                                                                                           02/19/2020
                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                              AT NASHVILLE
                      Assigned on Briefs January 2, 2020

                                  IN RE ARCHER R.

              Appeal from the Chancery Court for Montgomery County
                No. MC-CH-CV-AD-18-46        Ted A. Crozier, Judge


                             No. M2019-01353-COA-R3-PT


A mother and stepfather filed a petition seeking to terminate the parental rights of a father
based on abandonment by failure to visit and failure to support his child. The trial court
found the petitioners proved the ground of abandonment by failure to support by clear
and convincing evidence but did not prove the ground of abandonment by failure to visit
because the mother interfered with the father’s attempts to visit the child. The trial court
then found it was not in the child’s best interest for the father’s parental rights to be
terminated and denied the petition to terminate. The mother and stepfather appealed, and
we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed

ANDY D. BENNETT, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which CHARLES D. SUSANO,
JR., and CARMA DENNIS MCGEE, JJ., joined.

Katie Bell Klinghard, Clarksville, Tennessee, for the appellants, K.T. and T.T.

Taylor Robinson Dahl, Clarksville, Tennessee, for the appellee, J.R.

                                        OPINION

                      I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Archer R. was born to K.T. (“Mother”) and J.R. (“Father”) in December 2016.
Mother and Father were living together in Murfreesboro when Archer was born, but they
were not married. Mother asked Father to move out at the end of December 2016, and
Father complied. Father remained in Murfreesboro until sometime in April 2017, when
he moved to Illinois to be closer to his family.
        Mother married T.T. (“Stepfather”) in December 2017 and asked Father to
terminate his parental rights to Archer so that Stepfather could adopt him. When Father
refused to give up his rights voluntarily, Mother and Stepfather filed a Petition for
Termination of Parental Rights and Step-Parent Adoption on July 6, 2018, in Chancery
Court. Mother and Stepfather alleged that Father had abandoned Archer by failing to
visit him or contribute toward his support during the relevant four-month period and that
his parental rights should be terminated pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 36-1-113(g)(1)
and 36-1-102(1)(A)(i). Mother and Stepfather’s attempts to serve Father with the petition
in August, September, and October were unsuccessful. In December 2018, Mother and
Stepfather ultimately served Father’s attorney, who accepted service on Father’s behalf.

       Unaware of the petition to terminate his parental rights, Father initiated his own
action in Juvenile Court on November 27, 2018, when he filed a Petition to Establish
Paternity and Permanent Parenting Plan. Once he became aware of Mother and
Stepfather’s petition in Chancery Court, Father filed a Motion for Immediate Visitation in
Chancery Court. On December 21, 2018, the trial court held a hearing on Father’s
motion and entered an order stating that it would not grant Father visitation while the
termination action was pending.

                                        The Trial

           The parties tried the case on June 4, 2019. Father testified that once he moved
out of Mother’s apartment at the end of December 2016, when Archer was just two
weeks old, he continued to see Archer about once a week. Father moved to Illinois in
early May 2017, and he was able to continue seeing Archer via FaceTime. Father
testified that he would also phone Mother to ask about Archer. According to Father, his
communication with Mother about Archer continued until Archer’s first birthday, when
everything changed:

      [O]n the day of his birthday, I had pictures sent to me of him eating cake.
      And then after that, communication quit. . . . [Mother] quit responding. My
      texts quit being delivered. And when I’d try to call, it would ring once and
      go to voicemail.

       Father testified that he tried to see Archer in 2017, but Mother refused to give
Father a time when he could see Archer that worked with Father’s schedule. Father
introduced into evidence text messages between him and Mother dating from February
and March 2017 to support this testimony. Father was living in Illinois from March to
July of 2018, and he testified that he asked to come down to visit with Archer on two
different occasions. Mother refused to arrange a time for Father to see Archer, and she
refused Father’s requests for photos of Archer. Emails from Father to Mother dated June
7 and June 14, 2018, were introduced into evidence. In each of these emails, Father


                                          -2-
asked Mother to set up a time when he and his other child, Lilliana (Archer’s half-sister),
could see Archer. In the June 14 email Father wrote:

       [I]t’s [Father,] just wanted to know if we could figure out a time between
       June 30 and July 7th so maybe I could get my kids together to see each
       other and so they can see their dad together[;] if you can just reply and let
       me know it would be greatly appreciated[.]

      When asked whether he gave Mother money for Archer’s support, Father
responded that he offered to give Mother money for Archer in 2017:

       I asked her, you know, what she wanted and how often she wanted it, and
       she told me she wasn’t worried about it due to my debts and housing and
       child support for my other child.

Father testified that he paid half of one of Archer’s medical bills in the spring and
summer of 2017. Father testified that he also gave Mother diapers and “stuff” for Archer
that was from him and his mother “a couple of times” in or about 2017.

        In December 2017, shortly after Archer turned one year old, Mother married
Stepfather and moved to Clarksville. Mother began emailing Father in April 2018. At
first she just asked for his mailing address. She then sent several emails in May and June
2018 asking Father to give up his rights to Archer so that Stepfather could adopt him.
Father responded that he wanted the best for Archer and asked Mother to send him some
photos of the child. Father did not agree to give up his rights to Archer. Father testified
that he wanted to remain Archer’s father, to have the opportunity to see him, and to be
involved in his life.

       Father testified that he contacted his attorney in August 2018 about filing papers
with a court so he could be awarded visitation with his son. Father was not aware that
Mother and Stepfather had filed their petition to terminate his rights two months earlier
because he had not yet been served with the petition. He did not learn of the termination
petition until after he filed his petition seeking visitation with Archer in Juvenile Court.

        Mother acknowledged that Father asked to see Archer in 2017. She testified that
she was working when Father wanted to see their child. Mother denied blocking Father’s
phone calls or emails. Mother testified that Father did not send her any money, pay any
bills, or send her any supplies for Archer in the four months leading up to the date she
and Stepfather filed their termination petition.

       Following the presentation of all the evidence, the trial court made the following
findings of fact, among others:


                                           -3-
      5. Following [Mother’s] and [Father’s] separation at the end of 2016,
      [Father] continued to reside in Murfreesboro, Tennessee until late April
      2017. During this time period in which both parties resided in
      Murfreesboro, [Father] visited the minor child at [Mother’s] home
      approximately once per week.

      6. The Court was troubled by Mother stating in her testimony that she
      “allowed” Father to come to the house and see the minor child when they
      resided in Murfreesboro. This was a portion of her testimony the Court
      found significant, as Mother should have been encouraging a relationship
      between the minor child and Father.

      7. The Court believes that Mother determined [Father] was not good father
      material and as a result did not want him involved in the minor child’s life,
      but this was not Mother’s decision to make.

      8. Father then relocated to Illinois, where the majority of his family resides.
      Father continued to FaceTime with the minor child, and Mother allowed
      him to maintain contact with the minor child until late 2017, at which point
      his attempts at contact went unanswered.

      ....

      26. The Court finds Father’s testimony that he attempted to see the minor
      child but that Mother obstructed him to be significant. Father did not
      previously take the aggressive action that he needed to be the dad. Father
      had other legal matters, to include several criminal matters as well as his
      daughter’s parenting plan, that [at] least in part excused his failure to assert
      himself with regard to the minor child Archer sooner than he did. The best
      thing the Father has done is be before this Court fighting to be the dad.

      27. During the months of March through July of 2018, the Court finds
      Father was working and able to pay support for the benefit of the minor
      child, but his excuse was that he did not know what address to send the
      support. This is no reason not to pay support for the benefit of the minor
      child, and Father should have driven to Tennessee and given money to
      Mother, regardless of whether she wanted support.

       The trial court concluded that “[t]here [was] clear and convincing evidence that
Father did not support the minor child” during the relevant four-month period, but that
“[t]here [was] not clear and convincing evidence that Father willfully failed to visit or
willfully abandoned the minor child pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113 and § 36-1-
102” during this same period. With regard to its conclusion that Father did not abandon

                                           -4-
Archer by failing to visit, the court explained, “There is enough evidence demonstrating
that the Mother hampered Father’s ability to visit the minor child and ability to maintain
a relationship with the minor child.”

        Then, because it found Mother and Stepfather proved by clear and convincing
evidence one ground for terminating Father’s rights, the court conducted a best interest
analysis to determine whether terminating Father’s rights would be in Archer’s best
interest. The trial court addressed each element set forth in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(i) and concluded that it was not in Archer’s best interest for Father’s parental rights
to be terminated.

        Mother and Stepfather appeal the trial court’s judgment. They argue the trial court
erred in failing to find that (1) the evidence clearly and convincingly proved that Father
abandoned Archer by failing to visit him during the relevant four-month period and (2)
terminating Father’s rights to Archer was in Archer’s best interest. Father contends that
the trial court erred by finding that the evidence clearly and convincingly established that
he abandoned Archer by failing to provide for his support.

                                II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      The Tennessee Supreme Court has described the appellate review of parental
termination cases as follows:

              An appellate court reviews a trial court’s findings of fact in
       termination proceedings using the standard of review in Tenn. R. App. P.
       13(d). Under Rule 13(d), appellate courts review factual findings de novo
       on the record and accord these findings a presumption of correctness unless
       the evidence preponderates otherwise. In light of the heightened burden of
       proof in termination proceedings, however, the reviewing court must make
       its own determination as to whether the facts, either as found by the trial
       court or as supported by a preponderance of the evidence, amount to clear
       and convincing evidence of the elements necessary to terminate parental
       rights. The trial court’s ruling that the evidence sufficiently supports
       termination of parental rights is a conclusion of law, which appellate courts
       review de novo with no presumption of correctness. Additionally, all other
       questions of law in parental termination appeals, as in other appeals, are
       reviewed de novo with no presumption of correctness.

In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d 507, 523-24 (Tenn. 2016) (citations omitted); see also
In re Gabriella D., 531 S.W.3d 662, 680 (Tenn. 2017).

      The termination of a parent’s rights is one of the most serious decisions courts
make. As the United States Supreme Court has said, “[f]ew consequences of judicial

                                           -5-
action are so grave as the severance of natural family ties.” Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S.
745, 787 (1982). “Terminating parental rights has the legal effect of reducing the parent
to the role of a complete stranger,” In re W.B., IV, Nos. M2004-00999-COA-R3-PT,
M2004-01572-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 1021618, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 29, 2005),
and of “severing forever all legal rights and obligations of the parent or guardian,” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-113(l)(1).

        A parent has a fundamental right, based in both the federal and state constitutions,
to the care, custody, and control of his or her own child. Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645,
651 (1972); In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 250 (Tenn. 2010); Nash-Putnam v.
McCloud, 921 S.W.2d 170, 174-75 (Tenn. 1996) (citing Nale v. Robertson, 871 S.W.2d
674, 678 (Tenn. 1994)); In re Adoption of Female Child, 896 S.W.2d 546, 547-48 (Tenn.
1995) (citing Hawk v. Hawk, 855 S.W.2d 573, 577 (Tenn. 1993)). This right “is among
the oldest of the judicially recognized fundamental liberty interests protected by the Due
Process Clauses of the federal and state constitutions.” In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d
at 521 (citing U.S. CONST. amend. XIV, § 1; TENN. CONST. art. 1, § 8). While this right
is fundamental, it is not absolute. Id. at 522. The State may interfere with parental rights
in certain circumstances. Id. at 522-23; In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 250-51. Our
legislature has listed the grounds upon which termination proceedings may be brought.
See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g). Termination proceedings are statutory, and a
parent’s rights may be terminated only where a statutory basis exists. In re Angela E.,
303 S.W.3d at 250; Osborn v. Marr, 127 S.W.3d 737, 739 (Tenn. 2004); Jones v.
Garrett, 92 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tenn. 2002); In re M.W.A., Jr., 980 S.W.2d 620, 622
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1998).

        To terminate parental rights, a court must find by clear and convincing evidence
the existence of at least one of the statutory grounds for termination and that termination
is in the child’s best interest. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c); In re Kaliyah S., 455
S.W.3d 533, 552 (Tenn. 2015); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002).
‘“Clear and convincing evidence enables the fact-finder to form a firm belief or
conviction regarding the truth of the facts, and eliminates any serious or substantial doubt
about the correctness of these factual findings.”’ In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 522
(quoting In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586, 596 (Tenn. 2010) (citations omitted)).
“Evidence satisfying the clear and convincing evidence standard establishes that the truth
of the facts asserted is highly probable.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 861 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2005). As a reviewing court, we “must ‘distinguish between the specific facts
found by the trial court and the combined weight of those facts.”’ In re Keri C., 384
S.W.3d 731, 744 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010) (quoting In re Tiffany B., 228 S.W.3d 148, 156
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2007)). Then, we must determine “whether the combined weight of the
facts . . . clearly and convincingly establishes all of the elements required to terminate” a
parent’s rights. Id. “When it comes to live, in-court witnesses, appellate courts should
afford trial courts considerable deference when reviewing issues that hinge on the
witnesses’ credibility because trial courts are ‘uniquely positioned to observe the

                                            -6-
demeanor and conduct of witnesses.’” Kelly v. Kelly, 445 S.W.3d 685, 692 (Tenn. 2014)
(quoting State v. Binette, 33 S.W.3d 215, 217 (Tenn. 2000)).

        If a ground for termination is established by clear and convincing evidence, the
trial court or the reviewing court conducts a best interests analysis. In re Angela E., 303
S.W.3d at 251. “The best interests analysis is separate from and subsequent to the
determination that there is clear and convincing evidence of grounds for termination,” id.
at 254, and the existence of a ground for termination “does not inexorably lead to the
conclusion that termination of a parent’s rights is in the best interest of the child,” In re
C.B.W., No. M2005-01817-COA-R3-PT, 2006 WL 1749534, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. June
26, 2006).

                                       III. ANALYSIS

A. Grounds for Termination

       1. Abandonment by Failure to Visit

       One ground for terminating a parent’s rights is abandonment, as that term is
defined in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1). Mother and
Stepfather alleged that Father abandoned Archer by failing to visit or support him within
the four months preceding the date they filed their termination petition. When Mother
and Stepfather filed their petition on July 6, 2018, “abandonment” was defined, in
relevant part, as follows:

       For a period of four (4) consecutive months immediately preceding the
       filing of a proceeding, pleading, petition, or any amended petition to
       terminate the parental rights of the parent or parents or the guardian or
       guardians of the child who is the subject of the petition for termination of
       parental rights or adoption, that the parent or parents or the guardian or
       guardians either have failed to visit or have failed to support or have failed
       to make reasonable payments toward the support of the child.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(i) (2018). The statute defines the phrase “failed to
visit” as:

       the failure, for a period of four (4) consecutive months, to visit or engage in
       more than token visitation. That the parent had only the means or ability to
       make very occasional visits is not a defense to failure to visit if no visits
       were made during the relevant four-month period[.]

Id. § 36-1-102(1)(E). The statute defines the phrase “token visitation” as:


                                            -7-
        visitation, under the circumstances of the individual case, [that] constitutes
        nothing more than perfunctory visitation or visitation of such an infrequent
        nature or of such short duration as to merely establish minimal or
        insubstantial contact with the child[.]

Id. § 36-1-102(1) (C).

      Although a petitioner is no longer required to prove the respondent in a
termination proceeding acted “willfully” in failing to visit or support his or her child,1 the
respondent may assert as an affirmative defense that his or her failure to visit or support
was not “willful.” According to the statute,

        For purposes of this subdivision (1), it shall be a defense to abandonment
        for failure to visit or failure to support that a parent or guardian’s failure to
        visit or support was not willful. The parent or guardian shall bear the
        burden of proof that the failure to visit or support was not willful. Such
        defense must be established by a preponderance of evidence. The absence
        of willfulness is an affirmative defense pursuant to Rule 8.03 of the
        Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure[.]

Id. § 36-1-102(1)(I) (2018). Because willfulness is an affirmative defense, the burden of
proof is on Father to establish that his failure to visit was not willful. See In re Kolton C.,
No. E2019-00736-COA-R3-PT, 2019 WL 6341042, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 26,
2019); In re Nicholas C., No. E2019-00165-COA-R3-PT, 2019 WL 3074070, at *13
(Tenn. Ct. App. July 15, 2019).

       “Willful conduct consists of acts or failures to act that are intentional or voluntary
rather than accidental or inadvertent.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 863. We have
previously stated that “willfulness” does not “require malevolence or ill will.” Id.

        Conduct is “willful” if it is the product of free will rather than coercion.
        Thus, a person acts “willfully” if he or she is a free agent, knows what he or
        she is doing, and intends to do what he or she is doing.

        Failure to visit or support a child is “willful” when a person is aware of his
        or her duty to visit or support, has the capacity to do so, makes no attempt
        to do so, and has no justifiable excuse for not doing so. Failure to visit or to
        support is not excused by another person’s conduct unless the conduct
        actually prevents the person with the obligation from performing his or her

1
 Until July 1, 2018, the petitioner was required to prove the respondent(s) “have willfully failed to visit or
have willfully failed to support or have willfully failed to make reasonable payments toward the support
of the child[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(i) (2017).
                                                    -8-
       duty, or amounts to a significant restraint of or interference with the
       parent’s efforts to support or develop a relationship with the child[.]

Id. at 863-64 (citations omitted) (emphasis added); see also In re Adoption of Angela E.,
402 S.W.3d 636, 640 (Tenn. 2013) (“A parent cannot be said to have abandoned a child
when his failure to visit or support is due to circumstances outside his control.”); In re
Kolton C., 2019 WL 6341042, at *5. Whether Father failed to visit Archer is a question
of fact. See In re Adoption of Angela E., 402 S.W.3d at 640. Whether he proved that his
failure to visit was not willful is a question of law that we review de novo, according the
trial court’s determination no presumption of correctness. See In re Kolton C., 2019 WL
6341042, at *5.
        Mother and Stepfather filed their termination petition on July 6, 2018. Thus, the
relevant four-month period is March 6, 2018, through July 5, 2018. See In re Jacob C.H.,
No. E2013-00587-COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL 689085, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 20, 2014)
(explaining that statutory four-month period covers four months preceding day
termination petition was filed and does not include day petition was filed). Father lived
in Illinois throughout this four-month period, and he testified that he tried, without
success, to communicate with Mother and set up a time for him to travel to Tennessee to
visit with Archer from the end of 2017 through July 2018. He testified that his texts to
Mother stopped being delivered and his calls would ring once before going to voicemail.
When Mother reached out to Father by email in April 2018, Father asked how Archer
was doing and asked Mother to send him photos of Archer. Mother did not respond to
Father’s inquiry and request for photos; she only seemed interested in obtaining Father’s
consent to terminate his rights. On May 10 and May 24, 2018, Father asked Mother in an
email for photos. On May 11 and May 14, 2018, Father sent emails to Mother expressing
his desire to have a relationship with Archer and for his daughter and Archer to have a
relationship as well. On June 7, 2018, Father asked Mother in an email if he and his
daughter could see Archer when Father came down to meet with his lawyer. The final
email Father sent Mother before she and Stepfather filed the termination petition was
dated June 14, 2018. In this email, Father asked Mother for a “time between June 30th
and July 7th” when Father and his daughter could see Archer so all three of them could
spend time together.

       This is not a case in which a parent has abandoned his child by failing to visit
within the meaning of Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 36-1-113(g)(1) and 36-1-102(1)(A)(i).
Rather, this is a case in which the custodial parent has interfered with and thwarted the
noncustodial parent’s ability to visit with the child and develop a relationship. See In re
Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 863-64. ‘“[W]hen a parent attempts to visit his child but is
“thwarted by the acts of others,” the failure to visit is not willful.”’ In re Heaven J., No.
W2016-00782-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL 7421381, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 22, 2016)
(quoting In re M.L.P., 281 S.W.3d 387, 392 (Tenn. 2009)). We conclude that Father has
proved by a preponderance of the evidence that his failure to visit Archer within the

                                            -9-
relevant four-month period was not willful. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(I)
(2018). Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s determination that Mother and Stepfather
failed to establish by clear and convincing evidence that Father abandoned Archer by
failing to visit him in the four months preceding their filing of the petition to terminate
Father’s rights.

       2. Abandonment by Failure to Support

       Similar to the termination ground of abandonment by failure to visit, Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(i) also defines abandonment as a parent’s failure to support or
make reasonable payments towards the support of a child for a period of four consecutive
months immediately preceding the filing of a termination petition. When Mother and
Stepfather filed their termination petition, the statute defined “failed to support” as
follows:

       the failure, for a period of four (4) consecutive months, to provide monetary
       support or the failure to provide more than token payments toward the
       support of the child. That the parent had only the means or ability to make
       small payments is not a defense to failure to support if no payments were
       made during the relevant four-month period[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(D) (2018).

       The evidence is undisputed that Father did not support or make reasonable
payments towards the support of Archer during the relevant period, March 6, 2018,
through July 5, 2018. Father testified that he was employed during that period and that
he had the means to support Archer. He contends that his failure to contribute towards
Archer’s support was not willful. He asserts that he made no support payments because
he did not know Mother’s mailing address during the relevant four-month time period;
Mother never requested any money from him; when he offered to contribute in 2017,
Mother had said he did not need to worry about it; and no court had entered an order
requiring him to pay child support.

       According to Father, Mother hindered him from contributing financially towards
Archer’s welfare. “[A]ttempts by others to frustrate or impede a parent’s visitation do
not provide justification for the parent’s failure to support the child financially.” In re
Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 864. Moreover, the legislature presumes a parent who is at
least eighteen years old is aware of his or her obligation to support his or her child,
regardless of whether a court has entered an order requiring child support to be paid.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(H); see also In re Braxton M., 531 S.W.3d 708, 724
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2017) (“[I]t is well settled in Tennessee that every parent is presumed to
have knowledge of a parent’s duty to support his or her minor children regardless of
whether a court order to that effect is in place.”).

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       As the trial court found, Father is not relieved of the obligation to contribute
towards Archer’s support because he did not know Mother’s mailing address or because
she refused to arrange a time for Father to see Archer. He could have submitted child
support payments to the Juvenile Court if he did not know where else to mail support
payments. We find that Father has failed to establish by a preponderance of the evidence
that his failure to pay support for Archer within the four months preceding the filing of
the termination petition was not willful. We affirm the trial court’s determination that
Mother and Stepfather proved by clear and convincing evidence that Father abandoned
Archer by failing to support him within the meaning of Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 36-1-
113(g)(1) and 36-1-102(1)(A)(i).

B. Best Interest Analysis

        Having found that clear and convincing evidence was introduced to support a
ground for terminating Father’s parental rights, we next consider whether the trial court
properly determined that termination of Father’s rights was not in Archer’s best interest.
See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(2); In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 860. When
considering the statutory factors, “courts must remember that ‘[t]he child’s best interests
[are] viewed from the child’s, rather than the parent’s, perspective.’” In re Gabriella D.,
531 S.W.3d at 681 (quoting In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 878); see also White v.
Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 192 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004) (stating parent’s and child’s interests
diverge once ground for termination has been proved by clear and convincing evidence).
“[W]hen the best interests of the child and those of the adults are in conflict, such conflict
shall always be resolved to favor the rights and the best interests of the child . . . .” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-101(d).

        “Facts relevant to a child’s best interests need only be established by a
preponderance of the evidence, although [Petitioners] must establish that the combined
weight of the proven facts amounts to clear and convincing evidence that termination is
in the child’s best interests.” In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 535 (citing In re Kaliyah
S., 455 S.W.3d at 555); see also In re Gabriella D., 531 S.W.3d at 681. The factors a
trial court is to consider when conducting a best interest analysis are set forth in Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i). The trial court here reviewed each of the factors set forth in the
statute and applied them to the facts of this case. The court wrote:

       32. The best interests of the minor child, as outlined in § 36-1-113(i) are
       found as follows:

              (1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an
              adjustment of circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to
              make it safe and in the child’s best interest to be in the home
              of the parent or guardian;


                                            - 11 -
        There is no proof that Father’s home is unsafe and no proof that
Father cannot take care of the minor child. The Court finds this to be
neutral, as the Court’s decision today would not be a change in the primary
parent.

       (2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a
       lasting adjustment after reasonable efforts by available social
       services agencies for such duration of time that lasting
       adjustment does not reasonably appear possible;

      Father’s living situation is better and more stable, but this factor is
more applicable when the Department of Children’s Services is involved.

       (3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular
       visitation or other contact with the child;

      Father has not maintained regular visitation with the child, but as the
Court has found, this has not been strictly willful on Father’s part.

       (4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been
       established between the parent or guardian and the child;

       A meaningful relationship has not been established between Father
and child, but again, this is not willful on Father’s part. Father wants to be a
Father, and the minor child is only two and a half years old, and at a young
age where such a meaningful relationship can be established.

       (5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical
       environment is likely to have on the child’s emotional,
       psychological and medical condition;

       There would be no major change if there is no termination of
Father’s parental rights, as Mother would remain the primary residential
parent. The minor child, at the young age of two and a half years old, would
be able to adapt.

       (6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing
       with the parent or guardian, has shown brutality, physical,
       sexual, emotional or psychological abuse, or neglect toward
       the child, or another child or adult in the family or household;

       This factor is not applicable.


                                     - 12 -
             (7) Whether the physical environment of the parent’s or
             guardian’s home is healthy and safe, whether there is criminal
             activity in the home, or whether there is such use of alcohol,
             controlled substances or controlled substance analogues as
             may render the parent or guardian consistently unable to care
             for the child in a safe and stable manner;

             Father’s home, as evidenced by the photographs submitted, looks to
      be a reasonable and nice home. There is no evidence of criminal activity in
      the home and no evidence of such use of alcohol or drugs as may render
      Father unable to care for the child in a safe and stable manner. Father took
      and passed a drug screen at the direction of the Court, following the final
      hearing in this matter. This further establishes Father’s credibility with the
      Court.

             (8) Whether the parent’s or guardian’s mental and/or
             emotional status would be detrimental to the child or prevent
             the parent or guardian from effectively providing safe and
             stable care and supervision for the child; or

            There is no proof by a preponderance of the evidence that the Father
      has any mental or emotional problem that would affect his parenting in any
      manner.

             (9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support
             consistent with the child support guidelines promulgated by
             the department pursuant to § 36-5-101.

            Father has not paid child support. This is not a case involving the
      Department of Children’s Services.

      33. It is not in the best interests of the minor child to terminate Father’s
      parental rights. This is something that affects the minor child for the rest of
      his life, including his adult life, not to have a parent. The minor child
      should have both of his parents. The minor child has a sister Lilliana who
      the minor child should know. The minor child has a grandmother, the
      Father’s mother, and the minor child should know her and [the] rest of the
      Father’s family. It is better to have more people who love and care for the
      minor child, rather than fewer people. There is nothing wrong with the
      minor child having two dads, both the Father and the Step-Father.

       Father’s girlfriend, C.M., testified at the trial on Father’s behalf. Ms. M. has a
five-year-old daughter who lives with her and Father, and she testified that Father

                                          - 13 -
interacted well with her daughter. Ms. M. testified that the three of them ride bikes, play
board games, read, and play soccer together. Ms. M.’s daughter plays T-ball, and she
stated that Father helps transport her to practices. When asked whether she “had any
concerns about [Father] being around [her child],” the Ms. M. replied, “Never.” Ms. M.
also testified about how Father acts around his daughter, Lilliana. She said, “He takes
care of her needs. He’s there for her. He plays with her, interacts with her. He wants,
you know, to be the best dad that he can for her.” Photos of a four-bedroom house where
Father and Ms. M. live were introduced into evidence. Father testified that they have set
aside one of the bedrooms for Archer.

        Mother relies on the case White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2004), to support her argument that it is in Archer’s best interest for Father’s rights to be
terminated. The child at issue in Moody was eleven years old when her father’s parental
rights were terminated. Moody, 171 S.W.3d at 189, 191. The facts are similar to those in
this case to the extent that the parents in each case did not stay together for long once
their child was born and the mothers in each case married other men who wanted to adopt
the children at issue. Id. at 189-90. The similarities stop there, however. The mother in
Moody did not interfere with the father’s continuing relationship with the child as Mother
did in this case, and the father in Moody had only sporadic interactions with his child,
making only one telephone call and sending only one card to the child during a sixteen-
month period when the child was four and five years old. Id. at 190. A clinical
psychologist testified in Moody that the child at issue felt “no connection” with the father,
the father “had frequently violated [the child’s] trust by breaking promises to telephone
her or to send her presents,” and that the father’s conduct upset the child. Id. at 191.

       In this case, by contrast, Father has made numerous efforts to visit with Archer,
but his efforts have been thwarted by Mother. Unlike Moody, Mother has prevented
Father from developing any sort of relationship with Archer. As the trial court found,
Archer is still young enough that Father should be able to establish a meaningful
relationship with him. We agree with the trial court’s determination that Mother and
Stepfather have failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that terminating
Father’s rights is in Archer’s best interest. We, therefore, affirm the trial court’s
judgment denying Mother and Stepfather’s petition to terminate Father’s parental rights
to Archer.




                                           - 14 -
                                    IV. CONCLUSION

       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed, and this matter is remanded, with costs
of appeal assessed against the appellants, K.T. and T.T., for which execution may issue if
necessary.


                                                   ________________________________
                                                   ANDY D. BENNETT, JUDGE




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