                                                             FILED
 1                                                            DEC 27 2013
                                                          SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
 2                                                          U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5
     In re:                         )      BAP No.      CC-12-1501-KuBaPa
 6                                  )
     WILLIAM CHIONIS and            )      Bk. No.    SA 09-18254-ES
 7   HELEN CHIONIS,                 )
                                    )      Adv. No.     SA 10-01591-ES
 8                  Debtors.        )
     _______________________________)
 9                                  )
     WILLIAM CHIONIS,               )
10                                  )
                    Appellant,      )
11                                  )
     v.                             )      MEMORANDUM*
12                                  )
     JAMES R. STARKUS,              )
13                                  )
                    Appellee.       )
14   _______________________________)
15                  Argued and Submitted on November 21, 2013
                             at Pasadena, California
16
                            Filed – December 27, 2013
17
               Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
18                 for the Central District of California
19        Honorable Erithe A. Smith, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
20   Appearances:     Anerio Ventura Altman of Lake Forest Bankruptcy
                      argued for appellant William Chionis; appellee
21                    James R. Starkus argued pro se.
22
     Before: KURTZ, BALLINGER** and PAPPAS, Bankruptcy Judges.
23
24
          *
25         This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
     Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
26   have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value.
     See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8013-1.
27
          **
           Hon. Eddward P. Ballinger, Jr., United States Bankruptcy
28   Judge for the District of Arizona, sitting by designation.
 1                             INTRODUCTION
 2        Debtor William Chionis (“Chionis”) filed a complaint seeking
 3   an award of contempt sanctions against one of his creditors,
 4   James Starkus (“Starkus”), based on Starkus’ violation of the
 5   discharge injunction under 11 U.S.C. § 524(a)(2).1   The
 6   bankruptcy court entered a judgment after trial in favor of
 7   Starkus, finding that Starkus intended the actions he took that
 8   violated the discharge injunction but also finding that Starkus
 9   did not subjectively know the injunction applied to him.
10   Chionis appealed.
11        The bankruptcy court’s finding on Starkus’s subjective
12   knowledge was clearly erroneous, so we must REVERSE that finding.
13   Accordingly, we will VACATE the judgment in favor of Starkus and
14   REMAND, so that the bankruptcy court can make necessary findings
15   of fact regarding whether Chionis proved that he incurred damages
16   as a result of Starkus’ violation of the discharge injunction
17   and, if so, the amount of those damages.
18                                 FACTS
19        The essential facts are not in dispute.   In 2006, Starkus
20   loaned $70,000 to Divine Products, Inc. (“Loan”).    Chionis, who
21   had an interest in and served as an officer of Divine Products,
22   agreed to guarantee Divine Products’ Loan obligations (“Debt”).
23        The guaranty agreements Chionis signed provided in part that
24   any bankruptcy by Divine Products would not discharge or
25
26        1
           Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section
27   references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
     all "Rule" references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
28   Procedure, Rules 1001-9037.

                                     2
 1   otherwise affect the Debt.   The guaranties also contained a
 2   provision stating that the guarantor’s liability would not be
 3   discharged except by full satisfaction of the Debt.   According to
 4   Starkus, he bargained for this language to be included in the
 5   guaranties in part to protect himself from any bankruptcy filing
 6   by Chionis and from the effect of any bankruptcy discharge
 7   Chionis might receive.   In Starkus’ own words, he was concerned
 8   at the time of the 2006 Loan transaction that “you could just
 9   discharge somebody through bankruptcy and all their money would
10   be lost.”    Hr’g Tr. (May 21, 2012) at 30:8-9.
11        In August 2009, Chionis and his wife (collectively,
12   "Debtors") commenced their bankruptcy case by filing a chapter 7
13   petition.2   Starkus was duly scheduled on the Debtors' bankruptcy
14   schedules, and Starkus received the standard form notice from the
15   bankruptcy court regarding the filing of the Debtors' chapter 7
16   bankruptcy case.   That form notice was substantially the same as
17   Official Form 9A3 and advised Starkus of the date of the Debtors'
18   meeting of creditors pursuant to § 341(a) (“§ 341(a) Hearing”).
19   The form notice further advised Starkus of the deadline for
20   filing complaints regarding the Debtors’ right to a discharge.
21
22        2
           Some of the background facts we refer to herein are drawn
23   from the Trial Declaration of William Chionis filed in the
     underlying adversary proceeding on April 20, 2012 (Adv. Dkt.
24   No. SA 10-01591-ES, Doc. No. 8). This declaration was not
     included in the parties’ excerpts of record, but we can and do
25
     take judicial notice of this document and others included in the
26   bankruptcy court’s case and adversary dockets. See Ellsworth v.
     Lifescape Med. Assocs., P.C. (In re Ellsworth), 455 B.R. 904, 909
27   n.4 (9th Cir. BAP 2011).
28        3
           Use of the Official Forms is mandated by Rule 9009.

                                       3
 1   Starkus attended the Debtors' § 341(a) Hearing, but he did not
 2   otherwise actively participate in the bankruptcy case.
 3   Specifically, he never attempted to challenge in the bankruptcy
 4   court the Debtors’ right to discharge the Debt.
 5        On February 8, 2010, the bankruptcy court entered a standard
 6   form chapter 7 discharge order granting the Debtors a discharge
 7   pursuant to § 727.   The bankruptcy court sent Starkus a copy of
 8   the discharge order, and Starkus has not disputed that he
 9   received a copy of the order.   The form order was substantially
10   the same as Official Form 18 and, on the reverse side, described
11   in lay terms the effect of the discharge as follows:
12             The discharge prohibits any attempt to collect
          from the debtor a debt that has been discharged. For
13        example, a creditor is not permitted to contact a
          debtor by mail, phone, or otherwise, to file or
14        continue a lawsuit, to attach wages or other property,
          or to take any other action to collect a discharged
15        debt from the debtor. . . . A creditor who violates
          this order can be required to pay damages and
16        attorney's fees to the debtor.
17   Reverse Side of Discharge Order (February 8, 2010).
18        The reverse side of the discharge order further explained
19   that “[m]ost, but not all, types of debts are discharged if the
20   debt existed on the date the bankruptcy case was filed.”    The
21   reverse side also provided a list of common types of
22   nondischargeable debts.   The concluding paragraph on the reverse
23   side cautioned that its explanation of the effect of the
24   discharge was a general summary of the law and encouraged
25   interested parties to consult an attorney if they needed to
26   ascertain the precise effect of the discharge to their specific
27   situation.
28        In July 2010, notwithstanding his prior receipt of the

                                      4
 1   discharge order, Starkus filed a complaint against Chionis in the
 2   Small Claims Court for the City of Temecula, California (Case No.
 3   TES10001805).   Starkus sought to recover $7,500, the maximum
 4   jurisdictional amount covered by the Temecula Small Claims Court,
 5   on account of the Debt.   In his small claims complaint, Starkus
 6   acknowledged Chionis’ bankruptcy and that Chionis had told him
 7   that he no longer could collect on the Debt.    But he attempted to
 8   counter this acknowledgment by referencing the “no discharge”
 9   provisions in the Loan documents.
10        The small claims complaint contained a notice that the
11   matter was set for trial on November 5, 2010.   In response,
12   Chionis filed in the small claims court a request that the case
13   not proceed to trial.   In his request, Chionis explained that the
14   Debt had been discharged in bankruptcy.   Nonetheless, the small
15   claims court issued an order on September 27, 2010, setting a
16   hearing on Chionis’ request for November 5, 2010, at the same
17   time as trial was scheduled.
18        The Debtors’ bankruptcy counsel sent a letter to Starkus on
19   August 27, 2010, stating that the Debt had been discharged in the
20   Debtors’ bankruptcy case and that the no discharge language in
21   the Loan documents was void and unenforceable as a matter of law.
22   The letter further warned Starkus that he was subject to being
23   sanctioned for filing the small claims complaint and would be
24   subject to further sanctions if he did not dismiss the small
25   claims case within ten days.   Thereafter, the Debtors retained
26   new counsel who sought and obtained from the bankruptcy court, on
27   November 4, 2010, the day before the trial in the small claims
28   case, an order enjoining Starkus from proceeding with the small

                                      5
 1   claims case.
 2        Starkus was given advance written and telephonic notice of
 3   the bankruptcy court hearing on the Debtors’ motion for an
 4   injunction, but Starkus apparently did not attend the bankruptcy
 5   court hearing and did not attempt to respond in writing to the
 6   injunction motion.   This seems odd, given that Starkus later
 7   testified in the bankruptcy court that he filed the small claims
 8   case primarily because he was seeking a simple way, without an
 9   attorney, to obtain a judge's opinion on the validity of the no
10   discharge language in the Loan documents.   As he later explained
11   in his appeal brief, he sought an "unbiased third party legal
12   opinion."   Aple. Br. (May 21, 2013) at 6:54.   The bankruptcy
13   court's tentative ruling, which is incorporated into the court's
14   order granting the injunction, addressed this very issue.    It
15   stated that the no discharge language was unenforceable, citing
16   Bank of China v. Huang (In re Huang), 275 F.3d 1173, 1177 (9th
17   Cir. 2002).
18        The next day, November 5, 2010, Starkus and the Debtors’
19   counsel both traveled to the small claims court with the intent
20   to appear at the small claims hearing and trial.   However, before
21   the hearing and trial occurred, the Debtors’ counsel approached
22   Starkus and informed him of the new injunction.    While Starkus
23   initially responded by disputing the bankruptcy court’s authority
24   to determine the dischargeability of the Debt, he ultimately left
25   the small claims court before his case was called, so neither the
26   trial nor the hearing took place.
27        On December 10, 2010, the Debtors filed a complaint seeking
28   contempt sanctions against Starkus.   In the complaint’s prayer

                                      6
 1   for relief, the Debtors requested compensatory damages, punitive
 2   damages and attorney’s fees and costs.   However, the joint
 3   pretrial order entered on May 10, 2012, which by its explicit
 4   terms superseded the parties’ pleadings, did not reference
 5   punitive damages as a legal or factual issue.   Nor did the
 6   pretrial order mention punitive damages in any other way.4
 7        The bankruptcy court held trial in the adversary proceeding
 8   on May 21, 2012.5   After the parties presented their evidence,
 9   the court announced its ruling from the bench, including its
10   findings of fact and its conclusions of law.
11        The court found that Starkus knew about the Debtors’
12   bankruptcy case, knew about the discharge order and intended the
13   conduct – the filing of the small claims complaint – which
14   violated the discharge order.   But the court also found that
15   Starkus subjectively believed (albeit incorrectly) that, as a
16   result of the no discharge language in the Loan documents, the
17   discharge order did not preclude him from collecting the Debt.
18   Because of this subjective belief, the court inferred that
19   Starkus did not actually know that the discharge injunction
20   applied to the Debt.
21        According to the bankruptcy court, the Ninth Circuit Court
22
          4
23         As a result, the Debtors abandoned their request for
     punitive damages. In any event, citing Knupfer v. Lindblade
24   (In re Dyer), 322 F.3d 1178, 1195 (9th Cir. 2003), the bankruptcy
     court ruled at the conclusion of trial that punitive damages can
25
     not be awarded as part of the bankruptcy court’s imposition of
26   civil contempt sanctions. Chionis has not challenged this ruling
     on appeal.
27
          5
           Chionis’ wife Helen passed away in March 2012, so Chionis
28   proceeded to trial as the sole surviving plaintiff.

                                      7
 1   of Appeals decision in ZiLOG, Inc. v. Corning (In re ZiLOG,
 2   Inc.), 450 F.3d 996, 1007 (9th Cir. 2006) required Chionis, as
 3   the party seeking to demonstrate contempt, to prove by clear and
 4   convincing evidence that Starkus: “(1) knew the discharge
 5   injunction was applicable and (2) intended the actions which
 6   violated the injunction.”   Id.   Specifically with respect to the
 7   first ZiLOG prong, the bankruptcy court explained, Chionis needed
 8   to establish that Starkus subjectively knew that the discharge
 9   applied to the Debt.   The bankruptcy court ultimately held that
10   Chionis had not met his burden as to the first ZiLOG prong.
11        Based on its findings of fact and conclusions of law, the
12   bankruptcy court concluded that no civil contempt sanctions would
13   be imposed against Starkus for his violation of the discharge
14   order.   On September 14, 2012, the bankruptcy court entered its
15   judgment in favor of Starkus, and on September 30, 2012, Chionis
16   timely appealed.6
17                               JURISDICTION
18        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
19   §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(O).   We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
20   § 158.
21                                  ISSUES
22        Did the bankruptcy court commit reversible error by
23   addressing the contempt proceedings in an adversary proceeding
24   instead of a contested matter?
25
26        6
           Chionis sought and obtained leave from the bankruptcy court
27   for an extension of time to file his notice of appeal. That time
     extension rendered Chionis’ notice of appeal timely. See Rule
28   8002(c)(2).

                                       8
 1         Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion by not
 2   imposing any sanctions against Starkus for his violation of the
 3   discharge injunction?
 4                             STANDARDS OF REVIEW
 5         The bankruptcy court’s decision as to whether sanctions
 6   should be imposed for a violation of the discharge injunction is
 7   reviewed for an abuse of discretion.       Nash v. Clark Cnty. Dist.
 8   Atty's. Office (In re Nash), 464 B.R. 874, 878 (9th Cir. BAP
 9   2012).
10         A bankruptcy court abuses its discretion if its decision is
11   based on an incorrect legal rule, or if its findings of fact were
12   illogical, implausible, or without support in the record.      Id.
13   (citing United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1262 (9th Cir.
14   2009) (en banc)).
15                                 DISCUSSION
16   A.   Procedural Issue – Adversary Proceeding vs. Contested Matter
17         Generally speaking, civil contempt sanctions for the
18   violation of the discharge injunction must be sought by contested
19   matter rather than an adversary proceeding.      See Barrientos v.
20   Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 633 F.3d 1186, 1190-91 (9th Cir. 2011).
21   In fact, a bankruptcy court may dismiss a complaint seeking
22   contempt sanctions for violation of the discharge injunction and
23   thereby require the party seeking sanctions to proceed by motion
24   instead.   Id. at 1188.
25         Chionis, the appellant herein, initiated the adversary
26   proceeding and never challenged in either the bankruptcy court or
27   on appeal the utilization of an adversary proceeding to seek
28   civil contempt sanctions for Starkus’ noncompliant conduct.      We

                                        9
 1   have declined to remand solely on the ground that the bankruptcy
 2   court determined the debtor’s discharge violation claim in an
 3   adversary proceeding rather than a contested matter, when the
 4   appellant did not object to the bankruptcy court’s use of the
 5   adversary proceeding to dispose of the matter.   See In re Nash,
 6   464 B.R. at 879 (declining in the “interests of justice” to
 7   remand simply because bankruptcy court heard and determined
 8   discharge violation claim in an adversary proceeding rather than
 9   in a contested matter).
10         Nonetheless, because we are vacating and remanding on other
11   grounds as discussed below, the bankruptcy court on remand should
12   issue an order converting the adversary proceeding to a contested
13   matter and should determine the unresolved damages issue in that
14   contested matter.
15   B.   Substantive Issue – Knowledge of Discharge Injunction
16         Pursuant to § 524(a)(2), the discharge of a debtor in
17   bankruptcy prohibits creditors from making any attempt to collect
18   on prepetition debts, unless those debts have been excepted from
19   the discharge.   In re ZiLOG, Inc., 450 F.3d at 1007; Renwick v.
20   Bennett (In re Bennett), 298 F.3d 1059, 1067 (9th Cir. 2002).
21         However, there is no private right of action for violation
22   of the discharge injunction; a party seeking to enforce the
23   discharge injunction must seek civil contempt sanctions.
24   Barrientos, 633 F.3d at 1188-89; Walls v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.,
25   276 F.3d 502, 506–07 (9th Cir. 2002).   Civil contempt sanctions
26   may be imposed for violation of the discharge injunction when the
27   creditor willfully or knowingly violates a definite and specific
28   court order.   In re ZiLOG, Inc., 450 F.3d at 1007; In re Bennett,

                                     10
 1   298 F.3d at 1069.    In this context “willful” essentially means
 2   that the alleged contemnor “knew of the injunction.”
 3   In re ZiLOG, Inc., 450 F.3d at 1008.
 4        The discharge injunction constitutes a definite and specific
 5   court order for purposes of contempt proceedings.     See Knupfer v.
 6   Lindblade (In re Dyer), 322 F.3d 1178, 1190-91 (9th Cir. 2003)
 7   (“Because the ‘metes and bounds of the automatic stay are
 8   provided by statute and systematically applied to all cases,’
 9   . . . there can be no doubt that the automatic stay qualifies as
10   a specific and definite court order.”); In re ZiLOG, Inc.,
11   450 F.3d at 1008, n.12 (for purposes of determining whether a
12   violation of a court order constitutes civil contempt, there is
13   “no material difference between the discharge injunction and the
14   automatic stay.”).
15        As the bankruptcy court correctly explained, the Ninth
16   Circuit Court of Appeals in In re ZiLOG held that the party
17   seeking to demonstrate contempt in the discharge injunction
18   context must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the
19   alleged contemnor:   “(1) knew the discharge injunction was
20   applicable and (2) intended the actions which violated the
21   injunction.”   In re ZiLOG, Inc., 450 F.3d at 1007.    In turn, the
22   first prong of the ZiLOG test requires the moving party to show
23   that the alleged contemnor actually knew that he or she was
24   subject to the terms of the discharge order.   Id. at 1008.
25        The evident concern underlying ZiLOG’s first prong is that
26   creditors should not be held in contempt for violation of an
27   order unless they actually are aware that the subject order
28   applied to them.    Id.; see also In re 1601 W. Sunnyside Dr. #106,

                                      11
 1   LLC, 2010 WL 5481080, at *4 (Bankr. D. Idaho 2010) (citing
 2   In re ZiLOG and noting that Ninth Circuit has been “reluctant to
 3   hold an unwitting creditor in contempt.”).   Because the discharge
 4   injunction is imposed by statute and also because discharge
 5   orders typically do not identify the specific creditors or claims
 6   subject to the discharge injunction, In re ZiLOG apparently
 7   reasoned that receipt of a discharge order sometimes may not, by
 8   itself, be sufficient to prove that a particular creditor was
 9   subjectively aware of the discharge injunction’s applicability to
10   its claim:
11        To be held in contempt, the [alleged contemnors] must
          not only have been aware of the discharge injunction,
12        but must also have been aware that the injunction
          applied to their claims. To the extent that the
13        deficient notices led the [alleged contemnors] to
          believe, even unreasonably, that the discharge
14        injunction did not apply to their claims because they
          were not affected by the bankruptcy, this would
15        preclude a finding of willfulness.
16   In re ZiLOG, Inc., 450 F.3d at 1009, n.14 (emphasis added).
17        The bankruptcy court here applied the correct legal standard
18   in determining whether it could impose sanctions against Starkus.
19   The court explicitly cited to In re ZiLOG, Inc., and it recited
20   the legal standard set forth in ZiLOG for the imposition of
21   discharge violation contempt sanctions.
22        But we must overturn the bankruptcy court’s finding
23   regarding Starkus’ actual knowledge of the discharge order and
24   its application to the Debt.   It is undisputed that Starkus
25   received the form notice regarding the Debtors’ bankruptcy filing
26   and later received a copy of the bankruptcy court’s form
27   discharge order.   In addition, Starkus admitted at trial, while
28   under oath, that he knew and understood at the time the general

                                     12
 1   effect of the discharge on claims like his: that the discharge
 2   rendered such claims uncollectible.    Starkus admitted that, prior
 3   to the Debtors’ bankruptcy filing, he sought to implement a
 4   contractual workaround to avoid the specific legal effect of any
 5   potential future discharge Chionis might obtain.    Thus, he
 6   clearly knew and understood the legal effect of the discharge:
 7   “you could just discharge somebody through bankruptcy and all
 8   their money would be lost.”    Hr’g Tr. (May 21, 2012) at 30:8-9.
 9           The bankruptcy court in essence found that Starkus’
10   (incorrect) belief regarding the impact of the no discharge
11   language in the Loan documents negated any knowledge he otherwise
12   had regarding the applicability of the discharge order to the
13   Debt.    We disagree.   It is undisputed that the Debtors through
14   their counsel warned Starkus, both orally and in writing, and on
15   more than one occasion, that the no discharge language in the
16   Loan documents was invalid.    It also is undisputed that Starkus
17   received notice of the Debtors’ motion for an order enjoining the
18   small claims lawsuit from going forward.    Yet Starkus chose to
19   ignore these warnings, as well as the proceedings seeking to
20   enforce the discharge order, and instead chose to press forward
21   with his small claims lawsuit up until moments before the trial.
22           Starkus never attempted to appear before the bankruptcy
23   court to assert his legal theory regarding the no discharge
24   language, even though the form notice of the Debtors’ bankruptcy
25   filing advised him of the deadline for filing complaints
26   regarding the Debtors’ right to a discharge and even though the
27   notice of the Debtors’ injunction motion invited a response from
28   Starkus.

                                       13
 1           The only evidence in the record indicating that Starkus
 2   believed he could enforce the Debt without violating the
 3   discharge order was his own self-serving testimony.     But given
 4   the undisputed facts regarding all that Starkus knew and the
 5   undisputed facts regarding Starkus’ conduct, we hold that the
 6   overwhelming weight of the evidence in the record is contrary to
 7   the bankruptcy court’s finding that Starkus did not know that the
 8   discharge order precluded him from attempting to collect the
 9   Debt.    Thus, we conclude that the bankruptcy court’s finding on
10   this point was illogical, implausible and without support in
11   inferences that reasonably could be drawn from the facts in the
12   record.    See Hinkson, 585 F.3d at 1262.
13           Indeed, Starkus’ knowledge and conduct in this case is
14   similar to the knowledge and conduct of the contemnors in McComb
15   v. Jacksonville Paper Co., 336 U.S. 187, 191 (1949).     McComb in
16   relevant part held that a court may impose civil contempt
17   sanctions without finding that the contemnor specifically
18   intended to violate the court's order.      In McComb, certain
19   employers were accused of violating a court order entered to
20   enforce a floor on employee wages and a ceiling on non-overtime
21   work hours imposed by the Fair Labor Standards Act (“Act”).       The
22   order specifically enjoined the employers from violating the wage
23   floor and hours ceiling in the Act.
24           Instead of complying with the court order, the employers
25   attempted to evade the legal effect of the order by drafting and
26   implementing new employee compensation plans containing terms
27   that, while not specifically enjoined, effectively enabled the
28   employers to pay their employees less than the amount required by

                                       14
 1   the Act’s wage floor and to force their employees to work more
 2   non-overtime hours than permitted under the Act’s hours ceiling.
 3        The employers argued that the provisions in their new
 4   employee compensation plans were not specifically enjoined, so
 5   they could not be held in contempt.   But the McComb court
 6   disagreed and ruled that the district court should have held the
 7   employers in contempt:
 8        We need not impeach the findings of the lower courts
          that respondents had no purpose to evade the decree, in
 9        order to hold that their violations of it warrant the
          imposition of sanctions. They took a calculated risk
10        when under the threat of contempt they adopted measures
          designed to avoid the legal consequences of the Act.
11        Respondents are not unwitting victims of the law.
          Having been caught in its toils, they were endeavoring
12        to extricate themselves. They knew full well the risk
          of crossing the forbidden line. Accordingly where as
13        here the aim is remedial and not punitive, there can be
          no complaint that the burden of any uncertainty in the
14        decree is on respondent's shoulders.
15   Id. at 193; see also Donovan v. Sureway Cleaners, 656 F.2d 1368,
16   1372-73 (9th Cir. 1981) (analogous facts and holding).
17        Similar to the contemnors in McComb, Starkus knew and
18   understood the legal effect of the order he is charged with
19   violating.   But instead of complying with the discharge order, he
20   opted to rely upon the untested contractual no discharge language
21   he had implemented in an attempt to work around the unequivocal
22   legal impact of the discharge.   As McComb aptly explained:
23        It does not lie in [the contemnors’] mouths to say that
          they have an immunity from civil contempt because the
24        plan or scheme which they adopted was not specifically
          enjoined. Such a rule would give tremendous impetus to
25        the program of experimentation with disobedience of the
          law . . . .
26
27   McComb, 336 U.S. at 192; see also Espinosa v. United Student Aid
28   Funds, Inc., 553 F.3d 1193, 1205 & n.7 (9th Cir. 2008), aff'd,

                                      15
 1   559 U.S. 260 (2010) (“A creditor is not free to violate the
 2   discharge injunction because it has doubts as to the validity of
 3   the discharge.”).
 4        In re ZiLOG, Inc. is distinguishable.    There, the chapter 11
 5   debtor ZiLOG and the bankruptcy court had sent the creditors
 6   charged with violating the discharge injunction misleading
 7   notices indicating that their employment-related claims would not
 8   be affected by ZiLOG’s bankruptcy.   In re ZiLOG, Inc., 450 F.3d
 9   at 998, 1003, 1005.   When the creditor-employees later attempted
10   to sue ZiLOG in state court, ZiLOG filed an action against the
11   creditor-employees in the bankruptcy court seeking to enforce the
12   discharge injunction contained in ZiLOG’s confirmed chapter 11
13   plan of reorganization.   Id. at 998-1000.    The bankruptcy court
14   decided the action in ZiLOG’s favor and imposed sanctions against
15   the creditor-employees for violating the discharge injunction.
16   Id. at 999-1000.
17        The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals vacated the sanctions
18   award and remanded for further proceedings.    According to the
19   Court of Appeals, the bankruptcy court on remand needed to
20   determine whether the creditor-employees actually were aware of
21   the discharge injunction and its applicability to their claims.
22   Id. at 1009.   In a related footnote, the Court of Appeals pointed
23   out that the notices sent to the creditor-employees clouded the
24   willfulness issue and opined that “[t]o the extent that the
25   deficient notices led the [creditor-employees] to believe, even
26   unreasonably, that the discharge injunction did not apply to
27   their claims because they were not affected by the bankruptcy,
28   this would preclude a finding of willfulness.”    Id. at 1009 n.14.

                                     16
 1        Here, were are not dealing with a complex chapter 11
 2   reorganization plan or with misleading notices from the debtor or
 3   the bankruptcy court suggesting that the creditors were not
 4   affected by the bankruptcy.   To the contrary, the form chapter 7
 5   discharge order issued by the bankruptcy court here indicated
 6   that the Debt had been discharged, and Starkus admitted that he
 7   knew and understood the general effect of the discharge.
 8   Furthermore, the Debtors through their counsel advised Starkus
 9   more than once that the no discharge language in the Loan
10   documents was invalid and unenforceable.7
11        We acknowledge that some of the language in In re ZiLOG,
12   Inc. is broad and arguably could be interpreted as precluding a
13   finding of willfulness and hence precluding the imposition of
14   contempt sanctions whenever the alleged contemnor testifies that,
15   for whatever reason, he or she did not subjectively believe that
16   the discharge applied to his or her claim, no matter how
17   misguided or unreasonable that belief might have been.    However,
18   we do not believe that In re ZiLOG, Inc. intended such an
19   expansive reading of its comments, given that such a reading
20   seemingly would render the bankruptcy discharge all but
21
22
23
          7
           In re Nash, 464 B.R. at 880, also is distinguishable.
24   There, we affirmed the bankruptcy court’s determination that the
     Hard Rock Café and Casino had not violated the discharge
25   injunction because Hard Rock had not taken any action to collect
26   the subject debt after Nash’s discharge order was entered. We
     also affirmed on an alternate ground, holding that the evidence
27   in the record there established that neither of In re ZiLOG,
     Inc.’s prerequisites for imposition of contempt sanctions had
28   been satisfied.

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 1   toothless.8
 2         In any event, regardless of these competing concerns, we
 3   hold that In re ZiLOG, Inc. did not preclude the bankruptcy court
 4   here from finding that Starkus willfully violated the discharge
 5   order, in light of the undisputed facts and circumstances
 6   regarding Starkus’ knowledge and conduct.
 7   C.   Damages Issue
 8         Only those actual damages, including attorney’s fees,
 9   incurred as a result of the noncompliant conduct can be recovered
10   as part of a compensatory civil contempt sanctions award.     See
11   In re Dyer, 322 F.3d at 1195.   To award such sanctions, the court
12   must find that actual damages flowed from the contemnor’s
13   noncompliant conduct.   Id.; see also Rosales v. Wallace
14   (In re Wallace), 2012 WL 2401871, at *8 (Mem. Dec. 9th Cir. BAP
15   2012) (holding that bankruptcy court must make sufficient
16   findings to support its damages award).
17         Here, even though the bankruptcy court erred when it ruled
18   that Starkus was not liable for contempt sanctions because of his
19
           8
20         An expansive reading of In re ZiLOG, Inc. also would appear
     to conflict with Barrientos, 633 F.3d at 1190, which held in part
21   that a chapter 7 debtor “cannot seek a second-order injunction”
     to enforce the discharge injunction against a specific creditor.
22
     According to Barrientos, permitting a debtor to seek such an
23   injunction is superfluous, repetitive and would afford no
     additional relief given that the debtor, by operation of
24   § 524(a)(2), already has been granted a discharge injunction upon
     entry of the discharge order. Id. But if In re ZiLOG, Inc. is
25   broadly interpreted, there will be cases in which the debtor will
26   not be able to enforce the § 524(a)(2) discharge injunction
     without a “second-order” injunction, because the debtor otherwise
27   will not be able to establish that the noncompliant creditor knew
     and subjectively believed that the § 524(a)(2) discharge
28   injunction applied to that creditor’s claim.

                                     18
 1   subjective beliefs concerning the discharge order, this does not
 2   mean that Starkus necessarily is liable for contempt sanctions.
 3   The bankruptcy court never made definitive findings regarding
 4   whether Chionis incurred compensable damages as a result of
 5   Starkus’ noncompliant conduct and, if so, what that amount of
 6   damages was.   At the conclusion of trial, the court came close to
 7   rendering findings on the damages issue when it stated as
 8   follows:
 9        I noticed as an aside, because it's not germane to my
          ultimate decision, that there was reference to damages.
10        I don't -- I looked all over. I couldn't actually find
          specific evidence regarding damages. I may have
11        overlooked that. I assume there were some compensatory
          damages at least relating to maybe attorney's fees.
12
13   Hr’g Tr. (May 21, 2012) at 45:14-19.   Ultimately, however, the
14   court declined to render damages findings and instead relied on
15   its finding regarding Starkus’ knowledge and belief concerning
16   the discharge to support its ruling that Starkus was not liable
17   for contempt sanctions.
18        On remand, the bankruptcy court will need to determine
19   whether, based on the evidence presented at trial, Chionis proved
20   that he incurred damages as a result of Starkus’ violation of the
21   discharge injunction and, if so, the amount of damages Chionis
22   incurred.9
23
24
          9
           At oral argument before this Panel, counsel for Chionis
25   asserted that the bankruptcy court did not permit Chionis to
26   present evidence of damages at the time of trial. But we have
     not found anything in the record to support this assertion. We
27   leave it to the bankruptcy court on remand to decide what, if
     any, additional opportunity ought to be afforded to the parties
28   to submit evidence concerning the extent of Chionis' damages.

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 1                              CONCLUSION
 2        For the reasons set forth above, we REVERSE the bankruptcy
 3   court’s finding regarding Starkus’ subjective knowledge, we
 4   VACATE the bankruptcy court’s judgment in favor of Starkus, and
 5   we REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this decision.
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