    17-818
    Roemer v. Booth


                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                       CORRECTED SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER
IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN
ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ASUMMARY ORDER@). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY
ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

                  At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
    held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of
    New York, on the 30th day of January, two thousand eighteen.

    PRESENT:
                ROBERT A. KATZMANN,
                        Chief Judge,
                AMALYA L. KEARSE,
                ROSEMARY S. POOLER,
                        Circuit Judges.
    _________________________________________

    David K. Roemer,

                            Plaintiff-Appellant,

                      v.                                                     17-818

    Jane E. Booth, Lee Bollinger, President, Columbia
    University,

                            Defendants-Appellees,

    Attorney Grievance Committee,

                      Defendant.
    _________________________________________

    FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT:                            DAVID K. ROEMER, pro se, Brooklyn, NY.

    FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES:                           Andrew W. Schilling, Caroline K. Eisner,
                                                        Buckley Sandler LLP, New York, NY.
       Appeal from orders of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New

York (Castel, J.).


       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the orders of the district court are AFFIRMED.

       Appellant David Roemer, proceeding pro se, sued the New York Attorney Grievance

Committee (“State Committee”) as well as Columbia University’s general counsel, Jane Booth,

and president, Lee Bollinger, under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, claiming violations of the First and

Fourteenth Amendments. Roemer is a retired high school science teacher who has repeatedly

offered to give a lecture on the cosmological argument for God’s existence at Columbia University

(“Columbia”), offers that Columbia repeatedly declined. In October 2016, Booth wrote to

Roemer advising him that continued efforts to contact members of the Columbia community could

be considered harassment. Roemer responded by filing an ethics complaint against Booth with

the State Committee, which was dismissed. Before the district court, Roemer sought injunctive

relief against the defendants for depriving him of the right to free speech and violating the

Establishment Clause.     The district court sua sponte dismissed the complaint as frivolous.

Roemer subsequently moved for the district court judge to recuse himself and for default judgment

against Bollinger. The district court denied the recusal motion, and this appeal followed. We

assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the

issues on appeal.

       As an initial matter, Appellees Booth and Bollinger argue that we lack jurisdiction to

review the underlying dismissal of Roemer’s complaint because his notice of appeal designated

only the district court’s order denying recusal. We “construe notices of appeal liberally, taking

the parties’ intentions into account.” Shrader v. CSX Transp., Inc., 70 F.3d 255, 256 (2d Cir.
1995). Consistent with this principle, a brief may serve as a notice of appeal required by Federal

Rule of Appellate Procedure 3 when it is filed within the time specified by Rule 4, Smith v. Barry,

502 U.S. 244, 248–49 (1992), and parties may file “an amended notice of appeal within the time

limits set forth by Rule 4,” Peter F. Gaito Architecture, LLC v. Simone Dev. Corp., 602 F.3d 57, 62

(2d Cir. 2010). Here, Roemer’s brief—which was filed a mere five days after his notice of appeal

and within the time specified by Rule 4—operates as an amended notice of appeal. Therefore, the

issues identified therein are properly before this Court. This conclusion is consistent with the

purpose of Rule 3’s requirement, which is “to ensure that the filing provides sufficient notice to

other parties and the courts.” Smith, 502 U.S. at 248.

       On appeal, however, we agree with the district court that Roemer’s complaint was

frivolous. Roemer provides no legal argument but only cursorily states that he is “certain” that he

is “right” and that the district court wrongly concluded that he had no cause of action, Appellant

Br. at 12, and has therefore arguably abandoned his claims. See Tolbert v. Queens Coll., 242 F.3d

58, 75 (2d Cir. 2001). In any event, his claims are meritless. Neither Columbia employee is a

state actor. See Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Sullivan, 526 U.S. 40, 49–50 (1999) (explaining that an

action brought under § 1983 must be based on an alleged deprivation by an individual acting under

color of state law). And Roemer lacks standing to challenge the State Committee’s decision not to

discipline Booth. See In re Attorney Disciplinary Appeal, 650 F.3d 202, 203–05 (2d Cir. 2011)

(per curiam).

       Roemer also challenges the district court’s denial of his recusal motion, a decision we

review for abuse of discretion. United States v. Morrison, 153 F.3d 34, 48 (2d Cir. 1998). A


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judge should recuse when “a reasonable person, knowing all the facts, would question the judge’s

impartiality.” United States v. Yousef, 327 F.3d 56, 169 (2d Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks

omitted); see also 28 U.S.C. § 455(a). Roemer hypothesizes that the district court’s passing

reference to his religious and philosophical beliefs demonstrates bias by the court. However, the

district court merely stated that, in finding Roemer’s legal theories meritless, it “expresse[d] no

views on Mr. Roemer’s religious and philosophical beliefs.” App. at 18. This statement would

not lead an “objective, disinterested observer” to question whether the district court judge was

biased against Roemer, Yousef, 327 F.3d at 169, and the dismissal order itself is insufficient to

demonstrate bias, see Chen v. Chen Qualified Settlement Fund, 552 F.3d 218, 227 (2d Cir. 2009)

(per curiam) (observing that “adverse rulings, without more, will rarely suffice to provide a

reasonable basis for questioning a judge’s impartiality”). Accordingly, we see no abuse of

discretion.

       Roemer also argues that he was entitled to default judgment against Bollinger. We

disagree. Although the district court did not explicitly rule on Roemer’s motion for default

judgment, any error was harmless: the district court had already sua sponte dismissed Roemer’s

complaint, therefore there was no basis for entry of default judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 61 (“At

every stage of the proceeding, the court must disregard all errors and defects that do not affect any

party’s substantial rights.”). And Roemer’s conjecture that Bollinger may have “decided to let

the court issue whatever injunction it deemed just” finds no support in the record. Appellant Br. at

10.




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       We have considered Roemer’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s orders.


                                          FOR THE COURT:
                                          Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court




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