                       NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
   UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                   AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.




                                      IN THE
              ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
                                  DIVISION ONE


   TRIYAR CAPITAL, L.L.C., an Arizona limited liability corporation,
                        Plaintiff/Appellee,

                                          v.

   REM INVESTMENT COMPANY, an Arizona general partnership;
  SAMUEL J. SUTTON, a married man; ANNE V. SUTTON, a married
 woman; JAMES VAN DOLAH and JANE DOE VAN DOLAH, husband
     and wife; ASPEN RESEARCH LTD., an Arizona corporation,
                      Defendants/Appellants.

                              No. 1 CA-CV 15-0538
                                FILED 4-20-2017


           Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
           Nos. CV2003-016817, CV2010-005058 (Consolidated)
                  The Honorable Mark H. Brain, Judge

                                    AFFIRMED


                                     COUNSEL

Lake & Cobb PLC, Tempe
By Richard L. Cobb, Joseph J. Glenn, Hank E. Pearson
Co-Counsel for Plaintiff/Appellee

Dickinson Wright PLLC, Phoenix
By James T. Braselton, Michael J. Plati
Co-Counsel for Plaintiff/Appellee
Mandel Young PLC, Phoenix
By Taylor C. Young
Counsel for Defendants/Appellants REM, Anne V. Sutton, Samuel J. Sutton, and
James Van Dolah

Wilkins Law Firm PLLC, Phoenix
By Amy M. Wilkins
Counsel for Defendant/Appellant Aspen Research LTD



                        MEMORANDUM DECISION

Judge Donn Kessler delivered the decision of the Court, in which Presiding
Judge Michael J. Brown and Judge Kent E. Cattani joined.


K E S S L E R, Judge:

¶1             This matter arises out of a sale of real property from REM
Investment Company (“REM”) to Triyar Investment Company, L.L.C.
(“Triyar”) and a related condemnation action. REM’s former partners
Samuel Sutton, Anne Sutton, and James Van Dolah (collectively with REM,
“REM Appellants”), and Aspen Research Ltd. (“Aspen”) challenge the
superior court’s judgment divesting the Suttons of any right, title, and
interest in the disputed real property (the “Half Acre”), declaring Aspen’s
mortgage on the Half Acre void, dismissing the Suttons’ and REM’s
counterclaim with prejudice, and awarding costs and attorneys’ fees to
Triyar. For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment.

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

I.    Purchase of the Property

      A.     The Agreement

¶2           In May 2006, Shawn Yari (“Yari”) entered an option
agreement (“Agreement”) with REM to purchase certain real property in
Phoenix (“Property”). The Agreement did not contain a legal description,
but it described the Property using tax assessor parcel numbers as
“approximately 17 acres of land . . . (Parcels 301-30-002 and 301-30-003A).”
It required escrow through First American Title Company (“First
American”) and required Yari to close on or before May 23, 2007.




                                     2
                           TRIYAR v. REM et al.
                           Decision of the Court

¶3            In the Agreement, REM and Yari acknowledged that the
Property was subject to an ongoing condemnation proceeding by the City
of Phoenix (“condemnation litigation”). The Agreement clarified REM
would (1) “remain fully responsible for all past and future legal fees, costs
and expenses incurred in conjunction with the pending condemnation
litigation” and (2) be “exclusively entitled to any proceeds from settlement
or adjudication of the condemnation litigation.” By its express terms, the
Agreement “replace[d] any previous agreements,” was “the entire
agreement between the parties,” and could only be modified or amended
by a signed writing.

      B.     Conveyance of the Half Acre Outside of Escrow and Closing
             of Escrow

¶4            One month before the end of the option period and despite
the two parcels being in escrow, the Suttons and Van Dolah, as the REM
partners, conveyed the Half Acre within one of the parcels to the Suttons
and recorded the deed outside of escrow. The REM Appellants did not
inform Yari, Triyar, Triyar’s attorney Gary Drummond (“Drummond”), or
the First American escrow officer, Angelique Sizemore (“Sizemore”) about
the conveyance.

¶5            Less than one month after the transfer of the Half Acre and
without knowledge of the conveyance, Yari exercised the option to
purchase the Property.1 First American’s underwriter then prepared a legal
description that contained a metes-and-bounds description of the Property
(“Legal Description”). The Legal Description referred to the same tax parcel
numbers as the Agreement, but also included a metes-and-bounds
description which effectively excluded the Half Acre. The record does not
reflect who provided information to First American’s underwriter about the
Legal Description, only that the underwriter prepared it and the Suttons

1      The REM Appellants assert REM previously entered an agreement
with another buyer, Kohan, that excluded the Half Acre in 2004 and that
Kohan assigned this agreement to Triyar. The description of the Property
in that agreement was identical to the description in the Agreement,
identifying the Property only by parcel number. The 2004 agreement did
not mention a carve-out of the Half Acre, neither Triyar nor Yari had any
part in drafting that agreement, and Yari testified he understood the 2004
agreement to address the same two parcels as the Agreement.
Additionally, by its express terms, the Agreement “replace[d] any previous
agreements,” and was “the entire agreement between the parties.”



                                     3
                          TRIYAR v. REM et al.
                          Decision of the Court

knew it excluded the Half Acre. Two days before escrow was to close,
Sizemore delivered supplemental escrow instructions incorporating the
Legal Description to REM and Drummond.

¶6              Drummond noticed the metes-and-bounds description
contained an additional exception that did not match previous descriptions
of the Property he had received. He contacted a surveyor to determine what
effect, if any, the additional exception had on the Property. The surveyor
was only able to compare the Legal Description and title commitment to a
2005 survey that did not reflect the conveyance of the Half Acre. The
surveyor told Drummond that the property described in the 2005 survey
was the same property in the Legal Description and updated title
commitment. Drummond testified he did not have any reason to believe
the 2005 survey was inaccurate because the Property had been in escrow
since 2004.

¶7           The day before escrow was to close, Yari assigned his rights
under the Agreement to his company, Triyar (“Assignment”). The
Assignment incorporated the Legal Description. That same day, the REM
Appellants executed a special warranty deed conveying the Property to
Triyar. The special warranty deed also incorporated the Legal Description.

¶8            Triyar and REM closed escrow on May 23, 2007. The Suttons
and Van Dolah formally dissolved REM immediately after closing.
Approximately two months after closing, Drummond discovered the
conveyance of the Half Acre to the Suttons, and Triyar sued the REM
Appellants for breach of contract and fraud in March 2010 (“2010
litigation”).

II.   Consolidation with the Condemnation Litigation

¶9            In 2007, the superior court awarded the Suttons
approximately $100,000 in condemnation proceeds from the City of
Phoenix. The court later vacated the judgment due to an error in the
description of the property that pervaded the entire condemnation
proceeding and ordered the Suttons to deposit the condemnation proceeds
with the court. The Suttons went to Aspen, of which Sutton had been
president and his wife vice-president, borrowed the money to deposit with
the court and granted Aspen a mortgage on the Half Acre in August 2008.
By this time, Triyar had already purchased the Property pursuant to the
Agreement and held record title to some of the condemned property.

¶10         Due to Triyar’s purchase of the Property, the City added
Triyar as a defendant to the condemnation litigation after the 2007


                                    4
                           TRIYAR v. REM et al.
                           Decision of the Court

judgment was vacated. At trial in the condemnation action, Triyar argued
it held title to the Half Acre and was entitled to condemnation damages on
the basis that REM would no longer have legal standing in the
condemnation action following closing. The superior court awarded
condemnation proceeds to Triyar, found Triyar owned the Half Acre, and
declared Aspen’s mortgage void ab initio. However, we reversed, finding
(1) the superior court should have awarded condemnation damages to
REM and the Suttons; (2) material issues of fact regarding the parties’ intent
with respect to the Half Acre precluded summary judgment in favor of
Triyar; and (3) the court lacked jurisdiction to expunge Aspen’s mortgage
because Aspen was not a party to the condemnation litigation. City of
Phoenix v. R.E.M. Inv. Co., 1 CA-CV 11-0190, 2012 WL 1255195, at *4-6, ¶¶
19-21, 28 (Ariz. App. Apr. 12, 2012) (mem. decision).

¶11         On remand, the superior court consolidated the
condemnation litigation and this matter. It also awarded REM and the
Suttons damages relating to the condemnation.

III.   Entry of Default and Judgment

¶12           After consolidation, Triyar added Aspen as a defendant and,
in addition to the claims for fraud and breach of contract, added claims for
quiet title and imposition of a constructive trust on the Half Acre for
Triyar’s benefit. It sought, in the alternative, for the court to reform the
warranty deed to include the Half Acre, establish Triyar’s fee simple estate
on the Half Acre, expunge Aspen’s mortgage as to the Half Acre, and that
the Suttons and Aspen be “barred and forever estopped from having or
claiming any right, title, or interest in the Half Acre adverse to” Triyar.

¶13            After answering, Aspen unsuccessfully moved for summary
judgment, contending the statute of limitations barred Triyar’s quiet title
action. In their answer, the REM Appellants filed a counterclaim for breach
of contract, alleging Triyar had breached its obligations under the
Assignment and Option Agreement when it pursued condemnation
damages and sought to be named owner of the Half Acre in the
condemnation litigation.

¶14          In January 2014, the superior court allowed counsel
representing all the Appellants to withdraw, warning that failure of any
corporate entity to appear through counsel within a month could result in
their answer being stricken. When REM and Aspen failed to appear
through counsel by the specified date, Triyar moved to strike REM and
Aspen’s answers and enter a default against them for failure to appear



                                      5
                           TRIYAR v. REM et al.
                           Decision of the Court

through counsel. The trial court granted the motion to strike, but did not
state that a default was being entered.2

¶15           At trial, neither Aspen nor any of the REM Appellants
appeared other than Sam Sutton, who represented himself. Triyar
successfully moved for entry of judgment against Van Dolah, Anne Sutton,
and Aspen for failure to appear, but did not request a default judgment.

¶16           After a bench trial, the superior court entered its final
judgment, divesting the Suttons of any right, title, and interest in the Half
Acre, declaring Aspen’s mortgage on the Half Acre void, dismissing the
Suttons’ and REM’s counterclaim with prejudice, and awarding costs and
attorneys’ fees to Triyar. In so ruling, it found Sutton’s testimony less
credible than Yari’s and Drummond’s. It concluded Triyar was entitled to
judgment against Anne Sutton, Van Dolah, REM, and Aspen both because
they failed to appear at trial and on the merits. The court found the
Agreement gave Yari the right to purchase the Property, which included
the Half Acre; the REM Appellants breached the Agreement both by
transferring the Half Acre before the end of the option period and by doing
so outside of escrow; Triyar was entitled to specific performance and an
order requiring the Suttons to convey the Half Acre to Triyar due to REM’s
breach; and Triyar was entitled to an order expunging Aspen’s mortgage
on the Half Acre because Aspen had notice of the Agreement when it
loaned the money. With regards to the REM Appellants’ counterclaim, the
court concluded Triyar did not breach the Agreement by pursuing a claim
for condemnation proceeds. It also held Sutton was not entitled to legal fees
in relation to his counterclaim because he failed to file an application for
attorneys’ fees in the condemnation litigation and because he failed to
introduce admissible, credible evidence of damages incurred as a
consequence of Triyar’s pursuit of condemnation proceeds.

¶17          Appellants timely appealed. We have jurisdiction pursuant
to Arizona Revised Statutes (“A.R.S.”) section 12-2101(A)(1) (2016).3




2      However, later in the proceedings, the court recognized that a
default had been entered against Aspen. It did not mention entry of default
against REM.

3      We cite to the current version of statutes unless changes material to
this decision have since occurred.



                                     6
                           TRIYAR v. REM et al.
                           Decision of the Court

                               DISCUSSION

¶18            When reviewing issues decided following a bench trial, we
view the facts in the light most favorable to upholding the superior court’s
ruling. Bennett v. Baxter Grp., Inc., 223 Ariz. 414, 417, ¶ 2 (App. 2010)
(citation omitted). We will not set aside the court’s findings of fact unless
they are clearly erroneous or not supported by substantial evidence. Ariz.
R. Civ. P. (“Rule”) 52(a); Nordstrom, Inc. v. Maricopa County, 207 Ariz. 553,
558, ¶ 18 (App. 2004) (citation omitted). We are not bound by the superior
court’s holding on questions of law or mixed questions of law and fact.
Guirey, Srnka, & Arnold, Architects v. City of Phoenix, 9 Ariz. App. 70, 71
(1969) (citations omitted).

I.     Sam Sutton

¶19            Sutton argues the court erred by concluding (1) Triyar proved
its claim for breach of the Agreement, and (2) the REM Appellants did not
prove their counterclaim for breach of the Agreement.4 We find no error
and affirm the judgment on the contract claims.

       A.     Sutton Breached the Agreement Because the Property
              included the Half Acre, but REM did not Convey the Half
              Acre to Triyar

¶20           Sutton asserts the court erred by concluding the parties
intended the term “Property” in the Agreement to include the Half Acre.
Sutton argues the clear and unambiguous terms of the Agreement did not
include the Half Acre as part of the purchase, and therefore the superior
court erred in interpreting “Property” to include all the Parcels.

¶21            We review issues of contract interpretation de novo. ELM Ret.
Ctr., LP v. Callaway, 226 Ariz. 287, 290, ¶ 15 (App. 2010) (citation omitted).
We interpret contracts with the purpose of ascertaining and giving force to
the parties’ intention at the time the contract was made. Polk v. Koerner, 111
Ariz. 493, 495 (1975) (citation omitted). We “look to the plain meaning of
the words as viewed in the context of the contract as a whole” to determine
the parties’ intent. United Cal. Bank v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 140 Ariz.

4      The superior court entered a judgment against the other REM
Appellants and Aspen for their failure to appear at trial and on the merits.
Thus, while we discuss the arguments about breach of contract in reference
to Sutton, who appeared at trial and represented himself, these arguments
also dispose of the other REM Appellants’ arguments on the breach of
contract claim and counterclaim.


                                      7
                           TRIYAR v. REM et al.
                           Decision of the Court

238, 259 (App. 1983). Because this Court previously determined the
Agreement’s language is reasonably susceptible to more than one meaning,
see City of Phoenix, WL 1255195 at *4, ¶ 20, extrinsic evidence may be
admitted to interpret the contract, Polk, 111 Ariz. at 495 (citation omitted)
(“Where the written language of the agreement offers more than one
reasonable interpretation, the surrounding circumstances at the time that it
was made should be considered in ascertaining its meaning.”).

¶22           The Agreement defines the Property as “approximately 17
acres of land located 288’ west of the southwest corner of 24th Street and
Baseline Road in Phoenix Arizona (Parcels 301-30-002 and 301-30-003A).”
It does not contain a legal description, identifying the Property by assessor
tax parcel number only.

¶23            Sutton asserts the use of “approximately 17 acres” indicates
the Property only included part of the Parcels. The Agreement’s language
and the record do not support this interpretation. Sutton agreed at trial that
the Property consists of fewer than seventeen acres even if the Half Acre is
included, therefore the significance of “approximately 17 acres” is
ambiguous at best. Furthermore, Sutton testified that the Half Acre was
part of Parcel 301-30-003A before REM’s conveyance of the Half Acre to the
Suttons, and Sutton approved plans for Triyar that included the Half Acre
as part of the development of the Parcels. In light of the Agreement’s use
of parcel numbers that included the Half Acre at the time of the
Agreement’s execution, in the absence of any limiting language or
admissible evidence5 showing the parties intended to exclude the Half




5      The REM Appellants assert Triyar should have understood the
Agreement excluded the Half Acre due to communications between Sam
Sutton and Kohan, who had originally negotiated an option agreement
which included a metes-and-bounds description excluding the Half Acre.
We reject that argument for the reasons stated supra, n.1. Nor can we
consider evidence of antecedent understandings and negotiations to
contradict the language of the contract. Taylor v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins.
Co., 175 Ariz. 148, 152 (1993) (citations and quotation omitted).



                                      8
                            TRIYAR v. REM et al.
                            Decision of the Court

Acre, and in light of the superior court’s conclusion that Sutton was less
credible than Yari and Drummond, we conclude the court did not err by
determining that the Property as described in the Agreement included the
Half Acre. Accordingly, REM breached the Agreement when it conveyed
the Parcels to Triyar less the Half Acre.

¶24          Sutton also argues Triyar ratified the Legal Description by
incorporating it into the Assignment and several closing documents. It is
unclear whether Sutton argues this “ratification” effected a modification of
the Agreement or served as notice to Triyar that the Half Acre was to be
excluded. On either theory, we are unpersuaded.

¶25            “[A] contract, once made, must be performed according to its
terms, and . . . any modification of those terms must be made by mutual
assent and for consideration.” Demasse v. ITT Corp., 194 Ariz. 500, 509, ¶ 30
(1999) (citations omitted). Sutton has waived any challenge to the court’s
finding that there was no consideration to modify the Agreement because
he did not object to the finding at the trial level. See Winters v. Ariz. Bd. of
Educ., 207 Ariz. 173, 177, ¶ 13 (App. 2004) (citations omitted) (“When a
challenge is not raised with specificity and addressed in the trial court, we
generally do not consider it on appeal.”). Moreover, Triyar paid the full
price for the Property under the Agreement, therefore REM was
contractually obligated to convey all the Parcels to Triyar, including the
Half Acre. See J.D. Halstead Lumber Co. v. Hartford Acc. & Indem. Co., 38 Ariz.
228, 235 (1931) (citations omitted) (“A promise to do something which a
party is already legally obliged to do is no consideration for a contract.”).
Because there was no consideration to modify the Agreement, we reject
Sutton’s argument that the Legal Description modified the Agreement and

       Similarly, we reject Sutton’s argument that Triyar should have been
aware of the Half Acre’s exclusion because the Legal Description identified
the deed through which REM conveyed the Half Acre to the Suttons. An
employee from the county assessor’s office testified that it can take several
months to update the assessor’s records in response to a recorded
document and that in this case, the assessor’s records did not reflect the
change for two years. Accordingly, Triyar would not have been notified of
the change by referring to the assessor’s records prior to closing.
Additionally, Yari testified that even if he had seen the deed conveying the
Half Acre, he would not have understood that it removed a half acre from
one of the Parcels. In any case, Triyar’s awareness of the deed is irrelevant
because Sutton’s transfer of the Half Acre out of escrow was a breach of the
Agreement for the sale of both Parcels.



                                       9
                           TRIYAR v. REM et al.
                           Decision of the Court

conclude the court did not err by finding the Property included the Half
Acre.

¶26           Sutton’s argument that the Legal Description acted as notice
to Triyar that the Half Acre was not being sold to Triyar also fails. The
superior court found that Yari, Drummond, and Sizemore’s failure to
understand that the Legal Description excluded the Half Acre was
excusable, accepting their explanation and finding them more credible than
Sutton. Sutton contends the court erred in making that finding. We review
a finding of fact for clear error. Nordstrom, 207 Ariz. at 558, ¶ 18 (citation
omitted). We will not reverse if there is evidence supporting the finding.
Id.

¶27            As we have already noted, the Agreement was clear that the
option included the Half Acre. The Legal Description, which contained
both the metes-and-bounds description and the parcel numbers from the
Agreement, was conveyed by First American’s underwriter to Sizemore,
Triyar, and Drummond two days before escrow was to close. Drummond
noticed a change in the Legal Description and, relying on a survey done
while the Property was in escrow, concluded that there was no conflict
between the listing of the Parcels in the Agreement and the Legal
Description. Sutton could have expressly disclosed to Triyar that the Half
Acre had been sold while the Property was in escrow and that the metes-
and-bounds description excluded the Half Acre, but he did not. An
employee from the county assessor’s office also testified that it took nearly
two years for the assessor’s records to reflect the conveyance of the Half
Acre.6 Nor was the Aspen Mortgage recorded until August 2008, well after
close of escrow. It was only after escrow closed, once Triyar and
Drummond met with the City of Phoenix in relation to the condemnation
litigation, that Yari and Drummond realized the Legal Description did not
include the Half Acre. Based on these facts and on the superior court’s
credibility findings, we conclude the court did not err in finding that
Triyar’s failure to understand the Legal Description did not include the Half
Acre prior to closing was excusable. See Vinnell Corp. v. State ex rel. Bob
Skousen Contractor, Inc., 109 Ariz. 87, 89 (1973) (citation and quotation
omitted) (“If, after a careful consideration of the words of a contract, in the
light of all the relevant circumstances . . . a plain and definite meaning is
achieved by the court, a meaning actually given by one party as the other




6  These facts also dispose of Sutton’s argument that the Half Acre was not
included because the title was limited by any matter of record.


                                      10
                          TRIYAR v. REM et al.
                          Decision of the Court

party had reason to know, it will not disregard this plain and definite
meaning and substitute another that is less convincing.”).

      B.      REM Breached the Agreement By Conveying the Half Acre
             to the Suttons outside of Escrow

¶28           The superior court also found REM breached the Agreement
because it had sold the Half Acre to the Suttons out of escrow. Sutton does
not deny REM conveyed the Half Acre to the Suttons out of escrow before
the end of the option period. Rather, he argues that doing so was not a
breach of the Agreement because the Agreement did not originally include
the Half Acre. Because Triyar demonstrated that the Agreement included
the Half Acre, REM’s conveyance of the Half Acre to the Suttons outside of
escrow before the end of the option period also constituted a breach of the
Agreement’s express terms. See Dunlap v. Fort Mohave Farms, Inc., 89 Ariz.
387, 391 (1961) (citations omitted) (stating an option-giver who repudiates
or makes performance impossible or more difficult by conveying land to a
third person is liable for damages). The superior court accordingly did not
err by concluding Triyar was entitled to judgment against the REM
Appellants on its breach of contract claim for the sale of the Half Acre out
of escrow.

      C.     The Counterclaim

¶29         Sutton argues the superior court erred in holding Triyar did
not breach the Agreement by seeking condemnation proceeds and in
denying Sutton his legal fees or damages related to Triyar’s pursuit of




                                    11
                            TRIYAR v. REM et al.
                            Decision of the Court

condemnation proceeds. We affirm because Sutton failed to offer any
admissible evidence of damages in support of his counterclaim.7

¶30           Sutton’s only support for his claim of damages was his
testimony that REM incurred $143,900 in attorneys’ fees fighting Triyar in
the condemnation litigation. Although Sutton sought attorneys’ fees from
the condemnation proceeding as part of his damages, he failed to present
an affidavit or any other documentation proving these fees.

¶31           The superior court was “not compelled to believe the
uncontradicted evidence of an interested party.” Estate of Reinen v. N. Ariz.
Orthopedics, Ltd., 198 Ariz. 283, 287, ¶ 13 (2000) (citation omitted). The court
did not find Sutton’s testimony credible, and we defer to the court’s
credibility determinations. Rule 52(d).

¶32            Sutton claims the court erred by instructing him that evidence
of attorneys’ fees as damages for the alleged breach would only be received
at the end of the case in the form of a fee application compliant with




7      We note that although the REM Appellants assert the court erred in
failing to address the second component of their damages—namely,
damages sustained as a result of the court order requiring disgorgement of
the settlement proceeds after the court vacated the 2007 condemnation
judgment—the REM Appellants had no right to these damages. The
disgorgement order was not a result of Triyar’s involvement in the case, it
was a result of setting aside the 2007 condemnation judgment. See Hirsch v.
Ariz. Corp. Comm’n, 237 Ariz. 456, 466, ¶ 41 (App. 2015) (citations and
quotation omitted) (“Disgorgement wrests ill-gotten gains from the hands
of a wrongdoer . . . and is meant to prevent the wrongdoer from enriching
himself by his wrongs.”); see also State ex rel. Goddard v. Gravano, 210 Ariz.
101, 105, ¶ 14 (App. 2005) (citation omitted) (noting “disgorgement has not
been historically viewed as punishment, but rather . . . has long been
recognized as civil” and “is designed in part to ensure that defendants do
not profit from illegal acts; a nonpunitive goal”). Additionally, the superior
court already determined the amount of condemnation damages owed to
the Suttons, and the City of Phoenix has already paid them.




                                      12
                           TRIYAR v. REM et al.
                           Decision of the Court

Schweiger v. China Doll Restaurant, Inc., 138 Ariz. 183 (App. 1983).8 However,
this is not supported by the record. When Sutton failed to produce
admissible evidence of his fees beyond his conclusory testimony, the court
asked whether he had any other documentation, using a China Doll affidavit
to demonstrate the level of specificity with which a claim for attorneys’ fees
is typically supported. At no point during the trial or in its findings of fact
and conclusions of law did the court state it was denying Sutton’s request
for lack of a China Doll affidavit.

¶33            Because Sutton failed to prove his damages, the court did not
err by dismissing his breach of contract claim. Am. Pepper Supply Co. v. Fed.
Ins. Co., 208 Ariz. 307, 310, ¶¶ 13-20 (2004) (clarifying that plaintiff must
prove the existence of the contract, its breach, and the resulting damages by
a preponderance of the evidence to prevail on a breach of contract claim);
see Forszt v. Rodriguez, 212 Ariz. 263, 265, ¶ 9 (App. 2006) (citation omitted)
(“We may affirm the trial court’s ruling if it is correct for any reason
apparent in the record.”).

II.    The Non-Appearing Appellants

       A.     REM, Anne Sutton, and James Van Dolah

¶34           REM, Anne Sutton, and James Van Dolah challenge the
superior court’s entry of a judgment against them for failing to appear at
trial. Although they argue that such judgment was a default judgment, that
is not supported by the record. The court expressly stated the judgments
against them were on the merits. Moreover, when a defendant pleads to
the merits of a complaint but fails to appear at trial, the court cannot enter
a judgment on default. Gillette v. Lanier, 2 Ariz. App. 66, 68 (1965). Instead,
the court may proceed to hear the plaintiff’s evidence as if the defendant
were present and render appropriate judgment if the plaintiff establishes
its prima facie case. Id. (citation omitted). Because REM, Aspen, Anne
Sutton, and James Van Dolah pled to the merits of Triyar’s complaint and



8      In China Doll, this Court established that the starting point in
determining the reasonableness of attorneys’ fees is the actual billing rate
charged by the lawyers involved in the matter. 138 Ariz. at 187-88. It
accordingly concluded that applications for awards of attorneys’ fees
should be supported by an affidavit of counsel indicating the type of
services provided, the date the service was provided, the identity of the
attorney providing the service, and the time spent providing the service. Id.



                                      13
                            TRIYAR v. REM et al.
                            Decision of the Court

then failed to appear at trial, the judgments against them were judgments
on the merits rather than default judgments.9

¶35           Accordingly, we review the record only to determine whether
Triyar established its prima facie case against these appellants. Id. at 68. “A
prima facie case requires that there be evidence to justify, not necessarily
compel, an inference of liability.” Robledo v. Kopp, 99 Ariz. 367, 371 (1965).10




9       Although the superior court struck REM and Aspen’s answers and
later recognized it had entered a default against Aspen, they still pled to the
merits by moving for summary judgment and filing a counterclaim. See
Coulas v. Smith, 96 Ariz. 325, 329 (1964); Gillette, 2 Ariz. App. at 68. “The
words ‘otherwise defend’ refer to attacks on the service, or motions to
dismiss, or for better particulars, and the like, which may prevent default
without presently pleading to the merits.” Coulas, 96 Ariz. at 328 (quotation
and citation omitted). Because Aspen moved for summary judgment after
filing its answer and REM filed a counterclaim, they “otherwise defended”
and the judgments against them were not “defaults” in the sense of Rule
55(b). See id. at 329; Gillette, 2 Ariz. App. at 68.

10      The REM Appellants also argue the superior court erred in striking
REM’s answer and the entry of default against REM. They have waived
these arguments because they failed to oppose Triyar’s motion to strike
REM’s answer and enter default. See Rule 7.1(b)(2) (allowing the court to
summarily grant a motion if the opposing party does not file a responsive
memorandum); State v. Holder, 155 Ariz. 83, 85 (1987) (citation omitted)
(“Absent fundamental error, error is usually considered to be waived on
appeal unless it was objected to at trial.”).
        In any event, Rule 16 allows a court to strike a party’s pleadings in
whole or in part if the party “fails to obey a scheduling or pretrial order or
. . . to meet the deadlines set in the order.” Rule 16(i)(1)(A); Rule
37(b)(2)(A)(iii). We review an imposition of sanctions under Rule 16 for an
abuse of discretion. Gamboa v. Metzler, 223 Ariz. 399, 402, ¶ 13 (App. 2010)
(citation omitted). To prevail, REM must also show it incurred some harm
as a result of the court’s time limitations. See Brown v. U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co.,
194 Ariz. 85, 91, ¶ 30 (App. 1998) (citation omitted).



                                      14
                            TRIYAR v. REM et al.
                            Decision of the Court

To establish a prima facie case of breach of contract against REM, Anne
Sutton, and Van Dolah, Triyar needed to prove the existence of a contract,
the breach of the contract, and resulting damages. Clark v. Compania
Ganadera de Cananea, S.A., 95 Ariz. 90, 94 (1963) (citation omitted). REM,
Anne Sutton, and Van Dolah do not dispute the existence of the Agreement
or the resulting damages, only whether conveying the Half Acre
constituted a breach.

¶36          Because we have already concluded Triyar proved its case for
breach of contract, supra, ¶¶ 20-27, the superior court did not err by
concluding Triyar was entitled to judgment against REM, Anne Sutton, and
Van Dolah on its breach of contract claim.




       Here, after allowing the withdrawal of Appellants’ counsel, the
superior court provided a month’s warning to the parties that “[a]ny
corporate entities must make an appearance through counsel no later than
February 11, 2014 or their answer/complaint may be stricken.” Despite this
warning, REM did not appear through counsel before the court’s deadline
and, in fact, only appeared through counsel after entry of the final judgment
over a year later. Although the court must give a corporation a reasonable
opportunity to cure its ineffective performance before entering default,
Boydston v. Strole Dev. Co., 193 Ariz. 47, 50, ¶ 12 (1998) (citation omitted),
appearing though counsel after the final judgment has been entered is
insufficient to cure a defective appearance, see State v. Eazy Bail Bonds, 224
Ariz. 227, 229, ¶ 12 (App. 2010) (citation omitted).
       REM also asserts the superior court erred in striking its answer for
failing to appear through counsel because REM no longer existed as an
entity at the time, and to the extent its interests needed to be represented,
all necessary parties in interest were already parties in the suit. We disagree.
       In Arizona, “a partner cannot represent a partnership, except in an
attorney-client relationship.” Hunt Inv. Co. v. Eliot, 154 Ariz. 357, 363 (App.
1987). No counsel appeared on behalf of REM, and Sutton and the other
partners could only represent their own individual partnership interests.
Id. Because REM did not appear through counsel before the expiration of
the court’s deadline, the court did not abuse its discretion in striking REM’s
answer and entering default against it.



                                      15
                             TRIYAR v. REM et al.
                             Decision of the Court

       B.     Aspen

¶37           Aspen asserts the superior court erred by (1) failing to grant
summary judgment to Aspen on the quiet title claim because of the statute
of limitations and (2) entering judgment against Aspen.

              1.      Denial of Summary Judgment

¶38             We may review a denial of summary judgment if the order
was based on a point of law. Strojnik v. Gen. Ins. Co. of Am., 201 Ariz. 430,
433, ¶ 11 (App. 2001) (citation omitted). The applicability of a statute of
limitations is a legal issue, see Cook v. Town of Pinetop-Lakeside, 232 Ariz. 173,
174, ¶ 6 (App. 2013) (citation omitted), therefore we may review the court’s
denial of Aspen’s motion for summary judgment, see Strojnik, 201 Ariz. at
433, ¶ 11 (reviewing a court’s denial of a motion for partial summary
judgment because denial was based on court’s interpretation of statutory
and common law).11 We review questions of law concerning the statute of
limitations de novo. Cook, 232 Ariz. at 175, ¶ 10 (citation omitted).

¶39             Aspen argues that because Triyar asserted a claim for quiet
title and reformation against Aspen but was not in possession of the Half
Acre, the statute of limitations began to run in August 2008 when the
Suttons recorded the mortgage on the Half Acre. See Rogers v. Bd. of Regents
of Univ. of Ariz., 233 Ariz. 262, 266, ¶ 13 (App. 2013) (“A statute of limitations
defense to a quiet title action turns on whether the claimant asserts a
possessory interest in the land.”). Aspen argues that because Triyar did not
seek to quiet title until December 2012, more than four years after the claim
arose, the claim was time barred under A.R.S. § 12-546 (2017) or,
alternatively, A.R.S. § 12-543 (2017) (providing for a three-year limitations
period).




11      Triyar argues we should not address Aspen’s argument regarding
the denial of summary judgment because Aspen failed to state it was
appealing the order in its notice of appeal. However, a notice of appeal from
a final judgment includes any intermediate orders entered which relate to
the final judgment. Rourk v. State, 170 Ariz. 6, 12-13 (App. 1991) (citations
omitted).




                                       16
                            TRIYAR v. REM et al.
                            Decision of the Court

¶40            We disagree. First, Aspen failed to raise A.R.S. § 12-546 at the
trial level, waiving any argument that it applies here.12

¶41           Second, even if A.R.S. §§ 12-546 or 12-543 applied, they did
not bar Triyar’s claims because, as Triyar pointed out below, the statute of
limitation was tolled by the superior court’s October 2009 order in the
condemnation action “expunging the void mortgage” held by Aspen.13 See
City of Phoenix v. Sittenfeld, 53 Ariz. 240, 249 (1939) (citations omitted)
(“[W]here the decision in a pending action is practically conclusive as to the
nature and extent of a party’s rights, and where his success thereunder is a
prerequisite to his right to maintain a new action, the statute does not begin
to run as to the new action until the determination of the pending suit,
which decides whether the new right of action exists.”). The court’s order
rendered the mortgage void from October 2009 until this Court reversed
the superior court’s ruling in April 2012. Accordingly, the limitations
period ran from the recording of the mortgage in August 2008 until at the
latest October 2009, and from the April 2012 memorandum decision until
Triyar filed its amended complaint in December 2012. Thus, the total
elapsed period was less than two years. Even if we were to assume the
four-year limitation in A.R.S. § 12-546 or the three-year limitation of 12-543
applied, it would not bar Triyar’s action against Aspen. The superior court
accordingly did not err in denying Aspen’s motion for summary judgment.
See State v. Perez, 141 Ariz. 459, 464 (1984) (citations omitted) (“We are
obliged to affirm the trial court’s ruling if the result was legally correct for
any reason.”).

              2.     Entry of Judgment

¶42           Although Aspen asserts the superior court abused its
discretion in entering a default judgment against it, the judgment against
Aspen was on the merits. Accordingly, we review the record to determine
whether Triyar proved its prima facie case for a declaratory judgment

12     At the trial level, Aspen argued for the application of A.R.S. §§ 12-
542 (1985) (trespass, two years), 12-522 (2017) (claim by right of possession,
two years), 12-523 (2017) (adverse possession, three years), and 12-530
(2012) (home inspector liability, four years) applied. It also asserted A.R.S.
§§ 12-525(a) (2017) and 12-526(a) (2017) (five- and ten-year limits for actions
to recover real property in adverse possession).

13     Indeed, in the condemnation action the superior court issued at least
two earlier minute entries in June and September 2009 which held that
Triyar owned title to the Property.


                                      17
                             TRIYAR v. REM et al.
                             Decision of the Court

against Aspen. Gillette, 2 Ariz. App. at 68. This merely requires evidence
to justify, not necessarily compel, an inference of liability. Robledo, 99 Ariz.
at 371.

¶43            An option-giver may not repudiate or make the performance
of a contract impossible or more difficult by conveying land to a third
person. Dunlap, 89 Ariz. at 391 (citations omitted). “If the option-giver does
convey the property to a third person, . . . the third person, if he has actual or
constructive notice of the existence of the option, takes the land subject to the
option.” Id. (emphasis added) (citations omitted). The third person may also
“be liable for damages and an action for specific performance of the
contract.” Id. (citations omitted).

¶44           “[A] corporation is bound by the knowledge acquired by, or
notice given to, its agents or officers which is within the scope of their
authority and which is in reference to a matter to which their authority
extends.” Fridena v. Evans, 127 Ariz. 516, 519 (1980). Additionally, a client
is bound by the knowledge of its attorney. Hackin v. First Nat’l Bank of Ariz.,
5 Ariz. App. 379, 385 (1967) (citation omitted).

¶45            Here, sufficient evidence supports the superior court’s
finding that Aspen had notice of the Agreement when the mortgage was
granted. Sutton, former president and founder of Aspen, testified that Jane
Shrum, Aspen’s secretary and treasurer, “basically [ran] the operation” at
Aspen with regards to making loans and negotiated the mortgage. Shrum
drafted and acted as notary with regards to the August 8, 2008 loan
agreement for the mortgage, and she also acted as notary for the special
warranty deed transferring the property from REM to Triyar, and the
affidavit of value. Additionally, Shrum served as Sutton’s legal secretary
and assistant for approximately twenty-five years. Sam Sutton was the
President and Anne Sutton was Vice President of Aspen until at least July
2006, overlapping with REM’s signing of the Agreement on May 17, 2006.
In light of this evidence, the court did not err in concluding Triyar proved
a prima facie case that Aspen had notice of the Agreement when REM
granted a mortgage on the Half Acre.

III.   Attorneys’ Fees and Costs on Appeal

¶46           The REM Appellants request an award of attorneys’ fees and
costs pursuant to A.R.S. § 12-341.01(A) (2013). Since they have not
prevailed, we deny that request. Triyar requests an award of its costs and
attorneys’ fees on appeal pursuant to A.R.S. §§ 12-1103 (2017), 12-342 (2017),
and Arizona Rule of Civil Appellate Procedure (“ARCAP”) 21. Because



                                       18
                           TRIYAR v. REM et al.
                           Decision of the Court

Triyar successfully complied with the requirements of A.R.S. § 12-1103(B),
and Appellants have not disputed the basis for a fee award under A.R.S. §
12-1103 in their reply briefs, we award Triyar its attorneys’ fees on appeal.
We also grant Triyar’s taxable costs on appeal upon timely compliance with
ARCAP 21.

                              CONCLUSION

¶47          For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the superior court’s
judgment.




                          AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
                           FILED: AA




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