      Third District Court of Appeal
                               State of Florida

                           Opinion filed June 01, 2016.
         Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                               ________________

                               No. 3D14-1461
                         Lower Tribunal No. 12-14697
                             ________________


   Dismex Food, Inc., a Florida corporation, and Elkin O. Tellez,
                                   Appellants,

                                        vs.

                              Bobby U. Harris,
                                    Appellee.



      An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Ronald C.
Dresnick, Judge.

     Conroy Simberg, and Hinda Klein (Hollywood), for appellants.

      The Weinger Appellate Firm, and Daniel S. Weinger (Plantation), for
appellee.


Before SUAREZ, C.J., and ROTHENBERG and EMAS, JJ.

     ROTHENBERG, J.
         Dismex Food, Inc. and Elkin O. Tellez (collectively, “the defendants”)

appeal the trial court’s final order granting Bobby U. Harris’s (“Harris”) motion for

a new trial, which was based on the trial court’s finding that Harris was prejudiced

and denied a fair trial by the cumulative effect of defense counsel’s violation of the

sequestration rule and the defense witness’s violation of the trial court’s ruling

confining his testimony to the opinions in his report. Because this finding is not

supported by the evidence in the record, we reverse the order granting Harris a new

trial.

                                 BACKGROUND

         In February 2011, Harris was rear-ended by an eighteen-wheeler truck

operated by Elkin O. Tellez, an employee of Dismex Food, Inc. Following the

accident, Harris was treated by a chiropractor and two doctors, Dr. Jillian Cameron

and Dr. Martin Stauber. In March 2011, the chiropractor referred Harris to a

radiologist and obtained an MRI (“the March MRI”), and in May 2011, Dr.

Cameron, who was apparently unaware of the first MRI, ordered another MRI

(“the May MRI”). Neither the radiologist that Harris was referred to by the

chiropractor nor Dr. Cameron suggested that Harris undergo surgery. In December

2011, Harris was evaluated by Dr. Stauber, who performed a physical examination,

reviewed the May MRI, and concluded that Harris suffered from a lower back

spinal ligament injury that would require surgery. A few months after Dr. Stauber



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performed the surgery, Harris sued the defendants for negligence. The defendants

admitted fault, but contested causation and damages.

      Dr. Elliot Lang, the defendant’s expert witness at trial, completed a certified

medical examination of Harris pursuant to rule 1.360 of the Florida Rules of Civil

Procedure. In his report (“CME report”), Dr. Lang stated that, among other things,

(1) the image of Harris’s spine in the March MRI was “essentially normal”; (2)

there was evidence of an injury in the May MRI that was not present in the March

MRI; (3) an intervening incident must have caused the injuries to Harris’s spine

that were only visible in the May MRI; (4) Harris did not require surgery; and (5)

Harris had a 0% chance of permanent impairment as a result of the February 2011

accident.

      Prior to opening statements, the trial court considered Harris’s motion in

limine and ruled that Dr. Lang was not permitted to testify as to new opinions that

were not included in his CME report. Thereafter, Harris invoked the sequestration

rule set forth in section 90.616 of the Florida Statutes. The trial court told the

parties that they would be responsible for their own witnesses.

      At trial, only Harris, Dr. Stauber, and Dr. Lang testified. Dr. Stauber

testified, in part, that he would not have relied on the March MRI due to its poor

diagnostic quality. This opinion was presented for the first time when Dr. Stauber

testified at trial. Following Dr. Stauber’s testimony, defense counsel conferenced



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with Dr. Lang about the testimony he would give the next day. While the record

does not clearly reflect what was said in this conference, there is record evidence

supporting the finding that Dr. Lang and defense counsel discussed Dr. Stauber’s

testimony with regard to the quality of the March MRI. The following day, Dr.

Lang testified, consistent with his CME report, that: (1) the March MRI was of

diagnostic quality; (2) he did not believe that the March MRI depicted an acute

injury; and (3) because the May MRI showed evidence of bruising that was not

present in the March MRI, there must have been an intervening injury between

March and May.

      The jury returned a verdict awarding Harris $48,428.00 in past and future

medical expenses but found that Harris did not sustain a permanent injury. Harris

moved for a new trial, arguing that defense counsel’s conference with Dr. Lang

regarding Dr. Stauber’s testimony amounted to a violation of the sequestration

rule, and that Dr. Lang’s testimony regarding the diagnostic quality of the March

MRI amounted to an opinion not contained in his CME report, in violation of the

trial court’s ruling on Harris’s motion in limine.1




1 Harris also argued at the hearing on Harris’s motion for a new trial and now on
appeal that Dr. Lang’s testimony regarding normal variations in the whitish areas
in the MRIs constituted a new opinion. However, the trial court expressly rejected
this argument at the hearing for a new trial. We agree with the trial court and
decline to discuss that portion of Dr. Lang’s testimony further.

                                           4
      At the hearing on Harris’s motion for a new trial, defense counsel argued

that Harris was not prejudiced by the alleged violations of the sequestration rule

and the trial court’s ruling on Harris’s motion in limine. However, the trial court

responded by stating that, “. . . in terms of what’s the prejudice, I’m going to say

what’s the prejudice of retrying this case?” Throughout the hearing, the trial court

never identified what prejudice Harris suffered. After the hearing, the trial court

entered an order granting Harris a new trial without specifying the grounds for its

decision, and the defendants appealed. It is only after we relinquished jurisdiction

pursuant to Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.530(f)2 that the trial court entered an

amended order finding that Harris was prejudiced and denied a fair trial due to the

cumulative effect of (1) defense counsel’s violation of the sequestration rule, (2)

Dr. Lang’s subsequent manipulation of his testimony to counter that of Dr.

Stauber, and (3) Dr. Lang’s testimony as to matters that were outside of the scope

of his CME report, in violation of the trial court’s ruling on Harris’s motion in

limine.

                                    ANALYSIS

      An appellate court must review a trial court’s entry of an order granting a

new trial for an abuse of discretion. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Manasse, 707 So. 2d 1110,

1111 (Fla. 1998). However, the trial court will abuse its discretion if it enters an

2“All orders granting a new trial shall specify the grounds therefor.” Fla. R. Civ. P.
1.530(f).

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order granting a new trial based on findings that are not supported by the record.

Moore v. Gillett, 96 So. 3d 933, 938 (Fla. 2d DCA 2012) (stating that “the grant of

a new trial is not an appropriate sanction for a dereliction by counsel that could not

have affected the verdict”); Harris v. Grunow, 71 So. 3d 186, 192 (Fla. 3d DCA

2011).

      As stated by the Florida Supreme Court, “the rule of sequestration is

intended to prevent a witness’s testimony from being influenced by the testimony

of other witnesses in the proceeding.” Wright v. State, 473 So. 2d 1277, 1280 (Fla.

1985). Thus, if the sequestered witness’s testimony did not substantially differ

from what it would have been had the sequestration rule not been violated, then

any claim that the violation of the sequestration rule warrants a new trial or a

mistrial is meritless. See Mendoza v. State, 964 So. 2d 121, 133 (Fla. 2007); see

also Steinhorst v. State, 412 So. 2d 332, 336 (Fla. 1982) (holding that the test to be

applied when determining whether a witness may be excluded on the basis of a

sequestration rule violation is the extent to which the testimony of the witness

“differed from what it would have been had he not heard testimony in violation of

the rule”).

      In the instant case, although the record does not clearly demonstrate a

violation of the sequestration rule, given our deferential standard of review, we

accept the trial court’s finding in its amended order granting a new trial that



                                          6
defense counsel violated the rule when he spoke with Dr. Lang about Dr. Stauber’s

testimony. However, we reject the “harsh result” that a technical violation of the

sequestration rule requires the automatic exclusion of a witness, let alone a new

trial. See Baker v. Air-Kaman of Jacksonville, Inc., 510 So. 2d 1222, 1223 (Fla. 1st

DCA 1987). We therefore examine the record to determine whether Dr. Lang’s

testimony substantially differed from what it would have been without the

violation of the sequestration rule.

      The trial court identified two parts of Dr. Lang’s testimony that allegedly

differed as a result of the violation of the sequestration rule: Dr. Lang’s testimony

(1) as to the diagnostic quality of the March MRI, and (2) that the MRIs did not

show evidence of an acute injury. After reviewing the record and Dr. Lang’s CME

report, we conclude that in neither instance did Dr. Lang’s testimony substantially

differ from what it would have been had he not been told that Dr. Stauber had

testified that the March MRI was of insufficient diagnostic quality.

      First, because Dr. Lang’s CME report contains several diagnostic findings

based on his review and the radiologist’s review of the March MRI, it cannot be

reasonably argued that Dr. Lang did not believe that the March MRI was of

sufficient diagnostic quality. In his report, Dr. Lang detailed his records review,

including his review of Dr. Keith Mullenger’s report regarding the March MRI

(Dr. Mullenger is the radiologist who read the March MRI), and the records of



                                         7
Harris’s treating physicians Dr. Cameron and Dr. Stauber. Specifically, Dr. Lang

reported that the radiologist found that the March MRI of “[t]he cervical spine

showed some decreased lordosis[,] . . . the lumbosacral showed disc bulges with

mild stenosis at L4-5 and L-5-S1 bulge . . . [with] no evidence of cervical spinal

canal or neural foraminal stenosis and no fracture or disc herniation were seen in

the cervical spine with reversal of the cervical lordosis consistent with spasm.”

      With respect to his review of Harris’s treating physicians’ records, Dr. Lang

noted that Harris withheld and did not provide these doctors with the March MRI,

which Dr. Lang stated in his report showed that “[Harris’s] lumbar spine [was]

essentially normal.” (emphasis added). Dr. Lang also specifically found in his

report that as a result of Harris’s failure to inform his doctors of the March MRI,

Dr. Cameron ordered the additional and unnecessary May MRI.

      Lastly, Dr. Lang’s report included his own review of the March and May

MRIs. Dr. Lang concluded that the March MRI showed anterior C5 osteophytes

and posterior osteophytes with decreased lordosis; minimal bulges at L4-5 and L5-

S1 with slightly decreased lordosis; no posterior ligament abnormalities; and the

disc spaces otherwise appeared to be normal. As to the edema noted at the

posterior right iliac crest region and near the sacroiliac joints noted on the May

MRI, Dr. Lang stated that the March MRI “did not show this” and thus he opined

that because Harris had continued to do heavy duty work all throughout the course



                                          8
of his treatment, he may have injured himself after the March MRI had been

performed.

      As these findings regarding the March MRI reflect, Dr. Lang and the

radiologist who read the March MRI, certainly believed the March MRI was of

sufficient quality to perform their analysis and to reach their detailed conclusions.

Thus, inherent in Dr. Lang’s report was his opinion that the March MRI was of

sufficient diagnostic quality, and it defies logic and common sense to suggest that

Dr. Lang’s testimony at trial would not have included his opinion about the quality

of the films he reviewed.

      We therefore conclude that Dr. Lang’s testimony regarding the diagnostic

quality of the March MRI cannot reasonably be considered a new opinion in

violation of the trial court’s ruling on Harris’s motion in limine or that Dr. Lang’s

testimony substantially differed from what it would have been had he not been

informed that Dr. Stauber had testified that the March MRI’s quality rendered it of

no diagnostic value. We also reject the trial court’s finding that Dr. Lang’s

testimony that the MRIs did not show evidence of an acute injury was a new

opinion or an opinion that substantially differed from what Dr. Lang would have

testified to but for the alleged violation of the sequestration rule.

                                   CONCLUSION




                                            9
      Because the record reflects Dr. Lang’s testimony was consistent with his

CME report; his testimony did not substantially differ from what it would have

been without the alleged violation of the sequestration rule; and Dr. Lang did not

testify to matters outside of the scope of his CME report; we conclude that the trial

court abused its discretion by granting Harris a new trial. We therefore reverse the

trial court’s amended order granting a new trial and remand for the entry of a final

judgment in accordance with the jury verdict.3

      Reversed and remanded.




3We reject the trial court’s finding in its order granting a new trial that the jury
verdict of $48,428 was against the manifest weight of the evidence and was itself
evidence that Harris was prejudiced and denied a fair trial because “a trial judge
may not substitute its judgment for that of the jury on the matter of damages . . . .”
Arab Termite & Pest Control of Fla., Inc. v. Jenkins, 409 So. 2d 1039, 1041 (Fla.
1982); see also Skopit v. Neisen, 616 So. 2d 505, 505 (Fla. 3d DCA 1993).

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