            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS


 CHARLETTE LEGION-LONDON, also known as                                FOR PUBLICATION
 CHARLETTE LEGION, and CHARLETTE                                       February 6, 2020
 LONDON,

                Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v                                                                     No. 344838
                                                                       Oakland Circuit Court
 SURGICAL INSTITUTE OF MICHIGAN                                        LC No. 2016-155115-NH
 AMBULATORY SURGERY CENTER, LLC,
 MICHIGAN BRAIN & SPINE PHYSICIANS
 GROUP, PLLC, KEVIN T. CRAWFORD, D.O.,
 P.C., KEVIN T. CRAWFORD, D.O., and ARIA
 SABIT, M.D.,

                Defendants-Appellees.


Before: CAMERON, P.J., and CAVANAGH and SHAPIRO, JJ.

CAMERON, J. (dissenting)

        Plaintiff filed a defective affidavit of merit (AOM) with her complaint in support of her
medical malpractice claim. The defect in the AOM was significant: the doctor who signed the
affidavit lacked the statutorily required qualifications necessary to support plaintiff’s claims. More
than six months after the complaint was filed, plaintiff moved the trial court to “amend” her AOM
with a new AOM, this time signed by a different doctor who was qualified in an entirely different
medical specialty. Not surprisingly, the trial court denied plaintiff’s motion to amend, concluding
that the substitution of a different health care professional, with different qualifications, in a
different medical specialty, is not an amendment to the AOM previously filed; rather, it is a new
AOM. Consequently, the trial court held that the second AOM could not relate back to the filing
date of the original AOM and dismissed the claim. In reversing the trial court, the majority broadly
interprets MCR 2.112(L)(2)(b) as permitting plaintiff to cure a defective AOM so as long as the
“proposed amendment arose out of the same conduct as the conduct described in the original
AOM.” I disagree with the majority’s expansive interpretation of MCR 2.112(L)(2)(b) and its
conclusion that the substitute AOM constitutes an amendment. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.



                                                 -1-
        MCL 600.2912d(1) requires a complaint alleging medical malpractice to be filed with an
AOM “signed by an expert who the plaintiff’s attorney reasonably believes meets the requirements
of [MCL 600].2169.” Grossman v Brown, 470 Mich 593, 598; 685 NW2d 198 (2004) (emphasis
omitted). MCL 600.2169 requires, among other things, the condition that the AOM must be signed
by a health care professional “in the same specialty as the [defendant].” The purpose of MCL
600.2169’s requirement is to prevent frivolous medical malpractice claims. Dorris v Detroit
Osteopathic Hosp Corp, 460 Mich 26, 47; 594 NW2d 455 (1999). In enacting MCL 600.2912d(1),
which requires a reasonable belief that the requirements of MCL 600.2169 are satisfied, the
Legislature “placed ‘enhanced responsibilities’ on medical malpractice plaintiffs.” Ligons v
Crittenton Hosp, 490 Mich 61, 70-71; 803 NW2d 271 (2011), quoting Solowy v Oakwood Hosp
Corp, 454 Mich 214, 228; 561 NW2d 843 (1997).
        In this case, it is undisputed that plaintiff’s affiant, Dr. James Vascik, was board certified
in a different specialty than defendant Dr. Kevin Crawford and that defendant Crawford used this
defect to successfully challenge the AOM. The issue in this case is whether plaintiff’s substitute
AOM constitutes, as a matter of law, an amendment. I agree with the trial court that it was not an
amendment.
         As a preliminary matter, there is no dispute that AOMs are capable of being amended and,
once properly amended, the AOM relates back to its original filing date.1 However, the majority
does not cite any authority that distinguishes a properly amended AOM from a wholesale substitute
AOM that is not an amendment. Instead, the majority reasons that MCR 2.112(L)(2)(b) does not
place limits on the nature of amendments to AOMs and then turns to authority outside of the AOM
context to support its conclusion that plaintiffs are permitted to cure a defective AOM so long as
“the proposed amendment arose out of the same conduct as the conduct described in the original
AOM.” In so concluding, the majority relies on MCR 2.118(D), which provides in relevant part
that a claim will relate back to the date of the original pleading if the claim in the amended pleading
“arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set forth . . . in the original pleading.”
However, the majority disregards the fact that AOMs do not set forth claims. Rather, AOMs
provide factual support for the allegations included in the complaint and serve to prevent frivolous
medical malpractice claims. See Dorris, 460 Mich at 47. Further, by treating all requests to




1
  MCR 2.118(A)(2) provides that “a party may amend a pleading only by leave of the court or by
written consent of the adverse party.” Although an AOM is not a pleading, it is an attachment that
must be filed along with a plaintiff’s complaint, MCL 600.2912d(1), and the affidavit of merit is
therefore subject to amendment under MCR 2.118(A)(2). Amendments of an affidavit of merit
“relate[] back to the date of the original filing of the affidavit.” MCR 2.118(D). See also Jones v
Botsford Continuing Care Corp, 310 Mich App 192, 222; 871 NW2d 15 (2015) (DONOFRIO, P.J.,
concurring in part and dissenting in part) (“While an affidavit of merit is not a ‘pleading’ under
MCR 2.110(A), MCR 2.112(L)(2)(b), taken together with MCR 2.118(D), allows an affidavit of
merit to be amended, and that amendment relates back to the date of the original filing of the
affidavit.”). Thus, in order to relate back to the date of the original filing of the AOM, the change
to the AOM must constitute an amendment.


                                                 -2-
amend the same, the majority blurs the legislative distinction between amendments to AOMs and
the amendments of pleadings.
       Consequently, the majority’s reliance on MCR 2.118(D) is misplaced, and the majority’s
holding disregards the plain language of MCR 2.112(L)(2).2
       MCR 2.112(L)(2)(b) provides, in relevant part:
               all challenges to an affidavit of merit or affidavit of meritorious defense,
       including challenges to the qualifications of the signer, must be made by motion,
       filed pursuant to MCR 2.119, within 63 days of service of the affidavit on the
       opposing party. An affidavit of merit or meritorious defense may be amended in
       accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in MCR 2.118 and MCL
       600.2301. [Emphasis added.]

Therefore, under MCR 2.112(L)(2)(b), the trial court has discretion to permit an amendment of an
AOM only if the requirements of both MCR 2.118 and MCL 600.2301 are met.

        In reaching its conclusion, the majority does not define the term “amendment” and does
not apply the definition to the facts at issue in this case. Instead, the majority focuses on what a
trial court must consider after the court determines that the proposed change to a pleading
constitutes an amendment.3 In doing so, the majority does not apply well-established rules relating
to the interpretation of court rules, which include consulting dictionary definitions when a court
rule does not define a term. See Halloran v Bhan, 470 Mich 572, 578; 683 NW2d 129 (2004). I
believe that the majority’s failure to do so contributes to the majority’s flawed interpretation and
application of MCR 2.112(L)(2)(b).

        Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed) defines “amendment” as “a formal and usually minor
revision or addition proposed or made to a statute, constitution, pleading, order, or other
instrument; specifically, a change made by addition, deletion, or correction; especially, an
alteration in wording.” Similarly, Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed) defines


2
  This Court reviews de novo whether a trial court properly interpreted and applied the relevant
court rule. Henry v Dow Chem Co, 484 Mich 483, 495; 772 NW2d 301 (2009). Court rules are
interpreted according to their plain language. Id. The term “may” generally designates discretion,
Walters v Nadell, 481 Mich 377, 383; 751 NW2d 431 (2008), and the word “and” is “a
conjunction” that means “with,” “as well as,” and “in addition to,” Amerisure Ins Co v Plumb, 282
Mich App 417, 428; 766 NW2d 878 (2009). “Court rules . . . must be read to give every word
effect and to avoid an interpretation that would render any part of the [court rule] surplusage or
nugatory.” See Casa Bella Landscaping, LLC v Lee, 315 Mich App 506, 510; 890 NW2d 875
(2016) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
3
 The majority notes that under MCR 2.118(A)(2), a party may amend a pleading by leave of the
court and that such “[l]eave shall be freely given when justice so requires” so long as certain
particularized reasons do not exist. In relying on MCR 2.118(A)(2) and case law relating to the
amendment of pleadings, the majority fails to first analyze whether the substitute AOM constituted
an amendment.

                                                -3-
“amendment” as “an alteration proposed or effected by” the process of amendment; “[a]mend” is
also used as a verb, meaning “to alter formally by modification, deletion, or addition.”

        Plaintiff’s second AOM was not an amendment under any commonly understood sense of
the word. Plaintiff did not seek to make an addition, deletion, or correction to the AOM that was
filed with the complaint. Rather, plaintiff sought to replace the original AOM with a different
AOM signed by Dr. John Joseph Regan, an orthopedic surgeon whose medical specialty matched
that of defendant Crawford. The wholesale substitution of affiants in different medical specialties
cannot be considered a “minor revision or addition” of wording within the original AOM. Because
the definition of an amendment does not contemplate the substitution of one AOM with a new
AOM that is signed by a different affiant in a different specialty, Dr. Regan’s AOM cannot be
considered an amendment within the meaning of MCR 2.112(L)(2)(b) and MCR 2.118.

        Nonetheless, the majority reasons that “for all intents and purposes,” a successful challenge
to the qualifications of the signer requires a plaintiff to submit a new AOM authored by a different
affiant. Therefore, the majority argues, because MCR 2.112(L)(2)(b) permits amendment of
AOMs when the qualifications of the signer are successfully challenged and because MCR
2.118(D) does not place limitations on the nature of the amendment, the plain text of the rules
require the trial court to accept the replacement AOM as an amendment. In so concluding, the
majority fails to take into consideration that the Legislature placed special restrictions on when a
claim can proceed despite the fact that the expert witness who signed the AOM did not meet the
requirements of MCL 600.2169.

         Under MCL 600.2912d(1), a plaintiff’s attorney in a medical malpractice action is required
to file “an affidavit of merit signed by a health professional who the plaintiff’s attorney reasonably
believes meets the requirements for an expert witness under [MCL 600.]2169.” (emphasis added).
Thus, pursuant to MCL 600.2912d(1), a plaintiff’s attorney must only reasonably believe that the
proposed expert meets the requirements for an expert witness. See Jones v Botsford Continuing
Care Corp, 310 Mich App 192, 200; 871 NW2d 15 (2015). “[T]he issue is not whether the
attorney’s judgment proves to be incorrect, but rather whether the attorney’s belief, though
erroneous in hindsight, was reasonable at the time.” Id. at 201. If a plaintiff’s attorney did not
possess a reasonable belief that the expert met the requirements under MCL 600.2169, the medical
malpractice action must be dismissed. See Bates v Gilbert, 479 Mich 451, 462; 736 NW2d 566
(2007).
        The majority entirely fails to consider MCL 600.2912d(1) despite the fact that it concerns
what must occur if a party successfully challenges the qualifications of a signer of an AOM.
Because the rules of statutory construction require courts to “construe an act as a whole to
harmonize its provisions and carry out the purpose of the Legislature,” Macomb Co Prosecuting
Attorney v Murphy, 464 Mich 149, 159; 627 NW2d 247 (2001), I believe that it is necessary to
consider whether the trial court properly interpreted and applied MCL 600.2912d(1) to the facts
of this case.
        I conclude that the trial court properly determined that plaintiff’s attorney did not have a
reasonable belief that Dr. Vascik met the requirements of an expert witness. It is undisputed that,
before the alleged malpractice, defendant Crawford had previously treated plaintiff for knee issues.
The trial court found that “a simple Google search would have uncovered” that defendant Crawford

                                                 -4-
is board certified in orthopedic surgery and specializes solely in orthopedic surgery, including hip
and knee orthopedic surgery.4 Given the widespread availability of information on the Internet,
even a cursory search would have revealed to plaintiff’s attorney that defendant Crawford was an
orthopedic surgeon who specialized in orthopedic surgery. Plaintiff correctly notes that defendant
Crawford assisted Dr. Aria Sabit in performing plaintiff’s spinal surgery and that Dr. Sabit is a
neurosurgeon. However, plaintiff presents no evidence in support of the notion that defendant
Crawford engaged in the practice of neurosurgery, particularly in light of the fact that defendant
Crawford operated alongside Dr. Sabit, a neurosurgeon. Plaintiff also fails to present logical
argument in favor of a finding that defendant Crawford practiced outside of his specialty in
orthopedics. Moreover, defendant Crawford’s response to plaintiff’s pre-suit notice of intent
contained information that defendant Crawford was an orthopedic surgeon. According to
defendant Crawford’s response to the notice of intent, “[t]he applicable standard of care for a board
certified orthopedic surgeon assisting a neurosurgeon in the performance of spinal surgery [is] of
a physician board certified in orthopedic surgery.” Accordingly, based on the information
available to plaintiff’s counsel before the suit was filed, plaintiff’s counsel could not have
reasonably believed that Dr. Vascik (a neurosurgeon) met the requirements for an expert witness
under MCL 600.2169.
       Had plaintiff’s counsel possessed a reasonable belief that Dr. Vascik was qualified to sign
the AOM, the action would have been able to proceed despite the failure to comply with MCL
600.2169. The majority’s conclusion that the trial court possessed an unbounded ability to permit
the wholesale substitution of AOMs ignores the fact that, in enacting MCL 600.2912d(1), the
Legislature “placed ‘enhanced responsibilities’ on medical malpractice plaintiffs.” See Ligons,
490 Mich at 70-71. As already discussed, this enhanced responsibility requires a plaintiff’s
attorney to possess a reasonable belief that an expert meets the requirements of MCL 600.2169.
The majority’s expansive reading of MCR 2.112(L)(2)(b) subverts the requirements of MCL
600.2912d(1) and holds that even if a plaintiff’s attorney did not reasonably believe that the
proposed expert met the requirements of an expert witness, the trial court should nonetheless
permit the action to proceed. In so holding, the majority essentially concludes that a plaintiff’s
attorney need not investigate whether a potential expert meets the requirements of MCL 600.2169
before filing a medical malpractice action and that, in the event the expert’s qualifications are
successfully challenged, amendment must be permitted regardless of whether the plaintiff’s
attorney possessed a reasonable belief that the AOM complied with MCL 600.2196. The
majority’s interpretation of MCR 2.112(L)(2)(b) essentially renders MCL 600.2169 and MCL
600.2912d(1) nugatory in that it permits plaintiffs to file complaints without conforming AOMs.
        Although the majority notes that locating the appropriate expert can be challenging, the
Legislature took this into consideration when enacting MCL 600.2912d(2). MCL 600.2912d(2)
“allows, upon a showing of good cause, an additional twenty-eight days to obtain the required
affidavit of merit. During this period, the statute will be tolled and summary disposition motions
on the ground of failure to state a claim should not be granted.” Solowy, 454 Mich at 229.




4
                 Beaumont               Hospital,            Kevin               Crawford,
<https://doctors.beaumont.org/provider/Kevin+Crawford/225913> (accessed January 8, 2020).

                                                -5-
Consequently, the majority fails to acknowledge that its concerns have already been addressed by
the Legislature in its enactment of MCL 600.2912d(2).
        Further, I disagree with the majority that my reading of MCR 2.112(L)(2)(b) would render
the phrase “qualifications of the signer” nugatory. I agree that in some cases, a plaintiff could be
required to procure an entirely different expert witness after a defendant successfully challenges
the qualifications of the medical professional who signed the original affidavit of merit. However,
in certain cases, an expert’s qualifications can be corrected or supplemented within the original
affidavit of merit. In such cases, a new affidavit from a new affiant would not need to be filed in
order for a plaintiff to continue to pursue his or her medical malpractice action. For example, in
the event that an expert’s qualifications are not described accurately or completely in the AOM, it
would certainly be appropriate for a trial court to permit amendment of the AOM. In such
circumstances, the plaintiff would not be seeking to replace the original expert’s AOM. Rather,
the plaintiff would be seeking to correct an error or provide additional facts within the original
AOM. Thus, reading MCR 2.112(L)(2)(b) to not permit entirely new AOMs does not render the
phrase “qualifications of the signer” nugatory.
        Finally, with respect to the majority’s reliance on MCL 600.2301, MCL 600.2301 provides
the following:
               The court in which any action or proceeding is pending, has power to amend
       any process, pleading or proceeding in such action or proceeding, either in form or
       substance, for the furtherance of justice, on such terms as are just, at any time before
       judgment rendered therein. The court at every stage of the action or proceeding
       shall disregard any error or defect in the proceedings which do not affect the
       substantial rights of the parties. [Emphasis added.]

        “The language in MCL 600.2301 requiring a court to disregard ‘any’ errors or defects if no
substantial rights are affected plainly and unambiguously reaches both content and noncontent
errors or defects, as the term ‘any’ is all-inclusive.” Furr v McLeod, 304 Mich App 677, 702-703;
848 NW2d 465 (2014), rev’d in part by Tyra v Organ Procurement Agency of Mich, 498 Mich 68;
869 NW2d 213 (2015). The Court in Furr noted that Supreme Court precedent emphasizes that
MCL 600.2301 “aims to abolish technical errors in proceedings and to have cases disposed of as
nearly as possible in accordance with the substantial rights of the parties.” Furr, 304 Mich App at
702 (quotation marks and citation omitted).
        Even if I were to accept the majority’s conclusion that MCL 600.2301 applies to the facts
at issue in this case, it would not be dispositive given that plaintiff must comply with both MCR
2.118 and MCL 600.2301 in order to be entitled to relief under MCR 2.112(L)(2)(b).5 Because I
conclude that the substitution of affiants based on these facts cannot be considered “minor
revision[s] or addition[s]” of wording so as to constitute an amendment, I would conclude that
MCL 600.2301 cannot be applied to save plaintiff’s claim.




5
 The word “and” is “a conjunction” that means “with,” “as well as,” and “in addition to.”
Amerisure Ins Co, 282 Mich App at 428.

                                                 -6-
        For these reasons, I would affirm the trial court’s decision to deny plaintiff’s motion for
leave to amend the affidavit of merit.


                                                            /s/ Thomas C. Cameron




                                                -7-
