                             NUMBER 13-10-00605-CR

                               COURT OF APPEALS

                       THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                         CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG


DAVID VILLARREAL,                                                            Appellant,

                                            v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                                           Appellee.


                    On appeal from the 105th District Court
                          of Nueces County, Texas.


                             MEMORANDUM OPINION

        Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Garza and Vela
             Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Valdez

       Appellant, David Villarreal, pleaded guilty to the offense of aggravated robbery, a

first-degree felony, with an affirmative deadly-weapon finding. See TEX. PENAL CODE

ANN. § 29.03(a)(2), (b) (West 2003). The trial court sentenced Villarreal to fifteen years‘

confinement. By three issues, Villarreal challenges the trial court‘s denial of his motion
to suppress the evidence and his motions to suppress the witnesses‘ out-of-court and

in-court identifications of the defendant. We affirm.

                                         I.      BACKGROUND1

        At approximately midnight on April 28, 2010, two men entered Cody‘s bar in

Corpus Christi, Texas, and robbed several customers at gunpoint. Witnesses stated

that the perpetrators were two Hispanic males wearing bandanas over their faces

traveling in a white SUV with dark tinted windows. The police department then issued a

―BOLO‖ (―be on the lookout for‖) for the white SUV. After hearing the BOLO, Officer

Ralph Vasquez attempted to initiate a traffic stop of the white Tahoe in which Villarreal

was traveling; however, the driver refused to stop, and the officer pursued the vehicle at

a high speed. After crashing through two gates, the Tahoe came to a stop. Villarreal

and the two other men in the Tahoe, Marcos Ayala and Uvaldo Davila, were then

transported to the bar where several witnesses identified Villarreal as one of the men

who had committed the robbery.

        Villarreal filed a motion to suppress the evidence, claiming that Officer Vasquez

did not have reasonable suspicion to initiate a stop of the vehicle, and motions to

suppress the witnesses‘ out-of-court and in-court identifications.2 After conducting a

hearing, the trial court denied Villarreal‘s motion to suppress the evidence; however, the




        1
           Because this is a memorandum opinion and the parties are familiar with the facts, we will not
recite them here except as necessary to advise the parties of the Court‘s decision and the basic reasons
for it. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4.
        2
         In his motion to suppress evidence, Villarreal sought to suppress ―any tangible evidence seized
in connection with this case, including any firearms and/or wallets‖ that were seized by the police.


                                                   2
trial court did not rule on Villarreal‘s motions to suppress the out-of-court and in-court

identifications.3

        Pursuant to a plea agreement with the State, Villarreal pleaded guilty to one

count of aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon finding. The trial court sentenced

Villarreal to fifteen years‘ confinement.4            The trial court certified Villarreal‘s right to

appeal matters raised by written motion filed and ruled on before trial and not withdrawn

or waived. This appeal followed.

                               II.     MOTION TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE

        By his first issue, Villarreal contends that the trial court violated the Fourth

Amendment by denying his motion to suppress the evidence. Specifically, Villarreal

argues that the evidence against him was improperly obtained because Officer Vasquez

did not have sufficient reasonable suspicion to initiate the stop of the Tahoe.

A.      The Evidence

        Officer Vasquez testified that just after midnight, he heard over his radio that a

white SUV with dark tinted windows had been used by ―at least two subjects‖ in a

robbery at Cody‘s. Officer Vasquez stated that ten minutes after the robbery, he saw a

white Tahoe about two blocks from Cody‘s bar.5 Officer Vasquez observed the driver


        3
           At the conclusion of the hearing on Villarreal‘s motions to suppress the out-of-court and in-court
identifications, all parties agreed to reset the hearing for another date; however, no such hearing was
ever held.
        4
          Appellant also pleaded ―true‖ to the allegations in the State‘s motion to revoke community
supervision in a separate case. In that case, the trial court found Villarreal guilty of the offense of credit
card abuse, revoked his probation, and sentenced him to two years‘ confinement in state jail to run
concurrently with the fifteen-year sentence for aggravated robbery.
        5
           According to Officer Vasquez, in his experience, people who have committed an armed robbery
may stay in the area of the robbery for ―[s]ubterfuge.‖ Officer Vasquez explained, ―There‘s [sic] a lot of
residential areas. There‘s [sic] at least three apartment complexes, four apartment complexes within a
half-mile radius. They could just duck in, sit there and wait.‖


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alone in the front seat of the Tahoe and ―two figures moving in the back seat of the

vehicle.‖ Officer Vasquez explained that he was unable to clearly see what the people

in the Tahoe were doing because it had tinted windows. After driving behind the Tahoe

for a few minutes, another officer joined the pursuit, and Officer Vasquez activated his

overhead lights to initiate a traffic stop of the vehicle. According to Officer Vasquez, the

driver of the Tahoe refused to stop and accelerated to approximately sixty miles per

hour. Officer Vasquez pursued the Tahoe through residential areas and ―down Carroll

to Staples, Staples to Kostoryz, Kostoryz to Norton.‖ Once they ―hit‖ Norton, they ―hit

Lynnwood went back to Brawner; came around Brawner, [and] hit the next street

over . . . .‖ While pursuing the Tahoe, Officer Vasquez

             observed the right—the left passenger throw out an object, right
       when [they] came from Brawner back onto Lynnwood . . . . Right when he
       rounded the corner, you could see him chunk something out.

              ....

              I observed the guy in the back right throw out looked like credit
       cards, wallets, when he rounded the corner; then we went down Baldwin,
       went through a parking lot on Ayers, went down a couple of other streets.
       We finally got to Bufford and stopped on 23rd Street, at a residence on
       23rd.

According to Officer Vasquez, one of the objects he observed thrown from the Tahoe

appeared to be a weapon because it was heavy, bulky and glimmered. Officer Vasquez

stated that when the Tahoe traveled through the parking lot, the driver ―crashed through

two gates‖ and one of the gates hit Officer Vasquez‘s patrol car.         Once the driver

stopped the vehicle, the police officers initiated a ―felony stop‖ requiring each occupant

to exit the vehicle one at a time.




                                             4
      Officer Vasquez testified that he activated his overhead lights in an attempt to

initiate an investigatory stop of the vehicle because he had a reasonable suspicion that

the occupants may have been involved in the robbery at Cody‘s bar. Officer Vasquez

explained he was suspicious because the Tahoe matched the description given by the

witnesses, there was more than one person in the vehicle, the Tahoe was located only

two blocks from Cody‘s bar, and Officer Vasquez spotted the Tahoe ten minutes after

the robbery occurred. Officer Vasquez testified that he did not observe any traffic in the

vicinity at that hour and that the Tahoe was the only white SUV with dark tinted windows

on the road. Officer Vasquez also thought that it was suspicious that one person was

driving and two people were riding in the back seat.

      On cross-examination, Officer Vasquez acknowledged that he was not told the

make, model, or approximate year of the vehicle. Officer Vasquez stated that when he

―ran‖ the license plate number, he discovered it was from Houston, which Officer

Vasquez did not find suspicious. Officer Vasquez agreed that it was ―possible‖ that the

fact that one person was driving while two people were riding in the back seat did not

suggest that a crime was being committed or had been committed. When asked what

crime he observed, Officer Vasquez stated that he observed the traffic violation of

failure to maintain a single lane.    Officer Vasquez acknowledged that he had not

documented the traffic violation in his report and that the traffic violation was not

included in the entire investigation file. Officer Vasquez stated that he thought he ―might

have‖ issued a citation but could not recall. Officer Vasquez did not have a copy of the

citation. Officer Vasquez testified that two of the victims‘ cell phones were found in the

Tahoe.



                                            5
B.     Standard of Review

       We review a trial court‘s ruling on a motion to suppress for an abuse of

discretion. Crain v. State, 315 S.W.3d 43, 48 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). In reviewing a

trial court‘s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence for an abuse of discretion, we use a

bifurcated standard. State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 856 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (en

banc) (citing Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 88 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (en banc));

see also Urbina v. State, No. 13-08-00562-CR, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 6728, **3-7 (Tex.

App.—Corpus Christi Aug. 19, 2010, pet. ref‘d) (mem. op., not designated for

publication). We give almost total deference to the trial court‘s findings of historical fact

that are supported by the record and to mixed questions of law and fact that turn on an

evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2007) (citing Guzman, 995 S.W.2d at 89). We ―review de novo ‗mixed

questions of law and fact‘ that do not depend upon credibility and demeanor.‖             Id.

(quoting Montanez v. State, 195 S.W.3d 101, 107 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)); Guzman,

995 S.W.2d at 89.

       In our review, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial

court‘s ruling. State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). When the

trial court has not made a finding on a relevant fact, we imply the finding that supports

the trial court‘s ruling if it is supported by the record. Id.

C.     Applicable Law

       An investigative detention is a seizure for purposes of Fourth Amendment

analysis. Johnson v. State, 912 S.W.2d 227, 235 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). To justify the

detention, the state must provide evidence showing sufficient facts to prove that



                                                6
reasonable suspicion existed that a particular person had engaged in criminal activity.

Garcia v. State, 43 S.W.3d 527, 530 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).

      Under the Fourth Amendment and article I section 9 of the Texas Constitution, a

person has not been seized until he has yielded to a law enforcement officer‘s show of

authority or when officers physically limit his movement. California v. Hodari D., 499

U.S. 621, 626 (1991) (holding that a seizure does not occur when the subject does not

yield to an officer‘s show of authority); Johnson, 912 S.W.2d at 232, 234–235. When a

suspect does not yield to an officer‘s show of authority, a seizure under the Fourth

Amendment has not occurred. Hodari, 499 U.S. at 636; Johnson, 912 S.W.2d at 236.

An officer‘s show of authority occurs when his actions cause a reasonable person to

believe he or she is not free to leave. Hernandez v. State, 963 S.W.2d 921, 924 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. ref‘d).

D.    Discussion

      Officer Vasquez‘s activation of his overhead lights constituted a show of

authority. Id. However, the driver of the Tahoe did not yield to Officer Vasquez‘s show

of authority and instead led the police on a high speed chase. Therefore, the Tahoe

and its occupants had not been seized under the Fourth Amendment until the driver

yielded to the officer‘s show of authority by stopping the vehicle after crashing through

the two gates. See id.

      At the suppression hearing, Officer Vasquez testified that while in pursuit of the

Tahoe, he observed the occupants, including Villarreal, throw credit cards, wallets, and

an item appearing to be a weapon out of the window before the driver yielded to his

show of authority. No evidence was presented to contest this testimony. Because the



                                           7
undisputed testimony showed that those items were abandoned before any seizure

occurred, federal and state constitutional protections from unreasonable seizures were

not implicated. See Hernandez, 963 S.W.2d at 925. The uncontested evidence also

showed that the driver of the Tahoe committed the crime of evasion. See TEX. PENAL

CODE ANN. § 38.04(a) (West Supp. 2010) (―A person commits an offense if he

intentionally flees from a person he knows is a peace officer or federal special

investigator attempting lawfully to arrest or detain him.‖). The violation of a law in an

officer‘s presence provides sufficient authority to initiate a stop. Armitage v. State, 637

S.W.2d 936, 939 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982). Therefore, Officer Vasquez was justified in

initiating a stop of the vehicle after he observed the driver commit this offense. Id.

       Furthermore, Officer Vasquez could have formed a reasonable suspicion that the

occupants of the Tahoe had been involved in the robbery based on the following: (1)

the description of the vehicle; (2) the vehicle‘s proximity to Cody‘s bar; (3) the fact that

Officer Vasquez spotted the Tahoe merely ten minutes after the robbery occurred and

saw no other vehicles matching the description in the vicinity; (4) the driver‘s evasion of

the police officers; (5) and because Officer Vasquez witnessed the occupants of the

Tahoe throw credit cards, wallets, and other objects out of the vehicle during the pursuit.

Accordingly, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the ruling, see Kelly,

204 S.W.3d at 818, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by

denying Villarreal‘s motion to suppress the evidence. See Ross, 32 S.W.3d at 856. We

overrule Villarreal‘s first issue.

       III.    MOTIONS TO SUPPRESS IN-COURT AND OUT-OF-COURT IDENTIFICATIONS




                                             8
        By his second issue, Villarreal contends that the witnesses‘ field identifications of

him were impermissibly suggestive and led to an irreparable misidentification. By his

third issue, Villarreal contends that it was error for the trial court ―to admit the in[-]court

identification of [him] after unreliable out[-]of[-]court identification[s] taint[ed] any future

dependable identifications of [him].‖6 The State counters that Villarreal has waived

these issues because Villarreal abandoned these motions before pleading guilty and the

trial court did not rule on them. We agree with the State.

        To preserve error on a motion to suppress, a defendant is required to obtain a

ruling from the trial court on the motion. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(2); Montanez v. State,

195 S.W.3d 101, 104 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Bollinger v. State, 224 S.W.3d 768, 778

(Tex. App.—Eastland 2007, pet. ref‘d) (holding defendant who failed to obtain a ruling

on any of three pretrial motions to suppress failed to preserve error).                    Moreover, a

defendant‘s right to appeal from a plea-bargained case is limited to, among other things,

―those matters that were raised by written motion filed and ruled on before trial.‖ TEX. R.

APP. P. 25.2(a)(2)(A).

        Here, the trial court explicitly ruled on Villarreal‘s motion to suppress the

evidence, but it reset the hearing on Villarreal‘s motions to suppress the in-court and

out-of-court identifications, and deferred making a ruling on those motions. All parties

agreed that the hearing on Villarreal‘s motions should be reset to hear testimony from

another witness for the State, and Villarreal‘s trial counsel reserved her argument for the

conclusion of that hearing. However, no such continuance of the hearing was held, and

        6
          We note that a trial was never held regarding Villarreal‘s guilt; therefore, the evidence was not
admitted at trial. However, several of the identification witnesses testified at the suppression hearing.
Furthermore, the trial court did not rule on these motions; therefore it is unknown whether it would have
admitted the witnesses‘ identifications at trial.


                                                    9
the trial court did not make an oral or written ruling on Villarreal‘s motions to suppress

the in-court and out-of-court identifications.

       Under certain circumstances, not found in this case, a trial court may impliedly

rule on a motion to suppress. See Montanez, 195 S.W.3d at 104-05. In Montanez, the

defendant filed one pretrial motion to suppress, and the record did not contain a formal

ruling from the trial court on the defendant‘s motion. Id. at 103. However, the record of

the suppression hearing showed that the trial court stated a clear intent to rule on the

motion the next day.      Id. at 105.   That intent was corroborated by the trial court‘s

certification of the defendant‘s right to appeal. Id. In addition, the last line on the trial

court‘s docket sheet stated ―appeal preserved as to issues presented.‖ Id. Citing those

three indicators of the trial court‘s intent, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals concluded

that the trial court‘s actions and statements had ―unquestionably indicate[d]‖ that the trial

court made an adverse ruling on the defendant‘s motion to suppress. Id. at 105.

       Here, Villarreal filed three separate motions to suppress, one of which was

explicitly ruled upon by the trial court. The trial court failed to explicitly rule on the other

two motions, and it did not state a clear intent to rule on those motions.              On the

contrary, the trial court instead reset the suppression hearing on those motions to hear

additional evidence, and trial counsel reserved their arguments for that proceeding. In

this case, unlike in Montanez, the record does not ―unquestionably‖ reflect that the trial

court specifically denied appellant‘s motion to suppress the out-of-court and in-court

identifications of Villarreal. Instead, the record reflects only that the trial court ruled

upon the motion regarding suppression of the evidence.




                                              10
       Moreover, Villarreal pleaded guilty, and as part of his plea agreement, Villarreal

agreed to ―waive all pretrial motions on file.‖    See Montanez, 195 S.W.3d at 105

(―Indeed, a defendant can abandon a motion to suppress before entering a guilty

plea.‖).   The trial court‘s docket sheet shows that the trial court denied Villarreal‘s

motion to suppress evidence concerning the traffic stop; however, the docket sheet

merely shows that Villarreal‘s motions to suppress the identifications were heard on

August 25 and August 30 and that the hearing was recessed without a determination.

The next entry shows that Villarreal pleaded guilty. Based on these facts, we cannot

conclude that the trial court implicitly made an adverse ruling on Villarreal‘s motions to

suppress the witnesses‘ out-of-court and in-court identifications. Accordingly, we find

nothing in the record before us upon which we could imply an adverse ruling by the trial

court regarding those motions. Therefore, Villarreal has not preserved for our review

the issues raised regarding his motions to suppress the out-of-court and in-court

identifications. See Montanez, 195 S.W.3d at 105; see also Sanchez v. State, No. 01-

09-00288-CR, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 3429, at *19 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] May

6, 2010, pet. ref‘d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (concluding that the

appellant failed to preserve his complaint regarding his motion to suppress because the

trial court did not make a ruling on the motion and there was nothing in the record

indicating that the trial court implicitly denied the motion); Rios v. State, No. 13-07-

00220-CR, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 3904, at **5–7 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi May 22,

2008, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (explaining that the appellant

had not preserved error regarding his motion to suppress because the trial court did not

explicitly or implicitly rule on the motion); Resendez v. State, No. 14-07-00318-CR, 2008



                                           11
Tex. App. LEXIS 3731, at **18–21 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 20, 2008, no

pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (finding the facts of Montanez

distinguishable and concluding there was nothing in the record indicating that the trial

court made an implicit ruling on the appellant‘s motion to suppress).      We overrule

Villarreal‘s second and third issues.

                                    IV.   CONCLUSION

       We affirm the trial court‘s judgment.

                                                       _____________________
                                                       ROGELIO VALDEZ
                                                       Chief Justice

Do not Publish.
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b)
Delivered and filed the
15th day of December, 2011.




                                               12
