                           This opinion will be unpublished and
                           may not be cited except as provided by
                           Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).

                                STATE OF MINNESOTA
                                IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                      A14-0849

                                     State of Minnesota,
                                          Appellant,

                                             vs.

                                 Carliss David-Lee Johnson,
                                         Respondent.

                                  Filed October 14, 2014
                                  Reversed and remanded
                                      Hudson, Judge

                              Hennepin County District Court
                                File No. 27-CR-13-32528

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Linda K. Jenny, Assistant County
Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for appellant)

Mary Moriarty, Fourth Judicial District Public Defender, Peter W. Gorman, Assistant
Public Defender, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)

         Considered and decided by Stauber, Presiding Judge; Hudson, Judge; and Kirk,

Judge.

                          UNPUBLISHED OPINION

HUDSON, Judge

         The state challenges the district court’s order suppressing evidence recovered from

a search of respondent’s apartment, arguing that the information in the search-warrant
application established probable cause for the search.      Because the totality of the

circumstances establishes that the information contained in the application was sufficient

to provide probable cause, we reverse and remand for additional proceedings.

                                        FACTS

      The district court issued a warrant authorizing a search of an apartment at 215 65th

Avenue North in Brooklyn Center for illegal narcotics and related material. An affidavit

supporting the warrant application alleged probable cause based, in part, on information

given to Minneapolis police from a cooperating defendant (CD) about a person known as

“Dave,” who conducted illegal narcotics sales. The CD provided a physical description

of Dave, a cellular phone number, and descriptions of three vehicles that Dave allegedly

used to facilitate drug transactions, including a 1985 blue Cutlass with chrome wheels

and a 2005 gray Monte Carlo. The CD told a police officer that Dave sold and stores

narcotics at a single-family dwelling on Aldrich Avenue North in Minneapolis and kept

narcotics and cash at a multi-unit apartment building at 215 65th Avenue North in

Brooklyn Center. The CD stated that Dave’s apartment was on the top floor in the

northwest corner of that apartment building. The CD also stated that Dave was a gang

member and had been observed with a handgun with a high-capacity magazine for

protection because he had previously been shot in connection with gang activity.

      The officer reviewed Minneapolis police reports and discovered that, about a year

earlier, a theft had been reported from an address on Colfax Avenue South using the

cellular telephone number provided by the CD as a contact number. Respondent Carliss

David-Lee Johnson was the listed victim. Police records also indicated that respondent


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had been a victim in a shooting in north Minneapolis in 2004. The officer showed a

photo of respondent to the CD, who positively identified respondent as Dave.

       The officer then reviewed additional Minneapolis police reports, which showed

respondent’s 2013 arrest for a driving-related offense when he was driving a 1983 blue

Cutlass. The officer also noted that another officer had recently seen respondent driving

a 2006 gray Monte Carlo. Both vehicles were registered to T.D., whose address was

listed as the same Colfax Avenue South address from which respondent reported the

earlier theft. The officer confirmed that T.D. lived in a certain apartment at that address

and had a boyfriend who had stayed with her in the past. During surveillance, the officer

observed the Monte Carlo parked in front of the Colfax Avenue building.

       The officer then contacted a confidential reliable informant (CRI). The CRI also

knew respondent by the name of Dave and stated that he sold crack cocaine and drove a

silver Monte Carlo and a blue Buick with chrome wheels. The officer arranged for the

CRI to participate in a controlled buy, in which the CRI purchased crack cocaine from

respondent at the residence on Aldrich Avenue North. Respondent was seen driving

away from that location in a 2006 Monte Carlo.

       The officer then spoke to the property manager at the apartment at 215 65th

Avenue North in Brooklyn Center and obtained the rent rolls, which showed that

respondent leased an apartment at that address. He arranged for a Bloomington police

officer to conduct a K-9 drug sniff at both the 65th Avenue North and Colfax Avenue

South locations. The K-9 alerted to the presence of narcotics after sniffing the door

seams in front of both respondent’s apartment on 65th Avenue North and T.D.’s


                                            3
apartment on Colfax Avenue South. Officers entered the 65th Avenue North apartment

pursuant to the search warrant and recovered approximately 60.5 grams of a substance

that later tested positive for marijuana.

       The state charged respondent with fifth-degree controlled substance crime in

violation of Minn. Stat. § 152.025, subd. 2(a)(1) (2012), for his possession of the

marijuana. Respondent moved to suppress evidence resulting from the search, arguing

that the warrant was not based on probable cause to search the apartment and was invalid

on its face. The district court granted the motion, concluding that the warrant application

did not establish probable cause for the search because the information given by the CD

was not reliable and because the controlled buy did not occur in the target residence or its

vicinity. This appeal follows.

                                      DECISION

       If the state appeals a pretrial suppression order, the state “must clearly and

unequivocally show both that the trial court’s order will have a critical impact on the

state’s ability to prosecute the defendant successfully and that the order constituted

error.” State v. Scott, 584 N.W.2d 412, 416 (Minn. 1998) (quoting State v. Zanter, 535

N.W.2d 624, 630 (Minn. 1995)); Minn. R. Crim. P. 28.04, subd. 2(1). Respondent does

not dispute that the district court’s order suppressing the drug evidence had a critical

impact on the state’s case against respondent. We, likewise, conclude that the critical-

impact requirement is met. When a suppression order is challenged on appeal, this court

independently reviews the facts and the law to determine whether the district court erred




                                             4
by suppressing or refusing to suppress the evidence. State v. Harris, 590 N.W.2d 90, 98

(Minn. 1999).

      Both the United States and Minnesota Constitutions protect citizens against

unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Minn. Const. art. 1, § 10.

Before searching a residence, unless an exception applies, police must obtain a valid

warrant issued by a neutral and detached magistrate. State v. Harris, 589 N.W.2d 782,

787 (Minn. 1999). To be valid, a warrant must be supported by probable cause. U.S.

Const. amend. IV; Minn. Const. art. 1, § 10. In determining whether a search warrant is

supported by probable cause, a court applies a totality-of-the-circumstances test, making

“a practical commonsense decision whether, given all the circumstances [presented] . . .

there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a

particular place.” Zanter, 535 N.W.2d at 633 (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213,

238, 103 S. Ct. 2317, 2332 (1983)).       A court gives great deference to an issuing

magistrate’s determination of probable cause to issue a search warrant.           State v.

Rochefort, 631 N.W.2d 802, 804 (Minn. 2001). A reviewing court must “simply . . .

ensure that the issuing judge had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause

existed.” Zanter, 535 N.W.2d at 633 (quotation omitted). “Doubtful or marginal cases

should be largely determined by the deference to be accorded to warrants.” State v.

Miller, 666 N.W.2d 703, 712 (Minn. 2003) (quotation omitted).

      When considering whether the tip of a confidential, but not anonymous, informant

provides probable cause to issue a search warrant, the reviewing court considers the

informant’s reliability, particularly the informant’s credibility and veracity.   State v.


                                            5
Munson, 594 N.W.2d 128, 136 (Minn. 1999); State v. Ross, 676 N.W.2d 301, 304 (Minn.

App. 2004). Several circumstances support an informant’s reliability: (1) a first-time

informant not involved in criminal activity; (2) an informant who has previously provided

correct information; (3) police corroboration of the information; (4) voluntary

information unprovoked by motive; (5) references to “controlled purchase[s]”; and

(6) statements against penal interest. Ross, 676 N.W.2d at 304. The preferred basis for

an informant’s knowledge has traditionally been recent personal observation, and

corroboration of even minor details can lend credence to an informant’s tip. State v.

Wiley, 366 N.W.2d 265, 269 (Minn. 1985).

       The district court concluded that no probable cause existed to support the issuance

of the warrant to search the Brooklyn Center apartment because the CD’s tip was

unreliable and because the CRI’s controlled buy did not occur in that apartment or its

vicinity. The district court weighed the first, third, and fourth factors in Ross, and found

that, because no information was provided on whether the CD was a first-time informant,

the CD could not be presumed reliable; that although police were able to corroborate the

information, there was no supporting information as to how the CD acquired it; and that

there was no information that the CD came forward voluntarily or made the statements

against penal interest. See Ross, 676 N.W.2d at 304.

       We disagree with the district court’s conclusion. “In reviewing the sufficiency of

an affidavit under the totality of the circumstances test, courts must be careful not to

review each component of the affidavit in isolation.” Wiley, 366 N.W.2d at 268. “[A]

collection of pieces of information that would not be substantial alone can combine to


                                             6
create sufficient probable cause.” State v. Jones, 678 N.W.2d 1, 11 (Minn. 2004). Here,

the CD provided detailed information to police, including respondent’s cellular phone

number; the makes, models, and years of the cars he drove; and the addresses of two

residences he frequented. Police located respondent through his cell phone and, through

observation and earlier police reports, corroborated his driving a 1983 blue Cutlass and a

2006 gray Monte Carlo with specific license plates, which were virtually identical to the

CD’s descriptions of his vehicles.    Likewise, the CRI also described respondent as

driving a silver Monte Carlo and a blue Buick, a near match to the earlier-described

vehicles. Finally, the CRI conducted a controlled buy of narcotics from respondent at the

Aldrich Avenue North apartment, from which respondent was seen driving the previously

identified 2006 Monte Carlo. Thus, even though the CD was not presumed reliable,

extensive corroboration of details of the CD’s information sufficiently establishes its

reliability. See State v. Ward, 580 N.W.2d 67, 71 (Minn. App. 1998) (stating that an

“informant’s reliability may be established by sufficient police corroboration of the

information supplied, and corroboration of even minor details can ‘lend credence’ to the

informant’s information where the police know the identity of the informant”). We

conclude that the CD’s tip, combined with the independent corroboration obtained by the

police, was sufficient to conclude that, under the totality of the circumstances, a “fair

probability” existed that “evidence of a crime” would be found in the Brooklyn Center

apartment. See Zanter, 535 N.W.2d at 633.

      The district court also concluded that, because no reasonable suspicion existed to

justify the dog sniff at respondent’s Brooklyn Center apartment, the information provided


                                            7
by the dog sniff could not be included in its evaluation of probable cause. Police require

reasonable articulable suspicion to walk a narcotics-detection dog down the common

hallway of an apartment building. State v. Davis, 732 N.W.2d 173, 181 (Minn. 2007).

“Reasonable suspicion must be based on specific and articulable facts which, taken

together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion.” Id.

at 182 (quotation omitted). But “[t]he requisite showing is not high.” Id. (quotation

omitted). We review the issue of reasonable suspicion de novo, considering the totality

of the circumstances. Id.

       Here, according to the affidavit supporting the warrant application, police had

obtained information that respondent was renting the Brooklyn Center apartment, and the

CD told police that respondent had been storing narcotics and cash in that apartment. A

CRI had also conducted a controlled buy of cocaine from respondent at another location

mentioned by the CD. We conclude that, under the totality of the circumstances, police

had reasonable articulable suspicion to conduct a dog sniff in the hallway outside

respondent’s Brooklyn Center apartment.

       Respondent cites caselaw indicating that the presence of criminal activity in one

location cannot establish probable cause to search a different location. See, e.g., State v.

Souto, 578 N.W.2d 744, 748 (Minn. 1978) (holding that no probable cause was

established to search a defendant’s residence when the supporting affidavit did not allege

that the defendant ever arranged, sold, or distributed drugs, including from her home);

State v. Kahn, 555 N.W.2d 15, 18–19 (Minn. App. 1996) (holding that the issuing judge

lacked probable cause to issue a warrant to search a defendant’s home when he had been


                                             8
previously arrested for possessing one ounce of cocaine, an amount that an officer knew

through training and experience was more than that generally possessed for personal use).

But we evaluate the dog sniff under the reasonable-suspicion standard, which is “less

demanding than probable cause.” State v. Timberlake, 744 N.W.2d 390, 393 (Minn.

2008). And once reasonable suspicion for the dog sniff was established, the results of

the dog sniff, taken together with additional information in the affidavit, provided

probable cause to search the apartment for narcotics.      See State v. Yarbrough, 841

N.W.2d 619, 622 (Minn. 2014) (stating that probable cause to issue a search warrant

requires a fair probability that the evidence will be found at the specific site to be

searched). Moreover, “[D]irect observation of evidence of a crime at the place to be

searched is not required.” Id. A sufficient nexus between the evidence sought and the

place to be searched “may be inferred from the totality of the circumstances.” Id. Here,

we conclude that the information contained in the affidavit established a sufficient nexus

between the Brooklyn Center apartment and the illegal narcotics. Therefore, the district

court erred by suppressing the evidence resulting from the search.

      Reversed and remanded.




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