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 1        IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 EXCEL BUILDERS & DEVELOPERS, LLC,

 3          Plaintiff-Appellee,

 4 v.                                                                            NO. 32,309

 5 SEAN GABALDON,

 6          Defendant-Appellant,

 7 and

 8 BRENDA PENNER-GABALDON,

 9          Defendant.

10 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF VALENCIA COUNTY
11 George P. Eichwald, District Judge

12 Anthony J. Williams
13 Los Lunas, NM

14 for Appellee

15 Atkinson & Kelsey, P.A.
16 Denise E. Ready
17 Albuquerque, NM

18 for Appellant
 1                            MEMORANDUM OPINION

 2 GARCIA, Judge.

 3   {1}   Defendant Sean Gabaldon (Sean) appeals the district court’s judgment awarding

 4 damages to Excel Builders and Developers, LLC (Excel) against Sean for the

 5 reasonable repair and cleaning expenses of a home owned by Excel that was damaged

 6 while Sean’s wife, Brenda Penner-Gabaldon (Brenda), occupied it under a rent-to-own

 7 agreement. We affirm.

 8 BACKGROUND

 9   {2}   Prior to this dispute, Sean and Excel’s primary owner, Daryl Cordova

10 (Cordova), had been friends for about twenty years. Excel owned a newly constructed,

11 unfinished home that it had built, but had not yet sold. Sean and Brenda were married

12 with children, but were planning to divorce. In anticipation of the divorce settlement,

13 Sean entered into an oral agreement with Excel to buy the home from Excel for

14 Brenda and their children. However, because Sean needed time to finance the home,

15 Sean and Excel agreed that Excel would finish the home and rent it to Brenda until

16 Sean could secure financing. Sean agreed to pay the rent, and he agreed that if the

17 purchase of the home fell through, he would “take care of damage to the home” and

                                              2
 1 “make sure the house was in perfect tip-top shape[.]” As a result of these oral

 2 agreements, Excel spent about $42,000 to finish the home—it installed doors, tile,

 3 carpet, paint, stucco, and “every finishing touch[,]” all of which Brenda had picked

 4 out. Brenda and the children lived in the home for about a year and a half, and Sean

 5 paid the rent during that time.

 6   {3}   The only part of this oral agreement that was reduced to writing and signed by

 7 any of the parties was a “LEASE TO PURCHASE OPTION AGREEMENT” (Option

 8 Agreement), in which Excel granted Brenda an exclusive option to purchase the home

 9 within six months. Although this Option Agreement contained a statement that Excel

10 and Brenda had “together executed a prior lease agreement,” it did not include a copy

11 of any prior lease agreement or recite any of its terms. And the Option Agreement

12 required nothing of Brenda other than to follow certain procedures in the event she

13 chose to exercise her option to purchase the home.

14   {4}   Although Sean eventually secured financing for the home, Brenda decided that

15 she no longer wanted it. Neither Sean nor Brenda purchased the home, and Brenda

16 and the children moved out. When Cordova later inspected the home,

17         [i]t was totally wrecked. The walls were coloring boards for the kids.
18         The weeds were taller than the home. . . . The carpets were totally stained
19         out. They had red stains all over the place. . . . The windows were super-
20         glued shut. There was stuff on the garage floor that . . . I couldn’t get .
21         . . off the concrete. It’s like they left kids in there for a month by
22         themselves, just a free-for-all to do whatever they wanted to. . . . [At

                                               3
 1         least one] door [was] pretty close to ruin.

 2 Excel had to replace the carpeting in “[e]very room[,]” some of the walls required

 3 “seven coats of paint” to cover the markings left on them, and on other walls, Excel

 4 “had to replace patches of sheetrock completely” because painting would not cover

 5 the damage. Excel incurred $9,222.16 in repair and cleaning expenses, plus $226.57

 6 to remove a lien on the property resulting from Sean’s and Brenda’s failure to pay an

 7 alarm company for their “protection and monitoring agreement.” Excel filed a

 8 complaint in the district court to recover these expenses.

 9   {5}   Although Excel’s complaint mainly pled a claim under the Uniform Owner-

10 Resident Relations Act (UORRA), NMSA 1978, §§ 47-8-1 to -52 (1975, as amended

11 through 2007), the gist of Excel’s claim as it was litigated in the district court was that

12 Sean orally agreed to: (1) buy the home, (2) have Excel rent it to Brenda until Sean

13 could secure financing, (3) pay the rent during that time, and (4) make sure the home

14 was left in good condition if the sale fell through. Excel maintained throughout the

15 litigation that it was entitled to damages under the UORRA, which would have also

16 entitled it to recover its reasonable attorney fees. See § 47-8-48(A).

17   {6}   After a bench trial on the merits, the district court adopted Excel’s findings of

18 fact and conclusions of law in almost all respects, including those concluding that

19 Excel was entitled to damages under the UORRA. However, it declined to award


                                                4
 1 Excel its reasonable attorney fees under the UORRA. The district court entered

 2 judgment in favor of Excel and against Sean and Brenda jointly and severally for

 3 $9,448.73, which was the cost to repair the damage to the home and clear the lien.

 4   {7}   Sean appeals, arguing that the district court erred in entering judgment against

 5 him because (1) he was not a “resident” under the UORRA and therefore not bound

 6 by its provisions; (2) Excel should not have been allowed to present evidence of an

 7 oral agreement because Excel did not “mention . . . an oral agreement in the

 8 [c]omplaint” and the Option Agreement was “unambiguous[,]” therefore “parol[]

 9 evidence should not have been allowed”; (3) there was insufficient evidence to

10 support the district court’s findings that Brenda acted as Sean’s agent when she signed

11 the Option Agreement; (4) there was insufficient evidence that Sean damaged or

12 permitted others to damage the home in violation of Section 47-8-22 because he

13 “never took possession or control over the residence”; and (5) the statute of frauds

14 rendered Sean’s oral agreements unenforceable.

15 DISCUSSION

16 A.      Oral Agreements

17   {8}   Sean first argues that he was not a resident under the UORRA because he “had

18 absolutely no right to occupy the [home].” We need not address this argument because

19 we conclude that the district court properly found that Sean breached an oral


                                               5
 1 agreement he made with Excel. The district court found and the trial record

 2 substantially supports the specific findings that (1) Sean agreed to take care of damage

 3 to the home if the sale fell through, (2) Excel rented the home to Brenda based upon

 4 Sean’s agreement, (3) the sale of the home did not occur, and (4) the home was

 5 damaged and became subject to a lien during Brenda’s occupancy. See Camino Real

 6 Mobile Home Park P’ship v. Wolfe, 1995-NMSC-013, ¶ 27, 119 N.M. 436, 891 P.2d

 7 1190 (noting that a cause of action for breach of contract is established “by showing

 8 the existence of a contract, breach thereof, causation, and actual damage”), overruled

 9 on other grounds by Sunnyland Farms, Inc. v. Cent. N.M. Elec. Coop., Inc., 2013-

10 NMSC-017, ¶¶ 14-16, 301 P.3d 387. Sean does not dispute that he orally agreed to

11 buy the home, that he arranged for Excel to rent the home to Brenda until he could

12 obtain financing, that he paid the rent during that time, that he did not end up buying

13 the home, or that $9,448.73 in damage occurred to the home while Brenda and the

14 children lived there. Although Sean denies that he orally agreed to take care of

15 damage to the home if the sale fell through, we defer to the district court’s finding that

16 he made such an oral agreement because it is supported by substantial evidence in the

17 form of Cordova’s trial testimony. See Sunnyland Farms, 2013-NMSC-017, ¶¶ 37, 39

18 (“When there is a conflict in the testimony, we defer to the trier of fact. . . . It is not

19 error for a trial court to credit one [witness’s] testimony over another’s.” (alteration,


                                                6
 1 internal quotation marks, and citation omitted)).



 2 B.      Oral Agreements Not Pled in Complaint

 3   {9}   Sean argues that the district court should not have admitted evidence of the oral

 4 agreements between Sean and Excel because Excel did not plead in its complaint that

 5 Sean was bound by any oral agreements. We disagree. New Mexico has a

 6 “longstanding commitment to . . . nontechnical fair notice requirements[.]” Zamora

 7 v. St. Vincent Hosp., 2014-NMSC-035, ¶ 1, 335 P.3d 1243. “It is sufficient that

 8 defendants be given only a fair idea of the nature of the claim asserted against them

 9 sufficient to apprise them of the general basis of the claim[.] . . . The Rules of Civil

10 Procedure disfavor looking upon pleadings as tests of skill where a single misstep

11 could bar recovery.” Id. ¶ 12 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citations

12 omitted). Furthermore, Rule 1-015(B) NMRA allows a party to recover based on

13 issues not specifically asserted in the pleadings when such issues “are tried by express

14 or implied consent of the parties[.]” See Wynne v. Pino, 1967-NMSC-254, ¶ 12, 78

15 N.M. 520, 433 P.2d 499 (“[I]f a material fact has been omitted from the pleadings, but

16 the fact is litigated as if it had been put in issue by the pleadings, then it is the duty of

17 the trial court to amend the complaint in aid of the judgment so as to allege the

18 omitted fact.”).


                                                 7
 1   {10}   We conclude that Excel’s complaint sufficiently apprised Sean that Excel

 2 claimed that it was entitled to recover for damage to the home that occurred while

 3 Brenda and the children lived there and that this claim gave him a “fair idea” that

 4 litigation of the case would likely involve his oral discussions and agreements with

 5 Excel underlying the rental of the home to Brenda. See Zamora, 2014-NMSC-035, ¶

 6 12. Furthermore, the issue whether Sean breached an oral agreement to take care of

 7 damage to the home was fairly litigated by the parties, see Rule 1-015(B), and Sean

 8 does not claim that he was deprived of a fair opportunity to defend against it or that

 9 he could have offered additional evidence had the complaint specifically alleged that

10 he breached an oral contract. See Credit Inst. v. Veterinary Nutrition Corp., 2003-

11 NMCA-010, ¶ 29, 133 N.M. 248, 62 P.3d 339 (stating that the test for determining

12 whether an opposing party was unfairly prejudiced by a change in the theory of the

13 case is whether that party “had a fair opportunity to defend against the claim and

14 whether it could offer any additional evidence if the case were to be retried on a

15 different theory”).

16 C.       Parol Evidence Outside of the Option Agreement

17   {11}   Sean also contends that the district court erred in allowing parol evidence

18 outside of the four corners of the Option Agreement. Again, we are not persuaded.

19 Contract interpretation is an issue of law that we review de novo. Rivera v. Am. Gen.


                                             8
 1 Fin. Servs., Inc., 2011-NMSC-033, ¶ 27, 150 N.M. 398, 259 P.3d 803; see also Smith

 2 v. Maldonado, 1985-NMSC-115, ¶ 9, 103 N.M. 570, 711 P.2d 15 (stating that

 3 appellate courts “are not bound by erroneous or unnecessary conclusions of law”). In

 4 construing a contract, we “apply the plain meaning of the contract language in order

 5 to give effect to the parties’ agreement.” McMillan v. Allstate Indem. Co., 2004-

 6 NMSC-002, ¶ 10, 135 N.M. 17, 84 P.3d 65.

 7   {12}   As we have noted, the plain language of the Option Agreement states that Excel

 8 “grant[ed]” Brenda “an exclusive option to purchase” the home within six months and

 9 laid out the procedures for exercising that option to purchase, nothing more. The

10 Option Agreement had little, if any, relevance to the agreements surrounding rental

11 of the home. Because the agreements surrounding rental of the home were oral, the

12 district court properly admitted evidence of the oral discussions and agreements

13 between the parties. See generally Nellis v. Farmers Ins. Co. of Ariz., 2012-NMCA-

14 020, ¶ 49, 272 P.3d 143 (noting that “New Mexico abandoned the strict plain

15 meaning, four-corners approach to contract interpretation” and that even before that,

16 “the parol evidence rule did not preclude the introduction of extrinsic evidence

17 designed to determine the circumstances under which the parties contracted and the

18 purpose of the contract” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). It is Sean’s

19 oral agreements regarding the rental of the home and payment for damages during this


                                               9
 1 rental period that give rise to Excel’s oral contract claim against Sean.



 2 D.       Sufficiency of the Evidence

 3   {13}   Sean asserts that we should reverse the judgment because two of the district

 4 court’s findings of fact were not supported by sufficient evidence: first, that Brenda

 5 acted as Sean’s agent when she signed the Option Agreement; and second, that Sean

 6 damaged or permitted others to damage the home in violation of Section 47-8-22,

 7 even though he “never took possession or control over the residence.” We disagree.

 8   {14}   We need not review whether sufficient evidence supports these findings

 9 because these findings are not necessary to support the judgment. See Normand ex rel.

10 Normand v. Ray, 1990-NMSC-006, ¶ 35, 109 N.M. 403, 785 P.2d 743 (“Findings of

11 fact are to be liberally construed so as to uphold the judgment of the trial court[.] . .

12 . Even where specific findings adopted by the trial court are shown to be erroneous,

13 if they are unnecessary to support the judgment of the court and other valid material

14 findings uphold the trial court’s decision, the trial court’s decision will not be

15 overturned.” (citation omitted)). Whether Brenda signed the Option Agreement as

16 Sean’s agent is irrelevant because we have concluded that the Option Agreement had

17 little or nothing to do with the agreements surrounding rental of the home. And

18 whether Sean allowed others to damage the home in violation of the UORRA is


                                              10
 1 irrelevant because we have concluded that the judgment is supported by reasons other

 2 than application of the UORRA. Neither of these findings contradict or invalidate

 3 Sean’s oral agreement to pay Excel for any damages to the home resulting from the

 4 rental to Brenda.

 5 E.       Statute of Frauds

 6   {15}   Finally, we are not persuaded by Sean’s argument that the statute of frauds

 7 renders his oral agreements unenforceable. “The provisions of the statute of frauds

 8 pertaining to realty do not of course apply to the disposition of property or rights

 9 which do not in fact constitute an interest in realty.” 37 C.J.S. Frauds, Statute of § 65

10 (2008) (emphasis added). An “interest” is a “legal share in” property or a “legal or

11 equitable claim to or right in property[.]” Black’s Law Dictionary 934 (10th ed. 2014)

12 (emphasis added). Although Sean’s promise to “make sure the house was in perfect

13 tip-top shape” if the purchase of the home fell through went along with the oral

14 agreements to buy the home and rent it to Brenda until he could obtain financing, the

15 promise to take care of damage was not a promise that had to do with a “legal share”

16 in the house or a “claim to” or “right in” the house. Id.; see also 37 C.J.S. Frauds,

17 Statute of § 65. Therefore, the statute of frauds does not apply to render unenforceable

18 Sean’s oral agreement to pay for any damages to the home, and we need not address

19 Sean’s argument concerning part-performance removing an oral contract from the


                                              11
1 statute of frauds.



2 CONCLUSION

3   {16}   We affirm the district court’s judgment.

4   {17}   IT IS SO ORDERED.



5                                          __________________________________
6                                          TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge


7 WE CONCUR:



8 ___________________________________
9 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge



10 ___________________________________
11 LINDA M. VANZI, Judge




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