[Cite as March v. Steed Ents., Inc., 2013-Ohio-4448.]


                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                    MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO
                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                                JUDGES:
WILLIAM C. MARCH                                        :       Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J.
                                                        :       Hon. Sheila G. Farmer, J.
                         Plaintiff-Appellant            :       Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J.
                                                        :
-vs-                                                    :
                                                        :       Case No. CT2012-0058
STEED ENTERPRISES, INC. DBA                             :
THE BARN, ET AL                                         :
                                                        :       OPINION
                      Defendant-Appellee




CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                                    Civil appeal from the Muskingum County
                                                            Court of Common Pleas, Case No.
                                                            CC2011-0346


JUDGMENT:                                                   Affirmed

DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                                     October 2, 2013

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellant                                     For Defendant-Appellee

WARD COFFMAN, III                                           JAMES GLOWACKI
604 Main Street                                             JAMES IMBRIGIOTTA
Box 159                                                     WILLIAM KOTAR III
Zanesville, OH 43702-0159                                   7550 Lucerne Drive, Ste. 408
                                                            Middleburg Heights, OH 44130
[Cite as March v. Steed Ents., Inc., 2013-Ohio-4448.]


Gwin, P.J.

        {¶1}     Plaintiff-appellant, William G. March [“March”] appeals the Muskingum

County Court of Common Pleas Judgment Entry filed November 5, 2012 that granted

appellee Steed Enterprises, Inc., d.b.a. The Barn, William E. Steed, Paulette R. Steed,

Dustin Steed, James Travis and Todd A. Morgan’s combined motion for summary

judgment.

                                         Facts and Procedural History

        {¶2}     This case arises from the assault and battery of William March by a “John

Doe” on the night of June 26, 2010. The incident is alleged to have occurred in the

parking lot of a restaurant and bar named The Barn.

        {¶3}     March filed suit against James A. Travis (Tiny) and Todd A. Morgan

(collectively, “the bouncers”). March alleges negligence, battery and assault against the

bouncers. March alleges premises liability, negligent hiring and retention of the

bouncers, spoliation of evidence, and respondeat superior against The Barn. March

filed suit against William and Paulette Steed who own the corporation Steed

Enterprises, Inc., d.b.a. The Barn. The Steeds also own the parking lot where the

incident occurred. Dustin Steed is alleged to be an owner of the corporation and is a

named party. However, Dustin Steed is the general manager of The Barn and has no

ownership interest in The Barn. Dustin Steed was not on duty on June 26, 2010 and has

no personal knowledge of the events that night.

        {¶4}     March has been going to The Barn since 2004. He would go there once or

twice on weekends to eat and drink. While the young crowd could get a little rowdy on

weekends, March never had any fear for his safety.
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2012-0058                                                   3


      {¶5}   On June 26, 2010, March drove into Zanesville around four or five in the

afternoon. He had one beer at a local restaurant before heading to The Barn to meet

some friends. March knew quite a few individuals at The Barn and he milled about

having conversations with other patrons. They were drinking beers and well drinks.

March always drank tall beers. He does not recall how many drinks he had, but he

became intoxicated. It was loud on the patio and everyone looked like he or she were

having a good time.

      {¶6}   March became aware of yelling. He does not recall talking to the

individuals who yelled at him. March recalls that Todd Morgan, a bouncer, told him that

some patrons heard March using racial slurs and Morgan was going to escort him out

the premises. Morgan testified, however, that he did not hear any argument or any

racial slurs and that he did not ask March to leave the bar.

      {¶7}   Morgan walked March into the main bar area and handed March over to

“Tiny” (James Travis; another bouncer) who escorted March out the rear exit. March

testified in his deposition that he walked outside the rear exit of the Barn and was

feeling in his pocket for keys and then woke up on the ground. March approximated that

he was twenty feet from the rear entrance of the bar when he was punched. March does

not know if the person that struck him was the same person who yelled at him the inside

the bar. When he awoke, he noticed that his ankle had been injured. March does not

recall giving EMS a hard time when EMS attempted to assist him. He also does not

recall giving the police officer any false information. March had a BAC of .187.

      {¶8}   James Darrell Travis' nickname is “Tiny.” He worked security at The Barn

for six years. In his deposition, Travis testified the protocol for rowdy patrons is to ask
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2012-0058                                                             4


the patron to walk out and if they do not leave voluntarily, the bouncers are to call the

police. On June 26, 2010, Travis became aware of commotion at the edge of the patio

and he went to investigate. Travis observed March standing in front of “John Doe”

repeatedly calling John Doe a "nigger" and a "faggot."1 The two bouncers, Travis and

Morgan, separated March and Doe, because Doe appeared to be becoming frustrated.

       {¶9}    Travis and Morgan decided to have the patrons exit the premises via

separate doors. John Doe was escorted to the Linden exit and March was escorted to

the door that exits into the rear parking lot. Travis did not feel that March or John Doe

was a threat to anyone, but because the pair was causing a scene, they had to go.

Travis testified they threw them both out in an abundance of caution.

       {¶10} Thereafter, John Doe appeared to be walking towards a car when March

approached him. March walked towards Doe after exiting through the back door. March

started calling Doe the same things that led him to be ejected; at this point Doe turned

and hit him once. Travis was fifty feet away from them and March was yelling things

loud enough for Travis to hear. After March was struck, Travis ran over and stepped in

front of John Doe, backed him away from March. John Doe calmed down. Travis told

John Doe to go and that is the last that he saw of John Doe. When the police arrived,

March gave Officer Halsey a false social security number. March also gave the

paramedics a hard time. Ultimately, it was determined that March suffered a broken leg

that night, allegedly in the altercation with Doe.

       {¶11} The appellees jointly filed a motion for summary judgment. Appellees also

filed the depositions of March, Travis, Dustin Steed, William Steed and Paulette Steed


       1
          The true identity of this person has never been discovered; he left the scene before police
arrived and was allegedly not a regular patron at The Barn.
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2012-0058                                                  5


on August 30, 2012. March filed the deposition testimony of Todd Alan Morgan on May

17, 2012. The trial court granted summary judgment to all the Defendants-Appellees by

Judgment Entry filed November 5, 2012.

                                     Assignments of Error

      {¶12} March raises two assignments of error,

      {¶13} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AND ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN

GRANTING THE DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

SINCE THERE EXISTS A GENUINE DISPUTE OF MATERIAL FACTS.

      {¶14} “II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AND ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN NOT

FINDING THAT THE DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES HAD A DUTY TO PROVIDE

SECURITY        TO   PROTECT      THEIR   PATRONS       AS    A   MATTER       OF     LAW

NOTWITHSTANDING THE EXISTENCE OF A GENUINE DISPUTE OF MATERIAL

FACTS.”

                                      Standard of Review

      {¶15} This matter reaches us upon a grant of summary judgment. Summary

judgment proceedings present the appellate court with the unique opportunity of

reviewing the evidence in the same manner as the trial court. Smiddy v. The Wedding

Party, Inc., 30 Ohio St.3d 35, 36, 506 N.E.2d 212(1987). As such, we must refer to

Civ.R. 56(C).

      {¶16} Civ.R. 56(C) states that summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if,

                The pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, written

      admissions, affidavits, transcripts of evidence, and written stipulations of

      fact, if any, timely filed in the action, show that there is no genuine issue
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2012-0058                                                    6


       as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as

       a matter of law.

       {¶17} Summary judgment is a procedural device to terminate litigation, so it

must be awarded cautiously with any doubts resolved in favor of the nonmoving party.

Murphy v. Reynoldsburg, 65 Ohio St.3d 356, 358-359, 604 N.E.2d 138(1992).

       {¶18} Accordingly, summary judgment is appropriate only where: (1) no genuine

issue of material fact remains to be litigated; (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law; and (3) viewing the evidence most strongly in favor of the nonmoving

party, reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse

to the nonmoving party. Tokles & Son, Inc. v. Midwestern Indemn. Co., 65 Ohio St.3d

621, 629, 605 N.E.2d 936(1992), citing Harless v. Willis Day Warehousing Co., 54 Ohio

St.2d 64, 65-66, 375 N.E.2d 46(1978).

       {¶19} In Welch v. Ziccarelli, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2006-L-229, 2007-Ohio-4374,

the court provided the following analysis,

              Since summary judgment denies the party his or her “day in court”

       it is not to be viewed lightly as docket control or as a “little trial.” The

       jurisprudence of summary judgment standards has placed burdens on

       both the moving and the nonmoving party.

              In Dresher v. Burt, the Supreme Court of Ohio held that the moving

       party seeking summary judgment bears the initial burden of informing the

       trial court of the basis for the motion and identifying those portions of the

       record before the trial court that demonstrate the absence of a genuine

       issue of fact on a material element of the nonmoving party's claim. The
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2012-0058                                                7


     evidence must be in the record or the motion cannot succeed. The moving

     party cannot discharge its initial burden under Civ.R. 56 simply by making

     a conclusory assertion that the nonmoving party has no evidence to prove

     its case but must be able to specifically point to some evidence of the type

     listed in Civ.R. 56(C) that affirmatively demonstrates that the nonmoving

     party has no evidence to support the nonmoving party's claims. If the

     moving party fails to satisfy its initial burden, the motion for summary

     judgment must be denied. If the moving party has satisfied its initial

     burden, the nonmoving party has a reciprocal burden outlined in the last

     sentence of Civ.R. 56(E) to set forth specific facts showing there is a

     genuine issue for trial. If the nonmoving party fails to do so, summary

     judgment, if appropriate shall be entered against the nonmoving party

     based on the principles that have been firmly established in Ohio for quite

     some time in Misteff v. Wheeler (1988), 38 Ohio St.3d 112.

                The court in Dresher went on to say that paragraph three of the

     syllabus in Wing v. Anchor Media, Ltd. of Texas (1991), 59 Ohio St.3d

     108, cited by Mr. Ziccarelli, is too broad and fails to account for the burden

     Civ.R. 56 places upon a moving party. The court, therefore, limited

     paragraph three of the syllabus in Wing to bring it into conformity with

     Misteff.

            The Supreme Court in Dresher went on to hold that when neither

     the   moving      nor   nonmoving   party   provides   evidentiary   materials

     demonstrating that there are no material facts in dispute, the moving party
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2012-0058                                                   8


      is not entitled a judgment as a matter of law as the moving party bears the

      initial responsibility of informing the trial court of the basis for the motion,

      “and identifying those portions of the record which demonstrate the

      absence of a genuine issue of fact on a material element of the

      nonmoving party's claim.” Id. at 276.

Welch v. Ziccarelli, 2007-Ohio-4374, ¶ 36-37, 40-42.; Egli v. Congress Lake Club 5th

Dist. No.2009CA00216, 2010-Ohio-2444 at ¶ 24-26.

      {¶20} In deciding whether there exists a genuine issue of fact, the evidence

must be viewed in the nonmovant's favor. Civ.R. 56(C). Even the inferences to be

drawn from the underlying facts contained in the evidentiary materials, such as affidavits

and depositions, must be construed in a light most favorable to the party opposing the

motion. Turner v. Turner, 67 Ohio St.3d 337, 341, 617 N.E.2d 1123, 1127(1993).

      {¶21} Appellate review of summary judgments is de novo. Grafton v. Ohio

Edison Co., 77 Ohio St.3d 102, 105, 671 N.E.2d 241(1996); Smiddy v. The Wedding

Party, Inc., 30 Ohio St.3d 35,506 N.E.2d 212(1987). We stand in the shoes of the trial

court and conduct an independent review of the record. As such, we must affirm the trial

court's judgment if any of the grounds raised by the movant at the trial court is found to

support it, even if the trial court failed to consider those grounds. See Dresher, supra;

Coventry Twp. v. Ecker, 101 Ohio App.3d 38, 41-42, 654 N.E.2d 1327(9th Dist. 1995).

      {¶22} March’s first and second assignments of error relates to the propriety of

the trial court's granting of summary judgment in favor of the appellees. Because

March’s first and second assignments of error raise common and interrelated issues, we

will address the arguments together.
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2012-0058                                                   9


                                              I & II

      {¶23} March contends that he was a business invitee because he never left the

property owned by The Barn, the corporation that owned The Barn and the Steeds. He

further argues that his status cannot change because the bouncers’ decision to remove

him from the bar was arbitrary, capricious and inconsistent with the bar’s own policy for

handling rowdy patrons. March claimed that the appellees intentionally or negligently

placed him in a potentially dangerous situation by not either escorting him to his car or

holding John Doe until March had exited the parking lot.

      {¶24} In order to sustain an actionable claim for negligence, the complaining

party must establish (1) the existence of a duty, (2) a breach of that duty, and (3) an

injury proximately resulting therefrom. Texler v. D.O. Summers Cleaners & Shirt

Laundry Co., 81 Ohio St.3d 677, 680, 1998-Ohio-602, 693 N.E.2d 271.

      {¶25} The existence of a duty is “a question of law for the court to decide on a

case-by-case basis.” Hickman v. Warehouse Beer Systems, Inc., 86 Ohio App.3d 271,

273, 620 N.E.2d 949(2nd Dist. 1993) (citations omitted) (emphasis omitted).

      {¶26} The legal duty that landowners owe a person who enters their land

depends upon the status of the entrant, i.e., trespasser, licensee, or invitee. Gladon v.

Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Auth., 75 Ohio St.3d 312, 315, 662 N.E.2d 287

(1996). “Invitees are persons who rightfully come upon the premises of another by

invitation, express or implied, for some purpose which is beneficial to the owner.” Id. In

contrast, a licensee is a person who enters another's property “by permission or

acquiescence, for his own pleasure or benefit, and not by invitation.” Light v. Ohio Univ.,

28 Ohio St.3d 66, 68, 502 N.E.2d 611 (1986).
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2012-0058                                                  10


      {¶27} In tort law, there is no duty to control the conduct of a third person to

prevent him from causing physical harm to another; however, a defendant may owe a

duty to a plaintiff based upon a special relationship between the defendant and the third

person. Gelbman v. Second Natl. Bank of Warren, 9 Ohio St.3d 77, 79, 458 N.E.2d

1262 (1984); Commerce & Industry Ins. Co. v. Toledo, 45 Ohio St.3d 96, 98, 543

N.E.2d 1188, 1192 (1989). “Relationships which result in a duty to protect others

include: 1) common carrier and its passengers; 2) innkeeper and guests; 3) possessor

of land and invitee; 4) custodian and individual taken into custody; and 5) employer and

employee.” Reddick v. Said, 11th Dist. No. 2011–L–067, 2012–Ohio–1885, ¶ 38 quoting

Jackson v. Forest City Ents., 111 Ohio App.3d 283, 285, 675 N.E.2d 1356 (8th

Dist.1996), citing 2 Restatement of the Law 2d, Torts (1965), 116, at Section 314(A).

“Relationships that may give rise to a duty to control a third person's conduct include the

following: (1) parent and child; (2) master and servant; and (3) custodian and person

with dangerous propensities.” Reddick, at ¶ 38 quoting Hall v. Watson, 7th Dist.

Mahoning No. 01 CA 55, 2002–Ohio–3176, ¶ 16.

      {¶28} A business owner and his invitee are considered a “special relationship”

which may impose a duty on the property owner. Simpson v. Big Bear Stores Co., 73

Ohio St.3d 130, 134, 652 N.E. 2d 702(1995). However, the duty of a business owner or

occupier to warn or protect its business invitees from the criminal acts of third parties

extends only to those cases where “the business owner knows or should know that

there is a substantial risk of harm to its invitees on the premises in the possession and

control of the business owner.” Id. at syllabus. “Thus, where an occupier of premises for

business purposes does not, and could not in the exercise of ordinary care, know of a
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2012-0058                                                  11

danger which causes injury to his business invitee, he is not liable therefor.” Howard v.

Rogers, 19 Ohio St.2d 42, 47, 249 N.E.2d 804(1969) (citations omitted).

       {¶29} Whether a duty exists depends on the foreseeability of injury. Menifee v.

Ohio Welding Products, Inc., 15 Ohio St.3d 75, 77, 472 N.E.2d 707, 710 (1984). Injury

is foreseeable if a defendant knew or should have known that his act was likely to result

in harm to someone. Mudrich v. Standard Oil Co., 153 Ohio St. 31, 39, 90 N.E.2d 859,

863 (1950).

       {¶30} In general, Ohio appellate courts have adopted one of two tests to

determine whether a criminal act by a third party is foreseeable. The “prior similar acts”

test “focuses on the defendant's knowledge of past similar incidents,” whereas the

broader “‘totality of the circumstances' test considers evidence of other criminal activity

at or near the location of the business.” Williams v. Prospect Mini Mart, 11th Dist. No.

2002-L-084, 2003-Ohio-2232, at ¶23 (citations omitted). The totality of                the

circumstances includes reviewing the occurrence of previous similar crimes and the

specifics of the incident itself, to determine whether the criminal act was foreseeable.

King v. Lindsay, 87 Ohio App.3d 383, 387, 622 N.E.2d 396(10th Dist. 1993), quoting

Meyers v. Ramada Inn of Columbus, 14 Ohio App.3d 311, 313, 471 N.E.2d 176(10th

Dist. 1984). Because crime is so unpredictable, the totality of the circumstances must

be “somewhat overwhelming” before a court will impose a duty to warn or protect upon

a business owner. Reitz v. May Co. Dept. Stores, 66 Ohio App.3d 188, 193-194, 583

N.E.2d 1071(8th Dist. 1990). Accord, Sullivan v. Heritage Lounge, 10th Dist. Franklin

No. 04AP-1261, 2005 WL 2160059 (Sept. 8, 2005), ¶25.
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2012-0058                                                  12


       {¶31} In the case sub judice, our review of the “totality of the circumstances”

reveals no evidence that the appellees knew, or should have known, that March or John

Doe would have a physical confrontation in the parking lot.

       {¶32} March himself testified in his deposition that there was merely yelling and

no threats of any kind were made before the parties were asked to leave the premises.

There was no evidence presented that a fight was imminent inside the bar prior to the

bouncers asking the pair to leave the premises. Both March and John Doe were

compliant and cooperative when asked to leave and while being escorted out of

separate exits. March testified that he never saw the person who struck him and never

heard any threats prior to waking up on the ground. According to his own version of the

events, March had no indication that a fight was going to occur prior to the punch

striking him.

       {¶33} Travis testified in his deposition that he did not feel March was going to hit

or assault John Doe. Travis asked March to leave because of “things he was saying and

the fact he was causing a scene.” Travis also did not feel that John Doe was a threat to

anyone. Travis testifed that after being escorted out of the bar, March chose to follow

Doe yelling profanities at him until Doe struck March one time. Morgan testified in his

deposition that March and Doe “left quietly.”

       {¶34} There is no evidence that any of the appellees became aware, or were

ever made aware that John Doe would strike March. Additionally, March presented no

evidence showing that previous experiences at The Barn would have given its

employees any reason to anticipate the assault.
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2012-0058                                                 13


      {¶35} We conclude that the appellees did not owe March a duty to protect him

from the criminal acts of John Doe. Further, March failed to prove that appellees owed a

duty to provide security to protect their patrons from the criminal acts of third parties.

Because March failed to demonstrate that any of the appellees owed a duty to him, we

hold that the trial court did not err in granting the appellees’ motion for summary

judgment.

      {¶36} March’s first and second assignments of error are overruled.

      {¶37} For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the Muskingum

County Court of Common Pleas granting summary judgment in favor of all appellees.

By Gwin, P.J.,

Farmer, J., and

Delaney, J., concur

                                             _________________________________
                                             HON. W. SCOTT GWIN


                                             _________________________________
                                             HON. SHEILA G. FARMER


                                             _________________________________
                                             HON. PATRICIA A. DELANEY




WSG:clw 0905
[Cite as March v. Steed Ents., Inc., 2013-Ohio-4448.]


            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO

                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


WILLIAM C. MARCH                                        :
                                                        :
                            Plaintiff-Appellant         :
                                                        :
                                                        :
-vs-                                                    :       JUDGMENT ENTRY
                                                        :
STEED ENTERPRISES, INC.                                 :
DBA THE BARN, ET AL                                     :
                                                        :
                                                        :
                         Defendant-Appellee             :       CASE NO. CT2012-0058




       For the reasons stated in our accompanying Memorandum-Opinion, the judgment of

the Muskingum County Court of Common Pleas granting summary judgment in favor of

all appellees is affirmed. Costs to appellant.




                                                            _________________________________
                                                            HON. W. SCOTT GWIN


                                                            _________________________________
                                                            HON. SHEILA G. FARMER


                                                            _________________________________
                                                            HON. PATRICIA A. DELANEY
