                   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
                                               444444444444
                                                 NO. 17-0477
                                               444444444444



            IN THE INTEREST OF A.C., J.Y., J.Y. JR., L.B., AND E.B., CHILDREN

               4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
                                 ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE
                          COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
               4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444


                                        Argued September 10, 2018


        JUSTICE GUZMAN delivered the opinion of the Court.


        Proceedings to terminate the parent–child relationship implicate rights of constitutional

magnitude that qualify for heightened judicial protection. Involuntary severance of parental rights

thus requires “clear and convincing evidence” that termination is warranted and in the child’s best

interest.1 The intermediate proof standard is a constitutional minimum and a statutory mandate that

necessitates a commensurately heightened standard of review.2 In this government-initiated

termination proceeding, the issue is whether—under the elevated proof standard—a parent’s

unrecanted and uncontroverted admission that termination is in her children’s best interests, coupled

with stipulations as to grounds for termination and permanency plans, are any evidence to support


        1
            TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001; Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 747-48 (1982).
        2
          See Santosky, 455 U.S. at 769-70; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 264-65 (Tex. 2002); In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d
17, 25-26 (Tex. 2002).
the trial court’s best-interest findings. Rejecting legal- and factual-sufficiency challenges to the

termination decree, the court of appeals affirmed, holding such evidence—in the form of statements

in a mediated settlement agreement signed by the parents, counsel, and others—is sufficient to

support termination.3 We agree. We recently held in In re K.S.L. that similar affirmations in an

affidavit of voluntary relinquishment are, in the ordinary case, ample evidence to support a

best-interest determination.4 Discerning no material difference in the evidentiary value of a parent’s

voluntary statements in a mediated settlement agreement, we affirm the court of appeals’ judgment.

                                                  I. Background

        The Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS) took custody of four children

after receiving reports that two of them were living with Mother in a squalid, structurally unsound,

and drug-infested habitation. A fifth child was later removed from Mother’s custody at birth based

on allegations that the baby’s meconium tested positive for methamphetamines/amphetamines.5

DFPS sued to terminate Mother’s parental rights to all five children, alleging myriad statutory

grounds including abandonment, neglect, endangerment, and noncompliance with the provisions of

a court order establishing the actions necessary to reclaim custody.6 DFPS also sought to terminate

parental rights of three men alleged to be the children’s fathers.

        Pursuant to Chapter 153 of the Texas Family Code, the parties engaged in mediated

settlement proceedings that culminated in an agreement signed by Mother, the putative fathers, the



        3
            ___ S.W.3d ___, 2017 WL 1684649, at *1 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 2, 2017).
        4
         538 S.W.3d 107, 111 (Tex. 2017) (holding that, under a clear-and-convincing-evidence standard, a statutorily
compliant affidavit relinquishing parental rights “can be ample evidence to support a best-interest determination”).
        5
            “Meconium” is the first fecal excretion of a newborn child.
        6
            See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(A), (B), (C), (D), (E), (N), (O), & (Q).

                                                           2
parents’ respective attorneys, the children’s guardian and attorney ad litem, a Court-Appointed

Special Advocates (CASA) supervisor, and DFPS representatives and counsel.7 In the mediated

settlement agreement (MSA), the parents stipulated that their parental rights would be terminated

on two specific statutory grounds—constructive abandonment as to the baby and failure to comply

with a court order as to the other children—and best interests.8 In two separate places, the parties

collectively agreed the MSA’s terms were in the children’s best interests.

         In the MSA, the parties assented to DFPS’s appointment as permanent managing conservator

with all concomitant rights and duties under the Texas Family Code, including the right to consent

to adoption, and the parents’ appointment as non-parent possessory conservators with limited

visitation rights. The MSA also includes permanency plans for the children, providing for specific

relative and non-relative placements for each child and requiring DFPS to consent to adoption by

the designated individuals “[a]bsent unforeseeable circumstances.” As a failsafe if adoption by the

designated individuals is not viable, the agreement requires DFPS to transfer permanent managing

conservatorship to those individuals “absent unforeseeable circumstances.”                              The parents’

stipulations as to termination are not contingent on either the children’s placement with the

individuals named in the agreement or the parents’ consent to an alternative placement.

         Specific admonishments and acknowledgments confirm the availability of counsel and herald

the gravity and voluntariness of the parents’ stipulations:

         C          “THE FOLLOWING MEDIATED SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT IS
                    NOT SUBJECT TO REVOCATION AND IS ENTERED INTO

         7
            See id. § 153.0071(c) (“On the written agreement of the parties or on the court’s own motion, the court may
refer a suit affecting the parent–child relationship to mediation.”), (d) (making mediated settlement agreements binding
on the parties if the agreement meets certain requirements, including signature by all parties and any counsel present at
the time the agreement is signed).
         8
             See id. § 161.001(b)(1)(N)-(O), (2).

                                                           3
                       PURSUANT TO SECTION 153.0071 OF THE TEXAS FAMILY CODE.
                       THIS AGREEMENT IS SIGNED BY EACH PARTY TO THE
                       AGREEMENT AND EACH PARTY’S ATTORNEY WHO IS
                       PRESENT AT THE TIME THE AGREEMENT IS SIGNED. A PARTY
                       IS ENTITLED TO JUDGMENT ON THIS MEDIATED
                       SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT NOTWITHSTANDING RULE 11,
                       TEXAS RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE OR ANOTHER RULE OF
                       LAW.”9

            C          “Each signatory to this settlement agreement has entered into the settlement
                       freely and without duress after having consulted with professionals of his or
                       her choice.”

            C          “Each party has been advised by the mediator that the mediator is not the
                       attorney for any party and that each party should have this agreement
                       approved by that party’s attorney before executing it.”

            C          “This stipulation is signed voluntarily and with the advice and consent of
                       counsel . . . and its provisions are intended to be incorporated into a final
                       order.”

            C          “THE PARTIES HERETO AGREE THAT THIS MEDIATED
                       SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT IS BINDING ON SAID PARTIES AND
                       IS NOT SUBJECT TO REVOCATION.”

            Shortly after the MSA’s execution, two of the children were returned to DFPS’s care due to

a material change in the personal circumstances of the fictive kin designated in the MSA as

anticipated adopters. In light of this development, Mother filed a motion to invalidate and modify

the MSA, but only as to the agreed placement for those two children, stating the placement had

become unworkable and was not in the children’s best interests. Mother requested a new placement

match for those children and the right to designate suitable relatives or fictive kin. Mother did not,

however, repudiate her admissions regarding termination of her parental rights to any of her

children. To the contrary, she affirmatively requested that “the MSA’s conditions of termination



            9
                See id. § 153.0071(d) (specifying the terms under which a mediated settlement agreement is binding on the
parties).

                                                              4
of [her] parental rights, including the legal grounds . . . , be kept in place with the new placement.”

The trial court denied the motion, noting the agreement provided for DFPS’s consent to adoption

and did not preclude DFPS from looking for substitute placements.

        The parties waived a jury trial, and the matter proceeded to a prove-up hearing the following

month. On request, and without objection, the trial court took judicial notice of the MSA, which had

been filed in the court’s records. A DFPS caseworker also testified as to the MSA’s contents,

including the parents’ stipulations regarding the grounds for termination, and that severance of the

parent–child relationship was in the children’s best interests. No other witnesses were called, and

no evidentiary elaboration was offered.

        Although Mother had an opportunity to testify, she appeared only through counsel, who

advised the court: “My client is not here today but she has signed the mediated settlement

agreement . . . .” The children’s ad litem asserted, without objection, that the relief specified in the

MSA was in the children’s best interests, and the CASA representative agreed. No contrary

evidence was offered.

        At the close of evidence, the trial court found grounds to terminate the parent–child

relationship as to each child and that termination of each parent–child relationship was in that child’s

best interest. The court approved the MSA and incorporated it into the final order, both orally and

in the termination decree. No post-judgment motions were filed.

        Mother appealed, but the fathers did not. In three appellate issues, Mother challenged the

factual and legal sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court’s best-interest findings and




                                                   5
appointment of DFPS’s director as the children’s permanent managing conservator. The court of

appeals affirmed.10 As to evidentiary support for the best-interest findings, the court observed that:

       C           Mother never withdrew her voluntary stipulations in the MSA and had the
                   opportunity to object at the prove-up hearing, but failed to do so;

       C           Mother’s agreement to terminate her parental rights based on constructive
                   abandonment and failure to meet the court-ordered requirements for reunification
                   “support inferences adverse to Mother regarding potential dangers to the children,
                   her parenting abilities, and her relationships with the children”;

       C           the MSA defined the placement plans for the children, which contemplated that
                   “unforeseeable circumstances” might prevent the agreed placements from taking
                   place; and

       C           the MSA did not condition termination of Mother’s parental rights on the agreed
                   placements.11

The court thus held that the stipulations and placement plans in the MSA are sufficient evidence of

several factors relevant to the best-interest determination.12                   The court also upheld the

managing-conservator appointment because termination of Mother’s parental rights was appropriate

and she presented no evidence that she is a “suitable, competent adult” to serve as managing

conservator.13

       On petition for review to this Court, Mother asserts that the clear-and-convincing-evidence

standard negates the evidentiary value of her best-interest stipulations in the MSA and the

best-interest testimony at trial, which she characterizes as conclusory and lacking factual support.

She acknowledges, however, that her stipulations as to grounds for termination, along with judicial



       10
            ___ S.W.3d ___, 2017 WL 1684649, at *1 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 2, 2017).
       11
            Id. at *3-5.
       12
            Id. at *2, *4-5 (citing Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976)).
       13
            Id. at *5.

                                                          6
notice of a temporary order, are legally sufficient to support the trial court’s findings as to those facts

and has abandoned her complaint about the managing-conservator appointment.

                                                    II. Discussion

                                        A. Standards for Termination

        A parent’s “right to the companionship, care, custody, and management of his or her children

is an interest far more precious than any property right.”14 But “[w]hile parental rights are of a

constitutional magnitude, they are not absolute. Just as it is imperative for courts to recognize the

constitutional underpinnings of the parent–child relationship, it is also essential that emotional and

physical interests of the child not be sacrificed merely to preserve that right.”15 Section 161.001 of

the Texas Family Code balances the convergent and divergent interests of parent and child by

adopting a two-part standard that permits termination of the parent–child relationship only if (1) the

parent’s acts or omissions satisfy at least one statutory ground for termination and (2) termination

is in the child’s best interest.16 Further recognizing that parent and child share a “commanding” and

“fundamental” interest in preventing an erroneous termination of their relationship,17 both elements

require “clear and convincing evidence.”18

        “The function of a standard of proof . . . is to instruct the factfinder concerning the degree

of confidence our society thinks he should have in the correctness of a factual conclusion for a




        14
             Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758-59 (1982) (internal quotation marks omitted).
        15
             In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 26 (Tex. 2002).
        16
             TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1), (2).
        17
             Santosky, 455 U.S. at 758-59.
        18
             TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b); Santosky, 455 U.S. at 748.

                                                          7
particular type of adjudication.”19 Because termination of parental rights “is complete, final,

irrevocable and divests for all time” the natural and legal rights between parent and child,20 a court

cannot involuntarily sever that relationship absent evidence sufficient to “produce in the mind of the

trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.”21

This heightened proof standard carries the weight and gravity due process requires to protect the

fundamental rights at stake.

        A correspondingly searching standard of appellate review is an essential procedural adjunct.

Indeed, “[a]s a matter of logic, a finding that must be based on clear and convincing evidence cannot

be viewed on appeal the same as one that may be sustained on a mere preponderance.”22 We have

therefore rejected traditional formulations of legal- and factual-sufficiency standards in favor of

standards that honor not only the elevated burden of proof, but also the deference an appellate court

must have for the factfinder’s role.23

        The distinction between legal and factual sufficiency lies in the extent to which disputed

evidence contrary to a finding may be considered. In conducting a legal-sufficiency review, the

reviewing court cannot ignore undisputed evidence contrary to the finding, but must otherwise

assume the factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of the finding.24 Evidence is legally sufficient

if, viewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the fact-finding and considering undisputed

        19
             Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418, 423 (1978) (internal quotation marks omitted).
        20
             Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985).
        21
           TEX. FAM. CODE § 101.007; see Santosky, 455 U.S. at 260 (“[U]ntil the State proves parental unfitness, the
child and his parents share a vital interest in preventing erroneous termination of their natural relationship.”).
        22
             In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex. 2002).
        23
             In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 264 (Tex. 2002); C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25.
        24
             J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266.

                                                          8
contrary evidence, a reasonable factfinder could form a firm belief or conviction that the finding was

true.25

          Factual sufficiency, in comparison, requires weighing disputed evidence contrary to the

finding against all the evidence favoring the finding. In a factual-sufficiency review, the appellate

court must consider whether disputed evidence is such that a reasonable factfinder could not have

resolved it in favor of the finding.26 Evidence is factually insufficient if, in light of the entire record,

the disputed evidence a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of a finding is so

significant that the factfinder could not have formed a firm belief or conviction that the finding was

true.27

          In this case, the trial court terminated Mother’s parental rights based on acts and omissions

described in section 161.001(b)(1)(N) and (O) and the children’s best interests. The statutory

grounds to which Mother stipulated permit termination of the parent–child relationship when a

parent:

          (N) constructively abandoned the child who has been in the permanent or temporary
          managing conservatorship of the Department of Family and Protective Services for
          not less than six months, and:

                     (i) the department has made reasonable efforts to return the child to the
                     parent;

                     (ii) the parent has not regularly visited or maintained significant contact with
                     the child; and

                     (iii) the parent has demonstrated an inability to provide the child with a safe
                     environment; [or]


          25
               Id.
          26
               In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006).
          27
               J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266.

                                                           9
        (O) failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically established
        the actions necessary for the parent to obtain the return of the child who has been in
        the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of the Department of Family
        and Protective Services for not less than nine months as a result of the child’s
        removal from the parent under Chapter 262 for the abuse or neglect of the child.28

        The second termination prong—best interests—is child-centered and focuses on the child’s

well-being, safety, and development. A best-interest determination is thus guided by several

non-exclusive factors, including: (1) the child’s emotional and physical needs; (2) the emotional

and physical danger to the child now and in the future; (3) the parental abilities of the individuals

seeking custody; (4) the plans for the child by those individuals and the stability of the home; (5) the

plans for the child by the agency seeking custody and the stability of the proposed placement; (6) the

parent’s acts or omissions that may indicate the existing parent–child relationship is improper; and

(7) any excuse for the parent’s acts or omissions.29 Proof of acts or omissions providing grounds

for termination under section 161.001(b)(1) does not relieve the petitioner from proving the

best-interest element, but the same evidence may be probative of both.30

        Here, the evidence supporting termination was largely in the form of stipulations in the MSA

that were recounted by the DFPS caseworker in sworn testimony, taken under judicial notice, and

incorporated into the termination decree—all without objection, contrary evidence, or evidence of

any excuse. Mother did not renounce or controvert her stipulations as to the statutory requirements

for termination and, to the contrary, embraced them at every turn in the trial-court proceedings.




        28
             TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(N), (O).
        29
           Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976); see TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.307 (listing additional
best-interest factors).

        30
             In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 28 (Tex. 2002).

                                                         10
         Mother does not assert the MSA is invalid nor argue that it should be set aside, and she

concedes the evidence is sufficient to support grounds for termination under sections

161.001(b)(1)(N) and (O). The only issue is whether any evidence supports the trial court’s

best-interest findings under the clear-and-convincing-evidence standard.31 As to that matter, we hold

Mother’s stipulations in the MSA and the reasonable inferences arising therefrom are, under the

rationale articulated in In re K.S.L., evidence from which a factfinder could form a firm conviction

or belief that termination is in the children’s best interests.

                                                   B. Best Interests

         Texas policy favors “peaceable resolution of disputes,” especially disputes involving the

parent–child relationship.32 To further that policy, the Family Code employs various mechanisms

to encourage expeditious resolution of suits affecting the parent–child relationship without the

necessity of a full evidentiary trial.

         Under Family Code section 153.0071, the trial court can refer a suit affecting the

parent–child relationship to mediation and, if the parties agree to settle the matter, a mediated

settlement agreement “is binding on the parties” so long as it (1) prominently states (in boldface,

capitalized or underlined type) that the agreement is not subject to revocation; (2) is signed by each

party to the agreement; and (3) is signed by the parties’ attorneys, if any, who are present when the

agreement is signed.33 The MSA Mother executed meets and exceeds these requirements.


         31
            Our jurisdiction is limited to questions of law while the weight to be afforded evidence is a matter committed
to the court of appeals. See City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 822 (Tex. 2005). Factual sufficiency is thus at
issue in this appeal only to the extent Mother contends the best-interest stipulation in the MSA and similar testimony
and statements at the prove-up hearing have zero evidentiary value under the applicable proof standard.
         32
              TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 154.002; In re Lee, 411 S.W.3d 445, 449 (Tex. 2013) (orig. proceeding).
         33
           TEX. FAM. CODE § 153.0071(c), (d); see id. § 101.032 (defining “suit affecting the parent–child relationship”
to include “a suit filed as provided by this title in which . . . termination of the parent–child relationship is requested”).

                                                             11
         Section 153.0071(e) provides that a statutorily compliant MSA is also binding on the court,

subject to narrow exceptions not alleged here.34 Though we held in In re Lee that section

153.0071(e) requires trial courts to enforce a properly executed MSA without conducting a broad

best-interest inquiry,35 some courts have determined that subsection (e) does not apply in Chapter

161 termination proceedings and thus neither forecloses a best-interest inquiry in termination cases

nor renders an MSA conclusive proof that termination is in a child’s best interest.36

         The question here, however, is not whether the trial court was required to afford conclusive

weight to the MSA’s stipulations as to the children’s best interests,37 but whether a factfinder is

permitted to give any weight to those stipulations under the elevated proof standard. On this point,

we find In re K.S.L.,38 a case involving an affidavit of voluntary relinquishment executed in

compliance with Family Code section 161.103, to be instructive.

         In K.S.L., state-initiated termination proceedings were resolved after the parents waived their

jury-trial demand and signed affidavits of voluntary relinquishment.39 The affidavits included

provisions affirming (1) the parents had been informed of and understood their parental rights,

         34
              Id. § 153.0071(e), (e-1); In re Lee, 411 S.W.3d 445, 447 (Tex. 2013) (orig. proceeding).
         35
          See Lee, 411 S.W.3d at 455. But see id. at 461-62 (Guzman, J., concurring) (observing a majority of the Court
would have held that a trial court could refuse to enter judgment on an MSA that could endanger a child’s safety and
welfare).
         36
            See In re Morris, 498 S.W.3d 624, 626 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, orig. proceeding) (trial court
was not required to render judgment on the MSA in involuntary termination proceedings instituted by private parties);
In re K.D., 471 S.W.3d 147, 165-74 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2015, no pet.) (noting the issue was not presented in Lee
and holding an MSA is not conclusive evidence of best interest under Chapter 161).
         37
            The trial court made express best-interest findings, and the court of appeals reviewed those findings for
factual and legal sufficiency. Neither afforded conclusive weight to the MSA under section 153.0071(e), and the parties
here do not argue to the contrary. Accordingly, the interplay between section 161.001(b)(2)’s best-interest requirement
and section 153.0071(e) is not presented.
         38
              538 S.W.3d 107, 111-12 (Tex. 2017).
         39
              Id. at 109.

                                                           12
(2) “termination of the parent–child relationship is in the best interest of the child(ren),” (3) DFPS

would become managing conservator, and (4) the parents relinquished their parental rights and

granted them to DFPS and any adoptive parents.40 As to voluntariness, the affidavits stated:

“I freely, voluntarily, and permanently give and relinquish to the Department all my parental rights

and duties. I consent to the placement of the child(ren) for adoption or in substitute care by the

Department or by a child-placing agency.”41 The affidavits were sworn, as required by section

161.103.42

         At a brief trial, a DFPS caseworker offered the affidavits and, on request, the court took

judicial notice of them.43 The caseworker “testified that in her belief the relinquishments were in

[the child’s] best interest and that arrangement had been made for an uncle to adopt her.”44 The trial

court signed an order terminating the parent–child relationship, finding clear and convincing

evidence that (1) the parents had signed irrevocable affidavits of relinquishment and (2) termination

of parental rights was in the child’s best interest.45

         The court of appeals reversed on the basis that the affidavit was insufficient by itself to

support a best-interest determination.46 We held, however, that a statutorily compliant affidavit of

voluntary relinquishment is ordinarily sufficient to support a best-interest determination under the


         40
              Id.
         41
              Id.
         42
              Id. at 110; TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.103(a).
         43
              K.S.L., 538 S.W.3d at 109.
         44
              Id.
         45
           Id.; see TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(K) (authorizing termination of parental rights based on an affidavit
of voluntary relinquishment executed before or after institution of termination proceedings).
         46
              K.S.L., 538 S.W.3d at 109, 111.

                                                          13
clear-and-convincing-evidence standard.47 Not always, but generally. Not necessarily conclusive

on the matter, but certainly ample to clear the elevated evidentiary threshold. We explained:

        [E]ven under a clear-and-convincing standard, we think in the ordinary case a sworn,
        voluntary, and knowing relinquishment of parental rights, where the parent expressly
        attests that termination is in the child’s best interest, would satisfy a requirement that
        the trial court’s best-interest finding be supported under this higher standard of proof.
        . . . A parent’s willingness to voluntarily give up her child, and to swear affirmatively
        that this is in her child’s best interest, is sufficient, absent unusual or extenuating
        circumstances, to produce a firm belief or conviction that the child’s best interest is
        served by termination.48

        Substantively, the affirmations in the K.S.L. affidavit are indistinguishable from the

stipulations in the MSA Mother signed in this case, except the former expressly affirmed the parents

had been advised of their parental rights and the latter expressly admitted to statutory grounds for

termination and affirmed Mother had been advised by counsel. As in K.S.L., Mother voluntarily and

willingly gave up her children, agreed that it was in her children’s best interests to do so, and neither

recanted nor opposed the admission of the stipulations into evidence. Though the affidavit in K.S.L.

was sworn before being admitted into evidence without objection, we perceive no legally cognizable

distinction in the evidentiary value between Mother’s stipulations here and those in K.S.L.

        What’s more, the grounds for termination Mother stipulated to—(N) and (O)—require acts

and omissions bearing on several of the factors that guide the best-interest determination, creating

a reasonable inference that Mother was unable to meet the children’s emotional and physical needs;

the children were endangered physically or emotionally; Mother lacked adequate parenting abilities

such that the existing parent–child relationship is improper; and Mother was unwilling or unable to

seek out, accept, and complete available services or to effect positive environmental and personal


        47
             Id. at 112.
        48
             Id.

                                                   14
changes within a reasonable period of time.49 The record bears no evidence of any excuse for

Mother’s acts or omissions,50 and the MSA includes primary and alternative plans for placement,

to which Mother unconditionally assented.51 Consistent with K.S.L., we hold Mother’s stipulations

in the MSA are sufficient to produce a firm belief or conviction that termination of the parent–child

relationship is in the children’s best interests.

         The statutory requirements for a binding and irrevocable affidavit of voluntary

relinquishment are “exacting” and more “detailed” than those required for a binding and irrevocable

mediated settlement agreement.52 The difference in the nature and degree of the statutory

requirements no doubt owes to the fact that termination may be based on an affidavit of

relinquishment signed before a termination suit has been filed—and the right to appointed counsel


         49
              Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976); see also TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.307.
         50
              Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372.
         51
              Id.
         52
            An affidavit voluntarily relinquishing parental rights must be (1) signed by the parent no earlier than 48 hours
after the child’s birth, (2) witnessed by two credible persons, and (3) verified before a person authorized to take oaths.
TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.103(a). The affidavit must also contain several categories of factual information about the parents
and child (name, address, age, etc.) as well as:

         •          a statement that the parent has been informed of parental rights and duties;

         •          a statement that the relinquishment is revocable, irrevocable, or irrevocable for a stated period of time;

         •          if the relinquishment is revocable:

                    (1) a statement in boldfaced type concerning the right of the parent signing the
                    affidavit to revoke the relinquishment before, but no later than, the 11th day after
                    its execution; and

                    (2) the name and address of a person to whom the revocation is to be delivered; and

         •          designation of a prospective adoptive parent, the Department of Family and Protective Services (if the
                    department has consented in writing to the designation), or a licensed child-placing agency to serve
                    as the child’s managing conservator and the person’s or agency’s address.

Id. § 161.103(b).

                                                             15
has attached—while mediated settlement occurs in the context of a suit affecting the parent–child

relationship and on court order.53 But even though an MSA need not be sworn—and the MSA here

was not—the “grave significance” of Mother’s stipulations was reflected in the MSA in equivalent

fashion and those stipulations were thereafter introduced into evidence without objection.54

        We need not, and thus do not, decide what defenses to the MSA’s enforcement are available

to Mother, if any, because none have ever been asserted.55 Nor do we decide the legal or evidentiary

effect of recanting, retracting, or controverting admissions in a statutorily compliant MSA, because

Mother consistently affirmed the MSA’s termination stipulations. We hold only that the stipulations

in the MSA Mother executed—and the reasonable inferences that may be drawn from those

stipulations—have evidentiary value for purposes of an evidence-sufficiency review under the

clear-and-convincing-evidence standard.

                                                III. Conclusion

        We hold that a parent’s voluntary and affirmative statements that termination of parental

rights is in the child’s best interest in a mediated settlement agreement binding on the parties under

section 153.0071(d) of the Family Code can satisfy, and does here, the requirement that a

best-interest finding be supported by clear and convincing evidence. Mother does not argue, and




        53
             See TEX. FAM. CODE §§ 153.0071(c), 161.001(b)(1)(K).
        54
           Cf. In re K.S.L., 538 S.W.3d 107, 109-10 (Tex. 2017) (noting “the grave significance” of an affidavit of
voluntary relinquishment of parental rights is reflected in the detailed requirements set out in Family Code section
161.103).
        55
           See In re Lee, 411 S.W.3d 445, 455 n.10 (Tex. 2013) (orig. proceeding) (whether Chapter 153 mandates entry
of judgment on a statutorily compliant MSA “under any and all circumstances, even where, for example, the agreement
‘“was illegal or . . . was procured by fraud, duress, coercion, or other dishonest means’” was neither presented nor
decided).

                                                         16
the record does not show, that this case presents any extraordinary circumstances. We therefore

affirm the court of appeals’ judgment.




                                                   ___________________________
                                                   Eva M. Guzman
                                                   Justice


OPINION DELIVERED: October 26, 2018




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