                               COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Judges Kelsey, McClanahan and Haley
Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia


ALAN RASHAD GHOLSTON
                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION ∗ BY
v.     Record No. 1274-09-1                                  JUDGE JAMES W. HALEY, JR.
                                                                    MAY 18, 2010
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


               FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH
                                Stephen C. Mahan, Judge

                 Melinda R. Glaubke (Slipow, Robusto & Kellam, P.C., on briefs),
                 for appellant.

                 Richard B. Smith, Special Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T.
                 Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                                        I. INTRODUCTION

       Appealing his conviction for possession of a firearm while possessing with intent to

distribute more than one pound of marijuana in violation of Code § 18.2-308.4, Alan Rashad

Gholston argues the trial court erred in (1) finding the police had probable cause to arrest him

and, therefore, denying his motion to suppress evidence obtained as a result of the arrest;

(2) holding the evidence was sufficient to prove he possessed a firearm; and (3) determining the

evidence was sufficient to show he possessed more than a pound of marijuana with intent to

distribute it. We affirm.

                                        II. BACKGROUND

       On June 28, 2006, Detective Nicholas Russo, II, of the Virginia Beach Police

Department, received information from a confidential informant that Gholston engaged in


       ∗
           Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
marijuana distribution. The informant stated he had purchased marijuana from Gholston.

Although the informant had not previously worked with the police, Russo tested his knowledge

by asking him questions about Gholston. Based on prior dealings with Gholston, Russo found

the informant’s information accurate.

       Russo directed the informant to contact Gholston by telephone to arrange for a marijuana

purchase. Gholston agreed to sell the informant a quarter pound of marijuana at a restaurant to

occur shortly after the conversation. Russo listened to this conversation as it happened. He then

directed two other detectives to go to Gholston’s residence to conduct surveillance. They

observed Gholston leave in a car and followed him until near the time he reached the restaurant.

       Gholston arrived at the restaurant as expected. He drove around the parking lot several

times before coming to a stop. At this same time, Russo was in a car with the informant. Russo

drove past Gholston as Gholston circled around the lot. This enabled Russo to positively identify

the driver as Gholston and allowed the informant to identify Gholston as a marijuana supplier.

As soon as Gholston stopped, the police arrested him. Gholston was the only occupant of the

car.

       After the arrest, the police discovered marijuana and a handgun. Behind the passenger

seat, the police discovered a package containing the quarter pound of marijuana the informant

had arranged to purchase and a separate package of marijuana weighing 43.34 ounces. They also

found a small amount of marijuana in Gholston’s pocket. A handgun was located under the

driver’s seat of the car. When the police informed Gholston they had found the handgun, he

stated: “F***, I just wanted to get that gun home.” Gholston repeated the expletive several

times. In a subsequent formal interview, Gholston advised the police “that the handgun was

someone else’s and that he was going to bring it back to that person.”




                                               -2-
       Gholston filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained from his arrest on the ground

that the police lacked probable cause to arrest him and, therefore, violated his Fourth

Amendment rights. After a hearing, the trial court denied the motion, finding: “I don’t know

how much more you can ask for when you’re setting up a drug buy.” 1

       A grand jury indicted Gholston for possessing a firearm while possessing with intent to

distribute more than one pound of marijuana. A jury trial was held on March 10, 2009. The

relevant evidence for the Commonwealth is summarized above.

       Gholston’s father testified concerning the handgun found under the seat. He stated he

owned the gun and had placed it there the day Gholston was arrested. He testified he regularly

took the gun in the car to go shooting at a range and placed it under the driver’s seat to conceal it.

He forgot to remove the gun on the day in question. When Gholston’s father learned Gholston

had borrowed the car with the gun remaining in it, he called Gholston, informed him of the gun’s

presence, and requested him to return with the gun.




       1
         At the suppression hearing, Russo testified about a prior encounter with Gholston
involving a different confidential informant (identified as informant 55, whereas the informant
from June 28 was informant 79). The informant identified Gholston as a marijuana supplier and
arranged to purchase a pound of marijuana from him. However, Russo instructed the informant
not to complete the transaction because Russo wished to conduct surveillance of Gholston.
        On cross-examination, Russo was unable to answer some questions concerning
surveillance conducted at Gholston’s residence. Defense counsel objected that “the proper
witnesses [are not] here to conduct a full hearing.” In response, the Commonwealth asserted the
evidence from the date of the arrest could stand alone to provide probable cause for the arrest.
The court accepted this limitation. The court questioned: “But on June 28th -- Your argument
would be that June 28th stands alone for probable cause?” The Commonwealth responded:
“True.” Later, the court explained to defense counsel that “the Commonwealth’s position is that
they don’t care if nothing happened before [June] 28th, that . . . there’s enough on [June] 28th
standing alone to support probable cause for the arrest on that date.” Defense counsel then stated
he would “move on to the 28th.”
        As parties may concede facts, Logan v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 168, 172, 622
S.E.2d 771, 773 (2005) (en banc), we consider evidence about events prior to June 28 only as
foundational.


                                                -3-
       Gholston also testified. He admitted he received a phone call from the informant asking

to purchase a quarter pound of marijuana and agreed to meet at a restaurant to conduct the

transaction. Gholston further admitted he had the other 43.34 ounces of marijuana in the car, but

denied intending to sell it. Rather, Gholston stated he obtained this marijuana from the

informant as collateral for a debt and intended to return it upon repayment. Gholston also

testified concerning the gun. While driving to the location, he received a phone call from his

father informing him about the gun’s presence. Gholston testified he never saw the firearm

before his arrest and did not even know of its location within the car.

       At the conclusion of the evidence, Gholston moved to strike on the grounds that the

Commonwealth had failed to prove his possession of the firearm and his intent to distribute the

43.34 ounces of marijuana. In considering the motion, the court engaged defense counsel in a

discussion about whether Gholston’s stated intent to return the marijuana to the informant after

repayment of a debt constituted an intent to distribute. At the conclusion of the dialogue, the

following exchange occurred:

               THE COURT: All right. So whatever the transaction was in the
               process of transferring the marijuana from [the informant] to him
               and him back to [the informant], is that not under the definition of
               distribution of Virginia distribution?

               [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Yes, sir. It would fall within that.

               THE COURT: All right. Okay.

       The court denied the motion to strike. The jury found Gholston guilty, and he now

appeals.




                                                -4-
                                         III. ANALYSIS

                                   A. Probable Cause to Arrest

       Gholston first argues the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress. He

maintains the police lacked probable cause to arrest him and, therefore, all evidence flowing

from the arrest should have been suppressed.

       In considering a trial court’s denial of a suppression motion, we defer to the facts found

by the trial court, but consider de novo whether the facts gave the police probable cause.

Buhrman v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 501, 504-05, 659 S.E.2d 325, 327 (2008). Gholston bears

the burden of demonstrating reversible error when viewing the evidence “in the light most

favorable to the Commonwealth.” McCain v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 546, 552, 659 S.E.2d

512, 515 (2008).

       Police officers may arrest without a warrant where they have probable cause of criminal

conduct. White v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 96, 104, 591 S.E.2d 662, 666 (2004). In considering

probable cause, our Supreme Court has stated:

                        “The legal standard of probable cause, as the term suggests,
               relates to probabilities that are based upon the factual and practical
               considerations in everyday life as perceived by reasonable and
               prudent persons. The presence or absence of probable cause is not
               to be examined from the perspective of a legal technician. Rather,
               probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances within the
               officer’s knowledge, and of which he has reasonably trustworthy
               information, alone are sufficient to warrant a person of reasonable
               caution to believe that an offense has been or is being committed.”

Parker v. Commonwealth, 255 Va. 96, 106, 496 S.E.2d 47, 53 (1998) (quoting Taylor v.

Commonwealth, 222 Va. 816, 820, 284 S.E.2d 833, 836 (1981)). We employ “an objective test

based on a reasonable and trained police officer’s view of the totality of the circumstances.”

Brown v. Commonwealth, 270 Va. 414, 419, 620 S.E.2d 760, 762 (2005).




                                                -5-
       Police officers may make arrests based upon information from informants as long as they

reasonably believe the informant has provided accurate information. McGuire v.

Commonwealth, 31 Va. App. 584, 594-95, 525 S.E.2d 43, 48 (2000). In evaluating whether a

confidential informant has provided the police with sufficient information to give probable cause

for an arrest, we especially consider two factors: “(1) the veracity or reliability of the informant

and (2) the informant’s basis of knowledge.” Byrd v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 542, 551,

651 S.E.2d 414, 419 (2007); see also Askew v. Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 718, 723, 568

S.E.2d 403, 406 (2002). These factors do not constitute separate and necessary parts of a

probable cause determination, but rather fit into the general totality of the circumstances

analysis. Boyd v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 179, 187, 402 S.E.2d 914, 919 (1991). If an

informant’s information lacks in one area, a substantial demonstration of reliability in other areas

may compensate for the deficiency. Polston v. Commonwealth, 24 Va. App. 738, 744-45, 485

S.E.2d 632, 635 (1997).

       Accurate predictions about future events may enhance an informant’s credibility. Harris

v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 689, 695, 668 S.E.2d 141, 145 (2008). In Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S.

213, 245 (1983), the United States Supreme Court found significant that a tip to police provided

“a range of details relating not just to easily obtained facts and conditions existing at the time of

the tip, but to future actions of third parties ordinarily not easily predicted.” The Court noted that

where “an informant is right about some things, he is more probably right about other facts.” Id.

at 244 (internal quotation marks omitted).

       A classic example of finding probable cause for an arrest from an informant’s predictive

information comes in Draper v. United States, 358 U.S. 307 (1959). The informant told a federal

agent that the defendant would depart from a train on one of two days with heroin. Id. at 309.

The informant further provided a meticulous physical description of the defendant and of his


                                                 -6-
clothing and stated the defendant would carry a bag and typically walked quickly. Id. The

informant had also provided information for about six months, and the information had always

been accurate. Id. Two officers arrested the defendant after finding the circumstances as

described by the informant. Id. at 310. In finding probable cause existed, the Court held that

“with every other bit of [the informant’s] information being thus personally verified, [the officers

had probable cause] to believe that the remaining unverified bit of [the informant’s] information

-- that Draper would have heroin with him -- was likewise true.” Id. at 313.

       This Court recently evaluated whether police had probable cause for an arrest based on

information from a confidential informant on facts relevant to this case in Robinson v.

Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 732, 675 S.E.2d 206 (2009). The informant had given information

leading to eight arrests, but had worked with police for less than two months. Id. at 735, 675

S.E.2d at 208. The informant stated a black female (the defendant) would go to a specific gas

station that night to sell cocaine. Id. The informant also included the make, model, and license

plate number of the car the defendant would drive. Id. Lastly, the informant stated he had

witnessed the defendant possess cocaine that evening. Id. When observing the gas station that

night, the police witnessed the defendant drive into the station in a car with the same make,

model, and license plate number identified by the informant. Id. at 736, 675 S.E.2d at 208. The

defendant parked by a gas pump, exited the vehicle, and went into the station convenience store.

Id. The defendant met a person inside, and they briefly went to the back of the store. Id. The

defendant then left the store and returned to her car. Id. at 736, 675 S.E.2d at 208-09. The other

person followed out of the store soon thereafter, walking about ten feet past the defendant’s car

before returning to the car and placing a hand inside the driver’s side window. Id. at 736, 675

S.E.2d at 209. The defendant then drove away without pumping any gas, despite parking the car

near a pump. Id. The police arrested the defendant on these facts and discovered cocaine. Id. at


                                               -7-
736-37, 675 S.E.2d at 209. This Court held probable cause existed for an arrest. We noted that

in addition to claiming to personally see the defendant possess drugs, the informant had supplied

police with detailed information concerning the defendant’s identity and future actions. Id. at

739-40, 675 S.E.2d at 210. Although the police did not actually witness a drug transaction, we

stated this was only one factor in the totality of the circumstances inquiry. Id. at 740, 675 S.E.2d

at 210. When the information from the informant was combined with the observations of the

police, probable cause arose. Id. at 742, 675 S.E.2d at 211.

       Likewise, we hold in this case that the police possessed probable cause to arrest Gholston

when he arrived at the parking lot to sell marijuana. The informant advised Detective Russo he

had previously purchased marijuana from Gholston, thus placing Gholston in possession of

contraband. See id. at 739, 675 S.E.2d at 210. Detective Russo had tested the informant’s

knowledge about Gholston by asking him questions Russo knew the answers to from prior

dealings with Gholston. Russo found the answers accurate. Russo then had the informant place

a phone call to a person the informant identified as Gholston. Russo listened to the entire

conversation. During this exchange, Gholston agreed to sell the informant a quarter pound of

marijuana in the parking lot of a restaurant. Two other detectives observed Gholston leave his

residence in a car and followed him until he neared the restaurant. Gholston entered the

restaurant parking lot. Thereafter, Russo drove past Gholston’s car and observed Gholston

within it. As Russo testified: “I knew it to be Alan Gholston.” The informant also identified

Gholston. While the informant had not previously had dealings with the police, this represented

only one factor in the totality of the circumstances inquiry in assessing probable cause. Polston,

24 Va. App. at 744, 485 S.E.2d at 635. Given the circumstances of the informant’s identification

of Gholston as a marijuana distributor, the phone call overheard by the police with a person the

informant identified as Gholston arranging for a marijuana purchase at a restaurant parking lot,


                                                -8-
and Gholston’s anticipated arrival at the parking lot, the evidence clearly provided probable

cause that Gholston possessed and intended to distribute marijuana. See Draper, 358 U.S. at

313; Robinson, 53 Va. App. at 742, 675 S.E.2d at 211.

                                    B. Possession of a Firearm

       Gholston next contends the prosecution failed to prove he possessed the firearm found

under his seat. He argues that while he knew of the presence of the firearm in the car from his

father’s phone call telling him of it, no evidence demonstrated he knew its location and without

such knowledge he could not have possession of the weapon.

       In reviewing a fact finder’s decision, we view “the evidence in the light most favorable to

the Commonwealth, the prevailing party in the circuit court, and we accord the Commonwealth

the benefit of all reasonable inferences deducible from the evidence.” Britt v. Commonwealth,

276 Va. 569, 573, 667 S.E.2d 763, 765 (2008). The issue is simply “‘whether, after viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found

the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Maxwell v. Commonwealth,

275 Va. 437, 442, 657 S.E.2d 499, 502 (2008) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319

(1979)). We will affirm the trial court unless its judgment “is plainly wrong or without

evidentiary support.” Jones v. Commonwealth, 277 Va. 171, 182, 670 S.E.2d 727, 734 (2009).

       The Commonwealth may prove either actual or constructive possession of a firearm to

obtain a conviction. Walton v. Commonwealth, 255 Va. 422, 426, 497 S.E.2d 869, 872 (1998).

To show constructive possession, “the Commonwealth must present evidence of acts, statements,

or conduct by the defendant or other facts and circumstances proving that the defendant was

aware of the presence and character of the firearm and that the firearm was subject to his

dominion and control.” Rawls v. Commonwealth, 272 Va. 334, 349, 634 S.E.2d 697, 705

(2006). A defendant’s proximity to a firearm alone does not suffice to prove possession, but the


                                               -9-
fact finder may consider it along with other factors. Bolden v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 144,

148, 654 S.E.2d 584, 586 (2008). Where the Commonwealth relies on circumstantial evidence

to prove constructive possession, we ask only whether the fact finder could reject defense

theories and find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Jordan v. Commonwealth, 273

Va. 639, 646, 643 S.E.2d 166, 170 (2007).

       We hold the jury here could determine Gholston constructively possessed the firearm

found in the car he drove. Gholston admits he knew of the presence of the weapon in the

vehicle, but simply claims he did not know of its location. The weapon was found underneath

Gholston’s seat, and Gholston was the sole occupant of the vehicle. While this does not by itself

suffice to prove possession, it does have significant probative value. When Gholston learned the

police had discovered the firearm, he remarked: “F***, I just wanted to get that gun home.”

Gholston repeated the expletive several times. Gholston also told the police he intended to return

the firearm to another person. The jury could infer from these statements and Gholston’s

proximity to the weapon that Gholston had dominion and control over the weapon. Although

Gholston testified he did not know of the firearm’s location, the jury did not have to accept this

testimony. The jury could conclude Gholston sought to conceal his guilt and could regard his

explanation as further evidence of his guilt. See Covil v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 692, 696, 604

S.E.2d 79, 82 (2004). Based on these circumstances, a rational fact finder could determine

Gholston constructively possessed the firearm found under his seat.

            C. Possession of Over One Pound of Marijuana with Intent to Distribute

       Finally, Gholston argues the Commonwealth failed to prove he possessed more than one

pound of marijuana with intent to distribute. Gholston contends that while the evidence showed

he intended to sell a quarter pound of marijuana and possessed a small amount for personal use,

the remaining large quantity found in the car was not for distribution. Rather, Gholston


                                               - 10 -
maintains he held this marijuana as collateral for a debt and intended to return it upon repayment

of the debt. We find Gholston conceded this argument in the trial court and, therefore, do not

address it.

        Rule 5A:18 provides that “[n]o ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis

for reversal unless the objection was stated together with the grounds therefor at the time of the

ruling.” The purpose of this contemporaneous objection rule “is to ensure that the trial court has

an opportunity to rule intelligently on a party’s objections and avoid unnecessary mistrials or

reversals.” Johnson v. Raviotta, 264 Va. 27, 33, 563 S.E.2d 727, 731 (2002).

        A party preserves an issue for appeal “if a trial court is made aware of a litigant’s legal

position and the litigant did not expressly waive such arguments.” Brown v. Commonwealth,

279 Va. 210, 217, 688 S.E.2d 185, 189 (2010) (emphasis added). A concession of law in the

trial court may operate as a waiver of an argument under Rule 5A:18. Crawford v.

Commonwealth, 55 Va. App. 457, 481, 686 S.E.2d 557, 569 (2009) (en banc).

        The record reveals Gholston conceded the issue of whether the evidence was sufficient to

show his possession of more than one pound of marijuana with intent to distribute in the trial

court and we, therefore, do not address it. 2 Gholston testified he had taken the larger quantity of

marijuana found in the car from the informant as collateral for a debt the informant owed him.

He stated he intended to return the marijuana when the informant paid the debt. Thereafter,

Gholston’s counsel moved to strike on the ground now raised on appeal. The trial court then

engaged defense counsel in a dialogue about whether Gholston returning the marijuana after

repayment would constitute distribution, thereby giving Gholston possession with intent to

distribute. At the conclusion of this discussion, the trial court asked: “So whatever the

transaction was in the process of transferring the marijuana from [the informant] to him and him


        2
            At oral argument, counsel acknowledged this issue was conceded by trial counsel.

                                                - 11 -
back to [the informant], is that not under the definition of distribution of Virginia distribution?”

Gholston’s counsel responded: “Yes, sir. It would fall within that.” This statement plainly

conceded that even under Gholston’s theory of the case he possessed more than a pound of

marijuana with intent to distribute and operated as a waiver on appeal under Rule 5A:18.

       For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

                                                                                           Affirmed.




                                                - 12 -
