                                                                                      FILED
                                                                          United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                              Tenth Circuit

                                   TENTH CIRCUIT                                January 3, 2018

                                                                              Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                                  Clerk of Court
MELISSA BLACK,

              Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.                                                            No. 17-1139
                                                     (D.C. No. 1: 15-CV-00340-RBJ)
LARIMER COUNTY,                                                (D. Colo.)

              Defendant - Appellee.



                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT*



Before LUCERO, O’BRIEN, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.



       On April 17, 2014, Larimer County, Colorado (the County) hired Melissa Black to

perform seasonal work as a restroom custodian in its parks department. She alleges that

during her employment she was sexually harassed and intimidated by a co-worker. On




       *
         Oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this appeal. See
Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). We have decided this case on the briefs.
       This order and judgment is an unpublished decision, not binding precedent. 10th
Cir. R. 32.1(A). Citation to unpublished decisions is not encouraged, but not prohibited.
Fed. R. App. 32.1. Citation is appropriate as it relates to law of the case, issue preclusion
and claim preclusion. Unpublished decisions may also be cited for their persuasive
value. 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A). Citation to an order and judgment must be accompanied by
an appropriate parenthetical notation B (unpublished). Id.
June 15, 2014, she quit due to the alleged harassment.1

       Black complained to the United States Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission (EEOC). After investigating the matter, it was “unable to conclude that the

information obtained establishes a [Title VII] violation[]” but issued Black a right to sue

letter. (R. Vol. 1 at 34.)

       On February 17, 2015, Black sent a letter to the Clerk of the United States District

Court for the District of Colorado requesting court-appointed counsel. She also informed

the court she was in the process of moving from Colorado to the State of Washington but

she would be using her Colorado address until she could submit a permanent Washington

address. The court construed the letter as a request to open a civil action.

       The next day, a magistrate judge issued an order informing Black that the court

had commenced a civil action on her behalf. He denied her request for appointment of

counsel as premature. He concluded the February 17 letter was deficient and she had 30

days to file a complaint or the action would be dismissed without further notice. She did

not file a complaint. The district judge (hereinafter judge) dismissed the action without

prejudice on March 27, 2015.

       About a month later, Black filed a motion to reopen the case, claiming she had not

       1
         It consisted of her co-worker: (1) slapping her hip “as if he was going to slap
[her] butt”; (2) asking her “Why do females wrap-up [their tampons and sanitary pads]
and not put [them] in the bin?”; (3) “lean[ing] into/on the driver’s side window” of her
truck while she was in the driver’s seat, “which put him about 8 inches from [her] face”;
and (4) following her into a restroom she was cleaning and asking her to pressure wash
an area. (R. Vol. 1 at 35.) The County claims it investigated the matter after Black quit
and decided her claims were unfounded.

                                            -2-
received the magistrate’s order until March 30, 2015. On that date, she mailed her

complaint but it was returned to her on April 22, 2015. She also claimed not to have

received the March 27 dismissal order until April 2, 2015, and to have been in Kentucky

from April 8, 2015, through April 21, 2015, due to a death.

       On December 11, 2015, the judge granted the motion to reopen and gave Black 30

days to file her complaint or the case would be dismissed without further notice. She

filed her complaint on January 13, 2016. By that time, Black was residing in

Washington.

       A scheduling conference was held on June 21, 2016. Black appeared by

telephone. At the conference, the County requested that Black appear in person in

Colorado for her deposition. When the judge asked Black when it would be convenient

for her to travel to Colorado, she responded “[i]t wouldn’t be.” (R. Vol. 2 at 27.) He

informed her the County had the right to take her deposition in Colorado because she

filed the lawsuit there. The parties ultimately agreed Black would physically appear for

her deposition in Colorado on September 6, 2016.

       On August 10, 2016, Black emailed the County saying she did not have the funds

to travel to Colorado. She suggested the deposition occur instead via telephone or written

questions. The County reminded her of the judge’s requirement of her personal

appearance in Colorado and it would not agree to the deposition occurring by telephone

or by written questions.

       Black moved for a protective order to excuse her from traveling to Colorado for


                                           -3-
her deposition. The County opposed the motion, arguing the cost for Black to travel to

Colorado is not unreasonable. And, it claimed, taking her deposition by telephone or by

written questions would be inadequate. In both circumstances, the County said, it loses

the ability to observe Black’s demeanor to assess her credibility. While the County

considered the option of a video-conference deposition, the cost of such service is $400

per hour, far more than the cost for Black to travel to Colorado.

       The judge denied Black’s motion for protective order on October 17, 2016:

       The Court discussed this subject with the parties at the Scheduling Conference,
       and plaintiff agreed to appear in Colorado for a deposition on September 6, 2016.
       While travel may present an economic hardship, the alleged discrimination
       occurred in Colorado, the suit was filed in Colorado, and the defendant is entitled
       to take plaintiff’s deposition in Colorado, absent very unusual circumstances
       which do not exist. If plaintiff is successful in the lawsuit, the Court will award
       costs, including reimbursement of all costs reasonably incurred for the trip to
       Colorado including travel, lodging and meals. The deposition should be taken
       before the discovery cut−off date, December 31, 2016. However, if plaintiff is
       unwilling to travel to Colorado for her deposition, she may voluntarily dismiss the
       case or face the likelihood that the case will be dismissed by the Court without
       prejudice for failure to prosecute.

(R. Vol. 1 at 96.)

       That same day, the County contacted Black via email to reschedule her deposition

and suggested several dates. Black did not respond. The County emailed her again on

November 2 requesting dates for her deposition and sent her a hard copy of the email via

U.S. mail. Again, no response from Black. As a result, the County unilaterally selected

December 2, 2016, to take her deposition and sent Black notice via email and U.S. mail.

It asked Black to let it know if she did not intend to be present. Black chose to again

ignore the notice and did not appear on December 2. However, a court reporter did,

                                           -4-
requiring the County to incur a non-appearance fee.

       On December 13, 2016, the County filed a motion to dismiss for failure to

prosecute under Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b). Black did not specifically respond to the motion to

dismiss. Instead, she filed a motion to join additional claims (conspiracy, False Claims

Act based on the denial of unemployment insurance, and intentional infliction of

emotional distress) and parties (the EEOC and the County’s attorney) and a motion to

extend the scheduling conference deadlines.

       On March 21, 2017, the judge granted the County’s motion to dismiss based on

Black’s failure to appear for her deposition as ordered. He denied as moot Black’s

motion to join additional claims and parties and for extension of the scheduling deadlines.

Judgment was entered the same day. On June 14, 2017, he amended the judgment to

clarify the dismissal was without prejudice.2


       2
         Prior to entry of the amended judgment, the County filed a motion to dismiss this
appeal for lack of jurisdiction because Black’s notice of appeal from the original
judgment was filed one day late. See 28 U.S.C. § 2107(a); see also Bowles v. Russell,
551 U.S. 205, 214 (2007) (“Today we make clear that the timely filing of a notice of
appeal in a civil case is a jurisdictional requirement.”). While she filed a post-judgment
motion to vacate under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60, that motion, the County said, did not toll the
time to appeal because it was untimely. See Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(4)(A)(vi) (stating a
Rule 60 motion will extend time to appeal if it is filed “no later than 28 days after the
judgment is entered”).
        On June 14, 2017, the judge construed Black’s reply brief in support of her motion
to vacate as a timely request for an extension of time to appeal. See 28 U.S.C. § 2107(c).
He also decided there was a clerical mistake in the judgment because it did not specify
whether the dismissal was with or without prejudice. He therefore amended the judgment
to clarify the dismissal was without prejudice. Although the judge interpreted the rules to
allow Black 30 days to file a notice of appeal from the amended judgment, the rules only
allowed him to extend the time for 14 days. See Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(5)(C). As a result,
                                                                       (Continued . . .)
                                            -5-
                                         Discussion

       A judge may dismiss an action “[i]f the plaintiff fails to prosecute or to comply

with [the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure] or a court order.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b); see

also AdvantEdge Bus. Grp. v. Thomas E. Mestmaker & Assocs., Inc., 552 F.3d 1233,

1236 (10th Cir. 2009) (“A district court undoubtedly has discretion to sanction a party for

failing to prosecute or defend a case, or for failing to comply with local or federal

procedural rules.”) (quotation marks omitted). We review an order of dismissal for

failure to prosecute for abuse of discretion. AdvantEdge Bus. Grp., 552 F.3d at 1236. A

district court abuses its discretion if it “makes a clear error of judgment or exceeds the

bounds of permissible choice in the circumstances.” Ecclesiastes 9:10-11-12, Inc. v.

LMC Holding Co., 497 F.3d 1135, 1143 (10th Cir. 2007) (quotation marks omitted).

Because Black is proceeding pro se, we liberally construe her pleadings, stopping short

however of serving as her advocate. Firstenberg v. City of Santa Fe, N.M., 696 F.3d

1018, 1024 (10th Cir. 2012). Black’s pro se status does not excuse her from following

he told Black “she might wish to file her notice of appeal within 14 days of this order [by
June 28, 2017] to be on the safe side.” (Dist. Ct. Doc. No. 63 at 2.) Black did so, filing
an amended notice of appeal on June 26, 2017. Her appeal is timely, both as to the
original judgment and the amended judgment.
        Although the dismissal order was without prejudice, it is final and appealable
because it expressly dismisses the entire “case,” see Dist. Ct. Doc. No. 64 at 1, and Black
has “been effectively excluded from federal court under the present circumstances.”
Amazon, Inc. v. Dirt Camp, Inc., 273 F.3d 1271, 1275 (10th Cir. 2001) (“Although a
dismissal without prejudice is usually not a final decision, where the dismissal finally
disposes of the case so that it is not subject to further proceedings in federal court, the
dismissal is final and appealable.”); see also Moya v. Schollenbarger, 465 F.3d 444, 450
(10th Cir. 2006) (“[I]f a district court order expressly and unambiguously dismisses a
plaintiff’s entire action, that order is final and appealable.”).

                                            -6-
the same procedural rules that govern other litigants. Garrett v. Selby Connor Maddux &

Janer, 425 F.3d 836, 840 (10th Cir. 2005).

       Black claims her case ought not to have been dismissed for failure to prosecute.

We see it differently.

       We took pains to lay out the procedural history of this case and need not repeat it

here. That history makes one thing apparent—Black had no intention of traveling to

Colorado for her deposition despite being twice ordered to do so and despite being

warned that if she did not appear in Colorado for her deposition dismissal without

prejudice was likely. We see no abuse of discretion in the judge making good on his

promise. See Gates v. United States, 752 F.2d 516, 517 (10th Cir. 1985) (district court

did not abuse its discretion in dismissing plaintiffs’ complaint for failure to appear at their

court-ordered depositions); see also O’Neil v. Burton Grp., 559 F. App’x 719, 722 (10th

Cir. 2014) (affirming dismissal for failure to appear in person for second-scheduled

deposition despite plaintiff alleging he could not afford to travel from California to Utah

for the deposition).

       Black resists with arguments consisting mainly of bullet points rather than full

sentences; they are not a model of clarity. Nevertheless, we discern three key arguments.

       First, she faults the judge for not considering the Ehrenhaus factors prior to

dismissing her case.3 Generally, “Rule 41(b) involuntary dismissals should be



       3
        See Ehrenhaus v. Reynolds, 965 F.2d 916, 921 (10th Cir. 1992) (factors to
consider before choosing dismissal as a sanction include: (1) “the degree of actual
                                                                      (Continued . . .)
                                           -7-
determined by reference to the Ehrenhaus criteria.’” Gripe v. City of Enid, Okla., 312

F.3d 1184, 1188 (10th Cir. 2002) (quotation marks omitted). However, when, as here,

the dismissal is without prejudice, consideration of those factors is not required.

AdvantEdge Bus. Grp., 552 F.3d at 1236; see also Nasious v. Two Unknown B.I.C.E.

Agents, at Arapahoe Cty. Justice Ctr., 492 F.3d 1158, 1162 (10th Cir. 2007) (“[A] district

court may, without abusing its discretion, enter [a Rule 41(b) dismissal order without

prejudice] without attention to any particular procedures.”).

       Second, Black contends the judge’s order denying her motion for a protective

order was deficient because it was a text-entry only (minute order) and did not contain

any order compelling her to appear. She is wrong on both counts. The minute order

reiterated Black’s agreement at the scheduling conference to physically appear in

Colorado for her deposition. Although it did not contain explicit language “ordering” her

to appear in Colorado, it did so implicitly by denying her motion for a protective order,

which sought to prevent her appearance in Colorado for her deposition. And the minute

order, although not a formal written order, is an “‘order,’ the disobedience of which

justified dismissal under Rule 41(b).”4 See Yourish v. California Amplifier, 191 F.3d



prejudice to the defendant”; (2) “the amount of interference with the judicial process”; (3)
“the culpability of the litigant”; (4) “whether the court warned the party in advance that
dismissal would be a likely sanction for noncompliance”; and (5) “the efficacy of lesser
sanctions.”) (quotation marks omitted). Even were these factors applicable, they clearly
support dismissal.
       4
        Black also argues she did not need to appear at the September 6 deposition
because her motion for protective order was still pending at that time. Perhaps, but by
October 17 the judge had denied that motion and required her to appear in Colorado for
                                                                      (Continued . . .)
                                          -8-
983, 987 (9th Cir. 1999).

       Finally, Black blames the County for demanding she physically appear in

Colorado for her deposition rather than allowing her to appear remotely via telephone or

to provide written admissions or an affidavit. She complains she lacked the funds and

time to travel to Colorado. She also tells us that victims of sexual assault, like herself,

ought not to have to attend their depositions in person due to the sensitive nature of the

events. She also goes so far as to accuse the County of exploiting her pro se status.

       Black’s attempts to avoid responsibility for the consequences of her actions are

futile. The district judge considered the economic hardship of Black having to travel to

Colorado but nevertheless ordered her to physically appear in Colorado for her deposition

because the alleged harassment occurred in Colorado and she filed suit there. And, as the

County pointed out in opposing the motion for protective order, it was imperative that

Black appear in person so it could witness her demeanor for purposes of judging her

credibility. Such judgment cannot be made via written questions, affidavit, or telephonic

depositions. Finally, there is no evidence the County acted improperly in requiring her to

appear in person; it was simply trying to adequately defend itself.5


her deposition. She not only refused to cooperate in rescheduling her deposition, she also
failed to appear at the December 2 deposition.
       5
         Black also appears to claim there was no need for her deposition because she had
already submitted to four hours of interviews under oath and most of the facts are
undisputed. Although we are not certain, it appears Black is referring to the interviews
that occurred during the County’s and/or EEOC’s investigations. But those interviews
are not an adequate substitute for a deposition conducted by an attorney in the course of
litigation. And Black’s allegations were and continue to be disputed by the County.

                                             -9-
       The district judge bent over backward to accommodate Black, but, it appears,

nothing short of “doing it her way” would suffice. Such an obstinate and self-centered

approach is intolerable.

       AFFIRMED. We DENY the County’s motion to dismiss the appeal for lack of

jurisdiction.



                                         Entered by the Court:



                                         Terrence L. O’Brien
                                         United States Circuit Judge




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