                                                                            FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                             MAY 14 2018
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No.    16-10486

              Plaintiff-Appellee,                D.C. No.
                                                 4:15-cr-02139-RCC-BPV-1
 v.

GERMAN RODARTE,                                  MEMORANDUM*

              Defendant-Appellant.


                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of Arizona
                     Raner C. Collins, Chief Judge, Presiding

                            Submitted March 16, 2018**
                             San Francisco, California

Before: McKEOWN, FUENTES,*** and BEA, Circuit Judges.

      German Rodarte appeals his jury conviction for conspiracy to transport

aliens and transporting illegal aliens, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324. During voir

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
            The Honorable Julio M. Fuentes, United States Circuit Judge for the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, sitting by designation.
dire, the district court overruled defense counsel’s objection to the government

using two peremptory challenges on Jurors 1 and 3 on the basis that they were

race/ethnic based. Rodarte argues that the district court erred by failing to conduct

step three under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986). We have jurisdiction

under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

      Batson created a three-step test to determine whether a peremptory strike

was used in a racially discriminatory manner:

      First, the defendant must make a prima facie showing that the
      prosecutor has exercised peremptory challenges on the basis of race.
      Second, if the requisite showing has been made, the burden shifts to
      the prosecutor to articulate a race-neutral explanation for striking the
      jurors in question. Finally, the trial court must determine whether the
      defendant has carried his burden of proving purposeful discrimination.

Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 358-59 (1991) (citing Batson, 476 U.S. at

96-98).

      The district court properly conducted steps one and two. However, the court

disposed of the Batson challenges by determining that the government had asserted

“sufficient race-neutral reasons.” The court conducted no further analysis after

determining that facially neutral grounds existed. The court erred in failing to reach

step three. See Green v. LaMarque, 532 F.3d 1028, 1030 (9th Cir. 2008) (“When

conducting the analysis at the third step, the trial court must decide not only



                                           2
whether the reasons stated are race-neutral, but whether they are relevant to the

case, and whether those stated reasons were the prosecutor’s genuine reasons for

exercising a peremptory strike, rather than pretexts invented to hide purposeful

discrimination.”).

      “Faced with an improper application of the Batson framework, we may

decide de novo whether the government’s strikes were motivated by purposeful

discrimination. Alternatively, we may remand to the district court, either for a

factual hearing or for a new trial.” United States v. Alvarez-Ulloa, 784 F.3d 558,

565-66 (9th Cir. 2015) (citations omitted).

      Accordingly, we decide de novo whether the government’s strikes were

motivated by purposeful discrimination. “Comparative juror analysis is a useful

tool at Batson step three, and failure to strike similarly situated venire members can

ground a conclusion that purposeful discrimination occurred.” Id. at 567 (citations

omitted).

      Rodarte failed to demonstrate purposeful discrimination due to a failure to

strike similarly situated venire members. During voir dire, the jury panel was

asked whether anyone including themselves, a relative, or close personal friend,

had ever been arrested for something more serious than a traffic ticket. Thirteen

people on the panel raised their hands. Of those thirteen people, six—Jurors 9, 34,


                                          3
18, 22, 24, and 27—were selected to serve on the jury. These six jurors all stated

the person arrested was treated fairly or they did not have sufficient connection to

that person to know whether they were treated fairly, and they also affirmed that

they could be fair and impartial in this case. The prosecution used a peremptory

strike on Juror 1, who stated that her brother had been arrested for “home invasion”

five years prior. In contrast to the six empaneled jurors, Juror 1 stated that her

brother had not been treated fairly, and was “suing the State.”

      Moreover, one empaneled juror, Juror 9, had a history of possible substance

abuse. Juror 9 was convicted for DUI approximately 16 years earlier. Juror 9

explained that at the time of the arrest, he/she1 “was on medication and had some

drinks.” Accordingly, Juror 9’s issue appeared to be limited in time and scope—it

covered a short period of time when Juror 9 was on pre-surgery medication that

mixed poorly with alcohol. Moreover, the arrest was removed in time—sixteen

years prior. In addition, Juror 9 stated that he/she was treated fairly and the

experience would not affect his/her ability to be fair and impartial. The

prosecution used a peremptory strike on Juror 3, who stated that he had a treatment

plan at CODAC, a facility that offers mental health and drug abuse treatment.

Juror 3’s court-ordered treatment is suggestive of a longer-term issue.


      1
          It is unclear from the record whether Juror 9 is a man or woman.
                                            4
Accordingly, Juror 3’s potential mental health and/or substance abuse issues are

distinguishable from Juror 9’s DUI conviction.

      AFFIRMED.




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