                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                    FILED
                      FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                        ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                             OCT 18, 2007
                              No. 06-13790                 THOMAS K. KAHN
                          Non-Argument Calendar                CLERK
                        ________________________

                    D. C. Docket No. 05-60248-CR-MGC

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                                Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                   versus

AARON RACCA,

                                                          Defendant-Appellant.


                        ________________________

                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of Florida
                       _________________________

                             (October 18, 2007)

Before TJOFLAT, WILSON and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     Aaron Racca was charged in a three-count indictment with attempted
manufacture of methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846 (Count 1),

maintaining a place for the purpose of manufacturing methamphetamine, in

violation of 21 U.S.C. § 856(a)(1) (Count 2), and possession of chemicals and

equipment to manufacture methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 843(a)(6)

(Count 3). After unsuccessfully moving the district court to suppress evidence

obtained from his residential apartment and post-arrest statements he made to

detectives of the Broward County, Florida sheriff’s office, Racca entered a

conditional plea of guilty to each count of the indictment, reserving the right to

appeal the court’s denial of his motion to suppress, and the court sentenced him to

concurrent prison terms of 48 months. He now appeals his convictions.

      Racca argues, first, that the district court erred in denying his motion to

suppress evidence obtained in a search of his apartment. He consented to the

search but contends that it was involuntary because he was under the influence of

drugs at that time and he gave in to the officers’ “show of force.” He cites United

States v. Edmondson, 791 F.2d 1512 (11th Cir. 1986), to explain how the sheer

number of officers present at the scene made it impossible for him not to resist

their request to conduct a search. Bearing on his will not to resist were these facts:

(1) he was surrounded by at least five officers; (2) he was 23 years old at the time

of his arrest; (3) he had a learning disability, (4) he was under the influence of



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drugs; (5) he was read his Miranda rights1 only after the search was finished; (6)

(7) he was under arrest, because one of the officers said that he was not free to

leave; (8) the officers misrepresented that they would get a search warrant if he did

not consent to the search; (9) his consent occurred in a public place; and (10) as

soon as the search was over, he ran from the scene and jumped into the ocean.

      “The denial of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law and

fact. We defer to the district court’s findings of fact unless clearly erroneous,

considering them in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, United States

v. Fernandez, 58 F.3d 593, 596 (11th Cir. 1995), but review the court’s application

of the law to the facts de novo. “[T]he general rule in the criminal context is that

warrantless searches are per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment –

subject only to a few specifically established and well-delineated exceptions.”

United States v. Gonzalez, 71 F.3d 819, 825 (11th Cir. 1996) (quotations omitted).

“[I]t is well settled that one of the specifically established exceptions to the

requirements of both a warrant and probable cause is a search conducted pursuant

to consent to search.” Id. at 827.

      The voluntariness of a defendant’s consent to search is a question of
      fact to be determined from all the circumstances. Nevertheless, an
      appellate court must examine the entire record and make an
      independent determination of the ultimate issue of voluntariness.

      1
          Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 1612, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).

                                                3
      Normally, we will accord the district judge a great deal of deference
      regarding a finding of voluntariness, and we will disturb the ruling
      only if [it is] left with the definite and firm conviction that the trial
      judge erred.

Fernandez, 58 F.3d at 596-97. In the context of a confession, while we

      must take into account [the defendant’s] mental limitations, to
      determine whether through susceptibility to surrounding pressures or
      inability to comprehend the circumstances, the confession was not a
      product of his own free will, mental deficiencies of the defendant, by
      themselves, are not sufficient to render a confession involuntary. To
      establish that his confession was involuntary, [the defendant] must
      also establish police coercion.

Moore v. Dugger, 856 F.2d 129, 132 (11th Cir. 1988) (citations omitted). That the

police inform the party (whose premises are searched) that they will obtain a

search warrant absent consent does not establish coercion. United States v. Garcia,

890 F.2d 355, 361 (11th Cir. 1989).

      In this case, the district court did not clearly err in finding that Racca’s

consent to search was voluntary. In his Report and Recommendation to the district

court, which the court adopted in full after examining the record, the magistrate

judge found the testimony of Detective Robson to be more credible than that of the

apartment manager, Rachel Mendelson, and, therefore, rejected Mendelson’s

testimony to the extent that it was inconsistent with Robson’s. In doing so, the

magistrate noted that Mendelson’s testimony was both internally inconsistent and

inconsistent with other evidence. Racca signed a consent to search form after

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reading it twice and having it read to him once. Racca was not coerced into

signing the consent to search form. Even if the officers had stated that they would

get a warrant if he did not consent, this would not render his consent involuntary;

that the police inform a party that they will obtain a warrant if the party does not

consent to a search does not amount to coercion. Garcia, 890 F.2d at 361. In

Garcia, we noted that the defendant “adduced no evidence indicating a lack of

mental capacity to understand his actions.” Id. That is the case here. While Racca

asserts that he was high on drugs when he signed the consent form, the only

testimony on this point at the suppression hearing was provided by Mendelson, and

she admitted that she did not see Racca use drugs on the day of the arrest and did

not know when he last used drugs. Additionally, to the extent that she inferred that

Racca had a demonstrated diminished capacity when he signed the consent form,

she was contradicted by Detective Robson, whose testimony the magistrate judge

credited. The taped interview of Racca indicates that he was calm during his

interrogation and answered questions clearly. The magistrate judge’s findings are

well supported by the record and, thus, are not “contrary to the laws of nature, or []

so inconsistent or improbable on [their] face that no reasonable factfinder would

accept [them].” Pineiro, 389 F.3d at 1366.

      As for Racca’s apparent reliance on Edmondson, the Government correctly



                                           5
points out that that case arose out of a situation factually dissimilar to this case and

presented a different legal question regarding the matter of consent. In

Edmondson, we considered, in relevant part, whether a suspect opening a door in

response to the demands of FBI agents then stepping back from the door and

placing his hands on his head constituted implied consent to be arrested. 791 F.2d

at 1515. The question in this case is not whether consent was given, but whether it

was voluntarily given. Here, Racca signed a consent form after reading it twice

and having it read to him once. Given the record in this case, we could not say that

the district court erred in finding Racca’s consent voluntary.

        Next, Racca argues that he invoked his right to remain silent by fleeing

immediately after being read his Miranda rights. He says that, although a

significant amount of time passed between his “invocation . . . of the right to

remain silent” and his statement at the police station, there is no evidence that he

initiated the conversation at the station. He emphasizes the fact that he was not re-

read his Miranda rights at the police station; rather, he was merely reminded of

them.

        In Miranda v. Arizona, the Supreme Court considered the scope of the Fifth

Amendment privilege against self-incrimination and held that the government

“may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from



                                            6
custodial interrogation of the defendant unless it demonstrates the use of

procedural safeguards effective to secure the privilege against self-incrimination.”

384 U.S. 436, 444, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 1612, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966). As with most

rights, the accused may waive the right against self-incrimination, so long as the

waiver is voluntary, knowing, and intelligent. Id. at 444, 86 S.Ct. at 1612. Where

a defendant invokes his right to remain silent, the interrogation must cease. Id. at

473-74, 86 S.Ct. at 1627. “[A] suspect must articlulate his desire to end

questioning with sufficient clarity so that a reasonable police officer would

understand that statement to be an assertion of the right to remain silent. If the

statement is ambiguous or equivocal, the police have no duty to clarify the

suspect’s intent, and they may proceed with the interrogation.” United States v.

Mikell, 102 F.3d 470, 476 (11th Cir. 1996). (citation omitted). Thus, “[t]he

government has no duty to cease interrogating a suspect where the suspect’s

invocation of his Miranda rights is equivocal.” United States v. Dowd, 451 F.3d

1244, 1250 (11th Cir. 2006) (quotation omitted).

      Racca does not dispute that he was read his Miranda rights. His argument

seems to be that by fleeing to the beach and jumping into the ocean he was

invoking his right to remain silent. We are not persuaded. What he was

communicating to the officers is that he wanted to get away – to escape arrest. The



                                           7
officers perceived as much. His statement at the police station that he fled to the

ocean because he had an “emotional moment” affirmatively indicated that his

flight was not an attempt to invoke the right to remain. In sum, because Racca was

read his Miranda rights, indicated that he understood them, and did not thereafter

unequivocally invoke his right to remain silent, the district court committed no

error in denying his motion to suppress.

      AFFIRMED.




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