Filed 8/25/14 In re B.B. CA2/7
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION SEVEN


In re B.B.,                                                          B253549

a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court                             (Los Angeles County
Law.                                                                 Super. Ct. No. CK53151)


LOS ANGELES COUNTY
DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND
FAMILY SERVICES,

         Plaintiff and Respondent,

         v.

JOSE G.,

         Defendant and Appellant.



         APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Tony L.
Richardson, Judge. Affirmed.
         Marissa Coffey, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         John F. Krattli, County Counsel, Dawyn R. Harrison, Assistant County Counsel,
and John C. Savittieri, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                           ______________________
                                        INTRODUCTION


          Jose G. appeals from the juvenile court’s order terminating his parental rights over
his daughter B.B., following a hearing pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code
section 366.26.1 He challenges the juvenile court’s determination that the parent-child
relationship exception to adoption (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)(i)) did not apply. We
affirm.


                     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND


          Jose G. and Elsa B.2 are the parents of B.B. They are not married. When Elsa B.
was one month pregnant with B.B., Jose G., who has an extensive criminal record, was
imprisoned for the commission of a felony.
          Elsa B. is no stranger to the juvenile dependency system. Her five older children
received permanent placement services after the juvenile court removed them from her
custody for various reasons, including physical abuse, neglect, and substance abuse.3
Because of Elsa B.’s extensive and ongoing history with the dependency system, the
Department of Children and Family Services (Department) called her after the birth of
B.B. to assess the safety and welfare of the newborn. When Elsa B. failed to return the
Department’s calls, the Department generated a referral of general neglect. The
children’s social worker made a safety plan with Elsa B. to ensure that Elsa B. would
meet B.B.’s needs.




1         All statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
2         Elsa B. is not a party to this appeal.
3         Jose G. is not the father of these children.


                                                   2
        Jose G. was paroled from state prison when B.B. was one month old, and he and
Elsa B. reunited. Jose G. often stayed at Elsa B.’s home and provided supplies for B.B.’s
care.
        In January 2010 Elsa B. tested positive for methamphetamine.4 This fact, together
with her history of substance abuse and inability to care for her other children, led the
Department to conclude that B.B. was not safe with her mother. As a result, the
Department took B.B., who was then four months old, into protective custody, placed her
in foster care, and commenced dependency proceedings on her behalf.
        In its January 11, 2011 petition the Department alleged that B.B. was a dependent
child within the meaning of section 300, subdivisions (b), (g), and (j). Specifically, the
Department alleged that Elsa B.’s seven-year history of illicit drug and alcohol abuse
endangered B.B. (counts b-1 & j-1), that Elsa B. further endangered B.B. by allowing her
maternal aunt, who also has a substance abuse problem, to have access to B.B. (count b-
2), and that Jose G. failed to provide B.B. with the necessities of life (counts b-3 & g-1).
On February 7, 2011 the juvenile court dismissed the original petition, and the
Department filed a first amended petition adding the additional allegation that Jose G.
had a history of substance abuse that endangered B.B. (count b-4).
        In its jurisdiction/disposition report, the Department recommended that the court
not order family reunification services for Elsa B. pursuant to section 361.5,
subdivision (b)(10) and (11), because she had failed to reunify with her other children
and had not accepted responsibility for her current or past conduct despite having
participated in services designed to address her substance abuse and failure to protect her
children. With respect to Jose G., the Department expressed its concern about the length
and severity of his criminal history. Although most of Jose G.’s contacts with law
enforcement occurred before B.B. was born, the Department wanted him “to


4      Elsa B. denied she used methamphetamine, claiming that she was unaware that
someone had put it in her drink at a New Year’s party. She stated, “my drug of choice is
not even Meth its [sic] alcohol.”


                                              3
demonstrate, over time, that he is willing and able to become a law-abiding citizen.” The
Department therefore recommended that Jose G. receive family reunification services.
         At the March 7, 2011 adjudication hearing the juvenile court sustained counts b-1
and b-2 of the first amended petition. The court dismissed counts g-1 and j-1 in the
interest of justice, and struck counts b-3 and b-4 pertaining to Jose G., leaving Jose G. a
nonoffending parent. The court declared B.B. a dependent child under subdivision (b) of
section 300, ordered family reunification services for Jose G. only, and placed B.B. in his
home under supervision of the Department. The court-ordered disposition case plan
specified that Jose G. was to attend parent education and submit to monthly random drug
tests.
         On June 14, 2011 Jose G. was arrested for domestic violence against Elsa B., and
he subsequently was convicted of assault and possession of narcotics. On June 20, 2011
the Department removed B.B. from Jose G. On June 23, 2011 the Department filed a
supplemental petition pursuant to section 387, alleging in count s-1 that Jose G. had been
incarcerated on June 14, 2011 and had endangered B.B. by “fail[ing] to make an
appropriate plan for the child’s ongoing care and supervision . . . .” Jose G. had left B.B.
in the care of her paternal grandmother, who did not have the financial means to provide
for B.B. The Department placed B.B. back with her original foster mother. On August 3,
2011 the Department filed a first amended supplemental dependency petition that added
the allegation that on June 14, 2011, and on prior occasions, Jose G. and Elsa B. engaged
in altercations (count b-1).
         Jose G. waived his rights and pleaded no contest to the amended section 387
petition. The juvenile court sustained both counts as amended and ordered the
Department to continue the original case plan as amended to provide that Jose G. also
complete domestic violence counseling.
         A status review report prepared by the Department on February 9, 2012 for the
six-month review hearing (§ 366.21, subd. (e)) revealed that Elsa B. again was pregnant
with Jose G.’s child, and that she was due at the end of the month. Jose G. was still in
state prison. He was not in compliance with his case plan because the prison did not offer

                                              4
his court-ordered programs, and he had not seen B.B. He had written to the social
worker, however, to express his desire to reunite with B.B. once he was released from
prison. B.B., now 18 months old, was healthy and thriving in her current placement. She
was well-adjusted and meeting all of her developmental milestones. The Department
recommended termination of Jose G.’s family reunification services and that the court set
a hearing pursuant to section 366.26.
       Jose G. was released from prison on February 13, 2012. He was required to drug
test and register as a gang and narcotics offender.
       At the February 14, 2012 six-month review hearing the court ordered the social
worker to meet with Jose G., set up a visitation schedule, and provide him with a list of
referrals. The court also ordered Jose G. to submit to drug testing.
       On February 16, 2012 the social worker met with Jose G. and set up a visitation
schedule. During another visit the next week the social worker reminded Jose G. that he
had to tell the Department when his son was born. Jose G. acknowledged this
requirement, but did not tell the social worker that his son, Romeo G., had already been
born that month. Jose G. became defensive when B.B.’s foster mother told Jose G. to tell
the social worker he had a newborn son. The social worker subsequently called Elsa B.,
who admitted that she recently had given birth. Elsa B. did not want the Department to
take her son from her, so she did not provide much information.
       On June 4, 2012 B.B. was placed, together with Romeo G., in the foster home of
Mr. G. and Mr. R.5 Although B.B.’s original foster mother had expressed an interest in
adopting B.B., she was no longer able to care for or adopt B.B. because she had to care
for her elderly mother.
       By the time of the 12-month permanency planning hearing (§ 366.21, subd. (f)) on
October 2, 2012, B.B. was two years old and doing well in her new foster home. Mr. G.



5     Mr. G. and Mr. R. are occasionally referred to in the appellate record as Mr. M.
and Mr. D.


                                             5
was interested in adopting B.B. and Romeo if they did not reunify with their parents. The
foster parents already had an approved adoption home study.
       Meanwhile, Elsa B. was pregnant again. Jose G. was attending a domestic
violence program and visiting B.B. weekly, together with Elsa B. When the social
worker asked Jose G. in September whether he and Elsa B. were expecting a third child,
Jose G. became defensive, stating he did not want the Department to take away another
child. The social worker explained that the Department would have to assess the
newborn just as it had assessed B.B. and Romeo.
       Although Jose G. had attended a few parenting classes, he was not currently
enrolled in or attending a parent education program. His drug tests had been negative,
but he could not submit to weekly testing because he did not always have access to a
phone in order to learn the date of his random test. Jose G. continued to visit B.B. with
Elsa B. The visits were monitored by a social worker. Both parents acted appropriately.
The Department reported that because Jose G. was continuing his relationship with Elsa
B., it was in B.B.’s best interest that the visits remain monitored in order to prevent the
parents from having a physical altercation such as the one that led to Jose G.’s last arrest.
Because Jose G. had failed to complete a parenting course in the six months since his
release from prison, and because of the length of time needed to complete a domestic
violence program, the Department again recommended that the juvenile court terminate
Jose G.’s family reunification services and that the court continue the matter 120 days for
a hearing on the selection and implementation of a permanent plan.
       At the 12-month review hearing the juvenile court ordered Jose G. to complete a
26-week domestic violence class and gave the Department discretion to liberalize his
visits. The court found that Jose G. was in compliance with his case plan.
       During the ensuing period of supervision Elsa B. filed a police report against Jose
G. alleging domestic violence. Jose G. denied hitting Elsa B. Although both parents
were appropriate during their visits with B.B., they were “very inconsistent with their
scheduled visitation” and “missed many visits.” On one occasion, however, Jose G.
showed up for a visit without first calling to confirm. When the monitor explained that

                                              6
he could not visit with B.B. because he had not called in advance, Jose G. started
“moving his fingers around and looking down in an angry manner . . . .” The monitor
saw Jose G. “make a fist with his left hand” and became “intimidated and frightened by”
Jose G.’s behavior. Although she “was unnerved,” she allowed the visit because “she
feared his hostile reaction.” Because Jose G. “has not demonstrated positive lifestyle
changes and the issues that brought this case to the attention of [the Department] have not
been resolved,” the Department recommended again that the court terminate Jose G.’s
reunification services.6
       At the 18-month review hearing (§ 366.22) on February 6, 2013, Jose G. asked
that the court set the matter for a contest. On the continued hearing date, May 1, 2013,
the juvenile court found that Jose G. was not in compliance with the case plan, terminated
his reunification services, and scheduled a section 366.26 hearing.
       In its report for the section 366.26 hearing, the Department stated that Elsa B.’s
whereabouts were unknown, and that both parents “have regularly scheduled monitored
visitation once a week on Friday from 9:30-10:30 am with” B.B. and Romeo. The visits
were monitored by a foster care social worker. The report stated that Jose G. and Elsa B.
“are very inconsistent with their scheduled visitation and have missed many visits. The
child, [B.B.] does not have a parent-child bond with either birth parent.” According to
the caregiver, Jose G.’s visitation was “sporadic” prior to May 1, 2013, when the juvenile
court terminated his family reunification services. Since that time, Jose G. had visited
more regularly but missed three or four visits.
       The Department further reported that B.B. calls her father “Jose.” She only called
him “Papa” when Jose G. asked and reminded her to do so. In addition, the report stated
that “[B.B.]’s reaction to birth mother and birth father is indifferent. [B.B.] does not
become upset when visits are over. [B.B.] does not ask for her mother or father in-
between visits. [B.B.] is reported to act out on the day of the visit. If the visit is


6      The Department also reminded the court that it had previously terminated Jose
G.’s family reunification services for Romeo.


                                               7
cancelled, then [B.B.] is fine that day. During the visit, on 8/9/13, [B.B.] was defiant
with her father. [B.B.] did not follow father’s direction to pick up the toys and said ‘No!’
to father. [B.B] is not familiar with father as a parent figure. [B.B.] perceives the weekly
visit as a play date and an opportunity to see [the social worker who monitors the visits].
[B.B.] does not have an emotional attachment to birth parents. Parents occasionally bring
a toy, Sippy cup, candy or sweets to the visit. Items are not brought consistently. Mother
has missed many visits, as her attendance has declined significantly since May 2013.”
The Department recommended that the court select adoption as B.B.’s proposed
permanent plan and terminate the parental rights of Jose G. and Elsa B.
       On August 28, 2013 counsel for Jose G. asked the court to set the matter for a
contested section 366.26 hearing. Counsel for Elsa B. joined in the request. In
anticipation that the parents would claim that the parent-child relationship exception
precluded termination of parental rights, the court ordered an updated report on the
parents’ visitation with B.B. and continued the matter to December 3, 2013.
       In a subsequent status review report, the Department stated that, according to the
foster family agency social worker who monitored the parents’ visits with B.B., Jose G.
was “inconsistent” in his visits with B.B. and Elsa B. had not visited since August. The
social worker observed that B.B. “does not recognize her biological parents as ‘parent
figures,’ nor does [the] child appear attached or bonded to parents.” In its supplemental
report prepared for the December 3, 2013 hearing the Department again stated that Jose
G. and Elsa B. had the opportunity to participate in monitored visits with B.B. every
Friday morning. Since the August 28, 2013 review hearing, Jose G. had missed two
visits and Elsa B. had missed all visits except one. Elsa B.’s whereabouts were still
unknown, and she had not responded to calls from the Department.
       The Department again reported that B.B. “does not have a parent-child bond with
her birth father. [B.B.] does not cry when visitation is over. [B.B.] perceives the visit as
a play date. It does not appear to matter to [B.B.] if the parents miss a visit. [B.B.]
perceives her caregivers, Mr. G. and Mr. R., as her parents.” B.B. “continued to do well
in the home of Mr. G. and Mr. R.” since her placement with them. “The caregivers are

                                              8
committed to providing the child, [B.B.], and her sibling, Romeo, with a permanent and
stable home through adoption. The child, [B.B.], is deemed as highly adoptable, as the
child is young, healthy and residing with caregivers that are willing to adopt. The
mother, Elsa B[.], and father, Jose G[.], have not assumed a parental role; therefore,
visitation does not appear to be a barrier to adoption. The Department believes that
adoption is in the best interest of the child and therefore recommends that parental rights
be terminated and that the child be declared legally freed so that the child, [B.B.], could
be adopted.”
       At the section 366.26 hearing Jose G. testified that he visited B.B. every Friday for
one hour. He acknowledged that he missed about six visits during the past year because
of work and transportation issues. He described his visits with B.B. and acknowledged
that he could only do so much in an hour. Jose G. did not want the court to terminate his
parental rights. He asked the court to “give [him] a chance . . . .” He asked for longer
visits stating, “Maybe I get to bond with her and entertain [sic] maybe she’ll get to know
— I mean, . . . she knows I’m her father, but she’s — most of the time she’s with the
caretaker . . . and all them who are taking care of her.” Counsel for Jose G. and counsel
for Elsa B. asked the court not to terminate parental rights. Counsel for Elsa B.
acknowledged, however, that section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i), “requires more
than just a friendly visitor.” Counsel for B.B., on the other hand, asked the court to free
B.B. for adoption. Counsel argued that B.B. was adoptable and that Jose G. had not
established either prong of the parent-child relationship exception.
       At the conclusion of the hearing, the court found by clear and convincing evidence
that B.B. was adoptable and that the parent-child relationship exception was inapplicable.
The court stated, “And I guess the expression that I heard today is that of a friendly
visitor, and it does appear from what I’ve gleaned from the record and what I’ve heard
from father that his relationship with the now three-year-old child is more of that as
opposed to father having assumed a parental role.” The court recognized Jose G.’s
efforts but noted “there’s not enough.” The court concluded that Jose G. had failed to
meet his burden of establishing the parent-child relationship exception, and selected

                                              9
adoption as the permanent plan for B.B. Therefore, the court terminated the parental
rights of Jose G. and Elsa B. over B.B. and placed B.B. in the care, custody, and control
of the Department for adoptive planning and placement. Jose G. timely appealed.


                                        DISCUSSION


       At a selection and implementation hearing pursuant to section 366.26, the juvenile
court must select a permanent plan for the dependent child. (In re I.R. (2014) 226
Cal.App.4th 201, 210; In re G.C. (2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 1391, 1397.) Adoption is
strongly preferred over other alternatives, such as legal guardianship and long-term foster
care. (§ 366.26, subds. (c)(1), (c)(4)(A); In re Michael G. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 580,
588.) Once the juvenile court has determined that the child is adoptable, the court must
terminate parental rights and select adoption as the permanent plan unless it “finds a
compelling reason for determining that termination would be detrimental to the child”
under one of the exceptions listed in section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B). The exception
relevant here is the parent-child relationship exception. Under this exception, the parent
has the burden of proving by a preponderance of evidence that termination of parental
rights would be detrimental because the “parents have maintained regular visitation and
contact with the child and the child would benefit from continuing the relationship.”
(§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)(i); see In re Marcelo B. (2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 635, 642; In re
Bailey J. (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 1308, 1314.)
       “Regular visitation exists where the parents visit consistently and to the extent
permitted by court orders.” (In re I.R., supra, 226 Cal.App.4th at p. 212.) “‘Sporadic
visitation is insufficient to satisfy the first prong . . . ’ of the exception. [Citation.]” (In
re Marcelo B., supra, 209 Cal.App.4th at p. 643.)
       “The benefit to the child must promote ‘the well-being of the child to such a
degree as to outweigh the well-being the child would gain in a permanent home with
new, adoptive parents. In other words, the court balances the strength and quality of the
natural parent/child relationship in a tenuous placement against the security and the sense

                                               10
of belonging a new family would confer. If severing the natural parent/child relationship
would deprive the child of a substantial, positive emotional attachment such that the child
would be greatly harmed, the preference for adoption is overcome and the natural
parent’s rights are not terminated.’ [Citation.] Even frequent and loving contact is not
sufficient to establish this benefit absent a significant, positive emotional attachment
between parent and child. [Citations.]” (In re I.R., supra, 226 Cal.App.4th at pp. 212-
213; see In re Marcelo B., supra, 209 Cal.App.4th at p. 643.) Therefore “the parent must
. . . be more to the child than a mere ‘friendly visitor or friendly nonparent relative.’” (In
re Helen W. (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 71, 81.) “‘Interaction between [a] natural parent and
child will always confer some incidental benefit to the child.’” (In re C.F. (2011) 193
Cal.App.4th 549, 555.) However, “a parental relationship is necessary for the exception
to apply . . . .” (In re Jasmine D. (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 1339, 1350.) “‘Where a
biological parent . . . is incapable of functioning in that role, the child should be given
every opportunity to bond with an individual who will assume the role of a parent.’
[Citation.]” (In re C.F., supra, at p. 557.)
       The juvenile court may conclude that the parent-child relationship exception to
adoption does not apply either because (1) the parent failed to maintain regular visitation
and contact with the child and the child would not benefit from continuing the
relationship (a factual finding), or (2) an existing parent-child relationship does not
constitute “a compelling reason for determining that termination would be detrimental to
the child ” (a discretionary determination). (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B); see In re K.P.
(2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 614, 621-622; In re Bailey J., supra, 189 Cal.App.4th at pp.
1314-1315.) When reviewing the juvenile court’s determination that the parent-child
relationship exception to adoption does not apply, we apply a composite standard of
review. (In re K.P., supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at pp. 621-622.) With regard to the court’s
factual findings, the applicable standard of review depends on whether or not the parent
sustained his or her burden of proof on a particular issue. When, as here, the juvenile
court determines that a parent has not satisfied his or her burden of proof, “‘it is
misleading to characterize the failure-of-proof issue as whether substantial evidence

                                               11
supports the judgment.’” (Dreyer’s Grand Ice Cream, Inc. v. County of Kern (2013) 218
Cal.App.4th 828, 838.) In this situation, because the parent has the burden of proof, we
review a finding that he or she has failed to satisfy the burden as we do in failure-of-proof
cases: we decide whether, as a matter of law, the evidence compels a finding favorable to
the parent. (See In re I.W. (2009)180 Cal.App.4th 1517, 1528 [“where the issue on appeal
turns on a failure of proof at trial, the question for a reviewing court becomes whether the
evidence compels a finding in favor of the appellant as a matter of law”].) If the juvenile
court determines that a parent has satisfied his or her burden, we apply the substantial
evidence standard of review. (See In re K.P., supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 622.) Finally,
if the court in the exercise of its discretion concludes there is a parent-child relationship
but that the benefit to the child is not sufficiently compelling to outweigh the benefit of
adoption, we apply an abuse of discretion standard of review. (In re K.P., supra, at p.
622; In re Bailey J., supra, at p. 1315.)
       Jose G. correctly notes that “the juvenile court did not specifically find whether
Father met the first prong by maintaining regular visitation with [B.B.].” The evidence
relevant to the visitation prong, however, shows that during the history of this case Jose
G. did not consistently visit with B.B. He missed numerous visits during the
reunification period. Although he started visiting more regularly after the court
terminated his reunification services, the social worker monitoring visitation with B.B.
still noted that, during the period of supervision following the 18-month review hearing,
“father Jose G[.] has attended visits on an inconsistent basis” and does not call to inquire
about B.B.’s wellbeing.
       In any event, even assuming that Jose G. had met his burden of establishing the
regular visitation prong of parent-child relationship exception, the juvenile court found,
with respect to the benefit prong of the exception, that “[a] parental role hasn’t been
established.” Jose G. was in state prison when B.B. was born. Following his release he
lived in different places and only saw B.B. when he stayed with Elsa B. The juvenile
court detained B.B. in foster care when she was four months old. After the disposition
hearing, when B.B. was seven months old, the court placed B.B. with Jose G. The court

                                              12
again detained B.B. a few months later when Jose G. was arrested for assaulting Elsa B.
and possessing of methamphetamine. Jose G. was convicted and incarcerated for nine
months. During his time in prison, Jose G. did not see B.B.
       At the time of Jose G.’s release B.B. was 18 months old. B.B. remained in foster
care until she was freed for adoption. Despite receiving reunification services from
August 2011 to May 2013, Jose G. was unable to regain custody of B.B. or have
unmonitored visits with her.
       At the time of the section 366.26 hearing, B.B. was more than three years old.
The Department’s reports disclosed that B.B. did not have an emotional attachment to or
parental bond with Jose G., was indifferent to him, and did not cry when their visits
ended. She called her father “Jose” and only called him “Papa” at his urging. In the
Department’s view, B.B. perceived her visits with Jose G. as a play date. In fact, B.B.
was more excited to see the social worker who monitored the visits than Jose G. This
evidence supports the juvenile court’s apt characterization of Jose G. as a “friendly
visitor.” Because the evidence does not compel a finding in favor of Jose G. as a matter
of law, we have no basis for disturbing the trial court’s finding that Jose G. failed to meet
his burden of establishing that he and B.B. had a parent-child relationship. (In re I.W.,
supra, 180 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1527-1528.)
       Finally, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that termination of
Jose G.’s parental rights would not be detrimental to B.B. (In re K.P., supra, 203
Cal.App.4th at pp. 621-622; In re Bailey J., supra, 189 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1314-1315.)
B.B. had been living with Mr. G. and Mr. R. for 18 months, a little less than half of her
life, at the time of the section 366.26 hearing. The caregivers wanted to adopt B.B., as
well as her younger brother Romeo, and their adoption home study had been approved.
B.B. was thriving in their home, and she “share[d] a strong bond with them.” The court
acted well within its discretion in concluding that B.B. was entitled to permanency in
their home through adoption.




                                              13
                                    DISPOSITION


      The order is affirmed.



                                                SEGAL, J.*


We concur:



             PERLUSS, P. J.



             ZELON, J.




*       Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

                                           14
