                                 2014 IL App (1st)120163
                                      No. 1-12-0163
                                                                         Fifth Division
                                                   Modified opinion filed July 25, 2014

                                          IN THE

                          APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                    FIRST DISTRICT

                                              )
     THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF               )      Appeal from the Circuit Court
              ILLINOIS,                       )      of Cook County.
                                              )
          Plaintiff-Appellee,                 )
                                              )
                v.                            )      No. 08 CR 15119
                                              )
     DWOND DONAHUE,                           )      The Honorable
                                              )      William G. Lacy,
          Defendant-Appellant.                )      Judge, presiding.



              PRESIDING JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
              Justices McBride and Taylor concurred in the judgment and opinion.




                                       OPINION


¶1           Defendant Dwond Donahue was convicted on November 4, 2010, after a

       jury trial, of first degree murder and sentenced on December 12, 2011, to 47

       years, plus a 25-year firearm enhancement, for a total of 72 years in the Illinois
     No. 1-12-0163

       Department of Corrections (IDOC). The case concerned the shooting death of

       Lawaide Labon, age 32, on June 14, 2008, near Jackson and Whipple Streets, in

       Chicago.

¶2           On this direct appeal, defendant claims that the State presented

       insufficient evidence where there was no physical evidence, no arrest at the

       scene, no admissions or statements by defendant, no evidence that defendant

       and the victim previously knew each other, and no evidence of gang affiliation

       or drug involvement, and where the case was based entirely on the

       identifications of two witnesses, one of whom told a defense investigator that

       she identified defendant only after pressure from a detective.

¶3           Defendant also claims that prosecutorial misconduct deprived defendant

       of a fair trial, when the prosecutor made false statements about the defense's

       theory of the case and made inflammatory remarks, such as the victim would

       have been safer in a war zone then on the streets of Chicago since the death rate

       is lower in the military than in Chicago.

¶4           For the following reasons, we affirm.

¶5                                  BACKGROUND

¶6           In the case at bar, the defense made no pretrial motions and offered no

       objections to the State's motion in limine to bar the defense from asking

       questions on certain topics, such as police misconduct.

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       No. 1-12-0163

¶7             On November 2 and 3, 2010, the State called six witnesses: (1) Denise

         Labon, the victim's wife, who identified the victim; (2) Tiffany Labon, the

         victim's cousin and his wife's best friend, who was one of two eyewitnesses

         called at trial; (3) Daiquiri Collins, who was Tiffany Labon's uncle, and the

         other eyewitness called at trial; (4) Detective Gregory Jones; (5) Jon Flaskamp,

         a firearms examiner; and (6) Officer Joseph Wagner, the arresting officer.

         After the State rested, the defense rested without making a motion for a directed

         verdict.

¶8                           I. Denise Labon, the Victim's Wife

¶9             Denise Labon, the first witness, testified that she was the wife of Lawaide

         Labon, the victim. On June 14, 2008, she was working an evening shift, from 4

         p.m. to midnight, as a security guard when she received a call at 11:30 p.m.

         from her best friend, Tiffany Labon. Her work partner then drove her to the

         hospital where she identified her dead husband.

¶ 10                       II. Tiffany Labon, the Victim's Cousin

¶ 11            Next, Tiffany Labon testified that the victim was her cousin and the

         other testifying eyewitness, Daiquiri Collins, was her uncle. On June 14, 2008,

         she attended a family gathering on the west side of Chicago, near Jackson and

         Whipple Streets. The occasion was a housewarming party and the victim,

         Lawaide Labon, was also there. At 11:20 p.m., she was standing on the street

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       No. 1-12-0163

         near 312 South Whipple Street talking with her uncle, Daiquiri Collins, and

         another man known as "Red" who was there with his dog. Labon recognized

         the dog because it had belonged to her brother, who had given it to Red.

¶ 12             Labon testified that, while the three of them were standing there talking,

         a man arrived and pointed a gun at the dog, threatening "shut the f*** dog up or

         I'll shoot it." Although it was late at night, there was light from streetlamps and

         house lights, and she was able to see the face of the man with the gun, whom

         she identified in court as defendant. Then someone else arrived, grabbed the

         man with the gun and took him "across the street or down the street or

         something." Two minutes later, Labon's cousin, the victim, drove up with his

         children and double-parked on the other side of a vehicle against which Labon

         was leaning. As soon as the victim stepped out of his vehicle, the man with the

         gun returned and "stepped up in [the victim's] face asking who is you? Who is

         you?"

¶ 13             Labon testified that the victim and the other man started "tussling" and

         pushing each other, and the other man was reaching for his gun. At that

         moment, Labon's Uncle Daquiri "snatched [her] away from it" and she heard

         three gunshots. When she turned around, she observed her cousin on the

         ground, crawling to the curb, and the other man entering a van.




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       No. 1-12-0163

¶ 14           Labon was then asked whether anyone spoke to the shooter when he first

         approached but before the victim drove up. She testified that, when the shooter

         first walked up, someone stated "what's up Swol" and the shooter responded

         "what's up."

¶ 15           Labon further testified that, on June 15 at 1:25 a.m., she reviewed a photo

         array at the police station:

                   "ASSISTANT STATE'S ATTORNEY (ASA):                   Were you able to

               positively identify the shooter in these photo arrays?

                   LABON: Yes, I was positive. Only one I said he looked like him but

               it wasn't him.

                                              ***

                   ASA: What did you tell the detective about that person?

                   LABON: I said he looked like him but that wasn't him."

         Labon then viewed another photo array on the same day and selected

         defendant's photo.     On July 10, 2008, she returned to the police station and

         viewed a lineup where she also identified defendant.

¶ 16           On cross-examination, Labon admitted that she did not recall how the

         shooter was dressed or whether he wore a "hoodie," which she explained was a

         jacket with a hood.     She did not know how tall the shooter was; she recalled

         only that he was taller than she was. When asked how much the man weighed,
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           she replied "I'm not sure of that either." The first time she ever observed him

           was the night of the shooting. Although she had lived in that neighborhood for

           almost a year, she had never seen him before. Only one or two minutes elapsed

           between the time when the shooter first approached and made a comment about

           the dog and when somebody pulled him away. Labon did not know whether the

           shooter was wearing pants or shorts, or a tee shirt or a shirt with a collar; and

           she did not recall the color of his shirt. She did not recall what kind of vehicle

           the victim was driving, but the color was "champagne."

¶ 17             On cross, Labon testified that, after the shooting, a blue van came down

           the street and picked up the shooter. When the victim and the shooter were

           tussling, she was leaning against the vehicle with her back turned to the fight,

           but she looked back over her left shoulder and observed it. Then her uncle

           grabbed her away, and she heard the gun. After her uncle pulled her away, she

           was standing on the curb. She recalled the shooter had a mustache and a "little

           bit" of a beard, 1 but she did not tell the police that because they did not ask.

¶ 18             On cross, Labon testified that, on June 15, 2008, just a few hours after the

           shooting, she was shown two photo arrays, and defendant's photo was in neither

           one. In one photo array, she viewed photographs of six people and then circled

       1
        Tiffany Labon's uncle, Daiquiri Collins, later testified that the shooter was "clean
       cut" and did not have a mustache or a beard.

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       No. 1-12-0163

         one and signed her name under the one that she had circled. Labon testified

         that she "said he looks like him but he wasn't him." Ten days later, on June 25,

         2008, she viewed another photo array and identified defendant.

¶ 19           On cross, Labon testified that, on October 8 and 9, 2009, she received a

         visit at her home from defense investigator Mark Saunders.           When asked

         whether she told Saunders that the detective had pointed to defendant's

         photograph, she replied: "I told – he pointed to the defendant, after I pointed

         him out. Not before." However, this statement, that the detective pointed out

         the photograph only after she did, does not appear in Labon's signed statement.

         While Labon and Saunders were talking, Saunders wrote out a two-page

         statement which Labon then initialed on the first page and signed on the second

         page. Defense counsel then reviewed with Labon the statements contained in

         her signed statement. Labon admitted that she told the investigator that, while

         she was viewing the photo array, the detective pointed to defendant's photo and

         stated: "Is this him?" Labon admitted that she told the investigator: "I was

         shown five photos but I wasn't sure if the shooter was one of these pictures, one

         of the police detectives kept pointing at [defendant's] picture and repeatedly

         saying, is this him, is this him." Then she told the investigator: "At this time, I

         felt as if I was supposed to say that [defendant] was the shooter." She also

         admitted that she told the investigator that "prior to the shooting I had never

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       No. 1-12-0163

         seen [defendant]." She admitted that she signed her name to this statement,

         which was subsequently admitted into evidence.

¶ 20           On cross, Labon testified that, on October 9, 2009, when she met with the

         investigator at her home, they also discussed the lineup. On July 10, she went

         to the lineup at 1 p.m. and looked through a window at four or five men sitting

         on chairs. She told the investigator that she "saw the man whose picture the

         detective kept pointing at and saying, is this him, so I obviously said it's No. 2."

¶ 21           On redirect, she testified that she was scared because she had never been

         through anything like this before and she came "from the same neighborhood."

         However, she did not specify the same neighborhood as whom. Labon had

         previously testified that she had never observed the shooter before in the

         neighborhood.

¶ 22                     III. Daiquiri Collins, Tiffany Labon's Uncle

¶ 23           The State's next witness, Daiquiri Collins, was the uncle of Tiffany

         Labon, who had just testified. Collins, whose nickname was "Zack," was 42

         years old and had been employed delivering "Ready-Mix" concrete for five

         years. He lived in the Chicago suburbs with his wife, who was the victim's

         aunt. At 11 p.m., on June 14, 2008, he was at 139 South Whipple Street with

         about 12 people for a housewarming party in an apartment there. At some

         point, he left the party and walked to the 300 South block of Whipple Street to

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       No. 1-12-0163

         visit with Tiffany and Chevelle Labon. Tiffany's nickname is April. Collins

         knew they would be there because "[t]hat's where they hang out at." Before

         leaving the party, Collins said good-bye to the victim, who was at the party with

         his four children.

¶ 24           Collins testified that, when he arrived at the 300 block of Whipple Street,

         he observed Tiffany Labon, Chevelle Labon, "Bobby" and some other people

         he did not know. Collins did not know Bobby's last name. Collins also

         recognized a dog that "Chevelle and them had before they gave it to this other

         person."   However, Collins did not know the dog's owner. They were all

         standing on the curb and on the grassy area between the street and the sidewalk.

         A black four-door Saturn was parked next to them, and they were "all crowded

         on the passenger side of the vehicle." At some point, Chevelle and Bobby

         departed, and Collins remained conversing with Labon and the dog owner. In

         addition to the three of them, there were so many people right there that "you

         had enough people to play basketball and sub people in at the time." Then

         everyone departed, except for himself, Labon and the dog owner.

¶ 25           Collins testified that, after everyone left except the three of them, a man

         arrived whom Collins identified in court as defendant.       Collins had never

         observed him before. Collins first noticed this man approaching when the dog,

         who had been facing Collins, turned to face the new arrival. Collins was

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       No. 1-12-0163

         standing six feet from the dog, and Labon was three feet from the dog. The

         approaching man then reached behind his back with his right hand and pulled

         out a gun and pointed it at the dog. At that moment, Collins was eight or nine

         feet away from the shooter.     Collins recalled that there were streetlights but

         could not recall whether there was light coming from nearby homes. Less than

         a minute later, a blue van pulled up and double-parked on the other side of the

         black Saturn. The shooter then walked to the passenger side of the van and

         stated "these guys are punks here and they're not going to do anything."

¶ 26            Collins testified that the victim then drove up in "a van or champagne

         car" with his children in the vehicle and parked three or four feet behind the

         blue van. When the victim exited his vehicle, his children remained in the

         vehicle and the shooter was standing near the side passenger door of the blue

         van.   The victim then walked toward Collins, Labon and the dog owner.

         Through the open side door of the blue van, Collins observed that the driver

         was male and that there were one or two additional people inside the van who

         were "pulling on [the shooter] to go to leave." The shooter then looked toward

         the victim and stated "who the f*** is that?" At this point, the shooter was

         standing six feet from the victim.     Then the shooter walked in front of the

         victim, and his chin bumped the victim's nose. The victim bumped the shooter

         back, and the shooter hit the victim on the left side of his face. The victim then

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         hit the shooter back and, the next time the shooter brought his hand up, he was

         holding a gun, a foot from the victim's shoulder, and the gun fired. Then

         Collins pushed Labon away and heard another shot. Collins was 10 feet from

         the victim when he ran to the victim, who was lying on his back on the ground

         near the curb, and Collins held the victim's hand. The shooter, who was

         standing in the street, entered the blue van which then drove off.

¶ 27           Collins testified that, the next morning, he went to a police station and

         viewed two photo arrays, with six photos each, but he was not able to identify

         anyone. Later, on June 17, detectives visited him at home and asked him to

         review another photo array with five photos, from which he identified

         defendant's photograph as that of the shooter. On July 10, he went to a police

         station where he viewed a lineup and identified defendant as the shooter.

¶ 28           On cross-examination, Collins testified that the victim, who was his

         wife's nephew, was "like a son of mine." Collins saw the victim probably 100

         times during the year before the shooting. Although there was a big crowd on

         the street on the night of the shooting, everyone left before the shooter arrived.

         Five minutes elapsed between when the shooter first pointed his gun at the dog

         and when the victim was shot. Contrary to Labon who testified that the shooter

         had a mustache and a small beard, Collins testified that the shooter was "clean

         cut" and did not have a mustache or a beard:

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       No. 1-12-0163

                "DEFENSE COUNSEL: What was his facial hair?

                COLLINS: He was clean cut.

                DEFENSE COUNSEL: Any moustache?

                COLLINS: He was clean cut.

                DEFENSE COUNSEL: That means no moustache or beard, correct.

                COLLINS: Just clean – yes."

         Like Labon, Collins had never observed the shooter before.

¶ 29            On cross, Collins admitted that the photograph of defendant, which he

         had identified as a photograph of the shooter, depicted a mustache and a beard.

         Then the following exchange occurred:

                    "DEFENSE COUNSEL: So [defendant's] picture is different from the

                man that you saw shoot your inlaw, is that correct?

                    COLLINS: Yes."

         On redirect, Collins was asked if "clean cut" included a mustache, and he said

         that it did.

¶ 30                             IV. Detective Gregory Jones

¶ 31            Detective Gregory Jones testified that he had been with the Chicago

         police force for 24 years and, for the last six years, had been a member of the

         evidence response team, which was a group of detectives and forensic


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       No. 1-12-0163

         investigators who processed major crime scenes. On June 14, 2008, he was

         assigned to investigate a shooting death near 312 South Whipple Streeet, and

         his team recovered three discharged 9-millimeter shell casings from the

         pavement. After canvassing the neighborhood, they also identified two potential

         eyewitnesses who were Tiffany Labon and Daquiri Collins. Although he sent

         the casings to the state police crime lab for firearms analysis, he did not request

         fingerprint analysis, because he had never encountered a situation where a

         fingerprint was recovered from a shell casing.

¶ 32           On cross, Jones admitted that he also learned the name of a person who

         was walking a dog immediately before the shooting, and his name was Gregory

         Howard. Jones also spoke to Howard.

¶ 33           Jones further testified that the three shell casings found at the scene came

         from a semiautomatic weapon. A revolver would not leave shell casings at the

         scene because the casings in a revolver remain in the revolver when the weapon

         is discharged. By contrast, with a semiautomatic weapon, for every round that

         is fired, the gun ejects the cartridge casing, with the bullet heading in one

         direction and the casing falling to the ground. When a semiautomatic weapon

         is loaded, a bullet is placed into a magazine and then the magazine is placed

         into the bottom of the weapon and pushed up into the gun. Each bullet has to




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       No. 1-12-0163

         be placed into the magazine by hand. On redirect, Jones agreed that any

         fingerprints on the bullet would likely be removed during the firing process.

¶ 34            Jones was recalled as a witness by the State the following day and he

         testified that he conducted the lineup, which included defendant and which was

         viewed on July 10, 2008, by Gregory Howard at 12:10 p.m.,Tiffany Labon at

         1:05 p.m., and Daquiri Collins at 1:35 p.m. Labon and Collins both identified

         defendant. Jones recalled that, after Collins entered the lineup room, he hit his

         fist against the two-way mirror and stated "number two. That's the guy that did

         it."

¶ 35                   V. Firearms Examiner Jon Flaskamp; Stipulations

¶ 36            After a stipulation concerning crime scene photographs and the recovery

         of the three shell casings, the State called Jon Flaskamp, who was employed for

         11 years as a firearms examiner with the Illinois State Police crime lab and who

         examined the three shell casings recovered in this case. Flaskamp determined

         that the casings were all 9-millimeter Luger-caliber cartridge cases fired from

         the same firearm.

¶ 37            The parties then stipulated that an assistant medical examiner, if called to

         testify, would testify that the two gunshot wounds on the victim revealed no

         evidence of close-range firing, that close-range firing occurs when the muzzle

         of the gun is less than 18 inches away, that she did not examine the victim's

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       No. 1-12-0163

           clothing for evidence of close-range firing, and that the victim died from his

           gunshot wounds.

¶ 38                          VI. Arresting Officer Joseph Wagner

¶ 39             Joseph Wagner testified that he was a police officer with the Chicago

           police department and, on July 9, 2008, he traveled with other members of his

           unit to Elgin, Illinois to assist detectives from Area 4 with defendant's arrest. He

           traveled in plain clothes 2 with Officer Ed Zablocki in an unmarked Chevy

           Uplander minivan with normal plates in order to conduct surveillance. They

           were in an unmarked vehicle so "they wouldn't stick out." After arriving at the

           target location, he observed defendant exit a building and walk in the officers'

           direction on the sidewalk across the street from the officer's parked vehicle.

           When defendant was almost directly across the street from the officers, Officer

           Wagner looked in his direction and defendant ran. After defendant ran, Officer

           Wagner exited his vehicle and yelled "police." After he yelled, defendant kept

           running, and Officer Wagner chased defendant on foot, while his partner,

           Officer Zablocki, pursued with their vehicle. Officer Wagner quickly lost sight

           of defendant but members of the Elgin police department arrived shortly and

           residents began providing information about where they had observed

           defendant. Eventually, Officer Wagner arrived in the area of 1230 Forest with
       2
        Officer Wagner testified on redirect that he and Officer Zablocki were not
       wearing police uniforms.
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       No. 1-12-0163

           several other officers, including Officer DeLopez who was searching a line of

           trees with his flashlight. 3 Wagner then heard DeLopez state "police" and "let

           me see your hands." Officer Wagner then observed defendant under some brush

           and trees, and he placed him in handcuffs. Only 20 or 30 minutes elapsed

           between when defendant initially ran and when he was placed in custody. After

           defendant was transported to a police station, identifying information was

           obtained, including defendant's home address, which was 2753 West Jackson

           Boulevard, Chicago. Officer Wagner testified that this address is only a few

           blocks from 312 South Whipple.

¶ 40                               VII. Detective Mark Vanek

¶ 41             Detective Mark Vanek testified that he had been employed with the

           Chicago police department for 10 years. On June 14, 2008, at 11:30 p.m., he

           and his partner, Detective Ruis, responded to a radio call concerning a shooting

           in the 300 block of South Whipple Street. When they arrived, there was "mass

           chaos, a lot of police officers, a lot of citizens running around." He and his

           partner spoke with Tiffany Labon and then transported Labon to the police

           station to conduct an interview. After returning to the police station, Detective

           Vanek also spoke with Daiquiri Collins and compiled two photo arrays to show

       3
        The transcript in the appellate record provides the time as "8:45 in the evidence."
       We assume that this is a typographical error and that the transcript should read
       "8:45 in the evening."
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       No. 1-12-0163

         the witnesses. First he showed the two arrays to Labon, who circled a photo

         and stated that it looked like the offender but "she would not be able to say that

         was the person." She stated that she would need a physical lineup to be sure.

         Next he showed the arrays to Collins, who was not able to make an

         identification. Neither photo array contained defendant's photo. On cross,

         Detective Vanek testified that he was aware there was a bystander with a dog

         but that he never learned the bystander's name and never spoke with a man

         named Gregory Howard.

¶ 42           On cross, Officer Wagner testified that no weapon was found on

         defendant when he was arrested and that officers later obtained a search warrant

         for defendant's home and no weapon was found during that search.

¶ 43                           VIII. Detective Roberto Garcia

¶ 44           Detective Roberto Garcia testified that he was employed for 16 years

         with the Chicago police department and that he worked with other detectives to

         investigate this case. Detective Garcia visited Daquiri Collins at home and

         showed him a five-photo array from which Collins identified defendant's

         photograph as a photograph of the shooter. During the investigation, Detective

         Garcia became aware of a potential third witness, in addition to Tiffany Labon

         and Daiquiri Collins. This third witness was Gregory Howard, who was

         walking his dog during the incident. By June 23, 2008, Garcia was able to

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       No. 1-12-0163

         interview Howard, and at some point Howard viewed a photo array. In the

         months before trial, the State's Attorney's Office asked Garcia to help locate

         Gregory Howard but Garcia was unable to do so. On cross, Garcia testified that

         he had two addresses for Gregory Howard, both of which were near the scene

         of the shooting.

¶ 45                               IX. Closing Argument

¶ 46           After Garcia testified and the State moved its exhibits into evidence, the

         State rested. The defense did not move for a directed verdict, and also rested.

         The next day the defense moved to reopen its case in order to admit into

         evidence the signed statement of the defense investigator concerning his

         interview of Tiffany Labon, which was granted.

¶ 47           During closing argument, the prosecutor stated that defendant did not

         know the victim, that both Labon and Collins had identified defendant as the

         shooter and that defendant's flight a month later from the plainclothes officers

         in an unmarked vehicle showed consciousness of guilt.

¶ 48           The defense during its closing reviewed the discrepancies between the

         testimonies of the two eyewitnesses and argued that defendant's flight did not

         reflect consciousness of this crime. The defense observed that, although

         defendant gave his address after his arrest as Jackson Street, only a block away,

         Tiffany Labon, who lived in the same neighborhood, testified that she had never

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       No. 1-12-0163

         seen the shooter before. Labon also made a tentative identification of another

         person from the first photo arrays and could not recall any details about the

         shooter, such as his clothing, height or weight. Labon admitted that she told the

         defense investigator that, while she was viewing the photo array, the detective

         kept pointing to defendant's photo and stating "Is this him? Is this him?" She

         told the investigator that, at the lineup, she observed the man whose photo the

         detective had identified, so she selected that man.

¶ 49           Collins, the other eyewitness, admitted that the photo he selected from

         the photo array looked different from the shooter. On cross, Collins testified

         that the shooter was clean-cut and that meant without a mustache, and then on

         redirect he contradicted himself and testified that clean-cut included a

         mustache.

¶ 50           In rebuttal closing, the prosecutor argued that the defense theory was that

         "[i]t's a police conspiracy. The police conspired somehow to set up Dwond

         Donahue." Defense counsel objected stating "we've never argued that," and the

         objection was overruled.     The prosecutor then argued that "[y]ou need a

         motive" for a conspiracy, and observed that when television shows discuss

         conspiracy theories concerning the murders of John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther

         King and Robert Kennedy, they provide motives, and the prosecutor discussed

         what some of those motives were. The prosecutor then argued that the defense

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       No. 1-12-0163

         had failed to provide a motive for why the police would "come up with a

         conspiracy to frame" defendant. The prosecutor told the jury: "You're the

         people who are going to give justice to this community, not by idiotic

         conspiracy theories."

¶ 51           After discussing conspiracy theories, the prosecutor then discussed

         military service, implying that the jurors would be letting down our men and

         women overseas if they acquitted and that the victim would have been safer if

         he was serving with them:

               "[O]ur military folks go out there and try to protect our society, they try

               to make our society safer.       Iwo Jima, the rise and decline of the

               Suribachi, so [the victim's] killer could go free. We didn't fight the battle

               of Fallujah so we could have a murderer walking the streets. They didn't

               show the perseverance in places like Khe Sanh and things like that so can

               go back in there and say let's let this murderer go.

                  The ironic thing about this is if you look at the way things are now it

               would have been safer for [the victim] to be in the military in a war zone

               than to be on the streets on the west side with guys like defendant

               walking around. The death rate is lower in the military service than it is

               on the streets in our city."



                                               20
       No. 1-12-0163

¶ 52            The trial court then instructed the jury, and the jury later returned with a

         verdict that defendant was guilty of first degree murder and that he had

         discharged a firearm during the commission of the offense.

¶ 53                                 X. Posttrial Motions

¶ 54            After trial, defendant retained new counsel. On July 8, 2011, defendant

         filed a motion to vacate his conviction or, in the alternative, for a new trial, on

         the grounds that the State failed to prove defendant guilty beyond a reasonable

         doubt, that there was a newly discovered eyewitness who could exculpate

         defendant, that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to interview and call

         alibi witnesses, and that the State's closing argument was improper and denied

         defendant a fair trial. The motion included affidavits from the newly discovered

         eyewitness and the alibi witnesses, and dated photographs supporting the alibi.

¶ 55            On October 27, 2011, the trial court held a hearing on defendant's motion

         at which the defense called four witnesses: (1) Angelina Donahue, defendant's

         sister; (2) Lawrence Murphy; (3) Winter Williams, defendant's girlfriend at the

         time of the offense; and (4) defendant. In response, the State called defendant's

         trial attorney.

¶ 56            Angelina Donahue testified that, on the day of the offense, she and her

         son accompanied defendant and his girlfriend to a barbecue in Garfield Park

         and then to the Buckingham Fountain area where they stayed until 11:30 p.m.

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       No. 1-12-0163

         There was a man by the fountain taking photographs for tourists, and she

         identified two dated photographs of the four of them standing in front of the

         fountain. After the first photograph was taken, they had to wait a few minutes

         for it to develop. After viewing it, they decided to have another photograph

         taken, and Angelina Donahue appears in the second photograph holding the

         first photograph. When they left the lakefront, they drove to her father's house,

         since it was the night before Father's Day. They did not make any stops along

         the way and arrived between midnight and 12:30 a.m. They stayed close to an

         hour, and then defendant and his girlfriend drove Angelina Donahue and her

         son home where they arrived at 1 or 1:30 a.m.             Angelina Donahue and

         defendant later informed defendant's trial attorney prior to trial that they were at

         Buckingham Fountain and had photographs. The conversation occurred in

         March 2010 during a three-way conference call where defendant called her

         from jail and then she called defense counsel.

¶ 57           On cross, Angelina Donahue testified that they probably left the fountain

         area around 10:30 p.m. and that she could not locate the photographs at first but

         found them in December 2009. On redirect, Angelina Donahue testified that




                                                22
       No. 1-12-0163

           the defense counsel "blew us off"4 when they tried to talk to him about the

           photographs and stated: "I got this. Didn’t worry about that. I got that."

¶ 58             The next witness was Lawrence Murphy, who testified that he was 23

           years old and lived at 321 South Whipple Street in Chicago.            Although

           defendant was not a friend, Murphy knew him from playing basketball in the

           neighborhood. At 11:30 p.m. on the day of the offense, he was sitting on his

           front porch with his mother. His house was across the street from 312 South

           Whipple and, if he stood on his porch, it would be to his right. On that evening,

           50 or more people were in front of 312 South Whipple because there was a

           party. At some point, he observed a light blue van, heading southbound toward

           Van Buren Street. In his line of vision, it was traveling from his right to his

           left. Murphy observed an arm "stick out [of] the passenger window" and two

           shots were fired. At the moment that the shots were fired, the van was moving

           directly in front of his house. Two people were in the van; and neither one was

           defendant. After Murphy heard the gunshots, the van proceeded south towards

           Van Buren Street and, when it reached the end of the block, it turned right or

           west on to Van Buren. Murphy then observed a man laying facedown and

           chaos ensuing in the crowd. After the police arrived, he did not approach them,

           because there were so many people out there, he was sure someone else would
       4
        The transcript states that he "blue us off." We presume that the word meant was
       "blew," which sounds exactly the same.
                                                 23
       No. 1-12-0163

         have told them. In August 2008, he moved with his mother and child to attend

         college at Southern Illinois University in Carbondale, Illinois, and returned later

         in the summer of 2009. Murphy first learned that defendant had been accused

         of the offense in December 2010 from defendant's sister, Angelina Donahue,

         when he encountered her at a local gas station.

¶ 59           On cross, Murphy testified that he never heard anyone call defendant

         "Swol." At 11:30 p.m. on the night of the offense, he observed two men

         fighting who were "lighter complected."        A man who lived there, whom

         Murphy knew as "Tay," asked everybody to leave. There was another man

         whom defendant knew only as "Vale" who was also present.                  Murphy

         encountered Angelina Donahue again sometime in 2011, and she informed him

         that there was a mistrial and that there was going to be a retrial. Murhpy told

         her that he would do what he could to help because he knew defendant was not

         the shooter. Murphy admitted that he had two prior drug convictions.

¶ 60           The defense's next witness, Winter Williams, testified that she was 30

         years old and employed as a program specialist with Sequin Services, a social

         service agency, for five years. Williams was no longer defendant's girlfriend but

         they dated back in 2008. On June 14, 2008, the date of the offense, defendant

         picked her up after work at 3 p.m. in River Forest, Illinois. They then drove to

         defendant's sister's home and picked up Angelina Donahue and her son, and

                                               24
       No. 1-12-0163

         then drove to Garfield Park for a barbecue, arriving at around 4:30 p.m. After

         leaving the barbecue, they drove to Buckingham Fountain, where they walked

         around and took photographs. Williams then identified two dated photographs

         of the four of them taken in front of Buckingham Fountain on June 14, 2008.

         They left downtown at 11 or 11:30 p.m.

¶ 61           Williams further testified that, before they left downtown, she recorded

         on her cell phone approximately 13 seconds of the four of them walking down

         the street. Unfortunately, since it was dark when the video was made, the faces

         were not clear. Williams testified that the date displayed on the cell phone was

         June 14, 2008, and the time, which was in 24-hour or military time, was "2204,"

         or 10:04 p.m. After the video footage was played, Williams testified that it was

         the same footage as contained on her cell phone.

¶ 62           Williams testified that, after departing downtown at around 11:30 p.m.,

         they drove to the home of defendant's and Angelina Donahue's father on Polk

         Street, arriving at around midnight. They stayed 30 to 45 minutes, and then

         defendant and Williams dropped Angelina Donahue and her son at their home.

         Defendant and Williams then drove to Elgin, Illinois, where Williams was then

         living.




                                              25
       No. 1-12-0163

¶ 63           On cross, Williams testified that she attended the last day of trial and that

         is when she realized the significance of the June 14 date and defendant could

         not have possibly committed this murder.

¶ 64           The parties then stipulated that defendant's present counsel received a cell

         phone from Williams and that a technician in his office transferred a video from

         the cell phone to a disc, which is Defense Exhibit No. 3 in the posttrial hearing.

¶ 65           The next witness was defendant, who testified that he was 34 years old

         and he first learned in December 2009 that his trial counsel had been retained

         for this case. On June 14, 2008, the day of the offense, he was dating Williams

         and he picked her up from work in River Forest at 3 p.m. Then they picked up

         his sister and her son, and the four of them traveled to a barbecue in Garfield

         Park, arriving at around 4:30 p.m. and staying a few hours. Then they drove

         downtown, parked and walked around the lakefront near Buckingham Fountain.

         A man was taking photographs for money, and they had their picture taken.

         Defendant then identified two dated photographs as the photographs that they

         had taken. They crossed Lake Shore Drove and sat by the lake. Williams used

         her cell phone to make a video recording. When they left downtown, Williams

         drove them to his father's house and he slept in the vehicle. They stayed at his

         father's house for no more than an hour, and then defendant and Williams took

         his sister and her son home, and defendant and Williams went to Elgin.

                                               26
       No. 1-12-0163

¶ 66           Defendant denied that he committed the murder and testified that he was

         arrested a couple of weeks later in Elgin. Since January 2009, he has been

         housed in Cook County Jail, and his trial counsel did not visit him once in jail.

         Sometime between December 2009, when defendant first learned that counsel

         had been retained for this case, and March 8, 2010, the first date set for trial,

         defendant told his counsel about the photographs and that he was not at the

         scene of the murder. Prior to this conversation, defendant mailed counsel a

         packet of information, in which he told counsel that he was with Angelina

         Donahue and Williams on the night of the murder and included their names,

         addresses and phone numbers.       During the conversation, defendant asked

         counsel why he had not called Angelina Donahue and Williams, and counsel

         responded that defendant did not need any witnesses.        The only times that

         counsel spoke to defendant in person were in the lockup at the courthouse.

¶ 67           On cross, defendant testified that he told his counsel in person about his

         innocence when they met in the lockup sometime between March and

         November 2010. Counsel's response was that defendant did not need any

         witnesses because the State could not prove its case. Defendant's sister was

         incorrect when she testified that the three-party conference call among himself,

         counsel and his sister occurred in March 2010. Defendant pled guilty in 1994 to

         vehicular hijacking, in 2001 to residential burglary and in 2007 to driving under

                                              27
       No. 1-12-0163

         the influence of liquor and unlawful use of a weapon. His trial counsel told

         defendant that it would not be a good idea for him to testify. Defendant

         testified that it was possible that he contacted his counsel through Denise

         Johnson's phone, as he had with his sister. Denise Johnson was a former

         girlfriend whose nickname was "Nisey." The prosecutor then asked: "Would it

         surprise you in the recordings of her phone calls, there is no mention of an alibi

         there?" Defense counsel objected, and the trial court stated "Hold on, sir" when

         defendant started to respond.      As a result, defendant never answered the

         question. Defendant testified that he mailed the packet of information to his

         attorney, after his attorney stated that he would visit defendant before Christmas

         which he did not; thus, the packet was mailed after Christmas 2009 and

         Williams knew in December 2009 that she was an alibi witness for defendant.

         After defendant testified, the defense rested on its motion.

¶ 68           The State then called defendant's trial counsel, who testified that he had

         been an attorney in Illinois for 43 years. Counsel did not "recall" defendant

         informing him of an alibi for the day and time of the offense. When asked

         whether he received a packet of information from defendant containing

         information about alibi witnesses, counsel testified that defendant "might have

         sent it," but he did not receive it.       Counsel had previously listened to a

         recording of a three-part phone conversation among himself, defendant and

                                               28
       No. 1-12-0163

         defendant's sister that took place on March 11, 2010, and during that phone

         conversation, defendant did not refer to an alibi defense. Defendant did not

         inform counsel of an alibi defense while defendant was in the lockup at the

         courthouse. The defense was to challenge the identification witnesses. Counsel

         still believes that defendant did not commit this crime, and he was "very

         confident" that they would win at trial.

¶ 69           On cross, defense counsel testified that his theory of the case was a

         "beyond a reasonable doubt" theory, and he discussed this theory "basically"

         with defendant when defendant was in the lockup in the courthouse. Counsel

         did not recall either visiting defendant in jail or receiving a packet from

         defendant in the mail. Counsel did recall receiving other letters from defendant

         but did not recall them raising an alibi defense. Counsel was confident that they

         had "a very strong case." If defendant or his family discussed with counsel

         family photographs taken at the lakefront or a cell phone video, counsel did not

         recall those conversations.

¶ 70           After hearing argument, the trial court denied defendant's motion for a

         new trial and proceeded to sentencing.

¶ 71                                    XI. Sentencing

¶ 72           In aggravation, the State presented a victim impact statement from the

         victim's brother and called two detectives who related hearsay evidence of

                                               29
       No. 1-12-0163

         offenses allegedly committed by defendant. However, defendant was never

         questioned with respect to these incidents, and there were no subsequent

         convictions. One incident allegedly occurred on the same day as the offense in

         the case at bar. In mitigation, defendant addressed the trial court and maintained

         his innocence, and denied committing the two other offenses raised by the State

         in aggravation.

¶ 73           The trial court sentenced defendant to 47 years, plus a 25-year firearm

         enhancement, for a total of 72 years. Defense counsel made a motion to

         reconsider sentence which was denied. The notice of appeal was filed on

         December 16, 2011, and this timely appeal followed.

¶ 74                                     ANALYSIS

¶ 75           On this appeal, defendant raises only two claims: (1) that the evidence

         was insufficient; and (2) that remarks by the prosecutor rose to the level of

         prosecutorial misconduct, depriving defendant of a fair trial. Defendant does

         not claim either ineffectiveness of trial counsel or actual innocence based on

         newly discovered evidence, which were claims raised at his posttrial hearing.

¶ 76           On this direct appeal, defendant claims, first, that the State presented

         insufficient evidence at trial where there was no physical evidence, no arrest at

         the scene, no admissions or statements by defendant, no evidence that defendant

         and the victim previously knew each other, and no evidence of gang affiliation

                                               30
       No. 1-12-0163

         or drug involvement, and where the case was based entirely on the

         identifications of two witnesses, one of whom told a defense investigator that

         she identified defendant only after pressure from a detective.

¶ 77           Defendant claims, second, that prosecutorial misconduct deprived

         defendant of a fair trial, when the prosecutor made false statements about the

         defense's theory of the case and made inflammatory remarks, such as the victim

         would have been safer in a war zone than on the streets of Chicago; and when

         the prosecutor's questions concerned a tape recording that was not in evidence.

¶ 78           For the following reasons, we do not find these two claims persuasive.

¶ 79                                I. Sufficient Evidence

¶ 80                                A. Standard of Review

¶ 81           When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, our

         standard of review is whether, when viewing the evidence in the light most

         favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

         elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Davision, 233 Ill.

         2d 30, 43 (2009) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). When

         considering a challenge to a criminal conviction based on the sufficiency of the

         evidence, it is not the role of the appellate court to retry the defendant. People

         v. Hall, 194 Ill. 2d 305, 329-30 (2000).       Only where the evidence is so



                                               31
       No. 1-12-0163

         improbable or unsatisfactory as to create a reasonable doubt of the defendant's

         guilt will a conviction be set aside. Hall, 194 Ill. 2d at 330.

¶ 82           It is the job of the factfinder to make determinations about witness

         credibility; and the factfinder's credibility determinations are entitled to great

         deference and will be disturbed rarely on appeal. People v. Siguenza-Brito, 235

         Ill. 2d 213, 224, 228 (2009); People v. Williams, 2013 IL App (1st) 111116,

         ¶ 76; People v. Bowie, 36 Ill. App. 3d 177 (1976). This deferential standard of

         review exists because the factfinder is in a superior position to determine and

         weigh the credibility of the witnesses, observe witnesses' demeanor and resolve

         conflicts in their testimony. People v. Jones, 215 Ill. 2d 261, 267 (2005);

         People v. Lomax, 2012 IL App (1st) 103016, ¶ 19.

¶ 83           In the case at bar, defendant challenges the credibility of the State's two

         eyewitnesses. "The issue is whether, viewing the evidence in the light most

         favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact could have believed [the event

         witness] and found defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt." People v.

         Cerda, 2014 IL App (1st) 120484, ¶ 163.

¶ 84                                B. Close But Sufficient

¶ 85           The evidence in the record was close but sufficient.

¶ 86           As defendant observes, there was no physical evidence, no arrest at the

         scene, no admissions or statements by defendant, no evidence that defendant

                                                32
       No. 1-12-0163

         and the victim previously knew each other, and no evidence of gang affiliation

         or drug involvement.

¶ 87            What little physical evidence there was in this record contradicted the

         State's eyewitnesses and corroborated the defense's posttrial eyewitness. The

         State's medical examiner stated in a stipulation that there was no close-range

         firing, which was consistent with the defense posttrial witness who testified that

         this was a drive-by shooting but contradicted the State's witnesses who testified

         that the shooter and the victim were fighting hand-to-hand and that the shots

         were fired at a very close range.

¶ 88            Labon, one of two eyewitnesses at trial, admitted that she recanted her

         identification to the defense investigator and told him that she had identified

         defendant only because of pressure from the detective. Collins, the other

         eyewitness at trial, admitted that the photograph of defendant that he selected

         did not look like the shooter. Collins also contradicted himself, first testifying

         on cross that "clean-cut" did not include a mustache and then asserting on

         redirect that it did.

¶ 89            The issues before us are whether the evidence at trial was sufficient, and

         whether the prosecutor's remarks constituted reversible misconduct.

¶ 90            When examining the sufficiency of the evidence, the issue is not whether

         the evidence was close but whether any rational trier of fact could have found

                                               33
       No. 1-12-0163

         defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Davision, 233 Ill. 2d 30,

         43 (2009) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). As we have

         already stated, the evidence at trial was sufficient.

¶ 91           The State's evidence at trial included defendant's flight upon observing

         the police, as well as the testimony of two identification witnesses. However, it

         emerged at the posttrial hearing that defendant had two other pending criminal

         cases. Thus, his flight did not necessarily reflect consciousness of guilt of this

         particular crime. However, trial counsel did not move prior to trial to suppress

         the flight evidence on this ground. Since the two pending cases were, for

         obvious reasons, not brought out at trial in front of the jury, we will still

         consider the flight evidence when examining the sufficiency of evidence at trial.

¶ 92           In addition to the flight evidence, the State presented two identification

         witnesses. On appeal, defendant argues that recent scientific experiments have

         repeatedly confirmed the fallibility of eyewitness identifications, and that

         mistaken eyewitness identifications are the single greatest cause of wrongful

         convictions of innocent defendants in the United States. This court has

         previously observed that "numerous studies in the area of eyewitness

         psychology indicate [that] there is significant potential for eyewitness error, and

         that jurors have misconceptions about the abilities of eyewitnesses." People v.

         Allen, 376 Ill. App. 3d 511, 523 (2007) (citing People v. Tisdel (II), 338 Ill.

                                                34
       No. 1-12-0163

         App. 3d 465, 467 (2003)); see also People v. Tisdel ( I), 316 Ill. App. 3d 1143,

         1157 (2000), rev'd on other grounds, 201 Ill. 2d 210 (2002); People v.

         Hernandez, 312 Ill. App. 3d 1032, 1037 (2000) ("Eyewitness testimony under

         the best of conditions is subject to all of the frailties of human perception.") For

         example, although a reasonable juror could believe that the presence of a

         weapon would focus a witness' attention and thus result in a more accurate

         identification, numerous studies have shown just the opposite is true. Allen, 376

         Ill. App. 3d at 524-25. This court found that it was an abuse of discretion for a

         trial court to refuse to allow the testimony of an eyewitness identification expert

         proposed by the defense. Allen, 376 Ill. App. 3d at 525-26 (this court reversed

         and remanded for a new trial, observing that "[r]eliability of the studies rarely is

         questioned"). However, in the case at bar, trial counsel chose not to call an

         expert in eyewitness identifications, and thus none of this scientific evidence is

         before us on appeal.

¶ 93           A single eyewitness identification can support a conviction if the witness

         viewed the accused under circumstances permitting a positive identification.

         Hernandez, 312 Ill. App. 3d 1032, 1036 (2000) (citing People v. Lewis, 165 Ill.

         2d 305, 356 (1995)). Although this court has occasionally reversed murder

         convictions that were supported by only "the uncorroborated testimony of a

         single eyewitness," the case at bar involves not one but two eyewitnesses.

                                                35
       No. 1-12-0163

         Hernandez, 312 Ill. App. 3d at 1037; People v. Rodriguez, 312 Ill. App. 3d 920,

         934 (2000).

¶ 94           In evaluating the reliability of an eyewitness identification, Illinois courts

         rely on the five factors listed by the United States Supreme Court in Neil v.

         Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 199-200 (1972): (1) the witness' opportunity to view the

         criminal at the time of the offense; (2) the witness' degree of attention; (3) the

         accuracy of the witness' prior description of the criminal; (4) the level of

         certainty demonstrated by the witness when first identifying the defendant as

         the criminal and (5) the length of time between the crime and the initial

         identification. Heranandez, 312 Ill. App. 3d at 1036 ("Illinois courts consider

         these factors").

¶ 95           First, with respect to the opportunity to view, both eyewitnesses testified

         that there was ample street light and that they observed the offender twice:

         first, when he approached the dog owner; and again when he approached the

         victim. Second, as for the degree of attention, although both witnesses testified

         that the shooter caught their attention when he pointed a gun at a nearby dog,

         they both indicated that they were able to observe the shooter's face. Third, as

         for the accuracy of prior descriptions, Collins declined to make an identification

         from the first photo arrays he was shown, and Labon stated only that a photo in

         the first arrays "looked like him but it wasn't him." Fourth, as for level of

                                               36
       No. 1-12-0163

         certainty, Detective Jones testified that, when Collins entered the lineup room,

         Collins hit his fist against the two-way mirror and stated "number two. That's

         the guy who did it." Although Labon stated to the investigator that she "wasn't

         sure" when she identified defendant from a photo array, she later explained that

         she was scared when speaking to the defense investigator because she and

         defendant came "from the same neighborhood." Fifth, the time between the

         offense and the initial identification was short. Labon identified defendant 11

         days later, and Collins identified him three days later.

¶ 96            Thus, none of the Biggers factors require us to conclude that there was no

         rational factfinder who could have found defendant guilty.

¶ 97            All of the weaknesses in the eyewitnesses' testimony, such as Labon's

         looking back over her left shoulder to observe the fight as her uncle pulled her

         away and her recantation to the defense investigator, and Collin's contradicting

         himself on the stand about the meaning of "clean cut," were presented clearly to

         the factfinders for them to make a judgment about credibility. We will not

         reverse their conclusion on appeal.

¶ 98                      II. The State's Closing and Posttrial Remarks

¶ 99            Defendant's second claim is that prosecutorial remarks during closing

         argument at trial and during the posttrial hearing deprived defendant of both a

         fair trial and a fair hearing.

                                                37
        No. 1-12-0163

¶ 100           Specifically, defendant claims that during trial, the State committed

          misconduct by stating: (1) that the defense theory was the existence of a police

          conspiracy, when that was not the defense theory; (2) that the victim would

          have been safer in a war zone than on the streets of Chicago; and (3) that an

          acquittal of defendant would hurt the interests of our troops overseas.      In

          addition, defendant claims that, during defendant's posttrial motion, the

          prosecutor asserted facts not in evidence. For the following reasons, we do not

          find these claims persuasive.

¶ 101                               A. Standard of Review

¶ 102           The appellate court has observed in many prior cases that the standard of

          review for closing remarks is unclear, due to an apparent conflict between two

          Illinois supreme court cases. E.g., People v. Koen, 2014 IL App (1st) 113082,

          ¶ 52 ("not clear whether the appropriate standard of review for this issue is de

          novo or abuse of discretion, based on an apparent conflict between Wheeler and

          Blue"); People v. Crawford, 2013 IL App (1st) 100310, ¶ 139 ("apparent

          conflict between two supreme court cases"). In People v. Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d

          92, 121 (2007) the supreme court appeared to embrace a de novo standard of

          review while in People v. Blue, 189 Ill. 2d 99, 128, 132 (2000), it appeared to

          apply an abuse-of-discretion standard. This court first identified this apparent

          conflict in 2008 (People v. Johnson, 385 Ill. App. 3d 585, 603 (2008)) and,

                                               38
        No. 1-12-0163

          since then, many other appellate cases have discussed it at length. E.g., People

          v. Phillips, 392 Ill. App. 3d 243, 274-75 (2009); People v. Robinson, 391 Ill.

          App. 3d 822, 839-40 (2009).

¶ 103           We will not repeat here what we have already said at length elsewhere.

          However, we do not need to resolve this conflict now because our conclusion in

          the case at bar would be the same under either standard.

¶ 104                                      B. Waiver

¶ 105           The State argues on appeal that defendant objected at trial only to some

          of the remarks which he now appeals, and the State is correct.

¶ 106           First, when the prosecutor argued that the defense theory was "a police

          conspiracy," defense counsel objected stating "we've never argued that," and the

          objection was overruled. Thus, that issue is preserved for appeal.

¶ 107           However, the State correctly observes that the defendant did not object

          when the prosecutor stated that the victim would have been safer in a war zone

          than on the streets of Chicago and implied that an acquittal of defendant would

          hurt the interests of our troops overseas. Thus, the State is correct that any

          issues concerning these statements were waived

¶ 108              Defendant did preserve the issues relating to the posttrial remark he

          now challenges on appeal. During the posttrial hearing, the State asked

          defendant: "Would it surprise you that in the recordings of [Denise Johnson's]

                                               39
        No. 1-12-0163

          phone calls, there is no mention of an alibi there?"            Defense counsel

          immediately objected, and thus the objection was preserved for our review. All

          of the remarks quoted above were also quoted in defendant's posttrial motion

          except, of course, for the one remark made during the posttrial hearing itself.

¶ 109           A defendant must both specifically object at trial and raise the specific

          issue again in a posttrial motion to preserve an alleged error for review. People

          v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 564 (2007). When an issue is preserved for

          review, the State has the burden of proving that the error was harmless beyond a

          reasonable doubt. People v. McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d 478, 495 (2009). Thus, with

          respect to the remark about a police conspiracy and the remark during the

          posttrial hearing, the State has the burden of proving that these remarks were

          harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

¶ 110           However, if a defendant failed to preserve an error for review, the

          defendant has the burden on appeal of establishing that the error rose to the

          level of plain error. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 564 (the burden of persuasion is

          on the defendant); People v. Woods, 214 Ill. 2d 455, 471 (2005) (with respect to

          plain error, "it is the defendant who bears the burden of persuasion with respect

          to prejudice"). The plain error doctrine allows a reviewing court to consider

          unpreserved error when: (1) a clear and obvious error occurs and the evidence is

          so closely balanced that the error alone threatened to tip the scales of justice,

                                                40
        No. 1-12-0163

          regardless of the seriousness of the error, or (2) a clear and obvious error occurs

          and that error is so serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant's trial

          and challenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness

          of the evidence. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 565. As we already explained in the

          prior section on the sufficiency of the evidence, the evidence was close. Thus,

          we must determine, with respect to the unobjected-to remarks about a war zone

          and our overseas troops, whether they affected the fairness of defendant's trial

          and whether they threatened to tip the scales of justice against defendant.

¶ 111           Since different burdens apply, we will examine separately the preserved

          and unpreserved remarks. The primary difference between plain and harmless

          error is one of burdens. In harmless error analysis, it is the State that bears the

          burden of persuasion with respect to prejudice, while, in plain error analysis, it

          is the defendant that bears the burden of persuasion. McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d at

          494-95.

¶ 112                               C. Unpreserved Remarks

¶ 113           As we observed above, defendant failed to preserve any issues relating to

          the prosecutor's closing remarks about a war zone and our overseas troops. For

          the reasons explained below, defendant has failed to carry his burden of

          persuasion on appeal that these remarks affected the fairness of his trial or

          tipped the scales of justice against him.

                                                 41
        No. 1-12-0163

¶ 114           A State's closing will lead to reversal only if the prosecutor's remarks

          created "substantial prejudice." Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d at 123; People v. Johnson,

          208 Ill. 2d 53, 64 (2003); People v. Easly, 148 Ill. 2d 281, 332 (1992). For

          example in Easly, our supreme court concluded that "[t]he remarks by the

          prosecutor while improper, do not amount to substantial prejudice." Easly, 148

          Ill. 2d at 332. Thus, remarks may be improper without creating substantial

          prejudice. Substantial prejudice occurs "if the improper remarks constituted a

          material factor in a defendant's conviction." Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d at 123.

¶ 115           When reviewing claims of prosecutorial misconduct in closing argument,

          a reviewing court will consider the entire closing arguments of both the

          prosecutor and the defense attorney, in order to place the remarks in context.

          Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d at 122; Johnson, 208 Ill. 2d at 113; People v. Tolliver, 347

          Ill. App. 3d 203, 224 (2004). A prosecutor has wide latitude during closing

          argument. Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d at 123; Blue, 189 Ill. 2d at 127. "In closing, the

          prosecutor may comment on the evidence and any fair, reasonable inferences it

          yields ***." People v. Nicholas, 218 Ill. 2d 104, 121 (2005).

¶ 116           In the case at bar, defendant objects to the prosecutor's statements (1) that

          "it would have been safer for [the victim] to be in the military in a war zone

          than to be on the streets on the west side with guys like the defendant walking

          around. The death rate is lower in the military service than it is on the streets in

                                                 42
        No. 1-12-0163

          our city"; and (2) that "our military folks go out there and try to protect our

          society, they try to make our society safer. Iwo Jima, the rise and decline of the

          Suribachi, so [the victim's] killer could go free. We didn't fight the battle of

          Fallujah so we could have a murderer walking the streets. They didn't show

          perseverance in places like Khe Smith and things like that so you can go back in

          there and say let's let this murderer go."

¶ 117           As the defendant argues, these remarks are completely unrelated to the

          one and only issue at trial, which was the identity of the shooter. These remarks

          are improper and should not have been made. However, it is because they are so

          completely unrelated that it is unlikely that they tipped the scales of justice at

          trial. The primary question for the jury to resolve here was a question of

          credibility: whether they believed the State's two eyewitnesses. It is not clear

          how all this talk about "Suribachi" and "Khe Sanh" would have any impact on

          the jury's determinations of credibility. We do not even know whether the

          average juror would know that the iconic photograph of marines raising the flag

          on the island of Iwo Jima was taken on Mount "Suribachi," which was the

          island's highest point. Taken together with the prosecutor's other ramblings

          about conspiracy theories of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy's

          assasinations, we are not persuaded that these remarks tipped the scales of




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          justice against defendant or were so serious that they affected the fairness of the

          defendant's trial. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 565.

¶ 118                                D. Preserved Remarks

¶ 119           Now we will examine the remarks where defendant preserved the issue

          by objecting promptly in the trial court.

¶ 120                                 1. Police Conspiracy

¶ 121           First, when the prosecutor argued during closing that the defense theory

          was "a police conspiracy," defense counsel objected promptly stating "we've

          never argued that," and the objection was overruled.          Thus, that issue is

          preserved for appeal.

¶ 122           After his initial "police conspiracy" comment, the prosecutor continued:

                    "It has to be a conspiracy theory because why else would the

                detectives do that? Why would they tell her who to pick out, according

                to the defense's theory? Well, that's where the whole conspiracy theory

                breaks down. There is no reason for it and to have a conspiracy theory

                you need a reason. You need a motive.            If you watch the History

                Channel conspiracy shows about JFK, RFK or Martin Luther King or my

                favorite, we never landed on the moon, they all have reasons. They

                wanted to kill John F. Kennedy because he was going to stop the war in

                Vietnam and that was going to mean bad things for all of big business.

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                Same thing with RFK. He was going to change the country and empower

                people, and big business didn't want him to do that. Martin Luther King,

                all the various reasons from racism to empowering people to do other

                things and the moon landing, of course, because NASA is part of the big

                conspiracy. As silly as they are, especially the moon one, those are

                reasons. There is not a single reason for the police to come up with a

                conspiracy to frame [defendant], but the defense wants you to believe

                that, and this is where it gets kind of helpful to our case, the reason why

                is because you can't look at the evidence and the reasonable inferences

                from it and be left with anything other than the conclusion that the

                defendant is guilty. So offer the conspiracy theory to draw attention

                away from the reasonable inferences, from the evidence, from the

                conclusions."

¶ 123           Defendant is correct that, in the above speech, when the prosecutor stated

          to the jury "[y]ou need a motive," he tried to shift the burden of proof onto

          defendant, namely, that it was defendant's burden to prove a "motive" on the

          part of the police to frame him. Even the State has no obligation to prove a

          motive during a murder prosecution. People v. James, 348 Ill. App. 3d 498,

          509 (2004) ("the State has no obligation to prove motive" (citing People v.

          Smith, 141 Ill. 2d 40, 56 (1990))). However, we must read the prosecutor's

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          remarks in context (Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d at 122; Johnson, 208 Ill. 2d at 113;

          Tolliver, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 224), and his ramblings about conspiracy theories,

          assassinations of political figures and the landing on the moon bordered on the

          bizarre. It is the completely outlandish nature of these remarks that makes them

          of so little prejudice to defendant. Reading these remarks in context shows that

          they were harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

¶ 124                            2. Denise Johnson's Phone Calls

¶ 125           Second, during the posttrial hearing, the State asked defendant: "Would

          it surprise you that in the recordings of [Denise Johnson's] phone calls, there is

          no mention of an alibi there?" Defense counsel immediately objected, and the

          trial court stopped the witness from answering. Although defendant argues on

          appeal that it is not clear whether the trial court sustained the objection, the trial

          record is clear that the court stopped defendant from answering the question and

          then further asked the prosecutor to establish dates in response to defense

          counsel's further objection about a lack of foundation and a time frame.

          Although, for the purposes of waiver, any issue was preserved, it is hard to

          understand what prejudice could have possibly occurred as a result of the trial

          court's sustaining defendant's objections.

¶ 126               Defendant argues that he was prejudiced by this remark because, at

          the end of the posttrial hearing, the trial court appeared to accept the

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          prosecutor's unsupported representation when the court concluded that the

          recordings revealed no discussion of an alibi witness. In support of this

          argument, defendant cites page 81 of the posttrial transcript. However, the trial

          court's remarks, cited by defendant on page 81, have nothing to do with phone

          calls between defendant and Denise Johnson. The trial court carefully limited

          its conclusion to the phone calls between defendant and his sister, stating:

                   "Mr. Weiner has testified that there was no mention of any alibi to

                him and no package that he ever received with regard to the alibi.

                   It is corroborated by the fact that the telephone conversation in which

                there was no mention of an alibi when Mr. Weiner talks to Angelina as

                well as to the defendant." (Emphasis added.)

¶ 127            Thus, the trial court did exactly what we would expect a trial court to do,

          which is limit itself to the evidence admitted before it. People v. Mischke, 278

          Ill. App. 3d 252, 264 (1996) ("the trial court is presumed to know the law, to

          apply it properly and to consider only competent evidence"). See also People v.

          McCoy, 207 Ill. 2d 352, 357 (2003) ("the prospect of confusion *** on the part

          of a judge sitting in a bench trial is decidedly diminished from that of a jury.

          Indeed, we must presume that a trial judge knows the law."). Any error by the

          prosecutor in making the remark was rendered harmless beyond a reasonable



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          doubt by the fact that the trial court simply did not take it into consideration

          when reaching the court's conclusion at the posttrial hearing.

¶ 128                                   CONCLUSION

¶ 129           For the foregoing reasons, we do not find persuasive defendant's claims:

          (1) that the evidence was insufficient; or (2) that remarks by the prosecutor rose

          to the level of prosecutorial misconduct denying defendant a fair trial.

¶ 130           Affirmed.




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