              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                  No. COA16-336

                              Filed: 7 February 2017

Mecklenburg County, Nos. 14 CRS 242804-08

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

             v.

JAMES PAUL BRODY


      Appeal by defendant from judgment entered 1 October 2015 by Judge Carla N.

Archie in Mecklenburg County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 21

September 2016.


      Joshua H. Stein, Attorney General, by Jeremy D. Lindsley, Assistant Attorney
      General, for the State.

      Knox, Brotherton, Knox & Godfrey, by Allen C. Brotherton, for defendant-
      appellant.


      DAVIS, Judge.


      In this appeal, we consider whether a search warrant application relying

principally upon information obtained from a confidential informant was sufficient to

support a magistrate’s finding of probable cause. James Paul Brody (“Defendant”)

appeals from the trial court’s order denying his motion to suppress evidence obtained

from his residence pursuant to a search warrant. Because we conclude that the

affidavit in support of the search warrant application was sufficient to establish

probable cause, we affirm.

                      Factual and Procedural Background
                                  STATE V. BRODY

                                 Opinion of the Court



       On 14 October 2014, the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department began an

investigation into possible drug trafficking by Defendant.    On 28 October 2014,

Detective E.D. Duft applied for a warrant to search Defendant’s home located at 3124

Olde Creek Trail in Matthews, North Carolina. The application was supported by an

affidavit in which Detective Duft described his investigation of Defendant, including

information about Defendant’s drug dealing activity that was obtained through a

confidential informant (the “CI”). A magistrate issued the search warrant that same

day.

       Upon executing the search warrant, Detective Duft seized evidence of illegal

drugs in Defendant’s home.      On 30 March 2015, Defendant was indicted for

maintaining a place to keep controlled substances, possession with intent to sell or

deliver marijuana, possession of marijuana, possession with intent to sell or deliver

cocaine, carrying a concealed weapon, and possession of drug paraphernalia.

       On 19 August 2015, Defendant filed a motion to suppress the evidence seized

pursuant to the search warrant, arguing that the affidavit submitted by Detective

Duft was insufficient to establish probable cause to issue the warrant. The motion

was heard before the Honorable Carla N. Archie in Mecklenburg County Superior

Court on 1 October 2015. After hearing arguments from the parties, the trial court

denied the motion.




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                                  Opinion of the Court



      That same day, pursuant to a plea agreement, Defendant subsequently pled

guilty to the charge of possession with intent to sell or deliver cocaine, and the

remaining charges were dismissed. As part of the plea arrangement, Defendant

reserved his right to appeal the denial of his motion to suppress. The trial court

sentenced Defendant to 5 to 15 months imprisonment, suspended the sentence, and

placed him on 18 months of supervised probation. On 22 December 2015, the trial

court issued a written order denying Defendant’s motion to suppress. Defendant filed

a timely notice of appeal.

                                      Analysis

      Defendant’s sole argument on appeal is that the trial court erred in denying

his motion to suppress evidence found during the search of his home because the

search warrant obtained by Detective Duft was not supported by probable cause. A

defendant “is entitled to mandatory appellate review of an order denying a motion to

suppress when his conviction judgment was entered pursuant to a guilty plea” if he

expressly preserved the right to appeal that ruling. State v. Banner, 207 N.C. App.

729, 731, 701 S.E.2d 355, 357 (2010). Here, because Defendant specifically reserved

his right to appeal when he entered his guilty plea, his appeal is properly before us.

      An application for a search warrant must include (1) a statement that there is

probable cause to believe that items subject to seizure may be found in the place

described; and (2) “one or more affidavits particularly setting forth the facts and



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                                   Opinion of the Court



circumstances establishing probable cause to believe that the items are in the places

or in the possession of the individuals to be searched[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-244

(2015). In determining whether to issue a warrant, the magistrate must “make a

practical, common sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in

the affidavit before him, . . . there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of

a crime will be found in a particular place.” State v. Arrington, 311 N.C. 633, 638,

319 S.E.2d 254, 257-58 (1984) (citation omitted).

      When the motion to suppress is based upon a defendant’s contention that the

search warrant obtained was not supported by probable cause, the trial court must

determine whether, based on the totality of the circumstances, “the evidence as a

whole provides a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause exists.” State

v. Sinapi, 359 N.C. 394, 398, 610 S.E.2d 362, 365 (2005) (citation and quotation marks

omitted); see also State v. McCoy, 100 N.C. App. 574, 576, 397 S.E.2d 355, 357 (1990)

(“The standard for a court reviewing the issuance of a search warrant is whether

there is substantial evidence in the record supporting the magistrate’s decision to

issue the warrant.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)).

             Probable cause . . . means a reasonable ground to believe
             that the proposed search will reveal the presence upon the
             premises to be searched of the objects sought and that
             those objects will aid in the apprehension or conviction of
             the offender. Probable cause does not mean actual and
             positive cause, nor does it import absolute certainty. . . . .
             If the apparent facts set out in an affidavit for a search
             warrant are such that a reasonably discreet and prudent


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                                    STATE V. BRODY

                                   Opinion of the Court



             man would be led to believe that there was a commission
             of the offense charged, there is probable cause justifying
             the issuance of a search warrant.

State v. Campbell, 282 N.C. 125, 128-29, 191 S.E.2d 752, 755 (1972) (internal citations

and quotation marks omitted).

      In the present case, Detective Duft’s affidavit in support of his warrant

application stated, in pertinent part, as follows:

             Detective E. Duft, #1847, has received information from a
             confidential and reliable informant that James Paul
             BRODY is possessing and selling cocaine from his
             residence at 3124 Olde Creek Trail, Matthews, NC.

             On October 14, 2014, investigators received information
             and began an investigation into the cocaine trafficking
             activities of James Paul BRODY. This informant has
             arranged, negotiated and purchased cocaine from BRODY
             under the direct supervision of Detective Duft. This
             informant has been to 3124 Olde Creek Trail, Matthews,
             NC within the past 48 hours and has observed BRODY
             possessing and selling cocaine. This informant has been to
             this location on approximately 30 plus occasions and has
             observed BRODY possessing and selling cocaine on each
             occasion. This informant has also described seeing a
             firearm at this location.

             Investigators     have     known    this     informant for
             approximately two weeks. This informant has provided
             information on other persons involved in drug trafficking
             in the Charlotte area which we have investigated
             independently. Through interviews with the informant,
             detectives know this informant is familiar with drug
             pricing and how controlled substances are packaged and
             sold for distribution in the Charlotte area.

             Detective E.D. Duft, #1847, has eighteen (18) years of law


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                                  Opinion of the Court



             enforcement experience with three (3) years as a street
             drug interdiction officer, five (5) years as a vice and
             narcotics detective for the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police
             Department and ten (10) years as a Task Force Officer for
             the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).

             [Detective Duft] has attended narcotics schools on both the
             state and federal level including: a two day Street Drug
             Interdiction school, an Undercover Drug School, a Pipeline
             Drug School, Jetway Drug Training, DEA Basic Drug
             Investigators School, DEA Task Force Officer school, Rave
             and Club Drug Investigations, Financial Investigations,
             Telephone Exploitation and Basic, Advanced Internet
             Communication Exploitation and Clandestine Lab
             Training and certification.

      Based upon this affidavit, the magistrate determined that there was probable

cause to issue the search warrant. The trial court subsequently ruled that the

magistrate had properly granted the warrant, concluding that (1) “[s]ufficient detail

was present in the search warrant to assure the magistrate of the informant’s

reliability”; (2) “[t]here was a substantial basis to believe that a fair probability

existed that a controlled substance would be found in the residence identified in the

search warrant”; and (3) “[p]robable cause existed to issue the search warrant.”

      On appeal, Defendant argues that probable cause was not established because

the affidavit failed to show that the CI was reliable and that drugs were likely to be

found in Defendant’s home. It is well established that probable cause may be shown

through the use of information provided by informants. State v. Brown, 199 N.C.

App. 253, 257, 681 S.E.2d 460, 463 (2009). “In utilizing an informant’s tip, probable



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                                     Opinion of the Court



cause is determined using a totality-of-the-circumstances analysis which permits a

balanced assessment of the relative weights of all the various indicia of reliability

(and unreliability) attending an informant’s tip.” State v. Holmes, 142 N.C. App. 614,

621, 544 S.E.2d 18, 22 (2001) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

              The indicia of reliability of an informant’s tip may include
              (1) whether the informant was known or anonymous, (2)
              the informant’s history of reliability, and (3) whether
              information provided by the informant could be
              independently corroborated by the police.

Brown, 199 N.C. App. at 258, 681 S.E.2d at 463 (citation and quotation marks

omitted).

       “A known informant’s information may establish probable cause based upon a

reliable track record in assisting the police.” State v. Leach, 166 N.C. App. 711, 716,

603 S.E.2d 831, 835 (2004), appeal dismissed, 359 N.C. 640, 614 S.E.2d 538 (2005);

see also State v. McRae, 203 N.C. App. 319, 324, 691 S.E.2d 56, 60 (2010) (“[A] tip

from a reliable, confidential informant may supply probable cause[.]”).

       Our caselaw emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between anonymous

informants and informants who are known to the officers and have provided reliable

information in the past. “[T]he difference in evaluating an anonymous tip as opposed

to a reliable, confidential informant’s tip is that the overall reliability is more difficult

to establish, and thus some corroboration of the information or greater level of detail

is generally necessary.” McRae, 203 N.C. App. at 325, 691 S.E.2d at 61 (citation,



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                                   Opinion of the Court



quotation marks, and brackets omitted); see also State v. Crowell, 204 N.C. App. 362,

366, 693 S.E.2d 370, 373 (2010) (concluding that corroboration by police was not

required to establish reliability of tip provided by known informant who had

demonstrated past reliability); Chadwick, 149 N.C. App. at 203, 560 S.E.2d at 209

(“A known informant’s information may establish probable cause based on a reliable

track record, or an anonymous informant’s information may provide probable cause

if the caller’s information can be independently verified.”).

      We find instructive our decision in State v. Barnhardt, 92 N.C. App. 94, 373

S.E.2d 461, disc. review denied, 323 N.C. 626, 374 S.E.2d 593 (1988). In Barnhardt,

a detective stated in his affidavit supporting a search warrant application that he

had received information from a confidential informant who had “personally observed

a large amount of cocaine at the residence of [the defendant]” within 24 hours prior

to the affidavit being sworn and had provided a detailed description of the outside of

the defendant’s home. Id. at 97, 373 S.E.2d at 463. The detective’s affidavit also

reflected that the informant knew what cocaine looked like because he had purchased

the drug in the past. Id. at 98, 373 S.E.2d at 463. The detective acknowledged in the

affidavit that the informant had “never given any information to me before.” Id.

      Based on this affidavit, the magistrate found probable cause to issue a search

warrant for the defendant’s home.        On appeal, we held that the affidavit was

sufficient to support the magistrate’s probable cause determination, explaining that



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                                          STATE V. BRODY

                                         Opinion of the Court



it

               provided timely information, exact detail of the premises to
               be searched, and it described the informant’s ability to
               identify cocaine. These circumstances, supplemented by
               the officer’s credentials and experience, amount to a
               substantial basis for the magistrate’s determination that
               probable cause existed.

Id.

       The affidavit in the present case provided an even stronger basis for a probable

cause finding. Here, Detective Duft’s affidavit stated that investigators had known

the CI for two weeks, the CI had previously provided them with information on other

persons involved in drug trafficking in the area, and Detective Duft considered the

CI to be a “reliable informant.” The CI had demonstrated to Detective Duft that he

was “familiar with drug pricing and how controlled substances are packaged and sold

for distribution in the Charlotte area.” Moreover, the CI had previously “arranged,

negotiated and purchased cocaine from [Defendant] under the direct supervision of

Detective Duft.”1 In addition, the CI revealed to Detective Duft that he had visited

Defendant’s home approximately 30 times — including a visit that occurred within

48 hours prior to the affidavit being sworn — and “observed [Defendant] possessing



       1  Defendant points out that the affidavit does not specify whether or not this purchase occurred
at Defendant’s home. However, regardless of whether it took place at Defendant’s residence or at some
other location, this purchase nevertheless (1) added support to Detective Duft’s determination that the
CI was reliable; and (2) demonstrated that Defendant was engaged in the sale of drugs. Thus, the
purchase, in conjunction with the CI having previously observed cocaine at Defendant’s home on
numerous occasions (including within the prior 48 hours), added support to the magistrate’s probable
cause determination.

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                                    STATE V. BRODY

                                   Opinion of the Court



and selling cocaine on each occasion.” Finally, the affidavit reflected that Detective

Duft possessed 18 years of law enforcement experience, including significant

experience and training relating to the investigation of drug trafficking.

      Accordingly, viewing all of these facts under the totality of the circumstances,

we conclude that the magistrate had a substantial basis for determining that

probable cause existed to believe cocaine was present in Defendant’s home based on

Detective Duft’s affidavit and the permissible inferences that could be drawn from it.

See State v. Taylor, 191 N.C. App. 587, 590, 664 S.E.2d 421, 423 (2008) (“[T]he duty

of the reviewing court is simply to ensure that the magistrate had a substantial basis

for concluding that probable cause existed.” (citation, quotation marks, brackets, and

ellipsis omitted)); State v. Benters, 367 N.C. 660, 665, 766 S.E.2d 593, 598 (2014) (“[A]

magistrate is entitled to draw reasonable inferences from the material supplied to

him by an applicant for a warrant.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)).

      We are unpersuaded by Defendant’s contention that Detective Duft’s affidavit

failed to adequately demonstrate the CI’s reliability. The affidavit stated both that

(1) law enforcement officers independently investigated prior information provided

by the CI; and (2) Detective Duft considered the CI to be a “reliable informant.” The

fact that the affidavit did not describe the precise outcomes of the previous tips from

the CI did not preclude a determination that the CI was reliable. Although a general

averment that an informant is “reliable” — taken alone — might raise questions as



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                                   Opinion of the Court



to the basis for such an assertion, the fact that Detective Duft also specifically stated

that investigators had received information from the CI in the past allows for a

reasonable inference that such information demonstrated the CI’s reliability. See,

e.g., State v. Edwards, 185 N.C. App. 701, 705, 649 S.E.2d 646, 649 (“Even though

Officer Warren did not spell out in exact detail the connection between the informant

and the previous drug investigations, the magistrate could properly infer the

confidential informant had provided reliable information to Officer Warren in

previous situations.”), disc. review denied, 362 N.C. 89, 656 S.E.2d 281 (2007).

Moreover, Detective Duft had further opportunity to gauge the CI’s reliability when

“he arranged, negotiated and purchased cocaine from [Defendant] under the direct

supervision of Detective Duft.”

      We also reject Defendant’s assertion that this case is controlled by Taylor. In

that case, a special agent for the sheriff’s office with two years of law enforcement

experience submitted an affidavit in support of a search warrant for a location

containing both a mobile home and a house. Taylor, 191 N.C. App. at 588, 664 S.E.2d

at 422. In his affidavit, the special agent averred that a confidential informant —

whom he had previously found to be reliable — had “visited the described location at

the direction and surveillance of this [a]pplicant and while at the location . . . made a

purchase of the controlled substance.” Id.

      A magistrate issued a warrant, and drugs were found in the house when the



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                                    Opinion of the Court



warrant was executed. The defendant filed a motion to suppress, which the trial

court granted on the ground that the special agent’s affidavit did not establish

probable cause. Id. at 589, 664 S.E.2d at 422. The State appealed, and we affirmed

the trial court’s ruling, explaining as follows:

             [N]o facts were alleged in the affidavit that particularly set
             forth where on the premises the drug deals occurred. The
             affidavit merely stated that the CI “had visited the
             described location” and made controlled purchases of
             cocaine “while at the location,” without particularly stating
             which, if any, of the two dwellings he entered to make the
             purchases. There were also no facts alleged in the affidavit
             that identified the defendant as the owner of either
             residence. Additionally, Special Agent Perry had only been
             working in law enforcement for two years at the time he
             applied for the search warrant. He also failed to include
             facts regarding whether he observed the transactions
             between the CI and the seller himself, and did not establish
             the identity of the seller of the cocaine as defendant.
             Finally, Special Agent Perry’s affidavit failed to identify
             the Sampson County Sheriff’s Office procedure for
             controlled purchases of controlled substances and was
             silent as to whether he followed that procedure with the CI.
             Special Agent Perry merely stated that the CI had been
             proven reliable in the past by following the controlled
             purchase procedure, but did not allege that the procedure
             was followed in the present investigation, alleging only
             that “while at the location the [CI] made a purchase of the
             controlled substance. Immediately after leaving the
             location, the [CI] met with the applicant and turned over
             the controlled substance.”

Id. at 590-91, 664 S.E.2d at 423-24 (emphasis omitted).

      The present case is distinguishable from Taylor for a number of reasons. First,

there is no ambiguity here as to which of multiple dwellings listed in an affidavit was


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                                 Opinion of the Court



likely to contain the contraband sought or whether the defendant was the owner of

the home at issue. Detective Duft’s affidavit stated that the CI had seen Defendant

inside the one residence listed in the affidavit — Defendant’s home — approximately

30 times in the past, including within 48 hours of the affidavit being sworn.

Moreover, unlike the officer in Taylor — who possessed only limited law enforcement

experience — Detective Duft has worked in law enforcement for 18 years and has

extensive drug enforcement experience and training.

      In reaching our decision in this case, we are mindful that our Supreme Court

has cautioned that a “grudging or negative attitude by reviewing courts toward

warrants is inconsistent with the Fourth Amendment’s strong preference for searches

conducted pursuant to a warrant; courts should not invalidate warrants by

interpreting affidavits in a hypertechnical, rather than a commonsense, manner.”

State v. Riggs, 328 N.C. 213, 222, 400 S.E.2d 429, 434-35 (1991) (citation, quotation

marks, and brackets omitted). “[G]reat deference should be paid a magistrate’s

determination of probable cause and . . . after-the-fact scrutiny should not take the

form of a de novo review.” Benters, 367 N.C. at 665, 766 S.E.2d at 598 (citation and

quotation marks omitted). Therefore, “[t]he resolution of doubtful or marginal cases

in this area should be largely determined by the preference to be accorded to

warrants.” Id. at 675, 766 S.E.2d at 604 (citation and quotation marks omitted).

      We are satisfied that Detective Duft’s affidavit contained sufficient



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                                  Opinion of the Court



information to support the magistrate’s determination that probable cause existed to

issue the search warrant.     Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s denial of

Defendant’s motion to suppress.

                                    Conclusion

      For the reasons stated above, we conclude that the trial court did not err in

denying Defendant’s motion to suppress.

      AFFIRMED.

      Judges CALABRIA and TYSON concur.




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