             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS


                                                   NO. 17-0794

                                   REGINALD E. HEDGEPETH, APPELLANT,

                                                         V.

                                         ROBERT L. WILKIE,
                              SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.

                             On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals


                                         (Decided November 7, 2018)


         Mark Wolfgang, of Menlo Park, California, was on the brief for the appellant.


         James M. Byrne, General Counsel; Mary Ann Flynn, Chief Counsel; Richard Daley,
Deputy Chief Counsel; Stuart Anderson, Appellate Attorney, all of Washington, D.C., were on the
brief for the appellee.


         Before GREENBERG and TOTH, Judges, and MOORMAN, Senior Judge,1


         MOORMAN, Senior Judge: The appellant, Reginald E. Hedgepeth, appeals through
counsel a February 7, 2017, decision of the Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board) that determined
that the reduction from 70% to 0% of the disability rating assigned to his service-connected PTSD
was proper and denied entitlement to a total disability rating based on individual unemployability
(TDIU) after April 1, 2016. Record (R.) at 2-15. This appeal is timely, and the Court has
jurisdiction to review the Board's decision under 38 U.S.C. § 7252(a). Because the Board based
the elimination of the appellant's VA benefits on medical evidence showing a change of diagnosis
from PTSD to personality disorder, the Court holds that, under these circumstances, statutory law



         1
         Judge Moorman is a Senior Judge acting in recall status. In re: Recall of Retired Judge, U.S. Vet. App. Misc.
Order 02-18 (Jan. 16, 2018).
and regulations require VA to initiate and conduct severance-of-service-connection proceedings
before eliminating service-connected VA benefits. The Court will therefore reverse the Board's
decision on reduction of his disability rating for Mr. Hedgepeth's service-connected PTSD from
70% to 0%, and denial of entitlement to TDIU after April 1, 2016, and remand the matters for
further proceedings consistent with this decision.


                                       I. BACKGROUND
       Mr. Hedgepeth served on active duty in the U.S. Navy from April 1981 to March 1983.
R. at 411. In December 1992, he reported viewing violence from shipboard off the coast of
Lebanon. See R. at 3371-72 (describing seeing through the ship's binoculars women, children, and
babies being killed), R. at 2373 ("[The Board observes [the U.S.S. Raleigh] did visit Beirut in
1983.").
       In April 2005, Mr. Hedgepeth applied for VA compensation for mental problems. R. at
2930-43. He submitted with the application a medical record showing a diagnosis of PTSD and
depressive disorder. R. at 2951. In March 2006, the regional office (RO) denied the claims for
PTSD based on the lack of evidence of an in-service stressor and for depressive disorder for a lack
of evidence connecting the disorder to military service. R. at 2881-83. The same month, Mr.
Hedgepeth filed a Notice of Disagreement (NOD), in which he described in-service stressors he
had experienced on active duty. R. at 2854-67. In a July 2009 Board hearing, Mr. Hedgepeth
identified the in-service stressors that he believed caused his PTSD and major depressive disorder.
R. at 2386, 2391.
       Following the hearing, the Board remanded the claim for further development, to include
verification of his reported stressor and provision of a psychiatric examination. R. at 2374.
According to the Board's instructions, Dr. J. Murray McNiel, Ph.D., conducted a mental health
examination in January 2010. R. at 2334-42. Dr. McNiel diagnosed Mr. Hedgepeth with PTSD
and major depressive disorder, R. at 2342, and found that Mr. Hedgepeth's witnessing the
destruction in Beirut through binoculars met the criterion for a stressor, R. at 2339.
       In a March 2010 decision, the RO granted service connection for PTSD with major
depressive disorder with an evaluation of 30%, effective April 8, 2005. R. at 2329-32. In


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September 2010, Mr. Hedgepeth filed an NOD with all issues contained in the rating decision.
R. at 2310. In a January 2012 Statement of the Case (SOC), the RO continued the 30% rating. R. at
1798-1819. In February 2012, Mr. Hedgepeth filed a Notice of Appeal to the Board. R. at 1793-
95. He argued that the record as a whole clearly showed he was unable to work and was entitled
to TDIU or, in the alternative, that the rating should be increased to at least 50% considering the
symptoms shown in the record. R. at 1793.
       From June to October 2012, Mr. Hedgepeth visited the emergency room (ER) multiple
times with psychiatric complaints. Treatment records from July and September 2012 show a
diagnosis of PTSD and major depressive disorder. R. at 1443, 1485. VA thereafter ordered a
second examination to assess the level of disability associated with PTSD.
       Mr. Hedgepeth underwent a second VA PTSD examination, conducted by Dr. Michael P.
Griffin, Ph.D., in February 2013. R. 1771-87. Dr. Griffin noted that, since the 2010 examination,
Mr. Hedgepeth had been diagnosed with PTSD, cocaine dependence, a history of substance-
induced major depression, depressive disorder not otherwise specified, substance dependence, and
rule-out personality disorder with cluster B traits. R. at 1779. Based on a drug screening and Mr.
Hedgepeth's behavior, Dr. Griffin diagnosed cocaine intoxication and offered the following
assessment:
       Taken with his tendency during the present evaluation to embellish or fabricate
       psychiatric symptoms, as well as complications from his aforementioned cocaine
       intoxication, there is not sufficient evidence to support the presence of ongoing
       anxious or depressive symptoms. As such, the diagnosis of PTSD offered during
       his January 2010 C&P [Compensation and Pension] PTSD Initial Examination . . .
       is not confirmed at this time.

R. at 1773. The RO then issued a decision stating that the initial 30% evaluation for PTSD with
major depressive disorder was proper and denied entitlement to TDIU. R. at 1769.
       On appeal, the Board held a second hearing in July 2013. R. at 1565-93. Mr. Hedgepeth
testified to the same in-service stressors he had reported before. R. at 1571. He stated that his
fixation on the horrors of the attack in Beirut had made him unable to work and interfered with his
personal relationships. R. at 1581. In January 2015, the Board concluded that Mr. Hedgepeth met
the criteria for an initial rating of 70% for service-connected PTSD and major depressive disorder


                                                3
for the entire appeal period and remanded the case with instructions to schedule an examination to
determine the effects of Mr. Hedgepeth's service-connected PTSD and major depressive disorder
on his ability to maintain employment consistent with his education and occupational experience.
R. at 1402.
       In June 2015, Dr. Julia Messer, Ph.D., conducted a third examination, as directed by the
Board's January 2015 remand instructions. R. at 412-35. Dr. Messer explained that, although Mr.
Hedgepeth had endorsed every item on the PTSD checklist to assess current symptoms of PTSD,
she could not interpret the results of the PTSD checklist with confidence. She explained that she
suspected that Mr. Hedepeth had exaggerated his symptoms on the checklist because he had not
reported such symptoms during the clinical interview. R. at 435. Dr. Messer diagnosed Mr.
Hedgepeth with "other specified personality disorder, mixed personality features," noting that the
symptoms of anxiety and depression appear to be best accounted for by the diagnosis of other
specified personality disorder. R. at 412. Dr. Messer concluded that, in her opinion, the criteria for
a separate anxiety or depressive disorder were not met and that Mr. Hedgepeth's symptoms resulted
in occupational and social impairment with reduced reliability and productivity. R. at 412, 417.
       Following Dr. Messer's examination, the RO issued a decision in October 2015 proposing
to decrease Mr. Hedgepeth's PTSD rating to 0%, based on Dr. Messer's conclusions that the criteria
for PTSD with major depressive disorder were no longer met. R. at 234-35. The RO then scheduled
a fourth examination to reconcile the conflicting mental health diagnoses of record. R. at 182. Dr.
Stacey Kovac, Ph.D., conducted an examination in January 2016. R. at 160-78. Dr. Kovac
diagnosed Mr. Hedgepeth with "other specified personality disorder, mixed personality features,"
and concluded that he did not describe symptoms that met the PTSD diagnostic criteria. R. at 160.
Dr. Kovac opined that Mr. Hedgepeth had experienced occupational and social impairment with
deficiencies in most areas, noting that his occupational functioning was seriously impaired by
personality disorder traits. R. at 162. Finally, Dr. Kovac opined that Mr. Hedgepeth's psychological
symptoms resulted in deficiencies corresponding to a 70% disability rating, including "[d]ifficulty
in establishing and maintaining effective work and social relationships"; "[d]ifficulty in adapting
to stressful circumstances, including work or a worklike setting"; and "[i]nability to establish and
maintain effective relationships." R. at 173.


                                                  4
       In a January 2016 decision, the RO reduced Mr. Hedgepeth's rating to 0%, effective from
April 1, 2016. R. 154. Mr. Hedgepeth filed an NOD. R. 145. In February 2016, Mr. Hedgepeth
sought treatment at the ER because of "things in his head," including seeing and hearing ghosts.
R. at 131. At the ER, a social worker recorded a diagnosis of PTSD. R. at 133.
       In March 2016, the RO issued an SOC that maintained that the disability rating reduction
for PTSD with major depressive disorder from 70% to 0%, was proper. R. at 123. In April 2016,
the Board issued a decision granting TDIU from April 2005 to April 2016 and remanding the issue
for a determination of whether Mr. Hedgepeth met the requirements for an extraschedular TDIU
rating for the period beginning on or after April 1, 2016. R. at 102. In November 2016, the director
of the Compensation Service denied entitlement to an extraschedular TDIU rating. R. at 31-33. In
February 2017, the Board issued the decision on appeal. R. at 2. This appeal followed.


                                          II. ANALYSIS
                                      A. Parties' Arguments
       Mr. Hedgepeth argues that the Board failed to properly apply 38 C.F.R. §§ 3.343 and 3.344
when reducing his "protected" disability rating for PTSD from 70% to 0% and discontinuing his
TDIU effective from April 1, 2016. Appellant's Brief (App. Br.) at 12-25. He also argues that the
Board erroneously determined that a rating reduction was proper because the reduction amounts
to a de facto severance of service connection for PTSD without the procedural protections for
severance found in 38 U.S.C. § 1159 and 38 C.F.R.§ 3.105(d). Id. at 22-25; Reply Br. at 6-9. He
argues that reversal is warranted because the Board's reduction in rating and discontinuance of
TDIU was contrary to law. App. Br. at 12, 28.
       In response, the Secretary argues that the statutes and regulations concerning both rating
reductions and severance of service connection do not apply to this case because the Board
"reattributed" Mr. Hedgepeth's psychological symptoms to a non-service-connected disability.
Secretary's (Sec.) Br. at 10-15; see 38 C.F.R. §§ 3.343, 3.344 (2018). He admits that the appellant's
employability and psychological symptoms have not improved since his 70% rating and TDIU
were awarded but asserts that this lack of improvement is immaterial because the Board properly
reattributed the appellant's symptoms and nonemployability to a nonservice-connected disability,


                                                 5
a personality disorder. Sec. Br. at 15. He also asserts that the Board's discussion and application
of § 3.344 was harmless error. Id. at 14-15, 19-21. Finally, the Secretary argues that the laws
concerning severance of service connection also do not apply in this case because the appellant is
still service connected for PTSD and because, again, his psychological symptoms have been
"reattributed" to a non-service-connected disability. Id. at 16-19.
                               B. Applicable Law and Regulations
                                   1. Disability Rating Reductions
       Where a veteran's disability rating is reduced, the Board must determine whether the
reduction of the veteran's disability rating was proper and must not phrase the issue in terms of
whether the veteran was entitled to an increased rating, including whether the veteran was entitled
to restoration of a previous rating. See Dofflemyer v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 277, 279-80 (1992);
see also Peyton v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 282, 286 (1991) ("This is a rating reduction case, not a
rating increase case."). Under 38 C.F.R. § 3.344(a), for disability ratings, such as the appellant's in
this case, that have been in effect for long periods at the same level (protected ratings),
"[e]xaminations less full and complete than those on which payments were authorized or continued
will not be used as a basis of reduction." 38 C.F.R. § 3.344(a) (2018); see 38 C.F.R. § 3.344(c)
(provisions of § 3.344(a) apply to ratings that have continued for 5 years or more). Section 3.344
also provides that "[r]atings on account of disease subject to temporary or episodic
improvement . . . will not be reduced on any one examination, except in those instances where all
the evidence of record clearly warrants the conclusion that sustained improvement has been
demonstrated." § 3.344(a). That regulatory section further provides that, even where the evidence
clearly reflects material improvement in a service-connected condition, VA must "consider
whether the evidence makes it reasonably certain that the improvement will be maintained under
the ordinary conditions of life." Id.
       Finally, § 3.344(a) instructs that
       rating boards encountering a change of diagnosis will exercise caution in the
       determination as to whether a change in diagnosis represents no more than a
       progression of an earlier diagnosis, an error in prior diagnosis or possibly a disease
       entity independent of the service-connected disability. When the new diagnosis
       reflects mental deficiency or personality disorder only, the possibility of only
       temporary remission of a super-imposed psychiatric disease will be borne in mind.

                                                  6
Id.
       If the reduction of a protected rating is at issue, the Board must "establish, by a
preponderance of the evidence and in compliance [with] 38 C.F.R. § 3.344, that a rating reduction
is warranted." Sorakubo v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 120, 123-24 (2002) (citing Brown v. Brown,
5 Vet.App. 413, 421 (1993)). In Brown, 5 Vet.App. at 421, the Court held that "in any . . . reduction
case[,] not only must it be determined that an improvement in a disability has actually occurred[,]
but also that that improvement actually reflects an improvement in the veteran's ability to function
under the ordinary conditions of life and work." See 38 C.F.R. 4.2 (2018) (directing that "[e]ach
disability must be considered from the point of view of the veteran working or seeking work");
38 C.F.R. § 4.10 (2018) (stating that "[t]he basis of disability evaluations is the ability of the body
as a whole, or of the psyche, or of a system or organ of the body, to function under the ordinary
conditions of daily life, including employment").
       Since deciding Brown, the Court has made clear that VA errs when it reduces an evaluation
without complying with the "general VA regulations applicable to all [ ]reduction cases, regardless
of the [evaluation] level or the length of time that the [evaluation] has been in effect," including
the specific requirements of §§ 4.2 and 4.10. Faust v. West, 13 Vet.App. 342, 349 (2000); see
Murphy v. Shinseki, 26 Vet.App. 510, 517 (2014) (holding that the Board erred in effectively
reducing the veteran's 30% sinusitis evaluation to 10% because it "did not make the findings that
an AOJ [agency of original jurisdiction] would be required to make to justify a reduction in a
disability evaluation," including whether any improvement in sinusitis "indicated an improvement,
if it existed, in his ability to function under the ordinary conditions of life and work"). Therefore,
VA may not reduce a veteran's disability evaluation without first finding, inter alia, that the
veteran's service-connected disability has improved to the point that he or she is now better able
to function under the ordinary conditions of life and work. See Murphy, 26 Vet.App. at 517; Faust,
13 Vet.App. at 349; Brown, 5 Vet.App. at 421.
                                        2. Reduction of TDIU
       Additional procedural protections for total disability ratings are set forth in 38 C.F.R.
§ 3.343, which provides:
       (a) General. Total disability ratings, when warranted by the severity of the condition
       and not granted purely because of hospital, surgical, or home treatment, or individual

                                                  7
       unemployability will not be reduced, in the absence of clear error, without
       examination showing material improvement in physical or mental condition.
       Examination reports showing material improvement must be evaluated in
       conjunction with all the facts of record, and consideration must be given particularly
       to whether the veteran attained improvement under the ordinary conditions of life,
       i.e., while working or actively seeking work or whether the symptoms have been
       brought under control by prolonged rest, or generally, by following a regimen which
       precludes work, and, if the latter, reduction from total disability ratings will not be
       considered pending reexamination after a period of employment (3 to 6 months).
       ....
       (c) Individual unemployability. (1) In reducing a rating of 100 percent service-
       connected disability based on individual unemployability . . . caution must be
       exercised in such a determination that actual employability is established by clear
       and convincing evidence. . . .
       (2) If a veteran with a total disability rating for compensation purposes based on
       individual unemployability begins to engage in a substantially gainful occupation
       . . . the veteran's rating may not be reduced solely on the basis of having secured and
       followed such substantially gainful occupation unless the veteran maintains the
       occupation for a period of 12 consecutive months.

38 C.F.R. § 3.343(a), (c).
                               3. Severance of Service Connection
       VA has established that "[s]ervice connection will be severed only where evidence
establishes that it is clearly and unmistakably erroneous (the burden of proof being on the
Government)." 38 C.F.R. § 3.105(d) (2018). Further,
       [a] change in diagnosis may be accepted as a basis for severance action if the . . .
       proper medical authority certifies that, in the light of all accumulated evidence, the
       diagnosis on which service connection was predicated is clearly erroneous. This
       certification must be accompanied by a summary of the facts, findings, and reasons
       supporting the conclusion. When severance of service connection is considered
       warranted, a rating proposing severance will be prepared setting forth all material
       facts and reasons.
Id.
       To demonstrate that severance is proper, the Secretary is not limited to the law and the
record that existed at the time of the original decision awarding service connection. See Stallworth
v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 482, 488 (2006). "Consequently, the severance decision focuses—not
on whether the original decision was clearly erroneous—but on whether the current 'evidence
establishes that [service connection] is clearly erroneous.'" Id. (quoting 38 C.F.R. § 3.105(d)


                                                 8
(2006)). Severance of service connection based on any standard less than that established by
§ 3.105(d) is erroneous as a matter of law. Id.
       In every decision, the Board must provide a statement of the reasons or bases for its
determination, adequate to enable an appellant to understand the precise basis for the Board's
decision as well as to facilitate review in this Court. 38 U.S.C. § 7104(d)(1); Allday v. Brown,
7 Vet.App. 517, 527 (1995); Gilbert v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 49, 56-57 (1990). To comply with
this requirement, the Board must analyze the credibility and probative value of the evidence,
account for the evidence it finds persuasive or unpersuasive, and provide the reasons for its
rejection of any material evidence favorable to the claimant. Caluza v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 498,
506 (1995), aff'd per curiam, 78 F.3d 604 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (table).
                             C. Application of the Law to the Facts
       The Court agrees with the appellant that the Board made its decision without observance
of the law and that the decision contains clear error. As the appellant asserts, the Secretary's
arguments are "merely [] post-hoc rationalization[s] calculated to address why the Board failed to
analyze the rating reduction under the existing statutory and regulatory framework." Reply Br. at
2. The existing statutory and regulatory framework provides that, to reduce a veteran's disability
rating, VA must follow the requirements of §§ 3.343 and 3.344, which pertain to reduction of
TDIU and reduction of a disability rating, respectively. In the alternative, to sever service
connection based on a change of diagnosis, VA must follow the requirements of 38 U.S.C. § 1159
and 38 C.F.R. § 3.105(d).
       The applicable laws and regulations do not provide, as the Secretary attempts to argue, for
an avenue of "reattribution" of symptoms from a service-connected condition to a non-service-
connected condition in order to reduce or eliminate VA benefits, and, significantly, in his brief,
the Secretary cites to no such laws, regulations, or caselaw supporting his "reattribution" argument.
Finding that the avenue for elimination of service-connected benefits of "reattribution" of
symptoms exists would allow for the Board to circumvent the protections set up by Congress and
VA to safeguard against the very thing that has occurred in this case – VA's elimination of a long-
standing award of benefits without following the proper procedural steps and overcoming the
heightened burden on the government to ensure that the elimination of benefits was warranted. See


                                                  9
Stallworth, 20 Vet.App. at 488 (holding that severance of service connection based on any standard
less than that established by § 3.105(d) is erroneous as a matter of law).
       In the decision here on appeal, the Board chose the avenue of a rating reduction to eliminate
the veteran's award of benefits by reducing his protected rating from 70% to 0%, R. at 13, and
discontinuing his TDIU award effective after April 1, 2016, R. at 14-15. In doing so, the Board
committed two separate errors. First, the Board failed to properly apply §§ 3.343 and 3.344, which,
respectively, require VA to find clear and convincing evidence of employability before
discontinuing TDIU and "material improvement" of symptoms before reducing a disability rating.
Second, the Board failed to apply to the appellant's case the statutes, regulations, and caselaw
governing severance of service connection.
       First, although the Board discussed the § 3.344 requirements for reducing the appellant's
disability rating for PTSD from 70% to 0%, all the medical evidence the Board cited as supporting
the "improvement" of the appellant's psychological symptoms clearly shows that the very opposite
was true – that the veteran's symptoms and their frequency and severity had remained unchanged
since the 70% rating was assigned. R. at 9-12. The Board, nonetheless, found that "the
preponderance of the evidence establishes improvement in both hip [sic] disorders" and that the
requirements of § 3.344 were thus met. R. at 13. The Board explained that "[w]hile the [v]eteran
may have had symptoms that were previously associated to PTSD and major depressive disorder,
the 2015 and 2016 examination[s] show improvement and that his current symptoms are attributed
to a nonservice-connected personality disorder." Id. Therefore, although the Board attempted to
frame its decision in terms of the § 3.344 requirement of "material improvement," a review of the
Board's reasoning reveals that, actually, the Board's "reduction" of the appellant's rating from 70%
to 0% was based on the medical evidence of record showing a change of diagnosis from PTSD to
a personality disorder. Indeed, the Board explicitly noted that "while the prior award was
predicated on the [v]eteran's psychiatric symptomology being attributed to a service[-]connected
PTSD with major depressive disorder, the record shows that a nonservice-connected personality
disorder – and not PTSD or major depressive disorder – is the most appropriate current diagnosis."
Id.
       Further, the Board failed to acknowledge relevant instructions in § 3.344(a) that


                                                 10
       rating boards encountering a change of diagnosis will exercise caution in the
       determination as to whether a change in diagnosis represents no more than a
       progression of an earlier diagnosis, an error in prior diagnosis or possibly a disease
       entity independent of the service-connected disability. When the new diagnosis
       reflects mental deficiency or personality disorder only, the possibility of only
       temporary remission of a super-imposed psychiatric disease will be borne in mind.

38 C.F.R. § 3.344(a). The Board should have discussed these relevant regulatory instructions and
determined whether the appellant's "change of diagnosis represent[ed] no more than a progression
of an earlier diagnosis, an error in prior diagnosis or possibly a disease entity independent of the
service-connected disability" and whether the "new diagnosis" of a personality disorder
represented "only temporary remission of a super-imposed psychiatric disease." Id.
       Thus, the Court finds that the Board erred when it determined that a reduction of the
appellant's rating under § 3.344 was warranted. See Murphy, 26 Vet.App. at 517; Faust,
13 Vet.App. at 349; Brown, 5 Vet.App. at 421.
       Concerning TDIU, the Board failed entirely to consider or apply § 3.343, which governs
reductions of TDIU awards. Instead, the Board concluded that "the [v]eteran remained unable to
establish and maintain effective relationships and had difficulty in adapting to stressful
circumstances, including work or a worklike setting. However, these occupational problems were
not attributed to PTSD and major depressive disorder." R. at 15. The Board fully acknowledged
that the veteran remained unemployable after April 1, 2016, despite its determination that an award
of TDIU effective after that date was not warranted. Id. Instead, the Board improperly framed the
issue on appeal as "entitlement" to non-schedular TDIU after April 1, 2016, since "the [v]eteran
did not satisfy the schedular requirements for TDIU beginning April 1, 2016, because of the RO's
rating reduction for the [v]eteran's psychiatric disability." R. at 14. A review of the record shows
that the issue on appeal should have properly been framed as discontinuance of TDIU effective
from April 1, 2016. See Dofflemyer, 2 Vet.App. at 279 (holding that Board incorrectly phrased the
issue on appeal as increased rating instead of whether reduction of appellant's 100% rating was
proper). VA's framing the issue as one of entitlement to TDIU rather than discontinuance of
benefits is significant because, by doing so, VA wrongly shifted the burden of proof from VA to
the appellant. See Brown, 5 Vet.App. at 421 (when the RO reduces a rating, the Board bears the
burden to establish that rating reduction was warranted). The Board therefore committed error

                                                11
when it failed to discontinue the TDIU award under the requirements of § 3.343.
       The Court now turns to the Board's second error – its failure to apply to the appellant's case
the statutes, regulations, and caselaw governing severance of service connection. The Secretary
argues that 38 U.S.C. § 1159, which governs severance of service connection, also did not apply
to this case and that "[i]nvestigation of the meaning of service connection supports this
conclusion." Sec. Br. at 15-16. In support, he cites Read v. Shinseki, in which the Federal Circuit
found that section 1159 applied only to "the third of the five elements of an application for benefits
– that of the connection between the veteran's service and disability." 651 F.3d 1296, 1300 (Fed.
Cir 2011) (noting the "'five common elements to a veteran's application for benefits: [1] status as
a veteran, [2] the existence of disability, [3] a connection between the veteran's service and the
disability [(i.e. service connection)], [4] the degree of the disability, and [5] the effective date of
the disability.'" (alteration in original) (quoting Collaro v. West, 136 F.3d 1304, 1308 (Fed. Cir.
1998))). The Secretary asserts that "[u]nder that precedent, then, neither the existence of PTSD
(which the Board did not challenge) nor the rating assigned to it would fall under the protection of
§ 1159." Sec. Br. at 17.
       However, again, the Court does not agree. The Federal Circuit in Read defined the third
element of "service-connected disability" as one "'incurred or aggravated . . . in line of duty in the
active military, naval, or air service.'" 651 F.3d at 1300 (quoting 38 U.S.C. § 101(16)). "Thus, to
sever service connection is to conclude that a particular disability previously determined to have
been incurred in the line of duty was incurred otherwise." Id. This is exactly what occurred in this
case. By finding that the diagnosis accounting for the appellant's psychological symptoms had
changed from PTSD to a personality disorder, R. at 13, the Board, in effect, determined that it was
no longer correct to say that the appellant's disability had a nexus to his military service because
the diagnosis change necessarily indicated that the etiology of the appellant's symptoms was a
personality disorder, which cannot be service-connected as a matter of law, see 38 C.F.R. § 4.127
(2018), rather than PTSD – a disability for which service connection is established when, as here,
VA has previously found that the record contains evidence of a verified in-service stressor and
medical evidence of a nexus between the current PTSD symptoms and the in-service stressor, see
38 C.F.R. §3.304(f) (2018).


                                                  12
       Further, in Read, the diagnosis of the veteran's gunshot wound disability was changed from
a wound affecting Muscle Group XIII to Muscle Group XV, which changed the diagnostic code
applicable to his disability. 651 F.3d at 1301. The Federal Circuit held that a finding of such a
change in diagnosis amounted to a finding that "the situs of Read's disability for purposes of
determining the correct [d]iagnostic [c]ode . . . is Muscle Group XV and not Muscle Group XIII"
and did not constitute an element 3 finding regarding "service connection." Id. Even though both
cases involve a change of diagnosis, the facts of Mr. Hedgepeth's case are distinguishable from
those of Read because, again, the diagnosis change in Mr. Hedgepeth's case involves the "service
connection" element since the change had the effect of altering the cause of the appellant's
symptoms from PTSD, a disability for which service connection is permitted, to a personality
disorder, a disability that cannot be service-connected as a matter of law. The diagnosis change in
Read, on the other hand, had the effect of altering only the applicable diagnostic code; the change
did not disturb the service-connected status of Read's gunshot wound disability.
       In sum, the Board clearly based the elimination of VA benefits in this case on medical
evidence showing a change of diagnosis from PTSD to personality disorder. R. at 9-13. Under
these circumstances, the applicable law and regulations require VA to initiate and conduct
severance of service connection proceedings before eliminating service-connected VA benefits.
See Read, 651 F.3d at 1300; 38 C.F.R. §3.105(d). The Board may not, without going through the
proper channels of severance, perform a de facto severance by attempting to apply the regulations
governing rating reductions while also finding that the "reduction" is based upon a change of
diagnosis rather than material improvement of symptoms. See Read, 651 F.3d at 1300; Stallworth,
20 Vet.App. at 488.
                                            D. Remedy
       Having found Board error, the Court must determine the proper remedy. Where the Board
fails to observe applicable law and regulation in reducing a veteran's rating, such a rating is "void
ab initio and the Court will set it aside as 'not in accordance with law.'" Brown, 5 Vet.App. at 422
(quoting 38 U.S.C. § 7261(a)(3)(A)); see Kitchens v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 320, 325 (1995) (citing
Brown for same proposition and reversing as to rating reduction); Dofflemyer, 2 Vet.App. at 281-
82; see also Hayes v. Brown, 9 Vet.App. 67, 73 (1996) (citing Kitchens, 7 Vet.App. 320, for same


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proposition and reversing the decision as to rating reduction). Therefore, the Court finds that the
Board's determinations reducing the appellant's rating for PTSD from 70% to 0% and
discontinuing the award of TDIU effective from April 1, 2016, are void ab initio because the Board
failed to observe the applicable regulations and improperly shifted the burden of proof to the
appellant. The Court reverses the Board's decision reducing the appellant's disability rating and
denying entitlement to TDIU effective from April 1, 2016, and remands the matters for the Board
to reinstate the appellant's 70% rating for PTSD and reverse the discontinuance of TDIU effective
from April 1, 2016.
       If VA wishes to pursue the matter of severance of benefits for service-connected PTSD, it
must initiate a proper severance proceeding through the proper procedural channels and meet the
high standard of proof placed upon VA in such proceedings. See 38 U.S.C. § 3.105(d).


                                      III. CONCLUSION
       After consideration of the appellant's and Secretary's briefs, and a review of the record on
appeal, the Board's February 7, 2017, decision as to reduction of the appellant's disability rating
for service-connected PTSD from 70% to 0% and discontinuance of TDIU after April 1, 2016, is
REVERSED and the matters are REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this
decision.




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