    15-3422
    Jones v. Rochester City Sch. Dist.

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                         AMENDED SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER
IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN
ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY
ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

                 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
    held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of
    New York, on the 26th day of January, two thousand seventeen.

    PRESENT:
                    PETER W. HALL,
                    DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,
                    CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY,
                                    Circuit Judges.

    _______________________________________

    HOWARD JONES,

                            Plaintiff-Appellant,

                    v.                                                      No. 15-3422

    ROCHESTER CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT,

                      Defendant-Appellee.
    _______________________________________

    For Plaintiff-Appellant:                          Melvin Bressler, Pittsford, NY.

    For Defendant-Appellee:                           Cara M. Briggs, Associate General Counsel,
                                                      Rochester City School District, Rochester
                                                      NY.

            Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Western District of

    New York (Geraci, C.J.).
       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

       Appellant Howard Jones appeals from a final judgment granting summary judgment in

favor of the defendant and dismissing his claims for retaliation, pleaded as violations of Title VII

of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., 42 U.S.C. § 1981, and the

New York State Human Rights Law (“NYSHRL”), N.Y. Exec. Law § 290 et seq. We assume the

parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts and the procedural history of this case.

       We review de novo an award of summary judgment for claims under Title VII, § 1981, and

the NYSHRL. Gorzynski v. JetBlue Airways Corp., 596 F.3d 93, 101 (2d Cir. 2010); Garcia v.

Hartford Police Dep’t, 706 F.3d 120, 126–27 (2d Cir. 2013) (§ 1981). “Summary judgment is

appropriate where ‘there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.’” Zann Kwan v. Andalex Grp. LLC, 737 F.3d 834, 843 (2d Cir.

2013) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)).

       We analyze all of Appellant’s retaliation claims according to standards applicable to Title

VII. Hicks v. Baines, 593 F.3d 159, 164 (2d Cir. 2010); see Patterson v. Cty. of Oneida, 375 F.3d

206, 225 (2d Cir. 2004) (“Most of the core substantive standards that apply to claims of

discriminatory conduct in violation of Title VII are also applicable to claims of discrimination in

employment in violation of § 1981. . . .”); Reed v. A.W. Lawrence & Co., Inc., 95 F.3d 1170, 1177

(2d Cir. 1996) (“We consider [plaintiff’s] state law claims in tandem with her Title VII claims

because New York courts rely on federal law when determining claims under the New York

[State] Human Rights Law.”). “Federal and state law retaliation claims are reviewed under the

burden-shifting approach of McDonnell Douglas. . . .” Zann Kwan, 737 F.3d at 843 (citing

McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802–04 (1973)). “Under the first step of the

McDonnell Douglas framework, the plaintiff must establish a prima facie case of retaliation by
showing 1) ‘participation in a protected activity’; 2) the defendant’s knowledge of the protected

activity; 3) ‘an adverse employment action’; and 4) ‘a causal connection between the protected

activity and the adverse employment action.’” Id. at 844 (quoting Jute v. Hamilton Sundstrand

Corp., 420 F.3d 166, 173 (2d Cir. 2005)). The plaintiff’s burden of proof at this first step is

“minimal.” Id.

       Appellant does not dispute that, if he received his right-to-sue letter from the Equal

Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) on June 29, 2011, his Title VII claim was

untimely. Sherlock v. Montefiore Med. Ctr., 84 F.3d 522, 525 (2d Cir. 1996) (“In order to be

timely, a claim under Title VII . . . must be filed within 90 days of the claimant’s receipt of a right-

to-sue letter.”); 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(1). He asserted in his complaint, and acknowledged

during summary judgment, that he did in fact receive the right-to-sue letter on June 29, 2011. On

appeal, he offers a letter from the Director of the Buffalo office of the EEOC stating that the

EEOC’s computer log reflects that the right-to-sue letter was mailed to Appellant’s attorney on

June 29, 2011. According to Appellant, we should assume that he did not receive the letter for at

least three days, rendering his Title VII claim timely.         See, e.g., Sherlock, 84 F.3d at 525

(“Normally it is assumed that a mailed document is received three days after its mailing.”). We

decline to apply this assumption because Appellant made clear in his complaint and summary

judgment papers that he received the letter on June 29, 2011.

       The district court, moreover, correctly ruled that all of Appellant’s retaliation claims—

including the claim brought under Title VII—failed on the merits. The district court concluded

that the gravamen of the complaint, that the defendant punished Jones for filing an EEOC

complaint, failed because the defendant disciplined Jones before it was aware that he had filed a

complaint with the EEOC. Appellant does not challenge this ruling on appeal. Instead, he points

to other evidence of retaliation, i.e., that his job evaluation scores were changed, he was prevented
from working overtime, and he was disciplined for being late to work during a blizzard. The

district court correctly concluded, however, that his vague statements concerning the denial of

overtime were insufficient to survive summary judgment.

       Although the district court did not address Appellant’s testimony regarding the changed

evaluation scores and the blizzard incident, “[w]e may, of course, affirm on any ground that finds

support in the record.” In re Adderall XR Antitrust Litig., 754 F.3d 128, 134 n.4 (2d Cir. 2014).

We easily conclude that neither Appellant’s testimony nor his conclusory contentions on appeal

draw a sufficient connection between these incidents and any protected activity. See Clark Cty.

Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 273 (2001) (observing that the temporal proximity between

an employer’s knowledge of a protected activity and an adverse employment action “must be very

close” (quoting O’Neal v. Ferguson Constr. Co., 237 F.3d 1248, 1253 (10th Cir. 2001)); F.D.I.C.

v. Great Am. Ins. Co., 607 F.3d 288, 292 (2d Cir. 2010) (observing that the non-moving party

“may not rely on conclusory allegations or unsubstantiated speculation” (quoting Scotto v.

Almenas, 143 F.3d 105, 114 (2d Cir. 1998))); Hayut v. State Univ. of N.Y., 352 F.3d 733, 743 (2d

Cir. 2003) (“The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the [non-movant’s]

position will be insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for

the [non-movant].” (alterations in original) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.

242, 252 (1986))).

       We have considered all of Appellant’s arguments and conclude that they are without merit.

We therefore AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                                                   FOR THE COURT:

                                                   Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
