               NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 18a0495n.06

                                       Case No. 18-3095

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                FILED
                                                                            Oct 04, 2018
MAHAMADOU ALHOUSSEINI,                             )                   DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                   )
       Petitioner-Appellant,                       )
                                                   )       ON PETITION FOR REVIEW
v.                                                 )       FROM THE UNITED STATES
                                                   )       BOARD   OF  IMMIGRATION
JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS, III, Attorney               )       APPEALS
General,                                           )
                                                   )
       Respondent-Appellee.                        )


       BEFORE: BATCHELDER, DONALD, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.

       THAPAR, Circuit Judge. Sometimes things get lost in translation. At least that is what

Mahamadou Alhousseini claims happened at his asylum hearing. He says that when the interpreter

said he was a member of a rebel group, the interpreter misunderstood him. And when he detailed

the machine guns and the rocket launchers that he helped purchase—that, too, was just a

misunderstanding. As such, he petitions for relief from the Board of Immigration Appeals order

mandating his removal from the country. But because the evidence suggests the interpreter

correctly represented what Alhousseini said, we deny his petition.
Case No. 18-3095, Alhousseini v. Sessions


                                                 I.

       Mahamadou Alhousseini is a native of Niger. After overstaying his tourist visa, he applied

for asylum. He said the Niger government police “arrested, beat[], molested, [and] tortured” him

because of his Touareg ethnicity.

       After Alhousseini submitted his application, an asylum officer interviewed him.

Alhousseini did not speak English, and he could not find a Touareg interpreter. So he hired a

French interpreter for the interview instead. During the interview, Alhousseini said that the police

came after him because he served as a member of the Air and Azaouak Liberation Front (FLAA).

The FLAA was a Touareg rebel group that fought the government of Niger in the early 1990s,

killing both government soldiers and civilians. He stated that he was elected as Information

Secretary, and he toured the countryside raising money. The money was put toward weapons and

gear—“Kalashnikovs [machine guns], rocket launchers, jeeps, [and] 4x4s.” After the leader of the

rebellion (who later became a government minister) fell out of favor with the government,

Alhousseini was arrested. Since the FLAA was considered an undesignated terror group, the

asylum officer concluded he was likely ineligible for asylum because he assisted with persecution

and engaged in terrorist activity. But, for reasons unclear in the record, the government did not

act on Alhousseini’s asylum application for four years.

       The Department of Homeland Security eventually commenced removal proceedings

against Alhousseini. In response, Alhousseini withdrew his asylum application and applied for a

change in status to lawful permanent resident.        Over the course of his hearing before the

Immigration Judge (spread out over two sessions), Alhousseini told a different story about his time

in Niger. This time, he said that he was not a member of the FLAA and that his interpreter must

have misunderstood him before. In fact, Alhousseini says he was part of a different group,



                                               -2-
Case No. 18-3095, Alhousseini v. Sessions


Jeunesse Touareg. This group provides school materials and educational assistance to Touareg

communities in Niger—a stark contrast from the FLAA’s terrorist activities.

       But the asylum officer who heard Alhousseini’s earlier asylum case with the interpreter

disputed this new story. She testified that she remembered Alhousseini’s interview, and there was

no evidence that Alhousseini and his interpreter had any misunderstandings. Since Alhousseini’s

statements (through the interpreter) raised potential national security issues, she recorded each

question and answer and had Alhousseini review them before leaving. Alhousseini made no

contemporaneous objections to the interpreter or the interpreter’s translations.

       The Immigration Judge denied Alhousseini’s status adjustment application and ordered

removal. He concluded that Alhousseini was not credible because of the major discrepancies

between his asylum hearing, where he said he was a member of the FLAA, and his adjustment

hearing, where he told a completely different story. The Immigration Judge also found that

Alhousseini failed to demonstrate that he was not inadmissible, as required to adjust his status to

lawful permanent resident. 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(4)(A); 8 C.F.R. § 1240.8(d).

       The Board of Immigration Appeals affirmed. Alhousseini now petitions for review.

                                                II.

       Alhousseini makes two due process claims, which we review de novo. Suarez-Diaz v.

Holder, 771 F.3d 935, 942 (6th Cir. 2014).

       Incompetent Interpreter. First, Alhousseini argues that his interpreter was incompetent and

misrepresented the statements he made in his asylum hearing.           The courts have held that

noncitizens like Alhousseini have certain due process rights, including the right to a competent

interpreter. See Amadou v. INS, 226 F.3d 724, 726 (6th Cir. 2000); see also Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S.

202, 210 (1982) (affirming that the due process clause applies to noncitizens). But Alhousseini



                                               -3-
Case No. 18-3095, Alhousseini v. Sessions


needs to do more than just claim his interpreter was incompetent. He must demonstrate it from

the record. See Amadou, 226 F.3d at 727.

       Nothing in the record suggests Alhousseini and his interpreter had trouble understanding

each other.    Alhousseini never complained that he could not understand his interpreter.

See Gonzales v. Zurbrick, 45 F.2d 934, 935 (6th Cir. 1930) (noting that during her hearing “[t]he

alien complained that she could not understand [the interpreter]”). Nor did his interpreter suggest

that she could not understand Alhousseini. See Amadou, 226 F.3d at 727; see also Gishta v.

Gonzales, 404 F.3d 972, 978 (6th Cir. 2005). Such problems would have bolstered Alhousseini’s

claim. For example, in Amadou, the hearing transcript showed that the interpreter stated that he

was “having some problems” multiple times. Amadou, 226 F.3d at 727. He said he did not

understand the witness and had difficulty “with the vocabulary.” Id. Yet no such interpretation

issues were discussed during Alhousseini’s hearing.

       The asylum officer was also on the look-out for such interpretation issues. The asylum

officer testified that she received specialized training to spot interpretation problems, and she

would often stop interviews to make sure both the interpreter and the asylum applicant understood

each other. If the problems continued, then she would reschedule the interview and arrange for a

different interpreter. The asylum officer’s awareness stands in stark contrast to the Immigration

Judge’s behavior in Amadou.         In that case, the Immigration Judge seemingly ignored the

interpretation errors, telling the interpreter to “[j]ust translate what he said even if it doesn’t make

sense.” Id. (alteration in original). Here, the asylum officer did not ignore translation issues but

was explicitly looking out for them—and she did not see any.




                                                 -4-
Case No. 18-3095, Alhousseini v. Sessions


       Yet sometimes circumstantial evidence demonstrates interpretation issues. For instance,

courts will look and see if a person’s interpreted answers are responsive to the questions asked, if

there are grammatical issues, or if there appears to be general confusion during the proceedings.

See, e.g., Ilunga v. Holder, 777 F.3d 199, 208–09 (4th Cir. 2015). But in Alhousseini’s case, the

circumstantial evidence points the other way. While Alhousseini suggests he spoke a different

dialect of French than the interpreter, he has not pointed to any material differences in the language

that would lead to incorrect or unresponsive answers. Indeed, Alhousseini’s issue is not that his

answers were unresponsive, but rather too responsive. At his asylum hearing, Alhousseini

extensively detailed his activities with the FLAA. He talked about raising approximately seventy-

million West African CFA francs, over $100,000 U.S. dollars at then-current exchange rates. He

discussed how the money was used to buy machine guns, rocket launchers, jeeps and 4x4’s—all

for use against the government of Niger. And he mentioned his election to a FLAA leadership

position as Information Secretary.

       Alhousseini now attempts to explain away these statements. He says he meant to preface

each one with “I was accused of [raising money]” or “I was accused of [buying weapons for armed

rebellion].”   But his detailed answers belie such an after-the-fact explanation.          Moreover,

Alhousseini was read back each of these statements in French (the language he chose to conduct

the interview in) before he left the asylum hearing. We are hard pressed to see how he would miss

that “j’ai été accusé . . .” was never read throughout his fifteen pages of statements. And to the

extent he contends that he meant to say he was actually in the Jeunesse Touareg, he does not

explain why there is no discussion of that group or its activities—education, schoolbooks,

supporting children—in his interview. Nor does Alhousseini point to anywhere in the asylum




                                                -5-
Case No. 18-3095, Alhousseini v. Sessions


hearing where he meant to refer to Jeunesse Touareg. It is easy to see why—machine guns and

math books are not too similar.

          Delay. Second, Alhousseini claims that the four-year delay between his asylum hearing

and the referral of his case to an Immigration Judge deprived him of due process. Even assuming

the delay was unreasonable, Alhousseini cannot show that the delay prejudiced him. See Garza-

Moreno v. Gonzales, 489 F.3d 239, 241–42 (6th Cir. 2007). In fact, he fails to point to even a

single reason why the later referral prevented him from addressing supposed interpretation errors

or otherwise hindered his case. While he seems to suggest that the delay calls into question the

reliability of the handwritten notes made by the asylum officer of his hearing, such notes are

routinely used in immigration hearings. See, e.g., Sinani v. Holder, 418 F. App’x 475, 480 (6th

Cir. 2011). And, in any event, he has not attempted to show why the asylum officer’s notes are

unreliable. As such, Alhousseini has not demonstrated that the delay violated his due process

rights.

                                                 III.

          In addition to his due process claims, Alhousseini challenges the substantive findings of

the Board. Specifically, he contends the Board erred by (1) making an adverse credibility

determination against him, and (2) finding him inadmissible. As an appellate court, we must defer

to the Board if their findings are “supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on

the record considered as a whole.” Mostafa v. Ashcroft, 395 F.3d 622, 624 (6th Cir. 2005). We

take each of Alhousseini’s arguments in turn.

          Adverse Credibility. Alhousseini argues that the record contradicts the Board’s adverse

credibility finding. He claims that the interpreter’s misunderstandings of his statements, when

paired with the documentary evidence, demonstrate that the Board should have found him credible.



                                                -6-
Case No. 18-3095, Alhousseini v. Sessions


But “it takes more [than plausibility] to overcome an adverse credibility determination.” Shkabari

v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 324, 330 (6th Cir. 2005). As discussed, there is no evidence that the

interpreter misunderstood Alhousseini at his asylum hearing. And the documentary evidence that

Alhousseini points to does not support his credibility but serves to undermine it. For instance,

Alhousseini uses a certificate to show he was actually in Jeunesse Touareg and not the FLAA. But

the Jeunesse Touareg certificate says the organization was founded in 2003—almost a decade after

Alhousseini testified that he joined and fundraised for them. The FLAA, on the other hand, existed

when Alhousseini fundraised. So Alhousseini’s favored certificate evidence, when paired with his

own testimony, points to two stories: either (1) Alhousseini fundraised across the countryside to

buy school supplies for a group that did not yet exist or (2) Alhousseini fundraised to buy rocket

launchers for a group that did. Faced with completely divergent stories and documentary evidence

that does not support Alhousseini’s alternative story, we are not in a position to reverse the Board’s

credibility determination. After all, the Immigration Judge actually heard Alhousseini and judged

for himself the merits of his stories. Cf. Juan-Pedro v. Sessions, No. 17-3949, 2018 WL 3202953,

at *6–7 (6th Cir. June 28, 2018) (Thapar, J., dissenting).

       Inadmissibility. In order to adjust his status to lawful permanent resident, Alhousseini

needed to show that he was not inadmissible. 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(4)(A); 8 C.F.R. § 1240.8(d).

The Board found Alhousseini was inadmissible for two separate reasons. Alhousseini failed to

disprove either one. First, he failed to show that he did not make willful misrepresentations of

material fact in his asylum interview. 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(C)(i). Second, he failed to show he

was not a member of a terrorist group. Id. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(i)(VI). Alhousseini suggests that this

was error because the two findings are contradictory. But Alhousseini did not make this argument

below and thus has failed to exhaust it. So we lack jurisdiction to consider it now. See Gaye v.



                                                -7-
Case No. 18-3095, Alhousseini v. Sessions


Lynch, 788 F.3d 519, 527–28 (6th Cir. 2015). Alhousseini’s remaining arguments involve

assertions about his incompetent interpreter which, as discussed, the record does not support.

                                         *      *       *

       For these reasons, we deny Alhousseini’s petition.




                                               -8-
