                                                           FILED
                                                            FEB 02 2017
 1                         NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                        SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
 2                                                        U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                          OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )      BAP No.      16-1233-NTaL
                                   )
 6   FARAMARZ BIJAN KHOUNANI,      )      BK. No.      8:15-bk-14729-TA
                                   )
 7                  Debtor.        )      Adv.No.      8:15-ap-01483-TA
     ______________________________)
 8                                 )
     FARAMARZ BIJAN KHOUNANI,      )
 9                                 )
                    Appellant,     )
10                                 )
     v.                            )      MEMORANDUM*
11                                 )
     PREMIER CAPITAL LIMITED       )
12   LIABILITY COMPANY,            )
                                   )
13                  Appellee.      )
     ______________________________)
14
                    Argued and Submitted on January 19, 2017
15                           at Pasadena, California
16                          Filed - February 2, 2107
17             Appeal from the Central District of California
18       Honorable Theodore C. Albert, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
19
     Appearances:     Zulu Ali argued for appellant; Mark N. Storm of
20                    Versus Law Group, APC argued for appellee.
21
     Before: NOVACK**, TAYLOR AND LAFFERTY, Bankruptcy Judges.
22
23
24
25        *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
     Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
26   have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has not precedential value.
     See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8013-1.
27
          **
             The Hon. Charles Novack, United States Bankruptcy Judge
28   for the Northern District of California, sitting by designation.
 1        Appellant Faramarz Khounani appeals from the bankruptcy
 2   court’s order granting summary judgment which determined that
 3   appellee Premier Capital Limited Liability Company’s (“Premier
 4   Capital”) claim is non-dischargeable under Bankruptcy Code
 5   §523(a)(10).1   Section 523(a)(10) excepts from discharge claims
 6   that were not discharged in a prior bankruptcy under certain
 7   subsections of Bankruptcy Code § 727(a).   Khounani filed a
 8   Chapter 7 bankruptcy in 2002.   As part of that Chapter 7 case,
 9   Premier Capital filed an adversary proceeding against him which
10   resulted in the denial of his discharge.   At that time, Premier
11   Capital held a breach of contract claim against Khounani for
12   approximately $86,000.
13        Premier Capital thereafter sued Khounani in Orange County
14   Superior Court on its breach of contract claim and obtained a
15   $133,421.52 judgment.    The judgment included costs, interest and
16   attorneys’ fees.   When Khounani filed his second Chapter 7 in
17   2015, Premier Capital’s judgment had accrued substantial interest
18   and exceeded $236,000.   Premier Capital responded to the 2015
19   Chapter 7 case by filing an adversary proceeding to have its
20   Superior Court judgment found to be non-dischargeable under
21   § 523(a)(10).   Premier Capital then filed a motion for summary
22   judgment, arguing that under the principles of res judicata, its
23   Superior Court judgment was non-dischargeable under § 523(a)(10).
24   Khounani opposed the motion, arguing, among other things, that
25   Premier Capital’s 2002 breach of contract claim and Superior
26
          1
             Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter and section
27   references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532.
     All “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
28   Procedure.

                                     - 2 -
 1   Court judgment were not identical because the latter included
 2   accrued interest, costs and attorneys fees.      The bankruptcy court
 3   disagreed and granted the motion.    For the reasons stated below,
 4   we AFFIRM the summary judgment order.
 5                                 I.   FACTS
 6        On September 12, 2002, Debtor Faramarz Khounani (“Khounani”)
 7   filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy in the Bankruptcy Court for the
 8   Central District of California after defaulting on a personal
 9   guaranty of a 1999 corporate line of credit (the “Guarantee”)
10   owed to Premier Capital.2   Khounani listed Premier Capital’s
11   claim on his Bankruptcy Schedule F at $86,015.      Premier Capital
12   responded with an adversary proceeding against Khounani which
13   resulted in a default judgment that denied Khounani’s Chapter 7
14   discharge under §§ 727(a)(2)(A), (a)(3), and (a)(4)(A)(the “2003
15   Discharge Judgment”).    The bankruptcy court thereafter denied
16   Khounani’s motion to vacate the default judgment under Rule 9023.
17        After Khounani’s Chapter 7 case closed, Premier Capital sued
18   Khounani in Orange County Superior Court for breach of the
19   Guarantee and related common counts.       Khounani did not respond to
20   this litigation, and on January 21, 2005, the Orange County
21   Superior Court entered a $133,421.52 judgment against him and
22   several other parties.    The judgment included the $90,568.74
23   principal balance due under the Guarantee, $3,693.41 in
24   attorneys’ fees, $387.50 in costs, and $38,771.87 in accrued
25   interest (the “Superior Court Judgment”).      During the ensuing
26
27        2
             Bank of America originated the loan, and it assigned its
     right, title and interest in the line of credit and guarantee to
28   Premier Capital in May 2002.

                                     - 3 -
 1   years, Premier Capital timely renewed the 2003 Discharge Judgment
 2   and the Superior Court Judgment.   And when it renewed the
 3   Superior Court Judgment on June 29, 2012, Premier Capital
 4   asserted that the amount then due was $236,544.67.
 5        Khounani filed the Chapter 7 case on September 28, 2015, and
 6   he listed the Superior Court Judgment on his Bankruptcy
 7   Schedule F.
 8        Premier Capital followed with its § 523(a)(10) adversary
 9   proceeding.   This time, Khounani answered the complaint and
10   denied that the Superior Court Judgment was non-dischargeable.
11   Premier Capital responded with a motion for summary judgment
12   supported by the declaration of Mark Strom, its Requests for
13   Judicial Notice, and Khounani’s admissions in his answer which
14   established that: (1) Khounani listed Premier Capital’s Guarantee
15   claim on his 2002 Bankruptcy Schedule F; (2) Khounani was denied
16   his Chapter 7 discharge pursuant to the 2003 Discharge Judgment;
17   (3) Premier Capital thereafter sued Khounani in Orange County
18   Superior Court on the Guarantee and obtained the Superior Court
19   Judgment; (4) Premier Capital renewed the Superior Court Judgment
20   in June 2012, and the Superior Court issued a Notice of Renewal
21   of Judgment in the amount of $236,544.67; and (5) on August 22,
22   2012, the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Central District
23   of California issued a Notice of Renewal of the Discharge
24   Judgment.   Premier Capital contended that under the doctrine of
25   claim preclusion3, there was no genuine factual dispute that
26
          3
27           Khounani’s counsel uses the term “res judicata” in his
     briefing in the bankruptcy court and before this Panel. We refer
28                                                      (continued...)

                                    - 4 -
 1   (1) its Guarantee claim was scheduled in Khounani’s 2002
 2   Chapter 7; (2) the bankruptcy court had jurisdiction to enter the
 3   2003 Discharge Judgment; (3) the 2003 Discharge Judgment was a
 4   final judgment on the merits; and (4) Premier Capital’s 2002
 5   pre-petition Guarantee claim and the Superior Court Judgment were
 6   the same claim or cause of action for purposes of § 523(a)(10).4
 7        Khounani opposed the summary judgment motion on two grounds.
 8   Khounani first contended that the Superior Court Judgment was
 9   dischargeable because it was based on a breach of contract (i.e.,
10   the Guarantee) and not on fraud.   Khounani also argued that the
11   “same claim or cause of action” element of claim preclusion
12   required uniformity both as to the nature and amount of the
13   claim.   Accordingly, he contended that § 523(a)(10) only applied
14   to $86,015 of the Superior Court Judgment, and that the interest,
15   costs and attorneys’ fees that accrued after he filed the 2002
16   Chapter 7 case were dischargeable in his 2015 bankruptcy filing.
17        The bankruptcy court determined that there were no genuine
18   issues of material fact and granted Premier Capital’s summary
19   judgment motion.   Rather than rely on the doctrine of claim
20
21
          3
           (...continued)
22   to this doctrine as “claim preclusion” to conform to the
     Restatement (Second) of Judgments and United States Supreme Court
23   usage. See Migra v.Warren City School Dist. Bd. Of Educ.,
     465 U.S. 75, 77 n.1 (1984); Robi v. Five Platters, Inc., 838 F.2d
24   318, 321 n.2 (9th Cir. 1988); The Alary Corp. v. Sims
     (In re Assocated Vintage Group, Inc.), 283 B.R. 549, 554-55
25   (9th Cir. BAP 2002).
26        4
             Premier Capital stated in its summary judgment motion
     that the amount due under the Orange County Judgment was
27   $236,554.37. This amount, however, does not reflect the interest
     that accrued after the Orange County Judgment was renewed in
28   2012.

                                    - 5 -
 1   preclusion, the bankruptcy court directly reviewed and applied
 2   the elements of § 523(a)(10).
 3        The bankruptcy court rejected Khounani’s fraud-based
 4   argument out of hand.   The bankruptcy court noted that
 5   § 523(a)(10) is not tort-based.   Instead, it held that the plain
 6   reading of the statute simply required that the claim in the
 7   subsequent bankruptcy must have constituted a claim in the
 8   earlier bankruptcy and that the debtor must have been denied his
 9   discharge under §§ 727(a)(2)(A), (a)(3) or (a)(4)(A) in the prior
10   bankruptcy.   The bankruptcy court held that Premier Capital
11   satisfied both elements and that its claim was thus “non-
12   dischargeable forever more.” (italics in the original).   The
13   bankruptcy court also rejected Khounani’s argument that only
14   $86,015 of the Superior Court Judgment fell within § 523(a)(10)’s
15   ambit.   The bankruptcy court stated in its tentative rulings
16   (which it adapted as part of its order granting the summary
17   judgment motion5) that “[t]here does not appear to be any real
18   question that there is really only one debt and it is the same
19   one that was the subject both of the 2003 adversary proceeding as
20   well as the 2004 state court action, plus accrued interest,
21   costs, etc.   So irrespective of its character it is
22   non-dischargeable under § 523(a)(10).”
23        The § 523(a)(10) judgment denied the “discharge of the
24
25        5
             The bankruptcy court’s June 30, 2016 “Findings of Fact,
     Conclusions of Law and Order Granting Plaintiff’s Motion For
26   Summary Judgment Filed April 6, 2016" was not included in the
     excerpt of record. This Panel has exercised its discretion and
27   reviewed this entry on the bankruptcy court’s docket. See Woods
     & Erickson, LLP v. Leonard (In re AVI, Inc.), 389 B.R. 721, 725
28   n.2 (9th Cir. BAP 2008).

                                     - 6 -
 1   indebtedness owed by Defendant FARAMARZ BIJAN KHOUNANI to
 2   Plaintiff PREMIER CAPITAL LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY, as reflected
 3   in the state court judgment entered by the Orange County Superior
 4   Court, Civil Action Case No. 04CC08581, in the amount of
 5   $236,544.67, plus future accruing interest at the legal rate and
 6   future allowable costs.”
 7        Khounani timely filed his notice of appeal.
 8                              II. JURISDICTION
 9        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
10   § 157(b)(I) and § 1334.    We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
11   § 158(a)(1) and (b)(1).
12                                 III. ISSUE
13        Did the bankruptcy court err in granting Premier Capital’s
14   motion for summary judgment?
15                         IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
16        We review the bankruptcy court’s grant of summary judgment
17   de novo.   Boyajian v. New Falls Corp. (In re Boyajian), 564 F.3d
18   1088, 1090 (9th Cir. 2009); Lopez v. Emergency Serv. Restoration,
19   Inc. (In re Lopez), 367 B.R. 99, 103 (9th Cir. BAP 2007).
20   De novo review requires the Panel to independently review an
21   issue, without giving deference to the bankruptcy court’s
22   conclusions.   First Ave. W. Bldg, LLC v. James (In re Onecast
23   Media, Inc.), 439 F.3d 558, 561 (9th Cir. 2006).
24                               V. DISCUSSION
25   A.   Summary Judgment Standards
26        A trial court may grant summary judgment “if the pleadings,
27   the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any
28   affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material

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 1   fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
 2   law.”    Civil Rule 56(c)(2) as incorporated by Federal Rule of
 3   Bankruptcy Procedure 7056.    The trial court does not weigh
 4   evidence but merely determines whether material facts remain in
 5   dispute.    Covey v. Hollydale Mobilehome Estates, 116 F.3d 830,
 6   834 (9th Cir. 1997).    A dispute is genuine if there is sufficient
 7   evidence for a reasonable fact finder to hold in favor of the
 8   non-moving party, and a fact is material if it might affect the
 9   outcome of the case.    Far Out Prods., Inc. V. Oskar, 247 F.3d
10   986, 992 (9th Cir. 1997).
11        The plaintiff carries the initial burden of production and
12   the ultimate burden of persuasion that there is “no genuine issue
13   as to any material fact.”    Civil Rule 56(c).   To meet this
14   burden, the plaintiff must provide conclusive evidence of “a
15   showing sufficient for the court to hold that no reasonable trier
16   of fact could find other than for the moving party.”     S.Cal. Gas
17   Co. v. City of Santa Ana, 336 F.3d 885, 888 (9th Cir. 2003).      The
18   burden then shifts to the non-moving party, who must “go beyond
19   the pleadings” and by his or her own affidavits, depositions,
20   answers to interrogatories, or admissions on file, designate
21   specific facts to demonstrate that there is a genuine issue for
22   trial.    Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986).
23   B.   § 523(a)(10)
24        Bankruptcy Code § 523(a)(10) excepts from discharge any debt
25   “that was or could have been listed or scheduled by the debtor in
26   a prior case concerning the debtor under this title or under the
27   Bankruptcy Act in which the debtor waived discharge, or was
28   denied a discharge under section 727(a)(2), (3), (4), (5), (6),

                                     - 8 -
 1   or (7) of this title, or under section 14c(1), (2), (3), (4),
 2   (6), or (7) of such Act.”    Unlike many of the other discharge
 3   exceptions in § 523(a), § 523(a)(10) is not premised on the
 4   debtor’s commission of a tort or on a marital or fiduciary
 5   relationship with the creditor.    Instead, only two
 6   straightforward elements are required: 1) that the claim at issue
 7   was a pre-petition claim in an earlier bankruptcy case, and
 8   2) that the debtor either waived his discharge or was denied his
 9   discharge under certain subsections of § 727(a) in that prior
10   case.
11        Premier Capital established in its summary judgment motion
12   that there is no genuine dispute that the Superior Court Judgment
13   is non-dischargeable under § 523(a)(10).      Khounani was denied his
14   Chapter 7 discharge in 2003 under §§ 727(a)(2)(A), (a)(3) and
15   (a)(4)(A).   He also listed Premier Capital’s Guarantee claim on
16   his 2002 Bankruptcy Schedule F.    These two facts render the
17   Superior Court Judgment (in whatever amount it represents)
18   non-dischargeable under § 523(a)(10).
19        The fact that Premier Capital’s claim is now evidenced by
20   the Superior Court judgment which includes substantial interest
21   and attorneys’ fees is irrelevant.      A debt is a liability on a
22   claim.   § 101(12).   A claim is a “right to payment, whether or
23   not such right is reduced to judgment, liquidated, unliquidated,
24   fixed, contingent, matured, unmatured, disputed, undisputed,
25   legal, equitable, secured or unsecured.”      § 101(5)(A).   The
26   United States Supreme Court has repeatedly held that Congress
27   intended to adopt the broadest available definition of a “claim,”
28   and that a right to payment, as a claim, means “nothing more or

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 1   less than an enforceable obligation.”    Johnson v. Home State
 2   Bank, 501 U.S. 78, 83, 111 S.Ct. 2150, 115 L.Ed. 2d 66 (1991).
 3   Unsecured claims are not static, and they are not defined by the
 4   amount due.   If a breach of contract claim is not discharged in
 5   an earlier bankruptcy, it should come as no surprise that it may
 6   blossom into a judgment that includes post-petition interest,
 7   costs and attorneys’ fees.   The Superior Court Judgment is wholly
 8   premised on the Guarantee claim which Khounani listed on his 2002
 9   Bankruptcy Schedule F.   For purposes of § 523(a)(10), the
10   Superior Court Judgment is just a mature version of the Guarantee
11   claim, and they are the same “enforceable obligation.”     See,
12   e.g., Martin v. Martin (In re Martin), 2005 Bankr. LEXIS 2934,
13   *12 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. November 18, 2005); aff’d 274 Fed.Appx. 114,
14   2008 U.S.App.LEXIS 8944 (2nd Cir. 2008).     While this Panel
15   recognizes that non-dischargeability claims should be construed
16   narrowly in the debtor’s favor, nothing in § 523(a)(10) even
17   remotely supports Khounani’s reading of the statute.
18                             VI.   CONCLUSION
19        Based on the foregoing, we AFFIRM.
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