                                        2016 IL App (3d) 140293

                               Opinion filed January 21, 2016
     _____________________________________________________________________________

                                                 IN THE

                                   APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                            THIRD DISTRICT

                                                A.D., 2016

     THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF                       )      Appeal from the Circuit Court
     ILLINOIS,                                        )      of the 9th Judicial Circuit,
                                                      )      Knox County, Illinois,
            Plaintiff-Appellee,                       )
                                                      )      Appeal No. 3-14-0293
            v.                                        )      Circuit No. 13-CF-30
                                                      )
     KAI A. LEFLER,                                   )      Honorable
                                                      )      Scott Shipplett,
            Defendant-Appellant.                      )      Judge, Presiding.
     _____________________________________________________________________________

           JUSTICE CARTER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
           Justices Holdridge and McDade concurred in the judgment and opinion.
     _____________________________________________________________________________

                                                OPINION

¶1          A jury found defendant, Kai A. Lefler, guilty of second degree murder (720 ILCS 5/9-

     2(a) (West 2012)) and felony murder (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(3) (West 2012)). In addition, the jury

     found defendant guilty of unlawful possession of a weapon by a felon (UPWF) (720 ILCS 5/24-

     1.1(a) (West 2012)) and attempted burglary (720 ILCS 5/8-4(a), 19-1(a) (West 2012)). The trial

     court entered a conviction and sentence for felony murder, UPWF, and attempted burglary.

¶2          On appeal, defendant argues that a new trial is warranted because the guilty verdicts for

     second degree murder and felony murder were legally inconsistent, and that the trial court

     consequently usurped the jury's function in choosing to enter a conviction and sentence for
     felony murder. Alternatively, defendant argues that the jury's finding of second degree murder

     necessarily indicates the presence of some mitigating factor, and that the trial court thus erred at

     sentencing when it found no mitigating factors applicable. Finally, defendant contends that his

     conviction for attempted burglary was improper because that offense also served as the predicate

     offense for his felony murder conviction.

¶3          Upon review, we vacate defendant's conviction and sentence for attempted burglary.

     However, we find that the jury's verdicts were not legally inconsistent and that the trial court did

     not err in finding no statutory mitigating factors applicable to defendant. Accordingly, we affirm

     defendant's convictions and sentences for felony murder and UPWF.

¶4                                                  FACTS

¶5          The State charged defendant by indictment with four counts of first degree murder in the

     death of Robert Kilgore. The charges included: the intentional murder of Kilgore (720 ILCS 5/9-

     1(a)(1) (West 2012)), the knowing murder of Kilgore (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1) (West 2012)), 1

     taking actions that defendant knew created a strong probability of death or great bodily harm to

     Kilgore (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(2) (West 2012)), and felony murder (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(3) (West

     2012)). The State also charged defendant with two counts of second degree murder (720 ILCS

     5/9-2(a) (West 2012)). The two second degree murder charges corresponded to subsections

            1
                Section 9-1(a)(1) of the Criminal Code of 2012 (Code) provides that first degree murder

     is committed where one "either intends to kill or do great bodily harm to that individual or

     another, or knows that such acts will cause death to that individual or another." (Emphases

     added.) 720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1) (West 2012). Thus, although they appear in the same statutory

     subsection, intentional murder and knowing murder may be charged as separate counts or

     separate theories of a single murder.


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     (a)(1) and (a)(2) of the first degree murder statute. The State further charged defendant with

     involuntary manslaughter (720 ILCS 5/9-3(a) (West 2012)), UPWF (720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(a) (West

     2012)), and attempted burglary (720 ILCS 5/8-4(a), 19-1(a) (West 2012)).

¶6          The evidence at defendant's trial tended to establish that around midnight on January 20,

     2013, Kilgore discovered defendant attempting to break into his car. Kilgore, who stood six feet,

     one inch tall and weighed 412 pounds, attempted to restrain defendant. A struggle ensued; when

     defendant attempted to flee, Kilgore pulled him to the ground. An onlooker noticed that

     defendant had a knife and that Kilgore kicked defendant in the head. When defendant was

     finally able to flee, Kilgore discovered that he had been stabbed. One witness described Kilgore

     as bleeding "an unimaginable amount of blood," while the first police officer on the scene

     described the wound as "the deepest cut I've ever seen." Kilgore explained to witnesses and to

     the police officers that he had caught defendant attempting to break into his car. Kilgore died

     later that morning.

¶7          Officers searching the surrounding area found a flashlight, a pair of wire cutters, a black

     leather glove, and defendant's cell phone. Defendant was arrested at 6:30 a.m. that day. A

     search of the house in which defendant was found uncovered a matching black leather glove, as

     well as the coat defendant was wearing during the altercation. The coat was found soaking wet

     on the bathroom floor. The clothes defendant had worn the previous day were wet and had a

     chemical smell to them, as if cleaning solution had been applied. Defendant's sweatshirt

     appeared to have a bloodlike stain.

¶8          Defendant testified that he was on a walk the night of the altercation. His hood was up

     and pulled tight around his head because of the cold weather. As defendant neared Kilgore's

     house, he felt as if he might throw up, so he placed his hands on his knees. As he stood up, he


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     heard someone shout: "hey, what are you doing?" Because the voice sounded hostile, defendant

     ran to the other side of the street. Moments later, he was tackled by a large man, Kilgore, who

     lay on top of him. Kilgore began to choke defendant, who then soiled himself because he was

     scared for his life. In trying to free himself from Kilgore, defendant used his knife to cut

     Kilgore. Defendant testified that he was defending himself, and that Kilgore was only injured

     when Kilgore swung his arms at defendant. After being kicked in the head by Kilgore, defendant

     fled from the scene. When he returned to the house where he was staying, he took a shower

     while wearing his clothes because he was nauseous and had defecated in his pants.

¶9          Following closing arguments, the court delivered the jury instructions. During

     instructions, the court explained that it would refer to the type of first degree murder found in the

     first three counts of the indictment—that is, intentional, knowing, and strong probability of

     murder—as "Type A" first degree murder. It would refer to felony murder as "Type B" first

     degree murder. The court explained that:

                            "If the State proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty

                    of First Degree Murder (Type A), the defendant then has the burden of proving by

                    a preponderance of the evidence a mitigating factor is present so that he is guilty

                    of the lesser offense *** of Second Degree Murder, and not guilty of First Degree

                    Murder."

     The court went on to explain that a mitigating factor exists so as to reduce first degree murder

     type A to second degree murder "if, at the time of the killing, the defendant acts under a sudden

     and intense passion resulting from a serious provocation by the deceased." Such a mitigating

     factor also exists "if at the time of the killing the defendant believes that circumstances exist




                                                       4
       which would justify the deadly force he uses, but his belief that such circumstances exist is

       unreasonable."

¶ 10          As to felony murder, the court instructed the jury that "a person commits the offense of

       First Degree Murder (Type B) when he kills an individual without lawful justification if, in

       performing the acts which caused the death, he is attempting to commit the offense of burglary."

       Thus, the court explained, the jury could not find defendant guilty of felony murder—or first

       degree murder type B—if it found him not guilty of attempted burglary.

¶ 11          In explaining the verdict forms, the court instructed the jury that it would be given four

       forms with respect to first degree murder type A: (1) not guilty of first degree murder type A or

       involuntary manslaughter; (2) guilty of first degree murder type A; (3) guilty of second degree

       murder; or (4) guilty of involuntary manslaughter. The jury was instructed to first determine

       whether each of the propositions for first degree murder type A was met, and, if they were, then

       determine whether a mitigating factor was present that would reduce that to second degree

       murder. With respect to the felony murder—or first degree murder type B—charge, the court

       instructed the jury that it would receive only two forms: guilty or not guilty.

¶ 12          The jury found defendant guilty of felony murder (first degree murder type B), second

       degree murder, UPWF, and attempted burglary. The forms returned by the jury provided no

       information beyond those verdicts. The trial court later noted that sentencing defendant for both

       felony murder and second degree murder would violate the one-act/one-crime doctrine.

       Accordingly, of those two offenses, the court would only sentence defendant for felony murder.

¶ 13          Defendant argued at sentencing that mitigating factors applied. Specifically, defendant

       argued that: (1) he acted under strong provocation, and (2) there were substantial grounds

       tending to justify his offense, although failing to establish a defense. The court rejected


                                                         5
       defendant's arguments. Referring to the two possible factors that mitigate first degree murder

       down to second degree murder, the court stated: "[I]t's not clear which of those two factors [the

       jury] would have decided." The court further found that defendant did not act under strong

       provocation from Kilgore, concluding that "there are zero factors in mitigation." The court

       imposed concurrent sentences of 50 years' imprisonment for the offense of felony murder, 5

       years' imprisonment for UPWF, and 4 years' imprisonment for attempted burglary.

¶ 14                                                ANALYSIS

¶ 15           On appeal, defendant raises three distinct arguments. First, defendant argues that the

       jury's verdicts for felony murder and second degree murder are legally inconsistent. Next,

       defendant contends that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to find any mitigating

       factors applicable to his case. Finally, defendant argues that the trial court erred in entering a

       conviction for the offense of attempted burglary. Upon review, we conclude that defendant's

       first two arguments are without merit. Accordingly, we affirm his convictions and sentences for

       felony murder and UPWF. However, we agree that defendant's conviction for attempted

       burglary was erroneous, and vacate that conviction.

¶ 16                                      I. Legally Inconsistent Verdicts

¶ 17           Defendant argues that the jury's verdicts of guilty on both second degree murder and

       felony murder are legally inconsistent. Specifically, defendant contends that a single murder

       may not be both mitigated and unmitigated. Defendant maintains that the trial court

       subsequently usurped the jury's function when it chose to sentence him on the felony murder

       verdict rather than recalling the jury to clarify the verdicts.

¶ 18           First degree murder in Illinois is governed by section 9-1 of the Code. 720 ILCS 5/9-1

       (West 2012). That statute provides as follows:


                                                          6
                             "(a) A person who kills an individual without lawful justification commits

                      first degree murder if, in performing the acts which cause the death:

                                    (1) he either intends to kill or do great bodily harm to that individual

                             or another, or knows that such acts will cause death to that individual or

                             another; or

                                    (2) he knows that such acts create a strong probability of death or

                             great bodily harm to that individual or another; or

                                    (3) he is attempting or committing a forcible felony other than

                             second degree murder." Id.

       The statute thus provides for four separate theories of first degree murder: intentional or knowing

       murder under paragraph 1 (see supra ¶ 5 n. 1), strong probability murder under paragraph 2, and

       felony murder under paragraph 3. E.g., People v. Bailey, 2013 IL 113690, ¶ 1 (referring to first

       degree murder under paragraph 3 as "felony murder").

¶ 19          Second degree murder in Illinois is governed by section 9-2 of the Code. 720 ILCS 5/9-2

       (West 2012). That statute provides as follows:

                             "(a) A person commits the offense of second degree murder when he or

                      she commits the offense of first degree murder as defined in paragraph (1) or (2)

                      of subsection (a) of Section 9-1 of this Code and either of the following mitigating

                      factors are present:

                                    (1) at the time of the killing he or she is acting under a sudden and

                             intense passion resulting from serious provocation by the individual killed

                             or another whom the offender endeavors to kill, but he or she negligently

                             or accidentally causes the death of the individual killed; or

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                                      (2) at the time of the killing he or she believes the circumstances to

                                be such that, if they existed, would justify or exonerate the killing under

                                the principles stated in Article 7 of this Code, but his or her belief is

                                unreasonable." (Emphasis added.) Id.

       It is well settled that the offense of second degree murder is not an offense of a different mental

       state than first degree murder, but an offense of first degree murder plus one of the two listed

       mitigating factors. See, e.g., People v. Jeffries, 164 Ill. 2d 104, 122 (1995); People v. Newbern,

       219 Ill. App. 3d 333, 353 (1991).

¶ 20          Jury verdicts are legally inconsistent when an essential element of each offense is "found

       to exist and to not exist even though the offenses arise out of the same set of facts." People v.

       Frieberg, 147 Ill. 2d 326, 343 (1992). The verdicts in the present case were not legally

       inconsistent. In finding defendant guilty of second degree murder, the jury necessarily

       determined that the State had proven beyond a reasonable doubt the elements of some theory of

       first degree murder under paragraphs 1 or 2 of the first degree murder statute—or what the court

       referred to as first degree murder type A. It then must have determined that defendant had

       proven by a preponderance of the evidence that one of the two mitigating factors listed in the

       second degree murder statute was applicable. 2 This finding of mitigation, however, would not

       preclude the jury from also finding defendant guilty of felony murder under paragraph 3 of the

       first degree murder statute, murder while attempting the forcible felony of burglary. 720 ILCS

       5/9-1(a)(3) (West 2012).



              2
                  The jury's verdict forms do not indicate which theory of type A first degree murder it

       found the State to have proven, nor do they indicate which mitigating factor it found applicable.


                                                           8
¶ 21          The second degree murder statute clearly states that it applies only to paragraphs 1 and 2

       of the first degree murder statute. That is, when a jury finds a defendant to have committed first

       degree murder under paragraphs 1 or 2, it must next determine whether one of the mitigating

       factors is present. When a jury finds a defendant to have committed first degree murder under

       paragraph 3—that is, felony murder—there is no second step. Felony murder may not be

       mitigated to second degree murder. That the jury found a mitigating factor to exist in the present

       case would have no bearing on its finding that defendant was also guilty of felony murder.

       Accordingly, the two verdicts were neither legally nor logically inconsistent.

¶ 22          In reaching this conclusion, we reject defendant's reliance on our supreme court's

       decision in People v. Porter, 168 Ill. 2d 201 (1995). Specifically, defendant relies on Porter in

       support of the following proposition: "A single murder cannot be both provoked and unprovoked

       at the same time." 3 Id. at 214.

¶ 23          In Porter, the defendant was found guilty of a strong probability of murder under

       paragraph 2 of the first degree murder statute (count I), as well as intentional (count II) and

       knowing (count III) murder under paragraph 1 of the first degree murder statute. Id. at 211-12.

       He was also found guilty of felony murder (count IV). Id. at 212. The jury found that counts I

       (strong probability) and II (intentional) were mitigated to second degree murder, but returned

       verdicts of first degree murder as to counts III (knowing) and IV (felony). Id. The trial court

       found that the apparent finding of mitigation with respect to counts I (strong probability) and II

       (intentional) was inconsistent with the first degree murder finding in count III (knowing). Id. at

       211. Accordingly, the court opted to sentence defendant on the count IV (felony). Id.

              3
                  Notably, defendant amends this quote from Porter in his brief to read "a single murder

       cannot be both [mitigated] and [unmitigated] at the same time."


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¶ 24          The supreme court agreed with the trial court, and held that the verdicts were legally

       inconsistent. Id. at 214. By finding mitigation as to counts I (strong probability) and II

       (intentional), but not to count III (knowing), the jury had found that the murder was both

       provoked and unprovoked. Id. Notably, the court never stated nor implied that the verdict as to

       count IV (felony) was itself inconsistent with any other verdict. Instead, the court took issue

       with the trial court's remedy, holding that the trial court should have ordered the jury to resume

       deliberations and return consistent verdicts. Id.

¶ 25          In the present case, the jury was only given one set of verdict forms with respect to first

       degree murder type A. This foreclosed the possibility that the jury might return inconsistent

       verdicts of mitigated and unmitigated murder among the various theories available in paragraphs

       1 and 2 of the first degree murder statute, because only first degree murder type A may be

       mitigated. Instead, the jury returned one verdict in relation to first degree murder type A

       (intentional, knowing, or strong probability), and one verdict in relation to first degree murder

       type B (felony). As these verdicts were not inconsistent—nor could they have possibly been

       inconsistent—the trial court was free to proceed to sentence defendant on the more serious

       offense of felony murder. See, e.g., People v. Artis, 232 Ill. 2d 156, 170 (2009).

¶ 26          Our holding does not conflict with Porter's principle that "[a] single murder cannot be

       both provoked and unprovoked at the same time." Porter, 168 Ill. 2d at 214. Of course, it must

       be one or the other. However, a guilty verdict on a charge of felony murder does not dictate that

       a murder was unmitigated. Indeed, whether the mitigating factors in the second degree murder

       statute were present simply does not matter when a defendant is found guilty of felony murder.

¶ 27                                  II. Mitigating Factors at Sentencing




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¶ 28          Defendant next argues that the trial court abused its discretion in finding that none of the

       statutory factors in mitigation were applicable to defendant. Specifically, defendant contends

       that the two mitigating factors found in the second degree murder statute are identical to two

       statutory factors which a court must consider at sentencing. As the jury must necessarily have

       found at least one of those two mitigating factors present in order to find defendant guilty of

       second degree murder, defendant maintains that the trial court erred in finding neither of them

       present.

¶ 29          Section 5-5-3.1(a) of the Unified Code of Corrections provides a list of factors which

       "shall be accorded weight in favor of withholding or minimizing a sentence of imprisonment."

       730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.1(a) (West 2012). At issue here are factor 3 (that "defendant acted under a

       strong provocation") and factor 4 (that "[t]here were substantial grounds tending to excuse or

       justify the defendant's criminal conduct, though failing to establish a defense"). Id.

¶ 30          Sentencing is a function peculiarly within the province of the trial court. People v. Futia,

       116 Ill. App. 3d 68, 74 (1983). Sentencing determinations rest within the sentencing judge's

       discretion, and a sentence that conforms to statutory guidelines will only be overturned on appeal

       where that discretion has been abused. People v. Rogers, 197 Ill. 2d 216, 223 (2001).

¶ 31          This court is aware of no authority—and defendant has failed to cite any authority—that

       would suggest that a sentencing judge is bound to apply a statutory mitigating factor that is

       implicated by the jury's verdict. Such a rule would run counter to the well-settled notion that

       sentencing is the province of the trial court. E.g., People v. Simms, 60 Ill. App. 3d 519, 521

       (1978). Indeed, it is equally well settled that the weight to be assigned to factors in aggravation

       and mitigation and the balance between those factors are matters within the sentencing court's

       discretion. E.g., People v. Latona, 184 Ill. 2d 260, 272 (1998); People v. Tatum, 181 Ill. App. 3d


                                                        11
       821, 826 (1989). A sentencing judge somehow bound to apply a mitigating factor, then, would

       nevertheless have the discretion to give that factor de minimis effect.

¶ 32          Moreover, even assuming a judge is obligated to apply a mitigating factor implicitly

       found by a jury, such a rule would be inapplicable to the case before us. Here, the jury's verdict

       implied that it found at least one of the two mitigating factors in the second degree murder

       statute to be applicable. It did not indicate which of those factors applied. As the judge, in his

       discretion, found neither to apply, defendant would ask that the trial court pick one at random,

       and assign to that factor an arbitrary amount of weight. Not only would this result be absurd, it

       would run afoul of our supreme court's disinclination toward rigid rules that restrict the function

       of a sentencing judge. See People v. Saldivar, 113 Ill. 2d 256, 268 (1986).

¶ 33          The trial court in the present case was not bound to apply any statutory factors in

       mitigation. The record demonstrates that the court gave fair and ample consideration to the

       statutory mitigating factors argued here by defendant. Accordingly, the court's sentence does not

       constitute an abuse of discretion.

¶ 34                                  III. Attempted Burglary Conviction

¶ 35          Finally, defendant argues that the trial court erred in entering a conviction for attempted

       burglary. Specifically, defendant contends that attempted burglary served as the predicate

       offense for his felony murder conviction, and is therefore a lesser included offense.

       Consequently, defendant argues, he may not be convicted of both offenses, and urges that we

       vacate his conviction for attempted burglary.

¶ 36          The State concedes that a defendant convicted of felony murder may not also be

       convicted on the underlying predicate offense. See People v. Reed, 2014 IL App (1st) 122610, ¶

       71. The State thus asks this court to vacate defendant's conviction and sentence for attempted


                                                        12
       burglary. After thoroughly examining the record in this case, as well as the relevant case law on

       this issue, we accept the State's concession. Defendant's conviction and sentence for attempted

       burglary are vacated.

¶ 37                                           CONCLUSION

¶ 38          The judgment of the circuit court of Knox County is affirmed in part and vacated in part.

¶ 39          Affirmed in part and vacated in part.




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