        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                        Assigned on Briefs June 7, 2016
                 Remanded by the Supreme Court, October 20, 2016

             STATE OF TENNESSEE v. DAVID ALAN CORBITT

                   Appeal from the Circuit Court for Benton County
                    No. 14-CR-67       C. Creed McGinley, Judge


               No. W2015-01834-CCA-R3-CD - Filed January 23, 2017


A Benton County jury convicted the Defendant of one count of rape of a child and one
count of aggravated sexual battery as a lesser-included offense of a second count of rape
of a child. The trial court sentenced him to thirty-five years, to be served at 100%, for the
rape of a child conviction and to a concurrent sentence of ten years for the aggravated
sexual battery conviction. On appeal, the Defendant contended that: (1) the evidence was
insufficient to sustain his convictions; (2) the trial court erred when it instructed the jury
that aggravated sexual battery was a lesser-included offense of rape of a child; and (3) the
trial court erred when it sentenced him. After review, we concluded that aggravated
sexual battery was not a lesser-included offense of rape of a child. State v. David Alan
Corbitt, No. W2015-01834-CCA-R3-CD, 2016 WL 3952017 (Tenn. Crim. App., at
Jackson, July 19, 2016), Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application granted (Tenn. Oct. 20, 2016) .
As such, we held that the trial court erred when it instructed the jury. We, therefore,
vacated the Defendant‟s conviction for aggravated sexual battery but affirmed his
conviction and sentence for rape of a child. On October 20, 2016, the Tennessee
Supreme Court granted Defendant‟s application for permission to appeal and remanded
the case to this court for reconsideration in light of the supreme court‟s recent opinion in
State v. Howard, No. E2014-01510-SC-R11-CD, __ S.W.3d __, 2016 WL 5933430
(Tenn. Oct. 12, 2016). Upon reconsideration in light of Howard, we conclude that
aggravated sexual battery is a lesser-included offense of rape of a child and that the trial
court did not err when it so instructed the jury. Accordingly, we reinstate and affirm the
Defendant‟s conviction and sentence for aggravated sexual battery.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed

ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ALAN E.
GLENN and J. ROSS DYER, JJ., joined.
Guy T. Wilkinson, District Public Defender; Gary J. Swayne, Assistant Public Defender,
Camden, Tennessee, for the appellant, David Alan Corbitt.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Jeffrey D. Zentner, Senior
Counsel; Matthew F. Stowe, District Attorney General; and Bruce I. Griffey, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                     OPINION ON REMAND
                                           I. Facts
                                           A. Trial

       This case arises from allegations that the Defendant molested his then five-year-
old daughter, M.C.1 A Benton County grand jury indicted the Defendant for two counts
of rape of a child. At his trial on these charges, the parties presented the following
evidence: M.C., who was six years old at the time of trial, testified that her father, the
Defendant, did something he was not supposed to do “a long time ago” but that she could
not remember what happened. M.C. eventually agreed that, when she was five years old,
the Defendant had touched her in a way that he was not supposed to touch her while they
were in their house. M.C. recalled that she was in her bed “in trouble” when the
Defendant called her into his bedroom. He touched his penis to her vagina on one
occasion, and, on another occasion, he put her mouth on his penis.

       Shauna Rich, an investigator for the Department of Children‟s Services (“DCS”)
in Carroll and Benton Counties, testified that she began the investigation of this case after
someone called a child abuse hotline with concerns about the victim. After her office
received the referral about the concern on June 24, 2014, her co-worker went and
interviewed the Defendant and the victim. The original referral concerned domestic
abuse between the Defendant and his “paramour,” and there was a specific allegation of
abuse between the two on June 26, 2014, when Ms. Rich became involved in the case.
On June 27, 2014, Ms. Rich placed M.C. into State custody.

       Ms. Rich said that she met with the family to discuss their concerns about M.C.
Shortly thereafter, another investigator from her office, Mr. Allen, attended M.C.‟s
forensic interview at the Carl Perkins Center, where a certified forensic interviewer
interviewed M.C. about the sexual abuse allegations. The interview was set up with the
forensic interviewer asking questions, and Ms. Rich and Mr. Allen watching from
another room. The interview was video recorded. During this interview, M.C. ran
around the room and could not stay focused, so they concluded the interview. Ms. Rich


       1
           To protect the victim‟s privacy, we will refer to her by her initials only.
                                                    2
said that she gave M.C. time to settle in with her foster family and be medically assessed,
and then she attempted the interview again.

        Ms. Rich said that during the second interview, conducted the following month,
M.C. could again not stay focused, so the interview was concluded. At that point, Mr.
Allen and Ms. Rich interviewed M.C. M.C. disclosed that her father had put his “no-no,”
which she identified as his penis, into her mouth in the bathroom on the same day that he
had also shaved the hair from her head. Ms. Rich said that she filed a “no contact” order
for the Defendant and M.C.

       Ms. Rich testified that she interviewed the Defendant, who told her that M.C. had
molested him. The Defendant‟s girlfriend, Charity, accompanied him during the
interview. The Defendant said that, on two occasions, M.C. had touched him. He
described one incident saying that he awoke to find M.C.‟s hand in his underwear and
M.C. masturbating him. The Defendant described a second occasion, saying that he
woke up in the middle of the night to find M.C. performing oral sex on him. He said that
he called Charity at work and told her to come home, so he could talk to her about M.C.
performing oral sex on him.

       Ms. Rich said that she had never before in over 1,500 cases had a case where a
five-year-old girl molested a grown man while he slept. Ms. Rich identified a video
recording of the Defendant‟s interview, which the State played for the jury. In the video,
the Defendant told Ms. Rich that M.C. took the covers off of him twice while he was
sleeping. The first time she manipulated his penis with her hands, and the second time
she placed his penis in her mouth. He said that he felt his penis go inside her mouth, and
he woke up and stopped her. He then punished her for this behavior.

       Ms. Rich said that the first time that the Defendant made allegations that his
daughter had molested him was in a meeting on July 2, 2014, to discuss M.C.‟s needs
shortly after M.C. was taken into State custody. During the meeting, attended by fifteen
to twenty people, the Defendant said that M.C. needed “help because she had been
touching [the Defendant] inappropriately.”

       Ms. Rich identified a picture that she and Mr. Allen used when speaking with
M.C. in August. Using that picture, M.C. made the disclosure that the Defendant had
touched her genitals. Using another picture, M.C. stated that the Defendant touched her
mouth with his penis. This interview occurred after the Defendant‟s July disclosure.
After the Defendant‟s disclosure, Ms. Rich contacted the DCS attorney who filed for a
“no contact” order.


                                            3
       During cross-examination, Ms. Rich testified that the Defendant sought and
obtained counseling services for M.C., who was in foster care. Ms. Rich said that the
Defendant had never admitted to inappropriately touching M.C. Ms. Rich said that DCS
had been involved in M.C.‟s life for an extended period of time and that the organization
was familiar with the types of treatment and counseling services that M.C. needed.

        Ms. Rich testified that, during the forensic interview with M.C., M.C. told the
interviewer that the Defendant told M.C. that a man named “Michael Cooper” had
inappropriately touched her. M.C. said that she did not remember this touching, maybe
in part because she would have been two at the time. Ms. Rich agreed that there had been
multiple DCS cases involving M.C.

        During redirect examination, Ms. Rich testified that she found the Defendant
“very talkative” and not at all “combative” during her interview with him. Ms. Rich
testified that, when she first took M.C. into state custody, M.C.‟s head was shaved “all
the way down,” and she was dirty. Since she had been in state custody, she had begun
taking “pride in the way she look[ed],” she will sit down to have a conversation and will
follow directions. Ms. Rich said she was “a total different kid.”

       Justin Corbitt, the Defendant‟s brother, testified on the Defendant‟s behalf that, on
one occasion, M.C. asked him if she could “suck [his] dick” while the two were riding in
a truck with the Defendant driving. Mr. Corbitt said that after this request the Defendant
stopped the truck and “whopped” M.C. for saying this. Mr. Corbitt said that the
Defendant had “whooped his daughter a little rough” but that he understood that this was
how the Defendant disciplined M.C. During cross-examination, Mr. Corbitt testified that
he had never been accused of raping M.C.

       Stephanie Corbitt, Mr. Corbitt‟s wife and the Defendant‟s sister-in-law, testified
that she and Mr. Corbitt had two young children together and that she would not hesitate
to leave them in the Defendant‟s care. During cross-examination, Ms. Corbitt testified
that she was previously in a romantic relationship with the Defendant and that she still
cared for the Defendant.

       Charity Hamby testified that she and the Defendant were in a relationship and had
been so at the time of these allegations. Ms. Hamby testified that, when the Defendant
was not present, she cared for M.C., sometimes taking her on excursions to the zoo or
different places. Ms. Hamby said she and M.C. “talked about everything,” and she felt
that M.C. would have been comfortable telling her about any alleged abuse. Ms. Hamby
said that M.C. never alleged that the Defendant had inappropriately touched her.


                                             4
       Ms. Hamby recalled a time when DCS removed M.C. from their custody. She
said that she and the Defendant worked with an attorney, attended parenting classes, and
underwent drug screens in order to have M.C. returned to their care. Ms. Hamby recalled
that their house was “one big room” with no walls, except for around the bathroom. She
said that they had hung blankets around M.C.‟s bed for privacy. She said that they each
individually changed in the bathroom for privacy.

       Ms. Hamby said, when she and the Defendant first arrived at the interview with
Ms. Rich, they asked for an attorney. Ms. Rich told them that the interview would not
take very long and that they did not need one. Ms. Hamby said that the Defendant was
honest and forthcoming with Ms. Rich because he wanted to get M.C. the help that she
needed.

       Ms. Hamby affirmed that she and the Defendant had attempted to get M.C. help in
the past. Ms. Hamby recounted that, when they sought treatment for M.C., a counselor
diagnosed her with Oppositional Defiance Disorder (“ODD”), symptoms of which
included telling lies. Ms. Hamby said that, on one occasion, M.C. said that her brother
touched her private area with his foot. Ms. Hamby said that she was present and that the
touching never occurred. M.C. had also said that her grandfather had inappropriately
touched her. Ms. Hamby said that this allegation was made when she and the Defendant
did not have custody of M.C.

        Ms. Hamby recalled the time that the Defendant called her at work to tell her that
M.C. had touched him inappropriately. She said that he was “[r]eally upset” and had
tears in his eyes. When she saw him, he appeared as if he had been crying because his
eyes were red.

      Ms. Hamby testified that M.C. attempted to look at her and the Defendant when
they changed clothing. M.C. attempted to peek under the door of the bathroom or
through a crack in the wall.

        During cross-examination, Ms. Hamby testified that she was at work both times
that the Defendant called her to report that M.C. had inappropriately touched him and that
the Defendant and M.C. were home alone.

      Upon further examination, Ms. Hamby said that, after the second incident of
inappropriate touching, she and the Defendant brought a female into the home at the
times Ms. Hamby was at work so that the Defendant and M.C. would not be alone. Ms.
Hamby said that, the first time they sought help for M.C., it was because she was
inappropriately touching herself at school and also lying at school.

                                            5
      The Defendant recalled Ms. Corbitt who testified about an incident where she
caught M.C. having the dog lick her private areas.

      Based upon this evidence, the jury convicted the Defendant of rape of a child and
aggravated sexual battery.

                                       B. Sentencing

        At the Defendant‟s sentencing hearing, the Defendant‟s brother, Mr. Corbitt, asked
the trial court for leniency for the Defendant so that the Defendant could get help for his
psychiatric and drug problems. The State offered, and the trial court accepted into
evidence, the presentence report. The Defendant‟s attorney then stated that the
Defendant had graduated from high school and served in the Army, being honorably
discharged after one year because of a knee injury. Further, the Defendant had no prior
felony convictions.

       The Defendant then apologized for his cursing outbursts during the trial, saying
that he was “under the influence.”

       The trial court then sentenced the Defendant. It noted that in Count 1 the jury
convicted the Defendant of rape of a child, a Class A felony and that, by statute, the
Defendant was to be considered a Range II offender for sentencing purposes, making his
sentencing range twenty-five to forty years to be served at 100%. In Count 2, the jury
convicted the Defendant of aggravated sexual battery, a Class B felony. The trial court
then stated:

              I don‟t feel like there is enough to take him completely to the
       maximum, but within that range the Court finds that the appropriate
       sentence is thirty-five years as a one hundred percent (100%) offender.

              Count 2, the Court is going to sentence him to ten (10) years. I don‟t
       find the grounds to run that consecutive. That[] will be concurrent, so even
       should the – eventually end up that that‟s not a lesser included, it has no
       real impact, other than being a conviction, so those will be concurrent.

It is from these judgments that the Defendant now appeals.

                                        II. Analysis

       On appeal, the Defendant contends that: (1) the evidence presented at trial is
insufficient to sustain his convictions; (2) the trial court erred when it instructed the jury
                                              6
that aggravated sexual battery was a lesser included offense of rape of a child; and (3) the
trial court erred when it sentenced him.

                               A. Sufficiency of Evidence

       The Defendant contends that the allegations against him came from a “very
troubled child” and are not true. He notes that M.C. was hesitant to testify and that it
took “too much prodding to get M.C. to tell her story” for it to be truthful. The State
counters that credibility issues are within the domain of the jury and cannot be revisited
on appeal. We agree with the State.

       When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court‟s standard
of review is whether, after considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the
State, “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see Tenn. R.
App. P. 13(e), State v. Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d 771, 775 (Tenn. 2004) (citing State v. Reid,
91 S.W.3d 247, 276 (Tenn. 2002)). This rule applies to findings of guilt based upon
direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of both direct and
circumstantial evidence. State v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1999). In the absence of direct evidence, a criminal offense may be established
exclusively by circumstantial evidence. Duchac v. State, 505 S.W.2d 237, 241 (Tenn.
1973). The jury decides the weight to be given to circumstantial evidence, and “[t]he
inferences to be drawn from such evidence, and the extent to which the circumstances are
consistent with guilt and inconsistent with innocence, are questions primarily for the
jury.” State v. Rice, 184 S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn. 2006) (citations omitted).

        “The standard of review [for sufficiency of the evidence] is the same whether the
conviction is based upon direct or circumstantial evidence.” State v. Dorantes, 331
S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn.
2009)). In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court should not re-weigh or
reevaluate the evidence. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1990). Nor may this Court substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact
from the evidence. State v. Buggs, 995 S.W.2d 102, 105 (Tenn. 1999); Liakas v. State,
286 S.W.2d 856, 859 (Tenn. 1956). “Questions concerning the credibility of the
witnesses, the weight and value of the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the
evidence are resolved by the trier of fact.” State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn.
1997); Liakas, 286 S.W.2d at 859. “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial
judge, accredits the testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in
favor of the theory of the State.” State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978);
State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 479 (Tenn. 1973). The Tennessee Supreme Court stated
the rationale for this rule:
                                             7
              This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge
       and the jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe
       their demeanor on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary
       instrumentality of justice to determine the weight and credibility to be
       given to the testimony of witnesses. In the trial forum alone is there human
       atmosphere and the totality of the evidence cannot be reproduced with a
       written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tenn. 1996) (citing Carroll v. State, 370 S.W.2d
523 (Tenn. 1963)). This Court must afford the State of Tennessee the strongest
legitimate view of the evidence contained in the record, as well as all reasonable
inferences which may be drawn from the evidence. Goodwin, 143 S .W.3d at 775 (citing
State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 279 (Tenn. 2000)). Because a verdict of guilt against a
defendant removes the presumption of innocence and raises a presumption of guilt, the
convicted criminal defendant bears the burden of showing that the evidence was legally
insufficient to sustain a guilty verdict. State v. Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d 516, 557-58
(Tenn. 2000).

       The jury convicted the Defendant of rape of a child and of aggravated sexual
battery. Rape of a child is “the unlawful sexual penetration of a victim by the defendant
or the defendant by the victim” if the victim is between the ages of three and thirteen.
T.C.A. § 39-13-522(a) (2014). The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the
State, proved that the Defendant put the mouth of the victim, who was five years old or
younger at the time, on his penis. The Defendant admitted his penis was in her mouth.
The jury did not err when it found that the statutory elements of this crime were met and
therefore convicted the Defendant of rape of a child.

       The jury also convicted the Defendant of aggravated sexual battery, which is
“unlawful sexual contact with a victim by the defendant or the defendant by the victim”
when “[t]he victim is less than thirteen (13) years of age.” T.C.A. § 39-13-504(a)(4)
(2014). “Sexual contact” includes “the intentional touching of the victim‟s, the
defendant‟s, or any other person‟s intimate parts, or the intentional touching of the
clothing covering the immediate area of the victim‟s, the defendant‟s, or any other
person‟s intimate parts, if that intentional touching can be reasonable construed as being
for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification.” T.C.A. § 39-13-501(6) (2014).
“Intimate parts” includes the primary genital area, groin, inner thigh, buttock or breast of
a human being.” T.C.A. § 39-13-501(2).

      In this case, the evidence in the light most favorable to the State proved that the
Defendant touched his penis to her vagina. The victim‟s uncorroborated testimony is
                                             8
sufficient to sustain the Defendant‟s conviction. See State v. Collier, 411 S.W.3d 886,
899-900 (Tenn. 2013). Further, the jury did not err when it concluded that the touching
could reasonably be construed as for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification. See
State v. Mahlon Johnson, No. W2011-01786-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 501779, at *10-13
(Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, Feb. 7, 2013) (citing T.C.A. § 39-13-501(6) (2010); State
v. Steven Webster, No. W1999-00293-CCA-R3-CD, 1999 WL 1097820, at *1-2 (Tenn.
Crim. App., at Jackson, Nov. 22, 1999), perm. app. denied (Tenn. 2000)), perm. app.
denied (Tenn. Aug. 14, 2013).

       To the extent that the Defendant calls the victim‟s credibility into question,
“Questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value of the
evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the evidence are resolved by the trier of
fact.” Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659. The evidence is sufficient to support his conviction for
aggravated sexual battery, and the Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

             B. Aggravated Sexual Battery As A Lesser-Included Offense

       The Defendant next contends that the trial court erred when it instructed the jury
on aggravated sexual battery as a lesser-included offense of rape of a child. The State
contends that we should review this issue pursuant to the plain error doctrine and that the
Defendant is not entitled to relief. Pursuant to that review, the State contends that the
record does not unequivocally prove what happened below because the Defendant may
have in some way consented, during discussions that were not transcribed, to the
inclusion of an aggravated sexual battery charge. Further, it states that there was no clear
and unequivocal breach of law because case law explaining that aggravated sexual
battery is not a lesser-included offense of rape of a child was not published until after this
trial.

        The State correctly notes that this issue was not preserved for appeal and that we
must review it for plain error. For an error to constitute plain error sufficient to merit
relief, the following factors must be present: a) the record must clearly establish what
occurred in the trial court; b) a clear and unequivocal rule of law must have been
breached; c) a substantial right of the accused must have been adversely affected; d) the
accused did not waive the issue for tactical reasons; and e) consideration of the error is
necessary to do substantial justice. State v. Bishop, 431 S.W.3d 22, 44 (Tenn. 2014)
(citing State v. Adkisson, 899 S.W.2d 626, 641-42 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994)).
Additionally, “„the plain error must be of such a great magnitude that it probably changed
the outcome‟” of the proceeding. Id. 431 S.W.3d at 44 (quoting Adkisson, 899 S.W.2d at
642). This Court need not consider all the factors if it is clear that the defendant failed to
establish at least one. State v. Jordan, 325 S.W.3d 1, 58 (Tenn. 2010).

                                              9
        We previously cited State v. John J. Ortega, Jr., No. M2014-01042-CCA-R3-CD,
2015 WL 1870095, at *10 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Apr. 23, 2015), no perm. app.
filed, which held that aggravated sexual battery was not a lesser included offense of rape
of a child as a result of the amendment to Tennessee Code Annotated 40-18-110 and the
explicit exclusion of part (b) of the test for determining lesser included offenses
announced in State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453 (Tenn. 1999). See also State v. Dallas Jay
Stewart, No. M2011-01994-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 3820992, at *37 (Tenn. Crim. App.,
at Nashville, Jul. 22, 2013), no perm. app. filed.

        Since that case, however, the Tennessee Supreme Court filed its opinion in State v.
Howard, 2016 WL 5933430, at *9, __ S.W.3d __ (Tenn. Oct. 12, 2016). In Howard, our
Supreme Court ruled that, pursuant to part (b) of the Burns test, aggravated sexual battery
is a lesser included offense of rape of a child. The Court reasoned:

              The primary difference between the two criminal offenses is that
       rape of a child requires “unlawful sexual penetration,” while aggravated
       sexual battery is accomplished by “unlawful sexual contact.” Because
       aggravated sexual battery requires that the touching be reasonably
       construed as being for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification, which
       is not an element of child rape, it cannot be considered a lesser-included
       offense in this case under Burns part (a). Pursuant to Burns part (b),
       however, unlawful sexual contact involves a less serious risk of harm to the
       person, Burns, 6 S.W.3d at 466-67, and a defendant‟s “intent to touch a
       victim‟s intimate parts for the purpose of sexual arousal constitutes a
       mental state reflecting a lesser degree of culpability than the reckless,
       knowing, or intentional commission of sexual penetration for any reason,”
       State v. Greer, No. M1998-00789-CCA-R3-CD, 2000 WL 284180, at *7
       (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 17, 2000)

Howard, 2016 WL 5933430, at *10.

       The trial court instructed the jury on aggravated sexual battery as a lesser-included
offense. Our Supreme Court has held that aggravated sexual battery is a lesser-included
offense of rape of a child. Id. The Defendant has, therefore, not proven the factors
necessary to merit plain error review. He is not entitled to relief based upon the trial
court instructing the jury on aggravated sexual battery as a lesser-included offense of rape
of a child. Accordingly, we reinstate and affirm the Defendant‟s conviction and sentence
for aggravated sexual battery.

                                     III. Conclusion

                                            10
      In accordance with the aforementioned reasoning and authorities, we affirm the
Defendant‟s convictions and sentence.


                                             _________________________________
                                             ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JUDGE




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