           In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                        No. 11-297C
                                 (Filed: January 21, 2016)

**************************
                                      *
DAVITA HEALTHCARE PARTNERS,           *
INC. (f/k/a/ DAVITA INC., f/k/a TOTAL *                 Motion In Limine; Electronic
RENAL CARE HOLDINGS, INC., f/k/a *                      Discovery; Electronically Stored
MEDICAL AMBULATORY CARE               *                 Information; Amendments to
DELAWARE, INC.), and PHYSICIANS *                       Fed. R. Civ. P. 1 and 37; Rule
DIALYSIS, INC., and PHYSICIANS        *                 37(c); Fed. R. Evid. 1006.
DIALYSIS VENTURES, INC., and 175      *
DIALYSIS CENTER OWNERS (d/b/a         *
1,462 DIALYSIS CENTERS),              *
                                      *
              Plaintiffs,             *
                                      *
       v.                             *
                                      *
THE UNITED STATES,                    *
                                      *
              Defendant.              *
                                      *
**************************

       Bobby R. Burchfield and Matthew M. Leland, King & Spalding LLP, 1700 Pennsylvania
Avenue, NW, Suite 200, Washington, D.C. 20006, and Paul M. Thompson, McDermott Will &
Emery LLP, 500 North Capital Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20001, for Plaintiffs DaVita
HealthCare Partners Inc. and 1,236 Dialysis Center Owners (Wholly Owned Entities).

       Jason A. Levine and Melissa Velarde Hastings, Vinson & Elkins LLP, 2200
Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 500 West, Washington, D.C. 20037, for Plaintiffs 175 Dialysis
Centers (Joint Venture and Managed Entities).

       Benjamin C. Mizer, Robert E. Kirschman, Jr., Martin F. Hockey, Jr., John S. Groat,
Alexander O. Canizares, and Joshua D. Schnell, United States Department of Justice, Civil
Division, Commercial Litigation Branch, PO Box 480, Ben Franklin Station, Washington, D.C.
20044, for Defendant. Drew Cornacchio, Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of General
Counsel, of Counsel.
             _________________________________________________________

                               OPINION AND ORDER
             _________________________________________________________

WILLIAMS, Judge


       This matter comes before the Court on Defendant’s motion in limine, seeking to exclude
from the record data produced after the close of discovery and alleged summaries.1 For the
reasons stated below, Defendant’s motion is denied.
                                          Background2
        In this action, Plaintiffs claim that the United States Department of Veterans Affairs
(“VA”) underpaid for dialysis services Plaintiffs provided pursuant to both express contracts and
regulations. The instant discovery dispute concerns the VA’s alleged failure to pay Plaintiffs
amounts required under regulation for services rendered pursuant to authorizations.
        Under 38 C.F.R. § 17.52(a), the VA may use individual authorizations to furnish medical
services when there is infrequent demand for such care or services. Section 17.56 governs
payment for dialysis services provided pursuant to authorizations. The version of § 17.56
effective from March 7, 2005 until February 14, 2011, provided:
       Payment for non-VA physician and other health care professional services.
       (a) Except for anesthesia services . . ., payment for non-VA health care
           professional services associated with outpatient and inpatient care provided at
           non-VA facilities authorized under § 17.52 or made under § 17.120 of this
           part, shall be the lesser of the amount billed or the amount calculated using the
           formula developed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’
           (CMS) participating physician fee schedule for the period in which the service
           is provided. This payment methodology is set forth in paragraph (b) of this
           section. If no amount has been calculated under Centers for Medicare and
           Medicaid Services’ participating physician fee schedule or if the services
           constitute anesthesia services, payment for such non-VA health care
           professional services associated with outpatient and inpatient care provided at
           non-VA facilities . . . shall be the lesser of the actual amount billed or the
           amount calculated using the 75th percentile methodology set forth in
           paragraph (c) of this section; or the usual and customary rate if there are fewer
           than 8 treatment occurrences for a procedure during the previous fiscal year.


1
       The Court also addresses motions relating to ongoing discovery disputes.
2
       Detailed background and procedural history is set forth in this Court’s Opinion of March
28, 2013, DaVita, Inc. v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. 71, 75-78 (2013).


                                                2
                                           ***
       (c) Payment under the 75th percentile methodology is determined for each VA
           medical facility by ranking all occurrences (with a minimum of eight) under
           the corresponding code during the previous fiscal year with charges ranked
           from the highest rate billed to the lowest rate billed and the charge falling at
           the 75th percentile as the maximum amount to be paid.
                                           ***
       (e) Payments made in accordance with this section shall constitute payment in
           full. Accordingly, the provider or agent for the provider may not impose any
           additional charge for any services for which payment is made by VA.
38 C.F.R. § 17.56 (2005) (internal citations omitted).
        In 2008, without amending 38 C.F.R. § 17.56, the VA announced that effective January
1, 2009, it would begin reimbursing dialysis providers at Medicare rates, instead of the 75th
percentile rate specified in the regulation. Third Am. Compl. ¶ 53, Ex. F. On July 29, 2009, the
VA issued a memorandum rescinding its 2008 announcement effective July 24, 2009, because
“the decision to implement utilization of Medicare fee schedules to pay for care and services
other than physician and non-physician professional services did not comply with provisions of
the Administrative Procedure Act.” Id. at Ex. F. On November 18, 2009, the VA’s National Fee
Program Office Manager issued a letter to providers stating that in the absence of a contract,
pursuant to 38 C.F.R. § 17.56(a), the VA would reimburse providers for claims filed between
January 1, 2009, and June 24, 2009, at the lesser of the actual amount billed by the provider or
the 75th percentile methodology set forth in 38 C.F.R. § 17.56(c). Id. at Ex. G. The VA
informed providers that it would reconsider claims for dialysis services that had been
erroneously reimbursed at Medicare rates if submitted to the Financial Services Center within 90
days. Id. On December 17, 2010, the VA amended its regulations to allow for providers to be
paid at the Medicare rate effective February 15, 2011. Id. at ¶ 32 (citing 75 Fed. Reg. 78,901
(Dec. 17, 2010)).
        DaVita provided dialysis services via authorizations from 2005 through February 15,
2011. Id. at ¶¶ 36, 65. DaVita seeks reimbursement for alleged underpayments for these
noncontract services provided from 2005 to January 1, 2009, and from between July 25, 2009,
and February 15, 2011. Id. at ¶ 70. For dialysis services between January 1, 2009, and June 24,
2009, DaVita resubmitted its noncontract claims to the Financial Services Center, as advised in
the November 18, 2009 letter from the VA, directing dialysis providers to submit prior dialysis
claims to be reimbursed at the 75th percentile rate. Id. at ¶ 53. When the Financial Services
Center denied the resubmitted claims, DaVita appealed the denials to specific Veterans Affairs
Medical Centers, as the Financial Services Center had instructed. DaVita alleges that the VA
still owes “substantial sums on these claims.” Id. at ¶ 65, 67.

                    Procedural History and the Instant Discovery Dispute
        On May 12, 2011, after the Contracting Officer denied DaVita’s contract-based claim and
the Financial Services Center denied its authorization-based claims, Plaintiffs filed a complaint
in this Court. The parties have since engaged in contentious and prolonged discovery and

                                                 3
motions practice, spanning multiple years and including 17 proceedings before this Court,
totaling over 23 hours. Thirteen motions for enlargement of time have been filed by Defendant,
nine by Plaintiffs, as well as two joint motions. On March 28, 2013, the Court denied
Defendant’s motion to dismiss. DaVita, Inc. v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. 71, 75-79 (2013).
        This matter comes before the Court on Defendant’s motion in limine to exclude certain
data Plaintiffs produced in response to discovery requests. Defendant’s motion relates to two
categories of Plaintiffs’ production of documents: (1) all documents produced after the close of
fact discovery on December 10, 2014, and (2) alleged summaries. Both the alleged late
productions and summaries reflect claims submitted to the VA for dialysis services provided to
veterans by Plaintiffs under authorizations. The documents themselves are described to be
“voluminous datasets” and are not before the Court in their entirety.
        Plaintiffs maintain four data systems from which data were produced relevant to the
instant dispute: Focus, Bar, Spider, and ePremis. Def.’s Suppl. Br. 4-5. In making their initial
data production on December 3, 2013, Plaintiffs determined that data from their Spider data
warehouse would be sufficient to substantiate and evaluate their noncontractual claims, because
this Spider data was consistent with the data stored in the other data systems. Pls.’ Suppl. Br. 4.
Plaintiffs therefore did not produce data from the remaining three data storage systems, Bar,
Focus, and ePremis. Id. at 4-5.
       Plaintiffs describe their initial, pre-discovery cutoff data production, on December 3,
2013, as “searchable non-contracted claim data” consisting of “the payment, claim-level, and
charge-level data on services provided to ailing veterans.” Id. at 3. Plaintiffs elaborate:
        “Claim-level data” are the invoice data showing total amounts billed, and later
        paid, on a single invoice form. “Charge-level data” are the individual charges on
        the invoice; a single invoice may have many charges for multiple dialysis
        sessions, medications, and other items.
Id. at 5.
        Though Plaintiffs performed quality checks on the December 3, 2013 production, they
identified problems with the production late in discovery. In responding to Defendant’s
September 18, 2014 interrogatories, Plaintiffs represented that they:
        [I]nvestigated whether there were any discrepancies among the charges on the
        claims delivered to the VA. After comparing December 3, 2013 claim data with
        the data stored in its other data systems, Plaintiffs discovered some differences.
        Plaintiffs alerted the Government to the claim anomalies at the November 10,
        2014 status conference and agreed to produce data from all its data sets.
        As promised, Plaintiffs produced the remaining relevant claim data [from Bar,
        Focus, and ePremis] in rolling productions on November 18, 2014, December 19,
        2014, January 16, 2015, and January 28, 2015.
Pls. Opp’n 10 (internal citations omitted). Plaintiffs subsequently made another production on
March 17, 2015, replacing an earlier post-discovery production that Defendant contends “suffers
from the same defects as the other late productions . . . .” Def.’s Suppl. Br. 13 n.3.

                                                4
       After filing its motion in limine, Defendant filed a motion to reopen discovery for the
purpose of deposing Plaintiffs’ 30(b)(6) witness regarding Plaintiffs’ productions. The Court
authorized the deposition and reopened discovery for that limited purpose. On June 9, 2015,
Defendant deposed Plaintiffs’ 30(b)(6) witness, David Corlett, Senior Director of Revenue
Operations for DaVita Healthcare Partners, Inc., for four hours on the following topics:
       (1) Claim data produced after the December 10, 2014 fact discovery deadline; i.e.,
       data on specific veteran dialysis claims at issue including both claim-level and
       charge-level data;
       (2) The content of the post-December 10, 2014 productions;
       (3) The reasons why productions were made after the close of fact discovery; and
       (4) How Plaintiffs gathered the information included in the post-December 10,
       2014 productions, including the specific sources from which the data came.
See Order (May 19, 2015). The deposition testimony of Mr. Corlett comprised 190 pages, and
counsel for both parties questioned the witness. See Pls.’ Suppl. Br. Add. 039-89. Following the
deposition, the parties filed supplemental briefs.

                                           Discussion
        Defendant moves to exclude Plaintiffs’ December 19, 2014, January 16, 2015, January
28, 2015, and March 17, 2015 data productions, in their entirety, from being used for any
purpose in this litigation because, in Defendant’s view, these documents were not timely
produced. The productions contain millions of lines of charge- and claim-level data regarding
non-contractual claims by Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs responded, arguing that the extreme sanction of
exclusion is not warranted for the untimely productions because Plaintiffs produced relevant and
responsive documents during discovery and only produced additional documents after
identifying “anomalies” and “discrepancies” within the documents that had been timely
produced. Pls.’ Opp’n 10. Specifically, Plaintiffs note that “[a]lthough Plaintiffs produced all
claim-level data from each of their transactional data systems by November 18, 2014, Plaintiffs’
charge-level data productions required significantly more time.” Pls.’ Suppl. Br. 5. The
subsequent data productions consisted of this “charge-level data.” Id. Plaintiffs argue that
“[a]lthough there are several million charges listed in each of the data productions, the data sets
contain an overlap of most claims and charges. Accordingly, Plaintiffs have not produced
completely ‘new’ information.” Pls.’ Opp’n 10 (citing Rose Decl. ¶ 7); see also Pls.’ Suppl. Br.
4 (“Plaintiffs discovered some discrepancies among their billing data sets for a small number of
claims (less than 2%) that they delivered to the VA.”) (citing Corlett Dep. 97-100, 104-07, 120-
21) (Dec. 5, 2014)). Plaintiffs further explain that their January 28, 2015 production simply
replaced their production made earlier that month in order to correct a formatting error, while
their March 17, 2015 production similarly replaced the earlier production because a data field
had been unintentionally omitted. Pls.’ Suppl. Br. 6.
       Defendant also moves to exclude the December 3, 2013, November 18, 2014, and
November 26, 2014 “claim-level data” productions, claiming they are summaries for which the
underlying data was not provided, citing Federal Rule of Evidence 1006.


                                                5
Untimely Productions
       Defendant moves to exclude the untimely productions under Rule 37(c), which provides:
       If a party fails to provide information or identify a witness as required by RCFC
       26(a) or (e), the party is not allowed to use that information or witness to supply
       evidence on a motion, at a hearing, or at a trial, unless the failure was
       substantially justified or is harmless.
RCFC 37(c)(1).3 This Court considers the following factors in determining whether to exclude
evidence under Rule 37(c):
       (1) the importance of the information withheld;
       (2) the prejudice or surprise to the party against whom the evidence is offered;
       (3) the likelihood of disruption of the trial;
       (4) the possibility of curing the prejudice;
       (5) the explanation for the failure to disclose; and
       (6) the presence of bad faith or willfulness in not disclosing the evidence.
Zoltek Corp. v. United States, 71 Fed. Cl. 160, 168 (2006) (internal citations omitted). The first
four factors implicate whether the failure to produce was harmless, while the last two factors
address whether the failure was substantially justified. Id. (citing S. States Rack & Fixture, Inc.
v. Sherwin-Williams Co., 318 F.3d 592, 596-97 (4th Cir. 2003)).

       The Importance of the Information Withheld
        The claim-level and charge-level data from the Focus, Bar, Spider and ePremis data
systems included in the post-discovery productions evidence the services for which Plaintiffs
claim they were underpaid – information that Defendant acknowledges “goes to the very heart of
plaintiffs’ claims.” Def.’s Mot. in Lim. 18. Plaintiffs posit that exclusion of the data could be
dispositive, as they rely upon it “to prove the amount of the Government’s underpayments” in
determining damages. Pls.’ Suppl. Br. 1. The parties agree that the information that was not
timely produced is very important – indeed fundamental – to both Plaintiffs’ claims and
Defendant’s defenses. This factor thus militates against exclusion of this data.




3
        The version of this rule in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure was amended effective
December 1, 2015, to reflect Rule 26(b)(1)’s narrowing of the scope of discovery to relevant
information that is “proportional to the needs of the case” and to contribute to the overall goal of
regulating the time and expense of litigation. Similar changes to the Court of Federal Claims’
rules are currently being considered by the Court’s Rules Committee.


                                                  6
        Prejudice to Defendant
        Defendant articulates three elements of the prejudice it would suffer as a result of
accepting Plaintiffs’ late productions. First, Defendant argues that it suffered economic
prejudice, asserting that “plaintiffs’ late productions have already imposed a significant financial
cost on the Government,” due to Defendant’s claims analysis expert’s “considerable time [spent]
trying to analyze plaintiffs’ data.” Def.’s Suppl. Br. at 26. Defendant also claims that the
productions “suffer[] from numerous flaws” that have significantly frustrated their expert’s
analysis. Id. Finally, Defendant claims that it has been prejudiced by being forced to rely upon
only the data Plaintiffs determined to be relevant, rather than the entire data set stored by
Plaintiffs. Id. at 27.
        In support of its claims of prejudice, Defendant submitted the declaration of its healthcare
claims and data analysis consultant, Ian Dew,4 outlining deficiencies and ambiguities in
Plaintiffs’ production. Def.’s Mot. in Lim. A001-09. Specifically, regarding the untimely
productions, Mr. Dew opined that:

       the productions lacked a data dictionary describing the meaning of each field of data
        produced. Dew First Decl. ¶ 9, Feb. 23, 2015.

       the number of claims records provided exceeded the number of claims of underpayment,
        making it unclear which records are the correct representation and whether multiple
        records should be reconciled to form a single claim. Id. at ¶ 10.

       specific data allegedly necessary to compute accurate reimbursements, such as patient
        weight and height, were omitted. Id. at ¶ 12.

       it is unclear what other data inputs were available but not produced. Id. at ¶ 13.

       it is unclear if the productions are duplicative, or if one supersedes another. Id. at ¶ 11.
         Defendant’s effort to exclude the late produced data on grounds of economic prejudice
fails. While the late productions were voluminous and will require time and expense to review,
the majority of the productions are duplicative, and the additional time and effort required of
Defendant does not warrant the severe sanction of exclusion of data helpful to both parties in this
litigation.
        Defendant’s claim that the production “suffered from numerous flaws” in ways that
frustrated its expert’s analysis similarly does not warrant exclusion. On March 26, 2015, to
assist Defendant in analyzing the data productions, and to alleviate the concerns of Defendant’s
data analysis expert, Plaintiffs produced a “data dictionary” which defined relevant terms in the
data productions and provided an “order of operations” describing the steps necessary for


4
        Mr. Dew is a “senior analyst and vice president with Steck Consulting, LLC and ha[s]
over ten years of experience in the analysis of healthcare claims data.” Dew Second Decl. ¶ 1,
July 6, 2015. Additionally, he has been the “[l]ead data analyst in over 60 healthcare and other
fraud investigations for US DOJ Civil Division, State Offices of Attorneys General, and private
clients.” Def.’s Mot. in Lim. A007.
                                                  7
analyzing the data and “identify[ing] relevant records within the datasets.” Pls.’ Suppl. Br. 7, 10,
14; Def.’s Suppl. Br. 14-15.
        In a July 6, 2015 supplemental declaration, Mr. Dew states that the productions still
suffer from omissions of “data necessary to calculate accurate reimbursements for dialysis
services” and “ambiguity as to which of the produced claim and charge records are relevant.”
Dew Second Decl. ¶ 3(a)-(b). However, this concern appears to be focused on omission of
patient height and weight, necessary for calculation of Medicare compensation rates, which
Plaintiffs argue are irrelevant to their claim. See Pls.’ Suppl. Br. 11. Defendant argues that the
calculation of Medicare compensation rates is necessary to their defenses of “Payment, Accord
and Satisfaction, Estoppel, and Waiver.” Def.’s Suppl. Br. 7. Whether Plaintiffs omitted data
necessary to determine accurate reimbursement, such as patient height and weight and other
available data inputs, are matters to be determined via a motion to compel, not a motion in
limine.
        Finally, Defendant claims prejudice stemming from Plaintiffs’ unilateral determination of
which data fields were relevant and included in the productions at issue. Defendant has taken
two 30(b)(6) depositions and has not articulated, other than patient height and weight, any
missing evidence. Moreover, there is no indication that any other potentially relevant evidence is
being withheld. The Court is not persuaded that Plaintiffs’ attempts to remedy omissions and
anomalies in their original data productions demonstrate that Plaintiffs sought to avoid discovery
or hide potentially relevant evidence. The late productions contain evidence vital to Plaintiffs’
claims, including claims and charge data on the dialysis services at issue. Nor did Plaintiffs
attain any procedural advantage attributable to delayed productions. Given that Plaintiffs cannot
obtain interest on their noncontractual claims, delay prejudices Plaintiffs, not Defendant.

       The Likelihood of Disruption of Trial and the Potential to Cure the Prejudice
      Defendant argues that the late production of these data sets has prevented Defendant from
conducting a proper analysis of their content, but expert discovery is still open, dispositive
motions have not yet been fully briefed,5 and a trial date has not yet been set.

       Substantial Justification for Plaintiffs’ Failure to Disclose
        “Substantial justification is justification sufficient to satisfy a reasonable person that
parties could disagree as to whether compliance with the disclosure requirement was required.”
Zoltek, 71 Fed. Cl. at 170 (citing 7 James Wm. Moore et al., Moore’s Federal Practice § 37.62, at
37-126 (3d ed. 2005); Sheppard v. River Valley Fitness One, 428 F.3d 1, 12 (1st Cir. 2005)
(citing Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565 (1988)); Chapple v. Alabama, 174 F.R.D. 698,
701 (M.D. Ala. 1997)). This Court is satisfied that Plaintiffs took adequate steps to timely
disclose supplemental discovery once they became aware of omissions in their initial production.
Pls.’ Suppl. Br. 5-7; Corlett Second Dep. 208-12.



5
       At Defendant’s request, the Court has stayed deadlines for expert disclosures, expert
discovery and briefing on dispositive motions until resolution of the instant motion. Order, June
19, 2015; Def.’s Resp. to Pls.’ Mot. to Amend Schedule.
                                                 8
        Plaintiffs explain that their late productions resulted from their learning late in the
discovery process that seemingly redundant data sources contained unique information. Pls.’
Suppl. Br. 2. On December 3, 2013, Plaintiffs produced claims data pulled from their data
warehouse. Id. at 4 (citing Niemi Decl. ¶¶ 141-43). Former DaVita employee Heather Niemi
explained that she and her team compared samples of information in the data warehouse [Spider]
against “the actual transactional data system that produced them [Focus and Bar].” Niemi Decl.
¶ 143. In conducting this quality assurance, Ms. Niemi and her team found no discrepancies
between the data warehouse and other databases also containing transactional data. Id. Plaintiffs
therefore only produced the data from the data warehouse and not the data from any other
databases, citing Rule 34(b)(2)(E) as authorizing production of electronically stored information
in one form. Pls.’ Suppl. Br. 9.
        During their own investigations in conjunction with answering subsequent discovery
requests – Defendant’s September 18, 2014 interrogatories regarding Plaintiffs’ dialysis
treatment charges – however, Plaintiffs identified “anomalies” in the information produced from
the data warehouse. Id. at 4. Specifically, Plaintiffs identified “some discrepancies among their
billing data sets for a small number of claims (less than 2%) that they delivered to the VA.” Id.
During his first deposition on December 5, 2014, Senior Director of Revenue Operations for
DaVita Healthcare Partners, Inc., David Corlett, testified that he was confused by Interrogatory
1, which requested that Plaintiffs explain in detail the basis on which Plaintiffs submitted claims
to the Department of Veterans Affairs based on Medicare composite rates. He stated the
September 18, 2014 interrogatory contained “a reference to claims billed at a Medicare rate and
that was counterintuitive to what I understood was contained in the 2013 file. So I instructed my
team to perform additional due diligence to see how or if that was indeed the case.” Corlett First
Dep. 97. This investigation uncovered a number of “anomalies,” which “arose in a limited
number of instances where a claim had been changed in E-Premis before being submitted to the
VA for payment.” Def.’s Suppl. Br. 10. Due to the resulting discrepancies for these claims
between the various data systems, Plaintiffs produced data from all of their data sets – four
separate databases in total. Pls.’ Suppl. Br. Add. 16-18 (transcript excerpt from Nov. 10, 2014
status conference).
        Plaintiffs made the first of their productions to correct these “anomalies,” impacting “less
than 2%” of their total claims, on November 18, 2014. This first production encompassed all of
Plaintiffs’ claim-level data from each of their transactional data systems and contained more than
124,000 lines of data. Pls.’ Suppl. Br. 5; Def.’s Mot. in Lim. 13. This claim-level data reflects
the total amount billed on a single invoice. Pls.’ Suppl. Br. 5. Sub-elements of the claim-level
data – the more detailed charge-level data, which included the discrete, individual charges on
each invoice, took Plaintiffs significantly more time. Id. According to Mr. Corlett, Plaintiffs
could not produce the charge-level data on November 18, 2014, when the claim-level data
productions were made, “due to the volume of data; the need to perform extensive [quality
assurance]; [and its] desire to provide complete, accurate, sortable, usable information to the
VA.” Corlett Second Dep. 233. Further, the team compiling the productions “was not involved
in the previous December productions, so there was some education that needed to happen of the
teammates that were involved.” Id. As a result, Plaintiffs made further productions on
December 19, 2014, and January 16, 2015, each consisting of millions of lines of charge-level
data. Def.’s Mot. in Lim. 14-15. On January 28, 2015, Plaintiffs produced a replacement
version of the charge data that had been provided on January 16, 2015, after their data analysis

                                                 9
consultant company, Alvarez & Marsal, advised them of a formatting issue which made the data
difficult to use. Corlett Second Dep. 237.
        Plaintiffs made their final production on March 17, 2015, consisting of an update of data
from two data systems, Spider and ePremis, after Alvarez & Marsal found an omission of a
relevant data field in the prior production. Id. at 239. The omitted data field, entitled “Units-
Old” and stored in the ePremis data system, reflected unit data – the number of procedures
performed on a given claim – under an older version of the institutional claim form. Id. While
the unit data field under the newer version of this form was included, the older unit data was not,
because it was stored in a separate data field. Id. Mr. Corlett testified that this data point had
been omitted inadvertently because “the responsible . . . employees were unaware of the
particular data field . . .” and that Plaintiffs acted proactively in providing the missing data to
Defendant. Def.’s Suppl. Br. 14; Corlett Second Dep. 239. Given the detailed explanations of
Ms. Niemi and Mr. Corlett, the Court is satisfied that Plaintiffs have demonstrated substantial
justification for their delay in producing the data.

       Bad Faith or Willfulness in Not Disclosing the Evidence
        Defendant argues that Plaintiffs’ late productions were the result of a pattern of
intentionally withholding information. Defendant contends that it sought the information from
the seemingly redundant systems throughout discovery, but Plaintiffs repeatedly resisted by
arguing that production would be overbroad and unduly burdensome. Def.’s Suppl. Br. 20.
        Defendant’s chief complaint appears to be its perception that Plaintiffs fabricated their
claim that production of electronically stored information (“ESI”) from all four data sets was
unduly burdensome. This argument is not supported by the record. In order to demonstrate that
Plaintiffs’ data was readily accessible, Defendant relies solely on the testimony of Heather
Niemi, then Director of DaVita, Inc.’s Revenue Operations Department.                 Defendant
characterizes Ms. Niemi as testifying that ESI on her computer could be produced within half an
hour. Def.’s Mot. in Lim. 16. However, Ms. Niemi’s testimony was different – she testified that
extracting the data previously produced in a single production in December 2013, from her
laptop and shared file would only take a half an hour, “[s]ince it already exists.” Niemi Dep.
231-33. This is not inconsistent with the declaration of Stephan Gordon, a Senior Data Analyst
at DaVita Healthcare Partners, Inc., filed in response to Defendant’s second motion to compel.
Gordon Decl. ¶ 4. Mr. Gordon testified that collection of all ESI related to VA authorization
forms, invoices, and payment records for dialysis and related services would take in excess of
9,960 full-time equivalent hours to collect and prepare for production. Gordon Decl. ¶ 18. Ms.
Niemi, on the other hand, testified regarding only a small subset of the information that had
already been collected. Niemi Dep. 231-33.
         There is no evidence that Plaintiffs’ late production was done in bad faith. Ms. Niemi
testified that she checked the data in the data warehouse using a sampling technique, and found
no discrepancies. When discrepancies were found later in discovery, Plaintiffs identified them
and produced all data they believed to be relevant from all of their repositories. Given the
volume of data and the amount of time required to produce such data, it is not surprising that
mistakes were made.



                                                10
         In this advanced technological era, where the quantity of retrievable electronic data is so
massive, the civil discovery process has become daunting, unwieldy, and far too expensive.
Recognizing the growing trend of increased litigation costs and delays due to electronic data
discovery, the drafters of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“FRCP”) have recently adopted
several amendments to the Rules aimed at preventing abuses and encouraging cooperation and
civility. Rule 1 of the FRCP has been amended to provide that the Rules “be construed,
administered, and employed by the court and the parties to secure the just, speedy and
inexpensive determination of every action and proceeding.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 1 (2015). This
amendment was made in order to “make clear that parties as well as courts have a responsibility
to achieve the just, speedy, and inexpensive resolution of every action.” Comm. On Rules of
Practice and Procedure, Rep. of the Judicial Conf. to the Chief Justice of the U.S. and Members
of the Judicial Conf. of the U.S., at App. B-13 (Sept. 1, 2014) (emphasis added). Although the
Committee Note on Rule 1 provides that no new sanctions will stem from this amendment, it
also explains that “discussions of ways to improve the administration of civil justice regularly
include pleas to discourage over-use, misuse, and abuse of procedural tools that increase cost and
result in delay. Effective advocacy is consistent with – and indeed depends upon – cooperative
and proportional use of procedure.”6 Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
Plaintiffs’ December 3, 2013, November 18, 2014, and November 26, 2014 Productions Are
Not Prohibited by Rule 1006
       Defendant argues that the Court should exclude Plaintiffs’ claims data productions of
December 3, 2013, November 18, 2014, and November 26, 2014, on the ground that Plaintiffs
have not complied with Federal Rule of Evidence 1006 in producing them. Def.’s Mot. in Lim.
21. Defendant asserts, based on the deposition testimony of Ms. Niemi, that Plaintiffs’
December 2013 production was:
       a sub-set of data “copied” from DaVita’s Spider data warehouse to a shared drive
       and laptop computer for further analysis. The data produced was assembled,
       under the direction of counsel, solely for the purposes of this litigation. The
       spreadsheets did not pre-exist this dispute. Moreover, the data consisted of



6
       In addition, Fed. R. Civ. P. 26 has been amended to narrow the scope of discovery from
any relevant information which might lead to admissible evidence to a more limited scope - -
information which is:
       proportional to the needs of the case, considering the importance of the issues at
       stake in the action, the amount in controversy, the parties’ relative access to
       relevant information, the parties’ resources, the importance of the discovery in
       resolving the issues, and whether the burden or expense of the proposed discovery
       outweighs its likely benefit.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1) (2015).
        The Federal Rules have also been amended to require more specificity in responses and
objections to discovery requests. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 34 (2015).

                                                11
       certain information that plaintiffs chose to include while excluding other data,
       such as data plaintiffs assert could “potentially” be pursuant to contracts.
Id. at 22 (citing Niemi Dep. 133). Defendant curiously asserts that the defined sub-set of claims
data constitutes a “summary” of a larger data set which Plaintiffs have failed to provide to
Defendant for inspection as required by Rule 1006. Id. at 22-23. Defendant argues that the
November 18 and 26, 2014 productions suffered from the same error as the December 3, 2013
productions, and should also be excluded. Id. at 22-23. While Defendant does not explicitly
state what the allegedly omitted larger data set is, in Defendant’s view all three productions
represent summaries of data extracted from Plaintiffs’ data systems, rather than productions of
the underlying data, because only certain data fields have been produced. Defendant further
notes that the data have been produced in a spreadsheet form rather than in their native format.
Def.’s Suppl. Br. 29.
         Plaintiffs argue that these documents are not summaries, but instead that the claims data
productions “are duplicated from the actual information that DaVita stores in the ordinary course
of business . . . .” Pls.’ Opp’n 18. The record supports Plaintiffs’ argument. Ms. Niemi testified
in a declaration that, “[a]lthough the data DaVita produced are in a different format than they are
stored in the data warehouse, there was no change to the content of the data.” Niemi Decl. ¶ 12.
Plaintiffs point out that the data was reformatted so it would be useable. Id. As Ms. Niemi
testified:
       To ensure the information would be user-friendly to the Government, we
       converted the data into “comma-separated format,” which can be opened as a
       spreadsheet in any Microsoft Excel program. This allowed each user to search for
       and view information on each claim charge.
Id.
        Plaintiffs further argue that these productions themselves, although a subset of the total
claims data, nonetheless represent the very source data required by Rule 1006, as “they are the
data that the company store on authorizations, claims, and payments . . . . Moreover, Plaintiffs
extracted this data from their accounting system without any alteration to the columns of claim
information . . . produced.” Pls.’ Opp’n 17 (emphasis in original).
       Defendant has not demonstrated that Plaintiffs’ productions are summaries controlled by
Federal Rule of Evidence 1006. The Rule provides that:
       The proponent may use a summary, chart, or calculation to prove the content of
       voluminous writings, recordings, or photographs that cannot be conveniently
       examined in court. The proponent must make the originals or duplicates available
       for examination or copying, or both, by other parties at a reasonable time and
       place. And the court may order the proponent to produce them in court.
Fed. R. Evid. 1006. “[T]he rules recognize that the preparation of summaries from other
documents carries risks of error or distortion that must be guarded against by giving the opposing
party an opportunity to review and object to the underlying documents.” Conoco Inc. v. Dep’t of
Energy, 99 F.3d 387, 393 (Fed. Cir. 1996). Where the proponent of a summary does not
properly comply with Rule 1006, the summary will be excluded as evidence. See PR

                                                12
Contractors, Inc. v. United States, 69 Fed. Cl. 468, 472 (2006); Jade Trading, LLC v. United
States, 67 Fed. Cl. 608, 615 (2005).
       Plaintiffs have established that their produced data were not summaries of other
underlying data, but were themselves information stored in the ordinary course of business and
assembled in a workable format for production. See Rose Decl. ¶ 4. Contrary to Defendant’s
suggestion, there is no risk of “error or distortion” in Plaintiffs’ produced data. See Conoco, 99
F.3d at 393. Because Plaintiffs’ data encompasses the same content as in Plaintiffs’ data
warehouse, Plaintiffs’ December 3, 2013, November 18, 2014, and November 26, 2014
productions are not summaries under Rule 1006 and are not subject to exclusion for failure to
produce the underlying data.

                                          Conclusion
   1. Defendant’s motion in limine is DENIED. The data produced by Plaintiffs in the
      December 19, 2014, January 16, 2015, January 28, 2015, and March 17, 2015
      productions are not excluded from the record. Nor are Plaintiffs’ December 3, 2013,
      November 18, 2014, and November 26, 2014 claims data productions excluded.
           a. Both parties may supplement their expert reports to the extent necessary to
              address Plaintiffs’ supplemental productions.
           b. The parties shall file within 15 days a suggested schedule for the close of expert
              discovery.
           c. The dispositive motions before this Court, previously stayed, are now reopened.
              If either party wishes to supplement its briefing on the outstanding dispositive
              motions based on this ruling, it shall file a motion seeking leave of the Court
              within the next 15 days.
   2. Plaintiffs’ motion to quash Defendant’s subpoena duces tecum is GRANTED.
   3. Plaintiffs’ motion for a protective order prohibiting a party from filing a motion to
      compel documents made known before fact discovery closed is DENIED.
   4. Defendant’s cross-motion to affirm Plaintiffs’ duty to comply with the subpoena duces
      tecum is DENIED.
   5. Defendant’s cross-motion to affirm Plaintiffs’ continuing obligation to comply with Rule
      26 is DENIED as unnecessary.




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6. Defendant’s motion for leave to file a motion addressing Plaintiffs’ failure to comply
   with the subpoena and continuing discovery obligations is DENIED without prejudice
   for lack of clarity. In the event Defendant believes Plaintiffs have failed to comply with
   its discovery requests, it shall file a notice to the Court separately listing each such
   discovery request and each alleged failure to respond in numbered paragraphs.
   Defendant’s Notice shall be filed by February 22, 2016. No extensions will be granted.
   Within 10 days of filing such Notice, Defendant may file a motion for leave to file a
   motion to compel discovery and any related relief, specifying the precise relief it seeks.



                                                s/Mary Ellen Coster Williams
                                                MARY ELLEN COSTER WILLIAMS
                                                Judge




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