                                                                              Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                    Lansing, Michigan
                                                        Chief Justice:          Justices:



Opinion                                                 Robert P. Young, Jr. Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                                             Marilyn Kelly
                                                                             Stephen J. Markman
                                                                             Diane M. Hathaway
                                                                             Mary Beth Kelly
                                                                             Brian K. Zahra

                                                                         FILED JUNE 30, 2011

                             STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                     SUPREME COURT


 PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v                                                               No. 141570

 KENT ALLEN LEE,

               Defendant-Appellant.


 BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH

 CAVANAGH, J.
       In this case, we hold that the trial court erred when it required defendant to register

 as a sex offender under the Sex Offenders Registration Act (SORA) 20 months after

 defendant had been sentenced.1 Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the Court of

 Appeals, which had affirmed the trial court’s decision to require defendant to register

 under SORA.

 1
   We acknowledge that the Legislature amended various provisions of SORA effective
 July 1, 2011. 2011 PA 17. Because the trial court decided the relevant issues before
 July 1, 2011, we analyze this case under the statutory provisions in effect when the case
 was decided by the trial court.
                        I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         On August 6, 2005, defendant and his wife agreed to babysit their neighbors’ two

boys. Defendant prepared the children for bedtime by bathing them. Defendant’s son

and the older neighbor boy went to another room after getting dressed for bed. The

younger neighbor boy, three-year-old JW, was uncooperative as defendant attempted to

diaper and dress him. According to defendant, he used his finger to flick JW’s penis in

an effort to get his attention. Defendant flicked JW’s penis twice because JW did not

respond to the first flick. JW cried after the second flick.

         Defendant was charged with second-degree criminal sexual conduct and second-

degree child abuse with sentence enhancement as a fourth-offense habitual offender.2 On

January 27, 2006, defendant pleaded nolo contendere to third-degree child abuse as a

second-offense habitual offender. MCL 750.136b(5); MCL 769.10. The parties agreed

that the trial court could use the police report as the factual basis for the plea, and, at the

plea hearing, the trial court quoted briefly from the police report.

         At sentencing on March 17, 2006, the prosecution requested that defendant be

required to register as a sex offender under SORA’s catchall provision, MCL

28.722(e)(xi). In support of the registration request, the prosecution recited statements

from the victim advocate that defendant had rubbed JW’s penis and given him candy

after the flicking incident. Defendant objected, and Allegan Circuit Court Judge Harry A.

Beach noted that the prosecution’s supporting information was not included in the record.

Furthermore, Judge Beach stated that defendant’s crime was “a rather abusive assault”

2
    None of defendant’s prior convictions involved criminal sexual conduct.



                                              2
but not a “sex act” and concluded that registration under SORA was not appropriate in

light of the facts in the record. Thus, Judge Beach did not require defendant to register

under SORA, but left the question open, subject to the prosecution’s setting a hearing to

take testimony regarding whether defendant’s conduct required registration. Judge Beach

stated that the court was retaining jurisdiction for that purpose but issued a judgment of

sentence that did not require registration.

       Approximately 20 months after the sentencing hearing, the prosecution moved for

entry of an order requiring defendant to register under SORA. Defendant objected,

arguing that the procedure was improper. A hearing on the prosecution’s motion was

scheduled before Judge William A. Baillargeon because Judge Beach had retired. At the

December 13, 2007, hearing, JW’s father testified that he had had three conversations

with defendant and that defendant had stated that he had been “bullying” JW, but had not

explained what he meant by “bullying.” Defendant testified that he was deeply sorry for

his conduct and that he had flicked JW’s penis in a reaction to JW’s uncooperativeness.

He explained that he used the term “bullying” to describe a grown man inflicting pain on

a small boy. Defendant testified that he had not been disciplining JW in the sense that he

had warned him that his penis would be flicked if he did not behave and further denied

that his actions were intended to injure or humiliate JW. Finally, defendant stated that he

had been frustrated when the incident occurred but not angry. No testimony or evidence

was presented in support of the prosecution’s prior assertions at sentencing that defendant

had rubbed JW’s penis and given JW candy after the flicking.

       Judge Baillargeon ruled that defendant must register under SORA, stating that

there was no procedural bar to granting the prosecution’s motion because Judge Beach


                                              3
had reserved a decision on the SORA issue. Also, Judge Baillargeon stated that the

information used to support the plea was sufficient to show that defendant’s act was

“certainly something that would be envisioned by the law and I think that by itself would

constitute the registration that the People seek.” Finally, Judge Baillargeon concluded

that the testimony from the evidentiary hearing supported his decision to require

registration under SORA because the discussion about “bullying” rather than disciplining

“underlies and bolsters” the registration requirement.

       The Court of Appeals denied defendant’s application for leave to appeal, but this

Court remanded the case to the Court of Appeals for consideration as on leave granted.

People v Lee, 485 Mich 914 (2009). On remand, the Court of Appeals affirmed Judge

Baillargeon’s decision to require registration under SORA. People v Lee, 288 Mich App

739; 794 NW2d 862 (2010).         The Court of Appeals determined that there was no

procedural bar to requiring registration, in part because registration may be imposed at

any time while the trial court has jurisdiction over a defendant. The Court of Appeals

concluded that because defendant was still on probation, the trial court retained

jurisdiction, and, thus, Judge Baillargeon’s decision to require registration under SORA

was proper. Id. at 744-745. This Court granted defendant’s application for leave to

appeal. People v Lee, 488 Mich 953 (2010).

                             II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       This Court reviews de novo lower courts’ interpretations and applications of

statutes and court rules. Estes v Titus, 481 Mich 573, 578-579; 751 NW2d 493 (2008);

Pellegrino v AMPCO Sys Parking, 486 Mich 330, 338; 785 NW2d 45 (2010).




                                             4
                                     III. ANALYSIS

       Under MCL 28.723(1)(a), a defendant must register as a sex offender if the

defendant is convicted of a specified “listed offense” as defined in MCL 28.722(e)(i)

through (x) and (xii) through (xiv). Defendant’s crime in this case, third-degree child

abuse, is not a specified listed offense. Therefore, if defendant is to be required to

register, it must be under SORA’s catchall provision, MCL 28.722(e)(xi), which requires

registration for a “violation of a law of this state or a local ordinance of a municipality

that by its nature constitutes a sexual offense against an individual who is less than 18

years of age.” With regard to applying the catchall provision, MCL 769.1(13) explains

that

       [i]f the defendant is sentenced for an offense other than a listed offense as
       defined in section 2(d)(i) to (ix) and (xi) to (xiii)[3] of the sex offenders
       registration act, 1994 PA 295, MCL 28.722, the court shall determine if the
       offense is a violation of a law of this state or a local ordinance of a
       municipality of this state that by its nature constitutes a sexual offense
       against an individual who is less than 18 years of age. If so, the conviction
       is for a listed offense as defined in section 2(d)(x) of the sex offenders
       registration act, 1994 PA 295, MCL 28.722, and the court shall include the
       basis for that determination on the record and include the determination in
       the judgment of sentence.

Thus, if a defendant’s crime falls under the catchall provision, MCL 28.722(e)(xi), under

MCL 769.1(13), the crime is a listed offense, requiring registration under SORA.4 In

3
  “[S]ection 2” refers to MCL 28.722. MCL 28.722 was amended by 2002 PA 542,
effective October 1, 2002, but the cross-reference in MCL 769.1(13) was not updated to
reflect the fact that the applicable provisions in MCL 28.722 were relettered as
subdivision (e), rather than subdivision (d), and that the catchall provision was
renumbered as subparagraph (xi), rather than subparagraph (x).
4
  Because we conclude later in this opinion that the trial court improperly imposed the
registration requirement after sentencing and, thus, erred when it granted the


                                            5
turn, for convictions of listed offenses after October 1, 1995, MCL 28.724(5) provides

the following with regard to SORA’s registration procedures: (1) the defendant “shall

register before sentencing,” (2) “[t]he probation officer or the family division of circuit

court shall give the individual the registration form after the individual is convicted” and

explain the individual’s duties under SORA, and (3) “[t]he court shall not impose

sentence . . . until it determines that the individual’s registration was forwarded to the

department [of state police] as required under [MCL 28.726].” Finally, for crimes falling

under the catchall provision, MCL 769.1(13) adds additional procedural requirements

regarding registration under SORA, including that the court must include the

determination that the crime is a listed offense under the catchall provision, for which

registration was therefore required, “in the judgment of sentence.”

       In this case, the only issue we reach is the effect of the trial court’s failure to

include a definitive determination of defendant’s registration status in the judgment of

sentence and the subsequent 20-month delay between sentencing and the determination

that defendant must register.      We hold that the trial court’s decision mandating

registration was erroneous because the court failed to comply with the statutory

requirements.

       To begin with, we reject the Court of Appeals’ conclusion that the trial court “did

not commit procedural error” when it ordered defendant to register under SORA 20

prosecution’s postsentencing motion requesting that the trial court require defendant to
register, we need not determine whether, on the facts of this particular case, defendant’s
crime “by its nature constitutes a sexual offense” sufficient to satisfy SORA’s catchall
provision. MCL 28.722(e)(xi). As a result, this opinion should not be interpreted to hold
that defendant’s conduct in this case was or was not a sexual offense.



                                             6
months after sentencing. The Court of Appeals reasoned that the trial court retained

jurisdiction over defendant because defendant remained on probation. Lee, 288 Mich

App at 744-745. However, the Court of Appeals cited no authority in support of its

conclusion and, indeed, none exists.

       Furthermore, it is clear that the trial court committed multiple procedural errors in

this case. First, the trial court did not require defendant to register under SORA “before

sentencing” as required by MCL 28.724(5). Second, because the trial court did not

impose the registration requirement until long after sentencing had occurred, the trial

court did not ensure completion of the second requirement of MCL 28.724(5), and, thus,

both the probation officer and the family division of the circuit court failed to “give

[defendant] the registration form after [defendant was] convicted” and explain his duties

under SORA. Third, when the trial court imposed defendant’s sentence without a final

SORA determination, it ignored the clear directive of MCL 28.724(5) that it “shall not

impose sentence . . . until it determines that the individual’s registration was forwarded to

the department [of state police] as required under [MCL 28.726].” (Emphasis added.)

Finally, if defendant’s conviction fell under the catchall provision, the trial court also

failed to comply with MCL 769.1(13) when it entered the judgment of sentence without

including in the judgment its determination that the crime was a listed offense for which

registration was required. Although the trial court indicated in the judgment of sentence

that a hearing was to be set regarding defendant’s possible registration as a sex offender,

that is not a determination regarding registration. Furthermore, there is no support in

SORA for permitting a postsentencing hearing to make a determination regarding




                                             7
registration. Indeed, such a hearing is a clear violation of the registration procedures

established by MCL 28.724(5).5

       As a result of these procedural errors by the trial court, the sentence imposed in the

March 20, 2006, judgment of sentence may have been invalid. See People v Whalen, 412

Mich 166, 170; 312 NW2d 638 (1981) (recognizing that sentences that “do not comply

with essential procedural requirements” are invalid). Thus, the prosecution could have

sought to correct the sentence because, under MCR 6.429(A), “[a] motion to correct an

invalid sentence may be filed by either party.” 6


5
  To the extent that People v Meyers, 250 Mich App 637, 640; 649 NW2d 123 (2002),
implicitly endorsed such a delay when it affirmed the trial court’s decision to require
registration under SORA 23 days after sentencing, it is overruled.
6
  Because third-degree child abuse is not a specified listed offense requiring registration
under SORA, and Judge Beach determined that, on the record available at sentencing,
defendant’s crime did not require registration because the facts did not satisfy the catchall
provision, arguably the sentence imposed in the judgment of sentence, without a
registration requirement, was valid. And, notably, MCR 6.429(A) states that a “court
may not modify a valid sentence after it has been imposed except as provided by law.”
(Emphasis added.) See, also, People v Barfield, 411 Mich 700, 703; 311 NW2d 724
(1981) (stating that “a trial court cannot set aside a valid sentence and impose a new and
different one, after the defendant has been remanded to jail to await the execution of the
sentence”) (quotation marks and citation omitted); People v Miles, 454 Mich 90, 96; 559
NW2d 299 (1997) (“[T]he authority of the court over a defendant typically ends when a
valid sentence is pronounced . . . .”); and People v Holder, 483 Mich 168, 177; 767
NW2d 423 (2009) (“[I]f the original judgment of sentence was valid when entered, MCR
6.429[A] controls . . . .”). Therefore, arguably, the trial court should have rejected the
prosecution’s postsentencing motion to require defendant to register under SORA
because the sentence imposed was valid and modification of a valid sentence is not
permitted under MCR 6.429(A). But because we conclude that the prosecution was not
entitled to have its postconviction motion considered even if the sentence imposed was
invalid, we will assume, for purposes of this case, that the sentence was invalid.




                                             8
       In this case, however, the time limits to bring a motion to correct an invalid

sentence were long past. MCR 6.429(B) sets the time limits for a motion to correct an

invalid sentence, and that court rule applies to prosecutors and defendants alike because

the statute governing appeals by the prosecution, MCL 770.12, does not indicate that the

prosecution is entitled to seek relief beyond the time provided in the court rules. Because

defendant entered a plea in this case, he could only appeal by leave of the Court of

Appeals. See MCR 6.302(B)(5). Therefore, in this case, MCR 6.429(B)(3) required that

a motion to correct the sentence be brought “within 6 months of entry of the judgment of

conviction and sentence.” But the prosecution’s motion to require registration was filed

20 months after the judgment of sentence entered. Thus, even if the sentence imposed in

the March 20, 2006, judgment of sentence was invalid because of the procedural errors

relating to registration under SORA, the prosecution’s motion was untimely under MCR

6.429(B)(3), and the trial court should have denied it.

       Finally, it is notable that Judge Beach determined that registration under the

catchall provision, MCL 28.722(e)(xi), was not proper on the record before the trial court

at sentencing. Although Judge Beach erroneously permitted the prosecution to bring

additional evidence at a postsentencing hearing, see MCL 28.724(5) and MCL 769.1(13),

the prosecution failed to provide any new evidence at that hearing in support of its

previous claim that defendant had rubbed JW’s penis and given JW candy after the

flicking incident. Thus, Judge Baillargeon’s conclusion that the information used to

support the plea alone was sufficient to require registration under SORA’s catchall

provision was in direct conflict with Judge Beach’s previous determination that the

information used to support the plea did not support the prosecution’s request for


                                             9
registration. In accordance with the essence of the general rule favoring sentencing by

the judge who accepts a plea,7 Judge Beach’s findings should have been afforded

substantial deference. Indeed, in a case procedurally similar to this one, this Court stated

that for a successor trial judge “[t]o sentence a prisoner to the penitentiary . . . when the

[previous] trial judge has distinctly said he ought not to be so sentenced, is not supplying

his omissions, but is overruling his decision.” Weaver v People, 33 Mich 296, 298

(1876). Just as the successor judge in Weaver erred by overruling the predecessor

judge’s determination rather than merely correcting an omission, Judge Baillargeon’s

determination regarding registration under SORA improperly overruled Judge Beach’s

previous decision in light of the prosecution’s failure to provide any new evidence or

support for its previous claim that defendant had rubbed JW’s penis and given JW candy

after the flicking incident.

                                   IV. CONCLUSION

       Under MCL 769.1(13) and MCL 28.724(5), a trial court must, before imposing a

sentence, satisfy multiple requirements in order to properly require a defendant to register

as a sex offender. Because the trial court in this case failed to satisfy those statutory

requirements, its subsequent decision at a postsentencing hearing held 20 months after


7
  See, e.g., People v Pierce, 158 Mich App 113, 115; 404 NW2d 230 (1987), citing
People v Clemons, 407 Mich 939 (1979). This general rule recognizes that the judge who
accepts a defendant’s plea is in the best position to ensure that a defendant’s sentence is
“based upon the circumstances established at the time of the plea,” Pierce, 158 Mich App
at 115-116, so that, consistently with the “modern view of sentencing,” the sentence
imposed is “tailored to the particular circumstances of the case and the offender,” People
v McFarlin, 389 Mich 557, 574; 208 NW2d 504 (1973).



                                             10
the sentence was entered to require registration was erroneous.        Furthermore, the

prosecution failed to bring a motion to correct the arguably invalid sentence within the

time limit provided in MCR 6.429(B)(3). Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the

Court of Appeals and vacate the trial court’s order requiring defendant to register under

SORA.


                                                      Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                      Robert P. Young, Jr.
                                                      Marilyn Kelly
                                                      Stephen J. Markman
                                                      Diane M. Hathaway
                                                      Mary Beth Kelly
                                                      Brian K. Zahra




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