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                                                           [DO NOT PUBLISH]



              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                       FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                         ________________________

                               No. 19-12476
                           Non-Argument Calendar
                         ________________________

                     D.C. Docket No. 1:15-cv-01834-RWS


JOHN DANIEL BLUE,

                                                             Plaintiff - Appellant,

                                    versus

MARIA DEGUADALUPE LOPEZ,
a DFACS caseworker, in her individual capacity,

                                                           Defendant - Appellee.

                         ________________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of Georgia
                        ________________________

                                (April 8, 2020)

Before ROSENBAUM, GRANT, and TJOFLAT, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      John Blue appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment on his 42

U.S.C. § 1983 malicious-prosecution claim against Maria Lopez, a caseworker with

the Georgia Division of Family and Children Services (“DFCS”). Blue alleged that

Lopez caused his arrest and prosecution for aggravated assault with a vehicle by

knowingly providing false information to law enforcement. The court concluded

that Lopez did not cause Blue’s arrest and that Blue had not established a

constitutional violation. After careful review, we affirm the grant of summary

judgment.

                                         I.

                                        A.

      On the morning of June 12, 2014, Lopez went to a residence to investigate a

complaint of domestic violence. After Lopez parked, she went to the front door, and

Zstanya Patrick answered. Lopez and Patrick spoke outside the residence. Patrick

admitted that domestic violence had occurred in the home. Patrick said that she and

Blue, who lived with Patrick and their two sons (ages 14 and 10), did not get along,

and she described a recent incident where Blue had hit one of the children, causing

the child to complain of ringing in his ear. Patrick explained that she planned to

separate from Blue and move with her sons to Ohio, but she had not made any

specific plans about a timeframe for moving.




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      While the two women spoke, Blue arrived at the apartment and went inside

without addressing them. Once inside, he found his sons and told them to get dressed

while he went out. Blue then left the apartment.

      Blue testified that he did not know of Lopez’s official capacity at that time.

Instead, he believed that Lopez, whom he later described as appearing disheveled,

was a “drug addict” friend of Patrick’s. He based his belief on what he described as

Lopez’s flushed face and on his alleged observation of an IV dangling from her arm.

Lopez was using an IV catheter on her arm because of a medical condition.

      Lopez became concerned about Patrick’s lack of a specific plan to remove the

two children from the alleged domestic violence occurring in the home. She returned

to her car and called her supervisor, who instructed Lopez to contact the Juvenile

Court so she could take further action. Lopez did so, receiving authorization from a

judge to take Blue’s sons into custody on behalf of DFCS. The Juvenile Court

emailed Lopez copies of the Authorizations for Protective Custody.

      Meanwhile, Blue returned to the apartment, waited for the children to get

dressed, and then left the apartment with the children. Blue and his sons emerged

from the apartment while Lopez was in her car. The three entered Blue’s van, which

was parked head-in in the parking space directly across from and in front of Lopez’s

car, which was backed in and therefore facing the back of Blue’s van. An eight-to-

ten-foot-wide lane of travel separated the two vehicles. Seeing Blue and his sons


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about to leave, Lopez approached the van, beat on the driver’s side window, and told

him he could not leave with the children. Blue said, “No,” and began backing out.

      What happened next is hotly disputed. According to Blue, as he was backing

out, Lopez ran to her car and deliberately drove it into the back of Blue’s van. Blue

claimed that after the two cars collided, he got out of his van and asked Lopez to

move her vehicle, but she did not respond. At the time, Blue said, he thought Lopez

looked “high” and “crazy as heck,” and his only interest was getting his children

away from Lopez. So, when Lopez refused to move her car, Blue returned to his

van and began driving it backward and forward multiple times until he was able to

leave the parking space. Blue testified at his deposition that he succeeded in leaving

without hitting Lopez’s car.

      Lopez had a different take on the incident. She claimed that it was Blue who

struck her vehicle: Lopez asserted that she pulled her car up behind the van to prevent

Blue from leaving with the children, but she did not strike his van. Rather, after she

got close and had already stopped moving, Blue then backed into her. She said that

Blue rammed her car with his van several times until he had successfully pushed her

car out of the way and was able to maneuver the van out of the parking space. After

Blue left the apartment complex with his children, Lopez called 911 to report the

incident, prompting police to arrive on the scene and speak with Lopez.




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      Lopez later went to the Duluth Police Department to give a statement. In her

statement, Lopez reported that Blue rammed her car as he was leaving the parking

lot. As Lopez described the incident, Blue “continued backing into her vehicle until

he had created a space where he could flee with his vehicle and both juveniles.”

Lopez advised the officer that Blue was very angry and belligerent and that she

feared for the safety of both herself and the juveniles. The officers who spoke to

Lopez asked if she wanted to press charges against Blue. Lopez called her supervisor

at DFCS, who told Lopez to press charges.

      Based on Lopez’s statements, an officer obtained arrest warrants for one count

of aggravated assault and two counts of child-custody interference. In addition, a

statewide alert was issued for the children. Later, two additional arrest warrants

were issued for reckless conduct.

      At some point, Blue saw the police alert on television and, after asking his

parents to pick up the children, turned himself in. Blue spoke with the lead

investigator at the Duluth Police Department. Blue told the investigator that, as he

was backing up, Lopez drove her car into the back of his van. Following the initial

impact, Blue said he put the van in reverse, “hit the gas, pushed her out of the way,

and took off.” He told the detective that if he hit Lopez’s car with his van, it was

because he was trying to get out of the parking space.




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      Ultimately, an indictment was returned against Blue on a single charge of

aggravated assault, in violation of O.C.G.A. § 16-5-21(a)(2).              He spent

approximately seven months in jail, before a state jury acquitted him. During the

trial, the state court denied Blue’s motion for a directed verdict.

                                          B.

      Following his acquittal, Blue filed a lawsuit against Lopez asserting, among

other things, a malicious-prosecution claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The district

court originally granted summary judgment to Lopez based on the “Monroe Rule.”

See Monroe v. Sigler, 353 S.E.2d 23 (Ga. 1987). In Monroe, the Georgia Supreme

Court held that a trial court’s denial of a motion for directed verdict in an earlier

criminal case served as a binding determination of the existence of probable cause

in a later civil action for malicious prosecution. Id. at 25. We vacated the district

court’s ruling on appeal, holding that the Monroe rule did not apply to claims under

§ 1983. See Blue v. Lopez, 901 F.3d 1352, 1358–60 (11th Cir. 2018). We remanded

for the district court to apply the ordinary federal standard for determining whether

summary judgment should be granted. Id. at 1360.

      On remand, the district court again granted summary judgment to Lopez, this

time under the ordinary federal standard. The court concluded that Blue had not

proven that law enforcement relied on Lopez’s statements or actions when deciding




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to pursue the aggravated-assault charge against Blue and that Blue had not

established a violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. Blue now appeals.

                                        II.

      We review de novo the grant of summary judgment, viewing the evidence and

drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party—here, Blue.

Moore v. Pederson, 806 F.3d 1036, 1041 (11th Cir. 2015). Summary judgment is

appropriate when “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “Summary

judgment is improper, however, if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could

return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Guevara v. NCL (Bahamas) Ltd., 920

F.3d 710, 720 (11th Cir. 2019) (quotation marks omitted). We may affirm the grant

of summary judgment on any reasonable ground supported by the record, even if the

district court did not rely on that ground. Feliciano v. City of Miami Beach, 707

F.3d 1244, 1251–52 (11th Cir. 2013).

                                        III.

      We have identified “malicious prosecution as a violation of the Fourth

Amendment and a viable constitutional tort cognizable under § 1983.” Wood v.

Kesler, 323 F.3d 872, 881 (11th Cir. 2003). A § 1983 malicious-prosecution claim

requires proof of (1) the elements of the common-law tort of malicious prosecution

and (2) a violation of the plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable


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seizures.   Blue, 901 F.3d at 1357.      The common-law elements of malicious

prosecution are (1) a criminal prosecution instituted or continued by the present

defendant; (2) with malice and without probable cause; (3) that terminated in the

plaintiff’s favor; and (4) caused damage to the plaintiff. Id.; Kjellsen v. Mills, 517

F.3d 1232, 1237 (11th Cir. 2008).

      An arrest without probable cause is an unreasonable seizure that violates the

Fourth Amendment. Paez v. Mulvey, 915 F.3d 1276, 1285 (11th Cir. 2019).

Probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances, of which the official has

reasonably trustworthy information, would cause a prudent person to believe that the

suspect has committed, is committing, or is about to commit an offense. Jordan v.

Mosley, 487 F.3d 1350, 1355 (11th Cir. 2007).

                                         A.

      The parties first dispute whether Lopez caused the prosecution against Blue.

In approaching this issue, we begin with the obvious fact that Lopez is not a police

officer and did not arrest Blue. Rather, she claimed to be a victim who opted to press

charges. The parties do not identify any § 1983 case, rather than state law, holding

that allegedly false statements by a complaining witness can ground a § 1983

malicious-prosecution claim. See Blue, 901 F.3d at 1358 (“Federal law, not state

law, governs the resolution of § 1983 claims.”); cf. Willis v. Brassell, 469 S.E.2d

733, 737 (Ga. Ct. App. 1996) (stating that, under Georgia law, “[a] person may be


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liable where he gave information [to the investigating officer] which he knew to be

false and so unduly influenced the authorities”). Based on similar considerations,

the district court observed that Lopez was an “improper defendant.”

      Nevertheless, Lopez does not dispute that she was acting under color of law,

rather than as a private citizen, in reporting Blue to the police, and therefore was

generally subject to suit under § 1983. See Myers v. Bowman, 713 F.3d 1319, 1329

(11th Cir. 2013). And we have not limited malicious-prosecution defendants to

arresting officers or prosecutors. In Jordan, for example, we stated that “[a] non-

arresting officer who instigates or causes an unlawful arrest can still be liable under

the Fourth Amendment.” Jordan, 487 F.3d at 1354. To establish proof of causation

for non-arresting officers, the plaintiff generally must show that the seizure was “the

result of deception or undue pressure by the defendant policemen,” as opposed to

the intervening acts of others, which ordinarily “break the chain of causation.” See

Barts v. Joyner, 865 F.2d 1187, 1195 (11th Cir. 1989) (discussing liability for

damages in a § 1983 false-arrest case).

      Ultimately, however, we need not decide the parameters of § 1983 liability

for non-law-enforcement defendants in malicious-prosecution cases. Instead, we

conclude that, even assuming Lopez caused the prosecution, summary judgment was

still proper on Blue’s § 1983 malicious-prosecution claim because he has not




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established that he suffered a violation of his Fourth Amendment right against

unreasonable seizures.

                                             B.

       To prove his § 1983 malicious-prosecution claim, Blue must establish, in

addition to the common-law elements of malicious prosecution, a violation of his

Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable seizures. See Blue, 901 F.3d at 1357.

In other words, he must show that he was arrested without probable cause. See Paez,

915 F.3d at 1285.

       Blue maintains that Lopez knowingly made false statements to the police,

which resulted in a violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. As support for this

theory, he relies on caselaw, stemming from Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154

(1978), which “prohibits a police officer from knowingly making false statements in

an arrest affidavit about the probable cause for an arrest in order to detain a citizen.”

Jones v. Cannon, 174 F.3d 1271, 1285 (11th Cir. 1999); see Whiting v. Traylor, 85

F.3d 581, 585 n.5 (11th Cir. 1996) (“Knowingly making false statements to obtain

an arrest warrant can lead to a Fourth Amendment violation.”). This rule is limited

“to cases of perjurious or recklessly false statements or omissions,” and does not

apply to “negligent misrepresentations or omissions.” Kelly v. Curtis, 21 F.3d 1544,

1554 (11th Cir. 1994). And no Fourth Amendment violation occurs if, after setting

aside the false statements, there still exists “sufficient content . . . to support a finding


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of probable cause.” Madiwale v. Savaiko, 117 F.3d 1321, 1326 (11th Cir. 1997)

(quotation marks omitted).

      We first examine whether this case involves “perjurious or recklessly false

statements.” See Kelly, 21 F.3d at 1554. Blue contends that, under his version of

events, Lopez engaged in knowing falsity because she knew that Blue did not

commit any offense when she told police that he rammed his van into her car and

then “continued backing into her vehicle until he had created a space where he could

flee.” In contrast, Blue testified that Lopez initiated contact by ramming the back of

his van and that, after the initial collision, he was able to leave without hitting

Lopez’s car.

      However, Blue himself contradicted this version of events in a videotaped

interview with law enforcement after his arrest. In the interview, although Blue

maintained that Lopez struck him first, he admitted that he then used his van to push

Lopez’s car out of the way. In particular, he stated that, after the initial contact with

Lopez’s car, he put the van in reverse, “hit the gas, pushed her out of the way, and

took off.” And despite Blue’s creative efforts on appeal to inject some ambiguity

into this comment, it cannot be viewed as anything other than an admission that he

intentionally backed his van into Lopez’s car to “push[] her out of the way.”

Accordingly, while the parties disputed and continue to dispute who caused the




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initial collision, their statements to law enforcement about the events that followed

were largely consistent.

       We assume for purposes of this opinion that a jury could find that Lopez lied

about her responsibility for the initial collision between her car and Blue’s van. But

because there is video evidence of Blue admitting to police that he intentionally

made contact with Lopez’s car to push her out of the way, no reasonable jury could

find that Lopez’s similar statements to police were made either intentionally or with

a reckless disregard for the truth. See Kelly, 21 F.3d at 1554 (explaining that the

Franks rule is limited “to cases of perjurious or recklessly false statements or

omissions made by a police officer in support of a warrant”); Franks, 438 U.S. at

171 (“Allegations of negligence or innocent mistake are insufficient.”). As a result,

the use of those statements to establish probable cause does not violate the Fourth

Amendment. See id.

       Having clarified the falsehood at issue, we consider whether Lopez’s alleged

falsehood—that Blue caused the initial collision instead of Lopez—resulted in an

arrest without probable cause. 1 See Madiwale, 117 F.3d at 1326 (stating that even

intentional falsehoods or omissions will invalidate a warrant only if removing the



       1
         We reject Blue’s claim that Lopez herself was required to possess probable cause before
reporting Blue’s actions to police. Blue cites no authority for this proposition, and he appears to
disavow it in his reply brief. The mere fact that Lopez relayed information to police did not amount
to a seizure or authorize a seizure that must be justified by the Fourth Amendment’s probable-
cause requirement.
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falsehood or including the omission would have prevented a finding of probable

cause). We conclude that Blue has not established a genuine issue of material fact

on this matter.

       Setting aside the allegedly false statement about the initial collision, the

officer who applied for the arrest warrant still had reason to believe that Blue

intentionally used his car to push Lopez’s car out of the way, causing damage to

Lopez’s car and putting her in fear. See, e.g., Bush v. State, 601 S.E.2d 511, 513

(Ga. Ct. App. 2004) (affirming an aggravated assault conviction where the defendant

intentionally caused a car collision that “caused only slight damage”); Frayall v.

State, 576 S.E.2d 654, 656 (Ga. Ct. App. 2003) (“Although an automobile is not a

deadly weapon per se, it may become one depending upon the manner in which it is

used.”). Lopez told police—consistent with Blue’s post-arrest statements2—that

Blue “continued backing into her vehicle until he had created a space where he could

flee.” Although the use of his van did not cause Lopez any injury, it caused damage

to her vehicle, and Lopez stated that she feared for her safety. See id. Plus, Blue

left the scene of the accident and did not report the incident to police. In these

circumstances, we cannot say that Blue’s arrest was unsupported by probable cause.




       2
          Because Blue’s statements came after his arrest, they would not have been known to a
reasonable officer applying for the arrest warrant. So we cannot directly rely on those statements
to justify the arrest itself.
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      While Blue contends that a reasonable jury could find that no aggravated

assault was committed, “[p]robable cause does not require the same type of specific

evidence of each element of the offense as would be needed to support a conviction.”

Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 149 (1972). In seeking the arrest warrant, the

officer “need not have in hand evidence sufficient to obtain a conviction.” Von Stein

v. Brescher, 904 F.2d 572, 578 n.9 (11th Cir. 1990).

      Because we conclude that, even in the light most favorable to Blue, no

reasonable jury could find that Blue’s Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable

seizures was violated, he cannot establish an essential element of his malicious-

prosecution claim under § 1983. See Blue, 901 F.3d at 1357. We therefore affirm

the grant of summary judgment against him.

                                        IV.

      For the reasons stated, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary

judgment to Lopez on Blue’s claim of malicious prosecution under § 1983.

      AFFIRMED.




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