June 13, 2019




                                                                   Supreme Court

                                                                   No. 2018-72-Appeal.
                                                                   (ND 17-472)


                   Karl Olsen                  :

                       v.                      :

                Anna L. DeMayo.                :




                NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before
                publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers are requested to
                notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme Court of Rhode Island, 250
                Benefit Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone 222-
                3258 of any typographical or other formal errors in order that
                corrections may be made before the opinion is published.
                                                                     Supreme Court

                                                                     No. 2018-72-Appeal.
                                                                     (ND 17-472)


                  Karl Olsen                    :

                      v.                        :

              Anna L. DeMayo.                   :



              Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.

                                          OPINION

       Justice Robinson, for the Court. The plaintiff, Karl Olsen, appeals from a February 6,

2018 judgment in favor of the defendant, Anna L. DeMayo, in Newport County Superior Court.

The Superior Court justice granted Mrs. DeMayo’s motion for summary judgment on the ground

that Mr. Olsen was not legally entitled to recover rent monies which he had paid to her over the

extended period of time during which he was renting a waterfront condominium from her—even

though Mrs. DeMayo had not complied with a statute that requires a landlord who is not a resident

of this state to designate an in-state agent for service of process. On appeal, Mr. Olsen raises the

following issues: (1) whether he had a right “to recover damages in the amount of the abated rent

paid to [Mrs.] DeMayo while she was in violation of R.I. Gen. Laws § 34-18-22.3;” (2) whether

he had a right to recover those asserted damages “under R.I. Gen. Laws § 9-1-2;” and (3) whether

he had a right to recover those asserted damages under the equitable theory of unjust enrichment.

       For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.




                                                    1
                                                  I

                                         Facts and Travel

       This case arises out of a landlord-tenant relationship that lasted for nearly ten years without

incident. From November of 2005 until some time in 2015, Mr. Olsen rented a waterfront

condominium in Newport from Mrs. DeMayo. (The parties do not agree on when exactly the

tenancy was terminated, but that detail is immaterial.) After the termination of the tenancy, a

dispute arose between the parties regarding the return of the security deposit. For the entire period

of the tenancy, Mrs. DeMayo was a resident of the State of Connecticut.

       On July 7, 2017, nearly two years after the termination of the tenancy, Mr. Olsen filed a

complaint in the Second Division District Court, alleging that, for the entire period of his tenancy,

Mrs. DeMayo had been in violation of G.L. 1956 § 34-18-22.3, which statute requires landlords

who reside outside of Rhode Island to “designate and continuously maintain an agent upon whom

service may be made * * *.”1 Mr. Olsen argued in District Court that Mrs. DeMayo never properly

filed such a designation with the Secretary of State and the City of Newport as required by the

just-cited statute and that, for that reason, he was entitled to recover from her the entire amount of

rent which he had paid over the years during which he had rented the condominium, as well as

prejudgment interest. He argued that he was entitled to recover the rent monies on the basis of the

following language in § 34-18-22.3: “If a landlord fails to comply with the requirements of this

section, rent for the dwelling unit abates until designation of an agent is made * * *.” Mr. Olsen

also argued in District Court that he should be allowed to recover the rent monies on the basis of



1
       General Laws 1956 § 34-18-22.3 has subsequently been amended by the General Assembly
in a manner that has no bearing on the instant case. See § 34-18-22.3, as amended by P.L. 2018,
ch. 265, § 1; P.L. 2018, ch. 213, § 1.
                                                  2
§ 9-1-2, which provides for “civil liability for crimes and offenses.” Finally, Mr. Olsen argued

that Mrs. DeMayo was liable to him pursuant to the equitable theory of unjust enrichment.

       Mrs. DeMayo contended in response that § 34-18-22.3 does not allow for the retroactive

recovery of rent already paid by a tenant prior to the termination of his or her tenancy; that § 9-1-

2 was not a basis for recovery by the tenant because non-compliance with § 34-18-22.3 does not

constitute criminal conduct triggering the applicability of § 9-1-2; and that the equitable theory of

unjust enrichment did not apply in this case because Mr. Olsen had suffered no harm.

       The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment; and, on November 22, 2017, a

judge of the District Court granted Mrs. DeMayo’s motion and denied Mr. Olsen’s motion. Mr.

Olsen timely appealed to Superior Court. In the Superior Court, the parties again filed cross-

motions for summary judgment, and a hearing was held on January 2, 2018 with respect to same.

The arguments of the parties in the Superior Court were virtually identical to those which they had

made in the District Court. The Superior Court reached the same conclusion as the District Court

and granted summary judgment in favor of Mrs. DeMayo, while dismissing all three of Mr. Olsen’s

claims. Final judgment entered on February 6, 2018, from which Mr. Olsen timely appealed to

this Court.

                                                 II

                                       Standard of Review

       The Superior Court reviews an appeal from the District Court under the Residential

Landlord and Tenant Act in a de novo manner. Warwick Housing Authority v. McLeod, 913 A.2d

1033, 1035 n.2 (R.I. 2007). This Court examines an appeal from cross-motions for summary

judgment in the Superior Court in a de novo manner. Medical Malpractice Joint Underwriting

Association of Rhode Island v. Charlesgate Nursing Center, L.P., 115 A.3d 998, 1002 (R.I. 2015).



                                                 3
In conducting that review, we “view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving

party, and if we conclude that there are no genuine issues of material fact and that the moving party

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, we will affirm the judgment.” Sullo v. Greenberg, 68

A.3d 404, 406-07 (R.I. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted). This Court will “not hesitate to

affirm a grant of summary judgment if the nonmoving party fails to make a showing sufficient to

establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case * * *.” Beauregard v. Gouin,

66 A.3d 489, 493 (R.I. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       We also review issues of statutory interpretation de novo. Town of Warren v. Bristol

Warren Regional School District, 159 A.3d 1029, 1039 (R.I. 2017). If “a statute is clear and

unambiguous we are bound to ascribe the plain and ordinary meaning of the words of the statute

and our inquiry is at an end.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). “However, when a statute is

susceptible of more than one meaning, we employ our well-established maxims of statutory

construction in an effort to glean the intent of the Legislature.” Id. (internal quotation marks

omitted); see also State v. Graff, 17 A.3d 1005, 1010 (R.I. 2011) (“In our approach to [the]

interpretive task, we are mindful that our ultimate goal is to give effect to the General Assembly’s

intent.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       It is especially worth noting that “under no circumstances will this Court construe a statute

to reach an absurd result.” Mendes v. Factor, 41 A.3d 994, 1002 (R.I. 2012) (internal quotation

marks omitted).




                                                 4
                                                 III

                                              Analysis

                                                  A

                                  Recovery Under § 34-18-22.3

       Mr. Olsen argues that § 34-18-22.3 is plain and unambiguous and that it provides him with

“an express private right of action” to recover the entire amount of rent he paid to Mrs. DeMayo

during the period of his tenancy (an amount approaching three hundred thousand dollars) “together

with prejudgment interest thereon and costs.” Section 34-18-22.3 stated in pertinent part:

               “A landlord who is not a resident of this state shall designate and
               continuously maintain an agent upon whom service may be made of
               any process, notice, or demand required or permitted by law to be
               served * * *. If a landlord fails to comply with the requirements of
               this section, rent for the dwelling unit abates until designation of an
               agent is made and the landlord shall be subject to a fine of up to five
               hundred ($500) dollars per violation, payable to the municipality.”

Mr. Olsen asserts that, because throughout the entire period of his tenancy, Mrs. DeMayo was not

in compliance with this statute, he had “no obligation to pay the rent” and that Mrs. DeMayo had

“no right to collect the rent.” He further argues that, because in his view he was under no obligation

to pay rent, the plain and obvious meaning of the statute requires that he be refunded the entire

amount which he actually paid to Mrs. DeMayo over the years of his tenancy—all pursuant to a

civil action that he did not commence until some two years after he had ceased being a tenant of

Mrs. DeMayo.

       This argument is unavailing. We agree with the hearing justice, who found that § 34-18-

22.3 “does not provide a cause of action which allows the tenant to retroactively recover past rents

solely based upon the landlord’s failure to [designate an agent.]” (Emphasis added.) The hearing

justice made this determination after acknowledging that there was “some ambiguity in the



                                                  5
statute,” with which observation we also agree. The term “abate” is ambiguous in this context

because it “is susceptible of more than one meaning * * *.” See Town of Warren, 159 A.3d at

1039; Drs. Pass and Bertherman, Inc. v. Neighborhood Health Plan of Rhode Island, 31 A.3d

1263, 1269 (R.I. 2011). Accordingly, we shall now proceed to interpret that ambiguous statutory

language by “employ[ing] our well-established maxims of statutory construction * * *.” Town of

Warren, 159 A.3d at 1039.

       Black’s Law Dictionary provides the following two definitions of “abatement” that have

arguable pertinence to the instant case:

               “1. The act of eliminating or nullifying * * *.

               “* * *

               “3. The act of lessening or moderating; diminution in amount or
               degree * * *.” Black’s Law Dictionary 3 (10th ed. 2014).

Bearing in mind these definitions, as well as the fact that the statute itself provides no definition

of the term “abates,” an argument could theoretically be constructed to the effect that the

requirement of paying rent is eliminated or nullified with respect to the entire period of time that

a landlord has been in non-compliance with the statute. (See definition #1, supra.) The alternative

argument would be that the requirement about paying rent can be lessened or moderated

prospectively when a particular event justifies that far less draconian form of abatement. (See

definition #3, supra.)

       Given the existence of those two theoretically conceivable interpretations of the term

“abate” in § 34-18-22.3, it becomes our role “to give effect to the purpose of the act as intended

by the Legislature.” Powers v. Warwick Public Schools, 204 A.3d 1078, 1085 (R.I. 2019) (internal

quotation marks omitted).




                                                 6
        The General Assembly was quite specific as to the purposes of the Residential Landlord

and Tenant Act of which the statute at issue is a part. Section 34-18-2 of the General Laws provides

in pertinent part:

                “(b) Underlying purposes and policies of this chapter are to:

                        “(1) Simplify, clarify, modernize and revise the law
                governing the rental of dwelling units and the rights and obligations
                of landlords and tenants;

                      “(2) Encourage landlords and tenants to maintain and
                improve the quality and availability of housing;

                       “(3) Make more uniform the law relating to residential
                landlord and tenant relations in those respects in which this chapter
                follows the ‘Uniform Residential Landlord–Tenant Act.’”
In giving effect to that stated legislative purpose, we “must consider the entire statute as a whole;

individual sections must be considered in the context of the entire statutory scheme, not as if each

section were independent of all other sections.” State v. Briggs, 58 A.3d 164, 168 (R.I. 2013)

(internal quotation marks omitted); see Ryan v. City of Providence, 11 A.3d 68, 71 (R.I. 2011).

No other section of the Residential Landlord and Tenant Act so drastically allows a tenant to reach

back (or, to use the term currently in vogue, “claw back”) ad infinitum simply because the landlord

has failed to comply with a ministerial duty. Nothing in the overall statutory scheme lends any

support for the proposition that the General Assembly intended so draconian a result.

        Turning next to the above-described ambiguity of the term “abates” in § 34-18-22.3, we

are mindful of the principle that, when we construe “an ambiguous statute, we must look to the

entire statutory scheme to deduce the legislative intent; our interpretive gaze should not be

restricted to a mere isolated provision, * * * and under no circumstances will [we] construe a

statute to reach an absurd result.” Mancini v. City of Providence, 155 A.3d 159, 163 (R.I. 2017)

(internal quotation marks omitted). Allowing for Mr. Olsen to claw back monies that he paid as


                                                 7
rent to Mrs. DeMayo for many years (which monies were paid so that he and his family could live

at a property owned by Mrs. DeMayo) would, in our considered judgment, violate the venerable

canon of statutory construction that militates against reaching an absurd result. To allow Mr. Olsen

to recover the full amount of rent that he paid to Mrs. DeMayo over many years when he has failed

to even allege that he was harmed in any way by her alleged non-compliance during his tenancy

with a statutory mandate would be the product of an absurd and entirely inequitable interpretation

of the statute. If we were to adopt Mr. Olsen’s interpretation of this statute, the result would be

that Mr. Olsen and his family were able to occupy Mrs. DeMayo’s waterfront condominium for

nearly a decade completely rent-free; we unequivocally decline to do so.

       Moreover, at no time has Mr. Olsen contended that he was stymied in some attempt to

serve Mrs. DeMayo with “any process, notice, or demand required or permitted by law to be served

* * *.” Section 34-18-22.3. Actually, Mr. Olsen has not alleged that he was harmed in any way

by Mrs. DeMayo’s alleged failure to have filed the designation called for in the statute.2 Mr. Olsen

has “fail[ed] to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to [his]

case”—that essential element being that he suffered harm as a result of Mrs. DeMayo’s alleged

violation of § 34-18-22.3. Beauregard, 66 A.3d at 493 (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks

omitted); see also Laplante v. Rhode Island Hospital, 110 A.3d 261, 264 (R.I. 2015); Lavoie v.

North East Knitting, Inc., 918 A.2d 225, 228 (R.I. 2007).




2
       Mr. Olsen did provide an affidavit to the Superior Court at the time that the cross-motions
for summary judgment were filed, but that affidavit failed to state that he had suffered any
damages. Instead, Mr. Olsen’s affidavit simply stated: “During my tenancy, I did not know that
[Mrs. DeMayo] was in violation of R.I. Gen. Laws § 34-18-22.3, and I did not know that my rent
was abated as a result of her violation.” (Emphasis added.)
                                                  8
          For all of these reasons, it is our opinion, after a careful de novo review of the record, that

the hearing justice properly granted Mrs. DeMayo’s motion for summary judgment as to § 34-18-

22.3 and properly denied Mr. Olsen’s cross-motion.

                                                    B

                                        Recovery Under § 9-1-2

          Mr. Olsen also argues that § 9-1-2 allows him to recover based on the theory that Mrs.

DeMayo violated § 34-18-22.3. Section 9-1-2, which affords “civil liability for crimes and

offenses,” provides in pertinent part:

                 “Whenever any person shall suffer any injury to his or her person,
                 reputation, or estate by reason of the commission of any crime or
                 offense, he or she may recover his or her damages for the injury in
                 a civil action against the offender, and it shall not be any defense to
                 such action that no criminal complaint for the crime or offense has
                 been made * * *.”

          After considering the record and the arguments of the parties, the hearing justice concluded

that there was no indication that “there [were] sufficient indicia of criminality in order to apply [§]

9-1-2.”

          Even assuming arguendo that an alleged violation of a statute that requires a landlord to

designate an agent sufficiently constitutes an “offense” under § 9-1-2 (a proposition about which

we are dubious), it is our opinion that this count in the complaint was properly dismissed at the

summary judgment stage—because another completely sufficient ground exists for the grant of

summary judgment.3 Under § 9-1-2, a person “may recover his or her damages” for the alleged

offense. As discussed supra, Mr. Olsen did not allege that he had suffered any damages as a result



3
        It should go without saying that we are “free to affirm on grounds other than those relied
on by the trial justice.” Shepard v. Harleysville Worcester Insurance Co., Inc., 944 A.2d 167, 170
(R.I. 2008).

                                                    9
of Mrs. DeMayo’s purported violation of § 34-18-22.3. See Mutual Development Corp. v. Ward

Fisher & Co., LLP, 47 A.3d 319, 323 (R.I. 2012). Because he did not incur any damages as a

result of Mrs. DeMayo’s alleged offense, there was no basis for recovery under § 9-1-2; and,

therefore, we uphold the grant of summary judgment as to this count.

                                                 C

                      Recovery Under the Theory of Unjust Enrichment

       Mr. Olsen also argues that the trial justice erred when he determined that “the elements of

unjust enrichment are not satisfied based on the facts of this case.”

       In an action to recover for unjust enrichment, a plaintiff must prove:

               “(1) that he or she conferred a benefit upon the party from whom
               relief is sought; (2) that the recipient appreciated the benefit; and
               (3) that the recipient accepted the benefit under such circumstances
               that it would be inequitable for [the recipient] to retain the benefit
               without paying the value thereof.” Dellagrotta v. Dellagrotta, 873
               A.2d 101, 113 (R.I. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted).

This Court has held that “[r]ecovery for unjust enrichment is predicated upon the equitable

principle that one shall not be permitted to enrich himself at the expense of another by receiving

property or benefits without making compensation for them.” South County Post & Beam, Inc. v.

McMahon, 116 A.3d 204, 213 (R.I. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       We find ourselves in agreement with the hearing justice’s determination that Mr. Olsen

was not entitled to recover under the theory of unjust enrichment. The third element of a cause of

action for unjust enrichment as articulated in Dellagrotta is that it would have been “inequitable”

for Mrs. DeMayo to have retained the benefit at issue. See Dellagrotta, 873 A.2d at 113. However,

we perceive no error whatsoever in the trial justice’s conclusion that Mrs. DeMayo’s retention of

“the benefit” (i.e., the rent money from Mr. Olsen) was not inequitable because Mr. Olsen received

real value for it in the form of the right to occupy the waterfront condominium at issue for an

                                                 10
extended period of time. It is completely clear to us that, even viewing the facts in the light most

favorable to Mr. Olsen, Mrs. DeMayo was entitled to summary judgment because Mr. Olsen did

not show the existence of an essential element under the theory of unjust enrichment.

                                                IV

                                           Conclusion

        For the reasons set forth herein, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court. We remand

the record to that tribunal.




                                                11
STATE OF RHODE ISLAND AND                                   PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS



                         SUPREME COURT – CLERK’S OFFICE

                                 OPINION COVER SHEET

Title of Case                        Karl Olsen v. Anna L. DeMayo.
                                     No. 2018-72-Appeal.
Case Number
                                     (ND 17-472)
Date Opinion Filed                   June 13, 2019
                                     Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and
Justices
                                     Indeglia, JJ.
Written By                           Associate Justice William P. Robinson III

Source of Appeal                     Newport County Superior Court

Judicial Officer From Lower Court    Associate Justice Brian Van Couyghen
                                     For Plaintiff:

Attorney(s) on Appeal                Kevin P. Gavin, Esq.
                                     For Defendant:

                                     Michael J. Richards, Esq.




SU‐CMS‐02A (revised June 2016)
