                                      NO. 07-09-0091-CR

                                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                          FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                                         AT AMARILLO

                                            PANEL A

                                         JULY 29, 2010

                             ______________________________


                             ALTON ARMSTRONG, APPELLANT

                                               V.

                             THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE

                           _________________________________


                FROM THE 251ST DISTRICT COURT OF POTTER COUNTY;

                    NO. 50,712-C; HONORABLE ANA ESTEVEZ, JUDGE

                             ______________________________


Before CAMPBELL and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.


                                CONCURRING OPINION


       The majority concludes, and I agree, that a bill of costs imposes an obligation

upon a criminal defendant to pay legislatively mandated "court costs," irrespective of

whether or not that bill of costs is incorporated by reference into the judgment. The

majority then proceeds to pretermit Appellant's remaining issues by concluding that "to

the extent that appellant's issues raise matters relating to the ability to collect costs,"

any analysis of the correctness of that bill of costs would improperly invade the
distinction drawn by our high courts as it pertains to the collection of court costs. See

Harrell v. State, 286 S.W.3d 315, 318 (Tex. 2009); Johnson v. The Tenth Judicial

District Court of Appeals, 280 S.W.3d 866, 869 (Tex.Crim.App. 2008). While I do not

disagree with this position, I write separately to address Appellant's issues to the extent

that they may be construed as raising issues unrelated to the collection of costs.


                                Assessment of Court Costs


       Unfortunately, the term "assessment of costs" has been loosely used by both

courts and lawyers to refer to both the judicial pronouncement of an obligation to pay

court costs, as well as the administrative process of preparing a "bill of costs" by a

county or district clerk. Further complicating the discussion of the assessment of costs

of court is the fact that there are at least two distinctive types of costs: (1) judicially

determined costs, such as the reimbursement of court-appointed attorney's fees, which

are collectable only if judicially pronounced and contained within a written judgment;

and (2) legislatively mandated costs,1 such as filing fees, witness fees, and library fees,

which are collectable irrespective of whether or not they are judicially pronounced. Weir

v. State, 278 S.W.3d 364, 366 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009).


                         Legislatively Mandated Costs of Court


       As stated by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals in Weir, legislatively mandated

court costs are an assessment against a convicted defendant, not as an additional

penalty for the crime committed, but as a nonpunitive "recoupment of the costs of

judicial resources expended in connection with the trial of a case." Id. at 366. Because

1
See generally Tex. Gov't Code Ann. §§ 101.021, 102.041 (Vernon 2005 and Supp. 2009).

                                                    2
those costs are nonpunitive, the court held they did not have to be included in the trial

court's oral pronouncement of sentence as a precondition to their inclusion in the trial

court's written judgment.     Id. at 367.     As predetermined, legislatively mandated

obligations, the entry of a judgment ordering the payment of those sums is nothing more

than a ministerial duty, imposed by law. In Weir, the Court left open the question of

whether or not such costs needed to be included in the trial court's written judgment in

order to be collectable. As the majority correctly concludes, the issue of collectability is

an issue which we too need not reach.


                          Judicially Determined Court Costs


       The reimbursement of court-appointed attorneys’ fees is a judicially determined

cost of court that depends not only upon a judicial determination of its amount, but also

upon a judicial determination of the defendant's ability to pay. Tex. Code Crim. Proc.

Ann. art. 26.05(g) (Vernon Supp. 2009); Mayer v. State, 309 S.W.3d 552

(Tex.Crim.App. 2010). As is often the case, once a trial court enters an order to the

county treasurer to pay the defendant's court-appointed attorneys' fees, the district or

county clerk includes those sums in a bill of costs pursuant to article 26.05(f) of the

Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, without the trial court ever having been asked to

consider, much less having actually decided, the defendant's ability to pay. What then

is a defendant to do if the bill of costs appears to impose a discretionary judicially

determined obligation which the trial court has not ordered the defendant to repay by

oral pronouncement or written judgment?




                                                3
       With increasing frequency, this Court is being asked to review, in one context or

another, that very question. See Mayer v. State, 274 S.W.3d 898 (Tex.App.--Amarillo

2008), aff'd, Mayer v. State, 309 S.W.3d 552 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010) (direct appeal of

judgment ordering defendant to reimburse the county for a specified amount of court-

appointed attorneys' fees); Harrell v. State, Nos. 07-06-0469-CR, 07-06-0470-CR, 2007

Tex.App. LEXIS 6416 (Tex.App.--Amarillo Aug. 13, 2007), rev'd, Harrell v. State, 286

S.W.3d 315 (Tex. 2009) (direct appeal of order denying indigent defendant's motion to

rescind a trial court notification to withdraw sums from the inmate's trust account

maintained by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice pursuant to § 501.014(e) of the

Texas Government Code); Palomo v. State, Nos 07-10-0181-CV, 07-10-0182-CV, 07-

10-0183-CV, 2010 Tex.App. LEXIS 3768 (Tex.App.--Amarillo May 19, 2010, no pet. h.)

(direct appeal of withdrawal notification pursuant to § 501.014(e) of the Texas

Government Code, where attorneys' fees were contained in a bill of costs but not

included in a judgment which contained a blank for court costs and then ordered that

the State recover "all court costs in this prosecution expended"); Smith v. State, Nos.

07-09-0009-CR, 07-09-0010-CR, 2010 Tex.App. LEXIS 3846 (Tex.App.--Amarillo May

20, 2010, no pet. h.) (direct appeal of judgment, where attorneys' fees were contained in

a bill of costs but not included in a judgment containing a blank for court costs and then

ordering the appellant to pay court costs "as indicated above."). Until trial courts, court

clerks, and prosecuting attorneys (the party most often responsible for the drafting of

the judgment in a criminal proceeding) begin paying attention to the details of the

assessment of court-appointed attorneys' fees as costs of court, these problems will

continue to arise.



                                                4
                                            The Judgment


        Stating it kindly, the judgment in this case was poorly drafted. As to the issue of

"court costs,” the judgment contains a summary provision which leaves blank the

amount of court costs and then "[o]rders Defendant to pay all fines, court costs, and

restitution as indicated above."           (Emphasis added).           Unfortunately, the judgment

entered in this case is not atypical. Like many of the judgments reviewed by this Court,

this document shows little or no concern for detail when it comes to the assessment of

court costs. According to the certified bill of costs2 contained in the record in this case,

this judgment neither correctly states the amount of predetermined legislatively

mandated costs; nor does it correctly assess any discretionary, judicially determined

costs of court such as the reimbursement of court-appointed attorneys' fees.


                                              The Issues


        It is in the context of this debate that Appellant raises three issues: (1) absent

incorporation by reference in the judgment, is a certified bill of costs part of the

judgment or otherwise effective, (2) was the evidence presented in this case sufficient to

impose on Appellant an obligation to repay court-appointed attorneys' fees, and (3) is a

certified bill of costs a judicial determination of a specific sum payable? As the majority

notes, the essence of these issues is "the relationship between the written judgment

and the bill of costs submitted by the district clerk."


2
 The bill of costs contained in the Clerk's Record indicates that Appellant was required to pay total costs
of $2,258.00, including legislatively mandated fees of $358.00 and court-appointed attorneys' fees of
$1,900.00. Although the bill of costs also reflects prior payments of $80.00, that figure affects only the
amount due and not the amount properly subject to assessment.



                                                        5
            Issue One - Incorporation of Bill of Costs Into the Judgment


       By his first issue, Appellant contends that, absent incorporation by reference in

the judgment, the clerk's bill of costs is of no force or effect. As stated by the majority, a

certified bill of costs imposes an obligation upon a criminal defendant to pay court costs,

irrespective of whether or not that bill is incorporated by reference into the judgment.

Smith, 2010 Tex.App. LEXIS 3846, at *21. See generally Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.,

arts. 103.001 and 103.003 (Vernon 2006); See also Tex. Gov't Code Ann., §§ 102.001 -

103.033. (Vernon 2005 and Supp. 2009). Because court costs are imposed as a matter

of legislative directive, they do not need to be included in the oral pronouncement of

sentence or the written judgment in order to be imposed upon a convicted defendant.

See Weir, 278 S.W.3d at 367. Therefore, like the majority, I would find that a certified

bill of costs need not be incorporated into the judgment in order to be effective.          It

should be noted, however, that an effective bill of costs is not the functional equivalent

of a correct bill of costs and nothing in this opinion should be construed as reviewing,

approving, or adopting the clerk's bill of costs in this case. As the majority notes, that

issue is more correctly reserved for a collection dispute. Appellant's first issue should

be overruled.


       Issue Two - Reimbursement of Court-Appointed Attorneys’ Fees


       By his second issue, Appellant contends he cannot be obligated to repay the

State for the costs of his court-appointed attorney without a judicial determination,

based upon competent evidence, that he has financial resources that enable him to

offset, in whole or in part, the costs of legal services provided. Pursuant to article


                                                 6
26.05(g) of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, if a trial court determines that a

defendant has financial resources that enable him to repay, in whole or in part, the costs

of legal services provided by a court-appointed attorney, the court has authority to order

a convicted defendant to pay "as court costs the amount that it finds the defendant is

able to pay." See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 26.05(g) (Vernon Supp 2009).


      The record before us does not contain a determination or finding that Appellant

had any financial resources or was "able to pay" any amount of attorneys' fees. What

the record does reflect is that on four separate occasions, February 23, 2005, May 28,

2008, January 30, 2009, and April 6, 2009, the trial court was sufficiently convinced of

Appellant's indigence to appoint an attorney to represent him during the various

proceedings in this cause. Unless a material change in his financial resources occurs,

once a criminal defendant has been found to be indigent, he is presumed to remain

indigent for the remainder of the proceedings. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 26.04(p)

(Vernon Supp. 2009). Therefore, because there is evidence of record demonstrating

that, before the final revocation of community supervision and immediately following

rendition of judgment, Appellant was indigent and qualified for court-appointed counsel,

we must presume that his financial status has not changed.


      Without evidence demonstrating Appellant's financial ability to offset the costs of

legal services provided, obligating him to reimburse the State for the costs of his court-

appointed attorney would be error. See Mayer, 309 S.W.3d at 557. But, as stated

above, the judgment itself does not pronounce nor order the payment of any attorney's

fees. Therefore, the judgment does not contain a misstatement of discretionary court

costs. Accordingly, Appellant's second issue should be overruled.

                                               7
  Issue Three - Assessment of a Specific Identifiable Amount of Attorney's Fees


       Appellant's third and final issue contends the trial court erred by failing to

pronounce a specific and precise amount of attorneys' fees it its written judgment. In

support of this contention, Appellant relies upon the decision in Burke v. State, 261

S.W.3d 438, 439 (Tex.App.--Austin 2008, no pet.) (holding that a judgment assessing

an undetermined amount of attorneys' fees was error where the trial court did not order

the defendant to pay a specific amount of attorneys' fees in either its oral

pronouncement or written judgment). Burke is clearly distinguishable from the facts of

this case because Burke involved a written judgment that stated attorneys' fees were "to

be determined." Here, even though the judgment in question contains a blank for court

costs and does not specifically mention attorneys' fees, the certified Bill of Costs

contained in the Clerk's Record indicates that Appellant was required to pay court-

appointed attorneys' fees of $1,900.00. Because the bill of costs does specify a definite

and specific amount of attorneys' fees, we are not faced with the lack of specificity issue

addressed in Burke. Accordingly, Appellant's third issue should be overruled.


                                       Conclusion


       I concur with the majority that the judgment of the trial court be affirmed.



                                                         Patrick A. Pirtle
                                                             Justice

Publish.




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