                          COURT OF APPEALS
                           SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                FORT WORTH

                                  NO. 02-09-00095-CV
                                  NO. 02-09-00233-CV


IN THE ESTATE OF DORIS
ROSE PRESTON, DECEASED


                                       ------------

             FROM THE PROBATE COURT OF DENTON COUNTY

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                                      OPINION
                                       ------------

                                    I. INTRODUCTION

      Doris Rose Preston died intestate in Denton County on August 27, 2005.

After Appellant Scherry J. Levi filed an application for letters of administration in

December 2005 seeking to be appointed administratrix of Doris‘s estate, three

and a half years of what the trial court described as ―extensive,‖ ―miserable,‖ and

―tortured‖ litigation followed.    These appeals stem from a large part of that

litigation, in which the trial court ultimately entered death penalty sanctions

against both Scherry and Appellant Michael B. Preston.
      In cause number 02-09-00095-CV, Scherry and Michael raise nine issues,

challenging an amended final default judgment in favor of Appellee Deartis

Preston. In cause number 02-09-00233-CV, Scherry and Michael raise eight

issues, challenging a final judgment in favor of Stephen E. Dubner, successor

administrator of the estate of Doris Rose Preston, and Western Surety

Company.1     We will modify the judgments in both causes and affirm the

judgments as modified.

                   II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      A.     People

      Doris, Scherry, Michael, and Gwendolyn are siblings.               Deartis is

Gwendolyn‘s biological son, but Doris adopted Deartis sometime around 1985.2

Deartis is the sole heir to Doris‘s estate. Gwendolyn has another child, Eva,

Deartis‘s sister. Doris, Deartis, Eva, and Gwendolyn lived together in Denton

County until Doris died in August 2005.3

      B.     2006 Pleadings and Proceedings

             1.    Ad Litem Appointed

      The trial court appointed Gretchen Benolken attorney ad litem and

guardian ad litem of Deartis in January 2006. The estate matter was designated

cause number PR-2005-00802.


      1
       The portion of the final judgment in cause 02-09-00233-CV in favor of
Doris‘s estate was assigned to Deartis. Deartis did not file a brief in either cause.
      2
       Gwendolyn was ―born retarded,‖ and Deartis has a ―retardation.‖
      2
       Gwendolyn was ―born retarded,‖ and Deartis has a ―retardation.‖
      3
       According to Michael, Doris ―took care of‖ Deartis, Gwendolyn, and Eva.


                                     2
             2.     March 13, 2006 Prove-up Hearing

      On March 13, 2006, at the prove-up hearing on Scherry‘s December 2005

application for letters of administration, Scherry testified that at the time of Doris‘s

death, she owned a house in Bay City, Texas (the Austin Street house); a 2004

vehicle; several bank accounts containing approximately $20,000; and a teacher

retirement account. According to Scherry, Doris also owned two certificate of

deposit accounts—one worth approximately $79,000 and another worth

approximately $49,000—that she had ―entrusted‖ to Scherry and Michael ―[t]o

take care of Deartis . . . , to make sure that all of his medical things are taken

care of, anything that he might need, you know, so that he‘ll be happy and

comfortable the rest of his life.‖ When asked whether the accounts were ―joint

with right of survivorship or payable on death,‖ Scherry responded, ―All I know is

that . . . the one that was in my name was placed in my name and the one that

Michael‘s name was on was placed in his name because his name was on that

one and my name was on the other one.‖ Scherry explained that her family had

decided to relocate Deartis, Gwendolyn, and Eva to Bay City, where Scherry

lived; that Eva had been acting as the primary caregiver for Deartis since Doris

died and would continue in that role on a day-to-day basis; and that the funds in

the accounts that Doris had allegedly entrusted to Scherry and Michael would be

used for Deartis‘s benefit. Michael, who lives in Los Angeles, testified that ―[t]he

moneys that were entrusted to me are entrusted to take care of our family. That

would be Eva, Gwen, Deartis . . . .‖




                                       3
      At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court expressed that it had

questions about the status of the two accounts that Doris had allegedly entrusted

to Scherry and Michael and that were now in their names. The trial court said,

             I‘m trying to determine in my mind and I‘m not so sure that it‘s
      clear in anybody‘s mind if these accounts were convenient accounts,
      were they beneficiary accounts, were they accounts like trust
      accounts for the use and benefit of Deartis or were they moneys
      given to her sister and brother?

              I believe the family is going to do what the family says, but I‘m
      trying to determine: If that‘s part of the estate, I‘ve got to bond it; if
      it‘s not part of the estate, then I‘m not concerned about it.

Scherry‘s counsel responded that ―if the bank transfers it into another person‘s

name, it‘s probably based on a -- some kind of beneficiary or joint tenant with

right of survivorship designation and we don‘t -- and that that would not be a

probate asset.‖ Benolken, however, stated that this was the first time that she

had heard that those accounts existed and that she shared the trial court‘s

concern about their status. The trial court signed an order authorizing letters of

dependent administration that appointed Scherry administratrix of Doris‘s estate

and set a bond at $100,000.

             3.    Amended Ad Litem Order

      On March 22, 2006, the trial court signed an amended order appointing

Benolken guardian ad litem and attorney ad litem of Deartis. The order provided

that Benolken was ―to be given access to all of DEARTIS PRESTON‘s financial,

medical, psychological, and intellectual testing records.‖




                                     4
             4.     April 12, 2006 Hearing—Motion to Reduce Bond

      On April 12, 2006, the trial court held a hearing on Scherry‘s motion to

reduce the bond. Scherry testified that she knew she was supposed to obtain a

$100,000 bond but that she had not yet done so, that the two accounts that Doris

had allegedly entrusted to her and Michael had each been held by Doris at First

Bank, and that neither she nor Michael had withdrawn those funds from their

respective   accounts.       Scherry    specifically   acknowledged      that   as   the

administratrix for the dependent administration of Doris‘s estate, all of her actions

must be taken with court approval. In her closing argument, Benolken addressed

the still-unanswered question about whether the funds in the two First Bank

accounts were part of Doris‘s estate or whether they were properly paid to

Scherry and Michael as non-probate assets, stating that ―[t]here is no evidence

that anyone has converted a penny. However, if the legal arguments that I have

identified are correct . . . , just the fact that they‘ve been paid over . . . could be a

basis of a conversion claim.‖ The trial court declined to reduce or increase the

bond from $100,000. Western Surety Company later issued Scherry a bond in

the amount of $100,000.

             5.     Amended Order Clarifying Benolken’s Appointment

      In July 2006, the trial court signed an agreed amended order clarifying

Benolken‘s appointment and duties as the attorney and guardian ad litems of

Deartis. Among other things, the order provided that Benolken had the power to



                                       5
prosecute ancillary proceedings ―to effectuate the protection of Deartis Preston

and his rights, claims and assets‖ and that Benolken

      is to be given access to and shall review all records of Doris
      Preston‘s assets and/or liabilities and/or those of her Estate,
      including, but not limited to copies of signature cards, controlling
      agreements, and all records regarding Doris Preston‘s banking and
      investment accounts of any nature, and that any and all relatives of
      Doris Preston and any [] and all financial institutions in which she
      maintained any such assets hereby are ORDERED to produce such
      records to [Benolken] at her request.

             6.    Inventory and Appraisement

      Scherry filed an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims on November

1, 2006, almost a year after she filed her application for letters of administration.

The filing listed the total value of Deartis‘s property at the time of her death at

$67,242.86. It did not, however, include values for the two First Bank accounts

that Doris had allegedly entrusted to Scherry and Michael.

             7.    New Guardian Ad Litem and Power of Attorney

      In November 2006, the trial court appointed Angela Miller guardian

ad litem for Deartis. Benolken remained Deartis‘s attorney ad litem through the

pendency of the litigation. At a hearing on a motion for instructions, Scherry

disclosed for the first time that she had obtained a power of attorney for Deartis

with the help of an attorney who was located in Bay City and who had no other

connection to this case.4


      4
       Scherry testified that she obtained the power of attorney so that she could
receive funds from Doris‘s teacher retirement account.


                                     6
            8.     Complaint Regarding Production of Documents

      On November 13, 2006, Benolken filed a ―Complaint Requesting Additional

Inventory and Imposition of Constructive Trust‖ on behalf of Deartis.           The

complaint stated that Scherry had not turned over financial information regarding

the assets of Doris‘s estate and that there was concern about the inventory and

appraisement that Scherry had filed because it omitted the two First Bank

certificate of deposit accounts that were paid to Scherry and Michael.5 Further,

because ―there have surfaced certain legal issues evidencing a bona fide

dispute‖ regarding whether the First Bank ―[a]ccounts were properly assets of the

Estate as opposed to being disposed of by Decedent through non-testamentary

dispositions to her brother and sister via joint accounts with right of survivorship

and/or payable on death accounts,‖ the complaint requested that the trial court

impose a constructive trust on ―any and all monies that were distributed‖ from the

First Bank accounts ―until such time as the Court can make a determination as to

whether the monies in the [a]ccounts should be brought into the Estate because

the account agreements do not contain the necessary elements required by Tex.

Prob. Code §§439 and 439A.‖

            9.     Motion to Compel

      On December 8, 2006, Benolken filed a motion to compel on behalf of

Deartis, stating that she had requested in writing financial information of Doris


      5
       Benolken identified the accounts as ending in 0612 and 0433.


                                     7
and Deartis but that she had ―received absolutely nothing in response.‖ 6

Benolken prayed that the trial court order Scherry to respond to Benolken‘s

requests for documents.

      C.    2007 Pleadings and Proceedings

            1.     Deartis’s Original Petition

      On January 19, 2007, Benolken filed an original petition (cause PR-2005-

00802-01) on behalf of Deartis against Scherry and Michael, averring that

Scherry and Michael had improperly received the funds from the First Bank

accounts.7 Deartis alleged claims for declaratory relief, constructive trust, and

money had and received related to the funds.8

            2.     January 19, 2007 Hearing—Motion to Compel

      On January 19, 2007, the trial court conducted a hearing on Deartis‘s

motion to compel regarding Scherry‘s failure to produce documents.        At the



      6
        The requested information included ―account information from January 1,
2005 through the present . . . regarding all checking, savings, money market,
certificates of deposit, brokerage, stocks, bond, annuity or other accounts that
Deartis Preston and/or Doris Preston has and/or had an ownership interest in
and/or was a named owner.‖
      7
       Deartis later filed several amended petitions.
      8
        Benolken alleged in part that ―the agreements, contracts, accounts,
certificates of deposit, and signature cards do not comply with the requirements
of Tex. Prob. Code §§439 and 439A‖; ―that the Accounts are not accounts with a
valid right of survivorship and/or do not constitute valid payable on death
accounts‖; and ―that the entirety of said Accounts are assets of the Estate of
Doris Rose Preston.‖


                                    8
outset of the hearing, the trial court questioned why Benolken‘s requests for

documents had gone largely unanswered by Scherry,

      [T]he Court‘s duty is to see to it that that incapacitated heir receives
      whatever the incapacitated heir is supposed to receive, and usually
      that‘s through the efforts of -- of these ad litems. . . .

            ....

             . . . I‘m at a point of some confusion, I admit. I‘m at a point of
      some misunderstanding or -- or at least inability to understand why
      this process of reviewing the status of this estate and being certain
      that Deartis Preston, the incapacitated heir, is receiving what he‘s
      supposed to in a structure that‘s legally cognizable has turned into
      such a fight. I don‘t understand that.

      Michael testified that he had a signature card and several financial

documents regarding the disputed First Bank account that had been paid to him

and that he would turn the documents over to his attorney. He said that of the

approximately $72,000 that First Bank had transferred to him, about $30,000 had

already been used for a down payment on a house that was purchased in Bay

City (the Sailfish house) for Deartis, Gwendolyn, and Eva.9 Michael said that the

Sailfish house was titled in both Scherry‘s and Deartis‘s names. Further, of the

$72,000, another $5,000 each was paid to Scherry and Artis (another Preston

sibling) to pay for attorneys‘ fees. Michael opined that about $52,000 had been

spent from the First Bank account. In terms of handling Doris‘s estate matters,

caring for Deartis, and turning over documents, Michael agreed with the trial



      9
       Deartis, Gwendolyn, and Eva moved into the house.


                                     9
court that his family had ―informal or extralegal kind[s] of arrangements and these

are based on -- on a moral obligation between family members.‖

      Scherry testified that title to the Sailfish house was partly in her name

because Deartis had no credit in his name, and she agreed to turn over certain

bank statements, financial documents, and closing documents that were in her

possession. Scherry testified that she had not spent any of the funds that Doris

had left her in the First Bank account.

      At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court stated that the issue of

whether the funds in the First Bank accounts were nonprobate assets belonging

to Scherry and Michael ―must be resolved.‖ Regarding how Scherry and Michael

were handling matters related to Doris‘s estate, including responding to discovery

requests and turning over documents, the trial court stated the following:

             And I realize that [Michael] and [Scherry] have both made it
      clear to the Court that these long-standing, tradition-based family
      obligations that they have undertaken are very serious to them and
      that they believe they should live up to those obligations and live
      under those obligations and follow them in the interest of Deartis,
      and I respect that. I respect that. However, it lacks legal
      cognizability and structure, and the Court‘s duty -- no matter what
      the family‘s legal and ethical and moral undertakings are, it is the
      Court‘s duty to see that the incapacitated heir is protected not just
      morally and ethically, as I believe is certainly happening with this
      family, but also legally.

             3.    January 25, 2007 Hearing—Motion to Compel

      On January 25, 2007, the trial court continued the hearing on Deartis‘s

motion to compel but granted Scherry‘s motion for a continuance on the matter.

Scherry‘s attorney stated that neither Scherry nor Michael had given him any of

                                     10
the documents referenced in the January 19, 2007 hearing, and he agreed with

the trial court‘s assessment that Scherry had ―different ideas about the need for a

structured arrangement in the handling of this matter for the incapacitated heir‖

and that, in her opinion, ―the informal family arrangements based on moral and

ethical obligations‖ should ―be unfettered by the . . . unnecessary intrusions of the

law.‖ The trial court stated that Scherry‘s and Michael‘s familial arrangements to

address Doris‘s estate and to ―take care of Deartis‖ were ―foreign arrangements

to the legal system. While they may very well be based on bona fide moral,

ethical family ties and connections, they have no enforceability associated with

them, and the Court has to require the administration of an estate in accordance

with the law.‖ The trial court opined that in light of Benolken‘s continuing difficulty

in obtaining documents, ―by the time these ad litems get through protecting

Deartis, Deartis won‘t have anything to protect, . . . so this is a difficult and

untenable situation.‖

             4.     Original Answer and Third Party Claim

      In early February 2007, Scherry and Michael filed their original answer and

a third party claim against First Bank in the action filed by Deartis. They alleged

that they were entitled to be indemnified by First Bank if the funds in the disputed

accounts did not belong to them.




                                      11
             5.    Order Granting Motion to Compel

      On February 23, 2007, the trial court signed an order granting Deartis‘s

motion to compel. The order stated that Scherry had ―wholly failed to respond to

[Benolken‘s] requests for documents as ordered to be made available to

[Benolken] by Order of this Court dated July 17, 2006,‖ and it required both

Scherry and Michael to ―produce all documents responsive to Ad Litem‘s request

for documents.‖ The order also required Scherry and Michael to ―preserve the

status quo as to all assets‖ that are part of Doris‘s estate and that are the subject

of the ancillary lawsuit filed by Deartis against Scherry and Michael.

             6.    March 1, 2007 Hearing

      At a hearing on March 1, 2007, Benolken acknowledged that Scherry‘s

attorney had given her a ―stack of documents‖ that Scherry and Michael had

produced but that Scherry and Michael had still not turned over the documents

detailed by the July 17, 2006 order. Scherry testified briefly that she had given

―what [she] had‖ to Benolken. The trial court mentioned that Miller had filed an

application for guardianship for Deartis.

             7.    Second Order Granting Motion to Compel

      On March 14, 2007, the trial court signed a second order granting Deartis‘s

motion to compel. The trial court found that Scherry had failed to respond to

Benolken‘s requests for documents as ordered by the trial court on July 17, 2006,

and on February 23, 2007, and it required Scherry and Michael to produce all



                                     12
originals and copies of documents pertinent to Doris‘s estate case and Deartis‘s

suit against Scherry and Michael. The order set a hearing for April 19, 2007, to

show cause whether Scherry had complied with the order and, if she had not, to

determine whether she should be held in contempt of court.

             8.    April 19, 2007 Hearing—Show Cause

      Benolken called Miller to testify about the noncompliance with the trial

court‘s orders. Miller testified that although certain documents had been turned

over, Scherry had not complied with the July 2006 agreed amended order

clarifying Benolken‘s appointment; the February 23, 2007 order on motion to

compel; and the March 14, 2007 second order on motion to compel. Regarding

the Sailfish house, Miller testified that Scherry had turned over only the front

page of the warranty deed, had not turned over the entire ―closing packet‖ from

the title company, and had not turned over the note or any of the financing

documents.    As for Doris‘s bank statements, Scherry had turned over some

handwritten ―summaries‖ instead of the actual statements or copies thereof.

Miller opined that Scherry had not turned over ―sufficient detail‖ of Doris‘s teacher

retirement account and had not produced ―information concerning disability

benefits.‖ Miller also opined that it was not possible to determine what monies of

Doris‘s estate had been spent or to analyze Deartis‘s personal money based on

the documents that had been turned over. Miller testified that Scherry was the

person with control over all of the records that were in Doris‘s house.          On



                                     13
rebuttal, Miller recalled that Scherry did not want to permit Benolken to review all

of the requested documents at Scherry‘s attorney‘s office because it would ―cost

thousands of dollars.‖

      Scherry testified that she had produced the documents that were in her

possession, that she had ―sent the documents that [she] thought [Benolken]

wanted,‖ and that no records regarding Doris‘s teacher retirement account had

been given to her, but she admitted that she had not produced all relevant bank

statements and banking records for Deartis, that only part of the documents

regarding the Sailfish house had been produced, that she had not produced an

Atlanta Life Insurance policy, that she had not turned over documents relating to

Deartis‘s Social Security benefits, and that she had not permitted Benolken to

see any original documents. Scherry also testified that she had used estate

funds to pay for a storage space and that she had spent $13,000 of the funds

from the First Bank account to pay off Doris‘s car. There was no evidence that

Scherry had obtained the trial court‘s permission to spend estate money.

      At one point during the hearing, the trial court acknowledged that Michael

had ―no personal duty or obligation to be before‖ the trial court because he was

not the administrator and was not an applicant for guardianship. The trial court

then stated,

             I only need to concern myself, as far as [Michael] is
      concerned, with whether or not he is agreeable to submit himself to
      the jurisdiction of the court for the purpose of the Court‘s asking him
      to provide documents and checkbooks and other matters that he


                                     14
      may have, if he has any, that relate in any way to the Doris Rose
      Preston or Deartis Preston business. That‘s all I need to know.

Michael testified that he understood that he was a defendant in the ancillary suit

filed by Deartis against him and Scherry but that he was only a witness in Doris‘s

estate case.     He submitted to the jurisdiction of the trial court, stated that

Scherry‘s attorney also represented him, and, to the extent that he had not

already done so, agreed to turn over documents in his possession that were

responsive to Benolken‘s requests. Michael confirmed that much of the money

that was transferred to him from the disputed First Bank account had been spent

on attorney‘s fees and on the Sailfish house.

      Before recessing the hearing, the trial court stated that it was concerned

about the ―ongoing track that the case is on‖ due to the ―continuing, almost

incredibly frustrating, maddening document situation that‘s going on at this time.‖

According to the trial court, ―because [Scherry] indicated she fails to understand

the scope of the discovery orders or the orders to compel or she reaches her

own conclusions about what she‘s supposed to produce, . . . the ad litems don‘t

have enough information and nobody can go forward.‖

            9.      April 23, 2007 Hearing—Show Cause

      At the outset of the hearing, the trial court once again explained its

frustration with the case after mentioning that it disagreed with Scherry‘s prior

testimony that she could not take any action in regard to Doris‘s teacher

retirement account until the probate matter had closed,


                                    15
      And as I stated in my rendition on Thursday, this is a particularly
      frustrating case to the Court because much, much expense has
      been incurred, and much delay has . . . occurred in this case.
      Largely, it appears there[] still, today, even this late in the case,
      remains a fundamental either recalcitrance and refusal or complete
      lack of understanding as to the scope of the obligation of the
      administratrix and/or applicants in the guardianship case to produce
      documents and records, regardless of what the position is of the
      party or what the party believes about the legal status of those
      documents and whether the party believes something is relevant or
      not. This is very frustrating for the Court . . . .

      Benolken testified in the narrative that estate funds were being improperly

spent without court approval, that ―items that are normally handled through the

estate process [were] being handled in a totally different fashion out of other

accounts,‖ and that Doris‘s estate funds were being ―dissipated as the sole and

proximate result of [Scherry‘s] continued refusal‖ to fully comply with the trial

court‘s orders. In addressing the Sailfish house documents, Benolken said that it

looked like Scherry had signed Deartis‘s name—without any authority—on one of

two versions of the sales contract for the Sailfish house that were in evidence.10

Benolken thoroughly reviewed the various shortcomings of Scherry‘s and

Michael‘s compliance with the trial court‘s orders,11 explained how she thought




      10
         Benolken also opined that Deartis would be ―on the hook under the deed
of trust‖ if Scherry did ―not comply with the terms of the note,‖ which only she
signed.
      11
        Benolken testified in part that Michael had charged the estate $2,000 for
travel expenses without the trial court‘s approval.

                                    16
Scherry had violated her fiduciary duty as administratrix of Doris‘s estate,12 and

urged that Scherry be removed as administratrix as a sanction.

      The trial court made the following findings at the conclusion of the show

cause hearing:

      I concur with the position of the attorney ad litem that [Scherry] has
      been given multiple opportunities by this court to simply comply with
      document discovery. She has repeatedly made her own decisions
      about what she thinks is relevant. She has continually reiterated
      untenable positions regarding document production. And while she
      continues to insist that she‘s given Ms. Benolken everything,
      sometimes more than once, her performance of the document
      production has been highly selective, extremely inadequate.

            . . . [T]he Court determines from that evidence, [that Scherry]
      has not even cooperated with her own counsel in connection with
      that matter and has made her own decisions about what documents
      to make available to him, based on erroneous and irrelevant
      consideration, such as whether or not it would, in her judgment,
      increase expenses in the case to provide the documents to her
      counsel which have been previously ordered.

           The Court has been very, very patient. The Court has
      executed more than one order. The Court has allowed a lot of time.
      The Court has tried the method of placing the administratrix in a
      noncourt record environment with the ad litem counsel and her own
      counsel in an attempt to secure simple, straightforward document
      production requests.

            ....

            It‘s clear that the administratrix has no notion that she needs
      to secure court approval for anything, despite repeated instructions
      by the Court and, actually, in open court by ad litem counsel and
      others. It is clear that she is not informing her own counsel of

      12
       Benolken noted Scherry‘s (1) placing the Sailfish house in both her name
and Deartis‘s name, (2) accepting money from Michael out of one of the disputed
accounts, and (3) obtaining a power of attorney from Deartis.


                                    17
      actions that she‘s taking. The purchase of the house was without
      court approval. Whether it was deemed by her to be in the best
      interest of the ward, Deartis Preston, or not, she is simply thumbing
      her nose at the jurisdiction of the court.

              ....

             [Scherry] has withheld documents, made her own
      determinations about documents, [and] offered very irrelevant and,
      in fact, almost insulting excuses, such as the copy machine didn‘t
      work correctly or some other avoidance technique . . . .

The trial court then found Scherry in ―constructive contempt‖ of court and gave

her an opportunity to ―cure‖ this by producing the requested documents in their

original form. The court suspended Scherry‘s power of attorney and stated that it

―will have under advisement the possibility of the following sanctions: Removal

of [Scherry] as . . . dependent administratrix . . . and [the] striking of her

pleadings.‖

              10.    May 7, 2007 Order on Show Cause

      On May 7, 2007, the trial court signed its order on show cause, detailing

the findings set out orally at the April 23, 2007 hearing and numerous additional

findings and conclusions, including the following findings regarding Michael:

            11. To the extent there was a deficiency in any notice on any
      matters heard by the Court, [Michael] waived notice by his
      appearance and participation without objection and voluntarily
      subjected himself to the jurisdiction of the Court.

             12. Despite being placed on adequate notice of the contested
      nature of the accounts on which [Michael‘s] name appears in
      addition to [Doris‘s], as well as this Court‘s previous order regarding
      preserving the status quo of such account, [Michael] has testified
      that he has unilaterally expended large portions of the $70,000 that
      was contained in such alleged survivorship account, under his own

                                    18
      belief and idea that it was his money . . . . [Michael] has failed to
      abide by this Court‘s directives as to him.

The trial court adjudged both Scherry and Michael in constructive contempt of

court and gave them the opportunity to ―purge‖ their contempt by producing all of

the requested documents to Benolken by May 18, 2007. The trial court also

decreed the following regarding sanctions:

      [T]he Court hereby takes under advisement imposing the harshest
      available sanctions, including but not limited to[,] striking the
      pleadings of [Scherry] and/or [Michael] in cause number PR-2005-
      00802, GS-2007-00162, and all ancillary proceedings that were or
      could have been filed in connection therewith, including, but not
      limited to, PR-2005-00802-01 and all other matters ancillary to the
      core proceeding, and impos[ing] all other available death penalty
      sanctions . . . .

             11.   May 7, 2007 Order on Status Conference

      On May 7, 2007, the trial court signed an order on status conference

decreeing, among other things, ―that [Michael] has submitted to the jurisdiction of

this Court and is a party to this and all related proceedings.‖

             12.   May 9, 2007 Order Granting Application for Temporary
                   Injunction

      On May 9, 2007, the trial court granted an injunction prohibiting Scherry

and Michael from using any of Deartis‘s property, including the funds in the

disputed First Bank accounts.

             13.   June 13, 2007 Hearing

      On June 13, 2007, the trial court held the first of a number of hearings in

which it considered whether Scherry and Michael had successfully purged their


                                      19
constructive contempt set out in the May 7, 2007 order on show cause.

Additional documents were not turned over until June 4, 2007—after the May 18,

2007 deadline—but the trial court excused the tardiness and limited its inquiry to

whether Scherry and Michael had complied with the May 7, 2007 order on show

cause by producing all of the requested documents.13

      Scherry testified that she had received a copy of the show cause order,

that she had read the order, and that she had received a copy of the transcript of

the April 23, 2007 hearing. Nonetheless, she testified that she had not produced

documents relating to Doris‘s car, which the estate owned and which Scherry

had paid off without obtaining the trial court‘s permission to do so; that she had

allowed Eva to drive Doris‘s car without paying for its use even though Deartis

paid for its insurance; that she had used money from Deartis‘s representative

payee account to pay taxes on the Austin Street house; that she had used estate

money to pay filing fees in Deartis‘s guardianship case; that she had deposited a

royalty check into an account that she held with Doris and that was also in

Doris‘s name when she died; that she had used money from Deartis‘s

representative payee account to pay taxes on land owned by the family in

Cherokee County; that she had produced certain banking records regarding

Doris‘s bank accounts but had not requested the rest of the records from the

banks; that she had never deposited a royalty payment for Doris into the estate
      13
         The record shows that a number of deposits were made into the trial
court‘s registry around this time.


                                    20
account; that she had never produced any of Doris‘s bills from Atmos Energy or

Sears; that she had accepted a check from Michael‘s disputed First Bank

account in the amount of $11,000 as payment for her services as administratrix;

that she had not listed Doris‘s royalty interest in the inventory and appraisement

that she filed; and that she had deposited Doris‘s tax refund in Deartis‘s

representative payee account instead of Doris‘s estate account.             Scherry

admitted that there were more documents relating to Doris‘s estate that she had

not produced. The trial court recessed the hearing.

            14.    June 14, 2007 Hearing

      The trial court held a hearing on June 14, 2007, primarily to address

scheduling matters. At the conclusion of the hearing, it sua sponte removed

Scherry as administratrix of Doris‘s estate and appointed Dubner successor

dependent administrator. The trial court reasoned,

             It is apparent to me that [Scherry], although repetitively
      admonished, held in contempt, placed in an opportunity to purge the
      contempt, still does not take seriously or understand or -- either that
      or refuses to accept, I don‘t know which, the obligations of a court-
      appointed fiduciary.

            ....

            I cannot in good conscience -- in fact, it would be, I think,
      bordering on neglect to do so, to leave [Scherry] in the position of
      court-appointed administratrix, given the uncontroverted evidence
      before the Court at this time, which is the method by which the
      house and the parties live in was acquired, the title that it‘s held in,
      the complete lack of understanding, as demonstrated by the closing,
      the action to have a local attorney provide a power of attorney and
      have Deartis Preston execute documents, when it was clear and
      should have -- either was known or should have been known to all

                                     21
      parties that he‘s an incapacitated person and should never have
      been put in that position.

            The failure to account for funds, the commingling of funds, and
      the use of funds for the multiple benefit of other parties is all
      uncontroverted before the Court. The failure to account for income,
      such as oil and gas royalty, the failure to produce or place money in
      the registry of the court until ordered to do so or until extreme
      actions were taken, all dictate to this Court that the level of -- lack of
      performance, the level of violation, the level of disregard or
      misunderstanding -- it doesn‘t really matter which, because it has the
      same effect -- expressed or -- I‘m sorry not expressed --
      demonstrated by [Scherry], necessitates her immediate removal.

             15.   Dubner’s Original Petition in Intervention

      Dubner, as successor dependent administrator of Doris‘s estate, filed an

original petition on July 20, 2007, intervening in the lawsuit filed by Deartis

against Scherry and Michael. He alleged a claim for breach of fiduciary duty

against Scherry only and claims for conversion and for recovery of the funds in

the disputed First Bank accounts pursuant to probate code section 442 against

both Scherry and Michael. Dubner later sued Western Surety, the surety on the

bond filed by Scherry, alleging that it was liable for the wrongful conduct of

Scherry.14

             16.   July 30, 2007 Hearing

      On July 30, 2007, the trial court continued the hearing regarding whether

Scherry and Michael had purged their constructive contempt. Scherry testified

that she had not produced Doris‘s tax returns, all of Doris‘s banking records and


      14
       Western Surety later settled Dubner‘s claims against it for $85,000.


                                     22
statements, an Atlanta Life policy, various invoices from creditors (such as Sears

and Foley‘s), and the signature cards for Doris‘s undisputed bank accounts.

Scherry testified that she had canceled the insurance on the Austin Street house;

that she had used estate funds to purchase a replacement refrigerator for the

Austin Street house; and that she had never collected rent from her son, who

was living at the Austin Street house when Doris died.15 Scherry also admitted

that even though she had testified in the past that the certificates of deposit left

by Doris were to be used for Deartis‘s benefit, she had designated her children

beneficiaries of a certificate of deposit that was created using funds from a

certificate of deposit account that Doris owned when she died and that was left in

Scherry‘s or Michael‘s name. The trial court recessed the hearing.

            17.    July 31, 2007 Hearing

      At the July 31, 2007 hearing, Scherry testified that Doris had received

royalty payments after Doris died and that the payments were deposited into a

―house‖ account in Scherry‘s and Doris‘s name but that Scherry had never repaid

the royalty payments back to the estate. Scherry stated that the 2006 taxes on

the Austin Street house had not been paid even though she could have paid

them in her capacity as administratrix. She also admitted that she had received

payments from Michael from one of the disputed First Bank accounts after


      15
        The trial court had granted Scherry‘s application to authorize the
demolition of the Austin Street house back in July 2006, but Scherry never had
the house demolished.


                                     23
February 23, 2007, (the date the trial court signed the order on Deartis‘s motion

to compel) and that there were still documents in her possession pertaining to

Doris‘s estate that she had not produced. The trial court recessed the hearing.

            18.    August 1, 2007 Hearing

      At an August 1, 2007 hearing, attorneys questioned Scherry more about

the Sailfish house, bank accounts, and her failure to produce documents. She

gave the following explanation for her failure to timely produce documents

relevant to Benolken‘s requests:

              More than one time I‘ve been asked for different things, but let
      me start at the very front. As I‘ve said before, I was not actually
      aware of some of the things that I have that I should have sent. I did
      not think that she would need an accident policy. Doris did not die of
      an accident, and there was no money to be collected on that policy.
      She didn‘t have any life policies other than the one, and I‘m not sure
      that I sent it or I didn‘t.

            ....

            She had different banks, and she had the insurances. She
      had the CDs and she had all of this stuff that has to be arranged to
      keep up with. So I tried to make sure that those things were made
      available because I knew they were important, you know, the
      things -- the bank situations. I don‘t know how I forgot the Hibernia
      account. Perhaps we were not really using that account, and she
      had so many up here that -- that it just did not cross my mind to send
      it.

           I had no reason to hide it. I just didn‘t think to send it. We
      weren‘t spending anything out of it. . . .

           Then when they [presumably Deartis, Gwendolyn, and Eva]
      moved down there, I had three houses to be -- contend with. I had
      many reports to be sent in. I -- sometimes the timing was not long
      enough. . . .


                                     24
             I did not really understand accounting, and I was trying to get
      myself organized so that when we sent it -- because I did not realize
      it was long past due. . . .

The trial court recessed the hearing.

               19.   September 18, 2007 Hearing

      At a hearing on September 18, 2007, Scherry testified that she had

received checks from Michael that were drawn on a disputed First Bank account

even though she knew the trial court had ordered that no more funds were to be

expended from the disputed accounts. And as in a previous hearing, Scherry

agreed that when she renewed the disputed certificate of deposit account that

Doris had allegedly entrusted to her, she did not designate Deartis as its

beneficiary.

      Michael testified that he had been ―integrally‖ involved in the litigation since

it began; that he understood that the order on show cause required him to

produce documents; that he wrote checks using funds from a disputed First Bank

account after the trial court ordered him and Scherry to preserve the status quo

as to ―all assets‖; and that he had agreed at an earlier hearing that he was

making an appearance before the trial court in all matters and submitting to the

trial court‘s jurisdiction. Michael further testified that he thought compliance with

the order on show cause was voluntary, that the funds spent from the disputed

First Bank account were used for family, and that the Sailfish house was

purchased because Deartis, Gwendolyn, and Eva needed a home. The trial

court recessed the hearing.

                                     25
             20.   Deartis’s Motion for Sanctions

      On October 19, 2007, Deartis filed a motion for sanctions against Scherry

and Michael in the PR-2005-00802-01 cause (Deartis‘s suit against Scherry and

Michael). The motion stated that it was ―filed out of an abundance of caution[]

and not in lieu of any other relief requested in this case. . . . Ad Litems request

the Court to take affirmative action and implement the proposed sanctions which

this Court previously has taken under advisement in this case.‖ Deartis outlined

Scherry‘s and Michael‘s alleged sanctionable conduct—the refusal to provide

discovery, to render an accounting, and to obey the trial court‘s orders—and

requested, among other things, that the trial court enter death penalty sanctions

against Scherry and Michael, including, but not limited to, striking their pleadings

in the PR-2005-00802-01 cause and entering a default judgment against them.

Dubner adopted the position asserted by Benolken in Deartis‘s motion for

sanctions.

             21.   October 26, 2007 Hearing and December 3, 2007 Closing
                   Arguments

      On October 26, 2007, the trial court convened the final evidentiary hearing

regarding whether Scherry and Michael had successfully purged their

constructive contempt. The trial court granted Benolken a ―trial amendment‖ to

clarify that Deartis‘s motion for sanctions applied retroactively,16 and Michael


      16
         Benolken, Miller, Dubner, and counsel for Scherry and Michael signed
the following stipulation:


                                     26
confirmed that the order on show cause applied to him. The parties rested and

closed at the conclusion of the hearing, and the trial court heard closing

arguments at a hearing on December 3, 2007.

      D.     2008 Pleadings and Proceedings

             1.   Consolidated Order on Motions to Compel and For
                  Sanctions and Show Cause

      On March 4, 2008, the trial court signed a consolidated order on motions to

compel and for sanctions and show cause, granting Deartis‘s motion to compel

and Deartis‘s and Dubner‘s motions for sanctions, holding Scherry and Michael

in constructive contempt of court for failing to comply with numerous orders,

setting out in detail Scherry‘s and Michael‘s acts and omissions underlying the

order, and imposing death penalty sanctions against both of them. The order

stated in part,

      [T]he Court hereby strikes all of the pleadings of [Scherry] and
      [Michael] in cause number PR-2005-00802, GS-2007-00162, and all
      ancillary proceedings that were or could have been filed in
      connection therewith, including, but not limited to, PR-2005-00802-
      01 and all other matters ancillary to the core proceeding, and
      imposes all other available death penalty sanctions, including, but

            [A]ll prior testimony and documentary evidence obtained and
      admitted in all prior hearings in this cause (PR-2005-00802-01), in
      Estate Case No. PR-2005-00802, and in Guardianship Case No.
      GS-2007-00162, together with all orders entered in each of the
      foregoing causes, are admitted conclusively as evidence to be
      considered and used for all purposes with regard to all matters which
      have been noticed and/or set for hearing in this cause, whether as a
      continuation of any prior hearing(s) or as an initial hearing, on
      October 26, 2007, and any continued or related hearing or trial
      thereafter.


                                   27
      not limited to, precluding [Scherry] and/or [Michael] (i) from acting as
      Dependent Administrator/rix, (ii) from being appointed as Guardian
      of the Person and/or the Estate of Deartis Preston, (iii) from acting
      as agent-in-fact for Deartis Preston, (iv) from pursuing claims that
      have been brought or could have been brought in any of the Related
      Cases and/or any further ancillary matters thereto, (v) from
      defending claims that have been brought or could have been
      brought in the Related Cases and/or any further ancillary matter
      thereto, (vi) from offering or eliciting any evidence or defenses
      relating to the causes of action that were or could have been
      asserted against him or her by Attorney Ad Litem or Guardian
      Ad Litem or Successor Dependent Administrator in any of the
      Related Cases and/or any further ancillary matters thereto; (vii) from
      opposing or interposing any objections concerning any and all
      evidence of damages against them, (viii) from being entitled to
      obtain responses to any pending discovery requests from Deartis
      Preston, Ad Litems and/or Successor Dependent Administrator, and
      (ix) hereby awarding judgment by default on liability in favor of
      Deartis Preston and the Estate of Doris Rose Preston as against
      [Scherry] and [Michael] . . . .

            2.     Post-Death Penalty Sanctions Hearings

      The trial court convened hearings on June 19, 2008; August 21, 2008; and

August 22, 2008, on Benolken‘s, Miller‘s, and Dubner‘s then-pending applications

for attorneys‘ fees.   After ruling on the applications, the trial court convened

hearings on August 22, 2008; September 12, 2008; and December 11, 2008, to

allow Benolken and Dubner to prove up damages, including exemplary damages,

in their suits on behalf of Deartis and the estate against Scherry and Michael

(cause PR-2005-00802-01).




                                     28
            3.    Order of Severance

      On December 11, 2008, the trial court signed an order severing the default

judgment and all claims and issues of Deartis against Scherry and Michael from

cause PR-2005-00802-01. The trial court assigned cause PR-2005-00802-02 to

Deartis‘s case.

      E.    2009 Proceedings

            1.    Amended Final Default Judgment—PR-2005-00802-02

      On January 8, 2009, the trial court signed an amended final default

judgment in favor of Deartis against Scherry and Michael.17            The order

(1) awarded the Sailfish house to Deartis free and clear of any and all liens,

claims, and encumbrances (except for claims of ―governmental taxing authorities‖

and an equitable lien granted by the separate judgment in favor of Doris‘s

estate); (2) enjoined any and all persons and entities from ―[u]ndertaking any

actions which would endanger the Sailfish [h]ouse in any way‖; (3) declared the

Sailfish house Deartis‘s sole and separate property; (4) awarded Deartis ―actual

damages‖ in the amount of $127,000; (5) awarded Deartis exemplary damages

in the amount of $414,000; and (6) awarded Deartis prejudgment and

postjudgment interest. The trial court signed its findings of fact and conclusions

of law on January 28, 2009.



      17
       This is the judgment that Scherry and Michael appeal from in appellate
cause 02-09-00095-CV.


                                    29
            2.     Final Judgment—PR-2005-00802-01

      On April 13, 2009, the trial court signed a final judgment in favor of Dubner,

as successor administrator of Doris‘s estate, and Western Surety against Scherry

and Michael.18 Regarding Dubner‘s claims against Scherry under probate code

section 442, the trial court awarded Doris‘s estate $13,023.70.19 On Dubner‘s

claims against both Michael and Scherry under probate code section 442, the

trial court awarded Doris‘s estate $83,635.10.20       The trial court additionally

awarded Doris‘s estate exemplary damages in the amount of $180,716.94; an

equitable lien on the Sailfish house in the amount of $25,070.34 ―to secure

payment of the funds from account referenced above ending in 612‖; and

―attorney‘s fees and expenses‖ against Scherry in the amounts of (1) $29,125.45

―for attorney‘s fees and expenses of [Dubner] that would not have otherwise

been incurred except for the actions and/or inactions of‖ Scherry, (2) $53,186.62

―for fees and expenses incurred by [Miller] that would not have otherwise been

incurred except for the actions and/or inactions of‖ Scherry, and (3) $174,067.00

―for fees and expenses incurred by [Benolken] that would not have otherwise

been incurred except for the actions and/or inactions of‖ Scherry.          Of the


      18
       This is the judgment that Scherry and Michael appeal from in appellate
cause 02-09-00233-CV.
      19
        This figure consists of damages in the amount of $92,213.73 less a credit
of $80,383.93 plus prejudgment interest of $848.90.
      20
        This figure consists of damages in the amount of $78,368.14 less a credit
of $184.47 plus prejudgment interest of $5,451.42.

                                    30
judgment awarded to Doris‘s estate against Michael, $85,000 was assigned to

Western Surety. On May 11, 2009, the trial court signed an order that assigned

the portion of the final judgment in favor of Doris‘s estate to Deartis.

      The judgment awarded Western Surety $85,000 on its indemnity claim

against Scherry plus attorneys‘ fees and expenses in the amount of

$38,408.63.21     The trial court adopted Dubner‘s and Western Surety‘s joint

proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law.

             3.     Account for Final Settlement

      On October 22, 2009, the trial court signed an order approving the account

for final settlement filed by Dubner, ordering that no property remains in Doris‘s

estate, discharging Dubner of his duties, and closing the estate. The account

provided in part that ―[t]he total value of the estate at the beginning of this

accounting period [June 26, 2008, to June 12, 2009] was $128,029.26‖ but that

after considering total receipts, total cash disbursements and expenses paid

(which included attorneys‘ fees), and total non-cash disbursements, the total

value of the estate on hand was $0.00.

      F.     Attorneys’ Fees

      The trial court conducted hearings on Benolken‘s, Miller‘s, and Dubner‘s

applications for attorneys‘ fees throughout the litigation. The trial court awarded


      21
       The trial court had granted a summary judgment in favor of Western
Surety on March 25, 2009, based on an indemnity agreement executed by
Scherry.


                                      31
Benolken $11,200 in attorneys‘ fees and costs on March 14, 2007, and

$104,780.19 in attorneys‘ fees pursuant to the order approving the account for

final settlement. The trial court awarded Miller and Dubner attorneys‘ fees in the

amounts of $25,237.06 and $22,971.85, respectively, pursuant to the order

approving the account for final settlement. Scherry and Michael appeal.

                                   III. SANCTIONS

      In their first issues in both cause 02-09-00095-CV and cause 02-09-00233-

CV, Scherry and Michael argue that the trial court abused its discretion and

committed reversible error by imposing death penalty sanctions. They contend

that there was no direct nexus between the offensive conduct and the sanctions

imposed, that the sanctions were excessive, and that the sanctions violated their

due process and due course of law guarantees.

      A.     Standard of Review and Applicable Law

      Trial courts have broad discretion to impose discovery sanctions to secure

compliance with discovery rules, to deter other litigants from similar misconduct,

and to punish violators. See Chrysler Corp. v. Blackmon, 841 S.W.2d 844, 849

(Tex. 1992). We therefore review a trial court‘s imposition of discovery sanctions

for an abuse of discretion. Cire v. Cummings, 134 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tex. 2004).

A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts in an arbitrary or unreasonable manner,

or if it acts without reference to any guiding rules or principles.       Downer v.

Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241B42 (Tex. 1985), cert. denied,



                                      32
476 U.S. 1159 (1986)). In reviewing sanctions orders, we are not bound by a

trial court‘s findings of fact and conclusions of law; rather, we must independently

review the entire record to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion.

Am. Flood Research, Inc. v. Jones, 192 S.W.3d 581, 583 (Tex. 2006).

      Texas rule of civil procedure 215.2(b) allows a trial court to sanction a

party for failure to comply with a discovery order or request.        Tex. R. Civ.

P. 215.2(b). Sanctions that a trial court may impose include an order refusing to

allow the disobedient party to support or oppose designated claims or defenses

and an order striking out pleadings or rendering a judgment by default against

the disobedient party.    Tex. R. Civ. P. 215.2(b)(4), (5).    When a motion for

sanctions asserts that a respondent to a discovery request has failed to produce

a document within its possession, custody, or control, the movant has the burden

to prove the assertion. GTE Commc’ns Sys. Corp. v. Tanner, 856 S.W.2d 725,

729 (Tex. 1993).

      In discovery-sanction cases, a trial court‘s discretion is limited by the

requirement of rule of civil procedure 215.2(b) that the sanctions be ―just‖ and by

the parties‘ constitutional right to due process.    TransAmerican Natural Gas

Corp. v. Powell, 811 S.W.2d 913, 917–19 (Tex. 1991). A sanction is just if a

direct relationship exists between the offensive conduct and the sanctions

imposed. Id. at 917; see Chrysler Corp., 841 S.W.2d at 849. A direct nexus

exists when the sanction is directed against the true offender and is tailored to



                                     33
remedy any prejudice the discovery abuse caused. TransAmerican, 811 S.W.2d

at 917. To be just, a sanction must also not be excessive. Id. A sanction

imposed for discovery abuse should be no more severe than necessary to satisfy

its legitimate purposes. Cire, 134 S.W.3d at 839. Striking a party‘s pleadings for

discovery abuse is ―the most devastating‖ sanction a trial court may impose and

may only be imposed in ―exceptional cases‖ where they are ―clearly justified.‖

GTE, 856 S.W.2d at 729–30; TransAmerican, 811 S.W.2d at 917–18. In Cire,

the supreme court clarified that

      striking pleadings is a harsh sanction that must be used as a last
      resort after the trial court has considered lesser sanctions, and that
      in all but the most egregious and exceptional cases, the trial court
      must test lesser sanctions before resorting to death penalty
      sanctions. However, in cases of exceptional misconduct . . . , the
      trial court is not required to test lesser sanctions before striking
      pleadings under our previous holdings in TransAmerican, Chrysler,
      and GTE, so long as the record reflects that the trial court
      considered lesser sanctions before striking pleadings and the party‘s
      conduct justifies the presumption that its claims lack merit. This
      means that a trial court must analyze the available sanctions and
      offer a reasoned explanation as to the appropriateness of the
      sanction imposed.

134 S.W.3d at 842.

      B.    Direct Nexus

      The record demonstrates that there is a direct nexus between the offensive

conduct, the offenders, and the sanctions imposed. The offensive conduct was

the repeated and admitted failures by Scherry and Michael to comply with the

trial court‘s orders requiring them to produce documents responsive to



                                    34
Benolken‘s discovery requests and to ―preserve the status quo as to all assets‖

that were part of Doris‘s estate and that were the subject of the ancillary lawsuit

filed by Deartis against Scherry and Michael.          The offensive conduct was

attributable to Scherry‘s and Michael‘s actions and inactions regarding their

failures to comply with the trial court‘s orders, not the actions or inactions of their

attorney or some third party.22 It is undisputed that the trial court imposed the

case-determinative sanctions because of Scherry‘s and Michael‘s conduct, which

was examined at length over numerous hearings.

      Scherry and Michael argue that there was no direct nexus between the

offensive conduct and the sanctions imposed because the March 14, 2007

―Sanctions Order‖ was based upon conduct that allegedly occurred prior to the

filing of Deartis‘s suit on January 19, 2007, and that was part of a different case.

But the order that the trial court signed on March 14, 2007, was the second order

granting Deartis‘s motion to compel; the trial court did not enter an order

sanctioning Scherry and Michael until March 4, 2008, one year later. Moreover,

Benolken, Miller, Dubner, and counsel for Scherry and Michael stipulated that ―all


      22
        The trial court made the following finding in the March 4, 2008
consolidated order on motions to compel and for sanctions and show cause:

      45.    The Court has every confidence in . . . counsel for [Scherry]
             and [Michael] . . . . Based on the evidence presented over the
             course of these hearings, the Court believes that [counsel]
             made every effort to gain [Scherry‘s] and [Michael‘s]
             compliance with this Court‘s orders that were entered in these
             Related Cases.


                                      35
prior testimony and documentary evidence obtained and admitted in all prior

hearings . . . are admitted conclusively as evidence to be considered and used

for all purposes with regard to all matters.‖


       Michael argues that there was no direct nexus between the offensive

conduct and the sanctions imposed because he ―was not a party to the action

other than as a P.O.D. beneficiary of the multi-party accounts brought back into

the estate of Doris Preston‖ and because he was not served. However, in the

May 7, 2007 order on show cause, the trial court found that, ―[t]o the extent there

was a deficiency in any notice on any matters heard by the Court, [Michael]

waived notice by his appearance and participation without objection and

voluntarily subjected himself to the jurisdiction of the Court.‖ The record supports

this finding.


       Accordingly, we overrule the part of Scherry‘s and Michael‘s first issues

challenging the propriety of the sanctions order under the first prong of the

TransAmerican test.


       C.       Excessiveness

       Turning to Scherry‘s and Michael‘s arguments that the sanctions were

excessive, under the standards articulated above, we must (1) decide whether

death penalty sanctions were warranted and (2) determine whether the record

reflects that the trial court (a) considered lesser sanctions before striking


                                      36
Scherry‘s and Michael‘s pleadings and (b) actually tested the lesser sanctions

before striking the pleadings unless this is a case involving ―exceptional

misconduct.‖ See Cire, 134 S.W.3d at 842.

      The factual and procedural background above sets out in painstaking

detail the years of litigation that dragged on due in large part to Scherry‘s and

Michael‘s refusal to comply with the trial court‘s orders. As early as January

2007, the trial court expressly recognized that Scherry and Michael had chosen

to handle Doris‘s probate matters through their own informal, intra-family

procedures. Scherry‘s and Michael‘s attorney even acknowledged that Scherry

had ―different ideas about the need for a structured arrangement‖; in Scherry‘s

opinion, the ―informal family arrangements‖ were to ―be unfettered by the . . .

unnecessary intrusions of the law.‖ But the trial court exclaimed that it had a duty

to require that the administration of Doris‘s estate be conducted in accordance

with the law—although that meant spending time and estate money litigating the

case, which included permitting the ad litems to fulfill their duties in representing

Deartis‘s interests. As the trial court identified, without Scherry‘s and Michael‘s

compliance with its orders, the ad litems ―don‘t have enough information and

nobody can go forward.‖

      But after the trial court signed two orders granting motions to compel and

conducted several hearings, it made the following findings in the May 7, 2007




                                     37
order on show cause relevant to its various attempts to obtain compliance with its

orders:

      ―The Court has been very, very patient.‖

      ―The Court has attempted to forebear on the imposition of sanctions[,]
       which this Court considers a progression of lesser sanctions . . . .‖

      ―The Court has executed more than one order.‖

      ―The Court has allowed a great deal of time for compliance.‖

      ―The Court has even tried the method of placing [Scherry] in a non-court-
       record environment . . . in an attempt to secure her proper responses to
       simple, straightforward document production requests.‖

      ―The Court has attempted to make orders that would maintain the status
       quo . . . .‖

      ―The Court has not imposed sanctions on [Scherry] in the past in an effort
       to recognize the possibility that there might have been a misunderstanding
       on the part of [Scherry] with respect to her court-imposed obligations . . . .‖

      ―The Court has exercised every leniency toward [Scherry] to allow her
       every possible latitude.‖

Notwithstanding all of this, based on Scherry‘s failure and refusal to abide by the

trial court‘s orders, it concluded that she

      ―will not modify her behavior‖;

      ―will not comply‖;

      ―will not produce documents‖;

      ―will continue to impose her own decisions and judgment on the relevancy
      and materiality of documents‖;

      ―will continue to withhold documents and offer irrelevant excuses and
      reasons for failure to tender documents‖; and

                                        38
      ―will continue to take positions which are not defensible.‖

      After making these findings and conclusions, instead of imposing

sanctions, the trial court gave Scherry and Michael yet another opportunity to

―purge‖ their constructive contempt. But Scherry and Michael ultimately failed to

do so, as the hearings on June 13, 2007; July 30, 2007; July 31, 2007; August 1,

2007; September 18, 2007; and October 26, 2007, reflect.23 Among other things,

Scherry admitted that there were more documents relating to Doris‘s estate that

she had not produced, and Michael admitted that he had written checks using

funds from a disputed First Bank account after the trial court had ordered him

and Scherry to preserve the status quo as to ―all assets.‖ In the March 4, 2008

order on motion to compel and for sanctions and show cause, the trial court

consequently made the following findings regarding Scherry:

      1.    Instead of complying with the Court‘s orders and heeding this
            Court‘s repeated warnings, Scherry Levi engaged in an
            unremorseful pattern and practice of her own choosing, with
            only a patchy and self-determined production of relevant
            documents in the face of clear and unambiguous instructions
            to the contrary from this Court. The Court finds that Scherry
            Levi has possession, custody, and control of documents which
            are clearly responsive to [Ad Litems‘] discovery requests and
            this Court‘s orders compelling production which she has not
            produced.

      2.    The Court finds that [Scherry] wholly failed to produce either a
            fiduciary accounting or the associated records, both of which
            were required by previous orders. . . .
      23
        The trial court even excused Scherry‘s and Michael‘s failure to comply
with the May 18, 2007 deadline that it had set earlier.


                                     39
      ....

5.    The Court finds that [Scherry] did not provide any valid or
      justifiable excuse or reason for the absence of the documents,
      the records[,] and the accounting, and that she did not show
      any cause whatsoever as to why this Court should not impose
      the sanctions against her . . . .

      ....

7.    Despite being placed on adequate notice of the contested
      nature of the accounts on which [Michael‘s] name appears in
      addition to [Doris‘s], as well as this Court‘s previous order
      regarding preserving the status quo of such account, [Scherry]
      conspired and participated in [Michael‘s] dissipation of large
      portions of the $70,000 that was contained in such alleged
      survivorship account. . . .

      ....

12.   The Court finds that despite clear direction from this Court . . .
      that [Scherry] could not commingle funds and assets . . .
      belonging to [Deartis] and/or the Estate . . . , she continued
      obstinately to handle Deartis‘s property and Estate property in
      her own way. . . .

13.   [Scherry], in her capacity as Dependent Administratrix,
      breached her fiduciary duties and trust that she owed to the
      Estate in numerous respects . . . .

      ....

15.   [Scherry] breached her fiduciary duties and trust that she
      owed to [Deartis] in numerous respects . . . .

The trial court made the following findings regarding Michael:

20.   [Michael] was placed on adequate notice that the joint account
      he held with [Doris], which he alleged had a valid right of
      survivorship designation, was claimed to be the property of
      [Deartis] and/or the Estate. Despite being placed on adequate


                              40
      notice of the contested nature of the accounts on which
      [Michael‘s] name appears in addition to [Doris‘s], as well as
      this Court‘s previous order regarding preserving the status quo
      of such account, [Michael] has testified that he has unilaterally
      expended large portions of the $70,000 that was contained in
      such alleged survivorship account, under his own belief and
      idea that it was his money . . . .

      ....

22.   The evidence further showed that [Michael] not only joined in
      with [Scherry‘s] actions in this matter, including her actions
      with respect to her refusal to comply with this Court‘s
      discovery orders and the Ad Litems‘ discovery requests, but
      also intentionally and actively directed [Scherry] to act as she
      did, including, but not limited to, her actions with respect to her
      refusal to comply with this Court‘s discovery orders and the
      Ad Litems‘ discovery requests.

      ....

24.   The Court finds that [Michael] was in possession of
      documents relevant to this case, and which he specifically was
      ordered to produce, and was able to produce but refused to do
      so. . . .

The trial court made the following ―General Findings‖:

44.   It is an accurate statement that the Court ―has bent over
      backwards‖ over the course of many months to provide
      [Scherry] and [Michael] every chance to comply with their
      duties and obligations to [Deartis], this Court, and the parties
      in each of these Related Cases, including, but not limited to,
      extending deadlines, excusing nonperformance between May
      7, 2007 and June 4, 2007, offering conferences to explain
      duties, holding lengthy hearings, answering questions posed
      by [Scherry] from the witness stand, explaining their duties in
      open court, and entering orders which allowed for the
      opportunity to purge contempt and their repeated failure and
      refusal to comply with valid Court orders and Ad Litems‘
      discovery requests, all to no avail. . . . The Court has
      extended every forbearance, every delay, every second


                               41
      chance that is possible in these Related Cases in its attempt
      to avoid the very result that now has occurred in these cases,
      i.e., extremely high costs, including court-appointed
      fiduciaries‘ and attorneys‘ fees and expenses, in complex and
      growing litigation because of the inactions and actions of
      [Scherry] and [Michael].

      ....

47.   Throughout these proceedings in each of the Related Cases,
      [Scherry] and [Michael] have flaunted their disrespect for this
      Court and the system it is obliged to orchestrate and
      implement. Their own testimony shows that [Scherry] and
      [Michael] operated on their own alternate system. . . .

      ....

55.   Although the remedy contemplated herein associated with a
      failure to comply might be harsh, the Court finds and
      concludes that the enforcement of [Scherry‘s] and [Michael‘s]
      duties and obligations in the circumstances present here are
      of paramount importance. The Court is recalcitrant, reluctant,
      and unwilling to dispose of a case on procedural grounds and,
      therefore, favors progressive sanctions. The Court has been
      reluctant to assess what are referred to as ―death penalty‖
      sanctions, but because of the conduct of the parties, the
      evidence presented, and the reasons detailed in this order, will
      now implement said sanctions.

      ....

60.   Based upon [Scherry’s] and [Michael’s] persistent and
      obstructive behavior in this case, including, but not limited to,
      their repeated failure and refusal to engage in good faith
      discovery and obey lawful Court orders compelling discovery,
      there now has arisen the presumption that they have engaged
      [in] such a pernicious course of conduct because their claims
      and defenses have no merit.

      ....




                              42
            62. The Court finds there are no lesser sanctions which
            could be implemented to gain [Scherry’s] and [Michael’s]
            cooperation and compliance in this case. The Court is mindful
            of Ad Litems’ strenuous argument that monetary sanctions
            likely may constitute an empty remedy against either or both
            [Scherry] and [Michael] because it is doubtful they are
            collectible. The Court finds that there is no reasonable
            alternative to the granting of the most severe death penalty
            sanctions in each of the Related Cases as to both [Scherry]
            and [Michael]. [Emphasis added.]

      The record thus shows that the trial court afforded Scherry and Michael

numerous opportunities to comply with its orders, but they proceeded to

administer Doris‘s estate using their own informal procedures and admitted that

they had failed to comply with the trial court‘s orders, even after being given

numerous opportunities to comply. On the totality of this record, we conclude

that death penalty sanctions were warranted in this exceptional case.

      The March 4, 2008 consolidated order on motions to compel and for

sanctions and show cause contains a lengthy, reasoned explanation as to why

death penalty sanctions were appropriate. The order also clearly shows that the

trial court considered, but ultimately rejected, lesser monetary sanctions. The

trial court indicated that it was ―reluctant‖ to assess death penalty sanctions but,

nonetheless, concluded that there was ―no reasonable alternative to the granting

of the most severe death penalty sanctions‖ because of the likelihood that the

lesser monetary sanctions would be an ―empty remedy.‖ The March 4, 2008

order further shows that the trial court reasonably found that Scherry‘s and

Michael‘s persistent and obstructive behavior justified the presumption that their


                                     43
defenses to Deartis‘s and Dubner‘s claims lacked merit. ―Ordinarily, a trial court

would also be required to test the effectiveness of lesser sanctions by actually

implementing and ordering each sanction that would be appropriate to promote

compliance with the trial court‘s orders in this case.‖ Cire, 134 S.W.3d at 842.

But because of Scherry‘s and Michael‘s blatant disregard for the discovery

process in this exceptional case involving protracted misconduct, death penalty

sanctions were clearly justified, and the trial court was not required to first test

lesser sanctions before imposing case determinative sanctions.24 See id.

      Scherry‘s and Michael‘s arguments that their constitutional rights were

violated because the trial court‘s orders lacked specificity and because Michael

was not a party to the estate action are unpersuasive. The May 7, 2007 order on

show cause set out in detail, again, the discovery that Scherry and Michael were

ordered to produce, and Michael submitted to the jurisdiction of the trial court on

several occasions throughout the record. Scherry and Michael do not argue that

they did not understand the trial court‘s orders; Scherry testified that she ―just

didn‘t think to send‖ responsive documents.

      Accordingly, we conclude and hold that the trial court did not abuse its

discretion by imposing death penalty sanctions, and we overrule the remainder of
      24
        Nonetheless, the trial court stated at the conclusion of the April 23, 2007
show cause hearing that it ―will have under advisement the possibility of the
following sanctions: Removal of [Scherry] as . . . dependent administratrix . . . .‖
The trial court followed through and imposed this lesser sanction, removing
Scherry as dependent administratrix on June 14, 2007, and appointing Dubner
successor dependent administrator. The trial court therefore tested lesser
sanctions.

                                     44
Scherry‘s and Michael‘s first issues, including their arguments challenging the

sanctions order under the second prong of the TransAmerican test.25

                       IV. DISPUTED FIRST BANK ACCOUNTS

      Scherry and Michael assert arguments relevant to the disputed First Bank

accounts in their second, seventh, and eighth issues in cause 02-09-00095-CV

and their second, sixth, and seventh issues in cause 02-09-00233-CV.

      A.       Second Issue—Cause 02-09-00095-CV

      Citing Chandler v. Welborn, 156 Tex. 312, 294 S.W.2d 801 (1956),

Scherry and Michael argue that ―any and all causes of action founded upon the

survivorship accounts . . . belonged to the estate of [Doris] and not [Deartis]‖

because ―[t]he Texas Supreme Court has held that an heir does not have [a] right

to bring a suit during the pendency probate of the estate except for the benefit of

the estate.‖     Indeed, the executor or administrator of a decedent‘s estate

generally has the exclusive right to bring suit for the recovery of real and

personal property belonging to the estate. See Tex. Prob. Code Ann. § 233A

(West 2003); Frazier v. Wynn, 472 S.W.2d 750, 752 (Tex. 1971) (―It is settled in

Texas that the personal representative of the estate of a decedent is ordinarily

the only person entitled to sue for the recovery of property belonging to the

estate.‖); Chandler, 156 Tex. at 318, 294 S.W.2d at 806 (―When administration is


      25
          To the extent that Scherry and Michael raise any other arguments within
their first issues that are not addressed by our analysis, those arguments are
waived as inadequately briefed. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i).


                                    45
pending, the heirs are generally not entitled to maintain a suit for the recovery of

property belonging to the estate . . . .‖). However, the supreme court in Chandler

also recognized an exception to the general rule when ―it appears that the

administrator will not or cannot act, or that his interest is antagonistic to that of

the heirs desiring to sue.‖ 156 Tex. at 318, 294 S.W.2d at 806. Under this

exception, an heir may maintain a suit to recover property belonging to the estate

while the administration is pending. See id.; In re Guardianship of Archer, 203

S.W.3d 16, 22 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, pet. denied).

      Assuming that Scherry and Michael may even assert this argument, 26 on

this record, Deartis had standing to sue to recover property belonging to Doris‘s

estate because Scherry‘s interest in the disputed First Bank accounts was

indisputably antagonistic to Deartis‘s interest. See Chandler, 156 Tex. at 318,

294 S.W.2d at 806. To the extent Deartis sued Scherry and Michael to recover

the funds from the disputed First Bank accounts under the theory that the funds

belonged to him, Chandler is inapposite. Accordingly, we overrule Scherry‘s and

Michael‘s second issue in cause 02-09-00095-CV.

      B.     Second Issue—Cause 02-09-00233-CV




      26
          See Paradigm Oil, Inc. v. Retamco Operating, Inc., 242 S.W.3d 67, 71–
72 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2007, pet. denied) (holding that when all allegations
in petition, including those that established standing, were deemed admitted as a
result of a default judgment, defaulting party was estopped from denying the
plaintiff‘s standing).


                                     46
      Scherry and Michael argue that section 442 of the probate code ―limits the

liability of any payee to an amount not greater ‗than the amount that the party,

P.O.D. payee, or beneficiary received from the multiple-party account‘‖; that ―as a

matter of law there could not have been a breach of fiduciary duty, fraud,

conversion, or any other cause of action against Appellants by Appellee related

to the accounts‖; and that ―[a]ny potential liability was limited to the amount of the

accounts for the benefit of the estate of Doris Preston.‖

      Probate code section 442 authorizes the use of multi-party account funds

to pay debts, taxes, and expense of administration under certain circumstances.

Tex. Prob. Code Ann. § 442 (West Supp. 2010). Neither Scherry nor Michael

argue that the disputed First Bank accounts were not needed to pay for the

significant expenses of administration. Further, the damages expressly awarded

to the estate pursuant to the section 442 claims are consistent with the amounts

that First Bank turned over to Scherry and Michael after Doris‘s death. At the

March 13, 2006 prove-up hearing, Scherry disclosed for the first time that Doris

had entrusted two certificate of deposit accounts to Scherry and Michael—one

worth approximately $79,000 and another worth approximately $49,000. The

trial court found in favor of Dubner on his section 442 claims against Michael and

Scherry in the amount of $78,368.14 and against Scherry in the amount of

$49,206.40.    Scherry and Michael did not preserve for appellate review their

argument challenging the award of prejudgment interest, nor do they direct us to



                                      47
any relevant authority. See Allright, Inc. v. Pearson, 735 S.W.2d 240, 240 (Tex.

1987) (holding that error regarding award of prejudgment interest must be

preserved); see also Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i).          We overrule Scherry‘s and

Michael‘s second issue in cause 02-09-00233-CV.

      C.    Seventh and Eighth Issues—Cause 02-09-00095-CV and Sixth
            and Seventh Issues—Cause 02-09-00233-CV

      In their seventh and eighth issues in cause 02-09-00095-CV27 and sixth

and seventh issues in cause 02-09-00233-CV,28 Scherry and Michael argue that

the funds in the disputed First Bank accounts belonged to them.         It is well

established that once a default judgment is taken on an unliquidated claim, all

allegations of fact set forth in the petition are deemed admitted, except the

amount of damages. Holt Atherton Indus., Inc. v. Heine, 835 S.W.2d 80, 83

(Tex. 1992); Stoner v. Thompson, 578 S.W.2d 679, 684 (Tex. 1979). ―[I]f the

facts set out in the petition allege a cause of action, a default judgment

conclusively establishes the defendant‘s liability.‖    Morgan v. Compugraphic

Corp., 675 S.W.2d 729, 731 (Tex. 1984).


      27
        Scherry and Michael argue in the seventh issue that Deartis‘s pleadings
establish as a matter of law that the disputed First Bank accounts were joint
accounts with rights of survivorship. In the eighth issue, Scherry and Michael
argue that the record does not support Deartis‘s claim that the funds in the
disputed accounts did not belong to them.
      28
        Scherry and Michael argue in the sixth issue that the disputed accounts‘
signature cards and incorporated documents created a joint tenancy with rights
of survivorship. In the seventh issue, Scherry and Michael argue that there is no
evidence in the record to support the trial court‘s judgment.


                                    48
      Deartis alleged the following in his third amended petition:

             Doris Rose Preston (―Decedent‖) died on August 27, 2005
      leaving only one heir, the Plaintiff, Deartis Preston. Prior to
      Decedent‘s death, she established certain accounts on which her
      sister, [Scherry], and her brother, [Michael], were signatories or had
      access. Two of these bank accounts were held at First Bank, initially
      bearing Account Numbers xxxxxxxx0612 (the ―0612 Account‖) and
      xxxxxxxx0433 (the ―0433 Account‖) (collectively the ―Accounts‖), and
      were certificates of deposit which were opened April 27, 2004 and
      October 8, 2003, respectively. There were signature cards executed
      on the Accounts, which checked boxes titled ―Joint – With
      Survivorship,‖ which Plaintiff contends are not sufficient to establish
      the Accounts as valid survivorship accounts. Moreover, the 0612
      Account had a six month maturity, and matured on October 27,
      2004. The 0433 Account had a three month maturity, and matured
      on January 8, 2004. No new signature cards were executed when
      new certificates of deposit were opened, either upon the maturity of
      the Accounts, or any downstream maturity of different accounts (the
      ―New COD Accounts‖). Plaintiff alleges that the funds in the
      Accounts and/or New COD Accounts constitute his sole and
      separate property . . . .

Dubner alleged the following against Scherry and Michael:

      No multiple-party account will be effective against an estate of a
      deceased party to transfer to a survivor sums needed to pay debts,
      taxes, and expenses of administration if other assets of the estate
      are insufficient. In this case, the expenses of administration
      outweigh the assets of the estate. Both [Scherry] and [Michael]
      have claimed the funds held by First Bank in accounts *****0612 and
      ******0433 are survivorship accounts.       If these accounts are
      survivorship accounts, then the funds needed to pay administration
      expenses, taxes, and debts belong to the Estate of [Doris].

      The trial court concluded that ―[t]he facts pleaded in [Deartis‘s] Third

Amended Original Petition in Cause No. PR-2005-00802-01 are established by

the default liability judgment granted by order of this Court dated March 4,




                                    49
2008.‖29     The trial court also concluded that ―[t]he facts pleaded in Dubner‘s

Petition are established by the default liability judgment granted in the 3-4-08

Order.‖ Accordingly, in light of the default judgment, Scherry and Michael were

deemed to have admitted all of Deartis‘s and Dubner‘s factual allegations, except

damages, establishing their default judgment liability, and they may not complain

of those admissions now. See Holt Atherton, 835 S.W.2d at 83; Morgan, 675

S.W.2d at 731. We overrule the seventh and eighth issues in cause 02-09-

00095-CV and the sixth and seventh issues in cause 02-09-00233-CV.30

                                V. SAILFISH HOUSE

      A.       Fourth Issue—Cause 02-09-00095-CV

      In the fourth issue in cause 02-09-00095-CV, Scherry and Michael

challenge the portion of the amended final default judgment that ―divest[s]

[Scherry] of title [to the Sailfish house] through finding a constructive trust on the

property.‖    They argue that ―[t]he constructive trust imposed on the ‗Sailfish‘

property was a remedy not available to the Probate Court.‖

      A constructive trust is a relationship with respect to property, subjecting the

person by whom the title to the property is held to an equitable duty to convey it

to another on the ground that his acquisition or retention of the property is
      29
        We have already reasoned above that Deartis had standing to assert
claims against both Scherry and Michael.
      30
       To the extent that Scherry and Michael raise any other arguments within
these six issues that are not addressed by our analysis, those arguments are
waived as inadequately briefed. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i).


                                      50
wrongful and that he would be unjustly enriched if he were permitted to retain the

property. Talley v. Howsley, 142 Tex. 81, 86, 176 S.W.2d 158, 160 (Tex. 1943).

Thus, a constructive trust is a device equity uses to remedy a wrong. Lesikar v.

Rappeport, 33 S.W.3d 282, 303 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, pets. denied); see

Meadows v. Bierschwale, 516 S.W.2d 125, 131 (Tex. 1974). A constructive trust

may be imposed when one acquires legal title to property in violation of a

fiduciary relationship.   Lesikar, 33 S.W.3d at 303.       While the form of a

constructive trust is practically without limit, its existence depends upon the

circumstances. Troxel v. Bishop, 201 S.W.3d 290, 297 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006,

no pet.).   Because imposition of a constructive trust constitutes an equitable

remedy, we review the trial court‘s decision to impose a constructive trust under

an abuse of discretion standard. Baker Botts, L.L.P. v. Cailloux, 224 S.W.3d

723, 736 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2007, pet. denied).

      Deartis alleged that Scherry and Michael breached fiduciary duties that

they owed to him by using funds from the disputed First Bank accounts—funds

that Deartis averred belonged to him—to purchase the Sailfish house.          See

Punts v. Wilson, 137 S.W.3d 889, 891 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.)

(stating that the relationship between an executor and the estate‘s beneficiaries

is one that gives rise to a fiduciary duty as a matter of law). When one‘s funds or

other assets are used by a fiduciary to acquire property for himself, the aggrieved

party may seek the property itself or its value. Lesikar, 33 S.W.3d at 304. In this



                                    51
case, the trial court ordered a conveyance of the Sailfish house to Deartis. See

Carr v. Weiss, 984 S.W.2d 753, 756 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1999, pet denied)

(affirming judgment in which trial court imposed constructive trust upon property

and ordered conveyance of that property).        To the extent that Scherry and

Michael challenge the award by attempting to raise a fact issue that money from

the disputed First Bank accounts was not used to purchase the Sailfish house,

we have already explained that when the trial court granted a default judgment in

favor of Deartis, all allegations of fact set forth in Deartis‘s petition were deemed

admitted, and neither Scherry nor Michael may challenge those admissions now.

See Holt Atherton, 835 S.W.2d at 83. We overrule the fourth issue in cause 02-

09-00095-CV.

      B.     Third Issue—Cause 02-09-00095-CV

      In the third issue in cause 02-09-00095-CV, Scherry argues that the trial

court erred by ordering her to make payments on the Sailfish house after

imposing a constructive trust.     The only part of the amended final default

judgment that appears to order Scherry to continue making payments on the

Sailfish house is the permanent injunction, which enjoins Scherry and all others

from undertaking any actions that would ―endanger‖ the Sailfish house in any

way, including the ―failure to make payments on the promissory note secured by

the Sailfish [h]ouse and lot.‖ Scherry had no interest in the Sailfish house after

the trial court ordered a conveyance of her interest to Deartis.         Aside from



                                     52
characterizing payments as support, an obligation to make installment payments

on a home mortgage is not enforceable by contempt because it constitutes

imprisonment for debt. Whitt v. Whitt, 684 S.W.2d 731, 734–35 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 1984, no writ); see Ex parte Duncan, 462 S.W.2d 336, 338

(Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1970, no writ). A trial court has no ability to

enforce a void judgment, which is entirely null within itself. Easterline v. Bean,

121 Tex. 327, 334, 49 S.W.2d 427, 429 (Tex. 1932). We sustain Scherry‘s and

Michael‘s third issue in cause 02-09-00095-CV to the extent that they complain

about the part of the permanent injunction ordering Scherry to continue making

payments on the Sailfish house.

                               VI. EQUITABLE LIEN

      In the third issue in cause 02-09-00233-CV, Scherry and Michael

challenge the portion of the final judgment that establishes an equitable lien on

the Sailfish house in the amount of $25,070.34 and in favor of Doris‘s estate to

secure payment for funds from the 0612 account that were used for the purchase

of the Sailfish house. Scherry and Michael contend that this part of the judgment

is void because ―the Court previously divested [Scherry] of any interest in the

Sailfish house in the companion case.‖ They set forth no further argument and

no citations to any relevant authorities to support this single sentence contention.

The argument is inadequately briefed and, therefore, waived. See Tex. R. App.

P. 38.1(i); Fredonia State Bank v. Gen. Am. Life Ins. Co., 881 S.W.2d 279, 284



                                     53
(Tex. 1994) (discussing ―long standing rule‖ that issue may be waived due to

inadequate briefing). We overrule the third issue in cause 02-09-00233-CV.

                        VII. ATTORNEYS’ FEES AS DAMAGES

      In the fourth issue in cause 02-09-00233-CV, Scherry and Michael

challenge the awards to Doris‘s estate of (1) $29,125.45 ―for attorney‘s fees and

expenses of [Dubner] that would not have otherwise been incurred except for the

actions and/or inactions of‖ Scherry; (2) $53,186.62 ―for fees and expenses

incurred by [Miller] that would not have otherwise been incurred except for the

actions and/or inactions of‖ Scherry; and (3) $174,067.00 ―for fees and expenses

incurred by [Benolken] that would not have otherwise been incurred except for

the actions and/or inactions of‖ Scherry. In the fifth issue in cause 02-09-00095-

CV, Scherry and Michael challenge the award to Deartis of ―actual damages‖ in

the amount $127,000.      Scherry and Michael do not challenge the award of

attorneys‘ fees to Benolken, Miller, and Dubner pursuant to the order approving

the account for final settlement.

      The trial court awarded these damages based on attorneys‘ fees incurred

as a result of Scherry‘s and Michael‘s misconduct.31 See Oscar M. Telfair, III,

P.C. v. Bridges, 161 S.W.3d 167, 170 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2005, no pet.)

(recognizing recovery of attorneys‘ fees based upon equitable grounds when


      31
       It is less clear that the judgment in cause 02-09-00095-CV awarded
damages based on attorneys‘ fees incurred, but the record supports this
conclusion.


                                    54
claimant was required to prosecute or defend litigation involving third party as

consequence of wrongful act of defendant). The First Court of Appeals recently

addressed this exception to the general rule for the recovery of attorneys‘ fees,

reasoning as follows:

             [Appellee] acknowledges that the general rule in Texas is that
      ―attorney‘s fees may not be recovered from an opposing party unless
      such recovery is provided for by statute or by contract between the
      parties.‖ However, in Turner, the supreme court recognized, without
      adopting, an exception to the general rule provided for in the
      Restatement of the Law: Torts, Vol. 4 § 914. The exception
      provides that ―where a plaintiff has been involved in litigation with a
      third party as a result of the tortious act of another, the plaintiff may
      recover in a separate suit for his reasonable and necessary
      expenses of the prior litigation.‖        Certain prerequisites must,
      however, be met. These include: (1) the plaintiff must have incurred
      attorney‘s fees in the prosecution or defense of a prior action, and
      (2) the litigation must have involved a third party and must not have
      been brought against the defendant in the same action in which the
      fees are sought.

             Subsequent to Turner, this Court and other Texas courts of
      appeals have held that ―equitable principles may allow the recovery
      of attorney‘s fees and other litigation expenses ‗where a party was
      required to prosecute or defend the previous suit as a consequence
      of the ―wrongful act‖ of the defendant.‘‖

Brown & Brown of Tex., Inc. v. Omni Metals, Inc., 317 S.W.3d 361, 399–400

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. denied) (citations omitted); see also

G.R.A.V.I.T.Y. Enters., Inc. v. Reece Supply Co., 177 S.W.3d 537, 546–47 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2005, no pet.).

      Although we are not directed to any case in which this court has

recognized this exception, the exception is nonetheless inapplicable regarding



                                     55
cause 02-09-00233-CV because the fees were not incurred in a prior litigation

involving a third party; the fees were incurred in the same action for which they

were awarded and for conduct caused by the same defendant. See Brown &

Brown, 317 S.W.3d at 400; see also MRO Sw., Inc. v. Target Corp., No. 04-07-

00078-CV, 2007 WL 4403912, at *2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Dec. 19, 2007, pet.

denied) (mem. op.). Accordingly, we hold that the trial court erred by awarding

Doris‘s estate attorneys‘ fees as damages. We sustain Scherry‘s and Michael‘s

fourth issue in cause 02-09-00233-CV.

      Similarly, in cause 02-09-00095-CV, the award of ―actual damages‖ was

based on attorneys‘ fees incurred by Benolken and Miller in the same case and

involving the same defendants. We therefore hold that the trial court erred by

awarding Deartis attorney‘s fees as actual damages, and we sustain Scherry‘s

and Michael‘s fifth issue in cause 02-09-00095-CV. See Brown & Brown, 317

S.W.3d at 400; MRO Sw., 2007 WL 4403912, at *2.

                           VIII. SEVERING OF CAUSES

      In the sixth issue in cause 02-09-00095-CV and the fifth issue in cause 02-

09-00233-CV, Scherry and Michael argue that the trial court committed reversible

error by severing Deartis‘s suit against them from Dubner‘s action on behalf of

Doris‘s estate.

      The trial court has broad discretion to sever causes. Guar. Fed. Savs.

Bank v. Horseshoe Operating Co., 793 S.W.2d 652, 658 (Tex. 1990) (op. on



                                   56
reh‘g). A claim is severable if (1) the controversy involves more than one cause

of action, (2) the severed claim is one that would be the proper subject of a

lawsuit if independently asserted, and (3) the severed claim is not so interwoven

with the remaining action that they involve the same facts and issues. Id.; see

State Dep’t of Highways & Pub. Transp. v. Cotner, 845 S.W.2d 818, 819 (Tex.

1993). The controlling reasons for a severance are to do justice, avoid prejudice,

and further convenience. Horseshoe, 793 S.W.2d at 658.

      We have reviewed the entire record, and we hold that the trial court acted

within its broad discretion by severing Deartis‘s suit from Dubner‘s suit on behalf

of Doris‘s estate. See id. Further, Scherry and Michael have demonstrated no

harm, considering that the trial court did not enter conflicting judgments in regard

to the disputed First Bank accounts. Accordingly, we overrule Scherry‘s and

Michael‘s sixth issue in cause 02-09-00095-CV and fifth issue in cause 02-09-

00233-CV.

                            IX. EXEMPLARY DAMAGES

      In the eighth issue in cause 02-09-00233-CV and the ninth issue in cause

02-09-00095-CV, Scherry and Michael challenge the awards of exemplary

damages. We construe their arguments as challenges to the legal sufficiency of

the evidence to support the awards.

      Unliquidated damages include exemplary damages; therefore, evidence

must be presented of exemplary damages to sustain an award thereof in a



                                      57
default judgment. Herbert v. Greater Gulf Coast Enters., Inc., 915 S.W.2d 866,

872 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, no writ). Exemplary damages may be

awarded only if the claimant proves by clear and convincing evidence that the

harm with respect to which it seeks recovery of exemplary damages results from

fraud, malice, or gross negligence.         Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.

§ 41.003(a) (West Supp. 2010). If the claimant relies on a statute establishing a

cause of action and authorizing exemplary damages in specified circumstances

or in conjunction with a specified culpable mental state, exemplary damages may

be awarded only if the claimant proves by clear and convincing evidence that the

damages resulted from the specified circumstances or culpable mental state. Id.

§ 41.003(c). Clear and convincing evidence is that measure or degree of proof

that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the

truth of the allegations sought to be established. Id. § 41.001(2) (West 2008);

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 101.007 (West 2008); State v. K.E.W., 315 S.W.3d 16,

20 (Tex. 2010); Transp. Ins. Co. v. Moriel, 879 S.W.2d 10, 31 (Tex. 1994). This

intermediate standard falls between the preponderance standard of civil

proceedings and the reasonable doubt standard of criminal proceedings. In re

G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846, 847 (Tex. 1980); State v. Addington, 588 S.W.2d 569,

570 (Tex. 1979). While the proof must be of a heavier weight than merely the

greater weight of the credible evidence, there is no requirement that the evidence

be unequivocal or undisputed. Addington, 588 S.W.2d at 570.



                                      58
       When a specific attack is made upon the legal or factual sufficiency of the

evidence to support the trial court‘s determination of damages in a default

judgment, the appellant is entitled to a review of the evidence produced. Dawson

v. Briggs, 107 S.W.3d 739, 748 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.).            In

evaluating the evidence for legal sufficiency, we must determine whether the

evidence is such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or

conviction that its finding was true. K.E.W., 315 S.W.3d at 20; Columbia Med.

Ctr. of Las Colinas, Inc. v. Hogue, 271 S.W.3d 238, 248 (Tex. 2008). We review

all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding. Hogue, 271 S.W.3d at

248.   We resolve any disputed facts in favor of the finding if a reasonable

factfinder could have done so. K.E.W., 315 S.W.3d at 20; Hogue, 271 S.W.3d at

248.    We disregard evidence contrary to the finding unless a reasonable

factfinder could not. K.E.W., 315 S.W.3d at 20; Hogue, 271 S.W.3d at 248. That

is, we consider undisputed evidence even if it is contrary to the finding. Hogue,

271 S.W.3d at 248; City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 817 (Tex. 2005).

Evidence that merely exceeds a scintilla is not legally sufficient. K.E.W., 315

S.W.2d at 20. If we determine that no reasonable factfinder could form a firm

belief or conviction that its finding was true, then we must conclude that the

evidence is legally insufficient. Diamond Shamrock Ref. Co. v. Hall, 168 S.W.3d

164, 170 (Tex. 2005); Sw. Bell Tel. Co. v. Garza, 164 S.W.3d 607, 627 (Tex.

2004). Generally, if we determine that evidence is legally insufficient, we must



                                    59
then reverse and render judgment. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002);

see Tex. R. App. P. 43.3; Garza, 164 S.W.3d at 626 & n.58.

      A.    Ninth Issue—Cause 02-09-00095-CV

      The trial court awarded Deartis exemplary damages in the amount of

$414,000. The trial court made the following findings of fact, among others:

      7.    By her breach of fiduciary duty, [Scherry] intended to gain an
            additional unwarranted benefit and engaged in self dealing.

      8.    By his breach of fiduciary duty, [Michael] intended to gain an
            additional unwarranted benefit and engaged in self dealing.

      We have already held above that the trial court erred by awarding Deartis

―actual damages‖ in the amount of $127,000 based on attorneys‘ fees.

Notwithstanding interest, the only other relief that the trial court awarded

Deartis—upon his claims for breach of fiduciary duty or conspiracy to breach

fiduciary duties—related to the Sailfish house, including (1) title to the Sailfish

house, (2) an injunction enjoining ―any actions which would endanger the Sailfish

[h]ouse in any way,‖ and (3) a declaration that the Sailfish house was Deartis‘s

sole and separate property.    Exemplary damages are not available unless a

plaintiff establishes that it sustained actual loss or injury as the result of an

underlying tort. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 41.004(a) (West 2008);

Fed. Express Corp. v. Dutschmann, 846 S.W.2d 282, 284 (Tex. 1993). While the

mere grant of injunctive relief will not support an award of punitive damages, the

supreme court has recognized a ―recovery of property‖ exception to the rule



                                    60
requiring the recovery of actual damages, noting that ―where equity requires the

return of property, this ‗recovery of the consideration paid as a result of fraud

constitutes actual damages and will serve as a basis for the recovery of

exemplary damages.‘‖ Nabours v. Longview Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 700 S.W.2d

901, 904–05 (Tex. 1985) (reasoning that its holding that the mere grant of

injunctive relief will not support an award of punitive damages ―should not be

confused with an absolute refusal to allow punitive damages in a case where

equitable relief is had‖); Lesikar, 33 S.W.3d at 310. Deartis‘s award of complete

title to the Sailfish house is an award that appears to fit within the requirement

that he recover actual damages to sustain an award of exemplary damages.

      The trial court found that ―[t]here is factually sufficient evidence to justify

the exemplary damages award for breach of fiduciary duty . . . .‖ A defendant‘s

intentional breach of fiduciary duty is a tort for which a plaintiff may recover

exemplary damages. Lesikar, 33 S.W.3d at 311. The court in Lesikar stated,

      While it is a general rule that Texas courts allow the recovery of
      punitive damages where the defendant, in committing a tort, acted
      willfully, maliciously, or fraudulently, where punitive damages are
      awarded for breach of fiduciary duty the actual motives of the
      defendant and whether the defendant acted with malice are
      immaterial. But something more than a simple breach is required for
      the recovery of punitive damages; the acts constituting the breach
      must have been fraudulent, or at least intentional. An intentional
      breach may be found where the fiduciary intends to gain an
      additional benefit for himself. [T]he Supreme Court [has] suggested
      that willful and fraudulent acts are presumed when the fiduciary . . .
      gains an additional benefit for himself as a result of his breach.




                                     61
Id. (emphasis added) (citations omitted). We therefore examine the sufficiency

of the evidence to support the award of exemplary damages for Scherry‘s or

Michael‘s breach of fiduciary duty in regard to the Sailfish house.

      At the prove-up hearing on Deartis‘s damages, Miller testified that Scherry

paid $24,520.38 towards the closing on the Sailfish house and that those funds

came from a check that Michael had drawn on one of the disputed First Bank

accounts. Miller stated that Scherry did not contribute any of her own money

towards the purchase of the Sailfish house; that Scherry placed both her name

and Deartis‘s name on the title to the Sailfish house; that such action constituted

a breach of both Scherry‘s and Michael‘s fiduciary duties to Deartis; and that

Scherry ―obtain[ed] a benefit‖ by having her name on the title to the Sailfish

house.     Miller did not explain or elaborate in any way on her testimony that

Scherry ―obtain[ed] a benefit.‖ Although Scherry may have intended to have her

name on the title and, according to Miller, ―obtained a benefit‖ by doing so, there

is no evidence that Scherry or Michael breached a fiduciary duty to Deartis by

putting Scherry‘s name on the title with the intent to gain some additional benefit,

nor do the surrounding circumstances or circumstantial evidence support that

inference.32   In other words, there is no evidence that Scherry or Michael

breached any fiduciary duty to Deartis for the purpose of obtaining a benefit for


      32
         At the January 19, 2007 hearing on Deartis‘s motion to compel, Scherry
testified that title to the Sailfish house was partly in her name because Deartis
had no credit in his name.


                                     62
themselves.    Even if Miller‘s testimony amounted to more than a scintilla of

evidence of that fact and did more than raise a mere surmise and suspicion of

that fact, her testimony, without more, was not capable of producing a firm belief

or conviction that Scherry or Michael breached a fiduciary duty with the intent to

gain some benefit therefrom.       To the extent that the trial court awarded

exemplary damages based on some other theory, there is no evidence that any

harm resulted from fraud, malice, or gross negligence. See Tex. Civ. Prac. &

Rem. Code Ann. § 41.003(a). We hold that the evidence is legally insufficient to

support the award of exemplary damages, and we sustain Scherry‘s and

Michael‘s ninth issue in cause 02-09-00095-CV.

      B.      Eighth Issue—Cause 02-09-00233-CV

      The trial court awarded Doris‘s estate exemplary damages in the amount

of $180,716.94.     The trial court adopted the following findings regarding

exemplary damages:

      31. The clear and convincing evidence reflects that the conduct of
      [Scherry] and [Michael] has been outrageous and that both [Scherry]
      and [Michael] have at all times exhibited a flagrant disregard of the
      orders of this Court.

      32. [Michael] at all times was fully aware that [Scherry] was acting
      in contravention of her fiduciary duties as administratrix of the Estate
      and conspired with [Scherry] in connection with such breach.

      33. Based on the conduct of [Michael] and [Scherry], it would be
      appropriate to award the Estate judgment . . . for exemplary
      damages in the amount of $180,716.94.




                                     63
      At the prove-up hearing on the damages to Doris‘s estate, Dubner testified

in the narrative, ―I‘m asking the Court to give -- award exemplary damages,

based on clear and convincing evidence, of two times the amount of actual

damages, not including attorney‘s fees, strictly on the damages themselves for

the funds . . . .‖ On cross-examination, Dubner agreed that Scherry‘s conduct

during the case was ―egregious,‖ and he testified that Scherry and Michael had

―obfuscated the legal process‖ and that ―this case is the type of case that does

warrant exemplary damages, based on [Scherry‘s] behavior and the fact that she

failed continuously, time after time, to follow court orders, to do things that she

was asked to do, and basically thumbed her nose at the entire process.‖

      To the extent that the trial court awarded exemplary damages based on

Dubner‘s breach of fiduciary duty claims, there is no evidence that Scherry or

Michael breached a fiduciary duty to Doris‘s estate with the intent to gain some

additional benefit. See Lesikar, 33 S.W.3d at 311. To the extent the trial court

awarded exemplary damages based on some other theory, there is no evidence

that any harm resulted from fraud, malice, or gross negligence. See Tex. Civ.

Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 41.003(a).        We hold that the evidence is legally

insufficient to support the award of exemplary damages, and we sustain

Scherry‘s and Michael‘s eighth issue in cause 02-09-00233-CV.




                                    64
                                X. CONCLUSION

      Having sustained Scherry‘s and Michael‘s third, fifth, and ninth issues in

cause 02-09-00095-CV, we modify the amended final default judgment in that

cause to delete (1) the award of actual damages in the amount $127,000.00,

(2) the award of exemplary damages in the amount of $414,000.00, and (3) the

portion of the permanent injunction requiring Scherry to continue making

payments on the Sailfish house.     Having sustained Scherry‘s and Michael‘s

fourth and eighth issues in cause 02-09-00233-CV, we modify the final judgment

in that cause to delete (1) the awards for fees and expenses in the amounts of

$29,125.45, $53,186.62, and $174,067.00 and (2) the award of exemplary

damages in the amount of $180,716.94. Having overruled the remainder of their

issues in both causes, we affirm the judgments in cause 02-09-00095-CV and

cause 02-09-00233-CV as modified.




                                           BILL MEIER
                                           JUSTICE

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; MCCOY and MEIER, JJ.

LIVINGSTON, C.J. filed a concurring and dissenting opinion.

DELIVERED: July 14, 2011




                                   65
                          COURT OF APPEALS
                          SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                               FORT WORTH

                               NO. 02-09-00095-CV
                               NO. 02-09-00233-CV


IN THE ESTATE OF DORIS
ROSE PRESTON, DECEASED


                                     ------------

             FROM THE PROBATE COURT OF DENTON COUNTY

                                     ------------

              CONCURRING AND DISSENTING OPINION
                                     ------------

      I join the majority opinion and judgments in all respects except for the

failure to affirm the award of exemplary damages.

      The trial court‘s amended final default judgment awarded Deartis Preston

$414,000 and the final judgment awarded Doris‘s estate $180,716.94 in

exemplary damages based on its finding of sufficient clear and convincing

evidence. In the trial court‘s findings of fact and conclusions of law, it found that

appellants had breached their fiduciary duties to appellees; that such breaches

were committed with an intent to gain benefits and consisted of self-dealing; that
appellants conspired with each other in these breaches; that the torts of civil

conspiracy and breach of fiduciary duty supported the awards; and that the

awards were justified. Furthermore, the trial court found that there was sufficient

evidence under the Kraus factors to support the awards by looking to the nature

of the wrongful character of the conduct involved, the degree of culpability of the

wrongdoers, the situation and sensibilities of the parties concerned, and the

extent to which such conduct offends the public‘s sense of justice and propriety.

See Alamo Nat’l Bank v. Kraus, 616 S.W.2d 908, 910 (Tex. 1981). Additionally,

the trial court found such awards were not unconstitutionally excessive and

comported with the Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code. See id.; Tex. Civ.

Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 41.008 (West Supp. 2010); Kraus, 616 S.W.2d at

910.    And in its conclusions of law, the trial court concluded that it, as the

factfinder, could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction that its findings were

true.

        Furthermore, because the trial court specifically found that both appellants

not only committed a breach of their fiduciary duties but also were in a

conspiracy to commit these breaches, I believe there is sufficient evidence of

their intent to gain unwarranted benefits and engage in self-dealing. See, e.g.,

Paradigm Oil, Inc. v. Retamco Operating, Inc., 330 S.W.3d 342, 358 (Tex. App.—

San Antonio 2010, pet. filed).




                                      2
     For all of these reasons, I would affirm the part of the trial court‘s

judgments awarding exemplary damages.




                                        TERRIE LIVINGSTON
                                        CHIEF JUSTICE

DELIVERED: July 14, 2011




                                3
