Filed 3/6/14 P. v. Prado CA2/5
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION FIVE


THE PEOPLE,                                                          B243204

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. KA088341)
         v.

EFRAIN PRADO et al.,

         Defendants and Appellants.


         APPEALS from judgments of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Robert
T. Perry, Judge. Affirmed.
         Stephen Temko, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant Efrain Prado.
         Victor J. Morse, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant Ralph Alfaro.
         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Linda C. Johnson and Gary A.
Lieberman, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                    I. INTRODUCTION


       A jury convicted defendants, Ralph Alfaro and Efrain Prado, of first degree

murder. (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a).)1 The jury further found true firearm use by a
principal and criminal street gang allegations. (§§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(C); 12022.53,
subds. (d), (e)(1).) Defendants were each sentenced to 50 years to life in state prison.
We affirm the judgments.


                                    II. THE EVIDENCE


                                       A. The Murder


       Marquise LeBlanc attended a party in Pomona on April 17, 2009. Mr. LeBlanc
was an 18-year-old African-American man. He was unfamiliar with the Pomona
neighborhood in which the party was held. With few exceptions, the other partygoers
were young Hispanic men and women. Several of the Latinos in attendance were
members or associates of a gang. A certain sect of the gang was known by a Spanish
term meaning African-American killers. The party was located in the gang’s territory.
       During the party, Mr. LeBlanc attempted to dance with girls on the dance floor.
He subsequently engaged in a verbal confrontation with gang members or associates.
Mr. LeBlanc brandished a gun. The weapon, as it turned out, was nonfunctioning.
Mr. LeBlanc waved the gun at those around him. He said, “Who wants to fuck with me
now?” Mr. LeBlanc was chased out of the party and subjected to a vicious, brutal
beating. The beating was accompanied by gang references and shouts of, “Get that
nigger.” Deborah Martinez witnessed the initial assault. She described it as “relentless.”
A swarm of people punched and stomped on the victim. They administered hard blows


       1   All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise noted.


                                              2
that Ms. Martinez could hear. Mr. LeBlanc temporarily escaped with Ms. Martinez’s
help. But he was chased down the street to a place where the attack resumed.
Mr. LeBlanc was significantly outnumbered. The estimated number of assailants ranged
from 10 to 40. Mr. LeBlanc was beaten unconscious, stabbed and shot. He died of a
fatal stab wound to his heart, followed by a gunshot wound to his head.
       Eyewitnesses identified defendants as among those who participated in the
aggravated assault. An eyewitness identified Mr. Alfaro as attempting to participate in
the initial assault on Mr. LeBlanc. Two eyewitnesses saw Mr. Alfaro among 20 male
Latinos who then chased Mr. LeBlanc down the street. Mr. LeBlanc was chased toward
the spot where he was subsequently beaten, stabbed and shot. Mr. Alfaro caught up to
Mr. LeBlanc. Mr. Alfaro hit Mr. LeBlanc. As a result, Mr. LeBlanc fell to the ground.
A group of male Latinos continued to kick and stomp Mr. LeBlanc who was trying to
protect himself.
       When Detective Lange questioned Mr. Alfaro, the following occurred:
“[Detective Lange]: . . . [¶] [I]f you were caught up in the mix and you were just being
an idiot at that time and you got in that mix with a hit and a kick, we need to know right
now. [¶] [Defendant] I just hit and kicked him. . . . [¶] I was the one who chased him
on the street. [¶] . . . I was the one who dropped him.” Defendant said, “I hit him
‘cause when he pulled the [gun] on me so I, that got me mad cause what if he shot me, so
that’s why I got him. I chased him down the street, he was running, and so I chased him,
I hit him, he fell down and that’s when I heard everybody -- and that’s when I saw
everybody come and get him.” Defendant admitted kicking Mr. LeBlanc a couple of
times. Defendant also said, “With my fist, I hit him a couple more times . . . [¶] . . . on
the face . . . .” Defendant said he then returned to the party.
       Eyewitnesses also saw Mr. Prado participating in the initial assault. One
eyewitness, Ms. Martinez, heard Mr. Prado say, “Get the myate.” Another eyewitness
saw Mr. Prado stomping Mr. LeBlanc who was on the ground. Mr. Prado was stomping
Mr. LeBlanc with force. Mr. Prado admitted to detectives twice kicking Mr. LeBlanc in
the legs. Neither Mr. Prado nor Mr. Alfaro personally stabbed or shot Mr. LeBlanc. A

                                              3
fellow gang member or associate, Adam Delgado, was among those seen arguing with
Mr. LeBlanc. Mr. Delgado later assaulted Mr. LeBlanc. Mr. Delgado, who was in
possession of a pocket knife, was seen making jabbing motions towards Mr. LeBlanc’s
chest. This occurred as Mr. LeBlanc lay unconscious on the ground.
       Martin Haro sent several text messages the day after the party. Mr. Haro indicated
he had gone to a party the prior evening and, “Me and the homies nearly killed a nigger.”
Mr. Haro explained, “We beat his ass . . . because he called a strap out on the homies.”
In another text message Mr. Haro said, “[W]e stomped the shit out of his face.”
Following discussion about the fact Mr. LeBlanc had been killed, Mr. Haro said: “Me
and [Mr. Alfaro] were the first ones to fuck him up. . . . When he was running down the
street we ran behind him, then [Mr. Alfaro] and me started socking him until he fell and
then I started kicking his face . . . .”


                                    B. The Police Interviews


                                           1. Mr. Prado


       Mr. LeBlanc was murdered on April 17, 2009. Detectives Jennifer Turpin and
Michael Lange interviewed Mr. Prado on two separate occasions—April 18 and 21,
2009. Mr. Prado was 20 years old. Mr. Prado went to the party with Mr. Delgado. At
first, Mr. Prado admitted only that, “I just barely hit him once,” and “I kicked him once.”
Mr. Prado admitted kicking Mr. LeBlanc once or twice in the legs. Mr. Prado told the
detectives, “I wasn’t trying like to stomp him out or shit like that.” Mr. Prado denied
saying anything while kicking Mr. LeBlanc: “There was a lot of people there saying all,
‘fuck this nigga.’ It wasn’t me because I wouldn’t say that shit . . . .” Mr. Prado admitted
seeing people “stomping” Mr. LeBlanc. Mr. Prado denied seeing anyone with a knife.
After Mr. LeBlanc was knocked to the ground, Mr. Prado described to the detectives
what happened next, “He was crawling and then I don’t know I was just like helping



                                                4
them out and I just gave him like two kicks . . . .” On April 18, at 4 a.m., Mr. Prado left
the police station and went to Mr. Delgado’s house.


                                       2. Mr. Alfaro


       Detectives Turpin and Lange interviewed Mr. Alfaro at the police station almost
two months after the murder. Mr. Alfaro was 17 years old at the time of the murder and
the interview. Mr. Alfaro admitted attending the party. Mr. Alfaro was accompanied by
Richard Alfaro2 and Manuel Armenta. Mr. Armenta is Mr. Alfaro’s cousin. Mr. Alfaro
witnessed a verbal altercation between Mr. LeBlanc and others. Someone threw a bottle
at Mr. LeBlanc. Mr. Alfaro saw Mr. LeBlanc pull out a gun and wave it around.
Mr. Alfaro heard, “Get that nigger” and “Fuck that nigger up.” Mr. Alfaro saw
Mr. Delgado and some “homies” chase Mr. LeBlanc. They chased Mr. LeBlanc toward
the front of the house where they attacked him. Mr. Alfaro heard Mr. Delgado say,
“Grab his gun.” Mr. Alfaro said Mr. LeBlanc temporarily broke free due to
Ms. Martinez’s intervention. Thereupon, 15 to 20 males, including Mr. Delgado and
several gang members, chased Mr. LeBlanc down the street. Mr. Alfaro said
Mr. Delgado knocked Mr. LeBlanc to the ground. During the assault, Mr. Alfaro heard
Mr. Delgado say, “Get that nigger.”
       Mr. Alfaro admitted he was a member of the African-American-hating crew
associated with the gang. Mr. Alfaro admitted, following the initial assault, chasing
Mr. LeBlanc down the street. Mr. Alfaro also admitted punching Mr. LeBlanc and
knocking him to the ground. Mr. Alfaro admitted then continuing to punch and kick
Mr. LeBlanc. Mr. Alfaro claimed to have left when others arrived and starting beating
Mr. LeBlanc. Mr. Alfaro said he acted out of anger. This was because Mr. LeBlanc had




       2Richard Alfaro is Mr. Alfaro’s brother. For purposes of clarity we will refer to
Richard Alfaro as Richard.

                                             5
pulled a gun. During the interview, Mr. Alfaro’s description of the incident changed at
various times.


                                 C. The Gang Evidence


      Detective Greg Freeman testified for the prosecution concerning the gang in this
case. Detective Freeman testified as follows. Hispanic gangs are turf oriented. They
protect their neighborhoods and their territory. They defend their neighborhoods from
rival gangs and from people who disrespect them. Gang members usually commit crimes
together because there is strength in numbers. Gang members “put in work” in order to
gain respect from their peers. The more work a person puts in, the more respect the
individual earns. According to Detective Freeman, the gang itself also gains respect,
which equates with power. And, a powerful gang is feared. That fear prevents
community members from cooperating with law enforcement and testifying against gang
members. And a gang member who snitches is targeted for a severe beating or death.
      Gang members in Pomona have access to firearms through burglaries, robberies
and on the black market. But it is extremely rare to recover a weapon used in a gang
crime because they are disposed of quickly. The present incident involved the largest of
several gangs in Pomona. It was a Hispanic turf-based gang that controlled a large area.
The gang had over 200 active members and associates. The party Mr. LeBlanc attended
was on the border of the gang’s territory. “Tagging” or” banging crews” are the “minor
leagues” of the gang. They are younger kids who commit lesser crimes. The gang
controls and generally recruits from the tagging or banging crews. The gang involved in
the present assault and murder had tagging or banging crews including one known by a
derogatory Spanish term meaning African-American killers. The gang’s “signature
crimes” were: vandalism; narcotics sales; carrying concealed weapons; carjacking; car
theft; robbery; armed robbery; assault; assault with firearms; attempted murder; murder;
and witness intimidation.



                                            6
       According to Detective Freeman, Mr. Alfaro was a member of the tagging crew if
not a full member of the gang. On July 9, 2009, Detective Freeman stopped a white
Honda Accord. Mr. Alfaro was one of the individuals in the Honda. Mr. Alfaro denied
any affiliation with the gang at that time. Mr. Alfaro’s cousin, Mr. Armenta, was also in
the white Honda. The Armenta family was well-known to be members of the gang.
       In response to hypothetical questions tracking the facts of the present case,
Detective Freeman testified the murder was committed for the benefit of the gang.
Detective Freeman testified: if a gang member attending a party in the gang’s territory
quarrels with a non-gang member, fellow gang members will protect one another; they
will jump the outsider if they perceive that stranger to be disrespecting the gang; it would
be disrespectful of the gang for an outsider to dance with neighborhood girls; and, given
the gang’s profound racism, an African-American who did so would most certainly be
noticed. That action by an African-American attending a dance with Latinos and Latinas
could very well be considered an act disrespectful of the gang. An African-American
male at the party would be given very little leeway and his behavior would be more likely
to be perceived as disrespectful than the same conduct by a Latino. Detective Freeman
explained: “When an individual disrespects members of a neighborhood, they’re going
to be dealt with. And this is . . . [the gang] responding and their associates responding
that this is what will happen if [you] disrespect us in our neighborhood, this is what we’re
going to do. It shows all the people in the community and the surrounding gang this is
what you’re going to end up being if you disrespect us in our neighborhood.” Detective
Freeman further observed the fact the assault occurred in the presence of a large number
of people benefited the gang: “Word gets out on the streets real fast on what happened.
And again, through the respect, through the strength, through the intimidation, through
the fear, that makes [the gang] that much bigger, stronger of a gang.” Detective Freeman
described the beating Mr. LeBlanc received as “extreme.”




                                             7
                                 D. The Jury Instructions


       The jury was instructed on: aiding and abetting principles; murder; first degree
murder; voluntary manslaughter; assault with force likely to produce great bodily injury;
and murder or voluntary manslaughter as a natural and probable consequence of aiding
and abetting an assault with force likely to produce great bodily injury.


                                    III. DISCUSSION


                                         A. Joinder


       Defendants each join in the arguments of the other. We accept the joinders only to
the extent a co-defendant’s argument accrues to the benefit of the other. Where
evidentiary insufficiency is asserted and the defendant purporting to join has not
articulated how the evidence was insufficient as to him, we reject the purported joinder.


                               B. Mr. Alfaro’s Confession


       As discussed above, Detectives Turbin and Lange interviewed Mr. Alfaro at the
police station almost two months after the murder. Mr. Alfaro admitted participating in
the attack on Mr. LeBlanc. Mr. Alfaro contends it was reversible error to admit that
confession into evidence. He argues the interview with the detectives was custodial,
hence he should have been advised of his rights pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
384 U.S. 436, 444. At oral argument, Mr. Alfaro’s counsel expressly stated defendant
was not raising a voluntariness issue.
       There is no evidence showing how Mr. Alfaro arrived at the police station.
Mr. Alfaro’s suppression motion in the trial court related: “[O]n the day of his first
interview . . . , defendant was a minor student who was ordered out of his classroom to
the principal’s office, where he was forced to see Det[ectives] Turpin and Lange. . . .

                                             8
[Mr. Alfaro] was removed from all familiar surroundings, driven to the police station by
police in a police car, brought up stairs, and isolated in the same tiny interview room he
was later taken on the day of his arrest.” However, these unsworn allegations made in a
document prepared by defense counsel are not evidence. (People v. Solomon (2010) 49
Cal.4th 792, 815, fn. 10; accord In re Zeth S. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 396, 414, fn. 11 [facts
asserted by an attorney in letter to the court are not evidence and counsel may not
ethically assert matters as facts unless testifying]; Cole v. Town of Los Gatos (2012) 205
Cal.App.4th 749, 767, fn. 8 [“It goes without saying that statements in a memorandum of
points and authorities are not evidence.”].) Courts are obligated to disregard such
unsworn statements appearing in the parties’ papers. (Smith, Smith & Kring v. Superior
Court (1997) 60 Cal.App.4th 573, 578; Calcor Space Facility, Inc. v. Superior Court
(1997) 53 Cal.App.4th 216, 224.)
       It is undisputed Mr. Alfaro was 17 years old at the time he was interviewed. The
interview was video-recorded. We have viewed the video of Mr. Alfaro’s interview. He
was originally placed in a small interview room with a table and three seats. The room
was approximately 5 feet wide and 10 feet in depth and contained 2 doors. One door was
next to Mr. Alfaro and it remained closed for the entirety of the interview. A second door
could only be seen when it was completely open. During the actual interview, it is clear
this second door was partially open because other voices and boisterous laughter could be
heard. The voices and laughter emanated from outside the interview room. All of the
questioning was polite. As noted and as we shall reiterate, Mr. Alfaro began the
interview denying any involvement in the attack on Mr. LeBlanc. After being confronted
with the presence of different evidence, Mr. Alfaro would change his story by admitting
greater complicity. When Detective Lange raised the other evidence, he did so in a polite
and nonconfrontational manner. Although 17 years old, Mr. Alfaro appeared older and
acted in a materially more mature fashion.
       At the outset of the interview, Detective Turpin said, “We appreciate you coming
down here.” Detective Lange added: “You understand that you’re here freely and
voluntarily, right? You understand that?” Mr. Alfaro acknowledged that he did. On the

                                             9
video, it is clear Mr. Alfaro said, Yeah,” when asked whether he was present voluntarily
and freely. The transcript of the interview states Mr. Alfaro responded to the question of
whether he was present voluntarily and freely with the single word, “Huh.” The
transcript, prepared by the Los Angeles County District Attorney’s Office, is in error in
that respect; Mr. Alfaro responded, “Yeah.” Detective Lange added: “You understand
that you’re here freely and voluntarily, right? You understand that?” Mr. Alfaro
acknowledged that he did.
       Detective Lange told defendant the detectives wanted to know what happened at
the party. Detective Lange said several names had come up in the investigation, and
Mr. Alfaro’s was one of them. Detective Lange assured Mr. Alfaro, “[T]hat’s not a bad
thing, okay?” Initially, the detectives asked general questions about the party. In
response, without incriminating himself, defendant described the events leading up to the
attack and murder. The detectives sought more detail. They told Mr. Alfaro they
believed him and they wanted him to be honest. When Mr. Alfaro later was unable to
identify any individuals in the group that chased Mr. LeBlanc, the detectives expressed
disbelief. Mr. Alfaro was advised: “There’s a thing called accessory after the fact, and
that’s . . . if you withhold information, and that information benefits somebody else that
participated in the crime, you are guilty of it.”
       Several questions later, Mr. Alfaro stated Mr. Delgado approached Mr. LeBlanc.
Subsequently, according to Mr. Alfaro, Mr. Delgado chased Mr. LeBlanc out of the
party. Detective Lange reiterated that the two detectives believed Mr. Alfaro. Detective
Lange encouraged Mr. Alfaro to identify others saying, “[Y]ou’ve been doing a real good
job . . . .” Defendant then identified “Osir,” as having been with Mr. Delgado. As to
Mr. Delgado, Mr. Alfaro said, “He was hitting him.” As to the young man identified
only as “Osir,” Mr. Alfaro said, “Hitting [Mr. LeBlanc] and kicking him.” And
Mr. Alfaro heard Mr. Delgado say, “Get that nigger.”
       Defendant described Mr. LeBlanc’s efforts to flee: “The [B]lack guy ran out [of]
the party and he started running towards the street. [] . . . I saw him make a right. []
[O]nce they chased him, I was like ‘Forget this, I’m done.’” At that point, the detectives

                                              10
encouraged Mr. Alfaro to admit his participation. Detective Lange advised defendant: “I
want you to understand something, there is a lot of people that were in a group that
participated and then there was other people that went down just to see what was
happening because of curiosity, okay? [¶] Everything . . . you’ve told us so far is
consistent, but we also know, okay, that you went down that way, okay? It’s not
necessarily a bad thing because everything that you’ve indicated to me is that you are just
watching something go down, okay? I need you to continue to be honest and tell me
what else you saw, okay?” When asked how many partygoers were chasing Mr. LeBlanc,
Mr. Alfaro said there were 15 to 20. At first, Mr. Alfaro said Mr. Delgado hit
Mr. LeBlanc. And then, Mr. Alfaro said Mr. LeBlanc fell to the ground. Detective
Lange advised Mr. Alfaro others had said Mr. Alfaro was “right there when this
happens . . . .” Detective Lange told Mr. Alfaro: “[T]hat’s not necessarily a bad thing,
okay? But I need to know, how close do you eventually get?”
       Mr. Alfaro again claimed he did not participate in the melee. Detective Lange
said: “[I] want you to know we’ve been doing this ever since this happened. So I also
want you to know that we know a lot about you, okay? We know that other people call
you [by a gang moniker], okay? And that you’re also part of the crew. . . , okay? [¶]
Now part of your association with that crew . . . makes it look kinda weird that you were
around. So I know that you were either standing there at some point in time, did you hear
a gunshot?” (Sic.) Mr. Alfaro admitted he was part of the crew. Detective Lange told
Mr. Alfaro they were going to interview more people, including Richard. Detective
Lange asked Mr. Alfaro whether Richard was going to tell them anything different.
Mr. Alfaro said no.
       Detective Turpin advised Mr. Alfaro as follows: “I want you to remember that the
outcome of this investigation is gonna change many lives, okay, uhm, it’s our opinion
that people got caught up in the moment and in the end a lot of people screwed up. It
could have been the alcohol, it could have been the weed, whatever, but there was a lot of
people involved in this incident, and a lot of people’s lives are gonna change. I – I want
you to really, really think hard and think of what part of this investigation you’re gonna

                                            11
end up on. [¶] ‘Cause I know that you’ve been taught values cause if you had no values,
you wouldn’t be going to school and you wouldn’t be playing baseball. Because only
people with heart play baseball and stay in school, so you wanna do the right thing, okay?
I don’t want to interview five more people and it come down to you being one of those
people that pulled the strap or stabbed him or hit him with the board. [¶] Okay, if you
were caught up in the mix and you were just being an idiot at that time and you got in that
mix with a hit and a kick, we need to know right now.”
       As noted, Mr. Alfaro immediately responded, “I just hit him and kicked him.” He
went on to admit, “I was the one who chased him on the street.” Moreover, Mr. Alfaro
confessed, “I was the one who dropped him.” Thus, as noted, Mr. Alfaro admitted
chasing, punching and kicking Mr. LeBlanc. Mr. Alfaro denied knowing who had a gun.
At the conclusion of the interview, Detective Turpin said: “I’m gonna take you down,
your mom’s downstairs, okay? Thanks for coming down here.”
       Whether Mr. Alfaro was in custody when he incriminated himself is a mixed
question of law and fact. (Thompson v. Keohane (1995) 516 U.S. 99, 112-113; People v.
Ochoa (1998) 19 Cal.4th 353, 401.) We apply the following standard of review: “‘In
reviewing constitutional claims of this nature, it is well established that we accept the
trial court’s resolution of disputed facts and inferences, and its evaluations of credibility,
if supported by substantial evidence. We independently determine from the undisputed
facts and the facts properly found by the trial court whether the challenged statement was
illegally obtained.’ (People v. Cunningham (2001) 25 Cal.4th 926, 992.)” (People v.
Thomas (2011) 51 Cal.4th 449, 476-477; accord, People v. Aguilera (1996) 51
Cal.App.4th 1151, 1161 [“we accept the trial court’s findings of historical fact if
supported by substantial evidence but independently determine whether the interrogation
was ‘custodial.’”].)
       Custodial interrogation means, “[Q]uestioning initiated by law enforcement
officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom
of action in any significant way.” (Miranda v. Arizona, supra, 384 U.S. at p. 444; accord,
People v. Moore (2011) 51 Cal.4th 386, 394-395.) Our Supreme Court has held:

                                              12
“‘[C]ustody occurs if the suspect is physically deprived of his freedom of action in any
way or is led to believe, as a reasonable person, that he is so deprived.’ ([People v.
Arnold (1967)] 66 Cal.2d [438,] 448[, overruled on a different point in Walker v.
Superior Court (1988) 47 Cal.3d 112, 123].)” (Green v. Superior Court (1985) 40 Cal.3d
126, 133-134; accord, People v. Linton (2013) 56 Cal.4th 1146, 1167.) Whether an
interrogation is custodial is an objective inquiry. (J.D.B. v. North Carolina (2011) 564
U.S. __, __ [131 S.Ct. 2394, 2402]; People v. Linton, supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 1167.) The
United States Supreme Court has held the inquiry involves two discrete questions:
“‘[F]irst, what were the circumstances surrounding the interrogation; and second, given
those circumstances, would a reasonable person have felt he or she was at liberty to
terminate the interrogation and leave[?]’” (J.D.B. v. North Carolina, supra, 564 U.S. at
p. __ [131 S.Ct. at p. 2402]; accord, Thompson v. Keohane, supra, 516 U.S. at pp. 112-
113; People v. Ochoa, supra, 19 Cal.4th at pp. 401-402.)
       A court must consider all of the circumstances surrounding the interrogation. As
our Supreme Court explained in People v. Moore, supra, 51 Cal.4th at page 395:
“Custody consists of a formal arrest or a restraint on freedom of movement of the degree
associated with a formal arrest. (People v. Leonard (2007) 40 Cal.4th 1370, 1400;
People v. Boyer (1989) 48 Cal.3d 247, 271[, disapproved on another point in People v.
Stansbury (1995) 9 Cal.4th 824, 830, fn. 1].) When there has been no formal arrest, the
question is how a reasonable person in the defendant’s position would have understood
his situation. [People v. Boyer, supra, 48 Cal.3d at p. 272.] All the circumstances of the
interrogation are relevant to this inquiry, including the location, length and form of the
interrogation, the degree to which the investigation was focused on the defendant, and
whether any indicia of arrest were present.” Further, in cases as here involving juveniles,
the custody analysis must include some consideration of the interviewee’s age. (J.D.B. v.
North Carolina, supra, 564 U.S. at p. __ [131 S.Ct. at p. 2405.]) In J.D.B., the United
States Supreme Court concluded: “[W]e hold that so long as the child’s age was known
to the officer at the time of police questions, or would have been objectively apparent to a
reasonable officer, its inclusion in the custody analysis is consistent with the objective

                                             13
nature of that test. This is not to say that a child’s age will be a determinative, or even a
significant, factor in every case. . . . It is, however, a reality that courts cannot simply
ignore.” (Id. at p. __ [131 S.Ct. at p. 2406, fn. omitted]; see People v. Nelson (2012) 53
Cal.4th 367, 383, fn. 7.)
       The following factors lead us to conclude the trial court did not err in finding
Mr. Alfaro was not in custody for purposes of Miranda v. Arizona, supra, 384 U.S. at
page 444. Mr. Alfaro was not under arrest. (Stansbury v. California (1994) 511 U.S.
318, 322 [“a court must examine all of the circumstances surrounding the interrogation,
but ‘the ultimate inquiry is simply whether there [was] a “formal arrest or restraint on
freedom of movement” of the degree associated with a formal arrest.”‘]; California v.
Beheler (1983) 463 U.S. 1121, 1125 [same].) Mr. Alfaro acknowledged he was present
in the police station interview room freely and voluntarily. One of the doors to the
interview room was ajar during the discussion and voices and laughter of other people
could be heard during the interview. (Green v. Superior Court, supra, 40 Cal.3d at p. 136
[“Notwithstanding the lock on the interview room door, the evidence does not compel the
conclusion that defendant could not have left whenever he had wanted during the
interview.”].) Defendant was not handcuffed nor otherwise restrained in the interview
room. (People v. Stansbury, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 834.) Mr. Alfaro was never told he
was under arrest, in custody or a suspect. (Green v. Superior Court, supra, 40 Cal.3d at
p. 135.) The fact no warnings were given is circumstantial evidence Mr. Alfaro was not a
suspect. (People v. Holloway (1990) 50 Cal.3d 1098, 1115, disapproved in part by
People v. Stansbury, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 830, fn. 1; see People v. Aguilera, supra, 51
Cal.App.4th at p. 1163, fn. 6.) Mr. Alfaro was repeatedly told the fact others had said he
was present when the killing occurred was not necessarily a bad thing. The two
detectives never expressed any belief Mr. Alfaro was guilty nor did they ask questions in
an accusatory, aggressive or confrontational way. (People v. Stansbury, supra, 9 Cal.4th
at p. 834; People v. Spears (1991) 228 Cal.App.3d 1, 25.) The detectives politely
indicated they wanted Mr. Alfaro to tell the truth. And when Mr. Alfaro denied much
specific knowledge about the killing, the detectives said they wanted him to tell the truth

                                              14
and provide more information. Once the interview was completed, after a brief delay,
Mr. Alfaro left the police station with his mother.
       The fact that after a while, the two detectives politely expressed skepticism with
some aspects of Mr. Alfaro’s statements, were not evidence he was in custody. (People
v. Moore, supra, 51 Cal.4th at pp. 403-404.) Further, the fact the interview occurred at a
police station is not dispositive. (Howes v. Fields (2012) 565 U.S. ___, ___ [132 S.Ct.
1181, 1188] [an advisement of rights is not required “‘simply because the questioning
takes place in the station house, or because the questioned person is one whom the police
suspect’”]; People v. Stansbury, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 834 [questioning after entering a
room in the jail section of a police station which required passage through locked doors
was not custodial].) A coercive environment is insufficient by itself to create a duty to
give the required advisements. (Oregon v. Mathiason (1977) 429 U.S. 492, 495; Green v.
Superior Court, supra, 40 Cal.3d at p. 135.) Nor is the two-hour duration of the
questioning in an interview room dispositive. (Green v. Superior Court, supra, 40 Cal.3d
at pp. 131-135; see People v. Spears, supra, 228 Cal.App.3d at p. 27.) And Mr. Alfaro
offered no testimony as to whether he believed he was free to leave. (Green v. Superior
Court, supra, 40 Cal.3d at p. 135.) Taken collectively and viewed objectively, a 17-year-
old would not have felt restrained to the degree associated with a formal arrest.
 (See Yarborough v. Alvarado (2004) 541 U.S. 652, 663-666; People v. Moore, supra, 51
Cal.4th at p. 402.)


                 C. Jury Instruction: Natural And Probable Consequences


                        1. Instruction, pending case and legal test


       The jury was instructed defendants could be guilty of aiding and abetting a murder
on a natural and probable consequences theory. The instruction did not require the jury
to find that premeditated murder, rather than just murder, was a natural and probable
consequence of the aggravated assault. During deliberations the jury inquired,

                                             15
“Clarification regarding the difference between first and second degree murder with
regard to an aid [and] abetter [sic] and/or natural and probable consequences.” The trial
court responded by going back over the relevant instructions.
       Defendants assert the jury should have been required to decide, as an element of
the natural and probable consequences analysis, that premeditated murder was the target
offense. In other words, defendants argue that merely advising the jury the target offense
must be merely murder, as distinguished from first degree murder, was federal
constitutional error. This issue is presently pending before our Supreme Court in People
v. Chiu (C063913, April 23, 2012) 2012 Cal.App. Unpub. LEXIS 3044, review granted
August 15, 2012, S202724.) In Chiu, the Court of Appeal for the Third Appellate
District held, “[T]he instructions were deficient because they failed to inform the jury it
needed to decide whether first degree murder, rather than just ‘murder,’ was a natural and
probable consequence of the target offense.” (People v. Chui, supra, 2012 Cal.App.
Unpub. LEXIS 3044 *26.) Our Supreme Court granted review to consider the following
issue, “Does a conviction for first degree murder as an aider and abettor under the natural
and probable consequences doctrine require that premeditated murder have been a
reasonably foreseeable consequence of the target crimes or only that murder have been
such consequence?” (<https://appellatecases.courtinfo.ca.gov/search/case/main
CaseScreen.cfm?dist+0doc_id =2014866&doc_no=S202724>) Our review is de novo.
(People v. Waidla (2000) 22 Cal.4th 690, 733.) We find no instructional error.
       The test for aider and abettor liability on a natural and probable consequences
theory is an objective one. As our Supreme Court explained in People v. Medina (2009)
46 Cal.4th 913, 920: “‘A person who knowingly aids and abets criminal conduct is guilty
of not only the intended crime [target offense] but also of any other crime the perpetrator
actually commits [nontarget offense] that is a natural and probable consequence of the
intended crime. The latter question is not whether the aider and abettor actually foresaw
the additional crime, but whether, judged objectively, it was reasonably foreseeable.
(People v. Prettyman [(1996)] 14 Cal.4th [248,] 260-262.)’ (People v. Mendoza (1998)
18 Cal.4th 1114, 1133.) Liability under the natural and probable consequences doctrine

                                             16
‘is measured by whether a reasonable person in the defendant’s position would have or
should have known that the charged offense was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of
the act aided and abetted.’ (People v. Nguyen (1993) 21 Cal.App.4th 518, 535.)”
(Accord, People v. Favor (2012) 54 Cal.4th 868, 874.)


                                         2. Chiu


       The Chiu court relied in part on its own decision in People v. Hart (2009) 176
Cal.App.4th 662, 673. The two offenses in Hart were attempted robbery and willful,
deliberate and premeditated attempted murder. The attempted robbery was the target
offense; the intended crime. The nontarget offense was the attempted willful, deliberate
and premeditated murder. At issue, in part, was whether the attempted willful, deliberate
and premeditated murder was the natural and probable consequence of the attempted
robbery. Hart held the jury, in order to convict of attempted willful, deliberate and
premeditated murder, must find that offense was the natural and probable consequence of
the attempted robbery. Hart held the jury must be so instructed. (Id. at pp. 672-673.)
Our Supreme Court disapproved Hart in People v. Favor, supra, 54 Cal.4th at pages 872,
875-880. Therefore, Hart is no longer an accurate statement of California law in the
context of whether attempted robbery may serve as the basis for a willful, deliberate and
premeditated attempted murder conviction.
       Moreover, our Supreme Court rejected the present argument in the context of
attempted murder in People v. Favor, supra, 54 Cal.4th at pages 871-872, 874-880.
Defendants argue Favor was incorrectly decided. That issue is not one this court may
decide. (People v. Letner & Tobin (2010) 50 Cal.4th 99, 197-198; Auto Equity Sales, Inc.
v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455.) Defendants further assert Favor, which
involved attempted murder, should not be extended to this case, which involves murder.
As discussed below, we disagree. We conclude the jury was properly instructed. We
follow the reasoning of: People v. Lee (2003) 31 Cal.4th 613, 616 (Lee), People v.
Cummins (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 667, 680-681 (Cummins) and People v. Favor, supra,

                                            17
54 Cal.4th at pages 871-872, 874-880. We note defendant does not argue a necessarily
included offense instruction should have been given. Therefore, we need not consider
whether People v. Woods (1992) 8 Cal.App.4th 1570, 1586-1587, remains an accurate
statement of California law. We now turn to Lee, Cummins and Favor.


                                           3. Lee


        In Lee, supra, 31 Cal.4th at page 620, our Supreme Court considered, “[Whether
the statute governing punishment for attempted murder, section 664, subdivision (a)
(664(a))] requires that in order to be punished with life imprisonment for attempted
murder as an aider and abettor, an individual must personally act with willfulness,
deliberation, and premeditation.” Section 664(a) mandates increased punishment for an
attempted murder when it is willful, deliberate and premeditated. (People v. Bright
(1996) 12 Cal.4th 652, 655-657, disapproved on another point in People v. Seel (2004) 34
Cal.4th 535, 550, fn. 6; see People v. Muhammad (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 484, 493.)
Section 664(a) states in part: “[I]f the crime attempted is willful, deliberate, and
premeditated murder, as defined in Section 189, the person guilty of that attempt shall be
punished by imprisonment in the state prison for life with the possibility of parole.” In
Lee, our Supreme Court noted that in section 664(a), the Legislature did not distinguish
between a direct perpetrator and an aider and abettor. Our Supreme Court concluded
therefore, “[S]ection 664(a) properly must be interpreted to require only that the murder
attempted was willful, deliberate, and premeditated, but not to require that an attempted
murderer personally acted willfully and with deliberation and premeditation, even if he or
she is guilty as an aider and abettor.” (Lee, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 616; see also pp. 620-
625.)
        Lee did not involve the natural and probable consequences doctrine. Our Supreme
Court noted in dictum, however: “Of course, where the natural-and-probable-
consequences doctrine does apply, an attempted murderer who is guilty as an aider and
abettor may be less blameworthy. In light of such a possibility, it would not have been

                                             18
irrational for the Legislature to limit [the increased punishment under] section 664(a)
only to those attempted murderers who personally acted willfully and with deliberation
and premeditation. But the Legislature has declined to do so.” (Lee, supra, 31 Cal.4th at
pp. 624-625.)
       Lee also observed in relation to an attempted murderer’s blameworthiness that
punishment need not be “finely calibrated” to a criminal’s mental state. (Lee, supra, 31
Cal.4th at p. 627.) The court stated: “Although defendants . . . argue that an attempted
murderer who is guilty as an aider and abettor, but who did not personally act with
willfulness, deliberation, and premeditation, is insufficiently blameworthy to be punished
with life imprisonment, their argument . . . ignores the very substantial blameworthiness
of even this sort of attempted murderer—necessarily so in the general case, and possibly
so even under the natural-and-probable-consequences doctrine. More fundamentally,
defendants’ argument seems predicated on an assumption that punishment must be finely
calibrated to a criminal’s mental state. Such an assumption is unsound. Punishment
takes account not only of the criminal’s mental state, but also of his or her conduct, the
consequences of such conduct, and the surrounding circumstances. [Citations.] Such
circumstances may include the fact that the murder attempted was willful, deliberate, and
premeditated.” (Ibid.) In People v. Favor, supra, 54 Cal.4th at page 878, moreover, our
Supreme Court subsequently observed: “[In Lee], we noted that even in the case of
aiders and abettors under the natural and probable consequences doctrine, punishment
need not be finely calibrated to the criminal’s mens rea. It takes account of other valid
penological considerations, such as the defendant’s conduct, the consequences of such
conduct, and the surrounding circumstances, including the fact that the murder attempted
was willful, deliberate, and premeditated. (Lee, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 627.)”




                                        4. Cummins

                                             19
       In Cummins, supra, 127 Cal.App.4th at pages 680-681, Division One of the Court
of Appeal for this appellate district extended the analysis in Lee to the natural and
probable consequences doctrine. The Court of Appeal considered a premeditated
attempted murder conviction under the natural and probable consequences doctrine where
the victim was pushed off a cliff. One defendant argued it was error not to inform the
jury it had to find a premeditated attempted murder was a natural and probable
consequence of robbery or carjacking. (Id. at p. 680.) The Court of Appeal disagreed:
“We see no reason, under the facts of this case, to depart from the reasoning of the Lee
court in a situation that applies the natural and probable consequences doctrine. As noted
above, [defendant] was a willing and active participant in all the steps that led to the
attempt on [the victim’s] life. Although the evidence did not conclusively determine
which defendant had physical contact with the victim when he was pushed, certainly
[defendant’s] conduct makes him no less blameworthy than [his coperpetrator]. The jury
here was properly instructed on the elements of attempted premeditated murder and,
based on the evidence, found the attempt on [the victim’s] life was willful, deliberate, and
premeditated. Nothing more was required.” (Id. at pp. 680-681.)


                                          5. Favor


       As noted above, in People v. Favor, supra, 54 Cal.4th at pages 871-872, 874-880,
our Supreme Court resolved the conflict between Cummins and Hart. We have
previously described the natural and probable consequence instructional error issue
litigated in Hart. The issue was whether the target offense of attempted robbery could
serve as the basis for an attempted robbery and willful, deliberate and premeditated
murder conviction. (People v. Hart, supra, 176 Cal.App.4th at p. 673.) In Favor, our
Supreme Court followed Cummins and disapproved Hart. Our Supreme Court held:
“[O]nce the jury finds that an aider and abettor, in general or under the natural and
probable consequences doctrine, has committed an attempted murder, it separately

                                             20
determines whether the attempted murder was willful, deliberate, and premeditated. [¶]
Under the natural and probable consequences doctrine, there is no requirement that an
aider and abettor reasonably foresee an attempted premeditated murder as the natural and
probable consequence of the target offense. It is sufficient that attempted murder is a
reasonably foreseeable consequence of the crime aided and abetted, and the attempted
murder itself was committed willfully, deliberately and with premeditation.” (People v.
Favor, supra, 54 Cal.4th at pp. 879-880.)


                                       6. Conclusion


       The reasoning of the foregoing cases is applicable in the present context. A
defendant may be guilty of murder as an aider and abettor even if he or she did not
personally act willfully and with deliberation and premeditation. (See People v. Favor,
supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 877; People v. Lee, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 616.) An aider and
abettor’s liability does not require premeditation as a mental state. (See People v. Favor,
supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 877; Lee, supra, 31 Cal.4th at pp. 616-617.) As our Supreme
Court discussed in Lee: “Although defendants . . . argue that an attempted murderer who
is guilty as an aider and abettor, but who did not personally act with willfulness,
deliberation, and premeditation, is insufficiently blameworthy to be punished with life
imprisonment, their argument . . . ignores the very substantial blameworthiness of even
this sort of attempted murderer—necessarily so in the general case, and possibly so even
under the natural-and-probable-consequences doctrine. More fundamentally, defendants’
argument seems predicated on an assumption that punishment must be finely calibrated to
a criminal’s mental state. Such an assumption is unsound. Punishment takes account not
only of the criminal’s mental state, but also of his or her conduct, the consequences of
such conduct, and the surrounding circumstances. [Citation.] Such circumstances may
include the fact that the murder attempted was willful, deliberate, and premeditated.”
(Lee, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 627.) Moreover, the nature of aider and abettor liability is
derivative. The aider and abettor’s liability attaches to the crime actually committed.

                                             21
       Here, the jury could find defendants, members of a gang who detested African
Americans, participated in a coordinated vicious assault on Mr. LeBlanc. Further, the
jury could conclude the stabbing and shooting, the death inducing conduct, was
perpetrated willfully, deliberately and with premeditation. If the jury found the
foregoing, then defendants may be liable for Mr. LeBlanc’s first degree murder on a
natural and probable consequences theory. The degree of the murder committed, turning
on the perpetrator’s mental state, need not be a natural and probable consequence of the
target crime. And this is because the degree of the murder relates only to punishment.
The aider and abettor’s mental state as it relates to the degree of the homicide is not in
issue under the natural and probable consequences doctrine. The question is whether a
reasonable person in the defendant’s position should have foreseen that a murder might
result. (People v. Favor, supra, 54 Cal.4th at pp. 871-872, 874-880; Lee, supra, 31
Cal.4th at pp. 616, 620-627; Cummins, supra, 127 Cal.App.4th at pp. 680-681.)


                     D. Defense Instruction Concerning Youthfulness


       Defendants argue the jury should have been instructed on the subject of their
youthfulness as follows: “Some of the defendants in this case may have been under 18
years old at the time of the acts charged in this case. Children are not held to the same
standards of care as adults. In accessing [sic] whether the prosecution has proved
whether a defendant under the age of 18 is guilty of any crimes, when the jury
instructions refer to ‘a reasonable person’ or ‘a person of average disposition,’ [the jury]
must consider that ‘person’ to be a ‘reasonable child’ or ‘child of average disposition’ of
like age, experience, and development who was facing a similar situation to that of that
minor defendant.” Mr. Alfaro requested the foregoing instructions. The trial court
denied the request. On appeal, defendants contend it was reversible error to fail to so
instruct. We disagree. No such instruction is required. Mr. Alfaro cannot set up his own
standard of conduct based on his youth. (See People v. Steele (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1230,



                                             22
1253; People v. Morse (1969) 70 Cal.2d 711, 735.) No statutory or decisional authority
required the trial court to apply a reasonable juvenile standard in the present case.


                    E. Sufficiency Of The Evidence As To Mr. Prado


                   1. Mr. Prado’s arguments and the standard of review


       Mr. Prado challenges the sufficiency of the evidence in three respects. First, he
argues there was insufficient evidence he had a specific intent to kill as a direct aider and
abettor. Second, Mr. Prado argues the evidence was insufficient to convict him under a
natural and probable consequences theory. Third, he asserts the evidence failed to
establish he committed the assault with the intent to benefit the gang.
   Our Supreme Court has set forth the applicable standard of review. “Substantial
evidence is evidence that is ‘“reasonable in nature, credible, and of solid value.’”
(People v. Johnson (1980) 26 Cal.3d 557, 576.) ‘In reviewing the sufficiency of the
evidence, we must determine “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” (People v. Davis (1995) 10 Cal.4th
463, 509.) We must presume in support of the judgment the existence of every fact that
the trier of fact could reasonably deduce from the evidence. (People v. Ochoa (1993) 6
Cal.4th 1199, 1206.) ‘The focus of the substantial evidence test is on the whole record of
evidence presented to the trier of fact, rather than on “‘isolated bits of evidence.’”
[Citation.]’ (People v. Cuevas (1995) 12 Cal.4th 252, 261.)” (People v. Medina, supra,
46 Cal.4th at p. 919; accord, In re V.V. (2011) 51 Cal.4th 1020, 1026.)




                        2. Direct aider and abettor’s criminal intent

                                              23
       Mr. Prado challenges the sufficiency of the evidence he was guilty of murder as a
direct aider and abettor. Mr. Prado concedes he kicked Mr. LeBlanc with force likely to
cause great bodily injury. He admits that in doing so he displayed a conscious disregard
for human life. Mr. Prado admits accompanying Mr. Delgado, who stabbed
Mr. LeBlanc, before the party. Also, Mr. Prado admits leaving police custody with
Mr. Delgado. He asserts, however, that his actions did not rise to the level of a specific
intent to kill or to aid the perpetrators of the killing. Mr. Prado reasons there was no
evidence he was aware anyone was going to perpetrate a stabbing or shooting, or that he
intended to assist them in doing so.
       Our Supreme Court has held: “To be guilty of a crime as an aider and abettor, a
person must ‘aid[ ] the [direct] perpetrator by acts or encourage[ ] him [or her] by words
or gestures.’ (People v. Villa (1957) 156 Cal.App.2d 128, 134; accord, People v.
Gonzales (1970) 4 Cal.App.3d 593, 600; see generally 1 Witkin & Epstein, Cal. Criminal
Law [(3d ed. 2000)] Introduction to Crimes, § 78, p. 124.) In addition . . . the person
must give such aid or encouragement ‘with knowledge of the criminal purpose of the
[direct] perpetrator and with an intent or purpose either of committing, or of encouraging
or facilitating commission of,’ the crime in question. (People v. Beeman (1984) 35
Cal.3d 547, 560; accord, e.g., People v. Prettyman, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 259; People v.
Croy (1985) 41 Cal.3d 1, 11–12.) When the crime at issue requires a specific intent, in
order to be guilty as an aider and abettor the person ‘must share the specific intent of the
[direct] perpetrator,’ that is to say, the person must ‘know[ ] the full extent of the [direct]
perpetrator’s criminal purpose and [must] give[ ] aid or encouragement with the intent or
purpose of facilitating the [direct] perpetrator’s commission of the crime.’ (People v.
Beeman, supra, 35 Cal.3d at p. 560.) Thus, to be guilty of attempted murder as an aider
and abettor, a person must give aid or encouragement with knowledge of the direct
perpetrator’s intent to kill and with the purpose of facilitating the direct perpetrator’s
accomplishment of the intended killing—which means that the person guilty of attempted
murder as an aider and abettor must intend to kill. (See People v. McCoy [(2001)] 25

                                              24
Cal.4th [1111,] 1118.)“ (People v. Lee, supra, 31 Cal.4th at pp. 623-624; accord, People
v. Maciel (2013) 57 Cal.4th 482, 519-520.)
       Mr. Prado actively participated in the initial and subsequent attacks on
Mr. LeBlanc. Mr. Prado encouraged the assault and displayed a hatred of African-
Americans by saying, “Get the myate.” The assaults were severe and relentless. At one
point, Mr. LeBlanc escaped temporarily. But Mr. Prado and others chased Mr. LeBlanc
down the street. Mr. Prado admittedly observed a large group of people “stomping” on
Mr. LeBlanc. He heard people saying, “Fuck this nigga,” and “myate.” Mr. Prado saw
blood coming out of Mr. LeBlanc’s mouth. Mr. Prado joined in the assault as Mr.
LeBlanc crawled on the ground. Mr. Prado admitted kicking Mr. LeBlanc twice.
Mr. Casas saw Mr. Prado “stomping” on Mr. LeBlanc with force. Mr. Casas testified:
“Q What did you see? [¶] A I seen [Prado] stomping him with force. [¶] Q Describe
how he was doing that. [¶] A Like grabbing his hands toward the fence. [¶] Q What
do you mean by that? [¶] A Like giving himself more force to stomp him harder. . . .
[¶] Q . . . [A]s he was holding the fence, you saw him stomp? [¶] A Yeah.”
Mr. LeBlanc suffered numerous blunt force injuries to his head including bruises on his
forehead and eyelid, ear and eyebrow lacerations, broken ear cartilage, and a fractured
nose. Certain angular abrasions were consistent with being stomped with a shoe.
Mr. Prado admittedly went to the party with Mr. Delgado, who stabbed Mr. LeBlanc.
Further, Mr. Prado admittedly went to Mr. Delgado’s house after leaving the police
station in the hours following the murder. The jury could reasonably conclude Mr. Prado
pursued and intended to kill Mr. LeBlanc.


                          3. Natural and Probable Consequence


       Mr. Prado argues the evidence was also insufficient to convict him under a natural
and probable consequences theory. As our Supreme Court has explained: “‘A person
who knowingly aids and abets criminal conduct is guilty of not only the intended crime
[target offense] but also of any other crime the perpetrator actually commits [nontarget

                                             25
offense] that is a natural and probable consequence of the intended crime. The latter
question is not whether the aider and abettor actually foresaw the additional crime, but
whether, judged objectively, it was reasonably foreseeable. (People v. Prettyman[,
supra,] 14 Cal.4th [at pp.] 260–262.)’ (People v. Mendoza (1998) 18 Cal.4th 1114,
1133.) Liability under the natural and probable consequences doctrine ‘is measured by
whether a reasonable person in the defendant’s position would have or should have
known that the charged offense was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the act
aided and abetted.’ (People v. Nguyen[, supra,] 21 Cal.App.4th [at p.] 535.) [¶]
‘[A]lthough variations in phrasing are found in decisions addressing the doctrine—
”probable and natural,” “natural and reasonable,” and “reasonably foreseeable”—the
ultimate factual question is one of foreseeability.’ (People v. Coffman and Marlow
(2004) 34 Cal.4th 1, 107.) Thus, ‘“[a] natural and probable consequence is a foreseeable
consequence”. . . .’ (Ibid.) But ‘to be reasonably foreseeable “[t]he consequence need
not have been a strong probability; a possible consequence which might reasonably have
been contemplated is enough . . . .’ (1 Witkin & Epstein, Cal. Criminal Law (2d ed.1988)
§ 132, p. 150.)’ (People v. Nguyen, supra, 21 Cal.App.4th at p. 535.) A reasonably
foreseeable consequence is to be evaluated under all the factual circumstances of the
individual case (ibid.) and is a factual issue to be resolved by the jury. (People v. Olguin
(1994) 31 Cal.App.4th 1355, 1376; People v. Godinez (1992) 2 Cal.App.4th 492, 499.)”
(People v. Medina, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 920.)
       The jury could reasonably conclude the stabbing and shooting were natural and
probable consequences of the assault. Mr. Prado was a member of or affiliated with the
gang. The gang regularly committed violent crimes. Mr. LeBlanc brandished a gun
following a verbal altercation with gang associates. The altercation occurred in the
gang’s territory. The racially biased gang members and affiliates viewed Mr. LeBlanc’s
behavior as disrespecting the gang. As Detective Freeman testified, disrespect must be
avenged. The gang members and associates retaliated by attacking Mr. LeBlanc. After a
bystander intervened in the initial assault, Mr. Prado chased Mr. LeBlanc down the street
where the assault was renewed. Mr. Prado knowingly and intentionally participated in a

                                             26
racially and gang motivated attack that preceded the stabbing and shooting. The attack
was brutal, vicious and relentless. At one point, Mr. Prado grabbed ahold of a fence in
order to gain leverage to stomp on Mr. LeBlanc with increased force. The beatings,
stabbings and shooting all followed in close succession. Prior knowledge others were
armed with weapons was unnecessary to support Mr. Prado’s conviction as an aider and
abettor. (People v. Medina, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 921; People v. Gonzales (2001) 87
Cal.App.4th 1, 11; People v. Montes (1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 1050, 1056.) The jury could
rationally find a reasonable person in Mr. Prado’s position would or should have foreseen
escalation of the attack to a deadly level. (See People v. Medina, supra, 46 Cal.App.4th
at pp. 919-928; People v. Gonzales, supra, 87 Cal.App.4th at pp. 10-11; People v.
Montes, supra, 74 Cal.App.4th at p. 1056; People v. Olguin, supra, 31 Cal.App.4th at p.
1376; People v. Godinez, supra, 2 Cal.App.4th at pp. 495-500; People v. Montano (1979)
96 Cal.App.3d 221, 226.)


                                   4. Gang Enhancement


       Mr. Prado’s final evidentiary insufficiency claim addresses the gang enhancement.
However, there was substantial evidence the crime was committed to benefit the gang.
Mr. Prado was associated with if not a member of the gang. Mr. Prado’s friend,
Mr. Delgado, was an admitted associate or member of the gang as well. Detective
Freeman testified, based on hypothetical facts tracking those of this case, that
Mr. LeBlanc’s murder benefited the gang. Detective Freeman explained: “When an
individual disrespects members of a neighborhood, they’re going to be dealt with. And
this is . . . [the gang] responding and their associates responding that this is what will
happen if you disrespect us in our neighborhood . . . .” This was substantial evidence
supporting the gang enhancement. (See People v. Livingston (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1145,
1170-1172; People v. Albillar (2010) 51 Cal.4th 47, 59-62.)


                      F. Natural and Probable Consequences Theory

                                              27
        Mr. Prado argues the natural and probable consequences theory cannot support a
first degree murder conviction. Mr. Prado reasons that natural and probable
consequences liability is a form of implied malice and first degree murder requires
express malice. Mr. Prado contends using the natural and probable consequences
doctrine to support a first degree murder conviction violates his equal protection and due
process rights. Our Supreme Court has upheld the use of a natural and probable
consequences theory to support a first degree murder conviction. (E.g., People v. Maciel,
supra, 57 Cal.4th at pp. 519-520; People v. Gonzales (2011) 52 Cal.4th 254, 297-300;
People v. Medina, supra, 46 Cal.4th at pp. 919-928.) We are bound by that authority.
(People v. Johnson (2012) 53 Cal.4th 519, 527-528; People v. Letner & Tobin, supra, 50
Cal.4th at pp. 197-198; Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court, supra, 57 Cal.2d at p.
455.)


             G. Attempted Murder As A Lesser Included Offense Instruction


        Mr. Prado argues the trial court should have instructed the jury on attempted
murder as a lesser included offense. Our Supreme Court has held: “Attempted murder
requires the specific intent to kill and the commission of a direct but ineffectual act
toward accomplishing the intended killing. (E.g., 1 Witkin & Epstein, Cal. Criminal Law
(3d ed. 2000) Elements, § 53, pp. 262–263; see, e.g., People v. Swain (1996) 12 Cal.4th
593, 604-605.)” (People v. Lee, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 623.) Mr. Prado argues the jury
reasonably could have found he committed only attempted murder.
        Mr. Prado reasons the jurors could find the kicking occurred without knowledge
someone else would stab or shoot Mr. LeBlanc. It is true, as Mr. Prado contends, that a
trial court must sua sponte instruct the jury on any lesser included offense that is
supported by substantial evidence. (People v. Whalen (2013) 56 Cal.4th 1, 68; People v.
Waidla, supra, 22 Cal.4th at p. 733.) However, the duty does not exist where there is no
evidence the offense was less than that charged. (People v. Smith (2013) 57 Cal.4th 232,

                                             28
240; People v. Breverman (1998) 19 Cal.4th 142, 154, 162.) As our Supreme Court has
held, “[T]he existence of ‘any evidence, no matter how weak’ will not justify instructions
on a lesser included offense, but such instructions are required whenever evidence that
the defendant is guilty only of the lesser offense is ‘substantial enough to merit
consideration’ by the jury. ([People v. Flannel (1979)] 25 Cal.3d 668, 684, fn. 12,
original italics; see also People v. Bacigalupo (1991) 1 Cal.4th 103, 127; People v.
Ramos (1982) 30 Cal.3d 553, 582.) ‘Substantial evidence’ in this context is ‘“evidence
from which a jury composed of reasonable [persons] could . . . conclude[ ]”‘ that the
lesser offense, but not the greater, was committed. ([People v.] Flannel, supra, [25 Cal.
3d] at p. 684, quoting People v. Carr (1972) 8 Cal.3d 287, 294; accord, [People v. Barton
(1995)] 12 Cal.4th 186, 201, fn. 8 [‘evidence that a reasonable jury could find
persuasive’].)” (People v. Breverman, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 162; accord, People v.
Smith, supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 239.)
       Here, Mr. Prado’s actions, which went far beyond merely kicking Mr. LeBlanc,
were consistent with an intent to kill. There was no substantial evidence he took only
ineffectual acts towards doing so. There was no substantial evidence from which a
reasonable jury could conclude Mr. Prado was guilty of attempted murder but not of
murder. In any event, any alleged error was harmless. In a noncapital case, we review
jury lesser included instructional error to determine whether there is a reasonable
probability of a different result. (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13; People v. Breverman, supra,
19 Cal.4th at pp. 149, 178; People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836.) It is undisputed
Mr. LeBlanc died. This is no basis for concluding Mr. Prado took only ineffectual acts in
the events leading up to Mr. LeBlanc’s death. There is no reasonable probability of a
different result had the jurors been instructed on the included offense of attempted
murder.




                            H. Cruel And Unusual Punishment

                                             29
       Mr. Prado received a sentence of 50 years to life. Mr. Prado argues his 50-year-to-
life sentence was cruel and unusual under both the state and federal Constitutions. (Cal.
Const. Art. I, § 17 [cruel or unusual]; U.S. Const., 8th Amend.) Mr. Prado reasons that
unless the jury found him guilty as a direct aider and abettor, he was far less culpable
than the actual killers. That contention is without merit. (People v. Gonzales, supra, 87
Cal.App.4th at pp. 18-19.)


                                    I. Cumulative Error


       Defendants contend they are entitled to reversal because of cumulative error. We
find no prejudicial legal error. Therefore, we reject defendants’ argument the cumulative
effect of all the errors requires reversal. (People v. Jones (2013) 57 Cal.4th 899, 981;
People v. Edwards (2013) 57 Cal.4th 658, 746.)




                                             30
                               IV. DISPOSITION


     The judgments are affirmed.
                        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS


                        TURNER, P.J.


We concur:




     MOSK, J.




     KRIEGLER, J.




                                       31
