                                       COURT OF APPEALS
                                    EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                         EL PASO, TEXAS


    LUIS RAUL CAMACHO, TDCJ-ID                       §
    #1392365,                                                        No. 08-12-00360-CV
                                                     §
                      Appellant,                                        Appeal from the
                                                     §
    v.                                                            83rd Judicial District Court
                                                     §
    MATTHEW K. ROSALES,                                             of Pecos County, Texas
                                                     §
                      Appellee.                                      (TC# P-7108-83-CV)
                                                     §

                                              OPINION

          Luis Raul Camacho, acting pro se and in forma pauperis, appeals the trial court’s

dismissal of his theft liability suit against a prison official under Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil

Practice & Remedies Code. In his sole issue, Camacho contends that the trial court abused its

discretion by dismissing his claim as frivolous inmate litigation. We reverse and remand.

                                            BACKGROUND

          Appellant is a Texas Department of Criminal Justice (“TDCJ”) inmate currently

incarcerated at a facility in Fort Stockton. He filed a Texas Theft Liability Act 1 suit against

Matthew Rosales, a prison official, after certain personal property items allegedly disappeared

while Rosales helped Appellant move from one cell to another. After confronting Rosales, who


1
    TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. §§ 134.001–134.005 (West 2011 & Supp. 2013).
denied any knowledge of the missing property, Appellant initiated the administrative process by

filing a Step One grievance claim listing the property he claimed he was missing. 2 Prison

officials found that Rosales packed the property and returned it to Appellant, but failed to

properly inventory the items, and subsequently offered two respective settlements of $20.00 and

$60.13 in commissary goods, which Appellant rejected. Prison administrators informed him

they would take no further action on his grievance. He subsequently filed a Step Two review of

his original grievance, and prison officials determined that his grievance was without merit, since

he had previously been offered reasonable settlements.

         Appellant filed suit and sought to proceed in forma pauperis.3 Rosales, through the

Attorney General’s Office, subsequently filed a motion to dismiss listing the wrong defendant in

the caption. The trial court granted an order dismissing Appellant’s claim against Rosales, again

listing the wrong defendant in the caption. Appellant filed a “motion for a new trial,” arguing

that the court erred by entering a dismissal in favor of a misidentified defendant whom Appellant

had not sued. Rosales filed an amended motion for dismissal that was substantively identical to

the previous motion but listed the correct defendant. The trial court entered an amended order

dismissing Appellant’s suit as frivolous under Chapter 14, denying all relief not expressly

granted in the judgment. This appeal followed.

                                                  DISCUSSION

         Appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion in dismissing his suit because he


2
 “TDCJ’s inmate grievance procedure is a two-step process outlined in TDCJ’s Offender Orientation Handbook,
which is distributed to inmates upon their confinement within the corrections system. . . . The Step 1 grievance
must be filed within 15 days from the date of the alleged incident or occurrence. If the inmate receives an adverse
Step 1 decision, the inmate has 15 days to file a Step 2 grievance.” Hill v. Reilly, 343 S.W.3d 447, 450 (Tex.App.--
El Paso 2010, pet. denied).
3
  There is no indication from the clerk’s record that the trial court ever ruled on Appellant’s request. Nevertheless,
Chapter 14 applies because Appellant filed “an affidavit or unsworn declaration of inability to pay costs.” Hickson
v. Moya, 926 S.W.2d 397, 398 (Tex.App.--Waco 1996, no writ).

                                                           2
properly stated a claim under the Texas Theft Liability Act. Rosales counters that dismissal

without a fact hearing was proper because Appellant’s claim as alleged was frivolous as a matter

of law under Chapter 14.4 We disagree.

                                               Standard of Review

         Chapter 14 of the Civil Practice & Remedies Code establishes a set of procedures

governing lawsuits filed by inmates wishing to litigate in forma pauperis. TEX.CIV.PRAC.&

REM.CODE ANN. § 14.002(a)(West Supp. 2013). “The purpose of [C]hapter 14 is not to punish

inmates for filing claims, but to aid the court in determining whether an inmate’s claim is

frivolous[,]” McCullough v. Dretke, 02-07-00294-CV, 2008 WL 4180365, at *2 (Tex.App.--Fort

Worth 2008, no pet.)(mem. op.), so as to stem “the flood of frivolous lawsuits being filed in the

courts of this State by prison inmates[.]” Hickson, 926 S.W.2d at 399. By statute, a court may

dismiss an inmate suit at any time where (1) an inmate’s allegation of poverty in an affidavit or

unsworn statement is false, (2) “the claim is frivolous or malicious[,]”or (3) the inmate

knowingly filed some other false affidavit or unsworn declaration in connection with the claim.

TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 14.003(a)(West 2002). A claim is frivolous or malicious

where: (1) “the claim’s realistic chance or ultimate success is slight;” (2) “the claim has no

arguable basis in law or in fact;” (3) “it is clear that the party cannot prove facts in support of the

claim;” or (4) “the claim is substantially similar to a previous claim filed by the inmate because
4
  Rosales also responds in the alternative that we should affirm the trial court because Appellant’s allegation of
poverty is false. The case he cites in support of his false poverty proposition, McClain v. Terry, 320 S.W.3d 394,
398 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2010, no pet.), involved a challenge to the trial court’s order explicitly dismissing the
inmate’s complaint on false poverty grounds following a contest to his poverty affidavit. See id. at 396. Here, the
court expressly dismissed this claim on frivolousness grounds, and Rosales cites no authority stating that where the
trial court erroneously dismisses a claim as frivolous under Section 14.003(a)(2), we may still affirm the trial court’s
judgment on completely different grounds – i.e., where dismissal would have been proper under Sections
14.003(a)(1)(false allegation of poverty) or (a)(3)(other false statement). “[W]here a trial court dismisses a suit
under Chapter 14 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code and states its reasons in its order, this Court is limited to
reviewing only its stated reasons.” Smith v. Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice-Institutional Div., 33 S.W.3d 338, 340
n.2 (Tex.App.--Texarkana 2000, pet. denied). Because the judgment here explicitly states that the claim was
dismissed for frivolousness, the scope of our review is limited to that question only and we do not address the false
poverty grounds.

                                                           3
the claim arises from the same operative facts.” TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 14.003(b).

       We ordinarily review a Chapter 14 dismissal for abuse of discretion. Thomas v. Skinner,

54 S.W.3d 845, 846 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 2001, pet. denied); Hickson, 926 S.W.2d at 398.

Where the trial court dismisses the claim for frivolousness but does not specify on which ground

its judgment rests, we may affirm under any applicable legal theory. Fernandez v. T.D.C.J., 341

S.W.3d 6, 13 (Tex.App.--Waco 2010, no pet.). However, “[w]hen the trial court dismisses a

claim [as frivolous] without conducting a fact hearing, we are limited to reviewing whether the

claim had an arguable basis in law.” Brewer v. Simental, 268 S.W.3d 763, 770 (Tex.App.--Waco

2008, no pet.)(where trial court “held no fact hearing on the defendant[’]s[] motion to dismiss[,]”

the trial court could not have dismissed claim for frivolousness on any basis other than because

claim “had no arguable basis in law” under Section 14.003(b)(2)); see also Scaife v. State, 03-12-

00324-CV, 2014 WL 1432537, at *2 (Tex.App.--Austin April 8, 2014, no pet. h.)(mem. op.);

Hamilton v. Pechacek, 319 S.W.3d 801, 809 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2010, no pet.); In re Wilson,

932 S.W.2d 263, 266 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1996, no writ). “Whether a claim has an arguable

basis in law is a legal question to be reviewed de novo.” Burnett v. Sharp, 328 S.W.3d 594, 600

(Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.).

       In assessing the pleadings, we take the inmate’s allegations as true and review the pro se

pleadings “by standards less stringent than those applied to formal pleadings drafted by lawyers”

to determine “whether, as a matter of law, the petition stated a cause of action that would

authorize relief.” Brewer, 268 S.W.3d at 770. A claim has no arguable basis in law only if it is

based on (1) wholly incredible or irrational factual allegations; or (2) an indisputably meritless

legal theory. See Nabelek v. Dist. Attorney of Harris County, 290 S.W.3d 222, 228 (Tex.App.-

Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. denied). An inmate’s claim may not be dismissed merely



                                                  4
because the court considers the allegations “unlikely.” See Nabelek, 290 S.W.3d at 228.

                                             Analysis

       Appellant’s sole claim against Rosales is a theft cause of action. “A person who commits

theft is liable for the damages resulting from the theft.” TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN.

§ 134.003(a)(West 2011); see also TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 134.002(2)(West Supp.

2013)(defining “theft” by incorporating portions of the Penal Code by reference). As is relevant

here, a person commits theft when he appropriates property without the owner’s effective

consent and with the intent to deprive the owner of the property.              TEX.PEN.CODE ANN.

§ 31.03(a), (b)(1)(West Supp. 2013).

       Rosales contends that Appellant failed to properly allege lack of effective consent and

lack of intent. Our review of the case law indicates that the Houston Fourteenth District Court of

Appeals addressed a similar pleading sufficiency question in Minix v. Gonzales, 162 S.W.3d 635,

639 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.). There, a pro se inmate alleged only that two

prison officials removed a book from his cell without having the lawful authority to do so and

refused to return the book or inventory it with the prison property official. Id. Following

summary dismissal at the trial court level on frivolousness grounds, the Houston Court of

Appeals reversed, holding that the inmate properly cited the Texas Theft Liability Act and stated

a cause of action with an arguable basis in law for theft under the Act. Id.

       Here, the facts are similar to Minix. Appellant correctly identified and cited the Texas

Theft Liability Act and identified a specific and cognizable cause of action. Id.; cf. Scaife, 2014

WL 1432537, at *3-*4 (dismissal proper where inmate did not state claims against state officials

but merely attempted to conduct discovery for upcoming collateral forfeiture suit).         In his

petition, Appellant stated that the property was taken without his effective consent, Rosales was



                                                 5
in possession of his property during the move, that Appellant denied giving Rosales permission

to do anything with his property other than assist in moving it, that the property disappeared

during the moving process, and that the property was not lawfully seized under prison

regulations or otherwise inventoried.5

        Although the trial court had no responsibility to hold a fact hearing in connection with a

dismissal under Chapter 14, not doing so constrains this Court to reviewing only the narrow

question of whether the inmate has alleged a cognizable cause of action. Scott v. Gallagher, 209

S.W.3d 262, 266 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.). Construing Appellant’s petition

liberally, we find that he has sufficiently alleged a cause of action for theft under the Texas Theft

Liability Act. See Minix, 162 S.W.3d at 639. We have no occasion to consider the ultimate

merits of Appellant’s suit or its likelihood of success at this time. See Scott, 209 S.W.3d at 266.

        Rosales argues alternatively that even if Appellant correctly alleged a cause of action, his

failure to strictly comply with TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. 14.005(a)’s filing requirements

would justify dismissal for frivolousness. In re Martin, 01-09-00505-CV, 2011 WL 1632162, at

*3 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 28, 2011, no pet.)(mem. op.)(failure to comply with

Chapter 14 procedural requirement grounds for dismissal). Specifically, Rosales points to the

fact that Appellant failed to include the date his administrative grievances were filed and

disposed of in his affidavit as required by statute. TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. 14.005(a).

We reject Rosales’ contention that this omission is fatal. “Though Section 14.005 does not


5
  Rosales argues that Appellant’s decision to possess personal property while incarcerated demonstrates his implied
consent to its appropriation at any time and by any means, rendering him unable to bring a TTLA cause of action per
se. In support of that position, Rosales directs our attention to TDCJ Administrative Directive 03.72, which states:
“An offender who chooses to possess property while in the TDCJ thereby consents to TDCJ’s rules and regulations
regarding the acquisition, possession, storage, and disposition of said property.” We do not read the plain text of
this regulation as authorizing seizure at all times and under all circumstances. Further, Rosales’ argument that
inmates may not sustain TTLA actions because they give their effective consent per se runs contrary to Minix, in
which the Houston Court of Appeals permitted an inmate to pursue TTLA claims against prison officials in their
individual capacities. We find this argument meritless.

                                                         6
explicitly so provide, its obvious purpose is to allow the trial court to dismiss a suit when it

becomes clear that the inmate has failed to provide the information the statute requires.” Smith,

33 S.W.3d at 341. Appellant substantially complied with the formal requirements by referencing

the date of the Step 2 decision in his original petition and attaching the Step 2 administrative

form as an exhibit. See Francis v. TDCJ-CID, 188 S.W.3d 799, 804 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth

2006, no pet.)(trial court abused discretion in dismissing case when date information that should

have been in affidavit per statute was apparent from appended grievance form). Rosales’

counter-argument is without merit.

       Appellant’s sole issue is sustained. We reverse the trial court’s dismissal and remand for

further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.



June 20, 2014
                                             YVONNE T. RODRIGUEZ, Justice

Before McClure, C.J., Rivera, and Rodriguez, JJ.




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