                                                                              F I L E D
                                                                       United States Court of Appeals
                                                                               Tenth Circuit

                                                                               JUN 17 1998
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                  TENTH CIRCUIT                           PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                   Clerk


 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

               Plaintiff - Appellee,                      No. No. 97-4151
          v.                                                  (D. Utah)
 MARIO DIAZ,                                           (D.C. No. 96-CR-141)

               Defendant - Appellant.


                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before ANDERSON, MAGILL **, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.




      Mario Diaz appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress

evidence obtained through a telephone wiretap. We affirm.




      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
      **
         Honorable Frank J. Magill, Senior Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals
for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.
                                  BACKGROUND

      This case arises out of an investigation of a narcotics distribution

organization. In March 1995, the United States Customs Service reported to the

Salt Lake County Special Investigations Unit that it had experienced an armed

confrontation at the Mexican border involving a vehicle registered in Utah. As a

result, a joint federal and state criminal investigation was initiated, focusing on a

residence in West Valley City, Utah. After several other investigative procedures

failed to reveal the scope of the criminal organization and the identity of all its

participants, the state government applied for a state order authorizing the

interception of telephone communications on a telephone located at the target

residence.

      In a thirty-nine page affidavit supporting the application, the government

noted difficulties it had experienced with investigative techniques such as visual

surveillance and pen registers and enumerated reasons, discussed below, why

other normal investigative techniques would be unlikely to succeed if tried.

Based on that affidavit, a Utah state court issued an order in October 1995

authorizing the wiretap. In November 1995, investigators intercepted a series of

conversations involving Mr. Diaz and implicating him in the conspiracy.

      As a result of these interceptions and evidence developed from them, Mr.

Diaz was eventually charged in a one-count indictment with possession with


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intent to distribute marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 846 and 18

U.S.C. § 2. Prior to trial, Mr. Diaz moved to suppress all evidence obtained

through the use of the wiretap. After a hearing, the magistrate judge entered a

Report and Recommendation that the motion be denied. Over Mr. Diaz’s

objection, the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s ruling and denied the

motion to suppress. Mr. Diaz then pleaded guilty pursuant to Fed. R. Crim. P.

11(a)(2), reserving the right to appeal the district court’s denial of his motion to

suppress. He was subsequently sentenced to 46 months’ imprisonment, followed

by 36 months’ supervised release, and ordered to pay a fine of $7000 and a victim

assessment fee of $100.

      Mr. Diaz now contends that the district court erred in denying his motion to

suppress because the affidavit supporting the government’s application contained

only nonspecific assertions of the inadequacy of normal investigative techniques

and thus failed to satisfy the “necessity requirement” for a wiretap.



                                   DISCUSSION

      “On appeal from a motion to suppress, we accept the district court’s factual

findings unless clearly erroneous, review questions of law de novo, and view the

evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party.” United States v.

Edwards, 69 F.3d 419, 428 (10th Cir. 1995). We review de novo whether the


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order complies with the necessity requirement. United States v. Castillo-Garcia,

117 F.3d 1179, 1186 (10th Cir. 1997). However, a wiretap authorization order is

presumed proper, and the defendant, Mr. Diaz, carries the burden of overcoming

this presumption. Edwards, 69 F.3d at 429.

      Although the wiretap in question was obtained pursuant to Utah Code Ann.

§ 77-23a-10, Utah law conforms substantially to the requirements of 18 U.S.C.

§ 2518, the federal statute outlining the procedures for obtaining a wiretap. We

apply federal standards to determine whether the evidence derived from the

interceptions is admissible. United States v. Quintana, 70 F.3d 1167, 1169 (10th

Cir. 1995).

      Among other provisions, the government must make a full and complete

showing that a wiretap is necessary. Under this “necessity requirement,” each

wiretap application must include “a full and complete statement as to whether or

not other investigative procedures have been tried and failed or why they

reasonably appear to be unlikely to succeed if tried or to be too dangerous.” 18

U.S.C. § 2518(1)(c). In addition, the judge authorizing the wiretap must find,

based on the facts submitted by the applicant, that “normal investigative

procedures have been tried and have failed or reasonably appear to be unlikely to

succeed if tried or to be too dangerous.” 18 U.S.C. § 2518(3)(c).




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        With these guidelines in mind and after reviewing the affidavit in support

of the government’s wiretap application, we believe that the government’s wiretap

application complied with 18 U.S.C. § 2518(1)(c), as well as Utah Code Ann.

§ 77-23a-10(1)(c). The affidavit supporting the application outlined the

investigative procedures that had been used, explained why other methods were

unlikely to succeed and, in our view, demonstrated the need for wiretapping.



                    A. Standard Visual or Aural Surveillance

        The affidavit first explained that investigators had attempted both video

and visual surveillance. See Affidavit, R. Vol. I, Doc. 33, Ex. A ¶¶ 12-13.

Although this surveillance offered some limited success and revealed

approximately 160 incidents of a suspicious nature, the affidavit also described at

least two instances where suspects showed an awareness of potential surveillance.

In one instance, a suspect carefully looked up and down the street before placing

bags in the trunk of his car, and in the second instance, another suspect used

evasive driving tactics and “appeared to be watching to see if anyone was

following him.” Id. ¶¶ 13A, 14. As a result of this apparent surveillance

consciousness, the affidavit concluded that “investigators are hesitant to conduct

a more active surveillance . . . for fear of being detected by the suspects.” Id.

¶ 21.


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                            B. Telephone Surveillance

      The affidavit also revealed that on July 6, 1995, the government obtained

an order for a pen register and trap and trace for the target residence’s telephone

number. Id. ¶ 17. Information obtained in this manner indicated a high volume

of short telephone calls, as well as frequent use of pay telephones and

pagers—activity which is indicative of an ongoing criminal organization. Id.

However, the affidavit explained that investigators’ use of pen registers and long

distance toll records had not provided sufficient evidence concerning the

conspiracy because such methods are incapable of determining which individuals

actually made and received the monitored calls, nor could the methods ascertain

the nature of the calls. Id. ¶¶ 21, 25, 26.



                            C. Confidential Informants

      The affidavit indicated that informants had provided information relating

only to a “small and localized segment of the organization,” id. ¶ 22, and then

explained that “given the insular nature of the organization,” it is unlikely that

informants will ever be in a position to obtain the information necessary to

identify the full scope and extent of the criminal activities or to identify all those

individuals involved in the drug trafficking. Id. ¶ 23. It also explained that the

careful and suspicious natures of the suspects made it unwise for informants to


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attempt further penetration of the organization, and indicated that even if further

penetration were possible, such informants may not have agreed to testify. Id. 1



                                 D. Search Warrants

       Next, the affidavit indicated that investigators had not attempted to obtain

or execute search warrants for the target residence because the suspects stored

large quantities of narcotics and sale proceeds in “safe houses” throughout the

Salt Lake City area, and the present investigation had not sufficiently identified

all the safe houses used by the organization. Id. ¶ 29. In addition, the affidavit

stated that, based on the affiant’s experience, “the use of search warrants would

not provide the evidence necessary to determine the full scope and extent of the

criminal enterprises and the methods utilized by the suspects.” Id.




       1
        Although he concedes that confidential informants had been used in a prior
investigation involving this same residence, Mr. Diaz argues that investigators never used
confidential informants in this most recent investigation. Thus, Mr. Diaz argues, the
magistrate judge erred by stating in his Report and Recommendation that confidential
informants had in fact been used in this investigation. Appellant’s Br. at 32. Although
the affidavit is somewhat unclear on this point, and thus Mr. Diaz may be correct, the
government is not required to exhaust all methods before seeking a wiretap authorization.
See United States v. Nunez, 877 F.2d 1470, 1472 (10th Cir. 1989) (stating that the
“necessity” requirement should be read in a common sense fashion, and that it is not
necessary to exhaust every other possible means of investigation). It is sufficient that the
affidavit at issue here explained, in the alternative, why this method was likely to fail or
was too dangerous. See 18 U.S.C. § 2518(1)(c). Thus, any error in the magistrate judge’s
statement is harmless.

                                            -7-
      E. General Questioning or Interrogation under an Immunity Grant

      The affidavit explained that investigators had also not attempted interviews

and immunity because there are “presently no known individuals with full

knowledge of the entire scope of the criminal activity who are not themselves

targets of the investigation.” Id. ¶ 28. Therefore, the affidavit explained,

“[o]ffering immunity from prosecution or interviewing witnesses would not result

in the accumulation of evidence sufficient to uncover the full scope and extent of

the offenses committed by this organization.” Id.



                            F. Undercover Activities

      Finally, the affidavit disclosed that although investigators had attempted to

do so, it had not been possible to “successfully introduce any undercover officers

into the organization.” Id. ¶ 24. It then explained that future attempts are not

likely to be successful because the informants who have cooperated in the past are

not sufficiently trusted within the organization to successfully introduce

undercover officers at a level that would result in valuable information. The

government also asserted that undercover operations are dangerous, expensive,

and time-consuming, and explained that further efforts would risk jeopardizing

the entire investigation as well as endangering the lives of the officers involved.

Id.


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      Based on the above discussion, we believe that the explanations in the

affidavit comprise “a full and complete statement as to whether or not other

investigative procedures have been tried and failed or why they reasonably appear

to be unlikely to succeed if tried or to be too dangerous.” 18 U.S.C. § 2518(1)(c).

Moreover, we acknowledge that the state court issuing the wiretap order fulfilled

its obligation under both 18 U.S.C. § 2518(3)(c), as well as Utah Code Ann. § 77-

23a-10(2)(c), and specifically found that this necessity requirement was satisfied.

See Ex Parte Order, R. Vol. I, Doc. 33, Ex. B at 5.44-45. Thus, we conclude that

Mr. Diaz has failed to overcome the presumption that the wiretap order is proper,

and hold that the district court properly found that the government had satisfied

the necessity requirement and did not err in denying Mr. Diaz’s motion to

suppress.

      We recognize that in addition to challenging the government’s affidavit,

Mr. Diaz also challenges several of the magistrate judge’s conclusions of law and

fact. In particular, he challenges: (1) the magistrate judge’s statement that

wiretaps should not be “routinely employed when other methods would work as

well” (emphasis added); (2) the magistrate judge’s statement that the defendant

bears the burden of rebutting the prosecution’s showing of necessity; (3) the

magistrate judge’s statement regarding the length of the surveillance of the

targeted residence; and (4) the magistrate judge’s statement that the conspiracy


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was moving and “multi-site.” Appellant’s Br. at 9-11, 31-32. However, because

Mr. Diaz did not raise these specific issues in his objection to the magistrate

judge’s Report and Recommendation, see R. Vol. I, Docs. 43, 44, we do not

address them. See United States v. One Parcel of Real Property, 73 F.3d 1057,

1060 (10th Cir. 1996) (stating that general objections to a magistrate judge’s

ruling are insufficient to avoid application of the waiver rule as to specific

issues); Moore v. United States, 950 F.2d 656, 659 (10th Cir. 1991) (stating that

failure to object to the magistrate judge’s factual findings and conclusions of law

amounts to a waiver of challenge to those issues).



                                  CONCLUSION

      Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

                                        ENTERED FOR THE COURT


                                        Stephen H. Anderson
                                        Circuit Judge




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