                           RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                      File Name: 08a0372p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                    _________________


 S.E., as Next Friend of A.E.; T.E., as Next Friend of X
                                                         -
                                                         -
 A.E.; A.E., a minor by and through her Next
                                                         -
 Friends, S.E. and T.E.,
                                 Plaintiffs-Appellants, -
                                                               No. 07-6330

                                                         ,
                                                          >
            v.                                           -
                                                         -
                                                         -
                                                         -
 GRANT COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION; DONALD

                                                         -
 MARTIN, in his Capacity as Superintendent and
                                                         -
 Individually; RONALD LIVINGOOD, in his Capacity
                                                         -
 as Principal of Grant County Middle School and
 Individually; JAMES LACEY, in his Capacity as           -
                                                         -
                                                         -
 Assistant Principal of Grant County Middle School

                                                         -
 and Individually; CELISA EDMONDSON, in her
                                                         -
 Capacity as Health Nurse of Grant County Middle
                                                         -
 School and Individually,
                                Defendants-Appellees. -
                                                        N

                         Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Eastern District of Kentucky at Covington.
                    No. 06-00124—William O. Bertelsman, District Judge.
                                  Argued: September 15, 2008
                             Decided and Filed: October 10, 2008
                   Before: GUY, RYAN, and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges.
                                      _________________
                                          COUNSEL
ARGUED: Kenneth J. Henry, PEDLEY & GORDINIER, Louisville, Kentucky, for Appellants.
Suzanne Cassidy, O’HARA, RUBERG, TAYLOR, SLOAN & SERGENT, Covington, Kentucky,
for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Kenneth J. Henry, PEDLEY & GORDINIER, Louisville, Kentucky,
for Appellants. Suzanne Cassidy, O’HARA, RUBERG, TAYLOR, SLOAN & SERGENT,
Covington, Kentucky, for Appellees.




                                                1
No. 07-6330          S.E., et al. v. Grant County Bd. of Educ., et al.                          Page 2


                                      _________________
                                          OPINION
                                      _________________
        RALPH B. GUY, JR., Circuit Judge. Plaintiffs A.E. and her next friends assert state and
federal claims against the Grant County Board of Education, Superintendent Donald Martin,
Principal Ronald Livingood, Assistant Principal James Lacey, and Nurse Celisa Edmondson,
stemming from the actions of school officials in response to seventh-grader A.E.’s sharing of
prescription medicine with fellow student S.W. Plaintiffs appeal from the district court’s grant of
qualified immunity to the individual defendants and its entry of summary judgment for the School
District. We affirm.
                                                 I.
     Both plaintiffs and defendants adopt the statement of facts in the district court’s opinion on
summary judgment.
               A.E., the subject Plaintiff in this lawsuit, was a seventh-grade student at
       Grant County Middle School in May of 2006. A.E. is bi-polar and suffers from
       Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). To manage these conditions, she
       takes Adderall. During the 2004-2005 school year, A.E. received the medication
       daily at lunchtime. Pursuant to school policies and procedures, A.E.’s medication
       was maintained in the school nurse’s office, where she went each day to receive it.
               On May 26, 2005, the last day of school, A.E. went to the nurse’s office for
       her lunchtime administration of Adderall, as she had done for the entire school year.
       At that time, there were four Adderall tablets left. The school nurse, defendant
       Edmondson, returned the remaining four tablets to A.E. in the original container.
       A.E. requested to return at the end of the school day to pick up the remaining tablets
       rather than take them to class with her. The nurse told A.E. to take the remaining
       medicine with her, even though it was the middle of the school day, and advised A.E.
       not to give any of the tablets to anyone else.
               A.E. had nowhere to keep the medication because she no longer had access
       to her locker and had neither a purse nor a backpack. Therefore, she gave the
       medication to her teacher, Mrs. Moore, for safekeeping. The students left the
       classroom at that time to engage in outside activities. When they returned to the
       classroom, the teacher returned the medicine to A.E. The students then went to their
       last class of the day, where there was a different teacher, Ms. Babel. Ms. Babel
       showed a movie and served refreshments. Ms. Babel was in and out of the classroom
       during the movie.
              It was during this class that another student, S.W., noticed A.E.’s medication
       container and asked what was in it. S.W. asked for one of the pills. At first, A.E.
       refused. After continued pressure, however, A.E. relented and gave S.W. one of her
       Adderall pills.
              Approximately two days later, the Assistant Principal, Defendant James
       Lacey, called T.E. (A.E.’s mother) and asked if she was aware of the events. She
       responded that A.E. had told her about them when she came home from school that
       day. Assistant Principal Lacey then informed T.E. that a deputy sheriff would be
       coming to interview A.E. about this incident over the summer break. However, T.E.
       was never contacted by law enforcement over the summer.
No. 07-6330              S.E., et al. v. Grant County Bd. of Educ., et al.                                   Page 3


                School resumed on August 11, 2005, and A.E. returned to Grant County
         Middle School to begin her eighth-grade year. On the first day of school, Assistant
         Principal Lacey (a Defendant here in his individual capacity) called A.E. to his office
         and asked her about what happened on the last day of school, May 26, 2005. He was
         aware at this time that a sheriff’s deputy had not contacted A.E. over the summer
         break.
                 Assistant Principal Lacey asked A.E. if she remembered the events of the last
         day of school and required her to write a statement, which she was then required to
         date and sign. Thereafter, A.E. was sent back to class. Plaintiff claims that she was
         not informed that she was free to leave the office or that her written statement would
         be turned over to the police for purposes of charging her with criminal activity. A
         copy of the statement was not placed in A.E.’s school file.
                 Approximately one week after Assistant Principal Lacey met with A.E., he
         called both A.E. and S.W. to his office. He asked them what had happened on May
         26, 2005. A.E. remained silent during this meeting. Assistant Principal Lacey then
         issued each girl a one-day suspension and told them they would be subject to a six-
         month probation through the juvenile justice system. This second meeting was held
         after A.E. had submitted the written statement that was later given to Officer
         Osborne.
                A.E. and her mother were contacted by a court-designated worker (CDW)
         and notified of a meeting at juvenile court to be held on October 3, 2005. At that
         time, A.E. was given the option to enter into a diversion agreement or face formal
         court proceedings. A.E. chose the diversion program. The record does not detail
         who was present at the meeting or who presented the options to A.E.
S.E. v. Grant County Bd. of Educ., 522 F. Supp. 2d 826, 827-28 (E.D. Ky. 2007).
       Defendants add in their brief on appeal that Assistant Principal Lacey obtained a written
statement from each of the students, A.E. and S.W., and suspended the students from school for a
day. The students were referred to the school Resource Officer, Sheriff’s Deputy Rita Osborne, who
made the determination to consult with a Grant County Juvenile Court Designated Worker (CDW).
Ultimately, A.E. was charged in juvenile court with a trafficking violation that was diverted and
dismissed after A.E. satisfied her diversion contract. No charges were brought against S.W.
        A.E. and her next friends filed suit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District
of Kentucky in June 2006, claiming that the events described above caused A.E. to suffer severe
emotional distress and associated physical problems. The fifteen-count complaint alleged a variety
of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims under federal statutes and the U.S. Constitution, as well as claims under
state law. Prior to the district court’s ruling on summary judgment, plaintiffs agreed to the dismissal
of eight counts in the complaint, which left counts of disability discrimination under § 504 of the
Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 794 (Count III), violations of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments
(Counts IV and V), related conspiracy and refusal to prevent counts (Counts VI and IX), and state
law claims of negligence (Count X) and negligent supervision (Count XII).
        Following oral argument on the parties’ cross motions for summary judgment in August
2007, the district court entered a summary order finding, without reasoning, that “all defendants sued
in their individual capacities are entitled to qualified immunity.”1 The court allowed certain

         1
          Although the order did not contain reasoning, we note that the court suggested it would rule this way during
oral argument on the motions.
No. 07-6330           S.E., et al. v. Grant County Bd. of Educ., et al.                         Page 4


supplemental briefing, and entered its Opinion and Order in October 2007, granting the defendant’s
motion for summary judgment and denying the plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment.
The court noted the voluntary dismissal of eight counts by agreement of the parties; dismissed
Counts IV, V, VI, and IX “upon the doctrine of Heck v. Humphrey,” dismissed Count III for
plaintiffs’ failure to exhaust administrative remedies; and dismissed the state law counts of X and
XII without prejudice. This timely appeal followed.
                                                  II.
        The district court’s entry of summary judgment is reviewed de novo. Moorer v. Baptist
Mem’l Health Care Sys., 398 F.3d 469, 486 (6th Cir. 2005). Summary judgment is appropriate when
there are no issues of material fact in dispute and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). We must view the factual evidence and draw all reasonable inferences
in favor of the nonmoving party. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S.
574, 587 (1986). A district court’s decision on the question of qualified immunity is also reviewed
de novo. Thomas v. Cohen, 304 F.3d 563, 568 (6th Cir. 2002).
A.     Heck v. Humphrey
       In Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994), the Supreme Court held that:
       . . . in order to recover damages for allegedly unconstitutional conviction or
       imprisonment, or for other harm caused by actions whose unlawfulness would render
       a conviction or sentence invalid, a § 1983 plaintiff must prove that the conviction or
       sentence has been reversed on direct appeal, expunged by executive order, declared
       invalid by a state tribunal authorized to make such determination, or called into
       question by a federal court’s issuance of a writ of habeas corpus, 28 U.S.C. § 2254.
       A claim for damages bearing that relationship to a conviction or sentence that has not
       been so invalidated is not cognizable under § 1983.
Id. at 486-87 (footnote omitted). The requirement that the conviction or sentence has been reversed,
expunged, or invalidated is analogous to the similar requirement in the tort of malicious prosecution
and is called the “favorable termination” requirement of Heck. This ensures that habeas corpus
remains the exclusive remedy for criminal defendants who have not obtained a favorable termination
in their criminal proceedings and does not allow duplicative, collateral attack of convictions or
sentences through § 1983 actions. See Shamaeizadeh v. Cunigan, 182 F.3d 391, 394-95 (6th Cir.
1999).
        Plaintiffs’ first claim on appeal challenges the district court’s determination that Heck barred
their 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Fourth and Fifth Amendment claims, emphasizing that A.E. was neither
convicted nor sentenced and that Heck is thus inapplicable.
        The district court specifically found that the unpublished decision of this court in Morris v.
City of Detroit, 211 F. App’x 409 (6th Cir. 2006) was “controlling.” In Morris, the juvenile plaintiff
was sentenced to probation, then later brought a § 1983 action claiming that his investigation had
produced a coerced confession. This court found that “a challenge to a criminal investigation that
led to a conviction necessarily challenges the validity of the conviction, and therefore falls within
the Heck framework.” Id. at 411 (citation omitted). We note that in Morris, the plaintiff had been
sentenced, unlike in the instant case.
       The district court also examined Gilles v. Davis, 427 F.3d 197 (3d Cir. 2005), where the
Third Circuit found that the § 1983 claims of a plaintiff who had accepted pretrial diversion were
barred by Heck. The district court quoted the reasoning in Gilles:
No. 07-6330                S.E., et al. v. Grant County Bd. of Educ., et al.                                   Page 5


                When a criminal defendant is selected for and decides to participate in [a
        pretrial diversion] program, he avoids trial and potential jail time, and receives
        expungement of the record in exchange for successfully completing a probationary
        period. . . .
                   ....
                [The Heck doctrine is] equally applicable in this context. [The plaintiff’s]
        underlying disorderly conduct charge and his § 1983 First Amendment claim require
        answering the same question—whether [plaintiff’s] behavior constituted protected
        activity or disorderly conduct. If [the diversion program] does not constitute a
        favorable termination, success in the § 1983 claim would result in parallel litigation
        over whether [plaintiff’s] activity constituted disorderly conduct and could result in
        a conflicting resolution arising from the same conduct.
Id. at 209. The Gilles decision relied on analogous cases in the Second and Fifth Circuits.2 In
accordance with those cases, the district court found that there was no material difference between
the diversion entered into by plaintiff, which it deemed was not a favorable termination, and a
conviction resulting in probation. The district court ended this section of its opinion by stating a
policy concern noted in many Heck-related decisions: “[t]his court also agrees with the authorities
holding that it would constitute poor public policy to permit a criminal defendant to obtain lenient
treatment by submitting to a benevolent program of this kind and then turn around and sue the
arresting officer.”
        The district court also considered a decision from the Eastern District of Kentucky, where
the court found that plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment challenge to her arrest was barred under Heck by
her agreement to pretrial diversion. Everage v. Whitaker, No. 05-CV-115-KKC, 2006 WL 782744
(E.D. Ky. Mar. 27, 2006) (unpublished disposition). See also Cissell v. Hanover Ins. Co., 647 F.
Supp. 757, 758 (E.D. Ky. 1986). In contrast, in the case of Butts v. City of Bowling Green, 374 F.
Supp. 2d 532, 537 (W.D. Ky. 2005), cited by plaintiffs, the court found that whether or not the
plaintiff’s pretrial diversion agreement constituted a “favorable termination,” there had been no
criminal conviction and her rights to bring suit under § 1983 were not barred by Heck (the court also
noted that the nature of the plaintiff’s claims would not have “impugn[ed] the validity of a
conviction, even if she had a conviction”).
         Plaintiffs convincingly assert that Powers v. Hamilton County Public Defender Commission,
501 F.3d 592, 603 (6th Cir. 2007)3, cert. denied, __ S. Ct. __, 77 U.S.L.W. 3019 (U.S. Oct. 6, 2008)
(No. 07-1318), supports their position that Heck poses no bar to the instant suit, because A.E. was
never in custody, was not convicted or sentenced, and was never eligible for habeas corpus relief.
Accordingly, they argue she was improperly prohibited from “seek[ing] vindication of her federal
rights.”
       The Powers plaintiff was convicted and fined for a misdemeanor reckless-driving offense,
and subsequently violated his probation when he could not pay the fine. His probation was revoked,
and he was required to serve the original 30-day sentence. He later brought a federal class action
lawsuit against the Public Defender Commission for its alleged unconstitutional practice of failing
to request indigency hearings on the ability to pay for indigent clients. Because the plaintiff’s
incarceration was less than 30 days, and impossible to challenge via habeas corpus, we joined with

        2
          See Taylor v. Gregg, 36 F.3d 453, 455-56 (5th Cir. 1994); Roesch v. Otarola, 980 F.2d 850, 853 (2d. Cir.
1992); Singleton v. City of New York, 632 F.2d 185, 193-95 (2d Cir. 1980).
        3
            Powers, decided August 2007, was not discussed in the district court’s opinion issued the following October.
No. 07-6330              S.E., et al. v. Grant County Bd. of Educ., et al.                                 Page 6


four additional circuits in “holding that the favorable-termination requirement poses no impediment
to Powers’s § 1983 claims.”4 Id.
        In Powers, we considered the case of Spencer v. Kemna, 523 U.S. 1, 21 (1998), where a
majority of the Court held that the plaintiff maintained the right to bring a § 1983 action despite the
dismissal of his habeas petition as moot because his period of incarceration was over. We found that
Spencer demonstrated that the Heck bar to § 1983 litigation did not require a favorable termination
of the criminal proceedings for plaintiffs who were not eligible to make habeas petitions. We
announced our disagreement with First, Third, Fifth, and Eighth Circuit determinations, including
the Gilles case, that in spite of the Spencer decision, § 1983 claimants who were not eligible for
habeas relief remained bound by Heck’s favorable termination requirement.
        As stated in Cummings v. City of Akron, 418 F.3d 676 (6th Cir. 2005),
        Heck bars § 1983 plaintiffs from advancing claims that, if successful, would
        necessarily imply the invalidity of a prior conviction or sentence. However, if the
        plaintiff’s action, even if successful, will not demonstrate the invalidity of any
        outstanding criminal judgment against the plaintiff, the action should be allowed to
        proceed.
Id. at 682. (Internal quotation marks and citation omitted.) Given the facts of this case, where the
plaintiff was neither convicted nor sentenced and was habeas-ineligible, we hold that Heck is
inapplicable, and poses no bar to plaintiffs’ claims.
B.      Qualified Immunity/Constitutional Violations
       In their argument to the district court on summary judgment, defendants asserted that
Assistant Principal Lacey did not violate the Fourth or Fifth Amendments. These arguments were
not addressed by the district court. As noted above, following oral argument, the district court
entered a brief order granting all of the individual defendants qualified immunity. In its later
Opinion and Order on the motion for summary judgment, where it found that Heck required
dismissal of Counts IV, V, VI, and IX, the court specifically “expresse[d] no opinion on whether the
Assistant Principal was acting as an agent of the police to the degree that he was required to
administer Miranda warnings to the minor plaintiff or on the Fourth Amendment claims.”
         We may consider an alternative ground for granting summary judgment to defendants, if it
is “fairly presented by the record, as long as the opposing party ‘is not denied an opportunity to
respond to the new theory.’” Graoch Assocs. # 33, L.P. v. Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Human
Relations Comm’n, 508 F.3d 366, 371 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing Herm v. Stafford, 663 F.2d 669, 684
(6th Cir. 1981)). As defendants note, the arguments that constitutional violations did not occur were
included in their summary judgment pleadings, and plaintiffs addressed the arguments at that
juncture and in their briefs on appeal.
       We agree with defendants that Lacey’s actions did not constitute violations of either the
Fourth or Fifth Amendments. Although plaintiffs contend that A.E. was improperly “seized” on
August 11, 2005, for the sole purpose of “coercing” her confession to be used in juvenile court
proceedings, this is not borne out by the record.



        4
          The Powers court also held that “Powers is exempt [from Heck’s favorable-termination requirement] for a
second reason.” The second reason was because Powers was alleging the violation of his constitutional rights due to
improper procedures, which could not impact his conviction for reckless driving.
No. 07-6330               S.E., et al. v. Grant County Bd. of Educ., et al.                                     Page 7


        Both parties have cited to the landmark case of New Jersey v. T.L.O., 469 U.S. 325 (1985),
where the Supreme Court recognized that public school students’ rights under the Fourth
Amendment are not as broad as those of the public. T.L.O. dealt with the search of a student’s
possessions for cigarettes, which led to the school official’s discovery of marijuana. The Supreme
Court found the search was proper, stating that “the legality of a search of a student should depend
simply on the reasonableness, under all the circumstances, of the search.” Id. at 341. Plaintiffs point
to the distinction drawn in T.L.O. between a search “carried out by school authorities acting alone,”
and those done “in conjunction with or at the behest of law enforcement,” Id. at n.7 (citing Picha
v. Wielgos, 410 Fed. Supp. 1214, 1219-21 (N.D. Ill. 1976)), and assert that Lacey was acting in
conjunction with law enforcement in taking the actions he did.
         Plaintiffs argue that “Lacey acted in conjunction with or at the behest of police within the
meaning of T.L.O. and Picha.” They point to       the facts that Lacey reported the incident to law
enforcement (as required by Kentucky statute5 and Grant County Board of Education Policy) and
that Lacey took A.E.’s statement or confession “because he knew that Officer Osborne had not6
interviewed A.E. over the course of the summer after the events of May 26, 2005 had occurred.”
Plaintiffs also emphasize that the “confession” elicited by Lacey was never placed in A.E.’s school
file, but was only taken for purposes of prosecution, and that A.E.’s suspension did not occur until
at least a week after the “confession.” Their position is that Lacey took the statement in lieu of and
in conjunction with law enforcement, implying that Lacey (1) believed less stringent standards
applied to his actions than those of law enforcement officers, and (2) had the goal of making an end-
run around A.E.’s constitutional rights.
        Defendants quote from Deputy Osborne’s deposition testimony concerning school officials’
collection of statements from students:
                Q:      But your statement was that you have the principals collect statements
         for you and then you take them and run with --
                A:      Well, they don’t collect them for me. They collect them for their
         school things, and then I take the copies of the statement and do the criminal end.
Lacey testified at deposition that he did not talk to Deputy Osborne prior to collecting the students’
statements. Defendants have cited to numerous federal and state court decisions holding that the
sharing of the results of rule violation investigations with law enforcement did not make the school
officials agents of law enforcement.7 Defendants’ position is that the plaintiffs’ evidence does not
create a question of material fact that constitutional violations occurred.
       “[A] school official may detain a student if there is a reasonable basis for believing that the
pupil has violated the law or a school rule.” Wofford v. Evans, 390 F.3d 318, 326 (4th Cir. 2004).

         5
            See Ky. Rev. Stats. §§ 158.154 and 158.155. Section 155(8) provides for immunity from civil or criminal
liability for school officials’ reporting of proscribed behavior.
         6
          Lacey testified at deposition that Officer Osborne had a medical condition during that summer break that
prevented her from interviewing A.E.
         7
           See Illinois v. Pankhurst, 848 N.E.2d 628, 636 (Ill. App. 2006); G.C. v. Bristol Twp. Sch. Dist., No. 05-4800,
2006 WL 2345939 at *2 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 11, 2006) (unpublished disposition); J.D. v. Commonwealth., 591 S.E.2d 721,
725 (Va. App. 2004); New Hampshire v. Nemser, 807 A.2d 1289, 1292 (N.H. 2002); In re Harold S., 731 A.2d 265, 267
(R.I. 1999); In the Matter of: Krystal Nicole Phillips, 497 S.E.2d 292, 294 (N.C. App. 1998); New Hampshire v.
Tinkham, 719 A.2d 580, 583 (N.H. 1998); In the Matter of Appeal in Navajo County Juvenile, 901 P.2d 1247, 1249
(Ariz. App. 1995); Jarmon v. Batory, No. 94-0284, 1994 WL 313063, at *11 (E.D. Pa. June 29, 1994) (unpublished
disposition); Com. v. Snyder, 597 N.E.2d 531-532 (Mass. 1992).
No. 07-6330               S.E., et al. v. Grant County Bd. of Educ., et al.                                    Page 8


There is no dispute that such a violation occurred here. That detention must be “‘reasonably related
in scope to the circumstances which justified [it] in the first place.’” Id. at 326-27 (citing T.L.O.,
469 U.S. at 341) (quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 20 (1968)). Each case, and the reasonableness
of the actions taken by school officials, turns on its particular facts. Here, we find that (1) plaintiffs
have not produced sufficient evidence to support the claim that Lacey was acting at the behest of
law enforcement when he asked plaintiff S.E. to write a statement, or her “side of the story,”
concerning the events of May 26, 2005; and (2) the detention was otherwise reasonable.
       In this case, a school’s assistant principal was contacted by the parent of a student regarding
another student’s violation of school rules on the final day of the school year. Weeks later, school
was again in session, and nothing had been done over the summer break to redress that violation.
Summoning the girls to his office to take their respective information about what transpired the
previous May, particularly in light of the fact that Officer Osborne had been sick and had not
performed the task, does not rise to the level of a Fourth Amendment violation in our view.
        Concerning plaintiffs’ Fifth Amendment claim, plaintiffs contend that Lacey conducted his
August 2005 meeting with A.E. as an “agent of the Grant County Sheriff’s Office.” Given our
findings above, we conclude that Lacey’s actions did not violate the Fifth Amendment, as under the
circumstances—where Lacey was not acting at the behest of law enforcement, law enforcement
officers were not present, and we have found Lacey’s actions under the circumstances to be
reasonable—we agree that he was not required to advise A.E. of her Miranda rights. See, e.g.,
Jarmon v. Batory, No. 94-0284, 1994 WL 313063 (E.D. Pa. June 29, 1994) (unpublished
disposition) (citing Salazar v. Luty, 761 F. Supp. 45, 47 (S.D. Tex. 1991); Pollnow v. Glennon, 594
F. Supp. 220, 224 (S.D.N.Y. 1984), aff’d,   757 F.2d 496 (2d Cir. 1985); and Boynton v. Casey, 543
F. Supp. 995, 997 & n.4 (D.Me.1982)).8
         The district court will be affirmed on this basis as to Counts IV, V, VI, and IX.
C.       Section 504 Plan
         The Rehabilitation Act provides in § 504 that
         [n]o otherwise qualified individual with a disability in the United States . . . shall,
         solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from the participation in, be
         denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or
         activity receiving Federal financial assistance.
29 U.S.C. § 794(a). When a claim under this statute involves public education, we must consider
a provision in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The IDEA states that, before
bringing claims under other statutes (specifically listing the Rehabilitation Act) seeking “relief that
is also available under this subchapter,” the administrative procedures in § 1415 must be exhausted
to the same extent “had the action been brought under this subchapter.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(l). That
language refers to Subchapter II of Chapter 33 of the IDEA, a detailed provision setting forth
procedures to be established by state educational agencies that receive federal assistance, “to ensure
that children with disabilities and their parents are guaranteed procedural safeguards with respect
to the provision of a free appropriate public education by such agencies.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(a).
       Plaintiffs’ § 504 claim states that although defendants developed a “504 plan” for A.E. under
45 C.F.R. § 84.33(b)(1) and (2), they “routinely, consistently, and purposefully failed to implement

         8
          Given that this finding disposes of all of the constitutional claims, we need not discuss the arguments
concerning qualified immunity. Additionally, absent any individual liability, the school board was also properly granted
summary judgment.
No. 07-6330               S.E., et al. v. Grant County Bd. of Educ., et al.                                   Page 9


the components of the plan.” The claim further asserts that A.E. was improperly denied a due
process hearing prior to being subjected to a “change” in her educational placement.
        Although plaintiffs generally do not dispute the statute’s pre-suit exhaustion requirement,
they argue that the district court’s dismissal of the claim on this basis was improper under the
circumstances of this case. They cite to Covington v. Knox County School System, 205 F.3d 912,
917 (6th Cir. 2000) (holding that only monetary damages could make plaintiff whole for due process
violations, where exhaustion would be futile because student had already graduated), and Joseph
M. v. Northeastern Educational Intermediate Unit 19, 516 F. Supp. 2d 424, 438 (M.D. Pa. 2007)
(finding exhaustion requirement futile where plaintiffs requested relief that was unavailable through
IDEA administrative process, and IDEA eligibility was not in issue), for the proposition that
exhaustion of administrative remedies is not required when9it would be futile. They assert it would
be futile here, where plaintiff A.E. is now home-schooled.
       While plaintiffs rely on Covington in making their argument against exhaustion, our
reasoning in that case also lends support to the argument for exhaustion:
         We disagree that the plaintiff’s damages claim alone excuses her from exhausting her
         administrative remedies. Although the Sixth Circuit has not decided the question,
         most courts have held that a plaintiff seeking money damages is required to exhaust
         administrative remedies under the IDEA, even if money damages are not available
         under the IDEA or through the administrative process.
Covington, 205 F.3d at 916. Likewise, in Robb v. Bethel School District # 403, 308 F.3d 1047 (9th
Cir. 2002), the Ninth Circuit held that “when a plaintiff has alleged injuries that could be redressed
to any degree by the IDEA’s administrative procedures and remedies, exhaustion of those remedies
is required.” Id. at 1048.
       Considering whether the administrative process could address this plaintiff’s alleged injuries,
we note that plaintiffs’ § 504 Plan claim requests
         entry of an Order from this Court requiring Defendant Grant County Board of
         Education to provide A.E. with a compensatory education program sufficient to
         remediate A.E.’s academic deficiencies, an award of her costs expended herein plus
         a reasonable attorney fee.
(Emphasis added.) The reasoning of Robb applies with equal force to this case. The remediation
of A.E.’s academic deficiencies, requested in plaintiffs’ complaint, is initially best addressed by
educational professionals through the administrative process. A.E.’s claim will require an
assessment of whether the actions complained of here improperly excluded her from or denied her
the benefits of the education to which she was entitled, or subjected her to improper discrimination
on account of her disability. Unlike the plaintiff in Covington, A.E. has not yet graduated, and in
fact a part of her claim specifically requests a “compensatory education program.” Although
plaintiffs’ futility argument has some appeal, we find that the issues raised by this litigation are best
first addressed by the comprehensive administrative process Congress put in place for resolution of
differences in the educational setting. Said process may have in-kind services and resources



         9
          As defendants contend, “parents may not avoid the state administrative process through the unilateral act of
removing their child from a public school.” Covington, 205 F.3d at 918 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
See also Doe v. Smith, 879 F.2d 1340, 1343 (6th Cir. 1989) (finding parents’ decision to send student to private school
does not excuse failure to exhaust administrative remedies).
No. 07-6330                 S.E., et al. v. Grant County Bd. of Educ., et al.                                      Page 10


available to it for assistance of students such as A.E. who have been aggrieved in some way by the
system.10
        As defendants point out, “[i]f the administrative review procedures available to A.E.’s family
had been utilized, the court below would have had a factual record to weigh in deciding whether or
not the Plan had been implemented.” Should the district court revisit this issue, a developed record
would assist it in making its determination. The district court correctly dismissed this claim without
prejudice.11
         AFFIRMED.




         10
              As aptly stated by the First Circuit:
         In the administrative state, exhaustion of administrative remedies is generally required. This
         requirement is more than a matter of form. Insisting on exhaustion forces parties to take
         administrative proceedings seriously, allows administrative agencies an opportunity to correct their
         own errors, and potentially avoids the need for judicial involvement altogether.
P. Gioioso & Sons, Inc. v. OSHRC, 115 F.3d 100, 104 (1st Cir. 1997) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
See also Charlie F., by Neil F. v. Bd. of Educ., 98 F.3d 989 (7th Cir. 1996).
         11
              The nature of plaintiff’s § 504 claim is not crystal clear. Plaintiffs’ Count III allegations could be construed
as stating a claim not based simply on defendants’ general failure to implement the § 504 educational plan, but stemming
more particularly from the consequences of the juvenile proceedings brought against A.E. Plaintiffs allege A.E. was
discriminated against because of her disability in violation of § 504 in that defendants caused the juvenile proceedings
to be brought: (1) without affording her a due process hearing even though the juvenile proceedings effected a change
in her educational placement; and (2) without considering whether the behavior that triggered the proceedings was
caused by A.E.’s attention deficit or bipolar disorder. Considering the § 504 claim in light of these allegations, it is
questionable whether relief would be available under the IDEA and whether exhaustion of administrative remedies would
serve any useful purpose. Under such circumstances, exhaustion of administrative remedies would not be prerequisite
to private enforcement of § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. See Gean v. Hattaway, 330 F.3d 758, 773-75 (6th Cir. 2003)
(affirming dismissal of IDEA claims, but allowing § 504 claim to proceed).
          Yet, even if the § 504 claim were construed in this manner, we would still be constrained to uphold summary
judgment for lack of evidence that defendants “caused the juvenile proceedings to be instituted.” The record is clear that
defendants are responsible only for turning over A.E.’s written statement to Officer Osborne. It was Officer Osborne,
in concert with the juvenile court designated worker and County Attorney, who decided to formally charge A.E. Hence,
even if the juvenile proceedings somehow resulted in a violation of A.E.’s rights under the Rehabilitation Act, there
appears to be no evidence that the defendants named in this action should be held liable for the violation.
