        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                         Assigned on Briefs November 4, 2014

                  STATE OF TENNESSEE v. DEVIN ROGERS

                  Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                   No. 12-01862    James M. Lammey, Jr., Judge


               No. W2013-02442-CCA-R3-CD - Filed February 25, 2015


The defendant, Devin Rogers, was convicted by a Shelby County Criminal Court jury of
aggravated robbery, a Class B felony, and was sentenced to eleven years in the Tennessee
Department of Correction. On appeal, he argues that the trial court erred in denying his
motion to suppress his statement to police and that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his
conviction. After review, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

A LAN E. G LENN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which T HOMAS T. W OODALL, P.J.,
and R OBERT L. H OLLOWAY, J R., J., joined.

Mark Mesler, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Devin Rogers.

Herbert H. Slatery, III, Attorney General and Reporter; Michelle L. Consiglio-Young,
Assistant Attorney General; Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; and Jose Leon,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                         OPINION

                                           FACTS

       The defendant was indicted for one count of aggravated robbery as a result of his
participation in the robbery of Foodland grocery store in Memphis, Tennessee, on November
17, 2011.

                                    Motion to Suppress

       Prior to trial, the defendant filed a motion to suppress his statement to police. The
defendant asserted that he was questioned at length before being “properly mirandized” and
that the statements he gave “were the result of threats, force and/or coercion.” He
additionally asserted that the investigators “made promises and assurances about the potential
cases against him and those promises and assurances overcame his will not to speak or give
statements to the investigators.”

        The trial court conducted a hearing on the defendant’s motion at which Officer
Lawrence Barr with the Memphis Police Department testified that he received a call from
dispatch on December 3, 2011 that the defendant was in the parking lot of his apartment
complex and that he matched the description of a suspect involved in a recent aggravated
robbery. Officer Barr confirmed that the defendant matched the description and took him
into custody. The defendant did not give his real name or correct identifying information to
the officers. Officer Barr and his partner transported the defendant to the police station and,
while en route, did not ask the defendant any questions or converse with him. Officer Barr
did not read the defendant his Miranda rights at that time because he did not have any
questions for the defendant. The defendant did not appear to be under the influence and was
cooperative with the officers, aside from giving them a false name and birth date.

        Detective Fausto Frias with the robbery unit of the Memphis Police Department
testified that he participated in the investigation of several aggravated robberies that involved
an individual by the defendant’s name. On December 3, 2011, Detective Frias received a call
from a witness in another robbery that the person responsible for that robbery was at her
apartment complex, and the witness gave a description and location for that individual.
Detective Frias had uniform patrol respond to the scene, and the officers brought the
defendant to the police station. The defendant initially gave the officers a false name and
identifying information. However, when told that he was going to be fingerprinted to
ascertain his identity, the defendant told Detective Frias that his name was Devin Rogers and
that he had been afraid to give his real name because there was an active burglary warrant
out on him.

        Detective Frias testified that it took him approximately one hour to research Devin
Rogers and confirm that there was a burglary warrant for him. After which, he advised the
defendant of his Miranda rights by reading them out loud to the defendant as well as going
through them line-by-line. The defendant verbally acknowledged that he understood his
rights, then read and signed the advice of rights form.

       Detective Frias testified that he explained to the defendant that he was being
investigated because he was implicated in a robbery, and the defendant initially denied any
involvement in a robbery. The detective asked the defendant to recall what he did the day
of the Foodland store robbery, and the defendant said that he “couldn’t remember that far

                                               -2-
back.” The detective told the defendant that he had witnesses who told him that the
defendant committed the robbery, and then the defendant confessed and explained his actions
in detail. Detective Frias told the defendant that he would document his statement by typing
it. The defendant admitted participating in several robberies, including the one in this case.
The defendant gave separate statements for each robbery.

       Detective Frias testified that at no time during the interview and giving of the
statement did the defendant indicate that he was in physical discomfort or request to have an
attorney present. The defendant was given several restroom breaks, as well as food to eat.
The defendant was cooperative throughout the process and seemed to understand what was
going on. Detective Frias stated that the defendant “was very remorseful and sorry for
everything he’s done.”

        On cross-examination, Detective Frias agreed that the defendant arrived at the police
station at 3:20 p.m., and the advice of rights was read to him at 4:42 p.m. Detective Frias
explained that, during that time period, he introduced himself to the defendant and informed
the defendant why he was there. Then, it took thirty minutes or more to ascertain the
defendant’s real name because he gave officers false identifying information. Detective Frias
said that he did not ask the defendant any incriminating questions during that time, but
instead asked him his name, address, social security number, birth date, and other identifying
information.

        Detective Frias agreed that, when he reviewed the advice of rights form with the
defendant, he asked the defendant if he suffered from any mental disorders and the defendant
responded that he had ADHD and bipolar disorder. The defendant told the detective that he
was taking the appropriate medications for his conditions. Detective Frias began
interviewing the defendant about the present robbery around 5:00 p.m., and, by 5:30 p.m.,
he had admitted participating in it. Detective Frias denied threatening the defendant with life
in prison before he confessed to the robbery. He also denied showing the defendant a blue
piece of paper and telling him that the paper meant that he would receive life in prison or life
without parole. The detective said that he did not tell the defendant that he would never see
his family again if he did not confess to the robbery, or that the defendant would be free to
leave if he just confessed. They began the typed statement related to this case at 6:53 p.m.
Detective Frias stated that the defendant never asked for a lawyer or said that he wanted to
stop talking to the officers.

       Sergeant Albert Bonner, an officer with the Memphis Police Department assigned to
the robbery bureau in December of 2011, testified that he assisted Detective Frias in the
witness room during the questioning of the defendant. Sergeant Bonner stated that the
defendant appeared to understand the detective’s questions. He never asked for a lawyer or

                                              -3-
indicated that he was in physical pain or discomfort. The defendant was offered bathroom
breaks, food, and water. He did not appear to be under the influence of anything.

        On cross-examination, Sergeant Bonner denied threatening the defendant, showing
him a blue piece of paper to indicate that he would spend the rest of his life in prison, or
telling him that he was never going to see his family again. He also denied promising the
defendant anything to get him to talk or telling him that he could go home if he just
confessed.

        The defendant testified that he had several indictments against him for aggravated
robbery and aggravated burglary and that he gave detectives statements of admission to each
of the different crimes. However, he felt that the statements were obtained in an improper
fashion. The defendant stated that the officers showed up at the apartment where he was
staying and obtained consent to search the residence, but they did not have a warrant for his
arrest. The officers did not ask his name and placed him in handcuffs. The defendant told
the officers that his name was Terrelle McGhee and gave them a fake social security number.
He recalled that, with the exception of when the officers took him to urinate in a garbage can,
he sat handcuffed in the patrol car for an hour and then was taken to the police station.
During the ride, the officers told him that he was just going in for questioning and was not
under arrest. At the police station, he sat on a bench for about an hour with handcuffs around
his leg and then the officers started talking to him trying to find out his real name. He had
not been read his Miranda rights at that point.

        The defendant testified that he eventually told the officers his real name and that he
had lied to them at first because he “thought they were picking [him] up for [his] aggravated
burglary.” The officers then started to ask him about a robbery. When shown a copy of the
advice of rights form that he signed, the defendant stated that the time noted on it was
consistent with his memory. However, he said that the officers questioned him about a
robbery, not the one in this case, for approximately thirty minutes before he signed the advice
of rights. He said that they only gave him the advice of rights after he confessed to the
robbery. Also, before he was given the advice of rights, the “Mexican” officer told him that
if he kept lying, the officer would “sign a blue piece of paper” that would keep him from
seeing his family again and he would “have life without parole.” The defendant claimed that
after the officer threatened him for forty-five minutes, he started to cry. The officer was so
loud and threatening that the defendant just gave up and confessed to the robbery. The
defendant said that he did not know what the Miranda rights were when all this was taking
place and that the officers did not read the advice of rights form until after he signed it. The
defendant acknowledged that he never asked for a lawyer and that the officers gave him food
and water.



                                              -4-
       On cross-examination, the defendant claimed that he signed the statements without
reading them because he was tired and wanted to go home. He also claimed that the officers
repeatedly told him throughout the ordeal that he was not under arrest.

      On redirect examination, the defendant stated that, at the time of questioning, he had
been off his medications, Depakote and Ritalin, for two and a half weeks.

       At the end of the hearing, the trial court denied the defendant’s motion to suppress,
finding that the defendant “was advised of his rights, he was not forced or coerced, that he
freely and voluntarily waived his rights, that he freely and voluntarily gave these
statements[,]” and that the defendant’s testimony was not “very credible.”

                                                  Trial

       Through an interpreter, Isabel Hernandez,1 the victim, testified that she was working
as the manager at Foodland grocery store on November 17, 2011, until approximately 7:00
p.m. She went to the register to check out a regular customer, and she recalled that the
customer made a phone call while she helped him. During that time, the victim’s husband
entered the store to visit her, and two men came in behind him. One of the men, whom the
victim described as African-American, held a pistol and demanded money from a customer
and that she get money out of the register. The victim told the two men that there was money
in another register, and the man with the gun pointed it at her head while she led him to that
register. She gave the money inside the register to the man with the gun, after pushing the
emergency button to alert the police. While she gave the money to the man with the gun, the
other man “was grabbing merchandise out from under the counter . . . [and] stuffing it into
a backpack that he brought with him.” The victim walked back to the other register and told
the men to “[j]ust take everything.”

       The victim testified that, after the police arrived, she noticed a cell phone lying on the
ground, and it began to ring. She told the police that it was not part of the store merchandise
and did not belong to her or any other employee. She told the police that the robbers took
cell phones, cigarettes, contact lenses, and watches, essentially the “expensive things” that
were kept at the front of the store, as well as one of the cash registers. She recalled that the
two men who robbed the store had coverings over their faces. One had on a Halloween mask
and a short-sleeved shirt. The other had a bandana around part of his face and carried a black
backpack. She could not see their faces.



        1
          Because the victim and her husband, another witness, share the same surname, we will refer to the
victim as “the victim” and her husband as “Hernandez.”

                                                   -5-
       The video surveillance system at the store captured the events, and the video was
played for the jury. Thereafter, the victim was questioned regarding the regular customer she
was helping when the robbers entered the store. She said that he had on a blue cap and that
she had seen him in the store prior to the night of the robbery. She recalled that he left
behind his identification card and credit cards.

       On cross-examination, the victim testified that her description of the robbers to the
police came from what little she could see of their faces and hands. She described both men
as African-American with an approximate height of 5'10".

       Also through an interpreter, Candido Hernandez, the victim’s husband, testified that,
on November 17, 2011, he stopped by the grocery store where the victim worked just like he
did after every work day. When he arrived, he saw two people standing on the corner just
outside the store and in the process of covering their faces. Hernandez saw that the men were
walking toward the store, so he exited his vehicle and walked in just ahead of them to warn
his wife. One of the men aimed a gun at him and then at the victim, as the man demanded
money from the cash register which the victim proceeded to hand over. Hernandez saw one
of the men grab a cash register, and both men fled the store. He chased after them, calling
911 in the process. Hernandez said that the men never went to the back of the store and did
not take any food items during the robbery. He confirmed that the men took cell phones,
cigarettes, and a computer. Hernandez used a map to show the jury where he first
encountered the two men and where they went after leaving the store.

       Officer Christopher Slaughter, a crime-scene investigator with the Memphis Police
Department, testified that he assisted with processing the scene at the Foodland grocery store
on November 17, 2011. He identified several photographs taken at the scene and of the
stolen cash register that was recovered.

        Officer Michael Spearman, a crime-scene investigator with the Memphis Police
Department, testified that he also participated in processing the scene in this case. He
identified items recovered from the scene and said that he attempted to lift fingerprints from
the cash register, but only “smudges” were detected. He did not dust other items for
fingerprints.

       Officer David Galloway, a crime-scene investigator with the Memphis Police
Department, testified that he participated in a follow-up investigation at the Foodland grocery
store on November 18, 2011. He identified a backpack containing the stolen merchandise,
as well as a gun magazine recovered nearby. He said that no fingerprints “of value” were
recovered from any of the items, including the backpack.



                                              -6-
       Officer Desmond Gibbs with the Memphis Police Department testified that he
received a request to pick up a robbery suspect on December 3, 2011. He located a person
matching the suspect’s description at the given address, and he identified the defendant in
court as the suspect. Officer Gibbs said that the defendant, however, gave him the name of
“Terrell McGee” instead of his real name.

        Detective Frias testified that he developed the defendant as a robbery suspect and had
him brought in for questioning. After the defendant arrived at the police station, it took
Detective Frias an hour to obtain his identity because the defendant initially gave a false
name, date of birth, and social security number. The defendant only gave his correct name
and information after Detective Frias told him that he would have to be fingerprinted for his
real information.

       Detective Frias testified that, after ascertaining the defendant’s correct information,
he read the defendant his Miranda rights and began an oral interview. The detective
specifically recalled that the defendant read the Miranda rights out loud to the officers, the
officers went over the rights line by line with the defendant, and the defendant acknowledged
verbally and in writing that he understood his rights. The defendant appeared to understand
what was going on and did not appear to be under the influence at the time he acknowledged
that he understood his rights.

        Detective Frias testified that he asked the defendant about a case he was investigating,
and the defendant gave a written statement. Specifically, the defendant relayed facts of the
robbery to the detective, and the detective typed the statement. In his statement, the
defendant admitted to participating in the robbery of the Foodland store on November 17,
2011. The defendant said that two other individuals, “Terry Townsend” and “Ray,” were
involved in the robbery. He claimed that Townsend was armed with a weapon, “a chrome
380.” He said that they took a cash register, cigarettes, and “some food – like chicken,
cereal, milk, and washing powder” from the store. However, they did not really get away
with anything because he “dropped the register” and the others “dropped the food.” They
only got away with “the tissue and milk and stuff.” He claimed that Townsend suggested the
robbery because their refrigerator was empty and they had “babies and toddlers at the house,
and they were crying like they were hungry.”

        Detective Frias testified that the defendant continued in his statement that Townsend
went into the store to look around, then came back outside and told him and Ray that it was
time to go in. Townsend put on a mask, the defendant wrapped a shirt around his head, and
Ray entered the store pretending to be a customer. The defendant and Townsend planned to
enter the store when Ray sent them a text saying, “Go time.” After they received the text, the
defendant and Townsend ran into the store. Townsend pointed a gun at “the Mexican lady”

                                              -7-
and demanded money. They treated Ray like a customer and pointed a gun at his head and
“then made him get off the ground and take a basket of food with him outside.” The
defendant said that he was unable to open the cash register, so he took the register with him
out of the store.

        The defendant was shown photographs, from which he identified Townsend and Ray
as the people “responsible for committing the robbery with [him].” The defendant said that
all three of them wore black clothing, he had a black shirt tied around his head, Townsend
wore “a screen mask,” and Ray did not have on a mask. He said that he did not know the
whereabouts of the gun that was used in the robbery because it belonged to Townsend.

        The defendant initialed and signed the statement as being true and accurate, and
Detective Frias and the other officer present also initialed the statement. The defendant was
given the opportunity to make changes to the statement, but he did not do so. Detective Frias
recalled that the defendant appeared alert and attentive throughout the whole process.
Afterwards, the defendant was taken to the jail for booking and processing. Detective Frias
testified that the name of the person the defendant referred to as Ray is Howard McClain.

       Sergeant James Taylor with the Memphis Police Department testified that he was the
lead investigator on the case. It was reported that one of the suspects had dropped his wallet
and cell phone during the robbery and, while he was reviewing the report, he was notified
that Howard McClain had contacted the police to report that he had lost his wallet and cell
phone. He requested that McClain be brought in for questioning because it was “very
obvious that he was involved in the robbery.” Sergeant Taylor then developed the defendant
and Josh Rankin as the other two suspects in the robbery.

        Sergeant Taylor testified that he spoke with the defendant on December 5, 2011, but
that he first advised the defendant of his Miranda rights and the defendant signed the warning
form acknowledging that he had been informed of his rights and wished to talk to the
officers. Sergeant Taylor prepared a still shot photograph from the store’s surveillance video
that showed the robbers entering the store. He asked the defendant to identify the suspects
in the photograph, and the defendant identified himself as one of the men and the other as
“Josh.” Sergeant Taylor stated that, when he interviewed the defendant, the defendant did
not appear to be under the influence and seemed to understand everything that was going on.

      On cross-examination, Sergeant Taylor admitted that, during his interview of Howard
McClain, McClain provided names of those involved in the robbery. McClain named Terry
Townsend as an accomplice, and Townsend was arrested but later released. McClain did not
name the defendant as an accomplice.



                                             -8-
       The defendant elected not to testify or present any proof.

      After the conclusion of the proof, the jury convicted the defendant of aggravated
robbery as charged in the indictment.

                                         ANALYSIS

                                   I. Motion to Suppress

       The defendant argues that the trial court erred in not suppressing his statement to the
police. He specifically asserts that he was questioned prior to the administration of his
Miranda rights, he was threatened with a life sentence if he did not admit to committing the
robbery, and his typed statement was “full of errors.”

       When this court reviews a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence,
“[q]uestions of credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value of the evidence, and
resolution of conflicts in the evidence are matters entrusted to the trial judge as the trier of
fact.” State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996). Moreover, the party prevailing at
the suppression hearing is afforded the “strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all
reasonable and legitimate inferences that may be drawn from that evidence.” State v. Keith,
978 S.W.2d 861, 864 (Tenn. 1998). The findings of a trial court in a suppression hearing are
upheld unless the evidence preponderates against those findings. See id. The application of
the law to the facts found by the trial court is a question of law and is reviewed de novo.
State v. Walton, 41 S.W.3d 75, 81 (Tenn. 2001); State v. Crutcher, 989 S .W.2d 295, 299
(Tenn. 1999); State v. Yeargan, 958 S.W.2d 626, 629 (Tenn. 1997).

        The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “[n]o person .
. . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.” U.S. Const.
amend. V. The corresponding provision of the Tennessee Constitution states “[t]hat in all
criminal prosecutions, the accused . . . shall not be compelled to give evidence against
himself.” Tenn. Const. art. I, § 9. Thus, to be admissible at trial, a confession made while
under custodial interrogation must be shown to have been freely and voluntarily given, after
the defendant’s knowing waiver of his constitutional right to remain silent and to have an
attorney present during questioning. See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444 (1966).

        Under the Fifth Amendment, a confession is involuntary when it is the result of
coercive action on the part of the State. Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 163-64 (1986).
Our supreme court has concluded that “the test of voluntariness for confessions under Article
1, § 9 is broader and more protective of individual rights than the test of voluntariness under
the Fifth Amendment.” State v. Crump, 834 S.W.2d 265, 268 (Tenn. 1992). In order for a

                                              -9-
confession to be considered voluntary in Tennessee, it must not be the result of “‘any sort of
threats or violence, . . . any direct or implied promises, however slight, nor by the exertion
of any improper influence.’” State v. Smith, 42 S.W.3d 101, 109 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000)
(quoting Bram v. United States, 168 U.S. 532, 542-43 (1897)). Courts look to the totality of
the circumstances to determine whether a confession is voluntary. State v. Smith, 933
S.W.2d 450, 455 (Tenn. 1996).

      After hearing the testimony at the suppression hearing, the trial court denied the
defendant’s motion to suppress his statement, finding:

       [The defendant] was advised of his rights, he was not forced or coerced, that
       he freely and voluntarily waived his rights, that he freely and voluntarily gave
       these statements.

               I don’t find that in any way he was coerced by the officers. I don’t find
       his testimony to be very credible.

               In light of the fact that I have five specific and detailed statements that
       he acknowledged that he signed, the Court is satisfied that [the defendant]
       understood what he was doing. I don’t find that there was any threats or
       coercion involved in these cases, so I’ll deny the motion to suppress and allow
       the statements to be introduced as exhibits.

        The evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s findings. Detective Frias
testified that he advised the defendant of his Miranda rights by reading them out loud and
going through them line-by-line prior to questioning him about the robberies. The detective
said that the defendant confessed his involvement shortly into the questioning and gave
details of his actions. Detective Frias denied threatening the defendant with life in prison
before he confessed to the robbery or showing the defendant a blue piece of paper and telling
him that the paper meant he would receive life in prison or life without parole. The detective
said that he did not tell the defendant that he would never see his family again if he did not
confess to the robbery, or that the defendant would be free to leave if he confessed.
Detective Frias recalled that the defendant told him that he had ADHD and bipolar disorder
but that he was taking the appropriate medications for his conditions.

        Sergeant Bonner confirmed that the defendant appeared to understand Detective Frias’
questions. He also denied threatening the defendant, showing him a blue piece of paper to
indicate that he would spend the rest of his life in prison, or telling him that he was never
going to see his family again. He also denied promising the defendant anything to get him
to talk or telling him that he could go home if he confessed.

                                              -10-
      In addition, none of the officers who interacted with the defendant believed the
defendant to be under the influence of any substance.

        The defendant’s argument consists solely of his mere allegations, and the trial court
determined that the defendant’s testimony was not credible. The defendant is not entitled to
relief on this issue.

                               II. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       The defendant argues that the evidence is insufficient to establish that he is guilty of
aggravated robbery. He specifically claims that no physical evidence connected him to the
crime, no eyewitnesses identified him as a participant, and his confession was untrustworthy.

       In considering this issue, we apply the rule that where sufficiency of the convicting
evidence is challenged, the relevant question of the reviewing court is “whether, after
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see also Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e) (“Findings of guilt in
criminal actions whether by the trial court or jury shall be set aside if the evidence is
insufficient to support the findings by the trier of fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”);
State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 190-92 (Tenn. 1992); State v. Anderson, 835 S.W.2d 600,
604 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992). The same standard applies whether the finding of guilt is
predicated upon direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of direct and
circumstantial evidence. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).

        A criminal offense may be established entirely by circumstantial evidence. State v.
Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn. 2010). It is for the jury to determine the weight to be
given the circumstantial evidence and the extent to which the circumstances are consistent
with the guilt of the defendant and inconsistent with his innocence. State v. James, 315
S.W.3d 440, 456 (Tenn. 2010). In addition, the State does not have the duty to exclude every
other reasonable hypothesis except that of the defendant’s guilt in order to obtain a
conviction based solely on circumstantial evidence. See State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370,
380-81 (Tenn. 2011) (adopting the federal standard of review for cases in which the evidence
is entirely circumstantial).

        All questions involving the credibility of witnesses, the weight and value to be given
the evidence, and all factual issues are resolved by the trier of fact. See State v. Pappas, 754
S.W.2d 620, 623 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the
trial judge, accredits the testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in
favor of the theory of the State.” State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). Our

                                              -11-
supreme court stated the rationale for this rule:

              This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and
       the jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe their
       demeanor on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary
       instrumentality of justice to determine the weight and credibility to be given
       to the testimony of witnesses. In the trial forum alone is there human
       atmosphere and the totality of the evidence cannot be reproduced with a
       written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 219 Tenn. 4, 11, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (1966) (citing Carroll v. State, 212
Tenn. 464, 370 S.W.2d 523 (1963)). “A jury conviction removes the presumption of
innocence with which a defendant is initially cloaked and replaces it with one of guilt, so that
on appeal a convicted defendant has the burden of demonstrating that the evidence is
insufficient.” State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982).

        Aggravated robbery is “the intentional or knowing theft of property from the person
of another by violence or putting the person in fear” when it is “[a]ccomplished with a deadly
weapon or by display of any article used or fashioned to lead the victim to reasonably believe
it to be a deadly weapon[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-13-401(a), -402(a)(1).

       The defendant does not dispute that an aggravated robbery took place; he only
disputes his identity as one of the robbers. However, “[i]dentification of a defendant as the
person who committed the offense for which he or she is on trial is a question of fact for the
jury’s determination upon consideration of all competent proof.” State v. Thomas, 158
S.W.3d 361, 388 (Tenn. 2005) (citing State v. Strickland, 885 S.W.2d 85, 87 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1993)).

       At trial, Isabel Hernandez described the two men who robbed her: both were African-
American, one had on a Halloween mask and a short-sleeved shirt and the other had a
bandana around part of his face and carried a black backpack. One of the men held a pistol
and demanded money from a customer and for the victim to get money out of the register.
The men took cell phones, cigarettes, contact lenses, and watches, essentially the “expensive
things” that were kept at the front of the store, as well as one of the cash registers. The video
surveillance system at the store captured the events and corroborated the victim’s testimony.

       Candido Hernandez testified similarly to the victim regarding the robbery. He
explained that when he arrived at the store to visit the victim, he saw two people standing on
the corner just outside the store and in the process of covering their faces. Inside the store,
Hernandez saw one of the men aim a gun at the victim and demand money from the cash

                                              -12-
register. Hernandez saw one of the men grab a cash register, and both men fled the store.
Hernandez confirmed that the men took cell phones, cigarettes, and a computer from the
front of the store.

        Detective Frias testified that the defendant admitted participating in the robbery of the
Foodland store on November 17, 2011. The defendant relayed specific facts of the robbery
to the detective, which were consistent with information given by the victim and Hernandez.
The defendant said that two other individuals, “Terry Townsend” and “Ray,” were involved
in the robbery with him. He recalled that Townsend was armed with a gun and that they
took, among other things, a cash register and cigarettes. The defendant said that he wrapped
a shirt around his head, Townsend put on a mask, and Ray entered the store pretending to be
a customer. During the robbery, Townsend pointed a gun at “the Mexican lady” and
demanded money, and they treated Ray like a customer and pointed a gun at his head. The
defendant said that he was unable to open the cash register, so he took the register with him
out of the store. When shown photographs of the scene, the defendant identified Townsend
and Ray as the people “responsible for committing the robbery with [him].” The defendant
said that all three of them wore black clothing, he had a black shirt tied around his head,
Townsend wore “a screen mask,” and Ray did not have on a mask. The defendant initialed
and signed the statement as being true and accurate.

       Sergeant Taylor prepared a still shot photograph from the store’s surveillance video
that showed the robbers entering the store, and the defendant identified himself as one of the
suspects in the photograph.

        Thus, the evidence presented at trial, including the testimony of the victim and
Hernandez, the video of the robbery, and the defendant’s confession to police sufficiently
established the elements of aggravated robbery and the defendant’s involvement in it. Again,
with regard to the defendant’s identity as one of the robbers, the defendant confessed to the
crime and indicated details consistent with the testimony of the victim. Although the
defendant may not have been truthful in his identifications of the other participants, the jury
believed that the defendant still in fact committed the robbery. Any factual issues or
questions concerning the credibility of the defendant’s statement to police were resolved by
the jury as the trier of fact. In the light most favorable to the State, the evidence is sufficient
for a rational trier of fact to find the defendant guilty of aggravated robbery.




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                                    CONCLUSION

        Based on the foregoing authorities and reasoning, we affirm the judgment of the
trial court.


                                                  _________________________________
                                                  ALAN E. GLENN, JUDGE




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