               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                                No. 14–1860

                            Filed May 13, 2016


NUSTAR FARMS, LLC,

      Appellee,

vs.

ROBERT ZYLSTRA and MARCIA ZYLSTRA,

      Appellants.



      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Osceola County, Don E.

Courtney, Judge.



      Former clients of an attorney moved to disqualify him as counsel in

an action against them.       The district court denied the motion for

disqualification.   DISTRICT COURT JUDGMENT REVERSED AND

CASE REMANDED.



      Matthew G. Sease of Kemp & Sease, Des Moines, Randall G. Sease

of Sease Law Firm, Hartley, and John L. Sandy of Sandy Law Firm, Spirit

Lake, for appellants.



      Larry A. Stoller of Stoller Law Office, Spirit Lake, for appellee.



      Shaun Thompson, Forest City, for amicus curiae Wooge Pumping

LC.
                                             2

ZAGER, Justice.

       In this interlocutory appeal, we are asked to decide whether an

attorney should be disqualified from representing one party in a lawsuit,

either because his representation of the two parties was concurrent or

because he had previously represented the opposing party in a similar

matter.     The district court concluded that the attorney need not be

disqualified. For the reasons stated below, we conclude that the district

court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that the prior attorney–

client relationship failed the “substantial relationship” test. However, we

conclude that the attorney did have a concurrent conflict of interest.

Therefore, we find the district court abused its discretion in not

disqualifying the attorney.

       I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

       Attorney Larry Stoller began representing Robert and Marcia

Zylstra in 2002. 1 Stoller represented them in a number of legal matters

between      2002     and     2014,     including      financial     issues,    business

acquisitions, and real estate transactions. 2 Although the Zylstras were

represented by Stoller on a number of occasions, they also used the

services of other attorneys throughout this time period. At issue for the
purposes of this case are a meeting in January 2007 and a small claims

case ending in 2014.

       1During   the hearing in the district court, Robert testified that Stoller began
representing him as early as 1999.         Stoller provided files indicating that his
representation began in 2002. When questioned, Robert testified he had no reason to
dispute this start date.
        2In his affidavit to the district court, Robert alleged that Stoller represented him

when he sold a dairy farm to NuStar Farms, LLC. Stoller introduced evidence that it
was Sibley Dairy, LLP, rather than Robert who sold its assets to NuStar. The
documents of the sale also reflect that Sibley Dairy was represented by Daniel DeKoster
and NuStar was represented by Christopher Sackett. The district court found Robert’s
allegation not credible.
                                      3

      On January 24, 2007, Robert met with Stoller to discuss estate

planning and manure easement agreements. At the time of the meeting,

the Zylstras were shareholders in Sibley Dairy, LLP.          During this

meeting, Robert showed Stoller a multipage document containing

multiple manure easement agreements that the Zylstras intended to

enter into with NuStar Farms, LLC (NuStar). The parties disagree as to

the extent of Stoller’s involvement during this meeting regarding the

manure easement agreements.           Stoller asserts that he only briefly

glanced at the easement agreements and then advised Robert that he

should   seek   the   advice   of   another   attorney.   Although   Stoller

acknowledges he made notations on the first page of the document, he

argues that the notations do not indicate he read the entirety of the

multipage manure easement agreements. Robert asserts that he asked

Stoller to review the manure easement agreements and provide advice.

Robert further alleges that Stoller examined the agreements during the

meeting and advised him to go ahead and complete and sign them.

      The record reflects that Stoller made notations on the documents.

However, Stoller claims the notations were made at Robert’s request to

help Robert remember what to discuss with one of the attorneys that

Stoller suggested Robert contact.         Both parties agree that Stoller

suggested Robert find an attorney with more experience in the area of

manure easements.      Stoller sent a follow-up email to Robert with two

attorney references who he thought could assist the Zylstras with the

easements. The email also confirmed that Robert asked Stoller to look at

the easements and that Stoller “briefly looked at them.” Further, Stoller

wrote, “The changes you were talking about should be run by [the other

attorney] and I suggest that if approved they be included in the

easements. I would also think that some permit would be necessary.”
                                      4

The record also reflects that during this conference they discussed estate

planning matters. This is confirmed in the follow-up email and Stoller’s

office notes of the conference. Stoller billed the Zylstras for 1.20 hours

and described the meeting as, “Conference with Robert on manure

easement; review easements and agreement.”        There is nothing in the

record to indicate that Stoller represented the Zylstras when they

executed the manure easement agreements with NuStar or that he had

any further involvement in the sale of Sibley Dairy.

      Stoller continued to represent the Zylstras in a number of other

legal matters between 2007 and 2014. In December 2013, Stoller began

representing the Zylstras in a small claims matter.        The case was

submitted to the small claims court on February 10, 2014, but the court

did not issue its ruling until May 30. Stoller began representing NuStar

in early May in an action regarding loan covenants. Also in early May,

Stoller began contacting the Zylstras on behalf of NuStar. At least part of

these contacts involved the Zylstras’ failure to provide NuStar with a

deed to property involving ingress.       Stoller acknowledges that he

contacted Robert about the Zylstras’ need to sign the deed. On May 13,

Stoller sent the Zylstras an email that stated it was the third time he had

contacted them about the deed to ingress property sold by the Zylstras to

NuStar. Stoller wrote in the email,

      I must now put you on formal notice that if the signed deed
      is not received by my office by the close of business on
      Wednesday, May 14, 2014, that I will need to pursue the
      appropriate remedies for specific performance and damages
      on behalf of Nustar.

Stoller also wrote in his email, “I have tried to remain neutral in those

matters and advised both parties that I could represent neither.”
                                    5

      In this same email, Stoller informed the Zylstras that he would no

longer be representing them in any future matters. Robert acknowledges

that he understood the May 13 email as a severance of the attorney–

client relationship.    Stoller emailed the Zylstras again on May 14,

expressing disappointment that the Zylstras were not going to sign the

deed. Stoller also reminded Robert of his prior financial situation and

how Stoller had helped him in the past.

      By May 15, the Zylstras had retained John Sandy to represent

them in their dealings with NuStar. In Sandy’s correspondence to Stoller

that same day, he alerted Stoller that the Zylstras found his

representation of NuStar to be a conflict of interest based on his prior

legal representation and counsel provided to the Zylstras.          Sandy

specifically requested that Stoller cease further representation of NuStar

when those interests conflicted with the Zylstras.

      On June 5, Stoller sent the Zylstras a letter notifying them of the

judge’s ruling in the small claims case and informing them that he

believed the decision was appealable. Stoller further notified the Zylstras

of their rights to appeal and the deadlines associated with such an

appeal. Stoller wrote he would be willing to file an appeal on their behalf

and included information about his retainer and billing rate. Stoller also

advised the Zylstras that if they chose to have another attorney represent

them on the appeal he would release their file to that attorney.

      On July 9, Stoller filed a multicount petition on behalf of NuStar

against the Zylstras.    The petition alleged the Zylstras agreed to sell

NuStar a parcel in farmland in 2008, but they failed to tender the

requisite deed. One count of the petition also alleged the Zylstras did not

abide by certain terms contained in the manure easement agreements.

In response, the Zylstras filed a preanswer motion to dismiss based on
                                              6

statute of limitations grounds.             They also filed a motion seeking to

disqualify Stoller as the attorney for NuStar based on a conflict of

interest. 3

       On August 8, the district court held a hearing, and the parties

argued both the motion to dismiss and the motion to disqualify Stoller.4

On October 14, the district court denied both motions. 5 On November

10, the Zylstras filed an application for interlocutory appeal seeking

review of the district court’s denial of their motion to disqualify Stoller.

We granted the application for interlocutory appeal on December 5.

       II. Standard of Review.

       We evaluate the district court’s decision regarding attorney

disqualification for an abuse of discretion.               Bottoms v. Stapleton, 706

N.W.2d 411, 414 (Iowa 2005).               A district court “abuses its discretion

when its ruling is based on clearly untenable grounds.” Id. at 415. A

ground is clearly untenable when the court relies on an improper legal

standard or applies the law in error.                Id.    A district court’s “factual

findings in disqualifications will not be disturbed on appeal if they are

supported by substantial evidence.” Id. (quoting Killian v. Iowa Dist. Ct.,

452 N.W.2d 426, 428–29 (Iowa 1990)).                       The party moving for an




       3In  addition to the motion in district court to disqualify Stoller, the Zylstras filed
a complaint with the Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board. Iowa Supreme
Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Stoller, ___ N.W.2d ___, ___ (2016).
       4While the district court’s decision was still pending, Stoller, on behalf of
NuStar, filed an application for default judgment. The court entered the default
judgment against the Zylstras, but later granted the Zylstras’ motion to set aside the
default judgment.
       5Following the ruling, the Zylstras filed an answer, counterclaim, third-party
claim, and a number of motions. None of these motions are relevant to the appeal at
hand which deals solely with Stoller’s representation of NuStar.
                                     7

attorney’s disqualification bears the burden of proving the facts

necessary to establish the disqualification is proper. Id. at 418.

      III. Analysis.
            The right of a party to choose his or her own attorney
      is important, but it must be balanced against the need to
      maintain “the highest ethical standards” that will preserve
      the public’s trust in the bar and in the integrity of the court
      system.

Id. at 415 (quoting Killian, 452 N.W.2d at 430). A court must necessarily

balance these two competing interests when determining whether to

disqualify an attorney.   See id.   In doing so, the court “must also be

vigilant to thwart any misuse of a motion to disqualify for strategic

reasons.” Id. When we evaluate motions to disqualify an attorney, we

use our Iowa Rules of Professional Conduct as the starting point. Id.

      A. Rule 32:1.7—Conflict of Interest.            Rule 32:1.7 covers

concurrent conflicts of interest and states in pertinent part,

            (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b), a lawyer shall
      not represent a client if the representation involves a
      concurrent conflict of interest. A concurrent conflict of
      interest exists if:

            (1) the representation of one client will be directly
      adverse to another client; or

            (2) there is significant risk that the representation of
      one or more clients will be materially limited by the lawyer’s
      responsibilities to another client, a former client, or a third
      person by a personal interest of the lawyer.

Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:1.7(a). The rule goes on to state that a lawyer

may continue with the representation of a client if certain stipulations

are met, one of which is that each client gives informed, written consent.

Id. r. 32:1.7(b).

      The Zylstras allege that Stoller’s representation of NuStar was a

concurrent conflict of interest with his representation of them.        They
                                      8

argue that he began the action on behalf of NuStar in early May, while

knowing that the representation would be adverse to the Zylstras

because it involved a deed between the two parties.        Further, Stoller

began contacting the Zylstras on behalf of NuStar before the May 13

email officially terminating his attorney–client relationship with the

Zylstras on the small claims case. Stoller responds that there was no

concurrent conflict of interest because he did not file the action on behalf

of NuStar against the Zylstras until after the May 13 email terminating

the attorney–client relationship.   In the alternative, the Zylstras argue

that Stoller’s June 5 email indicates that he was continuing to represent

them in the small claims matter until the court issued its ruling. Even

thereafter, Stoller advised the Zylstras there was a basis to appeal the

judgment, the time for perfecting such an appeal, and his willingness to

continue representing them in the appeal. Stoller contends that it was

his duty to inform the Zylstras, as his former clients, of the outcome of

the small claims hearing and the time limits for appeal.        He further

contends that, although he said he would be willing to represent the

Zylstras on the appeal, he was also recommending they find alternate

representation and thus was only informing them of their options if they

chose to go forward with an appeal.

      Before we turn to an analysis of whether a concurrent conflict of

interest exists, we must address two questions: when the attorney–client

relationship between the Zylstras and Stoller ended, and when the

attorney–client relationship between NuStar and Stoller began. The first

question we may dispose of easily. Generally, a lawyer’s representation

of a client extends until the time period for motions or appeals expires in

a civil action.   Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Marks, 814

N.W.2d 532, 538 (Iowa 2012). However, both the attorney and the client
                                       9

may terminate the relationship prior to this natural ending. See id. at

539.      Both Stoller and the Zylstras agree that the attorney–client

relationship was terminated with the May 13 email.             Further, while

Stoller did offer to represent the Zylstras on the appeal, the Zylstras did

not actually appeal the small claims case and did not solicit Stoller’s

services on any other legal matters.       We find that the attorney–client

relationship between Stoller and the Zylstras ended with the May 13

email.

         The next question we must address is when the attorney–client

relationship between Stoller and NuStar began.           The attorney–client

relationship is governed by general contract principles.       Iowa Supreme

Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Blessum, 861 N.W.2d 575, 588 (Iowa 2015).

It may be either express, such as when representation is based on a

written agreement, or implied by the conduct of the parties. Id. There

are three elements that must be met to find that an attorney–client

relationship has been established:

         (1) a person sought advice or assistance from an attorney,
         (2) the advice or assistance sought pertained to matters
         within the attorney’s professional competence, and (3) the
         attorney expressly or impliedly agreed to give or actually gave
         the desired advice or assistance.

Id. (quoting Comm. on Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v. Wunschel, 461 N.W.2d

840, 845 (Iowa 1990)).       The relationship between Stoller and NuStar

clearly meets this test.      NuStar sought advice from Stoller at least

beginning in early May about the action that required a deed from the

Zylstras. The advice they sought from Stoller pertained to matters within

his professional ability. Stoller has practiced law for a number of years

and across a number of areas.         Last, Stoller both agreed to give and

actually gave NuStar advice and assistance. On NuStar’s behalf, Stoller
                                     10

began contacting the Zylstras regarding the deed that NuStar was

demanding.     We find that the attorney–client relationship between

NuStar and Stoller began, at the latest, in early May.         This is also

confirmed by Stoller’s correspondence with the Zylstras on May 13 in

which he asserts that it was the third time he had contacted them in

regard to the deed.      We now turn to a discussion of whether this

attorney–client relationship involved a concurrent conflict of interest that

violates rule 32:1.7. See Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:1.7(a).

      There are two ways for a concurrent conflict of interest to exist

under rule 32:1.7. Id. The first is if “the representation of one client will

be directly adverse to another client.” Id. r. 32:1.7(a)(1). The second is if

“there is a significant risk that the representation . . . will be materially

limited by the lawyer’s responsibilities to another client, a former client,

or a third person . . . .” Id. r. 32:1.7(a)(2). We may find a concurrent

conflict of interest under either situation.

      We have acknowledged that rule 32:1.7(a) “applies where directly

adverse representation will take place, as when one current client is

about to file suit against another current client.” 1 Geoffrey C. Hazard,

Jr. & W. William Hodes, The Law of Lawyering § 11.8, at 11-22 (3d ed.

2004 Supp.); accord Bottoms, 706 N.W.2d at 416. The comments to the

rule expand on what a “directly adverse” action may be:

      Loyalty to a current client prohibits undertaking
      representation directly adverse to that client without that
      client’s informed consent. Thus, absent consent, a lawyer
      may not act as an advocate in one matter against a person
      the lawyer represents in some other matter, even when the
      matters are wholly unrelated.

Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:1.7 cmt. 6.

      Stoller acknowledged in a letter to the Iowa Supreme Court

Attorney Disciplinary Board that he began the representation of NuStar
                                   11

in early May and that the Zylstras were aware of his representation of

NuStar. It is unclear from the record at what point Stoller realized the

action would include the deed that NuStar wanted the Zylstras to sign.

However, by the time Stoller sent the May 13 email, he was already

contemplating taking action against the Zylstras on behalf of NuStar.

The email stated,

      I must now put you on formal notice that if the signed deed
      is not received by my office by the close of business on
      Wednesday, May 14, 2014, that I will need to pursue the
      appropriate remedies for specific performance and damages
      on behalf of Nustar.

      In this email, Stoller clearly demonstrates the intent to pursue a

future, adverse action against the Zylstras on behalf of NuStar. Although

Stoller terminated the attorney–client relationship with the Zylstras in

the same email, the intent to pursue legal action unless the Zylstras

complied with NuStar’s request to sign the deed arose before the email

was sent—which is precisely why the demand or “formal notice” language

is included.   We find that Stoller’s representation of NuStar was a

directly adverse concurrent conflict of interest. Because Stoller did not

properly obtain consent from the Zylstras to represent NuStar, his
actions fall squarely within the guidance of the comments that “absent

consent, a lawyer may not act as an advocate in one matter against a

person the lawyer represents in some other matter, even when the

matters are wholly unrelated.”   Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:1.7 cmt. 6.

Thus, we find Stoller should be disqualified from representing NuStar in

the action against the Zylstras. Because the district court applied the

law in error, we find that it abused its discretion in concluding that

Stoller should not be disqualified. See Bottoms, 706 N.W.2d at 415.
                                         12

      B. Rule 32:1.9(a)—Duties to Former Clients.              Stoller argues

that, even though there was a concurrent conflict of interest in the past,

the conflict no longer exists because he severed the attorney–client

relationship, and therefore he can continue to represent NuStar in the

current action against the Zylstras. Rule 32:1.9(a) concerns a lawyer’s

duties to former clients. In pertinent part, it provides,

      A lawyer who has formerly represented a client in a matter
      shall not thereafter represent another person in the same or
      a substantially related matter in which that person’s
      interests are materially adverse to the interests of the former
      client unless the former client gives informed consent,
      confirmed in writing.

Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:1.9(a). The comments expand on what makes

a matter “substantially related” for purposes of the rule. See id. r. 32:1.9

cmt. 3.    A matter is substantially related if it involves the same

transaction or legal dispute.      Id.    If there is “a substantial risk that

confidential factual information as would normally have been obtained in

the prior representation would materially advance the client’s position in

the subsequent matter,” then the matter is substantially related. Id.

      We   consider   three   factors     when    we   determine   whether   a

substantial relationship exists:

      (1) the nature and scope of the prior representation; (2) the
      nature of the present lawsuit; and (3) whether the client
      might have disclosed a confidence to [his or] her attorney in
      the prior representation which could be relevant to the
      present action.

Doe ex rel. Doe v. Perry Cmty. Sch. Dist., 650 N.W.2d 594, 598 (Iowa

2002).

      Under the first factor, we must consider the scope—if any—of

Stoller’s representation of the Zylstras in regard to the manure easement

agreements. There is no question that Stoller and Robert met to discuss
                                    13

the agreements and that Stoller was aware the Zylstras intended to enter

into the agreements with NuStar. During the meeting, Robert showed

Stoller the easement agreements. Stoller acknowledges that he looked at

the first page and made some notations, though he contends the

notations were made at Robert’s request so Robert would know what he

needed to discuss with another attorney. Stoller further claims that he

did not read the entirety of the agreements. During the meeting, Stoller

advised Robert to find another attorney to help him with the agreements

because it was not an area of the law Stoller was familiar with. He gave

Robert the names of two attorneys to contact.

      Stoller sent an email to Robert following the meeting that

summarized their discussion about the easement agreements. The email

stated that Robert asked Stoller to look at the easements and that he

“briefly looked at them.”    Stoller also wrote, “The changes you were

talking about should be run by [the other attorney] and I suggest that if

approved they be included in the easements.       I would also think that

some permit would be necessary.”      This reflects at least some level of

advice given to Robert by Stoller. However, this is in stark contrast to

our previous cases where we have found an attorney was extensively

involved in prior representation.

      In Doe, we found an attorney was highly involved in a client’s prior

representation when he had met with the clients, had telephone

conversations with the clients, appeared as their attorney, and signed

pleadings on their behalf. 650 N.W.2d at 599. In Marks, we found that

the attorney violated rule 32:1.9(a) when he represented a client in a

foreclosure action and later represented his own wife in the sale of

property to that same former client. 814 N.W.2d at 539. We found that

the attorney’s representation of the client and his wife were substantially
                                     14

related because he had obtained information about the client’s property

during the foreclosure action. Id. In comparison to our prior cases, we

cannot say that the scope of Stoller’s representation of the Zylstras

regarding the manure easement agreements was in any way significant.

         The second factor we consider is the nature of the present lawsuit

between the Zylstras and NuStar. See Doe, 650 N.W.2d at 598. In the

original petition that Stoller filed on behalf of NuStar, he included six

counts.     All of the counts except one deal with a real estate contract

between NuStar and the Zylstras. Stoller did not participate in the real

estate contract on behalf of the Zylstras. Count IV alleges a breach of

the manure easement agreements between NuStar and the Zylstras.

Although the majority of the counts do not relate the manure easement

agreements that Stoller had knowledge of, at least one part of the current

lawsuit does relate to the prior scope of Stoller’s representation.

         The final factor we consider is “whether the client might have

disclosed a confidence to [his or] her attorney in the prior representation

which could be relevant to the present action.” Id. The meeting between

Robert and Stoller to discuss the manure easement agreements was

brief.    The parties only superficially discussed the substance of the

agreements and Stoller specifically suggested that Robert seek other

competent agricultural law counsel to review the agreements before

signing them. The email from Stoller does note that the two discussed

whether permits were required or whether Robert should change

anything in the agreements.         However, nothing from this meeting

indicates that Robert disclosed anything in confidence about the

agreements to Stoller that would affect the current lawsuit between the

Zylstras and NuFarm.
                                    15

      We do not find that a substantial relationship exists sufficient to

disqualify Stoller under rule 32:1.9(a). We therefore find that the district

court did not abuse its discretion in holding that Stoller could not be

disqualified under the substantial relationship test.

      IV. Conclusion.

      We find that the district court did not abuse its discretion in

concluding that any prior relationship between Stoller and Zylstra in

regard to the manure easement agreements failed the substantial

relationship test. However, we find that Stoller did have a concurrent

conflict of interest. Therefore, we conclude that the district court abused

its discretion in not disqualifying Stoller from representing NuStar in the

action. On remand, the district court should enter an order disqualifying

Stoller from further representation of NuStar in this lawsuit.

      DISTRICT      COURT      JUDGMENT       REVERSED        AND     CASE

REMANDED.
