                                                                            FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                             JUL 21 2020
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


MATT SARGENT; J. DOE,                            No.   19-15348

              Plaintiffs-Appellants,             D.C. No. 3:18-cv-07017-VC

 v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
TANI CANTIL-SAKAUYE, in her official
capacity as Chairman of the Judicial
Council of California and Chief Justice of
California; MARTIN HOSHINO, in his
official capacity as Administrative
Director of the Judicial Council of
California,

              Defendants-Appellees.


                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Northern District of California
                     Vince Chhabria, District Judge, Presiding

                             Submitted July 16, 2020**
                             San Francisco, California




      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
Before: IKUTA and HURWITZ, Circuit Judges, and TAGLE,*** District Judge.

      Matt Sargent appeals the dismissal of his complaint challenging the

California vexatious litigant statute (the “CVLS”), Cal. Civ. Proc. Code

§ 391–391.8, as unconstitutional under both the United States and California

Constitutions. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

      Sargent’s argument that the CVLS violates the First Amendment is

foreclosed by Wolfe v. George, 486 F.3d 1120 (9th Cir. 2007), which rejected the

same facial constitutional challenges to the CVLS raised by Sargent. Sargent’s

argument that the CVLS impermissibly chills the First Amendment right to access

the courts is meritless, given Wolfe’s holding that there is no constitutional right to

file the sort of frivolous litigation barred by the CVLS. Id. at 1125. Because Wolfe

stated that it was addressing an “[o]verbreadth” challenge, id. at 1124, which by

definition is a facial challenge, see United States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285, 292

(2008), Sargent’s argument that Wolfe addressed only an as-applied challenge also

fails. We are therefore bound by the decision in Wolfe. See Rodriguez v. AT & T

Mobility Servs. LLC, 728 F.3d 975, 979 (9th Cir. 2013). Ringgold-Lockhart v.

County of Los Angeles, which addressed federal vexatious litigant rules and



      ***
            The Honorable Hilda G. Tagle, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of Texas, sitting by designation.
                                           2
expressly did not consider the CVLS, is therefore not applicable. 761 F.3d 1057,

1061 n.1 (9th Cir. 2014).

      We also reject Sargent’s argument that § 391.7(b) of the California Code of

Civil Procedure violates the California constitutional provisions prohibiting a

single appellate judge from making a “judgment,” Cal. Const. art. VI, § 3, or from

“determin[ing] causes” without putting reasons in writing, Cal. Const. art. VI, § 14,

because a single appellate judge determining whether a litigation “has merit” under

§ 391.7(b) “does not pass on [the litigation’s] merits,” but “merely determines if

there is an issue to review on appeal.”1 In re R.H., 170 Cal. App. 4th 678, 701

(2009), overruled on other grounds by John v. Superior Court, 63 Cal. 4th 91, 369

P.3d 238 (2016). Moran v. Murtaugh Miller Meyer & Nelson, LLP, 40 Cal. 4th

780 (2007), did not address the standard considered in In re R.H., a single judge’s

determination whether an appeal “has merit,” § 391.7, but instead addressed a

different standard, an appellate panel’s determination whether there is a

“reasonable probability” that a vexatious litigant will prevail. Id. at 784 (quoting

Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 391.3 (1982)). Therefore, Moran does not provide


      1
        To the extent Sargent challenges section 391.3 or 391.4 of the California
Code of Civil Procedure on the same grounds, his argument fails because those
sections require the full court, not a single appellate judge, to make the relevant
determinations. Because section 391.3 does not require a single judge to make a
judgment, the fact that section 391.3 was amended in 2013 is irrelevant.
                                           3
convincing evidence that the California Supreme Court would not follow In re

R.H.. See Ryman v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 505 F.3d 993, 994 (9th Cir. 2007).

      Sargent’s other challenges also fail. The CVLS does not violate the

Supremacy Clause because it does not limit access to federal courts. See Donovan

v. City of Dallas, 377 U.S. 408, 413–14 (1964). Sargent’s Fifth Amendment

challenge fails because it is “general, mentioned only in passing, and . . .

unsupported by meaningful argument.” United States v. Stoterau, 524 F.3d 988,

1003 n.7 (9th Cir. 2008). Sargent’s facial challenge to the CVLS as violating the

Fourteenth Amendment “[d]ue process guarantee[]” of “an absence of actual bias

on the part of a judge,” Williams v. Pennsylvania, 136 S. Ct. 1899, 1905 (2016)

(quotation omitted), also fails because the single hypothetical Sargent describes

does not show “that the law is unconstitutional in all of its applications,”

Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party, 552 U.S. 442,

449 (2008). Nor does the CVLS violate California public policy by discriminating

against indigent litigants. See Moran, 40 Cal. 4th at 786.2

      AFFIRMED.




      2
       We deny Sargent’s motion for reconsideration of the order denying his
motion to declare Xavier Becerra a vexatious litigant (Dkt 58).
                                           4
