                          This opinion will be unpublished and
                          may not be cited except as provided by
                          Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                               STATE OF MINNESOTA
                               IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                     A14-2141

                        In re Application of Gourley Brothers, LLC
                             for a Water Appropriation Permit.

                                  Filed August 24, 2015
                                        Affirmed
                                    Toussaint, Judge*

                             Department of Natural Resources
                                   File No. 2013-1423

Amanda P. Hungerford (pro hac vice), Washington, D.C. (for relators Russell Anderson,
Katrina Downes, Travis Winter, Joel Walsh, Amy Walsh, and Mary Soupir)

Amanda E. Prutzman, Eckberg, Lammers, Briggs, Wolff & Vierling, PLLP, Stillwater,
Minnesota (for relators The Humane Society of the United States, Russell Anderson,
Katrina Downes, Travis Winter, Joel Walsh, Amy Walsh, and Mary Soupir)

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Karen D. Olson, Assistant Attorney General, St. Paul,
Minnesota (for respondent Minnesota Department of Natural Resources)

Jack Y. Perry, Maren F. Grier, Briggs and Morgan, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota (for
respondents Gourley Premium Pork, a/k/a Gourley Premium Pork, LLC, a/k/a Gourley
Brothers, LLC)

         Considered and decided by Johnson, Presiding Judge; Kirk, Judge; and Toussaint,

Judge.




*
 Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to
Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
                          UNPUBLISHED OPINION

TOUSSAINT, Judge

          Relators1 challenge respondent Minnesota Department of Natural Resources’

(DNR) issuance of a water-appropriation permit, arguing that the DNR’s decision was

arbitrary and capricious and its findings were not supported by substantial evidence. We

affirm.

                                          FACTS

          In 2012, Gourley Brothers, LLC (Gourley) proposed to build a total-confinement,

4,000-hog feedlot in Todd County.        The proposed feedlot underwent environmental

review in 2012.       The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) completed an

environment assessment worksheet (EAW) and determined that the feedlot did not have

the potential for significant environmental effects, negating the need for an environmental

impact statement (EIS).

          In May 2013, Gourley applied for a water-appropriation permit from the DNR.

Included with the application was a “well and boring record” that identified the location

of each well and provided geological information and information on the static water

level of the aquifer. Gourley also submitted well pump test results for each well that

indicated the drawdown and recovery rates of the aquifer when both wells were pumping

water at the maximum rate. The DNR requested additional information from Gourley,

including property tax information, and an estimate of daily and annual water usage,


1
 Relators include the Humane Society of the United States (the humane society), Russell
Anderson, Katrina Downes, Travis Winter, Joel Walsh, Amy Walsh, and Mary Soupir.

                                             2
which Gourley provided. According to Gourley’s water usage estimates, the feedlot

would use approximately 6.62 million gallons of water per year.

      In early October, the DNR issued Gourley a water-appropriation permit allowing

the feedlot to use up to 8 million gallons of water annually. In November, relators

requested a contested case hearing on the issuance of the permit under Minn. Stat.

103G.311 (2014). DNR denied this request on the basis that relators are not one of the

parties permitted to demand a hearing under Minn. Stat. 103G.311, subd 5(a). Relators

petitioned for certiorari review of the DNR’s issuance of the permit, arguing the DNR

inappropriately issued the permit without making factual findings. This court agreed,

concluding that the DNR’s failure to provide any findings prevented meaningful

appellate review of its decision. In re Gourley Bros., LLC, No. A13-2247, 2014 WL

4056063, at *5 (Minn. App. Aug. 18, 2014) (hereinafter “Gourley I”). Accordingly, this

court remanded for additional findings. Id. In September 2014, DNR issued an amended

water-appropriation permit that adopted and incorporated the MPCA’s findings from the

EAW and negative declaration on the need for an EIS. This certiorari appeal follows.

                                    DECISION

      “[D]ecisions of administrative agencies enjoy a presumption of correctness, and

deference should be shown by courts to the agencies’ expertise and their special

knowledge in the field[s] of their technical training, education, and experience.” Reserve

Mining Co. v. Herbst, 256 N.W.2d 808, 824 (Minn. 1977). This court’s role is to ensure

the agency has taken a “hard look” at the salient issues and “genuinely engaged in

reasoned decision-making.” Id. at 825. We will not disturb an agency’s decision unless


                                            3
it reflects an error of law, the findings are arbitrary and capricious, or the findings are not

supported by substantial evidence. Citizens Advocating Responsible Dev. v. Kandiyohi

Cnty. Bd. of Comm’rs, 713 N.W.2d 817, 832 (Minn. 2006) (quotation omitted).

       “Substantial evidence consists of: (1) such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind

might accept as adequate to support a conclusion; (2) more than a scintilla of evidence;

(3) more than ‘some evidence’; (4) more than ‘any evidence’; and (5) evidence

considered in its entirety.” Id. (quotation omitted). An agency’s decision is arbitrary and

capricious if the agency (a) relied on factors the legislature never intended it to consider,

(b) entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the problem, (c) offered an

explanation for the decision that runs counter to the evidence, or (d) rendered a decision

so implausible that it could not be ascribed to a difference in view or the result of agency

expertise. Watab Twp. Citizen All. v. Benton Cnty. Bd. of Comm’rs, 728 N.W.2d 82, 89

(Minn. App. 2007), review denied (Minn. May 15, 2007).

       If an agency engages in reasoned decision-making, this court will affirm, even

though it may have reached a different conclusion had it been the factfinder. Cable

Commc’ns Bd. v. Nor-west Cable Commc’ns P'ship, 356 N.W.2d 658, 669 (Minn. 1984).

The party challenging the agency decision has the burden of proving grounds for reversal.

Markwardt v. State Water Res. Bd., 254 N.W.2d 371, 374 (Minn. 1977).

       Relators argue that the DNR’s decision to grant a water-appropriation permit was

arbitrary and capricious because its findings on remand represent conclusory post-hoc

rationalizations and “unsubstantiated assertions,” which demonstrate that the DNR failed




                                              4
to conduct a meaningful review of the statutory factors it was required to consider. We

disagree.

      A complete groundwater-use permit application requires the following:

                     (1) a water well record . . . information on the
             subsurface geologic formations penetrated by the well and the
             formation or aquifer that will serve as the water source, and
             geologic information from test holes drilled to locate the site
             of the production well;
                     (2) the maximum daily, seasonal, and annual pumpage
             rates and volumes being requested;
                     (3) information on groundwater quality in terms of the
             measures of quality commonly specified for the proposed
             water use and details on water treatment necessary for the
             proposed use;
                     (4) an inventory of existing wells within 1–1/2 miles of
             the proposed production well or within the area of influence,
             as determined by the commissioner. The inventory must
             include information on well locations, depths, geologic
             formations, depth of the pump or intake, pumping and
             nonpumping water levels, and details of well construction;
             [and]
                     (5) the results of an aquifer test completed according to
             specifications approved by the commissioner. The test must
             be conducted at the maximum pumping rate requested in the
             application and for a length of time adequate to assess or
             predict impacts to other wells and surface water and
             groundwater resources. The permit applicant is responsible
             for all costs related to the aquifer test, including the
             construction of groundwater and surface water monitoring
             installations, and water level readings before, during, and
             after the aquifer test[.]

Minn. Stat. § 103G.287, subd. 1(a) (2014). The DNR is permitted to waive any of the

application requirements above “if the information provided with the application is

adequate to determine whether the proposed appropriation and use of water is sustainable




                                            5
and will protect ecosystems, water quality, and the ability of future generations to meet

their own needs.” Id., subd. 1(b) (2014).

       The DNR shall issue the water-appropriation permit if it concludes the applicant’s

plans are “reasonable, practical, and will adequately protect public safety and promote the

public welfare.” Minn. Stat. § 103G.315, subd. 3 (2014). The DNR shall make findings

of fact on issues necessary for determination of the applications considered and those

findings must be based on substantial evidence. Id., subd. 2 (2014). The DNR shall

consider the following factors when reviewing an application:

                      (1) the location and nature of the area involved and the
              type of appropriation and its impact on the availability,
              distribution, and condition of water and related land resources
              in the area involved;
                      (2) the hydrology and hydraulics of the water
              resources involved and the capability of the resources to
              sustain the proposed appropriation based on existing and
              probable future use;
                      (3) the probable effects on the environment including
              anticipated changes in the resources, unavoidable detrimental
              effects, and alternatives to the proposed appropriation;
                      (4) the relationship, consistency, and compliance with
              existing federal, state, and local laws, rules, legal
              requirements, and water management plans;
                      (5) the public health, safety, and welfare served or
              impacted by the proposed appropriation;
                      (6) the quantity, quality, and timing of any waters
              returned after use and the impact on the receiving waters
              involved;
                      (7) the efficiency of use and intended application of
              water conservation practices;
                      (8) the comments of local and regional units of
              government, federal and state agencies, private persons, and
              other affected or interested parties;
                      (9) the adequacy of state water resources availability
              when diversions of any waters of the state to any place
              outside of the state are proposed;


                                             6
                    (10) the economic benefits of the proposed
             appropriation based on supporting data when supplied by the
             applicant.

Minn. R. 6115.0670, subp. 2 (2013).

      The DNR expressly adopted the MPCA’s findings from its EAW and negative

declaration, and relied heavily on them in justifying its decision to issue the permit.

Such reliance on the MPCA’s findings is authorized by law. See Minn. R. 4410.7055

(2013) (directing governmental bodies with permitting authority over a project to

consider environmental review in making a decision to authorize the project); Minn. R.

4410.0300, subp. 4 (2013) (identifying objectives of the environmental review process

including the provision of usable information to “governmental decision makers . . .

concerning the primary environmental effects of a proposed project”). And when the

DNR’s findings are considered in conjunction with the adopted MPCA findings it is clear

that the DNR’s decision was not arbitrary and capricious and based on substantial

evidence in the record.

      First, the adopted MPCA findings as a whole support the determination that the

feedlot’s water appropriation will not dangerously deplete the aquifer and is unlikely to

contaminate the area’s water resources.      With regards to the impact on available

groundwater, the EAW states:

                    A review of published geologic and hydrogeologic
             data indicates that the water-bearing characteristics of the
             surficial aquifer (including recharge) and the nature of its
             existing use as a groundwater source, water use for this
             project is not expected to interfere with other groundwater
             uses.



                                           7
The negative declaration also acknowledged that “[s]ignificant adverse impacts to water

quantity are not expected.” Moreover, we disagree with relators’ assertion that the

MPCA deferred to the DNR on the issue of groundwater quantity based on its

acknowledgement that Gourley was required to secure a water-appropriation permit from

the DNR. The substance of MPCA’s findings does not indicate that it deferred to the

DNR to determine the groundwater impact of the project. Rather, it demonstrates that the

MPCA was merely highlighting the fact that the water-appropriation permit provided a

further mechanism to investigate and address any “well interference” that might arise in

the future.

       Second, the EAW and negative declaration found that the feedlot would not

negatively impact surface or groundwater quality. The MPCA specifically noted that the

facility was a “total confinement” building with no access to surface water and “[t]he

manure storage structures proposed will be concrete, will not be open to the environment,

and are designed specifically to prevent contamination of groundwater.” The MPCA also

highlighted the fact that the feedlot was required to meet a “zero discharge” standard as

part of its 2011-2016 Feedlot General NPDES/SDS permit, which minimized, if not

eliminated, the risk of water contamination.

       Third, in addition to adopting and discussing the MPCA findings above, the DNR

identified other evidence in the record that supports its decision to issue the permit. With

regard to the feedlot’s impact on water quantity and availability, the DNR noted that the

pump test data indicates that the aquifer “is strong, stabilized at three feet of drawdown,

and quickly recharged.”     The DNR further explained that this pump test data was


                                               8
analyzed by a DNR Area Hydrologist who determined the proposed appropriation was

sustainable. The DNR also stated that in completing this hydrological analysis it relied

on the County Well Index and its well and boring records that included information about

the wells’ location, depth, static water level, construction and geological analysis.

      Relators challenge the reliability of the DNR hydrologist’s calculations and the

data she relied on in making those calculations.       The DNR’s findings indicate its

hydrologist reviewed the data in the record, did not find it lacking and used it to

determine the appropriation’s impact on the aquifer would not be detrimental. Such

findings and determinations fall squarely within the realm of the agency’s technical

training and expertise. We defer to the agency on such matters when, as is the case here,

there is support in the record for its conclusions. Reserve Mining, 256 N.W.2d at 824.

      The DNR’s findings also addressed the environmental and public health concerns

raised by “Brooke Haworth, the Humane Society of the United States, the Socially

Responsible Agricultural Project, and Minnesotans Fighting for Minnesota.” The DNR

explained that “[t]he MPCA Findings specifically addressed the water quality and public

health concerns raised in [the] comments” and the DNR relied on those findings, which

“determined that the proposed project does not pose a significant environmental effect on

groundwater or surface water quality.”      The DNR also addressed the commenters

concerns about the impact on the aquifer, stating “[c]oncerns raised regarding the effect

of the water appropriation on the water table” were not only addressed by the MPCA’s

determination that the groundwater appropriation did not have the potential for




                                            9
environmental effects, but also by the DNR’s hydrological analysis which showed that

the proposed appropriation “was not likely to have a deleterious effect on the aquifer.”

       In sum, the DNR’s discussion of the evidence above demonstrates that its findings

were more than conclusory post hoc rationalizations, as relators suggest. On remand, the

DNR was directed to make findings and it did so in part by permissibly relying on the

MPCA environmental review findings. Moreover, the DNR’s findings relied on its own

hydrologist’s analysis of the evidence in the record. Such analysis is entitled to deference

in this context as it addresses matters that fall directly within the DNR’s area of technical

expertise. This analysis combined with the MPCA findings that the DNR properly relied

upon demonstrate its decision to grant the water-appropriation permit was based on

substantial evidence in the record. And when the DNR’s findings are examined as whole,

along with the adopted MPCA findings, we are not left with the distinct impression its

actions in this context were arbitrary and capricious. Accordingly, we affirm the DNR”s

decision to grant the water-appropriation permit.

       Affirmed.




                                             10
