Filed 9/16/15 Van Valin v. Bay Area Rapid Transit Dist.
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION TWO


SANDRA VAN VALIN, Individually and
as Successor in Interest, etc.
         Plaintiff and Appellant,                                    A140552

v.                                                                   (Alameda County
BAY AREA RAPID TRANSIT                                               Super. Ct. No. RG12626240)
DISTRICT,
         Defendant and Respondent.


         On November 2, 2011, William and Sandra Van Valin (the Van Valins
collectively, William and Sandra individually) boarded a Bay Area Rapid Transit District
(District) train. William was about to sit down when the train started. He lost his
balance, fell, and was injured. William sued the District, alleging five negligent acts and
a dangerous condition on public property. Sandra joined the suit, alleging a cause of
action for loss of consortium. The District moved for summary judgment, and the trial
court granted the motion. We reverse because the District failed to meet its burden of
production with respect to two of William’s five alleged negligence claims.




                                                             1
                                      BACKGROUND1
       The District is a public entity, organized under California law and operating a rail-
based mass transportation system, Bay Area Rapid Transit, commonly known as BART,
in the San Francisco Bay Area.
       On November 2, 2011, the Van Valins arrived at Oakland International Airport
and took a shuttle from the airport to the Coliseum BART station. William was 72 years
old and had ridden BART only once, about 12 or 13 years earlier. The Van Valins
proceeded through the fare gate to the platform to await a Richmond-bound train, which
arrived about 4:30 p.m. William allowed eight to 12 people to board before him,
including Sandra. William then boarded the train himself. The Van Valins boarded car
1773, the next to last car in the six-car train.
       William was carrying medical equipment in a bag hanging from his left shoulder
and a toiletries bag in his right hand. As he boarded the train, he saw an empty seat to his
left, about five or six feet away. William proceeded to the seat and put his bags down
next to it. He started to lower his body onto the empty seat and was not holding onto
anything. At that moment, the BART train began to move. William lost his balance and
fell forward onto the floor, sliding and hitting his head on another seat.
       The Van Valins filed suit against the District on April 18, 2010. The operative
first amended complaint was filed on August 14, 2012. The Van Valins alleged three
causes of action: (1) “Respondeat Superior per Government Code Section 815.2”; (2)
“Dangerous Condition of Public Property”; and (3) loss of consortium. The first two
causes of action were asserted by William and the third by Sandra. William died during
the pendency of the Van Valins’s suit. The record does not provide reason to believe his
death was related to his fall on the BART train. Sandra continued to prosecute William’s
causes of action as his successor in interest.



       1
          The facts set forth in the first three paragraphs of this section are taken from the
District’s separate statement of undisputed facts and supporting exhibits and were not
disputed by the Van Valins.


                                                   2
       Under the first cause of action, William alleged that a BART train typically makes
“sudden and uncontrolled movements,” “sudden and violent starts, stops, lurches, etc.,”
and “sudden and unexpected violent starts, stops and lurches” when departing a station.
William also identified five allegedly negligent acts in support of a respondeat superior
theory of recovery: (1) the train operator should have delayed shutting the train doors to
allow him sufficient time “to safely situate himself in either a seat or standing position”
(failure to provide sufficient time); (2) the train operator should have provided “sufficient
warning of the imminent departure of the train” (failure to warn of departure); (3) the
train operator should have warned about “the risk of sudden and unexpected violent
starts, stops and lurches” (failure to warn of lurching); (4) the District’s maintenance
personnel “failed and neglected to inspect, maintain, repair and/or service” the train he
boarded or the track on which it ran (failure to maintain train); and (5) the District’s
personnel “failed and neglected to operate, inspect, maintain, repair and/or service” the
automated train control (ATC) that interacts with the train (failure to maintain the ATC).
       Under the second cause of action, William repeated many of the allegations
contained under the first cause of action. The essence of his claim for a dangerous
condition of public property appears to be contained in paragraphs 42 and 43 of the
complaint: William had an “extreme vulnerability to the sudden and uncontrolled
movements of a BART train while exiting a station” and “the BART train . . . created an
unreasonable and substantial risk of harm . . . . This risk was not readily apparent,
indeed, concealed from plaintiff, and substantially compounded by the absence of any
warning of both the imminent departure of the train, and its tendency to violently lurch,
stop and start when exiting a station, a danger well-known to BART personnel, but
unknown to persons unfamiliar with the BART system. Indeed, the absence of such
warnings constitutes a dangerous condition in and of itself.” These allegations present
three possible “dangerous conditions”: (1) the tendency of the train to violently lurch,
stop and start; (2) the absence of a warning that the train has such a tendency; and (3) the
absence of a warning of imminent train departure.



                                              3
       The third cause of action, for loss of consortium, is derivative of the first two
causes of action, alleging that as a result of the District’s negligence and the dangerous
condition of public property, Sandra was deprived of William’s affection, assistance,
society and moral support.
       In its answer to the complaint, the District asserted numerous affirmative defenses,
including design immunity pursuant to Government Code section 830.6.2
       On June 21, 2013, the District filed a motion for summary judgment or, in the
alternative, for summary adjudication. The District sought summary judgment or
adjudication based on five issues: (1) “To the extent Plaintiff’s first, second and third
causes of action are based on the alleged negligence of the train operator, they fail as a
matter of law because the undisputed evidence shows that the train operator cannot
influence the manner of the train’s acceleration”; (2) “Plaintiffs cannot sustain their
second cause of action, for dangerous condition of public property, because the
acceleration of the [BART] train does not constitute a dangerous condition, as a matter of
law pursuant to Government Code §§ 830(a) and 830.2”; (3) “Plaintiffs cannot sustain
their second cause of action, for dangerous condition of public property, because there is
no evidence that a [District] employee negligently or wrongfully created an allegedly
dangerous condition”; (4) “[The District] is entitled to the affirmative defense of design
immunity, Government Code § 830.6, thus barring Plaintiffs’ claims based on the
condition of [the District’s] property”; and (5) “Plaintiff Sandra Van Valin’s cause of
action for loss of consortium has no merit as a matter of law because it is derivative of
Plaintiff William Van Valin’s causes of action.”
       The District’s motion was accompanied by a separate statement of undisputed
material facts (separate statement), declarations and several exhibits. In addition to facts
about William’s movements up to the time he fell on the train, the facts the District
identified as material for purposes of summary judgment concern BART train


       2
        Further statutory citations are to the Government Code, unless indicated
otherwise.


                                              4
acceleration, the maintenance of the train on which the accident occurred, and incidents
related to the starting of a train reported by BART patrons. Concerning acceleration, the
District’s separate statement provides that: (1) the train did not make any jerking or
lurching motions as it departed the station after the Van Valins boarded; (2) each car in a
BART train possesses its own source of tractive effort, so that the train is driven by all
cars simultaneously and neither pushed nor pulled; (3) each car receives the identical
tractive effort command from equipment in the operator’s cab and responds in identical
fashion; (4) the operator has no means of influencing the train’s rate of acceleration; (5)
design specifications call for train cars to accelerate at three miles per hour per second,
with an acceptable deviation of plus or minus 10 percent; (6) all cars have a jerk-limiting
feature, limiting the rate of acceleration change by controlling the mechanical torque
produced by the traction motors of the cars; (7) the jerk-limiting design specification is
two miles per hour per second per second, with an acceptable deviation of plus or minus
10 percent, so that when starting from a stop, it takes 1.5 seconds for the train to reach the
full acceleration rate of 3 miles an hour per second; and (8) the acceleration standards and
jerk-limiting standards are industry standards and were part of the original design of the
BART system, approved by the District’s Board of Directors.
       Concerning train maintenance, the District’s separate statement and evidence
indicates that: (1) there were no reports of patrons falling on the car the Van Valins
boarded on November 2, 2011, other than William, and there was no report of any
malfunction related to performance of the car; (2) the maintenance history of the car for
30 days before and after November 2, 2011, does not indicate any propulsion failure that
might have caused the car or train to exceed its specified acceleration limit.
       Finally, concerning incidents related to the starting of a train, the District states
that: (1) from November 2, 2009, through November 2, 2011, BART had a total system
ridership of 207,075,676 patrons (counting exits from a BART station through a fare
gate); (2) in the same period, 41 BART patrons reported an on-train incident involving
the starting of the train’s motion, including William.



                                               5
       The District’s motion—both its memorandum and separate statement—addressed
the Van Valins’s negligence theories related to train acceleration and lurching. It did not
address the Van Valins’s claim that the train operator failed to provide sufficient time for
Willian to safely board in either its memorandum or its separate statement. Nor did it
address their claim that the operator failed to warn them of the train’s imminent
departure.
       The Van Valins’s opposition to the District’s motion for summary
judgment/adjudication asserted that their negligence claims had “nothing to do with
acceleration” and addressed only their theories of negligent failure to provide sufficient
time and negligent failure to warn of departure. With one exception, the Van Valins did
not dispute the District’s listed material facts. The District had asserted that “[u]pon Mr.
Van Valin entering the train, the doors closed.” The Van Valins noted that in William’s
deposition, he had merely said that he didn’t recall how much time passed between his
entering the train and the doors closing. By failing to dispute other facts in the District’s
separate statement, the Van Valins conceded, contrary to the allegations of their
complaint, that the train did not jerk or lurch when it departed the station.
       The Van Valins’s separate statement and accompanying evidence asserted
additional facts, including that: (1) the 41 on-train incidents involving the starting of the
train’s motion show that a person 50 years of age or older is injured, on average, once
every 4.07 weeks on a BART train, and 87 percent of the incident-reporting patrons were
age 60 or older; (2) a train remains at a station for a minimum amount of time (the
“scheduled dwell time”), after which the operator receives a signal; (3) the train operator
controls the shutting of the doors; (4) if the doors are shut after expiration of the
scheduled dwell time, the train will immediately depart; (5) the time a train actually
remains at a station is called the “actual dwell time”; (6) prior to closing the doors, the
operator is required to look down the entire length of the train to determine whether any
patrons are entering or exiting, and if no one is entering or exiting, the operator closes the
doors; (7) the scheduled dwell time for the train the Van Valins boarded was 15 seconds,
no different from that at almost all stations on the Fremont-Richmond line, but the actual


                                               6
dwell time on November 2, 2011, was 23 seconds; (8) an automated announcement
indicating that the doors are closing occurs at the expiration of the scheduled dwell time;
and (9) William neither heard or saw any warning that door closure or departure was
imminent. The opposition included the declaration of Kenneth Nemire, a human factors
consultant who evaluates “the specific circumstances of personal injury incidents as they
relate to human capabilities and limitations” and “how well environments have been
designed or maintained to meet the requirements of people who use them.” Nemire
attested to several of the above facts and opined that an elderly passenger may require up
to 16.1 seconds to search for a seat, walk to a seat, set down a package, turn around and
sit down. Based on his examination of on-board incidents over an approximately two-
year period, he further opined that “BART is not allowing enough time for elderly
patrons to find a seat and sit down before moving the train from the station” and that this
failure, coupled with the absence of a warning of the train’s imminent departure before
closing doors, “presented a fall hazard to elderly passengers.”
       The District filed a reply to the Van Valins’s opposition on October 4, 2013,
which neither party included in the record. The District has neither argued nor stated in
its respondent’s brief that it disputed any of the additional facts set forth in the Van
Valins’s opposition or objected to any of their evidence in the trial court.
       On October 11, 2013, the court issued an order for supplemental briefing
“addressing whether Nemire’s declaration creates a triable issue of material fact as to the
train operator’s duty to wait 16 (or any other number of) seconds before closing the train
door after Plaintiffs boarded, or alternatively, whether the Court can decide that issue of
duty as a matter of law.” The District and the Van Valins filed supplemental briefs.
       After issuing a tentative ruling to which the parties submitted, the court granted
the District’s motion for summary judgment. It did not rule separately on the District’s
summary adjudication motion. The court first held that the Van Valins’s claims based on
“any purported defect with the train” or “the train’s rate of acceleration” failed because
the undisputed evidence established that there were no defects with the train, and any
claim based on the rate of acceleration was barred by section 830.6. The court then held,


                                              7
as a matter of law, that the District had no duty to wait any particular amount of time
after the Van Valins boarded before closing the train doors, because William’s injury was
unforeseeable and the burden of imposing such a duty on the District would be excessive.
Finally, the court held that the Van Valins’s claim for a dangerous condition on public
property failed “because Plaintiffs no longer contend that there was any physical defect
affecting the train on which the accident occurred.” The trial court’s order did not
address the Van Valins’s allegation that the train operator had negligently failed to warn
of train departure. The court dismissed the suit and entered judgment in favor of the
District.
       The Van Valins timely filed a notice of appeal.
                                      DISCUSSION
       We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. (Nazir v. United Airlines, Inc.
(2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 243, 253.) “We view the evidence in the light most favorable to
plaintiffs as the parties opposing summary judgment, strictly scrutinizing defendant[’s]
evidence in order to resolve any evidentiary doubts or ambiguities in plaintiffs’ favor.”
(Dammann v. Golden Gate Bridge, Highway & Transportation Dist. (2012) 212
Cal.App.4th 335, 340–341.)
       “First, and generally, from commencement to conclusion, the party moving for
summary judgment bears the burden of persuasion that there is no triable issue of
material fact and that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. That is because of the
general principle that a party who seeks a court’s action in his favor bears the burden of
persuasion thereon. (See Evid. Code, § 500.) There is a triable issue of material fact if,
and only if, the evidence would allow a reasonable trier of fact to find the underlying fact
in favor of the party opposing the motion in accordance with the applicable standard of
proof. . . . A defendant [moving for summary judgment] bears the burden of persuasion
that ‘one or more elements of’ the ‘cause of action’ in question ‘cannot be established,’ or
that ‘there is a complete defense’ thereto. [Citation.]
       “Second, and generally, the party moving for summary judgment bears an initial
burden of production to make a prima facie showing of the nonexistence of any triable


                                              8
issue of material fact; if he carries his burden of production, he causes a shift, and the
opposing party is then subjected to a burden of production of his own to make a prima
facie showing of the existence of a triable issue of material fact. . . . A prima facie
showing is one that is sufficient to support the position of the party in question.”
(Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 826, 850–851, fns. omitted; see Code
Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (p).)
       A defendant moving for summary judgment bears a “heavy” burden of persuasion.
(Jennifer C. v. Los Angeles Unified School Dist. (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 1320, 1332–
1333.) The defendant must negate each of “plaintiff’s theories of liability as alleged in
the complaint.” (Hutton v. Fidelity National Title Co. (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 486, 493.)
To negate a theory of liability or cause of action, the defendant must do one of two
things: (1) demonstrate that “[o]ne or more of the elements of the cause of action cannot
be separately established” or (2) establish “an affirmative defense to that cause of action.”
(Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (o).) To show that an element of a cause of action or
theory of liability cannot be established, the defendant may present facts which, if
undisputed, “conclusively negate” the element (Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co., supra,
25 Cal.4th at p. 853) or may show “that the plaintiff does not possess, and cannot
reasonably obtain, needed evidence—as through admissions by the plaintiff following
extensive discovery to the effect that he has discovered nothing.” (Id. at p. 855.)
       In analyzing a motion for summary judgment, both the trial court and the
reviewing court follow a three-step process: “ ‘First, we identify the issues raised by the
pleadings, since it is these allegations to which the motion must respond; secondly, we
determine whether the moving party’s showing has established facts which negate the
opponent’s claims and justify a judgment in movant’s favor; when a summary judgment
motion prima facie justifies a judgment, the third and final step is to determine whether
the opposition demonstrates the existence of a triable, material factual issue.’ ” (Waschek
v. Department of Motor Vehicles (1997) 59 Cal.App.4th 640, 644.)
       Every motion for summary judgment must be supported by a “separate statement
setting forth plainly and concisely all material facts which the moving party contends are


                                              9
undisputed.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (b)(1).) Generally, if a fact is not set forth
in the separate statement, we will not consider it. (City of Pasadena v. Superior Court
(2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 1228, 1238, fn. 4.)
                                              I.
                         The Causes of Action at Issue on Appeal
       Although the Van Valins’s complaint contains a single “cause of action” for
negligence under a respondeat superior theory of liability, there are five separate theories
of negligence. To prevail on its motion for summary judgment, the District was required,
in the absence of an affirmative defense, to show—for each of the Van Valins’s five
negligence theories—that at least one essential element of a negligence cause of action
could not be established. (Conn v. National Can Corp. (1981) 124 Cal.App.3d 630, 639
[requiring that a defendant moving for summary judgment “affirmatively react” to each
theory made in the complaint that supports liability]; Teselle v. McLoughlin (2009) 173
Cal.App.4th 156, 173 [failure to address a material allegation of complaint was a “fatal
flaw” in defendant’s motion for summary judgment]; cf. Lilienthal & Fowler v. Superior
Court (1993) 12 Cal.App.4th 1848, 1854–1855 [summary adjudication may be sought
concerning “a distinct wrongful act even though combined with other wrongful acts
alleged in the same cause of action” in the complaint].)
       The Van Valins abandoned several of their allegations of negligence after the
District presented evidence that there was no indication in maintenance records or
incident reports that the train had not started its motion smoothly or accelerated in a way
that deviated from its design. Although the complaint stressed a tendency of BART
trains to violently lurch, start or stop, William had admitted in deposition testimony
proffered by the District with its motion that the train did not jerk or lurch.
In their opposition memorandum, the Van Valins disavowed their negligence theories
relating to acceleration, stating “[t]he allegations of negligence against the BART train
operator and other personnel have nothing to do with acceleration.” They asserted that
their negligence claims were limited to two of their alleged omissions: failure to provide
sufficient time for William to safely situate himself prior to departure and failure to


                                              10
provide a warning of imminent departure. Having thus failed to dispute any of the facts
presented by the District regarding their third, fourth and fifth negligence theories (see
pp. 2–3, supra),3 the Van Valins do not and could not challenge the trial court’s ruling as
to those claims. This leaves their first and second negligence claims, alleging insufficient
time to safely board and failure to warn of imminent departure. (See ibid.)
       Regarding the failure to provide sufficient time theory, the Van Valins argued that
the operator should have observed Van Valin’s age and infirmities and left more time
after he boarded before closing the doors (and thereby starting the train), and that BART
schedulers should have increased “the scheduled dwell time at stations likely to be
serving persons in need of extra time to board” and “buil[t] in additional time between
door closure and departure when the doors are closed after expiration of the scheduled
dwell time at any station.” Regarding the failure to warn theory, they argued that it
encompassed failure to provide either “automated or manual” warnings of imminent
departure when doors were kept open beyond the train’s dwell time. The Van Valins’s
arguments on appeal are also limited, as regards the negligence cause of action, to the
failure to provide sufficient time and failure to warn of departure theories, which are the
only ones we need examine.
       On appeal, the Van Valins also do not dispute that so far as their claim for a
dangerous condition on public property relates to the train’s acceleration, the District is
entitled to design immunity under section 830.6.4 Thus, the Van Valins cannot press a


       3
          Each of these theories was predicated on acceleration-related acts or omissions,
including failure to warn of lurching and failure to safely maintain or operate the train,
the track or the automated control system. (See pp. 2–3, supra.)
       4
          The District suggests on appeal that section 830.6 design immunity could work
to defeat a claim of negligence. That District did not make this argument in the court
below—Issue 4 for summary adjudication, was: “[The District] is entitled to the
affirmative defense of design immunity, . . . thus barring Plaintiffs’ claims based on the
condition of [the District’s] property . . . .” (Italics added.) Generally, “[s]ection 830.6
provides a public entity with an affirmative defense of design immunity in actions arising
out of an alleged dangerous condition of public property.” (Sutton v. Golden Gate
Bridge, Highway & Transportation Dist. (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 1149, 1157.) We need

                                             11
claim that acceleration, in conformance with District design, from a stopped position at a
station presents a dangerous condition. Nor, do the Van Valins argue on appeal that their
dangerous condition claim is based on a failure to warn of lurching or jerking. This
leaves the alleged absence of a warning that the train was about to depart as the sole basis
for their cause of action for a dangerous condition on public property.
       Finally, Sandra’s cause of action for loss of consortium presents no separate issues
in this appeal. It is dependent on the survival of at least one of William’s causes of
action, so we do not address it separately.
                                              II.
  The District Did Not Satisfy Its Burden of Production on William’s Two Remaining
                                 Theories of Negligence.
       At issue in this appeal are William’s allegations that the train operator negligently
failed to provide sufficient time and to warn of departure. We examine each of these
allegations and conclude that the District failed to satisfy its burden of production for
both, providing independent grounds for reversal of the order granting the District’s
motion for summary judgment.
A.     As a Matter of Law, the District Owes Passengers a Duty of Care for Their
       Safe Carriage.
       It is established by statute that common carriers “must use the utmost care and
diligence for their [passengers’] safe carriage, must provide everything necessary for that
purpose, and must exercise to that end a reasonable degree of skill.” (Civ. Code, § 2100.)
This duty “applies to public carriers as well as private carriers and requires them to do all
that human care, vigilance, and foresight reasonably can do under the circumstances.”
(Lopez v. Southern Cal. Rapid Transit Dist. (1985) 40 Cal.3d 780, 785.) The duty is not
boundless, however. “Common carriers are not . . . insurers of their passengers’ safety.
Rather, the degree of care and diligence which they must exercise is only such as can



not decide whether design immunity can ever be a defense to a negligence cause of action
not involving a dangerous condition because the District waived the issue by failing to
raise it in the trial court.


                                              12
reasonably be exercised consistent with the character and mode of conveyance adopted
and the practical operation of the business of the carrier.” (Ibid.)
       As the District points out, “[t]he question is, what does that mean in the context of
this action?” As already mentioned, the Van Valins’s complaint puts flesh on the bones
of the District’s broad, general common carrier duty by alleging that the train operator
should have observed William as he boarded the train, noticed his age and infirmities and
delayed shutting the doors for an unstated amount of time “sufficient . . . to allow him to
safely situate himself in either a seat or standing position.” The question is whether the
acts the Van Valins allege defendants should have taken fall within the scope of their
duty of utmost care.
       As our Supreme Court has explained: “In determining a duty’s existence and
scope, our precedents call for consideration of several factors: ‘ “[T]he foreseeability of
harm to the plaintiff, the degree of certainty that the plaintiff suffered injury, the
closeness of the connection between the defendant’s conduct and the injury suffered, the
moral blame attached to the defendant’s conduct, the policy of preventing future harm,
the extent of the burden to the defendant and consequences to the community of imposing
a duty to exercise care with resulting liability for breach, and the availability, cost, and
prevalence of insurance for the risk involved.” ’ (Ann M. [v. Pacific Plaza Shopping
Center (1993)] 6 Cal.4th [666,] 675, fn. 5, [overruled on other grounds by Reid v. Google
Inc. (2010) 50 Cal.4th 512, 527,] quoting Rowland v. Christian (1968) 69 Cal.2d 108,
113, (Rowland ).) Foreseeability and the extent of the burden to the defendant are
ordinarily the crucial considerations, but in a given case one or more of the other
Rowland factors may be determinative of the duty analysis.” (Castaneda v. Olsher
(2007) 41 Cal.4th 1205, 1213 (Castaneda).) In Castaneda, the court adopted a four-step
analytical process for determining the scope of a duty. First, the court must “identify the
specific action or actions the plaintiff claims the defendant” should have taken to prevent
the harm. Second, it must “ ‘analyze how financially and socially burdensome these
proposed measures would be to [the defendant], which measures could range from
minimally burdensome to significantly burdensome under the facts of the case.’ ” Third,


                                              13
it must identify the harm “ ‘that the plaintiff claims could have been prevented had the
[defendant] taken the proposed measures, and assess how foreseeable (on a continuum
from a mere possibility to a reasonable probability) it was that this [harm] would
occur.’ ” Fourth and finally, the court compares the foreseeability and the burden in
determining the scope of the duty. (Id. at p. 1214.) “ ‘The more certain the likelihood of
harm, the higher the burden a court will impose on a [defendant] to prevent it; the less
foreseeable the harm, the lower the burden a court will place on a [defendant].’ . . .
[O]ther Rowland factors may come into play in a given case, but the balance of burdens
and foreseeability is generally primary to the analysis. ” (Ibid.)
       The Court adopted this analytical framework in deciding the scope of property
owners’ duties to tenants and other invitees, but it is useful in other negligence contexts
as well. The Rowland factors have been used in negligence cases generally. (See, e.g.,
John B. v. Superior Court (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1177, 1189.) In particular, the Rowland
factors have been used to determine the scope of a common carrier’s duty.5 (See, e.g.,
McGettigan v. Bay Area Rapid Transit Dist. (1997) 57 Cal.App.4th 1011, 1022–1023.)
In accord with Casteneda, “ ‘[f]oreseeability and extent of burden to the defendant . . .
have evolved to become the primary [Rowland] factors’ to be considered on the question
of legal duty.” (Campbell v. Ford Motor Co. (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 15, 33, italics
removed; see Castaneda, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 1213.) In considering the scope of the
District’s duty, however, we are mindful that the degree of care owed by common
carriers is higher than for most other actors; it is a duty of “utmost care and diligence” in
regard to passengers’ safety.
       Finally, the Castaneda court recognized that “[a]lthough duty is a legal question,”
the court decides it against a “factual background” which in turn “is a function of a
particular case’s procedural posture.” (Castaneda, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 1214.) In the
summary judgment context, the court’s ability to decide the issue will turn on whether


       5
        Both the District and the Van Valins relied upon the Rowland factors in their
supplemental briefs concerning duty in the court below.


                                             14
material facts related to the Rowland factors are in dispute. (See, e.g., Barnes v. Black
(1999) 71 Cal.App.4th 1473, 1478–1479, 1480 [reversing grant of summary judgment
where defendant failed to offer evidence to negate Rowland factors bearing on scope of
duty]; Lawrence v. La Jolla Beach & Tennis Club, Inc. (2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 11, 28–
33 [reversing grant summary judgment where defendants failed to meet their burden to
show scope of their duty of care did not extend to taking measures plaintiffs claimed
should have been taken]; Barber v. Chang (2007) 151 Cal.App.4th 1456, 1468–1470
[reversing summary judgment where moving defendant did not address whether measures
it failed to take were so burdensome as to fall outside the scope of his duty, observing
“whether the [defendant’s] conduct is ‘reasonable under the circumstances—that is,
whether there was a breach of the defendant’s duty of care,’ [is] generally [a question] of
fact for a jury”]; Silva v. Union Pacific Railroad Co. (2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 1024, 1029
[“ ‘Although the determination of duty is primarily a question of law, its existence may
frequently rest upon the foreseeability of the risk of harm. [Citations.] Foreseeability
may be decided as a question of law only if, under the undisputed facts, there is no room
for a reasonable difference of opinion’ ”].)
B.     The District Failed to Meet Its Burden to Negate the Scope or Breach of the
       Duties Plaintiffs Alleged.
       1.     Failure to Provide Sufficient Time
       The Van Valins alleged that “the duty to exercise the utmost care and the vigilance
toward its passengers required the train operator to have, among other actions, observed
[William] as he boarded the train with sufficient attention to have noticed his extreme
vulnerability as described above [(i.e., his advanced age and consequent infirmities
relative to balance, mobility and upper body strength, manifested by his physical
appearance and slowed gait)] and delayed the shutting of the train doors a sufficient
amount of time after plaintiff entered to allow him to safely situate himself in either a seat
or standing position such that he would be able to withstand the sudden and unexpected
violent starts, stops and lurches of the BART train that typically occur as they depart the
station.” The Van Valins’s theory is that the train operator’s duty of care includes the


                                               15
duty to observe all passengers boarding trains, to determine whether any are old, infirm
or otherwise in need of extra time, and to delay closing the train doors (and thus the start
of the train) for a sufficient period of time after boarding to ensure they can safely situate
themselves. They allege William was obviously old and infirm and the operator did not
provide sufficient time after he boarded to ensure he could safely situate himself.
        The District’s notice of motion of summary judgment failed even to mention,
much less address, this theory. Regarding the Van Valins’s negligence claims, it asserted
only that those claims “fail[ed] as a matter of law because the undisputed evidence shows
that the train operator cannot influence the train’s acceleration.” The District’s
memorandum contained a single paragraph addressing the negligence claims, which,
consistent with the notice of motion, argued only that “[t]o the extent Plaintiffs’ claims
are based on the train’s operation, [the District] is entitled to summary adjudication
because the undisputed evidence shows that the operator cannot influence the manner of
the train’s acceleration,” including the rate of acceleration or the “pre-defined jerk-
limiting function.” Nowhere in its memorandum did the District address whether its duty
as a common carrier to exercise the utmost care toward its passengers includes within its
scope the duty to observe passengers boarding, determine how long they might need to
safely situate themselves, and delay the start of the train for the necessary period. Having
failed even to address the issue, much less provide relevant argument or authorities, the
District failed to meet its burden of negating the elements of this negligence theory of
liability.
        To have done so, the District was required to provide arguments and evidence
demonstrating that its duty of utmost care did not encompass the acts the Van Valins
alleged its operator should have but did not take: observing the condition of passengers,
making a judgment about the amount of time needed for safe boarding, and holding doors
open long enough for the last passenger to safely situate himself. As already discussed,
relevant to the scope of duty are the Rowland factors—foreseeability of harm to the
plaintiff, degree of certainty that plaintiff suffered injury, closeness of the connection
between defendant’s conduct and the injury, moral blame attached to defendant’s


                                              16
conduct, policy of preventing future harm, and extent of the burden to defendant and
consequences to the community of imposing a duty of the scope advocated by plaintiff.
The District’s memorandum did not even cite Rowland, much less discuss the factors it
identifies. Nor did it otherwise address the acts the Van Valins claimed the operator
should have undertaken or why a scope of duty that included those acts should not be
imposed.
       Other than the basic facts regarding William’s boarding of the train and his fall,
the District’s separate statement cited some evidence relating to the Rowland factors, in
particular to foreseeability, that might bear on the scope of its duty. Specifically, it cited
statistics concerning the number and frequency of accidents BART has recorded relating
to the starting of trains’ motion (41 such accidents over a two-year period) and the
number of passengers BART has served over that time (207 million passenger rides).
Interestingly, the District’s supporting declaration attached a document indicating that of
the 41 such accidents during that two-year period, most involved elderly passengers. The
District did not discuss this information, much less address its relevance to the plaintiffs’
insufficient time and failure to warn theories, in its memorandum in support of summary
judgment. It thus failed to meet its burden as the moving party either to negate an
element of the Van Valins’s claims or to demonstrate that they cannot reasonably obtain
evidence needed to establish those claims.
       The District did discuss the relevance of this information to the Van Valins’s first
and second negligence theories, for the first time, in its supplemental briefing on the duty
of care issues, arguing that because only one reported patron incident related to the
starting of a train occurred per (about) five million rides on the system, William’s injury
was unforeseeable. Even if we were to consider the District’s belated argument regarding
the paucity of incidents and the Van Valins’s duty to warn and duty to provide sufficient
time claims, we could not find that the District met its burden. At most, the District’s
evidence demonstrates that such accidents are few in number compared to the overall
number of passengers served. Even though the rate of train start incidents is very low, 41
patrons reported such accidents in the two years leading to William’s accident. We


                                              17
cannot say as a matter of law that an accident such as William’s was unforeseeable. (See
Lawrence v. La Jolla Beach & Tennis Club, Inc., supra, 231 Cal.App.4th at p. 31
[“ ‘ “[t]he mere fact that a particular kind of accident has not happened before does
not . . . show that such accident is one which might not reasonably have been
anticipated” ’ ”].)
       The District also argued in its supplemental brief—but did not offer any
evidence—about the burdens that a duty imposing the longer wait time the Van Valins
claimed was needed would impose on it and the public. It went so far as to argue—citing
no evidence—that “the burden would be enormous,” indeed “crippling,” whether
accomplished through staffing or technology, and that a wait of 16 seconds (as suggested
in the Nemire declaration) “would nearly double the station dwell times, resulting in a
significant loss of transit service to Bay Area residents and visitors.” Courts cannot grant
summary judgment based on facts a party pulls out of nowhere, like the magician’s rabbit
from a hat. Because none of these factual assertions was referenced in the District’s
separate statement, much less supported by any evidence, the trial court should not have,
and we will not, consider them. 6
       As to breach of the posited duty, the time that William had to do the things he did
before the train started is undoubtedly relevant. The District argued in its supplemental
brief it was “undisputed” that William had “boarded the train safely” and that the District
provided “numerous options for patrons such as Mr. Van Valin to secure themselves once
they board the train, including grab bars and handles adjacent to the door and along the
entire length of the car.” However, that William was able to proceed to an empty seat
and start to sit does not, of itself, make a prima facie case that he had sufficient time to
situate himself safely. It might have sufficed if the District had actually asserted in its

       6
          In its order granting the District’s order for summary judgment, the trial court
wrote: “[T]he burden on [the District] of imposing the duty [the Van Valins] allege (in
having to determine whether every passenger was safely situated before closing the door
and starting the train) would be enormous, as would the burden on the public—and the
efficiency and utility of the entire BART system—if the train operators could not start the
trains moving until 16 seconds after the last passenger boarded.”


                                              18
memorandum and separate statement that ample grab bars and handles were available on
the train and that William had ready access but chose not to use one. Not only did the
District fail to refer to these facts in its memorandum and separate statement, it also failed
to offer any other evidence that might have shifted the burden on the question of duty—
for example, safety studies, industry standards or declarations from experts concerning
the time it would take for an older patron, after entering BART or a similar train, to
situate himself safely.
       In short, the District failed in its moving papers to present facts sufficient to entitle
it to judgment as a matter of law on the theory that the train operator negligently failed to
provide sufficient time for William to safely situate himself. Accordingly, we reverse the
trial court’s order granting the District’s motion for summary judgment. We emphasize
that we are not holding that the operator or the District had a duty to take all or any of the
steps the Van Valins allege they should have taken. Rather, we hold only that absent
facts and arguments relating to the Rowland factors in the moving defendant’s motion for
summary judgment, it was error for the trial court to decide the duty question as a matter
of law. The trial court’s request and the parties’ filing of supplemental briefs could not
cure the District’s failure to provide facts supported by sufficient evidence.
       2.     Failure to Warn of Departure
       William alleged that “the duty to exercise the utmost care and . . . vigilance
towards its passengers required the train operator to have, among other actions, provided
sufficient warning of the imminent departure of the train . . . .”
       Again the District did not address the issue of warnings in its memorandum. In
particular, the District failed to argue or provide authority that it did not have a duty to
warn William of the imminent departure of the train. Nor do any of the facts in its
separate statement bear on whether a warning of imminent departure was or was not
provided. For example, the District made no showing that it would be especially
burdensome to require train operators to provide an oral warning at the time or shortly
before they manually close train doors that the train is about to depart. The District failed
to meet its burden of production on this theory of negligence liability as well, nor did the


                                              19
trial court address this theory in its order granting summary judgment. This provides a
second, independent ground for reversal of the order.
                                             III.
   The Train Operator’s Failure to Warn of Departure Does Not Support a Cause of
               Action for a Dangerous Condition on Public Property.
       Section 835 provides: “Except as provided by statute, a public entity is liable for
injury caused by a dangerous condition of its property if the plaintiff establishes that the
property was in a dangerous condition at the time of the injury, that the injury was
proximately caused by the dangerous condition, that the dangerous condition created a
reasonably foreseeable risk of the kind of injury which was incurred, and that either: [¶]
(a) A negligent or wrongful act or omission of an employee of the public entity within the
scope of his employment created the dangerous condition; or [¶] (b) the public entity
had actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition under Section 835.2 a
sufficient time prior to the injury to have taken measures to protect against the dangerous
condition.”
       “Liability under Government Code section 835 for maintaining public property in
a dangerous condition depends . . . upon the existence of some defect in the property
itself and the existence of a causal connection between that defect and the plaintiff’s
injury.” (Zelig v. County of Los Angeles (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1112, 1138.) We agree with
our Division Four colleagues, who have written: “ ‘[A] claim alleging a dangerous
condition may not rely on generalized allegations [citation] but must specify in what
manner the condition constituted a dangerous condition.’ [Citation.] A plaintiff’s
allegations, and ultimately the evidence, must establish a physical deficiency in the
property itself. [Citation.] A dangerous condition exists when public property ‘is
physically damaged, deteriorated, or defective in such a way as to foreseeably endanger
those using the property itself,’ or possesses physical characteristics in its design,
location, features or relationship to its surroundings that endanger users.” (Cerna v. City
of Oakland (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 1340, 1347–1348 [relying on Zelig, among other
cases].)


                                              20
       As we discussed above, whether failure to warn of train departure supports a cause
of action for a dangerous condition on public property is the sole issue on appeal related
to this cause of action. We have already determined that the Van Valins’s claim that the
train operator negligently failed to warn of the imminent departure of the train survives
the District’s motion for summary judgment/adjudication. However, the alleged failure
of a train operator to provide a warning on a particular occasion does not amount to a
physical damage, deterioration, or defect in District property or involve “physical
characteristics in [the property’s] design, location, features or relationship to its
surroundings that endanger users.” (Cerna v. City of Oakland, supra,161 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 1347–1348.) Nor did the Van Valins allege in their complaint that the lack of a
warning was a matter of design. Instead, under their first cause of action, and
incorporated by reference into the second cause of action (for dangerous condition on
public property), the Van Valins alleged that “the train operator had the sole power to
perform the ministerial act of shutting the train doors and providing warnings to the
passengers.” (Italics added.) Accordingly, because the Van Valins claimed no physical
defect in the train, and no design defect involving a physical characteristic of the BART
system, their cause of action for dangerous condition of public property fails as a matter
of law.
                                       DISPOSITION
       The judgment is reversed and the matter is remanded for further proceedings in
conformance with this opinion. Because the trial court did not rule on the District’s
alternative motion for summary adjudication, it is free to do so on remand, in
conformance with this opinion. The Van Valins shall recover their costs on appeal.




                                              21
                   STEWART, J.



We concur.




KLINE, P.J.




MILLER, J.




              22
Van Valin v. Bay Area Rapid Transit District (A140552)




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