                                          Slip Op. 18 - 177

      UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
                                               :
ARBED AMERICAS, LLC,                           :
                                               :
                             Plaintiff,        :
                                               :
                        v.                     :      Before: R. Kenton Musgrave, Senior Judge
                                               :      Court No. 15-00095
UNITED STATES,                                 :
                                               :
                             Defendant.        :
                                               :

                                             OPINION

[On cross-motions for judgment on challenge to denial of protest over rate of antidumping duties
assessed by U.S. Customs and Border Protection, judgment for the plaintiff.]

                                                                      Decided: December 21, 2018

      Robert S. LaRussa, Lisa S. Raisner, and Neil H. Koslowe, Sherman & Sterling LLP, of
Washington, DC, for the plaintiff.

        Hardeep K. Josan, Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department
of Justice, of New York, NY, for the defendant. Also on the brief were Chad A. Readler, Acting
Assistant Attorney General and Amy M. Rubin, Assistant Director. Of counsel on the brief was Beth
C. Brotman, Office of Assistant Chief Counsel, International Trade Litigation, U.S. Customs and
Border Protection.

                Musgrave, Senior Judge: The parties cross-move for summary judgment pursuant

to USCIT R. 56.3 on whether six entries of stainless steel plate in coils (“SSPC”) from Belgium were

deemed liquidated by operation of law. Also before the court is the plaintiff’s motion for oral

argument, but in view of the quality of the briefing on the matter, oral presentation is unnecessary.

That motion can therefore be, and hereby is, denied, and for the following reasons, judgment will

enter in favor of the plaintiff.
Court No. 15-00095                                                                              Page 2


                                            I. Background

                The entries at issue are among numerous other SSPC entries subject to

antidumping(“AD”) duty and countervailing (“CVD”) duty orders. The SSPC was produced by

ALZ, N.V. and was imported from Belgium by the plaintiff Arbed Americas LLC (“Arbed”) in the

latter half of 1999. In 2001, the U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration

(“Commerce”) published the final results of the administrative reviews of the AD and CVD duty

orders for the periods of review (“PORs”) that cover the entries in this case. See Stainless Steel Plate

in Coils from Belgium, 66 Fed. Reg. 45007 (Aug. 27, 2001) (final admin. results of CVD order); 66

Fed. Reg. 56272 (Nov. 7, 2001) (final admin. results of AD order). Those results were challenged

here, and preliminary injunctions (“PIs”) were issued to enjoin, pending litigation, liquidation of

SSPC from Belgium that had been produced or exported by ALZ, N.V. and entered during PORs

relevant to those proceedings. See Compl. ¶7; Ans. ¶7; see also Allegheny Ludlum Corp. v. United

States, Court No. 01-01091; ALZ, N.V. v. United States, Court No. 01-00834. Thus, pursuant to

those PIs, in 2002 and 2003 Commerce issued blanket instructions to U.S. Customs and Border

Protection (“Customs”) not to liquidate any SSPC from Belgium that had been produced or exported

by ALZ, N.V. and entered during the PORs until further liquidation instructions were provided. See

Message Nos. 2178204 (June 27, 2002), 2283201 (Oct. 10, 2002), 3351206 (Dec. 17, 2003), attached

to Def’s Br. as Ex. A. Those instructions encompassed the entries at bar.

                In 2004 and 2005, Commerce issued further liquidation instructions to Customs

pertaining to such entries of SSPC. See Message Nos. 4083201 (Mar. 23, 2004), 5189204 (July 8,

2005), 5199201 (July 18, 2005), attached to Def’s Br. in Ex. B. Regarding the AD order, Commerce
Court No. 15-00095                                                                            Page 3


instructed Customs, in relevant part, to liquidate entries of SSPC from Belgium exported by ALZ,

N.V. at a rate of 24.43%. See Message Nos. 4083201 (Mar. 23, 2004) and 5199201 (July 18, 2005),

attached to Def’s Br. in Ex. B. Regarding the CVD order, Commerce instructed Customs, in relevant

part, to liquidate entries of SSPC from Belgium exported by ALZ, N.V. at a rate of 0.97%. See

Message No. 5189204 (July 8, 2005), attached to Def’s Br. in Ex. B.

               In 2005, those liquidation instructions, of message numbers 5189204 and 5199201,

were challenged here. Compl. ¶7; Ans. ¶7. See Ugine and ALZ Belgium, N.V., Arcelor Stainless

USA, LLC, and Arcelor Trading USA, LLC v. United States, Court No. 05-00444 (“the Arcelor

case”). The plaintiffs of the Areclor case requested entry of a PI against liquidation of 211 entries

relevant to their case, see Court No. 05-00444, ECF No. 5 (July 22, 2005). Because Arbed was not

a party thereto, the list of entries attached to the PI request did not encompass Arbed’s entries.

               This court initially denied the Arcelor case PI request. See Compl. ¶9; Ans. ¶9; Court

No. 05-00444, ECF No. 20 (Aug. 17, 2005). On appeal thereof, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the

Federal Circuit penultimately granted the PI requested at that level, pursuant to which Commerce

instructed Customs “until further notice” not to implement the liquidation instructions issued in the

above-mentioned message numbers 5189204 and 5199201. See Message Nos. 05252201 (Sep. 9,

2005) and 5300205 (Oct. 27, 2005), attached to Def’s Br. as Ex. C. The Federal Circuit ultimately,

on June 15, 2006, reversed the denial of the PI requested in Court No. 05-00444, the case was

remanded for entry of a PI here, and on August 29, 2006, this court issued a PI enjoining The United

States, Commerce, and Customs “from making or permitting liquidation of any of the unliquidated

entries listed herein, and from taking any actions on any of the protests of entries listed herein”
Court No. 15-00095                                                                               Page 4


(“Order”). Court No. 05-00444, ECF No. 44 (Aug. 29, 2006). The Order listed the 211 entries of

SSPC that were at issue in the Arcelor case and to which the Order applied. None of Arbed’s six

entries (at issue in the matter at hand) was included in the list of entries subject to the Order.

                On August 31, 2006, Commerce sent Customs message number 6243201

implementing the Order. In this message, Commerce noted that the court had issued a PI in

connection with the Arcelor case; that it had been “served with the above referenced injunction on

08/30/2006;” and that it and Customs had been enjoined “from taking any actions on any of the

protests on entries listed in the injunction” and from “liquidation of the entries listed below”, further

instructing Customs that it should “not make or permit liquidation of any of the unliquidated entries

listed herein” and “not take any actions on any protests of entries listed herein” and specifically

listing the 211 entries of SSPC that were at issue in the Arcelor case and to which the Order and

Commerce’s instructions applied. In other words, message number 6243201 mirrored the Order.

Again: none of Arbed’s six entries was included among the 211 entries listed therein.

                Customs did not, at that or any other previous time, affirmatively proceed to liquidate

Arbed’s six entries.

                On October 1, 2007, the Arcelor case decided that Commerce’s challenged liquidation

instructions, which limited Commerce’s relevant determination (that SSPC hot rolled in Germany

and not further cold rolled in Belgium was not subject to the AD or CVD Order for SSPC from

Belgium) to post-May 1, 2002 entries of SSPC from Belgium, were arbitrary and capricious, which

the Federal Circuit affirmed on January 7, 2009.
Court No. 15-00095                                                                             Page 5


               As a result, in 2010 Commerce issued liquidation instructions to Customs for the AD

and CVD duty orders. See Message Nos. 0291310 (Oct. 18, 2010) and 0309303 (Nov. 05, 2010),

attached to Def’s Br. as Ex. E. Regarding the AD order, Commerce instructed Customs to

implement the instructions in message number 5199201 dated 07/18/2005 (which were a correction

to Message No. 4083201 dated 3/23/2004) and to liquidate all entries of SSPC from Belgium

exported by ALZ, N.V. at an AD rate of 24.43 percent. See Message No. 0291310 (Oct. 18, 2010),

attached to Def’s Br. in Ex. E. Regarding the CVD order, Commerce instructed Customs to

implement the instructions in message number 5183804 dated 07/08/2005, and to liquidate all entries

of SSPC from Belgium exported by ALZ, N.V. at a CVD rate of 0.97 percent. See Message No.

0309303 (Nov. 05, 2010), attached to Def’s Br. in Ex. E.

               Pursuant thereto, Customs liquidated the entries at issue on January 21, 2011 at an

AD rate of 24.43% and a CVD rate of 0.97%. See Pl. Br. at Attach. 18. Arbed protested, arguing that

the duty rates paid at entry were the proper rates, and that under 19 U.S.C. § 1504(d) its six entries

were deemed liquidated six months after August 31, 2006 when Customs received Commerce’s

message number 6243201 concerning this court’s Order in the Arcelor case, which applied only to

the 211 SSPC entries listed in that Order and not to Arbed’s entries.               See Protest No.

1401-11-100205 (April 19, 2011). Arbed requested reliquidation of its six entries at the appropriate

AD rate and reversal of the billing and interest associated with the liquidation of the entries on

January 21, 2011. See id.

               Customs denied the protest in accordance with Headquarters Ruling H169018 (Sep.

09, 2014). See id.
Court No. 15-00095                                                                             Page 6


                               II. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

                 Jurisdiction is properly invoked here pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1581(a) on the claim of

a denial of a customs duty protest under section 515 of the Tariff Act of 1930, 19 U.S.C. §1515. See

Compl. ¶¶ 1,3.

                 The material facts are not in dispute: suspension of liquidation was removed in 2006

but the parties disagree as to whether Customs received notice that suspension had been removed

in 2006 or in 2010. The question being one of law, disposition via summary judgment is

appropriate. See USCIT Rule 56(a); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).

                                           III. Discussion

                                          A. Legal Context

                 The Customs Courts Act of 1970 merged all decisions regarding an entry, e.g., value,

quantity, classification, amount of customs duties, et cetera, into a single action: the “liquidation.”

See 19 U.S.C. §1500. Liquidation is treated as the “final” decision(s) of Customs on a particular

entry and forms the basis of a protest thereof. See 19 U.S.C. §1514(a) (all administrative decisions

will become “final and conclusive upon all persons” -- including the United States and any officer

thereof -- unless a protest against “liquidation” is filed or a civil action commenced here to contest

the denial of a protest); see, e.g., Volkswagen of Am., Inc. v. United States, 532 F.3d 1365, 1370

(Fed. Cir. 2008). Of particular interest here, an entry must be liquidated within one year after the

date the merchandise is entered for consumption unless the time for doing so is extended

administratively or suspended by a statute or court order. See 19 U.S.C. §1504. If neither extended

nor suspended, and if Customs does not affirmatively act to liquidate, the entry
Court No. 15-00095                                                                             Page 7


       shall be deemed liquidated at the rate of duty, value, quantity, and amount of duties
       asserted by the importer of record. Notwithstanding section 1500(e) of this title,
       notice of liquidation need not be given of an entry deemed liquidated.

19 U.S.C. §1504(a)(1). And notwithstanding the final sentence above,1 Customs’ regulations

provide that it will post notice of a deemed liquidation electronically on its website and also

endeavor to provide courtesy notice. See 19 C.F.R. §§ 159.9, 159.11, 159.10(c)(3).

               The Federal Circuit has held that in order for deemed liquidation to occur by

operation of law, three elements must be met: “(1) the suspension of liquidation that was in place

must have been removed; (2) Customs must have received notice of the removal of the suspension;

and (3) Customs must not liquidate the entry at issue within six months of receiving such notice.”

Fujitsu General America, Inc. v. United States, 283 F.3d 1364, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“Fujitsu”)

(finding that in order to have sufficient notice under the statute, there must be “an unambiguous and

public starting point for the six-month liquidation period”), quoting International Trading Co. v.


       1
          Prior to 1978, there was no time limit on liquidations, which left importers and sureties
with uncertain liability for prolonged periods of time. See, e.g., Dart Export Corp. v. United States,
43 CCPA 64, C.A.D. 610 (1956), cert. denied, 352 U.S. 824 (1956) (claim of retroactive assessment
after four year delay in liquidation constituted deprivation of property without due process).
Congress sought to remedy this situation by adding section 504, the deemed liquidation provision,
to the Tariff Statute of 1930 through passage of the Customs Procedural Reform and Simplification
Act of 1978, Pub. L. No. 95-410 §209, 92 Stat. 888, 902 (codified as amended at 19 U.S.C. §1504)
(“1978 provision”). A significant point of contention between Customs and private industry during
the House hearings was the absence of any notice requirement for deemed liquidations. See Customs
Procedural Reform Act of 1977: Hearings on H.R. 8149 before the Subcomm. on Trade of the House
Comm. on Ways and Means, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. 56, 117, 276, 375, 451 (1977). When the matter
was taken up by the Senate Finance Committee, the Committee specifically amended to “require
Customs to provide notice of liquidation in cases where an entry is deemed liquidated.” S. Rep.
95-778, 31-32, 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2211, 2242-43. But, for whatever reason, the 1978 provision as
passed explicitly states notice of deemed liquidation “need not be given”, which one commentator
has interpreted as “strongly impl[ying] that since deemed liquidation was expected to occur at the
importer’s actual asserted rate, lack of notice would not prejudice his rights.” Lawrence M. Segan,
Deemed Liquidation: Whose Rate is This Anyway, 10 Fordham Int’l L. J. 689, 702 (1987).
Court No. 15-00095                                                                              Page 8


United States, 281 F.3d 1268, 1275 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“International Trading”). The provision

pertaining to those requirements, 19 U.S.C. §1504(d), is as follows:

       [W]hen a suspension required by statute or court order is removed, the Customs
       Service shall liquidate the entry, unless liquidation is extended under subsection (b)
       of this section, within 6 months after receiving notice of the removal from the
       Department of Commerce, other agency, or a court with jurisdiction over the entry.
       Any entry (other than an entry with respect to which liquidation has been extended
       under subsection (b) of this section) not liquidated by the Customs Service within 6
       months after receiving such notice shall be treated as having been liquidated at the
       rate of duty, value, quantity, and amount of duty asserted by the importer of record
       or (in the case of a drawback entry or claim) at the drawback amount asserted by the
       drawback claimant.

19 U.S.C. §1504(d) (italics added). Although this provision does not define the nature of the

“notice” of the removal of a liquidation suspension that Customs must receive to trigger the

six-month period for liquidation, the issue has been addressed by this court and the Federal Circuit.

               In International Trading, 281 F.3d at 1275-1277, the Federal Circuit held that, for

purposes of §1504(d), Customs “receiv[ed] notice” from Commerce that the statutory suspension

of the liquidation of entries of shop towels from Bangladesh had been removed on the date

Commerce published the final results of its administrative review of the antidumping order on those

towels in the Federal Register. International Trading noted that the date of publication provided an

“unambiguous and public starting point” for the six-month liquidation period. Id. at 1275. It also

pointed out that the date of publication in the Federal Register “does not give the government the

ability to postpone indefinitely the removal of suspension of liquidation,” and avoids “messy factual

disputes” about when and what kind of notice Customs received that would force the courts to

“referee debates” on those questions. Id.
Court No. 15-00095                                                                             Page 9


               In Fujitsu, 283 F.3d at 1380, the Federal Circuit also affirmed this court’s decision

that, for purposes of §1504(d), Customs “receiv[ed] notice” that a statutory suspension of the

liquidation of entries of television sets from Japan was removed on the date Commerce published

a notice in the Federal Register of the Federal Circuit’s final decision remanding to this court the

question of the appropriate dumping margin for those television sets. Commerce did not give

liquidation instructions to Customs in that notice, but the Federal Circuit, like this court, held that

that did not matter. Relying on its decision in International Trade, the Federal Circuit concluded that

the suspension of liquidation was removed “when the litigation came to an end,” and Commerce’s

published notice of that fact provided “an unambiguous and public starting point for the six-month

liquidation period.” Fujitsu, 283 F.3d at 1381, quoting International Trade, 281 F.3d at 1275.

               In NEC Solutions (America), Inc. v. United States, 27 CIT 968, 976-77, 277 F. Supp.

2d 1340, 1347-1348 (2003) (“NEC”), aff’d, 411 F.3d 1340 (Fed. Cir. 2005), this court also gave

concrete meaning to the Federal Circuit’s requirement that notice received by Customs be

“unambiguous”. In NEC, the plaintiff, a manufacturer and importer of television sets from Japan,

claimed it was entitled to a refund of AD duties because Customs failed to liquidate related entries

within six months of receiving notice from Commerce that a court-ordered suspension of liquidation

had been removed. The notice in that case was an e-mail from Commerce to Customs, dated June

23, 2000, which indicated there “should be no unliquidated entries” of television receivers from

Japan held by Customs for AD purposes except for television receivers from a manufacturer other

than NEC as to which Commerce “continues to be enjoined.” 27 CIT at 976, 277 F. Supp. 2d at

1347. NEC contended that its entries should have been deemed liquidated under § 1504(d) six
Court No. 15-00095                                                                         Page 10


months later. The government argued that, under § 1504(d), Commerce’s e-mail was not valid

notice to Customs of the removal of the suspension with regard to NEC for three reasons: (i) the

e-mail did not expressly notify Customs that the liquidation suspension had been removed for the

entries in question; (ii) the e-mail did not provide the precise duty rate to be applied; and (iii)

Commerce did not intend the e-mail to be notice of the removal of the suspension. According to the

government, because Customs has a “‘merely ministerial role in liquidating antidumping duties’”

and “‘merely follows Commerce’s instructions,’” it could not have known from reading the e-mail

that the liquidation suspension had been removed. 27 CIT at 974, 277 F. Supp. 2d at 1345, citing

Mitsubishi Elec. Am., Inc. v. United States, 44 F.3d 973, 977 (Fed. Cir. 1994).

               All the government’s arguments were rejected. With regard to the government’s first

argument, the court observed:

       To anyone reasonably familiar with customs law, the juxtaposition [in the e-mail] of
       the mandate “there should be no unliquidated entries” with the exception for certain
       goods for which a Commerce liquidation order “continues to be enjoined” could only
       mean that there are no remaining suspensions, court-ordered or otherwise, on subject
       entries, except for those identified.

27 CIT at 977, 277 F. Supp 2d at 1348. The court then found that, reviewing the e-mail “as a

whole,” it was clear that “a reasonable Customs official, with knowledge in these matters, would

have read the message to provide unambiguously that any suspension of liquidation on NEC’s entries

had been removed.” Id. On that basis, the court held the notice was “unambiguous.” The court

summarily rejected the government’s other arguments. It held that, under the Federal Circuit’s

decisions in International Trading and Fujitsu, the e-mail constituted sufficient notice even though

it did not specifically mention suspension or the applicable duty rate. 27 CIT at 975, 277 F. Supp.
Court No. 15-00095                                                                         Page 11


2d at 1346. And it held that Commerce’s intention in sending the e-mail was “irrelevant.” 27 CIT

at 977, 277 F. Supp 2d at 1348. The Federal Circuit agreed with this court’s reasoning and holding.

411 F.3d at 1345-1346.

               This court reaffirmed and extended NEC in American International Chemical, Inc.

v. United States, 29 CIT 735, 387 F. Supp. 2d 1258 (2005). The plaintiff in that case, America

International Chemical (“AIC”), challenged the reliquidations by Customs of four consumption

entries of potassium permanganate from Spain made in 1986. AIC had asserted AD duties at the rate

of zero at the time the entries were made, based on a prior administrative review by Commerce that

found no dumping margin to exist for potassium permanganate from Spain. In 1987, however,

Commerce conducted another administrative review of covered consumption entries of potassium

permanganate from Spain entered at any time during 1986. On June 8, 1988, Commerce published

the final results of that review, in which it determined that the AD duty margin that would apply to

this product was 16.6 percent. The foreign manufacturer challenged that determination here, and the

court issued an injunction suspending liquidation of entries made in 1986, including those by AIC.

After a series of remands, the court sustained Commerce’s final determination that the AD rate

should be 5.53.

               On the date an appeal from the court’s decision became time-barred, the decision

sustaining Commerce’s determination became final, the judicial injunction automatically dissolved,

and the liquidation suspension was removed. Thus, on February 2, 2000, Commerce sent Customs

an e-mail addressing entries of potassium permanganate from Spain dating back to 1984. This

e-mail said that the records at Commerce indicated there “should be no unliquidated entries of
Court No. 15-00095                                                                          Page 12


potassium permanganate from Spain . . . held by Customs for antidumping purposes during the

period 01/19/1984 through 12/31/1999.” 29 CIT at 738, 387 F. Supp. 2d at 1262. Nonetheless,

Commerce subsequently issued liquidation instructions to Customs to assess antidumping duties at

a rate of 16.6 percent, which it later revised to 5.53 percent, on AIC’s entries of potassium

permanganate in 1986. Customs followed those instructions and ultimately reliquidated the duties

on plaintiff’s entries at 5.53 percent in 2002.

               AIC timely protested the four reliquidations, arguing that under §1504(d) its four

entries were liquidated as a matter of law at the zero rate of antidumping duty six months after

Customs received Commerce’s e-mail of February 2, 2000, without liquidating those entries.

Customs denied the protests and plaintiff brought suit in this court, making the same argument it had

made to Customs. The government countered that the e-mail of February 2, 2000 did not constitute

valid notice to Customs under §1504(d) for reasons echoing those it unsuccessfully advanced in the

NEC case. Specifically, the government argued that: (i) the e-mail did not state that suspension of

liquidation was removed for any entry made during the relevant period; (ii) the e-mail did not state

that judicial review was completed; and (iii) the e-mail did not inform Customs of the amount of

antidumping duty to be assessed against the entries.

               The court treated the government’s arguments as one argument, i.e., that the e-mail

was not unambiguous, and it rejected that argument. The court found that the statement in the e-mail,

i.e., that there ‘“should be no unliquidated entries of potassium permanganate from Spain. . . . held

by Customs for antidumping purposes’” during the relevant period, “cannot be read in any manner

consistent with the possibility that suspension of liquidation of the subject entries had not been
Court No. 15-00095                                                                            Page 13


removed.” 29 CIT at 746, 387 F. Supp. 2d at 1268 (emphasis in original). Applying the “reasonable

and knowledgeable Customs official” standard articulated in NEC, the court stated that “[a]

‘reasonable Customs official, with knowledge in these matters’ could not interpret that statement to

mean that liquidation continued to be suspended.” Id., citing NEC, 277 F. Supp. 2d at 1348. The

court concluded that this e-mail, taken “‘as a whole,’” was as clear as the e-mail in NEC that the

liquidation suspension was no longer in effect. 29 CIT at 746-47, 387 F. Supp. 2d at 1268-69.

               Two other decisions of the court are also noteworthy.

               In United States v. Great American Insurance Co. of NY, 35 CIT 1130, 791 F. Supp.

2d 1337 (2011), the court rejected the government’s argument that a published “notice of rescission”

from Commerce did not constitute valid notice under §1504(d) of the removal of an administrative

liquidation suspension because it was silent as to whether the suspension was removed. “Language

explicitly stating that a suspension is removed is not required to remove a suspension of liquidation.”

35 CIT at 1156, 791 F. Supp. 2d at 1364.

               And in United States v. American Home Assurance Co., 40 CIT ___, 151 F. Supp.

3d 1328 (2016), the court repeated that point over the government’s opposition. The case upholds

that the standard for the sufficiency of the notice required by § 1504(d) is whether a reasonable and

knowledgeable Customs official would understand the notice to mean that a liquidation suspension

had been removed. “[E]xplicit language stating that a suspension has been lifted is not required to

remove a suspension of liquidation so long as ‘a reasonable Customs official, with knowledge in

these matters, would have read the message to provide unambiguously that any suspension of
Court No. 15-00095                                                                           Page 14


liquidation on [the importer’s] entries has been removed.’” 40 CIT at ___, 151 F. Supp. 3d at 1341,

quoting NEC, 277 F. Supp. 2d at 1348.

                                            B. Analysis

               Arbed argues that its entries of SSPC from Belgium in 1999 were liquidated under

§1504(d) six months after Customs received two notices of the removal of the suspension of

liquidation and that all three conditions for a deemed liquidation were satisfied: (i) the suspension

of liquidation imposed by the injunction pending appeal issued by the Federal Circuit in the Arcelor

case had been removed; (ii) Customs received valid notice of the removal of the suspension from

Commerce in its message number 6243201 and from the court, when Customs was served with the

Order in the Arcelor case; and (iii) Customs did not liquidate Arbed’s entries within six months after

it received those notices. Arbed contends that because it is undisputed that CBP did not liquidate

Arbed’s entries until January 21, 2011, the only contested questions in this case are whether the

liquidation suspension imposed by the temporary injunction and injunction pending appeal issued

by the Federal Circuit was removed, and whether CBP received valid notice of that removal. Arbed's

answer to both questions is: yes.

               First, Arbed explains, the injunction pending appeal issued by the Federal Circuit in

the Arcelor case, which suspended liquidation of all entries of SSPC from Belgium, dissolved

automatically when the Federal Circuit’s mandate in the Arcelor case was issued on August 7, 2006.

Atlas Copco, Inc. v. EPA, 642 F.2d 458, 470 (D.C. Cir. 1979) (“a stay issued pursuant to Federal

Appellate Rule 8(a) dissolves automatically upon resolution of the appeal”); FTC v. Food Town

Stores, Inc., 547 F.2d 247, 249 (4th Cir. 1977) (an “injunction pending the appeal expires by its own
Court No. 15-00095                                                                            Page 15


terms upon disposition of the appeal”). See also NEC, 277 F. Supp. 2d at 1342 (“the injunction

suspending liquidation of Plaintiff’s entries . . . was lifted when the decision became final”). It was

precisely because the Federal Circuit’s injunction pending appeal in the Arcelor case dissolved

automatically on August 7, 2006 that on the same day Arcelor moved in this court for and obtained

a PI to enjoin liquidation of its 211 entries of SSPC from Belgium.

               Second, Commerce message number 6243201 gave unambiguous and public notice

to Customs on August 31, 2006, that suspension of the liquidation of Arbed’s six entries imposed

by the Federal Circuit’s injunctive orders had been removed. Message 6243201 was based on the

CIT’s PI of August 29, 2006, which emphasized that the PI enjoined exclusively the “liquidation of

entries listed in the injunction” and enjoined Commerce and Customs “from taking any actions on

any of the protests on entries listed in the injunction.” The message instructed Customs in clear

words: “Do not make or permit liquidation of any of the unliquidated entries listed herein.” Id.

(emphasis added). And for good measure, it listed each and every one of the 211 entries of SSPC

to which the CIT’s PI applied. None of Arbed’s six entries was included in that list.

               The court agrees that message number 6243201 is unambiguous, although that is not

the only notice that is unambiguous and relevant here. Under the “reasonable and knowledgeable

Customs official” standard adopted by the court and the Federal Circuit in NEC (and followed in

American International Chemical and American Home Assurance), a reasonable CBP official

knowledgeable in these matters could not have read message number 6243201 other than to apply

this court’s PI suspending liquidation of entries of SSPC from Belgium precisely to the 221 entries
Court No. 15-00095                                                                          Page 16


listed in that Message, and to remove the Federal Circuit’s suspension of liquidation as to all other

entries of SSPC from Belgium, including Arbed’s six entries.

               As mentioned, Customs did not affirmatively act to post notice of deemed liquidation

of Arbed’s six entries. In denying Arbed’s protest, Customs noted that Commerce had instructed

it on September 9, 2005 and again on October 27, 2005 not to implement the liquidation instructions

Commerce had issued on July 8 and July 18, 2006 until further notice. Customs said it “has a merely

ministerial role in liquidating duties” and that, “[a]s such, C[ustoms] was unable to liquidate until

receiving further notice.” Letter from Myles B. Harmon, Director, Commercial and Trade

Facilitation Division, to Suzanne McGrann, Assistant Port Director, Trade Compliance, U.S.

Customs and Border Protection, p. 5 (Sep. 9, 2014). Customs said that neither the CIT’s PI in the

Arcelor case dated August 29, 2006, nor Commerce message number 6243201, “reference the

Federal Circuit case, its outcome, or the ending of its stay of liquidation,” and “[n]either contains

language instructing C[ustoms] to liquidate any entries.” Id. Thus, Customs’ position is that it did

not receive such express instructions from Commerce until 2010, when Commerce directed Customs

to liquidate the instructions it had given on July 8 and July 18, 2006.

               Such contentions, however, essentially repeat arguments already advanced by the

government that the court and the Federal Circuit have considered and rejected. In NEC, for

example, the court rejected the argument that Customs’ ‘“mere[ ] ministerial role in liquidating

antidumping duties’” excused its failure to read an unambiguous message from Commerce

appropriately. 27 CIT at 974, 976-77, 277 F. Supp. 2d at 1345, 1347. The court has repeatedly stated

that, “[l]anguage explicitly stating that a suspension is removed is not required to remove a
Court No. 15-00095                                                                           Page 17


suspension of liquidation” under §1504(d). American Home Assurance, 39 CIT at ___, 151 F. Supp.

3d at 1341, quoting Great American Insurance, 35 CIT at ___, 791 F. Supp. 2d at 1364. See also

NEC, 27 CIT at 975, 277 F. Supp. 2d at 1346 (the Federal Circuit “held that publication of notice

of the decision in that case met the requirements of §1504(d) despite the fact that neither the court

decision nor Commerce’s Federal Register notice specifically mentioned suspension”), referencing

Fujitsu, 283 F.3d at 1383; American International Chemical, 29 CIT at 746-78, 387 F. Supp. 2d at

1268-1269 (discussing appellate endorsement of the concept of public notice in the context of

§1504(d)). And in Fujitsu, the Federal Circuit rejected the government’s argument that the absence

of liquidation instructions in a notice was fatal to the validity of a notice under §1504(e). Fujitsu,

283 F.3d at 1381. These decisions reflect the fact that Customs’ “ministerial role” does not mean

Customs is without the capacity to comprehend clear notice from Commerce or relevant judicial

orders, see 19 U.S.C. §1504(d), and/or to take action without a specific directive to that effect from

Commerce or the courts.

               The defendant’s arguments focus solely on the “clarity” of the August 2006

instructions from Commerce, arguing that they are ambiguous and that the first and only

“unambiguous and public” notice to Customs that the suspension of liquidation for the entries at

issue was removed occurred in 2010, when Commerce issued Message No. 291310 (Oct. 18, 2010)

for the AD order and Message No. 0309303 (Nov. 05, 2010) for the CVD order. See Def. Br. at 10

and Ex. E. But these arguments do not address the valid notice Customs also received from the court

regarding the removal of the suspension of liquidation. As indicated, under §1504(d), valid notice

to Customs may come not only from Commerce but also from “a court with jurisdiction over the
Court No. 15-00095                                                                            Page 18


entry.” This court has such jurisdiction, and the Clerk of this Court certified that on August 29, 2006

it served this court’s Order in the Arcelor case on Customs. This court’s orders are not “pretend”

orders (i.e, without effect unless “further” implemented or directed by Commerce) and Arcelor’s

counsel also served a copy of that Order on Customs on August 30, 2006. The Order plainly limited

the continuing injunction on liquidation to the 211 listed entries, and it just as plainly excluded

Arbed’s six entries from that injunction by implication. In other words, the notice Customs received

from this court plainly was valid notice under §1504(d).

               In sum, as Arbed contends, all the conditions for deemed liquidation in 2006 were

satisfied in this case. The entries covered by Protest No. 1401-11-100205 liquidated in 2006 by

operation of law under 19 U.S.C. §1504(d), and the fact that Customs did not publically

acknowledge that fact by posting notice to that effect on its website pursuant to its regulations is of

no moment.

               In passing, the court notes that Arbed contends the correct date of liquidation was

August 7, 2006 upon issuance of the Federal Circuit’s mandate in the Arcelor case. However, the

court must abide by Cemex, S.A. v. United States, 384 F.3d 1314 (Fed. Cir. 2004), as argued by the

defendant. See, e.g., Omni U.S.A., Inc. v. United States, 11 CIT 287, 288 (1987). The relevant date

was therefore September 13, 2006, when the 90-day period for petitioning the Supreme Court for

certiorari from the Federal Circuit’s decision of June 15, 2006 expired.
Court No. 15-00095                                                                        Page 19


                                         IV. Conclusion

               In view of the foregoing, Customs’ affirmative liquidation of the entries at issue,

pursuant to Commerce’s 2010 liquidation instructions, was ultra vires, without legal effect.

Judgment must therefore be entered for the plaintiff.

               So ordered.



                                            /s/ R. Kenton Musgrave
                                            R. Kenton Musgrave, Senior Judge
Dated: December 21, 2018
       New York, New York
