Opinion issued June 28, 2018




                                 In The

                           Court of Appeals
                                For The

                       First District of Texas
                          ————————————
                           NO. 01-16-00848-CV
                         ———————————
           LION CO-POLYMERS HOLDINGS, LLC, Appellant
                                   V.
                    LION POLYMERS, LLC, Appellee

                               **********
                LION POLYMERS, LLC, Cross-Appellant
                                   V.
LION CO-POLYMERS HOLDINGS, LLC, AFWEST CHEMICALS, LTD.,
            AND VIJAY GORADIA, Cross-Appellees


                 On Appeal from the 190th District Court
                          Harris County, Texas
                    Trial Court Case No. 2014-10394
                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Appellant, Lion Co-Polymers Holdings, LLC (the “Company”), challenges

the trial court’s summary judgment granted in favor of appellee, Lion Polymers,

LLC (“LP”), on LP’s breach-of-contract claim against the Company. In six issues,

the Company contends that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment and

awarding damages and attorney’s fees.

      In its conditional cross-appeal, LP contends that the trial court erred in

granting summary judgment in favor of cross-appellee, the Company, on LP’s claim

against it for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing; granting

summary judgment in favor of cross-appellee, AFWest Chemicals, Ltd.

(“AFWest”), on LP’s claims against it for breach of contract, breach of fiduciary

duty, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and unjust

enrichment; and granting summary judgment in favor of cross-appellee, Vijay

Goradia (“Goradia”), on LP’s claims against him for breach of fiduciary duty, breach

of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and unjust enrichment.

      We modify the trial court’s judgment and affirm as modified.




                                          2
                                    Background1

      The Company, a Delaware Limited Liability Company, manufactures

synthetic rubber used in the automotive and construction industries. The amended

“LLC Agreement” (the “Agreement”), under which the Company was formed,

provides that the Company’s “members” share in the Company’s profits through

tiered distribution provisions, or “waterfalls,” based on the type and quantity of

“units,” or fractional membership interests in the Company, that each member holds.

For instance, the first tier of the distribution waterfall must be completely satisfied

before the next tier receives any distributions, and so forth until the waterfall is

satisfied or funds are exhausted.

      Specifically, the Agreement, at section 6.01, provides for a waterfall

distribution of “Available Funds,” as follows:

      (a)    Subject to Section 4.02(d)(ii) [applicable to holders of Class 1
             Preferred Units] and after giving effect to Section 6.01(b), to the
             extent the Board determines that (i) the Company has funds on
             hand available for distribution to the Members (after payment of
             all then-due obligations of the Company and the establishment
             of reasonable reserves for the Company’s liabilities, obligations,
             working capital and other anticipated needs, including any
             distribution required under Section 6.01(c)) (hereinafter
             “Available Funds”) and (ii) it is appropriate to make any such
             distribution of Available Funds, then the Board shall (subject to
             any contractual or legal restraints that may be applicable to the
             Company, such as restraints under the Loan and Security

1
      Only those facts pertinent to a resolution of the appeal are stated. Because, as
      discussed below, we do not reach the issues presented in LP’s conditional
      cross-appeal, the facts underlying those issues are not presented.

                                          3
      Agreement and any other applicable debt covenants) declare and
      make distributions of Available Funds as follows:
      (i)     First, to the Holders of Class 4 Common Units…
      (ii)    Next, to the Holders of Class 1 Preferred Units…
      (iii)   Thereafter, to Holders of Class 2 Common Units, Class 3
              Common Units and Class 4 Common Units pro rata in
              proportion to the number of such Units; provided,
              however:
              ....
              (B)    Any distribution payable in respect of a Class 3
                     Common Unit pursuant to this Section 6.01 shall
                     not be distributed in respect of such Class 3
                     Common Unit (but instead shall be distributed
                     among the other Holders pursuant to the applicable
                     provision of Section 6.01) until the cumulative
                     amount of distributions foregone in respect of such
                     Class 3 Common Unit pursuant to this Section
                     6.01(a)(iii) is equal to the Strike Price of such Class
                     3 Common Unit.
(b)   Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 6.01, any Available
      Funds attributable to the receipt of DSM Amounts shall be
      distributed to the Holders of Class 2 Common Units pro rata in
      proportion to the number of Class 2 Common Units held.
(c)   Notwithstanding the provisions of Sections 6.01(a)(iii), 6.01(b)
      and 6.02, if at the time of any distribution under Sections
      6.01(a)(iii), 6.01(b) and 6.02, the Unreturned Class 5 Capital or
      the Unpaid Class 5 Return is greater than zero, then any amounts
      otherwise distributable to Holders of Class 2 Common Units or
      Class 3 Common Units pursuant to Section 6.01(a)(iii), 6.01(b)
      or 6.02 shall instead be distributed to Holders of Class 5
      Common Units until (i) the Unreturned Class 5 Capital has been
      reduced to zero and then (ii) the Unpaid Class 5 Return has been
      reduced to zero.




                                     4
      Section 6.01(d) also provides for certain “Tax Distributions,” as follows:

             On each Tax Distribution Date, the Company shall, to the extent
             the Board determines such amounts to be available for
             distribution, make distributions to the Members in such amounts
             as the Board determines are sufficient to satisfy the Members’
             projected estimated income tax liability with respect to the
             Company’s income allocable to their Units for such period,
             including an reallocation of amounts of income to a Member
             which may occur due to the allocations provided in Section
             6.05(a). Such tax liability will be calculated as though each
             Member were an individual residing in the State of New York
             based upon the highest marginal income tax rates, taking into
             account U.S. federal, state, and local income taxes . . . , which
             the Board estimates are applicable, utilizing the respective rates
             for ordinary income or capital gains, depending on the
             characterization of the Company’s estimated income for such
             period. Any distribution made to a member pursuant to this
             Section 6.01(d) shall be treated as an advanced distribution of,
             and shall reduce, the amounts next distributable to such Member
             pursuant to Section 6.01 or 6.02.

      Further, section 6.02 of the Agreement provides a distribution waterfall that

governs how and to whom proceeds are to be paid after a “Recapitalization

Transaction.”   The Agreement defines a Recapitalization Transaction as “the

financing or refinancing of debt secured by the assets of the Company” in an amount

in excess of $10,000,000 in the aggregate and followed by the distribution of all or

a significant portion of such amounts to the members existing as of such date.

Section 6.02, in pertinent part, provides:

      (1)    . . . [U]pon a Recapitalization Transaction, after adjusting the
             Capital Accounts for all distributions made under Section 6.01
             and all allocations under this Article 6, all available proceeds


                                             5
            distributable to the Members shall be distributed to the Members
            as follows:
            (a)     First, to the Holders of Class 4 Common Units in an
                    amount equal to the amounts owed to such Holders . . . ;
                    provided that if the amount available to be distributed
                    hereunder is not sufficient to repay such amounts, then
                    such distribution shall be made to such Holders pro rata in
                    accordance with the amounts owed.
            (b)     Next, to the Holders of Class 1 Preferred Units until their
                    Unpaid Class 1 Return is eliminated; provided that if the
                    amount available to be distributed hereunder is not
                    sufficient to eliminate such Unpaid Class 1 Return, then
                    such distributions shall be made to the Holders of Class 1
                    Preferred Units pro rata in accordance with the Unpaid
                    Class 1 Return owed to each of them at the time of
                    distribution.
            (c)     Next, to the Holders of Class 1 Preferred Units until their
                    Unreturned Class 1 Capital is eliminated; provided that if
                    the amount available to be distributed hereunder is not
                    sufficient to eliminate such Unreturned Class 1 Capital,
                    then such distributions shall be made to the Holders of
                    Class 1 Preferred Units pro rata in accordance with their
                    Unreturned Class 1 Capital as of the time of distribution.
            (d)     Thereafter, to the Holders of Class 2 Common Units, Class
                    3 Common Units, and Class 4 Common Units (but not the
                    holders of Class 1 Preferred Units) pro rata in proportion
                    to the number of such Units.

(Emphasis added.)

      In 2007, the Company admitted LP as a “Member of the Company,” and, “[i]n

exchange for the performance of services rendered or to be rendered to or for the

benefit of the Company,” issued to LP 1,964,492 “Class 3 Common Units.” These

Class 3 Common Units were intended to qualify as “profits interests,” within the


                                          6
meaning of Revenue Procedures 93–27 and 2001-43,2 and the Agreement provides

that the parties intended that it be interpreted accordingly.

      It is undisputed that, in the summer of 2011, the Company obtained

$300,000,000 in financing that allowed it to refinance its existing debt and to provide

$150,000,000 in distributions to its members. The parties dispute whether the

Company paid LP’s its portion of the distributions in accordance with the applicable

terms of the Agreement.

      LP, in its second amended petition, alleged that, on August 25, 2011, it

received a letter from the Company stating that it intended to make a distribution to

its members in September (the “2011 Distribution”). In the letter, the Company

stated that it intended to deduct from its distribution to LP, for its Class 3 Common

Units, a “Strike Price” of $1.00 per unit. According to the Agreement, the “strike


2
      A limited liability company, as here, is sometimes treated as a partnership for tax
      purposes. See, e.g., Fin. Strategy Grp., PLC v. Lowry, No. 01-14-00273-CV, 2015
      WL 452265, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Jan. 27, 2015, no pet.) (mem.
      op.). Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) Revenue Procedure 93–27 defines a “profits
      interest” as “a partnership interest other than a capital interest.” Rev. Proc. 93–27,
      sec. 2.02; see also Steven B. Gorin, Income Tax Exit Strategies From Businesses,
      CY020 ALI-CLE 981 (2017) (“‘Profits interest’ means an interest in the
      partnership’s future income, gains, deductions, and losses, with a zero beginning
      capital account so that, if entity dissolved at the time of transfer, the holder would
      receive nothing.”). A “capital interest is an interest that would give the holder a
      share of the proceeds if the partnership’s assets were sold at fair market value and
      then the proceeds were distributed in a complete liquidation of the partnership.”
      Rev. Proc. 93–27, sec. 2.01. The determination of whether a partnership interest is
      a capital interest or a profits interest is made “at the time the interest is granted, even
      if, at that time, the interest is substantially nonvested.” Rev. Proc. 2001–43, sec. 3,
      2001–2 C.B. at 191.

                                               7
price,” with respect to a Class 3 Common Unit issued as of the effective date of the

Agreement, June 29, 2007, as here, is its “Original Issue Price” of $1.00 per unit.

LP alleged that, despite its request to the Company that it make the 2011 Distribution

in accordance with the Agreement, the Company nevertheless improperly deducted,

as a “strike-price deduction,” $1,964,492 from its distribution to LP. LP noted that

the Company distributed more than $1,300,000 of LP’s funds to other unit holders,

including to Goradia, the owner of AFWest, who had a controlling interest in the

Company. LP brought a breach-of-contract claim against the Company, alleging

that the Company breached the Agreement by failing to make distributions in

accordance with its terms.3 LP alleged that, after deducting the $45,251.00 that LP

received in the 2011 Distribution, it suffered damages of $1,919,241.30.

      The Company answered, generally denying LP’s allegations and asserting

various specific denials and affirmative defenses. The Company also brought a

counterclaim against LP, seeking a declaration that its distributions to LP were in

accordance with the terms of the Agreement and seeking a declaration of its rights

under the Agreement.




3
      LP also brought a claim against AFWest for breach of contract; brought claims
      against AFWest and Goradia for breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment;
      and brought claims against AFWest, Goradia, and the Company for breach of the
      implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. These claims are the subject of
      LP’s conditional cross-appeal, which we do not reach.
                                          8
      LP filed a summary-judgment motion, asserting that it was entitled to

judgment as a matter of law on its breach-of-contract claim against the Company

because the summary-judgment evidence established that the Company, in 2011,

after a recapitalization transaction governed by the clear and unambiguous terms of

section 6.02 of the Agreement, made a distribution to its members. However, the

Company breached the Agreement by improperly withholding $1,964,492.30 from

its distribution to LP. LP attached to its summary-judgment motion a copy of the

Agreement; materials regarding procedures employed by the United States

Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service; certain financial records;

discovery responses; numerous emails; and excerpts of the depositions of Goradia;

David Wascom, a Certified Public Accountant; Richard Furlin, vice president of

Goradia Capital and a member, Secretary, and Tax Matter Member of the Company;

and the Company’s expert witness, Bruce McGovern, a member of the faculty of

South Texas College of Law.

      In its summary-judgment response, the Company argued that material fact

issues precluded summary judgment on LP’s breach-of-contract claim because the

evidence established that the Company had complied with the unambiguous terms

of the Agreement. The Company asserted that, based on its interpretation of the

Agreement, specifically, section 6.01(a)(iii)(B), it properly withheld a $1.00 per unit

strike price from the 2011 Distributions to its members, including LP.


                                          9
      The Company asserted that, between January 2010 and June 2011, the

Company made certain “Tax Distributions,” pursuant to section 6.01(d) of the

Agreement, to LP in the amount of $1,603,198. And, in September 2011, it made

an additional tax distribution to LP in the amount of $313,327. However, the

Company did not deduct the strike price because it did not want LP to have to pay

its tax liability with other funds. The Company instead chose to “offset the amounts

due from [LP] from the next distribution that was not associated with [LP’s] tax

liability.” Thus, in its 2011 Distribution, which constituted a “non-tax distribution,”

to LP, it deducted the strike price. The Company attached to its summary-judgment

response a copy of the Agreement; several emails; the affidavit of Furlin; and

excerpts of the depositions of Furlin, Goradia, Wascom and Stephen Lyttleton.

Furlin, in his affidavit, explained:

      The Company allocated taxable income or losses to [LP] related to its
      Class 3 units and it received cash distributions from the Company
      pursuant to section 6.01(d) of the [Agreement] to cover the tax liability
      it incurred when the Company generated taxable income. From January
      2010 to June 2011, [LP] received $1,603,198.00 in section 6.01(d)
      distributions related to the Class 3 units. In September 2011, separate
      from the distribution in which the strike price was withheld, [LP]
      received an additional $313,327.00 in section 6.01 distributions.
      Beyond that date, the Company paid out millions more in section
      6.01(d) distributions to [LP]. The Company made these distributions
      to [LP] to enable it to pay tax liabilities associated with the taxable
      income allocated to [LP’s] Class 3 ownership units. Without the
      distributions, [LP] would have to use other sources to satisfy its tax
      liability on the taxable income that had yet to be distributed. In lieu of
      reducing the section 6.01(d) distributions by the dollar amount of the
      outstanding Strike Price, the Company chose to offset the amounts due
                                          10
      from [LP] from the next distribution that was not associated with [LP’s]
      tax liability.
      ....
      . . . Based on the Board’s Interpretation of the LLC Agreement and its
      sections 6.01(a)(iii)(B) and 11.01 the Company withheld a $1.00 strike
      price from the September 2011 distributions to Class 3 members,
      including [LP] . . . . When the refinancing occurred, the Company had
      not recovered the Strike Price owed by [LP] on the Class 3 units, despite
      [LP’s] receipt of section 6.01(d) distributions. To recover the amount
      owed, the Company deducted the Strike Price from the September 2011
      distribution. The Company initially escrowed the withheld funds, but
      eventually distributed the funds to the non-Class 3 unitholders on
      March 14, 2013.

      The trial court, without specifying its grounds, granted LP summary judgment

on its breach-of-contract claim against the Company. In its final judgment, the trial

court awarded LP actual damages in the amount of $1,919,241.30 and attorney’s

fees in the amount of $694,136.12 through trial, with conditional fees for appeal.4

                                Summary Judgment

      In its first and second issues, the Company challenges the trial court’s

rendition of summary judgment in favor of LP on its breach-of-contract claim.




4
      The trial court also granted summary judgment in favor of AFWest on LP’s
      breach-of-contract claim against it. Further, the trial court granted summary
      judgment in favor of the Company, AFWest, and Goradia on LP’s claims against
      them for breach of fiduciary duty, good faith and fair dealing, and unjust
      enrichment. The trial court severed the only remaining claim, that of LP’s “Double-
      Deduction” claim against the Company, relating to its alleged double-deduction of
      approximately $350,000 in tax advances from distributions to LP.

                                          11
Standard of Review and Principles of Law

      The Agreement provides that it “shall be governed by, and construed in

accordance with, the Laws of the State of Delaware applicable to contracts made and

performed in [that] state, without regard to conflicts of law doctrines.” We apply

Texas procedural law, and we apply Delaware law on the issues of contract

construction and interpretation. See Monsanto Co. v. Boustany, 73 S.W.3d 225, 229

(Tex. 2002); Allis-Chambers Energy, Inc. v. GSSF Master Fund, L.P., No. 05-07-

00584-CV, 2008 WL 2170832, at *1 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 27, 2008, no pet.)

(mem. op.).

      We review a trial court’s summary judgment de novo. Valence Operating Co.

v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005); Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co. v.

Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2003). In conducting our review, we take as true

all evidence favorable to the non-movant, and we indulge every reasonable inference

and resolve any doubts in the non-movant’s favor. Valence Operating, 164 S.W.3d

at 661; Knott, 128 S.W.3d at 215. If a trial court grants summary judgment without

specifying the grounds for granting the motion, we must uphold the judgment if any

of the asserted grounds are meritorious. Beverick v. Koch Power, Inc., 186 S.W.3d

145, 148 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied).

      To prevail on a traditional summary-judgment motion, the movant must

establish that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that it is entitled to


                                        12
judgment as a matter of law. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); KPMG Peat Marwick v.

Harrison Cty. Hous. Fin. Corp., 988 S.W.2d 746, 748 (Tex. 1999). When a plaintiff

moves for summary judgment on its own claim, it must conclusively prove all the

essential elements of its cause of action. Rhone–Poulenc, Inc. v. Steel, 997 S.W.2d

217, 223 (Tex. 1999). Once the movant produces sufficient evidence to establish its

right to judgment, the burden shifts to the nonmovant to come forward with

competent controverting evidence raising a fact issue. See Van v. Pena, 990 S.W.2d

751, 753 (Tex. 1999). A genuine issue of fact arises if reasonable and fair-minded

jurors could differ in their conclusions in light of all of the summary judgment

evidence. See Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Mayes, 236 S.W.3d 754, 755 (Tex.

2007).

      Under Delaware law, the elements of a breach-of-contract claim are the

existence of a contract, the breach of an obligation imposed by that contract, and

resulting damage to the plaintiff. VLIW Tech., LLC v. Hewlett–Packard Co., 840

A.2d 606, 612 (Del. 2003). With regard to interpreting the provisions of a limited

liability company agreement, as here, ordinary contract interpretation rules apply;

the court’s role is to effect the parties’ intent based on the plain meaning of the

agreement’s terms. Zimmerman v. Crothall, 62 A.3d 676, 690–91 (Del. Ch. 2013);

Senior Tour Players 207 Mgmt. Co. v. Golftown 207 Holding Co., 853 A.2d 124,




                                        13
127 (Del. Ch. 2004); see also Monsanto, 73 S.W.3d at 229 (“Delaware law sets forth

familiar principles for construing written agreements.”).

      “Delaware adheres to the ‘objective’ theory of contracts, i.e., a contract’s

construction should be that which would be understood by an objective, reasonable

third party.” Osborn ex rel. Osborn v. Kemp, 991 A.2d 1153, 1159 (Del. 2010). The

contract is read as a whole, giving each provision and term effect, so as not to render

any part of the contract mere surplusage. Id. “We will not read a contract to render

a provision or term ‘meaningless or illusory.’” Id. When the contract is clear and

unambiguous, we will give effect to the plain meaning of the contract’s terms and

provisions. Id. at 1159–60.

      To the contrary, if we “may reasonably ascribe multiple and different

interpretations to a contract, we will find that the contract is ambiguous.” Id. at 1160.

An unreasonable interpretation is one that produces an absurd result or that no

reasonable person would have accepted when entering the contract. Id. If a contract

is ambiguous, we apply the doctrine of contra proferentem against the drafting party

and interpret the contract in favor of the non-drafting party. Id. The parties’

steadfast disagreement over interpretation will not, alone, render the contract

ambiguous. Id. The determination of ambiguity lies within the sole province of the

court. Id.




                                           14
Breach of Contract

      The parties do not dispute that the Agreement constitutes a valid contract. See

VLIW Tech., 840 A.2d at 612. They dispute whether the Company breached its

terms. It is undisputed that LP owned 1,964,492 Class 3 Units at the time of the

2011 Distribution and that the Company deducted $1,964,492 from its 2011

Distribution to LP as a “Strike Price” deduction. The parties dispute whether the

terms of the Agreement authorized the strike-price deduction.

      In its summary-judgment motion, LP argued that the evidence conclusively

establishes that the Company breached the Agreement by not making the 2011

Distribution to LP in accordance with the applicable provision, i.e., section 6.02(1),

which governs distributions after recapitalization transactions. To its summary-

judgment motion, LP attached a copy of the Agreement. Again, the Agreement

defines a “Recapitalization Transaction” as “the financing or refinancing of debt

secured by the assets of the Company . . . in an amount in excess of $10,000,000 in

the aggregate and followed by the distribution of all or a significant portion of such

amounts to the Members existing as of such date. It is undisputed that the Company,

in the summer of 2011, obtained $300,000,000 to refinance existing debt. This was

followed, in August 2011, by the Company’s distribution of half of those funds, or

$150,000,000, to the members. LP’s summary-judgment evidence shows that the

Company, in its responses to LP’s Requests for Admission, admitted that the 2011


                                         15
Distribution was “made upon a Recapitalization Transaction under [section] 6.02(1)

of the Agreement.” Section 6.02(1) of the Agreement provides, in pertinent part, as

follows:

          (1)   . . . [U]pon a Recapitalization Transaction, after adjusting the
                Capital Accounts for all distributions made under Section 6.01
                and all allocations under this Article 6, all available proceeds
                distributable to the Members shall be distributed to the Members
                as follows:
                ....
                (d) . . . [T]o the Holders of . . . Class 3 Common Units . . . pro
                     rata in proportion to the number of such Units.

      In determining the parties’ shared intent, we look “to the most objective

indicia of that intent: the words found in the written instrument.” Ivize of Milwaukee,

LLC v. Compex Litig. Support, LLC, No. C.A. 3158-VCL, 2009 WL 1111179, at *8

(Del. Ch. Apr. 27, 2009). Nothing in section 6.02(1) expressly provides for a strike-

price deduction. Section 6.02 does, however, provide that distributions shall be

made “after adjusting the Capital Accounts[5] for all distributions made under Section

6.01.”6




5
      The Agreement defines a “Capital Account” as “the account to be maintained by the
      Company for each Member.”
6
      Section 6.02(1) also provides that distributions shall be made after adjusting the
      Capital Accounts for “all allocations” under article 6. Allocations under Article 6
      are specifically addressed at sections 6.05 (allocating among the members each item
      of “Profit and Loss of the Company”), 6.06 (“Regulatory Allocations”), 6.07
      (“Curative Allocations”), and 6.08 (“Income Tax Allocations”). Neither party
      asserts that any of these provisions apply or are at issue in this appeal.
                                            16
      Section 6.01 specifically provides for the distribution of “Available Funds,”

i.e., funds on hand after the payment of obligations and the establishment of reserves,

as follows:

      (a)     Subject to Section 4.02(d)(ii) [applicable to holders of Class 1
              Preferred Units] and after giving effect to Section 6.01(b), to the
              extent the Board determines that (i) the Company has funds on
              hand available for distribution to the Members (after payment of
              then-due obligations of the Company and the establishment of
              reasonable reserves for the Company’s liabilities, obligations,
              working capital and other anticipated needs, including any
              distribution required under Section 6.01(c)) (hereinafter
              “Available Funds”) and (ii) it is appropriate to make any such
              distribution of Available Funds, then the Board shall (subject to
              any contractual or legal restraints that may be applicable to the
              Company, such as restraints under the Loan and Security
              Agreement and any other applicable debt covenants) declare and
              make distributions of Available Funds as follows:
              (i)     First, to the Holders of Class 4 Common Units…
              (ii)    Next, to the Holders of Class 1 Preferred Units…
              (iii)   Thereafter, to Holders of Class 2 Common Units, Class 3
                      Common Units and Class 4 Common Units pro rata in
                      proportion to the number of such Units; provided,
                      however:
                      ....
                      (B)    Any distribution payable in respect of a Class 3
                             Common Unit pursuant to this Section 6.01 shall
                             not be distributed in respect of such Class 3
                             Common Unit (but instead shall be distributed
                             among the other Holders pursuant to the applicable
                             provision of Section 6.01) until the cumulative
                             amount of distributions foregone in respect of such
                             Class 3 Common Unit pursuant to this Section
                             6.01(a)(iii) is equal to the Strike Price of such Class
                             3 Common Unit.


                                             17
      (b)    Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 6.01, any Available
             Funds attributable to the receipt of DSM Amounts shall be
             distributed to the Holders of Class 2 Common Units pro rata in
             proportion to the number of Class 2 Common Units held.
      (c)    Notwithstanding the provisions of Sections 6.01(a)(iii), 6.01(b)
             and 6.02, if at the time of any distribution under Sections
             6.01(a)(iii), 6.01(b) and 6.02, the Unreturned Class 5 Capital or
             the Unpaid Class 5 Return is greater than zero, then any amounts
             otherwise distributable to Holders of Class 2 Common Units or
             Class 3 Common Units pursuant to Section 6.01(a)(iii), 6.01(b)
             or 6.02 shall instead be distributed to Holders of Class 5
             Common Units until (i) the Unreturned Class 5 Capital has been
             reduced to zero and then (ii) the Unpaid Class 5 Return has been
             reduced to zero.

(Italicized emphasis added.)

      Considering the plain meaning of its terms, section 6.01(a) states that, when

the Company determines, based on the specific formula therein, that it has

“Available Funds” and that it is “appropriate to make any such distribution of

Available Funds,” then the Board “shall,” subject to certain exceptions, “declare and

make distributions of Available Funds.” This language is qualified, however, in that

the Board shall “declare and make distributions of Available Funds as follows: . . . to

Holders of . . . Class 3 Common Units . . . pro rata in proportion to the number of

such [u]nits; provided, however, . . . [that] [a]ny distribution payable in respect of a

Class 3 Common Unit pursuant to this Section 6.01 shall not be distributed in respect

of such Class 3 Common Unit (but instead shall be distributed among the other

Holders pursuant to the applicable provision of Section 6.01) until the cumulative


                                          18
amount of distributions foregone in respect of such Class 3 Common Unit pursuant

to this Section 6.01(a)(iii) is equal to the Strike Price of such Class 3 Common Unit.”

(Emphasis added.)

      Again, “Delaware adheres to the ‘objective’ theory of contracts, i.e., a

contract’s construction should be that which would be understood by an objective,

reasonable third party.” Osborn, 991 A.2d at 1159. The words “provided, however”

above, like the words “provided that,” “normally create a condition.” Sage Software,

Inc. v. CA, Inc., No. C.A. 4912-VCS, 2010 WL 5121961, at *8 (Del. Ch. Dec. 14,

2010), aff’d, 27 A.3d 552 (Del. 2011). Section 6.01(a) conditions, or qualifies, the

distribution of Available Funds to a holder of a Class 3 Common Unit upon the

cumulative amount of distributions foregone with respect to that unit being equal to

its strike price. Thus, distributions of Available Funds are subject to a strike-price

deduction. LP’s summary-judgment evidence shows, and the parties do not dispute,

however, that the Company has never made a section 6.01(a) distribution of

Available Funds to LP.

      Section 6.01(d) provides for specific “Tax Distributions,” i.e., distributions

“sufficient to satisfy the Members’ projected estimated income tax liability,” as

follows:

      (d)    On each Tax Distribution Date, the Company shall, to the extent
             the Board determines such amounts to be available for
             distribution, make distributions to the Members in such amounts
             as the Board determines are sufficient to satisfy the Members’
                                          19
             projected estimated income tax liability with respect to the
             Company’s income allocable to their Units for such period,
             including an reallocation of amounts of income to a Member
             which may occur due to the allocations provided in Section
             6.05(a). Such tax liability will be calculated as though each
             Member were an individual residing in the State of New York
             based upon the highest marginal income tax rates, taking into
             account U.S. federal, state, and local income taxes . . . , which
             the Board estimates are applicable, utilizing the respective rates
             for ordinary income or capital gains, depending on the
             characterization of the Company’s estimated income for such
             period. Any distribution made to a member pursuant to this
             Section 6.01(d) shall be treated as an advanced distribution of,
             and shall reduce, the amounts next distributable to such Member
             pursuant to Section 6.01 or 6.02.

      Considering the plain meaning of the terms used in section 6.01(d), the parties

intent was for “Tax Distributions,” i.e., distributions for “projected estimated income

tax liability” to be made, pursuant to the specific formula therein, on “each Tax

Distribution Date,” which the Agreement defines as “the date on which estimated

federal tax payments are required to be made by calendar year individual taxpayers.”

Section 6.01(d) further provides that if the Company makes a tax distribution, it may

then reduce the next distribution that it makes under either section 6.01 or 6.02.

Notably, the term “strike price” does not appear in section 6.01(d) and nothing in

section 6.01(d) states that a tax distribution is subject to the strike-price deduction in

section 6.01(a) or makes recoupment of any tax distribution under a subsequent

section 6.02 distribution subject to a strike-price deduction.




                                           20
      Thus, nothing in any of the applicable portions of section 6.01 authorize a

strike-price deduction. It is undisputed, however, that the Company deducted

$1,964,492 from its 2011 Distribution to LP as a strike-price deduction. Further, the

Company, in its responses to LP’s Requests for Admission, admitted that a “$1.00-

per-share strike price was withheld from [LP’s] share” of the 2011 Distribution.

      We conclude that the summary-judgment evidence establishes that the

Company breached the Agreement by not making the 2011 Distribution to LP in

accordance with the applicable terms. Thus, the Company had the burden to come

forward with controverting evidence raising a fact issue as to its breach of the

Agreement. See Van, 990 S.W.2d at 753.

      The Company, in its summary-judgment response, argued that it was entitled

to withhold the strike price from the 2011 Distribution because it had previously

made tax distributions to LP under section 6.01(d), which were subject to the strike-

price provision in section 6.01(a)(iii) and for which the Company did not previously

withhold the strike-price.

      The Company argued that a tax distribution under section 6.01(d) is subject

to a strike-price deduction because section 6.01(a)(iii) provides that

      Any distribution payable in respect of a Class 3 Common Unit pursuant
      to this Section 6.01 shall not be distributed in respect of such Class 3
      Common Unit (but instead shall be distributed among the other Holders
      pursuant to the applicable provision of Section 6.01) until the
      cumulative amount of distributions foregone in respect of such Class 3


                                          21
      Common Unit pursuant to this Section 6.01(a)(iii) is equal to the Strike
      Price of such Class 3 Common Unit.

The Company asserts that “section 6.01(d) distributions plainly are ‘pursuant to this

Section 6.01.’”

      The Company’s argument attempts to construe subsection (a)(iii) apart from

its context. Subsection (a)(iii), when read in context, reveals that it is a condition or

qualification placed on distributions of Available Funds:

      (a)    . . . [T]o the extent the Board determines that [it has Available
             Funds and it is appropriate to make a distribution] . . . then the
             Board shall . . . declare and make distributions of Available
             Funds as follows:
             ....
             (iii)   Thereafter, to Holders of Class 2 Common Units, Class 3
                     Common Units and Class 4 Common Units pro rata in
                     proportion to the number of such Units; provided,
                     however:
                     ....
                     (B)    Any distribution payable in respect of a Class 3
                            Common Unit pursuant to this Section 6.01 shall
                            not be distributed in respect of such Class 3
                            Common Unit (but instead shall be distributed
                            among the other Holders pursuant to the applicable
                            provision of Section 6.01) until the cumulative
                            amount of distributions foregone in respect of such
                            Class 3 Common Unit pursuant to this Section
                            6.01(a)(iii) is equal to the Strike Price of such Class
                            3 Common Unit.

(Emphasis added.)




                                            22
      In Sage Software, the plaintiff argued, as the Company similarly argues in the

instant case, that a clause following a semi-colon and the phrase “provided that”

created an independent clause that modified the entire agreement.             2010 WL

5121961, at *6–7. Conversely, the defendant argued that the phrase “provided that”

created a condition that modified only the immediately preceding language. Id. The

court noted that the words “provided that” normally create a condition, and it

declined to apply the clause outside of the subsection in which it was embedded. Id.

at *7. The court held that, as a condition, the clause necessarily “modified the

preceding text.”    Id. at *8.     Similarly, here, as discussed above, subsection

6.01(a)(iii) modifies the preceding language in section 6.01(a).

      Further, the Company’s argument attempts to engraft the strike-price

provision in subsection (a)(iii) into subsection (d) in order to authorize a strike-price

deduction from a tax distribution. As discussed above, the stated intent of section

6.01(d) is for the Company to provide its members with “Tax Distributions,” i.e.,

distributions “sufficient to satisfy the Members’ projected estimated income tax

liability” with respect to the Company’s income, to allow the members to pay their

tax liability on the date on which estimated federal tax payments are required to be

made. Engrafting a strike-price deduction into a Tax Distribution, as the Company

argues, would render the stated purpose of section 6.01(d) meaningless and illusory

in that LP would not actually receive a distribution “sufficient to satisfy [its]


                                           23
projected estimated income tax liability.” “We will not read a contract to render a

provision or term ‘meaningless or illusory.’” Osborn, 991 A.2d at 1159.

      Next, the Company argues that the Agreement’s “General Provisions,” at

section 11.01, “Offset,” authorize deductions as follows: “Whenever the Company

is to pay any sum to any Member, any amounts that such Member, in its capacity as

a Member, owes the Company may be deducted from that sum before payment.”

As discussed above, however, LP’s summary-judgment evidence shows, and the

parties do not dispute, that the Company has never made a section 6.01(a)

distribution of Available Funds to LP. Further, nothing in section 6.01(d) authorizes

a strike-price deduction. Moreover, “[s]pecific language in a contract controls over

general language, and where specific and general provisions conflict, the specific

provision ordinarily qualifies the meaning of the general one.” DCV Holdings, Inc.

v. ConAgra, Inc., 889 A.2d 954, 961 (Del. 2005).

      We note that the Company, although it asserts that the terms of the Agreement

at issue are not ambiguous, largely relies on affidavit, email, and deposition excerpts

to support its interpretation of the Agreement. Under Delaware law, when, as here,

a contract is not ambiguous, extrinsic evidence may not be used to interpret the

parties’ intent. Eagle Indus., Inc. v. DeVilbiss Health Care, Inc., 702 A.2d 1228,

1232 (Del. 1997).




                                          24
      We conclude that the Company did not meet its burden to bring forth evidence

raising a genuine issue of material fact precluding summary judgment on LP’s

breach-of-contract claim. See Centeq Realty, Inc. v. Siegler, 899 S.W.2d 195, 197

(Tex. 1995); Mayes, 236 S.W.3d at 755 (holding that evidence raises genuine issue

of fact if reasonable and fair-minded jurors could differ in their conclusions in light

of all summary-judgment evidence).

      We hold that the trial court did not err in granting LP summary judgment

against the Company on LP’s breach-of-contract claim.

      We overrule the Company’s first and second issues.

                                      Damages

      In its third issue, the Company asserts that, “[e]ven if it breached the

Agreement by deducting the Strike Price from its September 2011 distribution,” its

breach “resulted in a very limited loss—namely, interest on the amount of the Strike

Price for a relatively short period of time until recovery of the Strike Price was made

in future section 6.01(d) distributions,” and thus LP’s “only valid complaint is that

the Company prematurely withheld the Strike Price.” The Company argues that the

trial court erred in determining the “measure of damages” because the “measure of

damages for [an] improper acceleration of the Strike Price . . . is not forfeiture, but

only the lost time value of the money.”




                                          25
       As a threshold matter, LP argues that the Company has waived this issue

because it did not raise it until its motion for reconsideration filed after the trial court

ruled on LP’s summary-judgment motion.

       Applying Texas procedural law, when a motion for reconsideration is filed

after a summary-judgment motion is heard and ruled upon, the trial court may

ordinarily consider only the record as it existed before hearing the motion the first

time. See Auten v. DJ Clark, Inc., 209 S.W.3d 695, 702 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2006, no pet.); Chapman v. Mitsui Eng’g & Shipbuilding Co., 781 S.W.2d

312, 315 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1989, writ denied). The trial court may,

however, consider evidence submitted with a motion for reconsideration if it

affirmatively indicates in the record that it accepted or considered the evidence.

Auten, 209 S.W.3d at 702; see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c) (summary-judgment

evidence must be timely filed, “except on leave of court”).

       Here, the trial court affirmatively indicated in its order denying the

Company’s motion for reconsideration that it considered the motion, responses, and

replies. It also issued an order striking all of the Company’s evidence attached to its

motion for reconsideration and supplements, except for an affidavit of Richard

Furlin. Because the trial court’s orders establish that the trial court affirmatively

considered the arguments and evidence, we hold that the Company did not waive

this issue. See Auten, 209 S.W.3d at 702.


                                            26
      Under Delaware law, the proper measure of damages in a breach-of-contract

claim is an amount sufficient to restore the injured party to “the same place as he

would have been if the contract had been performed.” Paul v. Deloitte & Touche,

LLP, 974 A.2d 140, 146 (Del. 2009). The proponent must prove its damages by a

preponderance of the evidence, and, while absolute precision is not required, mere

speculation is not sufficient. Ivize of Milwaukee, LLC, 2009 WL 1111179, at *10.

Delaware law requires that damages be based on the reasonable expectations of the

parties ex ante. Id. Thus, here, the question presented is what LP could have

reasonably expected to receive pursuant to the terms of the Agreement at the time it

was entered. See id.

      Furlin, in his affidavit, testified:

      Beginning in September 2011, [the Company] allocated tax
      distributions to [LP] pursuant to § 6.01(d) of the [Agreement] on the
      following dates and amounts: September 15, 2011, $313,327; January
      12, 2012, $405,841; April 12, 2012, $783,241; June 14, 2012,
      $781,581; September 13, 2012, $561,078; and January 11, 2013,
      $137,553.

The Company, in its motion for reconsideration, asserted that because, “[s]ubsequent

to the September 2011 distribution,” the Company made the tax distributions to LP

that Furlin described,

      by no later than June 14, 2012, an amount equal to the strike price of
      $1,964,492 had been distributed to [LP] in the form of tax distributions.
      Thus, the only possible injury to [LP] is the loss of interest on the too-
      early-withheld strike price in September 2011, which the Company
      estimates to be less than $50,000.
                                             27
(Emphasis added.)

      The Company seems to argue that because, subsequent to its deduction of

$1,964,492.30 from the 2011 Distribution to LP at issue in this appeal, it made tax

distributions to LP that eventually, by June 2012, totaled more than that amount, LP

is not damaged beyond a loss of interest that may have accrued between the date of

the 2011 Distribution and June 2012.

      LP’s reasonable expectation at the time that the Agreement was entered into

was that the Company would make distributions in accordance with the applicable

provisions of the Agreement. We held above that LP suffered damages when the

Company deducted $1,964,492.30 as a strike-price deduction from the September

2011 Distribution made to LP. The Company provides no authority to support its

argument that subsequent tax advances, to which LP is otherwise entitled under

section 6.01(d), as discussed above, and which the Company may, pursuant to the

terms of 6.01(d), later recoup, restores LP to the same place it would have been if

the 2011 Distribution had been paid in accordance with the Agreement. See Paul,

974 A.2d at 146.

      Further, the Company, in its motion for reconsideration, states that its

argument “assumes that it should not have deducted the strike price from any 6.02

distributions, but should have deducted the strike price from subsequent tax



                                        28
distributions.” (Emphasis added.) We held above, however, that the Agreement

does not provide for deducting the strike price from section 6.01(d) tax distributions.

      The Company asserts that “[a]warding the entire amount of the Strike Price

withheld constitutes an improper forfeiture.” It asserts that “[a]ssuming that the

Company breached the [Agreement] by deducting from the wrong category of

distribution,” the “only loss incurred by [LP] is the loss of the Strike Price for about

nine months (i.e., from September 2011 to June 2012).” Again, this argument rests

on the Company’s assumption that it made a distribution that entitled it to a strike-

price deduction. As discussed above, it has not. The evidence shows, and the parties

do not dispute, that the Company has never made a section 6.01(a) distribution of

Available Funds to LP.

      We overrule the Company’s third issue.

                                   Attorney’s Fees

      In its fourth, fifth, and sixth issues, the Company argues that the trial court

erred in awarding LP attorney’s fees on the Company’s declaratory counterclaim

because there is no legal basis for awarding such fees, the reasonableness, necessity,

and segregability of the fees was a question of fact for a jury, and the evidence is

insufficient to support the amount of the fees awarded.




                                          29
A.    Availability of Attorney’s Fees

      In its fourth issue, the Company argues that the trial court erred in granting

LP attorney’s fees on the Company’s counterclaim because Delaware law, and not

Texas law, “should apply to whether attorney’s fees are available.”

      In the trial court, the Company brought a counterclaim against LP pursuant to

the Texas version of the UDJA (“Texas DJA”), seeking a declaration of the

Company’s rights under the Agreement and that it had properly withheld the strike

price from its distributions to LP.        See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§§ 37.004(a), 37.009. As part of its claim, the Company requested its attorney’s

fees. See id. § 37.009.

      LP, in its summary-judgment motion and motion for entry of judgment,

moved for attorney’s fees based on the Company’s counterclaim under the Texas

DJA.7 The trial court denied the Company’s declaratory counterclaim and, in its

final judgment, awarded LP attorney’s fees of $694,136.12 through trial, $50,000 if

the Company appealed and that appeal were unsuccessful, $20,000 if the Company

filed a petition for review and review was not granted, and $30,000 if the Texas




7
      LP also moved for attorney’s fees under Delaware law, based on its allegation
      against the Company of having engaged in bad-faith litigation conduct. Although
      the trial court, in its judgment, did not state the basis of its award of attorney’s fees
      to LP, there are no findings in the record on LP’s claim of bad-faith conduct and
      nothing in the record suggests that the trial court considered this claim.
                                             30
Supreme Court requested briefing on the merits and LP ultimately prevailed in that

Court.

         Under the invited error doctrine, a party cannot complain on appeal of an error

that it induced. In re Dep’t of Family and Protective Servs., 273 S.W.3d 637, 646

(Tex. 2009); Tittizer v. Union Gas Corp., 171 S.W.3d 857, 861 (Tex. 2005) (holding

that litigants are precluded from requesting that trial court rule on issue and then

complaining on appeal that trial court erred by making ruling); Sentinel Integrity

Solutions, Inc. v. Mistras Grp., Inc., 414 S.W.3d 911, 919–20 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2013, pet. denied) (party cannot complain on appeal about action by trial

court that party requested); see also Gresham v. Harcourt, 93 Tex. 149, 53 S.W.

1019, 1021 (1899) (“The principle is that if, during the progress of a cause, any party

thereto request or move the court to make an erroneous ruling, and the court rule in

accordance with such request or motion, he cannot take advantage of the error upon

appeal.” (internal quotations omitted)). Nor may a party ask something of a trial

court and then complain that the court erred in granting the relief sought. Bluestar

Energy, Inc. v. Murphy, 205 S.W.3d 96, 101 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2006, pet.

denied). Similarly, a party may not argue a theory on appeal that is different from

the one it presented to the trial court. Austin Transp. Study Policy Advisory Comm.

v. Sierra Club, 843 S.W.2d 683, 689–90 (Tex. App.—Austin 1992, writ denied); see

Furnace v. Furnace, 783 S.W.2d 682, 684 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1989,


                                            31
writ dism’d w.o.j.) (holding that party who argued at trial that trust agreement was

ambiguous and should go to jury for interpretation could not on appeal assert that

trust agreement was unambiguous and should be interpreted as matter of law).

“Simply put, a party may not lead a trial court into error and then complain about it

on appeal.” Keith v. Keith, 221 S.W.3d 156, 163 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2006, no pet.).

      Here, the record shows that the Company, in its counterclaim and motion for

summary judgment, presented to the trial court a claim under the Texas DJA,

pursuant to which it sought relief and requested attorney’s fees and on which it

requested a ruling. As requested, the trial court ruled on the motion. We hold that

the Company invited the error, if any, in the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees

under the Texas DJA. See Dep’t of Family and Protective Servs., 273 S.W.3d at

646; Tittizer, 171 S.W.3d at 862. Further, the Company asserts a theory on appeal

that is inconsistent with the one it presented to the trial court on the same issue,

namely, as to the availability of relief under the Texas DJA. See Sierra Club, 843

S.W.2d at 689–90. Thus, the Company is estopped from asserting its argument that

Delaware law, and not the Texas DJA, governs the attorney’s fees issue. Cf. El Paso

Elec. Co. v. Tex. Dep’t of Ins., 937 S.W.2d 432, 440 (Tex. 1996).

      Next, the Company asserts that, “[e]ven if this Court concludes that Texas law

applies to determine the availability of fees, [LP] is still not entitled to fees” because


                                           32
“[n]o Texas statute provide[s] for attorney’s fee[s] in this case.” The Company

asserts that the Texas DJA (hereafter, “DJA”) does not authorize the trial court’s

award of attorney’s fees to LP on the Company’s counterclaim because the Company

“merely tacked on” its counterclaim for declaratory relief to LP’s breach-of-contract

claim. The Company asserts that Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code chapter

38, which governs attorney’s fees in breach-of-contract actions, does not authorize

the recovery of attorney’s fees in a breach-of-contract action against an LLC. See

Alta Mesa Holdings, L.P. v. Ives, 488 S.W.3d 438, 455 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2016, pet. denied). Thus, “[w]hen a claim for declaratory relief is merely

tacked onto a standard suit based on a matured breach of contract,” allowing fees

under the DJA is disallowed because it would frustrate the limits that Chapter 38

imposes on such fee recoveries. MBM Fin. Corp. v. Woodlands Operating Co., 292

S.W.3d 660, 670 (Tex. 2009).

      In U.S. Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Coastal Refining [and] Marketing, Inc.,

the court considered similar argument. There, USF&G argued that, because Coastal

was not entitled to recover attorney’s fees under Chapter 38 on its breach-of-contract

claim, Coastal could not recover fees under Chapter 37, the DJA, because “a party

cannot use the [DJA] as a vehicle to obtain otherwise impermissible attorney’s fees.”

369 S.W.3d 559, 571 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.). The court

noted that “[i]t is true that ‘when a claim for declaratory relief is merely tacked onto


                                          33
a standard suit based on a matured breach of contract, allowing fees under Chapter

37 would frustrate the limits Chapter 38 imposes on such fee recoveries.’” Id.

(quoting MBM Fin. Corp., 292 S.W.3d at 670). Thus, a party cannot convert a claim

for which attorney’s fees are not recoverable into a claim for which a fee award is

available simply by restyling the claim as a request for declaratory judgment. Id. In

U.S. Fidelity, however, the court emphasized that “it was USF&G who filed this suit

for declaratory judgment, and attorney’s fees can be recovered by a party in a

declaratory-judgment action even if that party asserts no other claim.” Id. The court

concluded that because Coastal was eligible for an attorney’s-fee award in

connection with USF&G’s suit for declaratory judgment, whether Coastal would

have been entitled to the same award in connection with its own breach-of-contract

claim was of no moment. Id. at 571–72.

      Here, because LP was eligible for an attorney’s-fee award in connection with

the Company’s suit for declaratory judgment, that LP was not otherwise entitled to

the same award in connection with its own breach-of-contract claim is likewise of

no moment. See id. We hold that an award of attorney’s fees to LP on the

Company’s counterclaim was authorized under the DJA. See MBM Fin. Corp., 292

S.W.3d at 669 (holding that DJA “allows fee awards to either party in all cases”).

      We overrule the Company’s fourth issue.




                                         34
B.    Jury Trial on Reasonableness, Necessity, and Segregability

       In its fifth issue, the Company argues that, even if attorney’s fees were

recoverable, the trial court erred in denying the Company a jury trial on the

reasonableness, necessity, and segregability of those fees. It asserts that the trial

court did not resolve these issues by summary judgment or submit them to a jury.

      We review a trial court’s attorney’s fees award under the DJA for an abuse of

discretion. Hot–Hed, Inc. v. Safehouse Habitats (Scot.), Ltd., 333 S.W.3d 719, 733

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. denied).          A trial court abuses its

discretion if it reaches a decision so arbitrary and unreasonable as to constitute a

clear and prejudicial error of law. Id.

      The DJA “entrusts attorney fee awards to the trial court’s sound discretion,

subject to the requirements that any fees awarded be reasonable and necessary,

which are matters of fact, and to the additional requirements that fees be equitable

and just, which are matters of law.” Bocquet v. Herring, 972 S.W.2d 19, 21 (Tex.

1998); Indian Beach Prop. Owners’ Ass’n v. Linden, 222 S.W.3d 682, 706 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.); see also TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

ANN. § 37.009 (West 2017) (“In any proceeding under this chapter, the court may

award costs and reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees as are equitable and just.”).

Because the grant or denial of attorney’s fees is within the sound discretion of the

trial court, its judgment will not be disturbed on appeal in the absence of a clear


                                          35
showing that it abused its discretion. Oake v. Collin Cty., 692 S.W.2d 454, 455 (Tex.

1985); Indian Beach Prop., 222 S.W.3d at 706. A trial court does not abuse its

discretion if some evidence reasonably supports its decision. Butnaru v. Ford Motor

Co., 84 S.W.3d 198, 211 (Tex. 2002); Indian Beach Prop., 222 S.W.3d at 706. A

trial court abuses its discretion when it acts arbitrarily or unreasonably and without

reference to any guiding rules or principles. Bocquet, 972 S.W.2d at 21; Indian

Beach, 222 S.W.3d at 706. “Unreasonable fees cannot be awarded [under the DJA],

even if the [trial] court believed them just, but the court may conclude that it is not

equitable or just to award even reasonable and necessary fees.” Bocquet, 972 S.W.2d

at 21. A party need not prevail to be awarded attorney’s fees under the DJA. City

of Pasadena v. Gennedy, 125 S.W.3d 687, 701 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2003, pet. denied). The DJA “allows fee awards to either party in all cases.” MBM

Fin. Corp., 292 S.W.3d at 669.

      Here, because the trial court did not state the basis for its grant of attorney’s

fees, we may uphold its ruling on any basis supported by the evidence. Beard v.

Endeavor Nat. Gas, L.P., No. 01-08-00180-CV, 2008 WL 5392026, at *8 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 19, 2008, pet. denied) (mem. op.).

      Reasonableness and Necessity

      Generally, in cases in which a jury is the factfinder, the reasonableness of

attorney’s fees is a question of fact for the jury’s determination, and matters of equity


                                           36
are addressed to the trial court’s discretion. Bocquet, 972 S.W.2d at 21. For

summary-judgment purposes, however, when a movant includes a prayer for

attorney’s fees in its summary-judgment motion, an attached affidavit may be

considered as proof of the attorney’s fees incurred. Petrello v. Prucka, 415 S.W.3d

420, 431 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.). Generally, summary

judgment is proper if the affidavit filed by the movant’s attorney “sets forth his

qualifications, his opinion regarding reasonable attorney’s fees, and the basis for his

opinion.” Basin Credit Consultants, Inc. v. Obregon, 2 S.W.3d 372, 373 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 1999, pet. denied).

      To create a fact issue, the nonmovant must, no later than thirty days after it

“receives a copy of the affidavit,” file a counter-affidavit contesting the

reasonableness of the attorney’s fees claim of the movant. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. &

REM. CODE ANN. § 18.001(b), (e) (West 2017). Unless a controverting affidavit is

timely served, “an affidavit that the amount a person charged for a service was

reasonable at the time and place that the service was provided and that the service

was necessary is sufficient evidence to support a finding of fact by judge or jury that

the amount charged was reasonable or that the service was necessary.” Id.

§ 18.001(b); see Petrello, 415 S.W.3d at 431 (holding that, unless controverting

affidavit filed, attorney’s fees stated in affidavit presumed reasonable and

necessary).


                                          37
      Here, the record shows that, on March 30, 2016, the trial court granted LP’s

summary-judgment motion on its breach-of-contract claim, which included a request

for attorney’s fees, and denied the Company’s summary-judgment motion on its

declaratory claim.    Subsequently, in its “Motion for Entry of Judgment,” as

amended, LP requested attorney’s fees under the DJA based on its having defeated

the Company’s declaratory-judgment action.            LP asserted that it incurred

$584,954.86 in attorney’s fees during trial.

      In support of its request for attorney’s fees, LP presented the invoices of its

attorneys, detailing the work performed. LP also presented the affidavit of its

attorney, M. Carter Crow, a partner in the law firm of Norton Rose Fulbright (US)

LLP, who set forth his experience and testified in extensive detail regarding the facts

supporting the reasonableness and necessity of the attorney’s fees billed by his firm

and incurred by LP. See Arthur Andersen & Co. v. Perry Equip. Corp., 945 S.W.2d

812, 818 (Tex. 1997). Crow further opined that LP would incur an additional

$50,000 in attorney’s fees in the event of an appeal to the court of appeals, $20,000

in the event of an unsuccessful petition for review by the Company to the Texas

Supreme Court, and $30,000 if briefing on the merits is requested and the Company

does not ultimately prevail.

      The Company did not file a controverting affidavit, challenging LP’s asserted

attorney’s fees as unreasonable or unnecessary. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE


                                          38
ANN. § 18.001(b); Petrello, 415 S.W.3d at 431 (holding that, unless controverting

affidavit filed, attorney’s fees stated in affidavit presumed reasonable and

necessary); see also Merch. Ctr., Inc. v. WNS, Inc., 85 S.W.3d 389, 397 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2002, no pet.) (although reasonableness of attorney’s fees under DJA

normally presents fact question, clear, direct, and uncontroverted evidence of fees

taken as true as matter of law where such evidence not rebutted). When, as here, no

controverting affidavit is filed, mere criticism of the amount of attorney’s fees

sought does not create a fact issue, and the trial court may grant summary judgment

on the amount of attorney’s fees. See Petrello, 415 S.W.3d at 431–32; see also

Hunsucker v. Fustok, 238 S.W.3d 421, 432 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007,

no pet.) (holding trial court abused its discretion in not awarding attorney’s fees on

uncontroverted affidavit).

      The Company argues that because LP did not address the amount of attorney’s

fees in its summary-judgment motion or actually attach its affidavit to its summary-

judgment motion, Petrello does not apply and a jury trial is required. 415 S.W.3d at

431. In Petrello, however, as here, the movants included a prayer for attorney’s fees

in their summary-judgment motion, which the trial court granted. See id. The

movants then filed a “post-judgment motion” for attorney’s fees under the DJA, to

which they attached affidavits supporting an award. See id. at 426, 430–31.




                                         39
      Segregation of Fees

      The Company next asserts that the trial court erred in awarding attorney’s fees

that were not segregated.

      Because “Texas law [does] not allow[ ] for recovery of attorney’s fees unless

authorized by statute or contract,” attorney’s fees claimants “have always been

required to segregate fees between claims for which they are recoverable and claims

for which they are not.” Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 310–

11 (Tex. 2006). The need to segregate attorney’s fees is a question of law, and the

extent to which certain claims can or cannot be segregated is a mixed question of

law and fact. Id. at 312–13; CA Partners v. Spears, 274 S.W.3d 51, 81 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. denied). The party seeking to recover attorney’s fees

carries the burden of demonstrating that fee segregation is not required. See Hong

Kong Dev., Inc. v. Nguyen, 229 S.W.3d 415, 455 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2007, no pet.).

      “[I]f any attorney’s fees relate solely to a claim for which such fees are

unrecoverable, a claimant must segregate recoverable from unrecoverable fees.”

Chapa, 212 S.W.3d at 313. “[I]t is only when discrete legal services advance both

a recoverable and unrecoverable claim that they are so intertwined that they need not

be segregated.” Id. at 313–14. For example, the court in Chapa, noted that where

segregation is required, attorneys are not required to “keep separate time records


                                         40
when they draft[ ] the fraud, contract, or DTPA paragraphs of [a] petition.” Id. at

314. Rather, an opinion will suffice if it states, for example, that “95 percent of their

drafting time would have been necessary even if there had been no fraud claim.” Id.;

7979 Airport Garage, L.L.C. v. Dollar Rent-a-Car Sys., Inc., 245 S.W.3d 488, 506

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. denied).

      Here, Crow, in his affidavit, states that the “fees amounts only include time

spent preparing for [the] Strike Price Claim.” Crow states that he “fully redacted

from the attorneys’ fees invoices listed [in the attached exhibits] the time spent solely

to advance” LP’s claims for fiduciary duty, good faith and fair dealing, and unjust

enrichment, as well as LP’s severed “Double-Deduction Claim.” Crow testifies that

he has “not included or relied on those numbers in [his] calculations.” Further, the

“remaining hours were reasonably and necessarily intertwined with” the strike price

claim. See Chapa, 212 S.W.3d at 313–14.

      We conclude that LP, notwithstanding whether it was so required, did

segregate its attorney’s fees. See Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 310–11; see, e.g., Petro-

Hunt, L.L.C. v. Wapiti Energy, L.L.C., No. 01-10-01030-CV, 2012 WL 761144, at

*11 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 8, 2012, pet. denied) (mem. op.).

C.    Sufficiency of the Evidence Supporting Amount of Fees

      The Company next asserts that “[e]ven if this Court concludes that fees are

legally recoverable and properly determined by the trial court, the award must be


                                           41
vacated because the trial court arbitrarily awarded an amount that was not supported

by evidence and exceeded the fees” that LP requested.

      In its original motion for entry of judgment, LP requested attorney’s fees in

the amount of $694,136.12 through trial. In its response to the motion, the Company

asserted that certain time entries constituted “non-litigation matters” that should not

have been included. Prior to the trial court’s entry of judgment, LP filed an amended

attorney’s fees affidavit, discussed above, modifying the amount of its requested

attorney’s fees to $584,954.86. The judgment awards the higher amount. The

Company asserts that the trial court’s judgment “must be vacated with respect to the

excess amount of attorney’s fees.” LP, in its brief, agrees that the trial court’s award

of attorney’s fees should be modified to comport with the evidence, i.e., its amended

affidavit supporting an attorney’s fees award in the amount of $584,954.86.

      Accordingly, we sustain the Company’s sixth issue and modify the trial

court’s judgment to award LP attorney’s fees in the amount of $584,954.86.

                                    Cross–Appeal

      In its brief, LP raises four conditional issues regarding its breach-of-contract

claim against AFWest and its tort claims against the Company, AFWest, and

Goradia. It asks that this Court reach these issues only if, aside from the requested

reduction of attorney’s fees, the Court otherwise modifies or reverses the trial court’s




                                          42
judgment. Because we have otherwise overruled the Company’s issues, we do not

reach LP’s cross-appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.

                                   Conclusion

      We modify the trial court’s judgment in accordance with LP’s request that its

attorney’s fees award be reduced to $584,954.86 and, as modified, affirm the

judgment of the trial court.




                                             Sherry Radack
                                             Chief Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Jennings and Lloyd.




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