                                   Illinois Official Reports

                                           Appellate Court



                             Egan v. McCullough, 2013 IL App (1st) 122475




Appellate Court               ANNE MARIE EGAN, Independent Executor of the Estate of Sarah
Caption                       P. Conway, Deceased; JAMES O’TOOLE, Independent Executor of
                              the Estate of Kathleen O’Toole, Deceased; and THERESE
                              HEIDKAMP JOYA, Independent Executor of the Estate of Mary
                              Therese Heidkamp, Deceased, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. LYNNARD
                              McCULLOUGH, HOGAN DEDICATED SERVICES, LLC,
                              HOGAN PERSONNEL, LLC, and JOANNE STEENVELD,
                              Defendants-Appellees.


District & No.                First District, Third Division
                              Docket No. 1-12-2475


Filed                         December 11, 2013


Held                          In an action for the deaths of three passengers of a car struck by a truck
(Note: This syllabus          while driving on an icy and snow-covered highway, the trial court did
constitutes no part of the    not abuse its discretion in refusing to give an instruction that at least
opinion of the court but      one of the drivers was negligent and liable for the deaths, since there
has been prepared by the      was substantial disputed evidence as to whether either driver was
Reporter of Decisions         going too fast for conditions and whether the truck driver should have
for the convenience of        attempted to avoid the collision, and the determination of any
the reader.)                  negligence was left to the jury, which was free to find that both drivers
                              acted reasonably; therefore, the verdict for all defendants was
                              affirmed.



Decision Under                Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 09-L-9162; the
Review                        Hon. Edward Washington, Judge, presiding.
     Judgment                  Affirmed.


     Counsel on                Michael T. Gill, of Pfaff & Gill, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellants.
     Appeal
                               Bradford Purcell, of Purcell & Wardrope, Edward M. Kay, of Clausen
                               Miller, P.C., and Joseph DiPino, of Beverly & Pause, all of Chicago,
                               for appellees.


     Panel                     PRESIDING JUSTICE HYMAN delivered the judgment of the court,
                               with opinion.
                               Justices Neville and Mason concurred in the judgment and opinion.




                                               OPINION


¶1         The executors of the estates of three women killed when the car they were passengers in
       collided with a truck in DeKalb, Illinois, filed a wrongful death action against the driver of the
       car, the driver of the truck, and the truck driver’s employer and its affiliates. Plaintiffs accused
       the driver of the car and the driver of the truck of traveling too fast for road conditions.
       Although evidence showed that both drivers were traveling below the posted speed limit, the
       plaintiffs argued that because it was snowing and the roads were icy, the drivers should have
       been driving even slower. The plaintiffs also alleged the truck driver was negligent in veering
       to the right and driving into a field in an effort to avoid the accident.
¶2         The jury returned a verdict in favor of all defendants. The jury also answered a special
       interrogatory as to the truck driver, finding him free from fault. Plaintiffs appealed arguing that
       in the absence of negligence on the part of the decedents, the circuit court erred in declining to
       instruct the jury that at least one of the defendants was negligent and thus liable to plaintiffs.
       But there were genuine issues of fact and liability for the jury to decide and the jury could find
       none of the defendants legally responsible for the deaths. The trial court did not err in refusing
       to instruct the jury that at least one defendant must be found liable for the accident that resulted
       in death of plaintiffs’ decedents. We affirm.

¶3                                         BACKGROUND
¶4         The tragic accident that gives rise to this case occurred on December 1, 2008. That
       morning, defendant Joanne Steenveld, age 70, left her home in Skokie, Illinois, and picked up
       three friends and fellow parishioners, Sarah Conway, Kathleen O’Toole, and Mary Heidkamp,
       on the north side of Chicago to travel to DeKalb for the funeral of a friend’s husband.
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     Steenveld drove down I-294 south to I-88; she exited northbound on Peace Road, drove past
     the intersection of Fairview Drive and into the city of DeKalb. After attending the service and
     a luncheon, at about 2 p.m., the four women began their return trip to Chicago.
¶5        Since it had been snowing off and on for most of the day, snow had accumulated on the
     roads in the area, though the extent to which it affected driving conditions was a matter of
     dispute. Steenveld planned to take the reverse route she took earlier. She was driving south on
     Peace Road approaching the intersection of Fairview Drive when she lost control of her
     vehicle, slid across the center line, into the northbound lane in front of a tractor trailer driven
     by defendant Lynnard McCullough. McCullough stepped on his brakes and veered to the right
     into an adjacent field to try to avoid a collision. But Steenveld’s car continued to move in the
     direction of the field, and the vehicles collided there. Two of the car’s passengers, Sarah
     Conway and Mary Heidkamp, died at the scene. Kathleen O’Toole survived the accident, was
     transferred to a hospital where she underwent surgery, but never regained consciousness. She
     died three weeks later on December 24, 2008. Steenveld was injured and airlifted to a hospital
     for treatment and was later released.
¶6        On September 29, 2010, plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint against Steenveld,
     McCullough, and Hogan Dedicated Services, LLC, Hogan Motor Leasing, LLC, and Hogan
     Personnel, LLC (Hogan), McCullough’s employer and its affiliates. Plaintiffs alleged
     Steenveld and McCullough were negligent in operating their vehicles at speeds too fast for
     weather conditions and that McCullough was also negligent for leaving the roadway. Before
     trial, plaintiffs filed motion in limine number 13, asking the court to bar the parties, their
     attorneys, and witnesses from “[a]ny argument, evidence, reference or suggestion that
     anything other than the alleged negligence of the defendants caused or contributed to cause
     plaintiff’s injuries.” No objection was raised, and the circuit court granted the motion.
¶7        The evidence at trial showed that it was snowing on December 1, 2008, but witnesses
     presented conflicting testimony about the condition of Peace Road at the time of the accident.
     William Rozell was driving northbound on Peace Road, behind McCullough just before the
     accident. He testified that at 5 a.m. when he drove to work, southbound Peace Road was icy,
     causing his car to slide, but that when he was returning home at about 2 p.m., he had no
     problem controlling his vehicle. Rozell did not see McCullough’s truck sliding or weaving.
     Anthony Jovanovich was also driving northbound on Peace Road at the time of the accident, in
     the vicinity of McCullough’s truck. Jovanovich also testified that the roads were slushy and icy
     but that he had no problem controlling his vehicle. Illinois State Trooper James Glowinski,
     who responded to the accident, testified that the roads were slick but did not recall any ice.
     DeKalb County sheriff’s detective John Sistema, who arrived at the scene about 30 or 40
     minutes after the accident, described Peace Road as “icy, slushy, slippery, treacherous.”
     Sheriff William Kominski testified that Peace Road is surrounded on both sides by farmland
     and “tends to ice up very quickly.” He stated that when he arrived at the scene, Peace Road was
     “very icy.”
¶8        Defendant Steenveld testified that when she drove from Chicago to DeKalb on the morning
     of December 1, 2008, it was snowing but that she had no difficulty controlling her vehicle.
     After leaving a luncheon following the funeral for the return trip home, Steenveld noticed it
                                                  -3-
       was snowing and that snow was accumulating on the road. Although she had no recollection of
       her speed, she testified that it would have been her custom to travel well below the posted 55
       miles per hour speed limit in the snow or rain and estimated that she was driving about 35 miles
       per hour. There was no other evidence presented regarding the speed at which Steenveld was
       driving. Steenveld testified that she was traveling southbound on Peace Road and recalled
       seeing a sign for I-88 to Chicago but remembers nothing after that until she was put on a
       helicopter for transfer to St. Anthony’s Hospital in Rockford.
¶9         Lynnard McCullough testified that he is a professional truck driver and was working for
       Hogan on December 1, 2008. McCullough’s job that day required him to pick up a full trailer
       at the Target distribution center, about 500 yards from the intersection of Peace Road and
       Fairview Drive, deliver it to a Target store in Oak Lawn, Illinois, and return to the distribution
       center with an empty trailer. On his return trip, McCullough was traveling northbound on
       Peace Road in the vicinity of Fairview Drive when he first saw Steenveld’s car in the
       southbound lane. McCullough estimated his speed at about 35 to 40 miles per hour. Two
       witnesses, William Rozell and Anthony Jovanovich, who were driving behind McCullough
       estimated his speed at 40 to 45 miles per hour. The posted speed limit was 55 miles per hour.
       McCullough testified that when he first saw Steenveld’s car, it appeared to be under control.
       The next time he saw the car, however, he noticed the driver had lost control, was “fishtailing,”
       and crossing the centerline into the northbound lane. McCullough said he then applied his
       brakes to slow down the truck, in what he called a “controlled breaking” and steered toward the
       right and into a field east of the road. McCullough testified that he drove toward the right
       because the left was not an option, he did not think he could avoid the accident by continuing to
       drive straight, and he had been trained to avoid an oncoming vehicle by moving to the right if
       possible. McCullough said he then saw Steenveld’s car shoot across the northbound lane and
       into the field, where the front of his truck struck the passenger side of the car. The impact
       occurred about eight feet east of northbound Peace Road.
¶ 10       The police who investigated the accident found no fault with McCullough’s actions.
       DeKalb sheriff’s deputy Kaminski, who was a first responder to the accident, testified that
       witnesses at the scene told him there was nothing unusual about the speed of the truck before
       the accident. He also stated that based on his interviews and investigation, he concluded that
       McCullough was not driving too fast for road conditions. Deputy Kaminski testified that
       McCullough made an evasive move to try to avoid the accident and had no criticism of
       McCullough’s actions. Illinois State Police Trooper James Glowinski is a commercial vehicle
       officer and enforces United States Department of Transportation Regulations that apply to
       commercial motor vehicles in the State of Illinois, including those pertaining to driver
       qualifications and equipment regulations. Trooper Glowinski interviewed McCullough and
       inspected his truck. The inspection showed that there were no equipment violations and that
       the tractor trailer was in good mechanical condition with fully operational brakes.
¶ 11       Plaintiffs’ trucking expert witness, Michael Williams, testified that McCullough was
       negligent in failing to recognize that Peace Road was slick and icy. He estimated McCullough
       was traveling at 45 miles per hour, which he asserted was too fast for conditions. He opined
       that had McCullough been driving at 30 miles per hour or less, he may have been able to stop
                                                   -4-
       his truck and avoid the collision. On cross-examination, Williams acknowledged that the
       Illinois Vehicle Code (625 ILCS 5/1-100 et seq. (West 2010)) and federal regulations
       governing commercial motor vehicles did not require McCullough to drive 25 miles per hour
       below the posted speed limit. He also agreed no evidence existed that McCullough’s truck slid
       or that he had lost control. Williams acknowledged that a driver’s natural instinct when faced
       with an oncoming vehicle would be to steer to the right and that truck driving training manuals
       recommend truck drivers veer to the right when faced with an oncoming vehicle, if possible.
       But Williams asserted that McCullough could have avoided the accident by veering toward the
       left and into a safety lane between the southbound and northbound lanes of Peace Road.
¶ 12        Defendants’ trucking expert, Lewis Grill, testified that McCullough moved at a reasonable
       speed because he breaked without sliding or losing control of the truck. Grill acknowledged
       that the commercial driver’s license study guide recommends that a truck driver reduce speed
       by 30% on wet roads but testified that McCullough did not need to do that as an experienced
       truck driver. He further stated that McCullough acted correctly in trying to slow down his truck
       and veering to the right when he saw a car enter his lane.
¶ 13        Plaintiffs’ accident reconstruction expert, Tom Feiereisen, presented three animated
       simulations regarding the accident. The first simulation showed how he believed the accident
       happened, assuming McCullough driving at 46 miles per hour and Steenveld driving at 45
       miles per hour. The second simulation showed that if McCullough had stayed in his lane while
       driving between 42 and 51 miles per hour and Steenveld’s car had been traveling 45 miles per
       hour, there would not have been a collision though it would have been close. Using a third
       simulation, Feiereisen asserted that if McCullough had been traveling 30 miles per hour or less
       and Steenveld driving 45 miles per hour, McCullough would have had much more time to react
       and could have easily stopped the truck and avoided the collision. On cross-examination,
       Feiereisen acknowledged that he would not advise drivers to continue driving straight when a
       car crosses the center line into their lane of travel. He also acknowledged that McCullough
       could not know what path Steenveld’s car would travel once it crossed the centerline and that
       he had only 1.5 seconds to perceive the dangerous situation, decide on an action plan, and then
       react.
¶ 14        During the jury instruction conference, plaintiffs tendered instruction number 31, a
       modified Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No. 3.06 (2011), relating to directed findings.
       Plaintiffs’ proposed modified IPI Civil No. 3.06 stated as follows:
                    “The Court has determined that this collision is not one that occurred in the absence
                of negligence and that one or more of the defendants is liable to the plaintiff. You will
                need to decide whether defendant, Joan Steenveld, or defendant Lynnard McCullough,
                Hogan Dedicated Services, LLC, and Hogan Personnel, LLC, or all of the defendants
                are liable to the plaintiffs.”
¶ 15        Plaintiffs argued that because motion in limine number 13, barring evidence or argument
       that anything other than defendants’ alleged negligence caused plaintiff’s injuries, was granted
       without objection and there was no allegation of contributory negligence on the part of
       Steenveld’s passengers, the only verdict that could be consistent with the evidence would be a
       finding that one or more of the defendants were negligent.
                                                    -5-
¶ 16        The circuit court denied plaintiffs’ proposed jury instruction. The court stated it would be
       improper to instruct the jury it had “determined that this collision is not one that occurred in the
       absence of negligence,” because it had not heard a directed verdict motion. The court further
       noted that neither driver had conceded negligence or liability and that the court never made a
       determination that one or both drivers did not have a viable defense. Finding that this was an
       issue for the jury to decide, the court concluded “[w]hen we look at this set of permutations of
       liability, just because this accident occurred does not mean that there has to be a verdict under
       all fact scenarios considered by this jury that at least one of these defendants is negligent, and I
       have not made that determination.”
¶ 17        On February 27, 2012, a unanimous jury verdict was entered in favor of all defendants.
       Without objection from plaintiffs, the circuit court permitted the jury to answer a special
       interrogatory that read, “Did Lynnard McCullough act as a reasonably careful person would
       act under the circumstances shown by the evidence?” The jury answered in the affirmative.
       Plaintiffs filed a posttrial motion for a new trial, which the trial court denied on July 18, 2012,
       finding “there were ample facts for the jury to come to the conclusion that it did in this case.”
       Plaintiffs timely appealed to this court, asking us to vacate the verdict and grant a new trial on
       all issues.

¶ 18                                            ANALYSIS
¶ 19                                        Standard of Review
¶ 20       Plaintiffs contend the trial court’s decision not to instruct the jury that it must find one of
       the defendants liable corresponds to the denial of a motion for a directed verdict and, therefore,
       should be reviewed de novo. Harris v. Thompson, 2012 IL 112525, ¶ 15 (“An adverse ruling
       on a motion for a directed verdict *** is reviewed de novo.”). We disagree. A trial court has
       discretion to determine which instructions to give the jury and that determination will not be
       disturbed absent an abuse of that discretion. Schultz v. Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter
       R.R. Corp., 201 Ill. 2d 260, 273-74 (2002). A circuit court does not abuse its discretion
       regarding jury instructions if the instructions in their entirety “fairly, fully, and
       comprehensively apprise[ ] the jury of the relevant legal principles.” Id. A reviewing court
       ordinarily will not reverse a trial court for giving faulty instructions unless they plainly misled
       the jury and resulted in prejudice to the appellant. Id. at 274.

¶ 21                                        Jury Instruction
¶ 22       Plaintiffs argue that based on facts and evidence presented a trial, at least one of the
       defendants was negligent and thus liable for the death of plaintiff’s decedents. Plaintiffs assert
       that Steenveld’s counsel conceded that point when he stated during opening statements:
               “On the issue of how this accident happened, who is responsible for it, you will have to
               decide based upon the evidence after you’ve heard from all the witnesses and all the
               experts as to whether Ms. Steenveld and Mr. McCullough are at fault or only one of
               them is at fault.”


                                                    -6-
¶ 23       Plaintiffs contend that since the three women who died in the accident bear no
       responsibility for it and there was no claim of contributory negligence, the trial court should
       have instructed the jury that it must return a verdict finding at least one of the defendants liable.
¶ 24       Plaintiffs also argue that their motion in limine 13 barring “any argument, evidence,
       reference or suggestion that anything other than the alleged negligence of the defendants
       caused or contributed to cause plaintiffs’ injuries,” which the trial court granted without
       objection, removed the possibility that anything other than the negligence of one or more of the
       defendants was liable for the accident. Plaintiffs contend that the trial court’s refusal to give
       jury instruction number 31 conflicted with the motion in limine and with the absence of any
       evidence at trial demonstrating a nonnegligent cause for the accident.
¶ 25       Plaintiffs acknowledge the rarity of the jury instruction they requested but rely on Millette
       v. Radosta, 84 Ill. App. 3d 5, 26-27 (1980), as precedent. In Millette, defendant drove his car
       into plaintiff’s truck, injuring plaintiff. Defendant claimed that he lost control of the car
       because when he tried passing plaintiff’s truck on the left, the “car was simply steering itself.”
       Id. at 9. The car had been subject to a manufacturer’s recall due to a high likelihood of damage
       to the steering system, which, if not repaired, could cause loss of steering control. Id. at 9-10.
       Defendant testified he had gone to the dealership to replace the defective part more than once
       but was told the part was not in stock. Id. at 10. He also testified the dealer checked the car and
       told him not to worry about the steering system. Id. He testified no one told him to stop driving
       the car. Id.
¶ 26       The plaintiff truck driver sued the driver of the car, the car manufacturer, and the dealer. Id.
       at 7. The driver of the car counterclaimed against the other defendants. Id. On plaintiff’s
       motion, the trial court directed a verdict in plaintiff’s favor on the issue of contributory
       negligence. Id. at 18. The jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff and against all defendants and
       in favor of the driver of the car on his counterclaim against the manufacturer and dealer. Id. All
       of the defendants appealed the verdict arguing, in part, that the trial court erred in instructing
       the jury that it must find for the plaintiff and against one or more of the defendants and in
       giving the jury a verdict form that did not permit a not-guilty verdict as to all defendants. Id. at
       26. As the appellate court stated, “[t]he basic question before this court is whether based on all
       the evidence a verdict for all three defendants could ever stand.” Id. The appellate court found
       that “it could not,” because: (1) as a matter of law, the plaintiff was not contributorily negligent
       and (2) there was no evidence of some unknown cause or intervening act of God. Id. The
       appellate court stated:
                “ ‘[W]e believe a presumption of negligence does arise when the occurrence is shown
                to proceed from a performance of acts of such character, that when due care is taken, no
                injury ordinarily results from it. An automobile properly operated does not, under
                normal conditions, collide with another automobile or strike a building. Where two
                automobiles collide under normal conditions, it will be presumed that the collision
                occurred from the negligent operation of one or both colliding automobiles.’ ” Id. at 27
                (quoting Krump v. Highlander Ice Cream Co., 30 Ill. App. 2d 103, 105-07 (1961)).


                                                     -7-
¶ 27       Because a verdict for all three defendants could not stand, the appellate court found
       reasonable the trial court’s refusal to submit a verdict form allowing the jury to find all three
       defendants not liable. Id.
¶ 28       Plaintiffs contend that like the plaintiff in Millette, no negligence could be imputed to the
       three passengers here and there also was no evidence of some unknown cause or act of God.
       Therefore, the trial court should have instructed the jury that it could not return a verdict in
       favor of all defendants. This case is distinguishable in several key respects, however. First,
       while contributory negligence is not an issue on the part of the plaintiffs in either case, in
       Millette, the evidence showed that the car that caused the accident was defective and that all of
       the defendants knew that the defect could cause an accident. Therefore, in that case, the
       injuries arose from either a negligent driver, a negligent manufacturer that sold a defective car,
       or a negligent dealer that sold the car and did not advise the driver that it should not be driven.
       Absent that defect, the accident would not have happened. The defendants’ knowledge of the
       defect meant at least one of them was negligent.
¶ 29       Conversely, here, neither of the vehicles was defective and no one alleged advance
       knowledge by either driver of any problems that could cause an accident. The only allegations
       of negligence involved both drivers traveling too fast for road conditions and McCullough’s
       decision to drive off the road. Significantly, defendants did not concede those allegations. And
       the evidence at trial regarding the fact that both vehicles were traveling under the speed limit
       and McCullough’s decision to veer right when faced with an oncoming vehicle was
       uncontroverted. Steenveld, who could not remember the accident, testified that her custom and
       practice was to drive well below the speed limit in snow and guessed her speed at 35 miles per
       hour, a full 20 miles below the 55-miles-per-hour limit in effect on Peace Road. No witnesses
       challenged this assertion. McCullough testified to driving well below the speed limit at 35 or
       40 miles per hour. Other witnesses estimated McCullough moving a little faster, at about 40 to
       45 miles per hour. Deputy Kaminski, who investigated the accident, did not consider
       McCullough to have been driving too fast for road conditions, and he had no criticism of
       McCullough’s decision to veer right to try to avoid the accident. Other witnesses also
       acknowledged that maneuvering to the right when a car crosses over the center line and into the
       path of a truck comprised a normal response for a truck driver and a course of action
       recommended in truck driving training manuals.
¶ 30       That the accident did not occur under “normal conditions” constitutes another
       characteristic distinguishing this case from Millette. As plaintiffs tried to establish throughout
       the trial, snow covered Peace Road when the accident occurred, and witnesses offered
       differing opinions about the condition of the road and the effect it may have had on driving
       conditions. Therefore, unlike in Millette, it cannot be said that under the conditions present on
       Peace Road on December 1, 2008, an accident could not have happened unless one or both of
       the parties were negligent. Indeed, if a juror believed Steenveld’s testimony that she was
       driving only 35 miles per hour and the testimony of other witnesses who said that McCullough
       was driving 40 miles per hour and was not going too fast for road conditions, it follows that the
       accident could have happened even though neither party acted negligently.

                                                    -8-
¶ 31       Plaintiffs contend that motion in limine number 13, which barred the parties from
       presenting “any argument, evidence, reference or suggestion that anything other than the
       alleged negligence of the defendants caused or contributed to cause plaintiff’s injuries”
       precluded defendants from arguing that the weather rather than their own negligence was the
       cause of the accident. We disagree. Plaintiffs alleged defendants negligently drove too fast for
       conditions. This allegation necessarily required the jury to consider the nature of the conditions
       at the time of the accident. Throughout the trial, plaintiffs presented evidence and testimony
       about whether Peace Road was snow-covered and icy and whether other drivers in the area had
       difficulties controlling their vehicles. While defendants could not argue the weather was the
       per se cause of the accident, they were not precluded from arguing that, in light of the road
       conditions, their actions were not negligent.
¶ 32       Where a substantial factual dispute is disclosed by the evidence, the question of plaintiff’s
       due care or defendant’s negligence should be given to the jury for determination. Korpalski v.
       Lyman, 114 Ill. App. 3d 563, 566 (1983). Here, as noted, a substantial amount of disputed
       evidence existed as to whether Steenveld or McCullough was driving too fast for conditions
       and whether McCullough should have driven off the highway to try to avoid the accident. As a
       result, it fell within the province of the jury to determine the negligence, if any, of the
       defendants. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to grant the
       plaintiffs’ requested jury instruction.

¶ 33                                      Motion for a New Trial
¶ 34       In considering an appeal from a jury verdict, a reviewing court may not simply reweigh the
       evidence and substitute its judgment for that of the jury. Snelson v. Kamm, 204 Ill. 2d 1, 35
       (2003). A new trial should be granted only when the verdict goes against the manifest weight
       of the evidence. York v. Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, 222 Ill. 2d 147, 178
       (2006) (citing Mizowek v. De Franco, 64 Ill. 2d 303, 310 (1976)). A court of review will not
       reverse a circuit court’s decision with respect to a motion for a new trial unless it finds the
       circuit court abused its discretion, and the reviewing court must be “mindful that credibility
       determinations and the resolution of inconsistencies and conflicts in testimony are for the
       jury.” York, 222 Ill. 2d at 179. An abuse of discretion occurs only if “no reasonable person
       would take the view adopted by the trial court.” Dawdy v. Union Pacific R.R. Co., 207 Ill. 2d
       167, 177 (2003).
¶ 35       We do not find the jury’s verdict against the manifest weight of the evidence or that the
       circuit court abused its discretion in denying plaintiffs’ motion. As we stated, Steenveld
       testified, without contradiction, to driving at 35 miles per hour, about 20 miles per hour below
       the posted speed limit. The evidence showed that McCullough similarly traveled below the
       speed limit, by 10 to 15 miles per hour. McCullough took evasive measures to try to avoid the
       accident by driving off the road, which he testified he was trained to do and which most
       witnesses agreed would be a driver’s natural instinct when faced with an oncoming vehicle.
       Although simulations showed that if McCullough had veered to the left or had been driving
       much slower the accident might have been avoided, the jury was still free to conclude that both
       drivers acted as a reasonably careful person under the circumstances, and were not negligent in
                                                   -9-
       causing the accident.

¶ 36                                       CONCLUSION
¶ 37      For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the circuit court.

¶ 38      Affirmed.




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