                IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                              No. 44 / 05-1212

                         Filed September 14, 2007

EAST BUCHANAN TELEPHONE
COOPERATIVE, an Iowa Cooperative,

      Appellant,

vs.

IOWA UTILITIES BOARD, a Division of
the Iowa Department of Commerce,

and

U.S. CELLULAR CORPORATION,
QWEST CORPORATION, and OFFICE OF
CONSUMER ADVOCATE,

      Appellees,


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Scott D.

Rosenberg, Judge.



      A telephone cooperative appeals from a district court decision holding

the Iowa Utilities Board had authority to temporarily and permanently

enjoin the cooperative from blocking wireless transit traffic delivered to it by

another carrier. AFFIRMED.



      Thomas G. Fisher, Jr., of Parrish, Kruidenier, Dunn, Boles, Gribble,

Cook, Parrish, Gentry & Fisher, L.L.P., Des Moines, for appellant.



      David J. Lynch and Penny G. Baker, Des Moines, for appellee Iowa

Utilities Board.
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      Bret A. Dublinske of Dickinson, Mackaman, Tyler & Hagen, P.C., Des

Moines, for appellee U.S. Cellular Corporation.



      David S. Sather and Timothy J. Goodwin, Des Moines, for appellee

Qwest Corporation.
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HECHT, Justice.

       The Iowa Utilities Board issued orders temporarily and permanently

enjoining East Buchanan Telephone Cooperative (EBTC) from blocking the

delivery      of    telephone   calls   originated    by    customers      of   wireless

telecommunications carriers and transmitted to EBTC by Qwest

Corporation. EBTC sought judicial review, contending the board has no

authority to issue temporary or permanent injunctions; and asserting in the

alternative, if the board has such authority, the evidence does not support

injunctive relief against EBTC in this case. EBTC appeals from the district

court’s ruling affirming the board’s decision.

       I.          Background Facts and Proceedings.

       EBTC provides phone, cable television, and internet services to four

small communities in Buchanan County: Winthrop, Quasqueton, Aurora,

and Stanley.         EBTC generates part of its income by charging “access

charges”1 to other telecommunications carriers, including Qwest, whose
customers place calls to EBTC’s members.

       Qwest is one of several regional Bell operating companies referred to

as “Baby Bells.”2 Qwest earns part of its revenue from fees charged for
transmitting wireless calls placed by the customers of other wireless

carriers such as U.S. Cellular to the customers of local exchange carriers

such as EBTC. Prior to 1999, EBTC billed and Qwest paid access charges

for all wireless traffic transmitted by Qwest to EBTC without regard either to

the identity of the originating carrier or whether the traffic originated from

within or outside EBTC’s local exchange area.


       1Access  charges are fees charged by local exchange carriers for the use of their
infrastructure in the delivery of calls originated by customers of other carriers. Iowa
Network Servs., Inc v. Qwest Corp., 363 F.3d 683, 686 (8th Cir. 2004).

       2See   http://www.bell.com/rbocs.htm.
                                              4

       Qwest notified EBTC in 1999 that Qwest would no longer pay access

charges for wireless calls originated by customers of other wireless carriers

and transited by Qwest to EBTC, claiming it had no legal obligation to do

so. EBTC continued, however, to bill Qwest for such traffic.

       On July 12, 2004, EBTC, dissatisfied with its continuing

uncompensated delivery of wireless transit traffic originated by other

carriers and transmitted to it by Qwest, sent two letters intended to force a

resolution of the commercial dispute. One of the letters was sent to Qwest

demanding that it stop transmitting telephone traffic to EBTC, except those

calls for which Qwest was willing to pay access charges; and notifying

Qwest that EBTC would begin blocking the delivery of all other calls

transmitted by Qwest for delivery to EBTC’s customers on August 16, 2004.

The other letter sent by EBTC notified U.S. Cellular of EBTC’s demand to

Qwest and EBTC’s intent to block traffic in the event Qwest failed to meet

the demand for payment of EBTC’s access charges.

       Qwest and U.S. Cellular filed complaints with the Iowa Utilities Board

on August 13, 2004, requesting “emergency injunctive relief” against EBTC.

The complainants asserted a prior decision of the board established that

EBTC had no legal right to block the wireless traffic transmitted to it by

Qwest for other carriers.3 The board found EBTC’s threat to block calls to
its customers constituted an immediate danger to public safety because

wireless callers would be unable to reach “family, friends, police, or a doctor

in EBTC’s exchange in an emergency.”4 On August 13, 2004, the board

       3See Proposed Decision & Order, In re Exch. Of Transit Traffic, SPU-00-7 (Iowa Utils.
Bd. Nov. 26, 2001), aff’d, Order Affirming Proposed Decision & Order (Iowa Utils. Bd. Mar.
18, 2002) (concluding that a transiting carrier is not obligated to pay access charges on
“intraMTA traffic” - wireless originated or terminated traffic within a federally-defined major
trading area).

       4The   board made this finding notwithstanding EBTC’s claim that it would not block
911 calls.
                                              5

issued what it characterized as a “temporary injunction” forbidding EBTC

from blocking calls transmitted by Qwest. The board also docketed the

matter for investigation, consolidated the complaints filed by Qwest and

U.S. Cellular, and scheduled a hearing on the question whether it was

lawful for EBTC to block all telephone traffic received from Qwest except

calls properly identified as Qwest toll traffic.5

       After a hearing, the board concluded EBTC’s plan to block calls would

(1) discontinue or impair service to a community or part of a community in

violation of Iowa Code section 476.20(1) (2003), and (2) disadvantage

customers       who     had     chosen       to   receive     services     from     another

telecommunications carrier in violation of section 476.101(9).                             On

December 23, 2004, the board issued what it characterized as an “Order

Granting Injunctive Relief” permanently “enjoining” EBTC from blocking

transit traffic, without board approval, transmitted by Qwest.6
       EBTC filed a petition for judicial review urging the district court to

dissolve the permanent injunction on the ground the board lacked authority

to grant injunctive relief under chapter 17A.7 The district court concluded

the board has authority to issue temporary injunctive relief in emergency
adjudicative proceedings to avert an immediate danger to the public health,

safety, or welfare under section 17A.18A(1), and that substantial evidence

supported the board’s determination that such a danger would be created if

       5Qwest     at all times conceded it owed, and it in fact paid to EBTC, access charges on
the toll traffic originated by Qwest’s own customers.

       6The board’s order noted that although EBTC could not legally block the disputed
traffic under the circumstances of this case, a local exchange carrier is entitled to
compensation for the delivery of wireless traffic originated by wireless carriers such as U.S.
Cellular. The board recommended remedial options for EBTC including a negotiated
interconnection agreement with wireless carriers or a request for arbitration.

        7Qwest, U.S. Cellular, and the Office of Consumer Advocate intervened in the

judicial review proceeding.
                                            6

EBTC’s plan to block wireless traffic were not enjoined. The district court

further concluded the board’s order of December 23, 2004 “permanently

enjoin[ing]” EBTC from blocking the traffic at issue was within the board’s

broad powers under chapter 476 because it merely directed EBTC to follow

the law.

       EBTC asserts on appeal to this court that the board has no authority

to issue temporary or permanent injunctions.                   EBTC claims in the

alternative that even if the board has authority to grant temporary

injunctive     relief   in    emergency         adjudicative    proceedings       under

section 17A.18A(1), there is no factual basis for a grant of such relief in this

case because the complainants failed to establish (1) the existence of an

immediate danger to the public health, safety, or welfare arising from

EBTC’s plan to block calls; and (2) equitable grounds for injunctive relief (an

invasion or threatened invasion of a right, substantial injury or damages

will result if an injunction is not granted, and no adequate legal remedy is

available).8
       II.     Scope and Standards of Review.

       Our review in this case is governed by section 17A.19 of the Iowa
Administrative Procedure Act (IAPA). AT&T Commc’ns of the Midwest, Inc. v.

Iowa Utils. Bd., 687 N.W.2d 554, 557 (Iowa 2004). “We review the district

court’s decision by applying the standards of the [IAPA] to the agency action

to determine if our conclusions are the same as those reached by the

district court.” Univ. of Iowa Hosp. & Clinics v. Waters, 674 N.W.2d 92, 95

(Iowa 2004). We must “ ‘reverse, modify, or grant other appropriate relief’ if

we conclude a person’s substantial rights have been prejudiced because of


       8EBTC    does not challenge on appeal the merits of the board’s determinations that
(1) Qwest does not owe access charges to EBTC on the disputed traffic, and (2) EBTC has
no legal right to block the traffic.
                                              7

the agency action,” and the agency action is a type listed in Iowa Code

section 17A.19(10).          AT&T, 687 N.W.2d at 557 (quoting Iowa Code
§ 17A.19(10)).

       III.    Discussion.

       A.      Temporary Injunction. We only decide cases involving an

actual, justiciable controversy; we do not resolve moot issues. In re T.S.,

705 N.W.2d 498, 501 (Iowa 2005). We have held that because “a temporary
injunction generally merges into [a] permanent injunction,” issues

pertaining to a temporary injunction become moot upon the issuance of a

permanent injunction. Matlock v. Weets, 531 N.W.2d 118, 121–22 (Iowa

1995) (citing Foods, Inc. v. Leffler, 240 N.W.2d 914, 919 (Iowa 1976)); see

also St. Joseph Hosp. v. Peterson, 196 N.W.2d 418, 419 (Iowa 1972). This

general rule applies in this case, and consequently the questions of whether

the board had authority under Iowa Code section 17A.18A(1) to issue the

temporary order, and whether grounds for the temporary order were

established under the circumstances of this case, were rendered moot upon

the board’s issuance of the permanent order.9
       B.      Permanent Injunction. In its order granting injunctive relief,
the board “permanently enjoined” EBTC from blocking the traffic at issue

without prior approval of the board. EBTC bears on judicial review the


       9We   conclude below that the board, an administrative agency, does not have
authority to grant a permanent injunction (a remedy granted only by courts). We also
conclude, however, that the board does have authority (except in circumstances not
claimed here) to issue orders directing a utility to refrain from discontinuing service without
the board’s permission or taking action that disadvantages a customer who has chosen to
receive services from another carrier. In this case the board first issued a temporary order
directing EBTC to refrain from blocking traffic; and later, after a contested case hearing, the
board issued an order directing EBTC to permanently refrain from such conduct. For the
same reasons that a challenge to a temporary injunction issued by a court is moot after the
issuance of a permanent injunction, EBTC’s challenge to the board’s temporary order
became moot under the circumstances of this case when, after a hearing on the merits, the
board entered a permanent order.
                                       8

burden of proving the invalidity of the board’s action and resulting

prejudice. Iowa Code § 17A.19(8)(a).

       An injunction is a judicial remedy enforceable through a court’s

authority to find a party in contempt. Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.1501-1.1511. The

legislature has authorized the board to request the district court to issue

injunctions to stop perceived violations of chapter 476. Iowa Code § 476.14.

But the board, an administrative agency within the Executive Branch of

state government, has no authority to grant judicial remedies. See Iowa

Const. art. III, § 1 (dividing the powers of government into three

departments and generally providing that a person exercising powers of one

department shall not exercise powers of the other departments); id. art. V,

§ 1 (vesting the judicial power in courts).

       Our disposition of this case is not controlled, however, by our

determination that the board lacks judicial power to issue injunctions.

EBTC is entitled to relief on judicial review under Iowa Code chapter 17A

only if it has met its burden to prove the invalidity of agency action and

resulting prejudice. Iowa Code § 17A.19(8)(a). As the party seeking relief

from the board’s action, EBTC must prove its substantial rights were

prejudiced by the board’s action. Id. § 17A.19(10) (authorizing a court to

grant judicial relief from agency action if the substantial rights of the person

seeking relief have been prejudiced). We must therefore determine whether

EBTC has established the invalidity of the order of December 23, 2004, and

resulting prejudice as a consequence of the board’s characterization of the

order as one “granting injunctive relief” permanently “enjoining” EBTC from

blocking traffic.

       The legislature has delegated to the board broad authority to regulate

utilities.   Id. § 476.2(1) (conferring “broad general powers to effect the
                                             9

purposes of [chapter 476]”). Among the board’s express powers relevant to

this case is the authority to grant or withhold permission for certain utility

actions. See, e.g., id. § 476.20(1) (prohibiting discontinuation of utility

service without permission of the board except in cases of emergency,

nonpayment of account, or violation of rules and regulations)10; see also id.

§ 476.3(1) (delegating to the board the express authority to determine the

legality of a proposed discontinuance of service and, upon a determination

of illegality, to determine what would constitute “just, reasonable, and

nondiscriminatory” service, “to be observed and enforced”); id. § 476.101(9)

(authorizing      the   board     to    determine      whether      a    utility’s   action

“disadvantages a customer who has chosen to receive services from another

telecommunications carrier”).

       In addition to these examples of broad authority expressly conferred

upon it by statute, the board exercises authority “necessarily inferred from

the power expressly granted.”             Iowa Power & Light Co. v. Iowa State

Commerce Comm’n, 410 N.W.2d 236, 240 (Iowa 1987). The authority of the

board to make expressly delegated determinations affecting utilities and the

public would be illusory if the board lacked the corresponding power to

issue orders implementing them. Indeed, the authority to issue orders is

clearly implicit in the legislature’s delegation to the board of authority to

levy and collect civil penalties for violation of orders lawfully issued by the



       10EBTC   does not contend on judicial review that the board’s order is invalid because
the plan to block traffic was justified by an emergency, a carrier’s nonpayment of an
account, or violation of rules and regulations. Neither does EBTC contend it obtained the
board’s permission to block the traffic in question, nor that such permission was
improperly denied when requested. As noted above, EBTC limits its argument on appeal to
the proposition that the board lacks authority to grant injunctions; and, in the alternative,
even if the board has authority to grant injunctions, grounds for such relief were not
established in this case.
                                            10

board, Iowa Code § 476.51,11 and the authority to seek a judicial remedy

against utilities who violate a board order, id. § 476.14. We therefore

conclude that within the broad “general powers” and implied authority of

the board under section 476.2(1) is the authority to permanently order

EBTC not to block traffic in violation of chapter 476. Accordingly, EBTC

has failed to meet its burden to establish the invalidity of the order.

       We conclude EBTC has also failed to establish its substantial rights

were prejudiced by the board’s characterization of its order as a grant of

permanent “injunctive relief.” The board’s use of judicial vernacular really

added nothing to the order that would constitute cognizable prejudice under

section 17A.19(1). If EBTC should fail to comply with the order, the board

is without judicial power to punish noncompliance with contempt. Such

punishment could be sought by the board in a judicial proceeding

commenced as authorized in section 476.14, but it could be imposed only

by a court according to a well-established legal standard that has no regard

for whether the allegedly violated order purports to grant injunctive relief—a

judicial remedy beyond the power of the board. If EBTC blocks traffic in

contravention of the order, the board could of course impose a civil penalty

under section 476.51, but that sanction would be available to the board

whether or not it has characterized the order as a grant of permanent

“injunctive relief.” Thus, under the circumstances of this case, we conclude

EBTC has failed to establish such prejudice as would permit the court to

grant on judicial review the requested relief from the board’s action.




       11When   the board deems such civil penalties inadequate to stop a utility’s violation
of chapter 476 or a board order, it may commence suit in the district court to seek an
injunction or other judicial remedy calculated to prevent the violation. Iowa Code § 476.14.
                                     11

      IV.   Conclusion.

      We find moot the question of whether the board had authority to

issue the temporary order purporting to grant injunctive relief under the

circumstances of this case. The board has authority to order EBTC to

permanently refrain from blocking the disputed traffic delivered to it by

Qwest. EBTC has failed to establish the invalidity of the “Order Granting

Injunctive Relief,” and has not shown such prejudice as would entitle it to

relief on judicial review. Accordingly, we affirm.
      AFFIRMED.

      All justices concur except Appel, J., who takes no part.
