                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]

              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                    FILED
                      FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                        ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                 SEPT 26, 2006
                              No. 06-11407                     THOMAS K. KAHN
                          Non-Argument Calendar                    CLERK
                        ________________________

                          Agency Nos. A95-227-661
                               A95-227-716

JAVIER JESUS BARRIOS,
ASTRID DE MARIA LINDADO,

                                                                      Petitioners,

                                    versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                     Respondent.

                        ________________________

                    Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals
                         _________________________

                            (September 26, 2006)

Before BLACK, BARKETT and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     Javier Jesus Barrios and his wife, Astrid de Maria Lindado, who are natives

and citizens of Colombia, seek review of the final order of the Board of
Immigration Appeals (“BIA”), which affirmed the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ’s”)

order denying their application for asylum.1 On appeal, Petitioners argue the IJ

erred by denying asylum after finding that Barrios, the lead petitioner, had not

established past persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution by the

Columbian Armed Forces (“FARC”) based on his membership in the Liberal Party

(“LP”) and his position as the Campaign Director for an LP candidate running in

the October 2000 local elections in Barranquilla, Colombia. After careful review,

we deny the petition for review.

       “We review only the [BIA’s] decision, except to the extent that it expressly

adopts the IJ’s opinion.” Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th Cir.

2001). Here, the BIA adopted the IJ’s opinion, and also made additional findings

with respect to Barrios’s ability to relocate in Colombia. “To the extent that the

BIA’s decision was based on a legal determination, [our] review is de novo.” D-

Muhumed v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 388 F.3d 814, 817 (11th Cir. 2004). The BIA’s

“findings of fact are reviewed under the substantial evidence test,” and we must

affirm the BIA’s decision “if it is supported by reasonable, substantial, and

probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Antipova v. U.S. Att’y

Gen., 392 F.3d 1259, 1261 (11th Cir. 2004) (quotation omitted). Under this highly


       1
         Because we find that Petitioners have not established a case for asylum under the INA,
we do not consider whether they satisfied the higher standard for withholding of removal. See Al
Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1292-93 (11th Cir. 2001).

                                               2
deferential standard of review, a denial of asylum may be reversed only if the

evidence would compel a reasonable factfinder to conclude that the requisite fear

of persecution exists. INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 n.1 (1992).

      An alien who arrives in or is present in the United States may apply for

asylum. See INA § 208(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(1). The Attorney General has

discretion to grant asylum if the alien meets the INA’s definition of a “refugee.”

See INA § 208(b)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1). A “refugee” is any person who is

unwilling to return to his home country or to avail himself of that country’s

protection “because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on

account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or

political opinion . . . .” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A).

      The asylum applicant carries the burden of proving statutory “refugee”

status. See Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001); 8 C.F.R. §

208.13(a).   The applicant satisfies this burden by showing, with specific and

credible evidence: (1) past persecution on account of a statutorily listed factor, or

(2) a “well-founded fear” that his or her statutorily listed factor will cause future

persecution. Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1287; 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a), (b). “To establish

asylum based on past persecution, the applicant must prove (1) that [ ]he was

persecuted, and (2) that the persecution was on account of a protected ground.”

Silva v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 448 F.3d 1229, 1236 (11th Cir. 2006) (citations omitted).

                                           3
“To establish eligibility for asylum based on a well-founded fear of future

persecution, the applicant must prove (1) a ‘subjectively genuine and objectively

reasonable’ fear of persecution, that is (2) on account of a protected ground.” Id.

(citations omitted). Assuming the applicant is able to establish a well-founded fear

of persecution, he must then show that the persecution cannot be avoided by

relocating in the subject country. See Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226,

1231 (11th Cir. 2005); 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(ii).

      The statutes governing asylum protect not only against persecution by

government forces, but also against persecution by non-governmental groups that

the government cannot control, such as the FARC. See Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y

Gen., 392 F.3d 434, 437 (11th Cir. 2004). However, “[p]ersecution on account of .

. . political opinion . . . is persecution on account of the victim’s political opinion,

not the persecutor’s.”    Id. at 437-38 (quoting Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. at 482

(emphasis in original)). “[P]ersecution is an extreme concept, requiring more than

a few isolated incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation [.]” Sepulveda, 401

F.3d at 1231 (internal quotations and citation omitted). There must be “specific,

detailed facts showing a good reason to fear that [the petitioner] will be singled out

for persecution on account of [his political] opinion.” Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1287.

Moreover, we have held that “evidence that either is consistent with acts of private

violence or the petitioner’s failure to cooperate with guerillas, or that merely shows

                                           4
that a person has been the victim of criminal activity, does not constitute evidence

of persecution based on a statutorily protected ground.” Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,

440 F.3d 1247 1257-58 (11th Cir. 2006); Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1231 (holding

that “a few isolated incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation” were

insufficient to establish past persecution).

      Here, substantial evidence supports the IJ’s and BIA’s decisions that

Petitioners failed to meet their burden of proof for asylum based on either past

persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution. The IJ found Barrios’s

testimony credible, but concluded that what Barrios described did not rise to the

level of persecution:

      The respondent acknowledged that he was stressed-out by the threats,
      the being followed by a car, and then being approached by
      individuals. But he was not physically harmed there in any way, nor .
      . . was there testimony presented that respondent suffered any severe
      restrictions on life or liberty, even though he testified that [during] the
      last two months and a half in Colombia, he kept a low profile. But
      there was nothing to indicate that he was precluded from earning a
      livelihood. Indeed, the testimony is to the contrary, since he
      acknowledge[d] that he was able to continue in his construction firm
      until the time he left Colombia. Nor is there any evidence that
      respondent has suffered any severe psychological trauma.

Although there is some evidence that Barrios was the target of harassment and

intimidation, such evidence does not compel a finding of persecution under the

first prong of the petitioner’s burden to show past persecution. Cf. Sanchez, 392

F.3d at 438 (finding that petitioner’s claim, based on harassment by FARC

                                               5
guerillas and petitioner’s failure to cooperate with the guerrillas or to join their

forces, did not establish persecution for purposes of withholding of removal under

INA).

        Under our precedent, the incidents Barrios has identified in support of

asylum simply do not rise to the level of, or compel a finding of, persecution for

purposes of establishing “refugee” status based on past persecution. Cf. Silva, 448

F.3d at 1237-38; Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1231. In short, the record, viewed in the

light most favorable to the IJ’s conclusions, does not compel the conclusion that

Barrios established persecution -- the first prong of his burden to establish “past

persecution” -- and thus he was not entitled to asylum based on past persecution.

        As Barrios has not established past persecution, he is not entitled to a

presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution. Substantial evidence

supports the IJ’s conclusion that Barrios does not have a well-founded fear of

future persecution because (1) he was never physically harmed in Colombia; (2) he

returned to Colombia after he spent a short time in Panama, during which he did

not apply for asylum there; (3) he was not harmed when he returned to Colombia

and was able to avoid further harassment by keeping a low profile; and (4)

Dr. Reynaldo Benito Perez Sanchez, the candidate for whom Barrios was

campaigning in the October 2000 local elections, continues to reside safely in




                                         6
Colombia.2 Simply put, the record does not compel the conclusion that Barrios, six

years after the October 2000 elections for which he campaigned, would be a target

of the FARC residing either in Barranquilla, or elsewhere in Colombia. Because

Barrios did not present “specific, detailed facts showing a good reason to fear that

he . . . will be singled out for persecution,” Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1231 (quotation

omitted), we are not compelled to conclude that he has established a case for

asylum based on a well-founded fear of future persecution by the FARC.

       Petitioners have failed to establish that the record compels a finding that the

FARC persecuted them based on political opinion, or that they have a well-

founded fear of future persecution by the FARC.                   Accordingly, we deny the

petition for review.

       PETITION DENIED.




       2
          As an additional basis for denying asylum, the BIA found the Petitioners could safely
relocate in Colombia. Because Petitioners failed to meet their initial burden to establish past
persecution, the burden never shifted to the government to show internal relocation was reasonable.
Cf. Arboleda v. U.S. Atty. Gen’l, 434 F.3d 1220 (11th Cir. 2006) (per curiam) (where government
conceded, and the BIA presumed, past persecution, the burden was on the government to show that
internal relocation was reasonable; after examining the 1999 and 2000 Country Reports for
Colombia, holding that the FARC operates on a country-wide basis in Colombia, and that the
government had failed to show that relocation was a viable option). Here, unlike in Arboleda,
Petitioners failed to carry their burden to show past persecution.

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