[Cite as Johnson v. Montgomery, 2016-Ohio-1472.]




                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                              SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 NICHOLE JOHNSON                                   :
                                                   :      Appellate Case Nos. 26319
      Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee           :      Appellate Case Nos. 26322
                                                   :
 v.                                                :      Trial Court Case No. 10-CV-8476
                                                   :
 MARY E. MONTGOMERY, et al.                        :      (Civil Appeal from
                                                   :       Common Pleas Court)
      Defendants-Appellees/                        :
      Cross-Appellants                             :
                                                   :

                                            ...........

                                            OPINION

                 Rendered on the           8th         day of     April   , 2016.

                                            ...........

DENNIS MULVIHILL, Atty. Reg. No. 0063996, Wright & Schulte, LLC, 23240 Chagrin
Boulevard, Suite 620, Cleveland, Ohio 44122 and STEPHEN D. BEHNKE, Atty. Reg. No.
0072805, Wright & Schulte, LLC, 812 East National Rd., Vandalia, Ohio 45377
      Attorneys for Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, Nichole Johnson

JONATHAN B. FREEMAN, Atty. Reg. No. 0067683, and STEVEN E. BACON, Atty. Reg.
No. 0059926, Altick & Corwin, One South Main Street, Suite 1590, Dayton, Ohio 45402
and
JEFFREY D. SLYMAN, Atty. Reg. No. 0010098, 211 Kenbrook Drive, Suite #5, Vandalia,
Ohio 45377
      Attorneys for Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants, Thirty-Eight Thirty, Inc.
            d/b/a/ The Living Room and Michael C. Ferraro

DAVID K. FRANK, Atty. Reg. No. 0022925, and ROBERT H. STOFFERS, Atty. Reg. No.
0024419, Mazanec, Raskin & Ryder Co., L.P.A., 175 South Third Street, Suite 1000,
Columbus, Ohio 43215
     Attorneys for Third-Party Defendant-Appellee/Cross-Appellee,
                                                                                          -2-


       Western Heritage Insurance Company

MARY MONTGOMERY, 246 Grassy Flat Road, Greensburg, Kentucky 42743 and 2464
Argyle Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43219
       Defendant-Appellee, pro se

STEVEN ZEEHANDELAR, Atty. Reg. No. 0019561, 471 East Broad Street, 12th Floor,
Columbus, Ohio 43215-0069
And
KEVIN CONNELL, Atty. Reg. No. 0063817, One Dayton Centre, 1 South Main Street,
Suite 1800, Dayton, Ohio 45402
       Attorneys for Defendants-Appellees, State Farm Insurance Company and
       State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company


                                       .............

FAIN, J.

       {¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant/cross-appellee Nichole Johnson appeals from a judgment

on her personal-injury claim. Johnson contends that the trial court erred by directing a

verdict in favor of defendant-appellee Michael C. Ferraro. The tortfeasor, defendant-

appellee Mary Montgomery, has not participated in this appeal. Defendant-

appellee/cross-appellant Thirty-Eight Thirty, Inc. d/b/a/ The Living Room contends that

the trial court erred by overruling its motion for a directed verdict, arguing that Ohio does

not recognize a cause of action based on negligence of a person or entity furnishing

intoxicating beverages to a tortfeasor, and also arguing that the evidence does not

support a finding of proximate cause. Thirty-Eight Thirty and Ferraro also allege that the

trial court erred in instructing the jury on the elements of a common-law negligence claim.

Third-party-defendant-appellee, Western Heritage Insurance, has filed a brief in which it

asserts that any issue regarding the summary judgment rendered in its favor has been

waived or abandoned. State Farm Insurance, designated as an intervening plaintiff in the

trial court, has not participated in this appeal.
                                                                                             -3-


       {¶ 2} We agree that the summary judgment rendered by the trial court declaring

that Western Heritage had no duty to defend has not been challenged in either the appeal

or the cross-appeal; therefore that part of the judgment will not be addressed herein. We

conclude that the trial court did err in allowing the issue of common-law negligence to go

the jury, because the Dram Shop Act, R.C. 4399.18, provides the exclusive cause of

action against a liquor permit holder for injuries sustained as a result of the negligent

conduct of a person who becomes intoxicated by alcohol furnished by the permit holder.

Based on our conclusion that the common-law negligence claim should be dismissed, the

issue regarding the personal liability of a corporate officer for negligence is now moot.

Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court against Thirty-Eight Thirty, Inc., is Reversed

and Vacated. In all other respects, the judgment of the trial court is Affirmed.



              I. Drinking While Working Leads to Negligent Operation

                      of a Motor Vehicle, Causing Severe Injuries

       {¶ 3} Thirty-Eight Thirty is locally known as a strip club, The Living Room, on

North Dixie Drive in Dayton, and is owned and operated by Michael Ferraro, the sole

officer and sole shareholder of Thirty-Eight Thirty, Inc. Thirty-Eight Thirty admitted in its

answer that it holds a liquor license authorizing it to sell liquor in the club. The tortfeasor,

Mary Montgomery, worked as a dancer at the club pursuant to a written contract that

required her to pay $30 each night to lease space for her dancing, in exchange for being

allowed to keep all tips she receives from customers, but that provided her no other wages

or compensation. The Living Room priced drinks purchased for dancers at a significantly

higher amount than the price offered to regular customers. Although dancers were not
                                                                                          -4-


required to drink, their becoming intoxicated during their shift from the drinks purchased

for them by customers was a regular occurrence. Ferraro admitted that the dancers

often used alcohol to alter their mental state enough to enable them to strip in front of

strangers, and there was no limit to the amount of alcohol the dancers were allowed to

drink. Although it was known that dancers occasionally became intoxicated during their

shift, it was not a regular practice for the club to provide them with safe transportation or

to confirm that someone not intoxicated was driving them home. No policy was in place

to prevent the dancers from impaired driving after leaving the club. It was established

that a significant portion of Thirty-Eight Thirty’s profits were derived from the charges for

the drinks purchased for the dancers.

       {¶ 4} Montgomery worked as a dancer at The Living Room on the evening of July

3, 2010, into the early morning hours of July 4. She admitted that during her shift she

drank alcoholic drinks, purchased for her by customers, and that she was intoxicated

when she left the club. When she left the club, no one took any steps to prevent her

from driving while intoxicated. She left the club between 2:00 A.M. and 2:30 A.M., and

drove her vehicle toward her home in Springfield, after stopping at a Speedway near the

club. Montgomery caused a motor vehicle accident to occur on I-70, when she lost

control of her vehicle and collided with a vehicle driven by Eric Staeuble. The impact of

the collision forced Staeuble’s car into a brick wall. Nichole Johnson, a front-seat

passenger in Staeuble’s car, suffered severe injuries in the accident. Neither Johnson nor

Montgomery had any memory of the details of the accident.

       {¶ 5} Johnson suffered a brain injury, multiple fractures in her head, broken teeth,

broken ribs, and broken bones in her upper and lower arm, elbow, pelvis, femur and ankle.
                                                                                            -5-


She suffered a lacerated liver and a collapsed lung.           Her injuries required eleven

surgeries, and physical and occupational therapy over the next ten months after the

accident. The surgeries left her with nine plates in her face, and rods in her neck, arms

and legs, which impair the function of these body parts, and will continue to cause pain

and suffering. The injuries and medical treatment also left her with significant scarring

and a changed appearance, due to maxillofacial plastic surgery to reconstruct her face.

Her medical bills total $819,525.55. Johnson also established that she lost wages in the

sum of $15,510. About a year after the accident, Johnson married Eric Staeuble, who

testified how the accident changed Johnson from a person who was very active and

outgoing to a person who suffered debilitating pain on a daily basis, limiting her daily

routine to a sedentary job and bed rest.

       {¶ 6} Ferraro is the sole shareholder of Thirty-Eight Thirty, Inc., and the only officer

of the corporation. Ferraro admitted that he personally made all decisions for the

company. He acknowledged that the corporation had never had a corporate meeting for

officers or for shareholders. He dictated the terms of a non-negotiable contract with the

dancers that they were required to sign before they were allowed to dance at the club.

The contract did not contain a no-drinking or limited drinking policy, although the club did

have a no-drug policy. The club made 95% of its profits from the sale of alcoholic drinks,

and 30% to 40% of the drinks sold at the club were purchased by customers for the

dancers. Ferraro allowed all persons working in the club to drink on the job, but the

quantity of their drinking was not monitored or limited. He was well aware that 80% to

85% of the dancers drank on the job, and many became intoxicated during their shift, but

he had no policy in place to assure their safe transportation home after the club closed
                                                                                          -6-


each night. Ferraro claimed that the higher pricing for drinks purchased for dancers was

intended to reduce their drinking, because the higher prices would discourage customers

from paying the extra cost, but he acknowledged that the higher prices made up a

significant portion of his profits, probably in excess of 50%. On a typical evening, the club

had 200-300 customers and 30 to 40 dancers, and one person working security. A part

of the security worker’s responsibilities was to monitor the parking lot at the end of the

night to assure that the dancers made it safely to their cars, without interference from

customers. Since the workers, including the waitresses, the bartenders, the dancers, and

the security guard, were all allowed to drink on the job, Ferraro admitted that their ability

to spot persons who were intoxicated might be impaired. Ferraro explained that if a

dancer’s intoxication was suspected, a person designated by the dancer to provide her a

ride home would be called.

       {¶ 7} Montgomery testified that during the time she worked at the club, no one

from management ever discouraged her from drinking during her shift. She explained that

waitresses would encourage customers to “buy the lady a drink,” which was successful -

- she never paid for her own drinks. On the date of the accident, Montgomery admitted

that she had ingested cocaine earlier in the day and that during her shift at the club she

consumed three beers. Although she later admitted to being intoxicated at the time of the

accident, at the time she left the club neither she nor anyone working at the club was fully

aware or had knowledge of her intoxication or her inability to safely operate her vehicle.

She never observed the security person escorting any dancer to the dancer’s car at the

end of the evening, and although she saw other dancers become visibly intoxicated, she

never saw anyone from the club discourage or stop their drinking, take their car keys, or
                                                                                             -7-


arrange for alternative transportation.



                              II. The Course of Proceedings

       {¶ 8} Johnson brought this personal injury action against the driver of the car that

caused the car accident, and the corporation and individual for whom the driver worked

on the night of the accident. The insurance company that provided indemnity insurance

to the corporation was joined in the action to determine its duty to defend its insured. A

default judgment was rendered against Mary Montgomery, which established by default

that she negligently operated her vehicle based on her intoxication at the time of the

accident, and that her negligence was the proximate cause of the injuries suffered by

Johnson as a result of the accident. Prior to trial, the trial court rendered summary

judgment to Western Heritage, the insurance company for Thirty-Eight Thirty, finding that

it had no duty to defend the corporation or its officer, based on a “liquor liability” exclusion

in the insurance contract that excluded coverage for incidents caused by the furnishing

of intoxicating beverages.

       {¶ 9} The trial was conducted by the Magistrate for the trial court, by consent of

all parties. After the plaintiff rested, a motion for a directed verdict was granted as to the

personal liability of Ferraro, and on the claims alleging a violation of the Dram Shop Act,

R.C. 4399.18. A defense motion for directed verdict on the issue of negligence was

overruled. The jury returned a verdict for Johnson, and identified in jury interrogatories

that Johnson was entitled to damages in the total amount of $2,854,645.55, which

included $819,525.55 for past medical expenses, $120,000 for past pain and suffering,

$15,120 for past lost wages, $220,000 for future medical expenses, and $1,680,000 for
                                                                                            -8-


future pain and suffering. In an interrogatory, the jury found that Johnson had sustained

a permanent and substantial physical deformity, loss of use of a limb, loss of a bodily

organ system, or physical functional injury that permanently prevents her from being able

to independently care for herself or perform life sustaining activities. The jury found that

State Farm Insurance, intervening plaintiff, was damaged in the amount of $58,058.50,

based on the amount it paid for medical expenses and property damage. The jury found

that Montgomery and Thirty-Eight Thirty were each 50% liable for the injuries and

damages. Therefore, the jury found that Johnson was entitled to compensatory damages

in the amount of $1,427,323 and punitive damages in the amount of $50,000 from

Montgomery. The jury found that Johnson was entitled to compensatory damages in the

amount of $1,427,323 from Thirty-Eight Thirty, Inc. No claim for punitive damages was

pursued against Thirty-Eight Thirty or Ferraro. The jury also reached a verdict for State

Farm, finding that Montgomery was responsible for $29,029.25, and that Thirty-Eight

Thirty was responsible for $29,029.25 of its damages.

       {¶ 10} Subsequent to the trial, a Magistrate’s Decision was issued documenting

the directed verdict rulings. Both parties filed objections to the Magistrate’s Decision

pursuant to Civ. R. 53. Johnson’s objections alleged that an error was made in directing

a verdict on the issue of Ferraro’s personal liability. Thirty-Eight Thirty’s objections argued

that the trial court erred in allowing any issue of negligence to go the jury after dismissal

of the Dram Shop Act claims, which Thirty-Eight Thirty argues is the exclusive remedy for

a party who has been injured by a person who became intoxicated at an Ohio liquor

establishment. Thirty-Eight Thirty also objected to the jury instructions provided on the

issue of negligence, foreseeability, proximate cause, intervening and superseding cause,
                                                                                            -9-


two or more defendants, multiple defendants and damages. Thirty-Eight Thirty also

objected that the trial court rejected two of its proposed jury instructions, addressing the

issue of assured clear distance and driving under the influence. Thirty-Eight Thirty also

objected to the trial court’s rejection of two of its proposed jury interrogatories; one that

asked the jury to find whether Johnson was under the influence of drugs and alcohol at

the time of the accident, and one that asked the jury to describe in a narrative the manner

and nature of the defendant’s negligence. Thirty-Eight Thirty also objected to the trial

court’s evidentiary ruling that limited the testimony of the police officers to the information

set forth in their police reports.

       {¶ 11} The trial court overruled all the objections, adopted the Magistrate’s

decision, and entered judgment in accordance with the jury verdict.            The trial court

concluded that the issue of Ferraro’s personal liability was properly dismissed, the jury

was properly instructed, and appropriate interrogatories were given for all negligence

issues. The trial court concluded that the Dram Shop Act was not the exclusive remedy

against liquor permit holders, and that under the facts of this case, a claim based on

common-law negligence was properly alleged and allowed to be presented to the jury for

disposition. The trial court commented that to allow a liquor permit holder to benefit from

the sale of alcohol and then hide behind the Dram Shop Act to avoid liability would “fly in

the face of decency and fairness.” Dkt #13 at page 10. The trial court concluded that both

“justice and public policy” required the recognition of a claim based on negligence under

the facts of this case. Id. at page 12. The trial court also concluded the limitation on the

police officer’s testimony was an appropriate use of discretion to avoid undue surprise

from witnesses who were not previously disclosed.
                                                                                       -10-


      {¶ 12} From the trial court’s judgment adopting the Magistrate’s Decision,

Johnson appeals the dismissal of her claim for personal liability against Ferraro. Thirty-

Eight Thirty and Ferraro cross appeal, raising only the issues that arise out of the trial

court’s recognition of a common-law action for negligence against a liquor permit holder

when the Dram Shop Act is inapplicable.



                                III. Standard of Review

      {¶ 13} Because a motion for a directed verdict involves a question of law, our

review is de novo. White v. Leimbach, 131 Ohio St.3d 21, 2011-Ohio-6238, 959 N.E.2d

1033, ¶ 1. “De novo review requires the reviewing court to determine the legal issues

without any deference to the trial court's determination.” Bank of Am., N.A. v. Thompson,

2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26316, 2015-Ohio-456, ¶ 8, citing Mattice v. Ohio Dept. of Job

& Family Servs., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25718, 2013–Ohio–3941, ¶ 7. When

interpreting a statute, we also utilize a de novo standard of review and give no deference

to the trial court's conclusions of law. McClure v. Alexander, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2007

CA 98, 2008-Ohio-1313, ¶ 7.

      {¶ 14} A review of proper jury instructions is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.

State v. Wolons, 44 Ohio St. 3d 64, 541 N.E. 2d 443 (1989); State v. Elliott, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 26104, 2014-Ohio-4958, ¶ 22. A trial court abuses its discretion when

a decision is made that is “unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable.” State v. Darmond,

135 Ohio St. 3d 343, 2013-Ohio-966, 986 N.E.2d 971, ¶ 34. The abuse of discretion

must materially prejudice a party in order for the trial court's decision to be reversed.

Banford v. Aldrich Chem. Co., 126 Ohio St. 3d 210, 2010-Ohio-2470, 932 N.E. 2d 313, ¶
                                                                                         -11-


38.



            IV. The Dram Shop Act Provides the Exclusive Cause of Action

         Against Liquor Permit Holders for Claims Based on Furnishing Alcohol

                                   to an Intoxicated Person

         {¶ 15} No party has raised on appeal the issue of whether the trial court properly

dismissed the claims alleged under R.C. 4399.18, commonly referred to as the Dram

Shop Act. The dispositive issue in this appeal is whether the court properly recognized

an exception to the Dram Shop Act to expose a liquor permit holder to liability based on

common-law negligence for damages caused by a person who becomes intoxicated by

drinking alcohol furnished by the liquor establishment. The assignments of error raised

in the cross-appeal by Thirty-Eight Thirty and Ferraro will be resolved by addressing this

issue.

         {¶ 16} Historically, “dram shops” referred to establishments that served alcohol

by the dram, a unit of liquid measure used in the United States during the colonial period.1

As discussed by the Supreme Court of Ohio, Dram Shop laws were originally passed to

make liquor permit holders liable for damages resulting from actions of their intoxicated

customers under limited circumstances. Klever v. Canton Sachsenheim, Inc., 86 Ohio St.

3d 419, 715 N.E. 2d 536 (1999). The Klever court stated:

               Ohio historically refused to recognize claims against tavern owners

         for any injuries caused by their intoxicated patrons. The Ohio Dramshop



1
  Stephen J. Cahn, New Common Law Dramshop Rule, 9 Clev. Marshall L. Rev. 302
(1960).
                                                                                         -12-


       Act, R.C. 4399.18, embodies that general, common-law rule that a person

       (or his representative) may not maintain a cause of action against a liquor

       permit holder for injury resulting from the acts of an intoxicated person. The

       statute creates a narrow exception, however, to the basic premise of non-

       liability by providing that “a person” has a cause of action against a permit

       holder or its employee for off-premises injury caused by an “intoxicated

       person” “only when” certain criteria are met. (Emphasis added.) R.C.

       4399.18.

                 The Dramshop Act’s limited exception to non-liability codified the

       “preexisting public policy.” Gressman v. McClain (1988), 40 Ohio St.3d 359,

       362, 533 N.E.2d 732, 735. That policy, developed through decisional law,

       was that an innocent third party could recover from a commercial proprietor

       for injuries caused by an intoxicated patron under certain circumstances.

       Because this statutory exception creates a cause of action not previously

       recognized by common law, the exception must be narrowly construed.

Klever at 421.

       {¶ 17}     Without the Dram Shop Act, a negligence claim against the furnisher of

alcohol would fail based on the presumption “that consumption rather than sale of

intoxicating liquor was the proximate cause of the injury.” Stillwell v. Johnson, 76 Ohio

App.3d 684, 686, 602 N.E. 2d 1254 (1st Dist. 1991); Cattabiani v. Purvis, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 15851, 1996 WL 664993 (Nov.15, 1996). In Cummins v. Rubio, 87 Ohio

App.3d 516, 622 N.E. 2d 700 (2d Dist. 1993), we agreed with the First District Court of

Appeals in Stillwell, supra, and the Sixth District Court of Appeals which had held that the
                                                                                     -13-


Dram Shop Act provides the sole, exclusive remedy against liquor permit holders for the

negligent acts of intoxicated persons.      Vitek v. Wilcox, 6th Dist. Williams No.

WM89000004, 1990 WL 174163 (Nov. 9, 1990); Brown v. Hyatt-Allen American Legion

Post No. 538, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-89-336, 1990 WL 174317 (Nov. 9, 1990). See also

Smith v. S.P. Greenville Inn, LLC, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2014-G-3184, 2014-Ohio-4311,

¶ 39; Wietrzykowski v. J-Ard Corp., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-99-1120, 1999 WL 1267365

(Dec. 23, 1999). Since our decision in Cummins, at least six other appellate courts have

joined in the holding that the Dram Shop Act provides an exclusive remedy against liquor

permit holders for the harmful acts committed as a proximate result of a person’s

intoxication. Billi v. Moyse-Morgan Ents. Inc., 9th Dist. Lorain No. 12CA010260, 2013-

Ohio-1214, ¶14; Jackson v. Walker, 9th Dist. Summit No. 22996, 2006-Ohio-4351, ¶ 20;

Aubin v. Metzger, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-03-08, 2003-Ohio-5130, ¶ 12; Litteral v. The Ole

Menagerie, 4th Dist. Lawrence No. 95CA33, 1996 WL 511656 (Sep. 4, 1996); Carter v.

Noble, 12th Dist. Fayette Nos. CA2008-05-013, CA2008-05-016, CA2008-05-017, 2009-

Ohio-1010, ¶ 15; Proctor v. Morgan, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97404, 2012-Ohio-2066, ¶

8, fn.3; Bishop v. Carpenter’s Local Union #126, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-070591, 2008-

Ohio-2846, ¶ 22.

      {¶ 18} Appellate decisions recognizing common-law negligence claims against a

liquor establishment for persons injured by an intoxicated patron were based on

distinguishable facts, because the injured person was a business invitee and the risk of

harm was foreseeable, or the bar owner’s negligence extended beyond the furnishing of

alcohol. King v. Lindsay, 87 Ohio App. 3d 383, 622 N.E.2d 396 (10th Dist.1993) (bar owed

duty to provide adequate security to prevent violence which was readily foreseeable on
                                                                                         -14-

the Saturday night of an OSU-Michigan football game at a busy OSU campus bar); Prince

v. Buckeye Union Ins. Co., 5th Dist. Richland No. 92–CA–6, 1992 WL 362578 (Dec. 2,

1992) (bar employee took away intoxicated patron’s keys then later returned the keys to

him and took no other action to prevent him from driving); Auto–Owners Ins. Co. v. JC

KC, Inc., 9th Dist. Summit No. 18937, 1998 WL 766695 (Nov. 4, 1998) (bar employee

actively placed an intoxicated patron into a vehicle driven by another intoxicated patron).

       {¶ 19} The current version of the Ohio Dram Shop Act, R.C. 4399.18 continues

to limit remedies against any liquor permit holder “only when” certain criteria are met. The

statute provides:


              Notwithstanding division (A) of section 2307.60 of the Revised Code

       and except as otherwise provided in this section, no person, and no

       executor or administrator of the person, who suffers personal injury, death,

       or property damage as a result of the actions of an intoxicated person has

       a cause of action against any liquor permit holder or an employee of a liquor

       permit holder who sold beer or intoxicating liquor to the intoxicated person

       unless the personal injury, death, or property damage occurred on the

       permit holder's premises or in a parking lot under the control of the permit

       holder and was proximately caused by the negligence of the permit holder

       or an employee of the permit holder. A person has a cause of action

       against a permit holder or an employee of a permit holder for personal

       injury, death, or property damage caused by the negligent actions of an

       intoxicated person occurring off the premises or away from a parking lot
                                                                                      -15-

      under the permit holder's control only when both of the following can be

      shown by a preponderance of the evidence:


             (A) The permit holder or an employee of the permit holder knowingly

      sold an intoxicating beverage to at least one of the following:


             (1) A noticeably intoxicated person in violation of division (B) of

      section 4301.22 of the Revised Code;


             (2) A person in violation of section 4301.69 of the Revised Code.


             (B) The person's intoxication proximately caused the personal injury,

      death, or property damage.


      (Emphasis added).


      {¶ 20} The Dram Shop Act imposes a duty on liquor permit holders to look for and

identify intoxicated persons and minors and to take affirmative steps to prevent

foreseeable injuries. It establishes elements of the tort that can be pursued against a

liquor permit holder if an innocent third person is injured by a minor or a noticeably

intoxicated person who becomes intoxicated by alcohol furnished to them by the liquor

permit holder. The Dram Shop Act incorporates and recognizes only two duties of a liquor

permit holder based on two other statutes that create: (1) a statutory duty not to serve

alcohol to a noticeably intoxicated person, prohibited by R.C. 4301.22 (B); and (2) the

duty not to serve alcohol to minors, prohibited by R.C. 4301.69 and by R.C. 4301.22 (A).

The Dram Shop Act expressly provides that a cause of action for injuries off the premises
                                                                                            -16-


resulting from the establishment’s furnishing of alcohol “only” exists under those two

circumstances.2

       {¶ 21} Other than the Dram Shop Act, Ohio law does not establish or recognize

any other duties of a liquor permit holder upon which a tort action can be pursued for

damages caused by a person intoxicated by alcohol furnished by the permit holder. The

Dram Shop Act is an exclusive remedy and does exclude all other common law

negligence claims against a liquor permit holder for the negligent acts of a person who

became intoxicated by alcohol furnished by the permit holder. The Dram Shop Act does

not provide a cause of action against a liquor permit holder for its failure to control drinking

by its employees or independent contractors during their work shift, or address the

negligence that may occur by the furnishing of alcohol to workers in a manner likely to

lead to intoxication coupled with the failure to discover the intoxication of any worker when

their shift ended and the failure to take action to prevent drunk driving by such workers.

Since the Dram Shop Act, by its terms, provides the exclusive remedy for the allegations

presented in this case, we cannot look to the common law of negligence to determine if

a cause of action may proceed against a liquor permit holder that contracts with a worker

to engage in conduct that includes drinking alcohol, when that worker’s intoxication is the

proximate cause of a third person’s injuries. Thus, we conclude that a claim for common-

law negligence does not exist based on the facts alleged in Johnson’s complaint, and



2 This case illustrates the effect that codification of the common law can have on the
future development of the common law. By codifying the existing common-law limitation
on a dram shop owner’s liability, the General Assembly has precluded recognition of
additional common-law duties of a dram shop owner that might give rise to liability.
Recognition of additional circumstances for which a dram shop owner may be liable as a
result of furnishing alcohol must come from the legislature.
                                                                                          -17-


presented to the jury.

       {¶ 22} We do not conclude that the Dram Shop Act insulates a liquor permit holder

from liability for other common-law negligence claims, not based upon its furnishing of

alcohol, that may arise from the operation of its business, such as premises liability or

invasion of privacy. See, e.g., Aubin v. Metzger, 3rd Dist. Allen No. 1-03-08, 2003-Ohio-

5130, ¶16; Keaton v. Gordon Biersch Brewery Restaurant Group, Inc., 10th Dist. Franklin

No. 05AP-110, 2006-Ohio-2438.         Under limited circumstances, and depending on

provable facts, a cause of action may be brought against an employer for its negligence

when it breaches an established duty to supervise or control its employees, fails to take

reasonable action to provide safe working conditions, or fails to provide training to avoid

or prevent a foreseeable risk of injury, and that breach is a proximate cause of injury. See,

e.g., Lehrner v. Safeco Ins./Am. States Ins. Co., 171 Ohio App. 3d 570, 2007-Ohio-795,

872 N.E. 2d 295 (2d Dist.); Bryant v. Lawson Milk Co., 22 Ohio App. 3d 69, 488 N.E. 2d

934 (10th Dist. 1985). However, we have held that an employer does not owe a duty to

an intoxicated employee to prevent him from leaving the work premises, when the

employee became intoxicated because of his own actions. Howard v. Delco Div. of

General Motors Corp, Inc., 41 Ohio App.3d 145, 534 N.E. 2d 936 (2d Dist. 1987). Accord

Curtis v. Gulley, 12th Dist. Fayette No. CA2006-03-013, 2006-Ohio-6081. In the case

before us, no claims were presented alleging a specific breach of duty other than the

furnishing of alcohol to an intoxicated person.

       {¶ 23} Therefore, the trial court’s overruling of Thirty-Eight Thirty’s motion for a

directed verdict was error. The Assignments of Error raised in the cross-appeal by Thirty-

Eight Thirty are sustained. The judgment of the trial court against Thirty-Eight Thirty is
                                                                                          -18-


Reversed and Vacated. In all other respects, the judgment of the trial court is Affirmed.



                     V. All Other Assignments of Error Are Moot

       {¶ 24} The only assignment of error raised by Johnson asserts error by the trial

court in dismissing the claims alleging Ferraro’s personal liability. Since the personal

liability claim was solely based on the common-law negligence claims, our conclusion that

a common-law negligence action did not exist precludes any claim for personal liability

on Ferraro’s part. Accordingly, Johnson’s sole assignment of error is overruled as moot.

       {¶ 25} We also conclude that the issue raised by Western Insurance regarding its

duty to defend is not raised by this appeal, and will not be addressed herein. Pursuant

to App. R. 12(A)(1)(b), the appellate court is only required to determine the merits of the

assignments of error set forth in the briefs in accordance with App. R. 16. Pursuant to

App. R. 12(A)(2), the appellate court is authorized to dismiss alleged errors that are not

presented or argued properly. Therefore, the potential issue listed in the cross-appellant’s

docket statement regarding the insurance company’s duty to defend, which was not

raised as an assignment of error, is not before us.



                                     VI. Conclusion

       {¶ 26} The assignments of error raised by Thirty-Eight Thirty in the cross-appeal

having been sustained, and the sole assignment of error raised by Johnson, plaintiff-

appellant, having been overruled, the judgment of the trial court against Thirty-Eight Thirty

is Reversed and Vacated; and the judgment is Affirmed in all other respects.

                                      .............
                                         -19-



DONOVAN, P.J. and WELBAUM, J., concur.

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Dennis Mulvihill
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Hon. Richard S. Skelton
(successor to Judge Frances E. McGee)
