MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),                                      FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
                                                                       Jul 11 2019, 7:51 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing                                CLERK
                                                                        Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral                                    Court of Appeals
                                                                             and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.


ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                  ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Elizabeth A. Deckard                                    Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Bloom Gates Shipman &                                   Attorney General of Indiana
Whiteleather LLP
                                                        Samantha M. Sumcad
Columbia City, Indiana                                  Deputy Attorney General
                                                        Indianapolis, Indiana



                                          IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Bruce A. Wilson,                                        July 11, 2019
Appellant-Defendant,                                    Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                        18A-CR-3092
        v.                                              Appeal from the Whitley Circuit
                                                        Court
State of Indiana,                                       The Honorable James R. Heuer,
Appellee-Plaintiff.                                     Senior Judge
                                                        Trial Court Cause No.
                                                        92C01-1801-F4-5



Robb, Judge.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019                   Page 1 of 13
                               Case Summary and Issues
[1]   Following a jury trial, Bruce Wilson was convicted of burglary, a Level 4

      felony, and theft, a Level 6 felony, and found to be an habitual offender. The

      trial court sentenced Wilson to twelve years in the Indiana Department of

      Correction (“DOC”) enhanced by ten years based on Wilson’s habitual

      offender status, for a total sentence of twenty-two years. Wilson appeals and

      presents two issues for our review which we restate as: (1) whether the trial

      court abused its discretion in admitting testimony of Wilson’s familial

      relationship with Tina Schmidt as an exception to hearsay under Indiana Rule

      of Evidence 803(19); and (2) whether the trial court abused its discretion in

      sentencing Wilson. Concluding the trial court abused its discretion in admitting

      inadmissible hearsay but that such error was harmless, and the trial court did

      not abuse its discretion in sentencing Wilson, we affirm.



                            Facts and Procedural History
[2]   On December 23 or 24, 2016, Ronald Wesenberg and Linda Ort left their home

      in Whitley County, Indiana, to visit family in Pennsylvania. While traveling,

      they stopped at Tina Schmidt’s house in Ohio. Tina is the girlfriend of Ort’s

      son. The couple dropped off Christmas presents for Ort’s son and Tina and

      also for Tina’s grandson, visited for a half-hour, and then continued on their

      trip. On their way back to Indiana, Wesenberg and Ort stopped at Tina’s house

      again to drop off boots for Tina’s grandson, and then headed home.



      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019   Page 2 of 13
[3]   When the couple returned to their home on December 28, they found that it

      had been “ransacked.” Transcript of Proceedings, Volume II at 51. “[A]ll of

      [their] files had been gone through, they were picked up and dumped down on

      the floor. Jewelry boxes open, dumped on the floor. The drawers in the living

      room, books that were on the bookshelf had been pulled off and they were on

      the floor. Papers [were] all over the place.” Id. at 21. Wesenberg and Ort

      contacted the Whitley County Sheriff’s Office and two deputies responded.

      Detective Andrew Mills and Sergeant John Petro, both with the Indiana State

      Police (“ISP”), arrived shortly thereafter and began investigating. Many items

      were missing from the home, including tools, a generator, a power washer, four

      handguns, jewelry, televisions, a speaker bar, several vacuum cleaners, and an

      antique money collection. Wesenberg went into the garage and immediately

      noticed that his brand new 2016 Chevrolet Cruz appeared to be dirty and had

      large scratch marks on the hood, and the gas tank was empty even though

      Wesenberg always kept the tank full. A key-fob for the vehicle was located in a

      toolbox in the garage; Wesenberg told Sergeant Petro he did not leave the fob in

      that location.


[4]   Later, while cleaning the upstairs computer room, Wesenberg discovered a

      handkerchief1 on the floor that did not belong to him or Ort. Wesenberg placed

      the handkerchief in a clear plastic bag. He also discovered a broken tip of a

      knife in a door casing, pulled it out with a pair of pliers, and placed it in a



      1
          Handkerchief and “bandana” are used interchangeably in the record.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019   Page 3 of 13
      plastic bag. Wesenberg provided the items to Detective Mills and then Sergeant

      Petro submitted the items to the lab. Testing of the handkerchief and a swab of

      the gear shift lever from the Chevrolet Cruz revealed a DNA profile matching

      Wilson.2


[5]   On January 9, 2018, the State charged Wilson with Count I, burglary, a Level 4

      felony, and Count II, theft, a Level 6 felony. The State also filed a Notice of

      Intent to Seek Habitual Offender Status due to Wilson’s previous convictions

      for theft and felony burglary.


[6]   During the jury trial, the State asked Ort whether she knew Wilson and she

      responded that she did not. The State then asked if she was able “to discover

      anything about [Wilson]?” Tr., Vol. II at 46. Defense counsel objected based

      on hearsay, but the trial court overruled the objection because Indiana Rule of

      Evidence 803(19) declares a statement of familial relationship to be an

      exception to hearsay. Over the defense’s continuing objection, Ort stated that

      she learned from her son, who was Tina’s boyfriend, and from Tina’s daughter

      that Wilson is Tina’s nephew. Jessica Gresko, an acquaintance of Wilson’s,

      testified that on January 5, 2017, Wilson came to her house and offered to sell

      her old bills, coins, and certificates. Similarly, Eric McHale, a friend of

      Wilson’s, testified that in late 2016 or early 2017 Wilson had offered to sell him

      guns that matched the description of the guns stolen from Ort and Wesenberg.




      2
       Two other DNA profiles were found on the gear shift lever, but the forensic biologist from the ISP was
      unable to conclude whose they were.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019                   Page 4 of 13
      Wilson told McHale that he got the guns “at a robbery” of a family member in

      Fort Wayne. Id. at 134.


[7]   The jury found Wilson guilty as charged and in the second phase of the trial,

      found him to be an habitual offender. At the sentencing hearing, the trial court

      found no mitigating circumstances and identified the following aggravating

      circumstances: (1) Wilson’s juvenile history; (2) his prior adult criminal history;

      (3) his “significant history” of violating probation; (4) significant victim impact;

      and (5) the victims’ ages. Appealed Order at 1. The trial court sentenced

      Wilson to twelve years for his burglary conviction and a concurrent term of two

      and one-half years for his theft conviction. Wilson’s sentence was enhanced by

      ten years based on the habitual offender finding for a total of twenty-two years

      in the DOC. Wilson was also ordered to pay $34,337.43 in restitution. Wilson

      now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as needed.



                                Discussion and Decision
                                  I. Admission of Evidence
                                      A. Standard of Review
[8]   Our standard of review in this area is well settled. Generally, the admission of

      evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court, which we afford great

      deference on appeal. Hall v. State, 36 N.E.3d 459, 466 (Ind. 2015). Thus,

      “[b]ecause the trial court is best able to weigh the evidence and assess witness

      credibility,” id., the decision to admit evidence will not be reversed absent a


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019   Page 5 of 13
       showing of manifest abuse of the trial court’s discretion resulting in the denial

       of a fair trial, Simmons v. State, 760 N.E.2d 1154, 1158 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). An

       abuse of discretion occurs when a trial court’s decision is clearly against the

       logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it. Iqbal v. State, 805

       N.E.2d 401, 406 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004).


                                                B. Hearsay
[9]    Wilson argues that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting evidence of

       his familial relationship to Tina Schmidt because it is inadmissible hearsay.


[10]   “Hearsay” is defined as an out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of

       the matter asserted. Ind. Evidence Rule 801(c). Hearsay is inadmissible unless

       it meets one of the exceptions to the hearsay rule. Evid. R. 802. One such

       exception is a statement regarding


               [a] reputation among a person’s family by blood, adoption, or
               marriage – or among a person’s associates or in the community –
               concerning the person’s birth, adoption, legitimacy, ancestry,
               marriage, divorce, death, relationship by blood, adoption, or
               marriage, or similar facts of personal or family history.


       Evid. R. 803(19).


[11]   At trial, when Ort was asked about Wilson’s relationship to Tina, defense

       counsel objected, and the trial court overruled the objection based on Rule

       803(19). Ort then testified that she did not know Wilson, but knew he was

       Tina’s nephew, a fact she learned from her son and from Tina’s daughter.

       Here, Wilson argues that, pursuant to Rule 803(19), the State failed to
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019   Page 6 of 13
       demonstrate that Ort was part of or had sufficient contact with Wilson or Tina’s

       community, and she learned of Tina and Wilson’s familial relationship from

       only two individuals which is not sufficient to demonstrate the beliefs of a

       “community.” The State, on the other hand, asserts that Ort is a member of

       Wilson’s community because her son dated Tina – Wilson’s aunt – and that

       Ort’s visits to Tina’s house while on vacation demonstrate that she was a “close

       member of [Tina’s] community[.]” Brief of Appellee at 9.


[12]   Initially, we acknowledge there is limited case law interpreting Indiana’s Rule

       803(19) exception to the hearsay rule. As our supreme court has explained,

       however, although a federal court’s interpretation of the Federal Rules of

       Evidence is not binding upon our courts, “due to the similarity between the

       Indiana Rules of Evidence and the Federal Rules of Evidence, federal case law

       interpreting the Federal Rules of Evidence may be of some utility.” Griffith v.

       State, 31 N.E.3d 965, 969 (Ind. 2015) (internal quotation omitted). In

       interpreting Federal Rule of Evidence 803(19), which is virtually identical to

       Indiana’s rule, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia

       explained:


               Reputations “regarding relationships and other personal and
               family matters within a well-defined community are considered
               to have the circumstantial guarantee of trustworthiness that
               justifies a hearsay exception.” Blackburn v. United Parcel Serv., 179
               F.3d 81, 98 (3d Cir. 1999). A well-grounded belief that two
               people are married is one such relationship, id., though it [is] less
               clear whether Rule 803(19) applies to statements about a
               “friendship” or “girlfriend” relationship. But even assuming . . .
               statements about these relationships fall within 803(19), a
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019   Page 7 of 13
               foundation must be established for their admissibility.
               Specifically, the statement must be sufficiently trustworthy.


               ***


               A proponent of reputation testimony must establish that it “arises
               from sufficient inquiry and discussion among persons with
               personal knowledge of the matter to constitute a trustworthy
               ‘reputation.’” Blackburn, 179 F.3d at 100. If the person heard of
               the relationship “from some unknown source,” it would be
               inadmissible, as “what is required is the laying of a foundation of
               knowledge grounded in inquiry, discussion, interactions, or
               familiarity ‘among a person’s associates, or in the community.’”
               Id. (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 803(19)).


       United States v. Brodie, 326 F.Supp.2d 83, 97-98 (D.D.C. 2004).


[13]   The Blackburn court reviewed several cases and discerned the following

       principle about what is required to lay an adequate foundation under the rule:


               A witness who wishes to testify about someone’s reputation
               within a community must demonstrate that he or she knows of
               the person and is truly familiar with the “community” in which
               the reputation has been formed, and the basis of the reputation is
               one that is likely to be reliable. Where the alleged reputation is
               based on nothing more than rumors of unknown origins, or a
               single instance of “someone told me so,” a proper foundation has
               not been laid for admitting such evidence under Rule 803(19).


       Blackburn, 179 F.3d at 101 (footnote omitted). In the instant case, we conclude

       the State failed to lay an adequate foundation to establish that Ort knew of

       Wilson and was “truly familiar with the ‘community’ in which the reputation


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019   Page 8 of 13
       has been formed[.]” Id. At trial, Ort testified that Tina is her son’s girlfriend.

       She further testified that she visited Tina in Ohio twice while on vacation to

       drop off Christmas presents and briefly visit with Tina and Tina’s grandson.

       Ort next testified that she visited Tina “on the way back” from Pennsylvania,

       because while Ort was in Pennsylvania, she “went to a little mall and I saw

       some boots for [Tina’s grandson] and he didn’t have boots, so I bought him a

       pair. So[,] we brought them and dropped them off.” Tr., Vol. II at 42. She

       further testified that Tina was Wilson’s aunt – information she learned from her

       son, who was Tina’s boyfriend, and from Tina’s daughter. The record linking

       Ort to Wilson’s community is thin and thus, fails to establish that her

       knowledge of Wilson’s familial relationship arose “from sufficient inquiry and

       discussion among persons with personal knowledge of the matter to constitute a

       trustworthy ‘reputation.’” Brodie, 326 F.Supp.2d at 98. Because an adequate

       foundation was not established, Ort’s testimony that she learned of Wilson’s

       familial relationship from her son and Tina’s daughter constitutes inadmissible

       hearsay.


[14]   Having concluded the trial court erred in admitting inadmissible hearsay, we

       address whether such error was harmless. We disregard error in the admission

       of evidence unless it affects the substantial rights of a party. Simmons, 760

       N.E.2d at 1160. “An error will be found harmless if its probable impact on the

       jury, in light of all the evidence in the case, is sufficiently minor that it did not

       affect the substantial rights of the party.” Id. Wilson argues that the erroneous

       admission of the hearsay statements impaired his substantial rights because the


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019   Page 9 of 13
       State “used the connection between Mr. Wilson and Tina Schmidt to argue Mr.

       Wilson’s knowledge that Mr. Wesenberg and Ms. Ort’s house would be

       unoccupied which provided him the opportunity to burglarize it[.]” Brief of

       Appellant at 12. Even though the trial court abused its discretion in admitting

       Ort’s testimony, any error was harmless under the totality of the evidence

       presented at trial, especially evidence that Wilson’s DNA was discovered on the

       handkerchief and in Wesenberg’s vehicle. Simmons, 760 N.E.2d at 1160

       (admission of hearsay testimony was harmless because “at most, [it had] a

       slight impact on the jury’s verdict” given the incriminating DNA evidence,

       testimony, and physical evidence presented at the defendant’s murder trial).

       Accordingly, Wilson has not demonstrated the trial court’s error constituted

       reversible error.


                                      II. Wilson’s Sentence
[15]   Wilson argues that his sentence “is inappropriate because there was insufficient

       evidence to support the Court’s determination as an aggravating circumstance

       that [he] had a significant history of violating probation.” Br. of Appellant at

       13. Although Wilson cites to Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B), which authorizes

       this court to revise a defendant’s sentence if we find it inappropriate in light of

       the nature of the offense and the character of the offender, and he contends that

       his aggregate sentence is inappropriate in light of that standard, any potential

       7(B) argument stops there. Wilson fails to develop a cogent argument that his

       twenty-two-year sentence is inappropriate under the standard. Instead, the crux

       of Wilson’s argument is that the trial court’s finding that he had a “significant

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019   Page 10 of 13
       history of violating probation” is unsupported by the record and thus, the trial

       court abused its discretion in identifying it as an aggravating circumstance. We

       therefore conclude Wilson has waived appellate review of his sentence under

       Rule 7(B) for failure to make a cogent argument and we address only his abuse

       of discretion argument. See Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a) (“The argument

       must contain the contentions of the appellant on the issues presented, supported

       by cogent reasoning . . . [and] must be supported by citations to the authorities,

       statutes, and the Appendix or parts of the Record on Appeal relied on[.]”).


[16]   Sentencing decisions rest within the sound discretion of the trial court.

       Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 490 (Ind. 2007), clarified on reh’g, 875 N.E.2d

       218. Thus, we review only for an abuse of discretion, which occurs if the trial

       court’s decision is “clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and

       circumstances before [it], or the reasonable, probable, and actual deductions to

       be drawn therefrom.” Id. A trial court may abuse its discretion by: (1) failing

       to enter a sentencing statement; (2) entering a sentencing statement that

       explains reasons for imposing the sentence that are unsupported by the record;

       (3) omitting reasons clearly supported by the record and advanced for

       consideration; or (4) finding factors that are improper as a matter of law.

       Kimbrough v. State, 979 N.E.2d 625, 628 (Ind. 2012). The identification or

       omission of reasons provided for imposing a sentence are reviewable on appeal

       for an abuse of discretion, but the weight given to those reasons is not subject to

       appellate review. Weedman v. State, 21 N.E.3d 873, 893 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014),

       trans. denied.


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019   Page 11 of 13
[17]   Here, Wilson argues the trial court abused its discretion by entering a

       sentencing statement that explains reasons for imposing the sentence that are

       unsupported by the record. At the sentencing hearing, the trial court identified

       numerous aggravators, including Wilson’s juvenile history, adult criminal

       history, significant victim impact, the age of the victims, and a significant

       history of probation violations. Specifically, Wilson challenges the trial court’s

       identification of his history of probation violations as an invalid aggravating

       circumstance because“[t]here is no evidence in the record to support a finding

       of a ‘significant’ history’ of violating probation . . . or that he was a poor

       probation risk[.]” Br. of Appellant at 14-15.


[18]   Wilson is correct. Our review of Wilson’s presentence investigation report

       indicates that he violated the terms of his probation in 2008. As a result, his

       probation was partially revoked. It is true that Wilson has at least one

       probation violation, but the finding that Wilson has a significant history of

       probation violations is unsupported by the evidence in the record. It is

       therefore an invalid aggravating circumstance. Nonetheless, “[o]ur supreme

       court has held that a sentence may be upheld where a single aggravating factor

       supports it, so long as we can say with confidence that in the absence of the

       invalid aggravators the trial court would have imposed the same sentence.”

       Phelps v. State, 914 N.E.2d 283, 293 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (citing Bacher v. State,

       722 N.E.2d 799, 803 (Ind. 2000)). Wilson does not challenge the remaining

       four aggravating factors identified by the trial court, which are all valid

       aggravating circumstances supporting his enhanced sentences. See Gibson v.


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019   Page 12 of 13
       State, 702 N.E.2d 707, 710 (Ind. 1998) (“Because a valid unchallenged

       aggravator remains, and because we find that the trial court did not abuse its

       discretion to impose the enhanced sentence based on that aggravator, the

       defendant’s claim fails.”), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 863 (2000). We are confident

       that the trial court would have imposed the same sentence in the absence of this

       one invalid aggravator; therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

       sentencing Wilson.



                                              Conclusion
[19]   For the foregoing reasons, we conclude the trial court abused its discretion in

       admitting inadmissible hearsay but that such error was harmless. We also

       conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing Wilson.

       Accordingly, we affirm the trial court.


[20]   Affirmed.


       Baker, J., and Najam, J., concur.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019   Page 13 of 13
