                    United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 03-1004
                                   ___________

Abdul Rahman Hassan,                  *
                                      *
           Appellant,                 *
                                      * Petition for Review of an
      v.                              * Order of the Board of
                                      * Immigration Appeals
John Ashcroft, Attorney General,      *
                                      *
           Appellee.                  *
                                 ___________

                             Submitted: May 12, 2004
                                 Filed: November 16, 2004
                                 ___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, BRIGHT, Circuit Judge, and DORR,1 District Judge.
                              ___________

DORR, District Judge.

      Abdul Rahman Hassan is a citizen of Somalia who entered the United States
on or about August 2, 1998 without admission or parole. He petitions for review of
an adverse decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), which affirmed,
without opinion, the decision of an Immigration Judge (IJ). The BIA denied Hassan’s
application for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention
Against Torture. Because substantial evidence supports the IJ’s findings, we affirm.


      1
       The Honorable Richard E. Dorr, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri, sitting by designation.
                              I. Factual Background


       Hassan was born in Mogadishu, Somalia on March 16, 1960. He fled Somalia
and lived in Ethiopia and Djibouti before entering the United States in August 1998.
On November 20, 1998, the Immigration and Naturalization Service2 filed a Notice
to Appear in immigration court, wherein he was charged with being an alien present
in the United States without being admitted or paroled. See Immigration and
Nationality Act (INA) § 212(a)(6)(A)(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). Hassan
appeared at the hearing, conceded deportability, but sought political asylum, which
the immigration judge also considered as a petition for withholding of removal, and
protection under the Convention Against Torture. Hassan also requested, in the
alternative, voluntary departure.


       At the hearing, Hassan testified that he was a member of the Midgan clan in
Somalia. Hassan testified that the previous ruler of Somalia, Siad Barre, had elevated
the status of the Midgans and provided them patronage. When the Siad Barre
government was overthrown, members of other clans began to harass and kill Midgan
members, believing them still to be loyal to Siad Barre. Hassan further testified that
in January 1991, during the Somali civil war, three men, dressed in military uniforms
and members of the ruling Hawiye clan, forcefully entered his home and took him

      2
        The Homeland Security Act of 2002 transferred functions of the INS to the
newly formed Department of Homeland Security. See generally Homeland Security
Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135 (Nov. 25, 2002). Likewise, the
Justice Department issued final rules on February 28, 2003, reorganizing Title 8 of
the Code of Federal Regulations to comport with the transfer of the functions of INS.
Aliens and Nationality; Homeland Security; Reorganization of Regulations, 68 Fed.
Reg. 10349 (March 5, 2003) (recodifying 8 C.F.R. pts. 1001, 1003, 1101, 1103, 1205,
1208, 1209, 1212, 1216, 1235, 1236, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1244, 1245, 1246,
1249, 1270, 1274a, 1292, 1337).


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into custody, believing Hassan to be a Midgan supporting Siad Barre. During his
three months of captivity, Hassan testified, he was denied food, water, and shelter,
threatened, and assaulted. He escaped captivity and fled to a refugee camp in
Ethiopia. It was there that he learned that, during his captivity, his wife had been
killed back in Somalia. Hassan believed that she was killed because she refused to
work in a Hawiye hospital, although he could not be sure of the manner or cause of
her death. Hassan’s younger brother was also killed in Mogadishu by the ruling clan.
Hassan was reunited with his children and his mother in Ethiopia. Hassan testified
that the remaining members of his family are in refugee camps in nearby African
countries or have sought asylum elsewhere.


      Also testifying at the hearing was another Somali who had previously been
granted asylum, Mohamed Goran. Goran testified that he knew Hassan from a refugee
camp in Ethiopia. Goran further stated that Hassan was of the Midgan clan and that
Hassan taught Goran’s children in the camp.


       The Immigration Judge denied Hassan’s application for asylum and
withholding of removal and request for relief under the Convention Against Torture.
The IJ found little evidence supporting Hassan’s claim that he was a Midgan. The IJ
discounted Mr. Goran’s testimony regarding Hassan’s clan membership. Even
assuming Hassan’s Midgan membership, the IJ found that he did not suffer past
persecution as defined for asylum purposes. The IJ characterized the violence
inflicted upon Hassan as incidental to a civil war rather than being directed at him
because of his clan membership.


      The IJ also found that Hassan did not have a well-founded fear of future
persecution. In the IJ’s opinion, Hassan could return to an area of Somalia of relative
peace and where Hassan would not suffer persecution. The IJ also cited to the State


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Department’s Asylum Profile, which indicated that there was no evidence of
systematic retaliation against Midgan members, although there might be retaliation
against members of the Siad Barre government. The IJ therefore held that Hassan
failed to establish the clear probability of persecution or torture if returned to Somalia
necessary for withholding of removal. Finally, the ALJ held that, because Hassan had
not been continuously physically present in the United States for one year prior to the
issuance of the Notice to Appear, he could not be granted voluntary departure. See
INA § 240B(b)(1)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1229c(b)(1)(A).


       The Bureau of Immigration Affairs affirmed the decision of the IJ without
opinion. Hassan now challenges that decision, arguing that he does have a well-
founded fear of future persecution based on his membership in the Midgan clan
requiring a grant of asylum, that he qualifies for withholding of deportation because
he has shown a clear probability that he will face persecution if returned to Somalia,
and that he will more likely than not be tortured if removed and so should not be
removed pursuant to the Convention Against Torture.


                               II. Standard of Review


       This Court will affirm the decision of the IJ and the BIA if it is supported by
substantial evidence on the administrative record as a whole. Rife v. Ashcroft, 374
F.3d 606, 610 (8th Cir. 2004). The petition for review must be denied “if the BIA’s
finding is supported by ‘reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence of the record
considered as a whole.’” Regalado-Garcia v. INS, 305 F.3d 784, 787 (8th Cir. 2002)
(quoting Menjivar v. INS, 259 F.3d 940, 941 (8th Cir. 2001) (further quotations and
citations omitted)). The BIA’s legal determinations are subject to de novo review,
“‘according substantial deference to the [BIA’s] interpretation of the statutes and
regulations it administers.’” Regalado-Garcia, 305 F.3d at 787 (quoting Tang v. INS,


                                           -4-
223 F.3d 713, 718-19 (8th Cir. 2000)). However, this Court must affirm if substantial
evidence supports the decision as a whole, even if substantial evidence may support
other alternative holdings. See Arkansas v. Oklahoma, 503 U.S. 91, 113, 112 S. Ct.
1046, 1060, 117 L. Ed. 2d 239 (1992) (discussing a court’s deference to agency
determinations generally). We may not reverse merely because we would have
decided the case differently. Mikhailevitch v. INS, 146 F.3d 384, 388 (6th Cir. 1998).


                                    III. Analysis


                                      A. Asylum


       Section 208 of the Immigration and Nationality Act gives the Attorney General
discretion to grant asylum to an alien who is a “refugee.” INA § 208(b)(1), 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(b)(1). “A ‘refugee’ is an alien who is unable or unwilling to return to his
country of origin ‘because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on
account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or
political opinion.’” Rife, 374 F.3d at 610 (quoting INA § 101(a)(42)(A), 8 U.S.C. §
1101(a)(42)(A)). If an alien establishes past persecution, he is entitled to a
presumption of a well-founded fear of persecution, which the Attorney General may
rebut by proving either a fundamental change in circumstances in the petitioner’s
country of nationality or that the petitioner could reasonably relocate to another part
of his country of nationality under all of the circumstances. Hagi-Salad v. Ashcroft,
359 F.3d 1044, 1045 (8th Cir. 2004) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 280.13(b)(1)(i)(A)&(B)).
Without proof of past persecution, the petitioner must demonstrate that fear of future
persecution is subjectively and objectively reasonable; that is, a petitioner must
establish with credible evidence that he genuinely fears persecution and show through
credible, direct, and specific evidence that a reasonable person in his position would
fear persecution. Feleke v. INS, 118 F.3d 594, 598 (8th Cir. 1997).


                                         -5-
        “An asylum applicant is not obliged to show conclusively why persecution has
occurred or may occur.” In Re S- P-, 21 I. & N. Dec. 486, 489 (BIA 1996). However,
there must be some showing that past persecution was on account of one of the five
protected grounds. See id. at 490 (“[A]n asylum applicant ‘bear[s] the burden of
establishing facts on which a reasonable person would fear that the danger arises on
account of’ [one of the five protected grounds].” (quoting Matter of Fuentes, 19 I &
N Dec. 658, 662 (BIA 1988)); Fisher v. INS, 291 F.3d 491, 497 (8th Cir. 2002)
(noting that “persecution” under the Act only includes persecution “on account of”
one of the categories delineated by the Act). The fear of harm “‘arising from civil
strife or anarchy’” does not constitute “persecution” for purposes of the Act. Miranda
v. INS, 139 F.3d 624, 627 (8th Cir. 1998) (quoting In re Acosta, 19 I. & N. Dec. 211,
222 (BIA 1985)).


      To overturn the IJ’s adverse finding that Hassan does not qualify for asylum,
Hassan “bears the heavy burden of showing that his evidence ‘was so compelling that
no reasonable factfinder could fail to find the requisite fear of persecution.’” Melecio-
Saquil v. Ashcroft, 337 F.3d 983, 986 (8th Cir. 2003) (quoting INS v. Elias-Zacarias,
502 U.S. 478, 483-84, 112 S. Ct. 812, 117 L. Ed. 2d 38 (1992)). In this case, the IJ
discounted both that Hassan was a member of the Midgan clan and that he had a well-
founded fear of persecution.


        Regarding the first issue, the IJ discounted the testimony of Mohamed Hassan
Goran, who testified at the hearing regarding Hassan’s clan membership. Mr. Goran
testified that he recognized Hassan as Midgan because they were both living in an
area of a refugee camp near Godey, Ethiopia that Midgans populated. Mr. Goran
admitted that one could not determine clan membership by physical appearance or
dialect. Mr. Goran also admitted that clan membership could not be determined by
the area in which a person lived in Mogadishu, where both he and Hassan were from.
Mr. Goran and Hassan testified that membership in the Midgan clan could be

                                          -6-
discerned by the job a person held, but Hassan did not hold any of the jobs either
person listed. Thus, from the testimony adduced at the hearing, substantial evidence
supports the IJ’s decision to discount Hassan’s claim that he was a member of the
Midgan clan.


       Even assuming that Hassan is a member of the Midgan clan, the IJ did not err
in determining that Hassan did not have a well-founded fear of future persecution if
he were returned to Somalia. Regarding past persecution, the IJ found that Hassan
was taken from his home in the midst of a civil war, that he was interned because the
insurrectionists wanted to ensure no able-bodied men could fight back, and that there
was no conclusive evidence to show that the deaths of Hassan’s relatives were due
to their status. Hassan urges us to arrive at the opposite conclusions from the facts
adduced at the hearing—that Hassan’s home was confiscated because he was
Midgan, that he was interned because he was Midgan, and members of his family
were killed because they were Midgan. To do so would ignore other evidence in the
record, such as Hassan’s testimony that members of the Darod clan were interned
with him, that he did not know the nature and manner of his wife’s death, and that
State Department asylum profiles indicated that there was no automatic correlation
between Midgan clan affiliation and danger of persecution.


       Even ignoring the other evidence, the assumptions Hassan asks us to accept are
still assumptions, not facts. The IJ drew conclusions from the factual evidence
presented before her and made credibility determinations regarding some of the
factual assertions. But when viewing the bare facts on the record as a whole, we
cannot say that the evidence is not “so compelling that no reasonable factfinder could
fail to find the requisite fear of persecution.” Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. at 483-84.
Therefore, the IJ’s decision regarding Hassan’s past persecution must be upheld.




                                         -7-
       The IJ’s decision that Hassan did not suffer past persecution as defined by the
relevant statutes and regulations is supported by substantial evidence. Likewise, the
IJ’s decision that Hassan did not have a well-founded fear of future persecution is
also supported by substantial evidence. The IJ used the evidence in the State
Department’s 1996 Profile of Asylum Claims, stating that there was no “automatic
correlation between clan affiliation and danger of persecution” toward Midgan clan
members unless the individuals had visibly supported the old regime. (R. 325, 329).
The IJ is permitted to rely on state department reports regarding the conditions of a
country as they relate to a likelihood of future persecution. Gebrehiwot v. Ashcroft,
374 F.3d 723, 726 (8th Cir. 2004) (quoting Navarijo-Barrios v. Ashcroft, 322 F.3d
561, 564 (8th Cir. 2003) (further quotations omitted)). That, combined with the IJ’s
reasoning discounting Hassan’s past persecution, constitutes substantial evidence that
Hassan’s fear was not objectively reasonable. The decision of the IJ denying asylum
must be affirmed.


                            B. Withholding of Removal


       Under INA § 241(b)(3), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3), as amended, the Attorney
General must withhold from removal an alien if the Attorney General “decides that
the alien’s life or freedom would be threatened in that country because of the alien’s
race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political
opinion.” To qualify for withholding of removal, aliens must show a “clear
probability” that they will face persecution in the country to which they will be
deported. Francois v. INS, 283 F.3d 926, 932-33 (8th Cir. 2002). Because this is a
higher standard than that necessary to qualify for asylum, and because substantial
evidence supports the IJ’s decision to deny asylum, we also affirm the decision of the
IJ to deny withholding of removal. See id. at 933.




                                         -8-
                          C. Convention Against Torture


       Hassan also brings a claim pursuant to the Convention Against Torture3 to
prevent his deportation back to Somalia. The United States was a signatory to the
Convention, and the Convention went into effect on November 20, 1994. Article III
of the Convention provides that a signatory not “expel, extradite, or otherwise effect
the involuntary return of any person to a country in which there are substantial
grounds for believing the person would be in danger of being subjected to torture.”
Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998 § 2242(a), Pub. L. No. 105-
277, 112 Stat. 2681-822, (Oct. 21, 1998). The provisions of the Convention were
implemented by 8 C.F.R. § 208.18. Torture is defined in the regulations as


      any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental,
      is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as ... punishing
      him or her for an act he or she or a third person has committed ... when
      such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the
      consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an
      official capacity.


8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1). Torture generally does not include judicially imposed
sanctions. Id. § 208.18(a)(3).


     Hassan qualifies for relief under the Convention if he can produce evidence
demonstrating that upon his return to Somalia, government actors or those acting in


      3
        United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Forms of Cruel,
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Dec. 10, 1984, S. Treaty Doc. No.
100-20 (1988), 1465 U.N.T.S. 85.

                                         -9-
an official capacity would more likely than not subject him to torture. Id. §§
208.16(c)(2), 208.18(a)(6)–(8); Ngure v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 975, 992 (8th Cir. 2004).
“In assessing this claim, all evidence relevant to the possibility of future torture
should be considered, including, but not limited to: past torture inflicted upon the
applicant; the applicant's ability to relocate to another area of the country where
torture is unlikely; and gross, flagrant, or mass violations of human rights.” Ngure,
367 F.3d at 992 (citing 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(3)). As with asylum claims, this Court
must review the agency’s denial of relief to determine whether the evidence was “so
compelling that a reasonable factfinder must have found the alien entitled to relief
under the Convention.” Ngure, 367 F.3d at 992.


       Hassan does not point to any specific reasons to demonstrate why he would be
subjected to torture, other than the reasons supporting his asylum and withholding of
removal claims. Because the IJ properly discounted his credibility regarding the
likelihood of persecution Hassan would face by the Hawiye clan, the IJ properly
determined that Hassan would not be tortured if returned back to Somalia.


                     D. The BIA’s Affirmance Without Opinion


       In this case, the BIA issued an Affirmance Without Opinion (AWO), a decision
by a single board member affirming the IJ’s decision on the merits. According to the
BIA’s regulations, such a determination constitutes the final agency determination.
8 C.F.R. § 3.1(a)(7) (2002), codified as amended at 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(4) (2004).
Hassan challenges the use of the AWO method, arguing that his case does not satisfy
the criteria set forth for utilization of the procedure. However, we have consistently
ruled that the BIA’s decision to use the AWO procedure is unreviewable. See Ngure,
367 F.3d at 983, 985, 988; Dominguez v. Ashcroft, 336 F.3d 678, 680 (8th Cir. 2003).
Although this Court has remanded and required that the immigration authority


                                        -10-
provide a “comprehensible reason for its decision,” Paramasamy v. Ashcroft, 295
F.3d 1047, 1050-51 (8th Cir. 2002), such a requirement only exists when the IJ’s
decision, adopted by the BIA, contains no reason for its decision. See id. (noting the
IJ’s use of “boilerplate demeanor findings” cannot provide an adequate basis for
review). In this case, we have found that the IJ did support her decision, and the
record gave an adequate basis for review. The BIA’s choice to use the streamlined,
AWO procedure is unreviewable, and Hassan’s challenge to it is denied.


      Hassan also challenges the streamlined procedure on due process grounds,
simply stating “[d]espite court decisions approving the use of the AWO process
generally, due process requires administrative review.” Pet. Br. at 27. Contrary to
Hassan’s claim, due process does not require administrative appellate review, and the
BIA’s AWO procedure does not violate due process. Hasalla v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d
799, 803–04 (8th Cir. 2004), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (July 30, 2004); Ngure,
367 F.3d at 980; Loulou v. Ashcroft, 354 F.3d 706, 708-09 (8th Cir. 2003), as
amended by No. 02-3004, slip. op. (8th Cir. Apr. 28, 2004). Hassan’s appeal based
on the AWO procedure is also denied.


                               E. Voluntary Departure


       Hassan apparently does not dispute the IJ’s determination that Hassan does not
meet the statutory qualification for eligibility for voluntary departure. The issue was
not presented in the briefing before this Court. It appears undisputed that Hassan was
not physically present in the United States for one year immediately preceding the
issuance of the Notice to Appear. Therefore, the decision of the IJ to deny voluntary
departure is affirmed.




                                         -11-
                                  IV. Conclusion


       We find there is substantial evidence supporting the IJ’s denial of asylum,
withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture. We also
find that the BIA did not err when implementing the AWO streamlined appeal
procedure. Accordingly, we affirm the BIA in all respects and deny Hassan’s petition.


                       ______________________________




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