                               COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Judges Petty, Alston and Senior Judge Coleman
Argued at Alexandria, Virginia


CHRISTOPHER FARRELL

v.     Record No. 2282-10-4

WARREN COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES

CHRISTOPHER FARRELL
                                                 OPINION BY
v.     Record No. 2283-10-4               JUDGE ROSSIE D. ALSTON, JR.
                                              JANUARY 10, 2012
WARREN COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES

CHRISTOPHER FARRELL

v.     Record No. 2284-10-4

WARREN COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES


                      FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF WARREN COUNTY
                                  Dennis L. Hupp, Judge

                 Thomas D. Logie for appellant.

                 Neal T. Knudsen for appellee.

                 (Thomas H. Sayre, on brief), Guardian ad litem for the infant
                 children. Guardian ad litem submitting on brief.


       Christopher Farrell (father) appeals the trial court’s decision to terminate his parental

rights to his three infant children under Code § 16.1-283(B). Father assigns nineteen errors to

the trial court’s judgment. 1 For the following reasons, we find no merit in father’s assignments

of error and affirm the decision below.



       1
           Father withdrew his fifteenth assignment of error on brief, so we will not consider it.
                                          I. OVERVIEW

       Because this case involves multiple hearings and decisions, we begin with an overview of

the process that led to the ultimate result in the trial court. Code § 16.1-251 allows a juvenile

and domestic relations district court (JDR) to enter an emergency order allowing the Department

of Social Services (Department) to remove a child from his custodian’s or parent’s custody. The

JDR court may issue this order ex parte so long as it is accompanied by a petition alleging that

the child is abused or neglected and an affidavit or sworn testimony in person before a judge or

intake officer. Code § 16.1-251. That affidavit or sworn testimony must establish that the child

“would be subjected to an imminent threat to life or health to the extent that severe or

irremediable injury would be likely to result” without the removal and that the Department has

made reasonable efforts to prevent the removal but there are no less drastic alternatives that

would “reasonably protect the child’s life or health pending a final hearing on the petition.”

Code § 16.1-251(A).

       The JDR court must then hold a preliminary removal hearing within five business days of

the child’s removal. Code § 16.1-251(B). At the preliminary hearing, the Department must

prove by a preponderance of the evidence the same elements required to obtain the emergency

removal order, specifically 1) imminent threat of injury or irremediable harm; 2) reasonable

efforts to prevent removal from the home; and 3) no less drastic alternative than removal exists,

for the JDR court to continue the child’s removal from the home. Code § 16.1-252(E).

Additionally, the JDR court “shall determine whether the allegations of abuse or neglect have

been proven by a preponderance of the evidence,” unless the parents or custodian, guardian ad

litem or petitioning department objects. Code § 16.1-252(G). If a party to the proceeding

objects, then the JDR court must schedule an adjudicatory hearing on a date within thirty days of

the preliminary hearing. Id. If no party objects, and the JDR court finds that the child at issue

                                                -2-
was abused or neglected, the JDR court must schedule a dispositional hearing for a date within

seventy-five days of the preliminary hearing. Code § 16.1-252(H).

       Regardless of whether the JDR court requires the Department to prove the abuse or

neglect at the preliminary removal hearing or the adjudicatory hearing, the Department will have

to establish that the child is abused or neglected under one of the definitions listed in Code

§ 16.1-228. For ease of reference, throughout this opinion we will refer to the JDR court’s and

trial court’s decision on this issue as the “abused or neglected determination.”

       As noted above, once the JDR court finds a child to be abused or neglected, it may

proceed to the dispositional hearing and take evidence on one of the dispositions listed in Code

§ 16.1-278.2. Code § 16.1-278.2(A)(7) allows, inter alia, the JDR court to “[t]erminate the

rights of the parent pursuant to [Code] § 16.1-283.” Because this case involves a termination of

parental rights under Code § 16.1-283, we will refer to this final stage as either the “dispositional

hearing” or the “termination decision.” It is critical to understand that regardless of what

subsection of Code § 16.1-283 the Department proceeds under, it must prove each of its

allegations by clear and convincing evidence before the JDR court may terminate a parent’s

parental rights to his or her child. Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 747-48 (1982). Moreover,

a dispositional order entered pursuant to this statutory scheme is a final order from which a party

may appeal in accordance with Code § 16.1-296. Finally, when an appeal is taken to the circuit

court in a case involving termination of parental rights brought under Code § 16.1-283, the

circuit court is obligated to hold a de novo hearing on the merits of the case within ninety days of

the perfecting of the appeal. Code § 16.1-296(D).

                           II. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS BELOW

       On appeal, “we view the evidence and all reasonable inferences in the light most

favorable to the prevailing party below, in this case the Department.” Jenkins v. Winchester

                                                -3-
Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 12 Va. App. 1178, 1180, 409 S.E.2d 16, 18 (1991) (citing Martin v.

Pittsylvania Cnty. Dep’t of Social Servs., 3 Va. App. 15, 20, 348 S.E.2d 13, 16 (1986)).

                                        A. The First Removal

        So viewed, the evidence indicated that mother has been married to father at all relevant

times in this case, and father is the biological father of all the children involved in this case.

Their daughter, E., was born on November 17, 2005. On the same day mother tested positive for

cannabinoid, an illegal drug. On November 12, 2006, mother gave birth to premature twins, A.

and W., and the twins tested positive for cocaine at birth. Just two days later, on November 14,

2006, mother tested positive for cocaine and tetrahydrocannabinol (“THC”). Mother did not

obtain prenatal care prior to the births of the children and did not know she was having twins

until shortly before they were born.

        On November 17, 2006, the Warren County Department of Social Services (the

“Department”) summarily removed all three children from mother and father’s home. Following

a hearing, the juvenile and domestic relations district court (“JDR court”) found that all three

children were abused or neglected as defined in Code § 16.1-228(1), each of them being a child:

                Whose parents or other person responsible for his care creates or
                inflicts, threatens to create or inflict, or allows to be created or
                inflicted upon such child a physical or mental injury by other than
                accidental means, or creates a substantial risk of death,
                disfigurement or impairment of bodily or mental functions.

        In January 2007, the JDR court entered a dispositional order, vesting custody of all three

children with the Department. The JDR court also approved foster care plans for the children,

requiring both mother and father to: maintain adequate housing, maintain income, provide

household bills to the Department, maintain contact with the children, complete parental capacity

evaluations, complete substance abuse evaluations and treatment, submit to drug screens, and

execute releases so the Department could monitor the situation. In July 2007, the Department

                                                 -4-
returned the three children to mother’s and father’s physical custody. In October 2007, mother

and father completed their obligations under the foster care plans, and the JDR court restored full

legal custody to them for all three children.

                        B. A.’s Medical Problems and the Second Removal

        On November 16, 2007, mother and father brought A. to a medical appointment with his

pediatrician, Dr. Deborah Dunn. Dr. Dunn expressed concerns to mother and father about A.’s

low weight and malnourishment. A. was suffering from what Dr. Dunn later discovered was a

milk allergy. Dr. Dunn scheduled a follow-up appointment for December 17, 2007, but neither

parent brought A. to see Dr. Dunn on that date, nor did they reschedule the appointment.

        On March 17, 2008, mother took A. to the emergency room at Warren County Memorial

Hospital (“Warren County”) because he was vomiting uncontrollably. 2 On April 2, 2008,

Dr. Dunn saw A. again for the first time since the November 2007 appointment, when A. was

referred to her after mother brought him to the emergency room for vomiting. Dr. Dunn testified

that, at this point, A. was extremely thin and very sick, vomiting, and listless. Dr. Dunn admitted

A. to Warren County, where he spent a week recovering from his malnourishment. At trial,

Dr. Dunn testified that she had never seen another child so malnourished from a milk allergy.

Dr. Dunn also noted that A.’s condition would not have become so severe if mother or father had

brought A. for his scheduled follow-up visit in December 2007.

        On April 30, 2008, father allegedly returned from speaking with someone outside the

home and found A. draped over a chair with one side of his body rigid, appearing as if he were


        2
         At trial, mother provided various conflicting accounts of how A. sustained a head injury
shortly before the vomiting began. She testified that although father told her that A. had fallen
down the stairs prior to this visit, she did not tell the doctors about it. Mother also testified that a
few days prior A. had hit his head on a coffee table, but she did not seek any treatment for A. at
that time because he did not cry or seem hurt. She did acknowledge that the blow left a mark.
Additionally, mother asserted that W. hit A. on the head with a toy truck later in March.

                                                 -5-
having a seizure. Father administered rescue breathing and called for an ambulance. Mother

was not present at the home when this incident occurred but drove to the emergency room after

hearing of the incident while father stayed at home with the other two children. After Dr. Dunn

stabilized A. in the emergency room at Warren County, she transferred him to University of

Virginia Children’s Hospital (“UVA”). A.’s treating physician and specialists at UVA diagnosed

him with subdural hematomas of varying ages along with bilateral retinal hemorrhaging.

Dr. Patricia Scherrer, a pediatric critical care specialist who examined A. and oversaw his

treatment at UVA, concluded that A.’s head injuries were most consistent with non-accidental

trauma. Dr. Scherrer based this conclusion on the lack of history to explain A.’s injuries and

further testified that none of the parents’ proposed explanations – A.’s allegedly hitting his head

on the coffee table or being hit on the head with a toy truck – could have caused the type of

injuries A. had sustained. Dr. Scherrer testified, contrary to mother’s explanations at trial, that

she knew nothing about a fall down the stairs but that she believed it could not have caused A.’s

injuries. Mother admitted at trial that she did not tell Dr. Scherrer about the fall.

       Dr. Dunn reviewed the reports from UVA and testified at trial that she also believed A.’s

injuries were consistent with non-accidental trauma. Dr. Charles Richards, an ophthalmologist

who examined A. at UVA, testified that he took retinal photos of A.’s eyes and concluded that he

had bilateral retinal hemorrhaging. When asked about the cause of the hemorrhaging,

Dr. Richards stated that he did not have enough information about A.’s history and tests other

treating specialists conducted to form an opinion to a reasonable degree of medical certainty.

Similarly, Dr. John Jane, Jr., the pediatric neurosurgeon tending to A. at UVA, also could not

form an opinion to a reasonable degree of medical certainty as to the cause of A.’s injuries.

Dr. Jane stated that he examined A. only one time and reviewed brain scans to determine

whether A. would need surgery.

                                                 -6-
       On May 1, 2008, the Department filed a petition for emergency removal of the three

children and removed them from the parents’ custody a second time. The following day, May 2,

2008, the Warren County Sheriff’s Office started an investigation regarding the circumstances of

A.’s injuries. Investigator Raymond Fogle interviewed mother and father about A.’s injuries.

During this interview, father told Investigator Fogle that A. had fallen down some stairs in the

family home in early March 2008. Investigator Fogle was unable to conduct any further

interviews with mother and father because their attorneys advised the sheriff’s office that neither

parent would make any additional statements to the police while the civil case proceeded through

the courts.

       At trial father testified consistent with his discussion with Investigator Fogle about the

fall. Father stated that he had put a gate up at the top of the stairs and went down to the

basement. He guessed that A. and E. struggled at the gate and A. somehow fell down the stairs

into the basement. Father testified that he found A. unconscious at the bottom of the stairs and

had succeeded in reviving him through infant CPR. After A. regained consciousness, father

stated that A. began running and playing with his siblings and, as a result, father did not seek

medical attention for him.

                                 C. Proceedings in the JDR court

       After the Department removed the children from the parents a second time, the JDR court

held a preliminary hearing on May 9, 2008. The parents objected to the JDR court’s

determination of abuse or neglect at this hearing, and the JDR court set an adjudicatory hearing

for June 6, 2008. At that hearing – which actually occurred on July 8, 2008 – the JDR court

found that A. was abused or neglected and that E. and W. were at risk of being abused or

neglected due to the parents’ treatment of A. The JDR court then scheduled the dispositional

hearing for September 19, 2008, noting that the parties waived the requirement for a hearing

                                                -7-
within seventy-five days. On September 11, 2008, the Department filed petitions for termination

and petitions requesting a foster care review hearing with the stated goal of adoption for each

child.

         After the dispositional hearing, the JDR court entered an order on January 12, 2009,

terminating both parents’ parental rights to the three children pursuant to Code § 16.1-283(B).

Both parents appealed to the circuit court. The circuit court (hereinafter “trial court”) held

evidentiary hearings de novo on November 5, 6, and 30, 2009, to determine the merits of the

abuse or neglect allegations. After determining that the children were abused or neglected, the

trial court set a dispositional hearing for December 8, 2009.

                   D. The Abused or Neglected Determination in the Trial Court

         At the hearing on the abuse or neglect petition, Jennifer Mundy testified that she had been

the children’s foster mother during the first removal from November 2006 through July 2007.

She asserted that father had called her in early April 2008, looking for work. Mundy stated that

when she asked about the children, father admitted that A. had fallen down the stairs but said he

and mother brought him to the hospital because A. started uncontrollably vomiting a few days

later. Additionally, Mundy testified that during the same conversation, father said that mother

told the Department that A. had hit his head on a coffee table because they were worried about

the Department taking the children again. According to Mundy, father gave her the room

number for A. at the hospital, and Mundy called the room to talk with mother. Mundy testified

that when she told mother she knew about the fall down the stairs, mother said, “[Father]

shouldn’t have told you that,” and that “the doctors know enough already.”

         The parties presented testimony and physical exhibits over the course of the three-day

hearing on the abused or neglected determination as summarized above. At the end of the

second day of the hearing, the Department concluded its evidence, and mother made a motion to

                                                -8-
strike. Mother argued in her motion that there was no evidence that E. and W. had actually been

abused or neglected and that the trial court did not have jurisdiction to find E. and W. abused or

neglected solely by reason of A.’s abuse or neglect. After argument on mother’s motion, father

made a motion to strike on similar grounds. The trial court denied both motions, stating:

               I find, first, that the Court has jurisdiction of these cases under
               [Code §] 16.1-241. With respect to [A.], keeping in mind the
               standard here is a prima facie case, and . . . whether the
               [D]epartment has made a prima facie case that’s shown that he’s
               been abused or neglected by his parents and also, of course we
               know that the evidence [is viewed] in the light most favorable to
               the [D]epartment at a motion to strike stage.

                       But applying that standard, there’s ample evidence to show
               that [A.] has been abused and neglected by his father and neglected
               by his mother.

                       Now, as far as the other children are concerned, this is a
               more difficult analysis. Again, at this stage, I find that the
               [D]epartment has shown a prima facie case that the other two are at
               risk because of the abuse and neglect of [A.], and I’m looking at
               [Code §] 16.1-278.2 . . . when I say that, but also, I find that there’s
               a prima facie that they, too, are abused or neglected under the
               definition contained in [Code §] 16.1-228.

       Following the court’s denial of the motions to strike, mother presented her case-in-chief.

Mother testified that she had another child in June 2009, F., and that she had not obtained

prenatal care during her pregnancy with F. Mother explained that she did not have medical

insurance during her pregnancy but was receiving Medicaid for F., and F.’s drug test at birth

came back negative. Mother also asserted that F. was a healthy baby, and the Department had

not initiated any investigation into mother’s and father’s treatment of F. Mother admitted on

more than one occasion during the trial that she and father had gotten into a physical altercation

during an argument in January 2007. Although it was unclear who called the police, officers

came to the home and arrested father. Mother testified that the case against father related to that

incident was eventually dismissed.

                                                -9-
        In his case-in-chief, father testified that the January 2007 argument and physical

altercation occurred when he was reviewing bills and confronted mother about approximately

$8,000 that was missing. When asked whether mother had used that money to purchase drugs,

father was unwilling to concede that he believed she had. He testified that he never found out

what happened to the money and that it was still missing. Father did state, however, that he

found mother’s cocaine source and firmly told the person that mother was pregnant (with the

twins W. and A.) and to stop selling drugs to her. When asked about the children’s interactions

with one another, father described A. as “selfish, spoiled,” and needing “to be the center of

attention.” Father also testified that if the children were returned he would have to “work on

[A.’s] attitude.”

        Following closing arguments, the trial court stated:

                All right. Well, it’s clear to me that [A.] was abused and
                neglected. The types of injuries that he sustained are not injuries
                that you get in routine play, falls around the house. It takes a great
                violence to inflict that type of injury, bilateral subdural hematoma,
                bilateral retinal hemorrhages, which were diffuse. These are a
                result of, again, great violence.

                        Of course, the additional disturbing thing with respect to
                the subdural hematomas is that they were of various ages, which
                would indicate that he perhaps suffered the same type of abuse in
                the past.

                        No explanation has been offered by the person in whose
                care he was at the time as to how this happened. I have no
                hesitation in finding [father] abused [A.] and inflicted these
                injuries, given the evidence that I have heard.

                        [Father’s] credibility has suffered in this courtroom because
                of the contradictions and inconsistencies in his testimony and the
                contradictions between the testimony of the two parents. I also
                find from his testimony that there is some animus towards [A.];
                he’s selfish; he’s an attention-getter; he’s difficult; he throws
                temper tantrums, and all this stuff, almost as if shifting the blame
                to [A.] for this whole episode.



                                                - 10 -
                       As far as neglect, I think both parents are guilty of neglect.
               It went far too long between doctor visits when [A.] was a
               malnourished child, I mean, 16 pounds at 18 months of age. So
               there’s no question that [A.] is abused and neglected, abused and
               neglected by [father] and neglected by [mother].

                      Now, the more difficult question remains with respect to
               [W.] and [E.], and quite frankly, I need some time to think about
               that.

       The following day, December 1, 2009, the trial court issued a memorandum opinion to

counsel reiterating its findings that father abused and neglected A. and mother neglected A. The

memorandum opinion also stated:

               I find that [E.] and [W.] are in danger of death, disfigurement or
               impairment of bodily or mental functions at the hands of their
               parents by reason of the abuse and neglect of their sibling, [A.]
               This latter form of abuse or neglect is recognized by statute. I refer
               to . . . Code § 16.1-278.2(A). Hence, I find that they are abused
               and/or neglected under the definition set forth in . . . Code
               § 16.1-228(1). In making this determination, I also have in mind
               the history of these parents which includes a previous removal of
               these children from their home . . . .

                         E. The Dispositional Hearing in the Trial Court

       On December 8, 2009, the trial court held a dispositional hearing to determine whether to

grant the Department’s petitions to terminate the parents’ parental rights to all three children.

       The Department commenced its case with the testimony of Dr. Bernard Lewis, a clinical

psychologist and expert in parental capacity examinations. Dr. Lewis testified that he had

evaluated both mother and father in 2007 at the Department’s request and then again in 2009 to

update the 2007 evaluations. Specific to mother, Dr. Lewis testified that she suffered from major

depressive disorder, engaged in episodic cannabis abuse, had a history of cocaine abuse in

apparent full remission, and had negative, paranoid, and dependent personality features.

Dr. Lewis testified that during his interviews with mother, she admitted she had lied to him

during the 2007 evaluation about her substance abuse issues. Dr. Lewis also noted that mother

                                                - 11 -
was affected by a dysfunctional marital relationship, financial problems, and difficulty accessing

mental health care.

       Specific to mother’s parenting abilities, Dr. Lewis testified that mother’s parenting skills

were basically good, indicating her potential to adequately parent the children if she could

resolve certain issues including depression, substance abuse, and her relationship with father.

Dr. Lewis emphasized that if mother were unable to acknowledge that someone abused A., she

would be likely to allow A. to be in a similar situation again and thus, put at risk.

       In response to further questioning, Dr. Lewis made several recommendations under the

hypothetical assumption that the trial court would return the children to mother. He stated that

she would need a prescription medication for depression along with individual counseling for her

relationship problems with father and for substance abuse. Dr. Lewis admitted that some people

with drug abuse problems need to go through counseling four or five times before they are able

to remain completely abstinent and that there was no way to predict whether a second round of

substance abuse counseling would be successful for mother.

       Dr. Lewis testified that his evaluation of father led him to conclude that father suffered

from alcohol dependence, a history of polysubstance abuse – most recently marijuana,

narcissistic personality disorder with antisocial traits, and back pain and cognitive impairment.

Dr. Lewis also testified that father thought that he was the victim of a conspiracy in which others

were out to harm him. Dr. Lewis further stated that father’s occupational and financial problems

were affecting him negatively.

       Specific to father’s parenting abilities, Dr. Lewis found considerable problems with

father’s approach. First, Dr. Lewis stated that father lacked understanding about children’s

developmental stages and had a poor understanding of his own strengths and weaknesses. When

reviewing father’s disciplinary approach, Dr. Lewis noted that father would remove the children

                                                - 12 -
from the situation and yell at them and that father believed “growling” worked well. Second,

Dr. Lewis testified that father was unable to simply have a few drinks but regularly consumed

alcohol to the point that he engaged in behaviors that were dangerous and inappropriate related

to his parenting abilities. Dr. Lewis further emphasized that father could not think of anything he

could have done differently prior to the children’s recent removal except that he would have

taken the children to the doctor instead of letting mother do it, and would have told the

Department, “No, you’re not taking my kids.” Additionally, Dr. Lewis noted father’s admission

that he found dealing with A. “trying” and that he needed a “refresher course” on how to handle

A. Dr. Lewis explained that he felt father was a danger to the children for a number of reasons:

his history with substance abuse and inability to control it; the history of physical violence

between father and mother; the personality disorder that caused him to not be able to see his own

faults and weaknesses but blame others; his limited parenting ability, especially with special

needs children 3; and that A. suffered injuries while in father’s care, and the court’s

determination that he was at fault for them.

       When asked for his recommendations regarding father, Dr. Lewis stated that father had

“a great deal of work to do” before he could be considered a minimally adequate parent.

Dr. Lewis also testified that he had serious concerns about father’s parenting ability should father

and mother remain together and get the children back. Dr. Lewis recommended that before the

trial court or Department returned the children to father, father attend a sobriety maintenance

support program to help him remain free of alcohol and drug usage and engage in individual

counseling. Most relevant to the children, Dr. Lewis recommended that the trial court require

father to attend and complete an individualized parenting skills program that included specific



       3
          Although the parties disagree as to the timing, they agreed that, at some point, doctors
identified A. as a special needs child.
                                                - 13 -
education about A.’s developmental and emotional issues and provided techniques for addressing

the issues in the home.

          The Department then presented the testimony of one of its representatives, Melanie

Trabosh. Ms. Trabosh testified about the Department’s unsuccessful efforts to find a family

member willing to take custody of the three children. She noted that the children’s current foster

family was willing to adopt them. Ms. Trabosh admitted that the Department’s initial pleading

included a goal of adoption following the most recent removal, not returning the children to the

parents, because the parents refused to discuss A.’s injuries with them. Without any discussions,

Ms. Trabosh testified, she was unable to generate a list of services to provide to mother and

father.

          Estelle Wilson, the children’s current foster mother, corroborated Ms. Trabosh’s

testimony that Ms. Wilson and her husband were willing to adopt the children. She testified

about the positive behavioral changes in each child and their attitudes toward one another since

they began living with her. Ms. Wilson also mentioned that she and her husband received

training for children with special needs.

          Following Ms. Wilson’s testimony, and at the conclusion of the Department’s case,

mother and father both made motions to strike the Department’s evidence supporting the

petitions for termination. Father’s motion to strike raised three issues. First, father argued that

the petitions for termination were premature because the trial court had not entered a final order

adjudicating the children to be abused or neglected and the Department had not filed a foster care

plan. Second, father contended that the record contained no evidence of how A. was injured

aside from the parents’ testimony about the fall down the stairs, the coffee table incident, and the

toy truck incident. Therefore, according to father, even accepting the trial court’s finding about

A.’s abuse and neglect, the record contained no evidence that E. and W. were ever in severe

                                                - 14 -
danger to justify termination under the statute. Third, father asserted that the Department failed

to produce sufficient evidence for the trial court to find that the parents could not remedy the

conditions resulting in the removal in a reasonable period of time. The trial court denied father’s

motion and noted that the Department had a stronger case for termination against father than it

had against mother. The trial court also denied mother’s motion to strike based on similar

rationale.

        Following the motions to strike, Ms. Trabosh testified again; this time as part of mother’s

case-in-chief. Ms. Trabosh testified that she felt mother’s contact with the Department was

insufficient because an unknown abuser inflicted a severe injury on A. and mother continued to

deny that someone intentionally harmed A. Ms. Trabosh mentioned that mother told

Ms. Trabosh that mother looked on the Internet for other potential causes for A.’s brain injuries

even after discussing the medical diagnosis with Dr. Dunn and Dr. Scherrer. In support of her

case, mother testified that she benefited from the Department’s services when the Department

removed the children the first time and believed she could benefit from further services. Mother

also asserted that she would do whatever the Department asked, including leaving father and

preventing him from having any contact with the children. Mother again denied any medical

neglect of A. other than “missing one doctor’s appointment.” Mother admitted that she smoked

marijuana after the Department removed the children the second time, in May 2008.

        Father’s mother, Irene Farrell, testified on father’s behalf. She stated that she wanted to

adopt only one of the children, E., because she did not think her health problems and age would

permit her to take care of all three children. Ms. Farrell admitted that father threatened father’s

sister, Ms. Farrell’s daughter, when the sister had custody of the children during the first

removal. Additionally, Ms. Farrell stated that the parents told her that the Department removed

the children because A. had fallen down the steps or hit his head on a coffee table.

                                               - 15 -
          At the close of the evidence, both parties renewed their motions to strike. The trial court

denied both motions, and the parties presented closing arguments. The trial court took the matter

under advisement and eventually entered orders terminating both mother’s and father’s parental

rights to all three children. As to A., the trial court found that father abused him and mother

neglected him. Further, the trial court found by clear and convincing evidence that it was in A.’s

best interest to terminate both parents’ rights to him and that the neglect or abuse A. suffered

presented a serious and substantial threat to his life, health, and development. Specifically, the

trial court concluded:

                 The abuse of [A.] by [father] constitutes “aggravated
                 circumstances” as defined by Code [§] 16.1-283. It is not
                 reasonably likely that the conditions which resulted in such neglect
                 or abuse can be substantially corrected or eliminated so as to allow
                 [A.’s] safe return to his parents within a reasonable period of time.
                 In making this determination, the court takes into consideration the
                 efforts made to rehabilitate the parents by public and private social,
                 medical, mental health and other rehabilitative agencies prior to
                 [A.’s] initial placement in foster care. [A.] suffered grievous
                 injuries and the Court rejects the parents’ explanation for same.
                 The Court considers the entire case in the context of this being the
                 second removal of [A.] by the courts. The Court further notes that
                 substance abuse was a significant factor in the first removal, and
                 substance abuse continued to be a problem following the return of
                 the children . . . .

          The trial court also terminated both parents’ rights to E. and W. In separate orders, the

trial court made identical findings that both E. and W. were abused or neglected children whose

best interest was served by terminating both parents’ rights to them. Particularly, the trial court

stated:

                 The Court . . . further does find, by clear and convincing evidence,
                 that:

                            *       *      *       *       *       *      *

                         3. The neglect or abuse suffered by [E./W.] presented a
                 serious and substantial threat to [her/his] life, health and
                 development. It is not reasonably likely that the conditions which
                                                 - 16 -
                resulted in such neglect or abuse can be substantially corrected or
                eliminated so as to allow [E.’s/W.’s] safe return to [her/his] parents
                within a reasonable period of time. In making this determination,
                the court takes into consideration the efforts made to rehabilitate
                the parents by public and private social, medical, mental health and
                other rehabilitative agencies prior to [E.’s/W.’s] initial placement
                in foster care. [E.’s/W.’s] brother [A.] suffered grievous injuries,
                and the Court rejects the parents’ explanation for same. I find that
                [E./W.] is in danger of death, disfigurement or impairment of
                bodily or mental functions at the hands of [her/his] parents by
                reason of the abuse and neglect of [her/his] sibling, [A.]. This
                latter form of abuse or neglect is recognized by statute. I refer to
                Code § 16.1-278.2(A). Hence, I find that [she/he] is abused and/or
                neglected under the definition set forth in Code § 16.l-228(1). In
                making this determination, I also have in mind the history of these
                parents which includes a previous removal of [E./W.] from
                [her/his] home. Substance abuse was a significant factor in the
                first removal, and substance abuse continued to be a problem
                following the return of the children . . . .

         For all three children, the trial court further found that the Department investigated all

reasonable options for placement with relatives, and no reasonable alternatives existed.

         Both parents timely noted their appeals. During the pendency of the appeal, father and

mother filed identical motions to vacate the judgments for fraud on the court. The Department

filed a written response, and the trial court concluded that it did not have jurisdiction because the

cases were on appeal to this Court. Neither party noted any subsequent appeals following that

order.

                                           III. ANALYSIS

         When reviewing a termination of a parent’s residual parental rights, it would be unfitting

to not acknowledge that “‘[t]he termination of parental rights is a grave, drastic and irreversible

action.’” Helen W. v. Fairfax Cnty. Dep’t of Human Dev., 12 Va. App. 877, 883, 407 S.E.2d 25,

28-29 (1991) (quoting Lowe v. Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 231 Va. 277, 280, 343 S.E.2d 70, 72

(1986)). While recognizing the seriousness of such a determination, we must presume that the

trial court “‘thoroughly weighed all the evidence, considered the statutory requirements, and

                                                 - 17 -
made its determination based on the child’s [or children’s] best interests.’” Fields v. Dinwiddie

Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 46 Va. App. 1, 7, 614 S.E.2d 656, 659 (2005) (quoting Farley v.

Farley, 9 Va. App. 326, 329, 387 S.E.2d 794, 796 (1990)). Moreover, in a parental rights

termination case, “[t]he trial court’s judgment, ‘when based on evidence heard ore tenus, will not

be disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.’” Toms v.

Hanover Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 46 Va. App. 257, 266, 616 S.E.2d 765, 769 (2005) (quoting

Fields, 46 Va. App. at 7, 614 S.E.2d at 659). “In its capacity as a factfinder . . . the [trial] court

retains ‘broad discretion in making the decisions necessary to guard and to foster a child’s best

interests.’” Id. (quoting Farley, 9 Va. App. at 328, 387 S.E.2d at 795). The trial court’s

paramount consideration in a termination case is the best interests of the children. See Logan v.

Fairfax Cnty. Dep’t of Human Dev., 13 Va. App. 123, 128, 409 S.E.2d 460, 463 (1991).

A. Assignments of Error 1 and 2: Constitutional due process and termination of parental rights

        Father argues that the trial court deprived father of his constitutional due process rights

on two grounds. First, father asserts that the trial court erred in applying the preponderance of

the evidence standard to its determination about father’s abuse and neglect of the three children. 4

Second, father argues that the trial court erred in upholding the constitutionality of the relevant




        4
            Assignment of Error 1 states:

                 The trial court erred in applying the preponderance of the evidence
                 standard for a finding of abuse and neglect on the part of [father]
                 against each of the three children in this case when the standard
                 under the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution to
                 terminate a fundamental right such as the right of a parent to parent
                 a child and the right of a child to his or her parents’ care must be
                 clear and convincing evidence rather than preponderance of the
                 evidence.

                                                 - 18 -
Virginia statutes, claiming that the statutes allow termination of parental rights based on a trial

court’s finding of abuse or neglect by the preponderance of the evidence. 5

           Because both challenges require us to interpret a statute and the Due Process Clause, we

approach them as questions of law and apply a de novo standard. Wilson v. Commonwealth, 58

Va. App. 513, 519, 711 S.E.2d 251, 254 (2011).

           Father’s first assignment of error assumes that the trial court determined that father

abused or neglected all three children under a preponderance of the evidence standard, and he

argues that doing so violated his due process rights. Father’s assumption ignores the plain

language of the trial court’s final termination orders for each child. In the final termination order

for A., the trial court stated:

                  The Court further finds . . . by clear and convincing evidence, that:

                             *       *       *       *      *       *       *

                  The neglect or abuse suffered by [A.] presented a serious and
                  substantial threat to his life, health and development. The abuse of
                  [A.] by [father] constitutes “aggravated circumstances” as defined
                  by Code [§] 16.1-283 . . . . [A.] suffered grievous injuries and the
                  Court rejects the parents’ explanation for same.

(Emphasis added).

           The trial court made identical findings in its final termination orders for E. and W.,

stating:

                  The Court further finds . . . by clear and convincing evidence, that:

                             *       *       *       *      *       *       *

                  I find that [E. and W. are] in danger of death, disfigurement or
                  impairment of bodily or mental functions at the hands of her [/his]
                  parents by reason of the abuse and neglect of her [/his] sibling,

           5
         Assignment of Error 2 states: “The trial court erred in upholding the Virginia statutes
against Federal Constitutional attack to the extent that they permit removal of a child or
termination of parental rights to a child based on a finding of abuse or neglect by the
preponderance of the evidence.”
                                                - 19 -
               [A.]. This latter form of abuse or neglect is recognized by statute.
               I refer to Virginia Code § 16.1-278.2(A). Hence, I find that she
               [/he] is abused and/or neglected under the definition set forth in
               Virginia Code § 16.l-228(1).

(Emphasis added).

       Father is correct in his primary position that, consistent with the United States Supreme

Court’s decision in Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 747-48 (1982), the Department needed to

prove each of its allegations supporting termination of parental rights by clear and convincing

evidence. Consistent with this standard, the trial court’s final orders did indeed indicate that it

held the Department to that higher standard; and the Department satisfied that burden.

Accordingly, we find no merit in father’s first assignment of error.

       Father’s second assignment of error charges that the trial court erred in finding that Code

§ 16.1-283(B) passes constitutional muster because it allows termination based on a finding of

abuse or neglect by a preponderance of the evidence. We have previously evaluated Code

§ 16.1-283(B) based on a procedural due process challenge. In Wright v. Alexandria Div. of

Soc. Servs., 16 Va. App. 821, 829, 433 S.E.2d 500, 505 (1993) (citing Santosky, 455 U.S. at

753-54), we recognized that “[w]hen a state infringes upon a parent’s constitutional right to the

companionship of his or her child in order to protect the child from abuse and neglect, it must

satisfy the mandates of procedural due process.” In the context of terminating a parent’s rights,

the Due Process Clause requires that the Department prove each of the necessary allegations of

parental unfitness by clear and convincing evidence. Id. (citing Santosky, 455 U.S. at 768-69).

In Wright, we confirmed that Code § 16.1-283(B) complies with the Due Process Clause because

it requires the Department to prove:

                   [B]ased upon clear and convincing evidence, that . . .
               [termination] is in the best interests of the child and that:




                                                - 20 -
                       1. The neglect or abuse suffered by such child presented a
                serious and substantial threat to his life, health or development;
                and

                       2. It is not reasonably likely that the conditions which
                resulted in such neglect or abuse can be substantially corrected or
                eliminated so as to allow the child’s safe return to his parent or
                parents within a reasonable period of time . . . .

See Wright, 16 Va. App. at 829-30, 433 S.E.2d at 505 (emphasis added).

        Father does not challenge these elements of Code § 16.1-283(B) directly; rather, father

argues that under this statutory scheme a trial court can evaluate a case for termination having

found that a child was abused or neglected by only a preponderance of the evidence in a prior

hearing. This argument ignores the plain language of Code § 16.1-283(B)(1), which requires the

trial court to find by clear and convincing evidence that: “The neglect or abuse suffered by such

child presented a serious and substantial threat to his life, health or development.” By requiring

the trial court to make this finding, the statute’s plain language mandates that the trial court not

only find that the child was abused or neglected, but also that the child was abused or neglected

to a heightened degree, i.e., to such an extent that there is a serious threat to his life, health, or

development. Stated succinctly, a trial court cannot terminate a parent’s rights to his child based

solely upon a finding in a prior hearing that the child was abused or neglected. The trial court

must find that the abuse or neglect rose to a level that presented a substantial threat to the child’s

life, health, or development, and Code § 16.1-283(B)(1) requires that this finding be made upon

a showing of clear and convincing evidence.

        Moreover, father’s argument assumes that once a trial court makes the initial abused or

neglected finding by the preponderance of the evidence standard and then proceeds to a

dispositional hearing where termination is a possibility, that termination will occur without the

Department having to prove anything beyond that initial finding. This suggestion could not be

more incorrect. Code § 16.1-283 requires much more before a trial court may terminate a
                                                  - 21 -
parent’s rights to his child. Not only must the Department prove that the child was abused or

neglected to the degree that his life, health, or development is substantially threatened, but it

must also prove that it is not reasonably likely that a parent could substantially remedy the

conditions that resulted in the neglect or abuse. Thus, a trial court cannot base its decision to

terminate parental rights on a previous preliminary finding, (by the preponderance of the

evidence), that a child is abused or neglected.

       The severity of permanently separating children from their parents is a significant and

compelling circumstance, but we reconfirm herein that Virginia’s statutes provide parents with

“‘fundamentally fair’” procedures under the Due Process Clause. Wright, 16 Va. App. at 829,

433 S.E.2d at 505 (quoting Lassiter v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 452 U.S. 18, 33 (1981)).

Accordingly, we find no merit in father’s second assignment of error.

  B. Assignment of Error 3: Father’s motion to dismiss the termination petitions as premature

       Father argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the Department’s

petitions for termination as premature because the trial court had not previously adjudicated the

children as abused or neglected before the Department filed the petitions. Additionally, father

contends that trying the abused or neglected petitions simultaneously with the termination

petitions violated Code §§ 16.1-281 through -283 in that it deprived him of the opportunity to

argue in a separate foster care review and termination proceeding that the Department should

have started with a goal of returning the children home. 6 Because father challenges the trial


       6
           Assignment of Error 3 states:

                The trial court erred in overruling [father’s] motion to dismiss the
                petitions for termination of parental rights as premature because
                there had been no finding of abuse/neglect at the time these
                petitions were brought; trying the abuse/neglect petitions
                simultaneously with the termination petitions violated Code
                §§ 16.1-281 through -283 inclusive by depriving [father] of the
                right to participate in a separate foster care review and termination
                                                  - 22 -
court’s interpretation of the relevant code sections and the procedures they dictate, we review

this assignment of error as a question of law and therefore apply a de novo standard. See Syed v.

ZH Techs., Inc., 280 Va. 58, 69, 649 S.E.2d 625, 631 (2010).

       The record indicates that the JDR court entered adjudicatory orders regarding abuse or

neglect for all three children on July 8, 2008. The Department then filed petitions for a foster

care review hearing with a goal of adoption on August 22, 2008. On September 11, 2008, the

Department filed the petitions for termination with the JDR court. The JDR court entered final

orders terminating both parents’ rights to the three children on January 12, 2009. Both parents

timely noted their appeals to the trial court. The trial court concluded the abused or neglected

hearings on November 30, 2009, and entered its memorandum opinion finding all three children

abused or neglected on December 1, 2009. The trial court then held a dispositional hearing on

December 8, 2009, to determine whether to grant the Department’s petitions to terminate the

parents’ rights to all three children. It is unclear from the record on what date the Department

filed the petitions for the foster care review hearing and the petitions for termination made in the

JDR court with the trial court. However, an appeal from the JDR court to the trial court transfers

the records from the JDR court to the trial court as though the case had originally been brought

there. See Mahoney v. Mahoney, 34 Va. App. 63, 66, 537 S.E.2d 626, 628 (2000) (citing Code

§§ 16.1-106 and -113; Addison v. Salyer, 185 Va. 644, 650, 40 S.E.2d 260, 263 (1946)).

Moreover, the trial court affirmed on the record at the December 8, 2009 dispositional hearing

that both the petitions for foster care review with a goal of adoption and the termination petitions

filed in JDR court were filed in the trial court and made part of the record.




               proceeding and to argue in that proceeding that the goal should
               have started as returning the children home to their parents.

                                               - 23 -
       Father concedes that a trial court may hold one hearing to simultaneously evaluate a

foster care plan and make a termination decision, but argues that, when read together, Code

§§ 16.1-281 through -283 require a separate proceeding to make the abused or neglected

determination and the termination decision. Code § 16.1-283(A) states, in pertinent part:

                       The residual parental rights of a parent or parents may be
               terminated by the court as hereinafter provided in a separate
               proceeding if the petition specifically requests such relief. No
               petition seeking termination of residual parental rights shall be
               accepted by the court prior to the filing of a foster care plan,
               pursuant to [Code] § 16.1-281, which documents termination of
               residual parental rights as being in the best interests of the child.
               The court may hear and adjudicate a petition for termination of
               parental rights in the same proceeding in which the court has
               approved a foster care plan which documents that termination is in
               the best interests of the child . . . .

(Emphasis added).

       Father’s argument ignores our decision in Stanley v. Fairfax Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs.,

10 Va. App. 596, 395 S.E.2d 199 (1990). In Stanley, we directly addressed the meaning of

“separate proceeding” in this statute:

               We construe the term “separate proceeding” as used in Code
               § 16.1-283 to mean a hearing separate and distinct from an abuse
               and neglect adjudication, entrustment disposition, or foster care
               placement and review. This does not mean, however, that a totally
               separate case must be initiated in the juvenile court. Rather, the
               statute requires that initially, a petition must be filed specifically
               requesting termination of parental rights so that proper notice is
               given. Because of the potentially drastic consequences of a
               termination proceeding, a separate hearing must be conducted to
               ensure that the termination issue is not confused with other issues
               which may have been before the court previously. This
               interpretation of the term “separate proceeding” is consistent with
               the juvenile court statutory framework. We find that the
               legislature intended that this framework, rather than general rules
               of civil procedure, govern the manner in which cases are filed and
               proceed within the juvenile courts.

Id. at 601-02, 395 S.E.2d at 202 (emphasis added).



                                               - 24 -
       Therefore, because the term, “separate proceeding” only requires the trial court to hold a

separate hearing to ensure that the termination issue was not confused with other issues to be

resolved under the statutory scheme, and the trial court did hold separate hearings for the abused

and neglected determination and the termination decision, we find no merit in father’s third

assignment of error.

           C. Assignment of Error 4: Refusal of services to parents prior to termination

       Father assigns as error the trial court’s refusal to require the Department to provide him

and mother with further rehabilitative services prior to terminating their parental rights. Father

claims that this denial is in violation of Code § 16.1-283(B)(2) and our decision in Todd v.

Copeland, 55 Va. App. 773, 689 S.E.2d 784 (2010), aff’d in part, rev’d in part, 282 Va. 183, 715

S.E.2d 11 (2011). 7 Neither of these authorities, however, requires a trial court to order the

Department or another entity to provide rehabilitative services prior to terminating a parent’s

rights. Code § 16.1-283(B)(2) merely requires the trial court to “take into consideration the

efforts made to rehabilitate the parent or parents by any public or private social, medical, mental

health or other rehabilitative agencies prior to the child’s initial placement in foster care.” We

have previously confirmed that this provision does not require that the Department or other entity

offer any services to a parent before requesting termination of the parent’s rights. Toms, 46

Va. App. at 268, 616 S.E.2d at 771 (stating that “[n]othing in Code § 16.1-283 or the larger

statutory scheme requires that such services be provided in all cases as a prerequisite to

termination under subsection B”).




       7
          Assignment of Error 4 states: “The trial court erred in permitting the Department to
proceed to termination of parental rights while simultaneously refusing all services to the
parents, in violation of Code § 16.1-283(B)(2) and of Todd v. Copeland, 55 Va. App. 773, 689
S.E.2d 784 (2010).”

                                               - 25 -
       The trial court explicitly stated in each of its final termination orders, “In making this

determination, the court takes into consideration the efforts made to rehabilitate the parents by

public and private social, medical, mental health and other rehabilitative agencies prior to [E.,

W., and A.’s] initial placement in foster care.” It therefore made the requisite finding under

Code § 16.1-283(B)(2). In declining to order more services for father to remedy the conditions,

the trial court had ample evidence in the record to rely on, including Ms. Trabosh’s testimony as

to why the Department did not create a plan for services.

       Father cites to statements from our decision in Todd in support of his argument, but, even

putting aside the effect of the Supreme Court’s partial reversal of that decision, father’s argument

takes the analysis in Todd out of context. On brief, father quotes from this Court’s decision in

Todd, arguing: “Courts resort to the termination of parental rights in these situations only when

the parents have exhibited, in the face of assistance from social services over an extended period

of time . . . a complete inability to successfully parent one’s child.” Todd, 55 Va. App. at 795,

689 S.E.2d at 795. This language in Todd refers to terminations proceeding under Code

§ 16.1-283(C), not Code § 16.1-283(B). As we have previously held, there is an important

distinction between these two subsections. Subsection (C) cases require provision of

rehabilitative services before termination because they do not begin with a prior finding of abuse

or neglect; whereas subsection (B) cases start with the abused or neglected finding and require

the trial court to make a judgment about a child’s best interest based on that finding. See Toms,

46 Va. App. at 269, 616 S.E.2d at 771 (explaining the difference between subsections (B) and

(C) and concluding, “[s]ubsection B does not create specific time frames, nor does it mandate

that a public or private agency provide any services to a parent after the child enters foster care”

(internal quotations and citation omitted)).




                                               - 26 -
        Because the trial court took the rehabilitative services into consideration and did not err

in refusing to order the Department to provide any additional services, we find no merit in this

assignment of error.

        D. Assignments of Error 5 and 6: Detriment to the child and irremediable defects

        Father argues in his fifth and sixth assignments of error that the trial court could not

legally terminate his rights to his children without making two particular findings by clear and

convincing evidence. In his fifth assignment of error, father contends that the trial court needed

to find that the maintenance of any relationship between father and the child would be a

detriment to that child. 8 Similarly, in his sixth assignment of error, father argues that the trial

court needed to find that father’s defects as a parent were irremediable before terminating his

parental rights to the children. 9 Father again cites to our decision in Todd for these propositions.

Since once again, these assignments of error both raise questions of law, we review them under a

de novo standard. See Wilson, 58 Va. App. at 519, 711 S.E.2d at 254.




        8
            Assignment of Error 5 states:

                 The trial court erred in not requiring in the case of each child proof
                 by clear and convincing evidence with respect to termination of
                 parental rights that the maintenance of any relationship between
                 [father] and that child would be a detriment to that child,
                 independent of the best interests test.
        9
            Assignment of Error 6 states:

                 The trial court erred in not requiring that the Department prove that
                 the defects of [father] as a parent are irremediable, as required in
                 Todd v. Copeland. While [father] argues that the clear and
                 convincing evidence test is the proper standard, [father] argues in
                 the alternative that not even the preponderance of the evidence test
                 was met by the Department.

                                                 - 27 -
       The Supreme Court’s decision in Copeland particularly addresses father’s arguments

regarding the need to prove detriment to the child in a termination case. 10

               Inclusion of the precise language of “detriment” is not necessary
               for these [adoption] statutes to pass constitutional muster. The
               phrase “detriment to the child” is no term of art or requisite
               mantra. Rather for these [adoption] statutes to pass constitutional
               due process scrutiny, they must provide for consideration of
               parental fitness and detriment to the child. The Virginia statutory
               scheme does so.

Copeland, 282 Va. at 199, 715 S.E.2d at 20 (emphasis added).

       Thus under Copeland, the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause simply requires

that a statute allowing a court to permanently sever the relationship between a biological parent

and his child must “provide for consideration of parental fitness and detriment to the child” but

need not explicitly use those terms. See id. (emphasis added). Code § 16.1-283(B) meets this

standard by requiring the trial court to consider implicitly both parental fitness and detriment to

the child. Before a trial court may terminate residual parental rights under subsection (B), the

trial court must find that the abuse or neglect the child suffered “presents a serious and

substantial threat to the child’s health, life or development,” thereby considering the detriment to

the child. Code § 16.1-283(B)(1). The trial court must also conclude that the parent is unlikely

to be able to substantially remedy or eliminate the conditions that led to the neglect or abuse

within a reasonable period of time to allow the child’s safe return to his care. Code

§ 16.1-283(B)(2). Consequently, the trial court must consider the parent’s ability and thereby,

the parent’s fitness, but also must consider the detriment to the child in waiting for the parent to

be able to remedy the conditions that resulted in the neglect or abuse. See Kaywood v. Halifax

Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 10 Va. App. 535, 540, 394 S.E.2d 492, 495 (1990) (holding that it is


       10
          Although decided in the context of the Commonwealth’s adoption statutes, the
principle is equally applicable in this case.

                                                - 28 -
not in a child’s best interest to wait a significant period of time to “find out when, or even if, a

parent will be capable of resuming his responsibilities”). Accordingly, we find that Code

§ 16.1-283(B) comports with the Supreme Court’s most recent enunciation of constitutional

requirements even though it does not require the trial court to make an explicit finding regarding

detriment to the child.

       Father further argues that the trial court erred in not finding that his defects as a parent

were irremediable. He asserts that our decision in Todd requires the trial court to make this

finding. However, again, father takes certain language from that decision out of context. He

points to the following statement from Todd: “Instead, the unfitness must be so severe and so

incapable of remedy that ‘the continuance of the relationship’ between the biological parent and

the child would be ‘detrimental to the child’s welfare.’” Todd, 55 Va. App. at 787, 689 S.E.2d at

791 (emphasis added) (quoting Hickman v. Futty, 25 Va. App. 420, 428, 489 S.E.2d 232, 236

(1997)). We advanced this statement in describing the detriment to the child requirement and did

not conclude that a trial court needed to make a finding of “irremediable defects” prior to

allowing adoption over a biological parent’s consent. Furthermore, that statement was included

in the portion of our opinion that the Supreme Court later reversed, thereby eliminating any

precedential effect it may have otherwise had. Copeland, 282 Va. at 202, 715 S.E.2d at 20.

       It is well settled that it is not in a child’s best interest to wait a significant period of time

to “find out when, or even if, a parent will be capable of resuming his responsibilities.”

Kaywood, 10 Va. App. at 540, 394 S.E.2d at 495. Consistent with Kaywood, Code

§ 16.1-283(B) requires the trial court to find only that father was unlikely to substantially remedy

or eliminate the conditions that led to the abuse or neglect within a reasonable period of time.

The statute recognizes that a child is already in danger by virtue of the abused or neglected

finding and requires the trial court to make a prospective determination about a parent’s ability to

                                                 - 29 -
rehabilitate himself in a reasonable period of time so as to allow the child to return to a safe

environment. See Newport News Dept. of Soc. Servs. v. Winslow, 40 Va. App. 556, 562-63,

580 S.E.2d 463, 466 (2003). The trial court made the requisite findings, and we decline father’s

invitation to add requirements to the statute that the Supreme Court has indicated are not

necessary.

                E. Assignment of Error 7: Motion to vacate for fraud on the court

       Father contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to vacate its final

termination orders for fraud on the court. 11 Yet, father did not note an appeal to the trial court’s

order denying his motion. 12 Rule 5A:6 makes the timely filing of a notice of appeal to this Court

mandatory and jurisdictional. See Woody v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 188, 196, 670 S.E.2d

39, 43 (2008). This Court has interpreted these timeliness provisions strictly, finding compliance

with them “‘necessary for the orderly, fair and expeditious administration of justice.’” Mayo v.

Dep’t of Commerce, 4 Va. App. 520, 522, 358 S.E.2d 759, 761 (1987) (quoting Condrey v.

Childress, 203 Va. 755, 757, 127 S.E.2d 150, 152 (1962)). Because the record indicates that

father failed to timely note an appeal of the trial court’s order denying the motion to vacate, we

have no jurisdiction to consider this assignment of error.

                   F. Assignment of Error 8: Violation of Code § 16.1-283(E)

       In his eighth assignment of error, father argues that the trial court violated Code

§ 16.1-283(E) to the extent that it relied on the alleged abuse of A. to justify terminating father’s




       11
           Assignment of Error 7 states: “The trial court erred in refusing to consider the parents’
motions to set aside the verdict on the basis that the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction
to entertain the motion.”
       12
          The trial court denied the motion because it did not have subject matter jurisdiction as
the case was on appeal to this Court.

                                                - 30 -
rights to E. and W. Father argues that Code § 16.1-283(E) allows reliance only upon a prior

termination of the parent’s rights to a sibling, and not upon a simultaneous termination. 13

       In his objections to the final termination order for A., father states: “This case was tried,

correctly or erroneously as the case may be, under . . . Code § 16.1-283(B), rather than

§ 16.1-283(E).” “A litigant is estopped from taking a position which is inconsistent with one

previously assumed, either in the course of litigation for the same cause of action . . . .” Burch v.

Grace St. Bldg. Corp., 168 Va. 329, 340, 191 S.E. 672, 677 (1937). See also Hurley v. Bennett,

163 Va. 241, 252, 176 S.E. 171, 175 (1934) (holding that a litigant may not “approbate” and

“reprobate”). Based on his assertion at trial that Code § 16.1-283(E) was not the basis for

termination of his parental rights, father is estopped from now claiming on appeal that the trial

court erroneously terminated his parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(E). Consequently, we

decline to consider the merits of this assignment of error.

                 G. Assignments of Error 9 and 10: Abuse or neglect of E. and W.

       In assignments of error nine and ten, father challenges the trial court’s decision to

terminate his parental rights to E. and W. on multiple grounds. In assignment of error nine, he

contends that the trial court erred in terminating his rights to E. and W. because it only found

them to be “at risk” of abuse or neglect and Code § 16.1-283(B) requires a finding that they were




       13
            Assignment of Error 8 states:

                 To the extent that the trial court relied on the alleged abuse of [A.]
                 as evidence for the termination of [father’s] rights to [W.] and [E.],
                 the trial court violated Code § 16.1-283(E), in that the statute only
                 allows reliance on a prior termination as to a sibling, not a
                 simultaneous termination as attempted in this case. Code
                 § 16.1-283(B) should be read consistently with subsection (E).

                                                 - 31 -
actually abused or neglected. In assignment of error ten, father challenges the sufficiency of the

evidence supporting the trial court’s decision to terminate his rights to E. and W. 14

       Father’s first argument seems to conjoin the trial court’s determination at the end of the

abused or neglected trial and its findings in the final termination orders. Assignment of error

nine states: “The trial court erred in terminating parental rights with respect to [W.] and [E.]

because they were only at risk of abuse and neglect, whereas Code § 16.1-283(B) requires that a

child actually be abused before parental rights can be terminated.” It cannot be determined with

certainty where the “at risk” language that father advances emanates from, but in the event that

he is identifying error in the trial court’s abused or neglected determination that E. and W. were

“in danger of death, disfigurement, or impairment of bodily or mental functions,” we will first

analyze that determination and then examine the final termination orders for error.

       In its December 1, 2009 memorandum opinion, the trial court stated:

                 I find that [E.] and [W.] are in danger of death, disfigurement or
                 impairment of bodily or mental functions at the hands of their
                 parents by reason of the abuse and neglect of their sibling, [A.]
                 This latter form of abuse or neglect is recognized by statute. I refer
                 to . . . Code § 16.1-278.2(A). Hence, I find that they are abused
                 and/or neglected under the definition set forth in . . . Code
                 § 16.1-228(1). In making this determination, I also have in mind
                 the history of these parents which includes a previous removal of
                 these children from their home.

(Emphasis added).

       14
            Assignment of Error 10 states:

                 Regardless of the standard applied and regardless of the
                 correctness of the trial court’s finding as to [A.], the trial court
                 erred in finding that [father] had created a risk that [E.] or [W.]
                 would be abused and neglected, where the Department had no
                 evidence other than a missed medical appointment that he had
                 done anything wrong to either or both of them. Therefore, it was
                 error both as to fact and law to remove [E.] and [W.] or either of
                 them from their parents where the claimed abusive acts by [father]
                 were directed exclusively at [A.] to the extent that they occurred at
                 all.
                                                   - 32 -
        Code § 16.1-228 defines the terms used in the juvenile and domestic relations district

courts. In pertinent part, it states:

                When used in this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires:

                “Abused or neglected child” means any child:

                    Whose parents or other person responsible for his care creates
                or inflicts, threatens to create or inflict, or allows to be created or
                inflicted upon such child a physical or mental injury by other than
                accidental means, or creates a substantial risk of death,
                disfigurement or impairment of bodily or mental functions . . . .

Code § 16.1-228(1).

        The trial court found E. and W. to be “in danger of death, disfigurement or impairment of

bodily or mental functions at the hands of their parents” and thereby adjudicated them as abused

or neglected. This Court has previously upheld an adjudication of a newborn child abused or

neglected, before the child ever left the hospital with her biological mother, based, in part, on

previous findings of abuse or neglect of the mother’s three other children. See Jenkins, 12

Va. App. at 1183, 409 S.E.2d at 19 (affirming the trial court’s abused or neglected finding based

on previous findings of abuse or neglect of mother’s three other children and history with the

court). 15 In Jenkins, we discussed the language of Code 16.1-228(1) and held:

                [T]he statutory definitions of an abused or neglected child do not
                require proof of actual harm or impairment having been
                experienced by the child. The term “substantial risk” speaks in
                futuro . . . .

                        Accordingly, we hold that the Code contemplates
                intervention in such circumstances by allowing for the emergency
                removal of children before placement into an environment where
                “the child would be subjected to an imminent threat to life or
                health to the extent that severe or irreversible injury would be

        15
          We note that the portion of Jenkins mentioned is especially applicable to this
assignment of error because it addresses only the trial court’s abused or neglected determination.
Similarly, we limit this portion of our opinion to the trial court’s abused or neglected
determination before moving to its subsequent termination decision.
                                               - 33 -
               likely to result if the child were returned to or left in the custody of
               his parent . . . .” Code § 16.1-251(A)(1).

Jenkins, 12 Va. App. at 1183, 409 S.E.2d at 19. As in Jenkins, the trial court based its decision

in this case not only on the parents’ treatment of A. but also on the parents’ history, including a

prior removal of the children from their home. The trial court adjudicated E. and W. to be

“neglected or abused” as Code § 16.1-228(1) defines that term and proceeded to termination as

permissible under the portion of Code § 16.1-283(B) that father cites, for “a child found by the

court to be neglected or abused . . . .” Thus we find no error in the trial court’s determination

about the abuse or neglect of E. and W. nor its decision to proceed to termination on that basis.

       Specific to termination, father’s argument also ignores the plain language of the trial

court’s final termination orders for E. and W., which stated:

               The Court further finds . . . by clear and convincing evidence, that:

                          *       *       *       *       *       *       *

               [E. and W. are] in danger of death, disfigurement or impairment of
               bodily or mental functions at the hands of her parents by reason of
               the abuse and neglect of [her/his] sibling, [A.]. This latter form of
               abuse or neglect is recognized by statute. I refer to . . . Code
               § 16.1-278.2(A). Hence, I find that [she/he] is abused and/or
               neglected under the definition set forth in . . . Code § 16.l-228(1).

       Again, contrary to father’s argument, the trial court did not find E. and W. merely “at

risk” of abuse or neglect. The trial court found the children abused and/or neglected as that term

is defined in Code § 16.1-228(1), even tracking the precise language of the statutory definition,

finding that the children were “in danger of death, disfigurement or impairment of bodily or

mental functions.”

       Father implicitly argues that the trial court erred because Code § 16.1-283(B)(1) requires

a showing that “The neglect or abuse suffered by such child presented a serious and substantial

threat to his life, health or development.” (Emphasis added). We address this contention as

                                                - 34 -
merely a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence and accordingly are duty-bound to affirm

the trial court’s determination unless it was plainly wrong or without supporting evidence. See

Toms, 46 Va. App. at 266, 616 S.E.2d at 769. Moreover, in the analytical process, we view the

evidence in the light most favorable to the Department because it was the prevailing party below.

Jenkins, 12 Va. App. at 1180, 409 S.E.2d at 17.

       Father characterizes the sum of the evidence about his neglect or abuse of E. and W. as “a

missed medical appointment.” 16 He also concedes that even assuming arguendo that A. was

abused, the record contains no evidence of any animus between father and E. and W.

       The trial court cited substance abuse and the history of the prior removal in its final order.

That evidence, in addition to other evidence in the record, supports the conclusion that father

neglected E. and W. For example, father admitted at trial that he knew mother was using

marijuana during her pregnancy with E. yet did nothing to stop her. Father also testified that he

did not know mother was using cocaine during her pregnancy with W. and A., but then stated

that he removed her from the person who sold her the cocaine by telling the person that she was

pregnant. Father also admitted that he smoked marijuana in May 2008, after the Department

removed the children the second time. Thus, father used illegal drugs again despite the

Department’s provision of substance abuse counseling during the first removal.

       Dr. Lewis testified extensively about father’s history with the Department starting with

the first removal in 2007. He testified that father’s problems with alcohol abuse began when he

was a teenager. Dr. Lewis noted that father suffered from alcohol dependence, a history of

polysubstance abuse, along with a narcissistic personality disorder with antisocial traits.




       16
          We note for the record that the evidence about a missed medical appointment related to
A., not E. or W.
                                               - 35 -
Dr. Lewis found considerable problems with father’s parenting skills, specifically because he did

not adequately understand children’s developmental stages nor his own strengths and

weaknesses. By way of example, Dr. Lewis noted that father thought “growling” at the children

was an appropriate disciplinary tool.

       When comparing father’s evaluation from 2007 to the most recent evaluation in 2009,

Dr. Lewis testified that father’s parenting capacity had increased but that he still had significant

work to do before he could be considered a minimally adequate parent. When Dr. Lewis asked

father about whether he would go back and do anything differently prior to the most recent

removal, father could not think of anything except that he would have taken the children to the

doctor instead of letting mother do it and would have told the Department, “No, you’re not

taking my kids.”

       Most relevant to E. and W., however, Dr. Lewis testified that father’s presence was

harmful to the children and placed them at risk. When pressed about why exactly father posed a

danger, Dr. Lewis stated that father was unable to simply have a few drinks but regularly

consumed alcohol to the point that he engaged in behaviors that were dangerous and

inappropriate related to his parenting abilities. Additionally, Dr. Lewis testified that the

combination of the following makes father a danger to the children:

       1. The longstanding pattern and history of his substance abuse and his inability to

           control it;

       2. The pattern and history of physical violence between father and mother;

       3. The personality disorder that causes him to not be able to see his own faults,

           weaknesses and problems, but to blame them on others;

       4. His limited parenting ability, particularly with emotionally and behaviorally disturbed

           children;

                                                - 36 -
        5. The fact that A. was injured, or something happened to A., while in father’s care; and

        6. That the trial court later determined father was at fault for A’s injuries.

        Dr. Lewis further testified that returning the children to the home with both parents living

together would be dangerous.

        The trial court based its finding that E. and W. were actually neglected on father’s

continued substance abuse and history with the Department and the court, and we cannot say that

this approach was plainly wrong. See Butler v. Culpeper Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 48

Va. App. 537, 550, 633 S.E.2d 196, 202 (2006) (relying on a mother’s continued drug use to

support terminating her parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(B)). Because evidence in the

record supports the trial court’s decision and it is not plainly wrong, we affirm the trial court’s

finding that father abused or neglected E. and W. and that the abuse or neglect presented a

serious and substantial threat to their lives, health, and development.

 H. Assignments of Error 11, 12, and 13: Sufficiency of the evidence – abuse and neglect of A.

        Father’s assignments of error eleven through thirteen challenge the sufficiency of the

evidence supporting certain findings that the trial court made regarding A. First, in assignment

of error eleven, father argues that the trial court had insufficient evidence to find that father, or

mother with father’s knowledge and consent, abused A. Second, father contends in assignment

of error twelve that the trial court had insufficient evidence to find that any human being

intentionally inflicted A.’s injuries. Third, to the extent that the evidence proved father neglected

A., he claims that evidence was insufficient to justify terminating father’s parental rights, let

alone even removing A. from the home. 17




        17
           Assignment of Error 13 states: “Regardless of the standard applied, to the extent that
there was proved any neglect of [A.] by [father], such neglect was insufficient as a matter of law
to justify terminating his parental rights or even to justify removing [A.] from the home.”
                                                 - 37 -
          On review of a trial court’s decision to terminate parental rights we view the evidence in

the light most favorable to the prevailing party, in this case, the Department, and grant to it all

reasonable inferences fairly deducible from the evidence. See Toms, 46 Va. App. at 262, 616

S.E.2d at 767. When the trial court acts as a factfinder, as it did in this case, it retains “broad

discretion in making the decisions necessary to guard and to foster a child’s best interests.”

Farley, 9 Va. App. at 328, 387 S.E.2d at 795. We do not hesitate to reiterate that a trial court’s

paramount consideration in a termination case is the best interests of the children. See Logan, 13

Va. App. at 128, 409 S.E.2d at 463.

                 1. Father’s abuse of A. and the intentional infliction of A.’s injuries

          At the end of the abused or neglected trial, the trial court concluded on the record, and in

its December 1, 2009 memorandum opinion that father abused A. The memorandum opinion

stated: “I found that [A.] to have been abused [sic] and neglected by his father and to have been

neglected by his mother.” At the conclusion of the abuse or neglect proceeding, the trial court

stated:

                 Well, it’s clear to me that [A.] was abused and neglected. The
                 types of injuries that he sustained are not injuries that you get in
                 routine play, falls around the house. It takes a great violence to
                 inflict that type of injury, bilateral subdural hematoma, bilateral
                 retinal hemorrhages, which were diffuse. These are a result of,
                 again, great violence.

                         Of course, the additional disturbing thing with respect to
                 the subdural hematomas is that they were of various ages, which
                 would indicate that he perhaps suffered the same type of abuse in
                 the past. No explanation has been offered by the person in whose
                 care he was at the time as to how this happened.

                         I have no hesitation in finding [father] abused [A.] and
                 inflicted these injuries, given the evidence that I have heard. His
                 credibility has suffered in this courtroom because of the
                 contradictions and inconsistencies in his testimony and the
                 contradictions between the testimony of the two parents. I also
                 find from his testimony that there is some animus towards [A.];
                 he’s selfish; he’s an attention-getter; he’s difficult; he throws
                                                 - 38 -
               temper tantrums, and all this stuff, almost as if shifting the blame
               to [A.] for this whole episode.

(Emphasis added).

       The trial court, therefore, based its finding that father abused A. on the medical evidence,

father’s own conflicting testimony and demeanor, and the contradictions between father’s and

mother’s testimony. Specific to the medical evidence, Dr. Scherrer testified that A.’s brain

injuries – bilateral subdural hematomas of differing ages and bilateral retinal hemorrhages –

were most consistent with “non-accidental trauma.” Dr. Scherrer based this determination on the

lack of history to explain the injuries and ruled out the possibility that the parents’ explanations –

blow to the head with a toy truck or hitting head on coffee table – could have caused the injuries.

Dr. Dunn also came to the same conclusion about the cause of A.’s injuries based on the same

information.

       Father misconstrues the testimony of Drs. Jane and Richards by stating that they refused

to opine that A.’s injuries resulted from abuse. Dr. Richards, A.’s treating ophthalmologist,

stated that he did not have enough information about A.’s history and other medical information

to make a determination about the cause of the bilateral retinal hemorrhages. Similarly, Dr. Jane,

A.’s treating neurosurgeon, stated that he did not have an opinion to a reasonable degree of

medical certainty about the cause of A.’s subdural hematomas because he was consulted only to

determine whether A. needed surgery.

       The evidence was undisputed that father was A.’s caretaker each time he had a “seizure”

and needed medical attention. The trial court was in the unique position to observe father’s

demeanor on the witness stand and ultimately determined that he lacked credibility. See King v.

Int’l Harvester Co., 212 Va. 78, 84, 181 S.E.2d 656, 660 (1971) (according great weight to the

trial court’s findings of fact because it is in a better position than an appellate court to observe a

witness’ “demeanor, appearance, candor and behavior on the witness stand”). We are not
                                                 - 39 -
permitted to conduct a trial de novo on appeal to second guess a trial court’s credibility

determination. Both parents offered various explanations for A.’s injuries during their

testimony, and the trial court explicitly rejected these explanations in its final termination orders

for each child. The record supports the trial court’s conclusion about father’s attitude toward A.,

and the statements the trial court quoted came directly from father’s testimony. The record

further supports the trial court’s conclusion about conflicts between father’s testimony and

mother’s testimony. Consequently, we find that the evidence was sufficient for the trial court to

conclude that father abused A. and intentionally inflicted A.’s injuries.

                                       2. Father’s neglect of A.

        Father asserts that to the extent the Department proved he neglected A., that neglect was

insufficient as a matter of law to justify terminating his parental rights to A. or even to justify

removing A. from the home. Particular to the neglect inquiry, as opposed to abuse, the trial court

stated on the record at the conclusion of the abuse and neglect trial:

                        As far as neglect, I think both parents are guilty of neglect.
                It went far too long between doctor visits when [A.] was a
                malnourished child, I mean, 16 pounds at 18 months of age. So
                there’s no question that [A.] is abused and neglected, abused and
                neglected by his father and neglected by his mother.

        In both the December 1, 2009 memorandum opinion and the final termination order for

A., the trial court noted that it considered the case in the context of it being the second removal

of the children. In the final termination order for A., the trial court further intimated that it also

based its decision on the parents’ continued problems with substance abuse. As discussed above,

the trial court had ample evidence about father’s substance abuse and lack of progress between

the first and second removal to determine that father neglected A.

        We find no error in the trial court’s decision to rely on the same evidence for all three

children. The record indicates that father was regularly the sole caretaker of all three children,

                                                 - 40 -
and it was during these times when A. suffered grievous injuries. Even if we assume father’s

explanations about A.’s injuries were true, the trial court could have concluded that father

neglected A. in failing to seek medical attention for him after he allegedly fell down the stairs

and was unconscious. Additionally, father is equally as culpable as mother for failing to ensure

that A.’s malnourishment issues were addressed in a reasonable period of time instead of waiting

until A. was violently ill. Accordingly, we find no merit in these assignments of error.

                       I. Assignment of Error 14: Returning E. and W. home

       Father’s fourteenth assignment of error states: “The trial court erred in finding under any

standard of proof that there were no circumstances under which any one or more of the children

could within a reasonable time be returned to [father’s] home.” Under this assignment of error,

father challenges both the legal standard the trial court applied and the evidence supporting the

trial court’s decision to terminate his rights to E. and W. under the second prong of Code

§ 16.1-283(B).

       Initially, we recognize that the appropriate legal standard for addressing a question of law

is de novo. Wilson, 58 Va. App. at 519, 711 S.E.2d at 254. Next, when addressing the

sufficiency argument, we are compelled to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the

Department as the prevailing party below. Jenkins, 12 Va. App. at 1180, 409 S.E.2d at 17.

       Father contends that our decision in Todd required the trial court to find that there were

no circumstances under which one or more of the children could be returned to father’s home

before terminating his parental rights. While recognizing the Supreme Court’s partial reversal of

this Court’s decision in Todd on other grounds, we find that this did not effect any change to the

termination statutes analyzed in Todd. Thus, we reconfirm our holding in Todd in this regard

where we explicitly affirmed the constitutionality of Code § 16.1-283(B), stating:

                         Finally, we note that this conclusion [that the detriment to
                 the child standard exists independent of the Code] is consistent
                                                 - 41 -
                with the Code’s treatment of children who are in the care of social
                services . . . . Code § 16.1-283, which governs the termination of
                residual parental rights of parents whose children have been placed
                in foster care, requires more than a finding that the termination will
                be in the best interest of the child. Instead, the statute sets forth
                several other required findings in addition to a determination that
                the termination would be in the child’s best interests in order to
                justify a termination of parental rights. See Code § 16.1-283(B).

Todd, 55 Va. App. at 790 n.8, 689 S.E.2d at 792 n.8.

        We again decline father’s invitation to fault the trial court for failing to make findings

that our statutes do not require. The trial court was required to find under Code § 16.1-283(B)(2)

that father was not reasonably likely to substantially remedy or eliminate the conditions resulting

in the neglect or abuse within a reasonable period of time so as to allow the children to safely

return to his care, and nothing more. In addition to the evidence we have already reviewed about

father’s relationship with the children, Virginia’s jurisprudence recognizes that “past actions and

relationships over a meaningful period serve as good indicators of what the future may be

expected to hold.” Winfield v. Urquhart, 25 Va. App. 688, 695-96, 492 S.E.2d 464, 467 (1997).

The record indicates that the court removed the children the first time because of the parents’

substance abuse, and, despite the parents’ receiving substance abuse and individual counseling

over the course of six months, the court had to remove the children again for arguably more

severe issues, including A.’s brain injuries. The trial court specifically noted the severity of

these injuries, finding in its final termination order for A. that the injuries father inflicted

constituted “‘aggravated circumstances’ as defined by Code [§ ]16.1-283.”

        Moreover, Dr. Lewis’s evaluation following the removal indicated that father had not

resolved his substance abuse issues and had serious deficiencies as a parent, despite the services

he received after the first removal. As noted above, Dr. Lewis was clear about why father is a

danger to the children and how his presence is harmful and puts the children at risk. Hence, we



                                                 - 42 -
find that the record contained sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s conclusion under

Code § 16.1-283(B)(2).

           Father again raises arguments about Code § 16.1-283(E) under this assignment of error,

and consistent with our analysis above, we conclude that he is estopped from raising them.

Therefore, we find no merit in this assignment of error.

            J. Assignment of Error 16: Evidence of mother’s failure to obtain prenatal care

           Father contends that the trial court erred in permitting the Department to introduce

evidence that mother failed to obtain prenatal care. 18 He challenges this decision on two

grounds: first, that Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973), gives mother a privacy right in her

decision to not obtain prenatal care, and second, that res judicata barred the introduction of this

evidence. Because both issues raise a question of law, we review them de novo. See Rusty’s

Welding Serv. v. Gibson, 29 Va. App. 119, 127-28, 510 S.E.2d 255, 259 (1999) (holding that res

judicata is a question of law reviewed de novo on appeal); see also Hancock-Underwood v.

Knight, 277 Va. 127, 131, 670 S.E.2d 720, 722 (2009) (confirming that whether a privilege

applies is a question of law).

           Father contends that the United State Supreme Court’s decision in Roe recognizes a

woman’s right to privacy in her decision to terminate her pregnancy and can also be interpreted

to bar the introduction of evidence of a woman’s failure to obtain prenatal care under any

circumstances. We disagree. As Roe itself demonstrates, and the trial court correctly concluded,

the holding in Roe does not extend to that degree. Incidentally, the United States Court of

Appeals for the Fourth Circuit applied Roe in a case involving interpretation of Virginia law,

stating:


           18
          Assignment of Error 16 states: “The trial court erred in admitting over [father’s]
objection evidence that [mother] had not sought prenatal care before the births of any of the
children involved in this case.”
                                             - 43 -
                     [I]n Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 35 L. Ed. 2d 147, 93 S. Ct.
                     705 (1973), and Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179, 35 L. Ed. 2d 201,
                     93 S. Ct. 739 (1973), the Court recognized a related right of
                     privacy -- the right of a woman to terminate a pregnancy by an
                     abortion, unqualified to the end of the first trimester of
                     pregnancy and qualified thereafter by proper state regulation
                     to preserve the state’s interest in the preservation and
                     protection of maternal health and preservation of the life of a
                     viable fetus.

Lovisi v. Slayton, 539 F.2d 349, 353-54 (4th Cir. 1976) (emphasis added).

        The Court continued: “The ‘right of privacy,’ apt in some cases, is a misleading

misnomer in others including this one. This freedom may be termed more accurately ‘the right

to be let alone,’ or personal autonomy, or simply ‘personhood.’” Id. at 356. Implicit in this

construction is the conclusion that while Roe may protect a woman from certain state regulations

regarding abortion and prenatal care, it has nothing to do with the admissibility of evidence. It is

inapplicable in cases such as this one when the state is simply preserving and protecting

“maternal health and preservation of the life of” children who have moved past the “viable fetus”

stage and are now living and growing. Simply put, nothing in the holding of Roe prohibits a trial

court from considering a mother’s refusal to seek prenatal care in determining whether that child,

once born, is at risk of abuse or neglect.

        Father also claims that res judicata bars the evidence of mother’s failure to obtain

prenatal care for the three children in the case at bar because the same issue was before the trial

court in the prior removal action, and a final judgment was entered in favor of the parents. 19

        In actions commenced after July 1, 2006, Rule 1:6 governs claims of res judicata, stating

in pertinent part:


        19
          Father additionally contends that this evidence was inadmissible because the
Department’s case had to rest on actions or omissions after the date of the first final judgment
returning the children to the parents’ custody on October 12, 2007. Because we find that this
argument is encompassed in the res judicata argument addressed in this section, we decline to
analyze it separately.
                                               - 44 -
                         A party whose claim for relief arising from identified
                 conduct, a transaction, or an occurrence, is decided on the merits
                 by a final judgment, shall be forever barred from prosecuting any
                 second or subsequent civil action against the same opposing party
                 or parties on any claim or cause of action that arises from that
                 same conduct, transaction or occurrence . . . .

(Emphasis added).

       The claim for relief in the case at bar does not arise from the “same conduct, transaction

or occurrence.” Id. In the first case, the Department removed the children after W. and A.’s

birth because they were born with cocaine in their systems, and E. was born exposed to

marijuana one year earlier. Whereas, in the second case, the Department removed the children

and petitioned for termination after A. suffered from severe brain injuries that the trial court

determined father inflicted. Because the doctrine of res judicata does not apply, we find no error

in the trial court’s decision to consider evidence of mother’s failure to obtain prenatal care.

       Therefore, we find no merit in either of father’s arguments under this assignment of error.

                                    K. Assignment of Error 17:
             Evidence of mother’s illegal drug use during her pregnancy with W. and A.

       Under this assignment of error, father raises the same argument regarding res judicata as

he raised in the previous assignment of error about mother’s failure to obtain prenatal care. 20 We

find no merit in this assignment of error for the same reasons as stated above.




       20
            Assignment of Error 17 states:

                 The trial court erred in admitting over [father’s] objection evidence
                 of [mother’s] use of illegal drugs during the pregnancy of [W.] and
                 [A.] when abuse proceedings were terminated by a complete and
                 unqualified return of these children to their parental home because
                 it was in the children’s best interest to so do.
                                                  - 45 -
       L. Assignment of Error 18: Dr. Scherrer’s opinion about the cause of A.’s injuries

       Father argues that the trial court erred in admitting Dr. Scherrer’s opinion because it was

not expressed to “sufficient medical certainty” to qualify for admission as an expert opinion. 21

The decision whether to admit expert testimony rests within the sound discretion of the trial

judge, and therefore we will not reverse unless the trial court abused its discretion. Riverside

Owner, L.L.C. v. Richmond, 282 Va. 62, 73, 711 S.E.2d 533, 539 (2011). Expert testimony “is

admissible in civil cases to assist the trier of fact, if the testimony meets certain fundamental

requirements, including the requirement that it be based on an adequate factual foundation.”

Countryside Corp. v. Taylor, 263 Va. 549, 553, 561 S.E.2d 680, 682 (2002); see also Code

§§ 8.01-401.1 and -401.3. Expert testimony is thus “inadmissible if it is speculative or founded

on assumptions that have an insufficient factual basis.” John v. Im, 263 Va. 315, 320, 559

S.E.2d 694, 696 (2002). Additionally, “expert testimony is inadmissible if the expert fails to

consider all the variables that bear upon the inferences to be deduced from the facts observed.”

Vasquez v. Mabini, 269 Va. 155, 160, 606 S.E.2d 809, 811 (2005).

       When the physical condition of a patient is at issue in a civil action, the diagnoses of

medical experts about that condition must be expressed to a reasonable degree of medical

probability or they are inadmissible. Code § 8.01-399(B). Any testimony about a diagnosis that

a medical expert admits is not competent to a reasonable degree of medical certainty is

inadmissible and speculative. See Pettus v. Gottfried, 269 Va. 69, 78, 606 S.E.2d 819, 825

(2005). Virginia law draws a critical distinction between statements by experts that are opinions

in the form of medical diagnoses and mere factual impressions based on treating the patient at


       21
          Assignment of Error 18 states: “The trial court erred in admitting over [father’s]
objection the opinion of Dr. Scherrer concerning the issue of whether [A.] was abused because
that opinion was not expressed to sufficient medical certainty to qualify for admission into
evidence as an expert opinion.”

                                                - 46 -
issue. Graham v. Cook, 278 Va. 233, 244, 682 S.E.2d 535, 541 (2009). Expert testimony that

communicates a medical diagnosis must be stated to a reasonable degree of medical probability.

Id. (citing Code § 8.01-399(B)). Expert testimony conveying impressions that are “factual in

nature,” however, need not be stated to that same degree. Id.

       During the Department’s questioning of Dr. Scherrer during her de bene esse deposition,

the following exchanges took place:

               Q: What was to a reasonable degree of medical certainty, what
               was [A.’s] medical condition?

               A: He had extensive bilateral retinal and pre-retinal hemorrhages,
               and old and new subdural hematomas.

               Q: And what else?

               A: The clinical diagnosis based on those findings, as well as the
               lack of history to explain it, again, were most consistent with
               non-accidental trauma.

                         *       *       *      *       *       *      *

               Q: You’ve stated that the history provided to you as to the injuries
               would not have been sufficient to cause this degree of damage. Is
               this your opinion to a reasonable degree of medical certainty?

              A: Yes, it is.

              Q: Would you please explain this opinion?

              A: The history that we were provided, which included a previous
              fall that [A.] experienced, I believe, in the middle of March where
              he hit his head upon the coffee table, and then he had been hit in
              the head three days prior to being admitted this time by a toy truck,
              were not sufficient to cause bilateral significant retinal
              hemorrhages, nor the old and new subdural hematomas in the
              absence of a significant bleeding disorder, or the absence of some
              other very significant trauma.

                         *       *       *      *       *       *      *

               Q: Subject to the objection, in your opinion, to a reasonable
               degree of medical certainty, could a fall down the stairs have
               caused the retinal hemorrhages?
                                              - 47 -
                 A: No, it could not have.

                           *       *         *     *      *       *      *

                 Q: Are the medical opinions which you offered during this
                 deposition true to a medical degree of – or true to a reasonable
                 degree of medical certainty?

                 A: Yes.

       Regardless of whether we hold that Dr. Scherrer’s statement about the cause of A.’s

injuries was a medical diagnosis or a factual impression based on her treatment of him, she stated

that it was her opinion to a reasonable degree of medical certainty. In coming to this conclusion

Dr. Scherrer asserted that she relied on facts, data, and opinions commonly relied upon by

experts in her field, and specifically identified those items in her deposition. She stated, in not so

many words, that because she had no other explanation from A.’s history about the injuries and

no outward signs of trauma, she could not come to any conclusion other than that they were

caused by non-accidental trauma. Despite mother’s concealment of A.’s fall down the stairs,

Dr. Scherrer addressed it and stated that it could not have caused the retinal hemorrhages.

       Dr. Scherrer’s opinion about the cause of A.’s injuries was based on the history provided

to her and the treating teams’ findings from their examination of A., not speculation. Therefore,

we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in accepting her expert opinion about the

cause of A.’s injuries.

              M. Assignment of Error 19: Dr. Dunn’s expert opinion about A.’s abuse

       Father assigns error to the trial court’s admission of Dr. Dunn’s expert opinion about the

cause of A.’s injuries on two grounds. 22 First, father argues that permitting her to give an expert


       22
            Assignment of Error 19 states:

                 The trial court erred in admitting Dr. Dunn’s expert opinion over
                 objection on two grounds:

                                                 - 48 -
opinion approximately a month after she gave a deposition disclaiming any expert opinion was

an unfair surprise to him. Second, father contends that Dr. Dunn was not qualified to give an

expert opinion on whether A. had been abused or not. Again we review these arguments for an

abuse of discretion. Riverside, 282 Va. at 73, 711 S.E.2d at 539.

       Rule 4:1(b) includes the requirements for expert designations and states:

               (4) Trial Preparation: Experts; Costs -- Special Provisions for
               Eminent Domain Proceedings. --Discovery of facts known and
               opinions held by experts, otherwise discoverable under the
               provisions of subdivision (b)(1) of this Rule and acquired or
               developed in anticipation of litigation or for trial, may be obtained
               only as follows:

                   (A) (i) A party may through interrogatories require any other
               party to identify each person whom the other party expects to call
               as an expert witness at trial, to state the subject matter on which
               the expert is expected to testify, and to state the substance of the
               facts and opinions to which the expert is expected to testify and a
               summary of the grounds for each opinion.

(Emphasis added).

       Father did not propound an interrogatory asking for expert designations, and the

Department brought this fact to the trial court’s attention when father objected to Dr. Dunn’s

qualification as an expert witness. The Department also noted that despite not receiving this

interrogatory, it produced hundreds of pages of Dr. Dunn’s records and notes about A.

Moreover, Dr. Dunn gave several other expert opinions during the same discovery deposition

when she stated she was not testifying as an expert. The trial court noted father’s concerns about

the timing but stated that Dr. Dunn’s records had been made available to defense counsel and

that she was present in court and subject to cross-examination. Because the Department did not



               1. That she was not qualified to give an expert opinion on
                  whether [A.] had been abused or not; and
               2. That permitting her to give an expert opinion about a month
                  after she gave a deposition disclaiming any expert opinion was
                  an unfair surprise to the defense.
                                               - 49 -
fail to comply with an interrogatory requesting expert designations or pre-trial disclosure of

expert opinions and father was aware of the information Dr. Dunn was using to form her

opinions, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing Dr. Dunn to qualify

as an expert. See Norfolk & Portsmouth Belt Line R.R. Co. v. Wilson, 276 Va. 739, 745, 667

S.E.2d 735, 738 (2008) (holding appellant’s claim of error relating to failure to fully comply with

Rule 4:1’s expert disclosure requirements was moot because appellant was now fully aware of

the substance of the expert’s testimony if the case were retried on remand).

       The second half of father’s argument under this assignment of error is that Dr. Dunn, as a

pediatrician, was not qualified to give an opinion as to the cause of A.’s injuries. The trial court

addressed this issue squarely, noting: “I’ll certainly deem her to be an expert in pediatrics . . . .

To the extent that her experience with the types of injuries that we’re dealing with in this case is

limited, that’ll go to the weight that I give that testimony as opposed to the qualification.” In

concluding that father abused A., the trial court did not state that it relied solely on Dr. Dunn’s

conclusion about the cause of A.’s injuries. The trial court could have completely ignored

Dr. Dunn’s opinion on this issue and relied solely on Dr. Scherrer’s testimony because

Dr. Scherrer also concluded that someone intentionally inflicted A.’s injuries.

       Even assuming that the trial court accepted Dr. Dunn’s conclusion on the issue of abuse,

we cannot say that doing so was an abuse of discretion. Code §§ 8.01-401.1 and -401.3 provide

applicable guidance for expert witnesses. Code § 8.01-401.1 allows an expert witness to “render

an opinion or draw inferences from facts, circumstances or data” she knew or perceived before

the hearing, and they need not be admissible in and of themselves if they are “of a type normally

relied upon by others in the particular field of expertise . . . .” More pertinent to this case, Code

§ 8.01-401.3 allows an expert witness to testify to the ultimate issue if she qualifies by

“knowledge, skill, experience, training or education.” Dr. Dunn concluded that A.’s injuries

                                                - 50 -
were consistent with non-accidental trauma based on her knowledge of A.’s medical history, her

experience with trauma injuries in children, and her medical education. She testified that these

resources indicated to her that a child with both diffuse, bilateral subdural hematomas and

bilateral retinal hemorrhages and no outward signs of physical injury did not incur these injuries

accidentally. Dr. Dunn was also A.’s pediatrician from birth, examined him when he came into

the hospital on April 30, 2008, and reviewed the reports of the various doctors who treated A. at

UVA. These bases comport with our statutes and case law related to expert opinions and do not

indicate that Dr. Dunn based her opinion on speculation. Therefore, we find that the trial court

did not abuse its discretion in allowing Dr. Dunn to testify to the cause of A.’s injuries.

                                        IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we find no merit in any of father’s assignments of error.

Therefore, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                                                              Affirmed.




                                                - 51 -
