                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                              AT JACKSON
                                 August 25, 2011 Session

     JOE BURNETTE, Individually and Next Friend of Sons, JOSHUA
   BURNETTE, AND JACOB BURNETTE v. JOEL PORTER, JR., ET AL.

               Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
                   No. CT-002024-08     Robert L. Childers, Judge


              No. W2010-01287-COA-R3-CV - Filed September 30, 2011




This is an appeal from a grant of summary judgment in favor of Appellees on claims of
invasion of privacy by intrusion upon seclusion, and conspiracy to commit that tort.
Appellees were invitees, and there is no evidence that they exceeded the scope of the
invitation despite the fact that Appellees had ulterior motives in procuring admission.
Appellants failed to show that Appellees’ actions were objectionably unreasonable or highly
offensive, which are essential elements of the invasion of privacy tort. Furthermore, in the
absence of an underlying tort, there can be no conspiracy to commit the tort. Affirmed.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3. Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which A LAN E. H IGHERS, P.J.,
W.S., and D AVID R. F ARMER, J., joined.

Stephen R. Leffler, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Joe Burnette.

Richard Glassman and Edwin E. Wallis, III, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellees, Joel
Porter, Jr., Beth Porter, Scott Ferguson, Ben Ferguson, and Maurie Baker.

                                          OPINION

        Joe Burnette is married to Michelle Burnette. They have two teenaged sons, Joshua
and Jacob. While Michelle Burnette was married to Joe Burnette, she had an affair with Joel
Porter, who is married to Beth Porter. As a result of the affair, Michelle Burnette bore a
child by Joel Porter. After the birth of this child, the Burnettes and the Porters were involved
in a custody litigation in the Juvenile Court of Fayette County, which is not the subject of the
instant appeal. During the custody case, Joel Porter offered sworn testimony that he had
contacted his friend, Scott Ferguson, to see if Scott's teenaged son, Ben Ferguson (“Ben”)
(who was dating twenty-one year old Maurie Baker (“Maurie”) at the time), knew anyone
who could make contact with Joshua Burnette (“Joshua”) to obtain information about the
Burnettes that could be used in the custody litigation.

        According to the complaint, Maurie Baker, Ben Ferguson's girlfriend, made contact
with Joshua Burnette via the internet. She then arranged to meet Joshua in Starkville,
Mississippi at a non-party's home. The alleged purpose of the meeting was for Maurie to
obtain and provide Joel Porter with any information that could be used against the Burnettes
in the custody litigation. Maurie and Ben attended a party at the Mississippi home, where
they socialized with both Burnette sons. On another occasion, Maurie and Ben went to the
Burnette family home in Moscow, Tennessee, where they rode four-wheelers with Joshua
Burnette. Afterward, the Burnette children invited Maurie and Ben to dinner at the Burnette
home, where they allegedly witnessed the Burnette children, who were underage at that time,
drinking alcohol and using tobacco products. This information was allegedly relayed to Joel
Porter.

        The original complaint in this case was filed on April 24, 2008; an amended complaint
was filed on or about October 1, 2008. The amended complaint, which was filed by Joe
Burnette, individually and as next friend of his sons, Joshua and Jacob (together
“Appellants”), named Joel Porter, Jr., Beth Porter, Maurie Baker, Scott Ferguson, and Ben
Ferguson (together “Appellees”) as party-defendants. The complaint alleged causes of action
for invasion of privacy and civil conspiracy against the Appellees. Specifically, the
Burnettes claimed that the Appellees had created a ruse for the sole purpose of spying on the
Burnette family in order to gain information for use against the Burnettes in the custody
litigation. The complaint avers that the Appellees invaded the Burnettes’ privacy when
Maurie Baker and Ben Ferguson entered both the Mississippi home and the Burnette home.
On October 2, 2008, Appellees filed a joint answer to the amended complaint, wherein they
denied the material allegations contained therein.

       Following discovery, on November 2, 2009, Appellees moved for summary judgment,
on grounds that Appellants could not prove their claim for invasion of privacy because: (1)
Maurie Baker and Ben Ferguson were the only party-defendants who actually went inside
the Mississippi home and the Burnette home, so any cause of action for invasion of privacy
against the remaining party-defendants cannot stand; (2) the Mississippi home did not
belong to the Burnettes, so there can be no invasion of their privacy by entry therein; and (3)
Maurie Baker and Ben Ferguson were invitees in the Burnettes’ home and, as such, cannot
be charged with invasion of privacy. Appellants opposed the motion for summary judgment.
Following a hearing, the trial court granted the motion for summary judgment by order of

                                              -2-
August 17, 2010. This order incorporates, by reference, a May 10, 2010 Letter Opinion filed
by the trial court, which sets out the grounds for the trial court’s grant of summary judgment
on both the invasion of privacy claim and the conspiracy claim in compliance with Tennessee
Rule of Civil Procedure 56.04.1

       The Burnettes appeal. The sole issue for review is whether the trial court erred in
granting Defendants/Appellees' motion for summary judgment.

        A trial court's decision to grant a motion for summary judgment presents a question
of law. Our review is therefore de novo with no presumption of correctness afforded to the
trial court's determination. Bain v. Wells, 936 S.W.2d 618, 622 (Tenn.1997). “This Court
must make a fresh determination that the requirements of Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56 have been
satisfied.” Mathews Partners, LLC v. Lemme, No. M2008–01036–COA–R3–CV, 2009 WL
3172134, at *3 (citing Hunter v. Brown, 955 S.W.2d 49, 50–51 (Tenn.1977)).

        When a motion for summary judgment is made, the moving party has the burden of
showing that “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04. The moving party may
accomplish this by either: (1) affirmatively negating an essential element of the non-moving
party's claim; or (2) showing that the non-moving party will not be able to prove an essential
element at trial. Hannan v. Alltel Publ'g Co., 270 S.W.3d 1, 8–9 (Tenn. 2008). However,
“[i]t is not enough for the moving party to challenge the nonmoving party to ‘put up or
shutup’ or even to cast doubt on a party's ability to prove an element at trial.” Id. at 8. If the
moving party's motion is properly supported, “[t]he burden of production then shifts to the
nonmoving party to show that a genuine issue of material fact exists.” Id. at 5 (citing Byrd
v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 215 (Tenn.1993)). The non-moving party may accomplish this by:
“(1) pointing to evidence establishing material factual disputes that were overlooked or
ignored by the moving party; (2) rehabilitating the evidence attacked by the moving party;
(3) producing additional evidence establishing the existence of a genuine issue for the trial;
or (4) submitting an affidavit explaining the necessity for further discovery pursuant to Tenn.
R. Civ. P. Rule 56.06.” Martin v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 271 S.W.3d 76, 84 (Tenn. 2008)
(citations omitted).

       When reviewing the evidence, we must determine whether factual disputes exist. In
evaluating the trial court's decision, we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party and draw all reasonable inferences in the nonmoving party's favor. Stovall


        1
          The rule states, in relevant part, that “[t]he trial court shall state the legal grounds upon which the
court denies or grants the motion [for summary judgment], which shall be included in the order reflecting
the court's ruling.”

                                                      -3-
v. Clarke, 113 S.W.3d 715, 721 (Tenn. 2003). If we find a disputed fact, we must “determine
whether the fact is material to the claim or defense upon which summary judgment is
predicated and whether the disputed fact creates a genuine issue for trial.” Mathews
Partners, 2009 WL 3172134, at *3 (citing Byrd, 847 S.W.2d at 214). “A disputed fact is
material if it must be decided in order to resolve the substantive claim or defense at which
the motion is directed.” Byrd, 847 S.W.2d at 215. A genuine issue exists if “a reasonable jury
could legitimately resolve the fact in favor of one side or the other.” Id. “Summary
[j]udgment is only appropriate when the facts and the legal conclusions drawn from the facts
reasonably permit only one conclusion.” Landry v. South Cumberland Amoco, et al., No.
E2009–01354–COA–R3–CV, 2010 WL 845390, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. March 10, 2010)
(citing Carvell v. Bottoms, 900 S.W.2d 23 (Tenn. 1995)).

       We have reviewed the appellate record, and we conclude that, although there is some
dispute of fact, the material facts are undisputed. Therefore, we are left only with a question
of law as to whether Appellants have made out a case for invasion of privacy and/or civil
conspiracy.

                                     Invasion of Privacy

       Tennessee recognizes four types of invasion of privacy: “(a) unreasonable intrusion
upon the seclusion of another . . . (b) appropriation of the other's name or likeness . . . (c)
unreasonable publicity given to the other's private life . . . (d) publicity that unreasonably
places the other in a false light before the public . . . .” Restatement (Second) of Torts §
652A(2) (1977); see, e.g., Givens v. Mullikin, 75 S.W.3d 383, 411 (Tenn. 2002); West v.
Media Gen. Convergence, Inc., 53 S.W.3d 640, 643 (Tenn. 2001). Here, the Appellants’
cause of action for invasion of privacy involves only an allegation of intrusion upon their
seclusion.

       In William Prosser's 1960 categorization of privacy rights, he listed as his "first tort"
the invasion of privacy by “intrusion.” William Prosser, Privacy, 48 Cal. L. Rev. 383, 389–92
(1960); see also W. Page Keeton, Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts § 117, at 854 (5th
ed. 1984). This type of "privacy" can be invaded by physical intrusion upon the plaintiff's
seclusion or solitude, or into his or her private affairs, where the intrusion would be highly
offensive to a reasonable person. Consequently, to qualify as an "intrusion," the defendant's
actions must be so objectionable that the hypothetical ordinary, reasonable person would find
them to be "highly offensive." It is not enough that the particular plaintiff is personally
offended because this person may be unusually sensitive or susceptible. What is objectively
offensive is largely a matter of social conventions and expectations as recognized by the law.
See, e.g., Roe ex rel. Roe v. Heap, No. 03AP-586, 2004 WL 1109849 (Ohio Ct. App. May
11, 2004) (“The intrusion must be of such a character as would shock the ordinary person to

                                              -4-
the point of emotional distress. . . . Thus, the standard is similar to that applicable to claims
of intentional infliction of emotional distress.”).

         In at least two decisions, Tennessee courts have recognized that an unreasonable
intrusion upon the seclusion or private affairs of another may be actionable as a tortious
invasion of privacy. See Givens v. Mullikin, 75 S.W.3d 383, 411 (Tenn. 2002); Roberts v.
Essex Microtel Assocs., II, L.P., 46 S.W.3d 205, 210–11 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000). In so doing,
both courts quote the Restatement (Second) of Torts (1977) section 652B, which states: “One
who intentionally intrudes, physically or otherwise, upon the solitude or seclusion of another
or his private affairs or concerns, is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy,
if the intrusion would be highly offensive to a reasonable person.” Givens, 75 S.W.3d at 411;
Roberts, 46 S.W.3d at 210. The Givens Court also cited comment (c) to section 652B, which
states that a defendant is subject to liability “only when he has intruded into a private place,
or has otherwise invaded a private seclusion that the plaintiff has thrown about his person or
affairs.” Id. at 412. Section 652B makes it clear that the tort of invasion of privacy by
intrusion upon seclusion requires intent. See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652B cmt. a
(1977).2

       In short, the Restatement definition, supra, requires the plaintiff to plead and prove
three elements: (1) an intentional intrusion, physical or otherwise; (2) upon the plaintiff's
solitude or seclusion or private affairs or concerns; (3) which would be highly offensive to
a reasonable person. Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652B (1977); see also Mauri v. Smith,
929 P.2d 307, 310 (Or. 1996); People for Ethical Treatment of Animals v. Bobby Berosini,
Ltd., 895 P.2d 1269 (Nev. 1995); but see Shulman v. Group W Productions, Inc., 955 P.2d
469 (Cal. 1998) (wherein the California Supreme Court reduced the elements of the tort
down to two: (1) intrusion into a private place, conversation or matter; (2) in a manner highly
offensive to a reasonable person); Dwyer v. American Exp. Co., 652 N.E.2d 1351 (Ill. Ct.
App. 1995) (adopting the four-point test and holding that American Express' disclosure to
merchants of information about the shopping preferences of cardholders did not constitute
an unauthorized intrusion into the cardholders' seclusion because use of the card is voluntary
and stating that American Express used only "information voluntarily given to it" by its


       2
           The comment provides:

                a. The form of invasion of privacy covered by this Section does not depend
                upon any publicity given to the person whose interest is invaded or to his
                affairs. It consists solely of an intentional interference with his interest in
                solitude or seclusion, either as to his person or as to his private affairs or
                concerns, of a kind that would be highly offensive to a reasonable man.



                                                     -5-
cardholders).

         In the context of the tort of invasion of privacy by intrusion upon seclusion, the
finding of an intrusion is tied to the plaintiff’s expectation of privacy. Consequently, in order
to prove that there has been an intentional intrusion into a private place, conversation or
matter, the plaintiff will usually have to prove that there was: (1) an actual, subjective
expectation of seclusion or solitude in that place, conversation or matter; and that (2) that
expectation of privacy was objectively reasonable. See, e.g., Medical Laboratory
Management Consultants v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc., 306 F.3d 806,
812–13 (9th Cir. 2002). Thus, while a person might have a subjective expectation of privacy
in a place or a communication, that expectation can be found to be legally unreasonable. For
example, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals held that, while a business tenant had
a subjective expectation of privacy in a letter she threw in the trash, that expectation was
unreasonable. No intrusion was found when the tenant's landlord found the letter in the trash
and used it against the tenant in a lawsuit. Danai v. Canal Square Associates, 862 A.2d 395
(D.C. Ct. App. 2004) (“Here [plaintiff] knowingly and voluntarily abandoned objects she
placed in the trash. She relinquished control over them, knowing that they were readily
accessible to a third party, the property managers and the landlord, upon collection from her
office for mixing with other trash in a community trash room and ultimately accessible to
others when the trash was removed and discarded off-site. . . . [A] properly instructed jury
could not have found that she had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the discarded
letter.”). If there is a subjective expectation of privacy, then the question becomes whether
the alleged invasion of that privacy was objectively reasonable. See, e.g., Hart v. Seven
Resorts, Inc., 947 P.2d 846, 853 (Ariz. Ct. App.1997) (holding that an individual is liable
for an invasion of privacy only if he “intentionally intrudes, physically or otherwise, upon the
solitude or seclusion of another or his private affairs or concerns ... if the intrusion would be
highly offensive to a reasonable person”); Medical Laboratory Management Consultants
v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc, 30 F. Supp.2d 1182, 1188 (D. Ariz. 1998)
(holding that a plaintiff can only recover if she has an “objectively reasonable expectation
of seclusion or solitude in the place” (emphasis omitted)); United States v. Billings, 858 F.2d
617, 618 (10th Cir. 1988) (per curiam) (holding that no reasonable expectation of privacy
exists as to what “can be observed by any ordinary patron of a public restroom”).

        Turning to the record, the undisputed facts show that Maurie Baker and Ben
Ferguson were invited into both the Mississippi home and the Burnettes’ Moscow,
Tennessee home. However, it is also undisputed that the Maurie’s and Ben’s objective, in
procuring the invitation, was based upon the ulterior motive of obtaining unfavorable
information, which could be reported back to the Porters. Under normal circumstances, an
invitation into someone’s home would negate the most basic element of the invasion of
privacy tort—i.e., invasion. As discussed in 62A Am. Jur. 2d Privacy § 220:

                                              -6-
              The maxim of law that one "who consents to an act is not
              wronged by it" applies to the tort of invasion of privacy. The
              right of privacy may be waived or lost by consent. Thus,
              consent to the invasion of one's right of privacy is a bar to a
              claim for damages for such invasion. . . . In the context of
              invasion of privacy, express or implied consent to the intrusion
              is often referred to as a "waiver of the right to privacy."

Id. (footnotes omitted); see also Med. Lab. Mgmt. Consultants., 306 F.3d 806 (holding
that visit to medical laboratory's administrative offices by television network's undercover
representatives, who were producing investigative news program, did not intrude upon
laboratory owner's reasonably expected seclusion, as required to support claim under
Arizona law for intrusion upon seclusion; owner's willingness to invite strangers into
laboratory's administrative offices for a meeting and then on a tour of the premises
indicated that owner did not have a reasonable expectation of solitude or seclusion in areas
he showed to the representatives); see also Maryland v. Macon, 472 U.S. 463, 469, 105
S.Ct. 2778, 86 L.Ed.2d 370 (1985) (individual had no expectation of privacy in areas of a
store where the public was invited to transact business).

        “Nowhere are expectations of privacy greater than in the home.” Segura v. United
States, 468 U.S. 796, 820, 104 S.Ct. 3380, 82 L.Ed.2d 599 (1984). Consequently,
invitation or consent, alone, may be ineffective to waive a plaintiff’s expectation of
privacy. This is discussed in 62A Am. Jur. 2d Privacy § 220:

              The question of waiver or consent, however, does not have a
              zero-sum answer but, rather, presents an issue of the degree or
              extent of waiver or consent granted, which depends on the
              facts and circumstances of the case. Thus, the voluntariness of
              consent, as a defense to action for intrusion invasion of
              privacy, must be judged in light of the totality of the
              circumstances. For purposes of establishing a defense to a
              claim for intrusion invasion of privacy, consent must be given
              freely and voluntarily to be valid. It must be shown that there
              was no duress or coercion, actual or implied.

Id.

       In the instant case, we are concerned with the fact that the Burnettes’ consent may
not have “been given freely and voluntarily” due to the fact that the invitation was procured
under false pretenses and was, in effect, an exploitation of the Burnettes’ trust. Although

                                             -7-
invitation usually constitutes a “waiver of the right to privacy,” the invitation must be given
freely and voluntarily; otherwise, it is no waiver of the right to privacy. As discussed in the
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 892B.

       Consent Under Mistake, Misrepresentation Or Duress.

       (1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), consent to conduct of another is
       effective for all consequences of the conduct and for the invasion of any
       interests resulting from it.
       (2) If the person consenting to the conduct of another is induced to consent
       by a substantial mistake concerning the nature of the invasion of his interests
       or the extent of the harm to be expected from it and the mistake is known to
       the other or is induced by the other's misrepresentation, the consent is not
       effective for the unexpected invasion or harm.
[](3) Consent is not effective if it is given under duress.

Id.; see also Holt v. Alexander, No. W200302541COAR3CV, 2005 WL 94370 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Jan. 13, 2005). The caselaw is sparse concerning the question of whether
consent/invitation, which is induced by fraud, or misrepresentation, negates a plaintiff’s
expectation of privacy, and thus precludes the invasion of privacy tort. This is a question
that, from our research, has not been directly addressed by a Tennessee court. That being
said, we find guidance in those cases decided by courts of our sister states.

        The area where courts are most frequently called upon to evaluate what is meant by
“privacy” is in connection with the Fourth Amendment's protections against unreasonable
searches and seizures. There, without attempting to precisely define what is meant by
“privacy,” the federal courts, for the past half century and more, have limited the Fourth
Amendment's reach to circumstances where there is a “reasonable expectation of privacy.”
See, e.g., California v. Ciraolo, 476 U.S. 207 (1986); Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347
(1967). Although the instant appeal does not sound in criminal law, these Fourth
Amendment cases are instructive insofar as they clarify situations in which there is a
reasonable expectation of privacy from those situations where there is not. In the context
of this case, we are particularly interested in factual scenarios where the defendant has
gained access to the plaintiff’s private space by misrepresentation or based upon ulterior
motives.

        In People v. Lucatero, 166 Cal. App.4th 1110, 83 Cal. Rptr.3d 364, 366 (Cal. Ct.
App. 2008), a police officer contacted a real estate agent and feigned interest in a house
listed for sale. The officer, accompanied by the real estate agent, then toured the home. Id.
During the viewing, the officer confirmed information a source previously had provided

                                              -8-
to him. Id. The officer included those confirmed facts in an affidavit and obtained a search
warrant for the property. Id. The California Court of Appeals found the officer's entry to
the home and the later search lawful, concluding that:

               [A]n investigating officer may pose as a potential buyer and
               enter a home under this misrepresentation, assuming the
               officer's actions do not exceed the scope of the consent. The
               officer must act as a potential buyer and do nothing that would
               violate the homeowner's legitimately held privacy
               expectations, as defined in the context of the homeowner's
               general invitation to members of the public to view the interior
               of the home for purposes of marketing the home.

Id. at 370.

        Similarly, in State v. Ferrari, 323 N.J.Super. 54, 731 A.2d 1225, 1226 (N.J. Super.
Ct. App. Div. 1999), neighbors alerted police officers to suspicious happenings at the
condominium unit the defendant rented. Noting that the condominium unit was listed for
sale, police officers contacted the listing agent and indicated interest in purchasing the
property. Id. When the officers toured the property with the agent, they observed marijuana
in plain view. Id. This information was included in the affidavit for the search warrant the
police subsequently obtained. Id. The court found the defendant had sustained no violation
of his Fourth Amendment rights, noting that “[t]he actions of [the officers] . . . did not
exceed what one would expect of a prospective purchaser. . . . Their actions violated no
reasonable expectation of privacy possessed by defendant.” Id. at 1228; see also State v.
Poland, 645 P.2d 784, 792 (Ariz. 1982) (observing that it is lawful for government agents
to conceal their identities and “pose as potential buyers [of real estate] to investigate illegal
firearms”).

       We find the analysis of the Lucatero and Ferrari decisions informative. In essence,
both of these cases indicate that invitation or consent is a waiver of privacy in cases where
the defendant does not exceed the scope of the invitation, even if that invitation was gained
under false pretenses. In the context of false light invasion of privacy, 62A Am. Jur. 2d
Privacy § 225 states:

               In order for waiver by consent to be asserted as a defense to an
               action for invasion of privacy, the consent must be as broad
               and inclusive as the act . . . complained of. Consent may be
               asserted as a defense only where it has not been exceeded;
               consent which has been exceeded is not a defense. The

                                               -9-
              general rule that advance consent to the commission of a tort
              upon oneself is strictly confined to those acts which are
              substantially the same as the acts consented to has been
              adopted in invasion of privacy cases.

Id. (footnotes omitted); see also Spiegel v. Schulmann, 604 F.3d 72 (2 nd Cir. 2010)
(relying upon Dzurenko v. Jordache, Inc., 59 N.Y.2d 788, 464 N.Y.S.2d 730, 451 N.E.2d
477, 478 (N.Y. 1983) (holding, under New York law, that defendant's immunity from claim
for invasion of privacy is no broader than consent extended to him); Special Force
Ministries v. WCCO Television, 584 N.W.2d 789 (Minn. Ct. App. 1998) (holding that a
permitted entrant may become a trespasser by exceeding the scope of consent)[].

       However, as stated in 62A Am. Jur. 2d Privacy § 42 (2011), mere trespass is not
sufficient to be cognizable under the invasion of privacy umbrella:

              [T]respassing onto real property, without more, is not the form
              or magnitude of interference into a person's solitude or
              seclusion that would rise to the level of being highly offensive
              to a reasonable person, such as might be actionable as invasion
              of privacy.[Whipps Land & Cattle Co., Inc. v. Level 3
              Communications, LLC, 265 Neb. 472, 658 N.W.2d 258
              (2003)].

       Based upon the foregoing discussion, we conclude that there must be more than a
fraudulently obtained invitation to constitute an invasion of privacy. There must also be
some further action that is outside the scope of the invitation. Examples of these types of
intrusions are discussed in the Restatement (Second) of Torts §653, cmt. B:

              The invasion may be by physical intrusion into a place in
              which the plaintiff has secluded himself, as when the
              defendant forces his way into the plaintiff's room in a hotel or
              insists over the plaintiff's objection in entering his home. It
              may also be by the use of the defendant's senses, with or
              without mechanical aids, to oversee or overhear the plaintiff's
              private affairs, as by looking into his upstairs windows with
              binoculars or tapping his telephone wires. It may be by some
              other form of investigation or examination into his private
              concerns, as by opening his private and personal mail,
              searching his safe or his wallet, examining his private bank
              account, or compelling him by a forged court order to permit

                                            -10-
              an inspection of his personal documents. The intrusion itself
              makes the defendant subject to liability, even though there is
              no publication or other use of any kind of the photograph or
              information outlined.

        Having gained access to the Burnette’s home, we can infer, under the particular facts
of this case, that the invitation extended only to the more public areas of the home (e.g.,
living room, dining room, kitchen). Had Ben or Maurie exceeded the scope of the
invitation by, for example, going into the bedrooms, or rummaging through drawers or
mail, then they would have exceeded the scope of the invitation, thus triggering an invasion
of privacy claim. However, there is no evidence that either Maurie or Ben exceeded the
scope of their invitation. No evidence was presented that they looked anywhere that was
especially private, nor did they do anything clandestine or subversive while they were in
either home. According to the evidence, they stayed within the areas where they were
invited.

        Another scenario where an invitation will not provide a waiver to the expectation
of privacy is where the plaintiff withdraws the invitation and, then, the defendant
disregards the fact that the invitation has been rescinded. For example, in the case of State
v. Fields, No. A07-2164, 2009 WL 982015 (Minn. Ct. App. April 14, 2009), an assault
victim had initially invited her assailant into her home. However, during the course of the
assault, the victim attempted to lock appellant out of her apartment, and appellant broke the
door to prevent this. The court held that “[clearly, the assailant] was not an invited guest
in her home then or thereafter.” Id. at *3. In the instant case, there is no evidence that the
Burnettes’ withdrew their invitation at any time while Maurie and Ben were inside the
homes. Had they done so, and had Maurie and Ben stayed, that would have been outside
the scope of the invitation and, thus, would have triggered an invasion of privacy tort.

       Based upon the foregoing discussion, we conclude that the Appellants have not
made out a cause of action for invasion of privacy based upon intrusion of seclusion. Even
though Maurie and Ben obtained their invitation by subterfuge, they did not exceed the
scope of the invitation, nor did the Burnettes withdraw the invitation at any time while
Maurie and Ben were inside the homes. Without more than an ill-gotten invitation, the
Appellees’ actions do not objectively amount to highly unreasonable behavior so as to
constitute an invasion of privacy.

                                        Conspiracy

       Appellants’ second cause of action is for conspiracy. It is well settled that, in order
to maintain an action for civil conspiracy, a plaintiff must show that there is an “underlying

                                             -11-
predicate tort allegedly committed pursuant to the conspiracy.” Watson Carpet and Floor
Coverings, Inc. v. McCormick, 247 S.W.3d 169, 180 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007) (citing
Freeman Management Corp. v. Shurgard Storage Centers, L.L.C., 461 F. Supp.2d 629,
642 (M.D. Tenn. 2006)). Having determined above that there is no underlying tort of
invasion of privacy by intrusion upon seclusion, there can be no conspiracy. However,
even if we assume, arguendo, that the Appellees acted in concert to enlist Maurie Baker
and Ben Ferguson to befriend the Burnette sons, as discussed above, there can be no tort
in the absence of behavior beyond the scope of the invitation.

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the order of the trial court, granting summary
judgment in favor of Appellees. Costs of this appeal are assessed against the Appellant,
Joe Burnette, individually and as next friend of Joshua and Jacob Burnette, and his surety.




                                                  _________________________________
                                                  J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE




                                           -12-
