
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN





NO. 03-04-00077-CR


David Carrol Gillenwaters, Appellant


v.


The State of Texas, Appellee





FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 2 OF WILLIAMSON COUNTY
NO. 03-1082-2, HONORABLE TIMOTHY L. WRIGHT, JUDGE PRESIDING


M E M O R A N D U M   O P I N I O N

	A jury convicted David Carrol Gillenwaters of telephone harassment.  See Tex. Pen.
Code Ann. § 42.07(a)(4) (West 2003).  The jury determined that Gillenwaters made repeated
telephone communications to Linda Ortiz with the intent to harass, annoy, and offend.  The court
assessed punishment at confinement for ten days and a $250 fine.  On appeal, Gillenwaters contends
that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the conclusion that he made telephone
communications to Ortiz with criminal intent.  Gillenwaters also asserts that section 42.07 of the
Texas Penal Code is unconstitutionally vague and overbroad on its face and as applied in this case. 
For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.  

BACKGROUND
	Gillenwaters met Ortiz at an Austin area Wal-Mart where they both worked.  They
married in 2000, but, after Gillenwaters was fired in 2001, their relationship began to deteriorate. 
Ortiz filed for divorce in July 2002.
	On the morning of October 22, 2002, Gillenwaters approached Ortiz in the Wal-Mart
parking lot and began yelling loudly and cursing at her.  Ortiz had to be escorted into the building
by a male coworker.  Gillenwaters began calling the Wal-Mart thirty minutes later.  Afraid to speak
to Gillenwaters, Ortiz had her coworkers continue to tell him that she was not available.  However,
Gillenwaters continued to call the Wal-Mart from five that morning until around one that afternoon. 
Although he was repeatedly asked to stop calling, Gillenwaters called about forty times an hour
looking for Ortiz.  Appellant's repeated calls made Ortiz so upset that she could not perform her
duties at work.  After one of her coworkers dialed 911, Ortiz complained to the police about
receiving the calls.  When Ortiz arrived home, she discovered that Gillenwaters also had left ten
messages on her home answering machine.  In one message, Gillenwaters stated: "A lot of people
are getting ready to get hurt.  You forget that I know tons of people.  They're getting ready to go to
work at 9 o'clock tomorrow morning, if I don't get a phone call from you to call it off, then lives are
going to be ruined. . . .  I'll take 'em all down."  Gillenwaters also threatened: "I'm going to bury
your ass," "You don't understand what you're doing," "[Y]ou bit off more than you can chew," and
"I'm gonna press it and I'm gonna kill it."
	Ortiz filed a written complaint with the police on October 24 but charges were not
filed against the appellant at that time.  After Ortiz filed the complaint with the police, Gillenwaters
made additional calls to Wal-Mart looking for Ortiz.  At one point, he called pretending to be a
private investigator and told Ortiz's coworkers to warn her that a case was being built against her
for promiscuity. 
	Gillenwaters was eventually charged with telephone harassment in an information
alleging that on or about October 22, 2002:

"[W]ith intent to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse, torment, and embarrass Linda Ortiz,
the said defendant made repeated telephone communications to Linda Ortiz in a
manner resaonable [sic] likely to harass, alarm, abuse, torment, embarrass and offend
Linda Ortiz, against the peace and diginity of the State." 	


The jury found Gillenwaters guilty, and the court assessed punishment at ten days' confinement and
a $250 fine. 

DISCUSSION 
	Gillenwaters raises four points of error on appeal.  He first claims that the evidence
is legally insufficient to support the guilty verdict because the State failed to prove that he made
telephone communications to Ortiz with criminal intent.  By his remaining three points, Gillenwaters
contends that section 42.07 is unconstitutionally vague and overbroad on its face and as applied to
him. 

Evidence legally sufficient 
	The test for determining the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal
conviction is whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, we can conclude
that any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.  Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979); Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d
1, 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).  Appellant was charged under section 42.07 of the penal code.  A
person commits an offense under this section, if, with intent to harass, he makes repeated telephone
communications in a manner reasonably likely to harass, annoy, or offend another.  Tex. Pen. Code
Ann. § 42.07(a)(4) (West 2003).  The intent of the accused is ordinarily determined by circumstantial
evidence.  See Dillon v. State, 574 S.W.2d 92, 94 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978).  On appeal, we do not
inquire whether the evidence persuades us to find that a defendant had a particular intent; instead we
determine whether a rational jury could have found the intent to commit the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.  Brimage v. State, 918 S.W.2d 466, 476 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). 
	Although there is no dispute that Gillenwaters repeatedly called Ortiz, he argues that
the State failed to prove that he possessed the requisite criminal intent because: (1) there are
alternate, innocent explanations for his behavior, and (2) it was not his sole intent to annoy, harass,
or offend the complainant.  He also contends that there was no evidence that he communicated with
Ortiz.  He further argues that the State improperly used evidence of incidents occurring after Ortiz
filed her complaint.  We find the evidence sufficient to establish intent for the following reasons. 
	Although Gillenwaters contends that there were potentially innocent explanations for
his acts, the State is not required to disprove alternative reasonable hypotheses concerning an
accused's intent.  See Matson v. State, 819 S.W.2d 839, 845-46 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); see also
Geesa v. State, 820 S.W.2d 154, 161 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (abandoning the entire reasonable
alternative hypothesis construct), overruled in part on other grounds by Paulson v. State, 28 S.W.3d
570, 573 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). 
	Second, the State is not required to prove that Gillenwaters's sole intent was to harass
and annoy Ortiz.  See Salisbury v. State, 867 S.W.2d 894, 896-97 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.]
1993, pet. ref'd.).  In Salisbury, the appellant was convicted under section 42.07 but argued on
appeal that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he intended to harass the complainant. 
Salisbury claimed that his constant calls to the complainant were not criminal because they were
motivated by undying love.  Id.  The court rejected Salisbury's claim and held the evidence legally
sufficient to support the conviction.  Id.  The Salisbury court reasoned:  

The mere fact that a few of the communications sent by appellant contained
references to appellant's love for the complainant, does not negate the majority of
communications containing obscene content and the fact that the complainant did not
wish to see or hear from appellant.  


Id. at 897.
	Similarly, Gillenwaters's assertion that there were other explanations for his conduct
does not negate the evidence indicating that his actions were intended to annoy and harass Ortiz. 
Appellant admitted to the Austin Police Department that he made the continuous calls because Ortiz
would not speak with him.  The numerous messages Gillenwaters left on Ortiz's answering machine,
especially the threatening messages, support the finding that his motives were not innocent.  His calls
made under the private-investigator pretense also reveal that he did not intend just to speak with
Ortiz about a personal matter.  Although there may have been alternative or additional reasons for
Gillenwaters's behavior, there is also a substantial amount of evidence from which the jury could
have concluded that Gillenwaters intended to harass and offend Ortiz. 
	The jury was entitled to infer an intent to "harass" from the conduct of Gillenwaters. 
Therefore, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the verdict, we hold that the jury could
have found that Gillenwaters had the requisite criminal intent to commit the offense. 
	Gillenwaters also posits that the evidence was insufficient to support a conviction
because he never actually "communicated" with the complainant.  Although the term
"communication" appears in section 42.07 of the penal code, the word is not defined by statute. 
When a statutory term is not directly defined, the term should be read in context and construed
according to the rules of grammar and common usage.  See Pettijohn v. State, 782 S.W.2d 866, 868
(Tex. Crim. App. 1989).  A common definition of the term is "the expression or exchange of
information by speech, writing, gestures, or conduct."  Black's Law Dictionary (8th ed. 2004). 
Under this definition, Gillenwaters expressed information to Ortiz.  Gillenwaters left messages on
Ortiz's answering machine, and he repeatedly communicated messages to Ortiz while she was at
work--information passed to Ortiz through her coworkers.  It is not necessary for the appellant to
speak directly to the complainant in order to communicate with her.  
	Finally, Gillenwaters claims that any messages left on Ortiz's answering machine on
October 22, 2002, but after Ortiz first made a complaint to the police while at the Wal-Mart, cannot
be used to establish his criminal intent.  Gillenwaters has confused a complaint to police with the
filing of a criminal complaint and information.  The prosecution is limited to using proof of offenses
occurring prior to the date of the indictment's presentment and within the statute of limitations
period; the prosecution is not otherwise bound by the "on or about" date alleged in the information. 
See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 21.02(6) (West 1989); Sledge v. State, 953 S.W.2d 253, 256
(Tex. Crim. App. 1997).  In this case, the criminal complaint and information specify that the offense
date was October 22, 2004.  The jury's verdict may properly be based on the calls and messages that
occurred after Ortiz first made a complaint to the police and before the date the information was
filed.  The information was filed on March 11, 2003.  The evidence showed that Gillenwaters made
prohibited communications during the relevant period.  
	For all the reasons stated above, the verdict is supported by legally sufficient
evidence.

Statute not unconstitutionally vague and overbroad
	In his second and third points of error, appellant claims that the telephone harassment
statute is unconstitutionally vague and overbroad on its face.
	When reviewing the constitutionality of a statute, we presume that the statute is valid
and that the legislature acted reasonably, not arbitrarily, in enacting the statute.  Rodriguez v. State,
93 S.W.3d 60, 69 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).  The burden rests on the individual who challenges the
statute to prove its unconstitutionality.  Id.  If a reasonable construction of the statute will render it
constitutional, the court must uphold the statute.  Ely v. State, 582 S.W.2d 416, 419 (Tex. Crim. App.
1979).  
	In analyzing a facial challenge to the overbreadth and vagueness of a law, the
Supreme Court has stated that the first task is to determine whether the statute reaches a substantial
amount of constitutionally protected conduct.  Village of Hoffman Estates v. Flipside, Hoffman
Estates, Inc., 455 U.S. 489, 494 (1982).  Criminal statutes must be scrutinized with particular care. 
City of Houston v. Hill, 482 U.S. 451, 459 (1987).  A statute is overbroad if it sweeps within its
coverage speech or conduct that is protected by the First Amendment.  Clark v. State, 665 S.W.2d 
476, 482 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984).  The statute provides in pertinent part:

(a)	A person commits an offense if, with intent to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse,
torment, or embarrass another, he:

	. . . .

	(4)	causes the telephone of another to ring repeatedly or makes repeated
telephone communications anonymously or in a manner reasonably likely
to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse, torment, embarrass, or offend another . . . .


Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 42.07(a)(4).
	The telephone harassment statute does not sweep within its coverage any protected
activity under the First Amendment.  See DeWillis v. State, 951 S.W.2d 212, 217 (Tex.
App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, no pet.).  In DeWillis, the court held that causing another person's
telephone to ring repeatedly or repeatedly making anonymous telephone calls was not a
constitutionally protected activity under the First Amendment.  Id.  Appellant urges us to distinguish
DeWillis from the present case because, unlike DeWillis, he had a desire to communicate.  However,
an intent to communicate does not necessarily turn conduct into speech for purposes of First
Amendment analysis.  O'Brien v. United States, 391 U.S. 367, 376 (1968).  The statute does not
preclude mere communication.  Instead, it criminalizes the act of making telephone communications
in a manner reasonably likely to harass, annoy, or offend.  Prohibiting harassment is not prohibiting
speech because harassment is not protected speech.  Thorne v. Bailey, 846 F.2d 241, 243 (4th Cir.
1988) (upholding West Virginia's telephone harassment statute outlawing making repeated telephone
calls, during which conversation ensues, with intent to harass any person at called number).  We find
no authority for the proposition that making repeated telephone calls with the intent to annoy or
harass another is protected by the First Amendment.  Gillenwaters's overbreadth challenges fail. 
	We next examine the facial vagueness challenge.  Because the statute implicates no
constitutionally protected conduct, we should uphold the challenge only if the enactment is
impermissibly vague in all of its applications.  Village of Hoffman Estates, 455 U.S. at 494.  A
statute is void for vagueness and lacks the first essential element of due process when it either
forbids or requires the doing of an act in terms so vague that people of common intelligence must
guess as to its meaning and differ as to its application.  Id. at 145.  A statute that is not definite
enough for a person to know, understand, and apply its terms and provisions is void and
unenforceable.  Id.  A statute is unconstitutionally void for vagueness if it specifies no standard of
conduct or defines no core of prohibited activity.  Briggs v. State, 740 S.W.2d 803, 806 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1987).
	Appellant contends that the words "annoy" and "harass" are unconstitutionally vague. 
Courts have held these terms to be unconstitutionally vague in the context of prior versions of the
harassment statute.  Kramer v. Price, 712 F.2d 174, 178 (5th Cir. 1983); Long v. State, 931 S.W.2d
285, 289 (Tex. Crim App. 1996); May v. State, 765 S.W.2d 438, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989).  In
Kramer, the Fifth Circuit held that the terms "annoy" and "alarm" as they appeared in the pre-1983
statute were unconstitutionally vague. (1)  712 F.2d at 178.  The Kramer court also concluded that the
statute was vague because it did not contain a reasonable person standard.  Id.  The Texas Court of
Criminal Appeals subsequently held the pre-1983 version to be unconstitutional.  May, 765 S.W.2d
at 440.  The portion of the statute pertaining to telephonic harassment was amended in 1983.
	In Long, the court of criminal appeals held the stalking provision of the harassment
statute unconstitutional.  Long, 931 S.W.2d at 297.  The Long court adjudged that the stalking
provision of the harassment statute suffered from the same defects as the pre-1983 statute. (2)
 Id. 
Relying on Kramer, the court of criminal appeals observed that the statutory language of the stalking
provision was unconstitutionally vague, especially because that provision proscribed "any conduct
in which a person could possibly engage."  Id. at 289 (emphasis in the original).  The Court also
noted that the stalking provision did not include a reasonable person standard.  Id. at 290.
	The analyses in Kramer, May, and Long are not controlling because of critical
differences in the statutory language under review.  None of those cases considered the present
version of the statute under review.  Two Texas courts of appeal have determined that the present
telephone harassment statute is not unconstitutionally vague.  DeWillis, 951 S.W.2d at 217; Bader
v. State, 773 S.W.2d 769, 770 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1989, pet. ref'd.).  The DeWillis court
concluded:
We find the 1983 harassment statute specifically defines the conduct necessary to
"harass, annoy, alarm, abuse, torment, embarrass, or offend" as "causing the
telephone of another to ring repeatedly" or "making repeated telephone
communications anonymously."  The provision of the statute also contains a
reasonable person standard in the word "another."  Moreover, it is the recipient of the
telephone calls whose sensibilities must be offended.  Furthermore, even if there
were no reasonable person standard, the offense is sufficiently defined to put the
offender on notice that his conduct is unlawful.  See Long, 931 S.W.2d at 290.


DeWillis, 951 S.W.2d at 217.
 We agree with the DeWillis court that the 1983 amendments to the statute render the
reasoning in Long inapplicable to the current provisions of the telephone harassment statute.  The
words "annoy" and "harass" as they appear in the telephone harassment statute are not
unconstitutionally vague because the revised statute prohibits specific conduct that would annoy or
harass a reasonable person instead of a specific recipient.  See id. (comparing current statute with
pre-1983 version).  Additionally, unlike the stalking provision of the harassment statute struck down
in Long, which prohibited any bothersome conduct, the telephone harassment statute prohibits only
a narrowly defined scope of activity--here, making repeated phone calls with the intent to harass,
annoy, or offend.  See id.  We find that the telephone harassment statute is not unconstitutionally
vague in all its applications.

As-applied complaint waived
	In his final point of error, Gillenwaters complains that the statute is vague and
overbroad as applied to him. 
	A claim that a statute is unconstitutional as applied is waived if not asserted in the
trial court.  Bader v. State, 15 S.W.3d 599, 603 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, pet. ref'd).  At trial,
Gillenwaters raised two issues: (1) that the statute was facially unconstitutional and (2) that the
information did not allege the manner and means with sufficient specificity.  He did not raise an as-applied objection.  Since Gillenwaters failed to preserve this objection for appellate consideration
by raising the issue at trial, we need not consider whether the statute was unconstitutionally applied
to him. 

CONCLUSION
	We affirm the judgment of the trial court.  

  
					David Puryear, Justice
Before Chief Justice Law, Justices B. A. Smith and Puryear
Affirmed
Filed:   July 13, 2005
Do Not Publish
1.   The applicable part of the pre-1983 harassment statute provided:

	(a)	A person commits an offense if he intentionally:

		(1)	communicates by telephone or in writing vulgar, profane, obscene
language or in a coarse and offensive manner and by this action
intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly annoys or alarms the recipient

			 . . . .

Act of September 28, 1973, 63d Leg., R.S., ch. 399, 1973 Tex. Gen. Laws 883, 956 (amended 1983). 
2.   The pertinent part of the stalking provision provided:

	(a)	A person commits an offense if, with intent to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse,
torment, or embarrass another, he:

		. . . .

		(7)(A)	on more than one occasion engages in conduct directed specifically
toward the other person, including following that person, that is
reasonably likely to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse, torment, or
embarrass that person . . . .

Act of March 19, 1993, 73d Leg., R.S., ch. 10, § 1, 1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 46, 46-47 (amended 1995).

