                                    2017 IL App (1st) 160999

                                                                              FIRST DIVISION
                                                                                August 21, 2017

No. 1-16-0999


AMALGAMATED TRANSIT UNION,                )
LOCAL 241,                                )
                                          )                        Petition for Review of an
      Petitioner,                         )                        Order of the Illinois Labor
                                          )                        Relations Board Local Panel
v.                                        )
                                          )                        Labor Relations Board
THE ILLINOIS LABOR RELATIONS BOARD, LOCAL )                        Local Panel
PANEL and THE CHICAGO TRANSIT AUTHORITY, )                         No. L-CA-14-022
                                          )
      Respondents.                        )


       JUSTICE MIKVA delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Presiding Justice Connors and Justice Harris concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                            OPINION

¶1     The Amalgamated Transit Union, Local 241 (Union), brought an unfair labor practice

charge against the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) for violating the parties’ collective

bargaining agreement and failing to bargain with the Union when the CTA implemented an open

fare payment collection system, known as Ventra. The Ventra contract resulted in the CTA

eliminating Union positions and subcontracting what had been Union jobs to a private company.

The Illinois Labor Relations Board (Board) dismissed the unfair labor practice complaint as it

pertained to the subcontracting of Union jobs as untimely because the charge was not filed

within six months of the date that the Union received a copy of a request for proposals (RFP) for

Ventra from the CTA. The Board then dismissed the rest of the complaint because it determined

that the elimination of Union positions was not a mandatory subject of bargaining. The Union

appealed the Board’s decision to this court directly.

¶2     In our original decision, issued on March 27, 2017, we rejected the Board’s finding that
No. 1-16-0999

the subcontracting charge was untimely. We held that the Union’s charge as to subcontracting

was timely filed and remanded to the Board for further consideration of the merits of that charge,

as well as reconsideration of the charge on the elimination of Union positions.

¶3      On August 9, 2017, we granted petitions for rehearing filed by the CTA and the Board.

On reconsideration of the issues in this case, we realize that our initial decision overlooked the

possibility that the Union’s charge on subcontracting may have been untimely, even though the

RFP did not trigger the time to file a charge. We now remand to the Board to further consider the

timeliness of that claim and for other consideration as outlined in this opinion.

¶4                                       BACKGROUND

¶5                                    A. The Stipulated Facts

¶6      The following facts are part of the stipulated record agreed to by both the Union and the

CTA for its hearing before an administrative law judge (ALJ).

¶7                           1. The Collective Bargaining Agreements

¶8      The Union and the CTA were parties to a collective bargaining agreement with a term of

January 1, 2007, through December 31, 2011. Article II, section 2.7, of that agreement provided,

in pertinent part:

                       “2.7 SUBCONTRACTING The Authority shall not subcontract or assign

                to others work which is normally and regularly performed by employees within

                the collective bargaining unit of Local 241, except in cases of emergency when

                the work or service required cannot be performed by the available complement of

                unit members. The Authority reserves the right to continue its present practice of

                contracting out certain work of the nature and type contracted out in the past.”

The 2007-11 collective bargaining agreement also provided for a “grievance procedure


                                                -2­
No. 1-16-0999

culminating in final and binding arbitration.”

¶9     In December 2012, the Union and the CTA signed a tentative agreement for a successor

collective bargaining agreement with a stated term from January 1, 2012, through December 31,

2015. The tentative agreement was ratified by both the Union’s membership and the Chicago

Transit Board that same month. It did not alter the language of article II, section 2.7, as it

appeared in the 2007-11 collective bargaining agreement and also provided for a “grievance

procedure culminating in final and binding arbitration.”

¶ 10                      2. The Open Fare Payment Collection System

¶ 11   According to the stipulated record, beginning in 2009, Chicago newspapers published

articles about the development of “a single smart card” for use on the CTA, Pace suburban bus

lines, and the Metra commuter rail system. In a press release issued on August 12, 2009, the

CTA stated that the transition to the new system “would save the CTA in money now used to

issue fare media and manage the fare payment and collection system.” The CTA explained that

the project would have two phases, stating:

                “The first phase of the procurement process will examine the CTA’s options for

                developing the card—considering possible procedures, management and cost of

                the program. After reviewing these proposals and developing a final plan, the

                second phase will give companies the opportunity to submit proposals for the

                actual implementation of the program.”

The CTA concluded that it expected “to complete the two-step RFP process and begin the


transition to an open fare system [the following] summer.” Later that same month, on August 24,


the CTA issued its RFP for the first phase of the project.


¶ 12   On September 28, 2010, the CTA issued a press release, published on its website, stating



                                                 -3­
No. 1-16-0999

that it was “preparing the next phase of its move toward an open fare payment [collection]

system” and that, on that day, it was “issuing a Request for Proposal *** on the design,

implementation, and operation of an open fare [payment] collection system.” In its press release,

the CTA also indicated that during the “first phase of the bid process, [it] received initial

proposals from 12 private sector teams interested in partnering with the agency on the design,

implementation, and operation of an open fare payment collection system.”

¶ 13   The CTA’s follow-up RFP, titled “Request for Proposals (RFP) Step Two to Provide an

Open Fare Payment Collection System,” is the RFP that the CTA forwarded to the Union and

that the Board found triggered the statute of limitations. The RFP cover page indicated that the

CTA was “seeking proposals for the subject project” and that proposals would be accepted until

November 5, 2010. The RFP itself was 190 pages and attached 24 appendices totaling over 300

additional pages. Page 23 of the RFP stated, in relevant part, that to achieve its business goals:

                “CTA requires that the Contractor propose a business, technical, and operating

                solution that would design, finance, acquire, implement, certify, operate,

                maintain, repair, upgrade, and replace a fully operational [open fare payment

                collection system], according to the business and technical criteria. Upon full

                implementation of the [system], *** the Contractor will have full responsibility

                for successful operation, maintenance, repair and replacement of the [system]

                including the provision of all required support functions needed to meet the

                Performance Standards.”

The CTA further indicated on page 23 of the RFP that the contractor would supply support

functions for the system, including the “[p]rocessing of all payments, electronic and cash, due to

CTA from the [system].”


                                                -4­
No. 1-16-0999

¶ 14   On September 29, 2010, the CTA’s then-vice president of human relations, Robert

Gierut, mailed a copy of the RFP to the then-president of the Union, Darrell Jefferson. In his

letter, Mr. Gierut simply stated that he was “confirm[ing] transmittal of a copy of the *** RFP

for [Mr. Jefferson’s] review” and that Mr. Jefferson should “feel free to contact the Project

Manager” with any questions about the RFP.

¶ 15               3. Ventra Implementation and Elimination of Union Jobs

¶ 16   In July 2011, Public Act 97-85 was enacted, amending section 2.04 of the Regional

Transportation Authority Act (70 ILCS 3615/2.04 (West 2010)) to require that the CTA “develop

and implement a regional fare payment system” by January 1, 2015. Pub. Act 97-85, § 10 (eff.

July 7, 2011).

¶ 17   The Chicago Transit Board enacted ordinance No. 011-143 in November 2011, stating

that it had “identified Cubic Transportation Systems Chicago, Inc. as the contractor whose

proposal best meets the [CTA]’s requirements to provide the [open fare payment collection

system].” Chicago Transit Board Ordinance No. 011-143 (approved Nov. 15, 2011). The

ordinance authorized the CTA to enter into a contract with Cubic Transportation Systems. Id.

¶ 18   At the same time, the CTA issued a press release about the ordinance, stating that it had

“approved an agreement to implement a new, open standards based fare-collection system” and

that it had “awarded the $454 million contract to Cubic Transportation Systems.” The Chicago

Tribune also ran an article that day about the expected approval of the “$454 million, 12-year

contract for a new fare-collection system.” Jon Hilkevitch, CTA plan would let riders pay fares

with credit cards, Chi. Trib. (Nov. 15, 2011), http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-11­

15/news/ct-met-cta-fares-1115-20111115_1_chicago-cards-cubic-transportation-systems­

prepaid-cards.


                                             -5­
No. 1-16-0999

¶ 19   Subsequently, the CTA announced in a press release that Pace would also be taking part

in the new fare payment collection system and had joined the contract with Cubic Transportation

Systems. In a September 2012 press release, the CTA and Pace “unveiled Ventra™,” the system

being implemented by Cubic Transportation Systems, which the press release described as “a

new fare payment system that will provide CTA and Pace customers with a new and more

convenient way to pay for train and bus rides.” The CTA also stated that transition to the new

system for both the CTA and Pace was expected to begin in the summer of 2013, with a system-

wide implementation expected by 2014. In the spring and summer of 2013, the CTA held a

public hearing and issued another press release about Ventra on its website.

¶ 20   Ventra became operational in September 2013, and on September 4, 2013, “the CTA for

the first time informed the Union that it would be eliminating *** 8 classifications” including

“Cashier, Revenue Collector, Fare Media Operations Clerk, Student Riding Pass Representative,

Treasury Clerk, Money Handler II, Money Handler IV, and Vault Service Clerk.” Those

classifications encompassed “24 bargaining unit positions.” Since September 4, 2013, the duties

previously performed by the Union personnel in those 24 positions have been performed by non-

Union personnel.

¶ 21   On September 11, 2013, the CTA Committee on Finance, Audit and Budget and the

Chicago Transit Board approved the elimination of the eight classifications and the elimination

of the associated 24 bargaining unit positions. That same day, the Chicago Transit Board enacted

ordinance No. 013-128 (Chicago Transit Authority Ordinance No. 013-128 (approved Sept. 11,

2013)), which authorized the elimination of those 24 positions, and the CTA informed the 24

affected employees that their positions were to be eliminated. The Union was given no

opportunity to bargain with the CTA about this decision. Although the employees whose


                                              -6­
No. 1-16-0999

positions were eliminated did not ultimately lose employment, “those employees were subject to

a loss of pay, changes in work location and schedule, and a loss of seniority rights as it related to

picking schedules and vacations in the different classifications.”

¶ 22                             B. The Unfair Labor Practice Charge

¶ 23   The Union filed its initial unfair labor practice charge with the Board on September 18,

2013, alleging that the CTA engaged in an unfair labor practice when it informed the Union that

“bargaining unit jobs were being ‘abolished’ as a result of its decision to sub-contract certain fare

revenue operations.” According to the Union, in taking this action, the CTA failed to provide an

opportunity for bargaining over the decision and unilaterally altered “the terms and conditions of

bargaining unit members.” The Union also alleged that the CTA had “failed and refused to

bargain over notices and procedures by which members affected by the abolishments can utilize

their [collective bargaining agreement] rights to bump into other positions,” had “failed to

provide an opportunity to arbitrate the contractual issues,” and had taken the above actions in

retaliation against the Union.

¶ 24   On April 30, 2014, the executive director of the Board issued a “Complaint for Hearing”

(complaint) based on the Union’s charge. The complaint alleged that with the introduction of the

Ventra system, the CTA subcontracted Union work to an outside vendor. It also alleged that the

introduction of the Ventra system resulted in the CTA abolishing the positions of 24 Union

members. The complaint alleged a violation of sections 10(a)(1) and (4) of the Illinois Public

Labor Relations Act (Act) (5 ILCS 315/10(a)(1), (a)(4) (West 2012)) because these actions were

taken without adequate notice to the Union and a meaningful opportunity to bargain. In January

2015, the parties filed a stipulated record for the hearing before the ALJ. There was no testimony

taken at the hearing.


                                                -7­
No. 1-16-0999

¶ 25    The complaint also alleged a violation of section 10(a)(2) of the Act (5 ILCS

315/10(a)(2) (West 2012)), prohibiting discrimination, and a violation based on the CTA’s

refusal to arbitrate a Union grievance over subcontracting. These two allegations are not at issue

in this appeal.

¶ 26                         C. The Decisions of the ALJ and the Board

¶ 27    In July 2015, the ALJ issued her “Recommended Decision and Order” (recommended

decision), finding that (1) the Union’s charge with respect to the CTA subcontracting was

untimely because the six-month limitations period was triggered when, on September 29, 2010,

the CTA’s vice president of human relations mailed a copy of the RFP to the president of the

Union and a charge was not filed until September 18, 2013, and (2) the Union’s charge with

respect to the elimination of bargaining unit positions was without merit because the CTA did

not have an obligation to bargain on that issue. In March 2016, the Board adopted the ALJ’s

recommended decision with a slight modification that is not relevant to the issues on appeal and,

in April 2016, the Union filed its petition for review in this court.

¶ 28                                       JURISDICTION

¶ 29    The Board issued and served its final administrative decision on March 11, 2016. The

Union timely filed the present appeal on April 15, 2016, within 35 days as permitted by section

11(e) of the Act (5 ILCS 315/11(e) (West 2014)). Accordingly, this court has jurisdiction over

this direct appeal from the Board’s ruling pursuant to that section, as well as section 3-113 of the

Administrative Review Law (735 ILCS 5/3-113 (West 2014)) and Illinois Supreme Court Rule

335 (Ill. S. Ct. R. 335 (eff. Jan. 1, 2016)).




                                                 -8­
No. 1-16-0999

¶ 30                                       ANALYSIS

¶ 31                                   A. Standard of Review

¶ 32   Our review of the Board’s decision is governed by the Administrative Review Law (735

ILCS 5/3-101 et seq. (West 2014)). Clerk of the Circuit Court of Lake County v. Illinois Labor

Relations Board, State Panel, 2016 IL App (2d) 150849, ¶ 25. There is a threshold legal issue as

to whether an employer’s request for proposals from third parties in reference to performing

bargaining unit work can trigger the time to file an unfair labor practice charge for

subcontracting that work. On this legal issue our review is de novo. Samour, Inc. v. Board of

Election Commissioners of the City of Chicago, 224 Ill. 2d 530, 542 (2007); see also Michels v.

Illinois Labor Relations Board, 2012 IL App (4th) 110612, ¶ 37 (“ ‘The application of a statute

of limitations period is a question of law, which we review de novo.’ ” (quoting Travelers

Casualty & Surety Co. v. Bowman, 229 Ill. 2d 461, 466 (2008))).

¶ 33   On the other issues in this case our standard of review is whether the Board’s decision

was clearly erroneous, requiring the application of undisputed facts in the stipulated record to

statutory standards. Cinkus v. Village of Stickney Municipal Officers Electoral Board, 228 Ill. 2d

200, 211 (2008). As our supreme court has made clear, a decision of an administrative agency is

clearly erroneous “only where the reviewing court, on the entire record, is left with the definite

and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

AFM Messenger Service, Inc. v. Department of Employment Security, 198 Ill. 2d 380, 395

(2001). However, this deferential standard does not mean that “a reviewing court must blindly

defer to the agency’s decision.” Id.

¶ 34                           B. The Unfair Labor Practice Charge

¶ 35   The complaint filed based on the Union’s unfair labor practice charge alleged that the


                                               -9­
No. 1-16-0999

CTA violated sections 10(a)(1) and (4) of the Act. 5 ILCS 315/10(a)(1), (a)(4) (West 2012). In

order to prove a violation of section 10(a)(1), a charging party must establish, by a

preponderance of the evidence, that the employer engaged in conduct that reasonably tends to

interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees in the free exercise of their rights under the Act.

5 ILCS 315/10(a)(1) (West 2012). Under section 10(a)(4) of the Act, it is an unfair labor practice

for a public employer or its agents “to refuse to bargain collectively in good faith with a labor

organization which is the exclusive representative of public employees in an appropriate unit.”

5 ILCS 315/10(a)(4) (West 2012). If the public employer fails to bargain, it violates not only its

duty under section 10(a)(4) but, derivatively, it also violates its duty under section 10(a)(1) of the

Act. Wheaton Firefighters Union, Local 3706 v. Illinois Labor Relations Board, State Panel,

2016 IL App (2d) 160105, ¶ 15. A public employer also violates its obligation to bargain in good

faith, and therefore sections 10(a)(1) and (4) of the Act, when it makes a unilateral change in a

mandatory subject of bargaining without granting notice and an opportunity to bargain with its

employees’ exclusive bargaining representative. See Central City Education Ass’n, IEA/NEA v.

Illinois Educational Labor Relations Board, 149 Ill. 2d 496, 522 (1992).

¶ 36    The two issues on appeal are (1) whether the Union’s charge was timely filed as to the

CTA’s decision to subcontract bargaining unit work and (2) whether the CTA’s decision to

eliminate 24 bargaining unit positions was a mandatory subject of bargaining. We consider each

issue in turn.

¶ 37                     1. Timeliness of the Charge as to Subcontracting

¶ 38    We first consider the timeliness of the Union’s charge alleging that the CTA violated the

Act by unilaterally transferring bargaining unit work and repudiated the parties’ agreement by

subcontracting that work out to a third party. The Board ruled that these claims were untimely


                                                - 10 ­
No. 1-16-0999

because the six-month limitations period was triggered when the CTA sent a copy of the second

stage RFP to the Union’s president on September 29, 2010, and the Union did not file its charge

until September 18, 2013. The Union argues that sending it a copy of the RFP was insufficient to

trigger the statutory time period for filing a charge. We agree with the Union, as we did in our

initial decision, that sending an RFP is not sufficient to trigger the time to file a charge. But

based on the arguments put forth by the CTA and the Board in their petitions for rehearing, we

now recognize that the time to file the charge could have been triggered sometime after the RFP

was sent in November 2010 but before the CTA informed the Union that it would be eliminating

Union positions in September 2013. We remand to the Board for further consideration as to the

timeliness of this charge and for consideration of the merits of this charge, if it was timely filed.

¶ 39                        a. Sufficiency of the RFP to Trigger Notice

¶ 40   Section 11 of the Act provides that, whenever an unfair labor practice is charged, “the

Board *** shall conduct an investigation of the charge” “provided that no complaint shall issue

based upon any unfair labor practice occurring more than six months prior to the filing of a

charge with the Board.” (Emphasis added.) 5 ILCS 315/11(a) (West 2012).

¶ 41   We have recognized that the six-month filing period begins to run “when the charging

party learns or has notice of the actions which constitute the alleged unfair labor practice.”

Chicago Joint Board, Local 200 v. Illinois Labor Relations Board, 2011 IL App (1st) 101497,

¶ 22. The RFP, which is what the Board found triggered the charge here, was not an action that

was alleged to be an “unfair labor practice.” There is no prohibition in the collective bargaining

agreement on soliciting proposals from outside contractors and thus no requirement that the CTA

bargain before it solicits bids. In finding that the RFP triggered the time to file a charge, the

Board relied on our recognition that the time for filing an unfair labor practice can be triggered


                                                - 11 ­
No. 1-16-0999

before a violation has actually occurred, when “the aggrieved party becomes aware, or should

become aware, of a change in personnel policy that is ‘unambiguously announced.’ ” Water Pipe

Extension v. City of Chicago, 206 Ill. App. 3d 63, 68 (1990) (quoting Wapella Education Ass’n,

IEA-NEA v. Illinois Educational Labor Relations Board, 177 Ill. App. 3d 153, 168 (1988)).

However, we find that the Board erred in concluding that the RFP was an “unambiguous

announcement” that the CTA was going to subcontract Union work.

¶ 42    The question of whether the issuance of an RFP is the “unambiguous announcement”

required to trigger the statute of limitations for filing a charge is, as the parties recognize, an

issue of first impression both for the Board and for this court. For the reasons that follow, we

find that it is not and that, in ruling otherwise, the Board erred in its legal determination of what

is sufficient to trigger the statute of limitations under the Act.

¶ 43    The ALJ stated in her recommended decision, which the Board adopted, that “[a]s a

general matter, an employer’s notice to a union that it seeks to solicit bids from contractors to

perform bargaining unit work constitutes an unambiguous announcement of an allegedly

unlawful transfer of unit work out of the unit” (citing Manhasset Educational Support Personnel

Ass’n, 41 PERB ¶ 3005 (N.Y. Pub. Emp’t Relations Bd. 2008)). The ALJ and the Board relied

on two decisions from New York, which viewed an RFP as sufficient to trigger the statute of

limitations for filing an unfair labor practice charge so long as that RFP appeared to be a genuine

request by the employer to solicit bids from third parties to take over union work.

¶ 44    In Manhasset, the New York Public Employment Relations Board (New York PERB)

held that a union’s time for filing its charge against a school district was not triggered by the

school district’s commencement of a bid solicitation process for “the possible outsourcing” of

the school district’s program for transporting students. Id. The New York PERB noted that, six


                                                 - 12 ­
No. 1-16-0999

years previously, the school district had solicited bids but decided against subcontracting and,

instead, decided to “ ‘check the market every four or five years’ in order to determine whether it

should modify the means of delivering student transportation services.” Id.

¶ 45   The New York PERB in Manhasset distinguished In re Board of Education of Union-

Endicott Central School District, 681 N.Y.S.2d 391 (App. Div. 1998). There, the court held that

the unfair labor practice claim at issue accrued when a school district began soliciting bids for

bargaining unit work because “[a]t that point (to the extent that it ever could be), the damage to

the union employees was readily ascertainable.” Union-Endicott, 681 N.Y.S.2d at 394.

¶ 46   The ALJ in this case found that “the CTA established no pattern of declining to

subcontract after soliciting bids, such that the solicitation of bids would be inadequate notice of

the CTA’s decision to subcontract.” The Board adopted the ALJ’s recommended decision on this

point. That decision, following the New York cases, began with the premise that a union’s

awareness that an employer has issued an RFP is sufficient to trigger the time to file a charge

unless, as in Manhasset, there are circumstances to suggest that the employer is simply

“checking the market” and is not genuinely intending to subcontract union work.

¶ 47   In response to the New York cases, the Union in this case relied on California School

Employees    Ass’n,    Decision    No.   1440     (Cal.   Pub.   Emp’t    Relations   Bd.    2001),

http://www.perb.ca.gov/decisionbank/pdfs/1440.pdf (Lucia Mar), where the California Public

Employment Relations Board (California PERB) held that an RFP did not trigger the statute of

limitations. The ALJ in Lucia Mar noted in his decision, which was adopted by the California

PERB, that “[a]t the same time the board approved the RFP, it also created the new Ad Hoc

Committee ‘to study the pros and cons of contract busing.’ ” Id., app. at 25 (Proposed Decision).

The Union insisted to the Board and insists to this court that such facts are likewise present here.


                                                - 13 ­
No. 1-16-0999

Specifically, the Union points out that, in the RFP, the CTA stated that it reserved the right to

“accept or reject any or all Proposals” and to “refuse to enter into any Agreement resulting from

any Proposal submitted.”

¶ 48   On appeal before this court, the Board urges us to adopt the rule followed in New York

and points out that, in contrast to the situation in Manhasset and Lucia Mar, there is no history in

this case demonstrating that the CTA’s RFP was not intended to be a true solicitation of bids or

that the CTA was simply checking the market and had not yet made a final decision to

subcontract. The Board makes a policy argument that, if a union were able to wait until the

employer actually implements its decision to subcontract by awarding the contract, the parties

would lose any opportunity to meaningfully discuss cost-saving alternatives to outsourcing after

an unfair labor practice charge has been filed but before a contract has been awarded.

¶ 49   However, we reject the Board’s premise that the solicitation of bids is an unambiguous

announcement that the employer is going to violate a prohibition on subcontracting union work.

As the cases cited by both parties show, an employer may or may not actually award a contract

after soliciting proposals. In two of the three cases cited by the parties, the boards looked to

surrounding circumstances and determined that the RFP did not mean that the employer was

actually going to enter into a contract. See Manhasset, 41 PERB ¶ 3005 (“In the present case, the

Associations claim *** did not accrue from the commencement of the bid solicitation process

*** based on the conduct of the District” in, for example, soliciting bids but ultimately declining

to subcontract six years prior); Lucia Mar, Decision No. 1440, app. at 25 (Proposed Decision)

(noting various actions taken by the board at the same time it approved the issuance of an RFP

and concluding the RFP “was merely the start of the fact-finding process, not an indication of a

final decision made by the board”). Surrounding circumstances are exactly what courts look at to


                                               - 14 ­
No. 1-16-0999

resolve ambiguities. Cf., Thompson v. Gordon, 241 Ill. 2d 428, 441 (2011) (noting that, in

interpreting a contract, extrinsic evidence may be considered when the language of the contract

is facially ambiguous); Gillespie Community Unit School District No. 7, Macoupin County,

Illinois v. Union Pacific R.R. Co., 2015 IL App (4th) 140877, ¶ 91 (the extrinsic evidence to be

considered includes the “surrounding circumstances” at the time the contract was executed).

While the surrounding circumstances in this case may well support the Board’s determination

that here the RFP was a genuine step toward entering into a subcontract for Ventra, the need to

look at such circumstances demonstrates that the RFP itself was not an “unambiguous

announcement” that subcontracting would occur.

¶ 50   As we did in our original decision, we reject the Union’s argument that the decision to

subcontract must actually be implemented in order to trigger the time to file a charge. As we

recognized long ago in Wapella, a decision by the employer that the union alleges is an unfair

labor practice does not need to have been implemented before the time is triggered to file a

charge. Rather, the limitations period can begin to run when the employer’s decision is

“unambiguously announced,” and this may be before the decision is implemented. Wapella, 177

Ill. App. 3d at 168. But nothing in Wapella or in the cases following it suggests that the statute of

limitations is triggered when the “announcement” is something other than an express statement

by the employer that it is going to take an action that the union believes violates the collective

bargaining agreement.

¶ 51   In Wapella, the court agreed with the Illinois Education Labor Relations Board’s

conclusion that the time for the union to file its charge was triggered when a school district

announced it would no longer grant teachers credit on the salary schedule for teaching

experience in other districts. Id. As the court explained, “the claimed unfair labor practice is the


                                               - 15 ­
No. 1-16-0999

unilateral change in policy not its application to particular individuals per se.” Id.

¶ 52   Since our decision in Wapella, the Board has ruled that the time to file a charge was

triggered when an employer unambiguously announced to a union president that it would

terminate employees who lacked a newly required license. Service Employees International

Union, Local 73, 32 PERI ¶ 68 (ILRB Local Panel 2015). The Board has also relied on Wapella

to find that the statute of limitations for filing a charge was triggered when an employer

expressly advised a union that union members would be terminated on a specific future date.

North Riverside Fire Fighters, Local 2714, 33 PERI ¶ 33 (ILRB State Panel 2016). Both of these

cases involved statements by the employer that it had decided to take an action that was alleged

by the union to require bargaining under the Act.

¶ 53   The RFP that the Board relies on in this case did not announce a decision by the

employer to subcontract Union work. What the CTA “announced” was that it was soliciting

proposals from third parties to do that work. Soliciting proposals from third parties to do Union

work is not a violation of the collective bargaining agreement. While the RFP might have been

strong evidence that the CTA intended to award a contract to a third party to do Union work, the

RFP itself did not unambiguously proclaim that to be the case. The Board’s decision in this case

that the subcontracting charge was untimely rested on a mistaken notion of what the employer

needs to “announce” in order to trigger the statute of limitations.

¶ 54   Requiring explicit notice that a decision has been made protects the unions, the Board,

and the courts from having to second-guess what an employer’s intentions were when it issued a

request for proposals or solicited bids. Requiring an explicit announcement also avoids any

gamesmanship by an employer who might hope that a union will not recognize that a request for

proposals is intended as the announcement of a decision by the employer to subcontract


                                                - 16 ­
No. 1-16-0999

bargaining unit work. At the same time, once the employer unambiguously and expressly

announces that it intends to subcontract, the union and the employer still could have time to

engage in meaningful negotiations before the employer signs an agreement with a third party.

¶ 55   We recognize that this holding is not consistent with the New York cases relied upon by

the Board. But those cases are not controlling here. See U.S. Residential Management &

Development, LLC v. Head, 397 Ill. App. 3d 156, 164 (2009) (noting that holdings from other

jurisdictions are not binding on this court). In addition, we note that the statute relied upon in the

New York cases is different than the statute that controls in Illinois. Compare N.Y. Educ. Law

§ 3813(1) (McKinney 1992) (expressing the limitations period in terms of the accrual of a claim)

with 5 ILCS 315/11(a) (West 2012) (expressing the limitations period in terms of the occurrence

of an unfair labor practice). Indeed, the court in Union-Endicott expressly relied on the unusual

triggering language in the New York statute as a basis for its decision. Union-Endicott, 681

N.Y.S.2d at 394.

¶ 56                   b. Other Events Triggering the Statute of Limitations

¶ 57   The CTA stressed in its petition for rehearing that the fact that it had awarded a contract

to Cubic to do the Ventra work in November 2011—almost two years before the Union filed its

charge in September 2013—was widely publicized. We recited some of this publicity in our

initial decision, but we did not consider whether this case should have been remanded to the

Board for consideration of whether the Union was on notice that this contract had actually been

awarded more than six months before it filed its unfair labor practice charge. We note that this

issue was not raised by the parties until the CTA filed its petition for rehearing.

¶ 58   The Union contends that we should not consider the CTA’s argument for two reasons:

first, because the CTA forfeited this argument when it chose not to file a brief before this court


                                                - 17 ­
No. 1-16-0999

or participate in oral argument and, second, because the Board already considered and rejected

this “constructive knowledge” trigger for the statute of limitations. We do not find either of these

arguments persuasive.

¶ 59    As the Union points out, under our supreme court rules, both appellees and appellants

forfeit any points not argued in their initial briefs. See Ill. S. Ct. Rs. 341(h)(7) (“Points not

argued [by appellant in the opening brief] are waived and shall not be raised in the reply brief, in

oral argument, or on petition for rehearing.”); 341(i) (requiring that appellee briefs comply with

Rule 341(h)(7)) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013). 1 See also People ex rel. Illinois Department of Labor v.

E.R.H. Enterprises, Inc., 2013 IL 115106, ¶ 56 (“Failure to comply with [Rule 341’s]

requirements results in forfeiture.”).

¶ 60    However, forfeiture is “a limitation on the parties and not on this court, which has a

responsibility to achieve a just result and maintain a sound and uniform body of precedent.”

Pedersen v. Village of Hoffman Estates, 2014 IL App (1st) 123402, ¶ 44. So while we may

disregard this new argument put forth by the CTA on rehearing, we are not required to do so. To

the contrary, we are free to address on rehearing something that we may have “ ‘overlooked or

misapprehended’ in our initial decision.” Getto v. City of Chicago, 392 Ill. App. 3d 232, 237

(2009) (quoting Ill. S. Ct. R. 367(b) (eff. Sept. 1, 2006)). Upon reexamination of this case on

rehearing, we realize that in our initial decision we overlooked the possibility that the Union had

notice that the CTA had actually entered into a contract with Cubic to perform Union work more

        1
          Our supreme court has recognized that waiver and forfeiture are terms that are often used
interchangeably but that “there is a difference”—namely, “[w]hile waiver is the voluntary relinquishment
of a known right, forfeiture is the failure to timely comply with procedural requirements.” (Internal
quotation marks omitted.) People v. Hughes, 2015 IL 117242, ¶ 37. Despite the wording of Rule
341(h)(7), which references “waiver,” our supreme court has, on many occasions, addressed a party’s
failure to comply with Rule 341 as forfeiture. See, e.g., BAC Home Loans Servicing, LP v. Mitchell, 2014
IL 116311, ¶ 23 (“this court has repeatedly held an appellant’s failure to argue a point in the opening brief
results in forfeiture under *** Rule 341(h)(7)”).

                                                   - 18 ­
No. 1-16-0999

than six months before it filed its charge.

¶ 61   We also do not agree with the Union’s suggestion that the ALJ’s recommend decision,

which was adopted by the Board in relevant part, already addressed and rejected this argument.

The Union is correct that the CTA argued to the ALJ in its posthearing brief that “[t]he CTA

publicly announced its contract with Cubic to develop, operate, and maintain the new system in

November 2011.” But the ALJ had no reason to decide whether this was sufficient to trigger the

statute of limitations because she had already determined that the CTA’s transmittal of the RFP

to the Union, on September 29, 2010, was a trigger. She considered the publicity surrounding the

Cubic contract only in reference to the timeliness of the charge on eliminating the specific Union

positions as opposed to the charge on subcontracting Union work. The ALJ found that the RFP

did not trigger the former because the “news articles, press releases, and CTA website postings

d[id] not provide the Union with clear and unambiguous notice of the CTA’s decision to

eliminate bargaining unit positions.” Specifically, the ALJ noted that the publicity did “not

expressly reference CTA employees, *** ma[d]e no mention of particular bargaining unit titles

and *** d[id] not explain that the CTA planned to eliminate employees who performed CTA fair

collection duties.” The ALJ’s recommended decision simply did not address the possibility that

these news items—which, as we noted in our initial decision, specifically stated that “The CTA

awarded the $454 million contract to Cubic Transportation Systems” for a new open fare

payment collection system—were sufficient to put the Union on notice that the CTA had

subcontracted Union work.

¶ 62   Having thus considered and rejected the Union’s two reasons that we should not do so,

we find that the appropriate resolution is for us to remand this cause to the Board to consider in

the first instance, in light of its expertise in this area, when the Union had notice of the contract


                                               - 19 ­
No. 1-16-0999

between the CTA and Cubic, and whether that date made the Union’s charge untimely in

reference to subcontracting. In the event that the Board determines this charge to be timely, it

should then consider the merits of the Union’s charge as to subcontracting.

¶ 63                     2. The Elimination of Bargaining Unit Positions

¶ 64   We now turn to the Union’s charge that the CTA committed an unfair labor practice by

eliminating 24 Union positions without providing the Union with notice and an opportunity to

bargain. The Board found the charge was timely with respect to this issue because the trigger for

the limitations period did not occur until the 24 bargaining unit employees were notified that

their positions were eliminated on September 11, 2013, just one week before the charge was

filed. But the Board also adopted the ALJ’s ruling that eliminating these positions was not a

mandatory subject of bargaining and that the CTA was therefore entitled to eliminate these

positions without providing the Union with either prior notice or an opportunity to bargain.

¶ 65   In making this determination, the ALJ used the three-part test from Central City:

                       “The first part of the test requires a determination of whether the matter is

                one of wages, hours and terms and conditions of employment. This is a question

                that the [board] is uniquely qualified to answer, given its experience and

                understanding of bargaining in education labor relations. If the answer to this

                question is no, the inquiry ends and the employer is under no duty to bargain.

                       If the answer to the first question is yes, then the second question is asked:

                Is the matter also one of inherent managerial authority? If the answer to the

                second question is no, then the analysis stops and the matter is a mandatory

                subject of bargaining. If the answer is yes, then the hybrid situation discussed in

                section 4 exists: the matter is within the inherent managerial authority of the


                                               - 20 ­
No. 1-16-0999

                employer and it also affects wages, hours and terms and conditions of

                employment.

                       At this point in the analysis, the [board] should balance the benefits that

                bargaining will have on the decisionmaking process with the burdens that

                bargaining imposes on the employer’s authority. Which issues are mandatory, and

                which are not, will be very fact-specific questions, which the [board] is eminently

                qualified to resolve.” Central City, 149 Ill. 2d at 523.

¶ 66   The ALJ first found, and both parties agree, that eliminating those Union positions was a

matter “of wages, hours and terms of conditions of employment.” Although the CTA rescinded

its initial decision to terminate the 24 employees whose positions were impacted, instead

transferring them to other positions, those employees lost pay and seniority rights, and their work

locations and schedules changed. The employees’ wages, hours, and the terms and conditions of

their employment were clearly impacted.

¶ 67   In response to the second Central City question, the ALJ found that eliminating those

positions was a matter of “inherent managerial authority” because it was a part of the CTA’s

broader decision to bring about a legitimate reorganization and, more specifically, because the

Ventra program was a change in the nature or essence of the services that the CTA provides. The

Union, however, disputes this finding on several bases.

¶ 68   First, the Union argues that the CTA waived any right to claim that it has inherent

managerial authority to subcontract because it agreed to section 2.7 of the parties’ collective

bargaining agreement, which states that the CTA will “not subcontract or assign to others work

which is normally and regularly performed by employees within the collective bargain unit,”

except in cases of emergency. The ALJ did not address this argument in her recommended


                                                - 21 ­
No. 1-16-0999

decision, the Board did not address it in its decision, and the Board barely addresses this

argument on appeal, except to argue that any claim about subcontracting was not timely filed. As

we held in our initial decision, we believe that the Board is better equipped than we are to

address this waiver argument in the first instance and should do so on remand.

¶ 69   The Union also challenges the Board’s determination that the CTA’s decision to

eliminate positions was “a matter of inherent managerial authority because it was part of the

CTA’s broader decision to effect a legitimate reorganization” as clearly erroneous. We will

address this argument because it is likely to reoccur on remand. See Central City, 149 Ill. 2d at

524 (“Issues have been raised in these causes which are likely to reappear on remand, and in the

interest of judicial economy the court will examine them now.”).

¶ 70   In order to establish that an employer’s action was a legitimate reorganization and, as

such, a matter of inherent managerial authority, that employer must show:

                “(1) that its organizational structure has been fundamentally altered; (2) that the

                nature or essence of the services provided has been substantially changed; or

                (3) that the nature and essence of a position has been substantively altered such

                that the occupants of that position no longer have the same qualifications, perform

                the same functions, or have the same purpose or focus as had the previous

                employees.” American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees,

                Council 31, 17 PERI ¶ 2046 (ISLRB 2001).

“Absent such a basic or substantial change to the Employer’s organizational structure or services

provided, or to a fundamental essence of a position, we will not find an employer’s decision a

matter of inherent managerial authority.” Id.

¶ 71   The ALJ agreed with the Union that the CTA met neither the first nor the third part of the


                                                - 22 ­
No. 1-16-0999

test. She noted that the simple elimination of titles that performed related duties, while the rest of

the organization remained unchanged, did not constitute a fundamental alteration of the

organizational structure (citing American Federation of State, County & Municipal Employees,

Council 31, 28 PERI ¶ 67 (ILRB, State Panel 2011) and Peoria Firefighters Ass’n, Local 544, 3

PERI ¶ 2025 (ISLRB 1987)). In addition, she observed that the CTA did not make substantive

alterations to any positions “because both the eliminated positions and the successor positions

perform fare collection duties” and, accordingly, the installation of the new fare collection

equipment was irrelevant (citing Teamsters, Local Union No. 714, 12 PERI ¶ 3021 (ILLRB

1996)).

¶ 72      With respect to the second part of the test for determining whether an employer’s action

was a legitimate reorganization, however, the ALJ found that the CTA did substantially change

the nature or essence of the services it provides and that eliminating the 24 positions was a part

of that change. As she stated in her recommended decision, “[a]n employer changes the nature

and essence of its services when it alters the manner in which it communicates with the public

and changes the way it provides its existing services” (citing American Federation of State,

County & Municipal Employees, Council 31, 29 PERI ¶ 162 (ILRB State Panel 2013)). The ALJ

observed that, here, the CTA changed the services it provides to the public because the new

system “increas[ed] the ease with which customers paid for their fares and entered its mass

transit system” by “allow[ing] customers to pay for fares using credit/debit cards instead of

relying on CTA issued tickets, and permit[ing] ‘tap and go’ entrance to CTA mass transit instead

of requiring customers to slip their cards into card readers.” She noted that the “CTA effectuated

these improvements to its services by delegating the entire fare collection process *** to an

outside contractor and, in turn, eliminating the unit positions that performed fare collection under


                                                - 23 ­
No. 1-16-0999

the antiquated system.” The ALJ concluded that, based on the above, the CTA had

“fundamentally changed the way it provided *** mass transit services to its customers,” and

therefore the CTA showed that its action was a legitimate reorganization and a matter of inherent

managerial authority. See American Federation of State, County & Municipal Employees,

Council 31, 17 PERI ¶ 2046 (ISLRB 2001). The ALJ’s conclusions and reasoning on this subject

were adopted by the Board.

¶ 73   We do not find these conclusions or this reasoning to be clearly erroneous. The Union

argues that the ALJ was incorrect in her conclusion that Ventra represented a change because it

allowed customers to enter the system more rapidly via a “tap and go” process, insisting that the

CTA’s prior fare system already provided for “tap and go.” In support of its argument, the Union

cites a newspaper article that says “tap and go” existed before Ventra, which does not convince

us that the ALJ’s finding was “clearly erroneous.” Moreover, even if, as the Union argues, the

only change brought by Ventra was moving from a “closed” system, which only allowed

customers to access the CTA, to the “open” Ventra system, which allows customers, through a

single card, to pay their fares and access the metropolitan mass transit system, including

suburban bus lines and regional commuter rail, this change would be sufficient to support the

ALJ’s conclusion that there was a “legitimate and significant change” in the services the CTA

provided. As such, it was not clearly erroneous for her to find that the CTA was exercising

inherent managerial authority when it eliminated the 24 positions as part of bringing in Ventra.

Therefore, unless the Board finds on remand that the CTA has waived any managerial authority

over this issue, it must proceed to the third part of the Central City test in which it balances the

benefits that bargaining will have on the decision making process with the burdens that

bargaining imposes on the employer’s authority.


                                               - 24 ­
No. 1-16-0999

¶ 74   The ALJ’s application of the third part of the Central City test in this case rested, in


significant part, on her belief that “[t]he usual benefits of bargaining over the elimination of unit 


positions do not exist in this case where the CTA’s action is simply the final step of a broader


change that the Union failed to timely protest.” Although this made sense in the context of her


recommended decision, if, on remand, the Board finds that the Union’s protest was in fact timely


as to subcontracting, this analysis must be reexamined.


¶ 75                                      CONCLUSION


¶ 76   In sum, the time for filing the charge in reference to subcontracting was not triggered by


the RFP. For the reasons set forth in this opinion, the Board is directed on remand to consider


whether the time to file was otherwise triggered more than six months before the date that the


charge was filed. If the Board finds that the subcontracting charge was timely, the Board is


directed to consider the merits of that charge. The Board is further directed to reconsider its


determination that the elimination of positions was not a mandatory subject of bargaining by


addressing the Union’s argument that the CTA waived its rights on this issue, and by applying 


the balancing aspect of the Central City test in the context of a timely filed subcontracting 


charge, if it finds that the subcontracting charge was timely filed.


¶ 77   For the foregoing reasons, we set aside the decision of the Board and remand for further


proceedings consistent with this opinion.


¶ 78   Set aside and remanded.





                                                - 25 ­
