Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
05/31/2019 08:07 AM CDT




                                                        - 931 -
                                  Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                                          302 Nebraska R eports
                                                  STATE v. MRZA
                                                 Cite as 302 Neb. 931




                                        State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
                                           Sami S. Mrza, appellant.
                                                   ___ N.W.2d ___

                                         Filed April 19, 2019.    No. S-18-372.

                 1. Effectiveness of Counsel: Appeal and Error. Assignments of error
                    on direct appeal regarding ineffective assistance of trial counsel must
                    specifically allege deficient performance, and an appellate court will not
                    scour the remainder of the brief in search of such specificity.
                 2. ____: ____. Whether a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel
                    may be determined on direct appeal is a question of law. In reviewing
                    claims of ineffective assistance of counsel on direct appeal, an appellate
                    court decides only whether the undisputed facts contained within the
                    record are sufficient to conclusively determine whether counsel did or
                    did not provide effective assistance and whether the defendant was or
                    was not prejudiced by counsel’s alleged deficient performance.
                 3. Effectiveness of Counsel: Postconviction: Records: Appeal and
                    Error. When a defendant’s trial counsel is different from his or her
                    counsel on direct appeal, the defendant must raise on direct appeal any
                    issue of trial counsel’s ineffective performance which is known to the
                    defendant or is apparent from the record, otherwise, the issue will be
                    procedurally barred in a subsequent postconviction proceeding.
                 4. Effectiveness of Counsel: Records: Appeal and Error. The fact that
                    an ineffective assistance of counsel claim is raised on direct appeal does
                    not necessarily mean that it can be resolved. The determining factor is
                    whether the record is sufficient to adequately review the question.
                 5. Effectiveness of Counsel: Proof. Generally, to prevail on a claim of
                    ineffective assistance of counsel under Strickland v. Washington, 466
                    U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984), the defendant must
                    show that his or her counsel’s performance was deficient and that this
                    deficient performance actually prejudiced the defendant’s defense.
                                   - 932 -
             Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                     302 Nebraska R eports
                              STATE v. MRZA
                             Cite as 302 Neb. 931

 6. ____: ____. To show that counsel’s performance was deficient, a
    defend­ant must show that counsel’s performance did not equal that of a
    lawyer with ordinary training and skill in criminal law.
 7. Effectiveness of Counsel: Proof: Words and Phrases. To show preju-
    dice, the defendant must demonstrate a reasonable probability that but
    for counsel’s deficient performance, the result of the proceeding would
    have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient
    to undermine confidence in the outcome.
 8. Trial: Effectiveness of Counsel: Presumptions: Appeal and Error. In
    determining whether trial counsel’s performance was deficient, there is
    a strong presumption that counsel acted reasonably.
 9. Rules of Evidence: Proof. A proponent of evidence is not required to
    conclusively prove the genuineness of the evidence or to rule out all
    possibilities inconsistent with authenticity.
10. Rules of Evidence. Generally, the foundation for the admissibility of
    text messages has two components: (1) whether the text messages were
    accurately transcribed and (2) who actually sent the text messages.
11. ____. The rule of completeness allows a party to admit the entirety of
    an act, declaration, conversation, or writing when the other party admits
    a part and when the entirety is necessary to make it fully understood.
12. Trial: Prosecuting Attorneys: Appeal and Error. When a defendant
    has not preserved a claim of prosecutorial misconduct for direct appeal,
    an appellate court will review the record only for plain error.
13. Appeal and Error. An appellate court may find plain error on appeal
    when an error unasserted or uncomplained of at trial, but plainly evident
    from the record, prejudicially affects a litigant’s substantial right and,
    if uncorrected, would result in damage to the integrity, reputation, and
    fairness of the judicial process.
14. Motions for Mistrial: Prosecuting Attorneys: Waiver: Appeal and
    Error. A party who fails to make a timely motion for mistrial based
    on prosecutorial misconduct waives the right to assert on appeal that
    the court erred in not declaring a mistrial due to such prosecutorial
    misconduct.
15. Trial: Prosecuting Attorneys: Words and Phrases. Prosecutorial mis-
    conduct encompasses conduct that violates legal or ethical standards for
    various contexts because the conduct will or may undermine a defend­
    ant’s right to a fair trial.
16. Trial: Prosecuting Attorneys: Juries. Prosecutors are charged with the
    duty to conduct criminal trials in such a manner that the accused may
    have a fair and impartial trial, and prosecutors are not to inflame the
    prejudices or excite the passions of the jury against the accused.
                                    - 933 -
             Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                     302 Nebraska R eports
                              STATE v. MRZA
                             Cite as 302 Neb. 931

17. ____: ____: ____. A prosecutor’s conduct that does not mislead and
    unduly influence the jury does not constitute misconduct.
18. Trial: Prosecuting Attorneys. In assessing allegations of prosecutorial
    misconduct in closing arguments, a court first determines whether the
    prosecutor’s remarks were improper. It is then necessary to determine
    the extent to which the improper remarks had a prejudicial effect on the
    defendant’s right to a fair trial.
19. ____: ____. Whether prosecutorial misconduct is prejudicial depends
    largely on the context of the trial as a whole.
19. Trial: Prosecuting Attorneys: Appeal and Error. In determining
    whether a prosecutor’s improper conduct prejudiced the defendant’s
    right to a fair trial, an appellate court considers the following factors:
    (1) the degree to which the prosecutor’s conduct or remarks tended to
    mislead or unduly influence the jury; (2) whether the conduct or remarks
    were extensive or isolated; (3) whether defense counsel invited the
    remarks; (4) whether the court provided a curative instruction; and (5)
    the strength of the evidence supporting the conviction.
21. Convictions: Evidence: Appeal and Error. In reviewing a criminal
    conviction for a sufficiency of the evidence claim, whether the evidence
    is direct, circumstantial, or a combination thereof, the standard is the
    same: An appellate court does not resolve conflicts in the evidence, pass
    on the credibility of witnesses, or reweigh the evidence; such matters
    are for the finder of fact. The relevant question for an appellate court
    is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
    prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential ele-
    ments of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
22. Sexual Assault: Testimony: Proof. The State is not required to cor-
    roborate a victim’s testimony in cases of first degree sexual assault;
    if believed by the finder of fact, the victim’s testimony alone is
    sufficient.
23. Sentences: Appeal and Error. An appellate court will not disturb a sen-
    tence imposed within the statutory limits absent an abuse of discretion
    by the trial court.

  Appeal from the District Court for Lancaster County: Lori
A. M aret, Judge. Affirmed.
   Sanford J. Pollack, of Pollack & Ball, L.L.C., for appellant.
  Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Kimberly A.
Klein for appellee.
                                   - 934 -
              Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                      302 Nebraska R eports
                              STATE v. MRZA
                             Cite as 302 Neb. 931

  Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.
    Cassel, J.
                        I. INTRODUCTION
   Sami S. Mrza appeals his jury conviction and sentencing
for first degree sexual assault. Although he assigns multiple
errors, we focus on two issues: the authentication requirement
for “Snapchat” evidence and the prosecutor’s comment on
Mrza’s use of an interpreter. Because the evidence was prop-
erly authenticated, trial counsel did not perform deficiently in
failing to object to it. We find no plain error in the prosecutor’s
closing argument, but determine that the record is not sufficient
to address Mrza’s related claim of ineffective assistance of trial
counsel. We find no error in Mrza’s other assignments, and
because the record is insufficient, we do not reach other inef-
fective assistance of counsel claims. Therefore, we affirm.
                       II. BACKGROUND
   Mrza emigrated from Iraq to the United States in December
2014. In the fall of 2016, Mrza met N.W., the victim, in a class
at a community college. The conviction flowed from an event
on November 12, 2016, which we summarize in more detail
later in this opinion.
   The State charged Mrza with first degree sexual assault,
pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-319 (Reissue 2016). Mrza pled
not guilty. The case proceeded to a jury trial. Throughout the
trial, Mrza utilized an interpreter. Both N.W. and Mrza testi-
fied. The jury found Mrza guilty, and the court sentenced him
to 8 to 15 years’ imprisonment.
   Mrza filed a timely appeal, which we moved to our docket.1
             III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
  We have reordered and restated Mrza’s numerous assign-
ments of error, recognizing two primary issues. The first

1
    See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 24-1106(3) (Cum. Supp. 2018).
                                  - 935 -
             Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                     302 Nebraska R eports
                             STATE v. MRZA
                            Cite as 302 Neb. 931

assigns that because trial counsel did not object to the authen-
ticity of “Snapchat” evidence, counsel was ineffective. The
second assigns prosecutorial misconduct for “inflammatory
and prejudicial statements made during closing arguments.”
As an alternative on this second issue, Mrza assigns ineffec-
tive assist­ance of trial counsel in failing to move for a mistrial
based on those statements.
   His remaining assignments of error assert that the evi-
dence was insufficient, the sentence was excessive, and trial
counsel was ineffective in two other instances, by failing to
move to suppress Mrza’s statements to law enforcement and
by “fail[ing] to adequately investigate [Mrza’s] defenses and
effectively cross-examine witnesses.”
   [1] We observe that Mrza’s last assignment lacked the speci-
ficity we demand on direct appeal. We have held that when
raising an ineffective assistance claim on direct appeal, an
appellant must make specific allegations of the conduct that
he or she claims constitutes deficient performance by trial
counsel.2 And we have long held that an alleged error must be
both specifically assigned and specifically argued in the brief
of the party asserting the error to be considered by an appellate
court.3 It follows that we should not have to scour the argument
section of an appellant’s brief to extract specific allegations
of deficient performance.4 We now hold that assignments of
error on direct appeal regarding ineffective assistance of trial
counsel must specifically allege deficient performance, and
an appellate court will not scour the remainder of the brief in
search of such specificity.
   Although we will not do so in the future, we have syn-
thesized a specific assignment from the argument section of
Mrza’s brief, which asserts that trial counsel was ineffective in

2
    See State v. Filholm, 287 Neb. 763, 848 N.W.2d 571 (2014).
3
    See, e.g., State v. Sundquist, 301 Neb. 1006, 921 N.W.2d 131 (2019).
4
    See State v. Dill, 300 Neb. 344, 913 N.W.2d 470 (2018) (declining to
    scour record in search of facts that might support claim).
                              - 936 -
           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   302 Nebraska R eports
                         STATE v. MRZA
                        Cite as 302 Neb. 931

failing to investigate the time between the assault and N.W.’s
first interview with law enforcement for possible defenses
by failing to (1) subpoena cell phone records of N.W. and
the friend she called following the event, (2) investigate the
relationship between N.W. and her friend, (3) subpoena video
from the restaurant where N.W. and Mrza met before the event,
and (4) subpoena Snapchat to obtain self-destructing messages
from Mrza, N.W., and N.W.’s friend.
                       IV. ANALYSIS
                1. Snapchat Authentication
   Mrza argues that his trial counsel was ineffective in fail-
ing to object, on the ground of authenticity, to “Snapchat”
evidence.
                      (a) Additional Facts
   The night after the incident, Mrza initiated a conversation
with N.W. via Snapchat (Snapchat is a photograph- and text-
sharing social media application). At trial, the State ques-
tioned N.W. about the Snapchat conversation. N.W. testified
that Mrza was her “friend” on Snapchat. They became friends
when they added each other’s “usernames.” She knew it was
his account because she typed in the username that he told
her. Later, when offering the Snapchat conversation as evi-
dence, N.W. stated that she knew the messages were between
herself and Mrza, because “it has his name on it.” She
affirmed that the photographs of the conversation contained
a fair and accurate depiction of the conversation. In the con-
versation, N.W. directly questioned Mrza about why he did
certain things to her after she told him to stop. He apologized
for his actions and promised not to do it again. After the State
offered the evidence, trial counsel did not object and the court
admitted it.
                   (b) Standard of Review
  [2] Whether a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel
may be determined on direct appeal is a question of law. In
                                     - 937 -
               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       302 Nebraska R eports
                               STATE v. MRZA
                              Cite as 302 Neb. 931

reviewing claims of ineffective assistance of counsel on direct
appeal, an appellate court decides only whether the undisputed
facts contained within the record are sufficient to conclusively
determine whether counsel did or did not provide effective
assistance and whether the defendant was or was not preju-
diced by counsel’s alleged deficient performance.5
          (c) General Principles Regarding Ineffective
                      Assistance of Counsel
   [3,4] When a defendant’s trial counsel is different from his or
her counsel on direct appeal, the defendant must raise on direct
appeal any issue of trial counsel’s ineffective per­     formance
which is known to the defendant or is apparent from the record,
otherwise, the issue will be procedurally barred in a subse-
quent postconviction proceeding.6 The fact that an ineffective
assistance of counsel claim is raised on direct appeal does not
necessarily mean that it can be resolved. The determining fac-
tor is whether the record is sufficient to adequately review the
question.7 Regarding the Snapchat evidence, we conclude that
the record is sufficient to address Mrza’s claim.
   [5-8] Generally, to prevail on a claim of ineffective assist­
ance of counsel under Strickland v. Washington,8 the defend­
ant must show that his or her counsel’s performance was
deficient and that this deficient performance actually preju-
diced the defendant’s defense.9 To show that counsel’s per-
formance was deficient, a defendant must show that counsel’s
per­formance did not equal that of a lawyer with ordinary
training and skill in criminal law.10 To show prejudice, the

 5
     State v. Smith, ante p. 154, 922 N.W.2d 444 (2019).
 6
     Id.
 7
     Id.
 8
     Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674
     (1984).
 9
     State v. Avina-Murillo, 301 Neb. 185, 917 N.W.2d 865 (2018).
10
     Id.
                                    - 938 -
               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       302 Nebraska R eports
                               STATE v. MRZA
                              Cite as 302 Neb. 931

defend­ant must demonstrate a reasonable probability that but
for counsel’s deficient performance, the result of the proceed-
ing would have been different. A reasonable probability is
a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the out-
come.11 In determining whether trial counsel’s performance
was deficient, there is a strong presumption that counsel
acted reasonably.12
                          (d) Analysis
   The parties disagree as to which standard should be applied
to the authentication of the Snapchat messages. The State
contends that authentication “is satisfied by evidence suf-
ficient to support a finding that the matter in question is
what its proponent claims.”13 Mrza argues instead that the
text message standard of authentication should be applied.
Specifically, he argues that because Mrza testified that there
were more messages to the conversation, the State failed to
show that the messages were an accurate transcription of
the conversation.
   [9] The State’s formulation is a correct statement of the
evidence rule governing authenticity.14 This rule does not
impose a high hurdle for authentication or identification.15 A
proponent of evidence is not required to conclusively prove
the genuineness of the evidence or to rule out all possibilities
inconsistent with authenticity.16
   [10] Even if Mrza were correct that the text message authen-
tication standard governs messages sent over social media
applications, his claim would fail. Generally, the foundation
for the admissibility of text messages has two components:

11
     Id.
12
     State v. McGuire, 299 Neb. 762, 910 N.W.2d 144 (2018).
13
     See Neb. Evid. R. 901(1), Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-901(1) (Reissue 2016).
14
     See State v. Savage, 301 Neb. 873, 920 N.W.2d 692 (2018).
15
     Id.
16
     Id.
                                    - 939 -
               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       302 Nebraska R eports
                               STATE v. MRZA
                              Cite as 302 Neb. 931

(1) whether the text messages were accurately transcribed
and (2) who actually sent the text messages.17 Mrza does
not challenge the second prong of this test, but argues only
that the State failed to prove that the messages were accu-
rately transcribed. In that regard, he conflates accuracy with
completeness.
   [11] Contrary to Mrza’s argument, the existence of other
messages does not undermine the accuracy of the messages
that were offered. Mrza does not argue that the exhibit received
in evidence was not accurate as far as it went. Instead, he
argues that there were other messages not included in the
exhibit. Essentially, his argument attempts to invoke the rule
of completeness18 under the rubric of authenticity. The rule
of completeness allows a party to admit the entirety of an
act, declaration, conversation, or writing when the other party
admits a part and when the entirety is necessary to make it
fully understood.19 The rule of authentication did not require
the State to offer all of the Snapchat messages in evidence.
Where there is nothing to suggest that the other messages were
relevant or the evidence entered was misleading or prejudicial,
the State was not required to enter the entirety of the conversa-
tion into evidence.20
   If Mrza believed that other messages were necessary to
make the conversation fully understood, it was his obligation
to offer them. But this was not a matter of authentication.
Because N.W. testified to the accuracy of the Snapchat mes-
sages between herself and Mrza, it was sufficient to show
that the messages were accurately transcribed and properly
authenticated. Therefore, Mrza’s trial counsel did not per-
form deficiently in failing to assert an objection based on
authentication.

17
     Id.
18
     See Neb. Evid. R. 106, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-106 (Reissue 2016).
19
     Id.; Savage, supra note 14.
20
     See Savage, supra note 14.
                                      - 940 -
                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        302 Nebraska R eports
                                 STATE v. MRZA
                                Cite as 302 Neb. 931

                  2. Prosecutorial Misconduct
   Mrza argues that the prosecutor’s closing argument discuss-
ing Mrza’s use of an interpreter was prejudicial misconduct.
Mrza also asserts that to the extent his claim of prosecutorial
misconduct was not preserved, his trial counsel was ineffec-
tive in failing to move for a mistrial.
                      (a) Additional Facts
   In discussing his assignment of ineffectiveness of counsel
in failing to move to suppress Mrza’s statements, his appellate
brief acknowledges that his “ability to speak and understand
the English language” was the subject of extensive testimony
“[t]hroughout the case.”21 His brief recites that there was
concern at a pretrial hearing whether he had “understood his
waiver of a preliminary hearing,” because he had not been pro-
vided an interpreter in the county court.22 His brief argues that
he had an “imperfect grasp” of the English language.23
   At trial, the parties addressed Mrza’s English language
proficiency. In the State’s opening statement, it foreshadowed
evidence about Mrza’s college courses taught in English and
how he communicated with N.W. only in English. In Mrza’s
opening statement, he responded by outlining Mrza’s testimony
about reading his textbooks numerous times when studying and
that he did well in his classes.
   This continued when evidence was presented. During N.W.’s
direct examination, she stated that her classes were taught in
English, she communicated with Mrza in English, he under-
stood her when she spoke in English, she understood his
English, and his class notes were in English.
   The police sergeant who investigated the case stated that
he interviewed Mrza in English and that Mrza appeared to
understand English. The investigator testified that Mrza never

21
     See brief for appellant at 32.
22
     Id.
23
     Id.
                             - 941 -
          Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                  302 Nebraska R eports
                        STATE v. MRZA
                       Cite as 302 Neb. 931

indicated he did not understand English and that he did not
read Mrza his Miranda rights until he determined that Mrza
understood English. Both a video and audio recording and a
typed transcript of the investigator’s interview of Mrza were
received in evidence and displayed to the jury.
   On direct examination, Mrza stated that he studied English
for 3 years at a university in Kurdistan; that his current
textbooks were in English, which he read them two or three
times to understand; and that he did not feel that he under-
stood English well enough to understand his trial. On cross-­
examination, Mrza stated he switched from the English “yes”
to the Kurdish “yes” because he was “saying almost every-
thing in Kurdish” already; he took four English classes at a
community college in Lincoln, Nebraska; all his classes were
taught in English; during class, he rarely used the translation
application on his cell phone; and he had a “3-plus” grade
point average.
   Mrza’s prosecutorial misconduct argument focuses on the
State’s closing argument, when the prosecutor argued, “But
I’d submit to you, ladies and gentlemen, this interpreter thing
that we’ve got going on here is a charade. And it’s done to
try to garnish some type of sympathy from you guys.” The
prosecutor then commented on Mrza’s ability to understand
English. This comment cited Mrza’s academic record and how
he took all his classes in English and received high grades.
The prosecutor recalled Mrza’s use of English slang in the
Snapchat conversation and argued that someone who does not
understand English could not text in slang. This argument also
called attention to Mrza’s trial testimony in which he answered
the first half of the direct examination with the English “yes,”
but after lunch switched to the Kurdish equivalent. Mrza’s trial
counsel did not object or move for a mistrial.
   In Mrza’s closing argument, his trial counsel responded by
arguing that although Mrza understands English, when inter-
viewed by law enforcement, he used “clunky” English and was
difficult to understand in the video. Trial counsel rhetorically
                                    - 942 -
               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       302 Nebraska R eports
                               STATE v. MRZA
                              Cite as 302 Neb. 931

questioned who, “in today’s political climate,” would try to
garner sympathy by claiming to be a refugee. In the State’s
rebuttal closing argument, it briefly responded by arguing that
Mrza’s inconsistent statements to law enforcement were not
from a lack of understanding English, but because he was dis-
tracted and thinking about what he did.
   In instruction No. 10, the court told the jury that there was
evidence that Mrza had made a statement to a law enforcement
officer and that it could rely on the statement only if it decided
beyond a reasonable doubt that he made the statement, he
understood what he was saying, and the statement was freely
and voluntarily made under all of the circumstances surround-
ing its making. Otherwise, the court instructed, the jury must
disregard Mrza’s statement even if it thought it was true.

                      (b) Standard of Review
   [12,13] When a defendant has not preserved a claim of
prosecutorial misconduct for direct appeal, we will review the
record only for plain error.24 An appellate court may find plain
error on appeal when an error unasserted or uncomplained
of at trial, but plainly evident from the record, prejudicially
affects a litigant’s substantial right and, if uncorrected, would
result in damage to the integrity, reputation, and fairness of
the judicial process.25 Generally, we will find plain error only
when a miscarriage of justice would otherwise occur.26

                         (c) Analysis
   Mrza argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct
in his closing argument when he argued that Mrza’s use of
an interpreter at trial was a charade used to garner sympa-
thy from the jury. Mrza contends that the statements were
improper, because there was no issue at trial regarding his

24
     State v. Custer, 292 Neb. 88, 871 N.W.2d 243 (2015).
25
     Id.
26
     Id.
                              - 943 -
           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   302 Nebraska R eports
                         STATE v. MRZA
                        Cite as 302 Neb. 931

proficiency in English. Mrza contends that the statements
were the expressions of the prosecutor’s personal beliefs and
were designed to inflame the prejudices of the jurors. In addi-
tion to arguing that the prosecutor’s closing argument com-
ments were plain error, Mrza argues that counsel was ineffec-
tive for failing to object and request a mistrial. We address
this issue with Mrza’s remaining ineffective assistance of
counsel assignments below.
   [14] The State responds that Mrza failed to preserve the pur-
ported misconduct. The State is correct. A party who fails to
make a timely motion for mistrial based on prosecutorial mis-
conduct waives the right to assert on appeal that the court erred
in not declaring a mistrial due to such prosecutorial miscon-
duct.27 Because Mrza did not move for a mistrial, the alleged
error was waived. Accordingly, our direct review of this issue
is confined to a search for plain error.
   [15-18] Prosecutorial misconduct encompasses conduct that
violates legal or ethical standards for various contexts because
the conduct will or may undermine a defendant’s right to a
fair trial.28 Prosecutors are charged with the duty to conduct
criminal trials in such a manner that the accused may have
a fair and impartial trial, and prosecutors are not to inflame
the prejudices or excite the passions of the jury against the
accused.29 A prosecutor’s conduct that does not mislead and
unduly influence the jury does not constitute misconduct.30 In
assessing allegations of prosecutorial misconduct in closing
arguments, a court first determines whether the prosecutor’s
remarks were improper. It is then necessary to determine the
extent to which the improper remarks had a prejudicial effect
on the defendant’s right to a fair trial.31

27
     Id.
28
     Id.
29
     Id.
30
     Id.
31
     Id.
                                    - 944 -
               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       302 Nebraska R eports
                               STATE v. MRZA
                              Cite as 302 Neb. 931

   Nebraska courts have not discussed the propriety of a pros-
ecutor’s comments on the use of or need for an interpreter.
We turn to the decisions of federal and other state courts
for guidance.
   In Andrade v. U.S.,32 the District of Columbia Court of
Appeals assessed a similar situation and determined that the
conduct did not rise to the level of plain error. There, the
appellate court concluded that the prosecutor had arguably
transcended the bounds of permissible comment by mak-
ing comments during cross-examination about the defend­
ant’s use of an interpreter and then using these parts of
the cross-­examination during closing argument to express an
opinion about the defendant’s veracity. In the prosecutor’s
cross-examination, she commented on the defendant’s use
of an interpreter by telling him, “‘you are not going to hide
behind translation.’”33 During closing argument, the prosecutor
recounted the defendant’s testimony during cross-examination
denying that his attorney had told him what to say, and then
she commented, “‘And then he tries to hide behind the inter-
pretation, maybe, maybe she doesn’t translate for you. My
questions were simple and they were direct and Spanish is not
a very complicated language.’”34 In determining that there was
no plain error requiring reversal, the appellate court relied on
the trial court’s curative steps in ensuring proper interpretation
and use of an interpreter.
   In Diaz v. U.S.,35 the District of Columbia Court of Appeals
discussed a prosecutor’s comments during a “relatively long
rebuttal”36 argument regarding a defendant’s use of an inter-
preter. According to the appellate court, the prosecutor had
“ignored the factual record, implying that [the defendant]

32
     Andrade v. U.S., 88 A.3d 134 (D.C. 2014).
33
     Id. at 140.
34
     Id. at 141.
35
     Diaz v. U.S., 716 A.2d 173 (D.C. 1998).
36
     Id. at 180.
                                    - 945 -
               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       302 Nebraska R eports
                               STATE v. MRZA
                              Cite as 302 Neb. 931

lied when he said he didn’t understand what [the alleged
victim] said to him in English even though he had ‘corrected
[the interpreter’s] English translation of what he had said.’”37
Because the comments expressed personal opinion on the
veracity and credibility of witnesses, the court concluded the
comments, as a whole, were improper. In assessing the preju-
dicial value of the comments, the court did find that the cor-
rective instructions by the court, instructing the jury about the
role of the interpreter and that arguments by counsel are not
evidence, ameliorated any harm from the statements. Other
factors showed that the comments did not mislead the jury, the
case turned on the credibility of witnesses, and there was suf-
ficient evidence without the comments to believe the victim.
The appellate court held that the defendant was not prejudiced
by improper comments.
   In U.S. v. Ganadonegro,38 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
10th Circuit assessed whether questions asked and objected to
on cross-examination about the use of an interpreter amounted
to prosecutorial misconduct. In opening statements, defense
counsel discussed how the interpretation of “‘shaking’” from
English to Navajo would be the crux of the trial.39 When the
FBI interviewed the defendant, he had an interpreter present.
An expert testified to the defendant’s competency in English
and how he may have responded appropriately, even if he
did not fully understand what was being said. During cross-­
examination of the defendant, the prosecutor extensively
questioned him about his use of an interpreter, which drew
several objections from defense counsel. The prosecutor drew
a concession when the defendant admitted that he used the
interpreter once in his first trial. The court concluded that the
prosecutor’s conduct was not improper, because the defend­
ant’s defense relied heavily on his language proficiency.

37
     Id.
38
     U.S. v. Ganadonegro, 560 Fed. Appx. 716 (10th Cir. 2014).
39
     Id. at 718.
                                   - 946 -
               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       302 Nebraska R eports
                              STATE v. MRZA
                             Cite as 302 Neb. 931

Therefore, the prosecution was entitled to pursue the theory
of the defense.
   In State v. Heredia,40 the defendant challenged comments
made by the prosecutor during cross-examination and closing
argument about his use of an interpreter not under the Due
Process Clause, but under the 5th, 6th, and 14th Amendments
to the U.S. Constitution. During cross-examination, the pros-
ecutor asked, “‘You say that you don’t speak English that
well?’”; “‘You were able to get a social security card, right,
this one in your wallet?’”; and “‘Are you given any kind of
a test when you come to court to decide whether or not you
need an interpreter?’”41 During closing argument, the pros-
ecutor made the following statement: “‘And I’d ask you not
to be persuaded by his demeanor when he’s on the stand,
when he leans over and looks, kind of sits down, slouched
over, looks up at the interpreter and says, “como, como,” like
he doesn’t know what’s going on.’”42 The Supreme Court
of Connecticut reasoned that the comments at issue did not
burden the defendant’s right to an interpreter, but focused on
the conflict between his demeanor on the stand and the dan-
gerous assailant described by the State’s witnesses. The court
concluded that there was no violation of the defendant’s con-
stitutional rights.
   We have explained that “a distinction exists between argu-
ing that a defense strategy is intended to distract jurors from
what the evidence shows, which is not misconduct, and argu-
ing that a defense counsel is deceitful, which is misconduct.”43
Similarly, we distinguish between the prosecutor’s statements
directing the jury toward evidence of the defendant’s profi-
ciency in English relevant to an issue, which is not misconduct,
and a comment which could be construed as attacking the

40
     State v. Heredia, 253 Conn. 543, 754 A.2d 114 (2000).
41
     Id. at 551, 754 A.2d at 120.
42
     Id.
43
     State v. Dubray, 289 Neb. 208, 227, 854 N.W.2d 584, 605 (2014).
                                   - 947 -
               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       302 Nebraska R eports
                              STATE v. MRZA
                             Cite as 302 Neb. 931

defendant as being deceitful or manipulative in his need for an
interpreter in court proceedings.
         This does not mean that, in any case in which the
      defendant avails himself of the services of an interpreter,
      the state would be free to focus on that fact in a man-
      ner that was irrelevant to the issues in the case, or in a
      manner that unduly casts doubt on the necessity of those
      services.44
We have held that a defendant’s inability to comprehend crimi-
nal proceedings or communicate in English at such proceedings
can result in a violation of the defendant’s due process and
Sixth Amendment rights.45 Prosecutors should carefully con-
sider this distinction in commenting on language proficiency.
   We agree with Mrza that the prosecutor’s “charade . . . to
garnish . . . sympathy” comment, viewed in isolation, did not
refer to any issue at trial. A prosecutor must base his or her
argument on the evidence introduced at trial rather than on
matters not in evidence.46 But Mrza’s understanding of the
statements that he made to law enforcement officers was at
issue. The remainder of the argument, addressing facts perti-
nent to that understanding, was not improper. Thus, viewing
the matter through the prism for plain error, we must assess the
extent of prejudice associated with this isolated statement.
   [19,20] Whether prosecutorial misconduct is prejudicial
depends largely on the context of the trial as a whole.47 In deter-
mining whether a prosecutor’s improper conduct prejudiced the
defendant’s right to a fair trial, an appellate court considers
the following factors: (1) the degree to which the prosecutor’s
conduct or remarks tended to mislead or unduly influence
the jury; (2) whether the conduct or remarks were extensive
or isolated; (3) whether defense counsel invited the remarks;

44
     Heredia, supra note 40, 253 Conn. at 560, 754 A.2d at 125.
45
     State v. Alarcon-Chavez, 295 Neb. 1014, 893 N.W.2d 706 (2017).
46
     State v. McSwine, 292 Neb. 565, 873 N.W.2d 405 (2016).
47
     Id.
                              - 948 -
           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   302 Nebraska R eports
                         STATE v. MRZA
                        Cite as 302 Neb. 931

(4) whether the court provided a curative instruction; and (5)
the strength of the evidence supporting the conviction.48
   First, we turn to the degree to which the prosecutor’s con-
duct or remarks tended to mislead or unduly influence the
jury. Viewed in isolation, that comment could be viewed as
an attempt to unduly influence the jury. Regarding Mrza’s
interaction with N.W., his defense was not predicated on a
lack of English proficiency. But his linguistic proficiency did
bear on the voluntariness of his statements to law enforce-
ment officers.
   Second, we turn to whether the conduct or remarks were
extensive or isolated. As we have observed, the “charade . . .
to garnish . . . sympathy” comment was isolated. It was brief,
particularly in the context of the 60-minute closing argument.
During rebuttal argument, the State briefly discussed Mrza’s
comprehension but only in the context of whether he under-
stood English when interviewed by law enforcement.
   Third, we turn to whether defense counsel invited the
remarks. Here, we focus specifically on the “charade . . . to
garnish . . . sympathy” comment. We cannot say that defense
counsel invited this particular comment; to the contrary, it
seemed to have been a longstanding concern of the prosecutor.
   Fourth, we look to whether the court gave any curative
instruction. Mrza did not object to the comments and, accord-
ingly, did not request a curative instruction or a mistrial. The
court instructed the jury that comments of attorneys are not
evidence and that their decision must be based solely on the
evidence. Moreover, instruction No. 10 instructed the jury that
in assessing the voluntariness of Mrza’s statements, it must
consider whether Mrza understood what he said.
   Finally, we turn to the strength of the evidence supporting
Mrza’s conviction. The evidence ultimately presented a classic
“she said, he said” situation. In that situation, Mrza’s state-
ments to law enforcement officers were important to the State’s

48
     Id.
                              - 949 -
           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   302 Nebraska R eports
                         STATE v. MRZA
                        Cite as 302 Neb. 931

case. Thus, his understanding of those statements was essen-
tial to the jury’s reliance on his statements. But because the
strength of the State’s case highly depended upon a comparison
of Mrza’s credibility to that of N.W., even an isolated comment
had the potential for unfair prejudice.
   After considering the above factors in the context of a
review for plain error, we conclude that the isolated comment
did not clearly demonstrate prejudice. Therefore, we do not
find plain error in the prosecutor’s closing argument.
                 3. Sufficiency of Evidence
   Mrza argues that the evidence was insufficient to support
his conviction. We disagree.
                      (a) Additional Facts
   We recite these facts in the light most favorable to the State.
On the evening of November 12, 2016, N.W. sent a message
via Snapchat asking Mrza to go to dinner with her. They met
at 11:30 p.m. at a restaurant on North 27th Street in Lincoln.
Around 1 a.m., they finished their meals, but N.W. did not
want to go home and suggested that they “cruise O Street.”
Mrza agreed and offered to drive.
   Upon entering Mrza’s vehicle, Mrza hugged N.W. with both
hands on her mid-back. Mrza began kissing her neck. Mrza
pulled down the collar of N.W.’s T-shirt to expose her breast
and began kissing her breast. Mrza asked if she liked it, and
she responded, “‘Yes.’” Mrza began rubbing her vagina on the
outside of her pants. Again, he asked if it felt good and she
said, “‘Yes.’”
   Mrza moved his hand underneath her pants. She stated that
she “wasn’t okay with that” and told him, “‘Stop. I don’t want
to do this.’” Mrza digitally penetrated N.W. N.W. stated that
Mrza was “getting frustrated” with her and was forcefully put-
ting his fingers in and out of her vagina. Mrza removed his
fingers and aggressively kissed her on the mouth.
   Mrza unbuttoned his pants and “pulled out his penis.” Mrza
grabbed the back of N.W.’s head, pulled it down to his penis,
                                  - 950 -
               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       302 Nebraska R eports
                             STATE v. MRZA
                            Cite as 302 Neb. 931

and inserted his penis in her mouth. He forced her head up and
down on his penis. N.W. turned her head and told him, “‘Stop.
I don’t want to do this.’” N.W. pulled her head away.
   Mrza tried to digitally penetrate N.W.’s vagina again, but
she stopped him. He then pulled her pants down to her mid-
thigh and attempted to perform oral sex on her. She remem-
bered telling him multiple times to stop and that she did not
want to do this.
   N.W. attempted to open the vehicle door, and Mrza grabbed
her shoulder, pulled her into the car, and shut and locked the
doors. N.W. recalled that Mrza told her to get in the back seat
and that “he wanted to fuck me.” She unlocked the door and
ran to her car.
   A few hours later, N.W. met a friend to tell him about the
incident and he called the police. A police officer responded
to the call and briefly interviewed N.W. before advising her
to go to the hospital for an examination. N.W. went to a hos-
pital with her mother for a sexual assault nurse examination.
At the hospital, N.W. gave a detailed statement of the events
to the examining nurse and a police sergeant. These state-
ments are nearly identical to the events to which she testified
to at trial.
                    (b) Standard of Review
   [21] In reviewing a criminal conviction for a sufficiency
of the evidence claim, whether the evidence is direct, circum-
stantial, or a combination thereof, the standard is the same:
An appellate court does not resolve conflicts in the evidence,
pass on the credibility of witnesses, or reweigh the evidence;
such matters are for the finder of fact. The relevant question
for an appellate court is whether, after viewing the evidence in
the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier
of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.49

49
     Smith, supra note 5.
                                    - 951 -
               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       302 Nebraska R eports
                               STATE v. MRZA
                              Cite as 302 Neb. 931

                          (c) Analysis
   Mrza argues that although Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-2028
(Reissue 2016) states, “The testimony of a person who is a
victim of a sexual assault . . . shall not require corroboration,”
in this case, the victim’s statement lacked corroboration and
therefore was insufficient to find Mrza guilty. Mrza contends
that N.W.’s inconsistent statements to the police officer, the
nurse, and the police sergeant about when she did and did not
consent made her testimony not credible and did not provide
sufficient evidence for the jury to find Mrza guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt.
   [22] The State was not required to corroborate N.W.’s
testimony. Since 1989, the State has not been required to
corroborate a victim’s testimony in cases of first degree
sexual assault; if believed by the finder of fact, the victim’s
testimony alone is sufficient.50 Therefore, if the jury believed
N.W., her testimony alone was sufficient. After viewing the
facts in the light most favorable to the prosecution and with-
out passing on the credibility of witnesses, there was suffi-
cient evidence for any rational trier of fact to find Mrza guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt.
                  4. Excessive Sentence
  Mrza argues that the district court imposed an excessive
sentence.
                    (a) Standard of Review
   [23] An appellate court will not disturb a sentence imposed
within the statutory limits absent an abuse of discretion by the
trial court.51
                        (b) Analysis
  Mrza argues that the district court abused its discretion by
imposing an excessive sentence of 8 to 15 years’ imprisonment,

50
     See State v. Davis, 277 Neb. 161, 762 N.W.2d 287 (2009).
51
     Id.
                                - 952 -
               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       302 Nebraska R eports
                           STATE v. MRZA
                          Cite as 302 Neb. 931

rather than a probationary sentence. Mrza contends that his
crime did not cause or threaten serious harm, he had no prior
criminal or delinquent history, he has a close and positive fam-
ily support system, and he was engaged in supporting his local
ethnic community. He does not dispute that the sentence was
within the statutory limits.
   We have recited the principles of law governing such claims
so many times that we see no point in doing so again here.52
Simply put, there was no abuse of discretion in the sentence
imposed by the district court.

              5. R emaining Ineffective Assistance
                        of Counsel Claims
   We have already disposed of Mrza’s assignment of inef-
fective assistance of trial counsel regarding the Snapchat evi-
dence. Three claims remain: the failure to move for a mistrial
during the prosecutor’s closing argument and the two claims
set forth in the second paragraph of the assignments of error
section (the latter of those two having been synthesized in the
fourth paragraph of that section). We have already recited the
standard of review and basic principles of law applicable to
such claims.
   We recognize his ineffectiveness assignment regarding the
prosecutor’s closing argument referred by paragraph number
to the assignment of excessive sentence. But Mrza’s argument
in his brief made clear that he meant to refer to the prosecu-
torial misconduct assignment, and it is equally clear that the
mistaken numerical reference was an inadvertent typographi-
cal error.
   Mrza asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective when he
failed to move for a mistrial following inflammatory state-
ments made by the prosecutor during closing argument. We
agree that Mrza has sufficiently described the deficiency in

52
     See id.
                                     - 953 -
               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       302 Nebraska R eports
                               STATE v. MRZA
                              Cite as 302 Neb. 931

counsel’s conduct and that the record does show that no such
motion was made.
   But this is not one of the rare instances where a reversal on
direct appeal is appropriate.53 Although Mrza has accurately
described what was not done, the record does not show why
trial counsel did not move for a mistrial. And we recall that in
determining whether trial counsel’s performance was deficient,
there is a strong presumption that counsel acted reasonably.
Because the undisputed facts in the record cannot conclusively
determine whether counsel did or did not provide effective
assistance and whether Mrza was prejudiced by the alleged
deficient performance,54 the record is not sufficient to address
the claim on direct review.
   In response to Mrza’s remaining claims of ineffective assist­
ance of trial counsel, the State responds that the record is not
sufficient to address them. We agree.
                     V. CONCLUSION
   We conclude that there is no merit to the assignments of
error we can reach on direct appeal. Accordingly, we affirm
Mrza’s conviction and sentence.
                                                 A ffirmed.

53
     See, State v. Rocha, 286 Neb. 256, 836 N.W.2d 774 (2013); State v. Faust,
     265 Neb. 845, 660 N.W.2d 844 (2003), overruled on other grounds, State
     v. McCulloch, 274 Neb. 636, 742 N.W.2d 727 (2007).
54
     See Smith, supra note 5.
