                            STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



In re Estate of SABRY MOHAMED ATTIA.


MAYSSA ATTIA, Personal Representative, and                          FOR PUBLICATION
MONA NOUR EL DEEN,                                                  October 10, 2016
                                                                    9:10 a.m.
               Appellees,

v                                                                   No. 327925
                                                                    Wayne Probate Court
MERVAT HASSAN,                                                      LC No. 14-801279-DE

               Appellant.


Before: JANSEN, P.J., and MURPHY and RIORDAN, JJ.

JANSEN, P.J.

       Appellant appeals as of right the probate court orders dismissing her petition to determine
whether an unsigned will may be admitted to probate and granting summary disposition in favor
of appellee Mayssa Attia (appellee Mayssa). We reverse and remand for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.

        The sole issue presented on appeal is whether a decedent must sign a will in order for that
will to be admitted to probate. The decedent in the instant case died on September 11, 2014.
The decedent had four children: appellant, appellee Mayssa, appellee Mona El Deen, and Madiha
Fields (formerly known as Madiha Attia). The decedent executed a will on July 8, 1986, and
executed codicils to the will on February 17, 2009, and February 1, 2013. The July 1986 will
provided that appellant and El Deen were “happily married” and that the decedent would “not
designate anything for them because they are not in need.” The first codicil provided for
additional devises to El Deen and stated, “I recognize that I have not designated any specific gift
for my other daughter, Mervat A. Hassan, because I believe that she has been adequately
provided for and is not in need.” Appellee Mayssa was appointed personal representative of the
decedent’s estate following his death, and she filed a petition to probate the July 1986 will and
subsequent codicils.

        Appellant filed an objection to the probate of the July 1986 will and subsequent codicils,
as well as a petition to admit an unsigned will to probate. Appellant contended that the decedent
changed his estate plan during a meeting with his attorney, Barbara Rende, before his death, and

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he directed Rende to draft a new will. According to appellant, “others were present with attorney
Rende, and/or Sabry M. Attia simultaneously told others of his intention to execute a new Last
Will and Testament and the provisions.” Appellant contended that Rende drafted a new will and
arranged for the execution of the will on September 11, 2014, the same day the decedent died.
The probate court decided that it would first determine the legal issue whether an unsigned will
may be admitted to probate. Appellant subsequently filed a petition to determine whether an
undated, unsigned will may be admitted to probate, contending that, although MCL 700.2502
requires that a will be signed, MCL 700.2503 provides an exception to the signature requirement
if the proponent of the will establishes by clear and convincing evidence that the decedent
intended for the document to constitute his will. Appellee Mayssa filed a motion for summary
disposition, contending that the July 1986 will and corresponding codicils should be admitted to
probate and that the court should dismiss the petition to admit the unsigned September 2014 will
to probate. The court held a hearing and decided the issue as follows:

               Well the Michigan statute is based on the Uniform Probate Code, which
       relates to fixing harmless error and our statute is no different.

                If the [L]egislature wanted to permit an unsigned Will to be permitted
       [sic], then I think the statute would say, although a document was not executed, or
       was not executed in compliance with the statute then that would have been more
       appropriate language.

                I think that the language in 2503, relates to a document which is executed
       but is flawed in its execution.

              The only case that we have, which is cited in the Federer’s notes is the
       case out of, I believe it was Australia, where a husband and wife signed Wills, but
       they signed the wrong Wills and Australia accepted that as a [sic] execution of
       some sort, but faulty execution.

              So, I think it’s a bright line rule in Michigan and I certainly welcome the
       Court of Appeals to address it. So I am going to grant Summary Disposition.

The probate court subsequently entered orders denying the petition to determine whether an
unsigned will may be admitted to probate and granting summary disposition in favor of appellee
Mayssa. The court entered an order formally admitting the July 1986 will and corresponding
codicils to probate. The probate court also denied a motion that appellant filed for an order
waiving the attorney-client privilege and for production of Rende’s attorney files, notes,
correspondence, drafts, and all materials regarding the decedent.

      Appellant argues that the probate court erred by concluding that an unsigned will cannot
be admitted to probate as a matter of law. We agree.

        We review de novo a probate court’s decision regarding a motion for summary
disposition. In re Casey Estate, 306 Mich App 252, 256; 856 NW2d 556 (2014). “A motion
under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the claim as pleaded, and all factual


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allegations and reasonable inferences supporting the claim are taken as true.” Id. In addition, we
review de novo issues of statutory interpretation. Id.

        The Estates and Protected Individuals Code (EPIC), MCL 700.1101 et seq., governs this
case. The provisions in EPIC are to be construed liberally and applied to promote its purposes
and policies, including “[t]o discover and make effective a decedent’s intent in distribution of the
decedent’s property.” MCL 700.1201(b). EPIC permits the admission of extrinsic evidence in
order to determine whether the decedent intended a document to constitute his or her will. In re
Estate of Smith, 252 Mich App 120, 125; 651 NW2d 153 (2002). MCL 700.2502 outlines the
requirements for a valid will and provides:

             (1) Except as provided in subsection (2) and in [MCL 700.2503, MCL
       700.2506, and MCL 700.2513], a will is valid only if it is all of the following:

               (a) In writing.

              (b) Signed by the testator or in the testator’s name by some other
       individual in the testator’s conscious presence and by the testator’s direction.

              (c) Signed by at least 2 individuals, each of whom signed within a
       reasonable time after he or she witnessed either the signing of the will as
       described in subdivision (b) or the testator’s acknowledgment of that signature or
       acknowledgment of the will.

              (2) A will that does not comply with subsection (1) is valid as a
       holographic will, whether or not witnessed, if it is dated, and if the testator’s
       signature and the document’s material portions are in the testator’s handwriting.

               (3) Intent that the document constitutes a testator’s will can be established
       by extrinsic evidence, including, for a holographic will, portions of the document
       that are not in the testator’s handwriting.

MCL 700.2503 provides the following exception to the execution requirements described in
MCL 700.2502:

             Although a document or writing added upon a document was not executed
       in compliance with [MCL 700.2502], the document or writing is treated as if it
       had been executed in compliance with that section if the proponent of the
       document or writing establishes by clear and convincing evidence that the
       decedent intended the document or writing to constitute any of the following:

               (a) The decedent’s will.

               (b) A partial or complete revocation of the decedent’s will.

               (c) An addition to or an alteration of the decedent’s will.



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               (d) A partial or complete revival of the decedent’s formerly revoked will
       or of a formerly revoked portion of the decedent’s will.

        The parties dispute whether the plain language of MCL 700.2503 permits a document to
be admitted to probate as a will when the testator has not signed the document. The following
statutory interpretation principles apply in this case:

       “The judiciary’s objective when interpreting a statute is to discern and give effect
       to the intent of the Legislature. First, the court examines the most reliable
       evidence of the Legislature’s intent, the language of the statute itself. When
       construing statutory language, [the court] must read the statute as a whole and in
       its grammatical context, giving each and every word its plain and ordinary
       meaning unless otherwise defined. Effect must be given to every word, phrase,
       and clause in a statute, and the court must avoid a construction that would render
       part of the statute surplusage or nugatory. If the language of a statute is clear and
       unambiguous, the statute must be enforced as written and no further judicial
       construction is permitted.” [In re Jajuga Estate, 312 Mich App 706, 712; 881
       NW2d 487 (2015) (citation omitted; alteration in original).]

The plain language of MCL 700.2503 establishes that it permits the probate of a will that does
not meet the requirements of MCL 700.2502. One of the requirements of MCL 700.2502 is that
the document must be “[s]igned by the testator or in the testator’s name by some other individual
in the testator’s conscious presence and by the testator’s direction.” MCL 700.2502(1)(b).
Accordingly, a will does not need to be signed in order to be admitted to probate under MCL
700.2503, as long as the proponent of the will establishes by clear and convincing evidence that
the decedent intended the document to be a will. To hold otherwise would render MCL
700.2503 inapplicable to the testamentary formalities in MCL 700.2502, which is contrary to the
plain language of the statute. Therefore, MCL 700.2503 permits the admission of a will to
probate that does not meet the signature requirement in MCL 700.2502(1)(b), as long as the
proponent establishes by clear and convincing evidence that the decedent intended the document
to be a will.

        Although no case in Michigan directly addresses the question of law presented in this
case, we find persuasive a Superior Court of New Jersey, Appellate Division, decision
concluding that a New Jersey statute containing nearly identical language permits the probate of
a will without a signature, provided that the proponent of the will establishes by clear and
convincing evidence that the decedent intended for the document to constitute his or her will. In
In re Probate of Will & Codicil of Macool, 416 NJ Super 298, 303-304; 3 A3d 1258 (NJ App,
2010), the decedent had previously executed a will and codicil. Years later, the decedent went to
her lawyer’s office intending to change her will. Id. at 304. She gave her attorney a handwritten
note containing the changes she wished to be made to her will, and the attorney drafted a new
will. Id. at 304-305. The decedent died before she was able to review the draft will. Id. at 305.
The lower court took testimony regarding the issue and concluded that the proponent of the will
failed to establish by clear and convincing evidence that the decedent intended the particular
draft will to constitute her will. Id. at 306. The lower court added that the will had to be
executed or signed by the testator. Id. at 306-307.


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        The New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division, held that the proponent of the
document failed to establish by clear and convincing evidence that the decedent intended the
“rough draft” document to constitute her will. Id. at 309. Relevant to this case, the court
clarified that a will does not need to be signed by the testator in order for the will to be admitted
to probate. Id. at 311. The court reasoned that to hold otherwise would render the savings
provision inapplicable to the testamentary formalities. Id. Macool is persuasive because the
Macool court established that a will does not need to be signed by the decedent in order for the
will to be admitted to probate. See id. Therefore, Macool supports appellant’s position that the
probate court must permit the parties to conduct discovery regarding whether the decedent
intended the document to constitute his will.

        For the reasons discussed, we conclude that MCL 700.2503 permits the probate court to
admit a will without a signature to probate if the proponent of the will establishes, by clear and
convincing evidence, that the decedent intended the document to constitute his or her will. We
reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain
jurisdiction.


                                                              /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                              /s/ William B. Murphy
                                                              /s/ Michael J. Riordan




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