       TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                         NO. 03-18-00742-CR



                                Ramon Chavez-Calderon, Appellant

                                                   v.

                                    The State of Texas, Appellee


             FROM THE 368TH DISTRICT COURT OF WILLIAMSON COUNTY
        NO. 16-2046-K368, THE HONORABLE RICK J. KENNON, JUDGE PRESIDING



                              MEMORANDUM O PINI ON


                Ramon Chavez-Calderon was charged with the aggravated assault of Alexis

Sanchez-Escalera. See Tex. Penal Code §§ 22.01(a)(2), .02(a)(2). The jury charge included an

instruction on the lesser-included offense of deadly conduct.   See id. § 22.05(b).   The jury returned

a verdict of guilty only for the lesser offense and determined that Chavez-Calderon should be

sentenced to ten years’ imprisonment. See id. §§ 12.34, 22.05(e). The district court rendered its

judgment of conviction for the lesser offense in accordance with the jury’s verdicts. On appeal,

Chavez-Calderon contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction.         We will

affirm the district court’s judgment of conviction.


                                           BACKGROUND

                As set out above, Chavez-Calderon was charged with aggravated assault, and

the jury charge included an instruction on the lesser-included offense of deadly conduct. During
the trial, the State called Sanchez-Escalera, Officer David Hancock, and Officer Carlos Cardona

as witnesses.

                Sanchez-Escalera testified that on the night in question, she was having a party

with friends at her house.    Further, Sanchez-Escalera explained that her cousin Patricia Guzman

brought Chavez-Calderon and her friend Jen1 as guests to the party, that the three of them arrived

in Chavez-Calderon’s SUV, that he was “passed out” when he arrived, that Guzman and Jen

placed him on a couch, and that he was still unconscious when Guzman and Jen decided to

leave a few hours later and helped him back to his vehicle.           During her cross-examination,

Sanchez-Escalera admitted that she and several other people from the party went inside Chavez-

Calderon’s SUV multiple times throughout the evening while he was asleep.

                Regarding later events, Sanchez-Escalera related that she went outside to smoke a

cigarette on her front porch, that Chavez-Calderon returned to the house in his SUV, that he

walked towards her, that he started yelling that someone stole his money while he was at her

house, and that he pulled out a gun.       In addition, Sanchez-Escalera explained that Chavez-Calderon

was initially waiving the gun around and pointing it “to the sky” but that Chavez-Calderon later

pointed the gun “up like he was going to shoot” and then fired the gun. Next, Sanchez-Escalera

testified that while she tried to go back in her house, Chavez-Calderon pointed the gun at her

before shooting the gun again and that Chavez-Calderon eventually returned to his SUV and

drove away.

                After Sanchez-Escalera finished testifying, Officer Cardona was called to the

stand and testified that the police found two shell casings outside Sanchez-Escalera’s home and

found a weapon and ammunition inside Chavez-Calderon’s SUV shortly after the incident


       1   The record does not specify what Jen’s last name is.
                                                  2
occurred.   In addition, Officer Hancock testified that Chavez-Calderon admitted that he had a

gun in his SUV, that he asserted that someone stole his money while he was asleep at Sanchez-

Escalera’s home, and that the police did not discover any bullet holes in Sanchez-Escalera’s house.

               During the testimony of the law-enforcement officers, photographs of the scene

were admitted into evidence. Some of the photographs show the exterior of Sanchez-Escalera’s

home, including the front porch where she testified that she was sitting when Chavez-Calderon

returned. Those photos reveal that the front porch is on the left side of the house, that the portion

of her home to the right of the porch extends forward toward the road, and that there is a security

camera installed above the front porch.

               In addition to the photos discussed above, security footage from the camera above

Sanchez-Escalera’s porch was admitted into evidence and played for the jury.         The black and

white footage, which does not include sound, shows an individual identified as Chavez-Calderon

walking to the front porch of Sanchez-Escalera’s home, pulling out a gun, and pointing the gun

to the right of the porch.    In addition, the footage depicts Chavez-Calderon firing the weapon

twice and moving the gun from above his head to a position parallel to the ground both times that

he fired the weapon, but the footage does not clearly capture the moments that he fired the gun.

Finally, the footage shows Chavez-Calderon attempting to charge forward toward the front porch

while being held back by another person and pointing the gun in front of him toward the porch.

               After considering the evidence presented at trial, the jury found Chavez-Calderon

guilty of the lesser-included offense of deadly conduct.


                                          DISCUSSION

               In his issue on appeal, Chavez-Calderon contends that the evidence is legally

insufficient to support his conviction for deadly conduct.
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               Under a legal-sufficiency standard of review, appellate courts view the evidence

in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether “any rational trier of fact could

have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia,

443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). When performing this review, an appellate court must bear in mind

that it is the factfinder’s duty to weigh the evidence, to resolve conflicts in the testimony, and to

make “reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Id.; see also Tex. Code Crim.

Proc. art. 36.13 (explaining that “jury is the exclusive judge of the facts”). Moreover, appellate

courts must “determine whether the necessary inferences are reasonable based upon the combined

and cumulative force of all the evidence when viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict.”

Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 16-17 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Furthermore, appellate courts

presume that conflicting inferences were resolved in favor of the conviction and “defer to that

determination.” Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). In addition,

courts must bear in mind that “direct and circumstantial evidence are treated equally” and that

“[c]ircumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing the guilt of an actor”

and “can be sufficient” on its own “to establish guilt.” Kiffe v. State, 361 S.W.3d 104, 108 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d).        The evidence is legally insufficient if “the record

contains no evidence, or merely a ‘modicum’ of evidence, probative of an element of the offense”

or if “the evidence conclusively establishes a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 107 (quoting Jackson,

443 U.S. at 320).

               As set out above, the jury convicted Chavez-Calderon of the lesser offense of

deadly conduct. See Tex. Penal Code § 22.05. A person commits that “offense if he knowingly

discharges a firearm at or in the direction of . . . (1) one or more individuals . . . or (2) a

habitation, building, or vehicle and is reckless as to whether the habitation, building, or vehicle is

                                                  4
occupied.” Id. § 22.05(b).    “The Penal Code supplies no definitions to aid in the application of

section 22.05(b)’s prohibition of discharging a firearm ‘at or in the direction of’” of people or

structures. See Gilbert v. State, 429 S.W.3d 19, 22 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet.

ref’d) (quoting Tex. Penal Code § 22.05(b) and citing Tex. Penal Code § 1.07). Although the

statute uses both phrases “at” and “in the direction of,” courts have determined that there is no

“meaningful difference” between those phrases because they both mean, in this context, to

discharge a weapon “toward” a particular location. See id.; see also Drayton v. State, No. 12-14-

00144-CR, 2015 WL 859084, at *2 (Tex. App.—Tyler Feb. 27, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication) (noting that discharging weapon at object means “to shoot the

weapon toward that object’s location” and that discharging weapon in direction of object has

same meaning).    The jury charge in this case included an instruction tracking the alternative

language from subsection 22.05(b) and allowed for a conviction if the jury determined that

Chavez-Calderon discharged a weapon in the direction of one or more individuals or a

habitation. See Tex. Penal Code § 22.05(b). “[W]hen multiple theories are submitted to the jury,

the evidence is sufficient to support a conviction so long as the evidence is sufficient to support

conviction for one of the theories submitted to the jury.” Guevara v. State, 152 S.W.3d 45, 52

(Tex. Crim. App. 2004).

               On appeal, Chavez-Calderon does not dispute that he knowingly discharged a

weapon on the night in question.    Cf. Wheaton v. State, 129 S.W.3d 267, 273 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christi 2004, no pet.) (determining that evidence was sufficient to show that defendant

knowingly discharged weapon, in part, because evidence showed that defendant and victim were

arguing before shot was fired and that defendant later threatened victim and pointed weapon at

her). Similarly, Chavez-Calderon does not argue that the evidence is insufficient to establish that

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he acted recklessly as to whether Sanchez-Escalera’s home was occupied.       Cf. Hernandez v. State,

No. 07-05-00345-CR, 2006 WL 684466, at *2 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Mar. 15, 2006, no pet.)

(mem. op., not designated for publication) (concluding that evidence was sufficient to show that

defendant acted recklessly with regard to whether building was occupied because evidence

showed, in part, that “there were homes located within the range of [where] the shotgun . . .

[was] used by appellant” and “that a nearby home was occupied by children and another home

was occupied by a sick, disabled woman”). Instead, Chavez-Calderon argues that the evidence is

insufficient to show that he discharged a firearm at or in the direction of one or more individuals

or a habitation.

                   When presenting his argument on appeal, Chavez-Calderon refers to portions of

Sanchez-Escalera’s testimony in which she stated that he was waiving the gun and pointing it to

the sky and urges that she did not testify that he “fired the gun at or in her direction or in the

direction of her home.” Moreover, Chavez-Calderon notes that there was no testimony at trial

that any bullet holes were discovered in Sanchez-Escalera’s home.          Further, Chavez-Calderon

argues that the security footage shows that he “fired the gun toward the sky” and away from

Sanchez-Escalera and her home.         In fact, Chavez-Calderon included in his appellant’s brief

“screen shots” purportedly taken from the security footage from Sanchez-Escalera’s home

that he insists show that he was pointing his gun up “toward the sky” when he fired the gun

both times.2


        2  As support for his evidentiary challenge, Chavez-Calderon also notes that during their
deliberations, the jury asked the district court to clarify whether the word “at” as included in the
jury charge referred to the location where the defendant was when he shot the weapon or to “the
direction of the discharge.”    Further, Chavez-Calderon points out that the district court’s response
did not answer the question and instead instructed the jury to “consider only the instructions that
have been given you, and continue with your deliberations.” In light of the preceding, Chavez-
Calderon contends that the jury “wrongly decided that the word ‘at’ . . . referred to location, not
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               As an initial matter, we note that the State was not required to prove that the

police discovered any bullet holes in Sanchez-Escalera’s home during their investigation.     Cf.

Wallace v. State, No. 05-97-00878-CR, 1999 WL 504542, at *1, *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 19,

1999, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (overruling sufficiency challenge where police

officer testified that he saw defendant shooting in direction of and toward apartment building

even though officer admitted that he did not know if apartment “building had been hit by the

bullets” and even though police report stated that “the investigating officers did not find any

evidence of fresh bullet holes”).   Moreover, the “screen shots” that Chavez-Calderon included in

his brief were not admitted as exhibits at trial and, accordingly, were not shown to the jury.

Cf. Brown v. State, 866 S.W.2d 675, 678 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, pet. ref’d)

(explaining that appellate courts should not consider material outside record that was improperly

included in or attached to party’s appellate brief). Additionally, although Chavez-Calderon urges

in his brief that the screen shots capture the moments when he fired the gun and that the photos

show that the gun was pointed to the sky, it is not readily apparent that the screen shots

correspond to the times that he actually fired the gun.

               In any event, although it is not clear from the security-camera footage precisely

when Chavez-Calderon fired the gun, the footage shown to the jury chronicles him firing the

weapon at least twice and further documents him moving the gun from above his head to a

position parallel to the ground both times that he fired the weapon.        The jury could have

reasonably inferred from the footage that Chavez-Calderon fired the gun at least once when the

direction,” and found him guilty because he was present at Sanchez-Escalera’s home. However,
Chavez-Calderon does not argue on appeal that there was any error in the jury charge. Moreover,
as will be set out more thoroughly in the body of the opinion, we ultimately conclude that the
evidence is legally sufficient to support a determination that Chavez-Calderon fired the gun
toward Sanchez-Escalera’s home and, thus, that he fired the gun “at or in the direction of . . . a
habitation.” See Tex. Penal Code § 22.05(b).
                                                  7
gun was not aimed at the sky and was instead fired when the gun was moving toward the ground

and was pointing more to the right than up.     Cf. Gilbert, 429 S.W.3d at 22 (explaining that

“[w]hile the evidence at trial about Gilbert’s location relative to the house was rather sparse,

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict requires that we assume the jury

drew the opposite conclusion—that Gilbert was positioned slightly down the street, aiming his

shotgun such that he was aiming toward the house, including its windows and adjacent porch

where James was standing,” noting that witnesses testified “that Gilbert fired in the direction

of James,” and concluding that there was sufficient evidence to support conviction).       When

assessing the direction in which Chavez-Calderon fired, the jury was aided by Sanchez-

Escalera’s testimony that she was on her front porch when Chavez-Calderon fired, the

photographs showing that her home extends forward to the right of her porch, and the security

footage depicting him approaching the home and shooting to his right.

              In light of all of the evidence summarized above as well as the reasonable

inferences that the factfinder could have made from that evidence and given our standard of

review for legal-sufficiency challenges, we conclude that the evidence is legally sufficient to

support a determination that Chavez-Calderon fired a gun at or in the direction of Sanchez-

Escalera’s home. Cf. Meyers v. State, No. 09-02-00315-CR, 2003 WL 1837710, at *1, *3 (Tex.

App.—Beaumont Apr. 9, 2003, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication) (determining that

evidence was sufficient to support conviction for “the offense of deadly conduct by discharging a

firearm in the direction of a habitation,” in part, where evidence showed that defendant had

been involved in fight outside victim’s home “shortly before the shooting,” that defendant was

angry at victim for breaking up fight, and that defendant “said that he would return”).   Having

determined that the evidence is sufficient to support a determination that Chavez-Calderon shot

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at or in the direction of Sanchez-Escalera’s home, we need not address the sufficiency of the

evidence pertaining to whether he shot at or in the direction of one or more individuals. See Tex.

R. App. P. 47.1; Guevara, 152 S.W.3d at 52.

                 For these reasons, we overrule Chavez-Calderon’s issue on appeal.



                                         CONCLUSION

                 Having overruled Chavez-Calderon’s issue on appeal, we affirm the district

court’s judgment of conviction.



                                              __________________________________________
                                              Thomas J. Baker, Justice

Before Justices Goodwin, Baker, and Kelly

Affirmed

Filed: October 18, 2019

Do Not Publish




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