         If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
              revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                        STATE OF MICHIGAN

                        COURT OF APPEALS


In re Application of DTE ELECTRIC COMPANY
to Increase Rates.


RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMER GROUP,                                    UNPUBLISHED
                                                               April 2, 2020
           Appellant,

v                                                              No. 344811
                                                               Public Service Commission
MICHIGAN PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION                             Case No. 00-018255
and MICHIGAN CABLE
TELECOMMUNICATIONS ASSOCIATION,

           Appellees,
and

DTE ELECTRIC COMPANY,

           Petitioner-Appellee.


In re Application of CONSUMERS ENERGY
COMPANY to Increase Rates.


RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMER GROUP,

           Appellant,

v                                                              No. 344821
                                                               Public Service Commission
MICHIGAN PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION                             Case No. 00-018322
and MICHIGAN CABLE
TELECOMMUNICATIONS ASSOCIATION,

           Appellees,
and


                                           -1-
CONSUMERS ENERGY COMPANY,

              Petitioner-Appellee.


Before: CAMERON, P.J., and SHAPIRO and LETICA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       In these consolidated appeals, the Residential Customer Group (Residential) appeals two
separate orders of the Michigan Public Service Commission (MPSC) insofar as the orders
authorized the two appellee electric providers, DTE Electric Company (DTE) and Consumers
Energy Company (Consumers), to recover in their rates certain costs relating to their development
and deployment of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) and authorizing them to impose
surcharges on customers who elect to opt out of the AMI program. We affirm.

                                 I. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       In accordance with In re Consumers Energy Co, 322 Mich App 480, 486-487; 912 NW2d
406 (2017):

               The standard of review for [M]PSC orders is narrow and well defined.
       Pursuant to MCL 462.25, all rates, fares, charges, classification and joint rates,
       regulations, practices, and services prescribed by the [M]PSC are presumed, prima
       facie, to be lawful and reasonable. A party aggrieved by an order of the [M]PSC
       has the burden of proving by clear and satisfactory evidence that the order is
       unlawful or unreasonable. MCL 462.26(8). To establish that a [M]PSC order is
       unlawful, the appellant must show that the [M]PSC failed to follow a mandatory
       statute or abused its discretion in the exercise of its judgment. An order is
       unreasonable if it is not supported by the evidence.

                A final order of the [M]PSC must be authorized by law and be supported
       by competent, material, and substantial evidence on the whole record. Const 1963,
       art 6, § 28.

              We give due deference to the [M]PSC’s administrative expertise and will
       not substitute our judgment for that of the [M]PSC. We give respectful
       consideration to the [M]PSC’s construction of a statute that the [M]PSC is
       empowered to execute, and this Court will not overrule that construction absent
       cogent reasons. If the language of a statute is vague or obscure, the [M]PSC’s
       construction serves as an aid in determining the legislative intent and will be given
       weight if it does not conflict with the language of the statute or the purpose of the
       Legislature. However, the construction given to a statute by the [M]PSC is not
       binding on us. Whether the [M]PSC exceeded the scope of its authority is a
       question of law that is reviewed de novo. [Citations omitted.]



                                               -2-
                                           II. ANALYSIS

      Residential first argues that the MPSC lacked authority to approve the continued
implementation of AMI program, including attendant opt-out surcharges. We disagree.

         Whether the MPSC exceeded the scope of its authority is a question of law calling for
review de novo. In re Complaint of Pelland Against Ameritech Mich, 254 Mich App 675, 682;
658 NW2d 849 (2003). Under MCL 460.6(1), the MPSC “is vested with complete power and
jurisdiction to regulate all public utilities in the state except a municipally owned utility, the owner
of a renewable resource power production facility . . . , and except as otherwise restricted by law.”
The MPSC’s general ratemaking authority includes the “discretion to determine what charges and
expenses to allow as costs of operation.” Ford Motor Co v Pub Serv Comm, 221 Mich App 370,
375; 562 NW2d 224 (1997). “The power to fix and regulate rates, however, does not carry with
it, either explicitly or by necessary implication, the power to make management decisions.” Union
Carbide Corp v Pub Serv Comm, 431 Mich 135, 148; 428 NW2d 322 (1988).

       This Court has already entertained a challenge to the MPSC’s authority to approve of the
AMI program generally, and surcharges for opting out specifically, in a case to which Residential
was a party. In In re Consumers Energy Co to Increase Rates, 322 Mich App at 489, Residential
argued, as here,

       that the [M]PSC lacked the authority, absent specific statutory guidance, to mandate
       the installation of smart meters in customers’ homes by approving Consumers’
       smart-meter program and its attendant tariffs on an “opt-out” basis. [Residential]
       specifically argue[d] that in prior uncontested cases, the [M]PSC foreclosed the
       presentation of evidence concerning health questions and privacy matters related to
       smart meters and that this defective process prevented the introduction of evidence
       regarding an alternative “opt-in” approach that would have respected customer
       choices and concerns. [Id. at 489.]

This Court rejected Residential’s arguments, finding “that the [M]PSC did not lack the authority
to approve implementation of the smart-meter program and the attendant fees on customers.”
Id. at 490. Specifically, this Court recognized that “[t]he [M]PSC has broad authority to regulate
rates for public utilities, but that authority does not include the power to make management
decisions for utilities.” Id. While this Court agreed that “the [M]PSC has no statutory authority
to enable Consumers to require all its customers to participate in the AMI program and accept a
smart meter or to pay fees if they choose to opt out of the AMI program,” this Court emphasized
that the absence of such statutory authority is

       because the decision regarding the type of equipment to deploy as an upgrade to
       infrastructure can only be described as a management prerogative. Consumers
       applied for approval of its AMI program; but that fact does not mandate a
       conclusion that Consumers’ decision regarding the type of meters to use is not a
       management decision. [In re Consumers Energy Co, 322 Mich App at 490.]




                                                  -3-
       In addition, this Court determined:

               Consumers proposed opt-out fees, calculated on the basis of cost-of-service
       principles, that would be imposed only on those customers who chose not to
       participate in the AMI program. The fees were designed to cover the additional
       costs of providing service to those customers. Accordingly, approval of the opt-
       out fees was a proper exercise of the [M]PSC’s ratemaking authority. [Id. at 491
       (citations omitted).]

        This Court has also addressed Residential’s arguments pertaining to whether sufficient
evidence was adduced below regarding the cost-based nature of the tariffs imposed and the
potential for opt-out customers to self-read their meters. Initially, before discussing the substance
of the issue, this Court recognized:

                Ratemaking is a legislative, rather than a judicial, function. For that reason,
       the doctrines of res judicata and collateral estoppel do not apply in a strict sense.
       Nevertheless, factual “issues fully decided in earlier [M]PSC proceedings need not
       be ‘completely relitigated’ in later proceedings unless the party wishing to do so
       establishes by new evidence or a showing of changed circumstances that the earlier
       result is unreasonable.” [In re Consumers Energy Co, 322 Mich App at 493-494
       (citations omitted).]

        In the earlier rejection of Residential’s claims, this Court reviewed the history of this issue
in the MPSC as follows:

              This issue was recently decided by the [M]PSC in another case on remand
       from this Court. In In re Application of Consumers Energy Co, order of the Public
       Service Commission, entered July 12, 2017 (Case No. U-17087), . . . the [M]PSC
       entered an order on June 28, 2013, approving opt-out fees for customers who
       requested a non-transmitting meter. The Attorney General and individual appellant
       [Michelle] Rison, among others, appealed the [M]PSC’s order and challenged the
       imposition and the amount of the opt-out fees. In Attorney General v Pub Serv
       Comm, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued April 30,
       2015 (Docket Nos. 317434 and 317456), [rev’d in part on other grounds 498 Mich
       967 (2016)], this Court, in Docket No. 317456, remanded the matter to the [M]PSC
       to conduct a contested-case hearing to examine the opt-out tariff.

               In an order entered March 29, 2016, in Case No. U-17087, the [M]PSC
       indicated that on remand it would address the purpose of the opt-out fees, whether
       the fees constituted reimbursement for the cost of services related to
       nontransmitting meters, and whether any of the costs were already accounted for in
       Consumers’ base rates.

              On January 19, 2017, the [administrative law judge] issued a [proposal for
       decision], finding that the opt-out fees represented reimbursement for the costs of
       service and that no expenses related to Consumers’ opt-out program were




                                                 -4-
       accounted for in Consumers’ base rates. The [administrative law judge]
       recommended that the [M]PSC reaffirm its June 28, 2013 decision.

                On July 12, 2017, the [M]PSC issued an order on remand in Case No. U-
       17087, adopting the findings and recommendations in the [proposal for decision].
       The [M]PSC found that the opt-out tariffs were cost-based and that Consumers
       provided an explanation of the cost-of-service principles used to determine those
       tariffs. Specifically, the [M]PSC stated that

               [o]pt-out fees represent incremental costs that are incurred solely in
               order to be able to offer the opt-out program; opt-out customers are
               protected by the credits from the costs of AMI, and customers who
               use standard equipment are protected from subsidizing customers
               who choose non-standard equipment. The amounts collected from
               opt-out customers are credited to base rate calculations to ensure that
               there is no double recovery. The Court of Appeals has found that
               smart meters are standard utility equipment, and that the choice of
               metering technology is a utility management prerogative. The opt-
               out tariff collects costs associated with the development and
               operation of a non-standard metering option. The Commission has
               previously rejected [Residential’s] argument regarding the use of
               self-reads as an alternative to the opt-out program. The Commission
               has made it a priority to limit estimated and customer self-reading
               of meters in order to increase the accuracy of meter reading and
               billing. Commission rules require utilities to read a certain
               percentage of electric meters. [In re Application of Consumers
               Energy Co. to Increase Rates, order of the Public Service
               Commission, entered July 12, 2017 (Case No. U-17087), p 12
               (citations omitted).]

       The PSC ultimately affirmed the opt-out tariffs and credits related to the tariffs
       originally approved in the June 28, 2013 order in Case No. U–17087. Id. at 16.

              In the instant case, [Residential is] requesting that this Court examine the
       opt-out fees in a manner similar to that undertaken by the [M]PSC in Case No. U-
       17087. We decline to do so and defer to the decision on remand issued by the
       [M]PSC in Case No. U-17087. That decision is based on previous decisions of the
       [M]PSC and this Court. Appellants seek to reargue the matter yet again but have
       put forth nothing that would require this Court to conclude that the previous
       decision as reflected most recently in the order in Case No. U-17087 is
       unreasonable and should not be followed. See In re Application of Consumers
       Energy Co, 291 Mich App [106,] 122; 804 NW2d 574 [(2010)]. [In re Consumers
       Energy Co, 322 Mich App at 494-496.]

       Next, Residential raises various constitutional issues pertaining to the right to privacy, due
process, and the Fourth Amendment, as well as the failure to adequately consider health and safety
concerns of customers. We conclude that these arguments have no merit.


                                                -5-
       The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees that “[t]he right of
the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches
and seizures, shall not be violated . . . .” Fourth Amendment privacy rights are implicit in the
concept of ordered liberty and are thus enforceable against the states through the Due Process
Clause. Mapp v Ohio, 367 US 643; 81 S Ct 1684; 6 L Ed 2d 1081 (1961) (incorporating the Fourth
Amendment against the states under the Fourteenth Amendment).

       Residential argues that “the overly-intrusive operational capabilities of the smart meter
serves as the platform for the invasion of privacy and that makes possible the unreasonable
searches and seizures, or the mishandling of the private data of customers.” However, this Court
squarely addressed, and rejected, the arguments that Residential raises on appeal in Detroit Edison
Co v Stenman, 311 Mich App 367; 875 NW2d 767 (2015); see also In re Consumers Energy Co
App, 322 Mich at 492-493. In Stenman, this Court stated:

               [I]n order for Fourth Amendment protections to apply, the government must
       perform a search. [T]he Fourth Amendment proscribes only government action and
       is not applicable to a search or seizure, even an unreasonable one, conducted by a
       private person not acting as an agent of the government or with the participation or
       knowledge of any government official.

               First, defendants have not shown, or even argued, that an illegal search has
       already been performed through the smart meter that was installed on their property.
       Instead, their arguments in the lower court and on appeal focus on the potential for
       smart meters to collect information from the homes of Americans in the future.
       Further, defendants have failed to establish that plaintiff’s installation of smart
       meters constitutes governmental action for Fourth Amendment purposes. Even if
       the state and federal governments have advocated or incentivized, as a matter of
       public policy, the use of smart meters, there is no indication that the government
       controls the operations of plaintiff, an investor-owned electric utility, or that
       plaintiff acts as an agent of the state or federal governments. Accordingly, we reject
       defendants’ claim that plaintiff’s installation of a smart meter violated their Fourth
       Amendment rights. [Id. at 387-388 (citations and quotations omitted).]

In this case, like in Stenman, Residential has not asserted—let alone established—that any
governmental search has taken place through use of an AMI meter. Instead, Residential argues
that there is a “potential for smart meters to collect information from the homes of Americans in
the future.” Id. Thus, Residential has only speculated that private information is being collected
through the AMI meter. Furthermore, as acknowledged in Stenman, “[e]ven if the state and federal
governments have advocated or incentivized, as a matter of public policy, the use of smart meters,
there is no indication that the government controls the operations of . . . an investor-owned electric




                                                 -6-
utility, or that [the utility] acts as an agent of the state or federal governments.” Id. at 387-388.
Thus, Residential’s Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment claim fails.1

       Residential also complains that the methodology employed by Consumers and DTE for
customers to opt-out of the AMI program provides inadequate notice and, thus, violates due
process. Specifically, Residential argues that the smart meters were “force[d]” upon customers,
who were not provided “an advance hearing process.”

         “Generally, due process in civil cases requires notice of the nature of the proceedings and
an opportunity to be heard in a meaningful time and manner by an impartial decisionmaker.” By
Lo Oil Co v Dep’t of Treasury, 267 Mich App 19, 29; 703 NW2d 822 (2005) (quotation marks and
citations omitted). “The right to due process of law is a flexible concept and must be analyzed by
considering the particular circumstances presented in a given situation.” In re Project Cost &
Special Assessment Roll For Chappel Dam, 282 Mich App 142, 150; 762 NW2d 192 (2009). As
recognized above in connection with Residential’s rejected Fourth Amendment claim, because the
action complained of by DTE and Consumers does not comprise a governmental action, they
cannot “be held liable for violations of the . . . Due Process Clause.” Fed Home Loan Mtg Ass’n
v Kelley, 306 Mich App 487, 497; 858 NW2d 69 (2014). Additionally, we conclude that the notice
provided by Consumers and DTE to their customers regarding smart meter installation was more
than adequate. Consumers and DTE provided 30 days’ written notification before installation and
a written reminder two weeks before installation with telephonic follow up. Additional
information was also available online and by telephone. Therefore, Residential’s due process
argument is without merit. See In re ITC Application, 304 Mich App 561, 568; 847 NW2d 684
(2014) (“To satisfy the demands of due process, if notice is due, the means employed must be such
as one desirous of actually informing the [party in interest] might reasonably adopt to accomplish
it[.]”) (citations and quotation marks omitted.)

       Additionally, Residential raises health concerns pertaining to the use of smart meters. The
MPSC acknowledged this issue in Case No. U-17000, finding that reports compiled examining
available literature and scientific information on this topic determined that such concerns were




1
  Residential also points out that MCL 750.539d(1)(a) states that “a person shall not . . . [i]nstall,
place, or use in any private place, without the consent of the person or persons entitled to privacy
in that place, any device for observing, recording, transmitting, photographing, or eavesdropping
upon the sounds or events in that place.” However, because Residential did not identify this issue
in the statement of questions presented as required by MCR 7.212(C)(5) and because it does not
appear that the issue was raised before the MPSC, we decline to consider it. See Stenman, 311
Mich App at 388.



                                                 -7-
insignificant. The same concerns were voiced in MPSC Case No. U-17053 involving DTE.2 As
recognized previously by this Court:

              Collateral estoppel bars relitigation of an issue in a new action arising
       between the same parties or their privies when the earlier proceeding resulted in a
       valid final judgment and the issue in question was actually and necessarily
       determined in that prior proceeding. In contrast to res judicata, collateral estoppel
       conclusively bars only issues actually litigated in the first action.

               However, ratemaking is a legislative, rather than a judicial, function, and
       thus the doctrines of res judicata or collateral estoppel cannot apply in the pure
       sense. Even so, issues fully decided in earlier [M]PSC proceedings need not be
       completely relitigated in later proceedings unless the party wishing to do so
       establishes by new evidence or a showing of changed circumstances that the earlier
       result is unreasonable. [In re Consumers Energy Application for Rate Increase,
       291 Mich App 106, 122; 804 NW2d 574 (2010) (citations, quotation marks and
       brackets omitted).]

       Although Residential once again raises the specter of safety concerns associated with smart
meters, it fails to come forward with anything other than its unsubstantiated and inchoate fears,
which are insufficient to necessitate the reconsideration of this issue.

        As recognized in Workers’ Compensation Agency Dir v MacDonald’s Indus Prod, Inc, 305
Mich App 460, 474; 853 NW2d 467 (2014): “It is well established in Michigan that, assuming
competent jurisdiction, a party cannot use a second proceeding to attack a tribunal’s decision in a
previous proceeding[.]” Despite this prohibition, Residential continues to raise issues already
definitively determined by both the MPSC and this Court with reference to the use and installation
of smart meters and their technology and the authority or jurisdiction of the MPSC for its various
rulings. Indisputably, if Residential were to come forward with “new evidence or a showing of
changed circumstances that the earlier result is unreasonable,” it would have every right to
challenge Consumers, DTE, or the MPSC. See In re Consumers Energy Application For Rate
Increase, 291 Mich App at 122 (citations, quotation marks and brackets omitted). However, mere
dissatisfaction with the outcome of innumerable past proceedings is not sufficient to justify the
different outcome sought by Residential, particularly in light of the clear indication that smart
meter technology now comprises the accepted industry standard adopted by Consumers, DTE, and
other utilities consistent with their authority and management prerogative. In re Consumers
Energy, 322 Mich App at 490 (“[T]he decision regarding the type of equipment to deploy as an


2
 While acknowledging the absence of precedential value, Zaremba Equip, Inc v Harco Nat’l Ins,
Co, 280 Mich App 16, 42 n 10; 761 NW2d 151 (2008), citing MCR 7.215(C)(1), we find
persuasive the decision in an unpublished per curiam opinion following the MPSC ruling in U-
17053, wherein this Court found the MPSC’s ruling to not be “unlawful or unreasonable” based
on the failure of the individuals raising safety claims to come forward with “new evidence or any
changed circumstances [to] render [the MPSC’s] decision unreasonable.” In re Application of
Detroit Edison Co to Implement Opt Out Program, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court
of Appeals, issued February 19, 2015 (Docket Nos. 316728, 316781), p 8.


                                               -8-
upgrade to infrastructure can only be described as a management prerogative.”). Consequently,
Residential is not entitled to relief.

       Affirmed.



                                                         /s/ Thomas C. Cameron
                                                         /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
                                                         /s/ Anica Letica




                                             -9-
