                       RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                   File Name: 13a0220p.06

               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                 _________________


                                               X
                          Plaintiff-Appellee, -
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                -
                                                -
                                                -
                                                    No. 12-5240
          v.
                                                ,
                                                 >
                                                -
                        Defendant-Appellant. -
 TROY LEE WOODRUFF,
                                               N
                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                for the Western District of Tennessee at Jackson.
             No. 1:10-cr-10052-1—J. Daniel Breen, District Judge.
                         Decided and Filed: August 13, 2013
         Before: GIBBONS, KETHLEDGE, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

                                   _________________

                                       COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: Richard A. Cline, RICHARD CLINE & CO., LLC, Columbus, Ohio, for
Appellant. James Powell, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Jackson,
Tennessee, for Appellee.
                                   _________________

                                        OPINION
                                   _________________

        JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Defendant-appellant Troy Woodruff
pled guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm and was sentenced to 120 months’
imprisonment. On appeal, Woodruff claims that the district court improperly concluded
that his conviction for facilitation of the sale of cocaine in Tennessee was a “controlled-
substance offense” and therefore applied the incorrect base offense level. He also argues
that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the Presentence Investigation
Report’s finding that Woodruff’s conviction for facilitation was a controlled-substance
offense. For the following reasons, we affirm Woodruff’s sentence.


                                             1
No. 12-5240          United States v. Woodruff                                              Page 2


                                                I.

        On December 6, 2010, Woodruff pled guilty to being a felon in possession of a
firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). The Probation Office prepared a Presentence
Investigation Report (“PSR”) using the 2010 United States Sentencing Commission
Guidelines Manual. According to the PSR, Woodruff’s base offense level was twenty-
four because he had two prior felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a
controlled-substance offense. See U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2K2.1(a)(2)
(2010). Woodruff had been convicted in Tennessee of aggravated burglary and
facilitation of the sale of cocaine. The PSR calculated a total offense level of thirty-one
after concluding that Woodruff qualified as an armed career criminal and reducing the
offense level by three for acceptance of responsibility. At the sentencing hearing, the
district court sustained Woodruff’s objection to his classification as an armed career
criminal and sentenced him to 120 months’ imprisonment. Woodruff appeals his
sentence.

                                                II.

        Because Woodruff did not object to classification of his conviction for
facilitation as a controlled-substance offense, plain-error review applies. Fed. R. Crim.
P. 52(b). “[B]efore an appellate court can correct an error not raised at trial, there must
be (1) error, (2) that is plain, . . . (3) that affects substantial rights[,] . . . [and] (4) [that]
seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.”
Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 466–67 (1997) (internal quotation marks and
alterations in original omitted). A plain error has been described as one that is obvious
or clear. United States v. Gardiner, 463 F.3d 445, 459 (6th Cir. 2006).

        A base offense level of twenty-four applies when a defendant has been convicted
of being a felon in possession of a firearm and has previously been convicted of two
felonies of either a crime of violence or a controlled-substance offense. U.S. Sentencing
Guidelines Manual § 2K2.1(a)(2) (2010). A controlled-substance offense is defined as
No. 12-5240             United States v. Woodruff                                                Page 3


        an offense under federal or state law, punishable by imprisonment for a
        term exceeding one year, that prohibits the manufacture, import, export,
        distribution, or dispensing of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit
        substance) or the possession of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit
        substance) with intent to manufacture, import, export, distribute, or
        dispense.

Id. § 4B1.2(b). A controlled-substance offense includes “the offenses of aiding and
abetting, conspiring, and attempting to commit such offenses.” Id.§ 4B1.2 cmt. n. 1.

        Woodruff was convicted in Tennessee of “facilitation” of the sale of cocaine.1
Tennessee law provides that “[a] person is criminally responsible for the facilitation of
a felony, if, knowing that another intends to commit a specific felony, but without the
intent required for criminal responsibility under [the statute that criminalizes aiding the
commission of an offense], the person knowingly furnishes substantial assistance in the
commission of the felony.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-403. This section applies to a
person “who facilitates criminal conduct of another by knowingly furnishing substantial
assistance to the perpetrator of a felony, but who lacks the intent to promote or assist in,
or benefit from, the felony’s commission.” Id. cmt.

        To determine whether Woodruff’s conviction for facilitation is a controlled-
substance offense, we apply the “categorical” approach. United States v. Galloway,
439 F.3d 320, 322 (6th Cir. 2006). Under this approach, the court looks to “the statutory
definition of the crime of conviction and not the facts underlying that conviction.”
United States v. Rodriguez, 664 F.3d 1032, 1036 (6th Cir. 2011). We consider “whether
the elements of the offense are of the type that would justify its inclusion” within the
definition of a controlled-substance offense. James v. United States, 550 U.S. 192, 202
(2007) (emphasis omitted) (considering whether the elements of a certain offense
justified its inclusion within the residual provision of the definition of a “violent felony”
under the Armed Career Criminal Act).




        1
            Unless otherwise noted, “facilitation” refers to facilitation under Tennessee law.
No. 12-5240        United States v. Woodruff                                        Page 4


       This court has applied the categorical approach in other cases to hold that
convictions for solicitation in Florida, see United States v. Dolt, 27 F.3d 235 (6th Cir.
1994), and possession of a controlled substance in Ohio, see United States v. Montanez,
442 F.3d 485 (6th Cir. 2006), are not controlled-substance offenses. In Dolt, this court
compared the elements of solicitation to the elements of aiding and abetting, conspiracy,
and attempt. We concluded that solicitation is not substantially equivalent to those
offenses for the following reasons: (1) unlike aiding and abetting, solicitation does not
require that the defendant engage in affirmative conduct to aid the commission of an
offense; (2) unlike conspiracy, solicitation does not require an agreement to be reached
between the solicitor and the person solicited; and (3) unlike attempt, “solicitation does
not require an overt act on the part of the defendant to complete the crime.” Dolt, 27
F.3d at 239. In Montanez, the defendant had been convicted in Ohio of drug possession,
in violation of Ohio Revised Code § 2925.03. 442 F.3d at 488. This court explained that
“[n]either of the defendant’s prior convictions contained an element of intent to
distribute that would allow his current sentence to be enhanced under [the career-
offender provision of the Guidelines].” Id. at 494.

       Applying the categorical approach to compare facilitation to the controlled-
substance offenses listed in the Guidelines, we hold that facilitation under Tennessee law
is not a controlled-substance offense. Facilitation is not a controlled-substance offense
because the elements required to prove facilitation are not substantially equivalent to the
elements of aiding and abetting, conspiracy, and attempt. Unlike those offenses,
facilitation does not require the defendant to form an “intent to promote or assist in, or
benefit from, the felony’s commission.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-403 cmt; cf. id.
§§ 39-12-101(a), 39-12-103(a), 39-11-402 (stating that a defendant must have the
culpability required of the primary offense to be convicted of attempt, conspiracy, and
aiding of that offense).

       The Second Circuit reached a similar conclusion in holding that the defendant’s
conviction for facilitation under New York law was not a controlled-substance offense.
United States v. Liranzo, 944 F.2d 73 (2d Cir. 1991). Facilitation in New York, like in
No. 12-5240         United States v. Woodruff                                        Page 5


Tennessee, is defined as conduct “in which the actor aids the commission of a crime with
knowledge that he is doing so but without any specific intent to participate therein or
benefit therefrom.”      William C. Donnino, Practice Commentary, McKinney’s
Consolidated Laws of New York, N.Y. Penal Law § 115.00. The Second Circuit
explained that “unlike the crimes of aiding and abetting, conspiracy, or attempt, the
crime of criminal facilitation does not involve the intent to commit the underlying
substantive offense.” Liranzo, 944 F.2d at 79. The Eighth Circuit has also held that
facilitation under New York law is not a controlled-substance offense. United States v.
Pazzanese, 982 F.2d 251, 254 (8th Cir. 1992) (“[Defendant’s] criminal facilitation
conviction does not prove that he had the mental culpability to commit a felony grade
offense involving controlled substances because no such element need be proved.”).

        Despite our conclusion that facilitation in Tennessee is not a controlled-substance
offense, the district court’s error was not plain. At the time of its decision, the law in
this circuit consisted of the unpublished case United States v. Wicks, No. 95-5478, 1997
WL 259375, at *3 (6th Cir. May 15, 1997) (holding that this question does not have a
“clear or obvious” answer and affirming the district court judgment on plain-error
review). There was thus no controlling law before the district court. Moreover, “Dolt
and Liranzo illustrate the highly technical nature” of the analysis required to reach the
correct result. Id. In addition, an application note to the Guidelines makes the result that
we have reached even less obvious.          Added in 1997, it states that “[u]sing a
communications facility in committing, causing, or facilitating a drug offense (21 U.S.C.
§ 843(b)) is a ‘controlled substance offense’ if the offense of conviction established that
the underlying offense (the offense committed, caused, or facilitated) was a ‘controlled
substance offense.’” U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 4B1.2 cmt. n.1 (1998).
Section 843(b) prohibits a person from “knowingly or intentionally . . . us[ing] any
communication facility in committing or in causing or facilitating the commission of any
act or acts constituting [certain felonies].” 21 U.S.C. § 843(b). The presence of the
word “facilitating” in the definition of this federal offense could possibly lead a court to
conclude that facilitation under Tennessee law is also a controlled-substance offense.
No. 12-5240         United States v. Woodruff                                         Page 6


        However, facilitation has different meanings in these two contexts. As discussed
above, facilitation under Tennessee law is distinct from aiding and abetting because a
defendant convicted of facilitation lacks “the intent to promote or assist in, or benefit
from, the felony’s commission.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-403 cmt. By contrast, the
Supreme Court has explained that “facilitate” as used in § 843(b) has a meaning
equivalent to “aid and abet,” relying upon the Black’s Law Dictionary definition of
“facilitation” as “[t]he act or an instance of aiding or helping; . . . the act of making it
easier for another person to commit a crime.” Abuelhawa v. United States, 556 U.S. 816,
821 (2009) (alterations in original). An individual who aids or abets must “wish[] to
bring about [the crime and] seek by his action to make it succeed.” Rattigan v. United
States, 151 F.3d 551, 557–58 (6th Cir. 1998) (quoting United States v. Morrow, 977 F.2d
222, 230 (6th Cir. 1992) (en banc)). Because a conviction under § 843(b) requires proof
of a different state of mind than a conviction for facilitation in Tennessee, the former
qualifies as a controlled-substance offense while the latter does not. The analysis
required to reach this conclusion, however, is nuanced and cannot fairly be described as
obvious or clear.

        We conclude that the district court did err in its conclusion that facilitation under
Tennessee law is a controlled-substance offense because, in light of our definitive
holding, it is not. Its error was not plain, however, because the state of the law was both
uncertain and not obvious at the time of its decision.

                                              III.

        Woodruff also argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object
to the PSR’s finding that his conviction was a controlled-substance offense. “‘As a
general rule, a defendant may not raise ineffective assistance of counsel claims for the
first time on direct appeal, since there has not been an opportunity to develop and
include in the record evidence bearing on the merits of the allegations.’” United States
v. Martinez, 430 F.3d 317, 338 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting United States v. Wunder, 919
F.2d 34, 37 (6th Cir. 1990)). However, the court will review an ineffective-assistance-
of-counsel claim on direct appeal where “the record is adequately developed to allow the
No. 12-5240        United States v. Woodruff                                        Page 7


court to properly assess the merits of the issue.” United States v. Fortson, 194 F.3d 730,
736 (6th Cir. 1999). In this case, there is no affidavit or testimony from Woodruff’s trial
counsel explaining his decision not to raise an objection to the PSR’s finding that his
conviction for facilitation was a controlled-substance offense. We therefore decline to
address Woodruff’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim at this time.

                                           IV.

       For the reasons provided above, we affirm Woodruff’s sentence.
