     Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the P ACIFIC R EPORTER .
     Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
     303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
     corrections@appellate.courts.state.ak.us.



              THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

ROWAN B., Sr. and RISA F.,                    )
                                              )        Supreme Court No. S-15107
                     Appellants,              )
                                              )        Superior Court Nos. 3PA-12-00057,
     v.                                       )        3PA-12-00058, and 3PA-12-00059 CN
                                              )
STATE OF ALASKA,                              )        OPINION
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH &                        )
SOCIAL SERVICES, OFFICE OF                    )        N o. 6881 – March 21, 2014
CHILDREN’S SERVICES,                          )
                                              )
                     Appellee.                )


             Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Third
             Judicial District, Palmer, Kari Kristiansen, Judge.

             Appearances: Rachel Cella, Assistant Public Defender, and
             Quinlan Steiner, Public Defender, Anchorage, for Appellant
             Rowan B., Sr. Michael A. Rose, Frontier Law Group, LLC,
             for Appellant Risa F. Joanne Grace, Assistant Attorney
             General, Anchorage, and Michael C. Geraghty, Attorney
             General, Juneau, for Appellee.

             Before: Fabe, Chief Justice, Winfree, Stowers, Maassen, and
             Bolger, Justices.

             WINFREE, Justice.
I.    INTRODUCTION
             Rowan B., Sr. and Risa F. appeal the adjudication of their children as
children in need of aid.1 The adjudication was based on allegations that Rowan had
physically and sexually abused their daughter and Risa’s daughters from an earlier
relationship and that Risa was too mentally ill to care for the children. Risa challenges
the finding that her mental illness prevents her from adequately parenting the children.
Rowan raises numerous challenges to the trial court’s actions, including arguments about
notice and denial of materials during discovery. We hold that the trial court erred in
denying Rowan access to materials he sought through discovery without at least
conducting an in camera review. We retain jurisdiction and remand the case to the trial
court for further limited proceedings.
II.   FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
             Rowan and Risa are the divorced parents of three children: Agnes, Rowan
Junior (Junior), and Saul. Risa suffers from schizoaffective bipolar disorder, which she
does not always treat as prescribed. After the parties divorced in 2006, Rowan had
custody of the parties’ three children as well as Risa’s two older children, Aeryn and
Reagan, who now are adults. The State of Alaska, Department of Health and Social
Services, Office of Children’s Services (OCS) had contact with the family at the time the
parents divorced, but OCS released the children to Rowan after working with him for a
period of time.
             In 2012 Aeryn reported that Rowan had sexually and physically abused
both her and Reagan over a number of years. She said she did not report the abuse
earlier because she was “afraid for [her] life” due to Rowan’s threats. Aeryn said Rowan
impregnated her when she was 17 and threatened to kill her with a two-by-four; she left


      1
             We use pseudonyms to protect the privacy of the parties.

                                           -2-                                     6881
the home the next day. Aeryn also said that Rowan had beaten Risa but used Risa’s
mental illness against her when Risa reported the abuse.
              Aeryn became concerned that Rowan was sexually abusing Agnes, and
when Agnes was visiting Risa for the summer, Aeryn asked Agnes about it. Although
Agnes initially denied any abuse, Aeryn later took Agnes to Alaska CARES, where
Agnes detailed several years of sexual and physical abuse by Rowan.
              Agnes said that Rowan began sexually abusing her when she was 11 and
that Rowan put his penis in her vagina the first time he had sexual contact with her. She
described other sexual abuse as well. Agnes also reported that Rowan physically abused
her by hitting her with his hands, a belt, and an extension cord. She described seeing
Rowan sexually abuse Reagan once, when Agnes was “little.” Agnes said that Junior
was Rowan’s favorite child and as a result received little punishment. She indicated that
Rowan sometimes spanked Saul “on the butt” with his hand when Saul misbehaved.
              OCS removed Junior and Saul from Rowan’s home in June 2012; Agnes
had not returned to Rowan’s home and was living with Aeryn. OCS filed an emergency
petition for custody of all three children shortly afterwards. The emergency petition
alleged that the children were in need of aid under several subsections of AS 47.10.011,
including subsections (6) (physical harm), (7) (sexual abuse or risk of sexual abuse),
(8) (mental injury), (10) (parental use of intoxicants), and (11) (parental mental illness).
              Before the adjudication hearing, Rowan moved the court to order the
Alaska State Troopers (AST) and the Anchorage Police Department (APD) to release
“copies of all reports, records, and recordings” about the children or about their parents
to assist him in preparing for trial.2 AST opposed the motion on the grounds that the



       2
            The record does not show that Rowan attempted to obtain the information
any other way, such as by scheduling a deposition, before making his motion.

                                            -3-                                       6881
only records it possessed were protected under exceptions to disclosure listed in the
Alaska Public Records Act,3 but it expressed willingness to provide some of the records
to the trial court for in camera review if the court thought it necessary. APD responded
that the request was overly broad and was premature because Rowan had not subpoenaed
the records. Rowan then said he was willing to work with APD to narrow the scope of
his request “if appropriate.” The trial court did not conduct an in camera review or
explain why it did not do so; instead it denied the motion in its entirety based on the two
cited subsections of the Alaska Public Records Act.
              The contested adjudication hearing was held over three days in January and
February 2013. At the hearing, OCS informed the court it would be proceeding under
AS 47.10.011(7) (sexual abuse or risk of sexual abuse) applicable to Rowan and under
AS 47.10.011(11) (parental mental illness) applicable to Risa. After the parents made
their opening statements, the guardian ad litem (GAL) told the court she would ask the
court to make findings under the following AS 47.10.011 subsections: (6) (physical
harm) and (8) (mental injury) against both parents, (7) (sexual abuse or risk of sexual
abuse) against Rowan, and (11) (parental mental illness) against Risa. The GAL
participated in the hearing but did not testify, call any witnesses, or introduce any
exhibits.
              Aeryn and Agnes both testified about Rowan’s physical and sexual abuse.
Two healthcare providers testified about Risa’s mental illness and her treatment. Dana
Overfelt, the primary OCS social worker assigned to the case, testified about the parents’
case plans, OCS’s efforts to help the family, and prior contacts between OCS and the
family.



      3
              AS 40.25.100-.295. AST relied on AS 40.25.120(a)(2), records pertaining
to juveniles, and (a)(6), law enforcement records.

                                            -4-                                      6881
              Rowan initially planned to testify, but after the judge warned him that
whatever he said could be used in a potential criminal case, he decided not to testify. His
attorney indicated that Rowan’s decision not to testify was influenced by his inability to
get the documents he had requested from law enforcement in his discovery motions.
Rowan’s only witness was a visitation supervisor from the Anchorage OCS office; she
said that visitation was going well and that Rowan was appropriate with the boys.
              During closing, OCS asked for findings for all three children under
subsections (7) (sexual abuse or risk of sexual abuse) and (11) (parental mental illness).
Because only Agnes had been sexually abused, it asked the court to rely on In re P.N.4
to find that Junior and Saul were children in need of aid under the “risk of sexual abuse”
provision of AS 47.10.011(7). In his closing argument Rowan attacked the credibility
of Aeryn and Agnes, argued that there was no evidence he had in any way mistreated
Junior or Saul, and again raised the issue of the court’s denial of access to police records.
He also argued that because Agnes did not want to live with him, the court could find
that she was a child in need of aid under AS 47.10.011(5), the subsection about
runaways.
              After the parents finished their closing arguments, the GAL asked the court
to find the children to be children in need of aid under AS 47.10.011’s subsections
(4) (failure to provide needed medical care), (6) (physical harm), (7) (sexual abuse or risk
of sexual abuse), (8) (mental injury), and (11) (parental mental illness). Rowan’s
attorney asked the court for extra time for argument after the GAL’s argument because
of the GAL’s request for findings under additional subsections that OCS had not
mentioned; the court did not grant extra time. The court decided the parents were given


       4
            533 P.2d 13, 16 (Alaska 1975) (holding that father’s sexual abuse of
daughter demonstrated serious disregard of parental responsibilities and lack of social
and moral values that posed substantial risk of harm to sons).

                                            -5-                                        6881
adequate notice of the possibility of findings under subsections (6) (physical harm) and
(8) (mental injury) because the GAL mentioned them in her opening statement.
              The trial court adjudicated the children to be in need of aid under
AS 47.10.011’s subsections (6) (physical harm), (7) (sexual abuse or risk of sexual
abuse), (8) (mental injury), and (11) (parental mental illness). The court found that
subsections (6), (7), and (8) applied to Rowan, relying on his “chronic ongoing physical
and sexual abuse . . . against his daughters.” The court noted it “believe[d] the abuse did
occur” because of “the compelling and convincing nature of the testimony.” The court
also found that Junior and Saul had witnessed Rowan physically abusing Agnes. The
court found the children to be in need of aid under subsection (11) based on Risa’s
mental illness. The court found that it was in the children’s best interests to be in OCS’s
temporary custody pending disposition. Rowan moved for reconsideration, and the court
denied the motion. The court later issued a disposition order giving OCS custody of the
children for up to two years.
III.   STANDARD OF REVIEW
              We interpret court rules de novo.5 We review de novo whether a trial court
considered the appropriate factors in issuing a discovery order.6 “We review issues of
statutory and constitutional construction de novo, adopting the rule of law that is most
persuasive in light of precedent, reason, and policy.”7



       5
              Rhodes v. Erion, 189 P.3d 1051, 1053 (Alaska 2008).
       6
              Prentzel v. State, Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 169 P.3d 573, 594 (Alaska 2007)
(citing Peter v. Progressive Corp., 986 P.2d 865, 867 (Alaska 1999)).
       7
            Kyle S. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs.,
309 P.3d 1262, 1267 (Alaska 2013) (citing Smart v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs.,
237 P.3d 1010, 1014 (Alaska 2010)).

                                            -6-                                      6881

IV.    DISCUSSION
       A.     Rowan’s Discovery Motion
              Rowan argues that the trial court denied him due process by denying his
motion for production of records from law enforcement without conducting an in camera
review. In response, OCS frames the issue not as a constitutional matter, but rather as
a discovery dispute and argues that the standard of review should be abuse of discretion;
it argues in the alternative that even if the trial court abused its discretion, Rowan has not
shown that the error harmed him. In his reply brief, Rowan contends that even under an
abuse of discretion standard the trial court’s ruling should be reversed.
              With limited exceptions not applicable here, the discovery provisions of
Alaska Civil Rules 26-37 and 45 apply in child in need of aid (CINA) cases.8 We have
previously held that “the civil rules are committed to a system of liberal pretrial
discovery.”9 Although AST raised the issue of the Alaska Public Records Act, Rowan
did not make a request for records as a member of the general public; his motion was for
discovery directly relevant to the civil proceeding against him. Civil Rule 26(b)(1)
provides that a party “may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged which
is relevant to the subject matter involved in the pending action.” As part of the discovery
process, a party can, with few exceptions, depose and obtain relevant documents from
any person who may have information relevant to the litigation.10


       8
              CINA Rules 1(e) and 8(b).
       9
             Jones v. Jennings, 788 P.2d 732, 735 (Alaska 1990) (citing United Servs.
Auto. Ass’n v. Werley, 526 P.2d 28, 31 (Alaska 1974)).
       10
              Alaska R. Civ. P. 30-31, 45. We recognize that Rowan apparently did not
first attempt to conduct a records deposition in this case, but OCS does not raise this
procedural issue as a reason to deny his request and it seems likely that had Rowan
                                                                        (continued...)

                                             -7-                                        6881

              Although we previously have construed the Public Records Act,11 we have
not considered the interaction between the exceptions to disclosure in that statute and
civil discovery rules. Both provide access to information, but they do so for different
reasons and provide different types of access. As one federal court wrote in relation to
the federal Freedom of Information Act (FOIA):12
                     The FOIA furthers the public’s general right to know
              and ensures government accountability.                 Discovery
              discourages unfair surprise and delay at trial. In the FOIA
              context, the requesting party’s need for the information is
              irrelevant . . . . In the discovery context, when qualified
              privilege is properly raised, the litigant’s need is a key factor.
              Whether the information is disclosed depends on the relative
              weight of the claimant’s need and the government’s interest
              in confidentiality.[13]
              Here the trial court denied all access to the information Rowan requested
in his discovery motion, relying on exceptions to disclosure in the Public Records Act
instead of analyzing the discovery request under the Civil Rules. There is no indication
in the trial court’s order that it considered whether Rowan’s need for the information as
a litigant outweighed the law enforcement agencies’ interests in not disclosing it. This
was legal error and requires a remand to the trial court.


      10
             (...continued)
sought records depositions, the parties would have been before the trial court in exactly
the same posture attempting to resolve the discovery dispute.
      11
            See, e.g., Gwich’in Steering Comm. v. State, Office of the Governor, 10
P.3d 572 (Alaska 2000).
      12
             5 U.S.C. § 552 (2012). We have noted some parallels between the FOIA
and the Public Records Act. Gwich’in Steering Comm., 10 P.3d at 577 n.6.
      13
              Friedman v. Bache Halsey Stuart Shields, Inc., 738 F.2d 1336, 1344 (D.C.
Cir. 1984).

                                             -8-                                   6881

             We note that Rowan apparently now has been charged criminally with
numerous counts of child sexual abuse and presumably has been provided in his criminal
case with much, if not all, of the information he sought through discovery in the CINA
case.14 If any information requested in the CINA discovery motion and identified by the
law enforcement agencies has not been provided to him, the court should order law
enforcement to provide him with the information or make a claim of privilege or other
protection with respect to that information. The trial court then can conduct an in camera
review of documents to assess any claim of privilege or other protections.15 After
Rowan’s discovery requests have been resolved, he should be given the opportunity to
bring any information obtained through discovery in his criminal case and in this case
to the attention of the trial court. The trial court then must review any new information
to determine whether the new information changes the trial court’s determination that the
children are in need of aid under any statutory basis relied upon.
      B.     Application Of AS 47.10.011(7)
             Because we are remanding this case to give Rowan an opportunity to
present evidence previously unavailable to him, we do not consider whether the trial
court’s finding that Junior and Saul are at substantial risk of sexual abuse is clearly
erroneous. But we clarify the legal standard to be applied when a parent is found to have
sexually abused one child in the household.
             Rowan argues that the trial court erroneously found Junior and Saul to be
children in need of aid under AS 47.10.011(7) (risk of sexual abuse) by relying on In re


      14
             See Alaska R. Crim. P. 16(b) (setting out discovery available to accused in
criminal case).
      15
             See In re Mendel, 897 P.2d 68, 75 (Alaska 1995) (setting out procedure for
in camera review when work-product privilege is claimed); see also Honda Motor Co.
v. Salzman, 751 P.2d 489, 492-93 (Alaska 1988) (discussing protection for trade secret).

                                           -9-                                      6881

P.N.,16 which he claims no longer is applicable because of statutory changes; he contends
that the court’s finding that he sexually abused the girls does not make the boys children
in need of aid under subsection (7). OCS responds that this court “still accepts the
foundational principles of” In re P.N. and that the trial court’s findings about Rowan’s
sexual abuse of the girls is adequate support for its finding that the boys are at substantial
risk of being sexually abused.
              In In re P.N. the trial court had found all of the children, including three
boys, to be in need of aid because the father admitted having sexually abused his ten­
year-old daughter.17 We decided there was
              support for the finding of dependency in that the [father’s]
              treatment of the girl could be considered to have evidenced
              such a serious disregard of parental responsibilities and lack
              of social and moral values on [the father’s] part as to pose a
              substantial risk to the physical and emotional well-being of
              the boys as well as the girl.[18]
The statutory basis for our decision was former AS 47.10.010(a)(5),19 which provided
that a child was in need of aid when the child “lack[ed] proper parental care by reason
of faults, habit or neglect of his parent, guardian or custodian.”20 This statutory basis for
CINA status was later repealed.21

       16
              533 P.2d 13 (Alaska 1975).

       17
              Id. at 16.

       18
              Id.

       19
              Id.

       20

            In re S.D., 549 P.2d 1190, 1194 (Alaska 1976) (quoting former AS
47.10.010(a)(5) (1975)).
       21
              See In re J.M., 573 P.2d 1376, 1377 n.1 (Alaska 1978) (noting repeal of
                                                                       (continued...)

                                            -10-                                        6881

              Alaska Statute 47.10.011(7), on the other hand, allows a court to find a
child to be a child in need of aid when “there is a substantial risk that the child will suffer
sexual abuse, as a result of conduct by or conditions created by the child’s parent.”
Under AS 47.10.011(7), a parent’s allowing a child to be left with a person having a
history as a sex offender or who is under investigation for a sex offense against a minor
establishes a prima facie case that the child is at substantial risk of sexual abuse. But the
statute does not specify that parental conduct toward a child’s siblings would constitute
prima facie evidence of a substantial risk of sexual abuse, nor does it define what
constitutes substantial risk of sexual abuse.22
              Noting that the legislature included parental conduct toward siblings in the
definition of neglect,23 Rowan asks us to apply the maxim of statutory construction
expressio unius est exclusio alterius to decide that the legislature did not intend the
sexual abuse of one sibling to be a basis for a finding that other children in the same
household are at risk of sexual abuse. We decline to do so. We also reject Rowan’s
argument that the legislature intended to overrule In re P.N. when it revised the CINA
statutes. The legislature did not list In re P.N. as a case it intended to overrule,24 and


       21
            (...continued)
former AS 47.10.010(a)(5)).
       22
              Cf. AS 47.10.015 (setting out when court may find physical harm or
substantial risk of physical harm). AS 47.10.990(31) defines “sexual abuse” for
purposes of AS 47.10.011.
       23
              AS 47.10.011(9) permits a court to find a child to be in need of aid when
“conduct by or conditions created by the parent . . . have subjected the child or another
child in the same household to neglect.”
       24
               The legislature listed several cases it intended to overrule when it revised

the statute in 1998 to change the bases on which a child could be found in need of aid,

                                                                             (continued...)


                                             -11-                                        6881

Rowan points to no affirmative statement in the statute or the legislative history
indicating any disagreement with the reasoning of that case.
              As one court has observed, courts “overwhelmingly” have decided that a
parent’s sexual abuse of one child in the household is substantial evidence that the other
children are at risk of sexual abuse.25 Similar to our reasoning in In re P.N., the
California Court of Appeal has held that a father’s “conduct [was] ‘so sexually aberrant’
to support the common sense conclusion that most every person in the family home was
at risk of sexual abuse.”26 Although the statutory basis for CINA status now may be
different than it was in In re P.N., we continue to adhere to the principles underlying that
case, and consequently we hold that when a trial court finds a parent has sexually abused
one child in the household, the court may presume that other children in the household
are at substantial risk of sexual abuse.
              The statutory language supports our construction of the statute. Alaska
Statute 47.10.011(7) provides that a parent’s leaving a child in the care of someone who
the parent knows is under investigation for child sexual abuse is “prima facie evidence
that the child is at substantial risk of being sexually abused.” It would not make sense



       24
             (...continued)
including In re S.A., 912 P.2d 1235 (Alaska 1996) and R.J.M. v. State, 946 P.2d 855
(Alaska 1997). See ch. 99, §§ 1, 18, SLA 1998.
       25
              Los Angeles Cnty. Dep’t of Children & Family Servs. v. Superior Court of
Los Angeles Cnty., 156 Cal. Rptr. 3d 502, 506 (Cal. App. 2013) (reversing trial court’s
denial of dependency petition); see also In re I.J., 299 P.3d 1254, 1262 (Cal. 2013)
(construing California statute as not requiring scientific or empirical evidence for finding
that male children are at risk of sexual abuse when their sister has been sexually abused
by father).
       26
            In re Ana C., 139 Cal. Rptr. 3d 686, 698 (Cal. App. 2012) (quoting In re
Karen R., 115 Cal. Rptr. 2d 18, 22 (Cal. App. 2001)).

                                           -12-                                       6881

for a child to be considered at risk of sexual abuse when left in the care of someone who
has been convicted of a sex offense or is under investigation for sexual abuse, but the
same child not to be considered at risk of sexual abuse when it is the parent under
investigation for sexual abuse or found to have sexually abused another child in the
household.
             If on remand Rowan still is under investigation or subject to criminal
charges for sexual abuse of a minor, the trial court may apply the statutory presumption
that Junior and Saul are at substantial risk of being sexually abused.27 And if the trial
court again finds that Rowan sexually abused Agnes, it can conclude that Junior and Saul
are at substantial risk of being sexually abused.28
V.    CONCLUSION
             We REMAND this case to the trial court for proceedings consistent with
this opinion. Jurisdiction is RETAINED.




      27
             AS 47.10.011(7).
      28
              Because we are remanding the case for further proceedings and retaining
jurisdiction, we do not now address Risa’s challenge to the trial court’s findings about
the children being in need of aid due to her mental illness. We likewise do not now
evaluate Rowan’s arguments about the adequacy of the evidence to support findings
under other statutory subsections. See Martha S. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs.,
Office of Children’s Servs., 268 P.3d 1066, 1080 (Alaska 2012) (citing Jon S. v. State,
Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs., 212 P.3d 756, 762 (Alaska
2009)) (holding that only one statutory basis is required to find a child in need of aid).

                                          -13-                                      6881
