      Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the P ACIFIC R EPORTER .
      Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
      303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
      corrections@akcourts.us.



               THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

BRIANA A. NORRIS,               )
                                )                       Supreme Court No. S-15439
           Appellant,           )
                                )                       Superior Court No. 4FA-12-02918 CI
     v.                         )
                                )                       OPINION
RICHARD K. NORRIS,              )
                                )                       No. 6993 – March 27, 2015
           Appellee.            )
_______________________________ )

              Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska,
              Fourth Judicial District, Fairbanks, Paul R. Lyle, Judge.

              Appearances: Megan C. Comolli and Jason A. Weiner,
              Gazewood & Weiner, P.C., F airbanks, for Appellant. Amy
              Tallerico, Downes & Tallerico Law Firm, LLC, Fairbanks,
              for Appellee.

              Before: Fabe, Chief Justice, Winfree, Stowers, Maassen, and
              Bolger, Justices.

              STOWERS, Justice.

I.    INTRODUCTION
              A married couple moved from Fairbanks to Mississippi to “start a new life”
and work on their marriage. After living in Mississippi for a few months the husband
filed for divorce, and a Mississippi court entered a temporary child custody order
awarding the couple joint physical custody of their child. A few months later the mother
fled to Alaska with the child and filed for divorce in the Alaska Superior Court. The
superior court dismissed the mother’s action, concluding that Mississippi had exclusive
jurisdiction over the matter under the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and
Enforcement Act (UCCJEA).1 We affirm. Mississippi had jurisdiction when it issued
its temporary child custody order because (1) Alaska did not have home state or recent
home state jurisdiction when the father filed his suit in Mississippi, and (2) the child had
a significant connection to Mississippi and substantial evidence was available there.
II.    FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
       A.     Facts
              Richard Keith Norris2 and Briana Belisle3 met in Fairbanks while Keith was
stationed at Fort Wainwright. Briana had lived in Fairbanks since 2006; Keith was born
and raised in Mississippi. The two became romantically involved and had a child,
Grant,4 who was born in July 2011 in Fairbanks.5 Briana and Keith married immediately
after Grant’s birth, but they quickly began experiencing marital problems. The couple
decided to move to Keith’s hometown in Mississippi to “start a new life” and work on
their marriage.
              The military moved all of the couple’s possessions to Mississippi in
July 2012, including their only vehicle. Keith registered the vehicle upon arrival, and



       1
             U NIF . CHILD CUSTODY JURISDICTION & ENFORCEMENT A CT § 202 (1997).
In Alaska the UCCJEA is codified at AS 25.30.300-910.
       2
             We refer to Richard as Keith throughout this opinion because that is his
apparent preference.
       3
              Belisle is Briana’s maiden name.
       4
              Pseudonyms have been used to protect the children’s privacy.
       5
              Briana has another child, Miles, from a previous relationship. Custody of
Miles is not at issue in this case.

                                            -2-                                       6993

both parties filled out and submitted change-of-address forms. Briana testified that she
only “left a few things” in Fairbanks, including her sneakers and a sewing machine.
Both Briana and Keith opened bank accounts in Mississippi, and Briana applied for and
received Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) assistance. The parties initially lived with
Keith’s parents and discussed buying a house. Keith’s parents even took them to look
at one. But the couple ultimately rented a house for at least a one-year term. Both
parties signed the lease. Briana fully unpacked, painted the boys’ room, and hung art on
the walls. Keith began taking college classes during the day and working at night.
Briana found a job working at a delicatessen, but she eventually quit. Briana and Keith
found a doctor for the boys, and Grant and Miles saw the doctor a handful of times while
in Mississippi.
              In early September 2012 Keith moved out of the home and the parties
began informally sharing custody of Grant. Briana testified that in September she told
Keith that she and the boys were returning to Alaska permanently. She testified that
Keith “was not happy about it” and “wanted to get something in writing before we had
left.” Keith testified that he did not agree to a permanent return. In late September
Briana sent him a text message saying that she was taking Grant back to Alaska and was
going to “take Keith for everything he was worth.” After this, Keith spoke with the
police and took custody of Grant to stop Briana from leaving the state with him.
       B.     Proceedings
              Keith filed for divorce in Mississippi on October 2, 2012. The parties met
in court a week later and signed a temporary custody order. Briana alleges that she
signed the order under duress, while Keith’s former attorney testified that Briana initiated
discussion of the temporary order and negotiated its terms with him. The temporary
order gave the parties joint legal and physical custody and barred both parents from



                                            -3-                                       6993

taking Grant more than 100 miles from the county without written consent from the other
parent.
              Two months later Briana violated this order by taking Grant to Alaska
without Keith’s written consent. She filed for divorce in the superior court in Fairbanks
on December 26, 2012.6 Keith moved to dismiss the Alaska action for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction, arguing that Mississippi assumed exclusive jurisdiction over the case
by entering the first child custody order.
              The superior court held two hearings on the motion before concluding in
its oral ruling that Mississippi lacked jurisdiction when it issued its October child custody
order because Alaska still had home state jurisdiction. The superior court reached this
conclusion by including the time Grant lived in Mississippi towards its Alaska home
state calculation. But the court offered to revisit the issue of jurisdiction if either party
filed a motion for reconsideration.
              Keith moved for reconsideration on September 30, 2013. On
December 13, 2013, the superior court issued an order stating that it needed to conduct
a hearing to decide whether the move to Mississippi in July 2012 was temporary,
whether Grant had significant connections to Mississippi, and whether substantial
evidence relating to his care was available there in order to determine which state had
jurisdiction when Keith filed the first divorce action in Mississippi.
              The court held an evidentiary hearing a few days later, on December 17.
Several witnesses testified that both before and after the couple arrived in Mississippi,
Briana always said the move was permanent. Keith’s mother testified that Briana told
her that even if Briana’s relationship with Keith did not work out, Briana was planning
to stay in Mississippi to be close to the boys. One witness testified that Briana wished


       6
              The Mississippi court thereafter awarded sole physical custody to Keith.

                                             -4-                                       6993
to “start . . . somewhere different for her.” Multiple witnesses also testified that the
couple had discussed purchasing a house in Mississippi, and that once they rented a
house they completely moved in. Keith’s mother testified that Briana had sought
information about schools for Miles and was trying to get him registered for Head Start
in Mississippi. And one witness testified that even during the separation, Briana “had
no intentions [of] moving away from Mississippi,” had moved her cousin into the house,
and was looking for a job.
              Other witnesses testified that the move was temporary. A few testified that
Briana was worried that the heat in Mississippi could aggravate a medical condition she
had. One witness testified that “[t]hey were fighting all the time. . . . This was like a
last-ditch try to keep their marriage going.” Briana testified that she intended the move
to be a six-month trial run and that she planned to return to Alaska with the boys if her
relationship with Keith did not work out. But none of the witnesses could point to any
specific plans to return to Alaska at the time of the move; “[a]s far as [one witness] knew,
they were leaving [Alaska] for good,” and another witness explained that “they didn’t
know what was going to happen when they got [to Mississippi].”
              Keith and his mother testified that Grant and Miles saw Keith’s parents at
least every other day. The boys spent holidays with family members, and Keith’s aunts
and uncles on both sides of his family frequently visited their house. One of Keith’s
friends testified that Grant often played with his son. Grant also attended church with
Keith and would “interact with the congregation there during summer school and
daycare.”
              The superior court issued a written decision on January 2, 2014, dismissing
the Alaska case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The court found that the move to
Mississippi was permanent because the parties moved all of their possessions, enrolled
the children in child care, found jobs, entered into a long-term lease, and applied for state

                                            -5-                                        6993

assistance. The superior court also found that Grant had a significant connection to
Mississippi and that substantial evidence was available there. Based on these findings
of fact,7 the superior court concluded that when the Mississippi action was filed, neither
Alaska nor Mississippi was Grant’s home state8 because the parties had permanently
moved to Mississippi but had not yet been in residence there for six months. The court
concluded that under these circumstances Mississippi would have jurisdiction because
Grant had a significant connection to that state and substantial evidence was available
there. The superior court concluded that Mississippi had exclusive jurisdiction under the
UCCJEA as the first court to issue a child custody determination. Briana appeals.



       7
               The superior court framed these issues — permanence of the move,
temporary absence, significant connections, and substantial evidence — as questions of
fact. Neither party directly challenges this conclusion on appeal, so we will review the
issues as though they are factual. We note that there is significant disagreement regarding
the standard of review under the UCCJEA for the permanency of a move, temporary
absence, significant connections, and substantial evidence. In Khawam v. Wolfe, a recent
District of Columbia case, the court noted that it had not “decided whether ‘significant
connection’ and ‘substantial evidence’ determinations under the UCCJEA are legal
rulings to be reviewed de novo or instead should be reviewed deferentially.” 84 A.3d
558, 563 (D.C. 2014). The Khawam court looked to other courts, explaining that
“[c]ourts in other jurisdictions take varying approaches to that question.” Id. It compared
our decision in Steven v. Nicole, 308 P.3d 875, 879 (Alaska 2013), which reviewed
whether substantial evidence existed for abuse of discretion, with In re Marriage of
Sareen, 62 Cal. Rptr. 3d 687, 691, 695 (Cal. App. 2007), which reviewed de novo
whether there was a significant connection, substantial evidence, and whether the move
was temporary. Id. Because no party has briefed the standard of review issue, we do not
decide it here. But we note that our statement in Steven that whether substantial evidence
exists should be reviewed for an abuse of discretion was likely erroneous. See 308 P.3d
at 879. Because the parties did not brief this issue, we leave it to be decided in a future
case.
       8
              See AS 25.30.909(7) (defining home state as the state in which the child has
lived for the six months immediately preceding the action).

                                           -6-                                       6993

III.   STANDARD OF REVIEW
                “Whether a court can exercise jurisdiction under the UCCJEA is a question
of law, which we review de novo.”9 We review any underlying factual determinations
for clear error.10 “A factual finding is clearly erroneous when a review of the record
leaves the court with a definite and firm conviction that the superior court has made a
mistake.”11 “The trial court’s factual findings enjoy particular deference when they are
based primarily on oral testimony, because the trial court, not this court, judges the
credibility of witnesses and weighs conflicting evidence.”12
                We review the superior court’s procedural decisions for abuse of
discretion.13
IV.    DISCUSSION
                Briana argues that (1) Alaska has jurisdiction because Mississippi did not
have jurisdiction under the UCCJEA when it issued its initial custody order and (2) the
superior court abused its discretion during the reconsideration proceedings by holding
an evidentiary hearing and in the timing of its reconsideration.




       9
                Steven, 308 P.3d at 879.
       10
              Limeres v. Limeres, 320 P.3d 291, 295 (Alaska 2014) (reviewing factual
findings for clear error).
       11
             Fardig v. Fardig, 56 P.3d 9, 11 (Alaska 2002) (quoting Siekawich v.
Siekawich, 956 P.2d 447, 449, (Alaska 1998)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
       12
            Limeres, 320 P.3d at 296 (quoting Sheffield v. Sheffield, 265 P.3d 332, 335
(Alaska 2011)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
       13
                Rockstad v. Erikson, 113 P.3d 1215, 1220 (Alaska 2005).

                                            -7-                                     6993

       A.	    The Superior Court Did Not Err When It Concluded That Mississippi
              Had Exclusive Jurisdiction.
              The superior court correctly recognized that whether it had jurisdiction was
linked to whether the parties’ move to Mississippi in July 2012 was permanent.
Generally, a state may make a child custody determination only if another state has not
already done so, or if the other state did not have proper jurisdiction when it issued its
custody order.14 At the time Briana filed her action in Alaska, Keith had already filed an
action in Mississippi and remained in that state; thus, Alaska can only take jurisdiction
if the Mississippi court did not have jurisdiction when the first action was filed.
              There are three relevant ways in which a court can gain jurisdiction.15 First,
a court has jurisdiction if the state in which the court sits “is the home state of the child
on the date of the commencement of the proceeding.”16 Second, a court has jurisdiction
when the court’s “state was the home state of the child within six months before the
commencement of the proceeding and the child is absent from this state but a parent or



       14
               Under the UCCJEA, as adopted in Alaska, once one state court has made
“a child custody determination consistent with AS 25.30.300 or 25.30.320” then that
court “has exclusive, continuing jurisdiction over the determination.” Thus, once a court
in a sister state has made a custody decision, the Alaska court must determine whether
that decision was “consistent with AS 25.30.300 or 25.30.320,” the provisions that gives
a court jurisdiction. If the court in the sister state issuing the decision had jurisdiction,
then Alaska can only exercise emergency jurisdiction, absent a change in circumstances.
See AS 25.30.310 (exclusive jurisdiction); AS 25.30.330 (temporary emergency
jurisdiction); AS 25.30.350 (simultaneous proceedings).
       15
              There are two other jurisdictional bases of AS 25.30.300, but they are not
relevant to this appeal. Those two provisions deal with situations in which the child has
no home state and any state with a significant connection has declined jurisdiction. See
AS 25.30.300(a)(4)-(5).
       16
              AS 25.30.300(a)(1).

                                            -8-	                                       6993

person acting as a parent continues to live in this state.”17 “[H]ome state” is defined as
“the state in which a child lived with a parent or a person acting as a parent for at least
six consecutive months, including any temporary absences of the child or parent or
person acting as a parent, immediately before the commencement of a child custody
proceeding.”18 Thus, a state may retain home state jurisdiction if all the parties are absent
from the state, but only if the absence is a “temporary absence.”19 Finally, a court can
have jurisdiction when no other state has jurisdiction under the first two provisions, so
long as the child and at least one parent have a significant connection to the state and
substantial evidence relevant to the child’s care is located in the state.20
              1.	    Grant did not have a home state when the Mississippi action
                     was filed.
              Briana argues that the superior court erred when it concluded that Alaska
was not Grant’s home state because the move to Mississippi was a “temporary absence.”
Keith replies that when the couple permanently moved to Mississippi in July 2012,
Alaska lost home state jurisdiction. If the absence from Alaska was temporary, then
Alaska was Grant’s home state for the duration of his time in Mississippi; if the move
was permanent, then Alaska lost home state jurisdiction when Grant left the state in
July 2012.21 The superior court found “it more likely true than not true that the parties




       17	
              AS 25.30.300(a)(2).
       18
              AS 25.30.909(7) (emphasis added).
       19
              See id.; AS 25.30.300.
       20
              AS 25.30.300(a)(3)(A)-(B).
       21
              See AS 25.30.300; AS 25.30.909(7).

                                            -9-	                                       6993

intended their move to Mississippi to be permanent when they left Alaska in
July 2012.”22
                Based on the totality of the circumstances, the superior court did not clearly
err when it found that the move from Alaska to Mississippi was permanent. While the
record contains some evidence supporting an intention to move temporarily, the majority
of the evidence points to a permanent move. The parties moved all of their belongings
to Mississippi, re-registered their car, found work, applied for public assistance, enrolled
the children in daycare, found a doctor for the children, and entered into a lease of at
least a year’s duration in Mississippi. Credible witnesses testified that the parties had
discussed buying a house in Mississippi. And most of the witnesses, even the ones who




       22
               As the superior court noted, we have not adopted a definition of “temporary
absences.” The UCCJEA also does not define “temporary absences.” Other jurisdictions
have used varying tests to determine whether an absence is temporary, including:
“(1) looking at the duration of absence, (2) examining whether the parties intended the
absence to be permanent or temporary, and (3) adopting a totality of the circumstances
approach to determine whether the absence was merely a temporary absence.”
Chick v. Chick, 596 S.E.2d 303, 308 (N.C. App. 2004) (citing T.H. v. A.S.,
938 S.W.2d 910 (Mo. App. 1997)); see also In re S.M., 938 S.W.2d 910, 918
(Mo. App. 1997) (examining other approaches). In the past we have looked to all of the
relevant circumstances in order to decide whether an absence was temporary. See
Atkins v. Virgil, 59 P.3d 255, 257-58 (Alaska 2002) (per curiam) (looking to the parties’
intentions, not merely the child’s physical presence in another state). We believe the
totality of the circumstances test “is best suited to adequately deal with the variety of
situations which occur” in child custody proceedings. In re S.M., 938 S.W.2d at 918;
see also Chick, 596 S.E.2d at 308 (“[The totality of the circumstances test] provides
greater flexibility to the court making the determination by allowing for consideration
of additional circumstances that may be presented in the multiplicity of factual settings
in which child custody jurisdictional issues may arise.”).

                                             -10-                                       6993

testified the move was temporary, indicated that the parties were moving to Mississippi
to start over and work on their marriage.23
              Because the move was permanent, Grant had not lived in Alaska for “six
consecutive months . . . immediately before the commencement” of the child custody
proceeding in Mississippi in October 2012.24          Thus, at the time the Mississippi
proceeding was filed, Alaska was not Grant’s home state. But Mississippi was not
Grant’s home state either, because Grant had only lived in Mississippi for three months
at the time the Mississippi proceeding commenced, not the six months required for home
state status.25 The superior court did not err when it concluded that Grant did not have
a home state when the October 2012 Mississippi proceedings were initiated.
              2.	       Mississippi had jurisdiction when Keith filed the first
                        proceeding.
              Neither of the UCCJEA’s first two jurisdictional bases apply to this case.
Under the first — home state jurisdiction — a court that is the home state of the child
may make a custody decision,26 but as explained above, Grant did not have a home state
in October 2012. The second jurisdictional basis — recent home state jurisdiction —



       23
              The court also did not clearly err when it found that Keith did not agree that
Briana would permanently return with the boys to Alaska. Keith spoke to a lawyer
immediately after he discovered she was leaving and kept Grant in his custody. And
Briana’s aunt, Marcy McGraw, only testified that Keith knew Briana had bought plane
tickets to Alaska; she did not testify that he consented to a permanent move. Keith’s
timing in talking with a lawyer and withholding Grant immediately after that
conversation supports the finding that he did not agree that Grant would permanently
return to Alaska.
       24
              AS. 25.30.909(7) (emphasis added).
       25
              See id.
       26
              AS 25.30.300(a)(1).

                                           -11-	                                      6993

confers jurisdiction on a state when that state “was the home state of the child within six
months before the commencement of the proceeding and the child is absent from this
state but a parent or person acting as a parent continues to live in this state.”27 Although
Alaska had been Grant’s home state within the last six months, no “parent or person
acting as a parent continue[d] to live in [Alaska]” when the Mississippi action was filed;
thus, this provision is also inapplicable to ground jurisdiction in Alaska.
              Under the third jurisdictional basis, a state may make an initial child
custody determination when another state does not have jurisdiction under either home
state jurisdiction or recent home state jurisdiction.28 But “the child . . . and at least one
parent [must] . . . have a significant connection with [the] state other than mere physical
presence,” and “substantial evidence [must be] available in [the] state concerning the




       27
              AS 25.30.300(a)(2) (emphasis added).
       28
              AS 25.30.300(a) provides:
              [A] court of this state has jurisdiction to make an initial child
              custody determination only if
              ....
              (3) a court of another state does not have jurisdiction under
              provisions substantially similar to [home state jurisdiction] or
              [recent home state jurisdiction], or a court of the home state
              of the child has declined to exercise jurisdiction on the
              ground that this state is the more appropriate forum . . . , and
              (A) the child and the child’s parents, or the child and at least
              one parent or a person acting as a parent, have a significant
              connection with this state other than mere physical presence;
              and
              (B) substantial evidence is available in this state concerning
              the child’s care, protection, training, and personal
              relationships[.]

                                            -12-                                       6993

child’s care, protection, training, and personal relationships.”29 In Steven v. Nicole we
affirmed the superior court’s finding that substantial evidence was available in Alaska
even though the children had not lived here full-time for eight years.30 The children still
visited Alaska, and we held that evidence relevant to the mother’s lifestyle and home in
Alaska would be relevant to the proceeding.31 And in Mikesell v. Waterman we
intimated that substantial evidence existed in New Mexico although the child no longer
lived there.32 The child still visited New Mexico on vacation, had previously lived there,
and one of the parents still lived there.33
              Here the superior court found that Grant had a significant connection to
Mississippi and that substantial evidence of his care, protection, training, and personal
relationships could be found there.34 Briana argues that these findings are clearly
erroneous.35 But the superior court’s findings are supported by the record. At the time
the Mississippi action was filed, Grant and both his parents lived in Mississippi. Grant


       29
              AS 25.30.300(a)(3)(A)-(B).
       30
              308 P.3d 875, 879-82 (Alaska 2013).
       31
              Id. at 879-80.
       32
              197 P.3d 184, 189 (Alaska 2008).
       33
              Id.
       34
             There is no dispute regarding Keith’s connection to Mississippi: he was
born and raised in Mississippi and continues to be a resident there.
       35
               Briana mainly argues that the superior court erred because Grant’s
connection to Alaska was more significant. But the superior court never found that
Grant’s connections to Mississippi were more significant than his connections to Alaska,
just that his connections to Mississippi were significant. The statute does not ask which
connections are more significant, it asks only if significant connections exist. See
AS 25.30.300(a)(3)(A). Therefore, Briana’s argument is misplaced.

                                              -13-                                   6993

has extended family in Mississippi, whom he saw regularly. He had a primary doctor
and a daycare center that he attended. And he had a friend he played with and other
children and adults he associated with at summer school. The superior court did not
clearly err in finding that Grant had a significant connection to Mississippi and that
substantial evidence would be available there.
              Because Grant had a significant connection to Mississippi and substantial
relevant evidence was located there, Mississippi had jurisdiction when Keith initiated the
October 2012 child custody action. And once a child custody proceeding had “been
previously commenced in a court of another state having jurisdiction substantially in
conformity with this chapter,” Alaska no longer could exercise jurisdiction.36 The
superior court did not err by dismissing the case after it concluded that it did not have
subject matter jurisdiction.
       B.	    The Superior Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion During Its Review
              Of The Motion For Reconsideration.
              Briana argues that the superior court should not have accepted new
evidence on reconsideration and that the motion was deemed denied by operation of
Alaska Civil Rule 77(k)(4) because the court issued its decision more than 30 days after
she filed her response brief. Neither argument has merit.
              Here, the superior court realized it had incorrectly analyzed the issue and
also realized that it needed to conduct an evidentiary hearing to resolve lingering factual
issues. Although reconsideration should not be “used as a means to seek an extension
of time for the presentation of additional evidence on the merits of [a] claim,”37 the
superior court must “be allowed to reconsider and reverse an earlier ruling if convinced

       36
              AS 25.30.350.
      37
            Neil & Co. v. Ass’n of Vill. Council Presidents Reg’l Hous. Auth., 895 P.2d
497, 506 (Alaska 1995).

                                           -14-                                      6993
that the earlier ruling was erroneous.”38 Regarding Briana’s second argument, the parties
were well informed a ruling on the motion would be forthcoming and the 30-day time
period set out in Rule 77(k)(4) was not applicable because the court may address
questions of subject matter jurisdiction at any time.39 The superior court did not abuse
its discretion by holding an evidentiary hearing or ruling on the motion more than
30 days after Briana filed her response brief.
V.     CONCLUSION
              We AFFIRM the superior court in all respects.




       38
            Gold Dust Mines, Inc., v. Little Squaw Gold Mining Co., 299 P.3d 148, 158
(Alaska 2012).
       39
              See Hawkins v. Attatayuk, 322 P.3d 891, 895 (Alaska 2014) (“The issue of
subject matter jurisdiction ‘may be raised at any stage of the litigation and if noticed must
be raised by the court if not raised by one of the parties.’ ” (quoting Hydaburg Co-op.
Ass’n v. Hydaburg Fisheries, 925 P.2d 246, 248 (Alaska 1996))).


                                            -15-                                       6993
