                                   COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Judges Kelsey, Petty and Senior Judge Bumgardner


GERRI OLIVER
                                                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION*
v.     Record No. 0669-06-3                                            PER CURIAM
                                                                     OCTOBER 10, 2006
ROANOKE CITY DEPARTMENT
 OF SOCIAL SERVICES


                   FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF ROANOKE
                                Charles N. Dorsey, Judge

                 (L. Brad Braford; L. Brad Braford, P.C., on brief), for appellant.

                 (William M. Hackworth, City Attorney; Heather P. Ferguson,
                 Assistant City Attorney, on brief), for appellee.

                 (Joseph F. Vannoy, on brief), Guardian ad litem for the minor
                 children.


       Gerri Oliver (mother) appeals the decision of the circuit court terminating her parental rights

to her three children, C.R., J.W., and C.E. and awarding custody of the children to the Roanoke City

Department of Social Services (RDSS). On appeal, mother contends there was insufficient

evidence to terminate her parental rights pursuant to Code § 16.1-283(B). Upon reviewing the

record and the briefs of the parties, we conclude that mother’s appeal is without merit. Accordingly,

we summarily affirm the decision of the trial court. See Rule 5A:27.

                                           BACKGROUND

       On appeal, we view the evidence and all the reasonable inferences in the light most

favorable to appellee as the party prevailing below. McGuire v. McGuire, 10 Va. App. 248, 250,

391 S.E.2d 344, 346 (1990). So viewed, the evidence showed that on June 25, 2004, RDSS

       *
           Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
removed eight-year-old C.R., four-year-old J.W., and twenty-two-month-old C.E. from the home

belonging to mother and her husband, Ronnie Oliver, Jr. (father), and placed them in foster care.

       Chad Alls, Child Protective Services supervisor for RDSS, visited the home on June 25,

2004 in reference to a complaint. The kitchen was “full of trash [and] old food,” “you, basically

could not see the floor,” and “[r]oaches were everywhere.” Alls found J.W. locked in a bedroom.

He was naked and “filthy dirty.” In his room, “[t]here was a mattress on the floor, clothes, food on

the floor. There were feces and handprints smeared on the walls, the door.” The window was

broken and a “piece of board” covered it, and “there was feces on that.” C.E. was in her crib in a

room across the hall from J.W. “You basically, could not walk into that bedroom. There was so

much clutter and trash and boxes. You could step into where the crib was and that was it.” “[C.E.]

was lying in a urine soaked crib that was slathered with feces as well.”

       RDSS prepared an initial foster care service plan on August 23, 2004, with a goal of

returning the children to the home. RDSS directed the parents to attend parenting classes, receive

counseling, and submit to psychological examinations. RDSS provided educational, psychological,

and medical services to the children.

       Foster Care Social Worker Peter Cardillo began working with the children on June 25,

2004. All the children had severe head lice, J.W. was grossly underweight, and C.R. had eating

problems. J.W. and C.R. were “sexually acting out,” and J.W. played with knives. C.E. had a

six-word vocabulary and an ear infection. The parents attended and completed a parenting class

but did not complete individual counseling. While working with the parents and children, RDSS

learned that the children had more serious conditions and problems than originally believed.

       Cardillo observed visits between the parents and children at RDSS and noticed the parents

did not set boundaries for the children. Cardillo testified that mother and father were never able to

assimilate the information from the classes and counseling or demonstrate they could address

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and ameliorate the children’s severe problems. During the eighteen-month period RDSS worked

with mother, she repeatedly “expressed concern [about] why [she and father] were being referred

to parenting classes.” Cardillo opined that mother did not seem to understand why RDSS

services were being provided. In July 2005, mother advised Cardillo that a doctor placed her on

medication for hallucinations, but mother “stated she didn’t think she needed to take them and

didn’t want to take them.” Cardillo then asked mother for a release so he could speak with the

doctor, but mother failed to comply.

        In late summer of 2005, it became evident that the parents could not provide proper care for

the children or a safe environment, so, on August 5, 2005, RDSS changed its initial goal from

returning the children home to terminating the parents’ parental rights pursuant to Code

§ 16.1-283(B) and (C)(2). Cardillo explained:

                Despite all the services that the agency has offered over the last
                eighteen months Mr. and Mrs. Oliver have not made any
                successful completions of any of these services. Even though they
                have attended they have not gained anything from them that would
                remotely allow the children to [safely] come home.

        Because of the children’s severe conditions, they were not able to function with each other,

so it was recommended they be placed in separate environments. C.R. was placed at the Pines

Residential Treatment Center (the Pines), and J.W. and C.E. were placed in therapeutic homes.

        Debbie Stanley, a Child Protective Services worker, investigated allegations of sexual abuse

committed by the parents against C.R. C.R. alleged the parents touched her private parts in the

bathtub. The complaints were deemed founded Level One. Mother was convicted of three counts

of felony child neglect.

        Dr. Doris Nevin is a licensed clinical psychologist who prepared a psychological evaluation

of mother in 2004. Dr. Nevin reported that mother married the children’s father when she was

fourteen years old and had her first child, C.R. shortly thereafter. Dr. Nevin found that mother “has


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a significant, pervasive self-defeating behaviorial pattern, as well as symptoms of depression” and

was functioning in the borderline range of intelligence. Mother’s weak reading skills limited her

ability to complete some of the tests, and mother repeatedly refused assistance when offered by Dr.

Nevin. Dr. Nevin found mother to be highly dependent on others to meet her needs and opined that

mother suffers from stress regarding her ability to meet her children’s needs. Dr. Nevin noted the

“possible presence of some transient psychotic issues” based on mother’s report that she sometimes

hears voices of deceased relatives. Dr. Nevin reported that mother is “defensive and mistrusts

others,” and she “is apprehensive and experiences a significant amount of tension.” According to

Dr. Nevin, mother “is experiencing symptoms of disturbed thinking that likely interferes with her

ability to consistently respond in a rational manner.” Dr. Nevin opined that those symptoms “would

negatively impact [mother’s] ability to parent young children due to her difficulties with following

things in a rational manner and being able to respond to her environment” and the people in it.

Referencing several parenting skills that mother lacked, Dr. Nevin felt that mother must

demonstrate the “ability to recognize and meet her own needs and those of her children” before the

children could return home. In summary, Dr. Nevin had “significant concerns regarding [mother’s]

intellectual limitations, her mental health needs, and her [lack of] basic knowledge of appropriate

parenting skills.”

        Dr. Robert Luna, a psychiatrist, has treated C.R. at the Pines since July 2005. He testified

that she suffers from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). She takes Zoloft for depression and PTSD, Ritalin for ADD,

and Resperdol for sleep disturbances and nightmares. Dr. Luna recalled that C.R. discussed

physical abuse in her home, including “being thrown out by her father and being locked up and her

dog being thrown out.” Counselors and therapists have tried to address “what makes her so fearful




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and depressed.” Dr. Luna testified, “[W]e would like [C.R.] to be discharged to a supportive,

nurturing, protective home,” and continue with her therapy.

       Dr. Robert Lanaham, a licensed clinical psychologist, evaluated J.W. and C.R. In a

February 5, 2005 evaluation letter, Dr. Lanaham wrote that “[C.R.] and [J.W.] evidence significant

developmental deficits across numerous continuums.” C.R. showed “a disturbed capacity to handle

stress,” and evidences “an undercurrent of sexual inappropriateness which may or may not be due to

sexual victimization” indicating she “has had exposure to sexual matters.” When stressed and

anxious, C.R. would pull her hair out and crawl under furniture. C.R. indicated she did not want to

return home “unless they ‘take care of the bugs.’” She reported “waking up with ‘bugs all over me

biting me’ and needing her parents to spray her.” Dr. Lanaham testified that C.R. suffers from

“reactive attachment disorder of infancy, inhibited typed, fine motor coordination disorder,

expressive language disorder, borderline intellectual functioning, anxiety disorder not otherwise

specified, and features of hypersominia, restlessness and PTSD.”

       Dr. Lanaham diagnosed J.W. as having “reactive attachment disorder, inhibited type,”

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD), “daily and nighttime motor coordination disorder,

fine and gross motor [and] language disorder, expressive and receptive.” As a result of J.W.’s abuse

and neglect, he has “numerous development delays that manifest themselves through speech and

language deficits, motor impairment, attentional limitations, attachment issues and cognitive

limitations.” Moreover, he showed “an unusual preoccupation with sitting in his own bowel

movements and is said to enjoy the feeling of being wet.”

       In his February 2005 report, Dr. Lanaham noted that the parents “have not demonstrated a

capacity to adequately address” the children’s special needs and recommended that J.W. and C.R.

remain with the foster parents and treatment team “where the stability, safety and security that has




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been established can continue to blossom.” At the December 2005 trial, Dr. Lanaham testified that

his earlier recommendation has not changed.

        Mona Samms is an occupational therapist. She worked with J.W. from December 2004

until August 2005, and with C.R. from November 2004 until July 2005. J.W. had major delays in

gross and fine motor coordination. For example, J.W. was clumsy, had poor trunk control, and

would often crawl instead of walking.

        Beth Webber, a day treatment worker, provided counseling services to J.W. and C.R. while

they were in foster care. Webber observed visits between the children and the parents and noticed a

lack of structure, chaos, and little, if any, discipline.

        Melissa Hays-Smith is a licensed clinical social worker and play therapist. She saw C.R. for

four individual interactive sessions until C.R. was taken out of her foster home and moved into

residential placement. Hays-Smith noticed an immediate and significant amount of aggression in

her play. Hays-Smith began seeing J.W. on June 16, 2005 for play therapy and sees him every other

week. He generally plays the role of a father figure in a family and “in that role play he often is

aggressive himself and abusive.” She noticed the aggression in all but the initial session and opined

“there are issues within that role play that need to be worked out and are difficult to work out.”

Hays-Smith recommended that J.W. “be in a place where he feels safe and secure. He needs to be

in a place where all of his needs are being met, his basic needs are being met, or he can’t really

work on these [other] issues.”

        The parties stipulated that

                 [J.W.] and [C.E.] are both placed in what we call therapeutic foster
                 homes, which means the foster care parents received intensive
                 training at the beginning, knowing that they were going to provide
                 a therapeutic placement as opposed to just a traditional foster care
                 placement. They are taught discipline techniques in terms of
                 dealing with the behavior issues that these children have. They are
                 responsible for getting the children to all the appointments.

                                                     -6-
                        They have a lot of support as such, and the other part of
               that is that the therapeutic foster home who has [J.W.], although
               [it] is extremely committed to him, they are actually having to use
               Respite in order to make that placement work. His behaviors are
               such that they do have to employ Respite care for him
               occasionally . . . .

       The parties also stipulated to results and findings by two professionals: Dr. Richard

Claytor, a psychiatrist with Family Preservation, and Sharon Brammer, a licensed professional

counselor. Dr. Claytor treated J.W. and C.R. He diagnosed J.W. with ADHD and noted a

history of physical abuse. J.W. is currently taking Adderol and Tenex for his ADHD and

Resperdol for “behavior issues and his sleep disorders.” He diagnosed C.R. with ADHD and

PTSD before she was sent to the Pines. She also had a history of physical abuse. Before C.R.

was transferred to the Pines, “she was on Zoloft for depression and PTSD, [and] Resperdol for

agitation and aggression, mostly aggression.”

       Brammer found that J.W. had attachment disorder, a condition that can occur during the

first eighteen months of a child’s life if attachments and bonding do not occur. According to

Brammer, J.W. “is going to have behavioral, plus neurological deficits lifelong and they would

all be due to the neglect he received or had during the first eighteen months of his life.” It was

Brammer’s opinion that J.W. should remain in his current placement as he will manifest lifelong

attachment disorder.

       Brammer noted that C.E. also demonstrated avoidant attachment disorder; however, as

the youngest child, her attachment disorder is not as severe as the older children. Brammer

recommended play therapy for C.E. and opined that C.E. would benefit from remaining in her

current placement. Brammer also opined that trauma results when children who have these

attachment issues are reunited with their biological families.

       At the conclusion of the presentation of evidence by RDSS, mother joined in father’s

motion to strike, arguing that she and father did all that was required and RDSS did not present
                                                -7-
clear and convincing evidence to support termination. Mother further argued that RDSS was

“required to exhaust all less restrictive goals before they can go to a goal of adoption.”

Continuing, mother argued if she and father are not ready to care for the children, the children

should be placed with the children’s maternal grandparents, the Gibsons.

           The trial court denied the motion to strike. After presenting evidence, mother renewed

her motion to strike with no additional argument.

           Because mother complied with and completed RDSS’s requirements that she complete a

parenting class, attend counseling, and submit to testing, the trial court found that RDSS failed to

present clear and convincing evidence to terminate mother’s parental rights pursuant to Code

§ 16.1-283(C)(2). However, pursuant to Code § 16.1-283(B)(2), the trial court found clear and

convincing evidence

                  that the neglect or abuse suffered by each of these children
                  presented serious and substantial threat to his or her life, health and
                  development, and is not reasonably likely that the conditions that
                  resulted in such neglect or abuse can be substantially corrected or
                  eliminated so as to allow safe return to [the mother] within a
                  reasonable period of time.

           The trial court based its decision on (i) the mother’s “cognitive” and “parenting deficits,”

(ii) the unlikelihood that mother could safely care for the children in light of the conditions of the

home and children when RDSS removed them and placed them in foster care, and (iii) the

children’s present mental and physical condition and needs.

           The trial court entered the final order on February 21, 2006. Mother objected “on the

grounds that the Department’s evidence was insufficient to support termination of parental

rights.”

                                              DISCUSSION

           “When addressing matters concerning a child, including the termination of a parent’s

residual parental rights, the paramount consideration of a trial court is the child’s best interests.”
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Logan v. Fairfax County Dep’t of Human Dev., 13 Va. App. 123, 128, 409 S.E.2d 460, 463

(1991). Where the trial judge hears the evidence ore tenus, the judge’s decision is entitled to

great weight and will not be disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong or without evidence to

support it. See Lowe v. Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 231 Va. 277, 282, 343 S.E.2d 70, 73 (1986).

       In her brief, mother argues that we “cannot resolve [the trial court’s] finding of dismissal on

Section 16.1-283(c)(2) [sic] and his finding in favor of the Department on Section 16.1-283(B).”

She asserts:

               Upon proof that the Department failed to meet its burden on
               Section 16.1-283(c)(2) [sic], the Department should not be allowed
               to fall back on 16.1-283(B). Especially when the case purported to
               support the Department’s position can be distinguished from the
               case at bar.

Concluding, mother asserts, “In light of the differences between Toms [v. Hanover Dep’t of Soc.

Servs., 46 Va. App. 257, 616 S.E.2d 765 (2005),] and the case at bar, the remedial acts taken by

[mother] and the fact that parents[’] rights should not be severed lightly, the Department should

not be allowed to obtain termination of parental rights pursuant to Section 16.1-283(B).”

       “The Court of Appeals will not consider an argument on appeal which was not presented

to the trial court.” Ohree v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 299, 308, 494 S.E.2d 484, 488 (1998).

See Rule 5A:18. Appellant did not make this argument to the trial court. Accordingly,

Rule 5A:18 bars our consideration of this question on appeal.

                       Although Rule 5A:18 allows exceptions for good cause or
               to meet the ends of justice, appellant does not argue that we should
               invoke these exceptions. See e.g., Redman v. Commonwealth, 25
               Va. App. 215, 221, 487 S.E.2d 269, 272 (1997) (“In order to avail
               oneself of the exception, a defendant must affirmatively show that a
               miscarriage of justice has occurred, not that a miscarriage might
               have occurred.” (emphasis added)). We will not consider, sua
               sponte, a “miscarriage of justice” argument under Rule 5A:18.

Edwards v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 752, 761, 589 S.E.2d 444, 448 (2003) (en banc).



                                                -9-
        As to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court’s decision to terminate

mother’s residual parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(B)(2), that decision was supported by

the evidence and was not plainly wrong.

        Code § 16.1-283(B) provides in pertinent part:

                The residual parental rights of a parent or parents of a child found
                by the court to be neglected or abused and placed in foster care as a
                result of (i) court commitment . . . may be terminated if the court
                finds, based upon clear and convincing evidence, that it is in the
                best interests of the child and that:

                        1. The neglect or abuse suffered by such child presented a
                serious and substantial threat to his life, health or development;
                and

                        2. It is not reasonably likely that the conditions which
                resulted in such neglect or abuse can be substantially corrected or
                eliminated so as to allow the child’s safe return to his parent or
                parents within a reasonable period of time. In making this
                determination, the court shall take into consideration the efforts
                made to rehabilitate the parent or parents by any public or private
                social, medical, mental health or other rehabilitative agencies prior
                to the child’s initial placement in foster care.

        In Toms, we held that the provision of services, “while a relevant circumstance, cannot

be viewed as a prerequisite to a . . . termination [under Code § 16.1-283(B)] – one, which if not

met, would render termination legally invalid no matter the unique circumstances of the case.”

46 Va. App. at 270, 616 S.E.2d at 771 (holding that “[t]he prima facie examples listed in Code

§ 16.1-283(B)(2)(a) to 16.1-283(B)(2)(c)” are not “the only conceivable methods of proof,” but

are “illustrative, not exhaustive”).

        Viewed in the light most favorable to RDSS, clear and convincing evidence proved that the

children suffered abuse and neglect resulting in serious mental, emotional, and physical disabilities,

Code § 16.1-283(B)(1), and “[i]t is not reasonably likely that the conditions which resulted in such

neglect or abuse can be substantially corrected or eliminated so as to allow the safe return to his

parent or parents within a reasonable period of time,” Code § 16.1-283(B)(2). At the time of trial,

                                                 - 10 -
the children had been in foster care for eighteen months. The evidence demonstrated that because

of the abuse and neglect suffered by them, the children manifested conditions needing long-term,

continued, and specialized treatment. Expert witnesses opined that removing the children from

trained foster parents and returning them to the parents would be detrimental to their health, safety,

and recovery.

       RDSS presented sufficient clear and convincing evidence to support the trial court’s findings

and rulings. Therefore, the evidentiary requirements of Code § 16.1-283(B)(2) were met, and the

trial court’s findings and judgment were not plainly wrong or without evidence to support them.

Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the trial court.

                                                                                             Affirmed.




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