
Opinion issued May 13, 2004























In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
 

 
 
NO. 01-03-00149-CR
____________
 
WILLIE JAMES MITCHELL, Appellant
 
V.
 
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
 

 
 
On Appeal from the 262nd District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 916782
 

 
 
O P I N I O N
          Appellant, Willie James Mitchell, pleaded guilty to the offense of aggravated
assault with a deadly weapon,
 and the trial court, after finding true the allegation in
an enhancement paragraph that appellant had a prior felony conviction, assessed his
punishment at confinement for 25 years.  In two points of error, appellant contends
that the trial court (1) lacked jurisdiction to convict him of aggravated assault with
a deadly weapon because it was not a lesser included offense of the offense for which
he was indicted, burglary, and (2) erred in entering an affirmative finding that he used
a deadly weapon in the commission of the offense.  We affirm.
Facts
          On September 9, 2002, a grand jury indicted appellant for the offense of
burglary, i.e., entering a habitation and committing and attempting to commit a
felony.
  The indictment alleged, in pertinent part, as follows:
[Appellant], heretofore on or about June 10, 2002, did then and there
unlawfully, without the effective consent of the owner, namely, without
any consent of any kind, intentionally and knowingly enter a habitation
owned by [the complainant], a person having a greater right to
possession of the habitation than [appellant], and commit and attempt to
commit the felony of aggravated assault.

On December 9, 2002, the State moved to reduce the charge against appellant to the
“lesser offense of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, fire.”  Appellant, without
an agreed punishment recommendation from the State, pleaded guilty to this offense
and requested a pre-sentence investigation.  The trial court then ordered the Harris
County Community Supervision and Corrections Department to conduct a pre-sentence investigation and to prepare a pre-sentence investigation report.
          According to the report, which was introduced into evidence at the punishment
hearing, at approximately 10:00 p.m. on June 10, 2002, appellant went to the home
of his former girlfriend, the complainant.  When he arrived, appellant, using his
cellular telephone, contacted the complainant and demanded that she let him in her
house.  After the complainant initially resisted, appellant began kicking the
complainant’s front door.  When the complainant opened the door, appellant went
inside the house.
          Once inside, appellant walked through the complainant’s living room and into
her garage.  He picked up a can of lighter fluid in the garage and returned to the
complainant’s living room.  Appellant then began spraying lighter fluid on the walls
of the living room, while yelling “you never wanted me” and “you never loved me.” 
Shortly thereafter, he walked over to the complainant, sprayed lighter fluid on her,
pulled out a cigarette lighter, and lit the complainant’s shirt on fire.  The complainant
immediately removed her shirt, put out the fire, and called for emergency assistance.
          At this point, appellant “turned very violent.”  He hit the complainant several
times and, when she fell to the ground, he dragged her around the house by her hair,
pulling out a large clump of hair in the process.  At some point, the complainant
escaped from appellant, ran into the kitchen, and attempted to pick up a skillet. 
Appellant followed the complainant into the kitchen and knocked the skillet onto the
floor.  He then grabbed the complainant from behind and began choking her. 
Although the complainant resisted appellant and bit him on the forearm, he re-established his grip on the complainant and choked her until she passed out.
          When she awoke, the complainant heard voices coming from the living room. 
She crawled into the living room and saw appellant standing at the front door
speaking with a police officer.  When appellant began to close the front door, the
complainant screamed “please help me, he killin [sic] me, he killin [sic] me.”  The
officer subsequently arrested appellant.
          At the punishment hearing, appellant testified that he did not intentionally light
the complainant’s shirt on fire.  He explained that, while removing his mother’s
barbecue pit from the complainant’s home and holding a can of lighter fluid, he
argued with the complainant and threw his “hands up and down.”  At this point,
“lighter fluid got on” the complainant.  Appellant then pulled out a cigarette lighter
and began flicking it “as a dare thing.”  While he was flicking the lighter, the
complainant walked towards appellant and the fire “just caught the edge of her shirt.”
Lesser Included Offense
          In his first point of error, appellant argues that the trial court lacked jurisdiction
to convict him of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon because it was not a lesser
included offense of burglary.
          A trial court lacks jurisdiction to convict a defendant of an offense not charged
in the indictment unless it is a lesser included offense.  Teague v. State, 789 S.W.2d
380, 381 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, pet. ref’d).  An offense is a lesser
included offense if: 
(1)it is established by proof of the same or less than all the facts
required to establish the commission of the offense charged;
 
(2)it differs from the offense charged only in the respect that a less
serious injury or risk of injury to the same person, property, or
public interest suffices to establish its commission;
 
(3)it differs from the offense charged only in the respect that a less
culpable mental state suffices to establish its commission; or
 
(4)it consists of an attempt to commit the offense charged or an
otherwise included offense.

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.09 (Vernon 1981).  In regard to article 37.09(1),
a lesser included offense is determined by looking at (1) the elements of the offense
actually charged, (2) the statutory elements of the offense sought as a lesser included
offense, and (3) the proof presented at trial to show the elements of the charged
offense.  Jacob v. State, 892 S.W.2d 905, 907-08 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).  A lesser
included offense is defined with reference to the facts “required” to establish the
charged offense rather than to the facts presented at trial.  Id. at 908.
          A person commits the offense of burglary if, without the effective consent of
the owner, he “enters . . . a habitation and commits or attempts to commit a felony,
theft, or an assault.”  Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 30.02(a)(3) (Vernon 2003).  A person
commits the felony offense of aggravated assault if he commits assault and (1) causes
serious bodily injury to another, or (2) uses or exhibits a deadly weapon during the
commission of the assault.  Id. § 22.02(a) (Vernon Supp. 2004).
          Appellant asserts that burglary, i.e., entering a habitation and committing and
attempting to commit the felony of aggravated assault, the offense for which he was
indicted, “does not require proof that [he] used or exhibited a deadly weapon.” 
Appellant notes that aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, the offense to which
he pleaded guilty, does require such proof.  Appellant concludes, thus, that
aggravated assault with a deadly weapon is not a lesser included offense of burglary.
          In support of his argument, appellant relies on Hall v. State, 81 S.W.3d 927
(Tex. App.—Dallas 2002, pet. granted).  In Hall, a grand jury indicted the defendant
for murder, but the jury found him guilty of aggravated assault by threat.  Id. at 928-29.  In regard to article 37.09, the Dallas Court of Appeals noted the following:
Article 37.09’s efficacy, as it pertains to due process and notice, lies in
its reference to the offense charged and the fact that each variety of
lesser included offense does not enlarge upon the offense charged[,] but
either restricts or reduces culpability as compared to the offense
charged.

Id. at 929 (citing Jacob, 892 S.W.2d at 907; Day v. State, 532 S.W.2d 302, 315 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1975)) (emphasis added).  The Hall court concluded that the State was
“not legally required to show a threat to prove the elements of murder as they were
alleged.”  Hall, 81 S.W.3d at 930.  The court then held that, because the State was not
required to prove a threat under either of the murder theories alleged, aggravated
assault by threat was not a lesser included offense of the indicted murder offense
under article 37.09(1).  Id. at 930.
          Here, in stark contrast to Hall, as to the burglary offense alleged in the
indictment, the State was required to prove the commission of an aggravated assault
or acts constituting an attempt to commit aggravated assault.  See Tex. Pen. Code
Ann. § 30.02(a)(3).
 The State could have proven the commission of an aggravated
assault by showing that (1) appellant had assaulted the complainant and had caused
her to suffer serious bodily injury, or (2) appellant had assaulted the complainant and
had used or exhibited a deadly weapon.  See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.02(a).  In the
burglary indictment, the State was not required to set out the elements of the felony
allegedly committed and attempted by appellant after he entered the complainant’s
habitation, i.e., aggravated assault.  See Ex parte Donohue, 602 S.W.2d 265, 266
(Tex. Crim. App. 1980).  Nevertheless, in contrast to Hall, the State was required to
prove the essential elements that appellant had assaulted the complainant and that he
had used or exhibited a deadly weapon, namely fire, or had caused the complainant
to suffer serious bodily injury.  Under either theory of aggravated assault, the State
would have had to prove essentially the same facts, i.e., that appellant had squirted
lighter fluid on the complainant and had then set her on fire.  Thus, the offense to
which appellant pleaded guilty, “aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, fire,” did
not “enlarge upon” the offense charged, burglary under section 30.02(a)(3), and it was
therefore a lesser included offense.
          Accordingly, we hold that, under article 37.09(1), aggravated assault with a
deadly weapon was a lesser included offense of burglary, under section 30.02(a)(3),
and that, therefore, the trial court had jurisdiction to convict appellant of aggravated
assault with a deadly weapon.
          We overrule appellant’s first point of error.
Deadly Weapon Finding
          In his second point of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred in making
an affirmative finding that he used a deadly weapon in the commission of the offense
of aggravated assault because “[t]he State did not give express notice that it intended
to seek an affirmative finding of a deadly weapon, as it neither alleged the use or
exhibition of a deadly weapon in the indictment nor filed a separate pleading.”
          Ordinarily, a defendant is entitled to written notice in some form that the use
of a deadly weapon will be a fact issue at trial.  Ex parte Minott, 972 S.W.2d 760, 761
(Tex. Crim. App. 1998).  However, when a defendant pleads guilty as part of a plea
agreement, and the inclusion of an affirmative finding of a deadly weapon is a part
of that agreement, the defendant has received actual notice of the State’s intention to
seek an affirmative finding that a deadly weapon was used and has waived the right
to written notice.  Id. at 762.
          Here, the State, on December 9, 2002, moved to reduce the charge against
appellant to the “lesser offense of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, fire.” 
This language appears in appellant’s “Written Waiver of Constitutional Rights,
Agreement to Stipulate, and Judicial Confession,” in which appellant stated his intent
to enter a plea of guilty without an agreed punishment recommendation from the
State.  Both appellant and his counsel signed this document, and appellant
subsequently pleaded guilty to the offense of aggravated assault with a deadly
weapon.  Although there is no evidence in the record that appellant expressly agreed
to a deadly weapon finding as part of any plea agreement, he, in fact, had actual
notice that the State intended to seek such a finding when it moved, in writing, to
reduce the charge against him to aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, fire, he
signed the written waiver, and he pleaded guilty to aggravated assault with a deadly
weapon.  Accordingly, given these circumstances, we hold that appellant waived his
right to receive prior written notice that the State intended to seek an affirmative
finding that he used or exhibited a deadly weapon in the commission of the offense.
          We overrule appellant’s second point of error.

 

Conclusion
          We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
 
 
                                                                        Terry Jennings
                                                                        Justice

Panel consists of Justices Nuchia, Jennings, and Keyes.

Publish.  Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
