                 United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 17-3418
                         ___________________________

   Ray L. Olin; Carole J. Olin; Paul Johnson; Candace Johnson; Neal R. Slavick;
   Dennis Olin; Carol Olin; David F. Heid; Tami A. Heid; Brent Heid; Michele
Burger; James Bahm; Gary A. Haugen; Melinda K. Haugen; Timothy Lee Johnson
  and Wesley Johnson Partnership; Lee L. Ingalls; Matthew E. Ingalls; Thomas J.
Ingalls; Robert J. Slavick; Jacquelyn M. Slavick; Clark A. Norton; Debra D. Norton

                        lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiffs - Appellants

                                            v.

                                 Dakota Access, LLC

                        lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellee

                              Contract Land Staff, LLC

                              lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant
                                     ____________

                    Appeal from United States District Court
                   for the District of North Dakota - Bismarck
                                  ____________

                            Submitted: October 18, 2018
                             Filed: December 13, 2018
                                   ____________

Before SHEPHERD, KELLY, and STRAS, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

KELLY, Circuit Judge.
       Plaintiffs, a group of landowners from Morton County, North Dakota, entered
into easement contracts with Dakota Access, LLC, to allow construction of the Dakota
Access Pipeline across their properties. They brought suit alleging that they were
induced to sign the contracts based on various misrepresentations made by Dakota
Access and its contracting affiliate Contract Land Staff, LLC (CLS). The landowners
appeal the district court’s1 dismissal of their claim under N.D. Cent. Code § 49-22-
16.1 for failure to satisfy the heightened pleading requirement of Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 9(b).

                                           I

       The Dakota Access Pipeline runs approximately 1,172 miles from oil
production areas in North Dakota to terminal facilities in Illinois. Seventy-one miles
of the pipeline run through Morton County. In 2014, Dakota Access and its agent
CLS contacted plaintiffs, seeking easements across their property for purposes of
building the pipeline. Plaintiffs allege they were all offered the same price: $180 for
each 16.5-foot unit of pipe (called a “rod”) that crossed their property, plus a twenty-
percent bonus if they signed within thirty days. Dakota Access allegedly told
plaintiffs that this was the best price anyone in Morton County would receive, and that
if they refused to sign, either the pipeline would be moved or their land would be
taken by eminent domain. All plaintiffs signed the contracts. Lee, Thomas, and
Matthew Ingalls apparently negotiated a higher price of $400 per rod; all other
plaintiffs agreed to the offered price.

      Plaintiffs later learned that other landowners in the county negotiated better
deals. Some allegedly received as much as $2,000 per rod in exchange for their


      1
        The Honorable Daniel L. Hovland, Chief Judge, United States District Court
for the District of North Dakota.

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easements. Plaintiffs brought this suit, asserting that Dakota Access induced them to
sign the easement contracts through misrepresentations. In addition to fraud claims
against Dakota Access and CLS, plaintiffs brought a claim against Dakota Access
under N.D. Cent. Code § 49-22-16.1. This statute provides a cause of action when
easements are acquired using “harassment, threat, intimidation, misrepresentation,
deception, fraud, or other unfair tactics.” § 49-22-16.1(2).

       Although it was not styled as a fraud claim, the district court concluded that
plaintiffs’ claim under § 49-22-16.1 sounded in fraud and relied on the same factual
allegations as the two fraud claims. As such, all three claims were governed by the
heightened pleading standard of Rule 9(b), which requires a party alleging fraud to
“state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud.” Because plaintiffs
failed to meet this standard, the court dismissed their claims.

       Plaintiffs appeal only the dismissal of their claim under § 49-22-16.1. We
review the district court’s dismissal de novo, Olson v. Fairview Health Servs. of
Minn., 831 F.3d 1063, 1070 (8th Cir. 2016), assuming all factual allegations in the
complaint as true and construing all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving
party, Retro Television Network, Inc. v. Luken Commc’ns, LLC, 696 F.3d 766, 768
(8th Cir. 2012).

                                           II

       “In order to satisfy the pleading requirements of Rule 9(b), ‘the complaint must
plead such facts as the time, place, and content of the defendant’s false representa-
tions, as well as the details of the defendant’s fraudulent acts, including when the acts
occurred, who engaged in them, and what was obtained as a result.’” Olson, 831 F.3d
at 1070 (quoting United States ex rel. Joshi v. St. Luke’s Hosp., Inc., 441 F.3d 552,
556 (8th Cir. 2006)). Particularly in cases with multiple defendants, “the complaint
should inform each defendant of the nature of his alleged participation in the fraud.”

                                          -3-
Streambend Props. II, LLC v. Ivy Tower Minneapolis, LLC, 781 F.3d 1003, 1013 (8th
Cir. 2015) (quoting DiVittorio v. Equidyne Extractive Indus., Inc., 822 F.2d 1242,
1247 (2d Cir. 1987)). Plaintiffs’ complaint lacks such details, and plaintiffs do not
argue that, if Rule 9(b) applies, their complaint would survive. They argue instead
that the district court erred in concluding that their claim under § 49-22-16.1 was
subject to Rule 9(b)’s requirements.

       “Whether a state-law claim sounds in fraud, and so triggers Rule 9(b)’s
heightened standard, is a matter of substantive state law . . . .” Republic Bank & Tr.
Co. v. Bear Stearns & Co., 683 F.3d 239, 247 (6th Cir. 2012). Plaintiffs argue that
Rule 9(b) should not apply because North Dakota law prohibits procuring easements
through various means, not just fraud. It is true that § 49-22-16.1 penalizes obtaining
easements through “harassment,” “threat,” “intimidation,” and other “unfair tactics,”
as well as through “misrepresentation,” “deception,” and “fraud.” But that does not
clarify whether plaintiffs’ claim is grounded in fraud such that Rule 9(b) applies. A
claim may sound in fraud even though it is brought under a statute that also prohibits
non-fraudulent conduct. See Kearns v. Ford Motor Co., 567 F.3d 1120, 1125 (9th Cir.
2009); Shapiro v. UJB Fin. Corp., 964 F.2d 272, 288 (3d Cir. 1992).

       Under “a pleading-specific inquiry” in which the focus is on “the elements of
the claims asserted,” plaintiffs’ claim under § 49-22-16.1 sounds in fraud. See
Streambend Properties II, LLC, 781 F.3d at 1012–13; see also Shaw v. Digital Equip.
Corp., 82 F.3d 1194, 1223 (1st Cir. 1996) (discussing application of Rule 9(b) to all
claims based on “a unified course of fraudulent conduct”). In support of all three
claims, plaintiffs allege that Dakota Access induced them to sign the easement
contracts by making representations about what would happen if they refused: they
would lose the signing bonus and either the pipeline would be moved elsewhere or the
easements would be taken via eminent domain. The complaint repeatedly asserts that
these representations were false and amounted to fraud.



                                         -4-
       Plaintiffs’ additional characterization of Dakota Access’s statements as
“misrepresentations” or “deception” does not help them. Under North Dakota law,
such allegations sound in fraud. For instance, the state’s consumer protection statute
declares unlawful the “act, use, or employment by any person of any deceptive act or
practice, fraud, false pretense, false promise, or misrepresentation, with the intent that
others rely thereon in connection with the sale or advertisement of any merchandise.”
N.D. Cent. Code § 51-15-02. Parties alleging violations of this provision must satisfy
the requirements of Rule 9(b). See In re New Motor Vehicles Canadian Exp. Antitrust
Litig., 350 F. Supp. 2d 160, 198 (D. Me. 2004) (citing State ex rel. Spaeth v. Eddy
Furniture Co., 386 N.W.2d 901, 905 n.5 (N.D. 1986)). And North Dakota’s tort of
deceit, which allows a cause of action against “[o]ne who willfully deceives another
with intent to induce that person to alter that person’s position to that person’s injury
or risk,” N.D. Cent. Code § 9-10-03, also requires compliance with Rule 9(b).
Shangcheng Dev. LLC v. Norvanta, LLC, No. 4:14-CV-164, 2015 WL 11143143, at
*2 (D.N.D. May 27, 2015). We see no reason to apply a different standard to
plaintiffs’ allegations, which use the same terminology.

       Plaintiffs’ remaining allegations fail to state a claim under the ordinary notice
pleading standard. For instance, the complaint alleges, without further explanation or
detail, that “[p]ersons acting on Dakota Access’s behalf harassed, threatened, and
intimidated” plaintiffs. This is nothing more than a “formulaic recitation of the
elements of a cause of action,” and it is insufficient to survive dismissal. Bell Atl.
Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). To the extent that plaintiffs allege a
non-fraud claim under § 49-22-16.1, it was properly dismissed.

                                           III

      Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                      ______________________________



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