                    IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                OF TEXAS


                                                  No. AP-75,678


                               KER’SEAN OLAJUWA RAMEY, Appellant

                                                          v.

                                            THE STATE OF TEXAS


                                  Direct Appeal of Case 05-12-7342 of the
                                        24th Judicial District Court,
                                              Jackson County


         WOMACK , J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.


         The appellant Ker’sean Olajuwa Ramey was convicted of capital murder on January 16,

2007. Pursuant to the jury’s answers to the special issues set forth in Code of Criminal Procedure

Article 37.071, sections 2(b) and 2(e),1 the trial judge sentenced the appellant to death. The




         1
           See Act of June 16, 1991, 72nd Leg., R.S., ch. 838, § 1, 1991 Tex. Gen. Laws 2898, 2899-900 (amended
2005) (current version at C O D E C RIM . P RO C . art. 37.071, § 2(g)). Unless otherwise indicated, all references to
Articles refer to the Code of Criminal Procedure.
                                                                                                             (Ramey - 2)

appellant raises eight points of error in direct appeal to this court.2 Finding no reversible error, we

affirm.

                                                     I. Jury-selection Issues

          The appellant’s first and second points of error focus on alleged Batson violations during

jury selection. In Batson v. Kentucky, the United States Supreme Court held that discrimination

on the basis of race during jury selection violates the Fourteenth Amendment.3 Motivated by a

need to eliminate racial prejudice from peremptory strikes, the Batson court devised a three-part

test to determine whether purposeful racial discrimination was employed in voir dire procedures.4

The Batson holding (1) requires defendants to establish a prima facie case of discrimination, (2)

requires prosecutors then to offer race-neutral explanations for their use of peremptory strikes,

and (3) ultimately gives the trial court discretion in determining whether the neutral reasons

offered are pretextual.5 We now turn to the appellant’s two Batson claims.

                                           A. Applying Batson to Jury Shuffles

          In his first point of error, the appellant argues that the State performed an impermissible

jury shuffle on the second venire panel in violation of his Equal Protection rights. The appellant

contends that the principles established in Batson naturally extend to the jury shuffle, since it is

part of the Texas jury-selection process. The appellant relies on Miller-El v. Dretke, a Texas

death-penalty case reversed based on racial discrimination in jury selection. He posits that the



          2
              See C O D E C RIM . P RO C . art. 37.071, § 2(h).

          3
              Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 81 (1986).

          4
              Id., at 87.

          5
              Batson, 476 U.S.,at 96-97; Miller-El v. Dretke, 545 U.S. 231, 267 (2005) (Breyer, J., concurring).
                                                                                                             (Ramey - 3)

United States Supreme Court’s decision in Miller-El impliedly overruled this Court’s decision in

Ladd v. State,6 which previously addressed this issue. While Ladd did not endorse the argument

that Batson applies to jury shuffles,7 neither did it reject the argument.8

         Pursuant to Article 35.11, when selecting a jury “either side may [require the court to]

literally reshuffle the cards bearing panel members’ names, thus rearranging the order in which

members of a venire panel are seated and reached for questioning.”9 The question of discrimina-

tion in connection with the jury shuffle was addressed in Miller-El, in which the appellant argued

that race was a factor in the State’s request for a shuffle. The Court looked to “‘the totality of the

relevant facts’ about a prosecutor’s conduct” in determining purposeful discrimination for the

Batson claim.10 Although the jury shuffle was indeed one of four considerations in determining

purposeful discrimination in Miller-El, it merely “raise[d] a suspicion that the State sought to

exclude African-Americans from the jury.”11 Thus, the jury shuffle was “the first clue” to a wide

spectrum of racial discrimination practiced in the jury-selection practices of the State, and not the



         6
             Ladd v. State, 3 S.W .3d 547, 563-64 (Tex. Cr. App. 1999).

         7
             Id, at 563 n.3.

         8
             Id., at 564 (“Assuming arguendo that Batson extends to jury shuffles, we find no clear error … .”).

         9
             Miller-El, 545 U.S., at 255; C O D E C RIM . P RO C . art. 35.11.

         10
              Miller-El, 545 U.S., at 239 (quoting Batson, 476 U.S., at 94).

         11
            Miller-El, 545 U.S., at 254. The Miller-El holding was based on the “totality of the relevant facts”
regarding racially motivated peremptory strikes. Miller-El, 545 U.S., at 239, citing Batson, 476 U.S., at 94. The
relevant facts included (1) substantial similarities in a side-by-side comparison between white venire members and
African-American venire members who were peremptorily stricken; (2) the request of the jury shuffle; (3) the
“contrasting voir dire questions posed respectively to black and nonblack panel members” regarding descriptions of
the death penalty; and (4) the Dallas County District Attorney’s manual and his long-standing policy of
“systematically excluding blacks from juries.” Miller-El, 545 U.S., at 241, 253-255, 255, 263. W hile this evidence in
the aggregate suggests purposeful racial discrimination, it does not answer the question of whether jury shuffling on
its own would be subject to the Batson rule.
                                                                                                      (Ramey - 4)

crux of the issue.12

        Other appellants also have attempted to argue, without success, that Batson extends to

jury shuffles.13 In Urbano v. State, the appellant argued in the Court of Appeals that he was

denied a Batson hearing following the State’s request for a jury shuffle.14 The Court was “not

inclined to make the type of broad expansion of the law appellant [sought].”15 And, as previously

discussed in Ladd, this court reviewed an appellant’s argument that Batson naturally extends to

jury shuffles and ultimately did “not endorse such a view.”16 We decline to hold that Miller-El

overrules Ladd. We will determine this issue by looking at the shuffle as one of the facts of the

case.

        When the first venire panel did not provide sufficient jurors for the trial, a second venire

panel was brought into the court. The trial court asked the State and the appellant whether they

would like to shuffle this second jury panel. The defense declined, and the State requested a

shuffle. The appellant contends that the State’s request for a jury shuffle was based on racially-

motivated presumptions because the State had not yet viewed the juror questionnaires, which

would have included their opinions on the death penalty.

        The State argues that, because the appellant made no objection to the jury shuffle, he has

no right to appeal this issue. The appellant brought to the trial court’s attention the fact that the


        12
             Miller-El, 545 U.S., at 253.

        13
           See Densey, 191 S.W .3d, at 304; Urbano v. State, 808 S.W .2d 519, 520 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.]
1991, no pet.).

        14
             808 S.W .2d, at 520.

        15
             Id.

        16
             Ladd, 3 S.W .3d, at 563.
                                                                                             (Ramey - 5)

shuffle would cause many jurors who were ethnic minorities to be moved further down the list.

The trial court engaged in a discussion of the racial motivations for the jury shuffle at the request

of the defense. We shall assume, arguendo, that this was sufficient to preserve the issue for

review.

          Because “the burden shifts to the State to come forward with a race-neutral explanation

for challenging black jurors,” we turn to the explanation proffered by the State.17 The prosecutor

told the court:

          I have individuals here in Victoria who have assisted me in going through the list
          and given me information about the prospective jurors. … I have gotten that
          information from a number of different individuals. And in doing that I looked at
          this list and the overwhelming majority of the folks that they had suggested would
          be good State’s jurors were towards the back of the panel. And so in light of that I
          requested a shuffle. … I will tell the Court as an officer of the Court that those
          individuals, probably 75-80 percent of the ones they had told me would be good
          State’s jurors were towards the back. And so that’s why I asked for a shuffle.

The defense offered nothing further, and the trial court recessed. It is unclear whether the trial

court made a ruling; however, the trial court’s subsequent actions implicitly denied the appellant

relief.

          The explanation proffered by the State, if believed, is sufficiently race-neutral. We defer

to the trial court’s ruling on this point.

                         B. Batson Motion on Venire Member Cheryl Steadham-Scott

          In point two of his brief, the appellant argues that the State used a peremptory challenge

against venire member Cheryl Steadham-Scott in a racially discriminatory manner in violation of

Batson. Again the appellant objected to the strike by requesting a racially-neutral explanation,


          17
               Batson, 476 U.S., at 97.
                                                                                            (Ramey - 6)

much as he did in the first point of error.

       The State had informed the trial court that it would not challenge this juror for cause. The

appellant passed on questioning the witness. The State peremptorily challenged her. The

appellant did not object to this strike at the time, nor did he even use the word “Batson.” He

merely requested that her questionnaire be included in the record. After the jury was selected, but

before it was sworn in, the appellant requested a racially-neutral explanation for the striking of

Steadham-Scott. During the discussion which followed, the State declared that it was unprepared

for a Batson motion since one was never requested, but claimed that Steadham-Scott’s answers

to the prosecutor’s questions as well as her juror questionnaire led to racially-neutral reasons for

a peremptory strike, such as her ambivalence regarding inflicting the death penalty.

       While indeed there was a brief allusion to race in the jury questionnaire and then on

individual voir dire, the record supports the trial court’s ruling that the State struck Steadham-

Scott because of her inconclusive opinions on the death penalty and not her identity as an

African-American. Steadham-Scott was repeatedly unable to answer the State’s questions

regarding her ability to adjudge the death penalty, both in her jury questionnaire and during voir

dire. When asked whether she understood the death penalty or whether she would change it, she

replied, “Yea. I don’t know how I would change it, but–I don’t know how I would change it.”

When asked if she believed in the death penalty, she responded, “I mean, you’re asking me stuff

like do I believe in the death penalty. I don’t know if I believe in it, you know.” On the jury

questionnaire, she left blank the question, “Have you ever been opposed to the death penalty?”

and responded in another section on the questionnaire that she was “not opposed or . . . in favor

of it.” Points of error one and two are overruled.
                                                                                           (Ramey - 7)

                                      II. Guilt-Stage Issues

                                  A. Summary of the Evidence

       The bodies of Celso Lopez, Tiffany Peacock, and Sam Roberts were found in Roberts’s

residence by his parents on August 25, 2005. Lopez had been shot four times: once in the cheek

and three times in the back of the head. Peacock was shot twice in the head. Roberts was shot

five times: once in the chest, once in the neck, and three times in the back of the head. They had

been killed on or about August 24.

       Stacy Johnson, the appellant’s former girlfriend, testified that he called her at 12:29 a.m.

and 12:59 a.m. on August 25. He went to her house after their conversation, and slept there until

shortly before 6 a.m. She said that he seemed “distant.”

       Two days later, Johnson accompanied the appellant to his house where he dug up

“something” from his backyard. Johnson drove him to a dam. While Johnson was driving, the

appellant called his former step-father, Lonny Lyte. (Both Johnson and Lyte testified about this

conversation.) The appellant asked Lyte, “If you was to kill somebody, what would you do with

the guns?” Lyte responded by saying that he would throw them in the river.

       When they reached the dam, Johnson saw the appellant throw two pistols into the water.

She later returned to the dam with the police and pointed out to the dive team the place where she

remembered him throwing the pistols. They were found in the approximate location she

indicated.

       After he threw the pistols in the water, the appellant admitted to Johnson that he had

committed a murder. He first said, “You know what this is about,” to which she responded in the

affirmative. When they returned to her house, he admitted to everything in detail, and he threat-
                                                                                            (Ramey - 8)

ened to kill her if she told anyone.

       A firearms examiner from the Department of Public Safety testified that markings on the

bullets that were recovered from the victims’ bodies were consistent with the bullets having been

fired from the pistols that were recovered from the water at the dam.

       The pistols had been stolen from a residence on August 19, 2005. The owner of the

pistols identified them, and one of the pistols was further identified by records of registration.

Gerald Manzanalez and Christopher Times testified that, on August 19, they and the appellant

had broken into a residence where they stole the pistols and some other firearms.

       LeJames Norman testified that, on August 24, he and the appellant had gone to the scene

of the murders, Sam Roberts’s residence. Their objective was to steal 100 kilograms of cocaine

they believed to be inside.

       He said that he and the appellant prepared by stealing masks from a discount store. The

jury saw the store’s surveillance videotape which showed them stealing the masks at 9:22 p.m.

on August 24.

       Norman testified that they also prepared by wrapping tape around their shoes so as not to

leave a trail. They donned their masks and cocked their guns before entering the house. They

knocked on the door. Celso Lopez answered, and the two men forced their way inside. Norman

held a gun on Lopez, while the appellant ran to the rear of the home, where he hoped to find the

cocaine. As the appellant searched for the drugs, Norman accidentally shot Lopez in the cheek.

The appellant quickly returned to the front room and forced Lopez, bleeding and begging for

help, to move to a bedroom and lie on the floor.

       At that point Roberts came home, accompanied by Peacock (his girlfriend). When she
                                                                                             (Ramey - 9)

saw what was happening, Peacock panicked and tried to run away. Norman grabbed her and

forced her to her knees inside the house, near the front door. As she was bending down, he shot

her in the back of the head. Seeing his girlfriend fall limp to the floor, Roberts attacked Norman.

The two men “tussled” in the kitchen until the appellant shot Roberts, freeing Norman who

immediately shot Roberts several more times while he lay on the floor. The appellant then

returned to the bedroom and shot Lopez in the back of the head as he lay on the floor.

       The appellant and Norman left the house. As they walked away, Norman realized that he

had left his police scanner inside the house. The appellant quickly returned to retrieve the

scanner. While inside, he shot the victims several more times to ensure that they were dead.

       The appellant and Norman did not find any cocaine.

       Eight other witnesses testified that the appellant had admitted to them that he had

participated in the murders.

                                   B. Extraneous-Offense Issues

       In his sixth point of error, the appellant argues that the trial court erred in admitting

evidence relating to an extraneous offense in which the appellant, along with three other men,

stole several firearms from the residence of Kenneth Nairn five days before the shootings in the

instant case. Two of the pistols stolen from the Nairn residence were later used in the triple

homicide, and the appellant was connected to both offenses. The appellant repeatedly objected at

trial to the admission of this evidence as irrelevant. On appeal, the appellant now wishes to

contest the evidence as irrelevant and as being improper character evidence, pursuant to Rule of

Evidence 404(b), which deems evidence about a person’s prior bad acts inadmissible if it shows
                                                                                                        (Ramey - 10)

action in conformity therewith.18 The State contends that the appellant did not preserve error for a

Rule 404(b) objection since the appellant never objected to the evidence on this basis. This court

has previously held that relevancy objections will not preserve error for Rule 404 claims on

appeal.19 Because the record does not show any objection at trial to improper character evidence

with respect to the Nairn burglary, we shall not review it on appeal, and thus look only to

relevance.

        Evidence is relevant if it makes a fact of consequence “more probable or less probable

than it would be without the evidence.”20 All relevant evidence is therefore admissible, unless

inadmissible under other rules or statutory authority.21 This court has previously held that

extraneous offenses are admissible when they are relevant to a material issue in the case.22

        The evidence that the appellant sought to exclude—the testimony of Kenneth Nairn,

Agent David Taylor, Texas Ranger Morgan Miller, Gerald Manzanales, and Christopher Times,

in addition to State’s Exhibits 1 through 38—is relevant to a material fact of the offense: the

means of its commission. The pistols used in the triple homicide were two of the pistols stolen in

the Nairn burglary by the appellant. This evidence connects the appellant to the homicides.


        18
             R. E VID . 404(b).

        19
           See Camacho v. State, 864 S.W .2d 524, 533 (Tex. Cr. App. 1993); Medina v. State, 7 S.W .3d 633, 643
(Tex. Cr. App. 1999) (“Appellant made only a relevancy objection at trial. Such an objection does not preserve error
concerning a Rule 404 extraneous offense claim.”).

        20
             R. E VID . 401.

        21
             R. E VID . 402.

        22
           Crank v. State, 761 S.W .2d 328, 342 (Tex. Cr. App. 1988); Williams v. State, 662 S.W .2d 344, 346 (Tex.
Cr. App. 1983); Elkins v. State, 647 S.W .2d 663, 665 (Tex. Cr. App. 1983); Rubio v. State, 607 S.W .2d 498, 506
(Tex. Cr. App. 1980) (“Extraneous transactions constituting offenses shown to have been committed by the accused
may become admissible upon a showing by the prosecution both that the transaction is relevant to a material issue in
the case … and … the relevancy value of the evidence outweighs its inflammatory or prejudicial potential.”).
                                                                                          (Ramey - 11)

                                         1. The Testimony

        Kenneth Nairn was the owner of the home that was burglarized and the firearms that were

stolen. He testified that the specific pistols stolen were family heirlooms which he knew were

missing immediately after the burglary and which he was able to identify following their

discovery in the water at the local dam. His testimony was relevant because it helps to identify

the two guns stolen by the appellant as the same guns used in the triple homicide by the appellant

through special markings and serial numbers.

        David Taylor was a special agent of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and

Explosives, who testified as to the discovery and identity of one of the weapons used in the

offense, the H&R .22 short-barreled pistol found at the dam. His testimony is relevant because it

tends to connect the appellant to the murder weapon, which is a material component of the case,

and thus makes the appellant’s use of the gun in the triple homicide more probable than not. He

was able to track ownership of the H&R pistol by researching the serial numbers that remained

on it. The registration identified Nairn as the purchaser of the gun in 1984 from a pawn shop.

        Texas Ranger Morgan Miller testified that he was present with Johnson and the dive team

when they recovered the two pistols thrown in the water by the appellant. He testified that they

were in the approximate location directed by Johnson, who was with the appellant when he threw

the pistols in the water.

        Gerald Manzanales and Christopher Times testified that they were the appellant’s

accomplices for the Nairn burglary, in which they and others stole several firearms from the

Nairn residence. Their testimony linked the appellant to the theft of a pistol that was used in the

triple homicide.
                                                                                          (Ramey - 12)

                                     2. State’s Exhibits 1-38

       State’s exhibits 1-38 include physical and demonstrative evidence pertaining to the Nairn

burglary, primarily in the form of photographs. Two of the exhibits were the actual pistols

retrieved from the water by the dive team. Nairn identified them as two of the guns missing from

his collection. The photographs admitted include photographs of the Nairn residence, particularly

of the extensive firearms collection. The evidence also included the firearms registration

associated with the pistol found in the water and used in the shootings, as registered to Nairn in

1984. The photographs in evidence were also showed the exterior of the residence where the

appellant and Johnson resided at the time of the offense, as well as photographs of its torn-up

floorboards, under which a large black duffel bag stuffed with rifles was found. These exhibits

aided the witnesses with their testimony and are relevant because they illustrate the appellant’s

access to the murder weapon.

                                          3. Conclusion

       The evidence that the appellant contests is the testimony and photographs relating to the

Nairn burglary. These exhibits and testimony helped the finder of fact to determine whether the

appellant had access to the pistol, which is evidence tending to prove that he was a participant in

the murders. We overrule the appellant’s sixth point of error.

                                       C. Expert Witnesses

                                         1. Dr. John Stash

       In his fourth point of error, the appellant argues that the autopsy report on Roberts should

not have been admitted because the physician who performed the autopsy, Dr. John Stash, was

not a qualified medical examiner at the time the autopsy was performed. The appellant further
                                                                                                         (Ramey - 13)

contends that Dr. Stash committed perjury by testifying about the autopsy results when he stated

that he “worked as a medical examiner for the Bexar County Medical Examiner’s Office,” and

that this testimony intentionally misled the jury, helping to convict the appellant.

         The State contends that the appellant did not preserve this error because he did not object

to Dr. Stash’s qualifications at voir dire or during his testimony. In order to preserve an issue for

appeal, an objection must be made at trial.23 The appellant made no objection during trial

regarding Dr. Stash’s qualifications as a medical examiner.

         In order to overcome this deficit, the appellant filed a motion in arrest of judgment, which

is “a defendant’s oral or written suggestion that, for reasons stated in the motion, the judgment

rendered against the defendant was contrary to law.”24 But a motion in arrest of judgment is

directed to substantive defects in the indictment25 or the verdict,26 or to an invalidity in the

judgment.27 It may not be based on the proof offered at trial.28 The proper motion for such a claim

would be a motion for new trial.

         If we assume that the motion in arrest of judgment could have been treated as a motion

for new trial,29 it has no merit. The appellant would seem to argue that the qualifications for

         23
              R. A PP . P RO C . 33.1.

         24
              R. A PP . P RO C . 22.1.

         25
              R. A PP . P RO C . 22.2(a).

         26
              R. A PP . P RO C . 22.2(b).

         27
              R. A PP . P RO C . 22.2(c).

         28
          State v. Savage, 905 S.W .2d 268, 269 (Tex. App.SSan Antonio, 1994), aff’d, 933 S.W .2d 497 (Tex. Cr.
App. 1996).

         29
            See State v. Savage, 933 S.W.2d 497, 499 (Tex. Cr. App. 1996) (“We have held that when an order is the
functional equivalent of granting a motion for new trial, the reviewing court can look past the label assigned to the
order by the trial court and treat the order as a motion for new trial.”).
                                                                                          (Ramey - 14)

being the Medical Examiner must also be met by other medical examiners in the office. We do

not read the applicable statutes that way.

       The appellant reads the Occupations Code, section 155.105, as conflicting with Article

49.25, sections 2, 3, and 9, as well as with Article 38.35(f), thus precluding any physician in

training from performing autopsies. Article 49.25 states that “no person shall be appointed

medical examiner unless he is a physician licensed by the State Board of Medical Examiners,”

and also provides that “the medical examiner may, subject to the approval of the commissioners

court, employ such deputy examiners, scientific experts, trained technicians, officers and

employees as may be necessary to the proper performance of the duties imposed by this Article

upon the medical examiner.”30 The Occupations Code, section 155.105 grants physicians-in-

training permits to physicians “not otherwise licensed by the Board who [are] participating in a

graduate medical education training program approved by the Board.” It permits physicians-in-

training to work as physicians, provided they do so under the supervision of a physician, and as

part of a graduate medical education program.31

       Dr. Stash was operating under a physician-in-training permit within the confines of

Article 49.25. He was a graduate of an osteopathic medical school, an anatomic-pathology

residency, and a forensic-pathology fellowship. He had been working as a medical examiner with

the Bexar County Medical Examiner’s Office when he performed the autopsy on Roberts on

August 26, 2005. Dr. Stash was issued a physician-in-training permit beginning July 1, 2005,

before the date of the autopsy in question, and was thus operating within the statute. Further, the


       30
            C O D E C RIM . P RO C . art. 49.25, §§ 2, 3.

       31
            O CC . C O D E § 155.105.
                                                                                                             (Ramey - 15)

autopsy report was signed by Dr. Stash, along with the Chief Medical Examiner, Vincent J.M. Di

Maio, M.D., and other medical examiners in the Bexar County Medical Examiner’s office.32

Article 49.25’s provision that “no person shall be appointed medical examiner unless he is a

physician licensed by the State Board of Medical Examiners” means that no person shall be

appointed the Medical Examiner; it does not apply to other medical examiners working in the

office of the medical examiner. The appellant’s fourth point of error is overruled.

                                                2. Ronald Crumley

         The appellant argues in his fifth point that the court erred in admitting the testimony of

Ronald Crumley, the State’s ballistics expert, because he was not a qualified expert witness and

he could not conclusively determine whether the bullets and guns he examined were in fact the

bullets and guns used in the shootings.

         At trial, the appellant objected vaguely to Crumley’s testimony based on materiality and

relevance. He argues on appeal that he was objecting to the testimony based on the doctrine of

law following Daubert, Kelly, and Robinson.33 The appellant expressly did not object to Crum-

ley’s methodology at trial.

         The Rules of Evidence permit expert witnesses to testify as to scientific or technical

knowledge that will aid the trier of fact in determining relevant facts in a case.34 The United

         32
           Other medical examiners in the office who signed the autopsy report include Randall E. Frost, M.D.,
Deputy Chief Medical Examiner, Jennifer J. Rulon, M.D., medical examiner, D. Kimberly Molina, M.D., medical
examiner, and Matrina J. Schmidt, M.D., assistant medical examiner.

         33
           See Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., 509 U.S. 579 (U.S. 1993); Kelly v. State, 824 S.W .2d 568 (Tex.
Cr. App. 1992); E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Robinson, 923 S.W .2d 549 (Tex. 1995).

         34
            Rule of Evidence 702 reads, “If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of
fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
experience, training, or education may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.”
                                                                                                              (Ramey - 16)

States Supreme Court held in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. that expert

testimony must be both reliable and relevant.35 Earlier, in Kelly, this court enumerated factors

affecting the trial court’s determination of reliability of scientific theories for expert testimony.36

Daubert has to do with experts’ qualifications to testify based on their methodology and

expertise, not their conclusions, which the finder of fact must weigh. “[T]he focus, of course,

must be solely on principles and methodology, not on the conclusions that they generate.”37

         According to the record, the appellant did not object to Crumley’s testifying as an expert

at trial, nor to his methodology and practice as an expert. Rather, his objection was based on the

expert’s conclusions that resulted from his methodology and examination. The following

exchange occurred during a discussion for a Daubert motion:

         [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: We’re not questioning his methodology as to what he
         did. We’re saying that his report states that he is unable to determine if any of the
         submitted bullets were fired from either of the submitted revolvers. With that
         being the case, he can’t comment on the revolvers. He can’t say whether they were
         fired from them. He can’t say whether they weren’t fired from them. He doesn’t
         know and he says he hasn’t changed his report and that is still his opinion today;
         is that correct?

         [THE EXPERT WITNESS]: That’s correct.


          Rule of Evidence 703 reads, “The facts or data in the particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion
or inference may be those perceived by, reviewed by, or made known to the expert at or before the hearing. If of a
type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the
facts or data need not be admissible in evidence.”

         35
              Daubert, 509 U.S., at 579.

         36
             Kelly, 824 S.W.2d, at 573. Such factors include “(1) the extent to which the underlying scientific theory
and technique are accepted as valid by the relevant scientific community, if such a community can be ascertained; (2)
the qualifications of the experts testifying; (3) the existence of literature supporting or rejecting the underlying
scientific theory and technique; (4) the potential rate of error of the technique; (5) the availability of other experts to
test and evaluate the technique; (6) the clarity with which the underlying scientific theory and technique can be
explained to the court; and (7) the experience and skill of the person(s) who applied the technique on the occasion in
question.”

         37
              Daubert, 509 U.S., at 595.
                                                                                           (Ramey - 17)

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: He can’t testify to those guns, your honor.

       [TRIAL COURT]: All right. Well, to the extent you’re asking me to exclude him
       as an expert because of that, that’s denied.

       The appellant focuses his argument on the conclusions generated by the expert. He claims

that because Crumley could not conclusively prove that the bullets he examined came from the

guns he examined, then his methodology is untested and challengeable. This argument does not

address methodology, the cornerstone of Daubert, and is therefore misplaced.

       Crumley indeed satisfied the Kelly factors for “general acceptance” of a scientific theory

or technical field, and he has even been recognized as a qualified firearms-identification expert

by this court.38 At the time of the appellant’s trial, Crumley had been working as a firearm and

tool-mark examiner with the Texas Department of Public Safety Crime Lab in Austin for almost

fifteen years, had examined thousands of firearms and bullets, and had been qualified as an

expert and testified for both the prosecution and defense in over one hundred trials. He held a

Bachelor’s degree, trained for a year and a half for this speciality in a crime lab in Austin, and

also received training from the Southwest Institution of Forensic Science in Dallas, the Federal

Bureau of Investigations (“FBI”), and the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms (“ATF”). At

the time of the trial, Crumley was continuing his attendance at training seminars from various

organizations, such as the Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners and the Department

of Public Safety (“DPS”) Academy, and had been made supervisor of other firearm and tool-

mark examiners. He also had published three brief articles in the Association of Firearm and




       38
            See Sexton v. State, 93 S.W.3d 96, 101 (Tex. Cr. App. 2002).
                                                                                          (Ramey - 18)

Tool Mark Examiners’ Journal.39

       Additionally, Crumley testified to the tool-mark theory for identification of fired bullets.

We have recognized that the underlying theory of tool-mark identification could be reliable for

identifying fired bullets from individual firearms.40 Crumley relied on this theory in identifying

which bullets had been fired from the pistols and was able to make conclusions based on the

evidence. In his testimony, Crumley testified to his examination of the two pistols allegedly used

in the triple homicide: a long-barrel .22 caliber R.G. model and a short-barrel Herrington and

Richardson model, along with the bullets retrieved from the victims’ bodies. He examined the

lands and grooves of the barrels of the guns compared to the lands and grooves of the bullets so

that he could determine how they were fired and from which of the two firearms in question.

       While Crumley was unable to determine whether any of the submitted bullets were fired

from either of the firearms to the exclusion of all others, he was able to determine what bullets

were not fired from certain guns. In comparing the types of bullets, guns, and gunshot wounds,

Crumley was able to exclude specific bullet entries based on their lands and grooves. Placing his

testimony with the rest of the evidence, a rational jury could determine the gun the appellant used

during the shootings.

       The trial court did not abuse its discretion in ruling that Crumley was qualified to testify

as to these elements of lands and grooves on the bullets. The weight of his testimony was for the

finder of fact. Because the appellant tries to object to the expert’s conclusions by claiming his

methodology is not generally accepted, his argument fails. Point of error five is overruled.


       39
            Sexton v. State, 93 S.W.3d 96, 101 (Tex. Cr. App. 2002).

       40
            Ibid.
                                                                                                          (Ramey - 19)

                                            D. Court’s Charge on Guilt

         The appellant alleges in his third point of error that the trial court’s instructions on

accomplice testimony and lesser-included offenses were erroneous.

                                            1. Accomplice Testimony

         The appellant argues that the jury charge during the guilt phase of the trial did not

sufficiently instruct the jury regarding the use of accomplice testimony. Specifically, he contends

that the instruction stating that accomplices cannot corroborate each other’s testimony was

omitted, and that he was harmed by the omission of the requested instruction regarding the

witness, Bradford Butler, since the witness could have been found to be an accomplice. He posits

that, although Butler was not physically present during the shootings, he was indeed an active

participant in the offense from the moment he stole the firearms with the appellant to the moment

he discussed the burglary of the victim’s home with the two shooters prior to the offense. Since

the jury could have found him to be an accomplice as a matter of fact, Article 38.14 would have

applied to his testimony.41

         The appellant relies on Gamez v. State, which holds that accomplice witnesses cannot

corroborate each other’s testimony.42

         The jury charge stated that Norman was an accomplice as a matter of law, because he

could be charged and was charged with the same offense. It also said that Butler could have been

an accomplice as a matter of fact, because the jury could find him to be an accomplice based on



         41
           A witness is an accomplice as a matter of law if he could be indicted for the same offense. Cocke v. State,
201 S.W .3d 744, 748 (Tex. Cr. App. 2006). Norman, the appellant’s co-defendant, was an accomplice as a matter of
law.

         42
              Id., at 323; Caraway v. State, 550 S.W .2d 699, 702 (Tex. Cr. App. 1977).
                                                                                                          (Ramey - 20)

the evidence. Because there was a possibility that the jury could have found Butler to be an

accomplice as a matter of fact, the appellant posits that the jury should have been instructed that

Butler and Norman could not corroborate each other.

         Code of Criminal Procedure Article 38.14 provides: “A conviction cannot be had upon

the testimony of an accomplice unless corroborated by other evidence tending to connect the

defendant with the offense committed; and the corroboration is not sufficient if it merely shows

the commission of the offense.” An individual is not rendered an accomplice by mere presence at

the scene of the crime, or by mere knowledge about the crime without disclosure of that

knowledge.43 It is well established that an accomplice is an individual who participates with a

defendant before, during, or after the commission of a crime, and acts with the requisite culpable

mental state to commit that crime.44 Such participation or contribution in the culpable act must

foster the commission of the offense.45 The contribution need not be in the form of a physical act

in the actual offense.46 Thus, Article 38.14 prohibits convictions based on accomplice testimony

alone.47 There must be corroborating evidence that tends to connect the defendant to the




         43
              Cocke, 201 S.W .3d, at 748; Blake, 971 S.W .2d, at 454.

         44
              Cocke, 201 S.W .3d, at 748; Paredes v. State, 129 S.W.3d 530, 536 (Tex. Cr. App. 2004).

         45
              Cocke, 201 S.W .3d, at 748; Paredes, 129 S.W . 3d, at 536.

         46
           Cocke, 201 S.W .3d, at 748. See also Paredes, 129 S.W .3d, at 536. (“Participation requires an affirmative
act or omission that promotes the commission of the offense with which the defendant is charged.”).

         47
            “The purpose of the instruction, therefore, is not to cast suspicion on the testimony provided by the
accomplice or to encourage jurors to give it less weight than other testimony. Rather, the instruction merely reminds
the jury that it cannot use the accomplice’s testimony to convict the defendant unless there also exists some non-
accomplice testimony tying the defendant to the offense.” Cocke, 201 S.W .3d, at 747; See also Herron v. State, 86
S.W .3d 621, 632 (Tex. Cr. App. 2002).
                                                                                                        (Ramey - 21)

offense.48

        If the record shows error in overruling a defendant’s objection to the jury charge, we look

to the record to determine whether the error “was calculated to injure the rights of the

defendant.”49 The error made in trial must cause “some harm” to the defendant in order to be

reversible.50 The “actual degree of harm must be assayed in light of the entire jury charge, the

state of the evidence, including the contested issues and the weight of probative evidence, the

argument of counsel and any other relevant information revealed by the record of the trial as a

whole.”51 Looking at the full record “may illuminate the actual, not just theoretical, harm to the

accused.”52

        The non-accomplice witnesses to whom the defendant admitted his involvement include

Stacy Johnson, Lonny Lyte, Cortney Hardaway, Otis Santellana, Marvin Ceasar, Jonathan

Snyder, Kevin Childs, and Myron Hardaway. Additionally, there were several more witnesses

who corroborated the testimony of both Norman and Butler without admissions; however, we

will focus on the witnesses who testified to the appellant’s admissions, and it is the testimony

from these witnesses that corroborates both Norman and Butler’s testimony–not each other.

                                             a. Stacy Johnson and Lonny Lyte

        The testimony of Johnson and Lyte was corroborative because it contained admissions of

        48
              Cathey v. State, 992 S.W.2d 460, 462 (Tex. Cr. App. 1999) (“If the combined weight of the
non-accomplice evidence tends to connect the defendant to the offense, the requirement of Article 38.14 has been
fulfilled.”).

        49
             C O D E C RIM . P RO C . art. 36.19.

        50
             Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Cr. App. 1985).

        51
             Almanza, 686 S.W .2d, at 171.

        52
             Id.
                                                                                          (Ramey - 22)

guilt by the appellant and showed that the appellant possessed the murder weapons.

                                       b. Cortney Hardaway

       Cortney Hardaway, one of the appellant’s girlfriends at the time of the offense, who was

also the mother of his two children, gave a statement and testified that the appellant admitted to

her that he was in the house during the triple homicide. He also told her that people were shot.

He also asked her to serve as his alibi for his whereabouts for the night of August 24 and

threatened to kill her if she told anyone about the shootings. The appellant visited Hardaway at

her parents’ home on the 25th of August, the night following the shootings. When he confessed

to her, he never expressly said, “I shot” someone, but rather that he was involved in the offense

and that people “were shot.”

                                            c. Inmates

  Otis Santellana, Marvin Ceasar, Jonathan Snyder, Kevin Childs, and Myron Hardaway were

inmates with the appellant during various stages of his incarceration following his arrest for this

triple homicide. They either shared a cell with the appellant or spoke with him through the vents

in prison, during which the appellant confessed to each of them of his involvement in the

shootings. He discussed the details of his preparation for the shootings with various inmates –

from the taping of the shoes to the use of face masks to the burning of the clothing. He detailed

the order of events from the surprise presence of Lopez to the return to the house to retrieve the

police scanner. He also emphasized his confidence in escaping a conviction because he believed

the police did not have enough evidence on him. While the appellant admitted different portions

of the events to different inmates, the course of events remained the same in each admission.

These admissions collectively corroborated the testimony of the accomplice witnesses.
                                                                                                              (Ramey - 23)

         In light of the non-accomplice testimony heretofore discussed, we find that the omission

in jury instructions with respect to Butler’s testimony was harmless. Point of error three is

overruled.

                                            2. Lesser-included Offenses

         The appellant also argues in the same point of error that the trial court erred because it did

not instruct the jury regarding lesser-included offenses. Article 37.09 reads:

         An offense is a lesser included offense if:
         (1) it is established by proof of the same or less than all of the facts required to establish
         the commission of the offense charged;
         (2) it differs from the offense charged only in the respect that a less serious injury or risk
         of injury to the same person, property, or public interest suffices to establish its commis-
         sion;
         (3) it differs from the offense charged only in the respect that a less culpable mental state
         suffices to establish its commission; or
         (4) it consists of an attempt to commit the offense charged or an otherwise included
         offense.

A two-prong test is used to determine whether a lesser-included offense should be included in the

jury charge.53 First, “the lesser included offense must be included within the proof necessary to

establish the offense charged, and, second, some evidence must exist in the record that if the

defendant is guilty, he is guilty only of the lesser offense.”54

         The appellant’s only argument on lesser-included offenses consists of one sentence: “The

defendant further contends that the testimony of LeJames Norman, Bradford Butler and Cortney

Hardaway proffers enough evidence that the Defendant did not shoot anybody to require lesser

included offenses to be submitted to the jury.” The appellant does not state which lesser-included

         53
              Rousseau v. State, 855 S.W.2d 666, 672 (Tex. Cr. App. 1993).

         54
           Id. ("In applying the two-prong test, the trial court should make a determination as to whether the
evidence of the lesser offense would be sufficient for a jury rationally to find that the defendant is guilty only of that
offense, and not the greater offense.").
                                                                                             (Ramey - 24)

offenses he requested in the jury charge or whether they were denied. The appellant cites no

testimony from the record to support his claim that he was entitled to lesser-included-offense

instructions. And the appellant does not cite any case law specifically supporting his argument.

He merely cites case law that generally discusses the doctrine of lesser-included offenses. The

point of error is inadequately briefed, and it is overruled..

                                      E. Sufficiency of Evidence of Guilt

        In his eighth and final point of error, the appellant raises both legal and factual insuffi-

ciency claims. He argues that the non-accomplice testimony was not sufficiently corroborated to

convict the appellant. He further contends that the testimony of Stacy Johnson, Otis Santellano,

and Cortney Hardaway does not corroborate the forensic evidence pertaining to the guns and the

bullets, thus contradicting the witnesses’ testimony detailing how the victims were killed. He

argues that because these witnesses did not have personal knowledge of the shootings, their

testimony was pure speculation.

                                               1. Legal Sufficiency

        Legal-sufficiency claims are based upon the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth

Amendment to the United States Constitution. On appeal, we view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the verdict to determine whether a rational trier of fact could have convicted the

appellant based on proof of the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.55

        The appellant’s argument assumes that Article 38.14 eliminates accomplice testimony

from consideration. The appellant relies on Brown v. State, which states that “the test to

determine the sufficiency of the corroboration is to eliminate from consideration the evidence of


        55
             Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979).
                                                                                                        (Ramey - 25)

the accomplice witness and then examine the testimony of other witnesses to ascertain if there is

inculpatory evidence which tends to link the accused with the commission of the offense.”56 But

that is not the test for sufficiency of evidence to convict.

                                                    2. Factual Sufficiency

        Claims of factual sufficiency are viewed–not in the light most favorable to the verdict–but

rather in a neutral light.57 The standard is (1) whether the evidence is so weak as to make the

conviction clearly wrong and manifestly unjust, or (2) the trial court’s finding is so against the

great weight and preponderance of the contrary evidence as to be clearly wrong and manifestly

unjust.58

        The appellant’s argument appears to be premised upon the claim that a jury must find

proof beyond all doubt, and not proof beyond a reasonable doubt, in order to convict. The

standard is that “the state must prove each issue submitted … beyond a reasonable doubt ….”59

The appellant centers this argument on (a) the claim that the guns could not be conclusively

proven to be the guns that shot the victims, (b) the argument that accomplice testimony must be

eliminated, and (c) the argument that the appellant’s admissions were not factually sufficient

since the people to whom the appellant confessed did not actually see the offense.

        As previously discussed in point of error six, the appellant’s argument regarding the



        56
             Brown v. State, 672 S.W.2d 487, 488 (Tex. Cr. App. 1984) (emphasis in original).

        57
           Clewis v. State, 922 S.W .2d 126 (Tex. Cr. App. 1996); Escamilla v. State, 143 S.W .3d 814, 817 (Tex.
Cr. App. 2004).

        58
           See Clewis, 992 S.W .2d, at 131-34; Escamilla, 143 S.W .3d, at 817; Johnson v. State, 23 S.W .3d 1 (Tex.
Cr. App. 2000).

        59
             C O D E C RIM . P RO C . art. 37.071, § 2(c).
                                                                                          (Ramey - 26)

weapons is unpersuasive. He argues that, because the guns were never conclusively proven to be

the guns that shot the victims, the evidence is factually insufficient to convict. While the guns

were never conclusively proven to the exclusion of all other guns to be the two used in the

offense, a rational trier of fact could look at the evidence presented and determine that they were

in fact the guns used. The testimony of ATF Agent Taylor, the serial numbers on the pistol found

at the dam, Nairn’s 1984 purchase and registration of the weapon, and the testimony of Johnson,

who watched the appellant dig up the pistol and throw it in the lake two days after the murders,

cumulatively provide sufficient factual evidence for a jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that

they were the guns used in the shootings. We hold that the jury’s verdict was not so against the

great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and manifestly unjust.

        As previously discussed in point of error three, the appellant’s argument regarding

accomplice testimony is also unpersuasive. The appellant reads Article 38.14 as requiring the

court to eliminate all accomplice evidence in determining whether other evidence sufficiently

connects the appellant to the offense. And as previously stated, we do not read the statute so.

Article 38.14 requires corroboration S not elimination S in order to consider accomplice

testimony.

        The appellant further argues that the testimony from the individuals to whom he made

admissions does not amount to direct evidence that he shot anyone. While this statement is

indeed true of all admissions, it does not preclude a rational jury from determining that the

appellant did commit the offense. We believe that there is sufficient evidence as a matter of fact

to support a just conviction on the elements of the offense. Therefore, the appellant’s eighth point

of error is denied.
                                                                                                        (Ramey - 27)

                                                V. Punishment-stage Issues

        In a capital-murder trial, where the State seeks the death penalty, two questions must be

submitted to the jury during the sentencing phase.60 The jury must determine beyond a reasonable

doubt “whether there is a probability that the defendant would commit criminal acts of violence

that would constitute a continuing threat to society,” and whether the defendant “actually caused

the death of the deceased.”61 The court must also charge the jury to consider all evidence of

mitigating circumstances when considering the special issues.62 In proving future dangerousness,

the State may rely on several factors, including but not limited to: “(1) the circumstances of the

capital offense, including the defendant’s state of mind and whether he was working alone or

with other parties; (2) the calculated nature of the defendant’s acts; (3) the forethought and

deliberateness exhibited by the crime’s execution; (4) the existence of a prior criminal record,

and the severity of the prior crimes; (5) the defendant’s age and personal circumstances at the

time of the offense; (6) whether the defendant was acting under duress or the domination of

another at the time of the offense; (7) psychiatric evidence; and (8) character evidence.”63 We

note that these factors do not constitute an exhaustive list.64

        In one point of error, the appellant complains of the testimony of two witnesses.




        60
             C O D E C RIM . P RO C . art. 37.071, § 2(b)(1) & (2).

        61
             Id.

        62
             C O D E C RIM . P RO C . art. 37.071, § 2(d).

        63
           Keeton v. State, 724 S.W .2d 58, 61 (Tex. Cr. App. 1987); see also Martinez v. State, 924 S.W .2d 693,
696 (Tex. Cr. App. 1996); Barnes v. State, 876 S.W .2d 316, 322 (Tex. Cr. App. 1994).

        64
             Barnes, 876 S.W .2d, at 322.
                                                                                                        (Ramey - 28)

                                              A. Royce Smithey

          The appellant submits that the trial court erred when it overruled his objection to the

testimony of Royce Smithey because Smithey was not an expert on future dangerousness. He was

not offered as an expert witness regarding the future dangerousness of the appellant pursuant to

the Rules of Evidence and Daubert; rather, Smithey was offered as a fact witness testifying to the

nature of the prison system and not to the individualized nature of the appellant. He described

individual prison “unit[s] like a city,” in which different people hold different responsibilities. He

also graphically described incidents of prison violence and escapes, as well as testifying about

how the prison system operates, and how inmates are admitted, classified, housed, and trans-

ported.

          This court has previously addressed such a claim about such testimony from this witness

and has held that testimony regarding general prison conditions is both relevant and

permissible.65 The appellant suggests that the State surreptitiously offered Smithey as an expert

witness for future dangerousness. The trial court, however, did not even proceed with a Daubert

motion at the time because the witness was not being offered as an expert for future dangerous-

ness. We agree with the State and read the record as presenting Smithey as a fact witness

regarding prison life and not as a predictor of behavior.

          The appellant also argues on appeal that Smithey’s testimony describing prison life was

more prejudicial than probative.66 This argument is not preserved for appeal, however, because



          65
           Lucero v. State, 246 S.W .3d 86, 97 (Tex. Cr. App. 2008) (“Smithee’s [sic] testimony that inmate
violence can occur under current prison conditions had some relevance to, and would have aided the jury in
determining, appellant’s future dangerousness.”).

          66
               R. E VID . 403.
                                                                                                          (Ramey - 29)

the appellant did not make such an objection at trial. The appellant’s argument regarding Smithey

is overruled.

                                              B. Dr. Richard Coons

         The appellant next posits that Dr. Richard Coons, the State’s witness, was not qualified to

testify as an expert witness as to future dangerousness. He contends that Dr. Coons’s qualifica-

tions are insufficient to satisfy the Daubert, Kelly, and Robinson criteria for expert witnesses

discussed in the appellant’s fourth point of error.67

         The evidence was that Dr. Coons held both a law degree and a medical degree, served in

the United States Army Medical Corps, and was a consultant for the Brook Army Medical

Center. He was certified by the Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, trained in neurology and

psychiatry, and had been in private practice since 1975. Dr. Coons had evaluated approximately

8,000 people for competency to stand trial, and had consulted on 150 capital cases for either the

prosecution or the defense.

         In evaluating the appellant for the special issue on future dangerousness, Dr. Coons

examined “twenty pounds of printed material and quite a number of CDs regarding statements”

as well as offense reports, pictures, and educational records. While he did not personally

interview the appellant, the Rules do not require an expert to complete personal interviews in

order to make such determinations.68 Rule of Evidence 703 provides:

         The facts or data in the particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion or


         67
            Texas Rule of Evidence 702 contains three requirements for the admission of expert testimony: “(1) the
witness must be qualified; and (2) the proposed testimony must be ‘scientific . . . knowledge’; and (3) the testimony
must ‘assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.’” See also Robinson, 923
S.W .2d, at 556.

         68
              See Jordan v. State, 928 S.W.2d 550, 556 (Tex. Cr. App. 1996).
                                                                                          (Ramey - 30)

       inference may be those perceived by, reviewed by, or made known to the expert at
       or before the hearing. If of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particu-
       lar field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the facts or data need
       not be admissible in evidence.

We find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding Dr. Coons qualified as an expert

witness with respect to future dangerousness.

       We affirm the judgment of the trial court.


Delivered February 11, 2009.
Do not publish.
