                              SECOND DIVISION
                                MILLER, P. J.,
                           ANDREWS and BROWN, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                      June 15, 2018




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A18A0572. DUKES v. MUNOZ et al.

      MILLER, Presiding Judge.

      Winfred Dukes was served by publication with notice of a quiet title action

filed by three individuals who had purchased his property at a tax sale. The trial court

granted judgment in favor of the purchasers, and Dukes appeals, challenging the

sufficiency of service, among other things. We now reverse because the record shows

that the purchasers failed to exercise reasonable diligence to ascertain Dukes’ correct

address.

      The relevant facts are not disputed. Dukes owned a parcel of property in Fulton

County, but became delinquent in paying his property taxes. Harold F. Munoz,

Beatriz Elena Porras Martinez, and Natalia M. Higgins (collectively, “the

Purchasers”) bought the property at a tax sale in January 2014. The 2014 county tax
bill for the property listed Dukes as the owner and included the property address, but

no other contact information for Dukes on the tax bill.

      In January 2015, the Purchasers sent Dukes legal notice of the impending

termination, or barment, of his right to redeem the property by mailing a certified

letter addressed to him at the property address. The letter was “return[ed] to sender”

as undeliverable. The Purchasers then ran a legal notice in The Daily Report for four

consecutive weeks, advising that the statutory right to redeem the property would be

forever barred on April 15, 2015.

      In June 2015, the Purchasers filed a petition to quiet title to the property. Their

attorney engaged a private investigator to locate Dukes so that he could be served

with the petition. According to the investigator’s affidavit, he started with “some

identifying information” for Dukes giving his last known address as the Property

address to which the Purchasers had sent the barment notice; however, using “normal

investigative methods and procedures” he was “unable to locate more current

information” for Dukes.1

      1
         Specifically, the investigator averred that he unsuccessfully searched public
and proprietary databases for any criminal records, potential employers, public utility
listings, professional licenses or associations, bankruptcy proceedings, financial
indebtedness, other real estate holdings, foreclosure records, eviction records, hunting
and weapons permits records, and voter registration records pertaining to Dukes.

                                           2
      Based on the investigator’s affidavit, the Purchasers filed a motion for

permission to serve Dukes by publication. After the special master2 appointed to hear

the petition agreed that Dukes should be served by publication, the trial court granted

the Purchasers’ motion, and notice of the quiet title action was then published.

Following a hearing at which Dukes did not appear, the special master issued a report

and recommendation finding that the Purchasers had perfected service upon Dukes

by publication and had properly barred his right of redemption. Accordingly, the

special master concluded that the Purchasers were entitled to default judgment against

Dukes.

      Shortly after the special master’s report was filed, Dukes filed an objection to

the report, a request for a hearing, and a motion for summary judgment, arguing that

he had not been properly served with the barment notice or the quiet title action. He

also tendered the redemption price for the property into the registry of the court.

      In support of his arguments regarding improper service, Dukes submitted the

affidavit of a private investigator that his lawyer had hired to determine whether “any

information regarding Winfred Dukes could be located that would provide for a

means of making contact with him.” As background, the investigator was given only

      2
          See OCGA § 23-3-63.

                                          3
the 2014 tax bill listing Dukes’ name and the property address. The investigator

started with a Google search for “Winfred Dukes, GA,” and the first 50 results –

including a pop-up window – showed that Dukes served in the Georgia state

legislature as a representative from Albany. By clicking on the search results, the

investigator accessed biographical and employment information about Dukes, as well

as several postal addresses, email addresses, and telephone numbers. The investigator

also located multiple social media accounts for Dukes that contained contact

information.

      Further, the investigator found a mailing address listed for Dukes on the

website for the tax assessor for Fulton County, where the property is located. Finally,

the investigator found contact information for Dukes in subscription databases, in the

Secretary of State’s occupational licensing division, in voter registration records, and

in the property records of Dougherty County, where the Google search had shown

that Dukes lives. Based on his research, the investigator concluded that “a minimal

effort to locate a means for contacting Winfred Dukes would have been successful.”

      The trial court entered a final order overruling Dukes’ objections, adopting the

special master’s report, and denying Dukes’ summary judgment motion. The trial

court found that “[r]easonable notice was given to all parties for whom the Special

                                           4
Master had, or could, after due diligence, obtain a service address” and that service

had been perfected upon Dukes by publication. Further, the trial court ruled that legal

title to the property was vested in the Purchasers and that Dukes was responsible for

paying the special master’s fees. Dukes appeals, arguing that service by publication

was improper, the barment notice was inadequate, legal title should not vest in the

Purchasers, Dukes should not be responsible for the special master’s fees, and Dukes

was entitled to attorney fees.

      1. Dukes first argues that he was not properly served with the quiet title

petition. We agree.

      The Quiet Title Act requires personal service upon “known persons whose

address is ascertainable.” OCGA § 23-3-65 (b). The trial court may order service by

publication “[i]n all cases where service by publication is permitted under the laws

and where the respondent or other party resides outside this state or whose residence

is unknown.” Id. Thus, “our first inquiry . . . is whether service by publication is

permitted under the laws of this State, given the situation presented here.” Floyd v.

Gore, 251 Ga. App. 803, 804-805 (1) (555 SE2d 170) (2001).

      “[D]ue process requires that a chosen method of service be reasonably certain

to give actual notice of the pendency of a proceeding to those parties whose liberty

                                          5
or property interests may be adversely affected by the proceeding.” (Citations

omitted.) Abba Gana v. Abba Gana, 251 Ga. 340, 343 (1) (304 SE2d 909) (1983).

Because service by publication is a “notoriously unreliable means” of providing

actual notice, a plaintiff may serve a quiet title petition by publication only if the

defendant’s address is not ascertainable despite the plaintiff’s exercise of “reasonable

diligence.” Floyd, supra, 251 Ga. App. at 805 (1).

      “Reasonable diligence” requires the plaintiff to “pursu[e] every reasonably

available channel of information” to locate the defendant. Reynolds v. Reynolds, 296

Ga. 461, 463 (769 SE2d 511) (2015). Whether the plaintiff exercised reasonable

diligence depends upon the circumstances. Floyd, supra, 251 Ga. App. at 805 (1); see

also Abba Gana, supra, 251 Ga. at 343 (1) (“each case has its own practicalities and

peculiarities, and this court cannot lay down a sweeping rule applicable to all

determinations whether reasonable diligence has been exercised”). On appeal, we

“must independently decide whether under the facts of each case the search for the

absentee interested party was legally adequate.” (Citation omitted.) Abba Gana,

supra, 251 Ga. at 343 (1).

      Here, the private investigator hired by the Purchasers reported that he was

unable to find Dukes “using normal investigative methods and procedures.” The

                                           6
investigator hired by Dukes’ attorney, however, readily discovered a current mailing

address for Dukes by consulting the Fulton County Tax Assessor’s website – a task

requiring minimal effort and falling well within the bounds of “reasonable diligence.”

See Hamilton v. Renewed Hope, 277 Ga. 465, 468 (589 SE2d 81) (2003) (“[t]he use

of public [tax and deed] records to ascertain the addresses of the parties to be notified

is certainly necessary”) (citation omitted).3

      Further, after a single Google search, Dukes’ investigator learned that Dukes

was a state legislator with ample publicly available contact information. The

Purchasers argue that Google searches are not dispositive because there is “no way

to connect the searches with the Property address.” However, nearly all of the first 50

search results pertained to the same “Winfred Dukes” who is a party to this case.

Compare Hamilton v. Renewed Hope, 281 Ga. 393, 395 (2) & n.8 (637 SE2d 412)


      3
        In their appellate brief, the Purchasers assert that “when [they] initially sent
their [barment] notice to Dukes in January 2015, the mailing address listed was the
Property.” The Purchasers, however, provide no evidence that they searched tax
records, or any other source, to find Dukes in January 2015. See Mays v. Ed Voyles
Chrysler-Plymouth, 255 Ga. App. 357, 359 (2) (565 SE2d 515) (2002) (“Factual
assertions contained in a party’s brief are not evidence unless supported by the
record.”) (citation omitted). The Purchasers’ investigator, who was hired in April
2015, did not mention searching the tax assessor’s website in his affidavit. Our
independent review of the record shows that the Purchasers’ search was not legally
adequate.

                                           7
(2006) (plaintiff’s failure to search old phonebook for defendant did not show lack

of diligence where (1) then-current phonebook did not list defendant, and (2) old

phonebook had multiple listings for people with defendant’s name). Dukes’

investigator also quickly found the state legislator “Winfred Dukes” on multiple

social media outlets, one of which included contact information.

      We therefore conclude that the Purchasers failed to pursue obvious and fruitful

channels of information that would have allowed them to ascertain Dukes’ current

address with minimal effort. As a result, “service by publication did not meet the

constitutional requirements of due process,” Reynolds, supra, 296 Ga. at 463, and the

trial court erred by permitting it. Accordingly, we reverse.

      2. In light of our holding that Dukes was not properly served with the quiet title

petition, we do not address his other challenges to the trial court’s final order.

      Judgment reversed. Andrews and Brown, JJ., concur.




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