                            FOURTH DIVISION
                              DILLARD, C. J.,
                        DOYLE, P. J., and MERCIER, J.

                   NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                   physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                   days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                               http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                    October 4, 2018




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A18A1117. BRUMBELOW v. MATHENIA et al.

      DILLARD, Chief Judge.

      Joshua Brumbelow appeals the trial court’s denial of his petition to legitimate

his biological son, E. M., and its subsequent denial of his motion for a new trial.

Specifically, Brumbelow argues that the trial court erred in finding that he abandoned

his opportunity interest in developing a parent-child relationship with E. M. and that

its judgment was not supported by the evidence.1 For the reasons set forth infra, we

reverse and remand the case with direction.




      1
         Brumbelow also raises a constitutional challenge, which we do not address
for the reasons set forth in Division 1 infra.
      Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling,2 the

record shows that toward the end of 2015, Brumbelow and Jenny Mathenia (who was

separated from her husband at the time) engaged in a one-time sexual encounter, and

she became pregnant. Approximately one month after Mathenia learned that she was

pregnant, she informed Brumbelow of the pregnancy. At first, they discussed the

possibility of raising the child together. But as Mathenia acknowledges, as soon as

she learned of the pregnancy, she was “mean” to Brumbelow and “cussed him out”

via text message because she “didn’t want a kid with him.” And throughout the

pregnancy, Brumbelow repeatedly denied that he was the child’s father, despite

Mathenia telling him “tons of times” that the baby was his child.3

      2
          See, e.g., In the Interest of J. M., 289 Ga. App. 439, 440 (657 SE2d 337)
(2008).
      3
         Mathenia’s testimony regarding Brumbelow’s repeated denials that he was
E. M.’s father was conflicting. On the one hand, she claimed Brumbelow continually
denied his paternity throughout her pregnancy (notwithstanding her repeated
assurances that he was the father), asserting that “every time he would call,” they
argued about whether he was the father. On the other hand, Mathenia asserted that (1)
she “cut off all contact” with Brumbelow early in the pregnancy (i.e., “a little after”
February 2016), (2) she did not tell him anything about her pregnancy in the months
leading up to E. M.’s birth, and (3) Brumbelow never contacted her before the baby
was born. In any event, despite his initial denials of paternity, it is undisputed that,
almost immediately after Brumbelow learned of E. M.’s pending adoption, he filed
a legitimation petition, which was several months before DNA results confirmed that
he was the child’s father.

                                           2
      Although Mathenia informed him of the time period when she had been

“romantically involved” with her husband, Brumbelow still doubted that he was E.

M.’s father, in part, because of the marital relationship. For this reason, at some point

early in the pregnancy, Brumbelow accompanied Mathenia to a doctor’s appointment

to find out how many weeks she had been pregnant, so he could “do the math” and

determine whether he was the child’s father. And while Brumbelow thought the

timing was “off about a week or two[,]” he nevertheless offered to pay for Mathenia

to have an abortion. She flatly declined. Then, sometime “a little after” February

2016, Mathenia “cut off all contact” with Brumbelow because he continued to deny

that he was E. M.’s father. As a result, during the entirety of Mathenia’s pregnancy,

Brumbelow never asked about her well-being or if she needed anything. And

although Brumbelow knew where Mathenia lived, he never visited her. Brumbelow

also never offered Mathenia any financial support during the pregnancy (e.g., money

for doctor’s appointments, maternity clothes, or the like). But in May 2016,

approximately two months before E. M. was born, Mathenia communicated via text

message with Brumbelow’s mother about him being the child’s father, and among

other things, Mathenia told her about “cussing [Brumbelow] out” and not wanting to

raise a child with him.

                                           3
      E. M. was born on July 10, 2016, and the following day, Mathenia voluntarily

relinquished her parental rights. That same day, E. M. went home from the hospital

with Lance and Ashley Hall, who planned to adopt the child, and he has remained in

their custody ever since. Although Mathenia knew that Brumbelow was E. M.’s

biological father, she did not inform him of the child’s birth because she did not think

it was “her job” to do so. Nevertheless, within a month of the baby being born, when

Brumbelow and his mother learned E. M. had been placed with a family for adoption,

Brumbelow contacted Mathenia and told her that he wanted to be a father to their

child. And around the same time, Brumbelow’s mother also contacted Mathenia and

offered to help her and Brumbelow raise the child. To this end, Brumbelow’s mother

asked Mathenia to meet with Brumbelow at his attorney’s office so that she could

“consent for [Brumbelow] to fight for custody,” and Mathenia agreed to do so.

      During the meeting at the attorney’s office, which was some time in August

2016, Mathenia expressed her “desire . . . to revoke [the] surrender of [her] parental

rights” and to be E. M.’s mother. Mathenia explained that, despite initially agreeing

to the adoption, she had been “on and off” about going through with it, and that she

struggled with making the decision. And at least as of this meeting (which occurred

approximately one month after E. M. was born), Mathenia wanted to revoke the

                                           4
surrender of her parental rights and co-parent E. M. with Brumbelow.4 Shortly after

the meeting, on August 23, 2016, Mathenia returned to the attorney’s office and

acknowledged service of Brumbelow’s legitimation petition, which was filed the

same day.

          After agreeing at the August 2016 meeting that they would raise E. M.

together as his parents, Mathenia and Brumbelow had no further contact until the first

hearing in this legitimation case, which was held in mid-September 2016. During that

intervening time period, unbeknownst to Brumbelow, Mathenia changed her mind

and decided to contest his efforts to legitimate E. M. and proceed with the adoption.

For this reason, the Halls hired separate counsel for themselves and Mathenia to

represent them in the legitimation proceeding. And in a separate action, the Halls

filed a petition to adopt E. M., which was then consolidated with the legitimation




      4
         During the legitimation hearing, Mathenia testified she felt pressured and
intimidated by Brumbelow and his mother while they were at his attorney’s office.
But Mathenia also claimed that she was being truthful when she expressed a desire
to be E. M.’s mother, revoke the surrender of her parental rights, and let Brumbelow
be E. M.’s father. It is not entirely clear, then, what Mathenia felt pressured to do
given that Brumbelow’s sole request was that she support his efforts to legitimate E.
M.

                                          5
proceeding for trial.5 Ultimately, following a hearing, the trial court denied

Brumbelow’s petition to legitimate E. M. Thereafter, Brumbelow filed a motion for

a new trial, and a motion to stay the adoption proceedings. After the Halls and

Mathenia filed a joint response to both motions, the trial court held a hearing on the

matter.6 The trial court summarily denied Brumbelow’s motion for a new trial, but

granted his motion to stay the adoption proceedings. This Court then granted

Brumbelow’s application for a discretionary appeal, which is now before us.

      5
        The Halls’ petition for adoption is absent from the record. As a result, we
cannot determine exactly when it was filed or review its contents. Nevertheless,
undisputed statements by Brumbelow’s attorney during the legitimation hearing
indicate the petition was filed on September 1, 2016, about a week after the
legitimation petition was filed. As explained below, the trial court has stayed the
adoption proceedings until this legitimation action is resolved, and the Halls’ pending
adoption petition is not at issue in this appeal.
      6
         A review of the trial court orders indicates that a joint hearing on
Brumbelow’s motions to stay the proceedings and for a new trial was held on
September 5, 2017. But Brumbelow’s notice of appeal did not state that the transcript
should be included in the appellate record, and it has not been transmitted to this
Court. Under such circumstances, we must presume the trial court’s characterization
of the September 5, 2017 hearing is correct. See Carter v. Moody, 236 Ga. App. 262,
264 (511 SE2d 520) (1999) (“It is well established that the burden is on the party
alleging error to show it by the record and that where the proof necessary for
determination of the issues on appeal is omitted from the record, an appellate court
must assume that the judgment below was correct and affirm.” (punctuation omitted)).
Brumbelow’s motion to stay the adoption proceedings is also not included in the
appellate record, but it is undisputed that he made such a motion, and the trial court
granted it.

                                          6
      We review a trial court’s ruling on a legitimation petition for an abuse of

discretion,7 and its factual findings for “clear error and will only sustain such findings

if there is competent evidence to support them.”8 Bearing these guiding principles in

mind, we turn now to Brumbelow’s specific claims of error.

      1. In addition to the claims of error delineated supra, Brumbelow also argues,

for the first time on appeal, that Georgia law regarding legitimation, in general,

violates his constitutional equal protection9 and due process rights.10 Brumbelow

further asserts that this Court must establish precedent regarding whether he was

“deprived of his constitutionally afforded opportunity to form a bond with his child,”

and that current Georgia law impermissibly favors the rights of prospective adoptive

parents over the constitutional rights of a biological father. But regardless of whether

these claims have merit, the Supreme Court of Georgia has exclusive jurisdiction over



      7
       See In the Interest of J. M., 337 Ga. App. 811, 811 (788 SE2d 888) (2016)
(punctuation omitted); accord In the Interest of B. H.-W., 332 Ga. App. 269, 272 (3)
(772 SE2d 66) (2015).
      8
        In the Interest of J. M., 337 Ga. App. at 811; accord In the Interest of B.
H.-W., 332 Ga. App. at 272 (3).
      9
          See U.S. Const. amend. XIV, §1; Ga. Const. Art. I, § I, ¶ II.
      10
           See U.S. Const., amend. XIV, § 1; Ga. Const. Art. I, § I, ¶ I.

                                            7
“. . . all cases in which the constitutionality of a law, ordinance, or constitutional

provision has been drawn in question.”11 Thus, we lack jurisdiction over

Brumbelow’s constitutional challenges.

      Additionally, our Supreme Court has

      interpreted this jurisdictional provision to extend only to constitutional
      issues that were distinctly ruled on by the trial court and that do not
      involve the application of unquestioned and unambiguous constitutional
      provisions or challenges to laws previously held to be constitutional
      against the same attack.12




      11
         Ga. Const. Art. VI, § VI, ¶ II; see Zarate-Martinez v. Echemendia, 299 Ga.
301, 304 (2) (788 SE2d 405) (2016) (reiterating that the Supreme Court of Georgia
“shall exercise exclusive appellate jurisdiction in all cases in which the
constitutionality of a law, ordinance, or constitutional provision has been drawn in
question.” (punctuation omitted)); Fox v. Norfolk S. Corp., 342 Ga. App. 38, 43 (1)
(802 SE2d 319) (2017) (“[U]nder Georgia law, our Supreme Court has exclusive
jurisdiction over appeals involving construction of the Constitution of the State of
Georgia and of the United States and all cases in which the constitutionality of a law,
ordinance, or constitutional provision has been called into question.” (punctuation
omitted)).
      12
         State v. Davis, 303 Ga. 684, 687 (1) (814 SE2d 701) (2018) (punctuation
omitted; emphasis supplied); see also City of Atlanta v. Columbia Pictures Corp., 218
Ga. 714, 719 (4) (130 SE2d 490) (1963) (explaining that the Supreme Court of
Georgia “will never pass upon constitutional questions unless it clearly appears in the
record that the point was directly and properly made in the [trial] court below and
distinctly passed upon by the trial judge”).

                                          8
Here, following the hearing on Brumbelow’s legitimation petition, both parties filed

post-hearing briefs. And in his post-hearing brief, Brumbelow references, only once,

his “due process” rights as an unwed father and that he is entitled to “equal treatment”

under the law afforded to other parents. Moreover, his argument relies exclusively on

Georgia statutes and prior cases applying our current precedent on legitimation.

Finally, Brumbelow did not argue below, as he does now on appeal, that current

Georgia law on legitimation is unconstitutional.

      Furthermore, the trial court’s order denying Brumbelow’s petition was based

solely on Georgia caselaw regarding legitimation and the related public-policy

concerns explicitly delineated in OCGA § 19-8-12 (a) (5), and the court made no

mention of whether current Georgia law on legitimation violated Brumbelow’s state

or federal constitutional rights. Given these particular circumstances, none of the

constitutional arguments Brumbelow asserts on appeal were distinctly ruled upon or

even considered by the trial court. Thus, we decline to transfer this case to the

Supreme Court of Georgia, and we address only the non-constitutional claims of error

over which this Court has jurisdiction.13

      13
         See City of Decatur v. DeKalb Cty., 284 Ga. 434, 436 (1) (668 SE2d 247)
(2008) (“When the appellate record fails to show that the trial court ruled on the
constitutional question, this Court is without jurisdiction of an appeal in which this

                                            9
      2. In Brumbelow’s two remaining claims of error (which are essentially the

same), he argues that the trial court erred in finding that he abandoned his opportunity

interest in developing a parent-child relationship with E. M. and that the court’s

judgment was not supported by the evidence. We agree.

      When considering a legitimation petition, we must initially determine whether

“the father has abandoned his opportunity interest to develop a relationship with the

child.”14 This is because the law affords an unwed, biological father an opportunity

to develop a relationship with his offspring, and if he “grasps that opportunity and

accepts some measure of responsibility for the child’s future, he may enjoy the


Court’s exclusive appellate jurisdiction of constitutional issues is invoked, and the
appeal is transferred to the Court of Appeals.”); Atlanta Indep. Sch. Sys. v. Lane, 266
Ga. 657, 658 (1) (469 SE2d 22) (1996) (explaining that the Supreme Court “does not
have exclusive appellate jurisdiction over a case where the constitutional issue
asserted on appeal has not been raised in and ruled upon by the trial court”); Griffin
v. Burden, 281 Ga. App. 496, 497 (2) (636 SE2d 686) (2006) (declining to address
an argument that a particular state statute was constitutional when, as here, the trial
court did not “expressly rule upon” that constitutional issue below).
      14
         Neill v. Brannon, 320 Ga. App. 820, 821 (1) (738 SE2d 724) (2013)
(punctuation omitted); accord Morris v. Morris, 309 Ga. App. 387, 388-89 (2) (710
SE2d 601) (2011); In the Interest of J. M., 289 Ga. App. at 442 (1); Jones v. Smith,
250 Ga. App. 486, 486 (552 SE2d 112) (2001); see In re Baby Girl Eason, 257 Ga.
292, 296 (1) (358 SE2d 459) (1987) (concluding, based on a review of several prior
legitimation cases, that “unwed fathers gain from their biological connection with a
child an opportunity interest to develop a relationship with their children which is
constitutionally protected”).

                                          10
blessings of the parent-child relationship and make uniquely valuable contributions

to the child’s development.”15 This opportunity interest “begins at conception and

endures probably throughout the minority of the child[,]”16 but it “is not

indestructible[,] [and] [i]t may be lost.”17 Indeed, as we have previously explained,

the factors which may support a finding of abandonment include, without limitation,

“a biological father’s inaction during pregnancy and at birth, a delay in filing a

legitimation petition, and a lack of contact with the child.”18 And in considering these

factors, if the evidence supports a finding that a father abandoned his opportunity




      15
           Neill, 320 Ga. App. at 821 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord Lehr v.
Robertson, 463 U.S. 248, 262 (I) (103 SCt 2985, 77 LE2d 614) (1983); Stanley v.
Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 653 (II) (92 SCt 1208, 31 LE2d 551) (1972); Binns v. Fairnot,
292 Ga. App. 336, 338 (665 SE2d 36) (2008).
      16
        Neill, 320 Ga. App. at 821 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord In re Baby Girl
Eason, 257 Ga. at 296 (1); Binns, 292 Ga. App. at 338.
      17
        Neill, 320 Ga. App. at 821 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord In re Baby Girl
Eason, 257 Ga. at 296 (1) ; Binns, 292 Ga. App. at 338.
      18
         Neill, 320 Ga. App. at 821 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord Wilbourn v.
Lumpkin, 327 Ga. App. 385, 387 (759 SE2d 262) (2014); Morris, 309 Ga. App. at
389 (2).

                                          11
interest in developing a relationship with his biological child, the court is then

“authorized to end its inquiry and to deny the legitimation petition on that basis.”19

       Furthermore, our Supreme Court has acknowledged that “there exists a

continuum of unwed father-child relationships with assigned degrees of protection

afforded rights to custody.”20 On one end are those relationships which have been

“fully developed through present or past custody,”21 and those unwed fathers “must

be treated equally with other parents when their child is to be adopted.”22 But there

are also relationships between unwed fathers and children which, “while short of full

custody, nonetheless establish substantial bonds.”23 Unwed fathers in these

       19
          Neill, 320 Ga. App. at 821-22 (1); see In the Interest of J. M., 289 Ga. App.
at 442 (1) (“If the . . . court concludes that the father has abandoned his opportunity
interest, that finding is sufficient to end the court’s inquiry and justifies the denial of
the legitimation petition.” (punctuation omitted)); In the Interest of J. S., 302 Ga.
App. 342, 344 (691 SE2d 250) (2010) (same).
       20
         In the Interest of Baby Girl Eason, 257 Ga. at 294 (1); accord Bowers v.
Pearson, 271 Ga. App. 266, 267 (609 SE2d 174) (2005); see also Davis v. LaBrec,
274 Ga. 5, 6 (549 SE2d 76) (2001) (holding that Eason “recognized a continuum of
rights, specific to the facts of each case, to which varying standards could be
applied”).
       21
       In the Interest of Baby Girl Eason, 257 Ga. at 294 (1); accord Bowers, 271
Ga. App. at 267-68.
       22
            In the Interest of Baby Girl Eason, 257 Ga. at 294-95 (1).
       23
            Id. at 295 (1).

                                            12
circumstances may “generally visit their children and furnish some support and

otherwise maintain contact with them.”24 And then there are other unwed fathers who

have “developed no relationship with their children[,] [and] [t]heir only connection

is biological.”25

       Lastly, our Supreme Court has also explained that when an unwed biological

father demonstrates “a full commitment to the responsibilities of parenthood by

coming forward to participate in the rearing of his child, his interest in personal

contact with his child acquires substantial protection under the Due Process

Clause.”26 But the mere existence of a biological connection “does not merit

equivalent constitutional protection[,] [and] [t]he actions of judges neither create nor

sever genetic bonds.”27 Instead, the significance of the biological connection is that


       24
            Id.
       25
            Id.; accord Bowers, 271 Ga. App. at 268.
       26
           In the Interest of Baby Girl Eason, 257 Ga. at 295 (1) (citation and
punctuation omitted; emphasis supplied); accord Lehr, 463 U.S. at 261 (I);
see Thorne v. Padgett, 259 Ga. 650, 651 (386 SE2d 155) (1989) (“We have held that
even an unwed father who demonstrates a commitment to parenthood by participating
in the life of his child acquires substantial protection under the Due Process Clause
of his parental rights.” (punctuation omitted)).
       27
       In the Interest of Baby Girl Eason, 257 Ga. at 295 (1) (punctuation omitted);
accord Rivera v. Minnich, 483 U.S. 574, 580 n.7 (2) (107 SCt 3001, 97 LE2d 473)

                                          13
it “offers the natural father an opportunity that no other male possesses to develop a

relationship with his offspring.”28

      Turning to the case at hand, Brumbelow argues the trial court applied the

wrong legal standard in finding that he abandoned his opportunity interest in

developing a relationship with E. M. by basing its decision on everything he did not

do to pursue that interest, rather than all of the things he did to pursue a parent-child

relationship with the child. We agree. Indeed, when considering whether a biological

father abandoned his opportunity interest in a relationship with his child, “the

appropriate inquiry is not whether the father could have done more, but rather

whether the father has done so little as to constitute abandonment.”29 And here, in its


(1987); see Park v. Bailey, 329 Ga. App. 569, 575 (1) (765 SE2d 721) (2014)
(“[B]iology is not destiny, and a man has no absolute right to the grant of his petition
to legitimate a child simply because he is the biological father.” (punctuation
omitted)).
      28
        In the Interest of Baby Girl Eason, 257 Ga. at 296 (1) (punctuation omitted);
accord Lehr, 463 U.S. at 262 (I); Turner v. Wright, 217 Ga. App. 368, 368 (1) (457
SE2d 575) (1995).
      29
          Magdangal v. Hendrix, 313 Ga. App. 522, 525 (1) (722 SE2d 130) (2012)
(emphasis supplied; punctuation omitted); accord Caldwell v. Meadows, 312 Ga.
App. 70, 73 (1) (717 SE2d 668) (2011); see Morris, 309 Ga. App. at 389-90 (2)
(noting that in determining whether a biological father abandoned his opportunity
interest in a relationship with his child, the question was not whether he “could have
done more,” especially in comparison to financial support the father had provided to

                                           14
order, the trial court relied heavily on Brumbelow’s uninvolvement and failure to

provide financial or emotional support during Mathenia’s pregnancy, despite his

ability to do so, as well as his continued failure to provide financial assistance to

either Mathenia or the Halls following E. M.’s birth. Ultimately, the court concluded

that Brumbelow abandoned his opportunity interest in a relationship with E. M.

because his “only action demonstrating any intent to develop a familial bond with [E.

M.] was filing his petition for legitimation . . . .” In doing so, the trial court erred. As

Brumbelow aptly notes, the trial court appears to have applied the wrong legal

standard for considering legitimation petitions. But regardless, the trial court’s

conclusion that the only action Brumbelow took to preserve his opportunity interest

in a relationship with E. M. was filing the legitimation petition is not only

unsupported by the evidence, it is also in direct conflict with the court’s own factual

findings.




another sibling); Binns, 292 Ga. App. at 338 (pretermitting whether the father could
have done more to pursue a relationship with his child, and holding that, regardless
of what else the father could have done, the evidence did not support a finding that
he had “done so little as to constitute abandonment”).

                                            15
      First, the trial court failed to give any meaningful consideration to

Brumbelow’s decision to file a legitimation petition shortly after E. M.’s birth. Our

appellate courts routinely, if not always, place at least some significance on the length

of time a biological father waits before filing a legitimation petition after learning of

the possibility that he might be the child’s father (or, at the very least, indicate that

any delay or lack thereof was taken into consideration).30 In many of those cases, the

      30
          See, e.g., Quilloin v. Walcott, 238 Ga. 230, 233, 233 (232 SE2d 246) (1977)
(holding that a biological father’s constitutional rights to legitimate his child were not
violated when the father waited 11 years before taking steps to legitimate or support
his child and when he only did so after the child’s stepfather sought to adopt the
child); Wilbourn, 327 Ga. App. at 386-87 (noting that an unwed biological father’s
opportunity interest in developing a relationship with his child can be abandoned if
not timely pursued and affirming the denial of a legitimation petition because, inter
alia, it was filed four years after the child was born); Neill, 320 Ga. App. at 825 (1)
(holding that the biological father abandoned his opportunity interest in a parent-child
relationship, and explaining that “even though [he] did not learn that he was
definitely the child’s father until the child was one year old, he was aware of the
possibility that he could be the biological father before the child was born and, to
remove any doubts, he could have filed a legitimation petition right after her birth and
sought court-ordered genetic testing”); Matthews v. Dukes, 314 Ga. App. 782 786
(726 SE2d 95) (2012) (holding that the biological father abandoned any opportunity
interest he may have had in raising his child when, although the father had occasional
visits and provided some cash and small gifts, he waited five years to file a
legitimation petition), overruled on other grounds by Brine v. Shipp, 291 Ga. 376
(729 SE2d 393) (2012); In the Interest of J. M., 289 Ga. App. at 444 (1) (b) (noting
that a two-year delay in filing a legitimation petition after the child was born was one
of several factors that supported the trial court’s conclusion that the father abandoned
his opportunity interest); In the Interest of L. S. T., 286 Ga. App. 638, 639 (1) (649
SE2d 841) (2007) (affirming the trial court’s conclusion that a biological father

                                           16
unwed father was found to have abandoned his opportunity interest in a parent-child

relationship, at least in part, by waiting years after the child’s birth to file a

legitimation petition.31 But here, the trial court essentially ignored the fact that

Brumbelow filed his petition when E. M. was less than two months old and almost

immediately after he learned of the planned adoption. In fact, Brumbelow filed the

legitimation petition even before the Halls initiated the adoption proceeding32 and

months before DNA results confirmed that he, rather than Mathenia’s husband, was


abandoned his opportunity interest when, inter alia, he waited two years after the
child was born to file his petition, during which time she was in foster care and his
only contact with her was a single phone call); Bowers, 271 Ga. App. at 270-71
(holding that the evidence did not support the trial court’s denial of the biological
father’s legitimation petition when, inter alia, the father filed his legitimation petition
even before the child’s birth); Smith v. Soligon, 254 Ga. App. 172, 173-174 (2) (561
SE2d 850) (2002) (holding that a biological father abandoned his opportunity interest
in a parent-child relationship when, inter alia, he did not file a legitimation petition
until the child was over six years old).
       31
            See supra note 30.
       32
         See supra note 5. Cf. Quilloin, 238 Ga. at 230, 233 (affirming the denial of
a biological father’s petition to legitimate his child and for visitation when “[t]he
natural father made no effort to legitimate the child or to obtain visitation rights until
after the child’s stepfather filed the adoption petition” (emphasis supplied)); Smith,
254 Ga. App. at 173-74 (2) (holding that a biological father abandoned his
opportunity interest in a parent-child relationship when, although the biological father
had lived with the child until the child was four years old, he did not file a
legitimation petition until the mother married and her husband filed an adoption
petition when the child was over six years old).

                                            17
E. M.’s biological father.33 While the expeditious manner in which Brumbelow

initiated this action is only one of many factors to be considered and is certainly not

dispositive, the trial court’s order makes no mention of the undisputed evidence that

Brumbelow obtained counsel and initiated this action almost immediately after

learning Mathenia placed E. M. with the Halls for adoption. Indeed, although the trial

court’s order includes other dates relevant to this proceeding, it makes no reference




      33
         As explained supra, Brumbelow filed this action on August 23, 2016, which
was just over one month after E. M. was born and months before the parties received
the court-ordered DNA results confirming his paternity. While a biological father is
“not required to wait for the scientific certainty afforded by a DNA test to pursue a
legitimation petition[,]” Wilbourn, 327 Ga. App. at 386-87, it should not be entirely
discounted that, even when Mathenia was married to someone else at the time of
conception, Brumbelow did not wait for the results of a DNA test before seeking to
legitimate E. M. Indeed, in at least one case, that is exactly what this Court indicated
a biological father in similar circumstances should have done in order to preserve his
rights. See Neill, 320 Ga. App. at 825 (1) (affirming the denial of a legitimation
petition when the biological father waited one year until a DNA test confirmed his
parentage to pursue a relationship with his child, explaining that he could have
removed any doubt by filing a legitimation petition as soon as the child was born and
seeking court-ordered genetic testing).

                                          18
to the date on which Brumbelow’s legitimation action was filed.34 Suffice it to say,

this omission is notable.

       Furthermore, the trial court also discounted other evidence—which was either

undisputed by the parties or supported by Mathenia’s testimony—of actions that

Brumbelow and his mother (on her son’s behalf) took to preserve his opportunity

interest in a relationship with E. M. And while an unwed father’s “disregard of his

opportunity interest during [the mother’s] pregnancy is as significant as such a

disregard after the child is born[,]”35 Mathenia admitted to engaging in conduct that

would have made it difficult for Brumbelow to contact or assist her during the

       34
         See Neill, 320 Ga. App. at 821 (1) (explaining that factors which may support
a finding of abandonment include, inter alia, whether there was a delay in filing a
legitimation petition); Wilbourn, 327 Ga. App. at 387 (same); Morris, 309 Ga. App.
at 389 (2) (same). In his brief, Brumbelow complains that the trial court “did not give
enough weight to the time[ ]frame within which [he] filed his legitimation petition.”
And, of course, it is the trial court, not this Court, that determines how much weight
to give to the evidence. See In the Interest of D. F., 251 Ga. App. 859, 859 (555 SE2d
225) (2001) (“This Court neither weighs evidence nor determines the credibility of
witnesses; rather, we defer to the trial court’s factfinding and affirm unless the
appellate standard is not met.” (punctuation omitted)). But the error here is that the
trial court failed to even acknowledge the timeliness of Brumbelow’s petition, despite
this Court’s instruction that any delay (or lack thereof) in filing a legitimation petition
is a factor to be considered in ruling on a legitimation petition. See supra notes 30
and 31 & accompanying text.
       35
       Turner, 217 Ga. App. at 369 (1); accord In the Interest of D. S. P., 233 Ga.
App. 346, 348 (2) (504 SE2d 211) (1998).

                                            19
pregnancy. Indeed, not only did Mathenia never ask Brumbelow for assistance

(financial or otherwise) during the pregnancy, she testified to cutting off contact with

him a few months into the pregnancy, being “mean” to him because she did not want

to raise a child with him, and cussing him out via text message for the same reason.

So, while we are required to defer to the trial court’s finding that Brumbelow made

no attempts to contact Mathenia during the remainder of her pregnancy, it is

undisputed that Mathenia had already decided not to have any contact with him. And

when, as here, a biological mother admittedly shows hostility toward the biological

father of her child, cuts off all contact with him, and unequivocally advises him that

she does not want to raise a child with him, we cannot say—as the trial court’s order

seems to suggest—that the biological father’s failure to contact or offer financial

assistance to the biological mother during her pregnancy, standing alone, is enough

to constitute an abandonment of his opportunity interest in a relationship with his

child.36

       36
         See, e.g., Bowers, 271 Ga. App. at 267, 271 (holding that the evidence did
not support the trial court’s denial of the biological father’s legitimation petition
when, inter alia, the father had no contact with and offered no financial assistance to
the mother during her pregnancy, but despite his attempts to discuss the matter with
her, the mother and her parents refused to talk to him about it and unilaterally placed
the child with an adoptive family within a few days of the child’s birth without
consulting the father). As noted infra, by filing the legitimation petition, especially

                                          20
      Additionally, the trial court found that, despite his ability to do so, Brumbelow

had not provided any emotional or financial assistance to Mathenia or the Halls since

E. M. was born. But Mathenia never had custody of E. M., so she had no need for

financial support following his birth other than for her pregnancy and birthing

expenses. Furthermore, by filing this action, Brumbelow “agreed to assume all the

responsbilities of the child’s legal father and submitted to a claim by [Mathenia] for

recovery of [these] expenses.”37 The trial court also appears to have ignored that, after

E. M. was born, Brumbelow’s mother—who lived with Brumbelow in a four-

bedroom home with enough space for E. M. to have his own room—contacted

Mathenia and volunteered to provide a home for E. M. and to help her and

Brumbelow raise their child.38 Additionally, as to the Halls, they had sole custody of


as soon as he did, Brumbelow voluntarily subjected himself to a claim by Mathenia
for reimbursement of pregnancy and birth-related expenses. See infra notes 37 and
50 & accompanying text.
      37
           Bowers, 271 Ga. App. at 271.
      38
          While it was not Brumbelow, but his mother, who offered assistance to
Mathenia, the offer of assistance was made shortly after E. M.’s birth, well after
Mathenia admittedly “cut off all contact” with Brumbelow. The trial court did not
include this offer of assistance in its findings of fact and apparently did not consider
it to be relevant. But given that Brumbelow lived with his mother at the time and
contributed to her monthly housing expenses, the offer appears to have been made,
at least in part, on his behalf. And although his mother’s offer of assistance was not

                                           21
E. M. with the intent to adopt him. And while he did not assist the Halls financially

or otherwise with regard to the care of E. M., Brumbelow testified that he believed

having any direct contact with them would constitute harassment. For their part, the

Halls claimed that they would have accepted financial support from Brumbelow if he

offered it, but neither of them “felt the need” to contact him because they wanted to

“assume the parental responsibility of [the] child.” Moreover, although Brumbelow

did not offer financial assistance to the Halls, he did make at least one request for

visitation through his attorney during the pendency of this litigation, but he received

no response.39




an action taken by him personally, the specific facts and circumstances of this case
suggest that the offer should not be entirely disregarded in the broader analysis of
whether Brumbelow did so little as to constitute abandonment. See, e.g., Murphy v.
Suddeth, 189 Ga. App. 212, 213, 215 (3) (375 SE2d 254) (1988) (physical precedent
only) (affirming the trial court’s grant of a legitimation petition even when “the
[biological] father negligently and affirmatively ignored his daughter’s existence,
making no contribution to her support and making no direct inquiries as to her
welfare and progress[,]” but there was evidence that, inter alia, the paternal
grandmother “began sending payments to appellant which the latter received ‘under
protest’”).
      39
        The Halls and Mathenia testified that they did not recall receiving an email
from Brumbelow’s attorney with a request for visitation, but in its order, the trial
court found that the attorney, on Brumbelow’s behalf, did make at least one such
request on December 29, 2017.

                                          22
      As to the trial court’s application of the law in denying Brumbelow’s petition,

the court relied almost exclusively on our Supreme Court’s discussion, set forth

supra, of the continuum that exists between unwed fathers who have a fully

developed relationship with their child and those who have no relationship with their

child, such that their only relationship is biological.40 In applying this analysis, the

court found that by his sole action of filing the legitimation petition, Brumbelow had

“only slightly moved on the spectrum from a father who has developed absolutely no

relationship, with the only connection being biological.” But while a consideration

of this continuum may be applicable or helpful in many cases, neither the trial court

nor Mathenia has identified any precedent suggesting that the application of this

continuum is dispositive in every case regardless of the particular circumstances.

      And here, it is unclear how Brumbelow’s action of filing a legal document

would move him along the relationship continuum, slightly or otherwise—beyond

expressing a desire for a future relationship with the child. Indeed, prior to filing the

legitimation petition, Brumbelow had no opportunity to develop a relationship or

bond with his one month old newborn son, who has been in the Halls’ custody since

birth. It was erroneous, then, for the trial court to limit its consideration to how

      40
           See supra notes 20-25 & accompanying text.

                                           23
developed the relationship was between Brumbelow and E. M. without tailoring its

analysis to the facts and circumstances of this particular case.41 As our Supreme Court

has rightly acknowledged, “the possible circumstances of relationships between

unwed fathers and their children are of great variety. . . .”42 Furthermore, applying the

trial court’s reasoning, a biological father’s decision to file a legitimation petition

when the child is a newborn (which we have previously advised unwed fathers to

do)43 is virtually meaningless, and his only “hope” is for the prospective adoptive




      41
         See In the Interest of Baby Girl Eason, 257 Ga. at 292, 296 (I) (explaining
that the factual circumstances of the case went well beyond cases in which the
Supreme Court of the United States has based its determination on how developed the
relationship was between the biological father and the child when the case involved
“an unwed father, an infant some nine months old, adopting parents who have been
in custody of the child virtually all its short life, and a mother who has surrendered
her rights in the child in favor of the adoption”); Bowers, 271 Ga. App. at 267, 270-
71 (finding that the biological father had not abandoned his opportunity interest in a
relationship with his child, even though the father had no relationship with the child,
who had been placed with prospective adoptive parents at birth); Doe v. Chambers,
188 Ga. App. 879, 879-80 (1) (374 SE2d 758) (1988) (affirming the trial court’s grant
of a legitimation petition even though the biological father had not developed a
relationship with the child when the child had been placed with adoptive parents
shortly after birth).
      42
           In the Interest of Baby Girl Eason, 257 Ga. at 293 (1).
      43
           See supra note 33.

                                           24
parents to give him access to the child in order to develop the type of relationship that

may ultimately defeat their petition for adoption. This is not the law.

      To the contrary, in Bowers v. Pearson,44 we held that the biological father did

not abandon his opportunity interest in a relationship with his child, who the mother

unilaterally (and unbeknownst to the father) placed with an adoptive family within

days of her birth.45 Similarly to this case, the trial court in Bowers denied the

biological father’s legitimation petition—which was filed even before the child was

born—based on its finding that he abandoned his opportunity interest in a

relationship with his child “by failing to provide financial or other assistance to [the

mother] during her pregnancy and delivery.”46 In Bowers, the mother admitted that

she never asked the father for assistance because she (and her parents) did not want

him to be involved, and the maternal grandfather indicated that he never asked the

father for assistance because he believed it would be “counterproductive in the

adoption.”47 And while the biological father filed the legitimation petition a month


      44
           271 Ga. App. 266 (609 SE2d 174) (2005).
      45
           See generally id. at 266-67, 270.
      46
           See id. at 267.
      47
           Id. at 271.

                                           25
before the child was born, the mother and her parents believed adoption was in the

child’s best interest, placing the child with prospective adoptive parents shortly after

she was born.48 After detailing the relevant precedent from the Supreme Court of

Georgia and this Court, we held that the evidence did not support a finding that the

father abandoned his opportunity interest in a natural parent-child relationship.49 In

reaching this conclusion, we emphasized that the mother never asked the father for

assistance, the mother and her family did not want him to have any involvement, and

by initiating the legitimation action, the father “agreed to assume all the

responsibilities of the child’s legal father and submitted to a claim by the mother for

reimbursement of birthing expenses.”50

      In this case, there was conflicting testimony as to whether, after Brumbelow

attended a doctor’s appointment with Mathenia, he made any efforts to contact her

during the remainder of her pregnancy, and we defer, as we must, to the trial court’s




      48
           Id. at 267.
      49
           Id. at 271.
      50
           Id. at 270-71.

                                          26
finding that Brumbelow made no such attempts.51 But similarly to the mother in

Bowers, Mathenia admitted that, a few months into her pregnancy, she cut off all

contact with Brumbelow, she did not want to raise a child with him, and she never

asked him for assistance of any kind during the pregnancy. Additionally, while

Brumbelow did not file the legitimation petition before the child was born like the

father in Bowers, he did file it as soon as he learned that Mathenia surrendered her

parental rights and the child was in the Halls’ custody, which was less than two

months after E. M. was born. Significantly, by initiating this action so soon after the

child’s birth, even before the adoption petition was filed, Brumbelow “agreed to

assume all the responsibilities of the child’s legal father and submitted to a [potential]

claim by [Mathenia] for recovery of birthing expenses.”52




       51
         See Carden v. Warren, 269 Ga. App. 275, 276 (1) (603 SE2d 769) (2004)
(“In a bench trial, the trial court sits as the trier of fact, and it is the sole arbiter of the
credibility of witnesses.”).
       52
            Bowers, 271 Ga. App. at 271.

                                              27
      Nevertheless, Mathenia argues that reversing the trial court’s ruling “would run

entirely counter to” our decisions in In Interest of D. S. P.53 and Turner v. Wright.54

But we distinguished those cases in Bowers as follows:

      In [denying the father’s legitimation petition], the trial court relied on In
      the Interest of D. S. P. and Turner v. Wright, two cases in which it was
      determined that the biological fathers had abandoned their opportunity
      interests to develop relationships with their children. The court’s
      reliance on these cases is misplaced. In D. S. P., the father knew the
      mother intended to put the child up for adoption; but he did nothing
      until almost two months after the child’s birth and offered no financial
      or emotional support to the mother, even though she needed such
      support from him. In Turner, the father committed criminal acts after he
      became aware he was to be a father, resulting in his incarceration during
      the mother’s pregnancy and when he filed the petition for legitimation
      within one month after the child’s birth.55


We find these distinctions applicable here as well. Indeed, unlike in D. S. P.,

Brumbelow was not aware of the planned adoption in advance, and immediately after

he became aware of it, he obtained legal counsel, met with Mathenia to express his



      53
           233 Ga. App. 346 (504 SE2d 211) (1998).
      54
           217 Ga. App. 368 (457 SE2d 575) (1995).
      55
           Bowers, 271 Ga. App. at 271.

                                           28
desire to be a father to E. M., and filed a legitimation petition (while under the

impression Mathenia would support it). Turner is similarly inapplicable because it is

undisputed that Brumbelow did not engage in any criminal conduct, and his failure

to develop a relationship with E. M. is not due to any voluntary choice he made.

Instead, here, Mathenia’s unilateral decision to proceed with the adoption was the

cause of his inability to develop a relationship with his child.56

      In sum, we are mindful that, as to any conflict in the evidence, the trial court

determines “the credibility of witnesses and may accept or reject any part of a

witness’s testimony, even in the absence of contradictory testimony.”57 But here, even




      56
          The Bowers Court also distinguished Smith v. Soligon, 254 Ga. App. 172
(561 SE2d 850) (2002), which the mother in that case relied upon. Specifically, we
explained that “[i]n Smith, the unwed biological father filed a petition to legitimate
his six-year-old son after the mother married another man who sought to adopt the
child. Although the father had lived with the mother and child until the child was
about four years old, he had never provided the child with any significant emotional
or monetary support.”Bowers, 271 Ga. App. at 271. Such circumstances are easily
distinguishable from the instant case, in which Brumbelow pursued his right to a
relationship with his son when the child was only one month old. Unlike Brumbelow,
the father in Smith had years to develop a relationship with his child, provide
financial and emotional support to the child, and to seek to legitimate the child, but
failed to do so.
      57
           Hayes v. Alexander, 264 Ga. App. 815, 817 (592 SE2d 465) (2003).

                                          29
crediting Mathenia’s testimony and resolving all conflicts in favor of the ruling

below, the trial court’s conclusion that Brumbelow’s “only action demonstrating any

intent to develop a familial bond with [E. M.] was filing his petition for

legitimation”58 is wholly unsupported by the evidence. Indeed, even the trial court’s

order acknowledged additional actions Brumbelow took to pursue his opportunity

interest in fathering E. M., such as attending at least one prenatal doctor’s

appointment and requesting visitation with E. M. at least once after the petition for

legitimation was filed. Although the trial court may have found those actions to be

insignificant, they certainly constitute relevant actions other than filing a timely

legitimation petition. Moreover, the trial court failed to acknowledge other actions

taken by Brumbelow less than two months after the child’s birth, such as obtaining

legal counsel, initiating a meeting with Mathenia at his attorney’s office to express

his desire to parent E. M., and filing the instant action without delay. Additionally,

the offer of financial and emotional assistance to Mathenia by Brumbelow’s mother

should also have been considered by the trial court in its analysis. While Brumbelow




      58
           (Emphasis supplied).

                                         30
certainly could have done more, assuming that Mathenia or the Halls would have

been receptive to such efforts, that is not—as we have already explained—the

relevant legal standard, and given the particular circumstances of this case, we simply

cannot say that Brumbelow “has done so little as to constitute abandonment.”59

      59
         Magdangal, 313 Ga. App. at 525 (1) (punctuation omitted); see Bowers, 271
Ga. App. at 270-71 (holding that the evidence did not support the trial court’s denial
of the biological father’s legitimation petition when, inter alia, the father had no
contact with and offered no financial assistance to the mother during her pregnancy,
but he “filed his legitimation petition before the child’s birth; [and] [the mother],
vested by state law with exclusive control over the not-yet-legitimated child, made
a unilateral decision to place the child for adoption” (footnote omitted)); Doe, 188
Ga. App. at 880 (1) (holding, in a case in which the mother surrendered her parental
rights and the baby was placed in the custody of prospective adoptive parents shortly
after birth, that the trial court did not err in finding that a biological father did not
abandon his opportunity interest in a parent-child relationship when he did not learn
of the pregnancy and birth until two months after the fact, at which point he
“vigorously pursued his opportunity interest to establish parental relationship”); see
also Caldwell, 312 Ga. App. at 72-73 (1) (“While a father’s lack of involvement prior
to a child’s birth is as significant as such a disregard after the child is born, we are
aware of no authority limiting a trial court’s inquiry into whether a father has
abandoned his opportunity interest to the period before the child’s birth especially
where, as here, the father evinced such a clear intent to be involved in his child’s life
following his birth.” (citation and punctuation omitted)). Cf. Neill, 320 Ga. App. at
825-26 (1) (holding that the undisputed evidence established that the biological father
abandoned his opportunity interest in a parent-child relationship when, inter alia, the
father waited four years after learning that the child was his biological daughter
before deciding that he wanted to have a parent-child relationship with her and filing
a legitimation petition and there was no evidence of any actions by the mother or her
family prevented him from filing the petition earlier); In Interest of D. S. P., 233 Ga.
App. at 348-49 (2) (holding that the trial court did not err in finding that the
biological father abandoned his opportunity interest in developing a relationship with

                                           31
       3. While a finding of abandonment is sufficient to deny a legitimation

petition,60 the trial court also made a summary finding that denying Brumbelow’s

legitimation petition was in E. M.’s best interests. In this regard, we have explained

that when a court determines the unwed father has not abandoned his opportunity

interest in a parent-child relationship, as we have in Division 2 supra, “depending on

the nature of the putative father’s relationship with the child and other surrounding

circumstances, the standard for evaluating whether legitimation is appropriate is

either a test of his fitness as a parent or the best interest of the child.”61

       In In the Interest of Baby Girl Eason,62 our Supreme Court acknowledged that

there are “circumstances in which the best interests of the child standard is

adequate.”63 For example, when there is a divorce “each party has equal rights and a


his child when, although he took actions to challenge the adoption and establish
paternity only two months after the child was born, he was aware of the mother’s plan
for the child to be adopted, he had no communication with the mother for at least nine
months, and he continually failed to provide any emotional or financial support to the
mother).
       60
            See supra note 19 & accompanying text.
       61
        Morris, 309 Ga. App. 387, 388-89 (2) (punctuation omitted); accord Durden
v. Anderson, 338 Ga. App. 565, 565-66 (1) (790 SE2d 818) (2016).
       62
            257 Ga. 292 (358 SE2d 459) (1987).
       63
            Id. at 296 (1).

                                            32
fitness test cannot be used, . . . a best interests test is sufficient.”64 And the best-

interests-of-the-child standard is likewise adequate when “an unwed father who faces

a mother who has custody and a stepfather who seeks to adopt.”65 But these were not

the circumstances in Eason and they are not the circumstances before us now. Instead,

Eason concerned “an unwed father, an infant some nine months old, adopting parents

who ha[d] been in custody of the child virtually all its short life, and a mother who

ha[d] surrendered her rights in the child in favor of the adoption.”66 And under these

circumstances, the Eason Court concluded that “[t]he adoption laws were being

pursued through the courts and this account[ed] for the placement of the child with

the adopting parents[,] [and] . . .[t]he unwed father ha[d] a constitutionally protected

interest which [could not] be denied him through state action.”67




      64
           Id.
      65
           Id.
      66
           Id.
      67
           Id. at 297 (1).

                                          33
      As in Eason, the relationship E. M. has developed with his prospective

adoptive parents did not take place in the absence of state action. Here, Mathenia,

      vested by state law with exclusive control over the not-yet-legitimated
      child,[68] made a unilateral decision to place the child for adoption; and,
      if not abandoned by him, [Brumbelow’s] opportunity to develop a
      relationship with the child will be lost through the action of the court in
      denying his petition to legitimate.”69


And when an opportunity to develop a relationship with his biological child is lost

due to state action, “a fit biological father who pursues his interest in order to obtain

full custody of his child must be allowed to prevail over strangers to the child who

seek to adopt.”70 This is because Brumbelow has a “constitutionally protected interest


      68
          See OCGA § 19-7-25 (“Only the mother of a child born out of wedlock is
entitled to custody of the child, unless the father legitimates the child as provided in
Code Section 19-7-22. Otherwise, the mother may exercise all parental power over
the child.”).
      69
           Bowers, 271 Ga. App. at 270-71.
      70
         In the Interest of Baby Girl Eason, 257 Ga. at 296 (1) (emphasis supplied);
accord Doe, 188 Ga. App. at 880 (1); see Bowers, 271 Ga. App. at 270 (holding that
when the mother, vested by state law with exclusive control over a not-yet-
legitimated child makes a unilateral decision to place the child for adoption, the
father, if not abandoned by him, loses his opportunity interest to develop a
relationship with the child through state action, and under such circumstances, there
is sufficient state action to compel use of the fitness standard in determining the
father’s right to legitimate the child).

                                           34
which cannot be denied him through state action.”71 In sum, because Brumbelow has

“not abandoned his opportunity interest, the standard which must be used [upon

remand] to determine his right to legitimate the child is his fitness as a parent to have

custody of the child.”72 And if he is fit, “he must prevail.”73

      Lastly, we acknowledge that OCGA § 19-7-1 (b.1), the current version of

which was enacted after Eason, provides that a court must consider the best interests

of the child “in any action involving the custody of a child between the parents or

either parent and a third party limited to grandparent, great-grandparent, aunt, uncle,

great aunt, great uncle, sibling, or adoptive parent . . . .”74 But as recently as 2015,

this Court held that Eason “remains binding precedent despite the adoption in 1996

of OCGA § 19-7-1 (b.1), which concerns custody disputes between legal parents and

certain third parties, including prospective adoptive parents.”75 Moreover, in 2001,

      71
           In the Interest of Baby Girl Eason, 257 Ga. at 297 (1).
      72
           Id.
      73
           Id.
      74
           OCGA § 19-7-1 (b.1) (effective date April 28, 2014) (emphasis supplied).
      75
         In the Interest of B. H.-W., 332 Ga. App. at 273 n.2; see Bowers, 271 Ga.
App. at 271 (relying on In the Interest of Baby Girl Eason and holding that an unwed
biological father had not abandoned his opportunity interest in a parent-child
relationship, and because the relationship between the child and the prospective

                                           35
the Supreme Court of Georgia clarified that “Eason does not stand for the proposition

that the fitness test is the substantive standard applicable to every legitimation

petition but recognized a continuum of rights, specific to the facts of each case, to

which varying standards could be applied.”76 Instead, Eason held that

      the parental fitness standard must be used to determine the father’s right
      to legitimate the child because it was the State’s action which interfered
      with the father’s rights with respect to the child and which allowed for
      the development of the parent/child relationship between the child and
      the adopting parents.77


And the Eason Court made clear that, “absent the State’s involvement and under other

circumstances, the best interests of the child standard would be adequate.”78 Here, as

in Eason, we have a biological father who pursued his opportunity interest in

adoptive parents had not developed “in the absence of state participation[,]” the case
was remanded solely for a determination of whether the father was a fit parent).
      76
           Davis, 274 Ga. at 6.
      77
           Id.
      78
         Id. at 6-7; see Quilloin, 434 U.S. at 255 (II) (A) (affirming a decision from
the Supreme Court of Georgia and holding that a court can deny a legitimation
petition of a fit unwed biological father who has not abandoned his child when the
father sought to remove the child from a family unit already in existence with his
biological mother and stepfather, and distinguishing cases like this one in which the
State places a child “with a new set of parents with whom the child had never before
lived”).

                                         36
parenting his biological child, who has been in the custody of prospective adoptive

parents since birth, and if the trial court determines on remand that he is a fit parent,

his petition must be granted.79

       For all these reasons, we reverse the trial court’s finding that Brumbelow

abandoned his opportunity interest in a relationship with E. M., but remand the case

for the trial court to determine whether Brumbelow is a fit parent, rather than whether

denying his legitimation petition is in E. M.’s best interests. As previously noted, if

the trial court concludes that Brumbelow is a fit parent, his legitimation petition must

be granted.

       Judgment reversed and case remanded. Doyle, P. J., and Mercier, J., concur.




       79
          See In the Interest of Baby Girl Eason, 257 Ga. at 296 (1) (holding that if a
biological father who sought to legitimate a child who had been placed with
prospective adoptive parents has not abandoned his opportunity interest in parenting
the child, “the standard which must be used to determine his right to legitimate the
child is his fitness as a parent to have custody of the child[,][and] [i]f he is fit he must
prevail”); see supra note 70.

                                            37
