                      IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                                  NO. 2013-CA-01177-SCT

SCOTT M. FAVRE; JEFFERSON PARKER; CINDY
FAVRE; CONSTANCE PARKER; AND HANCOCK
COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI

v.

JOURDAN RIVER ESTATES AND JOURDAN RIVER
YACHT CLUB, LLC


DATE OF JUDGMENT:                           05/29/2013
TRIAL JUDGE:                                HON. JENNIFER T. SCHLOEGEL
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                  HANCOCK COUNTY CHANCERY COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS:                   ROBERT B. WIYGUL
                                            PATRICK W. KIRBY
                                            HEATHER LYNN LADNER
                                            RONALD J. ARTIGUES, JR.
                                            GARY MCKAY YARBOROUGH, JR.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:                    GEORGE W. HEALY, IV
                                            REED S. BENNETT
NATURE OF THE CASE:                         CIVIL - REAL PROPERTY
DISPOSITION:                                AFFIRMED - 10/09/2014
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:


       EN BANC.

       COLEMAN, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    The instant matter is before the Court on appeal filed by Scott Favre, Cindy Favre,

Constance Parker, Jefferson Parker, and Hancock County, Mississippi, against Jourdan River

Estates, LLC. In its Final Judgment, the Chancery Court of Hancock County determined that

Jourdan River Estates held a private 947-foot right-of-way starting about 400 feet north of

the Heitzmann gate leading up to their tract, and it shared a public 340-foot right-of-way with

the Favres, the Parkers, and Hancock County. The trial court also entered an injunction
against the Favres and Parkers forbidding them from erecting any gates which would impede

Jourdan River Estates and from further harassment. Finding the trial court’s judgment to be

well reasoned, the Court affirms its decision.

                        FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2.    The instant case follows a complex factual and procedural history, which revolves

around the rights of the various parties as to Nicola Road, a road that allows the various

property owners access to Highway 603. Plaintiffs Jourdan River Estates, LLC, and Jourdan

River Resort and Yacht Club, LLC (together, “JRE”) are the owners of a 269-acre tract of

land in a rural area in Hancock County, Mississippi. Nicola Road, the subject of the current

dispute, leads from Highway 603 to the JRE tract, also known as the Mentel parcel, passing

by and providing access to three parcels. One parcel, owned by Cindy Favre, lies to the west

of Nicola Road and is referred to as either the Heitzmann parcel (after its previous owner)

or the Favre parcel. Another parcel, to the northeast, is owned by Jeff and Connie Parker and

generally is referred to as the Parker North parcel. A third parcel, also owned by the Parkers,

lies just to the south of the Parker North parcel, and is appropriately called the Parker South

parcel. All of the parcels except Parker South were conveyed from Cinque Bambini, an

ancestor in title, sometime in 1986. The following graphic accurately shows the various

parcels:




                                              2
In 2007, JRE proposed the construction of 1,000 condominium units and a 130-slip marina

on its land along the Jourdan River. The county later approved a lesser plan of 472

condominiums. However, two owners of the adjacent tracts, Scott and Cindy Favre on the

west and Jefferson and Constance Parker on the east, were strongly opposed to the

construction. Together, the landowners filed a lawsuit to halt the development, but the suit

was unsuccessful. See Favre v. Hancock County Bd. of Supervisors, 52 So. 3d 463 (Miss.

Ct. App. 2011). Over the course of the first lawsuit, the dispute between JRE and the

landowners escalated, resulting in JRE’s request in the instant case for declaratory judgment

about which portions of Nicola Road are public as well as the easement rights as to the road.

JRE also requested an injunction against the landowners, requiring them to forever remove

                                             3
the gate blocking access to Nicola Road.

¶3.    The instant debate over who has the rights to the various portions of Nicola Road first

originates from the 1986 and 1989 conveyances from Cinque Bambini to the ancestors-in-

title of the JRE tract, the Favre parcel, and the Parker North parcel. In order to provide each

newly created tract with access to the highway, Cinque Bambini created an easement that

begins at the northern end of Nicola Road and runs about 1,200 feet north to the JRE tract.

JRE claims that approximately the first 340 feet of the easement is a “joint right-of-way”

shared by JRE, the Favres, and the Parkers, but the last 947 feet is an “exclusive right-of-

way” for the sole use of JRE. The two Nicola Road rights-of-way are described in the deeds

and in subsequent surveys as sixty-foot-wide rights-of-way. JRE notes that Cinque Bambini

never conveyed the servient estate (i.e., the right-of-way) in any of the deeds creating the

parcels; therefore, none of the current owners owns the 340-foot right-of-way.

¶4.    The dispute is further complicated by the existence (or lack thereof) of two gates on

Nicola Road: the Darwood Point gate (or the “new gate”) and the Heitzmann gate (or

“telephone pole gate”). Numerous witnesses testified as to both gates and often contradicted

one another. Harry Kelleher stated that there was a gate at the location of the current

Darwood Point gate in the early 1960s, and it was generally kept locked. Several witnesses

stated that, historically, there had been a gate near or in the same spot as the current Darwood

Point gate; however, the witnesses disagreed on whether the gate was locked, merely closed,

or left open. The trial court noted that several of the witnesses have clear bias against JRE

because they do not want the area developed commercially.

                                               4
¶5.    The trial court, however, found that the Darwood Point gate, at its present location,

was not in existence prior to 2007. Ronald Mentel, who previously owned the JRE tract,

stated in his deposition that the first time he saw the “new gate” was after Hurricane Katrina,

which took place in 2005. Jefferson Parker admitted that the Darwood Point gate was

knocked down by Hurricane Katrina and not restored until 2007, but he also testified that the

gate was there from at least 1998 until 2005. No witnesses contest that from 2005 to 2007,

there was no Darwood Point gate. Parker gave Favre permission to erect the new gate, which

he did in September 2007.

¶6.    Between the Darwood Point gate and the Heitzmann gate is an area roughly forty-four

feet wide and twenty-three feet long described as the “bottleneck.” The bottleneck creates

additional problems as Cinque Bambini described the right-of-way as sixty feet wide when

it was created for the JRE track, but the bottleneck is roughly fifteen feet less. The Favres

and Parkers argue that the descriptions in their deeds are clear and unequivocal and that the

deeds provide boundaries for the “margin of the right of way” in the bottleneck. JRE

attempted to stipulate that the right-of-way in the bottleneck was 43.87 feet wide; however,

the stipulation was never entered, for reasons that are unclear to JRE. When the issue was

submitted to the trial court, the trial court concluded that the right-of-way was sixty feet

wide, but, prior to entry of judgment, the court suggested the parties attempt to agree on the

metes-and-bounds description for the right-of-way in the bottleneck.

¶7.    The Heitzmann gate is the second gate, north of the Darwood Point gate, and it falls

within the 340-foot right-of-way. Kenneth Allison’s uncontradicted testimony is that his

                                              5
father-in-law constructed the Heitzmann gate sometime after Allison purchased the

Heitzmann parcel in 1994 (the parcel was later bought by the Favres). The trial court found

that the Heitzmann gate was a hindrance to the development of JRE’s land and development

of the easement right-of-way. It further found that, while both landowners had the right to

use the right-of-way for ingress, egress, and utilities, an adjacent landowner did not have the

right to erect a gate.

¶8.    Putting aside the question of easements, the parties also dispute the status of Nicola

Road as to being a public or private road. In March 2007, before the current Darwood Point

gate was rebuilt by Scott Favre, Hancock County paved Nicola Road, stopping at the

Heitzmann gate. Thus, the county paved roughly the first sixty-eight feet of the 340-foot

right-of-way lying between the Darwood Point gate and the Heitzmann gate.                Huey

Stockstill, who paved the road for the county, testified that he simply followed the normal

practice of beginning and ending where the county instructs him, which, here, was up to the

Heitzmann gate. Scott Favre independently decided to utilize Stockstill’s paving service and

paid him to pave his driveway. There exists no disagreement among the parties that Nicola

Road is a public road from Highway 603 to the Darwood Point gate.                 Rather, the

disagreement is the status of the road between the Darwood Point gate and the Heitzmann

gate and after the Heitzmann gate up to the private, 947-foot easement belonging to JRE. The

area in dispute is referred to as the 340-foot right-of-way.

¶9.    The trial court found that Nicola Road historically had been used as a public right-of-

way through the 340-foot right-of-way, beyond the Heitzmann gate, and up to the southern

                                              6
boundary of JRE’s 947-foot easement. The court in large part based its finding on the survey

of the land performed by Gene Paul Stenum. Stenum’s firm had long been the surveyor of

choice dating back to the original conveyance from Cinque Bambini to the ancestors-in-title

of the JRE, Favre, and Parker North tracts. The trial court also found that the intent of the

parties to the original conveyance contemplated a full-sized public road, as the plain

language provided that the easement allowed for ingress, egress, and utilities, which is

evidence that a public road was intended. Additionally, the trial court noted that the

easement provided for a sixty-foot-wide road, which is the actual width of a full-sized road.

¶10.   The trial court also found that Scott Favre is estopped from contending that the portion

of the road paved by the county near his driveway is not public. Favre interprets the

language as the court stating that his paying Stockstill to pave his driveway was direct

evidence that the road past the Heitzmann gate was public. However, JRE interprets the

language as the court stating that Favre was aware of and consented to the county paving the

sixty-eight-foot portion of the 340-foot right-of-way that lies before the Heitzmann gate at

public expense. JRE’s interpretation is inconsistent with Favre’s subsequent claim; Favre

claims that the 340-foot right-of-way had not been dedicated for public use. Favre further

argues that the trial court erred in raising sua sponte the estoppel issue, which must be

pleaded as an affirmative defense under Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 8.

¶11.   Additionally, Hancock County argues that, while there was an implied dedication of

the portion of Nicola Road up to the Heitzmann gate, there is no evidence of such a

dedication beyond the Heitzmann gate. In addressing such an argument, the trial court first

                                              7
relied on the Stenum survey and the historic public nature of the road. Second, the trial

court, relying on Moore v. Kuljis, 207 So. 2d 604 (Miss. 1968), and Skrmetta v. Moore, 30

So. 2d 53 (Miss. 1947), stated that the rule in Mississippi is that when

          a landowner offers to dedicate property and the public responds by using part
          of the dedicated property, this will be construed as acceptance of the
          landowner’s offer and, more specifically, the public will be considered as
          having accepted a dedication of all of the property which was offered,
          including the portion of the property which has not been used by the public.

Thus, because the county has clearly accepted first sixty-eight feet of the 340-foot right-of-

way up to the Heitzmann gate, the county necessarily must have accepted the entire 340-foot

right-of-way (including the part past the Heitzmann gate) as an implied dedication. The

county responds by arguing that such a rule is bad public policy and was merely dicta in

Skrmetta. Further, it states that Kuljis did not involve an implied dedication; thus, it is not

applicable. The county cites several cases from other jurisdictions, including Illinois and

Alabama, which follow a contrary rule, which the county would find to be a better public

policy.

¶12.      JRE appears to have misinterpreted the county’s argument, stating that the county’s

position that any unpaved portion of the right-of-way remains private property would

produce a strange situation where the county owns a paved public road but the shoulders

remain private property. Such an interpretation does not appear to be argued in the county’s

brief; instead, it appears to be arguing about the dedication not as to the width of the right-of-

way, but as to the unpaved portion past the Heitzmann gate.

¶13.      Finally, the trial court granted JRE’s request for injunctive relief to prevent irreparable

                                                  8
harm and further impediments to JRE’s construction. Specifically, the trial court ordered that

both the Darwood Point gate and the Heitzmann gate be removed, that the defendants are

prohibited from erecting further gates, and that the defendants are prohibited from harassing,

threatening or intimidating JRE or its invitees and licensees. The Favres argue that the

injunction is overly vague and without factual basis as to the Parkers and Cindy Favre. They

argue that, because the court did not actually make a judgment on the boundaries of the right-

of-way, they are without sufficient information to comply with the injunction. Further, the

Favres argue that there is no evidence demonstrating that the Parkers or Cindy Favre

harassed, threatened, or intimidated JRE; thus, the portion of the injunction prohibiting such

behavior has no factual basis.

¶14.   JRE paints a different picture of the actions of the Favres and Parkers. In its brief,

JRE notes that Scott Favre would accost anyone who attempted to access the JRE tract via

Nicola Road, threatening to impound their vehicles by shutting and locking the gate. Scott

Favre would verbally harass anyone who entered, repeatedly used his rifle to shoot JRE’s

fence, construction permit, power pole, and a security camera, which he specifically is

recorded as saying that “I shot it twenty times with a 223 . . . .” The trial court noted that the

injunction does not prohibit merely Scott Favre because the remaining parties indirectly

supported such actions as they generally knew of them.

¶15.   In summation, the trial court held that JRE shared a 340-foot right-of-way with the

Favres and the Parkers, that JRE had an additional, private 947-foot easement leading to its

tract, that the county, by way of implied dedication, publically owned Nicola Road, including

                                                9
the 340-foot easement up to the southern border of JRE’s 947-foot easement, and that, by

way of injunction, the defendants would be prohibited from placing gates on the easements

or from further harassing JRE. The Favres and Hancock County appealed.

                                          ISSUES

¶16.   The Favres present nineteen issues on appeal, which JRE has adequately condensed

into three larger issues:

       (1) Whether the width of the right-of-way in the twenty-three-foot long
       “bottleneck” area is sixty feet or 43.87 feet.

       (2) Whether the chancery court erred in granting injunctive relief against
       all four individual defendants on the evidence presented, and whether the
       injunction is overbroad or insufficiently clear.

       (3) Whether any portion of Nicola Road has been dedicated for public use.

                               STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶17.   The Court’s “review of a chancellor’s findings of fact is the manifest error/substantial

evidence rule.” Biddix v. McConnell, 911 So. 2d 468, 474 (¶ 17) (Miss. 2005) (quoting

Miss. State Tax Comm’n v. Med. Devices, Inc., 624 So. 2d 987, 989 (Miss. 1993)). The

Court “has held that a chancellor’s finding of fact may only be disturbed if the chancellor

abused his discretion, was manifestly wrong, clearly erroneous, or applied the wrong legal

standard.” Biddix, 911 So. 2d at 474-75 (¶ 17) (citing Denson v. George, 642 So. 2d 909,

913 (Miss. 1994)).

                                       DISCUSSION

       (1) Whether the width of the right-of-way in the twenty-three-foot-long
           “bottleneck” area is sixty feet or 43.87 feet.

                                              10
¶18.   The first issue on appeal is whether the width of the right-of-way in the bottleneck is

sixty feet or 43.87 feet. The bottleneck, which is between the Darwood Point gate and the

Heitzmann gate, is an area where the paved right-of-way is currently only 43.87 feet wide

for the length of about twenty-three feet. Thus, if the right-of-way is determined to be sixty

feet in width, the road would need to be widened.

¶19.   In the trial court’s Final Judgment, the trial court determined that, even in the

bottleneck, the right-of-way is sixty feet wide. The Final Judgment states:

       The rights of way in the area north of the Darwood Point Gate are sixty feet
       wide at all points, any inconsistency in any deed or survey which suggests or
       indicates a width narrower than sixty feet at any point is disregarded, and the
       lands owned by Favre and Parker are burdened with the right of way to the
       extent that their deeded ownership encroaches in the sixty-foot wide right of
       way.

¶20.   It is black-letter law that an “easement may be acquired by express grant, implied

grant (implication), or prescription, which presupposes a grant to have existed.” Huggins

v. Wright, 774 So. 2d 408, 410 (¶ 8) (Miss. 2000) (quoting Dethlefs v. Beau Maison Dev.

Corp., 511 So. 2d 112, 116 (Miss. 1987)). In Lanier v. Booth, the Court stated that in the

case of “an express grant, the fact of the creation of the easement, as well as its nature and

extent, is determined by the language of the deed, taken in connection with the circumstances

existing at the time of making it.”    Lanier v. Booth, 50 Miss. 410, 414 (1874).        Lanier

remains a cornerstone case cited either directly or indirectly through its progeny as to the law

of easements. Descriptions of easements may be fairly general, they may include a metes-

and-bounds description, the use of distances and directions, or references to natural or


                                              11
artificial monuments; however, “[a]ny description of an easement needs accuracy and

clarity.” Warren v. Derivaux, 996 So. 2d 729, 736 (¶ 15) (Miss. 2008) (quoting Moran v.

Sims, 873 So. 2d 1067, 1070 (¶ 15) (Miss. Ct. App. 2004)).

¶21.     On appeal, the parties do not seem to contest that JRE has a nonexclusive right of way

in the area known as the bottleneck. As stated above, the trial court determined that the right

of way is sixty feet wide at all points, based in large part on the deeds in the chain of title.

The deed between Cinque Bambini and the Heitzmanns, which was later sold to Kenneth

Allison and then to the Favres, describes the Favre tract as running “to the West margin of

a 60 foot Road right-of-way.” The deed between Cinque Bambini and Howard and Sarah

Gaines, which would eventually be granted to the Parkers and known as the Parker North

tract, similarly states that the tract runs “to an iron rod lying on the East margin of a 60 foot

road right-of-way.” Likewise, the tract granted to Kenneth Allison, which would later be

granted to the Parkers as the Parker South tract, states that the land runs “to the northeasterly

margin of Nicole [sic] Road.” Based on the language of the deeds, as well as the contextual

facts described above, the trial court did not commit manifest error in finding that the

easement in question is sixty feet wide at all points. Thus, the only remaining question as

to the bottleneck is how the sixty-foot easement encumbers the Favres’ and/or Parkers’ land,

if at all.

¶22.     It is noteworthy that, during trial proceedings, JRE offered to accept and stipulate that

the right-of-way in the bottleneck area is 43.87 feet in width. For reasons which remain

unclear, the stipulation was not reduced to writing; thus, the decision was left to the chancery

                                                12
court.    From JRE’s perspective, the only potential issue as to the bottleneck is a

determination of the metes-and-bounds of the easement with a precise calculation as to how

it encroaches on the Favre and Parker properties. However, JRE argues that the Favres have

waived the right to obtain such a description, as they have failed to supply expert evidence

to support a proper metes-and-bounds description. In other words, the Favres are requesting

the Court to perform the work of a surveyor in order to supply evidence which is lacking in

the record.

¶23.     On the other hand, the Favres argue two main points. First, the Favres argue that

finding the right-of-way to be sixty feet in width at all points is manifest error, as the Favre

property is senior in title to the JRE property, and the deeds in the Favre chain of title have

no specific width but reference the property continuing until the margin of the existing dirt

roadway. Additionally, the Parker South parcel is not even in the same chain of title as JRE’s

tract. However, the facts that the Favres point to do not conclusively determine that the

width of the easement should be less than sixty feet, as was determined by the trial court.

¶24.     Second, the Favres argue that the trial court’s ruling on the bottleneck is ambiguous,

quoting a statement by the trial court prior to the entry of the Final Judgment stating that the

parties should make some effort to determine the “exact mete-and-bounds of the easement

that is burdening their estates.” However, just before the quoted statement above, the trial

court stated that “the land owned by defendants, Favre and Parker, is burdened with the

plaintiff’s easement to the extent that their deeded ownership encroaches in the 60-foot wide

easement right-of-way.” The trial court also stated that the Stenum and Williams surveys

                                               13
could determine the metes-and-bounds description of the easement and that, where the

surveys are inconsistent, the trial court would find the Stenum survey to be controlling.

However, according to the Favres, the Stenum survey does not include a metes-and-bounds

description.

¶25.   Regardless of what the trial court said in its ruling, the Final Judgment states that “any

inconsistency in any deed or survey which suggests or indicates a width narrower than sixty

feet at any point is disregarded.” Further, the Final Judgment correctly states that it

supersedes the court’s ruling delivered from the bench and any other rulings that are

inconsistent with the Final Judgment’s factual findings and legal conclusions. See Grey v.

Grey, 638 So. 2d 488, 492 (Miss. 1994) (stating that a bench ruling is not “the same thing as

the court’s final judgment” and is “subject to modification”) (citing Banks v. Banks, 511 So.

2d 933, 935 (Miss. 1987); Love v. Barnett, 611 So. 2d 205, 208 (Miss. 1992)).

¶26.   In its Final Judgment, the trial court addressed the bottleneck, writing that the clear

intention of the original grantor or grantee for the easement to be sixty feet wide at all points

prevails over the conflicting descriptions of the easement. The trial court goes on to describe

Stenum and his survey, noting that Stenum’s firm was directly involved in the original

conveyance by Cinque Bambini and that it is the highest grade survey produced as to the land

in question. The trial court also addressed JRE’s proposed widening of the paved road on

the right-of-way to the full sixty feet. The court stated that the road may be widened

according to the Stenum Realignment Survey by using only portions of land owned by

Cinque Bambini, the servient owner. The Stenum Realignment Survey is a Class B survey

                                               14
that is highly detailed and drawn to scope and includes a metes-and-bounds description of

the easement, contrary to assertions made by the Favres and Parkers. It demonstrates that the

expansion of the right-of-way, including at the bottleneck, can be performed entirely on the

servient land owned by Cinque Bambini, without burdening the Favre and Parker parcels.

¶27.   The trial court did not commit manifest error in its Final Judgment, which expressly

provides that the easement is sixty feet wide at all points. The trial court found that the

Stenum Realignment Survey was the most reliable survey and             relied heavily on the

testimony by Stenum, whose firm has been involved with the land since the original

conveyance from Bambini to the ancestors-in-title of the land. The record does not contain

anything suggesting that the trial court committed manifest error in finding the Stenum

Realignment Survey to be controlling. Therefore, the issue is without merit.

       (2) Whether the chancery court erred in granting injunctive relief against
           all four individual defendants on the evidence presented, and whether
           the injunction is overbroad or insufficiently clear.

¶28.   The next issue on appeal concerns whether the chancery court erred in granting

injunctive relief without factual basis against the four individual defendants and whether the

injunction was overly vague. First, the Favres and the Parkers argue that the injunction,

enjoining them from acting in a harassing or intimidating manner, is not specific and does

not provide the necessary notice required for such an order that may result in a contempt

citation. The Favres and Parkers also argue the injunction lacks specificity because the trial

court did not make a judgment on the boundaries of the right-of-way, and the boundaries

must be known to comply with the injunction because it prohibits them from erecting gates,

                                             15
posts, or objects that impair use of Nicola Road. Finally, they take issue with the injunction

prohibiting Cindy Favre and the Parkers from harassing and intimidating JRE. In effect, they

argue that there is no evidence that they indirectly harassed and intimidated JRE through tacit

support of Scott Favre’s actions.

¶29.   JRE responds by stating essentially that the argument, as to the boundaries of the

right-of-way, is simply a rehash of the first issue presented and addressed above. JRE argues

the trial court clearly determined that the right-of-way was sixty feet in all areas, and even

though the trial court did not provide a metes-and-bounds description, the defendants had

ample information to know what behavior is permissible and what behavior is prohibited by

the injunction. Additionally, JRE argues that the injunction prohibiting the Parkers and

Cindy Favre from harassing and intimidating JRE has a factual basis, as exhibited by Scott

Favre’s violent behavior. Further, there was enough information in the record that suggested

that the Parkers and Cindy Favre tacitly supported Scott Favre’s actions, as the defendants

knew of his actions and did nothing to stop them.

¶30.   The general rule controlling the form of an injunction has been stated as follows: “A

decree should be complete within itself, –containing no extraneous references, and leaving

open no matter or description out of which contention may arise as to the meaning . . . .”

Georgia Pac. Corp. v. Armstrong, 451 So. 2d 201, 207 (Miss. 1984) (quoting Morgan v.

U.S.F.G., 191 So. 2d 851, 854 (Miss. 1966)); see also Stinson v. Barksdale, 245 So. 2d 595,

597 (Miss. 1971); Miss. R. Civ. P. 65 (“Every order granting an injunction shall set forth the

reasons for its issuance; shall be specific in terms; shall describe in reasonable detail and not

                                               16
by reference . . . the act or acts sought to be restrained . . . .”). Trial courts are to balance four

factors: “(1) there exists a substantial likelihood that plaintiff will prevail on the merits; (2)

the injunction is necessary to prevent irreparable harm; (3) the threatened harm to the

applicant outweighs the harm the injunction might do to the respondents; and (4) . . . the

injunction is consistent with the public interest.” Secretary of State v. Gunn, 75 So. 3d

1015, 1020 (¶ 14) (Miss. 2011) (citing Am. Legion Post # 134 v. Miss. Gaming Comm’n,

798 So. 2d 445, 454 (Miss. 2001)).

¶31.   Here, the trial court found ample reasons for issuing its injunctive relief as to the

threatening behavior. Scott Favre fired a gun across the fence and claimed he was testing the

boundary line and made several threatening remarks to JRE contractors. Further, Jefferson

Parker has played an important part in impeding JRE’s development through the

neighborhood organization. The trial court summarized its findings as following:

       The Court holds that Defendants Scott Favre and Jefferson Parker have
       harassed and intimidated the Plaintiff JRE; Scott Favre both directly and
       indirectly and Jefferson Parker indirectly. There appears to the Court a
       likelihood that other Defendants may have also participated indirectly, but their
       participation, if any, has not been established with certainty. However, due to
       the real potential that some of the Defendants could continue to harass and
       intimidate the Plaintiff indirectly through others who may not be parties to the
       litigation, the Court finds it necessary to enjoin all of the Defendants from
       harassing, intimidating and threatening the Plaintiff.

¶32.   The trial court also addressed the need for injunctive relief requiring the removal of

any gates which obstruct Nicola Road. The trial court stated that the Darwood Point Gate

obstructs the public’s use of Nicola Road and that public use of the road is imperative for the

development of the property; therefore, obstructing the road would cause irreparable harm

                                                 17
to JRE. The trial court made a similar finding as to the Heitzmann Gate. Additionally, the

trial court specifically found that each of the four Gunn factors is present in the instant case.

The trial count concluded its fact finding by stating that the “entry of this injunction is in the

public interest and will promote public use of Nicola Road.”

¶33.   Injunctions as to harassment and intimidation are routinely issued and are not deemed

overly vague. Further, the instant injunction is specific in that it required the defendants to

remove any gates restraining the Nicola Road easements, prohibited the defendants from

erecting any future gates, and enjoined the defendants from any sort of harassment or

intimidating behavior as to JRE, its invitees, or licensees. The trial court also relied on the

Stenum Realignment Suvey and clearly determined that the right-of-way was sixty feet in all

areas. Finally, the trial court expressly detailed how each of the four Gunn factors is found

in the case sub judice. Thus, we hold that, under the pertinent standard of review, the trial

court committed no reversible error.

       (3) Whether any portion of Nicola Road has been dedicated for public
           use.

¶34.   The final argument presented on appeal is whether any portion of Nicola Road has

been dedicated for public use. The parties all agree that, at the very least, the public right-of-

way extends up to the Darwood Point gate.

¶35.   Relying on the cases of Moore v. Kuljis, 207 So. 2d 604 (Miss. 1968), and Skrmetta

v. Moore, 30 So. 2d 53 (Miss. 1947), the trial court determined that, when the county

accepted an implied dedication of Nicola Road, it accepted all of the property that was


                                               18
offered, including the portion of the property which has not been used by the public. Thus,

even though the county paved the road only up to the Heitzmann gate, it was deemed to have

accepted all of the land offered, which the court determined to be the full 340-foot right-of-

way. In determining that the full 340-foot right-of-way was offered to the county, the trial

court relied on the testimony of Tim Johnson, an indemnity agreement between JRE and

Cinque Bambini, and the admissions of Hancock County.

¶36.   Hancock County argues that the so-called Skrmetta rule is against public policy and

that, instead, the county should be free to accept a portion of an offer for dedication without

accepting all of it. Such an alternative rule would follow precedent established in Illinois and

Alabama, among other states. See Chalkley v. Tuscaloosa County Comm’n, 34 So. 3d 667

(Ala. 2009); Johnson v. City of Niagara Falls, 230 N.Y. 77, 129 N.E. 213 (1920); Moore

v. City of Chicago, 261 Ill. 56, 59, 103 N.E. 583 (1913); Hall v. City of Meriden, 48 Conn.

416, 1880 WL 2338 (1880).

¶37.   The Favres and Parkers argue that the witnesses who testified at the trial could not

attest that the Darwood Point gate was there from 2005 to 2007; therefore, the trial court’s

determination that the gate had existed prior to 2007 was not supported by the testimony of

the witnesses. The Favres and Parkers then appear to say that, since there was historically

a gate blocking the road, the road cannot be public and must end at the location of the

Darwood Point gate. Further, they state that there is no evidence that Hancock County

intentionally paved past the Darwood Point gate. Finally, they take issue with the trial

court’s application of the doctrine of estoppel. The trail court estopped Scott Favre from

                                              19
complaining that Hancock County erroneously paved a portion of the road past the Darwood

Point gate when the evidence establishes he ordered the concrete and witnessed the road

being paved. The trial court also estopped him from claiming the portion of the road paved

by Hancock County near his driveway is not public. The Favres and Parkers assert that,

under Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 8, estoppel must be specifically pleaded. Because

JRE did not plead estoppel as a defense, the trial court erred in raising it sua sponte.

¶38.   Dedication is a process in which private land may be transferred to the public. In

Mississippi, there are two types of dedication: common law and statutory. Nettleton Church

of Christ v. Conwill, 707 So. 2d 1075, 1076 (¶ 4) (Miss. 1997). One of the main distinctions

between the two types is that “common law dedication operates by way of an equitable

estoppel, whereas a statutory dedication operates by way of grant.” Id. Here, it is clear that

the trial court found that the land had been dedicated by way of the common law, as the trial

court relied on cases such as Skrmetta and Kuljis and did not cite any particular statute.

¶39.   The Favres and Parkers also argue that the trial court erred by raising sua sponte the

defense of estoppel. However, their argument rings hollow, as common law dedications are

deemed to be a form of equitable estoppel. Further, JRE argued in its Second Amended

Complaint that the road was a public right-of-way and asked the trial court to rule on whether

or not Nicola Road had been publically dedicated to Hancock County. Thus, JRE raised the

dedication issue itself, not the trial court.

¶40.   The trial court here found that the entire 340-foot public right-of-way on Nicola Road

had been implicitly dedicated to the county. When a landowner offers to dedicate property

                                                20
and the public responds by using the dedicated property, the public’s actions are construed

to be an implied acceptance of the offer. City of Louisville v. Hull, 292 So. 2d 177, 179

(Miss. 1974) (“An implied dedication results only from long use for a specific public

purpose, the discontinuance of which would constitute a violation of good faith to the public

and to those who have acquired private property with a view to the use contemplated by the

dedication.”).

¶41.   First, there is ample evidence demonstrating that the 340-foot right-of-way on Nicola

Road had been offered for dedication to the County. Cinque Bambini and JRE entered an

indemnity agreement in which Cinque Bambini agreed to

       . . . fully cooperate in all reasonable and necessary actions to pursue public
       dedication of a 60 foot [wide] right of way commencing at the point on the
       northeast side of Jourdan Bluff Road (previously dedicated) and running north
       and thence northwesterly along Nicola Road to a point located on the perpetual
       non-exclusive easement currently owned by JRE, which is more particularly
       described in that certain Warranty Deed from Ronald A. Mentel and Judith L.
       Mentel to Jourdan River Estates, LLC, . . . or to publicly dedicate those parts
       of the 60 foot right of way which have not previously been taken by Hancock
       County through adoption, prescription, dedication, implied dedication or
       otherwise.

(Emphasis added.) The offer for dedication also is apparent from testimony by Tim Johnson,

manager of Cinque Bambini:

       Q.        And if this Court finds that [Nicola Road is] not a public road, is it also
                 your testimony and in that indemnity agreement that Cinque Bambini
                 is willing to dedicate what it needs to dedicate to make it a public road?
       A.        We are, yes, that’s correct.

The indemnity agreement as well as Tim Johnson’s testimony conclusively demonstrate that

the 340-foot right-of-way on Nicola Road had been offered for dedication.

                                                 21
¶42.    “[L]ong-standing permission to all the public to travel along [a] road [is evidence of]

an implied dedication.” Hawkins v. Smith County, 954 So. 2d 526, 529 (¶ 9) (Miss. Ct.

App. 2007) (citing Armstrong v. Itawamba County, 16 So. 2d 752, 757 (Miss. 1944)).

Implied dedications may arise from “those acts which unequivocally manifest an intention

that the community shall have and enjoy a highway on his private property. When the public

accepts his offer . . . there has been accomplished what is expressed by the term

‘dedication.’” Armstrong, 16 So. 2d at 757.

¶43.    Here, Hancock County accepted the offer for dedication by way of its actions. The

county voluntarily undertook a project to pave a portion of the 340-foot right-of-way on

Nicola Road when it paved the road up to the Heitzmann gate. The county’s paving of the

road is sufficient evidence that the county controlled the road and repaired it on the

assumption that the road was public. See Jennings v. Patterson, 488 F.2d 436 (5th Cir.

1974); Luter v. Crawford, 92 So. 2d 348 (Miss. 1957). Additionally, testimony from Ronald

Mentel, the previous owner of the JRE property, supports the argument that the county had

implicitly accepted the offer for dedication by way of the long standing public use of the

road:

        Q.     . . . you believed Nicola Road was public to the Heitzmann gate?
        A.     Yes, I thought so. I went down it, everybody went down it.

Based on Mentel’s testimony and the county’s act to pave and maintain the road up to the

Heitzmann gate, Nicola Road was offered for dedication, and Hancock County’s actions

deemed the offer accepted.


                                              22
¶44.      The question now shifts to whether the county accepted the entire 340-foot right-of-

way or something less. The county contends that it has accepted the dedication of the road

only up to the Heitzmann gate, where the county stopped paving. However, the trial court

found that the county had accepted the entire 340-foot right-of-way, relying on Skrmetta and

Kuljis.

¶45.      In Skrmetta, the parties argued over the ownership of a strip of land which could be

seen as a continuation of Oak Street in Biloxi, Mississippi, to the Gulf of Mexico. The Court

wrote:

          The original patentee and his heirs being estopped to deny that there was such
          a street or way as Oak Street, . . . the conclusion follows that, in and by the
          original plat or survey and the conveyances made by reference to it, the
          original patentee had made a dedication of that street throughout its entire
          length and width to the public use . . . .

          There is no evidence of any formal acceptance by the public authorities of the
          dedication of Oak Street, but if an acceptance was necessary in such a case as
          this, the evidence is ample that part of Oak Street north of East Beach Street
          has been actually accepted and improved as a city street for a width of 60 feet
          and for a time long back into the past, and this was sufficient to extend the
          acceptance to the Gulf and to authorize its actual improvement by the public
          authorities as a street with the same width from East Beach Street to the Gulf
          when the public interest required it to be done. See for instance 26 C.J.S.,
          Dedication, § 41, p. 112, and Shoemaker v. Coleman, 94 Miss. 619, 625, 47
          So. 649.

Skrmetta, 30 So. 2d at 56 (emphasis added). The trial court here relied on Skrmetta, as well

as Kuljis, which quotes Skrmetta, for the proposition that the acceptance of a dedication of

part of a street is evidence of the acceptance of the entire street. While Skrmetta advances

such a proposition, we note that the relevant parts of both Skrmetta and Kuljis are dicta, as


                                                23
they are unnecessary to reach the Court’s holdings. Both cases concerned disputes between

two property owners, and the respective municipalities ultimately did not hold title to the

streets in question. In Skrmetta, after the above-quoted language, the Court stated that the

rule does not apply, as the parties to the case stipulated that “the City of Biloxi does not own

the property in question.” Skrmetta, 30 So. 2d at 56. Therefore, while Skrmetta and Kuljis

are helpful authorities, they are not necessarily binding on the Court today.

¶46.   Even though the rule in Skrmetta did not directly apply to its facts, the Skrmetta rule

appears to be the majority rule. “In some cases, acceptance of part of a single street offered

for dedication by play is acceptance of that part only and does not necessarily extend to the

entire street. Generally, however, acceptance of part of the street amounts to acceptance of

the entire street.”   23 Am. Jur. 2d, Dedication § 43 (2002) (citing Smith v. City of

Melbourne, 211 So. 2d 66 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 4th Dist. 1968); Hooker v. City of Grosse

Pointe, 328 Mich. 621, 44 N.W.2d 134 (1950)). JRE discusses some of the public policy

reasons for such a rule in its brief, arguing that if the Court allowed partial acceptance,

landowners and counties alike could change their mind as to any unused portion of land that

previously was dedicated. The county’s rule would create uncertainty in who owns land, as,

with implied dedications, the only land filing would be a plat which offers the land for

dedication. If a county sits on the offer for dedication for a lengthy period and ultimately

decides to accept only a portion, the land necessarily still wil be controlled by the person

offering dedication, despite the reasonable assumption, based on the inaction of a county, that

the entire piece of land has been dedicated. One can easily imagine potential tax problems

                                              24
or adverse possession occurring on the land in the intermediate period between the offer to

dedicate and the partial acceptance.

¶47.   Arguing that action by a county’s Board of Supervisors is required for a county to

accept a road, Hancock County submitted supplemental authorities to the Court under

Mississippi Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(j) post oral argument. Rule 28(j) allows a party

to submit supplemental authorities after oral argument in the form of a letter if the party

references the page of the brief or a point argued orally to which the authority refers. Miss.

R. App. P. 28(j). The supplemental authorities from the county merely state: “[t]hese

citations are pertinent to the issue of what portion of the easement at issue is a public

road.” JRE argues that the supplemental authorities were not submitted appropriately and that

they neither reference the brief nor oral argument.

¶48.   The county failed to submit the authorities in letter form, and it failed to reference an

appropriate reason for authorities under Rule 28(j). Therefore, the Court holds that the

supplemental authorities were not submitted appropriately under Rule 28(j). In the interest

of justice, the Court considered the authorities, but even in light of the supplemented

authorities, the outcome of the issue stands unaffected.

¶49.   Hancock County cites Section 65-7-4 of the Mississippi Code, which states in

pertinent part: “From and after July 1, 2000, no road shall be added or deleted from the

county road system or otherwise changed except by order or other appropriate action of the

board of supervisors . . . .” Miss. Code Ann. § 65-7-4(6) (Rev. 2012). Section 65-7-4 also

states: “On or before July 1, 2000, the board of supervisors of each county shall prepare and

                                              25
adopt an official map designating and delineating all public roads on the county road system.

. . .” Miss. Code Ann. § 65-7-4(1). Hancock County then cites Section 65-7-57 for the

proposition that a county may make a road public “in whole or in part.” Miss. Code Ann.

§65-7-57 (Rev. 2012). JRE argues that dedication is still allowed as a means of acquiring

roads because in 2007 the Court of Appeals upheld it as a means in Hawkins, 954 So. 2d at

528.

¶50.   Sections 65-7-4 and 65-7-57 deal specifically with express methods of acquiring a

county road, and under the plain meaning of the statutes, they leave open other alternatives

to acquiring county roads, such as prescription and dedication. Therefore, we agree with

Hawkins that dedication still is an appropriate means of acquiring county roads. See

Hawkins, 954 So. 2d at 528.

¶51.   In the alternative, Hancock County failed to provide the Court with a map of Hancock

County in 2000, and it failed to show that since 2000, Nicola Road has not been added to the

county as a county road under the appropriate methods as set out by Section 65-7-4. In fact,

in Favre v. Hancock County Board of Supervisors, the Board of Supervisors of Hancock

County approved the plan for development of JRE’s land subject to the “approv[al of] the

plans for the road providing ingress and egress for the development” by the Hancock County

Engineer. Favre v. Hancock County Bd. of Supervisors, 52 So. 3d 463, 465 (¶ 15) (Miss.

Ct. App. 2011). The Court of Appeals held, “The deed to Jourdan River’s property includes

an easement for access, which ends at the terminus of Nicola Road. According to a survey

commissioned by the Hancock County Engineer, Hancock County had been maintaining

                                             26
Nicola Road up to the point where Jourdan River’s easement begins.” Id. at 467. Therefore,

under Sections 65-7-4 and 65-7-57, Hancock County’s Board of Supervisors has expressly

and correctly accepted the full 340-foot right-of-way as a county road up to the 947-foot

private easement belonging to JRE.

¶52.   The court further relied on a survey preformed by Dane C. Wren in 1989 and filed

with Hancock County attached to the deed of Cinque Bambini to Ronald and Judith Mentel --

who later sold their tract to JRE. In the survey preformed by Wren, Nicola Road is denoted

as both “Nicola Road” and “County Road.” Thus, the county accepted Nicola Road as a

county road prior to 2000. Moreover, it is “well-settled law in Mississippi that land sold

according to a plat or map will dedicate the streets, alleys, squares, and other public ways

marked on the map or plat to the public for public use.” Nettleton Church of Christ, 707 So.

2d at 1076 (¶ 5). The trial court here did not discuss any plats which might demonstrate that

the 340-foot right-of-way was dedicated to the county; however, the survey completed by

Wren and filed with the county in 1989 shows Nicola Road as a county road. Under

Nettleton, although the Wren survey does not indicate specifically which part of the road is

public and which part is private, it can be taken generally for the point that Nicola Road has

been considered a county road since 1989.

¶53.   We hold that the supplemental authorities have no merit and that Skrmetta is the law

in Mississippi. Skrmetta does not preclude counties from following the formal process of

accepting a road under Mississippi Code Section 65-7-4 or from expressly indicating that

they accept only a portion of an offer for dedication; rather, it prohibits counties from

                                             27
impliedly accepting only a portion of an offer by way of public use. Skrmetta, 30 So. 2d at

56. Based on the rule set forth in Skrmetta, the trial court did not err in its determination that

the entire 340-foot right-of-way was dedicated to the county. Even if there is any question

that the county indicated acceptance of only a portion of the road, the issue remains without

merit because, based on the approval of the road plans by the Hancock County Engineer and

the depiction of Nicola Road as a “county road” by the plat filed with the county, the county

accepted the entire 340-foot right-of-way.

                                       CONCLUSION

¶54.   We affirm the trial court’s Final Judgment, although partially on different grounds.

The issue concerning the width of the bottleneck is without merit, as the trial court expressly

determined that the easement was sixty feet wide at all points and that it is dictated by the

Stenum Realignment Survey. As to the propriety of the injunctive relief, the trial court did

not manifestly err in requiring the Favres and the Parkers to remove any gates blocking the

easements and to refrain from intimidating behavior toward JRE or its invitees or licensees.

Finally, the trial court did not err in determining that the county accepted the entire 340-foot

right-of-way via implied dedication demonstrated by the actions of the county and expressly

under Section 65-7-4 of the Mississippi Code. Therefore, we affirm the judgment of the

Hancock County Chancery Court.

¶55.   AFFIRMED.

    WALLER, C.J., LAMAR, KITCHENS, CHANDLER, PIERCE AND KING, JJ.,
CONCUR. DICKINSON AND RANDOLPH, P.JJ., NOT PARTICIPATING.


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