                                                                             FILED
                                                                United States Court of Appeals
                                                                        Tenth Circuit

                                                                        August 9, 2013
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                    Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                    TENTH CIRCUIT                       Clerk of Court



 ROBERT G. WING, as Receiver for
 VesCor Capital Corp. and VesCor Capital,
 Inc., Nevada corporations, VesCorp
 Capital LLC, VesCorp Capital IV-A,
 LLC, and VesCorp Capital IV-M, LLC,
 Nevada limited liability companies, and
 their related entities,

           Plaintiff-Appellee,
 v.                                                           No. 12-4123
 BERNARD C. BUCHANAN;                               (D.C. No. 2:08-CV-00803-DB)
 BERNARDO’S CORPORATION, a                                    (D. Utah)
 Nevada corporation; BUCHANAN
 FAMILY TRUST; B&I BUCHANAN
 FAMILY LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, a
 Nevada limited partnership; BUCHANAN
 FAMILY LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, a
 Nevada limited partnership; BUCK
 INVESTMENTS, LLC; BAKI, LLC,

           Defendants-Appellants.



                                 ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before BRISCOE, Chief Judge, BRORBY, Senior Circuit Judge, and MURPHY,
Circuit Judge.




       *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
       Defendants1 appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment that holds them

jointly and severally liable for millions of dollars of fraudulent transfers received from an

alleged Ponzi scheme. We reverse and remand, concluding that the applicable statute of

limitations may bar the receiver from recovering some of these transfers.

                                              I

       Factual Background

       This is the latest in a series of cases that stem from the collapse of VesCor

Capital.2 The receiver appointed by the district court, Robert G. Wing, alleges that

VesCor was a Ponzi scheme. He has sought to recover as fraudulent transfers payments

VesCor made to investors.

       Buchanan is one of those investors. Although the exact amounts are in dispute,

Wing asserts Buchanan invested nearly $21 million individually and through entities he

controlled. VesCor paid out more than $27 million to those same entities.

       Procedural History

       VesCor Capital Inc. filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in Utah on May 30, 2007.

Chapter 11 Voluntary Petition, In re VesCor Capital Inc., No. 07-22435 (Bankr. D. Utah

       1
          The full list of named defendants includes: Bernard C. Buchanan, an individual;
Bernardo’s Corporation, a Nevada corporation; Buchanan Family Trust; B&I Buchanan
Family Limited Partnership, a Nevada limited partnership; Buchanan Family Limited
Partnership, a Nevada limited partnership; Buck Investments, LLC, a Nevada limited
liability company; BAKI, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company.
       2
        See Wing v. Gillis, No. 12-4071, 2013 WL 2169321 (10th Cir. May 21, 2013)
(unpublished); Wing v. Dockstader, 482 F. App’x 361 (10th Cir. 2012) (unpublished);
SEC v. Vescor Capital Corp., 599 F.3d 1189 (10th Cir. 2010).

                                              2
May 30, 2007). On July 6, 2007, the bankruptcy court ordered the appointment of a

trustee, “[f]inding that the debtor engaged in pre-petition fraud, dishonesty,

incompetence, gross mismanagement, a failure to keep adequate records, and a history of

transactions with companies affiliated with the debtor.” Order for the Appointment of a

Chapter 11 Trustee at 1-2, id., July 6, 2007.

       Notwithstanding the bankruptcy proceedings, the Securities and Exchange

Commission in February 2008 filed a complaint against various VesCor

entities—including VesCor Capital Inc.—alleging that the companies had violated

securities laws. The complaint accused VesCor founder Val E. Southwick of “operat[ing]

a massive Ponzi scheme, paying existing noteholders with funds from new investors.”

Complaint at 2, SEC v. VesCor Capital Corp., No. 1:08-cv-00012-DB (D. Utah Feb. 6,

2008). In May 2008, the district court appointed Wing as a receiver.

       Wing filed a complaint against Buchanan and the related entities in October 2008.

The complaint alleged a single cause of action for fraudulent transfer. The complaint

asserted that “[b]ecause the payments [to Buchanan] were made as part of a Ponzi

scheme, these transfers were, by definition, made to hinder, delay or defraud creditors

and/or investors of VesCor.” App. Vol. I at 6. Wing subsequently filed a motion for

summary judgment seeking the return of $6,290,886 in “fictitious” profits—that is, the

difference between the payments Buchanan and the related entities received, in aggregate,

and the amounts they invested. Id. at 17-18, 20. Wing also sought the return of $57,460

in referral fees that Buchanan received for recruiting new investors. Id. at 20.

                                                3
       The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Wing. The court awarded

a judgment of $4,581,047, plus prejudgment interest. The defendants appealed, but we

dismissed for lack of jurisdiction because the district court had not yet calculated

prejudgment interest. See App. Vol. VI at 935-36. The district court in June 2012

modified its judgment to eliminate prejudgment interest and entered a final judgment in

the amount of $4,581,047.

       The defendants again appealed, raising four issues. First, defendants argue that the

district court had no legal basis for imposing joint and several liability for the fraudulent

transfers. Second, they argue that the statute of limitations bars the recovery of many of

the alleged fraudulent transfers. Third, defendants argue that they cannot be held liable

for transfers that they received before 2000—the earliest year the receiver’s expert will

attest that VesCor began to exhibit the characteristics of a Ponzi scheme.3 Finally,

defendants argue that genuine issues of material fact still exist regarding a number of

issues, such as if and when VesCor actually became a Ponzi scheme.

                                              II

       Standard of Review

       We review a decision to grant summary judgment de novo, applying the same

standard as the district court. Squires v. Breckenridge Outdoor Educ. Ctr., 715 F.3d 867,



       3
           Wing’s expert witness used 2000 as a starting date because “this is when the
availability and completeness of records and accounting information improved.” App.
Vol. I at 47 n.6.

                                              4
872 (10th Cir. 2013). “The court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that

there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “We draw all reasonable inferences from the

evidence in favor [of defendants] as the nonmoving party.” Taylor v. Roswell Indep. Sch.

Dist., 713 F.3d 25, 34 (10th Cir. 2013) (alteration and quotation omitted).

       Statute of Limitations

       Wing pursued the transfers VesCor made to the defendants by using the existence

of an alleged Ponzi scheme as evidence of actual fraud. See Merrill v. Abbott (In re

Indep. Clearing House Co.), 77 B.R. 843, 860 (D. Utah 1987) (“One can infer an intent to

defraud future undertakers from the mere fact that a debtor was running a Ponzi

scheme.”). Under Utah’s Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, a plaintiff seeking to recoup

transfers based on allegations of actual fraud must file his complaint “within four years

after the transfer was made or the obligation was incurred or, if later, within one year after

the transfer or obligation was or could reasonably have been discovered by the claimant.”

Utah Code Ann. § 25-6-10. At issue in this case is when the discovery period began to

run. The defendants argue that, at the latest, the one-year statute of limitations started

when the bankruptcy court appointed a trustee, which was ten months before Wing’s

appointment as receiver.

       As an initial matter, we must decide whether the one-year statute of limitations

began to run when any objectively reasonable person could have discovered the

fraudulent transfers, or if the start of the discovery period was delayed until Southwick no

                                              5
longer controlled the companies. We believe that Utah would adopt the “adverse

domination” theory so that the discovery period would not begin to run until the bad

actors controlling an entity were removed. See Wing v. Dockstader, 482 F. App’x 361,

364-65 (10th Cir. 2012) (unpublished); see also Resolution Trust Corp. v. Smith, 872 F.

Supp. 805, 814 n.4 (D. Or. 1995) (“[T]he doctrine of adverse domination, as a corollary

of the discovery rule, determines the time of accrual of a cause of action.”). The adverse

domination theory recognizes that “[c]ontrol of the [company] by culpable directors and

officers precludes the possibility of filing suit because these individuals can hardly be

expected to sue themselves or to initiate any action contrary to their own interests.”

See FDIC. v. Appling, 992 F.2d 1109, 1115 (10th Cir. 1993) (quotation omitted).

Southwick obviously had no incentive to file fraudulent transfer actions to claw back

money from investors—it would have required revealing his own fraud. But see Nasr v.

De Leon, 18 F. App’x 601, 605 n.4 (9th Cir. 2001) (unpublished) (“We hold that the

doctrine [of adverse domination] is wholly inapplicable in this case because it applies

only when a suit is brought against a self-dealing agent of an organization.”).

       We cannot determine on the record before us, though, how to apply the discovery

rule to the transfers made in this case. For example, it may be reasonable to use the

court’s appointment of a bankruptcy trustee to oversee VesCor Capital Inc. as the start

date for the one-year statute of limitations.4 But not all the transfers that Buchanan


       4
           But we take no position on whether those alleged fraudulent transfers “could
                                                                              (continued...)

                                              6
received came from that entity. Although Buchanan asserts we should nonetheless hold

that the statute of limitations began to run with the trustee’s appointment because the

trustee could have brought all the VesCor entities under his control, we decline to do so in

the first instance.5 The statute of limitations raises significant factual questions that the

district court is better equipped to address and resolve. We therefore vacate the district

court’s order granting summary judgment and remand for the district court to determine

which of the alleged fraudulent transfers “could reasonably have been discovered” by the

bankruptcy trustee—thus triggering the one-year statute of limitations.

       In vacating the district court’s order, we reject two arguments put forth by Wing.

Wing argues that the earlier appointment of the bankruptcy trustee has no bearing on the

statute of limitations because Wing, as the receiver, is the “claimant” referred to in the

statute. See Aplee. Br. at 4. We disagree. The receiver has no claims to bring on his

own behalf; instead, he brings them on behalf of the companies. Therefore, it is the

companies and the creditors that are the “claimants” that benefit from the discovery rule.

The receiver’s mere appointment cannot resurrect otherwise stale claims.

       Moreover, Wing’s interpretation could leave the statute of limitations open to

manipulation. If the receiver, rather than the company, is the “claimant,” he could

       4
       (...continued)
reasonably have been discovered” the day the trustee was appointed.
       5
         Here, too, we take no position as to whether the trustee could have exercised the
control over the other entities sufficient to trigger the beginning of the statute of
limitations. We leave this question for the district court to resolve with the benefit of
additional—and more focused—briefing.

                                               7
subvert the statute of limitations by placing one of the other VesCor entities into

bankruptcy. Under Wing’s interpretation, the clock on the one-year statute of limitations

would then restart because a new “claimant”—the trustee—was in place. We do not

believe the statute dictates such a result.

       Wing also argues that the district court had discretion to disregard the statute of

limitations based on the equitable principles that govern a receivership. We decline to

affirm on this ground for two reasons. First, we do not know whether the district court

actually invoked equitable principles in rejecting the statute of limitations defense. The

district court did not address the statute of limitations in its written order—much less

explain its reasons for rejecting it.6

       Second, we remain uncertain as to whether the district court would even have the

equitable discretion to reject this defense merely because a receivership is involved. To

be sure, the “district court has broad powers and wide discretion to determine relief in an

equity receivership.” SEC v. VesCor Capital Corp., 599 F.3d 1189, 1194 (10th Cir.

2010) (alteration and quotation omitted). But that relief relates to the distribution of the

receivership assets. Here, it is not clear that the district court is sitting in equity.7 This

       6
         In a hearing, the district court later suggested equitable concerns motivated its
decision to impose joint and several liability. App. Vol. VII at 999.
       7
          Like in bankruptcy, parties that file claims against a trustee or receiver open
themselves up to counterclaims as part of those proceedings. See Katchen v. Landy, 382
U.S. 323, 325 (1966); Alexander v. Hillman, 296 U.S. 222, 241 (1935) (“By presenting
their claims respondents subjected themselves to all the consequences that attach to an
appearance.”). Here, the receiver filed a separate complaint. Even when filed in the same
                                                                                 (continued...)

                                                8
complaint was not brought as part of the receivership proceedings—it is a separate action

brought by the receiver on VesCor’s behalf. True, the case was assigned to the same

judge who is overseeing the receivership. But nothing inherent in the nature of an

equitable receivership even requires that the receiver bring lawsuits in the same district

court in which he was appointed.8 See 28 U.S.C. § 754 (“[A receiver] shall have capacity

to sue in any district without ancillary appointment.”); see also 12 Charles Alan Wright

et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 2984 (2d ed., April 2013 update) (“[A] federal

receiver appointed under Rule 66 may sue in any district court without any need for the

appointment of an ancillary receiver, provided, of course, that the court has subject-matter

jurisdiction.” (footnote omitted)).

       Wing cites Broadbent v. Advantage Software, Inc. for the proposition that “in

fashioning relief in an equity receivership, a district court has discretion to summarily

reject formalistic arguments”—such as statute of limitation defenses—“that would

       7
         (...continued)
district court in which the receiver was appointed, these proceedings need not necessarily
be heard by the same judge overseeing the receivership. Compare Donnell v. Keppers,
835 F.Supp. 2d 871 (S.D. Cal. 2011) (Chief Judge Gonzalez dismissing fraudulent
transfer complaint made by receiver) with SEC v. Learn Waterhouse, Inc., Order
Granting Successor Receiver’s and Professionals’ Tenth Interim Application for
Approval and Payment of Fees and Expenses, No. 3:03-cv-02037-W-DHB (S.D. Cal.
May 20, 2013) (Judge Whelan granting order in his capacity overseeing the receivership).
       8
         For example, in United States v. Franklin Nat’l Bank, 512 F.2d 245 (2d Cir.
1975), a federal receiver appointed in the Southern District of New York filed a lawsuit in
the Eastern District of New York. The Second Circuit noted that the receiver could do so
“without undergoing the bothersome procedure of preliminary ancillary appointment,”
although the court ultimately concluded that the receiver did not have the necessary
independent basis of jurisdiction for filing a complaint in the Eastern District.

                                              9
otherwise be available in a traditional lawsuit.” 415 F. App’x 73, 78 (10th Cir. 2011)

(unpublished). But the cases involving a receiver that Broadbent cited to support this

statement undermine the case for applying the rule here. Each of the cases cited in

Broadbent in some way involved the distribution of assets already within the receiver’s

control.9 See Quilling v. Trade Partners, Inc., 572 F.3d 293, 298-99 (6th Cir. 2009)

(rejecting plaintiff’s attempt to separate his claim from the rest of the receivership estate);

United States v. Durham, 86 F.3d 70, 72 (5th Cir. 1996) (assessing challenge to

distribution plan); United States v. Vanguard Inv. Co., 6 F.3d 222, 227 (4th Cir. 1993)

(discussing considerations in deciding whether party was entitled to claim); SEC v.

Elliott, 953 F.2d 1560, 1566 (11th Cir. 1992) (assessing challenge to distribution plan). It

is not clear, however, that the receiver may simply invoke equitable principles when it

seeks to recover fraudulent transfers made to investors, even if the receiver could consider

those excess payments as a factor in designing its equitable distribution plan. Cf. Donell

v. Kowell, 533 F.3d 762, 772 (9th Cir. 2008) (noting in receiver’s fraudulent transfer

action that “[a]lthough all payments of fictitious profits are avoidable as fraudulent

transfers, the appropriate statute of limitations restricts the payments the Ponzi scheme

investor may be required to disgorge”).




       9
        Broadbent itself is, of course, an unpublished case without precedential value.
See 10th Cir. R. 32.1.

                                              10
                                        III

      We therefore VACATE the district court’s order granting summary judgment in

favor of Wing and REMAND for further proceedings.


                                              Entered for the Court


                                              Mary Beck Briscoe
                                              Chief Judge




                                        11
