                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT NASHVILLE
                               September 16, 2015 Session

                  ROBERT CLARK v. JOHN WERTHER, ET AL.

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court for Davidson County
                          No. 14C72 Carol Soloman, Judge
                      ___________________________________

              No. M2014-00844-COA-R3-CV – Filed September 27, 2016
                     ___________________________________


The plaintiff, acting pro se, filed a complaint in this health care liability action without
attaching a certificate of good faith. Several defendants filed motions to dismiss based on the
missing certificate. The plaintiff responded to the motions and filed a notice of voluntary
nonsuit. Some of the defendants objected to the voluntary dismissal, arguing the complaint
should be dismissed with prejudice. The trial court dismissed the plaintiff‟s claims against
the non-objecting defendants without prejudice but dismissed the plaintiff‟s claims against
the objecting defendants with prejudice. The plaintiff appealed all of the court‟s dismissal
orders on numerous grounds. Upon review, we conclude that Rule 41.01 of the Tennessee
Rules of Civil Procedure afforded the plaintiff the right to a voluntary dismissal without
prejudice as to all defendants. Accordingly, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand to
the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed in
                    Part, Reversed in Part, and Case Remanded

W. NEAL MCBRAYER, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ANDY D. BENNETT and
RICHARD H. DINKINS, JJ., joined.

Robert L. Clark, Nashville, Tennessee, appellant, pro se.

Mark E. Nichols, Lexington, Kentucky, and Marty R. Phillips and Ashley D. Cleek, Jackson,
Tennessee, for the appellees, Dr. John Werther, Oral & Facial Surgery Group, P.C., Dr.
Keven West, and Oral & Maxillofacial Group of Nashville.

R. Dale Bay, Janet S. Hayes, and John Craig Howell, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellees,
Dr. Daniel Price and Endodontic Associates, P.A.
Wendy L. Longmire, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Dr. Joseph Wiggs.

Timothy G. Wehner, Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellee Keith Thetford, D.D.S.

Phillip North and Renee Levay Stewart, for the appellees, Mark Deaton, M.D. and
Otolaryngology Associates of Tennessee, P.C.

Steven E. Anderson, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellees, Vanderbilt University,
Dr. William Serafin, Dr. Steen Evelhoch, Dr. Sean Young, and Dr. John Ross.

Peter Robison, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Dr. Clayton Cummings.

Dulin Kelly, Hendersonville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Dr. Harry Lehrer.

Gail Vaughn Ashworth, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Dr. Laurel Brown.

John F. Floyd, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellees, Dr. Jeffrey Bressman, D.D.S. and
Glenbrook Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ltd.



                                         OPINION

                     I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       This case arises from apparent complications from a tooth extraction in 2012. After
the extraction, Mr. Robert Clark alleged that he “experienced lingering symptoms of
swelling,” which caused him to seek additional treatment from other health care providers.
Subsequently, Mr. Clark began to experience what he believed were additional symptoms of
an infection, and he became convinced that the health care providers he visited were hiding
something from him. According to Mr. Clark, he had seventy-one medical appointments
related to his concerns over his tooth extraction and sought the advice of forty-six different
providers.

       Four months after the initial extraction, Mr. Clark claimed a diagnostic imaging test
revealed a root tip fragment in his jaw. Unfortunately, Mr. Clark‟s symptoms were not
relieved by removal of the fragment. Mr. Clark believes that the initial dentist who removed
his tooth negligently left a root tip in the extraction site and failed to inform him. Again
according to Mr. Clark, the subsequent health care providers he consulted failed to properly
diagnose and treat his symptoms and tried to hide the initial negligence from him.


                                              2
       On January 7, 2014, Mr. Clark1 filed a complaint against fourteen individual
defendants, their associated medical practice groups, and Vanderbilt University Medical
Center for various causes of action. For each defendant, Mr. Clark specified that his alleged
causes of action met “the requirements of medical malpractice (health care liability), pursuant
to [Tennessee Code Annotated] § 29-26-115(a).” In the Tennessee Health Care Liability Act,
a plaintiff in a health care liability action must give specific notice to the named health care
providers sixty days before filing the action and file a certificate of good faith with the
complaint, confirming that the plaintiff has a good faith basis to maintain the action. Tenn.
Code Ann. §§ 29-26-121, -122 (2012). When he filed his complaint, Mr. Clark included
proof that he had provided the required notice, but he did not file a certificate of good faith.

       On January 21, 2014, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and its affiliated doctors
filed a motion to dismiss the complaint based on the lack of a certificate of good faith.
Shortly thereafter, several additional defendants2 filed similar motions to dismiss. On
February 10, 2014, before any hearing on the defendants‟ motions to dismiss, Mr. Clark filed
a notice of voluntary nonsuit and a proposed order. See Tenn. R. Civ. P. 41.01. Several
defendants3 opposed Mr. Clark‟s notice of nonsuit on the ground that his complaint should be
dismissed with prejudice because of the missing certificate of good faith.

       The court held a hearing on the defendants‟ motions to dismiss on February 14, 2014.
At the hearing, Mr. Clark asked to withdraw his notice of nonsuit, but the court denied his
request. The court dismissed without prejudice Mr. Clark‟s claims against the defendants4
who did not object to the notice of nonsuit and scheduled another hearing to consider
whether the claims against the remaining defendants should be dismissed with prejudice
under Rule 12.02 or without prejudice under Rule 41.01.


        1
            Mr. Clark has represented himself throughout the pendency of this case.
        2
         In addition to the Vanderbilt defendants, motions to dismiss were filed by Dr. John Werther; Oral &
Facial Surgery Group, P.C.; Kevin West, DMD; Maxillofacial Surgery of Nashville; Dr. Joseph Wiggs;
Dr. Laurel Brown; Dr. Daniel Price; Endodontic Associates, P.C.; Dr. Keith Thetford; Dr. Jeffrey Bressman;
and Glenbrook Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ltd. Dr. Clayton Cummings filed a motion to dismiss on the
same grounds as the other defendants after Mr. Clark filed his notice of voluntary nonsuit.
        3
         The following defendants opposed Mr. Clark‟s notice of nonsuit: Dr. John Werther; Oral & Facial
Surgery Group, P.C.; Kevin West, DMD; Maxillofacial Surgery of Nashville; Dr. Keith Thetford; Dr. Daniel
Price; Endodontic Associates, P.A.; and Dr. Joseph Wiggs.
        4
          The court dismissed the following defendants without prejudice: Dr. Laurel Brown; Vanderbilt
University Medical Center; Dr. William Serafin; Dr. John Ross; Dr. Sean Young; Dr. Steven Evelhoch;
Dr. Mark Deaton; and Otolaryngology Associates of Tennessee, P.C. Subsequently, the court also dismissed
without prejudice Mr. Clark‟s suit against Dr. Harry Lehrer; Dr. Clayton Cummings; Dr. Jeffrey Bressman; and
Glenbrook Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, LTD.

                                                      3
       Mr. Clark argued that the court should excuse the absence of the good faith certificate
for two reasons. First, his cause of action fit within the common knowledge exception to the
requirement for expert testimony. Second, he believed that his case presented extraordinary
cause justifying excusing the requirement. Mr. Clark explained that it was obvious that he
would be unable to find an expert witness to testify on his behalf considering he had been
unable to find a medical professional to treat or diagnose his symptoms.

        The court refused to excuse Mr. Clark‟s failure to file a certificate of good faith and
dismissed his claims against the remaining defendants5 with prejudice. Specifically, the court
found he had failed to prove extraordinary cause for his failure to file a certificate of good
faith or to establish that his claims fell within the common knowledge exception to the expert
testimony requirement for medical malpractice actions.

                                            II. ANALYSIS

        While Mr. Clark raises numerous issues on appeal, we view one issue as dispositive:
whether the trial court erred in failing to enter an order dismissing this case without prejudice
as to all defendants after Mr. Clark filed his notice of voluntary nonsuit under Rule 41.01 of
the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure. The trial court ruled that the failure to file a
certificate of good faith with a health care liability complaint precludes a plaintiff from
exercising his right to a voluntary dismissal without prejudice. Consequently, the trial court
granted the defendants‟ Rule 12.02(6) motions to dismiss with prejudice.

                                     A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        In evaluating a Rule 12.02(6) motion to dismiss, the court reviews the pleadings to
determine whether the plaintiff has stated a claim upon which relief may be granted. Tenn.
R. Civ. P. 12.02(6). A Rule 12.02(6) motion challenges the legal sufficiency of the
plaintiff‟s claim, not the evidence. Webb v. Nashville Area Habitat for Humanity, Inc., 346
S.W.3d 422, 426 (Tenn. 2011). In reviewing the trial court‟s decision, “we must take the
factual allegations contained in the complaint as true and review the lower court‟s legal
conclusions de novo with no presumption of correctness.” Moreno v. City of Clarksville, 479
S.W.3d 795, 802 (Tenn. 2015).

                                    B. VOLUNTARY DISMISSAL

      For well over a century, plaintiffs in Tennessee have enjoyed the right to voluntarily
dismiss an action without prejudice and refile the action within one year of the dismissal.

        5
         Mr. Clark‟s claims against these defendants were dismissed with prejudice: Dr. John Werther; Oral
& Facial Surgery Group P.C.; Dr. Joseph Wiggs; Endodontic Associates, P.A.; Dr. Daniel Price; Dr. Keith
Thetford; Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery of Nashville; and Dr. Kevin West.
                                                    4
Evans v. Perkey, 647 S.W.2d 636, 640 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1982). This right is now reflected in
Rule 41.01 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 41.01 provides:

              (1) Subject to the provisions of Rule 23.05, Rule 23.06, or Rule
              66 or of any statute, and except when a motion for summary
              judgment made by an adverse party is pending, the plaintiff shall
              have the right to take a voluntary nonsuit to dismiss an action
              without prejudice by filing a written notice of dismissal at any
              time before the trial of a cause and serving a copy of the notice
              upon all parties, and if a party has not already been served with a
              summons and complaint, the plaintiff shall also serve a copy of
              the complaint on that party; or by an oral notice of dismissal
              made in open court during the trial of a cause; or in jury trials at
              any time before the jury retires to consider its verdict and prior
              to the ruling of the court sustaining a motion for a directed
              verdict. If a counterclaim has been pleaded by a defendant prior
              to the service upon the defendant of plaintiff‟s motion to
              dismiss, the defendant may elect to proceed on such
              counterclaim in the capacity of a plaintiff.

              (2) Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, a
              notice of dismissal operates as an adjudication upon the merits
              when filed by a plaintiff who has twice dismissed in any court
              an action based on or including the same claim.

              (3) A voluntary nonsuit to dismiss an action without prejudice
              must be followed by an order of voluntary dismissal signed by
              the court and entered by the clerk. The date of entry of the order
              will govern the running of pertinent time periods.

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 41.01.

       Rule 41.01 precludes a party from taking a voluntary nonsuit in a class action case, in
a shareholder derivative action, in a case in which a receiver has been appointed, or while an
opposing party‟s motion for summary judgment is pending. Himmelfarb v. Allain, 380
S.W.3d 35, 40 (Tenn. 2012). A plaintiff‟s right to a voluntary nonsuit is also limited by “an
implied exception which prohibits nonsuit when it would deprive the defendant of some
vested right.” Lacy v. Cox, 152 S.W.3d 480, 484 (Tenn. 2004). Other than these exceptions,
“Rule 41.01(1) affords a plaintiff the free and unrestricted right to voluntary dismissal
without prejudice before the jury retires.” Id.

       The effect of a valid notice of nonsuit is immediate. Our Supreme Court has stated
                                              5
that “[t]he lawyer for the plaintiff is the sole judge of the matter and the trial judge has no
control over it.” Rickets v. Sexton, 533 S.W.2d 293, 294 (Tenn. 1976). Although the rule
requires the court to enter an order of dismissal, the order is simply for “ministerial and
procedural purposes.” Lacy, 152 S.W.3d at 484. See Green v. Moore, 101 S.W.3d 415, 419-
20 (Tenn. 2003) (stating that “except in very limited circumstances, a party can take a
voluntary nonsuit without permission from the trial court”). As long as Mr. Clark‟s notice
met the requirements of Rule 41.01, the trial court‟s job was simply to enter the order of
dismissal without prejudice.

        We can quickly dispense with most of the limitations to voluntary dismissal described
in Rule 41.01. This is Mr. Clark‟s first notice of voluntary dismissal. It is undisputed that he
filed a written notice of nonsuit on February 10, 2014, and served a copy of the notice on all
parties. At that time, no motions for summary judgment were pending, and the case had not
reached the stage of jury deliberations. Although motions to dismiss were pending, Rule
41.01 makes no exception for motions to dismiss. See Rickets, 533 S.W.2d at 294 (upholding
the right of a plaintiff to take a voluntary nonsuit “in the face of the resistance of his
adversary”); see also Willbanks v. Trousdale Cty. Bd. of Educ., 1986 WL 1663, at *2 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Feb. 7, 1986) (“We find nothing in Rule 41.01 which takes away plaintiffs‟ right to
a voluntary nonsuit when defendant had moved to dismiss plaintiffs‟ suit.”). All parties
agree that Rules 23.05, 23.06, and 66 are inapplicable to this case. Moreover, the defendants
conceded at oral argument that they had no vested rights that would be affected by a
voluntary dismissal without prejudice.

       The defendants‟ sole argument is that Mr. Clark‟s right to a voluntary dismissal
without prejudice is precluded by a statute, specifically, Tennessee Code Annotated § 29-26-
122, which requires all plaintiffs in health care liability actions to file a certificate of good
faith with the complaint. Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-122(a). The Supreme Court has held that
the certificate of good faith requirement is mandatory and necessitates strict compliance.
Myers v. AMISUB (SFH), Inc., 382 S.W.3d 300, 309 (Tenn. 2012). Thus, the defendants
argue that Mr. Clark‟s failure to file a certificate precludes his right to a voluntary nonsuit.
The defendants‟ reliance on the Myers decision is misplaced.

       Although compliance with the good faith certificate statute is mandatory, dismissal
with prejudice is not automatic. See Robles v. Vanderbilt Univ. Med. Ctr., No. M2010-
01771-COA-R3-CV, 2011WL 1532069, *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 19, 2011). Under certain
circumstances, the court may excuse the failure to file the certificate or extend the time
within which to file the certificate. Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-122(a), (c); see also Myers,
382 S.W.3d at 307 (“If the trial court determines that the plaintiff has not complied with the
statutes, then the trial court may consider whether the plaintiff has demonstrated
extraordinary cause for its noncompliance.”). Nothing in the certificate of good faith statute
expressly “precludes a plaintiff from exercising the „free and unrestricted‟ right to dismiss an
action without prejudice provided in Tenn. R. Civ. P. 41.01.” Davis v. Ibach, No. W2013-
                                              6
02514-COA-R3-CV, 2014 WL 3368847, *4 (Tenn. Ct. App., July 9, 2014), aff’d on other
grounds, 465 S.W.3d 570 (Tenn. 2015).

        While a plaintiff‟s right to a voluntary nonsuit is “[s]ubject to the provisions of Rule
23.05, 23.06, or Rule 66 or of any statute,” we conclude the phrase “of any statute” does not
include the certificate of good faith statute. We apply the well-known rules of statutory
construction to the interpretation of procedural rules. Lind v. Beaman Dodge, Inc., 356
S.W.3d 889, 895 (Tenn. 2011). If the language of the rule is capable of more than one
meaning, we “must seek a reasonable construction in light of the purposes, objectives, and
spirit of the [rule] based on good sound reasoning.” Scott v. Ashland Healthcare Ctr., Inc.,
49 S.W.3d 281, 286 (Tenn. 2001) (quoting State v. Turner, 913 S.W.2d 158, 160 (Tenn.
1995)). The reference to “any statute” is part of a list which includes Rules 23.05, 23.06, and
66. Each of the listed rules expressly limits a party‟s right to take a voluntary nonsuit in
certain types of cases.6 When a general phrase follows a more specific list, we construe the
general phrase to refer to only the same general class of items as those enumerated. See State
v. Marshall, 319 S.W.3d 558, 561-62 (Tenn. 2010) (explaining that the canon of ejusdem
generis operates to limit the breadth of a general phrase following a list of specific items).
Thus, “of any statute” must refer to statutes that specifically limit a party‟s right to obtain a
voluntary nonsuit or otherwise relate specifically to the effect of a voluntary nonsuit.7 This
construction complies with the purpose of Rule 41.01, which was to preserve the historically
liberal practice of allowing voluntary nonsuits in circuit court. See Evans, 647 S.W.2d at
640. Because the good faith certificate statute does not expressly preclude a plaintiff from
taking a voluntary nonsuit and, by its terms, allows a court the discretion to excuse
noncompliance under certain circumstances, the statute does not preclude Mr. Clark from
taking a voluntary nonsuit.

       We conclude the trial court erred in dismissing Mr. Clark‟s claims against the
objecting defendants with prejudice. Rule 41.01 preserves the right of plaintiffs to obtain a

        6
          Rule 23.05 specifies that “[a] certified class action shall not be voluntarily dismissed or compromised
without approval of the court.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 23.05. Rule 23.06 precludes voluntary dismissal or
compromise in a shareholder derivative action without the approval of the court. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 23.06.
Similarly, Rule 66 prohibits voluntary dismissal in an action “wherein a receiver has been appointed.” Tenn.
R. Civ. P. 66.
        7
           For example, in a suit for the abatement of a nuisance, a Tennessee statute prohibits voluntary
dismissal. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-3-107 (2012) (“No such proceeding shall be voluntarily dismissed
except upon a written, sworn statement of the relator or relators of the reasons for dismissal.”). Other statutes
specify the effect of a voluntary dismissal in certain types of cases. See id. §§ 20-6-306 (2009) (determining
the prevailing party in cases involving contractual claims for attorney‟s fees), 20-12-110 (2009) (specifying the
successful party for allocation of costs). A plaintiff‟s right to refile the action after taking a voluntary nonsuit
is limited by the saving statute. Id. § 28-1-105 (2000). See Payne v. Matthews, 633 S.W.2d 494, 496 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1982) (“While Rule 41.01 T.R.C.P. gives a litigant the right to take two voluntary nonsuits, this right
is subject to the provisions „of any statute,‟ namely T.C.A. [§] 28-1-105.”).
                                                         7
voluntary dismissal without prejudice except in limited circumstances, none of which are
present in this case. Because Mr. Clark met the requirements of Rule 41.01, the court‟s job
was simply to enter the order required by Rule 41.01(3).8

                                            III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the trial court to the extent it
granted Mr. Clark‟s request for a voluntary dismissal. We reverse the decision of the trial
court to the extent it dismissed Mr. Clark‟s claims with prejudice and remand for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion. On remand, the trial court should enter an order
under Rule 41.01 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure dismissing Mr. Clark‟s claims
against defendants Dr. John Werther; Oral & Facial Surgery Group P.C.; Dr. Joseph Wiggs;
Endodontic Associates, P.A.; Dr. Daniel Price; Dr. Keith Thetford; Oral & Maxillofacial
Surgery of Nashville; and Dr. Kevin West without prejudice.


                                                            _________________________________
                                                            W. NEAL MCBRAYER, JUDGE




        8
          We note that, although Mr. Clark had the right to a voluntary dismissal without prejudice, he does not
necessarily enjoy the right to refile this action. As the Advisory Commission has commented, “[a]lthough Rule
41.01(2) allows two nonsuits without prejudice, a plaintiff must carefully consider the separate issue of
whether the saving statute, T.C.A. § 28-1-105, authorizes a recommencement of the plaintiff‟s action after a
nonsuit.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 41.01 cmt. (emphasis in original).

                                                       8
