                           This opinion will be unpublished and
                           may not be cited except as provided by
                           Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                                STATE OF MINNESOTA
                                IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                      A15-0859

                                     State of Minnesota,
                                        Respondent,

                                             vs.

                                     Khong Meng Kong,
                                        Appellant.

                                     Filed April 4, 2016
                                          Affirmed
                                      Stauber, Judge

                                Ramsey County District Court
                                   File No. 62CR144790

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

John J. Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Thomas R. Ragatz, Assistant County Attorney,
St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Davi E. Axelson, Assistant Public
Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

         Considered and decided by Stauber, Presiding Judge; Connolly, Judge; and Reilly,

Judge.

                          UNPUBLISHED OPINION

STAUBER, Judge

         Appellant challenges his conviction of possession of a firearm by an ineligible

person, arguing that the district court erred in denying his suppression motion because
law enforcement failed to conduct a pat search prior to moving his t-shirt. Because

appellant failed to raise this argument below and the firearm would have inevitably been

discovered during a pat search, we affirm.

                                          FACTS

       In June 2014, Saint Paul police officers were dispatched after a 911 caller reported

a suspicious vehicle. As two officers approached the vehicle, they observed appellant

Khong Meng Kong holding an open bottle of vodka. An officer asked Kong for

identification. Kong appeared nervous and kept reaching towards his left front pocket

and waistband, but did not produce his ID. One officer observed Kong push a “roundish”

object, which was covered by his shirt, lower into his belt line. The officer later testified

that based on his experience, he “immediately felt that it was probably a gun.” The other

officer similarly observed Kong “kind of pulling down near his pants pocket . . . toward

the left side of his waist.” The officers had Kong step out of the car. While one officer

held Kong’s hands on his head, the other officer lifted Kong’s shirt near his left waistline

and immediately observed and removed a handgun, later identified as a .22 caliber

Derringer-style pistol. Based on a prior felony conviction, Kong was arrested and

subsequently charged with possession of a firearm by an ineligible person.

       Kong moved the district court to suppress all evidence obtained from the stop

because his “seizure was not supported by reasonable articulable suspicion of criminal

activity” and the search was not supported by probable cause. The district court denied

the motion, determining that the officers had sufficient reason to seize Kong and conduct




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a pat search for their safety. After a stipulated-facts bench trial, the district court found

Kong guilty. This appeal follows.

                                       DECISION

       Kong concedes that the officers were permitted to conduct a Terry search,1 but

argues that when the officer lifted his shirt without first patting the area, the permissible

scope of the search was exceeded. “When reviewing pretrial orders on motions to

suppress evidence, we may independently review the facts and determine, as a matter of

law, whether the district court erred in suppressing—or not suppressing—the evidence.”

State v. Harris, 590 N.W.2d 90, 98 (Minn. 1999). We review the district court’s findings

of fact for clear error and legal determinations de novo. State v. Gauster, 752 N.W.2d

496, 502 (Minn. 2008).

       The state asserts that Kong did not preserve the issue of whether the officer

improperly lifted his shirt because it was not argued below. We generally do not consider

matters not argued to and contemplated by the district court, including constitutional

questions of criminal procedure. Roby v. State, 547 N.W.2d 354, 357 (Minn. 1996). But

we “may review any order or ruling of the district court or any other matter, as the

interests of justice may require.” Minn. R. Crim. P. 28.02, subd. 11.

       Kong claims that the issue of how the search was conducted was raised to the

district court because defense counsel argued that the police “did not have enough to pull


1
  In a Terry stop, officers may conduct a pat search for weapons, limited to a person’s
outer clothing, if they have reasonable, articulable suspicion the person might be engaged
in criminal activity and they reasonably believe the person is armed. State v. Dickerson,
481 N.W.2d 840, 843 (Minn. 1992).

                                               3
[Kong] out of the car and then search him,” and because the district court ruled that the

search of Kong was valid. We disagree. Kong’s suppression motion requested “a

hearing to address the admissibility of all evidence obtained from the seizure of [Kong]

as such seizure was not supported by reasonable articulable suspicion of criminal

activity” and “to address the admissibility of the evidence obtained from the search of

[Kong] as such search was not supported by probable cause.” At the commencement of

the motion hearing, defense counsel stated that suppression motion addressed “basically

the seizure of [Kong’s] vehicle” and whether ordering Kong out of the vehicle and

searching him “was supported by reasonable articulable suspicion or probable cause.”

Defense counsel argued that there was no basis for defendant’s seizure and therefore the

subsequent search was invalid; defense counsel did not argue that the lifting of the shirt

exceeded the scope of a Terry stop. And, Kong raises an alternative theory on appeal that

we conclude the interests of justice do not require us to address.

       Moreover, we need not address the validity of the search because the pistol would

have inevitably been discovered had the police first conducted a pat search. The

inevitable discovery doctrine allows the admission of seized evidence “[i]f the state can

establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the fruits of a challenged search

ultimately or inevitably would have been discovered by lawful means.” State v. Diede,

795 N.W.2d 836, 849 (Minn. 2011) (quotation omitted). “If a police officer lawfully pats

down a suspect’s outer clothing and feels an object whose contour or mass makes its

identity immediately apparent,” the officer may seize the object if it is contraband. State

v. Krenik, 774 N.W.2d 178, 185 (Minn. App. 2009) (quoting Minnesota v. Dickerson,


                                             4
508 U.S. 366, 375-76, 113 S. Ct. 2130, 2137 (1993)), review denied (Minn. Jan. 27,

2010).

         Although the parties dispute how the officers would have actually proceeded had

one of them not lifted Kong’s shirt, Kong concedes that the officers lawfully could have

conducted a warrantless pat search. Cf. State v. Hatton, 389 N.W.2d 229, 234 (Minn.

App. 1986) (holding that illegally-obtained evidence is not admissible under the

inevitable discovery doctrine simply because the officers could have obtained a warrant

prior to the search), review denied (Minn. Aug. 13, 1986). We find no caselaw that

requires testimony about how the officers would have acted had one not lifted Kong’s t-

shirt. And on this record, we can conclude that had the officers conducted a pat search

they would have felt the pistol under Kong’s shirt and been entitled to seize the pistol at

that point.

         Affirmed.




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