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13-P-1270                                             Appeals Court

 ANNA BAROUNIS     vs.   FOTIOS BAROUNIS & another1 (and a companion
                                 case2).


                             No. 13-P-1270.

            Norfolk.      October 8, 2014. - July 30, 2015.

                 Present:   Green, Rubin, & Agnes, JJ.


            Will, Allowance, Construction, Undue influence.


     Petitions for probate of a will filed in the Norfolk
Division of the Probate and Family Court Department on September
21, 2009, and February 1, 2010.

    The cases were heard by George F. Phelan, J.


     Susan E. Stenger for Anna Barounis.
     Thomas Frisardi (Kendra Kinscherf with him) for Fotios
Barounis & another.


    RUBIN, J.     Before us are cross appeals from two will

contests, involving purported wills of the decedent Antonios




    1
        Katherine Zosherafatain.
    2
        Katherine Zosherafatain & another vs. Anna Barounis.
                                                                      2


Barounis (Antonios).3    Antonios was married to Lambrini Barounis

(Lambrini), who predeceased him; they (collectively, the

parents) had three children, Anna Barounis (Anna), Fotios

Barounis (Fotios) and Katherine Zosherafatain (Katherine).     Anna

filed a petition to probate Antonios's will of November 21, 2003

(the 2003 will).     Nine months later, Antonios's other two heirs,

Fotios and Katherine, filed a petition to probate Antonios's

will of April 14, 2004 (the 2004 will).     After trial, the judge

issued forty-five pages of findings of fact, conclusions of law,

and rationale in support of his judgment with respect to the

2003 will, and subsequently the judge issued findings in support

of his judgment on the 2004 will.

     1.   Background.    In the decade prior to his death, Antonios

signed three conflicting estate plans that bear little

resemblance to each other.    The trial judge's opinion describes

in detail the lengthy and unfortunate factual history behind

this case.   We recount his relevant findings.

     a.   The 1998 will.    For nearly twenty years leading up to

1996, varying combinations of Antonios, his wife Lambrini, and

each of their three children helped to operate a market on

property Antonios owned at 532 Tremont Street in Boston,

Massachusetts.     The parents retired to Greece in 1996, entering


     3
       For the sake of clarity, we refer to the parties by their
first names.
                                                                    3


into a ten-year lease for the market with a third party.

Katherine managed the market from 1996 through 2002, dealing

with financial matters and arranging for minor renovations to

the market.    Antonios gave her a power of attorney in 1998.

During 1998 Anna, with her husband, lived in Greece, as did her

parents; her siblings were in the United States.    Antonios

shared the same accountant, Angelo Noukas, with Fotios and

Katherine.    Apparently in early 1998, Antonios visited the

United States and requested a meeting with Attorney Bruce

Pilavis (with whom Fotios had an attorney-client relationship)

to set up an estate plan; Noukas set up the meeting, which

resulted in a will (the 1998 will) and accompanying documents

(together, 1998 estate plan).    Essentially, this estate plan

provided that should Lambrini predecease Antonios, at his death

Anna would receive $10,000, with the remainder of the estate

passing through trust to Fotios and Katherine in equal parts.

Shortly after executing this will, Antonios set up an annuity to

benefit Lambrini and, after her death, Anna.    Its value was far

less than half the value of Antonios's estate.

    b.   The 2003 will.     Sometime later in 1998, Anna

discovered the contents of the 1998 will and was upset, telling

Antonios that her siblings were much better off financially than

she was, and trying to convince him to change the provisions.

At the time, Antonios took no action.    Back in the United
                                                                    4


States, Katherine now owned her own restaurant, and Fotios

operated Dunkin' Donuts franchises.   Anna returned to the United

States in 2000, while the parents returned in 2002.

     Anna moved into a residential unit at 532 Tremont Street in

February, 2003, and she subsequently (with her parents'

agreement) began managing the other residential units in the

property, even supervising an extensive renovation process

during the course of 2003 and 2004.   During 2003, Anna spent a

lot of time with her parents.   During the same year, Antonios

asked Anna to find him a lawyer.   Anna sought a Greek-speaking

lawyer, and contacted one, Chris Pappas, on September 18, 2003.4

Anna and Pappas had no prior dealings.   Pappas's ability to

speak Greek was important because Antonios's command of English

was "not great."   He had minimal ability to read English, could

not write it, and spoke only basic conversational English.



     4
       The judge did not credit Anna's statement that the
expressed purpose of the request was to revise the 1998 estate
plan, instead finding that the meeting was principally about the
market at 532 Tremont Street (specifically, what to do with a
long-term tenant paying below-market rent). This finding is
ultimately not relevant to our decision. The asserted below-
market-rent tenant at the market had a ten-year lease that
expired in 2006. Eventually, Attorney Pappas, at the direction
of Anna and Antonios, dramatically increased the rent,
successfully preventing the tenant from renewing the lease,
after which time Anna (through a corporate persona) and Antonios
(again, using Pappas as his attorney) signed a fifteen-year
lease for Anna to operate the property. Such lease was signed
on September 8, 2006. The judge interpreted these facts as
further evidence that Antonios desired the market to go to Anna.
                                                                    5


     Anna drove her parents to their first meeting with Attorney

Pappas.   It took place on September 25, 2003, and lasted an hour

and a half.    She was present for the initial discussion of the

objective of the meeting, after which Pappas asked Anna to leave

the inner office.    At the meeting, the parents gave Pappas a

large binder of their 1998 estate planning documents, and Pappas

reviewed them, explaining their effects in Greek.    Antonios

indicated that the 1998 estate plan no longer reflected his

preferences, because Fotios and Katherine were now well-off

financially.   Pappas testified that Antonios instructed him that

instead, if Lambrini were to predecease Antonios, at his death

he wanted to leave "the rest of the property" to Anna.5    Pappas

asked the parents the extent of their property ownership, but

apparently based on an answer indicating only their Tremont

Street property, he did not discover many of their other assets,

including properties in Reading and in Greece.    After the

meeting, Anna drove her parents home, and thereafter Anna acted

as Pappas's "communicant," setting up later meetings and

reviewing draft documents with her parents.    Pappas never

discussed the terms of the estate plan with Anna, instead

talking only with her parents about their substantive wishes.



     5
       The judge did not incorporate this testimony into his
findings of fact, and instead found that Antonios had a
different intent. See part 2.b., infra.
                                                                   6


    In late October, 2003, Anna and Antonios traveled together

to Greece -- Antonios paid for expenses -- and Anna divorced her

husband there.    The judge found that on this trip, as she had

back in the United States, Anna urged her father to leave her

everything because her siblings were now well off, and her

financial situation in light of her divorce was difficult.

    Attorney Pappas met with the parents again on November 21,

2003.    First, Pappas explained the main effects of the final

2003 will and accompanying documents (together, 2003 estate

plan) to the parents in Greek.   Second, the parties signed each

of the four pages in the 2003 will, and two disinterested

witnesses initialed each page and signed the final page.    They

also executed the remainder of the 2003 estate plan, setting up

a trust (2003 trust).    This session lasted an hour and a half.

The 2003 estate plan provides that should Lambrini predecease

Antonios, Anna (through the 2003 trust) will essentially receive

the entire estate.   It explicitly omits Antonios's other

children "inasmuch as they are each well-off financially."

    c.    The 2004 will.   With respect to the 2004 will, Angelo

Noukas, the certified public accountant, becomes the pivotal

actor in the case.    Although Katherine testified that she was

unaware of the 2003 will prior to Antonios's death, the judge

discredited her testimony, finding that she did know of the

relevant provisions prior to the execution of the 2004 will.
                                                                   7


The judge found that Fotios was not aware of the 2003 will, nor

the 2004 will until after his father's death.    For the prior

several years, Noukas had been preparing Fotios's and

Katherine's business and personal tax returns along with

Antonios's personal tax returns.   Fotios was his largest client

by a large margin, providing Noukas with over thirty percent of

his business, and he was friends personally with both Fotios and

Katherine.

    In early 2004, Noukas called Antonios and initiated a

discussion about the latter's estate plan, recommending they

meet to review it in light of "changes between the Massachusetts

and federal estate tax [law]."   Noukas disputed this, claiming

Antonios initiated the call, but the judge discredited Noukas's

testimony.   They met at Antonios's home, where Noukas, who

speaks Greek, cautioned Antonios that "there would be a bad

result" if the 1998 estate plan documents were not revised.

Noukas recommended that Antonios retain Attorney Gianpiero

Spino, to whom Noukas had recommended clients in the past.

Spino did not speak Greek.   The trial judge discredited Noukas's

testimony that Antonios told him that Antonios's desired outcome

was for Anna to receive nothing, and that Antonios was

unsatisfied with the 1998 estate plan.   Rather, the judge

concluded that Noukas had interpreted Antonios's wishes based on

incomplete and perhaps inaccurate information.
                                                                   8


    Antonios and his new lawyer did not meet or talk prior to

the drafting of the 2004 will and accompanying documents

(together, 2004 estate plan).   Rather, Noukas conveyed to

Attorney Spino Antonios's purported wishes in a brief initial

contact on March 29, 2004, and a subsequent twenty-minute in-

person discussion.

    Attorney Spino's notes of the initial conversation indicate

that the purpose of the plan was to "protect" assets from Anna,

who was to receive only a $5,000 bequest, and that Antonios's

property was, in the event Lambrini predeceased him, to pass

through a trust in equal shares to Fotios and Katherine.     He

drafted the estate plan on the basis of his discussions with

Noukas, and these are its terms.   Even compared to the 1998

plan, the 2004 estate plan was harsh towards Anna, cutting her

inheritance in half, and imposing on her alone an in terrorem

clause that Spino admitted he had added without instruction even

from Noukas.

    The 2004 estate plan was sophisticated, and around seventy

pages.   Yet neither Noukas nor Spino reviewed a draft of the

estate plan with Antonios before it was finalized.   Instead,

Spino sent at least one draft of the 2004 estate plan to

"persons unknown" and received back handwritten corrections in

English.
                                                                     9


    On April 14, 2004, Attorney Spino traveled to Antonios's

home in order to get the 2004 estate plan (including the will)

signed, meeting with his client Antonios for the first and only

time.    Noukas also attended.   Over the course of about forty

minutes, Antonios first signed extensions for filing his income

tax returns, then –- after a brief Greek explanation of the

documents from Noukas, who had neither read nor reviewed the

approximately seventy pages contained therein, and who testified

that he did not spell out for Antonios what he thought the

dispositive provisions said –- Antonios signed the 2004 estate

plan.    He did not read the will, which contained some obvious

errors, including the misspelling of the names of his children.

On the 2004 will, only the last page was signed and witnessed,

although the provision providing Anna with $5,000 was also

initialed.    Spino spoke during the signing, but in English.

Katherine subsequently wrote Noukas a check for $2,500.     Noukas

paid Spino about $1,700, about $100 to another party who had

witnessed the will, and kept the rest for himself.     Spino never

presented Antonios with a bill.

    d.    The lower court's judgments.    The judge concluded that

Antonios had testamentary capacity at the time he signed each

will.    He found, however, that Antonios was unaware of the

contents of the 2004 estate plan, as was Noukas.     Antonios had

"blindly followed" Noukas's guidance without any actual
                                                                    10


understanding.   Therefore, the judge did not allow the 2004

will.

     The judge did allow the petition on the 2003 will, but

purported to limit the allowance of its dispositive scheme,

including its residuary clause.    The judge found that there was

no undue influence by Anna, but that Antonios had not known the

contents of the 2003 will beyond its bequest to Anna of the

market business and the corresponding physical space in the

Tremont Street building owned by Antonios.      He ruled that the

market would pass to the 2003 trust, of which Anna was the sole

beneficiary, but that the rest of the estate would pass by

partial intestacy.

     On appeal, Anna argues that the judge correctly admitted

the 2003 will, but erred in declaring a partial intestacy with

respect to Antonios's property other than the market.      The other

two children, Fotios and Katherine, argue that the judge erred

in not allowing the 2004 will, or that, in the alternative, the

2003 will is invalid either because, given the judge's finding

that Antonios did not know the contents of the 2003 will, it

cannot be admitted, or because contrary to the conclusion

reached by the trial judge, the will is the product of undue

influence.

     2.   Analysis.   a.   The 2004 will.   We turn first to the

2004 will.   As Fotios and Katherine point out, there is a
                                                                     11


longstanding presumption that one who signs a will knows its

contents.    See Richardson v. Richards, 226 Mass. 240, 245

(1917).     Such a presumption is necessary because in every case,

by the time of a contest about a will, the person who would know

best what the testator knew at the time of signing, the testator

himself, will be dead.     Indeed, ensuring the accuracy of this

necessary presumption is one of the purposes behind the specific

procedures that are statutorily required to accompany the

execution of a will.

    Nonetheless, this presumption is rebuttable.      See Dobija v.

Hopey, 353 Mass. 600, 603 (1968).     There is no Massachusetts

case explaining precisely what burden one challenging allowance

of a will must meet in order to overcome this presumption.

While all other common-law States appear to require one

challenging a will on this ground to provide proof only by a

preponderance of the evidence, see, e.g., Sansona v. Laraia, 88

Conn. 136 (1914), some speak of the need for "clear" or

"satisfactory" evidence.     See, e.g., Pepe v. Caputo, 408 Ill.

321, 325 (1951) (when "a will [has] been prepared at the request

of the testator" and has been duly executed, a contestant must

put forth "clear and satisfactory proof" that the testator did

not understand what the will contained); In re Gannon, 73 Misc.

325, 334 (N.Y. Sur. Ct. 1911) (stating that the "presumption

must prevail until counterbalanced by very satisfactory evidence
                                                                   12


to the contrary"); Boehm v. Kress, 179 Pa. 386, 388 (1897)

(stating that when a will "found to have been executed by a man

possessed of full testamentary capacity and subjected to no

undue influence, is to be set aside on the ground that he did

not have a full understanding of its nature, and did not execute

it for what it purports to be, and for what it on its face is, a

will, it should be on very clear evidence").

    Even assuming the need for "clear" evidence in support of a

finding that a testator did not as a matter of fact know the

contents of the will he executed, we think the standard was met

here.   The judge made several subsidiary factual findings in

support of his conclusion that "[Antonios] was unaware of the

contents of the 2004 will and trust."   We cannot say that any of

these findings of fact were plainly wrong.   Matter of the Estate

of Moretti, 69 Mass. App. Ct. 642, 650-651 (2007) (stating that

in probate proceedings a judge's findings of fact stand "unless

they are plainly wrong") (quotation omitted).

    Antonios did not read English, nor could he speak it in any

sophisticated way.   Noukas advised Antonios that he should

revise the 1998 estate plan documents to avoid probate issues,

recommending Attorney Spino.   The judge did not credit Noukas's

testimony that Antonios expressed his wishes to Noukas.   Rather,

he found that Noukas had provided his own interpretation of

Antonios's wishes based on unknown information.   The judge found
                                                                    13


that Attorney Spino, who prepared the will, did not speak Greek

and never spoke with Antonios before meeting with him to sign

the will; Spino's only source of information was Noukas.      At

that meeting, whatever provisions Spino explained to Antonios,

he did so only in English.     Noukas spoke to Antonios in Greek,

but when asked if he had described the substance of the

dispositive provisions of the 2004 will (which the judge found

Noukas had not himself read), Noukas testified, "[I]t was a lot

more simpler [sic] than that.     It was, did you do what I told

you?    And I said yes.   And, you know, that was it."   In light of

this, we see no error in the judge's conclusion that Antonios

did not know the contents of the will, and we conclude that,

should clear evidence be required to support such a finding, it

was supported by such evidence.     Consequently, the judgment

disallowing the 2004 will must be affirmed.

       b.   The 2003 will.   With respect to the 2003 will, the

judge found that Antonios understood the contents of the will

only to the extent that it conveyed the market -- which the

judge construed to mean the business and the physical space in

which it was located -- to the 2003 trust, of which Anna was the

sole beneficiary, should Antonios survive Lambrini.      As a result

of that finding, the judge reformed the will so that Anna,

through the 2003 trust, would get the market, and the rest of

Antonios's property would pass through intestacy.
                                                                     14


        Of course, in Massachusetts reformation of wills is not

permitted.     Flannery v. McNamara, 432 Mass. 665, 673 (2000)

("Reformation of wills is presently prohibited in

Massachusetts").     Even "[t]he fact that [the will] was not in

conformity to the instructions given to the draftsman who

prepared it or that he made a mistake does not authorize a court

to reform or alter it or remould it by amendments."     Mahoney v.

Grainger, 283 Mass. 189, 191 (1933).     Reformation of the will by

the judge, whatever its equities, was not a tool available to

him.6

        Fotios and Katherine argue that if the finding of lack of

knowledge of contents is fatal to the 2004 will, it is equally

fatal to the 2003 will.     An examination of the record, however,

shows that it does not support a finding that Antonios did not

know the contents of the 2003 will.

        The judge made two relevant factual findings concerning

communication between Antonios and Attorney Pappas.     First, he

found that in meeting with Pappas, Antonios's initial wish "was

to leave everything to [Lambrini] if she survived him but if not

        6
       There are cases holding that extrinsic evidence may be
used to assist in interpretation of an ambiguous provision of a
will. See, e.g., Polsey v. Newton, 199 Mass. 450 (1908). The
judge in this case, however, did not purport to interpret the
language of the will in reaching his result. Rather, he
concluded that the residuary clause was to be "of no effect,"
and that assets other than the market and its physical space
were to pass through intestacy, thus purporting to reform the
will.
                                                                      15


then the market store specifically should go to Anna."       Later,

the judge found that in a one and one-half hour meeting

conducted in Greek at the attorney's office, Antonios's

instructions were that his property should go "all to [Lambrini]

if she survived but if not then the market should go to Anna."

     These findings are unsupported.    The judge credited

Attorney Pappas's testimony, but Pappas testified that "one of

[Antonios's and Lambrini's] wishes" was to give the "Athens

Market business" to Anna.   He did not testify that Antonios's

wishes were limited to the market.     Rather, he testified that

Antonios initially told him that if Lambrini were to predecease

him, on his death "the rest of the property" should pass to

Anna.   Pappas also testified that he explained -- in Greek --

the dispositive provisions of the will to Antonios again at the

time the will was executed, after which Antonios said "yes" to

Pappas's question "[D]oes this express your wishes?"     In light

of this, we cannot say that the evidence supports a factual

finding that Antonios did not know the contents of the 2003

will.

     Fotios and Katherine also argue that the 2003 will was the

product of undue influence.   The judge's amply supported

findings of fact, however, support his conclusion that, while

the will undoubtedly reflected Anna's influence, such influence

did not amount to compulsion that coerced Antonios.     Compare
                                                                     16


Heinrich v. Silvernail, 23 Mass. App. Ct. 218, 227 (1986).     The

2003 will was executed by Antonios based upon his own

independent judgment of the equities of the situation, in which

Fotios and Katherine were, in fact, in a better financial

situation than Anna.   Given the judge's supported findings of

fact, there is no error in his conclusion that Anna's influence,

while significant, was not "undue."

    3.   Conclusion.     So much of the judgment on the 2003 will

(Docket No. 09P2372EA) as limits the disposition to the market

business and corresponding physical space at 532 Tremont Street,

Boston, is reversed, and the judgment shall be modified to admit

the 2003 will in full.    In all other respects, the judgment is

affirmed, as is the postjudgment order dated November 30, 2012.

    The judgment on the 2004 will (Docket No. 10P0236EA) is

affirmed.

                                      So ordered.
