                                                                                            08/17/2020
                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT KNOXVILLE
                                  July 22, 2020 Session

                                  IN RE JACKSON D.

                 Appeal from the Chancery Court for Bradley County
                   No. 2018-CV-224 Jerri S. Bryant, Chancellor
                      ___________________________________

                             No. E2019-02097-COA-R3-PT
                        ___________________________________

Ricky D. (“Father”) appeals the termination of his parental rights to his minor child,
Jackson D. (“the Child”). In July 2018, Heather M. (“Mother”) and her husband, Jason M.
(“Stepfather”), filed a petition to terminate Father’s parental rights to the Child in the
Bradley County Chancery Court (“Trial Court”). Following a trial, the Trial Court found
that Mother and Stepfather had proven by clear and convincing evidence the ground of
Father’s ten-year sentence entered when the Child was younger than eight years old and
that termination of Father’s parental rights was in the best interest of the Child. Discerning
no error, we affirm.

      Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court
                           Affirmed; Case Remanded

D. MICHAEL SWINEY, C.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOHN W.
MCCLARTY and THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, JJ., joined.

Eric S. Armstrong, Cleveland, Tennessee, for the appellant, Ricky D.

Randy Sellers, Cleveland, Tennessee, for the appellees, Jason M. and Heather M.


                                         OPINION

                                        Background

       Mother and Father were married for approximately ten years. The Child was born
in 2013 during the marriage. Mother and Father divorced in September 2016. The divorce
decree stated that Mother and Father “shall have joint legal and [Mother] shall have
primary physical custody of [the Child].” The parenting plan stated that Father was
incarcerated in Georgia at that time “awaiting sentencing for charges relating to
inappropriate conduct with a minor teenager” and that Father would receive parenting time
every other weekend after Father was released.

       Prior to Father’s criminal issues, he was a high school teacher. In December 2015
in North Carolina, Father pled guilty, pursuant to an Alford plea, to two counts of “sex
offense [with a] student,” which listed an offense date of May 2015. As a result of this
plea, Father was sentenced to thirty-six months of supervised probation and was required
to register as a sex offender for a period of thirty years.

       Father was arrested again in March 2016 and was subsequently indicted in Georgia
in June 2017 for criminal attempt to commit child molestation and computer pornography.1
The indictment for computer pornography stated as follows in pertinent part:

          And the Grand Jurors, aforesaid, selected, chosen, and sworn for the County
          of Effingham, in the name and on behalf of the citizens of Georgia, do further
          charge and accuse [Father] with the offense of Computer Pornography in
          that the said accused, in said State and said County, on or about the 18th day
          of March, 2016, did intentionally utilize an online service to solicit a person
          believed by the accused to be a child under 16 years of age, to commit illegal
          acts as described in O.C.G.A. [Official Code of Georgia Annotated] 16-6-
          4(a) relating to the offense of Child Molestation, to wit: the accused arranged
          to meet with said child for the purpose of engaging sexual conduct with said
          child, contrary to the laws of said State, the good order, peace, and dignity
          thereof.[2]



1
    Georgia Code Annotated § 16-12-100.2(d)(1) defines computer pornography as follows:

          It shall be unlawful for any person intentionally or willfully to utilize a computer wireless
          service or Internet service, including, but not limited to, a local bulletin board service,
          Internet chat room, e-mail, instant messaging service, or other electronic device, to seduce,
          solicit, lure, or entice, or attempt to seduce, solicit, lure, or entice a child, another person
          believed by such person to be a child, any person having custody or control of a child, or
          another person believed by such person to have custody or control of a child to commit any
          illegal act by, with, or against a child as described in . . . Code Section 16-6-4, relating to
          the offense of child molestation or aggravated child molestation . . . .
2
    Georgia Code Annotated § 16-6-4(a) provides as follows in pertinent part:

          A person commits the offense of child molestation when such person:

          (1) Does any immoral or indecent act to or in the presence of or with any child under the
          age of 16 years with the intent to arouse or satisfy the sexual desires of either the child or
          the person; or

                                                       -2-
       In February 2018, Father pled guilty to computer pornography and received a
sentence of twenty years, which included twelve years’ incarceration. The remaining eight
years could be served on probation so long as Father complied with the terms of his
probation. The remaining charge was dismissed. Father had been incarcerated since March
2016 and was given credit for time served since then.

        Mother married Stepfather in November 2017. The Child resided in the home with
Mother and Stepfather. In July 2018, Stepfather and Mother (collectively, “Petitioners”)
filed a petition to terminate Father’s parental rights to the Child, alleging grounds of
Father’s ten-year prison sentence, abandonment by failure to visit, abandonment by failure
to financially support the Child, and abandonment by wanton disregard for the Child’s
welfare. The Trial Court conducted a trial in April 2019. At the beginning of trial,
Petitioners announced that they did not intend to pursue the statutory abandonment grounds
of failure to support and failure to visit. Although abandonment by wanton disregard was
included as a ground in the petition, Petitioners’ attorney informed the Trial Court that the
only remaining ground at issue was the ground concerning Father’s sentence of more than
ten years with the Child being under the age of eight. Jackson was six at the time of trial.
Petitioners included as exhibits copies of Father’s criminal convictions and the Child’s
birth certificate. Mother, Stepfather, and Father testified during trial. Father appeared
telephonically during trial.

        Mother was the first witness during trial. According to Mother, Father and the Child
played together often before Father was arrested. Mother testified that Father had been
arrested and left the home in March 2016 and that Father had not seen the Child in person
since that time. After Father was arrested, Mother allowed the Child to Skype with Father
while Father remained incarcerated. Mother testified that she allowed that for
approximately six months until it became apparent to her that the contact with Father was
causing the Child anxiety. According to Mother, the Child began exhibiting separation
anxiety after Father was arrested and had been concerned about when people would be
returning. Mother further stated that the Child would wake up at night and come into her
room to make sure she was still there. He also began exhibiting a fear of bugs. Mother
testified that the Child also began defecating in his pants and the timing correlated to the
Skype sessions with Father.

       Mother stated that she discontinued the Skype visitation and that the Child had not
seen or spoken to Father since that time. Mother testified that after the Skype sessions
ended, those troubling behaviors of the Child “markedly got better the further away from
[Father the Child] seemed to get.” According to Mother, the Child had become very

       (2) By means of an electronic device, transmits images of a person engaging in, inducing,
       or otherwise participating in any immoral or indecent act to a child under the age of 16
       years with the intent to arouse or satisfy the sexual desires of either the child or the person.
                                                    -3-
outspoken, now liked to pick up bugs, did not wake up at night anymore, and no longer
soiled his pants. Mother testified that Father had continued to write letters to the Child but
that she had not read the letters to the Child. According to Mother, she had not destroyed
the letters and had saved them for the future. Mother testified that the Child had at times
spoken about Father and referred to him as “dada” but that the Child did not ask about him.
Mother explained that she did not believe the Child had much memory of Father.

       Mother testified that she had concerns regarding Father’s decision-making process.
According to Mother, Father’s convictions “lead [her] to believe that he doesn’t make good
decisions, but also the nature of what kind of role model he’d be, what kind of things would
he speak about in front of the child, what kind of things would he do with the child, what
kind of places would he take the child, things of that nature.” Mother stated that she had
confronted Father with allegations that he had been with a seventeen-year-old girl in the
family home while Mother and the Child were present in the home and that Father had not
denied the allegations. Mother testified that she scheduled a therapy appointment for
Father after his arrest in North Carolina. The facility changed the appointment to a time
when Father could not go, and he never rescheduled the appointment. Mother is not aware
of any therapy Father had received.

        Both Mother and Stepfather are employed as pharmacists in Tennessee. Mother
testified that Stepfather and the Child have a “typical father/son relationship.” According
to Mother, she and Stepfather equally shared parenting responsibilities. Mother testified
that Stepfather sometimes got the Child ready and took him to school and that Stepfather
had been teaching the Child math, how to ride a bicycle, to work on vehicles, and important
moral things. They go to church and on family vacations together. According to Mother,
Stepfather provided financially for fifty percent of what was needed for the Child. Mother
testified that she believed the Child saw Stepfather as “dad” and that they had a very strong
bond. Mother testified that Stepfather never speaks badly of Father. Mother and Stepfather
had a seven-month-old child together. According to Mother, Stepfather did not treat the
Child any differently than his biological child.

       Mother did not dispute that Father loved the Child or that the Child had exhibited
love for Father when they were together before Father’s imprisonment. The Child also had
become close with Father’s side of the family, including the paternal grandmother. Mother
explained that she believed the Child’s relationship with the paternal grandmother was
positive for the Child. The paternal grandmother and grandfather had stayed in Mother’s
home for the Child’s birthday.

       Mother testified that Father sent a letter to Stepfather asking him to withdraw the
petition to terminate Father’s parental rights. Mother stated that she interpreted the letter
to have two tones. The first was requesting Stepfather to withdraw the petition, but the
second she interpreted to be intimidating and informing them that he knew where they
were. Mother acknowledged that Father had also stated that he wished her and Stepfather
                                            -4-
nothing but the best, that he wanted to be part of the Child’s life, that he was prepared to
do whatever necessary to be a positive and pivotal role in the Child’s life, and that he
believed the termination action to be an injustice to the Child.

        Stepfather testified as the second witness during trial. According to Stepfather, he
was a pharmacy manager. Stepfather testified that he had always tried to be there for the
Child to the best of his ability and to treat the Child the way Stepfather would want to be
treated in the situation and like his “own blood.” Stepfather testified that the Child is part
of their family and that he wanted the Child to be the best person he could be. Stepfather
testified that there was no difference between the Child and their new baby as far as being
his sons. Stepfather further testified that the Child refers to him as “Dad.” According to
Stepfather, he has a “very healthy father/son relationship” with the Child that was “no
different than . . . any other kid has with their father that’s raising them.”

       Stepfather testified that he had no ill will toward Father. Stepfather stated that he
did not believe Father’s letter to him was a direct threat but there seemed to be an
intimidating factor to it. Stepfather testified that he was part of the Child’s life at the time
the Child was having Skype communications with his Father. Stepfather explained that
the Child would soil or defecate in his pants sometimes during the call and sometimes
shortly after the calls. According to Stepfather, the Child’s behaviors improved after the
Skype calls with Father were stopped, and the Child’s shyness and accidents had “pretty
much been eliminated.” Stepfather testified that the Child’s behaviors were not a result of
the Child’s age because it seemed to go well between the calls with Father, “and then
whenever [they] had the actual Skype conversations that’s whenever [the Child] started
having his accidents.” Stepfather explained that the accidents did not get better until after
the Skype conversations with Father had stopped. Although Stepfather was concerned
about the Child’s shyness, he explained that the Child had become very social and
outgoing.

       Stepfather opined that the Child’s paternal grandmother, paternal grandfather, and
paternal aunt had good morals and were good role models for the Child. Stepfather testified
that they had a positive influence on the Child and that he had no resentment or ill will
toward the Child having a continuing relationship with them.

       Father testified as the third, and final, witness during trial. When Father and Mother
were together, Mother worked as a pharmacist and Father worked as a high school teacher.
Father testified that he had been a teacher for four years. After the North Carolina criminal
charges, he stopped teaching. According to Father, Mother and Father subsequently
decided that it would be cheaper for Father to be the caregiver for the Child while Mother
was working. Father testified that at the time, the Child was “the happiest kid in the world”
and that he was always laughing and enjoyed being with Mother, Father, and other people.
Father explained that the Child also had times that he was quiet and would play by himself.
Father testified that he had a very strong relationship with the Child and that the Child
                                               -5-
would look to him for “guidance, protection, [and] all kinds of love.” According to Father,
the Child would come to him, and he made sure the Child had whatever he needed. They
spent most days either at the park or at home learning. According to Father, they used to
work on the Child’s numbers and colors. Father further testified that he would go running
with the Child in a stroller.

        Father testified that he was incarcerated for only six days for the North Carolina
charges from the time he was arrested until he was released on bond. Father further
testified that he was currently incarcerated and had been incarcerated since March 18, 2016,
except for a 24-hour period, on the Georgia convictions. Father testified that after he was
arrested on the Georgia charges, he had Skype visits with the Child each week. Father
stated that he was writing letters to the Child regularly. He initially sent letters for the
Child to Mother at the paternal grandmother’s home where she and the Child were residing
and, after they moved to Tennessee, to the post office address she had given him.
According to Father, the Skype visits ended in May 2017. After the Skype communications
stopped, he sent “countless e-mails” to Mother and called her via telephone on several
occasions. When Mother stopped communicating with him, Father started sending the
letters and cards for the Child to the paternal grandmother. He testified that the paternal
grandmother had a good relationship with the Child.

        According to Father, Mother informed him when she moved to Tennessee in
November 2016. Father testified that he had no problem with Stepfather and that he had
heard Stepfather was a great man. He testified that he wanted Stepfather to see that Father
was a good man and that he could trust Father. Father testified that he had tried to convey
that in the letter he wrote to Stepfather.

       Father testified of his progress while in prison. While in prison, Father had taken a
“motivation to change class,” where they discussed their behaviors and tendencies to make
poor decisions, as well as how they should try to make the best decision for a more
successful future. Father also took a reentry class focused on “having an idea of what
you’re going to do when you get out, [and] how to go about achieving those goals.” Father
also took a computer class focusing on Microsoft programs. He had been working in a
GED program within the prison and teaching other inmates about social studies and
language arts. Father testified that he had been reading his bible and praying every day
and had recommitted his life to Christ. According to Father, he wanted to “keep a good
moral compass” and make sure he was a better person. Father testified that while he was
in another prison, he had gone to therapy “a few times.” Although there is mental health
therapy at his current prison, Father testified that he had not attended “because [he was]
not classified to have mental health.” He explained that there was a class he needed and
planned to take for sexual offenders but that it had not been available to him. He planned
to take that class before leaving prison if it was available.


                                           -6-
        Father testified that he had been given a date that he would be eligible for early
release but that he did not have an early release date established. He testified that the
classes he had taken in prison went toward his eligibility for early release, provided the
parole board a reason to give him an early release, and showed “an initiative to be a better
citizen.” According to Father, part of the reason for taking some of the classes was to
improve his chances of an early release. Father testified that, hypothetically, if he were
released in 2020 on early release, he would reside with the paternal grandmother for six
months, get a job, save money, and move to Chattanooga to be closer to the Child. Father
testified that he expected this would take less than a year. As far as employment, Father
intended to look into jobs in education, mechanical, construction, food service,
warehousing, or anything available. Father acknowledged that if he was released from
prison on probation, he would not be allowed around any other children, that he would not
be allowed to go to the park with the Child if other children were present, and that there
would be limitations on him attending any event where other children were present.

        Father testified that his two North Carolina convictions of “sexual offense with a
student” were with a seventeen-year-old female. According to Father, he was around
thirty-one years old at the time. He testified that both convictions involved the same
female. Father testified that he was required to register as a sex offender as a result of both
the North Carolina convictions and the Georgia conviction.

       Father testified that he did not believe he had a problem related to his previous
convictions but that he believed that he “was acting out in depression.” Father explained
that he was very depressed and unhappy in his marriage and that he “acted the worst way
possible.” Father acknowledged that he had not received mental health treatment for
depression. He stated that he knew he did not have a problem because he did not have the
same desire to continue that behavior. Father testified that he had no excuse and knew his
behavior was wrong. Father denied that he ever met with an individual he believed to be
fifteen years old in Georgia who he later discovered was an undercover police officer.
Father, however, acknowledged pleading guilty to computer pornography.

       At the conclusion of trial, the Trial Court granted Petitioners’ petition to terminate
Father’s parental rights. The Trial Court subsequently entered a judgment, finding as
follows concerning the termination of Father’s parental rights:

       [T]he Court rendered a Bench Opinion finding by clear and convincing
       evidence that Petitioners had proven grounds for termination of [Father’s]
       parental rights pursuant to T.C.A. 36-1-113(g)[(6)] providing that if a person
       is convicted of a crime and sentenced to a period of ten (10) years or more
       and the minor child, which is the subject of this matter, is under eight (8)
       years of age. In addition, the Court rendered its opinion that it is in the best
       interests of the minor child for the parental rights of [Father] to be terminated,
       which specific findings are as follows:
                                              -7-
a. The Court finds by clear and convincing evidence that Petitioners have
proven the grounds at T.C.A. 36-1-113(g)(6) in that [Father] has been
sentenced to a prison term of more than 10 years and [the Child] is under 8
years of age;

b. The Court then made findings as to best interest factors to terminate the
parental rights of [Father] as noted in T.C.A. 36-1-113(i) as well as case law
because the best interest list of factors is not to be exhaust[ive];

c. As to the parents’ adjustment to make custody safe, [Mother] has remarried
and it is her husband that is asking to adopt [the Child]. [Mother] and her
new husband, Petitioners herein, have moved away from the town of where
the events happened regarding Respondent/Father’s criminal conviction so
[Mother] has certainly made an adjustment to make custody safe with the
step-father;

d. [Father] has not made any adjustments to make custody safe today and still
resides in prison;

e. Pursuant to the statute and case law, the best interest’s factors are to be
looked at according to the child’s perspective or concerning the child.
Regarding such, the Court finds that the child is doing better now that the
child is getting farther and farther away from the time when [Father] was
around the child. The Court further finds that, according to [Mother], the
child is no longer defecating inappropriately, that his health is better, that he
is not as scared as he used to be, he has made an adjustment and is doing well
as child;

f. [Mother] and [Stepfather] are both financially able to care for the child and
that they have adequate housing for the child;

g. The second part of the statute as to best interests is regarding failure to
make adjustments after reasonable efforts from social services. The Court
finds that this does not apply in this situation;

h. [Father] has not had regular visits with the child nor has [Father] paid
Guideline support;

i. As to the parents’ mental status, there has been no showing that there is
anything wrong with [Mother’s] or [Stepfather’s] mental status. Both
Petitioners presented well in Court and the Court finds that they are very
credible;
                                     -8-
j. The Court queries as to whether there is a problem with [Father’s] mental
status and the Court finds that hasn’t been shown, other than an allegation
that the letters that [Father] wrote to the child may be inappropriate; however,
the Court finds that it does not consider those letters as they are not in
evidence but they are for identification only;

k. As to the safety and health of the parent’s home, [Mother] has shown
pictures of her home and the Court finds that it is a safe and healthy home.
It appears to be nice and clean, and well organized, at least from the pictures
and so that preponderates in the favor of the child having a safe home;

1. The Court finds that there is no proof of either parent being a child abuser;

m. The Court finds that [Father] was certainly exhibiting neglectful or poor
judgment after being arrested in North Carolina and having a conviction there
and again being involved in a sex related crime in Georgia. The Court finds
that he was at least using poor judgment at that time;

n. As to the effect a change of the caretaker of the child may have on this
child if he gets back into [Father’s] custody, there is really no real proof of
that. In fact, the proof is just the opposite in that the child does not even
know the father, and that the child has known [Stepfather] for longer than the
child has known [Father]. [Father] was first arrested when the child was
approximately 2 to 2 1/2 years old and the child is now 6;

o. The child becomes questioning when [Stepfather] leaves so that is some
indication to the Court that a change of the caretaker from the [Stepfather]
would not be in the child’s best interests. The Court finds that the only proof
is that the [Stepfather] has a meaningful relationship with the child and that
there is no proof of a relationship of [Father], at this point;

p. Regarding the above-findings, the Court is to look at all these factors with
the child at the center of them and the Court is to consider where the
continuation of [Father’s] relationship would serve the child. Further the
Court finds that this is not whether [Father] would miss the child, as it is not
about [Father’s] efforts by sending letters to the child, but this is about the
child’s relationship with the father and the Court finds that there is no
relationship to continue between father and child;

q. It is in the best interests of the child in these cases where the Court
considers the bond with the parent and the child and not the parent with the
child. The Court notes In re: LSS, 2007 Tenn. App. LEXIS 597 in looking
                                     -9-
        at those factors there is no evidence here that the child knows [Father], that
        the child would miss [Father], that the child has a relationship with [Father]
        and that even after release at whatever time, the father cannot be around
        children. Further, it would still be several months or longer even on father’s
        estimate of up to a year before he could assume responsibility for his child;

        r. The father planned to live with his parents after release, whenever that is,
        but the Court further finds that is speculative at this point. Further, the Court
        finds that the father testified that he wanted to save money and then move to
        Chattanooga but he has no job and no place to live;

        s. The child has known time without [Father] more than he knew time with
        [Father] before the conviction. The Court further finds that [Father] cannot
        provide the child a home or support within a reasonable amount of time and
        further the Court finds, pursuant to In re: M.E.W., 2004 Tenn. App. LEXIS
        250 that the child has an interest in finality and a stable home;

        t. Even though [Father] argues that if he keeps on a good path and continues
        to ready himself, he will be available for early release. The Court finds that
        such is speculation at this point and the Court further finds that weighing that
        with the factor of the child deserving of permanency, the Court finds clear
        and convincing evidence that it is in the child’s best interest for [Father’s]
        parental rights to be terminated.

Father timely appealed.

                                                Discussion

      Although not stated exactly as such, Father raises the following issue for our
review on appeal: whether the Trial Court erred in finding by clear and convincing
evidence that the termination of Father’s parental rights was in the Child’s best interest.

        With regard to the termination of parental rights, our Supreme Court has instructed:

               A parent’s right to the care and custody of her child is among the
        oldest of the judicially recognized fundamental liberty interests protected by
        the Due Process Clauses of the federal and state constitutions.3 Troxel v.
        Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65, 120 S. Ct. 2054, 147 L. Ed.2d 49 (2000); Stanley
3
 U.S. Const. amend. XIV § 1 (“[N]or shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without
due process of law . . . .”). Similarly, article 1, section 8 of the Tennessee Constitution states “[t]hat no
man shall be taken or imprisoned, or disseized of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled,
or in any manner destroyed or deprived of his life, liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers or
the law of the land.”
                                                    - 10 -
v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651, 92 S. Ct. 1208, 31 L. Ed.2d 551 (1972); In re
Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 250 (Tenn. 2010); In re Adoption of Female
Child, 896 S.W.2d 546, 547-48 (Tenn. 1995); Hawk v. Hawk, 855 S.W.2d
573, 578-79 (Tenn. 1993). But parental rights, although fundamental and
constitutionally protected, are not absolute. In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at
250. “‘[T]he [S]tate as parens patriae has a special duty to protect minors .
. . .’ Tennessee law, thus, upholds the [S]tate’s authority as parens patriae
when interference with parenting is necessary to prevent serious harm to a
child.” Hawk, 855 S.W.2d at 580 (quoting In re Hamilton, 657 S.W.2d 425,
429 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983)); see also Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 747,
102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed.2d 599 (1982); In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 250.
“When the State initiates a parental rights termination proceeding, it seeks
not merely to infringe that fundamental liberty interest, but to end it.”
Santosky, 455 U.S. at 759, 102 S. Ct. 1388. [“]Few consequences of judicial
action are so grave as the severance of natural family ties.” Id. at 787, 102
S. Ct. 1388; see also M.L.B. v. S.L.J., 519 U.S. 102, 119, 117 S. Ct. 555, 136
L. Ed.2d 473 (1996). The parental rights at stake are [“]far more precious
than any property right.” Santosky, 455 U.S. at 758-59 102 S. Ct. 1388.
Termination of parental rights has the legal effect of reducing the parent to
the role of a complete stranger and of [“]severing forever all legal rights and
obligations of the parent or guardian of the child.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(l)(1); see also Santosky, 455 U.S. at 759, 102 S. Ct. 1388 (recognizing
that a decision terminating parental rights is [“]final and irrevocable”). In
light of the interests and consequences at stake, parents are constitutionally
entitled to [“]fundamentally fair procedures” in termination proceedings.
Santosky, 455 U.S. at 754, 102 S. Ct. 1388; see also Lassiter v. Dep’t of Soc.
Servs. of Durham Cnty., N.C., 452 U.S. 18, 27, 101 S. Ct. 2153, 68 L. Ed.2d
640 (1981) (discussing the due process right of parents to fundamentally fair
procedures).

       Among the constitutionally mandated [“]fundamentally fair
procedures” is a heightened standard of proof – clear and convincing
evidence. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 769, 102 S. Ct. 1388. This standard
minimizes the risk of unnecessary or erroneous governmental interference
with fundamental parental rights. Id.; In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586, 596
(Tenn. 2010). [“]Clear and convincing evidence enables the fact-finder to
form a firm belief or conviction regarding the truth of the facts, and
eliminates any serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of these
factual findings.” In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d at 596 (citations omitted).
The clear-and-convincing-evidence standard ensures that the facts are
established as highly probable, rather than as simply more probable than not.
In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 861 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005); In re M.A.R.,
183 S.W.3d 652, 660 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).
                                    - 11 -
                Tennessee statutes governing parental termination proceedings
          incorporate this constitutionally mandated standard of proof. Tennessee
          Code Annotated section 36-1[-]113(c) provides:

                  Termination of parental or guardianship rights must be based
                  upon:

              (1) A finding by the court by clear and convincing evidence that
                  the grounds for termination of parental or guardianship rights
                  have been established; and
              (2) That termination of the parent’s or guardian’s rights is in the
                  best interests of the child.

          This statute requires the State to establish by clear and convincing proof that
          at least one of the enumerated statutory grounds4 for termination exists and
          that termination is in the child’s best interests. In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d
          at 250; In re F.R.R., III, 193 S.W.3d 528, 530 (Tenn. 2006); In re Valentine,
          79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002). “The best interests analysis is separate
          from and subsequent to the determination that there is clear and convincing
          evidence of grounds for termination.” In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 254.
          Although several factors relevant to the best interests analysis are statutorily
          enumerated,5 the list is illustrative, not exclusive. The parties are free to offer
          proof of other relevant factors. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 878. The trial
          court must then determine whether the combined weight of the facts
          “amount[s] to clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the child’s
          best interest.” In re Kaliyah S., 455 S.W.3d 533, 555 (Tenn. 2015). These
          requirements ensure that each parent receives the constitutionally required
          “individualized determination that a parent is either unfit or will cause
          substantial harm to his or her child before the fundamental right to the care
          and custody of the child can be taken away.” In re Swanson, 2 S.W.3d 180,
          188 (Tenn. 1999).

                 Furthermore, other statutes impose certain requirements upon trial
          courts hearing termination petitions. A trial court must “ensure that the
          hearing on the petition takes place within six (6) months of the date that the
          petition is filed, unless the court determines an extension is in the best
          interests of the child.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1113[sic](k). A trial court
          must “enter an order that makes specific findings of fact and conclusions of
          law within thirty (30) days of the conclusion of the hearing.” Id. This portion

4
    Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1)-(13).
5
    Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i).
                                                - 12 -
       of the statute requires a trial court to make “findings of fact and conclusions
       of law as to whether clear and convincing evidence establishes the existence
       of each of the grounds asserted for terminating [parental] rights.” In re
       Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 255. “Should the trial court conclude that clear
       and convincing evidence of ground(s) for termination does exist, then the
       trial court must also make a written finding whether clear and convincing
       evidence establishes that termination of [parental] rights is in the [child’s]
       best interests.” Id. If the trial court’s best interests analysis “is based on
       additional factual findings besides the ones made in conjunction with the
       grounds for termination, the trial court must also include these findings in the
       written order.” Id. Appellate courts “may not conduct de novo review of the
       termination decision in the absence of such findings.” Id. (citing Adoption
       Place, Inc. v. Doe, 273 S.W.3d 142, 151 & n.15 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007)).

                             B. Standards of Appellate Review

              An appellate court reviews a trial court’s findings of fact in
       termination proceedings using the standard of review in Tenn. R. App. P.
       13(d). In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d at 596; In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at
       246. Under Rule 13(d), appellate courts review factual findings de novo on
       the record and accord these findings a presumption of correctness unless the
       evidence preponderates otherwise. In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d at 596; In
       re M.L.P., 281 S.W.3d 387, 393 (Tenn. 2009); In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215
       S.W.3d 793, 809 (Tenn. 2007). In light of the heightened burden of proof in
       termination proceedings, however, the reviewing court must make its own
       determination as to whether the facts, either as found by the trial court or as
       supported by a preponderance of the evidence, amount to clear and
       convincing evidence of the elements necessary to terminate parental rights.
       In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d at 596-97. The trial court’s ruling that the
       evidence sufficiently supports termination of parental rights is a conclusion
       of law, which appellate courts review de novo with no presumption of
       correctness. In re M.L.P., 281 S.W.3d at 393 (quoting In re Adoption of
       A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d at 810). Additionally, all other questions of law in
       parental termination appeals, as in other appeals, are reviewed de novo with
       no presumption of correctness. In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 246.

In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d 507, 521-24 (Tenn. 2016) (footnotes in original but
renumbered).

       Additionally, the Trial Court is the arbiter of witness credibility of those who testify
live before it. As our Supreme Court has instructed:


                                            - 13 -
       When credibility and weight to be given testimony are involved, considerable
       deference must be afforded to the trial court when the trial judge had the
       opportunity to observe the witnesses’ demeanor and to hear in-court
       testimony. Estate of Walton v. Young, 950 S.W.2d 956, 959 (Tenn. 1997)
       (quoting Randolph v. Randolph, 937 S.W.2d 815, 819 (Tenn. 1996)).
       Because trial courts are able to observe the witnesses, assess their demeanor,
       and evaluate other indicators of credibility, an assessment of credibility will
       not be overturned on appeal absent clear and convincing evidence to the
       contrary. Wells v. Bd. of Regents, 9 S.W.3d 779, 783 (Tenn. 1999).

Hughes v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville and Davidson County, 340 S.W.3d 352, 360 (Tenn.
2011).

       Although Father has not raised grounds as an issue on appeal, our Supreme Court
has instructed “that in an appeal from an order terminating parental rights the Court of
Appeals must review the trial court’s findings as to each ground for termination and as to
whether termination is in the child’s best interests, regardless of whether the parent
challenges these findings on appeal.” In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d 507, 525-26
(footnote omitted). Therefore, we will address the ground utilized for the termination of
Father’s parental rights.

       The Trial Court found only one ground regarding the termination of Father’s
parental rights. Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(6) provides the following as a
ground for the termination of parental rights:

       The parent has been confined in a correctional or detention facility of any
       type, by order of the court as a result of a criminal act, under a sentence of
       ten (10) or more years, and the child is under eight (8) years of age at the
       time the sentence is entered by the court[.]

Petitioners entered as an exhibit at trial a copy of Father’s criminal conviction in Georgia,
as well as a copy of the Child’s birth certification. Father acknowledged that he was
currently incarcerated at the time of trial. The record establishes that Father had been
sentenced by the Georgia court to incarceration of more than ten years and that the Child
was less than eight years old when the sentence was entered. As such, we find and hold,
as did the Trial Court, that Petitioners proved this ground by clear and convincing evidence.

       Next, we will address Father’s argument concerning whether the Trial Court erred
by determining that termination of Father’s parental rights was in the Child’s best interest.
Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(i) provides a set of non-exclusive factors courts are
to consider in determining whether termination of parental rights is in a child’s best
interest:

                                           - 14 -
(i)   In determining whether termination of parental or guardianship rights
      is in the best interest of the child pursuant to this part, the court shall
      consider, but is not limited to, the following

(1)   Whether the parent or guardian has made such an adjustment of
      circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the
      child’s best interest to be in the home of the parent or guardian;

(2)   Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a lasting
      adjustment after reasonable efforts by available social services
      agencies for such duration of time that lasting adjustment does not
      reasonably appear possible;

(3)   Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular visitation or
      other contact with the child;

(4)   Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been established
      between the parent or guardian and the child;

(5)   The effect a change of caretakers and physical environment is likely
      to have on the child’s emotional, psychological and medical
      condition;

(6)   Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing with the
      parent or guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional
      or psychological abuse, or neglect toward the child, or another child
      or adult in the family or household;

(7)   Whether the physical environment of the parent’s or guardian’s home
      is healthy and safe, whether there is criminal activity in the home, or
      whether there is such use of alcohol, controlled substances or
      controlled substance analogues as may render the parent or guardian
      consistently unable to care for the child in a safe and stable manner;

(8)   Whether the parent’s or guardian’s mental and/or emotional status
      would be detrimental to the child or prevent the parent or guardian
      from effectively providing safe and stable care and supervision for the
      child; or

(9)   Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support consistent with
      the child support guidelines promulgated by the department pursuant
      to § 36-5-101.

                                    - 15 -
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i) (Supp. 2019).

      With regard to making a determination concerning a child’s best interest, our
Supreme Court has instructed:

              When conducting the best interests analysis, courts must consider nine
      statutory factors listed in Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(i).
      These statutory factors are illustrative, not exclusive, and any party to the
      termination proceeding is free to offer proof of any other factor relevant to
      the best interests analysis. In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 523 (citing In
      re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 878 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005)). Facts considered
      in the best interests analysis must be proven by “a preponderance of the
      evidence, not by clear and convincing evidence.” In re Kaliyah S., 455
      S.W.3d at 555 (citing In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 861). “After making
      the underlying factual findings, the trial court should then consider the
      combined weight of those facts to determine whether they amount to clear
      and convincing evidence that termination is in the child’s best interest[s].”
      Id. When considering these statutory factors, courts must remember that
      “[t]he child’s best interests [are] viewed from the child’s, rather than the
      parent’s, perspective.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 878. Indeed, “[a]
      focus on the perspective of the child is the common theme” evident in all of
      the statutory factors. Id. “[W]hen the best interests of the child and those of
      the adults are in conflict, such conflict shall always be resolved to favor the
      rights and the best interests of the child. . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-101(d)
      (2017).

              Ascertaining a child’s best interests involves more than a “rote
      examination” of the statutory factors. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 878.
      And the best interests analysis consists of more than tallying the number of
      statutory factors weighing in favor of or against termination. White v.
      Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 193-94 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). Rather, the facts
      and circumstances of each unique case dictate how weighty and relevant each
      statutory factor is in the context of the case. See In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d
      at 878. Simply put, the best interests analysis is and must remain a factually
      intensive undertaking, so as to ensure that every parent receives
      individualized consideration before fundamental parental rights are
      terminated. In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 523. “[D]epending upon the
      circumstances of a particular child and a particular parent, the consideration
      of one factor may very well dictate the outcome of the analysis.” In re
      Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 878 (citing White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d at 194).
      But this does not mean that a court is relieved of the obligation of considering
      all the factors and all the proof. Even if the circumstances of a particular
      case ultimately result in the court ascribing more weight—even outcome
                                             - 16 -
       determinative weight—to a particular statutory factor, the court must
       consider all of the statutory factors, as well as any other relevant proof any
       party offers.

In re Gabriella D., 531 S.W.3d 662, 681-82 (Tenn. 2017).

       On appeal, Father contends there was insufficient evidence presented at trial to
prove by clear and convincing evidence that termination of his parental rights was in the
Child’s best interest. According to Father, there were “numerous facts proven at trial that
were relevant to this enquiry that the trial court did not properly consider in its ruling.”
Father then proceeds to identify his concerns with the Trial Court’s analysis of the best
interest factors.

       Father specifically argues that the Trial Court failed to consider the “very strong
relationship” between Father and the Child prior to Father’s incarceration. The evidence
before the Trial Court supports Father’s assertion that he had a strong relationship with the
Child before he became incarcerated. As the Trial Court noted, the Child was two or two-
and-a-half years old when Father was first arrested in North Carolina. After Father lost his
teaching job, he became the caregiver for the Child while Mother worked. However, Father
had been incarcerated since March 2016, when the Child was around three years old. By
the time of trial, the strong relationship that had existed between Father and the Child had
diminished such that the Child had very little memory of Father. Both Mother and
Stepfather testified that Stepfather had developed a father-son relationship with the Child
while Father had been incarcerated.

       According to Father, he “made every effort” to maintain a relationship with the
Child after he became incarcerated. The proof supported that Father had Skype visits with
the Child once a week after he became incarcerated for a period of time. Father states on
appeal that his relationship with the Child was “ended by the actions of [Mother] when she
stopped the relationship.” It was, however, Father’s actions that had resulted in his
incarceration. While on probation in North Carolina for two convictions of sexual contact
with a student, Father was indicted in Georgia for, and later pled guilty to, a charge of
computer pornography after he utilized an online service to solicit an individual he believed
to be under sixteen years of age to commit illegal acts related to the offense of child
molestation. Even after his incarceration, Mother allowed Skype visits between Father and
the Child until the Child began exhibiting anxiety behaviors after his Skype visits with
Father. Both Mother and Stepfather testified about the Child’s behaviors during that time,
and the Trial Court found both Mother and Stepfather to be credible witnesses. The Trial
Court considered the fact that Mother had stopped the Skype visits between the Child and
Father and found that the Child’s behaviors had improved “now that the child is getting
farther and farther away from the time when [Father] was around the child.”


                                           - 17 -
       At the time of trial, the Trial Court found that there was no evidence that the Child
knew Father or would miss him. As the Trial Court found, the best interest factors do not
concern whether Father would miss the Child or Father’s effort of sending letters to the
Child, but instead involve the Child’s relationship with Father, which the Trial Court found
to be nonexistent by the time of trial. The evidence presented does not preponderate against
the Trial Court’s findings concerning the relationship between Father and the Child.

        Father also argues that the Trial Court did not take into account Father’s chances for
early release from prison, his plan upon release, or the steps Father took while incarcerated
“to fortify himself against recidivism after he gets out,” which included attending “re-entry
to society classes, good decisions class, [and] computer classes,” working at the prison as
a GED instructor, and his religious practices and beliefs since entering prison. The Trial
Court acknowledged Father’s argument during trial that if Father kept “on a good path and
continue[d] to ready himself” that he could be available for early release. However, the
Trial Court found that Father’s testimony concerning early release was speculative and that
even if he was released early, Father’s plan to relocate to Chattanooga to be close to the
Child would take at least several months or longer by Father’s estimate before he could
assume responsibility for the Child. The Trial Court noted that Father did not have a job
or a place to live in Chattanooga. The Trial Court further noted that even after Father’s
release, Father would not be allowed around other children. Father acknowledged during
his testimony that there would be restrictions on him being around other children due to
his sex offender status. The record reflects that the Trial Court did consider Father’s
testimony concerning early release, his plan after release, and the progress he had made
while in prison when making its determination regarding best interest.

        Father further argues on appeal that the Trial Court “did not properly consider the
uncontradicted testimony offered by [Father] that he did not believe he has lingering
problems.” Father testified that he had been “acting out in depression,” was very unhappy
in his marriage with Mother, and “acted the worst way possible.” Father further testified
that he knew he did not “have a problem” because he no longer had “the same desire to do
anything like that.” The Trial Court considered Father’s criminal behavior in both North
Carolina and Georgia, but its judgment does not discuss whether Father continued to have
“lingering problems” at the time of trial. The Trial Court found that no problem with
Father’s mental health had been shown but recognized that Father “was certainly exhibiting
neglectful or poor judgment after being arrested in North Carolina and having a conviction
there and again being involved in a sex related crime in Georgia.” Even taking Father’s
testimony that he has no “lingering problems” with regard to his convictions, this testimony
would not weigh against the other factors considered by the Trial Court that weigh in favor
of the termination of Father’s parental rights.

      The Trial Court properly considered the best interest factors, codified at Tennessee
Code Annotated § 36-1-113(i), and made detailed findings of fact concerning those factors.
Upon review of the Trial Court’s findings of fact concerning the best interest analysis, the
                                          - 18 -
evidence presented at trial does not preponderate against any of them. We find and hold,
as did the Trial Court, that Petitioners proved by clear and convincing evidence that
termination of Father’s parental rights was in the Child’s best interest. We, therefore,
affirm the judgment of the Trial Court.

                                       Conclusion

       The judgment of the Trial Court terminating Father’s parental rights to the Child is
affirmed. This cause is remanded to the Trial Court for collection of the costs assessed
below. The costs on appeal are assessed against the appellant, Ricky D., and his surety, if
any.



                                          _________________________________
                                          D. MICHAEL SWINEY, CHIEF JUDGE




                                          - 19 -
