                 United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 18-1298
                        ___________________________

                     Cedar Rapids Bank and Trust Company

                                      Plaintiff - Appellee

                                        v.

                          Mako One Corporation, et al.

                                   Defendant - Appellant
                                 ____________

                    Appeal from United States District Court
                       for the Northern District of Iowa
                                ____________

                         Submitted: November 13, 2018
                            Filed: March 21, 2019
                                ____________

Before BENTON, BEAM, and ERICKSON, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

ERICKSON, Circuit Judge.

       In August 2013, Mako One Corporation (“Mako”) acquired the historic
Badgerow Jackson Building in downtown Sioux City, Iowa, intending to restore it
using state and federal historic tax credits. To help finance the $17 million
restoration project, Mako prepared a tax credit bond offering of $6 million. Mako
retained the law firm of Winthrop & Weinstine (“Winthrop”) to draft the tax credit
bond. Nine months later, Cedar Rapids Bank and Trust Company (“CRBT”) retained
Winthrop to represent it in connection with the Badgerow building tax credit project.
In April 2017, after Mako and Badgerow failed to make any payments on the lease,
CRBT, through counsel Winthrop, sought to foreclose on the Badgerow Building.
Mako retained separate counsel and moved to dismiss for failure to join a necessary
party and to disqualify Winthrop as CRBT’s counsel. The district court denied both
motions and awarded a judgment of $5.2 million in favor of CRBT. Mako appeals
the denial of its motions, and additionally appeals the validity of the final judgment.
We affirm in part, and reverse in part.

I.    Background

        In August 2013, Mako acquired the historic Badgerow Jackson Building in
downtown Sioux City, Iowa. To help finance the $17 million restoration project,
Mako, Badgerow, and Bruce DeBolt (president of Mako) prepared a tax credit bond
offering of $6 million, to be repaid within one year, which CRBT purchased in
entirety. To secure the bond, Mako and Badgerow executed and delivered to CRBT
mortgages on the building. Mako leased the building to Badgerow, which subleased
it to co-defendant Badgerow Jackson MT, LLC (“MT”), of which Chevron USA, Inc.
(“Chevron”) owns 99.99%. Pursuant to an agreement between the two Badgerow
companies, Chevron promised, upon satisfaction of certain conditions, to make
capital contributions to MT for payment of the lease in exchange for any federal tax
credits generated by the property.

      When Mako first became interested in purchasing the property in November
2011, it retained the law firm of Winthrop & Weinstine. Winthrop attorney Jon
Peterson provided legal services to Mako from November 2011 to May 2012 “in
connection with [the] Badgerow Building tax credit project.” Nine months later, in
February 2013, CRBT sought to retain Winthrop to represent it in connection with
the Badgerow building tax credit project. While foreseeing no conflict, Winthrop,

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exercising “an abundance of caution,” prepared a conflicts waiver letter for CRBT
and Mako.

        Addressed to both parties, the letter began by noting that “the interests of
[CRBT] and Mako One are or may be adverse” with regard to the Badgerow tax
credit project. Winthrop then requested consent from both parties with regard to
current and future representation of CRBT and Mako One “on matters unrelated to
the Transaction” and to Winthrop’s “representation of the bank in connection with
the Transaction.” In accordance with the rules of professional responsibility, the
letter then assured both parties that Winthrop “will not use confidential client
information to either client’s disadvantage” and “will be able to fully and properly
represent [CRBT] and Mako One on their separate matters without representation of
either client being affected by [Winthrop’s] representation of the other client.” The
letter then requested that Mako agree to Winthrop’s representation of CRBT in the
transaction and unrelated matters, and promised that “[Mako] will not use the fact of
our representation of the Bank as a basis to claim a conflict of interest on the part of
[Winthrop], or to seek disqualification of the Firm, in any matter in which [Winthrop]
represent[s] the Bank or may represent Mako One, other than the Transaction . . . .”
(emphasis added). The letter similarly requested that CRBT agree to Winthrop’s
“representation of Mako One now or in the future in matters unrelated to the
Transaction,” and that CRBT would “not use the fact of our representation of Mako
One as a basis to claim a conflict of interest on the part of [Winthrop], or to seek
disqualification of the Firm, in any matter in which [Winthrop] represent[s] the Bank
or may represent the Bank, including the Transaction . . . .” (emphasis added).
Finally, the letter states that “[i]n the event that contentious disputes or litigation arise
regarding the Transaction or if the Firm determines that continued representation may
violate applicable Rules of Professional Conduct, the Firm will withdraw from




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representation of Mako One or the Bank.”1 The letter was then signed by DeBolt on
behalf of Mako One and Gary Becker on behalf of CRBT.

      Winthrop represented CRBT for the remainder of the transaction, and Mako
One retained the Heidman Law Firm. After the transaction closed in 2013, the parties
negotiated and amended the bond maturity date six times, ultimately extending it to
December 2016. Winthrop represented CRBT in all of these subsequent
amendments, and Mako was represented by Kutak Rock LLP.

       In April 2017, after Mako and Badgerow failed to make any payments on the
lease, CRBT sought to foreclose on the Badgerow Building without redemption in the
Iowa state courts. Mako removed the case to the Northern District of Iowa. After suit
was filed, DeBolt wrote to Winthrop:

      I believe Norm [Jones] has serious conflict issues at this point in time as
      the firm is required to withdraw from representing the bank. I agreed to
      his representation of the bank for only so long as there was no
      adversarial conflict between Badgerow’s interests and the bank’s
      interests. As that conflict has now occurred I believe Norm, and the
      firm, should immediately withdraw entirely from the matter. Norm’s
      actions have already damaged our legal position. The firm may be
      responsible for losses that are incurred as a result.

Winthrop partner Norman Jones responded:

      On your statement about legal conflict, please review with counsel the
      conflict waiver letter that Mako One signed as a former client of the firm
      in early 2013. The letter requires us to withdraw from representing both
      the bank and Mako One in the case of a contentious dispute. Winthrop’s

      1
       The original draft sent to Mako stated that Winthrop “may withdraw from the
representation of Mako One or the Bank,” however Mako demanded that “may” be
changed to “will.”

                                         -4-
      last work for Mako One was approximately 5 years ago and it is not a
      current client.

Mako claims that this was the first time Winthrop claimed the firm no longer
represented Mako.

      During the foreclosure proceeding, CRBT moved to have a receiver appointed.
The motion was set for hearing on June 21, 2017. The day before the hearing, Mako
and Badgerow both filed for bankruptcy in California. As a result, the district court
cancelled the hearing and stayed the foreclosure action. The bankruptcy proceeding
was ultimately dismissed in November 2017 for failure to prosecute.

       The court then held evidentiary hearings and oral arguments on three motions:
CRBT’s motion to appoint a receiver; Mako’s motion to dismiss for failure to join
Chevron as a necessary party; and Mako’s non-dispositive motion to disqualify
Winthrop as CRBT’s counsel (“November motions”). At the evidentiary hearing,
Mako made an oral motion to exclude the testimony of Winthrop partner Norman
Jones, who did not serve as an advocate during the hearing. During oral argument,
Mako represented that it could produce legal authority that the case should be
dismissed with prejudice due to Winthrop’s conflict of interest. The district court
reserved decision on defendant’s motions until receipt of the promised legal authority.
While awaiting the supplemental filing, the district court granted CRBT’s motion to
appoint a receiver. Counsel for Mako filed a supplemental list of authorities, which
the district court concluded were inapposite. The district court denied all three of
Mako’s motions in a written order.

       In December 2017, CRBT filed a motion for default judgment or, in the
alternative, summary judgment. Mako did not oppose the motion, and the court
entered judgment in favor of CRBT, including a money judgment of $5.2 million.
Mako then filed a motion to set aside judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil


                                         -5-
Procedure 60(b) and to stay the case, presenting the court with various assertions
regarding CRBT’s receipt of state and federal tax credits from construction on the
Badgerow Jackson Building. The district court found Mako’s assertions internally
contradictory and unsupported by evidence, and denied Mako’s motion.

        Mako now appeals the denial of the November motions, and additionally
argues that the district court erred (1) in proceeding to the merits before deciding the
disqualification motion, and (2) in closing the case while the receiver’s obligations
are ongoing. The latter argument was not raised below and we will not ordinarily
consider an argument raised for the first time on appeal. Gap, Inc. v. GK
Development, Inc., 843 F.3d 744, 748 (8th Cir. 2016) (quoting United States v.
Hirani, 824 F.3d 741, 751 (8th Cir. 2016)). We have set forth limited exceptions to
our general rule. We have exercised discretion to consider an issue raised on appeal
for the first time when “the proper resolution is beyond any doubt . . . or when the
argument involves a purely legal issue in which no additional evidence or argument
would affect the outcome of the case.” Id. at 748-49 (quoting Weitz Co. v. Lloyd’s
of London, 574 F.3d 885, 891 (8th Cir. 2009)). Mako has set forth no legal authority
for its assertion that the district court acted improperly in closing the case. We find
the claim without merit.

II.   Discussion

      A. Motion to Dismiss for Failure to Join a Necessary Party

       “We review de novo conclusions of law underlying a district court’s Rule 19(a)
determination.” Two Shields v. Wilkinson, 790 F.3d 791, 794-95 (8th Cir. 2015)
(citing Gwartz v. Jefferson Mem’l Hosp. Ass’n, 23 F.3d 1426, 1428 (8th Cir. 1994)).
Mako argues that the district court erred in denying its motion to dismiss the action
for failure to join Chevron as a necessary party pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 19(a)(1). Mako claims that Chevron is a necessary party because the

                                          -6-
judgment impairs Chevron’s ability to protect its interest in the Badgerow Jackson
Building federal tax credits. Mako cites only the rule in support of this claim.

      Rule 19(a)(1) states:

      (1) Required Party. A person who is subject to service of process and
      whose joinder will not deprive the court of subject-matter jurisdiction
      must be joined as a party if:

             (A) in that person’s absence, the court cannot accord complete
             relief among existing parties; or

             (B) that person claims an interest relating to the subject of the
             action and is so situated that disposing of the action in the
             person’s absence may:

                    (i) as a practical matter impair or impede the person’s
                    ability to protect the interest; or

                    (ii) leave an existing party subject to a substantial risk of
                    incurring double, multiple, or otherwise inconsistent
                    obligations because of the interest.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 19(a)(1).

       Mako has raised a number of issues that are unsupported in the record and will
not be considered. Mako’s claims that Chevron purchased Mako’s contractual rights
to $3.2 million in tax credits (which it asserts exposes it to potential but un-asserted
claims) and Mako’s claims related to a “Super Non-Disturbance Agreement” are
simply inadequately developed in this record to provide any ground for relief.


                                          -7-
       Even if Mako’s claims related to Chevron’s contractual rights were somehow
implicated, it would not make Chevron a necessary party. As the district court
correctly pointed out, “[t]he focus [of Rule 19(a)(1)] is on relief between the parties
and not on the speculative possibility of further litigation between a party and an
absent person.” LLC Corp. v. Pension Ben. Guar. Corp., 703 F.2d 301, 305 (8th Cir.
1983) (citing Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. v. Martin, 466 F.2d 593, 598-99 (7th Cir.
1972)); see also Helzberg’s Diamond Shops, Inc. v. Valley W. Des Moines Shopping
Ctr., Inc., 564 F.2d 816, 820 (8th Cir. 1977) (citation omitted) (“[A] person does not
become indispensable to an action to determine rights under a contract simply
because that person’s rights or obligations under an entirely separate contract will be
affected by the result of the action.”). The district court was able to accord complete
relief among existing parties.

      B. Damages Award

       Mako challenges the damages award in this case. “In a bench trial, ascertaining
the plaintiff’s damages is a form of fact-finding that can be set aside only if clearly
erroneous.” Hall v. Gus Construction Co., Inc., 842 F.2d 1010, 1017 (8th Cir. 1988)
(citing Webb v. Arresting Officers, 749 F.2d 500, 501-02 (8th Cir. 1984)). We
reverse such findings “only in those rare situations where we are pressed to conclude
that there is plain injustice or a monstrous or shocking result.” Id. (internal quotation
marks omitted) (quoting Occhino v. United States, 686 F.2d 1302, 1305 (8th Cir.
1982)). In other words, it must “strike us as wrong with the force of a five-week-old,
unrefrigerated dead fish.” Kaplan v. Mayo Clinic, 847 F.3d 988, 992 (8th Cir. 2017)
(quoting In re Nevel Props. Corp., 765 F.3d 846, 850 (8th Cir. 2014)).

       In its Rule 60(b) motion requesting relief from the judgment, Mako asserted
that CRBT had received over $5 million in state and federal tax credits. The district
court found this assertion to be unsupported in the record and denied the motion.
Mako now argues that the district court erred in calculating the money judgment

                                          -8-
without factoring in CRBT’s received tax credits. Here on appeal Mako once again
fails to point to any evidence in the record supporting this claim. The district court
properly concluded that no evidence in the record supports this claim.

      C. Motion to Disqualify Counsel

       “We review the grant of a motion to disqualify a lawyer as trial counsel for an
abuse of discretion, but because the potential for abuse by opposing counsel is high,
the Court subjects such motions to particularly strict scrutiny.” Zerger & Mauer LLP
v. City of Greenwood, 751 F.3d 928, 931 (8th Cir. 2014) (quoting Droste v. Julien,
477 F.3d 1030, 1035 (8th Cir. 2007)).

      The Northern District of Iowa applies the Iowa Rules of Professional Conduct
to members of the District Court’s bar. See Northern District of Iowa Local Rule
83(f)(1) (2018). These rules apply to conflicts of interest involving former clients.
See Iowa Rules of Professional Conduct 32:1.9 (2012). The parties have spilled
much ink in the briefing arguing whether CRBT is a current client of the Winthrop
firm. We need not resolve the question as it is undoubtedly true that Mako is a
former client to whom the Winthrop firm owed a duty to avoid conflicts. Rule
32:1.9(a) states:

      A lawyer who has formerly represented a client in a matter shall not
      thereafter represent another person in the same or a substantially related
      matter in which that person’s interests are materially adverse to the
      interests of the former client unless the former client gives informed
      consent, confirmed in writing.

Iowa R. Prof. Conduct 32:1.9 (2012). There is no question that, in representing
CRBT in the purchasing of the very bond it had drafted for Mako in 2012, Winthrop
undertook to represent another person in a matter “substantially related” to the matter
of the Mako representation. See id. cmt. 3 (“Matters are ‘substantially related’ for
purposes of this rule if they involve the same transaction.”).

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       Under Rule 32:1.9, a conflict can be waived only if the former client consents
in writing after being fully informed. Under Iowa law informed consent “denotes the
agreement by a person to a proposed course of conduct after the lawyer has
communicated adequate information and explanation about the material risks of and
reasonably available alternatives to the proposed course of conduct.” Iowa R. Prof.
Conduct 32:1.0 (2012). The drafter’s comment on this section elaborates on informed
consent:

      Ordinarily, [informed consent] will require communication that includes
      a disclosure of the facts and circumstances giving rise to the situation,
      any explanation reasonably necessary to inform the client or other
      person of the material advantages and disadvantages of the proposed
      course of conduct, and a discussion of the client’s or other person’s
      options and alternatives. . . . [A] lawyer who does not personally inform
      the client or other person [of facts or implications] assumes the risk that
      the client or other person is inadequately informed and the consent is
      invalid.

Id. cmt. 6 (alterations added).

       Winthrop’s consent waiver letter is inadequate to meet the requirements of this
rule. It makes no attempt to explain to Mako the advantages, disadvantages, risks or
benefits that Mako would confront by allowing Winthrop to represent CRBT.
Indeed, the letter makes no pretense to elucidate any risk involved, stating only that
“the interests of the Bank and Mako One are or may be adverse.” This representation
hangs in the air unexplained, allowing the reader to pour into it any content he might
deem to. Even more troubling, the third paragraph asks Mako to agree that it will not
claim a conflict of interest or seek disqualification against Winthrop in any matter
other than the transaction. This would seem to resolve the conflict question in its
entirety, as Mako has timely claimed a conflict in this transaction. Winthrop claims
that this “drafting error” was understood to mean something different by Mako. This
assertion, too, flutters in the air unsupported and is belied by the record. The record

                                         -10-
does not contain evidence sufficient to establish a mutual mistake, or any other legal
basis for reformation of the language. But in the end, the problem the Winthrop firm
confronts is that no informed consent was ever obtained from Mako. Mako was never
informed that its counsel would represent CRBT in a suit related to the very same
bonds that it drafted on Mako’s behalf. Winthrop did not inform Mako that it was
remotely possible that Winthrop would go so far as to call one of its own partners to
testify against Mako in an action related to its representation of Mako. Under these
circumstances, we conclude that informed consent was not obtained and Mako did
not validly waive the conflict of interest.

       Mako next argues that the district court erred in proceeding to the merits before
deciding the disqualification motion. However, this is a mis-characterization of the
procedural history. The district court made only one ruling while awaiting Mako’s
production of legal authority supporting disqualification of counsel, and that was to
approve CRBT’s request to appoint a receiver. This was not a ruling on the merits,
which came months later when the court granted an unopposed motion for summary
judgment. Mako makes no argument that the appointment of the receiver was a
dispositive order; instead it simply cites Bowers v. The Ophthalmology Group, 733
F.3d 647 (6th Cir. 2013), as supporting its position. In Bowers, the Sixth Circuit held
that the district court erred by granting summary judgment without ruling on a motion
to disqualify counsel and then declaring the disqualification motion moot. Id. at 655.
Here, the district court made no such ruling on the merits before deciding the motion
to disqualify counsel. Bowers is distinguishable, and does not conflict with the
district court’s order of procedure.

       Because we conclude that the district court erred in failing to disqualify
Winthrop as counsel for CRBT, we must consider the appropriate remedy. The
question is whether the failure to disqualify Winthrop “indelibly stamped or shaped”
the proceedings. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Risjord, 449 U.S. 368, 376 (1981).
In Fiandaca v. Cunningham, 827 F.2d 825 (1st Cir. 1987), the First Circuit grappled

                                         -11-
with a similar issue. Like this case, the First Circuit concluded that the trial court had
allowed a lawyer to continue representation despite an apparent conflict. Id. at 831.
The court than considered whether the court’s abuse of its discretion resulted in an
adverse impact on the rights of the opposing party. Concluding that there was none,
the court found the error harmless. Id. at 831-32. We find this analysis persuasive.
Here Winthrop had no compromised ability to settle with Mako, nor has Mako
pointed to any change in its settlement posture because of the improper
representation. Given the combative procedural history of this case, it appears the
parties were unlikely to settle, regardless of representation.

        With regard to the merits, Mako has not claimed that Winthrop used
confidential information gained from preparing Mako’s bond during its representation
of CRBT in this suit. The record reflects no actual breach of confidentiality nor any
reason to doubt that Winthrop upheld its duty of confidentiality to its former client.
Finally, it was Mako’s counsel—not Winthrop—who failed to oppose CRBT’s
motion for default judgment, or in the alternative, summary judgment. Thus, Mako’s
loss is more directly attributable to its own counsel’s failure to act than anything the
Winthrop firm did or did not do. There is no reason to believe that Mako’s lawyers
would have acted any differently had CRBT been represented by a different firm.
Given the failure to oppose the motion for judgment, there is no reason to believe that
the CRBT representation was an important, let alone determinative, fact.

      Finally, Mako makes no credible claim that the ultimate outcome in the case
was in any way influenced by the conflicted representation. It points to no evidence
that was improperly used or any evidence that it was deprived from using because of
the conflict. Mako does not assert that it was deprived of a chance to advance any
argument or claim because of the representation. In short, Mako makes no showing
of harm by the representation.




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III.   Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s judgment for money
damages, and we reverse the district court’s denial to disqualify counsel in any future
proceedings. As proceedings continue in the case below and the Winthrop law firm
has a conflict of interest necessitating removal as counsel, we remand for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                       ______________________________




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