                 United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 15-1441
                        ___________________________

      Kristina Greene, Joan Spiczka; Paula Fleming; Patrick Fleming; Cindy
                         Lindbloom; Maria Zimmerman

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiffs - Appellants

                                           v.

Minnesota Governor Mark Dayton, in his official capacity as the Governor of the
 State of Minnesota; Josh Tilsen, in his official capacity as Commissioner of the
    Bureau of Mediation Services; Lucinda Jesson, in her official capacity as
Commissioner of the Minnesota Department of Human Services; SEIU Healthcare
                                  of Minnesota

                     lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellees
                                      ____________

                    Appeal from United States District Court
                   for the District of Minnesota - Minneapolis
                                  ____________

                           Submitted: October 21, 2015
                             Filed: December 3, 2015
                                  ____________

Before LOKEN, MURPHY, and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

MURPHY, Circuit Judge.

      The Minnesota legislature enacted the Individual Providers of Direct Support
Services Representation Act on May 20, 2013 to allow homecare providers for
Medicaid program participants to unionize. Six homecare providers brought this
action against Governor Mark Dayton, Bureau of Mediation Services ("BMS")
Commissioner Josh Tilsen, Minnesota Department of Human Services Commissioner
Lucinda Jesson, and SEIU Healthcare of Minnesota ("SEIU"), alleging that the law
is unconstitutional. The providers argue that the statute violates the Supremacy
Clause, tortiously interferences with their preexisting contracts, and violates the
Contract Clause of the United States and Minnesota Constitutions. The district court1
dismissed the case, and the providers now appeal. We affirm.

                                         I.

      The Individual Providers of Direct Support Services Representation Act ("the
Act") allows homecare providers for Medicaid program participants to seek union
representation under the Public Employment Labor Relations Act ("PELRA"). See
generally Minn. Stat. §§ 179A.54, 179A.06. Solely for collective bargaining
purposes, homecare providers are considered executive branch state employees. Id.
§ 179A.54, subd. 2. Although individual providers may form a union under PELRA,
they are not required to become members of the union or pay union dues. See id.
§ 179A.06, subd. 2; id. § 179A.13, subds. 1, 2(1), 3(1).

       Medicaid program participants hire and fire their own individual providers, but
the state has always paid these providers. See id. § 256B.0711, subds. 1(b), 1(d).
Before passing the Act the commissioner of human services established compensation
rates, payment practices, and benefit terms for individual providers. Id. subd. 4(c).
The process required under the new Act is different. It compels the state to meet and
negotiate with the providers' elected union to determine the terms and conditions of



      1
        The Honorable Michael J. Davis, then Chief Judge, United States District
Court for the District of Minnesota.

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the providers' employment. Id. § 179A.54, subd. 3. On August 26, 2014 the SEIU
was elected and certified as the providers' exclusive representative.

       Six homecare providers, Kristina Greene, Joan Spiczka, Paula Fleming, Patrick
Fleming, Cindy Lindbloom, and Maria Zimmerman (collectively "the providers"),
filed this lawsuit against Governor Mark Dayton, BMS Commissioner Josh Tilsen,
Minnesota Department of Human Services Commissioner Lucinda Jesson, and the
SEIU. Spiczka provides homecare for Medicaid program participants who have
disabilities. The other five appellants provide homecare for their own children who
are also Minnesota Medicaid program participants. The providers claim that the Act:
(1) violates the Supremacy Clause because the National Labor Relations Act
("NLRA") preempts state regulation of domestic workers; (2) tortiously interferes
with their right to contract individually with program participants; and (3) violates the
Contract Clause of the United States and Minnesota Constitutions. The district court
dismissed all of these claims.

                                          II.

      We review de novo the grant of a motion to dismiss, "taking all well pleaded
factual allegations in the complaint as true and making all reasonable inferences in
favor of the plaintiff." Cormack v. Settle-Beshears, 474 F.3d 528, 531 (8th Cir.
2007). "To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual
matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face."
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       The providers first argue that the district court erred in dismissing their
Supremacy Clause claim. They state that Congress intended to preempt states from
the regulation of domestic service workers by exempting domestic service workers
from the NLRA. According to the Machinists preemption doctrine, "congressional
intent to shield a zone of activity from regulation is usually found only implicit[ly]

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in the structure of the Act, drawing on the notion that [w]hat Congress left
unregulated is as important as the regulations that it imposed." Chamber of
Commerce of U.S. v. Brown, 554 U.S. 60, 68 (2008) (alterations in original) (internal
quotations and citation omitted). Although Congress exempted domestic service
workers from the NLRA, Congress did not demonstrate an intent to shield these
workers from all regulation. Rather, Congress merely concluded that domestic
service worker disputes were not significant enough to regulate federally because
they did not impact national "labor peace." See Harris v. Quinn, 134 S. Ct. 2618,
2640 (2014).

       Since Congress expressly exempted both agricultural and domestic service
workers from the NLRA, cases analyzing the legality of state agricultural worker
regulations are instructive here. See 29 U.S.C. § 152(3). The Ninth and Seventh
Circuits have determined that "federal policy is indifferent" to the regulation of
agricultural workers, and therefore "states remain free to legislate as they see fit."
United Farm Workers of Am., AFL-CIO v. Ariz. Agric. Emp't Relations Bd., 669
F.2d 1249, 1257 (9th Cir. 1982) (internal quotation marks omitted); see Villegas v.
Princeton Farms, Inc., 893 F.2d 919, 921 (7th Cir. 1990). Although the providers
argue that the agricultural and domestic service exemptions are distinguishable
because Congress debated at length only the agricultural labor exemption, this
distinction is immaterial. The two groups of employees are treated identically in the
text of the statute, and we do not draw an inference from silence in a statute's
legislative history. See Harrison v. PPG Indus., Inc., 446 U.S. 578, 592 (1980). The
district court thus properly dismissed the providers' Supremacy Clause claim because
the NLRA does not preempt Minnesota's regulation of domestic service workers.

       The providers unsuccessfully try to dovetail a state preemption argument into
their federal preemption claim. They argue that the Act is preempted by an older
Minnesota statute which excludes domestic service workers from its definition of
"employees" permitted to bargain collectively. See Minn. Stat. § 179.01, subd. 4. As

                                         -4-
for the state defendants, this argument fails as a matter of law because the Eleventh
Amendment bars our court from ordering state officials to conform their conduct to
state law. See Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 106 (1984).
The providers' state preemption argument against the SEIU also fails because even
if the state laws conflict "irreconcilabl[y]," the law passed most recently by the
legislature controls and thus the Act trumps the older statute's definition of
"employees." See Minn. Stat. § 645.26, subd. 4.

        The providers contend that the district court also erred in dismissing their
tortious interference claim because the defendants forced them to join the union and
prevented them from bargaining directly with Medicaid program participants. The
Act however does not require individual providers to join the union. See id.
§ 179A.06, subd. 2; id. § 179A.13, subds. 1, 2(1), 3(1). To the extent that the
providers argue they can no longer bargain directly with program participants, their
tortious interference claim fails against the SEIU. That is because even assuming that
they allege a sufficiently concrete and particularized injury to have standing, they do
not plausibly allege that the union ever acted without justification, a requisite element
of tortious interference. See Furlev Sales & Assoc., Inc. v. N. Am. Auto. Warehouse,
Inc., 325 N.W.2d 20, 25 (Minn. 2002). "Generally, a defendant's actions are justified
if it pursues its legal rights via legal means." Noble Sys. Corp. v. Alorica Central,
LLC, 543 F.3d 978, 983 (8th Cir. 2008). The SEIU's actions in this case were
justified as a matter of law because under the Act it had the right to seek certification
as the exclusive bargaining representative and to negotiate the providers' employment
terms. The district court also properly dismissed the providers' tortious interference
claim against the state defendants because federal courts are unable to order state
officials to conform their conduct to state law. See Pennhurst, 465 U.S. at 106. The
district court thus properly dismissed the entire tortious interference claim.

      Finally, the providers contend that the district court erred in dismissing their
federal and state constitutional Contract Clause claims. Both constitutions prohibit

                                          -5-
a state from passing a law which impairs the obligation of contracts. U.S. Const.
art. 1, § 10, cl.1; M.N. Const. art. I, § 11. Under both constitutions a law
unconstitutionally impairs a contract only if it substantially impairs a contractual
relationship, and either does not serve a significant and legitimate public purpose, or
is not reasonably appropriate to accomplish that purpose. Jacobsen v. Anheuser-
Busch, Inc., 392 N.W.2d 868, 872 (Minn. 1986); Energy Reserves Grp., Inc. v.
Kansas Power & Light Co., 459 U.S. 400, 411–13 (1983). The defendants contend
that the providers' constitutional claims fail because the appellants lack standing and
they do not allege which preexisting contracts terms are impaired by the Act.

       The providers do not sufficiently allege substantial impairment of a contractual
relationship. They claim that the Act impairs their contractual relationships with the
Medicaid program participants whom they serve because it deprives them of the right
to "deal directly" with their "employers," and it negates their previously negotiated
terms and conditions of employment. Even before the Act was passed, however, the
commissioner of human services set compensation rates, payment practices, and
benefit terms for providers. See Minn. Stat. § 256B.0711, subd. 4(c). Although the
commissioner could permit "variations based on traditional and relevant factors
otherwise permitted by law," the providers did not have authority to negotiate
compensation or benefits terms with program participants. See id. subd. 4(c)(1). The
district court thus properly dismissed the providers' Contract Clause claims.

      For these reasons the judgment of the district court is affirmed.

                               ______________________________




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