                                                               NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                _____________

                                     No. 12-2418
                                    _____________

                          UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                           v.

                               IRVING RICHARDSON,
                                            Appellant
                                  _______________

                    On Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                                  (D.C. No. 09-cr-463)
                       District Judge: Hon. C. Darnell Jones, II
                                   _______________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                 November 15, 2012

              Before: SCIRICA, FISHER, and JORDAN, Circuit Judges.

                              (Filed: November 16, 2012)
                                   _______________

                              OPINION OF THE COURT
                                  _______________

JORDAN, Circuit Judge.

      Irving Richardson pleaded guilty in the United States District Court for the Eastern

District of Pennsylvania to possession of a loaded firearm by a convicted felon and

possession of marijuana. He now challenges the District Court’s order denying his

motion to suppress the firearm and marijuana. For the following reasons, we will affirm.
I.     Background

       On January 24, 2009, Philadelphia Police Officers William Verica and Gerard

Murphy were on patrol in a marked vehicle in the 39th Police District in Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania. When the officers arrived at the intersection of 21st Street and Allegheny

Avenue, they saw a white 1995 Chevrolet Malibu with a defective center-rear brake light.

Believing the defective light to be in violation of Pennsylvania’s motor vehicle laws,

Officer Murphy activated the overhead lights and siren on his vehicle and signaled the

Chevrolet to stop.

       The Chevrolet stopped at the entrance to the parking lot of a Kentucky Fried

Chicken (“KFC”) restaurant located on the corner of 22nd Street and Allegheny Avenue.

As soon as it came to a stop, the passenger, Irving Richardson, began to get out of the car

and said “he was just going to get some chicken.” (Supplemental App. at 12.) Officer

Verica instructed Richardson to get back in the vehicle and told the driver to park in a

parking space. Richardson and the driver complied, and the Chevrolet pulled into a

parking space. At that point, Richardson immediately got out of the car and began

running southbound on 22nd Street. Verica chased him on foot, while Murphy pursued

in the police vehicle, leaving the Chevrolet and its driver in the parking lot.

       During the pursuit, Richardson pulled a black revolver from his waistband and

pointed it in Verica’s direction. Officer Verica immediately took cover behind a parked

car and saw Richardson throw the gun on the ground. The chase then continued until

they reached the intersection of 22nd and Lippincott Streets, where Richardson put up his

hands, dropped a plastic bag containing marijuana to the ground, and said, “You got me.”

                                              2
(Supplemental App. at 20 (internal quotation marks omitted).) He also volunteered that

there were open arrest warrants against him.           After arresting Richardson, Verica

recovered the plastic bag containing marijuana and the black revolver.             Although,

Officers Verica and Murphy radioed for other police officers to go to the KFC parking lot

to see if the driver was still at that location, by the time the other officers arrived at the

KFC, the car and driver were gone and witnesses said the Chevrolet had fled northbound

on 22nd Street. Officer Murphy completed an Investigation Report, in which he noted

that the Chevrolet was pulled over because it was traveling with a “defective middle

brake light.” (Id. at 118 (internal quotation marks omitted).) Officer Verica completed

an Arrest Memo, in which he indicated that the reason for vehicle stop was a “3303B –

mid brake light out.” 1

       On July 14, 2009, a two-count Indictment was filed against Richardson: Count

One charged him with possession of a loaded firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of

18 U.S.C § 922(g)(1), and Count Two charged him with possession of marijuana, in

violation of 21 U.S.C. § 844(a).

       On November 20, 2009, Richardson filed a motion to suppress “all evidence

stemming from his illegal stop and seizure on January 24, 2009.” (J.A. at 20.) The

District Court held a hearing and subsequently denied the motion on February 22, 2010.

The Court decided that Officers Verica and Murphy carried out a reasonable seizure



       1
        During the suppression hearing, Verica testified that he intended to write
“4303B,” which indicates the existence of a defective center-rear brake light.
(Supplemental App. at 44.)

                                              3
when they pulled over the Chevrolet for what they believed to be a necessary

enforcement of Pennsylvania’s Motor Vehicle Code. The Court specifically held that

Officer Verica was justified in ordering Richardson to step back in the vehicle. 2 It also

found that the officers had a reasonable basis to pursue Richardson when he ignored

Verica’s instruction and “fled before any information could be obtained in accordance

with 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 6308(b).” 3        (Id. at 100.)   Further, the Court determined that

Richardson’s act of throwing the firearm and marijuana constituted an uncoerced

abandonment. Finally, the Court concluded that the revolver and the marijuana were not

“fruit of the poisonous tree.”         (Id. at 101 (internal quotation marks omitted).)

Accordingly, the District Court denied Richardson’s motion to suppress.

      On May 9, 2012, Richardson pleaded guilty to Count One of the Indictment and

was sentenced to 100 months’ imprisonment, with three years of supervised release. 4

Richardson filed this timely appeal.




      2
        The District Court stated that an officer may order a passenger out of the car as a
precautionary measure, without reasonable suspicion that the passenger poses a safety
risk. See Brendlin v. California, 551 U.S. 249, 258 (2007). Based on that rationale, the
Court determined that ordering Richardson to remain in the car was justified.
      3
         Pennsylvania’s Motor Vehicle Code permits a police officer who has reasonable
suspicion that a traffic violation is occurring to stop a vehicle “for the purpose[s] of
checking the vehicle’s registration … vehicle identification number … or the driver’s
license, or to secure such other information as the officer may reasonably believe to be
necessary to enforce [the traffic laws].” 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6308(b).
      4
         Richardson pleaded guilty pursuant to a plea agreement in which the
Government agreed to drop Count Two – possession of marijuana – but Richardson
reserved his right to appeal the District Court’s suppression ruling.

                                              4
II.    Discussion 5

       In challenging the District Court’s ruling on his motion to suppress, Richardson

first argues that the stop of the Chevrolet for a defective center-rear brake light was

illegal. He also argues that, even if the stop had been legal, officers unlawfully seized

him during the stop. Therefore, he contends, the fruit of the illegal stop and unlawful

seizure – the gun and marijuana – must be suppressed.           We address Richardson’s

arguments in turn.

       A.     Traffic Stop

       Richardson argues that the initial traffic stop of the Chevrolet was illegal because

the officers did not, under 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 4303(b), have a valid basis to stop

the car for a nonfunctioning center-rear brake light, and, therefore, any evidence

recovered as a result of the stop should have been suppressed. We disagree.

       An officer may, consistent with the Fourth Amendment, conduct a brief

investigatory stop of a person when the officer has a reasonable, articulable suspicion that

criminal activity is afoot.   Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21 (1968).         For reasonable

suspicion, “the likelihood of criminal activity need not rise to the level required for

probable cause, and it falls considerably short of satisfying a preponderance of the

evidence standard.” United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 274 (2002) (citing United


       5
          The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have
jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3742 and 28 U.S.C. § 1291. “We review the District
Court’s denial of a motion to suppress for clear error as to the underlying factual
determinations but exercise plenary review over the District Court’s application of law to
those facts.” United States v. Stabile, 633 F.3d 219, 230 (3d Cir. 2011).

                                             5
States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989)). Reasonable suspicion requires “some minimal

level of objective justification for making a stop.” Sokolow, 490 U.S. at 7 (internal

quotation marks omitted). Police officers may perform investigatory traffic stops based

on reasonable suspicion that “an individual has violated the traffic laws.” United States

v. Delfin-Colina, 464 F.3d 392, 397 (3d Cir. 2006). A traffic stop will be deemed a

“reasonable ‘seizure’ when an objective review of the facts shows that an officer

possessed specific, articulable facts that an individual was violating a traffic law at the

time of the stop.” Id. at 398. Thus, an officer’s belief that a traffic law has been violated

does not have to be factually accurate; it “need only produce facts establishing that she

reasonably believed that a violation had taken place.” Id. If an officer has a mistaken

understanding of the law, however, the stop is unreasonable unless the facts support a

violation of a different and properly interpreted law. Id. at 399.

       Section 4303(b) of the Pennsylvania Motor Vehicle Code provides:

              Every vehicle operated on a highway shall be equipped with a
              rear lighting system including, but not limited to, rear lamps,
              rear reflectors, stop lamps and license plate light, in
              conformance with regulations of the department. If a vehicle
              is equipped with a centrally mounted rear stop light, a decal
              or overlay may be affixed to the centrally mounted rear stop
              light if the decal or overlay meets all applicable State and
              Federal regulations.

75 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 4303(b). That section, Richardson argues, does not require the

center-rear brake light to function, and, therefore, the traffic stop was unlawful because it

is not a traffic violation to have a nonfunctioning center-rear brake light.


                                              6
       Although the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has not addressed that issue, 6 the

Pennsylvania Superior Court has said that Pennsylvania law does require a functioning

center-rear brake light. In Commonwealth v. Muhammed, 992 A.2d 897 (Pa. Super. Ct.

2010), the court held that a nonfunctioning center-rear brake light constituted a violation

of the Pennsylvania Motor Vehicle Code and, therefore, was a valid basis for a traffic

stop. Id. at 903. The court explained that, in addition to § 4303(b), the regulatory

provision in 67 Pa. Code § 153.4 gives the lighting specifications for each stop lamp on a

vehicle, requiring a stop lamp to light when activated. Id. at 902. Moreover, 67 Pa. Code

§ 175.66 provides the specifications for lighting and electrical systems, and it specifies

that stop lamps must be visible during normal daylight hours. Id. Considering this

combination of statute and regulations, the court concluded that, although a center-rear

brake light is not mandatory equipment, if a vehicle does have a center-rear brake light, it

must meet the same requirements as other brake lights – that is, it must illuminate upon

activation. Id. at 903.

       We agree with this persuasive authority, and Richardson provides no authority to

the contrary. It follows that Officers Verica and Murphy were permitted to pull over the



       6
         In the event that the state’s highest court has not clearly spoken on an issue of
state law, courts give “due regard, but not conclusive effect, to the decisional law of
lower state courts.” Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Buffetta, 230 F.3d 634, 637 (3d Cir.
2000). We are mindful that “[t]he opinions of intermediate appellate state courts are ‘not
to be disregarded by a federal court unless it is convinced by other persuasive data that
the highest court of the state would decide otherwise.’” Id. (quoting West v. Am. Tel. &
Tel. Co., 311 U.S. 223, 237 (1940)).


                                             7
Chevrolet for traveling with an inoperable center-rear brake light. Thus, the District

Court properly rejected Richardson’s argument that the traffic stop was illegal. 7

       B.     Seizure of Defendant

       Richardson next contends that, even if the traffic stop was proper, the District

Court erred in not suppressing the gun and marijuana because he was unlawfully seized

when Officer Verica instructed him to get back into the car, and his subsequent

abandonment of the revolver and marijuana was a product of that unlawful seizure.

According to Richardson, the officer’s words “were a show of unnecessary authority and

Mr. Richardson perceived that he was unable to leave if he wanted.” 8 (Appellant’s Br.

11.) Again, we disagree with Richardson’s reasoning.

       For there to be a Fourth Amendment violation, there must first be a seizure.

United States v. Valentine, 232 F.3d 350, 358 (3d Cir. 2000). A seizure occurs “when the

       7
         Richardson also argues the officers’ failure to issue a citation for violating
§ 4303(b) demonstrates that they lacked reasonable suspicion to stop the vehicle. But the
fact that the officers did not issue a citation does not alter the fact that they had
reasonable suspicion to conduct a lawful stop of the Chevrolet.
        Richardson further asserts that the stop was illegal because Officers Verica and
Murphy ignored the driver of the Chevrolet, as they were focused on pursuing
Richardson and “they neglected to issue a citation because they [were determined to
arrest Richardson].” (Appellant’s Br. at 9.) Even if true, that fact is irrelevant to the
legality of the stop. See Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 813 (1996) (finding that
“the constitutional reasonableness” of traffic stop does not turn on “the actual motivations
of the individual officers involved”).
       8
         Richardson also asserts that he was seized for the second time when officers told
him to exit the vehicle and sit on the curb. (See Appellant’s Br. At 5 (“[D]efendant
contends that he did not run until after he had been removed from the Chevy, patted
down for weapons, and ordered to sit on the curb.”).) The record contains no evidence to
support this new argument, which is not surprising since it is hardly believable that
Richardson, who had a revolver in his waistband, managed to conceal that from the
officers during a pat down.
                                             8
officer, by means of physical force or show of authority, has in some way restrained the

liberty of a citizen.” Terry, 392 U.S. at 19 n.16. If physical force is absent, “submission

to the assertion of authority” is required. California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621, 626

(1991).   Even if there is a show of authority, “there is no seizure without actual

submission.” Brendlin v. California, 551 U.S. 249, 254 (2007). Further, submission

requires “something more than a momentary pause or mere inaction.” United States v.

Waterman, 569 F.3d 144, 146 (3d Cir. 2009).

       During a routine traffic stop, police officers “ha[ve] the authority and duty to

control the vehicle and its occupants, at least for a brief period of time.” United States v.

Bonner, 363 F.3d 213, 217 (3d Cir. 2004.). Once a vehicle has been lawfully stopped, an

officer may ask the driver to step out of the vehicle. Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S.

106, 111 (1997). An officer may also order “passengers to get out of the car pending

completion of the [traffic] stop.” Maryland v. Wilson, 519 U.S. 408, 415 (1997). More

to the point here, an officer may order passengers to remain in the car. See United States

v. Moorefield, 111 F.3d 10, 13 (3d Cir. 1997) (“Just as the Court in Wilson found

ordering a passenger out of the car to be a minimal intrusion on personal liberty, we find

the imposition of having to remain in the car with raised hands equally minimal.”). And

although, as a general matter, an occupant is seized within the meaning of the Fourth

Amendment during a traffic stop, see Brendlin, 551 U.S. at 263 (concluding that

occupants of car that was pulled over are seized within meaning of Fourth Amendment),

that seizure is not illegal if the stop was lawful.



                                               9
      Thus, because the stop of the Chevrolet was lawful, Officer Verica had the

authority to order Richardson to remain in the car while the stop was taking place. Yet

Officer Verica’s lawful attempt to briefly seize Richardson was unsuccessful.

Richardson only momentarily complied with Verica’s order to remain in the car, and

momentary compliance does not amount to submission to a seizure. See Waterman, 569

F.3d at 146 (concluding that submission to police order requires “something more than a

momentary pause or mere inaction”); Valentine, 232 F.3d at 359 (holding that there was

no seizure when defendant failed to place his hands on car as instructed, even assuming

that he momentarily complied by stopping and giving his name).

       Importantly, at the time of Richardson’s actual seizure, when officers apprehended

him after his flight, he had already abandoned the revolver and marijuana. United States

v. Harrison, 689 F.3d 301, 307 (3d Cir. 2012) (“In most cases, disclaiming ownership or

physically relinquishing the property is sufficient to establish abandonment.”). And

because Richardson abandoned the revolver and marijuana before the officers seized him,

he had no reasonable expectation of privacy in those items. See Hodari D, 499 U.S. at

629 (holding that cocaine abandoned by defendant whilst fleeing from police was not

fruit of seizure and “motion to exclude evidence of it was properly denied”); cf. United

States v. Fulani, 368 F.3d 351, 354 (3d Cir. 2004) (“Although a person has a privacy

interest in the contents of his personal luggage he forfeits that interest when he abandons

his property.” (citation omitted)). Accordingly, we conclude that the District Court did

not err in denying Richardson’s motion to suppress.



                                            10
III.   Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s order denying the

motion to suppress.




                                          11
