                           Slip Op. 14 - 57

              UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

    AD HOC SHRIMP TRADE ACTION
    COMMITTEE,
                                            PUBLIC VERSION
              Plaintiff,
                                            Before: Donald C. Pogue,
                     v.                             Chief Judge

    UNITED STATES,                          Court No. 12-002901

              Defendant.


                                  OPINION

[affirming the Department of Commerce’s final results of
antidumping duty administrative review]

                                                     Dated: May 27, 2014

          Andrew W. Kentz, Jordan C. Kahn, Nathaniel Maandig
Rickard, and Nathan W. Cunningham, Picard Kentz & Rowe LLP, of
Washington, DC, for the Plaintiff.

          Joshua E. Kurland, Trial Attorney, Commercial
Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice,
of Washington, DC, for the Defendant. Also on the brief were
Stuart F. Delery, Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E.
Davidson, Director, and Patricia M. McCarthy, Assistant
Director. Of counsel on the brief was Melissa M. Brewer,
Attorney, Office of the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement and
Compliance, U.S. Department of Commerce, of Washington, DC.

            Pogue, Chief Judge:    This action arises from the sixth

administrative review by the United States Department of

Commerce (“Commerce”) of the antidumping duty order on certain

1
  This case was previously consolidated with Hilltop Int’l v.
United States, Ct. No. 12-00289, see Order Dec. 11, 2012,
ECF No. 18, but has subsequently been severed therefrom.
See Order Apr. 23, 2014, ECF No. 19.
Court No. 12-00290                                             Page 2


frozen warmwater shrimp from the People’s Republic of China

(“PRC” or “China”).2    Plaintiff Ad Hoc Shrimp Trade Action

Committee (“AHSTAC”) – an association of domestic warmwater

shrimp producers that participated in this review3 – challenges

Commerce’s determinations to I) limit its examination to two

mandatory respondents; II) rely exclusively on certain entry

data obtained from United States Customs and Border Protection

(“CBP”) to make relative sales volume determinations when

selecting respondents for individual review; and III) use data

from a single surrogate country to value the labor factor of

production when calculating normal values.4

            The court has jurisdiction pursuant to

Section 516A(a)(2)(B)(iii) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as

amended, 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(B)(iii) (2006),5 and 28 U.S.C.


2
  See Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp from the People’s Republic
of China, 77 Fed. Reg. 53,856 (Dep’t Commerce Sept. 4, 2012)
(final results, partial rescission of sixth antidumping duty
administrative review and determination not to revoke in part)
(“Final Results”) and accompanying Issues & Decision Mem.,
A-570-893, ARP 10-11 (Aug. 27, 2012) (“I & D Mem.”).
3
    Compl., ECF No. 2, at ¶ 7.
4
  See Mem. of L. in Supp. of [AHSTAC]’s Mot. for J. on the Agency
R., Ct. No. 12-00289, ECF No. 31 (“AHSTAC’s Br.”). A public
version of ASHTAC’s (confidential) brief is available at ECF
No. 32.
5
  Further citations to the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, are to
the relevant provisions of Title 19 of the U.S. Code,
2006 edition.
Court No. 12-00290                                            Page 3


§ 1581(c) (2006).

            As explained below, Commerce’s determinations to limit

its examination of respondents pursuant to 19 U.S.C.

§ 1677f-1(c)(2)(B); rely on Type 03 CBP data to make relative

sales volume determinations when selecting respondents for

individual examination; and value surrogate wage rates using

data from the chosen primary surrogate country are each

affirmed.


                         STANDARD OF REVIEW

            The court upholds Commerce’s antidumping

determinations if they are in accordance with law and supported

by substantial evidence. 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).   Where,

as here, the antidumping statute does not directly address the

question before the agency, the court will defer to Commerce’s

construction of its authority if it is reasonable. Timken Co. v.

United States, 354 F.3d 1334, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (relying on

Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S.

837, 842-43 (1984)).


            Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a

reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a

conclusion,” Consol. Edison Co. of N.Y. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197,

229 (1938), and “can be translated roughly to mean ‘is [the

determination] unreasonable?’” Nippon Steel Corp. v. United
Court No. 12-00290                                            Page 4


States, 458 F.3d 1345, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (citation omitted,

alteration in the original).


                           DISCUSSION

I.   Commerce’s Determination to Limit Individual Examination to
     Two Mandatory Respondents

          AHSTAC’s challenge to Commerce’s determination to

limit its examination to two mandatory respondents, AHSTAC’s Br.

at 30-35, is rooted in Commerce’s statutory obligation to

“determine the individual weighted average dumping margin for

each known exporter and producer of the subject merchandise”

when conducting administrative reviews of antidumping duty

orders. 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(c)(1).   But the statute also permits

Commerce to limit its examination if the review “involve[s]” a

“large number of exporters or producers.” Id. at § 1677f-1(c)(2)

(the “large number exception”).   Pursuant to the large number

exception, Commerce may limit its examination to, inter alia,

“exporters and producers accounting for the largest volume of

the subject merchandise from the exporting country that can be

reasonably examined.” Id. at § 1677f-1(c)(2)(B).6


6
  Those respondents who are not selected for individual
examination and do not demonstrate eligibility for a separate
rate are assigned the countrywide rate. See Transcom, Inc. v.
United States, 294 F.3d 1371, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (discussing
Commerce’s practice of assigning to all exporters from non-
market economy (“NME”) countries like China a countrywide
antidumping duty rate unless they affirmatively demonstrate
                                             (footnote continued)
Court No. 12-00290                                            Page 5


          AHSTAC contends that Commerce improperly invoked the

large number exception here because the number of exporters or

producers “involved” in this review was not a “large number.”

AHSTAC’s Br. at 32-35.   Although the review was initiated for 84

producers or exporters,7 AHSTAC asserts that the number of

respondents “involved” in the review should be determined based

on CBP import data, which AHSTAC contends show that

significantly fewer than 84 producers or exporters exported

subject merchandise to the United States during the period of




eligibility for a “separate rate”). Those respondents who do
demonstrate separate rate eligibility are assigned the “all
others” rate. Yangzhou Bestpak Gifts & Crafts Co. v. United
States, 716 F.3d 1370, 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (“The separate rate
for eligible non-mandatory respondents is generally calculated
following the statutory method for determining the ‘all others
rate’ under [19 U.S.C.] § 1673d(c)(5)(A). As such, Commerce
will typically use the weighted average of all mandatory
respondents’ rates, excluding any de minimis and AFA rates
[i.e., rates calculated using adverse inferences employed based
on a finding of failure to cooperate, see 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)].
If all dumping margins established are only de minimis or AFA
rates, Commerce accordingly applies the exception found in
§ 1673d(c)(5)(B) [permitting Commerce to ‘use any reasonable
method to establish the estimated all-others rate for exporters
and producers not individually investigated’].”) (additional
citations omitted).
7
  Initiation of Antidumping Duty Administrative Reviews, Requests
for Revocation in Part, and Deferral of Administrative Review,
76 Fed. Reg. 17,825, 17,827-28 (Dep’t Commerce Mar. 31, 2011)
(“Initiation Notice”) (listing 84 companies as covered by the
2010-11 review of the antidumping duty order on certain frozen
warmwater shrimp from the PRC).
Court No. 12-00290                                              Page 6


review (“POR”). AHSTAC’s Br. at 33-35.8   Commerce, on the other

hand, maintains that the number of producers or exporters

“involved” in the review is the number for which review was

initiated and not subsequently rescinded. See I & D Mem. cmt. 8

at 41.9

          The first question before the court, therefore, is the

meaning of the phrase “involved in the . . . review.” 19 U.S.C.

§ 1677f-1(c)(2).   Because the statute itself does not

unambiguously define this contested term,10 Commerce’s

construction is entitled to deference if it is reasonable.

See Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842-43.

          Commerce submits that each producer or exporter for

whom review is initiated and not subsequently rescinded is

involved in the review. See I & D Mem. cmt. 8 at 41.     This



8
  See also id. at 18 (“The Type 03 CBP data that Commerce used to
select respondents [for individual examination] reflected [[ ]]
exporters of subject merchandise during the POR.”).
9
  See also Def.’s Resp. in Opp’n to Pls.’ Mots. for J. Upon the
Agency R., Ct. No. 12-00289, ECF No. 50 (“Def.’s Br.”).
See supra note 1 regarding this action’s prior consolidation
history. A public version of Defendant’s (confidential) brief
is available at ECF No. 51.
10
  See, e.g., Carpenter Tech. Corp. v. United States, 33 CIT
1721, 1727-28, 662 F. Supp. 2d 1337, 1342 (2009) (noting that
“Congress did not define the term ‘large number of exporters or
producers involved in the . . . review,’ as used in 19 U.S.C.
§ 1677f-1(c)(2)” and opining that “the term might be seen as
inherently ambiguous in some contexts”).
Court No. 12-00290                                            Page 7


construction is consistent with the statute’s Statement of

Administrative Action (“SAA”),11 which affirms that § 1677f-1(c)

codified Commerce’s preexisting practice of “attempt[ing] to

calculate individual dumping margins for all producers and

exporters . . . for whom an administrative review is requested.”

H.R. Doc. 103–316, at 872 (1994), reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N.

4040, 4200 (emphasis added).   Thus the SAA supports Commerce’s

reading that the phrase “each known exporter and producer of the

subject merchandise,” to which the phrase “exporters or

producers involved in the . . . review” refers, see 19 U.S.C.

§ 1677f-1(c), contemplates the entities for whom review was

requested, initiated, and not rescinded, and does not require

Commerce to first evaluate whether or to what extent those

entities shipped subject merchandise during the POR.

          AHSTAC essentially suggests that Commerce should have

rescinded its review – and thus discharged its duty to assign

dumping margins – with respect to all those respondents for whom

review was requested and initiated but who AHSTAC maintains

(based on its reading of the CBP data) had no exports of subject


11
  See 19 U.S.C. § 3512(d) (“The statement of administrative
action approved by the Congress . . . shall be regarded as an
authoritative expression by the United States concerning the
interpretation and application of the Uruguay Round Agreements
and this Act in any judicial proceeding in which a question
arises concerning such interpretation or application.”).
Court No. 12-00290                                            Page 8


merchandise during the POR.12   But Commerce’s consistent and

judicially-affirmed practice has been that CBP data alone are

insufficient to compel rescission based on a finding of no

shipments.13

          Indeed the procedure for rescinding a review based on

a finding of no shipments reveals that all producers or

exporters for whom review was initiated are “involved” in the

review – demanding the use of Commerce’s resources – until

rescission is in effect.   As Commerce has previously stated:

     [P]rior to rescinding a review pursuant to 19 C.F.R.
     [§] 351.213(d)(3), [Commerce] must begin a factual
     examination and engage[] its resources to make [the]
     factual finding [as to whether or not the producers or

12
  See AHSTAC’s Br. at 33-34; see also 19 C.F.R. § 351.213(d)(3)
(permitting Commerce to rescind review of producers or exporters
who had no exports, sales, or entries of subject merchandise
during the POR).
13
  See, e.g., Fresh Garlic from the People’s Republic of China,
Issues & Decision Mem., A-570-831, ARP 07-08 (June 14, 2010)
(adopted in 75 Fed. Reg. 34,976 (Dep’t Commerce June 21, 2010)
(final results and partial rescission of the 14th antidumping
duty administrative review)) (“Garlic from China I & D Mem.”)
cmt. 2 at 8-9 (“CBP data is not sufficiently comprehensive to
serve as a reliable basis for a conclusive determination that a
particular producer or exporter made no shipments or entries of
subject merchandise during the POR.”); Hyosung Corp. v. United
States, Slip Op. 11-34, 2011 WL 1882519, at *5 (CIT Mar. 31,
2011) (“Commerce is not obligated to rescind the review, but it
may if it determines that a particular company did not have
entries, exports, or sales. . . . [A]s Commerce explained,
[however,] CBP data alone is not a conclusive statement of
whether a respondent had shipments because it does not capture
all entries, such as those not made electronically.”) (emphasis
in original).
Court No. 12-00290                                              Page 9


       exporters in question had shipments of subject
       merchandise during the POR]. In some cases, there is
       little controversy over the facts (i.e., the company
       has filed a timely no-shipment certification, the CBP
       data indicates no shipments, any response from CBP to
       [Commerce]’s no shipments inquiry does not contain any
       contrary evidence of possible shipments, and no other
       party presents other information). In other cases,
       the evidence may be less clear and may require
       [Commerce] to issue supplemental questionnaires, do
       further research into CBP data, allow time for parties
       to comment and submit further information, and
       ultimately consider and weigh potentially conflicting
       data and, where necessary and appropriate, scheduling
       and conducting verification of the respondent’s claims
       of no shipments.

Garlic from China I & D Mem. cmt. 2 at 7 (citation omitted).

Commerce’s reading of the word “involved” in § 1677f-1(c) is

thus further supported by the agency’s judicially-affirmed

practice of not rescinding reviews based on CBP data alone.14

            Accordingly, Commerce’s reading of the statute – that

the number of exporters or producers “involved” in a review, as

contemplated by the exception contained in 19 U.S.C.

§ 1677f-1(c)(2), is the number for whom review was initiated and

not subsequently rescinded – is sustained as reasonable.15


14
     See supra note 13.
15
  AHSTAC also makes an argument rooted essentially in the
doctrine of judicial estoppel. See ASHTAC’s Br. at 33 (“Commerce
released the CBP data at the outset of the review and
consistently maintained that they accurately reflect import
volumes during the POR. Commerce should not be able to benefit
from the administrative convenience afforded by these data while
simultaneously using the number of respondents on which review
has been requested as the relevant figure in evaluating whether
                                             (footnote continued)
Court No. 12-00290                                         Page 10


          Here, the number of exporters or producers “involved”

in the review at the time that Commerce invoked the large number

exception – i.e., the number of exporters or producers for whom

review was initiated and not rescinded – was 83.16   AHSTAC does

not contest that 83 is a sufficiently large number to invoke the

large number exception. See AHSTAC’s Br. at 30-35 (arguing only

that the number of respondents allegedly shown in the CBP data

to have exported subject merchandise during the POR is not a

large number).   Because 83 is, non-controversially, a large


to limit is examination.”) (citations omitted). It is true
that, “absent any good explanation, a party should not be
allowed to gain an advantage by litigation on one theory, and
then seek an inconsistent advantage by pursuing an incompatible
theory.” New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 749 (2001)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). But this is
not such a case. Commerce is not attempting to gain unfair
advantage from inconsistent positions – its position that CBP
data present reliable information regarding relative sales
volumes is not inconsistent with its position that every
exporter and producer for whom review is requested is involved
in the review unless and until the review is specifically
rescinded following the proper procedures therefor.
16
  See Initiation Notice, 76 Fed. Reg. at 17,827-28 (listing 84
companies as covered by the 2010-11 review of the antidumping
duty order on certain frozen warmwater shrimp from the PRC);
Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp form the People’s Republic of
China, 77 Fed. Reg. 12,801, 12,803 (Dep’t Commerce Mar. 2, 2012)
(preliminary results, partial rescission, extension of time
limits for the final results, and intent to revoke, in part, of
the sixth antidumping duty administrative review) (“Preliminary
Results”) (rescinding the review with respect to an entity that
filed a “certification indicating that it did not export subject
merchandise to the United States during the POR,” regarding
which Commerce’s inquiry to CBP and request for comments from
interested parties yielded no contrary information).
Court No. 12-00290                                            Page 11


number, Commerce properly invoked § 1677f-1(c)(2) in this

review.


II.   Commerce’s Exclusive Reliance on Type 03 CBP Data to Make
      Relative Sales Volume Determinations

           AHSTAC’s next claim also proceeds from the statutory

provision, noted above, that permits Commerce to limit its

examination to, inter alia, “exporters and producers accounting

for the largest volume of the subject merchandise from the

exporting country that can be reasonably examined,” if the

number of respondents involved in an antidumping review is so

large as to make individual examination of all respondents not

practicable. 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(c)(2)(B).   Here, Commerce

determined to limit its examination to the two largest

exporters. I & D Mem. cmt. 8 at 40-41 (relying on 19 U.S.C.

§ 1677f-1(c)(2)(B)).   As Commerce explained, “the CBP data

demonstrates that [the two chosen mandatory respondents] account

for the overwhelming majority of the total reported quantity of

imports of subject merchandise to the United States during the

POR,”17 and “it would be an unnecessary allocation of

[Commerce]’s limited resources to individually examine the

17
  Id. at 41 (citing Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp from the
[PRC], Resp’t Selection Mem., A-570-893, ARP 10-11 (May 9, 2011)
(“Resp’t Selection Mem.”) at Attach. 1, reproduced in App. of
Docs. Supporting [Def.’s Br.] (“Def.’s App.”), Ct. No. 12-00289,
ECF No. 58-1, at Tab 5).
Court No. 12-00290                                             Page 12


remaining quantity as it is extremely small.”18       AHSTAC contends

that Commerce’s determination regarding which respondents

exported the largest volume of subject merchandise during the

POR was not supported by substantial evidence. AHSTAC’s Br.

at 19-30.


            A.   The Regal Discrepancy

            First, AHSTAC relies on a discrepancy between the

volume of sales reported for respondent Zhanjiang Regal

Integrated Marine Resources Company Limited (“Regal”) in the CBP

data used to rank respondents’ relative export volumes and the

data reported by Regal itself in response to Commerce’s inquiry.

AHSTAC’s Br. at 23; see also Def.’s Br. at 4 (“Commerce noted a

15 to 18 percent discrepancy between the volume of exports

reported for Regal in the Type 03 CBP data and the greater

volume of exports Regal reported in its questionnaire

responses.”) (citation omitted).19       AHSTAC contends that this


18
  Id. (citing Torrington Co. v. United States, 68 F.3d 1347,
1351 (1995)).
19
  Entries are designated by the importer, under penalty of the
law for fraud and/or negligence, 19 U.S.C. § 1592, with a
two-digit code. See U.S. Customs & Border Prot., Dep't of
Homeland Sec., CBP Form 7501 Instructions 1 (July 24, 2012),
available at http://forms.cbp.gov/pdf/7501_instructions.pdf
(last visited Apr. 28, 2014). “The first digit of the code
identifies the general category of the entry (i.e., consumption
= 0, informal = 1, warehouse = 2). The second digit further
defines the specific processing type within the entry category.”
Id. Consumption entries covered by an antidumping duty order
                                             (footnote continued)
Court No. 12-00290                                           Page 13


discrepancy (the “Regal discrepancy”) demonstrates that the CBP

data on which Commerce’s relative sales volume determinations

were based are unreliable, and therefore provide insufficient

evidentiary support for Commerce’s conclusion that the chosen

mandatory respondents accounted for the largest sales volumes of

subject merchandise relative to the remaining respondents.

See AHSTAC’s Br. at 24.

          Commerce may base its § 1677f-1(c)(2)(B) relative

sales volume determinations on Type 03 CBP data20 in the absence

of evidence indicating that such data are inaccurate or

otherwise unreliable. See Pakfood Pub. Co. v. United States,




must be designated as Type 03, whereas consumption entries that
are free and dutiable are designated as Type 01. Id. AHSTAC
suggests that Type 03 CBP data were unreliable in this case
because some unknown portion of subject merchandise may have
been incorrectly entered as Type 01. See AHSTAC’s Br. at 23-27.
20
  AHSTAC argues that Commerce should be required to also
consider and release to the parties under protective order
Type 01 data. See AHSTAC’s Br. at 26-27; see generally
supra note 19. But Type 01 data, whether alone or in
conjunction with Type 03 data, do not provide information that
could lead Commerce to easily identify any Type 01 entries as
subject merchandise. See Ad Hoc Shrimp Trade Action Comm. v.
United States, __ CIT __, 828 F. Supp. 2d 1345, 1355 (2012)
(“The classification [as Type 01 or 03] itself does not yield
any specific information that would assist [Commerce] in
expeditiously determining whether merchandise should have been
reported as Type 03, or making any modifications to the Type 03
data for purposes of respondent selection.”) (internal quotation
marks, citation, and footnote omitted).
Court No. 12-00290                                           Page 14


__ CIT __, 753 F. Supp. 2d 1334, 1345-46 (2011).21    Where the

record presents evidence that rebuts the presumption that CBP

has assured the accuracy of such data, Commerce must account for

such evidence when making its relative sales volume

determinations. Ad Hoc Shrimp Trade Action Comm. v. United

States, __ CIT __, 791 F. Supp. 2d 1327, 1333-34 (2011) (relying

on Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB, 340 U.S. 474, 488 (1951)

(“The substantiality of evidence must take into account whatever

in the record fairly detracts from its weight.”)).


21
  (“In the absence of evidence in the record that the CBP data –
for merchandise entered during the relevant POR and subject to
the [antidumping] duty order at issue – are in some way
inaccurate or distortive, the agency reasonably concluded that
such data, collected in the regular course of business under
penalty of law for fraud and/or negligence, presents reliably
accurate information. Because Customs officers have a duty to
assure the accuracy of information submitted to that agency by
penalizing negligent or fraudulent omissions and/or inaccurate
submissions, the presumption of regularity entails the
reasonable conclusion that, in the absence of evidence to the
contrary, the data obtained by Customs officials in their
regular course of business is accurate.”) (citing, inter alia,
19 C.F.R. § 162.77(a) (“If the [appropriate Customs] Officer has
reasonable cause to believe that a violation of [19 U.S.C.
§ 1592 (prohibiting fraudulent and/or negligent submission
and/or omission of material information to Customs)] has
occurred ... he shall issue to the person concerned a notice of
his intent to issue a claim for a monetary penalty.”); Seneca
Grape Juice Corp. v. United States, 71 Cust. Ct. 131, 142,
367 F. Supp. 1396, 1404 (1973) (noting “the general presumption
of regularity that attaches to all administrative action,”
namely that “[i]n the absence of clear evidence to the contrary,
the courts presume that public officers have properly discharged
their duties. . . . [and] [t]his presumption, of course, also
attaches to the official actions taken by customs officers”)
(additional citations omitted).
Court No. 12-00290                                           Page 15


          Here, Commerce acknowledged the Regal discrepancy but

determined that this discrepancy did not impugn the accuracy of

the relative (rather than exact) volumes of subject entries

attributable to the respective respondents subject to this

review. See I & D Mem. cmt. 8 at 42-45; see also Def.’s Br.

at 17-18 (“Commerce reasonably explained in the final results

that it does not require Type 03 CBP data to be flawless or free

from discrepancies in order for it to be a reliable source for

the limited purpose of identifying the largest exporters and

producers during respondent selection.”) (citing I & D Mem.

cmt. 8 at 42-43).    The question before the court, therefore, is

whether it was reasonable for the agency to conclude that Regal

was one of the largest exporters/producers of subject

merchandise during the POR, notwithstanding the Regal

discrepancy.

          Commerce’s conclusion that Regal was one of the

largest exporters/producers of subject merchandise during the

POR, regardless of the 15-18 percent discrepancy between the

sales reported in CBP data and those reported by Regal in

response to Commerce’s questionnaire, is reasonably supported by

the evidence on record. See I & D Mem. cmt. 8 at 42-43 (“The

[CBP] data are not used to definitively determine any particular

respondent’s actual quantity of subject merchandise shipped

during the POR . . . [but rather are used solely as] a
Court No. 12-00290                                           Page 16


reasonably accurate reflection of the relative position of the

exporters under review”) (emphasis in original); id. at 44

(“[T]he discrepancy between the CBP data and Regal’s sales

quantity would not have precluded [Commerce] from selecting

Regal [as one of the largest exporters/producers of subject

merchandise during the POR] . . . .”).   Specifically, the record

reveals that the magnitude of the Regal discrepancy is far

outweighed by the magnitude of Regal’s POR sales (with or

without accounting for the discrepancy) relative to the

remaining respondents.22   From this it is reasonable to conclude

that the Regal discrepancy did not impugn the accuracy of

Commerce’s finding that Regal was one of the largest

exporters/producers of subject merchandise during the POR.

See I & D Mem. cmt. 8 at 44.

          B.   Transshipment Allegations

          AHSTAC also argues that the “indicia of transshipment”

on this record “provide further ‘new evidence’” that the CBP

data used to determine respondents’ relative POR sales volumes

were unreliable for this purpose. AHSTAC’s Br. at 27-28.

Specifically, AHSTAC contends that “[t]he documented

22
   See Def.’s Br. at 4 (“If included in the CBP data, the
discrepancy would have increased even further Regal’s more than
[[        ]] times greater volume of exports compared to those of
the next largest exporter.”) (citing Resp’t Selection Mem.
at Attach. 1).
Court No. 12-00290                                          Page 17


transshipment through Cambodia to evade the [antidumping duty]

order on shrimp from China rebuts the presumption of reliability

ordinarily attaching to CBP data.” Id. at 28.

           But notwithstanding AHSTAC’s characterization of the

record, the evidence does not indisputably “document[]

transshipment through Cambodia” during the POR.   On the

contrary, no imports of shrimp from Cambodia (potentially

transshipped or otherwise) during the POR are documented on the

record of this review.23   “In the absence of evidence in the

record that the CBP data – for merchandise entered during the

relevant POR and subject to the [antidumping] duty order at

issue – are in some way inaccurate or distortive, [Commerce may]

reasonably conclude[] that such data . . . present reliably

accurate information.” Pakfood, __ CIT at __, 753 F. Supp. 2d

at 1345.   AHSTAC has not pointed to any record evidence that the

CBP data for subject merchandise entered during this POR

incorrectly reported any portion of the volume of merchandise

imported from China as originating in Cambodia. See AHSTAC’s Br.


23
  See Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp from the [PRC], Customs
Data of U.S. Imports of Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp from
Cambodia, A-570-893, ARP 10-11 (May 17, 2012) at Attach. I,
reproduced in Def.’s App., Ct. No. 12-00289, ECF No. 58-6,
at Tab 32 (showing no imports of shrimp from Cambodia during the
POR); see also Final Results, 77 Fed. Reg. at 53,856 (noting
that the relevant POR was February 1, 2010, through January 31,
2011).
Court No. 12-00290                                          Page 18


at 27-28.   Accordingly, AHSTAC’s transshipment allegations are

also insufficient to impugn the accuracy of the CBP data used to

determine respondents’ relative sales volumes in this review.

            Commerce “enjoy[s] broad discretion in allocating

[its] investigative and enforcement resources,” Torrington,

68 F.3d at 1351, and the agency’s finding that the two chosen

mandatory respondents accounted for the “overwhelming majority

of the total reported quantity of imports of subject merchandise

to the United States during the POR,” I & D Mem. cmt. 8 at 41,

is supported by a reasonable reading of the record.24   No further

showing is required. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(c)(2).

Accordingly, Commerce’s application of § 1677f-1(c)(2)(B) in

this case is sustained.


III. Commerce’s Calculation of Surrogate Labor Rates

     A. Background

            Because Commerce treats China as a non-market economy

(“NME”) country, Commerce determines the normal value of

merchandise from China by using surrogate market economy data to

calculate production costs and profit. See 19 U.S.C.

§ 1677b(c)(1).   In doing so, Commerce’s valuation of the factors

of production (“FOPs”) must be “based on the best available


24
  See Resp’t Selection Mem. at Attach. 1; see also supra note 17
and accompanying text.
Court No. 12-00290                                          Page 19


information regarding the values of such factors in a market

economy country or countries considered to be appropriate by the

[agency].” Id.   “[T]o the extent possible,” Commerce is required

to use data from countries that are both economically comparable

to the NME and significant producers of comparable merchandise.

Id. at § 1677b(c)(4).

          In the past, Commerce generally valued the labor FOP

for NME countries by using “regression-based wage rates

reflective of the observed relationship between wages and

national income in market economy countries.” 19 C.F.R.

§ 351.408(c)(3) (2010).   Regression-based NME wage rates

estimated the linear relationship between yearly per capita

gross national income (“GNI”) and hourly wage rate (“wage”) to

arrive at the wage for an NME country by using the NME’s GNI.25

But 19 C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(3) was invalidated as contrary to the

statute because, rather than evaluating the extent to which it

was possible to base surrogate FOP calculations on data from

countries that are economically comparable to the NME and

significant producers of comparable merchandise, the regulation

25
  Zhejiang DunAn Hetian Metal Co. v. United States, __ CIT __,
707 F. Supp. 2d 1355, 1366 (2010) (footnote omitted), vacated on
other grounds, 652 F.3d 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2011); see also Dorbest
Ltd. v. United States, 604 F.3d 1363, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2010)
(“Commerce determines a linear trend that best fits the data,
providing a way to predict the labor rate for a country with any
given gross national income.”).
Court No. 12-00290                                         Page 20


instead formulaically required reliance on data from countries

that did not satisfy one or both of these statutory

requirements.26

          In response to Dorbest and Shandong, Commerce

reconsidered its approach to surrogate labor valuation,

including an opportunity for public comment.   The agency then

published its New Labor Rate Policy, explaining its change in

policy from a preference for using data from multiple market

economies when constructing surrogate labor rates to a policy of

relying on data from a single market economy to calculate all

surrogate FOPs, including labor.27   For its final results of this

review, Commerce employed the New Labor Rate Policy to arrive at

the surrogate wage rate used to construct normal value,

26
  See Dorbest, 604 F.3d at 1371-72 (holding that because the
statute requires Commerce to use data from economically
comparable countries “to the extent possible,” Commerce may not
employ a methodology that requires using data from both
economically comparable and economically dissimilar countries,
in the absence of a showing “that using the data Congress has
directed Commerce to use is impossible”); Shandong Rongxin Imp.
& Exp. Co. v. United States, __ CIT __, 774 F. Supp. 2d 1307,
1316 (2011) (holding that because the statute requires Commerce
to use, “to the extent possible,” data from countries that are
“significant” producers of comparable merchandise, Commerce may
not employ a methodology that requires using data from
“countries which almost certainly have no domestic production –
at least not any meaningful production, capable of having
influence or effect”).
27
  Antidumping Methodologies in Proceedings Involving Non-Market
Economies: Valuing the Factor of Production: Labor, 76 Fed. Reg.
36,092 (Dep’t Commerce June 21, 2011) (“New Labor Rate Policy”).
Court No. 12-00290                                           Page 21


see I & D Mem. cmt. 11 at 51-52, which AHSTAC now challenges.

See AHSTAC’s Br. at 38-41.

          Significantly, AHSTAC also challenged Commerce’s

application of its New Labor Rate Policy in the fifth

administrative review of an antidumping duty order on certain

frozen warmwater shrimp from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.28

In adjudicating that challenge, this Court sustained the New

Labor Rate Policy as reasonable on its face, holding that

“Commerce reasonably determined that, in general, the

administrative costs of engaging in a complex and lengthy

analysis of additional surrogate data for the labor FOP may

outweigh the accuracy-enhancing benefits of doing so.”29    But

because the particular evidentiary record of that proceeding

included specific evidence that could fairly be read to detract

from Commerce’s conclusion that its chosen primary surrogate

country provided the best available information regarding all

relevant FOPs (including labor), Commerce’s application of its

New Labor Rate Policy in that proceeding was remanded for

Commerce to “to weigh and analyze the conflicting evidence and

28
  See Camau Frozen Seafood Processing Imp. Exp. Corp. v. United
States, __ CIT __, 880 F. Supp. 2d 1348 (2012) (“Camau I”).
29
  Camau Frozen Seafood Processing Imp. Exp. Corp. v. United
States, __ CIT __, 968 F. Supp. 2d 1328, 1336 (2014)
(“Camau III”) (citing Camau I, __ CIT __, 880 F. Supp. 2d
at 1358).
Court No. 12-00290                                           Page 22


provide a reasoned explanation for the outcome of such

weighing.”30

       B. Analysis

            AHSTAC argues that Commerce’s application of its New

Labor Rate Policy when calculating surrogate labor FOP values in

this review should be remanded on the same grounds as in Camau.

See AHSTAC’s Br. at 39, 41.   But AHSTAC mischaracterizes the

holdings in Camau.31

            Generally, there is nothing inherently unreasonable in

Commerce’s decision to value all surrogate FOPs (including

labor) using relevant data from a single surrogate country.

Camau I, __ CIT at __, 880 F. Supp. 2d at 1358; Camau III,

__ CIT at __, 968 F. Supp. 2d at 1336.   The necessity for remand

in Camau arose from the presence of specific record evidence –

stemming from the actual GNI disparity between the chosen

surrogate and the exporting NME – that fairly detracted from the
30
     Id.
31
  For example, AHSTAC contends that Commerce’s determination in
the proceeding at issue in Camau was remanded to address prior
findings regarding “wage rate variability.” AHSTAC Br. at 39.
But in fact the court upheld Commerce’s New Labor Rate Policy,
which implements the agency’s conclusion that the accuracy-
enhancing benefits of addressing wage rate variability among
economically comparable potential surrogates are generally
outweighed by the administrative costs of engaging in a complex
and lengthy analysis (as necessary to satisfy the statutory
criteria) of surrogate labor data from more than one country.
See Camau I, __ CIT __, 880 F. Supp. 2d at 1358;
see also Camau III, __ CIT at __, 968 F. Supp. 2d at 1336.
Court No. 12-00290                                           Page 23


reasonableness of Commerce’s data-set selection. See Camau III,

__ CIT at __, 968 F. Supp. 2d at 1336.32

            Here, by contrast, AHSTAC does not point to any record

evidence specific to this review.   AHSTAC does not suggest that

the particular GNI difference between Thailand and China makes

the use of Thai labor data unreasonable for the purpose of

estimating fair market labor rates in China.   AHSTAC makes no

mention of any specific GNI values at all. See AHSTAC’s Br.

at 38-41.   Instead, its challenge to Commerce’s reliance on the

New Labor Rate Policy in this review is essentially a challenge




32
  The concern in Camau was that Commerce had initially chosen
Bangladesh as the primary surrogate for Vietnam without
considering the reasonableness of using Bangladeshi wage data as
a surrogate for Vietnam’s labor rate (because Bangladesh was
chosen as the primary surrogate in that review at a time when
Commerce’s policy was to use multiple countries’ data to
calculate surrogate labor FOP values, before the New Labor Rate
Policy went into effect). Indeed Commerce had even previously
specifically rejected the use of Bangladeshi wage data for this
purpose, based on the discrepancy in GNI between Bangladesh and
Vietnam. See Camau III, __ CIT at __, 968 F. Supp. 2d at 1332.
Then, applying the New Labor Rate Policy (which went into effect
in the interim between the preliminary and final results of the
proceeding at issue in Camau), Commerce did not in any way
reevaluate whether Bangladesh was still the best potential
surrogate from which to value all FOPs, including labor. On the
contrary, Commerce did not even acknowledge that the record
contained conflicting evidence and findings in this regard,
including the agency’s own prior finding that, due to the
particular GNI disparity between Bangladesh and Vietnam,
Bangladeshi wage data are likely to significantly understate the
estimated wage rate for Vietnam (given the generally linear
relationship between GNI and wage). See id. at 1334, 1336-38.
Court No. 12-00290                                           Page 24


to the new policy generally, without regard to the specific

evidence on this record. See id.

          Specifically, AHSTAC argues that Commerce’s reliance

on its New Labor Rate Policy in this review should be remanded

to account for Commerce’s prior findings of a general

correlation between wage rate and GNI and the consequent wage

rate variability among countries with GNIs that Commerce treats

as economically comparable. See id. at 39.   But these are

findings of a general nature, whose impact was already

considered and weighed by Commerce in the context of reasoning

through its New Labor Rate Policy.33   In Camau, it was

additionally argued that the record evidence indicated that the

specific GNI difference between Bangladesh and Vietnam was

sufficiently great as to significantly understate the estimated

labor FOP, a factor which Commerce had failed to consider and

weigh against the remaining evidence suggesting that

Bangladesh’s data as a whole were the best available on record

from which to value all of the surrogate FOPs, all things

considered.34


33
  See New Labor Rate Policy, 76 Fed. Reg. at 36,093; Camau III,
__ CIT at __, 968 F. Supp. 2d at 1336.
34
  Thus the remand in Camau was so that Commerce may explicitly
engage in such weighing of the specific evidence on the record
of that proceeding, not because Commerce was required to
reevaluate the general conclusions underlying its new policy
                                             (footnote continued)
Court No. 12-00290                                          Page 25


           Because AHSTAC makes no arguments specific to the

evidence on the record of this review, its challenge is

essentially a renewed facial challenge to Commerce’s New Labor

Rate Policy. See AHSTAC’s Br. at 39-41.   But as AHSTAC presents

no new arguments in this respect, the reasonableness of

Commerce’s New Labor Rate Policy is sustained on the same

grounds as stated in Camau I and Camau III. See Camau I,

__ CIT at __, 880 F. Supp. 2d at 1358; Camau III, __ CIT at __,

968 F. Supp. 2d at 1336.


                            CONCLUSION

           For all of the foregoing reasons, Commerce’s Final

Results are sustained against the challenges presented in this

action.   Judgment will issue accordingly.




                                         /s/ Donald C. Pogue______
                                      Donald C. Pogue, Chief Judge

Dated: May 27, 2014
       New York, NY




(which include the conclusion that “in general, the
administrative costs of engaging in a complex and lengthy
analysis of additional surrogate data for the labor FOP may
outweigh the accuracy-enhancing benefits of doing so”).
Camau III, __ CIT at __, 968 F. Supp. 2d at 1336.
