                             2014 IL App (2d) 130505
                                  No. 2-13-0505
                            Opinion filed May 1, 2014
______________________________________________________________________________

                                             IN THE

                              APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                              SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

CHARLES L. ST. MARTIN,                   ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
                                         ) of Du Page County.
       Plaintiff-Appellant,              )
                                         )
v.                                       ) No. 11-L-632
                                         )
FIRST HOSPITALITY GROUP, INC.,           )
d/b/a Hilton Chicago/Indian Lake Resort, ) Honorable
                                         ) Patrick J. Leston,
       Defendant-Appellee.               ) Judge, Presiding.
____________________________________________________________________________

       JUSTICE HUDSON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Justices McLaren and Jorgensen concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                           OPINION

¶1     Plaintiff, Charles L. St. Martin, appeals the trial court’s summary judgment for defendant,

First Hospitality Group, Inc. Plaintiff alleged that he was injured when he tripped and fell on an

uneven portion of sidewalk outside of a hotel owned by defendant. The trial court determined

that defendant did not owe plaintiff a duty of care, because the defect was de minimis. We affirm.

¶2                                     I. BACKGROUND

¶3     On January 19, 2011, plaintiff filed a complaint seeking damages for injuries he sustained

when he fell outside of the entryway to defendant’s hotel. Plaintiff alleged that, on May 10, 2010,

he tripped over an uneven surface as he approached the hotel’s entryway at approximately 9 p.m.
2014 IL App (2d) 130505


He alleged that the area had poor lighting, but he did not make any other allegations about the

nature of the area or how much foot traffic was present.

¶4        At his deposition, plaintiff testified that, on the day of the fall, he was attending a seminar

at the hotel. He went outside to smoke a cigarette at some benches 10 to 12 feet from the hotel,

where there was also an ashtray. When he returned, he tripped over uneven slabs of concrete a

couple of feet away from one of the doors at the main entrance to the hotel. Photos in the record

show that it was essentially just outside of the doors, right before the entryway rug, and under a

roof that extended over a drive-up area at the front of the hotel. One person who was in a nearby

van saw plaintiff fall and assisted him. Plaintiff injured his knee in the fall. Plaintiff stated that

the lighting was brighter as he got nearer to the entryway, because the lights were “up in the ceiling

of that thing,” and he did not think that he fell because of problems with the lighting. Plaintiff’s

brother later measured the height difference between the concrete slabs at between 1½ and 1¾

inches.

¶5        Defendant provided an exhibit of photos, purportedly taken by the hotel’s manager the day

after the fall, that show the difference at around a half-inch. The record contains photocopies of

the photos, in which it is difficult to read the ruler or see whether the ruler is held at an angle. An

expert retained by defendant observed the area on October 24, 2012, and measured the height

difference at under an inch. The expert averred that the sidewalk would heave and move during

normal winter conditions and that the varying alignments of the concrete slabs were typical,

commonplace, and expected. He opined that the area was not in need of repair or replacement

and that it did not present a hazardous condition. He did not address the condition of the area on

May 10, 2010.




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2014 IL App (2d) 130505


¶6        Defendant moved for summary judgment, arguing that it did not owe plaintiff a duty of

care, because the defect in the sidewalk was de minimis. Plaintiff argued that the de minimis rule

was inapplicable because of how near the defect was to the front doors and that there were issues of

fact as to whether aggravating circumstances existed. The trial court granted the motion for

summary judgment, finding that the defect was de minimis as a matter of law and further noting

that the affidavit of defendant’s expert was unrebutted. Plaintiff appeals.

¶7                                         II. ANALYSIS

¶8        Plaintiff contends that the de minimis rule does not apply, because the defect was near the

front doors of the hotel. He further contends that there are issues of fact about the height of the

defect.

¶9        Summary judgment is appropriate where “the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on

file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact

and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c)

(West 2010). In determining whether a genuine issue of material fact exits, a court must construe

the materials of record strictly against the movant and liberally in favor of the nonmoving party.

See Perri v. Furama Restaurant, Inc., 335 Ill. App. 3d 825, 829 (2002). “If fair-minded persons

could draw different inferences from the undisputed facts, the issues should be submitted to a jury

to determine what inference seems most reasonable.” Menough v. Woodfield Gardens, 296 Ill.

App. 3d 244, 245-46 (1998). We review de novo the entry of summary judgment. Outboard

Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90, 102 (1992).

¶ 10      To prevail in a negligence action, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant owed a duty,

that the defendant breached that duty, and that the plaintiff’s injury proximately resulted from that

breach. Tzakis v. Dominick’s Finer Foods, Inc., 356 Ill. App. 3d 740, 745-46 (2005). The



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2014 IL App (2d) 130505


existence of a duty generally is a question of law and, therefore, may be resolved on a motion for

summary judgment. Ralls v. Village of Glendale Heights, 233 Ill. App. 3d 147, 154 (1992).

¶ 11    An owner or occupier of land is not an absolute insurer of the safety of an invitee. See

Hutter v. Badalamenti, 47 Ill. App. 3d 561, 563 (1977). The duty of an owner or occupier of any

premises toward invitees is that of reasonable care under the circumstances regarding the state of

the premises or acts done or omitted on them, and he must maintain the premises in a reasonably

safe condition. Ward v. K mart Corp., 136 Ill. 2d 132, 141 (1990).

¶ 12   The primary factors that a court considers in determining the existence of a duty include:

“(1) the reasonable foreseeability of the injury, (2) the likelihood of the injury, (3) the magnitude

of the burden of guarding against the injury, and (4) the consequences of placing that burden on the

defendant.” Marshall v. Burger King Corp., 222 Ill. 2d 422, 436-37 (2006).

¶ 13   The de minimis rule originated in cases involving municipalities, where it was noted that

“[m]unicipalities do not have a duty to keep all sidewalks in perfect condition at all times.”

Gillock v. City of Springfield, 268 Ill. App. 3d 455, 457 (1994). Thus, although a municipality has

a duty to keep its property in a reasonably safe condition, it has no duty to repair de minimis defects

in its sidewalks. Putman v. Village of Bensenville, 337 Ill. App. 3d 197, 202 (2003); Hartung v.

Maple Investment & Development Corp., 243 Ill. App. 3d 811, 814 (1993). The de minimis rule

stems in large part from the recognition that municipalities would suffer an unreasonable

economic burden were they required to keep their sidewalks in perfect condition all the time.

Putman, 337 Ill. App. 3d at 202. “It is common knowledge that sidewalks are constructed in slabs

for the very reason that they must be allowed to expand and contract with changes in temperature.”

Hartung, 243 Ill. App. 3d at 816. In Hartung, we extended the de minimis rule to apply to private

owners and possessors of land. Id. at 815.



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¶ 14   Whether a height variance between two sidewalk slabs is de minimis depends on all of the

pertinent facts, and there is no simple standard to separate de minimis defects from actionable ones.

Arvidson v. City of Elmhurst, 11 Ill. 2d 601, 604 (1957); Hartung, 243 Ill. App. 3d at 814; Birck v.

City of Quincy, 241 Ill. App. 3d 119, 122 (1993). However, it is well established that, absent any

aggravating factors, a vertical displacement of less than two inches is de minimis. Thus, the

supreme court has held that, although a displacement of 2 inches in a residential area is actionable,

a variation of only 1• inches, absent more, is de minimis. Warner v. City of Chicago, 72 Ill. 2d

100, 104-05 (1978). In Birck, the appellate court held that a variance of 1⅞ inches was de

minimis. Birck, 241 Ill. App. 3d at 121-22. Finally, in Putman, we held that a one-inch

displacement was de minimis. Putman, 337 Ill. App. 3d at 202-03.

¶ 15   However, we held in Hartung that “the de minimis rule cannot be applied blindly to cover

every situation. Its application may very well depend on other factors.” Hartung, 243 Ill. App.

3d at 817. Thus, we have observed that, “[i]n a ‘busy commercial district,’ it is reasonable to infer

that a pedestrian could be sufficiently distracted to overlook an otherwise de minimis defect.”

Putman, 337 Ill. App. 3d at 205 (quoting Baker v. City of Granite City, 75 Ill. App. 3d 157, 160

(1979)).   Likewise, in Repinski v. Jubilee Oil Co., 85 Ill. App. 3d 15, 20-21 (1980), the

unreasonableness of a defect was a question for the jury when, among other things, there was

evidence of commercial use of the area. See also Baker, 75 Ill. App. 3d at 160 (defect in a busy

commercial district was actionable, but it might not have been actionable in a residential area). If

there is evidence of an aggravating circumstance, whether the defendant owed a duty to the

plaintiff is a question of fact. See generally Repinski, 85 Ill. App. 3d at 20-21. But if the plaintiff

fails to provide evidence that such a circumstance exists, summary judgment is appropriate. See

Hartung, 243 Ill. App. 3d at 817. Here, plaintiff contends that the location of the defect, outside



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2014 IL App (2d) 130505


the entry to a commercial establishment, was an aggravating circumstance precluding the entry of

summary judgment.

¶ 16   In Hartung, the plaintiff tripped and fell on a raised portion of sidewalk near a store located

in a shopping center. The raised portion of the sidewalk was between one-half and three-quarters

of an inch, and the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendant. Noting a lack

of pleading or evidence that the area was congested with traffic, we applied the de minimis rule.

Id. at 815. In doing so, we noted that it is a great burden to maintain perfect sidewalks and that to

require landowners to monitor and maintain them perfectly at all times would be harsh and

impractical. Id. at 817. Given the extreme and various weather conditions in Illinois, slight

variations in sidewalk elevations are to be expected, and sidewalks cannot be perfectly maintained

at all times. Id. at 816. We further noted that sidewalks are constructed in slabs for the very

reason that they must be allowed to expand and contract with changes in temperature. Id. Also,

imperfections in sidewalks can be avoided by pedestrians more easily than imperfections on stairs.

Id. “Moreover, because indoor flooring is not exposed to the weather and can be more easily

monitored for defects, courts have been more inclined to find smaller defects in flooring

actionable. We believe that a minor defect such as the one in the present case is one that a person

exercising ordinary care could have easily avoided.         The defect is one which is routinely

encountered in an ordinary sidewalk.” Id. at 816-17.

¶ 17   Harris v. Old Kent Bank, 315 Ill. App. 3d 894, 902 (2000), illustrates when an aggravating

circumstance may prevent application of the de minimis rule. There, we declined to apply the de

minimis rule when the plaintiff specifically alleged that the defendant, a bank, failed to provide a

safe means of ingress and egress to the only entrance of its establishment. We noted that it was

not unreasonable to presume that the plaintiff could be distracted by reviewing receipts, looking



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2014 IL App (2d) 130505


for car keys, or looking toward her car and that the economic burden of repairing the area would

not be great. Thus, we did not apply the rule under the particular facts of the case. Id.

¶ 18   In Bledsoe v. Dredge, 288 Ill. App. 3d 1021, 1024 (1997), the Third District distinguished

Hartung and declined to apply the de minimis rule to a fall outside of a partially enclosed entryway

to a commercial building containing shops and businesses. There, the entry was described as a

large covered corridor open on the end, with marble flooring. The court noted that the existence

of shops and businesses could be expected to draw patrons to the entryway. Further, the area was

partially enclosed and was not fully exposed to the weather. The court observed our statement in

Hartung that indoor flooring that is not exposed to the weather can be more easily monitored for

defects and does not impose an equivalent of the burden of monitoring an expanse of sidewalks.

Id. Thus, the court declined to apply the de minimis rule and reversed a grant of summary

judgment. One justice dissented, stating that he would apply the de minimis rule anytime a

surface has been exposed to the elements. Id. at 1025 (Holdridge, J., dissenting).

¶ 19   Here, it is undisputed that the height variation between the concrete slabs was less than two

inches. Such a defect generally is not actionable, because it is de minimis. Further, plaintiff has

not specifically alleged or provided any evidence that an aggravating circumstance such as heavy

foot traffic, distraction, or congestion existed.    Instead, the question is whether the close

proximity to the covered entryway of the commercial building was an aggravating circumstance

that removes application of the de minimis rule.

¶ 20   We apply Hartung and find that the de minimis rule applies. As we held in Hartung,

given the extreme and various weather conditions in Illinois, slight variations in sidewalk

elevations are to be expected, and sidewalks cannot be perfectly maintained at all times. Here,

while the area was partially covered, its sides were open, exposing it to the elements. Further,



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2014 IL App (2d) 130505


pedestrians can avoid imperfections in an outdoor walkway more easily than on indoor flooring.

Requiring a landowner to constantly monitor and perfectly maintain outdoor walkways that are

exposed to the elements would create an undue burden.

¶ 21   As in Hartung, we view the uneven portion of sidewalk as a minor defect that a person

exercising ordinary care could easily avoid, as it is the type of imperfection that is routinely

encountered on an ordinary sidewalk. Hartung, 243 Ill. App. 3d at 816-17. In this regard, we

note that defendant provided an affidavit from an expert stating the opinion that the area was not in

need of repair or replacement and that it did not present a hazardous condition. While that

affidavit was based on observations made well after plaintiff’s fall, it nevertheless was

uncontroverted by plaintiff, who did not present any expert testimony at all.

¶ 22   We find Bledsoe and Harris distinguishable. In Harris, we were concerned with a

specific pleading that the plaintiff failed to provide a safe means of ingress and egress to the sole

entry when the plaintiff might also have been distracted. Here, plaintiff has not alleged that he

lacked a choice of doors used to enter or exit the hotel and he has not alleged that he was distracted

or that congestion or foot traffic was an aggravating circumstance. At most, he speculates that he

might have been looking for a key or that the door mat might have obscured the imperfection,

without having presented evidence that this was actually the case. In Bledsoe, the Third District

was faced with a location that was sheltered from the elements on three sides and that had a marble

floor. That is far different from a covered drive-up entry that is still exposed to the elements and

constructed of concrete.    As we noted in Hartung, indoor flooring is distinguishable from

concrete that is exposed to the elements. Thus, we apply Hartung and affirm.

¶ 23                                    III. CONCLUSION




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2014 IL App (2d) 130505


¶ 24   The trial court properly applied the de minimis rule and granted defendant’s motion for

summary judgment. Accordingly, the judgment of the circuit court of Du Page County is

affirmed.

¶ 25   Affirmed.




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