                                    2018 IL App (1st) 180932

                                                                             FIRST DIVISION
                                                                             December 3, 2018

                                          No. 1-18-0932


                                        IN THE

                              APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                    FIRST DISTRICT



 In re MARRIAGE OF                                             )          Appeal from the
                                                               )          Circuit Court of
 CAROLE L. SPARKS,                                             )          Cook County
                                                               )
        Petitioner/Cross-Respondent-Appellant,                 )
                                                               )          No. 14 D 630104
 v.                                                            )
                                                               )
 JOHNNY L. SPARKS,                                             )          The Honorable
                                                               )          Melissa A. Durkin,
        Respondent/Cross-Petitioner-Appellee.                  )          Judge Presiding.


       JUSTICE PIERCE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Justices Griffin and Walker concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                            OPINION

¶1     Johnny Sparks and Carole Sparks filed cross-petitions for dissolution of their marriage.

The circuit court entered a judgment of dissolution of marriage that incorporated the parties’

child custody settlement for J.S., a minor born to Carole during the marriage. After the entry of

the judgment of dissolution of marriage, Johnny filed a petition in the circuit court to terminate

his parent and child relationship with J.S. The circuit court granted Johnny’s motion for genetic

testing, and the results showed that Johnny is not J.S.’s biological father. The circuit court

conducted a trial on Johnny’s petition to determine when Johnny acquired actual knowledge of

relevant facts concerning J.S.’s biological paternity. After trial, the circuit court determined that
No. 1-18-0932


Johnny’s petition was timely because it was filed within two years of Johnny acquiring actual

knowledge of relevant facts regarding J.S.’s biological parentage. The circuit court ordered that

Johnny was not J.S.’s legal or biological parent and vacated all of the previously-entered orders

related to Johnny’s custody, allocation of parental responsibilities, visitation parenting time,

child support, and financial support for J.S. Carole appeals. We affirm.

¶2                                      I. BACKGROUND

¶3     Johnny Sparks and Carole Sparks were married on December 4, 1992. At the time of the

marriage, Carole had one daughter from a previous relationship. During the course of Johnny and

Carole’s marriage, five children were born to or adopted by the parties, including J.S., who was

born on May 27, 2004, and who is the only child that is still a minor. Johnny was therefore J.S.’s

presumed father under section 204(a)(1) of the Illinois Parentage Act of 2015 (Act) (750 ILCS

46/204(a)(1) (West 2016)). Carole filed a petition for dissolution of marriage in February 2014

and Johnny subsequently filed a counter-petition for dissolution of marriage. During the course

of the proceedings, the circuit court approved an agreed joint custody settlement agreement. On

May 26, 2016, the circuit court entered a judgment for dissolution of marriage that incorporated

the joint custody settlement and the parties’ marital settlement agreement, and addressed the

parties’ financial obligations for J.S.’s expenses.

¶4     In November 2016, Carole filed a petition for rule to show cause against Johnny for

allegedly failing to pay his portion of J.S.’s private school tuition and expenses. Johnny filed a

pro se response to Carole’s petition, asserting in part that a July 7, 2016, DNA test showed that

he was not J.S.’s biological father. In January 2017, Johnny filed through counsel an amended

response to Carole’s petition for rule to show cause, as well as a verified petition to terminate his

parent and child relationship with J.S. pursuant to section 205 of the Act (id. § 205 (West 2016)).



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Johnny then filed an amended petition—which is the petition at issue in this appeal—to

terminate his parent-child relationship with J.S. pursuant to section 2-1401 of the Code of Civil

Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2016)), and section 205(c) of the Act.

¶5     Johnny’s amended petition alleged that in June 2016, shortly after the judgment for

dissolution of marriage, Carole informed him for the first time that he was not J.S.’s biological

father. Johnny asserted that prior to June 2016, he had no knowledge or reason to believe that he

was not J.S.’s biological father. Johnny asserted that his petition was timely under section 205(c)

of the Act because it was filed within two years of acquiring actual knowledge of relevant facts

that he was not J.S.’s biological father. He also requested that the circuit court order an

admissible DNA test pursuant to section 614 of the Act (750 ILCS 46/614 (West 2016)). Finally,

Johnny requested that the circuit court vacate all of the child-related orders in the dissolution of

marriage proceedings on the basis that Carole fraudulently concealed that he was not J.S.’s

biological father until after the entry of the judgment for dissolution of marriage.

¶6     Carole moved to dismiss Johnny’s amended petition pursuant to section 2-619.1 of the

Code (735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2016)), asserting in relevant part that Johnny’s 2-1401 petition

should be dismissed because Johnny failed to exercise due diligence in bringing his claim and

that the amended petition failed to state a claim for fraud. Carole also opposed Johnny’s request

for genetic testing on the basis that Johnny’s petition failed to state a claim to declare the

nonexistence of a child and parent relationship. Carole’s motion to dismiss was fully briefed. On

July 20, 2017, the circuit court heard oral argument and denied Carole’s motion to dismiss. The

circuit court ordered Johnny, Carole, and J.S. to undergo a DNA test over Carole’s objection that

the circuit court had not yet conducted a hearing on Johnny’s section 2-1401 petition. At no point

in the proceedings on the amended petition did Carole request that the circuit court appoint a



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No. 1-18-0932


guardian ad litem or child representative for J.S., and no guardian ad litem or child representative

was ever appointed by the circuit court. Carole’s attorney was allowed to withdraw and Carole

filed a pro se motion to vacate and reconsider the circuit court’s order requiring DNA testing,

which in part referenced sections 205 and 610 of the Act (760 ILCS 46/205, 610 (West 2016)).

The motion to reconsider was fully briefed and the circuit court denied the motion. 1 Johnny,

Carole, and J.S. submitted to genetic testing that confirmed that Johnny is not J.S.’s biological

father.

¶7        The circuit court then held a trial on Johnny’s amended petition. The circuit court heard

testimony from the parties, as well as from Johnny’s current wife Berenda Sparks, the parties’

daughter Tiki Sparks, and Carole’s daughter from her previous relationship, Iris Sparks, who is

Johnny’s stepdaughter. After hearing all of the testimony, the circuit court made credibility

findings on the record and concluded that prior to June 2016, Johnny did not have any actual

knowledge of relevant facts that J.S. was not his biological daughter. The circuit court further

concluded that Carole committed fraud by leading Johnny to believe that J.S. was his biological

daughter. In a handwritten order dated April 19, 2018, the circuit court, in relevant part, granted

Johnny’s petition to terminate his parent and child relationship with J.S., ordered that Johnny

was not J.S.’s “legal and/or biological father,” and ordered that “all orders regarding custody,

allocation of parental responsibilities, visitation parenting time, child support or financial support

for the minor, J.S., are hereby vacated.” Carole filed a timely notice of appeal.




          1
         Carole filed a notice of appeal from the denial of her motion to reconsider, which this court
docketed as appeal No. 17-2518, and which we subsequently dismissed for want of prosecution. Carole’s
counsel on appeal correctly notes that we had no jurisdiction over appeal No. 17-2518, as there was no
final judgment, and there is no provision in our supreme court’s rules permitting an interlocutory appeal
from an order granting or denying a request for genetic testing. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 304(b) (eff. Mar. 8,
2016). Therefore, Carole’s prior appeal has no preclusive effect on the present appeal.
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¶8                                        II. ANALYSIS

¶9     We have jurisdiction over the circuit court’s April 19, 2018, order pursuant to Illinois

Supreme Court Rule 304(b)(3) (eff. Mar. 8, 2016), because that order granted Johnny’s section

2-1401 petition, and also pursuant to Rule 304(b)(6) because the circuit court’s order modified a

judgment relating to the custody and allocation of parental responsibility. Furthermore, we find

that we have jurisdiction over the circuit court’s July 20, 2017, order granting Johnny’s motion

for genetic testing because that order was an integral part of the circuit court’s April 19, 2018,

judgment that Johnny was not J.S.’s legal or biological father.

¶ 10   On appeal, Carole first argues that the circuit court should have held a hearing pursuant to

sections 401 and 610(b) of the Act to consider J.S.’s best interests prior to ordering genetic

testing. We disagree based on the plain language of the Act.

¶ 11   When considering issues of statutory construction, our primary goal is to ascertain and

give effect to the intention of the legislature. In re Marriage of Goesel, 2017 IL 122046, ¶ 13.

The best indicator of legislative intent is the plain language of the statute, which must be given

its plain and ordinary meaning. Id. We consider each provision of the statute in light of other

relevant provisions of the statute. Id. Where the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, we

must give effect to that language without resort to other aids of statutory construction. Id.

Statutory construction is a question of law that we review de novo. Id.

¶ 12   Section 401 of the Act provides, in relevant part,

                       “Proceeding authorized. As soon as practicable, a court or an

                administrative hearing officer in an Expedited Child Support System may, and

                upon the request of a party except as provided in Section 610 of this Act, or of the

                child, shall order or direct the mother, child, and alleged father to submit to



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No. 1-18-0932


                deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) testing to determine inherited characteristics.” 750

                ILCS 46/401 (West 2016).

The legislature’s intent is clear: where a party or the child requests genetic testing, the circuit

court “shall order or direct the mother, child, and alleged father to submit” to genetic testing.

(Emphasis added.) Id.

¶ 13   The mandatory language of section 401 is limited by the specific reference to section 610

of the Act that gives the circuit court discretion to deny a motion for genetic testing after the

circuit court considers certain factors. Section 610 of the Act provides, in relevant part,

                “§ 610. Authority to deny motion for genetic testing.

                        (a) In a proceeding in which the parentage of a child having a presumed,

                        acknowledged, or adjudicated parent is at issue, the court may deny a

                        motion by a parent, presumed parent, acknowledged parent, adjudicated

                        parent, alleged parent, or the child seeking an order for genetic testing of

                        the parents and child if the court determines that:

                               (1) the conduct of the parent, acknowledged parent, adjudicated

                               parent, or the presumed parent estops that party from denying

                               parentage;

                               (2) it would be inequitable to disprove the parent-child relationship

                               between the child and the presumed, acknowledged, or adjudicated

                               parent; and

                               (3) it is in the child’s best interests to deny genetic testing, taking

                               into account the following factors.” Id. § 610(a).




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The statute then lists ten factors for the circuit court to consider relative to the child’s best

interest: (a) the length of time between the proceeding to adjudicate parentage and the time the

presumed parent was on notice of possible nonparentage; (b) the length of time the presumed

parent assumed the role of parent; (c) the facts surrounding discovery of possible nonparentage;

(d) the nature of the relationship between the child and the presumed, acknowledged, or

adjudicated parent; (e) the child’s age; (f) the harm to the child if parentage is disproved; (g) the

nature of the relationship between the child and alleged parent; (h) the extent of the passage of

time reduces the chance of establishing parentage in another and support obligations in favor of

the child; (i) other factors affecting the equities from disrupting the parent-child relationship or

the chance of harm to the child; and (j) any other equitable factors found by the court. Id.

¶ 14   It is clear from the plain language of section 610(a) of the Act that the circuit court may

exercise its discretion and deny a motion for genetic testing by a “parent, presumed parent,

acknowledged parent, adjudicated parent, alleged parent, or the child” only after the circuit court

has considered all of the relevant factors set forth in section 610(a) of the Act. We must read this

provision in harmony with section 401 of the Act, which provides that, on the motion of a party

or the child, the circuit court “shall order or direct the mother, child, and alleged father to submit

to” genetic testing. In other words, under section 401 the circuit court must presumptively order

genetic testing when requested by a party or the child, however, this presumption may be

rebutted after the circuit court considers the factors in section 610(a). After considering the

factors contained in section 610(a), the circuit court may then exercise its discretion to deny a

motion for genetic testing, effectively refusing to allow testing that would establish to a degree of

scientific certainty whether a party is the biological parent of a child. In section 401, our

legislature was free to make genetic testing the presumptive default, since such testing is readily



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No. 1-18-0932


available and can establish biological parentage with a high degree of scientific certainty. The

legislature could have required a hearing on every motion for genetic testing so that the circuit

court could consider the section 610(a) factors but it did not do so. Instead, the legislature

provided that where a motion for genetic testing is made under section 401, the motion may be

denied only where the circuit court finds the section 610(a) factors are present; where the circuit

court finds those factors are not present, as in this case, the court must enter the order for genetic

testing. Therefore, contrary to Carole’s argument on appeal, the circuit court was not obligated to

conduct a hearing to consider J.S.’s best interests prior to ordering genetic testing, and was

presumptively obligated to order genetic testing as requested by Johnny after considering the

section 610(a) factors.

¶ 15   Our above analysis is also largely dispositive of Carole’s second argument on appeal,

which is that 610(b) of the Act required the circuit court to appoint a guardian ad litem, a child

representative, or an attorney for J.S. prior to ordering genetic testing. Johnny argues, and we

agree, that Carole forfeited the issue of whether the circuit court was required to appoint a

guardian ad litem, a child representative, or an attorney for J.S. prior to ordering genetic testing

because she never advanced this argument in the circuit court. Forfeiture aside, section 610(b) of

the Act did not apply to these proceedings because, by its own terms, section 610(b) of the Act

provides, in relevant part, “[i]n a proceeding involving the application of this Section, a minor or

incapacitated child must be represented by a guardian ad litem, child’s representative, or attorney

for the child.” (Emphasis added.) 750 ILCS 46/610(b) (West 2016). We have already concluded

that when the circuit court grants a motion for genetic testing pursuant to section 410, section

610 of the Act is not applicable, and thus when the circuit court grants genetic testing, there is no

“proceeding involving the application of” section 610 of the Act.



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¶ 16      Carole relies on In re Marriage of Tzoumas, 187 Ill. App. 3d 723 (1989) and In re

Marriage of Ostrander, 2015 IL App (3d) 130755 to argue that the circuit court’s failure to

appoint a guardian ad litem, child’s representative, or attorney for J.S. was reversible error.

Those cases are inapposite. In Tzoumas, the presumptive father, Harry Tzoumas, filed a section

2-1401 petition asserting in relevant part that he was not the biological father of a minor born

during his marriage to his ex-wife Bobette Tzoumas. 187 Ill. App. 3d at 727. Bobette did not

respond to Harry’s petition. Id. The circuit court ultimately denied Harry’s petition and he

appealed. Id. Bobette did not file a brief in the appeal. Id. at 726. We reversed, finding that

Harry’s petition set forth sufficient facts to entitle him to relief, and therefore his petition should

have not have been dismissed without an evidentiary hearing. Id. at 729. We further ordered that

on remand, the circuit court should appoint a guardian ad litem for the minor and conduct a

hearing as to whether the minor’s best interests were being protected in the section 2-1401

proceedings. Id. at 733. There, because Harry’s position was clearly in conflict with the minor’s

interests, we were concerned that none of the minor’s interests would be protected.. The situation

here is different, since Carole fully participated in the post-dissolution proceedings and her

interests in maintaining Johnny’s presumed parentage of J.S were aligned with the best interests

of J.S.

¶ 17      In Ostrander, the presumptive father, Jerry Ostrander, filed a petition for dissolution of

marriage from his wife Starr Ostrander. 2015 IL App (3d) 130755, ¶ 1. Jerry’s petition asserted

that one of the children born during the marriage—who was born eight years before the petition

was filed—was not his biological child. Id. After genetic testing confirmed that the minor was

not Jerry’s biological child, he filed a motion for a finding of no paternity. Id. ¶ 5. The circuit

court held a hearing at which Starr, acting pro se, stated that Jerry “knew from the day of



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No. 1-18-0932


conception” that the minor was not his child. Id. ¶ 6. The circuit court found that Jerry was not

the minor’s father. Id. At the trial on the issue of child support, Starr again acting pro se, testified

that Jerry knew all along that the minor was not his biological child. Id. ¶ 7. The circuit court

concluded that Jerry owed no child support. Id. ¶ 11. Starr obtained counsel and filed a motion to

reconsider, arguing that the statute of limitations for Jerry to challenge his paternity lapsed prior

to his petition for dissolution of marriage. Id. ¶ 12. The circuit court denied the motion to

reconsider and Starr appealed. We reversed the circuit court’s judgment, finding that Jerry’s

assertion of nonpaternity was barred by the statute of limitations. Id. ¶¶ 25-29. We also noted

that Starr acted pro se during the circuit court proceedings, “leaving no one to advocate for the

child.” Id. ¶ 30. We observed that “when a court finds that a child’s interests are not properly

represented, it had a duty to appoint a guardian ad litem.” Id. (citing In re Parentage of

Griesmeyer, 302 Ill. App. 3d 905, 913 (1998). We concluded that the minor’s interests were not

adequately represented, and instructed that the circuit court appoint a guardian ad litem on

remand for setting child support. Id.

¶ 18    Here, unlike in Tzoumas, Carole participated in all of the proceedings in the circuit court,

and unlike in Ostrander, she was represented by counsel during briefing on Johnny’s request for

genetic testing and at the trial on the amended petition. In Tzoumas and Ostrander, we were

concerned that there was either no representation of the minor’s interests or an inadequate

representation of interests aligned with those of the minor. Here, Carole’s interests were directly

aligned with J.S.’s interests, as the proceedings inured to both of their benefit. We also note that

the circuit court repeatedly advised Johnny and Carole to consider J.S.’s interests and the effect

of the proceedings on her. Under the circumstances here, where no party requested a guardian

ad litem, the parties were represented by counsel, and Carole’s interests were aligned with J.S.’s,



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No. 1-18-0932


we cannot say that the circuit court was required to sua sponte appoint a guardian ad litem, a

child representative, or an attorney for J.S. prior to ordering genetic testing.

¶ 19   Next, Carole argues that the circuit court erred by excluding evidence of J.S.’s best

interests from trial and by failing to consider J.S.’s best interests when granting Johnny’s

amended petition. She relies on our supreme court’s decision in In re Marriage of Kates, 198 Ill.

2d 156, 170 (2001) to argue that the court has relied on Godin v. Godin, 725 A.2d 904, 910 (Vt.

1998) for the proposition that “many courts have rejected attempts to reopen paternity judgments

based on post-judgment blood tests or other evidence, ‘absent clear and convincing evidence that

it serves the best interest of the child.’ ” Carole’s reliance on Kates is misplaced and she

misstates our supreme court’s reliance on Godin.

¶ 20   In Kates, our supreme court addressed the question of whether, under section 7(b-5) of

the Illinois Parentage Act of 1984 (1984 Act) (750 ILCS 45/7(b-5) (repealed by Pub. Act 99-85,

§ 977 (eff. Jan. 1, 2016))), a DNA test disproving paternity was a condition precedent to filing an

action to declare the nonexistence of the parent and child relationship. Kates, 198 Ill. 2d at 157.

Our supreme court concluded that it was. Id. at 164-65. The court rejected the father’s arguments

that it was unreasonable to require a DNA test result prior to filing an action to declare the

nonexistence of the parent and child relationship, explaining that section 7(b-5) of the 1984 Act

created a new cause of action allowing the adjudicated father to challenge a previous

adjudication of paternity, which

                       “essentially runs counter to the strong judicial policy favoring finality of

                judgments [citations], a policy that applies with special force to adjudications of

                paternity, given the impact of such adjudications on the interests of children

                [citation]; [Godin, 725 A.2d at 910 (Vt. 1998)] (noting that many courts have



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No. 1-18-0932


                rejected attempts to reopen paternity judgments based on post-judgment blood

                tests or other evidence, ‘absent clear and convincing evidence that it serves the

                best interests of the child’)).” Kates, 198 Ill. 2d at 170.

The court then observed that our legislature was free to determine “that not every adjudicated

father would be able to file an action to declare the nonexistence of the parent and child

relationship. Instead, only those who first obtained a DNA test disproving paternity could bring

such a challenge.” Id. Kates does not stand for the proposition that a court must consider the best

interests of the child when considering whether to reopen a paternity judgment. Carole cites no

other authority in support of her argument that the circuit court here was required to consider

J.S.’s best interests at the trial on Johnny’s petition. Carole’s failure to develop her argument

supported by relevant authority results in the rejection of her argument.

¶ 21   Next, Carole argues that Johnny’s amended petition under section 205(c) of the Act was

barred by the two-year statute of limitations set forth in section 205(d) of the Act. She further

contends that Johnny had the burden to prove by clear and convincing evidence that he did not

have actual knowledge of relevant facts concerning J.S.’s biological paternity because J.S. was

born to Carole during Johnny and Carole’s marriage and Johnny was presumed to be J.S.’s

parent. 750 ILCS 46/204(a) (West 2016). We disagree with both of Carole’s arguments.

¶ 22   Section 205(c) of the Act provides

                        “An action to declare the non-existence of the parent-child relationship

                may be brought subsequent to an adjudication of parentage in any judgment by

                the man adjudicated to be the parent pursuant to a presumption in paragraphs

                (a)(1) through (a)(4) of Section 204 if, as a result of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

                testing, it is discovered that the man adjudicated to be the parent is not the father



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                of the child. Actions brought by the adjudicated father shall be brought by verified

                petition. If, as a result of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) testing that is

                admissible under Section 614 of this Act, the petitioner is determined not to be the

                father of the child, the adjudication of paternity and any orders regarding the

                allocation of parental responsibilities, parenting time, and future payments of

                support may be vacated.” 750 ILCS 46/205(c) (West 2016).

¶ 23   Section 205(d) of the Act provides, in relevant part, that a petition under section 205(c)

“shall be barred if brought more than 2 years after the petitioner obtains actual knowledge of

relevant facts. The 2-year period shall not apply to periods of time where the birth mother or the

child refuses to submit to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) testing.” Id. § 205(d).

¶ 24   When a statute of limitations is raised as an affirmative defense, the burden of proof is

placed upon the party seeking to prevent the operation of the statute to show that he falls within

the “discovery” exception of the statute. Ostrander, 2015 IL App (3d) 130755, ¶ 24. Whether a

statute of limitations acts to bar a cause of action is a question of law reviewed de novo. Id. ¶ 21.

However, the issues of whether and when Johnny had actual knowledge of relevant facts that J.S.

was not his biological daughter are questions of fact. In this case, the circuit court heard

testimony on this issue, made credibility determinations, and made findings of fact. The circuit

court is in the best position to review the evidence and weigh the credibility of the witnesses.

In re Marriage of Bates, 212 Ill. 2d 489, 515-16 (2004). We review the circuit court’s factual

findings under the manifest weight of the evidence standard. Southwest Bank of St. Louis v.

Poulokefalos, 401 Ill. App. 3d 884, 890 (2010). “A finding [of fact] is against the manifest

weight of the evidence only when an opposite conclusion is apparent or when the findings appear

to be unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on the evidence.” Id.



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¶ 25   Carole argues that Johnny had to prove by clear and convincing evidence that he did not

have actual knowledge of relevant facts concerning his biological paternity. Carole’s argument is

premised on misunderstanding of section 206 of the Act, which provides, “[a] person challenging

a presumption under Section 204 of this Act may rebut the presumption with clear and

convincing evidence.” 750 ILCS 46/206 (West 2016). Here, at the time of trial, the court-ordered

genetic testing had already firmly established that Johnny was not J.S.’s biological father, and

thus Johnny had already rebutted the presumption in section 204(a) by clear and convincing

evidence. Furthermore, Carole cites no authority to support her contention that section 206 of the

Act imposes on Johnny a burden of demonstrating that his petition was timely by clear and

convincing evidence, as section 206 of the Act only regulates the presumption in section 204(a)

of the Act about when a man is presumed to be the father of a child that is born during a

marriage. As set forth in section 901 of the Act, “[a]bsent a burden of proof specifically set forth

in this Act, the burden of proof shall be by a preponderance of the evidence.” Id. § 901. We

therefore reject Carole’s argument that Johnny had a burden to prove that his petition was timely

by clear and convincing evidence.

¶ 26   We now turn to the evidence adduced at trial to determine whether the circuit court’s

finding that Johnny did not have any actual knowledge of relevant facts regarding whether he

was J.S.’s biological father until June 2016 was against the manifest weight of the evidence. We

conclude that the circuit court’s findings of fact are not manifestly erroneous.

¶ 27   At trial, Johnny called Carole as an adverse witness and she gave the following

testimony. Carole began having an affair with Arnold Rogers starting in 1994. J.S. was

conceived in either August or September 2003 and Rogers is J.S.’s biological father. In a sworn

affidavit filed in this case, Carole averred that she told Johnny that she had other sexual partners



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and that it was possible that J.S. was not Johnny’s biological daughter. At trial, she

acknowledged that the statement in her affidavit was not accurate; instead, while pregnant with

J.S., Carole told Johnny that he could obtain a paternity test if he wanted to. Around the time that

J.S. was conceived, Carole and Johnny were not having sexual intercourse and they were

sleeping in separate bedrooms. In December 2003, while at their home with their other children

present, she told Johnny that she was pregnant. His response was, “that’s not my baby.” She

never told Johnny that he was or was not J.S.’s biological father. Carole denied telling Johnny in

a phone conversation in May 2016 that he was not J.S.’s biological father.

¶ 28   Berenda Sparks testified that she and Johnny were married in June 2017. In May 2016,

she was in her truck with Johnny when Carole called Johnny’s cell phone from an unrecognized

number. Johnny put the call on speakerphone because he is primarily deaf in one ear. Berenda

recognized Carole’s voice, as the two had spoken to one another over 40 times. During the call,

Carole asked Johnny to pay his share of J.S.’s past-due school expenses and she told him that he

would pay the expenses whether J.S. was his child or not. Within a week of the call, Johnny

asked Berenda to purchase a DNA test from Walmart. Berenda made the purchase with Johnny’s

Walmart card. She could not recall the precise date of Carole’s phone call, what day of the week

it was, or how long the phone call lasted.

¶ 29   Johnny testified that he received a phone call from Carole while he was driving with

Berenda in her truck. He felt “shocked” and “empty” after Carole’s call. In 2003, he and Carole

were having unprotected sexual intercourse three or four times a week. He denied that Carole

told the family she was pregnant and denied responding “that’s not my baby.” Johnny knew

Rogers, but did not know or think that Carole was having an affair with him. On cross-

examination, Johnny testified that he received Carole’s phone call on a Sunday. He



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acknowledged that at his deposition he stated that he purchased the DNA test from Walgreens,

and he gave the same testimony at trial. Johnny acknowledged receipts from J.S.’s school

reflecting that payments were made from his credit card to the school on May 6, 2016, and May

23, 2016. He did not know whether the school was owed any more money at the time of Carole’s

phone call. He also acknowledged two emails that he received from Carole regarding financial

matters dated June 1, 2016, and June 2, 2016, which he testified he received after the phone call

from Carole.

¶ 30   Carole testified again in her case-in-chief. She testified that in 2003, her sister was very

sick. Carole visited her sister almost every day. She testified that in August and September 2003,

she and Johnny were not having sexual intercourse. She denied making the phone call described

by Berenda and Johnny. She stated that at the time of the alleged phone call, J.S.’s tuition and

school expenses were paid in full until the next school year. On cross-examination, Carole

retracted another statement contained in a sworn affidavit that she filed in connection with her

motion to dismiss. In that affidavit, Carole averred that when she was pregnant with J.S., she and

Johnny “discussed the fact that [Carole] had another sexual partner around the time [she] became

pregnant, and it was possible that Johnny was not [J.S.’s] biological father.” At trial, Carole

recanted that statement, explaining that her attorney must have misunderstood what she was

saying when drafting the affidavit. She also claimed that in 2004, she was off of work and

pregnant with J.S., and Johnny told her to find a way to pay her own bills because “that’s not my

baby.” She testified that Johnny never asked her for a paternity test because at the time J.S. was

conceived, she and Johnny were not sexually active and Johnny knew that J.S. was not his

biological child.




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¶ 31   Tiki Sparks testified that she was the daughter of Johnny and Carole, and she learned in

December 2003 that Carole was pregnant when Carole told the family in their home. Tiki

testified that Johnny, upon learning that Carole was pregnant, said that he did not think that it

was his baby. Tiki testified that her mother’s sister Lori was very sick in August and September

2003 and that Carole visited Lori very often.

¶ 32   Iris Sparks testified that she is Carole’s daughter and Johnny’s stepdaughter. She lived

with them in 2003 and described Johnny and Carole’s relationship as sometimes “cruel” and

“aggressive.” Carole would visit her sick sister every day. Johnny and Carole slept in separate

bedrooms. Iris was not there when Carole purportedly told the family that she was pregnant. Iris

overheard her parents arguing about bills and believed that those arguments were based on

accusations of extramarital affairs. She recalled a time in April 2004 when Johnny asked Carole

if she was sleeping with certain coworkers of hers. As of February 2018, Iris had not spoken to

Johnny in two years because her phone number was blocked and Berenda would purportedly

hang up the phone if she knew that Iris was calling.

¶ 33   After hearing all of the testimony, the circuit court made the following findings. Both

Johnny’s and Carole’s petition for dissolution of marriage, as well as the joint custody settlement

agreement, made representations that J.S. was born to the parties during the marriage and was the

biological daughter of the parties. Johnny was listed on J.S.’s birth certificate as J.S.’s biological

father. The circuit court found that both parties held J.S. out as Johnny’s biological daughter.

Carole made a phone call to Johnny following the judgment of dissolution of marriage, during

which Carole made a statement regarding the parentage of J.S. At the time Johnny entered into

joint custody settlement agreement and the dissolution of marriage judgment, he was under the

false belief that J.S. was his biological daughter, and Carole’s subsequent phone call led him to



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conduct a DNA test. Carole made a number of false statements in her pleadings and her trial

testimony was not credible. Johnny testified credibly that he and Carole were sexually active in

2003 and he believed he was J.S.’s biological father until he received Carole’s phone call. Tiki

and Iris’s testimony appeared “coached.” The court-ordered genetic testing proved that Johnny

was not J.S.’s biological father. Johnny exercised due diligence in bringing his petition to

terminate his child and parent relationship with J.S. under section 2-1401 of the Code, and

Johnny brought his petition pursuant to section 205(c) of the Act within two years of obtaining

actual knowledge that he was not the biological father of J.S.

¶ 34   In light of the trial testimony and the circuit court’s findings of fact, we must reject

Carole’s argument that Johnny did not meet his burden to show that his amended petition was

timely under section 205(d) of the Act. Carole argues that the circuit court’s finding that Carole’s

phone call occurred ignored inconsistencies in Johnny and Berenda’s testimony. She argues that

Johnny and Berenda had “every incentive to lie” about the call, that neither could recall exactly

when the phone call occurred, and they gave conflicting statements about who purchased the

DNA test and from where.

¶ 35   The circuit court, however, heard all of the testimony from all of the witnesses and was in

the best position to determine the witnesses’ credibility. It is accurate that there were

inconsistencies in Johnny and Berenda’s testimony, but both testified that a phone call occurred

in which Carole made a statement to the effect that Johnny might not be J.S.’s biological father,

and that Johnny thereafter performed a DNA test. The circuit court also heard the conflicting

testimony from Johnny and Carole regarding when Johnny had actual knowledge of relevant

facts concerning J.S.’s biological paternity. The circuit court did not find Carole or Tiki credible,

and those were the only two witnesses who testified that Carole told the family in 2003 that she



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was pregnant and that Johnny made statements to the effect of “that’s not my baby.” Having

considered all of the testimony, the circuit court concluded that Johnny did not have knowledge

of relevant facts concerning J.S.’s biological paternity until sometime in or around June 2016.

Giving deference to the circuit court’s credibility determinations, we cannot say that the circuit

court’s findings of fact are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Johnny therefore

demonstrated that his amended petition to terminate the parent and child relationship was timely

under section 205(d) of the Act, as it was filed within two years of Johnny obtaining actual

knowledge of relevant facts that he was not J.S.’s biological father.

¶ 36   We also must reject Carole’s argument that Johnny did not establish fraud. The circuit

court concluded that both parties made numerous representations to the effect that Johnny was

J.S.’s biological father when that was not true. Until Carole’s phone call, Johnny had no reason

to believe that J.S. was not his biological daughter. Carole knew that she was having an affair

around the time that J.S. was conceived, and her testimony that Johnny knew that J.S. was not his

biological daughter strongly suggests that Carole, at a minimum, had doubts about who was

J.S.’s biological father. Yet she kept that information to herself while continuing to make

representations in the dissolution proceedings that J.S. was born to the parties during the

marriage. The circuit court’s finding that Carole fraudulently concealed from Johnny facts about

who J.S.’s biological father was is not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 37   Finally, Carole argues that Johnny did not establish due diligence for the purposes of

section 2-1401 of the Code in asserting his claim to terminate his child parent relationship with

J.S. She argues that Johnny had results from the initial DNA test in June 2016, but that Johnny

did not raise any arguments or assert any claims related to the results of that test until December




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2016. Furthermore, she argues that Johnny did not present any evidence at trial to establish his

due diligence.

¶ 38    Carole does not direct our attention to any authority to support the proposition that the

due diligence requirements applicable to petitions under section 2-1401 of the Code apply to

petitions under section 205(c) of the Act, or to petitions under section 7(b-5) of the 1984 Act

(750 ILCS 46/7(b-5) (repealed by Pub. Act 99-85, § 977 (eff. Jan. 1, 2016))). 2 Our research has

only revealed cases that discuss section 2-1401 petitions in the context of a father who is

conclusively determined to be a child’s father on the basis of a voluntary acknowledgement of

paternity. See People ex rel. Department of Public Aid v. Smith, 212 Ill. 2d 389, 399 (2004)

(observing that “the legislature intended for actions under section 6(d) of the Parentage Act

(challenging voluntary acknowledgments of paternity on the basis of fraud, duress, or material

mistake of fact) to be brought by means of a section 2-1401 petition.”); see also In re Paternity

of an Unknown Minor, 2011 IL App (1st) 102445, ¶ 4 (“A presumed father has standing to

challenge his voluntary acknowledgment of paternity only on the basis of fraud, duress, or

material mistake of fact, and he would have to meet the standards of section 2-1401 of the

Code.”). However, Smith expressly acknowledged the difference between the conclusive nature

of a voluntary acknowledgement of paternity and the rebuttable presumption of paternity that

arises when a child is born during a marriage. Smith, 212 Ill. 2d at 404-05. In sum, we have not

found any authority to support Carole’s contention that a man presumed to be the father of a

child by virtue of section 204(a)(1)-(4) of the Act must satisfy the due diligence requirements for




        2
         Section 7(b-5) of the 1984 Act provided, in relevant part, “An action to declare the non-existence
of the parent and child relationship may be brought subsequent to an adjudication of paternity in any
judgment by the man adjudicated to be the father pursuant to the presumptions in Section 5 of this Act.”
750 ILCS 46/7(b-5).
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a section 2-1401 petition when challenging paternity through a petition filed pursuant to section

205(c) of the Act.

¶ 39   But even if those due diligence requirements applied, we would find no basis to disturb

the circuit court’s judgment. Under the circumstances here, Johnny had no actual knowledge of

relevant facts about whether he was J.S.’s biological father until June 2016, which came

immediately on the heels of the dissolution of marriage judgment. At trial, Johnny testified that

he felt shocked and empty after his phone conversation with Carole. As the circuit court

repeatedly observed, a decision to terminate a child and parent relationship is a significant one. It

is not difficult to imagine that Johnny might grapple with the fairly momentous decision to

terminate his child and parent relationship with J.S.—whom he had been raising as his own child

for over a decade—on the revelation that he had been deceived regarding J.S.’s biological

paternity. Therefore, even if Johnny’s petition was subject to due diligence requirements, we

would find that a roughly six-month delay between Johnny obtaining actual knowledge of

relevant facts about J.S.’s biological paternity and bringing his petition to terminate the child and

parent relationship satisfied the due diligence standard, particularly where the petition was timely

under section 205(d) of the Act.

¶ 40                                    III. CONCLUSION

¶ 41   For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.

¶ 42   Affirmed.




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