     IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

                                         )
KENNETH CARR, individually and on )
behalf of all others similarly situated, )
and derivatively on behalf of nominal    )
defendant ADVANCED CARDIAC               )
THERAPEUTICS, INC.,                      )
                                         )
                            Plaintiff,   )
                                         )
      v.                                 )   C.A. No. 2017-0381-AGB
                                         )
NEW ENTERPRISE ASSOCIATES,               )
INC., PETER JUSTIN KLEIN, ROY T. )
TANAKA, DUKE S. ROHLEN, ARIS )
CONSTANTINIDES, WILLIAM                  )
OLSON, MICHAEL J. PEDERSON,              )
NEW ENTERPRISE ASSOCIATES                )
14, L.P., NEA PARTNERS 14,               )
LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, NEA 14              )
GP, LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, NEA             )
VENTURES 2014, LIMITED                   )
PARTNERSHIP, AND DUKE                    )
ROHLEN AND KENDALL SIMPSON )
ROHLEN, AS TRUSTEES OR                   )
SUCCESSOR TRUSTEE, OF THE                )
ROHLEN REVOCABLE TRUST                   )
DATED U/A/D 6/12/98,                     )
                                         )
                            Defendants,  )
                                         )
      and                                )
                                         )
ADVANCED CARDIAC                         )
THERAPEUTICS, INC.                       )
                                         )
                      Nominal Defendant. )
                                         )
                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

                      Date Submitted: December 8, 2017
                        Date Decided: March 26, 2018

T. Brad Davey and Matthew A. Golden of POTTER ANDERSON & CORROON
LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Barry S. Pollack and Joshua L. Solomon of
POLLACK SOLOMON DUFFY LLP, Boston, Massachusetts; Counsel for
Plaintiff.

Herbert W. Mondros and Krista R. Samis of MARGOLIS EDELSTEIN,
Wilmington, Delaware; Counsel for Defendants Peter Justin Klein, Roy Tanka,
Duke Rohlen, Aris Constantinides, William Olson, Michael Pederson, Duke Rohlen
and Kendall Simpson Rohlen, as Trustees or Successor Trustee of the Rohlen
Revocable Trust Dated U/A/D 6/12/98, and Nominal Defendant Advanced Cardiac
Therapeutics, Inc.

Michael F. Bonkowski and Nicholas J. Brannick of COLE SCHOTZ P.C.,
Wilmington, Delaware; Roger A. Lane, Courtney Worcester, and Jasmine D. Coo
of FOLEY & LARDNER LLP, Boston, Massachusetts; Angelica Boutwell of
FOLEY & LARDNER LLP, Miami, Florida; Counsel for Defendants New
Enterprise Associates, Inc., New Enterprise Associates 14, L.P., NEA Partners 14,
Limited Partnership, NEA 14 GP, Limited Partnership, NEA Ventures 2014 Limited
Partnership.

BOUCHARD, C.
      This action involves a dispute between Kenneth Carr, a co-founder of

Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics, Inc. (“ACT” or the “Company”), and its controlling

stockholder, New Enterprise Associates, Inc. (“NEA”). ACT is a pre-commercial

medical device company. NEA holds itself out as one of the largest venture capital

firms in the world and has investments in a large portfolio of companies.

      In April 2014, NEA became ACT’s controlling stockholder as a result of the

sale of Series A-2 preferred stock that was offered to a select group of investors.

Carr was not among them. The Series A-2 offering implied a value for ACT of

approximately $15 million.     In October 2014, ACT sold a warrant to Abbott

Laboratories (“Abbott”) for $25 million, giving it the option to purchase all of ACT’s

equity for a 30-month period for up to $185 million. In the interim between the

Series A-2 offering and the warrant sale to Abbott, another medical device company

made a proposal to acquire ACT for up to $300 million, but that overture was not

pursued. In 2016, ACT repurchased the warrant from Abbott for $25 million in cash

and a note as part of a “settlement agreement.”

      Critical to this case, the 2014 warrant transaction with Abbott was conditioned

on Abbott acquiring another company, Topera, in which NEA was the largest

institutional investor. NEA also was the largest institutional investor in VytronUS,

a company for which Abbott provided funding simultaneously with the warrant

transaction. The gravamen of Carr’s complaint is twofold: (1) that the Series A-2
offering that allowed NEA to become ACT’s controlling stockholder was approved

by a conflicted board and severely undervalued ACT; and (2) that NEA orchestrated

the potential sale of ACT to Abbott on the cheap as part of a strategy to optimize the

value of its portfolio by inducing Abbott to acquire Topera and invest in VytronUS.

      Carr’s complaint asserts various claims on behalf of a putative class of

stockholders (and, alternatively, derivatively) for breach of fiduciary duty and/or

aiding and abetting against ACT’s directors at the time of the challenged transactions

and NEA. Defendants have moved to dismiss. For the reasons explained below, the

motion is denied in large part, although certain claims and parties will be dismissed

because of various pleading deficiencies.

I.    BACKGROUND

      Unless noted otherwise, the facts in this decision are drawn from the Verified

Class Action and Derivative Complaint (the “Complaint”) and documents

incorporated therein,1 which include documents produced to plaintiff in response to

a books and record demand made under 8 Del. C. § 220.2 Any additional facts are

either not subject to reasonable dispute or subject to judicial notice.


1
  See Winshall v. Viacom Int’l, Inc., 76 A.3d 808, 818 (Del. 2013) (citations omitted)
(“[P]laintiff may not reference certain documents outside the complaint and at the same
time prevent the court from considering those documents’ actual terms” in connection with
a motion to dismiss).
2
 Compl. (Dkt. 1). Some of the Section 220 documents were filed with the court via the
Transmittal Affidavit of Sarah M. Ennis (“Ennis Aff.”) (Dkt. 34) and the Transmittal
Affidavit of Matthew A. Golden (“Golden Aff.”) (Dkt. 40). The parties have a qualified
                                            2
       A.     The Parties and Relevant Non-Parties
       Plaintiff Kenneth Carr is an inventor in the area of microwave radiometry

technology and ablation catheter devices. In or about 2007, he co-founded nominal

defendant Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics, Inc. At all relevant times, Carr held

approximately 960,000 shares of ACT common stock. When the Company was

founded, Carr held an approximately 30% interest in ACT. Subsequent rounds of

financing have diluted that interest.

       The Company is a Delaware, pre-commercial, medical device company that

designs and manufactures a catheter-based system for the treatment of patients with

atrial fibrillation, commonly known as AFIB, which is characterized by an irregular,

often rapid heart rate. ACT collaborates with and licenses technology from Meridian

Medical Systems, another company that Carr founded.

       Defendant NEA is a Delaware corporation that holds itself out as the world’s

largest venture capital fund with more than $17 billion in committed capital across

fifteen funds. Defendants New Enterprise Associates 14, L.P., NEA Partners 14,

Limited Partnership, NEA 14 GP, Limited Partnership, and NEA Ventures 2014,




agreement that, if a Section 220 document is relied upon in a later complaint, all documents
produced in response to that category of documents shall be incorporated by reference in
the complaint. Golden Aff. Ex. H ¶ 8. The agreement, however, does not specifically
address whether the court may assume the truth of information in the documents in that
circumstance. Accordingly, while I consider the actual terms of these documents, I do not
assume their truth.

                                             3
Limited Partnership are limited partnerships controlled by NEA. I refer to these

entities hereafter, collectively, as “NEA” and, at times, to one or more of them as an

“NEA entity” or “NEA entities.”

         NEA holds interests in numerous “portfolio companies” in addition to ACT.

Relevant to this action, in or about April 2013, NEA and an affiliate of Abbott co-

invested in Topera, a cardiac arrhythmia mapping company that specializes in

mapping electrical signals of the heart. Another NEA portfolio company relevant to

this action is known as VytronUS, which describes itself as having been “formed in

2006 to harness the imaging and therapeutic capabilities of ultrasound energy to treat

cardiac arrhythmias, starting with atrial fibrillation.”3    ACT’s outside counsel

regularly represents and advises NEA.

         NEA became ACT’s controlling stockholder in April 2014 as a result of its

purchase of Series A-2 preferred stock, defined below as the “Series A-2 Financing.”

Carr contends that, even before the Series A-2 Financing, NEA and defendants Duke

S. Rohlen and Kendell Simpson Rohlen, as Trustees or Successor Trustee, of the

Rohlen Revocable Trust Dated U/A/D 6/12/98 (the “Trust”), together constituted the

controlling stockholder of ACT.4




3
 About Us: Company, VYTRONUS, http://www.vytronus.com/company.html (last visited
Mar. 23, 2018).
4
    See infra. III.C.1.

                                          4
      The Complaint names as defendants the following six individuals who

constituted the six members of ACT’s board of directors (the “Board”) at the time

of the challenged transactions (i.e., the Series A-2 Financing and, as defined below,

the Warrant Transaction): Peter Justin Klein, Roy T. Tanaka, Duke S. Rohlen, Aris

Constantinides, William Olson, and Michael J. Pederson (collectively, the “Director

Defendants”). Three of these individuals (Klein, Tanaka, and Rohlen) remained on

the Board when this action was filed, while the other three (Constantinides, Olson,

and Pederson) had left the Board by that date. At the time the Complaint was filed,

the Board consisted of Klein, Tanaka, Rohlen, and non-party Ryan Drant.

      The Complaint describes a variety of affiliations between and among the

Director Defendants and NEA apart from their service as directors of the Company,

including the following:

    Peter Justin Klein is a partner on NEA’s healthcare team who has served at

      various times on the boards of numerous NEA portfolio companies, including

      Topera and VytronUS.

    Roy T. Tanaka has served at relevant times on the board of VytronUS.

    Duke S. Rohlen was appointed to serve as the Company’s President and CEO

      on March 11, 2014, at which time he was serving as ACT’s Chairman of the

      Board. At that time, Rohlen also served as the CEO of Ajax Vascular, another

      NEA portfolio company. In addition, Rohlen previously served as CEO of

                                         5
         CV Ingenuity and the President of FoxHollow Technologies, two other NEA

         portfolio companies. NEA has held Rohlen out as a “serial entrepreneur

         within the NEA family.”5

      Aris Constantinides was a venture capital fund partner at an entity known at

         the time as NBGI, the private equity arm of the National Bank of Greece.

         Constantinides is connected to NEA and Klein through various venture capital

         investments in the medical device industry.         NEA permitted NBGI to

         participate in the Series A-2 Financing.

      William Olson was the Company’s CEO before Rohlen. Olson was removed

         as CEO pursuant to a March 2014 Separation Agreement. Olson and ACT

         also are parties to a Consulting Agreement.6 Olson served previously as a

         Vice President at FoxHollow Technologies.

      Michael J. Pederson served, at relevant times, as the President and CEO of

         VytronUS.




5
    Compl. ¶ 28.
6
  The Consulting Agreement made Olson report to Rohlen and provided compensation to
Olson in the form of a $60,000 lump-sum payment and non-statutory options equal to 2%
of the Company’s fully diluted capitalization subject to approval by the Board. The options
would not vest for five months from the effective date of the Consulting Agreement (March
1, 2014) and would vest only if Olson continued to provide services. Compl. ¶¶ 30, 45.

                                            6
         B.     NEA’s Early Involvement in ACT
         In January 2014, an NEA entity purchased Series A-1 preferred stock from

the Company and entered into an Amended and Restated Voting Agreement (the

“Voting Agreement”).7 The Complaint alleges that, following the Series A-1

transaction, “NEA began causing changes in the Company’s management to further

increase its power over the Company.”8

         In March 2014, Olson was removed as CEO and replaced by Rohlen, although

Olson stayed on as a director and consultant. At this time, NEA and the Trust

together held a majority of the Company’s preferred stock, which had the right to

appoint two of the seven director positions on the Board.9 On or about March 17,

2014, an NEA entity and the Trust amended the Voting Agreement to provide that

one of the preferred designees to the Board would be Pederson, and the other director

seat would remain vacant.10

         C.     The Series A-2 Financing
         On April 2, 2014, the Board—composed of the six Director Defendants—

signed a written consent (the “April 2014 Consent”) providing for the issuance of

265,780,730 shares of Series A-2 preferred stock for $0.0301 per share (the “Series


7
    See Golden Aff. Ex. C. at ACT_220_000016 (first recital).
8
    Compl. ¶ 44.
9
    Golden Aff. Ex. C.
10
     Golden Aff. Ex. C.

                                             7
A-2 Financing”).      This issuance placed a valuation on the Company of

approximately $15 million. NEA obtained nearly 90% of the Series A-2 preferred

stock, which, combined with its other equity holdings, resulted in NEA acquiring

more than 65% of ACT’s stock on an as-converted basis and becoming its

controlling stockholder. The Series A-2 preferred stock was not offered to more

than 30 stockholders who previously invested in Act, including Carr.

      The April 2014 Consent expressly acknowledges that four of the six directors

who approved the Series A-2 Financing participated in the transaction personally or

through entities in which they had material financial interests:

      It is hereby disclosed or made known to the Board that (i) Aris
      Constantinides is a director of the Company and is associated with,
      and/or has a material financial interest in NBGI Technology Fund II,
      L.P., or its affiliates (“NBGI”); (ii) Justin Klein is a director of the
      Company and is associated with, and/or has a material financial interest
      in New Enterprise Associates 14, L.P. (“NEA”), (iii) Duke Rohlen is a
      director and officer of the Company, and (iv) Michael Pederson is a
      director of the Company, such that the Financing is an Interested Party
      Transaction since NBGI, NEA, Duke Rohlen and Michael Pederson
      will be participating in the Financing.11

      On April 3, 2014, the day after the Board approved the Series A-2 Financing,

an NEA entity executed a new Amended and Restated Voting Agreement with




11
  Ennis Aff. Ex. 3 at ACT_220_000038 (emphasis in original); Compl. ¶¶ 26, 28, 29, 31,
54. According to defendants, NBGI ultimately did not participate in the Series A-2
Financing. NEA Defs.’ Opening Br. 29 n.15 (Dkt. 35); Ennis Aff. Ex. 11 at
ACT_220_000844-45.

                                          8
certain other ACT stockholders (the “Restated Voting Agreement”), which provides

for the seven positions on the Board to be selected as follows:12

       The Rohlen Designee: Rohlen was entitled to appoint a director as long as

         he or his affiliate continued to hold at least 25% of his originally acquired

         Series A-1 preferred shares. He appointed himself.

       The NEA Designee: An NEA entity was entitled to appoint a director as long

         as it or its affiliate continued to hold at least 25% of its originally acquired

         Series A-1 preferred shares. It appointed Klein.

       The Series 1 Designee: The holders of the Series 1 preferred stock were

         entitled to appoint a director. NBGI held a majority of these shares and

         appointed Constantinides.

       The CEO Designee: The CEO Designee was the then-serving CEO, which

         was Olson.

       The Preferred Designees: The holders of the preferred stock were entitled

         to appoint two directors. NEA held a majority of the preferred stock and it

         appointed Pederson and left one vacancy.

       The Mutual Designee: This director was to be appointed unanimously by

         the other directors serving at that time. The other directors appointed Tanaka.



12
     Compl. ¶ 52; Golden Aff. Ex. A at ACT_220_000147-50.

                                             9
The Restated Voting Agreement also provided drag-along rights that permitted the

holders of a majority of ACT’s preferred stock on an as-converted basis—at that

time, NEA—to cause other stockholders to vote in favor of a sale of the Company.

         After the Series A-2 Financing, the Board granted Rohlen and Pederson

options, 23,256,940 and 13,954,164, respectively, with a retroactive vesting

schedule that started on October 2, 2013. Rohlen exercised his options on or about

July 8, 2014, and Pederson exercised his options on or about June 4, 2014, which,

according to the Complaint, was “contrary” to their vesting schedules.13

         D.     Abbott and Medtronic Make Proposals to Acquire the Company
         On June 30, 2014, Abbott submitted a letter of intent for an option to purchase

ACT. In the letter of intent, Abbott proposed a $25 million purchase price for a

warrant (the “Warrant”) with a $75 million exercise price and up to $85 million in

potential milestone payments, for total consideration up to $185 million.14 The

proposal was conditioned on the completion of Abbott’s purchase of Topera.

         The June 30 proposal included an exclusivity period of up to 60 days for

Abbott and ACT to negotiate a transaction, but also recognized that ACT had an

agreement with Medtronic, an Abbott competitor, which required ACT to give

Medtronic notice of certain proposals. Specifically, the June 30 proposal included a



13
     Compl. ¶¶ 56-57.
14
     Compl. ¶ 59; Ennis Aff. Ex. 4.

                                           10
provision contemplating that ACT would negotiate exclusively with Abbott “except

as may otherwise be required to comply with the terms . . . of that certain Master

Development Agreement, dated July 2013 (as amended to extend its term to July 26,

2015), between ACT and Medtronic, Inc.”15

         On July 12, 2014, Abbott submitted an updated letter of intent proposing the

same high-level economic terms, i.e., a $25 million purchase price for a warrant with

a $75 million exercise price and up to $85 million in potential milestone payments,

for total consideration up to $185 million.16      The July 12 proposal also was

conditioned on the completion of Abbott’s proposed purchase of Topera and

contained the same exclusivity language as the June 30 proposal.17

         Later on July 12, 2014, the Board met telephonically and discussed Abbott’s

July 12 letter of intent and the timing of Medtronic’s right to receive notice under

the Company’s agreement with Medtronic.            Five of the six ACT directors

participated in the meeting; Tanaka was not present.18 The Board approved the July

12 letter of intent at the July 12 meeting before giving notice to Medtronic.

         On or about July 25, 2014, after ACT gave Medtronic the required notice and

during Abbott’s 60-day exclusivity period, Medtronic submitted its own letter of


15
     Ennis Aff. Ex. 4 § 8.
16
     Compl. ¶ 60; Ennis Aff. Ex. 5.
17
     Compl. ¶ 60; Ennis Aff. Ex. 5 § 8.
18
     Ennis Aff. Ex. 6.

                                          11
intent for an option to buy the Company. The Medtronic letter of intent proposed a

$30 million payment for an option with a $100 million exercise price, and milestone

payments that could bring the total payments up to $300 million.19 Medtronic’s

proposal was not conditioned on Medtronic’s purchase of any other entity.

         E.     NEA Executes Three Simultaneous Transactions with Abbott
         On October 14, 2014, the Board met and discussed a series of transactions in

which Abbott would purchase the Warrant (the “Warrant Transaction”), acquire

Topera, and invest in VytronUS.               The Warrant Transaction was conditioned

expressly on the sale of Topera to Abbott.20 At the time, NEA was the largest and

only institutional investor in Topera alongside Abbott.

         During the October 14 Board meeting, Pederson formally disclosed that he

was the President and CEO of VytronUS and was discussing potential employment

with Abbott.21 Klein disclosed that he, as a NEA partner, had a material interest in

the Topera and VytronUS portions of the deal. The Board then voted to approve the

Warrant Transaction but did not submit it to a full stockholder vote.




19
     Compl. ¶ 61; Ennis Aff. Ex. 7 §§ 1, 3.
20
     Compl. ¶ 66.
21
   Compl. ¶ 66. After the Warrant Transaction, Pederson began to work for Abbott while
also sitting on the Board. Compl. ¶¶ 31, 71, 74.

                                               12
         The Warrant, dated October 27, 2014,22 locked up ACT for a potential

purchase by Abbott until March 2017. It also included terms that would have

allowed for a distribution by ACT of up to $12.5 million of the $25 million payment

by Abbott, although no distribution is alleged to have occurred.23

         NEA issued a public announcement concerning the Warrant Transaction and

the transactions involving Topera and VytronUS, which stated:

         With NEA as the largest institutional investor in each of these
         companies—and the only investor to be involved in all three—we are
         proud to share some insight into this seemingly unprecedented suite of
         transactions that, for the first time in the medical device sector’s history,
         feature a large corporate acquirer partnering with multiple portfolio
         companies in a single VC’s portfolio to establish a path to building a
         market leader in a major diagnostic and therapeutic category.24

The announcement also lauded “NEA’s internal legal and accounting teams and the

outside firms who advised each company involved in these transactions.”25 The

Complaint alleges that, “[a]s a result of NEA’s three-headed deal with Abbott, NEA

and its affiliates enjoyed a $250 million payment from Abbott for Topera,” and that

VytronUS “received $31.5 million in funding from Abbott’s investment arm, Abbott

Ventures.”26


22
     Ennis Aff. Ex. 9 at ACT_220_000270.
23
     Compl. ¶ 75.
24
     Compl. ¶ 70.
25
     Compl. ¶ 70.
26
     Compl. ¶¶ 13, 84.

                                              13
         The mechanics of how an exercise of the Warrant would allow Abbott to gain

100% control of ACT’s equity are not clear from the pleadings, but the terms of the

Warrant agreement provide that a group of “Key Stockholders,”27 collectively

holding not less than 89% of outstanding Company common stock on an as-

converted basis, would sign a stockholders agreement with Abbott.28 ACT also

agreed that “[t]he Company shall have taken all actions necessary to cause each

Equity Participation Right of the Company that is outstanding immediately prior to

the Warrant Exercise Closing and has not been exercised to be cancelled, terminated

and no longer outstanding.”29 Thus, the terms of the Warrant indicate, consistent

with the Complaint, that Abbott’s exercise of the Warrant would result in Abbott

acquiring complete control of ACT.

         F.     ACT Repurchases the Warrant
         In 2016, Abbott acquired St. Jude Medical, which also had an ablation catheter

business. The Federal Trade Commission “took issue with Abbott’s plan to purchase




27
  “Key Stockholders” is defined to include an NEA entity, NBGI, Rohlen, the Trust,
Olson, Pederson, and Tanaka. Ennis Aff. Ex. 9 at ACT_220_000284.
28
     Id. at ACT_220_000301 (Art. 2.1(f)).
29
  Id. at ACT_220_000308 (Art. 2.3(b)(xi)). “Equity Participations” is defined to mean
“any . . . share, security, equity participation right and any other present or future right
entitling the holder, absolutely or contingently . . . , to participate in the equity ownership,
dividends or equity appreciation” of ACT. Id. at ACT_220_000280.

                                              14
St. Jude Medical, finding that, in light of Abbott’s right to purchase ACT’s business,

the acquisition of St. Jude Medical would substantially lessen competition.”30

         In October 2016, ACT and Abbott entered into a “settlement agreement” in

which ACT agreed to repurchase the Warrant, paying Abbott $6 million in cash and

$19 million via a secured promissory note—the same total amount as the original

purchase price of the Warrant.31 On or about December 27, 2016, Abbott reached

an agreement with the FTC that allowed its proposed acquisition of St. Jude Medical

to proceed, with Abbott agreeing not to purchase any product line from ACT without

giving prior notice to the FTC.

II.      PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         On May 18, 2017, Carr filed the Complaint, asserting six claims, all of which

are premised on the same theory: that the Series A-2 Financing impermissibly

diluted ACT stockholders and allowed NEA to gain control of the Company for less

than fair value, and that NEA used its control to sell the Warrant to Abbott at an

unreasonably low price in order to facilitate the Topera and VytronUS transactions

for NEA’s benefit.32      Carr views the Series A-2 Financing and the Warrant




30
     Compl. ¶ 79.
31
     Compl. ¶ 81.
32
     Compl. ¶¶ 1, 105.

                                           15
Transaction as part of a “unitary plan” that he challenges together in six claims, pled

directly and, in the alternative, derivatively.

         Counts I and IV assert directly and derivatively, respectively, that NEA

breached its fiduciary duty as the controlling stockholder of the Company.33 Counts

II and V assert, directly and derivatively, respectively, that the Director Defendants

breached their fiduciary duties.34 Counts III and VI assert, directly and derivatively,

that NEA aided and abetted the Board’s breach of its fiduciary duty. 35 Carr did not

make a demand on the Board with respect to any putative derivative claims, arguing

that such a demand would have been futile.36

         On July 25, 2017, the Director Defendants filed a motion to dismiss under

Court of Chancery Rules 12(b)(6) and 23.1 for failure to state a claim and failure to

make a demand on the Board.37 On July 26, 2017, NEA filed an analogous motion.38

The court heard argument on the motions on November 7, 2017, during which the




33
     Compl. ¶¶ 108-11, 120-23.
34
     Compl. ¶¶ 112-14, 124-26.
35
     Compl. ¶¶ 115-19, 127-31.
36
     Compl. ¶¶ 100-07.
37
     Dkt. 33.
38
     Dkt. 35.

                                           16
court requested supplemental briefing on whether Revlon duties apply to the Warrant

Transaction.39 The supplemental submissions were filed on December 8, 2017.40

III.     ANALYSIS

         A threshold issue to analyzing the six claims in the Complaint is whether the

Series A-2 Financing and Warrant Transaction should be analyzed together as part

of a unitary plan, as Carr proposes, or as separate transactions, as defendants argue.

I address this issue first.

         A.     The Series A-2 Financing and the Warrant Transaction Shall Be
                Treated as Separate Transactions
         Delaware courts sometimes will view multiple transactions as part of a unitary

plan under the step-transaction doctrine, which “treats the ‘steps’ in a series of

formally separate but related transactions involving the transfer of property as a

single transaction, if all the steps are substantially linked. Rather than viewing each

step as an isolated incident, the steps are viewed together as components of an overall

plan.”41 This doctrine applies if the transactions at issue meet one of three tests:

         First, under the end result test, the doctrine will be invoked if it appears
         that a series of separate transactions were prearranged parts of what was
         a single transaction, cast from the outset to achieve the ultimate result.
         Second, under the interdependence test, separate transactions will be

39
  Dkt. 53. See Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Inc., 506 A.2d 173 (Del.
1986).
40
     Dkts. 60-61.
 Noddings Inv. Grp., Inc. v. Capstar Commc’ns, Inc., 1999 WL 182568, at *6 (Del. Ch.
41

Mar. 24, 1999) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

                                             17
       treated as one if the steps are so interdependent that the legal relations
       created by one transaction would have been fruitless without a
       completion of the series. The third and most restrictive alternative is
       the binding-commitment test under which a series of transactions are
       combined only if, at the time the first step is entered into, there was a
       binding commitment to undertake the later steps.42

       I decline to view the Series A-2 Financing and the Warrant Transaction as a

single transaction because, under the facts alleged, none of the three tests has been

met. The binding commitment test does not apply because Carr has not alleged that

there was a contractual tie between the two transactions. The interdependency test

does not compel aggregation because the Series A-2 Financing and the Warrant

Transaction were executed about seven months apart and each transaction had its

own standalone strategic business rationale.43 Finally, the end result test has not

been met because Carr’s allegations that the two transactions were part of a unitary

plan “cast from the outset to achieve the ultimate result” are wholly conclusory.44


42
  Bank of New York Mellon Tr. Co., N.A. v. Liberty Media Corp., 29 A.3d 225, 240 (Del.
2011) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
43
   See Liberty Media Corp. v. Bank of New York Mellon Tr. Co., N.A., 2011 WL 1632333,
at *16 (Del. Ch. Apr. 29, 2011) (“Each of the transactions was a distinct corporate event
separated from the others by a matter of years. . . . Each of the transactions stood on its
own merits. None was so interdependent on another that it would have been fruitless in
isolation.”).
44
   Bank of New York Mellon v. Liberty Media, 29 A.3d at 240 (emphasis added). See In re
Nat’l Auto Credit, Inc. S’holders Litig., 2003 WL 139768, at *9 (Del. Ch. Jan. 10, 2003)
(citations omitted) (“In deciding whether to consider a sequence of transactions separately
or collectively, the Court reviews the circumstances surrounding the challenged
transaction, as alleged by the particularized facts of the complaint, to decide whether it can
be reasonably inferred that those transactions constituted a single, self-interested scheme.
The timing of the transactions factors significantly into the Court’s decision.”).

                                             18
Carr simply has not alleged a reasonably conceivable set of facts supporting an

inference that NEA and the Director Defendants concocted a scheme as of April

2014 to: (1) allow NEA to gain control of ACT while diluting the other stockholders;

and (2) use NEA’s control of the Company as a bargaining chip with Abbott almost

seven months later to facilitate Abbott’s transactions with two other NEA portfolio

companies.45 Accordingly, the ensuing analysis focuses on each of the transactions

individually.46

      B.     The Warrant Transaction Claims are not Moot
      Viewing the transactions separately, defendants assert that the claims

regarding the Warrant Transaction are moot because Abbott never exercised the

Warrant, which ACT repurchased in 2016. I disagree.

      “Under Delaware law, a plaintiff’s cause of action accrues at the moment of

the wrongful act—not when the harmful effects of the act are felt—even if the



45
   Cf. Nat’l Auto, 2003 WL 139768, at *9 & n.58 (finding a single plan where “the
resolutions were adopted at the same meeting, within minutes of each other . . . as a quid
pro quo, and, as they amount to a single plan furthering the individual interests of the
Defendant Directors, they are to be considered together for purposes of deciding demand
futility”).
46
   Carr argues that “[a]t the very least, discovery should be allowed into the relationship
between NEA and Abbott at Topera before foreclosing the conceivability that the NEA-
Abbott relationship had been developing . . . by the time of the time of the A-2 dilution.”
Pl.’s Answering Br. 47 (Dkt. 40). Because Carr has stated claims challenging the Series
A-2 Financing and the Warrant Transaction separately, discovery into both transactions
will proceed and the court may revisit later whether a factual basis exists to view both
transactions as part of a unitary plan.

                                            19
plaintiff is unaware of the wrong.”47 Any challenge to the Warrant Transaction thus

accrued upon the execution of the underlying transaction, and not upon a later

exercise of the Warrant. Accordingly, even if the Warrant was never exercised, any

claims relating to its issuance would not be rendered moot. The court’s reasoning

in In re Sirius XM Shareholder Litigation is instructive on this point.48

           In that case, Sirius XM Radio Inc. negotiated an Investment Agreement in

2009 whereby Liberty Media received preferred stock in Sirius that was convertible

into a 40% common equity interest.49 Sirius also negotiated contractual provisions

limiting Liberty Media’s ability to take control of Sirius for three years, but once

that standstill period expired, the Investment Agreement prohibited Sirius from

using a poison pill or any other charter or bylaw provision to interfere with Liberty

Media’s ability to purchase additional Sirius stock.50 In 2012, after the standstill

period expired, Liberty Media announced its intention to acquire majority control of

Sirius.51

           After this announcement, Sirius stockholders filed suit, complaining that the

Sirius board had breached its fiduciary duty by adhering to the contract with Liberty


47
     In re Coca-Cola Enters., Inc., 2007 WL 3122370, at *5 (Del. Ch. Oct. 17, 2007).
48
     2013 WL 5411268 (Del. Ch. Sept. 27, 2013) (Strine, C.).
49
     Id. at *1.
50
     Id.
51
     Id.

                                             20
Media and not blocking its takeover attempt.52 Chief Justice Strine, writing as

Chancellor, held that plaintiffs’ claims for breach of fiduciary duty were time-barred

because they had accrued over three years earlier in 2009 when Sirius and Liberty

Media entered into the Investment Agreement:

           Here, the board made the decision to take Liberty Media’s capital in
           2009, and, in an arm’s-length transaction, agreed that in exchange they
           would not adopt a poison pill or any other anti-takeover measures
           against Liberty Media after the standstill period expired. The terms of
           that deal were fully disclosed in 2009. The board’s actions in 2012
           were anticipated by and, in fact, required under the Investment
           Agreement. Therefore, the board’s inability to block Liberty Media’s
           so-called “creeping takeover” was merely the manifestation of the
           bargain struck between Sirius and Liberty Media in 2009. If the
           plaintiffs ever had a meritorious claim that the Anti-Takeover
           Provisions in the Investment Agreement were enforceable . . . then they
           had it in 2009.53

           Applying the logic of the Sirius court here, an exercise of the Warrant by

Abbott merely would have been a product of the bargain it struck with ACT in

October 2014. Any potential breach of fiduciary duty with respect to the Warrant

Transaction thus occurred then, irrespective of whether Abbott actually exercised

the Warrant at some later time. To be sure, quantifying the damages resulting from

entering into the Warrant Transaction may be a difficult task, but that does not mean

that a breach of fiduciary duty claim challenging the transaction becomes moot just



52
     Id.
53
     Id. at *5.

                                             21
because the Warrant was never exercised. Accordingly, I decline to dismiss the

claims challenging the Warrant Transaction on mootness grounds.

         I turn next to considering whether the claims challenging the Series A-2

Financing and the Warrant Transaction are direct or derivative.

         C.         The Series A-2 Financing Claims are Derivative and the Warrant
                    Transaction Claims are Direct
         “In every case the court must determine from the complaint whether the

claims are direct or derivative.”54 Whether a claim is direct or derivative “must turn

solely on the following questions: (1) who suffered the alleged harm (the corporation

or the suing stockholders, individually); and (2) who would receive the benefit of

any recovery or other remedy (the corporation or the stockholders, individually)?”55

“[A] court should look to the nature of the wrong and to whom the relief should go.

The stockholder’s claimed direct injury must be independent of any alleged injury

to the corporation. The stockholder must demonstrate that the duty breached was

owed to the stockholder and that he or she can prevail without showing an injury to

the corporation.”56 For the reasons explained below, I conclude that Carr’s claims




54
  Anglo Am. Sec. Fund, L.P. v. S.R. Glob. Int’l Fund, L.P., 829 A.2d 143, 150 (Del. Ch.
2003).
55
     Tooley v. Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, Inc., 845 A.2d 1031, 1033 (Del. 2004).
56
     Id. at 1039.

                                             22
with respect to the Series A-2 Financing are derivative and his claims with respect

to the Warrant Transaction are direct.

                1.     The Series A-2 Financing
         Carr contends that defendants executed the Series A-2 Financing to dilute

unfairly certain other ACT stockholders, including himself.57 A claim for improper

dilution is “a quintessential example of a derivative claim.”58 In Gentile v. Rossette,

however, the Delaware Supreme Court announced “one transactional paradigm”

where an alleged improper dilution could be both direct and derivative in nature.59

This dual status may exist where: “(1) a stockholder having majority or effective

control causes the corporation to issue ‘excessive’ shares of its stock in exchange

for assets of the controlling stockholder that have a lesser value; and (2) the exchange

causes an increase in the percentage of the outstanding shares owned by the

controlling stockholder, and a corresponding decrease in the share percentage owned

by the public (minority) stockholders.”60 In other words, as the emphasized language




57
     Compl. ¶ 58.
58
  El Paso Pipeline GP Co., LLC v. Brinkerhoff, 152 A.3d 1248, 1265 (Del. 2016) (Strine,
C.J., concurring); see also Green v. LocatePlus Holdings, Corp., 2009 WL 1478553, at *2
(Del. Ch. May 15, 2009) (citations omitted) (“Classically, Delaware law has viewed as
derivative claims by shareholders alleging that they have been wrongly diluted by a
corporation’s overpayment of shares.”).
59
     906 A.2d 91, 99 (Del. 2006).
60
     Id. at 100 (emphasis added and citation omitted).

                                              23
in the preceding quotation makes clear, to invoke the dual dynamic recognized in

Gentile, a controlling stockholder must exist before the challenged transaction.

      Here, Carr’s invocation of Gentile to characterize as direct his claims

challenging the Series A-2 Financing fails because the Complaint is devoid of any

well-pled facts supporting the assertion that there was a controlling stockholder at

the time of that transaction. The Complaint does not allege that NEA was a

controlling stockholder before the Series A-2 Financing but rather that the Series A-

2 Financing “resulted in NEA gaining ownership of more than 65% of ACT’s stock

an as-converted basis.”61 Carr also has failed to plead facts supporting his assertion

that NEA and the Trust together constituted a controlling stockholder group before

the Series A-2 Financing.

      To adequately plead the existence of a control group, a plaintiff must allege

that its members:

      [B]e connected in some legally significant way—such as by contract,
      common ownership, agreement, or other arrangement—to work
      together toward a shared goal. The law does not require a formal
      written agreement, but there must be some indication of an actual
      agreement. Plaintiffs must allege more than mere concurrence of self-




61
  Compl. ¶ 51 (emphasis added). NEA concedes it became ACT’s controlling stockholder
as a result of the Series A-2 Financing. See NEA Defs.’ Opening Br. 22 n.12 (“As a result
of the Series A-2 Financing, NEA owned 65% of ACT’s issued and outstanding stock on
an as-converted basis, and thus would be considered a controlling stockholder after that
point in time.”).

                                           24
           interest among certain stockholders to state a claim based on the
           existence of a control group.62

Carr contends that “[b]y March 17, 2014, shortly in advance of a refinancing led by

NEA, the Defendants amended ACT’s Amended and Restated Voting Agreement in

a manner that changed the structure of the board of directors and, as a contractual

matter, gave NEA complete control of [sic] over the board and reduced voting power

from other stockholders.”63 But this allegation mischaracterizes the plain terms of

the March 17 amendment of the Voting Agreement.64

           The March 17 amendment merely provides that NEA and the Trust agree that

the “Preferred Designees” “shall be elected by the holders of a majority of the

outstanding Preferred Stock of the Company” and that the initial “Preferred

Designees” would be Pederson and one vacancy.65 Thus, the March 17 amendment

only concerned two of the seven authorized slots on ACT’s Board and plainly did

not afford NEA and the Trust complete control over the Board. Nothing else in the




62
  In re Crimson Expl. Inc. Stockholder Litig., 2014 WL 5449419, at *15 (Del. Ch. Oct. 24,
2014) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); see also In re PNB Holding Co.
S’holders Litig., 2006 WL 2403999, at *10 (Del. Ch. Aug. 18, 2006) (Strine, V.C.)
(“Glomming share-owning directors together into one undifferentiated mass with a single
hypothetical brain would result in an unprincipled Frankensteinian version of the already
debatable 800-pound gorilla theory of the controlling stockholder.”).
63
     Compl. ¶ 47.
64
     Ennis Aff. Ex. 12.
65
     Id.

                                           25
March 17 amendment, moreover, otherwise could be said to constitute a pact for

NEA and the Trust to work together to dilute unfairly ACT’s other stockholders.

         In sum, because Carr has not adequately pled that there was a controller at the

time of the Series A-2 Financing, the transaction does not meet the paradigm

described in Gentile, and his claims for improper dilution resulting from the Series

A-2 Financing are derivative. Parenthetically, because the Complaint’s allegations

that the Trust was part of a control group with NEA are not well-plead, the Trust

will be dismissed from this case because the only claims asserted against the Trust

flow from this unsubstantiated premise.66

                2.     The Warrant Transaction
         Carr argues that the sale of the “[W]arrant and the process (or lack of process)

underlying it were the equivalent of an end-stage transaction in which a plaintiff

alleges that breaches of fiduciary duty resulted in a change-of-control despite

inadequate merger consideration and without adequate protections for individual

stockholders who thus may bring claims directly.” 67 Carr is correct that claims

challenging the validity of a merger, usually by alleging breach of fiduciary duty,

give rise to a direct claim.68 The transaction here, however, is different from the


66
     See Compl. ¶¶ 109 (Count I), 121 (Count IV).
67
     Pl.’s Answering Br. 79.
68
  See Parnes v. Bally Entm’t Corp., 722 A.2d 1243, 1245 (Del. 1999) (“A stockholder who
directly attacks the fairness or validity of a merger alleges an injury to stockholders, not
the corporation, and may pursue such a claim even after the merger at issue has been
                                            26
“fairly standard” ones “wherein the stockholders of one corporation (the ‘target’)

receive consideration for agreeing to give up their shares in a merger with another

corporation (the ‘acquiror’).”69

         Here, in exchange for $25 million, Abbott purchased the right to buy ACT for

a period of time for an up-front payment of $75 million plus potential milestone

payments capped at total consideration of $185 million. Thus, the operative question

is whether Carr “suffered harm independent of any injury to the corporation that

would entitle him to an individualized recovery” due to the Warrant Transaction.70

In my view, he has, so his claim is direct.71

         If Carr was merely challenging the fairness of the $25 million purchase price

of the Warrant, then his claims would fit the classic derivative mold of a company

selling an asset too cheaply, because that consideration flowed directly to the

Company, not the ACT stockholders.72             The Warrant transaction was more



consummated. . . . In order to state a direct claim with respect to a merger, a stockholder
must challenge the validity of the merger itself, usually by charging the directors with
breaches of fiduciary duty resulting in unfair dealing and/or unfair price.”).
69
     Golaine v. Edwards, 1999 WL 1271882, at *4 (Del. Ch. Dec. 21, 1999) (Strine, V.C.).
70
     Feldman v. Cutaia, 951 A.2d 727, 732 (Del. 2008).
71
  See id. at 733 (“In order to state a direct claim, the plaintiff must have suffered some
individualized harm not suffered by all of the stockholders at large.”).
72
  See id. (citation omitted) (“Where all of a corporation’s stockholders are harmed and
would recover pro rata in proportion with their ownership of the corporation’s stock solely
because they are stockholders, then the claim is derivative in nature.”); Cf. Metro
Commc’ns Corp. BVI v. Advanced Mobilecomm Techs. Inc., 854 A.2d 121, 168 (Del. Ch.
2004) (Strine, V.C.) (citing Tooley, 845 A.2d 1031) (“Metro’s complaint seeks damages
                                            27
complicated than that, however, with the Board locking in an exercise price and

milestone payments and providing Abbott the exclusive ability to buy the Company

for approximately 30 months.            Thus, the Warrant Transaction established the

maximum price that the ACT stockholders might receive in an end-game transaction.

To repeat, quantifying the alleged damages from approving the Warrant Transaction

might be difficult, but Carr’s underlying breach of fiduciary duty claims concerning

the Warrant Transaction are akin to challenging the outcome of a merger and thus

are direct.

                                            *****

       As noted above, all six claims in the Complaint challenge the Series A-2

Financing and the Warrant Transaction together, with Counts I-III pled as direct

claims and Counts IV-VI pled, in the alternative, as derivative claims. Each group

of three claims also pleads claims in the alternative against NEA: Counts I and IV

(breach of fiduciary duty) flow from the premise that NEA is a controlling

stockholder of ACT and thus owes a fiduciary duty as a controller, while Counts III

and VI (aiding and abetting) flow from the premise that it is not.




for lost profits because the bribery scheme deprived Fidelity Brazil of the possibility of
going public. Distilled down, its theory is that the bribery scheme destroyed the economic
value of Fidelity Brazil, preventing it from being a viable enough company to go public.
Thus, the injury that Metro alleges, is, in the first instance, an injury to Fidelity Brazil itself
and is therefore derivative in nature.”).

                                                28
       Based on the conclusions I have reached so far, many of the claims in the

Complaint can be disposed of in whole or in part. First, given my conclusion that

the transactions must be analyzed separately and that the claims challenging the

Series A-2 Financing are derivative while the claims challenging the Warrant

Transaction are direct, Counts I-III must be dismissed insofar as they challenge the

Series A-2 Financing and Counts IV-VI must be dismissed insofar as they challenge

the Warrant Transaction.         Second, given my conclusion that NEA was not a

controlling stockholder at the time of the Series A-2 Financing, Count IV fails to

state a claim for breach of fiduciary duty against NEA with respect to that transaction

and thus Count IV must be dismissed in its entirety.73 Third, given my conclusion

that NEA was a controlling stockholder at the time of the Warrant Transaction,

Count III fails to state a claim for aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty

against NEA with respect to that transaction and thus Count III must be dismissed

its entirety.74

       This leaves parts of four claims to be analyzed, specifically Counts V and VI

with respect to the Series A-2 Financing, which occurred first in time, and Counts I


73
   See Ivanhoe Partners v. Newmont Min. Corp., 535 A.2d 1334, 1344 (Del. 1987)
(citations omitted) (“Under Delaware law a shareholder owes a fiduciary duty only if it
owns a majority interest in or exercises control over the business affairs of the
corporation.”).
74
  See Quadrant Structured Prods. Co., Ltd. v. Vertin, 102 A.3d 155, 204 (Del. Ch. 2014)
(“If a defendant has acted in a fiduciary capacity, then that defendant is liable as a fiduciary
and not for aiding and abetting.”).

                                              29
and II with respect to the Warrant Transaction. The viability of those claims is

addressed in that order in Sections C and D below.

         D.     Counts V and VI of the Complaint State Viable Claims for Relief
                Concerning the Series A-2 Financing
         Because the claims challenging the Series A-2 Financing are derivative, I

address first whether Carr’s failure to make a demand on the Board is excused for

those claims. After finding for the reasons stated below that demand is excused, I

address whether Counts V and VI state claims for relief under Court of Chancery

Rule 12(b)(6) for breach of fiduciary duty and aiding and abetting, respectively, with

respect to the Series A-2 Financing.

                1.    Demand Is Excused for the Series A-2 Financing Claims
         “A cardinal precept of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware

is that directors, rather than stockholders, manage the business and affairs of the

corporation.”75 Accordingly, stockholders may not prosecute a claim derivatively

on behalf of a corporation unless they: “(1) make a pre-suit demand by presenting

the allegations to the corporation’s directors, requesting that they bring suit, and

showing that they wrongfully refused to do so, or (2) plead facts showing that

demand upon the board would have been futile.”76 Making a pre-suit demand is



75
     Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d 805, 811 (Del. 1984).
76
  In re Citigroup Inc. S’holder Derivative Litig., 964 A.2d 106, 120 (Del. Ch. Feb. 24,
2009) (citing Stone v. Ritter, 911 A.2d 362, 366-67) (Del. 2006)).

                                            30
futile when the directors upon whom the demand would be made “are incapable of

making an impartial decision regarding such litigation.”77

         Because Carr did not make a demand on the Board before initiating this action,

he must allege with particularity that his failure to do so with respect to the Series

A-2 Financing should be excused.78            In this analysis, I accept as true Carr’s

particularized allegations of fact and draw all reasonable inferences that logically

flow from those allegations in Carr’s favor.79

         Under Delaware law, depending on the factual scenario, there are two tests

for determining whether demand may be excused: the Aronson test and the Rales

test.80 The test articulated in Aronson v. Lewis81 applies when “a decision of the

board of directors is being challenged in the derivative suit.”82 The test set forth in

Rales v. Blasband, on the other hand, governs when “the board that would be




77
     Rales v. Blasband, 634 A.2d 927, 932 (Del. 1993).
78
     Ct. Ch. R. 23.1; Compl. ¶¶ 100-07.
79
     White v. Panic, 783 A.2d 543, 549 (Del. 2001).
80
   This court has noted in the past that, although “the Rales test looks somewhat different
from Aronson, in that [it] involves a singular inquiry[,] . . . that singular inquiry makes
germane all of the concerns relevant to both the first and second prongs of Aronson.”
Guttman v. Huang, 823 A.2d 492, 501(Del. Ch. 2003) (Strine, V.C.).
81
     473 A.2d 805.
82
     Rales, 634 A.2d at 933 (emphasis in original).

                                              31
considering the demand did not make a business decision which is being challenged

in the derivative suit.”83 This situation arises “in three principle scenarios”:

         (1) where a business decision was made by the board of a company, but
         a majority of the directors making the decision have been replaced; (2)
         where the subject of the derivative suit is not a business decision of the
         board; and (3) where . . . the decision being challenged was made by
         the board of a different corporation.84

Taking into account changes in board composition is critical to a demand futility

analysis because “[w]hat, in the end, is relevant is not whether the board that

approved the challenged transaction was or was not interested in that transaction but

whether the present board is or is not disabled from exercising its right and duty to

control corporate litigation.”85

         Here, the Board experienced turnover between its approval of the Series A-2

Financing and when Carr filed suit over three years later. On April 2, 2014, when

the Series A-2 Financing was approved, the Board consisted of six members: Klein,

Rohlen, Tanaka, Olson, Pederson, and Constantinides.86 On May 18, 2017, when

Carr filed the Complaint, the Board consisted of four members: Klein, Rohlen,

Tanaka, and Drant. Thus, between these two events, three of six members (Olson,

Pederson, and Constantinides) left the Board and a new director (Drant) was added.


83
     Id. at 933-34.
84
     Id. at 934 (citations omitted).
85
     Harris v. Carter, 582 A.2d 222, 230 (Del. Ch. 1990) (Allen, C.).
86
     Compl. ¶ 50.

                                              32
Because there was turnover of less than a majority of the directors on the Board

between the Series A-2 Financing and when the Complaint was filed, the Aronson

test applies for claims concerning that transaction.87

         To survive a motion to dismiss under the Aronson test, a plaintiff must plead

facts that “raise a reasonable doubt as to (i) director disinterest or independence or

(ii) whether the directors exercised proper business judgment in approving the

challenged transaction.”88 The demand futility analysis “is conducted on a claim-

by-claim basis” under Delaware law.89 Thus, the court must consider whether the

Board, at the time of the Complaint, could have impartially considered bringing

actions against those Director Defendants who were on the Board when the Series

A-2 Financing was approved (Count V) and against NEA (Count VI).

         With respect to the claim against the Director Defendants, Carr has adequately

pled that a majority of the four directors on the Board when he filed his Complaint

was not disinterested or independent with respect to the Series A-2 Financing.90 The



87
     Rales, 634 A.2d at 933-34.
88
   Grobow v. Perot, 539 A.2d 180, 186 (Del. 1998), overruled on other grounds by Brehm
v. Eisner, 746 A.2d 244 (Del. 2000).
89
  Cambridge Ret. Sys. v. Bosnjak, 2014 WL 2930869, at *4 (Del. Ch. June 26, 2014) (citing
Beam ex rel. Martha Stewart Omnimedia, Inc. v. Stewart, 833 A.2d 961, 977 n.48 (Del.
Ch. 2003) aff’d, 845 A.2d 1040 (Del. 2004)).
90
  See Beam v. Stewart, 845 A.2d at 1046 n.8 (“If three directors of a six person board are
not independent and three directors are independent, there is not a majority of independent
directors and demand would be futile.”) (citing Beneville v. York, 769 A.2d 80, 85-86 (Del.
Ch. 2000) (Strine, V.C.)); In re the Limited, Inc. S’holders Litig., 2002 WL 537692, at *7
                                            33
Complaint alleges, and defendants concede, that the April 2014 Consent approving

the Series A-2 Financing expressly acknowledges that two of the directors on the

Board when the Complaint was filed (Klein and Rohlen) were interested for

purposes of the Series A-2 Financing, because Klein was “associated with and/or

had a material financial interest in [NEA]” and Rohlen personally participated in the

transaction.91 Thus, demand is excused as to Count V for breach of fiduciary duty

against the Director Defendants.

      With respect to the claim against NEA, although the demand futility analysis

typically is performed on a “claim-by-claim basis” as noted above, I do not believe

that Klein and Rohlen could impartially decide whether to press an aiding and

abetting claim against NEA when the predicate for such a claim is a breach of

fiduciary duty by the Director Defendants (i.e., a claim for which Klein and Rohlen

are disabled from exercising disinterested and independent judgment on behalf of

the Company for the reasons stated above). In any event, defendants concede that

Klein would not be independent for purposes of evaluating a demand,92 and Rohlen’s



(Del. Ch. Mar. 27, 2002) (citation omitted) (“[W]here the challenged actions are those of
a board consisting of an even number of directors, plaintiffs meet their burden of
demonstrating the futility of making demand on the board by showing that half of the board
was either interested or not independent.”).
91
  Ennis Aff. Ex. 3 at ACT_220_000038 (April 2014 Consent); Compl. ¶ 54 (citing April
2014 Consent); NEA Defs.’ Opening Br. 14 (same).
92
  See Director Defs.’ Opening Br. 32-42 (Dkt. 33); Director Defs.’ Reply Br. 10-17 (Dkt.
43). This concession is not surprising given that Klein was a partner on NEA’s healthcare
                                           34
status as the CEO of NEA-controlled ACT, in addition to his service on other NEA

portfolio companies, creates a reasonable doubt about his independence from NEA.93

Accordingly, demand is excused as to Count VI for aiding and abetting against NEA.

                2.     Count V States a Claim for Breach of Fiduciary Duty Against
                       the Director Defendants Regarding the Series A-2 Financing
         The standards governing a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim for

relief under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6) are well settled:

         (i) all well-pleaded factual allegations are accepted as true; (ii) even
         vague allegations are “well-pleaded” if they give the opposing party
         notice of the claim; (iii) the Court must draw all reasonable inferences
         in favor of the non-moving party; and ([iv]) dismissal is inappropriate
         unless the “plaintiff would not be entitled to recover under any
         reasonably conceivable set of circumstances susceptible of proof.”94

The standards are minimal, but the Court “will not credit conclusory allegations or

draw unreasonable inferences in favor of the Plaintiffs.”95

         Carr alleges in the Complaint, and defendants concede, that the April 2014

Consent acknowledges that a majority of the Board (four out of six) who approved




team who served at various times on the boards of many NEA portfolio companies,
including VytronUS and Topera. Compl. ¶ 26.
93
  See Sandys v. Pincus, 152 A.3d 124, 128 (Del. 2016) (Strine, C.J.) (“Mattrick is Zynga’s
CEO. Zynga’s controlling stockholder, Pincus, is interested in the transaction under attack,
and therefore, Mattrick cannot be considered independent.”).
94
     Savor, Inc. v. FMR Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 896-97 (Del. 2002) (citations omitted).
95
  In re BJ’s Wholesale Club, Inc. S’holders Litig., 2013 WL 396202, at *5 (Del. Ch. Jan.
31, 2013) (citation omitted).

                                             35
the Series A-2 Financing was deemed interested in that transaction.96 As such, entire

fairness is the appropriate standard of review for analyzing this transaction.97

Defendants do not contend otherwise.98

         “Entire fairness, Delaware’s most onerous standard, applies when the board

labors under actual conflicts of interest. Once entire fairness applies, the defendants

must establish ‘to the court’s satisfaction that the transaction was the product of both

fair dealing and fair price.’”99 Our Supreme Court explained the test in Weinberger

v. UOP, Inc., as follows:

         The concept of fairness has two basic aspects: fair dealing and fair
         price. The former embraces questions of when the transaction was
         timed, how it was initiated, structured, negotiated, disclosed to the
         directors, and how the approvals of the directors and stockholders were

96
     Compl. ¶ 54; NEA Defs.’ Opening Br. 14; Tr. 33 (Nov. 7, 2017).
97
   See In re Trados Inc. S’holder Litig., 73 A.3d 17, 43 (Del. Ch. 2013) (“[T]he Board
lacked a majority of disinterested and independent directors, making entire fairness the
applicable standard.”).
98
   Citing the April 2014 Consent, NEA asserts that the “Series A-2 Financing was
considered and approved by directors Olson and Tanaka, neither of whom participated in
the financing and both of whom were independent of NEA at the time of the financing,
before it was submitted to the full ACT Board for approval.” NEA Defs.’ Opening Br. 29.
The April 2014 Consent states that the Board decided that Olson and Tanaka should
approve the Series A-2 Financing “to meet the requirement of a disinterested director
approval for purposes of compliance with Section 144 of the Delaware General
Corporation Law.” Ennis Aff. Ex. 3 at ACT_220_000038. Defendants presented no
argument in their briefs, however, concerning the potential legal impact of such an
approval, and the Complaint makes no reference to a separate vote by Olson and Tanaka.
Thus, I decline to consider this issue for purposes of deciding the pending motions to
dismiss. See Emerald Partners v. Berlin, 726 A.2d 1215, 1224 (Del. 1999) (“Issues not
briefed are deemed waived.”).
99
   In re Trados, 73 A.3d at 44 (emphasis in original) (quoting Cinerama, Inc. v.
Technicolor, Inc., 663 A.2d 1156, 1163 (Del. 1995)).

                                            36
         obtained. The latter aspect of fairness relates to the economic and
         financial considerations of the proposed [transaction], including all
         relevant factors . . . However, the test for fairness is not a bifurcated one
         as between fair dealing and price. All aspects of the issue must be
         examined as a whole since the question is one of entire fairness.100

“Not even an honest belief that the transaction was entirely fair will be sufficient to

establish entire fairness. Rather, the transaction itself must be objectively fair,

independent of the board’s beliefs.”101

         Application of the entire fairness standard “does not mean that the . . .

directors necessarily breached their fiduciary duties, only that entire fairness is the

lens through which the court evaluates their actions.”102 Nevertheless, “as a practical

matter,” application of the entire fairness standard typically precludes dismissal

under Rule 12(b)(6), because “[a] determination of whether the defendant has met

that burden will normally be impossible by examining only the documents the Court

is free to consider on a motion to dismiss—the complaint and any documents it

incorporates by reference.”103




100
      457 A.2d 701, 711 (Del. 1983) (citations omitted).
101
      Gesoff v. IIC Indus., Inc., 902 A.2d 1130, 1145 (Del. Ch. 2006).
102
      In re Trados, 73 A.3d at 45.
103
      Orman v. Cullman, 794 A.2d 5, 21 n.36 (Del. Ch. 2002).

                                              37
         In my opinion, Carr has alleged sufficient specific facts that call into question

the fairness of both the process and the price of the Series A-2 Financing.104 With

respect to process, the Series A-2 Financing was approved by a compromised Board

without the benefit of a financial advisor or a fairness opinion.105 It involved the

issuance of preferred stock to a select group of investors, including four of the

directors and/or their affiliates, and it allowed NEA to become ACT’s controlling

stockholder.106 The fact that NEA was permitted to obtain nearly 90% of the Series

A-2 preferred stock, increasing its stake in ACT to more than 65% on an as-

converted basis, segues into Carr’s allegation that the Series A-2 stock was offered

at an unfairly low price.107

         Control of a corporation has unique value, and one would expect an acquirer

to pay a premium for that control.108 Here, it is alleged that the Series A-2 Financing

placed an approximately $15 million valuation on ACT,109 yet the Warrant exercise

price ($75 million) proposed less than three months later in Abbott’s June 30, 2014


104
   See In re Boston Celtics Ltd. Partnership S’holders Litig., 1999 WL 641902, at *4 (Del.
Ch. Aug. 6, 1999) (citation omitted) (“[I]t . . . is necessary for the plaintiff to allege specific
items of misconduct that demonstrate unfairness, in order to survive a motion to dismiss.”).
105
      Tr. 33-34 (Nov. 7, 2017).
106
      Compl. ¶¶ 65, 77, 85; Tr. 34 (Nov. 7, 2017).
107
      Compl. ¶¶ 51, 73.
108
  See IRA Trust FBO Bobbie Ahmed v. Crane, 2017 WL 7053964, at *7 n.54 (Del. Ch.
Dec. 11, 2017) (“That control of a corporation has value is well-accepted.”).
109
      Compl. ¶ 51.

                                               38
LOI was five-times that amount.110 Such a gap in value in the span of just a few

months, without any allegations about intervening events that increased ACT’s value

meaningfully, supports an inference that NEA was able to gain control on the cheap

through the Series A-2 Financing.

         Given the specific facts pled in the Complaint about the process and price of

the Series A-2 Financing, it is certainly reasonably conceivable that the Series A-2

Financing was not entirely fair. Accordingly, Count V states a claim for breach of

fiduciary duty against the Director Defendants with respect to their approval of the

Series A-2 Financing.111

                3.    Count VI States a Claim for Aiding and Abetting Against
                      NEA Regarding the Series A-2 Financing
         In Count VI of his Complaint, Carr alleges that NEA aided and abetted the

Board’s breach of its fiduciary duty by approving the Series A-2 Financing. “A third

party may be liable for aiding and abetting a breach of a corporate fiduciary’s duty

to the stockholders if the third party knowingly participates in the breach. To survive

a motion to dismiss, the complaint must allege facts that satisfy the four elements of

an aiding and abetting claim: (1) the existence of a fiduciary relationship, (2) a




110
      Compl. ¶¶ 50, 59.
111
   I consider in Section F below whether certain Director Defendants who approved the
Series A-2 Financing may be dismissed for failure to plead a non-exculpated claim against
them.

                                           39
breach of the fiduciary’s duty, (3) knowing participation in that breach by the

defendants, and (4) damages proximately caused by the breach.”112

         For the reasons explained above, Carr has pled adequately that the Board

owed a fiduciary duty to ACT, which it breached in approving the Series A-2

Financing. Carr also has alleged that this transaction unfairly and cheaply diluted

him and other minority stockholders.113 Accordingly, the key question is whether

Carr has pled facts such that it is reasonably conceivable that NEA knowingly

participated in the Board’s alleged breach of fiduciary duty.

         In Malpiede v. Townson, our Supreme Court explained the meaning of

“knowing participation” in the context of a claim for aiding and abetting a breach of

fiduciary duty:

         Knowing participation in a board’s fiduciary breach requires that the
         third party act with knowledge that the conduct advocated or assisted
         constitutes such a breach. Under this standard, a bidder’s attempts to
         reduce the sale price through arm’s-length negotiations cannot give rise
         to liability for aiding and abetting, whereas a bidder may be liable to
         the target’s stockholders if the bidder attempts to create or exploit
         conflicts of interest in the board.114

         “A claim of knowing participation need not be pled with particularity.

However, there must be factual allegations in the complaint from which knowing


112
   Malpiede v. Townson, 780 A.2d 1075, 1096 (Del. 2001) (citations, internal quotations,
and alterations in original omitted).
113
      Compl. ¶¶ 1, 4.
114
      780 A.2d at 1097 (citations omitted).

                                              40
participation can be reasonably inferred.”115             A director’s knowledge and

participation in a breach may be imputed to a non-fiduciary entity for which that

director also serves in a fiduciary capacity.116

         Viewing the facts alleged in the light most favorable to Carr, as I must at this

stage of the proceedings, I find that Carr has adequately pled that NEA knowingly

participated in the Board’s breach. Klein served as both an ACT director and an

NEA partner, so his alleged knowing participation in the Board’s breach of its

fiduciary duty with respect to the Series A-2 Financing may be imputed to NEA.

The Complaint alleges that both NEA and Klein had a financial incentive to dilute

cheaply ACT stockholders to gain control of the Company at an unfairly low price,

and that NEA exploited conflicts of interest on the Board by deploying Klein to

facilitate a transaction purportedly unfair to the existing ACT stockholders.117 These

interactions between ACT and NEA, which acquired 90% of the Series A-2

Preferred Stock, “amount to more than simple arm’s-length negotiations,”118 since

Klein’s venture capital firm, where he is a partner, wanted NEA to acquire the



115
    In re Gen. Motors (Hughes) S’holder Litig., 2005 WL 1089021, at *24 (Del. Ch. May
4, 2005) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
116
  See, e.g., Carlson v. Hallinan, 925 A.2d 506, 542 (Del. Ch. 2006); Khanna v. McMinn,
2006 WL 1388744, at *27 (Del. Ch. May 9, 2006).
117
      Compl. ¶¶ 4, 26, 49, 51, 54.
118
   In re USACafes, L.P. Litig., 600 A.2d 43, 56 (Del. Ch. 1991) (Allen, C.); see id. (finding
that plaintiff stated a claim for aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty).

                                             41
preferred stock at the lowest possible valuation. Accordingly, I find it reasonably

conceivable that NEA aided and abetted the Board’s breach of fiduciary duty.

                                          *****

         In sum, with respect to Carr’s allegations regarding the Series A-2 Financing,

I find that demand is excused with respect to these claims, and that the Complaint

states claims of breach of fiduciary duty against the Director Defendants and aiding

and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty against NEA. Thus, defendants’ motion to

dismiss Counts V and VI is denied insofar as those claims concern the Series A-2

Financing.

         E.     Counts I and II of the Complaint State Viable Claims for Relief
                Concerning the Warrant Transaction
         In this section I consider whether Carr has stated a direct claim for breach of

fiduciary duty under Counts I and II of the Complaint with respect to the Warrant

Transaction. I begin with analyzing the claim against the Director Defendants

(Count II) and then turn to the claim against NEA (Count I) as the Company’s

controlling stockholder.

                1.     Count II States a Claim for Breach of Fiduciary Duty Against
                       the Director Defendants Regarding the Warrant Transaction
         “Delaware has three tiers of review for evaluating director decision-making:

the business judgment rule, enhanced scrutiny, and entire fairness.”119 Revlon and


119
      Reis v. Hazelett Strip-Casting Corp., 28 A.3d 443, 457 (Del. Ch. 2011).

                                              42
its progeny teach that enhanced scrutiny applies to transactions that effect a change

of corporate control.120 This case, however, presents an unusual fact pattern for

determining whether Revlon should apply to evaluate Carr’s challenge to the

Director Defendants’ decision to approve the Warrant Transaction.

      Two attributes of the Warrant Transaction complicate the inquiry. First, the

transaction involved the potential sale of a corporation (ACT) to a third-party

(Abbott) with the blessing of a controlling stockholder (NEA), where the Company’s

directors realistically had little—if any—ability to seek alternatives to maximize

value for the minority stockholders beyond what the controller was willing to accept.

Second, the potential sale of ACT was just that—potential. The Warrant Transaction

afforded Abbott an option to acquire ACT for a 30-month period to the exclusion of

other bidders for specified economic terms, meaning that the transaction might or

might not ultimately result in a sale of the corporation and the elimination of the

minority stockholders’ interests in the Company.

      No authority has been brought to the court’s attention addressing a scenario

where both of these features were present, although there are cases that have

addressed the application of Revlon duties in circumstances implicating one feature

or the other. I consider these two lines of cases next.


120
   Paramount Commc’ns Inc. v. QVC Network, Inc., 637 A.2d 34, 36 (Del. 1994);
Paramount Comm’cns, Inc. v. Time Inc., 571 A.2d 1140, 1150-51 (Del. 1989); Revlon, 506
A.2d at 182.

                                          43
          The first line comes from our Supreme Court’s decision in McMullin v. Beran,

which considered what duty a board of directors owes to minority stockholders when

evaluating a proposal for a sale of the entire corporation to a third party at the behest

of a controller.121 There, ARCO owned approximately 80% of the common stock of

Chemical, and Lyondell reached out to ARCO about acquiring all of Chemical.122

With the Chemical board’s blessing, ARCO negotiated a two-step merger with

Lyondell.123 When considering the obligations the Chemical board owed to its

minority stockholders in the context of a third-party sale, the Supreme Court held

that “the ultimate focus on maximization is the same as if the board itself had decided

to sell the corporation to a third party.”124 The Court explained:

          When the entire sale to a third-party is proposed, negotiated and timed
          by a majority shareholder . . . the board cannot realistically seek any
          alternative because the majority shareholder has the right to vote its
          shares in favor of the third-party transaction it proposed for the board’s
          consideration. Nevertheless, in such situations, the directors are
          obliged to make an informed and deliberate judgment, in good faith,
          about whether the sale to a third party that is being proposed by the
          majority shareholder will result in a maximization of value for the
          minority shareholders.125




121
      765 A.2d 910, 918-19 (Del. 2000).
122
      Id. at 915.
123
      Id. at 915-16.
124
      Id. at 919 (citing Mendel v. Carroll, 651 A.2d 297, 305 (Del. 1994)).
125
      Id. (emphasis in original and citations omitted).

                                               44
          Thus, as the Supreme Court further explained, although the Chemical board

“did not have the ability to act on an informed basis to secure the best value

reasonably available for all shareholders in any alternative” transaction, the

Chemical board had “the duty to act on an informed basis to independently ascertain

how the merger consideration being offered in the third party Transaction with

Lyondell compared to Chemical’s value as a going concern.”126 This duty emanates

from the directors’ “ultimate statutory duties under Section 251 and attendant

fiduciary obligations,”127 and directors have “a duty to fulfill this obligation

faithfully and with due care so that the minority shareholders would be able to make

an informed decision about whether to accept the Lyondell Transaction tender offer

price or to seek appraisal of their shares.”128

          Noting that the transaction at issue involved “the entire sale of Chemical to

Lyondell” rather than the sale only of ARCO’s own 80% interest in Chemical, the

Supreme Court agreed with plaintiff’s contention that the transaction “implicated the



126
    Id. (emphasis in original); see id. at 920 (citations omitted) (“When a majority of a
corporation’s voting shares are owned by a single entity, there is a significant diminution
in the voting power of the minority stockholders. Consequently, minority stockholders
must rely for protection on the fiduciary duties owed to them by the board of directors.”).
127
   Id. at 920; see also id. at 917 (citing Smith v. Van Gorkom, 488 A.2d 858, 873 (Del.
1985); Sinclair Oil Corp. v. Levien, 280 A.2d 717, 721-22 (Del. 1971)) (describing 8 Del.
C. § 251 as imposing a duty “to act in an informed and deliberate manner in determining
whether to approve an agreement of merger before submitting the proposal to the
stockholders”).
128
      Id. at 920.

                                            45
directors’ ultimate fiduciary duty that was described in Revlon and its progeny—to

focus on whether shareholder value has been maximized.”129 Nevertheless, the

Supreme Court did not place the burden on the directors to show that they had acted

reasonably in approving a transaction that maximized value for all stockholders, as

Revlon would require, but held instead that plaintiff’s complaint “would withstand a

motion to dismiss if it successfully alleged facts that, if true, would rebut the

procedural protections of the business judgment rule.”130 The Supreme Court then

reviewed the allegations of plaintiff’s complaint within the business judgment rule

framework and found them sufficient to state claims for breach of the duties of care

and loyalty.131

            The second line of cases emanates from Chancellor Allen’s decision in

Equity-Linked Investors, L.P. v. Adams.132 There, the court faced a conflict between

holders of convertible preferred stock with a liquidation preference and common

stock.133 The subject company, Genta, was a bio-pharmaceutical company on the

cusp of insolvency but which had several promising technologies.134 Genta secured



129
      Id. (citation omitted).
130
      Id.
131
      Id. at 921-25.
132
      705 A.2d 1040 (Del. Ch. 1997).
133
      Id. at 1042.
134
      Id. at 1041.

                                          46
third-party financing from Aries in exchange for a note, warrants exercisable into

half of Genta’s outstanding stock, and other consideration including the right to

designate a majority of the board of directors.135 Plaintiff, a lead holder of preferred

stock with a small common stock position,136 challenged the transaction based on a

Revlon theory:

          The claim now is that the board “transferred control” of the company
          and that in such a transaction it is necessary that the board act
          reasonably to get the highest price, which this board did not do.
          Plaintiff urges that the special duty recognized in Revlon, Inc. v.
          MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Inc. arose here because (1) Aries has
          a contract right to designate a majority of the Genta board and (2) Aries
          acquired warrants that if exercised would give it the power to control
          any election of the Genta board.137

          Chancellor Allen “assume[d] for purposes of deciding this case, without

deciding, that the granting of immediately exercisable warrants, which, if exercised,

would give the holder voting control of the corporation, is a transaction of the type

that warrants the imposition of the special duties and special review standard of

Paramount,”138 i.e., Revlon duties.139 He described these duties as follows:

          (1) where a transaction constituted a “change in corporate control,”
          such that the shareholders would thereafter lose a further opportunity
          to participate in a change of control premium, (2) the board’s duty of

135
      Id. at 1041-42.
136
      Id. at 1042.
137
      Id. at 1053.
138
      Paramount Commc’ns v. QVC, 637 A.2d 34.
139
      Equity-Linked Inv'rs, 705 A.2d at 1055.

                                                47
            loyalty requires it to try in good faith to get the best price reasonably
            available (which specifically means the board must at least discuss an
            interest expressed by any financially capable buyer), and (3) in such
            context courts will employ an (objective) “reasonableness” standard
            (both to the process and the result!) to evaluate whether the directors
            have complied with their fundamental duties of care and good faith
            (loyalty).140

Applying this Revlon lens to the challenged financing after trial, Chancellor Allen

found that the board met its “special duties,”141 but he did not provide any further

commentary on whether or when a warrant sale resulting in a potential transfer of

control triggers Revlon duties.

            Thirteen years after Equity-Linked, this court confronted a similar situation in

Binks v. DSL.net, Inc.142 There, DSL was experiencing dire financial stress, and its

board decided to secure financing from MegaPath in the form of convertible notes

rather than filing for bankruptcy.143 By exercising its conversion rights under the

notes over the course of a few months, MegaPath obtained more than 90% of DSL’s

common stock and then eliminated the minority stockholders via a short-form

merger.144 Plaintiff brought an action pro se alleging that DSL’s board breached its

fiduciary duty by failing to obtain the best price reasonably available for


140
      Id. at 1054-55.
141
      Id. at 1053, 1059.
142
      2010 WL 1713629 (Del. Ch. Apr. 29, 2010).
143
      Id. at *1.
144
      Id.

                                               48
stockholders in the context of a change of control transaction, as required under

Revlon.145        When considering the appropriate standard of review, the court

commented:

          It is, perhaps, easy to doubt the assumption that the MegaPath
          Financing Transaction—a debt placement that occurred more than six
          months before the short-form Merger and which was entered into
          without any express guarantee that the Merger would occur—should be
          assessed under any special standard. Yet, the Court is mindful that it is
          reviewing the efforts of a self-represented plaintiff, and it is not
          unreasonable to review the Amended Complaint as alleging that the
          short-form Merger was an inevitable and foreseeable consequence of
          the MegaPath Financing Transaction. As the Supreme Court in QVC
          pointed out, in determining whether the transaction constitutes a
          “change in control” for Revlon purposes, “the answer must be sought
          in the specific circumstances surrounding the transaction.”146

          Based on the “specific circumstances” surrounding the transaction, the court

assumed, without deciding, that the financing was subject to review under the Revlon

standard, citing Equity-Linked Investors approvingly.147 Applying this standard, the

court still granted defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiff’s Revlon claim, because

“the Board was independent and disinterested with respect to the MegaPath


145
      Id. at *1, 5.
146
      Id. at *6 (citing Paramount Commc’ns v. QVC, 637 A.2d at 46).
147
    Id. at *6-7; see also id. at *7 (“Evaluating the MegaPath Financing Transaction under
the Revlon standard also has the advantage of giving Binks the most favorable analytical
framework for assessment of his claims. It additionally would make the fiduciary duty
claims that compromise the core of the Amended Complaint at least arguably direct. If the
MegaPath Financing Transaction were evaluated outside the context of the short-form
Merger, the Board’s failures, assuming that there were any, might well be viewed as giving
rise only to derivative claims.”).

                                             49
Financing Transaction, was well informed by independent advisors of the available

alternatives to the Company besides its ultimate sale to MegaPath, and acted in good

faith in arranging and committing the Company to that transaction, especially in light

of the circumstances and the paucity of other options available to DSL.”148

          Equity-Link and Binks support the proposition that it would be appropriate to

apply the intermediate scrutiny of Revlon, at least in certain circumstances, to

evaluate a board’s decision to grant a third-party an option to acquire control of a

corporation, as opposed to a decision to sell the corporation outright. Indeed, if that

were not the case, a party could seek to evade the special protections Revlon affords

stockholders through creative structuring of a transaction (e.g., an unconditional,

immediately exercisable option to purchase the entire company) that in substance is

equivalent to an outright sale of the corporation. That would be an absurd result.

          On the other hand, the application of Revlon to an option transaction likely

would turn on the conditionality and other specific features of the option in question.

Here, for example, defendants argue that Revlon should not apply because “Abbott’s

exercise of the Warrant option to purchase ACT was contingent on the occurrence

of material contingencies that neither ACT nor Abbot controlled, and that were far

from inevitable,” including the need for regulatory approval and ACT’s delivery to




148
      Id. at *7.

                                            50
Abbott of “specified human clinical trial data relating to” a “specific ablation

catheter product.”149

                                              *****

         These two lines of cases, taken together, suggest that the board of directors of

a controlled company may have Revlon-like duties when deciding to approve the

sale of an option to a third party to purchase the entire company. Here, however, I

do not need to determine whether the Board’s approval of the Warrant Transaction

is subject to a form of enhanced scrutiny, because even under the business judgment

rule—the most defendant-friendly standard of review—Carr has stated a claim for

relief against the Director Defendants in my opinion.

         The business judgment rule provides a presumption that the board made such

a decision “on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action

taken was in the best interests of the company.”150 A complaint can survive a motion

to dismiss if a plaintiff has adequately pled that the directors breached their duty of

care or loyalty in coming to that determination. Here, Carr has pled facts such that

it is reasonably conceivable that the Director Defendants breached both of these

duties in connection with their approval of the Warrant Transaction so as to rebut

the business judgment rule.


149
      Letter from Defs. (Dec. 8, 2017) 4 (Dkt. 61).
150
      Aronson, 473 A.2d at 812 (citation omitted).

                                              51
         With respect to the duty of care, Carr has pled that Medtronic’s letter of intent

was objectively superior to Abbott’s proposal, yet the Board did not pursue a

transaction with Medtronic or use Medtronic’s proposal to attempt to extract a higher

price from Abbott before approving the Warrant Transaction several months later,

after Abbott’s letter of intent’s 60-day exclusivity period had expired.151

Additionally, as pled and reflected in its minutes, the Board did not implement any

formal process in selling the Warrant, nor did it even engage a financial advisor.152

These factors, taken together, suggest that the Board may have been grossly

negligent in executing the potentially game-ending Warrant Transaction.153

         With respect to the duty of loyalty, Carr has rebutted the business judgment

rule because he has pled facts showing that at least half of the six-person board that

approved the Warrant Transaction was not disinterested or independent.154 At the




151
      Compl. ¶ 68.
152
      Compl. ¶¶ 59-77; Tr. (Nov. 7, 2017) 33-34; Ennis Aff. Exs. 6, 8.
153
    See McMullin, 765 A.2d at 921 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)
(“Director liability for breaching the duty of care is predicated upon concepts of gross
negligence.”); see also id. at 921-22 (finding that plaintiff adequately pleaded a claim for
breach of the duty of care when, inter alia, there was a lack of procedural safeguards to
protect the interests of the minority stockholders, the board only met one time to consider
the transaction, and the sale process was rushed).
154
    See Beam v. Stewart, 845 A.2d at 1046 n.8 (citing Beneville, 769 A.2d at 85-86) (“If
three directors of a six person board are not independent and three directors are
independent, there is not a majority of independent directors and demand would be futile”);
In re the Limited, 2002 WL 537692, at *7 (citation omitted) (“[W]here the challenged
actions are those of a board consisting of an even number of directors, plaintiffs meet their
                                              52
time of the transaction, ACT itself represented that both Klein and Pederson were

tainted, because Klein was an NEA partner and Pederson was the President and CEO

of VytronUS and was discussing potential employment with Abbott.155 Rohlen also

was not independent and disinterested in my view, because he was the CEO of the

NEA-controlled Company.156            The director’s conflicts arising from their

relationships with NEA are salient because, as discussed below, NEA itself allegedly

was motivated to accept less than fair value for its shares of ACT in order to benefit

from Abbott’s acquisition of Topera and investment in VytronUS. Thus, the

directors’ conflicts of interest provide a sufficient and independent basis for Carr’s

claims against the Director Defendants regarding the Warrant Transaction to survive

a motion to dismiss.157




burden of demonstrating the futility of making demand on the board by showing that half
of the board was wither interested or not independent.”).
155
      Compl. ¶¶ 66-67.
156
    See Sandys, 152 A.3d at 128 (“Mattrick is Zynga’s CEO. Zynga’s controlling
stockholder, Pincus, is interested in the transaction under attack, and therefore, Mattrick
cannot be considered independent.”).
157
   Defendants argue that the business judgment rule should apply because a group of four
“Disinterested Directors”—Rohlen, Constantinides, Olson, and Tanaka—approved the
Warrant Transaction before the transaction was submitted to the Board. NEA Defs.’
Opening Br. 40; Ennis Aff. Ex. 8 at ACT_220_000177. This fact is not pled in the
Complaint. In any event, I disagree with defendants’ contention that Rohlen was
independent and disinterested for the reasons explained above.

                                            53
               2.     Count I States a Claim for Breach of Fiduciary Duty Against
                      NEA as a Controlling Stockholder Regarding the Warrant
                      Transaction
       In Count I of the Complaint, Carr asserts that NEA breached its fiduciary duty

as the controlling stockholder of ACT with respect to the Warrant Transaction.

       A controlling stockholder owes fiduciary duties to the corporation and its

minority stockholders, and it is “prohibited from exercising corporate power (either

formally as directors or officers or informally through control over officers and

directors) so as to advantage [itself] while disadvantaging the corporation.”158 A

controlling stockholder has the right to act in its own self-interest when it is acting

solely in its capacity as a stockholder.159 This right must yield, however, when a

corporate decision implicates a controller’s duty of loyalty.160


158
   Thorpe v. CERBCO, Inc., 1995 WL 478954, at *8 (Del. Ch. Aug. 9, 1995) (Allen, C.)
(emphasis in original), aff’d in part, rev’d in part, 676 A.2d 436 (Del. 1996).
159
    Thorpe v. CERBCO, Inc., 676 A.2d 436, 440-41, 443-44 (Del. 1996); see In re
CompuCom Sys., Inc. S’holders Litig., 2005 WL 2481325, at *6 (Del. Ch. Sept. 29, 2005)
(citation omitted) (“Generally speaking, a controlling shareholder has the right to sell his
control share without regard to the interests of any minority shareholder, so long as the
transaction is undertaken in good faith.”).
160
    Thorpe v. CERBCO, 676 A.2d at 442; see also Abraham v. Emerson Radio Corp., 901
A.2d 751, 759 (Del. Ch. 2006) (Strine, V.C.) (“I am dubious that our common law of
corporations should recognize a duty of care-based claim against a controlling stockholder
for failing to (in a court's judgment) examine the bona fides of a buyer, at least when the
corporate charter contains an exculpatory provision authorized by 8 Del. C. § 102(b)(7).
After all, the premise for contending that the controlling stockholder owes fiduciary duties
in its capacity as a stockholder is that the controller exerts its will over the enterprise in the
manner of the board itself. When the board itself is exempt from liability for violations of
the duty of care, by what logic does the judiciary extend liability to a controller exercising
its ordinarily unfettered right to sell its shares?”).

                                               54
          This court’s decision in In re BHC Communications, Inc. Shareholder

Litigation161 is instructive to my analysis here. There, plaintiffs challenged a series

of mergers between an unrelated acquirer—News Corporation—and three

corporations that together comprised a “family” of entities.162 That family consisted

of Chris-Craft, a holding company, which owned a majority stake in BHC, which,

in turn, owned a majority stake in UTV.163 The gravamen of plaintiffs’ theory was

that Chris-Craft, as a controller, breached its fiduciary duty by using “its dominant

position to exert exclusive control over the negotiations with News Corporation and

used that control to unfairly allocate ‘the aggregate consideration News Corporation

was willing to pay for [all three] companies . . . [to] favor its own shareholders at the

expense of BHC’s [and UTV’s] minority shareholders.’”164 The court held “there is

little doubt that” if such a theory was adequately pled, it “should deny the motions

to dismiss.”165




161
      789 A.2d 1 (Del. Ch. 2001).
162
      Id. at 4.
163
      Id. at 5.
164
   Id. at 7-8 (alterations in original); see id. at 12 (“To support their claim of self-dealing,
plaintiffs argue that, since the total amount News Corporation was willing to pay ‘was not
unlimited,’ ‘the more Chris-Craft shareholders would receive necessarily and adversely
impacted on the consideration News was willing to pay to [the] minority shareholders.’”).
165
      Id. at 12.

                                              55
      The thrust of Carr’s theory here is analogous to plaintiffs’ theory in BHC.

Carr alleges that NEA breached its fiduciary duty as a controller by taking advantage

of its dominant position and engaging in self-dealing. Specifically, the Complaint

alleges that NEA engaged in a form of portfolio optimization by selling the Warrant

to acquire ACT on the cheap to Abbott in order to incentivize Abbott to undertake

transactions favorable to NEA with respect to two of its other portfolio companies;

namely for Abbott to acquire Topera and invest in VytronUS.          Carr alleges, in

essence, that NEA prioritized its fund’s overall rate of return over maximizing value

for ACT’s stockholders. This is precisely the kind of behavior that controllers may

not engage in under Delaware law. Accordingly, Count I of the Complaint states a

claim that NEA breached its fiduciary duty as a controller with respect to the Warrant

Transaction.

                                      *****

      In sum, with respect to Carr’s allegation regarding the Warrant Transaction, I

find that the Complaint has stated claims of breach of fiduciary duty against the

Director Defendants and NEA as ACT’s controlling stockholder. Thus, defendants’

motion to dismiss Counts I and II is denied.

      F.       The Complaint Fails to Plead Non-Exculpated Claims Against
               Certain Director Defendants
      In its Cornerstone decision, our Supreme Court made clear that a “plaintiff

seeking only monetary damages must plead non-exculpated claims against a director

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who is protected by an exculpatory charter provision to survive a motion to dismiss,

regardless of the underlying standard of review for the board’s conduct—be it

Revlon, Unocal, the entire fairness standard, or the business judgment rule.”166 The

Supreme Court further explained what is entailed in making this showing:

         When a director is protected by an exculpatory charter provision, a
         plaintiff can survive a motion to dismiss by that director defendant by
         pleading facts supporting a rational inference that the director harbored
         self-interest adverse to the stockholders’ interests, acted to advance the
         self-interest of an interested party from whom they could not be
         presumed to act independently, or acted in bad faith.167

         ACT’s certificate of incorporation exculpates its directors for breaches of their

duty of care.168 Based on this provision, defendants argue that certain Director

Defendants must be dismissed under Cornerstone because the Complaint fails to

plead facts supporting a non-exculpated claim against them with respect to the Series

A-2 Financing (Tanaka and Olson) and/or the Warrant Transaction (Tanaka, Olson,

Constantinides, and Rohlen). Carr makes no argument that any of these individuals

acted in bad faith with respect to either transaction but argues that they should not

be dismissed because each of them “was either interested in the transactions at issue




166
   In re Cornerstone Therapeutics Inc., Stockholder Litig., 115 A.3d 1173, 1175-76 (Del.
2015) (Strine, C.J.) (citations omitted).
167
      Id. at 1179-80 (citation omitted).
168
      Ennis Aff. Ex. 10 Art. VIII.

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or beholden to an interested party.”169 I consider these contentions for each director

below.

                1.     Tanaka and Olson
         For purposes of both the Series A-2 Financing and the Warrant Transaction,

Carr argues that Tanaka and Olson were beholden to NEA because they both were

“economically dependent on NEA.”170 Specifically, Carr points to the fact that

Tanaka was “a director of multiple NEA-portfolio companies, including

Vytron[US],” and, with respect to Olson, that the vesting of stock options governed

by his Consulting Agreement with ACT was conditioned on his continued service

as a consultant which, in turn, was subject to the approval of a board that would be

under NEA control after the Series A-2 Financing.171

         Importantly, however, “[c]onsistent with the overarching requirement that any

disqualifying tie be material, the simple fact that there are some financial ties

between the interested party and the director is not disqualifying. Rather, the

question is whether those ties are material, in the sense that the alleged ties could

have affected the impartiality of the director.”172 Here, Carr has not pled facts such



169
      Pl’s Answering Br. 82.
170
      Pl.’s Answering Br. 18.
171
      Pl.’s Answering Br. 18.
172
   In re MFW S’holders Litig., 67 A.3d 496, 509-10 (Del. Ch. 2013) (Strine, C.) (emphasis
in original and citation omitted).

                                           58
that it would be reasonable to infer that Tanaka’s compensation as a VytronUS

director or Olson’s stock options in ACT were material to them so as to taint their

decision-making. Thus, Tanaka and Olson will be dismissed from this action

because of the Complaint’s failure to plead a non-exculpated claim against them

with respect to either the Series A-2 Financing or the Warrant Transaction.

                2.     Constantinides and Rohlen
         Carr contends that Constantinides was tainted with respect to the Warrant

Transaction because of “a series of events involving economic dependency between

NEA and Constantinides’s employer at the time, NBGI, as well as the structure of

their plan that contemplated distributions to both of them out of the warrant purchase

money from Abbott.”173 This argument fails because Carr does not plead sufficient

facts permitting an inference that the ties between NEA and NBGI reach the

threshold required for materiality as to Constantinides. Carr has adequately pled,

however, that Rohlen was not independent with respect to the Warrant Transaction

since he was the CEO of NEA-controlled ACT at the time174 and, for reasons

explained above, the Complaint states a claim against NEA for breach of its fiduciary

duty as a controller in connection with the Warrant Transaction.



173
      Pl.’s Answering Br. 38.
174
    See Sandys, 152 A.3d at 128 (“Mattrick is Zynga’s CEO. Zynga’s controlling
stockholder, Pincus, is interested in the transaction under attack, and therefore, Mattrick
cannot be considered independent.”).

                                            59
      To summarize, the Complaint fails to plead a non-exculpated claim against

Constantinides with respect to the Warrant Transaction but does so with respect to

Rohlen. Notwithstanding this conclusion insofar as Constantinides is concerned, he

will not be dismissed from this action because no argument has been made that the

Complaint fails to plead a non-exculpated claim against him with respect to the

Series A-2 Financing.

IV.   CONCLUSION

      For the reasons explained above, defendants’ motion to dismiss is GRANTED

as to Counts III and IV and DENIED as to Counts I, II, V, and VI, which shall

proceed in the manner described above. The Trust, Kendall Simpson Rohlen (who

was sued solely as a trustee of the Trust), Tanaka, and Olson are dismissed from this

action.

      IT IS SO ORDERED.




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