                          This opinion will be unpublished and
                          may not be cited except as provided by
                          Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2016).

                               STATE OF MINNESOTA
                               IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                     A16-0204

               State of Minnesota by its Minnesota Pollution Control Agency,
                                         Respondent,

                                             vs.

                                 Diane C. Anderson, et al.,
                                       Appellants.

                                  Filed January 9, 2017
                                        Affirmed
                                     Bratvold, Judge

                              St. Louis County District Court
                               File No. 69DU-CV-11-2185


Gerald W. Von Korff, Jonathan D. Wolf, Rinke-Noonan, St. Cloud, Minnesota (for
appellant)

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Ann E. Cohen, Assistant Attorney General, St. Paul, MN
(for respondent)

         Considered and decided by Worke, Presiding Judge; Jesson, Judge; and Bratvold,

Judge.

                         UNPUBLISHED OPINION

BRATVOLD, Judge

         Appellant Diane Anderson, owner of a waste site, and appellants Dale Cich and

J & D Services of Northern Minnesota, Inc., operators of an environmental contracting

company on that site, challenge the district court’s order holding them jointly and severally
liable for $225,690.79 in cleanup costs, $677,072.37 in civil penalties, and $67,000 in

attorney fees after the district court determined, without holding an evidentiary hearing,

that they had violated the terms of a consent decree. We affirm because appellants received

procedural due process, appellants are jointly and severally liable, and the district court did

not abuse its discretion in calculating civil penalties.

                                           FACTS

       This appeal arises out of appellants’ storage of hazardous and non-hazardous waste

on a property called the Aurora site. 1 Appellant J & D Services of Northern Minnesota,

Inc. (J & D Services), an environmental contracting company, operated a waste removal

facility on the Aurora site until the early 2000s when its operations ceased. Appellant Dale

Cich is the sole incorporator and chief executive officer of J & D Services.

       Between June and December 2000, J & D Services accepted approximately

1,186,700 pounds of waste from LTV Steel Mining Company (LTV) for storage at the

Aurora site, with the intention of later recycling the waste. As of 2015, the LTV waste was

still being stored on the site and had not been recycled.

       In 2005, appellant Diane Anderson acquired ownership of the Aurora site. Cich had

purchased the property from the prior owners (who are not parties in this case), and then

transferred the property to Anderson as part of a business transaction unrelated to this

appeal.



1
 The waste stored at the Aurora site was mixed; the record establishes that approximately
35% of the waste was hazardous and 65% was non-hazardous. Because the classification
of the waste is not relevant in this appeal, we refer generally to “the waste” in this opinion.

                                               2
       In 2008, respondent Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) began

investigating the Aurora site after a routine tank inspection revealed waste leaking into the

ground. The MPCA notified the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the

EPA issued an administrative order, requiring appellants to submit and complete a plan to

clean up the site by May 30, 2010. Appellants signed the EPA order, agreeing to comply

with its terms. Appellants did not, however, complete the plan by the deadline and failed

to respond to the EPA’s request for a revised plan that would have extended the deadline.

       In August 2010, the MPCA conducted another investigation of the Aurora site and

discovered that appellants were continuing to violate statutes and regulations relating to

waste storage. The MPCA then asked the EPA to refer the case back to the MPCA for

enforcement.

       In December 2010, the MPCA issued an administrative order against appellants,

citing hazardous waste and underground- and aboveground-storage-tank violations. The

MPCA held Cich and J & D Services responsible for the violations because they operated

the waste removal facility on the Aurora site. The MPCA held Anderson responsible

because she acquired ownership of the tanks when she acquired the land. The

administrative order became final after no party appealed within the 30-day period for

seeking judicial review under Minn. Stat. § 14.63 (2016).

       Appellants failed to comply with the 2010 administrative order, and in June 2011,

the MPCA filed a complaint in district court against appellants, seeking a court order

directing appellants to comply with the administrative order. Appellants did not file an

answer to the complaint, but indicated their willingness to resolve the alleged violations.


                                             3
       In December 2012, the MPCA, Cich, Anderson, and J & D Services entered into a

consent decree. The consent decree settled all disputes among the parties, resolved the

allegations in the complaint, and provided a plan for appellants to complete cleanup of the

Aurora site by November 15, 2013. The consent decree contained no admissions by

appellants to the charges in the complaint. On January 3, 2013, the district court approved

the consent decree and directed entry of judgment.

       The consent decree contemplated disputes among the parties and the need to enforce

its terms. For example, the consent decree provided that, upon written demand of any party,

the parties shall attempt to resolve any dispute “as to the meaning of any part of” the

consent decree “through informal negotiations.” The consent decree also reserved the

district court’s jurisdiction to enforce, interpret, and extend its provisions and to order any

relief not inconsistent with its terms. The consent decree provided that the MPCA may

bring a motion for good cause shown and seek appropriate remedies for appellants’

noncompliance, including civil penalties under Minn. Stat. § 115.071 2 and litigation costs

and expenses arising from willful violations under Minn. Stat. § 115.072. 3 The consent

decree further reserved the MPCA’s enforcement authority under chapters 115B




2
  Section 115.071 allows the MPCA to pursue civil penalties for violations of “any rules,
stipulation agreements, variances, schedules of compliance, or orders issued by the
[MPCA].” Minn. Stat. § 115.071, subd. 3 (2016).
3
  Section 115.072 provides that the MPCA may recover its litigation expenses if it prevails
in pursuing civil penalties under chapter 115 and the defendant’s violation is willful. Minn.
Stat. § 115.072 (2016).

                                              4
(Environmental Response and Liability Act) and 115C (Petroleum Tank Release Cleanup

Act) if appellants failed to comply with the decree. 4

         On May 20, 2013, Cich requested an extension of time to complete cleanup at the

Aurora site because “late winter snow storms and road restrictions” had delayed the

cleanup. In a letter to Cich and Anderson, the MPCA denied the extension request because

Cich had not shown good cause, as required in the consent decree.

         Cich submitted a written request for “dispute resolution” regarding the denial of his

extension request. The parties met and agreed that Cich could “submit information

concerning the nature of the waste, a schedule, and financial information,” and that Cich

would continue work on the site in the interim. After Cich failed to submit the promised

information, the MPCA formally denied Cich’s extension request in an administrative

order.

         On October 25, 2013, the MPCA met with Cich to discuss the deteriorating

conditions at the Aurora site after an MPCA inspection revealed that some of the buildings

in which the waste was being stored had been broken into and people had been “squatting”

in the buildings. In a follow-up letter addressed to Cich and Anderson, the MPCA warned

that it would exercise its statutory authority to begin an emergency cleanup of the Aurora

site if appellants failed to complete the cleanup and that it would seek recovery of the

associated cleanup costs from Anderson and Cich. The MPCA delayed emergency


4
 The Environmental Response and Liability Act and the Petroleum Tank Release Cleanup
Act give the MPCA authority to take emergency corrective action to address releases of
pollutants that the MPCA deems to be a danger to the public health or environment. Minn.
Stat. § 115B.17, subd. 1(b) (2016); Minn. Stat. § 115C.03, subd. 3 (2016).

                                               5
proceedings, however, because Cich told the MPCA that he still intended to complete the

cleanup.

       After the October 2013 meeting, the MPCA received analytical results and a work

plan from a consultant that Cich had hired to help remove the waste. In early 2014, the

MPCA was notified that Cich had removed some of the waste from the site. On March 20,

2014, the MPCA sent appellants a letter, warning that it would begin emergency cleanup

if appellants did not resume weekly shipments of the waste from the site. Appellants did

not respond to the letter.

       By August 2014, appellants still had not completed the cleanup, despite receiving

extra time to comply with the consent decree that had set a November 2013 deadline. In

fact, the problems at the site “had gotten worse.” MPCA inspector Kit Grayson stated in

an affidavit filed in the district court that, in July 2014, he saw tanks leaking waste on

another property that Cich owns. Grayson recognized the tanks as identical to the tanks

that were on the Aurora site. Grayson stated that Cich admitted to moving waste from the

Aurora site to the other property, even though the other property was an unauthorized

storage and disposal location. Grayson also stated that Cich’s actions violated the consent

decree.

       On August 8, 2014, relying on the consent decree, the MPCA filed a motion in the

district court to hold appellants liable for: (a) the cleanup costs that the MPCA would incur

in cleaning up the site under its emergency enforcement authority; (b) civil penalties; and

(c) attorney fees. In support of its motion, the MPCA submitted Grayson’s affidavit




                                             6
describing appellants’ noncompliance with the terms of the consent decree and the

conditions at the Aurora site.

       The district court conducted a hearing on the MPCA’s motion. Appellants did not

submit written evidence in response, but they were represented by an attorney. Appellant’s

attorney requested informal dispute resolution under the consent decree and an evidentiary

hearing at which appellants and other witnesses could testify. The MPCA opposed both

requests, asserting that it had already completed informal dispute resolution with

appellants, including giving them extra time and multiple opportunities to comply with the

consent decree.

       On October 28, 2014, the district court granted the MPCA’s motion. The district

court credited Grayson’s affidavit, and found that appellants had willfully failed to comply

with the consent decree. The district court denied appellants’ request for informal dispute

resolution because Grayson’s affidavit documented the MPCA’s considerable efforts “to

have consistent and reliable communication with” appellants. It also denied appellants’

request for an evidentiary hearing because appellants made their argument “on the spur of

the moment, without any evidentiary or legal support.” Lastly, the district court determined

that the MPCA was entitled to cleanup costs, civil penalties, and attorney fees under the

terms of the consent decree, and it ordered appellants jointly and severally liable for all

three remedies. The district court reserved determination of the amount until after the

MPCA finished the cleanup.

       After completing the emergency cleanup at the Aurora site, the MPCA asked the

district court to enter judgment against appellants for $225,690.79 in cleanup costs,


                                             7
$1,322,500 in civil penalties, and $67,000 in attorney fees. With its motion, the MPCA

submitted a second affidavit from Grayson, a certificate of expenses, and a legal

memorandum.

       The district court conducted a hearing to determine the amount the MPCA was

entitled to receive. On the day of the hearing, appellants submitted four witness affidavits

and a written memorandum opposing the MPCA’s motion. Cich and Anderson also

submitted separate letters explaining why they should not be liable for civil penalties.

Anderson asserted that the waste had been transferred to the Aurora site before she acquired

the land, and she was never involved with J & D Services’s waste disposal business. Cich

asserted that he could not afford a large civil penalty because LTV, who delivered the

waste, never paid J & D Services to dispose of the waste. He also stated that Anderson had

nothing to do with the waste. At the hearing, appellants’ counsel argued that appellants

were entitled to an evidentiary hearing because the MPCA’s motion was the equivalent of

a summary-judgment motion and there were genuine fact disputes that required live

testimony.

       On September 28, 2015, the district court ordered appellants jointly and severally

liable for $225,690.79 in cleanup costs, $677,072.37 in civil penalties, and $67,000 in

attorney fees. The district court denied appellants’ request for an evidentiary hearing

because they had agreed in the consent decree to be liable for any noncompliance and to

allow the MPCA to seek enforcement and other remedies by bringing a motion in the

district court. This appeal follows.




                                             8
                                      DECISION

I.     Procedural Due Process

       The United States and Minnesota Constitutions guarantee the due process of law.

U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1; Minn. Const. art. 1, § 7. Whether the government has violated

a person’s procedural due process rights is a question of law that this court reviews de

novo. Sawh v. City of Lino Lakes, 823 N.W.2d 627, 632 (Minn. 2012). There is “a two-

step analysis to determine whether the government has violated an individual’s procedural

due process rights.” Id. The first step is to “identify whether the government has deprived

the individual of a protected life, liberty, or property interest.” Id. If no such interest is

deprived, then no process is due. Id. If a protected interest has been deprived, then the

second step is to determine “whether the procedures followed by the government were

constitutionally sufficient.” Id. (quotation omitted).

       Appellants satisfy the first step of the due process analysis because imposition of

costs, penalties, and fees deprives appellants of their property. Bd. of Regents of State

Colleges v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 571–72, 92 S. Ct. 2701, 2706 (1972) (“[P]roperty interests

protected by procedural due process extend well beyond actual ownership of real estate,

chattels, or money.”).

       Under the second step, this court must determine whether the process provided was

sufficient, balancing the three factors set forth in Mathews v. Eldridge: (1) “the private

interest at stake”; (2) “the risk of an erroneous deprivation of a protected interest under

current procedures and the probable value, if any, of additional safeguards”; and (3) “the

government’s interest, including the fiscal and administrative burdens that would be


                                              9
required to impose additional or substitute procedural requirements.” Sawh, 823 N.W.2d

at 633–35; see Mathews, 424 U.S. 319, 321, 96 S. Ct. 893, 896 (1976).

       We review each Mathews factor to determine whether appellants received

procedural due process. First, the private interest at stake is money, which is

constitutionally protected as property. Roth, 408 U.S. at 571–72, 92 S. Ct. at 2706. The

amount of money at stake in this case—nearly one million dollars—substantiates

appellants’ property interest. Thus, the first factor weighs in favor of appellants.

       The second factor is the risk of “erroneous deprivation of a protected interest” and

the likely benefit of “additional safeguards.” Sawh, 823 N.W.2d at 634. The district court

in this case held appellants liable under the consent decree. A consent decree is essentially

a contract, subject to contract-law principles. Elsen v. State Farmers Mut. Ins. Co., 219

Minn. 315, 318–19, 17 N.W.2d 652, 655 (1945); City of Barnum v. Sabri, 657 N.W.2d

201, 205 (Minn. App. 2003) (“A consent decree, while prospective in its effect, is the

product of a negotiated agreement similar [to] a contract.”).

       By signing the consent decree, appellants settled the statutory and regulatory

violations alleged in the complaint. Different from a settlement agreement, however, the

consent decree is filed, approved, and signed by the district court, and entered as a

judgment. Hentschel v. Smith, 278 Minn. 86, 95, 153 N.W.2d 199, 206 (1967). Because

the consent decree was approved by the district court, it has the same res judicata effect as

a final judgment. Id. at 92, 153 N.W.2d at 204 (the effect of the entry of a consent judgment

is that “[t]he original claim may become merged in it or barred by it just as that claim would

be in a judgment after contest”); see also State Bank of New London v. W. Cas. & Sur. Co.,


                                             10
287 Minn. 339, 343, 178 N.W.2d 614, 617 (1970) (“[A] valid judgment, decree, or an order

. . . entered by agreement or consent, operates as res judicata to the same extent as if it had

been rendered after contest and full hearing, is binding and conclusive upon the parties.”).

In the consent decree, appellants agreed that they would clean up the Aurora site, that

cleanup costs, civil penalties, and attorney fees were appropriate remedies if they failed to

comply, and that the MPCA could pursue such remedies through an appropriate motion

upon good cause shown in the district court.

       Appellants do not contest that they failed to clean up the Aurora site according to

the terms of the consent decree, nor do they contest that the MPCA had good cause to bring

a motion to enforce the terms of the consent decree. Appellants contend, however, that an

evidentiary hearing was necessary so they could provide testimony about their good faith

efforts to clean up the Aurora site. Appellants also argue that the district court could have

weighed their credibility at an evidentiary hearing.

       “The judicial model of an evidentiary hearing is neither a required, nor even the

most effective, method of decisionmaking in all circumstances.” Mathews, 424 U.S. at 322,

96 S. Ct. at 897; see also State v. LeDoux, 770 N.W.2d 504, 514 (Minn. 2009) (“Due

process does not always require a full evidentiary hearing.”). It is within the district court’s

discretion to decide whether any testimony should be received. See, e.g., Rew v. Bergstrom,

845 N.W.2d 764, 787–88 (Minn. 2014) (holding there was no procedural due process

violation when the district court declined to hear testimonial evidence). 5


5
 Appellants cite United States v. Reilly Tar & Chem. Corp. for the proposition that denial
of “a good faith assertion of one’s rights is per se a violation of due process.” 606 F. Supp.

                                              11
       Here, appellants were given the opportunity to argue and present evidence. They

argued in opposition to the MPCA at two hearings, and, although appellants could have

submitted evidence during the 2014 liability hearing, they chose not to. At the 2015 penalty

hearing, appellants filed a legal memorandum and four sworn witness affidavits, and Cich

and Anderson each submitted letters. The district court also held the record open for two

weeks after the 2015 penalty hearing so that the parties could submit additional evidence

and affidavits, which they did.

       Relying on evidence submitted at the 2015 penalty hearing, appellants argued to the

district court that they did not have the resources to complete the cleanup within the time

frame provided in the consent decree, and that LTV should be held responsible for the

cleanup. They also asserted that the MPCA inflated the requested cleanup costs and failed

to complete the cleanup, leaving barrels on the property. Appellants also claimed that

Anderson should not be held liable because she was not involved with the waste disposal

business and was merely the landowner.

       The district court considered appellants’ evidence and weighed the credibility of the

statements in the affidavits. See Knapp v. Knapp, 883 N.W.2d 833, 838 (Minn. App. 2016)


412 (D. Minn. 1985). The MPCA argues that this court need not consider this “novel
argument” because it was not presented in the district court. We disagree with the MPCA
because appellants preserved the due process issue for appeal and have merely cited new
legal authority. In any event, Reilly Tar does not support appellants’ position. Reilly Tar
did not involve a consent decree; rather, Reilly Tar held that a severe statutory civil penalty
does not violate procedural due process if the defendant is given the opportunity to assert
a good faith defense to liability. 606 F. Supp. at 418–22. In this case, appellants had an
opportunity to assert a good faith defense to the penalty. Reilly Tar does not hold that the
district court must allow the defendant an evidentiary hearing at which to present a good
faith defense.

                                              12
(deferring to the district court’s weighing of conflicting affidavits). Appellants have not

demonstrated how live testimony would have added to the process they received.

Moreover, the procedures available to appellants in this case are consistent with due

process under existing caselaw. See Bergstrom, 845 N.W.2d at 789 (noting the “procedural

safeguards” such as “notice, an adversarial hearing in the district court, and the opportunity

for appellate review that adequately protect [the appellant’s] liberty interest”); Saturnini v.

Saturnini, 260 Minn. 494, 498, 110 N.W.2d 480, 483 (1961) (“Due process requires that

the hearing be fair, practicable, and reasonable.”). 6

       Appellants have failed to articulate how the process they received risked “erroneous

deprivation” of their protected interest or “the probable value, if any, of additional

safeguards.” Appellants are understandably opposed to the district court’s decision, but

their failure to make a meaningful argument under the second Mathews factor is critical.

See Bergstrom, 845 N.W.2d at 789 (only briefly reviewing the third Mathews factor

because the court concluded that the appellant failed to make a showing under the second

factor).

       Turning to the third and final Mathews factor, the government’s interest, appellants

argue that allowing testimonial evidence would have imposed a minor burden on the

government and would not have delayed the MPCA’s cleanup. Even taking this assertion


6
 Appellants argue that Tull v. United States supports their due process claim. 481 U.S.
412, 107 S. Ct. 1831 (1987). Tull held that a defendant has a right under the Seventh
Amendment of the U.S. Constitution to have a jury determine liability under the Clean
Water Act’s civil penalty provision. Id. at 422–25, 107 S. Ct. at 1838–40. Tull is inapposite
because the Clean Water Act’s civil penalty provision differs from the Minnesota statute
and there was no consent decree.

                                              13
as true, appellants fail to acknowledge that the MPCA has expended considerable time and

resources working with appellants since 2008 in repeated attempts to clean up the Aurora

site. Appellants were given multiple opportunities to clean up the waste, including informal

dispute resolution, and were given extra time after the November 2013 cleanup deadline in

the consent decree. Viewing the third factor cautiously, we conclude it does not weigh in

favor of either party because both sides have reasonable arguments.

        In sum, appellants have an important private interest at stake under the first Mathews

factor, but their failure to make a showing under the second Mathews factor is critical to

our decision. Appellants had ample notice and opportunity to be heard and have not shown

that the process provided was constitutionally insufficient. Sawh, 823 N.W.2d at 632

(“[T]he basic requisites of due process [are] notice and the opportunity to be heard.”).

Accordingly, the three Mathews factors, on balance, do not support appellants’ due process

claim and we conclude that appellants’ procedural due process rights were not violated.

II.     Joint and Several Liability

        Anderson contests the district court’s decision to hold her jointly and severally liable

for the remedies awarded under the consent decree. Cich and J & D Services do not dispute

their liability.

        A consent decree is an agreement among the parties, subject to contract-law

principles. Elsen, 219 Minn. at 318–19, 17 N.W.2d at 655; Sabri, 657 N.W.2d at 205–06.

“Contract interpretation is a question of law that we review de novo.” Caldas v. Affordable

Granite & Stone, Inc., 820 N.W.2d 826, 832 (Minn. 2012). “[W]here the language

employed by the parties is plain and unambiguous there is no room for construction.” Starr


                                               14
v. Starr, 312 Minn. 561, 563, 251 N.W.2d 341, 342 (1977). As such, this court will “enforce

the agreement of the parties as expressed in the contract.” Caldas, 820 N.W.2d at 832.

When the district court interprets a judgment or decree that it entered, the district court’s

“reading of the provision is entitled to great weight.” Suleski v. Rupe, 855 N.W.2d 330,

339 (Minn. App. 2014) (quotation omitted).

       When a party signs a consent decree, and a court enters judgment, the party forfeits

its right to litigate the underlying statutory and regulatory allegations, including any

defenses. Bank of New London, 287 Minn. at 343, 178 N.W.2d at 617 (stating that a consent

judgment is a final adjudication and has the same effect as a judgment entered “after contest

and full hearing”). Thus, to the extent that Anderson contests the MPCA’s allegation that

she is a defendant that is liable to clean up the Aurora site, Anderson’s opportunity to have

made this argument was before she signed the consent decree, not at the penalty phase.

Anderson concedes that it is too late for her to contest the validity of the consent decree

because she did not challenge the district court’s judgment incorporating the consent decree

within the applicable time period for appealing a final judgment. See Minn. R. Civ. App.

P. 104.01, subd. 1 (appeal from final judgment must be taken within 60 days after its entry).

Therefore, Anderson’s only defense to liability for the civil penalties turned on whether

she complied with the terms of the consent decree.

       The consent decree reserves the district court’s authority to interpret, enforce, or

extend the provisions of the consent decree. It also gives the district court authority to grant

any relief not inconsistent with the terms of the consent decree upon motion by either party

for good cause shown. In the 2014 liability order, the district court determined that


                                              15
appellants had failed to comply with the terms of the consent decree, and their

noncompliance was willful. Accordingly, the district court decided that holding all three

appellants jointly and severally liable for the cleanup costs, civil penalties, and attorney

fees was not inconsistent with the terms of the consent decree.

       We conclude that the district court did not err in holding Anderson jointly and

severally liable for several reasons. First, the consent decree imposes the same obligation

on all three appellants. Because Anderson signed the consent decree, she is subject to its

terms and enforcement provisions to the same extent as Cich and J & D Services.

       Second, all three remedies awarded in this case were authorized in the consent

decree. The consent decree unambiguously provides for civil penalties and reimbursement

of litigation expenses as remedies for noncompliance with its terms. While the consent

decree does not specify liability for attorney fees, it cites statutes that authorize the MPCA

to seek attorney fees and penalties. It also reserves the MPCA’s authority to initiate an

emergency cleanup under chapters 115B and 115C and to seek recovery of cleanup costs

if appellants fail to comply with the consent decree.

       Anderson argues that the district court wrongly imposed liability because she is an

“innocent landowner.” Anderson asserts that “the agency must establish clearly and

convincingly that the party is not only ‘responsible’ within the meaning of [chapter 115B],

but that there are facts which justify imposition of a penalty.” Relying on a law review

article and government websites, Anderson contends that imposing a large penalty on the

person who is least able to pay runs contrary to the legislature’s intent under chapter 115B.




                                             16
       The MPCA argues that this court need not consider Anderson’s innocent-landowner

argument because she is raising it for the first time on appeal. In her letter to the district

court, Anderson asserted, without relying on legal authority, that she should not be held

responsible for the cleanup at the Aurora site because she has never been involved in the

waste disposal business and the waste was deposited on the land before she acquired the

property. Anderson’s letter preserved the issue for appeal, and Anderson’s appellate brief

is merely citing new authority to support the same argument she made in the district court.

       In any event, Anderson’s innocent-landowner argument fails. By signing the

consent decree, Anderson settled the underlying claims in the complaint and agreed to be

responsible for the cleanup, as well as potentially responsible for the MPCA’s enforcement

of the consent decree, including civil penalties. Thus, Anderson is bound by the terms of

the consent decree, and the chapter 115B provisions establishing who is a “responsible”

party are not relevant.

       Anderson also argues that the MPCA should have pursued an action against LTV.

The MPCA is given broad discretion in determining the best enforcement action under

chapter 115B. See State ex rel. Pollution Control Agency v. U.S. Steel Corp., 307 Minn.

374, 379, 240 N.W.2d 316, 319 (1976) (“[W]e are convinced that the legislature recognized

that the effective and expeditious control of a serious environmental problem requires that

those entrusted with the enforcement of our pollution control laws be provided a broad

range of remedies from which they are free to select those they deem most appropriate.”).

Further, the MPCA may hold “responsible” parties strictly liable, jointly and severally, for

costs associated with the agency’s cleanup. Minn. Stat. § 115B.04, subd. 1 (2016). Thus,


                                             17
the MPCA was not required to sue all potential defendants because just one defendant may

be held strictly liable for the all of the cleanup costs. Accordingly, the district court did not

err in holding Anderson jointly and severally liable for the cleanup costs, civil penalties,

and attorney fees.

III.   Civil Penalty Assessment

       This court reviews a district court’s assessment of a civil penalty for an abuse of

discretion. Gillson v. State Dep’t of Nat. Res., 492 N.W.2d 835, 843 (Minn. App. 1992).

The district court’s factual findings are reviewed for clear error. Rasmussen v. Two Harbors

Fish Co., 832 N.W.2d 790, 797 (Minn. 2013). Factual findings are not clearly erroneous

if, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the factfinder’s determination,

there is reasonable evidence in the record to support the findings. Id.

       Appellants dispute the amount of civil penalties, arguing that the district court’s

method of calculating civil penalties and its factual determinations underlying its penalty

award are clearly erroneous. In determining the civil penalty award, the district court made

factual findings on four factors set forth in State by Humphrey v. Alpine Air Products, Inc.

490 N.W.2d 888, 897 (Minn. App. 1992) (identifying factors to consider in determining

size of penalty for state consumer protection and antitrust violations). First, the district

court found that appellants’ violation of the consent decree was done in bad faith because

they willfully failed to comply with the consent decree. Second, the district court

determined that appellants’ failure to clean up the Aurora site caused an injury to the public

because their conduct made the Aurora site worse.




                                               18
       Third, the district court determined that appellants have the ability to pay. The

district court considered appellants’ affidavits and letters in which they claimed that they

could not afford a large monetary liability because LTV had not paid J & D Services. The

district court concluded, however, that appellants’ affidavits suggest that they have other

financial resources because they run other businesses, although the district court

acknowledged that appellants provided no information regarding whether these businesses

are profitable. The district court discredited appellants’ assertion that they lacked the ability

to pay, but also stated that there was “no solid information, one way or the other, on how

much” appellants could pay.

       Fourth, the district court found that it is unclear whether appellants received any

benefit from violating the consent decree, other than delaying the cleanup. The district

court credited an affidavit of a former J & D Services employee who stated that LTV failed

to pay J & D Services for its waste disposal services because LTV filed for bankruptcy.

       The district court also explained its calculation of the penalty amount. The

maximum statutory penalty is $25,000 per day for hazardous waste violations and $10,000

per day for non-hazardous waste violations. Minn. Stat. § 115.071, subd. 3. The district

court determined that the maximum statutory penalty it could impose against appellants

was $2,645,000. This calculation was based on per-day violations starting on the date that

appellants were in noncompliance with the consent decree and excluding the winter

months. The district court also weighed the per-day violations based on the percentage of

the waste that had been classified as hazardous and non-hazardous waste.




                                               19
          The district court decided, however, that the maximum statutory penalty was not “a

sensible way to assess the civil penalty.” It believed “that, in a case like this, civil penalties

should bear some relationship to the actual cleanup cost.” The district court concluded that,

by tying the penalty to the cleanup costs, the penalty would deter future similar conduct.

Therefore, the district court trebled the cleanup costs and imposed civil penalties of

$677,072.37.

          Appellants make three arguments contesting the district court’s penalty award. First,

appellants contend that the district court did not make sufficient factual findings under the

fourth Alpine Air factor, the benefit to the defendant. The district court acknowledged that

appellants did not seem to have benefitted from violating the consent decree, except for the

apparent benefit of delaying cleanup. Although this factor seems to weigh in favor of

mitigating the penalty, the district court did not abuse its discretion because the other three

factors weighed in favor of the penalty.

          Second, appellants dispute the district court’s factual determination under the third

Alpine Air factor that they have the ability to pay the penalty. The district court discredited

appellants’ assertion that they lacked the ability to pay, finding that appellant’s affidavits

suggested that they run other businesses. We defer to the district court’s opportunity to

weigh credibility. Minn. R. Civ. P. 52.01 (stating that this court gives due regard “to the

opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses”); Knapp, 883 N.W.2d

at 838.

          Third, appellants assert that the district court failed to consider evidence establishing

that Cich went “to great lengths to find a way to dispose of the waste lawfully.” Appellants


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appear to argue that Cich’s efforts should have mitigated the penalty amount. But the

district court’s determination that appellants willfully failed to comply with the consent

decree is supported by the record. We therefore conclude that the district court’s

consideration of the four Alpine Air factors and its decision to impose a civil penalty award

that is far less than the statutory-maximum was not an abuse of discretion.

       Affirmed.




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