                    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                                NO. 2014-CA-01774-SCT

PASCAGOULA- GAUTIER SCHOOL DISTRICT,
FORMERLY KNOWN AS PASCAGOULA SCHOOL
DISTRICT AND CITY OF PASCAGOULA,
MISSISSIPPI

v.

BOARD OF SUPERVISORS OF JACKSON
COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI


DATE OF JUDGMENT:                          11/19/2014
TRIAL JUDGE:                               HON. SAMAC S. RICHARDSON
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                 JACKSON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS:                  WILLIAM E. WHITFIELD, III
                                           KIMBERLY DAWN SAUCIER ROSETTI
                                           EDDIE C. WILLIAMS
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:                     JACKYE C. BERTUCCI
NATURE OF THE CASE:                        CIVIL - OTHER
DISPOSITION:                               AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART
                                           AND REMANDED - 10/20/2016
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:



       BEFORE DICKINSON, P.J., KITCHENS AND KING, JJ.

       KING, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    The Pascagoula-Gautier School District and the City of Pascagoula took issue with

the Jackson County Board of Supervisors’ approval of the Tax Assessor’s methodology in

assessing taxes on Chevron’s leasehold interest in property it leased from Jackson County.

After several years of litigation, and after the trial court had denied two motions to dismiss
for lack of standing, the trial court sua sponte reversed course and granted the second motion

to dismiss for lack of standing. It reasoned that the School District and City lacked standing

because Mississippi Code Section 11-51-77 does not specifically grant them standing.

Because the School District and the City need not show a specific statute authorizing

standing, and because they have otherwise demonstrated standing, we reverse the trial court

judgment on this issue. As subsidiary matters, the School District and the City appeal the

trial court’s orders granting the Board’s demand for jury trial under Section 11-51-77 and

denying the PGSD’s motion to join Chevron as a party. We affirm the trial court’s decision

to grant the Board’s demand for a jury trial and reverse the trial court’s order declining to

join Chevron as a party.

                       FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2.    In 1982, Jackson County and Chevron executed a lease allowing Chevron to lease

property owned by Jackson County.1 Because the property itself was owned by Jackson

County and was thus not taxable, Jackson County and Chevron entered into in lieu of tax

agreements. The in lieu of tax agreements provided that, so long as the property or

Chevron’s interest in the property were not subject to taxation, Chevron would pay an

amount of money in lieu of taxes. Chevron was to pay

       An amount equal to the aggregate of (1) an amount equal to the state and
       county ad valorem taxes which otherwise would be lawfully levied by the
       County, and which otherwise would be due by the Company, on property of

       1
         Bonds were issued for two projects on this land – the parties sometimes refer to them
as the Pollution Control Bonds and the Port Bonds. Each project had separate in lieu of tax
agreements, but the in lieu of agreements were essentially the same and the parties appear
to treat the two projects as one property in this case.

                                              2
       like kind and character as the Pollution Control Project and the Additional
       Pollution Control Project [and the Port Project], and (2) an amount equal to the
       annual municipal separate school district ad valorem taxes which otherwise
       would be lawfully levied by the City of Pascagoula, and which otherwise
       would be due by the Company, on property of like kind and character as the
       Pollution Control Project and the Additional Pollution Control Project [and the
       Port Project][.]

The Chevron property is located in the Pascagoula-Gautier School District (formerly the

Pascagoula School District).2 However, it is not located within the boundaries of the City

of Pascagoula. Since the property is in the County, but the City is the taxing authority for the

school district in which the property is located, the County assesses and collects the taxes for

the City per interlocal agreement. The Board of Supervisors’ resolution on the in lieu of

agreements provided that the monies received in lieu of the school district ad valorem taxes

would “be divided by the County among all of the School Districts in Jackson County based

upon the average daily attendance of the number of pupils attending the public schools in

Jackson County.” Further, in 2007, the Legislature passed a law that provided that revenue

from school district ad valorem taxes levied on properties such as Chevron’s property shall

be distributed to all the public school districts in the county in which the property is located.

See Pascagoula School Dist. v. Tucker, 91 So. 3d 598, 600-01 (Miss. 2012). The

Pascagoula School District filed suit, arguing that this statute was unconstitutional, as the

constitution provides that a school district may levy a tax to maintain its schools, not its

schools and several others. Id. at 602-03. This Court found the school district’s argument

persuasive and declared the statute unconstitutional. Id. at 606-07. This mandated that all

       2
       The school district’s name changed from the Pascagoula School District to the
Pascagoula-Gautier School District on February 9, 2015.

                                               3
of the school district ad valorem funds from the Chevron property go to the Pascagoula

School District. Id.

¶3.    During the pendency of this litigation, the Pascagoula School District (which

hereinafter will be referred to by its current name, the Pascagoula-Gautier School District,

or PGSD) discovered that the Chevron property was still on the in lieu of tax rolls nearly

twenty years after the lease was signed, instead of the regular tax rolls, as required by law.

See Miss. Const. art. 7, § 182 (providing that certain tax exemptions may not exceed ten

years). In 2010, the PGSD began requesting that Jackson County place the Chevron Leases

on the tax rolls. Also in 2010, while the Chevron Leases were still on the in lieu of rolls, the

property was assessed for the in lieu of rolls at a true value of $58,706,097, which gave an

assessed value of $17,611,829, which, at the school district’s 48.3900 millage rate, led to

$852,236.41 in taxes collected for the school district. Finally, in October 2011, Jackson

County added the Chevron Leases to the tax rolls. The 2011 assessed value was determined

to be $8,422,716, less than half of the assessed value during the prior year.3 During the time

the appraisal was being done and was awaiting approval, the PGSD communicated with the

Jackson County Board of Supervisors (hereinafter Board) and the Jackson County Tax

Assessor in an attempt to understand how the assessment was calculated.

¶4.    After the Board approved the assessment in October of 2011, the PGSD and City of

Pascagoula (hereinafter City) filed notices of appeal and a bill of exceptions in the Circuit

Court of Jackson County. The Bill of Exceptions alleged that Chevron signed an in lieu of

       3
          The tax assessor asserts that it valued the leasehold at 50% of the land’s value in fee
simple.

                                                4
agreement that Chevron would pay a fee equal to the ad valorem taxes it otherwise would

owe on the leasehold value of the property, that the 2011 “50% rule” valuation was not based

upon legal authority or an official appraisal publication, but was simply used as a “rule of

thumb” by the tax assessor’s office, that the assessment did not take into account the factors

generally used in assessing a leasehold interest, that the assessment is not based upon

substantial evidence, that the assessment does not reflect the true value of the leasehold, that

the assessment is arbitrary and capricious, and that the assessment is in violation of certain

statutory and constitutional provisions. The City moved to consolidate the cases filed by

itself and the PGSD, and the motion was granted. On January 30, 2012, the Board moved

the Court to dismiss the case for lack of standing. On April 3, 2012, the trial court denied

the motion to dismiss.4 The PGSD then moved for a trial de novo. The circuit court found

that the motion “at this time” should be denied and the case remanded for the Board to

conduct a hearing on the issue, so that a complete record could be submitted to the circuit

court.

¶5.      In the meantime, the situation was repeating itself with the 2012 assessment of the

Chevron taxes, with the assessment being approximately half of what it was when the land

was on the in lieu rolls. On August 27, 2012, the Board held a hearing on this 2012

assessment and objection, culminating with the Board denying the objection, finding that the

PGSD and the City lacked standing, and that their claims also were without merit. Chevron

participated in this hearing, arguing that it was entitled to notice, or at least should have been

         4
       The Board filed a Petition for Permission for Interlocutory Appeal with this Court,
which it then sought to have voluntarily dismissed. The petition was so dismissed.

                                                5
put on the pleadings. The PGSD and the City appealed this determination to the circuit court.

The situation essentially repeated itself with the 2013 and 2014 assessments, and the appeals

from each year’s assessment all were consolidated by the circuit court.

¶6.    On September 18, 2012, the Board held a hearing on the 2011 objection. Chevron

participated. The Board denied the objection, finding that the PGSD and the City failed to

follow the proper procedures to object and that their arguments also were without merit. The

case went back to circuit court, where, as mentioned, it eventually was consolidated with the

2012 case, and subsequently, with the 2013 and 2014 cases.

¶7.    On January 18, 2013, the circuit judges in the district all recused themselves and

requested that this Court appoint a special judge to hear the matter. This Court appointed

Judge Samac Richardson. On April 8, 2013, the Board filed a second motion to dismiss for

lack of standing that was virtually identical to the motion filed in 2012. Chevron joined the

motion to dismiss. On May 20, 2013, the circuit court denied the 2013 motion to dismiss for

lack of standing. On the same day, the trial court granted the PGSD’s motion for a trial de

novo pursuant to Mississippi Code Section 11-51-77. Both the Board and Chevron

separately petitioned this Court for permission to appeal from the interlocutory order denying

the motion to dismiss for lack of standing, and this Court denied both petitions.

¶8.    During the continuation of the cases, Chevron fully participated in the case, filing

pleadings and motions, making arguments, and never entering any sort of “special”

appearance or limiting its participation, yet it never filed a motion to intervene. During this

time, Chevron participated in the following ways:



                                              6
1. Participating in the hearing on the 2012 objection, including a statement that
it “should” be on the pleadings on the objection.

2. Participating in the hearing on the 2011 objection.

3. Filing a joinder in the Board’s Motion to Dismiss Appeal pursuant to
Section 11-51-75.

4. Filing a joinder in the Board’s Objection to Motion to Consolidate Cases.

5. Filing a joinder in the Board’s Motion to Strike Exhibits.

6. Filing a joinder in the Board’s Certificate of Deficiencies in Amended and
Supplemental Bill of Exceptions.

7. Filing a Motion to Affirm Resolution of the Board of Supervisors of
Jackson County, Mississippi, Denying the Objection to Assessment Filed by
City of Pascagoula and Pascagoula School District as to Certain Leasehold
Interests Held by Chevron U.S.A. Inc. and Making Findings of Fact and
Conclusions of Law. The Board ultimately filed a joinder in this motion.

8. Noticing a hearing for the above motion.

9. Filing a Reply to the PGSD’s Response to the above motion.

10. Filing a Response to Supplementation to Response to the above motion.

11. Filing a joinder in the Board’s 2013 Motion to Dismiss for Lack of
Standing.

12. Filing a Reply to Response in Opposition to the Board’s Motion to Dismiss
for Lack of Standing.

13. Filing a joinder in the Board’s Reply to the Response in Opposition to the
Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Standing.

14. Filing a re-notice of hearing for its Motion to Affirm the Resolution of the
Board.

15. Filing a second re-notice of hearing for the above motion.

16. Filing a joinder in the Board’s Response to Motion to Consolidate.

                                       7
       17. Participating in the May 6, 2013 hearing on standing. This included a
       statement that “Chevron is here because we kind of had to force ourselves into
       a case where people are trying to raise our taxes. And it’s the process that is
       objectionable, and not the fact that we’re paying taxes[.]”

¶9.    Meanwhile, the proceedings were moving along with trial preparations. The PGSD

served Chevron with discovery. Chevron responded by, for the first time, arguing that it was

not required to respond to discovery because it was not a party to the appeal. The PGSD

moved to compel Chevron’s discovery responses, and Chevron continued to respond that it

was not a party. At the hearing on this issue, the court indicated that the proper procedures

had not been followed, and that Chevron indeed was not a party. The PGSD then filed a

Motion to Join Chevron U.S.A. Inc. as a party in the matter, pursuant to Rule 19 and/or Rule

20. The court denied PGSD’s motion.

¶10.   Concurrently, the parties were arguing over whether to conduct a jury trial or a bench

trial. The Board made a Demand for Jury Trial, which the PGSD and City opposed. After

a hearing on the matter, the circuit court granted the Board’s demand for a jury trial.

¶11.   On November 19, 2014, the circuit court sua sponte reconsidered its previous ruling(s)

on standing. It granted the Board’s motion to dismiss for lack of standing, finding that

Section 11-51-77 “allows only the taxpayer who retains an ownership or possessory interest

in the subject property to appeal the assessment.” It noted that “[a]lthough, not specifically

prohibited by the statute, it just seems unfair to allow one person to contest the tax

assessment of another. I would think that an aggrieved person would typically be one who

was over assessed rather than one who was under assessed or a third party contesting the



                                              8
under assessment of another.” The instant appeal resulted. The PGSD and City appeal the

motion to dismiss for lack of standing, as well as the order granting a jury trial and the order

denying their motion to join Chevron as a party.

                                         ANALYSIS

A. Standing

¶12.   This Court applies a de novo standard of review to its review of standing. SASS

Muni-V, LLC v. DeSoto County, 170 So. 3d 441, 445 (Miss. 2015).

¶13.   Mississippi has “quite liberal” standing requirements, especially as compared to the

standing requirements set out in Article III of the United States Constitution. Id. at 445-46.

To have standing, a party must: 1) “assert a colorable interest in the subject matter of the

litigation”; or 2) “experience an adverse effect from the conduct of the defendant”; or 3) be

“otherwise authorized by law” to sue. Id. at 446 (internal quotations omitted). “An interest

is deemed colorable if it appears to be true, valid, or right[,]” and the entitlement to assert a

claim must be grounded in some legal right recognized by either statute or common law. Id.

(internal quotations omitted). Furthermore, to establish standing based on experiencing an

adverse effect, that adverse effect that is “experienced must be different from the adverse

effect experienced by the general public.” Id. (internal quotations omitted). Additionally,

“this Court has been more permissive in granting standing to parties who seek review of

governmental actions.” State v. Quitman County, 807 So. 2d 401, 405 (Miss. 2001) (internal

quotations omitted). Because PGSD clearly experienced an adverse impact different from




                                               9
the effect experienced by the general public, it has standing, and we decline to address

whether a colorable interest exists or whether PGSD otherwise is authorized by law to sue.5

¶14.   The PGSD and the City argue that, as the direct recipient of the revenue from the taxes

collected and the taxing authority, the PGSD and City experience an adverse effect different

than that of the general public. They also note that the School District has a statutory duty

to secure proper funding. The Board argues that the PGSD and City do not suffer any

adverse effect that is different from that of the general public. It argues that any adverse

effect is the same as experienced by any parent with a child in the school district. It points

to cases in other states in which those courts found that a third party did not have standing

to challenge a tax assessment.6 It also argues that finding that the PGSD and the City


       5
         In arguing whether the PGSD has standing because it otherwise is authorized by law
to sue, the PGSD and the City argue that Section 11-51-77 allows them to appeal the tax
assessment on the Chevron property. The Board argues that Section 11-51-77 does not
authorize the PGSD to appeal the tax assessment, and that, while it allows the City to appeal,
the City did not do so through the appropriate procedures. To be clear, we do not address
whether the PGSD and the City followed the appropriate procedures. The Board does not
argue simply that the suit should be dismissed for procedural defects. Rather, it argues that
any alleged procedural defects strip the PGSD and the City of standing. But standing is a
jurisdictional matter and cannot be eliminated by a mere failure to follow a procedure.
Whether the case should be dismissed for procedural defects is an entirely different issue, not
properly raised on appeal.
       6
        Those cases are distinguishable. See City of Richmond Heights v. Board of
Equalization of St. Louis County, 586 S.W.2d 338 (Mo. 1979) (Missouri law provided that
political subdivisions of the state may not appeal underassessments unless they have express
statutory authorization; no such statutory authorization existed); Dallas County Bd. of Educ.
v. Henry, 507 So. 2d 911 (Ala. 1987) (this case did not examine standing at all, but rather
the rules of civil procedure; taxpayers brought class action challenging the methodology
used to value land for ad valorem tax purposes, and the Dallas County Board of Education
moved to intervene as of right pursuant to the Alabama Rules of Civil Procedure that
provided that an applicant with an “interest relating to the property or transaction” that is the
subject of the action and when the disposition of the action may impede the party’s ability

                                               10
experience an adverse effect would open the floodgates of litigation, because any taxpayer

could challenge any other taxpayer’s assessment.

¶15.   In City of Belmont v. Mississippi State Tax Commission, several municipalities sued

the tax commission, arguing that the State was not following the law in its diversion of state

sales tax funds to the municipalities. 850 So. 2d 289 (Miss. 2003). The trial court in City

of Belmont determined that no statute or constitutional provision specifically granted

authority to the municipalities to sue, thus, the municipalities lacked standing. Id. at 296.

The trial court also found that the State Auditor had the exclusive authority to bring the sort

of action brought in the case. Id. Similarly in this case, the trial court found that Section 11-

51-77 did not authorize the PGSD to bring suit, and that the district attorney, county attorney,

and/or Attorney General had the exclusive authority to bring such a suit on behalf of the City

under the statute.7 The trial court did not determine whether the PGSD and the City had a


to protect that interest; Board claimed that if the taxpayers prevailed, they may be required
to refund taxes; Court held that the “interest” of the Board under the rules of civil procedure
amounted to no more than a “concern” for the outcome of the litigation that was shared by
all citizens of the county and all governmental agencies that received taxes).
       7
       The relevant portion of Section 11-51-77 referring to a municipality being aggrieved
by a decision of the Board of Supervisors states:

       The county attorney, the district attorney, or the Attorney General, if the state,
       county or municipality be aggrieved by a decision of the board of supervisors
       or the municipal authorities of a city, town, or village as to the assessment of
       taxes, may, within twenty days after the adjournment of the meeting at which
       such decision is made, or within twenty days after the adjournment of the
       meeting at which the assessment rolls are corrected in accordance with the
       instructions of the state tax commission, or within twenty days after the
       adjournment of the meeting of the board of supervisors at which the approval
       of the roll by the state tax commission is entered, appeal to the circuit court of
       the county in like manner as in the case of any person aggrieved as

                                               11
colorable interest in the subject matter of the litigation or experienced an adverse effect. The

Court in City of Belmont found that “[t]he Municipalities clearly have a colorable interest

in the subject matter of this litigation concerning statutorily prescribed sales tax diversions.”

Id. at 297. The Municipalities had argued that their standing was based on their colorable

interest deriving from their status as direct beneficiaries of the sales tax diversion statutes and

as the ones experiencing the adverse effects of the State’s actions. Id. at 295. This Court

also found that the trial court erred in finding that the State Auditor had the exclusive

authority to bring these suits, as, while the statute gave the State Auditor the power to bring

the suits, it did not give the Auditor exclusive authority. Id. at 297.

¶16.   While City of Belmont found the issue of colorable interest dispositive, this case is

similar to City of Belmont in that the PGSD is the direct beneficiary of the school district

taxes assessed on the property. The City is the taxing authority for the school district taxes

on the property. Moreover, both the PGSD and the City have statutory duties associated with

the taxes. “Each school board shall submit to the levying authority for the school district a

certified copy of an order adopted by the school board requesting an ad valorem tax effort

in dollars for the support of the school district.” Miss. Code Ann. § 37-57-104(1) (Rev.

2014) (emphasis added). The copy of the order must be submitted at the same time as the

copies of the school district’s budget are filed with the levying authority, pursuant to statutory


       hereinbefore provided, except no bond shall be required, and such appeal may
       be otherwise governed by the provisions of this section.

Miss. Code Ann. § 11-51-77 (Rev. 2012).



                                                12
law. Id. “Upon receipt of the school board’s order requesting the ad valorem tax effort in

dollars, the levying authority shall determine the millage rate necessary to generate funds

equal to the dollar amount requested by the school board.” Id. (emphasis added). Moreover,

“[t]he governing authorities of the municipalities shall levy and collect all taxes for and

behalf of all school districts which were designated as municipal separate school districts

prior to July 1, 1986.” Miss. Code Ann. § 37-57-1(1)(a) (emphasis added).

¶17.   The average taxpayer in the district, or the average parent of a child in the school

district, is neither the direct beneficiary of ad valorem taxes, nor is he or she under any

statutory or fiduciary duty to levy taxes or to budget and pay for the education of the students

in the district. The PGSD and the City clearly experience an adverse effect that is different

from that of the average parent of a child in the school district. Their funding is reduced by

any allegedly improperly low tax assessment, the City must set a higher millage rate for the

rest of its taxpayers in order to meet the budget; plus, the school district must incur certain

costs encountered in raising millage rates. See Miss. Code Ann. § 37-57-104 (Rev. 2014).

The PGSD and the City both experience an adverse effect from the conduct of the Board, and

that adverse effect is different from that experienced by the general public. The PGSD and

the Board consequently have standing to sue the Board in this matter.

B. Jury Trial

¶18.   The PGSD and City argue that the trial court erred in granting the Board’s demand for

a jury trial under Section 11-51-77, which provides that any appeal of a tax assessment shall

be tried anew in circuit court. This Court affirms the decision of the trial court. See



                                              13
Riverboat Corp. of Mississippi v. Harrison Cty. Bd. of Supervisors, 198 So. 3d 289 (Miss.

2016).

C. Joinder of Chevron as a Party

¶19.     This Court reviews issues of joinder for abuse of discretion. Riverbend Utils., Inc.

v. Brennan, 68 So. 3d 59, 61 (Miss. 2011).

¶20.     The PGSD and the City argue that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to

order Chevron’s joinder under Rules 19 and 20 of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure.

They further argue that Chevron waived any right to object to being joined due to its

unfettered participation in the case. The Board argues that the PGSD and the City have taken

inconsistent positions with regard to Chevron, essentially admitting that Chevron should not

be joined, and further arguing that the trial court’s decision was proper under Rules 19 and

20.

¶21.     A majority of this Court agrees that Chevron should have been joined as a party, but

the majority has differing views as to the reason Chevron should have been joined. Some

members of the majority believe that Chevron should be joined as a party under Rule 19.8

         8
         Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 19 states:

         (a) Persons to Be Joined if Feasible. A person who is subject to the jurisdiction
         of the court shall be joined as a party in the action if:

         (1) in his absence complete relief cannot be accorded among those already
         parties, or

         (2) he claims an interest relating to the subject of the action and is so situated
         that the disposition of the action in his absence may (i) as a practical matter
         impair or impede his ability to protect that interest or (ii) leave any of the
         persons already parties subject to a substantial risk of incurring double,

                                                14
Other members of the majority believe that Chevron, through its participation in the case,

waived the right to object to its joinder as a party.9 Either way, a majority agrees that the trial


       multiple, or otherwise inconsistent obligations by reason of his claimed
       interest.

        Subsection (2) requires Chevron’s joinder as a necessary party. Chevron has claimed
an interest in the subject matter of this litigation, and the failure to join Chevron as a party
would leave both the District and tax assessor at a substantial risk of facing double litigation.
The relief at issue here is the tax assessor’s valuation of Chevron’s property, and the
increased tax revenue the District believes it will receive with an appropriate valuation. Both
before the board of supervisors and in the circuit court, Chevron has participated in this
litigation, specifically arguing that, as the taxpayer who would be subjected to paying
increased taxes if the District prevails, it was entitled to notice and an opportunity to protect
its interest in this litigation. Though Chevron has never formally moved to intervene,
certainly it has asserted “an interest in the subject matter of the litigation.”

       The Advisory Committee Note to Rule 19 explains that the rule is intended to avoid
multiple litigation and provide complete relief through a single judicial proceeding:

       There is no precise formula for determining whether a particular nonparty must
       be joined under Rule 19(b). The decision has to be made in terms of the
       general policies of avoiding multiple litigation, providing the parties with
       complete and effective relief in a single action, and protecting the absent
       persons from the possible prejudicial effect of deciding the case without them.

This case presents exactly that concern.

        Chevron’s absence creates a substantial risk of double litigation. If the District
prevails in this litigation, Chevron’s tax burden for the subject property will be increased.
It takes no crystal ball to discern a substantial risk that Chevron, if not a party to this
litigation, will initiate its own litigation to challenge its increased tax burden.
       9
        “Waiver is voluntary surrender or relinquishment of some known right.” Sentinel
Indus. Contracting Corp. v. Kimmins Indus. Serv. Corp., 743 So. 2d 954, 964 (Miss. 1999)
(internal quotations omitted). This includes “conduct which implies the voluntary and
intentional relinquishment of a known right.” Charter Oak Fire Ins. Co. v. B.J. Enters. of
Miss., LLC, 156 So. 3d 357, 361 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014). Chevron clearly has waived the
right to object to joinder due to its conduct: its substantive, extensive, voluntary, and
unqualified participation in the matter. Indeed, by its conduct, Chevron unequivocally
participated as if it was a party yet now attempts to resist its designation as a party.

                                                15
court erred by failing to join Chevron as a party to the litigation. We therefore reverse the

trial court on this issue.

                                       CONCLUSION

¶22.   The trial court erred when it determined that the PGSD and the City lacked standing

because Section 11-51-77 does not authorize them to sue. A party need not be authorized by

a specific statute to have standing, if that party has a colorable interest in the subject matter

of the litigation or experiences an adverse effect from the conduct of the defendant. The

PGSD and the City certainly experienced an adverse effect different from the general public

from the Board’s conduct. Thus, we reverse the trial court’s decision to grant the motion to

dismiss for lack of standing and remand the case for further proceedings.




        The dissent to this section attempts to equate PGSD’s failure to object to Chevron’s
participation, and its reasonable statements allowing Chevron to be heard before the trial
court (a result of Chevron’s affirmative actions acting as if it was a party), as if it is equal
to Chevron’s numerous affirmative actions participating as if it was a party to the litigation.
Our waiver jurisprudence does not treat a failure to object as stringently as it does
affirmative action. For example, a criminal defendant who fails to object to evidence
introduced by the State may still have the issue reviewed on appeal for plain error. Lafayette
v. State, 90 So. 3d 1215, 1218 (Miss. 2012). However, a criminal defendant who
affirmatively introduces evidence himself may not then complain on appeal that he
introduced that evidence. Fleming v. State, 604 So. 2d 280, 289 (Miss. 1992) (“It is
axiomatic that a defendant cannot complain on appeal concerning evidence that he himself
brought out at trial.”). PGSD’s failure to object and attempt to be reasonable in a lengthy
litigation is simply not the equivalent of Chevron’s multiple, pervasive affirmative actions
acting as a party over a course of years.

       Moreover, the dissent notes that PGSD argued that it was not required under
statutory law to give Chevron notice of its original challenge to the Board of Supervisors
and somehow conflates this to the PGSD admitting that Chevron should not be joined under
any circumstances. Such is simply not the case.

                                               16
¶23.     We affirm the trial court’s decision to grant the Board a jury trial, pursuant to

Riverboat.10

¶24.     The trial court erred in denying the motion to join Chevron as a party. This Court

reverses this decision of the trial court and remands for further proceedings consistent with

this opinion.

¶25.     AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED.

     WALLER, C.J., DICKINSON AND RANDOLPH, P.JJ., KITCHENS AND
MAXWELL, JJ., CONCUR. COLEMAN, J., CONCURS IN PART AND DISSENTS
IN PART WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY LAMAR AND
BEAM, JJ.; MAXWELL, J., JOINS IN PART.

    COLEMAN, JUSTICE, CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN
PART:

¶26.     While I concur with the majority’s analysis of the first two issues, I respectfully

dissent from its amorphous analyses of the issue of joinder. The majority holds that the trial

judge abused his discretion in denying the motion to join Chevron but does not agree on a

reason. Some members of the majority – we do not know which ones or how many – believe

Chevron waived its right to object to joinder by its voluntary participation in the case. No

legal basis – statutory, caselaw, or procedural rule – exists to support the majority’s premise

that Chevron’s participation waived its right to object to its joinder. More troubling, the

general law of waiver upon which some in the majority rely applies just as much – if not

more so – to the school district than to Chevron. The school district sat by for months

allowing Chevron to participate as a nonparty in the litigation and did not request joinder

         10
          Riverboat Corp. of Miss. v. Harrison Cty. Bd. of Supervisors, 198 So. 3d 289 (Miss.
2016).

                                              17
until the end. Indeed, as more fully set forth below, during a hearing in front of the trial

judge early in the litigation, the school district expressly disavowed the need for Chevron to

be a party.

¶27.   Today, the Court acts in a wholly arbitrary fashion by choosing to apply the waiver

doctrine to one party when the doctrine is equally – or even more – applicable to the other.

We act on a whim.

¶28.   Other members of the majority – again, we do not know how many or which ones –

believe the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to join Chevron as a compulsory party

claiming an interest under Rule 20(a)(2). The majority does so despite the fact that Chevron

opposes joinder and despite the fact that the party at risk of double litigation – the county –

told the trial judge that it took no position on whether Chevron should be joined.

¶29.   I would hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the joinder of

Chevron under Rule 19 or Rule 20 of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure.

¶30.   Our standard of review for joinder issues is abuse of discretion. Illinois Cent. R.R.

Co. v. Gregory, 912 So. 2d 829, 833 (¶ 5) (Miss. 2005).      “Abuse of discretion is the most

deferential standard of review appellate courts employ.” Ashmore v. Miss. Auth. on Educ.

Television, 148 So. 3d 977, 982 (Miss. 2014). The abuse of discretion standard mandates

that we “must affirm the decision, regardless of what any of us individually might have ruled

had we been the judge, unless there is a definite and firm conviction that the court below

committed clear error.” Ferguson v. Univ. of Miss. Med. Ctr., 179 So. 3d 1060, 1064 (Miss.

2015) (internal citations omitted). In light of the history of the case and arguments presented



                                              18
to the trial judge at the hearing on the joinder motion, discussed more fully below, I cannot

reach the conclusion that the trial judge abused his discretion in denying the school district’s

motion to join Chevron in the appeal being pursued by the school district.

¶31.   Rule 19(a) provides for compulsory joinder of a party if:

       (1) in his absence complete relief cannot be accorded among those already
       parties, or

       (2) he claims an interest relating to the subject of the action and is so situated
       that the disposition of the action in his absence may (i) as a practical matter
       impair or impede his ability to protect that interest or (ii) leave any of the
       persons already parties subject to a substantial risk of incurring double,
       multiple, or otherwise inconsistent obligations by reason of his claimed
       interest.

M.R.C.P. 19(a).11 Additionally, the Advisory Committee’s note to Rule 19 provides four

main questions to consider: 1) “the plaintiff’s interest in having a forum”; 2) “the defendant’s

wish to avoid multiple litigation, inconsistent relief, or sole responsibility for a liability

shared with another”; 3) “the interest of an outsider whom it would have been desirable to

join”; and 4) “the interest of the courts and the public in complete, consistent, and efficient

settlement of controversies.”

¶32.   Chevron is not an indispensable party under either prong of Rule 19(a). “[J]oinder of

parties is only necessary if complete relief cannot be accorded among those who are already

parties to the suit.” Craft v. Craft, 825 So. 2d 605, 610 (¶20) (Miss. 2002). Under Rule

19(a)(1), the parties involved can receive complete relief without Chevron’s participation in



       11
         It is difficult to gather from the record and briefs whether the school district is
attempting to join Chevron as a defendant or as an involuntary plaintiff who also is
involuntarily challenging the methodology.

                                              19
the suit. Chevron is not involved with and has no say in determining the process by which

its tax assessor evaluates the property or the appropriate methodology for assessing the taxes.

Chevron’s absence would not prevent either party from obtaining complete relief regarding

the proper methodology to evaluate the tax assessment.

¶33.   Neither does Rule 19(a)(2), upon which some of the members of the majority rely,

provide relief for the school district. First, though Chevron may have an interest in the

correct methodology being used to assess the taxes it will pay, the school district has not

articulated how Chevron’s absence would impede Chevron’s ability to protect its interest.

Additionally, the school district has not explained how it would be subject to multiple

obligations were Chevron not a party to the lawsuit. “It is the duty of counsel to make more

than an assertion; they should state reasons for their propositions, and cite authorities in their

support.” Williams v. State, 708 So. 2d 1358 (Miss. 1998). Also of note, Rule 19(a)(2)

contemplates that the party to be joined “claims an interest relating to the subject matter” of

the litigation, and – although Chevron is not a party to the appeal – the record clearly

demonstrates that Chevron denied any interest in joinder.

¶34.   The hearing on the school district’s motion to join Chevron took place on June 11,

2014. Present were attorneys for the school district, an attorney for Chevron, an attorney for

the City of Pascagoula, and an attorney for Jackson County. As an initial matter, Jackson

County, which would be the party at risk of double litigation should Chevron not be joined,

took no position on the issue of joinder. Counsel for Jackson County stated, “. . . you may

notice we did not file anything on this particular issue. So we are basically here to see what



                                               20
the Court decides.” It is worthy of note that, despite the possible threat of double litigation,

the entity so-threatened did not argue for joinder before the trial court.

¶35.   Furthermore, at the hearing on the motion to join Chevron, the school district

contradicted its earlier position regarding the necessity of Chevron’s involvement as a party.

As the majority opinion notes, the trial court denied two motions filed by Jackson County to

dismiss the case, in which the county argued that the school district lacked standing. The

parties argued the first motion to dismiss for lack of standing on March 16, 2012. In short,

Jackson County argued that the right to bring the claims at issue belonged to Chevron, and

not to the school district. The school district responded and argued to the trial court that it

had a colorable interest and could proceed as a party challenging the tax assessment to

Chevron without the involvement of Chevron. An attorney for Chevron appeared at and

participated in the hearing on Jackson County’s second motion to dismiss, held on May 6,

2013. After counsel for Chevron addressed the Court, the attorney for the school district

noted his presence and noted that Chevron had not interpleaded or otherwise joined as a

party, but he did not object or ask the Court to exclude Chevron absent joinder. Later,

counsel for the school district argued that the school district had standing to contest the tax

appropriate to Chevron whether Chevron had notice or not and whether Chevron participated

or not. Counsel for the City of Pascagoula, when given his turn to argue to the trial court,

pointed out the unlikelihood of Chevron joining in litigation and contesting a tax assessment

that “cuts their payments in half.” Both the school district and the city argued that Chevron

need not even be notified of the action. When the Court later heard arguments on the motion



                                              21
to join Chevron, counsel for Chevron reminded the Court that the school district and the city

had taken the position that the taxpayer need not be involved.

¶36.   In addition, neither the majority nor the school district identifies the type of party

Chevron would be if joined. The school district and the city, which are in the position of

plaintiffs in the appeal of the county’s tax assessment below, wish to increase Chevron’s tax

burden, so it would not make sense for Chevron to be joined as a compulsory plaintiff.

       From our reading of the relevant authorities, we believe that this is not a
       proper case for joinder of the absent party as a Rule 19(a) “involuntary
       plaintiff.” The “proper case” is meant to cover only those instances where the
       absent party has either a duty to allow the plaintiff to use his name in the action
       or some sort of an obligation to join plaintiff in the action.

Eikel v. States Marine Lines, Inc., 473 F.2d 959, 962 (5th Cir. 1973). Chevron has no role

in assessing the taxes levied by the county. Accordingly, no relief sought by the school

district or city could be ordered against Chevron, which makes it unnecessary as a defendant.

¶37.   Neither party that would be affected by duplicative litigation, Chevron or Jackson

County, asked the trial court below to join Chevron as a party. Neither the school district nor

the majority has shown that the school district will not be afforded complete relief absent

Chevron’s joinder. In light of the above-described procedural history and the fact that

Jackson County did not, when given clear opportunity to do so, join in the request to join

Chevron as a party, the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in refusing to join Chevron.

¶38.   Rule 20 provides for permissive joinder as follows

       All persons may join in one action as plaintiffs if they assert any right to relief
       jointly, severally, or in the alternative in respect of or arising out of the same
       transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences, and if any
       question of law or fact common to all these persons will arise in the action. All

                                               22
       persons may be joined in one action as defendants if there is asserted against
       them jointly, severally, or in the alternative, any right to relief in respect of or
       arising out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or
       occurrences, and if any question of law or fact common to all defendants will
       arise in the action. A plaintiff or defendant need not be interested in obtaining
       or defending against all the relief demanded. Judgment may be given for one
       or more of the plaintiffs according to their respective rights to relief, and
       against one or more defendants according to their respective liabilities.

M.R.C.P. 20(a). “Rule 20 gives trial courts broad discretion in determining when and how

to try claims.” Hegwood v. Williamson, 949 So. 2d 728, 730 (¶5) (Miss. 2007) (citing

Wyeth-Ayerst Labs. v. Caldwell, 905 So. 2d 1205, 1207 (¶6) (Miss. 2005)). Notwithstanding

its prior participation, Chevron strongly expresses an interest in not being joined, has not

filed a motion to be joined, and has not initiated a separate right to relief to be considered

under Rule 20. Thus, the permissive language in Rule 20 appears to offer the school district

no relief. Again, the issue in the present case is whether the tax assessor used the proper

methodology in valuing the taxes owed. Chevron has no involvement in determining the

methodology for the assessment; therefore, it is difficult to understand and certainly was not

explained by the school district, what relief Chevron would offer by being joined as a party.

Similarly to the lack of Rule 19 analysis, the school district’s brief does not contain any

application of Rule 20 to the facts of the present case or cite to any relevant authority;

therefore, I decline to analyze the issue further. See Grey v. Grey, 638 So. 2d 488, 491 (Miss.

1994); Williams v. State, 708 So. 2d 1358 (Miss. 1998).

¶39.   In coming to the conclusion that Chevron should not be joined, the trial court

reviewed the relevant documents and heard argument from Chevron and the school district




                                               23
and the City. Based on my review of the record, I cannot hold that the trial court abused its

discretion in denying the joinder of Chevron.

¶40.   Finally, the majority does a disservice to the parties and the members of the bench and

bar by issuing a majority opinion in its present form. The majority reaches an agreement on

a result but not on the law governing the result. It may do so. See White’s Lumber Supply

Co. v. Collins, 186 Miss. 659, 191 So. 105, 106 (1939). However, five justices in the instant

case voted with the majority. One reading our opinions will not know how many justices

agree in whole or in part with either of the two rationales advanced by the majority. I am

unable to discern any reason to withhold the votes from the parties or from those who may

seek to cite the opinion in the future. Certainly, no reader of the majority opinion should

consider either the grounds of waiver or the Rule 19(a)(2) rationale to be the law in

Mississippi and seek to apply one or both as binding authority to any future, similar case, as

apparently neither received a majority vote of the Court. In any event, the purposes of

issuing opinions to the public would be better served if the majority were to issue separate,

plurality opinions on the issue of joinder. See White’s Lumber Supply Co., 191 So. at 106.

     LAMAR AND BEAM, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION. MAXWELL, J., JOINS
THIS OPINION IN PART.




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