                        NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                      APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
     This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court."
      Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the
         parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.


                                             SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                             APPELLATE DIVISION
                                             DOCKET NO. A-4546-16T4

H.G., a minor, through her
guardian TANISHA GARNER; F.G.,
a minor, through her guardian
TANISHA GARNER; E.P., a minor,
through his guardian NOEMI
VAZQUEZ; M.P., a minor,
through his guardian NOEMI
VAZQUEZ; F.D., a minor through
her guardian, NOEMI VAZQUEZ;
W.H., a minor, through his
guardian FAREAH HARRIS; N.H.,
a minor, through his guardian
FAREAH HARRIS; J.H., a minor,
through his guardian SHONDA
ALLEN; O.J., a minor, through
his guardian IRIS SMITH; M.R.,
a minor, through his guardian
IRIS SMITH; Z.S., a minor,
through her guardian WENDY
SOTO; D.S., a minor, through
his guardian WENDY SOTO,

        Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

KIMBERLY HARRINGTON, in her
official capacity as Acting
Commissioner of the New Jersey
Department of Education; NEW
JERSEY STATE BOARD OF
EDUCATION; nominal defendant
NEWARK PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICT;
and nominal defendant
CHRISTOPHER CERF, in his
official capacity as
Superintendent of the Newark
Public School District,

      Defendants-Respondents,

and

NEW JERSEY EDUCATION ASSOCIATION,
AMERICAN FEDERATION OF TEACHERS,
AFL-CIO, AFT NEW JERSEY, and the
NEWARK TEACHERS UNION,

      Defendants/Intervenors-
      Respondents.

          Argued April 25, 2018 – Decided June 27, 2018

          Before Judges Fuentes, Koblitz, and Manahan.

          On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
          Law Division, Mercer County, Docket No.
          L-2170-16.

          Kathleen A. Reilly (Arnold and Porter Kaye
          Scholer LLP) of the New York bar, admitted pro
          hac vice, argued the cause for appellants
          (Tompkins, McGuire, Wachenfeld, and Barry,
          LLP, and Kathleen A. Reilly, attorneys;
          William H. Trousdale, Maximilian D. Cadmus,
          Colleen Lima (Arnold and Porter Kaye Scholer
          LLP) of the New York bar, admitted pro hac
          vice, Kent Yalowitz (Arnold and Porter Kaye
          Scholer LLP) of the New York bar, admitted pro
          hac vice, and Kathleen A. Reilly, of counsel
          and on the brief).

          Richard E. Shapiro argued the cause for
          intervenors-respondents New Jersey Education
          Association    (Zazzali,   Fagella,    Nowak,
          Kleinbaum & Friedman, and Richard E. Shapiro,
          LLC, attorneys; Richard E. Shapiro, Richard
          A. Friedman, Kenneth I. Nowak, Flavio L.
          Komuvas, and Steven R. Cohen, of counsel on
          the brief).

          Steven P. Weissman argued the      cause for
          intervenors-respondents American   Federation

                                2                          A-4546-16T4
            of Teachers, AFL-CIO, AFT New Jersey, and the
            Newark Teachers Union (Weissman and Mintz LLC,
            attorneys; Steven P. Weissman, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

     In    this    education   matter,    plaintiffs,   twelve   individual

Newark Public School students through their guardians, appeal from

a May 3, 2017 dismissal of their declaratory judgment complaint

based on a lack of standing and ripeness.          We affirm because the

issues are not ripe for review.

                                     I.

     On November 1, 2016, plaintiffs filed a civil complaint for

declaratory and injunctive relief, alleging five causes of action

against defendants Kimberly Harrington, in her capacity as the

Acting Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Education, and

the New Jersey State Board of Education (collectively "DOE").

Plaintiffs also sought relief against the Newark Public School

District     and      District    Superintendent        Christopher       Cerf

(collectively "the District").1




1
  At the time of the notice of appeal, Newark was a state-operated
school district. On February 1, 2018, the District returned to
local control.   See Press Release, DOE Approves the Transition
Plan for Local Control in Newark Public Schools (December 21,
2017), http://www.state.nj.us/education/news/2017. The District,
however, still receives substantial state aid.     DOE, Office of
School Finance, 2017-2018 K-12 State Aid School Districts,
http://www.nj.gov/education/stateaid/1718/district.pdf.
                                     3                                A-4546-16T4
      In the first cause of action, plaintiffs asked the court to

enjoin the enforcement of two provisions of the Tenure Act,

N.J.S.A. 18A:28-1 to -18, which plaintiffs refer to as the "last-

in, first-out" (LIFO) provisions--N.J.S.A. 18A:28-10 and 18A:28-

12.   N.J.S.A. 18A:28-10 requires the District to use seniority as

the exclusive factor when conducting a reduction in force (RIF)

of tenured teachers, or when re-staffing following a RIF, pursuant

to N.J.S.A. 18A:28-12.    Plaintiffs alleged that "[t]his policy has

required, and will continue to require, Newark and other similarly

situated districts to retain ineffective teachers while laying off

effective teachers," depriving plaintiffs of the "thorough and

efficient education" guaranteed them under our Constitution.                N.J.

Const. art. VIII, § IV, ¶ 1.

      In the second cause of action, plaintiffs claimed that the

same statutes, as applied to them, violated their right to equal

protection   under   Article   I,    Paragraph   1    of   the   New    Jersey

Constitution,   because    the      statutes   have    disproportionately

affected students of color in areas of concentrated poverty,

thereby denying such students the opportunity to receive a thorough

and efficient education.

      In the third cause of action, plaintiffs alleged that the

statutes violated their due process rights, also under Article I,




                                     4                                 A-4546-16T4
Paragraph 1, by depriving them of their fundamental right to a

thorough and efficient education.

     In    the     fourth   cause   of    action,    plaintiffs   alleged    that

enforcing the LIFO provisions in the District violated their rights

under the New Jersey Civil Rights Act, N.J.S.A. 10:6-1 to -2, by

depriving them of a thorough and efficient education.

     The fifth cause of action sought a declaratory judgment under

the New Jersey Declaratory Judgment Act, N.J.S.A. 2A:16-50 to -

62, finding the LIFO statutes unconstitutional as applied to

plaintiffs and students in similarly situated districts.

     In December 2016, the American Federation of Teachers, the

AFL-CIO,     AFT     New    Jersey,      and   the   Newark   Teachers      Union

(collectively, "AFT"), and the New Jersey Education Association

(NJEA) successfully moved to intervene as defendants.

     The DOE raised several affirmative defenses, including that

plaintiffs lacked standing, and that the claims were not ripe for

review.     AFT and NJEA moved to dismiss the complaint in lieu of

filing answers, also on the basis of a lack of standing and

ripeness.     The Law Division dismissed the complaint under Rule

4:6-2(e) due to a lack of standing and ripeness.

     Each minor plaintiff attends one of the District's public

schools.         Plaintiffs   alleged      the   following    facts   in    their

complaint.       The District is failing to provide a high-quality


                                          5                              A-4546-16T4
education to its students, resulting in a graduation rate of just

over 69%, which is 20% lower than the statewide graduation rate.

The literacy rate for students in the District is in the bottom

25% of the State, and their mathematics proficiency rating is in

the bottom 10%.       Only 50% of eighth graders meet the State's

minimum proficiency for literacy and only 40% also meet the minimum

standard for mathematics.

     Plaintiffs      placed    the   blame   for    these     outcomes    on    the

District's retention of ineffective tenured teachers.                Plaintiffs

relied on statistics published by the DOE, which tracks educator

evaluation    data   that     schools   submit     pursuant    to   the   Teacher

Effectiveness and Accountability for the Children of New Jersey

(TEACHNJ) Act, N.J.S.A. 18A:7-117 to -129. The Act requires school

districts to evaluate teaching staff annually with one of four

descriptors:    ineffective,      partially      effective,    effective,       and

highly effective. N.J.S.A. 18A:6-123(b). The Act further empowers

the superintendent of a school district to bring tenure charges

against a teacher found ineffective in two consecutive annual

evaluations    or    partially       effective     in   one    evaluation       and

ineffective in the next.        N.J.S.A. 18A:6-17.3.

          TEACHNJ was enacted in August 2012. Its goal
          "is to raise student achievement by improving
          instruction    through    the   adoption   of
          evaluations that provide specific feedback to
          educators . . . ." N.J.S.A. 18A:6-118(a). The
          Legislature declared: "Changing the current

                                        6                                 A-4546-16T4
          evaluation system to focus on improved student
          outcomes . . . is critical to improving
          teacher   effectiveness,    raising    student
          achievement, and meeting the objectives of the
          federal '[No Child Left Behind Act, 20 U.S.C.
          § 6301 to -7941] of 2001' . . . ." N.J.S.A.
          18A:6-118(b).

          [Pugliese v. State-Operated Sch. Dist. of City
          of Newark, 440 N.J. Super. 501, 508 (App. Div.
          2015).]

     Plaintiffs lacked specific information about the number of

ineffective or partially effective teachers in particular schools,

due to confidentiality requirements.   See N.J.S.A. 18A:6-121(d),

They cited DOE data reflecting that, in the 2013-2014 school year,

out of 2775 teachers in the District, 94 (3.4%) had been rated as

ineffective and 314 (11.3%) had been rated partially effective.2

Only 205 teachers were rated ineffective in the entire State,

meaning that, as of 2014, nearly 46% of the ineffective public

school teachers in New Jersey were employed by the District.

     Plaintiffs compared these figures to the more affluent Summit

School District where none of its 337 teachers was rated as

ineffective or partially effective.    Plaintiffs added that if a

RIF were to take place in both districts, only in Newark would

there be a risk that students would be placed with below-par




2
   The AFT points out that in the 2015-2016 school year only 183
teachers in the District were rated partially effective and only
65       rated        ineffective.              DOE,       Data,
http://www.state.nj.us/education/data/staff.
                                7                          A-4546-16T4
teachers, because of the percentage of ineffective or partially

effective teachers in the District.

     Plaintiffs further alleged that enrollment has declined in

the District, resulting in about $200 million in lost education

funding.   While declining enrollment would ordinarily lead to a

RIF to make up for lost revenue, plaintiffs believe the District

has avoided a RIF of teachers in recent years specifically because

of the LIFO statutes.

     Plaintiffs alleged that to avoid the consequences of RIFs and

the risk of having to remove less senior but nevertheless highly

effective teachers in favor of more senior ineffective teachers,

the District has "resorted to the harmful and unsustainable tactic

of keeping ineffective teachers on the district payroll," by

creating the Educators Without Placement Sites (EWPS) pool.

     In the 2013-2014 school year, the EWPS pool included 271

teachers who were not placed in schools. About 70% of the teachers

in the EWPS pool had ten or more years of experience.   Plaintiffs

alleged that maintenance of this pool has cost the District

millions of dollars annually.3




3
   The total Newark public school budget for 2013-14 school year
was $1,017,400,000. Newark Public Schools, 2013-2014 Final Budget
& Hearing, http://www.nps.k12.nj.us/mdocs-posts/2013-2014-final-
budget-hearing/.
                                 8                        A-4546-16T4
       According to plaintiffs, the District paid the EWPS teachers

about $22.5 million during the 2013-14 school year, even though

they did not have a permanent teaching position.             In 2015, the

District began to "force place" these teachers in schools without

the principal's consent.

       Because not everyone from the EWPS pool was placed, in the

following year, the District paid about $10 million to the teachers

remaining in the EWPS pool.           If another RIF occurred, tenured

teachers in the pool might be retained while tenured teachers with

higher ratings but less experience might be removed.             Plaintiffs

do not dispute that non-tenured teachers would and should be the

first to leave.

       Plaintiffs alleged that this practice affects their ability

to obtain a thorough and efficient education, because, to comply

with   the   LIFO   statutes,   the   District   must   either   conduct    a

"quality-blind" RIF and terminate effective teachers or, to avoid

that result, pay to preserve the EWPS pool and thereby divert

millions of dollars away from plaintiffs' education.

       Moreover, plaintiffs asserted that "the specter of quality-

blind layoffs at the end of every school year serves to exacerbate

qualified teachers' reluctance to apply to work in districts like

Newark where the likelihood of layoffs is higher for new teachers,"




                                      9                            A-4546-16T4
and that, as a consequence, qualified candidates will instead seek

employment in other school districts.

       Finally, plaintiffs alleged that the District's enforcement

of the quality-blind statutory scheme governing RIFs results in

the removal of quality teachers, lower test scores, lower high

school    graduation   rates,   and    reduced    lifetime   earnings   for

plaintiffs and other students in Newark and "districts like Newark

throughout the State."

       Superintendent Cerf attested that the District had brought

tenure charges against "more than 200 teachers" under the procedure

set forth in the TEACHNJ Act.              N.J.S.A. 18A:6-17.3(a).      Cerf

stated, however, that removing teachers through this process "is

a time-consuming and cost-intensive process that takes" years "and

cost[s] the [D]istrict more than $50,000."

       In February 2014, in response to a "fiscal crisis" resulting

from declining enrollment, the District submitted an "equivalency

request" to the Commissioner pursuant to N.J.A.C. 6A:5-1.1 to -

1.7.     These regulations authorize the Commissioner to approve an

application from a school district to "achieve the intent of a

specific rule through an alternative means that is different from,

yet judged to be comparable to or as effective as, those prescribed

within the rule."      N.J.A.C. 6A:5-1.2.       The District requested an

equivalency that, if approved, would allow it to consider teacher


                                      10                          A-4546-16T4
quality       in   addition   to    years       of   service    when   determining

"seniority" under N.J.A.C. 6A:32-5.1.4

       According to the District's request, if it were to conduct a

RIF that strictly followed the seniority preference embedded in

the    LIFO    statutes    and     the   administrative        code,   75%    of   the

terminated teachers would have been rated as either effective or

highly effective and only 4% would be teachers who had been rated

as ineffective.           Conversely, if the equivalency request were

granted and the District could consider teacher performance as a

criterion in conducting the RIF, then no highly effective teachers

would be removed, and 14% of removed teachers would be teachers

who had been rated ineffective. We were not informed of the status

of this request.

                                          II.

       The trial court dismissed the complaint, finding plaintiffs

lacked standing and the case was not ripe.                 We review a decision

to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Rule 4:6-2(e) de

novo.    Stop and Shop Supermarket Co., v. Cty. of Bergen, 450 N.J.

Super. 286, 290 (App. Div. 2017).               A claim is "ripe" only if "the

harm    asserted     has   matured       sufficiently     to    warrant      judicial




4
    Newark Public Schools, Overview of Equivalency                           Request:
Protecting   Our   Best  Teachers   During   a   Fiscal                       Crisis,
http://www.nps.k12.nj.us/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/
Overview_of_Equivalency_February_2014_FINAL.pdf.
                                          11                                 A-4546-16T4
intervention."     Trombetta v. Mayor of Atlantic City, 181 N.J.

Super. 203, 223 (App. Div. 1981).          "[R]ipeness depends on two

factors: '(1) the fitness of issues for judicial review and (2)

the hardship to the parties if judicial review is withheld at this

time.'"     Comm. to Recall Robert Menendez from the Office of U.S.

Senator v. Wells, 204 N.J. 79, 99 (2010) (quoting K. Hovnanian

Cos. of N. Cent. Jersey, Inc. v. N.J. Dep't of Envtl. Prot., 379

N.J. Super. 1, 9 (App. Div. 2005)).       "A declaratory judgment claim

is not ripe for adjudication if the facts illustrate that the

rights or status of the parties 'are future, contingent, and

uncertain.'"     Garden State Equality v. Dow, 434 N.J. 163, 189

(quoting Indep. Realty Co. v. Twp. of N. Bergen, 376 N.J. Super.

295, 302 (App. Div. 2005)).

     Plaintiffs do not deny that the District has significantly

reduced tenured teachers rated ineffective or partially effective

based on TEACHNJ provisions allowing tenure charges to be brought

and resolved based on these evaluations.

     Plaintiffs    concede   that   the   termination   of   non-tenured

teachers in a LIFO situation is beyond their complaint, and do not

provide the number or percentage of non-tenured teachers in the

District.    Thus, a RIF might only affect non-tenured teachers, who

must be terminated first.    The District is working through TEACHNJ

to reduce the number of ineffective or partially effective tenured


                                    12                          A-4546-16T4
teachers.   It is entirely possible that, through the termination

of   ineffective       tenured    teachers,       and   reeducation       and

rehabilitation    of   others    now    rated   ineffective   or   partially

effective, a RIF causing ineffective tenured teachers to teach

students while effective tenured teachers are removed may never

occur.

     To the extent the District's resources could be better spent

elsewhere absent an EWPS pool of ineffective or partially effective

teachers, the expenditure does not raise an issue of constitutional

proportions.

     Thus, the issue of LIFO ramifications should a RIF occur is

speculative and not ripe for review.             We need not address the

standing issue.

     Affirmed.




                                       13                           A-4546-16T4
