[Cite as State v. Lagese, 2013-Ohio-5773.]
                            STATE OF OHIO, MAHONING COUNTY

                                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                        SEVENTH DISTRICT


STATE OF OHIO                                 )    CASE NO. 11 MA 198
                                              )
        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE                    )
                                              )
VS.                                           )    OPINION
                                              )
ANTHONY LAGESE                                )
                                              )
        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT                   )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS:                          Criminal Appeal from the Court of
                                                   Common Pleas of Mahoning County,
                                                   Ohio
                                                   Case No. 10 CR 1274A

JUDGMENT:                                          Affirmed.

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee:                            Atty. Paul J. Gains
                                                   Mahoning County Prosecutor
                                                   Atty. Ralph M. Rivera
                                                   Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
                                                   21 West Boardman Street, 6th Floor
                                                   Youngstown, Ohio 44503

For Defendant-Appellant:                           Atty. Andrew R. Zellers
                                                   Richard G. Zellers & Associates, Inc.
                                                   3810 Starrs Centre Dr.
                                                   Canfield, Ohio 44406


JUDGES:

Hon. Cheryl L. Waite
Hon. Joseph J. Vukovich
Hon. Mary DeGenaro
                                                   Dated: December 19, 2013
[Cite as State v. Lagese, 2013-Ohio-5773.]
WAITE, J.


        {¶1}     Appellant Anthony Lagese appeals a decision of the Mahoning County

Common Pleas Court not to suppress testimony given by the two officers who

arrested him for possession of crack cocaine following a traffic stop made in

Youngstown, in November 2010. On appeal, Appellant, who pleaded no contest

after his motion to suppress failed, contends that the officers were incompetent to

testify concerning the stop because it was made using an unmarked car. Appellant

also contends that the crack cocaine found in plain view during the traffic stop should

be suppressed because it was identified only as the result of an unreasonable traffic

stop. Appellant’s arguments are without merit. The judgment of the trial court is

affirmed.

                                  Factual and Procedural History

        {¶2}     Both Appellant and the state agree as to the facts of the occurrence on

the evening of November 5, 2010. Two police officers, Josh M. Kelly and Patrick

Mulligan, were patrolling the south side of Youngstown as part of a street crimes unit.

Their responsibilities include “anything from tall grass to drug complaints to loitering

in certain areas. Basically our main goal is to get drugs and guns off the street.”

(Suppression Hrg. Tr., pp. 27-28.) On the evening of November 5, 2010, around 7:00

p.m., the two officers were on patrol in a “white Crown Vic, basically a police car

without markings. It is the same unit we drive with the actual overhead-lights and

police on the side. It hasn’t been detailed.” (Suppression Hrg. Tr., p. 11.) Officer

Kelly, who ordinarily patrols in a K-9 unit, was with Officer Mulligan that night without

his dog, but wearing his K-9 patrol uniform. Officer Mulligan was wearing a standard
                                                                                      -2-

task force uniform, which differs from the standard patrol uniform. The unmarked car

the two were using did not have a cage separating the front and back seats. The car

does not have lights mounted on the roof, but instead has both blue and red lights

mounted inside the grill and colored dashboard lights.

       {¶3}    The two officers were traveling west on Ravenwood when they noticed

a gold-colored 1994 Buick turn into the driveway of 270 East Ravenwood without

using a turn signal. The officers then activated the various lights in the unmarked

car, pulled into the driveway behind the vehicle, and initiated a traffic stop. The

officers could see that the Buick had two occupants. The officers exited their cruiser.

Officer Mulligan approached the vehicle on the driver’s side, and Officer Kelly

approached on the passenger side.          As he approached the car, Officer Kelly

observed the driver move his hand down to his waist, pull an object away from his

body, and appear to place it on the floor of the car. The officer later testified that he

was initially concerned that the object might be a weapon, but continued to approach

when the driver appeared to place it on the floor. (Suppression Hrg. Tr., pp. 19-20.)

At this point, the passenger abruptly opened the door, nearly hitting Officer Kelly

(who believed she did not see him) and threw her purse out of the car into the yard or

bushes next to the driveway, before exiting the car. The woman, later identified as

Debra Silvers, was then instructed by the officers to sit on the ground. (Suppression

Hrg. Tr., p. 21.)

       {¶4}    Officer Kelly, standing outside the car’s open passenger door, shone

his light into the vehicle and observed on the hump between the driver and
                                                                                        -3-

passenger seats a plastic bag containing what he believed, due to his experience as

a drug enforcement officer and through K-9 training, to be crack cocaine.

(Suppression Hrg. Tr., pp. 7-8.) Appellant was then instructed to exit the vehicle and

placed under arrest for possession of crack cocaine. Appellant was also issued a

traffic citation for failure to use his turn signal. Silvers, who was sitting on the ground

during Appellant’s arrest, stated to the officers that she also had crack cocaine in her

handbag. She was then arrested for possession.

       {¶5}   Both parties were arraigned in Mahoning County Common Pleas Court,

and Appellant’s counsel filed a motion to suppress the crack cocaine found during

the traffic stop. A hearing was held on Appellant’s motion and the trial court denied

his motion to suppress.       Appellant pleaded no contest and was found guilty.

Appellant filed a timely appeal of his conviction.

                                   Argument and Law

                               Assignment of Error No. 1

       The police cruiser that stopped the Defendant-Appellant’s automobile

       for a minor traffic violation was not properly marked under Ohio Revised

       Code §4549.13 as required for a police cruiser that patrols for and

       enforces Ohio Traffic Code, therefore rendering the seizure unlawful.

       {¶6}   A trial court’s decision on a motion to suppress presents a mixed

question of fact and law. State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St. 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, ¶8.

During a suppression hearing the trial court is itself the trier of fact, and “is therefore

in the best position to resolve factual questions and evaluate the credibility of
                                                                                     -4-

witnesses” Id., citing State v. Mills, 62 Ohio St.3d 357, 366 (1992). Consequently,

“an appellate court must accept the trial court’s findings of fact if they are supported

by competent, credible evidence.” Burnside, supra, ¶8. Accepting those facts as

true, the appellate court conducts a de novo review of whether the facts satisfy the

applicable legal standards at issue in the appeal. State v. Williams, 86 Ohio App.3d

37, 41, 619 N.E.2d 1141 (1993). R.C. 4549.13 provides in part:

      Any motor vehicle used by * * * any * * * [police] officer, while said

      officer is on duty for the exclusive or main purpose of enforcing the

      motor vehicle or traffic laws of this state, provided the offense is

      punishable as a misdemeanor, shall be marked in some distinctive

      manner or color.

      {¶7}   R.C. 4549.14 provides:

      Any officer arresting, or participating or assisting in the arrest of, a

      person charged with violating the motor vehicle or traffic laws of this

      state, provided the offense is punishable as a misdemeanor, such

      officer being on duty exclusively or for the main purpose of enforcing

      such laws, is incompetent to testify as a witness in any prosecution

      against such arrested person if such officer at the time of the arrest was

      using a motor vehicle not marked in accordance with section 4549.13 of

      the Revised Code.

      {¶8}   Evid.R. 601(C) restates the provisions of R.C. 4549.14. To be found

competent to testify about a traffic stop, the officer concerned must have been using
                                                                                       -5-

a “properly marked motor vehicle” and “wearing a legally distinctive uniform,” if, at the

time of the stop, the officer was “on duty for the exclusive or main purpose of

enforcing traffic laws.” Evid.R. 601(C).

       {¶9}   It is undisputed that Officers Mulligan and Kelly were not using a

marked police cruiser, and, although both were in uniform, neither was wearing the

regular patrol uniform used by officers solely engaged in traffic enforcement.

Therefore, the question becomes whether the officers were on duty exclusively or for

the main purpose of enforcing traffic laws. State v. King, 7th Dist. No. 05-CO-14,

2006-Ohio-894.

       {¶10} In King, we upheld a trial court’s decision finding a traffic stop proper

and the officer qualified to testify. The officer in King observed a driver’s erratic

behavior and excessive speed and conducted a traffic stop, despite the fact that the

officer was driving an unmarked vehicle and out of uniform at the time. The stop and

subsequent testimony were both permitted because the officer was part of a task

force and not engaged solely in traffic enforcement. Our decision in King directly

supports R.C. 4549.14, and our reasoning in that instance is applicable in this case.

At the hearing on Appellant's motion to suppress/dismiss, both officers testified that

they were patrolling as part of a crime unit, and that traffic enforcement was not their

sole or exclusive purpose. Under these circumstances, the trial court did not err in

finding both officers competent to testify. Appellant’s belief that all traffic stops must

be conducted only by officers driving marked cars is mistaken. The marked car and

uniform requirement applies only to those engaged exclusively in traffic enforcement.
                                                                                    -6-

R.C. 4945.13; Evid.R. 601. Appellant’s first assignment of error is without merit and

is overruled.

                               Assignment of Error No. 2

       The Trial Court erred when it failed to suppress the evidence that was

       the result of an unlawful search and seizure under the Fourth

       Amendment to the United States Constitution, because the police

       officers did not have a warrant or the requisite probable cause for an

       exception to the warrant requirement to apply.

       {¶11} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides:

       The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,

       and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be

       violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,

       supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to

       be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Article I, Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution provides Ohioans with the same

guarantee.      The two, taken together, “require government officials to procure a

warrant based on probable cause prior to conducting searches and seizures.” State

v. Schwab, 7th Dist. No. 08 MA 78, 2009-Ohio-1312, ¶11. “The ultimate standard set

forth in the Fourth Amendment is reasonableness.” Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S.

433, 439, 93 S.Ct. 2523, 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973). Thus, the Fourth Amendment

protects citizens from unreasonable government searches and seizures but not those

that are “reasonable.” United States v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675, 682, 105 S.Ct. 1568,
                                                                                     -7-

84 L.Ed.2d 605 (1985). “For a search or seizure to be reasonable under the Fourth

Amendment, it must be based upon probable cause and executed pursuant to a

warrant.” State v. Moore, 90 Ohio St.3d 47, 49 (2000). The probable cause and

warrant requirements both apply to automobile stops, however, “[a]s a general

matter, the decision to stop an automobile is reasonable where the police have

probable cause to believe that a traffic violation has occurred.” Bowling Green v.

Godwin, 110 Ohio St.3d 58, 61, 2006-Ohio-3563, ¶11; Dayton v. Erickson, 76 Ohio

St.3d 3 (1996), syllabus.

       {¶12} Appellant does not dispute the fact that he engaged in a turn without

giving the appropriate signal, a violation of R.C. 4511.39(A), which provides:

       No person shall turn a vehicle or trackless trolley or move right or left

       upon a highway unless and until such person has exercised due care to

       ascertain that the movement can be made with reasonable safety nor

       without giving an appropriate signal in the manner hereinafter provided.

The undisputed testimony of Officers Kelly and Mulligan also reflects that they had

probable cause to effectuate a traffic stop.

       {¶13} Once we have determined that the stop itself was reasonable, the

record reflects that the officers satisfied the threshold requirement for the plain view

exception to the warrant requirement: “the initial intrusion which permitted police to

come into a position to view the object in question must be justified by a warrant or

recognized exception.” State v. Brown, 158 Ohio App.3d 21, 27-28, 2004-Ohio-3364,

¶16. “Under the [plain-view] doctrine, an officer may seize an item without a warrant
                                                                                     -8-

if the initial intrusion leading to the item’s discovery was lawful and it was

‘immediately apparent’ that the item was incriminating.” Id. at ¶17, quoting State v.

Waddy, 63 Ohio St.3d 424, 442 (1992).

      {¶14} In this instance, the officers did not need to undertake a search

because the item was in plain view, and, according to Officer Kelly, its incriminating

nature was readily apparent. However, even if the officer does not know that the item

in plain view is actually contraband or evidence of a crime, it may be “sufficient that

probable cause exists to associate the property with criminal activity before evidence

may be seized under the plain-view doctrine.” Brown, supra, at ¶16, citing Arizona v.

Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 326 (1987). In this instance, the lawful traffic stop, Appellant’s

movements, the placement of the object in plain view in the vehicle, the passenger’s

reaction to the stop, and the officer’s own experience and knowledge established the

necessary elements to justify the warrantless seizure of contraband in plain view.

      {¶15} In his reply brief, Appellant argues for the first time that exigent

circumstances are necessary for the warrantless search or “seizure of an automobile

from the driveway of a private residence.” State v. Roaden, 98 Ohio App.3d 500,

504, 648 N.E.2d 916 (1994). Appellant’s failure to raise this issue in the trial court

precludes him from raising it for the first time on appeal. State v. Awan, 22 Ohio

St.3d 120, 489 N.E.2d 277, syllabus. Moreover, as we have previously noted, a reply

brief is not an opportunity to raise new assignments of error or arguments, “it is

merely an opportunity to reply to the appellee's brief.” Julian v. Creekside Health

Ctr., 7th Dist. No. 03 MA 21, 2004-Ohio-3197, ¶81; App.R. 16(C).
                                                                                       -9-

       {¶16} However, because an issue that would otherwise be precluded by

waiver may nevertheless be brought to our attention as plain error, we note that

Appellant’s tardy argument misrepresents the caselaw and principles governing

exigent circumstances. Roaden, supra, is wholly factually distinct, and addresses an

improper pretextual trespass on to private property in the absence of a moving

violation. Roaden, and the cases on which it relies, addressed the unjustified search

and seizure of unattended vehicles parked on the private property of the owner.

Roaden is not relevant to and does not raise any new or additional conditions placed

on the conduct of a traffic stop due to a moving violation. Appellant mistakenly cites

State v. Johnson, 187 Ohio App.3d 322, 2010-Ohio-1790, which discusses the

gravity of the underlying offense in the context of the exigent circumstance exception

to a home search, but not with regard to the search of an automobile. Automobiles,

unlike homes, are almost always subject to an exception to the warrant requirement

due to the exigency created by the “ready mobility” of the vehicle in combination with

“the pervasive regulation of vehicles capable of traveling on the public highways.”

California v. Carney, 471 U.S. 386, 391-392, 105 S.Ct. 2066 (May 13, 1985).

Regardless, no “exigent circumstances” are required to seize items of contraband in

plain view. Because Appellant’s exigent circumstances argument was not raised in

the trial court or appropriately briefed on appeal, and because it does not identify an

error at all, and certainly not a plain error, it must fail. Appellant’s second assignment

of error is without merit and is overruled.

                                       Conclusion
                                                                                  -10-

       {¶17} Officers Kelly and Mulligan were competent to testify concerning

Appellant’s failure to use his turn signal and the discovery of contraband resulting

from the lawful traffic stop.   The officers satisfied the requirements to make a

warrantless seizure of contraband in plain view after the traffic stop. Appellant’s two

assignments of error are without merit and are overruled. The judgment of the trial

court is affirmed.


Vukovich, J., concurs.

DeGenaro, P.J., concurs.
