Filed 9/29/14 D’ull v. Kaye CA2/2
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION TWO


MARK D'ULL,                                                          B252707

         Plaintiff and Appellant,                                    (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. BC502074)
         v.

TRACY KAYE et al.,

         Defendants and Respondents.



         APPEAL from judgments and an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles
County. Holly Kendig, Judge. Reversed in part and remanded with directions.


         Michael F. Frank, Peggi Gross for Plaintiff and Appellant.


         Glaser Weil Fink Jacobs Howard Avchen & Shapiro, Peter C. Sheridan, James T.
Grant, Brad Parr for Defendants and Respondents.


                  ___________________________________________________
       Appellant contends that the trial court incorrectly sustained demurrers without
leave to amend. Appellant further contends that the trial court improperly denied his
motion to disqualify opposing parties’ counsel. We agree, in part, and accordingly
reverse, in part.
                                    BACKGROUND
The Demurrers
       In March 2013, appellant Mark D’ull filed a lawsuit against respondents Tracy
Kaye, M&T Property Management, LLC (M&T), Tracinda Corporation (Tracinda), and
Anthony Mandekic. Tracinda and Mandekic both brought demurrers to the original
complaint, which were sustained with leave to amend.1
       D’Ull filed the operative first amended complaint (FAC) in July 2013. The FAC
alleged in pertinent part: D’Ull had a profitable video business when he first met Kaye.
D’Ull and Kaye considered having a relationship, and certain of Kaye’s family members
wished for them to do so but saw D’Ull’s business (which, apparently, had some
connection to pornography) as a bar to their relationship. Accordingly, Mandekic,
Kaye’s bookkeeper and an officer of the family company, Tracinda, induced D’Ull to
shut down his business and orally agreed to pay D’Ull $2,500 per month so long as D’Ull
cared for and lived with Kaye at her home and did not voluntarily leave her. While D’Ull
lived with and took care of Kaye, Mandekic made the $2,500 monthly payments.
Eventually, however, Kaye and/or her family decided to break off the relationship, and
the family (including Mandekic) ejected D’Ull from the residence and stopped making
the monthly payments.
       D’Ull alleges that Mandekic breached the oral agreement by ceasing the monthly
payments even though D’Ull did not voluntarily leave Kaye. D’Ull further alleges that
an implied-in-fact contract was formed between himself on one side, and Kaye,
Mandekic, and Tracinda on the other. The basis for this implied-in-fact contract was an



1      Kaye and M&T answered the complaint.


                                            2
understanding and course of conduct whereby D’Ull shut down his business and
expended his skills, efforts, and labor in furtherance of the relationship with Kaye, which
acts were compensated by monthly payments of $2,500, an arrangement that would
continue until D’Ull voluntarily left Kaye. According to the FAC, the implied-in-fact
contract was evidenced by the parties’ behavior, including that: Kaye and D’ull made
appearances at various functions as a family unit; they traveled together on business trips
and vacations; Kaye assured D’Ull he would be compensated financially for the rest of
Kaye’s life; D’Ull assisted Kaye in maintaining real and personal property; D’Ull took
care of Kaye, who required a great deal of care; D’Ull maintained relationships with and
frequently hosted Kaye’s friends and family; D’Ull acted as homemaker, companion, and
confidant to Kaye; Kaye promised to marry D’Ull; Kaye told D’Ull on many occasions
that he could live in her house without charge; and D’Ull and Kaye lived together in the
house for more than seven years. D’Ull alleges that this implied-in-fact contract was
breached when he was ejected from the residence and stopped receiving the monthly
payments.
       In total, the FAC alleges 18 causes of action, most of which involve failure to
continue making monthly payments to D’Ull. The remaining causes of action primarily
concern D’Ull’s and Kaye’s rights and responsibilities with respect to M&T, a business
of which they are both 50 percent owners. According to the FAC, M&T owns an
apartment building in Long Beach. Tracinda loaned M&T the money to purchase the
building.
       Both Mandekic and Tracinda brought demurrers to the FAC. The trial court
sustained the demurrers in their entirety without leave to amend, and judgments were
subsequently entered in favor of Mandekic and Tracinda. D’Ull timely appealed.
The Motion to Disqualify
       Throughout the litigation, including on appeal, all four defendants (Kaye, M&T,
Mandekic, and Tracinda) have been represented by the law firm of Glaser Weil Fink
Jacobs Howard Avchen & Shapiro LLP (Glaser Weil). In addition to appearing as
defendants, in March 2013 Kaye and M&T filed a cross-complaint against D’Ull and

                                             3
M&T (as a nominal cross-defendant) for, among other things, conversion and
embezzlement, and dissolution and winding-up of M&T. It appears from the record that
the cross-complaint is still pending.
       In July 2013, D’Ull filed a motion to disqualify Glaser Weil as attorneys of record
for defendants. D’Ull contended that he was a client of Glaser Weil as the firm
represented him in the formation of M&T, and that Glaser Weil’s adverse representation
in this case created a conflict. He further argued that, even if he was not a client, Glaser
Weil possessed confidential information pertaining to him, which necessitated its
disqualification. Moreover, D’Ull asserted that as a 50 percent owner of M&T, he had a
right to choose M&T’s counsel, but Kaye unilaterally designated Glaser Weil to represent
M&T. Glaser Weil opposed the motion by presenting evidence tending to show that
D’Ull was not a former client and that the firm did not possess any confidential
information that would require disqualification.
       The trial court denied the motion to disqualify. It found that Glaser Weil had
never represented D’Ull and that D’Ull had never provided confidential information to
the firm. Thus, the court found that D’Ull lacked standing to seek to disqualify the firm.
D’Ull timely appealed this order as well.
                                        DISCUSSION
I. Demurrers
       A. Standard of Review
       We review the ruling sustaining the demurrers de novo, exercising independent
judgment as to whether the complaint states a cause of action as a matter of law. (Desai
v. Farmers Ins. Exchange (1996) 47 Cal.App.4th 1110, 1115.) We give the complaint a
reasonable interpretation, assuming that all properly pleaded material facts are true, but
not assuming the truth of contentions, deductions, or conclusions of law. (Aubry v. Tri-
City Hospital Dist. (1992) 2 Cal.4th 962, 967.)
       A demurrer tests the legal sufficiency of the complaint. (Hernandez v. City of
Pomona (1996) 49 Cal.App.4th 1492, 1497.) Accordingly, we are not concerned with the
difficulties plaintiff may have in proving the claims made in the complaint. (Desai v.

                                              4
Farmers Ins. Exchange, supra, 47 Cal.App.4th at p. 1115.) We are also unconcerned
with the trial court’s reasons for sustaining the demurrer, as it is the ruling, not the
rationale, that is reviewable. (Mendoza v. Town of Ross (2005) 128 Cal.App.4th 625,
631; Sackett v. Wyatt (1973) 32 Cal.App.3d 592, 598, fn. 2.)
          B. Causes of Action
          Between the original complaint and the FAC, D’Ull pled 14 causes of action
against Mandekic and/or Tracinda. On appeal, he does not challenge the rulings
disposing of four of these claims.2 We therefore review the remaining 10 causes of
action.
                 1. Breach of oral agreement
          The elements of a breach of contract cause of action are: (1) the existence of a
contract, (2) plaintiff’s performance or excuse for nonperformance, (3) breach by the
defendant, and (4) resulting damage. (Harris v. Rudin, Richman & Appel (1999) 74
Cal.App.4th 299, 307.) In his first cause of action, D’Ull alleges that Mandekic promised
that he would buy out D’Ull from his business by making a monthly payment of $2,500
to D’Ull so long as he remained with Kaye and did not leave her voluntarily. D’Ull shut
down his business and moved in with and cared for Kaye. He alleges that Mandekic
breached their oral agreement by assisting Kaye and her family in breaking off the
relationship with D’Ull, and by discontinuing payments even though D’Ull had not
voluntarily left Kaye.
          Mandekic contends that the demurrer was properly sustained on several different
bases. First, he argues that there was no breach. According to Mandekic, D’Ull’s
original complaint discloses that the contract was actually performed because D’Ull
accepted the buyout offer and was paid $2,500 per month. The original complaint
alleges, however, that the payments were to continue “as long as plaintiff did not leave
Kaye and lived with Kaye at the home.” Construing the pleadings liberally, as we must


2      These four causes of action were titled: injunctive relief, declaratory relief,
cancellation/rescission of instrument, and equitable estoppel.


                                                5
(Code Civ. Proc., § 452), we determine that D’Ull adequately alleges a breach. D’Ull’s
clarification in the FAC that the payments would continue until he “voluntarily” left
Kaye did not materially change the meaning of the original allegation. Under both the
original complaint and the FAC, D’Ull alleges that he did not leave Kaye (rather, Kaye
and/or her family caused the breakup), and that Mandekic breached the oral agreement by
stopping payments.
       Mandekic also asserts that the breach of oral agreement claim is barred by the
statute of frauds because the payment obligation could continue indefinitely, depending
on when D’Ull chose (or chose not) to end the relationship with Kaye. Civil Code
section 1624, subdivision (a)(1) provides that, in the absence of a note or memorandum
thereof, an agreement is invalid if, by its terms, it is not to be performed within one year.
This provision, though, is interpreted “literally and narrowly.” (Plumlee v. Poag (1984)
150 Cal.App.3d 541, 548.) “Only those contracts which expressly preclude performance
within one year are unenforceable.” (Ibid.) “If performance under a contract could be
terminated within one year under some contingency it makes no difference whether the
contract has a definite outside term of two years, three years or five years—or whether it
is for the [plaintiff’s] lifetime or some other ‘indefinite’ period.” (Abeyta v. Superior
Court (1993) 17 Cal.App.4th 1037, 1044.) Nothing in the oral agreement as alleged by
D’Ull prevented him from terminating the agreement within a year of formation. The
alleged agreement, therefore, is not subject to the statute of frauds.
       Mandekic further contends that the principles outlined in Marvin v. Marvin (1981)
122 Cal.App.3d 871 (Marvin II) prevent D’Ull from basing a contract action upon his
relationship with Kaye. Marvin II followed Marvin v. Marvin (1976) 18 Cal.3d 660
(Marvin I), in which our Supreme Court held that “courts should enforce express
contracts between nonmarital partners except to the extent that the contract is explicitly
founded on the consideration of meretricious sexual services.” (Id. at p. 665.) D’Ull
alleges the consideration he provided in connection with the oral agreement was the
termination of his business, as well as living with and caring for Kaye. He does not claim



                                              6
to be owed money for providing sexual services. Thus, neither Marvin I nor Marvin II
bars the cause of action.
       Accordingly, the demurrer was incorrectly sustained as to the first cause of action.
              2. Breach of implied-in-fact contract
       A breach of implied contract cause of action has the same elements as a breach of
contract cause of action, except that the promise is implied from conduct, not expressed
in words. (Yari v. Producers Guild of America, Inc. (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 172, 182.)
The cause of action as pled in the FAC relies on similar allegations as the first cause of
action. In pertinent part it alleges—based on D’Ull’s termination of his business and his
conduct in living with and caring for Kaye—that Mandekic and Tracinda, by agreement
and through their conduct, had an obligation to continue paying D’Ull $2,500 a month
until he voluntarily left Kaye, and that they breached this agreement.
       Respondents’ bases for attacking the second cause of action are the same as those
asserted in addressing the first cause of action. For the reasons stated above, these
arguments fail.3, 4
              3. Tortious breach of contract
       A plaintiff may recover tort damages in connection with a breach of contract under
limited circumstances. “Contract and tort are different branches of law. Contract law
exists to enforce legally binding agreements between parties; tort law is designed to
vindicate social policy.” (Applied Equipment Corp. v. Litton Saudi Arabia Ltd. (1994) 7
Cal.4th 503, 514; see also Stop Loss Ins. Brokers, Inc. v. Brown & Toland Medical Group


3     Marvin I explicitly held that an implied contract claim may arise from conduct
between parties in a nonmarital relationship. (Marvin I, supra, 18 Cal.3d at p. 665.)
4      Respondents assert that part of the alleged consideration for the $2,500 monthly
payments was D’Ull’s efforts in working for the M&T business. According to
respondents, D’Ull was already obligated to perform such work and cannot recover under
a breach of implied contract claim. This argument is not well taken, as a demurrer may
only dispose of an entire cause of action, not individual allegations. (Fremont Indemnity
Co. v. Fremont General Corp. (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 97, 119.)


                                               7
(2006) 143 Cal.App.4th 1036, 1057-1058.) Tortious breach of contract is generally
confined to the insurance context, but may be found outside it “‘when (1) the breach is
accompanied by a traditional common law tort, such as fraud or conversion; (2) the
means used to breach the contract are tortious, involving deceit or undue coercion or; (3)
one party intentionally breaches the contract intending or knowing that such a breach will
cause severe, unmitigable harm in the form of mental anguish, personal hardship, or
substantial consequential damages.’” (Erlich v. Menezes (1999) 21 Cal.4th 543, 553-
554.)
        D’Ull’s allegations fail to meet the first two of these exceptions to the general rule.
D’Ull recites that defendants’ breach of contract was accompanied by fraud, but the
allegations contain no explanation of what that fraud was. (See Aubry v. Tri-City
Hospital Dist., supra, 2 Cal.4th 962, 967 [court does not assume truth of conclusions of
law].) Furthermore, D’Ull does not allege that the means used to breach the contract
involved deceit or undue conversion. However, construing the allegations liberally, we
find that D’Ull has adequately alleged a tortious breach of contract based on the
allegation that defendants intentionally breached the agreement knowing that the breach
would cause severe, unmitigable harm. According to the FAC, in breaching, defendants
knew that D’Ull “would essentially be on the street, without an income,” and with his
belongings stuffed into a storage “pod” by respondents, events that could cause mental
anguish and personal hardship.
               4. Tortious denial of contract
        The demurrers by Mandekic and Tracinda to the tortious denial of contract cause
of action were properly sustained. In Freeman & Mills, Inc. v. Belcher Oil Co. (1995) 11
Cal.4th 85, 102, our Supreme Court established a general rule precluding recovery under
such a claim except for in an insurance-related action. D’Ull offers no valid reason for
why this general rule should not apply in this case. D’Ull argues that he pled a special
relationship giving rise to a tort-based duty, but at most his allegations plead a fiduciary
duty between himself and Kaye, not with Tracinda or Mandekic.



                                                8
              5. Fraud and deceit
       D’Ull’s allegations of fraud largely mirror those underlying his breach of contract
causes of action. D’Ull alleges that Mandekic promised that he would make the monthly
payments if D’Ull shut down his business and lived with and cared for Kaye. Defendants
terminated the relationship and ceased making payments to D’Ull. The only additional,
substantive allegation made in connection with the fraud cause of action is that, in 2011
pay stubs for checks written to D’Ull for the monthly payments were labeled “gift,” when
they previously had been labeled “agreement” or “advance to owner.”
       These additional allegations are not sufficient to turn a breach of contract cause of
action into one for fraud. Fraud must be pled with specificity; general and conclusory
allegations do not meet this standard. (Small v. Fritz Companies, Inc. (2003) 30 Cal.4th
167, 184.) This requirement of pleading with specificity “‘“‘necessitates pleading facts
which “show how, when, where, to whom, and by what means the representations were
tendered.”’”’” ( Lazar v. Superior Court (1996) 12 Cal.4th 631, 645.)
       The FAC’s allegations are almost entirely devoid of specificity, even though D’Ull
was given the opportunity to amend his complaint. D’Ull complains that defendants
possess full information concerning the facts of fraud and deceit, which creates an
exception freeing him from the obligation to plead with particularity. (See Rossberg v.
Bank of America, N.A. (2013) 219 Cal.App.4th 1481, 1500.) The problem with D’Ull’s
argument is that he generally alleges a number of purportedly fraudulent representations
made directly to him. These allegations, however, do not contain any specificity as to
how, when, where, and by what means the representations were made. Since D’Ull was
the alleged recipient of these representations, he should have sufficient knowledge to
plead with some level of particularity. His failure to do so renders the claim
nonactionable.
              6. Promissory fraud
       D’Ull’s promissory fraud cause of action is pled even more vaguely than the
preceding claim for fraud and deceit. Because its allegations lacks the required
specificity, the promissory fraud claim also fails. (See Beckwith v. Dahl (2012) 205

                                             9
Cal.App.4th 1039, 1060 [each element of promissory fraud must be pled with
particularity].)
               7. Quantum meruit
       D’Ull’s quantum meruit claim differs from his claims for breach of contract.
D’Ull alleges that he rendered extensive labor and services (including maintenance,
repairs, collection of rents, refurbishment, answering tenant calls, evicting tenants,
renting units, bookkeeping, and management) for the apartment building owned by M&T,
at the request of defendants, without compensation. According to the FAC, defendants
promised to pay D’Ull for this work.
        “Quantum meruit refers to the well-established principle that ‘the law implies a
promise to pay for services performed under circumstances disclosing that they were not
gratuitously rendered.’ [Citation.] To recover in quantum meruit, a party need not prove
the existence of a contract [citations], but it must show the circumstances were such that
‘the services were rendered under some understanding or expectation of both parties that
compensation therefor was to be made’ [citations].” (Huskinson & Brown v. Wolf (2004)
32 Cal.4th 453, 458.) A claim for quantum meruit lies when a contract for services is not
fixed as to the amount of compensation; the trier of fact determines the reasonable value
of services. (Meredith v. Marks (1963) 212 Cal.App.2d 265, 272-273.)
       Defendants argue that D’Ull’s quantum meruit claim fails because the complaint
alleges the terms of the compensation D’Ull was to be paid and alleges that he agreed to
those terms. Defendants are mistaken. Under D’Ull’s quantum meruit claim, he seeks
payment for services rendered in connection with the apartment building—not for the
termination of his business and caring for Kaye, the alleged bases for the monthly $2,500
payments.5 The FAC alleges that D’Ull was to be paid for services rendered for the




5      Defendants contend that amendments made by D’Ull in the FAC violated the
sham pleading doctrine as expressed in Tostevin v. Douglas (1958) 160 Cal.App.2d 321,
327. The amendments, however, merely clarified that D’Ull’s quantum meruit claim was
entirely separate from his breach of contract claims. In the original complaint, D’Ull did

                                             10
apartment building, but it does not indicate a certain amount of agreed-upon
compensation. The quantum meruit claim, therefore, is properly pled.
              8. Intentional infliction of emotional distress
       The elements of intentional infliction of emotional distress are: “‘“(1) extreme
and outrageous conduct by the defendant with the intention of causing, or reckless
disregard of the probability of causing, emotional distress; (2) the plaintiff’s suffering
severe or extreme emotional distress; and (3) actual and proximate causation of the
emotional distress by the defendant’s outrageous conduct. . . .”’” (Christensen v.
Superior Court (1991) 54 Cal.3d 868, 903.) To be considered outrageous, conduct must
exceed all bounds of what is generally tolerated in a civilized community. (Ibid.)
       D’Ull does not allege any outrageous conduct. The allegations underlying the
intentional infliction of emotional distress claim primarily involve disputes over the
apartment building and M&T—e.g., leaving the building exposed to foreclosure, refusing
to list the building for sale, shutting down the M&T bank account, and refusing to have
Tracinda abate foreclosure proceedings. These business disputes do not exceed the
bounds of expected behavior in our society.
       D’Ull vaguely alleges that defendants directed “verbal abuse” at him and
“promulgat[ed] derogatory statements” about him. Without any further detail as to the
scope and content of such acts, we cannot say that they constitute conduct that exceeds all
bounds of what is tolerated in a civilized community. (See Cochran v. Cochran (1998)
65 Cal.App.4th 488, 498 [“In short, the parties to an intimate relationship gone bad were
now feuding. Those feuds are often accompanied by an exchange of hostile
unpleasantries which are intended to sting whoever sits at the delivery end. While the
pain inflicted might be real, the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress was
never intended to remove all such barbs.”].) Therefore, because D’Ull does not allege




not allege that the $2,500 monthly checks were full payment for work done related to the
apartment building.


                                              11
outrageous conduct, his intentional infliction of emotional distress claim fails.
               9. Conspiracy of fraud
       The demurrers were properly sustained as to this purported cause of action.
“Conspiracy is not a cause of action, but a legal doctrine that imposes liability on persons
who, although not actually committing a tort themselves, share with the immediate
tortfeasors a common plan or design in its perpetration.” (Applied Equipment Corp. v.
Litton Saudi Arabia Ltd., supra, 7 Cal. 4th 503, 510-511.) D’Ull cannot seek to recover
damages on the sole basis that there was an alleged conspiracy. An actionable conspiracy
does not exist in the absence of an actual tort. (Id. at p. 511.) It appears that D’Ull
attempts to base his claim of conspiracy on defendants’ alleged fraud. However, because
the fraud claims fail due to lack of specificity, D’Ull is unable to state a basis for
conspiratorial liability.
               10. Promissory estoppel
       Finally, D’Ull has adequately alleged a cause of action for promissory estoppel.
“The elements of a promissory estoppel claim are ‘(1) a promise clear and unambiguous
in its terms; (2) reliance by the party to whom the promise is made; (3) [the] reliance
must be both reasonable and foreseeable; and (4) the party asserting the estoppel must be
injured by his reliance.’” (US Ecology, Inc. v. State of California (2005) 129 Cal.App.4th
887, 901.) The FAC states that defendants promised D’Ull that if he shut down his
business and lived with Kaye, he would receive monthly payments of $2,500 until the
time he voluntarily left Kaye. D’ull relied on the promise and accordingly terminated his
business, but he was injured when he stopped receiving monthly payments even though
he did not voluntarily leave Kaye.
       Defendants argue that D’Ull’s allegations disclose that the alleged promise was
fully performed. This assertion is incorrect, as D’Ull alleges that the monthly payments
ceased even though he had not left Kaye.
II. Motion to disqualify
       We next turn to the denial of D’Ull’s motion to disqualify Glaser Weil as attorneys
of record for defendants. An order granting or denying a motion to disqualify counsel is

                                              12
appealable. (Truck Ins. Exchange v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th
1050, 1052, fn. 1; Orange County Water Dist. v. The Arnold Engineering Co. (2011) 196
Cal.App.4th 1110, 1116, fn. 2.)
       A. The trial court’s findings
       The trial court found that Glaser Weil had never represented D’Ull and that D’Ull
had never provided confidential information to the firm. On that basis, the court found
that D’Ull lacked standing to seek to disqualify the firm, and denied D’Ull’s motion.
       “‘Generally, a trial court’s decision on a disqualification motion is reviewed for
abuse of discretion. [Citations.] If the trial court resolved disputed factual issues, the
reviewing court should not substitute its judgment for the trial court’s express or implied
findings supported by substantial evidence. [ Citations.] When substantial evidence
supports the trial court’s factual findings, the appellate court reviews the conclusions
based on those findings for abuse of discretion. [Citation.] However, the trial court’s
discretion is limited by the applicable legal principles. [Citation.] Thus, where there are
no material disputed factual issues, the appellate court reviews the trial court’s
determination as a question of law. [Citation.]’” (City and County of San Francisco v.
Cobra Solutions, Inc. (2006) 38 Cal.4th 839, 848.)
       In evaluating whether a conflict exists that requires an attorney’s disqualification,
the court first looks to whether representation is concurrent or successive. (Gong v. RFG
Oil, Inc. (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 209, 214 (Gong).) Rule 3-310(C) of the California
Rules of Professional Conduct prohibits concurrent representation of clients in matters
presenting actual or potential conflicts without the informed written consent of each
client.6 The primary concern when an attorney simultaneously represents potentially


6       Rule 3-310(C) states, in full: “(C) A member shall not, without the informed
written consent of each client: [¶] (1) Accept representation of more than one client in a
matter in which the interests of the clients potentially conflict; or [¶] (2) Accept or
continue representation of more than one client in a matter in which the interests of the
clients actually conflict; or [¶] (3) Represent a client in a matter and at the same time in a
separate matter accept as a client a person or entity whose interest in the first matter is
adverse to the client in the first matter.”

                                              13
adverse parties is the attorney’s duty of loyalty. (Flatt v. Superior Court (1994) 9 Cal.4th
275, 284.) “Where the duty of loyalty applies, it requires a per se, or automatic
disqualification, in all but a few instances.” (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. v. Tracinda
Corp. (1995) 36 Cal.App.4th 1832, 1840.) In contrast, when an attorney represents a
client following representation of a former client, the foremost consideration is the duty
of confidentiality owed to the prior client. “Thus, where a former client seeks to have a
previous attorney disqualified from serving as counsel to a successive client in litigation
adverse to the interests of the first client, the governing test requires that the client
demonstrate a ‘substantial relationship’ between the subjects of the antecedent and
current representations.” (Flatt, at p. 283.)
       D’Ull did not claim to be a current client of Glaser Weil’s. D’Ull did assert,
however, that he was a former client of Glaser Weil’s, and that the firm’s former
representation was substantially related to the instant lawsuit. As the party seeking to
disqualify Glaser Weil, D’Ull had the burden of proving that he was a client of the firm.
(Koo v. Rubio’s Restaurants, Inc. (2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 719, 729 (Koo).)
       The existence of an attorney-client relationship is generally a question of law, but
when the evidence is conflicting, it involves a question of fact. (Responsible Citizens v.
Superior Court (1993) 16 Cal.App.4th 1717, 1733.) In moving to disqualify Glaser Weil,
D’Ull submitted a declaration stating that the firm had represented him in the formation
of M&T, the drafting of the M&T operating agreement, and “many legal issues” relating
to a loan from Tracinda to M&T in connection with M&T’s purchase of the apartment
building. In opposition, Glaser Weil submitted attorney declarations stating that D’Ull
never had an attorney-client relationship with the firm. One attorney declaration stated
that Glaser Weil did not represent D’Ull in the formation of M&T or any other matter,
that the firm never issued a bill to D’Ull as a client, that the firm never opened a client
file for D’Ull, and that no documents in the firm’s records indicated that D’Ull was
treated as or perceived as a client. Another declaration stated that D’Ull was told, in
connection with the formation of M&T, that Glaser Weil did not represent him, and he
was advised to retain his own counsel. In addition, Glaser Weil submitted a copy of the

                                                14
M&T operating agreement, which explicitly stated that the firm did not represent any
individual member (including D’Ull) with respect to the agreement. Given the weight of
this evidence, the trial court was correct in finding that D’Ull was never a client of Glaser
Weil’s. (See Koo, supra,109 Cal.App.4th 719, 729 [a unilateral declaration alone does
not create an attorney-client relationship].)
       Even in the absence of an attorney-client relationship, however, disqualification
may be appropriate where “‘there exists a genuine likelihood that the status or
misconduct of the attorney in question will affect the outcome of the proceedings before
the court. Thus, disqualification is proper where, as a result of a prior representation or
through improper means, there is a reasonable probability counsel has obtained
information the court believes would likely be used advantageously against an adverse
party during the course of the litigation.’” (Oaks Management Corporation v. Superior
Court (2006) 145 Cal.App.4th 453, 467; Kennedy v. Eldridge (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th
1197, 1205.) D’Ull, though, did not establish that Glaser Weil had obtained such
information about him. His declaration simply asserted that Glaser Weil was “intimately
familiar” with him and his “situation, background” and “confidential information.”
Meanwhile, Glaser Weil submitted declarations stating that D’Ull had never exchanged
confidential information with the firm. The few exchanges that did occur between the
firm and D’Ull merely asked for his review and signature on documents relating to the
formation of M&T. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in finding that Glaser Weil
was not in possession of confidential or improperly obtained information that could be
used advantageously against D’Ull.
       B. Glaser Weil’s representation of M&T
       In addition to arguing that he was a former client of Glaser Weil’s and that the
firm possessed his confidential information, D’Ull asserted that a conflict existed by
virtue of Glaser Weil’s representation of both Kaye and M&T, since D’Ull and Kaye are
each 50 percent members of M&T. The trial court never addressed this argument.
       Gong, supra,166 Cal.App.4th 209, addressed issues similar to those in the instant
matter. In Gong, a law firm represented a closely held corporation and its 51 percent

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shareholder. The 49 percent shareholder asserted that a conflict of interest existed
between the corporation and the majority shareholder. The Court of Appeal agreed,
noting that a “corporation’s legal advisor must abstain from taking part in controversies
among the corporation’s directors and shareholders ‘to avoid placing . . . the practitioner
in a position where he may be required to choose between conflicting duties or attempt to
reconcile conflicting interests.’” (Id. at p. 214.) Generally, an attorney representing a
corporation “may also represent any of its directors, officers, employees, members,
shareholders, or other constituents, subject to the provisions of rule 3-310.” (Rules of
Prof. Conduct, rule 3-600(E).) However, dual representation was not appropriate in
Gong because the interests of the corporation and the majority shareholder were not
completely aligned. (Gong, supra, 166 Cal.App.4th at p. 215.) The minority shareholder
sought involuntary dissolution and specific performance of a buy-sell agreement with the
majority shareholder, and also sought damages from the corporation for wrongful
termination and from the majority shareholder for breaches of fiduciary duty. In
addition, the corporation filed a cross-complaint against the minority shareholder for
fraud and breaches of fiduciary duty, and to cancel the minority shareholder’s shares.
The court found that these circumstances created an actual conflict between the majority
shareholder and the corporation, preventing the attorney from satisfying his undivided
duties of loyalty to each. (Id. at pp. 215-216.)
       The Gong court reasoned that the most functional solution was to order that the
corporation obtain separate counsel, allowing the majority shareholder’s lawyer to
continue representing him individually, as any personal loyalties held by the lawyer
would be to the individual client. (Gong, supra,166 Cal.App.4th 209, 216-217.) The
court found that requiring the corporation to retain new counsel, without previous
connections to it or the shareholders, “preserves the duty of loyalty and the public trust in
the administration of justice.” (Id. at 217.)




                                                16
       Gong is directly applicable here.7 Like the plaintiff in Gong, D’Ull seeks both
dissolution of and damages from the corporation (M&T). In addition, D’Ull alleges that
Kaye converted funds from M&T and breached her fiduciary duties to M&T and to him
as a 50 percent member. Meanwhile, the cross-complaint brought by Kaye and M&T
against D’Ull and M&T alleges that D’Ull converted M&T’s funds and breached his
fiduciary duties to Kaye and M&T. The cross-complaint also seeks dissolution and
winding up of M&T. Under these circumstances, it is clear that neither D’Ull’s nor
Kaye’s interests are directly aligned with those of M&T.8



7      Havasu Lakeshore Investments, LLC v. Fleming (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 770, a
case relied on by respondents in arguing against disqualification, is distinguishable. A
law firm simultaneously represented a limited liability company, its managing member,
and the person who managed the managing member in a lawsuit against two of the
company’s nonmanaging minority members. (Id. at pp. 773, 781-782.) In contrast to the
defendants in Havasu, D’Ull is a managing 50 percent member of M&T. Moreover, the
Havasu lawsuit did not involve an attempt to force dissolution of the company, or
allegations of misuse of funds by a managing member. (Id. at p. 781.) Those issues are
present here, as they were in Gong.
8       The waiver provision contained in the M&T operating agreement, which states
“each of the Members [of M&T] hereby forever knowingly waives as to [Glaser Weil]
each and every conflict of any kind whatsoever in connection with the foregoing,” does
not prevent D’Ull from seeking disqualification as to M&T. Factors considered in
determining the effect of an advance waiver include the breadth of the waiver, the time
period embraced by the waiver, the quality of the lawyer’s conflict discussion with the
client, the waiver’s specificity, the nature of the actual conflict, the client’s sophistication,
and the interests of justice. (Visa U.S.A., Inc. v. First Data Corp. (N.D.Cal. 2003) 241
F.Supp.2d 1100, 1106, citing People ex rel. Dept. of Corporations v. SpeeDee Oil
Change Systems, Inc. (1999) 20 Cal.4th 1135, 1145, Zador Corp. v. Kwan (1995) 31
Cal.App.4th 1285; see also Concat LP v. Unilever, PLC (N.D.Cal. 2004) 350 F.Supp.2d
796, 820.) On balance, these factors do not weigh in favor of applying the waiver here.
By its terms, the waiver provision only applies to “the foregoing,” which appears to refer
to the paragraph where the wavier provision is found, pertaining to Glaser Weil’s
preparation of the M&T operating agreement; the claims in this case do not revolve
around the firm’s preparation of the agreement. Moreover, the language of the provision
does not does not provide any basis to find that D’Ull consented to Glaser Weil’s joint
representation of Kaye and M&T, particularly in a case where D’Ull is the adverse party.


                                               17
       As in Gong, we determine that the most appropriate course of action is to find
Glaser Weil disqualified from representing M&T, while allowing it to continue in its
representation of Kaye, Tracinda, and Mandekic. D’Ull has identified no disqualifying
conflicts that would arise from Glaser Weil’s continued representation of these three
clients. Disqualification of an attorney often imposes a substantial hardship on the
attorney’s client (Koo, supra, 109 Cal.App.4th 719, 734), and we see no reason to force
these parties to endure this hardship here. The conflict of interest identified by D’Ull
should be eliminated by requiring M&T to retain new counsel unaffiliated with M&T,
Kaye, D’Ull, or the other parties.9
                                      DISPOSITION
       The judgments in favor of Mandekic and Tracinda are reversed and remanded with
directions to the trial court to vacate its order sustaining demurrers to only the following
causes of action: breach of oral agreement against Mandekic; breach of implied-in-fact
contract against Tracinda and Mandekic; tortious breach of contract against Tracinda and
Mandekic; quantum meruit against Tracinda and Mandekic; and promissory estoppel
against Tracinda and Mandekic.
       The order denying the motion to disqualify Glaser Weil is reversed in part as it
pertains to M&T, and the remainder is affirmed. The matter is remanded with directions
to the trial court to an enter an order disqualifying Glaser Weil as attorney of record for
M&T and (after further briefing and/or hearing, as required) to enter an order stating the




9       Respondents argue that D’Ull unreasonably delayed in bringing his motion to
disqualify counsel, an argument not reached by the trial court. Delay is a basis to deny a
motion for disqualification when the motion was brought as a tactical device to delay
litigation, but in such instances the delay must be extreme. (Gong, supra, 166
Cal.App.4th 209, 217; Western Continental Operating Co. v. Natural Gas Corp. (1989)
212 Cal.App.3d 752, 764-765.) It does not appear that D’Ull’s motion was simply a
tactical device meant to delay litigation. Moreover, D’Ull filed the motion approximately
four months after commencing the litigation, before the demurrers to his original
complaint were sustained. This hardly constitutes an extreme delay.


                                             18
identity of M&T’s new counsel. The new counsel to be appointed shall have no prior
affiliation with any party.
       D’Ull is awarded costs on appeal.
       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.


                                           BOREN, P.J.
We concur:


       CHAVEZ, J.


       HOFFSTADT, J.




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