[Cite as State v. Glenn, 2012-Ohio-3075.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                               EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                              JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       No. 97314



                                      STATE OF OHIO
                                               PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                                 vs.

                                    JERREL T. GLENN
                                               DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                            JUDGMENT:
                                             AFFIRMED


                                    Criminal Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                      Case No. CR-535072

        BEFORE:           Cooney, J., Boyle, P.J., and Kilbane, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: July 5, 2012
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Joseph E. Feighan, III
14516 Detroit Avenue
Lakewood, Ohio 44107


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

William D. Mason
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor

By: Stephanie Heibertshausen
Assistant County Prosecutor
9th Floor, Justice Center
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
COLLEEN CONWAY COONEY, J.:

      {¶1} Defendant-appellant, Jerrel Glenn (“Glenn”), appeals his convictions and

sentence. We find no merit to the appeal and affirm.

      {¶2} In March 2010, Glenn was charged with six counts of kidnapping, two counts

of attempted murder, four counts of felonious assault, and five counts of aggravated

robbery.   All the charges included one- and three-year firearm specifications.     The

indictment alleged a conspiracy to rob and shoot Kenneth Elsleger (“Kenneth”), who was

known to carry large amounts of cash.

      {¶3} At a bench trial, Kenneth testified that on the night of the shooting, he had

gone out drinking with Glenn, his brother Joseph Elsleger (“Joseph”), and two friends,

Mario Galipo (“Galipo”) and Samantha DiVincenzo (“DiVincenzo”). After stopping at

the Lido Lounge, the group went to Scorekeeper’s Lounge (“the bar”) in Parma and

returned to Kenneth’s apartment building at 2:30 a.m. When Kenneth parked the car,

Glenn exited the vehicle and quickly disappeared. Galipo and DiVincenzo, who had

been arguing, walked over to Galipo’s car so DiVincenzo could retrieve items from the

trunk. Joseph accompanied the couple to the car to help DiVincenzo carry these items.
       {¶4} Meanwhile, a man wearing a hooded sweatshirt confronted Kenneth in the

parking lot and ordered him to empty his pockets.       Kenneth raised his hands. The man

shot a gun into the air and ripped a necklace from Kenneth’s neck. Joseph heard the

commotion and returned to assist Kenneth. Joseph did not see the gunman’s face but

recognized the gun as a Glock firearm. To prevent the gunman from shooting Kenneth,

Joseph grabbed the man’s arm. Galipo observed the struggle and pulled Joseph off the

gunman. The gunman shot Joseph in the stomach and fled. During the struggle, the

gunman also shot Kenneth in the neck. Kenneth sustained a spinal cord injury, which

resulted in quadriplegia.

       {¶5} DiVincenzo called the police. Officer Daniel Kravanis (“Kravanis”) of the

Parma Heights police, responded to the scene. Kravanis testified that there was a “fresh

blanket” of snow on the ground and that he observed a single set of footprints leaving the

scene. He followed the footprints past two apartment complexes, through a parking lot,

and up to the entrance of another apartment building.

       {¶6} Although Kenneth was the only witness who saw the gunman’s face, all the

witnesses agreed the suspect was a stocky, white, balding male, approximately 5'6" tall,

and wearing a hooded sweatshirt. When Kravanis reached the end of footprints, he

observed a person who matched the description. This person, who was later identified as

Adam Cassano (“Cassano”), told Kravanis that he had just arrived at the apartment.

Moments later, a second man, who was later identified as Glenn, exited the building and

greeted Cassano. In response to questioning, Glenn told Kravanis he had been with his
friends on the third floor all night. However, when Kravanis questioned the men in the

apartment, they informed him that Glenn had just arrived, and that Cassano had been with

them in the apartment all night.

       {¶7} Detective Daniel Heinz (“Heinz”) of the Parma police testified that during

his investigation of the crime scene, he found a “fired bullet” and two spent shell casings

near a blood stain in the parking lot. Jonathan Gardner (“Gardner”), a firearms expert

from the Bureau of Criminal Investigation, testified that the fired bullet and the shell

casings recovered from the scene came from a 9mm Glock firearm.

       {¶8} Glenn told police he intended to walk home from Kenneth’s apartment

upon their return from the bar.       Parma police detective Michael Klein (“Klein”)

determined that Glenn’s residence was located midway between the bar and Kenneth’s

apartment, and that the distance between Kenneth’s and Glenn’s apartments was

approximately two miles. He doubted Glenn’s claim that he intended to walk home on a

cold snowy night at 2:30 a.m. after a night of drinking when Kenneth could have easily

dropped him off as they passed his residence on the way home. Further, at a police

interview, Glenn denied leaving his car at Kenneth’s address.            However, further

investigation revealed that Glenn’s car was in fact parked at the crime scene.

       {¶9} As a result of numerous inconsistencies in his story, police suspected Glenn

was involved in the shooting and obtained a record of his cell phone activity. These

records showed that he sent and received several text messages to the same phone number
shortly before the shooting. The messages seemed to direct the recipient to the victims’

location.

       {¶10} The State called John Brogan of Verizon Wireless to verify the authenticity

of Glenn’s cell phone records and the records of the unidentified recipient of Glenn’s

messages. The recipient used a Boost Mobile cell phone (“Boost Mobile phone”), which

is a pay-as-you-go phone that keeps no subscriber information. The Verizon records

established that Glenn periodically informed the user of the Boost Mobile phone of his

whereabouts and activities during the night. One message from the Boost Mobile phone

to Glenn’s phone stated: “Keep me updated.” A message from Glenn’s phone to the

Boost Mobile phone stated: “I’ll call you again once I get a chance.” At 1:24 a.m., a

message from the Boost Mobile phone to Glenn’s phone asked: “Which complex?”

Moments later, a message from Glenn’s phone replied: “It’s in Forrest Ridge. You

would see my car.” At 1:31 a.m., a message from the Boost Mobile phone stated: “I’m

walking around here. All the cars got snow on them by the pools or farther download.”

A message from Glenn’s phone responded, “My car right there.” Still unable to find

Glenn’s car, the recipient of Glenn’s messages complained: “There are a lot of buildings

is BT the side street?” Finally, at 2:31 a.m., a message from Glenn’s phone informed:

“We on our way.”

       {¶11} Police further discovered that the Boost Mobile phone made calls to a

landline telephone at Cassano’s mother’s house, where Cassano lived. The day after

Cassano was interviewed by police, Glenn called the Boost Mobile phone, received no
answer, and immediately called the landline at the Cassano home.               Using this

information, the police obtained a search warrant, searched the Cassano home, and found

a large quantity of firearms. Detective Klein testified that he also recovered a clip

belonging to a nine millimeter Glock handgun and a photo of Cassano and Glenn with an

identified female. The firearm used in the crimes, however, was never recovered.

       {¶12} At the conclusion of the trial, the court found Glenn guilty of four counts of

felonious assault and two counts of aggravated robbery. All the charges included one-

and three-year firearm specifications. The court merged Counts 4 and 5, which alleged

felonious assault on Kenneth, and Counts 11 and 12, which alleged felonious assault on

Joseph. The court sentenced Glenn to an aggregate 16-year prison term with mandatory

five years’ postrelease control. Glenn now appeals, raising four assignments of error.

                             Sufficiency and Manifest Weight

       {¶13} In his first and second assignments of error, Glenn argues there is

insufficient evidence to support his convictions and that his convictions are not supported

by the manifest weight of the evidence.    Glenn contends there was insufficient evidence

to support the convictions because none of the witnesses could identify Cassano as the

gunman and there is no evidence linking him to the gunman. He also contends the

evidence of text messaging lacked substance and probative value.        We address these

assigned errors together because they are closely related.

       {¶14} The test for sufficiency requires a determination of whether the prosecution

met its burden of production at trial. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 390,
1997-Ohio-52, 678 N.E.2d 541. The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the

evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v.

Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 942 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus.

Further, “proof may be made by circumstantial evidence as well as by real evidence and

direct or testimonial evidence, or any combination.” Id. at 272.

          {¶15} A challenge to the manifest weight of the evidence attacks the verdict in

light of the State’s burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Thompkins at 386-87. A

reviewing court may reverse the judgment of conviction if it appears that the trier of fact

“clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction

must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” Id. A finding that a conviction was supported

by the manifest weight of the evidence necessarily includes a finding of sufficiency. Id.

at 388.

          {¶16} Glenn claims the text messages constituted social communication between

friends rather than aiding and abetting a crime.    However, as previously stated, messages

sent from Glenn’s phone to the Boost Mobile phone directed the recipient to the victims’

location at the same time the shooting occurred.      The recipient of Glenn’s messages not

only asked for periodic updates on Glenn’s present location, but also sought clarification

of the location of Glenn’s car.    The last message sent from Glenn’s phone before the

robbery simply stated:     “We on the way.”        None of these messages, however, were

offered for the truth of their contents. Thus, they did not constitute hearsay.
       {¶17} DiVincenzo testified that she observed Glenn send and receive numerous

text messages the night of the shooting. While they were driving back to Kenneth’s

apartment from the bar, she observed Glenn “being sneaky on the phone, like trying to

hide it in-between his legs.”   The text messages coupled with the presence of an armed

robber waiting for victims to arrive at 2:30 a.m. on a cold snowy night allowed the trier of

fact to reasonably conclude that Glenn directed the robber to this location at the precise

time the group returned. It is doubtful that a random robber would lie in wait in the cold

at 2:30 a.m. unless he knew the victim would be arriving shortly.

       {¶18} Finally, Glenn argues that because the evidence linking Cassano to the crime

is insufficient, the evidence of Glenn’s participation in the crime is likewise insufficient.

We disagree.

       {¶19} Glenn asserts that because none of the witnesses at the shooting could

identify Cassano from the photo arrays, the evidence failed to prove that Cassano was the

 gunman.      However, the State used circumstantial evidence to prove Cassano’s role in

the crimes. Although the witnesses were unable to identify Cassano as the shooter, they

all provided the same general description of his height and weight, baldness, and hooded

sweatshirt.

       {¶20} Moreover, circumstantial evidence proved Cassano used the Boost Mobile

phone on the night the crimes were committed.      First, Officer Kravanis met him near the

crime scene shortly after the shooting.    Cassano falsely informed Kravanis that he had

just arrived at the apartment, apparently attempting to distance himself from the crime.
The cell phone records showed that someone using the Boost Mobile phone called the

Cassano house. The records also showed that when Glenn called the Boost Mobile

phone and received no answer, he immediately called the landline at Cassano’s home,

obviously trying to reach the person who usually answers the Boost Mobile phone.       Each

of these facts, considered alone, is innocuous.        However, when all the facts are

considered together, they tell the story of how Glenn and Cassano conspired to rob

Kenneth, whom they knew carried a large amount of cash.       It is not clear whether Joseph

was a premeditated target, but the evidence is clear he was a victim of their conspiracy.

       {¶21} Therefore, there is sufficient evidence to support the convictions, and the

convictions are not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶22} The first and second assignments of error are overruled.

                                    Text Message Evidence

       {¶23} In his third assignment of error, Glenn argues the court erroneously admitted

evidence of text messages into evidence.      He contends the evidence was not properly

authenticated under Evid.R. 901(A), and that the evidence constituted inadmissible

hearsay.

       {¶24} First, as we noted above, the messages were not offered for the truth of their

contents and thus are not hearsay. Even if considered hearsay, however, they fit within

an exception to the hearsay rule.

       {¶25} Evid.R. 901 governs the authentication of demonstrative evidence such as

recordings of telephone conversations and text messages. The threshold for admission is
quite low, as the proponent need only submit “evidence sufficient to support a finding

that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” Evid.R. 901(A). This means that

“the proponent must present foundational evidence that is sufficient to constitute a

rational basis for a jury to decide that the primary evidence is what its proponent claims it

to be.” State v. Payton, 4th Dist. No. 01CA2606, 2002 WL 184922 (Jan. 25, 2002). A

proponent may demonstrate genuineness or authenticity through direct or circumstantial

evidence.     State v. Williams, 64 Ohio App.2d 271, 274, 413 N.E.2d 1212 (8th

Dist.1979).

       {¶26} Hearsay is generally not admissible unless it falls within one of the

recognized exceptions. Evid.R. 802;       State v. Steffen, 31 Ohio St.3d 111, 119, 509

N.E.2d 383 (1987). Evid.R. 803(6) provides a hearsay exception for regularly recorded

business records. A telephone or cell phone record may fall within the business record

exception provided under 803(6), if properly authenticated. State v. Hirtzinger, 124

Ohio App.3d 40, 49, 705 N.E.2d 395 (2d Dist.1997); State v. Knox, 18 Ohio App.3d 36,

37, 480 N.E.2d 120 (9th Dist.1984). Evid.R. 803(6) provides:

       A memorandum, report, record, or data compilation, in any form, of acts,
       events, or conditions, made at or near the time by, or from information
       transmitted by, a person with knowledge, if kept in the course of a regularly
       conducted business activity, and if it was the regular practice of that
       business activity to make the memorandum, report, record, or data
       compilation, all as shown by the testimony of the custodian or other
       qualified witness or as provided by Rule 901(B)(10), unless the source of
       information or the method or circumstances of preparation indicate lack of
       trustworthiness. The term ‘business’ as used in this paragraph includes
       business, institution, association, profession, occupation, and calling of
       every kind, whether or not conducted for profit.
       {¶27} Thus, the rule requires that a custodian, or other qualified witness, testify as

to the regularity and reliability of the business activity involved in the creation of the

record. While the witness providing this foundational testimony need not have firsthand

knowledge of the transaction, he or she must be sufficiently familiar with the operation of

the business and with the circumstances of the record’s preparation, maintenance, and

retrieval.    Hirtzinger at 49.

       {¶28} The State called a Verizon representative, John Brogan, to lay the

foundation and to authenticate Glenn’s cell phone records.         Brogan, testifying as a

custodian of records, stated that Verizon regularly maintains a detailed list of the

identities of their customers and their customers’ cell phone usage.      He explained that

computers automatically record incoming and outgoing calls, call duration, and content.

There was no evidence to suggest that the automatic recording of cell phone activity was

unreliable.   Moreover, he testified that Verizon maintains these records in the regular

course of business for billing and rate plan purposes, and Verizon often makes this

information available to police as a courtesy to law enforcement.            Based on his

testimony, we find that Brogan properly authenticated the cell phone records as business

records, which are excepted from the hearsay rule.

       {¶29} Therefore, the third assignment of error is overruled.

                                  Consecutive Sentences

       {¶30} In his fourth assignment of error, Glenn argues the trial court erred by

sentencing him to three consecutive three-year terms on the firearm specifications.      He
contends the court was required by law to merge multiple firearm specifications for

sentencing if the specifications involve the same “act or transaction.” In support of this

argument, Glenn relies on R.C. 2929.14(D)(1).

      {¶31} R.C. 2929.14(D)(1)(b), as it existed at the time of sentencing, prohibited a

trial court from imposing more than one prison term for multiple firearm specifications if

the specifications were committed as part of the same act or transaction.   However, R.C.

2929.14(D)(1)(g) provided an exception for certain felonies including felonious assault

and aggravated robbery.   R.C. 2929.14(D)(1)(g)1 stated:

      If an offender is convicted of or pleads guilty to two or more felonies, if one
      or more of those felonies is aggravated murder, murder, attempted
      aggravated murder, attempted murder, aggravated robbery, felonious
      assault, or rape, and if the offender is convicted of or pleads guilty to a
      specification of the type described under division (D)(1)(a) of this section in
      connection with two or more of the felonies, the sentencing court shall
      impose on the offender the prison term specified under division (D)(1)(a) of
      this section for each of the two most serious specifications of which the
      offender is convicted or to which the offender pleads guilty and, in its
      discretion, also may impose on the offender the prison term specified under
      that division for any or all of the remaining specifications.

      {¶32}    The sentencing entry states that Glenn was found guilty of four counts of

felonious assault (Counts 4, 5, 11, and 12) and two counts of aggravated robbery (Counts

6 and 7).   All of these charges included one- and three-year firearm specifications.

Under R.C. 2929.14(D)(1)(g), the court was required to impose prison terms for the two

most serious firearm specifications against that victim and had discretion to impose a


      1
          R.C. 2929.14, as amended by H.B. 86, provides the same language in what is now
R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(g).
sentence for the third firearm specification. State v. Worth, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-1125,

2012-Ohio-666, ¶ 96.        Glenn does not contend that the court abused its discretion by

imposing      a sentence for the third firearm specification.   Because the sentence was not

contrary to law, and Glenn offers no reason to question the court’s discretion, we find no

error.

         {¶33} The fourth assignment of error is overruled.

         Judgment affirmed.

         It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed.

         The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

         It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The conviction having been affirmed,

any bail pending appeal is terminated.

         A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.


______________________________________________
COLLEEN CONWAY COONEY, JUDGE

MARY J. BOYLE, P.J., and
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J., CONCUR
