             If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                  revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



MONIQUE EUBANKS,                                                       UNPUBLISHED
                                                                       May 23, 2019
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                      No. 344102
                                                                       Wayne Circuit Court
                                                                       Family Division
STEPHEN HENDRIX,                                                       LC No. 16-111812-DC

               Defendant-Appellee.


Before: MURRAY, C.J., and JANSEN and RIORDAN, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court’s judgment for custody, support, and parenting
time, that awarded the parties joint custody and equal parenting time of their minor child. On
appeal, plaintiff contends that the trial court (1) forced her to comply with an unenforceable
settlement agreement, (2) erroneously calculated child support, and (3) exhibited bias in favor of
defendant. Defendant argues that plaintiff’s appeal is vexatious and defendant should therefore
be awarded damages. For the reasons explained below, we vacate the judgment for custody,
support, and parenting time, and remand to the same trial court for proceedings consistent with
this opinion.

                              I. THE SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT

        Plaintiff first contends that the trial court erred by forcing the parties (or, more precisely,
her) to accept a settlement agreement that was never signed, and the terms of which were never
placed on the record.

       The legal principles applicable to the construction and interpretation of contracts applies
with equal force to our review of settlement agreements, which are of course also contracts.
Kloian v Domino’s Pizza, LLC, 273 Mich App 449, 452; 733 NW2d 766 (2006), citing
Walbridge Aldinger Co v Walcon Corp, 207 Mich App 566, 571; 525 NW2d 489 (1994). “The
existence and interpretation of a contract are questions of law reviewed de novo,” Kloian, 273
Mich App at 452, citing Bandit Indus, Inc v Hobbs Int’l, Inc (After Remand), 463 Mich 504, 511;



                                                 -1-
620 NW2d 531 (2001), as is the interpretation and application of court rules, Dykes v William
Beaumont Hosp, 246 Mich App 471, 482-483; 633 NW2d 440 (2001).

        A valid, enforceable contract requires an offer, an acceptance that is “unambiguous and
in strict conformance with the offer,” and “mutual assent or a meeting of the minds on all
essential terms.” Kloian, 273 Mich App at 452-453 (quotation marks and citations omitted).
Trial courts are required to enforce unambiguous contracts according to their terms, but are
prohibited from entering orders “pursuant to the consent of the parties which deviate[] in any
material respect from the agreement of the parties.” Id. at 461 (quotation marks and citations
omitted). Additionally, “[a]n agreement or consent between the parties or their attorneys
respecting the proceedings in an action is not binding unless it was made in open court, or unless
evidence of the agreement is in writing, subscribed by the party against whom the agreement is
offered or by that party’s attorney.” MCR 2.507(G).

         With respect to certain domestic relations matters, MCR 3.216(H)(8) provides that “[i]f a
settlement is reached as a result of . . . mediation, to be binding, the terms of that settlement must
be reduced to a signed writing by the parties or acknowledged by the parties on an audio or video
recording. After a settlement has been reached, the parties shall take steps necessary to enter
judgment as in the case of other settlements.” Finally, and separate from the question of whether
an enforceable settlement agreement exists in the first place, “ ‘[t]he finding of the trial court
concerning the validity of the parties’ consent to a settlement agreement will not be overturned
absent a finding of an abuse of discretion,’ ” which occurs when the court chooses an outcome
that falls outside the range of principled outcomes. Rettig v Rettig, 322 Mich App 750, 754; 912
NW2d 877 (2018) (quotation marks and citations omitted).

        We first recognize that there is no dispute that the terms of any agreement reached at
mediation were never reduced to a signed writing or recorded by audio or video, as required by
MCR 3.216(H)(8). Consequently, any purported mediation-based agreement could not, absent
any other valid proof of a settlement, be the basis for the judgment.1 However, at the September
27, 2017 hearing, held one day after the mediation, the parties placed a partial agreement on the
record, in compliance with MCR 2.507(G). At that hearing, relative to the purported agreement
reached at mediation, the trial court indicated that its understanding as to the “gist” of the
agreement was that the parties were to continue with joint physical and legal custody and equal
parenting time. Plaintiff agreed on the record with that statement, and the court found that
arrangement to be in the best interests of the child. Consequently, the agreement placed on the
record and agreed to by plaintiff was binding upon her.

       The fact that this agreement as to custody and parenting time did not resolve all the
disputes between the parties, 2 with the court recognizing that “some other little things”


1
 At the May 14, 2018 hearing, the trial court recognized several times that there was no binding
agreement from the mediation session.
2
 Or, stated differently, neither the court nor the parties set out on the record the remainder of the
agreement purportedly made at mediation.


                                                 -2-
purportedly agreed to at mediation were going to be added to the judgment, does not render the
partial agreement invalid. First, as noted, the agreement was in compliance with MCR 2.507(G).
Second, parties are always permitted to voluntarily resolve part of their disputes, and leave the
remainder for court resolution. See, generally, Brucker v McKinlay Transport, Inc, 454 Mich 8,
18 n 9; 557 NW2d 536 (1997). This frequently occurs in all types of civil cases, including
family law cases. See Washington v Washington, 283 Mich App 667, 668-669; 770 NW2d 908
(2009) (recognizing parties partially settled their dispute through mediation). That is, of course,
precisely what occurred at the September 2017 hearing, putting to rest the dispute regarding
custody and parenting time. And, as the trial court noted, the remaining issues required further
resolution by the court.

       Defendant argues that because the parties went through the items in the judgment for
custody line-by-line at the May 14, 2018 hearing, and plaintiff declined the trial court’s offer to
have a trial and permitted her attorney to sign the judgment for custody, the May 14, 2018
judgment for custody is a settlement agreement in and of itself. We conclude otherwise.

        First, plaintiff herself expressed her desire to have a trial at the May 14, 2018 hearing no
less than three times. Second, as plaintiff notes on appeal, her attorney explicitly wrote above
her signature on the judgment for custody that the signature was “[a]s to form,” and a consent
judgment “requires approval as to both form and substance.” Union v Ewing, 372 Mich 181,
186; 125 NW2d 311 (1963). Moreover, even had plaintiff’s counsel affixed her signature to the
order and indicated approval as to both from and substance, a consent judgment still does not
exist unless there is some independent evidence that the parties actually stipulated to the
outcome. Ahrenberg Mech Contracting, Inc v Howlett, 451 Mich 74, 78-79; 545 NW2d 4
(1996). In fact, the trial court so strongly recognized that plaintiff did not consent to the
judgment for custody that it chose to go through the proposed judgment line-by-line partially in
anticipation of her appeal. Thus, defendant’s argument that a binding agreement on matters
other than custody and parenting time came out of the May 14, 2018 hearing is without merit,
and plaintiff is entitled to a trial on these remaining, unresolved issues. 3

                           II. CALCULATION OF CHILD SUPPORT

        Plaintiff next contends that the trial court erred when it adopted the referee’s support
recommendation because the referee erroneously calculated defendant’s income. Specifically,
plaintiff contends that, in determining defendant’s net income, the referee erroneously deducted
defendant’s personal vehicle expenses in violation of 2017 MCSF 2.01(E)(4)(e)(vii). Even to the
extent that defendant primarily used the vehicle for business purposes, plaintiff contends that the
trial court should have considered the percentage of time defendant used the vehicle as his
personal vehicle in determining defendant’s income. We agree.




3
 The trial court’s resolution of the remaining issues through argument by counsel was not the
appropriate means of decision. Absent a settlement, or an explicit agreement waiving a trial, the
court should have taken evidence and then resolved the remaining issues.


                                                -3-
       “Generally, child support orders, including orders modifying child support, are reviewed
for an abuse of discretion.” Clarke v Clarke, 297 Mich App 172, 178-179; 823 NW2d 318
(2012). “An abuse of discretion occurs when the decision results in an outcome falling outside
the range of principled outcomes.” Keinz v Keinz, 290 Mich App 137, 141; 799 NW2d 576
(2010). Questions of law, including whether the trial court properly applied the Michigan Child
Support Formula (MCSF), are reviewed de novo. Clarke, 297 Mich App at 179, citing
Stallworth v Stallworth, 275 Mich App 282, 284; 738 NW2d 264 (2007). Factual findings are
reviewed for clear error. Id.

       2017 MCSF 2.01(E)(4)(e)(vii) provides:

       2.01(E) Self-Employed Individuals, Business Owners, Executives, and Others

                                             * * *

       (4) For purposes of this subsection, income includes amounts that were not
       otherwise included as income elsewhere in this chapter. Pay special attention to
       the following forms of compensation:

                                             * * *

       (e) Deductions for Tax Purposes. For a variety of historical and policy reasons,
       the government allows considerable deductions for business-related expenses
       before taxes are calculated. Those same considerations are not always relevant to
       monies a parent should have available for child support. Therefore, some
       deductions should be added back into a parent’s income for purposes of
       determining child support, including:

                                             * * *

       (vii) Personal automobile repair and maintenance expenses.

Thus, while business-related vehicle expenses are deductible for the purpose of determining an
individual’s net income under the child support formula, personal vehicle expenses are not. As
noted by defendant, in calculating defendant’s income, the referee only deducted what it
determined to be business vehicle expenses from defendant’s overall expenses. The referee
explicitly noted in its recommendation: “[Defendant] stated he used his leased vehicle 100% for
business. The total monthly cost for [defendant’s] vehicle including registration, gas & oil,
insurance and parking and tolls is $1[,]419.85 per month. This is a total of $17[,]038.20 per
year. This was subtracted from gross expenses to yield a gross annual income of $77[,]652.00.”
Plaintiff’s argument on appeal, however, is that some of the vehicle expenses deducted were
actually personal expenses.

        Indeed, defendant initially testified that the vehicle at issue was, in fact, his personal
vehicle, but that he wrote it off as a business vehicle for tax purposes. Defendant later testified




                                                -4-
that the “majority of th[e] vehicle [was] used for business.” Defendant indicated that he used the
vehicle for personal purposes approximately 17% of the time, and that he spent most of his time
riding with his wife in her personal vehicle.4 When ultimately rendering the recommendation,
however, the referee seemed to ignore defendant’s statements and simply noted, apparently
based upon interrogatories provided prior to defendant’s testimony, that defendant “used his
leased vehicle 100% for business.”

        Notably, it is the job of the trial court to weigh the evidence and determine the credibility
of the witnesses. Pierron v Pierron, 282 Mich App 222, 243; 765 NW2d 345 (2009), aff’d 486
Mich 81 (2010). In this case, however, although the trial court had a tax return and
interrogatories that might have said otherwise, defendant explicitly admitted to the referee in his
testimony that some of the vehicle expenses reflected in those documents were, in fact, personal
expenses. Then, on de novo review before the trial court, defendant acknowledged his
admission, but mischaracterized the referee’s recommendation: “We discussed the vehicle. The
vehicle was used for mostly business and also used for personal. I think that’s also what [the
referee] might have put in the recommendation. She assessed it at 83 percent. It’s a business
and personal vehicle.”5 Somewhat ironically, what defendant mischaracterized about the
referee’s recommendation is the primary basis for plaintiff’s argument on appeal. In any event,
either defendant lied to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) or defendant lied to the trial court,
but given defendant’s admission, either the referee or the trial court should have questioned
defendant further about the extent to which his vehicle expenses were for personal purposes in
order to calculate defendant’s income pursuant to the MCSF. Because they did not, they failed
to properly apply the MCSF.

        Plaintiff also contends that the trial court abused its discretion by overlooking
discrepancies between defendant’s bank records and tax returns. Specifically, plaintiff notes that
defendant’s bank records indicate that more money was deposited into defendant’s business bank
accounts than defendant reported in gross receipts on his tax returns. While this might be of
interest to business associates or the IRS, defendant explained to the trial court on multiple
occasions that he frequently borrowed money from his business accounts in order to cover
personal expenses, and that defendant would then deposit that money from his personal bank
account back into his business accounts when it became available. This may explain why there
might have been more deposits into defendant’s business accounts than reflected as actual
revenue, and exemplifies why, at the very least, it was not outside the range of reasonable and
principled outcomes for the trial court not to linger on the perceived discrepancy.



4
 Plaintiff briefly argues that the trial court failed to consider that defendant did not marry his
wife until August 2017, and thus, defendant was likely using his own vehicle prior to that point.
Defendant indicated in his testimony, however, that he was living with his wife as early as 2016.
5
  Initially, it seemed that the referee was not going to allow the 15% to 17% of defendant’s
vehicle expenses that constituted personal vehicle expenses to be deducted from his overall
expenses, but in the actual recommendation, the referee seemed to forget defendant’s admissions
and acted as though the vehicle was used solely for business purposes.



                                                -5-
        Plaintiff next alleges that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to enforce its own
discovery order against defendant whilst simultaneously denying plaintiff an adjournment of a de
novo review of child support based upon defendant’s failure to provide that same discovery. 6
Plaintiff also alleges that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to award attorney fees
when plaintiff was forced to file motions to enforce the discovery order. We disagree.

        A trial court’s decisions as to attorney fees and whether to grant or deny discovery are
reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Keinz, 290 Mich App at 141; Shinkle v Shinkle (On
Rehearing), 255 Mich App 221, 224; 663 NW2d 481 (2003). Although the trial court
determined at a hearing on January 12, 2018, that plaintiff was entitled to certain discovery, the
court failed to issue a written order to that effect. Plaintiff also failed to provide a proposed
order until two months after the hearing at which the trial court stated that it would issue the
discovery order. When plaintiff did file a proposed order, defendant filed objections, contending
that it went beyond the scope of the discovery that was orally granted. Those objections were
heard at a hearing on May 4, 2018, at which the trial court elected to resolve the issue by
allowing plaintiff’s accountant access to any financial documentation in the possession of
defendant’s accountant. Notably, plaintiff did not object at the time to that resolution, and we
hold that the resolution, which was premised on expediency, was not outside the range of
reasonable and principled outcomes.

        With respect to plaintiff’s oral motion for attorney fees, plaintiff sought compensation
from defendant for the fact that plaintiff was forced to file a motion to enforce the discovery
order, but the trial court noted:

       The [discovery] order didn’t get entered. So, who’s the onus on [to] prepare a
       new order[?] If we ruled on it in a seven day hearing it’s water under the bridge
       now guys. It didn’t get done. It should have gotten done. Lesson learned on this
       one.

We agree that it was not necessarily defendant’s fault that an actual discovery order was never
entered, nor was it clear from the record that defendant had resisted complying with the
discovery that was orally discussed, and accordingly, the trial court’s decision to deny attorney
fees was not outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.

                                        III. JUDICIAL BIAS

       We flatly reject plaintiff’s contention that the trial judge exhibited bias and should be
disqualified.



6
  Plaintiff also suggests that the trial court erred in denying an adjournment because plaintiff
should have been permitted time to allow her accountant to testify. However, we note that
plaintiff did not request an adjournment after her accountant indicated that they would not be
prepared to testify at the May 14, 2018 hearing, and instead, voluntarily chose to rely on the
testimony of defendant’s accountant alone.


                                                 -6-
        While this Court ordinarily reviews a trial court’s decision regarding judicial bias for an
abuse of discretion, Armstrong v Ypsilanti Charter Twp, 248 Mich App 573, 596; 640 NW2d
321 (2001), unpreserved arguments7 of judicial bias are reviewed for plain error affecting a
party’s substantial rights, People v Jackson, 292 Mich App 583, 597; 808 NW2d 541 (2011).
“To avoid forfeiture under the plain-error rule, three requirements must be met: (1) an error must
have occurred; (2) the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, and (3) the plain error affected
substantial rights.” Rivette v Rose-Molina, 278 Mich App 327, 328-329; 750 NW2d 603 (2008)
(quotation marks and citations omitted). An error affects substantial rights when it impacts the
outcome of the proceedings. Lawrence v Mich Unemployment Ins Agency, 320 Mich App 422,
443; 906 NW2d 482 (2017).

       “Due process requires that an unbiased and impartial decision-maker hear and decide a
case.” Mitchell v Mitchell, 296 Mich App 513, 523; 823 NW2d 153 (2012). Disqualification is
warranted where a “judge is biased or prejudiced for or against a party or attorney,” where a
judge has exhibited “a serious risk of actual bias impacting the due process rights of a party,” or
where there is an appearance of impropriety. MCR 2.003(C)(1)(a) and (b); Cain v Mich Dep’t of
Corrections, 451 Mich 470, 494-496; 548 NW2d 210 (1996). Actual bias tends only to exist
where a judge displays “ ‘a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that would make fair judgment
impossible.’ ” Cain, 451 Mich at 496, quoting Liteky v United States, 510 US 540, 555; 114 S Ct
1147; 127 L Ed 2d 474 (1994). In the absence of actual bias, “disqualification is warranted
‘where there are circumstances of such a nature to cause doubt as to [the judge’s] partiality, bias,
or prejudice.’ ” Ireland v Smith, 214 Mich App 235, 250; 542 NW2d 344 (1995) (citation
omitted; alteration in original); aff’d as mod 451 Mich 457 (1986). Disqualification for the
appearance of impartiality “is only constitutionally required in the most extreme cases.” Cain,
451 Mich at 498. Finally, “the party who challenges a judge on the basis of bias or prejudice
must overcome a heavy presumption of judicial impartiality.” Id. at 497.

        Plaintiff’s contention that the trial court exhibited bias by expressing concerns over
resolving the case in a timely manner, and by failing to enforce its own discovery order, is
without merit. Judicial bias can rarely be shown through judicial decisions, Band v Livonia
Assoc, 176 Mich App 95, 118; 439 NW2d 285 (1989), and this is not one of those rare cases.
Nothing in the record reveals any sort of favoritism or bias on the part of the trial court, and the
failure to enter a written discovery order seems to have been the product of confusion and a
failure of oversight. The presumption of impartiality remains solidly in place on this record.

       Finally, plaintiff contends that the trial court expressed bias when it gave its opinion on
the best interests of the minor without ever having taken any evidence in the case. At the
September 27, 2017 hearing, the trial court noted:

          The Court will find that this arrangement is in [CH’s] best interest. Typically, we
          interview the minor child. I am not going to interview the minor child because
          FAME already talked to you both. I have a confidential [sic]. And regardless of
          who [CH] tells me he wants to live with, it is one-twelfth of the factors. And


7
    Plaintiff failed to raise the issue of judicial bias below.


                                                     -7-
       based on everything else, I’m saying it would probably end up the same way
       anyway.

Again, plaintiff fails to explain how this statement exhibits bias or an appearance of impropriety.
The trial court was simply explaining that it was not necessary to interview the minor child to
find that, what it believed was an enforceable settlement agreement, was in the best interest of
CH. Moreover, rather than expressing an uninformed opinion as to CH’s best interests, the trial
court had already conducted three hearings with the parties, had a Friend of the Court report as to
the best interests of CH, and had the referee recommendation that was based upon three
additional hearings. There is not a hint of bias or impartiality on this record.

                       IV. DEFENDANT’S REQUEST FOR DAMAGES

        Finally, defendant contends that plaintiff’s appeal is vexatious and that defendant should
therefore be entitled to costs and fees. But defendant makes this argument without raising the
issue in a proper motion pursuant to MCR 7.216(C)(1). It is therefore not properly before the
Court. Edge v Edge, 299 Mich App 121, 129 n 4; 829 NW2d 276 (2012). See also Bonkowski v
Allstate Ins Co, 281 Mich App 154, 182; 761 NW2d 784 (2008) (declining to address the
plaintiff’s request for damages because the request came from a brief on appeal rather than a
motion pursuant to MCR 7.216(C)(1)).8

       The judgment is vacated in part and remanded for proceedings consistent with this
opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.



                                                            /s/ Christopher M. Murray
                                                            /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                            /s/ Michael J. Riordan




8
  Were we to reach the substance of defendant’s claim, however, we would hold that plaintiff’s
appeal is not vexatious. There is no evidence that plaintiff’s appeal was made for the purposes of
hindrance or delay, and particularly with respect to child custody and support, plaintiff raised
several meritorious issues to be determined on appeal. See Silich v Rongers, 302 Mich App 137,
152; 840 NW2d 1 (2013) (an appeal is not vexatious simply because aspects of an argument are
unsuccessful). Nor is it evident from plaintiff’s brief on appeal that plaintiff disregarded the
requirements of a fair presentation of the issues to the court.


                                               -8-
