                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 15-1363
                               Filed July 27, 2016


MATTHEW N. HOFFMAN,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,

vs.

GARY L. KOUNKEL, RICHARD L. KOUNKEL,
RONALD E. KOUNKEL, and THOMAS G.
KOUNKEL, as Co-Executors of the
Estate of Edna E. Kounkel,
      Defendants-Appellees.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Plymouth County, John D.

Ackerman, Judge.



      Matthew N. Hoffman appeals the district court’s denial of his summary

judgment motion and grant of summary judgment in favor of the appellees.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.



      Joel D. Vos of Heidman Law Firm L.L.P., Sioux City, for appellant.

      David W. Nelmark and R. Michael Hayes of Belin McCormick, P.C., Des

Moines, and Robert B. Brock II of Law Office of Robert B. Brock II, P.C., LeMars,

for appellees.



      Heard by Potterfield, P.J., and Mullins and McDonald, JJ.
                                        2


MULLINS, Judge.

      Matthew N. Hoffman appeals the district court’s denial of his summary

judgment motion and grant of summary judgment in favor of Gary L. Kounkel,

Richard L. Kounkel, Ronald E. Kounkel, and Thomas G. Kounkel, as co-

executors of the estate of Edna E. Kounkel (the Kounkels). Because we find the

district court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of the Kounkels, we

reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

    I. Backgrounds Facts

      On or about June 5, 1997, Elden and Edna Kounkel, as sellers, entered

into a real estate contract with the Iowa Agricultural Development Authority

(IADA), as buyer, for the purchase of 85.65 acres of land for the sum of

$250,000. The sum was to be repaid in fifty-nine semiannual installments of

$8438.79 on September 1 and March 1 of each year beginning September 1,

1997, with a final payment of the outstanding amount to be paid March 1, 2027.

The contract terms included a 5.5% interest rate with interest payments to be tax-

exempt to the sellers.   Per the terms of the contract, the IADA assigned its

interest to Hoffman.1    Beyond the contractual terms required by the IADA,

negotiations for the sale occurred between Gary Kounkel, Elden and Edna’s son,

and Hoffman and Hoffman’s father. Elden and Edna are now deceased, and




1
  The assignment was made to Hoffman and Tonya Entenman. Hoffman and Entenman
worked with the IADA through the IADA’s Iowa Beginning Farmer Loan Program, under
which Hoffman and Entenman were approved as qualifying “beginner farmers.” The
IADA’s involvement enabled Hoffman and Entenman to acquire the land at a below-
market interest rate while providing the Kounkels tax-free interest. Entenman then
assigned her interest to Hoffman by quitclaim deed.
                                          3


their interest in the contract is held by the Estate of Edna Kounkel with the

above-identified parties serving as co-executors.

       The original draft of the contract called for a $250,000 sale price, with no

down payment, semiannual payments of principal and interest amortized over

thirty years, with interest accruing on the unpaid balance at 5.5%, a balloon

payment due on September 1, 2012, and no prepayment of principal prior to

September 1, 2012, without the Kounkels’ prior consent.            Prior to the final

execution of the contract, Hoffman requested and the Kounkels agreed there

would be no balloon payment and the entire remaining balance would due at the

end of the thirty-year amortization term.        The interest rate, the manner of

calculating the semiannual payments, and the other terms relevant here

remained the same, excepting only that the Kounkels requested and Hoffman

agreed to paragraph 32, which allowed the Kounkels to demand full prepayment

of the remaining principal balance, plus accrued interest, on March 1, 2013,

2018, and 2023.

       In dispute between the parties is paragraph 20 of the contract,2 which

provides as follows: “It is further agreed between the parties hereto that Buyer

shall make no prepayment of principal balances owing hereunder prior to

September 2, 2012 without Sellers’ written permission.”

       On July 9, 2014, Hoffman tendered $158,314.66 to Edna, an amount in

excess of the remaining balance owed, and requested a warranty deed. Edna

2
  Paragraphs 18 through 32 are contained in a document entitled, in part, “Continuation
of Real Estate Contract.” Both the Real Estate Contract, which contains paragraphs 1
through 17, and the “Additional Provisions” contained in the “Continuation of the Real
Estate Contract” were executed by one or both of the Kounkels and the IADA. The
documents are collectively referred to herein as “the contract.”
                                        4


refused Hoffman’s payment. On September 18, 2014, following Edna’s passing,

Hoffman tried a second time to prepay the balance. This offer was also refused.

      On January 12, 2015, Hoffman filed this lawsuit, seeking specific

performance of the contract. After the Kounkels filed their answer, both parties

moved for summary judgment. The same day the Kounkels filed their summary

judgment motion, they also filed a motion to amend answer and file a

counterclaim for reformation of the contract. The motions were argued in June

2015, following which the district court entered an order denying Hoffman’s

motion for summary judgment, granting the Kounkels’ motion for summary

judgment, and denying as moot the Kounkels’ motion to amend. Hoffman now

appeals.

   II. Scope and Standard of Review

      Our review of the district court’s grant of summary judgment is for

correction of errors of law. See Jones v. Univ. of Iowa, 836 N.W.2d 127, 139

(Iowa 2013).

             A court should grant summary judgment if the pleadings,
      depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,
      together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine
      issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to
      a judgment as a matter of law. In other words, summary judgment
      is appropriate if the record reveals a conflict only concerns the legal
      consequences of undisputed facts. When reviewing a court’s
      decision to grant summary judgment, we examine the record in the
      light most favorable to the nonmoving party and we draw all
      legitimate inferences the evidence bears in order to establish the
      existence of questions of fact.

Id. at 139-40 (quoting Pitts v. Farm Bureau Life Ins. Co., 818 N.W.2d 91, 96-97

(Iowa 2012)).
                                          5


   III. Analysis

       A. Contract Interpretation Principles

       Contract “[i]nterpretation is the process for determining the meaning of the

words used by the parties in a contract.” Pillsbury Co. v. Wells Dairy, Inc., 752

N.W.2d 430, 435 (Iowa 2008). Absent consideration of extrinsic evidence, the

interpretation of a contract is a legal issue. Id. “The cardinal rule of contract

interpretation is to determine what the intent of the parties was at the time they

entered into the contract.” Id. at 437; see also Peak v. Adams, 799 N.W.2d 535,

543 (Iowa 2011) (“In the construction of written contracts, the cardinal principle is

that the intent of the parties must control . . . .” (quoting Iowa R. App. P.

6.904(3)(n))). Though “[t]he most important evidence of the parties’ intentions at

the time of contracting is the words of the contract,” the court “may look to

extrinsic evidence, including ‘the situation and relations of the parties, the subject

matter of the transaction, preliminary negotiations and statements made therein,

usages of trade, and the course of dealing between the parties.’” Peak, 799

N.W.2d at 544 (citation omitted); see also Pillsbury, 752 N.W.2d at 436

(“[A]lthough we allow extrinsic evidence to aid in the process of interpretation, the

words of the agreement are still the most important evidence of the party’s

intentions at the time they entered into the contract.”). Further, we interpret a

contract as a whole, see Iowa Fuel & Minerals, Inc. v. Iowa State Bd. of Regents,

471 N.W.2d 859, 863 (Iowa 1991), so as to give effect to all provisions, see

Carter v. Bair, 208 N.W. 283, 283 (Iowa 1926).
                                             6


       B. Contract Negotiations

       In reaching its decision, the district court first discussed the negotiations

between the parties and drafts of the contract before it reached its final form.

See Peak, 799 N.W.2d at 544. The district court summarized this evidence as

follows:

               Initial negotiations included a fifteen-year contract term with
       a balloon payment on balances owed at the end of the fifteenth
       year, on September 1, 2012. Without the benefit of discussion
       between the parties, an inclusion of a provision was added by the
       [Kounkels][3] which bars [Hoffman] from any prepayment of
       balances owing, prior to September 1, 2012, without the [Kounkels’]
       written permission.[4] The date coincided with the maturity date of
       the contract at the time when the negotiations called for a fifteen-
       year contract term. The parties never verbally discussed the
       provision, but agree the language precluded [Hoffman] from any
       right of prepayment at the stage of negotiations calling for a fifteen-
       year term limit. At the end of the fifteenth year, on September 1,
       2012, a balloon payment for the balances owing was then due by
       [Hoffman]. The provision remained in all of the drafts and was
       incorporated at paragraph twenty of the final agreement between
       the parties . . . .
               After the proposed agreement was presented to the IADA for
       approval, [Hoffman] requested a thirty-year term with the
       elimination of a balloon payment. With the extension for the
       contract to thirty years, an inclusion of the provision was added by
       the [Kounkels] which calls for prepayment of the remaining principal
       balances on specific dates at the option of the [Kounkels]. . . .
               ....
               . . . At no time did the parties discuss any unilateral right to
       prepayment by the Plaintiff. At the time of the final agreement
       [Hoffman] did not provide any statements to the [Kounkels] to
       indicate an understanding [Hoffman] had a unilateral right to prepay
       balances owing after September 1, 2012.




3
 The Kounkels’ attorney drafted the contract.
4
 The time limitation of “prior to September 1, 2012,” originally appeared in the first draft
of the fifteen-year contract as written by the Kounkels’ attorney. Earlier, in a term sheet
exchanged by the parties, the agreement indicated there would “be no prepayment of
principal prior to the 15 year balloon without Seller’s written permission.”
                                         7


       C. The District Court Order

       In its analysis, the district court noted it was clear “[Hoffman] understood

his right to prepay was barred without [the Kounkels’] consent during the period

of negotiations when the contract called for [a] fifteen year term limit.” The court

determined the issue at hand was “the parties’ intent after negotiations called for

a thirty-year term.” Looking at paragraph 32 of the contract, the court concluded:

       Consistent with the doctrine of perfect tender in time, an
       interpretation that allows for prepayment would lead to an unfair
       outcome. The parties were aware of the ability to contract for
       prepayments, prepayment prices, and obligations to make all
       principal and interest payments if not otherwise set forth in the
       contract. The parties’ drafts support the [Kounkels’] right to protect
       against financial consequences. To do as [Hoffman] suggests [and
       read paragraph 20 as allowing prepayment after September 1,
       2012,] would operate as a restraint on investment income.
       Narrowly read, the [Kounkels’] inclusion of paragraph twenty and
       thirty-two suggests protection against any prepayments by
       [Hoffman] that would cut off tax exempt investment income.

       The court noted the general rule of a presumption against prepayment and

that extrinsic evidence may be used to change the plain meaning of a contract.

The court reasoned paragraph 20 was “unambiguous as it relates to any

unilateral right of prepayment by Plaintiff after September 1, 2012,” in light of the

fact that paragraph 32 granted an express right to the Kounkels to demand early

payment, paragraph 20 lacked comparable express terminology, and the parties

never discussed a right for Hoffman to prepay.         The court further reasoned

Hoffman “uses the words ‘prior to September 1, 2012’ to mean an implied term

contrary to facts and circumstances surrounding the agreement, history of

negotiations, the complete absence of contemporaneous discussion on any

prepayment right of [Hoffman], and the words used in the contract.” Thus, the
                                         8


court concluded “[t]he only reasonable interpretation of [paragraph] 20 as it

relates to prepayment rights for [Hoffman] is to prohibit [him] from any

prepayment after September 1, 2012 without the [Kounkels’] permission.” The

court also noted there was no relevant extrinsic evidence to be considered by the

trier of fact nor was reliance on the credibility of extrinsic evidence necessary for

its determination that the contract was unambiguous.

       D. Prepayment of the Loan

          1. Interpretation of Paragraph 20

       Based on the language of paragraph 20, Hoffman argues the phrase “prior

to September 1, 2012” means prepayment is allowed after that date and any

other interpretation makes the temporal phrase superfluous. Hoffman avers the

district court impermissibly used extrinsic evidence to change rather than

interpret the contract; the contract, when viewed as a whole, supports that the

prohibition on prepayment expired as of September 1, 2012; and the district court

improperly applied the “perfect tender in time” rule when paragraph 20 allowed

for prepayment.

       The Kounkels disagree, arguing first the extrinsic evidence was necessary

for the court to determine the intent of the parties, the perfect tender in time rule

applies as no right to prepayment was expressly provided in the contract, and the

contract as a whole demonstrates there was no intent to give a right to

prepayment.     In the event this court finds the contract grants a right to

prepayment, the Kounkels contend they are still entitled to summary judgment

because of a misunderstanding between the parties and because there was no
                                           9


meeting of the minds. Finally, in the alternative, the Kounkels ask that this case

be remanded to the district court for consideration of their reformation claim.

       On its face, the contract unambiguously provides that Hoffman is

prohibited from prepaying the balance before September 1, 2012, without the

written consent of the Kounkels. This provision is consistent with the law in Iowa,

which presumes no right to prepayment. See Lett v. Grummer, 300 N.W.2d 147,

150 (Iowa 1981) (noting “the law has long been” that a seller “cannot be

compelled to take the money until it is due”); Anderson v. Haskell, 45 Iowa 45, 47

(Iowa 1876); see also Great Plains Real Estate Dev., L.L.C. v. Union Centr. Life

Ins. Co., 536 F.3d 939, 944-45 (8th Cir. 2008) (agreeing with the district court’s

reasoning that “Iowa follows the common law ‘perfect tender in time’ rule, holding

a borrower has no right to pay off a mortgage before the maturity date, absent a

loan agreement provision allowing prepayment”).5 The parties dispute whether

this same provision grants Hoffman the ability to tender payment after that date.

       Contract provisions are not interpreted in isolation. See, e.g., Iowa Fuel &

Minerals, 471 N.W.2d at 863 (noting “a contract is to be interpreted as a whole”).

Thus, we look to other portions of the contract when interpreting paragraph 20.

       Paragraph 23 of the contract provides: “It is further agreed between the

parties hereto that the machine sheds and the SlurryStor shall not be removed

from the property being sold hereunder prior to May 1, 2002 without Sellers


5
  We note the Restatement (Third) of Property § 6.1 (1996) acknowledges the
“[t]raditional common-law principles” that denied “an unrestricted right of prepayment,”
and finds it “inconsistent with the usual expectations of the parties who are not law-
trained” and “often contradicts the principle that the documents should be construed
against the drafter.” The restatement “recognizes an unrestricted right to prepayment
unless the mortgage or some other enforceable agreement between the parties restricts
or eliminates that right.”
                                           10


written permission.” The Kounkels do not dispute that “prior to May 1, 2002,”

means Hoffman was able to remove the specified buildings after May 1, 2002.

Paragraph 23 supports Hoffman’s desired interpretation that paragraph 20

similarly enables prepayment after the limiting date of September 1, 2012.

       The parties also cite to paragraph 32, which states the following:

       It is specifically agreed between the parties hereto, and
       notwithstanding anything set out above, that [the Kounkels], at their
       option, may call for full prepayment of the remaining principal
       balances owing hereunder, plus any accrued interest thereon, on
       the dates of March 1, 2013, March 1, 2018 and March 1, 2023,
       upon Sellers giving 90 days prior written notice to [the IADA], or
       Beginning Farmer assignees hereunder, namely [Hoffman] . . . .

       Contrary to the district court’s holding, this provision does not necessarily

conflict with the wording of paragraph 20.         Instead, it can easily be read to

provide the Kounkels a right comparable to that given Hoffman in paragraph 20—

the ability to demand, at certain designated times, full payment prior to the

complete duration of the thirty-year contract.

       We also disagree with the district court’s view that Hoffman’s interpretation

of paragraph 20 would necessarily “operate as a restraint on [the Kounkels’]

investment income,” and that Hoffman is essentially imposing his will to make an

earlier payment in defeat of the Kounkels’ continued right to investment income.

The district court seemed to clearly consider that such a result would be an unfair

outcome and one to which the Kounkels would never have agreed; thus, the

district court relied on a “tender in time” interpretation of the contract.

       We focus on the negotiations between the parties as evidenced by the

documents leading to the final contract and the undisputed fact that the fifteen-

year balloon payment was removed at Hoffman’s request and paragraph 32 was
                                         11


added at the Kounkels’ request. We do not consider extrinsic evidence which is

in dispute or for which credibility is in dispute. Pillsbury, 752 N.W.2d at 436

(“When the interpretation of a contract depends on the credibility of extrinsic

evidence or on a choice among reasonable inferences that can be drawn from

the extrinsic evidence, the question of interpretation is determined by the finder

of fact.”). The original draft of the contract provided for a $250,000 sale price, no

down payment, semiannual payments amortized over thirty years, interest at

5.5%, a balloon payment due on September 1, 2012, and no prepayment prior to

September 1, 2012, without the Kounkels’ prior consent. The only changes in

the final contract are (1) at Hoffman’s request, the balloon payment was removed

and the entire remaining balance would be due at the end of the thirty-year

amortization term, and (2) at the Kounkels’ request, new paragraph 32 allowed

them to demand full prepayment of the remaining principal balance, plus accrued

interest, on March 1, 2013, 2018, and 2023.

       If paragraph 20 is read as Hoffman argues, the differences to the

Kounkels between the early draft and the final contract are: they will not

automatically get their balloon payment in September 1, 2012, as originally

agreed, but would have to wait until Hoffman tendered payment after September

1, 2012, or when the Kounkels demanded payment per paragraph 32.                The

removal of the balloon payment delayed the Kounkels’ right to get their remaining

principal for another fifteen years, subject to their right to demand payments per

paragraph 32. On our limited record, we find no indication the Kounkels were

unhappy with the original fifteen-year balloon. It was Hoffman who requested

removing the required balloon; the Kounkels obviously tempered that by adding
                                        12


paragraph 32.      Hoffman’s interpretation of paragraph 20, allowing, but not

requiring, prepayment after September 1, 2012, seems perfectly consistent with

the negotiations and intentions of the removal of the balloon, yet allowing

payment after fifteen years. Any restraint on investment income as reasoned by

the district court was arguably more favorable to the Kounkels in the last draft

than in the earlier draft.

       The Kounkels also rely upon paragraph 25, which enables Hoffman to

obtain a deed to certain limited acres in order to construct new hog facilities. In

the event Hoffman exercised his rights under this paragraph, he was required to

       deposit an amount equal to the deeded acres multiplied times
       $2,500.00 into [his own] interest bearing escrow account, which
       account shall be pledged as security for the payment of the land so
       deeded and that amount placed in said escrow account, plus any
       accrued interest, shall be paid by [Hoffman] to [the Kounkels] when
       demanded by [the Kounkels], but in any event, said payment shall
       not be made on or before the 1st day of September, 2012.

       The Kounkels argue this provision provides the only avenue by which

Hoffman may obtain early title to a small portion of the property through

prepayment. But this provision is not inconsistent with paragraph 20. It provides

an avenue by which Hoffman may secure ownership over only a portion of the

total property, for a specific purpose, before September 1, 2012. Further, it does

not call for prepayment, but rather that Hoffman set aside funds in an escrow

account held by Hoffman with the limitation that “said payment shall not be made

on or before the 1st day of September, 2012.” That quoted clause can only be

understood to mean payment was to be made after September 1, 2012.

       Finally, the Kounkels point to the first paragraph of the contract, which

provides when payments must be made: “[Hoffman] agree[s] to and shall pay the
                                         13


sum of $8,438.79 principal plus interest on the 1st day of September and the 1st

day of March of each year hereafter until the full principal balance owing

hereunder . . . is paid by [Hoffman] to [the Kounkels].” The Kounkels argue that

since the paragraph provides payment must be made “on,” as opposed to “on or

before,” there is no ability to prepay. But this paragraph simply addresses the

payment structure and general timeframe.       It is a general paragraph entitled

“Price,” and does not serve to obviate the more specific provision provided in

paragraph 20.6 See Christiansen v. Iowa Bd. of Educ. Exam’s, 831 N.W.2d 179,

189 (Iowa 2013) (noting that, where a conflict exists, “the more specific provision

controls over the general provision”).

       As noted by the district court, the commonly accepted meaning of “prior

to” is “in advance of” or “before.” Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary 1804

(unabr. ed. 2002). When the contract does not indicate otherwise, we give effect

to this language “in accordance with its commonly accepted and ordinary

meaning.”    See Lange v. Lange, 520 N.W.2d 113, 119 (Iowa 1994).              We

determine, viewing the contract as a whole, the collective terms of the contract

can be interpreted to support Hoffman’s claim he had the right to prepayment

after the specified September 1, 2012 date.

       The Kounkels argue any alleged right to prepayment would be implied

rather than express and such an implied right is impermissible. As an initial

matter, this court is not convinced the right to prepayment is implied only. The


6
  When discussing the first paragraph, the Kounkels also reference the amortization
tables contained in the contract, which outline the date each payment is due, the
specifics of each payment, and the resulting amounts owed, if the biannual payment
schedule were followed through the thirty-year timeframe.
                                          14


natural consequence of providing a limiting date in paragraph 20—as the

Kounkels concede is the case in paragraph 23—is that some different action can

occur after that time limitation has expired. To interpret “prior to September 1,

2012” otherwise would effectively write paragraph 20 out of the contract. See

Dickson v. Hubbell Realty Co., 567 N.W.2d 427, 430 (Iowa 1997) (“Because we

give effect to the language of the entire contract, it is assumed that no part of it is

superfluous and an interpretation that gives a reasonable meaning to all terms is

preferred to one that leaves a term superfluous or of no effect.”). If the parties

had intended to require permission for prepayment at any time, then the parties

could simply have omitted any time limitation from paragraph 20 or extended that

timeframe to September 2027 when the contract was complete. As the time

limitation is included, the provision cannot be read to apply both before and after

September 1, 2012.

       We find the right of prepayment is necessarily implied in paragraph 20.

“Courts imply contractual terms where the obligation ‘arise[s] from the language

used or [is] indispensable to give effect to the intent of the parties.’” Alta Vista

Props., LLC v. Mauer Vision Ctr., PC, 855 N.W.2d 722, 727 (Iowa 2014). By

providing an end date on the limitation of prepayment, the parties, at a minimum,

implied a right to prepayment thereafter. See Fashion Fabrics of Iowa, Inc. v.

Retail Investors Corp., 266 N.W.2d 22, 27 (Iowa 1978) (“Contractual obligations

may arise from implication as well as from the express writing of the parties. ‘A

contract includes not only what is expressly stated but also what is necessarily to

be implied from the language used; and terms which may clearly be implied from
                                              15


a consideration of the entire contract are as much a part thereof as though plainly

written on its face.’” (citation omitted)).

       We conclude the district court erred when its interpretation of the contract

concluded as a matter of law that the contract does not allow Hoffman to prepay

balances owing after September 1, 2012.

           2. Integrated Contract

       The Kounkels contend the extrinsic evidence demonstrates there was no

intent to grant Hoffman a right to prepayment. Hoffman argues the contract was

an integrated agreement and thus extrinsic evidence cannot be used to vary the

terms of the agreement. Hoffman further argues the extrinsic evidence does not

provide support for the Kounkels’ desired interpretation.7

       “When an agreement is fully integrated, the parol-evidence rule forbids the

use of extrinsic evidence introduced solely to vary, add to, or subtract from the

agreement.” C & J Vantage Leasing Co. v. Wolfe, 795 N.W.2d 65, 85 (Iowa

2011). “When the parties adopt a writing or writings as the final and complete

expression of their agreement, the agreement is fully integrated.” Id. Here, the

agreement does not contain an integration clause, although the existence of such

is only one factor in considering whether an agreement is integrated. See id.

(“The presence of an integration clause is one factor we take into account in

determining whether an agreement is fully integrated.”). The Kounkels do not

dispute that the contract is an integrated agreement. The contract at issue is

7
  Hoffman also argues the extrinsic evidence itself was improper as the district court
considered an affidavit sworn by Gary Kounkel, which contained attestations about what
his parents understood at the time of the contract. Hoffman argues the statements lack
factual basis and the only factual basis proffered—namely, that Gary had conversations
with his parents about their intent—is inadmissible hearsay.
                                        16


detailed and contained many of the terms typically found in a comparable

document. See Peck v. Four Aces Farms, Inc., No. 14-1482, 2015 WL 4642386,

at *6 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 5, 2015) (finding a writing was not fully integrated when

“[d]escribing the written lease as skeletal would be generous considering the

major bones it is missing” and “[o]ther terms typically found in a farm lease are

absent”).   Further, the parties engaged in lengthy negotiations, with multiple

revisions to the document, which required approval by the IADA before the

contract was then assigned to Hoffman. See generally Whalen v. Connelly, 545

N.W.2d 284, 291 (Iowa 1996) (finding the agreement was fully integrated where,

in part, the parties were sophisticated, were represented by counsel, had equal

bargaining power, and the negotiations occurred at arm’s length). The contract

was duly recorded with the Plymouth County Recorder, and the parties have

acted under the terms of the contract for eighteen years. We have no doubt the

agreement was, at the very least, “partially integrated,” meaning it “w[as]

intended as a final expression ‘with respect to such terms as are included

therein.’” Bartlett Grain Co. v. Sheeder, 829 N.W.2d 18, 24 (Iowa 2013) (citation

omitted). The parol-evidence rule therefore bars the parties from contradicting

those terms. Id.

      Moreover, the extrinsic evidence provided does not support that a change

to the plain terms is warranted. The record establishes there was no explicit

discussion between the parties about granting Hoffman a right to prepayment.

Instead, the parties discussed Hoffman’s request to extend the contract from

fifteen years to thirty years.   As a result, the Kounkels were provided the

opportunity to demand prepayment on certain designated dates. Paragraph 20
                                           17


remained unchanged—there is no record the parties discussed extending the

time limitation to thirty years—resulting in a contractual right to Hoffman to

prepay the loan after the original fifteen years expired. The Kounkels’ lack of

evidence does not serve to indicate the provision means anything other than

what it says.

       The Kounkels appear to use the extrinsic evidence to demonstrate what

they meant to say rather than to explain the meaning of what was actually said. 8

This is an impermissible use of extrinsic evidence. Bankers Trust Co. v. Woltz,

326 N.W.2d 274, 276 (Iowa 1982) (“The offer of extrinsic evidence was not an

attempt to interpret the language actually used by the parties; it was an attempt

to vary or alter language in the written agreement, and as such was inadmissible.

Extrinsic evidence offered to show ‘what the parties meant to say’ instead of

‘what was meant by what they said’ is not admissible . . . .” (citations omitted)).

       Under this alternative analysis, we find the Kounkels are not entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.

           3. Misunderstanding

       In the alternative, the Kounkels argue there was a misunderstanding

between the parties and, as Hoffman knew of the Kounkels’ interpretation of the

provision, Hoffman is bound by the Kounkels’ meaning.               The Kounkels also

argue the misunderstanding means mutual assent was lacking and, thus, the

disputed provision should be stricken from the contract.

8
 In their brief, the Kounkels repeatedly reference Hoffman’s alleged failure to
communicate his interpretation of paragraph 20. It is of note that the Kounkels are the
original drafter of the agreement. See Kerndt v. Rolling Hills Nat’l Bank, 558 N.W.2d
410, 416 (Iowa 1997) (noting ambiguities in a “contract are strictly construed against the
drafter”).
                                         18


       For a contract to be valid, the parties must express mutual assent to the

terms of the contract. If there is a misunderstanding in the language that relates

to the object of the agreement so that “one party [understands] [it] is buying one

thing and the other party thinks [it] is selling another thing, no meeting of the

minds occurs, and no contract is formed.” Schaer v. Webster Cnty., 644 N.W.2d

327, 338 (Iowa 2002) (alterations in original) (citation omitted). “Yet, ‘mutual

assent is based on objective evidence, not on the hidden intent of the parties.’”

Id. (citation omitted). “The misunderstandings of the parties must be reasonable

under the circumstances and support a finding of a lack of mutual assent.” Id.

As to the Kounkels’ first contention, there is no evidence in this record

establishing Hoffman had reason to know the Kounkels did not intend the

contract to say what was written. See Centron DPL Co. v. Tilden Fin. Corp., 965

F.2d 673, 675 (Iowa 1992) (noting that, in the case of misunderstanding “where

only one party knows or has reason to know of the different meaning attached by

the other, that party is bound by the other party’s meaning”). As noted by the

Kounkels, there was no communication on prepayment or the meaning of this

provision. In the initial draft, it was clear the prepayment limitation was meant to

last the entire term of the contract. That contract was then amended to a thirty-

year term, and the Kounkels obtained the right to demand early payment. By

virtue of not adjusting the timeframe of paragraph 20, Hoffman also obtained a

right to prepay after fifteen years.     The Kounkels had added this disputed

provision to the contract in the initial draft. There is no evidentiary basis on this

record for their claim Hoffman knew the Kounkels intended something that was

never communicated.
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       As noted by the court in Schaer, the misunderstanding must be

reasonable under the circumstances.         644 N.W.2d at 338 (“[T]he claim of a

misunderstanding by Schaer was not justified under the circumstances, and does

not constitute a lack of mutual assent.”). There is simply no reasonable basis for

the Kounkels to believe a provision limiting prepayment prior to a certain date

would also limit prepayment thereafter. The objective words state the prohibition

expires on September 1, 2012; again, the Kounkels now rely upon the wording

they wish had been used rather than the meaning of the words that were actually

used by them in drafting the contract.

       We further find, under this theory, the Kounkels are not entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.

       E. Conclusions on Motions for Summary Judgment

       For the foregoing reasons we reverse the grant of the Kounkels’ motion for

summary judgment, reverse the denial of Hoffman’s motion for summary

judgment, and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

       F. Reformation

       In addition to their motion for summary judgment, the Kounkels filed a

motion to amend answer and file a counterclaim for reformation of the contract.9

This motion to amend was denied by the court as moot in light of the court’s

grant of summary judgment in favor of the Kounkels. As we have reversed the


9
  The Kounkels argue the mistake was “in the expression of the contract,” making
reformation the appropriate remedy. Nichols v. City of Evansdale, 687 N.W.2d 562, 571
(Iowa 2004). When the mistake is in the expression rather than the formation, of a
contract, “it normally makes no difference if the mistake is mutual or unilateral.” Id.
(citation omitted); see also Soults Farms, Inc. v. Shafer, 797 N.W.2d 92 (Iowa 2011)
(“Where there has been a mistake, whether mutual or unilateral, in the expression of the
contract, reformation is the proper remedy.”).
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district court’s grant of summary judgment, the Kounkels’ motion to amend is no

longer moot, and we remand this matter to the district court for consideration of

that motion on its merits.

       REVERSED AND REMANDED.
