                             STATE OF MICHIGAN

                             COURT OF APPEALS



In re MARDIGIAN Estate.


MARK S. PAPAZIAN, Executor for the Estate of                         FOR PUBLICATION
ROBERT DOUGLAS MARDIGIAN,                                            October 8, 2015

                Appellant,

v                                                                    No. 319023
                                                                     Charlevoix Probate Court
MELISSA GOLDBERG, SUSAN V. LUCKEN,                                   LC No. 12-011738-DE;
NANCY VARBEDIAN, EDWARD                                                      12-011765-TV
MARDIGIAN, GRANT MARDIGIAN,
MATTHEW MARDIGIAN, and JP MORGAN
CHASE BANK, NA,

                Appellees.


Before: WILDER, P.J., and SERVITTO and STEPHENS, JJ.

Servitto, J. (dissenting).

       I respectfully dissent. The majority is correct that In re Powers Estate, 375 Mich 150;
134 NW2d 148 (1965) stands for the proposition that instruments drafted by an attorney that
propose to give a gift or devise to the attorney or his family members may be appropriate so long
as such gift does not result from undue influence.

        However, Powers was decided long before the 1988 enactment of the MRPC, or even its
predecessor, the Code of Professional Conduct, which was adopted in 1971. See Evans &
Luptak, PLC v Lizza, 251 Mich App 187, 194; 650 NW2d 364 (2002). MRPC 1.8(c) now
specifically prohibits this conduct. Moreover, this Court has held, in the context of a referral fee
contract sought to be upheld by the attorney, a contract is unethical when it violates the MRPC,
and “unethical contracts violate our public policy and therefore are unenforceable.” Id. at 189.

       The Lizza Court agreed with our Supreme Court’s findings that “[i]t would be absurd if
an attorney were allowed to enforce an unethical fee agreement through court action, even
though the attorney potentially is subject to professional discipline for entering into the
agreement.” Lizza, 251 Mich App at 196 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
While the majority correctly notes that a will is not a contract, it would nonetheless be equally

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absurd to allow appellant to benefit from his actions in the instant case where he would be also
subject to such discipline for them. And, given the discussion in Lizza, including its reliance on
Abrams v Susan Feldstein, PC, 456 Mich 867; 569 NW2d 160 (1997), as well as the enactment
of the subsequent rules governing attorney conduct, this Court could conclude that the specific
holding in Powers relied upon so heavily by appellant has now been superseded by subsequent
Supreme Court actions.

       With respect to public policy issues, our Supreme Court has stated:

       . . . the proper exercise of the judicial power is to determine from objective legal
       sources what public policy is, and not to simply assert what such policy ought to
       be on the basis of the subjective views of individual judges.

                                                ***

       In identifying the boundaries of public policy, we believe that the focus of the
       judiciary must ultimately be upon the policies that, in fact, have been adopted by
       the public through our various legal processes, and are reflected in our state and
       federal constitutions, our statutes, and the common law. [Terrien v Zwit, 467 Mich
       56, 66-67; 648 NW2d 602 (2002)].

The Terrien Court also stated, “[w]e note that, besides constitutions, statutes, and the common
law, administrative rules and regulations, and public rules of professional conduct may also
constitute definitive indicators of public policy.” Id. at 67, n 11 (emphasis added). In fact, our
Supreme Court is charged with promulgating the rules regarding the ethical conduct of attorneys
in Michigan. MCL 600.904 provides:

       The supreme court has the power to provide for the organization, government, and
       membership of the state bar of Michigan, and to adopt rules and regulations
       concerning the conduct and activities of the state bar of Michigan and its
       members, the schedule of membership dues therein, the discipline, suspension,
       and disbarment of its members for misconduct, and the investigation and
       examination of applicants for admission to the bar.

It also has “the authority and obligation to take affirmative action to enforce the ethical standards
set forth by the Michigan Rules of Professional Conduct.” Speicher v Columbia Tp Bd of
Election Com'rs, 299 Mich App 86, 91; 832 NW2d 392 (2012). Because “the Legislature
delegated the determination of public policy regarding the activities of the State Bar of Michigan
to the judiciary pursuant to MCL 600.904 . . . conduct that violates the attorney discipline rules
set forth in the rules of professional conduct violates public policy.” Id. at 92.

       I would also note that while the majority cites to the ability to rebut a presumption of
undue influence with respect to trusts and wills as a protection, the majority makes no mention of
MCL 700.7410(1), governing trusts, which provides:

       In addition to the methods of termination prescribed by sections 7411 to 7414, a
       trust terminates to the extent the trust is revoked or expires pursuant to its terms,
       no purpose of the trust remains to be achieved, or the purposes of the trust have

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       become impossible to achieve or are found by a court to be unlawful or contrary
       to public policy. (emphasis added)

MCL 700.2705 similarly provides:

       The meaning and legal effect of a governing instrument other than a trust are
       determined by the local law of the state selected in the governing instrument,
       unless the application of that law is contrary to the provisions relating to the
       elective share described in part 2 of this article, the provisions relating to exempt
       property and allowances described in part 4 of this article, or another public
       policy of this state otherwise applicable to the disposition.

        Thus, once the trial court has found the terms of a trust or instrument of disposition to be
contrary to public policy the legal effect of the instrument is a foregone conclusion and the
meaning of the instrument is no longer open to interpretation or subject to dispute concerning
intent. Given the above statutory provisions, longstanding caselaw, and the language of MRPC
1.8(c), I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that Powers, supra, requires remand for further
proceedings where appellant would be required to overcome the presumption of undue influence.
I would instead find that the trial court did not err when it found that the devises to appellant and
his children in the June 8, 2011, will and the August 13, 2010, trust were void as against public
policy and I would affirm.



                                                              /s/ Deborah A. Servitto




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