      TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                       NO. 03-13-00463-CV



                         AETC II Privatized Housing, LLC, Appellant

                                                 v.

                        Tom Green County Appraisal District, Appellee


  FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TOM GREEN COUNTY, 391ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
      NO. D-10-0377-C, HONORABLE THOMAS J. GOSSETT, JUDGE PRESIDING



                             MEMORANDUM OPINION


               AETC II Privatized Housing, LLC (AETC) appeals the trial court’s judgment granting

the motion for summary judgment of Tom Green County Appraisal District (the Appraisal District)

and denying AETC’s competing motion. AETC sought an exemption from property taxes on certain

improvements, the Appraisal District’s Review Board denied the exemption, and AETC appealed

to the district court. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the district court’s judgment.


                                         BACKGROUND

               AETC provides multi-family housing for United States Military personnel and their

families under the Military Housing Privatization Initiative (MHPI), which is aimed at attracting

private capital and expertise to build much needed military family housing in a quick and cost

effective manner. See 10 U.S.C. §§ 2871–85. AETC is a public-private venture, formed as a

Delaware limited liability company, in which the U.S. owns 49% as an investor member. In 2007,
the parties entered into a ground lease whereby, for a nominal amount, the Air Force leased to AETC

for fifty years a tract of land adjacent to Goodfellow Air Force Base located in Tom Green County,

Texas (Tract G). The U.S. acquired Tract G by warranty deed from the city of San Angelo, and

jurisdiction over the tract has not been ceded to the U.S. by the state. See Adams v. Calvert,

396 S.W.2d 948, 950 (Tex. 1965) (extent of jurisdiction reserved to state over lands acquired by U.S.

determined by deed of cession). The Air Force conveyed title to the improvements on Tract G to

AETC by quitclaim deed. The agreements called for AETC to renovate existing housing units,

construct additional units, and operate and manage the units as rental property for Goodfellow

personnel and their families. Beginning in 2010, the Appraisal District issued an appraised value

for the improvements on Tract G. AETC filed a protest with the Tom Green County Appraisal

Review Board challenging the valuation and seeking an exemption for the improvements as property

owned by the U.S.1 The review board upheld the appraisals, and AETC appealed to the district

court. The parties reached a settlement concerning valuation and filed competing motions for

summary judgment on the issue of exemption. The trial court denied AETC’s motion and granted

the Appraisal District’s motion. This appeal followed.




       1
         In its live petition, AETC sought only a partial exemption, presumably based on the U.S.’s
49% ownership interest in AETC. The Appraisal District objected to AETC’s summary judgment
argument and evidence to the extent AETC sought full exemption in its motion for summary
judgment. Because we conclude AETC did not meet its burden of establishing exemption of the
improvements, we do not reach the issue of whether the improvements would be entitled to a partial
or full exemption. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1 (appellate court opinions should be as “brief as
practicable”), 47.4 (memorandum opinions should be “no longer than necessary to advise the parties
of the court’s decision and the basic reasons for it”).

                                                 2
                                   STANDARD OF REVIEW

               We review a trial court’s decision to grant summary judgment de novo. Valence

Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005). To prevail on a summary judgment

motion, the movant must demonstrate that there are no genuine issues of material fact and that it is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co.

v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215–16 (Tex. 2003). When both parties move for summary judgment,

each party bears the burden of establishing that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

See City of Garland v. Dallas Morning News, 22 S.W.3d 351, 356 (Tex. 2000); Abbott v. Dallas

Area Rapid Transit, 410 S.W.3d 876, 879 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, no pet.). When both parties

move for summary judgment on the same issues and the trial court grants one motion and denies the

other, we consider the summary judgment evidence presented by both sides, determine all questions

presented, and if we determine that the trial court erred, render the judgment the trial court should

have rendered. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d at 661 (citing FM Props. Operating Co. v. City of Austin,

22 S.W.3d 868, 872 (Tex. 2000)).

               We must consider all summary judgment grounds that the trial court expressly ruled

on, and in the interest of judicial economy, may consider other grounds preserved for review that the

trial court did not rule on. Cincinnati Life Ins. Co. v. Cates, 927 S.W.2d 623, 624, 626 (Tex. 1996).

We must affirm the grant of a summary judgment if any of the summary judgment grounds are

meritorious. Texas Workers’ Comp. Comm’n v. Patient Advocates of Tex., 136 S.W.3d 643, 648

(Tex. 2004); Knott, 128 S.W.3d at 216. We may not uphold a summary judgment on a ground not

asserted in the summary judgment motion. Stiles v. Resolution Trust Corp., 867 S.W.2d 24, 26 (Tex.



                                                  3
1993); Yalamanchili v. Mousa, 316 S.W.3d 33, 40 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet.

denied). If we determine that a fact issue precludes summary judgment for either party, we remand

the cause for trial. See University of Tex. Health Sci. Ctr. of Hous. v. Big Train Carpet of El Campo,

Inc., 739 S.W.2d 792, 792 (Tex. 1987).


                                           DISCUSSION

               The powers a state may exercise over land within its boundaries that has been

acquired by the U.S. for use as a military base are governed by Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 of the

United States Constitution, which provides generally for exclusive federal jurisdiction with state

consent. See U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl.17; Adams, 396 S.W.2d at 949. Once a state cedes exclusive

jurisdiction to the U.S. by deed of cession, “only those state and local taxes authorized by the

Buck Act, 4 U.S.C. §§ 104–110, [not including ad valorem taxes] may be levied against property in

the Federal enclave.” Adams, 396 S.W.2d at 951. It is undisputed that Tract G was not ceded to the

U.S. by the State of Texas so as to give the U.S. exclusive jurisdiction. The Texas Supreme Court

has held that privately owned property on non-ceded federal land is taxable. See id. at 950–51

(concluding that because Texas Civil Statutes articles 5242 and 5247 give legislative consent to U.S.

to acquire Texas lands but deny exclusive jurisdiction unless land is ceded, privately owned personal

property located on land was subject to taxation from date U.S. acquired lands until deed of cession);

cf. Board of Equalization of the City & Indep. Sch. Dist. of Fort Worth v. General Dynamics Corp.,

344 S.W.2d 489, 492 (Tex. Civ. App.—Fort Worth 1961, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (looking to federal law

to resolve question of extent of jurisdiction ceded by state, concluding amendment to Texas Civil

Statutes article 5248 providing private personal property on lands owned by U.S. was subject to

                                                  4
taxation could not be construed to recapture ceded jurisdiction, and holding private property on

ceded U.S. land not taxable). The issue of whether the improvements on Tract G are taxable

therefore depends on whether they are privately or publicly owned. We turn, then, to whether either

party established as a matter of law whether the improvements are publicly or privately owned.


AETC’s Motion for Summary Judgment

               AETC asserted four grounds for summary judgment. Its first ground was that private

personal property located on ceded land is not subject to the ad valorem taxes at issue. While that

appears to be true, see Adams, 396 S.W.2d at 951 (once exclusive jurisdiction was ceded, only state

and local taxes authorized by Buck Act may be levied against private property in federal enclave),

it is irrelevant here, where it is undisputed that Tract G is not ceded. AETC’s second ground for

summary judgment was that the provisions of the MHPI under which the parties entered into the

lease do not waive sovereign immunity. However, it appears that this argument is based on the

premise of immunity resulting from the state’s cession of jurisdiction, which has not occurred as to

Tract G. Consequently, there is no governmental immunity arising from exclusive jurisdiction and

no possible waiver of such immunity. As its third ground, AETC argued that the so-called lease

between the parties is actually nothing more than a license, which is not a taxable interest. This

argument appears to be based on the premise that leaseholds are taxable while licenses are not—a

premise that is irrelevant here because the lease in question concerns the land, not the improvements

conveyed by quitclaim deed, the taxation of which is at issue in this case.




                                                 5
                In its last ground for summary judgment, AETC argued that the U.S. holds equitable

title to the improvements. The facts AETC asserted in support of its contention that the U.S. holds

equitable title to the improvements were:


        1. Of the three entities who formed AETC, the United States of America’s initial
        capital contribution was more than 96% of the total initial capital contributions made.

        2. Of the three entities who formed AETC, the United States of America’s
        percentage interest in AETC is 49%.

        3. The Lease is for a period of 50 years.

        4. The Base Rent as defined by the Lease is $1.00.

        5. At the end of the lease term either AETC shall remove the Leased Premises
        Improvements (Military Housing) or the United States will retain the improvements.


Equitable title is the present right to compel legal title. AHF-Arbors at Huntsville I, LLC v. Walker

Cnty. Appraisal Dist., 410 S.W.3d 831, 837 (Tex. 2012); Harris Cnty. Appraisal Dist. v. Primrose

Houston 7 Hous., L.P., 238 S.W.3d 782, 787 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. denied).

A party may have equitable title if its right to compel legal title is entirely within its control. See,

e.g., TRQ Captain’s Landing L.P. v. Galveston Cent. Appraisal Dist., 212 S.W.3d 726, 737 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, aff’d, 423 S.W.3d 374 (Tex. 2014)) (where tax exempt entity could

dissolve subsidiary at any time and articles of organization provided assets reverted to tax exempt

entity upon dissolution, tax exempt entity had present right to compel legal title). Here, however,

even assuming all of AETC’s asserted facts are true, they do not establish as a matter of law that the

U.S. has the present right to compel legal title. See AHF-Arbors, 410 S.W.3d at 837; City of

Garland, 22 S.W.3d at 356.

                                                    6
                As a final matter regarding AETC’s motion for summary judgment, we briefly

address the parties’ arguments in briefing and at oral argument concerning whether AETC is an

instrumentality of the U.S. with regard to the privatized housing initiative. It is well established that

a state may not tax the United States directly. United States v. New Mexico, 455 U.S. 720, 733

(1982). Immunity from taxation has also been extended to “agenc[ies] or instrumentalit[ies] so

closely connected to the Government that the two cannot realistically be viewed as separate entities,

at least insofar as the activity being taxed is concerned.” California State Bd. of Equalization

v. Sierra Summit, Inc., 490 U.S. 844, 849 (1989) (quoting New Mexico, 455 U.S. at 735).

                On appeal the parties join issue on whether AETC is an instrumentality of the U.S.

so as to make the improvements to which it holds legal title and which it manages and operates

immune from taxation. However, AETC did not assert its federal instrumentality status as a ground

for summary judgment. We cannot uphold a summary judgment on a ground not asserted in the

summary judgment motion. See Stiles, 867 S.W.2d at 26 (motion for summary judgment must stand

or fall on grounds expressly presented in motion); Oleksy v. Farmers Ins. Exch., 410 S.W.3d 378,

384–85 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. denied) (where motion for summary judgment

in insurance coverage case was based on applicability of recreational vehicle exception and

arguments were based on Texas motor vehicle registration laws, appellate court could not reverse

judgment based on arguments made for first time on appeal based on New York vehicle and traffic

laws); Yalamanchili, 316 S.W.3d at 40; Centerpointe Living @ Austin, L.P. v. Morrell Masonry

Supply, Inc., No. 14-09-00941-CV, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 1040, at * 8 n.1 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] Feb. 15, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (declining to address arguments made on appeal that



                                                   7
were not raised in summary judgment proceeding). We therefore conclude that AETC did not meet

its summary judgment burden of establishing that the improvements are exempt from ad valorem

taxes and the trial court did not err in denying its motion.


The Appraisal District’s Motion for Summary Judgment

               In its motion for summary judgment, the Appraisal District asserted four grounds.

As its third ground for summary judgment, the Appraisal District asserted that the U.S.’s

participation in AETC does not convey government ownership because under the law applicable to

limited liability companies, members have no ownership in property owned by the LLC. The

Appraisal District’s summary judgment evidence showed that AETC was formed under Delaware

law, which provides that “[a] limited liability company interest is personal property. A member has

no interest in specific limited liability company property.” Del. Code tit. 6 § 18-701; see Tex. Bus.

Orgs. Code §101.106(b) (“A member of a limited liability company . . . does not have an interest in

any specific property of the company.”). Thus, the Appraisal District met its summary judgment

burden to show that the United States, as a member of the LLC, has no interest in the personal

property owned by the LLC, including the improvements at issue, and the burden shifted to AETC

to produce evidence raising a fact issue. Amedisys, Inc. v. Kingwood Home Health Care, LLC,

437 S.W.3d 507, 517 (Tex. 2014); see Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Knott, 128 S.W.3d at 215–16. AETC

did not produce summary judgment evidence to raise a fact issue as to governmental ownership.

Therefore, we conclude that the trial court did not err in granting the Appraisal District’s motion for

summary judgment.




                                                  8
                                       CONCLUSION

               Because we conclude that the trial court did not err in denying AETC’s motion for

summary judgment or in granting the Appraisal District’s motion for summary judgment, we affirm

the trial court’s judgment.


                                              _____________________________________________
                                              Melissa Goodwin, Justice

Before Justices Puryear, Goodwin, and Field

Affirmed

Filed: June 24, 2015




                                                9
