                     In The
               Court of Appeals
 Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana


                   No. 06-19-00015-CV




       IN THE MATTER OF THE MARRIAGE OF
MATTHEW THOMAS FLOWERS AND EMMA MARY FLOWERS
      AND IN THE INTEREST OF E.M.F., A CHILD




         On Appeal from the 459th District Court
                 Travis County, Texas
          Trial Court No. D-1-FM-18-004168




       Before Morriss, C.J., Burgess and Stevens, JJ.
        Memorandum Opinion by Justice Stevens
                                      MEMORANDUM OPINION
          Just after Emma Mary Flowers moved with her one-year-old son, E.M.F., to Michigan,

Matthew Thomas Flowers filed a suit affecting the parent-child relationship seeking temporary

child custody orders. After a Travis County district court 1 (Texas Court) entered temporary orders,

and Matthew amended his original petition adding a petition for divorce, Emma filed a complaint

in the 33rd Circuit Court in Charlevoix County, Michigan (Michigan Court), seeking an emergency

ex parte temporary order under the temporary emergency jurisdiction provisions of the Uniform

Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA).                           See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 152.204; MICH. COMP. LAWS ANN. § 722.1204. Following the Texas Court’s determination that

it had jurisdiction under the UCCJEA, the Michigan Court rescinded its emergency temporary

order and dismissed Emma’s complaint for lack of jurisdiction. Upon a final hearing, the Texas

Court entered a final judgment granting Matthew’s petition for divorce and entering child custody

orders.

          On appeal, 2 Emma only challenges the Texas Court’s subject-matter jurisdiction to enter

child custody orders under the UCCJEA. Because we find that the Texas Court had subject-matter

jurisdiction under the UCCJEA, we affirm its judgment.


1
 Originally appealed to the Third Court of Appeals, this case was transferred to this Court by the Texas Supreme Court
pursuant to its docket equalization efforts. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001. We are unaware of any conflict
between precedent of the Third Court of Appeals and that of this Court on any relevant issue. See TEX. R. APP. P.
41.3.
2
 Although Emma’s notice of appeal was not filed within the twenty-day period allowed for an appeal under the
UCCJEA (see TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 152.314 (establishing that appeals from final orders under the UCCJEA are
expedited); TEX. R. APP. P. 28.1(a) (“appeals required by statute to be . . . expedited . . . are accelerated appeals”);
TEX. R. APP. P. 26.1(b) (establishing that a notice of appeal in an accelerated appeal is due “within 20 days after the
judgment or order is signed”)), the notice of appeal was filed within the period allowed, upon motion, for extending
the time to file a notice of appeal under Rule 26.3. When, as here, no motion for extension has been filed, we may

                                                           2
I.          Background

            E.M.F. was born on June 14, 2017, in South Carolina, where Matthew, Emma, D.F., 3 and

E.M.F. resided until around February 28. On either February 28 or March 1, they moved to Austin,

Texas, where Matthew had a job at Indeed. In June, Matthew, Emma, and E.M.F. took a one-week

trip to Michigan, where Emma’s extended family lived, to celebrate E.M.F.’s birthday. Even

though Matthew described that trip as a brief vacation, Emma maintained that it was her intent to

move to Michigan at that time. Nonetheless, they all returned to Texas, where they remained until

July 5 or 6, when Emma and E.M.F. moved to Michigan.

            On July 9, 4 Matthew filed his Original Petition in Suit Affecting the Parent-Child

Relationship 5 (Original SAPCR Petition) in the Texas Court. In his Original SAPCR Petition,

Matthew alleged, “No court has continuing jurisdiction of this suit or of the child the subject of

this suit” and asked (1) that he and Emma be named joint managing conservators of E.M.F., (2) that

he have the exclusive right to designate the primary residence of E.M.F., (3) that Emma be ordered

to pay child support, and (4) that the trial court enter temporary orders after notice and a hearing.

A hearing on Matthew’s request for temporary orders was set for July 27, and Emma was ordered


imply a motion for extension of time when a notice of appeal has been filed within Rule 26.3’s fifteen-day period if
the appellant provides a reasonable explanation for the necessity of an extension of time. See Jones v. City of Houston,
976 S.W.2d 676, 677 (Tex. 1998); Santis v. Travis Cent. Appraisal Dist., No. 03-19-00109-CV, 2019 WL 2939243,
at *1 (Tex. App.—Austin July 9, 2019, no. pet. h.) (mem. op.). Upon our request, Emma has provided a reasonable
explanation for the necessity of an extension of time. As a result, we find that the notice of appeal has been timely
filed.
3
    D.F. is Matthew’s biological son from a prior relationship.
4
    All dates are in 2018, unless otherwise noted.
5
    “Suit affecting the parent-child relationship” will be abbreviated “SAPCR.”

                                                             3
to appear. Despite having been served with the Original SAPCR Petition and the order to appear,

Emma failed to appear at the hearing. After a short hearing, the Texas Court entered temporary

orders. 6

        On August 30, Matthew filed his First Amended Petition in SAPCR and Original Petition

for Divorce. In the SAPCR portion of the amended petition, Matthew noted that the trial court had

entered temporary orders and that there were no other “court-ordered conservatorships, court-

ordered guardianships, or other court-ordered relationships affecting” E.M.F. On September 6,

Emma filed her Counter Petition in SAPCR and Counter Petition for Divorce (Counter Petition)

in the Texas Court, in which she also asked for child custody orders. Emma attached an Out-of-

State Party Declaration (Declaration) as Exhibit C to the Counter Petition. In the Declaration,

Emma declared under penalty of perjury that she had not taken part in any other court case about

E.M.F. in Texas, or in any other state or country, and that she did not know of any other court case

that could affect this case, including custody, visitation, or child support, among other things.

        On September 10, the Texas Court signed an order requiring Emma to appear on September

26 and respond to Matthew’s motion to enforce the trial court’s temporary orders.                              On

September 20, Emma filed a complaint in the Michigan Court and obtained an emergency ex parte

child custody order under the temporary emergency provisions of the UCCJEA. See TEX. FAM.

CODE ANN. § 152.204; MICH. COMP. LAWS ANN. § 722.1204. In support of her emergency motion,

Emma attached an affidavit in which she alleged that Matthew had committed domestic violence


6
 The trial court noted they were “emergency” temporary orders “in case something [was] filed in the other state and
[Matthew had] not been served.” At the time of the entry of the temporary orders, no child custody proceeding had
been filed in Michigan.
                                                        4
against her and had physically abused his seven-year-old son, D.F. After consulting with the

Michigan Court, 7 on September 26, the Texas Court held a hearing to determine whether it had

jurisdiction under the UCCJEA.

         At the hearing, Emma testified that the family moved to Texas on March 1 and that she

and E.M.F. left Texas on July 5 or 6. While she and E.M.F. were living in Texas, they had no

family nearby and no close friends, E.M.F. was not in daycare or school, and they did not attend

church. She also testified that after they moved to Michigan, she had family support from her

mother, aunts, uncles, grandparents, and stepfather. She explained that she had gone to work as a

school bus driver and that her mother babysat E.M.F. while she was working. She also explained

that E.M.F. had a friend that he saw at least once a week, a pediatrician, and a church. Emma

stated that Matthew’s son, D.F., acted like he did not like E.M.F. and that he had hit and kicked

E.M.F. several times.

         Matthew testified that he, Emma, and E.M.F. moved to Texas on February 28 and that they

had taken a brief one-week vacation in Michigan. He denied that E.M.F. had any connection to

Michigan before July 9, other than the brief vacation. He denied that he ever committed domestic

violence against Emma and stated that he had cooperated with a Child Protective Services (CPS)

investigation concerning the allegations of physical abuse. He also testified that he had received

a closure letter from CPS saying that there was nothing to the claim. 8


7
 See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 152.204(d); MICH. COMP. LAWS ANN. § 722.1204(4) (requiring a court exercising
emergency jurisdiction and a court exercising jurisdiction under Sections 201 to 203 of the UCCJEA to immediately
communicate with each other).
8
 At the final hearing, a copy of the CPS Investigation Report, which indicated that the allegation of abuse was ruled
out, was admitted into evidence.
                                                         5
        After the hearing, the Texas Court determined that it had jurisdiction to hear the case

because E.M.F. and Matthew had a significant connection with Texas and substantial evidence

was available in Texas about the child’s care, protection, training, and personal relationships. See

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 152.201(a)(2). The Michigan Court then dismissed Emma’s complaint

and rescinded its emergency ex parte temporary orders.

II.     Standard of Review

        To be authorized to decide a case, a court must have subject-matter jurisdiction. Tex. Ass’n

of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 443 (Tex. 1993); In re Marriage of Marsalis, 338

S.W.3d 131, 134 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, no pet.). A court has subject-matter jurisdiction

“when the nature of the case falls within a general category of cases that the court is empowered,

under applicable statutory and constitutional provisions, to adjudicate.” Marsalis, 338 S.W.3d at

134 (citing In re Barnes, 127 S.W.3d 843, 846 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, orig. proceeding)).

Subject-matter jurisdiction in child custody proceedings 9 is governed by the UCCJEA. 10 Id.

(citing TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §§ 152.001–.317). The relevant time for determining whether the

trial court had subject-matter jurisdiction under the UCCJEA is at the proceeding’s

commencement, defined as “the filing of the first pleading in a proceeding.” TEX. FAM. CODE

ANN. § 152.102(5); In re Forlenza, 140 S.W.3d 373, 376 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding). The

initial pleading in this child custody proceeding was the Original SAPCR Petition filed by



9
 “‘Child custody proceeding’ means a proceeding in which legal custody, physical custody, or visitation with respect
to a child is an issue.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 152.102(4).
10
 Both Texas and Michigan have adopted the UCCJEA. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §§ 152.001–.317; MICH. COMP.
LAWS ANN. §§ 722.1101–.1316.
                                                         6
Matthew. As a result, the relevant time for determining whether the Texas Court had subject-

matter jurisdiction was July 9.

III.   Subject-Matter Jurisdiction Under the UCCJEA

       Here, no other court had entered a child custody determination about E.M.F. before July 9.

For that reason, this case involves an initial child custody determination. Section 152.201 of the

Texas Family Code, which governs the initial determination of child custody jurisdiction, states:

       (a)     Except as otherwise provided in Section 152.204, a court of this state has
       jurisdiction to make an initial child custody determination only if:
                (1)     this state is the home state of the child on the date of the
       commencement of the proceeding, or was the home state of the child within six
       months before the commencement of the proceeding and the child is absent from
       this state but a parent or person acting as a parent continues to live in this state;

                (2)     a court of another state does not have jurisdiction under Subdivision
       (1), or a court of the home state of the child has declined to exercise jurisdiction on
       the ground that this state is the more appropriate forum under Section 152.207 or
       152.208, and:
                       (A)     the child and the child’s parents, or the child and at least one
               parent or a person acting as a parent, have a significant connection with this
               state other than mere physical presence; and
                       (B)     substantial evidence is available in this state concerning the
               child’s care, protection, training, and personal relationships;
              (3)     all courts having jurisdiction under Subdivision (1) or (2) have
       declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that a court of this state is the more
       appropriate forum to determine the custody of the child under Section 152.207 or
       152.208; or
               (4)    no court of any other state would have jurisdiction under the criteria
       specified in Subdivision (1), (2), or (3).

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 152.201(a). These provisions are “the exclusive jurisdictional basis for

making a[n initial] child custody determination by a” Texas court. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.
                                                  7
§ 152.201(b). In addition, the “[p]hysical presence of, or personal jurisdiction over, a party or a

child” is neither necessary nor sufficient for a Texas court to make a child custody determination.

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 152.201(c).

IV.      Analysis

         In her brief, Emma contends that the Texas Court did not have subject-matter jurisdiction

to enter a child custody determination. 11 Since Section 152.201 is the exclusive basis for making

an initial child custody determination, we examine whether the Texas Court had jurisdiction under

any of its provisions.

         The first jurisdictional basis is home state jurisdiction, which requires that the

         state was one in which a child lived with a parent for at least six consecutive months
         immediately before the commencement of a child custody proceeding or was the
         home state of the child within six months before the commencement of the
         proceeding and the child is absent from the state, but a parent continues to live in
         that state.

Marsalis, 338 S.W.3d at 135; see TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §§ 152.102(7), 152.201(a)(1). It is

undisputed that as of July 9, neither Texas nor any other forum was the home state of E.M.F.



11
  Emma argues that the Texas Court exercised temporary emergency jurisdiction under Section 152.204 of the Texas
Family Code when it entered its temporary orders, that from that point forward, it was exercising temporary emergency
jurisdiction, and that it could not “retroactively change the basis” of its jurisdiction. Emma’s argument misconstrues
both the law and the facts here. In the Original SAPCR Petition, Matthew did not allege that E.M.F. was present in
Texas, that E.M.F. had been abandoned, or that there was an emergency because E.M.F., his parent, or a sibling was
the subject of, or threatened with, mistreatment or abuse. There were therefore no pleadings that would have supported
the Texas Court exercising temporary emergency jurisdiction. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 152.204(a). Rather,
Matthew alleged that E.M.F. was a resident of Travis County and that no court had continuing jurisdiction of the suit
or of E.M.F. Those were enough pleadings to support, at least temporarily, the Texas Court exercising jurisdiction
under Section 152.201. Yet, Emma does not address Section 152.201 in her brief. Although the Texas Court noted
that the temporary orders were “emergency” orders, we do not construe this to mean that the Texas Court was
exercising jurisdiction under Section 152.204. And if the facts of the case as they existed on July 9 showed that the
Texas Court had jurisdiction under any of the provisions of Section 152.201, then it properly exercised jurisdiction,
even if it incorrectly identified the basis of its jurisdiction.
                                                          8
       The second jurisdictional basis is significant connections/substantial evidence jurisdiction.

This basis gives a Texas court jurisdiction when no forum has home state jurisdiction or the home

state court has declined jurisdiction because it is an inconvenient forum or because of unjustifiable

conduct by the person invoking that court’s jurisdiction and (1) the child and at least one parent

have a significant connection with Texas and (2) substantial evidence concerning the child’s care,

protection, training, and personal relationships are available in Texas. Marsalis, 338 S.W.3d at

136–37; see TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §§ 152.201(a)(2), 152.207–.208. It is undisputed that Matthew,

Emma, D.F., and E.M.F. had lived in Texas for a little over four months as of July 9 and that

Matthew was employed in Texas. For E.M.F., who was one year old at the time, that was a

significant portion of his life. Even so, there was no testimony that E.M.F. had any other familial

relationships in Texas, that he had attended daycare, that he had any friends in Texas, or that he

had ever seen a doctor in Texas. There was also no evidence that there was any person in Texas

besides Matthew who could testify about E.M.F.’s care, protection, training, or personal

relationships. The only evidence on these matters was the report of the CPS investigation about

D.F., which occurred after E.M.F. had left Texas.

       While the Texas Court found this evidence sufficient to give it significant

connections/substantial evidence jurisdiction, we find this evidence rather tenuous to support the

Texas Court’s jurisdiction. That said, we need not decide whether this evidence is sufficient to

give the Texas Court significant connections/substantial evidence jurisdiction since, as we discuss

below, the Texas Court had default jurisdiction.



                                                   9
       The third basis for jurisdiction is the more appropriate forum jurisdiction. This basis gives

a Texas court jurisdiction if all courts having jurisdiction under home state jurisdiction or

significant connections/substantial evidence jurisdiction have declined to exercise jurisdiction

because Texas was the more appropriate forum. Marsalis, 338 S.W.3d at 137; see TEX. FAM.

CODE ANN. § 152.201(a)(3). Here, there was no evidence that all courts having jurisdiction

declined to exercise jurisdiction because Texas was the more appropriate forum. The Texas Court

therefore did not acquire jurisdiction under this provision. See Marsalis, 338 S.W.3d at 137.

       The final basis for jurisdiction is default jurisdiction. Under this provision, a Texas court

has jurisdiction if no court of any other forum would have jurisdiction under any of the prior three

bases. Marsalis, 338 S.W.3d at 137–38; see TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 152.201(a)(4). Here, the

only other possible forum to have jurisdiction was the Michigan Court. No other forum had home

state jurisdiction, and there was no evidence that the Michigan Court acquired more appropriate

forum jurisdiction. Although there was evidence that E.M.F had many relatives in Michigan, there

was no evidence of his relationship with them as of July 9, or that these family relationships had

any great effect on him. And there was no evidence that he had any friends or a pediatrician in

Michigan as of July 9. Finally, there was no evidence that substantial evidence on E.M.F.’s care,

protection, training, or personal relationships was available in Michigan as of July 9. Rather, all

the testimony in this regard concerned matters that occurred sometime after E.M.F. moved to

Michigan.

       Because there were no courts of any other state having jurisdiction under the first three

bases, the Texas Court properly exercised subject-matter jurisdiction to determine child custody

                                                10
issues concerning E.M.F. under the default provisions of Section 152.201(a)(4) of the Texas

Family Code. As a result, we overrule Emma’s issues in this case.

V.     Conclusion

       For the reasons stated above, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.




                                                    Scott E. Stevens
                                                    Justice

Date Submitted:       August 5, 2019
Date Decided:         August 22, 2019




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