                                                                                          PUBLISH

                        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

                                          ---------------
                                          No. 95-8680
                                     Non-Argument Calendar
                                          ---------------
                               D. C. Docket No. CR 94-3-MAC-DF


               UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                    Plaintiff-Appellee,

               versus

               RANDY JONES,

                                                                    Defendant-Appellant.


                                           ---------------
                        Appeal from the United States District Court for the
                                   Middle District of Georgia
                                           ---------------
                                         (June 17, 1998)

Before COX and CARNES, Circuit Judges, and RONEY, Senior Circuit Judge.

PER CURIAM:

       On this appeal from a denial of a motion to withdraw a guilty plea, we follow the harmless

error provisions of Rule 11(h) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, reject a per se rule for

reversal, and hold that when a court accepting a guilty plea fails to verbally inform the defendant

of a mandatory minimum sentence, that error may be harmless when a written plea agreement

referred to during the plea colloquy properly describes the statutory mandatory minimum sentence.
       While on probation for another crime, the defendant, Randy Jones, purchased two firearms

at a pawnshop in Sandersville, Georgia. In order to buy the guns, Jones completed Bureau of

Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms paperwork in which he falsely asserted that he had never been

convicted of a felony. Local police promptly learned that Jones had illegally purchased these

firearms and confronted him. Jones returned the guns to the pawnshop where he had purchased

them and received a refund. Two years later, Jones was arrested on federal charges of being a

previously convicted felon in possession of a firearm and making false statements to the ATF.

Pursuant to an agreement with the government, he eventually pled guilty to being a felon in

possession in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Prior to sentencing, Jones moved to withdraw his

guilty plea under Rule 32(e). The district court denied that motion, and Jones now appeals, alleging

a faulty Rule 11 proceeding and requesting permission to plead anew.

       As required by Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, the district court

addressed the defendant in open court to ensure that Jones’s guilty plea was both knowing and

voluntary. Rule 11(c)(1) states that the court must determine that the defendant understands “the

nature of the charge to which the plea is offered, the mandatory minimum penalty provided by law,

if any, and the maximum possible penalty provided by law.” As we have observed many times,

there are three core principles that must be addressed by a court accepting a guilty plea: “(1) the

guilty plea must be free from coercion; (2) the defendant must understand the nature of the charges;

and (3) the defendant must know and understand the consequences of his guilty plea.” United

States v. Siegel, 102 F.3d 477, 481 (11th Cir. 1996).

       Jones claims that at his Rule 11 colloquy, the court failed to address two of these concerns.

First, he alleges that the court never went over the nature of the crime he was admitting to, being


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a convicted felon in possession of a firearm. Second, he notes that the district court failed to address

the full consequences of a guilty plea. Jones faced a mandatory fifteen-year sentence as an armed

career criminal because he had three prior convictions for burglary. The district court never

informed him of this mandatory minimum sentence at his plea colloquy.

       First, the district court adequately assured itself that Jones understood the crime to which

he was pleading guilty. There are no hard and fast rules limiting a district court’s conduct of a plea

colloquy. Rule 11 simply requires that the defendant understand the nature of the charges. Any

proceeding that accomplishes this goal is sufficient to satisfy the Rule. The nature of Rule 11

proceedings may vary depending on the complexity of the charges and the sophistication of the

defendant. See United States v. Wiggins, 131 F.3d 1440, 1442-43 (11th Cir. 1997); United States

v. DePace, 120 F.3d 233, 237 (11th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 118 S.Ct. 1177 (1998). The crime of

being a felon in possession of a firearm is easily understood. Possession alone is sufficient. The

crime does not require any specific intent. See United States v. Funches, 135 F.3d 1405, 1408 (11th

Cir. 1998). Here, the district court identified the crime for the defendant, made sure that Jones had

discussed the indictment with his lawyer, gave Jones the opportunity to ask questions, and had the

prosecutor identify the conduct giving rise to the offense. The defendant specifically admitted all

of the allegations made by the government, assured the court that he had a tenth grade education

and had no mental impairments, and admitted his guilt. Under these circumstances, it is clear that

the defendant’s Rule 11 right to have the district court inform him of the nature of the charges was

not violated.




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        Second, Jones correctly alleges that the district court did not tell Jones directly at the plea

hearing that he faced a statutory, mandatory minimum of fifteen years in prison. The question is

whether this error can be harmless, and if so, whether it was in this case.

        In 1983, Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure was amended to add Rule 11(h),

which instructs courts to disregard deviations from Rule 11 which do not affect a defendant’s

substantial rights. In general, the various circuits agree that if a review of the limited record in such

cases reveals that a defendant clearly was aware of the information Rule 11 was designed to address,

a district court’s inadvertent failure to discuss those issues will be deemed to be harmless. See

United States v. Padilla, 23 F.3d 1220, 1222 (7th Cir. 1994); United States v. Johnson, 1 F.3d 296,

303-04 (5th Cir. 1993) (en banc); United States v. Young, 927 F.2d 1060, 1063 (8th Cir.), cert.

denied, 502 U.S. 743 (1991); United States v. Williams, 899 F.2d 1526, 1531 (6th Cir. 1990). If,

however, an appellate court cannot be sure that the defendant was aware of any information required

by Rule 11 to be discussed at the plea colloquy, the defendant should be permitted to withdraw his

plea. See United States v. Smith, 60 F.3d 595, 600 (9th Cir. 1995).

        The circuits appear to be split as to whether information in a plea agreement can cure a

technical violation of Rule 11. Compare United States v. Williams, 899 F.2d 1526, 1531 (7th Cir.

1990) (plea agreement’s discussion of supervised release cured district court’s Rule 11 violation)

with United States v. Smith, 60 F.3d 595, 599 (9th Cir. 1995) (“courtroom recitals that the defendant

has read the [plea] agreement simply do not take the place of the judge’s telling the defendant the

requisite Rule 11(c) information”) (citations omitted). The Fifth Circuit has rejected a per se rule

for a harmless error analysis of Rule 11 violations. United States v. Johnson, 1 F.3d 296, 301-03

(5th Cir. 1993) (en banc) (overruling prior opinions requiring per se reversal of failures by the


                                                   4
district court to address one of Rule 11's three core principles and adopting a “straight-forward”

harmless error standard).

       The Eleventh Circuit places a greater emphasis than other circuits on the three “core

principles” addressed by Rule 11: (1) that the guilty plea is not coerced; (2) that the defendant

understands the nature of the charges; and (3) that the defendant knows and understands the

consequences of his plea. United States v. Siegel, 102 F.3d 477, 481 (11th Cir. 1996). A defendant

“is entitled to replead only if the district court’s variance from the formal requirements of Rule 11

impinged upon the very rights they were designed to protect.” United States v. Zickert, 955 F.2d

665, 667-68 (11th Cir. 1992). When reviewing a district court’s Rule 11 plea colloquy to ensure that

the three core principles of Rule 11 were not infringed, we rely “solely on the basis of the record of

the Rule 11 proceedings.” United States v. Quinones, 97 F.3d 473, 475 (11th Cir. 1996). Thus, if

the record of the plea colloquy does not show compliance with the three core principles of Rule 11,

the defendant must be permitted to withdraw his plea. See Siegel, 102 F.3d at 482; Quinones, 97

F.3d at 475; Zickert, 955 F.2d at 668. If the defendant does understand the plea and its

consequences, then the plea colloquy did not violate the defendant’s substantial rights and any

technical errors are harmless. See United States v. McCarty, 99 F.3d 383, 386 (11th Cir. 1996);

United States v. Carey, 884 F.2d 547, 548-49 (11th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 494 U.S. 107 (1990).

       In this case, the defendant pled guilty after negotiating with the government and signing a

written plea agreement. The written plea agreement states that “the defendant fully understands that

his plea of guilty . . . will subject defendant to a mandatory minimum sentence of fifteen (15) years.”

The government also agreed to recommend that Jones receive this statutory minimum. During the

plea colloquy, the district court referred to this agreement and the agreement was officially filed with


                                                   5
the court at the Rule 11 hearing. Having signed the plea agreement after receiving the assistance

of counsel, the defendant was well aware that he was facing a mandatory minimum sentence of

fifteen years. Any doubt that the defendant might not have known about the mandatory minimum

sentence is dispelled by two additional factors. First, prior to pleading guilty, the defendant was

formally notified by the government that he was subject to an enhanced sentence as an armed career

criminal, and he signed an acknowledgment form advising him that he faced a minimum of fifteen

years in prison. Second, Jones has never claimed that he was actually ignorant of the fifteen-year

mandatory sentence, even in his brief on appeal. His argument boils down to the proposition that

failure by a district court to verbally instruct a defendant at a Rule 11 plea colloquy of a statutory

minimum is subject to a per se reversal, regardless of whether or not the defendant is actually aware

of any mandatory minimums. Such a proposition would be inconsistent with the Rule 11(h)

harmless error standard, though, and we do not accept it where the record shows that the Rule 11

hearing was conducted in the context of a signed and written plea agreement formally presented to

the court.

       Although a record that reveals a district court has failed to observe one of Rule 11's three

core principles will not support a finding of harmless error, see Siegel, 102 F.3d at 482; and

Quinones, 97 F.3d at 475, we have consistently considered written plea agreements to be part of the

record of the Rule 11 hearing. See United States v. Hourihan, 936 F.2d 508, (11th Cir. 1991);

United States v. Bell, 776 F.2d 965, 969 (11th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 477 U.S. 904 (1986). See

also United States v. Padilla, 23 F.3d 1220, 1221-22 (7th Cir. 1994) (looking to written plea

agreement to determine if defendant knew of mandatory minimum sentence). We hold that where

a signed, written plea agreement describing a mandatory minimum sentence is specifically referred


                                                  6
to during a Rule 11 plea colloquy, the core principle that the defendant be aware of the consequences

of his plea has been complied with. The defendant’s substantial rights were not violated and the

defendant’s ability to withdraw his plea is committed to the discretion of the district court. United

States v. Buckles, 843 F.2d 469, 471 (11th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1099 (1989).

       AFFIRMED.




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