[Cite as State v. Kronenberg, 2012-Ohio-589.]


                Court of Appeals of Ohio
                               EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA



                              JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       No. 96797



                                      STATE OF OHIO

                                                      PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                                vs.

                         MICHELLE L. KRONENBERG
                                                      DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                           JUDGMENT:
                                            AFFIRMED


                                    Criminal Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                      Case No. CR-548068

        BEFORE: Stewart, J., Blackmon, A.J., and E. Gallagher, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED:                     February 16, 2012
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Rick L. Ferrara
2077 East 4th Street
Second Floor
Cleveland, OH 44114


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

William D. Mason
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor

BY: Ma’rion D. Horhn
Assistant County Prosecutor
The Justice Center
1200 Ontario Street, 9th Floor
Cleveland, OH 44113




MELODY J. STEWART, J.:

      {¶1} The court found defendant-appellant Michelle Kronenberg guilty of

violating a protection order and guilty of telecommunications harassment. Kronenberg,

who had a 2010 conviction for telecommunications harassment with the same victim, had

been ordered not to contact the victim or his family “in any form” for a period of five

years. Kronenberg admittedly twice called the victim and appeared at his house, but

claimed she did so out of desperation because she was homeless and had no one else to

turn to for help. She argues that she thus lacked the intent to “harass” the victim as
required by the harassment statute, so there was insufficient evidence to convict her and

that, in any event, her conduct should be excused by the necessity to seek aid from the

victim.

                                              I

       {¶2} Kronenberg first argues that the state failed to offer sufficient evidence to

sustain a conviction for telecommunications harassment.             She argues that R.C.

2917.21(B) requires that one act with a purpose to “abuse, threaten, or harass” and that

the two messages she left with the victim were insufficient to prove that purpose beyond a

reasonable doubt.

       {¶3} We determine whether the evidence is sufficient to sustain a verdict by

examining the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution and determining

whether any rational trier of fact could have found that the prosecution proved the

essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Yarbrough, 95 Ohio

St.3d 227, 2002-Ohio-2126, 767 N.E.2d 216, at ¶ 78, quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443

U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).

       {¶4} The state charged Kronenberg under R.C. 2917.21(B), which states that

“[n]o person shall make or cause to be made a telecommunication, or permit a

telecommunication to be made from a telecommunications device under the person’s

control, with purpose to abuse, threaten, or harass another person.”          A person acts

“purposely” when “it is his specific intention to cause a certain result, or, when the gist of

the offense is a prohibition against conduct of a certain nature, regardless of what the
offender intends to accomplish thereby, it is his specific intention to engage in conduct of

that nature.” R.C. 2901.22(A).

       {¶5} Even though we are obligated to view the facts most favorably to the state,

the facts are undisputed. Kronenberg and the victim had a brief work relationship in the

early 1990s. That relationship terminated after a few months, but Kronenberg and the

victim remained friendly for years.         Kronenberg, however, started abusing the

relationship by constantly calling the victim, sometimes calling the victim as many as 100

times a day, with no regard for the hour of the call. This abusive behavior led to several

prosecutions starting in 2007.

       {¶6} In 2010, Kronenberg so monopolized the victim’s telephone that no one

else could reach him. If the victim was away from his telephone, Kronenberg would

leave voice messages or directly call his employer to be put through to him.            The

breaking point came when Kronenberg began appearing at the victim’s home, causing

him to be concerned for his family. Kronenberg was convicted of telecommunications

harassment with a specification showing that she had previously been convicted of

telephone harassment in 2008. We affirmed the conviction on appeal. See State v.

Kronenberg, 8th Dist. No. 94691, 2011-Ohio-1069, 2011 WL 827580. The trial court

entered a protection order that prohibited Kronenberg from initiating or having contact

with the victim in “any form.”

       {¶7} The telephone calls made to the victim by Kronenberg occurred just after

she had been released from the jail term ordered under the 2010 conviction. Kronenberg
testified that she had no place to stay and was running low on money and cigarettes, so

she decided to call the victim to ask for his help. The victim took the call, but did not say

anything. Kronenberg called back later that day saying that her intent in talking to the

victim was that, while she was hurt that the victim had unilaterally terminated their

friendship, she was “willing to let bygones be bygones.”           Importantly, Kronenberg

testified that:

       I had already, as far as violating the protection order, I already did. I called
       him that morning. The reason I called was to leave a message because at
       least I would have the chance to explain.

       I was going to be arrested for that phone call — that at least I was going to
       be able to explain what was going on. And I don’t hold grudges. I needed
       help. I was in trouble at that point.

       {¶8}       The quoted testimony shows beyond all doubt that Kronenberg acted

purposely by violating the protection order when she called and visited the victim.

       {¶9} Kronenberg argues that two telephone calls were not enough to constitute

telecommunications harassment. We disagree. The offense of telecommunications

harassment is not a number’s game. R.C. 2917.21(B) can, in some circumstances, be

violated with a single telephone call that rises to the level of harassment, while under

different circumstances, a number of telephone calls might not constitute the kind of

abusive, threatening, or harassing behavior the statute is intended to prohibit.          The

specific facts of each case must be examined to determine whether a defendant violated

the statute.
       {¶10} Given her prior history of harassing the victim and the very clear terms of

the protection order that prohibited her from having any contact with the victim, one

telephone call by Kronenberg would suffice under the circumstances to prove that she

acted with the intent to harass the victim. The victim testified that he filed charges in the

2010 case because he “wanted her totally out of my life, to forget about me, stop making

any phone calls.” When he saw that Kronenberg had twice called him, he knew it

“wasn’t a cry for help” and that if he answered the call, “it would have started the whole

thing over again.” Kronenberg had an admitted pattern of harassing the victim and her

stated reasons for calling — the need for money and cigarettes — were simply a pretext

for trying to renew a relationship that she knew had been terminated by the victim. By

continuing to call him, even though she knew he did not wish to have any contact,

Kronenberg acted with the requisite purpose to commit telecommunications harassment.

                                             II

       {¶11} Kronenberg next argues that the court’s judgment of conviction is against

the manifest weight of the evidence because she lacked any intent to harass or annoy the

victim. She claims that she did not act in an annoying or harassing manner and that she

believed that her relationship with the victim could be salvaged because the victim had

assisted her in the past.

       {¶12} The manifest weight of the evidence standard of review requires us to

review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the

credibility of witnesses, and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the
trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the

conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. State v. Otten, 33 Ohio App.3d

339, 340, 515 N.E.2d 1009 (9th Dist.1986). The use of the word “manifest” means that

the trier of fact’s decision must be plainly or obviously contrary to all of the evidence.

This is a difficult burden for an appellant to overcome because the resolution of factual

issues resides with the trier of fact. State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212

(1967), paragraph one of the syllabus. The trier of fact has the authority to “believe or

disbelieve any witness or accept part of what a witness says and reject the rest.” State v.

Antill, 176 Ohio St. 61, 67, 197 N.E.2d 548 (1964).

       {¶13} As Kronenberg essentially reiterates the arguments she made in her first

assignment of error, we overrule them by reference to our discussion of those same

arguments.    We do note, however, that Kronenberg’s argument that she genuinely

believed that the victim might reconsider the protection order is not worthy of credence.

The protection order specifically stated that the alleged victim:

       [C]annot give you legal permission to violate this order. If you go near the
       petitioner or other protected persons, even with their consent, you will be
       arrested. You act at your own risk if you disregard this WARNING.
       (Emphasis sic.)

       {¶14} This was at least the fifth prosecution involving Kronenberg’s harassment

of the victim, the last of which resulted in a jail term. She could not credibly testify that

she thought the victim might change his mind and decide to talk to her. Kronenberg

makes much of the fact that she acted out of necessity, but she did not raise necessity as

an affirmative defense at trial.     In any event, the court could rationally find that
Kronenberg used necessity as an excuse to make contact with the victim (she testified that

she was hoping the victim would “throw bus fare at me or a couple of cigarettes or

something”).     During questioning by the court, it became apparent that Kronenberg

called the victim because she was hurt by the cessation of their friendship, not by any true

monetary need.

       {¶15} Kronenberg knew that the victim did not wish to have any contact with her

yet called him in a desperate attempt to rekindle their past relationship. The court did not

lose its way by finding her guilty of telecommunications harassment.

                                             III

       {¶16}   The third and fourth assignments of error collectively argue that R.C.

2917.21(B) is unconstitutionally vague and overbroad.           We reject these arguments

because Kronenberg did not raise the constitutionality of R.C. 2917.21(B) to the trial

court, so she has waived the issue and cannot raise it for the first time on appeal. State v.

Awan, 22 Ohio St.3d 120, 489 N.E.2d 277 (1986), syllabus.

       {¶17} Judgment affirmed.

       It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant its costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the Cuyahoga

County Court of Common Pleas             to carry this judgment into execution.          The

defendant’s conviction having been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated.

Case remanded to the trial court for execution of sentence.
      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.




MELODY J. STEWART, JUDGE

PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, A.J., and
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., CONCUR
