                        NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
                To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1



                United States Court of Appeals
                                For the Seventh Circuit
                                Chicago, Illinois 60604

                                Submitted May 26, 2017 *
                                 Decided May 26, 2017

                                         Before

                            FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge

                            MICHAEL S. KANNE, Circuit Judge

                            DAVID F. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge

No. 16-2091

DEION L. TURNER,                                Appeal from the United States District
     Plaintiff-Appellant,                       Court for the Northern District of Illinois,
                                                Eastern Division.
      v.
                                                No. 15 C 4537
SALVADOR A. GODINEZ, et al.,
    Defendants-Appellees.                       Sharon Johnson Coleman,
                                                Judge.


                                       ORDER

       Deion Turner claims in this suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 that he was held in prison
after his mandatory release date, in violation of the Eighth Amendment. The district
court dismissed the suit, giving as reasons several arguments the defendants had raised
in motions to dismiss. Because we conclude that Turner states a claim against two
defendants, we vacate the judgment in part and remand for further proceedings.




      * We have agreed to decide this case without oral argument because the briefs
and record adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would
not significantly aid the court. See FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).
No. 16-2091                                                                        Page 2

       Turner’s claim centers on the 911 days’ credit he should have received for the time
he was detained before sentencing. Turner already had been convicted of a sex offense,
and on February 23, 2010, he was arrested for not complying with the Illinois Sex
Offender Registration Act, see 730 ILCS 150/6. He was detained for 212 days until
released on bond on September 23, 2010. On October 7, 2011, he was arrested again and
charged with an additional violation of the same statute. From then on he remained in
pretrial detention on both charges until September 4, 2013, when he pleaded guilty to
those crimes and was sentenced—an additional 699 days. As provided in the parties’
plea agreement, the Illinois circuit court sentenced Turner to 2 years’ imprisonment on
the 2010 charge and 3 years’ imprisonment on the 2011 charge, along with a mandatory
term of supervised release. Because the prison terms were imposed consecutively, the
699 days that Turner had been in custody after his arrest in October 2011 could count
only once toward the aggregate 5-year sentence. See 30 ILCS 5/5-8-4(g)(4); People v.
Latona, 703 N.E.2d 901, 907 (Ill. 1998). The sentencing court’s orders of commitment thus
correctly reflect that Turner was entitled to 212 days’ credit for time served in pretrial
detention on the 2010 charge and 699 days’ credit for time served on the 2011 charge.

        In calculating a release date in March 2014, however, staff at the Illinois
Department of Corrections applied only 699 days’ credit, not 699 plus 212. Turner served
the first few days of his sentence at Stateville Correctional Center, where the supervisor
of the Institutional Record Office—the unit responsible for calculating release dates,
see Figgs v. Dawson, 829 F.3d 895, 899 (7th Cir. 2016); TRIAL HANDBOOK FOR ILLINOIS
LAWYERS - CRIMINAL SENTENCING § 34:6—initially calculated a release date giving him
only 699 days’ credit. Turner immediately filed a grievance stating that he was entitled
to another 212 days’ credit. And, Turner contended, because Illinois inmates are entitled
to day-for-day good time, see 730 ILCS 130/3, his 5-year aggregate sentence really
amounted to 2½ years, or 912 days, and had expired immediately after his September
2013 sentencing because of the 911 days served in pretrial detention.

        Turner’s complaint about the 212 days apparently went unanswered. He was
transferred to Dixon Correctional Center, where he filed another grievance stating that
he was being held too long. But Dixon employee Becky Williams, who supervised that
facility’s Institutional Record Office, informed Turner that without knowing the specific
dates when he was detained before sentencing she was concerned that crediting him
with another 212 days might impermissibly double count days he was detained on both
charges. Turner replied by providing the dates of his two periods of pretrial detention.
But Williams then insisted she could not correct Turner’s release date without new
orders of commitment, and the prison administrators reviewing Turner’s grievances
No. 16-2091                                                                          Page 3

deferred to Williams’s assertion. The Department of Corrections finally released Turner
on April 1, 2014, after he had served a total of 1,119 days, or just over 3 years, on the
charges. He then began his mandatory term of supervised release.

        After that Turner first sought relief in the Illinois courts, hoping to shorten his
period of supervision commensurately. He sought to correct the orders of commitment,
but the sentencing judge denied that requested relief. Turner appealed but in the
meantime asked the sentencing judge to compel the Department of Corrections to give
him all 911 days’ credit. This time the court reacted favorably and in June 2014 ordered
the Department to apply 911 days’ credit to Turner’s aggregate sentence. Then in
December 2015 the appellate court affirmed the sentencing judge’s refusal to revise the
orders of commitment, noting that while the appeal was pending Turner had received
the relief he wanted through the sentencing judge’s June 2014 order. People v. Turner,
No. 1-14-0769, slip op. at 2 (Ill. App. Ct. Dec. 18, 2015).

       Meanwhile, Turner also had filed the first of his two federal lawsuits in late
April 2014, claiming that his prolonged incarceration violated the Eighth Amendment.
That action, like the one now before us, was brought under § 1983. Judge Leinenweber
dismissed that suit in December 2014, asserting a lack of jurisdiction. The judge
explained that he would not interfere with ongoing state proceedings. We summarily
affirmed that decision. See Turner v. Chandler, No. 14-3794, slip op. at 2 (7th Cir.
June 2, 2015).

       The ongoing state proceedings included, in addition to Turner’s appeal from the
sentencing court’s refusal to revise the orders of commitment, a second appeal from the
denial of a petition for habeas corpus and mandamus that Turner had filed in
August 2014. Turner wanted the sentencing court to terminate his supervised release,
which, he contended, would have ended already if the Institutional Record Office at
either prison had correctly applied his credits and timely released him. The sentencing
judge had granted in October 2014 the state’s motion to dismiss, which argued that the
court was not authorized to shorten a mandatory term of supervised release. That
decision was affirmed on appeal in February 2016. People v. Turner, No. 1-14-3467,
slip op. (Ill. App. Ct. Feb. 18, 2016).

        Turner did not wait for that decision, however, and in May 2015 he filed the
federal suit underlying this appeal. Once again he alleged that the Department of
Corrections had held him too long. (Turner’s complaint includes additional claims, but
he has abandoned them on appeal, so we say no more about them.) The many public
officials and Department employees listed as defendants include the unnamed
No. 16-2091                                                                             Page 4

supervisor at Stateville who initially calculated Turner’s release date as well as
Becky Williams, the supervisor at Dixon who refused to apply the 212 days’ credit unless
Turner could bring her reassurance from the sentencing court.

        In several motions to dismiss, the defendants variously argued that the district
court was divested of jurisdiction by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, see D.C. Court of
Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983); Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413 (1923), that
the Eighth Amendment claim is barred by the doctrine of issue preclusion, and that
some of them are immune from suit. The district court accepted all of these contentions.
Pointing to Turner’s earlier federal suit, the court accepted the defendants’ contentions
that Judge Leinenweber had dismissed that suit under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine and
that, consequently, Turner cannot relitigate the jurisdictional question. Moreover, the
court asserted, even if Judge Leinenweber had not decided the issue against Turner, the
Rooker-Feldman doctrine applies to this suit because “Turner is essentially seeking” an
order overturning a “state court determination that his out date was calculated
correctly.” Besides, the district judge continued, Turner does not allege personal
involvement by some defendants and others are immune from suit.

       On appeal Turner emphasizes that no state court ever has ruled that his release
date was calculated correctly. We agree, and we also conclude that Turner states an
Eighth Amendment claim which is not barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine or the
doctrine of issue preclusion.

       To begin, the applicability of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine to Turner’s claim has
never been decided. In arguing the opposite, the defendants appear to rely on
Judge Leinenweber’s postjudgment order in the previous case denying Turner leave to
proceed on appeal in forma pauperis. The order does say that the Rooker-Feldman
doctrine bars Turner’s claim, but that assessment is neither correct nor the reason given
by Judge Leinenweber for dismissing Turner’s 2014 federal suit. Instead, as the judge’s
statements from the bench make clear, he thought that Turner must wrap up the
proceedings in state court before a federal court could acquire jurisdiction. That view is
mistaken, but it has nothing to do with Rooker-Feldman.

       The Rooker-Feldman doctrine is irrelevant. That doctrine prevents federal courts
from reviewing “cases brought by state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by
state-court judgments rendered before the district court proceedings commenced.”
Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 284 (2005); see also Jakupovic v.
Curran, 850 F.3d 898, 902 (7th Cir. 2017). Even if the proceedings in state court had been
relevant to his federal lawsuit, Turner’s case in the state appellate court was still pending
No. 16-2091                                                                            Page 5

when both federal actions commenced, meaning that, for purposes of the Rooker-Feldman
doctrine, he was not a “state-court loser.” See Exxon Mobil Corp., 544 U.S. at 291–92; Parker
v. Lyons, 757 F.3d 701, 705–06 (7th Cir. 2014).

       More importantly, as Turner continuously has insisted, his injury did not stem
from an Illinois judgment; no Illinois court ever has found that the Department of
Corrections correctly calculated Turner’s release date. Rather, Turner succeeded in
obtaining an order requiring the Department of Corrections to honor all 911 days’ credit
to which he was entitled. As Turner explained to Judge Leinenweber, the state decisions
underlying the defendants’ Rooker-Feldman analysis decided only that the Department’s
mistake could not lead to shortening Turner’s term of supervised release. The state judge
did not reject Tuner’s underlying premise that the Department had imprisoned him for
too long. Turner does not argue that an Illinois judge got it wrong; rather, he claims that
the sentencing court issued unambiguous orders of commitment that the defendants
refused to honor. Such a claim does not implicate the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. See Burke
v. Johnston, 452 F.3d 665, 668 (7th Cir. 2006) (concluding that Rooker-Feldman does not bar
inmate’s suit when inmate’s claim does not challenge state-court sentencing order but
instead asserts that prison authorities were deliberately indifferent in delaying
application of credit for pretrial detention).

        For completeness, we note the obvious point that the doctrine of issue preclusion
also is irrelevant. The dismissal of Turner’s first § 1983 case was not premised on the
Rooker-Feldman doctrine, so the first dismissal did not decide that issue. See Reed v.
Columbia St. Mary's Hosp., 782 F.3d 331, 335–36 (7th Cir. 2015). In fact, the earlier case did
not decide any issue on the merits. Judge Leinenweber thought that Turner’s federal suit
was premature and simply told him, “You’ve got a case in state court, which you must
appeal before you can go to federal court.” Dismissals of this sort do not preclude
refiling. See Hill v. Potter, 352 F.3d 1142, 1146 (7th Cir. 2003); Am. Nat. Bank & Trust Co. v.
City of Chicago, 826 F.2d 1547, 1552–53 (7th Cir. 1987). In addition, we note that the
defendants misleadingly told the district court that Turner had filed “at least 13
additional and unsuccessful lawsuits seeking the same relief.” But the lawsuits cited for
this proposition mostly were filed years before Turner’s 911 days of pretrial detention,
and, as far as we can tell, none of them concerned whether he was held too long in
violation of the Eighth Amendment.

       It follows that Turner’s current suit should not have been dismissed. His
allegations that Department of Corrections staff intentionally held him for too long state
a claim under the Eighth Amendment. See Werner v. Wall, 836 F.3d 751, 760–61 (7th Cir.
No. 16-2091                                                                            Page 6

2016); Figgs, 829 F.3d at 902–03; Burke, 452 F.3d at 667; Campbell v. Peters, 256 F.3d 695, 700
(7th Cir. 2001). Of course, to prevail, Turner will have to produce evidence that the
defendants responsible for calculating his release date—the supervisors of the
Institutional Record Office at Stateville and Dixon—were deliberately indifferent and
not merely negligent. But the unambiguous orders of commitment providing 911 days’
credit and the grievances showing that Turner informed both institutions that a mistake
had been made suggest that each defendant knew of the risk Turner was being held
beyond his mandatory release date and ignored that risk. With Williams, at least,
knowledge of that risk is clear: Turner gave Williams the dates of his separate
detentions, and we have not found any authority supporting her contention that she
could not apply all of the ordered credits without a new court order. This is enough to
state a claim. See Figgs, 829 F.3d at 902–05 (reversing grant of summary judgment when
record supervisor only minimally investigated inmate’s charge that prison officials set
an incorrect release date); Burke, 452 F.3d at 667 (permitting allegations that inmate was
held longer than he should have been “due to the ‘deliberate indifference and delay’ of
DOC officials in granting him” credit for time in pretrial detention).

        We agree with the district court, though, that Turner’s claim cannot proceed
against the rest of the defendants. The grievance counselors and prison administrators
permissibly relied on the expertise of the supervisors of the Institutional Record Offices.
See Figgs, 829 F.3d at 903–04 (no deliberate indifference where prison administrative staff
reasonably deferred to expertise of specialized staff); Johnson v. Doughty, 433 F.3d 1001,
1011 (7th Cir. 2006) (same); Greeno v. Daley, 414 F.3d 645, 656 (7th Cir. 2005) (same). The
prosecutors Turner has named are immune from suit. See Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S.
409, 431 (1976); Thomas v. City of Peoria, 580 F.3d 633, 638–39 (7th Cir. 2009). The public
defenders were not acting under color of state law and thus cannot be sued under § 1983.
See Polk Cty. v. Dodson, 454 U.S. 312, 318–25 (1981). And, finally, Turner does not
plausibly allege that the remaining defendants had any personal involvement in holding
him beyond the date on which he was entitled to be released. See Matthews v. City of E. St.
Louis, 675 F.3d 703, 708 (7th Cir. 2012) (explaining that § 1983 requires personal
responsibility); Knight v. Wiseman, 590 F.3d 458, 462–63 (7th Cir. 2009) (same).

       Accordingly, we VACATE the judgment as to Becky Williams and the supervisor
of the Stateville Institutional Record Office and REMAND for further proceedings. We
AFFIRM the judgment in all other respects.
