                                                              NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                     No. 11-2228
                                     ___________

                                  SHAOMEI DONG,
                                                        Petitioner

                                           v.

                          ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE
                          UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                             Respondent

                      ____________________________________

                      On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                            Board of Immigration Appeals
                            (Agency No. A200-036-426)
                 Immigration Judge: Honorable Margaret Reichenberg
                    ____________________________________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                  November 2, 2011

        Before: CHAGARES, VANASKIE and STAPLETON, Circuit Judges

                          (Opinion filed: November 10, 2011)
                                     ___________

                                      OPINION
                                     ___________

PER CURIAM

      Shaomei Dong petitions for review of a Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA)

decision that, based on an adverse credibility determination entered by an Immigration
Judge (IJ), rejected her application for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection

under the United Nations‘ Convention Against Torture (CAT). Having conducted careful

review of the relevant record evidence, we will grant the petition for review and remand

for further administrative proceedings.

                                          I.

       Dong, who hails from the Lianjiang region of China, entered the United States

without inspection near Hidalgo, Texas in September of 2005. She was swiftly

apprehended and issued a Notice to Appear. Administrative Record (A.R. ) 461–62. In a

December 6, 2005 hearing in Newark, New Jersey, in front of now-retired IJ Daniel A.

Meisner, Dong conceded removability and announced her intention to file an application

for asylum and associated relief. A.R. 51. The application was timely filed in August of

2006. A.R. 448–60. Following several false starts, which yielded more than two years of

delay, a merits hearing before IJ Margaret Reichenberg was held with the assistance of a

translator on April 29, 2009.

       Dong‘s story, which she developed at this hearing, began in 1999, when anti-

Falun-Gong sentiment reached her school in Lianjiang; told that Falun Gong was an ―evil

cult,‖ she was warned not to associate with the movement. A.R. 452. Later, in 2003,

Dong encountered an old friend whom she remembered as a walking exemplar of poor

health and foul habits. Much to her astonishment, he was markedly transformed and

credited Falun Gong with his improvement. A.R. 459. Dong became interested in the

plight of Falun Gong practitioners, and helped her friend distribute flyers while speaking
                                               2
of the mistreatment of Falun Gong members to fellow villagers. A.R. 452, 460. But in

June 2004, Dong‘s activities drew the attention of authorities, who arrested her, beat her

severely enough to require brief hospitalization, and warned her to cease her Falun Gong

advocacy. In the aftermath of her beating, she became more resolute, leading to friction

in her marriage and divorce from her anti-Falun-Gong husband. A.R. 460. Despite this

turn of events, Dong continued to support Falun Gong. In May 2005, she was arrested

again, beaten, and held by the village cadres. A.R. 453; see also A.R. 107–14. They

demanded a list of names of Falun Gong practitioners within three days as a condition of

Dong‘s release from custody and imposed a 2,000 Yuan fine. A.R. 115–16, 453, 460.

Fearing for her safety, Dong fled, and upon hearing from her family that the authorities

were visiting her home, A.R. 118, 129, she left China for Holland and then Mexico,

before crossing over into the United States.

       In support of her testimony, Dong submitted numerous exhibits. The first was an

affidavit from Bao Jia Yang, the friend she met in 2003, who substantially corroborated

her story of mistreatment in China. A.R. 314–15. The second was an affidavit from her

father, who described his daughter as being ―still young, and . . . not cautious,‖ as she

―told the truth in public that the Chinese government was suppressing Falun Gong

followers.‖ A.R. 302. Dong‘s father also revealed that, after she left, ―Government

cadres came to our home every . . . few days, want[ing] to arrest my daughter and jail

her.‖ A.R. 303. The third submission was a police warning dated September 30, 2005

(after Dong‘s departure from China), stating in translation: ―Dong Shaomei of this village
                                               3
still wants to practice and propaganda [sic] evil cult Falun Gong. Even after the

government‘s warning, she is still unregenerate. It is now imperative to inform her

family and to inform her that Dong Shaomei surrender herself immediately to the police

station. If not, she will be punished severely and she will be responsible for [] all

consequences.‖ A.R. 265. Finally, Dong included two hospital records from June 2004

(after the first beating), and a ―Notice of Fine‖ stemming from the second incident. A.R.

259, 262, 256. Also attached were visual exhibits and photographs of Dong at Falun

Gong rallies and events, as she had since begun to practice Falun Gong (as opposed to

merely supporting it) in the United States. A.R. 288–92.

       The story as detailed above and as elicited at the 2009 hearing differed in several

respects from the version reported on Dong‘s I-598 asylum application. Several

additional details—such as her hospitalization, for example—were not discussed in her I-

598 statement.

       During the hearing, the IJ was troubled by what appeared to be inconsistencies and

implausibilities in Dong‘s tale.1 The IJ wanted to know why Dong did not practice Falun

Gong in China. A.R. 121–22. Dong responded that she didn‘t ―have a good teacher‖ in

China, had no complaints about her health at the time, and was afraid of more severe

reprisals from the government cadres. A.R. 121–22. Much discussion also focused on


1
 While much in the way of nuance, subtlety, and tone can be lost on the printed page, we
should note that the transcripts of Dong‘s hearings appear to reflect proceedings that were
unusually tense, exacerbated by administrative errors by counsel, A.R. 75, and ongoing
problems with translation, e.g., A.R. 81–83.
                                             4
the aforementioned omissions in her I-598 application—specifically, her failure to

mention her stay at the hospital, and her failure to discuss her year-long practice of Falun

Gong in the United States at the time of filing. A.R. 144. For the most part, Dong

attributed those omissions to her desire not to worry her family members, see A.R. 142,

although she also seemed to suggest that she simply forgot to include that information,

see A.R. 146.

       The IJ also expressed frustration with Dong‘s choice of witness to demonstrate her

Falun Gong practice in the United States. Fa Qi Ni, a friend of the family who now lived

in New York, had submitted an affidavit in which he claimed to be familiar with Dong‘s

Falun Gong activities.2 Dong intended to present Ni‘s live testimony to that effect. But

the IJ attacked his credentials, doubting his ability to judge whether Dong was practicing

Falun Gong because he was not himself a Falun Gong practitioner. A.R. 140. The IJ

asked why Dong had not bothered to submit more evidence of her affiliation with Falun

Gong groups and activities, to which she said ―I didn‘t know it‘s necessary.‖ A.R. 149.

Dong explained that she did not keep in touch with many of her Falun Gong co-

practitioners, that they were quite busy, and that many ―don‘t want too many people to

know that they practice Falun Gong.‖ A.R. 150. At the point when the witness was to be

called, the following exchange took place:

       Q: Counsel, are we hearing from the brother‘s friend?

2
 We note, too, that Ni‘s affidavit suggests that he thought Dong practiced Falun Gong in
China as well, which is otherwise at odds with the record as developed. The parties have
not addressed this inconsistency.
                                              5
       A: We can.
       Q: Sure we can hear him tell us how he doesn’t know anything about Falun
       Gong and all he knows is what she told him, and she has a disk.
       A: We don‘t really think so.
       ...
       Q: It is up to you, ma‘am, whether you want him to testify or not.
       A: I mean, I can bring him but I don‘t understand the point of the Court.
       Q: She provided zero foundation for him knowing anything. He is her
       father‘s friend who sees her once in a while, she tells him she is practicing
       Falun Gong, and he may have seen a disk playing in her house.
       A: That is fine, Your Honor, we don‘t have to bring him as a witness.
       Q: It is up to you, ma‘am, I am not preventing you, if you want him, get
       him in now because we are going ahead right away.

A.R. 152–53 (emphasis added). Dong declined, in the end, to call Ni.

       The IJ reserved her decision, but eventually denied Dong‘s application for asylum.

The IJ focused mostly on what she deemed to be inconsistencies between Dong‘s

application and her testimony, and her failure to reasonably explain these gaps; Dong‘s

attempts to do so were ―unpersuasive and illogical.‖ A.R. 45–46. Further, ―[h]er claim

that the cadre accepted her explanation that she did not know the full name of the person

from whom she got the Falun Gong flyers she was arrested for distributing was not

believable,‖ and she was ―unable to believably articulate how she could evaluate the level

of her friend‘s Falun Gong expertise or why it was not possible to go with him to learn as

he had learned Falun Gong.‖ A.R. 46. The IJ also described this as ―not plausible.‖

A.R. 46. Lastly, the IJ held that Dong had ―also failed to present reasonably available

corroborative documents‖ relating to her United States practice of Falun Gong. A.R. 46.

The IJ concluded: ―For these reasons, the respondent was not a credible and persuasive

witness. She has failed to meet her burden of proof and persuasion that she suffered past
                                             6
persecution in China because of her association with Falun Gong or that she has a well

founded fear that she would be persecuted upon her return for that reason.‖ A.R. 46. As

Dong had failed to meet the threshold for asylum relief, her withholding claim was

denied as well. A.R. 47. The IJ further found that Dong‘s failure to testify credibly

meant that she had failed to show ―that it is more likely than not that she would be

tortured in the future,‖ and thus denied the CAT claim. A.R. 47.

       With the assistance of counsel, Dong took a timely appeal to the BIA. She

primarily attacked the IJ‘s credibility determination, observing that the supposed

inconsistencies between her testimony and her I-589 application were, in general, better

characterized as slight omissions or simple ambiguities exacerbated by translation

difficulties. Dong argued that the IJ‘s reasoning in denying the application ―border[ed]

on being speculative.‖ A.R. 14. Dong also pointed to the numerous exhibits that

corroborated her story, and that otherwise bolstered the veracity of the ―new‖ material

omitted from the I-589: ―all documents submitted by the respondent were admitted into

the record with no objections . . . [and] are perfectly consistent with Ms. Dong‘s claim

that she was beaten and suffered injuries to her face and body and suffered headaches as a

result.‖ A.R. 12. With regard to her United States practice of Falun Gong, Dong insisted

that she had presented evidence corroborating her story, in the form of the potential

witness and exhibits. Moreover, she denied that her answers to the IJ‘s questions were

inherently unbelievable, and noted that ―[h]er claim was not that she had been persecuted

because she had practiced Falun Gong in China but rather that she had supported Falun
                                             7
Gong and had overtly expressed her anti-government opinion in China. ‖ A.R. 17. She

also explained that it was by no means inconsistent for her to support Falun Gong in

China while, at the same time, not practice Falun Gong in that country. A.R. 16.

       Ultimately, the BIA dismissed the appeal, and declined to review the CAT claim

entirely, as Dong had not ―meaningfully challenged‖ that outcome. The BIA determined

that the IJ‘s adverse credibility finding was ―not clearly erroneous‖ because it was

―properly based on omissions from the respondent‘s asylum application of significant

aspects of her claim.‖ A.R. 2. It cited several inconsistencies and omissions that

supported the IJ‘s reasoning, such as how the I-589 ―omits that she practices Falun Gong

in the United States‖ and ―the inherent implausibility of [Dong‘s] advocacy and support

for Falun Gong in China when she had not learned or participated in the practice of Falun

Gong in China.‖ A.R. 3. Thus, the BIA concluded that ―in the absence of credible

testimony, the respondent has not met her burden of proving a well-founded fear of

persecution.‖ A.R. 3.

       Neither the BIA nor the IJ discussed at any length, in their respective opinions,

Dong‘s documentary submissions. Neither tribunal addressed the police warning

document or explained its relevance or lack thereof.

       Dong filed a pro se3 petition for review with this Court. We granted a stay of

removal on July 5, 2011, pending briefing and disposition.


3
  The Government argues that it is ―clear from a cursory reading of the opening brief‖
that Dong ―did not prepare her opening brief and that the brief is ghost-written by an
                                             8
                                          II.

       We have jurisdiction to review final orders of the BIA. 8 U.S.C. § 1252. When,

as here, the BIA ―appears to have substantially relied upon the adverse credibility finding

of the IJ . . . we have jurisdiction to review both the BIA‘s and IJ‘s opinions.‖ Xie v.

Ashcroft, 359 F.3d 239, 242 (3d Cir. 2004). Our review is conducted under the

substantial-evidence standard, which requires us to uphold administrative findings of fact

unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary. Lin v.

Att‘y Gen., 543 F.3d 114, 119 (3d Cir. 2008); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). We will

uphold adverse credibility determinations ―if they are supported by reasonable,

substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.‖ Chukwu v.

Att‘y Gen., 484 F.3d 185, 189 (3d Cir. 2007) (citations omitted). On the other hand,

―[a]dverse credibility determinations based on speculation or conjecture, rather than on

evidence in the record, are reversible.‖ Gao v. Ashcroft, 299 F.3d 266, 272 (3d Cir.

2002); see also Sukwanputra v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 627, 637 (3d Cir. 2006) (reversing


individual with legal training.‖ Br. for Respondent 19 n.5. Therefore, Dong should not
be afforded the ―undue advantage of a liberal construction of the arguments raised in
these filings,‖ and to proceed otherwise would be to ―allow attorneys who may not be
admitted to the Court‘s bar or who have been disbarred or suspended from practicing
before the Court to nonetheless ‗guide[] the course of litigation with an unseen hand.‘‖
Id. (citing Duran v. Carris, 238 F.3d 1268, 1271 (10th Cir. 2001)) (alterations in original).
Dong‘s initial petition for review was prepared by an entity based in California called
―Kindness Immigration Services,‖ but Dong has no counsel of record and is otherwise
appearing pro se before this Court. Besides, the Government‘s fears are misplaced;
Dong‘s brief appears to be a near-direct copy of her brief before the BIA, with
―petitioner‖ replacing ―respondent‖ and with a few added details pertaining to the BIA.
Compare, e.g., Inf. Br. 5, with A.R. 11.
                                             9
credibility determination based on speculation and conjecture); Gao, 299 F.3d at 276

(―Adverse credibility findings are afforded substantial deference so long as the findings

are supported by specific cogent reasons.‖). In any case, we are limited to reviewing ―the

rationale that the agency provide[d]‖ in rendering its decisions. Konan v. Att‘y Gen., 432

F.3d 497, 501 (3d Cir. 2005).

       As Dong commenced her petition for asylum after the May 2005 effective date of

the REAL ID Act, its provisions apply to this case. Cf. Yusupov v. Att‘y Gen., 650 F.3d

968, 991 n.34 (3d Cir. 2011). Therefore, the IJ was permitted to ―base a credibility

determination‖ on matters that did not ―go[] to the heart of [Dong‘s] claim,‖ as well as on

observations of demeanor, analysis of her story‘s plausibility, and examination of the

consistency of her statements. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii); see also Lin v. Mukasey,

534 F.3d 162, 167 (2d Cir. 2008) (―[A]n IJ may rely on any inconsistency or omission in

making an adverse credibility determination as long as the ‗totality of the circumstances‘

establishes that an asylum applicant is not credible.‖); Kaita v. Att‘y Gen., 522 F.3d 288,

296 n.6 (3d Cir. 2008).4

       An alien applying for asylum may satisfy her burden through two interrelated

routes. She may show that she suffered past persecution on account of one of five


4
  We have yet to apply the REAL ID Act standard regarding credibility in a precedential
opinion. Because we hold that the credibility determination in this case is flawed for
reasons that are not anchored to the statutory shift in standards, we need not consider
whether the current 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii) is consistent with concepts of
constitutional due process.

                                            10
enumerated grounds. See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A) (defining ―refugee‖ as one who

suffers persecution on the basis of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular

social group, or political opinion); see also Huang v. Att‘y Gen., 620 F.3d 372, 380–81

(3d Cir. 2010). A showing of past persecution creates a presumption of a well-founded

fear of future persecution. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1). Alternatively, a potential asylee

who cannot demonstrate past persecution may instead show a subjectively and

objectively reasonable fear of future persecution on one of the statutory grounds. Zubeda

v. Ashcroft, 333 F.3d 463, 469 (3d Cir. 2003). The standard for withholding of removal

is ―similar to, but more stringent than, the standard for asylum,‖ requiring ―a withholding

applicant [to] establish a ‗clear probability‘ that h[er] life or freedom would be threatened

because of an enumerated characteristic.‖ Li v. Att‘y Gen., 633 F.3d 136, 140 (3d Cir.

2011).5

       In an asylum proceeding, the burden of proof is on the applicant ―to establish that

he or she is a refugee,‖ but ―[t]he testimony of the applicant, if credible, may be sufficient

to sustain the burden of proof without corroboration.‖ 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(a). However,

an applicant‘s testimony standing alone is sufficient ―only if the applicant satisfies the

trier of fact that the applicant‘s testimony is credible, is persuasive, and refers to specific

facts sufficient to demonstrate that the applicant is a refugee.‖ 8 U.S.C.

§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii). ―Where the trier of fact determines that the applicant should provide


5
  We agree with the Government that Dong did not challenge the IJ‘s denial of her CAT
claim before the BIA. We therefore do not discuss it further. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1).
                                          11
evidence that corroborates otherwise credible testimony, such evidence must be provided

unless the applicant does not have the evidence and cannot reasonably obtain the

evidence.‖ Id. A failure to provide corroborating evidence may be fatal only in limited

circumstances, and requires, in any case, that ―an applicant be given the opportunity to

produce the corroborating evidence.‖ Dong v. Att‘y Gen., 638 F.3d 223, 229 (3d Cir.

2011).

                                           III.

         The IJ based her adverse credibility determination on two grounds. First, there are

indeed differences between Dong‘s written statement in her I-589 application and her

exhibits/oral testimony. For example, while Dong‘s I-589 application noted her support

for ―Falun Gong in the United States,‖ A.R. 453, it did not explicitly state that Dong

herself now participated in Falun Gong activities. Also, while Dong reported being ―hit

and kick[ed]‖ during the attacks, the I-589 contained no detail of the extent of her injuries

nor of her hospitalization. A.R. 460. Second, the IJ found several of Dong‘s statements

to be ―unpersuasive and illogical‖ or ―not plausible.‖

         With regard to inconsistencies, while the REAL ID Act allows for an adverse

credibility determination to be based on inconsistent testimony, it nowhere abrogates the

duty of the fact-finder to view such evidence in light of the factual record as a whole.

See Lin, 534 F.3d at 167. And when viewed as a whole, the record shows a remarkable

consistency within the story Dong presented, especially given the pressing externality of

the passage of time. This is all the more striking when paired with the numerous exhibits,
                                              12
many of which corroborated her story as told—yet these exhibits are barely mentioned in

either the IJ‘s or the BIA‘s opinions, and when they are mentioned it is only to emphasize

the (comparatively minor) inconsistencies. For example, neither the IJ nor the BIA

mentioned the police-warning document submitted by Dong, if even to explain why they

did not give it credence. We have never required a fact-finder or appellate tribunal to

expound at length on every piece of evidence, see Wong v. Att‘y Gen., 539 F.3d 225, 231

(3d Cir. 2008), but Dong‘s evidentiary proffer was barely discussed in the relevant

opinions, despite the fact that she emphasized the relevance of her exhibits in her brief

before the BIA. The BIA should have at least acknowledged the submissions that

supported and corroborated Dong‘s testimony in determining whether the IJ‘s credibility

finding was supported by clear evidence. Id. at 388–89; see also Toussaint v. Att‘y Gen.,

455 F.3d 409, 414 (3d Cir. 2006) (―[T]he BIA should indicate its reasons for discrediting

certain testimony or documentary evidence.‖). That it did not do so is troubling, all the

more so given Dong‘s raising of the issue before the BIA.6 See Huang, 620 F.3d at 388

(observing that the BIA ―may not ignore evidence favorable to the alien, particularly

when, as here, the alien‘s administrative brief expressly calls the BIA‘s attention to it‖).


6
  The existence of corroborating evidentiary submissions would appear to distinguish this
case from Ying Li v. Bureau of Citizenship & Immigration Services, 529 F.3d 79 (2d Cir.
2008), a factually similar case cited here by the BIA. Li‘s story was specifically
identified by the Second Circuit as being ―drawn in a way that evades corroboration to an
unusual extent.‖ Id. at 83. Here, not only is Dong‘s story not drawn in a way to avoid
corroboration, she specifically provided corroboration from both affidavit and
documentary (hospital records, police postings) sources.

                                             13
The failure of the BIA and IJ to give any explanation as to their rejection of Dong‘s

corroborating evidence attenuates our ability to conduct even our limited review. ―Where

the administrative decision fails to consider or mention evidence that is on its face

relevant and persuasive, the proper course is to remand for further consideration . . . .‖

Chukwu, 484 F.3d at 189; see also Huang, 620 F.3d at 389 (remanding when BIA

decision did not indicate that it conducted plenary review).

       Furthermore, not all of the inconsistencies identified by the BIA and IJ are

appropriately characterized as such. For example, both tribunals placed great emphasis

on ―the inconsistency between the respondent‘s testimony that she suffered from

headaches following her first detention and her testimony that in China she had no reason

to practice Falun Gong.‖ A.R. 3 (BIA decision), 46 (similar concern raised in IJ‘s

decision). Yet Dong emphasized that the injuries she suffered in the first attack were

swiftly resolved after medical intervention. See, e.g., A.R. 132–34. The IJ specifically

found that Dong had ―headaches for about 1 week‖ after the first detention. A.R. 40. By

contrast, Dong emphasized that she suffered from chronic ―nightmares and headaches‖

following the second detention, A.R. 133, 135. Seeking medical treatment in the United

States was not as possible because ―doctor[s] and medicine cost a lot of money.‖ A.R.

135. Dong had previously testified that she did not practice Falun Gong in China

because, at the time, she lacked a ―big problem‖ with her health, which she identified as a

primary reason for using Falun Gong. A.R. 123–24. We cannot say that Dong‘s

testimony about why she declined to practice Falun Gong following the first detention is
                                             14
incompatible with the explanation for why she practiced Falun Gong following her

second detention and her flight to the United States. Dong clearly equated the practice of

Falun Gong with treating chronic issues, which she testified arose only after the second

detention. See Issiaka v. Att‘y Gen., 569 F.3d 135, 141 (3d Cir. 2009) (emphasizing, in

pre-REAL-ID case, the internal consistency of alien‘s statements as relevant to credibility

determination); see also Chukwu, 484 F.3d at 191 (―Because the IJ relied on

inconsistencies that were explained by evidence in the record, with no explanation of why

the probative evidence in the record might have been rejected, we must remand for

consideration of that evidence.‖).

       Nor do we believe that the IJ and BIA correctly dealt with Dong‘s Falun Gong

affiliation. First and foremost, we agree with Dong that her practice of Falun Gong in the

United States would not make or break her asylum application; rather, her activities in

support of Falun Gong both in China and abroad could suffice to mark her for

mistreatment upon her return. Despite this, the IJ based the adverse credibility

determination, in part, on Dong‘s ―fail[ure] to present reasonably available corroborative

documents‖ relating to her Falun Gong practice. A.R. 46. Yet Dong did present

evidence to this effect: photographs of her Falun Gong activities, for example, and an

affidavit from a potential witness. We discern no sign that Dong was ever told that she

would have to present more evidence on what was, in effect, a secondary aspect of her

claim; indeed, when asked why she had not submitted more information or procured a

―better‖ witness, she replied that she ―didn‘t know it‘s necessary,‖ A.R. 149, and that
                                            15
many Falun Gong practitioners ―don‘t want too many people to know that they practice

Falun Gong.‖ A.R. 150

       The above example highlights the central problem in the agency opinions: a

reliance on implausibility that is nowhere defined. The IJ, for example, observed that

Dong‘s story about delivering a list of Falun Gong practitioners to the cadres after her

second detention—and, specifically, her inability to articulate details about the transfer—

was ―not believable‖ and ―not plausible.‖ A.R. 46. Dong had testified that the cadres

knew where she lived (as demonstrated by repeated threats), and presumably believed she

was afraid enough to cooperate with the government, as she had already paid the 2,000

Yuan fine they demanded. Nowhere does the IJ explain why such an answer is

unbelievable or implausible. ―[W]here an IJ bases an adverse credibility determination in

part on ‗implausibility‘ as the IJ did here, such a conclusion will be properly grounded in

the record only if it is made against the background of the general country conditions.‖

Jishiashvili v. Att‘y Gen., 402 F.3d 386, 393 (3d Cir. 2005). The IJ was perfectly entitled

to find several of Dong‘s answers to be unsatisfying, but deriving a credibility

determination from, for instance, Dong‘s uncertainty about whether her asylum

application was public material, A.R. 142–43—and her concomitant concern for the

wellbeing of her family that is repeated throughout the record—elevates the personally

unsatisfying to an impermissible level.7


7
 One argument that has haunted this proceeding at all stages is the assertion that Dong‘s
support of, but failure to practice, Falun Gong while in China was, in some way,
                                             16
       In sum, the two primary problems identified above—the failure by both tribunals

to explain their rejection of Dong‘s corroborating evidence and the shaky foundation of

the adverse credibility determination—operate both separately and in tandem to compel

our granting of this petition for review. See Thu v. Att‘y Gen., 510 F.3d 405, 416 (3d

Cir. 2007) (observing that the challenges of forming a credibility determination are

―challenges that can most effectively be met by consideration of all of the facts available

in the record‖). We cannot find that the credibility determination is supported by

substantial evidence, especially when considered in light of a record that, as a whole,

tends to support Dong‘s version of events when Dong‘s copious evidentiary submissions,

few of which were discussed in the agency opinions, are taken into account. It is true

that, post REAL-ID, administrative officials have ever-greater leeway in assessing the

credibility of the parties before them, and we in turn owe the requisite deference to those

determinations. Nor, we hasten to add, do we forestall the possibility that the IJ and BIA

could correctly find Dong to be not credible on an alternative (or augmented) basis. Still,

whatever the REAL ID Act may be said to constitutionally allow—a question we leave


inherently suspect or implausible. See A.R. 156 (from the Government: ―[w]hy would
one chose [sic] to speak out against Falun Gong and even hand out flyers on behalf of
Falun Gong but not practice it?‖), A.R. 3 (from the BIA: ―Further, the Immigration Judge
relied on the inherent implausibility of the respondent‘s advocacy and support for Falun
Gong in China when she had not learned or participated in the practice of Falun Gong in
China.‖). We do not believe it controversial to suggest that, at times, a person may
support a cause with which he or she is otherwise unaffiliated, despite lack of personal
gain and at great personal risk. It is not inherently incredible that someone would
publicly ally herself with an unpopular group despite knowing that such activities might
draw official, harsh reprisals.
                                              17
for another day—it cannot support an outcome based on undefined implausibilities and

impracticalities, and one that further overlooks a great deal of evidence suggesting a

contrary conclusion.



                                           IV.

       For the reasons above, we will grant the petition for review and remand for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion. We stress that our decision today does not

resolve the question of whether Dong is otherwise eligible for the relief of asylum or

withholding of removal. See Voci v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 607, 615 (3d Cir. 2005). Those

matters will be evaluated by the BIA and, if need be, by the IJ in the first instance.




                                             18
