                                                                        FILED
                                                             United States Court of Appeals
                                                                     Tenth Circuit

                                                                 September 3, 2009
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                  Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                     Clerk of Court
                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT


    RAMONA GREEN,

                Plaintiff-Appellant,

    v.                                                   No. 08-6228
                                                 (D.C. No. 5:08-CV-00020-HE)
    AUTO PRO OF OKLAHOMA LLC;                            (W.D. Okla.)
    RON HOKETT; CITY OF BETHANY,
    a political subdivision, JAY COFFEY;
    CITY OF OKLAHOMA CITY,

                Defendants-Appellees.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before BRISCOE, HOLLOWAY, and EBEL, Circuit Judges.



         Plaintiff appellant Ramona Green appeals the district court’s dismissal,

under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), of her 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims against defendants.

We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.




*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent
with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
I. BACKGROUND

      On October 11, 2005, Ms. Green purchased a 1993 Infiniti from defendant

Auto Pro and used her 1990 Cadillac as a trade-in. She soon decided that the

Infiniti was a lemon and, according to her, convinced defendant Ron Hokett, an

associate of Auto Pro, to rescind the deal. She returned the Infiniti to the Auto

Pro lot with a rescission letter and reclaimed the Cadillac.

      Mr. Hokett then filed a complaint with the City of Bethany, Oklahoma,

reporting that the Cadillac had been stolen. The City reported the complaint to

the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) database.

      Some time later, Ms. Green, while driving the Cadillac, noticed that she

was being followed by two men in a Crown Victoria. Meanwhile, police dispatch

had informed defendant Jay Coffey, an Oklahoma City police officer, that an

individual was following a 1990 Cadillac that he had previously reported stolen.

The dispatcher also told Officer Coffey that the NCIC had noted the possibility

that the driver of the Cadillac may be the vehicle’s original owner who had earlier

traded it in. Officer Coffey then proceeded to overtake the vehicles.

      Eventually all three parties, Ms. Green, Officer Coffey, and Mr. Hokett, in

the Crown Victoria, entered a parking lot where Officer Coffey pulled Ms. Green

over and exited his patrol car. He and another officer handcuffed Ms. Green and

arrested her, explaining that the car she was driving had been reported stolen.

While in the squad car, Mr. Green explained her side of the story and identified

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for Officer Coffey a duplicate title she had in her possession as well as a copy of

the rescission letter she had left for Mr. Hokett. Officer Coffey examined the title

and noted that it was a duplicate issued on October 26, 2005.

      Officer Coffey then interviewed Mr. Hokett who told him that Ms. Green

had purchased a 1993 Infiniti from him, using her 1990 Cadillac as a trade in. He

said that she had signed the original title over to him but later returned the Infiniti

and took the Cadillac. Officer Coffey then returned the Cadillac and its keys to

Mr. Hokett and took Ms. Green to jail where she was detained. She was released

the next day, and the district attorney declined to press charges.

      In state court, Ms. Green brought § 1983 claims, a consumer-protection

claim, and various state-law tort claims against defendants Auto Pro, Mr. Ron

Hokett, the City of Bethany, the City of Oklahoma City (OKC), and Officer

Coffey. The § 1983 claims consisted of a Fourth Amendment claim of illegal

seizure resulting from her arrest and detention and a Fourteenth Amendment

claim of unconstitutional deprivation of property. Defendants removed the case

to federal court where the district court granted motions to dismiss from OKC,

Officer Coffey, and the City of Bethany.

      The district court issued three relevant orders for purposes of this appeal.

In the first, the district court ruled that Ms. Green’s complaint failed to state a

claim under either the Fourth or the Fourteenth Amendments. The Fourth

Amendment claim of illegal seizure failed because Officer Coffey had probable

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cause to arrest Ms. Green. The Fourteenth Amendment claim of unconstitutional

deprivation of personal property failed because the complaint alleged, at most, the

negligent act of an official causing unintended loss of property, an allegation

inadequate to implicate the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The district court therefore granted Officer Coffey’s motion to dismiss but

granted Ms. Green leave to amend her complaint.

      On June 3, 2008, the court granted Officer Coffey’s renewed motion to

dismiss and ruled that, because there was no constitutional violation by Officer

Coffey, there was no liability for OKC, thus mooting the City’s motion to

dismiss. 1 In the June 3, 2008, order, Ms. Green was again granted leave to

amend, this time with respect to her claims against the City of Bethany. On

September 16, 2008, the district court granted the City of Bethany’s motion to

dismiss.

II. DISCUSSION

      A. Appellate jurisdiction over OKC

      Before we address the merits, we need to consider appellee OKC’s

contention that we lack jurisdiction over it because Ms. Green’s notice of appeal

lists only the September 16, 2008, order which did not address the claims against

OKC, those having already been dismissed, and disposed only of the City of


1
      Ms. Green filed a notice of appeal from this order but voluntarily dismissed
her appeal after this court informed her that the appeal was premature.

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Bethany’s motion to dismiss. In support of this argument, OKC cites Hubbert v.

City of Moore, 923 F.2d 769 (10th Cir. 1991), and Laidley v. McClain, 914 F.2d

1386 (10th Cir. 1990), superseded by Rule as recognized in Dodger’s Bar &

Grill, Inc. v. Johnson County Bd. of County Comm’rs, 32 F.3d 1436, 1440

(10th Cir. 1994). Those cases, however, are inapposite because they deal with the

omission of party names in a notice of appeal and, as noted, Laidley has been

superseded by amendment to Fed. R. App. P 3(c).

      In addition to specifying the party or parties taking the appeal, Fed. R. App.

P. 3(c) requires that a notice of appeal “designate the judgment, order, or part

thereof being appealed.” The requirement is mandatory. Averitt v. Southland

Motor Inn, 720 F.2d 1178, 1180 (10th Cir. 1983). As noted, the district court

entered an order on June 6, 2008, dismissing the claims against OKC and Officer

Coffey. Ms. Green filed a premature notice of appeal of that order, but later

voluntarily dismissed the appeal under Fed. R. App. P. 42(b). In her motion to

dismiss, Ms. Green alternatively asked that this court “Stay Completion of Filing

Her Initial Appellate Documents pending a decision regarding the City of Bethany

in the District Court.”

      Ms. Green’s second notice of appeal, filed on October 14, 2008, appealed

“from the final judgment entered in this action on the 14th day of September,

2008.” The September 14, 2008, order dealt only with dismissal of the City of

Bethany. That order, however, was a final and appealable order, and the notice of

                                         -5-
appeal relative to it permits this court to review claims of error in the earlier

interlocutory orders in the same case. Cole v. Ruidoso Mun. Schs., 43 F.3d 1373,

1382 n.7 (10th Cir. 1994). “‘A notice of appeal that names the final judgment is

sufficient to support review of all earlier orders that merge in the final judgment

under the general rule that appeal from a final judgment supports review of all

earlier interlocutory orders.’” Id. (quoting 16 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R.

Miller & Edward H. Cooper, Federal Practice & Procedure § 3949 at 440 (Supp.

1994)). Accordingly, we have jurisdiction over the June 3, 2008, order

dismissing the claims against OKC.

      B. Dismissal of Claims against OKC and the City of Bethany

      The fact that we have jurisdiction over the June 3, 2008, order dismissing

Ms. Green’s claims against OKC, however, does not mean that we will review the

merits of that ruling. Other than a cursory sentence stating that she should have

been allowed to conduct discovery of the City’s training policies and her charge

that the district court erred by “granting a de facto dismissal to the City of

Oklahoma City,” Aplt. Br. at 11, Ms. Green makes no substantive legal argument

regarding the district court’s dismissal of her claims against OKC. Her brief

similarly fails to include argument regarding the dismissal of claims against the

City of Bethany. Ms. Green has therefore waived any consideration of the

dismissal of OKC and the City of Bethany on appeal. Bledsoe v. Garcia,

742 F.2d 1237, 1244 (10th Cir. 1984).

                                           -6-
      C. Dismissal of Claims against Officer Coffey

      Our review of dismissals under Rule 12(b)(6) is de novo. Sunrise Valley,

LLC v. Kempthorne, 528 F.3d 1251, 1254 (10th Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 129 S.

Ct. 2377 (2009). All well-pleaded factual allegations in a complaint are accepted

as true and viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Id. “The court’s

function on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion is not to weigh potential evidence that the

parties might present at trial, but to assess whether the plaintiff’s complaint alone

is legally sufficient to state a claim for which relief may be granted.” Id.

(quotation omitted).

      The district court held that Ms. Green’s claims against Officer Coffey

failed because the facts as pleaded did not state a violation under either the Fourth

Amendment or the Fourteenth Amendment. We agree.

      As to the Fourth Amendment claim,

            [w]e analyze the constitutionality of a warrantless arrest under
      the probable cause standard. A police officer may arrest a person
      without a warrant if he has probable cause to believe that person
      committed a crime. Probable cause exists if facts and circumstances
      within the arresting officer’s knowledge and of which he or she has
      reasonably trustworthy information are sufficient to lead a prudent
      person to believe that the arrestee has committed or is committing an
      offense.

Romero v. Fay, 45 F.3d 1472, 1476 (10th Cir. 1995) (citations and quotation

omitted). In order to establish probable cause for a warrantless arrest, officers

must “reasonably interview witnesses readily available at the scene, investigate


                                         -7-
basic evidence, or otherwise inquire if a crime has been committed at all.” Id. at

1476-77. Officer Coffey had probable cause to arrest Ms. Green. He had a report

from the police dispatcher that the NCIC listed the Cadillac as having been stolen

in Bethany and that the driver may be the vehicle’s original owner. Officer

Coffey interviewed both Ms. Green and Mr. Hokett at the scene and examined the

duplicate title presented to him by Ms. Green, noting that it was issued after the

Cadillac had been traded in. He also reviewed the copy of the rescission letter

regarding the matter. Taken together, this information provided ample probable

cause for arrest, and the district court correctly determined that Ms. Green failed

to establish a Fourth Amendment violation.

      Turning to her Fourteenth Amendment claim, Ms. Green’s complaint states,

at most, a negligent deprivation of her personal property. She has therefore failed

to state a Fourteenth Amendment due process violation, and dismissal of this

claim was also proper. See Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 328 (1986).

      D. Conclusion

      The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.


                                                    Entered for the Court



                                                    David M. Ebel
                                                    Circuit Judge




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