J.   A18019/16

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION              - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P.       65.37
RED RUN MOUNTAIN, INC.,                        IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                     PENNSYLVANIA
                           Appellant

                      v.

EARTH ENERGY CONSULTANTS, LLC.,
BRADLEY R. GILL, SYLVIA B. MASE,
AND MICHAEL HUGHES,                                No. 2259 MDA 2015
AS EXECUTORS OF THE ESTATE OF
RICHARD D. MASE, DECEASED


                 Appeal from the Order Entered December 1, 2015,
                 in the Court of Common Pleas of Lycoming County
                           Civil Division at No. 12-01259


BEFORE:      FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., BENDER, P.J.E., AND STEVENS,* P.J.E.


MEMORANDUM BY FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.:                    FILED MAY 05, 2017

        Red Run Mountain, Inc. ("Red Run") appeals the orders of the Court of

Common Pleas of Lycoming County that granted the motion for summary

judgment of Earth Energy Consultants,       LLC ("EEC"), and   Bradley   R.   Gill

("Gill") and the motion for summary judgment of Sylvia          B.   Mase and

Michael Hughes as executors' of the Estate of Richard D. Mase ("Estate").

We affirm.




* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1The executors were substituted as a party for Richard D. Mase ("Mase") on
September 4, 2012 after Mase's death on July 3, 2012.
J.   A18019/16

        The record reflects that Red Run was incorporated in the State of

Delaware on November 29, 1990.               The initial shareholders, each with       a


1/3 interest were Mase, John         L.   McDowell   III,   and Roy W. Cummings, Jr.

These three individuals also comprised the Board of Directors ("Board").

Mase served as president of Red Run from its inception until January 19,

2011.       Although the Board held an annual meeting, it gave Mase great

latitude in running the day-to-day operations of Red Run.                     Red   Run's

purpose was defined in its articles of incorporation as any lawful purpose.

Under the by-laws of Red Run, the president (Mase) had the authority to

have general and active management of Red Run. Mase had the authority to

sign documents on behalf of Red Run and to authorize checks.                  The Board

elected Patricia Warren ("Warren") to serve as secretary of Red Run.                 She

remained in that capacity for 20 years. She was unaware of any discussions

regarding placing limitations on Mase's authority during her tenure.

        Red    Run owned    2,873.60 acres in McIntyre Township, Lycoming

County.       It was primarily   used for the recreation of the shareholders.          In

2003, Mase began discussions with Gill concerning the possibility of entering

into oil and gas leases on Red Run's property.              On February 21, 2003, Gill

wrote   a    letter to Mase and proposed that he would prepare            a   geological

report and base maps to attract companies interested in drilling for oil

and/or gas on the Red Run property as well as on other properties owned by

Mase in whole or in part.        Gill sought an overriding royalty interest ("ORRI")



                                           -2
J.   A18019/16

of 3.125% in the form of    a   geological fee. This fee would be recovered from

the driller apart from the landowner royalty that Red Run would receive. On

April 24, 2003, Red Run and Gill entered into such an agreement in which

Gill would receive the 3.125% ORRI from any oil and/or natural gas

extracted on Red Run's property.          The parties agreed that this provision

would be assigned by contract and referenced in the oil and gas leases.

Mase signed the agreement which was witnessed by Warren.              The other

shareholders of Red Run did not receive notice of this agreement until

September 2010.2

        On June 14, 2005, Red Run entered into an oil and gas lease with

East Resources, Inc.    ("East"),    a   company which Gill had contacted on

Red Run's behalf.      Mase executed the agreement which provided for a

royalty payment to Red Run for 12.5% of the gross proceeds for oil and gas

obtained on the property.       Mase neglected to include an assignment in the

lease to Gill/EEC.   On June 15, 2005, Gill wrote Mase and reminded him

about the ORRI and suggested that the assignment should be recorded. On

July 13, 2005, Gill contacted East about the ORRI assignment. East declined

to amend the lease to include the assignment.

        On August 1, 2005, Mase executed an assignment to Gill of the ORRI

from Red Run's royalty interest. On March 6, 2009, Red Run and Gill agreed


2
 As of the time of the filing of the complaint, no royalty payments had been
made to Red Run because no oil or gas had been removed from the
property.

                                         -3
J.   A18019/16

to reduce the ORRI to 2% following discussions between Gill and Red Run's

legal counsel.        Also, on March 9, 2009, Mase executed an amended

assignment and conveyance that reduced the ORRI to 2% for Gill.                          A

subsequent assignment was made with the same reduction for EEC.

        In September 2010, Mase, who was ill with cancer, met with the Board

to discuss    a   buy-out of his shares.    Mase told the Board for the first time

about the ORRI assignments with Gill/EEC.                In January 2011, the Board

authorized Mase to negotiate with Gill to cap the ORRI at $1,000,000. The

negotiations failed which led to this litigation.

        In its first amended complaint filed on November 16, 2012, Red Run

sought   a   declaratory judgment that the agreements executed between Mase

and Gill be declared null and void ab       initio. Specifically,     Red Run asserted

that Mase acted beyond the scope of his corporate authority as president

and as   a   member of the Board when he entered into agreements with Gill.

Further, Red Run asserted that Mase did not have implied or apparent

authority to bind     Red Run under these agreements           with   EEC   or Gill.   Red

Run also sought a declaration       that, if the trial court determined that           EEC

and/or Gill were entitled to be paid            a   royalty, Mase would be personally

liable rather than Red Run.

        On February 6, 2015, EEC and Gill moved             for summary judgment on

the basis of the actual, implied/inherent, and/or apparent authority of Mase




                                           -4
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and/or Red Run's attorneys, the law firm of McNerney, Page, Vanderlin &

Hall, or in the alternative, on the basis of ratification/agency by estoppel.

        By order dated June 18, 2015, the trial court granted the motion for

summary judgment and dismissed       EEC and Gill as    defendants in the matter.

The trial court determined that Mase had the authority to enter into the

agreements with EEC and Gill. The trial court concluded that under Rednor

& Kline, Inc. v. Dep't    of Highways,     196 A.2d 355, 358 (Pa. 1964), Mase

possessed the authority as president of    a   small corporation to enter into the

agreements        in   question,    especially      since    the     other      two

shareholders/directors did not provide much supervision or oversight. The

trial court concluded that the Board of Red Run intended to vest Mase with

the inherent/apparent/implied authority to enter into the contracts with Gill

when it placed him in the position of president and did not supervise his

activities.   The trial court further concluded that Red Run did not point to

any evidence in support of its contention that the lease was outside the

ordinary business dealings of Red Run.         The trial court opined that it was

Mase's error regarding the ORRI which reduced the amount of income

available from the lease with East and not that the reduction in income was

the result of Mase exceeding his authority.       Although Red Run claimed that

Gill had notice of Mase's lack of authority to enter into the agreements, the

trial court concluded that Red Run did not point to evidence that Gill was

aware that Mase lacked such authority.         The trial court rejected Red Run's



                                      -5
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contention that Mase intentionally failed to include the assignment in the

lease    with    East    because    he   wanted    to   conceal   it   from   the   other

shareholders/directors because there was no evidence to support that

contention. Regarding the 2009 assignments, the trial court concluded:

                        As to the  [2009] assignment, there is even
                more      evidence    of   inherent/implied/apparent
                authority to enter the August 1, 2005 assignment to
                Gill, which reduced the ORRI to 2%. ["]Apparent
                authority exists where a principal, by words or
                conduct, leads people with whom the alleged agent
                deals to believe that the principal has granted the
                agent authority he or she purports to exercise."
                Turner Hydraulics, Inc.      v.   Susquehanna Constr.
                Corp., [606 A.2d 532, 534] 414 Pa. Super. 130,
                135-136 (Pa. Super. 1992) (citations omitted)[.]
                "The third party is entitled to believe the agent has
                the authority he purports to exercise only where a
                person of ordinary prudence, diligence and discretion
                would so believe." Id. "Thus, a third party can rely
                on the apparent authority of an agent when this is a
                reasonable interpretation of the manifestations of the
                principal." Id.

                       In the present case, in addition to being
                executed by the president of Red Run, the ORRI
                reduction to 2% was negotiated by Red Run's
                attorney, McNerney Page. The attorneys notified Gill
                that they represented Red Run. Red Run put Mase
                in the position as President and for twenty years
                without oversight and they consulted McNerney Page
                for legal counsel on an as needed bas[i]s for years
                with Mase as the primary contact. As such, a person
                of    ordinary   prudence    could    rely   on   the
                representations   from Red Run's counsel, as
                confirmed by the president of Red Run; the counsel
                had authority to negotiate the reduction in ORRI.

Trial court opinion, 6/19/15 at 17-18 (footnotes omitted).




                                           -6
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         On September 1, 2015, the Estate moved     for summary judgment. The

Estate asserted that the undisputed facts conclusively demonstrated that,

pursuant to Delaware law3 and the general grant of authority given to the

president of Red Run in its by-laws, Mase possessed the inherent power to

enter into the contracts at issue. Alternatively, the Estate asserted that the

contracts were within the authority impliedly granted to him by the Board's

course of conduct over the years, and no evidence existed on which to find

that Mase breached his duties of loyalty or good faith.

         By order dated November 30, 2015, and filed December 1, 2015, the

trial court granted the Estate's motion for summary judgment.            The trial

court determined, based upon the competent evidence of record, that Mase

was authorized to enter into the agreements with Gill, EEC, and East.

Further, the trial court also concluded that there was no evidence to support

a    claim that Mase breached his duties of loyalty or good faith. The trial court

reasoned:

                      Mase possessed an inherent actual authority
               by virtue of his position as President of Red Run and
               under Red Run's By-laws to conduct the "general and
               active management" of Red Run. See, Article V,
               Section 4 of By -Laws; Joseph Greenspon's Sons
               [Iron and Steel Co. v. Pecos Valley Gas Co., 156
               A. 350 (Del. 1931)]. Further, Mase possessed the


3 In an order dated October 29, 2013, the trial court ruled that Pennsylvania
law applied to the claim Red Run brought against EEC and Gill because the
contract was formed in Pennsylvania. Because Red Run was incorporated in
Delaware, the trial court ruled that Delaware law applied concerning
Red Run's claim against the Estate regarding whether Mase had authority to
enter into the contracts in question.

                                        -7
J.   A18019/16

            "general power and duties of supervision and
            management usually vested in the office of President
            of the corporation." Id. As such, Mase possessed
            the inherent authority to take any action usual and
            necessary to carry out the ordinary business of
            Red Run.     Id. See, also, Schoonejongen v.
            Curtiss-Wright Corp., 143 F.3d 120 (3d Cir. N.J.
            1998). Mase was therefore authorized to execute
            the contracts at issue in this case because each of
            the 5 contracts fell within actions necessary to carry
            out the ordinary business of Red Run. Moreover, the
            course of conduct of the corporation conferred
            implied authority to execute each of the contracts at
             issue.


                         Red Run further contends that, even if
            the consulting agreements were within the ordinary
            course of business, Mase lacked authority to enter
            the 2005 assignment to Gill (and the 2009
            amendments) because they were unusual and
            extraordinary for transferring an asset of the
            corporation (3.125% ORRI, reduced to 2%) without
            board approval and for allegedly conferring a
            personal benefit upon Mase not shared by other
            shareholders. This Court disagrees. The course of
            dealing of Red Run included Mase transferring
            corporate assets to third parties without board
            approval. For example, Mase transferred 87.5% of
            the oil and gas royalties to [East] by executing the
            2005 ERI Lease without board approval.

                   Further, Red Run's conjecture that Mase
             engaged in self -dealing or litigation avoidance is not
             supported by competent evidence and is too
             speculative. To support this theory, Red Run relies
             upon evidence that Red Run withdrew from evidence
             and did not intend to reference or introduce into
             evidence in its case-in-chief.[4] It is undisputed that
             Red Run was contractually liable for the 3.125%
             ORRI. By executing the assignment, Mase satisfied


4 The evidence was a handwritten document of the recollection of           a
conversation that Jeff Pifer, a director and shareholder, had with Mase.

                                      - 8 -
J.   A18019/16

             the contractual obligation owed by Red Run. No
             competent evidence establishes that Mase executed
             the Assignment for another purpose, such as to
             avoid litigation; it has not been established that
             Mase was exposed to a reasonable risk of potential
             liability, or that Mase believed he was exposed to
             potential liability.     Furthermore, executing the
             Assignment did not avoid litigation, as Red Run
             instituted the instant litigation. Finally, Mase shared
             the tangible and non -speculative financial obligation
             of the 2005 Assignment as 1/3 shareholder of
             Red Run (1/3 of 2% ORRI should drilling ever occur).

Trial court opinion, 12/31/15 at 4-5 (footnotes omitted).

        Red Run appealed to   this court on December 29, 2015. On March 23,

2016, EEC and Gill moved to quash the appeal because they claimed that

this court lacked jurisdiction because Red Run's appeal was untimely.            On

May 6, 2016, this court denied the motion to quash without prejudice to

bring the motion before the panel of this court, when the parties argued the

merits.

        EEC and Gill   did raise the motion to quash at argument.            Before

addressing the merits, this court must address the motion to quash.             EEC

and Gill assert that this court lacks jurisdiction to hear Red Run's appeal

because Red Run failed to file   a   timely notice of appeal from the trial court's

order filed on June 19, 2015, which dismissed         EEC and Gill   from the case.

Red Run did not appeal until December 23, 2015, which was            after the order

in   the second summary judgment motion.

        Pa.R.A.P. 903(a) provides that    a   notice of appeal shall be filed within

30 days after the entry of the order from which the appeal is taken.


                                        -9
J.   A18019/16

Pa.R.A.P. 341(a) provides that an appeal may be taken as of right from any

final order of   a   government unit or trial court.      At the time that Red Run

appealed, Pa.R.A.P. 341(b) defined       a   final order as follows: "A final order is

any order that:        (1) disposes of all claims and of all parties; or (2)            is

expressly defined as      a   final order by statute; or (3)   is   entered as   a   final

order pursuant to subdivision (c) of this rule."5

        Before Pa.R.A.P. 341(b)(2) was rescinded, Rule 341 contained the

following note regarding final orders in declaratory judgment matters:

             Final orders in Declaratory Judgment Matters -- in an
             action taken pursuant to the Declaratory Judgments
             Act, 42 Pa.C.S. §§7531-7541, orders based on a
             pre-trial motion or petition are considered "final"
             within the meaning of this Rule, under subdivision
              (b)(2), if they affirmatively or negatively declare the
              rights and duties of the parties. Nationwide Mut.
             Ins.    Co. v.   Wickett, 563    595, 604, 763 A.2d
                                               Pa.
             813, 818 (2000). Thus, an order in a declaratory
             judgment action sustaining a demurrer and
             dismissing some, but not all, defendants is
             considered a final order under subdivision (b)(2)
             because it is expressly defined as such by statute.

              Pa.R.A.P. 341 (Note).

        The case law has evolved over time with respect to this rule. Not long

ago, in Modern Equip. Sales &           Rental    Co. v. Main St. Am.     Assurance
Co., 106 A.3d 784 (Pa.Super. 2014), this court addressed the question of

final orders in declaratory judgment actions and determined that when an



5    Pa.R.A.P. 341(b)(2) was rescinded on December 14, 2015, effective
April 1, 2016.

                                         - 10 -
J.   A18019/16

order fails to dispose of all of the claims for declaratory relief and did not

completely resolve the dispute the order was not final. Id. at 788-789.

        Here, Red Run sought declaratory relief against EEC and Gill under one

theory of liability and against Mase, or ultimately the Estate, on another

theory of liability.   When the trial court granted the summary judgment

motion of   EEC and Gill and   dismissed them from the case, this order did not

dispose of Red Run's claims for declaratory relief against Mase under an

alternative theory of liability.   When the trial court granted EEC and Gill's

motion for summary judgment, Red Run still had its claim against the Estate

that Mase had acted without the authority of     Red Run when he entered into

agreements that potentially bound Red Run.            It was not until the Estate
moved for and was granted summary judgment that the issue of Mase's

authority was resolved as to all parties. Therefore, the order granting      EEC

and Gill's summary judgment motion was not        a   final order. The motion to

quash the appeal is denied.6

        On appeal, Red Run raises the following issues for this court's review:

              1.   Whether the lower court committed an error of
                   law and/or abused its discretion in determining
                   that there was no issue of fact regarding the
                   implied, inherent or apparent authority of
                   [Mase] to execute the 2005 Assignment, the
                   March 2009 Amendment to Assignment and
                   the May 2009 Amendment[?].


6 The Estate has applied for relief to correct references to the reproduced
record in its brief which are incorrect and substitute the correct pages of the
reproduced record. We grant this application for relief.
J.   A18019/16

             2.    Whether the lower court committed an error of
                   law and/or abused its discretion in determining
                   that there was no issue of fact regarding the
                   alleged breach of the duty of loyalty by [Mase],
                   for failing to disclose to the Board of Directors
                   the contractual liability he created for Red Run,
                   and for unilaterally executing the 2005
                   Assignment, the March 2009 Amendment to
                   Assignment and the May 2009 Amendment[?]

Appellant's brief at 5.

        This court reviews   a   grant of summary judgment under the following

well -settled standards:

                   Pennsylvania law provides that summary
                   judgment may be granted only in those
                   cases in which the record clearly shows
                   that no genuine issues of material fact
                   exist and that the moving party is
                   entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
                   The moving party has the burden of
                   proving that no genuine issues of
                   material fact exist.       In determining
                   whether to grant summary judgment,
                   the trial court must view the record in
                   the    light most favorable to the
                   non-moving party and must resolve all
                   doubts as to the existence of a genuine
                   issue of material fact against the moving
                   party.     Thus, summary judgment is
                   proper only when the uncontraverted
                   [sic] allegations     in   the pleadings,
                   depositions, answers to interrogatories,
                   admissions of record, and submitted
                   affidavits demonstrate that no genuine
                   issue of material fact exists, and that the
                   moving party is entitled to judgment as a
                   matter of law. In sum, only when the
                   facts are so clear that reasonable minds
                   cannot differ, may a trial court properly
                   enter summary judgment.



                                        - 12 -
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                        [O]n appeal from a grant of summary
                        judgment, we must examine the record
                        in  a  light most favorable to the
                        non-moving party.    With regard to
                        questions of law, an appellate court's
                        scope of review is plenary. The Superior
                        Court will reverse a grant of summary
                        judgment only if the trial court has
                        committed an error of law or abused its
                        discretion.    Judicial discretion requires
                        action in conformity with law based on
                        the facts and circumstances before the
                        trial    court     after    hearing    and
                        consideration.

                  Gutteridge [v. A.P. Green Services, Inc., 804
                  A.2d 650, 651 (Pa.Super. 2002)].

Wright      v.    Allied Signal, Inc.,        963 A.2d 511, 514 (Pa.Super. 2008)

(citation omitted).

        Initially,   Red Run contends      that there   is an issue   of fact over whether

or not Mase acted with implied/inherent/apparent authority when he signed

the 2005 assignment, the March 2009 amendment to the assignment, and

the May 2009 amendment.               Red Run argues     that the trial court committed

an error of law and abused its discretion when it concluded that Red Run

offered no competent evidence to create an issue of fact regarding whether

Mase had implied/inherent/apparent authority to execute the agreements in

question and that EEC and Gill could rely on that authority.                 According to

Red Run, the         trial court erred because the nature and extent of an agent's

authority    is   always   a   question of fact for the jury.   See Turner Hydraulic,




                                             - 13 -
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Inc.   v.   Susquehanna Constr. Corp., 606 A.2d 532, 534-535 (Pa.Super.
1992).

        Red Run asserts   that the Board did not execute     a   corporate resolution

to permit or direct Mase to enter into the agreements with Gill and EEC.             In

the absence of express authority for Mase to sign the agreements with EEC

and Gill, Red Run argues that Mase lacked traditional implied authority to

sign the agreements because such authority can be found only when it is

incidental to the authority actually conferred.         Red Run also argues        that

Mase did not act with the apparent authority of Red Run because Red Run

did not knowingly permit Mase to sign the agreements.

        Red Run concedes     that Mase was the general agent of        Red Run     with

the inherent authority to undertake acts which normally accompany or are

incidental to transactions which he was authorized to conduct which were

intended to generate revenue.       Red Run      further concedes that Mase signed

many such contracts between annual meetings of the Board without             a   formal

vote by the Board. However, according to Red Run, Mase did not have the

inherent authority to enter into agreements which would cause Red Run to

lose money.

        Red Run argues    that the trial court erred when it failed to differentiate

between the agreements signed by Mase before and after his admitted

mistake of not including the ORRI payment to          EEC and Gill as a   condition of

the agreement with East, such that the trial court's characterization of the



                                        - 14 -
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various agreements as being aimed at maximizing profits for Red Run was

incorrect. Although Red Run focuses on the duty to maximize profits, there

is   not   a   clear duty for   a   president or director to do so. See Inversions and

Phantom Fiduciary Duties, Practical Law Corporate and Securities,
Delaware, July 31, 2014.                  Red   Run      specifically states that the 2005

assignment was intended to reduce profit for Red Run to avoid contractual

liability and the 2009 amendments' also were intended to reduce profit

though less than the 2005 assignment to reduce or avoid contractual

liability.

           As a result, Red Run argues          that the trial court's failure to recognize

this distinction resulted in             a   flawed   analysis of the extent of Mase's

authority.         Red Run argues        that the trial court erred when it viewed the

agreements with EEC/Gill collectively rather than focusing on the 2005

assignment, confused the 2005 assignment with the 2009 amendment, and

that attorneys from         Red Run's counsel informed Gill          that they represented

Red Run when           that was not the case at the time of the 2005 assignment.

According to Red Run, these errors by the trial court caused it to abuse its

discretion to conclude that Mase acted with implied/inherent/apparent

authority of       Red Run when he signed the 2005 assignment.




7The 2009 Amendments reduced the ORRI to 2%.                         One amendment was
with Gill. One was with EEC.

                                                - 15 -
J.   A18019/16

        It   is   undisputed that the Board of Red Run did not grant Mase express

authority to sign the 2005 assignment.                Red Run argues        that Mase lacked

apparent, implied, or inherent authority to execute the 2005 assignment.

Apparent authority has been defined as the power to bind                    a   principal when

the principal has not actually granted authority to an agent but leads

persons with whom his agents deal to believe that he has granted such

authority. The test for apparent authority              is   whether   a   person of ordinary

prudence, diligence, and discretion would have the right to believe that the

agent possessed the authority he purported to exercise.                     Apex Financial
Corp. v. Decker, 369 A.2d 488 (Pa.Super. 1976). Implied authority                       is   the

authority to do all that         is   proper, usual, and necessary to the exercise of

authority already granted. Id. The trial court cited Rednor & Kline, Inc.

v. Dept.          of Highways,        196 A.2d 355 (Pa. 1964), in its discussion of

authority given to the president of          a   closely held corporation and thoroughly

identified the facts.          The Pennsylvania Supreme Court reasoned that the

signature of the president was prima facie evidence of authority particularly

in   the case of     a   closely held corporation. This court discerns no error of law

or abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court for its reliance on

Rednor.           Clearly, Mase ran the corporation and its activities with only

limited input from the Board and shareholders. The trial court did not abuse

its discretion when it determined that Mase had the authority to enter into




                                             - 16 -
J.   A18019/16

these various agreements as he had almost unlimited authority to act on

behalf of Red Run.

        Red Run asserts     that the issue of whether or not Mase acted with

inherent authority    is an issue   which goes to the extent of his authority which

it claims is always an issue of fact.             However, Joyner v. Harleysville

Insurance Co., 574 A.2d 664, 668 (Pa.Super. 1990), holds "[a]lthough the
question of whether     a   principal agent relationship exists    is   ordinarily one of

fact for the jury, where the facts giving rise to the relationship are not in

dispute, the question is one which       is   properly decided by the Court." Here,

the trial court found no issues of material fact concerning the relationship

between Red Run and Mase. After reviewing the record, this court agrees.

Once again, this court discerns no error or abuse of discretion.

        Red Run also asserts    that it, as the principal, and    EEC and Gill, as   the

third    party, were not equally innocent.            Except for Mase, the other

stockholders and Board members had no knowledge about Red Run's

contractual commitments to          EEC and Gill    until 2010, where Gill not only

knew about the contractual commitments but also knew that the deal that

Mase agreed to with East was not the deal that was intended under the

terms of the 2003 agreement.           Red Run argues    that Gill should have then

exercised   a   higher degree of due diligence to determine that the Board gave

Mase the authority to reduce Red Run's royalty interest. This court does not

agree.    From the record, it appears that Gill reasonably believed that Mase



                                         - 17 -
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had the authority to sign all of the agreements between them.                           Nothing in

the record indicates that Gill had any idea that Mase did not have authority

to sign the agreements or that Mase's execution of the lease with East had

the effect of changing Mase's authority.

        Red Run          next contends that the signing of the 2005 assignment, the

2009 amendment to assignment, and the 2009 amendment by Mase were

not usual or ordinary tasks for the president of Red Run because said tasks

were not intended to maximize profits.                     Red Run asserts   that the trial court

failed to recognize that the 2005 assignment was not signed by Mase for the

purpose of maximizing profits but for avoiding contractual liability.

        It   is       not clear exactly what to make of this argument.                   Red Run

includes it in its argument as to whether Mase had authority to enter into

the agreements, but Red Run cites to Delaware law which                       is   pertinent as to

whether Mase breached any duty to the corporation or its shareholders.

Taken as      a       whole, these agreements were designed to maximize profits after

taking into account the mistake made by Mase.                       Further, not every action

taken by          a    corporation   is   designed to maximize profits.            For instance, a

charitable donation made by                a   corporation may lead to increased "goodwill"

for the corporation but does not have                 a   tangible effect of increasing profits.

Further, Red Run does not cite any authority for the so-called duty to

maximize profits.




                                                  - 18 -
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        Red Run         next contends that there is an issue of fact regarding whether

or not Mase breached his duty of loyalty to Red Run by concealing his

omission and             signing    agreements which would cause            a   reduction     in

Red Run's profits.

        Article    7   of Red Run's certificate of incorporation provides:

                  No   directorshall be personally liable to the
                  corporation or its stockholders for monetary
                  damages for any breach of fiduciary duty by such a
                  director as a
                             director. Notwithstanding the foregoing
                  sentence, a director shall be liable to the extent
               provided by applicable law, (i) for breach of the
               director's duty of loyalty to the Corporation or its
               stockholders, (ii) for acts or omissions not in good
               faith which involve intentional misconduct or a
               knowing violation of law, (iii)          pursuant to
               Section 174 of the Delaware General Corporation
               Law or (iv) for any transaction from which the
               director derived an improper personal benefit.

Red Run Mountain,           Inc., Certificate of Incorporation at 2.

        This       provision        of   the   certificate   of      incorporation       follows

Section 102(b)(7) of the Delaware General Corporation                       Law,     8   Del.C.

§    102(b)(7). The purpose of Section 102(b)(7)             is to    allow shareholders to

adopt    a   provision in the certificate of incorporation to exculpate directors

from any personal liability for the payment of monetary damages for

breaches of       a    director's duty of care but not for duty of loyalty violations and

bad faith misconduct.              Emerald Partners v. Berlin, 787 A.2d 85, 90 (Del.
2001).




                                               - 19 -
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        Red Run asserts            that Mase breached his duty of loyalty when he failed

to disclose the mistake he made when he failed to include the ORRI for EEC

and Gill in the lease agreement he made with East.                      Red Run argues     that

this contention must be analyzed in the context of the business judgment

rule under Delaware law which provides                    a   presumption that an individual

director    is   acting in the best interest of the corporation in the absence of any

evidence to the contrary. Cede & Co. v. Technicolor,                     Inc., 634 A.2d 345
(Del. 1993).             Red Run argued before the        trial court that Mase acted out of

self-interest when he signed the 2005 assignment.                     According to Red Run,

Mase had         a   duty as   a   director and officer of Red Run to disclose his omission

to    the        other      members       of   the   Board.       Instead,   he   signed    the

2005 assignment without the knowledge or consent of the Board which

resulted in          a   reduction in the actual royalty interest Red Run was scheduled

to receive.

        Red Run argues             that Mase breached his duty of loyalty when he signed

the 2005 assignment.                 At the very least, Red Run argues that there          is an

issue of fact that precludes summary judgment.                     Red Run believes   that the

email to Gill where he admitted that he failed to include the ORRI in the

lease with East as well as the lease itself rebuts the business judgment rule

and that there is an issue of fact that he breached his duty of loyalty when

he signed the 2005 assignment because the Estate disagrees.




                                                 - 20 -
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        However, while there   is   evidence that Mase made this oversight when

he signed the lease, there is no evidence of conscious disregard of his duty

of loyalty or bad faith misconduct when he failed to include the ORRI

payment in the lease with East. From all evidence in the record, it appears

that Mase made an honest mistake. There            is no   indication that he breached

his duty of loyalty to the corporation. In       In re Walt Disney Co. Derivative
Litig., 906 A.2d 27, 64-67 (Del. 2006), the Delaware court stated that one
category of fiduciary misconduct involved the Chancellor's definition of

bad    faith/intentional dereliction of duty,     a   conscious disregard for one's

responsibilities.   The Delaware court quoted with approval the Chancellor's

definition of bad faith which included an actual intent to do harm,             a   lack of

due care as evidenced by gross negligence as well as              a   conscious disregard

for duty:

              A  failure to act in good faith may be shown, for
              instance, where the fiduciary intentionally acts with a
              purpose other than that of advancing the best
              interests of the corporation, where the fiduciary acts
              with the intent to violate applicable positive law, or
              where the fiduciary intentionally fails to act in the
              face of a known duty to act, demonstrating a
              conscious disregard for his duties.

Id.,   906 A.2d at 67.

        Here, there is nothing in the record to support       a   suggestion that Mase

had an intent to act in a way that would not benefit the corporation or that

he intended to violate any law.       Further, Mase did not benefit himself from

the transactions, apart from his role as          a   shareholder, contrary to what


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Red Run suggests.        Further, although Red Run makes frequent references to

a    duty to maximize profits, it   is   "highly dubious" that such   a   claim exists.

See Inversions and Phantom Fiduciary Duties, Practical Law Corporate

and Securities, Delaware, July 31, 2014.           The trial court determined that,

while Mase made      a    mistake, he did not breach his fiduciary duty.          Once

again, Red Run has failed to establish that the trial court committed an error

of law or an abuse of discretion. This court cannot discern that there            is an

issue of material fact here.

        Accordingly, the orders of the trial court are affirmed.          The Estate's

application for relief to correct record references is granted.



Judgment Entered.


                 /          L




Joseph D. Seletyn,
Prothonotary

Date: 5/5/2017




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