                                                                                          FILED
                                                                                 COURT OF APPEALS
    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF                                               A      1    LTON
                                                                                 2015 MAY - 5    AM 9: 26
                                               DIVISION II
                                                                                 STATE OF WASHINGTON

 STATE OF WASHINGTON,
                                                                                                QTY

                                    Respondent,                        UNPUBLISHED OPINION


          v.




 ALIX HARRIS,


                                    Appellant.


         BJORGEN, A.C. J. —      Following a bench trial, the trial court entered verdicts finding Alix

Harris guilty of possession of a stolen firearm and first degree unlawful possession of a firearm.'

Harris appeals his convictions, asserting that the trial court erred ( 1) by denying his motion to

change venue from Pierce County to King County, and ( 2) by admitting his confessions as

evidence absent independent proof of his crimes, contrary to the corpus delicti rule.

Additionally, Harris contends that absent his confessions, the State failed to present sufficient

evidence to support his convictions. We affirm.


                                                     FACTS


         On December 17, 2011, police officers responded to a report of an alarm going off at a


Fife sporting goods store. When the officers arrived at the store, they found that a number of

firearms had been stolen, including 39 handguns and 2 rifles. A police investigation revealed

that Soeun Sun, Joseph Soeung, and David Bunta participated in the burglary.




1 The trial court also found Harris not guilty of first degree trafficking in stolen property and not
guilty   of   conspiracy to   commit   first degree trafficking in   stolen   property.
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           In March 2012, the East Wenatchee police informed Fife Police Detective Jeff Nolta that


it had recovered one of the firearms stolen in Fife from a vehicle used in a robbery in East

Wenatchee. In an interview, the East Wenatchee robbery suspects told Nolta that they were in

Harris' s home when several Asian men brought in a large duffel bag full of stolen guns to sell.

           On April 12, police arrested Harris and transported him to the Fife police station, where

                                                                                             2
he   was   later interrogated.     During   the interrogation, Harris   stated   that Sun,       Soeung, and Bunta

brought approximately 30 handguns to his West Seattle house that the men wanted to sell.

Harris acknowledged that he knew the guns were stolen based on the circumstances. Harris also

admitted that Sun sold some of the stolen guns from his home, but denied that he had


participated in any of those transactions. Harris did admit, though, that he gave a bag of guns to

someone as a favor to Sun.


           On April 13, the State charged Harris in Pierce County Superior Court with first degree

trafficking in stolen property, possession of a stolen firearm, and first degree unlawful possession

of a firearm. On May 22, Harris filed a motion to change venue to King County, asserting that
none of his alleged crimes had been committed in Pierce County. At a July 10 hearing on

Harris' s motion to change venue, the State told the trial court that it intended to file an amended


information charging Harris with conspiracy to commit trafficking in stolen property based on

alleged telephone communications shortly after the sporting goods store burglary between Harris

and the burglary suspects in Pierce County. The State also alleged that after this phone call, the

burglars proceeded to King County to sell the weapons. The trial court denied Harris' s motion to

change venue,- stating:




2
    Harris   referred   to Sun   by the   nickname "   Maap."   Ex. 3; Report    of   Proceedings ( RP) ( Apr. 5,
2013) at 106.

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                  The Court is going to deny the motion to change venue based upon the
         Original Information, and also based upon the State' s indication that it is seeking
         to file an Amended Information to add Conspiracy to Commit Trafficking in Stolen
         Property based upon additional evidence that has come to light that would indicate
         there were phone calls that were made from Pierce County from the ones that are
         suspected or alleged to have been involved in the actual burglary to these
         defendants[3' in King County.
                   There are clearly elements of the offenses of trafficking in stolen property
         and also conspiracy to commit trafficking in stolen property that took place in
         Pierce   County   that   would give   Pierce   County   venue.   The Court is going to deny
         the motion to change venue.


Report   of   Proceedings ( RP) (   July 10, 2012) at 14 -15.

         The State later amended its charges against Harris to add one count of conspiracy to

commit first degree trafficking in stolen property. On March 28, 2013, the trial court held a CrR

3. 5 hearing to determine the admissibility of Harris' s statements to police, at which hearing

Detective Nolta testified consistently with the above facts. Harris did not raise any corpus delicti

issues during the CrR 3. 5 hearing, and the trial court ruled that Harris' s statements were

admissible at trial.


         Harris waived his right to a jury trial, electing to proceed with a bench trial. Harris

stipulated that he had been convicted of a serious felony offense making it unlawful for him to

have possessed firearms during the State' s charging period. He also stipulated that Sun, Soeung,

and Bunta had committed the December 17, 2011 burglary of the Fife sporting goods store and

that they had stolen 39 fully operable handguns and 2 fully operable rifles from the store.

Finally, Harris agreed that the trial court could consider Detective Nolta' s CrR 3. 5 testimony as a

trial exhibit in lieu of live testimony.




3 Harris had originally been set to be tried with a codefendant, Andrew Stearman, but their cases
were later severed.

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No. 44836 -041



        At trial, the State played a video recording of Harris' s police interrogation, after which

the State rested. Harris did not file any motion to dismiss at that time and subsequently rested

without calling any witnesses.


        Three days letter, Harris moved to dismiss his charges, asserting that venue was not

proper in Pierce County. Harris also asserted for the first time in his motion to dismiss that the

State had failed to establish corpus delicti by evidence independent of Harris' s statements. The

trial court denied Harris' s motion to dismiss, after which the State and defense counsel presented

their closing      arguments.      The trial court found Harris not guilty of first degree trafficking in

stolen property and conspiracy to commit first degree trafficking in stolen property and found

Harris guilty of possession of a stolen firearm and first degree unlawful possession of a firearm.

Harris appeals his convictions.


                                                            ANALYSIS


                                                             I. VENUE


         Harris first contends that the trial court erred by denying his pretrial motion to change

venue to King County. We disagree.

         Article I, section 22 of our state constitution provides that criminal defendants have the

right " to   ...   a   speedy   public   trial ... [    in] the county in which the offense is charged to have been

committed."        WASH. CONST.          art.   I, §   22. The court rule governing the proper venue for the

commencement of criminal actions, CrR 5. 1, provides:


                        a) Where Commenced. All actions shall be commenced:
                        1) In the county where the offense was committed;
                        2) In any county wherein an element of the offense was committed or
         occurred.

                        b) Two    or   More Counties.          When there is reasonable doubt whether an
         offense has been committed in one of two or more counties, the action may be
         commenced in any such county.



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No. 44836 -0 -II



                     c) Right to Change. When a case is filed pursuant to section (b) of this rule,
         the defendant shall have the right to change venue to any other county in which the
         offense may have been committed. Any objection to venue must be made as soon
         after the initial pleading is filed as the defendant has knowledge upon which to
         make it.


          Proper venue is not an element of a crime. Rather, it is a constitutional right that is


waived   if not   asserted      in   a   timely fashion." State v. Rockl, 130 Wn. App. 293, 297, 122 P. 3d 759

 2005) ( citing State      v.   Dent, 123 Wn. 2d 467, 479, 869 P. 2d 392 ( 1994)).             We review a trial


court' s decision on a motion to change venue for an abuse of discretion. Rockl, 130 Wn. App. at

297. A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is manifestly unreasonable or based on

untenable grounds or reasons. State v. Powell, 126 Wn.2d 244, 258, 893 P. 2d 615 ( 1995).

A.       The State' s Claim of Waiver Before Trial


         In response to Harris' s claim of improper venue, the State first asserts that Harris waived


any contention with venue in Pierce County by failing to timely raise an objection before trial.

We disagree.


         CrR 5. 1(   c) provides          that "[   a] ny objection to venue must be made as soon after the initial

pleading is filed     as   the   defendant has knowledge           upon which   to   make   it." The parties-have not


cited, and we have not located, any appellate court decision squarely addressing the scope of a

timely venue challenge under this language. However, cases addressing the timeliness

requirement of a venue challenge in general are instructive.


         In State    v.   McCorkell, 63 Wn.            App.   798, 801, 822 P. 2d 795 ( 1992), Division One of our


court held that " a criminal defendant waives any challenge to venue by failing to present it by the

time   jeopardy    attaches."        In Dent, 123 Wn.2d at 480, our Supreme Court agreed with the


McCorkell holding as a general principle, but clarified that the timeliness of a venue challenge

depends on the particular facts of the case. Specifically, the court explained that



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No. 44836 -0 -II



         CrR 5. 1( b)] provides for the situation where there is reasonable doubt whether the
        offense       has been    committed     in   one   of   two   or    more    counties.      The right of a

        defendant to change to the other county is strictly time limited. CrR 5. 1( c).
                     Absent facts which require application of CrR 5. 1, the defendant is required
        to   raise   the   venue question at   the   hearing. CrR 4. 5 is specific: " Failure to
                                                     omnibus

        raise or give notice at the hearing of any error or issue of which the party concerned
        has knowledge may          constitute waiver of such error or            issue."      CrR 4. 5( d). There is
        no reason why this principle should not apply to a challenge to venue. Unless the
        defendant makes a showing of good cause for not raising the issue at the omnibus
        hearing, failure to do so constitutes a waiver. Although the record does not reflect
        whether the venue issue was raised at the omnibus hearing, at least as to Dent,
        waiver probably did not occur here because of Dent' s pretrial motions for a change
        of venue to King County.

Dent, 123 Wn.2d at 480.


        Although the Dent court did not specifically hold that a motion for change of venue is

timely if raised on or before the omnibus hearing, its discussion of CrR 5. 1 and CrR 4. 5 suggests

that, in general, such a motion would be timely. The language of CrR 5. 1( c) and CrR 4. 5( b),

when read in conjunction, also supports the general principle that a change of venue motion is

timely if filed on or before the omnibus hearing. CrR 4. 5( b) provides that the " time set for the
omnibus      hearing   shall allow sufficient    time   for   counsel      to ( i) initiate   and complete   discovery; ( ii)

conduct further investigation of the case, as needed; and ( iii) continue plea discussions."

Because CrR 4. 5( b) contemplates a time period for setting the omnibus hearing sufficient to

allow counsel to investigate the case, it follows that this time period includes the reasonable time

required for a defendant to obtain the " knowledge upon which to make [ an objection to venue]."

CrR 5. 1( c).


         Here, Harris filed his motion for change of venue on May 22, 2012, less than one month

after his counsel filed a notice of appearance and on the same date that his omnibus hearing had

originally been scheduled. Under these circumstances, we hold that Harris' s objection to venue




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No. 44836 -0 -II



in Pierce      County   was   timely   raised under    CrR 5. 1(     c).   Accordingly, we turn to the merits of

Harris' s improper venue claim.


B.        Harris' s Right To Change Venue


          CrR 5. 1( b) and ( c) provide criminal defendants with the " right to change venue to any

other county in which the offense may have been committed" when "there is reasonable doubt

whether an offense       has been         committed   in   one of   two    or more counties."   A defendant' s right to


a change of venue under CrR 5. 1( c) does not apply when it is clear that at least one element of

the charged crime was committed in the county in which the criminal prosecution was

commenced.        CrR 5. 1(   a), ( c).    The right to a change of venue under CrR 5. 1( c) also does not


apply where it is clear that the defendant committed his charged offenses in more than one

county. Rockl, 130 Wn.           App.      at   296. Put   another   way, " the defendant' s right to change venue


arises under CrR 5. 1( b) and ( c) only when a case is filed in one county but there is a ` reasonable

doubt'    about whether       the crime actually       occurred      there."   Rockl, 130 Wn. App. at 296 ( emphasis

added).




          1.    Pretrial Motion to Change Venue


          We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Harris' s pretrial

change of venue motion, because the State presented an offer of proof tending to show that at

least one element of Harris' s conspiracy to commit trafficking in stolen property charge took

place in Pierce County.

          At the pretrial hearing on Harris' s motion to change venue to King County, the State

asserted that it had obtained evidence that the burglary suspects telephoned Harris from Pierce

County shortly after the sporting goods store robbery and before transporting the firearms to




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No. 44836 -0 -II



Harris' s West Seattle home. The trial court relied in part on the State' s verbal offer of proof in


denying Harris' s change of venue motion.

         Although no Washington case establishes the procedure that trial courts are to employ

when ruling on a pretrial CrR 5. 1 motion to change venue, neither party disputes that a trial court

may rely on an offer of proof in making its pretrial venue determination. Further, prior cases

have held that an offer of proof is sufficient to resolve preliminary matters in other similar

contexts.     See,   e. g.,   State   v.   Kilgore, 147 Wn.2d 288, 295, 53 P. 3d 974 ( 2002) (          When ruling on a

motion   to   exclude evidence under             ER 404( b),    a trial court may rely on State' s offer of proof to

establish   the   fact   of misconduct         by   a preponderance of      the   evidence.);   State v. Mee, 168 Wn.


App.   144, 154 -55, 275 P. 3d 1192 ( 2012) ( same).                   Accordingly, we hold that the trial court

properly relied on the State' s offer of proof to determine whether to grant Harris' s pretrial

motion to change venue. 4

         With that, we turn to the heart of the issue: whether the State' s verbal offer of proof was

sufficient at the pretrial stage to establish that Harris committed at least one element of


conspiracy to commit first degree trafficking in stolen property in Pierce County. In a

conspiracy charge, proper venue lies in " any county where an overt act in furtherance of the

conspiracy took          place."      Dent, 123 Wn.2d      at   481.    RCW 9A.28. 040 provides,


         A person is guilty of criminal conspiracy when, with intent that conduct constituting
         a crime be performed, he or she agrees with one or more persons to engage in or
         cause the performance of such conduct, and any one of them takes a substantial step
         in pursuance of such agreement.




4 This holding is consistent with our published opinion in the appeal of Harris' s former
codefendant Andrew Stearman, who also challenged the trial court' s denial of his motion to
change venue. See State v. Stearman, No. 44884 -0 -II, 2015 WL 1825907 ( Wash. Ct. App. Apr.
21, 2015).



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No. 44836 -0 -II



Here, the State' s offer of proof asserted that the State had circumstantial evidence that Harris


formed his agreement to traffic in stolen property with a person who was then in Pierce County.

The State also alleged that the person then in Pierce County drove to King County to sell the

guns. Whether we view the telephone call to Harris from Pierce County or the co- conspirators'

subsequent drive from Pierce to King County, these constitute overt acts in furtherance of a

conspiracy to commit trafficking in stolen property. Because the overt acts took place in both

Pierce and King County, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Harris' s pretrial

change of venue motion.            CrR 5. 1(    a), ( c);   Rockl, 130 Wn. App. at 296.5

          2. Motion to Dismiss After Trial


          On April 4, 2013, after both sides had rested at trial, Harris moved to dismiss the charges

based on the State' s failure to present evidence establishing that venue was proper in Pierce

County. To the extent that Harris assigns error to the trial court' s denial of this motion, we hold
that Harris did     not   timely   present     it   at   the close   of   the State' s   case as required   in Dent. 123


Wn.2d 480.


          In Dent, 123 Wn.2d at 480, our Supreme Court held that, where the evidence at trial

raises a question     regarding     proper venue, "          the defendant must raise the issue at the end of the


State'   s case."   The Dent court imposed this requirement to allow the State to reopen its case so it

may present evidence establishing venue, unless the defendant can show that he would be

actually prejudiced thereby. See 123 Wn.2d at 480. By waiting until both the State and the



5 The trial court also ruled that there was no reasonable doubt that the acts underlying the
possession of stolen firearm count occurred in Pierce County. In using this as a basis for venue,
the trial court misapplied the law. The elements of possession of a stolen firearm. are possessing,
                                                                                   310( 1). The
carrying, delivering, selling, or being in control of a stolen firearm. RCW 9A.56.
State had not alleged that Harris possessed any of the stolen firearms in Pierce County. Thus, the
location of the theft of the firearms in Pierce County is not a basis for venue in Pierce County on
the   possession charge.
No. 44836 -0 -II



defense had rested before raising the venue issue to the trial court, Harris failed this requirement

and waived his contention with the State' s evidence establishing venue. Thus, we affirm the trial

court' s denial of his motion to dismiss.6 With this result, we need not reach whether the State' s

failure to support its offer of proof with evidence at trial jeopardized venue in Pierce County.

                                               II. CORPUS DELICTI


             Next, Harris contends that the trial court erred under the corpus delicti rule by admitting

his confessions as evidence, absent independent proof of his crimes. We disagree.

             The corpus delicti rule is a judicially created rule of evidence that sets forth the standard

for laying a proper foundation before admitting a criminal defendant' s confession as evidence at

trial. State     v.   C.D. W., 76 Wn. App. 761, 763, 887 P. 2d 911 ( 1995). The underlying premise of


the rule is that, standing alone, an accused' s statements are insufficient to support an inference

that a charged crime was committed. State v. Aten, 130 Wn.2d 640, 656, 927 P. 2d 210 ( 1996);

State   v.   Ray,     130 Wn.2d 673, 679, 926 P. 2d 904 ( 1996). Because the corpus delicti rule is a rule


of evidence, the failure to comply with this rule is a nonconstitutional error that must be properly

objected to in the trial court to preserve the issue for appeal. C.D. W., 76 Wn. App. at 763 -64.

We hold that Harris did not preserve his corpus delicti claim, because he failed to object to the

admission of his confessions on this ground until after the State and defense had rested their

case.




             Whether a defendant waives a corpus delicti challenge by failing to raise the claim until

after both parties rest their case, but before the entry of verdicts, appears to be an issue of first

impression. Washington cases have held that a defendant properly preserves a corpus delicti



6 This case is thus distinguishable from Stearman, where the defendant renewed his change of
venue motion at the close of the State' s case. Stearman, No. 44884 -0 -II, 2015 WL 1825907
 Wash. Ct. App. Apr. 21, 2015).
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No. 44836 -0 -II



challenge if the defendant raises an objection at any time before both sides have rested their case.

For   example,   in State    v.   Pietrzak, 110 Wn.   App. 670, 679 -80,        41 P. 3d 1240 ( 2002), Division


Three of our court rejected the State' s argument that the defendant had waived any corpus delicti

claim by objecting only after the State had rested its case but during the defense' s case. In

rejecting the State' s waiver argument, the Pietrzak court reasoned that, when the defendant

raised his objection part way through his case, the State still had the opportunity to present

rebuttal evidence establishing corpus delicti by evidence independent of the defendant' s

confessions.     110 Wn. App. at 680. In State v. McConville, 122 Wn. App. 640, 649, 94 P. 3d 401

 2004),   Division One of our court similarly rejected the State' s argument that the defendant had

waived a corpus delicti challenge by failing to raise an objection until the State rested its case,

stating, "[   A] defendant who has initially stipulated that his confession may be admitted does not

waive his right to challenge its admission based on the corpus delicti rule ifhe raises the

challenge     in the trial   court   before both   sides   have   rested." (   Emphasis added.)


          Because Harris did not raise his corpus delicti claim until after both sides rested, unlike

the defendants in Pietrzak and McConville, the State did not have an opportunity to present

rebuttal evidence establishing corpus delicti by independent evidence. We therefore hold that

Harris' s objection came too late to preserve the issue for appeal.


          Further, even assuming that Harris properly preserved his corpus delicti challenge, that

challenge fails on the merits. In determining whether there is sufficient independent evidence

under the corpus delicti rule, we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the State.

Aten, 130 Wn.2d       at   658. The independent evidence does not need to be sufficient to support a


conviction, but must provide prima facie corroboration of the crime described in a defendant' s


incriminating statement. Aten, 130 Wn.2d at 656. Prima facie corroboration of a defendant' s


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No. 44836 -0 -II



incriminating statement exists if the independent evidence provided by the State supports a

 logical and reasonable inference" of the facts the State seeks to prove. State v. Vangerpen, 125

Wn.2d 782, 796, 888 P. 2d 1177 ( 1995).


       Here, Harris stipulated that the trial court could consider Detective Nolta' s CrR 3. 5


hearing testimony as substantive evidence at trial. At the CrR 3. 5 hearing, Detective Nolta

testified that the East Wenatchee robbery suspects had obtained one of the guns stolen from the

Fife sporting goods store, had identified Harris, and had stated they were in Harris' s home when

the Fife burglary suspects brought firearms into Harris' s home to sell. This evidence is

independent of Harris' s confessions and supplies prima facie corroboration of his alleged crimes.


Although Detective Nolta' s testimony establishing corpus delicti by independent evidence

constituted hearsay evidence, Harris did not object to the trial court' s consideration of the

testimony on this basis and cannot do so now for the first time on appeal. See State v. Myers,
133 Wn.2d 26, 34, 941 P. 2d 1102 ( 1997) ( " Evidence    admitted without objection may be properly

considered. ").    Accordingly, even if Harris properly preserved his corpus delicti challenge, the

State established corpus delicti by evidence independent of his confessions.

                                   III. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE


        Finally, Harris contends that sufficient evidence did not support his first degree unlawful

possession of a firearm and possession of a stolen firearm convictions. However, Harris' s

sufficiency challenge assumes that the trial court improperly considered his confessions absent

independent evidence establishing corpus delicti. Because we have rejected Harris' s corpus

delicti claim, his sufficiency challenge fails.




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        We affirm Harris' s convictions. -


        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2. 06. 040,

it is so ordered.




                                                                           c.
 We concur:




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