                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                    FILED
                      FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                        ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                             APRIL 24, 2009
                              No. 08-15049                 THOMAS K. KAHN
                          Non-Argument Calendar                 CLERK
                        ________________________

                     D. C. Docket No. 99-00152-TP-FAM

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                                Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                   versus

PEDRO JESUS RIVERA,

                                                          Defendant-Appellant.


                        ________________________

                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of Florida
                       _________________________

                               (April 24, 2009)

Before BIRCH, CARNES and WILSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     Pedro Jesus Rivera (“Rivera”) appeals his eighteen-month sentence imposed
by the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida upon the

revocation of his probation. Rivera argues that the district court was required to

consider the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) sentencing factors and comply with United States

v. Booker,1 even though he was convicted of the underlying offenses before the

enactment of the Sentencing Guidelines. Rivera also contends that both the district

court’s manner of imposing the sentence and the sentence itself were unreasonable.

We find Rivera’s arguments to be without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

        On 12 May 1987, Rivera was charged in the United States District Court for

the Central District of California with one count of conspiracy to possess stolen

goods, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371, (“Count 1”), and three counts of possession

of stolen goods, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 659 (“Counts 2-4”). R1-1 at 15-22. He

was found guilty on all four counts and sentenced on 10 August 1987 to forty-eight

months of imprisonment on Counts 1 and 2, to run concurrently, and sixty months

of probation on Counts 3 and 4, to be served after release from confinement. R1-1

at 2.

        To place the district court’s revocation of Rivera’s probation in context, we

recite certain salient facts regarding the procedural history of this case. Rivera was



        1
            543 U.S. 220, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005).

                                                   2
released on 27 April 1989 to begin serving his parole and probation concurrently.

Within two months, however, the United States Parole Commission heard

violations involving Rivera’s use of drugs, failure to attend treatment, failure to

report a change of address, driving with a suspended license, driving under the

influence, assaulting a police officer, defacing property, failure to appear, and

voluntary manslaughter. R1-1 at 3.

      On 15 March 1990, Rivera was convicted of manslaughter in California and

sentenced to fourteen years of imprisonment. Id. Because of Rivera’s

incarceration for his manslaughter conviction, his probationary period for his

federal conspiracy to possess stolen goods and possession of stolen goods

convictions was tolled from 27 June 1989 until 17 May 1998 and was set to expire

in March 2003. R1-3 at 1. In December 1999, the United States District Court for

the Central District of California transferred jurisdiction of his case to the Southern

District of Florida. R1-1 at 1.

      On 20 February 2001, Rivera informed his probation officer that he had been

arrested the previous month for driving under the influence. Rivera had actually

been arrested for battery on a police officer and resisting arrest with violence, as

well as driving under the influence. R1-3 at 2. He was charged with felony

offenses and released on bond, but failed to appear at his court hearing. A



                                           3
probation violation warrant followed in March 2001. R1-4. Over six years later,

in November 2007, Rivera was arrested and charged with disorderly intoxication.

R1-8 at 2. He was inadvertently released from custody but was arrested again the

following May for possession of a fictitious driver’s license, an offense for which

he was charged, found guilty and sentenced to forty-three days of imprisonment.

See id.

      On 30 July 2008, the probation office petitioned the court to revoke Rivera’s

supervised release. R1-8 at 1-3. The petition alleged that Rivera committed the

following probation violations: (1) violation of mandatory condition – excess

consumption of alcohol, (“Violation 1”); (2) violation of mandatory condition –

failing to advise the probation office within seventy-two hours of being arrested,

(“Violation 2”); (3) new law violation – 19 January 2001 arrest for battery on a

police officer, resisting arrest with violence, and driving under the influence,

(“Violation 3”); (4) new law violation – 24 November 2007 arrest for disorderly

intoxication, (“Violation 4”); (5) violation of mandatory condition — failing to

report to the probation office twice weekly for urinalysis, (“Violation 5”); and (6)

new law violation – 20 May 2008 arrest for possession of a fictitious driver’s

license (“Violation 6”). Id. at 1-2. The petition noted that Rivera had failed to

appear for a 11 September 2008 hearing regarding Violation 3 and that charges had



                                           4
been brought against Rivera on the offenses underlying Violations 4 and 6. Id. at

2.

      At Rivera’s revocation hearing, Rivera admitted Violations 2, 4, 5, and 6 and

the government agreed to dismiss Violations 1 and 3. R2 at 3-7. When asked by

the court for its sentencing recommendation, the government asserted that, because

the sentencing guidelines did not apply to Rivera, the court could sentence him

anywhere between zero and ten years. Id. at 7. It then requested a sentence

between twenty-four and thirty-six months of imprisonment. Id. The probation

officer suggested that the court impose a twenty-four month term of imprisonment.

Id. at 8-9. Rivera, conceding that the court was not bound by the guidelines,

nevertheless asked the court to sentence him to “something reasonable considering

what the guidelines would have been for this type of violation, understanding that

the Court would not be bound by that.” Id. at 10. The court responded:

             See, the problem with using the guidelines is that if I
             gave a guideline sentence, nowadays for the guidelines
             he would do most of it. But if I give a sentence pre-
             guidelines, he’ll do, if he behaves, at the most, two-thirds
             of that sentence, and he could do as little as a third.
             Because it would be in the custody of the Attorney
             General technically, not the Bureau of Prisons, so there’s
             a little bit of a change in that. So when you receive a
             sentence under the old law, he’s going to do less time.

Id. Rivera did not ask for a particular term of imprisonment, deciding instead to



                                           5
“defer to the Court.” Id. at 11.

      The court sentenced Rivera to an eighteen-month term of imprisonment,

followed by twenty-four months of probation. R1-12. In imposing the sentence

the court made the following observations:

             After having heard from all parties, even though this is
             after Booker and there’s no obligation of the Court to
             conduct an analysis under the guidelines and consult
             them, it is true that the guidelines for this type of
             violation would be three to nine months, so that would be
             instructive to a certain extent, but I could sentence the
             defendant [to] zero to ten years.

                   What I’m going to do, in view of that, is you are
             going to be committed to the custody of the Attorney
             General for a period of 18 months. That’s twice what the
             guidelines will call for because you’re going to do less
             time on Count 1. On Count 2, I’m going to place you on
             probation.
                   ....

                   I’m going to place you on probation for two years
             and that will start after your release from Count 1.

                   On Counts 3 and 4, I’m going to also place you on
             probation for two years concurrently.

R2 at 13-14. The court then asked if either party objected to the sentence. Id. at

14. The government responded that it had no objections and Rivera did not

respond at all. Id.




                                          6
                                   II. DISCUSSION

       Because Rivera failed to object to his sentence in the district court, our

review is for plain error. United States v. Stevenson, 68 F.3d 1292, 1294 (11th Cir.

1995) (per curiam) (holding that we “consider[] sentence objections raised for the

first time on appeal under the plain error doctrine to avoid manifest injustice”)

(quotation marks and citation omitted). In order for us to correct plain error, “(1)

there must be error; (2) the error must be plain; and (3) the error must affect

substantial rights.” Id. If these criteria are met, we may, in our discretion, correct

the plain error if it “seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of

judicial proceedings.” United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 736, 113 S. Ct. 1770,

1779 (1993) (quotation marks, citation, and alteration omitted).

       We note that the Sentencing Guidelines do not apply to crimes committed

prior to 1 November 1987. See United States v. Burgess, 858 F.2d 1512, 1514

(11th Cir. 1988) (per curiam) (holding that “[s]ince [the defendant’s] crimes were

committed long before [1 November 1987], the fact that he was resentenced after

November 1, 1987 is irrelevant”). In the event that a federal defendant serving a

pre-guidelines sentence is subject to the revocation of his probation, former 18

U.S.C. § 3653 provided that the district court may “require him to serve the

sentence imposed, or any lesser sentence, and, if imposition of sentence was



                                             7
suspended, may impose any sentence which might originally have been imposed.”

United States v. Taylor, 931 F.2d 842, 845 n.4 (11th Cir. 1991) (per curiam)

(quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3653 (repealed 1987)). “Section 3653 was repealed by the

Sentencing Reform Act, Pub.L. 98-473, § 212(a)(2), 98 Stat. 1987 (1984).

However, the repeal applies only to offenses committed after November 1, 1987.”

United States v. Holland, 874 F.2d 1470, 1472 n.1 (11th Cir. 1989) (holding that

former § 3653 applied to the defendant, who pled guilty to the substantive offenses

underlying his probation in 1984).

      Since this case predates the enactment of the guidelines, a brief history

lesson is in order. Before the sentencing guidelines were enacted, we recognized

that “[a] sentencing judge has broad discretion in the imposition of criminal

sentences” and determined that, although “the sentencing process is open to

appellate scrutiny,” the severity of “[t]he sentence itself is insulated from appellate

review if within the statutory limits.” United States v. Restrepo, 832 F.2d 146, 148

(11th Cir. 1987); see also United States v. Reme, 738 F.2d 1156, 1167 (11th Cir.

1984) (holding that “[t]he severity of a sentence imposed within the statutory limits

is insulated from appellate review, but the judicial process by which a sentence is

determined is subject to appellate scrutiny”). Mindful of the considerable

discretion afforded a sentencing judge in the days of yore and heedful of the scope



                                           8
of our review, we assess the facts of the case before us.

      Because Rivera was convicted of the substantive offenses underlying his

probation prior to 1 November 1987, former 18 U.S.C. § 3653 is the applicable

statute regarding revocation of probation. See Holland, 874 F.2d at 1472 n.1. We

conclude that the district court did not violate the terms of former § 3653, because

the eighteen-month sentence it imposed is less than the original forty-eight month

sentence Rivera originally received for Count 1. Moreover, we find that the

district court was not required to consider the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors or the

sentencing guidelines, because neither were in effect when Rivera committed the

underlying offenses. See Sentencing Act of 1987, Pub. L. No. 100-182, § 2, 101

Stat. 1266 (1987); Burgess, 858 F.2d at 1513-14. Likewise, Booker is inapplicable

to Rivera’s sentence because Booker specifically addresses the constitutionality of

the sentencing guidelines, which are not implicated in this case. See Booker, 543

U.S. at 259, 125 S. Ct. at 764.

      This brings us to Rivera’s final argument in which Rivera contends that the

district court erred in providing an unreasonable explanation for the sentence

imposed. Rivera asserts that the district court incorrectly assumed that his

eighteen-month sentence ultimately would be reduced by operation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 4205 and that the court based its sentencing decision upon that assumption. Our



                                           9
review yields an interpretation more in line with that of the district court.

      Section § 4205 provides that a defendant who is “confined and serving a

definite term or terms of more than one year . . . shall be eligible for release on

parole after serving one-third of such term or terms. . . .” 18 U.S.C. § 4205(a)

(repealed 1984). Although 18 U.S.C. §§ 4201-4205 were repealed by section

235(a)(1) of Pub. L. No. 98-473, section 235(b)(4) contained a savings clause,

which provided that

                [n]otwithstanding the other provisions of this subsection,
                all laws in effect on the day before the effective date of
                this Act pertaining to an individual who is – (A) released
                pursuant to a provision listed in paragraph (1) and (B)(i)
                subject to supervision on the day before the expiration of
                the five-year period following the effective date of this
                Act . . . shall remain in effect as to the individual until the
                expiration of his sentence.

Pub. L. No. 98-473, §§ 235(a)(1), (b)(4), 98 Stat. 1837 (1984) (set out as a note

under 18 U.S.C. § 3551). Given this savings clause, it appears that the district

court’s assumption was grounded in fact. Whether Rivera ultimately will receive

any gain time is not for us to say. What we can and do say, is that the district court

did not commit plain error in explaining its sentencing rationale in the manner in

which it did.




                                              10
                               III. CONCLUSION

      Rivera appeals his eighteen-month sentence imposed upon the revocation of

his probation. Because we conclude that the district court did not commit plain

error in fashioning Rivera’s sentence, we AFFIRM.

      AFFIRMED.




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