Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of                              Feb 05 2014, 6:22 am
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.



APPELLANT PRO SE:                                  ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:

CHRISTOPHER KING                                   JAMES A. GEIGER
Indianapolis, Indiana                              O’Koon Hintermeister, PLLC
                                                   Indianapolis, Indiana


                               IN THE
                     COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

CHRISTOPHER KING,                                  )
                                                   )
       Appellant-Defendant,                        )
                                                   )
               vs.                                 )       No. 49A02-1305-PL-461
                                                   )
KAREN PATRICK,                                     )
                                                   )
       Appellee-Plaintiff.                         )


                     APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT
                          The Honorable David A. Shaheed, Judge
                            Cause No. 49D01-0906-PL-28957


                                        February 5, 2014


                MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION


BRADFORD, Judge
                                   CASE SUMMARY

       Appellant-Defendant Christopher King appeals the trial court’s judgment against

him for conversion. The trial court determined that King knowingly or intentionally

exerted unauthorized control of Appellee-Plaintiff Karen Patrick’s credit card. The record

reveals that King, who once had Patrick’s consent to use her credit card, continued using

the card after Patrick told King to stop. King incurred $3516.65 in unauthorized debt on

Patrick’s credit account. The trial court ordered King to pay Patrick treble damages and

attorney’s fees, for a total award of $16,049.95. King argues that the trial court abused its

discretion in admitting and excluding certain evidence at trial, and that it committed clear

error in its findings of fact and conclusions thereon. King also challenges the trial court’s

calculation of damages. We affirm.

                       FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       In September of 2005, Patrick and her husband, Alan Thompson, invited King and

his brother Charles to live at their home (“Patrick’s home”) because the brothers did not

have place to live. King was a friend of Patrick’s son and had frequently stayed at Patrick’s

home prior to moving in indefinitely.

       King matriculated at Butler University in August of 2006. In October of 2006,

Butler University notified King that he had outstanding financial obligations to the

university and would be removed from school if they were not settled. Shortly thereafter,

Patrick offered King the use of her Meijer MasterCard to pay his debt to Butler University.

At the time the credit card was offered to King, Patrick’s credit account had a balance of

zero, and King agreed to pay the debt he incurred.
                                            2
       King first used the credit card on October 16, 2006. At some point thereafter,

Patrick added King as an authorized user of the credit account, and a second Meijer

MasterCard was issued in King’s name. By this time, it was accepted that King could use

the credit card at his discretion, so long as he paid the debt he incurred on the account.

King used the credit card and made regular monthly payments toward the account balance

for nearly two years.

       In late May of 2008, King and Charles had a falling out with Patrick and Thompson,

resulting in their eviction from Patrick’s home. On May 27, 2008, Patrick sent the

following email to King:

       You can come and get your stuff between 8-10 in the evening. …
       Please leave the cell phones and the keys to the van. I know that you will be
       responsible enough to pay off your debt with the credit card, no matter what
       someone may tell you. It would be a real good idea to also leave the card for
       I will have it suspended for use as soon as I can. You will also be removed
       from the auto insurance.

Ex. B. King did not return the credit card until late June of 2008. Between May 27, 2008,

and King’s return of the credit card the following month, King incurred approximately

$1700.00 in debt on the account, increasing the account balance by nearly seventy percent.

King ceased making payments toward the account balance in September of 2008.

       On July 9, 2009, Patrick filed suit against King, alleging: Count I, breach of

contract; Count II, breach of quasi contract; Count III, theft; and Count IV, conversion. A

bench trial was held on March 28, 2013, at which Patrick appeared in person and by

counsel, and King appeared pro se.

       During trial, the parties disputed the admissibility of certain evidence as follows:

                                            3
Select entries from Patrick’s personal journal were admitted over King’s hearsay objection;

Patrick’s credit card statements were admitted over King’s objection to their redacted

account numbers; a sample Meijer MasterCard application was excluded pursuant to

Patrick’s authenticity objection; and Patrick’s and Charles’s testimony concerning the

circumstances surrounding King’s eviction from Patrick’s home was excluded pursuant to

Patrick’s relevancy objection.    Additionally, the trial court cut short King’s closing

argument, asking King, “[i]n the interest of time,” Tr. p. 255, to submit the final two pages

of his scripted argument for later review.

       On April 30, 2013, the trial court entered findings of fact, conclusions thereon, and

final judgment in favor of Patrick on Count IV—conversion—and in favor of King on

Counts I through III. In its order, the trial court established Patrick’s actual damages as

follows:

       Conversion Claim:
       Principal                   $1,711.60
       Interest on Credit Card     $1,805.05
              Total Damages        $3,516.65

Appellant’s App. p. 21. Pursuant to Indiana Code section 34-24-3-1, the trial court ordered

King to pay Patrick treble damages and $5500.00 in attorney’s fees, for a total award of

$16,049.95. Where necessary, additional facts will be provided below.

                            DISCUSSION AND DECISION

                 I. Whether the Trial Court Abused its Discretion in
                     the Admission and Exclusion of Evidence

       King argues that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting into evidence (1)

Patrick’s personal journal entries (2) and her redacted credit card statements, and in
                                             4
excluding from evidence (3) the sample Meijer MasterCard application and (4) Patrick’s

and Charles’s testimony concerning the circumstances surrounding King’s eviction from

Patrick’s home. “We review a trial court’s determination of admissibility for an abuse of

discretion and will reverse only where the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of

the facts and circumstances.” Smith v. State, 754 N.E.2d 502, 504 (Ind. 2001).

                              A. Patrick’s Journal Entries

       King claims Patrick’s personal journal entries, as read into the record by Patrick,

were inadmissible because Patrick failed to establish that she had insufficient knowledge

as required by the recorded recollections exception to the hearsay rule. Ind. Evidence Rule

803(5). King also claims the entries’ admission as an exhibit was in error because they

were not offered by a party opponent, also as required by Rule 803(5). These claims are

not without merit. See Collins v. Kibort, 143 F.3d 331, 338 (7th Cir. 1998) (discussing the

admissibility of personal journal entries under Federal Rule of Evidence 803(5)).

Ultimately, however, we need not decide whether the trial court erred in admitting this

evidence, as any such error would have been harmless.

       “Admission of hearsay evidence is not grounds for reversal where it is merely

cumulative of other evidence admitted.” McClain, 675 N.E.2d 329, 331-32 (Ind. 1996);

see Ind. Trial Rule 61. In relevant substance, Patrick’s journal entries evidenced that

Patrick consented to King’s use of her credit card prior to May 27, 2008; that Patrick

revoked her consent on that date; and that King went on a spending spree thereafter. These

facts were independently admitted into evidence by Thompson’s testimony and Patrick’s

credit card statements, as well as several other exhibits not challenged by King. Reversal
                                              5
is therefore not warranted on this issue.

                          B. Patrick’s Credit Card Statements

       King claims Patrick’s credit card statements were inadmissible because the account

numbers listed thereon were redacted. Initially, we note that the admissibility of this

evidence was the subject of a pre-trial joint stipulation, which covered “[a]ll credit card

statements (and copies thereof) for Ms. Patrick’s Meijer MasterCard account, at issue in

this litigation, dated through June 28, 2008[.]” Appellee’s App. p. 1. King contends he

did not stipulate to the redaction of account numbers and that, without them, it cannot be

determined which Meijer MasterCard account the statements reflect. The undisputed

testimony, however, reveals that Patrick had “[j]ust the one” Meijer MasterCard account.

Tr. p. 67. And at trial, Patrick independently authenticated the statements as those of her

Meijer MasterCard account, on which, Patrick testified, King had incurred all of the debt

and she has incurred none. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting Patrick’s

redacted credit card statements.

                          C. Sample Credit Card Application

       With respect to the sample Meijer MasterCard application, King merely offers the

peculiar assertion that this evidence was excluded before it could be admitted. By failing

to support this claim with cogent reasoning and legal authority as required by Indiana

Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a), King has waived this issue for appeal.

                    D. Patrick’s and Charles’s Eviction Testimony

       King claims Patrick’s and Charles’s testimony concerning the circumstances

surrounding King’s eviction from Patrick’s home is admissible because those
                                      6
circumstances are relevant to the issue of why Patrick revoked her consent to King’s use

of the credit card. “Relevant evidence” is that “having any tendency to make the existence

of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less

probable than it would be without the evidence.” Ind. Evidence Rule 401. We conclude

that Patrick’s motive for revoking her consent is not a “fact that is of consequence to the

determination” of whether King exerted unauthorized control of Patrick’s credit card after

May 27, 2008. Ind. Evidence Rule 401. As irrelevant evidence is not admissible, Ind.

Evid. R. 402, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding Patrick’s and Charles’s

testimony on this subject.

                               E. King’s Closing Argument

       King claims the trial court abused its discretion in cutting short his closing

argument. King, however, was allowed to present the remainder of his closing argument

in writing and did not contemporaneously object to this procedure. Moreover, King does

not support his claim with any legal authority; therefore, he has waived this issue for

appeal. Indiana Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a).

                II. Whether the Trial Court Committed Clear Error in
                     its Findings of Fact and Conclusions Thereon

       King argues that the trial court clearly erred in finding or concluding that: (1)

Patrick told King to stop using her credit card on May 27, 2008; (2) King used Patrick’s

credit card after that date and (3) was trying to “max out” Patrick’s credit limit; and (4)

King knowing or intentionally exerted unauthorized control of Patrick’s credit card.

“Findings are clearly erroneous only when the record contains no facts to support them

                                              7
either directly or by inference.” Yanoff v. Muncy, 688 N.E.2d 1259, 1262 (Ind. 1997).

Conclusions are clearly erroneous if they are not supported by the trial court’s findings. Id.

“In order to determine that a finding or conclusion is clearly erroneous, an appellate court’s

review of the evidence must leave it with the firm conviction that a mistake has been

made.” Id.

                           A. Patrick’s Revocation of Consent

       King claims the record contains no facts to support the trial court’s finding that, on

May 27, 2008, Patrick told King “to cease using the Master Card.” Appellant’s App. p.

17. This claim has no merit. During discovery in this matter, in King’s amended responses

to Patrick’s requests for admission, King admitted that “Ms. Patrick withdrew her consent

[to use her MasterCard account] on May 27, 2008.” Ex. J. In light of this evidence, the

trial court’s finding is not clearly erroneous.

                               B. King’s Unauthorized Use

       King claims the record contains no facts to support the trial court’s finding that King

continued using Patrick’s credit card after May 27, 2008. The record, however, reveals

that approximately $1700.00 in debt was incurred on the account after that date, and Patrick

testified that all of this debt was incurred by King. Patrick also testified that she never

incurred any debt on the credit account and that she and King were its only two authorized

users. In light of this evidence, the trial court’s finding is not clearly erroneous.

                   C. King’s Attempt to “Max Out” the Credit Limit

       King claims the record contains no facts to support the trial court’s finding that King

attempted to “max out” the credit limit on Patrick’s account after May 27, 2008. We
                                          8
disagree. The record reveals that King incurred approximately $1700.00 in debt after May

27, 2008, increasing the account balance by nearly seventy percent. Additionally, as we

discuss below, there is evidence that King attempted to raise the credit limit on Patrick’s

account after May 27, 2008. In light of this evidence, the trial court’s finding was not

clearly erroneous.

                      D. King’s Attempt to Raise the Credit Limit

       King claims the record contains no facts to support the trial court’s finding that King

attempted to raise Patrick’s credit limit. Thompson, however, testified that in June of 2008,

“We received a letter stating that our recent request to raise the spending limited [sic] had

been declined.” Tr. p. 96. Thompson further testified that neither he nor Patrick had

requested an increased credit limit on Patrick’s account. Because King was the only other

authorized user of the account, the trial court could reasonably infer that King requested

the increase. Its finding, therefore, is not clearly erroneous.

                         E. King’s Knowing or Intentional Use

       King claims the trial court’s findings do not support its conclusion that King

knowingly or intentionally exerted unauthorized control of Patrick’s credit card. We

disagree. As discussed above, sufficient evidence supports the trial court’s findings that

(1) Patrick told King to stop using her credit card on May 27, 2008; (2) King used the credit

card after that date, and (3) he was trying to “max out” the credit limit on Patrick’s account.

We conclude that these findings support the trial court’s conclusion that King knowingly

or intentionally exerted unauthorized control of Patrick’s credit card.

        III. Whether the Trial Court Erred in Calculating Patrick’s Damages
                                         9
       King argues that the trial court erred in calculating Patrick’s actual damages.

“Generally, the computation of damages is a matter within the sound discretion of the trial

court.” Fitzpatrick v. Kenneth J. Allen & Assoc., P.C., 913 N.E.2d 255, 264 (Ind. Ct. App.

2009). “On appeal, we will not reverse a damages award unless it is based on insufficient

evidence or is contrary to law.” Id. at 265.

       At trial, Patrick offered into evidence a summary of damages, totaling $3516.65 and

representing the principal debt incurred on the credit account after May 27, 2008, as well

as the interest accumulated thereon. The trial court asked King if he objected to the

admission of this evidence, and King replied, “I don’t agree that it’s accurate, but other

than that, no objection.” Tr. p. 49. King did not cross-examine Patrick on the accuracy of

her damages summary, and, other than disputing that he made any charges after May 27,

2008, he did not present any evidence in contradiction to the summary’s accuracy. Because

the trial court’ calculation of Patrick’s actual damages is consistent with the unchallenged

damages summary admitted at trial, we cannot say that the court abused its discretion.

       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

MATHIAS, J., and PYLE, J., concur.




                                               10
