                           NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

                                              No. 121,231

               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                           STATE OF KANSAS,
                                               Appellee,

                                                    v.

                                      DAVID RAY STUCKEY JR.,
                                            Appellant.


                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

        Appeal from Wyandotte District Court; WESLEY K. GRIFFIN, judge. Opinion filed June 5, 2020.
Affirmed.


        Rick Kittel, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.


        Daniel G. Obermeier, assistant district attorney, Mark A. Dupree Sr., district attorney, and Derek
Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.


Before GARDNER, P.J., WARNER, J. and ROBERT J. WONNELL, District Judge, assigned.


        PER CURIAM: After a search incident to arrest, officers found drugs and drug
paraphernalia on David Stuckey Jr. The State charged him with several drug offenses and
criminal trespass. Stuckey moved to suppress the evidence, arguing the officers lacked
probable cause to arrest him. The district court disagreed and, after a trial on stipulated
facts, convicted Stuckey. On appeal, the sole argument Stuckey properly raises is that the
officers lacked probable cause to arrest him for criminal trespass. Agreeing with the
district court that the officers had probable cause to arrest Stuckey, we affirm.



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Factual and Procedural Background


       In March 2018, police arrested Stuckey for criminal trespass. They searched him
right after his arrest and found on his person 6.5 grams of cocaine, 41.7 grams of
marijuana, 9 hydrocodone pills, 16 plastic baggies, a digital scale, a loaded .22 revolver,
and 27 rounds of ammunition. The State charged Stuckey with possession of cocaine with
intent to distribute, possession of marijuana with intent to distribute, possession of
hydrocodone, possession of drug paraphernalia, and criminal trespass.


       Before trial, Stuckey moved to suppress all evidence found during the search.
Stuckey argued the officers lacked probable cause to arrest him, so they could not have
searched him incident to a lawful arrest. The district court held a hearing on the motion
and admitted the following evidence.


       On the morning in question, Stuckey, Talisa Crosby, and Paul Robinson walked to
Central Park Towers in Kansas City to visit Marvin Daniels. The Central Park Towers is
a government operated facility. This building is pass card protected. Rules require visitors
to be accompanied by a resident, to sign in at the front desk, and to present a valid photo
ID. But Mark Gatson, a Central Park Towers' resident, testified that when the door is
open visitors sometimes enter without being accompanied by residents and sometimes no
one is at the front desk and no sign-in book is available.


       Robinson testified that when they came to visit Daniels, they signed in for their
visit, but no one was at the front desk to check their ID's and no one escorted them to
Daniel's apartment. Sometime later, Crosby, Robinson, and Stuckey left the building
unescorted. Crosby and Robinson left the premises, but Stuckey soon returned to Central
Park Towers to visit Gatson.




                                              2
       But when Stuckey tried to reenter the building, Don Wainwright, the building's
maintenance worker, told him that he could not enter without a resident escort and an ID.
An argument erupted. Wainwright testified that Stuckey threatened to shoot him and was
generally being "irate and belligerent" and, potentially, drunk. Wainwright walked away
and went to the office.


       Unable to get into the building, Stuckey tried without success to call Gatson on his
cellphone. He then looked up and called Gatson's name. Gatson testified that from his
tenth-floor apartment he heard Stuckey calling his name and went down to let him in.
Both Gatson and Stuckey testified that Gatson opened the door for Stuckey and escorted
him upstairs. Both testified that the sign-in sheet was not at the front desk and no one was
there to check Stuckey's ID. Gatson testified that Stuckey was a welcome guest in his
apartment.


       Shawnee Burnes worked the front desk in the building that day. The residents and
staff have been instructed to not open the door for anyone. Stuckey became irate and
belligerent after Wainwright told Stuckey he could not come in. Because Stuckey was
yelling, cursing, and making threats, Burnes called the police. Stuckey had a bottle of
liquor but had not been physical with anyone. Neither Burnes nor Wainwright saw
Gatson escort Stuckey into the building.


       When police arrived, Stuckey was no longer outside. Officers Christopher James
and Robert Peck met with the building's manager, Margaret Lysakowski. James testified
that his only information about whether Stuckey could be in the building came from her.
Lysakowski testified that she had reviewed security footage. It showed that Stuckey had
entered when someone left the building and gone to Gatson's apartment. Lysakowski told
the officers what she had seen on the security footage. She told them that Stuckey had
been told he could not enter the building because he was violating its policies.
Wainwright told the officers that Stuckey had threatened to shoot him.
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       The officers, Lysakowski, and Wainwright then went to Gatson's apartment to
escort Stuckey out of the building. Gatson answered the door, Wainwright identified
Stuckey as the man who had threatened him, and the officers asked Stuckey to come out
of the apartment. In the hallway, Wainwright and Stuckey began to argue again and the
police had to "jump in between" them. James testified that to avoid a disturbance in the
hallway they walked Stuckey to the elevator and rode down without Wainwright. While
in the elevator, James smelled raw marijuana, which he had not smelled before. He
thought the odor was coming from Stuckey. After Lysakowski signed a ticket for
trespassing, James arrested Stuckey for criminal trespass.


       Once outside, the officers searched Stuckey. They found cocaine, marijuana,
hydrocodone pills, plastic baggies, a digital scale, a loaded .22 revolver, and ammunition
on Stuckey. That evidence gave rise to his charges and conviction.


       Based on the above evidence, the district court denied Stuckey's motion to
suppress. The parties then agreed to submit the case for a bench trial on stipulated facts.
The district court found Stuckey guilty of all counts and sentenced him to 51 months in
prison with 36 months of postrelease supervision.


       Stuckey timely appeals.


Did the Officers Have Probable Cause to Arrest Stuckey for Criminal Trespass?


       Stuckey first argues that the officers lacked probable cause to arrest him for
criminal trespass. Stuckey believes his status as a welcome guest should have been
apparent to the officers when they saw him peaceably in Gatson's apartment. Instead, he
alleges, the officers believed Lysakowski's "unsubstantiated" claim that Gatson had not
escorted Stuckey into the building.


                                             4
       The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and section 15 of the
Kansas Constitution Bill of Rights prohibit unreasonable searches and seizures. State v.
Daniel, 291 Kan. 490, 498, 242 P.3d 1186 (2010). "[A] warrantless search by a police
officer is per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment unless the State can fit the
search within one of the recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement." State v.
Sanchez-Loredo, 294 Kan. 50, 55, 272 P.3d 34 (2012). The State relies solely on the
search incident to lawful arrest exception.


       Stuckey asserts that because his arrest was unlawful, the search incident to his
arrest was unlawful. See State v. Sanders, 310 Kan. 279, 297, 445 P.3d 1144 (2019)
(finding once a legal arrest is made, the officer can search the arrestee's person within the
permissible scope of the search incident to lawful arrest exception) (citing Utah v. Strieff,
579 U.S. __, 136 S. Ct. 2056, 2063, 195 L. Ed. 2d 400 [2016]). He asks us to reverse his
conviction and remand the case with directions to suppress all evidence found in the
search of his person.


Standard of Review

       Our standard of review for a district court's decision on a motion to suppress has
two components. We review the district court's factual findings to determine whether
they are supported by substantial competent evidence. Substantial competent evidence
refers to legal and relevant evidence that a reasonable person could accept as adequate to
support a conclusion. State v. Doelz, 309 Kan. 133, 138, 432 P.3d 669 (2019). In
reviewing the factual findings, we do not reweigh the evidence or assess the credibility of
witnesses. We review the ultimate legal conclusion, however, by using a de novo
standard. State v. Hanke, 307 Kan. 823, 827, 415 P.3d 966 (2018).


       The State carries the burden to prove that a search and seizure was lawful, both
under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and under Kansas statute.

                                              5
State v. Ton, 308 Kan. 564, 568, 571-72, 422 P.3d 678 (2018); State v. Green, 32 Kan.
App. 2d 789, 792, 89 P.3d 940 (2004). In a motion to suppress, however, the defendant
must establish the facts necessary to support the suppression motion in the district court.
K.S.A. 22-3216; see State v. Estrada-Vital, 302 Kan. 549, 556-57, 356 P.3d 1058 (2015).


       The officers had probable cause that Stuckey was trespassing.

       Some material facts are in dispute here, as the district court noted:


       "There's been disagreement as to whether he showed ID. There's been disagreement as to
       who brought him up. There's been disagreement as to when he was yelling from the
       ground floor up to the 10th floor who buzzed him in or didn't buzz him in because
       different apartment complexes, et cetera, et cetera. So virtually everything is in
       contention."


       Stuckey disputes these facts and asks us to reweigh the evidence, discounting the
staff's and the officers' testimonies. He asks us to find that the officers knew or should
have known Stuckey was a lawful guest but chose to credit Lysakowski's
"unsubstantiated claims." But we do not reweigh the evidence or assess the credibility of
witnesses. Hanke, 307 Kan. at 827. Instead, we determine whether the district court's
factual findings could be supported by substantial competent evidence. Doelz, 309 Kan.
138.


       The district court found there was no disturbance when the officers arrived. They
knew that Stuckey had been threatening people and acting aggressively because they
would not let him in the building. Lysakowski told them that Stuckey did not follow the
rules and, despite the warning, went upstairs. Upstairs, Wainwright identified Stuckey as
the man who had threatened him. The district court found that the officers planned to
write Stuckey a ticket for trespassing and remove him from the premise, as building
management had authorized them to do. It also found that the officers properly relied on

                                                    6
the management's version of the rules. Based on our review of the record, we find legal
and relevant evidence that a reasonable person could accept as adequate to support the
district court's factual findings.


       As to the legal question, the district court held that officers had probable cause to
believe that Stuckey was trespassing. We review that determination de novo.


       A warrantless arrest is justified when an officer develops a probable cause belief
the individual has committed or is committing an offense. State v. Keenan, 304 Kan. 986,
994, 377 P.3d 439 (2016). Our Supreme Court has recently defined probable cause:


       "'"Probable cause is the reasonable belief that a specific crime has been committed and
       that the defendant committed the crime. Probable cause exists where the facts and
       circumstances within the arresting officers' knowledge and of which they had reasonably
       trustworthy information are sufficient in themselves to warrant a man of reasonable
       caution in the belief that an offense has been or is being committed.


               "'"When determining whether probable cause exists, an appellate court considers
       the totality of the circumstances, including all of the information in the officer's
       possession, fair inferences therefrom, and any other relevant facts, even if they may not
       be admissible on the issue of guilt."' [Citations omitted]" State v. Chavez-Majors, 310
       Kan. 1048, 1055, 454 P.3d 600 (2019).


       K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5808(a)(1)(A) defines criminal trespass.


               "(a) Criminal trespass is entering or remaining upon or in any:
               (1) Land . . . [or] structure . . . by a person who knows such person is not
       authorized or privileged to do so, and:
               (A) Such person enters or remains therein in defiance of an order not to enter or
       to leave such premises or property personally communicated to such person by the owner
       thereof or other authorized person."


                                                     7
Criminal trespass is a misdemeanor. K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5808(b).


       The totality of the circumstances within the officers' knowledge was sufficient to
warrant a person of reasonable caution in the belief that Stuckey had committed criminal
trespass. Both Lysakowski and Wainwright, authorized persons, had told Stuckey he
could not enter the building unless he followed the building's rules. But Stuckey entered
in defiance of their order, knowing he was not authorized to do so, according to
Lysakowski and Wainwright. The district court credited their testimony.


       To form probable cause, the officers were not required to have firsthand
knowledge of Stuckey's trespass. "'It is enough that the police officer initiating the chain
of communication either had firsthand knowledge or received his information from some
person—normally the putative victim or an eyewitness—who it seems reasonable to
believe is telling the truth.'" State v. Ibarra, 282 Kan. 530, 545, 147 P.3d 842 (2006)
(quoting State v. Clark, 218 Kan. 726, 732, 544 P.2d 1372 [1976]). The officers properly
relied on management's firsthand information that Stuckey was trespassing. And, as the
district court found, the management saw the events and knew the rules better than
Stuckey or Gatson.


       Stuckey claims that the officers should have investigated more, rather than taking
management's word over his word and Gatson's. But nothing in the record shows that
Stuckey or Gatson told the officers that Stuckey might be there lawfully. The officers
acted on the only information known to them when they arrested Stuckey for criminal
trespass. See State v. Boggess, 308 Kan. 821, 828-29, 425 P.3d 324 (2018) (stating the
operative question is what was before the officers at that moment in time). Officers did
not need to "conduct a mini-trial" before arresting Stuckey. See Brodnicki v. City of
Omaha, 75 F.3d 1261, 1264 (8th Cir. 1996) (stating the police did not have a duty to
investigate defendant's alibi before making a probable cause determination). And it was
                                              8
reasonable for the officers to accept the management's information about Stuckey's
unlawful presence. See People v. Finch, 23 N.Y.3d 408, 417-18, 15 N.E.3d 307 (2014)
("In many situations an officer may be justified in accepting without independent
verification a property manager's assertion that management is entitled to decide who
may enter the property."). And had the officers investigated more, they likely would have
viewed the security footage which objectively showed Stuckey entering the building
when someone left it, in violation of the rules.


       The district court properly ruled that the officers lawfully arrested Stuckey
because they had probable cause to believe he was trespassing. The officers thus had the
ability to conduct a search incident to Stuckey's lawful arrest. They did so, legally finding
the evidence that led to Stuckey's convictions.


       We find it unnecessary to address the State's alternative argument that police had
probable cause to arrest Stuckey for possession of marijuana based on the odor coming
from his person. See State v. Hubbard, 309 Kan. 22, 40, 430 P.3d 956 (2018) (if the
circumstances warrant it, the odor of marijuana may supply probable cause); Lewis v.
City of Topeka, 305 F. Supp. 2d 1209, 1214 (D. Kan. 2004) ("A police officer's subjective
reason for making an arrest is irrelevant in determining whether the arrestee's Fourth
Amendment rights were violated.").


Stuckey has not preserved the issue whether the officers had probable cause to arrest him
under K.S.A. 22-2401(c)(2)(A)-(C).


       Stuckey next claims the officers lacked probable cause to arrest him for a
misdemeanor as required by K.S.A. 22-2401(c)(2)(A)-(C). That statute requires officers
to have probable cause of additional factors when they arrest a person for a misdemeanor
not committed in their presence. Under that circumstance, the officer must have not only


                                              9
probable cause that the person is committing or has committed a misdemeanor, but also
probable cause to believe:


               "(A) The person will not be apprehended or evidence of the crime will be
       irretrievably lost unless the person is immediately arrested;
               "(B) the person may cause injury to self or others or damage to property unless
       immediately arrested; or
               "(C) the person has intentionally inflicted bodily harm to another person."
       K.S.A. 22-2401(c)(2)(A)-(C).


Stuckey claims that even if the officers had probable cause to believe he had committed
misdemeanor criminal trespass, they lacked probable cause of any of these three statutory
factors necessary for his immediate misdemeanor arrest.


       But Stuckey did not raise this claim to the district court. He neither cited K.S.A.
22-2401(c), nor mentioned the statute's added criteria for a misdemeanor arrest. The State
correctly argues that Stuckey failed to preserve his challenge under K.S.A. 22-2401(c)(2).
If an issue was not raised in the district court, it generally cannot be raised on appeal. See
State v. Williams, 298 Kan. 1075, 1085-86, 319 P.3d 528 (2014).


       K.S.A. 22-3216 (1) and (2) requires "a defendant aggrieved by an unlawful search
and seizure" to move in writing for suppression before trial and "state facts showing
wherein the search and seizure were unlawful." It also provides that "[t]he judge shall
receive evidence on any issue of fact necessary to determine the motion." K.S.A. 22-
3216(2). So defendant's suppression motion initially guides the district court's factual
findings. See Estrada-Vital, 302 Kan. at 557. If a defendant narrows the scope of his or
her argument, leading to a suppression hearing focused on a particular issue and directing
the district court to make certain findings and conclusions related only to that issue, we
need not address on appeal the merits of a broader claim. See Ton, 308 Kan. at 571-72.


                                                   10
       That's the case here. Stuckey's written motion and oral arguments to the district
court focused on the Fourth Amendment issue whether the officers had probable cause to
believe that he was trespassing. Stuckey did not mention the statutory issue under K.S.A.
22-2401(c)(2)(A)-(C). So the district court's finding that "the officers acted with probable
cause" did not reflect any conclusions about the statute's requirements. Although the
record contains some evidence that may satisfy the statute's terms, we decline to address
the merits of this issue because the district court did not do so.


       We have repeatedly cautioned parties to present all the grounds for suppression in
one pretrial hearing to the district court:


               "'Nothing in this statute permits the defendant to present only some of the
       grounds upon which he or she argues the evidence should be suppressed and then later
       argue different grounds for the suppression at a later stage of the proceeding. K.S.A. 22-
       3216 indicates all of the grounds supporting the suppression of evidence must be raised in
       a motion to suppress prior to trial. Additionally, there is no support in K.S.A. 22-3216 to
       permit this court to entertain such a motion based on new factual grounds for the first
       time on appeal, and doing so would defeat the purpose of K.S.A. 22-3216.' State v.
       McLarty, No. 117,392, 2018 WL 1546282, at *6 (Kan. App. 2018) (unpublished
       opinion)." State v. Farner, No. 118,839, 2019 WL 1496139, at *4 (Kan. App.)
       (unpublished opinion), rev. denied 310 Kan. 1066 (2019).


The parties cannot piecemeal their theories about the legality of a search and try them
seriatim. Nor can they raise on appeal different theories for suppression than they argued
to the district court.


       Because Stuckey never argued suppression under K.S.A. 22-2401(c)(2)(A)-(C) to
the district court, we decline to address that argument for the first time on appeal.

       Affirmed.


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