                         RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                      File Name: 13a0160p.06

                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                    _________________


 JAMES C. JANOSEK; WELDED RING PRODUCTS X
                                              -
                      Plaintiffs-Appellants, --
 CO.,

                                              -
                                                                 No. 12-4028
           v.
                                              ,
                                               >
                                              -
                                              -
                     Defendants-Appellees. N-
 CITY OF CLEVELAND; BARRY A. WITHERS,


                       Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.
                    No. 1:12-cv-00823—James S. Gwin, District Judge.
                              Decided and Filed: June 7, 2013
      Before: MARTIN and COOK, Circuit Judges; GRAHAM, District Judge.*

                                      _________________

                                           COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: Larry W. Zukerman, S. Michael Lear, Brian A. Murray, ZUKERMAN,
DAIKER & LEAR, CO., L.P.A., Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellants. Joseph F. Scott,
Awatef Assad, CITY OF CLEVELAND, DEPARTMENT OF LAW, Cleveland, Ohio,
for Appellees.
                                      _________________

                                            OPINION
                                      _________________

        BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Circuit Judge. James C. Janosek sued the City of
Cleveland over the apparent overbilling of Janosek’s company, Welded Ring Products,
Co., for its water use from 1999 to 2001. Janosek asserted four claims against the city:
unjust enrichment, taking without just compensation in violation of the Ohio
Constitution, negligence, and the deprivation of his federal due process rights. The

        *
          The Honorable James L. Graham, Senior United States District Judge for the Southern District
of Ohio, sitting by designation.


                                                  1
No. 12-4028           Janosek, et al. v. City of Cleveland, et al.                             Page 2


district court dismissed the case under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), holding
that the statute of limitations barred Janosek’s state claims and that Janosek’s federal
due-process claim had not identified a valid property interest. Janosek appealed. For
the reasons that follow we AFFIRM the district court.

                                                  I.

        Janosek owns a Cleveland-based company, Welded Ring Products, Co., that
makes welded ring products for aircraft engines and other industries. Historically,
Welded Ring used a large amount of water as a way of cooling the hydraulics used for
its manufacturing, resulting in high water bills that Welded Ring paid to the City of
Cleveland’s Water Department, which controls the water supply in Cuyahoga County
where Welded Ring is located.

        While the date is not stated in either the briefs or the complaint, presumably in
or before 1999 Janosek installed “six closed loop water chillers that he hoped would
enable Welded Ring Products Co. to recapture the water it used to cool its hydraulics and
thereby significantly decreas[e] its water consumption.” Instead of seeing a decrease in
his water bills’ cost, Janosek continued to pay water bills in excess of $150,000 a year
between 1999 and 2001. The water bills’ cost did not decrease significantly until 2002,
when they dropped to between $10,000 and $25,000 a year.

        In October 2009, eight years after the drop in the water bills’ costs, Janosek
approached Cleveland’s Law Department about the discrepancy in the water bills from
1999 to 2001, claiming that the Water Department overcharged him about $500,000
between 1999 and 2001, and billed him $36,000 for a water line that had been closed for
more than ten years. Janosek believed that the Water Department’s overbilling stemmed
from a “practice and procedure of estimating the amount of water used and consumed
by its customers based on said customer’s prior usage and consumption,” and thus did
not accurately reflect its customers’ water usage.1 In response to Janosek’s inquiries,


        1
         As a result of complaints, in 2010 the City of Cleveland spent over $80 million to install new
water meters with technology to automatically read water use.
No. 12-4028        Janosek, et al. v. City of Cleveland, et al.                   Page 3


the Law Department referred Janosek to the City of Cleveland’s Moral Claims
Commission.

       The Moral Claims Commission was established by Cleveland Codified
Ordinance section 155.01 to consider monetary claims against Cleveland that Cleveland
is not legally obligated to pay. Cleveland, Ohio, Code § 155.02. Section 155.04 further
states that the Moral Commission may award payment for a claim, but that the payment
of any award is at the “discretion of the Commission as a matter of grace and not as a
matter of right.” Cleveland, Ohio, Code § 155.04(a). Janosek brought his claim to the
Commission to consider. The Moral Commission held a hearing on March 25, 2010,
having only notified the Water Department and not Janosek of the hearing’s date and
time. At the hearing the Moral Commission denied Janosek’s claim saying “there was
no moral obligation on the part of the City of Cleveland to pay Plaintiff’s claims.”
Janosek received a letter from the Claims Examiner on March 31, 2010, that said the
Moral Commission had held a hearing and had denied his reimbursement claim.

       Janosek filed a complaint against the City of Cleveland in the Cuyahoga County
Court of Common Pleas, which he later amended, arguing: unjust enrichment; taking
without just compensation in violation of the Ohio Constitution Section 19, Article 1;
and negligence. Janosek also brought a section 1983 action claiming a violation of his
Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment rights to due process because the Moral Commission
withheld notice of the date, time, and location of its hearing. The City removed the case
to federal court and then moved to dismiss Janosek’s claims. The district court
ultimately dismissed Janosek’s case for failure to state a claim under 12(b)(6), finding
that Janosek’s unjust enrichment, taking without just compensation, and negligence
claims were barred by the statute of limitations, and that Janosek’s due process claim
failed because Janosek had not identified a valid property interest. Janosek appealed.

                                            II.

       We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a complaint for failure to state
a claim under Rule 12(b)(6). Marks v. Newcourt Credit Grp., Inc., 342 F.3d 444, 451
(6th Cir. 2003) (citing Weiner v. Klais & Co., 108 F.3d 86, 88 (6th Cir. 1997)). As part
No. 12-4028           Janosek, et al. v. City of Cleveland, et al.                            Page 4


of our analysis “we must construe the allegations of the complaint in the light most
favorable to plaintiffs, accept all well-pled factual allegations as true, and decide whether
the complaint contains sufficient facts to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its
face.” U.S. Citizens Ass’n v. Sebelius, 705 F.3d 588, 597 (6th Cir. 2013) (citing
Dudenhoefer v. Fifth Third Bancorp, 692 F.3d 410, 416 (6th Cir. 2012)).

        Janosek claims that the district court erred when it held that his claims were
barred by the statute of limitations. He supports this claim only by saying that the
district could not have determined from the face of his complaint whether his claims
were time-barred because he did not specify a date on which he discovered the billing
discrepancies. This argument is not persuasive, and the district court was correct when
it dismissed the case.

        Under Ohio law, an action against a political subdivision must be brought
“within two years after the cause of action accrues.” Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2744.04
(West). In general, a cause of action accrues at the time the wrongful act is committed.
Flagstar Bank, F.S.B. v. Airline Union’s Mortg. Co., 947 N.E.2d 672, 675 (Ohio 2011).
As the district court correctly noted, a claim accrued for Janosek’s actions at the
following times:

        For a claim of unjust enrichment, the wrongful act occurs at the time the
        benefit is conferred and retained unjustly. See Desai v. Franklin,
        895 N.E.2d 875, 883 (Ohio Ct. App. 2008). For a claim of taking
        without just compensation, the wrongful act occurs at the time of the
        taking. See Koe-Krompecher v. City of Columbus, No. 05AP-697, 2005
        WL 3316846, at *5 (Ohio Ct. App. Dec. 8, 2005). For a claim of
        negligence, the wrongful act generally occurs at the time of the negligent
        conduct. See Collins v. Sotka, 692 N.E.2d 581, 584 (Ohio 1998).

Janosek does not argue that there is a special discovery rule that could change the time
of accrual,2 he merely asserts that there are not enough dates in the complaint for a
district court to decide whether his claims were time-barred.


        2
          Any doubt about Janosek’s discovery of the issue is extinguished by his own allegations that
Welded Ring’s water bills dropped from around $150,000 a year in 2001 to between $10,000 and $25,000
in 2002, a drop in costs that would be hard to miss.
No. 12-4028         Janosek, et al. v. City of Cleveland, et al.                     Page 5


        Janosek’s complaint states that “from 1999 through 2001, the Water Department
overcharged the Plaintiff Welded Ring approximately $500,000,” and further billed
Welded Ring $36,000 for a long-closed water line. Thus, Janosek’s causes of action
started accruing at the latest in 2001. Janosek did not file a complaint in this case until
2010, nine years after Welded Ring had been over-billed. The face of Janosek’s
complaint provides enough information to determine that his claims were brought long
past the two-year statute of limitations. Janosek’s unjust enrichment, taking without just
compensation, and negligence claims are time-barred.

                                             III.

        Janosek next argues that the district court erred when it dismissed his federal due
process claims by holding that Janosek had not alleged a protected liberty or property
interest. Janosek says that the district court erred when it neglected to consider “the fact
that the City of Cleveland afforded him a Moral Claims Commission Hearing which
should have presented him with an opportunity to be awarded money from the City for
its unlawful taking . . . .” He further argues that the Moral Commission’s scheduling of
a hearing to consider his claim is further evidence that Janosek had a protected property
interest in the subject matter of the hearing. This argument fails.

        Procedural due process protections only apply to property and liberty interests
recognized by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. Bd. of Regents of State Colls. v.
Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 569 (1972). To succeed on his claim, Janosek must establish the
existence of a legitimate claim of entitlement, not merely state “[a]n abstract need or
unilateral expectation.” Richardson v. Twp. of Brady, 218 F.3d 508, 517 (6th Cir. 2000).
A government entitlement is not provided due process protections if “government
officials may grant or deny it in their discretion.” Town of Castle Rock, Colo. v.
Gonzales, 545 U.S. 748, 756 (2005); Richardson, 218 F.3d at 517. Nor may a plaintiff
assert a property right in government procedures themselves. Richardson, 218 F.3d at
517–18.

        Any legitimate property interests that Janosek had in the overpayment of water
bills lapsed once the statute of limitations ran. That the Moral Commission agreed to a
No. 12-4028        Janosek, et al. v. City of Cleveland, et al.                    Page 6


hearing does not demonstrate that Janosek had an interest in the subject matter of the
hearing. The entitlement to the hearing was entirely discretionary because the sole
purpose of the Commission is to consider monetary claims that Cleveland is not legally
required to pay. Furthermore, as the Ohio ordinance establishes, the Commission “may
fix an award for the payment of the claim . . . in the discretion of the Commission as a
matter of grace and not as a matter of right.” Cleveland, Ohio, Code § 155.04(a). We
agree that the Commission inappropriately failed to notify Janosek of the time and date
of the hearing, but unfortunately this is not enough to create a property interest in this
case.

                                            IV.

        We AFFIRM the district court.
