
181 Mich. App. 332 (1989)
448 N.W.2d 849
STAMP
v.
HAGERMAN
Docket No. 106692.
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Decided December 4, 1989.
James, Dark & Brill (by David M. Dark), for defendants.
Before: SHEPHERD, P.J., and HOLBROOK, JR. and McDONALD, JJ.
SHEPHERD, P.J.
Defendants appeal as of right from a January 8, 1988, judgment on a jury verdict of $17,500. Defendants challenge the award of interest and costs contained in the judgment. We reverse in part as to the costs awarded to plaintiffs.
On June 14, 1983, plaintiff Stephanie Stamp sustained injuries as a result of an automobile accident with defendant Ernest Hagerman, Jr. On February 13, 1985, Stephanie Stamp and Timothy Stamp, her husband, filed a negligence claim against Ernest and a co-owner of the automobile, defendant Pat Hagerman, alleging that Stephanie Stamp sustained a serious bodily injury as a result of the accident.
The case was submitted to mediation on two separate occasions. The first mediation evaluation was $35,000, while the second evaluation was $50,000. Plaintiffs accepted both evaluations. Defendants rejected the evaluations.
Subsequently, the parties made two unsuccessful attempts to settle the case. First, in June, 1986, defendants offered to stipulate to a judgment of $20,000, while plaintiffs made a counteroffer of $65,000. Secondly, in July, 1987, plaintiffs offered to stipulate to a judgment of $50,000, while defendants made a counteroffer of $25,000.
In September, 1987, a jury returned a verdict of $17,500. The trial court allowed interest on the verdict commencing from the date the complaint was filed and continuing until satisfaction of the judgment. The trial court also ordered costs of *335 $1,212.60 to plaintiffs under MCR 2.625 as the prevailing parties in the action. This was offset by an award of costs to defendants of $450.40 under MCR 2.405, which governs allowable costs following an opposing party's rejection of an offer to stipulate to a judgment.
I
On appeal, defendants contend that the trial court erred in awarding costs to plaintiffs under MCR 2.625(A)(1), which states:
Costs will be allowed to the prevailing party in an action, unless prohibited by statute or by these rules or unless the court directs otherwise, for reasons stated in writing and filed in the action.
Defendants argue that the question of whether plaintiffs were "prevailing parties" within the meaning of this court rule, in a case involving offers to stipulate to a judgment, must be determined by considering MCR 2.405(D), which states in pertinent part:
Imposition of Costs Following Rejection of Offer. If an offer is rejected, costs are payable as follows:
(1) If the adjusted verdict is more favorable to the offeror than the average offer, the offeree must pay to the offeror the offeror's actual costs incurred in the prosecution or defense of the action.
The trial court's finding that defendants were entitled to costs of $450.40 under MCR 2.405(D)(1) is not disputed in this appeal. Indeed, plaintiffs have failed to file any response to defendants' appeal. The trial court awarded costs to defendants under MCR 2.405(D)(1) because the adjusted *336 verdict (including interest and costs) of $24,682.95[1] was more favorable to defendants than the parties' average offer of $37,500.[2] However, the trial court also allowed costs to plaintiffs, stating:
I don't find the language in these Court Rules to be mutually exclusive. It is permissible for the prevailing party under 2.625 to recover allowable costs and the prevailing party under 2.405 to recover as a form of sanction the actual costs incurred.
We agree with defendants to the extent that they argue that plaintiffs were not entitled to costs as the prevailing parties under MCR 2.625(A)(1). In analyzing this issue, we begin by noting that principles of statutory construction apply to determinations of our Supreme Court's intent in promulgating rules of procedure. Issa v Garlinghouse, 133 Mich App 579, 581; 349 NW2d 527 (1984). The court rules must be construed to secure the just, speedy and economical determination of every action, and to avoid the consequences of error that does not affect the parties' substantial rights. MCR 1.105. In accordance with these goals, MCR 2.405(D) deters protracted litigation and encourages parties to settle by creating a risk that an unfavorable verdict (when compared to the opposing parties' offer and any counteroffer) will result in liability for the opposing parties' litigation costs. See Sanders v Monical Machinery Co, 163 Mich App 689, 692-693; 415 NW2d 276 (1987).
*337 The plaintiffs here undertook this risk by rejecting defendants' offer and, pursuant to MCR 2.405(D)(1), were liable for defendants' costs necessitated by their rejection. The problem is that MCR 2.405 does not, on its face, prohibit plaintiffs from recovering their own costs under the facts of this case. Absent a prohibition in a statute or court rule, or unless the court directs otherwise, costs are allowed to the "prevailing party in an action." MCR 2.625(A)(1).
The trial court ruled that plaintiffs were the prevailing parties. There was, however, only a single cause of action alleged and, hence, under MCR 2.625(B)(2), plaintiffs must prevail "on the entire record" in order to be deemed the prevailing parties in the action. Defendants point out that this Court held in LaForest v Grunow, 43 Mich App 254, 256; 204 NW2d 355 (1972), that a party should not be deemed the prevailing party for purposes of taxing costs unless the party improves his or her position by the litigation. Although this test was devised from standards established for appellate actions, GCR 1963, 526.5 [now MCR 2.625(B)(4)], we agree that a showing of improved position is a minimal standard for taxing costs. To hold otherwise would encourage unnecessary litigation. LaForest, supra.
A more important requirement under MCR 2.625 is the longstanding rule that costs are taxable only when a party prevails in full. Marina Bay Condominiums, Inc v Schlegel, 167 Mich App 602, 608; 423 NW2d 284 (1988), lv den 431 Mich 905 (1988). On the entire record in this case then, can it be said that plaintiffs fully prevailed in the action by insisting on a trial to prove a claim in an amount greater than the offer made by defendants under MCR 2.405, but recovering a less favorable *338 "adjusted verdict" than defendants' offer? We think not.
Giving a reasonable construction to MCR 2.625, in light of the structure and organization of the court rules and the goals set forth in MCR 1.105, we conclude that plaintiffs did not fully prevail in the action and, hence, the trial court erred in awarding costs under MCR 2.625 to plaintiffs. We emphasize that not all settlement offers will preclude an award of costs under MCR 2.625. We hold only that, on the entire record in this case, plaintiffs did not fully prevail because the adjusted verdict, as defined in MCR 2.405(A)(5), was less than the offer made by defendants under that court rule.
II
Defendants next contend that the trial court erred by refusing to award them attorney fees as part of their "actual costs" under MCR 2.405(D)(1). We disagree.
MCR 2.405(A)(6) defines actual costs as
the costs and fees taxable in a civil action and a reasonable attorney fee for services necessitated by the failure to stipulate to the entry of judgment.
However, MCR 2.405(D)(3) provides that the "court may, in the interest of justice, refuse to award an attorney fee under this rule." In Sanders, supra, this Court concluded that the trial court's decision to allow attorney fees under this subrule is discretionary, although the grant of attorney fees was thought to be preferred under the subrule as indicated by the language requiring that the trial court's refusal to grant the attorney fees be in the "interest of justice." The Sanders *339 Court went on to uphold the trial court's grant of attorney fees to the defendant as a reasonable exercise of discretion where the plaintiffs failed to respond to the defendant's offer of judgment of $5,000 and a jury subsequently returned a verdict of no cause of action. The Sanders Court rejected the plaintiffs' claim that the discretionary language "in the interest of justice" only permits attorney fees in exceptional circumstances where there has been bad faith or unreasonable conduct. Finally, the Sanders Court expressed its opinion that attorney fees should be routinely granted under this subrule.
In the instant case, by contrast, the trial court refused to award attorney fees for the reason that plaintiffs had not rejected either of the mediation evaluations and thereafter negotiated reasonably and in good faith in an effort to reach a settlement. The trial court concluded that these facts did not indicate that the discretionary sanction against plaintiffs in the form of attorney fees was appropriate. Hence, on its face, the trial court appeared to apply the very standards of good faith and reasonable conduct that the Sanders Court suggests would not preclude an award of attorney fees to the opposing party.
We are, however, of the opinion that what constitutes "in the interest of justice" must be decided on a case-by-case basis. While not controlling, a trial court may properly consider the good faith or reasonable conduct of the parties in resolving whether attorney fees are appropriate. We believe that our holding comports with the decisions in other cases involving court rules that require a court to consider the interest of justice in making discretionary decisions as involving a balancing of the interests of both parties. Compare Bigelow v *340 Walraven, 392 Mich 566, 572-573; 221 NW2d 328 (1974). Discretion itself involves the idea of choice:
"The term discretion itself involves the idea of choice, of an exercise of the will, of a determination made between competing considerations. In order to have an `abuse' in reaching such determination, the result must be so palpably and grossly violative of fact and logic that it evidences not the exercise of will but perversity of will, not the exercise of judgment but defiance thereof, not the exercise of reason but rather of passion or bias." [People v Talley, 410 Mich 378, 387; 301 NW2d 809 (1981), quoting People v Charles O Williams, 386 Mich 565, 572; 194 NW2d 337 (1972).]
This standard for discretionary decisions was originally established in Spalding v Spalding, 355 Mich 382, 384-385; 94 NW2d 810 (1959). It has been held to require a somewhat stricter standard in criminal cases where loss of freedom is often the penalty. Charles O Williams, supra, p 573; and see People v Martin, 147 Mich App 297, 300; 382 NW2d 726 (1985) (a weighing of competing interests standard applies in criminal proceedings).
Even in a civil case, not all courts have agreed on whether the Spalding standard is appropriate. Justice LEVIN, in his concurring opinion in Talley, supra, pp 396-397, described the Spalding standard as "simplistic and misleading," and thereafter proceeded to express his approval of the more balanced view of judicial discretion in Langnes v Green, 282 US 531; 51 S Ct 243; 75 L Ed 520 (1931), wherein it was stated:
"The term `discretion' denotes the absence of a hard and fast rule.... When invoked as a guide to judicial action it means a sound discretion, that is to say, a discretion exercised not arbitrarily or *341 wilfully, but with regard to what is right and equitable under the circumstances and the law, and directed by the reason and conscience of the judge to a just result." [Talley, supra, p 398, quoting Langnes, supra, p 541.]
Members of this Court have also expressed discomfort with the standard set forth in Spalding. See, for example, Eyde v Eyde, 172 Mich App 49, 54, n 1; 431 NW2d 459 (1988), lv den 432 Mich 857 (1989). One member of this panel, Judge SHEPHERD, was on the panel in Muntean v Detroit, 143 Mich App 500, 508-509; 372 NW2d 348 (1985), wherein it was stated "[w]hether we apply the nearly insurmountable test of Spalding ..., or the more balanced view suggested in Langnes ..., the concept of discretion denotes the absence of a single, correct result."
More recent decisions of our Supreme Court have not alleviated the problems with Spalding. Justice RILEY, writing for the majority in Bosak v Hutchinson, 422 Mich 712, 737; 375 NW2d 333 (1985), referred to both definitions of "judicial discretion" in Langnes and Spalding and then went on to quote, with apparent approval, from Justice LEVIN'S concurring opinion in Talley that, despite our Supreme Court's references to Spalding, our Supreme Court has "continued to give full-fledged review to discretionary decisions by carefully weighing the various rights and considerations involved in each type of discretionary decision." This is so despite her concurrence in the majority opinion of Marrs v Bd of Medicine, 422 Mich 688, 694; 375 NW2d 321 (1985), wherein it is stated that the Spalding standard regarding the abuse of discretion remains "essentially intact." As was observed in Martin, supra, p 300, n 2, it thus appears that our Supreme Court is sending out *342 conflicting signals on the appropriate standard of review.[3]
We make these observations only to highlight the difficulty in reviewing discretionary decisions under the Spalding test. In the present case, however, the discretionary decision in question is safeguarded against arbitrary decisions by the presence of a discernible standard which must be followed by the trial court, specifically, the refusal to award attorney fees must be in the interest of justice. This "interest of justice" standard is, as we previously noted, a standard which itself requires a balancing of competing interests. Whether we apply the Spalding test or the Langnes test, our decision to affirm the trial court's decision under these circumstances would be the same.
Given the fact that plaintiffs proceeded to trial only after rejecting an offer which was substantially less than the prior two mediation evaluations, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to award attorney fees to defendants. Although an award of attorney fees is favored under MCR 2.405(D)(3), we do not find that a consideration of the "interest of justice" standard precluded the trial court from refusing to award attorney fees to defendants under the circumstances of this case.
III
Defendants also contend that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing interest on the jury verdict to accrue after the date they made a written offer to stipulate to a judgment of $20,000 on June 12, 1986, or, alternatively, after defendants' July 17, 1987, offer of judgment of $25,000. *343 Because plaintiffs' complaint was filed in February, 1985, MCL 600.6013; MSA 27A.6013, as amended by 1980 PA 134, controls this issue. See 1986 PA 178, § 3. The statute states in pertinent part:
If a bona fide written offer of settlement in a civil action based on tort is made by the party against whom the judgment is subsequently rendered and an offer of settlement is substantially identical or substantially more favorable to the prevailing party than the judgment, the court may order that interest shall not be allowed beyond the date the written offer of settlement is made. [1980 PA 134, § 1, MCL 600.6013(5); MSA 27A.6013(5).]
The trial court held that it had discretion under this statute to order that interest shall not be allowed beyond the date of the $25,000 offer but, for the reasons stated in refusing to award attorney fees to defendants, declined to deny the plaintiffs interest past July 17, 1987. Although the trial court did not specifically address the prior offer of $20,000, it is clear that the trial court's decision would have been the same. We conclude that the trial court properly exercised its discretion under the controlling statute. We find no abuse of discretion and, therefore, affirm the interest award.
Reversed in part and affirmed in part.
NOTES
[1]  The "adjusted verdict," MCR 2.405(A)(5), was computed based on figures provided by the plaintiffs. The adjusted verdict of $24,682.95 represented the sum of the jury verdict ($17,500), the interest accruing from the date of the complaint to the date of defendants' offer ($5,549.60), and plaintiffs' proposed costs ($1,633.35).
[2]  The "average offer," MCR 2.405(A)(3), was computed by adding plaintiffs' offer ($50,000) and defendants' counteroffer ($25,000), and then dividing by two.
[3]  See also In re People v Burton, 429 Mich 133, 144; 413 NW2d 413 (1987).
