                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                    No. 13-1635
                                Filed July 30, 2014

IN RE THE ESTATE OF
MORISON JUNIOR ELLIS,
Deceased

MORISON EDDY ELLIS,
     Intervenor-Appellant.
_______________________________

IN RE THE ESTATE OF
NORMA JEAN ELLIS,
Deceased

MORISON EDDY ELLIS,
     Intervenor-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

       Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Calhoun County, Kurt L. Wilke,

Judge.



       A beneficiary appeals from a district court order construing the decedents’

wills. AFFIRMED.



       James L. Kramer of Johnson, Kramer, Good, Mulholland, Cochrane &

Driscoll, P.L.C., Fort Dodge, for appellant.

       Gary W. Armstrong of Mack, Hansen, Gadd, Armstrong & Brown, P.C.,

Storm Lake, for appellee.



       Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Doyle and Mullins, JJ.
                                        2



MULLINS, J.

      Morison Eddy Ellis (Eddy) appeals from the district court order regarding a

petition for construction of the wills of his late parents, Morison Junior Ellis

(Junior) and Norma Jean Ellis (Norma), collectively the Ellises. The district court

found the wills’ terms providing for the devise of the Ellis’s farmland between

their three children were ambiguous, and judicially construed each will such that

the quantity terms prevailed over the legal descriptions. Eddy appeals, arguing

that the legal descriptions of the devises should prevail. The district correctly

found the terms of the wills were ambiguous and the testamentary intent was to

divide the property according to the quantitative terms. We affirm.

I.    Background Facts & Proceedings.

      Junior and Norma, as tenants in common, owned a farm consisting of

several separate parcels comprising 638.71 acres in Calhoun County. In the

spring of 2012, they approached attorney Gordon Madson about writing their

wills. Each will bequeathed to the surviving spouse a life estate in the deceased

spouse’s undivided one-half interest in the estate.        The wills divided the

remainder interest between the Ellis’s three children, Morison Eddy Ellis (Eddy),

Rebecca Jean Haberl, and Steven Dennis Ellis.

      Each will provided the following devises to Eddy:

      The Southwest Quarter (1/4 SW) of Section Eight (8), Township
      Eighty-eight (88) North, Range Thirty-three (33) West of the 5th
      P.M., Calhoun County, Iowa, containing 141.4 acres, more or less.

      The North Half (N 1/2) of the Southeast Quarter (SE 1/4) and the
      Northeast Quarter (NE 1/4) of the Southwest Quarter (SW 1/4) of
      Section Eighteen (18), Township Eighty-eight (88) North, Range
                                          3



       Thirty-three (33) West of the 5th P.M., Calhoun County, Iowa,
       containing 68 acres, more or less.

Each will provided the following devises to Rebecca:

       The South Half (S 1/2) of the South Half (S 1/2) of the Northeast
       Quarter (NE 1/4), and the South Half (S 1/2) of Southeast Quarter
       (SE 1/4) of the Northwest Quarter (NW 1/4) of Section Eighteen
       (18), Township Eighty-eight (88) North, Range Thirty-three (33)
       West of the 5th P.M., Calhoun County, Iowa containing 112 acres,
       more or less.

       Lot 9 and 10 in Section Five (5), Township Eighty-eight (88) North,
       Range Thirty-three (33) West of the 5th P.M., Calhoun County,
       Iowa containing 100 acres, more or less.

Finally, each will provided the following devise to Steven:

       The Southwest Quarter (SW 1/4) and all that part of the South Half
       of Section Five (5), lying West of Drainage Ditch No. 6, all in
       Section Five (5), Township Eighty-eight (88) North, Range Thirty-
       three (33) West of the 5th P.M., Calhoun County, Iowa containing
       210 acres, more or less.

(Emphasis added.) Thus, the wills provided both a quantity term for each devise,

totaling about 210 acres for each child, and legal descriptions of the particular

parcels.   The wills also divided the Ellises’ personal property, stock, and

dividends equally between the children.

       Junior and Norma passed away in the fall of 2012, within twelve days of

each other. Their wills were admitted to probate. Upon review, the executor1

determined that the quantitative terms listed in each devise did not match the

legal descriptions of the parcels. Applying the quantitative terms would result in

each child receiving around 210 acres: Eddy 209.4 acres, Rebecca 210 acres,



1
  The court originally appointed Eddy and Steven as co-executors of the estate;
however, upon perceiving the present controversy, they resigned, and the court
appointed the bank as executor.
                                          4



and Steven 212 acres. Applying the legal descriptions of the parcels would result

in Eddy receiving 259.71 acres,2 Rebecca receiving 140 acres,3 and Steven

receiving 239 acres. 4

       The estate filed a petition for construction asking the court to construe and

interpret the wills and adjudicate the devisees’ interests. The court determined

the wills were ambiguous and admitted extrinsic evidence including the Ellises’

handwritten notes and the drafting attorney’s testimony. The court determined

that the Ellises’ intent was the devises should be consistent with the quantitative

terms, not necessarily conform to the legal description.        It ordered that the

number of acres listed in the wills should prevail over the legal descriptions.

Eddy appeals from this decision.

II.    Standard of Review.

       On a petition for construction of a will, our review is de novo. In re Estate

of Williams, 515 N.W.2d 552, 553 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994).

III.   Analysis.

       A. Legal description vs. recited quantity.

       In order to determine whether the quantitative terms or the legal

descriptions prevail, we first address Eddy’s argument that the trial court failed to

follow the rule set out in Ufford v. Wilkin, 33 Iowa 110, 112 (Iowa 1871), that if

any discrepancy arises between a quantitative term and a legal description, the

legal description must prevail and the quantitative term must be disregarded. In



2
  259.71 acres is 24% more acres than 209.4 acres.
3
  140 acres is 33% fewer acres than 210 acres.
4
  239 acres is 13% more acres than 212 acres.
                                              5



Ufford, the legal description in the deed recited “the land conveyed as ‘being forty

acres.’” Ufford, 33 Iowa at 111. The property conveyed was actually forty-four

acres.5 Id. at 111. The supreme court explained: “The rule is that when the

quantity of land is mentioned in a deed as part of the description, it will be

rejected if it be inconsistent with the actual area of the premises as ascertained

by known monuments or other description[.]” Id. at 112. The estate argues the

Ufford rule is for land conveyances through deeds and is not applicable when

construing wills because testator intent is the primary consideration. It argues

that our supreme court, in Westcott v. Meeker, 122 N.W. 964, 968 (Iowa 1909),

determined that the testator’s intent prevails over a conflicting rule of property

conveyance.

         “The sole justification and the only purpose of a judicial construction of a

will is the development of the intent of the testator.” Guilford v. Gardner, 162

N.W. 261, 266 (Iowa 1917). “[T]he intent of the testator is the polestar and must

prevail.” In re Estate of Roethler, 801 N.W.2d 833, 842 (Iowa 2011). It is for this

reason our supreme court found in Westcott that, “wills are to be construed more

liberally than deeds.” Westcott, 122 N.W. at 968.

         A few combinations of words have become so fixed in their
         meaning by long and unvarying use as to be rules of property. But
         ordinary canons for the interpretation of wills, having been
         established only as aids for determining testamentary intent, are to
         be followed only so far as they accomplish that purpose, and not
         when the result would be to defeat it.




5
    Forty-four acres is 10% more acres than forty acres.
                                             6



Id. (quoting Ware v. Minot, 88 N.E. 1091, 1091 (Mass. 1909)). Indeed, when

testamentary intent does not violate established rules of law, “arbitrary and

technical rules of construction cannot defeat it.” Dickerson v. Morse, 202 N.W.

601, 604 (Iowa 1925).

         Eddy contends the Ufford rule applies equally to deeds and wills and

argues there is no case limiting the Ufford rule to deeds. However, Ufford limits

itself by its own language to “when the quantity of land is mentioned in a deed.”

Ufford, 33 Iowa at 112. We find no Iowa case in which the Ufford rule was

applied to the construction of a will, let alone to supersede testamentary intent.

Eddy cites several Iowa cases applying the rule, none of which involve

construction of a will.

         Even if the Ufford decision concerning deeds were applicable to wills, its

principle must be considered in light of a line of cases subsequent to Ufford that

distinguish when a quantity reference in a legal description will be regarded as

more than merely descriptive. For example, in Prenosil v. Pelton, 173 N.W. 235

(Iowa 1919), the deed conveying real estate contained a legal description and a

recitation “containing in all one hundred eighty-one and 10/100 acres more or

less.” In fact, only 150 acres were conveyed by the legal description. 6 Prenosil,

173 N.W. at 235-36. In an action for breach of warranty and for damages for the

discrepancy, the court determined “as a matter of law that a shortage of more

than 30 acres in land conveyed as containing 181 acres is not such ‘slight

variation’ or ‘reasonable deficiency’ or ‘near approximation’ as may be presumed


6
    One hundred fifty acres is approximately 17% fewer acres than 181.1 acres.
                                         7



to have been contemplated by the parties in the use of the words ‘more or less,’

and that in the absence of some other defense, the plaintiffs will be entitled to

relief.” Id. at 237. In reaching this conclusion, the court stated: “It may be

conceded to be the general rule that, where a vendee buys land with reference to

described boundaries or to government survey, the added statement of acreage

is regarded as merely descriptive, unless the discrepancy is so great as to

reasonably excite suspicion of fraud or mistake.” Id. (emphasis added).

       In the case of Mahrt v. Mann, 210 N.W. 566, 566 (Iowa 1926), our

supreme court was deciding an action in equity by a vendee seeking to recover

from his vendor for a shortage in quantity of land.        The written real estate

contract recited a legal description “containing 150.46 acres, according to the

United States government survey, be the same more or less.” Mahrt, 210 N.W.

at 566. A subsequent survey revealed the tract contained only 124.9 acres.7 Id.

Citing Prenosil and earlier cases, the court found the conveyance included a

warranty that the actual quantity of land “is near approximate to that [quantity]

mentioned.” Id. at 567. Because the variance in the acres was substantial, the

vendee was entitled to relief so that he would only pay for the actual acres

conveyed. Id. at 567-68.

       B. Is the will ambiguous?

       Principles of will construction are well-established. Intent must be derived

from: “(a) all of the language contained within the four corners of the will, (b) the

scheme of distribution, (c) the surrounding circumstances at the time of the will’s


7
 One hundred twenty-four and nine-tenths acres is approximately 17% fewer acres than
150.46 acres.
                                            8



execution and (d) the existing facts[.]” Roethler, 801 N.W.2d at 842 (citing In re

Estate of Rogers, 473 N.W.2d 36, 39 (Iowa 1991)). “In determining intent, the

question is not what the testator meant to say, but rather what is the meaning of

what the testator did say.” Id. “The instrument should be considered as a whole,

giving each part meaning and effect.”           Id. “[W]e resort to technical rules or

canons of construction only when the will is ambiguous or conflicting or the

testator’s intent is uncertain.” Id. “When the terms of a will are clear, plain, and

unambiguous, reference to extrinsic material facts is not allowed.” In re Estate of

Redenius, 455 N.W.2d 295, 298 (Iowa Ct. App. 1990).                  “Before extrinsic

evidence may be admitted to show a testator’s intent, a patent or latent ambiguity

must be shown.” Id. Patent ambiguity “appears on the face of the will and arises

from the phraseology or the defective, obscure, doubtful or uncertain language”

of the instrument. In re Estate of Lepley, 17 N.W.2d 526, 529 (Iowa 1945).

Latent ambiguity “exists where the language of the instrument does not lack

certainty but some extrinsic or collateral matter outside the will renders the

meaning obscure and uncertain.”       Id.       When there is an ambiguity, extrinsic

evidence is admitted to determine the testator’s intent but it “cannot vary,

contradict, or add to the will’s terms.” Roethler, 802 N.W.2d at 842-43.

       Eddy contends the will is not ambiguous and the Ellis’s intent can be

determined from the language alone, meaning there is no need to resort to

extrinsic evidence. He bases his argument on the Ufford rule, asserting there is

no ambiguity when the quantitative terms are disregarded. The estate contends

there are both latent and patent ambiguities in the will.
                                            9



       The first ambiguity appears in the first real estate description shown in the

will seeking to devise to Eddy “[t]he Southwest Quarter (1/4 SW) . . . containing

141.4 acres, more or less.” Those words in the will make it uncertain whether the

testators intended to devise a quarter section of land, being 160 acres, or some

lesser tract containing 141.4 acres. The second tract devised to Eddy describes

120 acres, and says “containing 68 acres more or less.”8 Thus, without reviewing

any additional property descriptions, on the face of the will, the language used

leaves doubt and uncertainty as to what land or how much land should be

distributed. Thus a patent ambiguity exists.9 In order to administer the estate, it

was necessary for the executor either to distribute the land as legally described

or to distribute the number of acres set forth to each devisee. The meanings of

the devises was obscure and uncertain, as it was not possible to satisfy

distribution of both the legally described real estate and the acres described.

The trial court correctly found the devises were ambiguous. Consequently, we

will consider extrinsic evidence to determine the Ellises’ intent.

       C. Did the district court correctly resolve the ambiguity?

       Attorney Gordon Madson testified he had done legal work for the Ellises

for around twelve years. They approached him to write their wills and had an

initial meeting with him in spring 2012. Madson testified the Ellises brought with

them to the meeting two pages of notes, in Junior’s handwriting, of their


8
  These two descriptions appear on their face to total 280 acres, while the wills state
their quantities total 209.4. The fact that the tracts ultimately totaled 259.71 acres—see
footnote 2—does not detract from our finding patent ambiguities on the faces of the wills.
9
  When a court is unable to ascertain from the contents of the language actually used
what property the parties intended to transfer, a patent ambiguity exists. See 23 Am.
Jur. 2d Deeds § 263 (2014).
                                            10



directions for the wills. They also brought a diagram, also in Junior’s handwriting,

of the various parcels of land and how they wanted them to be divided. The

labels on the diagram matched the descriptions in the notes.

       The diagram depicts three plots of land, labeled sections five, eight, and

eighteen. The section-five plot is labeled “309 acre farm” and is divided into two

parcels. The upper parcel is labeled “100 acres to Becky[.]” The lower parcel is

labeled “210 acres to Steve Ellis[.]” The section-eight plot is labeled “all to Eddy

Ellis 141.4 acre farm[.]” The section-eighteen plot is divided into two parcels.

The upper parcel is labeled “68 acres to Eddy Ellis[.]” The lower parcel is labeled

“112 acres to Becky[.]”

       Madson completed a draft of the wills according to these directions10 and

sent a copy to the Ellises along with a letter instructing them, “You should both

read your Will over very carefully, making sure that the real estate as shown is

the way you want your farm real estate distributed.” The first draft of the wills

contained the legal descriptions, but did not include the quantities. Shortly after

sending the draft, Junior called Madson’s office and spoke to Madson’s

secretary, Shirley Williams. Williams testified Junior wanted the number of acres

written into the will. She asked him which numbers. Junior indicated that she

should take the numbers from the notes and diagram he had provided. Williams

reviewed the numbers with Junior, approved the changes with Madson, and




10
  Madson’s secretary, Shirley Williams, who typed the will from his dictation, testified the
legal descriptions were taken from abstracts and deeds, some of which Madson had
prepared for prior transactions.
                                            11



typed them into the will. The next day, the Ellises came to the law office and

signed the will.

       If the quantitative terms are followed, the devises contemplated are nearly

equal between the three children, with each child receiving about 210 acres.

This distribution is consistent with the other bequests in the Ellises’ will which

also dispose of their other property equally. The Ellises’ tools and vehicles were

to be sold at auction and the proceeds distributed to the three children “in equal

shares, share and share alike.” The same distribution was to be made of the

Ellises’ stocks and dividends. The Ellises’ particular concern that the acreage be

included in the wills indicates those terms were important as an expression of

their intentions as to the disposition of their property. Junior’s labeling of the

various parcels indicates he himself was unaware of their true legal descriptions.

       If the real estate descriptions were followed, as Eddy urges, the acreage

distributions would vary from the recited acres as follows: Eddy would receive

24% more than 210 acres, Rebecca would receive 33% less, and Steven would

receive 13% more.11 The Ufford case approved a 10% variance. The court in

Prenosil and Mahrt rejected variances of 17%. With respect to two out of three

of the devises in the present case, the variances would greatly exceed the

variances rejected in Prenosil and Mahrt. We find such deficiencies in this case

are not “slight variations,” “reasonable deficiencies,” or “near approximations.”

See Prenosil, 173 N.W. at 237. Accordingly, Ufford does not control.


11
   Eddy argues the inclusion of the term “more or less” after the quantity term in each
devise indicates the Ellises did not intend the distribution to be precisely equal. We find,
although the phrase allows for some variance, it cannot account for the extent of
variance in this case.
                                         12



       The distribution of the personal property, the circumstances around the

writing of the wills, and the Ellises’ apparent misapprehension as to the

discrepancies between the legal descriptions inserted by their lawyer and the

acreages which they wanted to devise lead us to conclude the Ellises’ intent in

devising their farmland was to distribute it nearly equally between their children.

Thus, the quantitative terms, which more closely approximate the intended result,

must prevail, and we affirm the district court’s resolution of the ambiguity.

IV.    Conclusion.

       We conclude the Ufford rule is not controlling as to the acreage

discrepancy in this case.     Applying traditional and long-standing rules of will

construction, we find the wills have ambiguities regarding disposition of the real

estate. After examining the language of the wills and the extrinsic evidence in

the case, we conclude the Ellises intended the quantitative terms to define their

devises. Consequently, the quantitative terms in the devises prevail over the

legal descriptions. Therefore, we affirm the district court order.

       AFFIRMED.
