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                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
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                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-3368-16T4

NEW JERSEY DIVISION
OF CHILD PROTECTION
AND PERMANENCY,

         Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

M.J.,

         Defendant,

and

L.M.,

     Defendant-Appellant.
_____________________________

IN THE MATTER OF N.S.M.
and N.N.M.,

     Minors.
_____________________________

                   Submitted April 23, 2018 – Decided March 12, 2019

                   Before Judges Accurso and O'Connor.
            On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
            Chancery Division, Family Part, Hudson County,
            Docket No. FN-09-0380-13.

            Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
            appellant (Fabiola E. Ruiz-Doolan, Designated
            Counsel, on the brief).

            Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for
            respondent (Jason W. Rockwell, Assistant Attorney
            General, of counsel; Monique D'Errico, Deputy
            Attorney General, on the brief).

            Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law Guardian,
            attorney for minors (Caitlin A. McLaughlin,
            Designated Counsel, on the brief).

      The opinion of the court was delivered by

O'CONNOR, J.A.D.

      In this Title 9 matter, defendant L.M. (father) appeals from the January

8, 2014 Family Part order that was entered at the conclusion of a fact-finding

hearing. The order states the father abused or neglected his two children,

N.S.M. (Nate) and N.N.M. (Natalie). 1 For the reasons that follow, we affirm.




1
  We use initials and pseudonyms to protect the identity of the parties. For
consistency, we use the same pseudonyms employed by the parties in their
respective briefs.


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                                       2
                                        I

      We summarize the pertinent evidence adduced during the fact-finding

hearing. Natalie was six and Nate seven years of age at the time of the subject

incident, which occurred in their home during the evening of March 20, 2013.

At that time, the children were living with their father and M.J. (mother). The

day after the incident, Tiffany Meredith, a Division of Child Protection and

Permanency (Division) investigator, interviewed the father, the mother, and

the two children.

      The investigator's interview of the mother revealed the following.

Although the investigator wanted to speak with the mother in private, the

mother insisted the father be present so he could hear what she had to say. The

mother informed the worker that, the night before, the father became

intoxicated and choked her. The investigator testified she saw red marks on

the mother's neck, which the mother attributed to being choked. During the

mother's interview, the father interjected and stated he did not choke the

mother but merely grabbed her by the neck. He claimed he did so because the

mother had punched him.

      The investigator separately interviewed the father and he reported the

following. At one point during the previous evening, the mother discovered


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                                        3
the father was going to go out and meet with friends and she "started going

crazy." The father reported the couple argued and the mother "got into [the

father's] face." He in turn responded by grabbing her by her collar, pushing

her away, and leaving the house. The mother followed him out of the door and

punched him in the face. The father also reported that the mother got the

children "involved" by telling Nate to call the police. The father claimed

neither child was harmed during the incident.

      The investigator spoke to Nate in private. Nate stated that during the

incident, he saw his father push a chair at his mother, get on top of her, and

choke her. Nate became frightened and dialed 9-1-1, but the telephone did not

work. Therefore, he and Natalie attempted to pull their father off of their

mother and, during the course of doing so, their father hit Natalie. Their father

then left the house.

      Nate stated he saw bruises around his mother's neck and claimed Natalie

had a bruise as well, but he did not state specifically where the bruise was

located on his sister's body. The investigator testified she did not see any

bruises on Natalie.




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                                        4
      Natalie told the investigator that her parents argued at times, but she had

never witnessed them hit each other. When asked if her parents had argued the

night before, Natalie responded in the negative and changed the subject.

      As a result of its investigation into the subject incident, the Division

filed a verified complaint seeking the care and supervision of Nate and Natalie.

No other evidence relevant to the issues on appeal was introduced; both

parents declined to testify.

      At the conclusion of the fact-finding hearing, the Division argued the

father placed the children at substantial risk of harm as defined in N.J.S.A.

9:6-8.21(c)(4)(b) and, thus, the father abused or neglected his children. The

court credited Nate's statement to the investigator and, implicitly, discredited

Natalie's statement nothing occurred between her parents during the course of

the subject evening. The court noted:

            [Nate] indicated his father choked his mother. It was a
            physical altercation. [Nate] was frightened. He tried
            to call the police. He tried to intervene. He and his
            sister tried to break up the fight, and he said his sister
            got hurt.

                   We don't have any proof that the sister was
            actually injured; but, they were both present, in close
            proximity. Both tried to intervene, and pull their father
            off their mother. The – this was – was corroborated by
            the caseworker who observed the red mark on the
            mother's neck.

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                                        5
      The court acknowledged the father disputed the claim that he choked the

mother, but the court placed weight on the fact Nate's claim the father choked

his mother and caused bruising on her neck was corroborated by the marks the

investigator saw on the mother's neck. We also note here that, even though the

father disputes he choked the mother, he does not dispute he grabbed her

around the neck or grabbed her collar.

      On the basis of its factual findings, the court concluded the Division met

its burden of proof because, when the children saw their father choking their

mother, they were incited to do what they could to rescue her and attempted to

pull their father off their mother. Thus, their father's conduct induced the

children to come within close proximity to him while he was injuring their

mother, which placed the children at substantial risk of becoming physically

harmed. The court noted it was not making a finding the children were

psychologically harmed, because there was no evidence from an expert

establishing the children sustained any emotional or psychological injury.

                                         II

      On appeal, the father contends that: (1) the trial court's finding he

committed an act of abuse or neglect is not supported by a preponderance of

the evidence; (2) the Division failed to prove he did not exercise a minimum


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                                         6
degree of care; and (3) the Division failed to prove he placed the children at

substantial risk of harm. We disagree with these contentions and affirm.

       An "abused or neglected child" as defined in N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4)(b)

includes one whose parent places such child's physical condition "in imminent

danger of becoming impaired as the result of the failure of his parent . . . to

exercise a minimum degree of care . . . by unreasonably inflicting or allowing

to be inflicted harm, or substantial risk thereof[.]" (emphasis added).

        "[T]he phrase 'minimum degree of care' refers to conduct that is grossly

or wantonly negligent, but not necessarily intentional." G.S. v. Dep't of

Human Servs., 157 N.J. 161, 178 (1999). Although the distinction from

ordinary negligence cannot be precisely defined, McLaughlin v. Rova Farms,

Inc., 56 N.J. 288, 305-06 (1970), the essence of gross or wanton negligence is

that it "implies that a person has acted with reckless disregard for the safety of

others." G.S., 157 N.J. at 179. Certainly, "a guardian fails to exercise a

minimum degree of care when he or she is aware of the dangers inherent in a

situation and . . . recklessly creates a risk of serious injury to that child." Id. at

181.

       "[W]hether the actor actually recognizes the dangerous character of her

conduct is irrelevant[,]" and "[k]knowledge will be imputed to the actor." Id.


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                                          7
at 178. Such knowledge is imputed "[w]here an ordinary reasonable person

would understand that a situation poses dangerous risks and acts without

regard for the potentially serious consequences[.]" Id. at 179. Therefore, "a

person is liable for the foreseeable consequences of her actions, regardl ess of

whether she actually intended to cause injury." Ibid.

      "Whether a parent or guardian has failed to exercise a minimum degree

of care" in protecting a child is determined on a case-by-case basis and

"analyzed in light of the dangers and risks associated with the situation." Id. at

181-82. A finding of abuse or neglect is to be based on a preponderance of the

evidence. N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(b)(1). The Division need only show it was more

likely than not the defendant abused or neglected the child. See N.J. Div. of

Youth & Fam. Servs. v. N.S., 412 N.J. Super 593, 615 (App. Div. 2010); N.J.

Div. of Child Prot. & Permanency v. J.L.G., 450 N.J. Super. 113, 119 (App.

Div. 2015).

      Appellate review of a Family Part court's factual findings is limited.

N.J. Div. of Child Prot. & Permanency v. K.F., 444 N.J. Super. 191, 200 (App.

Div. 2016). We must uphold such findings if they are supported by "adequate,

substantial, credible evidence." Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 411-12

(1998). Any "alleged error in the trial judge's evaluation of the underlying


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                                        8
facts and the implications to be drawn therefrom," are reviewed to determine

only if the errors were "so wide of the mark that a mistake must have been

made." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. M.M., 189 N.J. 261, 279 (2007)

(quoting In re Guardianship of J.T., 269 N.J. Super. 172, 189 (App. Div.

1993)).

      We also recognize the special expertise of the Family Part court. Cesare,

154 N.J. at 412-13. The judgment of a trial court in a family-related matter

"should not be overthrown except upon the basis of a carefully reasoned and

factually supported . . . determination, after canvassing the record and

weighing the evidence, that the continued viability of the judgment would

constitute a manifest denial of justice." In re Adoption of a Child by P.F.R.,

308 N.J. Super. 250, 255 (App. Div. 1998) (quoting Baxter v. Fairmont Food

Co., 74 N.J. 588, 597-98 (1977)).

      Applying these legal principals, we are satisfied the court did not err in

the manner the father contends, because there was a preponderance of evidence

the father abused or neglected Nate and Natalie as defined by N.J.S.A. 9:6-

8.21(c)(4)(b). The court considered the statements the parents and the children

provided to the investigator, which were admitted in evidence without




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                                        9
objection, but ultimately placed weight upon the mother's and, in particular,

Nate's statement, to arrive at its conclusions.

      We are mindful that, while admissible, a child's statement relating to

allegations of abuse or neglect may not be used to make a finding of abuse or

neglect unless such statement is corroborated. N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(a)(4).

However, corroborative evidence "need only provide support" for the child's

out-of-court statement, and may be direct or circumstantial. N.J. Div. of Child

Prot. & Permanency v. N.B., 452 N.J. Super. 513, 521-22 (App. Div. 2017)

(quoting N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. L.A., 357 N.J. Super. 155, 166

(App. Div. 2003)).

      Here, Nate reported to the investigator that he saw his father choking his

mother and that such act caused bruises to form on his mother's neck. The

investigator testified she actually saw red marks on the mother's neck, but we

are satisfied the marks the investigator observed corroborate Nate's statement

he saw the father injure the mother in the manner both he and the mother

reported. Whether described as bruising or red marks is inconsequential; the

fact is the mother had discoloration on her neck following the incident, which

was observed by the investigator. Further, the father did not deny there was

such discoloration following the incident.


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                                       10
       In addition, although he denied choking her, the father admitted he

grabbed the mother by the neck or by the collar.2 In our view, whether the

father grabbed the mother by the collar or neck or went so far as to choke her

is immaterial. Either one of these acts would have appeared as though the

father were hurting the mother. It was foreseeable the children would h ave

been frightened and highly concerned about their mother's welfare, and would

have responded by trying to keep the father from inflicting further injury upon

her.

       By provoking the children into helping their mother, the father placed

them at substantial risk of injury by drawing them into an area where acts of

violence were taking place. Without question, the father knew or should have

known of the dangers inherent in his actions. He failed to exercise a minimum

degree of care and recklessly created a risk of serious injury to the children.

See G.S., 157 N.J. at 181. Whether the children were injured is immaterial.

The fact the father put the children in a position where they were placed at




2
  Although the father initially claimed he grabbed the mother because she
punched him, suggesting his actions were undertaken in self-defense, he later
stated he grabbed the mother because she "got into [the father's] face" and that
the mother did not punch him until after he left the house.


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                                       11
substantial risk of being injured was sufficient to find he abused or neglected

them pursuant to N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4)(b).

      We understand Natalie denied there was any incident at all; however, by

crediting Nate's statement, the court clearly rejected Natalie's. Further, it is

significant the father himself does not dispute there was an incident, during

which he grabbed the mother's neck or collar.

      In summary, there was ample evidence in the record for the court to

accept and base its legal conclusions upon Nate's account of what occurred.

The trial court's conclusion the father abused or neglected the children is

supported by credible evidence and is in accord with the controlling legal

principles.

      Affirmed.




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