                                                                                FILED
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                        August 30, 2017
                         _________________________________
                                                                        Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                            Clerk of Court
MICHAEL VILLECCO,

      Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.                                                         No. 17-8020
                                                 (D.C. No. 1:16-CV-00009-SWS)
VAIL RESORTS, INC., individually,                           (D. Wyo.)
d/b/a Grand Teton Lodge; GRAND
TETON LODGE COMPANY,

      Defendants - Appellees.
                      _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before BRISCOE, O’BRIEN, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.
                   _________________________________

      Michael Villecco, appearing pro se,1 appeals the district court’s dismissal of

his employment discrimination claim for failure to prosecute his claim, and from the

subsequent denial of his motion for relief under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b). We affirm.



      *
         After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
      1
        Because Villecco is proceeding pro se, we construe his pleadings liberally,
but we do not act as his advocate. Garrett v. Selby Connor Maddux & Janer,
425 F.3d 836, 840 (10th Cir. 2005).
                                   I. Background

      Villecco was terminated from his job as a seasonal dock attendant at Grand

Teton National Park after working there for one month. He filed a complaint against

Vail Resorts, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Grand Teton Lodge Company,

(the Defendants) alleging age discrimination and retaliation under Title VII and the

Age Discrimination in Employment Act, and intentional infliction of emotional

distress. His complaint and court filings gave his address as “General Delivery” in

Durango, Colorado. R. at 7, 25, 27. Later, he mailed his first set of discovery

requests from “The Mail Room and Copy Center” at “10 Town Plaza” in Durango.

Id. at 19. He never provided any residential or email address, or any phone number.

      The Defendants, through counsel, sent Villecco numerous discovery requests,

notices of deposition, and other communications at these addresses, but Villecco

almost never responded. He submitted initial disclosures under Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a),

but never produced any of the documents identified in that disclosure, despite

follow-up letters from Defendants’ counsel asking him to do so. He produced only

one document in response to the Defendants’ request for documents pursuant to

Fed. R. Civ. P. 34.

      Villecco failed to appear at his scheduled deposition. Defendants’ counsel

sent Villecco a Notice of Deposition on August 31, 2016, directing him to appear for

his deposition in Durango on October 4, 2016. They wrote asking him to notify them

if he could not attend that day. Villecco did not respond, so Defendants’ counsel

wrote again, asking him to let them know if he could attend the October 4 deposition.

                                          2
Still receiving no response, Defendants’ counsel sent him a second Notice of

Deposition on September 28, 2016, at both the General Delivery and 10 Town Plaza

addresses, rescheduling his deposition in Durango to October 17, 2016. Counsel’s

letter asked Villecco to confirm receipt of the Notice, but he did not respond.

On October 11, 2016, Defendants’ counsel sent Villecco a letter informing him the

October 17 deposition would proceed as noticed, despite his failure to respond.

Villecco did not respond. Counsel for Defendants traveled to Durango from

Salt Lake City, Utah, and Denver for the October 17 deposition, but Villecco never

appeared.

      Defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss and for Sanctions under Rule 41(b), and

for sanctions under Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(d). The Motion was mailed to both Villecco’s

General Delivery and 10 Town Plaza addresses. The Defendants produced evidence

showing that Villecco failed to comply with his discovery obligations under Rule

26(a); failed to respond to document requests under Rule 34; failed to appear at his

properly-noticed deposition; and failed to respond to any communications from

Defendants’ counsel. Villecco did not respond to the Motion to Dismiss.

      The district court dismissed Villecco’s complaint without prejudice. It

considered whether dismissal was an appropriate sanction, applying the factors we

have delineated in Ehrenhaus v. Reynolds, 965 F.2d 916, 921 (10th Cir. 1992). It

determined that Villecco caused great interference with the judicial process by failing

to provide the court with a current mailing address or an address that he regularly

checked; respond to discovery requests; appear at his deposition; list any fact

                                           3
witnesses or otherwise comply with the court’s Initial Pretrial Order, or respond to

the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss. The district court concluded that Villecco acted

with culpability because he was well aware of his discovery obligations, as he sent

the Defendants five sets of discovery requests, including seventy-six requests for

production of documents and thirty-seven interrogatories. Given Villecco’s failure to

communicate, to respond to any notices or the Motion to Dismiss, or to comply with

any deadlines, the court found no lesser sanction than dismissal would be effective.

      The district court denied the Defendants’ request for attorney fees as a

sanction under Rule 37(d), noting that while Villecco’s conduct justified such an

award, Villecco appeared to have no known employment or settled residence and had

already been sanctioned by the dismissal of his complaint.

      Villecco filed a motion for relief under Rule 60(b), arguing the Motion to

Dismiss was not served on him and that the judgment of dismissal was void for lack

of due process. The district court denied the motion. Villecco appeals.

                                      II. Analysis

      Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b) authorizes the involuntary dismissal of

an action “[i]f the plaintiff fails to prosecute or to comply with [the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure] or a court order.” We review an order of dismissal for failure to

prosecute under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Ecclesiastes 9:10-11-12, Inc. v.

LMC Holding Co., 497 F.3d 1135, 1143 (10th Cir. 2007). A district court abuses its

discretion if it “makes a clear error of judgment or exceeds the bounds of permissible

choice in the circumstances.” Id. (alterations and internal quotation marks omitted).

                                            4
“A district court undoubtedly has discretion to sanction a party for failing to

prosecute . . . a case, or for failing to comply with local or federal procedural rules.”

AdvantEdge Bus. Grp. v. Thomas E. Mestmaker & Assocs., Inc., 552 F.3d 1233, 1236

(10th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). We also review a district court’s

denial of a Rule 60(b) motion for an abuse of discretion. Zurich N. Am. v. Matrix

Serv., Inc., 426 F.3d 1281, 1293 (10th Cir. 2005). We will reverse the denial of a

Rule 60(b) motion only if no reasonable basis exists for the district court’s decision

and we are certain its decision is wrong. Id.

      If the Rule 41(b) dismissal is with prejudice, the district court must consider

the Ehrenhaus factors, namely, “(1) the degree of actual prejudice to the defendant”;

(2) “the amount of interference with the judicial process”; (3) the litigant’s

culpability; (4) whether the court warned the noncomplying litigant that dismissal of

the action was a likely sanction; and (5) “the efficacy of lesser sanctions.” 965 F.2d

at 921 (internal quotation marks omitted). Ordinarily a court need not consider the

Ehrenhaus factors when the dismissal is without prejudice. AdvantEdge, 552 F.3d

at 1236. But here, the statute of limitations had run on Villecco’s claims, so the

dismissal was effectively with prejudice. Thus, the district appropriately considered

the Ehrenhaus factors. See id.

      On appeal, Villecco argues the district court did not make a finding that he

acted with willful noncompliance as to each claimed failure to respond. In support of

this argument, he does not articulate any reason why his non-compliance was not

willful; instead he raises numerous arguments claiming certain failures by the

                                            5
Defendants.2 These arguments are all raised for the first time on appeal; he did not

raise them in his Rule 60(b) motion, nor did he respond to the Motion to Dismiss.

Thus, they are forfeited. See Richison v. Ernest Grp., Inc., 634 F.3d 1123, 1128

(10th Cir. 2011) (“[I]f [a] theory . . . wasn’t raised before the district court, we

usually hold it forfeited.”). Forfeited arguments are ordinarily reviewable under the

plain-error standard. Id. But Villecco did not argue for the application of plain error

on appeal in his opening brief. His arguments are, therefore, waived. See McKissick

v. Yuen, 618 F.3d 1177, 1189 (10th Cir. 2010).

       The district court did not abuse its discretion in assessing Villecco’s

culpability. A willful failure is “any intentional failure as distinguished from

involuntary noncompliance. No wrongful intent need be shown.” Klein-Becker USA,

LLC v. Englert, 711 F.3d 1153, 1159 (10th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks

omitted). The district court determined that Villecco was culpable because he did not

provide an address that he checked; did not provide any other mailing or email

address or phone number; repeatedly failed to appear at his own deposition in spite of

repeated attempts by the Defendants to communicate with him; and failed to respond

to the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss. Villecco has never claimed he did not receive

Defendants’ discovery requests, notices, or communications, nor has he ever

       2
         He argues the Defendants never moved for an order to compel his responses
to discovery; that deposition notices were invalid because they used an “/s/ signature”
electronic signature instead of an ink signature, which was impermissible because he
had not agreed to service by electronic means; that Defendants were not prejudiced
by his failure to file his witness list, as it was not mandatory that he have any
witnesses; and that he did not consent to email service and had not registered with the
courts’ CM/ECF system.
                                             6
articulated any reason why his non-compliance with his discovery obligations and the

notices of deposition were either inadvertent or the result of some inability to

comply. He certainly was able to communicate with Defendants, as he sent the

Defendants five sets of discovery requests. The record supports an inference of

willful non-compliance.

      Villecco next argues the court did not explain why it imposed the extreme

sanction of dismissal. He contends a lesser sanction, such as a stay, should have been

fashioned and that he should have received a prior warning that the court was

considering dismissal. Again, this argument is forfeited because he did not raise it

before the district court. In any event, contrary to Villecco’s assertion, the district

court did determine that a lesser sanction would be ineffective because a stay would

not have a “real impact on [Villecco] in encouraging responsiveness.” R. at 244.

      Finally, Villecco argues the district court failed to warn him that it would

dismiss the case. He raised this argument in his Rule 60(b) motion. As the district

court correctly ruled, Villecco was properly served with the Motion to Dismiss at

both of the two addresses he provided. Further, after Villecco failed to respond to the

Motion to Dismiss, the Defendants filed a Notice to Submit for Decision their Motion

to Dismiss, which was also properly served on Villecco. Both the Motion to Dismiss

and the Notice to Submit gave Villecco notice that his complaint was subject to

dismissal under Rule 41(b). As the district court noted, Villecco never argued that

his address changed. On these facts, we conclude that Villecco was adequately

warned that his complaint was subject to dismissal under Rule 41(b).

                                            7
See Ecclesiastes 9:10-11-12, Inc., 497 F.3d at 1149 (holding that “notice is not a

prerequisite for dismissal under Ehrenhaus,” though it is “an important element”).

      The dismissal here was well within the district court’s discretion.

      We affirm the district court’s dismissal of Villecco’s complaint and its denial

of Villecco’s Rule 60(b) motion for relief.


                                              Entered for the Court


                                              Mary Beck Briscoe
                                              Circuit Judge




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