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                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-1418-18T4

WALTER D. SEVERNS,

          Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES,
POLICE AND FIREMEN'S
RETIREMENT SYSTEM,

     Respondent-Respondent.
___________________________

                   Submitted March 24, 2020 – Decided April 22, 2020

                   Before Judges Yannotti and Hoffman.

                   On appeal from the Board of Trustees of the Police and
                   Firemen's Retirement System, Department of Treasury,
                   PFRS No. 3-10-047578.

                   Alterman & Associates, LLC, attorneys for appellant
                   (Stuart J. Alterman and Timothy J. Prol, on the briefs).

                   Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for
                   respondent (Melissa H. Raksa, Assistant Attorney
                   General, of counsel; Austin J. Edwards, Deputy
                   Attorney General, on the brief).
PER CURIAM

      Petitioner Walter D. Severns appeals from a final decision of the Board of

Trustees (Board) of the Police and Firemen's Retirement System (PFRS), which

denied his application for accidental disability retirement benefits. We affirm.

                                       I.

      In October 2012, Severns submitted an application to the Board seeking

accidental disability retirement benefits, claiming he was permanently and

totally disabled as a direct result of a traumatic event that occurred during the

performance of his regularly-assigned duties. On October 7, 2013, the Board

granted Severns ordinary disability retirement benefits but found that he was not

eligible for accidental disability retirement benefits.       Severns filed an

administrative appeal, and the Board referred the matter to the Office of

Administrative Law for a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ).

      At the hearing, Severns testified that in December 2010, he was employed

as a police officer for the City of Camden. He had been a patrolman on the

City's police force for eleven years, and he had law-enforcement experience for

a combined total of sixteen to seventeen years. Severns stated that on December

25, 2010, while on duty, he received a call from dispatch reporting there was a




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                                       2
man with a gun in a certain block of Yorkship Square, near an alley with two

entrances.

      Officers Rivera and Inostroza also responded to the call. Inostroza exited

his patrol car, and Rivera told Severns the suspect had gone into the alley.

Rivera said he saw the gun in the suspect's waistband. He stated that the suspect

pulled the gun out and ran. Severns stayed in his patrol car as Inostroza and

Rivera chased the suspect on foot.

      Severns then drove down the street and the other officers went into the

alley. Severns said he intended to cut off the suspect. He saw the suspect

running with the weapon in his right hand. He parked his car at an angle and

opened the car door to take up a defensive position. The suspect was pinned by

the car for several seconds.

      According to Severns, the suspect looked at him, jumped over the bumper,

and ran to the side of his vehicle. Severns opened the door of his police vehicle

and used it to pin the suspect up against the fence. Severns looked for Inostroza

and Rivera but they had not yet arrived on the scene. Severns testified that the

suspect was two to three feet away. The suspect pointed the gun at Severns.

The suspect had his finger on the trigger and Severns heard two clicks.




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                                       3
      Severns moved to his right. His gun was beneath him on his right side.

He stated that the car's radio impeded his ability to move and he could not reach

his weapon. He did not expect the suspect to try to shoot him or run to the left

side of his patrol car, where he could be pinned by the car door. Severns said

he did not expect to be in a position where he could not reach his gun. He bent

over to avoid being shot.

      Severns then heard Rivera tell the suspect to drop the weapon. He pushed

the door open and saw the suspect with his arms up. The suspect took off again,

but Rivera pursued and tackled him, at which point the suspect dropped the gun.

Severns acknowledged that, at the time, he did not tell Rivera or anyone that the

suspect tried to shoot him. He said his head was cloudy.

      Severns further testified that he knew that he could have charged the

suspect with certain criminal offenses, such as attempting to shoot a police

officer, but he did not follow up or contact anyone about doing so. He claimed

he was waiting for a detective to call him. He said it was not his responsibility

to ensure the detective had the correct charges.

      Rivera testified that on December 25, 2010, he received the same dispatch

call that Severns received and he responded to the suspect's reported location in

his patrol car. Rivera saw the suspect with his hand over the barrel of a gun and


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                                        4
he gave chase. He grabbed the suspect's waistband, but the suspect continued

to run. Rivera pursued the suspect and, as he came around a corner, he saw the

front of Severns's car with the suspect coming around the driver's side. Rivera

said the suspect pointed a gun at Severns, who was within an arm's length of the

weapon.

      Rivera did not know if the suspect had drawn the hammer back and he did

not hear the gun fire. Inostroza arrived and ordered the suspect to drop the

weapon. The suspect complied. Rivera transported the suspect to the detective

bureau, and the suspect was charged with weapons and drug offenses.

      In January 2011, Severns was laid off and received unemployment

compensation benefits. He returned to work in April 2011. He did not tell

anyone about the incident on December 25, 2010, until sometime in April 2012,

when he consulted an attorney. The attorney referred him to a doctor, who made

a diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Severns continued to

work full duty until October 11, 2012, when he applied for accidental disability

retirement benefits.

      The ALJ filed an initial decision dated September 4, 2018. The ALJ

found that Severns and Rivera were both credible witnesses. The ALJ wrote:

            Rivera was in hot pursuit of the suspect with the
            handgun. [Severns] was also actively pursuing the

                                                                        A-1418-18T4
                                       5
            suspect and was able to use his patrol vehicle to cut off
            the suspect in the alleyway as he was being pursued by
            Rivera and Inostraza. The suspect did not act as
            [Severns] had anticipated, and leaped over the hood.
            The suspect pointed the handgun at [Severns] and
            [Severns] heard two clicks. At that moment, [Severns]
            was unable to reach his weapon and was in fear for his
            life. When Rivera finally arrived at the scene, Rivera
            saw the suspect pointing the weapon at [Severns],
            although he heard no clicks of the weapon. [Severns]
            was then able to open the car door to assist in the arrest.
            [Severns] did not follow up with the detective who was
            responsible for charging the suspect.

      The ALJ applied the standards for accidental disability retirement benefits

under Richardson v. Board of Trustees, Police & Firemen's Retirement System,

192 N.J. 189 (2007), and Patterson v. Board of Trustees, Police & Firemen's

Retirement System, 194 N.J. 29 (2008). The ALJ found that Severns had a

disabling mental injury as a direct result of experiencing a terrifying or horror -

inducing event that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury.

      The ALJ concluded, however, that Severns did not meet the criteria for

accidental disability retirement benefits because the December 25, 2010

encounter with the armed suspect was not "undesigned and unexpected." The

ALJ explained that

            [Severns] was acting in the regular performance of his
            duties with his weapon in its usual location when he
            assisted other officers in attempting to apprehend an
            armed suspect. While the suspect may have behaved in

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                                        6
             a way that [Severns] had not anticipated, he was, after
             all, a suspect seeking to elude apprehension. Although
             [Severns] was not able to reach his weapon, no
             evidence indicated this was anything other than his
             position in the seat of the vehicle, which is not
             undesigned or unexpected. . . .

      Severns filed exceptions to the ALJ's initial decision and the Attorney

General filed a response. The Board issued its final decision on October 17,

2018, and adopted the ALJ's initial decision. This appeal followed.

      On appeal, Severns argues that the Board erred as a matter of law by

adopting the ALJ's decision because the ALJ incorrectly determined that the

traumatic event of December 25, 2010, was not "undesigned and unexpected."

He contends the Board's decision is inconsistent with Mount v. Board of

Trustees, Police and Firemen's Retirement System, 233 N.J. 402 (2019). He

further argues that Board's decision was arbitrary, capricious, and unreasonable

and not supported by sufficient credible evidence in the record.

                                         II.

      The standard of review that applies in an appeal from a final decision of

an administrative agency is limited.       Russo v. Bd. of Trustees, Police and

Firemen's Ret. Sys., 206 N.J. 13, 27 (2011) (citing In re Herrmann, 192 N.J. 19,

27 (2007)). We will not reverse an administrative decision "unless there is a

clear showing that it is arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable, or that it lacks fair

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                                          7
support in the record." Ibid. (citing Herrmann, 192 N.J. at 27-28). We are not,

however, "bound by an agency's interpretation of a statute or its determination

of a strictly legal issue." Ibid. (quoting Mayflower Sec. Co. v. Bureau of Sec.,

64 N.J. 85, 93 (1973)). We review an agency's interpretation of a statute or case

law de novo. Ibid. (citing Toll Bros., Inc. v. Twp. of W. Windsor, 173 N.J. 502,

549 (2002)).

      N.J.S.A. 43:16A-7(1) governs the issuance of accidental disability

retirement benefits for members of the PFRS. The statute provides that:

            [u]pon the written application by a member in service,
            by one acting in his behalf or by his employer any
            member may be retired on an accidental disability
            retirement allowance; provided, that the medical board,
            after a medical examination of such member, shall
            certify that the member is permanently and totally
            disabled as a direct result of a traumatic event occurring
            during and as a result of the performance of his regular
            or assigned duties and that such disability was not the
            result of the member's willful negligence and that such
            member is mentally or physically incapacitated for the
            performance of his usual duty and of any other
            available duty in the department which his employer is
            willing to assign to him.

            [N.J.S.A. 43:16A-7(1).]

      To qualify for accidental disability retirement benefits, a member of the

PFRS must establish

            1. that he is permanently and totally disabled;

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                                        8
            2. as a direct result of a traumatic event that is

                  a. identifiable as to time and place,

                  b. undesigned and unexpected, and

                  c. caused by a circumstance external to the
                  member (not the result of pre-existing disease
                  that is aggravated or accelerated by the work);

            3. that the traumatic event occurred during and as a
            result of the member's regular or assigned duties;

            4. that the disability was not the result of the member's
            willful negligence; and

            5. that the member is mentally or physically
            incapacitated from performing his usual or any other
            duty.

            [Richardson, 192 N.J. at 212-13 (citing N.J.S.A.
            43:16A-7(1)).]

      In Patterson, the Court held that a "permanent mental injury caused by a

mental stressor without any physical impact can satisfy the Richardson

standard." 194 N.J. at 48. The Court stated that this

            means that a permanently disabling mental injury, that
            is the direct result of a mental stressor that is
            identifiable as to time and place, undesigned and
            unexpected, external to the member (not the result of
            pre-existing disease that is aggravated or accelerated by
            the work), that occurred during and as a result of the
            member's duties, and was not the result of the member's
            willful negligence, can qualify the member for an
            accidental disability retirement benefit.

                                                                        A-1418-18T4
                                         9
             [Ibid.]

      The Court further explained that to qualify, "[t]he disability must result

from direct personal experience of a terrifying or horror-inducing event that

involves actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a similarly serious threat

to the physical integrity of the member or another person. Id. at 34. The Court

stated that this standard is to ensure that the claimed traumatic event "is not

inconsequential but is objectively capable of causing a reasonable person in

similar circumstances to suffer a disabling mental injury." Ibid.

                                        III.

      We are convinced there is sufficient credible evidence in the record to

support the Board's determination that Severns's encounter with the armed

suspect on December 25, 2010, was not a traumatic event that was "undesigned

and unexpected." Severns's job description states he was responsible for

"[a]pprehend[ing] and subdu[ing] suspects by chasing them on foot, or in a

patrol car and by using physical force and applying handcuffs, if necessary, in

order to take a suspect into custody and to prevent injury to the officer or others."

Severns's job description further requires a patrolman to "[a]ttempt[] to disarm

persons threatening others with a weapon by using calming conversation and

obtaining assistance, in order to neutralize a dangerous situation."


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                                        10
      Furthermore, at the hearing, Severns testified that during his seven or

eight years as a patrolman, he typically responded once a week to calls involving

armed suspects. He also testified that he chased armed suspects approximately

four times a month, one or two times a week. Severns's job description and his

experiences pursuing individuals armed with weapons supports the Board's

conclusion that Severns's interaction with the armed suspect on December 25,

2010, was not "undesigned and unexpected."

      Severns argues that the encounter was "undesigned and unexpected"

because he did not expect the suspect would run on the driver's side of his police

vehicle. However, the suspect was endeavoring to avoid apprehension. Under

the circumstances, a patrolman with Severns's training and experience should

reasonably expect that a suspect could choose any path of escape.

      Moreover, since the suspect was brandishing a weapon, a patrolman with

Severns's training and experience should reasonably expect that the suspect

might shoot or attempt to shoot the weapon. Severns asserts he did not anticipate

he would be unable to access his own weapon. However, in a fast-moving chase

of an armed suspect, a patrolman should expect that he might find himself in a

position where he would be unable to protect himself by accessing his weapon.




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                                       11
      Russo supports the Board's finding that Severns's encounter with the

armed suspect was not "undesigned or unexpected." In that case, Russo, a

policeman in his first year on the force, responded with other officers to a house

fire. Russo, 206 N.J. at 19. The officers were ordered to enter the house and

they were able to rescue three individuals. Ibid.

      However, the intense heat and smoke prohibited the officers from rescuing

a man who was crying out for help and then died. Ibid. The victim's family

confronted Russo and the other officers and blamed them for the man's death.

Id. at 20. Russo was treated for smoke inhalation. Ibid. He later began to suffer

psychological difficulties and was diagnosed with PTSD. Ibid.

      Russo filed an application for accidental disability retirement benefits. Id.

at 21. The Board determined that the incident was not a traumatic event under

N.J.S.A. 43:16A-7. Ibid. The Board found that Russo failed to show that the

incident was objectively capable of causing a disabling mental injury to a

reasonable person in similar circumstances, as required by Patterson. Ibid.

      The Supreme Court held that Russo had experienced a qualifying

traumatic event under Patterson. Id. at 33-34. The Court noted, however, that

not every person who experiences such an event will automatically qualify for

accidental disability retirement benefits. The Court explained that


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                                       12
            an employee who experiences a horrific event within
            his job description and for which he has been trained
            will be unlikely to pass the "undesigned and
            unexpected" test. Thus, for example, an emergency
            medical technician who comes upon a terrible accident
            involving life-threatening injuries or death, will have
            experienced a Patterson-type horrific event, but will not
            satisfy Richardson's "undesigned and unexpected"
            standard because that is exactly what his training has
            prepared him for.

            [Id. at 32-33 (citing Richardson, 192 N.J. at 212-13).]

      Here, Severns was trained to chase and apprehend armed suspects and he

had experience in doing so. Severns's training and experience should have

prepared him for an encounter in which an armed suspect will point a gun at him

and attempt to shoot the weapon. In such a situation, the officer might not be

able to access his weapon. However, such an event is not "undesigned or

unexpected." Therefore, Severns failed to meet the criteria under Richardson

for accidental disability retirement benefits.

                                        IV.

       Severns further argues that the Board erred by failing to consider Mount,

where the Court held that an injured member's job description and training are

not dispositive of whether a traumatic event was "undesigned and unexpected."

233 N.J. at 427. In that case, officer Mount was dispatched to a serious motor

vehicle accident. Id. at 409. Smoke was coming from the car, which was

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                                       13
extensively damaged. Ibid. Mount saw what appeared to be the arm of a human

being hanging from a window. Ibid. Bystanders screamed at Mount, telling him

to "do something." Ibid.

        Mount was standing near the vehicle when it exploded into flames. Ibid.

He lacked firefighting equipment, and he waited in his patrol car while the

firefighters extinguished the fire. Id. at 410. Thereafter, Mount returned to the

car and saw three human bodies inside. Ibid. He said the victims' skin had

"melted." Ibid. Mount stated that he could smell and taste the burning flesh.

Ibid.

        Mount thereafter began to experience psychological difficulties and was

diagnosed with PTSD. Id. at 410-11. He applied for accidental disability

retirement benefits. Id. at 411. The Board denied the application, finding that

while Mount had experienced a "horrific event," it was an event within Mount's

job description and therefore not "undesigned or unexpected." Id. at 413.

        In Mount, the Court clarified its observation in Russo that "'an employee

who experiences a horrific event which falls within his job description and for

which he has been trained will be unlikely to pass the 'undesigned and

unexpected' test.'" Id. at 427 (citing Russo, 206 N.J. at 33). The Court stated

that the comment in Russo


                                                                         A-1418-18T4
                                       14
             should not be construed to mean that the inquiry
             regarding whether an event is "undesigned and
             unexpected" is resolved merely by reviewing the
             member's job description and the scope of his or her
             training. In a given case, those considerations may
             weigh strongly for or against an award of accidental
             disability benefits. To properly apply the Richardson
             standard, however, the Board and a reviewing court
             must carefully consider not only the member's job
             responsibilities and training, but all aspects of the event
             itself. No single factor governs the analysis.

             [Ibid.]

      The Court held that Mount had experienced an "undesigned and

unexpected" event. Id. at 427-28. Mount had experienced "a catastrophic

accident at close range." Id. at 427. He lacked firefighting equipment, and

bystanders were demanding that he rescue the persons in the damaged vehicle.

Ibid. The car burst into flames and Mount observed the victims' bodies in the

interior of the car. Ibid.

      The Court noted that as a result of his job description, training, and prior

experience, Mount could anticipate being called to a serious or fatal accident.

Ibid. Moreover, at times, Mount would be expected to remove victims from a

damaged vehicle. Ibid. The Court explained, however, that Mount was not

"trained to combat, unassisted, an explosion of such magnitude experienced at

such a close range.     Ibid.   The Court noted that Mount did not have any


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                                        15
firefighting equipment or protective gear. Id. at 427-28. "[H]e was helpless in

the face of a terrible tragedy." Id. at 428. The Court concluded that the

circumstances were "extraordinary." Ibid.

      We are convinced that Severns's reliance upon Mount is misplaced. As

we have explained, in this case, the Board did not base its decision solely upon

Severns's job description. The Board also considered all aspects of the event,

as required by Mount. Furthermore, the circumstances of Severns's encounter

with the armed suspect on December 25, 2010, were not "extraordinary" like the

circumstances described in Mount. Severns's encounter with the armed suspect

on December 25, 2010, was not "undersigned and unexpected."

      Affirmed.




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                                      16
