                                                                                FILED
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                        December 10, 2018
                        _________________________________
                                                                        Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                            Clerk of Court
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

       Plaintiff - Appellee,

 v.                                                         No. 18-6018
                                                   (D.C. No. 5:14-CR-00318-M-1)
 DOUGLAS G. WILLIAMS,                                      (W.D. Okla.)

       Defendant - Appellant.
                      _________________________________

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                        _________________________________

Before HOLMES, O’BRIEN, and CARSON, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      Defendant-Appellant Douglas G. Williams pleaded guilty mid-trial to two

counts of mail fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341, and three counts of witness

tampering, in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1512(b), “arising from his efforts to help two

undercover agents posing as customers lie to federal investigators about criminal

activity without being detected by polygraph tests.” R. at 58. The district court




      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
sentenced Mr. Williams to twenty-four months in prison followed by three years of

supervised release.

       As a condition of supervised release, the district court prohibited Mr. Williams

from “participat[ing] in any form of polygraph-related activity during the period of

supervision.” Id. at 81. While he was serving his prison sentence, Mr. Williams filed

a pro se motion to modify the terms of his supervised release to change this

condition. The district court denied the motion, and Mr. Williams filed this pro se

appeal. Exercising our jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

       I. Background

       An “Agreed Summary of the Indictment” was attached to Mr. Williams’ plea

agreement. See R. at 55, 58. A portion of that summary is reflected below, which

gives a brief background of the events that led to Mr. Williams’ conviction:

       Defendant, a former law enforcement officer, owned an Internet-based
       business called Polygraph.com, through which he offered services to help
       people pass polygraph examinations, including private in-person training.
       Defendant is charged with knowingly teaching undercover agents
       (in-person) to pass polygraph tests while lying about past criminal
       conduct—thereby helping them to get or keep federal jobs with the
       Department of Homeland Security.
Id. at 58.

       The summary also included the specific counts charged. In counts one and

two, the government charged Mr. Williams with “knowingly devis[ing] and

intend[ing] to devise a scheme and artifice to defraud the Federal government,

and to obtain money and property by means of materially false and fraudulent

pretenses, representations, and promises.” Id. at 58-59. For count three, the

                                            2
government charged him with “knowingly and corruptly persuad[ing] and

attempt[ing] to persuade Undercover A to conceal material facts and make false

statements with the intent to influence, delay, and prevent the testimony of

Undercover A in an official proceeding, namely an investigation being conducted by

the U.S. Department of Homeland Security into Undercover A’s criminal conduct.”

Id. at 59. For count four, the government charged him with “knowingly and

corruptly persuad[ing] and attempt[ing] to persuade Undercover A to conceal

material facts and make false statements with the intent to hinder, delay, and prevent

the communication to special agents of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security of

information relating to the possible commission of a Federal offense.” Id. For count

five, the government charged him with “knowingly and corruptly persuad[ing] and

attempt[ing] to persuade Undercover B to conceal material facts and make false

statements with the intent to influence, delay, and prevent the testimony of

Undercover B in an official proceeding, that is, a pre-employment suitability

determination and security background investigation conducted by U.S. Customs and

Border Protection.” Id.

      On the second day of trial, Mr. Williams pleaded guilty to all five counts

charged in the Indictment. He stated in his plea agreement that he committed the acts

set forth in the “Agreed Summary of the Indictment.” Id. at 55.

      II. Standard of Review

      We review for abuse of discretion the district court’s decision to deny a

defendant’s motion to modify the conditions of supervised release. See United States

                                           3
v. Pugliese, 960 F.2d 913, 915 (10th Cir. 1992);1 see also United States v. Lonjose,

663 F.3d 1292, 1302 (10th Cir. 2011) (reviewing decision granting government’s

motion to modify conditions of supervised release for abuse of discretion). “A

district court abuses its discretion when it renders a judgment that is arbitrary,

capricious, whimsical, or manifestly unreasonable.” United States v. Landers,

564 F.3d 1217, 1224 (10th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      III. Discussion

      A court has discretion to impose as a condition of supervised release that the

defendant refrain “from engaging in a specified occupation, business, or profession

bearing a reasonably direct relationship to the conduct constituting the offense[.]”


      1
         Relying on an unpublished decision, the government asserts that we should
review for plain error because Mr. Williams failed to object to the condition at
sentencing. Aplee. Br. at 9. If this was a direct appeal of a sentence, we would
review for plain error a challenge to a condition of supervised release if the defendant
failed to object to the condition at sentencing. See United States v. Mike, 632 F.3d
686, 691 (10th Cir. 2011). We are not, however, reviewing a direct appeal of a
sentence; we are reviewing an appeal from the denial of a motion to modify a
condition of supervised release.

       The district court has authority to modify a condition of supervised release
through 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(2), which is a distinct post-conviction proceeding and
“create[s] a right of appeal that is separate from a defendant’s right to appeal his
original sentence.” United States v. Lonjose, 663 F.3d 1292, 1300 (10th Cir. 2011).
A motion to modify is not subject to the time limits for filing an appeal from the
original sentence; instead, a district court may consider a motion to modify a
condition of supervised release “at any time prior to the expiration or termination of
the term of supervised release.” § 3583(e)(2). We have further held that
“§ 3583(e)(2) does not require a district court to find changed circumstances in order
to modify conditions of supervised release.” United States v. Begay, 631 F.3d 1168,
1172 (10th Cir. 2011). Accordingly, there is no basis for a forfeiture related to the
original sentencing to trigger plain-error review in an appeal from the separate and
distinct proceeding § 3583(e)(2) authorizes.
                                            4
18 U.S.C. § 3563(b)(5). Conditions of release that impose occupational restrictions

are subject to “special scrutiny” and must comply with the requirements set forth in

U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 5F1.5 (U.S. Sentencing Comm’n 2016).

United States v. Butler, 694 F.3d 1177, 1184 (10th Cir. 2012). The parties agree that

the condition restricting Mr. Williams from participating in polygraph-related activity

is an occupational restriction. We have explained:

      To impose an occupational restriction under § 5F1.5, the District Court
      must determine that:
      (1) a reasonably direct relationship existed between the defendant’s
      occupation, business, or profession and the conduct relevant to the offense
      of conviction; and
      (2) imposition of such a restriction is reasonably necessary to protect the
      public because there is reason to believe that, absent such restriction, the
      defendant will continue to engage in unlawful conduct similar to that for
      which the defendant was convicted.
      U.S.S.G. § 5F1.5(a)(1)-(2). The Guidelines further state that when a
      limitation is placed on a defendant’s engagement in an occupation, “the
      court shall impose the condition for the minimum time and to the minimum
      extent necessary to protect the public.” U.S.S.G. § 5F1.5(b). Thus, an
      occupational restriction . . . may only be imposed if the district court finds
      that all three of these criteria are met.
United States v. Souser, 405 F.3d 1162, 1166 (10th Cir. 2005).

      In his motion to modify the terms of his supervised release, Mr. Williams

argued that the district court did not engage in the necessary fact finding to support

the condition prohibiting him from participating in any polygraph-related activity

during his term of supervised release. Mr. Williams’ argument may have been

correct when the condition was initially imposed as the district court’s written

judgment does not appear to contain any findings to support the restriction on

                                             5
polygraph-related activity. See R. at 81. Mr. Williams, however, did not appeal the

judgment. Instead, more than one year later, Mr. Williams sought relief in the form

of a motion to modify his conditions of release. In ruling upon that motion, the

district court made specific findings supporting the restriction it imposed on

Mr. Williams’ polygraph-related activity.2

       In its order, the district court first found that

       there is a direct relationship between defendant’s profession as a
       polygrapher and his scheme to defraud the United States and tamper with
       witnesses. Defendant relied on his expertise and experience as a polygraph
       examiner to attract clients seeking his help to obtain or maintain federal
       employment, highlighting on his website that he has 35 years of experience
       in the field and has personally administered thousands of polygraph
       examinations, and relied on his knowledge of polygraph instruments and
       techniques to give his clients the confidence to lie to polygraph examiners
       when truthful answers would disqualify them from federal employment.
R. at 104-05.

       The district court further found that “imposition of this condition of supervised

release is reasonably necessary to protect the public because there is reason to believe

that, absent such restriction, the defendant will continue to engage in unlawful conduct

similar to that for which the defendant was convicted.” Id. at 105. The district court

observed that “[d]efendant clearly intends to continue to teach methods to produce a

‘truthful’ chart tracing on the polygraph instrument. Methods to guarantee a truthful


       2
        If Mr. Williams had raised this issue on direct appeal and survived
plain-error review, the remedy would have been to remand to the district court to
make the necessary findings. See, e.g., United States v. Dunn, 777 F.3d 1171,
1176-79 (10th Cir. 2015); Butler, 694 F.3d at 1184-85; United States v. Mike,
632 F.3d 686, 698 (10th Cir. 2011). Remand is unnecessary here because the district
court did make the necessary findings in ruling on the motion at issue in this appeal.
                                                6
result on a polygraph would undoubtedly be of interest to anyone seeking to lie about or

conceal information from federal investigators.” Id. And the district court also found—

after reviewing the “court file”—that Mr. Williams “seems unconcerned that his future

customers might use his training and techniques to lie to federal officials about

disqualifying information in order to obtain or maintain employment in sensitive national

security positions.” Id. The district court concluded by finding, “[g]iven defendant’s

prior clear disregard for public safety and national security, the Court finds there are no

less restrictive alternatives that would adequately prevent him from helping individuals

lie in order to obtain or keep sensitive government positions.” Id. at 105-06.

       On appeal, Mr. Williams contends that “there is no reason to believe [he] will

‘continue to engage in unlawful conduct,’” Aplt. Br. at 6; “the District Court Judge did

not engage in the necessary fact-finding to justify an overly broad condition that [he]

could not ‘. . . participate in any form of polygraph related activity during the period of

supervision,’” id. at 7; and “[t]here are no facts in this case that [his] past conduct or

future conduct would constitute a threat to public safety or national security,” id. at 8.

We are not persuaded by these contentions given the district court’s express findings

which properly considered the requirements in USSG § 5F1.5, and provided ample

support for the denial of the requested modification to the special condition prohibiting

polygraph-related activity.

       Mr. Williams further argues that the district court’s imposition of the special

condition is inconsistent with Tenth Circuit law, relying primarily on this court’s

decision in Butler. Although we did vacate the district court’s imposition of an

                                               7
occupational restriction in Butler, we did so because the district court failed to make

the necessary findings to support the restriction. See 694 F.3d at 1185. Here, the

district court expressly found its occupational restriction was the minimum restrictive

means necessary to protect the public and, in doing so, recited record evidence and

analysis in support of its decision. Accordingly, Butler is inapposite and does not

support the relief defendant requests.3

       We see no abuse of discretion in the district court’s decision to deny the

request to modify the polygraph-related condition. The district court made the

express findings required by our precedent that the occupational restriction directly

relates to the conduct underlying defendant’s crime, it is necessary to protect the

public, and it is the least restrictive means to protect the public.

       AFFIRMED.

       Judge O’Brien concurs in the result.


                                              Entered for the Court


                                              Joel M. Carson III
                                              Circuit Judge




       3
         Mr. Williams also offers a string cite of cases where this court “has set aside
special conditions of supervised release repeatedly in recent years.” Aplt. Br. at 9.
However, none of these cases suggest the district court abused its discretion here in
light of the district court’s reliance on the record and its express findings.

                                             8
