                                                                           FILED
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                            JUL 28 2016
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                         U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


In re: KENNETH HOWARD MACWAY;                    No.   14-16680
JOYCE LAMBERT MACWAY,
                                                 D.C. No.
              Debtors,                           3:12-cv-00519-MMD-WGC


TRACY HOPE DAVIS, United States                  MEMORANDUM*
Trustee,

              Plaintiff - Appellee,

 v.

KENNETH HOWARD MACWAY,

              Defendant - Appellant.


                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of Nevada
                     Miranda M. Du, District Judge, Presiding

                             Submitted July 26, 2016**
                             San Francisco, California



         *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
         **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
Before: BERZON and N.R. SMITH, Circuit Judges, and ZOUHARY,*** District
Judge.

      Kenneth Howard Macway appeals the district court’s affirmance of the

bankruptcy court’s judgment. The bankruptcy court denied Macway discharge

under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code after finding that Macway did not keep

adequate records of alleged gambling losses.

      We review the bankruptcy court’s decision without deference to the district

court and apply the same standard of review applied by the district court. See Retz

v. Samson (In re Retz), 606 F.3d 1189, 1196 (9th Cir. 2010). We review the

bankruptcy court’s choice of legal rules and application of the facts to those rules

de novo. Id. We review the bankruptcy court’s factual determinations for clear

error. Id. “A court’s factual determination is clearly erroneous if it is illogical,

implausible, or without support in the record.” Id.

1.    The bankruptcy court did not err in concluding that Macway’s discharge

should be denied. Under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(3), a debtor is not eligible for

discharge if he “has . . . failed to keep or preserve any recorded information,

including books, documents, records, and papers, from which the debtor’s financial

condition or business transactions might be ascertained, unless such act or failure


         ***
            The Honorable Jack Zouhary, United States District Judge for the
Northern District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
                                            2
to act was justified under all of the circumstances of the case.” The party objecting

to discharge bears the initial burden of proving that the debtor should be denied a

discharge. In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1196. “Once the objecting party shows that the

debtor’s records are absent or are inadequate, the burden of proof then shifts to the

debtor to justify the inadequacy or nonexistence of the records.” Lansdowne v. Cox

(In re Cox), 41 F.3d 1294, 1296 (9th Cir. 1994).

      The U.S. Trustee showed, by a preponderance of the evidence, that (1)

Macway “failed to maintain and preserve adequate records, and (2) . . . such failure

ma[de] it impossible to ascertain [his] financial condition and material business

transactions.” See id. (quoting Meridian Bank v. Alten, 958 F.2d 1226, 1232 (3d

Cir. 1992)). The bankruptcy court made a number of factual findings, which

Macway does not dispute. Macway concedes that he did not maintain or preserve

records, but contends that the court could nonetheless ascertain his financial

condition based on the evidence he provided at trial (win–loss statements from

casinos, tax forms, emails, travel schedules, and investment certificates). However,

Macway’s evidence was internally inconsistent and not reliable for reasons

described by the U.S. Trustee and adopted by the bankruptcy court. Thus, the

bankruptcy court did not err in finding that Macway’s failure to keep adequate

records rendered Macway’s true financial condition unascertainable. Further, to the


                                          3
extent Macway argues that his failure to preserve records was justified, such

argument fails because Macway was a well-educated, sophisticated international

businessman with experience keeping financial records. He should have

understood the need to maintain and preserve business records for his gambling

syndicate activities. See id. at 1297.

2.    The bankruptcy court’s determination that Macway violated § 727(a)(3) is

consistent with its determination that Macway did not violate § 727(a)(5). Under

§ 727(a)(5), the debtor is only required to provide an “adequate explanation” for

the disposition of assets that the debtor once owned, but no longer owned at the

time the bankruptcy petition was filed. In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1205. The

bankruptcy court accepted as adequate Macway’s explanation that all of his funds

were gambled. However, the bankruptcy court concluded that, even if Macway had

gambled all of the funds, he should still be denied discharge under § 727(a)(3) for

failing to maintain and preserve records of his finances.

      AFFIRMED.




                                          4
                                                                           FILED
Tracy Davis, et al v Kenneth Macway 14-16680
                                                                            JUL 28 2016
Berzon, J., concurring,                                                 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                         U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


      I concur, because the memorandum disposition accurately applies our case

law with respect to the retrospective obligation imposed by 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(3)

to “keep and preserve” records before filing for bankruptcy. See In re Caneva, 550

F.3d 755, 762 (9th Cir. 2008). I note, however, that that reading of the statute

seems to me insupportable.

       Nothing in that section imposes a retroactive obligation to have created or

maintained adequate financial records before the filing of the bankruptcy. Instead,

that provision prohibits discharge if a debtor has "concealed, destroyed, mutilated,

falsified, or failed to keep or preserve any recorded information, including books,

documents, records, and papers . . . ." 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(3) (emphasis added).

The term "any recorded information" is both in the past tense and agnostic, by

using the term “any,” as to whether any such writings actually exist. So the statute

quite plainly, in my view, refers to “any” already recorded information, not to

creating adequate records in the first place.

      "Keep or preserve" similarly indicates retention in a usable form, not

creation; “preserve” in this context need not be seen as not synonymous with

“keep” in the sense of retain, as the word “preserve” connotes assuring against

deterioration, such as, with regard to “books, documents, records, or papers,”
water damage or sun damage. And the other words in the two statutory lists all

pertain to existing documents and actions taken with regard to those documents,

not to the creation of documents in the first place, or their quality.

      So I am quite dubious that the bankruptcy code imposes an obligation to

have recorded transactions adequately before filing for bankruptcy as a condition

of discharge in bankruptcy. Nonetheless, the contrary interpretation -- that Section

727(a)(3) imposes an affirmative, pre-bankruptcy duty adequately to document

financial transactions -- is embedded firmly in the case law and secondary

literature. See Caneva, 550 F.3d at 762; Peterson v. Scott, 172 F.3d 959, 969 (7th

Cir. 1999); 6 Collier on Bankruptcy 727-32 & 33 (16th ed. Rev. 9/2010) (“A

proper record of past business transactions for a reasonable period of time has

always been required under this clause”). The cases tend inaccurately to

paraphrase the statute, and then to conclude that there is some pre-bankruptcy

obligation, independent of obligations imposed by other statutes or regulations, to

have recorded financial transactions sufficiently to trace them post-bankruptcy.

The appellant in this case does not challenge that case law.

       I therefore, despite my qualms about the statutory interpretation we rely

upon, concur in the memorandum disposition, in full.
