                                                           FILED
                                                            FEB 03 2017
 1
                                                        SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                          U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
 2                            ORDERED PUBLISHED           OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )      BAP No.    SC-16-1227-JuFY
                                   )
 6   RW MERIDIAN LLC,              )      Bk. No.    16-00629-MM7
                                   )
 7                  Debtor.        )
     ______________________________)
 8                                 )
     COUNTY OF IMPERIAL TREASURER- )
 9   TAX COLLECTOR,                )
                                   )
10                  Appellant,     )
     v.                            )      O P I N I O N
11                                 )
     RONALD E. STADTMUELLER,       )
12   Trustee; RW MERIDIAN LLC,     )
                                   )
13                  Appellees.     )
     ______________________________)
14
15                  Argued and Submitted on January 19, 2017
                            at San Diego, California
16
                            Filed - February 3, 2017
17
               Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
18                 for the Southern District of California
19        Honorable Margaret M. Mann, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
                         _________________________
20
21   Appearances:     Laurel Lee Hyde, Schwartz Hyde & Sullivan, LLP,
                      argued for appellant County of Imperial
22                    Treasurer-Tax Collector; Richard Girgado, Office
                      of the County Counsel, County of Los Angeles,
23                    argued for Amici The California State Association
                      of Counties and The California Association of
24                    County Treasurers and Tax Collectors; Brian A.
                      Kretsch argued for appellee Ronald E.
25                    Stadtmueller, chapter 7 trustee.
26   Before:   JURY, FARIS, and YUN,* Bankruptcy Judges.
27
28
          *
             Hon. Scott H. Yun, United States Bankruptcy Judge for the
     Central District of California, sitting by designation.
 1   JURY, Bankruptcy Judge:
 2
 3            Appellant, County of Imperial Treasurer-Tax Collector
 4   (County), scheduled a tax sale of real property owned by RW
 5   Meridian, LLC (Debtor) by an internet auction on February 6,
 6   2016, due to the non-payment of taxes.      Under Cal. Rev. & Tax
 7   Code (Tax Code) § 3707(a)(1), Debtor’s right to redeem the tax
 8   defaulted property expired at 5:00 p.m. on Friday, February 5,
 9   2016.      Debtor’s right to redeem lapsed and the sale by auction
10   began as scheduled.
11            On February 8, 2016, Debtor filed a chapter 71 petition.
12   Aware of Debtor’s filing, the County completed the auction on
13   February 9, 2016, by selling the property to the highest bidder
14   for $343,000.      The County then filed a motion for a comfort
15   order,2 asserting that the automatic stay was not applicable to
16   its postpetition acts under Tracht Gut, LLC v. County of Los
17   Angeles (In re Tracht Gut, LLC), 503 B.R. 804 (9th Cir. BAP
18   2014), aff’d, 836 F.3d 1146 (9th Cir. 2016), since Debtor’s
19   right to redeem the property lapsed prepetition.
20            The bankruptcy court disagreed that Tracht Gut was binding
21   precedent under these circumstances.      The court found that
22
23        1
             Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter and section
     references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532,
24
     “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
25   Procedure, and “Civil Rule” references are to the Federal Rules
     of Civil Procedure.
26
          2
             “A ‘comfort order’ is a bankruptcy term of art for an
27   order confirming an undisputed legal result, and often is entered
     to confirm that the automatic stay has terminated.” In re Hill,
28
     364 B.R. 826, 829 n.3 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2007).

                                       -2-
 1   although Debtor’s right to redeem the property had expired
 2   prepetition, Debtor still held valuable rights in the property
 3   at the time of its bankruptcy filing, including title,
 4   possession, and contingent redemption rights.        Accordingly, the
 5   bankruptcy court found that the property was property of
 6   Debtor’s estate under § 541.      As a result, the court concluded
 7   that the County’s postpetition completion of the tax sale
 8   violated § 362(a)(3), (4), and (6) and thus was void.        The court
 9   entered an order denying the County’s motion for a comfort
10   order.    This appeal followed.
11          For the reasons set forth below, we agree with the
12   bankruptcy court’s conclusion that Tracht Gut did not address a
13   circumstance where the redemption rights had lapsed but the sale
14   had not been completed prior to the bankruptcy filing.
15   Therefore, its holding is not binding under the facts of this
16   case.    We hold that the County’s postpetition completion of the
17   sale violated the automatic stay under § 362(a)(3), (4), and
18   (6).    Accordingly, we AFFIRM.
19                                I.    FACTS
20   A.     Prepetition Events
21          The underlying facts are undisputed.      As of February 6,
22   2016, Debtor was the owner of 58.53 acres of unimproved land
23   located in Imperial County, California.        Debtor had not paid the
24   property taxes for more than five years and was delinquent in
25   the approximate amount of $167,000.        As a result, the tax
26   collector scheduled the property for sale by auction commencing
27   on Saturday, February 6, 2016.     By statute, Debtor’s right to
28   redeem the property expired at 5:00 p.m. on Friday, February 5,

                                       -3-
 1   2016.   Debtor’s right to redeem lapsed and the auction began on
 2   February 6, 2016, as scheduled.
 3   B.   Postpetition Events
 4        On February 8, 2016, Debtor filed a chapter 7 petition.
 5   Appellee, Ronald E. Stadtmueller, was appointed the chapter 7
 6   trustee (Trustee).   Aware of the bankruptcy filing, the County,
 7   relying on the Panel’s decision in Tracht Gut, completed the
 8   auction postpetition by selling the property to the highest
 9   bidder for $343,000.
10        On February 11, 2016, the County filed a motion for a
11   comfort order requesting confirmation that the completion of the
12   auction had not violated the automatic stay and that the further
13   act of recording the tax deed would not be a stay violation as
14   it was a “ministerial act.”   Trustee opposed, contending that
15   the property was property of the estate which he could
16   administer for the benefit of the creditors and estate.   After a
17   hearing and further briefing, the bankruptcy court took the
18   matter under submission.
19        On July 5, 2016, the bankruptcy court issued its decision
20   in In re RW Meridian LLC, 553 B.R. 807 (Bankr. S.D. Cal. 2016).
21   The court concluded that it was not bound by the holding in
22   Tracht Gut because in that case both the debtor’s right to
23   redeem expired and the sale occurred prepetition and all that
24   was left in the sale process was the recording of the tax deed.
25   The bankruptcy court reasoned that until the sale, Debtor
26   retained rights in the property because equitable and legal
27   title had not transferred.    The bankruptcy court also found that
28   Debtor had a contingent right of redemption under California

                                     -4-
 1   law, which became property of the estate.   Finally, the
 2   bankruptcy court held that the County’s discretion regarding the
 3   conduct of the sale eliminated the ministerial act exception to
 4   the automatic stay.
 5        Relying on the broad reach of the automatic stay espoused
 6   in 40235 Washington Street Corp. v. W.C. Lusardi (In re
 7   Lusardi), 329 F.3d 1076 (9th Cir. 2003), and other case law, the
 8   bankruptcy court found the sale violated § 362(a)(3), (4), and
 9   (6) and thus was void.    The court denied the County’s motion for
10   a comfort order and entered an order consistent with its
11   decision.   The Country filed a timely notice of appeal from that
12   order.
13   C.   Post-appeal Events
14        The County then filed an emergency motion for a stay
15   pending appeal.   Trustee opposed, contending that he had
16   received an offer from third parties to purchase the property
17   for $500,000, an amount which would satisfy all claims in the
18   bankruptcy case, including the County’s tax lien.   According to
19   Trustee, this was the third offer he had received and any
20   further delay would impede the sale of the property.   A motions
21   panel denied the stay motion.
22        On October 14, 2016, the California State Association of
23   Counties and the California Association of County Treasurer and
24   Tax Collectors filed a motion for leave to file an Amicus Brief.
25   The parties contended that the issue involved in this appeal was
26   “vital to the administration of property tax collection” and
27   that the decision, “if sustained,” would “seriously impair the
28   ability of counties and their tax collectors to ensure the

                                     -5-
 1   collection of real property taxes [and] subject the counties to
 2   a finding by the courts that they violated the automatic stay.”
 3            Around the same time, Trustee filed an objection to Melissa
 4   Johnson’s declaration, which was included in the County’s
 5   appendix and not part of the record on appeal.      The County
 6   submitted Ms. Johnson’s declaration to “remove any uncertainty
 7   as to the relevant dates of the events” in Lusardi, since the
 8   bankruptcy court found that the facts in this case were “nearly
 9   identical” to those in Lusardi.3     Although Lusardi involved a
10   postpetition tax sale, the County submitted Ms. Johnson’s
11   declaration to show that the debtor had filed a chapter 11
12   petition prior to the expiration of its redemption right.        Ms.
13   Johnson, the Chief Deputy Treasurer-Tax Collector for Riverside
14   County, authenticated the tax records associated with the real
15   property in the Lusardi case showing the sequence of events.        In
16   its opening brief, the County asked the Panel to take judicial
17   notice of those tax records.
18            A motions panel granted the motion for leave to file the
19   Amicus Brief and accepted it for filing, sustained Trustee’s
20
21
22
23
          3
24           We do not read the bankruptcy court’s decision as finding
     Lusardi “almost identical” to the facts here. Rather, the court
25   cited Lusardi to demonstrate the breadth of the automatic stay
     under § 362(a)(4) as applied to a postpetition tax sale. In any
26   event, as in Tracht Gut, Lusardi does not discuss a debtor’s
     property interests after the expiration of its right to redeem
27
     but before a sale. Therefore, the case does not control the
28   outcome here.

                                       -6-
 1   objection to Ms. Johnson’s declaration, and denied the County’s
 2   request for judicial notice.4
 3                                 II.    JURISDICTION
 4            The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
 5   §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(G).           We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
 6   § 158.
 7                                   III.     ISSUES
 8            A.   Whether the bankruptcy court erred in finding that
 9   Debtor had various interests in the property on the petition
10   date despite the expiration of its right to redeem;
11            B.   Whether the bankruptcy court erred in finding that the
12   County’s postpetition sale of the property violated § 362(a)(3)
13   and (4); and
14            C.   Whether the bankruptcy court erred in finding that the
15   County’s action violated § 362(a)(6) as an act to collect a
16   claim against Debtor.
17                           IV.    STANDARD OF REVIEW
18            The standard of review for the issues raised in this appeal
19   is de novo.      Whether an asset is estate property and whether the
20   automatic stay is applicable to a particular situation are
21   conclusions of law reviewed de novo.          Groshong v. Sapp (In re
22
23        4
             Generally, a merits panel is not bound by the decisions
24   of a motions panel. Stagecoach Utilities, Inc. v. Cty. of Lyon
     (In re Stagecoach Utilities, Inc.), 86 B.R. 229, 230 (9th Cir.
25   BAP 1988). We see no reason to deviate from the decision made by
     the motions panel denying the County’s request for judicial
26   notice and sustaining the objection to Ms. Johnson’s declaration.
     The declaration was not in the record relied upon by the
27
     bankruptcy court and therefore requesting judicial notice of the
28   declaration is an improper augmentation of the trial record.

                                            -7-
 1   Mila, Inc.), 423 B.R. 537, 542 (9th Cir. BAP 2010).    We also
 2   review the bankruptcy court’s interpretation of state law de
 3   novo.   Mele v. Mele (In re Mele), 501 B.R. 357, 362 (9th Cir.
 4   BAP 2013).   “De novo review requires that we consider a matter
 5   anew, as if no decision had been rendered previously.”    Id.
 6                              V.    DISCUSSION
 7   A.   The Automatic Stay:    § 362(a)(3) and (4)
 8        The scope of the automatic stay is quite broad.    Hillis
 9   Motors, Inc. v. Haw. Auto. Dealers’ Ass’n, 997 F.2d 581, 585
10   (9th Cir. 1993).    It stays “any act to obtain possession of
11   property of the estate or of property from the estate or to
12   exercise control over property of the estate” and also “any act
13   to . . . enforce any lien against property of the estate.”
14   § 362(a)(3), (4).
15        When Debtor filed its bankruptcy petition, the automatic
16   stay took effect.    § 362(a).   It is undisputed that the County
17   continued the auction and sold Debtor’s property postpetition to
18   the highest bidder.    A postpetition sale of property generally
19   falls within the scope of § 362(a)(3) and (4).    Actions taken in
20   violation of the automatic stay are void.     In re Lusardi, 329
21   F.3d at 1084; Schwartz v. United States (In re Schwartz), 954
22   F.2d 569, 575 (9th Cir. 1992).
23        However, when a debtor is completely divested of all legal
24   and equitable rights in property prior to the filing of its
25   petition, the automatic stay is inapplicable and there is no
26   need for a creditor to seek relief from the automatic stay.      See
27   Eden Place, LLC v. Perl (In re Perl), 811 F.3d 1120, 1127-28
28   (9th Cir. 2016).    In Perl, prior to the debtor’s bankruptcy

                                       -8-
 1   filing, a nonjudicial foreclosure sale had occurred, the
 2   trustee’s deed was timely recorded, and the purchaser at the
 3   sale had obtained an unlawful detainer judgment and writ of
 4   possession.   These events collectively terminated the debtor’s
 5   legal title and right of possession in the property prepetition
 6   under California law.   As a result, the Ninth Circuit held that
 7   the purchaser of the property did not violate the automatic stay
 8   by evicting the debtor after he filed for bankruptcy.
 9        From this holding, it follows that a debtor’s right to the
10   protection of the automatic stay is dependent upon § 541(a)(1),
11   which provides that a bankruptcy estate succeeds only to “legal
12   or equitable interests of the debtor . . . as of the
13   commencement of the case.”   The nature and extent of the
14   debtor’s interests in property must be determined by
15   nonbankruptcy law.   Butner v. United States, 440 U.S. 48, 54–55
16   (1979).   Here, California law applies.   Since the sale of tax-
17   defaulted property in California is governed by statute, we
18   examine the statutory scheme to determine when Debtor’s
19   equitable and legal interests in the underlying property
20   terminate during the tax sale process.
21        1.    California’s statutory scheme for tax sales
22        Taxes on real property are secured by and serve as a lien
23   on the real property for which they are assessed.   Secured
24   property taxes that remain unpaid at the close of the fiscal
25   year (June 30) are deemed to be in default.   Tax Code § 3436.
26   Properties which have been tax defaulted for a minimum of five
27
28


                                    -9-
 1   years5 are subject to the county tax collector’s power to sell
 2   them to satisfy the outstanding defaulted taxes.       Tax Code
 3   § 3691.      Sale is to the highest bidder at a public auction.
 4   Public auction includes the internet.       Tax Code § 3693.    Various
 5   notices and publication are required prior to the tax sale.           Tax
 6   Code §§ 3351, 3361, 3371, 3701, 3704.7.
 7            For tax sales, the “‘Date of the sale’ means the date upon
 8   which a public auction begins.”       Tax Code § 3692.1(b).    This
 9   definition has relevance to the expiration of a debtor’s right
10   to redeem.       Tax Code § 4101 states:   “Tax defaulted property may
11   be redeemed until the right of redemption is terminated.”         To
12   redeem the property the total amount of all prior year defaulted
13   taxes must be paid, together with the penalties, costs, and
14   fees.      Tax Code § 4102.
15            The termination of the redemption period, the circumstances
16   under which the right to redeem revives, and when the sale is
17   complete are governed by Tax Code § 3707 which provides in
18   relevant part:
19            (a)(1) The right of redemption terminates at the close
              of business on the last business day prior to the date
20            of the sale. (Emphasis added)
21            (2) If the tax collector approves a sale as a credit
              transaction and does not receive full payment on or
22            before the date upon which the tax collector requires
              pursuant to Section 3693.1, the right of redemption is
23            revived on the next business day following that date.
24            . . .
25            (c) The sale shall be deemed complete when full
              payment has been received by the tax collector.
26
27
28        5
             For nonresidential commercial property, the period is
     three years. Tax Code § 3691.

                                        -10-
 1        (d) The right of redemption revives if the property is
          not sold.
 2
 3        When the sale is “deemed” complete (i.e., the full purchase
 4   price has been paid) a debtor’s right to redeem the tax-
 5   defaulted property will not revive under Tax Code § 3707(a)(2)
 6   and (d).    When the sale is complete, the tax collector executes
 7   a deed to the purchaser.   Tax Code § 3708.   The tax deed
 8   “conveys title to the purchaser free of all encumbrances of any
 9   kind existing before the sale” with certain exceptions set forth
10   in the statute.   Tax Code § 3712.
11        2.     Under California law, Debtor’s equitable and legal
                 interests in the underlying property were not divested
12               upon the expiration of Debtor’s right to redeem.
13        Although Debtor’s right to redeem the property lapsed
14   prepetition, Debtor’s right to redeem the property is a distinct
15   property right from its legal and equitable interests in the
16   property.    See Harsh Inv. Corp. v. Bialac (In re Bialac), 712
17   F.2d 426, 431 (9th Cir. 1983) (“[P]re-foreclosure right to
18   redeem is a property right under [§] 541. . . .”).    As
19   previously noted, while § 541 is very broad, the existence and
20   scope of a debtor’s interest in a given asset is determined by
21   state law.   As discussed below, under California law, the lapse
22   of Debtor’s redemption right did not terminate its legal and
23   equitable title to the property which remained with Debtor on
24   the petition date.
25        Although the Tax Code provides that legal title to the tax-
26   defaulted property transfers after a sale with the recording of
27   the tax deed, the statutory scheme does not specify at what
28   point in the process equitable title to the real property


                                     -11-
 1   transfers to the purchaser during the sale process.   To answer
 2   this question, we look to California law.
 3        In ordinary sales of real property to third parties,
 4   California law states that prior to the transfer of legal title,
 5   the purchaser of real property under a purchase and sale
 6   agreement is said to have “equitable title” and a “beneficial
 7   interest” in the property.   RC Royal Dev. & Realty Corp. v.
 8   Standard Pac. Corp., 177 Cal. App. 4th 1410, 1419 (Cal. Ct. App.
 9   2009) (citing Osborn v. Osborn, 42 Cal. 2d 358, 363 (1954) (“At
10   the time of the execution of the contract of sale, the grantee
11   acquires an equitable title to the estate being sold; the
12   grantor retains the legal title as security for the purchase
13   price.   The legal title passes to the grantee at the time of his
14   completion of the conditions precedent . . . .”)).    “[E]quitable
15   title is a ‘beneficial interest,’ as it is one stick in the
16   bundle of full legal rights to real property.”   RC Royal Dev.,
17   177 Cal. App. 4th at 1419.
18        In an involuntary sale such as foreclosure, equitable title
19   is transferred to the purchaser at the foreclosure auction with
20   acceptance of the highest bid and it is at that time a trustee’s
21   sale is “complete.”   See In re Richter, 525 B.R. 735, 745
22   (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 2015) (citing Nguyen v. Calhoun, 105 Cal. App.
23   4th 428, 441 (Cal. Ct. App. 2003) (“[a]s a general rule, a
24   trustee’s sale is complete upon acceptance of the highest
25   bid”)); see also In re Engles, 193 B.R. 23, 26 (Bankr. S.D. Cal.
26   1996) (“When a purchaser receives equitable title at a
27   [foreclosure] sale, but legal title remains in a debtor, and the
28   debtor thereafter files for bankruptcy, cause exists to lift the


                                    -12-
 1   stay to allow the equitable owner to gain legal title.”).
 2            Applying these principles to the facts of this case, we
 3   conclude that Debtor was not divested of its legal or equitable
 4   interests in the underlying property by operation of law upon
 5   the expiration of its right to redeem.      Rather, before Debtor’s
 6   equitable interests in the property could transfer, the tax sale
 7   process required the County to hold an auction and, at the very
 8   least, accept the highest bid, or at most, also receive the
 9   purchase price before the sale could be considered “complete.”
10   See Tax Code § 3707(c) (stating that a tax sale is not complete
11   until the purchase price has been paid in full which is a later
12   point in time than in a foreclosure sale when it is the
13   acceptance of the highest bid which passes equitable title).
14   Here, neither the auction nor acceptance of the highest bid was
15   accomplished prepetition.      Therefore, under California law, no
16   transfer of Debtor’s legal and equitable interests in the
17   property had occurred by the petition date.6     Furthermore,
18   Debtor remained in rightful possession of the property at all
19   times.
20            Both parties relied heavily on United States v. Whiting
21   Pools, Inc., 462 U.S. 198, 204 n.8 (1983), for their respective
22   positions.      There, the Supreme Court explained:
23            Section 541(a)(1) speaks in terms of the debtor’s
              ‘interests . . . in property,’ rather than property in
24
25        6
             To the extent the County argues that Debtors’s equitable
26   interests expired upon termination of its redemption rights, this
     argument leaves a void. Until a buyer was identified in a
27   completed sale, there is no party other than Debtor which would
     hold that equitable interest. The County as a secured creditor
28   certainly could not claim the interest. Therefore, it must
     remain with Debtor.

                                       -13-
 1        which the debtor has an interest, but this choice of
          language was not meant to limit the expansive scope of
 2        the section. The legislative history indicates that
          Congress intended to exclude from the estate property
 3        of others in which the debtor had some minor interest
          such as a lien or bare legal title. See 124 Cong.
 4        Rec. 32399, 32417 (1978) (remarks of Rep. Edwards);
          id., at 33999, 34016–34017 (remarks of Sen.
 5        DeConcini); cf. § 541(d) (property in which debtor
          holds legal but not equitable title, such as a
 6        mortgage in which debtor retained legal title to
          service or to supervise servicing of mortgage, becomes
 7        part of estate only to extent of legal title); 124
          Cong.Rec. 33999 (1978) (remarks of Sen. DeConcini)
 8        (§ 541(d) ‘reiterates the general principle that where
          the debtor holds bare legal title without any
 9        equitable interest, . . . the estate acquires bare
          legal title without any equitable interest in the
10        property’). Similar statements to the effect that
          § 541(a)(1) does not expand the rights of the debtor
11        in the hands of the estate were made in the context of
          describing the principle that the estate succeeds to
12        no more or greater causes of action against third
          parties than those held by the debtor. See H.R.Rep.
13        No. 95–595, pp. 367–368 (1977). These statements do
          not limit the ability of a trustee to regain
14        possession of property in which the debtor had
          equitable as well as legal title.
15
16        This discussion, contained in a footnote, does not help the
17   County.   As discussed, under California law, Debtor had an
18   equitable interest in the property as well as legal title on the
19   petition date.   None of the provisions of the Tax Code governing
20   tax sales indicate that the expiration of the right to redeem
21   divested Debtor of those interests.   Further, if Debtor had no
22   equitable interest, under § 541(d) the estate would acquire bare
23   legal title even without any equitable interest in the property.
24   In sum, on the petition date, Debtor’s legal and equitable
25   interests in the property were property of its estate.
26        3.   The sale occurred postpetition.
27        The County also argues that the bankruptcy court erred in
28   concluding that the tax sale occurred postpetition.   According


                                    -14-
 1   to the County, Tax Code § 3692.1 defines the “Date of the sale”
 2   as the date the auction is commenced.   Therefore, although the
 3   sale was completed postpetition within the meaning of Tax Code
 4   § 3707(c) (i.e., the purchase price was paid in full), the
 5   County maintains that the date of the sale was February 6, 2016,
 6   two days before the petition was filed.    Under this reasoning,
 7   the automatic stay is inapplicable because all the events that
 8   occurred after the petition date relate back to the commencement
 9   of the auction which occurred prepetition.   We are not
10   persuaded.
11        “Statutory definitions control the meaning of statutory
12   words . . . in the usual case.”   Lawson v. Suwanee Fruit &
13   Steamship Co., 336 U.S. 198, 201 (1949).   And yet statutory
14   definitions must not be read “in a mechanical fashion” that
15   would “create obvious incongruities in the language, and . . .
16   destroy one of the major purposes” of the legislation.    Id.
17   Sometimes the “meaning—or ambiguity—of certain words or phrases
18   may only become evident when placed in context.”   Food & Drug
19   Admin. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 529 U.S. 120, 132.
20   (2000).   The “overall statutory scheme” must be taken into
21   consideration.   Id. at 133; (quoting Davis v. Mich. Dep’t of
22   Treasury, 489 U.S. 803, 809 (1989)).
23        Given these directives, we examine the overall statutory
24   scheme and the context in which the term “date of the sale” is
25   used.   Tax Code § 3706 states that “[i]f the property is not
26   redeemed before the close of business on the last business day
27   prior to the date of the sale of the property, the tax collector
28   shall sell the property at public auction to the highest


                                    -15-
 1   bidder.”   (Emphasis added).   Tax Code § 3707(a)(1) shows that
 2   the “date of the sale” definition is again relevant in
 3   connection with the expiration of a debtor’s right to redeem “on
 4   the last business day prior to the date of the sale.”    (Emphasis
 5   added).    In contrast, Tax Code § 3710 requires that a tax deed
 6   contain the “date the property was sold.”   Read together, these
 7   statutes plainly show that the “date of the sale” is not the
 8   same as the “date the property was sold.”
 9        In short, the statutory definition of “date of the sale”
10   used in context plainly and unambiguously relates to the
11   expiration of a debtor’s right to redeem.   Accordingly, the
12   “date of the sale” definition provides no basis to make the tax
13   sale valid by providing that the void act relates back to a time
14   before it occurred.   See Ma v. Ashcroft, 361 F.3d 553, 558 (9th
15   Cir. 2004) (well-accepted rules of statutory construction
16   require that it avoid “statutory interpretations which would
17   produce absurd results. . . ”).
18        4.    The County violated § 362(a)(3) and (4).
19        In conclusion, Debtor’s equitable and legal interests in
20   the property remained intact on the petition date.    Those
21   interests, including legal title and possession, were consistent
22   with ownership of the property since the County had not accepted
23   the highest bid nor completed the sale prepetition.    Upon the
24   filing of Debtor’s petition, those interests became property of
25   the estate subject to the automatic stay.   Because the County
26   completed the tax sale postpetition which divested Debtor of
27   those interests, § 362(a)(3) and (4) were violated.    The sale
28   was thus void.   In re Lusardi, 329 F.3d at 1084; In re Schwartz,


                                     -16-
 1   954 F.2d at 575.
 2        Finally, we cannot conclude the County’s postpetition sale
 3   fell within the narrow ministerial exception to the automatic
 4   stay without stretching the exception beyond its limits.   The
 5   ministerial acts exception provides that the automatic stay does
 6   not prohibit “[m]inisterial acts or automatic occurrences that
 7   entail no deliberation, discretion, or judicial involvement” on
 8   the part of an actor.   McCarthy, Johnson & Miller v. N. Bay
 9   Plumbing, Inc. (In re Pettit), 217 F.3d 1072, 1080 (9th Cir.
10   2000).   While the ministerial acts exception to the automatic
11   stay may apply to the recording of a tax deed after a sale was
12   completed prepetition as held in Tracht Gut, completing the sale
13   process by accepting the highest bid is not ministerial.
14   B.   Tracht Gut is not controlling authority on the issues
          before us.
15
16        The County’s central argument on appeal is that under the
17   holding in Tracht Gut, all of Debtor’s interests in the property
18   lapsed due to the expiration of its right to redeem the property
19   prepetition.   We disagree that Tracht Gut is binding precedent
20   under these circumstances.
21        In Tracht Gut, the county conducted the tax sales of the
22   debtor’s properties at public auction prior to the debtor’s
23   chapter 11 filing.   The properties were sold, and although not
24   specifically recited in the facts of the case, presumably this
25   meant that the purchase price had been paid.   More than a month
26   later, the debtor filed its chapter 11 petition.   The tax deeds
27   transferring title to the properties to the purchasers were both
28   recorded by the county after the bankruptcy filing.


                                    -17-
 1              The debtor then filed an adversary proceeding asking the
 2   bankruptcy court to grant relief on five separate claims
 3   pertaining to the sale of the properties, including that the
 4   recording of the tax deeds violated the automatic stay.        “Debtor
 5   claimed that its legal title in the Properties was not
 6   extinguished until the tax deeds were recorded.        Because this
 7   occurred postpetition, Debtor argued that the recordings of the
 8   deeds violated the automatic stay under § 362(a).”        503 B.R. at
 9   811.
10              The county moved to dismiss the complaint under Civil Rule
11   12(b)(6).        With respect to the stay violation, the county argued
12   that since the tax sales occurred prepetition, the properties
13   were not property of the estate under § 541 and thus were not
14   protected by the automatic stay when the debtor’s bankruptcy
15   petition was filed.        The bankruptcy court agreed that the
16   properties were not property of the estate for purposes of § 541
17   and also concluded that the post-petition recording of the deeds
18   did not violate the automatic stay as it was solely a
19   ministerial act.        The bankruptcy court dismissed the complaint
20   with prejudice.
21              On appeal, in affirming the dismissal of the debtor’s claim
22   for violation of the automatic stay,7 the Panel noted that
23   (1) the debtor’s right of redemption as to the properties lapsed
24   the day before the tax sales occurred under Tax Code § 3707 and
25   (2) “[a] tax deed subsequently provided to a purchaser ‘conveys
26
            7
27           Although the debtor did not argue that the bankruptcy
     court had erred in dismissing the claim for violation of the
28   automatic stay, the Panel considered the arguments of the county
     on the issue raised in its brief. Id. at 811.

                                         -18-
 1   title to the purchaser free of all encumbrances of any kind’”
 2   under Tax Code § 3712.6.    Id. at 811.    The panel then stated:
 3   “Under these facts, since Debtor’s interest in the Properties
 4   lapsed before it filed for bankruptcy, the Properties never
 5   became property of the estate under § 541, and any action by the
 6   County concerning those properties would not run afoul of the
 7   automatic stay under § 362(a).”    Id. at 811-12.    Next,
 8   consistent with the bankruptcy court’s ruling, the Panel found
 9   that the recording of the tax deeds postpetition was a
10   ministerial act and, as such, would not violate the automatic
11   stay when, under California law, “the tax collector had no
12   discretion in recording the deed; he instead is commanded to
13   record it.”   Id. at 812.
14        The Tracht Gut case is easily distinguished from the
15   circumstances here.   There, the redemption period expired and
16   the sale was completed prepetition.      The last step in the sale
17   process, the recording of the tax deeds conveying the property,
18   was considered a ministerial act.      Therefore, it was the
19   expiration of the right to redeem coupled with the completion of
20   the sale (payment in full of the purchase price) which
21   terminated the debtor’s interests in the properties such that
22   the properties did not come into the estate.      Under the plain
23   language of Tax Code § 3707, the revival of the debtor’s right
24   to redeem under subsections (a)(2) and (d) became moot due to
25   the completion of the sales prepetition.
26        Moreover, because the tax sale process was virtually
27   completed prepetition and the stay argument was presented in the
28   context of a motion to dismiss under Civil Rule 12(b)(6), Tracht


                                     -19-
 1   Gut does not contain any discussion about the scope of the
 2   debtor’s property interests after the expiration of the right to
 3   redeem.   Therefore, it is far from certain that the panel
 4   intended the result the County urges.   See Brecht v. Abrahamson,
 5   507 U.S. 619, 631 (1993) (where issue was “never squarely
 6   addressed,” prior rulings do not serve as binding precedent);
 7   Webster v. Fall, 266 U.S. 507, 511 (1925) (“[q]uestions which
 8   merely lurk in the record . . . are not considered as having
 9   been so decided as to constitute precedents”).   Accordingly, we
10   do not read Tracht Gut as standing for a “bright line” rule that
11   once redemption rights have expired prepetition, the County is
12   free to take further actions to complete a sale after a
13   bankruptcy petition has been filed without regard to the
14   automatic stay.
15   C.   Other caselaw cited by the County is neither binding
          nor persuasive.
16
17        None of the other cases cited by the County in its opening
18   brief are binding or persuasive on the issue before us.    The
19   case of In re Fahmi Hammad, No. 2:10-bk-54706-RN (Bankr. C.D.
20   Cal. 2010), contains no discussion regarding the debtor’s
21   interests in the property after the right to redeem expires.
22   Rather, the court found that pursuant to § 108, it lacked
23   jurisdiction to set aside a tax sale which had occurred
24   postpetition because the debtor’s right to redeem had terminated
25   prepetition.   The only issue submitted to the court was the
26   § 108 issue.
27        We also disagree that the Second Circuit’s decision in
28   Rodgers v. County of Monroe (In re Sandralee Rodgers), 333 F.3d


                                    -20-
 1   64 (2d Cir. 2003), is relevant to the issue before us.    There, a
 2   tax foreclosure sale took place prepetition, but the deed had
 3   not been transferred.   The debtor filed for bankruptcy hoping
 4   that the automatic stay would block the transfer of the deed and
 5   resurrect her ability to redeem the property which had been lost
 6   under state law due to the foreclosure.    In determining whether
 7   the debtor had any equitable or legal rights in the underlying
 8   property, the Second Circuit examined New York law.    Under New
 9   York Real Property Tax Law § 1131, expiration of the redemption
10   period “forever . . . bar[s] and foreclose[s] [ ] all right,
11   title, and interest and equity of redemption and to the parcel
12   in which the person has an interest. . . .”    We found no
13   corresponding statute under California’s tax sale scheme.
14        Further, similar to Tracht Gut, all the actions necessary
15   to transfer the property under New York law were completed
16   prepetition - a judgment of foreclosure had been entered and a
17   foreclosure sale conducted.    Those events terminated the
18   debtor’s right to redeem the property and other interests in the
19   property under New York law.
20        In In re Theoclis, 213 B.R. 880 (Bankr. D. Mass. 1997), the
21   issues raised were in the context of a motion for stay pending
22   appeal.   The bankruptcy court had previously granted a motion
23   for relief from stay filed by the successful bidders at a
24   foreclosure sale who asserted they were the “owners” of the
25   property.   In evaluating whether the debtor was entitled to a
26   stay, the court found it unlikely that he would be successful on
27   the merits because under Massachusetts law, where a foreclosure
28   sale is properly conducted, the redemption rights of a mortgagor


                                     -21-
 1   terminate as early as the execution of the memorandum of sale.
 2   Therefore, after foreclosure of the debtor’s equity of
 3   redemption, neither the debtor nor the bankruptcy estate had any
 4   interest in the underlying property and the automatic stay was
 5   inapplicable to a transfer of title.    This case is
 6   distinguishable in that it also dealt with the peculiars of
 7   Massachusetts foreclosure law.
 8   D.   The Automatic Stay: § 362(a)(6)
 9        The bankruptcy court also found that the County’s
10   postpetition tax sale violated § 362(a)(6), which stays “any act
11   to collect, assess, or recover a claim against the debtor that
12   arose before the commencement of [the debtor’s bankruptcy
13   case].”   The statute plainly stays acts to recover a “claim
14   against the debtor.”   Under § 102(2), “‘claim against the
15   debtor’ includes claim against property of the debtor,’” thus
16   bringing the County’s tax sale of Debtor’s property within the
17   prohibition of § 362(a)(6).
18                            VI.   CONCLUSION
19        For the reasons stated, we AFFIRM.
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28


                                      -22-
