                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT JACKSON
                               December 12, 2013 Session

     CAREY P. MERRELL v. THE CITY OF MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE

              Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
             No. CT-003979-10 Div. VIII    Robert Samual Weiss, Judge


               No. W2013-00948-COA-R3-CV - Filed January 16, 2014


       This is a Governmental Tort Liability action. Plaintiff/Appellant was injured when his
motorcycle hit a pothole. Appellant sued the Appellee The City of Memphis for negligence.
Following a bench trial, the trial court found that Appellant had failed to prove that the City
had actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition on its roadway so as to lift
immunity under Tennessee Code Annotated §29-20-203(b). Accordingly, the court
dismissed the lawsuit. We conclude that the evidence does not preponderate against the trial
court’s finding that the City had no notice of this dangerous condition. Affirmed and
remanded.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed and
                                    Remanded

J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D AVID R. F ARMER, J.,
and H OLLY M. K IRBY, J., joined.

David A. McLaughlin and William T. Hackett, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Carey
P. Merrell.

Robert W. Ratton, III, and Roane Waring, III, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellee, The
City of Memphis, Tennessee.

                                         OPINION

        On August 24, 2009, Appellant Carey P. Merrell was operating his Honda VTX
motorcycle, traveling northbound on New Horn Lake Road in Memphis. Mr. Merrell claims
that as he approached Rivergate Road just south of Interstate 55, he hit a large depression,
i.e., pothole, that caused him to crash his motorcycle. As a result of the crash, Mr. Merrell
sustained “serious injuries,” which required numerous surgeries, including the placement of
a steel plate and seven screws in his left foot and ankle.

      On August 12, 2010, Mr. Merrell filed suit against the Appellee The City of Memphis
(the “City”) under the Tennessee Governmental Tort Liability Act (“GTLA”), which
provides, in relevant part, that:

                (a) Immunity from suit of a governmental entity is removed for
                any injury caused by a defective, unsafe, or dangerous condition
                of any street, alley, sidewalk or highway, owned and controlled
                by such governmental entity. “Street” or “highway” includes
                traffic control devices thereon.

                (b) This section shall not apply unless constructive and/or actual
                notice to the governmental entity of such condition be alleged
                and proved in addition to the procedural notice required by §
                29-20-302 [repealed].

Tenn. Code Ann. §29-20-203.1 Specifically, Mr. Merrell’s complaint alleges that the City
was negligent in allowing a defect in the roadway, i.e., the pothole, to exist. Mr. Merrell
requested damages of $300,000.00, the maximum allowable under the GTLA. On September
7, 2010, the City filed its answer, denying any liability under the GTLA. The City
specifically averred that it “had no actual or constructive notice of any defect . . . on New
Horn Lake Road.”

        After several continuances, the case was heard by the court, sitting without a jury, on
January 30th , 31st , and February 7, 2013. In addition to Mr. Merrell’s testimony, and three
evidentiary depositions from Mr. Merrell’s treating physicians, the trial court heard testimony
from three City of Memphis employees. Elmer Fondren, Jr., a pothole foreman for the City
in August of 2009, testified that he had worked for the City for over thirty-five years before
retiring in October of 2012. He testified that he had specifically worked New Horn Lake
Road for two or three years, including the year of Mr. Merrell’s accident. At trial, Mr.
Fondren was shown Exhibit 2, which he identified as the offending pothole that allegedly
caused Mr. Merrell’s accident. Mr. Fondren also identified at least one patch that had been

        1
          The General Assembly enacted the GTLA “to codify the general common law rule that ‘all
governmental entities shall be immune from suit for any injury which may result from the activities of such
governmental entities,’ Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20-201(a), subject to statutory exceptions in the Act's
provisions.” Limbaugh v. Coffee Med. Ctr., 59 S.W.3d 73, 79 (Tenn. 2001). Passage of the GTLA
constituted “an act of grace through which the legislature provided general immunity to governmental entities
from tort liability but removed it in certain limited and specified instances.” Kirby v. Macon County, 892
S.W.2d 403, 406 (Tenn.1994).

                                                    -2-
made around the pothole, which he noted was an attempt to repair that section of the road.
During direct examination, Mr. Fondren was shown a series of daily pothole logs; Mr.
Fondren stated that these logs showed only the approximate locations where his crew or other
City crews had repaired defects in the road. Trial Exhibit 13 (collective logs) indicated that
three separate defects were repaired on New Horn Lake Road in 2007. Although the exact
location of these repairs was not contained in the log, Mr. Fondren stated that at least one of
these repairs was specifically made at New Horn Lake Road just south of Rivergate, and may
have been the repair that resulted in the patch around the offending pothole (as noted from
Exhibit 2, supra). From Trial Exhibit 15, Mr. Fondren identified more pothole repairs on
New Horn Lake Road north of Rivergate, but could not say for certain that these repairs were
to this specific pothole. Although Mr. Fondren testified that he did receive written
instruction to cut and patch specific areas, he stated that the written instructions are not
retained, and that the log may not be as specific as the written instruction would be.

       On cross-examination, Mr. Fondren testified that there was a lot of truck traffic on
New Horn Lake Road, and that trucks tend to cause more damage to the road surface than
cars. Mr. Fondren further stated that New Horn Lake Road was a “troublesome road,” and
(from Exhibit 2) opined that this particular pothole may have received numerous repairs
based on the varying colors of patch material. However, his testimony did not establish that
any repairs had been performed on this pothole since at least 2007. As noted below, Mr.
Fondren testified that Memphis Light, Gas & Water had made repairs to a water leak at this
location in 2007, but there is no indication that repairs had been needed or made since that
time.

        Mr. Merrell also called Morris Barker, a City of Memphis cut and patch crewman.
Mr. Barker, like Mr. Fondren, testified that there were numerous potholes on New Horn Lake
Road at or near Rivergate. From Trial Exhibit 3, he stated that asphalt had been used to
repair the subject pothole. Although Mr. Barker states that on January 17, 2008, January 30,
2008, and March 24, 2008, he repaired potholes near the location of the pothole at issue here,
he could not say for certain that he had repaired this particular pothole on more than one
occasion. Like Mr. Fondren, and as discussed below, Mr. Barker opined that potholes may
form overnight due to water leaks, and stated that “on at least one occasion,” the City had
made some sort of repair to this pothole.

       Finally, Mr. Merrell called Manuelito Belen, the current Street Maintenance
Administrator for the City’s Public Works Department. Mr. Belen testified that there were
no calls to the City’s pothole hotline concerning this particular pothole, nor any other
potholes on New Horn Lake Road. Mr. Belen explained, however, that “[t]here are many
different ways that the City gets notified of particular deficiencies on the roads,” including
the observation of City employees. Regardless, Mr. Belen could not state whether there was

                                              -3-
any such notice of this pothole, or any other potholes in the general vicinity of the subject
pothole.

        On April 10, 2013, the trial court entered its Order of Judgment, dismissing Mr.
Merrell’s lawsuit. As is relevant to the instant appeal, the trial court specifically found that
Mr. Merrell had failed to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the City had either
actual, or constructive notice of the pothole so as to satisfy the statutory requirement set out
at Tennessee Code Annotated Section 29-20-203(b), supra. In relevant part, the court’s
judgment states:

              [N]o proof was presented in this case to support that the City
              had actual notice. . . .

              *                                  *                            *

                       The Plaintiff failed to establish constructive notice. . . .
              First, there was no proof at trial that the City of Memphis had
              created the depression that caused the Plaintiff’s accident.
              Second, the Plaintiff provided no proof that the dangerous
              condition had existed for a sufficient length of time that the City
              should have known about it. No witness testified that they had
              ever seen this specific depression prior to August 24, 2009. The
              Plaintiff did not introduce at trial any phone calls or testimony
              from citizens that had observed this depression in the road.
              Both Mr. Fondren and Mr. Barker, who were experienced road
              maintenance crew leaders acknowledged that a pothole may
              form overnight.
                       Third, the evidence was not sufficient to prove a pattern
              of conduct caused and/or foretold of the dangerous condition.
              The proof submitted at trial identified eleven occasions over
              approximately 18 months where the City of Memphis had fixed
              potholes in the general area of the accident. While evidence had
              been submitted that New Horn Lake was a “troublesome” road,
              the Court does not find evidence that sufficiently indicated a
              problem at this specific location to constitute a pattern. Mr.
              Fondren testified that the primary problems in the road occurred
              south of Rivergate [Mr. Merrell’s accident occurred north of
              Rivergate]. He stated that they had had problems in the general
              area of the depression at issue in this case but there was no proof
              at trial that the City had fixed any pothole or been made aware

                                               -4-
              of any defects in the road since June 20, 2008, over a year
              before this accident. Accordingly, the Plaintiff has failed to
              show the City of Memphis had constructive notice of this
              dangerous condition.

       Mr. Merrell appeals. He raises two issues for review as stated in his brief:

              1. Whether the evidence preponderates against the trial court’s
              finding that the City of Memphis did not have notice of the
              dangerous, defective pothole, which caused Appellant’s
              injuries?

              2. Whether the trial court erred by basing its decision on lay
              opinion from two City of Memphis employees [i.e., Messrs.
              Fondren and Barker] purporting that potholes may form
              overnight?

        Because this case was tried by the court, sitting without a jury, this Court conducts a
de novo review of the trial court's decision with a presumption of correctness as to the trial
court's findings of fact, unless the evidence preponderates against those findings. Wood v.
Starko, 197 S.W.3d 255, 257 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006). For the evidence to preponderate
against a trial court's finding of fact, it must support another finding of fact with greater
convincing effect. Walker v. Sidney Gilreath & Assocs., 40 S.W.3d 66, 71 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2000); The Realty Shop, Inc. v. R.R. Westminster Holding, Inc., 7 S.W.3d 581, 596 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1999). This Court reviews the trial court's resolution of legal issues without a
presumption of correctness. Johnson v. Johnson, 37 S.W.3d 892, 894 (Tenn. 2001).

       Three criteria must be satisfied in a Section 29-20-203(a) action. Burgess v. Harley,
934 S.W.2d 58, 63 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996). First, “the local government must own and
control the location or instrumentality alleged to have caused the injury.” Id. Second, the
location or instrumentality must be “defective, unsafe, or dangerous.” Id. Third, the local
government entity must have “constructive and/or actual notice” of the defective, unsafe, or
dangerous condition. Id. The issue of notice is a finding of fact, which we review de novo
with a presumption of correctness. Halliburton v. town of Halls, 295 S.W.3d 636, 638
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2008).

                                       Actual Notice

      The Tennessee Supreme Court has defined actual notice as “knowledge of facts and
circumstances sufficiently pertinent in character to enable reasonably cautious and prudent

                                              -5-
persons to investigate and ascertain as to the ultimate facts.” Kirby v. Macon County, 892
S.W.2d 403, 409 (Tenn. 1994) (quoting Texas Co. v. Aycock, 190 Tenn. 16, 227 S.W.2d 41,
46 (Tenn.1950)). Here, the trial court specifically found that the City did not have actual
notice of the offending pothole. In his brief, Mr. Merrell asserts that Mr. Fondren’s
testimony preponderates against the trial court’s finding that there was no actual notice in this
case. Specifically, Mr. Merrell argues that Mr. Fondren testified that he personally
recognized the pothole that caused Mr. Merrell’s injuries, and further testified that he
believed the dangerous condition (i.e., the pothole) was caused by a water leak:

              Q. Mr. Fondren, you said that’s (Trial Exhibit 2) a water leak
              and you seemed very confident. What makes you look at that
              picture and think it’s a water leak?
              A. Because we had called Gas, Light & Water.

                        *                  *                       *

              Q. Okay. But that area wasn’t like the area at Rivergate and
              south where you had the majority of your problems on Horn
              Lake?
              A. I believe this was about the only place north of Rivergate.
              I believe it was about the only place we dealt with regularly.
              Q. What do you mean by that?
              A. Like I said, because it was a water leak. So we–we–there
              was–so we checked it more regular [sic].

        As discussed above, the substance of Mr. Fondren’s testimony, when read in context,
is that his crew regularly patrolled New Horn Lake Road, looking for potholes and other
damage to the road’s surface. Although Mr. Fondren testified that if his crew discovered a
defect in the road, it would either fix the defect, or place a barricade around the defect and
notify dispatch if more extensive repair was needed, as set out above, Mr. Fondren’s
testimony states only that the area close to the site of the accident received more frequent
patrols because of a water leak in that area; Mr. Fondren further stated that a water leak could
cause a pothole to form quickly (sometimes overnight). However, what is missing from Mr.
Fondren’s testimony is any indication that the regular patrols of this area of New Horn Lake
Road had resulted in actual knowledge of this particular pothole. In fact, the record
indicates that the City had not conducted any repairs at this location since April 24, 2008,
which was more than a year prior to this accident.

       In addition, and as discussed above, Mr. Belen testified that after reviewing the City’s
records concerning this area of New Horn Lake Road, there was no indication that the City

                                               -6-
had received any complaints concerning a pothole in this area. Accordingly, Mr. Merrell’s
reliance upon the case of Russell v. Anderson County, No. E2010-00189-COA-R3-CV, 2011
WL 486900 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 11, 2011) is misplaced. In Russell, the Assistant Public
Works Director testified that the city had been informed that the intersection where the
accident occurred was dangerous. Id. at fn. 5. A school board member had requested that
Anderson County install pedestrian head signals at the intersection. Id. at *8. Anderson
County denied the request and, following that decision, the plaintiff was involved in an
accident under circumstances similar to those predicted by the school board member. Here,
there is no proof that the City failed to respond to a dangerous condition at this location. The
City received no calls regarding this pothole.

       While we concede that Mr. Fondren’s testimony, along with the repair logs that were
admitted to evidence, reveals that this section of New Horn Lake Road had been repaired
approximately eleven times over an approximately eighteen month period, these repairs were
made in the general area of the accident and there is no proof that this particular pothole or
area of the road was more troublesome than other areas. In fact, Mr. Fondren testified that
the primary problems on New Horn Lake Road occurred south of Rivergate Road. Mr.
Merrell’s accident occurred north of Rivergate Road. From the totality of the circumstances,
the evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s finding that the City had no actual
notice of this pothole. Therefore, keeping in mind that the burden of proof remains with Mr.
Merrell, we must next ascertain whether the City had constructive notice of the pothole.

                                    Constructive Notice

        Constructive notice, as defined by our Supreme Court, is “information or knowledge
of a fact imputed by law to a person (although he may not actually have it), because he could
have discovered the fact by proper diligence, and his situation was such as to cast upon him
the duty of inquiring into it.” Kirby, 892 S.W.2d at 409 (quoting Black's Law Dictionary
1062 (6th ed.1990)). A plaintiff can establish constructive notice in one of three ways. First,
a plaintiff may demonstrate that the owner or operator of the premises caused or created the
condition. See Sanders v. State, 783 S.W.2d 948, 951 (Tenn. Ct. App.1989). Second, if a
third party caused or created the dangerous condition, a plaintiff may prove constructive
notice by evidence that the condition “existed for a length of time” that the owner/occupier
“in the exercise of reasonable care, should have become aware of that condition.” Elkins v.
Hawkins County, No. E2004-02184-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 1183150, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App.
May 19, 2005). Neither of these theories was espoused in the instant lawsuit. Rather, Mr.
Merrell proceeded under the third theory by which a plaintiff may show constructive notice—
 by proving that “a pattern of conduct, recurring incident, or general continuing condition”
caused the dangerous condition. Blair v. West Town Mall, 130 S.W.3d 761, 765-66 (Tenn.
2004). This theory, which is known as the “common occurrence” theory, was adopted by our

                                              -7-
Supreme Court in the Blair case. In Blair, a plaintiff sued West Town Mall after she slipped
and fell on a slippery oil spot as she was leaving the premises. Blair, 130 S.W.3d at 762. She
claimed that the defendant failed to inspect the parking lot and should have known of the
slick oil spots because of how often city buses stopped at the place where she fell. Id. at
762-63. In adopting the common occurrence theory as a method of proving constructive
notice, the Court held that a plaintiff can establish constructive notice by showing that “a
pattern of conduct, recurring incident, or general continuing condition” caused the dangerous
or defective condition. Id. at 766. A plaintiff, when using this method of proving constructive
notice, is not required to demonstrate the duration of the dangerous condition, which can be
difficult. Id. The question becomes whether the condition occurs often enough that the owner
is put on constructive notice of its existence. Id.

        As discussed above, Mr. Fondren testified that the area in the general vicinity of the
accident site had been “troublesome,” meaning that the City had made numerous repairs in
that section of the road prior to the accident. However, there is no indication that this
particular pothole had been a recurring problem prior to the date of the accident. Mr. Merrell
relies upon the case of Bivins v. City of Murfreesboro, M2009-01590-COA-R3-CV, 2010
WL 2730599 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 9, 2010) for the proposition that the totality of the
circumstances in this case should have put the City on notice that this particular spot on New
Horn Lake road was a dangerous condition based upon a pattern of conduct, including
recurring repairs to the area. In Bivins, this Court held that, based on the totality of the
circumstances, the City of Murfreesboro was aware of a dangerous road condition, despite
the lack of proof that there had been an accident at the location prior to the plaintiff’s filing
the lawsuit. Our holding in Bivins was based upon the following facts:

              The appropriate inquiry on notice is, on July 5, 2005, the date of
              the Bivins accident, what did the city know and when did the
              city know it. The city knew that there had been over 20 reported
              accidents on South Rutherford in the last three years. The city
              knew that most of these accidents occurred when the pavement
              was wet, that the accidents occurred in both directions, and that
              two accidents had been fatal within the city limits. When it
              rained, police officers were ordered to show a presence on South
              Rutherford to slow down traffic between Church and Broad
              Street. The city knew of the newer pavement at the location of
              the Southern Container driveway, which was in the middle of
              much older pavement along South Rutherford. Perhaps most
              importantly, in June 2005 the city received a report from Wiser
              indicating that super elevation was lacking “throughout
              Rutherford Boulevard” and that the road was not adequately

                                               -8-
               super elevated according to AASHTO design guidelines.

Bivins, 2010 WL 2730599, at *3. This portion of our opinion catalogs numerous incidents
and circumstances that should have put the City of Murfreesboro on notice of the dangerous
condition of South Rutherford Road. In Bivins, the city had knowledge of numerous
accidents on the road, and was further aware that the road itself was not in compliance with
national safety standards and guidelines. Id. at fn. 4. In short, in Bivins, the city was aware
that the entire road was a dangerous condition. The instant case is distinguishable on several
points. Here, there is no evidence that there were any accidents at this site prior to Mr.
Merrell’s. Moreover, there is no indication that New Horn Lake Road, or any portion
thereof, was not in compliance with accepted safety standards at the time of the accident.
Finally, there is no indication that the City routinely conducted repairs to this pothole, or that
the pothole often recurred.

       We conclude that the facts presented in the instant appeal are more analogous to the
facts presented in the case of Alexander v. City of Murfreesboro, M2010-00367-COA-R3-
CV, 2011 WL 882441 (Tenn. Ct. App. March 14, 2011), perm. app. denied (Tenn. July 15,
2011). The accident in Alexander occurred some nine months before the accident in the
Bivins case, but on the same road, i.e., South Rutherford Road in Murfreesboro. To establish
constructive notice on the part of the city, the plaintiff in Alexander alleged that
approximately twenty accidents had occurred on this road in the five years preceding the
subject accident. Plaintiff further alleged that city employees had routinely replaced gravel
where cars had run off the road, and that the city had approved modifications that created a
dangerous condition. Id. at *2. On appeal, this Court declined to extend its holding in
Bivins in the absence of proof of fatal accidents, or studies to show that the road was
dangerous at the time of the Alexander plaintiff’s accident. Specifically, we held that:

               Only a portion of the circumstances deemed significant in
               Bivins are present in the instant case, which occurred nine
               months earlier. Thus, this matter presents a much closer call.
               Before the Alexander accident, there had been no fatal
               accidents, no study of the road, and no expressed concerns or
               extra efforts by the police regarding this road.

Alexander, 2010 WL 882441, at *3. Likewise, the record in the instant case shows that on
the date of the accident (i.e., August 24, 2009), the City was not aware of any accidents that
had occurred at the location of this particular pothole. Additionally, there had been no calls
to the pothole hotline concerning any issue at this location since 2006. Although City
employees conducted routine inspections of New Horn Lake Road, including the accident
site, there had been no repair to this specific spot in the sixteen months preceding Mr.

                                               -9-
Merrell’s accident. Finally, there is no record of any accident at this location, much less a
series of accidents that might have risen to the level of frequency necessary to make Mr.
Merrell’s accident foreseeable by the City.

        In the case of Nolley v. Eichel, No. M2006-00879-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 98-603
(Tenn. Ct. App. April 2, 2007), the plaintiff was injured when she fell down at a bar severely
cutting her hand on a broken beer bottle. Id. at *1. The bar manager testified at the summary
judgment hearing that he had often picked up broken beer bottles from the floor and that
other patrons had cut themselves on broken glass on the floor. Id. at *4. In upholding the
judgment in favor of the defendant for lack of notice, this Court held that multiple
occurrences of broken bottles and a couple of injuries over an eight year period did not create
a common occurrence that put the bar on constructive notice of a dangerous condition. In
so holding, we stated that in order to find constructive notice under the common occurrence
theory, the plaintiff must show that the dangerous condition occurred in “the same
approximate location and in such a frequent manner, that the happening of the condition was
foreseeable by the defendants.” Id. at *4; but see Barrett v. Red Food Stores, No.
01-A-019108CV00302, 1992 WL 33891 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 26, 1992) (finding that ice
cream deliveries were a regular occurrence at the grocery store, and as a result, the water
spilling from the ice cream as it was being placed into the freezer was also a common
occurrence). Here, the proof of a dangerous condition based upon common occurrence is
even more sparse than in Nolley. As noted above, in the instant case, there is no proof of any
accident at this location prior to Mr. Merrell’s. There is no record of the City receiving or
responding to any complaints about a dangerous condition at this location. Although the City
admits that it had completed repairs at this site in the past, there is no evidence that any
repairs were made within approximately sixteen months of this accident. Mr. Fondren
testified that in the past (sometime in 2007), there had been a water leak at this location, but
explained that the City had called Memphis Light, Gas & Water to repair the leak and had
then made its repairs to the road surface. This repair was made at least sixteen months prior
to Mr. Merrell’s accident according to the logs that were admitted to evidence. Although the
trial court’s judgment notes Messrs. Fondren and Baker’s testimonies that water leaks may
cause a pothole to form overnight, there is no indication that the City knew or should have
known that the repaired water leak may have recurred at this specific location, necessitating
further road repair at the time of Mr. Merrell’s wreck. Taking into account the presumption
of correctness in favor of the trial court’s findings and considering the totality of the
evidence, we must conclude that Mr. Merrell failed to meet his burden to show constructive
notice on the part of the City. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s finding that the City
did not have constructive notice of a dangerous condition on the roadway. We now turn to
address Mr. Merrell’s second issue concerning the testimonies of Messrs. Fondren and
Barker.



                                              -10-
                                   Lay Witness Testimony

       Issues regarding admission of evidence in Tennessee are reviewed for abuse of
discretion. Dickey v. McCord, 63 S.W.3d 714, 723 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001). “[T]rial courts are
accorded a wide degree of latitude in their determination of whether to admit or exclude
evidence, even if such evidence would be relevant.” Id. Our Supreme Court discussed the
abuse of discretion standard in Eldridge v. Eldridge, stating:

              Under the abuse of discretion standard, a trial court's ruling
              “will be upheld so long as reasonable minds can disagree as to
              [the] propriety of the decision made.” A trial court abuses its
              discretion only when it “applie[s] an incorrect legal standard, or
              reache[s] a decision which is against logic or reasoning that
              cause[s] an injustice to the party complaining.” The abuse of
              discretion standard does not permit the appellate court to
              substitute its judgment for that of the trial court.

Eldridge v. Eldridge, 42 S.W.3d 82, 85 (Tenn.2001) (citations omitted). Appellate courts
ordinarily permit discretionary decisions to stand when reasonable judicial minds can differ
concerning their soundness. Overstreet v. Shoney's, Inc., 4 S.W.3d 694, 709 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1999). A trial court's discretionary decision must take into account applicable law and be
consistent with the facts before the court. Id. When reviewing a discretionary decision by the
trial court, the “appellate courts should begin with the presumption that the decision is correct
and should review the evidence in the light most favorable to the decision.” Id.

       It is undisputed that neither Mr. Fondren nor Mr. Barker was qualified as an expert
witness. Both individuals, therefore, testified as lay witnesses. Under Tennessee Rule of
Evidence 701(a), lay opinion testimony is permissible if “rationally based on the perception
of the witness” and “helpful to a clear understanding of the witness's testimony or the
determination of a fact in issue.” “Thus the admissibility of a lay witness's testimony rests
on whether the facts in issue are within the range of knowledge or understating of ordinary
laymen.” State v. Boggs, 932 S.W.2d 467, 474 (Tenn. Crim. App.1996). (“Consequently, a
lay witness may testify that a person was ‘drunk’ or that a car was traveling ‘fast.’” Rule 701,
Tenn. R. Evid., comment). However, Tennessee Rule of Evidence 701 does “not authorize
lay testimony on subjects that require special skill or knowledge outside the realm of
common experience.” Neil P. Cohen, Sarah Y. Sheppeard & Donald F. Paine, Tennessee
Law of Evidence § 7.01[4][b]. “In situations where a witness ‘cannot readily and with equal
accuracy and adequacy’ testify without an opinion, the witness may state opinions requiring
no expertise.” Tenn. R. Evid. 701, Advisory Commission Comment. In addition, Tennessee
Rule of Evidence 701 requires lay witnesses to explain the basis for their personal knowledge

                                              -11-
of the facts that form the basis of their opinions. See Neil P. Cohen et al., Tennessee Law of
Evidence § 701.3 (3d ed. Supp.1998). Thus, lay opinions that are based on facts or
circumstances not in evidence must be rejected. See Pierce v. Pierce, 127 S.W.2d 791, 792
(Tenn. 1939).

       Morris B. Barker, a “cut and patch” foreman with the City’s Street Maintenance
Department at the time of the accident, and Mr. Fondren both opined that a water leak could
cause a pothole to form overnight. On appeal, Mr. Merrell asserts that this opinion testimony
was outside the scope of Rule 701, supra, and that the trial court’s reliance upon this
testimony constitutes reversible error. After reading the transcript of both testimonies, we
respectfully disagree.

       Both Mr. Fondren and Mr. Barker have worked with the City road crew for many
years; both are experienced in issues related to road maintenance. From our review of the
record, we conclude that Messrs. Fondren and Barker both testified concerning their own
observations. Mr. Fondren testified that he had observed a water leak in the general area of
the accident scene. Both he and Mr. Barker testified that in their personal experience, they
had each seen potholes form on roadways overnight due to a water leak. As noted above, the
admissibility of a lay witness’ testimony “rests on whether the facts in issue are within the
range of knowledge or understanding of ordinary laymen.” Boggs, 932 S.W.2d at 474.

        Here, Mr. Merrell relies upon the case of State v. Brown, 836 S.W.2d 530, 550 (Tenn.
1992). In Brown, the Tennessee Supreme Court addressed the admissibility, under Rule 701,
of testimony from two lay witnesses. First, the Court examined testimony from a nurse who
stated that an injury on the crime victim’s foot looked like a cigarette burn. The Court held
that this form of lay opinion testimony was permissible because it described the nurse’s
observations, and was not outside “the range of common knowledge.” Id.; see also National
Life & Acc. Ins. Co. v. Follett, 80 S.W.2d 92, 98 (Tenn. 1935) (holding that a lay witness
may also opine or infer so long as his or her opinion is “within the range of common
knowledge.”). The Brown Court also examined the admissibility of testimony from a
paramedic who opined as to the source of the crime victim’s injuries. The Court held that
the paramedic’s testimony was inadmissible as improper lay opinion. Id. In so holding, the
Court reasoned that this type of opinion required specialized skill or expertise. Id.
Ultimately, the Court held this to be harmless error because there was ample admissible
evidence that identified the source of the crime victim’s injuries. Id. Mr. Merrell argues that
Mr. Fondren and Mr. Barker’s opinion that the pothole in question was caused by a water
leak and that potholes can form overnight, is analogous to the paramedic’s testimony in
Brown. We disagree. We conclude that it is within the “understanding of an ordinary
layperson,” Boggs, 932 S.W.2d at 474, that a water leak may cause damage to asphalt.
Accordingly, the deduction that water leaks can erode asphalt does not require any more

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expert knowledge than the opinion of a nurse that an injury looks like the result of a cigarette
burn. Brown, 836 S.W.2d at 530.

        However, even if we assume, arguendo, that the trial court erred by admitting the
testimonies of Messrs. Fondren and Barker, this admission would be harmless error because,
as set out and discussed in detail above, there are ample facts to support the trial court’s
decision without consideration of the contested testimony. It is well settled that a judgment
“shall not be set aside unless, considering the whole record, error involving a substantial right
more probably than not affected the judgment or would result in prejudice to the judicial
process.” Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b). In short, the record does not preponderate against the trial
court’s finding, even without considering the contested testimonies of Messrs. Fondren and
Barker.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. The case is
remanded to the trial court for such further proceedings as may be necessary and are
consistent with this Opinion. Costs of the appeal are assessed to the Appellant, Carey P.
Merrell, and his surety.




                                                     _________________________________
                                                     J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE




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