   IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

GRAND ACQUISITION, LLC,                 )
                                        )
           Plaintiff,                   )
                                        )
     v.                                 )   C.A. No. 12003-VCMR
                                        )
PASSCO INDIAN SPRINGS DST,              )
a Delaware Statutory Trust Company,     )
                                        )
            Defendant.                  )

                                  OPINION

                         Date Submitted: June 30, 2016
                         Date Decided: August 26, 2016


R. Karl Hill, SEITZ, VAN OGTROP & GREEN, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware;
Attorney for Plaintiff.

John L. Reed, Ethan H. Townsend, and Harrison S. Carpenter, DLA PIPER LLP,
Wilmington, Delaware; Attorneys for Defendant.



MONTGOMERY-REEVES, Vice Chancellor.
      In this action, a beneficial owner of a Delaware statutory trust seeks to

inspect certain of the trust’s books and records. The beneficial owner requested

inspection under both Section 5.3(c) of the trust’s governing agreement and 12

Del. C. § 3819, the books and records provision of the Delaware Statutory Trust

Act. The trust denied the beneficial owner’s request, arguing that the form of the

request and the motivations underlying the request both were improper. The bulk

of the parties’ dispute centers on whether the trust agreement incorporates the

statutory requirements of 12 Del. C. § 3819 and, if so, whether the beneficial

owner has satisfied those requirements. The parties also dispute the scope of the

contractual books and records right and the propriety of the trust’s statutory and

contractual affirmative defenses.

      Both parties have moved for summary judgment. For the reasons stated in

this Opinion, I grant the beneficial owner’s motion for summary judgment and

deny the trust’s motion for summary judgment.




                                        1
I.     BACKGROUND1

      A.     Parties
       Plaintiff Grand Acquisition, LLC (“Grand Acquisition”) is a Nevada limited

 liability company that owns 0.185874 percent of Defendant Passco Indian Springs

 DST’s (“Passco Trust” or the “Trust”) Class A interests.               Passco Trust is a

 Louisville, Kentucky-based Delaware statutory trust (“DST”) that was formed on

 or around July 27, 2011. The Trust owns an apartment complex in Louisville

 called The Legends of Indian Springs Apartments and is managed administratively

 by non-party Passco Indian Springs Manager, LLC (“Passco Manager”). Passco

 Manager is owned and controlled by non-party Passco Companies, LLC (“Passco

 Parent”).

      B.     Facts
       On September 30, 2015, Grand Acquisition sent Passco Trust a letter (the

 “Demand”) demanding to inspect and make copies of the current list of the Trust’s

 beneficial owners (the “Owners”), those Owners’ contact information, and their

 respective ownership interests in the Trust (collectively, the “Requested

 Information”).2 On October 28, 2015, Passco Trust denied the Demand, noting



 1
       The facts are drawn from the pleadings and the evidence submitted by the parties.
       See Ct. Ch. R. 56(c).
 2
       Trans. Aff. of Harrison S. Carpenter (“Carpenter Aff.”) Ex. A.

                                            2
that it “takes its obligations to protect the confidential nature of the information

provided by the investors and related books and records very seriously.”3 Passco

Trust also requested that Grand Acquisition “provide the basis for [its] request”

because “[u]nder Delaware statutory law, such information cannot be released

unless there is a reasonable basis for such action” that is “related to the beneficial

owner’s interest as a beneficial owner of the statutory trust.”4

      On December 18, 2015, Grand Acquisition sent a follow up letter to Passco

Trust (the “Supplemental Demand”) and maintained that the Delaware Statutory

Trust Act (the “DST Act”)5 allows a trust “unfettered freedom to modify or

eliminate” the “reasonable basis” requirement regarding a books and records

demand.6 According to Grand Acquisition, Section 5.3(c) of the Amended and

Restated Trust Agreement dated and effective as of November 17, 2011 (the “Trust

Agreement”), the Trust Agreement’s books and records provision (“Section

5.3(c)”),7 does just that and applies “broadly and without limitation []and

specifically without incorporating any of the permissive preconditions under” 12


3
      Carpenter Aff. Ex. B.
4
      Id.
5
      12 Del. C. §§ 3801-3826.
6
      Carpenter Aff. Ex. C.
7
      Carpenter Aff. Ex. E (“Trust Agreement”) § 5.3(c).

                                           3
Del. C. § 3819 (“Section 3819”).8 Nonetheless, Grand Acquisition stated that the

Owners may inspect the Trust’s books and records “for the purpose of

communicating with other [Owners], which communications may include offering

to acquire additional beneficial ownership interests, discussing the operations of

Passco DST, and discussing other matters relating to the [Owners’] investment in

Passco DST.”9      Further, Grand Acquisition contended that “[i]n both the

alternative entity context as well as under the more stringent corporate books and

records standard, Delaware courts uniformly have held that stockholder or member

communications with other investors relating to the investment is a presumptively

proper (or reasonable) purpose.”10     Passco Trust did not respond to Grand

Acquisition’s Supplemental Demand.

     C.     Procedural History
      On February 16, 2016, Grand Acquisition filed its verified complaint,

seeking to inspect and make copies of the Requested Information (the

“Complaint”). Grand Acquisition asserts both a contractual demand under Section

5.3(c) (the “Contractual Demand”) and a statutory demand under Section 3819 (the

“Statutory Demand”).


8
      Carpenter Aff. Ex. C.
9
      Id.
10
      Id.

                                        4
      Passco Trust filed its Answer and Defenses to the Complaint on March 22,

2016, challenging Grand Acquisition’s right to inspect the Requested Information

under Section 3819 or the Trust Agreement (the “Answer”).11 The parties then

performed discovery, agreed to resolve this case through cross motions for

summary judgment, and filed simultaneous opening and answering briefs. On June

30, 2016, I heard oral argument on the cross motions for summary judgment. This

Opinion contains my ruling on those cross motions.

     D.     Parties’ Contentions
      Grand Acquisition makes two alternative arguments as to why it is entitled

to the Requested Information.      First, under its Contractual Demand, Grand

Acquisition contends that Section 5.3(c) grants the Owners access to the Trust’s

books and records—including the Requested Information—without application of

any of Section 3819’s statutory preconditions and defenses. Second, under its

Statutory Demand, Grand Acquisition contends that it has satisfied Section 3819’s

preconditions to accessing the Trust’s books and records and that Passco Trust’s

statutory defenses under Section 3819 are meritless.

      Passco Trust responds that although the Trust Agreement does not mention

Section 3819’s preconditions and defenses, it has not affirmatively disavowed




11
      Answer at 9.

                                         5
 them, and therefore, they still apply. Thus, Passco Trust contends that Grand

 Acquisition is not entitled to the Requested Information because (1) Grand

 Acquisition has not complied with Section 3819’s procedural requirements, (2)

 Grand Acquisition’s stated purpose is not a proper purpose, (3) the Requested

 Information is subject to third-party confidentiality agreements, and (4) Passco

 Manager has a good faith belief that revealing the Requested Information to Grand

 Acquisition is not in Passco Trust’s best interests. Alternatively, if the Trust

 Agreement eliminates Section 3819’s preconditions and defenses, then Passco

 Trust asserts an “improper purpose defense,” arguing that Grand Acquisition seeks

 the Requested Information for a personal purpose that is adverse to Passco Trust’s

 interests. Passco Trust also maintains that because the Trust Agreement includes

 the Requested Information in the defined term “Ownership Records,” and because

 such Ownership Records are not included in Section 5.3(c), the Owners plainly are

 not entitled to the Requested Information under Section 5.3(c).

II.    ANALYSIS

      A.     Standard of Review
       Under Court of Chancery Rule 56(h),

             [w]here the parties have filed cross motions for summary
             judgment and have not presented argument to the Court
             that there is an issue of fact material to the disposition of
             either motion, the Court shall deem the motions to be the



                                          6
             equivalent of a stipulation for decision on the merits
             based on the record submitted with the motions.12

In such situations, “the usual standard of drawing inferences in favor of the

nonmoving party does not apply.”13 Because there are no disputes of material fact

and the parties have agreed that this case should be resolved at the summary

judgment stage,14 I treat their cross motions as a stipulation for decision on the

merits on the record submitted.15 The “preponderance of the evidence” standard,

therefore, applies to Grand Acquisition’s claims and Passco Trust’s affirmative

defenses.16 “Proof by a preponderance of the evidence means proof that something

is more likely than not. It means that certain evidence, when compared to the




12
      Ct. Ch. R. 56(h).
13
      See Am. Legacy Found. v. Lorillard Tobacco Co., 886 A.2d 1, 18 (Del. Ch. 2005)
      (citing Ct. Ch. R. 56(h)), aff’d, 903 A.2d 728 (Del. 2006).
14
      See Amended Stipulation & Order to Govern Case Schedule, Docket Item No. 14.
15
      See Am. Legacy Found., 886 A.2d at 18 (“[U]nder Court of Chancery Rule 56(h),
      since neither party argues that there is a disputed material issue of fact, the court
      deems the cross-motions to be the equivalent of a stipulation for decision on the
      merits on the record submitted.”).
16
      Mooney v. Echo Therapeutics, Inc., 2015 WL 3413272, at *2 (Del. Ch. May 28,
      2015) (“After a trial, the party seeking relief generally has the burden of showing
      entitlement to that relief by a preponderance of the evidence. Here, the ‘trial’
      effectively consisted of oral argument based upon a stipulated record. In that
      sense, this case procedurally is more analogous to a matter submitted on cross
      motions for summary judgment.”).

                                            7
evidence opposed to it, has the more convincing force and makes you believe that

something is more likely true than not.”17

     B.      Grand Acquisition Is Entitled to the Requested Information
             Under Its Contractual Demand
      Grand Acquisition is entitled to the Requested Information under its

Contractual Demand for the following three reasons: (1) the Owners’ contractual

right to the Trust’s books and records under Section 5.3(c) is not subject to Section

3819’s preconditions and defenses; (2) Section 5.3(c) does not exclude Ownership

Records—which encompass the Requested Information—from the books and

records to which the Owners are entitled; and (3) Passco Trust has failed to prove

its improper purpose defense.

            1.      The Owners’ right to books and records under the Trust
                    Agreement is not subject to the DST Act’s preconditions
                    and defenses
      This Court consistently has treated a contractual books and records right

provided in a limited liability company’s (“LLC”) or a limited partnership’s (“LP”)

governing instrument as independent from the relevant default statutory right.18 As



17
      Agilent Techs., Inc. v. Kirkland, 2010 WL 610725, at *13 (Del. Ch. Feb. 18,
      2010) (quoting Del. Express Shuttle, Inc. v. Older, 2002 WL 31458243, at *17
      (Del. Ch. Oct. 23, 2002)).
18
      See, e.g., Bond Purchase, L.L.C. v. Patriot Tax Credit Props., L.P., 746 A.2d 842,
      853 (Del. Ch. 1999) (concluding that an LP’s partnership agreement entitled
      limited partners to a contractual books and records right that “is in addition to and
      separate from the right to obtain information from the Partnership pursuant to
                                            8
then-Vice Chancellor Steele held in Bond Purchase, L.L.C. v. Patriot Tax Credit

Properties, L.P.,

             it is not necessary for . . . partnership provisions to
             include explicit language that they are creating
             contractual rights separate and independent of statutory
             rights in order for those provisions to in fact create a
             separate and independent contractual right. Rather,
             where a provision in a partnership agreement appears on
             its face to create a right separate and independent from a
             statutory right or a right granted in another section of the
             partnership agreement, the partnership agreement must
             explicitly state that the provision is merely clarifying or
             placing additional conditions on the other statutory or
             contractual right if in fact that is the provision’s intended
             purpose. Otherwise, this Court will conclude that the
             parties intended the provision to create the separate and
             independent contractual right that the provision on its
             face purports to create.19




      Section 17-305”—i.e., the statutory right); see also Madison Real Estate
      Immobilien-Anlagegesellschaft Beschrankt Haftende KG v. Kanam USA XIX Ltd.
      P’ship, 2008 WL 1913237, at *4 n.33 (Del. Ch. May 1, 2008) (“The statutory and
      contract claims could have been interdependent, if the contract had specifically
      invoked § 17-305, but [the relevant contractual provision] does not mention § 17-
      305. In any event, a partnership agreement can create a contractual inspection
      right ‘in addition to and separate from’ the statutory inspection right.” (quoting
      Bond Purchase, 746 A.2d at 853)); Arbor Place, L.P. v. Encore Opportunity Fund,
      L.L.C., 2002 WL 205681, at *4 n.9 (Del. Ch. Jan. 29, 2002) (extending the holding
      in Bond Purchase to the LLC context); In re Paine Webber Ltd. P’ships, 1996 WL
      535403, at *1 (Del. Ch. Sept. 17, 1996) (“Paine Webber I”) (“The Court concludes
      that, in these particular circumstances, (1) the plaintiffs do not have a statutory
      right to the lists, because they have not established a proper statutory purpose as
      required by 6 Del. C. § 17-305; and (2) the plaintiffs do have a contractual right to
      the lists under the applicable Partnership Agreements.”).
19
      746 A.2d at 855.

                                            9
Similarly, this Court has indicated that providing an entity’s owners with an

unconditional contractual right to inspect that entity’s books and records has the

practical impact of rendering the relevant statutory preconditions and defenses

inapplicable to that independent contractual right.20 Although no such cases have

been decided regarding a DST, this Court’s decisions involving LLCs and LPs

often cite one another on the basis that “[t]he Delaware [LLC] Act has been

modeled on the popular Delaware LP Act.”21 That same principle applies to


20
      See, e.g., Arbor Place, 2002 WL 205681, at *4 n.9 (“Although the statute provides
      for a good faith defense to a statutory claim for production of books and records,
      this does not appear to be the proper standard to apply in response to a contractual
      claim to inspect books and records.” (citation omitted)); Bond Purchase, 746 A.2d
      at 850-64 (applying the Delaware LP Act’s proper purpose requirement and good
      faith defense to the statutory books and records right, but not to the contractual
      books and records right); In re Paine Webber Qualified Plan Prop. Fund Three,
      L.P. Litig., 698 A.2d 389, 392 (Del. Ch. 1997) (“Paine Webber II”) (“[P]laintiffs
      are not required to demonstrate a proper purpose to enforce their contractual rights
      to the partnership lists because the partnership agreements of these four
      partnerships do not contain an express requirement concerning purpose.”); Paine
      Webber I, 1996 WL 535403, at *5-6 (“[T]his Court should not read [the Delaware
      LP Act’s statutory requirement of a proper purpose] into a partnership agreement
      that grants a limited partner access to partnership information without requiring a
      demonstration of proper purpose.”); Schwartzberg v. CRITEF Assocs. Ltd. P’ship,
      685 A.2d 365, 375 (Del. Ch. 1996) (“It is to be noted that . . . the partnership
      agreements . . . [do not] contain an express limit concerning ‘purpose’ and thus in
      each instance one must begin with the recognition that a partner has no obligation
      to prove that it has a ‘proper purpose’ in order to enforce one of these rights to
      the prescribed access.”).
21
      Elf Atochem N. Am., Inc. v. Jaffari, 727 A.2d 286, 290 (Del. 1999); see also Arbor
      Place, 2002 WL 205681, at *4 n.9 (“Reliance on a limited partnership case is
      appropriate because Delaware’s LLC Act was ‘modeled on the popular LP Act. In
      fact, its architecture and much of its wording is almost identical to that of the
      Delaware LP Act.’” (quoting Elf Atochem, 727 A.2d at 290)).

                                           10
DSTs,22 making it appropriate to apply the holdings in LLC and LP cases to DSTs,

at least in this context.     Hence, the relevant question is whether the Trust

Agreement grants the Owners an independent books and records inspection right

that does not incorporate any of the preconditions or defenses in Section 3819.

      Section 5.3(c) expressly entitles the Owners to “inspect, examine and copy

the Trust’s books and records,” subject only to the condition that such inspection,

examination, and copying be done “during normal business hours.”23 Because

Section 5.3(c) does not expressly include Section 3819’s preconditions and

defenses, the LLC- and LP-related case law24 suggests that the Trust Agreement

grants the Owners an unconditional right to inspect Passco Trust’s books and

records.


22
      See Feeley v. NHAOCG, LLC, 62 A.3d 649, 669 (Del. Ch. 2012) (“[T]he LP Act
      declares as public policy the goal of granting the broadest freedom of contract
      possible. Other Delaware alternative entity statutes, including the LLC Act and
      the Delaware Statutory Trust[] Act, are modeled on the LP Act . . . and adopt the
      same policy of maximizing freedom of contract.” (emphasis added) (footnotes
      omitted)); Cargill, Inc. v. JWH Special Circumstance LLC, 959 A.2d 1096, 1111
      n.60 (Del. Ch. 2008) (“[T]he policy regarding statutory trusts [giving maximum
      effect to the principle of freedom of contract and to the enforceability of governing
      instruments] is consistent with that for other alternative business entities. This can
      be seen in the Delaware Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act (‘DRULPA’).
      Similarly, the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act explicitly embodies a
      policy of giving ‘the maximum effect . . . to the enforceability of limited liability
      company agreements.’” (citations omitted) (citing 6 Del. C. § 17-1101(c))
      (quoting 6 Del. C. § 18-1101(b))).
23
      Trust Agreement § 5.3(c).
24
      See supra note 20.
                                            11
      According to Passco Trust, however, Cargill, Inc. v. JWH Special

Circumstance LLC25 indicates that a DST’s governing instrument must expressly

disclaim Section 3819’s preconditions and defenses for them to be rendered

inapplicable.26 In Cargill, Vice Chancellor Parsons held that the prefatory phrase

“[e]xcept to the extent otherwise provided in the governing instrument”—which

also appears in Section 3819—indicates that “in the absence of language in the

governing instrument . . . to the contrary,” the DST Act’s default provisions

apply.27 Passco Trust contends, therefore, that Grand Acquisition’s position that

“the general ‘books and records’ provision of the Trust Agreement overrides the

Act because it addresses the subject matter of books and records and does not

mention a proper purpose requirement, confidentiality, or grant certain powers to

the manager . . . is flat wrong.”28 From Passco Trust’s standpoint, the Owners’

broad books and records right under Section 5.3(c) is tantamount to “silence”




25
      959 A.2d 1096.
26
      Def.’s Opening Br. 37 (“Indeed, whereas the remainder of Section 5.3(c) defines
      such parameters, the sentence on which Grand Acquisition relies emphasizes only
      when members can carry out an inspection; it does not provide for the wholesale
      elimination of Section 3819’s demand requirements. Nothing in the Trust
      Agreement is expressly ‘contrary’ to the Act, per Cargill.”).
27
      959 A.2d at 1116 (citing 12 Del. C. § 3809).
28
      Def.’s Opening Br. 6.

                                          12
regarding Sections 3819(a)29 and (c),30 which does not, as a matter of law,

constitute “contrary” language.31

      Yet, Passco Trust ignores the context in which the holding in Cargill arose.

In Cargill, a DST’s representative brought fiduciary duty claims against the trust’s

managing owner.32 The representative also brought fiduciary duty claims against

the managing owner’s parent and grandparent companies “based on a line of

partnership cases beginning with In re USACafes, L.P. Litigation,” which “deal

with the fiduciary duties owed by those that control a fiduciary of an underlying


29
      12 Del. C. § 3819(a) (stating that “[e]xcept to the extent otherwise provided in the
      governing instrument,” a beneficial owner must have a “purpose reasonably
      related to the beneficial owner’s interest as a beneficial owner of the statutory
      trust” to inspect the trust’s books and records).
30
      Id. § 3819(c) (providing that “[e]xcept to the extent otherwise provided in the
      governing instrument, the trustees or other persons who have authority to manage
      the business and affairs of the statutory trust” may withhold any information from
      the trust’s beneficial owners “the disclosure of which such persons in good faith
      believe is not in the best interest of the statutory trust or could damage the
      statutory trust or its business or which the statutory trust is required by law or by
      agreement with a third party to keep confidential”).
31
      Def.’s Opening Br. 7 (“In Grand Acquisition’s view, silence equates to ‘otherwise
      provided,’ but the Trust’s view is the view shared by this Court. That is,
      ‘otherwise provided’ means ‘otherwise provided’: ‘[I]n the absence of language in
      the governing instrument or the Act itself to the contrary, this Court must apply
      the statutory and common law relating to trusts.’ Cargill, Inc. v. JWH Special
      Circumstances LLC, 959 A.2d 1096, 1116 (Del. Ch. 2008) (emphasis added).
      There is nothing in the Trust Agreement that is ‘to the contrary’ of what is
      provided for in Sections 3819(a) and (c). The Cargill case ends Grand
      Acquisition’s case as a matter of law.”).
32
      Cargill, 959 A.2d at 1099.

                                           13
entity.”33 In response, the managing owner, its parent, and its grandparent argued

that “the [DST] Act creates a kind of sui generis entity for which virtually no

default duties are implied by the Act or the common law,” and “in the absence of

any positive statement in the Trust Agreement explicitly attributing fiduciary

duties to a corporate parent of a fiduciary, such a corporate parent would not owe

any duty to the statutory trust whatsoever.”34 In rejecting that contention, Vice

Chancellor Parsons noted as follows:

             [T]he [DST] Act generally does not create duties or
             specify mandatory standards of review or liability, but
             rather references certain default principles, such as:
             “Except to the extent otherwise provided in the
             governing instrument of a statutory trust or in this
             subchapter, the laws of this State pertaining to trusts are
             hereby made applicable to statutory trusts . . . .” Thus, in
             the absence of language in the governing instrument or
             the Act itself to the contrary, this Court must apply the
             statutory and common law relating to trusts.35
Vice Chancellor Parsons further noted that rather than addressing the scope of the

applicable fiduciary duties, the relevant provision in the trust agreement addressed

only the circumstances under which the managing owner and its affiliates could be




33
      Id. at 1110.
34
      Id.
35
      Id. at 1116 (footnote omitted) (quoting 12 Del. C. § 3809).

                                           14
exculpated from liability for a fiduciary breach.36 As a result, Vice Chancellor

Parsons held that the default fiduciary duties apply because the trust agreement

“simply does not address whether [the managing owner’s parent and grandparent]

owed any fiduciary duty to the Trust.”37

      The Trust Agreement here, however, is not silent as to the Owners’ books

and records inspection right in the same way that the trust agreement in Cargill

was silent as to the managing owner’s fiduciary duties. A more apt analogy would

be if the Trust Agreement did not create a books and records inspection right at all

and, based on that absence, Grand Acquisition contended that because Section

3819’s preconditions and defenses were not included, the Trust Agreement

eliminated them.    That is not the situation here. Section 5.3(c) provides the

Owners with an unqualified contractual right to the Trust’s books and records,

which is contrary to Section 3819’s qualified statutory right. This case, therefore,

is distinguishable from Cargill.

      Passco Trust also asserts that its argument that the Trust Agreement must

expressly disclaim Section 3819 to avoid its preconditions and defenses “is

buttressed by considering” the differences between Section 3819 and the LLC and




36
      Id. at 1115-16.
37
      Id.

                                           15
LP Acts.38 Passco Trust highlights the fact that Section 3819’s language is nearly

identical to the language in 6 Del. C. § 18-305 (“Section 18-305”) and 6 Del. C. §

17-305 (“Section 17-305”), the LLC and LP analogs of Section 3819,

respectively.39 The major difference between those three sections is the prefatory

phrase in subsections (a) and (c) of Section 3819,40 which is absent from both

Sections 18-30541 and 17-305.42 On the basis of that distinction, and to avoid

“render[ing] the prefatory clause meaningless,” Passco Trust asserts that “unlike

the LLC Act and DRULPA, the [DST] Act does provide a series of default




38
      Def.’s Opening Br. 34.
39
      See id. at 35.
40
      See 12 Del. C. § 3819(a) (“Except to the extent otherwise provided in the
      governing instrument of a statutory trust, each beneficial owner of a statutory trust,
      in person or by attorney or other agent, has the right . . . .”), (c) (“Except to the
      extent otherwise provided in the governing instrument of a statutory trust, the
      trustees or other persons who have authority to manage the business and affairs of
      the statutory trust shall have the right to keep confidential from the beneficial
      owners . . . .”).
41
      6 Del. C. § 18-305(a) (“Each member of a limited liability company, in person or
      by attorney or other agent, has the right . . . .”), (c) (“The manager of a limited
      liability company shall have the right to keep confidential from the members
      . . . .”).
42
      6 Del. C. § 17-305(a) (“Each limited partner, in person or by attorney or other
      agent, has the right . . . .”), (b) (“A general partner shall have the right to keep
      confidential from limited partners . . . .”).

                                            16
provisions for a books and records action, each of which the governing document

must expressly alter.”43

      Although Passco Trust would have me read the prefatory clause to mean that

the Trust Agreement must affirmatively disclaim Section 3819’s preconditions and

defenses in order to avoid them, I interpret that clause differently. Sections 18-305

and 17-305 both have nearly identical subsections allowing an LLC’s or LP’s

governing document to restrict the inspection rights granted under that section.44



43
      Def.’s Opening Br. 36 (citing Lukk v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 2014 WL
      4247767, at *4 (Del. Super. Aug. 27, 2014), corrected by (Del. Super. Aug. 29,
      2014) (“When different words are used in two clauses like this it must be
      presumed different meanings are intended.”); States Roofing Corp. v. Winter, 587
      F.3d 1364, 1370-72 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (applying the canon of statutory
      interpretation: “different terms are presumed to have different meanings”)). This
      Court’s 1998 decision Nakahara v. The NS 1991 American Trust, 739 A.2d 770
      (Del. Ch. 1998), confirms that because the DST Act, the LLC Act, and the LP Act
      are related statutory schemes modeled on one another, it is appropriate to compare
      Section 3819 to Sections 18-305 and 17-305.

      In Nakahara, the Court declined to draw any inferences regarding the Delaware
      General Assembly’s intent in drafting the DST Act based on differences between
      that Act and the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”) because “the
      two statutes are simply too different to draw any conclusions from a comparison
      of their various provisions.” Id. at 781. The Court noted, however, that “[h]ad the
      General Assembly, in crafting the [DST Act], instead adopted wholesale the
      headings and format of the [DGCL]—or even of the [DGCL’s] indemnification
      provision—I might be more persuaded that the dissimilarity between the
      indemnification provisions of the [DST Act] and the [DGCL] was meaningful.”
      Id. at 782. In other words, “[w]ith all else the same, a single difference would
      have more meaning.” Id.
44
      See 6 Del. C. § 18-305(g) (“The rights of a member or manager to obtain
      information as provided in this section may be restricted in an original limited
      liability company agreement or in any subsequent amendment approved or
                                          17
Section 3819 has no equivalent subsection. Instead, the prefatory clause in Section

3819 is what indicates that a DST’s governing document may restrict the

inspection rights granted under that section. To the extent that Section 3819 was

structured to mirror Sections 18-305 and 17-305, it appears that the General

Assembly included the prefatory clause in Sections 3819(a) and (c) to replace the

corresponding provisions in Sections 18-305(g) and 17-305(f).

      Thus, there is no basis on which I can conclude that because of the prefatory

clause, the Trust Agreement must expressly disclaim Section 3819’s preconditions

and defenses for them to be rendered inapplicable. I conclude, therefore, that

under the Trust Agreement, (1) the Owners can inspect the Trust’s books and

records without complying with Section 3819’s procedural and proper purpose

requirements and (2) Passco Trust cannot withhold its books and records on the

basis that the Requested Information is subject to third-party confidentiality

agreements or that Passco Manager has a good faith belief that revealing the

Requested Information to Grand Acquisition is not in Passco Trust’s best interests.




      adopted by all of the members or in compliance with any applicable requirements
      of the limited liability company agreement.”); 6 Del. C. § 17-305(f) (“The rights
      of a limited partner to obtain information as provided in this section may be
      restricted in an original partnership agreement or in any subsequent amendment
      approved or adopted by all of the partners or in compliance with any applicable
      requirements of the partnership agreement.”).

                                         18
            2.        The Owners’ right to books and records under the Trust
                      Agreement includes the Requested Information
      Because Grand Acquisition’s right to inspect Passco Trust’s books and

records under Section 5.3(c) is contractual, the Trust Agreement establishes the

scope of the books and records to which Grand Acquisition is entitled.45 The Trust

Agreement does not define the term “books and records,” but it defines the term

“Ownership Records” to include “the name, mailing address and Percentage Share

of each Owner,”46 which is the information that Grand Acquisition seeks here.

Section 5.3(c), however, does not expressly state that Owners may inspect

Ownership Records.       Instead, the Trust Agreement only mentions Ownership

Records in Section 5.3(i), which obligates Passco Manager to “provide to the

Trustee a copy of the Ownership Records promptly after each revision thereto.”47

According to Passco Trust, therefore, the doctrine of expressio unius dictates that

because “Ownership Records” is a defined term that includes the Requested

Information and because Section 5.3(c) does not include Ownership Records

among the “books and records” that Owners are entitled to inspect, the Trust


45
      See Bond Purchase, 746 A.2d at 855 (“Having concluded that Section 14.1 grants
      . . . a contractual right to inspect, examine and copy the Partnership’s ‘books and
      records’ at all times, I must determine whether the term ‘books and records’
      encompasses the Investor List.”).
46
      Trust Agreement § 1.1.
47
      Id. § 5.3(i).

                                          19
Agreement intentionally excluded the Requested Information from the scope of the

Owners’ contractual inspection right. Passco Trust maintains that under Section

5.3(i), only the Trustee may inspect the Ownership Records. And, Passco Trust

asserts that Section 5.3(c)’s other clauses regarding Passco Manager’s obligations

as to the books and records48 “show[] that the ‘books and records’ contemplated

thereby relate to financial information about the Trust (not its Owners).”49

      Although Passco Trust’s argument does have some logical appeal, I disagree

that the Trust Agreement excludes the Requested Information from the contractual

inspection right in Section 5.3(c). A plain reading of Section 5.3(i) indicates that it

requires Passco Manager to “provide to the Trustee a copy of the Ownership

Records promptly after each revision thereto” rather than creating an exclusive

inspection right in favor of the Trustee.50 In addition, the definition of Ownership

Records indicates that Passco Manager is obligated to revise those Records and




48
      Id. § 5.3(c) (requiring the Manager to “keep customary and appropriate books and
      records relating to the Trust and the Trust Estate,” “obtain annual audited financial
      reports for the Trust,” “keep customary and appropriate books and records of
      account for the Trust,” and “maintain appropriate books and records in order to
      provide reports of income and expenses with respect to the Trust Estate”).
49
      Def.’s Opening Br. 48-49.
50
      Trust Agreement § 5.3(i).

                                           20
maintain them in accordance with Exhibit C to the Trust Agreement.51 Both

Section 5.3(i) and the defined term “Ownership Records,” therefore, seem wholly

unrelated to the Owners’ inspection right in Section 5.3(c). They simply impose

affirmative obligations on Passco Manager regarding the maintenance and revision

of the Ownership Records.

      Similarly, rather than defining the scope of the Owners’ inspection right, the

other provisions in Section 5.3(c)52 impose affirmative obligations on Passco

Manager regarding the maintenance of certain specific books and records. In fact,

the opening sentence of Section 5.3(c) indicates that “books and records” should be

defined by their “customary” meaning.53 Certainly, a DST’s customary “books

and records” include the Requested Information, as Section 3819 expressly

includes “[a] current list of the name and last known business, residence or mailing

address of each beneficial owner and trustee.”54 “If [Passco Trust] wished to bar



51
      Id. § 1.1 (“‘Ownership Records’ means the records maintained by the Manager,
      substantially in the form as set forth on Exhibit C, indicating from time to time the
      name, mailing address and Percentage Share of each Owner, which records shall
      be revised by the Manager contemporaneously . . . .”).
52
      See supra note 48.
53
      Trust Agreement § 5.3(c) (“The Manager shall keep customary and appropriate
      books and records relating to the Trust and the Trust Estate . . . .” (emphasis
      added)).
54
      12 Del. C. § 3819(a)(2); see also Arbor Place, 2002 WL 205681, at *3 & n.6
      (holding that the “LLCs’ member lists fall within the broad language of [the LLC
                                           21
access to the names and addresses of [Owners], it could have done so explicitly in

the” Trust Agreement.55      Simply creating affirmative obligations to maintain,

revise, or provide certain documents that may be considered “books and records”

does not, without more, operate to limit the Owner’s contractual inspection right

under Section 5.3(c).56 I conclude, therefore, that Grand Acquisition’s contractual

inspection right under the Trust Agreement includes the Requested Information.

            3.     Passco Trust has failed to prove its implied improper
                   purpose defense
      Passco Trust asserts an implied “improper purpose defense” as its final basis

for denying Grand Acquisition’s demand to inspect the Requested Information.

The improper purpose defense was first articulated in Chancellor Allen’s 1996


      agreements’ books and records provisions] as they are clearly understood to be
      ‘records’ of the company” based, in part, on the fact that “one item on the list of
      records in § 18-305 is ‘[a] current list of the name and last known business,
      residence or mailing address of each member and manager’”); Def.’s Answering
      Br. 24 (“The Trust does not disagree that, under Section 3819, a trust’s ‘books and
      records’ would generally include a list of investors. Indeed, the same is true under
      the LLC Act and the DRULPA.”).
55
      Parkcentral Global, L.P. v. Brown Inv. Mgmt., L.P., 1 A.3d 291, 296 (Del. Ch.
      2010).
56
      See RED Capital Inv. L.P. v. RED Parent LLC, 2016 WL 612772, at *3 (Del. Ch.
      Feb. 11, 2016) (“Section 10.2(d) provides, in turn, that Company officers shall
      prepare and deliver to Managers monthly management reports and an annual
      audited balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. This latter
      provision does not, contrary to RED Parent’s position, restrict a Manager’s access
      to information; requiring officers to prepare and deliver certain information to
      Managers does not, without more, limit a Manager’s access to additional
      information.” (footnotes omitted)).

                                           22
decision Schwartzberg v. CRITEF Associates Limited Partnership.57                       In

Schwartzberg, Chancellor Allen stated, in the context of a limited partner’s request

to inspect a list of the partnership’s partners, as follows:

             In the absence of an explicit contractual provision or
             statutory language to the contrary, and in circumstances
             in which, as here, a partner denying another partner
             access to partnership business records can show that the
             partner seeking access is doing so for a purpose personal
             to that partner and adverse to the interests of the
             partnership considered jointly, the court is warranted in
             denying the request for access.58
Therefore, Passco Trust must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) no

provision in the Trust Agreement explicitly negates the proper purpose

requirement, (2) Grand Acquisition seeks the Requested Information for a personal

purpose, and (3) granting Grand Acquisition the right to inspect the Requested

Information actually would be adverse to the Trust’s interests.59

      As an initial matter, there is an open issue as to whether the improper

purpose defense applies here. Although Passco Trust argues that the improper

57
      685 A.2d 365 (Del. Ch. 1996).
58
      Id. at 377.
59
      See Bond Purchase, 746 A.2d at 857 (“Under the ‘improper purpose defense,’ this
      court is warranted in denying a partner’s request for access to a partnership’s
      records when (i) neither an explicit contractual provision in a partnership
      agreement nor statutory language negate the notion that partner must have a proper
      purpose and (ii) the partner denying another partner access to partnership business
      records can show that the partner seeking access is doing so for a purpose personal
      to that partner and adverse to the interest of the partnership considered jointly.”).

                                           23
purpose defense should apply to DSTs as it does to LLCs and LPs,60 it

acknowledges that “no Delaware court has addressed [whether the improper

purpose defense applies] in the Delaware Statutory Trust context.”61 And, Grand

Acquisition contends that because “the Trust Agreement contains a controlling

provision that entitles it to the information requested with no condition,” “there is

no basis to imply an improper purpose defense.”62 In any event, I need not decide

whether the improper purpose defense applies here because even if it did, Passco

Trust has failed to prove that releasing the Requested Information to Grand

Acquisition actually would harm the Trust.

      Passco Trust’s improper purpose defense is based on its belief that Grand

Acquisition is affiliated with Maxus Realty Trust, LLC (“Maxus”).             Grand

Acquisition’s affiliation with Maxus is demonstrated by “several publicly-available

documents.”63 First, a news article on Maxus’s website announces Maxus and

Grand Acquisition’s joint acquisition of an apartment community, the Reserve at

Tranquility Lake, and states that Grand Acquisition’s owners are related parties of


60
      Def.’s Opening Br. 54 (citing Bond Purchase, 746 A.2d at 857 (applying the
      improper purpose defense in the LP context)); see also Arbor Place, 2002 WL
      205681, at *4 n.9 (applying the improper purpose defense in the LLC context).
61
      Def.’s Opening Br. 54.
62
      Pl.’s Answering Br. 28.
63
      Def.’s Opening Br. 12.

                                         24
MRTI, a Maxus subsidiary.64 Second, one of Grand Acquisition’s two members,

GMG Real Estate, LLC,65 is owned by Greg Orman, a member of the Maxus

board.66   Third, Grand Acquisition’s operating agreement states that David

Johnson, Maxus’s CEO, is a guarantor of certain Grand Acquisition debt and

grants Johnson the power to serve as Grand Acquisition’s “Special Manager” and

“break any deadlocked vote” between the company’s managers if Grand

Acquisition defaults on any of that guaranteed debt.67 Grand Acquisition, for its

part, denies that it is a “subsidiary or affiliate of any Maxus entity” and states that

Maxus and its affiliates “do not have any ownership or membership interest in . . .

and do not have direct or indirect control of” Grand Acquisition.68

      According to Passco Trust, Grand Acquisition’s relationship with Maxus is

problematic because of Passco Parent’s “long history of painful dealings with

Maxus.”69 Alan Clifton, Passco Parent’s Senior Vice President of Investments &




64
      Carpenter Aff. Ex. H, at PASSCO000010.
65
      Carpenter Aff. Ex. J, at GA400-01.
66
      Carpenter Aff. Ex. K, at PASSCO000002-04.
67
      Carpenter Aff. Ex. J, at GA387-88.
68
      Pl.’s Resps. to Def.’s Req. for Produc. & Interrogs., at 5.
69
      Def.’s Opening Br. 14.

                                            25
Operations, detailed three of those “painful dealings” in an affidavit.70 In each of

those instances, a Passco Parent affiliate managed a real estate asset in which a

Maxus affiliate was invested.71 In one instance, the Maxus affiliate sued the

Passco Parent affiliate for not acknowledging its investment in the real estate

asset.72 In the other two instances, the Maxus affiliate exercised its right to dissent

to a sale of the real estate asset.73 Passco Trust also points to the following

statements made by the District Court of Douglas County, Nebraska, in an action

captioned Institutional Bond Investors II L.L.C. v. America First Tax Exempt

Investors, L.P., regarding an entity that Johnson controlled:

             [Johnson’s entity] employs a business strategy wherein it
             purchases a small fraction of a company or partnership in
             order to gain a toehold in the enterprise . . . to gain access
             to sensitive business information which, if successful, is
             then used for exploitation of either the business, its less
             sophisticated shareholders, or both.74
“In sum,” the Trust’s improper purpose defense is based on its view that Grand

Acquisition, as a Maxus affiliate, will use the Requested Information “to be




70
      Carpenter Aff. Ex. D (“Clifton Aff.”).
71
      Id. ¶ 4.
72
      See id. ¶ 4(a).
73
      See id. ¶ 4(b)-(c).
74
      Carpenter Aff. Ex. M, at PASSCO000042.

                                          26
disruptive and cause stress upon passive investors in order to make financial gains

at others [sic] expense.”75

      Although Passco Trust’s evidence may suffice to establish that Passco

Manager has a good faith belief that revealing the Requested Information to Grand

Acquisition is not in Passco Trust’s best interests, it does not suffice to prove that

revealing the Requested Information to Grand Acquisition actually would harm the

Trust.76 In Bond Purchase, then-Vice Chancellor Steele discussed, in the context

of an LP, the distinction between a statutory good faith defense and a contractual

improper purpose defense:

             In order to establish the improper purpose defense for
             purpose of denying a partner its contractual right to a list
             of partners, a partnership must prove that disclosure of a
             list of partners . . . would in fact be adverse to the
             Partnership. That is, the partnership must prove that the
             adverse effect it believes disclosure of the list would have
             on the partnership is more likely than not to occur if the


75
      Clifton Aff. ¶ 6.
76
      See Bond Purchase, 746 A.2d at 859 (“While the Partnership proved by a
      preponderance of the evidence that the General Partner in good faith believes that
      disclosing the Investor List to Bond is not in the best interest of the Partnership, it
      failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that disclosing the Investor List
      to Bond would in fact be adverse to the interests of the Partnership.”). It is worth
      noting Grand Acquisition’s representation, both in its opening brief and at oral
      argument, that it “will agree that only [Grand Acquisition] will utilize the
      [Requested Information], and will not disclose such information to persons outside
      the company.” Pl.’s Opening Br. 19; accord Oral Arg. Tr. 30-31. Such an
      agreement may help to assuage Passco Manager’s concerns, to the extent they are
      well-founded.

                                            27
             partnership discloses the list to the partner. Under 17-
             305(b), on the other hand, the general partner of a
             partnership needs to prove by a preponderance of the
             evidence only that there is a basis for it in good faith to
             believe that providing a partner with a list of partners
             would not be in the best interest of the partnership or
             would damage the partnership. The partnership does not
             need to prove that it is more likely than not that actual
             damage would occur if the partnership were to disclose
             the list. The distinction in proof between Section 17-
             305(b)’s defense to a statutory claim and the “improper
             purpose defense” to a claim of contractual right is
             appropriate because in the case of a contractual right
             parties to the partnership may bargain for language in the
             partnership agreement designed to give partners access to
             information under terms less restrictive and in addition to
             that granted by statute.77

The evidence that Passco Trust has adduced is vague and speculative, and Passco

Trust fails to satisfy its burden of demonstrating that releasing the Requested

Information to Grand Acquisition actually would be adverse to the Trust.

      Notably absent from each of the three instances that Clifton describes in his

affidavit is any allegation of damage to the “value of the joint investment.”78

Instead, Clifton merely describes run-of-the-mill business conflicts between an

investor in a real estate asset and that asset’s manager.79 As then-Vice Chancellor



77
      Id. (footnotes omitted) (citing Paine Webber I, 1996 WL 535403, at *7).
78
      Madison Real Estate, 2008 WL 1913237, at *13 (quoting Paine Webber I, 1996
      WL 535403, at *7).
79
      See Clifton Aff. ¶ 4.

                                          28
  Jacobs held in In re Paine Webber Limited Partnerships, a “claim that the limited

  partners could be harmed by the plaintiffs’ aggressive sales tactics” does not

  suffice to establish an improper purpose defense.80 Instead, defendants must prove

  that the plaintiff’s “conduct would adversely affect (in an economic sense) the

  defendant limited partnerships as a whole, as distinguished from the limited

  partners as individuals.”81 Passco Trust has not proved, by a preponderance of the

  evidence, that Grand Acquisition’s inspection of the Requested Information would

  adversely affect the Trust in an economic sense. Thus, while Passco Trust likely

  could refuse Grand Acquisition’s Statutory Demand under the good faith defense

  in Section 3819, Passco Trust may not refuse Grand Acquisition’s Contractual

  Demand under the improper purpose defense. Grand Acquisition, therefore, is

  entitled to inspect, examine, and copy the Requested Information.

III.    CONCLUSION
        For the foregoing reasons, I grant Grand Acquisition’s motion for summary

  judgment and deny Passco Trust’s motion for summary judgment.

        IT IS SO ORDERED.




  80
        Paine Webber I, 1996 WL 535403, at *8.
  81
        Id.

                                          29
