              IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                       No. 118,941

                                    STATE OF KANSAS,
                                        Appellee,

                                             v.

                             CHRISTOPHER SHAWN PATTILLO,
                                      Appellant.


                             SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
       Generally, an aggravated assault that escalates into a murder is not distinct from
the homicide and cannot serve as the independent collateral felony necessary to support a
felony-murder conviction. This general rule will not apply if there is a separation of time
or distance or if an intervening factor breaks the causal relationship between the
aggravated assault and the homicide. Applying those principles here, where 14 gunshots
were fired in about 10 seconds and no intervening event occurred, the aggravated assault
is not distinct from the homicide and the two crimes merge.


2.
       Evidence, when considered in the light most favorable to the State, sufficiently
establishes the mental-state element of the crime of aggravated endangerment of a child
under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5601(b)(1), if a rational fact-finder could have found beyond
a reasonable doubt that a defendant was aware of a substantial and unjustifiable risk that
a child was in danger, but consciously disregarded that risk.



                                             1
3.
       The language of the aiding and abetting statute assigns criminal responsibility
rather than creates a distinct element of a crime.


4.
       Even if a drive-by shooting is motivated by an intent to kill a specific person,
when the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the State, a reasonable jury
could find a defendant guilty of aggravated criminal discharge of a firearm at an occupied
dwelling when circumstantial evidence allows a jury to infer a participant in the crime
fired shots at the dwelling.


5.
       Two causation elements apply under the felony-murder statute. First, the death
must be within the res gestae of the underlying crime, regardless of the sequence of
events leading to the death. Courts define res gestae in the felony-murder context as acts
done before, during, or after the happening of the principal occurrence when those acts
are so closely connected with the principal occurrence as to form a part of the occurrence.
Second, there must be a direct causal connection between the felony and the homicide.
This direct causal connection exists unless an extraordinary intervening event supersedes
the defendant's act and becomes the sole legal cause of death.


6.
       A sentencing court's imposition of sentences for both felony murder and criminal
discharge of a firearm does not violate the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth
Amendment to the United States Constitution because the Legislature has expressed its
intent to allow these cumulative punishments.


                                              2
7.
        Generally, under the invited error doctrine, a litigant who invites and leads a trial
court into error will not be heard on appeal to complain of that action. In the context of
jury instructions, appellate courts do not apply the rule in a formalistic or bright-line way.
But appellate courts will generally apply the doctrine when a party requests the
instruction before trial, the error was as obvious before trial as when the instruction was
given, and the party did not present the trial judge the same objection as made on appeal.


8.
        K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3414(3) provides that the clear error standard applies if a
criminal defendant fails to request a lesser included offense instruction at trial. Under that
standard, even if a lesser included offense instruction is legally and factually appropriate,
an appellate court will reverse only if it is firmly convinced that the jury would have
reached a different verdict had the trial judge given the lesser included instruction.


        Appeal from Shawnee District Court; MARK S. BRAUN, judge. Opinion filed August 21, 2020.
Affirmed.


        Michelle A. Davis, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, argued the cause and was on the briefs
for appellant.


        Steven J. Obermeier, assistant solicitor general, argued the cause, and Derek Schmidt, attorney
general, was with him on the brief for appellee.




                                                    3
The opinion of the court was delivered by


       LUCKERT, C.J.: As Christopher Shawn Pattillo drove a van, an occupant of the
van fired shots, killing Brian Miller and hitting a residence occupied by Miller's seven-
year-old nephew. A jury convicted Pattillo of felony murder, aggravated assault of
Miller, felony discharge of a firearm, and aggravated endangering of a child. Pattillo
appeals, raising 10 issues about whether the underlying felonies can, as a matter of law,
support Pattillo's felony-murder conviction and his sentences, whether the State met its
burden of proving the underlying felonies and felony murder, and whether the trial judge
erred in instructing the jury. We hold no reversible error occurred, and we affirm.


                        FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND


       Hostilities between rival gangs underlie this case. The day before Miller's death,
Pattillo and Miller's brother, who had known each other for years, purportedly exchanged
derogatory comments about rival gangs during a chance meeting at a mall. Pattillo,
Miller, Miller's brother, and the others involved in the shooting were gang members or
affiliated with or supporters of various gangs or gang members. Miller's brother reputedly
had a history of actions that Pattillo and his friends felt were disrespectful to the gangs
they supported. Witnesses testified Pattillo did not like Miller's brother.


       The day of the shooting Pattillo, his then-girlfriend, his girlfriend's young child,
and two others were in a car that Pattillo drove through the neighborhood where Miller's
brother, sister, and nephew lived together. Miller was visiting his siblings and nephew.
Pattillo and the others in the car were traveling with several other people who rode in a



                                              4
van. The mother of one of the people with Pattillo lived in the neighborhood, and the
occupants of the two vehicles were on their way to her apartment.


       As Pattillo and his group drove near the Millers' home, according to Miller's sister,
Miller's brother and her son were across the street from their residence at a community
bank of mailboxes. A fast-moving car caught her attention because she feared her son,
who was near the street and talking to his uncle, might step in front of the car to return
home. Pattillo drove the car, and he and others saw and recognized Miller's brother as
they drove by.


       While Pattillo and those in the car with him waited on their friend to return from
inside his mother's apartment, they again drove by the Miller's home. Miller and his
brother were outside on the front porch. According to Miller's brother, Pattillo locked
eyes with him and stared in a threatening manner. Some of the people in the car saw
Miller's brother reach toward his waistband in a manner suggesting he was pulling a
firearm. One of the individuals with Pattillo told a detective that Pattillo yelled something
to Miller's brother about shooting him and that "he had something for him and would be
back for him."


       Pattillo and the others in both vehicles went to the apartment of one member of the
group. They discussed seeing Miller's brother pull a gun, and Pattillo reportedly
questioned why Miller's brother would threaten a vehicle when there was clearly a small
child in the car. One member of the group, De'Angelo Martinez, arranged to get a gun,
and some of the group, including Pattillo, went to an apartment where Martinez retrieved
the firearm. Pattillo then asked if he could drive the van, and he, Martinez, and two other
men got into the van and returned to the Miller home with Pattillo driving.


                                              5
       They arrived, according to Miller's brother, about 30 minutes after they had last
driven by in the car. Miller's brother testified he was standing at the front storm door
talking to Miller, who was sitting outside on the porch. Miller's brother saw a van and
then heard shots. He dove toward the floor inside the residence. Two bullets penetrated
the lower part of the storm door. Miller's brother saw Miller stand up and try to run
toward the back of building.


       Some witnesses testified Pattillo stopped the van while Martinez fired the weapon
several times toward the Millers' dwelling. As Miller ran, Pattillo slowly moved the van
forward, appearing to give Martinez a better shot. Martinez fired about 14 shots over a
45-foot span in a 10-second period.


       Miller's nephew was inside, playing in the front room. Several bullets hit the
Millers' home, and some penetrated the exterior and hit inside walls and a television. The
nephew testified he heard several shots and ran because he was scared.


       Miller later died at a hospital. He had two gunshot wounds, one beneath the left
buttock and a fatal shot in his back. That bullet hit his liver, diaphragm, and aorta. The
other bullet apparently ricocheted off something before hitting Miller.


       After a six-day trial, a jury returned a guilty verdict for felony murder based on the
underlying crimes of criminal discharge of a firearm at an occupied dwelling, aggravated
assault, and aggravated endangering of a child. The jury also returned guilty verdicts for
criminal discharge of a firearm at an occupied dwelling, aggravated assault of Miller,
aggravated endangering a child, and an alternative count of involuntary manslaughter,


                                              6
and a not guilty verdict of first-degree premeditated murder. The judge sentenced Pattillo
to a hard 25 life sentence for the felony murder, a consecutive 216 months for criminal
discharge of a firearm at an occupied dwelling, a concurrent 12 months for aggravated
assault, and a consecutive 6 months for aggravated endangering of a child.


       Pattillo timely appealed.


                                            ANALYSIS


       Pattillo raises 10 issues, which we have reorganized for our discussion and
analysis. Six issues present questions about the legal and factual basis for his convictions
and sentences for felony murder and the underlying felonies. Pattillo's remaining four
issues relate to jury instruction errors.


                ISSUES ABOUT WHETHER UNDERLYING FELONIES SUPPORT
                     PATTILLO'S CONVICTIONS AND HIS SENTENCES

       The first six issues largely revolve around various aspects of felony murder, the
sufficiency of evidence, and the legality of his sentences. Many of these issues arise
because a felony-murder conviction depends on an underlying, inherently dangerous
felony, and Pattillo attempts to argue that none of the felonies can support his felony-
murder conviction.


       In Kansas, felony murder is "the killing of a human . . . in the commission of,
attempt to commit, or flight from any inherently dangerous felony." K.S.A. 2019 Supp.
21-5402(a)(2). Here, the State charged Pattillo with three inherently dangerous felonies



                                               7
that form the basis for his felony-murder charge: aggravated assault, aggravated
endangering of a child, and criminal discharge of a firearm.


       In charging Pattillo with these crimes, the State did not assert that Pattillo fired the
shots that hit Miller or the Miller residence. Instead, the State pursued the theory that
Pattillo aided and abetted Martinez and was thus criminally responsible for Martinez'
acts. The State relied, in part, on evidence that Pattillo went with Martinez to get a
weapon, drove Martinez to the Miller residence, stopped the vehicle while Martinez fired
shots, and then pulled forward at a slow speed so Martinez could get a better shot at
Miller. The State argued Pattillo thus knowingly engaged in the unlawful venture and
participated in a way that furthered the success of the venture. See State v. Netherland,
305 Kan. 167, 177-78, 379 P.3d 1117 (2016) (discussing aider and abettor liability for
felony murder); State v. Novotny, 297 Kan. 1174, 1185, 307 P.3d 1278 (2013) (discussing
grounds for criminal responsibility as aider and abettor). Under the law of felony murder,
if someone dies because of the commission of an inherently dangerous felony "all the
participants . . . [are] equally guilty of the felony murder, regardless of who fired the fatal
shot." State v. Thomas, 239 Kan. 457, 462, 720 P.2d 1059 (1986).


       Pattillo does not dispute that evidence of his involvement was admitted at trial, but
he nevertheless argues none of his convictions for the three inherently dangerous felonies
can serve as the basis for his felony-murder conviction. To affirm his felony-murder
conviction, we need not affirm each of his convictions for the three felonies or find that
each of the three felonies can legally support a felony-murder conviction. Instead, his
conviction for felony murder can be affirmed if the jury's unanimous verdict on any
inherently dangerous felony—sometimes referred to as an underlying or collateral
felony—can be affirmed. State v. Sanchez, 282 Kan. 307, 319, 144 P.3d 718 (2006)


                                               8
("[E]ven if a conviction on one underlying felony must be reversed, the felony-murder
conviction can still be valid when, on a separate verdict form, the jury unanimously finds
the defendant guilty of a different, legally sufficient felony that supports the felony-
murder conviction.").


       Some of Pattillo's attacks on the various underlying felonies arise from or relate to
the so-called merger doctrine. The doctrine examines whether a felony proven by
evidence that one of the participants inflicted the lethal wound can serve as the
independent collateral felony supporting felony murder. At one point, Kansas law applied
the doctrine to prohibit the lethal act from serving as the basis for the inherently
dangerous felony because that felony merged with the homicide. But the Legislature has
since changed that rule for some crimes. K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5402(c); see Sanchez,
282 Kan. at 317-19 (discussing and showing historical application of doctrine). In doing
so, the Legislature has created two categories of inherently dangerous felonies.


       First, the Legislature has listed several crimes that can support felony murder
regardless of "whether such felony is so distinct from the homicide . . . as not to be an
ingredient of the homicide." K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5402(c)(1). In other words, the
merger doctrine never applies to these crimes. The State charged Pattillo with two crimes
listed in this category: aggravated endangering a child, under K.S.A. 2015 Supp.
21-5601(b)(1), and discharge of a firearm at a dwelling, building, or structure in which
there is a human, under K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-6308(a)(1)(A). See K.S.A. 2015 Supp.
21-5402(c)(1)(O), (c)(1)(S). Pattillo attacks his convictions for these underlying felonies
and his felony-murder conviction by asserting that the State failed to present sufficient
evidence of these underlying crimes. He also argues he cannot be sentenced for both
felony murder and criminal discharge of a firearm.


                                              9
       Second, the Legislature listed several crimes that can be considered an inherently
dangerous felony "only when such felony is so distinct from the homicide . . . as not to be
an ingredient of the homicide." K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5402(c)(2). The State charged
Pattillo with one crime in this category: aggravated assault. K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-
5402(c)(2)(D).


       We turn now to the specifics of his argument about each underlying crime, and we
begin with his argument about his aggravated assault conviction.


1. Pattillo's Aggravated Assault Conviction Merged with Felony Murder


       Pattillo contends the aggravated assault conviction for threatening Miller with a
gun merged with the felony murder and cannot serve as an underlying felony supporting
his felony-murder conviction. In doing so, he does not challenge his aggravated assault
conviction; his argument is that it cannot serve as the basis for his felony-murder
conviction.


       Generally, an aggravated assault that escalates into a murder is not distinct from
the homicide and cannot serve as the independent collateral felony necessary to support a
felony-murder conviction. This general rule will not apply if there is a separation of time
or distance or if an intervening factor breaks the causal relationship between the
aggravated assault and the homicide. State v. Leonard, 248 Kan. 427, 431, 807 P.2d 81
(1991) (act of driving a semi-truck through a crowd could not support both aggravated
assault and murder convictions because the one act was not separated in time and



                                             10
distance and the one act caused the killing); see also Sanchez, 282 Kan. at 319
(aggravated battery was not so distinct from homicide to support felony murder).


       The State argues this case does not fall within the general rule. It points to
evidence that Miller attempted to get out of the line of fire after Martinez fired the first of
about 14 shots and argues time and distance separated the shots.


       We disagree that these facts remove this case from the general rule. The
aggravated assault was not so distinct in time and distance from the ultimate homicide as
to allow it to serve as the underlying inherently dangerous felony supporting Pattillo's
felony-murder conviction. Instead, the evidence shows Martinez fired the shots in rapid
succession and in the area where Miller sat and then fled. The aggravated assault thus
merged with the homicide, and the felony murder cannot depend on the aggravated
assault. K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5402(c)(2). If this had been the only underlying felony, we
would reverse Pattillo's felony-murder conviction. But if another inherently dangerous
felony supports the felony-murder conviction it can be affirmed. Sanchez, 282 Kan. at
319.


2. Sufficient Evidence Supports Aggravated Endangering of a Child Conviction


       We turn next to Pattillo's conviction for aggravated endangering of a child.
Because the Legislature declared that the merger doctrine does not apply to the crime of
aggravated endangering of a child, the State does not face a merger issue arising from this
conviction. K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5402(c)(1)(S). Still, Pattillo argues his conviction for
aggravated endangering of a child cannot support his felony-murder conviction and must
be reversed as a standalone conviction because the State failed to establish the crime's


                                              11
elements. He argues the State had to prove he knew a child was in the house when
Martinez fired the shots, but it failed to present sufficient evidence of this element.


       In a criminal case, when a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence
presented by the State in support of a conviction, an appellate court examines the
evidence in the light most favorable to the State to determine whether a rational factfinder
could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The appellate court
does not reweigh evidence, resolve evidentiary conflicts, or make determinations
regarding witness credibility. State v. Johnson, 310 Kan. 835. 840, 450 P.3d 790 (2019).
And the court must examine all the evidence favorable to the prosecution and determine
whether it satisfies the essential elements of a charge. State v. Bolze-Sann, 302 Kan. 198,
203, 352 P.3d 511 (2015). When making this review, a court does not ignore
circumstantial evidence because a conviction of even the gravest offense can be based
entirely on circumstantial evidence. State v. Logsdon, 304 Kan. 3, 25, 371 P.3d 836
(2016).


       To apply this standard of review, we must know what the State had to prove. The
Legislature defined the crime of aggravated endangering of a child as "[r]ecklessly
causing or permitting a child under the age of 18 years to be placed in a situation in
which the child's life, body or health is endangered[.]" K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5601(b)(1).
Those words do not expressly impose the requirement Pattillo argues the State failed to
meet—the requirement that he knew of the child's presence in the house. Even so, he
argues the requirement arises through the statutory definition of reckless conduct and
because of what the State must prove to establish he is criminally responsible for
Martinez' actions.



                                              12
       As to the statutory definition, a person acts recklessly "when such person
consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that circumstances exist or that
a result will follow, and such disregard constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of
care which a reasonable person would exercise in the situation." K.S.A. 2019 Supp.
21-5202(j). Pattillo argues that to appreciate and then consciously disregard a risk to a
child one must know the child is there.


       But the definition requires proof that the defendant disregarded a substantial and
unjustifiable risk that the circumstances exist; it says nothing about knowledge that the
child was in the danger zone. This contrasts with the elements of the crime of
endangering a child. One commits that crime by "knowingly and unreasonably causing or
permitting a child under the age of 18 years to be placed in a situation in which the child's
life, body or health may be endangered." (Emphasis added.) K.S.A. 2019 Supp.
21-5601(a). Cf. Bolze-Sann, 302 Kan. at 204 (holding previous statutory definition of
reckless conduct that required "a realization of the imminence of danger" meant State had
to prove defendant knew someone was in imminent danger). Comparing the language of
the two provisions reveals the Legislature did not impose the knowledge requirement
Pattillo tries to write into the aggravated child endangerment statute.


       At first blush it seems odd that the Legislature would require a knowing mental
state for the crime with the less severe punishment and a reckless mental state for the
crime with the higher punishment. The severity of the punishment, however, arises
because of the certainty of danger. For the more severe crime, "the child's life, body or
health is endangered." (Emphasis added.) K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5601(b)(1). In contrast,
the less severe crime requires that "the child's life, body or health may be endangered."
(Emphasis added.) K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5601(a).


                                             13
       In sum, no language in K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5601(b)(1) or the definition of
reckless conduct imposes a requirement that a person endangering a child must know a
child is in danger. Courts apply the plain language of statutes and avoid adding, deleting,
or substituting words. See Kelly v. Legislative Coordinating Council, 311 Kan. 339, 347,
460 P.3d 832 (2020). We thus will not add a requirement that the defendant knew the
child was in danger. Even if we assume the statute is ambiguous, we would apply a canon
of construction under which courts assume the Legislature intentionally omitted language
or a specific feature in one statute if it included that language or feature in another statute.
The Legislature's use of the language in one place shows it knew how to include the
language or provide for the specific feature in other provisions. See State v. Nambo,
295 Kan. 1, 4-5, 281 P.3d 525 (2012). Here, in one provision the Legislature required a
knowing mental state. It did not include the same language in the aggravated
endangerment of a child provision.


       Pattillo argues, however, the Court of Appeals panel deciding State v. Herndon,
52 Kan. App. 2d 857, 867, 379 P.3d 403 (2016), rev. denied 306 Kan. 1324 (2017),
correctly held that to consciously disregard a risk of child endangerment one must know
the child was present. But the Herndon panel referred to a reason to think there was a
danger to a child—a concept inherent in recklessness and different from actual
knowledge. Also, we distinguish the facts of Herndon.


       In Herndon, the defendant fired shots at a pickup in which a small child was a
passenger. In determining if the defendant had acted recklessly, the Court of Appeals
panel concluded it "simply [found] a dearth of evidence to support the notion that [the
defendant] was aware of the child's presence in the truck. It is hard to imagine how [the


                                              14
defendant] consciously disregarded the risk to a child he had no reason to think was
there." 52 Kan. App. 2d at 863-64. The critical words are that "he had no reason to think"
the child was there. A difference exists between having a reason to think the child is
present—that is, being aware of a substantial and unjustifiable risk that circumstances
exist or that a result will follow—and the requirement Pattillo wants us to read into the
statute—knowing a child is in a structure or motor vehicle. We acknowledge some
broader language in Herndon that can be read to support Pattillo's argument. But the
decision's holding is limited to the defendant recognizing risk, and the dearth of evidence
in that case contrasts to the presence of some evidence that supports the jury's verdict
convicting Pattillo.


       Both Martinez and Pattillo had reason to know there was, in the words of the
statute, a "substantial and unjustifiable risk" a child would be in the Millers' home. See
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5202(j). Just 30 minutes before, the child had been outside with his
uncle. And, according to the child's mother, her son had been near the road as Pattillo and
Martinez drove by. From this circumstance, the jury could infer that the child's presence
should have been obvious to a driver, such as Pattillo. What is more, circumstantial
evidence showed that Martinez and Pattillo would have known of the relationship
between the Miller brothers and the child. Miller's brother testified he had grown up with
Martinez and they had been friends until Martinez joined a rival gang. There was also
evidence that Pattillo had known Miller's brother for some time. Although there was no
direct evidence that Martinez and Pattillo were aware of a risk the child was present,
there was circumstantial evidence from which a jury could infer Pattillo was aware of a
substantial and unjustifiable risk the child was in the residence.




                                             15
       The State also presented evidence that the plan had been to confront Miller's
brother outside the residence where he had been when they drove by the second time.
This plan meant Martinez would fire shots in the direction of the dwelling where the
child lived and had been present just minutes before. This situation created "a substantial
and unjustifiable risk that circumstances exist or that a result will follow, and such
disregard constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of care which a reasonable
person would exercise in the situation." K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5202(j).


       The evidence is not overwhelming, but it need not be. Evidence can establish the
mental-state element of the crime of aggravated endangerment of a child under K.S.A.
2019 Supp. 21-5601(b)(1) if it establishes the defendant was aware of a substantial and
unjustifiable risk that a child was in the danger zone but the defendant consciously
disregarded that risk. Here, if we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the
State, a reasonable jury could find that Pattillo was aware of the risk to the seven-year-old
who lived in the dwelling and consciously disregarded that risk.


       Pattillo also seems to argue that the fact the State had to prove he intentionally
aided and abetted Martinez elevates the mental state requirement to one that requires
proof of his knowledge. But the State's burden was to prove that Pattillo intentionally
helped Martinez commit the crime, not that he knowingly put the child at risk. The intent
requirement of aiding and abetting does not change the mental state of the underlying
felony because the language of the aiding and abetting statute assigns criminal
responsibility rather than creating a distinct element of a crime. See State v. Betancourt,
299 Kan. 131, 139, 322 P.3d 353 (2014).




                                             16
       Pattillo raises no other attack on his conviction for aggravated endangerment of a
child. We thus affirm his conviction on that count and hold that his participation in that
crime can serve as the inherently dangerous felony that supports his felony-murder
conviction.


       As we will discuss, Pattillo makes other arguments about why his felony-murder
conviction cannot be affirmed. Before we reach those arguments, we discuss his
argument that the State failed to meet its burden of proving he aided and abetted the
criminal discharge of a firearm at an occupied dwelling.


3. Sufficient Evidence Supports Criminal Discharge of Firearm Conviction


       Pattillo also argues the State failed to present sufficient evidence of the elements
of criminal discharge of a firearm at an occupied dwelling. Under the aggravated form of
the crime, which is what the State charged here, the State had to prove Pattillo aided and
abetted the "reckless and unauthorized discharge of any firearm . . . [a]t a dwelling,
building, or structure in which there is a human being" and that great bodily harm
occurred. The State does not have to prove that "the person discharging the firearm
knows or has reason to know that there is a human being present." K.S.A. 2019 Supp.
21-6308(a)(1)(A). Pattillo raises two arguments.


       Pattillo first relies on the words "at a dwelling" to argue shooting at a person does
not meet the requirement of shooting at a dwelling. We have rejected a similar argument
in a case involving the same statute, although a portion of the statute that relates to
shooting at motor vehicles. The language that is the focus of our analysis—shooting at an



                                              17
object—does not change if the object is a motor vehicle rather than a dwelling. See
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-6308.


       In State v. Farmer, 285 Kan. 541, 544, 175 P.3d 221 (2008), the defendant was in
a drug-fueled rage when he walked up to a vehicle window, pulled out a gun, and shot the
driver six times. The State charged him with criminal discharge of a firearm at an
occupied motor vehicle. The defendant shot some bullets at close range and others while
backing away from the car. A jury convicted him of criminal discharge at an occupied
vehicle and felony murder. Like Pattillo, the defendant argued the jury could not convict
him unless the State proved he intended to shoot at the vehicle, not the person in it. The
dissent agreed, concluding: "The phrase, 'at [a] . . . motor vehicle,' does not look or
sound ambiguous . . . . Shooting at a motor vehicle is one thing; shooting at a person is
something else." 285 Kan. at 556-56 (Beier, J., dissenting).


       But the court's majority rejected the argument, noting the Legislature designed the
statute to cover situations in which proving the defendant's intent was difficult. The
majority concluded that accepting the dissent's view, which Pattillo asks us to adopt,
"eviscerates the criminal discharge statute by putting the focus right back on the shooter's
intent, thus making it unavailable in the very situations it was designed to cover—
situations where proof of intent to injure or kill is problematic." 285 Kan. at 547. See
State v. Jefferson, 297 Kan. 1151, 1154, 1168, 310 P.3d 331 (2013) (criminal discharge
conviction affirmed in retaliatory drive-by shooting at a house that resulted in death of
bystander, even though defendant did not fire the fatal bullets, he participated in the
unlawful venture).




                                             18
       This case is less nuanced, and we have no trouble unanimously holding that the
State presented sufficient evidence of reckless discharge of a firearm at a dwelling.
Martinez fired up to 14 shots, several of which hit the house and only two of which hit
Miller. And one of those two bullets hit something else first and ricocheted into Miller.
Two bullets hit the storm door where Miller's brother had been standing as Martinez fired
the first shots.


       Given the physical evidence, the State argues multiple reasons the jury could infer
Martinez and Pattillo intended to aim shots at the residence. The evidence showed that
Pattillo and the others returned to the Millers' residence with the intent to shoot Miller's
brother. Miller's brother was at the storm door when they pulled up and stopped. When he
dove for the floor, the jury could infer Martinez aimed some shots at the house on the
chance one would hit Miller's brother inside the dwelling. But without being able to see
Miller's brother, it cannot be said the shots were aimed at him; they were aimed at the
dwelling. Two bullets penetrated the lower part of the storm door. At some point, Martinez
focused on Miller, and some evidence suggests Pattillo drove the van in a way to give
Martinez a better shot at Miller. Even at that point there is some evidence, when viewed in
the light most favorable to the State, that Martinez aimed shots at the residence and not at
Miller. As the State argues, a reasonable jury could conclude that Martinez took some
shots at the dwelling to cut off the possibility that Miller, like his brother, would escape
into the dwelling.


       In his other argument, Pattillo alternatively contends that, if sufficient evidence
supports the criminal discharge conviction, it only supports the lesser, level 7 felony
version of the crime, instead of the level 3 version. For a conviction of a level 3 felony,
the discharge must result in great bodily harm. K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-6308(b)(1)(B).


                                              19
Great bodily harm is "'more than slight, trivial, minor, or moderate harm, [that] does not
include mere bruising, which is likely to be sustained by simple battery.'" State v.
Robinson, 306 Kan. 1012, 1027, 399 P.3d 194 (2017) (citing State v. Green, 280 Kan.
758, 765, 127 P.3d 241 [2006]). Miller suffered great bodily harm when Martinez shot
and killed him; the State provided sufficient evidence to support the conviction for the
level 3 version of criminal discharge of a firearm at an occupied dwelling.


       In summary of this issue, the State presented sufficient evidence to support the
conviction for criminal discharge of a firearm at a dwelling. Even if a drive-by shooting
is motivated by an intent to kill a specific person, when the evidence is viewed in the
light most favorable to the State, a reasonable jury viewing the evidence admitted at
Pattillo's trial could find him guilty of aggravated criminal discharge of a firearm at an
occupied dwelling.


4. Sufficient Evidence Supports Felony-Murder Conviction


       Pattillo next attacks his felony-murder conviction by arguing the State failed to
prove that Miller's death was caused by the commission of one of the underlying felonies.
He argues the evidence more clearly supported an intentional murder of Miller. As we
have discussed, however, sufficient evidence supports the aggravated endangering of a
child and criminal discharge of a firearm felonies.


       Pattillo also reasons intentional acts caused Miller's death and the death occurred
intentionally rather than in the perpetration of the discharge of a firearm at a dwelling or
of aggravated endangering of a child. He cites testimony establishing that Pattillo drove
the van forward to give Martinez "a better shot" at Miller as he ran toward the back of the


                                             20
dwelling and argues the State failed to prove an inherently dangerous felony—rather than
an intent to kill—caused Miller's death.


       Two causation elements apply under the felony-murder statute: (1) the death must
be within the res gestae of the underlying crime and (2) the underlying felony must
directly cause the homicide. We discussed these elements in State v. Berry:


       "First, the death must be within the res gestae of the underlying crime, regardless of the
       sequence of events leading to the death. . . . We define res gestae in the felony-murder
       context as 'acts done before, during, or after the happening of the principal occurrence
       when those acts are so closely connected with the principal occurrence as to form, in
       reality, a part of the occurrence.' . . . Second, there must be a direct causal connection
       between the felony and the homicide. . . . Our case law finds this direct causal connection
       exists unless an extraordinary intervening event supersedes the defendant's act and
       becomes the sole legal cause of death." Berry, 292 Kan. 493, 498, 254 P.3d 1276 (2011),
       superseded by statute on other grounds as recognized in State v. Todd, 299 Kan. 263,
       273-74, 323 P.3d 829 (2014).


       Miller's death occurred during the res gestae of the acts of discharging a weapon at
a dwelling and of endangering a child. Evidence established that Martinez fired about 14
shots in around 10 seconds. During this time, shots hit the dwelling, came close to where
the seven-year-old child played, and killed Miller. There was no evidence of an
extraordinary intervening event. While some evidence might have supported an
intentional murder, that does not mean the State failed to prove felony murder.


       In summary of our consideration of Pattillo's sufficiency claims, sufficient
evidence supported each of the underlying felonies and established a causal connection



                                                     21
between them and the murder. Although we find that the aggravated assault here is not so
distinct from the murder that it can serve as the underlying inherently dangerous felony,
if any of the underlying felonies are affirmed, the felony-murder conviction may be
affirmed. Sanchez, 282 Kan. at 319-20. The State separately charged Pattillo and the jury
unanimously convicted him of aggravated endangering of a child and criminal discharge
of a firearm at an occupied dwelling, and both convictions are today affirmed.


5. Multiplicity of Criminal Discharge and Felony-Murder Convictions


       In a related felony-murder argument, Pattillo argues he cannot be convicted of
both discharge of a firearm and felony murder because the elements of criminal discharge
are identical to some of the elements of the felony-murder statute. He argues this means
he is receiving multiple punishments for the same conduct in violation of the Double
Jeopardy Clause of the United States Constitution and Kansas statutes. This issue
presents a question of law subject to unlimited review. State v. Schoonover, 281 Kan.
453, 462, 133 P.3d 48 (2006).


       Our caselaw makes clear that if the Legislature intends to impose multiple
punishments for violating two distinct statutory provisions—such as discharge of a
firearm and felony murder—a judge does not violate the Double Jeopardy Clause of the
Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution by sentencing the defendant for both
offenses. See 281 Kan. 453, Syl. ¶ 7. And, we have recognized that the Legislature
expressed its intent to allow cumulative punishments for felony murder and those
underlying felonies that do not merge with the homicide. 281 Kan. at 490-91. As Pattillo
recognizes, we have more specifically held that the Legislature intended to allow



                                            22
cumulative punishments for felony murder and for discharge of a firearm at a dwelling.
State v. Conway, 284 Kan. 37, 57, 159 P.3d 917 (2007).


       Despite this authority, Pattillo tries to argue that if we apply the same-elements
test—the test most commonly applied to determine whether two crimes punish the same
conduct—we would necessarily determine the two crimes are multiplicitous and thus the
trial judge violated his right to be free of twice being sentenced for the same crime. We
need not test his theory because, in Schoonover, we recognized the same-elements test is
merely a rule of statutory construction that courts need not employ if legislative intent to
allow cumulative punishment is otherwise clear. 281 Kan. at 469, 490-91.


       To illustrate we cited to the United States Supreme Court's decision in Missouri v.
Hunter, 459 U.S. 359, 103 S. Ct. 673, 74 L. Ed. 2d 535 (1983), in which a double
jeopardy issue arose under Missouri's felony-murder statute. In Hunter, the Court found it
unnecessary to apply the same-elements test because "the Missouri Legislature [by
enacting a felony-murder statute] has made its intent crystal clear. Legislatures, not
courts, prescribe the scope of punishments." 459 U.S. at 368. And the Missouri felony-
murder statute made clear courts can impose cumulative punishments. The same is true in
Kansas. Schoonover, 281 Kan. at 490-91. We need not apply the same-elements test here
to hold that a constitutional double jeopardy violation did not occur.


       Pattillo also argues allowing the cumulative punishments violates K.S.A. 2019
Supp. 21-5109(b). In that provision, the Legislature has provided that a jury may not
convict a defendant of both the crime charged and a lesser included crime. Pattillo then
notes that statute defines a lesser included crime to include "a crime where all elements of
the lesser crime are identical to some of the elements of the crime charged." K.S.A. 2019


                                             23
Supp. 21-5109(b)(2). But Pattillo ignores another subsection of the same definition that
explicitly states there are no lesser degrees of felony murder. See State v. Dupree, 304
Kan. 377, 400, 373 P.3d 811 (2016) (recognizing K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 21-5109[b][1]'s
elimination of all lesser included offenses of felony murder). The Legislature made clear
that the provision Pattillo cites does not apply to felony murder. His argument thus fails.


        Cumulative punishments for both criminal discharge of a firearm and felony
murder violate neither the Double Jeopardy Clause nor K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5109.


6. Pattillo Can Be Sentenced for Both Felony Murder and the Enhanced Punishment for
   Discharging a Firearm Resulting in Great Bodily Harm

        Pattillo raises a related argument that he cannot be punished for a criminal
discharge of a firearm as a severity level 3, person felony and must instead be sentenced
for a severity level 7 felony. He reasons that sentencing him for the level 3 felony causes
him to be punished twice for killing Miller—once for felony murder and a second time
for the enhanced sentence for criminal discharge of a firearm that results in great bodily
harm.


        To explain the difference in the severity levels that prompt Pattillo's argument, the
statute prohibiting the discharge of a firearm at an occupied building provides three levels
of severity: severity level 7 for discharging a firearm no matter if there is bodily harm,
severity level 5 if the discharge of the firearm causes bodily harm, and severity level 3 if
it causes great bodily harm. K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-6308(b). He contends he would have
been sentenced to a prison term of 29 months for the level 7 version as compared to the
216 months he received for the level 3 conviction.



                                              24
       Again, however, neither the Double Jeopardy Clause nor K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-
5109 prohibit a cumulative punishment for felony murder and a severity level 3 discharge
of a weapon that results in great bodily harm. The Legislature clearly intended to allow
the cumulative punishments when it provided in the felony-murder statute that the two
crimes do not merge. See Hunter, 459 U.S. at 368; Conway, 284 Kan. at 55-56;
Schnoover, 281 Kan. at 490-91. Pattillo's argument fails.


                          JURY INSTRUCTION ISSUES LACK MERIT


       Pattillo's remaining four issues raise claims that the trial judge erred in instructing
the jury. We find no merit to any of the issues.


       Appellate courts analyze each jury instruction claim under a three-step process:
(1) whether the court can or should review the issue, that is, whether there is a lack of
appellate jurisdiction or whether there was a failure to preserve the issue; (2) the merits of
the claim; and (3) whether any error found was harmless. State v. McLinn, 307 Kan. 307,
317, 409 P.3d 1 (2018). If the defendant did not make a contemporaneous objection to a
jury instruction, appellate courts will review the claim of error for clear error. K.S.A.
2019 Supp. 22-3414(3); McLinn, 307 Kan. at 318.The appellate court also reviews for
clear error if the defendant objected at trial but on a different basis than he or she later
argues on appeal. State v. Johnson, 304 Kan. 924, 931, 376 P.3d 70 (2016).


       In two issues, Pattillo contends the trial judge should have given lesser included
offense instructions. When some evidence justifies a conviction of a lesser included
offense, "the judge shall instruct the jury as to the crime charged and any such lesser


                                              25
included crime." K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3414(3). "In other words, lesser included offense
instructions must be given when there is some evidence . . . that would reasonably justify
a conviction of some lesser included crime." State v. Rodriguez, 295 Kan. 1146, 1152,
289 P.3d 85 (2012).


         Applying these standards, we conclude the trial judge did not commit reversible
error.


1. Invited-Error Doctrine Precludes Review of Felony-Murder Jury Instruction


         Pattillo argues that the jury instruction on felony murder was erroneous because it
did not instruct that there had to be a causal connection between the inherently dangerous
felony and the killing.


         The trial judge gave the suggested pattern instruction for felony murder, PIK
Crim. 4th 54.120 (2018 Supp.), which instructed the jury it had to find that the murder
happened while in the commission of an inherently dangerous felony. Before trial,
Pattillo submitted this same PIK instruction as one he wanted the judge to read to the
jury. Because he made this request, the State argues he invited the error and thus has not
preserved the issue for our consideration.


         Generally, under the invited error doctrine, "'a litigant who invites and leads a trial
court into error will not be heard on appeal to complain of that action.'" State v. Fleming,
308 Kan. 689, 696, 706, 423 P.3d 506 (2018). In the context of jury instructions, we do
not apply the rule in a formalistic or bright-line way, however. 308 Kan. at 701-02. But
we have applied the doctrine when a party requests the instruction before trial, the error


                                               26
was as obvious before trial as when the judge gave the instruction, and the party did not
object to the instruction before the judge read it to the jury. 308 Kan. at 703.


         Here, Pattillo proposed the instruction before trial and nothing at trial changed the
legal argument Pattillo now makes. In other words, his counsel could have assessed and
determined before trial that the judge should change the pattern instruction in the manner
he now suggests. These circumstances support the State's position that Pattillo invited the
error.


         The third factor related to the failure to object to the instruction at the end of the
trial is slightly more complicated because Pattillo objected to the instruction at the
instruction conference. He did not object on the grounds he now asserts, however.
Instead, he objected to the wording of the mental state element in the instruction. When
he made this objection, he had notice of any other potential issues with the jury
instruction, including the causation issue he now raises. Despite this notice, he focused on
only Pattillo's level of intent to commit the underlying crimes and did not focus on the
causal link between those crimes and the murder. Pattillo's objection thus did not suggest
the trial judge needed to change the causation language from the language he invited the
judge to use. We hold the invited-error doctrine will generally apply when a party
requests the instruction before trial, the error was as obvious before trial as when the
judge gave the instruction, and the party did not present to the trial judge the same
objection as made on appeal.


         Under these circumstances, we hold Pattillo invited the error, precluding our
review of his asserted issue on appeal. See 308 Kan. at 701, 707.



                                                27
2. Invited Error Doctrine Precludes Review of Criminal Discharge Instruction


       Similarly, we hold the invited-error doctrine precludes our review of an issue
Pattillo raises about the jury instruction on the crime of discharge of a firearm. He now
argues the trial judge erred by only instructing the jury it had to find that great bodily
harm occurred during the commission of the criminal discharge and not instructing the
jury that it must also find that the great bodily harm resulted from the criminal discharge.


       Again, before trial, Pattillo proposed the instruction the trial judge gave. He and
his attorney could have assessed the error and discovered it before trial just as easily as
they could discover it when the trial judge finalized the instructions. Finally, Pattillo
offered no objection to this instruction at trial. Under these circumstances, we hold that
Pattillo invited the error, precluding our review of his asserted issue on appeal. See 308
Kan. at 701, 707.


3. No Clear Error in Not Instructing on Lesser Included Offenses of Criminal Discharge

       Pattillo argues the trial judge erred by not giving instructions on two lesser
included offenses of the crime of criminal discharge of a firearm. He contends the judge
erred by not instructing the jury on the severity level 7 felony, which does not require
proof of great bodily harm. K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-6308(b)(1)(A). He also argues the trial
judge should have instructed the jury on the elements of criminal discharge of a firearm
from a public road. That crime occurs when a person fires the weapon "upon or from any
public road, public road right-of-way or railroad right-of-way except as otherwise
authorized by law." K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-6308(a)(3)(B).




                                              28
        We need not discuss the legal or factual appropriateness of either proposed lesser
included offense because, even if we assume the trial judge should have given both
lesser-included offense instructions, Pattillo cannot establish reversible error.


       Our standard for reversibility is clear error because Pattillo did not request either
lesser included offense instruction at trial. K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3414(3). Under that
standard, even if a lesser included offense instruction is legally and factually appropriate,
under the third step of the reversibility inquiry the court will reverse only if firmly
convinced that the jury would have reached a different verdict had the trial judge given
the lesser included instruction. McLinn, 307 Kan. at 318.


       We are not firmly convinced the jury would have reached a different verdict had
the trial judge given the lesser included instruction about the level 7 felony because no
one disputes that Miller suffered great bodily harm when he was killed.


       We likewise are not firmly convinced the jury would have reached a different
verdict had the trial judge instructed on the crime of discharge of a firearm from a public
road. We find persuasive the analogous caselaw of State v. Williams, 308 Kan. 1439, 430
P.3d 448 (2018).


      Williams dealt with alleged error in failing to instruct on assault and battery as
lesser-included offenses of aggravated assault and aggravated battery. The defendant
went to a female acquaintance's house, broke in, strangled her, head-butted her, and
threatened her with a baseball bat. Reviewing for clear error, we were not firmly
convinced a jury would have reached a different verdict given the uncontroverted



                                              29
evidence of the harm inflicted and the fact a threat with a baseball bat took place after the
defendant had inflicted great harm. 308 Kan. at 1458-59.


       A similar analysis applies here. There is little dispute that Pattillo participated in
an activity with another individual who fired a weapon in the direction of a residence and
a person died as the result. We are not firmly convinced the jury would have returned a
different verdict had the trial judge given an instruction on a lesser included offense that
allowed consideration of a discharge of a firearm from a public roadway when Martinez
and Pattillo engaged in conduct that resulted in multiple gunshots to an occupied
dwelling.


4. No Clear Error in Failing to Give Lesser Included Offense Instruction of
   Endangering a Child

       Finally, Pattillo argues the trial judge erred by not instructing the jury that it
could convict Pattillo of endangering a child. As we have discussed, that crime
occurs by "knowingly and unreasonably causing or permitting a child under the
age of 18 years to be placed in a situation in which the child's life, body or health
may be endangered." (Emphasis added.) K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5601(a). As
convicted, the jury found Pattillo "[r]ecklessly caus[ed] or permit[ed] a child under
the age of 18 years to be placed in a situation in which the child's life, body or
health is endangered." (Emphasis added.) K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5601(b)(1). The
italicized language highlights the differences in the two statutes.


       Pattillo did not ask the trial judge to give the lesser included offense instruction so
we review for clear error. Again, even assuming the factual and legal appropriateness of



                                              30
the instruction, Pattillo fails to establish clear error. As Pattillo himself argued, there is no
evidence that Martinez and Pattillo knew the child was in the residence. For that reason
alone, we could conclude that we are not firmly convinced the jury would have returned a
different verdict had the judge instructed on the elements of endangering a child. In
addition, as noted in the other arguments about lesser included offenses, the jury
convicted on several felonies with heightened degrees of severity and potential for harm.
Here, the evidence established that Pattillo's actions endangered the child's health, not
just that he might have done so. Although not physically harmed, the child was receiving
mental health treatment at the time of trial, and he told the jury about his anxiety arising
from the incident. His mother testified he feared going outside and had heightened
anxiety brought on by loud noises like fireworks.


       We are not firmly convinced the jury would have returned a different verdict had
the judge instructed on endangering a child.


                                         CONCLUSION


       We affirm Pattillo's felony-murder conviction based on the underlying inherently
dangerous felonies of criminal discharge of a firearm at an occupied dwelling and
aggravated endangering of a child and his sentence on the felony-murder conviction.
And, although we hold aggravated assault cannot serve as the inherently dangerous
underlying felony in this case, he does not ask us to reverse that conviction. We also
affirm his convictions for felony discharge of a firearm and aggravated endangering of a
child. Finally, we affirm his sentences.


       Affirmed.


                                               31
      WILSON, J., not participating.
      PATRICK D. MCANANY, Senior Judge, assigned.¹
      JOHN L. WEINGART, District Judge, assigned.²




_________________________



1
 REPORTER'S NOTE: Senior Judge McAnany was appointed to hear case No.
118,941 under the authority vested in the Supreme Court by K.S.A. 20-2616 to fill the
vacancy on the court by the retirement of Chief Justice Lawton R. Nuss.
2
 REPORTER'S NOTE: District Judge Weingart was appointed to hear case No.
118,941 vice Justice Wilson under the authority vested in the Supreme Court by art. 3,
 § 6(f) of the Kansas Constitution.



                                           32
