                                                                                   FILED
                                                                       United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                           Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                             April 24, 2020
                         _________________________________
                                                                           Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                               Clerk of Court
 HOWARD SHEWARD, JR.,

       Plaintiff - Appellant,
                                                              No. 19-7036
 v.                                                 (D.C. No. 6:18-CV-00295-RAW)
                                                           (E.D. Oklahoma)
 CITY OF HENRYETTA; JENNIFER
 CLASON; and FOUNTAIN VIEW
 MANOR, INC.,

       Defendants - Appellees.
                      _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before BRISCOE, McHUGH, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________


      Howard Sheward, Jr. is a politically active resident of the City of Henryetta,

Oklahoma. On August 31, 2018, Mr. Sheward filed suit against the City of Henryetta

(“the City”), Jennifer Clason, and Fountain View Manor, Inc. (“FVM”). Mr. Sheward

brought three claims against all defendants: (1) First Amendment retaliation pursuant to

42 U.S.C. § 1983, (2) conspiracy to deprive him of his First Amendment rights pursuant

to 42 U.S.C. § 1985, and (3) “Malicious Prosecution and Abuse of Process” pursuant to

42 U.S.C. § 1983. The district court granted summary judgment to defendants on all


      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for
its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
claims. We affirm the judgment below because Mr. Sheward has waived his right to

appellate review by failing to adequately brief any issue on appeal.1

                                I.      BACKGROUND

                                     A. Factual History

       Mr. Sheward lives in the City of Henryetta, Oklahoma, across the street from

FVM, a private nursing home. Ms. Clason, the administrator and part owner of FVM,

was also the Mayor of the City of Henryetta during the relevant time period.

Mr. Sheward’s claims against the City, Ms. Clason, and FVM arise out of

communications from the City and two lawsuits filed against Mr. Sheward in Oklahoma

state court: a declaratory judgment action brought by the City and Ms. Clason, and a

separate defamation action brought by FVM.

1. The City and Ms. Clason’s Declaratory Judgment Action

       In 2010, Mr. Sheward successfully used the initiative petition process outlined in

title 34 of the Oklahoma Statutes to initiate an audit of the City by the Oklahoma State

Auditor and Inspector pursuant to title 74, § 212(L) of the Oklahoma Statutes. In 2015,

the Oklahoma State Auditor and Inspector issued an Investigative Audit report for the

period of July 1, 2010, through June 30, 2012. The Investigative Audit explored, inter

alia, whether the City had complied with the Oklahoma Open Meeting Act and the

Oklahoma Open Records Act. The Investigative Audit also reviewed the possible misuse,

mismanagement, or misappropriation of funds for the City’s new water system.


       1
        Our decision not to reach the merits should not be interpreted as indicating a
disagreement with the district court.
                                             2
       In 2016, Mr. Sheward submitted another initiative petition to the Henryetta City

Clerk for certification. This petition requested that a proposed amendment to the City’s

Charter be placed on the ballot for approval during the City’s next regular election in

August of 2016. The proposed amendment would have prevented the City Council from

raising water, sewer, or garbage collection rates without first submitting the increase to

the voters for approval or rejection. The City Clerk found the petition insufficient in

several respects and rejected it on May 11, 2016. Mr. Sheward did not appeal this

decision.

       On May 19, 2016, the City and Ms. Clason jointly filed a petition for declaratory

judgment against Mr. Sheward in the District Court of Okmulgee County. The

declaratory judgment action alleged that Mr. Sheward “made numerous accusations to the

office of the State Auditor of Oklahoma that the City had denied due process for the

Initiative Petition and otherwise acted inappropriately in finding the Initiative Petition to

be fatally flawed.” App., Vol. I at 229. The declaratory judgment action also alleged that

Mr. Sheward’s accusations to the State Auditor included “statements that the City

regularly wastes public funds” and that these statements were unsupported by the

Investigative Audit published in 2015. App., Vol. I at 229–30. The action sought “a

declaration that the City and [City] Clerk acted appropriately in finding the Initiative

Petition to be deficient and fatally flawed under Oklahoma law, costs and attorney’s fees,

and any other relief to which [the Petitioners] are entitled.” App., Vol. I at 230.

       On October 23, 2016, Mr. Sheward contacted the attorney representing the City

and Ms. Clason in the declaratory judgment action to resolve the case because the August

                                              3
2016 election had passed. The case remained at a standstill until counsel for Mr. Sheward

entered an appearance and filed a motion to dismiss on July 19, 2017. After the parties

had fully briefed Mr. Sheward’s motion to dismiss, the City and Ms. Clason voluntarily

dismissed the declaratory judgment action without prejudice on August 21, 2017.

2. Third Initiative Petition and the City’s Response

       During the fall of 2016, while the declaratory judgment action was pending,

Mr. Sheward circulated a third petition that, like the first petition, sought an investigative

audit of the City. The county election board validated the third petition. The City Council

subsequently held a meeting at which it discussed the third petition and a water rate

increase to pay for the requested audit. Two undated articles from TheHenryettan.com

document statements made at that City Council meeting.2 At that meeting, Ms. Clason

said, “If we can get everybody to come together to stop the petitions, it would be a

significant change in the city.” App., Vol. III at 696. She additionally noted that citizens

“were told that if they signed the petition, their water bills can’t be raised.” App., Vol. III

at 696, 742. The second article reports that Ken Williams, the attorney who represented

the City in the declaratory judgment action, “said ultimately a class action lawsuit against

[Mr.] Sheward as well as others who were passing around the petition could be filed.”


       2
          Based on these two undated articles, the City Council meeting likely took place
in December of 2016, or at least prior to January 31, 2017. The first article reports that
“[a] letter explaining the surcharge and the audit petition is going to be mailed along with
the utility bills in January.” App., Vol. III at 696. A letter explaining the surcharge and
audit petition was sent with utility bills and dated January 31, 2017. The second article
reports on a water rate increase “[s]tarting in February” and references a statement made
at “the December city council meeting” that mirrors a statement documented in the first
article. App., Vol. III at 742.
                                               4
App., Vol. III at 742. “Local residents . . . and city attorney John Insabella [were] looking

for people who want to provide affidavits.” App., Vol. III at 742.

        In early 2017, the City enclosed a letter dated January 31, 2017, (the “January

2017 letter”) with each citizen’s water bill. The letter explained that a new $6 monthly

charge would be added to each water bill to pay for a special audit.3 The letter reads in

full:

               As you will see in your next water utility statement from your
        Municipal Authority, a new $6 monthly charge is included. This new
        charge is an unfortunate necessity to generate funds to pay the Oklahoma
        State Auditor and Inspector for a Special Audit requested by misinformed
        residents of our City. A copy of the CITIZEN PETITION REQUEST FOR
        SPECIAL AUDIT BY THE STATE AUDITOR & INSPECTOR is
        available upon request at City Hall but the specific language causing the
        new charge for your water service is as follows:

               “The estimated cost of said investigation will range from $50,000 to
               $75,000, which shall be paid by the City of Henryetta, Okmulgee
               County, Oklahoma, in accordance with 74 0.S. §212(L)(7).”

               One of the specific accusations made by misinformed residents of
        our City is the “Use of public resources for private benefit including
        compliance with regulations governing cleanup of raw sewage.” Your
        Municipal Authority can assure you that the accusation is completely false
        but the Special Audit must still be performed by law. Payment of the cost
        of the Special Audit is not an anticipated item in your Municipal


        3
         The district court stated, “The [letter] explained that a new $6 monthly charge
was included to pay for the cost of the previous Audit.” App., Vol. III at 903 (emphasis
added). On appeal, Mr. Sheward contends that this statement is incorrect.
       Mr. Sheward testified that a “second citizens petition for an audit . . . was
validated in the fall of 2016.” App., Vol. I at 195. One of the news articles corroborates
Mr. Sheward’s testimony, noting that the $6 charge was prompted by “notification that a
petition to the state Auditor’s office was valid.” App., Vol. III at 696. The news article
explains, “The petition . . . is the second one that has the necessary number of signatures
to force an audit.” App., Vol. III at 696. Thus, the $6 charge appears to relate to a
separate, second audit that was requested in 2016.
                                              5
       Authority’s 2017 budget or the City’s 2017 budget, which is why the new
       charge is necessary.

              The irony of the situation is that many residents who signed the
       CITIZEN PETITION REQUEST FOR SPECIAL AUDIT BY THE STATE
       AUDITOR & INSPECTOR did so because they were told by the persons
       circulating the PETITION that the goal was to reduce the cost of water
       service, which was a false statement. Your Municipal Authority regrets the
       necessity of the new charge and commits to cancel the new charge just as
       soon as the cost of the Special Audit is paid.

App., Vol. III at 695.

3. FVM’s Defamation Action

       On December 23, 2014, Mr. Sheward submitted an open records request regarding

city services provided to address sanitary issues at FVM. In 2015, FVM hired a private

contractor to make repairs related to a sewer issue. The private contractor serviced

FVM’s facility and repaired an issue with the City’s sewer line that runs underneath

FMV’s property. Mr. Sheward claims he observed city personnel using a sump truck

during those repairs, which caused him to believe “that [Ms.] Clason was taking

advantage of her position [on City Council] in order to avoid hiring a private contractor

to assist in any sewage cleanup.” App., Vol. I at 31–32.

       On July 31, 2015, FVM filed a Notice of Tort Claim with the City, claiming

$102,953.96 in damages for repairs FVM made to the City’s sewer line. On August 2,

2015, Mr. Sheward submitted an open records request to the City, seeking documents

related to inspections and construction of FVM.

       At a City Council meeting in September of 2015, FVM requested the City pay

$39,500 toward the cost of the sewer repairs. Following that meeting, Mr. Sheward


                                             6
prepared and distributed a flyer requesting that citizens contact the City Council to

encourage the Council to reject FVM’s settlement demand. On October 9, 2015,

Mr. Sheward renewed his 2014 records request. The City never responded to

Mr. Sheward’s 2014 records request.

       On October 21, 2015, FVM filed a lawsuit against Mr. Sheward in state court,

bringing claims of slander per se and libel per se. The lawsuit also sought a permanent

injunction to prohibit Mr. Sheward from trespassing on FVM’s property. After

Mr. Sheward agreed to refrain from certain activities, FVM moved to dismiss the lawsuit

without prejudice on January 20, 2016, and the state court granted that motion on

January 22, 2016. On January 27, 2016, Mr. Sheward corresponded with some local

journalists by email, telling them that the defamation action was frivolous. On

February 10, 2016, FVM refiled the lawsuit, incorporating Mr. Sheward’s new

comments.

       On January 5, 2018, the state district court denied FVM’s motion for summary

judgment and granted Mr. Sheward’s motion for summary judgment. The state court

found that Mr. Sheward

       has presented substantial evidence that [FVM] engaged in “Strategic
       Litigation Against Public Participation” – or “SLAPP” litigation – when it
       filed this lawsuit, which is prohibited under Oklahoma law, specifically:
       [FVM] filed the above-captioned matter primarily as its purpose to silence
       [Mr. Sheward] from being critical of “public figures” about “matters of
       public concern.” [FVM’s] alleged injuries, if any, were the result of
       [Mr. Sheward’s] privileged communications involving the “right to
       petition” and/or “right to free speech” that are protected by the First
       Amendment to the United States Constitution.

App., Vol. II at 415.

                                             7
       On April 5, 2019, the Oklahoma Court of Civil Appeals affirmed the state district

court’s grant of summary judgment to Mr. Sheward. The appellate court concluded that

Mr. Sheward “successfully demonstrated FVM brought suit against him in an effort to

keep him from publicly criticizing the mayor and questioning the use of city finances.”

App., Vol. II at 561. The appellate court reasoned that “[t]he mayor’s own deposition

testimony indicates [Mr.] Sheward’s silence was the objective of the lawsuit as well.”

App., Vol. II at 561. On November 18, 2019, the Oklahoma Supreme Court denied

FVM’s petition for certiorari.

                                    B. Procedural History

       Mr. Sheward filed the present suit in the United States District Court for the

Eastern District of Oklahoma against the City, Ms. Clason, and FVM on August 31,

2018. He filed a First Amended Complaint on November 6, 2018. In that First Amended

Complaint, Mr. Sheward brought three claims against all defendants: (1) a First

Amendment retaliation claim pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, (2) a claim alleging a

conspiracy to deprive him of his First Amendment rights pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1985,

and (3) a “Malicious Prosecution and Abuse of Process” claim pursuant to 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983.

       Defendants moved for summary judgment on all claims and the district court

granted the motions. The district court concluded that (1) the statute of limitations had

lapsed on Mr. Sheward’s § 1983 First Amendment retaliation claim, (2) Mr. Sheward had

failed to demonstrate any class-based invidiously discriminatory animus as required to

succeed on his § 1985 claim, and (3) Mr. Sheward’s “Malicious Prosecution/Abuse of

                                             8
Process” claim failed because it was not based on a criminal prosecution and a Fourth

Amendment violation. Mr. Sheward timely filed his notice of appeal, and we have

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

                                    II.     DISCUSSION

       Pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(a)(8)(A), an appellant’s brief

“must contain . . . appellant’s contentions and the reasons for them, with citations to the

authorities and parts of the record on which the appellant relies.” “Consistent with this

requirement, we routinely have declined to consider arguments that are not raised, or are

inadequately presented, in an appellant’s opening brief.” Bronson v. Swensen, 500 F.3d

1099, 1104 (10th Cir. 2007). Accordingly, “issues will be deemed waived if they are not

adequately briefed.” Utahns for Better Transp. v. U.S. Dep’t of Transp., 305 F.3d 1152,

1175 (10th Cir. 2002), as modified on reh’g, 319 F.3d 1207 (10th Cir. 2003); see also

Phillips v. Calhoun, 956 F.2d 949, 954 (10th Cir. 1992) (“[I]ssues designated for review

are lost if they are not actually argued in the party’s brief.”).

       “It is insufficient merely to state in one’s brief that one is appealing an adverse

ruling below without advancing reasoned argument as to the grounds for the appeal.” Am.

Airlines v. Christensen, 967 F.2d 410, 415 n.8 (10th Cir. 1992). Similarly, an issue is not

adequately briefed when it is “merely includ[ed] . . . within a list.” Utahns for Better

Transp., 305 F.3d at 1175. To advance a reasoned argument, an appellant must support

his position with legal argument and authority. Phillips, 956 F.2d at 953–54. And

incorporating by reference arguments made in the district court does not satisfy the

briefing requirements of Rule 28. United States v. Patterson, 713 F.3d 1237, 1250 (10th

                                               9
Cir. 2013) (“[P]arties appearing before this court cannot satisfy Rule 28 by incorporating

their claims by reference to either appendices or records from the court below.”); see also

Fulghum v. Embarq Corp., 785 F.3d 395, 410 (10th Cir. 2015) (explaining that

incorporating by reference briefing below “is not acceptable appellate procedure”

because “[a]llowing litigants to adopt district court filings would provide an effective

means of circumventing the page limitations on briefs set forth in the appellate rules and

unnecessarily complicate the task of an appellate judge” (quotation marks omitted)).

       Mr. Sheward’s brief demonstrates a misunderstanding of the nature of this court’s

review of the record below and his responsibility to brief arguments on appeal. According

to his statement of the issues on appeal, Mr. Sheward intended to challenge the district

court’s grant of summary judgment on each of his three claims. But he has waived his

right to appellate review by failing to develop and advance a reasoned argument to

support any of his three assignments of error. Phillips, 956 F.2d at 954.

       With respect to Mr. Sheward’s § 1983 First Amendment retaliation claim, he

provides no legal argument or citation to authority to support his contention that the

district court erred when it concluded that his First Amendment retaliation claim was

untimely.4 Rather, Mr. Sheward contends the district court failed to consider all the



       4
         Mr. Sheward does not make any argument regarding the tolling of the statute of
limitations, despite a statement of law in the standard of review section that he “carr[ies]
the burden of proving the existence of facts which, if proven true, would warrant a tolling
of the statutes of limitation.” Aplt. Br. at 4 (citing Dow v. Chilili Co-op Assn., 728 P.2d
462, 464 (N.M. 1986)). Mr. Sheward’s brief is devoid of any other facts or authority from
which we could divine a tolling argument. See Dodds v. Richardson, 614 F.3d 1185,
1205 (10th Cir. 2010) (“A court of appeals is not required to manufacture an appellant’s
                                             10
evidence in the summary judgment record, and he identifies six sets of evidentiary

materials documenting various events and statements that he alleges are connected to the

January 2017 letter.5 Critically, however, Mr. Sheward fails to explain how the January

2017 letter is connected to a conspiracy between FVM and the City to retaliate against

Mr. Sheward for exercising his First Amendment rights. Mr. Sheward also fails to explain

how any of the events or statements related to the January 2017 letter constitute discrete

acts of First Amendment retaliation, or to identify when any of those events or statements

occurred.

       With respect to Mr. Sheward’s § 1985 conspiracy and § 1983 malicious

prosecution/abuse of process claims, he contends the district court’s dismissal of these

claims was “clear error[]” and “[w]hen . . . considered in context with the First

Amendment, . . . there is an abundance of caselaw/precedent that support Plaintiffs [sic]

contentions.” Aplt. Br. at 3. But Mr. Sheward does not advance any legal argument or

cite any of the “abundan[t] caselaw/precedent” to counter the district court’s conclusion


argument on appeal when it has failed in its burden to draw our attention to the error
below.” (quotation marks omitted)).
       5
          One set of evidentiary materials listed is three video clips from at least one,
perhaps more than one, City Council meeting. Although Mr. Sheward claims he
submitted these clips with his response to FVM’s motion for summary judgment, they
were in fact submitted with his response to the City’s motion for summary judgment. The
record reflects that Mr. Sheward conventionally filed a DVD containing these clips in the
district court. But Mr. Sheward has not electronically or conventionally filed these clips
on appeal. We are “not obligated to remedy th[is] failure[] by counsel to designate an
adequate record.” Burnett v. Sw. Bell Tel., L.P., 555 F.3d 906, 910 (10th Cir. 2009).
Without these video clips in the record on appeal, we are unable to verify Mr. Sheward’s
assertions about what they contain, and we need not consider his unverified allegations.
See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A).
                                            11
that his § 1985 claim fails as a matter of law. To be sure, Mr. Sheward’s brief does

include a block quotation from Beedle v. Wilson, 422 F.3d 1059 (10th Cir. 2005), related

to his § 1983 malicious prosecution/abuse of process claim. Notably, this is

Mr. Sheward’s only citation to legal authority related to the merits of his appeal.6

Mr. Sheward, however, does not advance any legal argument or otherwise explain how

the quotation from Beedle alters the district court’s conclusion that his § 1983 malicious

prosecution/abuse of process claim fails as a matter of law.

       Rather than develop a reasoned argument on appeal, Mr. Sheward attempts to

incorporate by reference his briefing below:

       The factual and legal arguments advanced by Plaintiff throughout the
       summary judgment briefing was [sic] extensive, and won’t be regurgitated
       word for word in this appellate brief. Given that this Court’s review will be
       restricted to the summary judgment motions to be submitted to this Court,
       the Plaintiff is extremely confident that a review will result in a full reversal
       on all counts.
Aplt. Br. at 11. Not only does this incorporation by reference fail to comport with the

requirements of Rule 28, it is also insufficient to invoke our appellate review. Patterson,

713 F.3d at 1250 (explaining a party must develop an argument in “this court” to

preserve a claim for appellate review).

       In sum, Mr. Sheward has failed to develop a reasoned argument on appeal with

respect to any of his three claims of error because he does not explain the significance of

his record citations, elaborate on his single citation to authority related to the merits, or




       6
         The other authority cited in Mr. Sheward’s brief pertains solely to his
jurisdictional statement and the appropriate standard of review.
                                              12
otherwise advance any legal argument to support the conclusion that the district court

erred. Phillips, 956 F.2d at 953–54. We will not craft Mr. Sheward’s arguments for him.

See Perry v. Woodward, 199 F.3d 1126, 1141 n.13 (10th Cir. 1999). Therefore,

Mr. Sheward has waived his right to appellate review by failing to adequately brief his

challenges to each of the district court’s conclusions.

                                  III.   CONCLUSION

       Because Mr. Sheward failed to adequately brief the issues on appeal, he has

waived his right to appellate review, and so we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of

summary judgment to defendants on all claims.

                                              Entered for the Court


                                              Carolyn B. McHugh
                                              Circuit Judge




                                             13
