                                  [J-15-2017]
                   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                               MIDDLE DISTRICT

   SAYLOR, C.J., BAER, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, JJ.


OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATION AND                  :   No. 77 MAP 2016
PENNSYLVANIA STATE POLICE,                    :
                                              :   Appeal from the Order of the
                    Appellants                :   Commonwealth Court at No. 925 CD
                                              :   2015 dated December 29, 2015
                                              :   Affirming the Decision of the State
             v.                               :   Retirement Board issued on May 6,
                                              :   2015 at Nos. 2012-12, 2012-13, and
                                              :   2012-24
STATE EMPLOYEES' RETIREMENT                   :
BOARD, BRUCE A. EDWARDS,                      :   ARGUED: March 8, 2017
JOSEPH R. KOVEL, JOSEPH E. SARKIS,            :
PA STATE TROOPERS ASSOCIATION,                :
                                              :
                    Appellees                 :


                                        OPINION


JUSTICE DONOHUE                                         DECIDED: March 16, 2018

      Section 5302(b)(2) of the State Employees’ Retirement Code, 71 Pa C.S. §§

5101-5956 (“Retirement Code”), requires a public employer to permit an employee to

take leave to serve as a fulltime officer of a statewide employee organization (a union).

71 Pa.C.S. § 5302(b)(2). While on leave, the public employer “shall fully compensate

the member, including, but not limited to, salary, wages, pension and retirement

contributions and benefits, other benefits and seniority, as if he were in full-time active

service,” and the union must reimburse the employer for all amounts so paid. Id. In the

present case, we must determine whether compensation paid at higher amounts to

employees on leave must be considered when computing the employee’s retirement
benefit under the Retirement Code. To this end, we must decide whether our holding in

Kirsch v. Pub. Sch. Emp.’ Ret. Bd., 985 A.2d 671 (Pa. 2009), in which we decided the

same issue under the companion Public School Employees Retirement Code, 24

Pa.C.S. §§ 8101–9102 (“PSERC”), also applies here. We conclude that the relevant

statutory provisions of the Retirement Code and PSERC differ significantly and thus

compel a contrary result. Accordingly, we affirm the order of the Commonwealth Court.

                          I. Factual and Procedural History

      The facts and procedure underlying this matter, while lengthy, are necessary for

resolution of this appeal. Bruce Edwards, Joseph Sarkis and Joseph Kovel (collectively,

“Claimants”) are Pennsylvania State Police (“PSP”) officers and members of the

Pennsylvania State Troopers Association (“PSTA”).             The Commonwealth of

Pennsylvania (“Commonwealth”) and PSTA were parties to a collective bargaining

agreement, which expired on June 30, 2008.1 During negotiations for a successor

agreement, the Commonwealth and PSTA reached an impasse regarding, inter alia,

union officer leave. An Act 111 interest arbitration panel was convened, and it issued

an award on December 24, 2008 (“December Award”) that included, in relevant part, the




1  The right of firefighters and police officers to collectively bargain for purposes of
wages, hours, and working conditions is secured through the Police and Firemen
Collective Bargaining Act, commonly known as Act 111. See 43 P.S. §§ 217.1 - 217.10.
The dispute resolution process utilized when an Act 111 public employer and bargaining
agent are at impasse and unable to agree to a new contract is known as “interest
arbitration.” See 43 P.S. § 217.4. This may be contrasted with the process by which
parties to a collective bargaining agreement resolve disputes that arise under an
existing contract, which is known as “grievance arbitration.” Michael Lutz Lodge No. 5.
v. City of Philadelphia, 129 A.3d 1221, 1222-23 (Pa. 2015). While the collective
bargaining agreement at issue here was between the Commonwealth and PSTA, the
Commonwealth acted, ostensibly, on behalf of PSP.



                                    [J-15-2017] - 2
following leave provision providing for compensation for those officers while on leave

serving their union:

       Upon written request by PSTA, Union officers shall be released from duty.

              Union officers released from duty pursuant to State law shall
              be paid by the Commonwealth at the amount designated by
              PSTA Board of Directors, not to exceed the rate of the
              highest ranking member of the bargaining unit with
              appropriate longevity.       Any amount paid by the
              Commonwealth, including the cost of all benefits, shall be
              reimbursed by the PSTA to the Commonwealth, in
              accordance with law.

Pa. State Police v. State Emp.’ Ret. Bd., 131 A.3d 136, 137-38 (Pa. Commw. 2015)

(“PSP v. SERB”) (quoting December Award). The Office of Administration (“OA”)2 and

PSP (collectively, “Appellants”) appealed the December Award to the Commonwealth

Court, arguing that the arbitration award violated the creditable leave provision found in

section 5302(b)(2) of the Retirement Code, 71 Pa.C.S. § 5302(b)(2), as, in their view,

that section obligated the Commonwealth to pay




2   The OA is the administrator of the Commonwealth’s collective bargaining
agreements, and interest arbitration awards, with the unions representing the
Commonwealth’s employees, including the PSTA. Appellants’ Brief at 5.



                                     [J-15-2017] - 3
a trooper on union leave only the compensation that the trooper would receive “as if he

were in full-time active service.”3, 4 Id.

        The Commonwealth Court agreed with Appellants, basing its reasoning on this

Court’s holding and analysis in Kirsch v. Public School Employees’ Retirement Board,

985 A.2d 671 (Pa. 2009), and concluded that the union officer leave provision of the

December Award violated section 5302(b)(2)’s creditable leave provision because it

required the Commonwealth to pay officers on union leave more than they would

3   Section 5302(b)(2) provides, in relevant part:

               (b) Creditable leaves of absence.–
                                     ***
               (2) An active member on paid leave granted by an employer
               for purposes of serving as an elected full-time officer for a
               Statewide employee organization which is a collective
               bargaining representative under the act of June 24, 1968
               (P.L. 237, No 111), referred to as the Policemen and
               Firemen Collective Bargaining Act . . . : Provided, That for
               elected full-time officers such leave shall not be for more
               than three consecutive terms of the same office . . . ; that
               the employer shall fully compensate the member,
               including, but not limited to, salary, wages, pension and
               retirement contributions and benefits, other benefits and
               seniority, as if he were in full-time active service; and
               that the Statewide employee organization shall fully
               reimburse the employer for all expenses and costs of such
               paid leave.
71 Pa.C.S. § 5302(b)(2) (emphasis added). Section 5302 was amended by Act 2015-
93 (H.B. 1332), § 10, approved December 28, 2015, effective that same date, and
subsequently by Act 2017-5 (S.B. 1), § 306, approved June 12, 2017, effective that
same date, but these amendments do not alter the relevant sections of the statute for
purposes of our decision today.
4 For purposes of our Opinion, the rate of pay paid to union officers on fulltime leave is
referred to as the “union rate of pay.” Further, the difference between Claimants’ union
rate of pay and Claimants’ rate of pay in fulltime active service, the first generally being
greater than the second, is herein referred to as the “union differential.”



                                         [J-15-2017] - 4
receive if they were not on leave. Commonwealth v. Pa. State Troopers Ass’n, 979

A.2d 442 (Pa. Commw. 2009) (“PSTA I”).5

        By way of background, in Kirsch, recently retired public school employees on

union officer leave sought to utilize the compensation that they had received as union

officers – a compensation greater than they would have received had they remained in

their positions in the school district – for purposes of retirement computation. In this

regard, the school district had traditionally reported to the Public School Employees’

Retirement System (“PSERS”) only the compensation the union-leave employees would

have earned had they remained in their pre-union-leave positions with the school

district.   However, after the school district and the union entered into a collective

bargaining agreement that required the school district to report to PSERS the actual,

higher wages received by union-leave employees, those employees, upon retirement,

sought to have the higher salaries they had received while on leave, determined on an

annual ad hoc basis, included in their retirement benefit calculations. PSERS opposed

the retired employees’ request, arguing the retirees were not entitled to inflated pension

benefits under the definition of “leave for service with a collective bargaining

organization,” found in section 8102 of PSERC.

        Our Court considered the plain language of the definition, the context of the

statute, and its legislative background and purpose, and concluded that the “as if he


5 Notably, Judge Pellegrini dissented on this issue, concluding that the majority’s
reliance on Kirsch was inapt because the court was not being asked to review a Public
State Employees’ Retirement Board decision as to what pension credit a police officer
would receive when that officer retires. Rather, in Judge Pellegrini’s view, only when
the officers retire and the Public State Employees’ Retirement Board makes a decision,
which could then be appealed, would Kirsch be applicable. PSTA I, 979 A.2d at 448
(Pellegrini, J., concurring and dissenting).



                                     [J-15-2017] - 5
were in full-time active service” compensation language in the definition precluded the

school employees from receiving retirement credit for the higher salaries they were paid

while serving as union officials. Kirsch, 985 A.2d at 677. We further reasoned that,

because the salaries received by the school employees while on union leave were

determined on an ad hoc annual basis, and not pursuant to the standard salary

schedule, they were excluded from the definition of “compensation” under PSERC.

Therefore, our Court held that the union differential was not retirement-covered

compensation, and that only the salary corresponding with the position held at the

school district during the approved leave should be credited to the retiree’s retirement

earnings. Id. at 678.

      In the instant case, on appeal from PSTA I, a plurality of our Court found reliance

on Kirsch to be premature, concluding section 5302(b)(2) of the Retirement Code “does

not purport to address the pre-retirement concern of the level or amount of employee

salaries,” and that, therefore, the December Award did not violate the Retirement Code.

Commonwealth v. Pa. State Troopers Ass’n, 23 A.3d 966, 973 (Pa. 2011) (plurality)

(“PSTA II”).6 Of relevance here, in distinguishing Kirsch and finding that the December

Award was within the authority of the Act 111 arbitration panel and, as such, was

beyond the scope of our review, id. at 977, Justice McCaffery, writing for the plurality,

observed that “[t]he only issues in Kirsch [] were whether the employees should receive

credit for [the union differentials] for purposes of computing their retirement pension



6   Justice McCaffery authored the Opinion Announcing the Judgment of the Court,
joined by Justices Baer and Todd. Justice Orie Melvin concurred in the result. Chief
Justice Castille filed a dissenting opinion in which Justice Eakin joined, and Justice
Saylor filed a dissenting opinion in which Chief Justice Castille joined.



                                     [J-15-2017] - 6
benefits,” id. at 974, and that “the instant case does not involve the calculation of

pensions but the essential authority of an Act 111 interest arbitration panel to set

salaries,” id. at 975. Noting that Kirsch arose from an appeal of a decision of the Public

School Employees’ Retirement Board (“PSERB”) interpreting its mandate under

PSERC, and not from an appeal of an interest arbitration award under Act 111 or the

Public Employee Relations Act, Justice McCaffery observed that Kirsch “dealt with post-

employment retirement matters, not the salary requirements of present employees,

which are at issue in the instant case.” Id. at 976.

       Then-Justice, now-Chief Justice Saylor, joined by Chief Justice Castille, authored

a dissenting opinion, offering that the General Assembly’s intent in compensating an

employee on leave for union service “as if he were in full-time active service” was to

“preserve the ongoing accrual of retirement benefits for employees.” Id. at 979 (Saylor,

J., dissenting). Doing otherwise, according to the dissent, would “create an untenable

administrative burden on the Commonwealth and the retirement system.” Id. Chief

Justice Castille also authored a dissenting opinion, joined by Justice Saylor, in which he

would have found the Court’s prior decision in Kirsch — in which the Court considered

identical language and excluded union-approved salary from retirement calculation to

the extent it exceeded the school district’s standard salary — to be controlling.

       Following the issuance of our decision in PSTA II, Appellants complied with the

December Award and paid Claimants at the union rate of pay. All pay for members of

the bargaining unit of troopers is determined through collective bargaining.          The

collective bargaining agreement between the Commonwealth and PSTA’s, during

relevant times, based salary on rank (Trooper through Major) and years of service.




                                      [J-15-2017] - 7
More specifically, Claimant Edwards, who was on full-time union officer leave from

January 2007 through January 2012, during which he served as President of the PSTA,

was paid at the rate commensurate with the rank of a Major, although he held the rank

of a Sergeant while at PSP; Claimant Sarkis, who was on full-time officer leave from

October 2009 to January 2012, during which time he served as Vice President of the

PSTA, was paid as a Captain, although he held the rank of a Corporal while at PSP;

and beginning in January 2012, when he assumed the Presidency of the PSTA,

Claimant Kovel was paid as a Sergeant, although he previously held the rank of

Corporal. Although the Commonwealth paid Claimants at the union rate of pay, it did

not report the union differential as retirement-covered compensation or deduct pension

contributions based on the higher amounts. Instead, the Commonwealth reported only

Claimants’ rate of pay as if they were in fulltime active service as retirement-covered

compensation and deducted pension contributions accordingly.

      In July 2011, the PSTA asked the interest arbitration panel to reconvene. PTSA

sought a declaration from the panel that the union differentials were retirement-covered

compensation and that pension contributions should be withheld accordingly.        The

panel issued an Implementation Order on September 26, 2011 which, in relevant part,

directed that the Commonwealth:

             Deduct and continue to deduct from . . . all . . . wages paid
             while on union leave all appropriate contributions, including
             mandatory employee pension contributions from all sums
             paid to the affected members pursuant to [the union officer
             leave provision], effective retroactive to pay date January 7,
             2011. . . .

PSP v. SERB, 131 A.3d at 139 (citing the Implementation Order). After exhausting all

appeals of the Implementation Order, Appellants, in separate actions, requested a



                                    [J-15-2017] - 8
decision from the State Employees’ Retirement System (“SERS”) regarding how

Appellants should report Claimants’ union officer leave; how much compensation should

be reported under the Retirement Code; and what contributions should be made to

SERS for Claimants Edwards, Sarkis and Kovel. SERS ultimately determined that the

retirement computation should be based on the compensation Claimants would have

received if they had not been on union leave:

             [T]he compensation that the affected officers would have
             received in their positions as a State Police officer had they
             not been on union officer leave should be reported to SERS.
             Employer and member contributions should be made to
             SERS only on the compensation that the affected officers
             would have received as State Police officers had they not
             been on union officer leave.

Id., (citing SERS decision). The PSTA and Claimants appealed SERS’s determinations

to the State Employees’ Retirement Board (“Board”). Thereafter, Appellants filed a

petition to intervene, which the Board granted. A hearing officer was appointed and the

appeals were consolidated.

      On January 24, 2014, the hearing officer issued a decision concluding the union

differentials were not retirement-covered compensation under the Retirement Code.

Finding Kirsch controlling, the hearing officer reasoned that only the salaries Claimants

would have earned “as if” they were in fulltime active service were retirement-covered

compensation.    The hearing officer rejected Claimants’ argument that the different

definitions of “compensation” contained in the Retirement Code and PSERC, compare

71 Pa.C.S. § 5102, with 24 Pa.C.S. § 8102, rendered Kirsch distinguishable as in PSTA

II. The hearing officer further examined the legislative history of section 5203(b)(2),

offering that PSP employees on fulltime union leave were able to receive retirement




                                     [J-15-2017] - 9
credit only after section 5203(b)(2) was amended in 2006.           More specifically, the

hearing officer observed that, when the 2006 amendment was originally proposed in the

Senate, it read, in relevant part, that the member on leave would be paid “by an

employer for purposes of serving as an appointed or elected full-time official or officer at

his union rate of compensation.” However, the Hearing Officer stressed that the final

version of the 2006 amendment did not include the phrase “at his union rate of

compensation,” suggesting the union differential would not be the proper amount for

computing retirement benefits. PSP v. SERB, 131 A.3d at 140 (citing Hearing Officer’s

Opinion and Recommendation). Further, the hearing officer concluded that, to allow the

union differentials paid to Claimants to be considered retirement-covered compensation

would essentially allow a collective bargaining agreement or arbitration award to dictate

the pension rights of state employees, in disregard of section 5955 of the Retirement

Code which precludes, inter alia, collective bargaining agreements or arbitration awards

from altering pension rights. 71 Pa.C.S. § 5955.7 Claimants filed exceptions to the

hearing officer’s determination.



7   Section 5955 of the Retirement Code provides:

               Regardless of any other provision of law, pension rights of
               State employees shall be determined solely by this part or
               any amendment thereto, and no collective bargaining
               agreement nor any arbitration award between the
               Commonwealth and its employees or their collective
               bargaining representatives shall be construed to change any
               of the provisions herein, to require the board to administer
               pension or retirement benefits not set forth in this part, or
               otherwise require action by any other government body
               pertaining to pension or retirement benefits or rights of State
               employees.
(continued…)

                                      [J-15-2017] - 10
         The Board adopted the hearing officer’s findings of fact, but rejected her

conclusions of law, analysis, and recommendation, determining that she erred in finding

Kirsch controlling, and that the differences between the definition of “compensation”

found in the Retirement Code8 and PSERC9 prevented the Board from simply adopting


(…continued)
71 Pa.C.S. § 5955. Section 5955 was amended by Act 2015-93 (H.B. 1332), § 10,
approved December 28, 2015, effective that same date, and subsequently by Act 2017-
5 (S.B. 1), § 306, approved June 12, 2017, effective that same date, but these
amendments do not alter the relevant sections of the statute for purposes of our
decision today.
8   “Compensation” is defined in the Retirement Code, in relevant part, as:

                [p]ickup contributions plus remuneration actually received as
                a State employee excluding refunds for expenses,
                contingency and accountable expense allowances;
                excluding any severance payments or payments for unused
                vacation or sick leave; and excluding payments for military
                leave.
71 Pa.C.S. § 5102. Section 5102 was amended by Act 2015-93 (H.B. 1332), § 10,
approved December 28, 2015, effective that same date, and subsequently by Act 2017-
5 (S.B. 1), § 306, approved June 12, 2017, effective that same date, but these
amendments do not alter the relevant sections of the statute for purposes of our
decision today.
9   “Compensation” is defined in PSERC, in relevant part, as:

            [p]ickup contributions plus any remuneration received as a
            school employee excluding reimbursements for expenses
            incidental to employment and excluding any bonus,
            severance payments, any other remuneration or other
            emolument received by a school employee during his school
            service which is not based on the standard salary schedule
            under which he is rendering service, payments for unused
            sick leave or vacation leave, bonuses or other compensation
            for attending school seminars and conventions, payments
            under health and welfare plans based on hours of
            employment or any other payment or emolument which may
            be provided for in a collective bargaining agreement which
            may be determined by the Public School Employees’
(continued…)

                                      [J-15-2017] - 11
the Hearing Officer’s application of Kirsch to resolve Claimants’ appeals. Concluding,

as we noted in PSTA II, that the definition of compensation is broader in the Retirement

Code than in PSERC, and that, in contrast to Kirsch, the Retirement Code definition

was broad enough to encompass the union differentials received by Claimants, the

Board further noted that Claimants’ union differentials were a product “derived from the

normal salary schedule” found in the collective bargaining agreement, unlike the union

pay rate in Kirsch, which was negotiated annually on an ad hoc basis. Therefore, the

Board reasoned that, because the union differential “does not fall into any of the

categories of non-compensation payments found in section 5102’s definition, it must

therefore be ‘compensation’ for purposes of [the Retirement Code] and thus includible

as part of . . . Claimants’ retirement-covered compensation.” PSP v. SERB, 131 A.3d at

141 (quoting Board Decision at 37).     Accordingly, the Board overruled the hearing

officer’s determination and granted Claimants’ request that SERS treat the union

differentials as retirement-covered compensation.

      On appeal, the Commonwealth Court affirmed. Appellants argued that the Board

erred as a matter of law in concluding the union differentials were retirement-covered

compensation because, in their view, the Board’s interpretation was contrary to Kirsch,

and, further, that the December Award created or modified retirement benefits in

(…continued)
            Retirement Board to be for the purpose of enhancing
            compensation as a factor in the determination of final
            average salary, and excluding payments for military leave.
24 Pa.C.S. § 8102. Section 8102 was amended by Act 2015-93 (H.B. 1332), § 10,
approved December 28, 2015, effective that same date, and subsequently by Act 2017-
5 (S.B. 1), § 306, approved June 12, 2017, effective that same date, but these
amendments do not alter the relevant sections of the statute for purposes of our
decision today.



                                    [J-15-2017] - 12
violation of section 5955 of the Retirement Code.          The Board countered that its

conclusion was correct because it believed Kirsch was not controlling, maintaining that

the December Award did not alter the benefits formula or eligibility criteria established

by the Retirement Code, and, therefore, did not usurp its authority in violation of section

5955. Id. at 141.

       The Commonwealth Court acknowledged that the central issue in the case was

the proper interpretation of the relevant provisions of the Retirement Code:            the

definition of “compensation” in section 5102 and the creditable leave provision in section

5302(b)(2). Id. at 142. Noting that, as SERS members, Claimants’ retirement benefits

are calculated using a formula that takes into account both the amount of credited

service and the amount of compensation paid during such credited service, the court

observed that, although it is questionable whether union officer leave would be

considered state service without section 5302(b)(2), that section explicitly provides that

such time shall be credited to a state employee “as if he were in full-time active service.”

Id. Thus, under section 5302(b)(2), the court reasoned the salary received by those on

fulltime union leave is considered the salary received by a state employee. Id. Under

section 5102 of the Retirement Code, “remuneration actually received as a State

employee” is considered retirement-covered compensation unless it falls into one of the

enumerated exclusions: refunds for expenses, contingency and accountable expense

allowances; severance payments or payments for unused vacation or sick leave; and

payments for military leave.     Id.    Therefore, the court concluded, because it was

undisputed that the salaries received while on fulltime union leave did not fall into any of




                                       [J-15-2017] - 13
the exclusions listed in the definition of compensation, the remuneration received by

PSP officers on fulltime union leave was retirement-covered compensation. Id.

       With regard to Appellants’ contention that the Board’s interpretation was contrary

to our holding in Kirsch, the Commonwealth Court embraced the Board’s reasoning

that, because the definition of compensation in PSERC differed from the definition of

compensation in the Retirement Code, the Board was not compelled to apply the

holding in Kirsch to the instant case

              In both Kirsch and the present case, employees on full-time
              union leave could only receive retirement credit “as if [they]
              were in full-time active service.” The difference between
              Kirsch and the instant case is that in Kirsch, the school
              employees, even if not on union leave, would not have been
              entitled to have any portion of their salary outside of the
              standard salary schedule credited as retirement-covered
              compensation, while Claimants here, whether on full-time
              union leave or not, are entitled to have all remuneration
              credited as retirement-covered compensation (except for
              exclusions not applicable here). The Board’s interpretation
              and application, therefore, were not contrary to law or clearly
              erroneous.

Id. at 144.

       Finally, as to Appellants’ claim that the Board erred in concluding the union

differentials were retirement-covered compensation because, in doing so, it allowed the

December Award to create or modify Claimants’ retirement benefits in violation of

section 5955, the Commonwealth Court disagreed, citing Weaver v. State Emp’ Ret.

Bd., 129 A.3d 585 (Pa. Commw. 2015), wherein the court held that section 5955 should

be construed to prohibit only bargaining for greater pension benefits than that allowed in

the Retirement Code, and that the Code does not prohibit bargaining with respect to

pension benefits or prohibit pension benefits from being impacted by an arbitration




                                        [J-15-2017] - 14
award.     Id. at 591.     Rather, the court in Weaver found that section 5955 of the

Retirement Code prohibits only a collective bargaining agreement from determining

pension rights. Id. In the present case, noting that the Board did not allow the award to

determine Claimants’ pension benefits, but, instead, based its determination on the

requirements set forth in sections 5102 and 5302(b)(2) of the Retirement Code, the

Commonwealth Court concluded that the arbitration award affected the pension

benefits, as permitted by the Retirement Code, but did not increase them in violation of

section 5955. PSP v. SERB, 131 A.3d at 145. Accordingly, the court affirmed the

Board’s order.

                                       II. Arguments

         Appellants’ primary focus, and first contention, is that our decision in Kirsch is

controlling. Appellants point out that, in that matter, school district employees were on a

leave of absence to work for their union, and in doing so, were paid a higher rate of

salary by the unions than they would have been paid had they continued in their school

employee positions.        According to Appellants, our Court in Kirsch reasoned that,

pursuant to the language of PSERC, the individuals were not entitled to benefits based

upon their enhanced salaries. Appellants maintain that, in reaching this conclusion, we

expressly relied upon language in PSERC that is identical to that found in the

Retirement Code:         that retirement is authorized for compensation paid “as if [the

employee] were in full-time active service.” Kirsch, 985 A.2d at 675. Building on this

argument, Appellants offer that our Court reasoned that, while the General Assembly

did not limit the salary to be paid to union officials while on leave, the most common

interpretation of the language used, “‘as if,’ denotes the idea of ‘to the same degree,’




                                       [J-15-2017] - 15
and is not most commonly used to mean ‘in the same manner,’” as one of the parties in

Kirsch argued. Id. at 676. Further, Appellants emphasize that the facts in the two

matters are virtually identical, with union officers on leave being compensated at a

higher rate of pay than they would have earned working for the school district.

         Appellants also reject the Commonwealth Court’s reliance on the Retirement

Code’s definition of “compensation” in reaching its conclusion. According to Appellants,

the concept of union differentials is not specifically included in, or excluded from, the

definition of compensation. Moreover, Appellants claim that union differentials could not

have been contemplated by the General Assembly as within the definition of

compensation, as the pertinent section of the definition of “compensation” was already

in place when section 5302(b)(2) was amended to grant employees leave to serve their

union.     Thus, according to Appellants, but for section 5302(b)(2), none of the

compensation earned by union officers while on leave would have been considered

retirement-covered compensation.

         Appellants further assert that the legislative history underlying the enactment of

the Retirement Code establishes that the General Assembly did not intend for

employees on leave to serve their union to receive greater retirement credit than those

who continue to work for their employer, as both PSERC and the Retirement Code were

amended at the same time to allow employees to earn retirement credit while on leave

to work for their union, and, according to Appellants, to restrict the retirement credit to

that which would have been earned had they continued to work for their public

employer. Appellants posit that this effort to preserve the status quo for employees on

leave to work for their union does not mean an enhanced retirement benefit to union




                                      [J-15-2017] - 16
officers on leave, but merely the ability to earn the same retirement benefit the

employee would have earned had the employee not taken a leave of absence for union

business. Moreover, Appellants point to a failed 2006 attempt to amend the Retirement

Code to specifically allow for union salaries to be counted as retirement-covered

compensation.

      Appellants add that the Commonwealth Court misconstrued our decision in

PSTA II, emphasizing that our Court stated our decision was “not about how the award

will one day be interpreted by the agency charged with administering the [Retirement

Code]. . . . This is a case falling under Act 111.” PSTA II, 23 A.3d at 972. Thus,

Appellants stress that PSTA II involved whether an interest arbitration panel had the

authority to award a higher rate of pay to union officers who were on leave to work for

the union, and not whether union differentials should be considered retirement-covered

compensation. Finally, Appellants highlight section 5955, contending that the provision

prohibits arbitration awards from being used to create or modify retirement rights.

      The Board counters that the Retirement Code permits union officers on leave to

receive retirement credit and benefits when they serve as union officers. The Board

points to section 5302 of the Retirement Code which, in relevant part, grants retirement

service credit for active members on paid leave to serve as an officer for a union, and

“that the employer shall fully compensate the member, including, but not limited to,

salary, wages, pension and retirement contributions and benefits, other benefits and

seniority, as if he were in full-time active service.” 71 Pa.C.S. § 5302(b)(2). The Board

asserts that Kirsch is distinguishable.   Specifically, the Board offers that the union

officers’ salaries in that case were negotiated annually on an ad hoc basis, and were not




                                     [J-15-2017] - 17
based upon the salary scales contained in the collective bargaining agreement, as in

the matter sub judice. While the school district in Kirsch reported the full amount of the

payment to the officers’ annual payment to PSERS, it did not fully recognize the

amounts reported as the union officers’ compensation for retirement purposes. The

Board explains that our Court looked to the definition of “compensation” under PSERC,

which is defined more narrowly than under the Retirement Code, and found that the ad

hoc personally-negotiated salaries of the union officers were excluded from their

pensionable salary as they were not based upon the standard salary schedule for the

school district as required by PSERC. Thus, according to the Board, Kirsch did not

create a blanket rule that union salaries may not be used as compensation for pension

purposes, but, rather, that only compensation not based on the standard salary

schedule was excluded from pension calculations. From this, the Board argues that not

only must the provision authorizing pension benefits be considered, but other terms

used to calculate the benefits payable in a particular case must be taken into account.

      Further, the Board rejects Appellants’ assertion that Kirsch’s holding should apply

equally in this case, because PSERC and the Retirement Code employ different

definitions of “compensation,” stressing the broader definition under the Retirement

Code. The Board continues that, under the Retirement Code, as long as the payment is

“remuneration actually received as a State employee” while the employee is on union

leave and not a prohibited reimbursement, it is “compensation” and includible in the

calculation of the member’s pension benefit. As the wages paid to the Claimants are

derived from the PSP’s pay schedule through the collective bargaining process, and not




                                    [J-15-2017] - 18
an ad hoc stipend personally negotiated by the parties, the Board claims such wages

are includable in their pension calculation.

        The Board then addresses section 5955’s prohibition against collective

bargaining or arbitration awards changing retirement benefits. The Board submits that

the Commonwealth Court properly concluded that the Retirement Code does not

prohibit arbitration awards from impacting pension benefits, but, rather, only prohibits

agreements from determining pension rights. The Board notes that the terms of the

arbitration award in this case do not require it to provide benefits outside of the formulas

and classes established by statute. According to the Board, the award does nothing

more than establish compensation for a specific class of employees, which is within the

authority of an arbitration panel, and a collective bargaining agreement or arbitration

award granting such an increase in pay which creates a rise in the employee’s pension

does not violate section 5955. The Board emphasizes that this is especially true here,

where the payments were based upon the employer’s standard pay schedule. Thus,

the Board contends the award neither violates section 5955 nor oversteps the panel’s

authority.

        Claimants and PSTA, as intervenors, largely echo the Board’s arguments,

highlighting that the distinction between the statutory language in PSERC and in the

Retirement Code renders Kirsch distinguishable.          Because the bargained-for union

differential   was   “compensation”   under the     Retirement    Code,    for   which   the

Commonwealth must fully compensate Claimants, Claimants and PSTA maintain that

such amounts are properly used to calculate pension benefits under the Retirement

Code.




                                      [J-15-2017] - 19
                                      III. Analysis

      This Court granted discretionary review to address the following question:

             Did [the] Commonwealth Court erroneously affirm the
             decision of the State Employees’ Retirement Board that
             union stipends, paid to union officers to work exclusively for
             the union, are retirement-covered compensation, when that
             decision was clearly contrary to the mandates of the State
             Employees’ Retirement Code and inconsistent with
             decisions of this Honorable Court?

Office of Admin. v. SERB, 163 A.3d 395 (Pa. 2016) (per curiam). This question may be

separated into two distinct issues.        First, whether the Commonwealth Court

misinterpreted the retirement compensation provisions of the Retirement Code in a

manner inconsistent with this Court’s interpretation in Kirsch of the corresponding

provisions of PSERC. Second, whether the December Award violated section 5955 of

the Retirement Code by permitting the pension rights of certain state employees to be

modified by an arbitration award. We will address these two issues in turn. Because

resolution of both issues require that we engage in statutory interpretation, they present

pure questions of law, for which our standard of review is de novo and our scope of

review is plenary. See, e.g., Scungio Borst & Assocs. v. 410 Shurs Lane Developers,

LLC, 146 A.3d 232, 238 (Pa. 2016).

      Pursuant to the Statutory Construction Act, “the object of all interpretation and

construction of statutes is to ascertain and effectuate the intention of the General

Assembly.” 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(a). It is well settled that the best indication of the General

Assembly’s intent may be found in a statute’s plain language. See id., § 1921(b). Thus,

“when the language of a statute is plain and unambiguous and conveys a clear and

definite meaning,” we must give the statute this plain and obvious meaning. Mohamed




                                     [J-15-2017] - 20
v. Commonwealth Dep’t of Transp., 40 A.3d 1186, 1194 (Pa. 2012). In ascertaining

legislative intent, courts may apply certain presumptions, including that General

Assembly does not intend a result that is absurd, impossible of execution, or

unreasonable. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1922(1); Commonwealth v. Shiffler, 879 A.2d 185, 189–90

(Pa. 2005).

                        A. Retirement-Covered Compensation

       The Commonwealth Court ruled that given the differing statutory provisions in

PSERC and the Retirement Code, the Board was not required to apply our holding in

Kirsch in this case. Appellants contend that in Kirsch, this Court focused on PSERC’s

definition of “leave for service with a collective bargaining organization,” including in

particular its language requiring that the employer fully compensate the employee on

union leave “as if he were in full-time active service.” Appellants argue that in Kirsch we

ruled that this language precludes the inclusion of union differentials in pension benefits

calculations, and that, as such, the Board was compelled to similarly interpret the

Retirement Code, which contains the same language. The Board, Claimants and PSTA

posit instead that Kirsch did not create a blanket rule applicable under both PSERC and

the Retirement Code, and that the differing definitions of the term “compensation” in the

two statutory schemes properly accounts for the contrasting results in the two cases.

       We agree with the Board, Claimants and PSTA that Kirsch did not create any

such blanket rule. In Kirsch, this Court began with the above-referenced language in

PSERC that the employer fully compensate the employee on union leave “as if he were

in full-time active service.” Kirsch, 985 A.2d at 675 (citing 24 Pa.C.S. § 8102). We

interpreted this provision to “remove any impediments which precluded retirement




                                     [J-15-2017] - 21
service credit from being attributed to employees on leave of absence to serve the

union.”   Id. at 677.   We recognized that, on the one hand, this language did not

expressly limit the salary that an employee on union leave could receive, but, on the

other, it also did not suggest any legislative intent that employees on union leave should

receive greater retirement benefits than those received by employees not on leave. Id.

at 676-77. Instead, we concluded that the General Assembly’s intent was to “equalize

the playing field by providing retirement benefits for school employees regardless of

whether they serve outside the school for a limited time.” Id. at 677.

      With respect to whether union differentials could be used in the computation of

retirement benefits, in Kirsch we turned to PSERC’s definition of “compensation,” which

specifically excludes remuneration “which is not based on the standard salary schedule

under which he is rendering service... .” Id. Based upon this definition, we concluded

that any remuneration in excess of that which is based on the standard salary schedule

for school employees does not constitute “compensation,” and thus must be excluded

from the computation of retirement benefits. Id. at 678. Because it was admitted that

the higher salaries paid to school employees while on union leave were not based upon,

and were in fact higher than, those available under the standard salary schedule for

school employees generally, they were properly excluded as not constituting

“compensation” for purposes of calculating pension benefits. Id.




                                     [J-15-2017] - 22
       The language of the Retirement Code,10 however, including in particular its

sharply differing definition of “compensation,” demonstrates that the General Assembly

manifestly intended the opposite result to obtain for police officers and firefighters than

for school employees.     Unlike the restrictive and limiting definition of language in

PSERC, in the Retirement Code, “compensation” is defined as all “remuneration

actually received,” excluding certain expenses not at issue here. 71 Pa.C.S. § 5102

(emphasis added).     Accordingly, unlike in Kirsch where, pursuant to PSERC any

remuneration in excess of that available under the standard salary schedule does not

constitute “compensation,” under the Retirement Code, all remuneration actually

received (other than an excluded reimbursement) does constitute “compensation” and

thus is included in the calculation of pension benefits. Under the Retirement Code,

unlike under PSERC, union differentials actually received is “compensation” for

purposes of pension benefit computations.

       In this regard, we agree with the Commonwealth Court’s observation that under

both the Retirement Code and PSERC, employees on union leave are only entitled to

pension benefits “as if [they] were on full-time active service.” PSP v. SERB, 131 A.3d

at 144. Under both statutory schemes, pension benefits are calculated based upon

years of service and “final average salary.” 71 Pa.C.S. § 5702; 24 Pa.C.S. § 8342.

“Final average salary” is in turn based on the “highest average compensation received

as a member” during defined periods of service. 71 Pa.C.S. § 5102; 24 Pa.C.S. § 8102

(emphasis added”). Consequently, given PSERC’s definition of “compensation,” school


10   Because the language of the relevant provisions of the Retirement Code are
unambiguous, we may not consider the arguments based upon legislative history
proffered by Appellants. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(c).



                                     [J-15-2017] - 23
employees are not entitled to have any portion of their remuneration in excess of that

based upon the standard salary schedule be included in the calculation of “final average

salary” – whether or not on union leave. Conversely, under the Retirement Code,

police officers and firefighters, whether or not on union leave, are entitled to have all

“remuneration actually received” included in “compensation” when computing their “final

average salary.” Both the Retirement Code and PSERC permit union leave without any

loss of pension benefits, and both require that employees on leave continue to be

compensated “as if [they] were on full-time active service.” Because of the differing

definitions of “compensation,” however, the levels of compensation received while on

union leave are treated differently for purposes of computing pension benefits. Union

differentials merely highlight the pointed distinction between the calculation of pension

benefits under the Retirement Code and PSERC.

         For these reasons, we conclude that a police officer or firefighter may take leave

to serve as a full time officer of his or her union, and all remuneration actually received

while on leave is includible when calculating retirement benefits. The Commonwealth

Court did not err in ruling that the union differentials received by Claimants in this case

were properly included in their retirement benefit computations.

                             B. Violation of Retirement Code

         Appellants next contend that the December Award, which set the salary levels for

union officers on leave (including Claimants) at specified levels during the term of said

leave violates section 5955 of the Retirement Code.11         Section 5955 provides that



11   Section 5955 states:

(continued…)

                                      [J-15-2017] - 24
pension rights of state employees are determined by the Retirement Code and that no

collective bargaining agreement or arbitration award may change the provisions of the

Retirement Code, require the Board to administer any other pension or retirement

benefits, or require any action by any other government body with respect to pension or

retirement benefits. 71 Pa.C.S. § 5955. According to Appellants, the December Award

created union differentials for Claimants, and thus their increased retirement benefits

are the impermissible result of implementation of the December Award.

      As indicated hereinabove, pursuant to the Statutory Construction Act, when

construing legislative intent, courts may apply certain presumptions, including that

General Assembly does not intend a result that is absurd, impossible of execution, or

unreasonable. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1922(1). Based upon application of this presumption, we

cannot agree with Appellants’ proposed interpretation of section 5955. In particular, it

would be both absurd and unreasonable to interpret section 5955 in a manner that

would preclude collective bargaining agreements or arbitration awards from including

any negotiated salary increases. Under Appellants’ proposed interpretation, collective

bargaining agreements or arbitration awards could never include negotiated salary

(…continued)
            Regardless of any other provision of law, pension rights of
            State employees shall be determined solely by this part or
            any amendment thereto, and no collective bargaining
            agreement nor any arbitration award between the
            Commonwealth and its employees or their collective
            bargaining representatives shall be construed to change any
            of the provisions herein, to require the board to administer
            pension or retirement benefits not set forth in this part, or
            otherwise require action by any other government body
            pertaining to pension or retirement benefits or rights of State
            employees.
71 Pa.C.S. § 5955.



                                    [J-15-2017] - 25
increases, as such increases would, based upon the above-discussed methods of

computation, typically result in increased retirement benefits.

        Instead, we agree with the Commonwealth Court that section 5955 of the

Retirement Code does not restrict bargaining over pension benefits, and only prohibits

collective bargaining agreements or arbitration awards from granting pension benefits

not authorized or supported by the Retirement Code. Kirsch, 131 A.3d at 144; see Pa.

State Troopers Ass'n v. State Emp' Ret. Bd., 677 A.2d 1329 (Pa. Commw. 1996) (“[A]s

long as an arbitration award does not grant rights that are unsupported by the

Retirement Code, then the award is not unlawful.”), appeal denied, 689 A.2d 237 (Pa.

1997); Weaver, 129 A.3d at 591. As the Commonwealth Court also correctly observed,

this Court upheld the December Award in PSTA II under the Retirement Code even

though it provided for union differentials for those employees on union leave. PSP, 131

A.3d at 144 (citing PSTA II, 23 A.3d at 977).

        The order of the Commonwealth Court is affirmed.

        Justices Baer, Todd, Dougherty, Wecht and Mundy join the opinion.

        Chief Justice Saylor did not participate in the consideration or decision of this

case.




                                     [J-15-2017] - 26
