AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed July 30, 2018.




                                              In The
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      No. 05-17-00368-CV

   ARA ARANA, INDIVIDUALLY, AS PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE
ESTATE OF VICTOR ARANA, DECEASED, AND ON BEHALF OF ALL WRONGFUL
 DEATH BENEFICIARIES; EDGAR ARANA; PAOLA ARANA; AND ALEXANDER
                         ARANA, Appellants
                                V.
    VICTOR FIGUEROA, INDIVIDUALLY AND D/B/A VICTOR FIGUEROA
                      CONSTRUCTION, Appellee

                      On Appeal from the 162nd Judicial District Court
                                   Dallas County, Texas
                          Trial Court Cause No. DC-14-09585B-I

                                         OPINION
                        Before Justices Lang-Miers, Evans, and Schenck
                                  Opinion by Justice Schenck
       Ara Arana, individually, as personal representative of the estate of Victor Hugo Arana,

deceased, and on behalf of all wrongful death beneficiaries; Edgar Arana; Paola Arana; and

Alexander Arana (the “Aranas”) appeal the trial court’s summary judgment in favor of Victor

Figueroa, individually and d/b/a Victor Figueroa Construction, in this wrongful death and survival

case. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                          FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       This case arises from a fatal accident that occurred on June 18, 2013, involving Victor

Hugo Arana (“Hugo Arana”). At the time of the accident, he was working as part of a framing
crew on a home being built by K. Hovnanian Homes-DFW, L.L.C. (“Hovnanian”). He was

employed by J.A.A. Construction (“JAA”), a company owned by his brother Antonio Arana,

which had contracted with Victor Figueroa Construction to do the framing work on this Hovnanian

project.

       After the framing of the project was completed, an ENERGY STAR inspection revealed a

problem with the ThermoPly insulation JAA installed. As a result, ENERGY STAR “red tagged”

the project. Hovnanian notified Victor Figueroa of the problem, and he in turn asked Antonio

Arana to take care of it. Hugo Arana and others on the framing crew went out to the project to fix

the problem. While attempting to repair the insulation, Hugo Arana fell through the rafters and

was fatally injured. He was not wearing a helmet or a safety harness at the time.

       The Aranas filed suit against Victor Figueroa and other defendants, asserting negligence

and negligence per se claims. Victor Figueroa sought traditional and no-evidence summary

judgment on all of the Aranas’ claims. In his motion for traditional summary judgment, Victor

Figueroa asserted the evidence conclusively negated the existence of a duty, an essential element

of the Aranas’ negligence claim. He supported his motion for traditional summary judgment with

evidence of the following: he hired JAA as an independent contractor to perform framing work at

the job site; Hugo Arana was an employee of JAA; he did not direct JAA to send Hugo Arana to

the job site on the day of the accident and was not aware JAA had sent Hugo Arana; he did not

supply any equipment or tools for JAA to complete the work, rather, all tools and equipment were

supplied by JAA or its crewmembers and employees; he did not give JAA or Hugo Arana any

instructions or directions on how the job was to be performed, he simply gave JAA the plans

submitted by Hovnanian; and he did not supervise the work and did not give any of the workers

any instructions, directions, or guidance on what equipment to use or the means by which to frame

the house or perform the work to be done on the day of the accident. In his motion for no-evidence

                                               –2–
summary judgment, Victor Figueroa asserted there is no evidence he owed a duty to Hugo Arana,

no evidence of a breach of a duty in any way, and no evidence that he breached a duty that

proximately caused Hugo Arana’s death. The trial court granted Victor Figueroa summary

judgment on all of the Aranas’ claims in an order that did not specify the grounds or the basis on

which the judgment was granted. The trial court then severed the Aranas’ claims against Victor

Figueroa from their claims against the other defendants, and this appeal followed.

                                      STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review a trial court’s granting of summary judgment de novo. Valence Operating Co.

v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005). When, as here, we review both no-evidence and

traditional summary judgment motions, we first review the trial court’s summary judgment under

the standards of review for no-evidence summary judgment, potentially pretermitting the need for

further analysis. Merriman v. XTO Energy, Inc., 407 S.W.3d 244, 248 (Tex. 2013). No-

evidence summary judgments are reviewed under the same legal sufficiency standard as directed

verdicts. Id. The nonmovant must present evidence that raises a genuine issue of material fact on

the challenged elements of the claim. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); see S.W. Elec. Power Co. v. Grant,

73 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2002). A no-evidence challenge will be sustained when (a) there is a

complete absence of evidence of a vital fact, (b) the court is barred by rules of law or of evidence

from giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact, (c) the evidence offered to

prove a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla, or (d) the evidence conclusively establishes the

opposite of the vital fact. Merriman, 407 S.W.3d at 248.

                                            DISCUSSION

           1. Negligence Claim

       To prevail on their negligence claim, the Aranas must establish (1) existence of a legal duty

owed by Victor Figueroa, (2) breach of that duty, and (3) damages proximately caused by the

                                                –3–
breach. See IHS Cedars Treatment Ctr. of DeSoto, Tex., Inc. v. Mason, 143 S.W.3d 794, 798 (Tex.

2004). A threshold inquiry is whether Victor Figueroa owed a legal duty to Hugo Arana. Nabors

Drilling, U.S.A., Inc. v. Escoto, 288 S.W.3d 401, 404 (Tex. 2009). The existence of a duty is a

question of law for a court to decide from the facts surrounding the occurrence in question. Greater

Houston Transp. Co. v. Phillips, 801 S.W.2d 523, 525 (Tex. 1990).

       The Aranas argue there is a genuine and material fact question regarding whether Victor

Figueroa owed Hugo Arana a duty based on (1) a premises defect, and (2) Victor Figueroa’s

exercising some control over the manner, methods, means, and details of the work that he was

doing at the time of the accident.

           a. Premises Owner or Occupier

       Ordinarily, a person who does not own the real property must assume control over and

responsibility for the premises before being exposed to potential liability for a dangerous condition

existing on that property. City of Denton v. Page, 701 S.W.2d 831, 835 (Tex. 1986). “It is

possession and control which generally must be shown as a prerequisite to liability.” Id.; see

also Cty. of Cameron v. Brown, 80 S.W.3d 549, 556 (Tex. 2002) (“The relevant inquiry is whether

the defendant assumed sufficient control over the part of the premises that presented the alleged

danger so that the defendant had the responsibility to remedy it.”). As such, an independent

contractor on a work site, who assumes control over and responsibility for the premises, is charged

with the same duty as an owner or possessor of the premises. See Page, 701 S.W.2d at

834; Rendleman v. Clarke, 909 S.W.2d 56, 60 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1995, writ

dism’d). Control over the premises can be proven by a contractual agreement assigning a right of

control or by evidence of actual control. See La China v. Woodlands Operating Co., L.P., 417

S.W.3d 516, 522 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.).




                                                –4–
           The Aranas claim that Victor Figueroa was “by contract” an “occupier” of “the premises”

and owed a business invitee, such as Hugo Arana, duties associated with being a landowner.1 The

Aranas, however, have failed to demonstrate how Victor Figueroa became an occupier of the

premises by virtue of any contract. We therefore pretermit discussion of the Aranas’ premises

liability arguments. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.

           b. Control

           We next consider whether the Aranas presented evidence that Victor Figueroa owed a duty

to Hugo Arana by virtue of having exercised the requisite control over the manner of his work. As

a general rule, an independent contractor, general contractor, or owner/occupier does not owe any

duty to ensure that an independent contractor performs his work in a safe manner. Koch Ref. Co.

v. Chapa, 11 S.W.3d 153, 155 (Tex. 1999) (per curiam); Gonzalez v. VART Constr. LLC, 418

S.W.3d 777, 784 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.). The law concerning a general contractor’s

duties to a subcontractor’s employees governs whether Victor Figueroa owed Hugo Arana a duty

of care. See Dow Chem. Co. v. Bright, 89 S.W.3d 602, 605 (Tex. 2002); Gonzalez, 418 S.W.3d at

784. A limited duty arises if a general contractor or premises owner retains control over a

subcontractor’s method of work or operative details to the point that the subcontractor is not

entirely free to do the work in his own way. Chapa, 11 S.W.3d at 155; Gonzalez, 418 S.W.3d at

784. The general contractor’s or premises owner’s duty of reasonable care is commensurate with

the control it retains over the subcontractor. Hoechst–Celanese Corp. v. Mendez, 967 S.W.2d 354,

355 (Tex. 1998) (per curiam).                       The more the general contractor controls the independent

contractor’s work, the greater the general contractor’s responsibility is for any injuries that result.

Id. at 356; Gonzalez, 418 S.W.3d at 885. It is not enough that a contractor has merely a general



     1
       More particularly, the Aranas claim Victor Figueroa had a duty to use reasonable care to keep the premises under his control in a safe
condition, and that Victor Figueroa breached this duty by failing to mitigate the dangerous condition on the premises or by providing an adequate
warning of the danger regarding walking on the open ceiling rafters on the premises without fall protection equipment.

                                                                     –5–
right to order the work stopped or resumed, to inspect its progress or to receive reports, to make

suggestions or recommendations which need not necessarily be followed, or to prescribe

alterations and deviations; rather there must be control over the methods or as to operative detail

of the work. Chapa, 11 S.W.3d at 155. The critical aspect of control is its existence over the

actual activity or condition that caused the injury. Hoechst–Celanese, 967 S.W.2d at 357;

Gonzalez, 418 S.W.3d at 785.

       A party can establish the right to control in two ways: by (1) a contractual right of control

or (2) an exercise of actual control. Gonzalez, 418 S.W.3d at 785; see also Dow, 89 S.W.3d at

606. When a written contract assigns to the general contractor the right to control a subcontractor’s

employees, the plaintiff need not prove an actual exercise of control to establish a duty. See

Gonzalez, 418 S.W.3d at 785; see also Dow, 89 S.W.3d at 606. Conversely, if the contract does

not explicitly assign control over the manner of work to the general contractor, then the plaintiff

must present evidence of the actual exercise of control by the general contractor. See Gonzalez,

418 S.W.3d at 785; see also Dow, 89 S.W.3d at 606.

       The Aranas claim that because the agreement between JAA and Victor Figueroa

Construction requires JAA to make corrections to satisfy red tags within 24 hours and allows

Victor Figueroa to order extra work or to make changes to the scope of the work, and because

Victor Figueroa’s agreement with Hovnanian (1) requires the framing subcontractor to furnish all

labor, materials and equipment, (2) provides the framing subcontractor has the sole and exclusive

right to hire, fire, supervise and direct his workforce, (3) requires Victor Figueroa to obtain

approval to further subcontract the framing work, and (4) requires the framing subcontractor to

complete all work required to pass all inspections, to do service repairs, to have on site

representatives and supervisors, and to be responsible for safety, there is a genuine and material

fact question regarding Victor Figueroa’s right of control. We disagree. The contract between

                                                –6–
JAA and Victor Figueroa did not assign control over the manner of JAA’s work to Victor Figueroa.

See Chapa, 11 S.W.3d at 115 (right to order the work stopped or resumed, and to prescribe

alterations and deviations is not enough). As to the agreement between Hovnanian and Victor

Figueroa, JAA agreed to be bound by the terms of that agreement and became the framing

subcontractor, so the provisions that the Aranas rely on actually establish JAA, not Victor

Figueroa, was to furnish all labor, materials and equipment, and had the exclusive right and

obligation to supervise and direct its workforce, and to do service repairs and complete all work

required to pass inspections, and had responsibility for safety. To the extent any of those allocated

responsibilities can be construed as conferring control, the control was assigned to JAA, not Victor

Figueroa. As to the requirement that Victor Figueroa obtain approval to subcontract the framing

work, that requirement does not assign to Victor Figueroa control over another’s work.

Accordingly, the contracts did not assign the right of control to Victor Figueroa, and the Aranas

had to present evidence Victor Figueroa actually exercised control over the manner of the work

being performed by Hugo Arana at the time of the accident.

       First, the Aranas urge evidence Victor Figueroa facilitated the delivery of materials for

JAA establishes he exercised control over Hugo Arana’s work. The Aranas cite no authority to

support a conclusion that facilitating the delivery of materials amounts, on its own, to an exercise

of control over the means, methods, and details of a subcontractor’s work for these purposes, and

we have found none.      Moreover, the Aranas fail to establish a nexus between facilitating the

delivery of material to the job site and the activity that actually caused the injury—Hugo Arana

standing on open ceiling rafters without safety equipment to fix the damaged insulation.

Accordingly, this evidence did not raise a fact issue concerning whether Victor Figueroa owed a

duty to Hugo Arana. See Hoechst–Celanese, 967 S.W.2d at 357; Gonzalez, 418 S.W.3d at 785.




                                                –7–
       Next, the Aranas argue the evidence raises a fact issue concerning whether Victor Figueroa

had some control over Hugo Arana’s work because Victor Figueroa had the right to tell framers

and other workers how to perform their work. They rely on the following testimony.

              Testimony from Hovnanian’s project manager, Phillip Fazzino, that they were to
               go through Victor Figueroa because he was the contractor they hired, that he would
               give the red tag from ENERGY STAR to “Victor Figueroa and he would hand it to
               his guys that actually worked on the job,” which was JAA’s crew, to make the
               necessary repairs.

              Victor Figueroa’s testimony that he communicated to Antonio Arana that there was
               a red tag on the property and that is why JAA sent Hugo Arana to the property, and
               that he had been told the item needed to be fixed because an inspector was coming
               out that day, so he realized he needed to get Antonio Arana over there as quick as
               he could.

              Antonio Arana’s testimony that Victor Figueroa “told [him] that we had to go
               because there was going to be an inspection. And when there’s an inspection, we
               have to go at once” and acknowledgement that Victor Figueroa told him he needed
               him over there immediately because of the inspection.

But the Aranas do not explain how this evidence demonstrates that Victor Figueroa had control

over Hugo Arana’s work. It merely demonstrates that Victor Figueroa relayed to the subcontractor

what the ENERGY STAR inspection revealed. In addition, other evidence confirms that Antonio

Arana exercised control over his workers, not Victor Figueroa. Jose Paredes, who worked for

Antonio Arana as a framer and was present when Hugo Arana fell, testified by deposition that

Antonio Arana directed the framing crew where to work and when to begin work and Hugo Arana

would tell his crew (one of the crews that worked for Antonio Arana) when to end work for the

day. The Aranas also claim that Antonio Arana’s testimony that he reported to Victor Figueroa

establishes Victor Figueroa had the right to tell the workers how to perform their work. But having

the right to receive reports does not equate to having the right to direct how work will be performed

and is not enough to impose a duty. See Chapa, 11 S.W.3d at 155.

       In addition, the Aranas argue that the evidence raised a fact issue regarding duty based on

control because they showed that, at a specific time chosen by Victor Figueroa, he directed the
                                                –8–
framers to inspect the open-rafted ceiling and attic and to correct the torn ThermoPly insulation

prior to Hugo Arana’s falling from those rafters. The evidence that the Aranas rely on includes:

      Testimony by Hovnanian’s project manager, Phillip Fazzino, that they were to go through
       Victor Figueroa because he was the contractor they hired and that he would give the red
       tag from ENERGY STAR to “Victor Figueroa and he would hand it to his guys that actually
       worked on the job,” which was “Antonio’s crew,” which was Hugo Arana’s brother, to
       make the necessary repairs. He would go straight to Victor Figueroa because that is who
       they hired and the framing part of the inspection was in his scope of work. Fazzino
       confirmed that Victor Figueroa gave that work to JAA.

      While the Aranas further claim Fazzino testified he called Victor Figueroa to let him know
       there was a red tag for him to correct and then gave the red-tag to Victor Figueroa, and he
       sent it to his crews, or he handed it out from there, directing those men to do the work
       required of that red tag, Fazzino actually testified:

       Q.      And then you sent the men back to fix the ThermoPly issue?
       A.      I gave the letter to Victor and he sent it to his crews, yes.
       Q.      Right. You directed the men over there to do the work?
       A.      Right. I gave it to Victor and he handed it out from there, yes.

      Testimony of Victor Figueroa that he communicated to Antonio Arana at around 7:30 a.m.
       or so that there was a red tag on the property and that is why JAA sent Hugo Arana to the
       property, and that he had been told the item needed to be fixed because an inspector was
       coming out that day, so he realized he needed to get Antonio Arana over there as quick as
       he could.

      Testimony of JAA employee Jose Parades that the inspector was going to arrive at 9:00
       that morning.

      Testimony of Antonio Arana concerning sending the crew out to fix the ThemoPly.
       Antonio Arana’s testimony was:

       Q.      So do you know why Hugo was at the job site on the day he had his accident?
       A.      Yes.
       Q.      Can you tell us why?
       A.      Because Victor Figueroa called me and told me to tell him to go by this house where
       the accident occurred because there was something to do with an inspection.
       ....
       Q.      Did Victor Figueroa tell you it was really important that you get over there right
       now?
       A.      Yes. Yes. He told me that we had to go because there was going to be an inspection.
       And when there is an inspection, we have to go at once.
       ....
       Q.      Did Victor Figueroa tell you that he needed you over there immediately because of
       an Energy Star inspection?
       A.      Yes.
                                               –9–
       Q.      Did Victor tell you that he felt like he was rushed by K. Hovnanian Homes and that
       it was very important for you guys to go there right away?
       A.      Yes.
       ....
       Q.      But Victor Figueroa told you that you had to send your guys over there and fix this
       problem?
       A.      Yes.
       ....
       Q.      As far as how you would do the repairs, it all came down to what the Energy Star
       inspector saw?
       A.      Yes.

      Testimony of Thomas Greg Johnson, Hovnanian’s quality assurance advisor, concerning the
       frequency of ThermoPly issues. Johnson’s testimony was:

       Q.      Is that uncommon, for there to be issues with the ThermoPly in the framing of a
       home?
       A.      It happens on almost every house.
       ....
       Q.      But just this general concept of going back out and fixing the ThermoPly – or the
       “T-ply” as you called it – you said that’s fairly common occurrence these days with the
       new energy requirements. Is that right?
       A.      Yes, sir.
       ....
       Q.      And on almost every house, you or Phillip [Fazzino] would have to send Victor
       and his guys back there to fix ThermoPly?
       A.      Yes.

       The Aranas argue this Court should conclude that there was a genuine issue of material

fact concerning whether Victor Figueroa owed a duty to Hugo Arana to exercise reasonable care

to protect him from work-related hazards because Victor Figueroa exercised control over “when

and where the decedent had to work on the day of his on-the-job fall and gave ‘on-site orders’

regarding his having to get on the ceiling’s rafters to repair the damage to the Thermo-Ply

sheathing.” See Arsement v. Spinnaker Expl. Co, 400 F.3d 238, 244 (5th Cir. 2005) (quoting

Hoechst–Celanese, 967 S.W.2d at 357). They argue that Victor Figueroa exercised “the requisite

actual exercise of ‘control over the manner in which the independent contractor’s work was

performed,’” id. (quoting Bright, 89 S.W.3d at 606), and that Victor Figueroa’s control was related

to the injury caused by the negligence. The Aranas contend that Hugo Arana was not free to do


                                              –10–
the work in his own way or when he chose, Victor Figueroa was “involved” in “controlling the

timing and sequence” of Hugo Arana’s work, and Victor Figueroa decided which “employee[]

should perform which task and at what point in time.” Id. (quoting Bright, 89 S.W.3d at 609).2

           But the evidence that the Aranas rely upon does not reflect that Victor Figueroa supervised

the work or gave the framers any instructions, directions, or guidance on what equipment to use

or the means in which to perform the work to be done on the day of Hugo Arana’s fatal accident.

Rather, the evidence reflects that Victor Figueroa was not at the job site at the time of the accident;

only the framers who worked for Antonio Arana were present. In addition, the evidence reflects

that Hovnanian gave the information about the needed repairs to Victor Figueroa, who then passed

it on to Antonio Arana, who in turn instructed Hugo Arana, who then, finally, instructed his

framing crew members to fix the insulation.

           Next, the Aranas claim Victor Figueroa’s admission that his negligence was the sole

proximate cause of the incident forming the basis of this lawsuit precludes summary judgment.3

Notwithstanding the fact that it appears from Victor Figueroa’s amended discovery responses that

he made this admission in error, the threshold issue presented here is whether this request was

appropriate.

           The rules of civil procedure identify appropriate requests for admission as:

           Written requests that the other party admit the truth of any matter within the scope
           of discovery, including statements of opinion or of fact or of the application of law
           to fact, or the genuineness of any documents served with the request or otherwise
           made available for inspection and copying.


     2
        The Aranas claim Qwest International Communication, Inc. v. AT&T Corp., 167 S.W.3d 324, 325–27 (Tex. 2005), supports their position
that, by pushing to get the job done quickly, Victor Figueroa exercised control over the work to be done and owed a duty to Hugo Arana. We
disagree. The issue presented in Qwest was whether having to work rapidly is sufficient to support exemplary damages, the jury having already
found Qwest controlled its subcontractors’ activities. The supreme court concluded that, without more, it was not.
      3
        Request for Admission No. 26 requested that Victor Figueroa “Admit or deny that Defendant’s negligence was the sole proximate cause of
the incident forming the basis of this lawsuit.” On February 1, 2016, Victor Figueroa responded, “Defendant objects to this Request to the extent
it requires Defendant to render a legal opinion or conclusion as to what legally constitutes ‘negligence’ or ‘sole proximate cause.’ Without waiving
and subject to this objection, admit.” On February 15, 2017, the day before the trial court granted Victor Figueroa’s motion for summary judgment,
Victor Figueroa amended his response to deny the request. The amended response does not appear in the summary-judgment record; therefore, we
will not consider it here.

                                                                      –11–
TEX. R. CIV. P. 198.1. The primary purpose of the rule is to simplify trials by eliminating matters

about which there is no real controversy, but which may be difficult or expensive to prove.

Sanders v. Harder, 227 S.W.2d 206, 208 (Tex. 1950).

       Although admissions of fact on file at the time of a summary judgment hearing are proper

summary judgment proof and will, therefore, support a motion for summary judgment, see TEX.

R. CIV. P. 166a(c), a request for admission asking a party to admit or deny a purely legal issue is

of no effect. Dallas Drain Co. v. Welsh, No. 05-14-00831-CV, 2015 WL 4114976, at *5 (Tex.

App.—Dallas July 8, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing Cedyco Corp. v. Whitehead, 253 S.W.3d

877, 880 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2008, pet. denied)); see also Garcha v. Chatha, No. 05-17-

00084-CV, 2018 WL 1755391, at *4 (Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 12, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“[A]

request for admission asking a party to admit or deny a purely legal issue is improper, and a[n]

. . . admission involving a purely legal issue is of no substantive, evidentiary effect.”); Hudson v.

Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, No. 05-07-00775-CV, 2009 WL 225386, at *6–7 (Tex. App.—

Dallas Feb. 2, 2009, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (answers constituting admissions of law are not

binding on a court). This is so because the primary purpose of requests for admissions is to

simplify trials by eliminating matters about which there is no real controversy—not to set traps for

erroneous admissions akin to judgment by default. Welsh, 2015 WL 4114976, at *5. The rule was

never intended to be used as a demand upon a plaintiff or defendant to admit that he had no cause

of action or ground of defense. Sanders, 227 S.W.2d at 208.

       The request for admission identified by the Aranas does not address any issues of fact

relevant to the Aranas’ negligence claims, nor does it apply the law to any relevant issues of fact.

Thus, the request is outside the scope of discovery and is improper. TEX. R. CIV. P.

198.1; see Cedyco, 253 S.W.3d at 880. Accordingly, Victor Figueroa’s response did not raise a

fact issue precluding summary judgment.

                                               –12–
           We conclude that the Aranas did not raise an issue of fact concerning whether Victor

Figueroa owed Hugo Arana a duty based on Victor Figueroa’s control over Hugo Arana’s work.

Accordingly, we need not address their arguments concerning evidence of a breach of a duty. TEX.

R. APP. P. 47.1.

           2. Gross Negligence and Malice Claims

           The Aranas further argue fact issues preclude summary judgment on their gross negligence

and malice claims.               A finding of ordinary negligence is a prerequisite to a finding of gross

negligence. Collective Asset Partners LLC v. Schaumburg, 432 S.W.3d 435, 442 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2014, pet. denied). Accordingly, we conclude the trial court properly granted summary

judgment on the Aranas’ gross negligence claim because summary judgment was proper on their

predicate negligence claim. Id.; see also Seaway Prod. Pipeline Co. v. Hanley, 153 S.W.3d 643,

659 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, no pet.) (concluding it was unnecessary to address gross

negligence claim when party failed to present evidence in support of negligence claim). As to the

Aranas’ malice claim, Texas does not have a specific cause of action for “malice.” Rather, it is an

element when determining exemplary damages.                                       TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§§ 41.001(7), 41.003.

           We conclude the trial court did not err in granting no-evidence summary judgment to

Victor Figueroa. Because our conclusion that the Aranas did not raise a genuine and material fact

question concerning whether Victor Figueroa owed Hugo Arana a duty is dispositive, we do not

address the Aranas’ issue complaining about evidence presented by Victor Figueroa in support of

his motion for traditional summary judgment.4



      4
        The Aranas also argue Victor Figueroa’s affidavit proving up the contracts between JAA and Victor Figueroa Construction and between
Hovnanian and Victor Figueroa is not shown to be made on personal knowledge. We need not determine whether the Aranas’ complaint concerning
the affidavit is truly one of lack of personal knowledge or whether an objection was required to preserve the issue for appeal, because the Aranas
presented the same evidence and the trial court could consider evidence in the record that is attached either to the motion or a response. See
Schlumberger Tech. Corp. v. Pasko, 544 S.W.3d 830, 835 (Tex. 2018). Moreover, we have concluded this evidence did not establish a contractual
right of control. We pretermit discussion of this issue. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.

                                                                     –13–
                                        CONCLUSION

      We affirm the trial court’s judgment.




                                                /David J. Schenck/
                                                DAVID J. SCHENCK
                                                JUSTICE




170368F.P05




                                              –14–
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      JUDGMENT

 ARA ARANA, INDIVIDUALLY, AS                           On Appeal from the 162nd Judicial District
 PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE OF                            Court, Dallas County, Texas
 THE ESTATE OF VICTOR ARANA,                           Trial Court Cause No. DC-14-09585B-I.
 DECEASED, AND ON BEHALF OF ALL                        Opinion delivered by Justice Schenck.
 WRONGFUL DEATH BENEFICIARIES;                         Justices Lang-Miers and Evans
 EDGAR ARANA; PAOLA ARANA; AND                         participating.
 ALEXANDER ARANA, Appellants

 No. 05-17-00368-CV         V.

 VICTOR FIGUEROA, INDIVIDUALLY
 AND D/B/A VICTOR FIGUEROA
 CONSTRUCTION, Appellee

     In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED.

     It is ORDERED that appellee VICTOR FIGUEROA, INDIVIDUALLY AND D/B/A
VICTOR FIGUEROA CONSTRUCTION recover its costs of this appeal from appellant ARA
ARANA, INDIVIDUALLY, AS PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE OF
VICTOR ARANA, DECEASED, AND ON BEHALF OF ALL WRONGFUL DEATH
BENEFICIARIES; EDGAR ARANA, PAOLA ARANA, AND ALEXANDER ARANA.


Judgment entered this 30th day of July, 2018.




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