[Cite as State v. Nichols, 2015-Ohio-350.]




                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                       DARKE COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO                                      :
                                                   :
        Plaintiff-Appellee                         :   C.A. CASE NO. 2014-CA-7
                                                   :
v.                                                 :   T.C. NO. 13CR187
                                                   :
CORY M. NICHOLS                                    :   (Criminal appeal from
                                                   :    Common Pleas Court)
        Defendant-Appellant                        :
                                                   :

                                              ...........

                                             OPINION

                Rendered on the ___30th___ day of ____January____, 2015.

                                              ...........

R. KELLY ORMSBY, III, Atty, Reg. No. 0020615, Prosecuting Attorney, Darke County
Prosecutor’s Office, Courthouse, Third Floor, Greenville, Ohio 45331
      Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

MATTHEW J. PIERRON, Atty. Reg. No. 0090473, 507 South Broadway, Greenville, Ohio
45331
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                             .............

DONOVAN, J.

        {¶ 1} This matter is before the Court on the Notice of Appeal of Cory M. Nichols,

filed June 6, 2014. Nichols appeals from the trial court’s May 7, 2014 judgment entry of

conviction, issued following a trial by jury, on one count of aggravated robbery, in violation

of R.C. 2911.01(A)(3), a felony of the first degree. Nichols received an eight year
                                                                                            -2-
sentence. We hereby affirm the judgment of the trial court.

       {¶ 2} The events giving rise to this matter occurred on September 4, 2013, when

Carole and Jack Coblentz went to the YMCA in Greenville, Ohio, to exercise. Carole,

who was 73 years old at the time, completed her workout and returned to the couple’s car

in the parking lot, sometime after 7:30 a.m., to wait for Jack, who was taking a shower.

Carole used her key fob to unlock the car door, and she got into the passenger side of the

car and put her key into the ignition so that she could listen to the radio. Carole then heard

the right rear door of the vehicle open, and she assumed that it was Jack putting his gym

bag into the back seat. Carole was unable to turn her head to look into the back seat,

having previously injured her neck in a car accident in 2000. Carole then felt a force from

behind repeatedly slamming her head into the center console of her vehicle. She did not

see her attacker, but when she exited her vehicle after the attack, with her nose bleeding

heavily, she observed Nichols four to five feet from the right front of her car. Nichols asked

Carole if she was okay, and she testified that she “really didn’t feel like talking, and I just

sat back down in the car.” Carole noticed the next day that a set of car keys to a different

vehicle, which had been in her purse in the back seat of the car, were missing.

       {¶ 3} Jack testified that as he was leaving the YMCA after his shower, he noticed

that his car keys, which he had left in his pants pocket in an unlocked locker, were

missing. Jack had also left a money clip, with money in it, along with his wallet, in a

compartment in the console of the couple’s vehicle. As he approached the vehicle, he

observed Carole sitting beside the car, bleeding from her nose. She told him that she did

not know what happened, and that she did not want to go to the hospital. Jack, who

initially thought Carole had fallen, placed his gym bag behind the driver’s seat and
                                                                                          -3-
returned to the YMCA to see if he had dropped his keys inside the building. When he

returned to the vehicle, still searching for his keys, Jack removed his gym bag, and he

noticed a cell phone that did not belong to him or Carole on the floor of the backseat of the

car. Jack and Carole then looked into the console of the vehicle, and they noticed that

Jack’s wallet and the money from the money clip were missing. Jack turned the cell phone

in at the front desk at the YMCA, and the police and medics were called. Nichols, who was

working out at the time, subsequently claimed the cell phone as his from the front desk.

       {¶ 4} Detective Eric Kiryluk testified at trial that he investigated the robbery, and

that in the course of his investigation, he found car keys and a wallet in a trash can in the

women’s restroom at the YMCA which were submitted for DNA testing.                Raymond

Peoples, a forensic scientist employed at the Ohio Attorney General’s Bureau of Criminal

Investigation, testified that he performed DNA testing on items retrieved in the course of

the investigation, including the wallet found by Kiryluk and a shirt obtained from Nichols.

Nichols’ DNA was found on the wallet Kiryluk found in the trash can, which Jack identified

as his, and Carole’s DNA was found in blood present on the shirt retrieved from Nichols.

       {¶ 5} Nichols asserts three assignments of error herein. His first assigned error

is as follows:

                 THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT FAILED TO PROPERLY

       INQUIRE INTO DEFENDANT-APPELLANT’S ALLEGATIONS THAT HE

       WAS BEING INEFFECTIVELY REPRESENTED BY HIS APPOINTED

       COUNSEL.

       {¶ 6} At the start of trial, the following exchange occurred:

                 THE COURT: A few moments ago, Mr. Nichols conveyed to Mr.
                                                                                 -4-
Rohrer there was a request for a new attorney; is that right, Mr. Rohrer?

       MR. ROHRER: That’s correct, Your Honor.

       THE COURT: Can you talk about that a little bit, Mr. Nichols, what

your thoughts are.

       THE DEFENDANT: It’s just from day one when you gave me his

card, it’s been more than a hassle to get ahold of him. And really the only

time I’ve seen him is since when you guys brought me back from being

incarcerated to here.    And we haven’t really came eye to eye on the

situation.   It’s been rather one-sided conversation, and I really don’t know

if he’s taking my input serious or anything of that sort.

       I have a friend, fiancé, that’s been contacting another lawyer and it’s

around this area and he’s been more in contact with her than he has. I

mean, he’s only talked to her, I don’t know, maybe twice and she’s been

calling since you gave me the card non-stop and we couldn’t get ahold of

him. I just - - I haven’t had enough time to talk to him to like to get on the

same page with him. That’s really it.

       THE COURT: Do you remember what day it was you came back to

Darke County?

       THE DEFENDANT: Wednesday last week.

       THE COURT: 29th or - -

       CAPTAIN BRUNER: 30th.

       MR. ORMSBY: I think Wednesday was the 30th.

       THE COURT: So about the 30th then of April. Today is May 5th.
                                                                                    -5-
       THE DEFENDANT: Okay.

       THE COURT: Before that you were incarcerated in some part of

Department of Corrections facilities, whatever it was.

       MR. ROHRER: In Lebanon, Your Honor.

       THE COURT:         Lebanon. Thank you. The procedure that you

experienced is in many respects typical because the case is being worked

on while you’re not in Darke County.

       THE DEFENDANT: Um-hmm.

       THE COURT:         Now, that does at times cause issues, and I

understand exactly what you’re saying.

       THE DEFENDNAT: Un-hmm.

       THE COURT: The context is our jail has 36 beds so where we

might try to have people here a lot, it doesn’t always lend itself to doing that.

       THE DEFENDANT: Um-hmm.

       THE COURT:        So I use other facilities implicitly.    You being in

prison is a way to manage jail population.

       THE DEFENDANT: Um-hmm.

       THE COURT:           Mr. Rohrer and Mr. Ormsby had pretrial

conversations while you weren’t here necessarily.

       THE DEFENDANT: Um-hmm.

       THE COURT: Discovery was exchanged between the attorneys.

I’m aware of this because I’m managing, if you will, the case outside your

appearance. Presumably, Mr. Rohrer was sending you documents and I
                                                                                  -6-
think he even went to Lebanon to visit you before you came back to Darke

County, right?

       THE DEFENDANT: Yeah.

       THE COURT: And was discovery sent along the way?

       MR. ROHRER: Discovery was sent prior to that, Your Honor, and I

did make one trip down there. Spent about 40, 45 minutes talking about

the offers, talking about the procedure, seeing what he wanted to do in that

area. We talked about that since Mr. Nichols has been back since last

Wednesday. I went to see him last Wednesday evening. Last Thursday I

went to see him. That was short. It was not a great meeting. Then

Friday I went to see him and we talked longer. I told him I couldn’t be in

Saturday but I was in last night for an hour and a half. So I’ve been to see

him four times since he’s been back in preparing for trial.

       I’m confused only to the point because I asked Mr. Nichols to do

some things for me as far as pointing out inconsistencies he saw which we

talked about last night, talked about prior. So I guess I’m confused that

we’re not on the same wavelength because that’s not my goal. It’s never

my goal as a defense attorney to be on the same wavelength as the

Defendant. My goal is to prepare the case and do the best job possible.

       I’ve never from the get-go told him I would not proceed to trial in this

matter. I have advised him of the evidence in the case, the strength of

what I believe the Prosecutor’s case was, some of the things we could

argue if we went to trial. And I told Mr. Nichols early last week that if there
                                                                                   -7-
was a problem, he needed to get in contact with the Court, although, I didn’t

think the Court at this late stage would let me off the case if that was a

problem.    I thought we handled those problems and, of course, this

morning he brought that to my attention.

       Obviously, I know Paul Wagner as well as the Court knows Paul

Wagner. Paul Wagner does not do felony cases for our docket right now

because of the way the public defender group is run.        We decided to put

the two strongest attorneys on the felonies which was Randy Breaden and

myself, but that’s all I have.

       Obviously, I feel like I am prepared to go forward at trial today. I

believe my client is not happy with how I’ve appraised the State’s case

against him, but I do believe that that’s my job to explain that to him with the

experience I have. * * *

       THE COURT: * * * The charge is aggravated robbery. Obviously,

it’s a serious offense. It’s a first degree felony. When the case was filed, I

had two options for an attorney. Mr. Breaden is a court appointed counsel

for the Court and Mr. Rohrer.

       THE DEFENDANT: Um-hmm.

       THE COURT: By far, Mr. Rohrer has the most experience of those

two lawyers and then if you stacked them up against the other criminal

defense lawyers in the county, maybe not by years, although it’s close.

       MR. ROHRER: It is, Your Honor.

       THE COURT: But by experience he’s got the most experience.
                                                                                     -8-
Now, you have a right to retain counsel.

       THE DEFENDANT: Um-hmm.

       THE COURT: But when the request for appointed counsel comes

in, then the Court becomes inserted into that whole process. So I gave you

the most experienced criminal defense lawyer available. So at this point in

time, I’m going to go with the appointment. I’m not going to grant your

request for a new lawyer. It would delay the proceedings. The victim’s

right to a speedy trial is a factor as is yours. Everybody is out there waiting.

       I always have to watch and make sure along the way that you’re

getting good representation. I don’t get involved in tactical decision trial

tactics but I do watch from a legal perspective that the minimum

requirements are being fulfilled. So far I’m satisfied with that. What the

lawyers have done in terms of minimum constitutional guarantees for

effectiveness has occurred.

       * * * I’ll ask you along the way if your goals for the trial, your tactical

decisions for the trial are being considered. So we’ll still be talking about

this along the way. So that’s kind of how it all plays out.

       THE DEFENDANT:             I mean, I can understand that but I’m not

comfortable with facing 11 years with somebody I haven’t talked to. I

mean, as of last night we’re still trying to figure out the inconsistencies.

That should have been done a long time ago. We just went over the video

yesterday and there’s absolutely nothing on the video. And we’re still

trying to find inconsistencies.
                                                                                   -9-
       I’m the one that pointed out the inconsistencies. He had maybe five

of them on a piece of paper and to me they weren’t anything of importance

really. I brought some more. We haven’t even had time to talk about that.

       THE COURT: Was there a transcript of this video provided as part

of discovery or the video?

       MR. ROHRER: What he’s talking about, Your Honor, the video we

looked at last night is the surveillance video which obviously - -

       THE COURT: From the YMCA.

       MR. ROHRER: From the YMCA, correct. It had no audio. It had

to do with times and some things that were said, how that may play into

some of the witnesses[’] statements that they made. So we went over that

last night to look at that.

       THE COURT: * * * The request is noted, overruled. We’ll watch as

it goes along. You’re right to talk about this ineffective assistance as an

issue that comes up on appeal in cases. I don’t see it directly at trial level.

Court of Appeals often deals with that issue. So it’s not a dead issue but

for the moment it’s at least closed, and we’ll go forward with trial today.

       And then if the trial doesn’t work right, not the verdict but the process

along the way, the ineffective issue can be raised. So you can complain

about your attorney on appeal if necessary or even the Court’s decisions.

That’s what the purpose of an appeal is. So those will be the decisions. *

**

{¶ 7} The prosecutor then discussed separate offers that were made to Nichols in
                                                                                      -10-
exchange for a plea of guilty, and the following exchange occurred:

             MR. ORMSBY: * * *

             So my understanding is that Mr. Nichols, on his own, was made

      aware of the offers and he chose that he did not wish to accept those offers.

             THE COURT: Mr. Rohrer?

             MR. ROHRER:         That’s correct.      I did relay the offers to the

      Defendant. He summarily rejected them. We didn’t spend a lot of time on

      them because Cory’s mind seemed to be made up which is fine. He has

      the right to do that. So I didn’t want to waste time talking about something

      he wasn’t interested in and proceeded to prepare for trial.

             But I did go over with him what the maximum was, what this offer

      was, Your Honor. I come and talked to the Court last week to see if the

      Court * * * would be willing to give the Defendant seven years, which was

      recommended, if it was recommended and accepted by my client. The

      Court told me last week yes. I relayed that to Mr. Nichols and he did reject

      that and we prepared for trial.

             THE COURT: Mr. Nichols, you heard the offers. A communication

      of the offers did, in fact, reach you, right?

             THE DEFENDANT: Um-hmm.

             THE COURT: * * * Mr. Ormsby is right. You needed to hear them,

      not necessarily like them or do them. Anything else for the record?

             MR. ORMSBY: * * * I know Mr. Nichols seems like he wanted to say

      something.
                                                                                          -11-
             MR. NICHOLS: Did the Court get my letter that I wrote?

             ***

             MR. ORMSBY: There was a letter - - I saw a copy of a letter from

      Mr. Nichols that was addressed to the Court that I assume the Clerk of

      Courts gave me a copy of where he was stating a few complaints about his

      relationship with Mr. Rohrer.

             ***

             THE COURT: If there was a letter complaining of the attorney,

      make a copy available to the Court. * * *

             If it’s a complaint about your lawyer, I would want that which is why I

      asked Mr. Rohrer to make a copy available. So we’ll mark that as an

      exhibit and now I’ll consider it as part of the ineffective part of what is going

      on.

             Thank you for bringing that to my attention. * * * So we’ll look at it

      now. Okay. Anything else, Mr. Rohrer?

             MR. ROHRER: No, Your Honor.

             THE COURT: Okay. Let’s get going. So off the record. Thank

      you, Tracey.

      {¶ 8} At the conclusion of trial, in the absence of the jury, the following exchange

occurred:

             THE COURT: * * * Mr. Nichols, I’ve been trying to do a lot of things at

      once which includes watch the interaction between you and Mr. Rohrer. It

      looked typical to me. I often see both lawyers working with their client.
                                                                                      -12-
             Mr. Ormsby was talking to Detective Kiryluk. You were talking to

      Mr. Rorher.    That all seemed to be appropriate.      But the question is

      whether or not you felt Mr. Rohrer was following your guidance and getting

      your input along the way. Did that, in fact, occur?

             THE DEFENDANT: At times, yeah.

             ***

             THE COURT: * * ** Was there issues that you thought were not

      handled the way you wanted them handled?

             THE DEFENDANT: Yeah.

The court then allowed Nichols to “articulate any shortcomings you thought might have

happened, whatever they might be,” and those pages of the transcript, namely pages

631-634, were filed under seal.

      {¶ 9} As this Court has previously noted:

             The decision of whether to substitute counsel is within the discretion

      of the trial court. Wheat v. U.S. (1988), 486 U.S. 153, 108 S.Ct. 1692, 100

      L.Ed.2d 140. See, also, State v. Jones (2001), 91 Ohio St.3d 335, 343-44,

      744 N.E.2d 1163. Therefore, we review the trial court's decision under the

      abuse of discretion standard. State v. Murphy (2001), 91 Ohio St.3d 516,

      523, 747 N.E.2d 765.

State v. McCoy, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2003-CA-27, 2004-Ohio-266, ¶ 6.

      {¶ 10} This Court recently noted as follows:

             “Abuse of discretion” has been defined as an attitude that is

      unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable. Huffman v. Hair Surgeon, Inc.,
                                                                                     -13-
      19 Ohio St.3d 83, 87, 482 N.E.2d 1248, 1252 (1985). It is to be expected

      that most instances of abuse of discretion will result in decisions that are

      simply unreasonable, rather than decisions that are unconscionable or

      arbitrary.

             A decision is unreasonable if there is no sound reasoning process

      that would support that decision. It is not enough that the reviewing court,

      were it deciding the issue de novo, would not have found that reasoning

      process to be persuasive, perhaps in view of countervailing reasoning

      processes that would support a contrary result. AAAA Enterprises, Inc. v.

      River Place Community Urban Redevelopment Corp., 50 Ohio St.3d 157,

      161, 553 N.E.2d 597 (1990).

State v. Mitchell, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25976, 2014-Ohio-5070, ¶ 13-14.

      {¶ 11} As this Court further noted in McCoy:

             A criminal defendant's Sixth Amendment right to competent counsel

      does not extend to a right to counsel of the defendant's choice. Thurston v.

      Maxwell (1965), 3 Ohio St.2d 92, 93, 209 N.E.2d 204. Nor does the right to

      counsel include a right to a meaningful or peaceful relationship between

      counsel and the defendant. State v. Blankenship (1995), 102 Ohio App.3d

      534, 538, 657 N.E.2d 559, citing Morris v. Slappy (1983), 461 U.S. 1, 103

      S.Ct. 1610, 75 L.Ed.2d 610.

             However, a criminal defendant may discharge a court-appointed

      attorney when the defendant can demonstrate a break-down in the

      attorney-client relationship to such a degree as to endanger the defendant's
                                                                                       -14-
      right to effective assistance of counsel. State v. Coleman (1998), 37 Ohio

      St.3d 286, 292, 525 N.E.2d 792, paragraph four of the syllabus.

      Specifically, an indigent defendant is entitled to the appointment of new

      counsel when there is a showing of good cause, such as a conflict of

      interest where the conflict is so severe that the denial of substitute counsel

      would violate the Sixth Amendment right to counsel. Blankenship, supra, at

      558, 657 N.E.2d 559. Alternatively, the defendant may demonstrate a

      complete breakdown of communication or an irreconcilable conflict which

      leads to an unjust result. Id. *2

McCoy, ¶ 7-8.

      {¶ 12} Regarding a court’s duty to inquire when a defendant alleges ineffective

assistance of counsel, this Court has previously noted as follows:

             * * * In State v. Deal (1969), 17 Ohio St.2d 17, the Ohio Supreme

      Court specifically addressed the obligations of a trial court when a

      defendant questions the adequacy of his assigned counsel. In that case,

      the defendant attempted to discharge his attorney during trial, informing the

      court that his assigned counsel had failed to file a notice of alibi or to

      subpoena witnesses. The trial court rejected the defendant's complaint as

      “unreasonable,” without making any inquiry into its merits. On appeal, the

      Ohio Supreme Court reversed the defendant's conviction, holding that

      “[w]here, during the course of his trial for a serious crime, an indigent

      accused questions the effectiveness and adequacy of assigned counsel, by

      stating that such counsel failed to file seasonably a notice of alibi or to
                                                                                          -15-
       subpoena witnesses in support thereof even though requested to do so by

       accused, it is the duty of the trial judge to inquire into the complaint and

       make such inquiry a part of the record.” Id. at syllabus. In so ruling, the Deal

       court recognized that absent an on-the-record inquiry into the defendant's

       complaints, it was impossible to conduct appellate review of appointed

       counsel's performance. The court also recognized that “[t]he appellant, by

       himself, did everything he could be expected to do to preserve his objection

       as to the incompetency of his counsel and to the defense his counsel had

       prepared. His objection was specific, not vague or general.” Id. at 19.

              In the wake of Deal, Ohio's appellate courts have reversed

       convictions when trial courts fail to make on-the-record inquiries into

       specific objections about the performance of court-appointed counsel.

       Notably, however, courts have read Deal as imposing on a defendant the

       initial burden of articulating specific concerns about his appointed counsel.

       Absent specific objections to counsel's performance, the trial court has no

       duty to investigate anything. * * *

State v. Hibbler, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2001-CA-43, 2002-Ohio-4464, ¶14-15.

       {¶ 13} Nichols asserts that the matter herein is analogous to State v. Washington,

10th District Franklin No. 94APA11-1653, 1995 WL 373531, * 1-2 (June 20, 1995).

Washington was found guilty of aggravated trafficking, and the Tenth District Court of

Appeals set forth the following facts on his appeal:

              On the day of trial, prior to the jury's being empaneled, defendant

       advised the trial court that he had had the opportunity to speak with his
                                                                                    -16-
counsel on several occasions “with no good results up to this date.” * * *

While defendant advised that he had made every attempt to work with his

attorney, his attorney had made “no solid effort to work with me on this

case,” as defense counsel had already concluded that defendant was

guilty. * * * According to defendant, defense counsel stated to defendant

that he had heard about defendant from other lawyers and public defenders

and believed defendant was a “predator. He believes that I am-I am no

good; and, like he told me, * * * it is people like you that makes this world

what it is today. And I was-and I was what had-what was-what he had to

deal with as a result of this world that I created.” * * * Defendant advised that

although he had tried to work with defense counsel on different occasions,

his attempts ended up in an argument; that he had not even told defense

counsel about his case until recently because counsel consistently

contradicted defendant on every decision that defendant tried to make

about the case; that defense counsel offered no advice whatsoever. When

defendant asked defense counsel to remove himself from the case, counsel

advised that defendant would receive a new lawyer on appeal.

       Summarizing, defendant stated that he once again was requesting a

new attorney so that he could receive a fair trial; that defense counsel did

not “have my best interests at heart, and I do not wish to put my life at the

line with this man at the helm.” * * *

       In response, the trial court stated that it consistently hears people

disagreeing with the way their attorneys handle matters; that the court was
                                                                                         -17-
       aware defense counsel had actively been working on the case, as

       evidenced by a discovery request earlier in the year; and that the court had

       “no reason to believe that you could get any better attorney if I gave you

       another one, so I'm ready to get the thing done.” * * * With that response, the

       trial court moved on to other matters.

       {¶ 14} The Tenth District determined that “* * * the trial court’s response to

defendant’s complaint about his attorney is insufficient. The trial court erred in not

inquiring further into the bases for defendant’s contentions, thus failing to provide in the

record an opportunity for meaningful appellate review of the trial court’s determination to

refuse defendant new counsel.” Id., * 2.

       {¶ 15} We initially note that Nichols’ general allegations regarding defense

counsel’s performance do not rise to the level of the communication breakdown or

irreconcilable differences alleged in Washington. Further, in contrast to Washington, the

record reflects that the trial court conducted a lengthy on-the-record inquiry into Nichols’

objections about defense counsel’s performance, both at the start of trial and at its

conclusion. When advised that Nichols requested a new attorney, the court asked

Nichols “what your thoughts are.” After Nichols stated that “it’s been more than a hassle

to get ahold” of defense counsel, and that Nichols had not “had enough time to talk to him

to like get on the same page with him,” the trial court acknowledged that Nichols was

incarcerated in a Lebanon prison (in Warren County), due to overcrowding at the local jail

(in Darke County). The court proceeded to confirm that defense counsel visited Nichols

in Lebanon, further noting that the attorneys exchanged discovery, that Nichols received

the discovery, and that the attorneys engaged in pretrial conversations.          The court
                                                                                          -18-
inquired of defense counsel regarding his contact with Nichols following Nichols’ return to

Darke County in preparation for trial, ascertaining that defense counsel met with Nichols

four times. Defense counsel advised the court of the nature of his trial preparation, and

he indicated that he felt prepared “to go forward at trial today.” We note that he further

advised the court that Nichols was displeased with defense counsel’s assessment of the

State’s evidence against him, which is not a basis for the discharge of defense counsel.

       {¶ 16} The court noted that aggravated robbery is a serious offense, and that the

court appointed “the most experienced defense lawyer available” to represent Nichols.

Nichols acknowledged that defense counsel made note of and discussed with him five

inconsistencies between the statements of witnesses at the scene and a surveillance

video from the YMCA. The record further reflects that defense counsel advised Nichols of

the maximum sentence he faced, and of the offers extended by the State in exchange for

his plea. Finally, the court indicated that it obtained a copy of the letter from Nichols

regarding defense counsel’s performance and stated that it would consider the letter. The

letter is not in the record before us. The court then went off the record, and we have no

basis to conclude that the court failed to read the letter, having indicated that it would do

so before pausing the proceedings. Finally, we have reviewed Nichols’ allegations of

ineffective assistance in the portion of the transcript filed under seal, and we agree with

the court’s assessment therein, that Nichols again raised “issues we talked about prior to

the commencement of the case.”

       {¶ 17} Since the trial court conducted a thorough inquiry regarding Nichols’

allegations of ineffective assistance, and since Nichols did not allege a severe conflict of

interest, a complete breakdown of communication, or an irreconcilable conflict, an abuse
                                                                                           -19-
of discretion is not demonstrated, and Nichols’ first assigned error is overruled.

       {¶ 18} Nichols’ second and third assigned errors allege that he received

ineffective assistance of counsel. They are as follows:

              APPELLANT        BELIEVES       HE     WAS      DENIED      EFFECTIVE

       ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL FOR TRIAL COUNSEL’S FAILURE TO

       CHALLENGE JUROR [H.] FOR CAUSE.

       And,

              APPELLANT        BELIEVES       HE     WAS      DENIED      EFFECTIVE

       ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL BY TRIAL COUNSEL’S FAILURE TO

       PURSUE       THE     POSSIBILITY       THAT     A    THIRD      PARTY      WAS

       RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ROBBERY.

       {¶ 19} As this Court has recently noted:

              “We review the alleged instances of ineffective assistance of trial

       counsel under the two prong analysis set forth in Strickland v. Washington,

       466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), and adopted by the

       Supreme Court of Ohio in State v. Bradley (1989), 42 Ohio St.3d 136, * * *.

       Pursuant to those cases, trial counsel is entitled to a strong presumption

       that his or her conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable assistance.

       Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. To reverse a conviction based on ineffective

       assistance of counsel, it must be demonstrated that trial counsel's conduct

       fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that his errors were

       serious enough to create a reasonable probability that, but for the errors,

       the result of the trial would have been different. Id. Hindsight is not permitted
                                                                                       -20-
      to distort the assessment of what was reasonable in light of counsel's

      perspective at the time, and a debatable decision concerning trial strategy

      cannot form the basis of a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel.”

      (Internal citation omitted). State v. Mitchell, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21957,

      2008–Ohio–493, ¶ 31.

             An appellant is not deprived of effective assistance of counsel when

      counsel chooses, for strategic reasons, not to pursue every possible trial

      tactic. State v. Brown, 38 Ohio St.3d 305, 319, 528 N.E.2d 523 (1988). The

      test for a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is not whether counsel

      pursued every possible defense; the test is whether the defense chosen

      was objectively reasonable. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104

      S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). A reviewing court may not

      second-guess decisions of counsel which can be considered matters of trial

      strategy. State v. Smith, 17 Ohio St.3d 98, 477 N.E.2d 1128 (1985).

      Debatable strategic and tactical decisions may not form the basis of a claim

      for ineffective assistance of counsel, even if, in hindsight, it looks as if a

      better strategy had been available. State v. Cook, 65 Ohio St.3d 516, 524,

      605 N.E.2d 70 (1992).

State v. Saini, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2013 CA 36, 2014-Ohio-5582, ¶ 47-48.

      {¶ 20} Regarding Juror H., in the course of voir dire, H. raised his hand and

remarked, “* * * I done this once before, and I was excused. That comes back to my

mind and it’s confidential.” The court responded, “* * *I’m going to hold on to that and

deal with it.” Defense counsel subsequently indicated to the venire as follows:
                                                                                       -21-
             ***

             I grew up in an all white community in Pennsylvania, Lancaster

      County * * *. Went to college in Indiana and then came to Akron, Ohio.

      Akron, Ohio, is where I first had my first friendships with African Americans,

      okay. Had about 20, 25 percent in Akron.

             ***

             Then I came down here in ’95, and I can still say there’s one person

      on my street that has the same thing. I notice there’s a number of people

      that had African American lawn jockeys in their lawn. I see some of you

      smiling. It shocked me because up in Akron that be would (sic) considered

      pretty racist to do. I still have some people on my street that has one.

      Don’t quite understand.

      {¶ 21} The trial court later asked H. if he wished to speak to the court and

attorneys confidentially, and he responded affirmatively, noting, “Your lawn jockey thing.

Off the record I can explain that.” The following exchange occurred outside of the

presence of the jury:

             [MR. H.]: Years ago I made a wrong statement I guess when I was

      seated and said that the guy was Mexican and he was guilty in my mind. I

      told that privately so that bothers my mind, and I really wanted to tell

      everybody that so that nobody thought what - - I’m not prejudice (sic) but

      that comes up in my mind when you asked me.

             THE COURT: How long ago was that statement?

             MR. [H.]:    I don’t know.    One of the jury duties I got seated.
                                                                                -22-
Probably ten years ago maybe.

       THE COURT: Do you feel that way today?

       MR. [H.]: Not really.

       THE COURT: Okay.

       MR. [H.]: Not really.

       THE COURT: Is race an issue on how you vote on this case?

       MR. [H.]: No. I just wanted to say that because you mentioned it in

the conversation there, and that’s the reason why I said I wanted to do it

privately.

       THE COURT: Any other issues you thought needed to be talked

about confidentially?

       MR. [H.]: No.

       ***

       MR. ROHRER: I do have a question. Can you explain, Mr. [H.], why

you made that statement at the time because there’s lots of reason[s] you

may have. Did you make it because you didn’t want to sit on the jury? Did

you make it because you - -

       MR. [H.]: I wasn’t - - I didn’t want to sit on the jury. At the place

where the drug deal had been done, I was familiar with the owner and

financial dealings with him, the owner. Not the one that done the - - not the

one the police was pursuing.

       MR. ROHRER: And was the owner Hispanic?

       MR. [H.]: No.
                                                                                        -23-
                 MR. ROHRER: * * * I guess I’m still questioning why did you say

      you might have trouble because he’s Mexican?

                 MR. [H.]: At that time, I guess my views wasn’t as broad as they are

      now about - - I was raised when - - in the ‘60s when it was more of a

      problem, and I guess I’ve changed my thinking as I progressed, went along

      in life.

                 MR. ROHRER: And you can understand why my client could be

      concerned about that.

                 MR. [H.]: That’s the reason why I said what I said.

                 MR.ROHRER: And I appreciate that.

                 ***

      {¶ 22} Crim.R. 24(C)(9) and R.C. 2945.25(B) provide that a prospective juror may

be challenged for the following cause: that the juror “is possessed of a state of mind

evincing enmity or bias toward the defendant * * *.”

      {¶ 23} Based upon the above exchange, we cannot conclude that defense counsel

was ineffective in failing to challenge H. for cause. As the State asserts, the record

reflects that defense counsel “did exercise all four peremptory challenges to excuse other

potential jurors, and apparently made the tactical decision that Mr. [H.] was less of a

problem than those four.” H. candidly brought his previous experience as a prospective

juror to the attention of defense counsel and the court, acknowledging that he was

excused from jury duty in that case as the result of commenting that the defendant’s

Hispanic ethnicity convinced him of the defendant’s guilt, a comment that H. himself

characterized as a “wrong statement.” H. expressly told the court that over time he
                                                                                         -24-
“changed my thinking,” and that race would not influence his vote. Based upon H.’s

statements to the court, we find no basis to conclude that he was “possessed of a state of

mind evincing enmity or bias toward” Nichols. Defense counsel further questioned H.

regarding his reasons for making the statement, and he was clearly satisfied with H.’s

responses. Since defense counsel’s performance did not fall below an objective standard

of reasonableness in failing to challenge H. for cause, and since prejudice is not

demonstrated, Nichols’ second assigned error is overruled.

       {¶ 24} Regarding his third assigned error, Nichols directs our attention to a police

report that is attached to his brief. Nichols asserts, “according to Sergeant Drew of the

Greenville Police Department in the Police Report * * * as Appellant was lead out of the

YMCA on the day of the investigation, he told a YMCA employee to ‘call Randy.’” Nichols

asserts that Drew learned from a YMCA employee that “Randy Ward came to the YMCA

after the police investigated the facility and that he ‘loitered around the locker room then

wrapped his hand in his t-shirt and touched the lock on the community locker the suspect

had utilized today.’”   According to Nichols, “trial counsel’s failure to investigate or

develop Randy Ward’s involvement in the robbery resulted in deficient representation and

deprived Appellant of a fair trial.   More specifically, trial counsel failed to elicit the

activities of Randy Ward from Drew while he was testifying.” Nichols asserts that he

“was denied a fair trial because his trial counsel failed to develop and build upon the

suspicious activity of Randy Ward, as set forth in Sergeant Drew’s police report.”

       {¶ 25} We note that the police report was not admitted into evidence, and it is not

part of the record before us for purposes of appeal. See App.R. 9. Given the

overwhelming evidence of Nichols’ guilt, namely that Carole observed Nichols a few feet
                                                                                        -25-
from her car moments after the robbery, that Carole was attacked from behind and

Nichols’ phone was found on the floor in the back seat of the couple’s car, that Carole’s

DNA was found on a spot of blood on Nichols’ shirt, and that Nichols’ DNA was found on

Jack’s wallet, we cannot conclude that defense counsel’s failure to pursue the possibility

that a third party was responsible for the robbery fell below an objective standard of

reasonableness, or that such a strategy would have altered the outcome of the trial.

Finally, we note that Ward’s alleged actions occurred after the fact of the robbery, and we

conclude that defense counsel may have made a strategic decision not to adduce

evidence regarding Ward’s alleged conduct, since it could be construed as an attempt to

remove any fingerprints left behind by Nichols in order to conceal Nichols’ guilt. For the

foregoing reasons, Nichols’ third assignment of error is overruled, and the judgment of the

trial court is affirmed.

                                       ..........

FROELICH, P.J. and HALL, J., concur.

Copies mailed to:

R. Kelly Ormsby, III
Matthew J. Pierron
Hon. Jonathan P. Hein
