           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
                                                   Fifth Circuit

                                                                            FILED
                                                                        November 17, 2008

                                       No. 07-11305                   Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                                                              Clerk

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                                  Plaintiff-Appellee
v.

WILLIAM BRENT

                                                  Defendant-Appellant



                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Northern District of Texas
                             USDC No. 3:05-CR-120-1


Before REAVLEY, CLEMENT, and PRADO, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Defendant-Appellant William Brent was found guilty on one count of
possession with intent to distribute cocaine base, one count of possession of a
firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, and three counts of possession
of a firearm by a felon. He was sentenced to a total of life imprisonment and 60
months, set to run consecutively, and now challenges several aspects of his trial
and conviction. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.



       *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.
R. 47.5.4.
                                  No. 07-11305

                       I. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
      On June 27, 2007, following a jury trial, William Brent was found guilty
on five counts: (1) one count of possession of 50 grams or more of a mixture and
substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine base with intent to
distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A)(iii); (2) one count of
possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking offense, in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c); and (3) three counts of possession of a firearm by a felon,
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) and § 924(e)(1). The evidence at trial focused
on three dates: April 15, 2005, April 30, 2005, and September 7, 2005.
      On April 15, 2005, during the execution of a search warrant, Brent was
arrested while fleeing a Dallas residence used to distribute cocaine. Conducting
a search incident to arrest, officers found two firearms in his possession. The
officers asked Brent for his name, date of birth and other biometric information.
They also asked him why he did not attempt to use the firearms against them.
Brent replied that he knew he was outnumbered and the odds were not in his
favor for a shoot-out. Brent then went on to claim ownership for “everything in
the house.” He was handcuffed, placed in a squad car, and driven back to the
residence. While in the squad car, Brent again told officers that “all the drugs
and guns in the house are mine.” He asked to speak with the chief investigating
officer, Daniel Kaase, and told him that the rest of the individuals being arrested
in the raid “had nothing to do with this” and again claimed ownership of the
drugs and guns on the premises. Brent was not given a Miranda warning. A
search of the residence uncovered several guns, drugs—including 279 grams of
cocaine base and one pound of marijuana—and drug-related paraphernalia.
Officers intended to interview Brent but he was inexplicably released on bond.
      On April 30, 2005, Brent was stopped for a traffic violation. During the
stop, the officer on the scene seized a loaded firearm and a bag of marijuana.
The officer performed a background check and found that there was a warrant

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out for Brent’s arrest. Brent was arrested. It is again inexplicable as to why he
was subsequently released.
      On September 7, 2005, pursuant to a federal arrest warrant, officers
arrested Brent at a Dallas residence. After his arrest, Brent made several
incriminating statements. He claimed that the marijuana and gun found in the
possession of another individual on the scene belonged to him. He also stated
that: (1) he should have stayed in Mexico with a drug cartel where he rode
around in bulletproof cars; (2) if anyone had tried to arrest him in Mexico, that
person would have been killed; (3) his arrest would resolve a lot of murders
because he had killed a number of people; (4) if his arrest was the result of a
snitch, that person would be killed; and (5) he wished he had been arrested later
so he could have killed more of his enemies. He was not given a Miranda
warning. Officer Kaase arrived on the scene and asked Brent if anything in the
residence could hurt the officers who were yet to conduct a search. Brent
informed him that there was a firearm under the mattress. A search of the
residence produced the gun Brent had described. Brent was finally detained.
      In October of 2006, Brent entered a plea agreement which was later
withdrawn based on a miscalculation of the applicable sentencing guideline
range. Defense counsel then submitted several motions to suppress evidence
and dismiss charges. Brent argued that the felon in possession of a firearm
charge should be dismissed because the underlying statute is unconstitutional
and Brent did not know he was a felon or that his actions affected interstate
commerce. He also sought to suppress the incriminating statements made on
April 15 and September 7, and moved to suppress the evidence seized during the
April 30 traffic stop. All motions were denied. With the exception of the motion
based on the traffic stop, Brent appeals all rulings.




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      During voir dire, the government struck one juror whose exclusion the
defense now appeals. Brent objected to the government’s peremptory strike but
did not challenge the prosecution’s race-neutral explanation.
      At trial, the government introduced evidence establishing that all of the
firearms seized in connection with Brent were functioning as designed and were
manufactured outside Texas.        The prosecution did not introduce Brent’s
statement that he would have attempted to shoot the officers on April 15 if he
had not been outnumbered. The government also did not introduce Brent’s
statements that he should have remained in Mexico, that several murders would
be solved by his detention, and that whoever informed on his location would be
killed. These statements were introduced at sentencing which Brent now
appeals.
      At the close of the prosecution’s evidence, the defense moved for acquittal
on all charges pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29. The motion
was denied and is now appealed, along with the verdict and sentence. The
district court imposed a sentence of life imprisonment plus 60 months, to run
consecutively. This sentence was also to run consecutively to any sentence
imposed on six charges pending in state court.
      In total, Brent appeals on eight grounds, arguing that the district court
erred in: (1) denying his motion to suppress incriminating statements resulting
from the functional equivalent of a custodial interrogation; (2) allowing the
government to introduce statements resulting from Miranda violations at
sentencing; (3) finding that the government offered an adequate race-neutral
explanation for striking a juror; (4) denying his Rule 29 motion that there was
no nexus between the firearms and interstate commerce; (5) allowing an
unavailable witness’s testimony to be introduced at sentencing; (6) sentencing
him to life imprisonment; (7) failing to take into account the factors of 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a) at sentencing; and (8) running his sentence consecutively to unimposed

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sentences from other jurisdictions. Brent concedes that his fourth, fifth and
eighth claims of error are foreclosed by circuit precedent but urges this court to
revisit its prior holdings.
      For the reasons discussed below, Brent’s claims fail. We affirm the district
court on all grounds.
                              STANDARD OF REVIEW
      “We review the district court’s findings of fact supporting the denial of a
motion to suppress under a clearly erroneous standard and review the district
court’s conclusions of law de novo.” United States v. Williams, 365 F.3d 399, 403
(5th Cir. 2004). Because challenges to constitutional violations are assertions
that the district court erred in its legal conclusions, these are reviewed de novo.
Challenges to a district court’s determination of race-neutral explanations given
by an attorney regarding peremptory challenges are reviewed for clear error.
United States v. Davis, 393 F.3d 540, 544 (5th Cir. 2004). The reasonableness
of a sentence is reviewed under the abuse-of-discretion standard. United States
v. Williams, 517 F.3d 801, 807–808 (5th Cir. 2008).
      Therefore, claims one, two, four, five, and six receive de novo review.
Brent’s third claim is reviewed for clear error. Claims seven and eight are
reviewed for abuse of discretion.
                                  DISCUSSION
A. Motion to Suppress Incriminating Statements
      Brent argues that the district court erred in denying his motion to
suppress the incriminating statements of March 15 and September 7. He
asserts that the officers’ actions in placing him in the back of the squad car, on
both dates, was the equivalent of a custodial interrogation. Citing Rhode Island
v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 301 (1980), Brent states that the officers “knew or should
have known that returning Brent to the house to see his friends get arrested was
‘reasonably likely to evoke an incriminating response’ from him.”             The

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government concedes that Brent was in custody for Miranda purposes but
argues that there was no interrogation.
      Brent’s arguments are without merit. The Fifth Amendment protects a
defendant from self-incrimination and prohibits the prosecution from using
statements “stemming from custodial interrogation . . . unless it demonstrates
the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the privilege against self-
incrimination.” Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444 (1966). Nevertheless,
“[v]olunteered statements of any kind are not barred by the Fifth Amendment”
and do not implicate any Miranda considerations. Innis, 446 U.S. at 300
(quotation omitted). Innis specifically states that Miranda concerns are not
triggered when officers merely take actions “normally attendant to arrest and
custody.” Id. at 301.
      Brent’s Miranda rights came into play when, on April 15th, officers asked
him why he did not use his weapons to shoot them. Even if we assume arguendo
that this sole question violated Brent’s Fifth Amendment protections, this
statement was never introduced at trial. Thus, any Miranda violation was
remedied by its exclusion—precisely the Constitutional protection required.
Brent does not point to a single other question asked by police that may have
amounted to a custodial interrogation. Instead, Brent argues that he was
psychologically coerced by police actions, establishing the functional equivalent
of interrogation. Being placed in hand-cuffs and held in a squad car cannot
amount to the functional equivalent of interrogation. No court has ever held
that seeing others implicated in a crime being arrested amounts to psychological
coercion. Even if we accept Brent’s argument that the sight of his friends being
arrested placed Brent under psychological coercion, Miranda protections are
only violated when officers should have known their actions would produce an
incriminating response.    Officers cannot be held to anticipate the unique
psychological and subjective factors affecting each potential defendant.

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      Because Brent’s incriminating statements did not result from custodial
interrogation or the functional equivalent thereof, the district court did not err
in denying his motion to suppress these statements.
B. Incriminating Statements Introduced At Sentencing
      Brent renews his arguments from the first claim of error to assert that, for
the same reasons presented above, the district court erred in considering his
incriminating statements during sentencing. A review of the record reveals that
the district court clearly stated that, even without Brent’s own incriminating
statements, life imprisonment was appropriate given his history as a violent
career offender. Thus, even if any—or all—incriminating statements made by
Brent during his arrests were erroneously admitted at sentencing, it was
harmless and the conviction stands.
C. Government’s Explanation for Striking a Juror
      Brent argues that the district court erred in accepting the government’s
non-discriminatory reason for striking a minority juror and that his rights under
Batson were thereby violated. Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 89 (1986)
(holding that the Equal Protection Clause forbids the prosecution from
challenging potential jurors solely on the basis of race or assumptions drawn
from their race). Brent asserts that, while the court had a colloquy with the
government regarding its reasons for striking each minority juror and found that
the reasons were neutral, because the prosecution cited facial expressions and
the district court did not make a specific finding on juror demeanor, its
determination cannot be afforded deference. The government responds that it
provided a race-neutral explanation which was acceptable to the court, and that
Brent did not object to the government’s race-neutral reason and has therefore
waived this issue on appeal.
      This court has consistently held that “we must give great deference to the
district court because findings in this context largely turn on an evaluation of

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the credibility or demeanor of the attorney who exercises the peremptory
challenge.” Davis, 393 F.3d at 544 (alteration and internal quotations omitted).
The district court may only be reversed for clear error. Id. Further, where the
defense fails to object to the prosecution’s offered reasons for a peremptory
challenge, he appears to acquiesce in them and waives his right to object on
appeal. United States v. Arce, 997 F.2d 1123, 1127 (5th Cir. 1993).
      Brent’s assertion of error fails. The record shows that Brent made no
objection to the government’s demeanor explanation. Brent waived this issue on
appeal.
D. Rule 29 Motion
      Brent argues that the district court erred in denying his Rule 29 motion
for acquittal because proof that a firearm crossed state lines is insufficient to
establish the required jurisdictional nexus to interstate commerce under 18
U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Conceding that circuit precedent forecloses this argument,
Brent urges reconsideration based on United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549
(1995). Brent’s argument fails.
      For a conviction under § 922(g)(1), the government must prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that: “(1) that the defendant previously had been convicted of
a felony; (2) that he possessed a firearm; and (3) that the firearm traveled in or
affected interstate commerce.” United States v. Daugherty, 264 F.3d 513, 515
(5th Cir. 2001) (quotation omitted).     Brent does not dispute the first two
elements but argues that this circuit’s precedent should be reversed as to the
proof required on the third.
      We have consistently held that, where the government proves beyond a
reasonable doubt that a firearm has traveled through interstate commerce
before coming into the defendant’s possession, the interstate commerce nexus is
satisfied. See, e.g., United States v. Guidry, 406 F.3d 314, 318 (5th Cir. 2005)
(“The interstate commerce element of a § 922(g)(1) charge is satisfied where the

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government demonstrates that the firearm was manufactured out of state.”);
Daugherty, 264 F.3d at 518. We have upheld the constitutionality and proof
requirements of § 922(g)(1) after the Supreme Court’s Lopez decision. See
Guidry, 406 F.3d at 318–19 (noting that the constitutionality of § 922(g)(1) is
foreclosed by prior precedent). We have stated that, “neither the holding in
Lopez nor the reasons given therefor constitutionally invalidate § 922(g)(1).”
United States v. Rawls, 85 F.3d 240, 242 (5th Cir. 1996). The district court did
not err in denying Brent’s Rule 29 motion for acquittal.
E. Unavailable Witness Testimony at Sentencing
      Brent asserts that the district court erred in allowing evidence from an
unavailable witness, implicating Brent in several murders, to be introduced at
sentencing. Brent argues that circuit precedent should be reversed to afford
defendants the opportunity to cross-examine witnesses at every stage of their
case, including sentencing. Conceding that his argument is foreclosed by circuit
precedent, Brent raises the issue to preserve it for future review. Brent’s
argument fails.
      Defendants have no Confrontation Clause right at sentencing. United
States v. Mitchell, 484 F.3d 762, 776 (5th Cir. 2007).      The district court
specifically found the hearsay evidence introduced at sentencing to be reliable
and corroborated by eyewitness reports, evidence found in Brent’s possession,
and Brent’s own statements. The district court did not err in allowing an
unavailable witness’s testimony at sentencing.
F. Life Sentence
      Brent argues that the district court erred in imposing a life sentence.
While the jury found Brent guilty on all five counts for which he was tried,
placing him within the guidelines range for a life sentence, he argues that the
district court should not have heard additional evidence at sentencing. This
argument is a revival of his challenge to the evidence in the fifth ground for

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error. More generally, Brent asserts that a life sentence is unreasonable for
drug and weapons charges.1 Brent’s arguments are without merit.
       This circuit has held that, “Booker contemplates that, with the mandatory
use of the Guidelines excised, the Sixth Amendment will not impede a
sentencing judge from finding all facts relevant to sentencing.” United States v.
Mares, 402 F.3d 511, 519 (5th Cir. 2005). A judge is given wide discretion with
respect to the evidence that he may consider in imposing a sentence. The
district court did not abuse its discretion in imposing a life sentence.
G. Section 3553(a) Sentencing Factors
       Brent argues that the district court’s sentence should be reversed because
the court did not specifically mention the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors2 in the
sentencing determination. Brent maintains that the district court should have
deviated below the guidelines range in imposing a sentence. The government
argues that the district court’s failure to list the § 3553(a) factors is of no
moment because the court actually evaluated Brent’s history and violence, which
is precisely what § 3553(a) requires. Brent’s arguments are without merit.
       We have held that, “‘[i]f the sentencing judge exercises [his] discretion to
impose a sentence within a properly calculated Guideline range, in our
reasonableness review we will infer that the judge has considered all the factors
for a fair sentence set forth in the Guidelines.’” Unites States v. Alonzo, 435 F.3d
551, 554 (5th Cir. 2006) (quoting Mares, 402 F.3d at 519). Thus, a court that


       1
        Brent does not, however, assert that the district court improperly calculated the
applicable guidelines range.
       2
         Section 3553(a) sets forth the following factors to be considered at sentencing: “(1) the
nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant;
(2) the need for the sentence imposed . . . ; (3) the kinds of sentences available; (4) the kinds
of sentence and the sentencing range established for [similar offenders or offenses] . . . ; (5) any
pertinent policy statement . . . ; (6) the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among
defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct; and (7) the
need to provide restitution to any victims of the offense.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).

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fails to explicitly discuss the § 3553(a) factors may still be affirmed if the
sentence is within the guidelines range and reasonable. Our precedent makes
it clear that “[a] checklist recitation of the section 3553(a) factors is neither
necessary nor sufficient for a sentence to be reasonable.” United States v. Smith,
440 F.3d 704, 707 (5th Cir. 2006).       We review the sentencing record for
reasonableness. The record reveals that the district court discussed the §
3553(a) factors. The district court considered evidence regarding Brent’s lengthy
criminal career of violence and drugs, heard testimony of Brent’s involvement
in five murders, and was presented with Brent’s own incriminating statements.
The sentence imposed by the district court was reasonable.
H. Consecutive sentences
      Finally, Brent challenges the district court’s determination to run his
sentence consecutively with unimposed state sentences in order to preserve the
issue on appeal. He does, however, recognize that this issue is foreclosed by our
opinion in United States v. Brown, 920 F.2d 1212 (5th Cir. 1991), abrogated by,
United States v. Candia, 454 F.3d 468, 473 (5th Cir. 2006). Brent’s arguments
are not availing.
      As we made clear in Candia, under United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220
(2005), both the sentence itself and its consecutive nature are reviewed for
reasonableness. 545 F.3d at 472–73. “Where . . . the term of imprisonment and
the consecutiveness of that sentence were each imposed by proper interpretation
and calculation of applicable guidelines provisions, the consecutiveness of the
sentence enjoys a presumption of reasonableness similar to that applied to a
within-guidelines term of imprisonment.” Id. at 479. As discussed above, the
district court evaluated Brent’s extensive criminal record, his own admissions
of guilt and the corroborated evidence of Brent’s participation in five murders.
Because we review a district court’s imposition of sentence for reasonableness



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and Brent offers no arguments to reverse our precedent, the district court’s
sentencing determination is affirmed.
                            IV. CONCLUSION
     The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.




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