                  COURT OF APPEALS
                   SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                        FORT WORTH

                      NO. 02-13-00205-CV


KIP ALLISON                                      APPELLANT

                                 V.

CONGLOMERATE GAS II L.P.,                        APPELLEES
CRESTVIEW FARM 250 L.P.,
CRESTVIEW FARM, L.L.C.,
CRESTVIEW FARM, L.L.C. “A
MONTANA LLC,” CRESTVIEW
FARM AIKEN LLC, THE BARNETT
SHALE WATER CONSERVATION
CO., CONGLOMERATE GAS,
L.L.C., CONGLOMERATE GAS I,
L.P., CONGLOMERATE HOLDING
LLC, CONGLOMERATE GAS III
L.P., DAN MEEKER
MANAGEMENT, INC.,
VANCOUVER SKY MANAGEMENT
LLC, TRACY BOLT AS TRUSTEE
OF DAVID ALAN MEEKER FAMILY
IRREVOCABLE TRUST, THOMAS
BALLARD AS TRUSTEE OF THE
DAN H. MEEKER CHILDREN’S
IRREVOCABLE TRUST, AND
CLIFFORD W. GINN
                              ----------

      FROM THE 342ND DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
                 TRIAL COURT NO. 342-236004-09
                                        ----------

                            MEMORANDUM OPINION 1

                                        ----------

          Kip Allison challenges a sanctions order against him arising from pleadings

he filed for his client in the underlying suit. 2 In five issues, Allison contends that

the trial court abused its discretion by awarding sanctions because (1) there is no

evidence supporting the trial court’s determination that the invasion of privacy

claim was groundless or that it was brought in bad faith or for purposes of

harassment or delay, challenging the award of rule 13 sanctions (issues one and

two); (2) there is no evidence supporting the trial court’s determination that the

invasion of privacy claim was brought for an improper purpose, challenging the

imposition of sanctions under chapter 10 of the civil practice and remedies code

(issue three); and (3) there is no evidence supporting the award of sanctions for

Allison’s attachment of an improperly notarized affidavit to a response to a

motion for summary judgment (issue four). Allison also challenges the amount of

sanctions as excessive and complains that the evidence of attorney’s fees upon

which the sanctions were based was not properly segregated (issue five). We

affirm.

      1
          See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
      2
       This appeal was originally submitted with oral argument on May 13, 2014.
On February 13, 2015, the appeal was assigned to a new panel and author.
After appellant moved for oral argument before the new panel, the appeal was
resubmitted with oral argument on April 14, 2015.

                                            2
                                    Background

      Mindy (Wife) and Alan (Husband) Meeker were married in 2002 and had

two children.   During the marriage, Husband worked for businesses “owned

within [his] family or operated by and among family members.” These include the

nontrust appellees 3 (the Companies). In addition, both Husband and his brother

Dan Meeker created trusts (the Trusts) for their minor children. 4 In this opinion,

we will refer to the Companies and the Trusts collectively as the Meeker Entities.

      Wife and Husband separated in late summer or fall 2008. On the morning

of November 8, 2008, a Saturday, Wife entered the office of the Meeker Entities. 5

She brought a computer specialist with her. While there, she took documents

related to the Meeker Entities.    In addition, although the computer specialist

testified that he tried but failed to install a keylogger program on one of the

computers in the office, a forensic examination of Husband’s computer showed

that spyware had been installed at approximately 10:20 a.m. on November 8,


      3
        Conglomerate Gas II L.P., Crestview Farm 250 L.P., Crestview Farm,
L.L.C., Crestview Farm, L.L.C. “A Montana LLC,” Crestview Farm Aiken LLC,
The Barnett Shale Water Conservation Co., Conglomerate Gas, L.L.C.,
Conglomerate Gas I, L.P., Conglomerate Holding LLC, Conglomerate Gas III
L.P., and Vancouver Sky Management LLC. The Companies are primarily
owned by the Trusts (defined below). Although Dan Meeker Management, Inc. is
solely owned by Husband’s brother, we will also include it in our references to the
Companies.
      4
       The David Alan Meeker Family Irrevocable Trust and the Dan H. Meeker
Children’s Irrevocable Trust.
      5
       The Meeker Entities alleged that Wife’s mother and brother assisted her.


                                        3
2008, during the time Wife and the computer specialist were in the office. Later

that day, Wife met with Allison at his office and gave him at least some of the

documents. Husband and his brother were both out of town when this occurred,

but Husband’s brother discovered the entry the following Monday, November 10,

when he viewed surveillance video for the building.

      Allison filed a divorce petition for Wife on November 21, 2008 in the 325th

District Court of Tarrant County. On December 2, 2008, Jason Nash, one of the

attorneys for the Meeker Entities, sent Allison a letter alleging that Wife had

entered their office without consent, installed spyware on a laptop, and taken

documents related to the Meeker Entities; he expressed the Meeker Entities’

demand that all materials taken and all matters intercepted from the laptop be

returned to them. On December 15, 2008, Allison served discovery on each of

the Companies except for Dan Meeker Management, Inc. Two days later, Allison

responded to Nash’s letter: “I am in receipt of your letter and will provide a more

detailed response next week. Until then, any and all documents associated with

this case are being maintained in my office and not being disseminated in any

fashion.” On December 22, 2008, Bill Warren, the Meeker Entities’ lead counsel,

sent a letter acknowledging Allison’s response but continuing to demand the

return of documents and information.

      On January 30, 2009, the associate judge in the divorce case––the

Honorable Terri White––issued temporary orders enjoining both parties from

allowing Wife’s boyfriend to be in the children’s presence or to treat them as their


                                         4
pediatrician. Husband became concerned that Wife was violating the order, so

he asked a private investigator to perform surveillance when Wife had

possession of the children.

      On February 17, 2009, the Meeker Entities sued Wife, her mother, and her

brother 6 in the 342nd District Court of Tarrant County for claims related to Wife’s

entry of the office in November 2008. They sought a temporary restraining order

as well as damages. In partial response, Allison forwarded the trial court an

original and one copy of “documents in our possession pertaining to

Conglomerate Gas.” In April 2009, the parties agreed that the trial court should

forward those documents to the Meeker Entities’ attorneys.

      In May 2009, Wife responded to the Meeker Entities’ discovery by refusing

to answer any questions on Fifth Amendment grounds. On May 14, 2009, Allison

filed a motion to amend the temporary orders in the divorce, seeking among

other things that the trial court enjoin Husband from “[d]irecting private

investigators to follow Wife and/or the children.” Although Associate Judge White

had several hearings related to other specific requests in the motion, she did not

issue a ruling on the request to enjoin the surveillance, and Allison did not bring

the issue to her attention by requesting a hearing or presenting evidence on that

part of the motion. 7   According to an affidavit from Jim Loveless, Husband’s

      6
       They added the computer specialist in a later petition.
      7
      Allison described a series of housekeeping-type hearings on the
temporary orders motion taking place over a series of months.


                                         5
divorce attorney, all of the parties, their counsel, the trial court, an amicus

attorney appointed for the children, and a counselor for the children knew about

the ongoing surveillance at the time. Additionally, Loveless averred that while

the parties were working out access issues with the amicus attorney at Judge

White’s direction, the amicus told them not to point out or acknowledge to the

children “the security personnel” who were doing the surveillance.

      In August 2009, the presiding judge in the divorce––the Honorable Judith

Wells––signed an order dismissing a master in chancery that she had previously

appointed but indicating that she would re-appoint one if additional discovery

issues arose. She also clarified a prior ruling she had made that Wife could not

conduct discovery related to the Companies until Wife proved that there was a

community property interest in them.

      In November 2009, the trial court in the instant suit denied a motion for

summary judgment that Wife had filed on behalf of all the then-named

defendants. Thereafter, the Meeker Entities filed a Third Amended Petition.

      Meanwhile, in the divorce case, Judge Wells heard a second motion to end

the surveillance and verbally ordered the surveillance to cease; she signed an

order to that effect on April 6, 2010, also ordering Husband to request the trustee

of his children’s trust to stop paying for any surveillance. The evidence shows

that the surveillance could have ended as early as December 31, 2009 but no

later than February 12, 2010.




                                        6
      On June 15, 2010, while the parties were present at the courthouse

negotiating terms in an attempt to settle before the final divorce trial, Wife

terminated Allison’s representation of her in the divorce. She retained Barbara

Nunneley, who had been Allison’s co-counsel, solely for the purpose of assisting

her with the settlement and any associated paperwork.         Wife and Husband

entered into an informal rule 11 agreement, resolving all issues in the divorce.

Judge Wells allowed Allison’s withdrawal and the substitution of Nunneley and

approved the rule 11 agreement. Tex. R. Civ. P. 11.

      During the prove-up of the rule 11 agreement, Loveless told Judge Wells

that “there would be mutual[] releases executed between” representatives of the

Meeker Entities, Wife’s mother and brother, and Wife and that Warren had

already prepared a release document and would circulate it the next day.

Loveless represented that the agreement would end “all the litigation that’s within

the Meeker family and in [Wife’s] family.”     Nunneley agreed with Loveless’s

description of the agreement. The rule 11 agreement contained the following

about the release:

             Communication has been made to counsel for the trust (and
      trust entities) as to whether or not the trust and trust entities will
      execute a mutual release of all claims and civil liabilities that may
      have been claimed or could have been claimed in the past or
      present and to enter a dismiss[al] with prejudice of the lawsuit
      pending in the 342nd Judicial District Court. This release is separate
      from this agreement.

      Warren emailed the release to Loveless three days later, and Loveless

forwarded the email to Nunneley.        Because Warren had not heard from


                                        7
Nunneley, he called her on July 6, 2010. Nunneley told Warren that Wife was

supposed to be coming into her office, so he emailed Nunneley an amended

release draft the next day. In his email, he noted (1) that it had “recently become

[his] understanding that [Wife], at some point, approached another lawyer(s) to

put together yet another lawsuit against the trust and/or its entities” and (2) that

he had accordingly amended the release document to broaden its scope and to

add Wife’s “acknowledgement that the Trustee and Co-Trustee of the David Alan

Meeker Family Irrevocable Trust have not breached their duties and obligations

owed under the trust document, that after receiving an accounting the amicus

attorney decided not to allege any claim against them in the family court

proceeding, and that [Wife] agrees with that decision of the amicus attorney.”

Warren never received any response about the release.

         On July 26, 2010, Warren faxed Allison a letter inquiring whether he was

still the attorney in charge for Wife in this suit. Allison responded by fax on July

28, 2010, stating only, “In response to your correspondence yesterday, please be

advised I am still representing [Wife] in connection to this matter.”

         On July 29, 2010, Allison filed a claim for Wife in this suit against the

Meeker Entities alleging claims for intrusion of privacy (seclusion) and aiding and

abetting, 8 related to the surveillance that had taken place during 2009 and

possibly the early part of 2010. She also named one of the private investigators

         8
         We have collectively referred to Wife’s claim as her invasion of privacy
claim.


                                          8
who had performed the surveillance––Clifford W. Ginn––as a third party

defendant. In the filing, Wife pled as follows:    (1) “Counter-Plaintiff [Wife] is

followed, spied upon, harassed and placed in danger by Counter-Defendant’s

conduct”; and (2) “Counter-Defendant’s intrusions have placed Counter-Plaintiff

in danger and without court relief [she] will remain in danger.” [Emphasis added.]

She also pled for both damages and injunctive relief.

      On August 6, 2010, Nunneley wrote Loveless and Warren stating that her

representation of Wife had ended with the signing of a Corrected Final Decree of

Divorce on August 4, 2010.

      On September 20, 2010, the Meeker Entities filed a motion for traditional

summary judgment, claiming that they had conclusively proven their claims

against Wife and the other defendants. They also sought a summary judgment

on Wife’s invasion of privacy counterclaim. Ginn also filed a motion for summary

judgment with his answer to the invasion of privacy claim. The Meeker Entities

and Ginn also filed separate motions for sanctions against both Wife and Allison.

Both motions for sanctions alleged violations of both chapter 10 of the civil

practice and remedies code and rule 13. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.

§§ 10.001–.006 (West 2002); Tex. R. Civ. P. 13.

      Allison filed Wife’s response to the motions for summary judgment in

October 2010 and attached a document purporting to be a sworn affidavit from

Wife (the Purported Affidavit). In it, she attempted to explain that she had not

entered the Meeker Entities’ office without permission, that she was only looking


                                        9
for evidence of the community estate because all of her and Husband’s personal

paperwork had been kept at the offices, and that she had only accessed

Husband’s laptop, not anyone else’s. She denied having put spyware on any

laptop or taking any items with her when she left. The Purported Affidavit also

contained representations that no one had permission to follow her, that her

children had been having nightmares because of the surveillance, that she had

lost friends because of it, and that it was causing her to be fearful. Finally, the

Purported Affidavit also contained this statement, “When the divorce was settled

by agreement on June 15, 2010, both [Husband] and his attorneys agreed as

part of the divorce that this case and all claims against me in this case would be

dismissed.”

      The trial court held a hearing on appellees’ motions for summary judgment

on October 22, 2010 but did not rule and instead took the motions as well as their

motions for sanctions under advisement.

      In March 2011, the trial court granted summary judgment for the Meeker

Entities on their claims against Wife and also granted summary judgment for all

appellees on Wife’s invasion of privacy claim. The trial court initially set a trial on

damages for April 2011, but Wife asked for it to be continued. At the hearing on

her motion for continuance, Wife told the trial court, for the first time, that Allison

had filed documents in the suit without her permission and that she had not

communicated with Allison since August or September 2010. In the midst of




                                          10
these settings and hearings on continuance motions, Allison filed a motion to

withdraw from representing Wife in this suit.

      On May 23, 2011, the Meeker Entities entered into an agreed judgment

with Wife’s mother and brother in which Wife’s mother and brother agreed to be

permanently enjoined from entering property owned or controlled by the Meeker

Entities, Husband, or Husband’s brother. The next day, Wife filed a notice of

nonsuit of her invasion of privacy claim. Although Wife sought a continuance of

the trial on damages on the Meeker Entities’ claims against her that same day,

the trial court denied it and proceeded to hear testimony over a two-day period.

      In June 2011, the Meeker Entities filed an amended motion for sanctions.

In his response, Allison pled that Wife had “represented to [him] . . . that the civil

litigation had also been resolved in the divorce settlement and nothing more

would be need[ed] for that litigation.        That proved not to be true when in

September 2010, [Husband] filed a No Evidence Summary Judgment, to which

. . . Allison prepared and filed a timely response on October 14, 2010.”

[Emphasis added.] He also attached email correspondence between Wife and

his paralegal indicating that Wife had signed and faxed back her purported

affidavit to the paralegal the same day it was filed with the summary judgment

response.

      On June 30, 2011, the trial court signed a judgment awarding the Meeker

Entities damages for Wife’s violations of the Texas Theft Liability Act, harmful

access by computer, and trespass.


                                         11
         The trial court heard the motions for sanctions on four separate days from

June through October 2011. Ultimately, 9 the trial court signed a twenty-page

order containing detailed findings. The trial court ordered (1) Wife individually to

pay sanctions of $6,324 for agreeing to but failing to attend one of the sanctions

hearings and for filing, withdrawing, and failing to attend a hearing on a motion

for new trial that she had filed pro se, (2) Allison individually to pay sanctions of

$2,967.24 for filing the Purported Affidavit in response to appellees’ summary

judgment motions, and (3) Wife and Allison to pay jointly and severally $16,758

in sanctions for the Meeker Entities’ reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees––

and $18,600 for Ginn’s reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees and lost time––

in defending the invasion of privacy claim and in bringing and presenting their

motions for sanctions. 10     The trial court signed an amended final judgment

incorporating the sanctions and an order nonsuiting Wife’s invasion of privacy

claim.

              Standard of Review and Applicable Law on Sanctions

         Appellees moved for sanctions under rule 13 and chapter 10 of the civil

practice and remedies code. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 10.001–.006;

Tex. R. Civ. P. 13.       We review a sanctions award under either of these

         9
       The trial court vacated the June 30, 2011 judgment on the last day of
plenary power so that it could include the sanctions in its final judgment.
         10
       We do not address the propriety of sanctions as to Wife because she did
not appeal. See State Office of Risk Mgmt. v. Foutz, 279 S.W.3d 826, 829 (Tex.
App.––Eastland 2009, no pet.).


                                         12
authorities for an abuse of discretion. Nath v. Tex. Children’s Hosp., 446 S.W.3d

355, 361 (Tex. 2014). A sanctions award that fails to comply with due process

constitutes an abuse of discretion because a trial court has no discretion in

determining what the law is or applying the law to the facts. Id. But a trial court

does not abuse its discretion by awarding sanctions if some evidence supports

its decision. Id.

      Section 10.001 of the civil practice and remedies code provides that a

signatory to a pleading attests that

            (1) the pleading or motion is not being presented for any
      improper purpose, including to harass or to cause unnecessary
      delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation;

             (2) each claim, defense, or other legal contention in the
      pleading or motion is warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous
      argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law
      or the establishment of new law;

             (3) each allegation or other factual contention in the pleading
      or motion has evidentiary support or, for a specifically identified
      allegation or factual contention, is likely to have evidentiary support
      after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery;
      and

              (4) each denial in the pleading or motion of a factual
      contention is warranted on the evidence or, for a specifically
      identified denial, is reasonably based on a lack of information or
      belief.

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 10.001.          A trial court may monetarily

sanction only an attorney who files an unfounded pleading under section

10.001(2) and not a represented party.         Id. §§ 10.001(2), 10.004(a), (d).

Pleadings that are groundless and also filed either (1) in bad faith, (2) with the


                                        13
intent to harass, or (3) with the knowledge of their falsity when made are also

sanctionable under rule 13. Tex. R. Civ. P. 13; Nath, 446 S.W.3d at 362–63.

       Generally, courts presume pleadings and other papers are filed in good

faith. Nath, 446 S.W.3d at 361. The party seeking sanctions bears the burden of

overcoming this presumption of good faith. Id.

           Propriety of Sanctions For Filing Invasion of Privacy Claim

       In his first through third issues, Allison challenges the award of sanctions

for filing the invasion of privacy claim under both chapter 10 and rule 13. But

because either a finding of groundlessness or improper purpose can support a

sanctions award under chapter 10––as opposed to both findings being necessary

to impose sanctions under rule 13––we will first review the propriety of sanctions

under chapter 10. See, e.g., id. at 366 n.14 (“While bad faith must be coupled

with groundless pleadings to support sanctions under Rule 13, an improper

purpose alone is a sufficient predicate for sanctions under Chapter 10.” (citations

omitted)); Bennett v. Reynolds, No. 03-12-00568-CV, 2014 WL 4179452, at *13

(Tex. App.––Austin Aug. 22, 2014, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (“In other words,

Chapter 10 authorizes sanctions where a lawyer or party files a pleading that is

either groundless or brought for an improper purpose, and does not require

both.”).

       In an appeal from a bench trial, the trial court’s findings of fact have the

same force and effect as jury findings. Anderson v. City of Seven Points, 806

S.W.2d 791, 794 (Tex. 1991).       Because Allison has not challenged specific


                                        14
findings of fact, they are binding on this court unless there is no evidence to

support them or the contrary is established as a matter of law. McGalliard v.

Kuhlmann, 722 S.W.2d 694, 696 (Tex. 1986).            When the appellate record

contains a reporter’s record, findings of fact on disputed issues are not

conclusive and may be challenged for sufficiency of the evidence. Sixth RMA

Partners, L.P. v. Sibley, 111 S.W.3d 46, 52 (Tex. 2003); Fraser v. Purnell, No.

05-13-01269-CV, 2015 WL 4481702, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 23, 2015, no

pet. h.) (mem. op.). Allison contends that there is no evidence to support the trial

court’s finding that he filed Wife’s invasion of privacy claim for an improper

purpose.

      In their pleadings and at the sanctions hearing, appellees focused on the

timing of the filing of the invasion of privacy claim in contending that it was

brought for an improper purpose. See, e.g., Harden v. Merriman, No. 02-12-

00385-CV, 2013 WL 5874708, at *7 (Tex. App.––Fort Worth Oct. 31, 2013, no

pet.) (mem. op.) (citing authorities that under chapter 10 and rule 13, relevant

time period for court to consider is when pleading is filed). The evidence showed

that in discharging Allison and settling the divorce in June 2010, Wife agreed to

accept a payment of $100,000 from Husband in lieu of Husband’s paying directly

to Allison $100,000 in fees that Judge Wells had previously ordered Husband to

pay Allison in a temporary order. Allison testified that after the settlement but

before he filed the invasion of privacy claim, Wife contacted him and agreed to

pay him the $100,000 when she received it from Husband in exchange for


                                        15
Allison’s remaining her counsel in this suit. Allison also testified that Wife had a

hard time collecting the $100,000 and that Husband had instead paid it into the

divorce court’s registry and “began to charge all kinds of things against her when

she was unrepresented.”

      Allison testified that he filed the invasion of privacy claim in this suit

because he could not file it in the divorce as a result of Judge Wells’s order

prohibiting discovery from the Companies. But in his response to the amended

sanctions motion, Allison asserted that Wife told him that “nothing more would be

need[ed] for [this] litigation.” He then attributed the continuation of this suit to the

Meeker Entities’ filing of their motion for summary judgment even though it was

filed after he filed the invasion of privacy claim for Wife.

      The trial court made the following finding pertinent to the invasion of

privacy claim: 11

      Allison’s and [Wife’s] contention that [Wife] actually suffered mental
      anguish is undermined by Allison’s admission that neither of them
      pursued their request in the Divorce Proceeding that the surveillance
      be discontinued until early February 2010. Indeed, the fact that the
      request was first made in March 2009, but never pursued until
      almost a year later, renders [Wife’s] and Allison’s testimony with
      respect to any alleged mental anguish not credible. [Footnote
      omitted.]




      11
        Although this finding of fact was included in the findings related to
whether the invasion of privacy claim was groundless, it nevertheless also
pertains to the findings in the bad faith/improper purpose section of the order.


                                          16
      As a result, it concluded the following:

             3. In addition, [Wife] and Allison both claimed that the
      [Meeker Entities’] claims were released by a mutual release entered
      on or about June 15, 2010. Nonetheless, they brought the invasion
      of privacy claim even though [appellees’] underlying acts all occurred
      before the mutual release was allegedly entered. Either they
      believed the mutual release was effective or they believed it was not.

            ....

             7. Several aspects of the status of events weigh in favor of a
      bad faith and/or harassment finding. Though this case has been
      pending since February 2009 (shortly after the surveillance began),
      [Wife] and Allison never chose to assert the [i]nvasion of [p]rivacy
      claim in this matter until July 29, 2010; this was five months after the
      discovery period ended and just one month before the second trial
      setting. Moreover, they brought the claim after [Wife] entered what
      both she and Allison later claimed was a valid mutual release of all
      claims between the parties. Then after filing the new claim, [Wife]
      and Allison used it as a reason to delay the impending trial date.
      [Internal citations omitted.]

      We conclude and hold that the evidence supports the trial court’s findings

and conclusions that the invasion of privacy claim was brought in bad faith or for

the improper purposes of harassment or delay.            If, as Allison and Wife

contended, they thought that the parties had agreed to a binding mutual release

of claims such that “nothing more would be need[ed]” in this suit, there was no

reason to bring the invasion of privacy claim. See Nath, 446 S.W.3d at 360–61

(concluding that evidence that irrelevant pleading against third party had been

filed to leverage a settlement with original defendants was evidence of improper

purpose); see also Nolte v. Flournoy, 348 S.W.3d 262, 269–70 (Tex. App.––

Texarkana 2011, pet. denied) (holding that suit filed in response to counteroffer



                                         17
for purchase of property with disputed ownership was filed for improper purpose

of attempting to obtain better price); Trantham v. Isaacks, 218 S.W.3d 750, 754–

55 (Tex. App.––Fort Worth, pet. denied) (holding that filing suit in attempt to

preclude potential liability for negative public statements about political opponent

through pleadings, or in attempt to have court resolve political debate, was

improper under section 10.001(1)), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 892 (2007). Much of

the pleading is written in the present tense, as if the surveillance were still

ongoing, and one of the types of the relief requested is an injunction. Neither

Allison nor Wife presented evidence––or even contended––that any surveillance

occurred after Judge Wells ordered that it be ceased.

      And, finally, the following evidence supports the conclusion that at the time

the invasion of privacy claim was filed, it was not filed because of a need to end

the surveillance or compensate Wife for mental anguish damage caused by the

surveillance: (1) the delay in asking the divorce court to stop the surveillance;

(2) the delay in filing the invasion of privacy claim in this suit; (3) evidence that

Wife had waved to and conversed with the detectives performing the surveillance

while it was ongoing; and (4) in the summer of 2009 the parties had worked out

with the amicus attorney how best to discuss the surveillance with the children.

Indeed, the evidence supports a conclusion that the claim was filed as an attempt

to salvage some cash from the divorce that Allison and Wife were not otherwise

going to be paid. Filing a claim after the discovery period had ended in an

attempt to delay until a settlement could be reached would fall within the ambit of


                                         18
sanctionable conduct described by section 10.001(1).         See, e.g., Nath, 446

SW.3d at 360–61. Accordingly, we conclude and hold that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion by awarding sanctions against Allison under section

10.001(1). We overrule Allison’s third issue. 12

            Propriety of Sanctions for Sponsoring Purported Affidavit

      In his fourth issue, Allison claims that there is no evidence supporting the

trial court’s award of sanctions for filing Wife’s response to the motion for

summary judgment with the defective Purported Affidavit attached.

      The trial court’s extensive fact findings show that the judge did not believe

Wife’s representations at the motion for continuance hearings, and at one of the

sanctions hearings, that she had either never seen or signed the Purported

Affidavit or had signed only a blank page and returned it. Instead, the trial court

found that Wife signed the Purported Affidavit between October 11 through

October 14, 2010, but not before the notary, and that she did not swear to its

contents.

      The trial court also found that the Purported Affidavit “played a central role

in [Wife] and Allison’s efforts to avoid summary judgment” and “[b]ecause of its

role in attempting to defeat summary judgment, and because [appellees] had no

way of knowing that the ‘affidavit’ was simply unsworn, inadmissible hearsay,

      12
       Because his third issue is dispositive of the propriety of the sanctions
award regarding the invasion of privacy claim, we need not address his first and
second issues contending that there is no evidence that the claim was
groundless. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.


                                         19
their counsel prepared and filed various objections to the Purported Affidavit and

a reply brief addressing why summary judgment should nonetheless be granted.”

      The trial court also made the following pertinent conclusions of law:

               9. When attempting to defeat the [Meeker Entities’] motion for
      summary judgment, Allison filed [Wife’s] “Purported Affidavit.” Allison
      represented both in his pleading and in court that the document was
      a true “affidavit.” Allison made these representations even though
      [Wife] never swore to the document’s contents and such contents
      were altered between the time [Wife] received it and the time it was
      filed. 13

             10. In addition, documents filed by Allison and/or persons
      working under his authority have made various, inconsistent
      representations to this Court concerning the document’s creation
      and notarization. Specifically, such pleadings and attachments claim
      that [Wife] signed the document on October 11; that she signed the
      document on October 12; that she signed the document on October
      13; and that she signed the document in person before Allison’s
      paralegal and notary, Smith. None of these representations are
      true.

            11. Further, the document trail establishes that Allison
      allowed his paralegal to notarize the document illegally, and then
      submitted it to this Court to support a summary judgment response;
      in short, he submitted a document as an “affidavit,” but failed to
      disclose it was materially defective and facially misleading.

            12. Though Allison contends that he was unaware that the
      document was not properly sworn, such would not change the
      Court’s conclusions. First, in light of the evidence, the Court simply
      does not find such testimony credible. Second, Texas Disciplinary
      Rule of Professional Conduct 5.03 requires a lawyer to ensure that
      the conduct of nonlawyers under his supervision is compatible with
      the lawyer’s professional obligations. Texas case law has long-
      required the same. Moreover, the best that can be said of Allison’s

      13
         The evidence showed that Allison’s paralegal made nonsubstantive
revisions to the body of the Purported Affidavit after Wife sent her the signed
version.


                                        20
      conduct is that he recklessly allowed those working directly under
      him to receive an unsworn, faxed copy of an intended affidavit; make
      changes to the body of the affidavit; notarize the document after the
      fact; and then file it with the court with nothing to reflect its myriad of
      shortcomings. Such behavior simply cannot escape sanction.

            13. Moreover, supervising lawyers are required to take
      remedial steps upon learning of a nonlawyer’s misconduct. On this
      record, it does not appear that Allison took any remedial step at any
      time up through and including the conclusion of this sanctions
      hearing. [Internal citations and footnote omitted.]

      Allison contends that there is no requirement that a person sign an affidavit

in a notary’s physical presence. The government code defines an affidavit as “a

statement in writing of a fact or facts signed by the party making it, sworn to

before an officer authorized to administer oaths, and officially certified to by the

officer under his seal of office.” Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 312.011(1) (West 2013).

That definition contains the statutory requirements for an affidavit. Mansions in

the Forest, L.P. v. Montgomery Cnty., 365 S.W.3d 314, 316 (Tex. 2012). When

an affidavit meets the government code’s requirements, it may be presented as

summary judgment evidence if it also complies with rule of civil procedure

166a(f). See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(f); Mansions in the Forest, L.P., 365 S.W.3d at

316. When a written statement does not meet this basic definition, however, it is

“no affidavit at all.” Mansions in the Forest, L.P., 365 S.W.3d at 316.

      In the absence of any statutory definition, we are to give words used in a

statute their common meanings unless a different meaning is apparent from the

context or such a construction leads to absurd or nonsensical results. Ross v.

St. Luke’s Episcopal Hosp., 462 S.W.3d 496, 501 (Tex. 2015). Webster’s Third


                                          21
New International Dictionary defines “before” as “in the presence of[,] face to face

with.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 197 (2002). It would not be

out of context with other statutes to construe the word “before” in the phrase,

“sworn to before an officer authorized to administer oaths,” as requiring that an

affidavit must be sworn to in the officer’s physical presence. See Tex. Civ. Prac.

& Rem. Code Ann. §§ 121.003(1), .004(a), .006(b)(1) (West 2011) (relating to the

acknowledgement of a document “before” a notary); Tex. Gov’t Code Ann.

§ 406.009(a), (d)(5) (West 2013), as amended by Act of May 25, 2015, 84th Leg.,

R.S., ch. 766, § 2, 2015 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. 2316, 2317 (West) (providing that

Secretary of State has good cause to suspend or revoke the commission of a

notary public for “performing any notarization when the person for whom the

notarization is performed did not personally appear before the notary at the time

the notarization is executed”); cf. Smith v. State, 207 S.W.3d 787, 790–91 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2006) (distinguishing affiant’s signature as memorialization of fact that

oath was taken, not as oath itself, and discussing purpose of oath in context of

code of criminal procedure requirement that search warrant affidavit be sworn to,

noting that the purpose of the administration of an oath is to call upon the

affiant’s moral duty to tell the truth and instill a sense of seriousness and

responsibility regarding that oath). Likewise, neither would such a construction

lead to absurd or nonsensical results.




                                         22
      Moreover, although an affidavit is not required to have a jurat affixed to

meet the statutory definition of an affidavit, 14 the Purported Affidavit contained

one signed by the notary stating that Wife had both signed and sworn to the

affidavit “before” the notary. Thus, even if government code section 312.011(1)

does not require an affiant to swear to the affidavit’s truth in the physical

presence of a notary, the jurat on the Purported Affidavit falsely claimed that Wife

had done so. See Olsen v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 347 S.W.3d 876,

883–84 (Tex. App.––Dallas 2011, pet. denied) (describing jurat on purported self-

proving will as “false” when witness did not sign in notary’s physical presence as

stated in the jurat). Nothing in the evidence shows that Wife swore to the truth of

the Purported Affidavit’s contents before the notary.

      The evidence supports the trial court’s findings and conclusions. Allison

testified about the difficulty he and his paralegal had getting Wife to come by his

office to sign an affidavit to attach to the summary judgment response. Although

Allison testified that he needed to file a response by the deadline set forth in the

rules, he acknowledged that he could have filed a motion seeking leave to file a

late response. He consistently testified that he had no specific memory of when

Wife signed the Purported Affidavit other than what his fax and email records

showed. However, he also testified that he did not believe Wife signed and faxed

the affidavit to his paralegal and then drove to his office to swear to its contents.

      14
       Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 312.011(1); Mansions in the Forest, L.P., 365
S.W.3d at 316; see also Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(f).


                                         23
Allison said that if he followed his usual procedure, he finalized the form of the

motion on the morning of October 14, 2010 before leaving the office to go to the

courthouse and left the finalizing and execution of the Purported Affidavit to his

paralegal, who would have obtained a signed version of the Purported Affidavit

and filed it with the summary judgment response that same day.              Thus, the

evidence supports a conclusion that Allison––who testified that he drafted the

Purported Affidavit that included the jurat––should have known that his paralegal

could not have accomplished having Wife swear to the Purported Affidavit in her

presence before filing the response.

      That Allison did not personally witness the manner in which the Purported

Affidavit was obtained and attached to the response that his paralegal filed does

not absolve him of responsibility for its filing. See Tex. Disciplinary R. Prof’l

Conduct, 5.03, reprinted in Tex. Gov’t Code Ann., tit. 2, subtit. G, app. A (West

2013) (describing lawyer’s responsibilities regarding nonlawyer assistants); cf.

Big Country Elec. Co-op, Inc. v. Hill, No. 11-09-00368-CV, 2011 WL 5307858, at

*3 (Tex. App.––Eastland Nov. 3, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (acknowledging, in

holding that sanctions could not be assessed against client for paralegal’s

conduct, that attorney could be held responsible for that conduct).            Allison

testified that he relied on his paralegal’s knowledge of how the Purported

Affidavit was executed to determine whether to file it; if she had told him that Wife

did not need to sign it in her presence for it to be valid, he would have filed it. But

Allison was responsible for ensuring that what he attached to the summary


                                          24
judgment response as affidavit evidence was truly what he represented it to be.

Cf. Sellers v. Foster, 199 S.W.3d 385, 401–02 (Tex. App.––Fort Worth 2006, no

pet.) (holding that trial court did not abuse its discretion by determining that

attorney who relied on her assistant to send expert report but did not confirm that

assistant did so was consciously indifferent in failing to file report timely).

      Additionally, he argues that he cannot be held responsible for his

assistant’s actions in improperly notarizing the document because he does not

have supervisory authority over a notary. However, the trial court’s concern was

with the paralegal’s filing of the summary judgment response with the Purported

Affidavit attached, and Allison’s failure to attempt to remedy the matter after it

was discovered, not Allison’s supervision of the paralegal in her notarial duties.

Allison specifically testified that he relied on his paralegal, at his direction, to file

the document in the proper form.            Additionally, he personally signed the

response, which stated that “[t]his response depends on the following evidence

included in the appendix: a. Affidavits. Affidavit of Mindy Meeker as Exhibit ‘A’.”

Even after researching how the Purported Affidavit was signed and returned, and

finding the fax copy that Wife signed and returned on October 14, 2010, the day

the Purported Affidavit was filed with the summary judgment response, Allison

never attempted to amend the response with a properly sworn affidavit or

withdraw the Purported Affidavit. 15


      15
       We recognize that by the time Allison was able to investigate the alleged
problems Wife raised with the Purported Affidavit, Wife was no longer

                                           25
         Accordingly, we conclude and hold that the evidence supports the trial

court’s conclusion that the Purported Affidavit was filed for an improper purpose,

namely to avoid summary judgment on both the merits of the Meeker Entities’

claims but also to avoid a dismissal of the invasion of privacy claim that had

likewise been improperly filed to leverage Wife’s position in this suit.        See

Skepnek v. Mynatt, 8 S.W.3d 377, 380–83 (Tex. App.––El Paso 1999, pet.

denied) (affirming sanctions against attorney who filed special appearance with

affidavit containing false statements attached).       We overrule Allison’s fourth

issue.

                       Reasonableness of Sanctions Award

         In his fifth issue, Allison contends that the sanctions award for filing the

Purported Affidavit is excessive, that the evidence of the Meeker Entities’

attorney’s fees was not properly segregated between fees related to his conduct

versus Wife’s, and that neither the record nor the trial court’s sanctions order

identifies a nexus between the fees awarded as sanctions and the underlying

conduct.      He also challenges the award of $3,000 for Ginn’s lost time in

researching the claim and attending hearings.

         Sanctions must not be either unjust or excessive. Nath, 446 S.W.3d at

363. A complaint that sanctions are unjust or excessive must be raised at trial.


cooperating with him and Allison had sought to withdraw. However, he continued
to maintain that the Purported Affidavit was competent summary judgment
evidence.


                                          26
See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1); The Shops at Legacy (Inland) Limited P’ship v.

Fine Autographs & Memorabilia Retail Stores, Inc., No. 05-14-00889-CV, 2015

WL 2201567, at *2–3 (Tex. App.––Dallas May 8, 2015, no pet. h.) (mem. op.);

Gott v. Rice Consol. ISD, No. 01-07-00051-CV, 2008 WL 4670257, at *8 (Tex.

App.––Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 23, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.). Allison did not

complain about the excessiveness of the sanctions award in the trial court.

Moreover, his argument on appeal regarding excessiveness addresses the

merits of the imposition of sanctions against him rather than Wife, not the amount

of fees awarded; we have already concluded that the trial court’s imposition of

sanctions against Allison was supported by the evidence of his conduct. Thus,

we conclude that Allison has not preserved his excessiveness complaint, apart

from his complaint on the underlying merits of the imposition of sanctions, for

review.

      But Allison did file written objections to Warren’s attorney’s fees affidavit as

well as the affidavit of Ginn’s counsel Robert W. Bush in which Allison

complained about the attorneys’ failure to segregate their fees between fees

related to his conduct and fees related to Wife’s with respect to the filing of both

the invasion of privacy claim and the Purported Affidavit. Allison cites Glass v.

Glass, in which the court reversed an award of sanctions against the client for

her attorneys’ actions in filing frivolous pleadings. 826 S.W.2d 683, 688–90 (Tex.




                                         27
App.––Texarkana 1992, writ denied). 16         However, depending on the facts

adduced in a sanctions proceeding, a trial court may be justified in finding that

both the attorney and client were responsible for filing––and causing to be filed––

a sanctionable pleading. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 10.004(a) (“A

court that determines that a person has signed a pleading or motion in violation

of Section 10.001 may impose a sanction on the person, a party represented by

the person, or both.”); Sluder v. Ogden, No. 03-10-00280-CV, 2011 WL 116058,

at *4 (Tex. App.––Austin Jan. 13, 2011, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (holding that trial

court could have reasonably determined that client was complicit in filing of

frivolous suit, thereby justifying sanctions against both attorney and client).

      According to Allison, the record shows that most of the misconduct was

Wife’s and that he could not be jointly and severally liable for the “entire

sanctions proceedings when he was her target and not her ally.” We have set

forth the trial court’s findings and conclusions in detail, which we have concluded

are supported by the evidence. The trial court found that even though both Wife

and Allison said they believed all claims in the suit had been released, they

nevertheless were responsible for the subsequent filing of the invasion of privacy


      16
         Allison also cites Metzger v. Sebek, 892 S.W.2d 20 (Tex. App.––Houston
[1st Dist.] 1994, writ denied), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 868 (1995), in support of his
argument. But that court did not hold that a party could not be sanctioned jointly
and severally with counsel when both of them had committed misconduct in
signing a pleading; instead, that court held that imposing joint and several liability
of $994,000 was excessive in light of Metzger’s one act of lying in an affidavit.
Id. at 52–53.


                                         28
claim and Purported Affidavit. Contrary to Allison’s arguments on appeal, the

trial court clearly set forth the conduct it believed Allison engaged in with respect

to both filings that was improper. And the effect of both Allison’s and Wife’s

conduct was the same: not only were the Meeker Entities forced to go forward

on claims they had agreed to release––because the invasion of privacy claim

was filed before they filed their motion for summary judgment in this case, thus

leaving them little choice in light of the fact that Wife did not sign the release––

they also had to research and defend the invasion of privacy claim, including the

propriety of the Purported Affidavit. 17 Allison did not testify, nor does he contend

on appeal, that he filed either the invasion of privacy claim or Purported Affidavit

for Wife against his will.     The same reasoning likewise applies to Ginn;

additionally, because he was brought into the suit solely because of the invasion

of privacy claim, there was no need to segregate his fees further. See Tex. Civ.

Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 10.004(c)(3); Softech Int’l, Inc. v. Diversys Learning,

Inc., No. 03-07-00687-CV, 2009 WL 638203, at *7 (Tex. App.––Austin Mar. 13,

2009, no pet.) (mem. op.). Because the trial court’s sanctions award for the filing

of the Purported Affidavit was based on the costs and fees incurred by Ginn and

      17
        Allison contends that the fact that the Purported Affidavit was not sworn
is immaterial because Wife had already submitted a substantially similar affidavit
in connection with the motion to end the surveillance in the divorce proceeding.
But because an unsworn document is not an affidavit––and therefore not
evidence for summary judgment purposes––appellees would not have needed to
reply to Allison’s response to prevent a denial of their motion for summary
judgment had they known the Purported Affidavit was not what Allison had
represented it to be.


                                         29
the Meeker Entities as a direct result of both Allison’s and Wife’s sanctionable

conduct as described above––and likewise described with particularity in the

detailed sanctions order––we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in ordering Allison and Wife to pay the sanctions jointly and severally.           See

Bennett, 2014 WL 4179452, at *15; Softech Int’l, Inc., 2009 WL 638203, at *7;

Thottumkal v. McDougal, 251 S.W.3d 715, 718 (Tex. App.––Houston [14th Dist.]

2008, pet. denied).

      Allison also complains that the trial court’s order cites no authority for the

award of $3,000 to Ginn for his lost time, which we construe as an argument that

there is no evidence to support Ginn’s lost time as a basis for recovery.

However, civil practice and remedies code section 10.004(c)(3) allows a trial

court to award a party “reasonable expenses incurred by the other party because

of the filing of the pleading or motion.”      Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.

§ 10.004(c)(3). Ginn testified that he expended personal time researching the

facts alleged by Wife in her invasion of privacy claim. 18

      Finally, Allison contends that the attorney’s fees awarded as sanctions

improperly include $95,820.41 in attorney’s fees awarded to the Meeker Entities

separately for prevailing on their motion for summary judgment. Allison did not

raise this complaint in the trial court; therefore, he failed to preserve it for review.



      18
       Allison has not challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to support the
amount of the lost time award.


                                          30
See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1); Holland v. Hayden, 901 S.W.2d 763, 765 (Tex.

App.––Houston [14th Dist.] 1995, writ denied).

      Accordingly, we overrule Allison’s fifth issue.

                                   Conclusion

      Having overruled Allison’s dispositive issues, we affirm the trial court’s

sanctions order against Allison.


                                                    /s/ Terrie Livingston

                                                    TERRIE LIVINGSTON
                                                    CHIEF JUSTICE

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; WALKER and GABRIEL, JJ.

DELIVERED: August 31, 2015




                                         31
