                IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Tina Walker,                                 :
                     Petitioner              :
                                             :    No. 180 C.D. 2018
              v.                             :
                                             :    Submitted: November 13, 2018
Unemployment Compensation                    :
Board of Review,                             :
                 Respondent                  :


BEFORE:       HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
              HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
              HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge


OPINION BY
JUDGE McCULLOUGH                                                FILED: January 24, 2019


              Tina Walker (Claimant) petitions for review of the December 28, 2017
order of the Unemployment Compensation Board of Review (Board) affirming a
referee’s decision that found Claimant ineligible for unemployment compensation
(UC) benefits pursuant to section 402(e) of the Unemployment Compensation Law
(Law).1
              Claimant was employed as a food service work manager with Universal
Institute Charter School (Employer) from August 25, 2015, until May 12, 2017. One
of Claimant’s duties required her to submit invoices and order forms to a supervisor

       1
         Section 402(e) of the Law, Act of December 5, 1936, Second Ex. Sess., P.L. (1937) 2897,
as amended, 43 P.S. §802(e). Section 402(e) provides that “an employe shall be ineligible for
compensation for any week . . . [i]n which his unemployment is due to his discharge or temporary
suspension from work for willful misconduct connected with his work, irrespective of whether or
not such work is ‘employment’ as defined in this act.” 43 P.S. §802(e).
who worked in a different area of Philadelphia, and on May 3, 2017, Claimant left her
workplace to do so, “while on the clock.” (Finding of Fact (F.F.) No. 4.) After
submitting the documents to her supervisor, Claimant went to a rental car facility to
return a rental car and pick up her personal vehicle. Although this took longer than
Claimant expected, she did not inform her supervisor that she was running late.
Claimant ultimately did not return to work on May 3; however, Claimant’s co-worker
used the last four digits of Claimant’s social security number provided to her by
Claimant to clock Claimant out at the end of the day. Claimant subsequently reported
to work the following day. (F.F. Nos. 1-8; Certified Record (C.R.) Item No. 10, at p.
5-6.)
               The following week, Employer terminated Claimant for theft of time and
falsification of records based upon the May 3 incident. Employer provided Claimant
a progressive disciplinary action report which stated, in pertinent part,

               On May 3, 2017, [Claimant] left [work] shortly after
               breakfast ended (9:30am) to deliver paper work [sic] to the
               corporate office. However[,] she never returned to [work]
               after leaving the corporate office.         Around 2:30pm,
               [Claimant] called [a co-worker] and asked [her] to punch
               [Claimant] out[.] After reviewing the cameras . . . , we
               noticed [the co-worker] punching [Claimant] out on the
               clock . . . . When we pulled the [] records, the time that [the
               co-worker] was punching [Claimant] out is what appeared
               on [Claimant]’s time card.
(C.R. at Item No. 3.) The report provided a space for Claimant to respond to the
allegations, but Claimant left the space blank and simply acknowledged receipt of the
form by signing and dating it. Employer also issued Claimant a termination letter
reiterating the charges and stating that Claimant was being discharged for
falsification of company records and stealing company time. (F.F. Nos. 9-12; C.R. at
Item No. 3.)


                                             2
             Claimant applied for UC benefits and, on July 14, 2017, the local service
center found Claimant ineligible under section 402(e) of the Law because she was
discharged for conduct that constituted willful misconduct. (C.R. at Item No. 5.)
Claimant appealed, stating that “[i]t was [an] accident that somebody [] clock[ed] me
out,” and asserting that she did not request the co-worker to do so. (C.R. at Item No.
7.) A hearing before a referee was held in September 2017, at which Claimant
appeared on her own behalf. No representative of Employer appeared.
             During the hearing, Claimant acknowledged that she left work early to
submit paperwork to the corporate office and did not punch out, noting she “was
supposed to go back to the . . . school, but [she] never made it back.” (C.R. at Item
No. 10, at p. 4.) Claimant stated that she then decided to return her rental car and
pick up her vehicle; however, when she got to the car rental business, she discovered
it had relocated and “had to find out where this other rental place . . . moved to.” Id.
at p. 5. Claimant explained that she did not call her supervisor to tell her that she was
going on a personal errand because she had heard that her supervisor was leaving
work early. Claimant also stated that she “didn’t think it was a problem,” because the
supervisor “normally let us do it,” but acknowledged that she had “messed up.” Id.
Claimant testified that she did not return to work because the errand ended up taking
longer than she thought, but acknowledged that she could not produce the rental
agreement. Id. at p. 7.
             When asked why another employee had used her social security number
to clock Claimant out, Claimant stated that she did not ask that co-worker do so and
contended that the co-worker “accidentally clocked [Claimant] out,” believing she
was clocking herself out. Id. at p. 6. When asked how the co-worker had Claimant’s
social security number, Claimant indicated that she had given it to that co-worker on



                                           3
a prior occasion when “our machine wasn’t working.” Id. Additionally, when the
referee asked Claimant why she signed the disciplinary report, Claimant stated it was
because “they told [her] it was just a receipt” and that she was not aware she had a
choice not to sign it. Id. Claimant did not address her failure to enter any comments
in the place provided on the form.
            The referee issued a decision and order affirming the denial of benefits.
In his reasoning, the referee noted that courts of this Commonwealth have
consistently held that a knowing falsehood or misrepresentation bearing upon a
claimant’s employment constitutes willful misconduct and that, although it is the
employer’s burden to prove that the discharge was for willful misconduct, that burden
may be met by testimony elicited from the claimant, even if the employer fails to
appear at the hearing. The referee went on to conclude that Claimant’s testimony was
neither convincing nor credible, noting that, without informing her supervisor, she
failed to report back to work because she was conducting personal business while on
the clock. The referee also found that Claimant did provide the last four digits of her
social security number to her co-worker to use for clocking out and, in doing so,
demonstrated a disregard of the standards of behavior that an employer has the right
to expect of an employee.
            Claimant appealed to the Board, arguing that the referee incorrectly
relied on hearsay evidence, to wit, documents submitted by Employer, including the
termination letter, the progressive disciplinary report, and a photocopy of Employer’s
rules and policies, but the Board affirmed. The Board adopted and incorporated the
referee’s findings and conclusions and additionally rejected Claimant’s hearsay
argument, stating the following:

            The [r]eferee’s decision was based on [] [C]laimant’s
            testimonial admissions; her tacit admission in signing and

                                          4
              failing to enter any comments on [] [E]mployer’s
              Progressive Disciplinary Action Report; and the Referee’s
              rejection of [] [C]laimant’s further testimony that her
              coworker accidentally clocked her out. If anything, the
              coincidence of a coworker clocking [] [C]laimant out, using
              the last four digits of [] [C]laimant’s Social Security
              number, on a day [] [C]laimant performed personal
              business “while on the clock” and ended up never returning
              to work, after dropping documents off to her supervisor at
              another location, represents circumstantial evidence
              supporting [] [E]mployer’s charges.           Nonetheless,
              circumstantial evidence may constitute substantial evidence
              in unemployment compensation proceedings. See, e.g.,
              Zonca v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, [] 437 A.2d
              1083, 1084 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1981) (police officer’s testimony
              about footprints in the snow held to be substantial
              evidence).
(Board’s Op. at 1.)
              Claimant filed a petition for review in this Court arguing (1) the Board
erroneously disqualified Claimant for conduct other than her alleged falsification of
time, which was the listed reason for her discharge; (2) the Board lacked substantial
evidence to find that Claimant engaged in willful misconduct where Employer did
not offer competent evidence and Claimant denied the allegation of misconduct; and
(3) the record lacked circumstantial evidence to support the Board’s finding of willful
misconduct.2




       2
         Our review is limited to determining whether necessary findings of fact were supported by
substantial evidence, whether errors of law were committed, or whether constitutional rights were
violated. Hessou v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 942 A.2d 194, 198 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2008). Findings of fact made by the Board, which are not specifically challenged, are
conclusive upon review. Campbell v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 694 A.2d
1167, 1169 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1997).



                                                5
                                     Discussion
             In her first argument, Claimant asserts that the Board erroneously based
its determination that Claimant was ineligible for benefits upon conduct other than
her alleged falsification of timesheets, which was the reason Employer listed for her
discharge.   More specifically, Claimant argues the Board erred in considering
Claimant’s failure to report back to work and the fact that she engaged in personal
business while on the clock because those actions were not the “proximate cause” of
her discharge. (Claimant’s Br. at 9.) Claimant contends that Employer discharged
her solely for violating the rules by having a co-worker clock her out and, thus, the
Board was restricted to considering that allegation alone because an “employer’s
stated reasons for the discharge must be the actual cause of the claimant’s
unemployment.” Id. (quoting Charles v. Unemployment Compensation Board of
Review, 764 A.2d 708, 711 n.4 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2000)).
             Claimant is correct that the Board “may not in its findings rely on
reasons for discharge that were not considered relevant by the employer,” Tundel v.
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 404 A.2d 434, 435 (Pa. Cmwlth.
1979); however, we disagree with Claimant’s assertion that the Board did so here.
Contrary to Claimant’s repeated assertion that the only actual reason for her discharge
was because she falsified records by having a co-worker clock her out, the
termination letter given to Claimant specifically stated that she was “being terminated
for . . . stealing company time.” (C.R. at Item No. 3) (emphasis added). Claimant
inexplicably contends that her failure to return to work and choice to engage in
personal business while on the clock, however distasteful to the Board, could not
have constituted “stealing company time” and that it was an error for the Board to




                                          6
consider it; yet, Employer’s termination specifically referenced those actions in its
explanation for her termination:

             Based on the investigation, you dropped off information to
             the corporate office in the morning, approximately 9:30
             AM, the visit was brief, and you never returned to school.
             You subsequently called a food service worker and asked
             her to clock you out at 2:30 PM. We reviewed surveillance
             footage which reflected the employee clocking you out at
             the time reflected on your time sheet. You are being
             terminated for falsification of company records and stealing
             company time.
(C.R. at Item No. 3) (emphasis added).
             Furthermore, Claimant has not explained how her choice to engage in
personal errands from approximately 9:30 a.m. until the conclusion of the work day,
while remaining on the clock and being paid her hourly wages, and her subsequent
decision not to return to work could be considered something other than theft of
company time. As such, it cannot be said that the Board determined Claimant was
ineligible for benefits for reasons not cited by Employer as causing her termination,
since theft of time was specifically listed in her termination letter. Cf. Saleem v.
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 35 A.3d 1283, 1290 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2012) (determining the Board erred in holding that, because an employer’s appeal
from a local service center’s determination was “non-specific” and “there was no
surprise,” it could consider whether the claimant was ineligible for benefits “for a
reason not asserted by [the e]mployer until the hearing before the referee”). Thus, we
reject Claimant’s argument that the Board erred in considering Claimant’s theft of
time to be one of the reasons she was ineligible for benefits.
             Claimant next argues that the Board lacked substantial evidence to
support its determination that she engaged in willful misconduct where Employer



                                           7
failed to offer any “competent” evidence and Claimant denied the alleged
misconduct. (Claimant’s Br. at 11.) Claimant asserts that Employer failed to present
any evidence of Claimant’s misconduct that was not hearsay and that the Board
“attempt[ed] to work around this deficiency” by relying on conduct that was not the
cause of her discharge and her silence when presented with the disciplinary report.
Id. at 12. Claimant further asserts that, contrary to the Board’s opinion, “there is no
admission by [] [C]laimant in the record of the alleged willful misconduct.” Id. at 13.
             This Court has consistently held that receiving pay for hours not worked
or using work time to attend to personal affairs without authorization can constitute
willful misconduct. See Temple University v. Unemployment Compensation Board of
Review, 772 A.2d 416 (Pa. 2001) (holding misconduct where a claimant received pay
for hours not worked despite a supervisor’s approval of such conduct); Oyetayo v.
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 110 A.3d 1117 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015)
(holding the use of work equipment for personal reasons constituted willful
misconduct); Gane v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 398 A.2d 1110
(Pa. Cmwlth. 1979) (holding the deliberate falsification of remittance slips equated to
willful misconduct). “An employee’s theft from an employer is willful misconduct.
An act of theft disregards the employer’s interests and the standards of behavior that
the employer has a right to expect of an employee.” On Line, Inc. v. Unemployment
Compensation Board of Review, 941 A.2d 789, 790 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2008).
Additionally, this Court has held that even a single instance of theft from an employer
can constitute willful misconduct. Stokes v. Unemployment Compensation Board of
Review, 379 A.2d 913 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1977).
             Willful misconduct is defined as (1) wanton and willful disregard of an
employer’s interests; (2) deliberate violation of an employer’s rules; (3) disregard of



                                           8
the standards of behavior that an employer can rightfully expect from an employee;
or (4) negligence showing an intentional disregard of the employer’s interest or the
employee’s duties and obligations. Grieb v. Unemployment Compensation Board of
Review, 827 A.2d 422, 425 (Pa. 2003). Whether a claimant’s conduct constitutes
willful misconduct is a question of law fully reviewable by this Court on appeal.
Temple University, 772 A.2d at 418 n.1. If an employer alleges misconduct because
of a claimant’s violation of a work rule, the employer must prove the existence of the
rule and its violation, and the burden then shifts to the claimant to show good cause
for his actions. McKeesport Hospital v. Unemployment Compensation Board of
Review, 625 A.2d 112, 114 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1993).
             Hearsay evidence, admitted without objection as it was here, may only
support a finding if it is corroborated by any competent evidence of record. Walker v.
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 367 A.2d 366, 370 (Pa. Cmwlth.
1976). In this case, while Employer did not attend the hearing before the referee, it
did submit various documents into the record without objection from Claimant,
including the disciplinary report, a termination letter, and a copy of Employer’s
policies listing dismissal as the consequence for certain first-time offenses, including
theft and falsification of company records such as time cards. (C.R. at Item No. 3.)
As the Board observes, Claimant herself corroborated much of Employer’s evidence
during the hearing by admitting that she chose to go on a personal errand without
calling her supervisor or clocking out beforehand and that, in doing so, she “messed
up”; the errand ended up taking too long and she chose not to return to work for the
remainder of the day; she had given her social security number to a co-worker for the
purpose of clocking her out, albeit on a previous occasion; and that the same co-




                                           9
worker clocked Claimant out at the end of the day at issue using Claimant’s social
security number.
             Although Claimant argues that Employer was required to present some
further supporting evidence, that is incorrect as this Court has repeatedly held that an
employer’s burden in willful misconduct cases may be carried either in whole or in
part by the claimant’s testimony even where an employer fails to appear at the
hearing. In DiGiovanni v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 404 A.2d
449, 450 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1979), a claimant chose to leave his workplace after being
directed by his employer to perform a particular task. Because claimant appeared at a
hearing before the referee and his employer did not, the claimant argued the Board
erred in denying him benefits because the employer did not meet its burden when it
failed to present evidence. This Court disagreed and listed seven prior cases in which
a claimant was denied benefits despite the failure of the employer or one of its
necessary witnesses to appear at the hearing. We noted,

             None of th[o]se decisions resulted in an automatic reversal
             of a Board decision for the employer or the granting of
             benefits to the employee simply because the employer
             failed to appear at the hearing or present any competent
             evidence of willful misconduct. On the contrary, the
             employer’s burden was carried by the claimant’s own
             testimony, either in whole, . . . or in part, by
             corroborating unobjected-to hearsay evidence of the
             employer.
Id. at 450 (emphasis added). This result, we determined, was due to the “long-
recognized duty of the Board to protect the unemployment compensation fund from
improper claims, and its corollary that the Board has the power and duty to
investigate all the facts of a given case.” Id. (emphasis in original). Accordingly, we
held, “[I]f a claimant’s own testimony establishes with sufficient certainty the



                                          10
crucial facts of a case, we see nothing improper in the Board’s relying on that
testimony when making its findings of fact.” Id. (emphasis added).
            Likewise, in Moore v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review,
578 A.2d 606 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1990), a claimant argued that his employer failed to
prove the existence of the policy he violated, which resulted in a finding that he
engaged in willful misconduct, because the employer did not appear at the hearing
before the referee. As in this case, the claimant acknowledged that the policy was
listed in the employer’s documents that were admitted at the hearing but argued that
the documents were hearsay and could not be used to support a factual finding that
the policy existed. Id. at 609. This court disagreed, noting that “[e]ven where an
employer fails to appear [and has] the burden of proving willful misconduct, benefits
may be denied if the employee seeking benefits proves the employer’s case.” Id. at
608-09. We determined that based upon the claimant’s admissions in his testimony,
substantial evidence existed for the referee’s findings, which supported the legal
conclusion that the claimant engaged in willful misconduct. Id.
            Finally, in Thornburg v. Department of Public Welfare, 406 A.2d 1224
(Pa. Cmwlth. 1979), where the Department of Public Welfare upheld the denial of
benefits to two married claimants under the Aid to Families with Dependent Children
program, we affirmed, reiterating that a claimant’s own testimony can be the sole
substantial evidence supporting a hearing examiner’s findings. Id. at 1225.
            Here, Claimant’s testimony, as outlined above, corroborated the
Employer’s hearsay evidence by, at a minimum, confirming that she stole company
time.   As such, there is substantial evidence supporting the referee’s following
findings:

            3. On May 3, 2017, the [C]laimant left the workplace to
            submit the documents to the supervisor.

                                         11
             4. The [C]laimant after submitting the documents went to
             pick-up [sic] her car while on the clock.
             5. The [C]laimant did not inform the supervisor that she
             was getting late, and would not return to the workplace.
             6. The [C]laimant reported for work the following day.
             7. The [C]laimant had provided the last four digits of her
             social security card number.
             8. The [C]laimant’s co-worker used the last four digits of
             the [C]laimant’s social security number and used them to
             clock the [C]laimant out.
(F.F. Nos. 3-8.) Accordingly, we agree with the referee’s conclusion that “[C]laimant
was conducting her personal business while on the clock,” which we note occurred
from approximately 9:30 a.m. until the conclusion of the work day, “indicat[ing] a
disregard of the standards of behavior that an employer has the right to expect of an
employee,” and that such conduct equated to willful misconduct. (Referee’s Order at
3.)   Based upon this conclusion, we need not reach the merits of Claimant’s
remaining argument.
             Accordingly, we affirm the order of the Board finding Claimant
ineligible for benefits.




                                          ________________________________
                                          PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge




                                         12
            IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Tina Walker,                         :
                 Petitioner          :
                                     :    No. 180 C.D. 2018
           v.                        :
                                     :
Unemployment Compensation            :
Board of Review,                     :
                 Respondent          :


                                  ORDER


           AND NOW, this 24th day of January, 2019, the December 28, 2017
order of the Unemployment Compensation Board of Review is affirmed.



                                         ________________________________
                                         PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
