
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN





NO. 03-08-00029-CR
NO. 03-08-00030-CR



Russell Dale Mortland, Appellant

v.


The State of Texas, Appellee





FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF HAYS COUNTY, 22ND JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NOS. CR-05-582 & CR-05-583, HONORABLE WILLIAM HENRY, JUDGE PRESIDING



M E M O R A N D U M   O P I N I O N

Appellant Russell Dale Mortland pleaded no contest to indictments accusing him of
fraudulently filing financing statements (three counts) and retaliation.  The court adjudged him guilty
and assessed punishment at twenty-four months in state jail and a $2,500 fine for each fraud count
and at ten years in prison and a $2,500 fine for the retaliation.  The court suspended imposition of
the sentences and placed appellant on community supervision.
Appellant, who represents himself on appeal, contends that the convictions are void
because no complaints were filed.  This contention is without merit.  However, because there is a
double jeopardy violation apparent on the face of the record, we will set aside the judgment of
conviction for one of the three fraud counts.  See Gonzalez v. State, 8 S.W.3d 640, 643 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2000) (explaining when double jeopardy may be raised for first time on appeal); Wright
v. State, 981 S.W.2d 197, 199 n.2 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (stating that appellate court has discretion
to consider unassigned error).  We will affirm the other judgments.
Each of the counts in cause number CR-05-582 alleged that appellant knowingly
presented and caused to be presented for filing, a financing statement that appellant knew contained
a material false statement and was groundless, and that he did so with the intent to harm and defraud
the complainant.  See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 37.101(a)(2), (3), (b) (West 2003).  The complainant
in the third count was Luanne Caraway, Hays County Tax Assessor/Collector.  The indictment in
cause number CR-05-583 alleged that appellant intentionally and knowingly harmed and threatened
to harm Luanne Caraway by unlawfully filing a fraudulent financing statement, and that this
was done in retaliation for or on account of Caraway's service and status as Hays County Tax
Assessor/Collector.  See id. § 36.06(a)(1)(A) (West Supp. 2008).
The constitutional guarantee against double jeopardy protects against multiple
punishments for the same offense.  North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 717 (1969).  When the
same conduct violates more than one penal statute, the test to be applied to determine whether there
are two offenses or only one is whether each statute requires proof of a fact that the other does not.
Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932).  In the absence of evidence of a contrary
legislative intent, two offenses are presumed to be the same when all the elements of one offense
are included within the other.  Langs v. State, 183 S.W.3d 680, 685 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).  To
determine whether a lesser offense is included within the proof necessary to establish the greater
offense, we compare the statutory elements of the greater offense as they were alleged in the
indictment with the elements of the lesser offense.  Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 524, 535-36
(Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
In Langs, the court of criminal appeals held that a person who is convicted of burglary
by entering a building or habitation and committing a felony, theft, or assault cannot also be
convicted for the felony, theft, or assault committed during the burglary.  183 S.W.3d at 686.  This
is because the State must prove all the elements of the underlying offense in order to prove the
burglary.  Id.  The causes now before us present an analogous situation.  In cause number CR-05-583, the State alleged that appellant retaliated against Caraway by unlawfully filing a fraudulent
financing statement.  In order to prove this allegation, the State had to prove that appellant
unlawfully filed a fraudulent financing statement as alleged in count three of cause number CR-05-582.  Because all the elements of the fraud offense were included within the retaliation offense, the
two offenses were the same for double jeopardy purposes, and appellant's conviction for both
offenses constitutes double jeopardy.  Because retaliation is the more serious offense, we will set
aside the fraud conviction.  See Ex parte Cavazos, 203 S.W.3d 333, 338 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
Appellant contends that the indictments were unlawful and the convictions are void
because no complaints were filed.  Appellant's contention rests, however, on statutes and opinions
governing prosecutions based on informations filed by the prosecutor.  See Tex. Code Crim. Proc.
Ann. art. 21.22 (West 1989) (information must be based on complaint); State v. Pierce, 816 S.W.2d
824, 827 (Tex. App.--Austin 1991, no pet.) (valid complaint is prerequisite to valid information). 
In a prosecution based on an information, the requirement of a valid supporting complaint serves to
protect against the dangers arising from the concentration of power in a single prosecutor.  See
Kennedy v. State, 276 S.W.2d 291, 294 (Tex. Crim. App. 1955) (op. on reh'g).  In a prosecution
based on an indictment, this protection is provided by the grand jury, which has the duty of inquiring
into all offenses liable to indictment of which any member may have knowledge, or of which the
grand jury is informed by the prosecutor or other credible person.  See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.
art. 20.09 (West 2005).  Contrary to the arguments made by appellant, the attorney representing the
State has both the right and the responsibility to go before the grand jury at any time to inform the
jury of offenses liable to indictment.  Id. art. 20.03; State ex rel. Holmes v. Salinas, 784 S.W.2d 421,
426 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990).  The return of an indictment by a properly constituted grand jury is
conclusive on the issue of probable cause.  Madden v. State, 644 S.W.2d 735, 737 (Tex. Crim. App.
1983).  Therefore, and contrary to appellant's additional arguments, the right to an examining trial
or preliminary hearing is terminated by the return of an indictment.  Holmes, 784 S.W.2d at 424.
Appellant's contention that the convictions in these causes are void because there
were no complaints on file is overruled.  Because of the double jeopardy violation, however, the
judgment of conviction on count three in cause number CR-05-582 is reversed, and prosecution of
that count is dismissed.  The judgments of conviction on counts one and two in cause number CR-05-582 and the judgment of conviction in cause number CR-05-583 are affirmed.
 
				___________________________________________
				W. Kenneth Law, Chief Justice
Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Puryear and Pemberton
Affirmed in part; Reversed and Dismissed in part
Filed:   December 30, 2008
Do Not Publish
