        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                                 April 19, 2016 Session

               STATE OF TENNESSEE v. RACHEL KAY BOND

                 Appeal from the Circuit Court for Lawrence County
                        No. 31533    Stella Hargrove, Judge


               No. M2015-01433-CCA-R3-CD – Filed August 31, 2016
                        _____________________________

A Lawrence County jury found the Defendant, Rachel Kay Bond, guilty of first degree
premeditated murder, and she was sentenced to life imprisonment in the Department of
Correction. The Defendant asserts that the evidence is insufficient and that the trial court
erred when it admitted into evidence incriminating text messages allegedly sent by the
Defendant. After a thorough review of the record and the applicable law, we affirm the
trial court‟s judgment.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which JOHN EVERETT
WILLIAMS and NORMA MCGEE OGLE, JJ., joined.

William M. Harris, Lawrenceburg, Tennessee, for the appellant, Rachel Kay Bond.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Sophia S. Lee, Senior Counsel;
Brent Cooper, District Attorney General; Gary Howell and Christie Thompson, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                        OPINION
                                         I. Facts

         This case arises from forty-six-year old Robert Oscar Davis‟s death on May 3,
2013, due to multiple blunt force injuries. On May 31, 2013, a Lawrence County grand
jury indicted the Defendant for the first degree premeditated murder of the victim. At
trial, the parties presented the following evidence: Benjamin Fisher, general manager at
Schaffer‟s Muffler in Pulaski, Tennessee, testified that the victim was an employee at the
muffler shop for approximately five and a half years. Mr. Fisher described the victim as
a good and reliable employee. Mr. Fisher recalled the last time he saw the victim in May
2013. He said that it was a Thursday evening and the victim said, “I‟ll see you in the
morning” as he left but that the victim never arrived at work the following morning.

       Tim Nolen testified that the victim had been married to his sister and that he and
the victim were “best friends.” Mr. Nolen said that he and the victim were in daily
contact and that the victim “texted everybody” with his cell phone. Mr. Nolen recalled
that the victim visited his home on Thursday, May 2, 2013, in Anderson, Alabama after
the victim finished work. The victim remained at Mr. Nolen‟s home until 2:00 or 2:30
a.m. The victim left because he was driving a 1968 Super Sport Chevelle that night and
wanted to get the Chevelle “put up” before it began raining. Mr. Nolen said that the
victim also drove a Chevrolet truck.

        Mr. Nolen testified that the victim had planned to return to Mr. Nolen‟s residence
at 5:30 a.m. to drive Mr. Nolen‟s truck to work. The victim lived five or six miles, a ten-
minute drive, from Mr. Nolen‟s residence. Mr. Nolen never heard from the victim again
after the victim left in the early morning hours of May 3. Mr. Nolen called and texted the
victim throughout the day but received no response. At some point, Lawrence County
law enforcement officers contacted Mr. Nolan to ask him questions about his last
interaction with the victim.

       Keith Wooten testified that he lived in West Point, Tennessee. He said that on
school mornings he would drive his nephew to the school bus stop. On the drive to the
bus stop he drove over Chisholm Creek Bridge. On Friday morning May 3, 2013, at 6:30
a.m., as he drove his nephew to the school bus stop, he noticed a red truck parked in a
parking lot area next to the bridge. Keith Wooten thought it was odd that a vehicle would
be parked there so early in the morning. He explained that normally trucks parked there
to unload four-wheelers “for the day.”

       Bobby Wooten, Keith Wooten‟s father, testified that in May 2013 he noticed a red
truck parked next to the creek near his home. He said the truck was “completely half
hidden” and not the type of truck that would normally be in the parking lot. He explained
that near the creek were motorcycle and four-wheeler trails, so trucks that pulled four
wheelers often parked in that area. The red truck he observed on the morning of May 3,
2013, had “big chrome wheels” and “road tires” unlike the trucks that Bobby Wooten
normally saw in that parking area. He recalled that the truck remained in that location for
the entire weekend. When the truck was still there on Monday morning, Bobby Wooten
stopped to inspect the truck. He said that, other than a flat front right tire, he noticed
nothing unusual about the truck. Bobby Wooten wrote down the license tag number and
asked his son, Keith Wooten, to “report the truck.”


                                            2
       Adam Brewer, a Lawrence County Sheriff‟s Department deputy, testified that his
department received a report that the victim was missing on May 6, 2013. The caller
indicated that no one had been in contact with the victim since May 3, 2013. After
confirming this with other relatives and acquaintances, Captain Brewer issued a “be on
the lookout” (“BOLO”) through dispatch. The victim‟s vehicle information was also
entered into NCIC, a national database, in the event the victim was stopped in his vehicle.
At some point, dispatch was advised of an abandoned vehicle in West Point, Tennessee,
that was traced back to the victim.

       Captain Brewer testified that the truck was towed to the impound lot and stored as
evidence. He then requested a locator be placed on the victim‟s cell phone. Captain
Brewer said an attempt was made but there was no service to the phone, so either the
phone had been turned off or the phone was in an area with no service. The Sheriff‟s
Department also made a request to the cell phone provider for the victim‟s cell phone
records. Captain Brewer reviewed the records and found that the last contact with the
victim by phone was on Friday, May 3, 2013, at 4:58 a.m. with phone number 931-210-
4741 (“4741”).

       Captain Brewer testified that he then began investigating the person associated
with the 4741 number. After learning that the number was an “Air Voice” number sold
through a second party so that AT&T would be unable to provide subscriber information,
Captain Brewer requested a locator for the cell phone number. After several attempts,
Captain Brewer obtained a physical address associated with the number. The address,
which was the Defendant‟s, was located on Second Creek Road in Lawrence County.

       Captain Brewer testified that, on the evening of May 8, 2013, he and Lieutenant
Neese went to the Second Creek Road address to speak with the Defendant. Lieutenant
Neese knocked on the front door while Captain Brewer walked around to the rear of the
house “for safety reasons.” Captain Brewer heard the bolt on the back door rattle and
observed Rick Houser, wearing a motorcycle helmet, exit the residence. Captain Brewer
stopped Mr. Houser and asked what he was doing. Mr. Houser acted suspiciously and
finally answered, “I‟m going to get bread.” Due to his behavior, Captain Brewer asked
for consent to search Mr. Houser‟s person for weapons. During the search, he found a
small amount of marijuana and detained Mr. Houser at the front of the house.

       Captain Brewer testified that the Defendant and her two children were inside the
residence. While he and Lieutenant Neese spoke to her about the victim‟s disappearance,
she appeared very nonchalant until she mentioned that the victim had called her children
“bastards.” When she spoke of this, she became angry and “tensed up.” While at the
residence, Captain Brewer looked around the backyard and saw a large shed that had
been recently used and noticed piles of toilet paper as if someone were using the shed as
                                            3
a bathroom. He explained that he thought this odd because the residence had indoor
plumbing.

       Captain Brewer testified that he and Lieutenant Neese collected both the
Defendant‟s and Mr. Houser‟s cell phones. The Defendant confirmed that her cell phone
number was 931-210-4741, the number that the phone records indicated had last made
contact with the victim. Captain Brewer testified that, because the phones were “basic
flip phones,” little information could be gathered from the phones. He sent the victim‟s
phone and “these” text messages to the Regional Organized Crime Information Center
(“R.O.C.I.C.”), an intelligence organization serving the southeast, for further analysis.

       On cross-examination, Captain Brewer testified that he was familiar with the
victim relevant to prior investigations of drug-related activity. Captain Brewer confirmed
that he was aware of a police report on April 2, 2013, involving the victim as a trespasser
on the Defendant‟s property. Captain Brewer confirmed that he was also familiar with
Mr. Houser, a “known drug associate.” Captain Brewer stated that both Mr. Houser and
the Defendant were arrested at the Defendant‟s residence on drug charges on May 8,
2013.

       Jennifer Dalmida, a Verizon Wireless Executive Relations Analyst, testified that
she also served as record custodian for Verizon. Ms. Dalmida confirmed that she
received a subpoena from the Lawrence County Sheriff‟s Department regarding the
records associated with the victim‟s cell phone number. Ms. Dalmida said that, in
response, she provided the cell phone records for the victim‟s cell phone number, which
included sent and received text messages, the text messages‟ content, call details, and
subscriber information. The parameter for this information was from May 2, 2013 to
May 3, 2013. Ms. Dalmida explained that the records for each subscriber were kept
electronically in the normal course of business operations.

       Carol Gilligan, an AT&T legal compliance analyst, testified that she received a
request from the Lawrence County Sheriff‟s Department concerning specific cell phone
records. Ms. Gilligan confirmed that the requested records were kept in the normal
course of business. The two numbers, 931-210-4741 (“4741”) and 931-628-4802
(“4802”), requested by the sheriff‟s department were both accounts sold through an entity
other than AT&T, and AT&T provided only the service. As such, AT&T had access to
the account activity but not the subscriber names. The two accounts were not AT&T
customers but were using the AT&T network. Ms. Gilligan said that the time parameter
for the 4802 account was May 6, 2013, to May 8, 2013. The time parameter for the 4741
account was May 2, 2013, to May 8, 2013, and the information compiled included both
voice calls and text message transmissions. The text message transmission information
did not include the actual text content.
                                            4
        Kristie Wixson, a Regional Organized Crime Information Center criminal
intelligence analyst, testified that she worked in the Nashville, Tennessee office. The
Lawrence County Sheriff‟s Department requested assistance in a missing person case
and, on July 1, 2014, she was assigned to assist the sheriff‟s department in the
investigation. Lieutenant Neese provided her with telephone records for the victim, the
Defendant, and Mr. Houser. Specifically, he requested cell tower mapping for the phone
records.

       Ms. Wixson testified that using the cell phone records and a mapping system she
created a map for the cell phone usage of the Defendant‟s phone and Mr. Houser‟s phone
for May 3, 2013, from 12:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. She created a second map based upon the
Defendant‟s cell phone use from May 6, 2013, at 12:00 a.m., through May 8, at 12:07
a.m. She created another map for the Defendant‟s cell phone use beginning May 2, 2013,
at 8:00 a.m. through May 5 at 11:59 p.m. She created a fourth map showing the victim‟s
cell phone activity on May 3, 2013, from 12:00 a.m. to 5:10 a.m. The last map Ms.
Wixson created showed the combined activity for the Defendant, Mr. Houser, and the
victim‟s cell phones on May 3, 2013, from 12:00 a.m. until 5:56 a.m.

       Ms. Wixson testified that Lieutenant Neese also provided her with text messages
from the victim‟s cell phone. Ms. Wixson said that from this information she compiled
the text message information into a timeline that included the actual content of the
messages.

         Nathan Neese, a Lawrence County Sheriff‟s Department deputy, testified that on
May 7, 2013, Captain Brewer notified him of a missing person report filed with the
sheriff‟s department. First, Lieutenant Neese issued a BOLO to surrounding agencies
with a description of the victim and his vehicle. As a result, another deputy notified
Lieutenant Neese that a truck matching the description provided in the BOLO had been
located near Pinkly Bridge. Lieutenant Neese and Captain Brewer went to West Point
and confirmed that it was the victim‟s truck. Lieutenant Neese recalled that the truck had
a flat tire, the right rearview mirror had been pushed in, and there were leaves around the
window and mirror. He said that the vent window on the right passenger side door of the
truck was open, but the truck doors were locked. Lieutenant Neese testified that he had
the truck towed to the impound lot for storage pending further investigation of the
missing person report.

       Lieutenant Neese testified that he spoke with the victim‟s family about the
victim‟s connection to the West Point area, and he learned that the victim had “seen a
female from that area.” Based upon this information, Lieutenant Neese made contact
with Felicia Fourakre, who had last seen the victim on May 1, 2013, at the Defendant‟s
                                            5
residence in Five Points. Deputies then pursued possible leads related to cell phone
records. The cell phone records indicated that the victim‟s last contact by phone was
with the Defendant.

       Lieutenant Neese testified that he also reviewed bank records in the course of his
investigation. In so doing, he found that the victim‟s last purchase with his debit card
was made on May 2, 2013, at 5:46 p.m. at a Wal-Mart in Pulaski, Tennessee. Lieutenant
Neese obtained surveillance video from the Wal-Mart and confirmed that it was the
victim who made the purchase at Wal-Mart on May 2. During this part of the
investigation, Lieutenant Neese also learned of another cash purchase the victim made at
a Walgreen‟s in Athens, Alabama, between 7:00 and 8:00 p.m. on May 2. Lieutenant
Neese again spoke with family members to try to ascertain why the victim would have
been in Athens, Alabama, and learned that some family members, specifically Timothy
Nolen, lived in Anderson, Alabama. Lieutenant Neese met with Mr. Nolen who provided
a statement consistent with his trial testimony.

       Lieutenant Neese testified that he went to the victim‟s residence and confirmed
that an orange Chevelle was parked in a shed, consistent with Mr. Nolen‟s statement
about the Defendant‟s taking the Chevelle home before the rain began. Lieutenant Neese
described the shed where the Chevelle was parked as “a pretty tight spot” and recalled
that family members told him that the victim was the only one who knew how to park the
Chevelle in the shed due to the small space. The keys to the Chevelle were found inside
the Defendant‟s residence on an end table.

        Lieutenant Neese testified that, on May 8, 2013, based upon information gathered
from the victim‟s cell phone records, he and Captain Brewer went to the Defendant‟s
residence. He described the Defendant‟s residence as a white, vinyl siding house with a
wood front porch that sat “slightly up on a hill.” He recalled that there was a wooden
shed located to the back right of the residence and a second wooden “open-air” shed that
sat further back behind the shed nearest to the residence. A well pump was located to the
left of the back door. Lieutenant Neese introduced himself to the Defendant and
explained that he was conducting follow-up on a missing person. He recalled that one of
the Defendant‟s first questions to him was, “Have you found [the victim] yet?” The
Defendant did not provide any information at the time but invited the deputies inside her
home. While inside, the deputies found drugs and drug paraphernalia, and, as a result,
the Defendant and Mr. Houser were arrested.

       Lieutenant Neese testified that he interviewed both the Defendant and Mr. Houser
at the sheriff‟s department following their arrests. After signing a Miranda waiver, the
Defendant gave a statement. Lieutenant Neese read the statement aloud as follows:

                                           6
[Q]uestion: What can you tell me about [the victim] missing?

[Answer:]    I told Ricky Houser about [the victim] putting his hands on
             me again. I told [Mr. Houser] that I wished [the victim]
             would just break up with me and stay away from me. I was
             unable to make [the victim] stay away from me because I
             loved him too much.

                    [Mr. Houser] said that I did not deserve that and it
             needed to be took care of. I did not think [Mr. Houser] meant
             harming him or killing him. It‟s just not what you think
             about.

                     [Mr. Houser] kept calling and checking on me. [Mr.
             Houser] was texting me, saying he needed to get ready for
             [the victim] to come over. [Mr. Houser] made that statement
             after I told [Mr. Houser] [the victim] was coming over.

                  [The victim] texted me and I was texting him back.
             We was talking about watching a porn movie and having sex.

                    I was peeing in the bathroom and I heard [the victim]
             pull up . . . I heard [the victim] pull up to the house.

                    While I was still in the house, I heard a loud smack,
             then another. And after that, I heard a loud painful moan and
             I knew it was [the victim]‟s voice. Then I heard more loud
             smacks over and over again.

                   I got in the shower, after locking the bathroom door.

                     [Mr. Houser] was in the house and was calling my
             name. [Mr. Houser] came to the bathroom door and said,
             „It‟s done, girl. You don‟t have to be scared no more. That
             mother f**ker won‟t hit you again.‟

                   I asked him, „What did you do?‟

                   And he said, „I took care of it.‟

                   I started to lose it and started to cry.
                                     7
       [Mr. Houser] walked away for a little while. Then
[Mr. Houser] came back and started to bang on the bathroom
door and told me I had to get out of the f**king bathroom.
He said, „I got to talk to you.‟

      I opened the door and [Mr. Houser] puts both hands on
my shoulders. I asked him, „What did you do?‟

       [Mr. Houser] said, „It‟s okay. You don‟t have to be
scared.‟

      [Mr. Houser] kissed me on the forehead and said,
„Don‟t worry about it.‟

       [Mr. Houser] wanted me to [go] outside with him.
[Mr. Houser] said „Come on, I want you to see this mother
f**ker suffer.‟

       I closed myself back in the bathroom. I went down
and started crying.

       [Mr. Houser] came back to the door a few times
saying, „You have to hold it together. We are in this
together.‟

       I kept screaming, „I didn‟t want this. I loved him.‟

      [Mr. Houser] told me we were in the same shoes. [Mr.
Houser] said, „We have got to keep in touch.‟

       I stayed in the bathroom and I heard the truck start up
and the truck sits there running. Then the truck took off.

       [Mr. Houser] waited a little bit and then texted me
asking if I was okay. [Mr. Houser] texted me saying, „Hold it
together. This is what you wanted.‟

       I can‟t remember if he said this on a phone call or sent
it in a text, but [Mr. Houser] said, „You should hear this
mother f**ker gurgling.‟
                        8
                   I asked him, „Why did you do that? What did you do?‟

                    [Mr. Houser] said that it would be a better life for me
            and my kids. [Mr. Houser] again, making sure I was okay
            and holding it together. [Mr. Houser] texted me and said, „I
            got rid of it.‟

                   Then he said that he dropped off the truck and got 30
            miles to walk. He was texting just casual conversation. [Mr.
            Houser] texted me and said, „About to get to the house.‟

                   And he said, „Am I going to be able to come over?‟

                   I told him, „It would be okay.‟

                  I left my house and went to Nanner‟s (phonetic) house,
            which is Barry Williams.

Question:   Do you know what Ricky Houser hit [the victim] with?

[Answer]: [Mr. Houser] told me he smacked [the victim] with a metal
bat and he went down.

Question:   Have you and [Mr. Houser] had conversation about what
            happened since it happened?

Answer:     Yes.

Question:   What was said in those conversations?

Answer:     [Mr. Houser] would talk about [the victim] just dying and
            making a gurgling sound. [Mr. Houser] also said that he was
            hoping the coyotes would get him.

Question:   Did [Mr. Houser] ever mention what he done with [the
            victim]‟s body?

Answer:     [Mr. Houser] said that he put his body off of a horse trail, but
            no one would see him, but they might smell him. He said that
            he wouldn‟t go to him, because the limbs would smack them
                                    9
                    in the face. [Mr. Houser] said he laid [the victim] face down
                    so he would not have to look at that ugly son of a b**ch.

      Question:     We went over your statement.         You stated you made a
                    mistake. What was that mistake?

      Answer:       [Mr. Houser] said that I was just as guilty as he was, not that
                    we were in the same shoes.

      Question:     Is there anything you want to add or take away from this
                    statement?

      Answer:       Not at this time. I felt like I had to do what [Mr. Houser] said
                    or I would get hurt.

        After speaking with the Defendant, Lieutenant Neese interviewed Mr. Houser who
also provided a statement. Mr. Houser confirmed that the 4802 cell phone number was
his number. He denied any knowledge about the victim or the victim‟s whereabouts. Mr.
Houser acknowledged that he sent a text message to the Defendant that said, “I got rid of
it and I took care of your problem,” but denied that this message related to the victim.
Mr. Houser told law enforcement that he had known the Defendant for eighteen years and
that one of the Defendant‟s daughters “should be his daughter.” Mr. Houser became
visibly upset when Lieutenant Neese asked if the victim had “terrorized” the Defendant
and her daughters. Mr. Houser stated that the Defendant had told him that the victim had
called the Defendant a “dope whore” and her children “bastards.” Lieutenant Neese said
that, at this point, they took a small break to allow Mr. Houser to compose himself.
When Mr. Houser indicated that he was “okay,” questioning resumed.

       Lieutenant Neese testified that he asked Mr. Houser about abandoning the victim‟s
truck at the creek, and Mr. Houser responded, “[N]o one saw me walking West Point.”
Lieutenant Neese stated that, according to the Defendant, Mr. Houser had someone pick
him up and drive him home after he abandoned the victim‟s truck. Mr. Houser expressed
that he was nervous and “going to pass out.” He stated that he could not account for his
whereabouts on May 3 and asked for an attorney. Lieutenant Neese terminated the
interview upon Mr. Houser‟s request for an attorney.

      Lieutenant Neese testified that the Defendant offered to take deputies to locations
Mr. Houser frequented in an attempt to locate the victim‟s body. On May 10, 2013, the
Defendant directed the deputies to a cabin in an area called “the Granddaddy Field.” This
cabin was located “fairly close” to Mr. Houser‟s residence. On this same day, the
Defendant gave the deputies consent to search her residence. During the search, deputies
                                           10
collected a pillow case from a closet inside the residence. Lieutenant Neese said that he
also photographed a note with various telephone numbers listed on it and a “hosepipe”
attached to a water spigot on the outside of the Defendant‟s house.

        Lieutenant Neese testified that on May 11, 2013, Lieutenant Dean notified him
that a body had been recovered “in the Bryant Boswell Road area.” Lieutenant Neese
described this area as in the western part of Lawrence County, between Lawrenceburg
and West Point. When he arrived at the location where the victim‟s body was found, he
saw “two arms sticking out from under a pile of what look[ed] to be cedar . . . trees that
are laid on the ground in a pile.” Lieutenant Neese noticed several cedar sapling trees in
the area that had been freshly cut down at the portion of the trunk close to the ground.
Once law enforcement officers began removing the cedar trees placed over the body,
Lieutenant Neese saw that the body was lying face down, missing a left shoe, and clothed
in camouflage boxer shorts. He recalled that a black t-shirt was found between the
victim‟s legs at his buttocks area. Lieutenant Neese observed a tattoo on the left arm that
was later used for identification purposes in confirming that the deceased was the victim.

        Lieutenant Neese testified that, when recovering items from the scene, he
recognized the black Kevin Harvick racing t-shirt found between the victim‟s legs as the
same shirt the victim had been wearing in the May 2, 2013 Walgreens surveillance video
taken in Athens, Alabama. Lieutenant Neese said that he also recovered cut cedar
saplings from the scene. On the trail that led down to the area where the victim‟s body
was found, law enforcement officers found a king size fitted bed sheet. Lieutenant Neese
testified that, following discovery of the body, the sheriff‟s department obtained a search
warrant for the Defendant‟s residence.

       Lieutenant Neese testified that, during the investigation, Brandi Lewis, one of the
Defendant‟s family members, provided Lieutenant Neese with some incriminating text
messages about the victim‟s murder. Lieutenant Neese also recalled that Mr. Houser
contacted the Sheriff‟s Department and that he spoke with Mr. Houser again on October
21, 2014. Mr. Houser, with his attorney present, provided a statement and then
accompanied law enforcement officers to various locations to corroborate his statement.
He directed the deputies to the area of “Insurance Bluff,” near where the victim‟s truck
was found, and deputies recovered the victim‟s truck keys at Mr. Houser‟s direction.

        On cross-examination, Lieutenant Neese testified that to “the naked eye” the king
size fitted sheet and the pillow case recovered from the Defendant‟s residence appeared
to be the same color and were the same brand. He confirmed that no DNA was recovered
from the fitted sheet.


                                            11
       Brandi Lewis, the Defendant‟s cousin, testified that on May 31, 2013, she met
with Investigator Neese and provided him with text messages from May 2013 that she
had exchanged with the Defendant about the victim‟s disappearance and death. Ms.
Lewis confirmed that Lieutenant Neese had photographed some of the text messages
stored on her cell phone. Ms. Lewis identified the photographs, confirming that the cell
phone in the photograph belonged to her. Ms. Lewis identified a photograph of a text
message the Defendant had sent her on May 1, 2013, at 6:36 p.m. The Defendant‟s
attorney objected to the text messages being read aloud as hearsay. The trial court
recognized the Defendant‟s continuing objection to the text messages being read aloud
but overruled the objection.

       Ms. Lewis read the May 1, 2013 text messages aloud. The heading on each text
message stated it was received from the Defendant. The content of the messages
received from the Defendant on May 1, 2013 were as follows:

      6:36 p.m.:    Could you get rid of any of them things? My nerves are shot.
                    [The victim] has been cause in me trouble. I had to call the
                    law on him.

      6:54 p.m.:    Hit me, smack me, just „cause I didn‟t want to be with him
                    again. He‟s been up for four days on that dope and is
                    thinking crazy. Told me I was a dope whore and my kids
                    were bastards.

      6:56 p.m.:    Did it. You can do and say whatever to me. When it comes
                    to my kids you‟re f**king up. You know, between you and
                    me, I am going to do what needs to be done to him a long
                    time ago.

      6:59 p.m.:    They wouldn‟t. They just told me to call them the next time
                    he comes over, but he‟ll be gone before they can get here or
                    I‟ll be dead, one. I‟ve got men taking care of it.

      6:59 p.m.:    My hands will stay clean. I am making sure of it. I am
                    smarter than he thinks I am.

      7:10 p.m.:    Oh, trust me; I tried to put him in jail. The cops said they
                    wouldn‟t, not enough reason. But if I call the law, he is still
                    here when they get here he‟ll go to jail. BS to me.


                                           12
Ms. Lewis read a final message that had “Reply with copy (931)210-4741” across the top
and then “My hands will stay clean. I am making sure of it. I am smarter than he thinks I
am.” The Defendant‟s attorney objected to this last text message as repetitive of the 6:59
p.m. message. The trial court overruled the objection.

       Ms. Lewis testified that she asked the Defendant “if [the victim] was dead” in a
text message she sent on May 8, 2013. Ms. Lewis did not receive a response to this
question from the Defendant.

       On cross-examination, Ms. Lewis testified that she was not concerned that
“anything” was going to happen based upon the May 1 text message exchange with the
Defendant. She said that she had deleted the messages she sent to the Defendant during
the May 1 text exchange. Ms. Lewis could not remember when she deleted her responses
but said that it was before she went to the sheriff‟s department. Ms. Lewis agreed that
she was concerned that “all of this” might somehow be traced back to her but stated that
she had nothing to do with the victim‟s death and that she believed that the Defendant did
not as well.

      On redirect examination, Ms. Lewis confirmed she had contacted the sheriff‟s
department about the text messages after learning that the victim was dead, and the
Defendant had been arrested.

       Casey Koza testified as an expert witness in the field of forensic serology. Ms.
Koza stated that in 2013, she was employed as a forensic serologist for the Tennessee
Bureau of Investigation (“TBI”). Ms. Koza recalled that she was assigned to test the
victim‟s truck for DNA evidence. She described the truck as very muddy with mud
marks on the inside of the truck as well. On the outside of the truck, Ms. Koza identified
reddish-brown stains on the plastic bumper molding, along the metal trim of the truck
where the bumper would sit, and on the side of the tailgate. On the inside of the truck,
she identified staining on the door panel on the driver‟s side and the floorboard. She
collected samples of the stains and then tested the samples to confirm whether the stains
were human blood.

       Ms. Koza testified that the test of the sample collected from the driver‟s side door
panel inside the truck indicated the presence of blood, but, due the limited sample, she
was unable to conduct additional testing to confirm that the sample was human blood.
Ms. Koza took samples from the steering wheel, the gear shifter, and the driver‟s side
floorboard, which all indicated the presence of blood. Ms. Koza tested the truck bed
liner, and the test indicated the presence of blood on the interior of the bed liner;
however, she could not do any further testing on the liner because she was unable to

                                            13
localize the stain on the dark liner. The samples taken from the tailgate indicated the
presence of human blood.

       Ms. Koza testified that she also tested samples taken from various items in the
truck. The test results for a ball cap and a white napkin indicated the presence of blood,
but due to the limited sample, she was unable to confirm that the blood was human blood.
Likewise, a brown paper bag found in the bed of the truck indicated the presence of
blood, but due to the limited sample Ms. Koza was unable to confirm that the sample was
human blood.

        Ms. Koza testified that she also received a black t-shirt from the Lawrence County
Sheriff‟s Department. Ms. Koza conducted a presumptive test on the shirt and found the
presence of blood. Due to the shirt being black, she was unable to localize a specific
stain for further testing, so she took two “cuttings” from the front of the shirt and the back
of the shirt to submit for further DNA testing.

        David Hoover, a TBI latent fingerprint examiner, testified as an expert witness in
the field of latent fingerprint analysis. Mr. Hoover testified that he processed the victim‟s
2001 red Chevrolet truck for latent fingerprints. Mr. Hoover found fingerprints that were
“of value” for identification purposes, mostly on the windows of the truck. Mr. Hoover
“matched” two of the prints to individuals: Timothy Wayne Gillespie and Heather Marie
Nowlin. He stated that he also tested “numerous items” from inside the truck, one of
which was a Sun Drop can found in a cup holder located in the front console of the truck.
The fingerprint obtained from the can matched the Defendant‟s fingerprint. Fingerprints
were also obtained from a “Marlboro piece of paper” found on the dashboard of the truck.
These prints were identified as the victim‟s prints.

       Miranda Gaddes, a TBI forensic scientist in the Trace Evidence Unit, testified as
an expert witness in the field of microanalysis and trace evidence. Ms. Gaddes testified
that she compared a green sheet found at the location where the victim‟s body was found
and a green pillowcase retrieved from the Defendant‟s residence. She said the linens
were similar in color and the same brand, but microscopically the construction of the
fabrics were different.

       Mike Turbeville, a TBI Forensic Biology Unit supervisor, testified as an expert
witness in the field of serology and DNA analysis. Dr. Turbeville swabbed various areas
of the 2001 red Chevrolet truck to obtain numerous DNA profiles, most of which
matched the victim‟s DNA profile. A DNA profile located on the radio face inside the
truck, however, matched the Defendant. Dr. Turbeville noted that some of the profiles
collected were mixtures containing DNA from three or more individuals. He explained

                                             14
that when this occurs, “it gets very complicated” and often results in inconclusive results
as occurred with some of the samples collected from the truck.

       Adele Lewis testified as an expert witness in the field of forensic pathology. Dr.
Lewis testified that she performed the autopsy of the forty-six-year-old victim on May
13, 2013. Dr. Lewis stated that the body was in a state of moderate to advanced
decomposition with most of the skin on the face no longer present. Due to the
decomposition, Dr. Lewis sought the help of a forensic anthropologist, Hugh Berryman.
Based upon the examination of the body, Dr. Lewis concluded the cause of death was
blunt force injuries to the head and the manner of death was homicide.

       Hugh Berryman testified as an expert witness in the field of forensic anthropology.
He testified that he examined the remains on May 20, 2013, at the request of the Medical
Examiner‟s office. The bones from the cranium were in pieces and “highly fragmented.”
As he examined the skull bones he determined that some of the parts of the skull were
missing. The “major areas missing” were the right upper part of the skull, the right lower
part of the face, a portion of the left side cranial vault, and an area missing from the right
parietal bone. In referencing photographs, Dr. Berryman noted a fracture to the jaw bone
that was likely caused by blunt trauma. Based upon his reconstruction of the remains, Dr.
Berryman opined as to the four impact sites on the victim‟s skull. The various fractures
in the victim‟s bone structure were consistent with repeated blunt force trauma. He
estimated that, although he identified four impact sites, the victim sustained “many more”
blows to his head than four.

       Ricky Houser testified that he was charged with the first degree premeditated
murder of the victim and had entered an agreement with the State with regard to his
charge. Mr. Houser was to plead guilty to second degree murder with a thirty-five year
sentence in exchange for his truthful testimony at the Defendant‟s trial.

        Mr. Houser testified that, in May 2013, he lived on Mount Lebanon Road in
Lawrence County. Mr. Houser identified the Defendant in court and stated that he had
known her for twelve to fourteen years. He said the two were “close friends” and
romantically involved “[o]ff and on” during that time. Mr. Houser confirmed that he
became aware in the spring of 2013 that the Defendant was in a relationship with the
victim. He did not know the victim, but the Defendant spoke with him about the victim
at the end of April 2013. He recalled that the conversations occurred over the phone and
that most were text messages because the Defendant lived in Five Points on “the other
side of the [c]ounty.” During these communications, the Defendant told Mr. Houser that
the victim was beating her “again.” He said that she first told him of physical violence in
February or March.

                                             15
         Mr. Houser testified that one night four or five days before the victim‟s murder, he
went to the Defendant‟s residence. Mr. Houser said that he waited outside the house in
“a little old chicken coop” until the following morning when the Defendant‟s children left
for school. After the children left, he texted the Defendant and asked if it was okay for
him to come inside her residence before entering. The Defendant told Mr. Houser that
the victim beat and raped her and Mr. Houser saw bruising on the Defendant‟s face. Mr.
Houser recalled that, during this conversation, the Defendant asked Mr. Houser to “get
rid of [the victim].” Mr. Houser said that the Defendant had already communicated this
request by text before Mr. Houser arrived at the residence the night before.

       Mr. Houser testified that he advised the Defendant to call the police about the
abuse but that the Defendant refused this advice, explaining that she had called the police
on two or three occasions and it did “no good.” Mr. Houser said that the Defendant told
him that she had a restraining order against the victim but that he would come to her
residence anyway. According to Mr. Houser, the Defendant said that she had arranged
for someone else to “get rid of” the victim, but they had “backed out on her.” So, the
Defendant told Mr. Houser that she wanted Mr. Houser to “get rid of” the victim. When
asked about his response to her request, he said, “She say, „Jump.‟ I say, „How high?”
Upon further questioning, he said that this had always been the nature of his relationship
with the Defendant. He stated that he had always loved the Defendant.

       Mr. Houser testified that he agreed to “get rid of” the victim, but the two did not
discuss any details. He said that he had packed clothing, a baseball bat, and a machete to
take to the Defendant‟s residence. Mr. Houser stayed at the Defendant‟s property for the
remainder of that week waiting for the victim to show up. The Defendant had told Mr.
Houser that the victim had come to her residence four or five times in the last couple of
months, so they believed he would be back. The Defendant said that the victim could
show up “any random night” and often did so “real late.” Mr. Houser said that he stayed
outside when the Defendant‟s children came home from school. He described the grass
as chest high in the backyard, so it was “[p]retty easy to hide.” Mr. Houser estimated
that, while waiting for the victim to appear, he spent two or three nights outside, and he
stayed inside one or two nights when the children were staying with a family member.

       Mr. Houser testified that the baseball bat was silver and reflected the moon light at
night. Due to his concern about detection, the Defendant gave him black electrical tape,
and he wrapped it around the bat one day while he was inside her residence.

      Mr. Houser testified that one of the nights the Defendant‟s children were away and
both he and the Defendant were inside the residence, the Defendant received a text
message at 3:00 or 4:00 a.m., and she said, “It‟s him.” Upon learning this, Mr. Houser
went outside because he “didn‟t want to sit [t]here and listen to her talking about getting
                                             16
with him.” As he exited, he told the Defendant, “Get him in here.” Mr. Houser said that
he went outside with his bat and waited behind the shed that was closest to the residence
for the victim to arrive.

       Mr. Houser testified that he saw a red pickup truck pull in behind the Defendant‟s
house and behind the shed where he was waiting. Mr. Houser said that he approached the
driver‟s side of the truck from the rear and “hollered” at the victim as he was exiting the
truck. Mr. Houser noticed that the victim was dressed in his underwear and was holding
a DVD player in his hand. The victim lunged at Mr. Houser, and Mr. Houser hit the
victim in the forehead with the bat. Mr. Houser said that after he struck the victim, the
victim fell to the ground. After the victim was lying flat on the ground, Mr. Houser hit
the victim two more times on the side of the head. Mr. Houser estimated that he hit the
victim between three and five times with the intention of killing the victim.

       Mr. Houser testified that, after striking the victim, he tried to load him into the
truck. He could not lift the victim so took a board from the shed and tried to slide the
victim onto the board and then into the truck. He described the “board” as “an old door
or something.” He placed the “board” on the tailgate of the truck and used it as a ramp
but still was unable to move the victim into the truck bed. When his attempts were
unsuccessful, he went inside the residence to get the Defendant to help him. The
Defendant was in the bathroom at the far end of the residence. Mr. Houser told the
Defendant to come out to help load the body, and the Defendant joined him. On the way
outside, the Defendant retrieved gloves from under the kitchen sink for both her and Mr.
Houser to wear while moving the body.

      Mr. Houser testified that he and the Defendant went outside, laid the “board” flat
on the ground and then rolled the victim over onto the “board.” They then lifted the
board up and placed it in the bed of the truck. Mr. Houser told the Defendant to “clean
up” and left her with his clothes to wash. He said that he also sprayed an area behind the
shed with a water hose to wash away any blood that might have been on the ground. The
Defendant retrieved a “bluish” blanket from her closet, and the two covered the victim‟s
body with it.

       Mr. Houser testified that he did not know the area well, so he drove the victim‟s
truck to an area in West Point that he knew. He recalled that the victim was still
breathing when he left the Defendant‟s house. The gas tank in the truck was low, so Mr.
Houser stopped, approximately fifteen minutes from the Defendant‟s house, at a gas
station on Rabbit Trail Road. He purchased $6 of gas, all the money he had at the time,
before proceeding to West Point. He noted that the blanket had blown off the victim, and
the victim was no longer breathing during the gas station stop. Mr. Houser described the

                                            17
route he took after the gas station stop and stated that he communicated with the
Defendant via cell phone during the thirty to forty minute drive.

       Mr. Houser testified that he “dumped” the body near a four-wheeler trail
approximately 1,000 yards from the main road. He said the area was a thirty to forty-five
minute walk from his home. Mr. Houser recalled that he dragged the victim‟s body into
the woods and covered it with leaves and a few cedar trees that he cut down with the
machete. He clarified that he may have covered the body with the trees the following day
and not during the initial trip. Mr. Houser stated that, after leaving the body in the
woods, the baseball bat, “board,” and blanket remained in the bed of the truck. He said
that he put the blanket in a “big mud hole” that was along the trail leading out to the area
where he had left the body and ran over the blanket repeatedly to “mash” it down,
thinking it would never be found. He also attempted to wash out the bed of the truck
with muddy water from the mud hole.

      Mr. Houser testified that he then returned to the main road with the blanket and the
baseball bat and drove to an area in West Point where there were four-wheeler trails. He
could not recall the name of the area, but he described a concrete bridge with a gravel
area where “everybody” parks. He said there was also a “big old creek,” approximately
seventy-five feet wide, that one could drive across. It was into this creek that Mr. Houser
threw the bat and the DVD player. He also washed out the bed of the truck with the
creek water using a white five-gallon paint bucket that he found in the bed of the truck.
Mr. Houser then locked up the truck, took the keys with him, and walked to his home.

        Mr. Houser testified that it took him around five hours to walk home. On the
walk, he hid the keys by a cedar tree along the road and threw the victim‟s emptied
billfold over “Insurance Bluff.” He said that he was still communicating with the
Defendant via text messages as he walked home. He returned to the area where he had
left the body after midnight that night. He explained that he went back to the site on two
occasions and could not recall what he did on each occasion. The first time he planned to
dig a hole and bury the body but when he was unable to do so, he cut down small trees
and placed them over the body.

       Mr. Houser testified that the victim came to the Defendant‟s residence in the early
morning hours of Friday, May 3, 2013. After disposing of the victim‟s body, he spent
Friday night away from the Defendant‟s residence and then returned on Saturday, May 4.
Mr. Houser explained that he borrowed his neighbor‟s motorcycle to drive to the
Defendant‟s residence. He remained there until the following Wednesday, May 8, 2013,
when Lieutenant Neese and Captain Brewer came to the Defendant‟s residence. Mr.
Houser stated that, after disposing of the victim‟s body, he had returned to the

                                            18
Defendant‟s residence, where he and the Defendant spoke about what had occurred, and
he told her where he had taken the victim‟s body.

       Mr. Houser acknowledged that the toilet paper and “evidence of someone using
the bathroom” in the shed behind the Defendant‟s residence were from when he stayed in
the chicken coop waiting for the victim. He said that he stayed up all night the three or
four nights he waited in the chicken coop for the Defendant and that he sent and received
text messages during that time. He said that, during the day, he would sleep inside the
Defendant‟s residence. He said that he exchanged text messages with the Defendant
while in the chicken coop and also a friend of his named Derek Peters.

       Mr. Houser testified that he had never assaulted anyone in a violent manner before
the night at issue. When asked why he did this, he said, “Because she wanted me to.
[The Defendant], you know, asked me to do it.” In retrospect he said he felt “not too
good” about what he had done. Mr. Houser denied that, following this incident, the
Defendant ever told him that she did not want him to kill or hurt the victim. He said that
she did not ever express remorse in words but that he believed she was “upset about it” in
the same way that this had affected him.

      Mr. Houser described his mental state at the time he learned the victim was
coming to the Defendant‟s house as follows:

              I mean, we had been sitting there for four or five days. I - - I was
       ready for it to end. . . . I was trying to go home or get it over with; whatever
       happened, happened. Just, I‟m through being - - I‟m tired of being here and
       just got to do something, you know. Good or bad, had to get it over with. I
       was so stressed out by then, I just wanted - - it over with.”

       On cross-examination, Mr. Houser testified that when he was unable to load the
victim‟s body into the truck by himself and he went inside to enlist the Defendant‟s help,
the Defendant was hysterical and “shook up.” He agreed that he told her if she did not
come and help him load the body, he would just leave. The Defendant told him that she
did not know if she could do it, and he insisted that she had to help him. He further
agreed that the Defendant acted fearful of him the following day. He clarified that he
was unsure of the exact sequence of events and that he may have gone directly into the
house after he hit the victim, returned outside to try to load the victim into the truck, and
then gone in the house a second time to enlist the Defendant‟s help. He agreed the
Defendant was “freaking out.” He denied, however, that she said to him, “What did you
do? Why did you do it?” He agreed that he told the Defendant that she needed to “come
out here and watch him suffer,” after he hit the victim with the baseball bat.

                                             19
        Mr. Houser testified that he left the Defendant‟s house and drove approximately
100 yards away but then returned for gas money. He was unsure whether the Defendant
was standing outside when he left for the second time. Mr. Houser agreed that he and the
Defendant were doing drugs during the time he was at her residence waiting for the
victim. He agreed that he felt the need to protect the Defendant and believed the victim
was “not a nice man.” He further agreed that there was no specific plan in place for
killing the victim.

       On redirect examination, Mr. Houser testified that, during their subsequent
communications, the Defendant told him that she sprayed the grass with water until the
well ran dry.

       The Defendant testified that she was thirty-four years old, and she had dropped out
of school in the tenth grade. The Defendant stated that she had met the victim five years
before when they were introduced through Connie Davis. She said they began texting
and then casually dating. She described most of the time they spent together as involving
sex and smoking methamphetamine. She described the relationship as “drama” with a lot
of fighting and then making up. She said that the victim choked and hit her but explained
that she would get back together with him because she loved him. She further noted that
he had “dope,” and she “liked the sex,” as her incentives to reconcile with the victim
following their fights.

        The Defendant testified that, at the time of these events, she was addicted to
methamphetamine and prescription medication. The Defendant recalled an incident at
the end of March or beginning of April in 2013, when the victim “almost” kicked her
door in. As a result, she filed a police report, and a police officer told her that the victim
would have to be present at her residence before law enforcement could get involved.
She said that she and the victim reconciled on April 22 after the victim came to her house
and spent the night. The following day, the victim left his methamphetamine at the
Defendant‟s residence, and the Defendant smoked all of it. The Defendant recalled that
the victim was angry she had smoked his methamphetamine and hit her. After the victim
left, the Defendant called Mr. Houser and told him that the victim had hit her and asked
him to “whoop [the victim‟s] butt.” She said this phone conversation happened on a
Monday night, and she invited Mr. Houser to her house, but he did not come until
Thursday morning at around 6:00 a.m.

       The Defendant testified that the two smoked methamphetamine all day, and she
“caught Mr. Houser up” on what was going on in her life. The Defendant said that Mr.
Houser had brought the drugs to her house at her request. The Defendant denied asking
Mr. Houser to kill the victim. She said that Mr. Houser agreed to “kick [the victim‟s]
butt” because he was upset about the Defendant‟s bruises.
                                             20
        The Defendant agreed that she sent text messages to her cousin Brandy Lewis
during this time period. She identified the printed text messages in court and confirmed
that she had sent the messages. She stated that she sent a text message at 6:30 p.m. on
May 1 to find out if Ms. Lewis had any Xanax. The Defendant confirmed that she sent
the text message stating, “I‟m going to do what needs to be done to him a long time ago.”
She explained that she was angry that he had called her children bastards and wanted “his
butt kicked.” In reference to the message she sent stating, “I‟ve got men taking care of
it,” she said that she meant she had Larry Green stay with her for a few nights for safety
and that Mr. Houser was going to “kick [the victim‟s] butt.” She explained the text
message stating, “My hands will stay clean. I‟m making sure of it,” was to keep the
victim from finding out she had arranged an assault. She was concerned about retaliation
should the victim learn she had instigated the assault.

       The Defendant testified that she and Mr. Houser stayed awake all Thursday night
smoking methamphetamine. Early Friday morning, she received a text message from the
victim. She said that Mr. Houser was aware of the text message and went outside. The
victim was texting the Defendant asking to have sex and watch pornography. He also
referenced “pow wow,” which she indicated was methamphetamine. While texting with
the victim, the Defendant was also texting with Mr. Houser to let him know the victim
was coming over. The Defendant was in the bathroom when she heard the victim‟s truck
pull up. She then heard a “big smack” and the victim moan. She heard “more smacks”
and “freaked out.” She said she began crying and stayed in the bathroom because she did
not know what to do.

       The Defendant testified that she knew Mr. Houser was going to beat up the victim
but that the noise “sounded awful.” Five minutes after she heard the noises, Mr. Houser
came into the residence and told her he had taken “care of it.” The Defendant responded,
“what did [you] do[?]” and “what ha[ve] you done?” Mr. Houser told her that he had
done what she wanted and “it would be better off for [the Defendant] and the kids.” The
Defendant said that, at this point, she was very upset because Mr. Houser had “just killed
[the victim]” and she “loved [the victim].”

       The Defendant testified that Mr. Houser left and then returned a second time. He
told her to “get it together” and asked her to open the bathroom door. When she did, he
shook her and again told her to “get it together.” She stated that she did not leave the
bathroom until after Mr. Houser had driven away. The Defendant agreed that she still
communicated with Mr. Houser after he left her residence. She denied leaving the house,
helping Mr. Houser with the body, hosing down the yard, or giving Mr. Houser gas
money. She agreed that she washed clothing Mr. Houser gave her because she was
already doing a load of laundry and normally washed his clothing.
                                           21
       The Defendant testified that Mr. Houser updated her on his route and what he was
doing after he left her residence. He also checked to see if the Defendant was “okay.”
He let her know when he had disposed of the body and the truck. On Friday night, Derek
Peters brought Mr. Houser to the Defendant‟s residence and Mr. Houser retrieved his
clothing before leaving again. While he was at her house, Mr. Houser was “bragging”
about “it.” She said that Mr. Houser told her that she should have seen the victim
“gurgling.”

       The Defendant testified that Mr. Houser returned again on Saturday night. She
said that she let him inside her home because she was afraid of him because he had “just
killed my boyfriend.” She said that she did not know his “mind frame,” so she was not
going to tell him no. While at her residence this time, Mr. Houser told her that she was
just as complicit in the victim‟s murder as he. She said that she did not call the police
because she was scared and thought it would not do any good. She said that Mr. Houser
stayed with her for the rest of the following week. She said that he never left her alone
during this time.

       The Defendant testified that Mr. Houser obtained a motorcycle on the day of their
arrest at her residence. She said David Johnson drove her and Mr. Houser to get the
motorcycle in West Point. When they returned to her residence, her children were at her
house after returning home from school on the school bus.

       On cross-examination, the Defendant denied ever having seen Mr. Houser with a
baseball bat while he was at her residence. The Defendant stated that her bathroom was
located at the far side of the residence from where the altercation took place and that
there was no window in the bathroom. She could not explain how she could distinguish
“smacking” sounds heard from inside the bathroom as “very serious” as opposed to the
“smacking” sounds one might hear in the course of a normal fight as she had asked Mr.
Houser to do. The Defendant stated that she did not want the victim to get hurt, she
merely wanted his “butt kicked.” She agreed that she did not call 911 or notify
authorities of what had occurred even after Mr. Houser left. She did, however, send a
text message to Randy Flatt at around 6:00 or 6:30 a.m. asking if he would exchange
Lortab for sex. She explained that she was “needing something” because she was crying
and upset.

      Based upon this evidence the jury convicted the Defendant of first degree
premeditated murder. It is from this judgment that the Defendant now appeals.

                                      II. Analysis

                                           22
        The Defendant asserts that the evidence is insufficient to support her conviction
for first degree premeditated murder and that the trial court erred when it admitted the
text messages allegedly sent by the Defendant to Ms. Lewis without a proper foundation
and in violation of the rule of completeness.

                              A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

        The Defendant asserts that the evidence is insufficient to support her conviction
for first degree premeditated murder. The State responds that there was proof beyond a
reasonable doubt that the Defendant acted with the intent to promote and assist the
premeditated murder of the victim. We agree with the State.

       When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court‟s standard
of review is whether, after considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the
State, “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see Tenn. R.
App. P. 13(e); State v. Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d 771, 775 (Tenn. 2004) (citing State v. Reid,
91 S.W.3d 247, 276 (Tenn. 2002)). This standard applies to findings of guilt based upon
direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of both direct and
circumstantial evidence. State v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1999) (citing State v. Dykes, 803 S.W.2d 250, 253 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990)). In the
absence of direct evidence, a criminal offense may be established exclusively by
circumstantial evidence. Duchac v. State, 505 S.W.2d 237, 241 (Tenn. 1973). “The jury
decides the weight to be given to circumstantial evidence, and „[t]he inferences to be
drawn from such evidence, and the extent to which the circumstances are consistent with
guilt and inconsistent with innocence, are questions primarily for the jury.‟” State v.
Rice, 184 S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn. 2006) (quoting Marable v. State, 313 S.W.2d 451, 457
(Tenn. 1958)). “The standard of review [for sufficiency of the evidence] „is the same
whether the conviction is based upon direct or circumstantial evidence.‟” State v.
Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265,
275 (Tenn. 2009)).

       In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court should not re-weigh or
reevaluate the evidence. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1990). Nor may this Court substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact
from the evidence. State v. Buggs, 995 S.W.2d 102, 105 (Tenn. 1999) (citing Liakas v.
State, 286 S.W.2d 856, 859 (Tenn. 1956)). “Questions concerning the credibility of
witnesses, the weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual issues
raised by the evidence are resolved by the trier of fact.” State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651,
659 (Tenn. 1997). “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial judge, accredits the
testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory of
                                             23
the State.” State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978), superseded by statute
on other grounds as stated in State v. Barone, 852 S.W.2d 216, 218 (Tenn.1993))
(quotations omitted). The Tennessee Supreme Court stated the rationale for this rule:

      This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and the
      jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe their
      demeanor on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary
      instrumentality of justice to determine the weight and credibility to be
      given to the testimony of witnesses. In the trial forum alone is there human
      atmosphere and the totality of the evidence cannot be reproduced with a
      written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tenn. 1966) (citing Carroll v. State, 370 S.W.2d
523, 527 (Tenn. 1963)). This Court must afford the State of Tennessee the “„strongest
legitimate view of the evidence‟” contained in the record, as well as “„all reasonable and
legitimate inferences‟” that may be drawn from the evidence. Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d at
775 (quoting State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 279 (Tenn. 2000)). Because a verdict of
guilt against a defendant removes the presumption of innocence and raises a presumption
of guilt, the convicted criminal defendant bears the burden of showing that the evidence
was legally insufficient to sustain a guilty verdict. State v. Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d 516,
557-58 (Tenn. 2000) (citations omitted).

      First degree premeditated murder is the premeditated and intentional killing of
another person. T.C.A. § 39-13-202(a)(1) (2014). Premeditation is defined as “an act
done after the exercise of reflection and judgment.” T.C.A. § 39-13-202(d) (2014).

              “Premeditation” means that the intent to kill must have been formed
      prior to the act itself. It is not necessary that the purpose to kill pre-exist in
      the mind of the accused for any definite period of time. The mental state of
      the accused at the time the accused allegedly decided to kill must be
      carefully considered in order to determine whether the accused was
      sufficiently free from excitement and passion as to be capable of
      premeditation.

Id. Premeditation is the process of thinking about a proposed killing before engaging in
the homicidal conduct. State v. Brown, 836 S.W.2d 530, 540-41 (Tenn. 1992).

      The existence of premeditation is a question of fact for the jury to determine and
may be inferred from the circumstances surrounding the offense. State v. Rosa, 996
S.W.2d 833, 837 (Tenn. 1999) (citing Brown, 836 S.W.2d at 539)). The use of a deadly

                                             24
weapon upon an unarmed victim may support the existence of premeditation. See State v.
Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 660 (Tenn. 1997).

        At trial, the State proceeded under a theory of criminal responsibility to prove the
Defendant‟s guilt of the offenses. “A person is criminally responsible as a party to an
offense, if the offense is committed by the person‟s own conduct, by the conduct of
another for which the person is criminally responsible, or by both.” T.C.A. § 39-11-
401(a). Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-11-402(2) provides that a person is
criminally responsible for the actions of another when, “[a]cting with intent to promote or
assist the commission of the offense, or to benefit in the proceeds or results of the
offense, the person solicits, directs, aids, or attempts to aid another person to commit the
offense . . . .” The person must “„in some way associate himself with the venture, act
with knowledge that an offense is to be committed, and share in the criminal intent of the
principal in the first degree.‟” State v. Maxey, 898 S.W.2d 756, 757 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1994) (quoting Hembree v. State, 546 S.W.2d 235, 239 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1976)). The
defendant‟s requisite criminal intent may be inferred from his “presence, companionship,
and conduct before and after the offense.” State v. McBee, 644 S.W.2d 425, 428 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1982). A defendant convicted under a criminal responsibility theory “is
guilty in the same degree as the principal who committed the crime” and “is considered
to be a principal offender.” Id. at 171. Criminal responsibility is not a separate crime;
rather, it is “solely a theory by which the State may prove the defendant‟s guilt of the
alleged offense . . . based upon the conduct of another person.” State v. Lemacks, 996
S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tenn. 1999). No particular act need be shown, and the defendant need
not have taken a physical part in the crime in order to be held criminally responsible. Id.

       The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the State, shows that the
Defendant, who was angry with the victim, contacted Mr. Houser and asked him to “get
rid of” the victim. Mr. Houser stayed at the Defendant‟s residence for several days
waiting for the victim to arrive. Mr. Houser brought with him a baseball bat and a
machete to assist in “get[ting] rid of” the victim. Mr. Houser remained outside at night
watching for the victim to arrive and police officer observations of the shed behind the
Defendant‟s residence corroborated this statement. After text communication with the
Defendant, the victim arrived at the Defendant‟s residence in the early morning hours.
As the victim exited his truck, Mr. Houser hit the victim, who was holding only a DVD
player, multiple times in the head. The Defendant provided Mr. Houser with gloves to
conceal his involvement and then she helped load and conceal the then still alive victim
into the truck for disposal. The Defendant remained in contact with Mr. Houser, tracking
his progress, all throughout the morning as Mr. Houser disposed of the victim‟s body in a
wooded area and abandoned the truck near a creek. Mr. Houser then returned to the
Defendant‟s house, where he stayed with her until both were arrested for drug charges on

                                            25
May 8, 2013. This is sufficient evidence upon which a rational jury could find the
Defendant criminally responsible for the death of the victim.

        The Defendant argues that Mr. Houser‟s testimony was inconsistent at trial. We
reiterate that the trier of fact resolves questions concerning the credibility of witnesses,
the weight and value of the evidence, and all factual issues raised by the evidence; an
appellate court should not re-weigh or re-evaluate the evidence. State v. Evans, 108
S.W.3d 231, 236 (Tenn. 2003); Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659. Furthermore, a verdict of guilt
by the trier of fact accredits the testimony of the State‟s witnesses and resolves all
conflicts in favor of the prosecution‟s theory of the case. Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659. In
this case, by its verdict, the jury resolved any inconsistencies in favor of the State‟s
theory that the Defendant committed the offense for which she was convicted.

       The Defendant also argues that the State failed to prove that the Defendant acted
with premeditation. The State correctly notes, however, that the Defendant was not being
accused of beating the victim to death but rather that she was criminally responsible for
the victim‟s death based upon the conduct of Mr. Houser. As discussed above, the State
was required to prove that the Defendant acted with the intent to promote or assist in the
commission of the murder. The evidence, in the light most favorable to the State, showed
that she solicited Mr. Houser‟s assistance in “get[ting] rid of” the victim, helped him plan
the murder, allowed Mr. Houser to stay at her residence to wait for the victim,
encouraged the victim to come to her residence through text messages, provided items
such as gloves and a blanket for concealment, notified him when the victim was coming,
and had ongoing contact with Mr. Houser following brutal killing of the victim. This
evidence supports the jury‟s conclusion that the Defendant furnished substantial
assistance in the commission of this offense. The Defendant is not entitled to relief.

                             B. Admission of Text Messages

       The Defendant argues that the trial court erred when it allowed the photographs of
the Defendant‟s text messages to be entered into evidence without a foundation. She
further asserts that introduction of the text messages without the messages Ms. Lewis sent
in response violated the “rule of completeness.” The State responds that the trial court
did not abuse its discretion by admitting the text messages. We agree with the State.

      We first note that, although the Defendant frames her issue as challenging
authentication, she appears to concede this issue in her brief stating “even though the
evidence presented may have been authenticated by [Ms. Lewis], the evidence certainly
does not satisfy [Rule 106].”


                                            26
       Rule 106 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence provides as follows: “When a
writing or recorded statement or part thereof is introduced by a party, an adverse party
may require the introduction at that time of any other part or any other writing or
recorded statement which ought in fairness be considered contemporaneously with it.”
This rule “allows the trier of fact to „assess related information at the same time rather
than piecemeal.‟” State v. Keough, 18 S.W.3d 175, 182 (Tenn. 2000) (quoting NEIL P.
COHEN ET AL., TENNESSEE LAW OF EVIDENCE § 106.1, at 33 (3d ed. 1995)). Evidence
offered pursuant to Rule 106 “must be relevant to issues in the case . . . and . . . must
explain or qualify already-admitted evidence.” State v. William Pierre Torres, No.
E1999-00866-CCA-R3-DD, 2001 WL 245137, at *33 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville,
Mar. 13, 2001) (citing United States v. Glover, 101 F.3d 1183, 1190 (7th Cir. 1996);
United States v. Pendas-Martinez, 845 F.2d 938, 944 (11th Cir. 1988)). To determine
whether the evidence explains or qualifies already admitted evidence, courts should
consider whether the evidence “(1) explains the admitted proof; (2) places the admitted
proof in context; (3) avoids misleading the trier of fact; or (4) ensures a fair and impartial
understanding of the proof.” Id. (citing United States v. Jackson, 180 F.3d 55, 73 (2d Cir.
1999); Glover, 101 F.3d at 1190; United States v. Sources, 736 F.2d 87, 91 (3d Cir.
1984)). This Court has emphasized that Rule 106 is a rule of timing rather than of
admissibility. Denton v. State, 945 S.W.2d 793, 801 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996). “The rule
assumes that the remaining portion of [a] statement [admitted pursuant to Rule 106]
would be ultimately admissible.” Id. Finally, we note that a trial court‟s determination
concerning the admission of evidence pursuant to Rule 106 will be reversed on appeal
only when there has been an abuse of discretion. Id.

        The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it allowed the State to present the
content of the Defendant‟s text messages to the jury. Consideration of Ms. Lewis‟s text
messages was unnecessary to place the admitted proof into context or to explain the
admitted proof. When asserting that the jury should have heard the entire text exchange,
the Defendant claims that the absence of Ms. Lewis‟s responses deprived the jury of “any
context.” In our view, the jury did not need to see the entire text exchange in order to
ensure a fair and impartial understanding of the proof. Ms. Lewis had deleted her
responses before speaking with the Sheriff‟s Department and the messages were not
recoverable from the Defendant‟s phone. The Defendant, however, in her testimony at
trial provided context to the text messages and the content of Ms. Lewis‟s responses to
her text messages. Therefore, the record does not reflect that the jury was misled by
hearing only the Defendant‟s text messages read aloud. The Defendant is not entitled to
relief on this issue.

                                      III. Conclusion


                                             27
      Based on the foregoing reasoning and authorities, we affirm the trial court‟s
judgment.

                                             _________________________________
                                             ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JUDGE




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