  IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
SABA CAPITAL MASTER FUND,               )
LTD.,                                   )
                                        )
                  Plaintiff,            )
                                        )
            v.                          )    C.A. No. 2019-0416-MTZ
                                        )
BLACKROCK CREDIT                        )
ALLOCATION INCOME TRUST,                )
BLACKROCK NEW YORK                      )
MUNICIPAL BOND TRUST,                   )
BLACKROCK ADVISORS, LLC,                )
RICHARD E. CAVANAGH, KAREN              )
P. ROBARDS, MICHAEL J.                  )
CASTELLANO, CYNTHIA L. EGAN,            )
FRANK J. FABOZZI, HENRY                 )
GABBAY, R. GLENN HUBBARD,               )
W. CARL KESTER, CATHERINE A.            )
LYNCH, ROBERT FAIRBAIRN, and            )
JOHN M. PERLOWSKI,                      )
                                        )
                  Defendants.           )

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION
                        Date Submitted: June 25, 2019
                         Date Decided: June 27, 2019

Carmella P. Keener, ROSENTHAL, MONHAIT & GODDESS, P.A.,
Wilmington, Delaware; Carol S. Shahmoon and Gregory E. Keller, SHAHMOON
KELLER PLLC, Great Neck, New York; Attorneys for Saba Capital Master Fund,
Ltd.

William M. Lafferty, D. McKinley Measley, Thomas P. Will, and Lauren P.
Russell, MORRIS, NICHOLS, ARSHT & TUNNELL LLP, Wilmington,
Delaware; Tariq Mundiya, Sameer Advani, Alexander L. Cheney, and Brittany M.
Wagonheim, WILKIE FARR & GALLAGHER LLP, New York, New York;
Attorneys for BlackRock Credit Allocation Income Trust and BlackRock New York
Municipal Bond Trust.
Robert S. Saunders and Ronald N. Brown, III, SKADDEN, ARPS, SLATE,
MEAGHER & FLOM, LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Eben P. Colby, SKADDEN,
ARPS, SLATE, MEAGHER & FLOM, LLP, Boston, Massachusetts; Attorneys
for BlackRock Advisors, LLC, Robert Fairbairn, and John M. Perlowski.

Gregory P. Williams and Kevin M. Regan, RICHARDS, LAYTON & FINGER,
P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; John S. Kiernan and Jeremy Feigelson,
DEBEVOISE & PLIMPTON LLP, New York, New York; Attorneys for Richard
E. Cavanagh, Karen P. Robards, Michael J. Castellano, Cynthia L. Egan, Frank
J. Fabozzi, Henry Gabbay, R. Glenn Hubbard, W. Carl Kester, and Catherine A.
Lynch.



ZURN, Vice Chancellor.
      A shareholder of two closed-end investment funds seeks to challenge the re-

election of incumbent board members at the upcoming annual meetings. In line with

the funds’ advance notice bylaw provisions, the shareholder provided timely

warning of its dissident slate of nominees. The funds, as permitted by their bylaws,

then requested that the shareholder supplement those notices with additional

information. The requested supplement was a questionnaire comprising nearly one

hundred questions over forty-seven pages, and was due in five business days. When

the shareholder missed that deadline, the funds declared that the nominations were

invalid and would not be counted at the elections, then trumpeted that announcement

in their proxies.    Because the annual meetings are swiftly approaching, the

shareholder sued and sought preliminary injunctive relief on two claims: a breach

of the bylaws, and a breach of the defendants’ fiduciary duties.

      On this highly expedited and pre-discovery record, I deny the shareholder

injunctive relief on its claims that the defendants breached their fiduciary duties.

Proof of those claims sufficient to grant the shareholder’s chosen relief requires more

than the inferences offered to date. But the breach of bylaws claim does not hinge

on any disputed facts and is resolvable even on this truncated record. I find that the

defendants’ questionnaire exceeded the inquiry that their bylaws permit, and as a

result, the defendants cannot invalidate the shareholder’s nominations on the
grounds that the overbroad questionnaire was not timely returned. Votes in favor of

the dissident slate shall be counted at the annual meetings.

I.     BACKGROUND

       I draw the undisputed facts from the Amended Complaint, and address only

those facts necessary to resolve the expedited claims. Defendant BlackRock Credit

Allocation Income Trust (“BTZ”) and BlackRock New York Municipal Bond Trust

(“BQH,” or, with BTZ, the “Trusts”) are Delaware statutory trusts registered as

closed-end investment companies under the federal Investment Company Act of

1940. Defendant BlackRock Advisors, LLC (“Advisor”) advises the Trusts. Non-

party BlackRock Inc. created and manages the Trusts, and is the parent of Advisor.

The individual defendants are all members of the Boards of Trustees that oversee

the Trusts (the “Boards”). Plaintiff Saba Capital Master Fund, Ltd., (“Saba”) is a

Cayman Islands company and shareholder of the Trusts.1

       Each Trust is governed by declarations of trust and a set of bylaws. BQH’s

bylaws are dated October 28, 2010, and BTZ’s bylaws are dated October 28, 2016

(together, the “Bylaws”). 2 The two Bylaws have an identical Article I, Section 7

(“Section 7”), that lays out how shareholders can nominate trustees to a Board.


1
  I refer to the briefing as the “Opening Brief,” the Trusts’ “Answering Brief,” and the
“Reply Brief.” Docket Item (“D.I.”) 13, 25, 32. The other Defendants’ briefing
incorporates and largely relies on the Answering Brief. D.I. 24, 26.
2
 D.I. 25, Transmittal Aff. of Thomas P. Will [hereinafter the “Will Affidavit”] Ex. C; Will
Aff. Ex. D.


                                            2
Sections 7(b) and (c) are advance notice bylaws requiring shareholders to give timely

written notice of a nomination (a “Nomination Notice”). Section 7(d) enumerates

the required contents for a proper Nomination Notice. For instance, under Section

7(d)(i)(C)(6), the Nomination Notice must include “information to establish to the

satisfaction of the Board of Directors that the Proposed Nominee satisfies the

director qualifications as set out in Section 1 of Article II.” Article II, Section 1

(“Section 1”), also identical for both Bylaws, provides an expansive list of

qualifications that prospective trustees must meet to serve on either of the Boards.

The parties agree that some of those qualifications relate to parallel requirements

under the Investment Company Act of 1940.

      This dispute turns most on Section 7(e), which permits the Board to request

updates and supplements to a Nomination Notice as follows:

      A shareholder of record, or group of shareholders of record, providing
      notice of any nomination . . . shall further update and supplement such
      notice, if necessary, so that:

      (i) the information provided or required to be provided in such notice
      pursuant to this Section 7 of this Article I shall be true and correct as of
      the record date for determining the shareholders entitled to receive
      notice of the annual meeting or special meeting in lieu of an annual
      meeting, and such update and supplement shall be delivered to or be
      mailed and received by the Secretary at the principal executive offices
      of the Fund not later than five (5) business days after the record date for
      determining the shareholders entitled to receive notice of such annual
      meeting or special meeting in lieu of an annual meeting; and




                                           3
          (ii) any subsequent information reasonably requested by the Board
          of Directors to determine that the Proposed Nominee has met the
          director qualifications as set out in Section 1 of Article II is provided,
          and such update and supplement shall be delivered to or be mailed and
          received by the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Fund
          no later than five (5) business days after the request by the Board of
          Directors for subsequent information regarding director qualifications
          has been delivered to or mailed and received by such shareholder of
          record, or group of shareholders of record providing notice of any
          nomination. 3

          On or about March 30, 2019, Saba delivered a Nomination Notice to the

Trusts nominating four individuals for election to each of the Boards (the

“Nomination Letters”). 4       Saba timely delivered the Nomination Letters under

Section 7, and addressed each of Section 1’s requirements, albeit at a high level and

without much context or explanation.

          On April 22, BTZ’s counsel emailed Saba “[p]ursuant to [Section 7]” and “on

behalf of [BTZ’s Board] to request additional information with respect to the

nominees.” 5 The email asked that “each of the proposed nominees complete and

sign the attached questionnaire[.]” 6 The first thirty-one pages of the questionnaire

(the “Questionnaire”) appear to be a document that sitting Board trustees complete



3
    Bylaws Art. I, § 7(e) (emphases added).
4
 D.I. 23 ¶¶ 40-41 [hereinafter the “Amended Complaint”]; see D.I. 14, Transmittal Aff. of
Michael D’Angelo [hereinafter the “D’Angelo Affidavit”] Ex. 1.
5
    D’Angelo Aff. Ex. 2.
6
    Id.



                                              4
to provide the Trusts with periodic information needed to “prepare regulatory filings,

. . . determine whether a Director or nominee may be an ‘interested person’ [under

the Investment Company Act of 1940], . . . evaluate potential conflicts of interest,

. . . update records, . . . [and] comply with other applicable laws and regulations.” 7

The last sixteen pages of the Questionnaire comprise an annex for nominees to

complete if they intend “to serve as a Director at this year’s Annual Meeting of

Shareholders,” along with various schedules and definitions to complete the

Questionnaire. 8 Depending on sub-parts, Saba counts ninety-five questions on the

Questionnaire, while Defendants count ninety-seven.

          At argument, Saba’s counsel represented that Saba and the nominees began

completing the Questionnaire on or about April 22, but that Saba did not view the

Questionnaire as falling under the five business day deadline imposed by Section

7(e)(ii). Whatever the reason, Saba did not submit the completed Questionnaire for

any nominee within that deadline. On May 1, BTZ’s Board emailed Saba to

announce that “the [Nomination Notice] is invalid under [BTZ’s] bylaws and

Delaware law.” 9       Saba responded that day by letter contesting the Board’s




7
    Id.
8
    Id.
9
    D’Angelo Aff. Ex. 3.



                                          5
determination and attaching the nominees’ completed Questionnaires. 10 On May 7,

the Trusts responded to underscore their determination that Saba’s failure to

complete the Questionnaire under the deadline in Section 7(e)(ii) rendered the

Nomination Notices invalid under either Trust’s Bylaws. 11 The Trusts also provided

their “initial review of [the] questionnaires . . . [a]s a courtesy.” Saba sent a letter

response that day, and another on May 9. 12

         What followed was the flurry of SEC filings and fight letters that accompany

a challenge to an incumbent board. To provide a few examples, BQH filed its

preliminary proxy statement on May 10, which indicated that “[t]he Board has

determined the nominations of the [Saba nominees] to be invalid as a result of Saba’s

hedge fund failing to comply with the Trust’s By-laws.” 13 On May 20, BTZ filed its

preliminary proxy statement, likewise declaring that “[t]he Board has determined

the nominations of the [Saba nominees] to be invalid as a result of Saba’s hedge fund

failing to comply with the Trust’s By-laws. As a result, any votes with respect to

the [Saba nominees] will not be counted at the meeting.”14 On May 24, BQH filed




10
     D’Angelo Aff. Ex. 4.
11
     D’Angelo Aff. Ex. 5.
12
     D’Angelo Aff. Ex. 6; Am. Compl. ¶ 55.
13
     Will Aff. Ex. P at 2.
14
     Will Aff. Ex. B at 2.



                                             6
its definitive proxy statement, which set its annual meeting date for July 18 and

instructed shareholders to “[p]lease discard any proxy card from Saba as any votes

with respect to [its nominees] will not be counted at the meeting.” 15              BQH

emphasized the same in fight letters to its shareholders. 16 Saba’s proxy materials

also acknowledged the dispute. 17

         Saba filed this action on June 4. It asserts four counts, but seeks preliminary

relief only for Counts III and IV. Count III alleges that Defendants violated the

Bylaws by purporting to render the Nomination Notices invalid under Section

7(e)(ii) for failure to timely return the Questionnaires. Count IV alleges that the

Defendants breached their fiduciary duties under the same nucleus of facts. 18 The

parties agreed to expedite briefing on preliminary relief. The day after Saba filed its

complaint, on June 5, BTZ filed its definitive proxy statement and set its meeting

date for July 8, three weeks before last year’s meeting date of July 30, according to

Saba. 19 On June 12, Saba amended its complaint to, among other things, include




15
     Will Aff. Ex. S at 17.
16
     Will Aff. Ex. T.
17
     Will Aff. Exs. R, U.
18
   Saba assets Count IV against the “Defendants” generally, but does not explain whether
it believes any of the entity Defendants to owe fiduciary duties. The distinction does not
matter for this opinion.
19
     Am. Compl. ¶ 59.



                                            7
allegations relating to BTZ’s definitive proxy. Saba requested that the Court rule by

June 28 in order to minimize the chance that brokers would discretionarily vote the

shares of clients who did not provide voting instructions under New York Stock

Exchange rules. 20 As a result, I heard argument on June 25.

          The Amended Complaint advances several requests for injunctive relief. But

Saba narrowed those requests to two. It asks this Court to enter preliminary relief

“to allow the nominations to be presented and votes to be counted.” 21

II.       ANALYSIS

          “To obtain a preliminary injunction, [Saba] must demonstrate: (1) a

reasonable probability of success on the merits; (2) that [it] will suffer irreparable

injury without an injunction; and (3) that [its] harm without an injunction outweighs

the harm to the defendants that will result from the injunction.” 22 “This Court has

utilized the higher mandatory injunction standard where, instead of seeking to

preserve the status quo as interim relief, Petitioners, as a practical matter, seek the

very relief that they would hope to receive in a final decision on the merits.” 23




20
     D.I. 2.
21
     Reply Br. 1; see also Opening Br. 1.
22
  C & J Energy Servs., Inc. v. City of Miami Gen. Empls.’ Ret. Tr., 107 A.3d 1049, 1066
(Del. 2014).
23
  Alpha Builders, Inc. v. Sullivan, 2004 WL 2694917, at *3 (Del. Ch. Nov. 5, 2004)
(quotations omitted).


                                            8
       Saba asks this Court to allow its nominees to be freely presented and votes

counted in the election. The parties dispute whether Saba seeks preliminary or

mandatory relief. I find that granting Saba’s requests would permit it “to run its

dissident slate of directors and thereby receive virtually all the relief it seeks” in

Counts III and IV, which seek to prevent the Defendants from applying Section

7(e)(ii) to invalidate the Nomination Notices. 24 Under the status quo, Defendants

have asserted their Bylaws and concluded that Saba’s nominees are ineligible for

election. The relief Saba seeks would upend, not preserve, that status quo, by

requiring Defendants to permit and count votes they otherwise would not have.

“Thus, [Saba] effectively seeks a mandatory injunction” 25 and, at this expedited and

pre-discovery stage, must make a showing “sufficient to support a grant of summary

judgment.” 26




24
  AB Value Partners, LP v. Kreisler Mfg. Corp., 2014 WL 7150465, at *3 (Del. Ch. Dec.
16, 2014).
25
   Id. at *3; see also Hubbard v. Hollywood Park Realty Enters., Inc., 1991 WL 3151, at
*13 n.14 (Del. Ch. Jan. 14, 1991) (finding mandatory relief standard applied when issuing
“a preliminary injunction. . . directing the cross-defendants to waive the advance notice by-
law requirement so as to afford any shareholder who so desires a reasonable opportunity
to nominate a dissident slate of candidates for election to the [] board”).
26
  Opportunity Partners L.P. v. Hill Int’l, Inc., 2015 WL 3582350, at *3 (Del. Ch. June 5,
2015), aff’d sub nom. Hill Int’l, Inc. v. Opportunity Partners L.P., 119 A.3d 30 (Del. 2015);
see also Munford v. Newark Hous. Auth., 2000 WL 546078, at *1 (Del. Ch. Apr. 26, 2000)
(“Because mandatory preliminary injunctive relief is requested, the application will be
governed by the standard applicable to a request for summary judgment.”).


                                             9
          A.     Saba Has Made A Sufficient Showing On The Merits Under Count
                 III, But Not Count IV.

          I address the merits prong for injunctive relief first. Count III is essentially a

breach of contract claim with undisputed facts, based on an unambiguous provision

of the Bylaws. I conclude Saba meets the standard for mandatory relief even at this

early stage. But mandatory relief under Count IV, which depends on complex and

disputed facts, including Defendants’ intent in issuing the Questionnaire, is not

supported at this time.

                 1.     Count III

          The Bylaws “constitute part of a binding broader contract among the directors,

officers and stockholders.” 27 Count III asserts a breach of the Bylaws and claims

that (1) the Questionnaire could not have been submitted as a Section 7(e)(ii) request

on April 22, 28 (2) even if it could, the Questionnaire was not clearly posed to Saba

as a Section 7(e)(ii) request, 29 and (3) even if it was, the Questionnaire exceeded the

scope Section 7(e)(ii) permits. 30 These questions turn on a disputed interpretation

of Section 7. “Words and phrases used in a bylaw are to be given their commonly

accepted meaning unless the context clearly requires a different one or unless legal


27
     Hill Int’l, Inc., 119 A.3d at 38.
28
     See generally Opening Br. 25-30.
29
     See generally id. at 11, 16, 23.
30
     See generally id. at 31-33.



                                              10
phrases having a special meaning are used.” 31 “If charter or bylaw provisions are

unclear, we resolve any doubt in favor of the stockholder’s electoral rights.” 32

          Both parties argue that the relevant Bylaws unambiguously support their

interpretation. Although Saba’s position appeared to evolve somewhat from briefing

to argument, it broadly asserts that a request under Section 7(e)(ii) may only be made

subsequent to one or more of the following: an identified change to the contents of

a Nomination Notice that requires an update or supplement, an update pursuant to

Section 7(e)(i), or an information request under Section 7(d)(i)(C)(6). 33 Defendants

assert that Section 7(e)(ii) is the exclusive method for the Boards to request

supplemental information relating to Nomination Notices in the Bylaws, and that

such a request need not be preceded by any of the triggering events Saba identifies.

          Although I must construe ambiguity in Saba’s favor, 34 I agree with

Defendants’ interpretation and find Section 7(e)(ii) unambiguous in this context.

Section 7(e)(ii) provides the sole method identified by the parties for the Boards to

request supplemental information to a Nomination Notice. Section 7(d)(i)(C)(6)



31
     Hibbert v. Hollywood Park, Inc., 457 A.2d 339, 343 (Del. 1983).
32
     Hill Int’l, Inc., 119 A.3d at 38.
33
  Bylaws Art. I, § 7(d)(i)(C)(6) (requiring a Nomination Notice to include “information to
establish to the satisfaction of the Board of Directors that the Proposed Nominee satisfies
the director qualifications as set out in Section 1 of Article II”).
34
     See Hill Int’l, Inc., 119 A.3d at 38.



                                             11
indicates that a Nomination Notice must satisfy the Board that the nominee meets

Section 1’s requirements, but, contrary to Saba’s argument, does not include an

independent right under that section for the Board to request information. Further,

a request under Section 7(e)(ii) does not need to follow the record date or any other

triggering event related to Section 7(e)(i). 35 Under this plain reading of the Bylaws,

the Boards could request supplemental information related to the Nomination Letters

on April 22 under Section 7(e)(ii).

       Saba’s next argument is that the April 22 email transmitting the Questionnaire

did not effectively communicate that it was a request under Section 7(e)(ii), and so

Defendants should not be permitted to impose that Section’s five-day deadline. It is

unclear whether this argument rings in estoppel or some other principle, but I reject

it regardless of form. While I agree that the April 22 email was less than transparent

when it referred only to a request for “additional information” under “Article I,

Section 7,” Saba, a sophisticated entity that had already completed the Nomination

Letters and understood the structure of the Bylaws, could only have been reasonably

confused by the April 22 email if there was another method under Section 7 for the



35
   Saba relies, among other things, on the consecutive “and” between Sections 7(e)(i) and
(ii). But that indicates only that the two subsections are not mutually exclusive, not that
they must occur jointly. Any other reading would lead to bizarre results. For instance, the
Board would have no right to request supplemental information (under Section 7(e)(ii)) in
situations where a shareholder did not, or was not required to, update its Nomination Notice
to reflect changes as of the record date (under Section 7(e)(i)).


                                            12
Boards to request additional information about the nominations. As addressed

above, Section 7(e)(ii) is the only provision applicable to that purpose.

         Saba’s final argument is that the Questionnaire exceeded the bounds and form

Section 7(e)(ii) permits, and thus Saba cannot reasonably be held to the response

deadline. Section 7(e)(ii) requires shareholders to “update and supplement” their

Nomination Notices, “if necessary,” in response to a request from the relevant Board

for “any subsequent information reasonably requested . . . to determine that the

Proposed Nominee has met the director qualifications as set out in Section 1 of

Article II.” Thus, the Bylaws imposed three restrictions on the Boards’ right to

request updates and supplements to the Nomination Letters: the desired information

must be (a) for the purpose of determining whether Saba’s nominees met Section 1’s

enumerated requirements, (b) “reasonably requested” with that scope in mind, and

(c) “necessary” for the Boards’ determinations.

         On my request, Saba and Defendants submitted demonstratives categorizing

whether each of the subpart questions in the Questionnaire related to Section 1’s

director qualifications or some other purpose. 36 The parties diverge on how many

questions in the Questionnaire sought information relevant to the trustee

requirements in Section 1: Defendants claim about two thirds, and Saba claims only




36
     D.I. 35.


                                          13
about one third.       But even taking Defendants’ demonstrative as accurate, the

Questionnaire included thirty questions (out of about one hundred) that were not tied

to Section 1. These included questions, and justifications for asking the questions,

like:

         • “The Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012 (‘ITR
           Act’) requires, among other things, that each Fund disclose in its annual
           and periodic reports information regarding whether any of its ‘affiliates’
           knowingly have engaged in certain activities that are sanctionable pursuant
           to the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (the ‘1996 Act’) or the Comprehensive
           Iran Sanctions, Accountability and Divestment Act of 2010 (the ‘2010
           Act’). The term ‘knowingly’ means that a person has actual knowledge or
           should have known of the conduct, the circumstance or the result, as the
           case may be. During the last two calendar years, have you knowingly
           engaged in any of the following: An activity that meets the criteria for
           sanctions under the 1996 Act. Such activities may include the following:
           Transactions relating to Iran’s petroleum or petrochemical industries . . .
           [or] Transactions facilitating Iran’s procurement or proliferation of
           conventional weapons or weapons of mass destruction[;] An activity that
           meets the criteria for sanctions under the 2010 Act, dealing with the
           transfer of certain goods (such as firearms) or technologies to Iran that are
           likely to be used by Iranian authorities to commit human rights abuses[;]
           A transaction or dealing with any person whose assets are frozen by the
           U.S. Government under legal authorities dealing with terrorism or the
           proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. These persons appear on the
           List of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons maintained
           by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control
           (‘OFAC’), and include many large Iranian companies[;] A transaction or
           dealing with the Government of Iran, including any entity identified by
           OFAC as being part of the Government of Iran, without authorization from
           the U.S. Government.” 37 Defendants claim the purpose for this question
           was compliance with the ITR Act.



37
     D’Angelo Aff. Ex. 2 at 31.



                                           14
           • “Have you ever been disqualified, suspended, dismissed, placed on
             academic probation or otherwise subject to a disciplinary action at any
             academic institution.” 38 Defendants claim the purpose for this question
             was to determine whether the nominees were suitable to serve as trustees.

           • “Have you ever been the subject of any allegation involving sexual assault,
             sexual harassment or sexual misconduct, irrespective of whether such
             allegation ultimately resulted in any formal or informal claims or
             litigation.” 39 Defendants claim the purpose for this question was to
             determine whether the nominees were suitable to serve as trustees.

           • “Describe your current business and other commitments, and your
             expected business and other commitments over the next three years.
             Please attached a comprehensive resume or curriculum vitae covering at
             least the last 5 years.” 40 Defendants claim the purpose for this question
             was to determine whether the nominees were suitable to serve as trustees.

           • “Are you currently, or have you ever been, nominated by a shareholder to
             serve on a public company or fund board,” and, “[i]f yes, tell us who
             nominated you and, if applicable, the result of the election. In any of those
             cases, did you withdraw your nomination or was your nomination
             withdrawn? If your nomination was ever withdrawn, please describe the
             reasons for the withdrawal.” 41 Defendants claim the purpose for this
             question was to determine whether the nominees were suitable to serve as
             trustees.

           The Boards were entitled to ask for supplemental information and updates

under Section 7(e)(ii) to determine that the nominees “met the director qualifications

as set out in Section 1 of Article II.” 42         And certainly some amount of the


38
     Id. at 38.
39
     Id.
40
     Id. at 39.
41
     Id. at 40.
42
     Bylaws Art. I, § 7(e)(ii).


                                             15
Questionnaire fell within the square boundaries of that authority. But Defendants

went too far. By including in the Questionnaire a substantial number of questions

unrelated to Section 1’s director qualifications, and nonetheless enforcing the strict

five-day deadline to invalidate Saba’s nominations, Defendants overstepped their

authority under Section 7(e)(ii) while demanding strict compliance from Saba.

Defendants assert that the Questionnaire was broad because it is also designed to

ensure that nominees satisfy federal regulations and requirements, as well as to elicit

information the Boards would simply like to know about nominees. 43 While those

goals are understandable, the plain meaning of Section 7(e)(ii) only permits inquiries

into director qualifications as confined by Section 1. Defendants provide no reason

why these additional and purportedly critical issues had to be dropped on Saba with

a five-day deadline, when they could have been solicited through the already

expansive Nomination Notice requirements and Section 1. Including questions

unrelated to Section 1’s trustee qualifications made the Questionnaire, or even a

targeted and appropriate subset of that Questionnaire, more burdensome to answer

within the five-day deadline.

         Accordingly, I find that the Questionnaire as a whole was not “reasonably

requested” or “necessary” to determine whether Saba’s nominees met Section 1’s




43
     See Answering Br. 14.


                                          16
requirements. Having issued a request that exceeded the Bylaws’ scope, Defendants

are not permitted to rely on the five-day deadline for Saba’s compliance with that

request. 44   Because Saba submitted the Questionnaire, albeit shortly after the

deadline, the Court need not decide whether Saba’s nominations were invalid for

failure to timely respond to the proper portions of the Questionnaire, or precisely

what portions of the Questionnaire were proper under Section 7(e)(ii).

              2.     Count IV

       “Advance notice bylaws are often construed and frequently upheld as valid by

Delaware courts.” 45 But this Court “has warned that ‘when advance notice bylaws

unduly restrict the stockholder franchise or are applied inequitably, they will be

struck down.’” 46 Because I find that Saba has satisfied its burden on Count III, “the

court need not reach any of the arguments about whether the defendants have acted



44
  The parties dispute whether the Boards had the authority to declare the Nomination
Notices invalid at all, or whether the Bylaws vested the discretion solely with the
chairperson of each Trust’s annual meeting under Section 7(f). I do not reach that question
because I grant Saba’s relief to count votes received for its nominees.
45
  Openwave Sys. Inc. v. Harbinger Capital Partners Master Fund I, Ltd., 924 A.2d 228,
239 (Del. Ch. 2007) (“Such bylaws are designed and function to permit orderly meetings
and election contests and to provide fair warning to the corporation so that it may have
sufficient time to respond to shareholder nominations.”).
46
   Jana Master Fund, Ltd. v. CNET Networks, Inc., 954 A.2d 335, 344 (Del. Ch. 2008)
(finding against the company’s interpretation of its advance notice bylaw) (quoting
Openwave Sys. Inc., 924 A.2d at 239); see also Hill Int’l, Inc., 119 A.3d at 38-41 (affirming
a mandatory injunction where the company wielded an incorrect interpretation of its
bylaws to purportedly invalidate a shareholder’s nomination to the board).



                                             17
inequitably.” 47 Nonetheless, I briefly address Count IV to note that I would deny

Saba relief under the mandatory injunction standard at this stage. Count IV asserts

that Defendants violated their fiduciary duties because their “primary purpose in

applying the Bylaws to preclude [Saba’s] nominations for failure to deliver

responses to the [] Questionnaire within five business days is to interfere with the

ability of shareholders to nominate and vote for trustees other than the incumbents,”

“Defendants have no reasonable or compelling justification for such interference

with the shareholder franchise,” and “Defendants’ actions violate their fiduciary

duties under Delaware law to ensure fair and reasonable nominating and voting

procedures in the election of directors.” 48 Saba advances Count IV under Blasius

Industries, Inc. v. Atlas Corp. 49 and Schnell, Inc. v. Chris-Craft Industries, Inc. 50

         On this pre-discovery record, Saba has not met its burden for mandatory

injunctive relief on Count IV. The Trusts adopted Section 7 on a “clear day” before

this proxy contest. 51 Proof that Defendants acted with the primary purpose of


47
     Opportunity Partners L.P., 2015 WL 3582350, at *3.
48
     Am. Compl. ¶¶ 97-98.
49
  564 A.2d 651, 661 (Del. Ch. 1988) (where boards act with “the primary purpose of
impeding the exercise of stockholder voting power,” they “bear[] the heavy burden of
demonstrating a compelling justification for such action”).
50
   285 A.2d 437, 439 (Del. 1971) (“[I]nequitable action does not become permissible
simply because it is legally possible.”).
51
  See AB Value Partners, 2014 WL 7150465, at *3 (finding no evidence that an advance
notice bylaw was applied “so as to make compliance impossible or extremely difficult,


                                           18
thwarting Saba’s nominees under Blasius, or otherwise acted inequitably under

Schnell, requires more than merely laying out the timeline of Defendants’ conduct

and speculating about bad intent or purpose. 52 The lack of that proof is, in part, a

mess of Saba’s own making. Saba could have brought its claim weeks before it did.

Saba was aware that it was unlikely to convince Defendants to relent on the

Nomination Notices by at least May 10, when BQH filed its preliminary proxy

statement. By waiting until early June to bring suit, Saba eliminated the opportunity

to seek meaningful discovery before a hearing. Though I stop short of finding that



thereby thwarting” a proxy fight, where the bylaw was adopted “on a ‘clear day’ long
before the present proxy challenge”).
52
   See generally MM Cos., Inc. v. Liquid Audio, Inc., 813 A.2d 1118, 1128 (Del. 2003)
(“[J]udicial review under the deferential traditional business judgment rule standard is
inappropriate when a board of directors acts for the primary purpose of impeding or
interfering with the effectiveness of a shareholder vote, especially in the specific context
presented in Blasius of a contested election for directors.”); Pell v. Kill, 135 A.3d 764, 785
(Del. Ch. 2016) (“[T]he Delaware Supreme Court has made clear that Blasius is a form of
enhanced scrutiny in which the compelling justification concept from that decision is
applied within the enhanced standard of judicial review.” (quotations omitted)); Accipiter
Life Scis. Fund, L.P. v. Helfer, 905 A.2d 115, 125 (Del. Ch. 2006) (“Obviously, our courts
have been more likely to find an action impermissible if the board acted with the intent of
influencing or precluding a proxy contest for control of the corporation.”); Hubbard, 1991
WL 3151, at *8 (stating that “Blasius . . . represent[s] a particularized application of the
Schnell doctrine” and that “[b]ecause of the fundamental importance of shareholder voting
rights to our system of corporate governance, Blasius may be viewed as holding that
director conduct intended to interfere with or frustrate shareholder voting rights is
presumptively inequitable and will be invalidated, unless the directors are able to rebut that
presumption by showing a compelling justification for their actions”). “None of this is to
say that relief from an inequitable bylaw is dependent on a finding of scienter” under a
Schnell claim, but cases without a showing of intent or purpose tend to have “quite
extraordinary” facts. Accipiter Life Scis. Fund, L.P., 905 A.2d at 125.



                                             19
Saba is guilty of laches at this stage due to its reasonable belief that BTZ’s annual

meeting would not be scheduled until late July, “[t]he emergency nature of [Saba’s

motion] is,” to some degree, “a self-inflicted wound.” 53 Thus, while I leave open

the possibility that the Questionnaire unduly restricted the shareholder franchise,

Saba has not yet met its burden as to that or Defendants’ intent.

          B.      Saba Is At Risk Of Irreparable Harm.

          Saba has demonstrated that it will suffer irreparable harm absent injunctive

relief.        “Courts have consistently found that corporate management subjects

shareholders to irreparable harm by denying them the right to vote their shares or

unnecessarily frustrating them in their attempt to obtain representation on the board

of directors.” 54 “The shareholders’ right to vote includes the right to nominate a

contesting slate.” 55 Where a lack of injunctive relief “may well defeat the efforts of

[stockholder] plaintiffs and the will of the majority of the stockholders” in a vote to

elect board members, “[i]rreparable harm may be assumed.” 56




53
 Moor Disposal Serv., Inc. v. Kent Cty. Levy Court, 2007 WL 2351070, at *1 (Del. Ch.
Aug. 10, 2007).
54
  Hubbard, 1991 WL 3151, at *5 (quoting Int’l Banknote Co. v. Muller, 713 F. Supp. 612,
623 (S.D.N.Y. 1989)).
55
     Id. at *5.
56
     Aprahamian v. HBO & Co., 531 A.2d 1204, 1208 (Del. Ch. 1987).



                                           20
           C.    The Balance Of Hardships Favors Injunctive Relief.

           Defendants argue that the balance of hardships weighs against injunctive

relief because of Saba’s delay in bringing this suit and the related costs of soliciting

additional votes and potentially issuing corrective disclosures in a short period of

time. 57 “[T]here is little possibility of hardship to the individual defendants” because

“[t]he incumbent directors have no vested right to continue to serve as directors and

therefore will suffer no harm if they are defeated.” 58 “If the will of the stockholders

is thwarted, however, there may be considerable hardship to the stockholders and

their corporation.” 59 Moreover, Defendants set the BTZ meeting date after Saba

filed its initial complaint, so costs related to its rapid approach are at least partly self-

imposed. 60

III.       CONCLUSION

           For the reasons above, the Court enjoins Defendants from applying Section

7(e)(ii) to invalidate Saba’s nominations to the Boards based on the late return of

Saba’s Questionnaires. The Trusts shall count votes for those nominees at the annual


57
     Answering Br. 46-48.
58
     Aprahamian, 531 A.2d at 1208.
59
     Id.
60
   To the extent the Trusts elect to reconvene their annual meetings and re-solicit proxies,
this Court has previously held “[t]hat harm is not substantial and can be mitigated by
permitting [a company] to convene the [a]nnual [m]eeting for the sole purpose of
adjourning it to [a] later date.” Opportunity Partners L.P., 2015 WL 3582350, at *4.



                                             21
meetings. “As contemplated by Rule 65(d), this injunction is binding upon the

parties to this action, their officers, agents, servants, employees, and attorneys, and

upon those persons in active concert or participation with them, who receive actual

notice of the order by personal service or otherwise.” 61

          No party has addressed security for the injunction. “[T]he party seeking

security must support its application with facts or some realistic, as opposed to a yet-

unproven, legal theory from which damages could flow to the party enjoined.” 62 Nor

have Defendants presented numerical evidence of the severity of any costs not

subject to mitigation that may result from this injunction. As a result, the Court

orders this injunction as of today. 63 The parties shall submit any affidavits in support

of security by 12:00 p.m. on Monday, July 1, 2019.

          To the extent an order is required for the foregoing to take effect, IT IS SO

ORDERED. To the extent the parties require a separate order memorializing the

injunction in this opinion, they may submit proposed orders (or, ideally, a joint

proposed order) by 12:00 p.m. on Monday, July 1, 2019.




61
     Id. at *4.
62
  Hill Int’l, Inc., 119 A.3d at 40 n.32 (affirming mandatory injunction not conditioned on
the posting of security).
63
  See Opportunity Partners L.P., 2015 WL 3582350, at *4 (finding mandatory injunction
“not conditioned on the posting of any security”).


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