Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be                           FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before                         Oct 31 2012, 9:27 am
any court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,                            CLERK
                                                                   of the supreme court,

collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.                       court of appeals and
                                                                          tax court




ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                             ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES:

LARRY O. WILDER                                     MICHAEL W. MCBRIDE
Jeffersonville, Indiana                             Ferguson & Ferguson
                                                    Bloomington, Indiana



                              IN THE
                    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

BILLY FOX, JR.,                    )
                                   )
    Appellant-Defendant,           )
                                   )
          vs.                      )                        No. 53A05-1203-CP-160
                                   )
ROGERS BUILDING VENTURES, ET. AL., )
                                   )
    Appellees-Defendants.          )


                      APPEAL FROM THE MONROE CIRCUIT COURT
                           The Honorable Frances G. Hill, Judge
                              Cause No. 53C06-9707-CP-952




                                         October 31, 2012



                 MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION




ROBB, Chief Judge
                                 Case Summary and Issues

       Billy Fox, Jr., appeals the trial court’s judgment against him. Fox raises two issues on

appeal, which we restate as: 1) whether the trial court correctly denied his objection to the

court’s personal jurisdiction over him, and 2) whether the trial court correctly denied his

motion to set aside the judgment based on fraud. Concluding that the trial court correctly

denied the objection to personal jurisdiction and the motion to set aside judgment, we affirm.

                                Facts and Procedural History

       The trial court accurately observed that this case has a long and convoluted procedural

history; Fox’s brief makes it appear even more complicated than it is, but we will attempt to

simplify it here. In January 1997, Fox and Steve Lindsey signed a two year lease for a

property belonging to John Seeber and others, a group who called themselves Rogers

Building Venture (“Rogers”). Fox and Lindsey’s business failed, they stopped paying rent,

and in July of 1997 Rogers filed suit. Several of Fox’s arguments in this appeal are tied to

the contention that a default judgment was entered against him as a result of the 1997 suit.

However, the record shows that a judgment was entered against Lindsey only. The

chronological case summary (“CCS”) mistakenly noted that judgment was entered against

Fox, but the judgment entry and order themselves clearly apply only to Lindsey, the judgment

entry specifically notes that Fox was not served, and a later trial court’s findings of fact

include the finding that the default judgment was against Lindsey only and the CCS entry

regarding Fox was in error. Unfortunately, the CCS waters were further muddied in 2005

when a Judge pro tem, possibly relying on the earlier CCS entry, noted that judgment had



                                              2
previously been entered against Fox and that that judgment remained in effect. Despite the

errors in the CCS, the 1997 default judgment itself is quite clear that it applies only to

Lindsey and not to Fox; thus no judgment was ever entered against Fox in 1997.

       One is left to wonder what happened in the intervening years, but in late 2004, the

case was re-docketed and a pre-trial conference was set for early 2005. In April 2005,

Lindsey filed a cross-claim against Fox. Fox called the court to say that he had received the

cross-complaint but that he had never been notified of the 1997 complaint; during that call

Fox was informed that a trial date was set for May 13, 2005. On May 5, 2005, Fox, pro se,

filed correspondence with the court that denied the allegations, noted that he had never

received a copy of the original complaint, requested a copy of the complaint, and requested a

postponement of the May 13 trial date so that he could review the facts of the case. The trial

date was reset at Fox’s request. After several other continuances, a bench trial was held in

February 2006. Fox failed to appear for pre-trial conferences, and admits that he did not

participate in the trial itself. On March 13, 2006, the trial court entered a judgment against

both Fox and Lindsey, jointly and severally.

       For several years thereafter, Rogers appears to have attempted to collect on the

judgment, by filing notices and interrogatories, and serving Fox at his home, without success.

Lindsey ultimately filed for bankruptcy, and the proceedings against him were stayed but

Rogers was permitted to continue to try to collect from Fox. Eventually, in early 2011, Fox

was successfully served with notice of proceedings supplemental. Now with counsel, Fox

requested a continuance, which was granted. In June 2011, at a proceedings supplemental



                                               3
hearing, Fox objected to the jurisdiction of the court. The court found that it had jurisdiction.

Fox filed a motion to reconsider, and also filed a motion to set aside judgment, alleging that

Rogers was not a properly registered entity. Rogers filed a motion to substitute real parties.

In January 2012, the court conducted a hearing on all pending matters. In March 2012, the

court again denied Fox’s objection to jurisdiction, denied his motion to set aside judgment,

and granted Rogers’s motion to substitute real parties. This appeal followed. Additional

facts will be supplied as necessary.

                                   Discussion and Decision

                                   I. Personal Jurisdiction

                                   A. Standard of Review

       The existence of personal jurisdiction over a defendant is a question of law and a

constitutional prerequisite for a valid judgment, and thus a de novo standard is used when we

review whether personal jurisdiction exists. Munster v. Groce, 829 N.E.2d 52, 57 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2005). To the extent that a trial court may make findings of jurisdictional facts, those

findings are reviewed for clear error if they were based on in-court testimony, but are

reviewed de novo if they are based on a paper record. Id. When a defendant claims that the

court lacks personal jurisdiction, the plaintiff must present evidence to show that there is

jurisdiction. Id. It is the defendant though who ultimately bears the burden of proving a lack

of personal jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence, unless the lack of jurisdiction is

apparent on the face of the complaint. Id.




                                               4
                             B. Personal Jurisdiction Over Fox

       “Personal jurisdiction is the court’s power to bring a person into its adjudicative

process and render a valid judgment over a person.” Laflamme v. Goodwin, 911 N.E.2d 660,

664 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (citation omitted). Under Indiana Trial Rule 4(A), a court acquires

jurisdiction over a party who “commences or joins in the action, [or] is served with summons

or enters an appearance . . . .” Objections to personal jurisdiction may be raised either in the

answer to the complaint or in a motion to dismiss. Laflamme, 911 N.E.2d at 664. If a

judgment is entered without the court ever gaining jurisdiction over a party, the judgment is

void as to that party. Stidham v. Whelchel, 698 N.E.2d 1152, 1157 (Ind. 1998).

       Fox claims that the court did not have personal jurisdiction over him, although he

appears to conflate the 1997 and 2006 judgments, and it is difficult at times to determine

which judgment he is referencing. As to the 1997 judgment, the answer is clear and short:

the court did not have personal jurisdiction over Fox, because he was not served and appears

not to have known about the suit. However, as outlined above, there was never any judgment

against him in 1997, and so jurisdiction of the court in 1997 is immaterial.

       As to the 2006 judgment, it appears that Fox filed an answer and an appearance, and

had actual knowledge of the suit. Fox’s argument is premised largely on the contention that

the 2006 court did not have jurisdiction because the 1997 judgment was never set aside.

However, because there was no judgment against Fox in 1997, the 1997 judgment is

irrelevant to the inquiry of the court’s jurisdiction over him in 2006.




                                               5
       The trial court concluded that Fox’s May 5, 2005, correspondence constituted an

appearance, and we agree. Fox’s correspondence stated:

       Come now the defendant, Billy Fox, pro se, state [sic] as follows:
       1) Fox was never served with notice of original complaint in July, 1997.
       2) Fox received first notice of this complaint on April 28th.
       3) Fox denies any agreement with Lindsey.
       4) Fox further denies all other allegations of Rogers Building Venture, John
       Seeber, and Steve Lindsay [sic].
       Wherefore, the defendant Fox request [sic] a copy of original complaint.
       A postpondment [sic] of hearing of May 13th because of time need [sic] to
       review the facts of the case.

Appendix of Appellant at 50. The Supreme Court has said that pro se documents are to be

liberally construed and should be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings

drafted by lawyers. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007). This is in keeping with

Indiana Trial Rule 8(F), which states in relevant part that “[a]ll pleadings shall be so

construed as to do substantial justice . . . .” We have said that an appearance “may be

effected by any act by which a person recognizes the case as being in court, such as by filing

an answer.” King v. King, 610 N.E.2d 259, 262 (Ind. Ct. App. 1993), trans. denied; see also

Philos Techs., Inc. v. Philos & D, Inc., 645 F.3d 851, 858 (7th Cir. 2011) (noting that to

constitute an appearance, the filing of responsive papers is not necessarily required, but that

the court will require that “the defendant engage in some sort of conduct clearly indicating an

intent to defend the suit.”). Here, in Fox’s correspondence, he referred to himself as the

defendant, he denied the allegations, he requested a copy of the complaint, and he asked for

the trial to be postponed so that he could review the facts of the case. This letter indicated




                                              6
Fox’s recognition of the case being in court, and constituted both an appearance and an

answer.

       The trial court further concluded that it had jurisdiction over Fox because Fox had

actual notice of the suit. Case law tells us that while actual knowledge is not dispositive, it is

a factor to be considered in determining whether a court has jurisdiction. Glennar Mercury-

Lincoln, Inc. v. Riley, 167 Ind. App. 144, 152, 338 N.E.2d 670, 675 (1975); see also Reed

Sign Serv., Inc. v. Reid, 755 N.E.2d 690, 696 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied (finding

personal jurisdiction because of, among other things, the party’s actual knowledge of the

temporary restraining order in question); Boczar v. Reuben, 742 N.E.2d 1010, 1016 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2001) (finding that the trial court had personal jurisdiction where service was

incomplete, because the party had timely actual knowledge of the suit and so the purpose

behind the trial rules regarding service was met).

       By filing an appearance and an answer, Fox submitted himself to the jurisdiction of

the trial court. Further, he had actual knowledge of the suit early on in the proceedings and

was not prejudiced in his right to be heard. The trial was postponed at Fox’s request in order

to give him time to prepare, and Fox simply failed to participate thereafter. The trial court

had personal jurisdiction over Fox for the 2006 judgment, and correctly denied his objection

to jurisdiction.




                                                7
                                     II. Relief from Judgment

                                        A. Standard of Review

   We review a trial court’s grant or denial of a motion for relief from judgment under an

abuse of discretion standard of review. Beike v. Beike, 805 N.E.2d 1265, 1267 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2004). An abuse of discretion occurs where the trial court’s judgment is clearly against

the logic and effect of the facts and inferences supporting the judgment for relief. Id.

                                              B. Fraud

       Fox also filed a motion to set aside judgment under Indiana Trial Rule 60(B). The

record indicates that the motion was premised on fraud because of Rogers’s failure to file an

assumed business name, and for a failure of real parties in interest to prosecute. In his brief,

Fox spends barely two pages discussing his motion to set aside judgment, and does not

address the conclusions of the trial court or advance an argument for how he was harmed by

any fraud that may have occurred.1 Fox asserts, and Rogers does not deny, that Rogers was

not a properly registered entity at the time of either suit. However, a real party in interest,

John Seeber, has been a party the entire time. Seeber has been a part-owner of the property

that was leased to Fox since the original lease was signed, continuing to the present day.

Further, after Fox filed his motion to set aside judgment, Rogers filed a motion to substitute

real parties. See Ind. Trial Rule 17(A) (“No action shall be dismissed on the ground that it is

not prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest until a reasonable time after objection




       1
         Fox also seems to be focused almost entirely on the 1997 judgment here, which as we have
discussed is irrelevant because there was no judgment against him in 1997.

                                                   8
has been allowed for the real party in interest to ratify the action, or to be joined or

substituted in the action.”).

       We have said that in ruling on a Rule 60(B) motion, the trial court needs to balance

the alleged injustice suffered by the moving party against the interests of the winning party

and society. Evans v. Evans, 946 N.E.2d 1200, 1206 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). Here, Fox does

not appear to even allege any injustice. And, the party seeking to set aside judgment must

make a prima facie showing of a good and meritorious defense, which translates to a showing

that if the case were retried on the merits, there would be a different outcome. In re Marriage

of Holley, 659 N.E.2d 581, 583 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995), trans. denied. It is difficult to see how

the outcome here could have been any different had Rogers been a properly registered entity.

       The trial court advanced several bases for its denial of Fox’s motion to set aside

judgment.     Firstly, the court found that Fox did not present any evidence of an

unconscionable plan or scheme that actually influenced the court’s decision, as is necessary

to succeed in an argument that there was fraud on the court. In re Paternity of S.C., 966

N.E.2d 143, 148 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (“Fraud on the court has been narrowly applied and is

limited to the most egregious of circumstances involving the courts. . . . To prove fraud on

the court, it is not enough to show a possibility that the trial court was misled. Rather, there

must be a showing that the trial court’s decision was actually influenced.”) (citations and

internal quotation omitted), aff’d on reh’g; G.H. Skala Constr. Co. v. NPW, Inc., 704 N.E.2d

1044, 1049 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998) (“Fraud on the court exists when an unconscionable plan or




                                               9
scheme . . . prevented the losing party from fully and fairly presenting his case or defense.”)

(citations and internal quotation omitted), trans. denied.

       Secondly, the trial court agreed with Rogers that the doctrine of laches barred Fox’s

motion. Laches is an equitable doctrine with three elements: 1) inexcusable delay in

asserting a right; 2) an implied waiver that arises when the party knows of conditions and

acquiesces to them; 3) a change in circumstances that prejudices the adverse party. Shriner v.

Sheehan, 773 N.E.2d 833, 846 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied. The trial court found that

Fox’s nearly six year delay before filing the motion was inexcusable, that his failure to

respond for over two years to notices and orders that were mailed to his home constituted an

implied waiver, and that he had no meritorious defense indicating that the court would rule in

his favor if his motion were denied.

       Finally, the trial court found that Fox failed to show any detrimental reliance on

Rogers’s failure to file an assumed business name. The court also clarified that Fox’s

argument that no real party in interest filed the action was partly based on an error in the

lease that listed the property in question as being on West Sixth Street, when in fact it was on

East Sixth Street and East Sixth Street was the address listed in the original complaint and is

the building that is part-owned by John Seeber.

       The trial court advanced sound reasons for denying Fox’s motion, and in his cursory

argument on appeal, Fox does nothing to convince us that the trial court abused its discretion.

We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Fox’s motion to set aside

judgment.



                                              10
                                         Conclusion

          Concluding that because Fox filed an appearance and an answer, the trial court had

personal jurisdiction over him and thus correctly denied his objection to jurisdiction, and that

the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying his motion to set aside judgment, we

affirm.

          Affirmed.

BAKER, J., and BRADFORD, J., concur.




                                              11
