                              Fourth Court of Appeals
                                    San Antonio, Texas
                                MEMORANDUM OPINION

                                       No. 04-17-00489-CV

                                           Paul BLACK,
                                             Appellant

                                                 v.

       Mikal WATTS; Watts Guerra LLP; James R. Harris; and Harris & Greenwell, LLP,
                                      Appellees

                     From the 73rd Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
                                  Trial Court No. 2015-CI-20874
                         Honorable Cathleen M. Stryker, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:      Karen Angelini, Justice

Sitting:         Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice
                 Karen Angelini, Justice
                 Irene Rios, Justice

Delivered and Filed: August 8, 2018

AFFIRMED

           Paul Black appeals the summary judgment granted in favor of his former legal counsel

Mikal Watts, Watts Guerra LLP, James R. Harris, and Harris & Greenwell, LLP. Black’s issues

on appeal relate to his untimely designation of his expert witness under Texas Rule of Civil

Procedure 194. We conclude that Black’s issues are without merit and affirm the judgment of the

trial court.
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                                          BACKGROUND

       On December 18, 2015, Paul Black filed a pro se lawsuit for legal malpractice against his

former attorneys (Mikal Watts and James R. Harris) and their respective law firms (Watts Guerra

LLP and Harris & Greenwell, LLP). On February 16, 2016, James R. Harris and the law firm

Harris & Greenwell, LLP (collectively “Harris”) filed a Verified Original Answer. Embedded

within the answer was a request for disclosure:

       Pursuant to Rule 194 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure Plaintiff is requested to
       disclose within thirty (30) days of the service of this request, the information and
       material described in Rule 194.2.

On February 26, 2016, Mikal Watts and the law firm Watts Guerra LLP (collectively “Watts”)

filed an Original Answer, Counterclaims & Motion for Plaintiff to Furnish Security. Unlike the

verified answer filed by Harris, the answer filed by Watts did not include a request for disclosure.

       More than a year after the lawsuit was filed, on February 21, 2017, Black hired an attorney

to represent him in this proceeding. Two days later, Harris and Watts filed a joint no-evidence

motion for summary judgment. The motion argued Black had failed to conduct any discovery in

the fourteen months since the lawsuit had been filed or designate any experts. The no-evidence

motion for summary judgment emphasized that the deadlines to designate experts and complete

discovery under the rules of civil procedure had passed and the discovery period had closed. Thus,

the motion argued that because Black had not designated any experts, it would be impossible for

him to meet his burden on his legal malpractice case.

       Black filed a response to the no-evidence motion for summary judgment, arguing that he

had been representing himself and had signed up with Bexar County to receive electronic

notifications through his email address. He stated that on February 16, 2016, he received an email

notification that described the filing as “No Fee Documents” and stated the link provided to view

the filing would be active for seven days. Black attached a copy of the online email notification he
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received on February 16, 2016 to his response. Black argued that he did not try to access this link

before the link expired and never saw the contents of the filing. According to Black, “[n]owhere

in the electronic notification is there any clue or other indication that this ‘No Fee Documents’

contains a Request for Disclosure.” Black also argued that he had not received a copy of the request

for disclosure in the mail and that neither Watts nor Harris emailed him the document, even though

his email address was listed on his petition. According to Black, the first time he became aware of

the request for disclosure was when Watts and Harris filed the no-evidence motion for summary

judgment. Black argued he did not intentionally fail to comply with the request for disclosure, nor

did he consciously disregard it. Black further argued that it was improper for Harris to have

embedded a request for disclosure in a defendant’s answer, and to have filed and served a request

for disclosure in the manner Harris did. Black requested the trial court permit him to designate

experts and deny the no-evidence motion for summary judgment.

       In support of his response, Black attached (1) a Declaration of Alan Brandt Daughtry

(Black’s expert witness); (2) an affidavit by Black; and (3) a copy of the email sent by eFileTexas.

Daughtry’s declaration addressed the merits of Black’s legal malpractice claim. Black’s affidavit

affirmed the same facts as described in his response to the no-evidence motion for summary

judgment. His affidavit then addressed facts regarding the merits of the lawsuit. The email attached

by Black from eFileTexas listed “Filing Details,” which showed the “Date/Time Submitted” as

“2/16/2016 1:52:53 PM” and the “Filing Type” as “No Fee Documents.” The “Service Contacts”

listed included Paul Black at his email address. Finally, in a section labeled “Document Details,”

a link was provided to view the document that had been filed. Immediately following the link was

a warning: “This link is active for 7 days.”

       Harris and Watts then filed objections to Black’s summary judgment evidence, arguing

that the deadlines to designate experts and complete discovery had passed. They argued the
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declaration from Black’s previously undisclosed expert witness should be excluded because it was

untimely. Further they argued that although Black claimed he was unaware of the request for

disclosure, he was served with Harris’s answer (which included the request for disclosure) through

the electronic filing manager. In support of their objections, Harris and Watts attached the “service

details” for the “envelope” of the electronic notification. The “envelope” confirmed Black received

service on Harris’s answer and “opened it” at 2:43:04 PM on February 16, 2016. They also attached

an affidavit from Michael Jacobellis, who affirmed that he “caused to be served” Harris’s answer,

which included a request for disclosure, on Black. He affirmed that attached to his affidavit was a

true and correct copy of the “envelope details” from the e-filing on February 16, 2016. He stated

the envelope details are a business record of his law office documenting when documents are

served on parties and when those documents are “opened” by the party receiving the service. He

stated the document is kept in the ordinary course of business and was made at or near the time of

the occurrence of the service. He affirmed the service envelope reflects that Paul Black “opened”

the document containing the request for disclosures on February 16, 2016, at 2:43:04 PM.

       The trial court denied Black’s motion for leave to designate expert witnesses and sustained

Harris and Watts’ objections to Black’s summary judgment evidence, ordering the summary

judgment evidence stricken. The trial court then granted Harris and Watts’ no-evidence motion for

summary judgment and ordered that Black take nothing from Watts and Harris. The trial court also

severed the counterclaims brought by Watts, making the judgment final and appealable. Black

appealed.

                                            DISCUSSION

       Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 166a(i) provides that “[a]fter adequate time for discovery,

a party without presenting summary judgment evidence may move for summary judgment on the

ground that there is no evidence of one or more essential elements of a claim or defense on which
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the adverse party would have the burden of proof at trial.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). “The court must

grant the motion unless the respondent produces summary judgment evidence raising a genuine

issue of material fact.” Id. In this case, when Black failed to timely designate expert witnesses,

Harris and Watts filed a joint no-evidence motion for summary judgment, arguing that Black could

not prove his case without expert testimony. See Haddy v. Caldwell, 403 S.W.3d 544, 546 (Tex.

App.—El Paso 2013, pet. denied) (explaining that a plaintiff cannot meet his burden of proof in a

legal malpractice case unless he has expert testimony regarding causation and the standard of skill

and care ordinarily exercised by an attorney). Thus, this appeal turns on whether the expert

evidence submitted by Black in response to the no-evidence motion for summary judgment should

have been excluded because Black untimely designated the expert.

       First, Black argues the trial court erred in striking his expert and granting summary

judgment in favor of Watts and Harris because Black demonstrated good cause and no unfair

surprise to Watts and Harris. According to Black, he did not know about the existence of the

request for disclosure in Harris’s answer and the trial court abused its discretion in failing to find

good cause existed.

       Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 194.1 provides that a

       party may obtain disclosure from another party of the information or material listed
       in Rule 194.2 by serving the other party—no later than 30 days before the end of
       any applicable discovery period—the following request: “Pursuant to Rule 194,
       you are requested to disclose, within 30 days of service of this request, the
       information or material described in Rule [state rule, e.g., 194.2, or 194.2(a), (c),
       and (f), or 194.2(d)-(g)].”

TEX. R. CIV. P. 194.1. Included in Rule 194.2(f) is information related to any testifying expert. See

TEX. R. CIV. P. 194.2(f). Pursuant to Rule 194.3, the party responding to the request for disclosure

“must serve a written response on the requesting party within 30 days after service of the request,

except that: (a) a defendant served with a request before the defendant’s answer is due need not


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respond until 50 days after service of the request, and (b) a response to a request under Rule

194.2(f) is governed by Rule 195.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 194.3. Rule 195.2 provides that unless ordered

by the court, a party must designate experts “by the later of the following two dates: 30 days after

the request is served” or “with regard to all experts testifying for a party seeking affirmative relief,

90 days before the end of the discovery period . . . .” TEX. R. CIV. P. 195.2.

        Rule 193.6 provides that evidence from an untimely designated expert witness will be

excluded unless the party can show one of two exceptions:

        A party who fails to make, amend, or supplement a discovery response in a timely
        manner may not introduce in evidence the material or information that was not
        timely disclosed, or offer the testimony of a witness (other than a named party) who
        was not timely identified, unless the court finds that: (1) there was good cause for
        the failure to timely make, amend, or supplement the discovery response; or (2) the
        failure to timely make, amend, or supplement the discovery response will not
        unfairly surprise or unfairly prejudice the other parties.

TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.6(a). “The burden of establishing good cause or the lack of unfair surprise or

unfair prejudice is on the party seeking to introduce the evidence or call the witness.” TEX. R. CIV.

P. 193.6(b). “A finding of good cause or of the lack of unfair surprise must be supported by the

record.” Id.

        The Texas Supreme Court has determined that the evidentiary exclusion under Rule 193.6

applies to summary judgment proceedings. Fort Brown Villas III Condo. Ass’n v. Gillenwater, 285

S.W.3d 879, 881-82 (Tex. 2009). And, a trial court’s decision to exclude an expert who has not

been properly designated to testify is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Id. “The mere fact that a

trial judge may decide a matter within his discretionary authority in a different manner than an

appellate judge in a similar circumstance does not demonstrate that an abuse of discretion has

occurred.” Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 242 (Tex. 1985).

        Black argues that he showed good cause for his failure to respond to Harris’s request for

disclosure because he did not know Harris had made a request for disclosure before March 13,
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2017, and he had not been served with a request for disclosure before March 13, 2017. With regard

to the email notification he received on February 16, 2016, Black argues he never saw that filing

and was not put on notice that the filing included a request for disclosure. However, Harris and

Watts attached evidence from which the trial court could infer that Black had seen the request for

disclosure. The “envelope details” of the electronic notification reflect that Black was served with

Harris’s Verified Original Answer (which included the request for disclosure) on February 16,

2016, at his email address and that the email was opened on February 16, 2016 at “02:43:04 PM.”

Therefore, we find no abuse of discretion by the trial court in concluding Black had failed in his

burden to show good cause. See Cunningham v. Columbia/St. David’s Healthcare Sys., L.P., 185

S.W.3d 7, 13 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, no pet.) (explaining that inadvertence, by itself, does not

constitute good cause because, if it were, “the exception would swallow up the rule, for there

would be very few cases in which counsel would admit to making a deliberate decision not to

comply with the discovery rules”).

       Black also argues that his failure to respond to the request for disclosure did not unfairly

surprise or prejudice the other parties because his testifying expert, Alan Daughtry, is the same

lawyer whom Black hired to draft his original petition. According to Black, “[b]ecause this

retained expert is the same attorney who drafted the lawsuit prior to its filing, and because

Plaintiff’s Original Petition goes well beyond the standard for notice pleadings in Texas state

courts, each Appellee has literally been aware of the substance of Alan Daughtry’s opinions for

well over a year prior to their formal disclosure.”

       While Black’s testifying expert’s opinions may be reflected in Black’s petition, the fact

remains that Black did not timely inform Harris and Watts that he had hired a testifying expert in

this case. Nothing in the record shows that Watts and Harris were aware of Black’s testifying

expert or of his participation in this case. “[E]ven if the party knows the substance of the witness’s
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opinions, the non-designated witness should not be permitted to testify because the party is not on

notice that the witness will be called and, thus, cannot adequately prepare.” Cunningham, 185

S.W.3d at 14. In response to this assertion that the opposing parties could not adequately prepare,

Black points to his own failure to prosecute his lawsuit in the year it was pending as evidence that

Harris and Watts would not be unfairly surprised or prejudiced. Black argues there had not been

any discovery, hearings, or a trial setting in the case. According to Black, because the “entire

lawsuit had literally been dormant for over a year,” “it was error for the trial court to strike [his]

designated expert under these facts.” We disagree with Black’s reasoning. “A primary purpose of

the discovery rules is to prevent trial by ambush.” Cunningham, 185 S.W.3d at 14. Although there

was not a trial setting, there was a no-evidence motion for summary judgment pending at the time

Black finally made his untimely disclosure of his testifying expert. See Fort Brown Villas III, 285

S.W.3d at 881-82 (holding Rule 193.6’s exclusionary rule applies to summary judgment

proceedings). We find no abuse of discretion by the trial court in determining that Black had not

met his burden to show admission of evidence from an undisclosed, untimely designated expert in

the summary judgment proceeding would not unfairly surprise or prejudice Harris and Watts. See

Cunningham, 185 S.W.3d at 14.

       Black next argues the trial court erred in striking his experts because Harris’s request for

disclosure was filed in violation of Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 191.4. According to Black, Rule

191.4 “mandates that a Request for Disclosure must not be filed, electronically or otherwise, with

the Court.” Rule 191.4(a)-(c) provides,

       191.4. Filing of Discovery Materials
           (a) Discovery Materials Not to Be Filed. The following discovery materials
       must not be filed:
               (1)    discovery requests, deposition notices, and subpoenas required to be
       served only on parties;
               (2)    responses and objections to discovery requests and deposition
       notices, regardless on whom the requests or notices were served;
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                 (3)    documents and tangible things produced in discovery; and
                 (4)    statements prepared in compliance with Rule 193.3(b) or (d).
             (b) Discovery Materials to Be Filed. The following discovery materials must
         be filed:
                 (1)    discovery requests, deposition notices, and subpoenas required to be
         served on nonparties;
                 (2)    motions and responses to motions pertaining to discovery matters;
         and
                 (3)    agreements concerning discovery matters, to the extent necessary to
         comply with Rule 11.
             (c) Exceptions. Notwithstanding paragraph (a)—
                 (1)    the court may order discovery materials to be filed;
                 (2)    a person may file discovery materials in support of or in opposition
         to a motion or for other use in a court proceeding; and
                 (3)    a person may file discovery materials necessary for a proceeding in
         an appellate court.

Black points to the text of Rule 191.4 and concludes that “it was improper” for Harris to have filed

and served the request for disclosure and that “the 30 day clock for response was never triggered.”

         We first note that Harris filed the request for disclosure because it was part of the answer,

which must be filed with the trial court. Further, Rule 191.4’s text requiring certain discovery

requests not to be filed was intended to alleviate storage problems of district clerks’ offices. See

Alex W. Albright & Charles Herring, Jr., 47 TEX. PRAC., DISCOVERY PRACTICE § 5.9 Filing of

Discovery Materials (2017). 1 There is nothing in the text or the history of the rule to support

Black’s contention that a “violation” of the rule somehow invalidates the discovery request. See

id.

         Black also argues that it was “improper” for Harris to have included a request for disclosure

in his answer. Black points to Rule 85 as support for his assertion:




1
 “A Texas Supreme Court survey of district and county clerks in the late 1990s indicated that filed discovery products
accounted for approximately 60 to 80 percent of the volume of paper filed in the courts whose clerks responded.” Alex
W. Albright & Charles Herring, Jr., 47 TEX. PRAC., DISCOVERY PRACTICE § 5.9 Filing of Discovery Materials (2017).
“At the urging of court clerks, the court enacted Rule 191.4, a general statewide rule limiting the filing of discovery.”
Id.

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       Rule 85. Original Answer; Contents

       The original answer may consist of motions to transfer venue, pleas to the
       jurisdiction, in abatement, or any other dilatory pleas; of special exceptions, of
       general denial, and any defense by way of avoidance or estoppel, and it may present
       a cross-action, which to that extent will place defendant in the attitude of a plaintiff.
       Matters in avoidance and estoppel may be stated together, or in several special
       pleas, each presenting a distinct defense, and numbered so as to admit of separate
       issues to be formed on them.

TEX. R. CIV. P. 85. Black argues that because discovery requests are absent from the text of Rule

85, “it was improper” for Harris “to have filed and served” its “request for disclosure in this

manner.” Black again argues his duty to respond was never triggered. We disagree with Black.

Nothing in the text of Rule 85 precludes a party from including a request for disclosure in its

answer. Indeed, it is a common practice for practitioners to include requests for disclosure “in their

first pleading—either the original petition or the original answer.” MICHOL O’CONNOR,

O’CONNOR’S TEXAS RULES: CIVIL TRIALS § 3.1 (2017); see also Oliphant Financial, LLC v.

Galaviz, 299 S.W.3d 829, 838 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.) (“A plaintiff may serve a request

for admissions as part of its petition, and when the defendant fails to file an answer or other

responses, those requests are deemed admitted.”).

       Black further argues that the “trial court erred in applying death penalty sanctions where

Black made a showing of good cause for his failure to timely identify expert witnesses in response

to the request for disclosure, the death penalty sanction was the only penalty sought, and no lesser

sanction was even considered.” What the trial court did in this case, however, cannot be

characterized as imposing death penalty sanctions. A death penalty sanction is “when a trial court

strikes a party’s pleadings and dismisses its action or renders a default judgment against it for

abuse of the discovery process,” resulting in the court adjudicating “the party’s claims without

regard to their merits but based instead upon the parties’ conduct of discovery.” TransAmerican

Natural Gas Corp. v. Powell, 811 S.W.2d 913, 918 (Tex. 1991). Here, the trial court simply
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followed Rule 193 and refused to permit Black to untimely designate an expert witness. It is clear

from the record that the exclusion of Black’s expert witness under Rule 193.6(a) was a matter of

admissibility rather than a sanction for discovery abuse. See In re J.A.M., Jr., No. 04-11-00165-

CV, 2012 WL 1648215 at *5 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, pet. denied) (“The exclusion of a

witness under Rule 193.6(a) based on untimely designation is a matter of admissibility rather than

a sanction for discovery abuse under Rule 215.2.”).

        Finally, Black argues as follows:

        The trial court erred in striking [Black]’s experts and by granting summary
        judgment in favor of [Harris and Watts] where [Black] demonstrated that only
        [Harris] had actually propounded a request for disclosure to [Black]. Finally, and
        in the alternative, even if the trial court properly struck [Black]’s designation of
        experts, which [Black] contends was error, such a prohibition should not, under any
        circumstances, inure to the benefit of [Watts], since [Watts] did not serve requests
        for disclosure on [Black].

Black cites no legal support or analysis for this argument. We hold that Black has failed to

adequately brief this issue and thus has waived his complaint on appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i);

see also In re N.E.B., 251 S.W.3d 211, 212 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.) (“Bare assertions

of error, without argument or authority, waive error.”).

        We therefore conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding Black’s

expert evidence under Rule 193.6. 2 Without his expert evidence, Black could not meet his burden

to respond to Harris and Watt’s no-evidence motion for summary judgment. Finding no error by

the trial court, we affirm the trial court’s summary judgment.


                                                          Karen Angelini, Justice




2
 Having concluded that the trial court did not err in striking Black’s untimely designated expert evidence, we need
not consider whether Black’s expert testimony sufficiently raised a fact issue on each element of his claims against
Harris and Watts.

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