                                                                   [DO NOT PUBLISH]

                      IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT           FILED
                                    ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                  ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                            No. 11-10345             JAN 31, 2012
                                      ________________________        JOHN LEY
                                                                       CLERK
                          D.C. Docket No. 1:10-cr-00001-RWG-GGB-1


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                             Plaintiff - Appellee,

                                               versus

IBNAWAAN SAFEEULLAH,
a.k.a. Antwan Strickland,
a.k.a. Bruce Ogelsby,
a.k.a. Ibnawaau Safeeullah,
a.k.a. Muhammad Safeeullah,


llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                          Defendant - Appellant.

                                     ________________________

                           Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the Northern District of Georgia
                                 ________________________

                                           (January 31, 2012)
Before CARNES, PRYOR, and RIPPLE,* Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

       Ibnawaan Safeeullah was convicted of being a felon in possession of a

firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), and of possessing a stolen firearm in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(j). He appeals those convictions and his sentence,

contending the district court violated his constitutional rights, gave erroneous jury

instructions, and misapplied the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e).

                                               I.

       On December 9, 2009, agents of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms

and Explosives and officers of the Atlanta Police Department stopped a Jeep

Cherokee after confirming that it was stolen. Two ATF agents approached the

Jeep, removed Safeeullah from the passenger side, and handcuffed him. One

agent testified that while doing so he noticed that the steering column was

cracked, that the ignition switch was damaged, and that there were bits of broken

glass in the front passenger seat. The agent also testified that he noticed a

screwdriver in Safeeullah’s right front pocket, that the damage to the Jeep was

consistent with damage caused by a screwdriver, that screwdrivers are often used



       *
          Honorable Kenneth F. Ripple, United States Circuit Judge for the Seventh Circuit,
sitting by designation.

                                                2
to cause that kind of damage, and that there was no key in the ignition. The two

ATF agents then took Safeeullah to a patrol car and frisked him. They took the

screwdriver from his front pocket and discovered wirecutters in his back pocket

and a pistol in his waistband. Removing those, they arrested Safeeullah.

      The ATF agents then asked Safeeullah if he would talk to them, and he said

that he would. They read him the Miranda1 warnings verbatim from a card. He

acknowledged that he understood his rights and said that he was willing to speak

to the agents without an attorney present. Safeeullah did not appear to be impaired

in any way, and the agents did not threaten or intimidate him. Nor did they

promise him anything. The interview lasted between five and ten minutes.

      Atlanta police then transported Safeeullah to a “mobile command post”

where the ATF agents again asked him if he would discuss his case. Safeeullah

said that he would. The agents read him the Miranda warnings from a written

form. He then read the form aloud, acknowledged he understood it, and signed the

waiver. Like before, the agents did not threaten or intimidate him and did not

promise him anything. The interview lasted about twenty minutes. Safeeullah

never requested an attorney.

      A federal grand jury indicted Safeeullah on one count of being a felon in

      1
          See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 386, 444–45, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 1612 (1966).

                                            3
possession of a firearm and one count of knowingly possessing a stolen firearm.

He filed a motion to suppress, arguing that the physical evidence was the result of

an unlawful search, that his statements to the agents were fruits of the unlawful

search, and that he had not voluntarily waived his right against self-incrimination.

After a suppression hearing, a magistrate judge issued a report that recommended

denying the suppression motion. The district court adopted that report.

      Safeeullah contends the denial of his suppression motion was error. “A

district court’s denial of a motion to suppress evidence is reviewed as a mixed

question of law and fact, with the rulings of law reviewed de novo and the

findings of fact reviewed for clear error, in the light most favorable to the

prevailing party.” United States v. Perez, 661 F.3d 568, 581 (11th Cir. 2011)

(quotation marks omitted). We find no clear error in the magistrate judge’s

factfindings, which the district court adopted.

      Based on those findings, the ATF agents had probable cause to arrest

Safeeullah before any search began because a prudent person would believe

Safeeullah had committed or was committing an offense. See Craig v. Singletary,

127 F.3d 1030, 1042 (11th Cir. 1997). Thus, any search was a lawful search

incident to arrest. See United States v. Robinson, 404 U.S. 218, 224, 94 S.Ct. 467,

471 (1973); see also Virginia v. Moore, 553 U.S. 164, 177, 128 S.Ct. 1598, 1607

                                          4
(2008). It is irrelevant that the search took place before the arrest. See Rawlings

v. Kentucky, 448 U.S. 98, 111, 100 S.Ct. 2556, 2564 (1980); United States v.

Goddard, 312 F.3d 1360, 1364 (11th Cir. 2001). Further, under the totality of the

circumstances, we find no evidence that Safeeullah’s waiver of his Miranda rights

was involuntary. The motion to suppress was properly denied.

                                          II.

      At trial Safeeullah wanted to call Ali Alatif, the driver of the Jeep, to testify,

but Alatif indicated that he would assert his privilege against self-incrimination.

The government did not offer Alatif immunity and Safeeullah did not call him as a

witness. Safeeullah contends that the government’s failure to either charge Alatif

with a crime or to grant Alatif immunity deprived Safeeullah of exculpatory

evidence in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to compulsory process, but he

has not shown that Alatif would have provided exculpatory evidence for

Safeeullah if he had testified.

      “The Government has no duty under the Sixth Amendment or otherwise to

immunize witnesses for the benefit of the defense. The Government’s power to

grant immunity is discretionary and the defendants have no right to subject its

decision to judicial review.” United States v. Ga. Waste Sys., Inc., 731 F.2d 1580,

1582 (11th Cir. 1984) (internal citations omitted). We have also recognized that

                                           5
the government has “broad discretion as to whom to prosecute” and that “the

decision to prosecute is particularly ill-suited to judicial review.” United States v.

Shaygan, 652 F.3d 1297, 1314 (11th Cir. 2011). Safeeullah has not established

any violation of his Sixth Amendment or other rights in connection with the

government’s treatment of Alatif.

                                         III.

      Safeeullah also contends that two jury instructions were erroneous. We

review de novo the legal correctness of a jury instruction while we review the

phrasing of an instruction only for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Lee,

586 F.3d 859, 865 (11th Cir. 2009). But “[i]t is a cardinal rule of appellate review

that a party may not challenge as error a ruling or other trial proceeding invited by

that party.” United States v. Love, 449 F.3d 1154, 1157 (11th Cir. 2006).

      Safeeullah argues the district court should not have instructed the jury on

joint possession because the government’s only theory was that the pistol found in

his waistband was in his direct possession. At the jury charge conference, the

district court proposed an instruction that included definitions for sole and joint

possession, and Safeeullah objected. The court then proposed an amendment to

the instruction, and Safeeullah agreed to it. “[W]hen a party agrees with a court’s

proposed instructions, the doctrine of invited error applies, meaning that review is

                                          6
waived even if plain error would result.” United States v. Frank, 599 F.3d 1221,

1240 (11th Cir. 2010). If the instruction was wrong, Safeeullah invited the error.

      Safeeullah also argues that the district court’s instruction on constructive

possession was an incorrect statement of the law and misleading. But the

instruction the district court gave was identical to our pattern jury instruction on

constructive possession, and we have upheld a substantially similar instruction.

See United States v. Hastamorir, 881 F.2d 1551, 1559 (11th Cir. 1989). The

constructive possession instruction was not error.

                                         IV.

      Finally, Safeeullah challenges the sentence imposed, contending that he

should not have been sentenced under the ACCA and U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4. He

argues that he lacked the required number of predicate offenses because his

previous Georgia conviction for burglary was not a “violent felony” and his

previous Georgia drug conviction was not a “serious drug offense.” We review de

novo whether a particular conviction qualifies as a predicate offense under the

ACCA. See United States v. Robinson, 583 F.3d 1292, 1294 (11th Cir. 2009)

(serious drug offense); United States v. James, 430 F.3d 1150, 1153 (11th Cir.

2005) (violent felony).

      Courts are generally limited to a formal categorical approach when

                                           7
determining whether an offense qualifies as an ACCA predicate offense, which

means that they should look only to the fact of a conviction and the statutory

definition of the offense, not to the particular circumstances underlying the

conviction. See Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 600, 110 S.Ct. 2143, 2159

(1990); Robinson, 583 F.3d at 1295. However, where the statute defining the

previous offense is broader than the generic ACCA definition of a predicate crime,

or where the judgment of conviction and statute are ambiguous, courts may look to

the defendant’s underlying conviction to determine whether the defendant’s

specific crime fits the ACCA’s generic definition. See United States v. Rainer,

616 F.3d 1212, 1215 (11th Cir. 2010) (broader definition); Robinson, 583 F.3d at

1295 n.3 (ambiguity). “This approach allows a court to determine which state

statutory phrase was the basis for the conviction by consulting” so-called Shepard

documents, which include charging documents. Rainer, 616 F.3d at 1215 (citing

Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 26, 125 S.Ct. 1254, 1263 (2005)).

      The generic ACCA burglary “contains at least the following elements: an

unlawful or unprivileged entry into, or remaining in, a building or other structure,

with an intent to commit a crime.” Taylor, 495 U.S. at 598, 110 S.Ct. at 2158.

Georgia’s burglary statute is broader than that. See Ga. Code Ann. § 16-7-1(a).

The indictment that led to Safeeullah’s burglary conviction, however, establishes

                                          8
that he was convicted of unlawfully entering a public school building with the

intent to commit a theft. Because that crime fits the generic definition of burglary,

see Rainer, 616 F.3d at 1215–16, it qualifies as a predicate offense.

       Similarly, the relevant Georgia drug statute is broader than the ACCA

definition of “serious drug offense.” Compare Ga. Code Ann. § 16-13-30(b), with

18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(A). The indictment that led to Safeeullah’s Georgia drug

conviction, however, establishes that he was convicted of unlawfully possessing

cocaine with intent to distribute, which falls directly within the statutory definition

of “serious drug offense.” See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(A) (including “an offense under

State law, involving . . . possessing with intent to manufacture or distribute”).

That Safeeullah was only 17 years old at time of the of that earlier offense is

irrelevant. Georgia law allowed an adult adjudication, he was convicted as an

adult, and we look to state law about those matters. See United States v. Cure, 996

F.2d 1136, 1139–41 (11th Cir. 1993). It follows that Safeeullah’s Georgia drug

conviction is a qualifying predicate offense.2

       2
          Safeeullah also asks us to revisit the “minimal nexus” test for proving the interstate
commerce element of 18 U.S.C. § 922 in light of Justice Thomas’ dissent from denial of a writ of
certiorari in Alderman v. United States, __U.S. __, 131 S.Ct. 700 (2011). In that dissent, Justice
Thomas suggests that Scarborough v. United States, 431 U.S. 563, 575, 97 S.Ct. 1963, 1969
(1977), is irreconcilable with United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 115 S.Ct. 1624 (1995). But
Lopez did not overrule Scarborough, and we have continued to apply the minimal nexus test
post-Lopez. See, e.g., United States v. Wright, 607 F.3d 708, 715–16 (11th Cir. 2010); United
States v. Pritchett, 327 F.3d 1183, 1185 (11th Cir. 2003). If the minimal nexus test is wrong, it is

                                                 9
       AFFIRMED.




for the Supreme Court to say so.

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