                 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
                          NO. 97-CA-00413-SCT
METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY
v.
AETNA CASUALTY & SURETY COMPANY; CITY
INSURANCE COMPANY; HOME INSURANCE
COMPANY; NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE
COMPANY OF PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                01/07/97
TRIAL JUDGE:                     HON. BILL JONES
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:       JACKSON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:         EUGENE R. ANDERSON
                                 RANDY PARR
                                 MARK GARBOWSKI
                                 JEROLD OSHINSKY
                                 DAVID ELKIND
                                 ELIZABETH A. SHERWIN
                                 RICHARD G. NOBLE
                                 FRANK O. CROSTHWAIT, JR.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:         THOMAS J. GROARD
                                 KATHLEEN D. MONNES
                                 MICHAEL K. RANDOLPH
                                 MARK A. NELSON
                                 RAYMOND L. BROWN
                                 W. MARK EDWARDS
                                 STEPHEN A. FENNELL
                                 MARY WOODSON POAG
                                 KARL R. STEINBERGER
NATURE OF THE CASE:              CIVIL - INSURANCE
DISPOSITION:                     AFFIRMED - 01/14/99
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:                  4/8/99




   BEFORE SULLIVAN, P.J., MILLS AND WALLER, JJ.
      SULLIVAN, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:




¶1. This appeal arises from the lower court's dismissal of the current action on January 7, 1997, based on
the doctrine of interstate forum non conveniens. The current action was filed on October 12, 1995, in the
Circuit Court of Jackson County, Mississippi. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. (hereafter MetLife) sought a
declaration that it is entitled to insurance coverage based on excess policies issued to MetLife by the
defendants. The complaint alleges that it is entitled to coverage for both the underlying asbestos bodily
injury claims brought and continuing to be brought by Mississippi claimants, and for the underlying asbestos
property damage case brought by the State of Mississippi involving buildings owned by the State.

¶2. On October 12, 1995, MetLife filed another action against the same four defendants in West Virginia
involving asbestos bodily injury claims brought and continuing to be brought by West Virginia claimants. The
next day, October 13, 1995, MetLife commenced an insurance coverage action in New Jersey involving
asbestos bodily injury claims brought by New Jersey claimants. That same day MetLife also commenced a
comprehensive action in Connecticut to resolve coverage issues relating to underlying asbestos bodily injury
and property damage claims all over the United States with the exception of claims in Mississippi, West
Virginia and New Jersey. The four defendants in this case filed a cross-claim in Connecticut asking the
court to put in issue all fifty states. The Connecticut action involves seventeen additional defendants. Other
than the Connecticut litigation, the four defendants in this case moved to dismiss each of the actions filed in
Mississippi, New Jersey and West Virginia in favor of the Connecticut comprehensive action.

¶3. The New Jersey case was dismissed without prejudice based upon grounds of comity. That decision
was affirmed on appeal in a per curiam opinion by the Superior Court of New Jersey Appellate Division on
December 29, 1996. The West Virginia Court has taken the motion to dismiss on advisement after oral
argument, with its determination pending.

¶4. A hearing was conducted on September 20, 1996, in the Circuit Court of Jackson County on the
defendants' motion to dismiss based on forum non conveniens. All parties concerned were represented by
counsel and allowed to make factual and legal arguments pertaining to the motion to dismiss. After
considering all the arguments, both factual and legal, the Circuit Court of Jackson County entered its Order
on October 7, 1996, dismissing the action based on the doctrine of forum non conveniens. It is from this
Order that MetLife seeks reversal and remand for continuing litigation.

                           STATEMENT OF THE UNDERLYING FACTS

¶5. This insurance coverage action involves many underlying claimants alleging both bodily injury and
property damage in Mississippi based on alleged exposure to asbestos in plants and factories in Mississippi.
The State also filed an underlying action alleging property damage to state owned buildings by the
installation of asbestos or asbestos containing products. One of the defendants in each of these underlying
claims is the appellant in this case, MetLife. MetLife has turned to its insurers for coverage of such claims.
The primary insurance carrier is Travelers Indemnity Company. The Aetna policies at issue in this litigation
"follow form to underlying policies issued by the Travelers Indemnity Company, except as otherwise
provided in endorsements thereto."
¶6. The case sub judice is a contract action in which MetLife seeks to recover under contracts of insurance
issued by the appellees between 1976 and 1986. The appellees in this action, Aetna Casualty & Surety
Company (hereinafter Aetna), City Insurance Company, Home Insurance Company (hereinafter collectively
referred to as Home)(1), and National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (hereafter
National Union), are national liability insurance companies (hereinafter collectively referred to as appellees).
These appellees issued insurance policies to MetLife which are termed "excess policies." New York and
Connecticut were the center of all contracting and claims handling activity on MetLife's insurance program.
Johnson & Higgins, the insurance broker which places the policies for MetLife, is located in New York.
MetLife is a New York Corporation with its headquarters in New York City. Aetna is a Connecticut
corporation with its home office in Hartford, Connecticut. None of the other appellees are incorporated or
have their principal place of business in Mississippi. However, all four appellees as well as MetLife do
business within the State of Mississippi and have extensive connections with this state.

                                       STATEMENT OF THE LAW

                                             Standard of Review

¶7. Following the United States Supreme Court's guidance, the trial court's dismissal of the action should
only be reversed if the trial court abused its discretion or applied an erroneous legal standard. Piper
Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 257 (1981). "[W]here the court has considered all relevant public
and private interest factors, and where its balancing of these factors is reasonable, its decision deserves
substantial deference." Piper Aircraft Co., 454 U.S. at 257.

¶8. MetLife submits six assignments of error to this Court that may be addressed in two distinct legal issues:
1) the application of forum non conveniens and 2) the alleged error of the trial court in granting the motion
to dismiss without making any findings of fact. Finding no abuse of discretion or erroneous legal application,
we affirm the lower court's dismissal of this case.

                                                        I.

                          APPLICATION OF FORUM NON CONVENIENS

¶9. In reviewing a dismissal based upon forum non conveniens, we must consider the seven factors set out
in Missouri Pacific Railroad Co. v. Tircuit, 554 So. 2d 878 (Miss. 1989):

      1. "[R]elative ease of access to sources of proof." Gilbert, supra, 330 U.S. at 508, 67 S.Ct. at 843.

      2. "Availability of compulsory process for attendance of unwilling, and the cost of obtaining
      attendance of unwilling witnesses." Id.

      3. "Possibility of view of the premises, if view would be appropriate to the action." Id.

      4. "[T]he plaintiff may not, by choice of an inconvenient forum, 'vex', 'harass', or 'oppress' the
      defendant by inflicting upon the [defendant] expense or trouble not necessary to (the plaintiff's) own
      right to pursue his remedy." Id.

      5. Administrative difficulties for the forum courts. Id.

      6. "There is a local interest in having localized controversies decided at home." Id.
      7. While, unless the balance is strongly in favor of the defendant, the choice of a plaintiff who is a
      resident of the forum "should rarely be disturbed," Id., deference to the plaintiff is less compelling
      when the plaintiff is a non-resident.

Tircuit, 554 So. 2d at 882. While it is true that a plaintiff's choice of forum should be weighed heavily, less
deference should be given to a non-resident plaintiff. Id. at 882 (citing Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454
U.S. 235 (1981)). MetLife is a New York Corporation with its headquarters in New York City. This does
not mean, as the appellees contend, that no deference should be given to MetLife's choice of forum. We
have said, "[S]ince it is for the plaintiff to choose the place of suit, his choice of a forum should not be
disturbed except for weighty reasons . . ." Shewbrooks v. A.C. & S., Inc., 529 So. 2d 557, 562 (Miss.
1988) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 84 cmt. (1971)), superseded by statute on
other grounds as stated in Southern Pac. Transp. Co. v. Fox, 609 So. 2d 357 (Miss. 1992).

¶10. MetLife relies heavily on the factor that there is a local interest in having localized controversies
decided at home. It cites several Mississippi cases for the contention that Mississippi has a strong interest in
regulating the insurance industry. Thomas v. Deviney Const. Co., 458 So. 2d 694, 697 (Miss. 1984);
Travelers Indem. Co. v. Watkins, 209 So. 2d 630, 631 (Miss. 1968). However, these cases analyzing
automobile policies under the Mississippi Motor Vehicle Safety Responsibility Law are inapplicable to the
present situation.

¶11. MetLife further argues that Mississippi has a strong interest in the health, well-being and safety of its
citizens. Consequently, it contends that Mississippi has a strong interest in having insurance coverage issues
related to the underlying bodily injury and property damage claims decided in Mississippi. In support of this
contention it explains that more than 19,000 of the claims underlying this insurance coverage dispute have
been filed to date against MetLife in Mississippi by Mississippi citizens and their families, and the State of
Mississippi, through Attorney General Mike Moore, has sued MetLife and several other defendants for
damage to state-owned buildings arising out of the installation of asbestos or asbestos containing products.
MetLife cites a circuit court case, Mike Moore v. W.R. Grace, Cause No. 89-5138(2) (Miss. Circuit Ct.
Jackson Cty. Mar. 1, 1991), in which the insurance company's motion to dismiss a third-party insurance
coverage claim was denied finding that "the State of Mississippi has a significant and compelling interest in
the issues before the Court and that [the alternative forum] is not a more appropriate forum to resolve the
specific issues before the Court."

¶12. While these underlying facts are true, they do not compel the conclusion that Mississippi is the proper
forum for this action. The focus of the dispute is the interpretation of MetLife's Connecticut and New York
insurance contracts. This case is about insurance coverage between different insurance carriers and not
whether the underlying plaintiffs and the State itself can recover against MetLife. The Fifth Circuit
recognized this distinction in its discussion of choice of law issues when it stated, "[T]he interpretation of
these [insurance] contracts will not affect whether the Mississippi resident will recover for her injuries, but
rather from whom she may recover." Maryland Cas. Co. v. Integrity Ins. Co., 693 F.2d 506, 508 (5th
Cir. 1982). As the appellees point out, neither Mississippi nor the plaintiffs in the underlying cases have any
interest in whether the judgment or settlement is paid by MetLife or its insurers. Their only interest is that
they are paid.

¶13. Appellees also cite to W.R. Grace & Co. v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co., 555 N.E.2d 214
(Mass. 1990) where the Supreme Court of Massachusetts was faced with a similar dismissal based upon
forum non conveniens in a coverage action between the plaintiff insurance company and its excess
comprehensive general liability insurers. In rejecting the insured's argument that Massachusetts had a
compelling interest in the coverage dispute, the Court stated, "Massachusetts has no special relationship to
the underlying factual issues concerning Grace's insurance coverage." Id. at 221. The crux of Grace's
asbestos related coverage actions was the interpretation of its New York insurance contracts. Id. We find
this reasoning persuasive, because the interpretation of the contracts between MetLife and the appellees is
also the primary issue in this action.

¶14. MetLife misinterprets the Shewbrooks case when it states that the movant has the burden of proving
that Mississippi is a seriously inconvenient forum for trial. Shewbrooks does not make this a requirement
but instead quotes Section 84 of the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws (1971):

      § 84. Forum Non Conveniens

      A state will not exercise jurisdiction if it is a seriously inconvenient forum for the trial of the action
      provided that a more appropriate forum is available to the plaintiff.

Shewbrooks, 529 So. 2d at 561. Under this definition, the appellees reasonably assert that Mississippi is
an inconvenient forum and that Connecticut, where comprehensive action has already been brought, is a
more appropriate forum.

¶15. The appellees cite several cases to support their assertion that Mississippi is an inconvenient forum in
light of the four other actions that have been filed regarding the same insurance coverage claims. See
Illinois Central R.R. v. Moore, 215 So. 2d 419, 420-21 (Miss. 1968) (forum non conveniens intended
to prevent "great and unnecessary inconvenience and expense" as long as no special hardship to the plaintiff
will result if case is brought in another jurisdiction); Watkins v. Jim Walter Homes. Inc., 666 F. Supp
102, 105 (S.D. Miss. 1987) ("plaintiff may not, by choice of an inconvenient forum, 'vex,' 'harass,' or
'oppress,' the defendant by inflicting upon him expense or trouble not necessary to his own right to pursue
his remedy") (quoting Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501, 508 (1947)). They claim that having to
defend against the same insurance coverage claims in four different states rises to the level of
"vexatiousness" and inconvenience which the doctrine is designed to prevent.

¶16. When considering the private factors such as relative ease of access to sources of proof and
availability of compulsory process of witnesses, along with the cost of obtaining witnesses, we find that the
trial court properly dismissed this action in order to defer to the comprehensive action filed in Connecticut.
MetLife is a New York corporation with its principal place of business in New York City. Aetna is a
Connecticut company with its headquarters in Hartford, Connecticut. Home is a New Hampshire
corporation with its principal place of business in New York City. National Union is a Pennsylvania
corporation with its principal place of business in New York. Mississippi has no special relationship to the
underlying factual issues concerning MetLife's insurance coverage. New York and Connecticut were the
nexus of all claims handling activity on MetLife's insurance program. All the documents and witnesses
central to this coverage action are located in Connecticut and New York. Johnson & Higgins, the insurance
broker which placed the policies for MetLife is located in New York City.

¶17. MetLife contends that although the witnesses in this case are located all across the country, modern
technological advances enable large corporations such as appellees to participate easily in such litigation. In
support of this position, MetLife cites Ford Motor Co. v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's London et
al., No. L-11463-92 (N.J. Super. Ct. Law Div. Middlesex Cty. June 18, 1993). That court held, "Given
current communication technology, air transportation and the financial resources of the parties there is no
substantial hardship for this litigation to be carried on in any particular state." Slip op. at 2. While this may
be true, significant costs are incurred when parties are required to litigate in multiple forums, regardless of
technological advancements.

¶18. A comprehensive action, versus a fragmented suit, promotes considerations of judicial economy,
avoidance of inconsistent results and piecemeal litigation, and advances conflict-of-law principles. See, e.g.,
Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 725 F. Supp. 317, 321 (S.D. Miss. 1989);
Monsanto Co. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 559 A.2d 1301, 1313-14 (Del Super. Ct. 1988). "Piecemeal
resolution of common insurance policy coverage questions or questions concerning the insured's knowledge
at various times is inappropriate. Dispersed decision-making wastes the time and resources of parties and
the courts and permits inconsistent results." W.R. Grace & Co., 555 N.E.2d at 218. The Massachusetts
Supreme Court concluded in Grace that the most convenient forum is the location where the policies were
negotiated and delivered. Id. at 221. Here, the Connecticut action offers an opportunity for a complete
resolution for all coverage issues that relate to underlying claims across the country, including Mississippi.
By virtue of the counterclaims that have been filed in the Connecticut action, the substance of the underlying
Mississippi claims is currently being litigated in Connecticut. The discovery already conducted involving the
Mississippi cause of action can be used in the Connecticut action.

¶19. When considering and balancing all the relevant factors listed in Missouri Pac. R.R. Co. v. Tircuit,
we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing this action by deferring to the
comprehensive Connecticut action. Other than some state interest in the outcome of this coverage dispute
and the fact that MetLife chose the Mississippi forum, the overwhelming balance of the remaining factors
leads to the conclusion that this action should be dismissed in deference to the Connecticut action. "Fair
enforcement of the rule of forum non conveniens requires that [this action] be dismissed." Missouri Pacific
Railroad, 554 So. 2d at 883.

                                                        II.

    LOWER COURT'S FAILURE TO MAKE FINDINGS OF FACT WHEN GRANTING A
      MOTION TO DISMISS ON THE GROUNDS OF FORUM NON CONVENIENS

¶20. The trial court did not issue any opinion with its order granting the motion to dismiss on grounds of
forum non conveniens. MetLife contends that the lower court's failure to make factual findings to support its
order merits reversal of the court's order. MetLife relies on a Fifth Circuit case, in which the Court held:

      [W]e have said definitively, that in the context of a forum non conveniens dismissal "a district court
      abuses its discretion when it summarily denies or grants a motion to dismiss without either written or
      oral explanation" or "when it fails to address and balance the relevant principles and factors of the
      doctrine."

Rowan Companies, Inc. v. Griffin, 876 F.2d 26, 30 (5th Cir. 1989) (quoting In re Air Crash
Disaster Near New Orleans, 821 F.2d 1147, 1166 (5th Cir. 1987), vacated on other grounds, Pan
American World Airways, Inc. v. Lopez, 490 U.S. 1032 (1989)). The Rowan Court also stated that
"[w]ithout an assignment of reasons for the district court's action, we cannot perform the appellate
function." Id. at 30. Although this is a requirement in the Fifth Circuit, it is not controlling in a Mississippi
state case.

¶21. Generally, under Mississippi law, when a trial court deciding whether to grant or deny a motion to
dismiss fails to make findings of fact to support its decision, it is not reversible error. Weeks v. Thomas,
662 So. 2d 581, 583-84 (Miss. 1995). MetLife waived this issue when it failed to request special findings
from the trial court under Rule 52 (a) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure. This Rule provides:

      In all actions tried upon the facts without a jury the court may, and shall upon the request of any party
      to the suit or when required by these rules, find the facts specially and state separately its conclusions
      of law thereon and judgment shall be entered accordingly.

M.R.C.P. Rule 52(a). This rule does not require the court on its own initiative to set out the findings of fact
relied on to support its judgment. Morreale v. Morreale, 646 So. 2d 1264, 1270 (Miss. 1994); Tricon
Metals & Servs., Inc. v. Topp, 516 So. 2d 236, 238-39 (Miss. 1987). "[I]n cases of any significant
complexity the word 'may' in Rule 52(a) should be construed to read 'generally should.'" Id. at 239.
However, the case at bar in no way compares to the number or complexity of the factual issues presented
in the Tricon Metals case. We have held that where the appellant failed to request findings of fact and
conclusions of law, he "should not now be heard to complain of their absence." Morreale, 646 So. 2d at
1270. We therefore find that MetLife waived this alleged error by failing to request separate findings of fact.

                                               CONCLUSION

¶22. We hold that there is substantial evidence to support the trial court's conclusion that this case is
properly dismissed based on forum non conveniens. When considering both the public and private factors
outlined in Tircuit, the overwhelming balance of these factors leads us to conclude that litigation of this
action should not continue in Mississippi, and consequently the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
dismissing this action. Because MetLife failed to take advantage of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure
by requesting findings of fact, it has waived that issue. Based upon the foregoing, we find that the trial
court's dismissal of this case must be affirmed.

¶23. AFFIRMED.

PRATHER, C.J., PITTMAN, P.J., BANKS, ROBERTS, SMITH, MILLS AND WALLER, JJ.,
CONCUR. McRAE, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION.




      McRAE, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:

¶24. The majority misinterprets the balancing factor in saying that forum non conveniens should apply and
by interpreting contracts that are applicable only to Mississippi law and Mississippi court decisions involving
torts and contracts cases against Mississippi residents and including the State of Mississippi. The majority
further fails to recognize that when multi-national corporations license themselves to do business in this state
they are held amenable to this state and its laws. The insurance companies submit their insurance forms to
the Mississippi Insurance Department for approval. As to the defendants, the policies issued by the
insurance companies have to comply with the laws of the state in which the accident occurred. Such is also
the case regarding automobile responsibility laws where our laws even say this and the contract says people
are applicable to the state of the accident. Yet, while we interpret an uninsured motorist policy one way in
our state, that same policy may be interpreted forty-nine different ways by the other states. In the same
fashion, when corporations purchase insurance from insurance companies, their coverage is applicable to
and they must comply with the laws of a particular state.

¶25. In the instant case, we have defendants who have attained multi-national policies for corporations. The
policies apply to the State of Mississippi and our laws as we interpret such policies. We should not duck
our responsibility and let some court who does not know our laws interpret general policies and apply them
to another state's law. In this case, there are multiple defendantseven other defendants exist who are not
involved in this particular case. For this Court to now say that the State of Mississippi and the 19,000 plus
claimants, as third party beneficiaries, must travel to intervene in a Connecticut case to ensure that their
rights are protected does a disservice to the citizenry and the State of Mississippi. Indeed, Justice Hawkins,
writing in Anthony v. Frith, 394 So. 2d 867 (Miss. 1981), stated that any liability policy will include
punitive damages. The Connecticut Court could theoretically say no punitive damages are covered under
this policy. Thus, a court who has no jurisdiction over our Anthony decision could effectively overrule it.
We should interpret coverage questions applicable to our state's and citizens' interests as we have in the
past. Each state has individual insurance laws peculiar to that statethe policy should be interpreted in that
fashion. The state and the claimants have a stake, as third party beneficiaries, in what the court says is the
law, in how the court interprets the contract, in how the law applies to Mississippi, and in how the contract
applies to the State of Mississippi. For these reasons, interstate forum non conveniens should not apply; we
should decide the case in Mississippi.

¶26. It is of interest the trial court did not write an opinion in this case but simply rendered an order. In
1991, just six years prior, the same courtalthough apparently a different judgeissued the opposite opinion.
There should be some consistency in our laws and, in particular, out of the same trial court in which one
court ruled forum non conveniens would not apply to the identical issue. Forum non conveniens is now
being adopted by another judge in the same court without an opinion.

¶27. Given the aforementioned reasons, I dissent.




1. Until recently, City Insurance Company was a New Jersey corporation with its principal place of
business in New York City. On June 12, 1995, City merged into The Home, its successor-in-interest.
