                                                                    COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


            Present: Judges Petty, Malveaux and Senior Judge Annunziata
            Argued at Alexandria, Virginia
PUBLISHED




            ROLAND BALDWIN
                                                                                                OPINION BY
            v.            Record No. 0740-17-4                                             JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY
                                                                                                JULY 17, 2018
            COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                                   FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
                                                               Randy I. Bellows, Judge

                                         Melissa Hasanbelliu, Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.

                                         Rachel L. Yates, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
                                         Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                          Roland Baldwin pled guilty to one count of sending a written threat to kill or do bodily

            injury in violation of Code § 18.2-60. On appeal, Baldwin argues that the trial court allowed,

            and considered, improper testimony at sentencing and in the victim impact statement before

            giving Baldwin the maximum sentence permitted by statute. Finding no error, we affirm.

                                                                            BACKGROUND

                          Baldwin was convicted in 2012 for making a written threat to kill or do bodily injury to

            M.T.; he was sentenced to five years, with four years suspended. Approximately two months

            after his release, Baldwin’s four-year suspended sentence was revoked when he violated his

            probation by violating a protective order.1 The protective order prohibited contact with M.T., the

            victim of the written threats for which Baldwin was convicted. Baldwin violated the protective

            order by waiting near an organization he knew M.T. visited often (the Center). When he began

                                                                        
                          1
                      Baldwin was convicted of violating the protective order and sentenced to 360 days in
            jail with all but one day suspended.
walking toward M.T.’s van, approaching to within one hundred feet, several people from the

Center helped M.T. escape.

              After Baldwin’s suspended sentence had been revoked, Baldwin wrote new letters which

contained threats against M.T., her daughter, and the Center. Baldwin’s letters included the

following excerpts:2

                                     People at the [Center] I will never forget what you have
                             done. You have awaken the evil beast inside me. I have nothing
                             to lose. Don’t try me. This is between me and [M.T.]. Trust me,
                             next time I won’t let no one get in my way. I will achieve my
                             objective by any means necessary; I promise. I have a new family
                             now. Signed, 666. [January 28, 2013]

                                      Enjoy yourself while you can. If I was [M.T.] and [her
                             sister], I would try to crawl back into my mother’s womb when I
                             get out. A great darkness is coming. I can’t hear -- I can’t wait to
                             hear your screams, I can promise you that. All hail the great
                             dragon. Signed, 666. [February 8, 2013]

                                     Satan is great. All I think about is what [M.T.] did to me
                             and what she took from me. So I am going to take everything from
                             her. She will be living the same hell I am but much much worse.
                             Her soul belongs to me. [M.T.]’s nightmare is just beginning. See
                             you all in hell. All hail the great dragon. Signed, 666. [February
                             22, 2013]

                                     I have one year left, which I’m very glad. After having 5
                             years of my life taken away from me for words I didn’t mean. . . .
                             What [M.T.] did to me was very evil. Waiting 2 months to call the
                             police to tell them I was at the bus stop waiting to do my resume at
                             the library. I had long forgotten her then. But I remember [M.T.]
                             now! [M.T.] and the entire [Center] should be on its knees
                             praising God I won’t make a very bad decision when I get out!
                             [March 30, 2015]




                                                            
              2
         These excerpts from Baldwin’s letters were proffered by the Commonwealth prior to
Baldwin’s guilty plea. There were additional excepts proffered that did not include threatening
material. The letters themselves were not admitted into evidence, and the victim, M.T.,
referenced in her testimony other excerpts from letters and texts she received from Baldwin
before and during this time period. Baldwin did not deny writing any of the excerpts attributed
to him.
                                               -2-
       In 2016, when Baldwin finished serving his sentence for the 2012 threat, but before he

was released, he was arrested and charged with making a written threat to kill or do bodily harm

against M.T. through the letters referenced above. Baldwin pled guilty to the charge, and he

does not challenge his conviction on appeal. He challenges the trial court’s consideration, during

the sentencing phase of his trial, of M.T.’s statements regarding Baldwin’s first conviction for

making written threats to her.

       According to M.T.’s victim impact statement and testimony, she met Baldwin at the

Center and had dated him a few times. The Center is a gathering place for vulnerable and

homeless individuals, and M.T. often took her severely handicapped daughter there. It provided

her and her daughter a support network. M.T. ended the relationship with Baldwin when he

began sending her threatening text messages. She stated that Baldwin “ended up sending

twenty-five explicit death threats describing how he was going to brutally kill [M.T.], [her]

severely handicapped daughter, [her] sister and others to punish [M.T.] for ending contact and

ignoring his pleas to give him a 2nd chance.” According to M.T., Baldwin described how he

“staked out” the Center every day, watching for her van. He said he would have a gun so he

could murder her, her daughter, and anyone from the Center who interfered. M.T. explained that

on her first visit to the Center after Baldwin was released in 2012, Baldwin was waiting across

the street from the Center just as he had described. When he saw her van, he began walking

towards her and got within one hundred feet, in violation of the protective order to stay at least

one thousand feet away. It terrified M.T. that even after a year of incarceration, Baldwin was

stalking her in the manner he had described in his threats.

       In his subsequent threats, Baldwin blamed M.T. for reporting his violation of the

protective order. M.T. explained that she found the later threats more terrifying than the first

ones because prior to his arrest Baldwin only knew M.T.’s first name, and Baldwin said he was

                                                -3-
“hunting” her. M.T. hoped she could hide. However, when M.T. reported Baldwin’s violation

of the protective order, Baldwin received through case documents M.T.’s personal contact and

identification information. Baldwin then sent letters to M.T.’s sister’s home enumerating

personal details about M.T. that he had uncovered, including M.T.’s prior residences, her work

resume, her parents’ names and address, where she has her car repaired, where she vacations,

and even the hospital in which M.T. gave birth to her now-adult daughter. Additionally,

Baldwin wrote in one letter details of how he would use the newly acquired information to track

her down and harm her and her family. M.T. wrote in her victim impact statement that one of

Baldwin’s statements at issue in this offense, “Trust me, next time I won’t let no one get in my

way! I will achieve my objective by any means necessary! I promise!”, was more terrifying “in

light of his long history of death threats written with similar wording; it’s horribly clear to us

what he means.”

       M.T. explained that because of the history of escalating threats from Baldwin, she was

compelled to take painful measures to protect others. She left a job she loved at a preschool in

order to protect the children from potential harm. She stopped volunteering at the Center in

order to protect the people there, which was a painful emotional loss to her. M.T. was terrified

because “in spite of his felony conviction for [prior] death threats, [Baldwin] has continued to

send similar unwanted letters and threats throughout his incarceration featuring many of these

alarming themes.”

       Baldwin pled guilty to writing the threats. Baldwin objected to the victim impact

statement submitted by M.T., and her testimony at sentencing, arguing that her reference to the

substance and effect of prior threats to M.T., for which he had previously been convicted, were

not admissible testimony under the Crime Victim and Witness Rights Act.




                                                 -4-
                                              ANALYSIS

       On appeal, we review de novo the application of statutory provisions. Harvey v.

Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 280, 283, 777 S.E.2d 231, 233 (2015). “We apply the plain

meaning of the language appearing in the statute unless it is ambiguous or applying the plain

language leads to an absurd result.” Id. at 285, 777 S.E.2d at 234 (quoting Commonwealth v.

Amos, 287 Va. 301, 305-06, 754 S.E.2d 304, 306-07 (2014)). Additionally, we recognize that

“[c]ircuit court judges are vested with broad discretion in admitting evidence, and can be

expected to exercise that discretion to exclude evidence that does not aid the court in the

sentencing phase.” Id. at 286-87, 777 S.E.2d at 235 (internal citation omitted). “Such weighing

is left to the discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed on appeal, absent an abuse of

discretion.” Id. at 287, 777 S.E.2d at 235 (quoting Teleguz v. Commonwealth, 273 Va. 458, 482,

643 S.E.2d 708, 723 (2007)).

       “In 1995, in recognition of the concern for the victims and witnesses of crime, the

General Assembly enacted the Crime Victim and Witness Rights Act, Code §§ 19.2-11.01-11.4.”

Rock v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 254, 258, 610 S.E.2d 314, 315 (2005). The purpose of the

Act is “to ensure that the full impact of crime is brought to the attention of the courts of the

Commonwealth; that crime victims and witnesses are treated with dignity, respect and

sensitivity; and that their privacy is protected to the extent permissible under law.” Id. at 258,

610 S.E.2d at 315-16 (quoting Code § 19.2-11.01(A)). Under the Act, a victim must be given

the opportunity “to prepare a written victim impact statement prior to sentencing of a defendant

. . . .” Code § 19.2-11.01(4). “If prepared by someone other than the victim,” the victim impact




                                                 -5-
statement shall include six factors.3 Code § 19.2-299.1. If the victim testifies in court to the

impact of the crime, “[t]he court shall limit the victim’s testimony to the [six] factors set forth in

clauses (i) through (vi) of subsection A of § 19.2-299.1.” Code § 19.2-295.3.

              While providing for victim impact testimony, “Code §§ 19.2-295.3 and 19.2-11.01(B) do

not limit the admission of [other] relevant evidence.” Rock, 45 Va. App. at 263, 610 S.E.2d at

318.

                             Both Code § 19.2-295.3 and the factors it references from Code
                             § 19.2-299.1 expressly apply to victim impact testimony. They do
                             not, by their text or by implication, preclude a trial court from
                             considering testimony from a victim at the sentencing hearing
                             about the underlying facts of the crime, provided that the trial
                             judge concludes, within his broad discretion, that such evidence
                             would help the court fashion an appropriate sentence.

Harvey, 65 Va. App. at 285-86, 777 S.E.2d at 234. Moreover, “[t]he court must take into

account a wide range of information, including the defendant’s remorse or lack thereof, in

determining ‘a sentence that best effectuates the criminal justice system’s goals of deterrence

(general and specific), incapacitation, retribution and rehabilitation.’” Smith v. Commonwealth,

27 Va. App. 357, 363, 499 S.E.2d 11, 14 (1998) (citation omitted). “Consideration of a

                                                            
              3
                  Code § 19.2-299.1 provides in part,

                             If prepared by someone other than the victim, it shall (i) identify
                             the victim, (ii) itemize any economic loss suffered by the victim as
                             a result of the offense, (iii) identify the nature and extent of any
                             physical or psychological injury suffered by the victim as a result
                             of the offense, (iv) detail any change in the victim’s personal
                             welfare, lifestyle or familial relationships as a result of the offense,
                             (v) identify any request for psychological or medical services
                             initiated by the victim or the victim’s family as a result of the
                             offense, and (vi) provide such other information as the court may
                             require related to the impact of the offense upon the victim.

Nothing in the plain text of the statute limits what a victim may include in his or her own victim
impact statement. The trial court has the discretion to determine which parts of the victim’s
impact statement are relevant and therefore admissible. Harvey, 65 Va. App. at 286, 777 S.E.2d
at 235.
                                                 -6-
defendant’s attitude ‘plays an important role in the court’s determination of the rehabilitative

potential [and future dangerousness] of the defendant.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting State

v. Howry, 896 P.2d 1002, 1004 (Idaho Ct. App. 1995)). Thus, “the circumstances of the

individual case will dictate what evidence will be necessary and relevant, and from what sources

it may be drawn.” Rock, 45 Va. App. at 262, 610 S.E.2d at 318 (quoting Beck v.

Commonwealth, 253 Va. 373, 384, 484 S.E.2d 898, 905 (1997)).

              Baldwin acknowledges that the record of prior convictions and probation violations was

properly before the court as part of the presentence report. Moreover, Baldwin acknowledges

that this Court recognized in Harvey, that the code sections pertaining to victim impact testimony

do not preclude a court from considering a victim’s testimony regarding the underlying facts of

the crime if such evidence would help the court fashion an appropriate sentence. See Harvey, 65

Va. App. at 285-86, 777 S.E.2d at 234. Nevertheless, Baldwin argues that M.T.’s testimony

regarding the underlying facts of Baldwin’s prior convictions on related crimes, where she was a

victim, was inadmissible. We disagree.

              Here, M.T.’s testimony regarding the underlying details of Baldwin’s prior convictions4

was relevant in “ensur[ing] that the full impact of [Baldwin’s] crime [was] brought to the

attention of the court[].” Code § 19.2-11.01(A). In the context of the guilt phase of a trial, this

Court has previously held,

                             Where a course of criminal conduct is continuous and interwoven,
                             consisting of a series of related crimes, the perpetrator has no right
                             to have the evidence “sanitized” so as to deny the [factfinder]
                             knowledge of all but the immediate crime for which he is on trial.
                             The fact-finder is entitled to all of the relevant and connected facts,
                             including those which followed the commission of the crime on
                             trial, as well as those which preceded it; even though they may
                             show the defendant guilty of other offenses.
                                                            
              4
         Baldwin does not argue that the details provided by M.T. about the prior crimes are
incorrect, and Baldwin had the opportunity to challenge the written victim impact statement and
to cross-examine M.T. when she testified.
                                               -7-
Currier v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 605, 615, 779 S.E.2d 834, 838-39 (2015) (quoting Scott

v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 519, 526-27, 323 S.E.2d 572, 577 (1984)). We see no reason that

this principle would not apply with the same force during the sentencing phase of a trial. Far

from being an isolated event, Baldwin’s threats in the current offense were part of an ongoing

pattern of threatening and psychologically tormenting this particular victim. Therefore,

Baldwin’s prior relationship with M.T., including his threats to her and his violation of the

protective order, provided the context for the current offense.

       Furthermore, M.T. had the statutory right to “identify the nature and extent of any

physical or psychological injury suffered by [her] as a result of the offense.” Code

§ 19.2-299.1(iii). M.T.’s testimony regarding her disabled daughter and the early relationship

with Baldwin explained why the progressive nature of the threats made them more terrifying to

her. M.T.’s testimony that Baldwin became “more specific about how, when and where he

would kill [her] and what weapon he would use” explained the amplified impact of the later

threats, which showed Baldwin was still determined to carry out this threats. M.T.’s victim

impact statement specifically linked the details of Baldwin’s prior crimes against her to the

psychological impact of the current offense:

               It terrifies me that in spite of his felony conviction for these death
               threats, Baldwin has continued to send similar unwanted letters and
               threats throughout his incarceration featuring many of these
               alarming themes. I asked Mr. Baldwin to leave us alone on August
               3, 2011. Yet four years into his sentence for threats of death or
               bodily injury, Mr. Baldwin was still making terrifying written
               statements from behind bars that strike fear into my heart and
               cause me and many in the community to fear for the safety and
               lives of me, my profoundly disabled daughter, my sister, my
               parents, and all the communities in which I am involved.

(Name of daughter omitted). Additionally, M.T.’s victim impact statement used the details of

the prior crimes to explain the amplified effect of the current offense:



                                                -8-
                        Here is the crux of why I find this second crime so much
               more terrifying and serious than the first. There is one big
               difference, a life or death difference. Prior to his arrest,
               Mr. Baldwin knew only the first names of me and my daughter.
               We had gone on only a handful of dates. That’s all he knew. He
               couldn’t carry out his threats because he couldn’t find me. That’s
               the one thing we had going for us. He wrote about how he was
               hunting me, how it was only a matter of time before he found me,
               and revealed several incidents in which he had successfully mined
               information from unwitting mutual acquaintances about my
               whereabouts. The information was correct and we actually had a
               couple of near misses. It was very scary.
                        The only thing standing in the way of our murders was our
               anonymity. That’s gone now. The price my family has paid for
               reporting Mr. Baldwin’s crimes to the police, is that he’s been able
               as a suspect and defendant, to learn our identities. In these new
               threats, Mr. Baldwin has let us know that this changes everything.
               While turning him in gained my family and our community five
               years of safety, it gained him our identities. I burst into tears when
               I learned that Mr. Baldwin had been provided with the very
               information he needed to hunt us down and murder me and the
               people I hold most dear. I tried desperately to get that information
               redacted to save our lives. I hadn’t known that was going to
               happen but it was too late. I can’t describe the feeling of seeing
               my innocent sister’s name in his writing in letters he then sent from
               jail. I can’t describe the sorrow I felt.

Indeed, M.T. described how Baldwin taunted her with the information and detailed how he

would use it to hunt her down when he was released.

       A primary purpose of the Crime Victim and Witness Rights Act is “to ensure that the full

impact of crime is brought to the attention of the courts of the Commonwealth.” Code

§ 19.2-11.01(A). M.T.’s testimony brought to the attention of the court the scope of Baldwin’s

written threats, especially the increasingly specific and personal nature of the threats. See

Holcomb v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 339, 349, 709 S.E.2d 711, 716 (2011) (finding that

although “[t]o the casual observer the [written statements] may have seemed somewhat

innocuous,” the “specificity demonstrate[d] appellant’s hostility towards [the victim]” because

he “coupled each of these references with desires to violently retaliate against [the victim] and

her family”). Thus, M.T.’s references to Baldwin’s prior threats, and her explanation of why the
                                                -9-
threats in the current offense were more terrifying, ensured that the trial court was aware of the

full impact of Baldwin’s current offense.

       Moreover, M.T. had a statutory right to testify to “any change in [her] personal welfare,

lifestyle or familial relationships as a result of the offense.” Code § 19.2-299.1(iv). M.T.

referenced Baldwin’s prior actions to explain her need to give up a job she loved in order to

protect children from Baldwin’s threatened violence. She explained the change in her

relationship with her daughter and her sister, and especially her increased fear on their behalf,

when Baldwin threatened to harm them as a way to hurt her. The threats of the current offense

against the Center caused M.T. to give up her volunteer work at the Center in an effort to protect

the people there from Baldwin. She testified that this was a painful loss. M.T.’s testimony

regarding her history with Baldwin ensured that the court understood M.T.’s well-founded fear

that Baldwin might find her and harm those she loved as well.

       As a whole, M.T.’s written victim impact statement and testimony were articulate

summaries of the history of Baldwin’s threats against her and alerted the trial court to the full

psychological impact of the current offense. To the extent that M.T.’s testimony did not fall

squarely under the Code provisions permitting victim impact testimony, the statements were still

admissible if they were relevant information for sentencing. See Harvey, 65 Va. App. at 285-86,

777 S.E.2d at 234 (“[The code sections] do not, by their text or by implication, preclude a trial

court from considering testimony from a victim at the sentencing hearing about the underlying

facts of the crime, provided that the trial judge concludes, within his broad discretion, that such

evidence would help the court fashion an appropriate sentence.”); Rock, 45 Va. App. at 263, 610

S.E.2d at 318 (“Code §§ 19.2-295.3 and 19.2-11.01(B) do not limit the admission of [other]

relevant evidence.”). “The court must take into account a wide range of information, including

the defendant’s remorse or lack thereof, in determining ‘a sentence that best effectuates the

                                               - 10 -
criminal justice system’s goals of deterrence (general and specific), incapacitation, retribution

and rehabilitation.’” Smith, 27 Va. App. at 363, 499 S.E.2d at 14. “Consideration of a

defendant’s attitude ‘plays an important role in the court’s determination of the rehabilitative

potential [and future dangerousness] of the defendant.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting

Howry, 896 P.2d at 1004).

       Here, the written threats that form the basis for this offense did not occur randomly or in

isolation. The current threats were part of a multi-year campaign by Baldwin to terrorize M.T.

The details of Baldwin’s prior conduct against the same victim were part of the “wide range of

information” needed to effectuate an appropriate sentence. See id. The trial court was required

to take into account Baldwin’s lack of remorse, as evidenced by testimony that Baldwin blamed

the victim for his incarceration, continued to make threats, and vowed revenge. Incapacitation is

a recognized purpose of incarceration. See id. Baldwin’s taunting of M.T. with the revelation

that he had obtained her personal information and his declaration that he would enjoy her

screams when he hunted her down, supported the trial court’s conclusion that incapacitation was

an important purpose of incarceration in this case.

                       Moreover, the trial judge, by virtue of his training and
               experience, is presumed to have separated the permissible victim
               impact evidence from any potentially prejudicial statements, if any,
               concerning sentencing and to have considered only the former.
               The record amply supports the conclusion that this was done in this
               case and that the trial court’s judgment was not made in an
               arbitrary manner.

Beck, 253 Va. at 386, 484 S.E.2d at 906. “A judge, unlike a juror, is uniquely suited by training,

experience and judicial discipline to disregard potentially prejudicial comments and to separate,

during the mental process of adjudication, the admissible from the inadmissible, even though he

has heard both.” Eckhart v. Commonwealth, 222 Va. 213, 216, 279 S.E.2d 155, 157 (1981).




                                               - 11 -
The record reflects that the judge was aware of the need to separate admissible from inadmissible

testimony.

                                            CONCLUSION

          Clearly, Baldwin’s prior convictions were admissible and relevant during sentencing as

part of a pre-sentencing report. However, to restrict the victim’s reference to the previously

adjudicated threats to the cold record would be to sanitize the facts of the case and ignore the

foundation of terror that Baldwin constructed prior to the current offense. Such restriction would

be the antithesis of the goal of the Crime Victim and Witness Rights Act, which is to ensure that

the victim has the opportunity to convey to the court the full impact of the crime. Baldwin’s

prior detailed threats amplified the psychological injury M.T. suffered from the current offense.

M.T. was entitled to identify these details to the court. Details about the prior threats also

provided vital information for the trial court’s determination of a proper sentence. Finding no

abuse of the trial court’s consideration of M.T.’s testimony and victim impact statement, we

affirm.

                                                                                           Affirmed.




                                                - 12 -
