Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before                                       Sep 29 2014, 9:57 am
any court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.


ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                            ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

DERICK W. STEELE                                   GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Deputy Public Defender                             Attorney General of Indiana
Kokomo, Indiana
                                                   GEORGE P. SHERMAN
                                                   Deputy Attorney General
                                                   Indianapolis, Indiana


                               IN THE
                     COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
ALVIN KIM POE,                                     )
                                                   )
       Appellant-Defendant,                        )
                                                   )
               vs.                                 )        No. 34A02-1312-CR-1075
                                                   )
STATE OF INDIANA,                                  )
                                                   )
       Appellee-Plaintiff.                         )


                     APPEAL FROM THE HOWARD SUPERIOR COURT
                        The Honorable William C. Menges, Jr., Judge
                              Cause No. 34D01-1303-FA-172


                                       September 29, 2014

                MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

MAY, Judge
          Alvin Kim Poe was convicted after a jury trial of Class A felony dealing in

methamphetamine1 and was sentenced to forty years. Poe argues on appeal:

          1.     The evidence was insufficient to support his conviction of dealing2 in

methamphetamine; and

          2.     His sentence is inappropriate.

We affirm and remand.

                               FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY



1
    Ind. Code § 35-48-4-1.1.

2
  Poe presents his first issue on appeal as “There Was Insufficient Evidence to Convict Poe of Possession of
Methamphetamine or Dealing in Methamphetamine,” (Appellant’s Br. at i), and in his Summary of Argument
he says, “There was insufficient evidence at trial upon which to convict Poe of possession of
methamphetamine.” (Id. at 3.) But it does not appear Poe was convicted of possession of methamphetamine.
  In his Statement of Facts Poe says he was convicted of dealing in methamphetamine as a Class A felony and
of possession of methamphetamine as a Class C felony, but the pages of the record to which he directs us
contain jury verdict forms, not a judgment of conviction. There is a judgment of conviction at the end of Poe’s
brief that indicates he was convicted of both charges, but that appears incorrect.
  The State may charge a defendant with greater and lesser included offenses, but if the defendant is found
guilty of both, the convictions merge, and sentences cannot be imposed on both counts. Swafford v. State, 498
N.E.2d 1188, 1191 (Ind. 1986). The trial court said at the sentencing hearing that Poe’s two convictions
merged, with the dealing conviction “surviving.” (Tr. at 298.) Therefore, the possession conviction does not
remain viable. When a lesser included offense is merged into a greater offense, the lesser included offense is
vacated for all purposes. Hall v. State, 493 N.E.2d 433, 436 (Ind. 1986), reh’g denied. Under the facts of this
case, possession is a lesser-included offense of dealing. See, e.g., Garrett v. State, 964 N.E.2d 855, 858 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2012) (“it is the element of intent to deliver that distinguishes dealing in methamphetamine from the
lesser-included offense of possession of methamphetamine”), reh’g denied, trans. denied.
  The chronological case summary states: “The Court orders that the convictions in Count 1 [dealing] and
Count 2 [possession] are merged,” (App. at 6), but it does not explicitly specify the count on which Poe was
ultimately convicted. As noted above, the judgment of conviction indicates Poe was convicted of two counts,
and not just the “surviving” count. The State does not acknowledge the counts were merged. It says in its
brief Poe was charged with both dealing and possession “and he was found guilty as charged,” (Br. of Appellee
at 1), but it does not address what his conviction or convictions were.
  Though neither party directs us to anything in the record that explicitly says which offense Poe was convicted
of, our independent search of the record reveals it must have been dealing. At Poe’s sentencing hearing Poe
argued the two counts should be merged. The trial court agreed: “I think the convictions in Counts I and II do
need to merge. The, [sic] and we will show the convictions merging with the surviving being the A felony.”
(Tr. at 298.) Originally, Counts I and II were both charged as Class A felonies, but the State amended the
charges so the possession count would be a Class C felony. It therefore appears the “surviving” count is the
                                                       2
        Lieutenant Tonda Cockrell and Detective Heath Evans had a warrant to arrest Poe.

On March 1, 2013, they learned Poe might be at an address in Kokomo. While observing the

house, they saw Poe and Jeffrey Guy leave in a green Yukon that Guy was driving. A

marked squad car was called in to stop the Yukon, and Poe was arrested.

        Officers received permission from Guy to search the Yukon. Officer Brandon Hector

saw a black bag where Poe had been sitting. The bag contained digital scales, bags of white

powder, pseudoephedrine, a spoon, and a note addressed to “Kim.” (Tr. at 66.) Thirteen

bags of white powder were sent to the Indiana State Police Laboratory, and the three bags

that were tested contained methamphetamine. The contents of the three bags weighed 3.71

grams. The contents of the ten bags that were not tested weighed 3.32 grams, and another

grey rock-like substance that tested positive for methamphetamine weighed .97 grams.

        Poe was sentenced to forty years, which was ten years more than the advisory sentence

at the time he committed his crime: “A person who commits a Class A felony shall be

imprisoned for a fixed term of between twenty (20) and fifty (50) years, with the advisory

sentence being thirty (30) years.” Ind. Code § 35-50-2-4.

                                 DISCUSSION AND DECISION

        1.      Sufficiency of the Evidence

        When reviewing sufficiency of evidence, we consider only the probative evidence and

reasonable inferences supporting the judgment. Drane v. State, 867 N.E.2d 144, 146 (Ind.

2007). We do not reweigh the evidence or assess witness credibility. Id. We consider


dealing count. As it seems evident the trial court intended Poe to be convicted only of dealing, we remand so
                                                     3
conflicting evidence most favorably to the judgment and will affirm the conviction unless no

reasonable factfinder could find the elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.

Id.

        Poe argues the State did not prove he had actual or constructive possession of the

methamphetamine the police found. He did not have actual possession because the

methamphetamine was in a bag on the car seat. Constructive possession is established by

showing the defendant had the intent and capability to maintain dominion and control over

the contraband. Person v. State, 661 N.E.2d 587, 590 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996), trans. denied. If

the defendant had exclusive possession of the premises where the contraband was found,

there is an inference that he or she knew of the presence of the contraband and was capable

of controlling it. Id. If possession is non-exclusive, that inference is not permitted unless

additional circumstances indicate knowledge of the presence of the contraband and the ability

to control it. Id. Such additional circumstances include: 1) incriminating statements by the

defendant; 2) attempted flight or furtive gestures; 3) a drug manufacturing setting; 4)

proximity of the defendant to the contraband; 5) contraband is in plain view; and 6) location

of the contraband is in close proximity to items owned by the defendant. Id.

        Guy testified that the bag containing the methamphetamine was not his and he had

never seen it before. Poe was the only other person in the vehicle when it was stopped. The

bag contained a note written to “Kim,” and Guy testified that Poe went by the name “Kim.”

(Tr. at 93.) The bag was found in Poe’s seat. The jury could reasonably infer that the bag


the judgment of conviction may be corrected.
                                               4
belonged to Poe and that he had the intent to maintain control over the bag and the

methamphetamine in it. As we may consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences

favorable to the verdict, McHenry v. State, 820 N.E.2d 124, 125 (Ind. 2005), we affirm Poe’s

conviction.

        2.      Inappropriate Sentence.

        Although a trial court may have acted within its lawful discretion in determining a

sentence, Article VII, Sections 4 and 6 of the Indiana Constitution authorize independent

appellate review and revision of a sentence through Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B), which

provides that a court “may revise a sentence authorized by statute if, after due consideration

of the trial court’s decision, the Court finds that the sentence is inappropriate in light of the

nature of the offense and the character of the offender.” Reid v. State, 876 N.E.2d 1114,

1116 (Ind. 2007). The burden is on the defendant to persuade us that his sentence is

inappropriate. Id.

        Poe argues that although dealing in methamphetamine is unacceptable, “it is not a

crime for which an aggravated fully executed sentence is warranted.” (Br. of Appellant at

10.) He also contends the trial court should have taken into consideration that almost all of

his prior arrests and convictions were related to his substance abuse problems.

        We cannot find Poe’s sentence inappropriate. Criminal history is one indicator of a

defendant’s character.3 Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 1081 (Ind. 2006). Poe has



3
  As Poe’s sentence is appropriate based on his character, we need not address the nature of his offense. See,
e.g., Williams v. State, 891 N.E.2d 621, 633 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (revision of a sentence under Indiana
                                                      5
multiple prior convictions, including a felony conviction in Arkansas in 1996 for

“Manufacturing, Delivering, Possession Controlled Substance,” Class B felony dealing a

controlled substance in Indiana in 2002, Class B felony dealing a controlled substance and

Class D felony resisting law enforcement in Indiana in 2003, aggravated possession of drugs

in Ohio in 2006, Class D felony theft in Indiana in 2007, Class D felony possession of

cocaine/methamphetamine or Schedule I or II narcotic drug in Indiana in 2007, and Class C

felony possession of a controlled substance and Class C felony possession of drug

paraphernalia with intent to use in Arkansas in 2012. In light of that extensive criminal

history, we cannot say Poe’s sentence ten years above the advisory is inappropriate.

        Affirmed and remanded.

VAIDIK, C.J., and FRIEDLANDER, J., concur.




Appellate Rule 7(B) requires the appellant to demonstrate that his sentence is inappropriate in light of both the
nature of his offenses and his character).

                                                       6
