App (2d) 131319


               (2) any and all documents and United States Currency relating to the purchase,

       sale, or distribution of cocaine, or in the proximity of any material possibly containing

       cocaine;

               (3) any and all paraphernalia including scales, relating to the usage, sale, or

       distribution of cocaine;

               (4) any and all electronic devices, computers, and computer equipment, related to

       the usage, sale, or distribution of cocaine;

               (5) any and all evidence of drug co-conspirators, including photographs, ledgers,

       [and] records[;]

               (6) indicia of residency, ownership, or possession of the above address.”

¶4     The complaint, signed by Stemmet, stated that he had probable cause to believe, based

upon the facts provided in his affidavit, that the evidence to be seized was “now located in the

residence, or on the person set forth above.” In his affidavit, Stemmet stated in pertinent part as

follows. Several controlled buys of cocaine, using a confidential informant, had taken place at

216 South East Avenue in Aurora, from a man who matched defendant’s photograph. Police

records revealed that defendant resided at 216 South East.        On or about March 16, 2010,

Stemmet observed a man who resembled defendant’s description backing his SUV out of the east

driveway; Stemmet traced the vehicle’s registration to Celia Valle, who also resided at 216 South

East. Stemmet believed that “a search of 216 S. East Av., Aurora *** and/or on the person of

[defendant] [would] result in the seizure of cocaine.”

¶5     At a hearing on the motion, the parties stipulated that, on March 23, 2010, defendant

resided at 216 South East; that the property at 216 South East included a detached garage used

by defendant; and that officers discovered incriminating evidence in the garage.



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¶6     In argument, defendant contended that the search of the detached garage exceeded the

scope of the warrant. Citing People v. Freeman, 121 Ill. App. 3d 1023 (1984), he argued that the

warrant had specified that the search was limited to the “single[-]family residence” specifically

identified in the first line of the applicable paragraph. In response, the State, citing United States

v. Bennett, 170 F.3d 632 (6th Cir. 1999), noted that the warrant explicitly mentioned the

detached garage, which had the same address as the house. Further, the garage was within the

curtilage of the house, validating the search. Defendant replied that Bennett, in which the court

construed a warrant authorizing the search of the defendant’s “premises” as permitting the search

of a shop building located on the same property as his house (id. at 638), was distinguishable

because “premises” has a broader meaning than the terminology used in the warrant here.

¶7     The trial court found Bennett persuasive and ruled that the search of the garage had been

proper. After defendant was convicted and sentenced as noted, he timely appealed. 1

       1
           At oral argument, the State asserted that we lack jurisdiction to review the denial of the

motion to quash and suppress, because defendant’s notice of appeal specified the “[r]uling

appealed from” as “the sentence” and did not mention the denial of the motion. It is true that, in

general, “[a] notice of appeal confers jurisdiction on an appellate court to consider only the

judgments or parts of judgments specified in the notice.” People v. Lewis, 234 Ill. 2d 32, 37

(2009). Nevertheless, “the unspecified judgment is reviewable if it is a ‘step in the procedural

progression leading’ to the judgment specified in the notice of appeal.” Burtell v. First Charter

Service Corp., 76 Ill. 2d 427, 435 (1979) (quoting Elfman Motors, Inc. v. Chrysler Corp., 567

F.2d 1252, 1254 (3d Cir. 1977)). Here, the denial of the motion to quash and suppress was

clearly a step in the procedural progression leading to the sentence, which was the case’s final

judgment (People v. Caballero, 102 Ill. 2d 23, 51 (1984)). Thus, we have jurisdiction to review



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¶8      On appeal, defendant contends that the trial court erred in holding that the search warrant

authorized the search of the detached garage. He argues that the warrant’s plain language limited

any search to his person and the “two[-]story split[-]level single[-]family residence.” The State

responds that, because the detached garage was within the house’s curtilage, the police could

have searched it even had the warrant not mentioned the garage at all. Further, the warrant’s

mention of the “large detached garage” brought that building within the warrant’s scope.

¶9      Because the trial court’s ruling turned solely on the construction of the search warrant,

our review is de novo. See People v. Close, 238 Ill. 2d 497, 504 (2010); People v. McCarty, 223

Ill. 2d 109, 148 (2006). A warrant should receive a commonsense and realistic interpretation.

United States v. Ventresca, 380 U.S. 102, 108 (1965); People v. Bryant, 389 Ill. App. 3d 500,

514-15 (2009).

¶ 10    In the trial court—though, strangely, not on appeal—defendant relied on Freeman, a

1984 opinion of this court. Although Freeman does appear to support his position, the opinion is

legally unsound.

¶ 11    In Freeman, the police obtained a warrant to search a house at a given address. The

requesting officer’s affidavit stated that he knew that the defendant resided “ ‘at the premises

described as a two-story wood frame single family dwelling’ ” located at the address and that the

officer had been present personally “ ‘at the premises described *** above’ ” when cannabis had

been present. Freeman, 121 Ill. App. 3d at 1026. The affidavit did not mention any other

buildings. The opinion does not quote any part of the search warrant but describes it only as “a

warrant to search a house” at the given address. Id. at 1024. The police searched the house.

One officer then exited, approached a garage 30 or 40 feet from the house, looked in through the

that denial.



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window, and obtained the keys to the garage from the defendant’s wife, under a threat of

breaking down the garage door if needed. Inside, the officers seized cannabis. Id. at 1025-26.

¶ 12    The trial court denied the defendant’s motion to suppress.       As pertinent here, the

defendant argued on appeal that the garage was outside the scope of the warrant. Id. at 1031.

This court agreed, reasoning, “[t]he warrant clearly did not include the garage, and the cannabis

was not within the plain view of the officer from a place where he had a right to be.” Id. We

noted that the garage had been 30 to 40 feet away from the house and that the evidence showed

that the defendant had reasonably expected that its contents would remain private. Id.

¶ 13    However, the problem with Freeman is that, even though the warrant expressly included

only the defendant’s residence, the garage was within the curtilage of the defendant’s residence.

Thus, per the settled law that we discuss below, the warrant authorized the search of the

defendant’s garage. For the same reason, the warrant here authorized the search of defendant’s

garage. 2

¶ 14    Under Illinois law, “[t]he curtilage, that is, the land immediately surrounding and

associated with the home, has been considered part of the home itself for fourth amendment

purposes.” People v. McNeal, 175 Ill. 2d 335, 344 (1997). Thus, “[t]he government cannot

        2
            We observe that here, unlike in Freeman, the warrant at least mentioned the garage.

The parties dispute the significance of that mention; the State asserts that it made the garage a

“place” that the warrant expressly authorized the police to search, whereas defendant maintains

that it was “merely included to assist the officers executing the warrant in identifying the

structure [i.e., the residence itself] they were authorized to search.” We need not resolve this

dispute. As the State also argues, because the garage was within the curtilage of the residence,

the search of the garage would have been authorized even had the warrant not mentioned it at all.



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2015 IL App (2d) 131319


search a home and its curtilage absent a warrant or some exception to the warrant requirement.”

People v. Pitman, 211 Ill. 2d 502, 518 (2004); see also People v. Accardi, 284 Ill. App. 3d 31, 34

(1996). Necessarily, if the curtilage is considered part of the home for purposes of the fourth

amendment’s protection against warrantless searches, then the curtilage must be considered part

of the home for purposes of a warrant to search that home. In other words, a warrant to search

the home legitimizes the search of those areas considered under the fourth amendment to be part

of that home.

¶ 15   This truism is confirmed by case law from other jurisdictions. In Bennett, on which the

trial court relied, the warrant authorized a search of “the premises known and numbered as[ ] 792

Goshen-Church Road” in Bowling Green, Kentucky. Bennett, 170 F.3d at 637. It continued that

the premises were “more particularly described” as follows:

                “Single story frame home, yellow siding, reddish shutters.           The house is

       approximately a quarter mile off Porter Pike on the right side of the road.

                There is a detached shop building, with overhead or sliding doors on both ends.

       Same color as the home.” Id. at 637-38.

¶ 16   In executing the warrant, the police searched the residence and the shop building, which

were approximately 60 to 100 feet apart.       Id. at 638.    The court of appeals affirmed the

defendant’s conviction of several drug offenses, holding in part that the warrant’s phraseology

was “certainly broad enough to include a shop building located in the curtilage of the property

*** at most, 100 feet away from the residence.” Id. at 639. The two buildings were, “for all

practical purposes, one single location because the outbuilding [was] within the curtilage of the

‘premises’ for which the search warrant was issued.” Id.




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2015 IL App (2d) 131319


¶ 17   Bennett relied in part on Fine v. United States, 207 F.2d 324 (6th Cir. 1953). Bennett,

170 F.3d at 639. Fine held that a warrant authorizing the search of “ ‘the premises known as the

Harve Fine residence and being a one story white frame dwelling’ ” (Fine, 207 F.2d at 324) also

authorized searching a shed located in a yard 20 feet behind the house (id. at 325). The court

reasoned that, although the warrant did not explicitly mention the shed, the phraseology just

quoted was “broader than a mere description of the house and certainly include[d] the curtilage.”

Id.

¶ 18   Here, defendant concedes that the detached garage was within the curtilage of the house

at 216 South East. However, he asserts that Bennett is distinguishable because there the warrant

used the term “premises,” a term of art with a broad meaning, whereas here the warrant referred

in “boiler plate” to only “place(s).” We disagree with defendant that this difference is crucial.

Although the use of the term “premises” validates the search of an outbuilding within the

curtilage of a residence even if the warrant itself does not mention the outbuilding, the absence

of the “magic word” “premises” does not bar the search under similar circumstances.

¶ 19   Preliminarily, we note that the detached garage was within the curtilage of the house. “In

determining whether a particular area falls within a home’s curtilage, a court asks whether the

area harbors the intimate activities commonly associated with the sanctity of a person’s home

and the privacies of life.” Pitman, 211 Ill. 2d at 516. “The extent of the curtilage is determined

by factors ‘that bear upon whether an individual reasonably may expect that the area in question

should be treated as the home itself.’ ” Id. (quoting United States v. Dunn, 480 U.S. 294, 300

(1987)). “These factors include: (1) the proximity of the area claimed to be the home’s curtilage;

(2) whether the area is included within an enclosure surrounding the home; (3) the nature of the

uses to which the area is put; and (4) the steps taken by the resident to protect the area from



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2015 IL App (2d) 131319


observation by people passing by.” Id. (citing Dunn, 480 U.S. at 301). The “generally accepted”

definition includes “ ‘those outbuildings which are directly and intimately connected with the

habitation and in proximity therein and the land or grounds surrounding the dwelling which are

necessary and convenient and habitually used for family purposes and carrying on domestic

employment.’ ” People v. Jones, 119 Ill. App. 3d 615, 621 (1983) (quoting Black’s Law

Dictionary 346 (5th ed. 1979)).

¶ 20   Here, according to defendant’s testimony at trial, 3 the garage was within 75 to 100 feet of

the house, about the same distance as separated the house and the shop in Bennett. It is

undisputed that the garage was within the same enclosure as the house and shared its address.

Defendant testified that he kept vehicles and some personal items in the garage and that the

garage required a pass code for entry. Thus, we would reject any contention that the detached

garage was outside the curtilage of the house.

¶ 21   Defendant cites United States v. Longie, 370 F. Supp. 2d 941 (D.N.D. 2005), in which the

federal district court did hold that a building not specifically named in the search warrant was not

part of the curtilage of the residence that the warrant authorized law enforcement officers to

search. Longie is distinguishable. It is also questionable as a statement of the governing law.

¶ 22   In Longie, the warrant authorized the search of a named residence on a Sioux Indian

Reservation, for evidence of an alleged assault committed inside the house. The warrant did not

mention a dilapidated shed that was approximately 60 yards west of the residence.                 The

investigative report on the search of the house and shed described the shed as “ ‘abandoned,’ ”



       3
           In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we may consider the entire record.

People v. Hieber, 258 Ill. App. 3d 144, 151 (1994).



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and, according to one of the residents of the house, the shed belonged to her grandmother, who

resided at an unknown location (not the house). Id. at 943.

¶ 23   The district court held that the search of the shed had exceeded the scope of the warrant.

The court noted that the warrant had referenced only the house and had not used either the term

“premises” or the term “property”; had it done so, it would likely have authorized the search of

any buildings located on the premises. Id. at 944. Further, the court held, the shed had not been

within the curtilage of the house, as it did not pass the four-factor test: it was run down and no

longer had doors or windows, it was not fenced in or protected, and there was no evidence that

the occupants of the residence had been concerned about trespassers or people who might look

into the shed. Id. at 945. Although the case presented a “close issue,” the court concluded that

the warrant had not authorized the search of the shed. Id.

¶ 24   Aside from being the opinion of one judge at the trial court level, Longie is easily

distinguishable. Here, there was undisputed evidence, which we have summarized, that the

detached garage “was used for activities and privacies of life which would intimately tie [it] to

the house and make it part of the curtilage.” Id. at 942. Unlike the shed in Longie, the detached

garage in this case (1) was owned (or at least possessed) by the owner (or possessor) of the

house; (2) was regularly used by the residents of the house, including for such basic purposes as

storing vehicles and driving them out of and into the garage; (3) was protected by a pass code or

key; and (4) was located much closer to the residence at issue than the shed in Longie had been.

In short, Longie’s discussion of the curtilage issue does not help defendant. If anything, the fact




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that the trial court described the issue as a close one, despite all of the foregoing, strongly

suggests that Longie indirectly supports the State in this case. 4

¶ 25   We return to defendant’s attempt to distinguish Bennett. He maintains that Bennett

differs from this case because the warrant there used the term “premises,” which, he essentially

concedes, has been given a broad construction that would include the detached garage here.

¶ 26   We agree with defendant (and the State) that courts have repeatedly and routinely held

that a warrant that authorizes the search of “premises” at a given residential address allows the

search of detached garages, sheds, and other outbuildings even if these separate structures are not

mentioned at all in the warrant. See, e.g., People v. Taylor, 205 Ill. App. 3d 446, 447-48 (1990)

(warrant allowing search of “ ‘premises’ ” “was not limited to defendant’s home or residence”

but extended to detached garage); United States v. Earls, 42 F.3d 1321, 1326-27 (10th Cir. 1994)

(warrant to search premises allowed search of outbuildings within curtilage); United States v.

Griffin, 827 F.2d 1108, 1114-15 (7th Cir. 1987) (warrant allowing search of “ ‘premises’ ” but

specifically mentioning only house and detached garage allowed search of yard and toolshed);

United States v. Bonner, 808 F.2d 864, 868 (1st Cir. 1986) (general rule); United States v.

Moore, 743 F.2d 254, 255-56 (5th Cir. 1984) (warrant allowing search of “ ‘premises’ ”

described as “ ‘certain building, house or place’ ” also allowed search of garage 35 to 40 feet

away on same property); United States v. Williams, 687 F.2d 290, 293 (9th Cir. 1982) (warrant


       4
           Longie is also legally dubious, and certainly contrary to the weight of authority that we

shall soon discuss, insofar as it holds that the warrant’s failure to mention the shed, combined

with its failure to use a broad term such as “premises” or “property,” ruled out searching the shed

even if it had been within the curtilage of the residence.




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allowing search of “ ‘premises’ ” described only by geographical location allowed search of

buildings on land described); Black’s Law Dictionary 1062-63 (5th ed. 1979) (“premises”

includes “[l]ands and tenements; an estate, including land and buildings thereon”).

¶ 27   While the use of the term “premises” would have beyond peradventure authorized the

search of the detached garage, it does not follow that the absence of that term meant that the

warrant did not authorize the search. As noted, the detached garage was within the house’s

curtilage. Ample case law supports the commonsense conclusion that “premises” is not a magic

word that must be used in a situation such as this one.

¶ 28   In State v. Basurto, 807 P.2d 162 (Kan. Ct. App. 1991), the warrant at issue authorized

the search of “ ‘2528 N. Mascot, Wichita ***, to be a single story residential structure ***.’ ”

Id. at 163. The warrant described the house in detail, listed the items for which the search was to

be made, and stated that those items were “ ‘located in or upon the above described persons,

places, things, or means of conveyance.’ ” Id. In executing the warrant, officers searched an

unattached shed located in back of the house and seized cocaine. Id.

¶ 29   On appeal from his conviction of two drug offenses, the defendant argued that the

warrant had not authorized the search of the shed. The appellate court disagreed. It noted that,

because the curtilage of a house is generally afforded the same fourth-amendment protection as

the house itself, “it has been generally held that a search warrant describing only the residence

will authorize a search of any buildings or vehicles within the ‘curtilage’ even though they are

not specifically described in the warrant.” Id.

¶ 30   After citing numerous authorities to this effect and holding that the shed had been within

the house’s curtilage (id. at 163-65), the court turned to the defendant’s contention that cases

such as Moore were distinguishable because the warrants there had used the term “premises,”



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which had been absent from the warrant in Basurto. Id. at 165. The court cited People v. Muniz,

597 P.2d 580 (Colo. 1979), in which the Colorado Supreme Court had upheld the search of an

unattached shed even though the warrant had specifically mentioned only the defendant’s

residence and had not employed the term “premises.” The court noted that the shed had been

located near the house in an enclosed area to which the defendant had had access. Id. at 581.

¶ 31   The Basurto court explained:

               “We agree with the basic thrust of the Colorado decision. While the use of the

       term ‘premises’ in a search warrant may be desired to avoid arguments such as the one

       with which we now deal, it is not required in every instance.            The law is clearly

       established that a search warrant which describes a specific residence authorizes a search

       of the ‘curtilage’ of that residence. Indeed, a construction such as that urged by the

       defendant would be, in our opinion, the sort of hypertechnical construction of a search

       warrant which has been condemned by the United States Supreme Court. [Citation.] It

       would appear to be a hypertechnical view of the issue to hold that the word ‘premises’

       has some magical meaning and that the failure to use that one term dooms the search in

       this case. We hold that the search warrant in question authorized the search of not only

       the residence, but *** the curtilage of the defendant’s residence.” Basurto, 807 P.2d at

       166-67.

¶ 32   Basurto and Muniz are not the only opinions that have rejected defendant’s contention

that a warrant’s use of the word “premises” is essential to validating a search of a building that is

not named in the warrant but is within the curtilage of the residence that is named. See United

States v. Finnigin, 113 F.3d 1182, 1186 (10th Cir. 1997) (outbuildings and vehicles within

curtilage of residence named in warrant could have been searched legally even had they not been



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named in the warrant); Bonner, 808 F.2d at 868 (warrant’s use of “ ‘properties’ ” instead of

“ ‘premises’ ” was of no consequence, as terms were “interchangeable”; thus, search of separate

garage not mentioned in warrant to search residence was proper).

¶ 33   Finally, we observe that, in United States v. Gorman, 104 F.3d 272, 273 (9th Cir. 1996),

police officers obtained a warrant to search the immobile bus that the defendant used as a

residence and from which he allegedly had been selling marijuana. The warrant commanded the

officers to search the bus/residence but did not use the term “premises” or similar broadening

phraseology and did not mention the curtilage. Id. The trial court granted the defendant’s

motion to suppress a gun that the police had found beside some lawn chairs outside the

bus/residence, reasoning that the warrant authorized the search of the bus/residence but not of the

curtilage. Id. at 273-74.

¶ 34   The appellate court reversed, explaining that “[t]he curtilage is simply an extension of the

residence’s living area, and *** such extensions become part of the residence for purposes of a

search warrant.” Id. at 274. According to the court, “Every published opinion addressing the

issue has concluded that a warrant authorizing the search of a residence automatically authorizes

a search of the residence’s curtilage. [Citations.]” (Emphases added.) Id. at 275. Thus, despite

the warrant’s failure to mention the curtilage, the seizure of the gun had been proper.

¶ 35   Here, although the warrant expressly authorized the search of defendant’s residence, the

detached garage was within the curtilage. Thus, according to long-standing case authority, the

detached garage was a proper object of the search; had the issuing judge wished to exclude the

garage, despite that case authority, he could have and would have done so expressly. As a result,

the trial court properly denied defendant’s motion to quash his arrest and suppress evidence.

¶ 36   For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Kane County is affirmed.



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¶ 37   Affirmed.




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