Filed 1/8/14
                           CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION



               IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                            SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                      DIVISION ONE


BELINDA QUEZADA et al.,                          B245879

        Plaintiffs and Appellants,               (Los Angeles County
                                                 Super. Ct. No. BC464380)
        v.

CITY OF LOS ANGELES et al.,

        Defendants and Respondents.




        APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Barbara M. Scheper, Judge. Affirmed.
        Fullerton & Hanna and Lawrence J. Hanna for Plaintiffs and Appellants Belinda
Quezada, Abel Cepeida and Enrique Verduzco.
        Carmen A. Trutanich, City Attorney, and Paul L. Winnemore, Deputy City
Attorney, for Defendants and Respondents City of Los Angeles and Charles Beck, Chief
of Police.
                                     ——————————
          Plaintiffs Belinda Quezada, Abel Cepeida, and Enrique Verduzco appeal summary
judgment in their action against the City of Los Angeles (City) and Charles Beck, the
Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department. Plaintiffs, police officers with the City’s
police department, sued the City based upon their treatment during a departmental
investigation into the discharge of one of the officer’s weapons while the three officers
were off duty and had been drinking at a bar near the police station. Plaintiffs asserted
claims for civil rights violations under the Bane Act (Civ. Code, § 52.1) and violations of
the Public Safety Officers Bill of Rights Act (Gov. Code, §§ 3300–3313) (POBRA). We
affirm.
               FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
          A.     Factual Background
                 1.     The Incident
          Plaintiffs are police officers employed by the City’s police department (the
Department). On June 15, 2010, the regular work shift for plaintiffs commenced at
2:30 p.m. and ended at 11:00 p.m. After their shift ended, the plaintiffs parked their
personal vehicles at the Hollenbeck Station parking lot and went to Weiland’s Bakery,
located near the intersection of First Street and Hewitt Street. Quezada had one drink, but
Cepeida and Verduzco consumed numerous alcoholic beverages and became intoxicated.
The three left the bar shortly before closing at 2:00 a.m. on June 16, 2010.
          Quezada was talking on her cell phone and had reached the gate of the Hollenbeck
substation’s parking lot when she heard gunshots. She stopped abruptly and looked
behind her. She turned and saw Cepeida and Verduzco behind her. Believing that they
had fired a gun, she disarmed both of them. Central Area officers received a report of
“‘shots fired’” near First and Hewitt Streets. The witness heard approximately five to six
gunshots, and described the suspects as two male Hispanics in white T-shirts.
          Several patrol cars responded to the scene. Sergeant Hicks, one of the responding
officers, ordered plaintiffs “on-duty” and separated them. Verduzco told officers that he
had accidentally fired his gun in his truck, but an officer who looked into Verduzco’s


                                                2
truck did not find any evidence of shots fired. Cepeida does not dispute he did not see
anyone search his car while he was still on the scene. Although Quezada observed
officers looking in her car, she did not feel intimated and did not see them look at any part
of her vehicle that was not in plain view. One of the responding officers took Quezada’s
gun. Quezada, Verduzco and Cepeida were separated. Quezada did not tell the
responding officers that she believed either Cepeida or Verduzco had fired a gun.
       Detective Daniel Ornellas, who was assigned to the Internal Affairs Group’s
Criminal Investigations Division, received a call regarding the incident and arrived at the
scene around 4:25 a.m. to begin processing the evidence. It took approximately four
hours to process the evidence. As Detective Ornellas believed the officers had used their
own weapons in the shooting, he needed to search their vehicles to determine whether the
weapons were inside the vehicles. When Detective Ornellas looked into Verduzco’s
truck, he saw a weapon in plain view. He asked plaintiffs if he could search their
vehicles, but plaintiffs refused to consent.
              2.     Interrogation of Plaintiffs
       Plaintiffs were taken to three locations during their interrogation on June 16, 2010:
Central Station, Parker Center, and the Bradbury Building.1 Plaintiffs were released at
9:00 p.m. that evening. At each location, plaintiffs gave a “public safety statement”2 and
were subject to an administrative interrogation.


       1 The record does not reflect the precise time plaintiffs were transported between
these various locations.
       2 Whenever there is an officer involved shooting, the Department obtains a
statement from involved officers and witnesses. This statement is known as a “public
safety statement” and the officer has no right to an employee representative or an attorney
because the questions are limited to the number and direction of rounds fired, whether
other officers fired any rounds, whether a suspect fired rounds at the officers, and if so
what direction the suspect fired, whether anyone was injured and their location, whether
there are any witnesses and their location, the location of the officers when they fired
their weapons, whether there are outstanding suspects at the location, and the location of
any weapons or evidence.

                                               3
       At Central Station, plaintiffs were separated and were appointed an employee
representative. Later, plaintiffs were taken from Central Station to Parker Center for
photographs and breathalyzer tests. Finally, plaintiffs’ Internal Affairs administrative
interviews were conducted at the Bradbury building.
       Commander Richard Webb, who is the Commanding Officer of the Department’s
Internal Affairs Group,3 was advised that the public safety statements made by Officers
Cepeida, Verduzco, and Quezada at the scene did not provide any useful information.
Commander Webb was told that Quezada had unloaded Cepeida’s or Verduzco’s
weapons, that an officer had an unloaded weapon on his or her person, and that one or
more of the weapons involved in the shooting was in one of the plaintiffs’ cars. Either
Verduzco or Cepeida told a responding supervisor that he accidentally discharged his
weapon in his vehicle although this was not true. None of the witnesses who called 911
could identify which of the plaintiffs was involved in the shooting, the weapons they used
or where the weapons were located. Commander Webb determined to obtain search
warrants of plaintiffs’ vehicles, conduct breathalyzer tests of the officers, photograph
them, and to administratively interview them pursuant to the Department’s Internal
Affairs procedures.
       Plaintiffs also could have been charged criminally with violations of Penal Code
sections 246.3, 594, subdivision (a), and 647, subdivision (f), as well as potentially false
and misleading statements made by plaintiffs regarding the incident. Pursuant to the

       3 The Professional Standards Bureau oversees the Forces Investigations Division,
Special Operations Division, and the Administrative and Criminal Investigation Divisions
of Internal Affairs Group. Internal Affairs Group investigates employee behavior that
either violates the law or Department policies, procedures or practices. Internal Affairs
Group is divided into two divisions, the Administrative Investigation Division and the
Criminal Investigation Division. The Administrative Investigation Division investigates
complaints of misconduct that are primarily administrative, namely employee behavior
that violates Department policies, procedures or practices, while the Criminal
Investigation Division investigates complaints that an employee has violated the law. If
the employee’s misconduct is both administrative and criminal, Internal Affairs Group
will conduct a bifurcated investigation with two separate groups of investigators.

                                              4
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) in effect between the Department and the Police
Protective League,4 when an officer is subject to an administrative or criminal
investigation, any interview of an employee in connection with an investigation that the
employee reasonably believes may result in disciplinary action against the employee
entitles the employee to the representative of the employee’s choice. Sergeant Rachel
Canchola was provided to plaintiffs as their employee representative.
       The plaintiffs requested attorney Randall Quan to represent them, and Quan was
contacted. However, Internal Affairs Group learned, at 8:00 a.m. on June 16, 2010, that
Quan would not be available until late that evening. Commander Webb thus waited a
reasonable amount of time, until about 2:30 p.m., to begin interviewing the officers to
give them time to find an attorney. According to Randall Quan, at 9:00 a.m. on June 16,
2010, he was contacted by Sergeant Canchola regarding representing plaintiffs, and was
advised all three plaintiffs were sleep deprived and that two of them had consumed
excessive amounts of alcohol. Quan advised Canchola that he had previously-scheduled
interviews and was not available, and that he would represent plaintiffs if Internal Affairs
Group could approve rescheduling of Quan’s currently scheduled appointments. Quan
stated he would be available at 9:00 p.m. Detective Ornellas informed Quan that
plaintiffs’ interviews would not be rescheduled, and that Internal Affairs Group would
not wait for Quan to be available. In Quan’s belief, Internal Affairs Group often does not
want attorneys present during Internal Affairs Group investigations, and often has no
regard for the physical or mental status of accused officers.
       Detective Ornellas obtained a search warrant at 1:00 p.m. on June 16, 2010, and
searched the plaintiffs’ vehicles. In Cepeida’s car, he found two weapons and some
ammunition that was later determined to match the bullet casings and bullets found at the
scene of the shooting.

       4The Police Protective League is the legally recognized collective bargaining unit
regarding the working conditions and benefits of officers at the rank of lieutenant and
below.

                                             5
              3.     Plaintiffs’ Individual Experiences While Detained
       While being transported around, Quezada admitted that she was not handcuffed at
any time, nor was she placed in a holding tank while at Central station. She was given an
opportunity to speak with her husband. At Parker Center, when given breathalyzer
testing, she was told that if she did not comply with the breathalyzer, she would be
charged with insubordination. Quezada did not understand why she had to take a
breathalyzer test if she was not driving and had not been acting drunk, but she
acknowledged that if the Internal Affairs Group had reasonable cause to believe she was
intoxicated, they had a right to insist on a breathalyzer test. Quezada was told that her car
would be impounded if she did not consent to a search. When she learned that Verduzco
and Cepeida had requested a search warrant, Quezada did so as well. No other threats
were made to her.
       While on a restroom break, Quezada washed her face. She did not have a
toothbrush and complained about that, but did not ask if she could get a toothbrush or
fresh clothes. She recalled at some point that she went to Subway for a sandwich. Every
time she asked for a break she was given one. She was denied food and sleep, but other
than that, Quezada did not contend she was subjected to unhealthful conditions. She was
not threatened with violence.
       Quezada was reassigned to desk duty, and believed her reassignment to desk duty
was punishment. Quezada, who maintained she was a witness, not a suspect, did not
understand that if she were only a witness why she was being treated like a suspect,
although she acknowledged there was an allegation of misconduct against her based upon
her failure to report the other officers’ misconduct. Captain Hanczuk, the commanding
officer of the Hollenbeck Division, had the authority to change Quezada’s assignment
while the investigation was pending.
       Cepeida was not handcuffed when placed in the patrol vehicle. After the incident,
he still felt sick, nauseated and dehydrated. Cepeida threw up in the bathroom. He had a
hangover, but he did not remember asking to see a doctor or requesting medical


                                              6
treatment. He had not slept for many hours. Cepeida did not get food or water, although
at Central Station he did not ask for any. Although there were vending machines at
Central Station with food and water, he did not make an attempt to use them. Nobody
told him he could not leave the conference room. At another time, he was offered food
and water, but he was not hungry.
       Cepeida attempted to make a phone call, but was unable to complete the call.
When he got to Central Station, he was told he would be able to make a call, but nothing
happened. At Central Station, the room was cold and dirty, but “Central Station is kind of
dirty. So it should have been normal.” He did not ask for a change of clothes. He
admitted that no one threatened him with violence.
       Cepeida felt coerced into having a breathalyzer test because he knew it was
administratively possible for the department to ask for a breathalyzer. He wanted to have
an attorney present so he did not waive his Miranda5 rights and insisted on having an
attorney present. Cepeida specifically asked for Randall Quan. Canchola told him he
would not be able to eat until his interview was concluded. When he was told Quan was
not available that day, he asked for another attorney but was told that Internal Affairs
Group would interview him whether or not there was an attorney present. Cepeida did
not attempt to find another attorney when he was told Randall Quan was not available,
and he did not have time to find another attorney because Internal Affairs Group told him
they were going to proceed.
       Verduzco did not believe there was anything in plain view in his truck, but he
believed Cepeida’s gun was in his truck. When the police put him in a car, he was not
handcuffed. He was not handcuffed at any time at the Bradbury Building.
       Although he had a headache and was nauseated, Verduzco did not ask for medical
assistance. He did not use the restroom because he thought he would have to leave the
door open. He did not ask for a change of clothes. It took an hour and a half to get a


       5   Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436 [86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694].

                                              7
bottle of water when he asked for it. While on the way to the Bradbury Building, he
asked to stop at a liquor store where he bought an energy drink. He was also able to get a
sandwich and a drink at Subway. Verduzco was still feeling intoxicated when he had his
Internal Affairs interview. He did not find the rooms he was in to be cold, nor was he
disturbed that he was not allowed to change clothes.
         While at the scene, Detective Ornellas asked for permission to search Verduzco’s
car. Detective Ornellas told Verduzco that if they had to get a search warrant, his car
would be impounded and Verduzco would have to pay impound fees. This was the only
threat made to Verduzco.
         Sergeant Canchola told him she would try to get him an attorney, and Verduzco
asked for Randy Quan because he had used him before. When Verduzco learned that
Randall Quan would not be available until seven or eight o’clock that evening, he asked
Canchola if there was another attorney. Canchola told him she would try to get him one.
He does not know whether she called any panel attorneys. Verduzco was advised of his
Miranda and Lybarger6 rights and warnings. No criminal charges were ever filed against
Verduzco.
         All plaintiffs admitted that Internal Affairs had the right to take their breathalyzer
tests.
                4.     No Interviews Regarding Criminal Conduct
         Detective Ornellas, who was conducting the criminal investigation into plaintiffs’
conduct, did not interview plaintiffs concerning a possible criminal investigation because
plaintiffs had refused to waive their Miranda rights.



         6
         Lybarger v. City of Los Angeles (1985) 40 Cal.3d 822 held that although police
officers subject to an administrative inquiry into possible criminal misconduct must be
advised of their Miranda rights, they also must be advised that silence during such an
inquiry “could be deemed insubordination, leading to administrative discipline,” and any
statement made under the compulsion of a threat of discipline could not be used in a
criminal proceeding. (Lybarger, at p. 829.)

                                                8
       B.     Procedural History
              1.     Plaintiffs’ Complaint
       Plaintiffs’ complaint filed June 30, 2011 stated claims for violations of the Bane
Act (Civ. Code, § 52.1), violations of POBRA (Gov. Code, § 3300 et seq.) and violations
of Title 42 United States Code section 1983. Plaintiffs dismissed their federal civil rights
claims under Title 42 United States Code section 1983.
              2.     Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment
       On July 27, 2012, defendants moved for summary judgment, or in the alternative,
summary adjudication, arguing that no POBRA violations occurred because plaintiffs
were ordered on duty, given overtime pay, allowed to eat, drink, use the restroom as need,
and make phone calls. The police department read plaintiffs their Miranda rights;
plaintiffs had an employee representative with them at all phases of the investigation; and
the department is permitted to change an officer’s duties while an investigation is
ongoing. The seriousness of the incident, which involved charges of criminal and
administrative misconduct, required the police department to conduct the investigation
immediately. It took police four hours to process the crime scene. Further, the police
department did not violate the Bane Act because plaintiffs were not threatened with
violence, the searches of plaintiffs’ vehicles were not unlawful, and plaintiffs’ right to an
attorney was not violated because plaintiffs refused to waive their Miranda rights and
POBRA does not guarantee an officer an attorney in an administrative investigation.
       Plaintiffs opposed, arguing that the undisputed facts established they had gone 30
hours without sleep when their interviews were conducted; they were given little food or
water; the 911 calls established that Quezada was not involved in the shooting and was
not intoxicated; plaintiffs did not consent to the searches of their vehicles; they were
intimidated by the search warrants; and their chosen counsel, Randall Quan, was not
available. They argue these undisputed facts add up to a violation of their POBRA rights
and the Bane Act and summary judgment was improper. Plaintiffs submitted the
Declaration of Roy Artal, M.D. in which he stated that sleep deprivation results in


                                              9
significant changes in cognitive functioning, headaches, and detrimental effects on mental
and physical health. Given that the plaintiffs had been deprived of sleep for 30 hours, in
Dr. Artal’s opinion this would have affected their ability to accurately recall and relate the
events of June 16, 2010. Four hours after the incident, Cepeida had a blood alcohol level
of .12 to .13 and Verduzco had a blood alcohol level of .09 to .10.
       The trial court granted defendants’ summary judgment motion and entered
judgment for the City and Chief Beck. At the hearing, the court stated that it found
plaintiffs’ evidence in opposition to the motion to be “irrelevant, off the point, [and]
nonresponsive.” The court stated, “[I]t’s very misleading to describe this as a situation
where the plaintiffs were kept up for 30 hours when, in fact, what happened was they did
their regular work shift, were spry enough to go out drinking, and then after this incident
happened, were kept, appropriately in my view, separated subject to an investigation.” In
conclusion the court found that “to the extent [it] could even find any facts to support
[plaintiffs’] arguments, [it] didn’t find them to be persuasive or sufficient to create a
material issue of fact.”
                                       DISCUSSION
I.     Standard of Review
       “[T]he party moving for summary judgment bears the burden of persuasion that
there is no triable issue of material fact and that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” (Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 826, 850.) “Once the [movant]
has met that burden, the burden shifts to the [other party] to show that a triable issue of
one or more material facts exists as to that cause of action.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c,
subd. (p)(1); Aguilar, at p. 850.) A triable issue of material fact exists where “the
evidence would allow a reasonable trier of fact to find the underlying fact in favor of the
party opposing the motion in accordance with the applicable standard of proof.”
(Aguilar, at p. 850.) Where summary judgment has been granted, we review the trial
court’s decision de novo, “considering all of the evidence the parties offered in
connection with the motion (except that which the trial court properly excluded) and the


                                              10
uncontradicted inferences the evidence reasonably supports.” (Merrill v. Navegar, Inc.
(2001) 26 Cal.4th 465, 476.)
II.    Pobra Claims
       POBRA explicitly declares that its purpose is to promote “effective law
enforcement” by maintaining “stable employer-employee relations” in law enforcement
agencies. (Gov. Code, § 3301) POBRA, initially enacted in 1976 (Stats. 1976, ch. 465,
§ 1, p. 1202), sets forth a list of “basic rights and protections which must be afforded all
peace officers by the public entities which employ them,” and is a catalog of “the
minimum rights (Gov. Code, § 3310) the Legislature deems necessary to secure stable
employer-employee relations.” (Baggett v. Gates (1982) 32 Cal.3d 128, 135.) “The
various procedural protections provided by POBRA ‘balance the public interest in
maintaining the efficiency and integrity of the police force with the police officer’s
interest in receiving fair treatment.’ [Citation.]” (Mays v. City of Los Angeles (2008) 43
Cal.4th 313, 320.) These rights include limits on and guidelines for investigations and
interrogations of public safety officers in connection with disciplinary proceedings (Gov.
Code, § 3303), the right to an administrative appeal and a one-year statute of limitations
for investigations (Gov. Code, § 3304), the right to notification of adverse comments
placed in his or her personnel file and the right to comment thereon (Gov. Code, §§ 3305–
3306), the right to inspection of personnel files (§ 3306.5), the right to refuse to submit to
a lie detector test (Gov. Code, § 3307), and the right to the protections of POBRA (Gov.
Code, § 3309.5, subd. (a)).
       A.     Reasonable Time for Interrogation
       Plaintiffs contend their interrogation sessions violated their POBRA rights because
the interviews were conducted after they had been awake for a long time, Verduzco and
Cepeida were intoxicated and/or hung over, and there were no exigent circumstances,
which was in violation of POBRA’s directive that “[t]he interrogation be conducted at a
reasonable hour” and “at a time when the public safety officer is on duty, or during



                                              11
normal waking hours” unless the “seriousness of the investigation requires otherwise.”
(Gov. Code, § 3303, subd. (a).)
        Under Government Code section 3303, subdivision (a) the interrogation must “be
conducted at a reasonable hour, preferably at a time when the public safety officer is on
duty, or during the normal waking hours for the public safety officer, unless the
seriousness of the investigation requires otherwise.” This section does not require that
the interrogation be conducted at the convenience of the officer or the officer’s chosen
representative. Rather, POBRA permits that “the seriousness of the investigation may
allow interrogation at an unreasonable off-duty time.” (Upland Police Officers Assn. v.
City of Upland (2003) 111 Cal.App.4th 1294, 1303 (Upland Police Officers Assn.).)
        Under Upland Police Officers Assn., supra, 111 Cal.App.4th 1294, plaintiffs were
not entitled to wait for Quan to become available. The seriousness of the circumstances
prompting the investigation—the drunken random firing of shots by off-duty officers—
mandated that Internal Affairs conduct its investigation at the earliest opportunity while
plaintiffs’ memories (although hampered by excessive alcohol consumption) were
freshest. The fact that plaintiffs had been awake for many hours before being
interrogated was the result of the incident occurring after they had been on duty for many
hours, and was not the result of the Department’s unreasonable actions.
        B.      Physical and Mental Conditions of Interrogations
        Plaintiffs also contend that during their interrogations they were subjected to
physical and mental hardships during the investigation, including having to watch their
personal vehicles being searched without their consent; were housed in uncomfortable
rooms that were too cold or too hot during interrogations; were denied their right to eat
when they needed to and were limited in the amount of water they had access to; were not
allowed to obtain a change of clothing or take a shower; and were restricted in their use of
toilet facilities.
        Government Code section 3303, subdivision (d) provides that “[t]he interrogating
session shall be for a reasonable period taking into consideration gravity and complexity


                                              12
of the issue being investigated. The person under interrogation shall be allowed to attend
to his or her own personal physical necessities.” The record here indicates that although
during the interrogation process from 2:30 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. at times the plaintiffs were
denied access to food or water, the deprivation was not unreasonable given that plaintiffs
did have access to food, water and restrooms during the interrogation process. Plaintiffs
did not ask for medical attention. Finally, plaintiffs have offered no evidence that they
suffered any adverse mental or physical health consequences as a result of the
interrogations.
       C.     Provision of Public Safety Statements
       Plaintiffs contend they were forced to provide public safety statements on at least
three occasions while detained over an extended period of time, and the purpose of such
interrogations was not to obtain information by an actual need to protect public safety, but
for the purpose of improperly eliciting incriminating information from them. In
particular, the last of the public safety statements was elicited 12 hours after the police
had finished their on-scene investigation and after plaintiffs had requested numerous
times to have Randall Quan present to represent them and at a time when there were no
exigent circumstances compelling further interrogation.
       As discussed above, the seriousness of the circumstances mandated that the
investigating officers conduct their inquiry with haste. Further, the public safety
statements plaintiffs gave at the scene were insufficient, and two of the plaintiffs were
physically impaired due to their self-inflicted excessive alcohol consumption. Finally,
other than the firing of the weapon and Quezada’s failure to accurately report her
knowledge of the incident, plaintiffs point to no incriminating evidence elicited from
them during the day-long interrogations.
       D.     Right to Counsel
       Plaintiffs contend that because they were subject to both an administrative and a
criminal investigation, under Miranda and POBRA, they had a right to have counsel
present during interrogations. During the early morning detention of June 16, 2010,


                                              13
Sergeant Rachel Canchola represented them as their employee representative, but
representatives like Sergeant Canchola are not trained in criminal law matters and do not
have a communication privilege with officers under investigation. Although attorney
Randall Quan was contacted to represent plaintiffs, due to scheduling conflicts he was not
immediately available and was told that no accommodation would be made for his
absence and that plaintiffs’ interviews would proceed without legal counsel.
       Government Code section 3303, subdivision (i) provides: “Upon the filing of a
formal written statement of charges, or whenever an interrogation focuses on matters that
are likely to result in punitive action against any public safety officer, that officer, at his
or her request, shall have the right to be represented by a representative of his or her
choice who may be present at all times during the interrogation. The representative shall
not be a person subject to the same investigation. The representative shall not be required
to disclose, nor be subject to any punitive action for refusing to disclose, any information
received from the officer under investigation for noncriminal matters.”
       However, an officer’s right to be represented by the person of his or her choice is
not unlimited. “The officer must choose a representative who is reasonably available to
represent the officer, and who is physically able to represent the officer at the reasonably
scheduled interrogation. But it is the officer’s responsibility to secure the attendance of
his or her chosen representative at the interrogation. If he or she is unable to do so, the
officer should select another representative so that the interrogation may proceed ‘at a
reasonable hour.’ ([Gov. Code,] § 3303, subd. (a).)” (Upland Police Officers Assn.,
supra, 111 Cal.App.4th at p. 1306.) The chosen representative during administrative
hearings need not be an attorney. (Id. at p. 1306, fn. 7.)
       Here, as discussed above, under Upland Police Officers Assn., supra, 111
Cal.App.4th 1294, plaintiffs were not entitled to wait for Quan to become available. The
seriousness of the circumstances prompting the investigation mandated that Internal
Affairs conduct its investigation at the earliest opportunity while plaintiffs’ memories
were freshest. Further, even when confronted with Quan’s unavailability, the record


                                               14
discloses that plaintiffs made little or no effort to obtain alternative counsel to represent
them so that the interrogations could proceed.
III.   Search of Plaintiff’s Vehicles
       Plaintiffs contend that when Sergeant Hicks searched Verduzco’s personal vehicle,
he lacked consent or a search warrant but ostensibly relied on Verduzco’s statement that a
weapon was in plain view that might have been used in the incident, yet Verduzco denied
making this statement, creating a triable issue of fact.
       Under the Fourth Amendment, the law is clear that any incriminating evidence
observed in plain view may be seized. (See Coolidge v. New Hampshire (1971) 403 U.S.
443, 465 [91 S.Ct. 2022, 29 L.Ed.2d 564]; see also Horton v. California (1990) 496 U.S.
128, 137 [110 S.Ct. 2301, 110 L.Ed.2d 112].) The United States Supreme Court has said,
“The plain-view doctrine authorizes seizure of illegal or evidentiary items visible to a
police officer whose access to the object has some prior Fourth Amendment justification
and who has probable cause to suspect that the item is connected with criminal activity.
[Citation.] The plain-view doctrine is grounded on the proposition that once police are
lawfully in a position to observe an item first-hand, its owner’s privacy interest in that
item is lost; the owner may retain the incidents of title and possession but not privacy.”
(Illinois v. Andreas (1983) 463 U.S. 765, 771 [103 S.Ct. 3319, 77 L.Ed.2d 1003].)
       Here, before the procurement of search warrants (the validity of which the
plaintiffs do not contest), the investigating officers did not act improperly with respect to
plaintiffs’ vehicles. The gun in Verduzco’s car was undisputedly in Detective Ornellas’s
plain view. Quezada saw police look in her car, but admitted they did not look at any part
of her car that was not in plain view. Finally, Cepeida admitted that he did not see the
investigating police look in his car. Indeed, evidence from Cepeida’s car was not
recovered until the search warrants had been obtained. Thus, plaintiffs’ Fourth
Amendment rights were not violated.




                                              15
IV.     Bane Act
        Plaintiffs contend the trial court erred in reading a requirement of “threats of
violence or actual violence” into Civil Code section 52.1 because the Bane Act only
requires threats, intimidation or coercion; further, because they were subjected to coercion
in their interrogations, triable issues of fact exist on their Bane Act claims.
        In 1987 the Legislature enacted a measure entitled the Tom Bane Civil Rights Act.
(Stats. 1987, ch. 1277, § 1, p. 4544.) One of its provisions, codified as Civil Code
section 52.1, authorizes a private cause of action for damages and equitable relief against
any person who, “whether or not acting under color of law, interferes by threats,
intimidation, or coercion, or attempts to interfere by threats, intimidation, or coercion,
with the exercise or enjoyment by any individual or individuals of rights secured by the
Constitution or laws of the United States, or of the rights secured by the Constitution or
laws of this state . . . .” (Civ. Code, § 52.1, subd. (a).) “Speech alone is not sufficient to
support an action . . . except upon a showing that the speech itself threatens violence
against a specific person or group of persons” who have a reasonable fear of violence
because “the person threatening violence had the apparent ability to carry out the threat.”
(Id., subd. (j).)
        However, the statutory language does not limit its application to hate crimes.
Notably, the statute does not require a plaintiff to allege the defendant acted with
discriminatory animus or intent based upon the plaintiff’s membership in a protected class
of persons. (Venegas v. County of Los Angeles (2004) 32 Cal.4th 820, 841–843.) A
defendant is liable if he or she interfered with or attempted to interfere with the plaintiff’s
constitutional rights by the requisite threats, intimidation, or coercion. (Id. at p. 843.)
The coercion inherent in detention is insufficient to show a Bane Act violation. (Shoyoye
v. County of Los Angeles (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 947, 959–960.)
        Here, plaintiffs’ Bane Act violations are premised upon alleged violations of
POBRA and the allegedly unlawful search of their vehicles. As discussed above,
plaintiffs have failed to establish their interrogations violated their rights under POBRA


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or that the officers lacked probable cause. Further, plaintiffs have failed to show that
there were any undue threats or coercion. Plaintiffs’ evidence on this point establishes
that at most they felt compelled to submit to a breathalyzer test or suffer adverse
employment consequences, and Verduzco was told his car could be impounded if he did
not consent to a search. This compulsion does not rise to the level of a Bane Act
violation for the simple reason that a police officer’s continued employment can be
premised on submission to a breathalyzer test and cars subject to search warrants may be
lawfully impounded. (People v. Williams (2006) 145 Cal.App.4th 756, 761.) “As part of
their ‘“community caretaking functions,”’ police officers may constitutionally impound
vehicles that ‘jeopardize . . . public safety and the efficient movement of vehicular
traffic.’ [Citation.] Whether ‘impoundment is warranted under this community
caretaking doctrine depends on the location of the vehicle and the police officers’ duty to
prevent it from creating a hazard to other drivers or being a target for vandalism or theft.’
[Citation.]” (Ibid.)
V.       Quezada Was Not Merely a Witness
         Plaintiffs contend that Quezada was not involved in the incident and merely was a
potential witness: eyewitnesses identified only two male suspects; surveillance video did
not show Quezada at the scene—yet Quezada was treated as if she had participated in the
melee.
         Government Code section 3303, subdivision (j) provides that, “No public safety
officer shall be loaned or temporarily reassigned to a location or duty assignment if a
sworn member of his or her department would not normally be sent to that location or
would not normally be given that duty assignment under similar circumstances.”
However, Quezada was not merely a witness because Quezada was not completely
forthcoming with the investigating officers at the scene—she failed to tell them she
believed either Verduzco or Cepeida had fired his weapon. Thus, Captain Hanczuk was
well within his authority to change her assignment while the investigation was pending.



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                                   DISPOSITION
      The judgment is affirmed. The parties are to bear their own costs on appeal.
      CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION.


                                        JOHNSON, J.


We concur:


      ROTHSCHILD, Acting P. J.


      CHANEY, J.




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