                                             PUBLISHED

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                              No. 16-1146


In re:  MI WINDOWS AND DOORS, INC., PRODUCTS LIABILITY
LITIGATION.

-----------------------------------------------

ABELLA OWNERS’ ASSOCIATION,

                        Respondent - Appellant,

CONTRACTOR PLAINTIFFS’ LIAISON COUNSEL; HOMEOWNER
PLAINTIFFS’ LIAISON COUNSEL; HOMEOWNER PLAINTIFFS’ LEAD
COUNSEL; CONTRACTOR PLAINTIFFS’ LEAD COUNSEL,

                        Plaintiffs,

                v.

MI WINDOWS & DOORS, INC.,

                         Defendant - Appellee,

                and

SIGNATURE HOMES, INC.; SIGNATURE AT ABELLA, LLC; SIGNATURE
PROPERTIES, INC.; KULLY MANDON; LINDA KIME; ROBERT HUGGINS,

                         Defendants,

J. T. WALKER INDUSTRIES, INC.,

                         Intervenor.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, at
Charleston. David C. Norton, District Judge. (2:12-mn-00001-DCN; MDL No. 2333)


Argued: May 9, 2017                                         Decided: June 20, 2017


Before NIEMEYER, WYNN, and HARRIS, Circuit Judges.


Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Niemeyer wrote the opinion, in which Judge
Wynn and Judge Harris joined.


ARGUED: George A. Somerville, HARMAN CLAYTOR CORRIGAN & WELLMAN,
P.C., Richmond, Virginia, for Appellant. Patrick J. Perrone, K&L GATES LLP, Newark,
New Jersey, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Scott A. Williams, Beth Tenney, WILLIAMS &
GUMBINER LLP, Greenbrae, California; C. Fredric Marcinak, III, SMITH MOORE
LEATHERWOOD, LLP, Greenville, South Carolina, for Appellant. Richard A. Farrier,
Jr., Charleston, South Carolina, Loly G. Tor, K&L GATES LLP, Newark, New Jersey,
for Appellee.




                                        2
NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge:

       In this appeal, Abella Owners’ Association, a California nonprofit mutual benefit

corporation, seeks relief from the enforcement of a final class action judgment entered in

this multidistrict litigation.

       In 2012, the judicial panel on multidistrict litigation transferred 18 class actions

filed against MI Windows & Doors, Inc., in various districts to the District of South

Carolina as “MI Windows & Doors, Inc., Products Liability Litigation” (“the MDL”) for

consolidated pretrial proceedings.     In the transferred actions, the plaintiffs sought

damages caused by MI Windows’ manufacture of allegedly defective windows.

       The parties to the MDL reached a settlement, which the district court preliminarily

approved while also preliminarily certifying a settlement class under Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 23. In its order of preliminary approval, the court directed the parties to

notify class members (1) of the settlement, (2) of the class members’ option to withdraw

from the action, and (3) of the date of a hearing to determine the fairness, reasonableness,

and adequacy of the settlement. After the opt-out deadline passed, the court conducted

the fairness hearing and entered a final judgment, approving the settlement, enjoining the

class members from pursuing other related claims against MI Windows, and dismissing

the transferred actions.

       Abella Owners’ Association, one of the class members who received notice and

did not opt out of the class action, nonetheless continued to prosecute its own litigation

against MI Windows, which it had previously filed in a California state court. MI

Windows filed a motion in the district court to enforce the class action settlement against

                                             3
Abella, seeking an injunction prohibiting it from continuing the California action. In

response, Abella filed an opposition contending, among other things, that the district

court lacked authority to enjoin its prosecution of the state action against MI Windows by

reason of the Anti-Injunction Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2283, and that, in any event, Abella should

not be bound by the class action judgment because of the excusable neglect of its counsel

in overlooking the opt-out deadline. The district court rejected Abella’s arguments and,

by order dated January 15, 2016, enjoined Abella from proceeding with its claims against

MI Windows in the California state action.

          Because we conclude that the district court’s injunction was justified by the

“relitigation exception” of the Anti-Injunction Act and that the district court did not abuse

its discretion in concluding that the neglect of Abella’s counsel was not excusable, we

affirm.


                                               I

          Beginning in 2010, 18 class actions were filed in various districts against MI

Windows, alleging that MI Windows manufactured and sold windows with a defect in the

glazing flap that allowed water to enter and cause consequential damage. In April 2012,

the judicial panel on multidistrict litigation transferred the actions to the District of South

Carolina and assigned the cases to District Judge David Norton for consolidated pretrial

proceedings, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1407.

          After years of negotiations and over a month of mediation, the parties in the MDL

reached a settlement that provided for MI Windows’ repair of the windows and payment


                                              4
of damages to the class members in exchange for releases. The parties then filed a

motion with the district court for preliminary approval of the settlement and a plan for

notifying class members. They also requested that the court schedule a hearing to

determine the fairness, reasonableness, and adequacy of the settlement, pursuant to

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(e). By order dated February 27, 2015, the district

court preliminarily approved the settlement and certified a settlement class, subject to

final approval at a fairness hearing, which it scheduled for June 30, 2015. The court also

approved the form and content of notice, as well as the methods for giving notice, to class

members. In its order, the court notified class members of their right to request exclusion

— i.e., to “opt out” — from the settlement class by notifying the claims administrator

before May 28, 2015, and warned class members that if they did not submit a “timely,

written request for exclusion from the Settlement Class[, they] [would] be bound by all

proceedings, orders, and judgments in the Action.”

       The settlement agreement that the court preliminarily approved, which was sent to

class members in accordance with the court’s approved notice, provided class members

with window repairs and compensatory damages in exchange for a general release of MI

Windows from all related claims. The agreement stated that any class member who did

not request exclusion:


       will be bound by the terms of this Agreement (including, without
       limitation, any and all releases)[.]


                                     *      *        *


                                            5
       This Agreement and relief provided herein shall be the sole and exclusive
       remedy for any and all claims of Settlement Class members against the
       Released Parties arising from or related to their [MI Windows] Product.

Finally, the parties agreed that the district court could enforce the agreement with

“specific performance, contempt, and injunctive relief.”

       After notice had been sent to class members and the opt-out period had expired,

the district court conducted a fairness hearing on June 30, 2015, and thereafter, on July

22, entered a final judgment approving the settlement, certifying the settlement class,

enjoining the class members from pursuing any related claims against MI Windows, and

dismissing the transferred actions.

       Abella was a class member whose counsel received notice on April 8, 2015, of the

class action settlement and the opt-out date of May 28, 2015. At that time, Abella was

prosecuting an action against MI Windows and others in California state court, which it

had commenced in September 2012, alleging defects in the design and construction of

condominium units in California, including design and manufacturing defects in windows

manufactured by MI Windows. When Abella’s counsel received this notice, he was on a

family vacation, and someone in his office date-stamped the notice and placed it in his

case file. Abella’s counsel asserted that following his return from vacation, he began a

jury trial and, because of his busy schedule, did not become aware of the class settlement

notice until several months after the May 28, 2015 opt-out date.

       When MI Windows requested that Abella terminate its California suit against MI

Windows, Abella refused. Consequently, on October 14, 2015 — almost 3 months after

the district court entered its final judgment approving the class action settlement — MI

                                            6
Windows filed a motion in the district court to enjoin Abella “from proceeding with its

[California] claims . . . based on [MI Windows’] allegedly defective windows.” Abella

filed an opposition to the motion on December 17, 2015, contending that the Anti-

Injunction Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2283, prohibited the district court from entering the requested

injunction against Abella’s prosecution of the state claim in California. It also argued

that MI Windows should be equitably estopped from enforcing the settlement agreement

because MI Windows’ counsel in the California action failed, apart from the court-

approved notice, to advise Abella of the settlement and the opt-out date. 1 Finally, it

requested discretionary relief from the opt-out deadline, based on its counsel’s excusable

neglect in failing to act on the notice that its counsel received.

       By order dated January 15, 2016, the district court rejected Abella’s arguments

and granted MI Windows’ motion for an injunction prohibiting Abella from continuing

its suit in California against MI Windows. With respect to Abella’s argument that the

Anti-Injunction Act barred the injunctive relief request by MI Windows, the court found

that two of the Act’s exceptions applied. First, the court found that the injunction was

“necessary in aid of its jurisdiction,” 28 U.S.C. § 2283, explaining that while “Abella’s

action would not necessarily vitiate the class settlement on its own, ‘permitting this kind

of action would open up the possibility of a large, or even an overwhelming, number of

collateral attacks on the settlement itself.’” (Quoting In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am.

       1
         The record, however, contains several emails indicating that MI Windows’
counsel did advise Abella’s counsel of the class action and provided a link to the
settlement process.


                                               7
Sales Practice Litig. (“Prudential II”), 314 F.3d 99, 104 (3rd Cir. 2002)). The court also

found that an injunction would fall within the “relitigation exception” because it would

“protect or effectuate [the court’s] judgment[].” 28 U.S.C. § 2283. In applying the

relitigation exception, the court cited decisions from other circuits for the principle that “a

judgment approving a class settlement ‘can bar later claims based on the allegations

underlying the claims in the settled class action.’” (Quoting In re Prudential Ins. Co. of

Am. Sales Practice Litig. (“Prudential I”), 261 F.3d 355, 366 (3rd Cir. 2001)).

Accordingly, because Abella was a class member who had not timely opted out and its

claims filed in California against MI Windows fell within the settlement agreement’s

definition of “released claims,” the court concluded that the relitigation exception

allowed it to enjoin Abella’s state-court claims.

       Rejecting Abella’s equitable estoppel argument, the court found that it was the

“busy schedule and presumably . . . poor in-house case management and notification

procedures” of Abella’s counsel, rather than any “omissions” of MI Windows’ counsel

regarding the class action and settlement notice, that caused Abella to miss the opt-out

deadline.

       Finally, the court refused to exercise its discretion to grant Abella relief from the

opt-out deadline on the ground of excusable neglect. Applying the Supreme Court’s

four-factor standard, the district court found that three factors counseled against granting

such relief — (1) MI Windows would be prejudiced by having to defend against the

California action; (2) Abella failed to take any action for more than six months after the

opt-out deadline, and (3) the reason for missing the deadline “was within Abella’s

                                              8
counsel’s reasonable control” — which outweighed the fourth factor, that Abella did not

act in bad faith in missing the opt-out deadline.

       From the district court’s January 15, 2016 order, Abella filed this appeal

presenting two issues: (1) whether the district court’s injunction was barred by the Anti-

Injunction Act; and (2) whether the court should have treated Abella’s failure to opt out

of the class settlement as excusable neglect. 2


                                              II

       Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 authorizes “one or more members of a class”

to sue “as representative parties on behalf of all members.”         Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)

(emphasis added). And a judgment entered in a class action is binding on each class

member unless, in a class action certified under Rule 23(b)(3), the class member elects

timely to opt out. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Epstein, 516 U.S. 367, 379 (1996)

(“[U]nder Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23, all members of the class, whether of a

plaintiff or a defendant class, are bound by the judgment entered in the action unless, in a

Rule 23(b)(3) action, they make a timely election for exclusion” (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted)); Cooper v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Richmond, 467 U.S. 867,

874 (1984).

       In this case, the district court entered final judgment on July 22, 2015, certifying a

settlement class, approving the settlement agreement, entering a permanent injunction

       2
        On appeal, Abella explicitly abandoned its argument that MI Windows should be
equitably estopped from seeking the injunction.


                                              9
prohibiting the commencement or continuation of any action “based on or relating to the

claims . . . that have been or could have been . . . raised in this Action,” and dismissing

the cases transferred to the MDL. The judgment also provided that “[t]he terms of the

Settlement, and of this Final Order and Judgment, shall be forever binding on Named

Plaintiffs and all other Class Members.” Because Abella was concededly a class member

who did not timely opt out, it is bound by the judgment, including its injunction. Thus,

the district court’s subsequently imposed injunction entered specifically against Abella

was nothing more than an enforcement of the original injunction contained in its July 22,

2015 final judgment.

       Notwithstanding the undisputed legality of the district court’s July 22, 2015 final

judgment, including its permanent injunction, Abella contends that the district court erred

in entering the subsequent injunction against its prosecution of claims against MI

Windows in California state court because of the Anti-Injunction Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2283.

We conclude, however, that the Anti-Injunction Act is not a bar to the court’s subsequent

injunction because the Act expressly limits its prohibition and allows a court to grant

injunctive relief as to state proceedings “to protect or effectuate its judgments” — a

limitation known as the “relitigation exception.” See Chick Kam Choo v. Exxon Corp.,

486 U.S. 140, 147 (1988).

       In the interest of comity, the Anti-Injunction Act prohibits a federal court from

granting an injunction “to stay proceedings in a State court,” subject to three exceptions:

(1) where such an injunction is “expressly authorized by Act of Congress”; (2) where the

injunction is “necessary in aid of [the federal court’s] jurisdiction”; or (3) where the

                                            10
injunction is entered “to protect or effectuate [the court’s] judgments.” 28 U.S.C. § 2283.

An injunction issued against parties to a state court proceeding is, for purposes of the

Act, considered an injunction to stay the state court proceeding itself. See Atlantic Coast

Line R.R. v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Eng’rs, 398 U.S. 281, 287 (1970).

       The relitigation exception “was designed to permit a federal court to prevent state

litigation of an issue that previously was presented to and decided by the federal court.”

Chick Kam Choo, 486 U.S. at 147. Thus, the exception “is founded on concepts of res

judicata and collateral estoppel,” and it permits an injunction where either of these

doctrines would preclude the state court action to which the injunction is directed. Id.

“Under the doctrine of res judicata, a judgment [1] on the merits in a prior suit bars [2] a

second suit involving their parties or their privies [3] based on the same cause of action.”

Parklane Hosiery Co. v. Shore, 439 U.S. 322, 326 n.5 (1979).

       Despite Abella’s arguments to the contrary, each of these requirements for

application of res judicata are satisfied in this case, and therefore we conclude that the

district court’s final judgment approving the class action settlement was claim preclusive

with respect to Abella’s California claims against MI Windows.

       First, it was a judgment “on the merits.” As we have concluded, final consent

orders incorporating parties’ settlement agreements are judgments “on the merits” for

purposes of res judicata. See, e.g., Young-Henderson v. Spartanburg Area Mental Health

Ctr., 945 F.2d 770, 773 (4th Cir. 1991) (“There is no question that the Consent Order of

1986 [adopting settlement of an employee’s § 1983 and Title VII claims] operated as a

final judgment on the merits”).

                                            11
       Second, Abella was a party bound by this judgment. Its argument to the contrary

fails to recognize the operation of Rule 23. While Abella was not a named plaintiff

representing class members, it was a class member represented by the named plaintiffs.

Accordingly, under established class action principles, it was bound by the judgment

entered in the class action as a party, so long as it was adequately represented, had fair

notice of its class membership, and declined to opt out of the class.          See Phillips

Petroleum Co. v. Shutts, 472 U.S. 797, 812 (1985); Matsushita Elec. Indus., 516 U.S. at

379; Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a), (b), (c). Because Abella does not contest the adequacy of its

representation, the sufficiency of the notice given, or its failure timely to opt out of the

action, it cannot argue that its status as a class member as distinct from a named party

was meaningful for purposes of res judicata.

       Finally, as to the last element of res judicata, the California action that Abella

seeks to litigate is “based on the same cause of action” resolved by the district court’s

final judgment. In cases involving consent judgments, which resemble final judgments

approving settlement agreements, we have held that “the preclusive effect of the earlier

[consent] judgment is determined by the intent of the parties.” Keith v. Aldridge, 900

F.2d 736, 740–41 (4th Cir. 1990) (“If the parties intended to foreclose through agreement

litigation of a claim, assertion of that claim in a later suit, whether or not formally

presented in the earlier action, is precluded”). Moreover, it is clear that a judgment

approving a settlement agreement may involve the release of not only the claims

presented in the class action, but also “claims arising out of the ‘identical factual

predicate.’”   Barry v. Schulman, 807 F.3d 600, 616 (4th Cir. 2015) (quoting In re

                                            12
Literary Works in Elec. Databases Copyright Litig., 654 F.3d 242, 248 (2d Cir. 2011)).

In this case, the final judgment and the settlement agreement that it incorporated clearly

intended to foreclose Abella’s California claims against MI Windows, and those claims

arise from the same factual predicates underlying the MDL. The final judgment “fully,

finally, and forever settle[d] and release[d] . . . all Released Claims which exist, might

have existed, or which hereafter may exist whether or not previously or currently asserted

in any action or proceeding,” and defined “released claims” to include all claims of any

kind “related to [MI Windows’] product, whether known, unknown or presently

unknowable.” The breadth of the final judgment undoubtedly captured the claims Abella

was prosecuting against MI Windows in California, which sought recovery from MI

Windows for the same allegedly defective windows.

       In sum, because Abella is a member of a “properly entertained class,” Cooper, 467

U.S. at 874, the district court’s final judgment precludes it from continuing in the

California action the same claims against MI Windows as those covered by the final

judgment and released by the settlement in the MDL.            Therefore, under the Anti-

Injunction Act’s relitigation exception, the district court was justified in enjoining Abella

from proceeding in its California litigation.

       In reaching this conclusion, we join several other courts of appeals that have

approved similar injunctions. See Prudential I, 261 F.3d at 367–68; TBK Partners, Ltd.

v. W. Union Corp., 675 F.2d 456, 460 (2d Cir. 1982); In re Corrugated Container

Antitrust Litig., 659 F.2d 1332, 1335 (5th Cir. 1981).



                                                13
                                              III

       Alternatively, Abella contends that the district court abused its discretion in

refusing to “provide [it] relief for its failure to timely opt out” of the class action because

of its counsel’s excusable neglect. While Abella acknowledges that on April 8, 2015, its

counsel received notice of the class action settlement and of Abella’s right to opt out of

the class action by May 28, 2015, its counsel states that at the time, he did not become

personally aware of the notice because he was on a family vacation until April 10 and

thereafter was involved in the preparation for an April 11 jury trial; the preparation for a

presentation at an April 15 seminar; the preparation of post-trial motions, beginning May

12; and the preparation for a June 15 jury trial. He asserts that he did not become aware

of the notice until August 15, 2015, providing no explanation for the further delay.

Relying on these facts and the four-factor standard set forth in Pioneer Investment

Services Co. v. Brunswick Associates L.P., 507 U.S. 380, 395 (1993), Abella contends

that it should have received relief from its counsel’s neglect, arguing (1) that its failure to

meet the opt-out deadline caused no prejudice to MI Windows; (2) that, while it missed

the deadline by a significant margin, the delay did not have an adverse impact on the

proceedings; (3) that, while the circumstances causing the delay were not beyond

Abella’s control, that factor is not dispositive; and (4) that its failure to opt out was not in

bad faith.

       A district court has discretion to grant relief from a class opt-out deadline based on

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 6(b)(1), which allows the court to grant an extension of

time for “excusable neglect,” and on Rule 60(b)(1), which allows the court to grant relief

                                              14
from a judgment for the same reason. See William Rubenstein, Newberg on Class

Actions § 9:45 (5th ed. 2016) (explaining that the “excusable neglect” standard is

“identical” under both Rules and that Rule 23(d) further supports the court’s ability to

grant an extension). And the Supreme Court has explained that, in deciding whether

neglect is “excusable,” a court should consider four factors:

         [1] the danger of prejudice to the debtor, [2] the length of the delay and its
         potential impact on judicial proceedings, [3] the reason for the delay,
         including whether it was within the reasonable control of the movant, and
         [4] whether the movant acted in good faith.

Pioneer Investment, 507 U.S. at 395 (applying the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy

Procedure but drawing on cases interpreting the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure).

Moreover, the Pioneer Investment Court instructed that no factor is dispositive, and while

“inadvertence, ignorance of the rules, or mistakes construing the rules do not usually

constitute ‘excusable’ neglect, it is clear that ‘excusable neglect’ . . . is a somewhat

‘elastic concept’ and is not limited strictly to omissions caused by circumstances beyond

the control of the movant.” Id. at 392.

         We review the district court’s denial of relief from the opt-out deadline for abuse

of discretion. See, e.g., Universal Film Exchs., Inc. v. Lust, 479 F.2d 573, 576 (4th Cir.

1973).

         The district court here carefully explained its reasons for denying Abella relief,

applying correctly the Pioneer Investment factors. And in doing so, it did not assign

dispositive weight to any single factor. First, the court noted prejudice, stating that, if it

granted an extension to one class member, other members would be incentivized to seek


                                              15
similar relief. See Rubenstein, supra, § 9:45 (“Although courts have the discretion to

excuse tardy opt outs, the Manual for Complex Litigation reminds judges that the ‘state

of the class at the end of the opt-out period should be fixed enough to allow parties to

conduct their affairs’” (quoting Manual for Complex Litigation (Fourth) § 21.321

(2004))).

       Second, as to the length of the delay, the district court observed that it “was

entirely unaware of Abella’s desire to opt out of the settlement until [Abella] filed its

response [to MI Windows’ motion for an injunction] on December 17, 2015” — almost

seven months after the opt-out deadline, five months after the court entered final

judgment, and four months after Abella’s counsel learned that he had missed the opt-out

deadline. Cf. In re Vitamins Antitrust Class Actions, 327 F.3d 1207, 1209 (D.C. Cir.

2003) (affirming district court’s grant of discretionary relief where party filed motion to

modify final order twelve days after its entry and two days after the party discovered that

it had not opted-out).

       Third, while neglect may be excusable even if due to circumstances within

Abella’s control, the district court properly treated that fact as weighing against granting

relief. See Pioneer Investment, 507 U.S. at 393 (“[I]nadvertence . . . do[es] not usually

constitute ‘excusable’ neglect’”).

       Finally, the district court recognized that Abella acted in good faith, a factor

weighing in its favor. But, as the court explained, it had no obligation to treat that factor

as overcoming the weight of the other three, all of which favored a denial of relief.



                                             16
       At bottom, the court weighed all of the factors and, based on a reasoned

consideration, exercised its discretion to refuse Abella relief from the opt-out deadline.

We conclude that in doing so, the district court did not abuse its discretion.

                                       *      *      *

       The district court’s order dated January 15, 2016, granting MI Windows’ motion

to enforce its judgment and enjoining Abella from proceeding in California state court

with its claims against MI Windows is accordingly

                                                                                 AFFIRMED.




                                             17
