14-1166
Herrera-Gomez v. United States


                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                           FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                       August Term, 2013

                                   (Decided: June 17, 2014)

                                       Docket No. 14-1166

______________________________________________________

Juan Carlos Herrera-Gomez,

                         Petitioner,

                v.

United States of America,

                         Respondent.

______________________________________________________



Before:         Winter, Walker, and Cabranes, Circuit Judges

        Prisoner’s motion for leave to file a successive 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion is
denied because Peugh v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2072 (2013), did not announce a
new rule of constitutional law that has been made retroactive by the Supreme Court,
and, to the extent Petitioner purports to rely on “new evidence” within the meaning of
§ 2255(h), he has failed to demonstrate that he exercised due diligence in his search
for that evidence and its submission to this Court.




                                                1
     For Juan Carlos Herrera-Gomez:                     Juan Carlos Herrera-Gomez, pro se,
                                                        Youngstown, Ohio



 1   PER CURIAM:

 2          Juan Carlos Herrera-Gomez, pro se, seeks leave to file a successive 28 U.S.C. §

 3   2255 motion in the district court presenting claims based on the Supreme Court’s

 4   recent holding in Peugh v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2072 (2013), and evidence that is

 5   purported to be newly discovered. For the reasons stated below, we deny his motion.


 6                                               I


 7          In 2007, Herrera-Gomez pleaded guilty, pursuant to a plea agreement, to

 8   conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute heroin, in violation of 21

 9   U.S.C. § 846, and was sentenced in the United States District Court for the Southern

10   District of New York (John G. Koeltl, Judge), principally to 135 months’

11   imprisonment. Because his plea agreement contained a waiver of his right to appeal

12   or collaterally attack his conviction or sentence, we dismissed his direct appeal. See

13   United States v. Morales (Herrera-Gomez), No. 07-4788 (2d Cir. Jul. 18, 2008).

14   Herrera-Gomez’s 2008 motion to vacate his conviction pursuant to § 2255, raising

15   arguments that are not now relevant, was denied by the District Court as barred by that

16   same waiver and, in any event, meritless. See Herrera-Gomez v. United States, No.

17   08-cv-7299, dkt. 7 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 1, 2009). We denied a certificate of appealability.


                                                  2
 1       See Herrera-Gomez v. United States, No. 10-881, dkt. 19 (2d Cir. Jul. 8, 2010).


 2               In his present motion to this Court for leave to file a successive § 2255 motion

 3       in the District Court,1 Herrera-Gomez argues that his sentence is unconstitutional in

 4       light of both newly discovered evidence and the Supreme Court’s holding in Peugh

 5       that a “retrospective increase in the Guidelines range applicable to a defendant creates

 6       a sufficient risk of a higher sentence to constitute an ex post facto violation.” 133 S.

 7       Ct. at 2084. However, Herrera-Gomez does not assert that the Sentencing Guidelines

 8       applicable to his federal conviction were retrospectively increased. Instead, he

 9       challenges the propriety of a state conviction that was used to enhance the federal

10       sentence imposed on September 26, 2007, by the District Court.


11               Specifically, he contends that his 1996 New York state conviction for driving

12       while intoxicated (“DWI”) was improper because he was not legally intoxicated under

13       the then-operative state laws. He contends that, at the time of his DWI arrest in 1995,



     1

         Subsection (h) of § 2255 provides that:

                 A second or successive motion must be certified as provided in section 2244 by
                 a panel of the appropriate court of appeals to contain‐‐(1) newly discovered
                 evidence that, if proven and viewed in light of the evidence as a whole, would
                 be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that no reasonable
                 factfinder would have found the movant guilty of the offense; or(2) a new rule
                 of  constitutional  law,  made  retroactive  to  cases  on  collateral  review  by  the
                 Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable.

         28 U.S.C. § 2255 (h).

                                                                 3
 1   his blood alcohol level was 0.09 percent, but the state legislature lowered the

 2   blood-alcohol threshold for a DWI conviction from 0.10 percent to 0.08 percent only

 3   in 2009, well after his arrest and conviction. He argues that the district court’s use of

 4   this DWI conviction to enhance his federal sentence constituted an ex post facto

 5   violation, in contravention of Peugh. Furthermore, he argues that his proposed

 6   successive § 2255 motion relies on newly discovered evidence: a press release from

 7   the Governor’s office announcing the 2009 amendment of the DWI laws, which he

 8   claims he only recently discovered.


 9                                               II


10          Herrera-Gomez previously challenged his federal conviction in a § 2255

11   motion. His prior motion raised claims regarding the same criminal judgment and was

12   decided on the merits: accordingly, his proposed new § 2255 motion would be

13   “successive” within the meaning of § 2255(h). See Vu v. United States, 648 F.3d 111,

14   113 (2d Cir. 2011).


15          The Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”) created “a

16   gatekeeping mechanism, by which [courts of appeals] were assigned the task of

17   deciding in the first instance whether a successive federal habeas corpus application

18   could proceed.” Haouari v. United States, 510 F.3d 350, 352 (2d Cir. 2007). We are

19   required to deny authorization to pursue any successive § 2255 motion, unless it

                                                  4
 1       contains a new claim based on:



 2              (1) newly discovered evidence that, if proven and viewed in light of the
 3              evidence as a whole, would be sufficient to establish by clear and
 4              convincing evidence that no reasonable factfinder would have found the
 5              movant guilty of the offense; or

 6              (2) a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral
 7              review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable.

 8       28 U.S.C. § 2255(h) (emphasis supplied). We deny Herrera-Gomez’s motion,

 9       because he fails to meet either of these standards.2

10                                                    A.

11              Herrera-Gomez contends that the Supreme Court announced a new rule of

12       constitutional law in Peugh. That may be. See Hawkins v. United States, 724 F.3d

13       915, 917-18 (7th Cir. 2013) (stating that Peugh implied it created a new procedural

14       rule). But “a new rule is not ‘made retroactive to cases on collateral review’ unless

15       the Supreme Court holds it to be retroactive.” Tyler v. Cain, 533 U.S. 656, 663

16       (2001). “The clearest instance, of course, in which [the Supreme Court] can be said to

17       have ‘made’ a new rule retroactive is where [it has] expressly [ ] held the new rule to

18       be retroactive in a case of collateral review and applied the rule to that case.” Id. at

19       668 (O’Connor, J., concurring). However, the Supreme Court left open the possibility


     2

                 For present purposes, we assume without deciding that Peugh is relevant to the facts
         of Herrera-Gomez’s case.

                                                       5
 1   that, “with the right combination of holdings,” it could make a new rule retroactive for

 2   purposes of the successive habeas statutes over the course of two or more cases, but

 3   “only if the holdings in those cases necessarily dictate retroactivity of the new rule.”

 4   Id. at 666. The Supreme Court has not made the Peugh rule retroactive by any of

 5   these means.


 6          The Supreme Court announced the Peugh rule on direct appeal, and did not

 7   expressly hold it to be retroactive to cases on collateral review. See generally Peugh,

 8   133 S. Ct. 2072. Furthermore, although the Supreme Court has granted certiorari for

 9   the purpose of vacating and remanding several cases in light of Peugh, none of those

10   cases involved collateral attacks on convictions. See, e.g., Sanchez v. United States, 134

11   S. Ct. 146 (2013); Dunn v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2825 (2013); Gonzales-Zavala v. United

12   States, 133 S. Ct. 2830 (2013).



13          The Supreme Court has described two categories of cases previously held to be

14   retroactive: new substantive rules that place “certain kinds of primary, private

15   individual conduct beyond the power of the criminal law-making authority to

16   proscribe”; and new procedural rules that “are implicit in the concept of ordered

17   liberty.” Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 311 (1989) (citations and quotation marks

18   omitted); see Chaidez v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 1103, 1107 n.3 (2013) (continuing

19   to recognize only the two Teague exceptions). Peugh does not fit into either of these



                                                  6
 1   categories.



 2          The latter category—procedural rules—is reserved for “watershed rules of

 3   criminal procedure” that “‘alter our understanding of the bedrock procedural

 4   elements’” of the adjudicatory process. Teague, 489 U.S. at 311 (internal quotation

 5   marks omitted). A watershed rule “must be one ‘without which the likelihood of an

 6   accurate conviction is seriously diminished.’” Schriro v. Summerlin, 542 U.S. 348,

 7   352 (2004) (quoting Teague, 489 U.S. at 313). This “class of rules is extremely

 8   narrow.” Id.; see also, e.g., Saffle v. Parks, 494 U.S. 484, 495 (1990) (suggesting

 9   Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963), which established defendants’ right to

10   counsel in criminal trials for serious crimes, as an example of the type of case that

11   would fit this exception).



12          Peugh did not establish a “watershed rule of criminal procedure” because it

13   simply changed the discretion afforded to judges in determining which Guidelines to

14   apply at sentencing. Cf. Guzman v. United States, 404 F.3d 139, 143 (2d Cir. 2005)

15   (finding that United States v. Booker, which held the Guidelines to be advisory, did

16   not establish a watershed rule of procedure because “the only change [is] the degree of

17   flexibility judges . . . enjoy” in imposing sentence (alterations in original)). Thus,

18   Peugh did not set forth a watershed rule of procedure such that it would apply

19   retroactively under Teague. Our sister circuits who have considered this issue are in


                                                  7
 1   accord. See Hawkins v. United States, 724 F.3d 915, 917-18 (7th Cir. 2013); Rogers v.

 2   United States, No. 12-6141, —F. App’x—, 2014 WL 1272121, at *3 (6th Cir. Mar.

 3   31, 2014).



 4          In sum, we hold that the rule announced in Peugh does not constitute “a new

 5   rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the

 6   Supreme Court.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h)(2). As a result, we cannot authorize the filing

 7   of Herrera-Gomez’s successive motion on this basis.



 8                                              B.



 9          Alternatively, Herrera-Gomez purports to rely on newly discovered evidence,

10   such that his successive § 2255 motion may be authorized pursuant to § 2255(h)(1).

11   He argues that he has recently discovered that the minimum blood alcohol content for

12   a DWI conviction at the time of his 1995 arrest was 0.10%, which was 0.01% higher

13   than his actual blood alcohol content. As a preliminary matter, we have reason to

14   doubt that the factual basis of his claim is newly discovered: Herrera-Gomez admits

15   that he discussed the blood alcohol issue with his attorney, which presumably

16   occurred during the pendency of his criminal case. If this is true, the purported

17   evidence is not “new” within the meaning of § 2255(h)(1)–specifically, if

18   Herrera-Gomez knew the blood alcohol threshold for a DWI conviction prior to his

19   plea and sentence in 2007, it is irrelevant that he recently discovered a press release
                                                  8
 1   concerning the 2009 amendment.


 2          Even assuming that the blood alcohol requirement for a DWI conviction was

 3   not actually known to him at the time of his initial § 2255 proceedings, however,

 4   Herrera-Gomez has failed to explain why he, who was represented by counsel at all

 5   relevant times, could not have discovered this evidence earlier. Although §

 6   2255(h)(1) does not explicitly address the matter, we hold now that § 2255 movants

 7   are required to act with “due diligence” in investigating and presenting their claims

 8   based on newly discovered evidence.


 9          Prior to AEDPA’s enactment, a § 2255 claim based on newly-discovered

10   evidence could not be presented to the courts unless the movant demonstrated that he

11   had acted with due diligence. See McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467, 498 (1991)

12   (noting that, under pre-AEDPA law, a prisoner was required to show “cause” for why

13   a successive habeas petition should be permitted by demonstrating that he

14   “conduct[ed] a reasonable and diligent investigation aimed at including all relevant

15   claims and grounds for relief in the first federal habeas petition” (emphasis added)).

16   There is nothing to suggest that Congress intended to eliminate that requirement for

17   successive § 2255 motions when it amended the statute by enacting AEDPA. Cf.

18   Camarano v. Irvin, 98 F.3d 44, 46 (2d Cir. 1996) (finding that “nothing in [AEDPA’s]

19   legislative history . . suggests that Congress wished to depart from [a] long standing



                                                 9
 1   and widely accepted” rule—concerning the non-preclusive effect of a habeas petition

 2   dismissed without prejudice—which was not expressly altered by AEDPA). 

 3   Rather, AEDPA merely “codifie[d] some of the pre‐existing limits on

 4   successive [motions],” and “transfer[red] from the district court to the court of

 5   appeals a screening function which would previously have been performed

 6   by the district court.”  Felker v. Turpin, 518 U.S. 651, 664 (1996).



 7         Furthermore, we have previously concluded that various successive

 8   habeas petition requirements found in 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b) were incorporated

 9   by reference into § 2255(h).  Section 2255(h) provides that a second or

10   successive § 2255 motion must be authorized “as provided in section 2244.” 

11   Because that language “makes no effort to specify which provisions of § 2244

12   it intends to incorporate[,] . . . it is logical to assume that Congress intended to

13   refer to all of the subsections of § 2244 dealing with the authorization of

14   second and successive motions.ʺ  Triestman v. United States, 124 F.3d 361, 367

15   (2d Cir. 1997) (importing other § 2244(b) requirements into § 2255(h)); see

16   Green v. United States, 397 F.3d 101, 102 (2d Cir. 2005) (stating, in dicta without

17   discussion, that the due diligence requirement of § 2244(b)(2)(B) applies to

18   successive § 2255 motions).  
                                               10
 1             While it is possible that Herrera‐Gomez did not previously know New

 2       York’s pre‐2009 DWI requirements, he has not alleged, and the record does

 3       not suggest, that he could not have discovered this information through the

 4       exercise of due diligence prior to the filing of his first § 2255 motion in 2008. 

 5       Therefore, we cannot authorize Herrera‐Gomez’s successive § 2255 motion on

 6       the basis of this purportedly newly discovered evidence.3



 7                                                III.

 8             To summarize, we hold that:

 9             (1)  The rule announced in Peugh v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2072 (2013),
10             does not constitute “a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive
11             to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court.”  28 U.S.C. §
12             2255(h)(2). 

13             (2) To the extent Petitioner purports to rely on “new evidence” within
14             the meaning of § 2255(h), he has failed to demonstrate that he exercised
15             due diligence in his search for that evidence and its submission to this
16             Court.

17       We have also considered Herrera‐Gomez’s remaining contentions and find
18       them to be without merit.  Accordingly, the motion for leave to file a
19       successive 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion is denied. 


     3

                  In light of this conclusion, we need not assess whether Herrera-Gomez
         satisfied his prima facie burden of showing that, had the proffered evidence
         been presented during his criminal proceedings, “no reasonable factfinder
         would have found [him] guilty.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h)(1).
                                                    11
