                               RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                      File Name: 20a0031p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                  ┐
                                   Plaintiff-Appellee,      │
                                                            │
                                                             >        No. 18-6034
       v.                                                   │
                                                            │
                                                            │
 RESHON TOLLIVER,                                           │
                               Defendant-Appellant.         │
                                                            ┘

                       Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Western District of Tennessee at Memphis.
                 No. 2:17-cr-20060-16—Sheryl H. Lipman, District Judge.

                             Decided and Filed: January 29, 2020

             Before: COLE, Chief Judge; COOK and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.

                                     _________________

                                           COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Jarrod J. Beck, LAW OFFICE OF JARROD J. BECK, PLLC, Lexington,
Kentucky, for Appellant. Mark A. Erskine, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE,
Memphis, Tennessee, for Appellee.

       The court delivered a PER CURIAM opinion. THAPAR, J. (pp. 7–8), delivered a
separate concurring opinion.
                                     _________________

                                            OPINION
                                     _________________

      PER CURIAM.        The government accused Reshon Tolliver of participating in a
nationwide marijuana distribution ring. The conspiracy funneled money and drugs between a
supplier in California and a large-scale dealer in Memphis. The government believed that
 No. 18-6034                         United States v. Tolliver                             Page 2


Tolliver helped the California supplier transport marijuana and move money around. Tolliver
fought the charges at trial. After four days and several witnesses, the jury acquitted him on the
marijuana conspiracy but convicted on the money laundering conspiracy.

       Tolliver now appeals. He argues: (1) the district court violated the Speedy Trial Act,
(2) the evidence was not enough to convict him, and (3) the district court erred in calculating the
forfeiture amount.

       1. The Speedy Trial Act. The Speedy Trial Act requires that the government try a
criminal defendant within 70 days (with certain delays excused) of the defendant’s indictment or
first court appearance, whichever comes later.    United States v. Sherer, 770 F.3d 407, 410–11
(6th Cir. 2014). If courts do not follow the Speedy Trial Act’s 70-day rule, the remedy is
dismissal (either with or without prejudice). 18 U.S.C. § 3162(a)(2).

       Defendants also face their own requirements under the Speedy Trial Act. See Sherer,
770 F.3d at 411. The Act requires that defendants make a motion to dismiss on speedy trial
grounds. And in Sherer, we explained that a defendant must make that motion after the deadline
has passed. Id. In other words, “[t]he proper course [is] to challenge the continuance on day
seventy-one (or later)[.]” Id. So a defendant can only complain about a speedy trial violation
after the violation has already occurred.

       Sherer governs here, and Tolliver failed to meet its requirements. Even construing his
objection on April 26, 2018, as a motion to dismiss under the Act, his objection came too soon.
The tally had not yet hit 70 days. By way of background, certain days are excluded from the
count under the Speedy Trial Act. 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h). Those include days during which pre-
trial motions are pending and delays that further the ends of justice. Id. § 3161(h)(1)(D),
(h)(7)(A). When Tolliver objected, 86 calendar days had passed since his initial appearance.
But not all of those days count. At a minimum we would have to exclude the five days while
Tolliver’s motion for bond was pending. Id. § 3161(h)(1)(D). Plus the 13 days before his April
26 hearing, which Tolliver asked be excluded in a motion to continue. The district court
properly excluded that time because it served the ends of justice for Tolliver to receive the extra
days to decide whether to go to trial. Thus, subtracting 18 days from 86, the total number of
 No. 18-6034                         United States v. Tolliver                           Page 3


countable days falls below 70. Because Tolliver cannot meet Sherer’s timing requirement, his
claim asserting a violation of the Speedy Trial Act cannot prevail.

       2. Sufficiency of the Evidence. Tolliver argues we should unwind the jury’s decision to
find him guilty of conspiracy to commit money laundering. He faces an uphill battle. After all,
we take the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution and ask whether any rational
trier of fact could have found Tolliver guilty. United States v. Skinner, 690 F.3d 772, 781 (6th
Cir. 2012), abrogated on other grounds as stated in United States v. Penny, 777 F. App’x 142,
150–51 (6th Cir. 2019). The jury is the backbone of our constitutional system. As the Anti-
Federalists recognized, juries “have so long been considered the surest barrier against arbitrary
power, and the palladium of liberty[.]” Luther Martin, The Genuine Information Delivered to the
Legislature of the State of Maryland Relative to the Proceedings of the General Convention
Lately Held at Philadelphia, in 2 The Complete Anti-Federalist 19, 70 (Herbert J. Storing ed.
1981) (emphases omitted). As unelected judges, we must give juries due deference.

       Tolliver challenges not only the amount of evidence the government put forth against
him, but also the type of evidence. So we first consider whether the government was trying to
prove the right thing, then whether they put forth enough proof.

       As to the type of evidence, Tolliver says the government did not prove money laundering,
just payment for drugs. Tolliver cites an out-of-circuit case that he says supports the idea that
payment for drugs alone cannot be money laundering. See United States v. Harris, 666 F.3d 905
(5th Cir. 2012). But even if that were true, the holdings of our sister circuits do not bind us.
Rather, the binding precedent of our own circuit makes clear: payment for drugs can constitute
promotional money laundering.       See Skinner, 690 F.3d at 782; see also United States v.
Williamson, 656 F. App’x 175, 184 (6th Cir. 2016) (collecting cases).

       The idea is that using money gained from drug sales to buy more drugs promotes the
conspiracy by allowing it to continue or grow. United States v. Crosgrove, 637 F.3d 646, 654
(6th Cir. 2011). In a sense, the defendant reinvests the proceeds into the conspiracy, thus
promoting it. It’s a bit like reinvesting a stock dividend, or “letting it ride” after a lucky
gambling win.
 No. 18-6034                         United States v. Tolliver                           Page 4


          And that’s what happened here. The government’s evidence went to whether Tolliver
engaged in promotional money laundering. Indeed, our circuit has held that “[t]he paradigmatic
example” of promotional money laundering “is a drug dealer using the proceeds of a drug
transaction to purchase additional drugs and consummate future sales.”         United States v.
Warshak, 631 F.3d 266, 317 (6th Cir. 2010).

          That the money Tolliver allegedly moved around was income and not profits does not
change things. The Supreme Court once held that the government had to prove in certain cases
that laundered money was profit, not just income. United States v. Santos, 553 U.S. 507 (2008).
But Congress quickly amended the law so that was no longer true. Wooten v. Cauley, 677 F.3d
303, 309 n.1 (6th Cir. 2012) (“Congress overruled Santos in 2009 when it amended 18 U.S.C.
§ 1956 to define ‘proceeds’ as ‘gross receipts’ in all contexts.”); see 18 U.S.C. § 1956(c)(9).
Now, receipts are always enough.

          So the government did present the right type of evidence to prove promotional money
laundering. The question, then, is whether they put forth enough evidence to make their case.

          To prove conspiracy to commit promotional money laundering, the government had to
show that Tolliver knowingly and voluntarily joined an agreement between two or more people
to (1) conduct a financial transaction from the proceeds of illegal activity, (2) knowing the
money came from illegal activity, and (3) intending to promote that activity. Warshak, 631 F.3d
at 317.

          The government did just that. Based on the evidence at trial, a reasonable factfinder
could find that Tolliver conspired to launder money.

          First, the government showed that Tolliver made financial transactions with money from
illegal marijuana sales. For example, an FBI agent testified that Tolliver used bank accounts
bearing his name to transfer drug money back and forth across the country. The government
showed the jury bank records and several surveillance images depicting Tolliver making these
transactions. It also showed the jury a photo of Tolliver with the leader of the marijuana supply
operation. And it showed a video of the supply ringleader handing off a debit card to Tolliver,
 No. 18-6034                          United States v. Tolliver                            Page 5


with Tolliver later using the debit card at an ATM. Finally, the FBI agent testified that a co-
conspirator revealed that Tolliver was a “Do-Boy” for the supply kingpin. R. 698, Pg. ID 3155.

       Second, to show Tolliver’s knowledge, the government pointed to compelling
circumstantial evidence showing he knew what he was doing. For example, the agent mentioned
the close relationship between Tolliver and the supply ringleader, including their photograph
together. He also pointed to the fact that Tolliver sometimes used accounts not bearing his name
with debit cards that were not his, suggesting he knew something illicit was going on. He
showed that Tolliver was getting a cut of the proceeds, as he would often receive a deposit
thousands of dollars larger than he would later withdraw. Finally, the government discussed
timing. Not only was Tolliver making the financial transactions for a long time, he also appeared
to coordinate his actions with others in the conspiracy. In one case, he withdrew money from the
ATM immediately after money was deposited into his account by a co-conspirator. The jury
could infer from this coordination that Tolliver knew he was involved in the conspiracy.

       Third, the government showed that Tolliver’s actions promoted the conspiracy as the
financial transactions freed up money to buy more drugs. For example, wiretapped phone calls
showed the leaders of the conspiracy asking for more payment so that they could purchase more
marijuana. And the payments to the supplier covered both past purchases and prepayment for
future drugs. The jury could draw a connection between this evidence and the evidence of
Tolliver’s close relationship with the leader of the California operation to conclude that Tolliver
intended to promote the conspiracy.

       Overall, the government put forth enough evidence on each element of Tolliver’s crime.
Thus, we do not unwind the jury’s decision.

       3. Forfeiture. When someone gets paid through money laundering, the law requires they
forfeit the money laundered and any property traceable to the crime. The parties agree that
Tolliver should forfeit the laundered money in his accounts. But they disagree about whether the
district court properly included some of Tolliver’s gambling winnings and a $40,000 addition
based on testimony at sentencing.
 No. 18-6034                          United States v. Tolliver                           Page 6


       The government must support forfeiture by a preponderance of the evidence and must
show a nexus between the property and the crime. See 21 U.S.C. § 853(a); United States v.
Jones, 502 F.3d 388, 391–92 (6th Cir. 2007). Basically, the government must show that it was
more likely than not that the defendant either (1) gained the money from the illegal activity or
(2) derived the money from other money or property gained from the illegal activity. United
States v. Smith, 749 F.3d 465, 488 (6th Cir. 2014). In any case, the money must be traceable to
the offense. Id.

       The district court did not err in finding that Tolliver’s gambling winnings fell under this
umbrella. Tolliver gambled hundreds of thousands of dollars but put forth no evidence that he
had any source of income besides the cuts he got from the money laundering scheme. Indeed,
Tolliver filed no tax return for the two years in question. The district court also considered the
timing of Tolliver’s gambling. He was a long-time gambler, but the amount of money he
gambled skyrocketed once he joined the conspiracy. In the five years before his involvement in
the conspiracy, he never gambled with more than $23,000 per year. Yet in 2017, he gambled
over thirty times that much at $712,000. The district court did not err in deciding that this made
it more likely than not that Tolliver gambled with laundered money.

       So too, the district court did not err in adding the $40,000 based on testimony at
sentencing. There, the FBI agent said that he spoke with a co-conspirator who said she delivered
cash to Tolliver on more than one occasion (plus the bank transfers already accounted for). And
wiretap discussions showed that the average amount of cash she delivered was $40,000. The
district court found this evidence reliable. But in an abundance of caution, it only added $40,000
to the forfeiture calculation, even though the co-conspirator said she delivered money to Tolliver
more than once. Here again, a preponderance of the evidence shows that Tolliver would have
received at least $40,000 in cash as part of the money laundering conspiracy.

       For these reasons, the forfeiture calculation passes muster, as does the jury’s verdict and
the district court’s trial timing. We affirm.
 No. 18-6034                         United States v. Tolliver                            Page 7


                                      _________________

                                          CONCURRENCE
                                      _________________

        THAPAR, J., concurring. Rules are rules. In the Speedy Trial Act, Congress created a
clear rule that gave parties and judges notice of their rights and obligations. In doing so,
Congress set forth how to get a case dismissed for violations of the Act: move for dismissal.
18 U.S.C. § 3162(a)(2). And failure to make such a motion “constitute[s] a waiver of the right to
dismissal[.]” Id. This plain and simple process made the law easy to follow for both parties and
busy district courts.

        Then, like a council of revision, our court intervened to edit Congress’s work. See United
States v. Brown, 819 F.3d 800, 825 (6th Cir. 2016); see also Collins v. Mnuchin, 938 F.3d 553,
610–11 (2019) (en banc) (Oldham, J. and Ho, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)
(recounting that the Founders rejected a “council of revision” that would have given federal
judges veto power over legislation). In the process, we turned a clear rule into a standard—all
the while muddying the process. No longer need a defendant make a motion to dismiss. Brown,
819 F.3d at 825. Instead, an oral objection that does not ask the district judge to dismiss the
charges can sometimes be enough. Id.

        In doing so, I am not sure our court thought through the consequences. Imagine a
defendant wants to object to a continuance, but not request a last-minute dismissal. Why would
a defendant want to do this? Well, maybe because he doesn’t want to start over. After all, the
district court may dismiss the case without prejudice. 18 U.S.C. § 3162(a)(2). And for a
detained defendant, this is not great. The government simply re-indicts. And that often results in
continued detainment for the defendant. So what looked like a lifeline for defendants who fail to
move to dismiss may not be that at all.

        Another reason that a defense attorney may not move to dismiss—the weakness of the
government’s case. Imagine you are on the eve of trial and the government needs a continuance
to gather some evidence. Again, the defendant may want to object to any and all continuances,
but not move to dismiss. Because, as just discussed, the consequence could be dismissal without
 No. 18-6034                         United States v. Tolliver                             Page 8


prejudice. And now the government can do what it couldn’t do before—gather the evidence.
Here, the lifeline turns out to be for the government.

       With our new standard, district courts are left guessing. Is that objection a motion to
dismiss or just an objection? Clarity benefits everyone—the courts, the public, and criminal
defendants. That’s one reason, among many, that judges must follow the statutory text. See
Amul R. Thapar & Benjamin Beaton, The Pragmatism of Interpretation, 116 Mich. L. Rev. 819
(2018). Judges should interpret the law—we shouldn’t redline Congress’s work. Indeed, when
judges rewrite the words agreed upon by Congress and the President, we aggrandize our power
beyond its limits. See In re Univ. of Michigan, 936 F.3d 460, 462–63 (6th Cir. 2019). That’s
why the text—not our preferred outcome or better judgment—must always be the beginning and
end of interpretation.

       That brings us to this case. I would affirm because Tolliver did not request dismissal—
either orally or in writing. But even if we imagine that he did, I agree that motion came too late.
So I concur.
