Opinion issued August 20, 2019




                                        In The

                                Court of Appeals
                                       For The

                           First District of Texas
                              ————————————
                                NO. 01-19-00146-CV
                             ———————————
                     IN THE INTEREST OF J.S., A CHILD



                    On Appeal from the 314th District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                      Trial Court Case No. 2018-00409J


                                    OPINION

      In this case, the trial court terminated the parental rights of A.W.H. (Mother)

and H.L.S. (Father) to their minor daughter, J.S. (Julie).1 The trial court terminated

Mother’s parental rights under Family Code section 161.001(b)(1)(E), (O), and (P),


1
      In this opinion, we refer to J.S. by a pseudonym to protect her privacy and for ease
      of reading.
and the court terminated Father’s parental rights under section 161.001(b)(1)(E) and

(O).

       Both Father and Mother filed notices of appeal. In two issues, Father contends

that the Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS or the Department)

failed to present sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s findings that he

committed two statutory predicate grounds for termination of his parental rights

under section 161.001(b)(1)(E) and (O). Mother’s counsel filed an Anders brief,

stating that there were no arguable grounds for reversal and that an appeal of the trial

court’s termination order was frivolous.

       We affirm.

                                     Background

       Julie was born in September 2017. She is Mother and Father’s only child

together. Mother also has a son, who is five years older than Julie, and another

daughter, who is a year older than Julie. Neither of these children was involved in

the underlying proceedings. Father has an adult daughter and three grandchildren.

       DFPS caseworker Scarlet Vargas testified that the Department became

involved in Julie’s life when she was an infant. Mother had relinquished her parental

rights to Julie’s half-sister in late 2017, and the Department learned that Mother had

given birth to another child, Julie. The Department filed its original petition seeking

termination of Mother’s and Father’s parental rights and temporary managing


                                           2
conservatorship over Julie in February 2018.2 After an adversary hearing, the trial

court ordered Father to submit to DNA testing to establish Julie’s paternity. Father

did so, and the DNA results revealed that Father could not be excluded as Julie’s

biological father. The trial court subsequently entered an order establishing the

parent-child relationship between Father and Julie.

      The Department created family service plans for both Mother and Father. The

trial court admitted both service plans into evidence at the final hearing. Both service

plans stated the following under “Reason for Child Protective Services

Involvement”:

      [Mother] has tested positive in a recent drug test for methamphetamine,
      cocaine, amphetamines, hydrocodone and Codeine. The mother
      admitted she fled with the infant [Julie] to hinder investigation. There
      is concern that the mother’s ongoing drug [use] and willingness to flee
      with the child threatens the safety of the child. The alleged father
      [Father] and child’s mother are uncertain of [Julie’s] paternity.
      Therefore child’s birth father is unknown and paternity needs to be
      established before the alleged father on birth record proceed with
      services through the Department. [Mother] relinquished her parental
      rights to the agency and the Texas Department of Family and Protective
      Services has been named permanent managing conservator of [Julie’s
      older half-sister]. [Julie’s older half-brother] is safely placed with his
      maternal grandparents and has been there for over one year. [Julie],

2
      The Department attached to its original petition an affidavit supporting the removal
      of Julie from Mother’s care, completed by DFPS caseworker Ave Maria Miller. This
      affidavit went into detail concerning the referrals that brought Julie to the
      Department’s attention, Mother’s subsequent actions that led the Department to
      initiate termination proceedings, Mother’s prior history with the Department, and
      Mother’s and Father’s criminal histories. This affidavit was not admitted into
      evidence at the final hearing, and Miller was not called as a witness to testify
      concerning the Department’s initial investigation into Julie’s care.
                                           3
      currently age three months[,] is currently in a Parental Child Placement,
      (PCSP) with a relative. It is the Department’s opinion that there is an
      immediate and continuing danger to the three month old child. All
      reasonable efforts have been made to prevent the removal, and that it is
      contrary to the welfare of the child to remain with either parent.

Under “Initial Concerns,” dated March 15, 2018, the service plan listed, among other

things: Julie’s young age; positive drug tests for both Mother and Father; Mother’s

and Father’s inability to provide a safe environment for Julie; Mother’s “history of

substance abuse and CPS history”; Father’s history of substance abuse; Mother’s

failure to “change[] behaviors that exposed the children to risk of harm”; and

Mother’s lack of cooperation during the initial investigation and in taking drug tests.

The service plans required both parents to submit to psychosocial evaluations,

participate in substance abuse assessments, maintain stable employment and provide

proof of employment, comply with all visitation guidelines, submit to random

urinalysis and hair drug testing, complete parenting classes, and maintain safe and

stable housing.

      The trial court held the final hearing on January 17, 2019. The trial court

admitted evidence including the family service plans, a status hearing order dated

April 5, 2018, drug test results for both Mother and Father, and certified copies of

criminal judgments and sentences for both Mother and Father. The drug test results

for Mother dated back to April 2015, more than two years before Julie was born in

September 2017. From May 2015 through August 2017, prior to the pendency of the


                                          4
underlying termination proceedings, Mother had eight drug tests using hair samples

that yielded positive results for various combinations of amphetamines,

methamphetamine, cocaine, cocaine metabolites, and alcohol.3 These drug test

results included results from August 2017, one month before Julie was born, in

which Mother tested positive for cocaine, cocaine metabolites, and PCP. The drug

test results admitted into evidence also included the following results for Mother

from drug tests during the pendency of the termination proceedings: in February

2018, she tested positive for alcohol, amphetamines, methamphetamine, cocaine,

and cocaine metabolites; in June 2018, she tested positive for alcohol,

amphetamines, methamphetamine, cocaine, and cocaine metabolites; in August

2018, she tested positive for alcohol, amphetamines, methamphetamine, cocaine,

and cocaine metabolites; in October 2018, she tested positive for alcohol and

cocaine; and in December 2018, she tested positive for cocaine and cocaine

metabolites.

      Father had the following positive drug test results using a hair sample: in

February 2018, April 2018, June 2018, and August 2018, he tested positive for

cocaine and cocaine metabolites; and in October 2018, he tested positive for cocaine,

cocaine metabolites, and marijuana.



3
      Mother also had negative drug test results using a urine sample in May 2015, June
      2015, September 2015, October 2015, May 2017, and June 2017.
                                          5
      With respect to the parents’ criminal histories, Mother was convicted of the

Class B misdemeanor offense of Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) in June 2014, the

Class A misdemeanor offense of assault in August 2015, and the Class A

misdemeanor offense of DWI—second offender in March 2017. Father was

convicted of the felony offense of robbery in August 1981, the Class A misdemeanor

offense of assault in June 1984, the second-degree felony offense of possession of a

controlled substance—cocaine in March 1990, the second-degree felony offense of

possession of a controlled substance—cocaine in January 1992, and the state jail

felony offense of manufacturing and delivering a controlled substance—cocaine in

July 2014. Father pleaded guilty to the 1984 assault offense and the 2014

manufacturing and delivery offense, and he pleaded no contest to the 1990

possession offense.

      Vargas testified that while Mother had completed several of the requirements

of her service plan, she had not completed a psychiatric evaluation, and she

continued to test positive for drugs throughout the pendency of the case. Vargas

stated that the Department made payments on two different occasions for Mother to

attend the psychiatric evaluation, but Mother “continued to cancel or was a no-show”

for the evaluation. Mother participated in some of the drug tests that the Department

required, but she did not attend on at least six occasions. Although Mother provided

paycheck stubs to Vargas during the beginning of the proceedings, she had not done


                                         6
so “lately,” and Vargas did not know if Mother was employed at the time of the final

hearing. Vargas stated that she believed Mother was a danger to Julie because

Mother “continues to test positive for drugs and we believe she does not have a stable

housing for her children and we believe she’s also not financially stable.” DFPS was

also concerned about Mother’s criminal history, which included two DWI offenses.

      Vargas testified that Mother and Father had supervised visitation with Julie

while the case was pending. However, those visits stopped in September 2018 due

to the parents’ continuing positive drug test results. Vargas stated that Julie was

“always crying” during these visitations, that Julie did not want to be in the room

with her parents, and that, during two visits, Vargas smelled alcohol on Mother’s

breath.

      With respect to Father, Vargas testified that he had completed most of the

requirements set out in his service plan, but he had not had negative drug test results.

Father had not provided Vargas with paycheck stubs, but he had provided

documentation that he received monthly disability checks. Vargas testified that, due

to Father’s drug testing results, she was concerned for Julie’s safety, and she did not

believe that Father could provide a safe and stable environment for Julie. She stated:

      He continues to test positive for his drug result, and it is more
      concerning that he keeps denying that he’s using drugs. And he tells me
      that he tests negative for his parole officers and he tests positive for our
      test and that our tests must not be correct.



                                           7
Vargas was aware that Father had a past criminal history, but she did not know the

specifics of his past convictions.

      Vargas also testified that Julie was currently placed in a foster home and that

she was doing “wonderful” in that home. Julie was “very healthy” with no medical

needs, and she was “very bonded” to her foster mother. Vargas stated that Julie has

“thrived” in this particular placement, that she is “very attached” to her foster

mother, and that she “looks at Foster Mom before responding to another adult.”

Julie’s foster mother had expressed to the Department that she wished to adopt Julie.

Vargas believed that it would be detrimental to Julie to remove her from the foster

home and return her to her parents. She did not believe that Mother and Father could

“provide a long-term care for [Julie] due to their current and past behaviors.”

      Vargas agreed with Mother’s counsel that Mother had completed several

requirements of her service plan, including completing substance abuse counseling,

the psychosocial evaluation, individual therapy, and substance abuse therapy.

Vargas did not know where Mother was currently working and did not have any

documentation, but she acknowledged that she had spoken to Mother about her

employment. She also agreed that Mother had attended all visitations with Julie up

until those visitations were stopped by the court and that Mother had attended all

court hearings. Vargas further agreed that Mother had kept in contact with her, had

provided names of family members who could potentially be a placement for Julie,


                                          8
and had expressed her desire to finish her required services and regain custody of

Julie.

         On cross-examination by Father’s counsel, Vargas testified that, at the time

Julie came into DFPS’s care, there were no concerns about Father’s conduct. Vargas

acknowledged that Father has an adult child and had never had any involvement with

the Department prior to this proceeding. She agreed that Father had named his adult

daughter as a possible placement for Julie, but she testified that the Department never

conducted a home study on Father’s adult daughter because his daughter stated that

she had children of her own and she was not sure if she could provide long-term care

for Julie. Vargas also agreed with Father’s counsel that, with the exception of his

positive drug tests, he had completed the requirements of his service plan. She

further agreed that Father had shown her paperwork from his parole officers

indicating that his urine tests were negative for drugs. She also agreed that Father

had been forthcoming with her about his prescription pain medications, and she was

not concerned about his use of his prescribed medications, which included codeine.

Vargas testified that she had not visited Father’s apartment to gauge its

appropriateness for Julie, stating that she usually does that “towards the end of the

case, depending on how the case is going,” but because Father continued to have

positive drug tests, the Department “did not look into his home.”




                                           9
      Father testified that he met Mother around October 2016, that he was around

for her entire pregnancy, and that he was there the day Julie was born. He stated that

he had never witnessed Mother use illegal drugs. He acknowledged that he had used

cocaine, but he stated that the last time he used it was in 1997. He disputed all of the

positive drug test results that had occurred during the pendency of the proceedings,4

stating that he had only been taking Tylenol and that he did not use illegal drugs. He

stated, with respect to his 2014 conviction for delivery of cocaine, “I guess I got

[mistaken] by somebody else,” and that it was not his cocaine that he was delivering.

He stated that his plan for parenting Julie was to “take her home and raise her like a

father should do.” He believed that he could provide a safe and stable environment

for Julie, stating that he had lived in his apartment for two years, that he had the

financial ability to care for her, and that he would be able to take her to any necessary

doctor’s appointments. When asked if he believed Mother could be a good mom to

Julie, he stated, “I have no doubt about [Mother].”

      Mother testified and acknowledged that she had used methamphetamine in the

past, estimating her usage at “every other couple [of] weekends.” She stated that she



4
      On questioning by his counsel, Father stated, “I feel like they [the positive drug test
      results] are false.” He also stated that he has back pain and a broken ankle, and his
      doctor had prescribed Tylenol and Tramadol for him, and he had been taking these
      medications for several months. He stated that he believed these medications
      interfered with his drug test results because the medications have codeine as an
      ingredient.
                                            10
stopped using methamphetamine in August 2018. She did not recall using cocaine

and PCP in August 2017,5 the month before she gave birth to Julie. Mother

acknowledged that she had prior convictions for DWI, but she denied drinking or

using illegal drugs while she was pregnant. Mother also acknowledged that she had

been unemployed as of December 2018, but she stated that she was looking for a

long-term career to support herself and Julie, not a short-term, temporary job.

      On examination by her counsel, Mother acknowledged that she had previously

relinquished her parental rights to Julie’s half-sister, but that was not what she

wanted to do with respect to Julie. She stated that she had completed the

requirements of her service plan, attended court hearings, attended visitation with

Julie until the court stopped the visitation sessions, and kept in contact with her

attorney and with the Department. She requested that Julie be returned to her or that

she be allowed to continue participating in whatever additional services the

Department required of her, including going to inpatient drug treatment. Mother

testified that she had been living with her brother for three months and that she had

been laid off in December 2018, one month before the final hearing, from a job she

had held for over a year. She stated that her brother and other members of her




5
      On cross-examination by Julie’s ad litem attorney, Mother stated, “I have not used
      PCP.”
                                          11
extended family were supportive of her and were willing to help her while she

searched for a new job, saved money, and tried to find an apartment of her own.

      Misty Harty was Julie’s appointed Child Advocate, and she had been working

with Julie since the beginning of the proceedings. She had viewed Julie in her foster

home, and she testified concerning her thoughts on the appropriateness of that

placement:

      [Julie] is extremely bonded with her foster family. She has made leaps
      and bounds, met all of her milestones, is extremely attached and bonded
      to not only the foster mother but the extended foster family. Well
      integrated into the family. All of her needs—emotional, social—are
      being met there. Just an extremely happy child.
      ....
      I’ve had opportunities to witness other children in foster homes and you
      can tell that the child is not bonded; and in this home with this baby,
      she is happy. She’s always smiling. The only occasion that we’ve really
      seen her upset is during visitations [with Mother and Father], and so it’s
      a stark comparison.

      Harty also testified concerning Child Advocates’ position that Mother and

Father were both a continuing danger to Julie’s physical and emotional well-being.

With respect to her concerns regarding Mother, Harty testified:

      [Mother] has not had stable housing. She has not provided check stubs
      to show verification [of] being able to financially support the child.
      There have been visits where she either left early or wanted to
      reschedule. And some of the visits that were observed, [Father] was
      doing most of the interacting with the baby. The baby seemed to be in
      distress, crying. We tried to suggest some changing in the time schedule
      so that the baby wasn’t near her nap time to address some of the crying
      issues. That didn’t seem to help. So there are a lot of concerns. The
      continued drug use, the continued positive hair and [urinalysis results];
                                         12
      more specifically, the most recent one that showed an increase of drug
      use.

Harty stated that she was also concerned that Mother was denying her drug use, even

though she continued to test positive for drugs throughout the pendency of the case.

With respect to Father, Harty testified:

      We’ve had an opportunity to go to [Father’s] home. He lives in a one-
      bedroom home. He is living on disability, which is a limited income.
      We did discuss with him how will he be able to financially support the
      child. He offered his [adult] daughter as another relative placement in
      the event that the child could not be placed with him. At the time, his
      daughter was living with someone else and didn’t have—was not
      raising several of her own children, and so that wasn’t a viable option.
      Although [Father], during visits, was holding the child, there was very
      little interaction, very little evidence of the knowledge that he gained
      from the parenting classes. And the child didn’t seem receptive to his
      presence or Mom’s presence, so that’s of grave concern as well.

Harty testified that, from what she observed during Father’s visitation with Julie,

although he had completed parenting classes and other services, he had not been able

to demonstrate what he had learned from those classes. She also stated that Father’s

continued positive drug testing results were of “major concern” to Child Advocates.6

Harty stated that Child Advocates was recommending termination of both Mother’s


6
      On cross-examination, Father’s counsel asked Harty why Child Advocates believed
      that termination of parental rights was in Julie’s best interest as opposed to granting
      conservatorship to the Department and allowing the parents more time to complete
      their services and show negative drug tests. Harty stated, “In all honesty, the parents
      have had adequate time to work their services and to meet the agency’s expectations
      of clean drug screens. It is my understanding—and please correct me—the agency
      is looking for six months of consecutive nondrug use and clean drug screens and we
      haven’t had that in the case. That is a grave concern.”
                                            13
and Father’s parental rights. She also stated that Julie was in a “wonderful foster

home” with a foster mother who “has continually provided all of this child’s needs”

and was “the only family that this child knows.” Harty believed that it would be

detrimental to Julie to remove her from this foster home.

      The trial court terminated Mother’s parental rights to Julie under Family Code

section 161.001(b)(1)(E), (O), and (P), and it terminated Father’s parental rights to

Julie under section 161.001(b)(1)(E) and (O). The court also found that termination

of the parents’ rights was in Julie’s best interest. Both Mother and Father filed

notices of appeal of the trial court’s order terminating their parental rights to Julie.

                                   Father’s Appeal

      In his two issues on appeal, Father contends that the Department failed to

present sufficient evidence that he committed one of the statutory predicate grounds

for termination of his parental rights. Specifically, in his first issue, he argues that

the evidence does not support a finding that Julie was removed from him for abuse

or neglect, as required by section 161.001(b)(1)(O). In his second issue, he argues

that the Department failed to present sufficient evidence that he engaged in conduct

or knowingly placed Julie with persons who engaged in conduct which endangered

her physical or emotional well-being.




                                           14
A.    Standard of Review

      A trial court may order termination of the parent-child relationship if DFPS

proves, by clear and convincing evidence, one of the statutorily enumerated

predicate findings for termination and that termination of parental rights is in the

best interest of the child. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b); see In re E.N.C., 384

S.W.3d 796, 802 (Tex. 2012) (stating that federal due process clause and Texas

Family Code both mandate “heightened” standard of review of clear and convincing

evidence in parental-rights termination cases). DFPS must prove both elements—a

statutorily prescribed predicate finding and that termination is in the child’s best

interest—by clear and convincing evidence. In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 803. The

Family Code defines “clear and convincing evidence” as “the measure or degree of

proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as

to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 101.007; In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 802.

      In a legal sufficiency review, we look at all of the evidence in the light most

favorable to the trial court’s finding to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact

could have formed a firm belief or conviction that the finding was true. In re E.N.C.,

384 S.W.3d at 802 (quoting In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002)); see In re

K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d 101, 112 (Tex. 2014). We must give appropriate deference to

the factfinder’s conclusions, which means we must assume that the factfinder


                                          15
resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so.

In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 802 (quoting In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266). We should

disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved or found

to have been incredible, but this does not mean that we must disregard all evidence

that does not support the finding. Id. (quoting In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266).

Disregarding undisputed facts that do not support the finding could skew our

analysis of whether clear and convincing evidence exists. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at

266; see In re A.C., 560 S.W.3d 624, 630–31 (Tex. 2018) (“In conducting a legal-

sufficiency review, the reviewing court cannot ignore undisputed evidence contrary

to the finding, but must otherwise assume the factfinder resolved disputed facts in

favor of the finding.”). “In cases requiring clear and convincing evidence, even

evidence that does more than raise surmise and suspicion will not suffice unless that

evidence is capable of producing a firm belief or conviction that the allegation is

true.” In re K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d at 113. If we determine that no reasonable factfinder

could have formed a firm belief or conviction that the matter that must be proven is

true, we must conclude that the evidence is legally insufficient. In re E.N.C., 384

S.W.3d at 802 (quoting In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266).

      When a parent challenges the factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting

the trial court’s findings, we review all of the evidence, including disputed or

conflicting evidence. In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 345 (Tex. 2009). We should


                                          16
inquire whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm

belief or conviction about the truth of the allegations. In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105,

108 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam) (quoting In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex. 2002));

see In re A.C., 560 S.W.3d at 631 (“In a factual-sufficiency review, the appellate

court must consider whether disputed evidence is such that a reasonable factfinder

could not have resolved it in favor of the finding.”). “If, in light of the entire record,

the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor

of the finding is so significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a

firm belief or conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient.” In re J.O.A.,

283 S.W.3d at 345 (quoting In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266). In applying this

standard, our review “must not be so rigorous that the only factfindings that could

withstand review are those established beyond a reasonable doubt.” In re H.R.M.,

209 S.W.3d at 108 (quoting In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 26); see also In re A.B., 437

S.W.3d 498, 503 (Tex. 2014) (stating that, despite heightened standard, we must still

provide due deference to decisions of factfinder, who had full opportunity to observe

witness testimony first-hand and was sole arbiter of assessing witness credibility and

demeanor).

      “To affirm a termination judgment on appeal, a court need uphold only one

termination ground—in addition to upholding a challenged best interest finding—

even if the trial court based the termination on more than one ground.” In re N.G.,


                                           17
—S.W.3d—, No. 18-0508, 2019 WL 2147263, at *1 (Tex. May 17, 2019) (per

curiam). Family Code section 161.001(b)(1)(M) provides that parental rights may

be terminated if there is clear and convincing evidence that the parent has had their

parent-child relationship with respect to another child terminated based on conduct

in violation of section 161.001(b)(1)(D) or (E). See id. at *2 (citing TEX. FAM. CODE

ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(M)). When a trial court has terminated a parent’s rights under

section (D) or (E), that becomes a basis to terminate the parent’s rights to other

children, and that ground alone can be sufficient to support termination in a later

proceeding; thus, terminating parental rights under section 161.001(b)(1)(D) and (E)

has “significant” collateral consequences that can affect a parent’s rights to other

children. Id. The Texas Supreme Court has therefore held that “[w]hen a parent has

presented the issue on appeal, an appellate court that denies review of a section

161.001(b)(1)(D) or (E) finding deprives the parent of a meaningful appeal and

eliminates the parent’s only chance for review of a finding that will be binding as to

parental rights to other children.” Id. at *3. “Allowing section 161.001(b)(1)(D) or

(E) findings to go unreviewed on appeal when the parent has presented the issue to

the court thus violates the parent’s due process and due course of law rights.” Id. at

*4.

      On appeal, Father challenges the trial court’s findings of two statutory

predicate grounds for termination of his parental rights: subsection (E) and


                                         18
subsection (O). Because of the due process implications concerning the trial court’s

finding that Father violated subsection (E), we address the sufficiency of the

evidence to support that finding first.

B.    Analysis

      Family Code section 161.001(b)(1)(E) provides that the trial court may

terminate a parent’s rights if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that

the parent “engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who

engaged in conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the

child.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(E). Under this subsection, the

relevant inquiry is whether evidence exists that a parental course of conduct

endangered the child’s physical or emotional well-being. Jordan v. Dossey, 325

S.W.3d 700, 723 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. denied). Termination

under subsection (E) must be based on more than a single act or omission; instead,

“what is required is a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct.” Id.

This conduct does not have to occur in the presence of the child. Id. Courts may

consider conduct that occurred before the child’s birth and both before and after the

Department removed the child from the parent’s home. Walker v. Tex. Dep’t of

Family & Protective Servs., 312 S.W.3d 608, 617 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2009, pet. denied).




                                          19
      “Endanger” means “more than a threat of metaphysical injury or potential ill

effects of a less-than-ideal family environment,” but “endangering conduct need not

be directed at the child.” In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 803; see Jordan, 325 S.W.3d

at 723 (“[D]anger to a child need not be established as an independent proposition

and may be inferred from parental misconduct even if the conduct is not directed at

the child and the child suffers no actual injury.”); In re J.J.S., 272 S.W.3d 74, 78

(Tex. App.—Waco 2008, pet. struck) (stating that danger to child’s physical or

emotional well-being may be inferred from parental misconduct). Endangerment can

occur through both acts and omissions. In re N.S.G., 235 S.W.3d 358, 367 (Tex.

App.—Texarkana 2007, no pet.).

      “Conduct that subjects a child to life of uncertainty and instability endangers

the child’s physical and emotional well-being.” Jordan, 325 S.W.3d at 723. A

parent’s drug use and the effects of that drug use on the parent’s life and ability to

parent may establish an endangering course of conduct. In re A.A.M., 464 S.W.3d

421, 426 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, no pet.); In re A.J.H., 205 S.W.3d

79, 81 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, no pet.) (quoting In re R.W., 129 S.W.3d 732,

739 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied)). “Illegal drug use creates the

possibility that the parent will be impaired or imprisoned and thus incapable of

parenting.” In re A.A.M., 464 S.W.3d at 426 (citing Walker, 312 S.W.3d at 617).




                                         20
      Courts may consider whether the parent’s drug use continues after the child is

removed from the parent’s care, “in the face of periodic drug tests that placed [the

parent’s] relationship with [their] child in jeopardy.” In re S.M.L.D., 150 S.W.3d

754, 758 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2004, no pet.); In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 117, 127

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.) (considering fact that mother’s drug use

continued after children were removed from home and noting that record

demonstrated “numerous occasions” on which mother tested positive for drugs or

failed to submit to requested drug screening as required by service plan); see also In

re E.R.W., 528 S.W.3d 251, 264–65 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no pet.)

(“A parent’s decision to engage in illegal drug use during the pendency of a

termination suit, when the parent is at risk of losing a child, may support a finding

that the parent engaged in conduct that endangered the child’s physical or emotional

well-being.”).

      The parent’s criminal history is also a factor that may be considered when

determining if the parent has engaged in an endangering course of conduct. In re

U.P., 105 S.W.3d 222, 233 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. denied); see

also In re B.C.S., 479 S.W.3d 918, 926 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2015, no pet.)

(“Evidence of criminal conduct, convictions, and imprisonment and its effect on a

parent’s life and ability to parent may establish an endangering course of conduct.”).

“Routinely subjecting a child to the probability that she will be left alone because


                                         21
her parent is in jail, endangers the child’s physical and emotional well-being.” In re

S.M., 389 S.W.3d 483, 492 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2012, no pet.). Courts may consider

a parent’s criminal offenses that occurred prior to the birth of the child who is the

subject of termination proceedings, and these offenses “can still be considered as

part of a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct” that has the effect

of endangering the child. Id.

      In this case, the Department presented evidence that Father has tested positive

for drugs on several occasions during the pendency of the termination proceedings.

The Department initially sought temporary managing conservatorship and the

termination of Mother’s and Father’s parental rights in February 2018. The

Department’s evidence at the final hearing included drug test results indicating that

Father tested positive for cocaine and cocaine metabolites in February 2018, April

2018, June 2018, August 2018, and October 2018. Father also tested positive for

marijuana in October 2018. The Department also presented evidence that Father has

several prior criminal convictions. Although all of Father’s convictions occurred

prior to Julie’s birth in September 2017, two of his prior convictions were for

possession of a controlled substance—cocaine—in 1990 and 1992, and one was for

manufacturing and delivering a controlled substance—cocaine—in July 2014.7




7
      Father was also convicted of robbery in 1981 and misdemeanor assault in 1984.
                                         22
      The Department thus presented evidence that Father had a continuing problem

with substance abuse and that this problem persisted throughout the termination

proceedings. Both Vargas, the DFPS caseworker, and Harty, Julie’s Child Advocates

representative, considered Father’s ongoing drug usage to be a “major concern” and

the primary reason why they believed Father could not provide Julie with a safe

living environment. Vargas also testified that the fact that Father continued to deny

that he was using drugs was of particular concern to her. She acknowledged that

Father had shown her paperwork from his parole officers indicating that his urine

tests were negative for drugs, but the tests that he completed for the Department,

which used hair samples, continued to reflect drug usage. She testified that Father

would tell her that the Department’s tests “must not be correct.”

      Texas courts have repeatedly held that a parent’s illegal drug usage, even after

removal of the child from the home and during the pendency of termination

proceedings, may establish an endangering course of conduct because it “creates the

possibility that the parent will be impaired or imprisoned and thus incapable of

parenting.” In re A.A.M., 464 S.W.3d at 426; see also In re E.R.W., 528 S.W.3d at

264–65 (stating that parent’s decision to use illegal drugs during pendency of

termination proceedings can support finding that parent engaged in endangering

course of conduct). The appellate record contains evidence that Father has a history

with illegal drugs dating back to the early 1990s, when he was convicted of two


                                         23
charges of possession of cocaine, that he was convicted of manufacturing and

delivering cocaine in 2014, and that he continued to test positive for cocaine usage

during the pendency of the underlying termination proceedings. Based on these

facts, we conclude that the trial court, as the factfinder, reasonably could have

formed a firm belief or conviction that Father engaged in conduct that endangered

Julie’s physical and emotional well-being. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 161.001(b)(1)(E); In re K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d at 112; In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at

802.

       Father testified at the final hearing and stated that he had not used cocaine

since 1997. He stated, with respect to his 2014 conviction for manufacturing and

delivering cocaine—a charge to which he pleaded guilty—that he was “mistake[n]

by somebody else” and that it was not his cocaine that he was delivering. Father

disputed all of the positive drug test results, stating, “I feel like they are false.” 8 He

also testified that, due to health problems including back pain and a broken ankle,

he had been taking prescribed medications, including Tylenol and Tramadol, for

several months and that these medications had codeine as an ingredient. He stated



8
       To the extent Father argues on appeal that the positive drug test results were not
       reliable or that expert testimony concerning the drug test results was necessary, we
       note that the trial court admitted Father’s drug test results without objection from
       his counsel. Father made no challenge in the trial court to the reliability of the
       results, and he did not argue that the test results were inadmissible in the absence of
       accompanying expert testimony.
                                             24
that he believed the codeine in these medications interfered with the drug test results.

Vargas testified that she was aware that Father had been prescribed medications that

contained codeine and that she was not concerned about Father’s use of these

medications.

      The drug test results admitted into evidence reflect that Father’s hair samples

were tested for opiates—the class of drugs to which codeine belongs—but his hair

samples repeatedly tested negative for the presence of opiates. Father’s samples

repeatedly tested positive, however, for cocaine and cocaine metabolites. Moreover,

the trial court, as the factfinder, was the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses,

and the court was free to disregard Father’s self-serving testimony that he last used

cocaine in 1997. See In re S.R., 452 S.W.3d 351, 365 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2014, pet. denied) (“As the finder of fact and sole judge of the credibility of

the witnesses, the trial court was free to disregard any or all of the parents’ self-

serving testimony.”); see also In re A.B., 437 S.W.3d at 503 (stating that, even under

heightened standard of review due to clear and convincing burden of proof, we must

still provide due deference to decisions of factfinder, who had full opportunity to

observe witness testimony first-hand and was sole arbiter of assessing witness

credibility and demeanor).

      Father also argues that there was no evidence in the record tying his positive

drug test results and his past criminal history to any present endangerment of Julie.


                                            25
Courts have repeatedly held, however, that conduct does not have to be directed

toward the child to constitute an endangering course of conduct under subsection

(E). See In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 803. This Court has held that the conduct does

not have to be directed toward the child and the child does not need to actually be

injured by the parent’s conduct; instead, “danger to a child need not be established

as an independent proposition and may be inferred from parental misconduct.”

Jordan, 325 S.W.3d at 723; see also In re A.A.M., 464 S.W.3d at 426 (“Illegal drug

use creates the possibility that the parent will be impaired or imprisoned and thus

incapable of parenting.”); In re J.J.S., 272 S.W.3d at 78 (stating that danger to child’s

physical or emotional well-being may be inferred from parental misconduct). Father

points to no authority requiring the Department to prove how drug use or criminal

history specifically endangered a particular child. See In re J.J.S., 272 S.W.3d at 78

(“An actual or concrete threat of injury to the child need not be proved.”); In re U.P.,

105 S.W.3d at 233 (“Endangering acts need not be directed at the child or cause

actual injury or threat of injury to the child.”). We decline Father’s invitation to

impose such a requirement here.

      When considering all of the evidence in the record, the disputed evidence that

the factfinder could not have credited in favor of its finding that Father violated

subsection (E) is not so significant that the factfinder could not reasonably have

formed a firm belief or conviction that Father violated subsection (E). See In re


                                           26
J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 345. We therefore conclude that the Department presented

legally and factually sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s finding that

Father violated section 161.001(b)(1)(E).

      We overrule Father’s second issue.9

                                   Mother’s Appeal

      Mother’s court-appointed appellate counsel filed an Anders brief, stating that,

in her professional opinion, the appeal is without merit and there are no arguable

grounds for reversal. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 744 (1967).

      Anders procedures are appropriate in an appeal from a trial court’s final order

in a parental-rights termination case when appointed counsel concludes that there

are no non-frivolous issues to assert on appeal. In re K.D., 127 S.W.3d 66, 67 (Tex.



9
      Because we hold that sufficient evidence exists to support the trial court’s finding
      that Father’s conduct violated subsection (E), we need not address Father’s
      argument that the Department failed to present sufficient evidence that Julie was
      removed from him for “abuse or neglect” and, therefore, that he violated subsection
      (O). See In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003) (stating that only one statutory
      predicate ground is necessary to support termination judgment when there is also
      finding that termination is in child’s best interest); In re N.R., 101 S.W.3d 771, 775
      (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, no pet.) (stating same); see also In re N.G., —
      S.W.3d—, No. 18-0508, 2019 WL 2147263, at *1, *4 & n.1 (Tex. May 17, 2019)
      (per curiam) (holding that, although appellate court may affirm termination order
      based on one statutory predicate ground, due process requires appellate court to
      review trial court’s findings under subsections (D) and (E) if challenged by parent
      on appeal, and noting that in affirming termination order, appellate court’s decision
      to review findings under (D) and (E) but not other predicate grounds challenged by
      parent on appeal is permissible because “due process demands no more”). We note
      that Father does not challenge the trial court’s finding that termination of his
      parental rights was in Julie’s best interest.
                                            27
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.). In her Anders brief, counsel stated that she

had complied with all Anders requirements and she requested that she be allowed to

withdraw as Mother’s appointed counsel. This Court notified Mother that her

counsel had filed an Anders brief, that Mother had the right to file a pro se response

to her counsel’s Anders brief, and that Mother was entitled to a copy of the appellate

record to assist in preparing her response. This Court provided Mother with a form

motion to complete to request access to the appellate record. Mother did not file a

motion requesting access to the appellate record, and she has not filed a pro se

response to counsel’s Anders brief.

      Counsel’s Anders brief states her professional opinion that no arguable

grounds for reversal of the trial court’s termination order exist and that any appeal

would therefore lack merit and would be frivolous. See Anders, 386 U.S. at 744.

Counsel’s brief meets the minimum Anders requirements by presenting a

professional evaluation of the record and stating why there are no arguable grounds

for reversal on appeal. See id. at 744; In re Schulman, 252 S.W.3d 403, 406 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2008) (stating that purpose of Anders brief is to assure appellate court

that appointed attorney has made thorough and conscientious examination of record,

provided court with appropriate facts of case and procedural history, and pointed out

any potentially plausible points of error).




                                          28
      When we receive an Anders brief from an appointed attorney who asserts that

no arguable grounds for appeal exist, we must determine independently whether

arguable grounds exist by conducting our own review of the entire record. Johnson

v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., No. 01-08-00749-CV, 2010 WL

5186806, at *1 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 23, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.);

In re K.D., 127 S.W.3d at 67; see also Anders, 386 U.S. at 744 (stating that it is

responsibility of reviewing court—not appointed counsel—to determine whether

appeal is frivolous). If we determine that arguable grounds for appeal exist, we abate

the appeal and remand the case to the trial court to allow the appointed attorney to

withdraw. Johnson, 2010 WL 5186806, at *2. Then, the trial court appoints another

attorney to present all arguable grounds for appeal. Id. If, however, after

independently reviewing the record, we conclude that the appeal is frivolous, we

may affirm the trial court’s termination judgment by issuing an opinion explaining

that we have reviewed the record and found no reversible error. Id. The parent may

challenge that holding by filing a petition for review with the Texas Supreme Court.

Id.

      We have reviewed the entire appellate record in this case and find no

reversible error. We therefore affirm the trial court’s judgment with respect to

Mother. See In re A.M., 495 S.W.3d 573, 582 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016,

pet. denied).


                                         29
      In her Anders brief, Mother’s counsel also requested that she be allowed to

withdraw from representing Mother. In the context of a termination of parental rights

case, the Texas Supreme Court has held that “counsel’s belief that the client has no

grounds to seek further review from the court of appeals’ decision” is not “good

cause” sufficient to justify counsel’s withdrawal. See In re P.M., 520 S.W.3d 24, 27

(Tex. 2016) (per curiam); In re C.J., 501 S.W.3d 254, 255 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2016, pet. denied) (denying motions to withdraw as counsel after filing Anders brief

in termination of parental rights cases because, in light of In re P.M., motions to

withdraw did “not show ‘good cause’ [for withdrawal] other than counsels’

determination that an appeal would be frivolous”); In re A.M., 495 S.W.3d at 582–

83 (following In re P.M. and denying counsel’s motion to withdraw after filing

Anders brief in termination case). Instead, counsel’s duty to her client extends

through the exhaustion of “all appeals.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 107.016(3)

(providing that in suit filed by governmental entity requesting termination of parent-

child relationship, parent’s appointed attorney ad litem “continues to serve in that

capacity until the earliest of” (1) date suit is dismissed, (2) date “all appeals in

relation to any final order terminating parental rights are exhausted or waived,” or

(3) date “attorney is relieved of the attorney’s duties or replaced by another attorney

after a finding of good cause is rendered by the court on the record”); In re P.M.,

520 S.W.3d at 26–27 (holding that “exhaustion of appeals” includes all proceedings


                                          30
in Texas Supreme Court, including filing of petition for review); In re A.M., 495

S.W.3d at 583. If Mother chooses to pursue a petition for review to the Texas

Supreme Court, “appointed counsel’s obligations can be satisfied by filing a petition

for review that satisfies the standards for an Anders brief.” In re P.M., 520 S.W.3d

at 27–28; In re C.J., 501 S.W.3d at 255; In re A.M., 495 S.W.3d at 583.

                                    Conclusion

      We affirm the trial court’s judgment terminating Mother’s and Father’s

parental rights to Julie. We deny the request of Mother’s appointed counsel to

withdraw from representing Mother.




                                              Evelyn V. Keyes
                                              Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Keyes and Higley.




                                         31
