                          This opinion will be unpublished and
                          may not be cited except as provided by
                          Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                               STATE OF MINNESOTA
                               IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                  A15-1028, A15-1029

                                  Michael A. Pemrick,
                                       Relator,

                                           vs.

                  Department of Employment and Economic Development,
                                      Respondent

                                  Filed April 11, 2016
                                       Reversed
                                     Worke, Judge

                  Department of Employment and Economic Development
                                  File No. 33119529-2

Kathleen E. Splett, Thomas M. Regan, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for relator)

Lee B. Nelson, Anne B. Bloomberg Froelich, Minnesota Department of Employment and
Economic Development, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)


      Considered and decided by Worke, Presiding Judge; Schellhas, Judge; and

Johnson, Judge.

                         UNPUBLISHED OPINION

WORKE, Judge

      Employer challenges an unemployment-law judge’s (ULJ) determination that 43

workers were employees, arguing that the workers were independent contractors and that
he was prejudiced by the ULJ’s use of information regarding one worker to determine the

status of 43. We reverse.

                                        FACTS

      Relator Michael A. Pemrick owns Lock and Load, an installer of lockers and

shelving units for businesses. In January 2014, one of Pemrick’s workers, Troy Miller,

was found to be eligible for unemployment benefits.              Pemrick appealed the

determination, asserting that Miller was not an employee but rather an independent

contractor. A ULJ decided that Miller was an employee.

      Respondent Department of Employment and Economic Development (DEED)

then conducted an audit on Pemrick’s other workers. DEED determined that Pemrick

misclassified 43 workers as independent contractors and thus failed to report covered

employment. Pemrick appealed the determination and participated in a telephone hearing

with a ULJ.

      Pemrick testified that all of Lock and Load’s workers do the same thing, they

install lockers and shelves. Pemrick finds workers through friends and by word of

mouth, and uses the same workers regularly and consistently, although the workers are

free to decline an offer for work. Pemrick enters into oral contracts with the workers.

The terms of the contract depend on the worker and the job, but generally the contract

dictates the time commitment, the job duties, and how the worker will be paid.

      Pemrick does not provide training, and the workers do not wear uniforms.

Pemrick or the worker provides hand tools. The customer provides large machinery,




                                            2
such as a forklift or a scissor lift. If the job is on a construction site, the customer

provides hardhats and eye and ear protection.

       Installation jobs are done at the customer’s location, and the customer generally

dictates work hours. Pemrick does not require workers to start at a regularly scheduled

time nor does he require workers to work any set days. Jobs can be as short as two hours

or last up to six months. The average job lasts up to one week. Typically, there are three

to four workers on a job. There is no foreman or supervisor on site. But if a customer

does not want to pay wages, the customer hires temps to do the installation, and Pemrick

sends a worker to supervise to ensure the job is done correctly. Workers are not required

to follow any particular process or procedure while installing; as a group, the workers on

a particular job determine the best way to complete the job.

       Depending on the job, Pemrick pays workers hourly or per job. The majority of

the time, pay is based on time and material. Workers report their hours daily, weekly, or

at the end of the job, but they do not fill out any particular tracking form. Pemrick pays

workers biweekly. The customer reimburses workers for expenses, such as hardware,

tools, gas, hotel, and meals.

        When workers fail to show for a job for several days or arrive late in the day,

Pemrick may decide not to use them for future jobs. Pemrick stated that he “probably”

has the ability to fire a worker, but he has done so only once. If a worker were asked to

leave a job site Pemrick might allow the worker to come back to finish a job, or he or the

customer would find someone else to complete it.




                                            3
       After hearing this testimony and considering the other evidence, the ULJ issued

findings of fact and decision that the 43 workers are employees. Pemrick’s petition for

certiorari review follows.

                                    DECISION

Employees or independent contractors

       On review, we may affirm, modify, or reverse the decision of the ULJ or remand

the case for further proceedings if the substantial rights of the relator may have been

prejudiced because the findings, inferences, conclusion, or decision are affected by an

error of law, are unsupported by substantial evidence in the record, or are arbitrary or

capricious. Minn. Stat. § 268.105, subd. 7(d)(4)-(6) (Supp. 2015).

       The ULJ determined that Pemrick’s workers are employees rather than

independent contractors. “Whether an individual is an employee or an independent

contractor is a mixed question of law and fact.” St. Croix Sensory Inc. v. Dep’t of Emp’t

& Econ. Dev., 785 N.W.2d 796, 799 (Minn. App. 2010). We review the ULJ’s findings

of fact in the light most favorable to the decision and give deference to its credibility

decisions. Skarhus v. Davanni’s Inc., 721 N.W.2d 340, 344 (Minn. App. 2006). But “the

determination of whether an employment relationship exists is purely a legal question.”

Neve v. Austin Daily Herald, 552 N.W.2d 45, 48 (Minn. App. 1996).

       Typically, five factors are considered to determine whether an individual is an

employee or an independent contractor: “(1) The right to control the means and manner

of performance; (2) the mode of payment; (3) the furnishing of material or tools; (4) the

control of the premises where the work is done; and (5) the right of the employer to


                                            4
discharge.” St. Croix Sensory Inc., 785 N.W.2d at 800 (quotation omitted); see Minn. R.

3315.0555, subp. 1 (2015) (listing the five-factor test). Although the totality of the

circumstances is considered when weighing the factors, Moore Assocs., LLC v. Comm’r

of Econ. Sec., 545 N.W.2d 389, 393 (Minn. App. 1996), the right to control the means

and manner of performance and the right to discharge without incurring liability are the

two most important considerations. St. Croix Sensory Inc., 785 N.W.2d at 800.

       Right to control the means and manner of performance

       “The determinative right of control is not merely over what is to be done, but

primarily over how it is to be done.” Id. (quotation omitted). “The retained right to

instruct or direct the method of work, even if not exercised, is a factor indicating control.”

Id. at 801. “[I]t is the right to control, rather than the exercise of that right, that is

determinative.” Moore Assocs., LLC, 545 N.W.2d at 393.

       The ULJ found that Pemrick controlled the means and manner of the workers’

performance. In its brief to this court, DEED argues that the ULJ did not find credible

Pemrick’s claim that he does not have authority to control the means and manner of

performance, and that we must defer to this credibility determination. See Skarhus, 721

N.W.2d at 344 (stating that we defer to the ULJ’s credibility determinations). But in fact,

the ULJ did not make any credibility determinations nor did the ULJ set out any reason

for discrediting Pemrick. DEED’s brief inaccurately cites facts not supported by the

record in urging us to defer to the ULJ’s credibility determinations.

       At oral argument, DEED still attempted to persuade us to defer to the ULJ’s

alleged credibility determination, insisting that the ULJ found that Pemrick was not


                                              5
credible due to inconsistencies in his testimony. As an example, DEED asserted that

Pemrick was inconsistent in claiming that he does not have control over the means and

manner of performance, but then testifying that he informs workers of the start time of a

job. Pemrick testified that he has relayed to a worker the job location, a contact name,

and the time the customer expected the worker to be there. However, we are not

persuaded that informing a worker of a job location and start time is control over the

means and manner of performance; thus, Pemrick’s statements are not inconsistent.

       The ULJ found that Pemrick controlled the means and manner of performance

because (1) Pemrick hired a group of workers to work together; (2) the majority of the

time Pemrick was on site and provided direction; (3) each worker was not free to work

independently, using whatever processes or procedures he chose; (4) Pemrick entered

into the agreement with the customer, not the worker; (5) Pemrick provided tools; and

(6) Pemrick did not provide formal training, but trained a worker who was inexperienced

upon his hire.

       Our review of the record shows that Pemrick hired workers to install lockers and

shelving units.   Although the workers were not free to “work independently, using

whatever processes or procedures he chose,” it seems that there would be a limited

number of processes available in the installation of lockers and shelves. Pemrick stated

that he does not require workers to follow any processes or procedures, rather, as a group,

the workers on a particular job determine the best way to complete the job. Thus, while

Pemrick may have hired a group of workers to work together and instructed them to

install a unit, there is not a great deal of individual flexibility for independence in the


                                            6
manner of assembly. This is also true because the workers have to work together;

common sense indicates that if each worker did an independent process, the project may

never be completed.    And because some workers are paid on a per-job basis, it is

reasonable to infer that the worker would need to complete the job in order to receive

payment.

      DEED argues that Pemrick had control over the means and manner of

performance because he conceded that, in order to get a job done satisfactorily, the

workers on a particular job would have to be able to “meld into what’s going on.” DEED

asserts that this concession supports a finding that Pemrick controlled the workers

because the work could not be completed properly without control. But in Hammes v.

Suk, the supreme court stated that an independent contractor is still subject to the

employer’s control as to the end product. 291 Minn. 233, 235, 190 N.W.2d 478, 481

(1971).

      Pemrick also testified that he does not provide training, and the ULJ found that

Pemrick does not provide formal training, but trained Miller upon his hire because he was

inexperienced. The evidence shows that Pemrick trained only one inexperienced worker.

Even if Pemrick may have demonstrated installation/assembly to all workers when he

hired them for their first job, demonstrating installation/assembly is not necessarily the

equivalent of providing training. Further, Pemrick testified that he uses the same workers

regularly and consistently; thus, it is unlikely that Pemrick has inexperienced workers

who require installation/assembly demonstration.




                                            7
       While the ULJ found this factor to weigh in favor of an employment relationship,

this finding is unsupported by substantial evidence in the record. Rather, the substantial

evidence in the record shows that this factor weighs in favor of a conclusion that the

workers are independent contractors.

       Mode of payment

       The ULJ found that “[t]he majority of the time, the workers were paid . . . hourly

on a fixed bi-weekly cycle,” which is more indicative of an employment relationship.

       Pemrick pays workers biweekly on an hourly or per-job basis. The workers have

no particular hour-tracking form, and there is no uniformity as to when workers report

their hours.    Additionally, the customer reimburses workers for incurred expenses.

Pemrick may pay the workers on a biweekly cycle, but that is the only element of the

payment scheme that is conducted with any regularity. This factor is neutral.

       Furnishing of material or tools

       The ULJ found that while workers are free to use their own tools, Pemrick

provides the majority of the tools used for a job.

       The record does not show that Pemrick provides the majority of the tools.

Pemrick provides hand tools, but the worker may use his own hand tools, and the

customer provides large machinery. Pemrick does not have uniforms. On a construction

site, the customer provides protective wear. Customers also reimburse a worker if he

purchases a tool. Even if Pemrick provides hand tools, workers were not required to use

his tools. This factor is neutral.




                                              8
       Control of the premises where the work is done

       The ULJ found that workers were expected to be at the job site at a certain time

based on Miller’s statement that Pemrick would call or text him job information.

       Pemrick has to provide the workers with information regarding job location; thus,

he does have control over the premises where the work is to be done because it is where

the customer is located. But a customer generally dictates work hours. Pemrick does not

require workers to start at a regular time nor does he require workers to work any set

days. Thus, Pemrick has control over where the work is to be completed, because it is

where his customer is located, but the customer controls the premises. This factor is also

neutral.

       Right of the employer to discharge

           “The right to discharge a worker without incurring liability is the other most

important factor in determining whether a worker is an employee or independent

contractor.” St. Croix Sensory Inc., 785 N.W.2d at 803; see Minn. R. 3315.0555, subp. 1.

Independent contractors typically cannot have their services terminated without liability

if they are fulfilling the terms of their contract with the hiring party. St. Croix Sensory

Inc., 785 N.W.2d at 803. On the other hand, “an employer may terminate an employee

for any reason or for no reason.” Kratzer v. Welsh Cos., 771 N.W.2d 14, 18 n.7 (Minn.

2009). The ULJ found that Pemrick retained the right to discharge a worker without

incurring liability, which supported an employer-employee relationship.

       Pemrick testified that he “probably” has the ability to discharge somebody, but has

done so only once; he discharged Miller for engaging in illicit activity at a job. Pemrick


                                             9
testified that, when a worker was unsatisfactory for any given reason, not showing up for

several days or often arriving after everyone else started, Pemrick might not hire that

worker for a future job. But the worker would likely complete the current job. Pemrick

testified that, if he or the customer asked a worker to leave a job, for example, for getting

into a fight, Pemrick might allow the worker to return and finish the job, or he or the

customer would find someone else to complete it. Pemrick’s testimony indicates that he

would not discharge a worker if the worker was fulfilling the terms of the contract.

        Additionally, jobs could last two hours or up to six months; thus, it seems it

would be a different scenario for each job. The record shows that the workers most often

completed the jobs for which they were hired, but may not have been hired for another

job if they did not do well. This is not the equivalent to a discharge.

       An analysis of the five factors supports a conclusion that the workers are

independent contractors because the two main factors—control over means and manner

of performance and right to discharge—weigh in favor of a determination of the workers

being independent contractors. The other factors are neutral or weigh slightly in favor of

a determination of the workers being independent contractors.

Prejudice

       Pemrick also argues that he was prejudiced because the ULJ based its decision on

the status of all workers relying on the information provided by Miller. But because we

determined that the workers are independent contractors, we do not need to address this

issue as it is unnecessary to this decision.

       Reversed.


                                               10
