Opinion issued December 13, 2018




                                      In The

                               Court of Appeals
                                     For The

                           First District of Texas
                             ————————————
                              NO. 01-17-00732-CR
                             ———————————
                           DONALD FOSTER, Appellant
                                        V.
                      THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee


                   On Appeal from the 178th District Court
                           Harris County, Texas
                       Trial Court Case No. 1470046


                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

      After   appellant,    Donald   Foster,   without   an     agreed   punishment

recommendation from the State, pleaded guilty to the felony offense of murder,1 a




1
      See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b), (c) (Vernon 2011).
jury found him guilty, found he did not cause the death of the complainant, his wife,

under the influence of sudden passion,2 and assessed his punishment at confinement

for life. In three issues, appellant contends that his trial counsel provided him with

ineffective assistance during the punishment phase of trial and the trial court erred

in admitting certain evidence during the punishment phase of trial and not sua sponte

instructing the jury on the proper burden of proof for an extraneous offense or bad

act.3

        We affirm.

                                        Background

        A Harris County Grand Jury issued a true bill of indictment, alleging that

appellant, on or about May 29, 2015, “did then and there unlawfully, intentionally

and knowingly cause the death of [the complainant] . . . by striking [her] with [a]

sharp edge object,” “a knife,” or “a blunt force object.” It further alleged that

appellant, on or about May 29, 2015, “did then and there unlawfully intend to cause

serious bodily injury to [the complainant] . . . and did cause the death of the

[c]omplainant by intentionally and knowingly committing an act clearly dangerous




2
        See id. § 19.02(a)(2), (d) (“‘Sudden passion’ means passion directly caused by and
        arising out of provocation by the individual killed or another acting with the person
        killed which passion arises at the time of the offense and is not solely the result of
        former provocation.”).
3
        See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.07, § 3(a)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2018).

                                              2
to human life, namely . . . striking [her] with a sharp edge object,” “a knife,” or “a

blunt force object.”

       At the punishment hearing, Cypress Creek EMS paramedic G. Ortega testified

that on the morning of May 29, 2015, he was dispatched to an Inverness Forest

apartment in response to a request for “a welfare check.” Upon arrival, he entered

the unlocked door of the apartment. Inside, he saw the complainant laying, face

down, on the living room floor in “a large pool of . . . blood, dark fluid, around [her]

entire body.” She had “soft tissue disruption behind her neck” and her head,

“different parts of [her] neck and her shoulder had [blood] staining,” there were

blood and puncture wounds on her clothes, and Ortega could see “open soft tissue.”

Because the complainant did not show any signs of life, Ortega exited the apartment

for safety purposes. He then reported a possible stabbing or shooting and requested

that law enforcement officers come to the location. Due to the condition of the

complainant’s body, Ortega opined that she had been injured shortly before his

arrival.

       Harris County Sheriff’s Office (“HCSO”) Crime Scene Unit Officer J. Ortiz

testified that he was dispatched to an Inverness Forest apartment on May 29, 2015

to investigate “a homicide involving [the complainant, who] was found in the living

room of [her] apartment, deceased.” The complainant had been talking on the




                                           3
telephone with her daughter, Lorie Ann Foster, “when something occurred.” Lorie

Ann then called for emergency assistance to perform “a welfare check.”

      Officer Ortiz noted that it appeared that the complainant’s body had not been

moved and there was “an amount of blood . . . gushing out from the sides of her

body.” She had “knife wounds,” lacerations, and cuts on her body and multiple

“defects” or tears in her clothing.4 Ortiz saw “stab wounds” on the complainant’s

upper back and “upper side of [her] neck,” and he opined that “all [of] the assault

[had] t[aken] place around [her] neck” and upper back. He further noted that her

arms were in “a defensive posture” and she had “defensive wounds” on her hands.

Ortiz opined that the complainant had been stabbed several times, the stabbings

indicated “a lot of anger” and “domestic violence,” and “something violent” had

occurred in the living room of her apartment. According to Ortiz, law enforcement

officers later recovered a knife from appellant after he had “[a]ttempted to commit

suicide” by “jump[ing] out in front of an 18-wheeler” truck. Although the truck

swerved and did not kill appellant, he was taken to a hospital following the incident.

      Oak Ridge North Police Department Officer M. Teske testified that on May

29, 2015, he was dispatched to the feeder road of a highway in response to an

“auto/pedestrian accident.” Upon arrival, Teske saw appellant on the ground with



4
      Officer Ortiz noted that the complainant was wearing denim which constitutes “a
      real hard fabric to cut.”

                                          4
“several people attending to him.” They had wrapped his arms in gauze, and he

appeared to be in severe pain. At one point, a knife was removed from appellant’s

pocket, and after Teske put the knife in his patrol car, appellant “became more

aggressive,” “flailing his legs and kicking . . . and trying to sit up.”

      Officer Teske spoke to the driver of the truck in front of which appellant had

jumped. The driver stated that appellant had “walked across the feeder road to the

west side of” the road and “waited until the 18-wheeler [truck] came close.” He then

“dove out in front of [the truck,] head first with his arms outstretched.” Although

the driver of the truck had “swerve[d],” the “cab of the truck” hit appellant, and the

“back left tires” of the cab ran over his arms. Teske opined that appellant, by

jumping in front of the truck, had attempted to kill himself.

      HCSO Officer A. Thompson testified that on May 29, 2015, he was

dispatched to an Inverness Forest apartment. Upon entering the apartment, he saw

the complainant “lying on the floor in a pool of blood.” The cause of her death

appeared to be “stab wounds.” Thompson noted that there were two knives missing

from the knife block in the kitchen of the apartment. And he opined that the scene

looked like a “personal type killing” that had happened fast and “with a lot of rage.”

      Officer Thompson further testified that on the same day, appellant had “tried

to jump in front of an 18-wheeler [truck].” When Thompson visited him in the

hospital one or two days later, appellant was “still being treated for his injuries.” He


                                            5
had a cast on his arm, “something in his mouth or nose,” and “an IV connected to

him.” Appellant, who could not pick up a glass of water, did not remember how he

had gotten to the hospital, and Thompson opined that he could have been medicated

while they spoke at the hospital. When Thompson told him that the complainant had

died, appellant did not express any emotion, but did state that he did not mean to kill

her.

       Officer Thompson also noted that Lorie Ann had told him that she had learned

about a rumor that the complainant and another individual, “Dr. Harris,” were having

an affair at the time of her death. Lorie Ann, however, did not believe the rumor.

When Thompson spoke to appellant about the purported affair, he stated that the

complainant was “being treated by Dr. Harris,” and during “a visit,” she had

“hug[ged] him too long or kiss[ed] him.” Afterward, appellant confronted the

complainant and told her to “stop showing so much affection towards [Dr. Harris.]”

       Appellant also disclosed to Officer Thompson that his family had been

neglecting him and the complainant had called him “the trash man,” telling him that

she “didn’t want to be anywhere around him.” And when he tried to show her

affection, “she would push him away.” She “paid more attention to [Dr. Harris] than

himself,” she was closer with Dr. Harris than himself, and he had previously seen

“photographs” on her cellular telephone. Appellant stated that he could not live

without the complainant and he had previously told her that “he could not see them


                                          6
split[ting] apart.” And Thompson noted that Dr. Harris had admitted to the affair.

Thompson opined, thus, that appellant’s suspicions were in fact true.

      Lorie Ann, who grew up in Jamaica, testified that appellant is her father, the

complainant was her mother, and they were married for approximately twenty-six

years. In 2010, the family moved to the United States, and in 2011, Lorie Ann and

the complainant moved to Houston, Texas so that she could attend high school.

Appellant then moved to Houston in 2013 or 2014.

      In regard to the complainant, Lorie Ann testified that she “handl[ed] things

directly for the family” and was supportive of Lorie Ann’s education. She never

missed birthdays or anniversaries and celebrated those types of events with Lorie

Ann. The complainant had a bachelor’s of arts degree in economics, management,

and business, and she had a master’s degree in Human Resources. While the family

lived in Jamaica, the complainant, who was “[p]rimarily” responsible for paying for

the family’s housing, worked “as an administrator.” And when she moved to

Houston, she worked in Human Resources.

      In regard to appellant, Lorie Ann testified that he was “less of a parent,” “[n]ot

a father figure” that she could “look up to,” and not a person from whom she could

seek advice. He was “selfish” with his time and his things, and he was not

emotionally or financially supportive of the family. Appellant had made clear that

he “would never leave [Lorie Ann] any financial help if he were to die” and “would


                                           7
make sure that [she] suffer[ed].” Although he worked while the family lived in

Jamaica, he was not working at the time of the complainant’s death. And Lorie Ann

did not know whether appellant had ever been employed while he lived in Houston.

      Lorie Ann further explained that appellant did show some enthusiasm in

regard to birthday celebrations, and she described him as an “intellectual individual”

who she could ask for help with her school work. She noted that he, at her college

graduation, had “pulled [her] aside” to ask her whether she thought that “he was a

good father.” And she opined that appellant felt “extremely guilty about his role as

a parent and a father.”

      In regard to the events of May 29, 2015, Lorie Ann testified that at the time,

she was in Houston and staying with her brother, Antonio Foster. At 7:26 a.m., she

spoke to the complainant, who “sounded normal,” on the complainant’s cellular

telephone. “There was no argument in the background” and “no loud screaming.”

After a short time, the telephone call “dropped” or was disconnected. At 7:40 a.m.,

Lorie Ann received a “FaceTime”5 call from the complainant’s cellular telephone,

but the call “did not connect”; “[i]t did not [go] through.” She then “tried to call [the

complainant] back several times,” but did not get an answer. She also sent the



5
      “FaceTime is an application that allows individuals to make video calls from
      telephones.” Perone v. State, No. 14-12-00969-CV, 2014 WL 1481318, at *2 (Tex.
      App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Apr. 15, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
      publication) (footnote omitted).

                                           8
complainant “several text messages” and called appellant’s cellular telephone.     At

one point, in response to one of Lorie Ann’s calls, appellant answered the

complainant’s cellular telephone and stated that she was “okay.” He sounded “very

jittery, very nervous.”      And because Lorie Ann “instinct[ively]” knew that

“something [was] wrong,” she called for emergency assistance to make “a welfare

check” at the complainant’s apartment. When Lorie Ann subsequently arrived at the

complainant’s apartment, she learned that appellant “had tried to kill himself.”

      Lorie Ann opined that appellant had “thought about” killing the complainant

before he actually did so, he “planned what he was going to do,” and then he

“attempt[ed] to commit suicide” afterwards. And she further opined that he was

“extremely self[ish]” because he did not think about how killing the complainant

would affect his children.

      On cross-examination, Lorie Ann testified that appellant had worked at Sugar

Industry Authority of Jamaica for twenty-five years. He had helped her with her

school work as a child, was present “in the house,” and went to her “track meets”

while she was in school. After the complainant’s death, appellant “signed a waiver”

to ensure that Lorie Ann and Antonio received “the money from [the complainant’s]

life insurance policy.” Lorie Ann conceded that she did not know what had

happened between her parents prior to her telephone call with the complainant on




                                          9
May 29, 2015. And she did not know what had happened between appellant and the

complainant after her telephone call with the complainant had “dropped.”

      Antonio testified that appellant is his father, the complainant was his mother,

and Lorie Ann is his sister. In regard to the complainant, he noted that she had a

“bachelor’s degree in business” and a master’s degree from the University of West

Indies in Jamaica. She met appellant approximately thirty years ago when he was

her math tutor, and they were married for twenty-five or twenty-six years. The

complainant was “very helpful” to Antonio, understanding “everything [that he] was

going through.” She supported Antonio in his school work, and she wanted him and

Lorie Ann to attend the best schools in Jamaica. And the complainant was “a strong

woman” and was diligent, hardworking, sociable, and well loved.

      In regard to appellant, Antonio testified that he excelled in mathematics and

“ha[d] a diploma in land surveying” and a “bachelor’s degree in business

management from the University of West [I]ndies in Jamaica.” While Antonio was

growing up, appellant was “there,” but he was not as supportive as the complainant.

However, he would help Antonio with his school work and education, he

congratulated Antonio when he did well, and he supported Antonio in sports.

      Appellant worked as “a quality inspector” at the Sugar Industry Authority of

Jamaica “[f]or as long as [Antonio] c[ould] remember.” He “made money,” and

when the complainant would “ask him for money,” “he would put some up.” But


                                         10
Antonio did not “believe [that] he put [up] as much as he could.” When the family

needed to move to another community in Jamaica for Antonio and Lorie Ann to be

“closer to . . . school,” appellant did not financially support the move. But, when the

family moved to the United States from Jamaica, he was “okay with it.” For a period

of time, appellant went “back and forth from Jamaica to Houston” in order to “sort

out family assets and finances in Jamaica” before he moved to Houston permanently.

And he and the complainant seldom argued.

      On cross-examination, Antonio testified that while he was growing up,

appellant provided for the family “[t]o the extent [that] he could” and he “did as

much as he could.” He helped Antonio with his school work and attended his

sporting events. When the family moved to a different community in Jamaica so

that Antonio and Lorie Ann could be closer to school, appellant “c[a]me around” to

the idea because he saw that it was good for his children. He also “help[ed] [the

complainant] figure out [how] to finish paying off the[ir] [new] house” following

the move. And appellant maintained the same job for twenty-five or thirty years.

      Appellant also, at one point in time, helped Antonio move from Connecticut

to Houston. He visited Lorie Ann while she attended college in Denton, Texas. And

during the time that appellant went “back and forth” between Jamaica and Houston,

he would come to see the complainant. Antonio further noted that appellant had

only remained in Jamaica after the family had moved to the United States so that he


                                          11
could continue working. When he moved to Houston, he had a “hard time adjusting”

and he “[p]retty much” gave up everything in his life in order to move. But,

appellant did have a pension from which he was paid an annuity, and upon moving

to Houston, he worked at a medical clinic, although he was eventually “laid off.”

And Antonio testified that appellant did sign a waiver to allow Lorie Ann and

himself to receive the money from the complainant’s life insurance policy.

      Appellant testified that he was from Jamaica and had lived there his entire life

until 2014. He met the complainant in 1983 at a Christmas party, they married in

1990, and they had two children, Lorie Ann and Antonio. Appellant worked for the

Sugar Industry Authority of Jamaica as a factory inspector and “gradually moved up

in th[e] company.” From January to July, he would work seven days a week because

it was “crop time,” and during the remaining portion of the year, he would work five

days a week. Appellant earned money and “provided for” his family, which he

described as a “normal, loving family.”

      In regard to his children, appellant testified that he had helped Lorie Ann and

Antonio with their “studies” and he “always wanted them to do well in school and

come out with a good education.” Appellant attended his children’s sporting events,

he always gave Lorie Ann and Antonio their monthly allowance, and he attended

Lorie Ann’s graduation from college. He loved Lorie Ann and Antonio “very much”

and is proud of them.


                                          12
      Appellant further explained that in 2010, he and the complainant decided to

move their family to the United States so that their children could have “a better

life.” However, for a period of time, he stayed in Jamaica to work so that both he

and the complainant were not looking for new employment at the same time. 6 And

during this time, appellant would come to visit twice a year, staying for several

months at a time.

      In 2014, appellant moved to Houston, Texas, retiring from his job at the Sugar

Industry Authority of Jamaica after the complainant had encouraged him to do so.

He gave up his life and career to move to the United States for his children; however,

he “had no problem [with the idea of] moving” to Houston. After moving to

Houston, appellant worked as a medical coder and biller until February 2015 when

he was “laid off.” However, he began looking for new employment, and he

continued to maintain his qualification as a “certified . . . coder.”

      In regard to Dr. Harris, appellant testified that he was the family’s doctor.

Beginning in 2014, appellant suspected that Dr. Harris and the complainant were

having an affair.     Moreover, in the “early part of 2015,” appellant saw the

complainant “hugging” Dr. Harris “for minutes and minutes.” The hug was “more

than a goodbye hug” because of its “closeness and the length of time that it went on

for.” And Lorie Ann had informed appellant that the complainant and Dr. Harris

6
      Appellant testified that the complainant did not find a job until 2014.

                                            13
had an agreement that “if [Dr. Harris] . . . die[d], then [she] would take care of his

children,” and if the complainant died then Dr. Harris he would take care of Lorie

Ann and Antonio.

      Before May 29, 2015, appellant had discussed with the complainant his

concerns about her and Dr. Harris having an affair, which she initially denied. And

on the morning of May 29, 2015, before the telephone call from Lorie Ann, appellant

and the complainant had another discussion about her purported affair with Dr.

Harris. Further, after she ended her telephone call with Lorie Ann, appellant again

asked her if she was having an affair with Dr. Harris. The complainant then told him

that “[y]es, [she was] having a[] [sexual] affair with him.” She explained that “the

reason [that] she had fibroids was because [appellant] was not sexing her properly”

and Dr. Harris and she engaged in sexual intercourse “to get rid of [her] fibroids.”

Upon hearing this, appellant “lost [his] mind” and became angry and resentful. He

picked up a hand weight and “went berserk.” He “just start[ed] flaying away, flaying

away wildly.” Appellant struck the complainant with the hand weight on her head,

and he “must have hit her hard” because she fell to the floor. He then picked up a

knife that was close by and stabbed her more than once.

      According to appellant, he was in shock, “full of anger,” and “not thinking

straight” at the time. And he could not clearly remember what exactly had happened.

He explained that he had loved the complainant and was “very sorry” for what he


                                         14
had done. She was a good mother, but he had felt betrayed by her affair with Dr.

Harris. Appellant admitted to having caused the eighteen stab wounds found on the

complainant’s body, although he stated that he “did not decide” to kill her.

Moreover, he could not recall what had happened to the knife that he had used to

stab her.

      Appellant further testified that after he had stabbed the complainant, he left

the apartment and began driving in his car, “not knowing exactly where [he] was

going.” He said to himself, “I’ve hurt [the complainant]. I cannot continue to live

with this on me.” Eventually, appellant stopped his car because he was “going to

kill [him]self.” He “went out into the road” and “fell” in front of an “18-wheeler

[truck].” Appellant lost consciousness and did not regain it until he later awoke in

the hospital.

      Appellant explained that he had never told the complainant that he could not

live without her, or if she left him, he would kill her. As a result of killing the

complainant, he had “lost everything,” i.e., his job, his house, and his children.

However, he understands why his children “have great anger towards” him.

      On rebuttal, Lorie Ann testified that the complainant, a week before her death

in May 2015, had told her that she was not happy in her relationship with appellant

and she wanted a divorce. The complainant, who appeared “[c]autious,” then said




                                        15
that she had told appellant these things. And he told the complainant that “he could

not live without her” and he “would kill her . . . if she tried to leave him.”

       Lorie Ann also testified that appellant, at her college graduation, in May 2015,

had asked her whether she “thought that he was a good father.” He also told her that

“[h]e felt like he was being excluded from things,” Lorie Ann and Antonio preferred

speaking to the complainant over him, and the extended family viewed him “in a

negative light.” At the end of their conversation, appellant “said something about

like [y]ou are going to see.” And Lorie Ann “felt like he was alluding to . . . the

extended family,” but she “didn’t know what he [had] meant by that.”

       On cross-examination, Lorie Ann explained that she did not tell anyone about

appellant’s statements that “he could not live without [the complainant]” or he

“would kill her . . . if she tried to leave him” until the first day of trial.

       After the jury found him guilty and assessed his punishment at confinement

for life, appellant filed a motion for new trial, arguing, among other things, that he

did not receive effective assistance of counsel during the punishment phase of trial

because his trial counsel did not “investigate and present witnesses at punishment

who could have testified . . . about [appellant’s] exceptionally stable and

professional background, extensive education, peaceful character, [and] good

relationship with [the complainant]”; “investigate and present evidence




                                             16
about . . . [appellant’s] mental health and his behavior in custody”; and “make

proper objections.”

      Appellant attached to his motion, his sworn declaration,7 stating that his trial

counsel had “never talked to [him] about what witnesses to call” and if counsel had,

he would have “told him to call [his] niece [S]hantal Foster, [his] aunt Beverly

Brown, [his] brother Desmond Foster, [his] sister Elai[ne] Foster, [his] brother

Delroy Foster, Chaplain Edward Perez, and other friends and family.” According to

appellant, these individuals “would have testified that [he] ha[d] always lived a

peaceful, upstanding, professional life”; he had “an extensive education from the

University of West Indies and the University of Technology in Kingston”; he

“worked for the Sugar Industry Authority [of Jamaica] since 1987 where [he] was

promoted for [his] hard work”; and he and the complainant “always had a good

relationship.” Further, appellant explained that although his trial counsel did contact

Delroy and Shantal, counsel “did not try to call them to court.”

      At the hearing on appellant’s new-trial motion, the trial court admitted into

evidence the affidavit of appellant’s trial counsel, in which he testified that in the

course of his representation of appellant, he “reviewed the [S]tate’s file to ensure

that [he had] received all discovery, including the offense report, [appellant’s]



7
      At the hearing on appellant’s new-trial motion, the trial court admitted appellant’s
      sworn declaration into evidence.

                                           17
statement, witness statements, autopsy report, scene photos and video and DNA

reports.” Further, he “visited the crime scene” and “performed legal research.”

Counsel met with appellant “on . . . several occasions in court and in the Harris

County Jail to discuss what [he] expected the [S]tate to present, the allegations[,]

and [appellant’s] possible defenses.” And he also “spoke with possible witnesses

for both guilt[-]innocence and for possible punishment.”

      Appellant’s trial counsel explained that appellant “discuss[ed] [his] case with

[counsel] and assist[ed] [counsel] with his defense.” He asked counsel “intelligent

questions about his case and the law” and “discussed his actions leading to his arrest,

the legal process[,] and legal points of law.” And counsel opined that appellant was

“competent to stand trial.”

      In regard to the presentation of mitigation evidence at the punishment phase

of trial, appellant’s trial counsel testified that he had “inquired of [appellant] whether

he could provide [counsel] with any friends or relatives that could testify on his

behalf.” In response, appellant “did not provide any names or information or

possible witnesses.” He simply stated that because he was from Jamaica, “he did

not have anyone that could come or anyone in Texas that he knew that could testify

on his behalf.”

      Appellant’s trial counsel further testified that he spoke with appellant’s

brother, Delroy, “on many occasions as well as [appellant’s] niece[,] [S]hantal.”


                                           18
Although counsel “asked both [of them] if they or anyone else could testify for

[appellant],” “[t]hey were not able to testify or provide names” of any other potential

witnesses.

      Appellant’s trial counsel had also spoken with appellant’s son, Antonio, and

“attempted to contact [appellant’s] daughter,” Lorie Ann.             Antonio “came to

[counsel’s] office and [counsel] spoke with him on a number of occasions on the

phone.”      “From these conversations [with Antonio] and conversations with

[appellant], [trial counsel] formulated the strategy to present evidence of mitigation

through [the testimony of] Antonio” and Lorie Ann. Through counsel’s questioning

of Antonio and Lorie Ann, during the punishment phase of trial, “evidence was

presented to the jury, that [appellant] was an integral part of his family’s life, . . . he

[had] graduated from college, . . . he [had] met his wife in college, . . . he [had]

attended his children’s extracurricular activities, . . . he [had] tutored [his]

children, . . . he was a hard and reliable worker, . . . he [had] provided for his

family[,] and . . . he was a part of his children’s li[ves] until he was incarcerated.”

      The trial court also admitted into evidence the affidavit of Beverly Brown, in

which she testified that appellant is her nephew and they “ha[d] known each other

all of [their] lives.” When she heard about what had happened to the complainant,

she “found it unbelievable because [appellant was] always such a nice and calm

person” and “[h]e [would] never lose[] his temper and w[ould] not even shout or


                                            19
raise his voice.” Beverly opined that appellant loved the complainant and his

children, “worked hard his whole life to provide for them,” and “made countless

sacrifices including leaving behind his country of Jamaica and everything [that] he

kn[ew] to move to the United States.” Although “[m]oving to America was

extremely difficult for [him],” “he did it for [the complainant] and [his] children.”

He was “always a loving dad and a good provider,” he “would never have

intentionally hurt his family,” and the killing of the complainant “could not have

been planned because [appellant had] devoted his whole life to building his family.”

      According to Beverly, appellant’s trial counsel did not contact her to testify

or to “provide a written deposition on his behalf at his trial.” And she was not

“informed that [she] would have been reimbursed for travel to testify at [appellant’s]

trial,” which “she would have been more than happy to do if asked.”

      The trial court also admitted into evidence the affidavit of Elaine, in which

she testified that she is appellant’s sister and was “in charge of him growing up.”

She “would take him to school” and “help care for him.” They had a “close family,”

their parents were married, and their family members were “all educated and

productive members of society.”

      Elaine explained that appellant “ha[d] always been calm and stable.” After

high school, “he did a one-year internship at the regional hospital before attending

the University of West Indies where he met” the complainant. Appellant had “a


                                         20
successful, permanent career with Jamaica’s Sugar Industry Authority,” owned a

“family home in a gated community,” and “sent his children to good private

schools.” He was “a very generous man,” and one time, when he had “sold a house,

a large portion of the proceeds were given to another member of the family who

needed funds to open a restaurant.” Appellant “always provided financially for his

family and shared in the work for the household.” He was “in charge of going to the

supermarket and working with the kids on their schoolwork.” When appellant was

away from his family, he “would spend a lot of time on the phone with his family,”

and he would “sit and help [Lorie Ann] with her homework over the phone.”

      Moreover, appellant had “always t[aken] his family out on trips sometimes

overseas.” He “took them to cricket matches, school functions[,] and Disney

World.” Appellant was “always trying to bond and . . . was very gentle and polite.”

And Elaine had never “heard him raise his voice to his family.” She opined that

appellant, the complainant, and their children were “so close.” On one occasion

when appellant’s family came to visit her, the family did not want to stay in separate

rooms “so they all piled into one bed and the bed collapsed.”

      According to Elaine, she was never contacted by appellant’s trial counsel. She

“would have been more than willing to provide testimony by a deposition and [she]

would have made every effort to come to the United States for the trial.” She and

appellant’s brother, Delroy, “came to America to see [appellant] and attend [the


                                         21
complainant’s] funeral.” And they “waited for hours in the jail before being turned

away.”

      In his affidavit, admitted into evidence by the trial court, Ludlow Brown

testified that appellant was his colleague and friend for more than twenty-seven

years. “As the Development and Training Officer for the Sugar Industry Authority

of Jamaica, [he had] supervised [appellant] and . . . chosen him from among many

candidates to be promoted to [his] position when [he] retired.” Appellant received

the promotion due to “his knowledge and expertise” and because “he always kept

his cool and had a warm and friendly nature.”

      Ludlow explained that as part of his job, appellant participated in “critique

sessions with management” during which “people had to criticize each other,

sometimes harshly.” Appellant “stood out because he never lost his cool” and

“always remained calm.” And he had the “right” personality for the job.

      Ludlow was “totally shock[ed]” when he “learn[ed] what [had] happened to

[the complainant] because it was so out of character for [appellant].”              “In

twenty[-]seven years of knowing and working closely with [appellant], [Ludlow]

ha[d] never seen [him] lose his temper or act aggressively.” Appellant was “always

well[-]liked and respected by . . . colleagues.”

         Ludlow noted that he had written “a character reference letter on [appellant’s]

behalf,” the letter was dated June 11, 2015, and appellant’s brother, Delroy,


                                           22
“provided it to [appellant’s] lawyer.” However, Ludlow “never heard from [a]

lawyer even though [the letter] had all of [his] contact information.” And, “[i]f [he]

had been asked to come testify or to provide a deposition, [he] would have been

more than willing.”

      In her affidavit, admitted into evidence by the trial court, Roxanne Shantal

Foster (“Shantal”) testified that she is appellant’s niece. She was “completely

shocked when [she] heard what [had] happened because [appellant was] not the type

of person to do anything wrong like th[at].” “[H]e is a very nice and kind person.”

And “[w]henever [they] had family visits, everyone was excited to jump in his car

because they knew [that appellant] would be the one to take [them] fun places.”

Appellant took her “to the beach or to have ice cream.” “Family was very important

to [appellant] and he was always there for [his family].” When Shantal moved to

the United States, appellant was her “main support system.” “He was the person

[that she] would call for help with any family or financial issue[,] and [appellant had]

never failed to make sure [that she] got whatever assistance [that she] needed.”

Moreover, Shantal knew that she “could count on him.”

      When Shantal found out what had happened to the complainant, she

“research[ed] attorneys online and contacted [appellant’s trial counsel].” She then

“turned him over to . . . [appellant’s brother,] Delroy[,] . . . to be retained.”

Although Shantal spoke on the telephone with appellant’s trial counsel two times,


                                          23
he “never asked [her] any questions about [appellant] or his background or said

anything about testifying or coming to trial.” Shantal “would have traveled to

Houston to testify.” And “[i]f [she] had known that [she] could have provided a

deposition or been reimbursed for travel to testify at [appellant’s] trial, [she] also

would have gladly done so.”

      The trial court also admitted into evidence, appellant’s education records from

Houston Community College, showing the courses that he had taken at the Harris

County Jail; “classification records” from the Harris County Jail; appellant’s medical

records from the Harris County Jail; an affidavit from an employee with the HCSO,

stating that there were no “Jail Disciplinary Records” for appellant; and the June 11,

2015 “Character Reference” letter from Ludlow.8

      After admitting evidence and hearing argument, the trial court denied

appellant’s new-trial motion, stating:

      [T]he Court having carefully considered the arguments of counsel and
      all the affidavits, I have to say you guys have done an excellent job.
      However, I was there and present during the trial. I thought [appellant’s
      trial counsel] did an excellent job and seemed very well-prepared. I
      have given his affidavit high credibility in regards to the witnesses, that
      he was not given the names of witnesses, and the ones that he did speak
      with were not able to testify.




8
      The trial court also admitted into evidence several exhibits for the State.

                                            24
                               Ineffective Assistance

      In his second issue, appellant argues that his trial counsel did not provide him

with effective assistance during the punishment phase of trial because he did not

investigate and present mitigating evidence or object to certain hearsay testimony of

Lorie Ann.

      The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the right

to the reasonably effective assistance of counsel in criminal prosecutions. Garcia v.

State, 57 S.W.3d 436, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); see U.S. CONST. amend. VI. To

prove a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, appellant must show that (1) his

trial counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and

(2) there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the

result of the proceeding would have been different. Strickland v. Washington, 466

U.S. 668, 687–88, 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064, 2068 (1984); Lopez v. State, 343

S.W.3d 137, 142 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). “A reasonable probability is a probability

sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694,

104 S. Ct. at 2068. In reviewing counsel’s performance, we look to the totality of

the representation to determine the effectiveness of counsel, indulging a strong

presumption that counsel’s performance falls within the wide range of reasonable

professional assistance or trial strategy. See Robertson v. State, 187 S.W.3d 475,

482–83 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).


                                          25
      Appellant has the burden to establish both prongs of Strickland by a

preponderance of the evidence. Jackson v. State, 973 S.W.2d 954, 956 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1998). “An appellant’s failure to satisfy one prong of the Strickland test

negates a court’s need to consider the other prong.” Williams v. State, 301 S.W.3d

675, 687 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); see also Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697, 104 S. Ct. at

2069. We apply the same two-prong Strickland standard of review to claims of

ineffective assistance of counsel during both the guilt and punishment phases of trial.

Hernandez v. State, 988 S.W.2d 770, 772–74 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).

      Appellant presented his ineffective-assistance claim to the trial court in a

motion for new trial and received a hearing on his motion. We, therefore, analyze

his issue under an abuse of discretion standard as a challenge to the denial of his

new-trial motion. Biagas v. State, 177 S.W.3d 161, 170 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d). We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial

court’s ruling and uphold the trial court’s ruling if it is within the zone of reasonable

disagreement. Wead v. State, 129 S.W.3d 126, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). We do

not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court, but rather decide whether the

trial court’s decision was arbitrary or unreasonable. Webb v. State, 232 S.W.3d 109,

112 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Biagas, 177 S.W.3d at 170. If there are two permissible

views of the evidence, the trial court’s choice between them cannot be held to be

clearly erroneous. Riley v. State, 378 S.W.3d 453, 457 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). A


                                           26
trial court abuses its discretion in denying a motion for new trial only when no

reasonable view of the record could support the trial court’s ruling. Webb, 232

S.W.3d at 112.

      We note that a trial court is in the best position to “evaluate the credibility” of

witnesses and resolve conflicts in evidence. See Kober v. State, 988 S.W.2d 230,

233 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). And a trial court may choose to believe or disbelieve

all or any part of a witnesses’ testimony. See id. at 234. We “impute implicit factual

findings that support the trial judge’s ultimate ruling on th[e] [new-trial] motion

when such implicit factual findings are both reasonable and supported in the record.”

Johnson v. State, 169 S.W.3d 223, 239 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (internal quotations

omitted); see also Escobar v. State, 227 S.W.3d 123, 127 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2006, pet. ref’d).

Mitigating Evidence

      Appellant first asserts that his trial counsel did not properly investigate and

present mitigating evidence and his strategy of “relying on [his] cross-examination

of [the] [S]tate’s witnesses” for mitigation evidence was “[i]rrational.”

      In order to prevail on his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, appellant

must first show that his trial counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard

of reasonableness when considering prevailing professional norms. Strickland, 466

U.S. at 687–88, 104 S. Ct. at 2064; Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 833 (Tex. Crim.


                                          27
App. 2002). There is a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct fell within the

wide range of reasonable professional assistance and the challenged action could be

considered to have been prompted by sound trial strategy. Strickland, 466 U.S. at

689, 104 S. Ct. at 2065; Ex parte White, 160 S.W.3d 46, 51 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004);

Tong v. State, 25 S.W.3d 707, 712 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). That another attorney,

including appellant’s counsel on appeal, might have pursued a different course of

action does not necessarily indicate ineffective assistance. Hawkins v. State, 660

S.W.2d 65, 75 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983); Hall v. State, 161 S.W.3d 142, 152 (Tex.

App.—Texarkana 2005, pet. ref’d).

      In considering whether trial counsel conducted an adequate investigation for

potential mitigating evidence and failed to present mitigating evidence, we focus on

whether the investigation supporting counsel’s decision not to introduce mitigating

evidence was reasonable. Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 522–23, 123 S. Ct. 2527,

2536 (2003); Goody v. State, 433 S.W.3d 74, 80 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2014, pet. ref’d). “While ‘Strickland does not require counsel to investigate every

conceivable line of mitigating evidence,’ ‘counsel can . . . make a reasonable

decision to forego presentation of mitigating evidence [only] after evaluating

available testimony and determining that it would not be helpful.’” Goody, 433

S.W.3d at 80–81 (alterations in original) (quoting Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 533, 123 S.

Ct. at 2541; Milburn v. State, 15 S.W.3d 267, 270 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]


                                        28
2000, pet. ref’d)). An attorney’s decision not to investigate or to limit the scope of

the investigation is given a “heavy measure of deference” and assessed in light of all

circumstances to determine whether reasonable professional judgment would

support the decision. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, 104 S. Ct. at 2066. However, a

failure to uncover and present mitigating evidence cannot be justified if counsel has

not conducted a thorough investigation of the defendant’s background. Shanklin v.

State, 190 S.W.3d 154, 164 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005), pet. dism’d,

improvidently granted, 211 S.W.3d 315 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); see also Gonzalez

v. State, No. 01-12-01115-CR, 2014 WL 7205145, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] Dec. 18, 2014, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication).

      Here, the evidence presented to the trial court at the new-trial hearing shows

that appellant’s trial counsel, in the course of his representation of appellant,

“reviewed the [S]tate’s file to ensure that [he had] received all discovery, including

the offense report, [appellant’s] statement, witness statements, autopsy report, scene

photos and video and DNA reports.” Further, he “visited the crime scene” and

“performed legal research.” Counsel met with appellant “on . . . several occasions

in court and in the Harris County Jail to discuss what [he] expected the [S]tate to

present, the allegations[,] and [appellant’s] possible defenses.” And counsel “spoke

with possible witnesses for both guilt[-]innocence and for possible punishment.”




                                         29
      In regard to the presentation of mitigation evidence specifically, appellant’s

trial counsel “inquired of [appellant] whether he could provide [counsel] with any

friends or relatives that could testify on his behalf.”       However, appellant, in

response, “did not provide any names or information or possible witnesses.” He

simply stated that because he was from Jamaica, “he did not have anyone that could

come or anyone in Texas that he knew that could testify on his behalf.” See

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, 104 S. Ct. at 2066 (“[W]hen a defendant has given

counsel reason to believe that pursuing certain investigations would be fruitless or

even harmful, counsel’s failure to pursue those investigations may not later be

challenged as unreasonable.”).

      Notably, appellant’s trial counsel did speak to appellant’s brother, Delroy, “on

many occasions as well as [appellant’s] niece[,] [S]hantal.” Although counsel

“asked both [of them] if they or anyone else could testify for [appellant],” “[t]hey

were [not] able to testify or provide names” of any other potential witnesses to testify

on appellant’s behalf.

      Appellant’s trial counsel also spoke with appellant’s son, Antonio, and

“attempted to contact [appellant’s] daughter,” Lorie Ann. Antonio actually “came

to [counsel’s] office and [counsel] spoke with him on a number of occasions on the

phone.”    “From [his] conversations [with Antonio] and conversations with

[appellant], [trial counsel] formulated the strategy to present evidence of mitigation


                                          30
through [the testimony of] Antonio and” Lorie Ann. Through his questioning of

Antonio and Lorie Ann during the punishment phase of trial, trial counsel presented

evidence to the jury “that [appellant] was an integral part of his family’s life, . . . he

[had] graduated from college, . . . he [had] met his wife in college, . . . he [had]

attended his children’s extracurricular activities, . . . he [had] tutored [his]

children, . . . he was a hard and reliable worker, . . . he [had] provided for his

family[,] and . . . he was a part of his children’s li[ves] until he was incarcerated.”

      The decision of whether to present certain witnesses at trial is largely a matter

of trial strategy. Shanklin, 190 S.W.3d at 164; Weisinger v. State, 775 S.W.2d 424,

427 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1989, pet. ref’d) (holding it is trial counsel’s

prerogative, as a matter of trial strategy, to decide which witnesses to call). And

“[t]he decision not to call witnesses at the punishment phase is a tactical maneuver

and may, in certain instances, be a wise procedural move.” See Briones v. State, No.

01-14-00121-CR, 2016 WL 2944274, at *13 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] May

19, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (internal quotations

omitted); see also Moore v. State, 700 S.W.2d 193, 206 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985)

(decision not to call witnesses at punishment stage of capital murder trial not

ineffective assistance of counsel).

      Appellant’s trial counsel investigated potential witnesses and potential

mitigation evidence to be used during the punishment phase of trial, and based on


                                           31
his investigation, counsel determined that the best trial strategy would be to elicit

mitigation evidence through the testimony of appellant’s two children.           See

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, 104 S. Ct. at 2066 (“The reasonableness of counsel’s

actions may be determined or substantially influenced by the defendant’s own

statements or actions. Counsel’s actions are usually based, quite properly, on

informed strategic choices made by the defendant and on information supplied by

the defendant.”); cf. Milburn, 15 S.W.3d at 270 (“[Defendant’s] trial counsel

performed no investigation [of] any possible mitigating factors and failed to contact

even a single family member or friend, despite the availability of such mitigation

evidence.”). Trial counsel also presented mitigation evidence through his direct

examination of appellant, and he then explained the mitigation evidence during his

closing argument to the jury. See, e.g., Garza v. State, No. 05-93-00458-CR, 1996

WL 29308, at *4 (Tex. App.—Dallas Jan. 23, 1999, no pet.) (not designated for

publication) (trial counsel utilized direct examination of defendant as means to

mitigate and encourage assessment of lighter sentence); see also Ford v. State, No.

01-09-00981-CR, 2011 WL 4925975, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Oct.

13, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (defendant did not

establish trial counsel’s performance fell below objective standard of reasonableness

where counsel “attempt[ed] to present mitigation evidence in cross-examination”

and then emphasized mitigation evidence during closing argument); Enriquez v.


                                         32
State, Nos. 05-95-00690-CR, 05-95-00744-CR, 1997 WL 196358, at *3–4 (Tex.

App.—Dallas Apr. 23, 1997, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (trial counsel’s

performance not deficient where counsel elicited mitigation evidence in his

cross-examination of State’s witnesses and his direct examination of defendant and

“forcefully argued th[e] mitigating evidence” to trier of fact).

       We note that appellant’s new-trial evidence consisted of his sworn

declaration, stating that his trial counsel “never talked to [him] about what witnesses

to call,” and the affidavits of several friends and family members, stating that they

may have been willing to testify on his behalf on matters related to his education,

professional career, positive attributes, and the closeness of his familial

relationships.9 However, a trial court is under no obligation to accept as true

testimony, even if unrebutted, offered at a hearing on a motion for new trial. See

Gaston v. State, 136 S.W.3d 315, 322 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet.

struck); Messer v. State, 757 S.W.2d 820, 828 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1988,

pet. ref’d).




9
       At the new-trial hearing, appellant presented other mitigation evidence that
       described him as a non-violent, kind, educated, and hard-working individual. This
       evidence included his Harris County Jail records, showing a lack of disciplinary
       records, his education records from Houston Community College, showing a
       continued interest in education, and a “Character Reference” letter from his
       colleague, Ludlow, describing him as a polite, well-mannered, warm,
       knowledgeable, and good-natured individual.

                                           33
      Further, to the extent that appellant asserts that it was “[i]rrational” for his trial

counsel to present mitigation evidence through the testimony of his children, Lorie

Ann and Antonio, the mere fact that another attorney may have employed a different

strategy, does not render trial counsel’s assistance ineffective. Matthews v. State,

830 S.W.2d 342, 347 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1992, no pet.); see also

Hawkins, 660 S.W.2d at 75. And the presentation of mitigation evidence through

the cross-examination of the State’s witnesses may constitute a valid tactical

decision, depending on the circumstances of a given case. See, e.g., Toledo v. State,

519 S.W.3d 273, 288 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. ref’d) (trial counsel

presented mitigation evidence by cross-examining State’s witness); Ford, 2011 WL

4925975, at *3 (defendant did not establish trial counsel’s performance fell below

objective standard of reasonableness where counsel “attempt[ed] to present

mitigation   evidence     in    cross-examination”);       Whitaker     v.    State,   No.

09-09-00246-CR, 2010 WL 2541863, at *3 (Tex. App.—Beaumont June 23, 2010,

no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (trial counsel, through

cross-examination, attempted to present mitigation evidence); Enriquez, 1997 WL

196358, at *3–4 (trial counsel’s performance not deficient where he elicited

mitigation evidence through his cross-examination of State’s witnesses).

      During trial counsel’s cross-examinations of Lorie Ann and Antonio, the jury

heard evidence that appellant was present in the home while his children were


                                            34
growing up.      He helped them with their school work and attended their

extracurricular activities, including their sporting events. Appellant maintained the

same job for twenty-five or thirty years, provided for his family, and “did as much

as he could.” He made sacrifices in his life for the good of his children, and although

he remained in Jamaica for a time after his family moved to the United States, he

did so only to continue working.

      Moreover, when appellant moved to Houston, he “[p]retty much” gave up

everything in his life. And even though he was eventually “laid off,” which is why

he was not working at the time of the complainant’s death, he initially worked at a

medical clinic after moving to Houston. Additionally, following the complainant’s

death, appellant signed a waiver to ensure that Lorie Ann and Antonio received the

money from her life insurance policy. And much of the mitigation evidence elicited

by appellant’s trial counsel during cross-examination paralleled and supported

appellant’s own testimony on direct examination.

      Further, to the extent that appellant relies on Frangias v. State in support of

his argument that because his trial counsel “fail[ed] to pursue deposition testimony

of . . . potential defense witness[es],” his performance was deficient, appellant’s

reliance is misplaced. 450 S.W.3d 125, 127, 137–41 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (trial

counsel’s failure to secure deposition testimony of “a critical witness [for the

defense] at the guilt phase of trial” constituted deficient performance; witness was


                                          35
“the only witness who could directly corroborate the [defendant’s] account”; and

testimony would have been exculpatory). And to the extent that appellant argues in

his brief that his trial counsel’s representation was deficient because he did not

“present [additional] evidence” apart from appellant’s own testimony on direct

examination “that after he was laid off from his medical coding job[,] he took

continuing education classes to maintain and improve his coding credential[s] while

looking for a new job,” we note that he provides no support for his assertion that

mitigation evidence beyond that elicited by counsel through his direct examination

of appellant was required. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i); see also Enriquez, 1997 WL

196358, at *3–4; Garza, 1996 WL 29308, at *4.

      Here, we are not faced with a situation where appellant’s trial counsel failed

to uncover and present mitigating evidence because he did not conduct a thorough

investigation of appellant’s background. Cf. Shanklin, 190 S.W.3d at 164–65;

Milburn, 15 S.W.3d at 270 (“[Defendant’s] trial counsel performed no investigation

of any possible mitigating factors and failed to contact even a single family member

or friend, despite the availability of such mitigation evidence.”). Thus, based on the

foregoing, we cannot conclude that the performance of appellant’s trial counsel fell

below an objective standard of reasonableness. Accordingly, we hold that appellant

has not shown that his trial counsel’s performance was deficient on the ground that

counsel did not investigate and present mitigating evidence or because his decision


                                         36
to “rely[] on [his] cross-examination of” Lorie Ann and Antonio to present

mitigating evidence was “[i]rrational.”10

      We overrule this portion of appellant’s second issue.

Hearsay Objection

      Appellant next asserts that his trial counsel did not properly raise a hearsay

objection to Lorie Ann’s rebuttal testimony that the complainant “had told her [that]

appellant had threatened to kill her if she left him.” See TEX. R. EVID. 801(d), 802.

      In his new-trial motion, appellant included a single sentence in which he

asserted that his trial counsel did not “make proper objections.” However, appellant

did not, in either his new-trial motion or at the hearing on his motion, assert that his

trial counsel did not provide him with effective assistance of counsel because he did

not object to Lorie Ann’s rebuttal testimony on the basis of hearsay. Thus, appellant


10
      Because appellant has not shown that his trial counsel’s performance was deficient,
      we need not determine whether appellant was prejudiced by his trial counsel’s
      actions. See Williams v. State, 301 S.W.3d 657, 687 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); see
      also Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 697, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2069 (1984);
      Mallett v. State, 65 S.W.3d 59, 68 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). We note that appellant,
      in passing in his brief, argues that his trial counsel did not render effective assistance
      during the punishment phase of trial because counsel did not “examine records” of
      appellant’s “mental and physical health problems,” which would have shown “his
      human suffering after having killed his wife.” However, appellant does not assert
      that he was prejudiced by his counsel’s purported failure. See TEX. R. APP. P.
      38.1(i); McCarthy v. State, 65 S.W.3d 47, 49 n.2 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)
      (inadequately briefed issue may be waived on appeal); see also Bessey v. State, 199
      S.W.3d      546,     555–56       (Tex.      App.—Texarkana         2006)     (overruling
      ineffective-assistance claim as inadequately briefed because defendant made no
      effort to demonstrate how his counsel’s alleged deficiencies prejudiced his defense),
      aff’d, 239 S.W.3d 809 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

                                             37
has raised his complaint about his trial counsel’s failure to raise a hearsay objection

for the first time on appeal.

      Generally, a silent record that provides no explanation for trial counsel’s

actions will not overcome the strong presumption of reasonable assistance.

Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). In the rare case

in which trial counsel’s ineffectiveness is apparent from the record, an appellate

court may address and dispose of the claim on direct appeal. Lopez, 343 S.W.3d at

143. However, the record must demonstrate that counsel’s performance fell below

an objective standard of reasonableness as a matter of law and no reasonable trial

strategy could justify trial counsel’s acts or omissions, regardless of counsel’s

subjective reasoning. Id.

      As      previously        noted,   in    order      to    prevail     on     his

ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, appellant must first show that his trial

counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness when

considering prevailing professional norms. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687–88, 104 S.

Ct. at 2064; Bone, 77 S.W.3d at 833. And there is a strong presumption that

counsel’s conduct fell within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance

and the challenged action could be considered to have been prompted by sound trial

strategy. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S. Ct. at 2065; Ex parte White, 160 S.W.3d

at 51; Tong, 25 S.W.3d at 712.


                                          38
      Here, the record is silent as to why appellant’s trial counsel did not make a

hearsay objection to Lorie Ann’s rebuttal testimony that the complainant “had told

her [that] appellant had threatened to kill her if she left him.” See Menefield v. State,

363 S.W.3d 591, 593 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (“An ineffective-assistance claim must

be firmly founded in the record and the record must affirmatively demonstrate the

meritorious nature of the claim.” (internal quotations omitted)); Rylander v. State,

101 S.W.3d 107, 111 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (“[T]rial counsel should ordinarily be

afforded an opportunity to explain his actions before being denounced as

ineffective.”); Bone, 77 S.W.3d at 835 (“Ineffective assistance of counsel claims are

not built on retrospective speculation; they must be firmly founded in the record.”

(internal quotations omitted)). Absent contrary evidence, we will not second-guess

the strategy of appellant’s counsel at trial through hindsight. Garcia, 57 S.W.3d at

440 (“[I]n the absence of evidence of counsel’s reasons for the challenged conduct,

an appellate court commonly will assume a strategic motivation if any can possibly

be imagined.” (internal quotations omitted)); Blott v. State, 588 S.W.2d 588, 592

(Tex. Crim. App. 1979) (“This Court will not second-guess through hindsight the

strategy of counsel at trial nor will the fact that another attorney might have pursued

a different course support a finding of ineffectiveness.”).

      Thus, we presume that counsel was acting pursuant to a sound trial strategy.

See Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 814 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (where record


                                           39
silent as to why trial counsel did not object to hearsay, defendant failed to rebut

presumption counsel’s decision reasonable); Crocker v. State, 441 S.W.3d 306, 315

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d) (“Because the record is silent

concerning counsel’s reasons for not objecting, we must presume counsel had a valid

strategy.”); Williams v. State, 309 S.W.3d 124, 132 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010,

pet. ref’d) (“Here, since the record is silent as to why trial counsel failed to object to

this testimony, we will assume it was due to any strategic motivation that can be

imagined.”).

      Accordingly, in the absence of a record reflecting why appellant’s trial

counsel did not make a hearsay objection to Lorie Ann’s rebuttal testimony that the

complainant “had told her [that] appellant had threatened to kill her if she left him,”

we hold that appellant has failed to rebut the presumption that trial counsel’s decision

was reasonable. See Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994)

(appellate court may not conclude, based on speculation, counsel ineffective when

record silent about why he made decisions at trial); see also Miles v. State, No.

01-11-00401-CR, 2012 WL 2357449, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] June

21, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (“In the absence of a

record reflecting why [defendant]’s counsel did not object, we hold that the record

does not firmly establish deficient performance.”); Gamble v. State, 916 S.W.2d 92,

93 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no pet.) (unable to conclude trial counsel’s


                                           40
performance deficient where record silent as to counsel’s reasons for not objecting

to inadmissible hearsay). We further hold that the professional error, if any, was not

so outrageous that no competent attorney would have engaged in it. See Menefield,

363 S.W.3d at 593; see also Miles, 2012 WL 2357449, at *4.

      We overrule this portion of appellant’s second issue.

                                Jury Charge Error

      In his first issue, appellant argues that the trial court erred in not sua sponte

instructing the jury during the punishment phase of trial on the proper burden of

proof for an extraneous offense or bad act because the State introduced evidence,

through the rebuttal testimony of Lorie Ann, that he had “made [a] threat to kill” the

complainant, such testimony constituted evidence of an extraneous offense or bad

act, and he was egregiously harmed by the omission of the reasonable-doubt

instruction. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. Ann. art. 37.07, § 3(a)(1) (Vernon Supp.

2018). In response, the State asserts that Lorie Ann’s testimony about appellant’s

“threat” did not constitute evidence of an extraneous offense or bad act.

      In regard to the admissibility of evidence of extraneous offenses and bad acts

in non-capital cases during the punishment phase of trial:

      [E]vidence may be offered by the [S]tate and the defendant as to any
      matter the court deems relevant to sentencing, including but not limited
      to the prior criminal record of the defendant, his general reputation, his
      character, an opinion regarding his character, the circumstances of the
      offense for which he is being tried, and, notwithstanding Rules 404 and
      405, Texas Rules of Evidence, any other evidence of an extraneous

                                         41
      crime or bad act that is shown beyond a reasonable doubt by evidence
      to have been committed by the defendant or for which he could be held
      criminally responsible, regardless of whether he has previously been
      charged with or finally convicted of the crime or act.

Id. (emphasis added); see also Huizar v. State, 12 S.W.3d 479, 483–84 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2000) (article 37.07, section 3(a)(1) governs admissibility of evidence at

punishment phase in all non-capital cases). While extraneous-offense and bad-act

evidence is generally admissible under article 37.07, section 3(a)(1), the jury may

not consider such evidence in assessing punishment unless it first concludes beyond

a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the offenses or acts. See TEX. CODE

CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.07, § 3(a)(1); see also Huizar, 12 S.W.3d at 484; Fields v.

State, 1 S.W.3d 687, 688 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Burks v. State, 227 S.W.3d 138,

149–50 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. ref’d). When a jury determines

beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the extraneous offense or

bad act, it may then use the evidence however it chooses in assessing punishment.

Huizar, 12 S.W.3d at 484; Fields, 1 S.W.3d at 688; Burks, 227 S.W.3d at 150.

      When evidence of an extraneous offense or bad act is admitted during the

punishment phase of a trial, the trial court must instruct the jury that the evidence

may only be considered if the State proves the commission of the extraneous offense

or bad act beyond a reasonable doubt. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14

(Vernon 2007) (trial court shall instruct jury on law applicable to case); Huizar, 12

S.W.3d at 483–84 (article 37.07, section 3(a)(1) constitutes law applicable to
                                         42
non-capital punishment cases and trial courts must sua sponte instruct juries on

reasonable-doubt standard); Burks, 227 S.W.3d at 150.

       Here, Lorie Ann, on rebuttal, testified that the complainant, a week before her

death in May 2015, told her that she was not happy with her relationship with

appellant and she wanted a divorce. The complainant also stated that, after she had

told appellant these things, he told her that “he could not live without her” and he

“would kill her . . . if she tried to leave him.”

       Statements made by a defendant about anticipated acts constitute mere

inchoate thoughts and do not constitute evidence of an extraneous offense or bad act

that would require the trial court to instruct the jury pursuant to article 37.07, section

3(a)(1). See Moreno v. State, 858 S.W.2d 453, 463 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)

(defendant’s statements about “his desire to kidnap and kill [a certain individual] did

not establish prior misconduct”); see also Massey v. State, 933 S.W.2d 141, 153–54

(Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (defendant’s statement “[t]hat he’d like to kill them”

“pertained to [his] thoughts” and did not constitute extraneous offense or bad act);

Phillips v. State, No. 10-15-00077-CR, 2016 WL 4399975, at *4 n.4 (Tex. App.—

Waco Aug. 17, 2016, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication)

(defendant’s “expression of his desire to have [two people] . . . killed” constituted

inchoate thoughts); Burks v. State, 227 S.W.3d 138, 149 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2006, pet. ref’d) (defendant’s statements about planned future crimes, wrongs,


                                            43
or acts constitute mere inchoate thoughts not extraneous offense or bad act); Burris

v. State, Nos. 01-95-00061-CR to 01-95-00063-CR, 1995 WL 783035, at *1 n.2

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Jan. 11, 1996, pet. ref’d) (not designated for

publication) (“Mere thoughts of committing a bad act in the future do not constitute

an extraneous act . . . . They are mere inchoate thoughts.”). Accordingly, we hold

that the trial court did not err in not sua sponte instructing the jury during the

punishment phase of trial on the burden of proof for an extraneous offense or bad

act. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. Ann. art. 37.07, § 3(a)(1).

      We overrule appellant’s first issue.

                                Admission of Evidence

      In his third issue, appellant argues that the trial court erred in admitting Lorie

Ann’s rebuttal testimony that the complainant “had told her [that] appellant had

threatened to kill her if she left him” because such testimony constituted evidence of

an extraneous offense or bad act, the State did not provide notice of its intent to

introduce this evidence of an extraneous offense or bad act, and he did not “‘open[]

the door’ to the evidence.”11 See id. art. 37.07, § 3(a)(1), (g).

      We review a trial court’s decision to admit evidence for an abuse of discretion.

See Rodriguez v. State, 203 S.W.3d 837, 841 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). A trial court


11
      We note that appellant has not argued on appeal that the trial court erred in admitting
      Lorie Ann’s rebuttal testimony because it constituted hearsay. See TEX. R. EVID.
      801(d), 802.
                                            44
abuses its discretion if it acts arbitrarily, unreasonably, or without reference to any

guiding rules or principles. Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 380 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1990). When considering a trial court’s decision to admit evidence, we will

not reverse the trial court’s ruling unless it falls outside the “zone of reasonable

disagreement.” Green v. State, 934 S.W.2d 92, 102 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (internal

quotations omitted). We will uphold a trial court’s evidentiary ruling if it is correct

on any theory of law applicable to that ruling. De La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336,

344 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).

      As noted above, during the punishment phase of trial, evidence as to any

matter deemed relevant to sentencing may be admitted, including evidence of an

extraneous offense or bad act shown beyond a reasonable doubt to have been

committed by the defendant. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.07, § 3(a)(1); see

also Rodriguez v. State, 546 S.W.3d 843, 862 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018,

no pet.). Article 37.07, however, includes a notice provision, stating: “On timely

request of the defendant, notice of intent to introduce evidence under [article 37.07]

shall be given in the same manner required by Rule 404(b), Texas Rules of

Evidence.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.07, § 3(g). Rule 404(b) requires

the State to “provide reasonable notice before trial that [it] intends to introduce such

evidence—other than that arising in the same transaction—in its case-in-chief.”

TEX. R. EVID. 404(b); see Worthy v. State, 312 S.W.3d 34, 37 (Tex. Crim. App.


                                          45
2010). This notice requirement prevents surprise. Hayden v. State, 66 S.W.3d 269,

272 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Gonzalez v. State, 337 S.W.3d 473, 485 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d).

       Here, Lorie Ann, on rebuttal,12 testified that the complainant, a week before

her death in May 2015, stated that she had told appellant that she was not happy and

wanted a divorce. And, in response, appellant told the complainant that “he could

not live without her” and he “would kill her . . . if she tried to leave him.” As

previously noted, statements made by a defendant about an anticipated act constitute

inchoate thoughts and do not constitute evidence of an extraneous offense or bad act.

See Moreno, 858 S.W.2d at 463; see also Massey, 933 S.W.2d at 153–54; Phillips,

2016 WL 4399975, at *4 n.4; Burks, 227 S.W.3d at 149; Burris, 1995 WL 783035,

at *1 n.2.    And because Lorie Ann’s testimony about appellant’s threatening

statements did not constitute extraneous-offense or bad-act evidence, notice pursuant

to article 37.07, section 3(g) was not required. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN.

art. 37.07, § 3(a)(1), (g).




12
       Due to our disposition of appellant’s complaint about the admission of Lorie Ann’s
       rebuttal testimony, we need not address the State’s other argument that it was not
       required, pursuant to Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 37.07, section 3(g),
       to give notice of the extraneous offense or bad act because it was introduced in
       rebuttal. See Jaubert v. State, 74 S.W.3d 1, 4 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Gipson v.
       State, 619 S.W.2d 169, 170–71 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981); see also TEX. R. APP. P.
       47.1.

                                           46
      Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in admitting Lorie Ann’s

rebuttal testimony that the complainant “had told her [that] appellant had threatened

to kill her if she left him” on the ground that the State did not provide proper notice

of its intent to introduce this evidence.13 See id.

      We overrule appellant’s third issue.

                                      Conclusion

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.




                                                Terry Jennings
                                                Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Jennings and Bland.

Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).


13
      Having concluded that Lorie Ann’s testimony about appellant’s threatening
      statements did not constitute extraneous-offense or bad-act evidence, we need not
      consider appellant’s assertion that he did not “open[] the door” for the admission of
      the purported extraneous-offense or bad-act evidence. (Internal quotations omitted.)
      See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1. We further note that appellant, in his briefing on his
      admission-of-evidence complaint, does not assert that he was harmed by the
      admission of Lorie Ann’s rebuttal testimony. See Cardenas v. State, 30 S.W.3d
      384, 393 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (holding issue inadequately briefed where
      defendant “di[d] not address the question of whether the alleged error . . . was
      harmless”); Sierra v. State, 157 S.W.3d 52, 64 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004)
      (holding issue of whether trial court erred in admitting testimony inadequately
      briefed where “appellant failed to show how he was harmed by the testimony”),
      aff’d, 218 S.W.3d 85 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); see also Lucio v. State, 351 S.W.3d
      878, 896–97 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (point of error inadequately briefed “presents
      nothing for review”).

                                           47
