                                                                [DO NOT PUBLISH]

               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                       FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT            FILED
                         ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                            ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                               No. 09-14367                    JUNE 4, 2010
                           Non-Argument Calendar                JOHN LEY
                         ________________________                 CLERK


                           Agency No. A098-661-562

MILVIA AGUILAR,

                                                                        Petitioner,

                                     versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                      Respondent.

                         ________________________

                     Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                          Board of Immigration Appeals
                          _________________________

                                 (June 4, 2010)

Before MARCUS, WILSON and MARTIN, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Milvia Aguilar, through counsel, seeks review of the Board of Immigration

Appeals’s (“BIA”) final order affirming the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) adverse

credibility determination and corresponding denial of her application for asylum
under the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), 8 U.S.C. § 1158; withholding

of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3); and withholding of removal under the

United Nations Convention Against Torture (“CAT”), 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c). On

appeal, Aguilar argues that the BIA’s adverse credibility determination was

erroneous, that she is entitled to asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT relief,

and that the BIA’s application of the law deprived her of her due process rights.

After careful review, we dismiss the petition in part, and deny it in part.

      We review the BIA’s decision as the final judgment, except to the extent that

it expressly adopts the IJ’s opinion or reasoning. Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d

1262, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001).       Here, the BIA did not expressly adopt the IJ’s

decision, based its adverse credibility finding on specific grounds, and declined to

address the IJ’s other finding. Accordingly, only the BIA’s decision is subject to

our review. See id.

      We review our subject-matter jurisdiction de novo. Amaya-Artunduaga v.

U.S. Att’y Gen., 463 F.3d 1247, 1250 (11th Cir. 2006).             The BIA’s factual

determinations, including credibility and asylum eligibility determinations, are

reviewed under the “substantial evidence test.”        Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1284;

Kueviakoe v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 567 F.3d 1301, 1304 (11th Cir. 2009). We will

affirm the BIA’s decision if it is supported by reasonable, substantial, and

probative evidence of record.      Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1284.       This standard is
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“highly deferential,” and we have held that the BIA’s decision can be reversed only

“if the evidence compels a reasonable fact finder to find otherwise.” Al Najjar,

257 F.3d at 1284; Kueviakoe, 567 F.3d at 1304 (quotations omitted).       Under this

test, we “view the record evidence in the light most favorable to the agency’s

decision and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of that decision.” Adefemi v.

Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1022, 1027 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc).

      An alien who arrives in or is present in the United States may apply for

asylum. 8 U.S.C. § 1158. The Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney

General may grant asylum to an alien if she meets the INA’s definition of a

“refugee.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A). A “refugee” is:

      [A]ny person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality
      . . . who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling
      to avail . . . herself of the protection of, that country because of
      persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race,
      religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or
      political opinion . . . .

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). The asylum applicant carries the burden of proving

that she qualifies as a refugee. D-Muhumed v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 388 F.3d 814, 818

(11th Cir. 2004).

      An alien is entitled to withholding of removal under the INA if she can show

that her life or freedom would be threatened on account of, inter alia, her political

opinion. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3); Delgado v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 487 F.3d 855, 860-61

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(11th Cir. 2007). The alien must demonstrate that, more likely than not, she will

be persecuted or tortured upon her removal.       Delgado, 487 F.3d at 861.      The

standard for withholding of removal is more stringent than that required for

asylum.     Zheng v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 451 F.3d 1287, 1292 (11th Cir. 2006).

Accordingly, where a petitioner fails to establish a claim of asylum on the merits,

her claim for withholding of removal necessarily will fail. See id.

       If an alien’s testimony is credible, it alone may be sufficient to satisfy her

burden of proof required to establish asylum eligibility. See Kueviakoe, 567 F.3d

at 1304. However, a denial of asylum relief can be supported solely by an adverse

credibility determination.   Id. at 1304-05.    The BIA must support an adverse

credibility determination with “specific, cogent reasons,” for the finding. Id. at

1305. The burden then shifts to the alien to show that the credibility determination

was not supported by “specific, cogent reasons” or was not based on substantial

evidence.     Id.   The trier-of-fact must determine credibility, and we will not

substitute our own judgment for that of the BIA with respect to credibility findings.

D-Muhumed, 388 F.3d at 818.

       The REAL ID Act provides that an IJ may base a credibility determination

on, inter alia:

       the consistency between the applicant’s . . . written and oral
       statements (whenever made and whether or not under oath, and
       considering the circumstances under which the statements were made)
                                          4
      . . . the consistency of such statements with other evidence of record . .
      . and any inaccuracies or falsehoods in such statements, without
      regard to whether an inconsistency, inaccuracy, or falsehood goes to
      the heart of the applicant’s claim, or any other relevant factor.

8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). Because Aguilar filed her application after May 11,

2005, the REAL ID Act applies to her claim. See Shkambi v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 584

F.3d 1041, 1049 n.7 (11th Cir. 2009). Contradictions between an alien’s testimony

at an asylum hearing and her statements made during an interview upon entry in

the United States may constitute bases for an adverse credibility determination.

See id. at 1050-51 (holding that the IJ did not err by considering contradictions

between an applicant’s airport interview and her later testimony). In contrast, mere

omissions in the initial interview, upon which the alien later elaborates, should not

solely be used to support an adverse credibility finding. See Tang v. U.S. Att’y

Gen., 578 F.3d 1270, 1279 (11th Cir. 2009).

      We “lack jurisdiction to consider a claim raised in a petition for review

unless the petitioner has exhausted [her] administrative remedies with respect

thereto.” Amaya-Artunduaga, 463 F.3d at 1250; 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1). Therefore,

if an alien fails to present a claim before the BIA, generally we will not address it.

See Shkambi, 584 F.3d at 1048 n.4 (declining to address an alien’s claim that was

not first presented to the BIA).




                                          5
      As an initial matter, Aguilar failed to exhaust her administrative remedies

with respect to her claim for CAT relief. She did not present the issue to the BIA

in either her notice of appeal or subsequent brief. Likewise, to the extent that

Aguilar raises a due process argument before us, she does so for the first time on

appeal, as she did not raise such an argument before the BIA. Because Aguilar

failed to exhaust her administrative remedies with respect to both of these

arguments, we lack jurisdiction to address them.     See Amaya-Artunduaga, 463

F.3d at 1250; 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1).

      We also reject Aguilar’s claim that the evidence of record compels us to

overturn the BIA’s adverse credibility determination or the resulting denial of

asylum or withholding of removal. The BIA supported its credibility findings by

identifying specific, cogent inconsistencies between the evidence and Aguilar’s

testimony, including specific differences between her testimony at the asylum

hearing and her earlier statements to immigration officials. Kueviakoe, 567 F.3d at

1305. Indeed, in her hearing testimony, Aguilar repeatedly denied telling INS or

Border Patrol officials that she did not fear persecution if returned to Venezuela

and claimed to have entered the United States because she feared persecution in

Venezuela, but in her initial February 2006 interview with Border Patrol agents,

Aguilar stated under oath that she had no fear of returning to Venezuela, and that



                                         6
she entered the United States to work in Miami, Florida. Even Aguilar concedes

that there were discrepancies between her testimony and her earlier statements.

      Unlike the petitioner in Tang, Aguilar’s hearing testimony was not an

elaboration or clarification of an earlier statement. Cf. Tang, 578 F.3d at 1279-80.

Rather, Aguilar directly contradicted her earlier statements that she was unafraid to

return to Venezuela by testifying that she came to the United States to avoid

persecution.   Such contradictions constitute substantial evidence in support the

BIA’s adverse credibility determination, and Aguilar’s conclusory argument to the

contrary is not a sufficient basis on which to reverse the BIA’s conclusion. See

Shkambi, 584 F.3d at 1050-51; Kueviakoe, 567 F.3d at 1305. Although Aguilar

argues that the statements she made before INS and Border Patrol agents are

unreliable, she offers no evidence to support this conclusion. The record does not

suggest that the BIA failed to consider the circumstances or reliability of Aguilar’s

prior interviews, as required by the REAL ID Act.                  See 8 U.S.C. §

1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). And to the extent that Aguilar argues that the inconsistencies

could not support the adverse credibility determination because they were trivial or

unimportant, her argument is foreclosed by the REAL ID Act, which does not

require that inconsistencies go to the heart of an applicant’s claim. See id.

      Thus, viewed most favorably to the agency decision, and in light of the

BIA’s permissible adverse credibility determination, substantial evidence supports
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the BIA’s dismissal of Aguilar’s application for asylum. See Adefemi, 386 F.3d at

1027. Because Aguilar has not established that she is entitled to asylum, she is

unable to meet the stricter standard for withholding of removal. See Zheng, 451

F.3d at 1292. Therefore, we dismiss in part and deny in part Aguilar’s petition for

review.

      PETITION DISMISSED IN PART, DENIED IN PART.




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