                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JAN 29 2019
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

RANDALL PIERCE,                                 No.    17-15539

                Petitioner-Appellant,           D.C. No. 5:15-cv-05568-LHK

 v.                                             MEMORANDUM *

STUART SHERMAN, Warden,

                Respondent-Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of California
                     Lucy H. Koh, District Judge, Presiding

                           Submitted January 16, 2019**
                             San Francisco, California

Before: CLIFTON and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges, and ADELMAN, District
Judge***

      Randall Pierce appeals the district court’s decision denying his petition for a

writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254.


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
             The Honorable Lynn S. Adelman, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Wisconsin, sitting by designation.
      In state court, Pierce was charged with failing to properly register as a sex

offender. At his initial appearance, he waived his right to counsel. But the waiver

colloquy was defective, in that the court did not advise the petitioner of the nature

of the charges against him and the range of penalties he faced. Pierce represented

himself at trial, was convicted, and was sentenced to five years and four months’

imprisonment. After exhausting his state-court remedies, Pierce filed his federal

habeas petition, alleging that he did not knowingly and intelligently waive his

Sixth Amendment right to counsel. The district court denied the petition, holding

that although the waiver colloquy was defective, the petitioner had not carried his

burden to prove that, at the time of the waiver, he did not know the nature of the

charges against him or the range of penalties he faced. “[I]n a collateral attack on

an uncounseled conviction, it is the defendant’s burden to prove that he did not

competently and intelligently waive his right to the assistance of counsel.” Iowa v.

Tovar, 541 U.S. 77, 92 (2004); see also Cordova v. Baca, 346 F.3d 924, 926 (9th

Cir. 2003) (recognizing that inadequate waiver colloquy does not automatically

invalidate the waiver).

      On appeal, Pierce does not argue that, in the district court, he carried his

burden to show that he did not know the nature of the charges against him or the




                                          2
range of penalties he faced.1 Instead, he argues that the district court improperly

dismissed his habeas petition based on a pleading defect without granting him an

opportunity to amend his petition, even though he failed to request leave to amend.

But Pierce misunderstands the district court’s order. The court did not dismiss the

petition based on a pleading defect. It denied the petition after considering the

entire record. That is, the court considered the petition, the attached brief and other

supporting materials, the respondent’s answer, the respondent’s brief, and the state-

court record, and then concluded that Pierce had failed to point to any allegations

or evidence suggesting that his waiver was not knowing and intelligent. Because a

district court is generally prohibited from holding evidentiary hearings in habeas

cases and must usually decide them based on the state-court record, see, e.g., 28

U.S.C. § 2254(e); Murray v. Schriro, 745 F.3d 984, 999–1000 (9th Cir. 2014),

habeas cases are almost always decided based on the briefs and other papers. See

also Rule 8(a), Rules Governing § 2254 Cases (“If the petition is not dismissed, the

judge must review the answer, any transcripts and records of state-court



1
  Pierce does argue that he satisfied his burden to prove that the waiver colloquy
was defective, but, as already noted, a defective waiver colloquy will not
automatically invalidate the waiver. See Cordova, 346 F.3d at 926. Pierce also
argues that he alleged in the district court that the record did not demonstrate that
his waiver was knowing and intelligent. But, as noted, on collateral review, it is the
petitioner who bears the burden of demonstrating that his waiver was not knowing
and intelligent. So Pierce could not obtain habeas relief by proving only that the
state had not shown that his waiver was knowing and intelligent.

                                           3
proceedings, and any materials submitted under Rule 7 to determine whether an

evidentiary hearing is warranted.”). Here, in resolving this case based on the paper

record, the district court fully adjudicated Pierce’s claim—it did not dispose of it

based on a pleading defect. Therefore, it was not an abuse of discretion to fail to

grant Pierce leave to amend where he did not request it.

      We also note that the district court gave Pierce an opportunity to refute the

respondent’s argument that he had not met his burden to prove that his waiver was

not knowing and intelligent. Specifically, the court gave Pierce an opportunity to

file a reply (which it called a “traverse”) to the respondent’s answer. Pierce chose

not to file a reply, and thus he chose not to respond to the respondent’s argument

that Pierce had not met his burden of proof. Accordingly, the district court did not

act unfairly in adjudicating the petition without granting Pierce a further

opportunity to submit allegations or evidence in support of his claim.

      AFFIRMED.




                                          4
