           Case: 17-12153   Date Filed: 01/22/2018   Page: 1 of 13


                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]



             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 17-12153
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                   D.C. Docket No. 5:16-cr-00012-RH-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                               Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

VERONICA DALE HAHN,
a.k.a. Veronica Sims,

                                                          Defendant-Appellant.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Northern District of Florida
                      ________________________

                            (January 22, 2018)

Before ED CARNES, Chief Judge, JULIE CARNES, and HULL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      Veronica Dale Hahn pleaded guilty mid-trial to one count of theft of public

money, 18 U.S.C. § 641. She appeals her conviction and sentence. Hahn contends

that her guilty plea is invalid because the district court failed to ensure she

understood the nature of the offense charged and because there was an insufficient

factual basis for her plea. She also contends that the district court erred by finding

that the loss amount exceeds $250,000 and enhancing her sentence on that basis.

                                           I.

      Hahn is a veteran of the United States Army. She received disability

benefits from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs for several

ailments, including a rare autoimmune disease called VKH that can cause loss of

vision. Based on Hahn’s paperwork, medical records, and the results of medical

examinations, the VA rated her impaired vision as 50% disabling in 2001 and

100% disabling in 2003. Hahn’s blindness-related disability rating, coupled with

ratings for her other ailments, yielded a 100% combined disability rating. That

combined rating entitled Hahn to significant disability benefits.

      The VA began to question Hahn’s purported vision loss when it learned she

applied for and received driver’s licenses in three states while collecting benefits

for total blindness. Following that lead, Special Agent Eric Lindquist surveilled

Hahn to see if her vision was better than she claimed. And indeed it was.




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      On a foggy morning in May 2014, just before sunrise, Agent Lindquist

observed Hahn drive away from her home. He tailed Hahn as she drove for about

20 minutes to the Northwest Florida Reception Center on a route that included a

“fairly windy” road, construction and school zones, changes of speed, stop signs,

and traffic lights. After confirming that Hahn worked at the reception center,

Agent Lindquist set up a pole camera in the parking lot. Over the next 30 days, he

collected video recordings and photographs capturing at least sixteen instances of

Hahn driving with no evidence of impairment.

      As a result of that investigation, the VA reduced Hahn’s blindness-related

disability rating from 100% to 0% and deemed that reduction retroactive to 2001.

That blindness-related rating reduction lowered Hahn’s combined disability rating

from 100% to 90%. Hahn challenged the combined disability rating reduction,

claiming new benefits based on other ailments that, if retroactive, would offset her

combined disability rating reduction. The VA rejected Hahn’s claim and she

appealed to the Board of Veterans Appeals. That appeal is pending.




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      A one-count indictment charged Hahn with knowingly and willfully

embezzling, stealing, and converting to her own use public money in the amount of

$395,596.85. At trial, the government presented the following testimony.

      First, Agent Lindquist detailed his investigation, including the pole camera

footage and videos he took when tailing Hahn’s car. The government played three

of those videos for the jury.

      Two VA doctors testified next. Dr. Watkins, an ophthalmology expert,

testified that he examined Hahn in 2002 and that she complained of pain in both

eyes and “extremely poor” vision. Dr. Watkins stated that Hahn’s complaints were

inconsistent with the results of several tests he conducted, that her eyes showed no

reason for poor vision, and that he “was very suspicious that most likely [Hahn’s]

vision was much better than what she was telling [him].” Dr. Saxton, an optometry

expert, testified that she examined Hahn in 2003 and that Hahn complained of pain

in both eyes and deteriorating vision. Like Dr. Watkins, Dr. Saxton stated that

Hahn’s complaints were inconsistent with her medical records and that her eyes

showed no reason for poor vision.

      Three witnesses — one from each of the New Mexico, Florida, and Alabama

Departments of Motor Vehicles — testified that Hahn applied for and received a

total of four driver’s licenses between 2004 and 2012. Each time, she passed a

vision test with both eyes testing without corrective lenses at 20/20 or 20/40.


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      Another witness, the director for personal services at a university Hahn

attended, testified that Hahn did not request or receive any accommodations for

visual impairment. But she did receive a parking permit in 2004.

      Four witnesses who knew Hahn from work testified that they had no reason

to believe Hahn was blind. Ms. Key, director of operations for one of Hahn’s

previous employers, stated that Hahn had no noticeable mobility problems, did not

request accommodations, and did not note in her job application any ailment that

would affect her job performance. Ms. Agerton, who worked with Hahn at the

Florida Department of Corrections, stated that visual impairment would have posed

a security and safety risk. Ms. Heaton, who worked with Hahn at the Northwest

Florida Reception Center, stated that Hahn’s job required sight and that Hahn

never complained about her vision. Mr. Knight, who hired Hahn to work with

inmates in a work release program, stated that Hahn’s job required sight and that

shortly before Hahn resigned, she told Knight she would go blind in the future.

      Next, the government called to the stand two VA employees, both of whom

testified that Hahn said she was unable to drive due to blindness in 2013. Ms.

Rudykoff, the VA’s Visual Impairment Service Team Coordinator, testified that

during an interview, Hahn stated she could not drive and depended on others for

transportation. Agent Keller of the Office of Inspector General testified that he




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spoke with Hahn by phone and she confirmed that she could “absolutely not” drive

a car, and that her husband was her caregiver and had to be with her at all times.

      The government then recalled Agent Lindquist. He testified that, as part of

his investigation, he made a series of recorded calls to Hahn to obtain more

information. Before the government could publish those recordings to the jury, the

court took a recess, after which Hahn told the court she wished to plead guilty.

      The district court placed Hahn under oath and advised her of her rights.

Hahn confirmed she understood that, by pleading guilty, she would give up those

rights and any defense to the offense charged. The court stated that Hahn was

charged with “receiving Veterans Administration benefits, payments that you were

not entitled to, and then retaining those benefits.” Hahn affirmed that she spoke

with counsel about what the government must prove to establish that charge. She

admitted that she knew the VA relied on false information when it gave her a

100% blindness-related disability rating; that she took VA benefits despite

knowing the VA relied on false information; that she lied about being able to drive;

and that she was the person driving in the video footage.

      When the court asked Hahn if she told the doctors the truth when they

examined her, Hahn said that she did. The court asked why Hahn sought to plead

guilty yet protested her innocence. Hahn replied, “Okay. Just say I’m guilty.”

The court reminded Hahn she was under oath and explained that it would not


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accept a guilty plea unless it was satisfied that she committed the charged crime.

Hahn ultimately pleaded guilty and affirmed that she did so because she was, “in

fact, guilty of this offense.” The court accepted the plea, finding it was supported

by a factual basis and entered knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently.

      Hahn’s base offense level under the United States Sentencing Guidelines

was six. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(a)(2). She received a 12-level enhancement because

the Presentence Investigation Report determined the amount of loss exceeded

$250,000, id. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(G), and a 2-level reduction for acceptance of

responsibility, id. § 3E1.1. Based on an offense level of 16 and a criminal history

category of I, Hahn’s guidelines range was 21 to 27 months imprisonment.

      Hahn objected to the amount of loss, which the PSR stated was $394,800.85,

and the government responded and attached two exhibits supporting the loss

amount. At the sentence hearing, Agent Lindquist testified that the first exhibit

was an audit conducted by the VA to determine how much it overpaid Hahn. The

first portion of that exhibit showed each payment the VA made to Hahn from

September 2001 to February 2016 based on her 100% combined disability rating,

and the second portion showed the payment that would have been made based on

Hahn’s retroactive 90% combined disability rating. The difference between those

two sums was $394,800.85. The second exhibit showed the amount of funds wired




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to Hahn’s account from the Department of Treasury between September 2001 and

February 2016. It matched the first portion of the first exhibit.

      After Agent Lindquist’s testimony, the district court independently

calculated the loss amount. The court asked Agent Lindquist a series of questions

about how the VA determines disability ratings and makes adjustments for changes

in disability. Based on his answers to those questions and the two exhibits, the

district court stated that its loss calculation matched the VA’s.

      Hahn did not dispute the government’s math. Instead, she argued that the

government could not prove the loss amount by a preponderance of the evidence

because her pending appeal before the Board of Veterans Appeals might confer

retroactive benefits that offset the loss amount. The district court explained that it

could not wait for the outcome of that appeal (which would likely take two or three

years), noted that Hahn presented no evidence challenging the government’s

calculation, and ruled that the government had proven a loss amount of

$394,800.85 by a preponderance. The district court sentenced Hahn to nine

months imprisonment — well below the bottom end of her guidelines range — and

ordered her to pay $394,800.85 in restitution. This is Hahn’s appeal.

                                          II.

      Hahn challenges her conviction, contending that the district court failed to

comply with Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11 by accepting her guilty plea


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without a sufficient factual basis and without ensuring she understood the nature of

the charged offense. Because Hahn failed to object to the purported Rule 11

violation, we review the issue only for plain error. United States v. Monroe, 353

F.3d 1346, 1349 (11th Cir. 2003). Hahn must show that there is (1) error (2) that is

plain and (3) that affects substantial rights. Id. If she does, then we have

discretion to notice that error, but only if “the error seriously affects the fairness,

integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings.” Id.

      There was no error that was plain in the Rule 11 colloquy. Rule 11 required

the district court to determine that there was a factual basis for Hahn’s guilty plea.

Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(3). The court heard overwhelming evidence supporting

Hahn’s plea. Experts in ophthalmology and optometry testified that Hahn’s

complaints about vision loss contradicted their objective test results, and one went

so far as to state that he “was very suspicious that most likely [Hahn’s] vision was

much better than what she was telling [him].” Three witnesses testified that Hahn

applied for and received four driver’s licenses, all of which required her to pass a

vision test. One witness testified that Hahn did not request blindness-related

accommodations in graduate school, though she did request a parking permit. Four

witnesses who knew Hahn from work did not believe Hahn was blind and testified

that those jobs required sight. Two witnesses from the VA testified that Hahn

stated she could not drive and required a caretaker at all times. And last but not


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least, Agent Lindquist testified that he observed and recorded Hahn driving at least

sixteen times. That evidence was a sufficient factual basis for Hahn’s plea.

      Rule 11 also required the court to ensure that Hahn understood the nature of

the charged offense. Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(G). We decide on a case-by-case

basis whether a district court adequately informed a defendant of the nature of the

offense. See United States v. James, 210 F.3d 1342, 1344 (11th Cir. 2000). The

elements comprising the charged offense, theft of government property, are:

(1) the money belonged to the United States or an agency thereof; (2) the

defendant appropriated the money for her own use, and (3) the defendant did so

knowingly with the intent to deprive the government of the money. United States

v. Wilson, 788 F.3d 1298, 1309 (11th Cir. 2015).

      During the plea colloquy, Hahn affirmed that she discussed the elements of

the charged offense with her attorney. In addition, Hahn was present when the

court explained the indictment to the jury, during opening statements, and

throughout the presentation of the evidence, such that she knew the nature of the

offense by the time she pleaded guilty. Although the court did not explicitly state

each element, its questions during the plea colloquy apprised Hahn of the nature of

the offense. During that colloquy, Hahn admitted that she lied about not being able

to drive. She affirmed that she knew the VA relied on false information when it

gave her a 100% blindness-related disability rating. And she admitted to taking


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VA benefits despite knowing the VA relied on false information. As a result, the

district court ensured that Hahn understood the nature of the offense, and there was

no plain error in the plea colloquy.

      Alternatively, even if there was plain error, that error did not “seriously

affect[ ] the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings.”

Monroe, 353 F.3d at 1349. In keeping with Supreme Court precedent, we have

declined to notice an error when the evidence against the defendant was

overwhelming. Id. at 1357 (citing United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 632, 122

S. Ct. 1781, 1786 (2002); Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 469, 117 S. Ct.

1544, 1550 (1997)). As detailed above, the amount of evidence incriminating

Hahn was nothing short of overwhelming. As a result, any purported error did not

“seriously affect the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial

proceedings.” Monroe, 353 F.3d at 1357. On the contrary, “it would be the

reversal of a conviction such as this which would have that effect.” Johnson, 520

U.S. at 469, 117 S. Ct. at 1550. We decline to disturb Hahn’s conviction.

                                           III.

      Hahn also contests the validity of her sentence. She contends that the

district court erred by finding that the loss amount exceeded $250,000 and

enhancing her sentence on that basis. Because Hahn objected to the loss amount at

the sentence hearing, the government had the burden to prove the loss amount by a


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preponderance. United States v. Washington, 714 F.3d 1358, 1361 (11th Cir.

2013). Although the district court has “considerable leeway” in calculating the

loss amount, its calculation must be supported by “reliable and specific evidence.”

United States v. Campbell, 765 F.3d 1291, 1302 (11th Cir. 2014). We review the

district court’s finding for clear error and will overturn it only if we are “left with a

definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Id. at 1301.

      The government presented “reliable and specific evidence” that proved the

loss amount of $394,800.85 by a preponderance of the evidence. The government

introduced two exhibits supporting the loss amount: the VA’s audit comparing the

amount it paid Hahn based on a 100% combined disability rating to how much it

would have paid based on a 90% combined disability rating, and a wire transfer

statement confirming the amount the VA paid Hahn. The government also

introduced testimony by Agent Lindquist, who explained those exhibits and the

government’s loss calculation. In an abundance of caution, the district court

corroborated the loss amount with its own independent calculation.

      Hahn offered no evidence to rebut the loss amount. Instead, she argued that

depending on the outcome of her administrative appeal, she might be entitled to

additional disability benefits, and if those benefits are retroactive, they might offset

the loss amount. We cannot predict the outcome of that appeal. And the district

court could not forestall sentencing Hahn until the appeal is resolved, which could


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take years. In light of the evidence supporting the loss amount, Hahn’s speculation

about the outcome of her pending administrative appeal does not leave us “with a

definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Campbell, 765

F.3d at 1302. The district court did not clearly err in finding that the loss amount

was $394,800.85 and enhancing Hahn’s sentence on that basis.

      AFFIRMED.




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