                                          COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


            Present: Judges Humphreys, Chafin and Senior Judge Clements
PUBLISHED


            Argued at Richmond, Virginia


            WAYNE ANTONIO BLAND, JR.
                                                                                   OPINION BY
            v.     Record No. 0864-15-2                                      JUDGE TERESA M. CHAFIN
                                                                                   JUNE 7, 2016
            COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                             FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND
                                           Gregory L. Rupe, Judge

                           Dorian Dalton, Senior Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.

                           Benjamin H. Katz, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
                           Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                   Wayne Antonio Bland, Jr. (“appellant”), was indicted by a grand jury in the City of

            Richmond for the possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a felony pursuant to Code

            § 18.2-308.2. Prior to trial, appellant filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained during his

            encounter with law enforcement. The trial court denied the motion. Following a bench trial,

            appellant was convicted and sentenced to five years of imprisonment. Appellant now appeals to this

            Court, contending that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress.

                                                         Background

                   On appellate review, we consider the evidence presented at trial in the light most

            favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party below, and “accord [it] the benefit of all

            inferences fairly deducible from the evidence.” Riner v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 296, 303, 601

            S.E.2d 555, 558 (2004). On June 20, 2014, at 6:08 p.m., the Department of Emergency

            Communications (“DEC”) of the Richmond Police Department received a report of a crime. The

            caller identified “an armed party near the intersection of Coalter and Redd Street” in Richmond.
The caller provided a description of the individual as an African-American male “with a tan hat,

orange and white striped shirt, and tan cargo shorts.” The caller stated that the subject was

brandishing a gun in that location. The DEC dispatcher relayed the location and description of

the subject to Richmond police officers Stephen Butler and Ronald May, informing them that the

subject had been seen waving a gun.

       Approximately two minutes later, the officers arrived at the location. While they did not

see anyone at the intersection of Coalter and Redd Streets, they saw an individual who matched

the description walking on the left-hand side of Redd Street, near its intersection with Coalter.

This individual was subsequently identified as appellant. Appellant’s appearance was consistent

with the description the caller provided – an African-American male wearing tan cargo shorts, an

orange and white striped shirt, and a tan hat.

       The officers stopped their car and walked approximately thirty feet to appellant’s

location. Appellant “looked in [their] direction” then “patted his front right pocket, his right rear

pocket, and then pulled [his] shirt down . . . on [the right] side.” Officer Butler understood this

action as being consistent with the type of movements in which one conducting a “weapons

check” would engage. Butler characterized a “weapons check” as the efforts of an armed person

“to make sure [their weapon] is still there.”

       As the officers approached appellant, Officer May informed him of the call that police

had received and the fact that appellant matched the provided description. May expressed his

intention to “pat down” appellant, and as he began to do so, appellant “knocked [his] hand away

and told [the officer he] could not do that.” As May sought to pat appellant down a second time,

appellant fled. Appellant was apprehended after a short run of roughly twenty feet. After a brief

struggle, during which appellant resisted being handcuffed, the police took him into custody.

The police recovered a .40 caliber Smith and Wesson handgun during a subsequent search of the
                                                 ‐ 2 ‐ 
right back pocket of appellant’s pants. At the suppression hearing, Butler confirmed this pocket

was the same one he had witnessed appellant attempting to conceal with his shirt.

       The trial court admitted the recording of the informant’s call to the DEC over appellant’s

objection at the suppression hearing. The caller related that she was calling from “the field at

Coalter and Accommodation Streets” in the City of Richmond. The caller noted that she was

watching an individual “walking on Redd Street in an orange and white striped shirt, with tan

cargo shorts on.” She explained that she had first provided the description and the individual’s

present location because “she did not want him to get out of her eyesight.” The caller then

related that she witnessed this person “brandish a gun in front of a female” near a “field full of

children,” and then “enter into a house at 1947 Accommodation Street.” She stated that the

person was now on Redd Street, walking with the gun in his hand. She was then asked to give a

description, which she once again provided – an African-American male, wearing an orange and

white striped shirt, tan cargo shorts, and a tan hat. When asked if the gun was still in this

individual’s hand, the caller noted that the gun “was in his pocket,” stating that he had pulled the

gun from his pocket when he brandished it in front of the woman and children.

       In support of his motion to suppress the firearm, appellant argued to the trial court that

the tip provided to police was not sufficiently corroborated to render it reliable and capable of

supporting the requisite reasonable suspicion to justify his seizure. In response, the

Commonwealth, relying upon Navarette v. California, 134 S. Ct. 1683 (2014), stated that the

caller’s knowledge served to increase the tip’s reliability. The Commonwealth argued that the

caller’s knowledge concerning appellant’s possession of a firearm was corroborated by the

activity witnessed by Officers Butler and May, wherein appellant patted his right front and rear

pockets and pulled down the right side of his shirt as if to conceal his pockets. The

Commonwealth indicated that appellant’s actions in resisting both the pat down and handcuffing
                                                ‐ 3 ‐ 
afforded sufficient probable cause to place appellant under arrest, independently authorizing a

search of his person.

       In denying the suppression motion, the trial court made a factual finding, based upon

having listened to the call, that the caller was an eyewitness to the events. The trial court cited

both appellant’s actions in patting his pockets as well as his resistance to the police as factors

which, viewed in their totality, supported the search of appellant as constitutional.

                                              Analysis

       On appeal of a ruling on a motion to suppress, we view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the prevailing party, in this case the Commonwealth, granting to the evidence all

reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom. Jackson v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 666, 672,

594 S.E.2d 595, 598 (2004). “[W]e are bound by the trial court’s findings of historical fact

unless ‘plainly wrong’ or without evidence to support them and we give due weight to the

inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law enforcement officers.”

McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 198, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc); see

McCain v. Commonwealth, 261 Va. 483, 490, 545 S.E.2d 541, 545 (2001). However, we review

de novo the trial court’s application of defined legal standards, such as whether the police had

reasonable suspicion or probable cause for a search or seizure. Ornelas v. United States, 517

U.S. 690, 699 (1996). Our review of the existence of probable cause or reasonable suspicion

involves application of an objective rather than a subjective standard. See, e.g., Whren v. United

States, 517 U.S. 806, 812-13 (1996); see also Robinson v. Commonwealth, 273 Va. 26, 35-38,

639 S.E.2d 217, 222-24 (2007).

       On appeal, appellant argues that “the anonymous tip did not provide reasonable

articulable suspicion for the initial detention or the pat down search.” He contends that the

information provided by the caller lacked sufficient reliability and corroboration since the
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officers were only able to corroborate that appellant was the person identified in the call. Also

appellant argues that “[t]he only additional behavior the officers observed prior to seizing

[appellant] was him patting his pockets,” which did not establish the requisite suspicion to

support his seizure.

       “Under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), and its progeny, a police officer ‘may

constitutionally conduct a brief, investigatory stop when the officer has a reasonable, articulable

suspicion that criminal activity is afoot.’” Beasley v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 381, 395,

728 S.E.2d 499, 505 (2012) (quoting Bass v. Commonwealth, 259 Va. 470, 474-75, 525 S.E.2d

921, 923 (2000)). “Although a mere ‘hunch’ does not create reasonable suspicion, Terry, 392

U.S. at 27, the level of suspicion the standard requires is ‘considerably less than proof of

wrongdoing by a preponderance of the evidence,’ and ‘obviously less’ than is necessary for

probable cause, United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989).” Navarette, 134 S. Ct. at 1687.

In other words, “[a] ‘reasonable suspicion’ requires only ‘some minimal level of objective

justification’ for making such a stop.” Beasley, 60 Va. App. at 395, 728 S.E.2d at 505 (quoting

I.N.S. v. Delgado, 466 U.S. 210, 217 (1984)).

       For a seizure to be reasonable, “the police officer must be able to point to specific and

articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts,” justify the

investigatory stop. Terry, 392 U.S. at 21. However, in reviewing the reasonableness of an

investigatory stop, “we are not limited to what the stopping officer says or to evidence of his

subjective rationale, rather; we look to the record as a whole to determine what facts were known

to the officer and then consider whether a reasonable officer in those circumstances would have

been suspicious.” Raab v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 577, 589 n.2, 652 S.E.2d 144, 148 n.2

(2007) (en banc) (quoting United States v. Brown, 232 F.3d 589, 594 (7th Cir. 2000)). An action

can be reasonable “under the Fourth Amendment, regardless of the individual officer’s state of
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mind, as long as the circumstances, viewed objectively, justify [the] action.” Id. (quoting

Brigham City v. Stuart, 547 U.S. 398, 404 (2006)). Furthermore, reasonable suspicion is “based

on an assessment of the totality of the circumstances.” Beasley, 60 Va. App. at 395, 728 S.E.2d

at 505 (quoting Harris v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 689, 695, 668 S.E.2d 141, 145 (2008)). In

other words, law enforcement must look at the “whole picture.” Navarette, 134 S. Ct. at 1687

(quoting United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417 (1981)). Whether the totality of the

circumstances, viewed objectively, justified a brief investigatory stop “is dependent upon both

the content of information possessed by police and its degree of reliability.” Id. (quoting

Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 330 (1990)).

       Reasonable suspicion can be based on an officer’s personal observations or information

supplied by another. See id. at 1688. However, “to provide reasonable suspicion, either the

informant or information given must exhibit ‘sufficient indicia of reliability.’” Giles v.

Commonwealth, 32 Va. App. 519, 523, 529 S.E.2d 327, 329 (2000) (quoting White, 496 U.S. at

327). “[A]n anonymous tip alone seldom demonstrates the informant’s basis of knowledge or

veracity.” Navarette, 134 S. Ct. at 1688 (quoting White, 496 U.S. at 329). “But under

appropriate circumstances, an anonymous tip can demonstrate ‘sufficient indicia of reliability to

provide reasonable suspicion to make [an] investigatory stop.’” Id. (quoting White, 496 U.S. at

327). “[I]f a tip has a relatively low degree of reliability, more information will be required to

establish the requisite quantum of suspicion than would be required if the tip were more

reliable.” Jackson, 267 Va. at 673, 594 S.E.2d at 599 (quoting White, 496 U.S. at 330).

       The reliability of an anonymous tip may be supported through the provision of

“predictive information to bolster the tipster’s basis of knowledge or credibility.” Harris, 276

Va. at 695-96, 668 S.E.2d at 145 (citing Florida v. J.L., 529 U.S. 266, 271-72 (2000)). However,

“[a]n anonymous tip need not include predictive information when an informant reports readily
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observable criminal actions.” Id. at 696, 668 S.E.2d at 146 (emphasis added) (citing Jackson,

267 Va. at 680, 594 S.E.2d at 603).

       In Navarette, the United States Supreme Court determined that an officer had reasonable

suspicion to stop a vehicle under suspicion of drunk driving after the officer received a tip that

matched the description of a vehicle that a 911 caller had recently reported as running her off the

road. 134 S. Ct. at 1686-87. Dispatch informed an officer of the call, gave him the license plate

number of the truck, and told him that the truck would be a silver Ford F150 pickup and that it

was in a certain area five minutes before. Id. The officer subsequently executed a traffic stop of

the truck, and the driver was arrested for possession of marijuana. Id. at 1687. The Supreme

Court held that the stop complied with the Fourth Amendment because, under the totality of the

circumstances, the officer had reasonable suspicion that the truck's driver was intoxicated. Id. at

1686. The Court reasoned that the caller’s accurate description of the truck, the timing of the

call and the stop, and the caller’s use of the 911 emergency system all lent to the tip’s reliability.

Id. at 1688-90.

       Appellant’s argument is based on the assumption that the caller’s tip is unreliable without

additional corroboration. He cites to White and J.L. in support of his argument. The facts of this

case, however, are distinguishable from those in White and J.L.

       In White, the tip was only a prediction of future criminal activity. In that case, an officer

received a call from an anonymous person, stating that a woman would be leaving a certain

apartment at a particular time in a brown Plymouth station wagon with the right taillight lens

broken. The caller stated that the woman would be going to a certain motel and that she would

be in possession of about an ounce of cocaine inside a brown attaché case. White, 496 U.S. at

327. The information provided by the caller in White failed to show the source of the caller’s

knowledge. The police were unable to determine reliability based on the caller’s information
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alone, without undertaking additional steps at corroboration. The officers were able to verify

some aspects of the information which demonstrated that the caller had “a special familiarity

with respondent’s affairs,” which implied that she had “access to reliable information about that

individual’s illegal activities.” Id. at 332.

        By comparison, in J.L., the Supreme Court held that an anonymous call, reporting that a

young black male wearing a plaid shirt and standing at a bus stop was carrying a gun, did not

justify an investigatory stop. 529 U.S. at 268. The caller could not be traced and identified, the

call was not recorded, the caller did not state how he knew about the gun, and there were no

other facts giving rise to reasonable suspicion. Id. The Supreme Court held that, without more,

a tip cannot give rise to reasonable suspicion of criminal activity simply because the description

of the suspect is accurate. Id. at 271-72 (“[R]easonable suspicion . . . requires that a tip be

reliable in its assertion of illegality, not just in its tendency to identify a determinate person.”).

        Like the tip in Navarette, the information in the present case established numerous

additional indicia of reliability. The caller provided contemporaneous eyewitness information to

the DEC of the Richmond Police Department. She claimed to have seen appellant brandish a

firearm at a woman, a criminal act, and was in the process of watching him walk down Redd

Street while relaying the facts to the DEC. The caller first provided a description and present

location of the suspect, explaining that “she did not want him to get out of her eyesight.” Upon

listening to the call, the trial court determined from the caller’s description of events that the

caller personally witnessed appellant’s actions. By contrast, in White and J.L., the information

failed to demonstrate the basis for the informant’s knowledge. In this case, the caller’s

eyewitness knowledge of the events “lends significant support to the tip’s reliability.” Navarette,

134 S. Ct. at 1689.



                                                  ‐ 8 ‐ 
       Likewise, the evidence in this case established that only two minutes elapsed between the

events observed and the call to the DEC. The caller stated that appellant had brandished the

firearm, entered a home on Accommodation Street, and then left the residence to proceed up

Redd Street. The officers encountered appellant approximately two minutes after the call in the

reported Redd Street location. A report of this contemporaneous nature “has long been treated as

especially reliable.” Id.

       The reliability of the information provided by the caller is additionally bolstered by the

fact that the information was called in to the DEC. The Navarette Court held that technological

advances have made 911 calls more trustworthy because the system can verify callers’

information and geographically locate them. Id. at 1690. Because these technological

advancements can reveal the identity of even an anonymous tipster subjecting them to

punishment in the event of a false report of a crime, “a reasonable officer could conclude that a

false tipster would think twice before using such a system.” Id.

       The Supreme Court noted in Navarette that “[a]lthough the indicia present here are

different from those we found sufficient in White, there is more than one way to demonstrate ‘a

particularized and objective basis for suspecting the particular person stopped of criminal

activity.” Id. at 1692 (quoting Cortez, 449 U.S. at 417-18). The evidence in this case established

a reliable eyewitness account of a readily observable crime as well as a precise eyewitness

description of appellant’s clothing, his location on Redd Street, and the location of the firearm he

had brandished, noting it was placed in his pocket. The officers found appellant in the same

location on Redd Street, dressed in the manner described by the caller, and patting his pocket in a

manner consistent with a “weapons check.”




                                                ‐ 9 ‐ 
       The observations made by the officers combined with the information conveyed by the

eyewitness informant not only provided the requisite suspicion to stop appellant, but also

authorized the officers to frisk appellant’s person for weapons.

       As noted in Commonwealth v. Smith, 281 Va. 582, 709 S.E.2d 139 (2011):

               The officer need not be absolutely certain that the individual is
               armed; the issue is whether a reasonably prudent man in the
               circumstances would be warranted in the belief that his safety or
               that of others was in danger. And in determining whether the
               officer acted reasonably in such circumstances, due weight must be
               given, not to his inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or
               “hunch,” but to the specific reasonable inferences which he is
               entitled to draw from the facts in light of his experience.

281 Va. at 589-90, 709 S.E.2d at 142 (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 27).

                                            Conclusion

       Given the knowledge that an individual matching appellant’s description had been seen

minutes before brandishing a weapon, which he then placed in his pocket, a reasonably prudent

person in the officers’ position could have believed appellant posed a risk to their safety, and

thus was authorized to perform a frisk. The officers’ belief was further supported by the

inference that appellant performed a “weapons check” when he became aware of the officers’

presence. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in rejecting the appellant’s motion to suppress

the evidence seized.

                                                                                          Affirmed.




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