                            PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


MCIMETRO ACCESS TRANSMISSION            
SERVICES, INCORPORATED, a Delaware
Corporation,
                 Plaintiff-Appellant,
                 v.
BELLSOUTH TELECOMMUNICATIONS,
INCORPORATED, A Georgia
Corporation; JOANNE SANFORD, in
her official capacity as Chair of the
North Carolina Utilities
Commission; J. RICHARD CONDER;
ROBERT V. OWENS, JR.; SAM J.                      No. 03-1238
ERVIN, IV; LORINZO L. JOYNER;
JAMES Y. KERR, II; MICHAEL S.
WILKINS, in their official capacities
as Commissioners of the North
Carolina Utilities Commission,
                Defendants-Appellees,
                and
NORTH CAROLINA UTILITIES
COMMISSION,
                        Defendant.
                                        
            Appeal from the United States District Court
       for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at Raleigh.
                Malcolm J. Howard, District Judge.
                           (CA-01-921-5)

                       Argued: October 30, 2003

                      Decided: December 18, 2003
2             MCIMETRO ACCESS v. BELLSOUTH TELECOM.
     Before LUTTIG, WILLIAMS, and KING, Circuit Judges.



Reversed in part, vacated in part, and remanded by published opinion.
Judge Williams wrote the opinion, in which Judge Luttig and Judge
King joined.


                             COUNSEL

ARGUED: Michael Brian DeSanctis, JENNER & BLOCK, L.L.C.,
Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Sean Abram Lev, KELLOGG,
HUBER, HANSEN, TODD & EVANS, P.L.L.C., Washington, D.C.,
for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Donald B. Verrilli, Jr., Daniel Mach,
JENNER & BLOCK, L.L.C., Washington, D.C.; Jeffrey A. Rackow,
MCI, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Eugene M. Paige, KEL-
LOGG, HUBER, HANSEN, TODD & EVANS, P.L.L.C., Washing-
ton, D.C.; M. Gray Styers, Jr., KILPATRICK STOCKTON, L.L.P.,
Raleigh, North Carolina; Edward L. Rankin, III, General Counsel-
North Carolina, BELLSOUTH TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INC.,
Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellees.


                             OPINION

WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge:

   In this appeal, MCImetro Access Transmission Services LLC
(MCI) challenges the legality, under the Telecommunications Act of
1996 (the 1996 Act), see 47 U.S.C.A. §§ 251-276 (West 2001 &
Supp. 2003), of three aspects of the interconnection agreement
between it and BellSouth Telecommunications, Inc. (BellSouth) that
the North Carolina Utilities Commission (NCUC) arbitrated and
approved. Specifically, MCI argues (1) that the provision in the inter-
connection agreement allowing BellSouth to charge MCI the incre-
mental cost of transporting calls originating on BellSouth’s network
from the originating caller’s local calling area to MCI’s distant point
of interconnection violates 47 C.F.R. § 51.703(b) (2002); (2) that the
              MCIMETRO ACCESS v. BELLSOUTH TELECOM.                    3
provision in the interconnection agreement restricting MCI’s use of
BellSouth’s unbundled network elements under certain circumstances
violates various FCC rules; and (3) that the provision in the intercon-
nection agreement limiting BellSouth’s obligation to provide access
to two-way trunking to only those circumstances where there is insuf-
ficient traffic to support one-way trunks violates 47 C.F.R.
§ 51.305(f) (2002). MCI initiated this action in the United States Dis-
trict Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina pursuant to the
1996 Act’s judicial review procedure. See 47 U.S.C.A. § 252(e)(6).
The district court found the challenged provisions to be consistent
with federal law and accordingly granted summary judgment in favor
of BellSouth. MCI appeals, and for the reasons that follow, we
reverse in part, vacate in part, and remand for further proceedings.

                                   I.

   Prior to the passage of the 1996 Act, the laws of the various states
governed the provision of local telephone service, and almost without
exception, each state conferred an exclusive franchise to a single
company to provide such service. Under the protection of these state-
conferred monopolies, each of these companies, called Local
Exchange Carriers (LECs), built the infrastructure necessary to pro-
vide local telephone services, including elements such as the local
loops (wires connecting telephones to switches), the switches (com-
puterized equipment routing calls to their destinations), and the trans-
port trunks (high capacity wires transmitting traffic between
switches). See AT&T Corp. v. Iowa Utils. Bd., 525 U.S. 366, 371
(1999). Thus, not only were these LECs the only entities allowed by
law to provide local telephone service, they were the only entities
with the networks necessary to do so.

   Through the 1996 Act, Congress sought to supplant the system of
state-sanctioned monopoly in favor of a system of free competition.
In addition to pre-empting the state laws that protected existing LECs1
from competition, see 47 U.S.C.A. § 253, Congress, recognizing both
  1
   In the parlance of the 1996 Act, the LECs that existed prior to Febru-
ary 8, 1996 are called "incumbents" or "incumbent LECs." See 47
U.S.C.A. § 251(h)(1) (West 2001). We use those terms interchangeably
here.
4             MCIMETRO ACCESS v. BELLSOUTH TELECOM.
that the provision of local service required significant infrastructure
and that the prohibitive cost of duplicating an incumbent LEC’s infra-
structure would be an insuperable barrier to entry, imposed on incum-
bents a number of affirmative duties intended to facilitate market
entry by potential competitors. See 47 U.S.C.A. § 251(c) (West 2001).
Two of these duties are relevant to the issues MCI raises in this
appeal.

   First, Congress required incumbent LECs to "interconnect" their
networks with the new networks constructed by the new entrants,
known as competing LECs (CLECs). See 47 U.S.C.A. § 251(c)(2).
Such interconnection is necessary to the viability of the multi-
provider system envisioned by the 1996 Act because, absent intercon-
nection, customers of different LECs in the same local calling area
would not be able to call each other, and CLECs consequently would
never attract customers. Under this provision, an incumbent must
allow a CLEC to select any point of interconnection (POI) with the
incumbent’s network that is "technically feasible," 47 U.S.C.A.
§ 251(c)(2)(B), and must provide interconnection "on rates, terms,
and conditions that are just, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory," 47
U.S.C.A. § 251(c)(2)(D). Pursuant to the Federal Communications
Commission’s (FCC) regulations, just, reasonable, and nondiscrimi-
natory interconnection requires incumbents to provide access to "two-
way trunking" upon request for interconnection where technically fea-
sible. A two-way trunk is a single trunk connecting the CLEC’s
switch to the incumbent’s switch for transmission of traffic both to
and from the incumbent, as opposed to two separate trunks, each ded-
icated to transmitting traffic in one direction.

   Second, Congress required incumbents to lease the constituent ele-
ments of their local networks (e.g., loops, switches, etc.) to CLECs on
a separately priced, or "unbundled" basis. 47 U.S.C.A. § 251(c)(3).
The incumbents also must allow the CLECs to use leased unbundled
network elements (UNEs) to provide any "telecommunications ser-
vice," see id., a term defined by statute as "the offering of telecommu-
nications for a fee," 47 U.S.C.A. § 153(46) (West 2001). As with
interconnection, incumbents must make UNEs available "on rates,
terms, and conditions that are just, reasonable, and nondiscrimina-
tory." 47 U.S.C.A. § 251(c)(3).
              MCIMETRO ACCESS v. BELLSOUTH TELECOM.                    5
   The 1996 Act likewise imposes obligations on all LECs, incum-
bents and CLECs alike, see 47 U.S.C.A. § 251(b), one of which is rel-
evant here. Under § 251(b)(5), each LEC has the duty "to establish
reciprocal compensation arrangements for the transport and termina-
tion of telecommunications." Reciprocal compensation agreements
must "provide for the mutual and reciprocal recovery by each carrier
of costs associated with the transport and termination on each carri-
er’s network facilities of calls that originate on the network facilities
of the other carrier." 47 U.S.C.A. § 252(d)(2)(A). In other words, for
calls generated on one LEC’s network and bound for a destination on
another LEC’s network, the receiving LEC may charge the originat-
ing LEC for the cost of transporting the call from the POI to its desti-
nation and terminating that call with the intended recipient.

   In addition to imposing these and other substantive requirements,
Congress established a procedural framework through which incum-
bents and CLECs are to negotiate the CLECs’ entry into the incum-
bent’s market. First, the parties must attempt to establish terms of
interconnection through negotiation. See 47 U.S.C.A. § 252(a)(1). To
the extent they cannot reach agreement, either LEC may ask the gov-
erning state utility commission to conduct an arbitration to resolve the
disputed issues. See 47 U.S.C.A. § 252(b)(1). The results of that arbi-
tration are then memorialized in an "interconnection agreement"
between the LECs, which is then submitted for approval to the state
utility commission. 47 U.S.C.A. § 252(e). A party aggrieved by the
state utility commission’s resolution of disputed issues may seek
review of that decision in federal district court, which has exclusive
jurisdiction over such matters. 47 U.S.C.A. § 252(e)(6).

   In this case, MCI challenges aspects of its most recent interconnec-
tion agreement with BellSouth that resulted from arbitration before
the NCUC. MCI and BellSouth began negotiating their first intercon-
nection agreement in North Carolina in 1996, shortly after passage of
the 1996 Act. As this interconnection agreement approached expira-
tion, the parties began negotiating a new interconnection agreement,
and on April 6, 2000, MCI petitioned the NCUC to arbitrate unre-
solved issues. On April 3, 2001, the NCUC issued its Recommended
Arbitration Order. See In re Petition of MCImetro Access Transmis-
sion Services LLC for Arbitration of Certain Terms and Conditions
of Proposed Agreement with BellSouth Telecommunications, Inc.
6             MCIMETRO ACCESS v. BELLSOUTH TELECOM.
Concerning Interconnection and Resale Under the Telecommunica-
tions Act of 1996, Docket No. P-474, Sub. 10, Recommended Arbitra-
tion Order (NCUC Apr. 3, 2001) (First Arbitration Order). (J.A. at
143.) MCI filed objections to the First Arbitration Order, contesting,
inter alia, the issues it raises here. On August 2, 2001, the NCUC
ruled on MCI’s objections and required the parties to file a composite
agreement. See In re Petition of MCImetro Access Transmission Ser-
vices, LLC for Arbitration of Certain Terms and Conditions of Pro-
posed Agreement with BellSouth Telecommunications, Inc.
Concerning Interconnection and Resale Under Telecommunications
Act of 1996, Order Ruling On Objections and Requiring The Filing
of The Composite Agreement, Docket No. P-474, Sub. 10 (NCUC
Aug. 2, 2001) (Second Arbitration Order). (J.A. at 263.) On Novem-
ber 7, 2001, following the aforementioned ruling, the parties filed
their final Composite Interconnection Agreement.

   On November 21, 2001, MCI filed suit in the district court chal-
lenging three aspects of the interconnection agreement that the NCUC
had arbitrated and approved: (1) the NCUC’s decision to allow Bell-
South to charge MCI the incremental cost of transporting calls gener-
ated on BellSouth’s network from the originating caller’s local calling
area to MCI’s distant POI; (2) the decision to restrict MCI’s use of
BellSouth’s unbundled network elements under certain circum-
stances; and (3) the decision to require BellSouth to provide access
to two-way trunking, if technically feasible, only where there is insuf-
ficient traffic to support one-way trunking. After briefing on cross-
motions for summary judgment, the district court granted summary
judgment to BellSouth on all issues. MCI now appeals.

                                  II.

   We review de novo both the district court’s grant of summary judg-
ment and the NCUC’s interpretation of the 1996 Act and the federal
regulations enacted pursuant thereto, and accord no deference to the
NCUC’s interpretations of federal law. AT&T Comms. of Va., Inc. v.
Bell Atlantic-Virginia, Inc., 197 F.3d 663, 668 (4th Cir. 1999). We
note that the parties challenge neither the NCUC’s findings of fact nor
the legality of the FCC’s regulations.
              MCIMETRO ACCESS v. BELLSOUTH TELECOM.                   7
                                  A.

   The first issue we consider is whether BellSouth can charge MCI
for the cost of transporting local calls originating on BellSouth’s net-
work to MCI’s chosen POI, when that POI happens to be outside of
the local calling area where the call originated. Because this issue is
a by-product of the differences between BellSouth’s and MCI’s
respective network architectures, a brief word about those architec-
tures is helpful in understanding the legal question before us. Accord-
ing to the NCUC,

    this issue exists because [MCI] and BellSouth have each
    built and intend to utilize totally separate and different net-
    works for the provision of local service in North Carolina.
    Each carrier’s local network was designed to be the most
    efficient and cost-effective for that carrier. BellSouth stated
    that its system consists of a number of local networks that
    have developed over time and each local network is charac-
    terized by the use of multiple local switches. Also, as com-
    mented on by BellSouth, [MCI] has a single switch in North
    Carolina.

First Arbitration Order at 47. (J.A. at 189.)

   In exercising its right under § 251(c)(2)(B) to designate a techni-
cally feasible POI, MCI decided to interconnect with BellSouth’s net-
work at only one point in the North Carolina local access and
transport area (LATA), through its single North Carolina switch.
Therefore, all traffic between MCI and BellSouth customers must
pass through that one POI, regardless of the locations of the two cus-
tomers. This arrangement means, for example, that when a BellSouth
customer wants to call her neighbor, an MCI customer, BellSouth
must transport that call through MCI’s one POI, even though that POI
might be hundreds of miles away. Thus, as a consequence of MCI’s
independent decision respecting network construction and intercon-
nection — i.e., the decision to use one switch in North Carolina rather
than multiple switches, and to interconnect through that one switch
alone — BellSouth must incur greater costs for transporting routine
local traffic. In arbitration before the NCUC, BellSouth proposed to
resolve this perceived inequity by requiring MCI to pay it the incre-
8               MCIMETRO ACCESS v. BELLSOUTH TELECOM.
            2
mental cost of transporting traffic destined for MCI’s network from
the relevant local calling area to the POI. The NCUC adopted Bell-
South’s proposal and ordered the cost-shifting provision be included
in the final interconnection agreement.

   MCI argues that this provision in the interconnection agreement is
contrary to federal law. MCI points specifically to FCC Rule
51.703(b), one of the several rules comprising the FCC’s regime gov-
erning reciprocal compensation for the transport and termination of
telecommunications traffic as required by 47 U.S.C.A. § 251(b)(5).
See 47 C.F.R. §§ 51.701-51.717. Rule 703(b) states, "[a] LEC may
not assess charges on any other telecommunications carrier for tele-
communications traffic that originates on the LEC’s network." 47
C.F.R. § 51.703(b). Because BellSouth’s cost-shifting provision is an
assessment of charges for traffic that originates on BellSouth’s own
network, MCI argues, the provision is contrary to Rule 703(b) and
thus is illegal. Moreover, MCI notes, the Wireline Communications
Bureau (the Wireline Bureau), a subdivision of the FCC, in a case
concerning interconnection in Virginia, has rejected a similar cost-
shifting provision as being discordant with Rule 703(b). See In re
Petition of WorldCom, Inc. Pursuant to Section 252(e)(5) of the Com-
munications Act for Preemption of the Jurisdiction of the Virginia
State Corporation Commission Regarding Interconnection Disputes
With Verizon Virginia Inc., and for Expedited Arbitration, 17
F.C.C.R. 27039 (2002) (Virginia Arbitration Order).

   BellSouth counters that the proposed cost-shifting is not reciprocal
compensation, but rather a form of reimbursement for the cost of
interconnection that BellSouth submits is permissible under FCC
rules. In support of its position, BellSouth points to the 1996 Report
and Order wherein the FCC adopted initial rules to implement the
1996 Act. See In re Implementation Of The Local Competition Provi-
sions In The Telecommunications Act Of 1996, 11 F.C.C.R. 15499
    2
    BellSouth proposed, and the NCUC approved, a charge only for the
incremental cost of transporting traffic outside the local calling area. In
other words, BellSouth would transport the call from the customer to the
edge of the local calling area without charge to MCI. The charge would
reflect the cost of transporting the call the additional distance from the
edge of the local calling area to the POI.
              MCIMETRO ACCESS v. BELLSOUTH TELECOM.                     9
(1996) (Local Competition Order). BellSouth notes that, in paragraph
199 of this order, the FCC, in concluding that cost was not a relevant
factor in determining whether a CLEC’s requested point of intercon-
nection was "technically feasible," stated, "[o]f course, a requesting
carrier that wishes a ‘technically feasible’ but expensive interconnec-
tion would, pursuant to section 252(d)(1), be required to bear the cost
of that interconnection, including a reasonable profit."3 Id. at 15603
¶ 199. And, later in that same order, the FCC, in discussing its rules
for the physical act of interconnection, noted that, "because compet-
ing carriers must usually compensate incumbent LECs for the addi-
tional costs incurred by providing interconnection, competitors have
an incentive to make economically efficient decisions about where to
interconnect." Id. at 15608 ¶ 209 (emphasis added). These statements,
BellSouth argues, show that the FCC intended for incumbents to be
able to shift the cost of interconnection to CLECs. Because the provi-
sion at issue here relates to the cost of interconnection, BellSouth’s
argument goes, it is not governed by the reciprocal compensation
regime at all, and Rule 703(b) is thus inapplicable.

   BellSouth points to a decision by the FCC in a proceeding arising
under 47 U.S.C.A. § 271 as evidence that its cost-shifting provision
is acceptable. See In re Application Of Verizon Pennsylvania Inc., et
al. For Authorization To Provide In-Region, InterLATA Services In
Pennsylvania, 16 F.C.C.R. 17419, 17474-75 ¶¶ 99-100 (2001) (Penn-
sylvania 271 Order). The Pennsylvania 271 Order addressed the
application of Verizon, a former Bell Operating Company and incum-
bent LEC in Pennsylvania, under 47 U.S.C.A. § 271 to provide long
distance services in Pennsylvania. This order is relevant, BellSouth
argues, because under § 271, former Bell Operating Companies who
intend to provide long distance service must satisfy a number of
requirements, one of which being that they allow interconnection with
their local exchange networks in accordance with § 251 and § 252. 47
U.S.C.A. § 271(c)(2). In conducting its review of Verizon’s applica-
tion to provide long-distance service in Pennsylvania, the FCC con-
cluded that Verizon had satisfied its interconnection obligations, even
though Verizon was imposing a charge like the one at issue here. This
  3
   Section 252(d) sets forth the criteria that state utilities commissions
are to consider when negotiating the "just and reasonable rate for the
interconnection of facilities and equipment."
10            MCIMETRO ACCESS v. BELLSOUTH TELECOM.
ruling, BellSouth asserts, proves the legality of its cost-shifting provi-
sion.

   BellSouth’s attempts to evade the unambiguous language of Rule
703(b)4 are ultimately unavailing. First, to accept BellSouth’s position
that the provision here is a permissible charge for the cost of intercon-
nection, the term "interconnection" must be interpreted broadly to
include not only the physical act of connecting the networks, but also
the ongoing state of interconnectivity. So interpreted, the cost of
transporting traffic to a distant interconnection point is a "cost of
interconnection" because it is necessitated by the ongoing state of
interconnectivity at MCI’s chosen POI. The FCC, however, squarely
rejected such a broad interpretation of that term in the Local Competi-
tion Order. See 11 F.C.C.R. at 15590 ¶ 176. In its Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking (NPRM) preceding the issuance of the Local Competi-
tion Order, the FCC sought comment on whether the term "intercon-
nection" might refer "only to the physical linking of two networks or
to both the linking of facilities and the transport and termination of
traffic." Id. at 15588-89 ¶ 174. The FCC adopted the former defini-
tion: "We conclude that the term ‘interconnection’ under section
251(c)(2) refers only to the physical linking of two networks for the
mutual exchange of traffic." Id. at 15590 ¶ 176. Therefore, because
the cost of interconnection is only the one-time cost associated with
the physical act of linking one network to another and not the recur-
ring cost of transport and termination of traffic, the charge imposed
by BellSouth here cannot be characterized as a "cost of interconnec-
tion" that is permitted by FCC rules.5
  4
     Neither party asserts that Rule 703(b) is an unreasonable application
of § 251 and we thus accept it as binding in this action.
   5
     BellSouth notes that the Third and Ninth Circuits have cited para-
graphs 199 and 209 of the Local Competition Order in interconnection
cases, see MCI Telecomms. Corp. v. Bell Atlantic-Pennsylvania, 271
F.3d 491, 518 (3d Cir. 2001), US West Comms., Inc. v. Jennings, 304
F.3d 950, 961 (9th Cir. 2002), and argues that the language those courts
employed supports its position here. These decisions both address the
issue of whether a CLEC can be required to establish multiple points of
interconnection in a single local access and transport area. Accordingly,
the statements regarding the cost of interconnection, to the extent that
they refer to anything more than the cost of physical linkage, are mere
dicta and not persuasive here.
               MCIMETRO ACCESS v. BELLSOUTH TELECOM.                     11
   Furthermore, contrary to BellSouth’s assertions, the FCC’s deci-
sion in the Pennsylvania 271 Order does not validate the legality of
its cost-shifting proposal. In the brief portion of Pennsylvania 271
Order that addresses the issue, the FCC fails to mention Rule 703(b)
even once and addresses the propriety of cost-shifting only obliquely
through reference to an Intercarrier Compensation NPRM:

      Verizon acknowledges that its policies distinguish between
      the physical POI and the point at which Verizon and an
      interconnecting competitive LEC are responsible for the
      cost of interconnection facilities. The issue of allocation of
      financial responsibility for interconnection facilities is an
      open issue in our Intercarrier Compensation NPRM . . .
      Because the issue is open in our Intercarrier Compensation
      NPRM, we cannot find that Verizon’s policies in regard to
      the financial responsibility for interconnection facilities fail
      to comply with its obligations under the Act.

Pennsylvania 271 Order, 16 F.C.C.R. at 17474-75 ¶ 100 (footnote
omitted). In the Intercarrier Compensation NPRM, the FCC does rec-
ognize and describe the tension between Rule 703(b) and the ability
of CLECs to select a single POI per LATA, and it invites comment
respecting the action that should be taken to resolve that tension. See
In re Developing a Unified Intercarrier Compensation Regime, 16
F.C.C.R. 9610, 9635 ¶ 72, 9650-51 ¶¶ 112-14 (2001) (Intercarrier
Compensation NPRM). But, it is important to note that the FCC’s
invitation for comment on the issue is motivated by its own recogni-
tion that Rule 703(b), by its plain terms, prohibits the type of cost-
shifting that BellSouth advocates here. Id. at 9650 ¶ 112 ("Our current
reciprocal compensation rules preclude an [incumbent] from charging
carriers for local traffic that originates on the [incumbent]’s net-
work."). Thus, whatever the implications of the Pennsylvania 271
Order, it provides thin support for the proposition that the cost-
shifting here is not governed by Rule 703(b).6
  6
    The FCC’s rather cursory treatment of the cost-shifting issue in the
Pennsylvania case is likely the result of the fact that the FCC considers
§ 271 proceedings to be "inappropriate forums for the considered resolu-
tion of industry-wide local competition questions of general applicabil-
ity." See In re Joint Application of SBC Communications, Inc., et al. For
Provision Of In-Region, InterLATA Services In Kansas And Oklahoma,
16 F.C.C.R. 6237, 6246 ¶ 19 (2001).
12             MCIMETRO ACCESS v. BELLSOUTH TELECOM.
   We also recognize that the FCC has not ruled definitively that cost-
shifting is prohibited. The Virginia Arbitration Order, the FCC deci-
sion upon which MCI relies, is the only occasion where the FCC has
addressed cost-shifting in the § 252 context. In that case, the Wireline
Bureau, standing in the shoes of a state utilities commission,7 arbi-
trated a dispute between an incumbent and a CLEC virtually identical
to the dispute here, with the incumbent advocating cost-shifting and
several CLECs resisting. The Wireline Bureau ultimately decided not
to implement the incumbent’s cost-shifting provision, but notably
stopped short of declaring such a provision illegal:

      We find that the [CLECs’] proposed language more closely
      conforms to our existing rules and precedent than do [the
      incumbent]’s proposals. [The incumbent]’s interconnection
      proposals require competitive LECs to bear [the incum-
      bent]’s costs of delivering its originating traffic to a point of
      interconnection beyond the [incumbent]-specified financial
      demarcation point[.] . . . Specifically, under [the incum-
      bent]’s proposed language, the competitive LEC’s financial
      responsibility for the further transport of [the incumbent]’s
      traffic to the competitive LEC’s point of interconnection and
      onto the competitive LEC’s network would begin at the
      [incumbent]-designated [demarcation point], rather than the
      point of interconnection. By contrast, under the [CLECs’]
      proposals, each party would bear the cost of delivering its
      originating traffic to the point of interconnection designated
      by the competitive LEC. The [CLECs’] proposals, therefore,
      are more consistent with the Commission’s rules for section
      251(b)(5) traffic, which prohibit any LEC from charging
  7
   The Wireline Bureau performed the same function that the NCUC
performed here. Under 47 U.S.C.A. § 252(e)(5), the FCC is required to
assume the responsibilities of state commissions to conduct arbitration
proceedings under the 1996 Act if a state commission "fails to act to
carry out its responsibility" under § 252. In 47 U.S.C.A. § 155(c)(1),
Congress explicitly granted the FCC the authority to delegate its func-
tions to a subdivision. In the Virginia case, the Virginia State Corpora-
tion Commission declined to arbitrate the dispute, the parties petitioned
the FCC to conduct the arbitration, and the FCC delegated its authority
to the Wireline Bureau.
               MCIMETRO ACCESS v. BELLSOUTH TELECOM.                   13
      any other carrier for traffic originating on that LEC’s net-
      work; they are also more consistent with the right of com-
      petitive LECs to interconnect at any technically feasible
      point.[FN 125]

      [FN 125] 47 C.F.R. § 51.703(b)

17 F.C.C.R. at 27064-65 ¶ 53 (emphases added). The FCC’s8 choice
of words (i.e., "more closely conforms" and "more consistent with")
is, at the very least, curious, and seems to reflect a reticence on the
part of the FCC to declare cost-shifting in this context illegal, perhaps
because, in the Virginia Arbitration Order, that conclusion was not
required in arbitrating the parties’ dispute.9

   In sum, we are left with an unambiguous rule, the legality of which
is unchallenged, that prohibits the charge that BellSouth seeks to
impose. Rule 703(b) is unequivocal in prohibiting LECs from levying
charges for traffic originating on their own networks, and, by its own
terms, admits of no exceptions. Although we find some surface appeal
in BellSouth’s suggestion that the charge here is not reciprocal com-
pensation, but rather the permissible shifting of costs attending inter-
connection, the FCC, as noted above, has endorsed cost-shifting
related to interconnection only as it relates to the one-time costs of
  8
     BellSouth argues that the Wireline Bureau’s decision here should not
be given the deference we normally give decisions by the FCC, because
it is a subdivision and not the commission itself. This argument lacks
merit. When a federal agency delegates its decision-making authority to
a subdivision and Congress has expressly permitted such delegation by
statute, the decision of the subdivision is entitled to the same degree of
deference as if it were made by the agency itself. See Ford Motor Credit
Co. v. Milhollin, 444 U.S. 555, 566 n.9 (1980). Although the Wireline
Bureau’s decision has limited relevance for the reasons described in text,
because the delegation was pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 155(c)(1), we accord
it the same deference as if it had been rendered by the FCC itself.
   9
     We note that the Fifth Circuit has described the Virginia Arbitraion
Order as "confirm[ing] that . . . an [incumbent] is prohibited from impos-
ing charges for delivering its local traffic to a POI outside the [incum-
bent’s] local calling area." Southwestern Bell Tel. Co. v. Publ. Utils.
Comm’n of Tex., ___ F.3d ___, No. 03-50107, 2003 WL 22390281, *2
(5th Cir. Oct. 21, 2003).
14            MCIMETRO ACCESS v. BELLSOUTH TELECOM.
physical linkage, and in doing so, expressly declined the invitation to
extend the definition of "interconnection" to include the transport and
termination of traffic. See Local Competition Order, 11 F.C.C.R. at
15588-89 ¶ 176. Furthermore, the FCC recognized that such a broad
interpretation of the concept of interconnection would interfere with
its reciprocal compensation regulations: "Including the transport and
termination of traffic within the meaning of section 251(c)(2) would
result in reading out of the statute the duty of all LECs to establish
‘reciprocal compensation arrangements for the transport and termina-
tion of telecommunications,’ under section 251(b)(5)." Id. As a conse-
quence, the FCC’s rules cannot fairly be interpreted in the manner
necessary to allow the limited construction of Rule 703(b) that Bell-
South seeks. While, as a matter of good telecommunications policy,
there may be legitimate reasons to allow cost-shifting in this context,
see Intercarrier Compensation NPRM, 16 F.C.C.R. at 9650-51,
¶¶ 112-14, it is the province of the FCC and not the federal courts to
implement such a policy. Our task here is simply to assess the inter-
connection agreement under existing federal law. Because the inter-
connection agreement allows BellSouth to charge MCI for traffic
originating on the BellSouth network, it violates the 1996 Act as
implemented by the FCC’s current rules. Accordingly, we reverse the
district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of BellSouth on
this issue, and direct the district court to enter summary judgment in
favor of MCI on this issue. See AT&T, 197 F.3d at 671 n.4.

                                  B.

   The second issue that MCI raises on appeal is whether the provi-
sion in the interconnection agreement restricting, under certain cir-
cumstances, MCI’s use of BellSouth’s UNEs (e.g., trunks and
switches) for the provision of "switched access" service violated fed-
eral law. MCI desires to provide switched access service using Bell-
South UNEs to customers in North Carolina, regardless of whether
the switched access customer is an MCI local exchange customer.
The NCUC allowed MCI to use BellSouth UNEs to provide switched
access service, but only to MCI local exchange customers. (J.A. at
204-05; 286.) MCI now argues both that this limitation violates FCC
rules prohibiting incumbents from placing any restrictions on the use
of UNEs and that the limitation is discriminatory.
              MCIMETRO ACCESS v. BELLSOUTH TELECOM.                   15
   Shortly before oral argument in this case, the FCC substantially
altered its rules respecting the unbundling obligations of incumbent
LECs. See In re Review of the Section 251 Unbundling Obligations
of Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers, CC Docket Nos. 01-338, 96-
98, 98-147, ___ F.C.C.R. ___, 2003 WL 22175730 (F.C.C. Aug. 21,
2003) (Triennial Review Order). Both MCI and BellSouth submitted
letters pursuant to Rule 28(j) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Proce-
dure and our Local Rule 28(e) advising us of the Triennial Review
Order, and both parties argue that it supports their respective posi-
tions. Because the Triennial Review Order alters significantly the fed-
eral regulatory framework that governs this issue, and because the
parties do not agree on the import of that order, prudence dictates that
we vacate the award of summary judgment and remand this issue to
the district court so that the issue can be developed fully in light of
the FCC’s new rules.

                                  C.

   The final issue we consider is the legality of the NCUC’s conclu-
sion that BellSouth is obligated to use two-way trunks upon MCI’s
request only in circumstances where two-way trunking is both techni-
cally feasible and there is not sufficient traffic to justify one-way
trunks. In implementing the interconnection provision of the 1996
Act, the FCC adopted Rule 305(f), which states that "[i]f technically
feasible, an incumbent LEC shall provide two-way trunking upon
request." 47 C.F.R. § 51.305(f) (2002). MCI argues that the NCUC
violated this provision by allowing BellSouth to impose a condition
on the provision of two-way trunking not contained in the regulation,
that condition being the lack of traffic sufficient to justify one-way
trunks.

  In implementing the provision in question, the NCUC relied on the
FCC’s explanation in the Local Competition Order of the rationale
behind the two-way trunking rule. In paragraph 219 of that order, the
FCC explained:

    We identify below specific terms and conditions for inter-
    connection in discussing physical or virtual collocation (i.e.,
    two methods of interconnection). We conclude here, how-
    ever, that where a carrier requesting interconnection pursu-
16            MCIMETRO ACCESS v. BELLSOUTH TELECOM.
     ant to section 251(c)(2) does not carry a sufficient amount
     of traffic to justify separate one-way trunks, an incumbent
     LEC must accommodate two-way trunking upon request
     where technically feasible. Refusing to provide two-way
     trunking would raise costs for new entrants and create a bar-
     rier to entry. Thus, we conclude that if two-way trunking is
     technically feasible, it would not be just, reasonable, and
     nondiscriminatory for the incumbent LEC to refuse to pro-
     vide it.

11 F.C.C.R. at 15612-13 ¶ 219 (emphases added) (footnotes omitted).
Relying presumably on the second sentence of that paragraph, the
NCUC held as follows: "The [NCUC] believes that it is clear from the
above that an [incumbent] must accommodate two-way trunking upon
request where technically feasible. However, the FCC has not
required that an [incumbent] allow two-way trunking when there is
sufficient traffic to justify one-way trunking." First Arbitration Order
at 43. (J.A. at 185.)

   We are required to give an agency’s interpretation of its own regu-
lations "controlling weight unless it is plainly erroneous or inconsis-
tent with the regulation." Stinson v. United States, 508 U.S. 36, 45
(1993); see United States v. Hoechst Celanese Corp., 128 F.3d 216,
221 (4th Cir. 1997). And, the FCC has stated that rules promulgated
pursuant to the Local Competition Order should be "read in conjunc-
tion with the rest of the Order." TSR Wireless, LLC v. US West Com-
munications, Inc., 15 F.C.C.R. 11166, 11177-78 ¶¶ 20-21 (2000).

   However, notwithstanding the fact that the Local Competition
Order can be a legitimate source of amplification for FCC rules
implemented thereby, the amplification inferred by the NCUC is not
justified by the text of paragraph 219. Read in isolation, the second
sentence of that paragraph might support the NCUC’s conclusion that
the FCC intended to condition the requirement to provide access to
two-way trunking on the lack of traffic sufficient to support one-way
trunks, but the paragraph in its entirety suggests that the scenario
mentioned in the second sentence is but one of any number of scenar-
ios where the denial of two-way trunking would render the terms of
interconnection unjust. Otherwise, the last sentence of the paragraph,
where the FCC conspicuously excludes any mention of sufficiency of
              MCIMETRO ACCESS v. BELLSOUTH TELECOM.                   17
the traffic being a condition for the provision of two-way trunking,
makes no sense. Stated differently, if the second sentence were meant
to define the entire set of situations where incumbents must provide
two-way trunking, then the FCC’s statement, both in the last sentence
of the paragraph and in Rule 305(f) itself, defining a much broader
set of circumstances where access to two-way trunking is essential for
the terms of interconnection to be "just, reasonable, and non-
discriminatory" is in direct contradiction. If, however, we interpret the
second sentence as an example of one scenario where the provision
of two-way trunking is essential for the terms of interconnection to be
"just, reasonable, and non-discriminatory," the entire paragraph is har-
monious. Furthermore, the fact that the FCC expressly contemplated
the insufficient traffic scenario and then declined to include an insuf-
ficient traffic condition in the final rule suggests that the FCC did not
intend for such a condition to be read into its otherwise unambiguous
rule.

   Because the NCUC’s decision to condition BellSouth’s provision
of two-way trunking to those situations where there is insufficient
traffic to support one-way trunks allows BellSouth to refuse to pro-
vide two-way trunking in situations where it is technically feasible,
it violates Rule 305(f). Accordingly, we reverse the district court’s
grant of summary judgment in favor of BellSouth on this issue, and
direct the district court to enter summary judgment in favor of MCI.
See AT&T, 197 F.3d at 671 n.4.

                                  III.

   To summarize, (1) we reverse the district court’s conclusion that
Rule 703(b) does not prohibit the provision in the interconnection
agreement allowing BellSouth to charge MCI for the incremental cost
of transporting BellSouth-originating traffic destined for MCI’s net-
work from the relevant local calling area to the point of interconnec-
tion and direct the district court to enter summary judgment in favor
of MCI on that issue; (2) in light of the FCC’s recent rule changes,
we vacate the district court’s summary judgment on the issue of the
propriety of restricting MCI from using BellSouth UNEs to provide
switched access service to customers other than MCI local exchange
customers and remand for further proceedings; and (3) we reverse the
district court’s conclusion that conditioning the provision of two-way
18            MCIMETRO ACCESS v. BELLSOUTH TELECOM.
trunking on the lack of traffic sufficient to justify one-way trunks was
consistent with Rule 305(f) and direct the district court to enter sum-
mary judgment in favor of MCI on that issue.

                         REVERSED IN PART, VACATED IN PART,
                                             AND REMANDED
