                         This opinion will be unpublished and
                         may not be cited except as provided by
                         Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                              STATE OF MINNESOTA
                              IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                    A14-2074

                                      John Green,
                                      Respondent,

                                           vs.

                                      Greg Kellen,
                                       Appellant.

                                  Filed July 27, 2015
                                       Affirmed
                                    Hooten, Judge

                            Big Stone County District Court
                                File No. 06-CV-12-233

Gregory P. Grajczyk, Grajczyk Law, Milbank, South Dakota (for respondent)

Ronald R. Frauenshuh, Jr., Ortonville, Minnesota (for appellant)

      Considered and decided by Halbrooks, Presiding Judge; Schellhas, Judge; and

Hooten, Judge.

                        UNPUBLISHED OPINION

HOOTEN, Judge

      In this appeal after remand, appellant challenges the district court’s special-

damages award on respondent’s defamation claim, asserting that the district court abused

its discretion by (1) relying on the testimony of respondent’s expert to special damages,

and (2) not granting a new trial or making amended findings of fact. We affirm.
                                          FACTS

         The underlying facts of this case are presented more fully in this court’s decision

on the first appeal. Green v. Kellen, No. A13-1554, 2014 WL 2178783 (Minn. App. May

27, 2014).      The parties, who both worked as crop farmers in a rural Minnesota

community, had been friends, but had a “falling out.” Respondent John Green sued

appellant Greg Kellen for conversion, trespass, and defamation, claiming primarily that

Kellen had spread around the rural community that Green was a thief. Prior to the

Kellen’s dissemination of this accusation, Green had rented farmland from J.K. for three

years, and Green and J.K. planned to enter into another three-year lease. But, after J.K.

heard about Kellen’s accusation against Green, he refused to renew the lease. J.K.

testified that the defamation was a substantial factor in his decision not to renew the

lease.

         In his answer, Kellen conceded causation and liability as to the defamation claim,

but disputed the amount of damages. A bench trial was held on the issue of damages.

The district court awarded Green $2,000 in general damages on the defamation claim, but

denied special damages because it concluded that the evidence of special damages was

equivocal. In the first appeal, this court upheld the district court’s award of general

damages, but remanded for a determination of the amount of special damages because we

concluded that the evidence of special damages was not equivocal. Id. at *4. On remand,

the district court awarded Green $84,840 in special damages for three years of lost profits

due to his not being able to rent and farm J.K.’s land. The district court denied Kellen’s

posttrial motion for a new trial or amended findings. This second appeal followed.


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                                       DECISION

                                               I.

       Kellen argues that the district court improperly relied on the testimony of Green’s

expert, Bryan Jalbert, and improperly admitted Jalbert’s calculations as to Green’s lost

profits.    Expert testimony may be admissible “[i]f scientific, technical, or other

specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to

determine a fact in issue.”       Minn. R. Evid. 702.        Non-novel expert testimony is

admissible under rule 702 only if the proponent shows that the testimony passes a three-

part test: “(1) [t]he witness must qualify as an expert; (2) the expert’s opinion must have

foundational reliability; [and] (3) the expert testimony must be helpful to the trier of

fact.” Doe v. Archdiocese of St. Paul, 817 N.W.2d 150, 164 (Minn. 2012).

       We review a district court’s ruling on the admissibility of expert testimony for an

abuse of discretion. Poppler v. Wright Hennepin Coop. Elec. Ass’n, 834 N.W.2d 527,

537 (Minn. App. 2013), aff’d, 845 N.W.2d 168 (Minn. 2014). “Even if a district court

abuses its discretion in its rulings on the admissibility of expert testimony, however, we

will reverse a denial of a new trial only if the rulings resulted in prejudicial error.” Id.

       A.      Jalbert was qualified as an expert.

       Kellen argues that Jalbert was unqualified to give expert testimony as to Green’s

loss of farm income.       A witness may qualify as an expert “by knowledge, skill,

experience, training, or education.” Minn. R. Evid. 702. Jalbert testified that he has “run

a farm management business” for 36 years. He also runs a cattle and hay farm near

Green’s farm. As part of his farm management business, Jalbert performed accounting


                                               3
work for his clients.    At the time of trial, in June 2013, Jalbert had done Green’s

accounting for nearly three years and had prepared Green’s tax returns for 2011 and

2012.    Jalbert did not claim to have special training or education in accounting.

However, based on this record, the district court did not err in concluding that Jalbert was

qualified as an expert based on his knowledge, skill, and experience in accounting and

farming, such that he could offer an opinion as to Green’s future loss of farm income.

        B.    Jalbert’s expert opinion as to loss of future profits had foundational
              reliability.

        Kellen argues that the district court erred by overruling his lack-of-foundation

objection to the district court’s receipt into evidence of Jalbert’s calculations of Green’s

loss of potential farm income. He also argues that the district court erred by adopting

Jalbert’s calculations in making its special-damages award. When considering whether

expert testimony has foundational reliability, the district court must undertake three steps:

              First, the district court must analyze the proffered testimony
              in light of the purpose for which it is being offered. Second,
              the [district] court must consider the underlying reliability,
              consistency, and accuracy of the subject about which the
              expert is testifying. Finally, . . . the proponent of evidence
              about a given subject must show that it is reliable in that
              particular case.

Doe, 817 N.W.2d at 167–68 (citations omitted).

        Jalbert calculated the “Annual Operating Margin Profit” for the portion of J.K.’s

land that Green would have farmed but for Kellen’s defamation.                He based his

calculations on his knowledge of Green’s farming practices. In 2011 and 2012, Green

farmed a total of nearly 2,000 acres of land, including the 600 acres he rented from J.K.



                                             4
J.K. testified that, until he heard about Kellen’s accusations about Green, he had planned

to increase the amount of acres he rented to Green to 800 acres for a three-year period.

Therefore, to calculate Green’s loss of farm income from the J.K. land, Jalbert used the

800-acre figure.

       To determine the gross revenue per acre per month, Jalbert took several things into

account. The actual production history yield for this land was 123 bushels per acre. A

federal insurance crop program insured 80% of these bushels, which means 98.4 bushels

were guaranteed and 24.6 bushels were non-guaranteed. Jalbert used $5.65 as the price

per bushel for guaranteed bushels, based on the futures market. For non-guaranteed

bushels, he used $5.50, based on the figure from the local Farm Service Agency office.

Green’s gross revenue per acre would thus be $555.96 guaranteed and $135.30 non-

guaranteed, for a total of $691.26. Jalbert added $5.35 per acre to account for a direct

government payment, amounting to a total gross revenue per acre per month of $696.61.

       To determine the expenses per acre per month, Jalbert first calculated the direct

production costs (variable costs), based on information provided to him by Green. These

variable costs consisted of seed, fertilizer, chemical, fertilizer spreading, fuel and oil,

repairs, and crop insurance, totaling $354.25 per acre. Jalbert did not include in this

figure Green’s general operating expenses (fixed costs), such as equipment, buildings,

and utilities. As to the rent amount, Jalbert used a figure of $300 per acre per month

because that was the going rate in the area. This amounted to total expenses per acre per

month of $654.25.




                                            5
       This resulted in a net profit of $42.36 per acre per month, and an annual profit for

the entire 800 acres of $33,888. Thus, under Jalbert’s calculations, for the first year

Green did not rent and farm J.K.’s land, he earned $33,888 “less than if he had the land.”

Jalbert did not testify as to years two and three, but if this figure were adopted for all

three years, the total lost profits would be $101,664.

       On remand, the district court accepted Jalbert’s expert opinion and adopted most

of his calculations, finding that Green had been “damaged by the loss of the ability to

farm 800 acres of farmland for 3 years” and determining Green’s lost profits. As for the

gross revenue, the district court adopted Jalbert’s calculations in their entirety. As for the

expenses, the district court adopted Jalbert’s calculations with one change: it added an

additional “$7.00 per acre in marketing costs” to Jalbert’s figure, which amounted to total

costs of $361.26 per acre per month. Under the district court’s calculations, there was a

net profit of only $35.35 per acre per month, which amounted to “total damages” per year

of $28,280. The district court tripled this amount and found: “For the loss of the ability

to rent the land for three years due to the defamation by [Kellen], [Green] suffered special

damages of $84,840.00.”

       Kellen’s primary argument as to why Jalbert’s opinion lacked foundational

reliability is that Jalbert “fail[ed] to include costs of equipment in determining loss of

profits.” In analyzing this argument, we apply the three-step foundational-reliability

analysis from Doe.

       “First, the district court must analyze the proffered testimony in light of the

purpose for which it is being offered.” Id. Jalbert’s opinion satisfies the first step


                                              6
because his testimony was offered for the purpose of determining special damages, and

his testimony fairly does that.

       “Second, the [district] court must consider the underlying reliability, consistency,

and accuracy of the subject about which the expert is testifying.” Id. at 168. Jalbert was

familiar with Green’s farming operation, as he had done Green’s accounting for three

years and had prepared his 2011 and 2012 tax returns. Based on Jalbert’s knowledge of

Green’s farming operation and his accounting expertise, his calculations appear to

include the appropriate inputs for gross revenue and expenses.         Kellen asserts that

Jalbert’s opinion was flawed because he did not include equipment costs as an expense.

We disagree. Green’s equipment costs were fixed costs, not variable costs, because he

would have incurred them regardless of whether he was farming the additional 800 acres.

See, e.g., Pan Asia Venture Capital Corp. v. Hearst Corp., 88 Cal. Rptr. 2d. 118, 124

(Cal. Ct. App. 1999) (“Fixed costs are those that do not vary with changes in output,

while variable costs are those that do vary with changes in output.”). Jalbert appears to

have been correct to include only variable costs in his calculation of expenses. See, e.g.,

Ameristar Jet Charter, Inc. v. Dodson Int’l Parts, Inc., 155 S.W.3d 50, 56 (Mo. 2005)

(“[I]n tort actions, variable expenses, not fixed expenses, should be deducted from

estimated lost revenues in the calculation of lost profits damages. These variable

expenses are expenses that are tied directly to the unit of business or property damaged as

a result of the defendant’s actions.”).

       Kellen also argues that Jalbert’s opinion lacked foundational reliability because his

opinion as to the 2013 future damages was based on only two years of data. “Generally,


                                             7
evidence of future damages may be admitted if there is a reasonable basis for their

determination.” Tate v. Scanlan Intern., Inc., 403 N.W.2d 666, 673 (Minn. App. 1987),

review denied (Minn. May 28, 1987). Future damages that are “remote, speculative or

conjectural” may not be admitted. Id. “However, the law does not require mathematical

certainty in the proof of loss, but only proof as to a reasonable certainty.” Id.

       Kellen asserts that because the farming business is “unreliable” and “volatile,” it

takes more than two years of data to make a reasonable prediction. This argument is

unpersuasive. Kellen does not specify how many years of data are necessary. Moreover,

he refers to facts outside the record to undermine the reliability of Jalbert’s opinion, such

as his assertion that 2011 and 2012 were “the best two years . . . maybe in the history of

farming.”    We conclude that Jalbert’s opinion as to future profits did not lack

foundational reliability simply because it was based on two years of data. Therefore,

Jalbert’s opinion satisfies the second step.

       “[Third,] the proponent of evidence about a given subject must show that it is

reliable in that particular case.” Doe, 817 N.W.2d at 168. For similar reasons, Jalbert’s

opinion satisfies the third step.    We conclude that Kellen has made no persuasive

argument showing that Jalbert’s expert opinion lacked foundational reliability.

       Kellen also argues that, because Jalbert calculated only one year of future loss, it

was improper for the district court to simply multiply that figure by three to arrive at its

special-damages determination. Kellen points out that crop prices, weather, planting

conditions, and other factors affect a farmer’s profit. But, what is required when making

a special damages award is “proof as to a reasonable certainty” of the future loss, not


                                               8
“mathematical certainty in the proof of loss.” Tate, 403 N.W.2d at 673. Moreover,

“[l]ost profits are recoverable if the business or venture upon which anticipated profits

are claimed is such as to support an inference of definite profits grounded upon a

reasonably sure basis of facts.” Id. at 674. Perhaps it would have been preferable for the

district court to base its three-year special damages award on more than two years’ worth

of data. At the same time, Green had 30 years of farming experience at the time of trial,

and the district court likely took this into account when determining whether Green

should be awarded special damages for “definite profits grounded upon a reasonably sure

basis of facts.” Id. In rejecting Kellen’s argument below, the district court emphasized

that “[f]uture damages must be based upon the reasonable information that was in

evidence” at the time of trial. We conclude that, under these facts, the district court did

not err by awarding Green a total of three years of special damages.

         C.    Jalbert’s testimony was helpful to the trier of fact.

         Jalbert had a special knowledge of accounting and farming that the district court

did not have, and his expert testimony gave the district court a basis to determine Green’s

special damages. Jalbert’s testimony was therefore helpful to the trier of fact.

         We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion by admitting

Jalbert’s calculations into evidence and relying upon Jalbert’s opinion to determine the

amount of Green’s special damages because: (1) Jalbert was an expert; (2) Jalbert’s

expert opinion had foundational reliability; and (3) his opinion was helpful to the district

court.




                                             9
                                             II.

       Kellen argues that the district court erred by denying his motion for a new trial or

for amended findings of fact. We review a district court’s denial of a motion for a new

trial or for amended findings of fact for an abuse of discretion. Zander v. Zander, 720

N.W.2d 360, 364–65 (Minn. App. 2006), review denied (Minn. Nov. 14, 2006).

       Kellen asserts that the district court erred by relying on Jalbert’s opinion instead of

that of Kellen’s expert. We defer to the district court’s determination of the weight and

credibility of expert witnesses. In re Paternity of B.J.H., 573 N.W.2d 99, 104 (Minn.

App. 1998); see also Dostal v. Curran, 679 N.W.2d 192, 197 (Minn. App. 2004)

(Randall, J., concurring specially) (“Put simply, the resolution of conflicting expert

opinions at trial is for the [factfinder].”), review denied (Minn. July 20, 2004). In its

order denying Kellen’s motion for a new trial or amended findings, the district court

found that Jalbert’s testimony was more credible than Kellen’s expert’s testimony. The

district court explained that Jalbert’s opinion “was more specific as to the actual raw data

relating to [Green’s] prior farming operation,” while Kellen’s expert “seemed to have less

knowledge of [Green’s] specific operation and the financial data generated therefrom.”

We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Kellen’s

motion on this ground.

       Kellen next argues that the district court erred by not reopening the record to

consider evidence that allegedly tended to impeach J.K.’s trial testimony. “Generally,

newly discovered evidence must have been in existence at the time of trial but not known

to the party at that time.” Zander, 720 N.W.2d at 365 (quotation omitted); see also Minn.


                                             10
R. Civ. P. 59.01(d).      “Moreover, newly discovered evidence which is merely

contradictory, impeaching, or cumulative cannot be made the basis for a new trial except

in extraordinary cases.” 200 Levee Drive Ass’n v. Cnty. of Scott, 532 N.W.2d 574, 578

(Minn. 1995) (quotations omitted). In his motion for a new trial or amended findings,

Kellen offered evidence allegedly showing that J.K. lied when he testified that the reason

he did not renew the lease with Green was because of Kellen’s defamation. The real

reason Green lost the land, Kellen asserts, is simply because Green was outbid. In its

order denying Kellen’s motion, the district court determined that this evidence was

known to Kellen at the time of trial and could have been used to impeach J.K. at that

time. We agree that this evidence was not newly discovered and therefore could not be

the basis for a new trial. See Zander, 720 N.W.2d at 365. Moreover, this evidence was

“outside the district court record and therefore could not be considered by the district

court in determining whether to amend its findings.” Id. We conclude that the district

court did not abuse its discretion by denying Kellen’s motion on this ground.

      Finally, Kellen claims that the district court erred by not reopening the record in

light of allegedly “newly discovered facts” that show that Green failed to mitigate his

damages by not rebidding on J.K.’s land when the new tenant broke the lease after the

first year. Kellen’s evidence is not newly discovered evidence because it did not exist at

the time of trial. Id. Moreover, Kellen’s argument is speculative because the evidence in

the record suggests that J.K. would not have allowed Green to rent the land in 2014 for




                                           11
the same reason he did not allow Green to rent the land in 2013. The district court did

not abuse its discretion by limiting its decision on remand to what was in the trial record.

       Affirmed.




                                             12
