                                   STATE OF MINNESOTA

                                    IN SUPREME COURT

                                        A14-1182

Ramsey County                                                                     Stras, J.
                                                                  Took no part, Hudson, J.
State of Minnesota,

                      Respondent,

vs.                                                              Filed: February 24, 2016
                                                                Office of Appellate Courts
True Thao,

                      Appellant.

                              ________________________

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Saint Paul, Minnesota; and

John J. Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Peter R. Marker, Assistant County Attorney,
Saint Paul, Minnesota, for respondent.

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Jennifer Workman Jesness,
Assistant State Public Defender, Saint Paul, Minnesota, for appellant.

                              ________________________

                                      SYLLABUS

       1.     The district court’s allegedly erroneous admission of evidence under Minn.

R. Evid. 404(b) was harmless because it did not significantly affect the verdict.

       2.     The district court did not abuse its discretion when it admitted expert

testimony on gangs.

       3.     The district court’s jury instruction on reasonable doubt was not an abuse of

discretion.


                                             1
      4.     The appellant’s pro se arguments lack merit.

      Affirmed.

                                      OPINION

STRAS, Justice.

      A jury found appellant True Thao guilty of six counts of murder in the drive-by

shooting death of Adlai Xiong and eight counts of attempted murder for the drive-by

shootings of T.X. and P.L. The district court convicted him of one count of first-degree

premeditated murder for the benefit of a gang, Minn. Stat. §§ 609.185(a)(1) (2014);

609.229, subd. 2 (2014), and two counts of attempted first-degree premeditated murder

for the benefit of a gang, Minn. Stat. §§ 609.185(a)(1); 609.229, subd. 2; 609.17 (2014).

      Thao challenges his convictions on three main grounds. First, he contends that the

district court erred when it admitted evidence of a prior drive-by shooting incident that

led to his conviction of attempted murder in 2000. Second, he argues that the district

court erred when it permitted the State to introduce testimony on gangs from an expert

witness. Third, he claims that the district court erred when it instructed the jury on the

reasonable-doubt standard using language we approved in State v. Smith, 674 N.W.2d

398 (2004), rather than using the pattern instruction from the Criminal Jury Instruction

Guide. We affirm.

                                            I.

      In the early morning hours of October 26, 2013, Xiong was shot and killed outside

of the Moonshine Saloon on the east side of St. Paul. T.X. and P.L. were also present and




                                            2
both suffered non-fatal gunshot wounds. The State’s theory of the case was that Thao, a

gang member, had targeted Xiong, a rival gang member, in retaliation for a fatal gang-

related stabbing of another individual at the same bar 8 months earlier. Witnesses at trial

identified Thao as a person who associated with, or was a member of, the Oriental

Ruthless Boys (“ORB”) gang. Witnesses testified that Xiong was a member of a rival

street gang, the Oroville Mono Boys (“OMB”).

      Several hours before the shooting, Thao was at a party at a friend’s house with at

least eight other people. Some of the attendees, including Thao, left the party and went to

the Moonshine Saloon at around 11:45 p.m. Thao drove to the bar in his 2004 dark blue

Acura TL. Xiong and his friend, P.L., arrived at the bar about 45 minutes later, around

12:30 a.m. One witness who was part of Thao’s group testified that, when Thao saw

Xiong and P.L., he became agitated and asked if they were OMBs. The witness could not

recall whether she answered Thao’s question. Surveillance video showed that Thao

looked at Xiong and then left the bar just a few minutes before Xiong was shot.

      A bystander was outside helping a sick friend when he saw an Acura TL with

distinctive, orange front-fender lights pull into an alley and park. A few seconds later,

the bystander watched the Acura stop in front of the bar, heard gunfire, and then saw the

victims on the ground. Based on a photograph, he identified Thao’s car as the vehicle he

had seen. Also, P.L., who was outside smoking with T.X. and Xiong, testified that he

saw a “bluish/blackish” Acura TL pull through the alley and turn onto the street before

the shooter, whom P.L. described as a “bigger” Asian male, rolled down the window and




                                            3
fired at them. P.L. did not identify Thao as the shooter from a photographic array of six

pictures, but he did consistently identify the shots as originating from Thao’s car.

       Xiong was shot twice in the legs and once in the head. P.L. was shot in the wrist

and the thigh, and ricocheted bullets struck his back. T.X. was shot in her right shoulder,

right leg, and right buttock. Police officers recovered 12 cartridge casings and 2 bullet

fragments from the crime scene, but did not recover a gun. Through forensic testing, the

Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension (“BCA”) determined that the casings were

all from the same gun and had markings that were consistent with having been ejected

from a Smith & Wesson Sigma Series semi-automatic pistol.

       Thao arrived at the St. Paul home of his friend, B.V., at approximately 1:30 a.m.,

about 15 minutes after the shooting. B.V.’s wife answered the door. At trial, she

described Thao as appearing “shocked” and “spooked.” Nevertheless, she gave Thao

permission to clean his car in her driveway. In response to a telephone call from his wife,

B.V. returned home where he found Thao in the driver’s seat of the Acura. B.V. testified

that Thao had appeared “surprised” to see him, and that Thao had asked if there were any

police officers nearby. Eventually, Thao “told [B.V. that] he [thought] he [had] shot

somebody.” B.V. initially thought that Thao was joking, and inquired again. When B.V.

asked Thao whom he had shot, Thao replied, “maybe some OMBs.” When B.V. asked

him why, Thao responded, “man, you already know.” Thao told B.V. that he thought he

had “f***ed up” and “shot a girl and maybe a guy.” He admitted to having thrown the




                                             4
gun away. Additionally, B.N., who had accompanied B.V., testified that Thao appeared

shocked and talked “gibberish.” B.N. overheard Thao say he “did a shoot-out.”

       During these conversations, Thao cleaned the driver’s-side door, window, and

dashboard of his Acura with Clorox-type wipes. When Thao finished, he discarded the

wipes in a garbage can near B.V.’s garage. Before leaving, Thao washed his hands,

apologized for frightening B.V.’s wife, and told B.V. that if they never saw each other

again, B.V. had been a good friend.

       The next day, police officers collected the wipes from B.V.’s garbage can. The

BCA tested them and found particles consistent with the discharge of a firearm. When

officers arrested Thao 3 days after the shooting, they swabbed the headliner and driver’s-

side window of Thao’s Acura. The sample from the window contained “many” particles

consistent with gunshot residue, and the headliner sample contained “a few” such

particles.

       Investigators used records from Thao’s service provider to ascertain the

approximate location of his cellphone immediately before and after the shooting. The

records showed that, approximately 3 minutes before the shooting, a call from Thao’s

cellphone was made near the Moonshine Saloon. Another call later that morning was

made near B.V.’s home. Police investigators determined that Thao’s cellphone was

never used again after the morning of the shooting. Thao had a different cellphone on the

day of his arrest, a pre-paid device that he had activated the day after the shooting.




                                              5
       A grand jury indicted Thao on 14 total counts, including one count of first-degree

premeditated murder for the benefit of a gang and two counts of attempted first-degree

premeditated murder for the benefit of a gang. Prior to trial, the State notified the defense

of its intent to offer evidence of three prior incidents: (1) Thao’s 2000 conviction of

attempted murder, which involved a drive-by shooting; (2) a 1998 incident in which Thao

was the victim of an assault by a rival gang member; and (3) a 1997 assault for which

Thao was adjudicated delinquent. The State also sought to introduce the testimony of a

police officer, an expert on gangs, who would testify about his general knowledge of

Hmong gangs and his specific knowledge about Thao’s past gang involvement. After a

hearing on the motions, the district court granted the State’s motion to admit the evidence

of the 2000 conviction and the expert testimony, but denied the other motions. The court

explained that evidence of the 2000 conviction was admissible “because of the similarity

in [modus operandi] . . . and the manner that the crime was committed as well as the

efforts to hide the crime,” but cautioned the State “not to argue that [Thao] . . . acted in

conformity with the character that he [had] displayed in 2000.” The court acknowledged

that the admissibility of Thao’s conviction was a close question.

       At trial, the State introduced evidence regarding Thao’s 2000 conviction,

including that Thao had fired multiple shots with a semi-automatic pistol out of his car

window at a rival gang member. The State also introduced testimony from Sergeant

Richard Straka, a member of the St. Paul Police Department assigned to the FBI’s Twin

Cities Safe Streets Violent Gang Task Force, who told the jury that he had interviewed




                                             6
Thao in 2000 in connection with a drive-by shooting, and that Thao had admitted to

disposing of his gun in the Mississippi River.

       Sergeant Straka also testified more generally about Hmong gangs, including the

ORB and OMB gangs.          He stated that gang members commonly share guns and

ammunition and use gloves when handling weapons to avoid leaving DNA evidence.

Straka further testified about his investigation into the 2013 stabbing of a younger brother

of an ORB member at the Moonshine Saloon. Straka identified the suspects in that

incident as members of the OMB gang. He also discussed the prominent role that

retaliation plays in gang culture, including his opinion that the stabbing was the type of

incident likely to provoke retaliation from the ORBs. Finally, Straka, who has known

Thao since 1997, testified that Thao had told him in 2000 that he was a member of the

ORBs. Using photographs, Straka identified three of Thao’s tattoos as ORB gang tattoos.

       The jury found Thao guilty of all charges. The district court convicted Thao of

one count of first-degree premeditated murder for the benefit of a gang for Xiong’s death,

Minn. Stat. §§ 609.185(a)(1); 609.229, subd. 2, and sentenced Thao to life in prison

without the possibility of release, Minn. Stat. § 609.106, subd. 2(1) (2014). The district

court also convicted Thao of two counts of attempted first-degree premeditated murder

for the benefit of a gang for the shootings of T.X. and P.L, Minn. Stat. §§ 609.185(a)(1);

609.229, subd. 2; 609.17, and sentenced him to concurrent terms of 236 months in prison

and 240 months in prison, respectively, for those crimes.




                                             7
                                           II.

      The first question presented by this case is whether the district court abused its

discretion when it allowed the State to introduce evidence of Thao’s prior attempted-

murder conviction. Evidence of a defendant’s past crimes or uncharged conduct is not

admissible to show the defendant’s bad character in order to raise an inference that the

defendant’s conduct conformed to that character. Minn. R. Evid. 404(b). However, such

evidence is admissible for other purposes, including to show motive, intent, absence of

mistake, identity, or a common scheme or plan. Id. The danger of admitting prior-bad-

acts evidence, which we have referred to in Minnesota as “Spreigl evidence,” “is that the

jury may convict because of those other crimes or misconduct, not because the

defendant’s guilt of the charged crime is proved.” State v. Ness, 707 N.W.2d 676, 685

(Minn. 2006); see also State v. Washington, 693 N.W.2d 195, 200-01 (Minn. 2005)

(noting that the “overarching concern” regarding Spreigl evidence is its potential use for

an improper purpose, such as suggesting that the defendant has the propensity to commit

a crime); State v. Spreigl, 272 Minn. 488, 491, 139 N.W.2d 167, 169 (1965) (addressing

prior-bad-acts evidence).

      Thao contends that the State used the evidence regarding his attempted-murder

conviction for an improper purpose under Rule 404(b): “to show that [he] was a criminal

with the propensity to shoot at rival gang members.” Thao also questions whether the

evidence was too generic to be of much probative value, arguing that nothing from the

previous crime reflected a modus operandi. The State counters that the 2000 conviction




                                            8
established identity, one of the permitted uses of prior-bad-acts evidence, because a

motivation for revenge, similar methods, and a familiarity with the disposal of firearms

were present in both crimes.

       To receive a new trial, Thao has to show not only that the district court abused its

discretion when it admitted the evidence, but also that its admission was harmful. See

Minn. R. Crim. P. 31.01; State v. Sanders, 775 N.W.2d 883, 887 (Minn. 2009). An error

is harmful if there is a reasonable possibility that the “wrongfully admitted evidence

significantly affected the verdict.” State v. Courtney, 696 N.W.2d 73, 84 (Minn. 2005)

(citing State v. Bolte, 530 N.W.2d 191, 198 (Minn. 1995)). When determining whether

the admission of prior-bad-acts evidence is harmful, we have considered

       whether the district court “instructed the jury to limit the use of the other
       crime evidence and not to convict [the defendant] based on that evidence.”
       We presume a jury follows a court’s cautionary instruction. Other relevant
       considerations are whether the State dwelled on the evidence in closing
       argument and whether the evidence of guilt was overwhelming.

State v. Riddley, 776 N.W.2d 419, 428 (Minn. 2009) (alteration in original) (citations

omitted). In this case, we need not determine whether the district court abused its

discretion when it permitted the State to introduce prior-bad-acts evidence because,

regardless of any error that may have occurred, there is no reasonable possibility that the

allegedly inadmissible evidence significantly affected the outcome of the trial.

       First, the district court “instructed the jury to limit the use of the other crime

evidence and not to convict [Thao] based on that evidence.” Id. Specifically, the court

told the jury that “[Thao] is not being tried for and may not be convicted of any offenses




                                             9
other than the charged offenses. You are not to convict [him] on the basis of the

occurrences on April 1, 2000.” The court also warned the jury that it could not use the

2000 incident to make a finding about Thao’s character or to conclude that he “acted in

conformity with such character.” The court’s cautionary instructions, taken as a whole,

“lessened the probability of undue weight being given by the jury to the evidence.” State

v. Kennedy, 585 N.W.2d 385, 392 (Minn. 1998).

       Second, although the prosecutor twice alluded to the 2000 incident during her

closing arguments, she did not dwell on it. She stated: “[y]ou know the defendant knows

how to shoot. And you know the defendant knows how to shoot from a moving vehicle.

One shot, and he hit his victim before.” Moments later, she reminded the jury that Thao

knew how to conceal DNA evidence: “[w]e know the defendant knows this. We don’t

recover a gun. He - - he tries to conceal the way he looks at the scene, the way he looks

after the scene, the evidence the police recover. Of course he’s concealing his DNA.”

However, besides these two isolated references, the latter of which also finds support in

Straka’s general expert testimony on gangs, the prosecutor emphasized other evidence in

her closing argument to persuade the jury of Thao’s identity as the shooter.

       Third, the State presented overwhelming evidence of guilt apart from the prior-

bad-acts evidence. Witnesses identified Thao’s Acura as the vehicle from which the

gunshots originated. Eyewitness testimony and video surveillance showed Thao leaving

the bar just minutes before the shooting. Two witnesses testified that Thao unexpectedly

appeared at a friend’s house in the middle of the night—approximately 15 minutes after




                                            10
the shooting occurred—and discarded his jacket and wiped down his car.               Police

investigators discovered gunshot residue on the car and the wipes that Thao had used to

clean the car. Cellphone evidence corroborated the other evidence of Thao’s presence at

the bar and at B.V.’s house. Finally, Straka and other witnesses testified that Thao

associated with the ORB gang and that the shooting could have been retaliation for the

stabbing that had occurred several months earlier at the Moonshine Saloon.

       Accordingly, based on the entire record, we conclude that there is no reasonable

possibility that the admission of evidence establishing the facts surrounding Thao’s prior

attempted-murder conviction significantly affected the jury’s verdict. Therefore, the

allegedly erroneous admission of the evidence was harmless.

                                            III.

       The second question in this case is whether the district court abused its discretion

when it admitted Straka’s testimony about gang culture and Thao’s history of gang

membership. Thao objected to the testimony because, in his view, it was cumulative to

the testimony of the lay witnesses, was speculative, and improperly influenced the jury.

We disagree.

       The admissibility of the expert testimony turns on Minn. R. Evid. 702, which

provides that an expert may testify “in the form of an opinion” if the expert’s “scientific,

technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the

evidence or to determine a fact in issue.” We review evidentiary rulings, including those

related to the admissibility of expert testimony, for an abuse of discretion. State v. Vang,




                                            11
774 N.W.2d 566, 576 (Minn. 2009). The State may offer expert testimony on gangs

when, as here, a defendant has been charged with committing a crime for the benefit of a

gang, id., and the testimony adds “precision or depth to the jury’s ability to reach

conclusions about matters that are not within its experience,” State v. DeShay,

669 N.W.2d 878, 888 (Minn. 2003). The “ultimate question of admissibility [under Rule

702] is whether the expert’s testimony will help” the jury evaluate the evidence or resolve

factual issues. Id. at 884 (internal quotation marks omitted).

       Five of the counts in this case required the State to prove that Thao committed the

crime for the benefit of a gang. See Minn. Stat. § 609.229, subd. 2 (2014). Specifically,

for these counts, the State had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Thao committed

the crime “for the benefit of, at the direction of, in association with, or motivated by

involvement with a criminal gang with the intent to promote, further, or assist in criminal

conduct by gang members . . . .” Id. The focus of this case, in addition to the identity of

the shooter, was the motivation for the crime and whether it related to Thao’s

membership in a gang.

       To the extent that Straka testified about Thao and his past gang involvement, such

testimony was not speculative because it was based on his first-hand knowledge. See

Deshay, 669 N.W.2d at 886 (stating that the preferred practice for proving that a crime

was for the benefit of the gang is to have witnesses with first-hand knowledge testify).

Moreover, although Straka testified that the previous stabbing at the Moonshine Saloon

was the type of incident likely to provoke retaliation, he did not speculate that the




                                            12
shooting was in fact motivated by retaliation. Nor did he directly implicate Thao in the

murder. See State v. McDaniel, 777 N.W.2d 739, 748-49 (Minn. 2010) (concluding that

the admission of generalized gang evidence was helpful to prove motive).

       Moreover, Straka’s testimony was not duplicative of other witness testimony. No

other witness testified about Thao’s gang tattoos or explained that gang members share

guns and ammunition and use gloves when handling weapons and bullets to avoid

leaving DNA evidence. Thus, Straka’s testimony describing the nature of gangs was

necessary to provide context for the State’s theory of the case, in addition to proving that

several of the charged offenses were committed for the benefit of a gang. See Vang,

774 N.W.2d at 576. We have previously affirmed the admission of such testimony under

similar circumstances. See, e.g., State v. Brown, 815 N.W.2d 609, 620 (Minn. 2012)

(affirming the admission of gang testimony in which the expert described Minneapolis

gangs, including their participation in criminal activities); McDaniel, 777 N.W.2d at

748-49 (affirming the admission of similar testimony). There is no reason to reach a

different conclusion in this case.

                                            IV.

       The third question presented by this case is whether the district court erred in its

instruction on reasonable doubt because it used language from State v. Smith,

674 N.W.2d 398 (Minn. 2004), rather than the language of the pattern jury instruction.

See 10 Minn. Dist. Judges Ass’n, Minnesota Practice─Jury Instruction Guides, Criminal,

CRIMJIG 3.03 (6th ed. 2015).         District courts “are afforded broad discretion and




                                            13
considerable latitude in choosing the language of jury instructions.” Smith, 674 N.W.2d

at 400 (citing Hilligoss v. Cargill Inc., 649 N.W.2d 142, 147 (Minn. 2002); State v. Gray,

456 N.W.2d 251, 258 (Minn. 1990)). However, jury instructions, when viewed as a

whole, must fairly and adequately explain the law. Smith, 674 N.W.2d at 400 (citing

State v. Flores, 418 N.W.2d 150, 155 (Minn. 1988)). Although district courts may favor

pattern jury instructions, their use is not required. Flores, 418 N.W.2d at 156.

       Thao maintains that the district court’s explanation of reasonable doubt implied

that he had the burden to produce facts consistent with his innocence. See Braylock v.

Jesson, 819 N.W.2d 585, 590-91 (Minn. 2012) (explaining the differences between

burdens of production and persuasion). The district court, in instructing the jury, elected

not to rely on the pattern language from the CRIMJIG, which states that reasonable doubt

“does not mean a fanciful or capricious doubt, nor does it mean beyond all possibility of

doubt.” See CRIMJIG 3.03. Instead, it instructed the jury as follows:

       Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is that amount of proof as ordinary men
       and women would act upon in their most important decisions. A
       reasonable doubt is a doubt based upon reason and common sense. It is not
       reasonable doubt if your doubt is based upon speculation or irrelevant
       details.

The disputed language, which is in italics, is materially the same as the instruction on

reasonable doubt that we approved in Smith:

       Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is simply that amount of proof that
       ordinary men and women rely upon in making their own most important
       decisions. You have a reasonable doubt if your doubts are based upon
       reason and common sense. You do not have a reasonable doubt if your
       doubts are based upon speculation or irrelevant details.




                                            14
674 N.W.2d at 401 (emphasis added).

       Thao does not object to the slight wording differences between the two instructions,

but rather argues that the words “speculation” and “irrelevant details” in the instruction

allowed the jurors to reject reasonable doubts that they formed inferentially. In other

words, in Thao’s view, asking the jury to disregard reasonable speculation impermissibly

narrowed the standard and allowed the State to more easily convict him.

       We rejected this precise argument in Smith. See 674 N.W.2d at 403. As we

observed, “the word ‘speculation’ cannot be viewed by itself, but must be read in context

and in tandem with the words ‘irrelevant details,’ the words with which speculation is

coupled,” and with the remainder of the instructions. Id. Viewed that way, Smith

concluded that the inclusion of the word “speculation” did not “impermissibly narrow the

reasonable doubt standard nor mislead, confuse, or misstate the law.” Id. Smith is

binding, and Thao provides no reason, much less a compelling one, for us to depart from

its holding in this case. See State v. Martin, 773 N.W.2d 89, 98 (Minn. 2009) (stating

that a “compelling reason” is required to overrule precedent). Accordingly, we reject

Thao’s claim that the district court erroneously instructed the jury on reasonable doubt.1

                                            V.

       Finally, Thao’s pro se brief contains eight arguments that we construe as claims of

prosecutorial misconduct during trial, improper admission of evidence, and ineffective


1
       It makes no difference that Smith applied the plain-error standard to review the
reasonable-doubt instruction because, like Smith, we conclude that, regardless of the
standard of review, the instruction was not erroneous.



                                            15
assistance of trial counsel. The ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim relates to trial

counsel’s failure to hire a video-surveillance expert, object to the search of Thao’s

cellphone records, and challenge the indictment.              Thao’s arguments are either

unsupported by the record, premature, or devoid of citation to legal authority. See State

v. Benton, 858 N.W.2d 535, 542 (Minn. 2015) (citing State v. Bartylla, 755 N.W.2d 8, 22

(Minn. 2008) (“We will not consider pro se claims on appeal that are unsupported by

either arguments or citations to legal authority.”)). We therefore conclude that Thao is

not entitled to relief based on any of his pro se claims.

                                             VI.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Thao’s convictions of first-degree

premeditated murder for the benefit of a gang and attempted first-degree premeditated

murder for the benefit of a gang.

       Affirmed.

       HUDSON, J., not having been a member of this court at the time of submission,

took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.




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