Filed 9/4/14 Save Our Neighborhood Group v. City of Lancaster CA2/3
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION THREE


SAVE OUR NEIGHBORHOOD GROUP,                                            B242866 consolidated with
                                                                        B245047
         Plaintiff and Appellant,
                                                                        (Los Angeles County
         v.                                                             Super. Ct. No. BS121501)

CITY OF LANCASTER et al.,

         Defendants and Respondents;

AV CALIFORNIA, LLC,

         Real Party in Interest and Appellant.




         APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Ann I.
Jones, Judge. Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
         Leibold McClendon & Mann and John G. McClendon for Plaintiff and Appellant.
         Law Offices of Saul Reiss, Saul Reiss and Firouzeh Simab for Real Party in
Interest and Appellant.
         Stradling Yocca Carlson & Rauth, Allison E. Burns and Vanessa S. Locklin for
Defendants and Respondents.
                                            _____________________
                                    INTRODUCTION
       This appeal involves the award of attorneys’ fees to Save Our Neighborhood
Group (SONG). SONG is an organization formed to challenge the environmental review
of a project to amend the City of Lancaster’s (the City) general plan to change the zoning
designation so that real party in interest, AV California, LLC (AV California), could
construct a shopping center on a vacant lot in an area of the City zoned for residential
use. After SONG prevailed in its appeal from the denial of its petition for writ of
administrative mandate (Case No. B225087), it moved for attorneys’ fees as a private
attorney general (Code Civ. Proc., § 1021.5).1 To protect taxpayer funds, the City
entered into a settlement agreement with SONG to pay SONG $150,000 as attorneys’
fees. The trial court granted SONG’s attorney fee motion and, aware of the settlement
agreement, ordered AV California to pay SONG $120,375 as AV California’s share of
the attorney fees. AV California appeals contending SONG did not satisfy the
prerequisites of section 1021.5 and AV California should be excused from paying any
attorney fees. SONG appeals contending the trial court erred in fixing the amount of the
fee award. We affirm the trial court ruling that SONG was entitled to attorneys’ fees
under section 1021.5. However, we reverse that portion of the order setting the lodestar
amount and denying SONG fees for hours spent working on a motion filed at the trial
court’s behest.
                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       AV California sought to develop a shopping center in a unused lot in an area of the
City that was zoned for residential use. To facilitate that project, AV California
petitioned the City for, and obtained approvals and zoning changes and amendments to,
the City’s general plan. AV California then procured and supplied the final
environmental impact report (FEIR) evaluating the zoning amendments. SONG filed a
petition for writ of mandate that challenged the City’s certification under the California


1
      All further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure, unless
otherwise noted.

                                             2
Environmental Quality Act (Pub. Resources Code, § 21000 et seq. (CEQA)) of the FEIR.
AV California’s counsel represented the City in opposing SONG’s writ petition. The
trial court denied the petition and SONG appealed.
       We reversed the judgment denying SONG’s writ petition on the ground that the
FEIR failed to address housing density in violation of Government Code section 65583
and the FEIR’s discussion of one of the project’s alternatives was inadequate under
CEQA. AV California’s attorney again represented the City’s interest on appeal; no
appearance was made by the City. Following our remittitur, the trial court issued a
peremptory writ of mandate directing the City to vacate its certification of the FEIR and
approval of the general plan amendment, and to vacate its approvals of the shopping
center project.
       SONG then moved for $444,260 in attorneys’ fees as a private attorney general
under section 1021.5 (the fee motion). The City tendered the defense of the fee motion to
AV California, who rejected the tender and indicated the property at issue was in
bankruptcy and so it would oppose SONG’s fee motion on its own behalf.
       As AV California would not indemnify the City, and to avoid the cost and expense
of litigation between it and SONG over fees, the City entered into a settlement with
SONG (the settlement agreement). Under the settlement agreement, the City agreed to
pay SONG $1,454.74 in costs plus $150,000 in attorneys’ fees pursuant to section 1021.5
as “the total amount of costs and attorneys’ fees that the City will be liable to pay . . . in
connection with the Litigation.” The settlement agreement further provided, if SONG
obtained a fee award from AV California and actually collected all or some of that award,
that SONG would retain the fee awarded as costs incurred in bringing the fee motion,
plus one-half of the fees actually collected. SONG would refund to the City the other
half of the collected attorney fee award.2 The settlement agreement set forth three


2
       The relevant portion of the Settlement Agreement stated: “[i]n the event SONG
obtains an award of its attorneys’ fees under the Fees Motion and thereafter actually
collects all or some of that award from [AV California], then SONG shall retain [¶]
(A) that portion of the collected amount that is equal to the amount the court awarded
                                               3
examples of how the allocation of attorneys’ fees between the City and SONG would be
calculated under the agreement. The City filed a notice of non-opposition to SONG’s fee
motion setting forth the pertinent terms of the settlement agreement, which agreement is
also a public record (Gov. Code, § 6250 et seq.).
       The trial court granted SONG’s fee motion. It ruled that “AV California . . . is the
proper party responsible for payment of [SONG’s] total $134,375.00 award of attorneys’
fees and is ordered to pay that amount to [SONG] without any contribution by [the
City].” The court arrived at this amount after calculating the hourly lodestar rate at $350
for senior attorneys and $250 for junior attorneys. The court determined that SONG
should not recover 33.6 hours it spent on a motion for reconsideration (§ 1008). SONG
had brought the reconsideration motion at the trial court’s request to demonstrate SONG
had organizational standing under CEQA to bring its writ petition in the first instance.
The court rejected AV California’s request for an offset of the amount the City paid
SONG under the settlement agreement. Both AV California and SONG appeal from the
fee award. We consolidated the appeals. We will discuss additional facts in the
discussion section.
                                     CONTENTIONS
       AV California contends (1) the trial court erred in finding SONG satisfied the
prerequisites of the private attorney general statute (§ 1021.5); (2) AV California should
not be obligated to pay SONG any attorneys’ fees in light of the settlement agreement;
(3) the settlement agreement should not be considered in evaluating the fee motion.
       SONG contends the trial court erred in fixing the amount of attorneys’ fees
AV California must pay.




SONG for its costs and attorneys’ fees incurred in bringing the Fees Motion, plus [¶]
(B) one half of the balance of the collected amount and shall refund the remaining
portion of the collected amount to the City.”

                                             4
                                        DISCUSSION
       1. AV California has not demonstrated the trial court erred in ruling that SONG
was entitled to attorneys’ fees pursuant to section 1021.5.
       “To obtain attorney fees under section 1021.5,[3] the party seeking fees must show
that the litigation: ‘ “ ‘ “(1) served to vindicate an important public right; (2) conferred a
significant benefit on the general public or a large class of persons; and (3) [was
necessary and] imposed a financial burden on plaintiffs which was out of proportion to
their individual stake in the matter.” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” ’ [Citations.] Because the
statute states the criteria in the conjunctive, each must be satisfied to justify a fee award.
[Citation.] [¶] The decision whether to award attorney fees under section 1021.5 rests
initially with the trial court. [Citation.] ‘ “[U]tilizing its traditional equitable discretion,”
that court “must realistically assess the litigation and determine, from a practical
perspective” [citation] whether or not the statutory criteria have been met.’ [Citations.]”
(RiverWatch v. County of San Diego Dept. of Environmental Health (2009)
175 Cal.App.4th 768, 775-776 (RiverWatch).)
       “On appeal, we review the trial court’s decision for abuse of discretion. [Citation.]
‘In reviewing the trial court’s decision, we must pay “ ‘particular attention to the trial
court’s stated reasons in denying or awarding fees and [see] whether it applied the proper
standards of law in reaching its decision.’ ” [Citation.]’ [Citation.] We will not disturb
the trial court’s ruling absent a showing that there is no reasonable basis in the record for
the award. [Citations.]” (RiverWatch, supra, 175 Cal.App.4th at p. 776.) We also
recognize, however, “when, as here, the fee order under review was rendered by a judge


3
        Section 1021.5 reads in relevant part, “Upon motion, a court may award attorneys’
fees to a successful party against one or more opposing parties in any action which has
resulted in the enforcement of an important right affecting the public interest if: (a) a
significant benefit, whether pecuniary or nonpecuniary, has been conferred on the general
public or a large class of persons, (b) the necessity and financial burden of private
enforcement, or of enforcement by one public entity against another public entity, are
such as to make the award appropriate, and (c) such fees should not in the interest of
justice be paid out of the recovery, if any.”

                                                5
other than the trial judge, we may exercise ‘ “somewhat more latitude in determining
whether there has been an abuse of discretion than would be true in the usual case.” ’
[Citation.]” (Center for Biological Diversity v. County of San Bernardino (2010)
188 Cal.App.4th 603, 616 (Biological Diversity).)
       In contending SONG is not entitled to attorneys’ fees, AV California first argues
that the trial court erred by finding that SONG’s litigation provided a significant benefit
to the general public or to a large class of people. AV California asserts that the litigation
only benefitted SONG because the organization was formed solely to put a stop to the
project “and that was the only goal that was achieved. No benefit was conferred on the
general public.” AV California presents an overly restricted account of the facts.
       It has long been the law in California that “the effectuation of the strong state
policy expressed in CEQA [is] an ‘important right’ within the meaning of section
1021.5.” (Schwartz v. City of Rosemead (1984) 155 Cal.App.3d 547, 558, citing Rich v.
City of Benicia (1979) 98 Cal.App.3d 428, 435 & Friends of “B” Street v. City of
Hayward (1980) 106 Cal.App.3d 988, 993-994.) Likewise, the Legislature has declared
the maintenance and protection of housing in California to be of the utmost import. “The
Legislature finds and declares as follows: [¶] (a) The availability of housing is of vital
statewide importance” (Gov. Code, § 65580, subd. (a), italics added), and “[t]he lack of
housing . . . is a critical problem that threatens the economic, environmental, and social
quality of life in California.” (Gov. Code, § 65589.5, subd. (a)(1).)
       SONG was organized for the purpose of challenging the City’s certification of the
FEIR and its approval of the amendment to the City’s general plan to rezone the property
at issue from residential to commercial. SONG succeeded in obtaining a writ of mandate
that directed compliance with CEQA and with the Government Code’s housing
requirements, thus assuring a legally adequate analysis of housing density and of project
alternatives to mitigate the project’s impact on the environment. By securing compliance
with CEQA and the Government Code’s housing laws, SONG both protected important
public rights and significantly benefitted all of the City’s citizenry. We also agree with
the trial court here that these non-pecuniary victories far outweigh and transcend any

                                              6
financial interest SONG might have had in bringing this action. (§ 1021.5; RiverWatch,
supra, 175 Cal.App.4th at pp. 775-776.)
       In support of its argument that SONG’s litigation “did not provide any benefit to
anyone except their [sic] own client,” AV California asserts that “the property was
rezoned to commercial and the subject [sic] the general plan was amended only days after
the action was instituted” and so this litigation achieved no useful result. The contention
is unavailing. The record contains no evidence of the rezoning to which AV California
refers. We noted that fact in our earlier opinion by stating that AV California “has not
provided this court with a copy of the modification to the general plan addressed by the
Resolution No. 09-52 and so we are unable to determine what the revised general plan
does that is pertinent to this appeal.” The same evidence was also absent from the record
in connection with the fee-motion filing below and so the trial court properly rejected
AV California’s suggestion that the litigation was unnecessary.4 Even were the relevant
documents in the record and showed that the vacant residential property at issue in this
lawsuit was rezoned to commercial immediately after SONG filed this action, we fail to
see how that rezoning obviated any issue in this action. SONG’s litigation remained


4
        On appeal, AV California requests that we take judicial notice of a ream of
documents that make up the City’s Resolution No. 09-73. We deferred ruling on the
request for judicial notice and now deny it. Apart from the fact that the documents are
illegible preventing us from deciphering how they relate to any issues in this appeal,
Resolution No. 09-73 purportedly concerns an entirely different parcel of property than
the one at issue in this litigation. AV California’s subsequent attempt to correct that error
by including documents supposedly related to Resolution No. 09-52 is unavailing.
“Reviewing courts generally do not take judicial notice of evidence not presented to the
trial court. Rather, normally ‘when reviewing the correctness of a trial court’s judgment,
an appellate court will consider only matters which were part of the record at the time the
judgment was entered.’ [Citation.]” (Vons Companies, Inc. v. Seabest Foods, Inc. (1996)
14 Cal.4th 434, 444, fn. 3.) The only document from the relevant Resolution No. 09-52
that was actually before the trial court was the Resolution No. 09-52 itself, and there is
nothing in the four corners of that resolution to indicate what it did that is pertinent to this
appeal. Otherwise, AV California has suggested no exceptional circumstance to justify
deviating from the longstanding rule recited in Vons Companies that we do not take
judicial notice of evidence not presented to the trial court. (Ibid.)

                                               7
necessary to assure proper environmental analysis of the project and compliance with the
Government Code’s housing density requirements. Our opinion caused the trial court to
issue a peremptory writ of mandate that directed the City among other things, to vacate
its approvals of the project and its approval of amendments to the general plan that
included any rezoning of the property because of inadequate analysis. SONG’s litigation
caused these results benefitting the City at large.
       Next, addressing the “necessity and financial burden of private enforcement”
factor of section 1021.5, AV California argues that SONG’s lawsuit was not a catalyst for
any beneficial result in the underlying litigation, and SONG made no attempt to settle this
lawsuit prior to filing its writ petition, with the result that SONG is not entitled to private
attorney general fees. This contention is unavailing.
       As our Supreme Court has made clear, “section 1021.5 does not require
prelitigation settlement demands in noncatalyst cases” (Vasquez v. State of California
(2008) 45 Cal.4th 243, 257) and this is a noncatalyst case. Catalyst cases under section
1021.5 are those lawsuits in which litigation does not result in a judicial resolution but the
defendant changes its behavior “ ‘substantially because of, and in the manner sought by,
the litigation.’ ” (Vasquez, at p. 253.) The prelitigation settlement demand in catalyst
cases is required because it is “ ‘fully consistent with the basic objectives behind section
1021.5 and with one of its explicit requirements -- the “necessity . . . of private
enforcement” of the public interest’ ” (Id. at p. 254.) Here, however, the lawsuit
proceeded to a final judgment on the merits, i.e., “ ‘a judicially recognized change in the
legal relationship between the parties.’ ” (Tipton-Whittingham v. City of Los Angeles
(2004) 34 Cal.4th 604, 608; see Vasquez, supra, at p. 260.) Therefore, this is not a
catalyst case in which a prelitigation settlement demand would be required.
       Nonetheless, we observe that SONG did notify the City of its objections to the
project both orally and by letter (Pub. Resources Code, § 21177, subds. (a) & (c)),5 and

5
      Public Resources Code section 21177 reads in relevant part, “(a) An action or
proceeding shall not be brought pursuant to Section 21167 unless the alleged grounds for
noncompliance with this division were presented to the public agency orally or in writing
                                               8
there is an indication in the record that SONG contacted counsel for AV California at the
commencement of the action, but that AV California’s attorney responded that he
“ ‘would try to make this action as costly for [SONG] as possible.’ ” Therefore, although
this is not a catalyst case for which a settlement demand would be necessary, the record
suggests that SONG did attempt to reach out to AV California, who preferred instead to
litigate and run up SONG’s attorneys’ fees.6
       Finally, citing Concerned Citizens of La Habra v. City of La Habra (2005)
131 Cal.App.4th 329 and Ebbetts Pass Forest Watch v. Department of Forestry & Fire
Protection (2010) 187 Cal.App.4th 376, AV California argues that SONG is not entitled
to attorneys’ fees after achieving only partial success. In Concerned Citizens, the
appellate court held the vindication of a single statutory violation while losing on five
other causes of action was insufficient to be considered a substantial benefit to a large
class of persons. (Concerned Citizens, at pp. 331, 335-336.) Likewise, the Ebbetts Pass


by any person during the public comment period provided by this division or prior to the
close of the public hearing on the project before the issuance of the notice of
determination. [¶] . . . [¶] (c) This section does not preclude any organization formed
after the approval of a project from maintaining an action pursuant to Section 21167 if a
member of that organization has complied with subdivisions (a) and (b). The grounds for
noncompliance may have been presented directly by a member or by a member agreeing
with or supporting the comments of another person.”
        Although there is no indication that SONG notified the Attorney General of the
action within 10 days of its filing (§ 388, Pub. Resources Code, § 21167.7), those statutes
do “not make such notification a prerequisite to recovering fees.” (Vasquez, supra,
45 Cal.4th at p. 258.)
6
        Notwithstanding this record, AV California nonetheless asserts that SONG did not
bring any issues raised in its writ petition to the “City’s attention at any time prior to
instituting the instant action” but instead, SONG “ambush[ed] the City to run up a
staggering amount of attorneys’ fees . . . .” “In light of what we have already said,
[namely that it was AV California’s counsel who ran up the fees,] we need spend little
time on this contention, which, if this were the Federal Circuit, would qualify for a
‘chutzpah award.’ [Citation.]” (Thayer v. Wells Fargo Bank. (2001) 92 Cal.App.4th 819,
845; see Checkpoint Systems v. U.S. Intern. Trade Com’n (Fed. Cir. 1995) 54 F.3d 756,
763, fn. 7 [noting “chutzpah” describes “the behavior of a person who kills his parents
and pleads for the court’s mercy on the ground of being an orphan”].)

                                               9
court concluded the plaintiffs conferred no benefit whatsoever as they “did not have a
factually meritorious lawsuit and, when the dust settled, their only victory was in a
statement of law that when applied to the record clarified why they should lose.”
(Ebbetts Pass, at p. 388.) By contrast, here, SONG achieved a significant benefit for the
citizens of the City by forcing the City to comply with California’s well-established
policy of assuring adequate housing, and to obey the important mandates of CEQA to
protect the environment. For the foregoing reasons, the determination SONG was
entitled to private attorney general fees under section 1021.5 was a proper exercise of the
trial court’s discretion.
       2. AV California may not shirk its responsibility for SONG’s attorneys’ fees.
       AV California posits numerous reasons why, even if SONG has satisfied the
requisites of section 1021.5, AV California should not pay any attorneys’ fees.
       First, AV California argues, as the City paid SONG $150,000 under the settlement
agreement and the trial court thereafter granted SONG’s fee motion and fixed reasonable
fees for the litigation at $120,375 (the award minus $14,000 for work on the fee motion),
that SONG has already received full recompense and should be barred from pursuing
recovery against AV California. AV California also argues that the fee award is invalid
because excessive. Wrong.
       Courts may, in exercise of their equitable powers, divide liability for the award of
attorneys’ fees between codefendants. (Sundance v. Municipal Court (1987)
192 Cal.App.3d 268, 272; Friends of the Trails v. Blasius (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 810,
838.) That is what the trial court did here, although it did not label its ruling as such.
SONG requested a total of $444,260 in attorney fees. The court was well aware of the
terms of the settlement agreement when it granted SONG’s fee motion and fixed the
amount of fees AV California only would be obligated to pay SONG.7 The trial court
explained: “[t]he express terms of the City’s and SONG’s settlement agreement regarding


7
       As the court was aware of the settlement agreement, that agreement was not “kept
secret,” contrary to AV California’s insistence.

                                              10
attorneys’ fees left SONG free to pursue remaining claims under [section 1021.5] for
outstanding fees not recovered under the settlement agreement.” (Italics added.) Hence,
the $120,375 the court ordered AV California to pay SONG as attorneys’ fees
represented AV California’s obligation for attorneys’ fees separate from the amount the
City agreed to pay SONG in the settlement agreement.
       Given the court’s order represents an allocation of the attorney fee obligation,
AV California is not entitled to the offset it requested, namely to reduce its fee obligation
($120,375) by the amount of fees the City paid ($150,000). AV California cites no
authority for an offset where the fee award and the settlement represented two separate
obligations allocated among the two responsible parties. AV California’s reliance on
sections 877 and 877.6 is thus unavailing as those statutes concern offsets of damage
obligations between joint tortfeasors.
       Nor do we think the trial court’s allocation of the fees was inequitable. (Sundance
v. Municipal Court, supra, 192 Cal.App.3d at p. 272.) The record shows that AV
California instigated the project that necessitated an amendment to the general plan to
rezone the property at issue from residential to commercial. AV California obtained the
FEIR that was challenged in SONG’s writ petition. AV California’s attorneys
represented the City throughout the litigation, and made the strategic choice to “ ‘make
this action as costly for [SONG] as possible.’ ” Only when it became clear that SONG
might be entitled to private attorney general fees, did AV California abandon the City’s
defense leaving the City on the hook for attorneys’ fees AV California ran up.
AV California should not be allowed to escape responsibility for the attorneys’ fees
merely because the City sought to limit its own exposure. According to the math, the
City’s actual liability for attorneys’ fees -- after SONG pays the City 50 percent of its
actual recovery from AV California according to the Settlement Agreement -- will be
somewhere between $150,000 and $89,812.50 ($150,000 - $60,187.50), which is at most,
$30,562.50 less than AV California’s obligation of $120,375. This result is neither a
disproportionate nor an unfair distribution of attorneys’ fees between the City and
AV California, given the record here.

                                             11
       AV California’s entire challenge to the settlement agreement is premised on its
view that somehow the amount of fees the trial court awarded SONG on the fee motion is
the maximum amount to which SONG was entitled, and that SONG has already
recovered more than that amount from the City. Accordingly, AV California argues that
we should disapprove the settlement agreement because not only was it negotiated
without AV California’s participation, but thereunder, the City’s $150,000 payment to
SONG exceeded the trial court’s $120,375 fee award and SONG was then permitted to
seek even more funds from AV California to reimburse the City.
       This argument overlooks the fact that the trial court was fully aware of the
settlement agreement, and ignores statements the trial court made when it ruled that
AV California was the proper party to pay the fees awarded SONG on the fee motion.
The argument also discounts the fee motion’s request for $444,262 in total. Thus,
AV California’s suggestion that SONG obtained more fees than the amount to which it
was entitled, and its argument that the settlement agreement unfairly allows SONG to
obtain attorney fees in excess of the trial court’s award, are simply wrong. Moreover,
AV California cites no authority for the proposition that it should be entitled to
participate in the settlement between the City and SONG after refusing the City’s tender
of the defense to the fee motion and stating it would file its own opposition.
       AV California also contends that it should not be liable for any of SONG’s
attorneys’ fees because it “was only the real party in interest . . . . [who] was not
responsible for the City’s actions as set forth in the Court of Appeal’s Decision that ‘the
City prejudicially abused its discretion by failing to proceed in a manner required by
CEQA . . . .’ ” However, “a real party in interest in a mandamus proceeding . . . is
regarded as a party to the litigation.” (Mejia v. City of Los Angeles (2007)
156 Cal.App.4th 151, 160.) Real parties who have “a direct interest in the litigation, the
furtherance of which was generally at least partly responsible for the policy or practice
that gave rise to the litigation” are properly held liable for fees under section 1021.5.
(Connerly v. State Personnel Bd. (2006) 37 Cal.4th 1169, 1181, italics added.) Here,
AV California had a “direct interest in the litigation,” which involved the approval of

                                              12
zoning amendments solely to enable AV California to construct a shopping center on
AV California’s property that was zoned residential. The City was represented by
AV California’s counsel from the outset of this action, which counsel sought to run up
the attorney fees as a method of forcing SONG to drop its legal challenge. Thus,
AV California’s practice gave rise not only to the lawsuit but also to any inflation in the
cost of the litigation.
       Next, AV California argues that the settlement agreement constitutes an unlawful
sliding-scale or so-called “Mary Carter” agreement because it creates an obligation from
AV California to the City “to funnel through SONG’s attorney [fees] to the City.” Citing
Abbott Ford, Inc. v. Superior Court (1987) 43 Cal.3d 858 (Abbott Ford), AV California
argues as a Mary Carter agreement, the settlement agreement “is against public policy.”
       The term “Mary Carter” agreement, derived from Booth v. Mary Carter Paint
Company (Fla. 1967) 202 So.2d 8, is “ ‘used rather generally to apply to any agreement
between the plaintiff and some (but less than all) defendants whereby the parties place
limitations on the financial responsibility of the agreeing defendants, the amount of
which is variable and usually in some inverse ratio to the amount of recovery which the
plaintiff is able to make against the nonagreeing defendant or defendants.’ [¶] Such
agreements are also occasionally referred to by other terms. . . . [such] as a ‘guaranteed
verdict agreement.’ [Citation.]” (Abbott Ford, supra, 43 Cal.3d at p. 869, fn. 9, italics
added.)
       Nothing in Abbott Ford suggests that it should be applied here to the settlement of
an attorneys’ fee obligation under section 1021.5, after judgment on the merits in a non-
tort and non-contract case. Abbott Ford involved the validity of a sliding-scale settlement
of liability for damages between the plaintiff and one of several defendants in a personal
injury action. (Abbott Ford, supra, 43 Cal.3d at p. 863.) As in Abbott Ford, sliding-scale
agreements in California are subject to a “good faith settlement” determination under
sections 877 and 877.6. (See Abbott Ford, at p. 871.) Sections 877 and 877.6 apply to




                                             13
joint tortfeasors or co-obligors on a contract debt. (§§ 877 & 877.6, subd. (a)(1).)8 This
is not a tort action or an action on a contract; the settlement agreement does not concern
tort damages or a contract debt or analyze the relative culpability or liability of any party;
and sections 877 and 877.6 do not apply here. Furthermore, contrary to AV California’s
insistence, even if the settlement agreement constitutes a Mary Carter agreement, it is not
automatically invalid as against public policy; courts in California are cautious about
declaring sliding-scale agreements valid or not. (Abbott Ford, at p. 871.) Finally, unlike
Mary Carter agreements in which “the settling defendant’s ultimate liability to the
plaintiff is dependent, at least in part, on the amount of money which the plaintiff
recovers from the nonsettling defendants . . . .” (Id. at p. 870), the settlement agreement
here obligates the City to pay a portion of SONG’s fees irrespective of the outcome of
SONG’s fee motion.
       Nor has AV California demonstrated that this particular settlement agreement
violated public policy. “ ‘[I]t is established that fees [under the private attorney general
doctrine], if recoverable at all—pursuant either to statute or [the] parties’ agreement –
are available for services at trial and on appeal.’ ” (Mejia v. City of Los Angeles, supra,
156 Cal.App.4th at p. 158.) Here, as the City observes, the settlement agreement serves
two important public purposes: (1) it limits the exposure of the City’s taxpayer funds in
litigation necessitated by a private party who has indicated it is bankrupt, and (2) it forces
SONG to pursue fees from the party here who instigated the project and later abandoned
the City to pay for all of the attorney’s fees. There is a strong public policy encouraging
the settlement of controversies in preference to litigation. (Salmon Protection &
Watershed Network v. County of Marin (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 195, 201.) Given the
City was faced with a fee motion of $444,260, its decision to settle and pay $150,000 was
not unreasonable.

8
       For this reason, AV California’s reliance on 4 Moore and Thomas, California Civil
Practice & Procedure (2008) section 27.42 pages 27-52 to 27-54, is entirely inapposite
because that section relates to settlements under sections 877.6 and 1021.6 involving
attorneys’ fees for claims for implied indemnity in tort.

                                             14
       In sum, AV California has failed to demonstrate why the trial court’s order was
erroneous.9
       3. The trial court abused its discretion in fixing the amount of attorneys’ fees
awarded under section 1021.5.
       To determine the amount of reasonable attorney fees to be awarded SONG under
section 1021.5, “the trial court begins by calculating the ‘lodestar’ amount. [Citations.]
The ‘lodestar’ is ‘the number of hours reasonably expended multiplied by the reasonable
hourly rate.’ [Citation.] To determine the reasonable hourly rate, the court looks to the
‘hourly rate . . . prevailing in the community for similar work.’ [Citation.] Using the
lodestar as the basis for the attorney fees award ‘anchors the trial court’s analysis to an
objective determination of the value of an attorney’s services, ensuring that the amount
awarded is not arbitrary. [Citation.].’ [Citation.]” (Bernardi v. County of Monterey
(2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 1379, 1393-1394.)
       “ ‘[W]ith respect to the amount of fees awarded, there is no question our review
must be highly deferential to the views of the trial court.’ [Citations.] ‘An appellate
court will interfere with the trial court’s determination of the amount of reasonable
attorney fees only where there has been a manifest abuse of discretion.’ [Citations.]”
(Concepcion v. Amscan Holdings, Inc. (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 1309, 1319-1320.)
However, although “ ‘ “[t]he abuse of discretion standard is ‘deferential,’ . . . it ‘is not
empty.’ [Citation.] ‘[I]t asks in substance whether the ruling in question “falls outside
the bounds of reason” under the applicable law and the relevant facts [citations].’
[Citation.]” ’ [Citation.] When we are reviewing an award of attorney fees for appellate
work, we need not accord the same degree of deference we would give to rulings that
involve the trial court’s firsthand knowledge. [Citation.] Further, when, as here, the fee
order under review was rendered by a judge other than the trial judge, we may exercise
‘ “somewhat more latitude in determining whether there has been an abuse of discretion



9
       We have considered and reject AV California’s remaining arguments.

                                              15
than would be true in the usual case.” ’ [Citation.]” (Biological Diversity, supra,
188 Cal.App.4th at pp. 615-616, fn. omitted.)
       a. The trial court exercised discretion when it based its fee award on SONG’s
entire fee request of $444,262.
       In its appeal, SONG first contends that the trial court applied the wrong legal
standard. SONG reasons that rather than issuing a fee award solely against
AV California for the total amount of fees to which SONG believed it was entitled
($444,262), the trial court based its award “on just the portion of fees the court was
ordering [AV California] to pay.” SONG argues the court should have decided the fee
motion without reference to the settlement agreement, i.e., on the entire $444,262 SONG
sought, and left the City and AV California to battle over apportionment. The court
commenced its discussion entitled “Lodestar Calculation” by stating, “In the instant case,
[SONG] seeks attorneys’ fees in the total amount of $444,262.00.” The court then
proceeded to determine the amount of reasonable fees, knowing one of the two
responsible parties had already committed to paying SONG $150,000. Thus, the court
correctly commenced with the entire amount SONG sought and applied the lodestar
calculus thereon.
       b. The trial court abused its discretion in calculating the lodestar.
       SONG persuasively argues that the trial court improperly calculated the lodestar
by ignoring the unrebutted evidence in SONG’s moving papers of prevailing rates and
instead substituting a rate based on the law firm size. SONG’s fee motion included
declarations from two attorneys attesting that $550 per hour was a reasonable rate
considering the expertise and caliber of SONG’s attorney, McClendon. Also attached to
the fee motion was a declaration from a member of SONG describing the difficulty in
locating an attorney with expertise in CEQA and land use who would take the case on a
contingency-fee basis. AV California appears not to dispute that SONG presented
adequate evidence to support its fee motion.
       Notwithstanding the fee motion’s supporting documentation which was
unrebutted, the trial court based the hourly rate on the law firm size. The trial court

                                             16
stated during oral argument on the fee motion, “We look at every single aspect of this
particular representation and what kind of firm and what type of firm you are, and what
kind and type of firm was necessary and reasonable to litigate this case, and what hourly
rate is charged by those types of firms. [¶] We don’t – I don’t give you Gibson, Dunn
and Crutcher rates for this case, and we don’t give you Mr. Cahill’s rates for this
case . . . when this cases [sic] doesn’t reason [sic] those resources.” (Italics added.) The
court’s ruling then reads, “This Court, as a CEQA designated-court and one which has
significant experience with the rates charged in this community for similar work, finds
that McClendon’s proposed rate of $550 per hour is excessive. In this community, small
firms or sole practices routinely and regularly charge $350 per hour for a senior
attorney and $250 per hour or less for associates, junior partners or non-lead counsel.
Accordingly, the Court, in its discretion, reduces McClendon’s hourly rate to $350/hour
and Winterswyk’s hourly rate to $250/hour.” (Italics added.) We agree with SONG that
the court’s “abuse of discretion here is readily apparent.”
       In Biological Diversity, supra, 188 Cal.App.4th 603, the trial court capped the
hourly fees for all attorneys to $370, notwithstanding evidence that attorneys with
comparable experience in environmental cases charged rates between $448 and $795,
explaining “ ‘[t]he court is familiar generally with the local prevailing rates and
concludes the rate of $370.00 per hour is more in line for similar work in this
community.’ ” (Id. at p. 615.) The appellate court held this rate limitation was an abuse
of discretion because it ignored “undisputed evidence” and because “ ‘ “[t]he reasonable
market value of the attorney’s services is the measure of a reasonable hourly rate.” ’ ”
(Id. at pp. 615 & 619.)
       “We acknowledge the awarding of attorney fees is a highly fact-specific matter
best left to the trial court’s discretion [citation] and that the trial court has its own
expertise in determining the value of legal services performed in a case. [Citation.]
‘However, since determination of the lodestar figure[] is so “[f]undamental” to
calculating the amount of the award, the exercise of that discretion must be based on the
lodestar adjustment method.’ [Citations.]” (Graciano v. Robinson Ford Sales, Inc.

                                               17
(2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 140, 155-156.) Here, although the trial court indicated it was
considering the relevant factors to determine the prevailing rate in the community for
comparable professional legal services, i.e., services rendered by counsel with experience
in CEQA and land use law, it arbitrarily relied on law firm size alone to calculate what it
considered a reasonable rate. The court abused its discretion. This is not to say that the
court was obligated to unquestioningly accept the $550 amount merely because SONG’s
declarations were undisputed. Rather, firm size is not properly the sole basis for fixing
the rate.
       Given we are reversing the order fixing the amount of fees, we need not address
SONG’s further argument that the court abused its discretion in denying its request for a
multiplier.
       c. SONG should be compensated for the reasonable time spent working on the
reconsideration motion.
       SONG contends that it should be awarded fees for its reconsideration motion. We
agree. To bring its CEQA challenge, SONG was obligated to demonstrate at the outset of
the action that it had standing. (Pub. Resources Code, § 21177.) It was unaware until the
trial court issued its tentative ruling on SONG’s writ petition that its declaration in
support of standing was not included in the record and counsel for the City and
AV California had not received copies. The trial court rejected SONG’s request for
permission to fax a copy of the declaration to the clerk, and instead required SONG to
proceed by way of a motion for reconsideration (§ 1008). The trial court then denied
SONG’s ensuing motion. In reversing the trial court’s denial of SONG’s writ petition,
we first held SONG indeed had standing. As for the attorney fee motion, the trial court
declined to award SONG fees for 33.6 hours it claimed to have worked on the
reconsideration motion. The court ruled the amount requested was “excessive and
unnecessary” because in the court’s view, SONG “could have easily and more efficiently
proceeded to an appeal without resorting to a motion for reconsideration.”
       “[I]n the absence of ‘circumstances rendering the award unjust, an attorney fee
award should ordinarily include compensation for all the hours reasonably

                                              18
spent . . . . [Citation.]’ [Citation.] However, ‘[a] fee request that appears unreasonably
inflated is a special circumstance permitting the trial court to reduce the award or deny
one altogether.’ [Citation.]” (Bernardi v. County of Monterey, supra, 167 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1394.) “[T]he predicate of any attorney fee award, whether based on a percentage-of-
the-benefit or a lodestar calculation, is the necessity and usefulness of the conduct for
which compensation is sought.” (Thayer v. Wells Fargo Bank, supra, 92 Cal.App.4th at
p. 846.) The court’s ruling here overlooks the fact that the very same court, albeit a
different judge, had required SONG to proceed by way of a reconsideration motion to
demonstrate its standing to bring this lawsuit in the first place, and that our review is
restricted to those documents that were before the trial court. Consequently, counsel’s
work on the reconsideration motion cannot fairly be labeled “unnecessary.” The fee
award should include compensation for a reasonable number of hours spent on a motion
the trial court required simply so that SONG could demonstrate its standing to bring its
writ petition in the first instance.




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                                    DISPOSITION
      The order is affirmed in part and reversed in part. SONG shall recover costs on
appeal.


      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS




                                               ALDRICH, J.
We concur:




             KLEIN, P. J.




             KITCHING, J.




                                          20
