                            STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

                          SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS



In the Matter of: Odegua J. Irivbogbe, Applicant to the
                                                                                 FILED
                 West Virginia Board of Law Examiners                         May 30, 2014
                                                                            RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
                                                                          SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
No. 13-0709                                                                   OF WEST VIRGINIA




       Michael J. Farrell, Esq.

       Farrell, White & Legg PLLC, for Petitioner, Odegua J. Irivbogbe


       John M. Hedges, Esq.

       Hedges, Lyons & Shepherd, PLLC, for Respondent

       West Virginia Board of Law Examiners



                              MEMORANDUM DECISION

        This matter is before the Court on the exceptions by the petitioner, Odegua J. Irivbogbe,
to the Board of Law Examiners’ (hereinafter “the Board” or “the Board’s”) denial of her
application for admission to practice law by bar examination in West Virginia. By decision dated
November 29, 2012, the Board concluded that the petitioner lacks the required minimum
educational requirements as a graduate of a foreign law school to be eligible for admission to the
practice of law by bar examination in the State of West Virginia.

       The Court has carefully reviewed and considered the pleadings, together with the
appendix record before the Court. This case does not involve a substantial question of law, and
the Court does not disagree with the Board’s decision. Therefore, a memorandum decision is
appropriate under Rule 21 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. As set forth below, we agree
with the finding of the Board that the petitioner is not eligible for admission to the practice of
law in West Virginia by bar examination.

                                   Facts and Procedural Background

        The petitioner is a graduate of the University of Lagos in Nigeria and applied for
admission to the New York State Bar through examination. In 2007, she passed the New York
bar examination and was admitted to practice law in New York in 2008. However, she never
practiced law in New York. She has since moved to West Virginia, and on July 17, 2012, the
petitioner filed an application to the West Virginia Board of Law Examiners seeking admission
by examination under Rule 3.0 of the Rules for Admission to the Practice of Law (hereinafter
“Rules for Admission”). Upon review of the petitioner’s application and accompanying records,

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by letter dated November 29, 2012, the Board of Law Examiners denied the petitioner’s
application based on the petitioner’s failure to meet the educational requirements of Rules 2.0
and 3.0 of the Rules for Admission. Specifically, the Board found that as a graduate of a law
school of a foreign country, where the common law of England exists as the basis for its
jurisprudence, Rule 3.0(b)(4) requires, inter alia, that petitioner must successfully complete
thirty basic credits hours at an ABA-accredited law school. Petitioner has not completed these
required credits.

       “Article eight, section one et seq. of the West Virginia Constitution vests in the Supreme
Court of Appeals the authority to define, regulate and control the practice of law in West
Virginia.” Syl. Pt. 1, Lane v. W. Va. State Bd. of Law Examiners, 170 W.Va. 583, 295 S.E.2d 670
(1982). Pursuant to this inherent authority, this Court has promulgated the Rules for Admission.

       Rule 2.0 of the Rules for Admission sets forth the following general requirements for
admission:

       An applicant is eligible for admission to the practice of law in West Virginia upon
       establishing to the satisfaction of the Board of Law Examiners: (1) age of at least
       eighteen (18) years; (2) good moral character and fitness; (3) graduation from an
       approved college or university with an A.B., B.S., or higher degree, or its
       equivalent; (4) graduation from an approved law school with an L.L.B., J.D., or its
       equivalent under Rule 3.0(b); (5) passing score on the West Virginia General Bar
       Examination or qualification under Rule 4.0, et seq.; and, (6) passing score on the
       Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination within twenty-five months of
       achieving a passing score on the West Virginia Bar Examination or application for
       admission on motion. Any conviction for false swearing, perjury or any felony,
       and the applicant's prior and subsequent conduct, shall be considered in the
       determination of good moral character and fitness.

          Rule 3.0(b) of the Rules for Admission provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

       (b) Policy on equivalency. —The Board of Law Examiners will consider the
       following circumstances to be the equivalent of completion of a full course of study
       in a law school accredited by the American Bar Association, and an applicant
       meeting the standards set forth herein shall be presumed to be eligible to take the
       West Virginia Bar Examination; providing that all other requirements set forth in
       Rule 3.0, et seq., for admission to the bar examination are met; Provided, That
       graduates of correspondence law courses, including law schools providing more than
       50% of classes as Internet-based classes, shall not be eligible to take the West
       Virginia Bar Examination;

       (1) The	 applicant is a graduate of a non-ABA accredited law school who has
           successfully passed the bar examination of another state, the District of
           Columbia, or commonwealth or territory of the United States, and has been

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            admitted to practice in such state, district, commonwealth, or territory, or
       ….

       (4)(a) The applicant is a graduate of a law school of a foreign country where the
       common law of England exists as the basis of its jurisprudence, and

       (b) The educational requirements for admission to the bar in said country are
       substantially the same as those of this State, and that the applicant has satisfied those
       requirements, and

       (c) The applicant has successfully completed study at an ABA-accredited law
       school, with a minimum of 30 credit hours of basic courses selected from the
       following areas of law: Professional Responsibility/Legal Ethics, Contracts, Property
       (Real and Personal), Uniform Commercial Code, Criminal Law, Evidence, Business
       Organizations/Corporations, Domestic Relations, Wills, Trusts and Estates,
       Constitutional Law, Civil Procedure, Criminal Procedure, Torts, Federal Taxation
       and Conflict of Laws, and which such study shall be completed within a period of 36
       calendar months from the date of the inception of such study.

       The burden of establishing eligibility to take the bar examination to the satisfaction
       of the Board of Law Examiners shall be on the applicant and upon the institution
       seeking admission to the bar examination for its graduates.


       Following the denial, petitioner timely requested an administrative hearing pursuant to
Rule 6.0 of the Rules for Admission. An administrative hearing was held on February 25, 2013.
The petitioner testified regarding her education and experience. The hearing examiner issued his
findings and conclusions in a report dated May 10, 2013. The hearing examiner concluded that
the Board’s decision that the petitioner does not meet the educational requirements of the Rules
for Admission must be affirmed.

        On June 7, 2013, the Board reviewed the hearing examiner’s report, together with the
transcript of the hearing and the documentation that the petitioner submitted in support of her
application. The Board voted to deny the petitioner’s application based on the petitioner’s failure
to meet the educational requirements in Rules 2.0 and 3.0 of the Rules for Admission. In its
decision, the Board stated that when an applicant is a graduate of a foreign law school, the Board
must consider whether the applicant received substantial instruction on the legal system of the
United States. In order to accomplish that goal, the Court established in Rule 3.0(b) a threshold
requirement that the applicant complete a minimum of thirty credit hours at a law school
accredited by the ABA. Rule 3.0 of the Rules for Admission gives the Board no discretion to
waive or modify this requirement, regardless of any particular applicant’s other credentials.




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                                       Standard of Review


       Pursuant to Rule 6(e) of the Rules for Admission, the petitioner filed exceptions with this
Court to the Board’s decision. We consider this matter under the following standard:

              This Court reviews de novo the adjudicatory record made before the West
       Virginia Board of Law Examiners with regard to questions of law, questions of
       application of the law to the facts, and questions of whether an applicant should or
       should not be admitted to the practice of law. Although this Court gives respectful
       consideration to the Board of Law Examiners' recommendations, it ultimately
       exercises its own independent judgment. On the other hand, this Court gives
       substantial deference to the Board of Law Examiners' findings of fact, unless such
       findings are not supported by reliable, probative, and substantial evidence on the
       whole record.

Syl. Pt. 2, Matter of Dortch, 199 W.Va. 571, 486 S.E.2d 311 (1997).


                                               Discussion


         In the petitioner’s exceptions, she argues that her legal education at the University of
Lagos, supplemented by study materials utilized in preparing for the New York bar examination,
is equivalent to an education received at an ABA-accredited law school, and that she qualifies to
sit for the West Virginia bar examination.

         She argues further that the Board misapplied the plain language of Rule 3.0(b) of the
Rules of Admission by only considering Rule 3.0(b)(4) when considering her application.
Petitioner asserts that she should be permitted to sit for the West Virginia bar examination
pursuant to Rule 3.0(b)(1), which applies to graduates of non-ABA accredited law schools who
have passed the bar examination of another state and have been admitted to practice in such
state. The Board rejected this argument by concluding that the phrase “non-ABA accredited law
school” in Rule 3.0(b)(1) applies only to law schools in the United States. Petitioner argues that
the Board is incorrect because the Rule does not include a specific geographic limitation. She
asserts that her graduation from the University of Lagos, passage of the New York bar
examination, and subsequent admittance to practice law in the State of New York are sufficient
to satisfy the requirements of Rule 3.0(b)(1).

       The Board filed its Response Brief and argues that petitioner does not qualify to sit for
the bar examination because she does not meet the general educational requirements for
admission to the practice law in West Virginia. The Board asserts that the petitioner, as a
graduate of a law school of a foreign country, is not exempt from satisfying the general
requirements for admission under Rule 2.0 and the equivalency educational requirements set


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forth in Rule 3.0(b)(4) of the Rules for Admission.

       The Board states that Rule 3.0(b) of the Rules for Admission, read in its entirety, supports
the argument that the phrase “non-ABA accredited law school” does not encompass foreign law
schools but applies strictly to those located within the United States. The Board examines
language within paragraphs (b)(1), (2), (3), and (4) of Rule 3.0 of the Rules of Admission to
demonstrate an express determination of such geographic limitation. The Board asserts that
graduates of foreign law schools are subject solely to the fourth provision at Rule 3.0(b)(4) of the
Rules for Admission. The Board takes issue with petitioner’s argument that she has obtained
educational equivalency as required under Rule 3.0(b)(4) of the Rules for Admission.

        The main issue on appeal is whether the Board correctly concluded that Rule 3.0(b)(4)
applies to all foreign law school graduates seeking admission to practice law in West Virginia.
We agree with the Board. The Court addressed this issue recently in the reciprocity application to
practice law of a graduate of a foreign law school. In the Matter of: Sandhya Tulshyan, Applicant
to the West Virginia Board of Law Examiners, No. 13-0072 (W.Va. Supreme Court, November
6, 2013)(memorandum decision). The Court held that a graduate of a foreign law school must
satisfy the general requirements for admission eligibility set forth in Rule 2.0 and is required to
meet the requirements set forth in Rule 3.0(b) Policy on equivalency. Rule 3.0(b)(1) simply does
not apply.

        Applying the West Virginia Rules for Admission to the Practice of Law, we conclude
that the petitioner does not satisfy the general requirements for admission because as a graduate
of a law school of a foreign country where the common law of England exists as the basis for its
jurisprudence, she is required to satisfy the equivalency provisions of Rule 3.0(b)(4). This
includes successful completion of study at an ABA-accredited law school with a minimum of
thirty credit hours of basic courses selected from certain listed areas of law. This is referenced in
the general requirements for admission eligibility set forth in Rule 2.0. Petitioner has not met the
educational requirements for eligibility to practice law in West Virginia. Therefore, she is not
currently eligible for admission to practice law in West Virginia by examination.

         Finally, the petitioner argues that in denying her application to sit for the bar
examination, the Board violated her right to equal protection under the law as set forth by both
the Constitutions of the United States and West Virginia. U.S. Const. amend. IV; W.Va. Const.
art. III, § 10. “Equal protection of the law is implicated when a classification treats similarly
situated persons in a disadvantageous manner.” Syl. Pt. 2, in part, Israel v. W.Va. Secondary Sch.
Activities Comm’n., 182 W.Va. 454, 388 S.E.2d 480 (1989). The petitioner’s claim to an equal
protection violation was found to be without merit by the Board, and we agree. The Board
recognized that the petitioner, who was educated in a foreign jurisdiction, is not similarly
situated to applicants who were educated at ABA-accredited law schools in the United States.
Likewise, petitioner’s argument that the Board applied a new standard in its evaluation of her
application, amounting to a violation of the right to due process, is without merit.




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       Upon consideration of the applicable standard of review and the record presented, this
Court affirms the Board’s finding that the petitioner, Odegua J. Irivbogbe, is not eligible for
admission to the practice of law by examination in West Virginia.

                                                                                     Affirmed.


ISSUED: May 30, 2014

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Robin Jean Davis
Justice Brent D. Benjamin
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Allen H. Loughry II

DISSENTING:

Justice Menis E. Ketchum




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