                   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                          No. 230A19

                                      Filed 5 June 2020

 IN THE MATTER OF: A.J.T.



      Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1001(a1)(1) from an order entered 22

February 2019 by Judge Betty J. Brown in District Court, Guilford County. This

matter was calendared in the Supreme Court on 18 May 2020 but determined on the

record and briefs without oral argument pursuant to Rule 30(f) of the North Carolina

Rules of Appellate Procedure.


      Mercedes O. Chut for petitioner-appellee Guilford County Department of Health
      and Human Services.

      Parker Poe Adams & Bernstein LLP, by E. Merrick Parrott and Kelsey Monk,
      for appellee guardian ad litem.

      Edward Eldred for respondent-appellant mother.

      J. Thomas Diepenbrock for respondent-appellant father.


      HUDSON, Justice.


      Respondents appeal from the trial court’s order terminating their parental

rights to their minor child, A.J.T. (Andy).1 In this appeal, we consider whether the




      1    A pseudonym has been used to protect the identity of the juvenile and for ease of
reading.
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                                      Opinion of the Court



trial court abused its discretion in determining that it would be in Andy’s best

interests to terminate respondents’ parental rights. We affirm.

                                         Background

      Respondents are the biological parents of Andy, who was born in April 2004.

On 22 May 2015, the Guilford County Department of Health and Human Services

(DHHS) took nonsecure custody of Andy and filed a petition alleging that he was a

neglected and dependent juvenile. The petition alleged that DHHS received a report

on 10 April 2015 that Andy’s sister, Meg, was in intensive care after experiencing

issues with asthma. Although she had been to the emergency room on at least twenty-

eight occasions in the past year due to her asthma, neither respondent-mother nor

Meg were able to provide the names of Meg’s prescriptions, and respondent-mother

and Meg’s adult sibling smoked cigarettes in the home. The petition further alleged

that respondent-mother was abusing drugs and alcohol and that Meg had been

sexually abused by respondent-father on several occasions.2 Respondent-father sent

Andy outside to play during one of the sexual assaults. Respondent-mother entered

a safety plan on 24 April 2015 wherein she agreed that Meg was not to have any

contact with respondent-father, yet she allowed respondent-father into the home

when Meg was there on multiple occasions.




      2   Respondent-father is not the biological father of Meg.

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      On 14 January 2016, the trial court adjudicated Andy neglected and dependent.

On 1 March 2016, the trial court entered a disposition order ceasing reunification

efforts with respondents due to the nature of the criminal charges against them and

because reunification efforts were “clearly futile and inconsistent” with Andy’s

health, safety, and need for a permanent home. The trial court ordered no visitation

with respondents and continued custody with DHHS.

      The trial court held a permanency planning hearing on 2 March 2016 and

entered an order on 31 March 2016. The trial court found that respondents had been

incarcerated since 10 September 2015. In connection with Meg’s allegations,

respondent-mother had been charged with felony child abuse by sexual act and two

counts of felony aiding and abetting, and respondent-father had been charged with

statutory rape and two counts of first-degree sex offense. On 8 October 2015, Andy

was placed in a therapeutic foster home. Although the foster parents were having

“some difficulties” with him, they were very bonded with Andy, met his daily living

needs, and continued to support him academically and emotionally. Andy was

“struggl[ing] in school academically and behaviorally[,]” and since September 2015,

he had been attending therapy and working on impulse control and anger

management skills. The trial court established a primary plan of reunification with

a concurrent secondary plan of adoption.

      Over the next two years, the trial court held hearings and entered four

successive permanency planning review orders. During this period, the trial court


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followed   both   respondent-mother      and     respondent-father   through    various

unsuccessful but continuing efforts to receive parenting assessments and services,

and in and out of incarcerations. Also, during this period, Andy was placed in different

foster homes that were intended to be therapeutic, in attempts to address his various

problematic behaviors. Throughout this period, up through the order entered 31

October 2017, the trial court maintained the primary permanent plan as

reunification, with concurrent secondary plans of adoption and guardianship, and

then just adoption.

      The trial court held a permanency planning review hearing on 27 September

2017 and entered an order on 31 October 2017. Respondent-mother informed a social

worker in August 2017 that her mother’s home may be foreclosed upon. Her weekly

individual therapy sessions were scheduled to start in October 2017. Respondent-

father began sexual offender counseling in September 2017. The trial court found that

since Andy’s placement in a group home, his mood, anger, academic programming,

respect towards adults, and manipulation had greatly improved. At a September 2017

treatment team meeting, the team discussed beginning the search for a therapeutic

foster home. Prospective foster parents had been located, and a visit was scheduled.

      On 14 March 2018, a permanency planning review hearing was held. The trial

court entered an order on 23 April 2018, changing the primary permanent plan to

adoption, with a secondary plan of guardianship. The trial court found that

respondent-mother had not been receiving individual therapy on a regular basis and


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had last seen her therapist in January 2018. In violation of respondent-father’s

conditions of probation, respondent-mother had allowed respondent-father to stay

with her. As a result, respondent-father was serving a ninety-day sentence for

violating his probation. The trial court found that on 3 November 2017, Andy entered

a therapeutic foster home. He stayed in that home for only two weeks due to concerns

with the foster parents’ behaviors. He was placed in another foster home on 20

November 2017. The home appeared to be a “good fit” for Andy. He had formed a

strong bond with the foster parents, especially the foster mother, and appeared to be

very comfortable in the home. Andy expressed a strong desire to remain in his current

placement. He was in the eighth grade and was having a “more successful” year in

school, and he was refraining from demonstrating the “same aggressive and defiant

behaviors that he ha[d] in the past.” The trial court thus changed the primary

permanent plan as noted above.

      On 16 May 2018, DHHS filed a petition to terminate respondents’ parental

rights alleging that respondents: (1) neglected Andy, and such neglect was likely to

recur if he were returned to respondents, see N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1) (2019); (2)

willfully left Andy in foster care or placement outside the home for more than twelve

months without making reasonable progress to correct the conditions that led to his

removal, see N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(2); and (3) willfully failed, “for a period of six

continuous months immediately preceding the filing of the petition,” to pay a




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reasonable portion of the cost of care for Andy although physically and financially

able to do so, see N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(3).

      The trial court held a permanency planning hearing on 18 January 2019 and

entered an order on 1 February 2019. The trial court found that on 25 October 2018,

Andy was placed in a Level II group home due to an increase in unsafe and defiant

behaviors and was “responding relatively well.” The trial court further found that,

although historically Andy had a “very difficult time behaviorally in school[,]” he had

begun to show improvement since the beginning of the 2018 to 2019 school year.

       Following a hearing held on 29 January 2019, the trial court entered an order

on 22 February 2019 finding all three grounds for termination alleged by DHHS. The

trial court further concluded that it was in Andy’s best interests that respondents’

parental rights be terminated, and the court terminated respondents’ parental rights.

Respondents appeal.

                                       Analysis

      On appeal, respondents argue that the trial court abused its discretion by

determining that termination of their parental rights was in Andy’s best interests.

Specifically, they challenge several of the dispositional findings of fact and contend

that the findings do not support the conclusion that termination was in Andy’s best

interests. We disagree.

      Our Juvenile Code provides for a two-step process for the termination of

parental rights—an adjudicatory stage and a dispositional stage. N.C.G.S. §§ 7B-


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1109, -1110. At the adjudicatory stage, the petitioner bears the burden of proving by

“clear, cogent, and convincing evidence” the existence of one or more grounds for

termination pursuant to section 7B-1111 of the North Carolina General Statutes. Id.

§ 7B-1109(e), (f). Here, the trial court adjudicated the existence of three grounds to

terminate respondents’ parental rights: neglect under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1),

willfully leaving the juvenile in foster care or placement outside the home for more

than twelve months without making reasonable progress to correct the conditions

that led to the juvenile’s removal under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(2), and willful failure

to pay a reasonable portion of the cost of care for Andy although physically and

financially able to do so under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(3). Respondents have not

challenged the adjudicatory portion of the trial court’s ruling, and thus this issue is

not before us.

      If the trial court finds grounds to terminate parental rights pursuant to

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a), it then proceeds to the dispositional stage where it must

“determine whether terminating the parent’s rights is in the juvenile’s best interest.”

Id. § 7B-1110(a). The trial court’s assessment of a juvenile’s best interest at the

dispositional stage is reviewed only for abuse of discretion. In re D.L.W., 368 N.C.

835, 842, 788 S.E.2d 162, 167 (2016) (citing In re L.M.T., 367 N.C. 165, 171, 752

S.E.2d 453, 457 (2013) and In re Montgomery, 311 N.C. 101, 110, 316 S.E.2d 246, 252

(1984)). “[A]buse of discretion results where the court’s ruling is manifestly

unsupported by reason or is so arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a


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reasoned decision.” In re T.L.H., 368 N.C. 101, 107, 772 S.E.2d 451, 455 (2015)

(quoting State v. Hennis, 323 N.C. 279, 285, 372 S.E.2d 523, 527 (1988)). “The trial

court’s dispositional findings of fact are reviewed under a ‘competent evidence’

standard.” In re K.N.K., 839 S.E.2d 735, 740 (N.C. 2020) (citation omitted).

      In deciding whether termination of parental rights is in the best interests of

the juvenile,

                the court shall consider the following criteria and make
                written findings regarding the following that are relevant:

                (1) The age of the juvenile.

                (2) The likelihood of adoption of the juvenile.

                (3) Whether the termination of parental rights will aid in
                    the accomplishment of the permanent plan for the
                    juvenile.

                (4) The bond between the juvenile and the parent.

                (5) The quality of the relationship between the juvenile and
                    the proposed adoptive parent, guardian, custodian, or
                    other permanent placement.

                (6) Any relevant consideration.

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a).

      Here, the trial court made the following findings of fact addressing each of the

factors in subsection 7B-1110(a):

                25. It is in the best interest of the juvenile that the
                parental rights of [respondent-mother and respondent-
                father] be terminated, based upon the following factors:



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                 A. The juvenile is 14 years of age.

                 B. The likelihood of his adoption is high. Despite some
                    testimony about some challenging behavior, he is
                    smart, very mature for his age, adaptable and
                    pleasant. He presents today as stable and mature
                    about why he is here and how he got to this point.

                 C. Termination will aid in the adoption of the juvenile,
                    which is the most permanent plan.

                 D. The juvenile is very bonded with his mother. It is
                    obvious to the Court that the mother loves the
                    juvenile. There have been no authorized visits, even
                    though there were a number of unauthorized visits.
                    The juvenile seldom mentions his father, although
                    he expresses his desire to go home and live with his
                    mother.

                 E. The juvenile has been living at his current group
                    home since late October of 2018. He has had
                    approximately 13 placements since he came into
                    DHHS custody. Although he has not had time to
                    create a bond in his current home, he has bonded
                    with foster parents in previous placements, and he
                    has easily adjusted to different settings.

      First, in regards to Andy’s age, respondents acknowledge that the trial court

correctly found that Andy was fourteen years old at the time of the hearing. Yet, citing

to Mintz v. Mintz, 64 N.C. App. 338, 341, 307 S.E.2d 391, 393 (1983)—which is not

binding on this Court—respondent-mother argues that due to Andy’s age, the trial

court should consider his “obvious” preference to live with her. In Mintz, the Court of

Appeals stated that as a child approaches the age of fourteen, their custodial

preference on visitation may be considered by the trial court, but that “his choice is



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not absolute or controlling.” Id. at 340–41, 307 S.E.2d at 393. Mintz, however, is

readily distinguishable from the case before us. In Mintz, the Court of Appeals

addressed parental visitation rights in the context of a divorce action, not an

assessment by the trial court of a child’s best interest in a termination of parental

rights proceeding. Id. at 338, 307 S.E.2d at 392. Moreover, the Court of Appeals

affirmed that it remained the duty of the trial judge to determine “the weight to be

accorded the child’s preference, to find and conclude what is in the best interest of the

child, and to decide what promotes the welfare of the child.” Id. at 341, 307 S.E.2d at

394.

       Respondent-mother further contends that “Andy’s age and maturity level, and

his obvious awareness of his and his family’s circumstances, weigh against the

termination decision.” Here, the trial court made a dispositional finding that “[Andy]

is smart, very mature for his age, adaptable and pleasant. He presents today as stable

and mature about why he is here and how he got to this point.” We have noted that

             an important aspect of the trial court’s role as finder of fact
             is assessing the demeanor and credibility of witnesses,
             often in light of inconsistencies or contradictory evidence.
             It is in part because the trial court is uniquely situated to
             make this credibility determination that appellate courts
             may not reweigh the underlying evidence presented at
             trial.

In re J.A.M., 372 N.C. 1, 11, 822 S.E.2d 693, 700 (2019). Thus, any reasonable

inferences the trial court drew based on Andy’s age, demeanor, or attitude—and any




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determinations it made as to the weight of those inferences—were solely for the trial

court to make. See In re Z.L.W., 372 N.C. 432, 437, 831 S.E.2d 62, 66 (2019).

      Respondent-father argues that Andy’s age weighs against the trial court’s

determination that termination of his parental rights was in his best interest because

a child over the age of twelve is required to consent to his adoption. See N.C.G.S. §

48-3-601 (2019). He asserts that, “Andy will have the right to object to the adoption,

compounding the difficulty in procuring permanency for him.” However, the court

may waive the consent requirement “upon a finding that it is not in the best interest

of the minor to require the consent.” Id. § 48-3-603(b)(2). Thus, even assuming

arguendo that Andy fails to consent at the time of an adoption, his lack of consent

would not preclude him from being adopted.

      Second, respondents challenge the trial court’s finding that the likelihood of

Andy’s adoption is high. While recognizing that the trial court appears to have based

its finding on a report filed by the guardian ad litem (GAL) and the GAL’s testimony

at the termination hearing, they assert the report and testimony is “undercut” and

“directly contradicted” by Andy’s history while in DHHS custody. Respondent-mother

contends that the trial court’s finding is not based on convincing evidence and

respondent-father argues that the trial court’s finding is not based on competent

evidence, given Andy’s behavioral and psychiatric issues and multiple placements

while in foster care for nearly four years.




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      The GAL’s 29 January 2019 report, which was admitted into evidence,

specifically stated that the “likelihood of adoption for [Andy] is high.” The report

further stated that, “[Andy] is a smart, charming young man who easily engages in

conversation. Although [Andy] has often struggled to find stability since entering

DHHS custody, this GAL fully believes that when the right family is found for [Andy],

he will find permanence.” In addition, at the termination hearing, the GAL testified

that adoption was “likely, if he finds the right family . . . [b]ecause he is a very smart,

charming young man who engages easily with adults, and I think that once he finds

the right family, he would be able to find permanence.” The court’s finding of fact that

Andy had a high likelihood of adoption is supported by record evidence and is thus

binding on appeal. See In re A.U.D., 373 N.C. 3, 12, 832 S.E.2d 698, 704 (2019) (“To

be sure, evidence existed that would have supported a contrary decision. But this

Court lacks the authority to reweigh the evidence that was before the trial court.”).

      Third, with respect to the trial court’s finding that termination will aid in

Andy’s adoption, respondent-mother appears to suggest that this finding amounts to

a mere conclusory recitation of “magic words.” She cites to In re B.C.T., 828 S.E.2d 50

(N.C. Ct. App. 2019), to support her contention. The Court of Appeals’ decision in In

re B.C.T. is not binding on this Court, and respondent-mother’s reliance on it is

otherwise misplaced because it is distinguishable. In In re B.C.T., the trial court

adjudicated that the respondent-mother’s child was neglected and concluded “[t]hat

it is in the best interests of the Juvenile for [Ms. Mitchell, a family friend,] to be


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                                    Opinion of the Court



granted the care, custody, and control of the Juvenile.” Id. at 58. The Court of Appeals

held that because there was almost no evidence regarding Ms. Mitchell, her home, or

care of the child, a conclusory recitation of the best interest standard was insufficient

to support the trial court’s conclusion. Id. In the instant case, we are not convinced

that the trial court was making a conclusory recitation. The permanent plan was

adoption, and termination of parental rights is undoubtedly a prerequisite to

accomplishing that plan.

      Fourth, while respondents do not challenge the trial court’s finding that Andy

“is very bonded” with respondent-mother and “seldom mentions” respondent-father,

they contend that this factor does not support the trial court’s conclusion that it is in

Andy’s best interest to terminate their parental rights. It is clear from the trial court’s

findings, however, that it considered several factors in making the best interests

determination. “[T]he bond between parent and child is just one of the factors to be

considered under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a), and the trial court is permitted to give

greater weight to other factors.” In re Z.L.W., 372 N.C. at 437, 831 S.E.2d at 66.

      Finally, respondents challenge the trial court’s finding regarding Andy’s

relationship with “the proposed adoptive parent, guardian, custodian, or other

permanent placement.” N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a)(5). Specifically, respondent-mother

contends that DHHS failed to identify any permanent placement for Andy, “so Andy

has no relationship with any proposed caretaker.” We note that the absence of an

adoptive placement for a juvenile at the time of the termination hearing is not a bar


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to terminating parental rights. See In re A.R.A., 373 N.C. 190, 200, 835 S.E.2d 417,

424 (2019) (affirming the district court in terminating parental rights even though

“[the child] was not currently in a pre-adoptive placement”); See also In re D.H., 232

N.C. App. 217, 223, 753 S.E.2d 732, 736 (2014) (“[T]he absence of an adoptive

placement for a juvenile at the time of the termination hearing is not a bar to

terminating parental rights.”). Thus, her argument is unavailing.

      Respondent-mother additionally argues that the portion of the trial court’s

finding that provides Andy “easily adjusted to different settings” is not supported by

the record. This portion of the trial court’s finding, however, is supported by record

evidence and the GAL’s testimony. In the 31 March 2016 permanency planning order,

the trial court found that Andy had been placed in a therapeutic foster home and

“adjusted well,” developing a close bond with the foster parents. In the 31 October

2017 permanency planning order, the trial court found that while in a group home,

Andy had “shown great improvement with his mood, his anger, his academic

program[m]ing, his respect towards adults, and his manipulation.” In the 23 April

2018 permanency planning order, the trial court found that the foster home in which

he was placed in November 2017 appeared to be a “good fit” for him. He formed a

“strong bond with the foster parents, especially the foster mother” and seemed “very

comfortable” in the home. It was the “happiest the Social Worker has seen him since

the start of this case.” In a 29 January 2019 GAL report, the GAL stated that she had

“observed [Andy] bond with previous caregivers.” The GAL had also observed Andy


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bond with his foster parents in his most recent foster home. He “frequently teased

and joked with his foster mother, demonstrating a level of comfort in the home and

trust with her.” When asked at the termination hearing as to how Andy was currently

adjusting in a group home, the GAL testified that “[h]e’s doing okay. . . . [O]nce he

got into this home and kind of adjusted, his grades greatly improved and some

behavioral issues improved.” Based on the foregoing evidence, the trial court made

the reasonable inference that Andy had the ability to easily adjust to different

settings.

      Respondent-father, on the other hand, argues that the portion of the trial

court’s finding stating that Andy had been in thirteen different placements since

entering DHHS custody undermines the trial court’s conclusion that termination was

in Andy’s best interests and “only emphasizes the point that there is no proposed

adoptive parent, and underscores that no permanent proposed placement was in

existence at the time of the hearing.” He asserts that this case is similar to the

circumstances found in In re J.A.O, 166 N.C. App. 222, 601 S.E.2d 226 (2004). We

disagree.

      As previously stated, the lack of a proposed adoptive placement for Andy at the

time of the termination hearing is not a bar to terminating parental rights. See In re

A.R.A., 373 N.C. at 200, 835 S.E.2d at 424; In re D.H., 232 N.C. App. at 223, 753

S.E.2d at 736. Furthermore, In re J.A.O. is not binding on this Court, and we find the

circumstances here to be readily distinguishable. In In re J.A.O., the juvenile was


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fourteen years old at the time of the termination hearing. He had been in foster care

since he was eighteen months old and had been placed in nineteen treatment centers.

In re J.A.O., 166 N.C. App. at 227, 601 S.E.2d at 230. The juvenile’s GAL opined that

it was in the juvenile’s best interests not to terminate the respondent’s parental

rights. Id. at 225, 601 S.E.2d at 229. The GAL testified that it was “highly unlikely

that a child of [the juvenile’s] age and physical and mental condition would be a

candidate for adoption, much less selected by an adopted family.” Id. at 228, 601

S.E.2d at 230. The Court of Appeals stated that although there was a small possibility

that the juvenile would be adopted, the “remote chance of adoption in this case” did

not “justif[y] the momentous step of terminating respondent’s parental rights.” Id.

Accordingly, the Court of Appeals held that the trial court abused its discretion in

determining that it was in the juvenile’s best interests to terminate the respondent’s

parental rights. Id. Here, the GAL distinctly testified that it was likely Andy would

be adopted and included in her report that the likelihood of Andy’s adoption was high.

Notably, the GAL recommended termination of respondents’ parental rights.

Moreover, while the mother in J.A.O. had made reasonable progress towards

correcting the conditions that led to the removal of her son from her care, respondents

here failed to make such progress.

      The remainder of respondents’ arguments concern whether the statutory

criteria of N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110 as a whole weigh against terminating their parental

rights. The trial court’s dispositional findings demonstrate it considered the relevant


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statutory criteria of N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a). The trial court gave due consideration to

Andy’s age, the likelihood of his adoption, whether termination would facilitate in the

achievement of the permanent plan, Andy’s bond with respondents, and the quality

of the relationship between Andy and his current placement. Respondents essentially

ask this Court to do something it lacks the authority to do—to reweigh the evidence

and reach a different conclusion than the trial court. We are satisfied that the trial

court’s conclusion that termination of respondents’ parental rights was in Andy’s best

interests was neither arbitrary nor manifestly unsupported by reason. For the

reasons stated above, we affirm the 22 February 2019 order of the trial court

terminating respondents’ parental rights.

      AFFIRMED.




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