        Third District Court of Appeal
                                 State of Florida

                          Opinion filed February 13, 2019.
          Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                                ________________

                                 No. 3D18-2351
                           Lower Tribunal No. 15-19538
                               ________________


                    Asset Recovery Group, LLC, et al.,
                                     Petitioners,

                                         vs.

                              Kyle Wright, et al.,
                                    Respondents.



      A Case of Original Jurisdiction—Prohibition.

      Conroy Simberg, and Diane H. Tutt (Hollywood), for petitioners.

      James C. Blecke, for respondent Kyle Wright.


Before SALTER, SCALES and LINDSEY, JJ.

      SCALES, J.

      Petitioners, Asset Recovery Group, LLC and Wayne Ginter (collectively,

“the Receiver”), seek to prohibit the trial court from further exercising jurisdiction
to adjudicate Counts III and IV in the underlying premises liability action filed by

the plaintiff below, respondent, Kyle Wright. We have jurisdiction. See Asset

Recovery Group, LLC v. Cabrera, 233 So. 3d 1173, 1176 (Fla. 3d DCA 2017)

(granting a writ of prohibition to prevent the circuit court from exercising

jurisdiction over a receiver that was appointed by the court in a separate

foreclosure action). Because it is not clear from the face of the operative pleading

that the Receiver acted outside the scope of the Receiver’s delegated, legal

authority, we grant the petition for writ of prohibition and quash the order under

review without prejudice to Wright seeking leave to file suit against the Receiver

from the foreclosure court that appointed the Receiver. See Desulme v. Rueda,

252 So. 3d 293, 294-95 (Fla. 3d DCA 2018).

      I. RELEVANT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      Kyle Wright was a tenant of an apartment complex located in Homestead,

Florida. On June 20, 2013, Wright was allegedly stabbed by an assailant at the

apartment complex. At the time of the incident, the property was under a court-

imposed receivership in a commercial foreclosure action then pending in the

Miami-Dade County Circuit Court. See Samjack Homestead LLC v. 1200

Homestead 72 (LLC), Case No. 2011-38747 (Fla. 11th Cir. Nov. 21, 2011).

      In the foreclosure action, the trial court appointed petitioner Wayne Ginter

of petitioner Asset Recovery Group, LLC to take possession, custody and control



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of the apartment complex. The alleged stabbing occurred after the subject property

was sold at a foreclosure sale and the certificate of title had issued to the purchaser,

Samjack Homestead LLC, but before the foreclosure court discharged the

Receiver.

      As set forth in the foreclosure court’s order of appointment, the Receiver’s

delegated responsibilities included, with limitations, controlling, managing,

operating, and insuring the subject property.         The Receiver was also given

authority to maintain the subject property, “making such repairs and renovations as

are necessary and appropriate to ensure the life, health and safety of the

occupants.” The order of appointment contained a judicial immunity provision

providing, among other things, that the Receiver and the Receiver’s attorneys and

agents: (1) “shall not be held liable to anyone for their own good faith compliance

with their duties and responsibilities as a receiver, or as attorney or agent for

Receiver”; and (2) “shall not be liable to anyone for their acts or omissions, except

upon a finding by this Court that such acts or omissions were outside the scope of

their duties or were grossly negligent.” (Emphasis added).

      In August 2015, Wright filed the instant premises liability action (lower

court case number 2015-19538) against the apartment complex’s owner, Samjack

Homestead LLC, for negligent security of the apartment complex. Wright alleged

in the complaint that the owner had breached its duty to maintain the apartment



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complex in a reasonably safe condition by not taking measures to provide security

to prevent criminal attacks that the owner allegedly should have known were likely

to occur thereon. Wright further alleged that, as a direct and proximate result of

the owner’s negligence, Wright had suffered great bodily harm from the stabbing

that occurred on June 20, 2013.

      In May 2017, Wright filed a second amended complaint in the instant action

to include identical negligent security claims against the Receiver. In December

2017, the Receiver moved to dismiss the second amended complaint for lack of

subject matter jurisdiction, relying upon the judicial immunity provision contained

in the order of appointment entered in the foreclosure action. In the motion, the

Receiver cited to this Court’s then recently issued decision in Cabrera, which, as

discussed further herein, granted a prohibition petition in a similar premises

liability action against this same Receiver where the complaint failed to contain

any allegations that the Receiver had “step[ped] outside the authority granted by

the court or [did] things in [a] personal capacity and not as a receiver.” Cabrera,

233 So. 3d at 1175, n.3 (quoting Murtha v. Steijskal, 232 So. 2d 53, 55 (Fla. 4th

DCA 1970)). The trial court granted the Receiver’s motion to dismiss without

prejudice, giving Wright leave to amend his complaint.

      In January 2018, Wright filed his third amended complaint (the operative

complaint) in his premises liability action, alleging the same negligent security



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claims1 against the Receiver. Similar to Wright’s second amended complaint, this

third amended complaint detailed acts and omissions allegedly constituting

negligence of the Receiver; but, unlike Wright’s second amended complaint, the

third amended complaint also alleged – albeit in conclusory fashion – that certain

“acts and omissions of [the Receiver] were outside the authority granted to it as

Receiver by the Appointing Court . . . .” After the trial court denied the Receiver’s

motion to dismiss the third amended complaint and directed the Receiver to file an

answer and defend the action, on March 30, 2018, the Receiver filed a motion

seeking, in part, to require Wright to obtain leave of the foreclosure court that

appointed the Receiver before allowing the instant negligent security action to

proceed against the Receiver (“March 30, 2018 motion”).

      Prior to a hearing on the March 30, 2018 motion, this Court issued its

opinion in Desulme, which the Receiver filed as a supplemental authority in the

lower court. At the hearing conducted on the March 30, 2018 motion, the Receiver

argued, in part, that: (1) Wright had failed to adequately plead in his third amended

complaint that the Receiver had acted outside the scope of the Receiver’s authority

granted to the Receiver by the foreclosure court; and (2) therefore, under Desulme

and Cabrera, Wright must seek leave from the foreclosure court to file the instant

suit against the Receiver. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court entered

1Count III is against Asset Recovery Group, LLC. Count IV is against Wayne
Ginter.

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the challenged order denying the March 30, 2018 motion, with the Receiver’s

counsel announcing her intention to seek a writ of prohibition in this Court. On

agreement of the parties, the trial court stayed the lower court proceedings pending

the outcome of this prohibition proceeding.

        II. ANALYSIS

        Under what is known as “the Barton doctrine,” a plaintiff generally must

seek leave from the court that appointed the receiver before the plaintiff can file

suit against a court-appointed receiver. Barton v. Barbour, 104 U.S. 126, 128

(1881). In Cabrera, however, this Court recognized an exception to the Barton

doctrine where the receiver “steps outside the authority granted by the court or

does things in [a] personal capacity and not as a receiver.” Cabrera, 233 So. 3d at

1175 (quoting Murtha, 232 So. 2d at 55).

        Cabrera involved the same apartment complex, the same receiver (Asset

Recovery Group, LLC and Wayne Ginter), and the same order of appointment

from the same foreclosure action as this case. Cabrera, who was also stabbed by

an assailant on the subject property, brought a similar premises liability action

against the Receiver for allegedly “failing to maintain the premises in a reasonably

safe condition by not keeping it free from third party criminal conduct.” Id. at

1175.    Because Cabrera’s complaint did not contain any allegations that the

Receiver “step[ped] outside the authority granted by the court or [did] things in his



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personal capacity and not as a receiver,” this Court found that the exception to the

Barton doctrine was inapplicable in that case. Id. at 1175, n.3 (quoting Murtha,

232 So. 2d at 55).

      Concluding that the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over

Cabrera’s lawsuit as the pleadings were then framed, this Court granted the

Receiver’s petition for writ of prohibition, directing that the trial court dismiss the

claims against the Receiver “without prejudice to allow Cabrera to move to amend

his complaint in an attempt to sufficiently allege that the acts or the omissions of

the Receiver were outside the authority granted to him by the appointing court, or

to seek leave to file the negligence action from the court that appointed the

Receiver.” Id. at 1178 (emphasis added).

      In this case, unlike Cabrera, Wright’s third amended complaint contains

allegations, albeit conclusory ones, that the acts or omissions of the Receiver were

outside the authority granted to the Receiver by the court in the foreclosure action.

The threshold question we must resolve, therefore, is whether the subject

allegations against the Receiver are sufficient for the recognized exception to the

Barton doctrine to apply in this case such that the instant proceeding may go

forward.2 Id.     If the allegations are not sufficient, the instant action must be

dismissed without prejudice to Wright seeking leave to file suit against the

2 In denying the Receiver’s March 30, 2018 motion, the trial court implicitly found
that Wright’s allegations were sufficient.

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Receiver from the court that established the receivership. See Desulme, 252 So. 3d

at 294-95 (“An exception to [the Barton doctrine] exists where the receiver has

acted outside his or her legal authority. However, when it is not clear from the

face of the complaint whether the receiver acted outside his authority, it is proper

to have that review take place in the context of a request to file suit against the

receiver filed and heard in the case establishing the receivership.”) (citation

omitted).

       We conclude that the third amended complaint does not sufficiently allege

that the Receiver’s alleged acts and omissions were outside the authority granted to

the Receiver by the appointing court.        Indeed, many of the alleged acts or

omissions identified therein as falling outside the Receiver’s authority appear to

fall   within the Receiver’s authority to operate, manage, maintain, insure and

control the apartment complex.        These conclusory allegations include the

Receiver’s alleged: “fail[ure] to manage, preserve, protect and maintain the

Mortgaged Property in a reasonable, prudent, diligent, and efficient manner”;

“fail[ure] to reasonably secure the property despite violent crimes occurring during

the Receivership period . . . which constituted a failure to reasonably manage,

preserve, protect, and maintain the Property in a reasonable, prudent, diligent, and

efficient manner, and was not appropriate to ensure the life, health, and safety of

the occupants”; “fail[ure] to make repairs or renovations as appropriate to ensure



                                         8
the life, health and safety of the occupants”; and “fail[ure] to maintain insurance

coverage in accordance with the Court’s Order.”

      While the operative complaint may adequately allege a premises liability

action for negligent security, it fails to allege, with any specificity, how the

Receiver’s alleged negligence constituted conduct that was outside the scope of the

Receiver’s authority. This Court, in Desulme, required a heightened level of

pleading when a plaintiff, without obtaining leave of the appointing court, seeks to

hold a receiver liable for tort damages: the face of the complaint must clearly

demonstrate that the receiver acted outside of the scope of the authority of the

appointment order. See Desulme, 252 So. 3d at 294-95.

      Because it is not clear from the face of the third amended complaint whether

the Receiver acted outside the authority granted by the appointing court, “it is

proper to have that review take place in the context of a request to file suit against

the receiver filed and heard in the case establishing the receivership.” Desulme,

252 So. 3d at 294-95; Cabrera, 233 So. 3d at 1176 (“[E]ven when the receiver has

been discharged, as in the instant case, leave from the court that had appointed the

receiver must still be obtained to file suit against the receiver.”).

      III. CONCLUSION

      Despite Wright’s best efforts, the third amended complaint suffers the same

shortcoming as his second amended complaint. The pleading does not sufficiently



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allege that the Receiver’s alleged acts and omissions were outside the authority

granted to the Receiver by the appointing court. Accordingly, we grant the petition

for writ of prohibition, quash the order under review, and remand with directions

to enter an order dismissing counts III and IV of the third amended complaint

without prejudice to Wright seeking leave from the foreclosure court to assert his

claims against the Receiver.3

      Petition granted; subject order quashed; remanded with instructions.




3 We express no opinion as to whether Wright has demonstrated the “prima facie
case of liability” required for the appointing court to grant leave to file suit.
Cabrera, 233 So. 3d at 1176. Given our resolution of this petition, we need not,
and therefore do not, reach the question of when, and in what manner, the trial
court should consider a receiver’s entitlement to judicial immunity where the
plaintiff sufficiently alleges that the Receiver acted outside the authority of the
appointing court.

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