[Cite as In re C.S., 2014-Ohio-2400.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                              JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                              Nos. 100470, 100471, 100506, 100507


                                        IN RE: C.S., ET AL.
                                          Minor Children

                  [Appeal by: N.B., Mother, and E.S., Father]



                                           JUDGMENT:
                                            REVERSED


                                      Civil Appeal from the
                            Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                        Juvenile Division
                            Case Nos. AD 11918529 and AD 11918530

        BEFORE: Rocco, P.J., Keough, J., and E.A. Gallagher, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: June 5, 2014
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT MOTHER N.B.

Robert L. Tobik
Cuyahoga County Public Defender

By: John T. Martin
       Lisa Rankin
Assistant Public Defenders
310 Lakeside Ave., Suite 200
Cleveland, Ohio 44113

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT FATHER E.S.

Jeffrey R. Froude
P.O. Box 771112
Lakewood, Ohio 44107


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Timothy J. McGinty
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor

By: Nicole A. Raimo
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
Cuyahoga County Division of Children and Family Services
4261 Fulton Parkway
Cleveland, Ohio 44144


GUARDIAN AD LITEM FOR C.S. AND A.S.

Irina Vinogradsky
Law Offices of Irina Vinogradsky
27600 Chagrin Blvd., Suite 420
Woodmere, Ohio 44122




KENNETH A. ROCCO, P.J.:
       {¶1} In this consolidated appeal, defendant-appellants N.B., the mother, and E.S.,

the father, of two minor children, C.S. and A.S., appeal the trial court’s decision denying

their joint motion to declare Ohio an inconvenient forum for the permanent custody

proceedings in this matter. We find merit to the appeal and reverse the trial court’s

decision.

       {¶2} In May 2011, the mother relocated to Ohio from Tennessee with her two

children, C.S. and A.S. At that time, the father resided in Tennessee and has continued

to reside in Tennessee. On October 19, 2011, the mother was arrested and charged with

two counts of child endangering after she was found passed out and intoxicated in her car.

 A.S. (who was then two years old) was found asleep in the car. C.S. (who was then four

years old) was found walking down the street with another young child.

       {¶3} On October 21, 2011, plaintiff-appellee the Cuyahoga County Division of

Children and Family Services (“CCDCFS”) filed a complaint for abuse, neglect, and

temporary custody, and the children were placed in emergency temporary custody. The

parents admitted to an amended complaint, and on December 15, 2011, the children were

adjudged neglected. On April 16, 2012, the children were committed to the temporary

custody of CCDCFS. Several months later, in July 2012, the children were placed with

their maternal grandparents in Tennessee.        The children have resided with their

grandparents in Tennessee since that time. On February 28, 2013, CCDCFS filed a

motion for permanent custody of the children. In April 2013, the mother moved back to

Tennessee.
       {¶4} On May 29, 2013, the mother, the father, and the guardian ad litem for the

children filed a joint motion to declare Ohio an inconvenient forum, to stay the current

proceedings, and to transfer the case to Tennessee pursuant to R.C. 3127.21. The parties

argued that because the mother, father, children, and maternal grandparents (who had

expressed a desire to adopt the children) all resided in Tennessee, Ohio was an

inconvenient forum for the permanent custody proceedings, and the action should,

therefore, be stayed on the condition that custody proceedings be filed in Tennessee.

Appellants also argued that Tennessee was a more convenient forum for the action

because (1) CCDCFS cannot offer the parents any services in Tennessee, (2) Tennessee’s

Department of Children’s Services is familiar with the case, having provided a social

worker to facilitate and monitor the parents’ visitation with the children in Tennessee, and

(3) transfer could facilitate the grandparents’ adoption of the children under Tennessee

law. The guardian ad litem also supported the motion, arguing that a guardian ad litem

needs to be able to personally meet with and observe the interaction between the parents,

the children, and the proposed custodians in order to make a proper recommendation

regarding what is in the best interests of the children.

       {¶5} CCDCFS opposed the motion. In its opposition, CCDCFS argued that Ohio

should not be declared an inconvenient forum because: (1) no one had initiated or had

ever expressed an interest in initiating child custody proceedings in Tennessee, (2) all of

the providers who had attempted to provide reunification services to the mother (from

May 2011 until the mother moved back to Tennessee in April 2013) were located in
Cuyahoga County, Ohio, and (3) transfer of the case would not be in the best interests of

the children because it would delay permanency.

         {¶6} Prior to ruling on the motion, the magistrate held a hearing at which the

parties presented their arguments. The magistrate also attempted to set up a telephonic

hearing with the presiding judge of the Juvenile Court of Knox County, Knoxville,

Tennessee to discuss the matter. The Tennessee judge declined to participate in the

requested hearing because no action was then pending in the Knox County Juvenile

Court.

         {¶7} On July 31, 2013, the magistrate issued an order denying appellants’ motion,

concluding that Cuyahoga County was the “more convenient forum” for the permanent

custody proceedings. Although the magistrate acknowledged in his decision that the

Juvenile Court of Knox County, Knoxville, Tennessee “has refused both jurisdiction and

[a Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (“UCCJEA”)] hearing,” he

indicated that his decision was made “[i]rrespective of the denial by Tennessee, based

upon the 8 statutory factors listed in R.C. 3127.21(B).”

         {¶8} Both the mother and father filed objections to the magistrate’s decision. On

September 9, 2013, the trial court entered an order overruling the parties’ objections and

affirming, approving, and adopting the magistrate’s decision. The trial court concluded

that “the [m]agistrate performed a lawful and thorough analysis of the UCCJEA in

making his decision to deny the request to transfer this case to Tennessee” and did “not
find any error in [the magistrate’s] assignment of weight to the statutory factors nor his

determination that jurisdiction remain in Cuyahoga County in the State of Ohio.”

       {¶9} Both the mother and father appealed, each presenting a single assignment of

error for review. The mother’s assignment of error states:

       The juvenile court erred when it denied the motion to declare Ohio an
       inconvenient forum.

The father’s assignment of error states:

       The trial court erred in overruling defense Motion to find Cuyahoga County
       forum non conveniens in an ongoing Juvenile Division case in which the
       Division of Children and Family Services moved for permanent custody.
       The children, the father, the grandparents and even the mother at present are
       all residents of Tennessee. In so ruling the trial court misapplied the
       relevant factors of [R.C. 3127.21] and Chambers v. Merrell-Dow
       Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 35 Ohio St.3d 123 (1988).

       {¶10} As a preliminary matter, we note that we have jurisdiction to hear this

appeal because the trial court’s decision declaring Ohio to be a convenient forum is a

final, appealable order. This court has previously held that “‘a trial court order regarding

the determination of convenient forum “affects a substantial right made in a special

proceeding” pursuant to R.C. 2505.02(B)(2) and is thus a final appealable order.’”

Javidan-Nejad v. Navadeh, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97956, 2013-Ohio-931, ¶ 7, quoting

Critzer v. Critzer, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 90679, 2008-Ohio-5126, ¶ 9, quoting Buzard v.

Triplett, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 05AP-579, 2006-Ohio-1478.

       {¶11} Turning to the merits of this appeal, appellants argue that the trial court

abused its discretion in refusing to declare Ohio to be an inconvenient forum in which to

hear this case. We review a trial court’s decision whether to decline to exercise its
jurisdiction on forum non conveniens grounds under R.C. 3127.21 for abuse of discretion.

See, e.g., Buzard at ¶ 11; White v. Ritchey, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 12 MA 98,

2013-Ohio-4164, ¶ 12, citing In re N.R., 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 09-MA-85,

2010-Ohio-753, ¶12; Walter v. Liu, 193 Ohio App.3d 185, 2011-Ohio-933, 951 N.E.2d

457, ¶ 12 (8th Dist.). Likewise, we review a trial court’s decision to adopt a magistrate’s

decision for abuse of discretion.        In re A.L., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99040,

2013-Ohio-5120, ¶ 10, citing Dancy v. Dancy, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82580,

2004-Ohio-470, ¶ 10.

       {¶12} Pursuant to R.C. 3127.21(A), an Ohio court that has jurisdiction to make a

child custody determination “may decline to exercise its jurisdiction at any time if it

determines that it is an inconvenient forum under the circumstances and that a court of

another state is a more convenient forum.” Prior to making this determination, the trial

court must consider “all relevant factors,” including: (1) whether domestic violence has

occurred and is likely to continue in the future and which state could best protect the

parties and the child; (2) the length of time the child has resided outside Ohio; (3) the

distance between the court in Ohio and the court in the state that would assume

jurisdiction; (4) the relative financial circumstances of the parties; (5) any agreement of

the parties as to which state should assume jurisdiction; (6) the nature and location of the

evidence required to resolve the pending litigation, including the testimony of the child;

(7) the ability of the court of each state to decide the issue expeditiously and the

procedures necessary to present the evidence; and (8) the familiarity of the court of each
state with the facts and issues in the pending litigation.         R.C. 3127.21(B).     R.C.

3127.21(B) is mandatory; the trial court “must consider the factors listed in the statute” in

determining whether it is an inconvenient forum. Witt v. Walker, 2d Dist. Clark No.

2012-CA-58, 2013-Ohio-714, ¶ 22.

       {¶13} If an Ohio court determines that it is an inconvenient forum and that a court

of another state is a “more appropriate forum” to hear a custody case, R.C. 3127.21(C)

provides that the Ohio court “shall stay the proceedings upon condition that a child

custody proceeding be promptly commenced in another designated state” and “may

impose any other condition the court considers just and proper.”

       {¶14} The magistrate’s decision states that “the court considered all mandatory

relevant factors” pursuant to R.C. 3127.21(B) and found (1) the nature and location of the

evidence required to resolve the pending litigation, R.C. 3127.21(B)(6), and (2) the

familiarity of the court of each state with the facts and issues in the pending litigation,

R.C. 3127.21(B)(8), to be the factors most “critical and dispositive” to the case. As the

magistrate explained in his decision:

       In this case, the CCDCFS has nearly two years of evidence accumulated
       and Tennessee has not had direct involvement with the case. * * * In this
       case, the home Court has been monitoring the case for nearly two years and
       the Tennessee Court has had no involvement in the matter, with one
       exception based upon this Court’s attempt to set up a telephonic hearing
       between the two jurisdictions. This Magistrate discussed the motion with
       the presiding judge for Knoxville County Tennessee who had declined a
       telephonic hearing and jurisdiction of the matter since Tennessee[’s] cour[t]
       has no involvement in the matter.
       {¶15} The magistrate rejected appellants’ arguments that Tennessee was a more

appropriate forum because the adoption of the children would occur in Tennessee and that

CCDCFS could not provide services to the parents in Tennessee, concluding that

CCDCFS could facilitate an out-of-state adoption and that “[t]he issue of reasonable

services is an issue * * * [related to] permanent custody * * * not R.C. 3127.21.” The

magistrate likewise rejected the parties’ arguments related to the guardian ad litem’s

investigation, concluding that the guardian ad litem could “discharge her duties in a

reasonable manner given the distance between the states” by relying on an out-of-state

home investigation and communicating with the children, parents, and potential

custodians by telephone or other means of communication, such as Skype.                 The

magistrate reasoned that the “harm caused by the Tennessee Court not having two

years[’] worth of testimony from Cuyahoga County case workers [far] outweighs the

benefit gained from a local [g]uardian ad [l]item appointment.”

       {¶16} Appellants contend that the magistrate’s decision was based on the faulty

“assumption that the Tennessee court had already declined jurisdiction over the case” and

that the magistrate either ignored or failed to give sufficient weight to the most relevant

statutory factors in determining that Ohio was the “more convenient forum” for this

action. Appellants’ arguments have merit.

       {¶17} Contrary to the magistrate’s findings, the Tennessee judge’s refusal to

participate in the teleconference requested by the magistrate did not constitute a “refusal”

or “denial” of “jurisdiction” by the Tennessee court. The Tennessee judge reasonably
refused to participate in a teleconference related to a case in another jurisdiction, in which

he had no involvement, given that no action had yet been filed in the Knox County

Juvenile Court. That an action has not yet been filed in Tennessee is not determinative

of whether Ohio is an inconvenient forum. R.C. 3127.21(C) provides that if an Ohio

court determines that it is an inconvenient forum and that a court of another state is a

more appropriate forum to hear a custody case, the Ohio court “shall stay the proceedings

upon condition that a child custody proceeding be promptly commenced in another

designated state.”    If such proceedings are not promptly commenced in the other

designated state, the stay may be lifted and the proceedings continued in the Ohio court.



       {¶18} With respect to the magistrate’s consideration of the relevant statutory

factors, we find that the magistrate placed undue emphasis on the location of CCDCFS

witnesses and the fact that the Ohio court has been “monitoring the case for nearly two

years” and unreasonably ignored other, more relevant facts in determining that Ohio was

the “more convenient forum” for the permanent custody proceedings in this case.

       {¶19} This case involves the future of two young children who live in Tennessee,

who have spent most of their lives in Tennessee, who attend or will attend school in

Tennessee, and whose parents and family, including the grandparents who have expressed

an interest in adopting them, all live in Tennessee. With the exception of CCDCFS

personnel involved in the case and the current guardian ad litem, all of the parties and

potential witnesses — both parents, the children, the grandparents, and Tennessee
Children’s Services personnel familiar with the case — are in Tennessee.                R.C.

3127.21(C)(6). The determination of the permanent custody of these children will most

affect, and be most affected by, people and resources in Tennessee.           Although the

magistrate cited the “harm caused by the Tennessee Court not having two years[’] worth

of testimony from Cuyahoga County case workers” as one of the primary reasons for

denying appellants’ motion, there is nothing in the record that suggests that this evidence

would not be available to the Tennessee court if Tennessee were determined to be a more

convenient forum for the permanent custody proceedings. Further, although CCDCFS

representatives may have first-hand knowledge regarding events that occurred before the

mother moved to Tennessee in April 2013, the record reflects that, since that time,

CCDCFS has relied on information obtained from the Tennessee social worker who is

monitoring the case.      The fact that CCDCFS representatives in Ohio may have

information relevant to the permanent custody proceedings does not override all other

relevant factors in determining whether Ohio or Tennessee is the more convenient forum.

 Likewise, although there are certainly benefits to having a court familiar with a case

continue handling that case, there is nothing that suggests that the history or facts of this

case are so complex or unusual that the benefits associated with continuing proceedings

in Cuyahoga County can be said to outweigh the burdens associated with litigating a

custody matter in an otherwise inconvenient forum. R.C. 3127.21(B)(8).

       {¶20} With respect to the remaining factors specified in R.C. 3127.21(B), the

children have spent most of their lives in Tennessee, either with their parents (before their
mother moved them briefly to Ohio), or their grandparents, following placement by

CCDCFS.      R.C. 3127.21(B)(2).     As to the distance between the Cuyahoga County

Juvenile Court and the      court in Tennessee that would assume jurisdiction, R.C.

3127.21(B)(3), the evidence in the record is that the distance between the Ohio court and

the parties’ residences in Tennessee is approximately ten hours’ driving time, i.e., ten

hours’ driving time for each of the parents, grandparents, and children to attend any

proceedings in the case and ten hours’ driving time if the guardian ad litem sought to

personally interview the parents, children, or prospective custodians.       Although the

magistrate downplayed the importance in-person visits by the guardian ad litem,

suggesting that telephone or Skype communications would be adequate for the guardian

ad litem to complete her investigation and to make her recommendation regarding what is

in the best interests of the children, reliance on electronic communications is not a

preferred method of observing interactions and communicating with young children,

particularly young children who do not know the guardian ad litem.                     R.C.

3127.21(B)(3), (6).    As to the relative financial circumstances of the parties, R.C.

3127.21(B)(4), it is undisputed that the parents and grandparents have limited financial

resources and that the time away from work and expense necessary to travel to Ohio from

Tennessee (and back again) would impose a financial hardship on them. Both parents

and the guardian ad litem agree that Tennessee should assume jurisdiction; only

CCDCFS objects. R.C. 3127.21(B)(5). As to the ability of the court of each state to

expeditiously decide the issues in this case and the availability of procedures necessary to
present the evidence, R.C. 3127.21(B)(7), there is nothing in the record to suggest that the

Tennessee court could not handle this case expeditiously or lacks the procedures

necessary for the presentation of relevant evidence.1

       {¶21} Further, R.C. 3127.21(B) requires that the trial court consider not only the

factors specifically identified in the statute but “all relevant factors” in determining

whether Ohio is an inconvenient forum. We believe that in a case such as this, the

availability of services for the parents is an additional “relevant factor” to be considered

in evaluating which state is a more convenient forum. In this case, given that both

parents now reside in Tennessee, that factor favors Tennessee.

       {¶22} Upon a careful review of the record, we find that the trial court abused its

discretion in concluding that Ohio was a more convenient forum to hear this case than

Tennessee. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s decision. The case is remanded to

the trial court to enter an order staying proceedings in this case, in accordance with R.C.

3127.21(C), on the condition that a permanent custody proceeding be promptly

commenced in Tennessee.

       {¶23} Judgment reversed and remanded.

       It is ordered that appellants recover from appellee the costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.




       R.C. 3127.21(B)(1), involving issues relating to domestic violence, is not
       1

applicable in this case.
      It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment into

execution.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

__________________________________________
KENNETH A. ROCCO, PRESIDING JUDGE

KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, J., and
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., CONCUR
