
237 U.S. 146 (1915)
UNITED STATES
v.
SHERMAN & SONS COMPANY.
No. 541.
Supreme Court of United States.
Argued December 17, 18, 1914.
Decided April 5, 1915.
CERTIFICATE FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT.
*149 Mr. Assistant Attorney General Warren for the United States.
Mr. Thomas M. Lane and Mr. James M. Beck for Sherman & Sons Company.
MR. JUSTICE LAMAR, after making the foregoing statement of facts, delivered the opinion of the court.
The questions certified by the Circuit Court of Appeals involve an inquiry as to whether the Collector of Customs, after the expiration of one year, can make a finding of fraud and thereupon make a reliquidation of duties which is final unless, within 15 days, the importer pays the amount thus *150 declared to be due so as to secure the right to a hearing (1) on the finding of fraud and (2) on the correctness of the new assessment on goods which had been removed for consumption.
On the part of the Government it is claimed that this power is conferred by § 21 of the act of 1874;[1] but it is a significant fact that although the act has been in force for more than 40 years there are only two instances reported, in which the Collector, after the expiration of one year, has attempted to reliquidate because of the existence of fraud. Those two cases (United States v. Vitelli, Customs Ct. of Appeals (1914) and United States v. Federal Sugar Co., 211 Fed. Rep. 1016) are of recent date and in direct conflict with each other.
The novelty of the practice, the conflict in the two decisions and the statement that numerous suits on similar reliquidation orders are now pending, justify a somewhat detailed examination of the authority conferred upon the Collector by the Tariff Act of 1909,[2] 36 Stat., p. 100, § 14; *151 p. 98, § 12; the act of 1874,[1a] 18 Stat. 190, and the Customs Regulations prescribing the method of liquidating duties and defining the effect of liquidation orders.
An analysis of the various provisions bearing on the subject shows, that when foreign merchandise is to be entered at a domestic port, the owner files his statutory Declaration, together with the invoice, account and list of the goods sought to be imported. United States v. Salen, 235 U.S. 237. The Surveyor gives a certificate as to weight or quantity, and the Appraiser issues a certificate of value. (Customs Regulations, 861, 1431, 1481, 1484.) With these documents before him  and with the privilege of examining witnesses "touching any matter deemed material in ascertaining the dutiable value and classification of the merchandise,"  the Collector determines the rate of duty to be imposed under the Tariff Act and thereupon calculates, assesses and liquidates the amount to be paid. His decision, as to the amount of duty is final  unless within 15 days the importer files a protest and pays the full amount of duty thus liquidated. In that event the Collector is required to transmit the invoice and all the papers connected therewith to the Board of Nine General Appraisers for their determination of the questions raised by the protest. From them the case can be taken to the Court of Customs Appeals. If the decision *152 is in favor of the importer provision is made for a refund of any overcharge assessed against him.
If, however, there is no such protest, payment and appeal, the Collector's decision is final as to the amount of duty (36 Stat. 100, subsection 14) except that for one year  certainly when the goods have not passed beyond his reach (Iasigi v. Collector, 1 Wall. 384),  the Collector, like a court during the term at which a judgment is entered, has full control of the assessment, and may on his own motion set aside his first order and make a reliquidation. Robertson v. Downing, 127 U.S. 613. Where there is no such renewal or continuance of the original proceeding, but, where the duty is paid, as assessed, the statute (18 Stat. 190, § 21) provides that the "settlement shall, after the expiration of one year, in the absence of fraud, be final and conclusive upon all parties."
1. This brief review of the many and detailed provisions of the statutes will suffice to show that the Government will not allow foreign goods to be brought into this country and then litigate with the importer as to the amount of duty. Neither bond, nor security, nor retention of the goods during litigation, will dispense with the necessity of payment. The duty, as assessed by the Collector, must be paid in any event,  not only as a condition of the goods being entered, but also as a condition of the right to file a protest. When that has been done, Congress, in order to prevent injustice, has given the importer, who thus pays and protests, the right to bring the goods into the United States, has granted him the opportunity to review the finding of the Collector and has also given him the promise of a refund in case the Collector is found to have made an overcharge. (36 Stat. 103, subsection 23.) But this right of review is not an appeal in ordinary course of law and can be exercised only in the statutory method, on statutory conditions before special statutory tribunals of limited jurisdiction.
*153 2. This summary method of collection, and the requirement that duties be paid as assessed before the right to litigate arises, is an incident of the fact that the assessment and collection of duties is an administrative matter  no notice or hearing being necessary since the assessment is in rem and against the foreign goods which are sought to be entered. The amount is determined by inspection of experts, and payment is enforced against the merchandise actually in custody of the customs officers, who cannot permit its removal until the assessed charges have been paid.
If, after the duty had been paid and the goods had been removed, it should be made to appear that they had been fraudulently entered and were still in the possession of the importer, they could be retaken and condemned in forfeiture proceedings. Or, if after the expiration of one year it should be discovered that, as alleged in the present case, there had been false invoices, false weights, or fraud of any kind, by which the United States had been deprived of its just dues, and if the goods themselves could not be found, so as to be forfeited, the inability to proceed in rem would not prevent the Government from bringing a suit in personam to enforce the importer's personal liability for the debt which accrued and which rightfully should have been paid when the foreign merchandise was entered at the domestic port.
This is illustrated by the decision in United States v. National Fiber Company, 133 Fed. Rep. 596, cited by the Government on another branch of the argument. It there appeared that certain bales of flax had been fraudulently entered as waste-paper stock. In the suit brought in a Federal court to recover the duties that should have been paid, the importer insisted that the Government was limited to the summary and statutory method of liquidation above mentioned, claiming that "as soon as property is fraudulently withdrawn the power to collect the duty *154 ceases, and fines, penalties and forfeitures are imposed." In answering this contention the court cited Meredith v. United States, 13 Pet. 486, and quoted the following correct statement of the law in United States v. Cobb, 11 Fed. Rep. 78:
"The summary proceedings which the customs officers are required by law to take against the goods are in the nature of proceedings in rem, but are not the sole remedies of the Government for the collection of the duties. . . . The act makes the duties a personal debt or charge upon the importer which accrues to the Government upon the arrival of the goods at the proper port of entry. They are due although the goods have been smuggled, or for any reason have never come to the hands of the customs officers, or the statutory proceedings have never been instituted, or through accident, mistake, or fraud no duties or short duties have been paid. The importer is not discharged from his debt by a delivery to him of the goods without payment."
3. It is said, however, that even if the United States can bring a suit, against the importer, to recover a personal judgment for the duties on goods fraudulently undervalued, that does not deprive the Collector of the power to reliquidate impliedly given by the act of 1874. And it is further argued that, where such statutory method of liquidation is adopted by the Collector, only the statutory method of defense, by protest and payment, is available to the importer. As the importers here filed no protest and made no payment of the duty reliquidated in 1913, it is said that the Collector's finding is as conclusive as was his original liquidation in 1909.
But while the tariff act makes the decision of the Collector final as "to the rates and amount of duties"; and while the act of 1874 provides that when such duties have been paid "such settlement, after the expiration of one year, and in the absence of fraud, shall be final and conclusive,"  yet *155 in neither of these laws did Congress authorize the Collector to make findings of fraud. Those statutes relate to a power to be exercised when the foreign merchandise was in the custody of the customs officers. By virtue of that possession they were not obliged to hear testimony, but by inspection could determine weight, value and classification, and, as experts (In re Muser, 49 Fed. Rep. 831), perform the administrative function of liquidating the amount of duty that must be paid before such foreign goods could be brought into the country.
To that judgment in rem, against particular goods in custody, the statute gave a certain quality of finality. But a wholly different situation, and one not provided for by statute, would arise if, after the expiration of the year, the Collector  or his successor in office who had no knowledge of the original transaction  should undertake to reliquidate duties on goods that had been removed and consumed. In such case  the merchandise not being in possession of the customs officers  the essential facts as to weight, value and classification could not be determined by the inspection of experts, as contemplated by law, but would depend upon the testimony of witnesses. If in addition to this new, and non-statutory, method of fixing the amount of duty there is to be added a jurisdiction authorizing the Collector to declare that there had been fraud in the procurement of the original liquidation, it will be seen that the limited administrative power to make a quasi-judgment in rem, against goods in possession, has grown with the lapse of time, and that the authority claimed for the Collector on reliquidation is far more extensive than that exercised when the original order was entered. For, according to the argument now made, he can, after the expiration of one year, not only hear testimony as to the value of goods not in possession, but, without notice to the importer, can declare him to have been guilty of fraud and make that finding of fraud and value *156 conclusive unless, within 15 days, the importer protests and pays the amount of the reassessment as the condition of the right to defend. If, within the 15 days, the importer protests but is unable to make such payment, it is claimed that such reliquidation becomes conclusive, so that in a suit to collect the sum thus declared to be due, the Government is not only relieved from the burden of proving the Collector's charge of fraud, but the importer would not be permitted to defend, even to establish his innocence.
The statement of the proposition is well calculated to raise a doubt as to its correctness. Sabariego v. Maverick, 124 U.S. 261, 291-293. For if the Collector, after one year, can determine that there had been fraud, and thereupon can make a reliquidation having such characteristics of finality as is here claimed for his finding, he can, as in the present case, do so at the end of 4 years; or as in the Vitelli Case, after 7 years; or, as in other pending cases referred to in the argument, after 15 years. If  after such a lapse of time, in which parties may die, witnesses may remove or documents be lost  the Collector can make a finding of fraud which can be resisted only upon condition of paying the amount of the reliquidated duties, then there will be many instances in which the importer, and many more instances in which his heirs, will be unable to make the cash payment so as to secure the right to prove that there was no fraud either in fact or in law.
Whether such right to defend, granted on such onerous and sometimes impossible conditions, would afford due process of law to the citizen, otherwise liable to be bound in personam by such reliquidation, need not be discussed. For certainly such a power will not be implied and none such can be found in the Tariff Act of 1909 or in § 21 of the act of 1874. They provide that in the absence of protest a finding of value is conclusive and that the settlement, *157 in accordance with that finding, is, ". . . in the absence of fraud, final and conclusive."
But there is no provision as to the method in which, or the tribunal before which, the existence of the nullifying fraud can be determined. The silence of Congress on that subject, however, cannot be construed as the expression of an intent to enlarge the administrative function of the Collector into power and jurisdiction to declare that, years before, there had been fraud in the procurement of the order liquidating duties on goods removed.
On the contrary, the failure to make special provision, as to the method of setting aside such orders for fraud, was a recognition of the fact that the determination of the question as to whether there was fraud involved an exercise of the judicial rather than the executive function and that therefore such orders were subject to the general provisions of law by which any other fraudulent judgment can be set aside by the courts in proceedings seasonably begun. Bailey v. Glover, 21 Wall. 342. By such general law the party sought to be affected must be informed of the nature of the fraud which the complainant undertakes to establish and must be given notice and opportunity to be heard in his defense, before the old order can be set aside and a new order entered.
This conclusion is not in conflict with the principle which recognizes that the Government may proceed in rem against foreign goods sought to be entered; or without a judicial hearing, may determine the amount of taxes due by a citizen, and make that administrative finding a lien, which can be resisted only on condition that bond and security be given to pay what is prima facie a valid lien on the property of the taxpayer. McMillen v. Anderson, 95 U.S. 37. For it is not claimed that the reliquidation order here is a general or a special lien, but only that it forms the basis of a suit in which a judgment in personam can be obtained. In such a suit the fraud relied on must *158 be alleged and proved. To sustain the Government's contention that the Collector's finding was conclusive unless protest and payment had been made would be equivalent to saying that a charge of fraud in procuring goods, whether made by a Collector or by a Grand Jury, could be made conclusive, unless before the trial the defendant restored the goods or their value.
These conclusions indicate the general nature of the answer to be given to the questions certified by the Circuit Court of Appeals  though their form is such as to make it impossible to give a categorical answer of Yes or No.
1. As to the question marked 1, we hold that the importer is not concluded by the reliquidation order, and when suit is brought for the amount claimed to be due he may file his plea and be heard in his defense as in other cases, even though he did not file a protest and make the payment required in the case of the original liquidation.
2. The question marked 2 we answer No.
3. To the question marked 3, we answer No  the Government in such a suit being obliged to conform to the general rule of pleading where recovery is sought on the ground of fraud.
MR. JUSTICE McREYNOLDS took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
NOTES
[1]   "That whenever any goods, . . . shall have been entered and passed free of duty, and whenever duties upon any imported goods,. . . shall have been liquidated and paid, and such goods, . . . shall have been delivered to the owner, . . . such entry and passage free of duty, and such settlement of duties shall, after the expiration of one year from the time of entry, in the absence of fraud and in the absence of protest by the owner, importer, agent, or consignee, be final and conclusive upon all parties." Act of June 24, 1874, 18 Stat. 190, § 21.
[2]   Subsec. 14. "The decision of the Collector as to the rate and amount of duties chargeable upon imported merchandise . . . shall be final and conclusive against all persons interested therein unless the owner . . . shall, within 15 days after . . . ascertainment and liquidation of duties, . . . if dissatisfied with such decision, give notice in writing to the Collector . . . the reasons for his objections thereto, and if the merchandise is entered for consumption shall pay the full amount of the duties and charges ascertained to be due thereon. Upon such notice and payment the Collector shall transmit the invoice and all the papers and exhibits connected therewith to the Board of Nine General Appraisers, for due assignment and determination. . . . Such determination shall be final . . . except in cases where an application shall be filed in the . . . Court of Customs Appeals within the time and in the method provided for in this act." § 28, Subsec. 14, Tariff Act of 1909, 36 Stat. 100.

"All notices in writing to Collectors of dissatisfaction of any decision thereof as to the rate or amount of duties chargeable upon imported merchandise, . . . with the invoice and all papers and exhibits, shall be forwarded to the Board of Nine General Appraisers . . . 36 Stat. 98, subsec. 12.
[1a]   See note 1, page 150.
