             REPORTED

IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

          OF MARYLAND


               No. 1980

        September Term, 2014



    ALBERT OLIVEIRA, ET AL.

                  v.

     JAY SUGARMAN, ET AL.



 Kehoe,
 Berger,
 Thieme, Raymond G., Jr.
       (Retired, Specially Assigned),

                  JJ.


         Opinion by Berger, J.


 Filed: January 28, 2016
       This appeal arises from an order of the Circuit Court for Baltimore City dismissing

various claims filed by Albert F. Oliveira and Lena M. Oliveira, Trustees for the Oliveira

Family Trust, appellants (“the Shareholders”), for failure to state a claim. Nominal

Defendant-Appellee iStar Financial Inc.1 (“iStar”) is a registered Maryland corporation

headquartered in New York. Defendants-Appellees include current and former members

of the iStar Board of Directors as well as current and former members of iStar’s senior

management. Jay Sugarman is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of iStar and also

serves on iStar’s Board of Directors. Robert W. Holman, Jr., John G. McDonald, Dale Anne

Reiss, and Barry Ridings are current members of the iStar Board of Directors. Glen August,

George R. Puskar, and Jeffrey A. Weber are former members of the iStar Board of Directors.

Nina B. Matis, R. Michael Dorsch, Michelle M. MacKay, Barbara Rubin, and David DiStaso

are current and former iStar executives.2

       On appeal, the Shareholders presented several issues for our review, which we have

consolidated and rephrased for clarity and brevity:

                1.     Whether the circuit court erred by granting the
                       Appellees’ motion to dismiss the Shareholders’
                       derivative claims.

                2.     Whether the circuit court erred by dismissing the
                       Shareholders’ claims which were styled as “direct”
                       claims.




      1
           The company is now known as iStar Inc.
       2
           We shall refer to iStar and the Directors collectively as “Appellees.”
       For the reasons explained herein, we shall affirm.

                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A.     The 2008 Awards and 2009 Plan

       The alleged wrongdoing in this case centers upon iStar’s 2011 modification of

restricted stock unit performance awards granted to iStar executives in 2008 (the “2008

Awards”). The 2008 Awards, as originally issued, provided certain employees cash or iStar

stock if certain conditions were met. The terms of the 2008 Awards provided that the

awards would vest if iStar’s stock achieved any one of three average closing price targets

over twenty consecutive trading days. The targets were a price of $4 per share by December

19, 2009, $7 per share by December 19, 2010, or $10 per share before December 19, 2011.3

The total award represented 10,164,000 restricted stock units (“RSUs”).

       At the time the 2008 Awards were granted, iStar did not have sufficient authorized

shares of stock to pay the awards in iStar stock. For this reason, in 2009, iStar sought and

obtained shareholder approval of a new Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2009 Plan”), which

increased the number of shares that could be issued for incentive compensation, allowing

for issuance of up to 8,000,000 shares of common stock. The terms of the 2008 Awards

permitted the awards to be settled in either cash or iStar shares. The awards were to be


       3
        If the December 19, 2009 goal was attained, the awards would vest in three equal
installments. If the 2009 goal was not attained but the December 19, 2010 goal was attained,
the awards would vest in two equal installments. If neither the 2009 nor 2010 goals were
attained, but the December 19, 2011 goal was attained, the awards would vest in a single
installment.
                                             2
settled in shares if the anticipated 2009 Plan was approved by shareholders the following

year, or alternatively, if the 2009 Plan was not approved by shareholders, in cash.

       In April 2009, iStar filed a Schedule 14A Proxy Statement (“the Proxy Statement”)

with the United States Security and Exchange Commission. The Proxy Statement included

language explaining that “the ongoing financial crisis and its negative impact on our

business and financial results have resulted in a sharp decline in [iStar’s] share price” which

“has led to a more rapid depletion of shares under the 2006 Plan than we had anticipated in

2006,” resulting in “virtually no remaining shares available under the 2006 Plan.”4 The

Proxy Statement explained that shareholder approval of the 2009 Plan would “ensure that

we will have a sufficient number of shares to settle the performance-based awards made in

December 2008 using shares of common stock rather than cash.” The Proxy Statement

further explained that “[i]f the 2009 Plan is not approved by shareholders,” the 2008 Awards

“will be settled in cash rather than in common stock.” The Proxy Statement included

language noting that approval of the 2009 Plan would “ensure, for federal tax purposes, the

deductibility of compensation recognized by certain participants in the 2009 Plan which may

otherwise be limited by Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code.”5 A copy of the 2009

       4
        The “2006 Plan” referred to a previous long-term incentive plan, which had been
adopted in 2006 and made available a maximum of 4,550,000 shares of common stock for
awards.
       5
         Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code provides that, in certain
circumstances, compensation in excess of $1 million to an employee in a year is not
deductible by the employer, but contains an exception for the deduction of certain
performance-based compensation. IRC § 162(m)(1).
                                              3
Plan was attached to the Proxy Statement. The 2009 Plan was approved by a shareholder

vote in May 2009.

       iStar did not achieve the $4 per share target for twenty consecutive trading days by

the December 19, 2009 deadline set forth in the 2008 Awards.6 iStar’s stock price also

failed to meet the December 19, 2010 deadline. iStar reached the $7 per share target for

twenty consecutive days on December 30, 2010, eight trading days after the December 19,

2010 deadline.

       Following the near miss of the 2010 target, iStar undertook a six-month process to

consider modification of the 2008 Awards. The Board sought to reach a balance “between

rewarding management’s exceptional performance, as reflected by the 300% rise in the

market value of iStar stock, and enforcing the terms of the 2008 Awards in light of the near

miss of the $7 price target.” After four Board meetings and eleven Compensation

Committee meetings, as well as discussions with legal, accounting, and compensation

advisors, iStar’s Board of Directors modified the 2008 Awards in July 2011 (“the 2011

Modification”).        The 2011 Modification converted the 2008 Awards from

performance-based to service-based awards. The Modification reduced the amount of the

award by 25% and required specific years of service. Pursuant to the 2011 Modification,

employees would receive the reduced award in three installments on January 1 of 2012,

2013, and 2014, as long as the employee remained employed by iStar on the vesting dates.


       6
           iStar’s stock price reached $4 per share in March 2010.
                                              4
According to iStar, the 2011 Modification addressed concerns that key employees would

leave iStar for better paying opportunities with competitors and hedge funds if the 2008

Awards resulted in no compensation despite the 300% rise in iStar’s stock price. The Board

considered forfeiting the 2008 Awards and issuing new awards, but this option was rejected

due to the accounting expense associated with issuing new awards.7

B.     The Demand and iStar’s Response

       In letters dated May 23, 2013 and July 30, 2013, the Shareholders demanded that

iStar’s Board of Directors “investigate and institute claims on behalf of [iStar] . . . against

responsible persons” relating to the 2011 Modification.8 The Shareholders demanded that

the Board of Directors “[r]escind all the shares that were issued under the 2009 Plan to settle

the 2008 Awards” or, alternatively, “seek any other appropriate relief on behalf of [iStar] for

damages sustained . . . as a result of the Board’s misconduct.” The demand further sought

to “enjoin [iStar] from issuing any more shares under the 2009 Plan to settle the 2008

Awards” and demanded that the Board of Directors adopt internal procedures to “prevent

a recurrence of the wrongdoing described” in the demand letter.

       On June 28, 2013, the Board formed a committee (“the Committee”) to investigate

the allegations in the demand letter and make a recommendation to the Board concerning



       7
           The existing awards had been largely expensed.
       8
        The Shareholders’ May 23, 2013 letter acknowledged that “the Board certainly had
authority to modify the terms of the 2008 Awards, as compensation decisions are entitled
to protection of the business judgment rule.”
                                              5
the demand. The Committee consisted of a single member, Barry W. Ridings, who was an

outside, non-management director who joined the Board in August 2011, after the

occurrence of the alleged wrongdoing that was the subject of the demand. Mr. Ridings is

the Vice Chairman of Investment Banking at Lazard Freres & Co. LLC (“Lazard”). Lazard

had formerly performed restructuring work for iStar in 2010 and early 2011, before Mr.

Ridings joined the Board, but had no continuing business relationship with iStar. According

to iStar, Mr. Ridings had no business, personal, social, or other relationships with any

member of the Board apart from his service on the Board. The Committee retained outside

counsel, Joseph S. Allerhand and Stephen A. Radin of Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP

(“Weil” or “Counsel”) to assist with the investigation of the content of the Shareholder’s

demand letter. Weil does not currently represent and has never in the past represented iStar

or any of its Board members.

       The Committee and Counsel met eight times between July and October 2013,

reviewed relevant documents, and conducted multiple interviews. Counsel interviewed

three members of iStar management, including Mr. Sugarman, three of iStar’s outside,

non-management directors, and representatives of Kirkland & Ellis LLP, counsel to the iStar

Board’s compensation committee, Clifford Chance LLP, iStar’s corporate and disclosure

counsel, and TowersWatson, an outside consultant to the compensation committee.

Following the investigation, on October 23, 2013, the Committee made a presentation to the

Board, recommending that the Board refuse the Shareholders’ demand. The Board asked


                                             6
Counsel to draft a letter for the Board’s consideration, explaining the Board’s reasons for

refusing the demand.

       On November 6, 2013, a draft letter was circulated to the Board. The Board met on

November 11, 2013 and, after discussing the draft letter, unanimously determined that

pursuing the litigation demanded by the Shareholders would not serve the best interests of

iStar and its shareholders. Accordingly, the Board unanimously voted to refuse the demand

and directed Counsel to send the letter which had been drafted on the Board’s behalf to the

Shareholders.

       The Board’s 10-page letter to the Shareholders explained in detail the reasons

supporting the Board’s conclusion that the litigation demanded by the Shareholders would

be detrimental to the best interests of iStar and its shareholders. Although we do not set

forth the letter in full, we summarize several of the reasons set forth by the Board:

                C    The Board believed that iStar would lose -- and incur
                     attorney’s fees pursuing a losing lawsuit -- if it were to
                     seek to litigate the claims alleged in the Shareholders’
                     demand.

                C    The Board believed that any effort to rescind or stop
                     issuing shares under the 2009 Plan to settle the modified
                     2008 Awards or to rescind the modified 2008 Awards
                     would harm iStar and its shareholders.

                C    The Board believed that failure to honor the modified
                     2008 Awards would create serious morale and retention
                     problems and potentially lead to the departure of key
                     members of management.



                                             7
              C      The Board believed that the modified awards
                     appropriately rewarded exceptional performance, were
                     necessary to motivate and ensure retention of key
                     personnel, and secured an additional three years of
                     service for a 25% reduction in the original amount of the
                     2008 Awards.

              C      The Board believed that failure to honor the modified
                     2008 Awards would likely embroil iStar in litigation
                     with key members of management, which the key
                     members of management would likely win.

              C      The Board believed that, even if iStar won in pursuing
                     the claims raised in the Shareholders’ demand, there
                     might be no damages because the cost of new grants
                     would exceed the cost of the modified 2008 Awards.
                     The Board explained that the modified 2008 awards
                     saved iStar tens of millions of dollars that would need to
                     be expensed for new awards.9

The Board summarized its position by explaining that it saw “no upside -- and much

downside -- to the action and lawsuit proposed in the Demand. iStar would probably lose,

suffer substantial harm, and pay both sides’ attorneys’ fees.”

C.     Circuit Court Proceedings

       On March 7, 2014, the Shareholders filed the complaint giving rise to the instant

litigation. Counts I, II, and III are alleged derivatively. Counts I and III allege that iStar

       9
         The challenged action was the creation of additional stock units through the 2009
Plan. The Shareholders did not challenge the 2008 Awards themselves and, as discussed
supra in footnote 8, had even acknowledged in a May 23, 2013 that “the Board certainly had
authority to modify the terms of the 2008 Awards, as compensation decisions are entitled
to protection of the business judgment rule.” The Proxy Statement explained that if the 2009
Plan was not approved by shareholders, the 2008 Awards would be settled in cash rather
than stock. Accordingly, even if the Shareholders succeeded in invalidating the 2009 Plan,
iStar would incur costs associated with replacement executive awards.
                                              8
directors Sugarman, August, Holman, McDonald, Puskar, Ridings, Weber, Josephs, and

Reiss breached their fiduciary duties and wasted corporate assets by approving the 2011

Modification. Count II alleges unjust enrichment on the part of the recipients of the awards:

Sugarman, DiStaso, Dorsch, MacKay, Matis, and Rubin. Counts IV and V are styled as

direct claims. Count IV alleges breach of contract by iStar and the iStar directors named as

defendants, and Count V alleges promissory estoppel.

       Appellees moved to dismiss the Shareholders’ complaint on May 12, 2014. The

Appellees contended that all of the claims asserted by the Shareholders were derivative,

rather than direct. Appellees further maintained that the Shareholders failed to plead facts

sufficient to overcome the presumption that the directors of iStar acted in the best interests

of the company, and as such, the Board was entitled to the protection of the business

judgment rule. In the alternative, Appellees asserted that even if the court were to reach the

merits of the Shareholder’s claims, the Shareholders failed to state a claim for breach of

fiduciary duty, waste of corporate assets, unjust enrichment, breach of contract, or

promissory estoppel. Following a hearing, the circuit court issued a comprehensive

memorandum and order dismissing the Shareholders’ complaint in its entirety.

       This timely appeal followed.

                               STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review a circuit court’s dismissal of a complaint for failure to state a claim de

novo. Shenker v. Laureate Educ., Inc., 411 Md. 317, 334 (2009) (“We review the grant of


                                              9
a motion to dismiss as a question of law.”); Boland v. Boland, 194 Md. App. 477, 496

(2010) (“The standard for a circuit court to apply in deciding whether to grant a motion to

terminate litigation in a demand refused derivative action is a pure question of law.”), rev’d

on other grounds, 423 Md. 296 (2011).

                                       DISCUSSION

I.     The Shareholders’ Derivative Claims and the Board’s Demand Refusal

       The parties disagree sharply with respect to the proper analysis to be applied by a

reviewing court when considering a board of director’s decision in response to a

shareholder’s demand. Before turning our attention to the specific demand refusal at issue

in the instant appeal, we briefly summarize the nature of a shareholder derivative claim and

the judicial review applicable to such cases.

       The default level of judicial scrutiny applied to review of corporate decisions is the

“deferential business judgment rule, which insulates ‘the business decisions made by the

director from judicial review[.]’” Boland v. Boland, 423 Md. 296, 328 (2011) (quoting

Shenker, supra, 411 Md. at 344). The business judgment rule has been described as follows:

              “It is a presumption that in making a business decision the
              directors of a corporation acted on an informed basis, in good
              faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the
              best interests of the company. Absent an abuse of discretion,
              that judgment will be respected by the courts. The burden is on
              the party challenging the decision to establish facts rebutting the
              presumption.”




                                              10
Id. (quoting Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d 805, 812 (Del. 1984) (citations omitted), overruled

on other grounds by Brehm v. Eisner, 746 A.2d 244 (Del. 2000)).10 The business judgment

rule “insulates ‘the business decisions made by the director[s] from judicial review.’” Id.

(quoting Shenker, supra, 411 Md. at 344).

       The shareholder derivative action is “a justifiable, but limited, intrusion upon the

general authority of the directors to manage the business affairs of the corporation.”

Werbowsky v. Collomb, 362 Md. 581, 602 (2001). The Court of Appeals has explained:

              As an exception to the general rule that “the business and affairs
              of a corporation are managed under the direction of its board of
              directors[,]” the derivative action is an “extraordinary equitable
              device to enable shareholders to enforce a corporate right” in
              certain circumstances. [Werbowsky, supra, 362 Md.] at
              598–99, 766 A.2d at 133. “The purpose of the derivative action
              is to place in the hands of the individual shareholder a means to
              protect the interests of the corporation from the misfeasance and
              malfeasance of faithless directors and managers.” Shenker, 411
              Md. at 342, 983 A.2d at 423 (quotation marks and citations
              omitted). Despite the role given the shareholder, the
              “corporation is the real party in interest and . . . [t]he substantive
              claim belongs to the corporation[.]” Werbowsky, 362 Md. at
              599–600, 766 A.2d at 133 (quoting 13 William Meade Fletcher,
              et al, Cyclopedia of the Law of Private Corporations, § 5941.10
              (1995 Rev. Vol.)). The derivative suit thus balances the
              interests of the shareholders with those of the corporation and
              its directors.

Boland v. Boland, 423 Md. 296, 327-28 (2011).


      10
         Maryland courts often look to Delaware law for guidance on issues of corporate
law. See Shenkner, supra, 411 Md. at 338 n.14 (“This Court has noted the ‘respect properly
accorded Delaware decisions on corporate law’ ordinarily in our jurisprudence.”) (quoting
Werbowsky v. Collomb, 362 Md. 581, 618 (2001).
                                               11
       A shareholder derivative action begins with a demand on the board. Derivative

plaintiffs -- here, the Shareholders -- are required to “at the outset, seek a corporate decision

on whether to maintain a lawsuit, a prerequisite known as the ‘demand requirement.’” Id.

at 330. The Court of Appeals has emphasized that “[t]he demand requirement is important,”

Werbowsky, supra, 362 Md. at 618 (emphasis in original), explaining:

                 Directors are presumed to act properly and in the best interest
                 of the corporation. They enjoy the benefit and protection of the
                 business judgment rule, and their control of corporate affairs
                 should not be impinged based on non-specific or speculative
                 allegations of wrongdoing. Nor should they, or the corporation,
                 be put unnecessarily at risk by minority shareholders bent
                 simply on mischief, who file derivative actions not to correct
                 abuse as much to coerce nuisance settlements.

Id. at 618-19.

       After receiving a demand from a plaintiff, a board of directors is required to render

a decision as to whether the case should proceed. As James J. Hanks explained in his

learned treatise, Maryland Corporation Law, directors may “after due inquiry, . . . reply to

a derivative demand by denying it, letting the stockholder sue and . . . defending their action

under the good faith/reasonable belief/ordinary prudence standards of [the business

judgment rule].” James J. Hanks, Maryland Corporation Law § 7.21[c], p. 276.38 (1995

& 2014 Supp.).        When determining whether to pursue the demanded litigation, “a

corporation’s board of directors must conduct an investigation into the allegations in the

demand and determine whether pursuing the demanded litigation is in the best interests of

the corporation. If the corporation, after investigation, fails to take the action requested by

                                               12
the shareholder, the shareholder may bring a ‘demand refused’ action.” Boland, supra, 423

Md. at 330 (quoting Shenker, supra, 411 Md. at 344). This is the stage at which the instant

case comes before us on appeal.

       “Judicial review of a demand refusal is subject to the business judgment rule, and the

court considering a demand refused action limits its review to whether the board acted

independently, in good faith, and within ‘the realm of sound business judgment.’” Id.

(internal quotation and citation omitted). The parties disagree, however, as to how the

business judgment rule should be applied to the Board’s decision to accept or refuse the

Shareholders’ demand. The Shareholders’ position is that, pursuant to Boland, supra, the

Board’s decision to refuse the demand is not entitled to a presumption that it was made in

good faith and followed reasonable procedures. Instead, the Shareholders maintain that the

Board is required to present evidence that it acted in good faith and with reasonable

procedures, and the Shareholders are entitled to take discovery regarding these issues. The

Appellees’ position is that the Board’s decision to refuse the Shareholders’ demand is

entitled to the presumption of business judgment. As we shall explain, we agree with the

Appellees.

       The Shareholders assert that their position is supported by the decision of the Court

of Appeals in Boland, supra, 423 Md. 296. In Boland, the Court of Appeals addressed a

demand refusal by a special litigation committee (“SLC”). An SLC is a vehicle employed

by a board of directors when there is not a quorum of disinterested directors to respond to


                                             13
a shareholder’s demand. Id. at 332. See also Agostino v. Hicks, 845 A.2d 1110, 1116 (Del.

Ch. 2004) (“Even if attempting to obtain the action that the plaintiff desires from the board

of directors would be futile because a majority of the directors suffer some disabling interest,

the board may appoint a special litigation committee of disinterested directors that may

recommend dismissal of the derivative action after a reasonable investigation.”) (citing

Zapata Corp. v. Maldonado, 430 A.2d 779, 785 (Del. 1981)). An SLC is “composed of

independent, disinterested directors, either inside the corporation or specially appointed from

outside the corporation” and “is vested with the authority to render a corporate decision.”

Boland, 423 Md. at 332. “By isolating the tainted directors and delegating the corporation’s

decision-making ability to an independent committee, the directors may be able to insulate

themselves from a derivative lawsuit. In general, the use of SLCs has spread and is now

widely recognized, and it is not disputed that an SLC may recommend termination of a

derivative lawsuit.” Id.

       In Boland, the Court of Appeals differentiated between judicial review of a board of

director’s demand refusal and judicial review of an SLC’s demand refusal. The Court

reaffirmed the general rule that the business judgment rule applies to a board of director’s

decision to refuse a shareholder’s demand. Id. at 330. The Court explained, however, that

an SLC’s demand refusal is an exception to the general rule. Id. at 296. The Court held that

the SLC’s “substantive conclusions are entitled to judicial deference, provided the SLC was

independent, acted in good faith, and made a reasonable investigation and principled,


                                              14
factually supported conclusions.” Id. The Court emphasized, however, that the SLC is

“entitled to no presumption regarding the above requirements.” Id.

       The Shareholders assert that the Boland standard -- which grants no presumption of

independence, good faith, or with respect to the reasonableness of the investigation of the

demand -- applies to all decisions regarding a shareholder demand, not only to decisions

rendered by an SLC. In our view, this is an unreasonable interpretation of Boland. Unlike

in Boland, in the present case, there was no SLC utilized. Director Ridings was selected to

investigate the Shareholders’ demand, but he was not “vested with the authority to render

a corporate decision,” which is a requirement for an SLC. Id. at 332. Furthermore, the

actual decision to refuse the Shareholders’ demand was undertaken by the iStar Board of

Directors as a whole.

       Critically, the iStar Board of Directors consisted of a majority of disinterested and

independent directors. It is logical for different standards to apply to judicial review

decisions made by a board comprised of a majority of disinterested and independent

directors and decisions made by an SLC. An SLC is only formed when a board as a whole

lacks disinterestedness and independence. Stricter scrutiny of the corporate decision is

appropriate in such situations. Accordingly, the Court of Appeals in Boland concluded that,

when reviewing a decision of an SLC, the corporation is required to present “some evidence




                                            15
that the SLC followed reasonable procedures and that no substantial business or personal

relationships impugned the SLC’s independence and good faith.” Id. at 340-41.11

       In this case, the Shareholders’ demand was refused by iStar’s majority-disinterested

and majority-independent Board of Directors rather than by an SLC. Accordingly, the

business judgment rule, and not the Boland exception, applies to our review.

II.    Whether the Business Judgment Rule Has Been Overcome

       Having determined that the business judgment rule is the appropriate framework for

our analysis of the Board’s decision, we consider whether the business judgment rule has

been overcome. As discussed supra, the business judgment rule “is a presumption that in

making a business decision the directors of a corporation acted on an informed basis, in

good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the

company.” Boland, supra, 423 Md. at 328 (internal quotation and citation omitted). “The

burden is on the party challenging the decision to establish facts rebutting the presumption.”


       11
          The Shareholders assert that demand is excused when the majority of a board of
directors is conflicted. This is a misstatement of the law. It is well established that an
interested board of directors can utilize an SLC to respond to a shareholder demand and
avoid the demand being excused entirely. Werbowsky, supra, 362 Md. at 619 (“[E]ven
interested, non-independent directors . . . may choose to seek the advice of a special
litigation committee of independent directors, which has become a common practice.”).
Indeed, demand is excused only in very extreme circumstances. See id. at 620 (explaining
that demand futility is “a very limited exception, to be applied only when the allegations or
evidence clearly demonstrate, in a very particular manner, either that (1) a demand, or a
delay in awaiting a response to a demand, would cause irreparable harm to the corporation,
or (2) a majority of the directors are so personally and directly conflicted or committed to
the decision in dispute that they cannot reasonably be expected to respond to a demand in
good faith and within the ambit of the business judgment rule.”) (emphasis added).
                                             16
Id. As we shall explain, the Shareholders have not alleged facts sufficient to overcome the

presumption of the business judgment rule.

       A.     Allegations regarding the Board’s disinterestedness and independence

       We first address the Shareholders’ assertion that iStar’s Board of Directors was

somehow tainted because a majority of the Board at the time of the demand made the

decision to amend the 2008 Awards. Only a single member of the iStar Board -- Jay

Sugarman -- is alleged to have received the 2008 Awards. The remaining five members of

the Board were nothing more than outside, non-management directors of iStar and did not

receive any of the 2008 Awards. It is well established that members of a board of directors

do not lack disinterestedness “simply because a majority of the directors approved or

participated in some way in the challenged transaction or decision.” Werbowsky, supra, 362

Md. at 618. See also Brehm, supra, 746 A.2d 244, 257 n.34 (Del. 2000) (“It is no answer

to say that demand is necessarily futile because . . . [the directors] approved the underlying

transaction.”). Accordingly, we are unpersuaded by the Shareholders’ assertion that the

Board’s decision was tainted by virtue of the Board’s approval of the challenged action.

       The Shareholders’ allegations with respect to the Board’s investigation of the

Shareholders’ demand are similarly without merit. The Shareholders assert that the

Committee’s investigation of the Shareholders’ demand was rife with improper procedure.

The Shareholders argue that Committee member Ridings lacked sufficient corporate

experience to make a proper recommendation to the Board and that Ridings was not


                                             17
sufficiently disinterested. Both contentions are baseless. Ridings has forty years of business

experience, including service on the boards of several public companies, including the

American Stock Exchange. Furthermore, Ridings hired highly respected and experienced

legal counsel to assist him and conducted multiple interviews. As the Supreme Court of

Delaware has explained, “there is obviously no prescribed procedure that a board must

follow” when responding to a demand. Levine v. Smith, 591 A.2d 194, 214 (Del. 1991)

overruled on other grounds by Brehm, supra, 746 A.2d 244. The Shareholders’ bald

allegations of impropriety are plainly insufficient to overcome the presumption of the

business judgment rule.

       We further reject the Shareholders’ contention that Ridings was interested or lacked

independence. Ridings joined the Board after the challenged conduct and had no business,

personal, social, or other relationships with any other member of the Board. Although

Ridings’s employer, Lazard, performed banking services for iStar in 2010 and 2011, Lazard

has no ongoing business relationship with iStar. Furthermore, “[a]llegations of mere

personal friendship or a mere outside business relationship, standing alone, are insufficient

to raise a reasonable doubt about a directors independence.” Beam ex rel. Martha Stewart

Living Omnimedia, Inc. v. Stewart, 845 A.2d 1040, 1050 (Del. 2004).

       The Shareholders’ contention that Ridings lacks independence because he is

compensated for his service as a Director is similarly unfounded. See Werbowsky, supra,

362 Md. at 618 (explaining that directors being “paid well for their services as directors”


                                             18
does not establish lack of independence); Calma on Behalf of Citrix Sys., Inc. v. Templeton,

114 A.3d 563, 576 (Del. Ch. 2015) (“[D]irectors are generally not considered interested . . .

simply because [they] receive compensation from the company.”) (internal quotation and

citation omitted). The Shareholders further contend that Ridings lacks independence

because he is a named defendant in this lawsuit. This assertion is contrary to established

law. See, e.g., Brehm, supra, 746 A.2d at 257 (“It is no answer to say that demand is

necessarily futile because . . . the directors would have to sue themselves, thereby placing

the conduct of the litigation in hostile hands . . . .”) (internal quotation omitted).

Accordingly, we reject the Shareholders’ contentions that Ridings was interested or lacked

independence.

       B.     Allegations that the Board acted in contravention of the authority given by
              shareholders

       The Shareholders further contend that the Board’s refusal of the Shareholders’

demand cannot be a reasonable exercise of business judgment because the modification of

the performance criteria in the 2008 Awards was a violation of the 2009 Plan. First, we note

that the circuit court considered this issue and concluded that “[t]he 2009 Plan support[ed]

the Board’s authority to make” the 2011 Modification. We embrace the circuit court’s

cogent analysis on this issue, adopting it as our own. We agree with the circuit court that

“Section 3 of the 2009 Plan allows the Board ‘in its discretion’ to ‘(i) authorize the granting

of the Awards to Eligible Persons; and (ii) to determine the eligibility of Eligible Persons

to receive an award.’” We further agree with the circuit court that “Section 19 of the 2009

                                              19
Plan authorizes the Board to ‘take any other actions and make any other determinations that

it deems necessary or appropriate in connection with the Plan.’” Morever, as the circuit court

observed, “Section 13 of the 2009 Plan provides that the Board, ‘with respect to any grant,

may exercise its discretion hereunder at the time of the Award or thereafter.’”

       Turning to the Shareholders’ assertion that the 2009 Plan prohibited the Board from

taking any actions that would interfere with iStar’s ability to claim deductions under Section

162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code, we observe that Section 10 of the 2009 Plan provides

that “[t]he Committee, in its discretion, may in the case of Awards . . . intended to qualify

for an exception from the limitation imposed by Section 162(m) . . . (i) establish one or more

performance goals” which must be satisfied prior to vesting. (Emphasis added.) We agree

with the circuit court that “[t]his language is clearly discretionary.” Moreover, the

Shareholders do not cite any provision of the 2009 Plan in support of their assertion that the

plan did not permit iStar’s Board to modify awards after the awards were granted.

       Furthermore, even if we were to assume arguendo that the Shareholders are correct

that the 2011 Modification was improper, the Board would still be permitted to exercise its

business judgment in determining whether pursuing the Shareholders’ requested litigation

was in the best interests of iStar. In the letter explaining why the Board elected to refuse the

Shareholder’s demand, the Board explained that even if iStar were to succeed in pursuing

the claims raised in the Shareholders’ demand, there might be no damages because the cost

of new grants would exceed the cost of the modified 2008 Awards. The Board further


                                              20
explained that the modified 2008 awards saved iStar tens of millions of dollars that would

need to be expensed for new awards. Accordingly, the Board’s decision to refuse the

Shareholders’ demand was a proper exercise of business judgment, even if we were to

assume arguendo that the 2011 Modification was improper, because any remedy would be

detrimental to the best interests of the corporation.

       C.     Allegations that the circuit court improperly considered the substance of the
              demand letter

       The Shareholders aver that the circuit court erred by considering numerous facts not

contained within the complaint. The source of the allegedly inappropriately considered facts

is the Board’s letter refusing the Shareholders’ demand, which was attached to the

Shareholders’ complaint. The Shareholders maintain that if the circuit court needed to make

factual determinations in order to support the dismissal of the complaint, it should have

converted the motion to dismiss to a motion for summary judgment and permitted discovery.

We are unpersuaded.

       Maryland appellate courts have not directly addressed this issue, but Delaware courts

are clear that statements contained in a letter refusing demand “must [be] presume[d] . . . to

be true absent a particularized allegation rebutting th[e] statement.” Scattered Corp. v.

Chicago Stock Exch., Inc., 701 A.2d 70, 76 n.24 (Del. 1997), overruled on other grounds

by Brehm, supra, 746 A.2d 244. Furthermore, as discussed supra, pursuant to the business

judgment rule, the Board’s investigation is presumptively reasonable. See, e.g., Bender v.

Schwartz, 172 Md. App. 648, 675 (2007) (commenting on “the presumption that [a board

                                             21
of directors’] investigation [of a demand] was reasonable and its conclusion within the realm

of sound business judgment”).

       The Shareholders urge that, pursuant to Boland, no such presumption of

reasonableness applies to a board’s investigation of a demand, and accordingly, no such

presumption of truth should apply to statements contained in a demand refusal letter. As we

have explained, see supra Part I., the Boland exception does not apply here because the

demand was refused by iStar’s majority-disinterested and majority-independent Board of

Directors. Further, the decision to refuse the demand was not undertaken by an SLC. As

such, the demand refusal is subject to the protections of the business judgment rule. The

application of the business judgment rule to a demand refusal logically includes a

presumption that statements within a board’s demand refusal letter are true. Accordingly,

we expressly adopt the approach of the Delaware courts, and hold that statements contained

in a letter refusing demand, when the demand was refused by a board consisting of majority-

disinterested and majority-independent directors, are presumptively true absent a

particularized allegation rebutting a specific statement.

       The Shareholders have not pled any allegations that factually contradict the contents

of the demand letter. Rather, the Shareholders and the Board characterize certain facts

differently. For example, the Shareholders argue that Ridings was insufficiently experienced

and failed to conduct a sufficient number of interviews. The Board responds that Ridings

had sufficient experience and that the interviews which were conducted were appropriate.


                                             22
Absent a particularized allegation rebutting a particular statement in the Board’s letter, the

content of the letter is presumed to be true. Accordingly, we reject the Shareholders’

assertion that the circuit court improperly considered various facts found within the Board’s

letter.12

        We are further unpersuaded by the Shareholders’ assertion that discovery should have

been permitted on the issue of whether the Board’s refusal of the demand was proper.

Pursuant to the Shareholders’ argument, the demand requirement would cease to have

meaning. A shareholder could evade a motion to dismiss by making a demand, waiting for

it to be refused, and then seeking discovery on the demand refusal process. As the Supreme

Court of Delaware has recognized, permitting discovery in this context “would be a

complete abrogation of the principles underlying the” demand requirement, which is “a

recognition of the board's duty to manage the business and affairs of the corporation.”

Levine, supra, 591 A.2d at 210. See also Lerner v. Prince, 119 A.D.3d 122, 128 (N.Y. App.

Div. 2014) (“Were Delaware law to permit discovery in a demand-refused derivative action,

it would essentially obviate the directors' authority to decide, under the business judgment


        12
         As an alternative argument, the Appellees assert that the facts stated in the letter are
considered to be part of the complaint pursuant to Md. Rule 2-303(d), which provides that
“[a] copy of any written instrument that is an exhibit to a pleading is a part thereof for all
purposes.” The Shareholders respond that the complaint did not adopt or incorporate all of
the factual assertions contained in the letter as true, and that the letter was attached solely
for the purpose of alleging rejection of the demand and demonstrating the procedural
history. We need not address this issue in light of our adoption of the holding of the
Delaware courts that statements contained in the letter refusing demand are presumed to be
true absent a particularized allegation rebutting the statement.
                                               23
rule, whether litigation was in the corporation's best interests—the very reason underlying

the demand requirement.”).      Consequently, we hold that the Shareholders were not

improperly denied discovery.

       Having determined that the Shareholders failed to overcome the presumption of the

business judgment rule, we hold that the circuit did not err by granting the Appellees’

motion to dismiss the Shareholders’ derivative claims. We next turn our attention to the

claims styled as “direct” claims.

III.   The Shareholders’ Purportedly Direct Claims

       In addition to the derivative claims addressed supra, the Shareholders assert two

claims styled as direct claims: Count IV, which alleges breach of contract by iStar and the

iStar directors named as defendants, and Count V, which alleges promissory estoppel. The

Appellees maintain that although Counts IV and V are styled as direct claims, they are

actually derivative claims, and thus are subject to dismissal for the reasons discussed in Part

II. As we shall explain, we agree with the Appellees.

       We have explained that “[w]hether a claim is derivative or direct is not a function of

the label the plaintiff gives it.” Paskowitz v. Wohlstadter, 151 Md. App. 1, 10, 822 A.2d

1272, 1277 (2003) (citing Moran v. Household International, Inc., 490 A.2d 1059, 1069-70

(Del. Ch.1985), aff’d, 500 A.2d 1346 (Del. 1985); Elster v. American Airlines, Inc., 100

A.2d 219, 223 (Del. Ch. 1953) (quoting Selman v. Allen, 121 N.Y.S.2d 142, 146 (1953))).




                                              24
“Rather, the nature of the action is determined from the body of the complaint.” Id. (citing

Moran, supra, 490 A.2d at 1070).

       A shareholder may sue directly rather than derivatively only when the “shareholder

suffers the harm directly or a duty is owed directly to the shareholder.” Shenker, supra, 411

Md. 317, 345 (2009). See also Bontempo v. Lare, 217 Md. App. 81, 113, aff’d, 444 Md.

344 (2015) (“To maintain a direct action, the shareholder must allege that he has suffered

an injury that is separate and distinct from any injury suffered either directly by the

corporation or derivatively by the stockholder because of the injury to the corporation.”)

(internal quotation and citation omitted).

       The Court of Appeals has explained:

              In contrast to a derivative action, a shareholder may bring a
              direct action, either individually or as a representative of a class,
              against alleged corporate wrongdoers when the shareholder
              suffers the harm directly or a duty is owed directly to the
              shareholder, though such harm also may be a violation of a duty
              owing to the corporation. Matthews v. Headley Chocolate Co.,
              130 Md. 523, 536, 100 A. 645, 650 (1917) (noting that
              shareholders may sue directly where “they have suffered some
              peculiar injury independent of what the company has
              suffered”); Waller v. Waller, 187 Md. at 192, 49 A.2d at 453;
              Bender, 172 Md. App. at 665–66, 917 A.2d at 152; Danielewicz
              [v. Arnold], 137 Md. App. [601,] 618 [(2001)]. Cases where
              direct harm is suffered by shareholders include, for example,
              actions to enforce a shareholder’s right to vote or right to
              inspect corporate records. That the plaintiff suffered his or her
              injury in common with all other shareholders is not
              determinative of whether the injury suffered is direct or indirect.
              See Tooley v. Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, Inc., 845 A.2d
              1031, 1033 (Del.2004) (noting that the issue of whether a claim
              should be brought derivatively or directly turns on

                                               25
              considerations of who suffered the alleged harm and who would
              receive the benefit of any recovery); Strougo v. Bassini, 282
              F.3d 162, 171 (2d Cir. 2002) (applying Maryland law) (noting
              that, in Maryland, where shareholders suffer an injury distinct
              from that of the corporation, rather than deriving from an injury
              to the business or property of the corporation, “the corporation
              lacks standing to sue, and Maryland's ‘distinct injury’ rule
              allows shareholders access to the courts to seek compensation
              directly”). Where the rights attendant to stock ownership are
              adversely affected, shareholders generally are entitled to sue
              directly, and any monetary relief granted goes to the
              shareholder. Mona [v. Mona Elec. Group., Inc.,], 176 Md. App.
              [672], 697 [(2007)]; see also 13 William Meade Fletcher,
              Cyclopedia of the Law of Private Corporations § 5939 (2004
              Rev. Vol.). If the plaintiff demonstrates that he or she has
              suffered the alleged injury directly, he or she need not make
              demand on the corporate board of directors or prove futility of
              demand, and the business judgment rule does not apply.

Shenker, supra, 411 Md. at 345.

       Having set forth the relevant analytical framework, we look to the injuries allegedly

suffered by the Shareholders. With respect to Count IV, the Shareholders allege that “[t]he

Company’s and the Director Defendants’ breach of contract has harmed the [Shareholders]

by causing the Company to incur millions of dollars in compensation and tax liability.”

With respect to Count V, the Shareholders allege that “the Director Defendants’ failure to

honor the promises that induced [the Shareholders’] approval of the 2009 Plan, [the

Shareholders] were deprived of their right to vote with regard to the modification of the

2008 Awards and the Company has been forced to incur millions of dollars in compensation




                                             26
and tax liability.”13 Moreover, the Prayer for Relief seeks recovery for “damages sustained

by the Company.” Simply put, assuming arguendo that iStar wrongfully paid compensation,

the entity that was harmed through the payment of improper compensation was iStar, not

iStar’s shareholders. Accordingly, any claims could only be pursued properly as derivative

rather than direct claims. See Feldman v. Cutaia, 951 A.2d 727, 733 (Del. 2008) (holding

that where “the damages allegedly flowing from the purportedly direct claim . . . are exactly

the same as those suffered by the corporation in the underlying derivative claim . . . the

injury alleged . . . is properly regarded as injury to the corporation and not to the

[shareholders]”); In re Triarc Companies, Inc., 791 A.2d 872, 878 (Del. Ch. 2001)

(“[W]hatever injury [the shareholder] suffered as a result of the payment of additional

elements of compensation to [executives] gave rise to a derivative, not an individual,

claim.”).

       Furthermore, in our view, the Shareholders’ reliance upon Shenker, supra, 411 Md.

317, is misplaced. The Shareholders emphasize that in Shenker, the Court of Appeals

commented that a direct claim may be brought when a duty is owed directly to a shareholder.

411 Md. at 345. First, we note that Shenker was a very fact-specific decision based upon


       13
         Although the Shareholders include a reference to impaired voting rights in Count
V of the complaint, absent is any explanation of how the 2011 Modification actually
interfered with Shareholder voting rights. Furthermore, because the Shareholders have not
alleged any individual economic harm, the “claim for actual damages, if there is one,
belongs to the corporation and can only be pursued by the corporation, directly or
derivatively.” In re J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. S’holder Litig., 906 A.2d 808, 826 (Del. Ch.
2005) aff’d, 906 A.2d 766 (Del. 2006).
                                             27
a cash-out merger transaction. Shenker involved the unique context of a situation in which

corporate directors were exercising “non-managerial duties . . . such as negotiating the price

that shareholders will receive for their shares in a cash-out merger transactions, after the

decision to sell the corporation already ha[d] been made.” 411 Md. at 328. Indeed, we have

emphasized “that Shenker has a narrow application in the corporate context.” George

Wasserman & Janice Wasserman Goldsten Family LLC v. Kay, 197 Md. App. 586, 620

(2011). Moreover, we observe that in Shenker, the Court of Appeals emphasized that

              the injury alleged, namely, a lesser value that shareholders
              received for their shares in the cash-out merger, is an injury
              suffered solely by the shareholders and not by [the corporation]
              as a corporate entity. Such an injury, if suffered, is a direct one,
              separate from any injury suffered by the corporation, thus
              allowing [the shareholders] to proceed with their direct action
              against [the board of directors]. A higher or lower price
              received by shareholders for their shares in the cash-out merger
              in no way implicated [the corporation’s] interests and causes no
              harm to the corporation.

411 Md. at 346-47. Unlike Shenker, the injury alleged by the Shareholders is suffered by

iStar as a corporate entity.

       Because the Shareholders suffered no injury separate from the alleged injury to iStar,

any claim properly belongs to the corporation and can only be pursued by the corporation.

Accordingly, the breach of contract and promissory estoppel claims are derivative rather

than direct, and were properly subject to dismissal for the reasons discussed in Part II.

       Alternatively, assuming arguendo the Shareholders could pursue the breach of

contract and promissory estoppel claims directly, in our view, there is no merit to either

                                              28
claim. The Shareholders assert that the 2009 Plan constitutes a contract between the Board

and the iStar shareholders. The Shareholders maintain that a contract was formed through

the Proxy Statement’s proposal of the 2009 Plan and the 2009 Plan’s subsequent approval

by shareholders. We disagree.

       “The elements of a contract are offer, acceptance, and consideration.” B-Line Med.,

LLC v. Interactive Digital Solutions, Inc., 209 Md. App. 22, 46 (2012). The Shareholders

point to no language in the Proxy Statement or the 2009 Plan which would constitute an

offer. Absent any offer, there can be no contract. In support of their claim that a contract

was created between the Board and the Shareholders, the Shareholders cite two unreported

Delaware opinions: UniSuper Ltd. v. News Corp., C.A. No. 1699-N (Del Ch. Dec. 20,

2005), and Sanders v. Wang, C.A. No. 16640 (Del. Ch. Nov. 8, 1999). This Court will not

consider unreported opinions for their substance. Maryland Rule 1-104 explicitly provides

that “[a]n unreported opinion . . . is neither precedent within the rule of stare decisis nor

persuasive authority.” Indeed, we have commented that our prohibition on the citation of

unreported opinions applies even when the jurisdiction in which the unreported opinion was

decided permits the citation of unreported opinions. Kendall v. Howard County, 204 Md.

App. 440, 445 n. 1, 41 A.3d 727 affd, 431 Md. 590, 66 A.3d 684 (2013) (“Under Rule

32.1(a) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, after January 1, 2007, a United States

Court of Appeals may not prohibit a party from citing an unpublished opinion of a federal

court for its persuasive value or any other reason. However, it is the policy of this Court in


                                             29
its opinions not to cite for persuasive value any unreported federal or state court opinion.”)

(emphasis added). Because the Shareholders have not alleged facts and cited to relevant

authority which would support a finding of the existence of a contract, the breach of contract

claim must fail.

       We are similarly unpersuaded by the Shareholders’ promissory estoppel claim. A

promissory estoppel claim requires that the following four elements be satisfied: (1) a clear

and definite promise; (2) where the promisor has a reasonable expectation that the offer will

induce action or forbearance on the part of the promisee; (3) which does induce actual and

reasonable action or forbearance by the promisee; and (4) causes a detriment which can only

be avoided by the enforcement of the promise. Pavel Enterprises, Inc. v. A.S. Johnson Co.,

342 Md. 143, 166 (1996). The Court of Chancery of Delaware has explained that

descriptive statements in proxy disclosure statements do not amount to a promise for

purposes of promissory estoppel. Territory of U.S. Virgin Islands v. Goldman, Sachs & Co.,

937 A.2d 760, 805 (Del. Ch. 2007) aff’d, 956 A.2d 32 (Del. 2008). Furthermore, the fourth

element of promissory estoppel cannot be established based upon the Shareholders’

complaint. The Shareholders have not identified any detriment which can only be avoided

by the enforcement of the 2009 Plan. Indeed, even if the 2009 Plan had failed to obtain

shareholder approval, the 2008 Awards would have been settled in cash. Accordingly, the

Shareholders have failed to state a valid claim for promissory estoppel.




                                             30
       In conclusion, the Shareholders have failed to surmount the presumption of the

business judgment rule. In failing to do so, they have failed to state a claim upon which

relief may be granted. Moreover, the remaining breach of contract and promissory estoppel

claims are derivative rather than direct, and are properly subject to dismissal. Alternatively,

the Shareholders have failed to state a claim for breach of contract or promissory estoppel.

Accordingly, we hold that the circuit court properly granted the Appellees’ motion to

dismiss.

                                    JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR
                                    BALTIMORE CITY AFFIRMED. COSTS TO BE
                                    PAID BY APPELLANTS.




                                              31
