                     United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 00-3160
                                   ___________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
                    Appellee,           *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
             v.                         * District Court for the
                                        * Northern District of Iowa.
Truong Nhat Nguyen,                     *
also known as Tony,                     *
                                        *
                   Appellant.           *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: March 14, 2001

                                  Filed: May 18, 2001
                                   ___________

Before MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD and HEANEY, Circuit Judges,
      and BATTEY1, District Judge.
                                ___________


HEANEY, Circuit Judge.




      1
       The Honorable Richard H. Battey, United States District Judge, for the District
of South Dakota, sitting by designation.
        Truong Nhat Nguyen appeals the district court’s2 denial of his motion to
suppress incriminating statements and the fruits of the officers’ no-knock entry, as well
as the district court’s failure to issue an “outrageous government conduct” jury
instruction. Nguyen was convicted of conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent
to distribute 500 or more grams of methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846.
Nguyen asks this court to consider: 1) whether the detonation of a “flash-bang” grenade
used during the arrest rendered Nguyen incapable of knowingly, intelligently, or
voluntarily waiving his constitutional rights; 2) whether the government violated the
“knock and announce” statute when they executed the search warrant; and 3) whether
the district court erred in denying Nguyen an outrageous governmental conduct jury
instruction. For the reasons outlined below, we affirm.

I. Background

       Nguyen met Dean Wimer when they were both undergoing drug treatment.
Nguyen allegedly confided in Wimer that he was a dangerous criminal and a “big time
drug dealer” in Sioux City, Iowa, looking to expand his sales into Omaha. On or about
October 20, 1999, Wimer went to Nguyen’s home as an informant in cooperation with
the Sioux City Police Department. While at Nguyen’s home they discussed
methamphetamine trafficking, and Nguyen showed Wimer his pistols, bullet-proof
vests, and closed-circuit television camera system.

       Based on a tip from Wimer, Omaha Police officers obtained a warrant to search
Nguyen’s home on October 29, 1999 at 8:07 p.m. Sioux City Special Officers first
deployed a “flash bang” distraction device in the back yard of the house, then knocked
on the front door, announced themselves, and less than five seconds later, deployed a
second “flash bang” device in the front living room when Nguyen partially opened the


      2
       The Honorable Mark W. Bennett, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the Northern District of Iowa.

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front door. The officers then entered the house. The second “flash bang” device
landed near Nguyen’s pant leg, which caught on fire, burning his foot and leg.

       At 8:12 p.m. an officer took Nguyen outside and read him his Miranda warnings.
Nguyen said he understood his rights, that he had seen the officers approach his house
on his closed-circuit television camera system, and that he did not have any
methamphetamine in the house. At 8:24 p.m. Nguyen was transported to Mercy
Medical Center, where he was treated for his burns. He was released from the hospital
at 9:01 p.m. and taken to the Sioux City Police Department. At 9:17 p.m. Nguyen
received the Miranda warnings a second time. Nguyen said he understood his rights,
and, according to the magistrate’s findings, made incriminating statements.3

II. Discussion

       We review the district court’s conclusions of law de novo and its findings of fact
for clear error. United States v. Ingle, 157 F.3d 1147, 1150 (8th Cir. 1998). The first
issue is whether the police officers’ use of a “flash-bang” device rendered Nguyen’s
statements involuntary notwithstanding the Miranda warnings he received at the police
station. Nothing in the record indicates that Nguyen was coerced, intimidated, or
deceived while he was in custody. He had received medical attention for his burns, and
had responded cogently to questions asked of him at the hospital prior to his arrival at
the police station. There was sufficient distance in time and place from the flash-bang
explosion for him to have knowingly and voluntarily waived his Miranda rights. We
therefore agree with the district court that upon examination of the totality of the
circumstances, Nguyen voluntarily waived his rights, and his statements should not
have been suppressed. See United States v. Holloway, 128 F.3d 1254, 1256 (8th Cir.
1997); United States v. Kime, 99 F.3d 870, 880 (8th Cir. 1996), cert denied, 519 U.S.
1141 (1997); 18 U.S.C. § 3501(b).

      3
          Nguyen’s remarks are not a part of the record on appeal.

                                           3
        The second issue is whether the execution of the search warrant violated the
“knock and announce” standard. A “knock and announce” entry is excused in the
presence of certain exigent circumstances, including where police “have a reasonable
suspicion that knocking and announcing their presence, under the particular
circumstances, would be dangerous or futile, or that it would inhibit the effective
investigation of the crime by, for example, allowing the destruction of evidence.”
Richards v. Wisconsin, 520 U.S. 385, 394 (1997); United States v. Weeks, 160 F.3d
1210, 1213 (8th Cir. 1998). We agree with the district court that the officers were
justified in not executing a knock and announce entry based on their reasonable belief
that Nguyen had weapons, bullet-proof body armor at his disposal, and a closed-circuit
television security system to alert him to the officers’ presence enabling him to take
defensive measures.

       The final issue raised is whether the district court erred in not giving the jury an
outrageous governmental conduct instruction. A district court’s jury instructions are
reviewed for abuse of discretion, United States v. Beckman, 222 F.3d 512, 520 (8th
Cir. 2000), and the decision to allow the defense of outrageous government conduct is
reviewed de novo. United States v. Hunt, 171 F.3d 1192, 1195 (8th Cir. 1999).
Appellant asserts that the government acted outrageously in directing Wimer, a
confidential informant, to collect incriminating information about Nguyen’s drug
activity while Nguyen was participating in a drug rehabilitation program.

      Outrageous governmental conduct is a question of law and is resolved by the
court, not the jury. See United States v. Russell, 411 U.S. 423, 431-32 (1973); United
States v. Henderson-Durand, 985 F.2d 970, 973 n. 4 (8th Cir. 1993). Accordingly, this
circuit has held that “outrageous government conduct” should be raised as a pre-trial
motion to dismiss the indictment pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of
Criminal Procedure, and that failure to do so waives the issue. Henderson-Durand, 985
F.2d at 973. It appears that Nguyen failed to raise his outrageous government conduct

                                            4
defense before and during trial, precluding the court below from addressing the issue.



       Even if Nguyen had raised his defense in a timely manner, precedent indicates
that the government’s conduct here does not rise to the level of “outrageousness”
needed to prove a due process violation. See United States v. Pardue, 983 F.2d 843,
847 (8th Cir. 1993). The government’s conduct must “shock the conscience of the
court.” Id.; see also Russell, 411 U.S. at 431-32. Here, the government informant’s
breach of a treatment program’s confidentiality requirement does not shock the
conscience, particularly because Nguyen allegedly intended to continue his drug
activity after his release from the drug rehabilitation program.

III. Conclusion

      For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the district court’s denial of the
motion to suppress incriminating statements and evidence, as well as Nguyen’s
conviction.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                  CLERK, U. S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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