Affirmed, in Part; Reversed and Rendered, in Part; Reversed and Remanded,
in Part; and Opinion filed February 5, 2015.




                                    In The

                   Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                             NO. 14-12-00084-CV

                KEN BIGHAM AND TRACY HOLLISTER,
                      Appellants/Cross-Appellees
                                      V.

             SOUTHEAST TEXAS ENVIRONMENTAL, LLC,
                     Appellee/Cross-Appellant

                   On Appeal from the 80th District Court
                           Harris County, Texas
                     Trial Court Cause No. 2007-55020

                               OPINION

      Appellant/cross-appellee, Ken Bigham, was granted power of attorney to
manage environmental-contamination litigation filed on behalf of appellee/cross-
appellant, Southeast Texas Environmental, LLC (“STE”), against third parties, in
exchange for Bigham receiving a percentage of the proceeds. Appellant/cross-
appellee, Tracy Hollister, was an owner of STE and also designated to receive a
percentage of the proceeds pursuant to the power-of-attorney agreement, although
not a signatory thereto. When the parties’ relationship eventually deteriorated,
STE sued Bigham and Hollister (hereinafter collectively “appellants”), claiming,
inter alia, they breached fiduciary duties to STE by essentially sabotaging the
contamination litigation. Pursuant to the jury’s verdict in the present case, the trial
court rendered judgment against appellants for actual and exemplary damages, but
refused to order disgorgement of the proceeds they had already received.

      On appeal, appellants seek reversal of the damages award. STE has filed a
cross-appeal, advancing grounds for remand if we do not uphold the award and
challenging the trial court’s refusal to order disgorgement. We reverse the portion
of the judgment awarding damages to STE and render judgment that STE take
nothing on its claim for damages. However, we also reverse the trial court’s
refusal to order disgorgement and remand for further proceedings on that request.
We affirm the remainder of the judgment.

                                  I. BACKGROUND

A.    Formation of the Parties’ Relationship

      A chemical waste facility on Galveston Bay, known as “the Malone site,”
began operating in the 1960s. Over the decades, numerous companies deposited
hazardous waste at the site, and it was continually cited for permit violations. The
State of Texas put the site into involuntary bankruptcy in the early 1990s.

      A businessperson named Jeffrey Pitsenbarger (“Jeff”) wanted to buy the
Malone site out of bankruptcy and use it as a location for converting hazardous
waste into various products. Jeff formed STE for that purpose. At that time, Jeff
owned 30% of STE, Hollister owned 20%, and the remainder was owned by two
persons who are not involved in this case. Jeff wanted Hollister’s participation


                                          2
because he had expertise in hazardous-waste disposal, which Jeff lacked, and
Hollister had managed the site for some period and brought it into compliance.

      Only a month after the purchase (which was completed in 1999), the
Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) unexpectedly declared the site a
Superfund site, which removed STE’s authority and forced it, as current owner, to
clean up the contamination, at great expense.       However, STE, as innocent
landowner, could seek contribution for those costs from the companies who
deposited the waste. Toward that goal, Hollister introduced Jeff to Bigham, with
whom Hollister had previously owned a hazardous-waste storage and disposal
company. It was represented to Jeff that Bigham possessed expertise in managing
environmental litigation.

      The focus became suing the companies who deposited the waste. STE
contracted with Bigham, who was not an attorney, to manage the “Malone
litigation.” Specifically, Bigham and Jeff, individually and on behalf of STE,
executed a document entitled, “Power of Attorney and Agreement Concerning
Malone Litigation” (“the POA”), dated February 5, 2003. The POA gave Bigham,

      full power of attorney, including the power to hire attorneys, to
      prosecute this litigation against any and all defendants who might be
      joined as parties in the Malone litigation. In connection with this
      power of attorney, Mr. Bigham has the full authority to direct the
      preparation and filing of all legal instruments, pleadings, drafts,
      authorizations and papers as shall be reasonably necessary to
      prosecute this litigation including the power to negotiate and act on
      behalf of above named parties in concluding this litigation.
      In return, the POA provided that Bigham would receive a percentage of the
litigation proceeds. Although Hollister was not a signatory to the POA, he was
also designated to receive a small percentage of the proceeds because he was an
owner of STE and key witness in the Malone litigation. STE was not designated to


                                        3
receive any proceeds.           Instead, because Jeff’s father, Roger Pitsenbarger
(“Roger”), financed the purchase of the property, clean-up costs, and the Malone
litigation, he was made a party to the POA and assigned a share of the proceeds.
The POA set forth that net proceeds would be divided as follows:

       Until Roger receives a total of $7 million: Roger: 40%; Bigham: 26.5%;
       Jeff: 26.5 %; Hollister: 7%.

       Once Roger receives a total of $7 million: Bigham: 46.5%; Jeff: 46.5 %;
       Hollister: 7%.
       In the meantime, to repay the debt to Roger, STE had transferred the
property to Regor Properties LLC (“Regor”), a company formed by Roger as a
subsidiary of Kordel, Inc. (“Kordel”), another company owned by Roger. Thus,
Regor and Kordel were also parties to the POA. Roger died while the Malone
litigation was pending. His interests in Kordel (and thus Regor) passed to his wife,
Elsie Pitsenbarger (“Elsie”), and were ultimately placed in a trust for her.

       Partners Mike Martin and Frank Mitchell were retained as the attorneys to
prosecute the Malone litigation, pursuant to a separate contingency-fee agreement.
The attorneys filed the litigation on STE’s behalf in Galveston County.1 The
litigation was prosecuted from 2003 through 2007. In 2007, STE settled with
various defendants considered “de minimis” contributors to the site. The trial
against the remaining defendants, considered major contributors, was set for
November 5, 2007.

B.     Deterioration of the Parties’ Relationship

       As the de minimis settlements were consummated and the remaining trial
date approached, the relationship between the parties to the present case
       1
         Regor was originally a plaintiff in that litigation but was dismissed for lack of standing
because the only available remedy was recovery of clean-up costs, which claim belonged to STE,
as owner when the property was declared a Superfund site.

                                                4
deteriorated. Jeff came to believe that Bigham was not actively managing the
litigation and was placing his own interests above those of STE. In particular,
beginning in April 2007,2 Bigham insisted the property should be conveyed to the
Malone defendants as part of any future settlement of that litigation—a proposition
that Jeff strongly opposed. Then, according to Jeff and Martin, in July, Bigham
made verbal threats to inform the Malone defendants that another company
partially owned by Jeff had illegally deposited waste at the property after it was
declared a Superfund site. Such revelation would undisputedly destroy STE’s
status as innocent landowner and undermine its position in the Malone litigation
and could result in the EPA holding STE responsible for clean-up costs.3 STE
alleges Bigham made these threats to force STE to immediately settle the Malone
litigation under Bigham’s proposed terms so that he could receive his percentage
because he was having financial difficulties.

      Meanwhile, Martin and Mitchell began to have differences that would
ultimately result in dissolution of their partnership. During July and August,
Bigham, while expressing concerns about the representation if the partnership
dissolved, insisted that Martin confirm Bigham had complete control of the
Malone litigation in the event he and Jeff disagreed about any issues. This request
concerned Martin because he believed (1) his obligation was to all parties to his
contingency-fee agreement (which included Bigham, Jeff, and STE), (2) Jeff must
approve any settlements, and (3) Bigham’s authority under the POA to manage the
litigation was a role belonging to Martin.




      2
          All future references to dates in this section are to 2007.
      3
          Jeff’s subsequent investigation revealed the substance was a harmless food-grade
product, but once the site was designated a Superfund site, any dumping was prohibited.

                                                   5
      On August 28, Martin and Mitchell dissolved their partnership. Bigham
chose Mitchell to continue representing STE and signed a new contingency-fee
contract with him. Jeff was upset about this action because he thought Martin was
much more familiar with the Malone litigation. The next day, Martin declared a
conflict of interest regarding Bigham’s interest in the litigation based on Martin’s
concerns described above and the disputes between Bigham and Jeff on how to
handle the litigation.

      On the same day, Jeff, individually and on behalf of STE, and Elsie’s
trustee, on behalf of Regor and Kordel, revoked the POA because of Jeff’s view
that Bigham was placing his own interests above those of STE and Bigham’s
choice of Mitchell to continue as counsel. Jeff then retained two other attorneys to
oversee the Malone litigation, and they reinstated Martin. Mitchell and Martin also
agreed to set aside their differences in order to prosecute the Malone litigation to
an optimal result.

      At that point, some settlement funds in the Malone litigation had been
distributed pursuant to the POA, but $450,000 in de minimis settlement funds had
not been received, and trial against the major contributors was two months away.
Thus, the parties to the present case became involved in a dispute over appellants’
rights under the POA. STE maintained that the POA had been properly revoked.
Appellants insisted that they were entitled to a percentage of any proceeds, Bigham
still had sole right to control the Malone litigation, and that STE accept a
settlement offer from the major contributors for $1 million—an amount that STE
considered inadequate.     STE proposed that prospective settlement funds be
escrowed pending resolution of the dispute so that the parties could focus on
prosecuting the litigation against the major contributors. Appellants opposed that



                                         6
proposition and threatened in writing to intervene in the Malone litigation if STE
did not confirm the rights claimed by appellants.

      In September, STE filed the present suit, initially against Bigham only,
seeking declarations regarding the parties’ rights under the POA, and Bigham
counterclaimed for declaratory and injunctive relief.       The trial court issued a
temporary restraining order precluding STE from escrowing the settlement funds.
The parties agreed to extend that order until a hearing on a temporary injunction.

      In October, Martin received the de minimis settlement funds but advised that
he intended to interplead the money into the registry of the court because he
apparently considered himself as having a conflict due to the dispute between
appellants and STE. Appellants then threatened in writing that Hollister would not
participate in the Malone trial if appellants’ shares were not distributed.

      On November 2 (the Friday before the Monday Malone trial), the parties to
the present case reached an interim agreement with the following terms: (1)
existing settlement funds would be distributed per the POA with all parties
reserving their rights relative to their dispute; (2) additional funds would not be
distributed until the dispute was resolved at a temporary-injunction hearing; and
(3) all parties, including Hollister specifically, would cooperate to achieve the best
possible result at the Malone trial. When there was a delay that day in distributing
the de minimis funds because Martin had not yet seen a signed agreement,
appellants threatened in writing to intervene in the Malone litigation or make
“calls” to the Malone defendants unless appellants were paid. Martin distributed
appellants’ shares later that day. However, Hollister did not prepare with Martin
over the weekend or appear for trial on Monday.

      The Malone litigation settled that Monday—before jury selection. Under the
settlement terms, the major defendants paid $1.2 million, they agreed to clean up
                                           7
the property, and ownership of the site was transferred to a non-profit to be used as
a wetlands sanctuary. After the settlement was concluded, the fees payable under
the POA were deposited into the registry of the Galveston County court.
Eventually, pursuant to their motion, appellants’ shares were released to them.

C.    The Claims at Issue on Appeal

      STE added the claims at issue in this appeal to its existing declaratory-
judgment action. STE pleaded various claims for damages against both appellants,
but only breach of fiduciary duties, breach of contract, and conspiracy were
ultimately submitted to a jury. These claims were based on appellants’ allegedly
threatening to sabotage the Malone litigation and withholding Hollister’s
cooperation.    STE also amended its request for equitable relief to seek
disgorgement of the settlement proceeds paid to appellants on the grounds that (1)
the POA was void as illegal because it constituted Bigham engaging in the
unauthorized practice of law, or (2) appellants breached their fiduciary duties.

      The pertinent jury findings on STE’s claims were the following:

       Bigham failed to comply with the POA.
       A relationship of trust and confidence existed between each appellant and
        STE.
       Each appellant failed to comply with his fiduciary duties to STE.
       Appellants were part of a conspiracy that damaged STE.
       The amount that would fairly and reasonably compensate STE for its
        damages caused by Bigham was $2 million and caused by Hollister was
        $500,000.
       Appellants’ breaches of fiduciary duties were committed with malice.
       Exemplary damages of $50,000 should be assessed against each
        appellant.



                                          8
        Jeff had authority to file this suit on STE’s behalf (an issue that arose
         before the case was submitted to the jury).4
       The trial court signed a “Modified Final Judgment.” The court awarded STE
$2.5 million against appellants jointly and severally, and $50,000 in exemplary
damages against each appellant, based on breach of fiduciary duties.5 The trial
court declined to order disgorgement of fees for appellants’ breach of fiduciary
duties, stating the award of actual and exemplary damages was an adequate
remedy.6 The trial court did not expressly mention STE’s request for disgorgement
on the ground the POA was illegal, but the court denied any relief not expressly
granted and had orally announced during trial its determination the POA was not
illegal.7

       Appellants filed motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and
motions for new trial, which the trial court overruled. Appellants filed this appeal,
and STE filed a cross-appeal.

                                   II. ISSUES ON APPEAL

       Appellants present seven issues, attacking the award of actual and exemplary
damages in favor of STE, which may be divided into the following categories: (1)
       4
        Regor asserted similar claims against appellants as asserted by STE, but the jury found
Regor sustained no damages, and it does not appeal the judgment.
       5
          The trial court did not expressly state the judgment was based on breach of fiduciary
duties, rather than breach of contract. However, the basis is apparent because the trial court
awarded exemplary damages and the judgment included damages against Hollister, who was not
a party to the POA.
       6
        In a previous judgment, the trial court ordered disgorgement but vacated that judgment
when rendering the modified judgment.
       7
          Appellants counterclaimed against STE and sued Elsie and her trust, seeking damages
and a declaratory judgment that the POA was enforceable. Appellants alleged these parties, inter
alia, caused a lower settlement of the Malone litigation than possible by improperly revoking the
POA, removing Bigham’s control, and settling without his consent. The jury found either no
liability or no damages on appellants’ claims. Appellants do not attack the portion of the
judgment ordering they take nothing on their claims.

                                               9
the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s finding on actual damages; (2) the
evidence is insufficient to support the finding that appellants breached their
fiduciary duties; (3) the evidence is insufficient to support the finding that Jeff had
authority to file this suit on STE’s behalf; (4) errors in the jury charge require
reversal even if we determine the evidence is sufficient to support the judgment;
and (5) to the extent the trial court rendered judgment for breach of contract, as
well as breach of fiduciary duties, that was improper.

      STE presents six issues in its cross-appeal. STE first seeks affirmative
relief, contending the trial court erred by refusing to order disgorgement of fees
paid to appellants because (1) the POA was illegal as constituting the unauthorized
practice of law by Bigham, or (2) appellants breached their fiduciary duties. STE
also argues that the trial court erred by excluding evidence on three subjects: (1)
appellants’ breach of fiduciary duties; (2) STE’s damages; and (3) whether the
POA was illegal. Therefore, STE requests that, if we conclude the evidence is
insufficient to support the findings in favor of STE on breach of fiduciary duties
and damages, we remand for a new trial; and if we refuse to render judgment for
disgorgement on the ground the POA was illegal, we remand for consideration of
further evidence on that issue.

      We will first address appellants’ challenge to the finding that Jeff had
authority to file suit on STE’s behalf because that issue permeates all of its claims
(whether for damages or disgorgement), and we will uphold that finding. Then, we
will consider the issues concerning the finding on appellants’ breach of fiduciary
duties and uphold that finding. Next, we will address the issues relative to the
finding on damages and conclude the evidence is legally insufficient to support the
finding and the trial court did not err by excluding evidence. Finally, we will



                                          10
discuss STE’s request for disgorgement and conclude remand is required on
whether it is entitled to that relief based on appellants’ breach of fiduciary duties.8

                              III. AUTHORITY TO FILE SUIT

       In their fifth issue, appellants challenge the legal and factual sufficiency of
the evidence supporting the jury’s affirmative answer to the following question:
“On September 10, 2007 [the day this suit was filed], did [Jeff] have the authority
to file a lawsuit on behalf of STE?”9

       When examining a legal-sufficiency challenge, we review the evidence in
the light most favorable to the challenged finding and indulge every reasonable
inference that would support it. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 822
(Tex. 2005). We credit favorable evidence if a reasonable fact finder could and
disregard contrary evidence unless a reasonable fact finder could not. Id. at 827.
The evidence is legally sufficient if it would enable a reasonable and fair-minded
person to reach the verdict under review. Id. Because appellants presented their
contention to the trial court as an affirmative defense, they bore the burden of
proof. See Woods v. William M. Mercer, Inc., 769 S.W.2d 515, 517 (Tex. 1988).
       8
          Our disposition of the damages issues would be a basis alone for reversing the award of
damages in favor of STE, without considering the finding of breach of fiduciary duties.
However, that finding remains material to STE’s cross-issue requesting disgorgement because
we will conclude STE did not establish entitlement to that relief on the ground the POA was
illegal but remand is appropriate on STE’s request for disgorgement based on breach of fiduciary
duties. But, we will consider the issues concerning the breach-of-fiduciary-duties finding while
addressing appellants’ original appeal—before discussing the damages issue—because the latter
discussion flows more easily from an understanding of the breaches allegedly causing damages.
       9
           STE argues appellants waived their contention by failing to file a motion under Texas
Rule of Civil Procedure 12, which governs a party’s right to require an opposing attorney to
show authority to prosecute or defend the action. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 12. Appellants respond
that Rule 12 is inapplicable because they attack Jeff’s authority, not that of STE’s attorney. In
the trial court, appellants maintained the issue was encompassed in their pleading that STE
lacked capacity. We need not decide whether appellants sufficiently presented the contention in
the trial court because we conclude the evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s finding.


                                               11
A party attacking legal sufficiency relative to an adverse finding on which he bore
the burden of proof must demonstrate the evidence conclusively establishes all
vital facts in support of the issue. Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 241
(Tex. 2001). The fact finder is sole judge of witness credibility and the weight to
give their testimony. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 819.

      In a factual-sufficiency review, we consider and weigh all the evidence, both
supporting and contradicting the finding. See Mar. Overseas Corp. v. Ellis, 971
S.W.2d 402, 406–07 (Tex. 1998). A party attacking factual sufficiency relative to
an adverse finding on which he bore the burden of proof must demonstrate the
finding is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. Francis, 46
S.W.3d at 242. We set aside the finding only if it is so contrary to the
overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Pool v.
Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex. 1986).

      Appellants argue the evidence conclusively established Jeff lacked authority
to file this suit on STE’s behalf. Appellants rely in part on provisions of the former
article 1528n-2.23 of the Texas Limited Liability Company Act (now expired),
generally providing that managers may take actions on behalf of an LLC by
obtaining a vote of a majority of the managers at a meeting where a quorum is
present or a vote or consent of a majority of the managers without a meeting. See
Act of May 7, 1993, 73rd Leg., R.S., ch. 215, § 1.11, 1993 Tex. Gen Laws 418,
422, amended by Act of May 13, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 375, § 60, 1997 Tex.
Gen Laws 1516, 1566 and Act of May 20, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 572, § 1, 2003
Tex. Gen Laws 1934, 1934 (expired Jan. 1, 2010). Appellants assert the evidence
shows that, even if Jeff were a manager, he did not obtain the vote or consent of
the majority of the managers.



                                         12
      The jury was not instructed or given evidence regarding this statutory
standard, however. Accordingly, we do not consider it in our sufficiency review.
Rather, we measure sufficiency of the evidence against the charge as submitted.
See Osterberg v. Peca, 12 S.W.3d 31, 55 (Tex. 2000); Landing Council of Co–
Owners v. Durham, 244 S.W.3d 462, 466 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007,
no pet.).

      The broad question submitted to the jury asked generally whether Jeff had
“authority” to file the suit. Appellants point to the Articles of Organization for
STE, which were introduced into evidence and provide that STE “shall be
managed by a manager or managers.” Appellants assert Jeff was not a manager of
STE when this suit was filed in September 2007. At trial, appellants presented a
“Texas Franchise Tax Public Information Report,” filed by STE in April of 2007
and signed by Hollister. The report listed Hollister as managing member and the
two owners who are not involved in the present case as managers or officers, but
did not list Jeff as a manager or officer.

      We disagree that this evidence would have prevented a reasonable jury from
finding that Jeff had authority to file the suit. First, the portion of the Articles of
Organization providing generally that STE “shall be managed by a manager or
managers” did not conclusively establish that only a manager could authorize a
suit. The jury heard evidence that Jeff was a member or owner of STE, and Jeff
expressly testified that he had such authority. Second, even if the authorization of
a manager were required, there was conflicting evidence regarding whether Jeff
was a manager. Jeff testified that the role of manager evolved to him in 2000 or
2001, and that the information in the April 2007 report was incorrect. In addition,
Bigham referred to Jeff as the registered manager of STE in an email to Mitchell in



                                             13
June 2004. Because this evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the
jury’s answer to the question as submitted, we overrule appellants’ fifth issue.

                        IV. BREACH OF FIDUCIARY DUTIES

      We turn to the issues concerning the finding that appellants breached their
fiduciary duties. The jury answered “yes” for each appellant to the following
question:

      Did those listed below fail to comply with their fiduciary duty to
      STE?
      In order to comply with their duty, they must show:
      a. The transaction in question was fair and equitable to STE;
      b. They made reasonable use of the confidence that STE placed in
         them;
      c. They acted in the utmost good faith and exercised the most
         scrupulous honesty toward STE;
      d. They placed the interest of STE before their own, did not use the
         advantage of their position to gain any benefit for themselves in
         any position where their self-interest might conflict with their
         obligations as a fiduciary; and
      e. They fully and fairly disclosed all important information to STE
         concerning the transaction.

A.    Alleged Jury Charge Error

      We will first address the portion of appellants’ sixth issue challenging the
jury question, to dispose of that issue and determine the standard against which to
measure sufficiency of the evidence. See Osterberg, 12 S.W.3d at 55; Landing
Council of Co–Owners, 244 S.W.3d at 466. Appellants complain that the trial
court failed to limit the jury’s consideration to conduct occurring before revocation




                                         14
of the POA and all conduct allegedly constituting a breach of fiduciary duties
occurred after the revocation.10

       The trial court has considerable discretion to determine necessary and proper
jury instructions. In re V.L.K., 24 S.W.3d 338, 341 (Tex. 2000). We review its
refusal to submit a particular instruction for abuse of discretion. Id. We may
reverse and remand based on jury-charge error only if it “was reasonably
calculated and probably did cause the rendition of an improper judgment,”
considering the pleadings, the evidence presented at trial, and the charge in its
entirety.     See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a)(1); Island Recreational Dev. Corp. v.
Republic of Tex. Sav. Ass’n, 710 S.W.2d 551, 555 (Tex. 1986) (op. on reh’g).

       Relative to Hollister, it is undisputed he owed fiduciary duties as a member
of STE—not pursuant to the POA; although he was designated under the POA to
receive a percentage of STE’s recovery in the Malone litigation, he was not a
signatory to the POA. Consequently, revocation of the POA did not eliminate his
fiduciary duties. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to
limit the period during which his conduct would violate fiduciary duties.

       With respect to Bigham, his fiduciary duties existed solely because of the
POA. However, “the general rule is that confidential information received during
the course of fiduciary relationships may not be used or disclosed to the detriment
of the one from whom the information is obtained” even after termination of the
relationship. See Numed, Inc. v. McNutt, 724 S.W.2d 432, 434 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 1987, no writ). Thus, Bigham could violate fiduciary duties by threatening,
after revocation of the POA, to reveal harmful information about STE that he
learned before the revocation (as further described below in our sufficiency
analysis).
       10
            Appellants do not challenge the finding that they each owed fiduciary duties to STE.

                                                 15
      Additionally, Bigham did not treat the POA as revoked.              Rather, he
maintained that it still gave him the right to control the Malone litigation and
receive a percentage of all proceeds; and he obtained those fees even from
proceeds realized after revocation of the POA. Whether he must disgorge those
fees because he violated fiduciary duties owed under the POA is another question,
but he was paid as though he still retained rights under the POA. Therefore, the
trial court acted within its discretion by rejecting the notion that Bigham could reap
the benefits of the POA yet avoid correlating fiduciary duties to STE.
Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to limit the
jury’s consideration to Bigham’s conduct occurring before revocation of the POA.

      Alternatively, even if the trial court erred by not including such a limitation,
any error was harmless. As discussed below, STE presented evidence that some
such conduct occurred before revocation of the POA.           Thus, Bigham cannot
establish the jury would have made a different finding if the trial court had
included the requested limitation.      See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a)(1); Island
Recreational Dev. Corp., 710 S.W.2d at 555. We overrule the pertinent portion of
appellants’ sixth issue.

B.    Sufficiency of the Evidence

      In their fourth issue, appellants contend the evidence is legally and factually
insufficient to support the jury’s finding. Although STE was the claimant, the jury
question placed the burden on appellants to prove they complied with their
fiduciary duties. Accordingly, we apply the standard for reviewing sufficiency
applicable when the appellant bore the burden of proof. As the question was
phrased, appellants were required to establish all five factors listed therein. We
conclude the evidence does not conclusively establish they complied with any of
the factors, there was evidence supporting a failure to comply, and the finding is

                                         16
not against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. See Frances, 46
S.W.3d at 24–42.

       STE primarily complains about two actions as violating appellants’ fiduciary
duties: (1) threatening to provide harmful information to the defendants in the
Malone litigation; and (2) withholding Hollister’s cooperation in that litigation.

       1.      Threats to provide harmful information to the Malone defendants

       STE presented evidence that appellants made such threats, both before and
after revocation of the POA.

               a.     Pre-revocation conduct

       STE’s complaint regarding pre-revocation conduct focused on its allegation
that Bigham threatened to reveal STE was not an innocent landowner. According
to Jeff and Martin, in July 2007, Bigham said he had a witness who would testify
in the Malone litigation that another company partially owned by Jeff illegally
deposited waste at the Malone site after it was declared a Superfund site. Jeff
testified that when Bigham first mentioned this information, he said not to tell
Martin. Jeff was “incensed” that Bigham would attempt to conceal information
from STE’s lawyers and went straight to Martin’s office.11                   Martin then had
numerous conversations with Bigham in which Bigham made the same threats.12


       11
          Jeff testified this occurred in July whereas Martin thought it was March. In its role to
reconcile conflicts, the jury was free to believe Martin was mistaken and it occurred in July.
       12
           Jeff’s and Martin’s testimony differed somewhat on their conversations with Bigham.
Martin referred to the potential witness as a “secret witness” because Bigham would not reveal
his identity despite multiple requests, and Martin’s investigation led him to believe Bigham’s
claim was fabricated. In contrast, at one point, Jeff characterized Bigham’s threat as involving a
“secret witness,” but Jeff later acknowledged that Bigham revealed the person’s identity. Jeff’s
testimony also reflected the claim was not fabricated because Jeff discovered the company had
deposited waste, albeit a harmless substance, at the site. Appellants emphasize this inconsistency
and seem to characterize Bigham’s actions as innocent because the claim was true. However the
jury could have reasonably concluded that Bigham provided inconsistent information to Jeff and
                                               17
Jeff was distraught his clean-hands status might be destroyed and “absolutely
floored” that Bigham threatened to sabotage the litigation and take actions adverse
to Jeff and his family.          Bigham denied making such threats and instead
characterized his actions as warning this information could harm STE’s position in
the litigation. However, the jury was free to believe Jeff and Martin.

       The jury could rationally infer that Bigham made these threats in an attempt
to force a settlement and obtain his share of the funds because he was experiencing
financial difficulties.    Around this time, a judgment for $50,000 was entered
against him, and he was guarantor on another $4 million debt that was in arrears.
Several months before, Bigham had begun insisting, contrary to Jeff’s wishes, that
the property be conveyed to settle the Malone litigation because Bigham believed
it was valuable to the defendants.13 Martin opined that Bigham behaved as though
timing of the settlement was important to him and his threats were motivated by
the need for leverage and financial difficulties.

       In August, Bigham made comments more overtly tying the threat to Jeff’s
resistance to settling under Bigham’s proposed terms and generally showing
antagonism to STE’s interests. Jeff testified that he gave Bigham a box of jello
and stated that was the nature of the product his other company had deposited.
Bigham responded that he was “tired of [Jeff’s] BS” and if Jeff thought his family
would still own the property after the Malone litigation was resolved, Jeff “had
another thing coming” because Bigham “had made damn sure that it didn’t
happen.”

Martin. Nonetheless, whether the witness was secret or the information was true, the significant
fact was Jeff’s and Martin’s consistent testimony that Bigham threatened to reveal the
information to the Malone defendants.
       13
         Until the threats, Jeff wanted to keep the property in the family for future business
endeavors, but once the threats were made, that was no longer an option, and it was ultimately
conveyed to settle the litigation, albeit to a non-profit.

                                              18
      The jury could reasonably conclude that Bigham violated his fiduciary
duties to STE by threatening to undermine its position in the Malone litigation so
that Bigham could obtain a quick payment.14 Bigham acknowledged such actions
would not be in STE’s best interests although he denied engaging in such conduct.

      The jury also heard evidence regarding other actions of Bigham before
revocation of the POA that alone would demonstrate a breach of fiduciary duties
but also supported that his threats to reveal STE was not an innocent landowner
were made to force a settlement under his timing and terms.

      Specifically, while Bigham was demanding in writing that Martin confirm
Bigham controlled the litigation in the event of a dispute with Jeff, Bigham
instructed Martin not to share Bigham’s comments with Jeff. According to Martin,
that was not the first time Bigham had made such a request. Martin considered it
unethical to refrain from disclosing matters to a client. In addition to violating
fiduciary duties, there is a rational inference that Bigham’s instructions were meant
to ensure Martin followed Bigham’s wishes regarding settlements without
interference from Jeff.

      As another instance, STE presented evidence that Bigham’s choosing
Mitchell as STE’s counsel once Mitchell and Martin dissolved their partnership
was not in STE’s best interest. Mitchell had been absent during critical stages of
the litigation due to a family illness, and Martin had primarily handled the case.
Appellants argue this action could not constitute a breach of fiduciary duties


      14
          On appeal, appellants suggest STE may not complain about Bigham’s insistence that
the property be conveyed as an independent breach of fiduciary duties because Regor—not
STE—owned the property at that point. Even if STE would not be directly harmed by such
conveyance, the significant fact was Bigham made threats to undermine STE’s position in the
Malone litigation in an attempt to force a settlement that included conveying the property.


                                            19
because Bigham was authorized under the POA to hire counsel. However, Bigham
acknowledged his fiduciary duties encompassed ensuring the Malone litigation was
transferred to the appropriate attorney. The jury could further infer that Bigham
chose Mitchell because Martin refused to confirm Bigham had complete control
over settlement negotiations.

            b.     Post-revocation conduct

      After the POA was revoked, appellants made more affirmative threats to
sabotage the Malone litigation.

      Shortly after the revocation, appellants’ attorney (apparently speaking only
for Bigham at that point) sent the following email to Martin and Mitchell while
insisting that STE confirm Bigham was entitled to a share of prospective proceeds
from the Malone litigation:

      This note is also to put all on notice that if this litigation is pushed
      forward as currently postured, I will take action to protect [Bigham’s]
      interest. The unfortunate part of that is that the [Malone] Defendants
      will be enlightened to the detriment of this case. I hope we can come
      to an uneasy truce to get this case tried . . . without the Defendants
      being apprised.
      The parties disagree as to what action the attorney threatened that would
“enlighten[]” the Malone defendants. STE suggested it meant revealing STE was
not an innocent landowner. Bigham suggested it meant intervening in the Malone
litigation to obtain his payment, which would “enlighten[]” the Malone defendants
about the discord on the STE side of the case. The surrounding correspondence
indicates the latter was Bigham’s intent, and STE understood that was the threat.

      Regardless, the jury could conclude that even threatening an intervention
violated Bigham’s fiduciary duties because (1) there were other avenues to protect
his right, if any, to a share of the proceeds without undermining STE’s posture in

                                        20
the Malone litigation—such as filing a separate action, as Bigham later did, or
agreeing to escrow the funds pending resolution of the dispute, as the parties
eventually agreed with respect to some funds; and (2) there is a rational inference,
based on the wording of the email and Bigham’s earlier conduct, that
“enlighten[ing]” the Malone defendants about the discord was intended and not
merely suggested as an “unfortunate” result. At the present trial, Martin testified
he was still “speechless” about the threat to “enlighten[]” the defendants.

      Moreover, the jury could again infer the threat was made not only to ensure
Bigham was paid but to force a settlement because the attorney also tied the threat
to (1) a demand for confirmation that Bigham alone controlled the Malone
litigation, and (2) a demand that STE accept a $1 million offer from the major
contributors, which Martin deemed “inappropriate” because there was “more
money on the table.”       The jury could construe the latter demand as alone
supporting a violation of fiduciary duties because Bigham acknowledged he had a
duty to maximize STE’s recovery, in addition to indicating the motives for
Bigham’s threats.

      Then, on the Friday before the Monday Malone trial, there was a delay in
distributing the de minimis settlement funds pursuant to the parties’ interim
agreement. Appellants’ attorney (now acting on behalf of both appellants) emailed
Martin, stating that if the funds were paid that day, “[Hollister] will cooperate and
the trial can go forward with no intervention by [appellants] or any calls to the
other side.” This time, the jury could infer that “calls to the other side” definitely
meant informing the Malone defendants that STE was not an innocent landowner
because the attorney had already mentioned intervention as a separate threat.

      The jury could conclude this latter communication violated appellants’
fiduciary duties because (1) the desire to be paid did not justify threatening to

                                         21
destroy STE’s status as innocent landowner, (2) Hollister, who was now a party to
the threats, owed a fiduciary duty, as a member of STE, not to harm its position in
the Malone litigation, irrespective of whether he received any proceeds under the
POA, and (3) appellants admitted at the present trial that the idea of “calls to the
other side” was offensive and not “fair” and “honorable,” although they maintained
it just meant an intervention.

      2.     Withholding Hollister’s cooperation in the Malone litigation

      With respect to this aspect of STE’s claim, it is undisputed both appellants
and their attorney knew Hollister was the key witness in the Malone litigation. He
was the only designated expert on contamination and clean-up, and the case would
not reach a jury without his testimony.

      Appellants’ threats to withhold Hollister’s cooperation began a few weeks
before the Malone trial date when Martin advised that he intended to deposit the de
minimis settlement funds in the registry of the court. Hollister told Martin he “did
not care” about the upcoming trial date and was “not going to testify, period”
unless he was guaranteed a share.              Although Hollister alone made this
communication, Martin learned Bigham would not permit Hollister (now Bigham’s
employee) to testify.

      Then, as quoted above, on the Friday before trial, appellants’ attorney again
threatened that Hollister would not cooperate unless appellants were paid that day
pursuant to the interim agreement.        Martin testified that, later that day, he
personally distributed the funds to Hollister at Martin’s office. However, when
Martin stated they needed to discuss the trial, Hollister ignored him and walked
out. Hollister did not meet with Martin over the weekend or attend trial on
Monday. Hollister claimed that no one asked for his help over the weekend and he
was told he need not appear for jury selection on Monday. However, the jury was
                                          22
free to believe Martin’s contrasting testimony that Hollister ignored Martin’s
repeated attempts to contact him over the weekend and Martin never told Hollister
he need not appear on Monday.

       The jury could conclude that appellants violated fiduciary duties by
threatening to withhold Hollister’s cooperation in order to obtain payment because
again, as a member of STE, he had a duty to achieve an optimal result at the
Malone trial, irrespective of whether he received any proceeds under the POA.
And, once again, there was a rational inference that appellants also withheld
Hollister’s cooperation in an attempt to force a settlement—based on appellants’
other conduct; and the fact that Hollister failed to appear for trial even after he was
paid pursuant to the interim agreement and promised to cooperate.

       In summary, the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the
jury’s finding that appellants failed to establish they complied with their fiduciary
duties to STE. Accordingly, we overrule appellants’ fourth issue.15

                               V. THE DAMAGES FINDING

       Next, we consider the issues and cross-issues regarding the jury’s finding on
damages. The damages question asked, “What sum of money, if any, if paid now
in cash, would fairly and reasonably compensate [STE] for [its] damages, if any . .
. caused by [Bigham]” and “caused by [Hollister]?” The jury answered $2 million
for Bigham and $500,000 for Hollister.

A.     Sufficiency of the Evidence

       In their first three stated issues, appellants contend the evidence is legally
and factually insufficient to support the jury’s finding. When, as applicable to this

       15
          Because of our disposition, we need not address STE’s fourth cross-issue, challenging
exclusion of evidence allegedly demonstrating appellants breached their fiduciary duties.

                                              23
issue, a party challenges legal sufficiency relative to an adverse finding on which
he did not bear the burden of proof, he must show that no evidence supports the
finding. See Exxon Corp. v. Emerald Oil & Gas Co., L.C., 348 S.W.3d 194, 215
(Tex. 2011). When a party challenges factual sufficiency relative to an adverse
finding on which he did not have the burden of proof, we consider all the evidence
and will set aside the finding only if the evidence supporting it is so weak or so
against the overwhelming weight of the evidence that the finding is clearly wrong
and unjust. Mar. Overseas Corp. v. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 406–07 (Tex. 1998);
Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986) (per curiam).            Because we
conclude there is no evidence to support the jury’s finding in this case, we do not
address the factual-sufficiency contention. See id.

      Appellants challenge legal sufficiency of the evidence to support the finding
for three reasons: (1) there is no evidence appellants’ conduct caused STE to settle
the Malone litigation for an amount less than it could have otherwise settled; (2)
STE was not the party who sustained any damages because it was not designated
under the POA to receive any of the litigation proceeds; and (3) there is no
evidence of any amount for which STE could have settled but for appellants’
conduct. We agree with the first and third arguments for interrelated reasons and,
thus, we need not consider the second contention.

      The crux of STE’s argument for upholding the damages award is that
appellants’ conduct on the eve of trial (threatening to reveal STE was not an
innocent landowner and withholding Hollister’s cooperation) forced STE to settle
the Malone litigation for “well below its reasonable settlement evaluation.”
However, we conclude STE presented no evidence demonstrating it would have
achieved a larger settlement (or recovery a trial) but for appellants’ conduct, much
less evidence regarding the amount of such settlement or recovery.

                                         24
      The case against the major Malone defendants settled for $1.2 million. The
jury awarded STE $2.5 million against appellants in the present case. Therefore, to
uphold that award, there must have been evidence that STE would have recovered
at least $3.7 million from the major defendants but for appellants’ conduct.

      Martin testified that appellants’ conduct created a “dark cloud” over the
Malone litigation up through the final settlement negotiations. Martin further
explained that this factor affected his negotiating strength because he could not
“push as hard” and recommended a settlement lower than he would have otherwise
recommended.

      This general testimony regarding Martin’s negotiating strength and his
recommending a lower amount does not constitute evidence that STE would have
successfully obtained a larger settlement, or the amount of any such settlement, but
for appellants’ conduct. Significantly, Martin did not opine that STE would have
necessarily obtained a larger settlement or identify any dollar figure for such a
settlement.   As appellants emphasize, the trial court precluded Martin from
testifying as an expert in the present case because that would create a conflict of
interest, considering Bigham was a party to Martin’s contingency-fee agreement in
the Malone litigation.

      The parties do not cite, and we have not found, any authority exactly on
point with the present case. However, we find legal malpractice cases instructive
to the extent they set forth the evidence necessary to establish that a client would
have received a better recovery but for his attorney’s acts or omissions—a standard
of causation and measure of damages similar to that asserted in the present case,
although appellants were not attorneys. Courts addressing that issue have held that
expert testimony is sufficient, and required, to establish causation and the amount
of damages.

                                         25
      Specifically, the Supreme Court of Texas recently recognized that the
damages in a legal-malpractice case consist of “‘the amount of damages
recoverable and collectible . . . if the suit had been properly prosecuted.’”
Elizondo v. Krist, 415 S.W.3d 259, 263 (Tex. 2013) (quoting Cosgrove v. Grimes,
774 S.W.2d 662, 666 (Tex. 1989)). It is not necessary that a client prove the
difference between the settlement received and the damages he would have been
obtained if the case had been tried to a final judgment. See id. at 263. Instead, the
client may recover the difference between the settlement received and the
settlement he probably would have recovered absent malpractice. See id. at 263,
270. However, in the latter situation, the court recognized that the client must
present expert testimony of the settlement value absent malpractice because proof
of causation and damages in a malpractice case requires knowledge beyond that
possessed by most laypersons. See id. at 270; see also Goffney v. O'Quinn, No. 01-
02-00192-CV, 2004 WL 2415067, at *5–6 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Oct.
28, 2004, no pet.) (mem op.) (holding in legal-malpractice case that expert
testimony was required to prove that but for counsel’s alleged deficiencies, clients
would have received a settlement amount or jury verdict greater than that which
they actually received because such matters are not within a fact finder’s common
knowledge); Arce v. Burrow, 958 S.W.2d 239, 252 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 1997), aff’d, in part, and rev’d, in part, on other grounds, 997 S.W.2d 229
(Tex. 1999) (holding in legal malpractice case, that a lay jury cannot be expected
to ascertain, without guidance from a legal expert, whether an attorney obtained a
reasonable settlement for his or her client and whether attorney caused damage to
client is a question upon which the trier of fact must be guided solely by expert
testimony).




                                         26
      The Elizondo court determined that the expert opinion offered by the clients
was insufficient to raise a fact issue on damages. See 415 S.W.3d at 264–69. We
need not consider what expert testimony would be sufficient to constitute evidence
of causation and damages in the present case because STE did not proffer any
expert testimony.    No expert opined that STE would have received a larger
settlement or recovery at trial but for appellants’ conduct or set forth the amount of
such settlement or recovery.

      STE relies on two items of testimony as purportedly evidence of the
difference between the actual settlement and one it would have obtained.

      First, STE asserts that Bigham testified the value of the settlement was about
$20 million and he should be considered an expert on recoveries in environmental
litigation. Bigham did opine that the value of the property to the major defendants
in the Malone litigation—the amount they would have paid for it—was $20
million. Bigham offered that figure when attempting to prove, relative to his own
claims, that the case would have settled for more than $1.2 million if he had
retained control of the litigation and settlement negotiations.

      However, as appellants emphasize, the land was not conveyed to the
defendants but instead to a non-profit organization. Therefore, Bigham’s general
testimony regarding the value of the land to the defendants does not show that they
would have necessarily paid that amount to settle the litigation. Further, Regor,
not STE, owned the land at the time of the settlement. Thus, Bigham’s testimony
does not demonstrate that STE, as opposed to Regor, would have necessarily
received $20 million from the Malone defendants for the property even if the
property had been conveyed to those defendants and they were willing to pay such
amount.



                                          27
      Moreover, Bigham did not have control because STE removed him from that
role, and Martin negotiated the settlement without Bigham’s involvement.
Notably, Martin testified there was no value to the Malone defendants in owning
the property and they merely wanted control of it for clean-up purposes. It is
Martin’s perceptions on which STE relies to prove causation in the present case—
his testimony that he would have pushed for a larger settlement but for appellants’
conduct. Considering Martin perceived the property had no monetary value to the
Malone defendants and he was the one negotiating the settlement, Bigham’s view
the defendants would have paid $20 million for the property did not prove any
larger settlement that STE could have obtained. In short, Martin might have
pushed for a larger settlement but for appellants’ conduct, but STE did not present
evidence that Martin would have pushed for a settlement in which the defendants
paid $20 million for the land, considering Martin thought the land had no monetary
value to the defendants.

      Second, STE asserts that Martin testified the “settlement value” was “in the
$10-$12 million range” before appellants’ conduct.      However, Martin did not
expressly state the settlement value was in that range. Rather, when asked whether
the value of the case was in that range, he responded that “one of the demands was
in that range early on.” (emphasis added). STE also presented a letter from
Mitchell to the Malone defendants in April 2007, outlining alleged damages
between $8.75 million and $14.4 million (depending on whether interest and
attorney’s fees were recoverable) and demanding $11.8 million to settle the case—
to possibly be adjusted to $7.5 million if the defendants agreed to provide certain
indemnification. Martin testified that at the time of the Malone trial, the “upside
range of [STE’s] damage model had [it] been successful” was $9-$12 million.
Martin further testified that when the defendants offered $1 million shortly before


                                        28
trial, he was still trying to obtain $7 million. We conclude that, absent expert
testimony, evidence of a particular settlement demand, the amount STE hoped to
obtain, or the recoverable damages if STE had been successful at trial is not
evidence that STE would have actually achieved such a settlement or been
successful in obtaining such a recovery at trial.

      STE also cites authority recognizing that a jury has discretion to award
damages within the range of evidence presented at trial.      See Gulf States Util. Co.
v. Low, 79 S.W.3d 561, 566 (Tex. 2002). As STE notes, it is unclear how the jury
in the present case derived its amount of assessed damages, but STE maintains we
may uphold the amount because it was within the range of evidence on damages.
See Drury Sw., Inc. v. Louie Ledeaux #1, Inc., 350 S.W.3d 287, 292 (Tex. App.—
San Antonio 2011, pet. denied) (stating that, when the award falls within the
evidentiary range, the reviewing court should not speculate on how the fact finder
arrived at the amount).       However, this principle presumes there has been
competent evidence of a range of damages.           See Salinas v. Rafati, 948 S.W.2d
286, 289 (Tex. 1997) (stating, in the context of a verdict within the range of
damages: “A jury must have an evidentiary basis for its findings.”).

      In the present case, there was no evidence establishing a range of damages.
As discussed above, neither Bigham’s $20 million figure, STE’s demand, nor the
amount of its potential recovery if it had been successful at trial provided a
minimum figure that it would have actually recovered but for appellants’ conduct,
and there was no expert testimony regarding such a figure—with the jury then
entitled to pick any figure equal to that amount or lower.

      Importantly, we point out that STE did not attempt at trial to prove a larger
amount it would have allegedly recovered but for appellants’ conduct. In this
regard, it was appellants who sought damages representing the difference between

                                          29
the settlement achieved and one that purportedly could have been obtained.
Appellants maintained that STE and its associated parties caused this difference
and thus a reduction in appellants’ share of proceeds by removing Bigham’s
control and settling without his consent. The import of STE’s position at trial
relative to the amount of the settlement was to defend against appellants’ claims.
In fact, there were instances in which STE objected to appellants’ attempts to
prove a larger settlement would have been obtained.

      As mentioned above, STE did elicit general testimony from Martin about
settling for less than he would have otherwise recommended. But, STE seemed to
present such testimony to show the extent of appellants’ bad faith, to support
STE’s request for disgorgement of appellants’ proceeds based on breach of
fiduciary duties—not to recover the difference between the actual and potential
settlements as damages. In fact, in closing argument, STE asked only for
disgorgement—not damages representing a larger settlement but for appellants’
conduct.16 We do not hold that STE was necessarily limited to the damages it
requested in closing argument because the jury question did not limit damages to
any particular category. However, we point out the position taken by STE at trial
as apparently indicating the reason it did not present evidence that it would have
obtained a larger recovery but for appellants’ conduct. None of the evidence now
relied on by STE in an attempt to defend its award of damages supports the award.

      In summary, we conclude the evidence is legally insufficient to support the
jury’s finding that STE sustained $2.5 million in damage as a result of appellants’
breach of fiduciary duties. Finally, with respect to Bigham, the damages question
was not directed only to those caused by breach of fiduciary duties because the
      16
          We note that disgorgement of proceeds appellants received under the POA are not
damages caused by their conduct and cannot support the award of damages, although we will
discuss below STE’s request for disgorgement on equitable grounds.

                                           30
jury also found that he breached the POA. However, we may not alternatively
uphold the judgment against Bigham, even for actual damages, based on breach of
contract, because STE seeks the same damages for both claims. Accordingly, we
sustain appellants’ first and third issues challenging the award of damages and
seventh issue asserting the trial court erred to the extent it awarded damages for
breach of contract.17

B.     Exemplary Damages

       We agree with appellants that, because the evidence is legally insufficient to
support recovery of actual damages, the trial court erred by awarding exemplary
damages. See Bellefonte Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Brown, 704 S.W.2d 742, 745
(Tex. 1986) (reciting rule there must be a finding of actual damages in tort to
uphold an award of punitive damages).

C.     Exclusion of Evidence on Damages

       Having concluded there is no evidence to support the award of damages, we
must address STE’s fifth cross-issue, arguing the trial court erred by excluding
evidence relative to STE’s damages. We review a trial court’s decision to exclude
evidence for abuse of discretion. McBride v. McBride, 396 S.W.3d 724, 730 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. denied). A trial court abuses its discretion
if it acts without reference to any guiding rules or principles or its decision is
arbitrary or unreasonable.        See Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701
S.W.2d 238, 241–42 (Tex. 1985).

       STE refers to multiple offers of proof made in the trial court. The offers
were in narrative form summarizing testimony that would have been elicited from


       17
           Because of these dispositions, we need not consider the portion of appellants’ sixth
issue challenging the jury questions concerning breach of contract.

                                              31
various witnesses. STE references six areas of proffered testimony as concerning
its damages: Offer Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 8. We conclude the trial court did not
abuse its discretion by excluding the evidence, at least with respect to the issue of
STE’s damages.

        Offer Nos. 1-3 were Martin’s anticipated testimony explaining (1) that
owning the property would have no monetary value to the Malone major
defendants, (2) why the property was conveyed to a non-profit, rather than the
Malone defendants, in the settlement, and the trust mechanism for accomplishing
the transfer, and (3) that Martin considered $1.2 million a fair and reasonable
settlement with the major Malone defendants.

       These areas of testimony were proffered to defend against appellants’
claims, asserting the Malone settlement would have been larger if Bigham had
retained control of the litigation. This testimony was not relevant to proving STE’s
damages and, in fact, would tend to disprove STE’s damages and was polar
opposite to the position it takes on appeal—the settlement would have been larger
but for appellants’ conduct.18

       Offer Nos. 5, 7, and 8 were anticipated testimony of Martin and one of the
attorneys hired by STE to oversee the Malone litigation and the dispute between
STE and appellants after revocation of the POA. This testimony collectively
concerned the following subjects: (1) changing counsel from Martin to Mitchell,
when their partnership dissolved, was not a sound decision; (2) certain meetings

       18
          We note it was not STE, but rather Elsie, who made these offers of proof. We need not
decide whether STE may rely on Elsie’s proffer to preserve error because the trial court did not
abuse its discretion, relative to STE’s claim for damages, by excluding the evidence. However,
we note this fact as demonstrating why the excluded testimony was not proffered to prove STE’s
damages; Elsie was defending solely against appellants’ claim that her revoking Bigham’s
control under the POA caused a lower settlement and attempting to disprove that there would
have been a larger settlement—the same position that STE took at trial.

                                              32
between STE, appellants, and their attorneys after revocation of the POA were not
settlement discussions; and (3) during the meetings, appellants threatened to
sabotage the Malone litigation. The trial court had excluded testimony regarding
the content of the discussions on the ground the meetings were settlement
negotiations regarding the dispute between the parties to the present case.

      We construe this proffered testimony as relevant only to the issue of whether
appellants breached their fiduciary duties and not to whether STE would have
obtained a larger recovery, and in what amount, but for appellants’ conduct. Thus,
notwithstanding whether any of the excluded testimony was cumulative of
admitted testimony, we need not consider STE’s complaint because we have
upheld the finding that appellants breached their fiduciary duties. We overrule
STE’s fifth cross-issue.

                    VI. REFUSAL TO ORDER DISGORGEMENT

      We turn to the portions of STE’s cross-appeal, challenging the trial court’s
refusal to order disgorgement of the proceeds paid to appellants on the grounds that
(1) the POA was illegal, or (2) appellants breached their fiduciary duties.

A.    Contention that the POA was Illegal

      In its first and second interrelated cross-issues, STE contends the POA was
an illegal contract because it consisted of Bigham, who is not an attorney, engaging
in the practice of law. STE asserts Bigham engaged in the unauthorized practice of
law by retaining the right to hire counsel, direct the filing of pleadings, and
otherwise control the litigation, in exchange for a percentage of STE’s total
recovery in the Malone litigation. Although the authority granted under the POA
applied only to Bigham, STE seeks to disgorge the fees paid to both appellants
because the fees were derived from the POA.


                                         33
      STE requested disgorgement on this ground in its pleadings. The trial court
entertained argument on the issue when appellants moved for a “directed verdict”
on the request. The trial court orally announced its conclusion that the POA did
not constitute the unauthorized practice of law. In the judgment, the trial court did
not expressly mention STE’s request for a declaration that the POA was illegal, but
the court denied the request by ordering that all other requested relief not expressly
granted was denied.      STE requests that we reverse and render an order of
disgorgement.

      Although a jury trial was conducted on STE’s claims for damages and the
breach-of-fiduciary-duty question underlying one of STE’s requests for
disgorgement, the unauthorized-practice-of-law determination and whether to
order disgorgement on that basis were issues for the bench. See Burrow v. Arce,
997 S.W.2d 229, 245–46 (Tex. 1999); Unauthorized Practice Comm., State Bar of
Texas v. Cortez, 692 S.W.2d 47, 50–51 (Tex. 1985); Brown v. Unauthorized
Practice of Law Comm., 742 S.W.2d 34, 41 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1987, writ
denied). Equitable relief, such as fee forfeiture, is not mandatory because “the
expediency, necessity, or propriety” of such relief is committed to the trial court’s
discretion. See Wagner & Brown, Ltd. v. Sheppard, 282 S.W.3d 419, 428–29
(Tex. 2008); Burrow, 997 S.W.2d at 240–42, 246. Accordingly, a trial court’s
decision on whether to order such equitable relief is reviewed for abuse of
discretion.   See Wagner & Brown, Ltd., 282 S.W.3d at 428–29; Burrow, 997
S.W.2d at 240–42, 246.

      The trial court did not issue findings of fact and conclusions of law
regarding its refusal to order disgorgement on the unauthorized-practice-of-law
ground. Further, because the trial court did not expressly mention that issue in the
judgment, nothing therein can be construed as findings of fact and conclusions of

                                         34
law regarding its decision. We may not consider a trial court’s oral comments at
trial as a substitute for findings of fact and conclusions of law. In re W.E.R., 669
S.W.2d 716, 716 (Tex. 1984) (per curiam); In re J.C., 346 S.W.3d 189, 193 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.). In the absence of written findings, we
imply that the trial court made all necessary findings, and we will uphold the
judgment on any legal theory supported by the evidence. In re J.C., 346 S.W.3d at
193 (citing Worford v. Stamper, 801 S.W.2d 108, 109 (Tex. 1990); Chenault v.
Banks, 296 S.W.3d 186, 189 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.)).
Accordingly, we are not bound by the trial court’s oral comments and need not
decide whether the POA consisted of Bigham engaging in the unauthorized
practice of law because even if did, STE fails to show the trial court abused its
discretion by refusing to order disgorgement on that ground.

      STE does not cite authority demonstrating a trial court must order
disgorgement of a fee if the payee has engaged in the unauthorized practice of law.
The cases STE cites as purportedly requiring disgorgement do not support that
proposition.   STE cites cases recognizing that courts will not aid in the
enforcement of a contract made for the illegal practice of law. See, e.g., Robnett v.
Kirklin Law Firm, 178 S.W.3d 45, 51–52 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005);
Johnson v. McLeaish, No. 05–94–01673–CV, 1995 WL 500308, at *6 (Tex.
App.—Dallas Aug. 23, 1995, writ denied) (not designated for publication).
However, in those cases, the person engaged in the unauthorized practice of law
was seeking to recover an unpaid fee allegedly due under a contract determined to
be illegal. See Robnett, 178 S.W.3d at 46–47; Johnson, 1995 WL 500308, at *1–2,
8. Those courts did not address a request for equitable relief in the form of
disgorgement of fees already paid under an illegal contract. See, generally,
Robnett, 178 S.W.3d 45; Johnson, 1995 WL 500308.


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       In addition, STE does not cite any authority that disgorgement is a requisite
or appropriate remedy when a contract is determined to be illegal. The central
purpose of the equitable remedy of profit disgorgement or fee forfeiture is to
remedy a breach of fiduciary duty or violation of trust by discouraging disloyalty.
See ERI Consulting Eng’rs, Inc. v. Swinnea, 318 S.W.3d 867, 873 (Tex. 2010).
Thus, the remedy presupposes a valid relationship, whether created by contract or
otherwise, in which one party has violated the other party’s trust and must forfeit
its benefits under the contract. See id. In contrast, if part of the consideration
under a contract is illegal, the contract is generally void as to all parties if it is
entire and indivisible. See In re Kasschau, 11 S.W.3d 305, 312 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, orig. proceeding); Richmond Printing v. Port of
Houston Auth., 996 S.W.2d 220, 224 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no
pet.); Evans v. Dynasty Transp., Inc., 133 S.W.3d 672, 677 (Tex. App.—Corpus
Christi 2003, no pet.) (citing Cooper v. Fortney, 703 S.W.2d 217, 222 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1985, writ ref’d n.r.e.)). STE has not demonstrated
that disgorgement of only one party’s benefits received under a contract is required
when the contract is determined to be illegal as to all parties.19 Consequently, the
trial court would not have abused its discretion by denying such relief even if the
POA were illegal. Accordingly, we overrule STE’s first and second cross-issues.20

B.     Disgorgement Based on Breach of Fiduciary Duties

       In its third cross-issue, STE seeks disgorgement of appellants’ fees on the
ground they breached their fiduciary duties to STE. Disgorgement of fees is an
       19
          We further discuss below STE’s request for disgorgement on the ground that Bigham
(and Hollister) breached their fiduciary duties, but that is a separate ground for disgorgement
than a request that only appellants must forfeit their fees because the POA was void as illegal.
       20
           In light of this disposition, we need not address STE’s sixth cross-issue, challenging
the trial court’s exclusion of evidence allegedly relevant to whether Bigham engaged in the
unauthorized practice of law.

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appropriate remedy for breach of fiduciary duties, albeit a matter within the trial
court’s discretion. See ERI Consulting Eng’rs, 318 S.W.3d at 873; Wagner &
Brown, Ltd., 282 S.W.3d at 428–29.

      Unlike the previous issue, the trial court did expressly recite in the judgment
its sole reason for refusing to order disgorgement based on breach of fiduciary
duties—STE’s award of damages was an adequate remedy for such breaches.
Although the trial court has discretion on whether to order disgorgement, its sole
ground for rejecting such relief no longer exists in light of our reversing the award
of damages. Therefore, we will remand to the trial court to reconsider whether to
order disgorgement under the present circumstances of the case and in what
amount. Accordingly, we sustain STE’s third cross-issue.

                                VII. CONCLUSION

      We reverse the portion of the judgment awarding STE actual damages,
exemplary damages, and pre- and post-judgment interest thereon, and render
judgment that STE take nothing on its claim for damages.

      We reverse the portion of the judgment denying STE’s request for
disgorgement based on appellants’ breach of fiduciary duties and remand for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

      We affirm the remainder of the judgment.



                                              /s/   John Donovan
                                                    Justice


Panel consists of Justices McCally, Busby, and Donovan.



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