                                          2015 IL 116512



                                     IN THE
                                SUPREME COURT
                                       OF
                              THE STATE OF ILLINOIS



                                        (Docket No. 116512)

     THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. MARCEL SIMPSON, Appellee.


                                  Opinion filed January 23, 2015.



        JUSTICE THOMAS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

        Chief Justice Garman and Justices Freeman, Kilbride, Karmeier, Burke, and Theis
     concurred in the judgment and opinion.



                                         OPINION

¶1       Following a jury trial in the circuit court of Cook County, defendant, Marcel Simpson, was
     convicted of first degree murder in connection with the beating death of Phillip Thomas. At
     defendant’s trial conducted in October 2010, Vonzell Franklin testified that he was near the
     crime scene on the date of the murder in May 2006, but did not recall what defendant said to
     him or what he told police that night. The State then admitted Franklin’s videotaped statement
     to police in which he stated that defendant told him that he had hit the victim 30 times with a
     bat. The State emphasized the statement in its closing argument. The appellate court reversed
     defendant’s conviction and remanded for a new trial, finding that defense counsel was
     ineffective in failing to object to the introduction of Franklin’s statement where the “personal
     knowledge” requirement for admission of a prior inconsistent statement was not satisfied
     under section 115-10.1(c)(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code) (725 ILCS
     5/115-10.1(c)(2) (West 2010)). 2013 IL App (1st) 111914. We granted the State’s petition for
     leave to appeal (Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. July 1, 2013)), and we now affirm the judgment of the
     appellate court.
¶2                                     BACKGROUND

¶3       The State’s theory at trial was that Thomas was beaten to death by six men: defendant,
     Antonio Morris, Larrone Wallace, Johnny Graves, Dwayne Powell and Dwayne Thompson.
     According to the State’s evidence, the beating occurred in retaliation for a prior beating that
     Thomas delivered to Powell, which resulted in Powell losing several teeth. Defendant and
     three codefendants—Morris, Wallace and Graves—were charged with first degree murder in
     connection with the death of Thomas. Powell and Thompson were never charged. Wallace
     pled guilty to second degree murder in 2007, and Graves pled guilty to conspiracy to commit
     murder in 2009. Defendant and Morris were tried jointly and both were convicted of first
     degree murder.

¶4       At trial, the State called one occurrence witness who was not implicated in the offense:
     74-year-old Jesse Rucker. Rucker testified that on the evening of May 8, 2006, he was doing
     repair work on the second floor of his home at 123 North Waller Avenue, in Chicago, when he
     heard a loud noise coming from an alley to the north between Waller and Parkside. Rucker
     turned and saw two or three men chasing another man down the alley. Two vehicles, a Chevy
     and a Ford Bronco, were following behind the men. When the men on foot turned out of the
     alley into a vacant lot to the north of Rucker’s house, the Chevy followed them, while the
     Bronco continued down the alley and then west toward Waller.

¶5       Rucker then went to a bedroom window, overlooking Waller Avenue, to see what was
     going on. At that point, he saw six men beating the victim, who was lying in the street. He saw
     the two vehicles, but nobody was left in them. The victim was being beaten by men wielding
     one object that looked like a bat and another object that looked like a tire tool or a crowbar. All
     of the six men took turns using the metal objects to beat the victim.

¶6       As the beating continued, Rucker left his second-floor bedroom window and went
     downstairs to his front porch. Rucker then saw the victim attempt to slide himself under a car,
     but the men pulled him out and continued to beat him.

¶7       At some point, Rucker called the police. The men eventually stopped beating the victim
     and left in the vehicles. Police arrived moments later. Rucker gave a general description to
     police of the attackers as “six black males.”

¶8      From pictures shown to him at trial, Rucker identified the Chevy and Ford in which the
     perpetrators came to and left the scene of the beating. Rucker further testified that he spoke
     with police who showed him photographs, and he identified Powell as one of the offenders.
     Rucker did not identify Thompson from the photos. A few days later, Rucker went to the police

                                                  -2-
       station and viewed lineups. There, he identified Morris as the driver of the Ford, Wallace as the
       driver of the Chevy, and defendant as one of the offenders who chased Thomas on foot. Rucker
       stated that all three of them beat Thomas. Rucker was unable to identify Graves or Powell in
       the lineups in which they were present. Moreover, Rucker was unable to identify either
       defendant or codefendant Morris in court, stating that he did not see anyone in court that he had
       picked out of the lineups.

¶9          On cross-examination, Rucker testified that when he saw the three men chasing the victim
       through the alley, they were within five or ten feet from his house and he “could see them very
       well.” He stated that he was almost 100% sure of his lineup identifications and did not recall
       telling an investigator that he was only 90% sure of his lineup identifications. Rucker
       acknowledged that he lost sight of the men that ran through the alley when he changed vantage
       points. He explained that he saw them when they were within reaching distance of the victim,
       but then he ran from the back of his house to the front, and this did not take more than a minute
       and a half. By this time, the men had the victim on the ground and circled. They then proceeded
       to pass the bat and crowbar from one to another to beat him. Rucker did not know if any
       particular offender struck the victim more than once, but he was sure each one of them used
       both the bat and crowbar.

¶ 10        The State’s two other occurrence witnesses, Graves and Thompson, were, according to the
       State’s own theory, accomplices in Thomas’s murder. As noted above, Graves pled guilty to a
       lesser charge in exchange for his truthful testimony and a recommended sentence of 14 years.
       Graves testified that on May 8, 2006, he rode with Morris as they took defendant to a store.
       Graves saw Thomas get off the “L” train. Graves knew Thomas had beaten up Powell, a friend
       of Graves, Morris and defendant. Morris made a phone call while Graves went into the store to
       find defendant. Graves, Morris and defendant then searched the neighborhood looking for
       Thomas. They met Thompson, Powell and Wallace in a car Thompson’s girlfriend owned.
       Graves spotted Thomas again. Defendant and Powell then got out of the cars and chased
       Thomas, with the cars joining the pursuit. When he got close to Thomas, defendant threw a
       metal bar at him. Graves got out of the car and started hitting Thomas, who fell. At that point,
       all six of the men struck Thomas repeatedly with the bar and a bat. They then left the area in
       two cars.

¶ 11      Thompson was not charged in connection with the crime even though Graves implicated
       him. Thompson testified at trial that he rode with Wallace in his girlfriend’s Chevy Cavalier on
       May 8, 2006. They were near Waller and West End when Thompson saw Morris alone in his
       Ford Bronco. Thompson stated that he was not close enough to “the situation” to see what was
       happening and that he did not see anyone running. Moreover, he testified that he saw no
                                                   -3-
       beating, and he did not say most of the things attributed to him in a written statement he signed
       at the police station in the Fall of 2007.

¶ 12       The State then called assistant State’s Attorney Phyllis Porcelli to read a statement that
       Thompson gave to her and signed on October 24, 2007, while he was in custody in another
       county in connection with an unrelated matter. According to the statement, Graves called
       Wallace and told him that they were chasing Thomas. Thompson then drove Wallace to the
       area of Waller and Lake. At that point, Thompson saw Thomas running in an alley between
       Parkside and Waller. Defendant and Powell were chasing Thomas, and Morris’s orange
       Bronco was following behind Thomas. Graves exited the Bronco and joined the foot pursuit of
       Thomas. Thompson got out of the car and watched defendant and Morris beating Thomas.

¶ 13       According to Thompson’s statement, neither he nor Wallace participated in the beating. He
       also did not see Powell participating. Thompson did see defendant hit Thomas with a bat
       multiple times, and after one of those hits, heard a sound like “a turtle shell cracking.” He also
       heard a little girl exclaim that they had killed Thomas. Thompson and Wallace then left in the
       Chevy.

¶ 14        Vonzell Franklin testified that he spoke to defendant on the evening of May 8, 2006. He
       stated that he could not remember what defendant had told him about an event involving
       Phillip Thomas that had occurred earlier that day. Franklin remembered talking to police about
       what defendant had told him, but Franklin did not recall what he said to the police. He agreed
       that he probably told the police that he saw defendant talking with Shinesha Houston in an
       alley. He also agreed that he told police that defendant had told him that he caught Thomas,
       i.e., “he caught that n*** Phil man.” When Franklin was asked what defendant told him they
       did specifically when they caught Phillip Thomas, Franklin responded, “I don’t remember ***
       [i]t’s been five years.” When asked if he told the police that defendant had told him that
       defendant bashed Thomas’s head in and hit Thomas about 30 times with a bat, Franklin stated
       that “a lot was said to the cops and I don’t remember exactly what was said, so I really can’t
       answer that question.”

¶ 15        Franklin further testified that he remembered the police threatening to charge him with
       Thomas’s murder if he did not tell the police something about what happened. He wanted to
       tell the police something to avoid being charged. He was never charged with a crime. He also
       testified that he directed the police to the location where Morris’s Bronco could be found.

¶ 16      Chicago police detective John Valkner testified that Franklin was arrested on May 13,
       2006, and released within 24 hours. On May 14, 2006, around 1:30 a.m., Valkner spoke with
       Franklin about a conversation that Franklin had with defendant in an alley on May 8, 2006,
                                                   -4-
       about the beating death of Thomas. The conversation was recorded and three clips from the
       recording were played for the jury. In that recording, Franklin told the police that defendant
       stated, “we beat the f***k out of that n*** man I think he dead. We bashed his head in *** I hit
       him about 30 times with a bat.” Later, Franklin added that defendant said, “these n***s acting
       all soft *** and I think I’m gonna have to snatch the bat from these n***s.”

¶ 17       Chicago police detective James Gilger testified that following his conversation with
       Franklin, he, Valkner and Franklin went to an address at Franklin’s direction where Franklin
       identified an orange Bronco. Morris was the registered owner of the Bronco, and Gilger
       arranged for it to be towed and inventoried. A forensic investigator processed the Bronco. He
       found and inventoried a metal bar with a barbell collar on it that he discovered between the
       driver’s seat and the center console. Gilger also located the Cavalier and arranged for it to be
       towed and inventoried. The state crime lab did not find any fingerprints or blood on the metal
       bar with the barbell collar, nor did it find any blood in the Bronco or Cavalier.

¶ 18       The parties stipulated that Thomas died from multiple craniocerebral injuries caused by
       blunt force trauma. Specifically, Thomas suffered five comminuted fractures to his skull and
       ten brain contusions. Aside from a small abrasion on his right shoulder and a minor scrape on
       his left finger, there were no cuts or gashes on Thomas’s body.

¶ 19       After the State rested, Larrone Wallace testified on behalf of defendant that on May 8,
       2006, around 5:15 p.m., he was a passenger in a Cavalier driven by Thompson. They were in
       the area of Waller Avenue chasing Phillip Thomas with the car. Morris’s Bronco also
       participated in the chase. Wallace saw Morris, defendant, Graves, Thompson, and Powell
       during the chase. Wallace stated that he exited the car and hit Thomas at least twice with the
       bat. Wallace could not remember if he struck Thomas in the head.

¶ 20       On cross-examination, Wallace stated that there were a lot of people present when Thomas
       was beaten, and he could not state who was present and who was not. He further stated that he
       did not know whether anyone else hit Thomas with a bat or a bar. Wallace then acknowledged
       that previously, he testified under oath that three people on foot and two cars chased Thomas.
       Wallace further acknowledged that he had testified that defendant, Morris, Graves, Thompson,
       and Powell kicked and punched Thomas and hit Thomas with weapons.

¶ 21       Quentin Hall testified that he was an investigator for the defense. Hall noted that when he
       interviewed Rucker in January 2007, Rucker said he was 90% sure of his lineup
       identifications. Hall also said that he measured the distance from Rucker’s window to the
       location where the victim ended up at 164 feet.

                                                  -5-
¶ 22       Shinesha Houston testified that she knew both defendant and Franklin. She testified that
       she was not in an alley with defendant and Franklin on May 8, 2006. She also did not hear
       defendant tell Franklin that defendant participated in Thomas’s murder.

¶ 23       During closing argument, the prosecutor emphasized all of the evidence presented against
       defendant, including Rucker’s positive identification out of a physical lineup conducted a few
       days after the crime and the opportunity Rucker had to view defendant from close range as he
       ran past his house. She also emphasized that all of the testimony from defendant’s accomplices
       that implicated defendant in the crime was largely corroborated by Rucker’s testimony. The
       prosecutor further mentioned Franklin’s videotaped statement at a few points during her
       argument. For example, she noted that Franklin’s statement was further corroboration that
       defendant was there, as it is a statement of defendant boasting about the crime shortly after it
       happened “while the adrenalin is still in him.”

¶ 24       The jury found defendant and Morris guilty of first degree murder. The trial court
       sentenced defendant to 36 years and six months in prison. Defendant and Morris filed separate
       appeals that were reviewed by different panels of the appellate court.

¶ 25        On appeal, defendant argued that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing
       to object to the introduction of the video recording of Franklin’s discussion with police
       wherein he claimed that defendant admitted to beating Thomas. The State conceded that if
       defense counsel had objected to the recording, the court would not have admitted it to impeach
       Franklin because his testimony did not affirmatively damage the State’s case. See People v.
       Cruz, 162 Ill. 2d 314, 359-60 (1994). The State argued, however, that the trial court correctly
       permitted the jury to hear the recording as substantive evidence under section 115-10.1 of the
       Code, because the statement “narrates, describes, or explains an event or condition of which
       the witness has personal knowledge.” See 725 ILCS 5/115-10.1(c)(2) (West 2010). The
       appellate court rejected the State’s argument, finding that “[f]or a witness’s out-of-court
       statement to satisfy the personal knowledge requirement, the witness must have actually seen
       the events that form the subject matter of the statement.” 2013 IL App (1st) 111914, ¶ 18
       (citing People v. McCarter, 385 Ill. App. 3d 919, 930 (2008)). The appellate court then found
       that counsel was ineffective because there was no sound strategic reason for counsel’s failure
       to object to the recording of Franklin’s statement (id. ¶ 19) and there was “a reasonable
       likelihood that [counsel] would have achieved a better result” if he had objected (id. ¶ 22).
       Accordingly, the appellate court reversed defendant’s conviction and remanded the case for a
       new trial. Id. ¶ 24.



                                                   -6-
¶ 26                                        ANALYSIS

¶ 27       It is a well settled general rule that what a witness states out of court and out of the presence
       of the defendant is pure hearsay and is incompetent as substantive evidence. Cruz, 162 Ill. 2d at
       359. However, section 115-10.1 of the Code allows a party to use a witness’s prior inconsistent
       statement as substantive evidence under certain circumstances. Id. Section 115-10.1 provides
       in relevant part as follows:

               “In all criminal cases, evidence of a statement made by a witness is not made
               inadmissible by the hearsay rule if

                   (a) the statement is inconsistent with his testimony at the hearing or trial, and

                   (b) the witness is subject to cross-examination concerning the statement, and

                   (c) the statement—

                           ***

                          (2) narrates, describes, or explains an event or condition of which the
                   witness had personal knowledge, and

                                                           ***

                           (C) the statement is proved to have been accurately recorded by a tape
                       recorder, videotape recording, or any other similar means of sound recording.”
                       725 ILCS 5/115-10.1 (West 2010).

¶ 28       The State argues that the appellate court misconstrued the statute when it found that
       Franklin must have had personal knowledge of the event described in the statement, i.e., the
       beating of Thomas, for Franklin’s out-of-court statement to be admissible. The State argues
       that the “event” in question is the defendant’s verbal admission to Franklin, and therefore the
       witness only need have personally observed that conversation. In the State’s view, the meaning
       of the language used in the statute is plain and clear. Defendant counters that the statutory
       language is ambiguous because it does not definitively answer whether the making of the
       statement, or the crime itself, or both alike, are the “event.” Defendant maintains that the
       State’s interpretation ignores that the crime is also an event and arbitrarily assumes that the
       admission is the only event subject to the personal knowledge requirement. Moreover, the
       State’s reading is contrary to the legislative intent, purpose and history, and is contrary to
       numerous appellate court decisions that have rejected the State’s interpretation.

                                                     -7-
¶ 29       We note that the interpretation of a statute presents a question of law, subject to de novo
       review. People v. Woods, 193 Ill. 2d 483, 487 (2000). The primary objective of statutory
       construction is to ascertain and give effect to the true intent of the legislature. Id. This inquiry
       must begin with the language of the statute itself, which is the most reliable indicator of
       legislative intent. People v. Marshall, 242 Ill. 2d 285, 292 (2011). A court must also consider
       the reason and necessity for the law, the evils to be corrected, and the objects and purposes to
       be obtained. Woods, 193 Ill. 2d at 487. A statute should be interpreted so that no part is
       rendered meaningless or superfluous. People v. Perry, 224 Ill. 2d 312, 323 (2007). We also
       give the statutory language the fullest, rather than the narrowest, possible meaning to which it
       is susceptible. People v. Conick, 232 Ill. 2d 132, 138 (2008).

¶ 30       It is axiomatic that where statutory language is capable of being understood by reasonably
       well informed persons in two or more different ways, the statute will be deemed ambiguous.
       Marshall, 242 Ill. 2d at 292. If a statute is ambiguous, we may consider sources other than its
       language, including legislative history, to determine the intent. Id.; Woods, 193 Ill. 2d at 488;
       In re Marriage of Logston, 103 Ill. 2d 266, 279 (1984). Moreover, it is a long-established
       principle of statutory construction that where terms used in a statute have acquired a settled
       meaning through judicial construction and are thereafter retained by the legislature without
       any correction or change, courts will presume that the legislature has chosen to acquiesce to the
       judicial construction placed on the terms. People v. Young, 2011 IL 111886, ¶ 17; R.D.
       Masonry, Inc. v. Industrial Comm’n, 215 Ill. 2d 397, 403-04 (2005); In re Marriage of O’Neill,
       138 Ill. 2d 487, 495-96 (1990); 2A Norman J. Singer, Sutherland on Statutory Construction
       § 46:04, at 152-53 (6th ed. 2000) (“if the term utilized has a settled legal meaning, the courts
       will normally infer that the legislature intended to incorporate the established meaning”).

¶ 31       We begin with the specific statutory language under scrutiny. In order to be admissible, the
       out-of-court statement must narrate, describe or explain an “event or condition,” and the
       witness must have “personal knowledge” of that event or condition. A couple of questions
       arise from this language with respect to the classic case where a witness has made a custodial
       statement narrating the defendant’s alleged admission to criminal acts, which are not
       themselves within the declarant’s personal knowledge. The statute does not answer whether
       the making of the statement qualifies as an event. Nor does it answer whether the “personal
       knowledge” requirement necessitates that the declarant observe the events described in the
       statement or whether it is sufficient that he observed the making of the statement. The State
       contends that the ordinary meaning of “event” is “something (especially something important
       or notable) that happened.” The State posits that an admission by a defendant is something
       notable, therefore the “event” for purposes of the statue must be the defendant’s admission.
       The problem with the State’s reasoning is that it could just as easily be said that the crime itself
                                                   -8-
       is an “event” because it is something notable that happened, and therefore when a witness
       makes a prior inconsistent statement describing an admission to a crime, the crime is the
       “event” subject to the personal knowledge requirement. The statute thus appears to be
       susceptible to two reasonable interpretations and therefore ambiguous. Furthermore, under the
       State’s interpretation, the “personal knowledge” requirement appears to serve no purpose
       because, even without subsection (c)(2), witnesses could not testify to any out-of-court
       statements if they did not hear or otherwise witness the speaker making the statements. People
       v. Hobson, 2014 IL App (1st) 110585, ¶ 24; People v. Wilson, 2012 IL App (1st) 101038, ¶ 41
       (“[T]he State’s interpretation of the statute would essentially render the personal knowledge
       language superfluous, as ‘[p]ersonal knowledge of the existence of the statement is already
       required under the rubric of authentication.’ Michael H. Graham, Graham’s Handbook of
       Illinois Evidence § 801.11 (10th ed. 2010).”). Under these circumstances, then, we reject the
       State’s argument that the statutory language is plain and clear in favor of the interpretation it
       proposes.

¶ 32       We also reject the State’s argument that it is the legislative intent to require that the witness
       simply have personal knowledge of the defendant’s admission, and not the crime being
       described, for a prior inconsistent statement to be admissible. Numerous decisions of our
       appellate court have rejected the precise argument the State makes here and have instead
       concluded that the prior inconsistent statement is not admissible unless the witness actually
       perceived the events that are the subject of the statement or admission. See, e.g., People v.
       Coleman, 187 Ill. App. 3d 541, 550 (1989); People v. Cooper, 188 Ill. App. 3d 971, 972-73
       (1989); People v. Saunders, 220 Ill. App. 3d 647, 658-59 (1991); People v. Williams, 264 Ill.
       App. 3d 278, 288-91 (1993); People v. Hubbard, 276 Ill. App. 3d 98, 103-05 (1995); People v.
       Morales, 281 Ill. App. 3d 695, 700-01 (1996); People v. Fields, 285 Ill. App. 3d 1020, 1028
       (1996); People v. Wilson, 302 Ill. App. 3d 499, 507-10 (1998); People v. Morgason, 311 Ill.
       App. 3d 1005, 1010-13 (2000), appeal denied, 189 Ill. 2d 697 (2000); People v. Bueno, 358 Ill.
       App. 3d 143, 157-58 (2005); People v. Harvey, 366 Ill. App. 3d 910, 921-22 (2006); People v.
       McCarter, 385 Ill. App. 3d 919, 930-32 (2008); People v. Fillyaw, 409 Ill. App. 3d 302,
       311-16 (2011); People v. McCarter, 2011 IL App (1st) 092864, ¶¶ 54-57; People v. Wilson,
       2012 IL App (1st) 101038, ¶¶ 38-42; People v. Donegan, 2012 IL App (1st) 102325, ¶¶ 32-38;
       People v. Hobson, 2014 IL App (1st) 110585, ¶¶ 22-25; see also People v. Sangster, 2014 IL
       App (1st) 113457, ¶ 60 (approving of the same understanding of “personal knowledge” in
       dicta). These decisions have generally rested their interpretation of the statute on the
       “unusually detailed legislative history,” and the fact that the State’s reading would keep the
       personal knowledge requirement from doing what it was designed to do—ensure that
       out-of-court statements are trustworthy. See Wilson, 2012 IL App (1st) 101038, ¶¶ 39-40.

                                                     -9-
¶ 33       Given the quarter of a century that the appellate court has repeatedly and consistently
       interpreted the statute as noted above, it seems clear that the statute has a settled meaning and it
       would not be appropriate for us to change it (see Young, 2011 IL 111886, ¶ 16), especially in
       light of the State’s less than persuasive argument for a contrary interpretation. 1 We note,
       however, that if the legislature disagrees with interpretation placed on section 115-10.1(c)(2)
       by the courts, it should of course feel free to amend the statute.

¶ 34       In the present case, the State used Franklin’s videotaped statement as substantive evidence
       that defendant struck Thomas numerous times with a bat. Given that Franklin had no personal
       knowledge of the beating allegedly delivered by defendant, Franklin’s out-of-court videotaped
       statement was not given the imprimatur of admissibility by section 115-10.1. Accordingly, we
       conclude that if defense counsel would have objected to Franklin’s videotaped statement, he
       could have precluded it from being introduced into evidence.

¶ 35       We now turn to the question of whether defendant’s trial counsel rendered ineffective
       assistance in failing to object to the video’s introduction. To show ineffective assistance of
       counsel, a defendant must demonstrate that “his attorney’s representation fell below an
       objective standard of reasonableness and that there is a reasonable probability that, but for
       counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” People v. Patterson,
       192 Ill. 2d 93, 107 (2000) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 695 (1984), for
       this test). A “reasonable probability” is defined as “a probability sufficient to undermine
       confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. A defendant must satisfy both prongs
       of the Strickland test and a failure to satisfy any one of the prongs precludes a finding of
       ineffectiveness. Patterson, 192 Ill. 2d at 107.

¶ 36       Here, we can envision no strategic reason for defense counsel’s failure to object to
       Franklin’s videotaped statement to police. Franklin basically told police that defendant
       confessed to beating the victim to death. It has been observed that “a confession is the most
       powerful piece of evidence the State can offer, and its effect on a jury is incalculable.” People
       v. R.C., 108 Ill. 2d 349, 356 (1985). Moreover, we agree with the appellate court’s conclusion
       that the confession in this case highlights defendant’s brutality and his role as the leader of the
       men who beat Thomas. 2013 IL App (1st) 111914, ¶ 19. We also note that counsel allowed the

           1
             The State attempts to counter the voluminous number of appellate decisions rejecting its argument by
       claiming that in People v. Thomas, 178 Ill. 2d 215 (1997), this court left open the question of how the personal
       knowledge requirement should be interpreted. We find the State’s reliance upon Thomas unavailing. There, we
       merely reviewed any error concerning the admission of a prior inconsistent statement under the plain error
       doctrine and did not analyze whether the statement was admissible under the statute. We did nothing to negate or
       to cast doubt upon the appellate court’s previous interpretations of the “personal knowledge” requirement of the
       statute.
                                                         - 10 -
       court to instruct the jury that it had received evidence of a statement made by defendant and
       allowed the prosecutor to argue the confession as substantive evidence of defendant’s guilt
       during closing argument. Under these circumstances, we believe that defendant has shown that
       his counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.

¶ 37        We next consider whether defendant satisfied the prejudice prong of the Strickland test,
       i.e., whether defendant has established that there is a reasonable probability that, but for
       counsel’s error, the result of the proceeding would have been different. We view this as a close
       question. There was certainly ample evidence, even without any mention of defendant’s
       confession, from which a rational trier of fact could have concluded that defendant was guilty
       beyond a reasonable doubt. Rucker was an eyewitness to the crime. He observed three of the
       six men who beat the victim run by within 10 feet of him while he stood viewing them from a
       second-floor window. He testified that he could see those men “very well.” A few days after
       the crime, Rucker identified one of the men who ran past him on his way to beating the victim
       as the defendant. Rucker testified that he was 100% sure of his lineup identifications. Rucker’s
       testimony was largely corroborated by the testimony of the accomplice witnesses, as well as
       defendant’s own witness, Wallace, who also placed defendant at the scene of the crime.

¶ 38       The appellate court discounted Rucker’s testimony in part because he was “a 74-year-old
       man [who] watched the beating from more than 150 feet away [and] admitted his eyesight was
       not good.” Our review of the record, however, reveals no trouble with Rucker’s ability to see at
       a distance. The brief reference in the record to Rucker’s eyesight was only in relation to his
       ability to read print. Otherwise, his testimony is that of a man that did not have any trouble
       observing details at a distance. The appellate court also overlooked that Rucker testified that he
       saw three of the men, including defendant, while they were within 5 to 10 feet of him. Finally,
       we certainly do not believe a distance of a mere 50 to 55 yards would be too great to accurately
       view men swinging a bat at a human body.

¶ 39       On the other hand, we find that there are factors present to indicate a reasonable probability
       exists that, but for counsel’s error in not keeping out the confession, the result of the
       proceeding would have been different. Again, the supposed confession was a powerful piece of
       evidence that indicated defendant’s chief role in the victim’s death and the State used it to full
       effect. We also note that Rucker was not able to identify either defendant or codefendant
       Morris at trial. This is perhaps understandable given the passage of four-and-a-half years from
       the time of crime to the trial, but it is nevertheless a significant factor that tilts the analysis
       toward a finding that there is a reasonable probability of a different outcome. We also add that
       there was some evidence presented that Rucker had told an investigator a year after the crime
       that he was only 90% sure of his lineup identifications. Finally, the trier of fact would be
                                                   - 11 -
       entitled to view the testimony of the accomplices with some skepticism given that they all
       received lighter treatment from the justice system. And this would be especially so to the
       extent that any promises of leniency or immunity induced their testimony. In sum, we hold that
       defendant has shown a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have
       been different without counsel’s errors.



¶ 40                                        CONCLUSION

¶ 41       For the reasons noted above, we hold that the appellate court correctly determined that in
       order for a prior inconsistent statement to be admissible under section 115-10.1 of the Code,
       the witness must have actually perceived the events that are the subject of the statement, not
       merely the statement of those events made by the defendant. Furthermore, defendant has
       shown that his attorney provided objectively unreasonable assistance when he failed to object
       to the prior inconsistent statement in question. Defendant has also established that there is a
       reasonable probability that the result of the trial would have been different if counsel had been
       effective. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the appellate court, which reversed
       defendant’s conviction and remanded the case for a new trial.



¶ 42      Affirmed.




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