                                UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

                                                         )
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA                                 )
ex rel. RICHARD F. MILLER,                               )
                                                         )
                           Plaintiff,                    )
                                                         )
                  v.                                     )                                  95-cv-1231 (RCL)
                                                         )
BILL HARBERT INTERNATIONAL                               )
CONSTRUCTION, INC., et al.,                              )
                                                         )
                           Defendants.                   )
                                                         )


                                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

I.     INTRODUCTION

       Four years ago, following a seven-week trial, a jury concluded that defendants Bill

Harbert International Construction, Inc., Harbert International, Inc., and Harbert Corporation

(collectively, the “defendants”)1 engaged with several others in a conspiracy to defraud the

United States Agency for International Development (“USAID”) by rigging the bidding process

for several development contracts in Egypt, fleecing the U.S. government for more than $30

million. Based on the jury’s findings, this Court entered judgment on behalf of the government

in excess of $90 million under the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729 et seq. This past year,

the D.C. Circuit affirmed the judgment against several entities, but found that the government

prejudiced these defendants by introducing evidence that contradicted a stipulation concerning

BHIC’s formation and eliciting testimony concerning the wealth of HII and HC. Based on these

concerns, the Circuit Court vacated judgment as to defendants and remanded the matter for a

new trial. With retrial in sight, the government now argues that the Circuit Court’s mandate and
       1
           The Court will refer to these defendants by the now-familiar acronyms BHIC, HII, and HC, respectively.
opinion, read together, require the Court to leave the first jury’s conclusion that a conspiracy that

cost the government more than $30 million undisturbed by limiting the scope of the upcoming

proceedings to the sole question of whether defendants joined the conspiracy. Alternatively, the

government asks the Court to exercise its discretion to place equivalent constraints on the retrial.

Defendants counter that the Circuit Court’s mandate and opinion voided all findings of liability

and damages, insisting that the issues are so interrelated, and the prejudice caused by the errors

identified by the Circuit Court are so pervasive, as to necessitate a full trial on the merits. The

Court agrees, and will direct the parties to prepare for a trial on all issues.

II.     BACKGROUND

        The full history of this matter has been set forth many times, and is only briefly recounted

where relevant. In 1995, Richard F. Miller, then-vice president of an international construction

company, filed claims under the False Claim Act alleging that numerous entities had defrauded

the government’s USAID program by conspiring to rig the bids for construction contracts in

Egypt awarded by USAID in return for that country’s agreement to recognize Israel following

the Camp David Accords of 1979. For the next seven years, the government kept the complaint

under seal while undertaking an investigation that resulted in several criminal convictions. In

2002, the government unsealed the complaint and, after years of procedural maneuvering and a

transfer of judges, this matter proceeded to trial in 2007. After a seven-week trial, the jury

returned a verdict in favor of Mr. Miller and the government, finding that (1) an overarching

conspiracy to defraud the government with respect to several USAID contracts in Egypt existed,

Verdict Form 2, May 14, 2007 [858], (2) several entities—including defendants—took part in

that conspiracy, id. at 2–8, and (3) the government had lost $29,920,000 on Contract 20A—

which involved a sewer project in Cairo—$1,026,029.22 on Contract 07—which involved a



                                                   2
sewer project in Alexandria—and $3,400,000 on Contract 29—which involved the construction

of a wastewater treatment facility in Cairo. Id. at 9–12. Based on the jury’s findings, the Court

entered judgment against defendants and several others for approximately $90 million,

Judgment, Aug. 10, 2007 [883], and subsequently denied defendants’ motions to set aside the

verdict. Miller v. Holzmann, 563 F. Supp. 54 (D.D.C. 2008) (“Miller I”).

       On appeal the D.C. Circuit reversed this Court on three matters. First, the Circuit Court

found that the statute of limitations had run on all claims relating to Contracts 07 and 29, which

were only added by the government after the complaint was unsealed in 2002. United States ex

rel. Miller v. Bill Harbert Int’l Constr., Inc., 608 F.3d 871, 877–85 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (“Miller

II”). Second, the Circuit Court held that the introduction of, and references to, a document

implying that BHIC was formed in 1986 contradicted the parties’ stipulation that the company

did not exist before 1992, resulting in “substantial prejudice” to BHIC. Id. at 888–89. Third, the

Circuit Court explained that testimony concerning the wealth of HII and HC was not “of

consequence to the determination of the action” but did prejudice the jury. Aside from these

three errors, the Circuit Court found that there was sufficient evidence to support (1) the

existence of an overarching conspiracy, id. at 899–901, (2) other entities’ participation in that

conspiracy, id. at 901–904, and (3) the amount of damages awarded by the jury. Id. at 904–07.

The Circuit Court then issued the following mandate:

               [T]he judgment of the District Court . . . is hereby vacated,
               pursuant to the statute of limitations, with respect to the claims
               concerning Contracts 07 and 29; vacated as to defendants HII, HC,
               and BHIC and remanded for a new trial; and affirmed with respect
               to the claims concerning Contract 20A against the remaining
               defendants.

Mandate, Oct. 19, 2010 [1078]. The Miller II Court subsequently remanded this action for

further proceedings concerning these defendants. Id.


                                                 3
       Following resolution of a dispute concerning attorneys’ fees, United States ex rel. Miller

v. Bill Harbert Int’l Contr., No. 95 Civ. 1231, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 50788 (D.D.C. May 12,

2011), the Court held a status conference at which the government stated its belief that retrial

must be limited to the question of whether BHIC, HII and HC joined the conspiracy. In

accordance with the Court’s invitation, the government subsequently moved to limit the scope of

the new trial. Motion to Limit Further Proceedings, June 14, 2011 [1102] (“Gov. Mtn.”). In

support of its request, the government asserts that a limited retrial is required by the Circuit

Court’s mandate and necessary to prevent inconsistent verdicts, and argues that the Court should

exercise its discretion to circumscribe future proceedings. Id. at 7–19. Defendants challenge this

position, insisting that vacatur of the earlier judgment mandates a full retrial and arguing that the

Circuit Court’s opinion in Miller II is incompatible with the government’s proposal. Opposition

to Motion to Limit Further Proceedings, June 28, 2011 [1103] (“Ds’ Opp.”). Having reviewed

the relevant background and applicable law, the Court turns now to the merits of the parties’

contentions.

III.   DISCUSSION

       “It is well settled that [an appellate court] may . . . divide the issues and limit the scope of

a new trial.” Wash. Gas Light Co. v. Connolly, 214 F.2d 254, 256 (D.C. Cir. 1954). Thus, in

reviewing the Circuit Court’s mandate and opinion, the question for the Court is not whether it

may limit the scope of the retrial, but whether it must or should circumscribe future proceedings.

The government argues that a full retrial could undermine earlier findings—upheld by the Circuit

Court—that an overarching conspiracy existed which cost the government nearly $30 million on

Contract 20A, and, alternatively, that a partial retrial—even if not compelled by the disposition

on appeal—is appropriate under the circumstances. The Court addresses each argument in turn.



                                                  4
       A.      The D.C. Circuit’s Mandate

       The government’s primary argument is that “it is the duty of this Court to determine

which issues relating to the remanded defendants were finally determined by the first trial and

affirmed on appeal and which issues remain open to redetermination,” Gov. Mtn. at 7, and that a

limited retrial on the question of whether defendants joined the overarching conspiracy is

compelled by the mandate rule in light of the Circuit Court’s disposition of the appeal in Miller

II. Id. at 13–19. When remanding an action for further proceedings, a federal circuit court

generally includes, along with any written opinion, a mandate directing the district court to take

certain action. See Black’s Law Dictionary 980 (8th ed. 2004) (defining “mandate” as “[a]n

order from an appellate court directing a lower court to take a specified action.”). “No principle

of law is better established than the rule that a District Court is bound ‘by the decree of the Court

of Appeals and must carry it into execution, according to the mandate.’” Consarc Corp. v. Dep’t

of Treasury, 71 F.3d 909, 915 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (quoting Mays v. Burgess, 152 F.2d 123, 124

(D.C. Cir. 1945)); Role Models Am., Inc. v. Geren, 514 F.3d 1308, 1311 (D.C. Cir. 2008)

(holding that district court on remand has “no ‘power or authority to deviate from the mandate’”)

(quoting Briggs v. Pa. R.R. Co., 334 U.S. 304, 306 (1948)). This general principle—known as

the “mandate rule”—is “a ‘more powerful version’ of the law-of-the-case doctrine, which

prevents courts from reconsidering issues that have already been decided in the same case.”

Indep. Petroleum Ass’n of Am. v. Babbitt, 235 F.3d 588, 597 (D.C. Cir. 2001). According to the

government, the Circuit Court’s mandate does not require a full retrial but—read in conjunction

with the opinion in Miller II, which makes clear that the conspiracy and damages issues were

finally decided—necessitates a partial retrial. Gov. Mtn. at 7–10 & 13–19. Defendants respond

that the mandate unequivocally commands a new trial on all issues, D’s Mtn. at 7–9, and that, in



                                                  5
the alternative, a partial retrial cannot be squared with the Miller II opinion. Id. at 10–13. The

Court, for the reasons set forth below, finds that the Circuit Court’s mandate and opinion does

not strictly define the proper scope for the new trial.

               1.      The Plain Language of the Mandate

       Where the text of a mandate is clear, the district court is without authority to act contrary

to those instructions. Role Models, 514 F.3d at 1311; see also United States v. White, 751 F.

Supp. 2d 173, 174–75 (D.D.C. 2010) (“A district court is without authority to take any action

that is inconsistent with an appellate court’s mandate.”). In this instance, the Circuit Court’s

mandate, which is quoted more fully above, declares that this Court’s earlier judgment is

“vacated as to defendants HII, HC and BHIC and remanded for a new trial.” Mandate at 1.

Nothing in this mandate expressly instructs the Court to hold a new trial on a limited number of

issues—thus distinguishing the situation from the circumstances before the district court in the

cases cited by the government. See, e.g., Role Models, 514 F.3d at 1311 (affirming lower court’s

decision to hold partial retrial because mandate “made clear that we were remanding only for the

re-screening of other interested parties”); New York v. Microsoft Corp., 224 F. Supp. 2d 76, 86

(D.D.C. 2002) (holding limited retrial on remedies based on court of appeals’ instructions to

“hold a remedies-specific evidentiary hearing’ and to ‘fashion an appropriate remedy’”) (quoting

United States v. Microsoft Corp., 253 F.3d 34, 103, 105 (D.C. Cir. 2001)). In other words, the

plain language of the mandate does not, standing alone, compel the government’s desired result.

       At the same time, the language in the Circuit Court’s mandate also does not require a new

trial on every issue, as defendants urge. Defendants maintain that the Circuit Court’s instruction

to hold a “new trial,” Mandate at 1, bars the Court from “preclu[ding] . . . one or more issues for

retrial, absent specific limiting language in the mandate.” Ds’ Opp. at 8. But this position



                                                  6
assumes that the requirement of a new trial inherently encompasses reconsideration of every

issue previously decided—an assumption lacking foundation. See Sherwin v. Welch, 319 F.2d

729, 731 (D.C. Cir. 1963) (noting that “judgment of reversal and remand did not necessarily

require a complete new trial”). A new trial may require reconsideration of every issue; but

nothing about this instruction commands a full retrial. See Black’s at 1543 (defining “new trial”

as “[a] postjudgment retrial or reexamination of some or all of the issues determined in an earlier

judgment”). And defendants’ fixation on the Circuit Court’s vacatur of the earlier judgment is

equally misplaced. In certain circumstances—such as those cited by defendants—the act of

vacating an earlier opinion has invalidated prior factual findings. See, e.g., Aviation Enters., Inc.

v. Orr, 716 F.2d 1403, 1408 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (noting that by vacating lower court’s judgment,

appellate court “drain[ed] the court’s underlying findings of fact of whatever vitality they might

otherwise have had”). Such broad statements, however, were made only in the context of a case

that was dismissed in its entirety for lack of standing. Id. at 1407.2 To “vacate,” which is to

“annul[] or set[] aside,” is to void the effect of a prior legal determination—such as a judgment.

Black’s at 1584. A court might vacate a judgment for an error in instructing on an affirmative

defense, or it might vacate a judgment in light of a pervasive error that infected the entire

proceedings. In either event, the procedural mechanism—vacatur—is not tied to the type or

effect of error, but rather to the fact that a judgment having legal effect was entered, and its

effects must be annulled. By vacating this Court’s earlier judgment, the Circuit Court did not

specifically determine that any particular findings of the jury were incorrect, but only that this


         2
           The other examples cited by defendants are equally unconvincing. For example, defendants point to
United States v. Musingwear for the Supreme Court’s observation that vacatur renders “null and void” the “former
judgment.” 76 U.S. 608, 610 (1869). That statement, however, pertains to a judgment—not to a particular finding
of fact. See also Pahuta v. Massey Ferguson, Inc., 60 F. Supp. 2d 74, 76 (W.D.N.Y. 1999) (“[T]he court vacated the
district court’s final judgment.”) (emphasis added). The Court is also unmoved by defendants’ citation to Kelso v.
Dep’t of State, as that case stands for the unremarkable principle that vacatur defeats application of the doctrines of
res judicata or collateral estoppel, 13 F. Supp. 2d 12, 17 (D.D.C. 1998)—doctrines the government does not pursue.

                                                          7
Court’s entry of judgment based on those findings was improper. Absent more specific

instructions in the mandate, it is up to the Court, on remand, to determine why the entry of

judgment was improper—relying of course on the Circuit Court’s opinion. Accordingly, the

Circuit Court’s use of “vacatur” in this instance does not foreclose the survival of certain prior

factual determinations, provided they were not infected by the underlying errors identified by the

Circuit Court. And while defendants note that the Circuit Court could have expressly limited any

retrial had it so desired, it could just as easily have commanded a new trial on every issue if it

wished. In light of the ambiguous mandate, the Court turns to the Circuit Court’s opinion to

determine whether any further guidance is available.

                  2.       Reading the Mandate and the Opinion Together

         When a district court is considering proceedings on remand, a circuit court’s opinion

“may be consulted to ascertain what was intended by its mandate.” In re Sanford Fork & Tool

Co., 160 U.S. 247, 256 (1895); see also Sherwin, 319 F.2d at 731 (“The nature and extent of

proceedings on remand should be determined by the district court according to the circumstances

of each case, in light of any instructions in our mandate.”); Pahuta v. Massey-Ferguson, Inc., 60

F. Supp. 2d 74, 76 (W.D.N.Y. 1999) (including “a copy of the court’s opinion” among items

comprising mandate). In this instance, both parties point to certain aspects of the Miller II

opinion to support their position. The government, for example, quotes the Circuit Court’s

statement that—outside of the particular errors identified in the opinion—“‘[i]n all other

respects, we affirm.’” Gov. Mtn. at 13 (quoting Miller II, 608 F.3d at 875).3 It also argues

that—had the Circuit Court found that any evidence concerning BHIC’s existence or HII’s and

         3
           On this point, the government cites United States v. White, but in that case the appellate court directed the
lower court to dismiss the indictment as to one conviction, and upheld the conviction and sentences on the other
counts, leading the court to refuse to reconsider the defendant’s sentence on those counts, as it was “untouched” on
appeal. 751 F. Supp. 2d at 175. In this case, however, the Court cannot say that the Circuit Court left every aspect
of the jury’s verdict other than whether BHIC, HII, HC joined the conspiracy similarly “untouched.”

                                                           8
HC’s wealth affected the jury’s findings on the overarching conspiracy or calculation of

damages—it would have vacated the judgment with respect to the other entities. Id. at 13–19. In

response, defendants explain that the Circuit Court “address[ed] only the sufficiency arguments

made by HUK and BIE,’” Ds’ Mtn. at 10 (quoting Miller II, 608 F.3d at 898), insisting that the

Circuit Court never considered any prejudicial effects on the jury’s determination of these issues.

Id. at 10–13. Defendants also maintain that the errors identified by the Circuit Court were too

broad to have been cabined to particular factual findings, but instead infected the entirety of the

earlier trial, necessitating a full retrial. Id. at 19–23.

         The Court need not linger long on this matter. The fact that language from the Circuit

Court’s opinion at times indicates that a partial retrial is required and at other times suggests that

a full retrial is necessary is the best available evidence that the opinion—like the mandate—does

not unequivocally dictate a particular scope for retrial. On remand, the job of the Court is to

“scrupulously avoid implementing the mandate in a manner that exceeds, or limits, the appellate

decision.” Tex. Oil & Gas Corp. v. Hodel, 654 F. Supp. 319, 323 (D.D.C. 1987). In this

instance, where the mandate and opinion do not provide an unmistakable direction for further

proceedings, the Court will not finely parse the applicable language to fashion a clear appellate

instruction that the Circuit Court did not see fit to articulate itself.4

         B.       A Partial Retrial is Inappropriate

         Having found no evidence in the Circuit Court’s mandate that the Court must proceed in

any particular manner, the Court now turns to whether it should limit the scope of a new trial.

         4
           The government also points to the Supreme Court’s statement that, in conspiracy cases, courts should
attempt to avoid “the scandal and inequity of inconsistent verdicts.” Zafiro v. United States, 506 U.S. 534, 537
(1993). But this statement was made in support of the “preference” for joint trials, id. (emphasis added), and cannot
be read to foreclose defendants’ ability to present a full defense in this instance. Indeed, just a few paragraphs after
this statement, the Zafiro Court recognized that coconspirators may sometimes need to be tried separately. Id. at
539. And as the D.C. Circuit has previously explained, concerns related to consistent conspiracy verdicts only arise
in “cases in which a single jury hear[d] the same evidence.” United States v. Lewis, 716 F.2d 16, 22 (D.C. Cir.
1983) (emphasis in original). No such risk exists here, as the jury on retrial will not hear the same evidence.

                                                           9
The Supreme Court has explained that “where the requirement of a jury trial has been satisfied

by a verdict . . . that requirement does not compel a new trial of [one particular] issue even

though another and separable issue must be tried again.” Gasoline Prods. Co. v. Champlin Ref.

Co., 283 U.S. 494, 499 (1931). A district court’s authority to structure a retrial, codified in

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59, turns on two key questions: First, are the issues to be retried

sufficiently distinct from resolved issues so that only those issues may be presented to a jury

without causing undue confusion or prejudice? Second, did the error necessitating retrial affect

the earlier determinations on issues that might otherwise be treated as resolved? The former

inquiry rests principally on a party’s right to a full and fair hearing of the issues. And to protect

this right, “the power to grant a partial new trial ‘may not properly be resorted to unless it clearly

appears that the issue to be retried is so distinct and separable from the others that a trial of it

alone may be had without injustice.’” Camalier & Buckley-Madison, Inc. v. Madison Hotel,

Inc., 513 F.2d 407, 421 (D.C. Cir. 1975) (quoting Gasoline Prods., 283 U.S. at 500). The latter

inquiry invokes efficiency interests, in pursuit of which a court may limit future proceedings “to

prevent the retrial of any issue already properly decided.” Armstrong v. Burdette Tomlin Mem’l

Hosp., 276 F. Supp. 2d 264, 276 (D.N.J. 2003) (citing Yates v. Dann, 11 F.R.D. 386, 392–93 (D.

Del. 1951); emphasis added), rev’d on other grounds, 438 F.3d 240 (3d Cir. 2006). For the

reasons set forth below, the Court finds that some issues cannot be adequately segregated, and

that in all respects the errors identified by the Circuit Court permeated the earlier proceedings to

a degree requiring a full retrial of all relevant factual issues.

                1.      Separation of Issues

        The first inquiry is whether the issue that all parties agree must be retried—whether

defendants joined an overarching conspiracy to rig the bidding process—can be separated in an



                                                   10
equitable manner from questions of (1) whether a conspiracy existed and (2) what damages were

suffered as a result of the bid rigging. The key factor, in making this evaluation, is whether the

question of joining a conspiracy “‘is so interwoven with [the other questions] that the former

cannot be submitted to the jury independently of the latter without confusion and uncertainty.’”

Camalier, 513 F.2d at 421 (quoting Gasoline Prods., 283 U.S. at 500); see also Williams v. Rene,

72 F.3d 1096, 1101 (3d Cir. 1995) (holding that when one issue is “so intertwined” with another

“that one cannot be submitted to the jury independently of the other without confusion and

uncertainty, then a new trial must extend to all issues”).

                        a.      The Overarching Conspiracy

        Can a new jury be asked to determine whether defendants joined a conspiracy without

considering the nature, extent or existence of that illegal enterprise? The Court does not see how

it can. As an initial matter, to establish a civil conspiracy, a jury must find, inter alia, “an

agreement between two or more persons.” Second Amendment Found. v. U.S. Conf. of Mayors,

274 F.3d 521, 524 (D.C. Cir. 2001). But this inquiry is no different than the underlying question

of whether a particular defendant joined a conspiracy, which also requires a finding that each

defendant entered an agreement. Indeed, the first jury was instructed that it could find “that a

particular defendant willfully became a member of the conspiracy” relying on evidence allowing

it to “infer . . . an intent to participate in an unlawful enterprise.” Trial Tr. 59:22–60:2, Oct. 16,

2008 [1047]. Moreover, a fundamental aspect of determining whether an entity joined a

conspiracy is an understanding of the nature and scope of that conspiracy—which the fact-finder

must define. See United States v. Booze, 108 F.3d 378, 382 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (“To determine the

scope of the conspiratorial agreement entered into by a defendant, the district court must ‘spell

out specific findings about the individual defendants and their relation to the conspiracy.”). And



                                                  11
finally, even if the Court were able to fashion a way around these obstacles, an instruction

barring defendants from challenging the existence of a conspiracy might have an undue influence

on the jury’s determination of whether these defendants participated in such an enterprise;

indeed, an entire line of cases in the D.C. Circuit concerns the ease with which evidence

concerning the existence of, and participation in, a conspiracy is readily transferrable. See, e.g.,

United States v. Gatling, 96 F.3d 1511, 1519–20 (D.C. Cir. 1996). Put simply, this is an instance

where the jury will need a thorough knowledge of the underlying conspiracy—one that cannot be

properly disassociated from the question of whether these defendants joined that conspiracy. See

Nissho-Iwai Co. v. Occidental Crude Sales, Inc., 729 F.2d 1530, 1538–39 (5th Cir. 1984)

(ordering full retrial where evaluation of particular claim required “understanding” of another

claim). Thus, just as the Gas Prods. jury could not “fix the amount of damages unless also

advised” of key contract terms—which necessitated further findings of fact, 283 U.S. at 499–

500—the Court is at a loss as to how the jury could determine whether BHIC, HII and HC joined

the enterprise without also defining the nature and scope of that conspiracy.

                       b.      Damages

       The difficulties inherent in the conspiracy question do not similarly intrude upon the

calculation of damages. As the Circuit Court observed, any injury suffered by the government in

this case is not tied to the nature of the conspiracy, but represented by “the difference between

what the United States paid and what it would have paid had there been no bid-rigging

agreement.” Miller II, 608 F.3d at 904. Consistent with this measure of damages, the Court in

the first trial instructed the jury: “The damages that the United States is entitled to recover under

the False Claims Act is the amount of money that the government paid out by reason of the false

claims over and above what it would have paid out had the claims not been false.” Trial Tr.



                                                 12
65:11–15. And as the government correctly notes, the verdict form neither mandates that

damages be apportioned among defendants, nor requires any consideration of a particular

defendant’s involvement in any conspiracy. See generally Verdict Form at 9–12. In these

circumstances, the Court has little difficulty concluding that the jury could—were it otherwise

appropriate—determine whether an illegal enterprise exists and whether defendants were part of

that conspiracy without also evaluating the damages caused by such actions.

               2.      The Prejudice Identified by the D.C. Circuit Cannot be Isolated

       The second inquiry for the Court is whether “the error which requires the new trial of [a

particular] issue does not affect the determination of any other” issue. Ecker v. Potts, 112 F.2d

581, 582 (D.C. Cir. 1940). As a general rule, the authority to permit a partial retrial should not

be exercised “when the error which necessitates a new trial is in respect of a matter which might

well have affected the jury’s determination of other issues.” Geffen v. Winer, 244 F.2d 375, 376

(D.C. Cir. 1957); see Feinberg v. Mathai, 60 F.R.D. 69, 70 (E.D. Pa. 1973) (explaining that

partial retrial of issues is proper only where “the error requiring a new trial has not affected the

determination of any other issue”). In other words, “a complete new trial is necessary . . . where

it would be manifestly prejudicial not to retry the entire case,” Channel 20 v. World Wide Towers

Servs., 607 F. Supp. 551, 558 (S.D. Tex. 1985), and a partial retrial is appropriate only “where

some error requires a new trial on some distinct and separable issues but leaves the verdict on

completely separate issues uninfected.” Id. at 559.

       The errors identified by the Circuit Court are not expressly tied to a particular element of

the underlying claims, and therefore may not be readily cabined, as in other cases. See, e.g., East

Tex. Med. Ctr. Reg’l Healthcare Sys. v. Lexington Ins. Co., 575 F.3d 520, 532 (5th Cir. 2009)

(remanding for partial trial on whether defendant was prejudiced by late notice of suit, where



                                                  13
jury’s findings on liability and damages were upheld); Ryan v. McDonough Power Equipment,

Inc., 734 F.2d 385, 388 (8th Cir. 1984) (permitting partial retrial where one count was overturned

for lack of evidence); Zanetti Bus Lines, Inc. v. Hurd, 320 F.2d 123, 129 (10th Cir. 1963)

(granting partial retrial where legal error occurred on instruction “which relates only to the

liability” and “would have no bearing on the amount of the jury’s award”); Channel 20, 607 F.

Supp. at 559 (collecting cases permitting partial retrial on damages where error was only “with

respect to damages”). In the absence of a direct link between the error and a particular jury

finding, the key issue for the Court is the effect of the identified errors, and whether the resulting

prejudice necessitates reconsideration of every factual issue or only certain matters.5 See

Brownlee v. United Fidelity Ins. Co., 117 F.R.D. 383, 389–90 (S.D. Miss. 1987) (noting that

where counsel inflamed jury during closing argument—causing prejudice—“a complete new

trial is the only adequate remedy”). The Circuit Court held that introduction of certain evidence

prejudiced defendants, and a necessary implication of a prejudice finding is that this evidence

improperly affected the jury’s judgment. See United States v. Gartmon, 146 F.3d 1015, 1021

(D.C. Cir. 1998) (explaining that finding of “unfair prejudice” implies that jury made its decision

“on an improper basis, commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional one”) (quotations

omitted). The Court therefore examines whether the prejudice identified by the Circuit Court

may have affected the prior jury’s findings on the conspiracy and damage issues.

                           a.       BHIC

         The error identified by the Circuit Court with respect to BHIC was that the government

was permitted to “introduce[] evidence that . . . contradicted the joint stipulation of fact that

         5
            While the government urges that “‘the same issue presented a second time in the same case in the same
court should lead to the same result,’” Mtn. at 19 (quoting United States v. Thomas, 572 F.3d 945, 949 (D.C. Cir.
2009)), it ignores the simple fact that where the evidence presented a second time varies—as it will by virtue of the
Circuit Court’s holdings with respect to certain pieces of evidence—it cannot be said that the retrial involves the
same issue presented a second time.

                                                         14
BHIC did not exist at the time companies were bidding on and entering into the relevant

contracts.” Miller II, 608 F.3d at 888. According to the Circuit Court, because the government

was allowed to insinuate that BHIC existed earlier than 1992—the date of the parties’

stipulation—“the evidence establishes BLH was not in fact a predecessor to BHIC, but actually

the same company.” Id. at 889. The government argues that this error is confined to “the

question whether BHIC was in existence in order to have participated in the conspiracy.” Gov.

Mtn. at 14. On this understanding, the government insists that its earlier introduction of evidence

contrary to the stipulation “has no bearing on whether a conspiracy existed,” id., and that there is

otherwise “no plausible basis on which to suggest that the date of formation of BHIC somehow

affected the jury’s consideration of damages.” Id. at 17. The Court disagrees.

       The government’s attempts to cabin this error cannot be squared with the opinion in

Miller II. Nowhere does the Circuit Court suggest that the harm befalling BHIC was limited to

the factual dispute of whether the company existed before 1992. Quite the contrary, the Circuit

Court emphasizes that the prejudice suffered by BHIC was realized through the discrediting and

undermining of its counsel: “[A]llowing the government to contradict the stipulation called into

question the credibility of BHIC’s counsel, severely impeding counsel’s ability to effectively

advocate for his client.” 608 F.3d at 889 (emphasis added). In contrast to the government’s

narrow version of prejudice, this statement speaks of no qualification or limit. In Camalier, the

D.C. Circuit found that the wrongful instruction of the trial judge—though concerning only

liability—could have had several effects on the damage calculation by either inflaming

prejudices or mitigating perceived harm, and therefore, “viewing the situation realistically,” held

that no assurance existed that prejudice did not have an effect warranting an entire new trial. 513

F.2d at 421–22; see also Feinberg, 60 F.R.D. at 71 (granting full new trial where “the Court has



                                                 15
no way of fathoming what motivated the jury”). In light of the Circuit Court’s understanding of

the pervasive nature of the prejudice befalling BHIC, the Court remains unconvinced that any

lingering questions as to the veracity or trustworthiness of BHIC’s counsel did not affect the

jury’s evaluation of either the conspiracy or damages issues. Accordingly, the Court concludes

that all these issues must be presented anew.

                       b.     HII & HC

       Turning to HII and HC, the error identified by the Circuit Court is the government’s

elicitation of testimony concerning the assets owned or controlled by HII or HC, as well as its

closing, in which the government “recalled this testimony and juxtaposed the wealth of all the

Harbert companies with the relative poverty of those in countries benefitting from projects

funded by the USAID, saying that the excess money . . . ‘could have been used for less fortunate

people in other countries.’” Miller II, 608 F.3d 871. With respect to this error, the government

asserts that “the wealth of HII and HC has no plausible relationship to the existence of a

conspiracy,” Gov. Mtn. at 14, and argues that because the “damages award here was not

defendant-specific but was for losses caused by the overarching conspiracy . . . . [h]ad the D.C.

Circuit concluded that the improper admission of wealth evidence with respect to HII and HC

had prejudicially affected the jury’s damages award, it necessarily would have vacated that

award as incorporated in the judgments against BIE and HUK.” Id. at 17. The government’s

understanding of Miller II cannot be reconciled with the plain language of the opinion.

       As an initial matter, the government’s reading of the Circuit Court’s opinion in Miller II

with respect to HII and HC suffers the same problems that its understanding of the error as to

BHIC—it reads the opinion too narrowly. Once again, the government focuses strictly on the

logical result of the evidence in question, without also considering what the Circuit Court stated



                                                16
with respect to the resulting prejudice. Nowhere does the Miller II Court imply that the evidence

concerning wealth could only affect the jury’s determination as to whether either HII or HC

joined the overarching conspiracy, but rather spoke in very broad terms, explaining that “[t]he

only way the information could have affected the jury was to prejudice it,” 608 F.3d at 898, and

noting that “arguments to the jury about a defendant’s wealth are grounds for a new trial.” Id. at

897 (citing Koufakis v. Carvel, 425 F.2d 892, 902 (2d Cir. 1970)). These broad statements of

prejudice—along with the Court’s earlier determination that the conspiracy existed—cannot be

fairly separated from the question of whether defendants joined that conspiracy, and counsel in

favor of a full retrial. See Shessel v. Murphy, 920 F.2d 784, 787 (11th Cir. 1991) (directing full

retrial where error below could have affected jury’s consideration of other issues).

         Turning to the damages issue, it strains credibility to argue that remarks establishing the

significant wealth of defendants HII and HC had absolutely no effect on the jury’s calculation of

damages. Indeed, this Court previously acknowledged the effect in Miller I, observing that

“knowledge that a defendant has the resources to pay a judgment may increase jurors’ comfort

level in making a large damages award.” 563 F. Supp. 2d at 112 (collecting cases).6 And the

Supreme Court has observed that “the emphasis on the wealth of the wrongdoer increase[s] the

risk that the award may have been influenced by prejudice,” TXO Prod. Corp. v. Alliance Res.

Corp., 509 U.S. 443, 464 (1993), while the D.C. Circuit previously found grounds for a mistrial

where counsel made remarks concerning a plaintiff’s poverty and a defendant’s wealth. Wash.

Annapolis Hotel Co. v. Riddle, 171 F.2d 732, 740 (D.C. Cir. 1948). Finally, the Circuit Court

made clear that the “several inappropriate references to . . . wealth,” along with counsel’s

         6
            Though the Court found that the testimony had some prejudicial effect, it permitted the evidence because
it was relevant to the question of whether particular defendants joined the conspiracy, and could not otherwise find
that “a bare handful of remarks . . . created such unfair prejudice as to substantially outweigh the significant
probative value of evidence of defendants’ wealth.” Miller I, 563 F. Supp. 2d at 112 (emphasis in original). It is on
this point that the Court was overruled. See Miller II, 608 F.3d at 897 (finding wealth evidence irrelevant).

                                                         17
“insinuat[ion] that the money would be in better hands if it were taken from the defendants,”

caused substantial prejudice. Miller II, 608 F.3d at 898.7 And while the government’s argument

that the Circuit Court should have vacated the entire damage judgment if it believed that the

award was prejudiced by the evidence concerning certain defendants’ wealth may be logically

appealing, the Court will not place defendants’ right to a full and fair opportunity to be heard in

jeopardy by parsing the language of the Miller II opinion, particularly in light of the Circuit

Court’s own statement that it was only reviewing positions taken by the remaining defendants,

which did not include any argument that evidence of HII’s or HC’s wealth prejudiced the jury’s

damage calculations. Miller II, 608 F.3d at 898.

IV.     CONCLUSION

        Having completed one seven-week trial on the underhanded practices of many entities in

Egypt in the 1980s, the Court is less than enthusiastic at the prospect of having a second jury

review the entirety of the evidence, particularly where it previously concluded that the evidence

was more than sufficient to support the first jury’s findings. Miller I, 563 F. Supp. 2d at 138–39.

But when structuring a retrial, the Court must remain vigilant to neither confuse nor prejudice the

jury, and must provide defendants a full and fair opportunity to mount an unhindered defense.

The Circuit Court has declared that the first jury was broadly and unduly prejudiced when

BHIC’s counsel was undermined and when the wealth of HII and HC was exposed, and it has

said that a new trial is the only appropriate remedy. The Court shall see it done.

        A separate Order consistent with these findings shall issue this date.

        Signed by Royce C. Lamberth, Chief Judge, on August 29, 2011.


        7
          A second problem for the government is that it has stated that the damage calculation turns on the harms
caused by the conspiracy. Because the Court has held that the conspiracy question must be tried anew, the necessity
for new factual findings on the nature and scope of the conspiracy also require new findings regarding the damage
caused by that enterprise, as it is defined by the new jury.

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