                        NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
                To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1



               United States Court of Appeals
                                For the Seventh Circuit
                                Chicago, Illinois 60604

                                Submitted June 30, 2020*
                                  Decided July 1, 2020

                                        Before

                           JOEL M. FLAUM, Circuit Judge

                           MICHAEL S. KANNE, Circuit Judge

                           AMY C. BARRETT, Circuit Judge

No. 19-3252

LEWANA HOWARD,                                   Appeal from the United States District
    Plaintiff-Appellant,                         Court for the Northern District of Illinois,
                                                 Eastern Division.

      v.                                         No. 18-cv-04430

GABRIEL DEFRATES, et al.,                        Andrea R. Wood,
     Defendants-Appellees.                       Judge.

                                      ORDER

       After the Illinois Department of Human Rights dismissed Lewana Howard’s
complaints of age discrimination and retaliation against her employer for lack of
substantial evidence, Howard sued the investigator and his supervisors under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983. She claimed that the investigation was biased in favor the employer, CVS
Pharmacy. The district court dismissed her second amended complaint, concluding that
Howard had not stated a claim under either the Due Process Clause or the Equal

      *  We have agreed to decide the case without oral argument the briefs and record
adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would not
significantly aid the court. FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).
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Protection Clause. We agree that her allegations do not add up to a federal
constitutional claim, and so we affirm the district court’s judgment.
        We take Howard’s allegations as true, drawing inferences in her favor. See Wigod
v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 673 F.3d 547, 555 (7th Cir. 2012). Howard filed two complaints
with the Illinois Department of Human Rights, alleging, first, that she experienced
discrimination in her position at CVS because of her age, and next, that CVS retaliated
against her. The Department began an investigation to determine whether substantial
evidence supported the charges. See 775 ILCS 5/7A-102(D)(2). The same investigator
assessed both claims. After gathering evidence and interviewing Howard’s employer,
he concluded that substantial evidence did not support her complaints. Department
supervisors signed off on the finding and dismissed the complaints. See 775 ILCS
5/7A-102(D)(3). Howard then had the option of seeking review with the Illinois Human
Rights Commission (the Department’s adjudicatory arm) or bringing an action in
Illinois circuit court to appeal the dismissal of her charges. Id.
       Instead, Howard sued the investigator and his supervisors in federal court for
damages, asserting that they had violated her constitutional rights; she specifically
invoked the Equal Protection Clause. In the operative complaint, she alleged that the
investigator failed to follow state regulations for investigating discrimination
complaints and demonstrated bias in favor of CVS. In particular, she alleged that the
investigator did not allow her to confront or cross-examine the witnesses he
interviewed; asked CVS what would happen to Howard’s manager if her charges were
proved true; allowed CVS to turn in evidence late; failed to require CVS to submit
relevant evidence; and ignored Howard’s evidence. The supervisors, meanwhile,
“intentionally overlooked and ignored” the investigator’s misconduct.
       After multiple rounds of pleading, the defendants moved to dismiss the second
amended complaint. The district court first assessed whether Howard stated a
class-of-one equal-protection claim. (Howard disclaimed any contention that the
investigator or supervisors mistreated her because of membership in a protected class.)
It determined, however, that her allegations would not allow an inference that she was
targeted for mistreatment without a rational basis. Further, the investigator’s question
about the consequences of the investigation for Howard’s supervisor did not imply bias
against Howard. Moreover, to the extent that proper procedures were overlooked, the
court concluded that Howard’s allegations did not plausibly suggest anything beyond
negligence, which did not rise to the level of a federal constitutional claim.
     Construing Howard’s pro se complaint generously, the court also considered
whether her allegations could support a procedural due process claim and concluded
No. 19-3252                                                                           Page 3

that they could not. Any such claim failed because Howard had not plausibly alleged
that the state procedures failed to ensure her federal due process rights. And to the
extent she alleged a violation of the permanent injunction entered in Cooper v. Salazar,
No. 98 C 2930, 2001 WL 1351121, *6 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 1, 2001), requiring Department
investigators to allow claimants to cross-examine witnesses in fact-finding conferences
and prohibiting the Department from weighing evidence in making a substantial-
evidence determination, she had to file a motion in that case. Howard declined a third
opportunity to amend and chose to stand on her existing allegations. The court,
therefore, dismissed the complaint with prejudice and entered final judgment.
        On appeal, Howard’s brief, though light on argument, generally challenges the
propriety of the dismissal for failure to state a claim. We review de novo the question
whether the complaint stated a claim for relief that is plausible on its face—i.e., that it
contains allegations that, if true, allow a reasonable inference that the defendants are
liable for a constitutional violation. See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555
(2007); Taha v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Local 781, 947 F.3d 464, 469 (7th Cir. 2020).
        Although Howard emphasizes the alleged denial of her right of equal protection,
she is not required to choose a legal theory at the pleading stage. Koger v. Dart, 950 F.3d
971, 974–75 (7th Cir. 2020) (“Complaints plead grievances, not legal theories.”). Like the
district court, we consider whether she could state a claim under the Due Process
Clause because the injury Howard claims is a denial of a fair process.
        A federal due process claim depends in the first instance on the existence of a
federally protected liberty or property interest. Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 332
(1976); Simpson v. Brown Cty., 860 F.3d 1001, 1006 (7th Cir. 2017). The state-established
right to pursue a discrimination claim through adjudicatory procedures can be a
property interest, the deprivation of which implicates the Due Process Clause. See Logan
v. Zimmerman Brush Co., 455 U.S. 422, 429–33 (1982); Shvartsman v. Apfel, 138 F.3d 1196,
1199 (7th Cir. 1998) (clarifying that the protected property interest in Logan was the
discrimination claim, not the adjudicatory procedures). An administrative investigation
may be “adjudicatory” if, like the one here, it results in the “dismissal of a civil rights
claim, where that dismissal acts as a final disposition of the claim on the merits subject
only to appeal.” Cooper v. Salazar, 196 F.3d 809, 815 (7th Cir. 1999).
       The question turns to what process Howard was due as a matter of federal law.
See Mathews, 424 U.S. at 333–34; Simpson, 860 F.3d at 1006. Here, Howard does not allege
that the she was deprived of the hallmarks of federal due process; indeed, the state
provides a comprehensive process to investigate and adjudicate discrimination claims
filed with the Department. That process afforded Howard the opportunity to have the
No. 19-3252                                                                         Page 4

Department decide her case on its merits, so she cannot plausibly argue that she was
deprived of the right to pursue her discrimination claim. Cf. Logan, 455 U.S. at 434–35
(dismissal of claim before merits ruling violated due process). Howard argues that she
was deprived of meaningful review of her claim, though, because the investigator
violated numerous Department requirements for substantial-evidence investigations.
She did not, however, avail herself of her right to appeal the dismissal of her charges at
the substantial-evidence stage, so she faces a high bar in arguing that the state’s
procedures were inadequate to protect her due process rights. See Tucker v. City
of Chicago, 907 F.3d 487, 492 (7th Cir. 2018). Because the violation of state procedural
rules is not the concern of federal due process, see id. at 495, her allegations about the
investigation do not clear that bar.
        In any event, Howard’s allegations that the investigation was tainted or unfair do
not cross the threshold of plausibility. Given the presumption of a state administrator’s
impartiality, Howard needed to allege circumstances that seriously threatened her
chances of receiving a fair investigation—such as a fraught personal history or a conflict
of interest. See Hess v. Bd. of Trs. of S. Ill. Univ., 839 F.3d 668, 675 (7th Cir. 2016).
Howard’s examples of the investigator’s purported bias (to the extent they go beyond
misapplying procedural rules about evidence and deadlines) do not meet this standard.
This is particularly true in light of Howard’s concession during a district court hearing
that she was “not sure” why the investigator would be biased against her.
        Next, we consider Howard’s contention that her allegations state a claim under
the Equal Protection Clause. Because she does not allege discrimination based on
membership in a protected class, Howard’s only conceivable equal-protection claim is a
class-of-one claim. See Vill. of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 564–65 (2000). Here,
however, her allegations that the investigator ignored evidence of discrimination and
failed to follow proper procedures (whereas other claimants were treated fairly) cannot
support a class-of-one claim. The decision to dismiss her claim after an investigation
was discretionary and required individualized assessment. Allowing an
equal-protection claim on the ground that Howard received an unfavorable outcome
“even if for no discernible or articulable reason, would be incompatible with the
discretion inherent in the challenged action.” Engquist v. Oregon Dep’t of Agr., 553 U.S.
591, 603–04 (2008); see Katz-Crank v. Haskett, 843 F.3d 641, 649 (7th Cir. 2016).
       Finally, to the extent Howard also seeks to enforce the injunction in Cooper, 2001
WL 1351121 at *6, requiring Department investigators to allow claimants to
cross-examine witnesses in fact-finding conferences, we agree with the district court
that this is not the proper forum. A civil-contempt motion in that case is the appropriate
No. 19-3252                                                                            Page 5

channel for seeking enforcement of the injunction. See Ohr ex rel. Nat’l Labor Relations Bd.
v. Latino Exp., Inc., 776 F.3d 469, 479–80 (7th Cir. 2015); D. Patrick, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co.,
8 F.3d 455, 458–59 (7th Cir. 1993). We express no opinion on whether such a motion
would be appropriate in Howard’s case.
                                                                                  AFFIRMED
