                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



JENNIFER JANE KENNEDY,                                               FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                     November 24, 2015
                Plaintiff-Appellant,                                 9:05 a.m.

v                                                                    No. 322523
                                                                     Ingham Circuit Court
ROBERT LEE AUTO SALES,                                               LC No. 13-001377-CZ

                Defendant-Appellee.


Before: METER, P.J., and BORRELLO and BECKERING, JJ.

BECKERING, J.

        This case arises out of the sale of a car, which resulted in the parties suing each other and
plaintiff, Jennifer Jane Kennedy, alleging among other things that defendant, Robert Lee Auto
Sales, violated the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act (MMWA), 15 USC 2301 et seq., and the
Michigan Consumer Protection Act (MCPA), MCL 445.901 et seq.1 The parties reached a
settlement agreement wherein plaintiff received all of her money back and defendant agreed to
pay plaintiff’s statutory attorney fees and costs, the determination of which they ultimately left to
the trial court. Plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court’s order awarding $1,000 for her
attorney fees and costs. Plaintiff contends that the trial court abused its discretion by arbitrarily
awarding $1,000 without considering the remedial purpose of the fee-shifting provisions of the
MMWA and the MCPA as well as other factors directed by the Michigan Supreme Court in
Smith v Khouri, 481 Mich 519; 751 NW2d 472 (2008) when ascertaining a reasonable attorney
fee. We agree, and thus, we vacate and remand for further proceedings.

                    I. PERTINENT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       On or about August 30, 2012, plaintiff purchased a 2003 Chevrolet Impala from
defendant, making a down payment of $2,200 and entering into a retail installment contract for
the remaining balance. She also granted defendant a security interest in the car. Defendant


1
  Robert Lee Auto Sales assigned its retail installment contract and security agreement with
plaintiff to Consumer Portfolio Services, Inc., (CPSI). CPSI sued plaintiff in district court,
whereafter plaintiff filed a counterclaim and third-party complaint against defendant, and the
case was removed to Ingham Circuit Court.


                                                -1-
subsequently assigned the retail installment contract and security agreement to Consumer
Portfolio Services, Inc. (CPSI).

         Plaintiff made only two payments on the retail installment contract before defaulting. On
August 9, 2013, CPSI filed suit against plaintiff in district court, alleging breach of contract and
seeking possession of the car. Plaintiff2 responded to the complaint by filing an answer,
counterclaim, a third-party complaint, and a motion for removal to Ingham Circuit Court.
Plaintiff’s third-party complaint raised several claims, including that defendant violated the MMWA
and the MCPA.3 In November of 2013, the case was removed to Ingham Circuit Court by
stipulation of the parties.

        CPSI and plaintiff reached a settlement wherein CPSI cancelled plaintiff’s debt and
deleted the matter from her credit history, and plaintiff promised to return the vehicle to CPSI
after her claims against defendant were resolved. The trial court dismissed the claims against
CPSI and the case continued between defendant and plaintiff.

        On January 30, 2014, defendant moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR
2.116(C)(8) and (C)(10). Noting that one of the counts in plaintiff’s complaint sought rescission
of the sales contract, defendant offered to refund plaintiff’s down payment of $2,200 in exchange
for the return of the vehicle.4 It also argued that plaintiff’s remaining claims were meritless.

         At a hearing on the motion for summary disposition, plaintiff’s counsel stated that,
among other relief, plaintiff was seeking a refund of the down payment and the payments she
initially made on the contract before defaulting. The trial court suggested that the parties attempt
to reach a settlement in the case. After a short break in the proceedings, the parties agreed to
settle the case for $2,675.18, which was the amount of plaintiff’s down payment plus the two
monthly installment payments she made. In addition, with respect to “statutory attorney fees”—
plaintiff’s complaint sought statutory attorney fees under the MMWA and MCPA—the parties
agreed to “allow the Court to make that decision.” The trial court expressly asked Robert Lee,
the owner of defendant, whether he understood and agreed to the settlement, which would allow
the court to decide the amount of fees to be awarded. Lee answered, “I think you can do a fair


2
  For the sake of consistency, we will refer to plaintiff in the case at hand as “plaintiff”
throughout this opinion regardless of her designation in the district court action. We will also
apply the same protocol to defendant.
3
  In addition to other allegations of wrongdoing, plaintiff claimed that contrary to defendant’s
specific representations to her about who had previously owned the vehicle and the condition it
was in when she purchased it, defendant knew or should have known that the vehicle had been
involved in a serious collision resulting in damage so extensive it was unsafe to operate on the
public highways.
4
  It is unclear how plaintiff could have returned the vehicle to defendant when she was required
to return it to CPSI under the terms of her settlement with CPSI. Nor is it clear why defendant
would be entitled to a return of the automobile when defendant had sold the consumer
installment agreement and security agreement to CPSI.


                                                -2-
job, yes, sir.” With regard to attorney fees, the parties stated that they would attempt to work out
the amount of fees owed without the court’s involvement, but if they could not, plaintiff would
petition the court to determine the fee award. The trial court entered a written order
memorializing the settlement and stating, in regard to attorney fees that “in the event that the
parties are unable to resolve the amount of statutory attorney fees and costs on their own,
Plaintiff’s counsel shall notify the Court so that a briefing and hearing schedule may issue[.]”

        In the months that followed, the parties were unable to resolve the amount of attorney
fees, leading plaintiff to file a “Petition for Assessment of Statutory Costs and Attorney Fees
Pursuant to Settlement Agreement.” Citing the factors set forth in Smith, plaintiff requested a
total of $14,943.04, of which $14,267.50 was attorney fees and $675.54 was costs. Attached to
the petition were several documents, including billing records for this case, the 2010 Economics
of Law Practice Survey published by the State Bar of Michigan, and caselaw applying the
MMWA.

        Defendant responded that plaintiff’s cost and fees should be limited to $891.72, which
was 1/3 of plaintiff’s recovery against defendant. Any other amount, according to defendant,
“would be unfair and inequitable[.]” Defendant claimed that this is the amount that “would have
actually been charged” to plaintiff to “defend” defendant’s motion for summary disposition.
Implicit in this argument was the idea that defendant should not be liable to pay attorney fees
incurred in the proceedings involving CPSI.

        After hearing brief arguments from the parties at a June 4, 2014 hearing, the trial court
stated that it was awarding plaintiff $1,000 in costs and attorney fees:

              THE COURT: Okay. Let me just say, this kind of an attorney fee billing
       on a case as nickel and dime as this is far beyond what I would ever allow in a
       lawsuit, nor do I feel it’s a fair amount at all. You are awarded a thousand dollars.

              I might also add, there is nothing in this settlement or agreement here that
       there was any violation of the Consumer Protection Act. The mere fact that you
       sue under an act is no determination by this Court there was a violation, with all
       due respect. You get a thousand dollar attorney fee. Thank you.

       The trial court subsequently entered a written order granting plaintiff $1,000 in costs and
attorney fees.5 Plaintiff now appeals the order as of right.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

       We review the trial court’s award of attorney fees for an abuse of discretion. Moore v
Secura Ins, 482 Mich 507, 516; 759 NW2d 833 (2008). An abuse of discretion occurs when the


5
 We note that the trial court’s $1,000 award was for both costs and attorney fees. Plaintiff’s
petition stated that her costs in the action were $675.54. If true, this left an attorney-fee award of
only $324.46.


                                                 -3-
trial court’s decision is outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes. Id. Plaintiff
argues that the trial court’s award of attorney fees was an abuse of discretion because: (1) it
failed to apply the framework set forth by our Supreme Court in Smith; and (2) it failed to
consider the remedial purpose of the fee-shifting provisions of the MMWA and the MCPA.

                   A. PLAINTIFF’S ENTITLEMENT TO ATTORNEY FEES

        We begin our analysis by briefly touching on plaintiff’s entitlement to attorney fees.
Although the trial court awarded attorney fees to plaintiff, it appeared to doubt plaintiff’s
entitlement to such fees, noting that nothing in the settlement agreement established a violation
of the MCPA, and that “[t]he mere fact that you sue under an act is no determination by this
Court there was a violation . . . .” On appeal, defendant appears to contest plaintiff’s entitlement
to attorney fees as well.

        On this point, we agree with plaintiff that the facts of this case are substantially similar to
the facts of Lavene v Winnebago Indus, 266 Mich App 470; 702 NW2d 652 (2005). In Lavene,
the plaintiff sued the defendant under the MCPA and MMWA, both of which provide for an
award of attorney fees and costs. Id. at 472. See also MCL 445.911(2) (“Except in a class
action, a person who suffers loss as a result of a violation of [the MCPA] may bring an action to
recover actual damages or $250.00, whichever is greater, together with reasonable attorneys’
fees.”) (emphasis added); 15 USC 2310(d)(2) (allowing the recovery of costs, expenses, and
attorney fees in an action under the MMWA). The parties reached a settlement agreement
wherein the defendant agreed to pay the plaintiff’s attorney fees and costs owed pursuant to
statute or court rule. Lavene, 266 Mich App at 472. The settlement provided that if the parties
could not agree on the amount of fees and costs, the trial court would decide the matter. Id.
Later, the parties could not agree on the appropriate amount of fees. Id. The defendant argued
that the court could not impose attorney fees or costs because the plaintiff was not a “prevailing
party,” given that there was a settlement but no judgment against the defendant. Id. at 473. In
rejecting that argument, this Court noted that MCR 2.625(H) recognized that taxation of costs
could be reserved in a settlement. Id. at 474. This Court also concluded that the defendant’s
argument was “a moot point, if not disingenuous” because the defendant agreed to pay “
‘whatever costs [the plaintiff] may be entitled to.’ ” Id.

       The facts of the case at bar are essentially the same. Plaintiff sued defendant under the
MCPA and MMWA, and the parties reached a settlement wherein they agreed that if they could
not determine the amount of “statutory attorney fees and costs on their own,” the trial court
would decide the matter. Thus, any argument that plaintiff was not entitled to statutory attorney
fees because there was no judgment against defendant is without merit. See id.

         B. DOES THE ANALYSIS OF SMITH V KHOURI APPLY IN THIS CASE?

        We next turn our attention to whether the framework established by our Supreme Court
in Smith applies to the award of attorney fees in this case. For the reasons discussed below, we
hold that it does, and that the trial court’s award of attorney fees, which was rendered with
virtually no explanation or examination of the relevant factors, was an abuse of discretion. In
doing so, we note our belief that the Smith framework applies to all fee-shifting statutes, even
though other panels on this Court have disagreed with that position. However, given our

                                                 -4-
conclusion that there is no binding authority to prevent Smith from applying in this particular
case, we find it unnecessary to declare a conflict with those prior decisions.6 Furthermore, we
would hold that even if the Smith framework does not apply, the trial court’s cursory explanation
for the award of attorney fees in this case was an abuse of discretion.

               1. THE SUPREME COURT’S DECISION IN SMITH V KHOURI

        In general, a party is not entitled to an award of attorney fees and costs unless such an
award is expressly authorized by statute or court rule. Haliw v Sterling Hts, 471 Mich 700, 706;
691 NW2d 753 (2005). At issue in Smith, 481 Mich at 522, was an award of attorney fees under
MCR 2.403 as case-evaluation sanctions, and the factors to be applied in evaluating such an
award. The lead opinion7 in Smith noted that the party seeking fees has the burden to establish
the reasonableness of the requested fees. Id. at 528. Next, the lead opinion explained that, in
assessing reasonableness, our courts traditionally considered the following six factors set forth in
Wood v DAIIE, 413 Mich 573, 588; 321 NW2d 653 (1982):

       (1) the professional standing and experience of the attorney; (2) the skill, time and
       labor involved; (3) the amount in question and the results achieved; (4) the
       difficulty of the case; (5) the expenses incurred; and (6) the nature and length of
       the professional relationship with the client. [Smith, 481 Mich at 529, quoting
       Wood, 413 Mich at 588.]

In addition, explained Smith, courts have traditionally considered the following eight factors
found in MRPC 1.5(a), some of which overlap with the Wood factors:

       (1) the time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions
       involved, and the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly;

       (2) the likelihood, if apparent to the client, that the acceptance of the particular
       employment will preclude other employment by the lawyer;

       (3) the fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services;

       (4) the amount involved and the results obtained;



6
 Moreover, we would find declaring a conflict unnecessary, given that we are bound to follow
our Supreme Court’s decision in Smith over conflicting decisions from this Court. See Charles A
Murray Trust v Futrell, 303 Mich App 28, 48-49; 840 NW2d 775 (2013).
7
  Chief Justice Taylor authored the lead opinion in Smith and was joined by now-Chief Justice
Young. Justice Corrigan, joined by Justice Markman, filed a concurring opinion which
“concur[red] with the reasoning and result of the lead opinion, with one exception.” Smith, 481
Mich at 538 (CORRIGAN, J., concurring). The “one exception” concerned certain factors to be
eliminated when determining a reasonable attorney fee for case-evaluation sanctions, and is not
pertinent to our discussion of the issues in this case.


                                                -5-
       (5) the time limitations imposed by the client or by the circumstances;

       (6) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client;

       (7) the experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer or lawyers performing the
       services; and

       (8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent. [Smith, 481 Mich at 530, quoting
       MRPC 1.5(a).]

Citing to Wood, 413 Mich at 588, the lead opinion in Smith also noted that “[t]he above factors
have not been exclusive, and the trial courts should consider any additional relevant factors.”
Smith, 481 Mich at 530.

        After setting forth the above factors, the lead opinion in Smith, 481 Mich at 530,
announced that “our current multifactor approach needs some fine-tuning.” As an initial step in
determining the reasonableness of an attorney-fee award, the lead opinion concluded, “a trial
court should begin its analysis by determining the fee customarily charged in the locality for
similar legal services, i.e., factor 3 under MRPC 1.5(a).” Id. Next, the court should multiply the
customary fee by “the reasonable number of hours expended in the case (factor 1 under MRPC
1.5[a] and factor 2 under Wood.)” Id. The product of these numbers was to serve “as the starting
point for calculating a reasonable attorney fee.” Id. at 531. This starting point, explained the
lead opinion, was designed to “lead to greater consistency in [fee] awards.” Id. After
determining this appropriate starting point, the court “should consider the
remaining Wood/MRPC factors to determine whether an up or down adjustment is appropriate.”
Id.

     2. THE LEAD OPINION’S DISCUSSION ABOUT THE REACH OF THIS NEW
    FRAMEWORK AND “STARTING POINT” FOR ASSESSING REASONABLENESS

        As noted, the Court in Smith, 481 Mich at 522, framed the issue to be decided in that case
as one involving an award of case-evaluation sanctions under MCR 2.403(O). The opinion also
noted that MCR 2.403(O)(2) provided for an award of “a reasonable attorney fee based on a
reasonable hourly or daily rate as determined by the trial judge for services necessitated by the
rejection of the case evaluation.” Id. at 527, quoting MCR 2.403(O)(6).8 In addition, the opinion
discussed at some length the purpose of imposing case-evaluation sanctions. Id. at 527-528. In
particular, the opinion explained that MCR 2.403(O)(2) is a fee-shifting provision designed “to
encourage the parties to seriously consider the evaluation and provide financial penalties to the
party that, as it develops, ‘should’ have accepted [the case-evaluation award] but did not.” Id.
This type of “encouragement” helped to not only foster settlements, but “also shifts the financial
burden of trial onto the party who imprudently rejected the case evaluation.” Id. at 128.



8
 This type of an “hours times rate” focus bears an unmistakable resemblance to the “starting
point” created in Smith.


                                                -6-
        However, not all of the language in Smith was so limited to case-evaluation sanctions.
For instance, the Court began its analysis in that case by describing the multi-factor approach
commonly used by courts in determining the reasonableness of an attorney-fee award—an
approach that applied to all attorney-fee awards—and admitted that this “current multifactor
approach needs some fine-tuning.” Id. at 530. In announcing that such “fine-tuning” was
needed, the opinion made no virtually no mention of case-evaluation sanctions again, much less
specified that this new approach was limited to cases involving attorney fees awarded as case
evaluation sanctions. In fact, when determining that this “fine-tuning” was meant to provide
“greater consistency in awards,” the panel did not specify that this “greater consistency” was
only meant for attorney fees awarded as case-evaluation sanctions. And, when the Court later
summarized the new rule it had established, the opinion simply announced a rule that “a trial
court” should use for “determining a reasonable attorney fee” and did not mention case
evaluation sanctions or state in any way that the new framework should only be applied in cases
involving case-evaluation sanctions. Id. at 537 (emphasis added).

         Moreover, in responding to criticisms levied by the dissent in that case, the Court stated
that it sought to provide a framework that could apply to Michigan’s other fee-shifting statutes.
For instance, the Court acknowledged that selecting a reasonable hourly rate to apply to an
attorney-fee award was “not an exact science . . . .” Id. at 535. The opinion continued, stating
that it did not set out to provide an exact science for determining a reasonable hourly rate;
instead, it “merely aim[ed] to provide a workable, objective methodology for assessing
reasonable attorney fees that Michigan courts can apply consistently to our various fee-shifting
rules and statutes.” Id. (emphasis added). The Court continued with the idea that its discussion
was intended as guidance on fee-shifting statues in general, as it criticized the dissenting Justices
for offering “no rubric to guide Michigan courts,” and emphasized that “[u]nlike the dissent, we
choose to provide the guidance that has been, and the dissent would allow to remain, sorely
lacking for the many Michigan courts that are asked to impose ‘reasonable attorney fees’ under
our fee-shifting rules and statutes.” Id. at 536 (emphasis added).

        Yet, not all of the justices were convinced that the Court’s opinion was clear with regard
to when the new framework set forth therein should apply. Among other concerns expressed in
his dissenting opinion, Justice Cavanagh took issue with the lead opinion for its lack of clarity in
this regard:

       Does this now mean that the third factor of MRPC 1.5(a) is the starting point for
       all proceedings under that provision of our ethical code? Further, does this new
       rule apply to other fee-shifting provisions? For example, does the majority’s test
       apply to the fee-shifting provisions of the Uniform Condemnation Procedures
       Act, MCL 213.66, and the Michigan Civil Rights Act, MCL 37.2802, each of
       which involves reasonable attorney fees? And if today’s rule only applies
       to MCR 2.403, what is the basis for such a limited application of the new rule?
       [Smith, 481 Mich at 555 (CAVANAGH, J., dissenting).

                              3. POST-SMITH DEVELOPMENTS

       In two post-Smith orders, our Supreme Court has applied the Smith framework, i.e.,
beginning with an analysis of an attorney fee award by multiplying a reasonable number of hours

                                                -7-
by a reasonable hourly rate, then making adjustments based on the Wood/MRPC factors, to cases
involving attorney fees awarded in Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) cases and Headlee
Amendment cases. Coblentz v Novi, 485 Mich 961; 774 NW2d 526 (2009); Adair v State, 494
Mich 852; 830 NW2d 383 (2013). However, some of the justices were critical of their
colleagues for what they felt was a failure to follow the precedent established in Smith when the
Court issued an order in Juarez v Holbrook, 483 Mich 970; 764 NW2d 216 (2009). In Juarez,
the Supreme Court denied leave in a case involving an appeal from this Court’s decision—issued
one day before the Supreme Court issued its decision in Smith—affirming an award of case-
evaluation sanctions. See Juarez v Holbrook, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of
Appeals, issued July 1, 2008 (Docket Nos. 275040; 276312). In separate dissents, Justice
Corrigan and Justice Markman would have vacated this Court’s opinion affirming the fee award
and remanding for reconsideration in light of the recently-established Smith framework. See
Juarez, 483 Mich 970 (CORRIGAN, J., dissenting, and MARKMAN, J., dissenting).

        This Court’s application of the Smith framework to fee-shifting statutes and court rules
other than MCR 2.403 has been a source of dissension. For instance, in Adair v State (On Third
Remand), 298 Mich App 383, 390; 827 NW2d 740 (2012), overruled in part on other grounds
494 Mich 852 (2013), a panel of this Court applied the Smith framework to Headlee Amendment
cases.9 In doing so, the panel noted the “aim” of the Smith framework was “ ‘to provide a
workable, objective methodology for assessing reasonable attorney fees that Michigan courts can
apply consistently to our various fee-shifting rules and statutes.’ ” Id., quoting Smith, 481 Mich
at 390. At issue Adair was Const 1963, art 9, § 32, which governed the costs to be awarded to
plaintiffs who brought actions to enforce provisions of the Headlee Amendment. Adair (On
Third Remand), 298 Mich App at 390. Recognizing that a fee-shifting provision was at issue in
that case, the panel applied the Smith framework in order to assess the reasonableness of the
attorney fee-award. Id. Although our Supreme Court later reversed the panel’s decision in part,
it did not overrule the opinion on this point, and in fact favorably cited Smith in its order. See
Adair v State, 494 Mich 852.

        In addition to Adair, other panels of this Court have applied the Smith framework to
various fee-shifting statutes. For instance, in Prins v Michigan State Police, 299 Mich App 634,
645; 831 NW2d 867 (2013), the panel applied the Smith framework to an award of attorney fees
in a FOIA case. In addition, in Silich v Rongers, 302 Mich App 137, 149-150; 840 NW2d 1
(2013), the panel favorably cited the Smith framework in a case involving an award of attorney
fees under MCR 3.403(C), a court rule that pertains to the sale of premises and division of
proceeds as substitution for partition. And, although it did so in dicta, the panel in Augustine v
Allstate Ins Co, 292 Mich App 408, 429, 435-436; 807 NW2d 77 (2011), stated it would find that
the Smith framework applied to an award of attorney fees under MCL 500.3148(1) of the no-
fault act in a situation where a plaintiff seeks recovery for attorney fees on an hourly (as




9
 As noted above, our Supreme Court later affirmed the use of the Smith framework in Headlee
Amendment cases. See Adair v State, 494 Mich 852.


                                               -8-
compared to a contingent fee) basis.10 Further, in several unpublished decisions, this Court has
applied the Smith framework to other fee-shifting statutes. See, e.g., Demopolis v Jones,
unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued April 16, 2015 (Docket No.
320099) (applying the Smith framework when awarding attorney fees on a quantum meruit
theory); Annis v Annis, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued April 16,
2015 (Docket No. 319577) (applying the Smith framework to an award of attorney fees as
sanctions under MCR 2.114); Barker v Marshall, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of
Appeals, issued July 24, 2014 (Docket Nos. 308990; 311843) (applying Smith to an award of
attorney fees under MCL 600.2919a); Dep’t of Natural Resources v Rexair, unpublished opinion
per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued November 26, 2013 (Docket No. 297663) (applying
Smith to the assessment of attorney fees as sanctions associated with the plaintiff’s filing of a
post-judgment motion following a consent judgment); C&D Capital, LLC v Colonial Title Co,
unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued May 23, 2013 (Docket Nos.
306927; 308262) (applying the Smith framework to an award of attorney fees under MCR 2.114
and MCL 600.2591).

        However, other panels have declined to apply the Smith framework to an award of
attorney fees under fee-shifting statutes or court rules beyond the fee-shifting rule that was at
issue in Smith, i.e., an award of fees under MCR 2.403. For instance, in Univ Rehab Alliance,
Inc v Farm Bureau Gen Ins Co of Mich, 279 Mich App 691, 700, 700 n 3; 760 NW2d 574
(2008), the panel held that the Smith framework applied to an award of attorney fees under MCR
2.403, the fee-shifting provision at issue in Smith, but not to an award of attorney fees under
MCL 500.3148(1) of the no-fault act. More recently, in Riemer v Johnson, __ Mich App __; __
NW2d __ (Docket No. 321057, issued August 18, 2015), slip op at 13, this Court declined to
apply Smith to an award of attorney fees under MCR 3.206(C)(2)(a), applicable to domestic
relations actions. The panel explained that the Smith framework was limited to an award of
attorney fees under MCR 2.403(O), emphasizing that the issue in Smith concerned “ ‘a trial
court’s award of ‘reasonable’ attorney fees as part of case-evaluation sanctions under MCR
2.403(O).’ ” Id., quoting Smith, 481 Mich at 522 (emphasis in Riemer). In addition, several
unpublished cases, including unpublished cases dealing with an award of attorney fees under the
MCPA—one of the statutes at issue in this case—have declined to apply the Smith framework.
See, e.g., McNeal v Blue Bird Corp, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals,
issued June 12, 2014 (Docket No. 308763) (declining to apply the Smith framework to an award
of attorney fees under the MCPA); Stariha v Chrysler Group, LLC, unpublished opinion per
curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued June 28, 2011 (Docket No. 301238) (declining to apply
the Smith framework to an award of attorney fees under the MCPA and the MMWA).




10
  As will be discussed infra, another panel on this Court reached a contrary ruling in a published
decision. See Univ Rehab Alliance, Inc v Farm Bureau Gen Ins Co of Mich, 279 Mich App 691,
700; 760 NW2d 574 (2008).


                                               -9-
                          4. SMITH SHOULD APPLY IN THIS CASE

       After considering all of the forgoing authorities, we hold that it is appropriate to apply the
Smith framework to the award of attorney fees at issue in this case.11 We view the Court’s
opinion in Smith as containing two pronouncements that the rule established therein was to be
applied to “our various fee-shifting rules and statutes” and was intended to provide guidance for
“Michigan courts that are asked to impose ‘reasonable attorney fees’ under our fee-shifting rules
and statutes.” Smith, 481 Mich at 535-536. In this regard, we find instructive the reasoning
employed in Adair (On Third Remand), 298 Mich App at 390, in applying the Smith framework
to FOIA’s fee-shifting provision. Notably, the panel in Adair recognized that in Smith, our
Supreme Court stated that the “aim” of the new framework created therein was “ ‘to provide a
workable, objective methodology for assessing reasonable attorney fees that Michigan courts can
apply consistently to our various fee-shifting rules and statutes.’ ” Id., quoting Smith, 481 Mich
at 535. Likewise, in this case, because both the MCPA and the MMWA contain fee-shifting
provisions, we deem it appropriate to apply the Smith framework. See Smith, 481 Mich at 535;
Adair (On Third Remand), 298 Mich App at 390.

        In reaching the conclusion that the Smith framework should apply to this and other fee-
shifting statutes and court rules, we are also swayed by the pronouncement of the lead opinion in
Smith, 481 Mich at 519, that “our current multi-factor analysis”—that is, the multi-factor
analysis of the Wood factors and MRPC 1.5(a) that is used in evaluating reasonableness in
attorney-fee cases—“needs some fine-tuning.” The lead opinion did not cite anything pertaining
to an award of attorney fees under MCR 2.403—the Court Rule pursuant to which fees were
authorized in that case—when making this proclamation; rather, it simply stated that the analysis
currently being employed in evaluating the reasonableness of attorney fees “needs some fine-
tuning.”12 Given that no one disputes that that multi-factor analysis applies to an award of




11
   We note that plaintiff’s entitlement to attorney fees in this case arises from the settlement’s
reference to “statutory attorney fees,” meaning attorney fees authorized by the MCPA (state law)
and the MMWA (federal law). In Jordan v Transnational Motors, Inc, 212 Mich App 94, 97-98;
537 NW2d 471 (1995), this Court applied our multi-factor test to determine the reasonableness
of attorney fees under the MCPA and the MMWA. See also King v Taylor Chrysler-Plymouth,
Inc, 184 Mich App 204, 221; 457 NW2d 42 (1990) (applying state law—the Wood factors—to
determine the reasonableness of attorney fees awarded under the MMWA). Thus, we see fit to
apply state law to determine the reasonableness of attorney fees in this instance.
12
   In this regard, we also note that the lead opinion proclaimed that this “fine-tuning” would lead
to “greater consistency in awards.” Smith, 481 Mich at 531. If greater consistency were truly the
goal, it would be reasonable to assume that the consistency sought was with regard to all
attorney-fee awards, not just attorney fees awarded as case-evaluation sanctions. Indeed, what
would be the point of announcing a rule that would lead to greater consistency in only one type
of attorney-fee award, but would provide no guidance with regard to other attorney-fee awards?


                                                -10-
attorney fees under the MCPA and the MMWA, we see fit to apply Smith’s “fine-tuning” to the
instant case.13

        More importantly, we have found no binding authority that would act as an impediment
to applying Smith in the context of MCPA and MMWA actions.14 Although defendant directs
our attention to this Court’s decision in Smolen v Dahlmann Apartments, Ltd, 186 Mich App
292; 463 NW2d 261 (1990), a case that precedes Smith by 18 years, we do not agree that this
decision prevents us from applying the Smith framework in this case. In Smolen, the plaintiffs
were awarded attorney fees under the fee-shifting provisions of the MCPA. Id. at 293-294. On
appeal, the plaintiffs asked this Court to “set forth specific additional items [aside from the Wood
factors] which should be considered in determining attorney fees.” Id. at 296. Among those
“specific additional items,” for which they advocated, plaintiffs asked this Court to endorse a
“starting point” for the award, which was to consist of a reasonable number of hours multiplied
by a reasonable rate, and for this starting point to be “presumed to provide a reasonable fee.” Id.
at 296-297. The plaintiffs also asked this Court to hold that they were entitled to an upward
adjustment in this amount to “reflect exceptional success.” Id. at 297.

        The panel in Smolen declined to adopt the plaintiffs’ suggestions. As to the proposed
starting point, the panel declined to adopt “any rigid formula . . . that fails to take into account
the totality of the special circumstances applicable to the case at hand.” Id. The panel also
declined to find that a reasonable number of hours multiplied by a reasonable rate was a
presumptively reasonable fee. Id. Further, the panel declined to find that the plaintiffs were
entitled to certain upward adjustments, instead deferring to the discretion of the trial court. Id.

        For several reasons, we decline to read Smolen as foreclosing our ability to use the Smith
framework in this case. As an initial matter, even if Smolen could be read to prevent the
application of the Smith framework in MCPA cases, we note that the attorney fees awarded in
this case were awarded, from our review of the record, under both the MCPA and the MMWA.
Indeed, the settlement in this case refers to “statutory attorney fees,” and we can no sooner
conclude that fees were awarded under the MCPA than we can conclude that they were awarded


13
   While we are of the opinion that the framework established in Smith should apply to our
various fee-shifting statutes and court rules, we need not expressly decide this broader issue and
we are careful not to wade too far into these murky waters, given that this Court has reached a
contrary result in two published decisions. See Riemer, __ Mich App at __; slip op at 13; Univ
Rehab Alliance, 279 Mich App at 700. Instead, our holding in this regard is simply that the
Smith framework applies in this particular type of case. In other words, regardless of whether the
Smith opinion was unambiguous about the application of the Smith framework and regardless of
the analysis in Adair (On Third Remand), we would still apply the Smith framework to the fee-
shifting provisions in the MCPA and the MMWA.
14
   As noted above, there exist two unpublished decisions in which this Court found that the Smith
framework did not apply to an award of attorney fees under the MCPA. See McNeal, unpub op
at 14-15; Stariha, unpub op at 6. However, we are not bound by these unpublished decisions.
MCR 7.215(C)(1).


                                               -11-
under the MMWA. Given the differences in factual scenarios between this case and Smolen and
what the plaintiffs in that case were asking this Court to do, we find Smolen inapplicable.
Moreover, as noted above, Smolen was decided approximately 18 years before Smith was
decided. We decline to find that the reasoning employed in Smolen could have somehow
rejected the application of a case that was released nearly two decades later.15 In addition, we
read Smolen as being compatible with the Smith framework. While Smolen purported to reject a
“starting point” of reasonable hours multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate, it appears that the
plaintiffs in that case wanted this “starting point” to be a much more inflexible starting point than
the starting point that was set forth in Smith. To that end, this Court in Smolen rejected the
proposed starting point as advocated for by the plaintiffs in that case because the plaintiffs
pushed for a “rigid formula” that would have established a presumptively reasonable fee and
which “fail[ed] to take into account the totality of the special circumstances applicable to the
case at hand.” See Smolen, 186 Mich App at 297. In Smith, too, our Supreme Court emphasized
that an attorney-fee award must take into account the particular circumstances of a case. In fact,
Smith even cited Smolen for this very proposition. See Smith, 481 Mich at 529, citing Smolen,
186 Mich App at 297. And, Smith stands for the proposition that the starting point is to be
adjusted by pertinent factors at the discretion of the trial court; this is in stark contrast to the
starting point at issue in Smolen, where the plaintiffs asked this Court to adopt a relatively
inflexible and presumptively reasonable starting point, and to declare that they were entitled to
certain adjustments, rather than leaving adjustments to the discretion of the trial court. In other
words, we find that the “starting point” that was rejected in Smolen was much different than the
starting point that was adopted in Smith. For this reason we decline to read Smolen as rejecting
the application of the framework that would later be established in Smith in cases involving an
award of attorney fees under the MCPA.

        In addition to finding no authority that would prevent the application of Smith in the
instant case, we conclude that the purposes of the fee-shifting provisions in the MCPA and the
MMWA are best served by applying the Smith framework to an award of attorney fees under
these statutes. “One of the purposes behind both the [MMWA] and the MCPA is to provide, via
an award of attorney fees, a means for consumers to protect their rights and obtain judgments
where otherwise prohibited by monetary constraints.” Jordan v Transnational Motors, Inc, 212
Mich App 94, 97-98; 537 NW2d 471 (1995). The MMWA and MCPA are remedial in nature
and must be liberally construed in order to achieve their intended goals. Price v Long Realty,
Inc, 199 Mich App 461, 471; 502 NW2d 337 (1993). We have recognized that the fee-shifting
provisions contained in those statutes “are essential to legal redress in public interest or
consumer cases in which the monetary value of the case is often meager.” Lavene, 266 Mich
App at 476. As explained in Jordan, 212 Mich App at 98-99:

       In consumer protection as this, the monetary value of the case is typically low. If
       courts focus only on the dollar value and the result of the case when awarding


15
   And, to the extent the holdings of the cases conflict, we would be bound to follow Smith over
Smolen. See Charles A Murray Trust v Futrell, 303 Mich App 28, 48-49; 840 NW2d 775 (2013)
(this Court is bound by the decisions of our Supreme Court).


                                                -12-
       attorney fees, the remedial purposes of the statutes in question will be thwarted.
       Simply put, if attorney fee awards in these cases do not provide a reasonable
       return, it will be economically impossible for attorneys to represent their clients.
       Thus, practically speaking, the door to the courtroom will be closed to all but
       those with either potentially substantial damages, or those with sufficient
       economic resources to afford the litigation expenses involved. Such a situation
       would indeed be ironic: it is but precisely those with ordinary consumer
       complaints and those who cannot afford their attorney fees for whom these
       remedial acts are intended.

Still, that is not to say that a court in MCPA or MMWA cases should award the full amount of
requested fees. Id. at 99. Rather, a court is to consider the usual factors, and “must also consider
the special circumstances presented in this type of case.” Id. In Jordan, this Court concluded
that the trial court’s award of attorney fees was an abuse of discretion where the trial court failed
to consider the goals of the MCPA and the MMWA and limited the plaintiff’s fees based solely
on “the result obtained and the low value of the case.” Id. at 98.

         The remedial nature of the MCPA and the MMWA, along with the policy choices behind
awarding attorney fees under these statutes, supports our decision to impose the Smith
framework in this case. As recognized by this Court in Jordan, 212 Mich App at 98, consumer
protection cases require a “reasonable return” in order to assure that consumers can retain
competent counsel to pursue claims that promise meager monetary returns. Failing to provide
this reasonable return to “ordinary consumer complaints” effectively closes the courtroom door
on a class of persons to whom the Legislature and Congress expressly sought to provide
protection. See id. at 98-99. In order to honor the intent of the fee-shifting provisions found in
the MCPA and the MMWA in assuring a “reasonable return,” we find it prudent to operate under
the Smith framework, which begins by starting at the product of a reasonable hourly fee and a
reasonable number of hours expended, and makes adjustments based on a number of factors. We
believe this starting point helps frame the attorney-fee award in the proper context and helps
avoid focusing too heavily on the results obtained and/or the low value of the case. The
approach utilizes a reasonable number of hours—not the actual number of hours or a number that
encourages a plaintiff’s counsel to bill unreasonably based on the promise of an attorney-fee
award—as the starting point for the fee analysis and helps shift the focus away from a fee award
that is overly dependent on the outcome achieved. In other words, we believe that this approach
best comports with the legislatively-sanctioned goal of incentivizing competent counsel to
litigate consumer protection cases, while at the same time ensuring that trial courts have
appropriate control over the ultimate award of fees. And, just as in Smith, we believe that
utilizing this approach will lead to more consistency in awards under these consumer protection
statutes. See Smith, 481 Mich at 531 (“We believe that having a trial court consider [the starting
point] will lead to greater consistency in awards.”). This is not to say, however, that a trial court
should simply award the amount of fees requested by a party, with no critical examination. See
Jordan, 212 Mich App at 99. Rather, we simply find that the framework set forth in Smith is the




                                                -13-
most appropriate framework for honoring the remedial purpose of the MCPA and the MMWA
and for achieving the goal of awarding a reasonable fee in these types of cases.16

                     C. THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION

        Having determined that the Smith framework applies, we next turn our attention to the
trial court’s award of attorney fees in this case. After reviewing the trial court’s award, we find
that the court abused its discretion when it awarded $1,000 in costs and attorney fees to
plaintiff’s counsel. The court gave no consideration to the vast majority of the pertinent factors,
and instead appeared to focus myopically on the amount obtained by plaintiff, describing the
case as a “nickel and dime” case.17 This was inconsistent with the remedial goals of the MCPA
and the MMWA. See Jordan, 212 Mich App at 98 (reversing and remanding for further
proceedings when the trial court’s only justification for limiting the plaintiff’s attorney fees
appeared to be the result obtained and the low value of the case). See also Smolen, 186 Mich
App at 296 (reversing and remanding the trial court’s award of attorney fees where the trial court
did not consider any of the Wood factors). In addition, the court chastised plaintiff’s counsel at
the end of the hearing for attempting to clarify the record and for filing what it termed “pages
and pages of stuff.”18 Further, as noted above, the trial court’s ruling appeared to doubt whether
plaintiff was even entitled to attorney fees in the first instance, which was incorrect.
Accordingly, we are compelled to vacate the trial court’s award of attorney fees and to remand
for the trial court to employ the proper procedures to the award of attorney fees.



16
   In this regard, we note that, as is the case with most fee-shifting statutes, there is a punitive
nature to the award of attorney fees under the MCPA and the MMWA. Indeed, although the
statutes are designed to protect consumers, the award of attorney fees acts, in some ways, as a
penalty against those who have violated the respective acts. In Smith, 481 Mich at 527-528, our
Supreme Court noted that the “purpose” of the fee-shifting provision of MCR 2.403(O)(6) was to
penalize parties who should have accepted a case-evaluation award, but did not. Therefore, to
the extent the punitive nature of case-evaluation sanctions was pertinent to our Supreme Court’s
imposition of the Smith framework, we find the same punitive nature present in this case, thereby
drawing additional parallels to Smith and providing further support for our decision to apply
Smith in this case.
17
  Our decision—that the trial court abused its discretion—would be the same regardless of
whether we applied the Smith framework or the traditional multi-factor analysis, given that the
court focused solely on the amount of the recovery.
18
  While we make no comment on the reasonableness of the requested fees, we note that plaintiff,
as the party requesting attorney fees, bore the burden of establishing that the requested fees were
reasonable, i.e., she bore the burden of producing “pages and pages of stuff” to support the
requested fees. See Smith, 481 Mich at 531. And, our review of the “pages and pages of stuff”
reveals that plaintiff filed documents relating to the pertinent factors to be considered in
determining a reasonable attorney fee, such as billing records, the Economics of the Law Practice
Survey published by the State Bar, as well as documents noting the experience and reputation of
plaintiff’s counsel.


                                               -14-
                                       III. CONCLUSION

        In conclusion, we vacate the trial court’s order awarding $1,000 in attorney fees and costs
to plaintiff and remand with directions for the court to follow the framework established in
Smith. In this regard, the court

       should first determine the fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal
       services. In general, the court shall make this determination using reliable
       surveys or other credible evidence. Then, the court should multiply that amount
       by the reasonable number of hours expended in the case. The court may consider
       making adjustments up or down to this base number in light of the other factors
       listed in Wood and MRPC 1.5(a). In order to aid appellate review, the court
       should briefly indicate its view of each of the factors. [Smith, 481 Mich at 537.]

        Vacated and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not
retain jurisdiction.



                                                            /s/ Jane M. Beckering
                                                            /s/ Patrick M. Meter
                                                            /s/ Stephen L. Borrello




                                               -15-
