                         COURT OF APPEALS
                          SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                               FORT WORTH


                               NO. 2-09-028-CV


IN THE INTEREST OF K.P., A CHILD




                                    ------------

           FROM THE 323RD DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY

                                    ------------

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION 1

                                    ------------

                                  Introduction

      Appellants B.P. (Mother) and C.P. (Father) separately appeal the trial

court’s order terminating their parental rights to their child, K.P.2   In three

issues, Mother contends that the trial court abused its discretion by denying her

      1
          … See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
      2
       … The names of the parties involved in this appeal have been replaced
with initials. See Tex. R. App. P. 9.8(b); Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 109.002(d)
(Vernon 2008). We will refer to B.P. as Mother, C.P. as Father, and B.P. and
C.P. collectively as “the parents” in the remainder of this opinion.
motions to extend the statutory dismissal deadline and for a continuance and

that the evidence is factually insufficient to prove that termination of her

parent-child relationship is in K.P.’s best interest. Father contends in two issues

that the trial court abused its discretion by denying his motion to extend the

statutory dismissal deadline (of which he joined with Mother) and that the

evidence is legally and factually insufficient to prove that termination of his

parent-child relationship is in K.P.’s best interest. 3 We affirm.

                               Background Facts

      On January 11, 2008, the Texas Department of Family and Protective

Services (the Department) received a referral from John Peter Smith Hospital

that a child, K.P., had been born with cocaine in his meconium four days earlier.

The Department assigned an investigator to the referral, appointed Jeanette

Leong as its caseworker, removed K.P. from his parents’ custody, placed him

in foster care, and filed a petition for K.P.’s protection when he was a week

old.4 The parents answered the Department’s petition through general denials.




      3
      … Because Mother’s and Father’s issues are similar and relate to the
same portions of the record, we will address them together.
      4
       … The Department’s petition sought termination of the parents’ rights if
reunification could not be achieved. The trial court signed an order authorizing
K.P.’s removal and naming the Department as K.P.’s temporary managing
conservator.

                                        2
      While conducting its investigation on the day it received the referral, the

Department discovered that Mother, who was twenty-three years old at K.P.’s

birth, had a previous case with the Department in Kerrville involving her other

two children.5 Mother admitted to a history of drug use, including attending a

party in May 2007 in which she used methamphetamine and cocaine. Although

Mother initially told an investigator that she had stopped using drugs when she

discovered she was pregnant, she later admitted that she used cocaine as

recently as one month before K.P.’s birth. Father told the investigator that he

had used marijuana a year and a half to two years before K.P.’s birth.

      Mother had begun Community Addiction Treatment Services (CATS)6 in

August 2007 as a result of her previous case in Kerrville. But Mother used

methamphetamine while attending CATS, and she left the program three

months later after completing only half of the program’s sessions.




      5
      … During the course of this case, Mother voluntarily relinquished her
parental rights to her two other children.
      6
       … CATS, a division of Mental Health and Mental Retardation (MHMR),
is an outpatient drug treatment program.

                                       3
         Leong created separate service plans for Mother and Father, and she

explained those plans to them in January 2008.7 They agreed to complete their

plans.

         The Department recommended that Mother complete inpatient treatment

for her drug problems, but Mother refused because she does not “do well in a

lock-up setting.”    Instead, Mother voluntarily joined the Family Drug Court

Program (the Program). In doing so, she agreed to complete the Program “to

the satisfaction of the Court, including faithful attendance” at all counseling

sessions.

         The Program provided Mother with immediate specialized services, 8 and

it allowed Mother two-hour visits with K.P. twice per week, compared to a

normal Department case, in which a parent receives a one-hour visit once per

week. Mother received time and budget management instruction as part of the

Program, but issues related to her bipolar disorder were never resolved.




         7
       … The Department filed the parents’ service plans in March 2008. The
service plans expressed the parents’ need to stay drug-free, complete drug-
related programs and other programs and evaluations, and visit K.P. at least
once per week.
         8
       … For instance, she received psychiatric services not routinely made
available for parents involved in Department cases because she was enrolled in
the Program, and she had a larger support team to provide transportation and
other needs.

                                        4
      The Program required Mother to attend twenty-eight group meetings and

four individual meetings. Father was not eligible to officially be part of the

Program because it was designed for mothers and children, but he did benefit

from Mother’s involvement because he was allowed to attend team meetings

and treatment sessions, and he was able to enjoy the extended visitation

periods allowed by the Program.

      In March 2008, the Department placed K.P. with Father’s grandmother

(Great-Grandmother), who lived next door to the parents. Mother visited K.P.

consistently through April 2008, when she started working about thirty-five

hours per week as a cashier at Wal-Mart.

      During Mother’s time in the Program, Father experienced serious medical

problems—he had emergency surgery to remove his appendix on the day K.P.

was born, he was hospitalized three or four times for more than a month

cumulatively for various medical issues, and he had numerous doctor visits.

The Department did not provide Father with counseling for the management of

his time, budget, or anger, which he requested but was not part of his service

plan. Father took parenting classes and a psychological exam and attended

some marriage counseling, and the Department administered two lab urinary




                                      5
analyses (UAs) and four or five drug tests to him at his home during the course

of the service plan.9

      In June 2008, the Department required either Mother or Father to visit

K.P. each night by 6 p.m. or be fined. The Department did that because, at the

time, the Department believed it was appropriate to test the parents’ ability to

take care of K.P., and the 6 p.m. deadline simulated the parents’ responsibility

if K.P. was reunified with them but they had to place him in day care because

of their work schedules.

      Mother eventually found the requirements of the Program too stressful.

In July 2008, after being counseled at her house by a Program team, Mother

asked to leave the Program, and the trial court discharged her from it.

      Mother’s visits with K.P. were sporadic from June to August 2008, and

Father’s visits were “very minimal.” After Mother voluntarily left the Program

in July 2008, the Department was unable to locate both Mother and Father

until October 2008. Other drug users lived along with Mother and Father in the

house that they were renting next to Great-Grandmother.        They eventually

moved out of that house because they could not pay their rent, and they began

using heroin together. They were both arrested and incarcerated for stealing



      9
      … Father tested negative on the UAs that he took, but he stopped taking
them in June 2008, when he lost contact with the Department.

                                       6
from Target in October 2008. Mother was released from jail on October 31,

2008, just over a month before the start of the termination trial, and Father

was released in early November.

      Father theorized that the 6 p.m. visitation deadline, coupled with the

other activities that the Department scheduled, created stress and caused the

parents’ relapses and their noncompliance with their service plans. However, a

CATS program manager testified that the parents started wanting to leave the

Program in March 2008, before the Department imposed the deadline.

      After her release from jail, Mother completed an inpatient detoxification

program and began receiving services from Helping Open People’s Eyes

(HOPE).10 After his release from jail, Father began seeing psychiatrists and

began attending appointments at MHMR and HOPE as well as church and a

Bible study.

      Father began working sixty to seventy hours a week as a manager at

Hollywood Video about two weeks before the trial. He worked mostly nights

so he and Mother would not have to pay for day care if K.P. was returned to

them. Mother began working at W endy’s three weeks before the trial. The




      10
       … HOPE is a Christian-based weekly outpatient drug treatment program.
Mother had completed only one weekly session at the time that the trial began.

                                      7
parents moved into Father’s mother’s house once they were out of jail,

conditioned upon their remaining drug-free and seeking counseling.

      Following a trial that began in December 2008, the trial court terminated

the parents’ rights in January 2009.       The court found that each parent

knowingly placed or allowed K.P to remain in conditions that endangered his

physical or emotional well-being, engaged in conduct or placed K.P. with

persons who engaged in conduct that endangered his physical or emotional

well-being, and constructively abandoned K.P. while he was in the permanent

or temporary managing conservatorship of the Department. The court also

found that termination was in K.P.’s best interest. The parents separately filed

timely notices of appeal.

            Denial of the Motions for Continuance and Extension

      Initially, both parents contend that the trial court erred by denying their

joint motion for an extension of the dismissal deadline. 11 In her second issue,

Mother contends that the trial court also erred by denying her motion for a

continuance.




      11
        … Mother and Father appeal separately. Because the issues related to
a continuance and an extension are similar and the motions were made together
at the trial and are briefed similarly on appeal, we will address them together.

                                       8
Continuance standards

       We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion for continuance for an abuse

of discretion. See BMC Software Belg., N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789,

800 (Tex. 2002). We do not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court.

In re Nitla S.A. de C.V., 92 S.W.3d 419, 422 (Tex. 2002) (orig. proceeding).

Instead, we must determine whether the trial court’s action was so arbitrary

and unreasonable as to amount to a clear and prejudicial error of law. Joe v.

Two Thirty Nine Joint Venture, 145 S.W.3d 150, 161 (Tex. 2004).

       A motion for continuance shall not be granted except for sufficient cause

supported by an affidavit, through consent of the parties, or by operation of

law.   Tex. R. Civ. P. 251; see In re E.L.T., 93 S.W.3d 372, 374 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.). An abuse of discretion does not

occur where the trial court bases its decision on conflicting evidence or when

some evidence of substantive and probative character exists to support the

decision. In re D.W., 249 S.W.3d 625, 647 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth) (en banc),

pet. denied, 260 S.W.3d 462 (Tex. 2008).

Extension standards

       A trial court must dismiss a suit affecting the parent-child relationship if

it has not rendered a final order or granted an extension on the first Monday

after the first anniversary of the date the court rendered a temporary order

                                         9
appointing the Department as temporary managing conservator. 1 2 Tex. Fam.

Code Ann. § 263.401(a) (Vernon 2008).          The trial court may grant an

extension of up to 180 days if it finds that “extraordinary circumstances

necessitate the child remaining in the temporary managing conservatorship of

the department and that continuing the appointment of the department as

temporary managing conservator is in the best interest of the child.” Id. §

263.401(b).    Because an extension of the dismissal date is similar to a

continuance and section 263.401(b) does not specify which appellate standard

of review should apply, we apply the abuse of discretion standard. D.W., 249

S.W.3d at 647; see In re J.A., No. 02-05-00454-CV, 2006 WL 3114434, at

*9 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Nov. 2, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.).

Analysis

      Mother filed for a continuance and extension because she was “currently

working her service plan” and because she had completed some portions of that

plan. In post-trial motions, Mother and Father separately argued, “Proceeding

with trial when [Mother or Father were] so close to completing [their] services

prevented [them] from showing the finder of fact that [they were] both capable



      12
       … In this case, the trial court named the Department temporary
managing conservator on January 14, 2008. The trial court heard and denied
the motions for a continuance and an extension on December 9, 2008, about
a month before the dismissal deadline.

                                      10
and willing to parent [their] child.”       Mother argues on appeal that the

continuance or extension should have been granted because a 180-day delay

in the trial proceedings would not have harmed K.P., and Father asserts that his

medical condition and the parents’ downfall allegedly caused by the Program

created extraordinary circumstances that required an extension of the deadline.

They do not contend that they were unprepared for the termination trial.

      We have repeatedly held that when a parent, through his or her own

choices, fails to comply with a service plan and then at the time of the

termination trial requests a continuance or an extension of the statutory

dismissal deadline in order to complete the plan, the trial court does not abuse

its discretion by denying the continuance or extension. See, e.g., In re M.M.F.,

No. 02-08-00014-CV, 2008 WL 5265033, at *13 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Dec.

18, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.); see also In re A.H., No. 04-06-00055-CV, 2006

WL 1473696, at *1 (Tex. App.—San Antonio May 31, 2006, no pet.) (mem.

op.) (holding similarly). The record demonstrates that the parents received their

service plans in January 2008.      Leong explained the service plans to the

parents at that time. However, at the time of the trial in December 2008,




                                       11
eleven months later, neither parent had completed his or her service plan’s

requirements.13

      Mother visited K.P. regularly for the first two months after the

Department placed him next door with Great-Grandmother.           But when she

started working, she only visited him sporadically, and she saw him only once

in the four months before the trial. She dropped out of the drug court program

that she had voluntarily entered.14 She did not complete random drug tests,

and she was only clean for around fifty days before the start of the trial.

Mother did not significantly change her behavior until she was in jail, two

months before the termination trial. She testified that the Department gave her

sufficient assistance in completing her service plan but that she was still unable

to do so.

      Under these facts, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its

discretion by denying Mother’s continuance or extension for more time to

complete her service plan.


      13
       … We are reviewing here evidence relative to the termination only for
purposes of evaluating the trial court’s discretion in granting or denying the
continuance or extension.
      14
        … At the trial, Mother explained about the Program, “[I]t was like
everything we were doing was not right. It was like we couldn’t do anything
right, and I had just had enough.” Father stated about the Program, “I was
doing everything they wanted me to do, and it was like the harder I tried, the
more I got done, the more I got yelled at and told I wasn’t doing right.”

                                       12
      Likewise, we are unpersuaded that an extension should have been

granted because Father had medical issues during the time he was given to

complete the service plan. Over the year Father had to complete his service

plan, he was hospitalized for around thirty days and had multiple hospital visits.

But he did not regularly visit K.P. when he was not in the hospital. Father last

visited K.P. in July, five months before the start of the termination trial. Father

also did not change his behavior and his drug use until he was in jail in October,

nine months after having been given his service plan and only two months

before the trial.

      Statements and implications in Father’s brief on this issue conflict with

the record. For instance, although Father argues that “once [Mother] exited

[the Program], she was written off and forgotten by the Department,” the

record establishes that the Department wrote letters and left messages for

Mother and Father, but that the parents chose not to contact the Department.

Also, although Father contends that he was excluded from the Program and

was therefore “discriminated against in the most blatant fashion from the

inception of the case,” the evidence demonstrates that he received the benefits

of the Program even though his personal desire was to not take part in the

Program at all. Finally, we note that although the parents contend that an

extension or continuance would not have harmed K.P., if the trial court’s

                                        13
termination decision would not have changed in the six-month interval caused

by an extension, the delay would have put the Department’s eventual adoption

goal for K.P. (whether with Great-Grandmother or a nonrelative, as explained

below) on hold.

      Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by

denying the parents’ motions for continuance or extension. Accordingly, we

overrule Mother’s first and second issues, and we overrule Father’s first issue.

                         Legal and Factual Sufficiency

      In his second issue, Father contends that the evidence is legally and

factually insufficient to show that termination of his parental relationship with

K.P. is in K.P.’s best interest. In her third issue, Mother contends that the

evidence is factually insufficient to show that termination of her parental

relationship with K.P. is in his best interest. We will discuss Father’s complaint

about legal and factual sufficiency together with Mother’s factual sufficiency

complaint.

Standards of review

      Termination of parental rights is a drastic remedy and is of such weight

and gravity that due process requires the petitioner to justify termination by

clear and convincing evidence. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 161.001, 161.206(a)

(Vernon 2008); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex. 2002).                 This

                                       14
intermediate standard falls between the preponderance standard of ordinary civil

proceedings and the reasonable doubt standard of criminal proceedings. In re

G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846, 847 (Tex. 1980); In re C.S., 208 S.W.3d 77, 83 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2006, pet. denied). It is defined as the “measure or degree

of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or

conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.” Tex.

Fam. Code Ann. § 101.007 (Vernon 2008).

      Legal sufficiency

      In reviewing the evidence for legal sufficiency in parental termination

cases, we must determine whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could

reasonably form a firm belief or conviction that the grounds for termination

were proven.   In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005).         We must

review all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding and judgment.

Id. This means that we must assume that the factfinder resolved any disputed

facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could have done so. Id.

We must also disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have

disbelieved. Id. We must consider, however, undisputed evidence even if it is

contrary to the finding. Id. That is, we must consider evidence favorable to

termination if a reasonable factfinder could, and disregard contrary evidence

unless a reasonable factfinder could not. Id.

                                      15
      We must therefore consider all of the evidence, not just that which favors

the verdict. Id. But we cannot weigh witness credibility issues that depend on

the appearance and demeanor of the witnesses, for that is the factfinder’s

province. Id. And even when credibility issues appear in the appellate record,

we must defer to the factfinder’s determinations as long as they are not

unreasonable. Id.

      Factual sufficiency

      In reviewing the evidence for factual sufficiency, we must give due

deference to the factfinder’s findings and not supplant the judgment with our

own. In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006). We must determine

whether, on the entire record, a factfinder could reasonably form a firm

conviction or belief that the termination of the parent’s parental rights is in the

best interest of the child. Id.; In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25, 28 (Tex. 2002).

If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable

factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that

a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction in the

truth of its finding, then the evidence is factually insufficient. H.R.M., 209

S.W.3d at 108.




                                        16
Applicable law

      A   parent’s   rights   to   “the   companionship,    care,   custody,   and

management” of his or her children are constitutional interests “far more

precious than any property right.”         Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745,

758–59, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1397 (1982); In re M.S., 115 S.W.3d 534, 547

(Tex. 2003). “While parental rights are of constitutional magnitude, they are

not absolute. Just as it is imperative for courts to recognize the constitutional

underpinnings of the parent-child relationship, it is also essential that emotional

and physical interests of the child not be sacrificed merely to preserve that

right.” C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 26.

      In a termination case, the State seeks not just to limit parental rights but

to end them permanently—to divest the parent and child of legal rights,

privileges, duties, and powers normally existing between them, except for the

child’s right to inherit. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.206(b); Holick v. Smith,

685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985). We strictly scrutinize termination in favor of

the parent. Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20–21; In re E.M.N., 221 S.W.3d 815, 820

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.).

      In proceedings to terminate the parent-child relationship brought under

section 161.001 of the family code, the petitioner must prove that termination




                                          17
is in the best interest of the child. 15 Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(2); see

In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2005). There is a strong presumption that

keeping a child with a parent is in the child’s best interest. In re R.R., 209

S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006). Prompt and permanent placement of the child

in a safe environment is also presumed to be in the child’s best interest. Tex.

Fam. Code Ann. § 263.307(a) (Vernon 2008). In determining a child’s best

interest, courts should consider whether there is a history of substance abuse

by the child’s family or others who have access to the child’s home and

whether the child’s family demonstrates adequate parenting skills.          Id. §

263.307(b)(8), (12).

      Other factors that the trier of fact in a termination case may use in

determining the best interest of the child include:

      (1)   the desires of the child;

      (2)   the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the
            future;

      (3)   the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the
            future;

      (4)   the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody;



      15
        … A petitioner must also prove that the parent has violated one of the
provisions contained in section 161.001(1) of the family code. See Tex. Fam.
Code Ann. § 161.001(1). However, neither parent has challenged the trial
court’s findings under that subsection.

                                        18
      (5)   the programs available to assist these individuals to promote
            the best interest of the child;

      (6)   the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency
            seeking custody;

      (7)   the stability of the home or proposed placement;

      (8)   the acts or omissions of the parent which may indicate that
            the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one; and

      (9)   any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent.

Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976).

      Undisputed evidence of just one factor may be sufficient in a particular

case to support a finding that termination is in the best interest of the child.

C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27. On the other hand, the presence of scant evidence

relevant to each factor will not support such a finding. Id. Some listed factors

may be inapplicable to some cases; other factors not on the list may also be

considered when appropriate. Id. For this reason, we will only discuss the

factors which were made relevant by the evidence submitted at the trial and

will combine our analysis of factors where the evidence may concurrently

apply.




                                      19
Analysis

      The desires of K.P. and the parental abilities of Mother and Father

      K.P. was less than a year old at the beginning of the termination trial and

could not therefore specifically express his desires.      However, testimony

indicated that he had not bonded emotionally with the parents because they did

not visit him consistently. Even though K.P. was in the house next door to the

parents throughout much of the time of this case, they did not always visit

when they were home.

      When the parents did visit K.P., they did not give K.P. all of their

attention. For example, they sometimes talked on their cell phones or sent text

messages while visiting K.P. Great-Grandmother testified that when Mother

was with K.P., sometimes she “would play with him and then sometimes she

would pass him off to [Father] and not want to have anything to do with him.”

Great-Grandmother also said that Mother would sometimes “just lay [K.P.] on

the couch . . . and walk off.”

      As the parents’ case with the Department progressed, the parents visited

K.P. with decreasing frequency. Mother visited K.P. fourteen times in May

2008, twelve times in June, eight times in July, and just four times through half

of August. Mother visited K.P. only once from mid-August to the beginning of




                                       20
the trial in December 2008, and she did not make contact with her caseworker

at all from the middle of August until the end of October of that year.

      Father visited K.P. ten times in May, four times in June, six times in July,

and just once in the first half of August. Father also lost complete contact with

the Department’s caseworker from August until October 2008. Although the

evidence demonstrated that Mother and Father made better attempts to visit

K.P. in the month preceding the trial, conflicting schedules of the parents with

the Department and K.P. being sick blocked those attempts.

      Mother cited “[w]ork reasons and depression” as the reasons she did not

visit K.P. Father stated that his work schedule and drug treatment conflicted

with him visiting K.P. He thought that it was impossible to complete all of the

tasks that the Department had requested.

      Mother even said at one point that she did not want K.P. and did not love

him. She once told her caseworker that she did not feel bonded with K.P. and

that she wanted to go back to Kerrville to be with her other children.

      The stability of the parents’ home and the plans for K.P. by those seeking
      custody

      At the time of the trial, the parents had been living with Father’s mother

and her fiancé in her two-bedroom duplex for just over a month. To remain

there, Mother and Father must stay free of drugs (which they have been unable



                                       21
to do for any significant length of time) and obtain counseling. Father’s mother

has a history of using drugs, although she had not used drugs in the five years

preceding the trial. Her fiancé has a conviction for assault.

      After moving out of the house next to Great-Grandmother in September,

until moving in with Father’s mother in November, Mother lived in her car and

in motels. Mother stated that the house that she and Father had lived in next

to Great-Grandmother was not stable—it had broken windows and floors, and

it was not suitable for children.

      By comparison, Great-Grandmother, whom K.P. remained with at the time

of the trial, was attentive to K.P.’s emotional needs, was in compliance with

the Department’s plans for him, and was providing him a stable home. Great-

Grandmother testified that at the time of the trial, K.P. was “a happy little boy

and [he was] very healthy.” Great-Grandmother was making plans to adopt

K.P., and the Department’s only concerns about those plans was Great-

Grandmother’s age (she was 72 years old at the time of the trial) and whether

Great-Grandmother could support K.P. financially until he was eighteen years

old. Mother testified that if her rights to K.P. were terminated, she wanted

Great-Grandmother to continue to care for K.P. If the Department determined

that Great-Grandmother could not provide for K.P.’s long-term needs, it planned

on allowing a nonrelative to adopt K.P.

                                       22
      Mother provided some financial support for K.P. while Great-Grandmother

took care of him, but she last bought diapers for him in June 2008, six months

before the trial. At the time of the trial, the parents had not made plans for a

car seat or a crib if the court returned K.P. to them, although it seemed that

these items could be easily obtained.

      The present and future potential for emotional and physical danger to
      K.P., the acts or omissions of the parents which may indicate that their
      relationship with K.P. is not proper, any excuse for the parents’ acts or
      omissions, and the programs available to assist the parents

      The parents have long-standing, persistent drug problems. For instance,

Mother used cocaine for several years before K.P.’s birth.       She also used

methamphetamine on and off since 2002.         Mother and Father used heroin

together in July 2008, while K.P. was in the custody of the Department.

      Mother admitted that, as a parent, using those types of controlled

substances endangers her child. But she used ecstasy in June 2008 and heroin

in September 2008 and again in October 2008, after completing her

detoxification program and just before going to jail.

      The Department requested that Mother complete inpatient treatment for

her drug problems, but she declined doing so because she had a “fear of

confinement and she felt that she could be more successful with an outpatient

program.” Mother had a support group and was seeking treatment for her drug



                                        23
use through MHMR, HOPE and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) at the time of the

trial,16 and she had been drug-free for around two months. However, she had

participated in similar programs in the past, including completing CATS in 2007,

participating in drug treatment in early 2008, and completing a detoxification

program in October 2008, and she had relapsed after her involvement in all

three of those courses of treatment. The trial court could have reasonably

inferred that she would relapse again. See Williams v. Williams, 150 S.W.3d

436, 451 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, pet. denied); In re K.A.S., 131 S.W.3d

215, 230 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied) (explaining that a trial

court “is not required to believe that there has been a lasting change in a

parent’s attitude”).

      Mother did not take full advantage of the treatment available for her. She

completed her psychological evaluation and her parenting classes, but she did

not, as required by the service plan, complete all of her substance abuse

classes, complete CATS after-care,17 consistently maintain an NA sponsor, or




      16
      … Mother went to fifteen NA sessions from November 11, 2008 to
December 17, 2008.
      17
       … A Department representative explained, “After-care is just as
important as going to the groups, because after-care helps set a foundation for
sustained sobriety.”

                                      24
take some random UAs. A permanency progress report indicates that most of

Mother’s problems with the service plan began to arise in July 2008.

      During the Department’s involvement with K.P., Mother cut herself

(including as recently as October 2008), and during a cross-examination,

Mother admitted to having had suicidal thoughts since K.P’s removal.

According to Great-Grandmother, Mother and Father may have also stolen

Great-Grandmother’s bank card and emptied her checking account. Mother

admitted that the words “drug-using, drug-seeking, and not stable” were

appropriate to describe her behavior just before the termination trial began.

      Father admitted to using heroin as far back as 2005, and he has been

using drugs in general since he was fourteen years old. He conceded that he

smoked marijuana and used heroin before K.P.’s birth, and he admitted that he

used heroin within two months of the trial date. He told Great-Grandmother

that he also used ecstasy. He knew about Mother’s drug use while she was

pregnant with K.P., but he said and did nothing about it. He also has a long

criminal history—he received deferred adjudication for a felony drug charge in

1999, pled guilty to driving under the influence of drugs in that same year, and

pled guilty to separate thefts he committed in September and October 2008,

just months before the termination trial. Mother also pled guilty to the October

2008 theft.

                                      25
      Although Father blamed the schedule of the Department’s treatment

programs and its employees for his relapse, he admitted that his relapse did not

occur until around the time that Mother left the Program, and he conceded that

he continued to use drugs (and stole from Target) after the stress that he

alleged the Program caused was removed. Also, like Mother, although Father

was seeking treatment for his drug use at the time of the trial, he had

previously participated in drug treatment programs and had relapsed after

completing those programs, including relapsing after a detoxification program

in October 2008.

      Father’s poor choices are also reflected by his selling some prescription

drugs to one of his friends and knocking holes in walls because he was angry

with Mother. When Father was asked by the Department’s attorney whether

his using drugs and stealing endangered K.P., Father responded, “I refuse to

answer any more questions.”

      Our holding

      We hold that these facts, considered under the Holley factors and viewed

in the light most favorable to the trial court’s judgment, enabled the trial court

to reasonably form a firm conviction or belief that termination of Father’s

parental rights was in K.P.’s best interest. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72.

Therefore, we hold that the evidence was legally sufficient to support the trial

                                       26
court’s best interest finding as to Father. See J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573. We

also hold that, giving due deference to     the trial court’s determination, the

evidence is factually sufficient to support the trial court’s judgment terminating

both parents’ rights because the trial court could reasonably form a firm

conviction or belief that termination is in K.P.’s best interest. See C.H., 89

S.W.3d at 28. Accordingly, we overrule Father’s second issue and Mother’s

third issue.

                                   Conclusion

      Having overruled all of Mother’s and Father’s issues, we affirm the trial

court’s order terminating their parental rights to K.P.




                                            TERRIE LIVINGSTON
                                            JUSTICE

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, MCCOY, and MEIER, JJ.

DELIVERED: August 13, 2009




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