[Cite as Smith v. Warren Cty. Rural Zoning Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 2019-Ohio-1590.]



                                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                           TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

                                          WARREN COUNTY


 NORMAN B. SMITH,                                      :

        Appellant,                                     :           CASE NO. CA2018-07-078

                                                       :                   OPINION
     - vs -                                                                 4/29/2019
                                                       :

 WARREN COUNTY RURAL ZONING                            :
 BOARD OF ZONING APPEALS,
                                                       :
        Appellee.



              APPEAL FROM WARREN COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                             Case No. 17-CV-90007


Thomas G. Eagle, 3400 North State Route 741, Lebanon, Ohio 45036 for appellant

David P. Fornshell, Warren County Prosecuting Attorney, Adam M. Nice, 520 Justice Drive,
Lebanon, Ohio 45036 for appellee



        S. POWELL, J.

        {¶ 1} Appellant, Norman B. Smith, appeals the decision of the Warren County Court

of Common Pleas affirming the decision of appellee, the Warren County Rural Zoning Board

of Zoning Appeals ("BZA"), denying his application for a variance to keep in place a non-

conforming fence he erected on his property. For the reasons outlined below, we affirm the

common pleas court's decision.

                                     The Nonconforming Fence

        {¶ 2} This case originates from the BZA's decision denying Smith's application for
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a variance from the Warren County Rural Zoning Code ("WCRZC"). As noted above,

Smith's application requested a variance for a nonconforming fence he erected on his

property. A variance "authorizes a landowner to establish or maintain a use which is

prohibited by zoning regulations." Nunamaker v. Board of Zoning Appeals, 2 Ohio St.3d

115, 118 (1982). The section of the WCRZC at issue in this case, Section 3.102.6(A),

prohibits any fence from standing greater than four feet in a front yard.

                           Smith's Application for a Variance

       {¶ 3} The nonconforming fence at issue was built by Smith in 2016. On May 18,

2017, approximately one-and-one-half years after the fence was completed, Smith applied

for a variance. The fence is a wooden privacy fence that stands between two to eight feet

higher than what is permitted by the WCRZC. The fence was built on the shared property

line between Smith's property and the neighboring property to the east. There is no dispute

that the neighboring property to the east is owned by Smith's brother.

                    BZA's Hearing on Smith's Variance Application

       {¶ 4} On June 20, 2017, the BZA held a hearing on Smith's application for a

variance. Although notice was provided to all necessary property owners, Smith was the

only property owner who appeared at the hearing. The following is a summary of Smith's

testimony provided to the BZA.

       {¶ 5} Smith is the owner of the subject property having received the property as a

gift from his father "[c]oming on 30 years." Smith's brother is his next-door neighbor. Smith

has had problems with his brother for several years. These problems originated from

"property line issues." This includes Smith's brother pouring a concrete driveway that

encroached onto a portion of Smith's property. Smith's brother also installed "an effluent

sewer pipe where there wasn't easements for that." Although originally relatively benign,

after their father's passing in 2009, Smith's troubles with his brother grew more

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confrontational. This ultimately resulted in Smith nearly calling the police after his brother

trespassed onto his property and threatened to "do bodily harm."

       {¶ 6} In hopes of alleviating any future problems with his brother, Smith initially

erected a wire fence between the two properties. But, for reasons unknown, Smith decided

to remove that fence and erect instead the nonconforming fence at issue. This fence, as

noted above, is a wooden privacy fence that stands between two to eight feet higher than

what is permitted by the WCRZC. Smith described the fence as follows:

              It's twelve foot at – I can't even remember the measurements
              here. There's 80 feet from the front of the house, that's 12 foot.
              And the rest is six up to the road, but it's pulled back – it's set
              back from the road. * * * I'm wanting to say it's – I want to say
              it's 50 feet.

Smith built the fence after applying for and receiving a building permit. And, as Smith

testified, "they gave me – signed off on the building permit and looked it over and they were

happy with it."

       {¶ 7} After the nonconforming fence was erected, Smith testified there has "been

peace" between him and his brother. This, according to Smith's testimony, has increased

Smith's enjoyment in his property to where "[i]t's like living in a new house." Smith also

testified the fence has stopped his brother from spying, harassing, and otherwise

trespassing onto his property. Therefore, according to Smith, the fence has "made total

peace" between the two.

       {¶ 8} Describing this "peace," Smith testified:

              But you know, all the activities from [my brother's house] and all
              the activities I have here is constant, you know, constantly
              everybody knows what everybody's doing. And like I said, since
              I put that up, it's – I mean I had issues one time that if I have
              loud music or something, I'd get yelled at over that or he'd turn
              some lawnmower on and leave it to be louder, I mean just silly
              things like that. And it's just made everything so much peaceful,
              just took all that away. You know, out of sight, out of mind.


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              ***

              And it's just taken everything away, it's just out of sight out of
              mind. If you go out there and work in the garage, nobody can
              come out and decide to do something to pester you while you're
              out there. It's just – it's just totally different now. It's just like
              living in a new house, to me. It's created a lot of peace.

       {¶ 9} Concluding, when asked why he decided to erect the nonconforming fence at

issue instead of simply planting trees or installing a berm between his brother's property,

both of which would have complied with WCRZC requirements, Smith testified it was

because "nothing grows fast I know. So yeah, this was in my mind a quick, you know, way

of easing the situation."

                 BZA's Decision Denying Smith's Variance Application

       {¶ 10} After closing the hearing to confer on the matter in private, the BZA reopened

the hearing and issued a two-to-one decision denying Smith's application for a variance.

The BZA thereafter issued a written decision setting forth its findings of fact and conclusions

of law. As part of that decision, the BZA properly noted that Smith had testified "his need

for the variance was due to a dispute with a neighbor and the fence was to provide

screening to insulate him from said neighbor."

       {¶ 11} The BZA then stated, in pertinent part, the following:

              During deliberations, the BZA discussed the applicable law.
              Pursuant to Ohio Revised Code Section 303.14, the burden of
              proof is on the Applicant seeking the variance from 3.102.6(A)
              to prove:

              (i) that granting a variance will not be contrary to the public
              interest; and,

              (ii) that literal enforcement of the specific section of the Zoning
              Resolution would result in unnecessary hardship to the
              Applicant; and,

              (iii) that the spirit of the Zoning Resolution will not be violated if
              a variance is granted;


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               (iv) and, substantial justice will be done if a variance is granted.

               Elements were not satisfied.

               And, during deliberations the BZA discussed whether the need
               for the variance was self-created by the Application (sic). The
               need for the variance was self-created and the BZA determined
               the applicant has other alternatives to screen himself from the
               nuisance he is protecting himself from. Landscaping and/or a
               berm or both are allowed under the Warren County Rural Zoning
               Code in accordance with Article 3 Chapter 4.

(Bold text sic.)

       {¶ 12} Concluding, the BZA noted that after applying the applicable law to the

testimony and evidence presented that it had "voted 2 to 1 to deny the variance."

(Underlined text sic.)

                         Smith's Appeal to the Common Pleas Court

       {¶ 13} On July 17, 2017, Smith appealed the BZA's decision to the common pleas

court in accordance with R.C. Chapter 2506. A hearing on the matter was held before a

common pleas court magistrate on November 20, 2017. Smith did not testify at this hearing.

The magistrate instead heard arguments from Smith's counsel and counsel for the BZA.

Following this hearing, the magistrate took the matter under advisement and notified the

parties that it would issue a decision in due course.

       {¶ 14} Several months later, on March 5, 2018, the magistrate issued a decision

affirming the BZA's decision denying Smith's application for a variance. In so holding, the

magistrate found Smith's "hardship does not relate to his land, but rather to his relationship

with his brother, a purely personal matter. A variance is an inappropriate remedy for

[Smith's] problem."

       {¶ 15} On March 16, 2018, Smith filed timely objections to the magistrate's decision.

The common pleas court, however, denied Smith's objections, thereby affirming and



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adopting the magistrate's decision in its entirety.1 The common pleas court reached this

decision upon finding:

                 In this case, the BZA determined that Mr. Smith did not establish
                 that a special condition relating to his property would result in
                 an unnecessary hardship if the variance was not granted.
                 Specifically, the BZA found that the need for the variance was
                 self-created and that alternatives existed to alleviate his
                 struggles with his neighbor brother, such as planting a tree
                 border. The Court finds that the reasons cited by the BZA for
                 denying the variance were not arbitrary, unreasonable,
                 capricious, or unsupported by the preponderance of the
                 evidence. Further, the Court finds that the magistrate did not
                 err in affirming the BZA decision denying the variance.

                                                     Appeal

        {¶ 16} Smith now appeals from the common pleas court's decision, raising a single

assignment of error for review. In his single assignment of error, Smith argues the common

pleas court erred by affirming the BZA's "denial of a variance for fence height." After a full

and thorough review of the record, and finding no merit to any of the arguments raised by

Smith herein, we affirm the common pleas court's decision.

                                            Standard of Review

        {¶ 17} R.C. Chapter 2506 governs the standards applied to appeals of administrative

agency decisions. Hutchinson v. Wayne Twp. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 12th Dist. Butler No.

CA2012-02-032, 2012-Ohio-4103, ¶ 14. Pursuant to R.C. 2506.04, a common pleas court

reviewing an administrative appeal "'weighs the evidence in the whole record and

determines whether the administrative order is unconstitutional, illegal, arbitrary, capricious,

unreasonable, or unsupported by the preponderance of the substantial, reliable, and

probative evidence.'" Bingham v. Wilmington Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 12th Dist. Clinton No.


1. We note that the common pleas court's decision stated that Section 3.102.6(A) of the WCRZC "provides
that the height of a fence shall not exceed four (4) feet in the front yard and shall not exceed six (6) feet in the
side or back yards." However, a review of the WCRZC shows that Section 3.102.6(A) merely prohibits any
fence from standing greater than four feet in a front yard without any reference to the height requirements for
a fence in a side or back yard. The magistrate stated as much in its decision at fn. 1.
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CA2012-05-012, 2013-Ohio-61, ¶ 6, quoting Key-Ads, Inc. v. Warren Cty. Bd. of Commrs.,

12th Dist. Warren No. CA2007-06-085, 2008-Ohio-1474, ¶ 7. A board of zoning appeals'

decision is presumed to be valid and the burden is upon the party contesting the board's

determination to prove otherwise. Terrace Park v. Anderson Twp. Bd. of Zoning Appeals,

1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-140741 and C-140745, 2015-Ohio-4602, ¶ 13.

       {¶ 18} On the other hand, "'[a]n appeal to the court of appeals, pursuant to R.C.

2506.04, is more limited in scope."' Queen v. Union Twp. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 12th Dist.

Fayette No. CA2015-05-011, 2016-Ohio-161, ¶ 13, quoting Kisil v. Sandusky, 12 Ohio St.3d

30, 34 (1984). "[T]his court on review is without jurisdiction to substitute its judgment for

that of the [common pleas] court." In re Lehman, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 77AP-340, 1977

Ohio App. LEXIS 7449, *4-5 (Dec. 27, 1977). "[T]his court must affirm the common pleas

court's decision unless it finds, as a matter of law, that the lower court's decision was not

supported by a preponderance of reliable, probative, and substantial evidence." Taylor v.

Wayne Twp. Bd. of Trustees, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2008-02-032, 2009-Ohio-193, ¶10.

But, unlike the common pleas court, this court "does not weigh the evidence or determine

questions of fact." Abdalla Ents. v. Liberty Twp. Bd. of Trustees, 196 Ohio App.3d 204,

2011-Ohio-5085, ¶ 18 (12th Dist.).

                           BZA's Authority to Issue a Variance

       {¶ 19} R.C. 303.14 "sets forth the powers of a county board of zoning appeals."

Homes, Inc. v. Butler Cty. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 35 Ohio App.3d 161, 165 (12th.

Dist.1987). Pursuant to that statute, and as relevant here, the BZA may authorize a

variance from the terms of the WCRZC "as will not be contrary to the public interest, where,

owing to special conditions, a literal enforcement of the resolution will result in unnecessary

hardship, and so that the spirit of the resolution shall be observed and substantial justice



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done[.]"2 This sets forth a four-prong inquiry that grants the BZA authority to issue a

variance only if:

                (1) the variance will not be contrary to the public interest;

                (2) where, owing to special conditions, literal enforcement of the
                resolution will result in unnecessary hardship; and so

                (3) that the spirit of the zoning resolution shall be observed if the
                variance is granted; and

                (4) substantial justice shall be done by granting the variance.

        {¶ 20} This is the same standard set forth by Section 1.307.5 of the WCRZC.

Specifically, as that section of the WCRZC states:

                Review Criteria: The BZA shall not authorize approval of
                variance(s) unless the Board documents Findings of Fact based
                on the evidence presented upon appeal. The standards for
                granting such variance from the terms of the Zoning Code to be
                considered are as follows:

                (A) That granting a variance will not be contrary to the public
                interest;

                (B) Where, owing to special conditions, a literal enforcement of
                the resolution will result in an unnecessary hardship;

                (C) That the spirit of the zoning resolution will be observed if a
                variance is granted; and,

                (D) Substantial justice will be done if a variance is granted.

A board of zoning appeal's decision to grant a variance is dependent on the facts of each

case. Kratzer v. Westfield Twp., 9th Dist. Medina No. 14CA0069-M, 2016-Ohio-3378, ¶ 12.

               "Unnecessary Hardship" or "Practical Difficulties" Standard

        {¶ 21} Prior to addressing the merits of Smith's appeal, we note that Smith claims



2. The language found in R.C. 303.14(B) addressing a county board of zoning appeal's authority to grant a
variance is identical to the language found in R.C. 519.14(B) regarding the authority of a township board of
zoning appeals to grant the same. Therefore, due to the identical language found in both R.C. 303.14(B) and
519.14(B), this court will cite as authority caselaw addressing both statutes with equal authoritative weight.


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the standard set forth in R.C. 303.14(B) requiring an "unnecessary hardship" does not apply

to this case. Smith instead argues that the lower "practical difficulties" standard applies.

We have rejected this argument previously and decline Smith's invitation to revisit the issue

here. See Smith v. Warren Cty. Rural Zoning Bd. of Appeals, 12th Dist. Warren No.

CA2007-05-058, 2008-Ohio-2910, ¶ 14, citing Dsuban v. Union Twp. Bd. of Zoning Appeals,

140 Ohio App.3d 602, 608-609 (12th Dist.2000) (analyzing the analogous statutory

provision outlining the powers of a township board of zoning appeals); see also Thompson

v. Schwab, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2001-08-196, 2002 Ohio App. LEXIS 1990, *2-3

(common pleas court applied improper "practical difficulties" standard rather than

"unnecessary hardship" standard in reviewing a township board of zoning appeals' decision

denying a variance).

      {¶ 22} And, regardless of what Smith argued to the common pleas court, our

research indicates that this court is not alone in its holding. See Mercer Cty. Bd. of Zoning

Appeals, 2008-Ohio-2116 at ¶ 17 ("we must reject the argument that the lesser 'practical

difficulty' standard applies to area variances because the plain language of R.C. 303.14(B)

provides otherwise"); see also In re Appeal of American Outdoor Advertising, LLC., 3d Dist.

Union No. 14-02-27, 2003-Ohio-1820, ¶ 9 (applying the analogous statutory provision

outlining the powers of a township board of zoning appeals finding "regardless of whether

the application in this case was for an area or use variance, the appropriate standard is

whether denial of the variance would produce an unnecessary hardship"); Briggs v.

Dinsmore Twp. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 161 Ohio App.3d 704, 2005-Ohio-3077, ¶ (3d Dist.)

(common pleas court applied improper "practical difficulties" standard rather than the

"unnecessary hardship" standard in reviewing a township board of zoning appeals' decision

denying a variance).

      Smith's Single Assignment of Error and Relevant Supporting Arguments

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      {¶ 23} Smith raises a variety of issues in his single assignment of error.      But,

although separated into a total of seven different arguments, these issues can be stated

more simply as follows:

             1. The common pleas court erred by affirming the BZA's
             decision by relying on issues that were not previously raised or
             argued before the BZA or the common pleas court, thereby
             violating his right to due process.

             2. The common pleas court erred by affirming the BZA's
             decision where the BZA's decision was based on "unlawful
             grounds" that went beyond the statutory authorization set forth
             by R.C. 303.14(B) and Section 1.307.5 of the WCRZC.

             3. The common pleas court erred by affirming the BZA's
             decision where Smith provided sufficient evidence that the literal
             enforcement of Section 3.102.6(A) of the WCRZR would result
             in an "unnecessary hardship."

These three issues, coupled with Smith's relevant supporting arguments raised herein, are

addressed more fully below.

       Denying Smith's Variance Application on Issues Not Previously Raised

      {¶ 24} Smith initially argues the common pleas court erred by affirming the BZA's

decision by relying on issues not previously raised or argued before the BZA or the common

pleas court; namely, that the "unnecessary hardship" Smith faced was self-created,

personal, and a result of his tumultuous relationship with his brother that could have been

addressed through some alternative means, such as planting a tree border or installing a

berm. Therefore, according to Smith, the common pleas court's "sua sponte" decision was

improper and violated his right to due process. We disagree.

      {¶ 25} A simple review of the record proves Smith's claim false. That is, stated

differently, the common pleas court's decision was based on issues that were raised and

argued before both the BZA and the common pleas court. For instance, as it relates to the

hearing on Smith's variance application before the BZA, we note the following exchange


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between a BZA board member, Smith, and Smith's counsel:

            [BZA BOARD MEMBER]: So your claim would be that your
            hardship is –

            [SMITH'S COUNSEL]: The hardship – be more specific, what
            kind of problems did you have with your brother before you had
            the privacy fence?

            MR. SMITH: You know, there was just a lot of issues of privacy,
            we didn't have any. And then when my parents passed away, I
            – the reason this started was I asked him to move a section of
            concrete and that effluent sewer pipe being the easements for
            the back of the property. If I get my house done, I'm trying to
            work on it to sell, I've got to have a straight [boundary line].

      {¶ 26} This exchange continued as follows:

            [SMITH'S COUNSEL]: Tell them what the hardships were with
            regard to what problems your brother was causing before you
            put up the fence?

            MR. SMITH: Well, you know, that's the reason I made a move
            is he started on me all the time with, you know, argumentative
            behavior over that and then threats to come do bodily harm, and
            that kind of thing so I just – I went and put a fence up.

      {¶ 27} This exchange concluded as follows:

            [SMITH'S COUNSEL]: Has he done anything that would you
            describe to the Board as like spying or harassing activities and
            things like that that the fence prevented?

            MR. SMITH: It's prevented all that. I mean, you know, you had
            no privacy, any kind of personal – people come in and, you
            know, everything. It's just – it's all created a whole new
            atmosphere. It's totally private. I mean –

            [SMITH'S COUNSEL]: Were the police called from time to time?

            MR. SMITH: I could have called the police but it was my brother.
            And I just – and I tried to resolve and tell him to go home. I got
            him all calmed down and left. But it's just – you know, the
            attitude sometimes is to go the wrong way instead of talking, so
            – and it's made total peace.

      {¶ 28} Also illustrative is Smith's subsequent statement to the BZA describing the

impact the nonconforming fence has had on his relationship with his brother. As Smith

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testified:

                But you know, all the activities from this house and all the
                activities I have here is constant, you know, constantly
                everybody knows what everybody's doing. And like I said, since
                I put that up, it's – I mean I had issues one time that if I have
                loud music or something, I'd get yelled at over that or he'd turn
                some lawnmower on and leave it to be louder, I mean just silly
                things like that. And it's just made everything so much peaceful,
                just took all that away. You know, out of sight, out of mind.

        {¶ 29} Smith later testified that he thought about simply planting trees between he

and his brother's property but that "nothing grows fast I know. So yeah, this was in my mind

a quick, you know, way of easing the situation."

        {¶ 30} Smith's statements at the BZA hearing clearly show that the issues the BZA

relied upon in denying the variance – that the "unnecessary hardship" Smith faced was self-

created, personal, and a result of his tumultuous relationship with his brother that could

have been addressed through some alternative means, such as planting a tree border or

installing a berm – were raised and argued extensively before the BZA. Smith's claim

otherwise is incorrect and not supported by the record.

        {¶ 31} The same is true regarding Smith's claim that these same issues were not

raised and argued before the common pleas court. As Smith's counsel stated at the hearing

held before the common pleas court magistrate:3

                1. So, I think, okay, then what's the legal reasoning for
                prohibiting the man from having a fence that's a little bit higher
                that has for the whole time it's been up, going on two years now,
                I guess, kept the peace between him and his neighbor, who
                used to have all kinds of trouble[?]

                2. The [literal] enforcement of the code, does result in the
                hardship, that is he has a fence, that doesn't keep the peace
                between him and his neighbor and this one does[.]

                3. [T]he hardship was the fact that he's got a neighbor who drove

3. This court created a numerical list to separate the relevant statements offered by Smith's counsel for clarity
and ease of readability.
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              him crazy and the fence stopped that. Put a complete stop to it.
              Now they live in peace in the neighborhood.

       {¶ 32} The magistrate's own statements indicate it also found early on that the

"unnecessary hardship" alleged by Smith was self-created and personal to him rather than

the unique conditions peculiar to the land itself. As the magistrate stated, "Mr. Smith's

hardship in this case is the bad behavior of his brother, who is his next door neighbor. Some

third person, causing him a problem." To which Smith's counsel responded and agreed

that, "As Your Honor pointed out, it's not the existence of the fence that creates the

substantial hardship, it's the fact of the bad neighbor[.]"     Smith's counsel thereafter

concluded by stating, "This is a fence put up to be nice, to try to keep peace" between Smith

and his brother.

       {¶ 33} Just like Smith's own statements at the hearing before the BZA, the

statements of Smith's counsel at the hearing held before the common pleas court

magistrate also show the issues the BZA relied upon in denying the variance were raised

and argued before the common pleas court. Smith's claim otherwise is once again incorrect

and not supported by the record. Therefore, because the record does not support Smith's

claim, we find no merit to Smith's argument that the common pleas court issued a "sua

sponte" decision that violated his right to due process.

              "Unlawful Grounds" to Deny Smith's Variance Application

       {¶ 34} Smith next argues the common pleas court's decision was improper since the

BZA denied his application on "unlawful grounds" that went beyond the statutory

authorization set forth by R.C. 303.14(B) and Section 1.307.5 of the WCRZC. In support,

Smith argues the common pleas court's decision must be reversed because the BZA "re-

wrote" the Ohio Revised Code and the WCRZC to include an unconstitutional rationale for

denying a variance; namely, that a variance can be denied upon finding the alleged


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"unnecessary hardship" necessitating the issuance of a variance was self-created and

personal to the property owner as opposed to unique conditions peculiar to the land itself.

      {¶ 35} Specifically, as Smith argues:

             There is nothing in that Code that limits the rights of a property
             owner unless there is something "unique," or "personal," or even
             "irreconcilable" other than by a variance. The writers of the
             Code omitting those "qualifiers" from the statutory text has to be
             construed as being on purpose.

Therefore, according to Smith, because "those words are not in the Code applicable here,"

the common pleas court's decision to affirm the BZA's findings was the "epitome of

arbitrariness." We again disagree.

      {¶ 36} This court is confounded by Smith's argument. Smith is essentially arguing

that the Ohio Revised Code and the WCRZC must set forth in explicit detail under what

circumstances the BZA can grant a variance to a property owner. That is, stated differently,

Smith argues the Ohio Revised Code and the WCRZC must specifically define under what

circumstances an "unnecessary hardship" exists to allow for a variance to be had. But,

despite Smith's insistence to the contrary, that is not how the law works.

      {¶ 37} Either the Ohio General Assembly or the Warren County Board of County

Commissioners could have specifically defined the phrase "unnecessary hardship." Neither

did. Under such circumstances, both R.C. 1.42 and the Section 4.102 of the WCRZC

mandate that any undefined words and phrases found within the Ohio Revised Code or the

WCRZC be given their customary, common, and everyday meaning.

      {¶ 38} For instance, pursuant to R.C. 1.42:

             Words and phrases shall be read in context and construed
             according to the rules of grammar and common usage. Words
             and phrases that have acquired a technical or particular
             meaning, whether by legislative definition or otherwise, shall be
             construed accordingly.

      {¶ 39} Similarly, pursuant to Section 4.102 of the WCRZC:

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              TERMS NOT DEFINED: Terms not defined herein shall have
              their customary meanings as found in the most recent editions
              of published dictionaries, including the Webster's New World
              Dictionary and the American Heritage Dictionary.

(Bold and underlined text sic.)

       {¶ 40} Citing to R.C. 1.42, the Ohio Supreme Court requires the same. See Stewart

v. Vivian, 151 Ohio St.3d 574, 2017-Ohio-7526, ¶ 25 ("[t]erms that are undefined in a statute

are accorded their common, everyday meaning").

       {¶ 41} What constitutes a customary, common, and everyday meaning to a

statutorily undefined term can be supplied judicially. See, e.g., Jones v. Geauga Cty.

Republican Party Cent. Commt., 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2016-G-0056, 2017-Ohio-2930, ¶

25 ("'[p]ublic business' is not statutorily defined, but has recently been defined by the Ohio

Supreme Court as 'the business of the government' or 'those matters over which the public

governmental body has supervision, control, jurisdiction or advisory power'"). Such is the

case here. See Springfield Fireworks, Inc. v. Ohio Dept. of Commerce, Div. of State Fire

Marshal, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-02-51, 2003-Ohio-2030, ¶ 9 ("[w]hile 'unnecessary hardship'

has not been defined in relation to R.C. 3743.59, this court has defined the phrase in a case

involving the denial of a variance to a township zoning ordinance").

       {¶ 42} Again, as provided by both R.C. 303.14(B) and Section 1.307.5 of the

WCRZC, the BZA has the authority to grant a variance only if:

              (1) the variance will not be contrary to the public interest;

              (2) where owing to special conditions, literal enforcement of the
              resolution will result in unnecessary hardship; and so

              (3) that the spirit of the zoning resolution shall be observed if the
              variance is granted; and

              (4) substantial justice shall be done by granting the variance.

Therefore, when considering the four-pronged inquiry set forth above, the existence of an

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"unnecessary hardship" is a crucial element that must be established by the applicant

requesting a variance before the variance can be issued.

        {¶ 43} An "'[u]nnecessary hardship' results when it is not economically feasible to put

the property to a permitted use under its present zoning classification due to characteristics

unique to the property." Chafe Towing v. Springfield Twp., 9th Dist. Summit No. 20632,

2001 Ohio Appl LEXIS 5688, *3 (Dec. 19, 2001). "An 'unnecessary hardship' does not exist

unless the property is not conducive to any of the uses permitted by the zoning resolution."

Taylor Bldg. Corp. of Am. v. Clearcreek Twp., 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2001-04-028, 2001

Ohio App. LEXIS 5877, *4 (Dec. 24, 2001). "A zoning regulation imposes an unnecessary

hardship which will warrant a variance only where the hardship is unique to a particular

owner's property." Fox v. Shriver-Allison Co., 28 Ohio App.2d 175, 181 (7th Dist.1971).

        This is because, as noted by the common pleas court:

                 The uniqueness of the hardship must stem from circumstances
                 that are peculiar to the land, not the owner of the property. * * *
                 It follows that the unnecessary hardship that will support the
                 granting of a variance must relate to the land, not to the
                 applicant-owner. Accordingly, hardship that is personal to the
                 current applicant-owner will not support the granting [of] a
                 variance.

2 Salkin, American Law of Zoning, Section 13:16 (5th Ed.2010).4

        {¶ 44} Yet, even when the hardship is unique to the conditions peculiar to land and

not merely to the individual property owner, it is well-established that "the person who has

created the hardship can generally not apply for a variance based on the hardship." Klein

v. Hamilton Cty. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 128 Ohio App.3d 632, 637 (1st Dist.1998). In other

words, "a hardship is not considered 'unnecessary' if the landowners imposed the hardship


4. Smith faults the common pleas court for citing as authority the American Law of Zoning treatise generally
referring to that source as "a generic non-Ohio treatise" that should hold little to no weight. But, what Smith
fails to realize is that this court has also relied on that treatise as recently as last year. See Eckert v. Warren
Cty. Rural Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 12th Dist. Warren Nos. CA2017-06-095 and CA2017-07-107 thru CA2017-
17-109, 2018-Ohio-4384, ¶ 45.
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                                                                    Warren CA2018-07-078

upon themselves." American Outdoor Advertising, 2003-Ohio-1820 at ¶ 10, citing Consol.

Mgmt., Inc. v. Cleveland, 6 Ohio St.3d 238, 242 (1983). Therefore, as these principles

suggests, the phrase "self-created" is merely referring to a condition that is personal to the

individual property owner and not the unique conditions peculiar to land itself. This would

include disputes between neighboring property owners like Smith and his brother.

       {¶ 45} Based on the judicially defined phrase "unnecessary hardship" as set forth

above, it is clear that the BZA did not base its decision denying Smith's application for a

variance on "unlawful grounds" that went beyond the statutory authorization set forth by

R.C. 303.14(B) and Section 1.307.5 of the WCRZC. We find quite the opposite to be true.

That is, contrary to Smith's claim, a variance application can be denied where the alleged

"unnecessary hardship" was self-created and personal to the property owner as opposed

to the unique conditions peculiar to the land itself. Therefore, because the BZA was well

within its authority granted by R.C. 303.14(B) and Section 1.307.5 of the WCRZC to deny

the variance on the grounds stated within its decision, Smith's claim that the common pleas

court erred by affirming the BZA's decision based on "unlawful grounds" lacks merit and

falls well short of what would be considered the "epitome of arbitrariness" as Smith

suggests.

             Sufficient Evidence to Establish an "Unnecessary Hardship"

       {¶ 46} Alternatively, assuming this court was to find the BZA's decision to deny his

variance application was based on lawful grounds, Smith argues the common pleas court

nevertheless erred by affirming the BZA's decision because he provided sufficient evidence

that the literal enforcement of the WCRZR would result in an "unnecessary hardship" to

him. We disagree.

                             Physical Dynamics of the Property

       {¶ 47} Smith first argues the common pleas court erred by affirming the BZA's

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decision since the "unnecessary hardship" was not self-created and personal to him but

instead unique to conditions peculiar to the land itself. Smith supports this claim by noting

the "physical dynamics of the property" being in "close proximity" and "having a shared

boundary" to that of his brother's neighboring property. Therefore, according to Smith,

rather than a problem that was self-created and personal to him, the "unnecessary

hardship" was the result of "the size and shape of his lot and the placement of his house

too close to the boundary with the trouble-making neighbor." (Internal quotation marks

omitted.)

       {¶ 48} Although Smith's property shares a common boundary to that of his brother's,

nothing about the "unnecessary hardship" in this case was due to the physical dynamics of

Smith's property. The hardship was instead the result of Smith's tumultuous relationship

with his brother. That is not to say the close proximity of his property to his brother's did

not exacerbate their animosity towards one another. The record indicates that it most

certainly did. But, rather than an issue that was unique to the conditions peculiar to Smith's

property, it was Smith's contentious relationship with his brother that led Smith to erect the

nonconforming fence at issue. This is true despite the fact that the record is devoid of any

evidence indicating Smith was at fault for causing the fallout between him and his brother.

       {¶ 49} Smith claims his brother is an abusive, disruptive, "bad," "recalcitrant,"

"trouble-making neighbor," who "drove him crazy." But, even if that were the case, Smith

himself readily acknowledges that there would have been no need to erect the non-

conforming fence "if the bad neighbor were two doors down." How can these issues be

anything other than self-created and personal to Smith if they could be resolved simply by

substituting his neighbor for someone other than his brother? Logic dictates that they

cannot.

       {¶ 50} This becomes clear when taking into consideration Smith's argument set forth

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                                                                    Warren CA2018-07-078

above; namely, that the "unnecessary hardship" was the result of "the size and shape of his

lot and the placement of his house too close to the boundary with the trouble-making

neighbor." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Taken to its logical conclusion, if the "size

and shape" of Smith's property and the "placement of his house to the boundary" next to a

"trouble-making neighbor" would necessitate a variance being had, a variance would not

be necessary if Smith instead lived next to a non-trouble-making neighbor who did not

interfere with his enjoyment of his property. Therefore, as this example plainly shows, what

is unique to the conditions peculiar to Smith's property is not the physical dynamics of the

land but the fact that Smith lives next door to his brother with whom he does not get along.

      {¶ 51} As previously noted, "[a] zoning regulation imposes an unnecessary hardship

which will warrant a variance only where the hardship is unique to a particular owner's

property." (Emphasis added.) Shriver-Allison Co., 28 Ohio App.2d at 181. Therefore, as

outlined more fully above, the "unnecessary hardship" in this case is not the result of any

unique conditions peculiar to Smith's property. The "unnecessary hardship" alleged by

Smith is instead self-created and personal to Smith due to his tumultuous relationship with

his brother. This is true regardless of Smith's repeated assertions to the contrary.

          No "Good Reason" to Deny Smith's "Unopposed" Variance Application

      {¶ 52} Smith also argues the common pleas court erred by affirming the BZA's

decision because there was "not a good reason" to deny his "unopposed" variance

application. But, as the record indicates, the BZA did have a good reason to deny the

variance based on the facts and circumstances of this case as applied to the applicable law

as set forth above. That is, simply stated, the BZA's decision – as well as the common

pleas court's decision to thereafter affirm the BZA's findings – was based on well-

established case law addressing similar issues to the case at bar. The fact that the case

law cited by the common pleas court in support of its decision did not address the exact

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                                                                    Warren CA2018-07-078

same factual scenario does not render that case law irrelevant and obsolete as Smith

suggests. The case law relied upon by the common pleas court instead serves as guidance

under the well-established principle of stare decisis.

       {¶ 53} Under the legal doctrine of stare decisis, courts follow controlling precedent,

thereby creating stability and predictability in our legal system. State ex rel. Davis v. Pub.

Emps. Retirement Bd., 120 Ohio St.3d 386, 2008-Ohio-6254, ¶ 38. The Ohio Supreme

Court, as well as this court, generally "adhere to the doctrine of stare decisis as a means of

thwarting the arbitrary administration of justice as well as providing a clear rule of law by

which the citizenry can organize their affairs." Westfield Ins. Co. v. Galatis, 100 Ohio St.3d

216, 2003-Ohio-5849, ¶ 43, citing State ex rel. Rocky River v. State Emp. Relations Bd., 43

Ohio St.3d 1, 4-5 (1989). "The doctrine is of fundamental importance to the rule of law."

Wampler v. Higgins, 93 Ohio St.3d 111, 120 (2001). "This principle is universally accepted

and unquestioned." Id.

       {¶ 54} The common pleas court, not having any case law addressing this exact same

factual scenario, analogized the available case law addressing what constitutes an

"unnecessary hardship" to the facts and circumstances presented in this case.            This

precedent guided the common pleas court's decision to affirm the BZA's decision to deny

Smith's application for a variance. The BZA acted appropriately at all times in reaching this

decision. The same is true regarding the common pleas court. The fact that Smith does

not agree with the BZA's decision to deny his variance application does not serve as a

sound rationale that would warrant reversing the BZA's decision.          Simply stated, the

common pleas court found the BZA's decision denying Smith's application was "not

arbitrary, unreasonable, capricious, or unsupported by the preponderance of the evidence."

The common pleas court did not err in reaching this decision.

                           "Nature of the Cause of the Problem"

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                                                                    Warren CA2018-07-078

       {¶ 55} Smith next argues the common pleas court erred by affirming the BZA's

decision because a variance should not be denied based solely on the "nature of the cause

of the problem." However, as discussed more fully above, the BZA reached its decision to

deny Smith's variance application by properly applying the four-pronged inquiry set forth by

both R.C. 303.14(B) and Section 1.307.5 of the WCRZC. This inquiry includes, at least

implicitly, consideration of the "nature of the cause of the problem" in determining whether

there was an "unnecessary hardship" that would allow for a variance to be had. Smith's

claim that the BZA reached its decision without considering the "nature and cause of the

problem" – that being Smith's tumultuous relationship with his brother – belies what is

clearly set forth in the record before this court.

       {¶ 56} Again, although couched in slightly different terms, Smith's insistence that

"nature of the cause of the problem" was caused by the physical dynamics of the property

is incorrect and unsupported by the record. The "nature of the cause of the problem," as

discussed more fully above, was due to Smith's tumultuous relationship with his brother.

Just as the magistrate found, Smith's "hardship does not relate to his land, but rather to his

relationship with his brother, a purely personal matter. A variance is an inappropriate

remedy for [Smith's] problem."       The common pleas court affirmed and adopted the

magistrate's decision in its entirety. When applying the applicable law set forth above, the

record fully supports the common pleas court's decision to do just that.

                      Equity and Fairness Mandate Issuing a Variance

       {¶ 57} Smith's final argument is essentially one in equity and fairness. As Smith

claims:

              [A] trouble-making neighbor who disrupts and disturbs a
              property owner's peace, privacy, and quiet enjoyment of their
              property, justifies a few extra feet of fence under the law
              protecting a property owner's right to use of their property.


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       {¶ 58} This is because, according to Smith:

              Allowing [a few extra feet of fence] is not contrary to the public
              interest; due to those special conditions (residence in close
              proximity to a recalcitrant trouble-maker), a literal enforcement
              of the fence-height limit resulted in unnecessary hardship; and
              that variance is consistent with the spirt of the resolution and
              substantial justice done.

       {¶ 59} We disagree with Smith's claims. While the record indicates the problems

between Smith and his brother ceased after the nonconforming fence was erected, equity

and fairness do not mandate the BZA grant Smith a variance. This is especially true here

when considering the fence at issue stands in some places eight feet higher than what is

permitted by the WCRZC. A contrary holding would essentially call on the BZA to mediate

disputes between bickering neighbors – such as Smith and his brother here – who have

decided to ignore the zoning requirements set forth in the WCRZC and resolve their dispute

by erecting nonconforming physical barriers between their two properties. That is certainly

not the BZA's role, nor should it be.

       {¶ 60} In so holding, we note that there is nothing in the record to indicate a fence

that complies with the requirements of the WCRZC would not have had the same impact

as the nonconforming fence that is currently in place. There is also nothing in the record to

indicate that planting trees or installing a berm as the BZA suggested would be insufficient

to alleviate the problems between Smith and his brother. This is true despite the fact that

trees may not grow as quickly as Smith would like. Smith had, and likely still has, many

other options available to him besides keeping in place a fence that does not conform to

the height requirements set forth by the WCRZC. Adhering to the requirements set forth by

the WCRZC, rather than taking the matter into one's own hands by erecting a non-

conforming 12-foot fence, is advisable even when faced with a disagreeable and disruptive

neighbor who happens to be your brother.


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                                                                    Warren CA2018-07-078

                                          Conclusion

      {¶ 61} The common pleas court did not err by affirming the BZA's decision denying

Smith's application for a variance. That is to say the common pleas court's decision to

affirm the BZA's decision was supported by a preponderance of reliable, probative, and

substantial evidence. A property owner's disagreement with his or her neighbor cannot be

the basis for the issuance of a variance when there is otherwise nothing unique to the

conditions peculiar to the land itself.    We find this is true regardless of whether the

"unnecessary hardship" standard or the alternative "practical difficulties" standard applies.

Nothing mandates the BZA grant Smith's application for a variance simply because Smith

asked for one. Therefore, finding no merit to any of the arguments raised herein, Smith's

single assignment of error is overruled and the common pleas court's decision is affirmed.

      {¶ 62} Judgment affirmed.


      HENDRICKSON, P.J., and PIPER, J., concur.




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