                            RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                 Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                       File Name: 08a0405p.06

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                     _________________


                                                      X
                                                       -
 DEALER COMPUTER SERVICES, INC.,
                                                       -
                             Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                                       -
                                                       -
                                                           No. 07-1819
          v.
                                                       ,
                                                        >
 DUB HERRING FORD, et al.,                             -
                             Defendants-Appellees. -
                                                      N
                       Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.
                   No. 07-10263—Nancy G. Edmunds, District Judge.
                                    Argued: October 21, 2008
                             Decided and Filed: November 18, 2008
                   Before: KEITH, MERRITT, and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges.
                                       _________________
                                            COUNSEL
ARGUED: John C. Allen, Houston, Texas, for Appellant. Richard David Faulkner, BLUME &
FAULKNER, P.L.L.C., Richardson, Texas, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: John C. Allen, Houston,
Texas, for Appellant. Richard David Faulkner, James D. Blume, BLUME & FAULKNER,
P.L.L.C., Richardson, Texas, for Appellees.
                                       _________________
                                           OPINION
                                       _________________
        DAMON J. KEITH, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff Dealer Computer Services, Inc. (“DCS”)
appeals the district court’s denial of its motion to vacate an arbitration award that did not preclude
class arbitration of contract claims brought by Defendants Dub Herring Ford, et al. (“Dealers”)
against DCS. DCS argues the district court erred by failing to find the arbitration panel both
exceeded its powers in violation of 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4) and acted with “manifest disregard of the
law.” DCS also appeals the district court’s denial of its related motions for default judgment and
reconsideration.
         We conclude the district court lacked jurisdiction to consider DCS’s motion to vacate the
arbitration award because the matter was not ripe for judicial review. Therefore, we VACATE the
orders of the district court with respect to DCS’s pending motions and REMAND the case to the
district court with instructions to DISMISS for lack of jurisdiction.



                                                  1
No. 07-1819                Dealer Computer Serv., Inc. v. Dub Herring Ford, et al.                                 Page 2


                                                I. BACKGROUND
        DCS was a vendor of computer software and hardware systems, which supported the parts
and repair operations of automobile dealerships across the country. Dealers consist of a number of
individual automobile dealerships who separately contracted with DCS for its equipment and
services. The agreement entered into by DCS and a particular dealership was made using one of
four different “boilerplate” contract forms. Section 17 of each form contained a broad arbitration
clause that required a dealership to arbitrate, under the Commercial Arbitration Rules of the
American Arbitration Association (“AAA”), any contract-related claims it asserted against DCS.
        Dealers allege DCS committed certain contract violations relating to the functionality and
provision of DCS’s software and hardware systems. On May 12, 2006, Dealers filed a Demand for
Arbitration against DCS with the AAA, seeking to arbitrate these contractual claims as a class rather
than individually. A three-arbitrator panel granted a “Clause Construction Award” in favor of
Dealers, ruling the arbitration provisions found in the various contracts did not preclude class
arbitration. Am. Arbitration Assoc., Dub Herring Ford v. Dealer Computer Servs., Inc., Case No.
11-181-01119-06, Clause    Construction Award (Nov. 26, 2007) [hereinafter “Clause Construction
Award”], J.A. at 132.1
        DCS filed a motion to vacate the Clause Construction Award in the Eastern District of
Michigan, asserting that the arbitration panel both exceeded its powers in violation of 9 U.S.C.
§ 10(a)(4) and acted with “manifest disregard of the law” by not interpreting the arbitration clauses
at issue to prohibit class arbitration. On March 29, 2007, Dealers responded with a motion to
dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1), claiming the district court lacked subject matter
jurisdiction to review the arbitration award. On April 18, 2007, DCS filed a motion for default
judgment against Dealers. On May 29, 2007, the district court issued an order: (1) denying DCS’s
motion to vacate the Clause Construction Award; (2) denying Dealers’ motion to dismiss; and (3)
denying DCS’s motion for default judgment. Dealer Computer Servs., Inc. v. Dub Herring Ford,
489 F. Supp. 2d 772, 774 (E.D. Mich. 2007). The court also entered judgment in favor of Dealers.
        DCS subsequently moved for reconsideration, which the district court also denied on
June 11, 2007. DCS filed a timely notice of appeal on June 15, 2007 to challenge the court’s ruling
on its motion to vacate the Clause Construction Award, motion for default judgment, and motion
for reconsideration.
                                                   II. ANALYSIS
         The case on appeal raises a threshold question of jurisdiction. We must specifically consider
whether the Clause Construction Award DCS seeks to vacate is ripe for judicial review. Although
Dealers did not appeal the district court’s denial of their Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss,
“we must sua sponte police our own jurisdiction.” Ohio v. Doe, 433 F.3d 502, 506 (6th Cir. 2006).
A federal appellate court has an obligation to “satisfy itself not only of its own jurisdiction, but also
that of the lower courts in a cause under review.” Bender v. Williamsport Area Sch. Dist., 475 U.S.
534, 541 (1986) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). A federal appellate court applies
a de novo standard when reviewing the district court’s determination of jurisdiction. See Green v.
Ameritech Corp., 200 F.3d 967, 972 (6th Cir. 2000).



         1
           The Clause Construction Award issued by the arbitration panel actually stated the contracts “permit[ted]” class
arbitration. Clause Construction Award, J.A. at 132. We find articulating the panel’s ruling in negative terms more
precisely captures the import of the decision because class arbitration cannot affirmatively proceed until the class is also
certified according to AAA rules. The significance of this distinction is discussed in our analysis of ripeness below.
No. 07-1819                 Dealer Computer Serv., Inc. v. Dub Herring Ford, et al.                              Page 3


A. Relevant Factors
        The ripeness doctrine “focuses on the timing of the action.” See United States Postal Serv.
v. Nat’l Ass’n of Letter Carriers, 330 F.3d 747, 751 (6th Cir. 2003). “[It] is more than a mere
procedural question; it is determinative of jurisdiction. If a claim is unripe, federal courts lack
subject matter jurisdiction and the complaint must be dismissed.” River City Capital, L.P. v. Bd. of
County Comm’rs, 491 F.3d 301, 309 (6th Cir. 2007) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Ripeness “draw[s] both from Article III limitations on judicial power and from prudential reasons
for refusing to exercise jurisdiction.” Nat’l Park Hospitality Ass’n v. Dep’t of Interior, 538 U.S.
803, 808 (2003) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Enforcing ripeness requirements
discourages “premature adjudication” of legal questions and judicial entanglement in abstract
controversies. Warshak v. United States, 532 F.3d 521, 525 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc). Thus, the
doctrine serves as a bar to judicial review whenever a court determines a claim is filed prematurely.
         The key factors to consider when assessing the ripeness of a dispute are: (1) the likelihood
that the harm alleged by the party will ever come to pass; (2) the hardship to the parties if judicial
relief is denied at this stage in the proceedings; and (3) whether the factual record is sufficiently
developed to produce a fair adjudication of the merits. Letter Carriers, 330 F.3d at 751. We find
the factual record sufficiently developed because DCS’s motion to vacate pertains to contract
construction and the parties do not dispute the text of the relevant contractual agreements. But, as
discussed below, application of the first and second factors compels us to conclude the matter is not
yet ripe for judicial review.
1. Likelihood of Harm
         We first consider the likelihood the harm alleged by DCS will “ever come to pass.” Id.
When considering a demand for class arbitration, an arbitrator must determine, as a threshold matter,
“[w]hether the applicable arbitration clause permits the arbitration to proceed on behalf of or against
a class (the ‘Clause Construction Award’).” Am. Arbitration Assoc., Supplementary Rules for Class
Arbitrations, Rule 3, available at http://www.adr.org/sp.asp?id=21936 [hereinafter “Supplementary
Rules”]. In its motion to vacate the Clause Construction Award, DCS argued the arbitration panel
erred by interpreting the arbitration clause, found in various agreements between DCS and
individual dealerships, not to preclude     class arbitration of Dealers’ contract claims. Clause
Construction Award, J.A. at 132.2 By filing this motion, DCS presumably sought to avoid the
“harm” of increased time, expense,3 complexity, and potential liability often associated with the
defense against a class proceeding.
        Even if these concerns would ordinarily justify judicial review, DCS’s motion to vacate
remains unripe because the AAA panel’s ruling did not conclusively determine that Dealers’ claims
should proceed as a class arbitration. The Clause Construction Award at issue on appeal merely held
that the distinct arbitration clauses in the various contracts between DCS and Dealers did not
preclude class arbitration. The decision to affirmatively authorize class arbitration under the AAA



         2
          DCS asserted that the arbitration panel both exceeded its powers in violation of 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4) and acted
with “manifest disregard of the law” by not interpreting the arbitration clauses at issue to prohibit class arbitration. A
United States district court may vacate an arbitration award upon application of a party “where the arbitrators exceeded
their powers, or so imperfectly executed them that a mutual, final, and definite award upon the subject matter submitted
was not made.” 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4). A court may also vacate an award on non-statutory grounds if the arbitration panel
demonstrates a “manifest disregard of the law.” First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 942 (1995). But
see Hall St. Assocs. v. Mattel, Inc., 128 S. Ct. 1396, 1403-04 (2008).
         3
             DCS did not address the issue of ripeness in the briefs it submitted to the Court.
No. 07-1819               Dealer Computer Serv., Inc. v. Dub Herring Ford, et al.                                Page 4


rules is governed by a separate “Class Determination Award.” Supplementary Rules, Rule 5(a).4
Dealers can secure a “Class Determination Award” only if they satisfy AAA class certification
requirements:
         (a) Prerequisites to a Class Arbitration...
                  (1) [t]he class is so numerous that joinder of separate arbitrations on behalf
                  of all members is impracticable; (2) there are questions of law or fact
                  common to the class; (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties
                  are typical of the claims or defenses of the class; (4) the representative parties
                  will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class; (5) counsel
                  selected to represent the class will fairly and adequately protect the interests
                  of the class; and (6) each class member has entered into an agreement
                  containing an arbitration clause which is substantially similar to that signed
                  by the class representative(s) and each of the other class members.
         (b) Class Arbitrations Maintainable.
                  An arbitration may be maintained as a class arbitration if the prerequisites of
                  subdivision (a) are satisfied, and in addition, the arbitrator finds that the
                  questions of law or fact common to the members of the class predominate
                  over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a class
                  arbitration is superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient
                  adjudication of the controversy . . . .
Supplementary Rules, Rule 4(a)-(b) (emphasis added).
        Given the significant hurdles posed by Rule 4, it remains far from certain that the arbitration
panel will certify Dealers’ claims for class arbitration. If the panel denies class certification, the
individual defendants comprising Dealers’ putative class will be forced to separately arbitrate their
claims against DCS. Therefore, the harm feared by DCS in defending against a class arbitration may
never “come to pass.” Letter Carriers, 330 F.3d at 751. Because DCS’s motion to vacate is
“anchored in future events that may not occur as anticipated, or at all,” the likelihood of harm factor
strongly weighs against finding the Clause Construction Award ripe for review. See City Commc’ns,
Inc. v. City of Detroit, 888 F.2d 1081, 1089 (6th Cir. 1989).
2. Hardship in Withholding Judicial Review
        The Court also considers the hardship DCS will face if judicial review is withheld at this
stage of proceedings. Letter Carriers, 330 F.3d at 751. When an AAA arbitration panel issues a
“Class Determination Award” certifying a matter for class arbitration, the panel must stay
proceedings for at least thirty-days to permit a party “to move a court of competent jurisdiction to
confirm or vacate the [award].” Supplementary Rules, Rule 5(d). The stay procedures set forth
in Rule 5(d) enable a party to contest an unfavorable decision on class certification in court before
commencement of class arbitration and resolution of the merits by the arbitration panel. Thus, if the
arbitrators in this case ultimately decide to certify Dealers’ class, which is no certainty, Rule 5(d)
would nonetheless provide DCS ample opportunity to obtain judicial review of any arguments it
may have against class arbitration, including those challenging the soundness of the arbitration
panel’s prior Clause Construction Award. Given this prospective opportunity for judicial review,

         4
           “The arbitrator’s determination concerning whether an arbitration should proceed as a class arbitration shall
be set forth in a reasoned, partial final award (the ‘Class Determination Award’) . . . .” (emphasis added). Supplementary
Rules, Rule 5(a).
No. 07-1819           Dealer Computer Serv., Inc. v. Dub Herring Ford, et al.                 Page 5


it does not appear DCS will suffer any material hardship if review is withheld at this preliminary
stage of arbitration.
        The absence of hardship for DCS at this juncture renders DCS’s motion to vacate the sort
of premature adjudication the ripeness doctrine seeks to avoid. Indeed, we should remain “reluctant
to invite a judicial proceeding every time the arbitrator sneezes.” Smart v. Int’l Bhd. of Elec.
Workers, Local 702, 315 F.3d 721, 725 (7th Cir. 2002).
B. District Court Rationale
        Nothing in the lower court’s discussion of jurisdiction persuades us to find the Clause
Construction Award ripe for review. The court appears to have concluded it enjoyed jurisdiction
to hear DCS’s motion to vacate because Rule 3 contemplates judicial review of Clause Construction
Awards. Dealer Computer Servs., 489 F. Supp. 2d at 777-78. Similar to the Rule 5(d) stay
procedures following Clause Determination Awards, Rule 3 orders an arbitrator to “stay all
proceedings following the issuance of the Clause Construction Award for a period of at least 30 days
to permit any party to move a court of competent jurisdiction to confirm or to vacate the Clause
Construction Award.” Supplementary Rules, Rule 3. The district court concluded this provision
“evinces an intent that such matters are properly reviewed by a federal district court even though a
final result has not yet been reached [on the merits].” Dealer Computer Servs., 489 F. Supp. 2d at
777. Accordingly, the court determined it had subject matter authority to rule on DCS’s motion to
vacate. Id. at 778.
        The district court’s reliance on the intent of the AAA, a private dispute resolution
organization, is misplaced. While the AAA is free to permit parties to seek judicial review for the
purposes of its own proceedings, Article III ripeness requirements will not necessarily be satisfied
whenever the AAA allows such review. Cf. Marron v. Snap-On Tools, Co., 2006 WL 51193, *2-3
(D.N.J. Jan. 9, 2006) (disregarding plaintiff’s argument that “Rule 3 of the AAA specifically
contemplates judicial review” when declining to review plaintiff’s motion to vacate an AAA Clause
Construction Award). The significance of the access to judicial review contemplated by the AAA
rules to the issue of ripeness derives from the hardship DCS may suffer if the procedural
circumstances compel it to defend against a class arbitration. The AAA, however, does not have the
authority to waive away Article III-based ripeness deficiencies. Federal courts should not grant
judicial review of arbitration awards simply because the organization conducting arbitration would
like them to do so.
        We also do not believe cases decided in other circuits and referenced by the district court in
support of its holding cast doubt on our conclusion regarding jurisdiction. Dealer Computer Servs.,
489 F. Supp. 2d at 778; see Sutter v. Oxford Health Plans L.L.C., 227 Fed. App’x 135, 136-37 (3d
Cir. 2007); Long John Silver’s Rest., Inc. v. Cole, 409 F. Supp. 2d 682 (D.S.C. 2006); Genus Credit
Mgmt. Corp. v. Jones, 2006 WL 905936 (D. Md. Apr. 6, 2006). Sutter and Long John Silver’s are
distinguishable from the instant action because both of those matters involved a motion to vacate
an arbitration award granting class certification rather than one merely interpreting a clause
construction–a key distinction given the above discussion. Unlike Sutter and Long John Silver’s,
however, Genus Credit specifically held a court possessed jurisdiction to review an AAA Clause
Construction Award, which interpreted the arbitration clause at issue to not preclude class
arbitration. See Genus Credit, 2006 WL 905936, *2. The court found it “prudent to render a
decision on the [Clause Construction Award] before [the parties] are forced to adjudicate the entire
dispute.” Id., *1-2.
        We remain skeptical of the underlying rationale of Genus Credit despite the applicability of
its holding. First, Genus Credit relies on the distinguishable precedent of Sutter and Long John
Silver’s in reaching its decision. See id. Second, and more importantly, Genus Credit failed to
No. 07-1819               Dealer Computer Serv., Inc. v. Dub Herring Ford, et al.                                Page 6


analyze adequately ripeness when concluding the court possessed jurisdiction to review the
arbitration award. Its cursory discussion never acknowledged the possibility that the arbitration
panel in its case would decline to certify defendants’ class, thereby obviating the potential harm of
defending against a class proceeding. Nor did Genus Credit demonstrate how its plaintiff would
suffer if the court withheld judicial review at that stage, given the later opportunity for judicial
review through Rule 5(d), in the event the panel did certify the class.
        These significant omissions from Genus Credit’s jurisdictional analysis prevent the Court
from agreeing with its view. At bottom, neither the supporting cases offered by the district court
in the instant action nor its references to the judicial review contemplated by Rule 3 persuade this
Court that jurisdiction existed to hear DCS’s motion to vacate.
C. Summary
        Dealers may ultimately fail to secure class certification for their claims, thus the potential
harm to DCS involved in defending against a class arbitration may never occur. Furthermore, if
Dealers obtain class certification, DCS will not suffer any material hardship if this Court denies
review at this stage because DCS can still obtain judicial review through Rule 5(d) before actual
commencement of class proceedings. Given the weight of these factors, notwithstanding a
sufficiently developed factual record, the Court finds the arbitration panel’s Clause Construction
Award to be unripe for review.5
                                               III. CONCLUSION
        For the foregoing reasons, we VACATE the orders of the district court with respect to
DCS’s pending motions and REMAND the case to the district court with instructions to DISMISS
for lack of jurisdiction.




         5
          Dealers argued in their brief both that DCS failed to demonstrate a basis for federal jurisdiction and that this
Court lacked appellate jurisdiction to review the substance of the district court’s denial of DCS’s motion to vacate.
Because we rule the district court lacked jurisdiction on ripeness grounds, we need not decide these separate issues.
