                                                                        F I L E D
                                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                                                                         Tenth Circuit
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                         OCT 1 1997
                           FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                    PATRICK FISHER
                                                                             Clerk

    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

             Plaintiff-Appellee,

    v.                                                 No. 97-1294
                                                  (D.C. No. 97-CR-270-S)
    KIMBERLY A. NEWMAN,                                  (D. Colo.)

             Defendant-Appellant.


    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

             Plaintiff-Appellee,

    v.                                                 No. 97-1295
                                                  (D.C. No. 97-CR-270-S)
    THOMAS J. NEWMAN,                                    (D. Colo.)

             Defendant-Appellant.


                           ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before PORFILIO, EBEL, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.




*
      This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
      After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

these appeals. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The cases are

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

      We have consolidated these appeals on our own motion. See Fed. R. App.

p. 3(b). Defendants/appellants Kimberly A. and Thomas J. Newman appeal from

the district court’s order requiring their pretrial detention. We review de novo the

district court’s determination of mixed questions of law and fact concerning the

detention decision, while accepting its findings of historical fact in support of the

decision, unless they are clearly erroneous. See United States v. Kinslow, 105

F.3d 555, 557 (10th Cir. 1997).

      A defendant is generally entitled to pretrial release, unless his crime falls

within one of the categories enumerated in 18 U.S.C. § 3142(f)(1), or unless there

is a serious risk that he will flee, obstruct justice or tamper with witnesses or the

jury, see § 3142(f)(2). The district court determined that defendants were charged

with a “crime of violence.” See 18 U.S.C. § 3142(f)(1)(A). Having made this

determination, the district court further determined that no conditions or

combination of conditions would reasonably assure defendants’ appearance as

required and the safety of other persons and the community, See 18 U.S.C.

§ 3142(f).


                                          -2-
      Defendants first attack the finding that they are charged with a “crime of

violence.” Defendants are each charged with ten counts of possession of an

unregistered firearm. See 26 U.S.C. §§ 5861. The firearms in question are ten

fully functional pipe bombs, each containing powder, match heads and two-inch

nails or screws. See Appellant’s App. (Thomas Newman) at 93. Defendant

Thomas Newman allegedly delivered the pipe bombs to undercover Missouri state

troopers posing as members of a militia organization.

      Defendants contend that mere possession of the pipe bombs cannot be

considered a “crime of violence” within the meaning of § 3142(f)(1). A “crime of

violence” for purposes of this statute, is defined as

      (A) an offense that has [as] an element of the offense the use,
      attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person
      or property of another;

      (B) any other offense that is a felony and that, by its nature, involves
      a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of
      another may be used in the course of committing the offense; or

      (C) any felony under chapter 109A or chapter 110.

18 U.S.C. § 3156(a)(4).

      The district court concluded that possession of the pipe bombs satisfied the

criteria of either subsection (A) or subsection (B) of § 3156(a)(4). We are

satisfied that the offense here meets the criteria of subsection (B). Possession of

unregistered pipe bombs, by its very nature, involves a substantial risk of injury to


                                          -3-
the person or property of another. Pipe bombs are “inherently dangerous weapons

for which no peaceful purpose can be seriously suggested, regardless of whether

the weapons actually are used.” United States v. Dodge, 846 F. Supp. 181, 184

(D. Conn. 1994). 1

      Having concluded that defendants are indeed charged with a “crime of

violence,” we move on to their challenge to the district court’s finding that no

condition or combination of conditions would reasonably assure the safety of any

other person or the community if they were released. By statute, the facts used to

underlie this finding must be supported by clear and convincing evidence. See

18 U.S.C. § 3142(f). Having reviewed the record, we conclude that the district

court correctly determined that no condition or combination of conditions would

reasonably assure the safety of the community if the Newmans were released

pending trial.




1
       We are not otherwise persuaded by defendants’ cite to Stinson v. United
States, 508 U.S. 36 (1993), a case dealing with an analogous definition for “crime
of violence” in the sentencing guideline context. See United States Sentencing
Guidelines § 4B1.2. Although the Supreme Court required the district court to
give authoritative weight to commentary to the guidelines excluding the crime of
felon-in-possession from the definition of a “crime of violence,” see id., comment
n.2, the Court acknowledged that the gloss placed by the commentary might “not
be compelled by the guideline text.” Stinson, 508 U.S. at 47. Thus, Stinson
provides little or no guidance concerning application of the § 3156(a)(4)
definition at issue here.

                                        -4-
     The judgments of the United States District Court for the District of

Colorado are therefore AFFIRMED.



                                             ENTERED FOR THE COURT
                                             PER CURIAM




                                       -5-
