                                                             FILED
                                                               APR 18 2012
 1
                       ORDERED PUBLISHED                  SUSAN M SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                            U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
 2                                                          O F TH E N IN TH C IR C U IT

 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5
 6   In re:                        )       BAP No.    EC-11-1320-MkPaD
                                   )
 7   MICHAEL SHANE HANSEN and      )       Bk. No.    10-20248-C-7
     AMY HANSEN,                   )
 8                                 )       Adv. No.   10-02180-C
                    Debtors.       )
 9   ______________________________)
                                   )
10   STATE OF CALIFORNIA           )
     EMPLOYMENT DEVELOPMENT        )
11   DEPARTMENT,                   )
                    Appellant,     )
12                                 )
     v.                            )       OPINION
13                                 )
     MICHAEL SHANE HANSEN and      )
14   AMY HANSEN,                   )
                                   )
15                                 )
                    Appellees.     )
16                                 )
17                           Argued and Submitted on
                    March 22, 2012 at Sacramento, California
18
                             Filed - April 18, 2012
19
               Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
20                 for the Eastern District of California
21      The Honorable David E. Russell, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
22
23   Appearances:          Amy Julia Winn for the Appellant.
                           Julia Patricia Gibbs for the Appellees.
24
25   Before:   MARKELL, PAPPAS, and DUNN, Bankruptcy Judges.
26
27
28
 1   MARKELL, Bankruptcy Judge.:
 2
 3                               INTRODUCTION
 4        The California Employment Development Department (the “EDD”)
 5   appeals the bankruptcy court’s judgment that certain unpaid
 6   unemployment insurance taxes were not the kind of taxes specified
 7   in § 507(a)(8)(C).1   As a consequence, the bankruptcy court held
 8   that the unpaid unemployment insurance taxes in this case did not
 9   give rise to a nondischargeable debt within the meaning of
10   § 523(a)(1)(A).   We AFFIRM.
11                                   FACTS
12        One of the debtors in this case, Michael Shane Hansen
13   (“Hansen”), was president of Onvoi Business Solutions, Inc.
14   Onvoi Business Solutions, Inc., in turn, was part of a group of
15   related companies which included OBS Personnel, Inc., Onvoi
16   Holdings, Inc., and Birdcage Travel, Inc. (collectively, the
17   “Onvoi Entities” or “Onvoi”).   The Onvoi Entities provided human
18   resources and staffing solutions to private clients.
19        In December 2002, Onvoi purchased Birdcage Travel, a company
20   which held an unemployment insurance tax rate of 0.9%.    That
21   rate, established by the EDD, was considerably lower than the
22   4.7% rate at which the EDD had assessed Onvoi’s unemployment
23   insurance tax liability.2   Once the sale closed, Onvoi
24
          1
25          Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section
     references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532.
26
          2
            As stated in a treatise summarizing California law on this
27   point, employers are assessed a contribution rate for
     unemployment insurance tax as follows:
28
                                                        (continued...)

                                       2
 1   transferred its employees from its existing EDD employer account
 2   – with the 4.7% rate – to the EDD employer account formerly
 3   maintained by Birdcage Travel – which had the 0.9% rate.     Based
 4   on the EDD’s calculation, this saved Onvoi approximately $2.8
 5   million in unemployment insurance taxes.
 6        On March 29, 2004, the EDD issued a notice of assessment,
 7   pursuant to California Unemployment Insurance Code § 1735,3 to
 8
          2
 9            (...continued)

10             Although all employer contributions are pooled and
          available for unemployment benefits regardless of source,
11        a merit rating system is established with respect to
          contribution rates by which the rate for each employer is
12
          graduated according to the balance of contributions paid by
13        and benefits charged to that employer. . . .
               The contribution rate for an employer is established
14        for each calendar year on the basis of the relation, on the
          computation date, of the employer’s “net balance of
15        reserve,” that is, the excess, if any, of contribution
16        credits over benefit charges in the employer’s account as
          of that date, and the employer’s “average base payroll,”
17        that is, the yearly average of taxable wages paid during a
          specified number of calendar years preceding that date.
18
     60 CAL. JUR . 3D, Unemployment Compensation § 20 (2012); see also
19
     Cal. Unemp. Ins. Code § 977 (2012).
20        3
               California Unemployment Insurance Code § 1735 provides:
21
          Any officer, major stockholder, or other person, having
22        charge of the affairs of a corporate, association,
          registered limited liability partnership or foreign limited
23
          liability partnership, or limited liability company
24        employing unit, who willfully fails to pay contributions
          required by this division or withholdings required by
25        Division 6 (commencing with Section 13000) on the date on
          which they become delinquent, shall be personally liable
26        for the amount of the contributions, withholdings,
          penalties, and interest due and unpaid by such employing
27
          unit. The director may assess such officer, stockholder,
28                                                       (continued...)

                                        3
 1   Hansen, individually, and/or as a responsible person of the Onvoi
 2   Entities.    The total amount assessed was $4,820,523.86.   This
 3   amount included $2,872,050.34 in unpaid unemployment insurance
 4   taxes from January 1, 2003 through September 30, 2003;
 5   $1,753,521.28 in penalties;4 and $194,952.24 in unpaid interest.
 6   According to the EDD, the assessment represented the difference
 7   between the amount of unemployment insurances taxes Onvoi paid
 8   based on Birdcage Travel’s 0.9% unemployment insurance tax rate
 9   and the amount Onvoi should have paid had it applied the correct
10   4.7% rate.
11                         The Settlement Agreement
12        Hansen, Michael Alexander Dimanno, Steven Dennis Whitney,
13   and Steven Bradley Serafin (collectively, the “Onvoi Principals”)
14   signed a settlement agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) with
15   the EDD.    The Settlement Agreement resolved not only the notice
16   of assessment the EDD had issued to Hansen; it also resolved the
17   notices of assessment the EDD had issued to each of the remaining
18   Onvoi Principals.
19        The Settlement Agreement provided as follows:
20
          3
           (...continued)
21        or other person for the amount of such contributions,
22        withholdings, penalties, and interest. The provisions of
          Article 8 (commencing with Section 1126) and Article 9
23        (commencing with Section 1176) of Chapter 4 of Part 1 apply
          to assessments made pursuant to this section.      Sections
24        1221, 1222, 1223, and 1224 shall apply to assessments made
          pursuant to this section. With respect to such officer,
25        stockholder, or other person, the director shall have all
26        the collection remedies set forth in this chapter.
          4
27          The copy of the notice of assessment included in the
     excerpts of record does not specify the statutory bases for the
28   penalties imposed.

                                       4
 1   A.   The [Onvoi Principals] shall pay the sum of $1,600,000
          in eleven monthly payments within 12 months after an
 2        Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) of the CUIAB approves
          this Settlement Agreement (“Approval Date”).       The
 3        [Onvoi Principals] shall also pay all accrued interest
          and additional penalties and interest thereon, which
 4        shall accrue during the eleven months following the
          due date for the first payment shall accrue pursuant
 5        to the Unemployment Insurance Code section 1135. The
          total sum of the payments due during the eleven months
 6        following the Approval Date shall be principal in the
          amount   $1,600,000,   penalty   in   the  amount   of
 7        $133,333.33, plus interest in the amount of $1,027.04,
          for a total sum of $1,734,360.38. (“Total Amount
 8        Owed”). If the [Onvoi Principals] pay the principal
          sum of $1,600,000 plus accrued interest and penalty
 9        prior to 12 months after the Approval Date, then the
          mandatory penalty shall cease to accrue.
10
          . . .
11
     C.   If the [Onvoi Principals] fail to make any of said
12        eleven payments on a timely basis, then the EDD will
          deem such failure to constitute a default in the
13        payment schedule and a material breach of the
          Settlement Agreement. Hansen will then have thirty
14        additional days to make said defaulted payment and the
          balance owed for the Total Amount Owed under the
15        Settlement Agreement, with credit given for all
          previously made payments (“Balance Due”).
16
     D.   If Hansen fails to pay the Balance Due within the 30
17        days following default as set forth in the Paragraph
          8(c) above, then the EDD shall deem Hansen to have
18        defaulted and to be in material breach of the
          Settlement Agreement.    The EDD shall then have the
19        right to collect the Balance Due from Hansen using all
          means allowed by law.
20
     E.   If Hansen does not pay the Balance Due and the EDD is
21        unable to collect the balance within 60 days following
          the default, then the EDD shall deem Hansen to have
22        made a second default (“Second Default”).       Hansen
          shall then owe to the EDD the original amount of the
23        Challenged Assessment issued against Hansen in the
          amount of $4,820,523.86, with EDD giving credit for
24        all   payments   made   by  the   [Onvoi   Principals]
          (“Challenged Assessment Balance[”]).     Interest and
25        penalties shall accrue on the amount [of the]
          Challenged Assessment Balance until it is paid in
26        full. The EDD shall then have the right to collect
          the Challenged Assessment Balance from Hansen using
27        all means allowed by law. If Hansen makes a second
          default, the EDD agrees not to pursue any collection
28        efforts against DiManno, Whitney or Serafin.

                               5
 1   Settlement Agreement at 2-3.
 2        An administrative law judge approved the Settlement
 3   Agreement on March 17, 2009.   From April 2009 to September 2009,
 4   Hansen made six payments under the Settlement Agreement, totaling
 5   $1,000,513.46.   Hansen did not, however, make the remaining
 6   payments.
 7        In a November 6, 2009 letter to Hansen, the EDD notified
 8   Hansen that he had defaulted on the payment schedule and was in
 9   breach of the Settlement Agreement.   The EDD further advised
10   Hansen as follows:
11        Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, you have until
          November 16, 2009, to pay the balance due of $733,846.92.
12        If you do not pay the balance due of $733,846.92, by
          November 16, 2009, the Employment Development Department
13        will exercise its right to collect that sum by using means
          allowed by law.
14
          Furthermore, if you do not pay the balance due by January
15        16, 2010, you will owe the EDD the original amount of the
          assessment, less any settlement payments received. As of
16        today, that amount is $3,819,990.61. In addition, interest
          and penalt[ies] will accrue until that amount is paid in
17        full. The Employment Development Department will have the
          right to collect that amount using all means allowed by
18        law.
19   Letter from EDD dated Nov. 6, 2009.
20        This letter notwithstanding, Hansen made no additional
21   payments to the EDD.
22         The Debtors’ Bankruptcy and The Adversary Proceeding
23        Hansen and his wife, Amy Hansen (the “Debtors”), filed a
24   chapter 7 bankruptcy petition on January 6, 2010.   On March 30,
25   2010, the EDD commenced the adversary proceeding giving rise to
26   this appeal.   In its complaint (the “Complaint”), the EDD sought
27   a determination that the $3,788,969 allegedly due and owing under
28   the Settlement Agreement (the “UI Tax”) was a “tax” of the kind

                                      6
 1   specified in § 507(a)(8)(C) and thus gave rise to a
 2   nondischargeable debt within the meaning of § 523(a)(1)(A).     On
 3   April 29, 2010, the Debtors moved to dismiss the Complaint as to
 4   Amy Hansen.
 5        After the Debtors moved to dismiss the Complaint but before
 6   the bankruptcy court denied the motion, the EDD filed a first
 7   amended complaint on May 24, 2010 (the “First Amended
 8   Complaint”).   In the First Amended Complaint, the EDD sought the
 9   same determination of nondischargeability, but added the
10   allegation that the debt resulting from the UI Tax was a
11   community debt for which both Debtors were liable.
12        The Debtors answered the First Amended Complaint on June 13,
13   2010, admitting that the amount of the EDD’s claim was
14   $3,788,969, denying that the debt was a community debt for which
15   both Debtors were liable, and asserting waiver and estoppel as
16   affirmative defenses to the EDD’s contention that the amount
17   allegedly due and owing was a tax.
18        At trial, the EDD argued that Hansen’s liability for the UI
19   Tax was two-fold.   First, it contended that Hansen was liable as
20   a responsible person as defined by California Unemployment
21   Insurance Code § 1735.   Second, it contended that Hansen was
22   contractually liable under the Settlement Agreement which he
23   breached.   The EDD also maintained that Amy Hansen was liable as
24   Hansen’s spouse.    The Debtors, on the other hand, asserted that
25   any liability Hansen faced under the Settlement Agreement was
26   entirely contractual, and as such, did not give rise to a
27   nondischargeable debt within the meaning of § 523(a)(1)(A).
28        After hearing the parties’ opening arguments, the bankruptcy

                                       7
 1   court invited testimony on the issue of how the UI Tax was
 2   calculated.   Brenda Farber, chief of the EDD’s special procedures
 3   section, testified on that point.     The bankruptcy court, however,
 4   found Farber’s testimony incomplete, as she could not identify
 5   the interest rate used to generate the amounts at issue.    To
 6   provide the EDD with the opportunity to supplement the evidence
 7   concerning the calculation of the UI Tax, the bankruptcy court
 8   continued the trial.5
 9        Before adjourning, however, the bankruptcy court announced
10   its preliminary rulings.    First, the bankruptcy court determined
11   that no judgment would be entered against Amy Hansen.    The
12   bankruptcy court concluded that she would be liable for the UI
13   Tax only to the extent that the EDD could collect on its judgment
14   from any of the Debtors’ community property, and that the state
15   court would have to resolve any issues as to what would
16   constitute community property.    Second, the bankruptcy court
17   concluded that the UI Tax gave rise to a nondischargeable debt
18   within the meaning § 523(a)(1)(A), as it was a “tax” of the kind
19   specified in § 507(a)(8)(C).6
20
21        5
            The bankruptcy   court cited an additional reason for the
22   continuance: to allow   both parties additional time to address
     whether any penalties   included as part of the UI Tax would be
23   dischargeable under §   507(a)(8)(G).
          6
24          At the time the bankruptcy court announced this
     preliminary ruling, the EDD had represented that a portion of the
25   unemployment insurance premiums was deducted from employees’
26   salaries while another portion was paid for by employers.
     However, at the beginning of the continued trial, the EDD
27   conceded that the unemployment insurance tax is not withheld from
     employees. This is consistent with the EDD’s explanation of
28                                                      (continued...)

                                       8
 1        At the continued trial, the parties first addressed the
 2   issues relating to UI Tax calculation.   The parties then offered
 3   their final arguments.   The EDD argued that nothing in the plain
 4   language of § 507(a)(8)(C) imposed a requirement that the “tax
 5   required to be collected” be collected from a third-party.    It
 6   maintained that the UI Tax at issue was a tax of the kind
 7   specified in § 507(a)(8)(C) because the EDD was required to
 8   collect it,7 and as such, the UI Tax gave rise to a
 9
10        6
           (...continued)
11   unemployment insurance taxes provided at oral argument.
          7
12          The EDD argued it was required to collect the UI Tax under
     California Unemployment Insurance Code § 301, which reads:
13
          There is in the Labor and Workforce Development Agency the
14        Employment Development Department, which is vested with the
15        duties, purposes, responsibilities, and jurisdiction
          heretofore exercised by the State Department of Benefit
16        Payments or the California Health and Human Services Agency
          with respect to job creation activities. The Employment
17        Development Department shall be administered by an
          executive officer known as the Director of Employment
18        Development who is vested with the duties, purposes,
19        responsibilities, and jurisdiction heretofore exercised by
          the Director of Benefit Payments with respect to the
20        following functions:

21        (a)   Job creation activities.
22
          (b) Making manual computations and making or denying
23        recomputations of the amount and duration of benefits.

24        (c)   Determination   of   contribution   rates   and the
          administration and collection of contributions, penalties
25        and interest, including but not limited to filing and
26        releasing liens.

27        (d) Establishment, administration, and transfer of reserve
          accounts.
28                                                      (continued...)

                                      9
 1   nondischargeable debt under § 523(a)(1)(A).    The Debtors,
 2   however, argued that the UI Tax was not a “tax required to be
 3   collected” because it was an employer paid tax, not a tax
 4   collected from third parties.8    On that basis, the Debtors
 5   contended that the UI Tax did not give rise to a nondischargeable
 6   debt within the meaning of § 523(a)(1)(A).
 7        At the conclusion of the continued trial, the bankruptcy
 8   court declined to adopt its prior preliminary rulings and stated
 9   the following findings of fact and conclusions of law:
10             Well, [the Debtors] pointed out for the record what I
          had previously decided.    I’ve determined I was wrong on
11        that score.    This is not a tax that is required to be
          collected in the light of a sales tax and it is not
12        withheld.    The Board has conceded that, so it’s not
          withheld.
13             The question is whether it’s collected. And I believe
          that “collected” means, as Collier defines it, tax is
14        claimed, it’s for a tax.     That’s fine.   That meets the
          qualification. The tax is owed by a party other than the
15        debtor. That’s true. Here, it’s owed by Onvoi. Tax must
          be collected or withheld from that party and transmitted to
16
17        7
           (...continued)
          (e) Making assessments and the administration of credits
18
          and refunds.
19
          (f) Approving elections for coverage or for financing
20        unemployment and disability insurance coverage.
21        8
            In making their argument, the Debtors relied on California
     Unemployment Insurance Code § 976. That section provides:
22
23        Employer contributions to the Unemployment Fund shall
          accrue and become payable by every employer, except an
24        employer as defined by Section 676, for each calendar year
          with respect to wages paid for employment.              The
25        contributions are due and shall be paid to the department
26        for the Unemployment Fund by each employer in accordance
          with this division and shall not be deducted in whole or in
27        part from the wages of individuals in his employ.

28   Cal. Unemp. Ins. Code § 976 (emphasis supplied).

                                      10
 1        the government. That’s the part that daunts me, because
          it’s not required to be withheld from employees’ wages in
 2        any way. It’s a tax upon the employer on the employer’s
          payroll.
 3        . . .
                Even though the State says it’s the liability of an
 4        officer of the employer, that’s not what the Bankruptcy
          Code says. The Bankruptcy Code says that it has to be, in
 5        effect, a trust pass, sales tax, income taxes withheld from
          the employee, which really don’t belong to the corporation,
 6        let’s say, and for which the governmental units rely upon
          officers of the corporation to abide by the law to collect
 7        these taxes. They’re supposed to hold them and transmit
          them to the taxing authority.
 8
               That isn’t what we have here.
 9
10   Hr’g Tr. (May 10, 2011) at 29:7-30:13 (emphasis supplied).
11        The bankruptcy court continued:
12             Consequently, I have to change my decision in respect
          to Mr. Hansen who I held liable in the previous hearing and
13        state that he is not liable.           The obligation is
          dischargeable in bankruptcy.      And the fact that it’s
14        contractual doesn’t change that. As a matter of fact, all
          contractual obligations . . . are discharged in bankruptcy.
15
               So consequently, I must rule . . . that unemployment
16        insurance tax that is assessed against an officer of a
          corporation under California law is a dischargeable
17        obligation under bankruptcy law. . . . [W]e don’t have to
          worry about the calculation of interest and penalties and
18        all   that,  because   the   underlying  obligation,   tax
          obligation, is an obligation that is dischargeable in this
19        bankruptcy proceeding . . . .
20   Hr’g Tr. (May 10, 2011) at 31:6-21.
21        On June 6, 2011, the bankruptcy court entered judgment for
22   the Debtors.   The EDD timely appealed.9
23                               DISCUSSION
24        The sole issue on appeal is whether the UI Tax is a “tax
25   required to be collected” within the meaning of § 507(a)(8)(C)
26
          9
27          The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28
     U.S.C. § 1334 and 157(b)(2)(I). We have jurisdiction under 28
28   U.S.C. § 158.

                                     11
 1   and thus gives rise to a nondischargeable debt pursuant to
 2   § 523(a)(1)(A).     Under applicable law, we review such issues of
 3   statutory construction de novo.    Friedman v. P+P, LLC (In re
 4   Friedman), __ B.R. __, __, 2012 WL 911545, at *5 (9th Cir. BAP
 5   Mar. 19, 2012) (citing AMB Prop., L.P. v. Official Creditors (In
 6   re AB Liquidating Corp.), 416 F.3d 961, 963 (9th Cir. 2005)).
 7   “De novo review means that the reviewing court ‘do[es] not defer
 8   to the lower court’s ruling but freely consider[s] the matter
 9   anew, as if no decision had been rendered below.’”    Dawson v.
10   Marshall, 561 F.3d 930, 933 (9th Cir. 2009) (modifications in
11   original) (quoting United States v. Silverman, 861 F.2d 571, 576
12   (9th Cir. 1988)).
13        Applying this standard, we hold that the UI Tax is not a tax
14   contemplated by § 507(a)(8)(C), and that, consequently, it does
15   not give rise to a nondischargeable debt within the meaning of
16   § 523(a)(1)(A).
17        The EDD argues “plain meaning,” and asserts that the
18   bankruptcy court erred as a matter of law when it did not
19   construe § 507(a)(8)(C) according to its understanding of plain
20   meaning review.10    Specifically, the EDD argues that the
21   bankruptcy court “improperly imputed to the text of
22
23
          10
            In its reply brief, the EDD also argues that the debt
24   resulting from the UI Tax should be nondischargeable because a
     contrary determination would impair California’s unemployment
25   insurance trust fund. Aplt.’s Reply Br. at 4-5. However, the
26   EDD did not raise this argument in its opening brief. For this
     reason, we consider the argument waived and need not entertain it
27   here. See McKay v. Ingleson, 558 F.3d 888, 891 n.5 (9th Cir.
     2009) (citing Arpin v. Santa Clara Valley Transp. Agency, 261
28   F.3d 912, 919 (9th Cir. 2001)).

                                       12
 1   § 507(a)(8)(C) two requirements not stated in the statute, i.e.,
 2   that the ‘tax required to be collected’ had to be collected (1)
 3   by the debtor and (2) from a third party.”     Aplt.’s Opening Br.
 4   at 11 (emphasis in original).   By so doing, the EDD contends, the
 5   bankruptcy court erroneously construed § 507(a)(8)(C) as applying
 6   exclusively to trust fund taxes.     The supposed better view, to
 7   which the EDD contends we must subscribe, is that the UI Tax is a
 8   “tax required to be collected” because it is a tax the EDD must
 9   collect.
10        On the other hand, the Debtors argue that adopting the EDD’s
11   reading of the statute would “violate[] the rule of statutory
12   construction requiring courts to apply meaning to every word, to
13   avoid finding redundancies, [and] to avoid finding provisions of
14   statutes meaningless.”   Aple.’s Responsive Br. at 6 (citations
15   omitted).   In particular, the Debtors maintain that “[i]f the tax
16   specified in [§] 507(a)(8)(C) is ‘tax collected by the
17   government’, then all of the other subsections of Section
18   507(a)(8) are rendered meaningless.”     Id.   On these grounds, the
19   Debtors contend that the EDD’s reading of the statute is fatally
20   flawed.
21   A.   Principles of Statutory Construction
22        Because the statutory text is “[t]he starting point in
23   discerning congressional intent,” any exercise in statutory
24   construction begins there.   Lamie v. United States Tr., 540 U.S.
25   526, 534 (2003) (citation omitted).     See also Searcy v. Ada
26   County Prosecuting Attorney’s Office (In re Searcy), 463 B.R.
27   888, 892 (9th Cir. BAP 2012) (citations omitted).     However, the
28   inquiry also ends there “if the statutory language is unambiguous

                                     13
 1   . . . and the statutory scheme is coherent and consistent.”
 2   Schindler Elevator Corp. v. United States ex rel. Kirk,
 3   __ U.S. __, __, 131 S. Ct. 1885, 1893 (2011) (internal quotation
 4   marks omitted) (quoting Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 519 U.S. 337,
 5   340 (1997) (in turn quoting United States v. Ron Pair Enters.,
 6   Inc., 489 U.S. 235, 240 (1989)).
 7        Accordingly, there is no reason to consult the legislative
 8   history unless the statutory text is ambiguous.     In re Searcy,
 9   463 B.R. at 892.   “‘[W]hether a statute is ambiguous is
10   determined by reference to the language itself, the specific
11   context in which the language is used, and the broader context of
12   the statute as a whole.’”    Id. (modifications in original)
13   (quoting Hough v. Fry (In re Hough), 239 B.R. 412, 414 (9th Cir.
14   BAP 1999) (quoting in turn Robinson, 519 U.S. at 341)).
15        1.   The Statutory Text of § 507(a)(8)(C)11
16        We begin our exercise in statutory construction with the
17   relevant statutory text.    Section 507 provides:
18              (a) The following expenses and claims have priority in
          the following order:
19        . . .
                     (8)   Eighth,   allowed   unsecured   claims   of
20              governmental units, only to the extent that such
                claims are for--
21                   . . .
                     (C) a tax required to be collected or withheld
22              and for which the debtor is liable in whatever
23
          11
24          When the Code was originally enacted, the current
     § 507(a)(8) was designated as § 507(a)(6). With the Bankruptcy
25   Amendments and Federal Judgeship Act of 1984, Pub. L. No. 98-353,
26   § 350(2), 98 Stat. 333, 358, it was redesignated as 507(a)(7).
     The section was redesignated again, this time as 507(a)(8), under
27   the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1994, Pub. L. No. 103-394, 108 Stat.
     4106. See 4 COLLIER ON BANKRUPTCY ¶ 507.11[1] (Alan N. Resnick &
28   Henry J. Sommer eds., 16th ed.).

                                     14
 1              capacity . . . .
 2        We focus our inquiry on the meaning of the phrase “tax
 3   required to be collected.”    Even though the EDD concedes that
 4   unemployment insurance tax is not withheld from employees, it
 5   nonetheless maintains that the UI Tax falls within the scope of
 6   § 507(a)(8)(C).
 7        A good argument exists that the statutory text is ambiguous
 8   with respect to which taxes would fall under the category of a
 9   “tax required to be collected.”    See Shank v. State Dep’t of
10   Revenue (In re Shank), 792 F.2d 829, 830 (9th Cir. 1986)
11   (consulting the legislative history to decide whether sales taxes
12   collected from third parties were an excise tax under
13   § 507(a)(6)(E) [now 507(a)(8)(E)] or a trust fund tax under
14   § 507(a)(6)(C) [now 507(a)(8)(C)]); DeChiaro v. N.Y. State Tax
15   Comm’n, 760 F.2d 432, 434 (2d Cir. 1985) (same).     True, a
16   statute’s awkward and ungrammatical text is alone insufficient to
17   render it ambiguous.   See Lamie, 540 U.S. at 534.    But here, as
18   the language uses the passive voice, it is not clear whether the
19   language anticipates that the collector of the tax must be the
20   taxing agency (as the EDD contends) or the taxpayer (as argued by
21   Hansen).   Given that this critical distinction is not
22   definitively answered by the statute’s text, we turn to the
23   legislative history to ascertain which of the two meanings urged
24   upon us is most consistent with congressional intent.
25        2.    The Legislative History
26        Section 507 as it currently exists is a product of the
27   Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, 95 Pub. L. No. 95-598, 92 Stat.
28

                                       15
 1   2549.12   Subparagraph (C) in particular is the result of a
 2   compromise which reconciled the differences between the House and
 3   Senate drafts of the provision.    See generally Kenneth N. Klee,
 4   Legislative History of the New Bankruptcy Law, 28 DE PAUL L. REV .
 5   941, 953-57 (1979).   As set forth in the Joint Statement of
 6   Representative Edwards and Senator DeConcini,13 which accompanied
 7   the negotiated provision, subparagraph (C) would establish
 8   priority for claims arising from:
 9        Taxes which the debtor was required by law to withhold or
          collect from others and for which he is liable in any
10        capacity, regardless of the age of the tax claims. This
          category covers the so-called “trust fund” taxes, that is,
11        income taxes which an employer is required to withhold from
          the pay of his employees, and the employees’ share of
12        social security taxes.
13   124 Cong. Rec. 32,415 (1978) (emphasis supplied).
14        Based on the legislative history, we resolve
15   § 507(a)(8)(C)’s ambiguity in favor of the Debtors.14    Doing
16
          12
17          The Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978 provided the basis for
     the existing Code. See 1 COLLIER , supra, ¶ 20.01.
18
          13
            Given the absence of a conference and the key roles
19   played by Representative Edwards and his counterpart floor
     manager Senator DeConcini, we treat their floor statements on the
20   Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978 as persuasive evidence of
21   congressional intent. See Begier v. I.R.S., 496 U.S. 53, 64
     (1990) (relying on floor statements of Representative Edwards and
22   Senator DeConcini in determining whether post-petition payments
     of trust-fund taxes constituted voidable preference payments).
23
          14
            Our view accords with the legislative history of
24   § 17(a)(1)(e) of the former Bankruptcy Act, the predecessor to
25   §§ 523(a) and 507(a)(8)(C). Act of July 5, 1966, Pub. L. No. 89-
     496, 80 Stat. 270. As amended in 1966, that provision excepted
26   from discharge taxes the debtor “collected or withheld from
     others as required by the laws of the United States or any State
27   or political subdivision thereof, but has not paid over . . . .”
          The Ninth Circuit’s decision in In re Shank, though specific
28
     to the appropriate categorization of sales taxes within the
                                                        (continued...)

                                       16
 1   otherwise would frustrate congressional intent.        The legislative
 2   history shows that under § 507(a)(8)(C), a “tax required to be
 3   collected” must be collected from a third party.        The UI Tax at
 4   issue here is not collected from a third party.        Rather, as the
 5   EDD explained at oral argument, unemployment insurances taxes are
 6   payable directly by the employer; here, that was Onvoi.            As such,
 7   it is not a “tax required to be collected” from anyone; Onvoi was
 8   responsible for its own debts.      For this reason, we cannot
 9   conclude that the UI Tax is a tax of the kind specified in
10   § 507(a)(8)(C).    See 4 COLLIER , supra, ¶ 507.11[4] (identifying
11   five elements that must be present for a claim to achieve
12   priority under § 507(a)(8)(C) and emphasizing the requirement
13   that “the tax at issue must be owed by a party other than the
14   debtor and then collected or withheld by the debtor from the
15   other party”).    See also 3 NORTON BANKRUPTCY LAW & PRACTICE 3d
16   § 49.52 (2012).
17
18
19
20
          14
           (...continued)
21
     Code’s priorities scheme, also lends support to our conclusion.
22   There, the Ninth Circuit reasoned:

23        § 17(a)(1)(e) excepted from discharge taxes the debtor “has
          collected or withheld from others.” Although this language
24        did not expressly refer to sales taxes, the legislative
25        history strongly suggests that Congress did not intend to
          limit   the   §  17(a)(1)(e)   exception   to   withholding
26        taxes. . . .     The indication, was, in fact, that the
          17(a)(1)(e) exception was intended to extend to sale taxes
27        a vendor has collected from its customers.
28
     792 F.2d at 831 (citations omitted).      See also DeChiaro, 760 F.2d
     at 434.

                                        17
 1   B.   Debts Excepted from Discharge under § 523(a)(1)(A)
 2        Section 523(a)(1)(A) provides:
 3             A discharge under section 727, 1141, 1228(a), 1228(b),
          or 1328(b) of this title does not discharge an individual
 4        debtor from any debt–-
               (1) for a tax or a customs duty--
 5                  (A) of the kind and for the periods specified in
               section 507(a)(3) or 507(a)(8) of this title, whether
 6             or not a claim for such tax was filed or
               allowed . . . .
 7
 8        As a consequence, to be a nondischargeable tax under
 9   § 523(a)(1), the tax must also be a priority tax as contemplated
10   by § 507(a)(3) or § 507(a)(8).   As we have determined that the UI
11   Tax at issue here is not a tax of the kind specified in
12   § 507(a)(8)(C) – the only provision as to which the EDD seeks to
13   qualify the UI Tax as a tax within the meaning of § 523(a)(1)(A)
14   – we must find that it does not give rise to a nondischargeable
15   debt.   Cf. United States v. Sotelo, 436 U.S. 268, 279 (1978)
16   (debtor’s responsible person liability, imposed pursuant to
17   Internal Revenue Code § 6672, for taxes debtor was required to
18   collect but did not pay over, was nondischargeable under former
19   Bankruptcy Act § 17(a)(1)(e)); In re Shank, 792 F.2d at 833
20   (excise taxes required to be collected from third parties fell
21   within the scope of § 507(a)(6)(C) [now § 507(a)(8)(C)] and thus
22   gave rise to a nondischargeable debt under § 523(a)(1)(A));
23   Vitaliano v. Cal. Franchise Tax Bd. (In re Vitaliano), 178 B.R.
24   205, 209 (9th Cir. BAP 1995) (tax claims were priority claims
25   within the meaning of § 507(a)(7)(A) [now 507(a)(8)(A)] and
26   therefore nondischargeable under § 523(a)(1)(A)); Raiman v. Cal.
27   State Bd. Of Equalization (In re Raiman), 172 B.R. 933, 941 (9th
28   Cir. BAP 1994) (California sales tax at issue was a tax within


                                      18
 1   the meaning of § 507(a)(7)(A) [now 507(a)(8)(A)] and therefore
 2   nondischargeable pursuant to § 523(a)(1)(A)); George v. Cal.
 3   State Bd. Of Equalization (In re George), 95 B.R. 718, 721 (9th
 4   Cir. BAP 1989), aff’d, 905 F.2d 1540 (9th Cir. 1990) (debtors’
 5   personal liability under California Revenue and Taxation Code
 6   § 6829 was an excise tax under § 507(a)(7)(E) [now
 7   § 507(a)(8)(E)] and thus nondischargeable under § 523(a)(1)(A)).
 8                             CONCLUSION15
 9        For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
          15
26          Because we agree with the bankruptcy court’s
     determination that the UI Tax is not of the kind specified under
27   § 507(a)(8)(C) and therefore does not give rise to a
     dischargeable debt within the meaning of § 523(a)(1)(A), we
28
     decline to address any issues concerning any penalties or
     interest relating thereto.

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