                                  ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS
                                                GREG        ABBOTT



                                                   March 2,2006



The Honorable Jerry Patterson                               Opinion No. GA-0407
Commissioner
Texas General Land Office                                   Re: Whether Natural Resources Code section
Post Office Box 12873                                       33.613 violates article VII, section 4 or 5 of the
Austin, Texas 7871 l-2873                                   Texas Constitution    (RQ-0388-GA)

Dear Commissioner       Patterson:

         As commissioner of the General Land Office (the “Land Office”) and chairman of the School
Land Board, you ask whether Natural Resources Code section 33.613, adopted by the Seventy-ninth
Legislature, violates article VII, section 4 or 5 of the Texas Constitution.* See TEX. CONST.art. VII,
 $5 4,5; TEX. NAT. RES.CODEANN. 0 33.6 13 (Vernon Supp. 2005); Act of May 27,2005,79th Leg.,
R.S., ch. 867, 9 3, sec. 33.613, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 2943, 2943-44.               Section 33.613, you
summarize, “allows a littoral property owner . . . to obtain title to submerged land dedicated to the
Permanent School Fund” by restoring the land to its original boundaries and “without compensating”
the Fund. Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1; see also TEX. NAT. RES. CODE ANN. 0 33.613(b)
(Vernon Supp. 2005). You suggest that section 33.6 13 contravenes the requirement of article VII,
sections 4 and 5 that submerged land belonging to the Permanent School Fund must be “sold” and
that the Fund must be compensated for such sales. Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1; see also TEX.
CONST. art. VII, $5 4, 5.


          The State of Texas holds title to land covered by the Gulf of Mexico’s bays, inlets, and arms
“within tidewater limits . . . and those lands constitute public property that is held in trust for” the
public’s use and benefit.        Natland Corp. v. Baker’s Port, Inc., 865 S.W.2d 52, 57 (Tex.
App.-Corpus       Christi 1993, writ denied); accordLorino v. CrawfordPacking Co., 175 S.W.2d410,
413 (Tex. 1943); Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JM-1123 (1989) at 1. In general, a littoral owne? acquires
title to land added to the shoreline through accretion but loses title to land taken from the shoreline
through erosion. See Brainard v. State, 12 S.W.3d 6, 17, 23 (Tex. 1999); Natland Corp., 865
S. W.2d at 57; see also Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JM-1123 (1989) at l-2. “Accretion is ‘the process
of increasing real estate by the gradual and imperceptible disposition by water of solid material,
through the operation of natural causes so as to cause that to become dry land that was once before



            ‘See Letter from Honorable Jerry Patterson, Commissioner, Texas General Land Office, to Honorable Greg
Abbott, Attorney General of Texas (Aug. 26,2005) (on file with the Opinion Committee, also available at http://www
.oag.state.tx.us) [hereinafter Request Letter].

        ‘A littoral owner’s land “borders an ocean, sea, or lake.” Brainardv.   State, 12 S.W.3d 6,21 n.7 (Tex. 1999)
The Honorable Jerry Patterson    - Page 2      (GA-0407)




covered by water.“’ Brainard, 12 S.W.3d at 17 (quoting Butler v. Sadler, 399 S.W.2d 411, 421
(Tex. Civ. App.-Corpus     Christi 1966, writ ref d n.r.e.)); see also Natland Corp., 865 S. W.2d at 57
(“accretion denotes the natural process of increasing real property by the gradual and imperceptible
disposal of solid material to the shoreline”). “‘Erosion,“’ on the other hand, is the gradual and
imperceptible “‘process of wearing away the land.“’ Brainard, 12 S.W.3d at 17 (quoting Coastal
Indus. Water Auth. v. York, 532 S. W.2d 949,952 (Tex. 1976)); see also Natlund Corp., 865 S.W.2d
at 57 (“[elrosion is the process of wearing away the land”). The littoral landowner’s right to
accretions does not extend to new accretive land if the landowner artificially influenced the
accretion, however: “Man-made or artificial additions” that a landowner causes or participates in
“do not change the boundaries between his land and the State’s.” Natland Corp., 865 S.W.2d at 57;
accord Brainard, 12 S.W.3d at 23.

         Article VII, section 2 of the Texas Constitution sets aside all submerged lands for the
Permanent School Fund. See TEX. CONST.art. VII, 5 2; State v. Post, 169 S.W. 401,406 (Tex. Civ.
App.-Austin      1913), rev ‘don other grounds, 171 S.W. 707 (Tex. 1914); Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No.
JC-0069 (1999) at 4; see also TEX. NAT. RES. CODEANN. 0 11.041(a) (Vernon 200 1) (including
within the Permanent School Fund “the mineral estate in river beds and channels”; “the mineral
estate in areas within tidewater limits”; and the arms, beds, and shores of the Gulf of Mexico).
According to article VII, section 4, the lands “set apart” to the Permanent School Fund “shall be sold
under such regulations, at such times, and on such terms as may be prescribed by law; and the
Legislature shall not have power to grant any relief to purchasers thereof.” TEX. CONST.art. VII,
$4. Consistent with article VII, section 4, land belonging to the Permanent School Fund “must be
sold and may be disposed of only by sale.” Weatherly v. Jackson, 71 S.W.2d 259,266 (Tex. 1934).
“Article [VII], [slection 4 . . . says that Public School Lands ‘shall be sold.’ There must be a sale;
otherwise, one collides with the constitutional prohibition of gifts of public lands.” Cobra Oil & Gas
Corp. v. Sadler, 447 S.W.2d 887,898 (Tex. 1969). The state may not dispose of Permanent School
Fund land by gift. See Wheeler v. Stanolind Oil h Gas Co., 252 S.W.2d 149, 152 (Tex. 1952);
accord Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. H-881 (1976) at 4.

         Proceeds from the sale of submerged lands must be used to acquire other land or investments
for the Permanent School Fund. See TEX. CONST.art. VII, 6 4; see also id. 5 5(a) (“The permanent
school fund consists of all land appropriated for public schools by this constitution or the other laws
of this state, other properties belonging to the permanent school fund, and all revenue derived from
the land or other properties.“); id. 9 5(f) (authorizing the State Board of Education to invest
Permanent School Fund monies). With express narrow exceptions, article VII, section 5 forbids the
legislature from enacting a law appropriating any part of the Permanent School Fund to any purpose
other than the Fund. Id. $ 5(c).

         Against this constitutional backdrop, we consider the issue you raise: whether Natural
Resources Code section 33.613, “which allows the restoration of Submerged [Permanent School
Fund] Land and, subsequently, the granting of title to the Property Owner without” compensating
the Fund, violates article VII, section 4 or 5 of the Texas Constitution. Request Letter, supra note
 1, at 1. Section 33.613, adopted in 2005, applies to land that

                       (1) on December 1, 1955, was privately owned and not
                submerged or owned by the School Land Board; and
The Honorable Jerry Patterson     - Page 3        (GA-0407)




                        (2) fronts on a bay and not the Gulf of Mexico.

TEX.NAT. RES. CODEANN. 6 33.613(a) (Vernon Supp. 2005). Section 33.613(b) appears to require
littoral landowners to whom the statute applies to artificially reclaim eroded land and subsequently
to hold the land in fee simple:

                         In accordance with land office rules, the owner of property
                immediately landward of a public beach or submerged land, including
                state mineral lands, that has been affected by coastal erosion shall
                restore the affected land to its original boundaries as evidenced in a
                residential subdivision plat for residential lots of one acre or less filed
                in the real property records of each county in which the affected land
                is located. The owner shall use only private resources and money for
                restoration authorized by this section. After restoration the owner
                owns the restored land in fee simple, subject to:

                           (1) the common[-]law   rights of the public in public beaches
                * . . )*and

                        (2) the rights of a public school land lessee holding a lease
                on the property on September 1,2005.

Id. 5 33.613(b); see also id. 0 33.613(e) (prohibiting the use of state money for land restoration).
Newly adopted section 33.613(b) thus purports on its face to accomplish two things: (1) to require
littoral property owners whose property has been “affected by coastal erosion” to “restore the
affected land,” using only private resources and money; and (2) to convey fee simple title to restored
land to the littoral landowner. Id. § 33.613(b).

          You posit that section 33.6 13 is unconstitutional because it allows a littoral property owner
to obtain title in fee simple to submerged Permanent School Fund land through artificial reclamation
that the owner causes or participates in without requiring the owner to compensate the Fund. See
Memorandum Brief attached to Request Letter, supra note 1, at 2. You further suggest that this grant
of title is “completely unrelated to ‘the support of the public free schools’ and is the type of ‘relief”
that article VII, section 4 specifically prohibits. Id.

         We must presume that a statute is constitutional. See Brooks v. Northglen Ass ‘n, 14 1 S. W.3d
 158, 169 (Tex. 2004) (citing Barshop v. Medina County Underground Water Conservation Dist.,
925 S.W.2d 618, 625 (Tex. 1996)); Post, 169 S.W. at 406; see also TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN.
5 311.021(l) (V emon 2005) (stating the presumption that the legislature, when enacting a statute,
intends the statute to be consistent with the state constitution).        We are enjoined to “avoid
constitutional problems if possible.” Brooks, 141 S.W.3d at 169 (citing Barshop, 925 S.W.2d at
625). Moreover, if a statute can be construed to be valid, a court has a duty to so construe it. Empire
Gas & Fuel Co. v. State, 47 S.W.2d 265, 275 (Tex. 1932). And if portions of a statute are legal
while other portions are not, a court may effect the legal provisions by separating them from the
illegal, but only if the provisions are “separable and not dependent” upon each other. Id.
The Honorable Jerry Patterson          - Page 4         (GA-0407)




          The statute purports to convey fee simple title to restored lands without providing for
compensation to the Permanent School Fund. See TEX. NAT. RES. CODEANN. 9 33.613 (Vernon
Supp. 2005). Article VII, section 4’s plain language, as well as judicial constructions and opinions
of this office, direct that a statute cannot convey fee simple title to Permanent School Fund land
to littoral property owners without requiring compensation to the Fund. TEX. CONST.art. VII, 0 4.
Attorney General Opinion H-88 1, for example, considers the constitutionality of a statute “granting
the City of Corpus Christi submerged lands in Corpus Christi Bay to use as a public beach without
compensating” the Permanent School Fund. Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. H-88 1 (1976) at 1. Under the
statute, the legislature granted the City fee simple title to the submerged lands so long as the City
used the land for a public beach. Id. at 3 (quoting Act of May 24, 1971,62d Leg., R.S., ch. 883,
 1971 Tex. Gen. Laws 2708,2708-l 0). Finding that the land had been dedicated to the Permanent
School Fund, the opinion concluded that the legislature could not constitutionally grant the tract to
the City “without requiring compensation to” the Fund. Id. at 6. Attorney General Opinion JC-0069
similarly construes a conveyance of submerged land pursuant to former article 6837, Revised Civil
Statutes, which ceded “[tlhe right to the use and control . . . of so much of the land and sea bottom
below high tide as” a county or municipality bordering on the Gulf of Mexico considers necessary
to build seawalls, breakwaters, levees, and drainways. Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0069 (1999)
at 2 (citing former article 6837 of the Revised Civil Statutes).3 The opinion concludes that,
consistently with article VII, section 4, the land could not have been conveyed without compensation
to the Permanent School Fund. See id. at 6; cf: Empire Gas & Fuel Co., 47 S.W.2d at 275
(determining that a statute conveying title to 15/l 6 of all minerals in public school lands to the owner
of the soil violated article VII, section 4); Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JM- 1123 (1989) at 4 (concluding
that a littoral property owner who has lost to the state title to a portion of his tract through
submergence may not regain title if the land is subsequently artificially restored).

         In addition, the requirement that littoral landowners restore eroded coastal land with private
resources and “money for restoration authorized by” section 33.6 13 is inseparable from the bestowal
of fee simple title on the littoral landowner who restored the land. We do not believe the legislature
intended to require landowners to restore eroded land without the promise of regaining fee simple
title.

        For this reason, we believe section 33.613(b) in its entirety contravenes article VII, section
4 of the Texas Constitution. See Empire Gas h Fuel Co., 47 S.W.2d at 275 (stating that a court
may not effect legal statutory provisions that are inseparable from illegal provisions). Given our
conclusion under article VII, section 4, we need not consider the constitutionality of section 33.6 13
under article VII, section 5.

          You also ask whether the Land Office constitutionally                 may adopt rules concerning the
artificial reclamation of land as required by section 33.613(d).               See Request Letter, supra note 1,



         3The substance of former article 6837 of the Revised Civil Statutes has been codified as section 42 1.005 of the
Local Government Code. See TEX. Lot. GOV’~CODEANN. 5 421.005 (Vernon Supp. 2005); Act ofMay 10,1999,76th
Leg., R.S., ch. 227, $5 16, 28, 1999 Tex. Gen. Laws 721, 1025-26, 1056 (adding section 421.005 to the Local
Government Code and repealing article 6837, Revised Civil Statutes).
The Honorable Jerry Patterson     - Page 5      (GA-0407)




at 1. Section 33.613(d) requires the Land Office to have adopted reasonable rules to regulate land
restorationunder section 33.613 by December 1,2005. See TEX.NAT. RES.CODEANN. 0 33.613(d)
(Vernon Supp. 2005). In our opinion, the statutory rulemaking requirement wholly depends on the
legality of subsection (b), which purports to convey fee simple title to littoral landowners who restore
eroded, submerged land without compensation to the Permanent School Fund. Accordingly, the
Land Office may not adopt rules as section 33.613(d) purports to require. See Empire Gas & Fuel
Co., 47 S.W.2d at 275 (stating that a court may not effect statutory provisions that are inseparable
from unconstitutional statutory provisions).
The Honorable Jerry Patterson      - Page 6   (GA-0407)




                                        SUMMARY

                        Natural Resources Code section 33.613, which allows a
               littoral property owner to artificially restore submerged land that has
               been lost through erosion and is dedicated to the Permanent School
               Fund and thereby receive title to the land in fee simple without
               compensating the Fund, violates article VII, section 4 of the Texas
               Constitution.

                                              Very truly yours,




                                              Attorney &era1      of Texas



BARRY R. MCBEE
First Assistant Attorney General

ELLEN L. WITT
Deputy Attorney General for Legal Counsel

NANCY S. FULLER
Chair, Opinion Committee

Kymberly K. Oltrogge
Assistant Attorney General, Opinion Committee
