                   RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                       Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                              File Name: 14a0024p.06

             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                              _________________


                                                 X
                                                  -
 In re: GAETANO T. RIZZO,
                                                  -
                                Debtor.
 _____________________________________            -
                                                  -
                                                      No. 13-1230

                                                  ,
                                                   >
                                   Appellant, -
 GAETANO T. RIZZO,

                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                  -
           v.
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                  -
 STATE OF MICHIGAN, DEPARTMENT OF

                                     Appellee. -
 TREASURY,
                                                 N
                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.
              No. 2:12-cv-14179—David M. Lawson, District Judge.
                            Argued: January 23, 2014
                     Decided and Filed: February 4, 2014
     Before: SUHRHEINRICH, GRIFFIN, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.

                              _________________

                                  COUNSEL
ARGUED: Leon N. Mayer, SCHAFER & WEINER PLLC, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan,
for Appellant. Allison M. Dietz, OFFICE OF THE MICHIGAN ATTORNEY
GENERAL, Detroit, Michigan, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Leon N. Mayer, SCHAFER
& WEINER, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, for Appellant. Allison Michele Dietz,
OFFICE OF THE MICHIGAN ATTORNEY GENERAL, Detroit, Michigan, for
Appellee.




                                        1
No. 13-1230          Rizzo v. Mich. Dep’t of Treasury                               Page 2


                                   _________________

                                        OPINION
                                   _________________

          GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.      Despite the fact that Gaetano Rizzo filed for
bankruptcy protection and received a general discharge, the Michigan Department of
Treasury (“Treasury”) persisted in its claim that Rizzo owed Treasury more than $70,000
in unpaid Michigan Single Business Tax (“SBT”). According to Treasury, Rizzo was
personally liable for the unpaid tax because a company for which he had been the
responsible corporate officer had failed to pay it, thereby triggering Rizzo’s obligation
to pay under applicable state statutes. Treasury argues that Rizzo’s personal liability for
the tax deficiency is nondischargeable in bankruptcy because it is a debt for an “excise
tax,” as defined in 11 U.S.C. § 507(a)(8)(E).

          Rizzo concedes that the unpaid SBT is an “excise tax” deficiency as to the now-
defunct company of which he was formerly an officer, and he also does not dispute that
he was personally liable for the company’s unpaid tax under the relevant state statutes.
Nevertheless, Rizzo argues that, because he had only derivative—rather than
primary—liability for the unpaid SBT, his obligation to pay it is not a debt for an “excise
tax” and is consequently not excepted from discharge under § 507(a)(8)(E). Both the
bankruptcy court and the district court disagreed with Rizzo and dismissed his adversary
action. Because Michigan’s tax statutes simply confer derivative liability upon Rizzo
for precisely the same excise tax deficiency that was assessed against the company, we
affirm.

                                             I.

          Rizzo filed a voluntary petition for personal Chapter 7 bankruptcy in 2011 and
received a general discharge later that year. Despite his discharge, Treasury sent Rizzo
several collection letters demanding that he pay $72,286.39 in delinquent SBT that had
been assessed against Jefferson Beach Properties, LLC (the “Company”), of which Rizzo
had been an officer.
No. 13-1230        Rizzo v. Mich. Dep’t of Treasury                                 Page 3


       In response to Treasury’s collection efforts, Rizzo filed an adversary action in
the bankruptcy court, contending that his personal liability for the Company’s unpaid
SBT had been discharged in bankruptcy. Treasury moved to dismiss Rizzo’s adversary
action, claiming that his liability for the SBT deficiency is a nondischargeable “excise
tax” debt under 11 U.S.C. § 507(a)(8)(E). The bankruptcy court agreed with Treasury
and dismissed the case, ruling that Rizzo’s personal liability for the unpaid SBT was
nondischargeable in bankruptcy.

       Rizzo appealed to the district court, but it affirmed, reaching the same conclusion
as the bankruptcy court and specifically concluding that Rizzo’s liability for the SBT
deficiency was a debt for an “excise tax,” despite the fact that he was only derivatively
liable for it. Rizzo now appeals.

                                            II.

       In appeals that originate in bankruptcy courts, we “directly review the bankruptcy
court’s decision rather than the district court’s review of the bankruptcy decision.” In
re Alfes, 709 F.3d 631, 636 (6th Cir. 2013) (citation omitted). The bankruptcy court’s
factual findings are reviewed for clear error and its conclusions of law are reviewed de
novo. Id. Rizzo’s appeal presents a pure question of law: whether Rizzo’s personal
liability for the Company’s unpaid SBT is a debt for an “excise tax,” where his liability
for the tax deficiency is derivative under state taxation statutes. We conclude that it is.

                                            A.

       On the underlying issues, the parties agree. A bankruptcy discharge “does not
discharge an individual debtor from any debt . . . for a tax or a customs duty . . . of the
kind and for the periods specified in section 507(a)(3) or 507(a)(8) of this title.”
11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(1)(A). Section 507(a)(8)(E), in turn, defines one such type of
nondischargeable tax debt: “unsecured claims of governmental units,” including “an
excise tax on . . . a transaction” occurring within a three-year limitations period.
11 U.S.C. § 507(a)(8)(E).
No. 13-1230          Rizzo v. Mich. Dep’t of Treasury                                  Page 4


       Whether a given state exaction is a nondischargeable “excise tax” under the
Bankruptcy Code is a matter of federal law. In re Suburban Motor Freight, Inc.
(Suburban II), 36 F.3d 484, 487 (6th Cir. 1994); see also City of N.Y. v. Feiring,
313 U.S. 283, 285 (1941). The court makes this determination by engaging in a
“functional examination” of the applicable statutory scheme to determine whether it falls
within the federal statutory definition. United States v. Reorganized CF & I Fabricators
of Utah, Inc., 518 U.S. 213, 224 (1996). In doing so, the statutory labels of the exaction
are not dispositive; the court must instead evaluate the statute’s “actual effects to
determine whether it functions as either a tax or else as some different kind of
obligation.” Boston Reg’l Med. Ctr., Inc. v. Mass. Div. of Health Care Fin. & Policy,
365 F.3d 51, 58 (1st Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted); see Suburban II,
36 F.3d at 487–89.

       Rizzo concedes that Michigan’s SBT is an “excise tax” as to the Company. Cf.
Quiroz v. Mich. Dep’t of Treasury, 472 B.R. 434, 437 (E.D. Mich. 2012) (citing Trinova
Corp. v. Mich. Dep’t of Treasury, 498 U.S. 358, 362 (1991) (describing the “value
added” concept of the SBT)).

       Nor does Rizzo dispute that he was personally liable for the Company’s unpaid
SBT as a responsible corporate officer, as provided for in Mich. Comp. Laws
§ 205.27a(5). Section 205 of the Michigan Compiled Laws is headed, “Revenue
Collection by Department of Treasury,” and § 205.27a(5) provides that certain corporate
officers are personally liable for the unpaid tax debts of their business organizations:

       (5) If a corporation, limited liability company, limited liability
       partnership, partnership, or limited partnership liable for taxes
       administered under this act fails for any reason to file the required returns
       or to pay the tax due, any of its officers, members, managers, or partners
       who the department determines . . . have control or supervision of, or
       responsibility for, making the returns or payments is personally liable for
       the failure. . . . The dissolution of a corporation, limited liability
       company, limited liability partnership, partnership, or limited partnership
       does not discharge an officer’s, member’s, manager’s, or partner’s
       liability for a prior failure of the corporation, limited liability company,
       limited liability partnership, partnership, or limited partnership to make
No. 13-1230        Rizzo v. Mich. Dep’t of Treasury                                 Page 5


       a return or remit the tax due. The sum due for a liability may be assessed
       and collected under the related sections of this act.

Mich. Comp. Laws § 205.27a(5).

                                           B.

       Although Rizzo admits that the unpaid SBT is a nondischargeable “excise tax”
debt for purposes of § 507(a)(8)(E) as to the Company, he contends that his personal
liability for the Company’s SBT tax deficiency is not a debt for an “excise tax.” Because
the term “excise tax” is not defined in the Bankruptcy Code, courts determining its
meaning have typically resorted to dictionary definitions. See, e.g., In re Lorber Indus.
of Calif., 564 F.3d 1098, 1101 (9th Cir. 2009); Boston Reg’l Med. Ctr., 365 F.3d at 57
(noting that “the legislative history [is not] informative on what the term means”). The
consensus is that “excise tax” as used in § 507(a)(8)(E) generally refers to “[a] tax
imposed on the manufacture, sale, or use of goods (such as a cigarette tax), or on an
occupation or activity (such as a license tax or an attorney occupation fee).” Black’s
Law Dictionary 646 (9th ed. 2009). See Boston Reg’l Med. Ctr., 365 F.3d at 65; In re
George, 361 F.3d 1157, 1163 (9th Cir. 2004); In re DeRoche, 287 F.3d 751, 755 (9th
Cir. 2002); In re Groetken, 843 F.2d 1007, 1013 (7th Cir. 1988). Typically, an excise
tax is imposed upon “a discrete act by the person or entity being taxed,” DeRoche, 287
F.3d at 755, in contrast with, for example, a tax on income. George, 361 F.3d at 1163.
Still, an “excise” has a “broad definition,” Boston Reg’l Med. Ctr., 365 F.3d at 65,
essentially encompassing any tax that is “indirectly assessed,” In re Suburban Motor
Freight, Inc. (Suburban I), 998 F.2d 338, 340 n.3 (6th Cir. 1993); that is, any tax “that
is not directly imposed upon people or property” but is instead “imposed upon a
particular use of property” or upon the exercise of a “right or privilege.” In re Nat’l
Steel Corp., 321 B.R. 901, 909 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2005) (quotation marks and citations
omitted); see also New Neighborhoods, Inc. v. W. Va. Workers’ Comp. Fund, 886 F.2d
714, 719 (4th Cir. 1989).

       Rizzo contends that his personal debt to Treasury is not an “excise tax” debt
because it did not arise from his own participation in any sort of taxable transaction.
No. 13-1230           Rizzo v. Mich. Dep’t of Treasury                                         Page 6


Instead, he argues, Treasury’s claim against Rizzo arose solely from his status as a
responsible corporate officer and therefore does not function as an excise.

        In support of this position, Rizzo claims that the term “excise tax” as used in
§ 507(a)(8)(E) is ambiguous. He is incorrect. “Excise tax” is susceptible to a definitive
meaning, albeit a broad one. See Suburban I, 998 F.2d at 340 n.3. And under the
authorities that Rizzo himself points to, the identity of the ultimate obligor does not
inhere in the definition of an “excise.” See Black’s Law Dictionary 646 (9th ed. 2009).
Because whether a tax is an “excise” or not does not depend upon who is required to pay
it, section 507(a)(8)(E)’s reference to “excise tax” denotes only the nature of the
assessment, not who is ultimately required to pay the assessed funds. See, e.g., United
States v. Galletti, 541 U.S. 114, 123 (2004) (“Under a proper understanding of the
function and nature of an assessment, it is clear that it is the tax that is assessed, not the
taxpayer.”).

        Further, Rizzo’s argument that Treasury’s claim against him does not itself
function as an excise is beside the point. Rizzo’s position improperly neglects the fact
that sections 523(a)(1)(A) and 507(a)(8)(E) permit a state to pursue “unsecured claims”
for excise tax deficiencies without limiting recovery of the debt to primarily liable
parties. The statutes do not preclude a state from seeking post-discharge payment on an
excise tax deficiency from a party that was not initially subject to the excise.1

        As a result, the plain language of § 507(a)(8)(E) dooms Rizzo’s argument unless
Michigan’s responsible-corporate-officer statute somehow imposes an obligation upon
him that is of a different nature than the Company’s duty to pay the excise tax deficiency
that was assessed against it by Treasury. And it clearly does not: the statute does not
create any obligations running from Rizzo to the Company, but simply makes Rizzo
derivatively liable for the very same tax deficiency that was assessed against the


        1
          Rizzo is incorrect that the linguistic difference between § 507(a)(8)(E) and subsection
(a)(8)(C)—which excludes taxes “required to be collected or withheld and for which the debtor is liable
in whatever capacity”—matters. Id. (emphasis added). This portion of subsection (a)(8)(C) simply
codifies what the Supreme Court had already held in United States v. Sotelo, 436 U.S. 268 (1978): that,
even in the absence of such statutory language, a debtor’s derivative liability for corporate taxes is
nondischargeable in bankruptcy. Id. at 274–75, 278–81.
No. 13-1230            Rizzo v. Mich. Dep’t of Treasury                                            Page 7


Company.        Cf. CF & I Fabricators, 518 U.S. at 224 (requiring a “functional
examination” of the pertinent statutory scheme to determine its nature); Groetken,
843 F.2d at 1013 (in applying the Bankruptcy Code’s provisions, “the federal courts look
to state law to determine the exact nature of a person’s rights and obligations under state
law.”).

          As explained by the Michigan state courts, a tax deficiency like the one at issue
is assessed only against the corporate entity that is primarily liable for it.
See Livingstone v. Dep’t of Treasury, 456 N.W.2d 684, 691–92 (Mich. 1990). The
Michigan authorities are crystal clear: the tax deficiency for which the responsible
corporate officers are derivatively liable under Mich. Comp. Laws § 205.27a(5) is the
same tax deficiency that was assessed against the corporate entity and for which the
corporate entity was primarily liable. See Livingstone, 456 N.W.2d at 688–89, 695
(rejecting the theory that corporate officer liability for unpaid corporate tax is a “separate
and distinct” liability from the corporation’s liability for the unpaid tax); Keith v. Dep’t
of Treasury, 418 N.W.2d 691, 693 (Mich. Ct. App. 1987) (noting that the responsible
corporate officer statutes permit Treasury “to hold an individual personally liable for a
corporation’s tax liability”). That is why the tax deficiency does not need to be assessed
against the individual corporate officers. See Livingstone, 456 N.W.2d at 694–95;
see also Keith, 418 N.W.2d at 694 (noting that corporate officers may not challenge the
amount of the tax deficiency if they had not done so on behalf of the corporation).
As Livingstone put it, “The transposition of a tax debt onto a derivatively liable party,
irrespective of the terminology used, is an ancillary, ministerial step in the collection
process, created, apparently in light of the Legislature’s recognition of the need to insure
the payment, collection or satisfaction of tax deficiencies ‘assessed’ against corporate
tax actors.” 456 N.W.2d at 694 (footnote and emphasis omitted).2




          2
           This principle is not at all alien to the federal system, as federal tax obligations have been
interpreted in an identical manner. See Galletti, 541 U.S. at 123 (holding that a derivatively liable
corporate officer need not be separately assessed because “[t]he consequences of the assessment . . . attach
to the tax debt without reference to the special circumstances of the secondarily liable parties.”); United
States v. Holmes, 727 F.3d 1230, 1235 (10th Cir. 2013) (same). See also Washington v. United States, 460
U.S. 536, 544 n.9 (1983) (observing that state “taxing scheme[s]” may “switch[ ] the incidence of the tax
from one party to a transaction to another when the party that would ordinarily be taxed is immune.”).
No. 13-1230            Rizzo v. Mich. Dep’t of Treasury                                            Page 8


         In other words, § 205.27a(5) does not impose an obligation upon Rizzo that is
any different than that imposed upon the Company. Although Rizzo seems to argue that
§ 205.27a(5) creates obligations between himself and the Company such that his liability
arises from an obligation to the Company rather than from Treasury’s assessment of an
excise tax, he misperceives the operation of the statute. Section 205.27a(5) is simply a
portion of the state taxation scheme that functionally pierces the corporate veil, imposing
upon Rizzo personal liability for precisely the same tax deficiency—the excise tax
deficiency—for which the Company was primarily liable. The mere fact that Michigan’s
taxation statutes hold Rizzo derivatively liable for the Company’s unpaid excise tax does
not mean that he is liable for something other than unpaid excise tax.3 Rizzo’s liability
for the excise tax deficiency is, as a result, nondischargeable under 11 U.S.C.
§§ 523(a)(1)(A) and 507(a)(8)(E).

                                                    III.

         For these reasons, we affirm.




         3
           Rizzo’s case is distinguishable from a hypothetical example (to which he alludes on brief) where
a party simply guarantees someone else’s tax debt by contract. In that case, if the guarantor went bankrupt,
the guarantor’s liability to the debtor on the contract would be dischargeable notwithstanding the fact that
the underlying obligation was a tax debt, given that the guarantor’s liability had arisen under the contract
instead of under the derivative liability provisions of the statutory taxation scheme.
