               REPORTED

  IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

            OF MARYLAND

                 No. 393

          September Term, 2014

______________________________________


MARYLAND STATE BOARD OF NURSING

                    v.

            MABINTY SESAY

______________________________________

     Krauser, C.J.,
     Eyler, Deborah S.,
     Leahy,

                  JJ.
______________________________________

           Opinion by Leahy, J.
______________________________________

     Filed: August 27, 2015
      In this appeal, we address the obligations of the Maryland State Board of Nursing

(“the Board”) to provide a practical nurse with notice of an evidentiary hearing

concerning her violations of the Nurse Practice Act. In 2010, Mabinty Sesay, a licensed

practical nurse, was alleged to have committed several violations of the Nurse Practice

Act, and the Board, in 2011, issued charges against Ms. Sesay. The Board mailed notice

of the charges and instructions on how to request an evidentiary hearing to Ms. Sesay.

Ms. Sesay received notice of the charges, requested an evidentiary hearing and provided

an address to which she directed the Board to send further correspondence. In 2013, the

Board mailed Ms. Sesay notice of the evidentiary hearing to the address she provided, via

certified and first-class mail. Ms. Sesay did not receive the notices because she had not

provided the Board with her current address, as she was required to do by statute, and the

notices were returned to the Board. The Board held a hearing regarding Ms. Sesay’s

license, without Ms. Sesay’s presence, concluded that Ms. Sesay had violated the Nurse

Practice Act, and ordered discipline for Ms. Sesay, including probation. Ms. Sesay filed

a notice for petition of review of the Board’s decision in the Circuit Court for

Montgomery County. After a hearing, the court concluded that that the Board did not

comply with due process requirements and was required to take further reasonable steps

upon the return of both mailings. The court vacated the Board’s decision and order.

      In its timely appeal,1 Appellant Maryland State Board of Nursing (“the Board”)


      1
        The circuit court’s order, dated April 16, 2014, was entered on April 17, 2014,
and the Board filed its appeal within thirty days on May 7, 2014. See Maryland Rule 8-
201(a).
raises two questions for our review:

      I. Did the Board provide Ms. Sesay with legally sufficient notice of an
         evidentiary hearing concerning her violations of the Nurse Practice Act,
         when the Board sent notice to the last address that Ms. Sesay had
         provided the Board, and after Ms. Sesay failed to comply with a duty
         imposed on her by Maryland law to inform the Board of any change of
         address?

      II. Did substantial record evidence support the Board’s findings that, by
          falling asleep while caring for a quadriplegic child and later falsifying
          that child’s medical record to bill for time in which she was not
          working, Ms. Sesay violated the Maryland Nurse Practice Act?

      We hold that the Board provided Ms. Sesay with legally sufficient notice of an

evidentiary hearing and further hold that substantial evidence supported the Board’s

findings that Ms. Sesay violated the Maryland Nurse Practice Act.           Our holding

recognizes the State’s responsibility to protect the public health and instructs

professionals licensed by the State that they may not, especially in the midst of

administrative proceedings in which charges have been brought against them, fail to

update their address with the appropriate regulatory body and thereby avoid

accountability.2 Therefore, we reverse the judgment of the Circuit Court for Montgomery

County.




      2
        A licensed practical nurse is recognized as a member of the health professional
team and performs an integral part of nursing. Md. Code (1981, 2014 Repl. Vol.), Health
Occ. Art. (“H.O.”) § 8-311(b). Licensed practical nurses are governed by the standards
of professional performance articulated in Code of Maryland Regulations (“COMAR”)
10.27.10.03.


                                           2
                                     BACKGROUND

   A. Ms. Sesay’s Provision of Nursing Care in November, 2010

       In November 2010, Mabinty Sesay was a practical nurse licensed by the State of

Maryland and employed by Maxim Health Care Services (“Maxim”). On the dates of

November 27-28, Ms. Sesay was assigned to provide in-home, overnight nursing care to

E.C., a young man with quadriplegia who has no movement, aside from weak use of his

biceps and triceps, from the chest down. He also has autonomic dysreflexia, which can

cause a dangerous, rapid increase in blood pressure when he has a full bladder.

       E.C.’s mother (“Ms. C.”) had several grievances regarding Ms. Sesay’s

performance. According to Ms. C., on the night of November 27, Ms. Sesay failed to

wash her hands until asked, had difficulty performing tasks, and was observed sleeping at

4:00 a.m. On the night of November 28, at around 11:00 p.m., E.C. had been calling out

for Ms. Sesay because he needed to urinate, but Ms. Sesay had fallen asleep and did not

respond. At around 2:00 a.m., E.C. began calling out again for Ms. Sesay for about 15

minutes, but Ms. Sesay did not respond because she had fallen asleep in a bed she made

for herself on the living room floor. Upon waking Ms. Sesay at around 2:15 a.m., Ms. C.

dismissed her for sleeping. Ms. C. noticed, however, that Ms. Sesay had documented on

her flow chart that she provided nursing care for E.C. at 5 a.m. and left at 6:30 a.m. She

also noticed that Ms. Sesay had signed Ms. C’s name on the document. Ms. Sesay, on

the other hand, maintained that she had not been sleeping while working and that she was

permitted to stay until her shift was over at 6 a.m.




                                              3
       Ms. C. thereafter called Maxim about the events at the C. residence, and, Maxim,

after unsuccessfully trying to meet with Ms. Sesay about the situation, terminated Ms.

Sesay’s employment on November 30, 2010. The following week, on December 6, 2010,

Ms. C. filed a complaint against Ms. Sesay with the Board. Attached to her complaint

was a photograph that she claimed she took of Ms. Sesay sleeping on their living room

floor. Also attached to the complaint were signed, hand-written statements from E.C.,

E.C.’s father, and E.C.’s brother detailing Ms. Sesay’s poor performance.

   B. The Board Files Charges Against Ms. Sesay and Provides Notice of the
      Evidentiary Hearing

       After conducting an investigation into the complaint, the Board issued formal

charges against Ms. Sesay on September 21, 2011. The document alleged that she

“[w]illfully and knowingly (i) [f]ile[d] a false report or record of an individual under the

licensee’s care”; that she acted “inconsistent[ly] with generally accepted professional

standards in the practice of registered nursing or licensed practical nursing”; that she

“[s]ubmit[ed] a false statement to collect a fee”; and that she “[e]ngage[d] in conduct that

violates the professional code of ethics” set forth in COMAR 10.27.19.02, requiring a

nurse to “[a]ssume responsibility and accountability for individual nursing judgments and

actions;” and “[not p]ractice nursing if unfit to perform procedures or make decisions

because of physical or mental impairment[.]”




                                             4
       That same day, the Board sent a “NOTICE OF AGENCY ACTION-Charges

under the Maryland Nurse Practice Act” via first-class and certified mail3 to two known

addresses for Ms. Sesay: (1) 7333 New Hampshire Ave. #3, Takoma Park, MD 20912;

and (2) 601 #3 Silver Spring Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910. The letter explained how to

request an evidentiary hearing before the Board took any disciplinary action against her

license and provided that “[i]f you request a hearing, the Board will notify you in writing,

at your address last known to the Board, of the date, time and location of the hearing.”

       Ms. Sesay timely requested an evidentiary hearing before the Board on September

26, 2011. She listed her then-current mailing address as:


       3
          The public frequently uses the terms “first-class mail” and “regular mail”
interchangeably, and the two are, in fact, the same thing. In an attempt to stave off
confusion, we will use the term “first-class mail” in this opinion, unless we are quoting a
source that uses the term “regular mail,” because first-class mail is the term the United
States Postal Service (“USPS”) uses. Note, however, that the Maryland Administrative
Procedure Act, which this opinion discusses, refers to first-class mail as “regular mail.”
See, e.g., Md. Code (1984, 2014 Repl. Vol.), State Gov’t Art. § 10-209(a).
       For first-class mail, the United States Postal Service aims for a delivery time of
one to three days. United States Postal Service, Domestic Mail Manual § 133, 2.0 (July
13, 2015) (“Domestic Mail Manual”). First-class mail will be forwarded to a new
address for a period of 12 months if the addressee provides a forwarding address, and it
will also be returned to the mailer if such a piece of mail is undeliverable. Id. § 133,
2.2.2.
       Certified mail, meanwhile, is an extra service that a mail sender may, by paying
extra, add to first-class mail. Domestic Mail Manual § 133, 2.2.3. It is a service that
“provides the sender with a mailing receipt and, upon request, electronic verification that
an article was delivered or that a delivery attempt was made. . . . Certified Mail is
dispatched and handled in transit as ordinary mail.” Id. § 503, 3.1.1. For certified mail,
USPS includes a record of delivery that includes the signature of the recipient. Id.
       Thus, one may think of first-class mail as the default form of mail when one
ventures to the post office seeking to mail a letter, whereas certified mail is an additional
service that one can purchase that contains a record of delivery and requires the signature
of the person to whom the item was delivered.


                                             5
                                11407 July Dr. Apt 203
                                Silver Spring MD 20904

(“the July Drive address”). She also provided two phone numbers. It appears from the

record that a settlement conference was held on January 10, 2012, but Ms. Sesay and the

Board could not reach a resolution.4

      On September 1, 2012, Ms. Sesay moved from her July Drive address to 2005

Treetop Lane #41, Silver Spring, MD 20904 (hereinafter “the Treetop Lane address”).

Ms. Sesay did not advise the Board of her change of address. Ms. Sesay was required by

law to notify the Board of her move within 60 days of her change of address. H.O. § 8-

312(e).

      On May 17, 2013, the Board mailed a “NOTICE OF HEARING: In the Matter of

Mabinty Sesay” to Ms. Sesay at her July Drive address, the last-known address on record,

via first-class and certified mail, with the return receipt requested. The notice advised

Ms. Sesay that the hearing would be held on Tuesday, July 23, 2013, at 10:00 a.m. at the

offices of the Board, 4140 Patterson Avenue in Baltimore, Maryland, 21215.           Both

notices were returned as undeliverable.

      4
        The record is equivocal on whether a settlement conference was actually held.
During argument before the circuit court, however, counsel for the Board did not “dispute
that [Ms. Sesay] probably came into the board at some time or another” and that a gap
between a request for a hearing and the hearing itself is “usually indicative of some sort
of rumblings of a settlement[,]” but he could not say with certainty that Ms. Sesay came
in for a settlement conference. The State’s Response to Respondent’s Motion to
Reconsider, however, quotes a January 11, 2012 memorandum written by the
Coordinator for Discipline and Rehabilitation stating that “Ms. Sesay was seen by the
Settlement Committee on January 10, 2012. A resolution in her case could not be
reached. The case is being returned to you in order to proceed with an evidentiary
hearing.”


                                            6
   C. The Board’s Evidentiary Hearing and Decision, and Ms. Sesay’s Appeal

        On July 23, 2013, the Board held a hearing regarding Ms. Sesay’s license, and Ms.

Sesay was not present. The Department of Health and Mental Hygiene5 (“the State”),

representing the State, called Ms. C. to testify (via telephone)6 about E.C. and the

incidents that occurred on the nights of November 27-28, 2010. Ms. C. testified that, on

November 27, she found Ms. Sesay sleeping and told her that she could not sleep on the

job. Ms. C. also recalled that Ms. Sesay slept through E.C.’s yelling at 11:00 p.m., her

husband was required to awaken Ms. Sesay, and that E.C.’s yelling awakened her

husband and other son again at 2:00 a.m., whereupon they found Ms. Sesay sleeping once

again. At this point, Ms. C.’s testimony reflects that she dismissed Ms. Sesay. Ms. C.

also testified that the flow sheet Ms. Sesay submitted showing that she stayed at the C.

residence and continued to perform tasks until 6:30 a.m. was false. Ms. C.’s complaint,

hand-written statements,7 and pictures were submitted as evidence.

        The State also called Stephanie Nogle, the Board employee who conducted the

investigation into Ms. Sesay. Ms. Nogle testified about the interview she conducted of

Ms. Sesay and the complaint that Ms. C. submitted to the Board, as well as Ms. Sesay’s

conditions of employment with her former nursing employer, Maxim. The Board also

        5
       An assistant attorney general from the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
appeared for the State in the proceeding before the Board.
        6
            Ms. C., a nurse, testified via telephone because she was caring for her son at the
time.
        7
        The statements from Ms. C.’s husband and sons were also submitted into
evidence.


                                                7
admitted into evidence the disciplinary action report from Maxim that Ms. Nogle had

obtained in her investigation of Ms. Sesay. In addition to the conduct discussed supra,

this report detailed that, after Maxim contacted Ms. Sesay, she refused to return to the

Maxim office to discuss her conduct because she claimed the office was too far away.

When the Maxim employee informed Ms. Sesay that she would not be able to work in

any capacity for Maxim until she discussed the incident with Maxim, she stated that she

had been working for another Maxim client; Maxim, however, had no record of her

working for this client. Upon being told again, in the same conversation, that she would

not be able to work for Maxim again until she addressed the disciplinary issue, the

disciplinary document relates that she stated that she actually began working for another

agency and asked “‘Well, what if I don’t come in?’” After being informed, once again,

that she could not work for Maxim until her disciplinary issues were resolved, Ms. Sesay

said that she would not go to the office that week and would call when she was available.

      Several months after the hearing before the Board, on September 26, 2013, Ms.

Sesay renewed her nursing license and provided her Treetop Lane address.

      On October 9, 2013, the Board issued a “Final Decision and Order of Probation of

Practical Nursing License,” which was mailed to Ms. Sesay at her Treetop Lane address.

The Board found that Ms. Sesay “slept while on-duty on the evenings of November 27

and November 28, 2010” and concluded that this conduct violated H.O. § 8-316(a)(8),

which prohibits nurses from acting inconsistently with professional standards of practical

nursing. The Board also found that “despite having been dismissed by [Ms. C.] at

approximately 2:00 a.m. on November 28, 2010 after getting caught sleeping on-duty for


                                            8
the second night in a row, [Ms. Sesay] indicated on her flow sheets that she provided

nursing care until 6:30 a.m.” Based on this conduct, the Board concluded that she

violated H.O. § 8-316(a)(5)(i) by filing a false report of client care as well as H.O. § 8-

316(a)(11) by submitting a false statement to collect fees. 8 Based on these factual

findings and conclusions of law, the Board ordered that Ms. Sesay’s license be placed on

probation for a minimum of three years subject to a litany of restrictions and conditions,

including that her license be publicly listed as being on probation, that she obtain the

Board’s approval before accepting any nursing position, that she can work only if a

registered nurse is physically present, and that she cannot work between the hours of

11:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.

      On or about October 30, 2013, Ms. Sesay, with notice of the Board’s decision,

filed a document that the Board treated as a motion for reconsideration.9 In an attached

affidavit, Ms. Sesay asserted that she heard nothing from the Board in the two years since

she requested an evidentiary hearing and that she changed addresses on September 1,

2012. Ms. Sesay claimed that she did not have knowledge of the notice that was sent to

her former July Drive address and requested another hearing “because she did not receive

a notice to appear.” On November 6, 2013, Ms. Sesay filed a notice of petition for

      8
        The Board also provided that “[i]n its discretion, the Board declines to find that
[Ms. Sesay] violated H.O. § 8-316(a)(25),” which prohibits conduct that violates the
professional code of ethics, and ordered that this charge be dismissed.
      9
        The document was labeled “Affidavit of Mabinty Sesay,” but was signed by Ms.
Sesay’s attorney and requested the Board to “grant Respondent’s Motion to reconsider.”
Ms. Sesay’s affidavit, signed by her, was attached. The “motion” was almost identical to
Ms. Sesay’s affidavit.


                                            9
review of the Board’s October 9, 2013 decision.10 On November 25, 2013, the Board

filed the required agency certificate of compliance pursuant to Maryland Rule 7-202(e).

       The Board denied her motion for reconsideration on November 22, 2013, relying

on Ms. Sesay’s failure to satisfy her statutory obligation to notify the Board of her change

of address. The Board emphasized that “[t]he rationale behind this provision is simple:

the Board, as a licensing authority, has important information that it may need to share

with its licensees periodically, such as changes in licensure status or, as in this case,

notices of administrative hearings.”

       The Circuit Court for Montgomery County held a hearing on April 4, 2014. Ms.

Sesay argued that the Board was required to do more when the letters were returned as

undelivered. The Board, on the other hand, contended that it did more than what was

required by law when it sent first-class mail in addition to certified mail, and, therefore,

these efforts to give Ms. Sesay notice complied with due process.

       After hearing argument, the court concluded that, although the Board complied

with its statutory duty to send the hearing notice via certified mail, it was required to take

reasonable steps upon the return of both mailings. The court agreed with the Board that it

did not have “to go to the ends of the earth” to locate Ms. Sesay, but determined that it

would not take a “Herculean effort on the part of the board when [the Board] get[s] a

letter back saying ‘unclaimed’ or ‘unserved’ or ‘addressee moved’ to pick up the phone


       10
           With her Memorandum in Support of Her Appeal of the Decision of the
Maryland Board of Nursing, Ms. Sesay attached a UPS Product and Tracking document
that purports to show that the certified mail was returned to the Board.


                                             10
and call” based on the facts presented. The court also found that Ms. Sesay did not

intentionally or negligently fail to notify the Board of her changed address, but instead

gave every indication that she wanted to be present at the hearing. In addition, the court

rejected the Board’s argument that the Supreme Court case upon which Ms. Sesay relied,

Jones v. Flowers, discussed infra—which stands for the principle that the State must take

reasonable additional steps to provide notice when it has knowledge that its mailings

failed—was distinguishable on the ground that it involved a tax foreclosure. The court

concluded that losing a job license or having a future “black mark” on the ability to

pursue your profession is almost as important as losing your home.

      Accordingly, in an order entered on April 17, 2014, the circuit court found that

“the Maryland Board of Nursing did not satisfy the due process requirements of notice

and opportunity for a fair hearing.” The court vacated the Board’s Final Decision and

Order of Probation of Practical Nursing License and remanded the case back to the Board

to schedule a new hearing on the matter. This appeal ensued.

                                     DISCUSSION

   I. Legally Sufficient Notice

      The Board contends that it provided constitutionally sufficient notice to Ms. Sesay

by complying with the notice requirements set forth in the Nurse Practice Act and the

Maryland Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) when it mailed Ms. Sesay notice of her

evidentiary hearing to her last known address via both certified and first-class mail. Ms.

Sesay counters that the Board violated her right to due process because the Board knew




                                           11
that she did not receive the notices due to their return as undeliverable and failed to take

other reasonable measures, like calling her on the phone, to provide notice.

       Whether notice is sufficient is a question of law, Bray v. Aberdeen Police Dep't,

190 Md. App. 414, 437 (2010), and “‘we owe no deference to agency conclusions based

upon errors of law.’” Coleman v. Anne Arundel Cnty. Police Dep't, 369 Md. 108, 121-22

(2002) (quoting State Ethics v. Antonetti, 365 Md. 428, 447 (2001)).

       As a threshold matter, we think it important to note, that “the State has a

significant interest in protecting its citizens and the public health.” Dr. K. v. State Bd. of

Physician Quality Assur., 98 Md. App. 103, 120 (1993) cert. denied, 334 Md. 18, cert.

denied, 513 U.S. 817 (1994). The State has an immense public interest in this domain of

regulating the medical professions, for the purpose of keeping the public safe. On the

other hand, the Board does not, and could not, dispute that Ms. Sesay’s nursing license is

a constitutionally protected property interest requiring due process of law before the

Board can revoke or suspend the license, place the license on probation, or issue any

other sanction. See, e.g., Comm'n on Med. Discipline v. Stillman, 291 Md. 390, 405

(1981) (“The right to practice medicine is a property right of which a physician cannot be

deprived without due process of law.” (citing Aitchison v. State, 204 Md. 538, cert.

denied, 348 U.S. 880 (1954)); see also Maryland Dep't of Human Res. v. Bo Peep Day

Nursery, 317 Md. 573, 597-98 (1989) (“Where . . . the license to engage in a regulated

business may not be withdrawn at the discretion of the licensing authority but only upon

proof of certain contingencies, the procedure by which a state undertakes to suspend or

revoke the license is restrained by due process.” (citation omitted)). Instead, the Board


                                             12
contends that it complied with all statutory requirements of notice, whereas Ms. Sesay

did not, in failing to provide notice to the Board of her change in address.

       The State Board of Nursing is permitted to “reprimand any [nursing] licensee,

place any licensee on probation, or suspend or revoke the license of a licensee if the . . .

licensee” engages in prohibited conduct, including “[w]illfully and knowingly . . .

[f]il[ing] a false report or record of an individual under the licensee’s care”; acting

“inconsistent[ly] with generally accepted professional standards in the practice of

registered nursing or licensed practical nursing”; and “submit[ting] a false statement to

collect a fee[.]”     H.O. § 8-316(a)(5)(i), (8), (11).        Before taking any of the

aforementioned actions, the Board must “give the person against whom the action is

contemplated an opportunity for a hearing before the Board.” H.O. § 8-317(a). “The

Board shall give notice and hold the hearing in accordance with the Administrative

Procedure Act[,]” H.O. § 8-317(b), and the hearing notice “shall be sent by certified mail,

return receipt requested, to the last known address of the person at least 30 days before

the hearing.” H.O. § 8-317(c).

       The APA requires agencies like the Board to “give all parties in a contested case

reasonable written notice of the hearing.” Maryland Code (1984, 2014 Repl. Vol.), State

Gov’t Art. (“S.G.”) § 10-208(a). Even where the licensing statute, such as H.O. § 8-

316(c), “provides for service other than by regular mail,” the agency may also send notice

“by regular mail to the address of record of a person holding a license issued by the

agency if: (1) the person is required by law to advise the agency of the address; and (2)

the agency has been unsuccessful in giving notice in the manner otherwise provided by


                                             13
the licensing statute.” S.G. § 10-209(a). In this context, if the person served by regular

mail shows that he or she “neither knew nor had reasonable opportunity to know of the

fact of service,” a hearing must be provided. S.G. § 10-209(b). The APA further

provides:

       A person holding a license shall be deemed to have had a reasonable
       opportunity to know of the fact of service if:
          (1) The person is required by law to notify the agency of a change of
              address within a specified period of time;
          (2) The person failed to notify the agency in accordance with the law;
          (3) The agency or the Office mailed the notice to the address of record;
              and
          (4) The agency did not have actual notice of the change of address prior
              to service.

S.G. § 10-209(c).

       It is undisputed that the Board complied with the aforementioned statutory

requirements for proper notice. In fact, the Board sent the notice of hearing via both

certified mail, required by the statute, and first-class mail, not required by statute. The

issue in this case, however, is whether the Board was required to engage in additional

measures beyond those required by the statute based on the circumstances presented.

       In the context of notice, the Supreme Court has established that “[a]n elementary

and fundamental requirement of due process in any proceeding which is to be accorded

finality is notice reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested

parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their

objections.” Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950)

(citations omitted). To provide notice that meets constitutional muster, “[t]he means




                                            14
employed must be such as one desirous of actually informing the absentee might

reasonably adopt to accomplish it[,]” and

       [t]he reasonableness and hence the constitutional validity of any chosen
       method may be defended on the ground that it is in itself reasonably certain
       to inform those affected . . . , or, where conditions do not reasonably permit
       such notice, that the form chosen is not substantially less likely to bring
       home notice than other of the feasible and customary substitutes.

Id. at 315 (internal citations omitted).         “There is no cookie cutter paradigm for

determining the constitutionality of a particular procedure designed to convey notice

[because] ‘[d]ue process is flexible and calls only for such procedural protections as the

particular situation demands.’” Griffin v. Bierman, 403 Md. 186, 197 (2008) (quoting

Dep’t of Transp. v. Armacost, 299 Md. 392, 416 (1984)).

       Instead, “[t]o determine whether notice in a particular case is constitutionally

sufficient, the court must balance the interests of the state or the giver of notice against

the individual interest sought to be protected by the [F]ourteenth [A]mendment.” Id.

(quoting Miserandino v. Resort Props., Inc., 345 Md. 43, 53 (1997)) (internal quotation

marks omitted). In this regard, the state is not required to demonstrate that it provided

actual notice; rather, it must show that its notice was “reasonably calculated” to provide

notice. Id. at 198. Generally, notice by mail is presumed to provide constitutionally

sufficient notice. Id. (citations omitted); see also Dusenbery v. United States, 534 U.S.

161, 169-72 (2002) (upholding the state’s delivery of notice via certified mail to a

prisoner as “reasonably calculated” and in satisfaction of due process although the

prisoner did not actually receive the notice).




                                             15
       In Jones v. Flowers, however, the Supreme Court addressed, for the first time, the

issue of “whether due process entails further responsibility when the government

becomes aware prior to the taking that its attempt at notice has failed.” 547 U.S. 220,

227 (2006). In that case, the state mailed a letter notifying the petitioner of his tax

delinquency and his right to redeem his property within two years via certified mail to

petitioner’s last known address, but the letter was returned, marked as “unclaimed.” Id.

at 223-24. Two years later, the state published a notice of public sale in the newspaper,

and, upon receiving an offer, mailed a notice of tax sale, again via certified mail, to

petitioner at the same address. This letter was also returned as “unclaimed.” Id. at 224.

Notice via first-class mail was not sent.         After the property was purchased, the

petitioner’s daughter, who had received an unlawful detainer notice while residing at the

address, finally notified petitioner of the sale, and the petitioner filed a lawsuit

challenging, on due process grounds, the state’s failure to provide sufficient notice. Id.

       The Supreme Court concluded that “the State should have taken additional

reasonable steps to notify [the petitioner], if practicable to do so” upon receiving the

returned form indicating that the petitioner had not received the notice. Id. at 234. The

Court began its analysis by recognizing that it “has deemed notice constitutionally

sufficient if it was reasonably calculated to reach the intended recipient when sent” in

cases in which “the government attempted to provide notice and heard nothing back

indicating that anything had gone awry[.]” Id. at 226 (citations omitted). In the Court’s

view in this instance, however, “[a]lthough the State may have made a reasonable

calculation of how to reach [the petitioner], it had good reason to suspect when the notice


                                             16
was returned that [the petitioner] was ‘no better off than if the notice had never been

sent.’” Id. at 230 (quoting Malone v. Robinson, 614 A.2d 33, 37 (D.C. App. 1992)).

“Deciding to take no further action is not what someone ‘desirous of actually informing’

[the petitioner] would do; such a person would take further reasonable steps if any were

available.” Id.

       In so ruling, the Court rejected the state’s argument that it was not required to

engage in additional follow-up measures when the petitioner was under a statutory

obligation to notify the state of his correct address and failed to do so. Id. at 231-32.

Although the Court considered the statutory requirement that individuals keep their

address up-to-date to “provide[] strong support” that sending the notice to the then-

known address was a “reasonably calculated” method to reach petitioner, the Court found

that the petitioner’s failure to comply with that requirement did not “forfeit[] his right to

constitutionally sufficient notice” and that the requirement “does not alter the

reasonableness of the [state’s] position that [it] must do nothing more when the notice is

promptly returned ‘unclaimed.’” Id. at 232.

       In that respect, the Court concluded that there were several reasonable options for

the state to have taken. To address the possibility that the petitioner still resided at the

address but was not at home at the time the certified mail was delivered, the State could

have mailed a notice to the petitioner via first-class mail. Id. at 234. The Court observed

that “the use of certified mail might make actual notice less likely in some cases-the letter

cannot be left like regular mail to be examined at the end of the day, and it can only be

retrieved from the post office for a specified period of time.” Id. at 235. Moreover,


                                             17
“[f]ollowing up with regular mail might also increase the chances of actual notice to [the

petitioner] if-as it turned out-he had moved” because “[e]ven occupants who ignored

certified mail notice slips addressed to the owner (if any had been left) might scrawl the

owner’s new address on the notice packet and leave it for the postman to retrieve, or

notify [the petitioner] directly.” Id. To address the possibility that the petitioner had

moved, the Court opined that the state could have posted a notice on the front door or

addressed the undeliverable mail to the “occupant.” Id.

       The Court rejected the petitioner’s argument that the state could have searched for

the petitioner’s address in the phonebook or other government records, because the return

of the notice as “unclaimed” “merely informed the [state] that no one appeared to sign for

the mail before the designated date on which it would be returned to the sender[,]” not

that the address was necessarily incorrect. Id. at 235-36. Pertinent to the instant case is

the Court’s statement that “[a]n open-ended search for a new address-especially when the

State obligates the taxpayer to keep his address updated with the tax collector . . . -

imposes burdens on the state significantly greater than the several relatively easy options”

suggested in its opinion. Id. at 236.

       Therefore, although the Supreme Court did not prescribe the form of service that

state governments should adopt, the Court determined that “[i]t suffices for present

purposes that we are confident that additional reasonable steps were available for [the

state] to employ before taking [the petitioner’s] property.” Id. at 238.

       In Griffin v. Bierman, 403 Md. 186 (2008), the Court of Appeals had the

opportunity to determine whether to apply the principle set forth in Jones to the facts


                                             18
before it. In that case, Griffin, a property owner, defaulted on the loans financing her

home. Id. at 191. The substitute trustees under the deed of trust for the property

docketed a foreclosure action and sent a notice of such to Griffin via certified mail and

first-class mail. Id. at 192. The letter sent by certified mail was returned as “unclaimed,”

and the letter sent by first-class mail was not returned. Id. at 193. When it came time to

foreclose upon the property, the trustees mailed, again, first-class and certified mail of the

time, date, and location of the foreclosure sale as well as a letter addressed to the

“occupant” of the residence via first-class and certified mail. Id. at 193-94. The certified

letter addressed to the occupant was returned as “unclaimed,” but none of the first-class

mailings were returned to the trustees.        Id. at 194.     When Griffin learned of the

foreclosure sale, she filed exceptions on the ground that the sale violated her due process

rights due to lack of sufficient notice, but the sale was ratified. Id.

       The Court of Appeals concluded that the notice provided to Griffin, conducted

pursuant the statutory foreclosure scheme, provided sufficient notice and was not

unconstitutional. Id. at 200. The Court differentiated the case before it from Jones,

concluding that the trustees did not have “certain knowledge” that Griffin did not receive

the notices sent via both certified and first-class mail. Id. The Court explained that it

was logical that a recipient of the notice sent first-class, which indicated that an identical

notice was also sent via certified mail, would not make the effort to go to the post office

and sign for a duplicate letter. Id. Therefore, the Court concluded that the trustees in that

case provided Griffin with due process by complying with Maryland’s foreclosure notice

requirements and also satisfied several of the alternative steps identified by the Supreme


                                              19
Court in Jones. Id.; see also Snider Int'l Corp. v. Town of Forest Heights, Md., 739 F.3d

140, 147 (4th Cir.) (rejecting a motorist’s claim that notice of speeding infraction sent via

first-class mail alone was insufficient to provide due process where there was no

indication that the delivery was not successful, i.e., the envelopes being returned as

undeliverable), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 2667 (2014).

       Notably, however, the Court of Appeals, in a footnote, indicated that its holding

might have been different had the facts varied:

              Our holding would be different, however, had the first-class mail
       notices been returned undelivered or the certified mail had been returned as
       something more revealing than “unclaimed[.]” Had the Trustees known
       that their attempts to convey notice to Griffin failed, in accordance with
       Jones, reasonable follow-up measures to attempt to give notice to the
       interested property owner might be required.

403 Md. at 202 n.11 (internal citations omitted).11 Indeed, the Court explained that “[i]f

first-class mail is undeliverable, it is returned to the sender[;] [a]t which point, the sender

knows that notice was not received.” Id. at 206 n.14.

       Here, the Board, like the trustees in Griffin, sent simultaneous, identical notices

via both certified mail and first-class mail. Unlike Griffin, however, both notices were


       11
          We note that, despite Griffin’s language in footnote 11 stating that there would
be a different result and additional follow-up measures might be required if both notices
were returned undelivered, the precise factual situation described in that footnote was not
before the Court in that case. As such, it was not necessary to reach the ultimate decision
in Griffin, and that particular language is not controlling in the present case. See Halliday
v. Sturm, Ruger & Co., Inc., 138 Md. App. 136, 160 (2001) (“The term dictum is an
abbreviated form of obiter dictum, which is translated as ‘a remark by the way.’ It refers
to a statement made by a court ‘incidentally or collaterally, and not directly upon the
question before [it], or upon a point not necessarily involved in the determination of the
cause....’ Obiter dictum lacks the authority of adjudication.” (internal citations omitted)).


                                              20
returned as undeliverable. Although, at this point in our discussion, it would appear that,

under Jones and Griffin, the State was required to do more to provide Ms. Sesay with

notice of her hearing, however, the instant case is distinguishable in several compelling

respects from Jones and Griffin. Those two cases, while informative, do not control the

outcome of this case.

       First, the General Assembly established a “constructive notice” statute in the

licensing context—a provision not involved in the tax foreclosure context in Maryland.

Here, the Board is specifically required to provide notice of the hearing by certified mail.

H.O. § 8-317(c). In addition, the APA provides that a person with a license is deemed to

have had a reasonable opportunity to know of the service if: (1) the person is legally

required to notify the governing agency of a change of address within a specific time

period, (2) that person failed to notify the agency, (3) the agency mailed the notice to the

address it had on record, and (4) the agency did not have actual notice of the address

change before service. S.G. § 10-209(c). Here, all four factors were satisfied based on

the uncontroverted evidence. Ms. Sesay was required to notify the Board of her change

of address pursuant to H.O. § 8-312(e) within 60 days of her change of address, and she

failed to do so.12 The Board mailed the notice to the address provided by Ms. Sesay in

her request for a hearing via first-class mail, in addition to the statutorily required

certified mail. Finally, the Board did not have actual notice of Ms. Sesay’s change in

address before sending the hearing notice. Thus the Board fulfilled, and even went

       12
        In fact, Ms. Sesay did not notify the Board until September 26, 2013, nearly
eleven months after she was required to notify the Board of her change of address.


                                            21
beyond, its statutory duty in this context, and there was no such constructive notice

statute in Jones.

       We recognize that failure to comply with one’s statutory duty to provide notice of

his or her change of address does not forfeit one’s right to constitutionally sufficient

notice. See Jones, 547 U.S. at 232. Unlike in Jones, however, here the Board sent both

certified mail and first-class mail. Moreover, Ms. Sesay knew that there were charges

pending against her, yet she did not inform the Board of her change of address to allow

her to stay abreast of the proceedings. In Jones, the petitioner was not aware, like Ms.

Sesay, of any pending charges; the state was sending notices of tax delinquency to the

petitioner’s former address. Id. at 223. Adopting Ms. Sesay’s argument could provide an

incentive to licensees in the midst of administrative proceedings in which charges have

been brought against them—or even before any such proceedings commence if they

believe charges may be brought—to fail to update their address with the appropriate

regulatory body. By doing this, the licensee would be able to prevent the administrative

body from demonstrating proper notice, and as a result, guarantee them more time, an

additional hearing, or perhaps a way to avoid the charges altogether. Indeed, in the

instant case, the record shows that Ms. Sesay continued working as a nurse for years after

the charges were made against her.

       The second reason Griffin and Jones are not controlling here is because those

cases involved the sale of an individual’s real property; in both cases, houses were to be

sold. Jones was a property tax sale case, and the holding of Jones is set specifically in




                                           22
the context of tax sales of real property.13 Griffin was a foreclosure case. Griffin, 403

Md. at 192-194.         In Jones, the Supreme Court stated that “the State is exerting

extraordinary power against a property owner-taking and selling a house he owns.”

Jones, 547 U.S. at 239 (emphasis supplied). As the Court of Appeals has stated, “[i]t is .

. . true that the more significant the interest at stake, the greater the required certainty that

the notice will be effective.” Golden Sands Club Condo., Inc. v. Waller, 313 Md. 484,

501 (1988) (citing Laurence Tribe, American Constitutional Law § 10-15 at 733 (2d ed.

1988)) (case set in the context of a lien on a condominium unit, also real property). Thus,

it stands to reason that in situations in which a person’s real property, his or her home, is

being taken, greater certainty that notice will be effective would be required than in the

context of licensure.

       We also note that administrative hearings are different from judicial proceedings

in that the due process and notice requirements may be tailored to the nature of the

circumstance by the legislature.         Pitsenberger v. Pitsenberger, 287 Md. 20, 30

(1980) (internal citations omitted) (“At a minimum, due process requires that a

deprivation of property be preceded by notice and opportunity for hearing appropriate to

the nature of the case.”).

       [T]he heart of the requirement of notification in administrative proceedings
       [is that] the noticee should be apprised clearly of the character of the action
       proposed and enough of the basis upon which it rests to enable him

       13
         See Jones, 547 U.S. at 225 (“We hold that when mailed notice of a tax sale is
returned unclaimed, the State must take additional reasonable steps to attempt to provide
notice to the property owner before selling his property, if it is practicable to do so.”
(emphasis supplied)).


                                               23
       intelligently to prepare for the hearing. If this minimum requirement is
       met, the notification is adequate, no matter how much it may fall short
       of the standards of pleading in judicial contests.

O'Donnell v. Basslers, Inc., 56 Md. App. 507, 519 (1983) (emphasis added)

(quoting Cassidy v. Cnty. Bd. of Appeals of Baltimore Cnty., 218 Md. 418, 424 (1958)

(specifically discussing the requirements for legally sufficient notice in administrative

proceedings, but not addressing constitutional due process). Further, when the legislature

crafts a statutory scheme for a specific context, such as administrative proceedings,

compliance with that statutory scheme will usually satisfy due process. Vito ex rel. Vito

v. Klausmeyer, 216 Md. App. 376, 385 (2014). Thus, in drafting the APA to allow for

constructive notice in the licensing context, the General Assembly provided agencies

such as the Board with alternative methods to satisfy due process—methods not found in

the judicial context.

       Third and most importantly, this case implicates health licensure, a domain

wherein “the State has a significant interest in protecting its citizens and the public

health.” Dr. K., 98 Md. App. at 120.14 The Board monitors and investigates violations of

the applicable nursing standards in an effort to safeguard public health. With regard to

the regulation of doctors, another medical profession, the Court of Appeals has said that:

       [N]o person has an absolute vested right to practice medicine, but only a
       conditional right which is subordinate to the police power of the State to
       protect and preserve the public health. The State, in the performance of its
       duty to protect and preserve the public health, has the power, within

       14
         See also H.O. § 1-102(a) (“It is the policy of the State that health occupations
should be regulated and controlled as provided in this article to protect the health, safety,
and welfare of the public.” (emphasis supplied)).


                                             24
       constitutional limitations, to regulate the practice of medicine by those
       engaged therein. This regulatory power is justified by the fact that the
       practice of medicine requires special knowledge, training, skill and care,
       that health and life are committed to the physician's care, and that patients
       ordinarily lack the knowledge and ability to judge his qualifications.

Id. (quoting Stillman, 291 Md. at 405-06). Thus, the State has an immense public interest

in regulating the medical professions in order to keep the public safe. In Jones and

Griffin, there was not such a State interest in the protection of the public; instead,

people’s houses were being taken, which is an area in which the property owner has a

paramount interest. The State has a greater interest in health licensure than in foreclosure

or tax sales.

       Pursuant to these distinctions that separate the present case from Jones and

language in Griffin, we are satisfied that the Board’s attempts at notice in the present case

survive constitutional scrutiny. Here, the notice was “reasonably calculated, under all the

circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them

an opportunity to present their objections.” Jones, 547 U.S. at 226 (quoting Mullane, 339

U.S. at 314). We hold that the circuit court erred in reversing the decision of the Board.

   II. Substantial Evidence

       The Board also contends that substantial evidence supports the Board’s finding

that Ms. Sesay violated certain provisions of the Nurse Practice Act.15




       15
         For the sake of completeness, we note that the circuit court made no finding on
the substantial evidence issue because its finding on the notice issue made a finding on
substantial evidence unnecessary.


                                             25
       “Generally, judicial review of an administrative agency's action ‘is limited to

determining if there is substantial evidence in the record as a whole to support the

agency's findings and conclusions, and to determine if the administrative decision is

premised upon an erroneous conclusion of law.’”            Regan v. Bd. of Chiropractic

Examiners, 120 Md. App. 494, 508 (1998) (quoting United Parcel Service, Inc. v.

People's Counsel for Baltimore Cnty., 336 Md. 569, 577 (1994)), aff'd sub nom. Regan v.

State Bd. of Chiropractic Examiners, 355 Md. 397 (1999). “[I]f reasoning minds could

reasonably reach the conclusion reached by the agency from the facts in the record, then

it is based upon substantial evidence, and the court has no power to reject that

conclusion.” Liberty Nursing Ctr., Inc. v. Dep't of Health & Mental Hygiene, 330 Md.

433, 443 (1993) (citation omitted). “When, however, the issue before the agency for

resolution is one solely of law, ordinarily no deference is appropriate and the reviewing

court may substitute its judgment for that of the agency.” Id. (citation omitted).

       Here, a reasoning mind could reasonably reach the same findings as the Board did.

The evidence the Board considered at the hearing amounts to substantial evidence that

Ms. Sesay violated H.O. §§ 8-316(a)(5)(i), (8), and 8-316(a)(5)(i) and (11).

       The Board heard telephonic testimony from Ms. C. that, at 11:00 p.m. on the date

in question, the patient was yelling loudly enough to awaken Ms. C.’s husband, who then

found Ms. Sesay sleeping on the floor. Ms. C. further testified that, at around 2:00 a.m.,

the patient’s yelling again awakened Ms. C.’s husband and son, who again discovered

Ms. Sesay asleep. The Board also accepted into evidence Ms. C.’s complaint that she

submitted to the Board of Nursing, describing the same events, a picture that purports to


                                             26
be Ms. Sesay sleeping on the floor, and statements from Ms. C.’s husband and two sons

that all relate the same story.

       Ms. C. also testified that, after she dismissed Ms. Sesay for sleeping around 2:15

a.m., Ms. C noticed that Ms. Sesay had stated on her “Adult Extended Hour Nursing

Flow Sheet” that she left the C. home at 6:30 a.m. and claimed that she performed several

tasks that she did not perform. The flow sheet that is alleged to be fraudulent was also

accepted in to evidence.

       The Board also heard testimony from Stephanie Nogle, an investigator for the

Board, who testified regarding her investigation of the complaint that Ms. C. submitted to

the Board, the circumstances of Ms. Sesay’s conditions of employment with her former

nursing employer, and her interview of Ms. Sesay. The Board accepted into evidence a

report that Ms. Sesay refused to meet with Maxim, her former employer, regarding the

incident at the C. household. A reasoning mind could infer that Ms. Sesay would rather

be dismissed than address her poor performance at the C. residence. Due to these events,

Ms. Sesay is ineligible for rehire with Maxim.

       The Board judged the credibility of Ms. C. and Ms. Nogle and was free to credit

the testimony of the witnesses, as well as the exhibits submitted. We hold that substantial

record evidence supported the Board’s findings that, by falling asleep while caring for a

quadriplegic patient and falsifying that patient’s medical records to bill for time in which

she was not working, Ms. Sesay violated the Maryland Nurse Practice Act.

       In summary, contrary to Ms. Sesay’s contentions, the Board, in adhering to the

APA’s constructive notice statute, S.G. § 10-209(c), provided Ms. Sesay with legally


                                            27
sufficient notice. Second, substantial record evidence also supports the Board’s findings

that Ms. Sesay’s actions violated the Nurse Practice Act. For the foregoing reasons, the

judgment of the Circuit Court for Montgomery County is reversed.

                                            JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT
                                            COURT    FOR    MONTGOMERY
                                            COUNTY     REVERSED.    CASE
                                            REMANDED TO THAT COURT FOR
                                            THE ENTRY OF A JUDGMENT
                                            AFFIRMING THE ORDER OF THE
                                            MARYLAND BOARD OF NURSING.

                                            COSTS TO          BE    PAID     BY    THE
                                            APPELLEE.




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