             In the
        Court of Appeals
Second Appellate District of Texas
         at Fort Worth
       ___________________________
            No. 02-17-00403-CV
       ___________________________

               J.A.S., Appellant


                       V.

              A.R.D., Appellee



   On Appeal from the 322nd District Court
            Tarrant County, Texas
       Trial Court No. 322-582401-15


 Before Sudderth, C.J.; Gabriel and Birdwell, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Sudderth
                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

                                   I. Introduction

      In seven issues, appellant J.A.S. (John)1 appeals portions of the trial court’s final

decree of divorce, which ended his marriage to pro se appellee A.R.D. (Amy),

appointed them as their child’s joint managing conservators, divided their marital

estate, and awarded Amy a portion of her attorney’s fees. John does not, however,

appeal the portions of the divorce decree granting the divorce and dissolving the

marriage. We affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.

                     II. Factual and Procedural Background

A. The Marriage, Birth of Greg, and Divorce Petition

      John and Amy were married on May 26, 2015. At the time they were married,

Amy was several months pregnant with their child. The couple separated a few

months later, and John filed the underlying petition for divorce on September 1, 2015.

On October 14, their son, Greg, was born.

      Because he had witnessed Amy taking drugs during her pregnancy, John and

his mother contacted the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services

(DFPS).2 John testified that a DFPS investigator came to the hospital and tested Amy


      1
       To preserve the privacy of the child, we identify the parties by pseudonyms.
See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 109.002(d).
      2
       At trial, Amy acknowledged that she was using hydrocodone and Tylenol 3
while she was pregnant.

                                            2
for drugs and that John took Greg home from the hospital. John was appointed as

the temporary sole managing conservator, and Amy was ordered to submit to random

drug testing for the next six months. Amy submitted to some drug tests but failed to

report for several others. She also failed to remain current on her court-ordered

monthly child support payments.

B. The Bench Trial and Letter Ruling

       The parties waived a jury and on June 12, 2017, appeared for a bench trial. At

trial, Amy’s wedding ring was among the disputed topics. John testified that he had

purchased a wedding ring for Amy before they were married, but shortly thereafter,

Amy pawned the ring for $250. John discovered what Amy had done when he found

the pawn shop receipt, so he went to the pawn shop and bought the ring back. But at

trial, John claimed that the ring was no longer in his possession because he had sold it

for $500 to pay for a portion of his attorney’s fees. Amy testified that she had

intended to get her ring back because when she pawned it, she did not mean to sell it

but to obtain a loan against it.

       Before trial Amy filed a verified “inventory and appraisement” identifying as

her separate property the “[w]edding ring worth $2000 that is in the possession of

[John].” And at trial, the court admitted, without objection, Amy’s proposed property

division as “Respondent’s Exhibit 3,” in which Amy again identified a “wedding ring

set that is currently in the possession of [John]” as her separate property. However,

Amy’s Exhibit 3 did not provide a valuation for the ring, Amy did not testify to a
                                           3
$2,000 valuation, and Amy’s verified inventory and appraisement containing the

$2,000 valuation was not admitted into evidence.

      Other relevant evidence adduced at trial included:

         • “Petitioner’s Exhibit 18,” a proposed parenting plan in which John
           specifically requested that Amy submit to a 12-panel nail or hair follicle
           drug test and that she obtain four consecutive negative test results
           before she be permitted to have possession of or access to Greg. The
           proposal also separately requested that if Amy did produce four
           consecutive negative results, that she “shall thereafter submit to random
           drug testing” at dates and times determined by a private testing facility,
           but no more than “two (2) times during any thirty (30) day period or
           more than twelve (12) times during the span of any twelve-month (365
           day) period.”

         • Testimony from John that he had received a tax return of approximately
           $3,100.

         • Testimony from John that he had purchased a 2012 Toyota Corolla,
           ownership of which he had transferred to his parents but that he was still
           paying the note because the vehicle was worth $4,500 less than the
           remaining balance due on the note.

         • Testimony from John that he maintains a “Snap-on Credit” account for
           work equipment purchases, which had a balance of approximately
           $2,800.

         • Testimony from John and Amy and from their respective counsel on
           attorney’s fees. John’s counsel testified and introduced evidence to
           support that John had incurred $19,333.29 in attorney’s fees, of which
           John had paid $12,800, and Amy’s counsel testified and introduced
           evidence to support that Amy had incurred $6,002.50 in attorney’s fees,
           of which Amy had paid $1,500.

      In a July 6, 2017 letter ruling, the trial court named John and Amy joint

managing conservators of Greg, and John was awarded the exclusive right to


                                          4
designate Greg’s primary residence “within Tarrant and counties contiguous to

Tarrant County and to Hood County, Texas.”

      The letter ruling also granted Amy “step-up access” to Greg, with Step I being

supervised access for twelve weeks and Step II being unsupervised access for an

additional twelve weeks. Upon completion of both steps, Amy could receive access as

provided in the standard possession order. However, the letter ruling made Amy’s

access and possession “contingent upon completion of a negative nine-panel nail

testing done randomly by [a private testing facility] and bi-monthly as requested by

[John.]” The letter ruling provided that upon “two successive negative drug tests, the

random drug testing is to cease. Upon receiving a positive drug test result, . . . the

possession schedule will return to supervised . . . to be held at [John’s] residence.”

      The letter ruling also provided a division of property that awarded John and

Amy the assets in their possession, the balances in their bank accounts, and their

retirement accounts, if any. John received the 2016 tax refund and the car. The

division awarded John the debt obligation for a “Snap-on Credit Account.” Finally,

Amy was awarded her wedding ring, and John was instructed to return the ring or pay

Amy’s attorney $2,000 as a portion of Amy’s attorney’s fees:

      [John] is to return the separate property wedding ring of the wife (her
      value of approximately $2,000) to [Amy] on or before the date of August
      1, 2017. If [John] does not have the wedding ring and in lieu of
      returning it, he is to pay $2,000 to [Amy’s counsel] at her business
      address for a portion of [Amy’s] attorney fees on or before August 1,
      2017, and for which, if not submitted by that date, [Amy’s counsel] is

                                            5
       awarded a judgment in the amount of $2,000 against [John] . . . with
       lawful interest, for which she may pursue her options to collect.

       Finally, the letter ruling requested that John’s counsel prepare an order

reflecting the letter ruling.

C. The Divorce Decree and Separate Findings

       As instructed, John’s counsel prepared and submitted a final divorce decree,

which the trial court signed. However, the divorce decree, approved as to form by

both parties’ counsel, failed to list the car, the 2016 tax refund, and the “Snap-on

Credit Account” in the property division. It also characterized the wedding ring as

community property awarded to Amy.3

       The divorce decree also ordered Amy to submit to drug screening at a private

testing facility and that Amy “shall submit to such analysis bi-monthly” as requested

by John. The divorce decree ordered that “upon receiving a positive drug test result,

. . . the possession schedule of [Amy] will return to supervised as in Step I[.]” The

decree further ordered that “upon two successive negative drug tests, the random

drug testing shall cease.”

       John filed a request for findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to

rules of civil procedure 296 and 297, see Tex. R. Civ. P. 296, 297, and a motion for

       As noted by John, while the ring was Amy’s separate property at the time she
       3

pawned it, it became community property when John purchased it back during the
marriage. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 3.002 (providing that community property
consists of the property other than separate property acquired by either spouse during
the marriage).

                                          6
new trial challenging the division of the marital estate and the appointment of Amy as

joint managing conservator. In its findings of fact and conclusions of law, the trial

court found, among other findings, that possession varied from the standard

possession order because of Amy’s prior positive drug tests, that Amy owned the

wedding ring before their marriage, and that the ring’s value was $2,000. Because the

trial court did not rule on John’s motion for new trial, it was overruled by operation

of law. This appeal followed.

                                   III. Discussion

      John raises seven issues on appeal. While this appeal was pending, Amy’s trial

counsel filed a notice of nonrepresentation. Amy did not file an appellee’s brief.

A. Conservatorship Decision

      In his first issue, John argues that the trial court erred by appointing Amy as a

joint managing conservator when the testimony at trial showed that she had abused

drugs while pregnant and during the pendency of the divorce, was arrested for driving

while intoxicated (DWI) shortly after Greg was born, failed to appear for her court-

ordered random drug testing, failed to pay any temporary child or medical support

pursuant to the temporary orders, did not demonstrate an ability to provide a safe

environment for Greg, and did not testify that her appointment as a joint managing

conservator would be in Greg’s best interest.




                                           7
       1. Standard of Review

       We review a trial court’s decision regarding the conservatorship of a child for

an abuse of discretion. In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d 611, 616 (Tex. 2007); In re S.T., 508

S.W.3d 482, 489 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2015, no pet.). An abuse of discretion does

not occur as long as some evidence of substantive and probative character exists to

reasonably support the trial court’s decision. Butnaru v. Ford Motor Co., 84 S.W.3d 198,

211 (Tex. 2002) (op. on reh’g); S.T., 508 S.W.3d at 489. It is for the factfinder to

determine the weight to be given to the testimony and to resolve any conflicts in the

evidence. Chavez v. Chavez, 148 S.W.3d 449, 457 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2004, no pet.);

see also In re R.W., 129 S.W.3d 732, 742 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied).

       In an abuse of discretion review, legal and factual insufficiency are not

independent grounds for asserting error but are merely relevant factors in assessing

whether a trial court abused its discretion. S.T., 508 S.W.3d at 489. Thus, in applying

the abuse of discretion standard, we use a two-pronged analysis: whether the trial

court had sufficient evidence upon which to exercise its discretion and whether the

trial court erred in applying its discretion. Id.; see also Wise Elec. Coop., Inc. v. Am. Hat

Co., 476 S.W.3d 671, 679–80 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2015, no pet.) (setting forth

standards for legal and factual sufficiency).

       When reviewing a trial court’s decision regarding conservatorship of a child, we

recognize that the trial court “is in the best situation to observe the demeanor and

personalities of the witnesses and can ‘feel the forces, powers, and influences that
                                                8
cannot be discerned merely by reading the record.’” In re N.A.S., 100 S.W.3d 670,

673 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, no pet.) (quoting In the Interest of T., 715 S.W.2d 416,

418 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1986, no writ)).         Thus, we will reverse a trial court’s

determination of the best interest of the child only upon a determination of an abuse

of discretion. Id.

       2. Applicable Law

       In determining the issues of conservatorship and possession of and access to a

child, the best interest of the child shall always be the primary consideration of the

court. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.002. By statute, it is in the best interest of the

child for the child’s parents to be appointed joint managing conservators. See id. §

153.131(a), (b) (creating a rebuttable presumption that the appointment of a child’s

parents as joint managing conservators is in the child’s best interest). This parental

presumption “is based upon the natural affection usually flowing between parent and

child.” In re V.L.K., 24 S.W.3d 338, 341 (Tex. 2000). Consequently, a parent seeking

to be appointed sole managing conservator of a child bears the burden to rebut the

statutory best-interest presumption. See Martinez v. Gonzalez, 553 S.W.3d 509, 514

(Tex. App.—El Paso 2018, no pet.). Only if the court finds that the appointment of a

parent or parents would significantly impair the child’s physical health or emotional

development or that there is a history of family violence involving the parents should

a trial court reject this statutory presumption. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.131(a), (b).


                                           9
      3. Analysis

      Although John presented evidence that Amy had failed to appear for a random

drug test, Amy explained that she failed to appear because she did not have a phone

and because her mother and stepfather, with whom she was living at the time, were

out of town and did not relay the message to her. Amy also testified that she did not

have the financial means to obtain the random drug tests. Amy claimed that her

missed child support payments were due to her lack of full-time employment but

added that she had recently obtained full-time employment. She also testified that she

presently had a stable living environment in Hood County with a spare room for

Greg. And although Amy acknowledged she had a drug problem in the past, she

testified that she had “been clean since January of 2016” and that she had attended

rehab only to get her son back, not because she had a drug problem.

      Conduct involving past drug use is relevant in a best interest determination, but

past misconduct alone is not enough to overcome the parental presumption because

conservatorship determinations are to be made based on whether the parent is

presently suitable. See In re K.R.B., No. 02-10-00021-CV, 2010 WL 3928727, at *5

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth Oct. 7, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“When determining

fitness of a parent, the material time to consider is the present.”); May v. May, 829

S.W.2d 373, 377 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1992, writ denied) (“If the parent is

presently a suitable person to have custody, the fact that there was a time in the past

when the parent would not have been a proper person to have such custody is not
                                          10
controlling.”). Here, Amy testified that she had “been clean” for over a year, and

John does not direct us to evidence in the record that she was still using drugs or any

other evidence sufficient to overcome the presumption that she should be a joint

managing conservator of Greg. See In re S.W.H., 72 S.W.3d 772, 777–78 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth 2002, no pet.) (holding trial court abused its discretion by denying mother

managing conservatorship despite evidence that four years earlier she “had a severe

addiction and that she was incarcerated because she twice tested positive for drug use

in violation of her probation” when no evidence was presented that mother had not

remained clean since or that she was not presently a suitable conservator).

      John also challenges the trial court’s decision to appoint Amy as a joint

managing conservator because “[t]here was no evidence adduced at trial that it would

be in the child’s best interest for [Amy] to be appointed joint managing conservator.”

This argument is unavailing because it reverses the burden of proof. John bore the

burden to present evidence to overcome the presumption that Amy should be

appointed as joint managing conservator. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.131(b);

Martinez, 553 S.W.3d at 514. Based on this record, we hold the trial court did not

abuse its discretion because John failed to overcome the presumption that appointing

Amy as joint managing conservator was in the best interest of Greg. See Naguib v.

Naguib, 137 S.W.3d 367, 372 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, pet. denied).

      Accordingly, we overrule John’s first issue.


                                          11
B. Conditions on Amy’s Access and Possession

      In his second issue, John asserts that the trial court abused its discretion by

requiring only “two successive negative [finger]nail [drug] tests, when . . . the

undisputed evidence and agreement of the parties was that it would be in the child’s

best interest for [Amy] to submit to periodic drug testing.” Relatedly, in his third

issue, John asserts that the trial court erred by ordering Amy “stair-up” visitation of

Greg, “expressly conditioned on [Amy’s] abstaining from the use of drugs, and

[Amy’s] compliance with the provisions of this order regarding drug testing,” because

there is no way to enforce Amy’s compliance with either Step I or Step II before she

is permitted to progress to the standard possession order.

      1. Applicable Law

      As already noted, in determining issues of custody, control, possession, child

support, and visitation, we give the trial court wide latitude and will reverse a trial

court’s order only if it appears from the record as a whole that the court abused its

discretion. In re J.R.D., 169 S.W.3d 740, 743 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, pet. denied).

The public policy of Texas is to ensure that children enjoy “frequent and continuing

contact with parents who have shown the ability to act in the child’s best interest” and

to “encourage parents to share in the rights and duties of raising their child after the

parents have separated or dissolved their marriage.”          Tex. Fam. Code Ann.

§ 153.001(a)(1), (3). However, trial courts are permitted to place conditions on a

parent’s visitation if necessary for the child’s best interest. In re R.D.Y., 51 S.W.3d
                                          12
314, 324 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. denied). But “when a court

places restrictions or conditions on a conservator’s possession rights, the court must

specifically define these terms in its decree,” Conn v. Rhodes, No. 2-08-420-CV, 2009

WL 2579577, at *4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 20, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.), by

stating “in clear and unambiguous terms what is required for the conservator to

comply, . . . specific enough to allow the [other] conservator to enforce the judgment

by contempt.” Hale v. Hale, No. 04-05-00314-CV, 2006 WL 166518, at *3 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio Jan. 25, 2006, pet. denied) (mem. op.). A written order that is

equivocal or susceptible to more than one interpretation is not punishable by

contempt. In re Houston, 92 S.W.3d 870, 877 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002,

orig. proceeding).

      2. Application of the Law to the Facts

      John does not challenge the trial court’s discretion to order Amy to begin with

supervised visitation and to graduate to unsupervised visitation conditioned upon

Amy returning two consecutive negative drug tests—indeed, John asserts that these

conditions were justified by the court’s finding that Amy had previous positive drug

test results. Rather, his complaint is that Amy does not have to submit to drug tests

for a “meaningful period” because the court ordered the drug testing to cease if Amy

returned only two consecutive negative results. John further asserts that the trial

court erred because there is no way to enforce Amy’s compliance with Step I before


                                         13
she can move to unsupervised access in Step II and then to a standard possession

order. We begin by examining the drug testing provisions.

             a. Drug Testing Provisions
      The divorce decree states, in relevant part, as follows:
              IT IS ORDERED that [AMY] shall submit to drug screening by
      9 panel nail at FORENSIC DNA & DRUG TESTING SERVICES, 511
      East Weatherford, Fort Worth, Texas 76102, 817.338.0200, or any other
      facility agreed to in writing by [JOHN] and [AMY].

           IT IS ORDERED that [AMY] shall submit to such analysis bi-
      monthly as requested by [JOHN].

             IT IS ORDERED that [AMY] is to appear at the facility with
      appropriate photographic identification and to provide specimens as
      requested to conduct the drug screening by nail. [AMY] is ORDERED
      to request the laboratory conducting the drug screening to deliver the
      results of the drug screening directly to [JOHN], and to sign the
      appropriate authorizations for such delivery.

             IT IS ORDERED that [JOHN] shall pay for all testing ordered
      herein. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that upon receiving a positive
      drug test result, [AMY] shall reimburse [JOHN] for the cost of that drug
      testing and the possession schedule of [AMY] will return to supervised
      as in Step I herein to be held at [JOHN’S] residence.

             IT IS ORDERED that upon two successive negative drug tests,
      the random drug testing shall cease.

      At the outset, these terms are possibly ambiguous because “bi-monthly” can

mean an occurrence either (1) every two months or (2) twice a month. See Webster’s

Third New Int’l Dictionary 217 (2002) (defining “bi-monthly” as “occurring, appearing,

or done every two months; sometimes:            occurring, appearing, or done twice a

month”); Garner’s Modern English Usage 114 (4th ed. 2016) (stating “bimonthly = every

                                           14
two months (not ‘twice a month’)” and suggesting that because “bi- has been used to

mean ‘occurring twice in a (specified span of time)’ so often . . . for the sake of clarity,

you might do well to avoid the prefix altogether when possible”).

         But more importantly, it is also unclear from these terms whether the order

contemplates two separate drug testing requirements—(1) “random” drug testing at

Forensic DNA & Drug Testing Services, and (2) scheduled, “bi-monthly” drug

tests—or just one drug testing requirement to occur bi-monthly but randomly.

Although the decree orders Amy to “submit to such analysis bi-monthly,” it also

provides that upon two consecutive negative test results, “the random drug testing shall

cease.” [Emphasis added.] This is the only reference to “random” drug testing in the

decree.     But, bi-monthly testing—whether twice a month or once every two

months—could be either random or scheduled. Thus, the written order is unclear as

to whether Amy would still be required to submit to nonrandom bi-monthly drug

tests even if she provided two consecutive negative test results and no longer had to

submit to random drug testing.

         Because the drug testing provisions are ambiguous, they are not enforceable by

contempt. See Houston, 92 S.W.3d at 877. Accordingly, we sustain John’s second

issue.




                                            15
      b. Stair-up Access and Possession
The divorce decree states, in relevant part, as follows:
      Step I - Supervised Access
       [AMY] shall have the right to supervised access of the child on
Wednesday and Friday of each week beginning at 12:00 p.m. and ending at 6:00
p.m.. IT IS ORDERED that supervision shall be conducted by the child’s
maternal grandmother or maternal step-grandfather. IT IS ORDERED that
on those days, the maternal grandmother or maternal step-grandfather shall
pick up the child from [JOHN’S] residence and return the child to [JOHN] at
the QUICK TRIP located at Interstate 35 and Highway 187.
      IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that this step shall begin on the week
following July 6, 2017 and shall continue for the following twelve (12)
successive weeks.
      IT IS ORDERED that [AMY] shall move to Step II after twelve (12)
successive weeks of access per the schedule as detailed in Step I.
      Step II - Unsupervised Possession
       IT IS ORDERED that the following possession and access schedule
shall begin the first Saturday following the completion of Step I and shall
continue for four (4) months thereafter.
      [AMY] shall have the right to possession of the child on Wednesday and
Friday of each week beginning at 12:00 p.m. and ending at 6:00 p.m.
       [AMY] shall also have the right to possession of the child on the first,
third and fifth Saturday of each month beginning at 10:00 a.m. and ending at
6:00 p.m.
       IT IS ORDERED that at the beginning of each period of possession in
Step II, [AMY] shall pick up the child at [JOHN’S] residence and return the
child to [JOHN] at the QUICK TRIP located at Interstate 35 and Highway 187
at the end of each period of possession.
      IT IS ORDERED that [AMY] shall proceed to a Standard Possession
Order as detailed herein upon the completion of four (4) successive months of
possession and access as detailed in Step II.


                                     16
      We agree with John that the provision that Amy “shall” progress to

unsupervised access in Step II “after twelve (12) successive weeks of access per the

schedule as detailed in Step I” is ambiguous. Webster’s Dictionary defines “successive”

as “following in succession or serial order: following one upon another: coming in

order: CONSECUTIVE.” Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary 2282 (2002). Thus, one

could read the order as providing that if on week 9, Amy failed to obtain supervised

access as described in Step I, she would be required to start back at week 1. That is to

say, she can only get to Step II after 12 consecutive weeks of supervised Step I

visitation. However, one could also read the stair-up provision as permitting Amy to

move to unsupervised access in Step II after 12 weeks, regardless of whether she

engaged in any supervised access during Step I because the order provides that Amy

“shall move to Step II after twelve (12) successive weeks of access per the schedule as

detailed in Step I” without any requirement that Amy “complete” Step I. [Emphasis

added.] Furthermore, it is not apparent from the decree what, if anything, must be

done to “complete” Step I.

      Because the stair-up provisions are ambiguous, they are not enforceable by

contempt. See Houston, 92 S.W.3d at 877. Accordingly, we sustain John’s third issue.

C. Geographic Restriction

      In his fourth issue, John complains that there is factually insufficient evidence

to support the geographic restriction on his exclusive right to designate the child’s

primary residence. In this case, the trial court ordered as follows:
                                           17
             IT IS ORDERED that the primary residence of the child shall
      be Tarrant County and counties contiguous to Tarrant County and to
      Hood County, Texas, and the parties shall not remove the child from
      Tarrant County and counties contiguous to Tarrant County and to Hood
      County, Texas for the purpose of changing the primary residence of the
      child until modified by further order of the court of continuing
      jurisdiction or by written agreement signed by the parties and filed with
      the court.

             IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that [JOHN] shall have the
      exclusive right to designate the child’s primary residence within Tarrant
      County and counties contiguous to Tarrant County and to Hood
      County, Texas.

      When the trial court appoints joint managing conservators, as in this case, the

court must designate the conservator who has the exclusive right to determine the

primary residence of the child and must either establish a geographic area within

which the conservator shall maintain the child’s primary residence or specify that

there are no geographic restrictions:

      (b) In rendering an order appointing joint managing conservators, the
      court shall:

             (1) designate the conservator who has the exclusive right to
             determine the primary residence of the child and:

                    (A) establish, until modified by further order, a geographic
                    area within which the conservator shall maintain the child’s
                    primary residence; or

                    (B) specify that the conservator may determine the child’s
                    primary residence without regard to geographic location[.]

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.134(b)(1)(A)–(B) (emphasis added).



                                          18
      The trial court enjoyed broad discretion to decide whether a geographical

restriction should be imposed, and the evidence at trial proved that John resides in

Tarrant County and Amy resides in Hood County, and neither John nor Amy

intended to relocate.4 On this record, we cannot say that the trial court abused its

discretion by establishing a geographic restriction to Tarrant County, contiguous

counties thereto, and to Hood County. See Morgan v. Morgan, 254 S.W.3d 485, 490

(Tex. App.—Beaumont 2008, no pet.) (holding no abuse of discretion in imposing

geographic restriction on Mother’s exclusive right to determine child’s primary

residence because some evidence supported the restriction).

      Accordingly, we overrule John’s fourth issue.

D. Property Valuation and Division

      We consider John’s fifth, sixth, and seventh issues together because they

concern the trial court’s valuation and division of the parties’ property.

      1. Applicable Law and Standard of Review

      The family code requires the court, in a divorce, to order a division of the

estate of the parties in a manner that the court deems just and right, having due regard

for the rights of each party. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 7.001. The phrase “estate of

the parties” means the parties’ community property. Wilson v. Wilson, 44 S.W.3d 597,


      4
       John did speculate that his job could take him anywhere, but “[s]peculation is
not evidence.” Fieldtech Avionics & Instruments, Inc. v. Component Control.Com, Inc., 262
S.W.3d 813, 833 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, no pet.).

                                           19
600 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, no pet.) (citing Cameron v. Cameron, 641 S.W.2d

210, 214–15 (Tex. 1982)).       The trial court has broad discretion in dividing the

community estate of the parties as long as the division is just and right, Powell v. Powell,

822 S.W.2d 181, 184 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, writ denied), but a just

and right division of the community estate need not be equal. See Schlueter v. Schlueter,

975 S.W.2d 584, 588 (Tex. 1998); Forgason v. Forgason, 911 S.W.2d 893, 896 (Tex.

App.—Amarillo 1995, writ denied). In exercising its discretion, the trial court may

consider many factors, among which is the size of the separate estates. Murff v. Murff,

615 S.W.2d 696, 698 (Tex. 1981).

       However, “a division of marital property based on values that were not in

evidence is an abuse of discretion.” In re Marriage of Adams, No. 06-03-00028-CV,

2004 WL 351387, at *2 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Feb. 26, 2004, no pet.) (mem. op.);

Mata v. Mata, 710 S.W.2d 756, 760 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1986, no writ); Haley v.

Haley, 713 S.W.2d 801, 803 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1986, no writ).

       2. The $2,000 Wedding Ring Valuation and Attorney’s Fees

       In his fifth and sixth issues, John argues that the trial court erred when it

ordered him to return Amy’s wedding ring to her, or alternatively, to pay $2,000 for

Amy’s attorney’s fees, and when the trial court awarded Amy’s counsel a conditional

judgment of $2,000 against John because no evidence supported the trial court’s

finding of a $2,000 valuation of the ring.


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      Before trial, Amy filed a verified “inventory and appraisement” in which she

identified a “[w]edding ring worth $2000 that is in the possession of [John].”

However, Amy’s verified inventory and appraisement containing the $2,000 valuation

was not admitted into evidence.

      We have held that in a divorce proceeding, unless a party’s pretrial inventory

and appraisal has been admitted into evidence, it may not be considered as evidence

of a property’s value. See Barnard v. Barnard, 133 S.W.3d 782, 789 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 2004, pet. denied); see also Cardenas v. Cardenas, No. 13-16-00064-CV, 2017 WL

1089683, at *5 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Mar. 23, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.) (stating

unless a party’s inventory and appraisal has been admitted into evidence, it may not be

considered as evidence of a property’s value); Williams v. Williams, No. 2-08-00033-

CV, 2008 WL 5194227, at *6 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Dec. 11, 2008, no pet.) (mem.

op.) (overruling husband’s challenge to trial court’s determination of property’s value

based on wife’s inventory and appraisement because wife “did not enter her inventory

and appraisement into evidence” so we “cannot rely on the value set forth therein as

evidence”).

      The only evidence of the ring’s value was testimony from Amy that she had

pawned the ring for $250 and testimony from John that he had repurchased and sold

the ring for $500. Because there was no evidence adduced at trial to support the

finding that the ring was valued at $2,000, we hold that the trial court abused its

discretion by so finding. See Van Heerden v. Van Heerden, 321 S.W.3d 869, 880 (Tex.
                                          21
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.) (explaining when valuing assets of the

marital estate, “if several values are given, or if a witness testifies that the value may be

higher or lower than his estimate, the court’s determination of the value should be

within the ranges in the evidence”); Grossnickle v. Grossnickle, 935 S.W.2d 830, 836

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 1996, writ denied) (“A court of appeals should remand the

entire community estate for a new division if it finds reversible error in a specific part

of the division that materially affects the trial court’s just and right division of the

entire community estate.”); Haley, 713 S.W.2d at 803 (stating that upon determining

the trial court abused its discretion by dividing property by values not in evidence, “it

is our duty to reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand the property issue to the

trial court for a new trial”).

       Further, in light of the specific facts of this case, because the trial court’s order

that John alternatively pay $2,000 of Amy’s attorney’s fees was expressly based not on

the evidence supporting those fees but on the groundless valuation of the ring, we

sustain his sixth issue. See Henry v. Henry, 48 S.W.3d 468, 481 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2001, no pet.) (remanding award of attorney’s fees after having

determined that the court abused its discretion by dividing the community estate

because “to the extent the [attorney’s] fees were awarded as part of the division of the

property[,] the trial court should reexamine the award . . . as a part of making a just

and right division of the property”).

       Accordingly, we sustain John’s fifth and sixth issues.
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      3. Vehicle

      In his seventh issue, John argues that the trial court erred by finding that the

2012 Toyota Corolla was in his possession when the undisputed evidence at trial

demonstrated that ownership of the vehicle had been transferred to his parents and

the vehicle was valued in an amount of less than was owed on the note. After listing

this as an issue presented in his appellant’s brief, John did not brief it. Accordingly,

the issue is waived. See WorldPeace v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 183 S.W.3d 451, 460

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. denied) (holding failure of appellant’s

brief to offer argument, citations to record, or citations to authority waived issue on

appeal); cf. Hornbuckle v. Cadillac, No. 02-15-00267-CV, 2016 WL 3157569, at *2 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth June 2, 2016, no pet.) (per curiam) (mem. op.) (“An appellant

must discuss the facts and the authorities relied upon as may be requisite to maintain

the point at issue.”). We overrule John’s seventh issue.

                                   IV. Conclusion

      Having overruled John’s first, fourth, and seventh issues and having sustained

John’s second, third, fifth, and sixth issues, we affirm in part and reverse in part. We

affirm the trial court’s decree as to the naming of John and Amy as joint managing

conservators and the geographic restriction, and we affirm the unchallenged portions

of the decree, including the granting of the divorce. We reverse the decree as to its

drug testing and stair-up access provisions and its valuation and division of the

community estate, and we vacate the judgment against John for $2,000 of Amy’s
                                          23
attorney’s fees. We remand this case to the trial court solely to clarify the drug testing

and stair-up access provisions and for a new trial on the division of the community

estate.



                                                       /s/ Bonnie Sudderth
                                                       Bonnie Sudderth
                                                       Chief Justice


Delivered: January 17, 2019




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