                           NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                  File Name: 17a0024n.06

                                               No. 16-1007


                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                                  FILED
MARK KASSA,                         )                                                      Jan 12, 2017
                                    )                                                  DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
     Plaintiff-Appellant,           )
                                    )
v.                                  )                                   ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                    )                                   UNITED STATES DISTRICT
DETROIT METRO CONVENTION & VISITORS )                                   COURT FOR THE EASTERN
BUREAU; DETROIT SPORTS COMMISSION,  )                                   DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                    )
     Defendants-Appellees.          )
                                    )



BEFORE:         KEITH, BATCHELDER, and CLAY, Circuit Judges.

        ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge. Mark Kassa appeals the district court’s

order dismissing, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), his First Amended

Complaint alleging claims for trademark infringement, trademark dilution, false designation of

origin, and unfair competition. Kassa, a Detroit-based “musician and entrepreneur,” holds valid

trademarks to the phrase “Welcome to the D” for use on clothing, in live musical performances,

and in connection with other entertainment programming. For example, he hosts the “Welcome

to the D” talk show on YouTube1 and maintains an online store that sells apparel and accessories

“related to Detroit and music.” In his complaint, he alleges that the Detroit Metro Convention &

Visitors Bureau (the “Bureau”) and the Detroit Sports Commission (the “Commission”)

infringed on his trademark by using the phrase “Welcome to the D” on banners and signs hung

        1
          His YouTube channel has 163 subscribers. Its last episode was uploaded on April 2, 2015. See Welcome
to the D Show, YOUTUBE, https://www.youtube.com/user/WelcomeToTheDshow (last visited Dec. 16, 2016).
No. 16-1007
Kassa v. Detroit Metro Convention & Visitors Bureau

around Detroit “to promote” the 2012 World Series and again for the 2015 Volleyball Open

National Championships. This alleged infringement, he claims, caused confusion to customers

and diluted the distinctiveness of his trademark. Applying our case law, the district court found

that the Bureau and the Commission did not use the phrase in a trademark way, because it was a

greeting and because “The D” is a common nickname for Detroit. The district court correctly

applied the law, so we affirm its order.

        We review de novo the dismissal of a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6). See Hensley Mfg.

v. ProPride, Inc., 579 F.3d 603, 608–09 (6th Cir. 2009). To survive a motion to dismiss, the

complaint must allege “facts that, if accepted as true, are sufficient ‘to raise a right to relief

above the speculative level,’ and to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Id. at

609 (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). We accept “all well-

pleaded factual allegations in the complaint as true,” id., but we need not accept legal

conclusions “couched as a factual allegation.” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555).

         A claim for trademark infringement requires factual allegations that establish three

elements: (1) that the plaintiff owns the registered trademark; (2) that the defendant used the

mark in commerce; and (3) that the allegedly infringing use was likely to cause confusion. See

Hensley, 579 F.3d at 609. The third element is the “touchstone of liability,” but before we weigh

various factors demonstrating a likelihood of confusion, we first determine “whether the

defendants ‘are using the challenged mark in a way that identifies the source of their goods.’”

Id. at 610 (quoting Interactive Prods. Corp. v. a2z Mobile Office Solutions, Inc., 326 F.3d 687,

694 (6th Cir. 2003)). If not, then the analysis is over, because the mark is being used “in a non-

trademark way,” and trademark infringement laws do not apply. Id. (citation omitted).




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No. 16-1007
Kassa v. Detroit Metro Convention & Visitors Bureau

        The district court properly found that the Bureau and the Commission did not use

“Welcome to the D” as a trademark.              In Hensley, we found that the allegedly infringing

trademark did “not identify [the plaintiff] as the source of [the products]” or “suggest any current

association” between the plaintiff and the defendant. Id. at 611. The same principle controls

here. Even when we take Kassa’s pleaded facts as true, the allegations do not support a claim

that the Bureau and the Commission used “Welcome to the D” to indicate the source of any good

or service.

        “The D” is a common nickname for Detroit. The words “Welcome to the D” at the top of

banners advertising major sporting events in Detroit are simply a greeting, welcoming visitors to

the city using its common nickname. In other words, it is a geographic identifier, not an

identifier of the source of goods or services. The phrase does not advertise any goods or

services, does not identify Kassa as the source of the World Series or the volleyball

championship, and does not suggest any association between those events and Kassa. Nor does

he allege that the Bureau and the Commission sold merchandise bearing the mark or used it in

any other way than on its banners and signs around the city and in local media. This use was a

non-trademark use. Kassa’s allegation that the “goods and services being offered . . . bear an

identical name as Plaintiff’s and also constitute a reproduction or imitation thereof which causes

confusion to customers,” has no factual support and therefore is a mere conclusion to which we

do not assign any assumption of truth. See Hensley, 579 F.3d at 611 (“Although Hensley

Manufacturing alleges that this creates ‘a strong likelihood of confusion in the marketplace as to

the source of origin and sponsorship of the goods of the Plaintiff and the Defendant,’ such a

conclusory and ‘formulaic recitation’ of the elements of a trademark infringement cause of

action is insufficient to survive a motion to dismiss.”).



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No. 16-1007
Kassa v. Detroit Metro Convention & Visitors Bureau

        As the district court aptly noted, viewing the banners and signs in their entirety only

strengthens this conclusion.         First, the banners contain the logos of various other entities,

including the Bureau and the Commission, the World Series, the Detroit Tigers, and USA

Volleyball. Second, the phrase “Welcome to the D” must be read in conjunction with the other

portion of the phrase that appears on the banner in the same font, “Where Champions are Made

and Championships are Played.” This second half is an adjectival clause modifying “the D.”

And in this context, “the D” on the banners and signs must mean Detroit, because that is a place

where the players who become champions and the championships in which the people play can

be found. Kassa’s YouTube show, music, and t-shirts simply are not a place “Where Champions

are Made and Championships are Played.” Perhaps Kassa discusses Detroit’s champions and

championship attempts on his show, but he has not alleged that here. Viewing the banner in its

entirety—including its grammatical structure—further demonstrates the non-trademark use of

the phrase.

        Finally, Kassa’s argument that Hensley imposes an improper pre-pleading requirement is

meritless. He argues that this rule “requires the court to evaluate the sufficiency of some parts of

the allegations” and “to make a prima facie case for trademark use . . . rather than accept that

(wrongful) trademark use has occurred.” But accepting well-pled assertions—and not legal

conclusions2—as true and evaluating whether they state a plausible claim for relief is the point of

a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Similarly, the court

cannot “accept” that a misuse occurred, as that is a conclusion not entitled to the presumption of

truth. See id. at 681. The Hensley rule does not impose a “pre-pleading requirement.” Rather, it

lays out the elements that a plaintiff must adequately plead in order to state a claim for trademark

        2
           For example, Kassa’s allegation that his trademark is “a well-known mark for all relevant purposes of
trademark law” is a legal conclusion asserted as a fact. We need not and do not accept such assertions for purposes
of this appeal.

                                                       -4-
No. 16-1007
Kassa v. Detroit Metro Convention & Visitors Bureau

infringement and “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at

555. Kassa has alleged no facts that are sufficient to establish that the Bureau’s and the

Commission’s use of “Welcome to the D” is likely to establish any confusion with his

trademarked uses. He has failed to state a claim, so the district court properly dismissed his

complaint.

         Because we find that Kassa has failed to state a claim, we need not reach the Bureau’s

and the Commission’s fair use defense. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgement of the district

court.




                                                      -5-
