                     IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                                 NO. 2015-CA-00100-SCT

IN RE: VALIDATION OF TAX ANTICIPATION
NOTE, SERIES 2014, BY HUMPHREYS COUNTY,
MISSISSIPPI, IN THE MAXIMUM PRINCIPAL
AMOUNT OF ONE MILLION TWO HUNDRED
THOUSAND DOLLARS: GLENN RUSSELL

v.

HUMPHREYS COUNTY BOARD OF
SUPERVISORS


DATE OF JUDGMENT:                           12/16/2014
TRIAL JUDGE:                                HON. JANE R. WEATHERSBY
TRIAL COURT ATTORNEYS:                      WILLIE L. BAILEY
                                            GLENN RUSSELL, PRO SE
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                  HUMPHREYS COUNTY CHANCERY
                                            COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                     SAMUEL L. BEGLEY
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:                      WILLIE L. BAILEY
NATURE OF THE CASE:                         CIVIL - OTHER
DISPOSITION:                                REVERSED AND REMANDED - 03/31/2016
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

       EN BANC.

       KITCHENS, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    When the Humphreys County Board of Supervisors notified the public of its intention

to issue a $1.2 million tax anticipation note, taxpayers filed a petition containing signatures

of qualified electors requesting that the matter be submitted to the public for an election. The

Board determined that the number of qualified electors who had signed the petition was

insufficient to require an election. The Board, therefore, authorized the note’s issuance. The
matter then was submitted to the Humphreys County Chancery Court for validation. The day

before the hearing, Glenn Russell filed a written objection. At the hearing, Russell appeared

pro se to oppose validation. Nevertheless, the chancellor entered a judgment validating the

tax anticipation note. Aggrieved, Russell appealed. For the reasons stated below, we reverse

and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                         FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2.    On September 2, 2014, the Board of Supervisors of Humphreys County, Mississippi

(the Board), adopted a resolution declaring its intention to issue a tax anticipation note in the

amount of $1.2 million “to raise money for the purpose of defraying the expenses of said

County in anticipation of ad valorem taxes.” Pursuant to Mississippi Code Section 19-9-27

(Rev. 2012),1 the Board declared its intention to borrow from the “ad valorem tax receipts

       1
           Mississippi Code Section 19-9-27 provides, in pertinent part, the following:

       The board of supervisors of any county may borrow money in anticipation of
       taxes for the purpose of defraying the expenses of such county, and may issue
       negotiable notes of the county therefor . . . . The amount of money herein
       authorized to be borrowed shall not be in excess of twenty-five percent (25%)
       of the estimated amount of taxes collected and to be collected under the last
       preceding annual tax levies for the particular fund for which said money is
       borrowed. The board of supervisors may borrow said money, as hereinbefore
       provided, from any available fund in the county treasury, or from any other
       source, and such loan shall be repaid in the manner herein provided. . . .
       Money may be borrowed in anticipation of ad valorem taxes under the
       provisions of this section, regardless of whether or not such borrowing shall
       create an indebtedness in excess of statutory limitations. . . .

       . . . The notes herein authorized shall not be issued until the board of
       supervisors shall have published notice of its intention to issue same; said
       notice to be published once each week for three (3) weeks in some newspaper
       having a general circulation in such county, but not less than twenty-one (21)
       days, nor more than sixty (60) days, intervening between the time of the first

                                               2
of the County for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2015,” which it “expected to be Six

Million One Hundred Seventy-Five Thousand Dollars ($6,175,000) for the General Fund.”

In accordance with the statute, the resolution provided that the Board was to meet for the

purpose of directing the issuance of the $1.2 million note “at 10:00 o’clock a.m. on October

6, 2014.” The resolution provided the following:

       If twenty percent (20%), or fifteen hundred (1,500), whichever is less, of the
       qualified electors of the County shall file with the Clerk of the Board a written
       protest petition against the issuance of the Notes on or before the aforesaid
       date and hour, then the Notes shall not be issued unless authorized at an
       election on the question of the issuance of the Notes to be called and held as
       provided by law.

The resolution directed that notice “shall be published once a week for three (3) consecutive

weeks in The Belzoni Banner, a newspaper published in and having a general circulation in

the County . . . .” The Board effected publication of its notice on September 10, 2014;

September 17, 2014; and September 24, 2014, respectively.

¶3.    In response to the publication of September 10, 2014, an “Urgent Notice To

Concerned Voters of Humphreys County” circulated “to help stop future tax increases.” This

“Urgent Notice” indicated that a prior issue of The Belzoni Banner, published on August 13,

2014, had likewise provided notice to the County of the Board’s intention to borrow $1.2


       notice and the meeting at which said board proposes to issue such notes. If,
       within the time of giving notice, twenty percent (20%), of [sic] fifteen
       hundred (1500), whichever is less, of the qualified electors of the county shall
       protest or file a petition against the issuance of such notes, then such notes
       shall not be issued unless authorized by a three-fifths (3/5) majority of the
       qualified electors of such county, voting at an election to be called and held
       for that purpose.

Miss. Code Ann. § 19-9-27 (Rev. 2012).

                                              3
million pursuant to Section 19-9-27. However, in the prior issue of The Belzoni Banner, the

County had reported that the estimated ad valorem tax revenue for the preceding year had

been only $3,482,000. The notice dated September 10, 2014, and subsequent notices

published by the County in The Belzoni Banner, declared that the preceding annual tax levies

had been $6,175,000. According to the “Urgent Notice,” when the Board “figured out that

25% of $3,482,000 was only $870,500, they pulled the ad.” The “Urgent Notice” urged

recipients to “stop the insane behavior” of the Board by signing a petition because “if 1500

or 20% of the electors, whichever is less, of the county petition against the borrowing of

funds, the Board of Supervisors would have to let the people vote on it.”

¶4.    A petition protesting the tax anticipation note was filed on October 6, 2014. That same

day, the Board recessed the October 6, 2014, meeting until October 13, 2014. On October

13, 2014, the Board considered the petition and granted a continuance pending the Circuit

Clerk’s completion of the petition’s verification. On October 16, 2014, the Board accepted

the Circuit Clerk’s certification to the effect that “1579 qualified electors of Humphreys

County” had signed the petition. Two-hundred and nineteen electors had “signed a statement

withdrawing their name from the Petition.” The Circuit Clerk therefore certified that 1,360

names remained.

¶5.    On October 16, 2014, the Board issued a resolution authorizing and directing the

issuance of the tax anticipation note in the amount of $1.2 million. The Board determined

that “[t]here are Seven Thousand and Seventeen (7,017) qualified electors of the County and

twenty percent (20%) of Seven Thousand and Seventeen (7,017) is One Thousand Four



                                              4
Hundred and Three (1,403).” The Board found that “[t]he smaller of twenty percent (20%)

of the qualified electors (which is 1,403) and One Thousand Five Hundred (1,500) is One

Thousand Four Hundred and Three (1,403).” The Board found that 219 signatures had been

removed and that “the remaining number of petitioning qualified electors is One Thousand

Three Hundred Sixty (1,360).” Therefore, the Board found that the number of signatures of

qualified electors was “insufficient to require an election on the question of the issuance of

the proposed bonds . . . .” Pursuant to Mississippi Code Section 31-13-5 (Rev. 2010),2 the

       2
           Mississippi Code Section 31-13-5 provides, in pertinent part, the following:

       When any county . . . shall take steps to issue bonds for any purpose whatever,
       the officer or officers of such county . . . charged by law with the custody of
       the records of same shall, if the board issuing same so determine by order
       entered on its minutes, transmit to said bond attorney a certified copy of all
       legal papers pertaining to the issuance of said bonds, including transcripts of
       records and ordinances, proof of publication, and tabulation of vote, if any,
       and any other facts pertaining to said issuance. Said bond attorney shall
       thereupon as expeditiously as possible examine said legal papers, pass upon
       the sufficiency thereof, and render an opinion in writing, addressed to the
       board proposing to issue said bonds, as to the validity of same; and if any
       further action on the part of said board is necessary or any further data is
       desired, he shall indicate what is necessary to be done in the premises in order
       to make said bonds legal, valid, and binding. When in his opinion all
       necessary legal steps have been taken to make the said bond issue legal, valid,
       and binding, he shall render a written opinion to that effect and shall transmit
       all legal papers, together with his opinion, to the clerk of the chancery court
       of the county in which the district or municipality proposing to issue said
       bonds is situated, or if said district embraces more than one (1) county or parts
       of more than one county, then to the chancery clerk of any one of said
       counties. The chancery clerk shall file the same, enter the same on the docket
       of the chancery court, and shall promptly notify the chancellor of the district
       in writing that said papers are on file and the cause has been docketed. The
       chancellor shall then notify the chancery clerk to set the matter for hearing at
       some future date, not less than ten (10) days thereafter, and the clerk shall give
       not less than five (5) days’ notice by making at least one (1) publication in
       some paper published in the county where the case is docketed, addressed to

                                               5
Board directed its clerk “to make up a transcript of all legal papers and proceedings relating

to the Note and to certify and forward the same to the State Bond Attorney for the institution

of validation proceedings.”

¶6.    State Bond Attorney Spence Flatgard, having examined the papers submitted by the

Board, stated in his written opinion dated November 14, 2014, that: “Based upon my review

of the legal papers provided to me, I have reached the opinion that the above described

obligation is regular, legal and valid as to form, principal amount, denomination, interest rate,

maturities, and otherwise, and the Note does not exceed any limitations imposed by law.”

¶7.    The tax anticipation note validation hearing occurred in the chancery court on

December 16, 2014. Glenn Russell appeared, pro se, to object to validation, having filed a

written objection on December 15, 2014. The Board first presented Flatgard, who testified

that “all the procedures have been followed strictly according to the statute” and that “this

note is [a] . . . valid obligation of the County.” The Board next called Thomas L. Goodwin,

a part-time county administrator responsible for overseeing county finances, formulating a

budget, and setting the tax levy. He testified that he was “afraid that the people that work for

the County will have to take furlough if we do not receive this money.” He also said that


       the taxpayers of the county, municipality, or district proposing to issue said
       bonds, advising that the matter will be heard on the day named. If on the day
       set for hearing there is no written objection filed by any taxpayer to the
       issuance of said bonds, a decree approving the validity of same shall be
       entered by the chancellor; and if the chancellor be not present the clerk shall
       forward him the decree prepared by the state’s bond attorney for his signature,
       and shall enter the said decree upon his minutes in vacation.
....

Miss. Code Ann. § 31-13-5 (Rev. 2010).

                                               6
there are “a lot of services that are given that are monthly paid expenses,” including

ambulance services and garbage collecting. He testified that, without the money, “[i]f we

don’t have to shut down, there’ll be severe cutbacks.”

¶8.    Russell called to the witness stand Cleotra Tanner, who testified that it was her

personal opinion as a citizen of Humphreys County that the Board had not utilized the correct

numbers in arriving at the amount of its requested $1.2 million tax anticipation note. Earl Lee

Stephens then testified that it was his opinion that withdrawing the bond would be in the best

interest of the county. Kathy Russell testified that it was her opinion that the Board legally

could borrow only in the “ballpark” of $870,000, because the County’s general fund was

$3,482,000. When Russell attempted to ask witnesses about the sufficiency of signatures on

the petition, the trial court sustained the county’s objections, ruling at one point that “[t]hat

time has gone by for that” and that “[w]e’re just here on the validation of the bond issue

today.”

¶9.    At the hearing, the trial court validated, ore tenus, the tax anticipation note. In its

written validation judgment, the trial court ruled:

       That the said obligation is regular, legal and valid as to form, principal amount,
       denomination, interest rate, maturities and otherwise; and that said obligation
       does not exceed any limitations imposed by law; that no litigation is pending
       affecting the issuance or validity of the above described obligations; and that
       the same should now be validated.

Aggrieved, Russell appealed on January 5, 2015. He argued first that the $1.2 million tax

anticipation note obtained by the Board exceeded the twenty-five percent borrowing cap

imposed by Mississippi Code Section 19-9-27. Second, he argued that the Chancery Court



                                               7
of Humphreys County had erred by refusing to consider testimony regarding the sufficiency

of signatures of qualified electors on the petition protesting the tax anticipation note. The

Board maintained that the validation proceedings had been legal and that full repayment and

satisfaction by the Board of the tax anticipation note had rendered Russell’s claims moot.

¶10.   On August 13, 2015, the Board filed a Motion for Leave to File Supplemental Record,

seeking to supplement the record with the “Affidavit of Lawrence D. Browder, Chancery

Clerk of Humphreys County, Mississippi,” for the purpose of bringing to this Court’s

attention the following: (1) “the issuance of the Tax Anticipation Note on December 23,

2014,” and (2) “the repayment of said note on April 6, 2015.” Justice Lamar, on August 25,

2015, ordered that the motion be passed for consideration alongside its consideration of the

merits of the case.

¶11.   In our consideration of the case, we address the following questions:

       I.     Whether to grant or deny the Board’s Motion for Leave to File
              Supplemental Record.

       II.    Whether the doctrine of mootness applies to Russell’s arguments on
              appeal, in light of the Board’s claim that it has satisfied the tax
              anticipation note.

       III.   Whether the $1.2 million tax anticipation note obtained by the Board
              exceeded the twenty-five percent borrowing cap imposed by
              Mississippi Code Section 19-9-27.

       IV.    Whether the Chancery Court of Humphreys County erred by refusing
              to consider testimony regarding the sufficiency of signatures of
              qualified electors on the petition protesting the tax anticipation note.

Each question is addressed in turn.




                                             8
                                          DISCUSSION

          I.     Whether to grant or deny the Board’s Motion for Leave to File
                 Supplemental Record.

¶12.      The Board seeks to supplement the record with three documents supporting its

contentions that the tax anticipation note was issued on December 23, 2014, and that the note

was repaid on April 6, 2015. The first is an affidavit of Lawrence D. Browder, Chancery

Clerk of Humphreys County, stating that “on April 6, 2015, Humphreys County [] paid to the

Bank the sum of $1,205,749.33 as full satisfaction of the note issued.” The second document

with which the Board seeks to supplement the record is the chancery court’s validation

judgment of December 16, 2014, which already appears in the record. The third document

is an unsigned copy of the tax anticipation note, apparently obtained from Trustmark

National Bank, dated December 23, 2014. Russell opposes the motion, arguing that the Board

“improperly seeks to include in the record matters that have taken place after the validation

judgment for the tax anticipation note at issue in this appeal was entered by the chancery

court.”

¶13.      Generally, “Mississippi appellate courts will not consider information that is outside

the record.” Peden v. City of Gautier, 870 So. 2d 1185, 1188 (Miss. 2004) (quoting Hardy

v. Brock, 826 So. 2d 71, 76 (Miss. 2002)). Mississippi Rule of Appellate Procedure 10(e),

however, provides a mechanism by which the appellate record may be supplemented:

          If anything material to either party is omitted from the record by error or
          accident or is misstated in the record, the parties by stipulation, or the trial
          court, either before or after the record is transmitted to the Supreme Court or
          the Court of Appeals, or either appellate court on proper motion or of its own
          initiative, may order that the omission or misstatement be corrected, and, if


                                                 9
       necessary, that a supplemental record be filed. . . . Any document submitted to
       either appellate court for inclusion in the record must be certified by the clerk
       of the trial court. All other questions as to the form or content of the record
       shall be presented to the appropriate appellate court.

M.R.A.P. 10(e). This Court has held that Rule 10(e) “is not a vehicle for admitting new

evidence into the record, a role generally reserved for the trial court; rather Rule 10(e) is a

method for correcting the appellate record to reflect what occurred in the trial court.”

Corrothers v. State, 148 So. 3d 278, 315 (Miss. 2014) (citing M.R.A.P. 10(e)).

¶14.   Although the Board provides no citation in support of its motion to supplement, Rule

10(e) governs. Rule 10(e), however, contemplates omission from the appellate record by

error, accident, or misstatement. In the present case, the validation judgment was entered on

December 16, 2014, and the record was designated on January 5, 2015. According to the

affidavit with which the Board seeks to supplement the record, dated August 13, 2015, the

note was repaid on April 6, 2015. The record was filed on May 8, 2015. The “relevant

occurrences” the Board claims to be “relevant to the disposition” of the present case took

place after the appellate record had been designated, though prior to the record’s having been

filed. The note and the fact of repayment were omitted from the trial court record because

neither had occurred at the time the trial court ruled. Rule 10(e) is not a proper method by

which these documents may be presented to this Court, and our rules provide no other

mechanism that is applicable.

¶15.   We therefore deny the Board’s Motion for Leave to File Supplemental Record.

       II.    Whether the doctrine of mootness applies to Russell’s arguments
              on appeal, in light of the Board’s claim that it has satisfied the tax
              anticipation note.

                                              10
¶16.   The Board argues that “[a]ll issues in this case became moot when the Appellee repaid

the Tax Anticipation Note in full on April 6, 2015.” It prays that this Court dismiss the

appeal. The Board relies on the documents with which it sought to supplement the appellate

record and which this Court passed for consideration with the merits of the case. In light of

our denial of the Board’s Motion for Leave to File Supplemental Record, and in the absence

of documentation that the note has, in fact, been repaid by the County, we find the Board’s

claim of mootness to be without merit. But we find that, even if this Court had permitted the

sought supplementation , the present appeal is not moot merely by virtue of the Board’s

having fully satisfied the tax anticipation note.

¶17.   “A case is moot if ‘a judgment on the merits . . . would be of no practical benefit to

the plaintiff or detriment to the defendant.’” In re City of Biloxi, 113 So. 3d 565, 572 (Miss.

2013) (quoting Gartrell v. Gartrell, 936 So. 2d 915, 916 (Miss. 2006)). “We repeatedly have

held that ‘[c]ases in which an actual controversy existed at trial but the controversy has

expired at the time of review, become moot.’” In re City of Biloxi, 113 So. 3d at 572. As

such, “standing must exist when litigation is commenced and must continue through all

subsequent stages of litigation, or the case will become moot.” Id. “Cases that have become

moot will be dismissed, because the Court does not adjudicate moot questions.” Id. (citing

City of Madison v. Bryan, 763 So. 2d 162, 166 (Miss. 2000)). “‘We have held that the

review procedure should not be allowed for the purpose of settling abstract or academic

questions, and that we have no power to issue advisory opinions.’” Fails v. Jefferson Davis




                                              11
Cty. Pub. Sch. Bd., 95 So. 3d 1223, 1225 (Miss. 2012) (quoting Allred v. Webb, 641 So. 2d

1218, 1220 (Miss. 1994)).

¶18.   However, “the doctrine which prevents adjudication of moot cases provides an

exception for those cases which are capable of repetition yet evading review.” Miss. High

Sch. Activities Ass’n, Inc. v. Coleman, 631 So. 2d 768, 772 (Miss. 1994) (citing Strong v.

Bostick, 420 So. 2d 1356, 1359 (Miss. 1982)). The “capable of repetition yet evading

review” exception is limited to situations in which “(1) the action complained of is too short

in duration to be fully litigated before its expiration and ‘(2) [t]here [is] a reasonable

expectation that the same complaining party [will] be subject to the same action again.’”

Coleman, 631 So. 2d at 772 (quoting Strong, 420 So. 2d at 1359). With regard to the first

prong, this Court has held that “two separate prerequisites [must] be met before the exception

may be applied, to wit: (1) the duration of the challenged action must have been short and

(2) the time required to complete an appeal is lengthy.” Coleman, 631 So. 2d at 773 (citing

M.A.C. v. Harrison Cty. Family Court, 566 So. 2d 472, 474 (Miss. 1990)).

¶19.   In Coleman, a St. Joseph’s High School student was deemed ineligible to participate

in sports in the first year of his attendance at the school by virtue of the Mississippi High

School Athletic Association’s antirecruiting rule, which “requires that a participant in

interscholastic activities attend a school in the school district of which his parents or guardian

are bona fide residents.” Coleman, 631 So. 2d at 772. The student’s mother sued, arguing

that “her son would suffer immediate and irreparable injury or loss” and that “the

Association’s eligibility rules regarding residence had no rational basis for parochial school



                                               12
students.” Id. The chancellor issued a temporary restraining order and, after an evidentiary

hearing, a preliminary injunction, which required that the Association allow the student to

play. Id.

¶20.   This Court held that the “capable of repetition yet evading review” exception to the

mootness doctrine applied, because “to hold this case moot would, in effect, prohibit the

Association from enforcing its one year ineligibility rule, when the student is granted relief

in the chancery court, because of the length of time required to appeal such case.” Id. at 773.

The Court found that “[t]he matter could, conceivably, never be resolved if dismissed as

moot each time.” Id.

¶21.   In the present case, “the action complained of,” the validation of tax anticipation notes

in amounts which allegedly do not comport with the requirements of Mississippi Code

Section 19-9-27, “is too short in duration to be fully litigated before its expiration.”

Coleman, 631 So. 2d at 772. Here, the notice of appeal and record designation were filed

on January 5, 2015. The tax anticipation note allegedly was paid off in full on April 6, 2015.

If the mootness doctrine were found to apply, the question of whether the Board was

complying with Section 19-9-27 could not be litigated fully in advance of the Board’s having

paid off the note. As in Coleman, “[t]he matter could, conceivably, never be resolved if

dismissed as moot each time.” Id. at 773. Moreover, should the Board seek to validate a tax

anticipation note in the future, a reasonable expectation exists that the Board could be

subjected to the same kind of litigation by Russell and/or others. Id. at 772.




                                              13
¶22.   Further, this Court has crafted a public-interest exception to the mootness doctrine:

“the rule will not be applied when the question or questions involved are matters affecting

the public interest.” Sartin v. Barlow, 196 Miss. 159, 16 So. 2d 372, 376 (Miss. 1944).

“[T]here is an exception to the general rule as respects moot cases, when the question

concerns a matter of such nature that it would be distinctly detrimental to the public interest

that there should be a failure by the dismissal to declare and enforce a rule for future

conduct.” Id.

¶23.   In Sartin, the Circuit Clerk of Walthall County refused to allow a Walthall County

Board of Supervisors candidate an opportunity to examine the contents of ballot boxes. Id.

at 374. The candidate, represented by the local district attorney, sought a petition for writ of

mandamus in the Circuit Court of Walthall County “against the said clerk to compel him to

perform and to permit to be performed what the law so clearly required of said clerk . . . .”

Id. Ultimately, this Court affirmed the judgment of the trial court, ordering “the respondent

clerk to permit the examination . . . .” Id. at 377. The election having occurred at the time the

appeal was heard, the Court raised the question of “whether the cause has become moot . .

. .” Id. at 376. The Court found that the public-interest exception “is of a compelling

propriety in the present instance,” because “if we were to dismiss this appeal without

disposing of the legal questions here involved and without declaring the rule of law which

must be observed, and doing nothing for its enforcement, the way would thereby be made

plain to corrupt politics . . . .” Id. at 377.




                                                 14
¶24.   In a similar case, this Court opined: “since this appeal has been filed this case has

become moot as to the litigating parties,” because, since the filing of the appeal, the general

election had been held and a new supervisor had been elected. Misso v. Oliver, 666 So. 2d

1366, 1369 (Miss. 1996). Nevertheless, the Court stated that, “[b]ecause this case will control

future elections and the need for resolution reflects a continuing controversy in the election

area and this appeal is one of public interest this Court will entertain this appeal.” Id.

¶25.   In Strong v. Bostick, this Court considered a Mississippi Commission on Wildlife

Conservation regulation “which established the 1981-82 ‘Deer Gun Seasons,’” precluding

“the use of dogs as an aid for hunting deer in certain areas of the state, particularly in north

Mississippi.” Strong, 420 So. 2d at 1357. The regulation was challenged in the circuit court,

which ruled that the regulation was void and should be rescinded. Id. On appeal, the question

was raised whether the issue was “moot because the period during which hunting deer with

dogs was prohibited has expired.” Id. at 1358. This Court soundly rejected the argument on

the grounds that the controversy was capable of repetition yet evading review but noted that

“the questions involved in this case are of great public interest . . . .” Id. According to the

Court, “the parties and the public are entitled to know whether or not the [Mississippi]

Department [of Wildlife Conservation] and the Commission have the authority to promulgate

and enforce regulations . . . .” Id. And “[i]f this Court did not address the questions on the

ground of being moot, the matter would never be resolved.” Id. at 1359.

¶26.   In the present case, the question of whether the Board complied with Section 19-9-27

in obtaining tax anticipation notes in the correct statutory amount is a matter of public



                                              15
interest. Were this Court to dismiss this appeal as moot, the public interest could be thwarted

if the Board later did not adhere to the statute. As in Strong, the public is entitled to a

decision from this Court regarding whether the statutory provisions through which the Board

obtains tax anticipation notes are being followed correctly. As such, assuming the Board has

satisfied the tax anticipation note in full, the present appeal is not moot.

       III.   Whether the $1.2 million tax anticipation note obtained by the
              Board exceeded the twenty-five percent borrowing cap imposed by
              Mississippi Code Section 19-9-27.

¶27.   Mississippi Code Section 19-9-27 permits the county board of supervisors to:

       . . . borrow money in anticipation of taxes for the purpose of defraying the
       expenses of such county, and may issue negotiable notes of the county therefor
       . . . . The amount of money herein authorized to be borrowed shall not be in
       excess of twenty-five percent (25%) of the estimated amount of taxes collected
       and to be collected under the last preceding annual tax levies for the particular
       fund for which said money is borrowed. The board of supervisors may borrow
       said money, as hereinbefore provided, from any available fund in the county
       treasury, or from any other source, and such loan shall be repaid in the manner
       herein provided. . . . Money may be borrowed in anticipation of ad valorem
       taxes under the provisions of this section, regardless of whether or not such
       borrowing shall create an indebtedness in excess of statutory limitations.

Miss. Code Ann. § 19-9-27 (Rev. 2012). Russell contends that the Board was not borrowing

from a “particular fund for which said money is borrowed,” which he argues the statute

requires, but rather that the Board was borrowing against “[t]he estimated aggregate of all

ad valorem tax levies for 2014-2015,” which he conceded was “$6,175,000.”

¶28.   At the outset, we observe that Russell asks this Court to take judicial notice of

Exhibits A and B, attached to his brief, which he claims to be “budget related documents of

the County.” Judicial notice is governed by Mississippi Rule of Evidence 201(b), which



                                              16
provides that “[a] judicially noticed fact must be one not subject to reasonable dispute in that

it is either (1) generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court or (2)

capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot

reasonably be questioned.” M.R.E. 201(b). In Ditto v. Hinds County, this Court held that

minutes of a board of supervisors meeting were properly noticed judicially “as they were

easily ascertainable through certified public records.” Ditto v. Hinds Cty., 665 So. 2d 878,

880-81 (Miss. 1995).

¶29.   Exhibit A, a certified copy of the minutes of the Humphreys County Board of

Supervisors from its meeting on September 12, 2013, in which it adopted the levying of

county ad valorem taxes for the 2013-2014 fiscal year and ordered published the 2013-2014

budget in The Belzoni Banner, may be judicially noticed by this Court because it is a copy

of a certified public record. The minutes, themselves, appear in the record. Attached to the

minutes is a certified copy of the 2013-14 county budget. Exhibit B is a copy of a The Belzoni

Banner publication of the Humphreys County budget adopted for fiscal year 2014-2015,

which shows that $4,061,700 was the “[a]mount necessary to be raised by tax levy” in the

General Fund. Exhibit B, though not a certified record and though a mere copy of an undated

edition of The Belzoni Banner, is “capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to

sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned” under Mississippi Rule of

Evidence 201. The Board published the 2014-2015 budget in the same manner it had

published the 2013-2014 budget in The Belzoni Banner. It is clear that the publication was

adopted by the Board, and its accuracy is “easily ascertainable through certified public



                                              17
records.” Ditto, 665 So. 2d at 881. The tax anticipation note was authorized in October 2014,

and the validation took place in December 2014. The 2014-2015 budget would, therefore,

have been the last preceding annual tax levy. See Miss. Code Ann. § 19-9-27 (Rev. 2012).

¶30.   Section 19-9-27 limits the amount that can be borrowed by the Board to twenty-five

percent “of the estimated amount of taxes collected and to be collected under last preceding

annual tax levies for the particular fund for which said money is borrowed.” Miss. Code

Ann. § 19-9-27 (Rev. 2012) (emphasis added). According to Russell, the statute requires “the

amount to be borrowed to be tied to a ‘particular’ fund, and likewise tied to ad valorem taxes

that support that particular fund.”

¶31.   But first, the statute does not require that boards of supervisors borrow only from

estimated ad valorem taxes. In fact, the statute provides that “[t]he board of supervisors may

borrow said money, as hereinbefore provided, from any available fund in the county treasury,

or from any other source, and such loan shall be repaid in the manner herein provided.” Miss.

Code Ann. § 19-9-27 (Rev. 2012) (emphasis added).

¶32.   The second argument seems to be that the statute requires the board of supervisors to

select a “particular fund” from which the money is to be borrowed. Russell further writes that

“the stated purpose of the tax anticipation note was to borrow money to help provide cash

flow for the General Fund.” (Emphasis in original.) According to Russell, the county budget

for 2014-2015 “shows that only $4,061,700 would be generated by the ad valorem tax levy

to support the General Fund. Under those circumstances, the borrowing limit based on the




                                             18
sum of $4,061,700 is only $1,105,425,3 a sum that is $184,575 less than the $1.2 million

amount for the tax anticipation note.”

¶33.   Here, the Board declared its intention to borrow from the “ad valorem tax receipts of

the County for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2015,” which it “expected to be Six

Million One Hundred Seventy-Five Thousand Dollars ($6,175,000) for the General Fund.”

(Emphasis added.) So it does seem that, based on the 2014-2015 county budget, the

maximum “[a]mount necessary to be raised by tax levy” for the General Fund as shown on

the county’s 2014-2015 budget was twenty-five percent of $4,061,700, or $1,015,425.

¶34.   But Thomas L. Goodwin, part-time county administrator responsible for overseeing

the Board’s finances, formulating the county budget based on instructions from the Board,

and setting the tax levy accordingly, suggested that the General Fund indicated on the

county’s published budget and the general county operating fund were different:

       The general fund of this County is a general operating fund which has bonded
       debt, which has road and bridge, which has a general fund in it, but also we
       have other general expenses. We have fire fund in it. We have lots of funds in
       this, Your Honor, that go into the general fund of the County. The general fund
       of the County is a general operating fund which is the total County.

He testified that, in 2013, “the general operating fund of this County ha[d] a total tax—total

levy which are the taxes of $6,038,032,” and that amount was “[a] total.” The 2014-2015

budget indicates that the total levy was $6,204,344.

¶35.   While the statutory language does limit boards of supervisors to borrowing twenty-

five percent “of the estimated amount of taxes collected and to be collected under the last

       3
         Russell ostensibly means $1,015, 425, which is 25% of $4,061,700. This number
also is $184,575 less than $1,200,000, as Russell avers.

                                             19
preceding annual tax levies for the particular fund for which said money is borrowed,” the

statute permits boards of supervisors to borrow money “from any available fund in the county

treasury, or from any other source.” Miss. Code Ann. § 19-9-27 (Rev. 2012). This is

sufficiently broad to allow counties to borrow against total anticipated ad valorem tax

revenues from the preceding annual tax levy.

¶36.   Russell argues finally that Section 19-9-27 should be read in pari materia with

Sections 27-39-303 and 27-39-317. Mississippi Code Section 27-39-303 provides, in

pertinent part, that “[t]he board of supervisors of any county [may] levy ad valorem taxes on

taxable property in the respective counties in any one (1) year . . . for all general county

purposes . . . .” Miss. Code Ann. § 27-39-303 (Rev. 2010). Mississippi Code Section 27-39-

317 requires that, “[i]n making the levy of taxes, the board of supervisors shall specify, in its

order, the levy for each purpose . . . .” Miss. Code Ann. § 27-39-317 (Supp. 2015). Russell’s

arguments, however, are unavailing in light of Goodwin’s testimony that the numbers utilized

by the Board were based on the total ad valorem revenues in the general operating fund from

the preceding annual tax levies. Section 19-9-27 permits the Board to borrow money “from

any available fund in the county treasury, or from any other source.” Miss. Code Ann. § 19-9-

27 (Rev. 2012).

¶37.   We find no merit in Russell’s arguments and hold that the Humphreys County Board

of Supervisors did not exceed statutory limits in obtaining the tax anticipation note.

       IV.    Whether the Chancery Court of Humphreys County erred by
              refusing to consider testimony regarding the sufficiency of
              signatures of qualified electors on the petition protesting the tax
              anticipation note.


                                               20
¶38.   Russell contends that the chancellor, at the validation hearing, declined to allow him

to present evidence to contest the sufficiency of signatures of qualified electors who had

signed a petition protesting the tax anticipation note. According to Russell:

       Clearly, it would be a waste of judicial resources to require an objector such
       as the Appellant to seek an appeal on the petition signature issue, which would
       in all likelihood have been done through a bill of exceptions under Miss. Code
       Ann. § 11-51-75 filed in the circuit court, while also separately and
       contemporaneously objecting to the validity of the tax exemption note in the
       chancery court validation proceedings.

Section 19-9-27 provides the following:

       If, within the time of giving notice, twenty percent (20%), o[r] fifteen hundred
       (1500), whichever is less, of the qualified electors of the county shall protest
       or file a petition against the issuance of such notes, then such notes shall not
       be issued unless authorized by a three fifths (3/5) majority of the qualified
       electors of such county, voting at an election to be called and held for that
       purpose.

Miss. Code Ann. § 19-9-27 (Rev. 2012).

¶39.   Here, the Board determined that “[t]here are Seven Thousand and Seventeen (7,017)

qualified electors of the County and twenty percent (20%) of Seven Thousand and Seventeen

(7,017) is One Thousand Four Hundred and Three (1,403).” The Board found that, “[t]he

smaller of twenty percent (20%) of the qualified electors (which is 1,403) and One Thousand

Five Hundred (1,500) is One Thousand Four Hundred and Three (1,403).” The Board found

that 219 signatures had been removed from the petition, which initially had signatures of

1,579 qualified electors, and that “the remaining number of petitioning qualified electors is

One Thousand Three Hundred Sixty (1,360).” Therefore, the Board found that the number




                                             21
of signatures of qualified electors was “insufficient to require an election on the question of

the issuance of the proposed bonds . . . .”

¶40.   Section 19-9-27 does not provide a means by which the signatures on the petition may

be contested. Mississippi Code Section 11-51-75 provides that persons “aggrieved by a

judgment or decision of the board of supervisors . . . may appeal within ten (10) days from

the date of adjournment at which session the board of supervisors or municipal authorities

rendered such judgment or decision, and may embody the facts, judgment and decision in a

bill of exceptions,” which is to be transmitted to and heard by the circuit court sitting as an

appellate court. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-51-75 (Rev. 2012). However, Section 11-51-75 further

provides:

       [T]hat no appeal to the circuit court shall be taken from any order of the board
       of supervisors or municipal authorities which authorizes the issuance or sale
       of bonds, but all objections to any matters relating to the issuance and sale of
       bonds shall be adjudicated and determined by the chancery court, in
       accordance with the provisions of Sections 31-13-5 to 31-13-11, both
       inclusive, of the Mississippi Code of 1972. And all rights of the parties shall
       be preserved and not foreclosed, for the hearing before the chancery court, or
       the chancellor in vacation. . . .

Miss. Code Ann. § 11-51-75 (Rev. 2012). Mississippi Code Section 31-13-3 (Rev. 2010)

defines “bond” as “every form of written obligation that may be now or hereafter legally

issued by any county . . . .” Therefore, a tax anticipation note meets the statutory definition

of a bond pursuant to Section 31-13-3. As such, because Section 11-51-75 requires the

chancellor to adjudicate “all objections to any matters relating to the issuance and sale of

bonds . . . in accordance with the provisions of Sections 31-13-5 to 31-13-11,” it is necessary




                                              22
to examine those statutory provisions to determine whether the chancellor’s refusal to

consider the signatures on the petition constitutes reversible error.

¶41.   Mississippi Code Section 31-13-5 provides the following:

       When any county, municipality, school district, road district, drainage district,
       levee district, sea wall district, or any other district or subdivision authorized
       to issue bonds shall take steps to issue bonds for any purpose whatever, the
       officer or officers of such county, municipality, or district charged by law with
       the custody of the records of same shall, if the board issuing same so determine
       by order entered on its minutes, transmit to said bond attorney a certified copy
       of all legal papers pertaining to the issuance of said bonds, including
       transcripts of records and ordinances, proof of publication, and tabulation of
       vote, if any, and any other facts pertaining to said issuance. Said bond attorney
       shall thereupon as expeditiously as possible examine said legal papers, pass
       upon the sufficiency thereof, and render an opinion in writing, addressed to the
       board proposing to issue said bonds, as to the validity of same; and if any
       further action on the part of said board is necessary or any further data is
       desired, he shall indicate what is necessary to be done in the premises in order
       to make said bonds legal, valid, and binding. When in his opinion all necessary
       legal steps have been taken to make the said bond issue legal, valid, and
       binding, he shall render a written opinion to that effect and shall transmit all
       legal papers, together with his opinion, to the clerk of the chancery court of the
       county in which the district or municipality proposing to issue said bonds is
       situated, or if said district embraces more than one (1) county or parts of more
       than one county, then to the chancery clerk of any one of said counties. The
       chancery clerk shall file the same, enter the same on the docket of the chancery
       court, and shall promptly notify the chancellor of the district in writing that
       said papers are on file and the cause has been docketed. The chancellor shall
       then notify the chancery clerk to set the matter for hearing at some future date,
       not less than ten (10) days thereafter, and the clerk shall give not less than five
       (5) days’ notice by making at least one (1) publication in some paper published
       in the county where the case is docketed, addressed to the taxpayers of the
       county, municipality, or district proposing to issue said bonds, advising that the
       matter will be heard on the day named. If on the day set for hearing there is no
       written objection filed by any taxpayer to the issuance of said bonds, a decree
       approving the validity of same shall be entered by the chancellor; and if the
       chancellor be not present the clerk shall forward him the decree prepared by
       the state’s bond attorney for his signature, and shall enter the said decree upon
       his minutes in vacation.



                                               23
       If no written objection is filed to the validation of the bonds, certificates of
       indebtedness, or other written obligations which are being validated, by any
       taxpayer to the issuance of same, then the validation decree shall be final and
       forever conclusive from its date, and no appeal whatever shall lie therefrom.

       If at the hearing any taxpayer of the county, municipality, or district issuing
       said bonds appears and files, or has filed written objection to the issuance of
       said bonds, then the chancellor, or the chancery clerk if the chancellor be not
       present, shall set the case over for another day convenient to the chancellor,
       not less than ten days thereafter, and shall notify the bond attorney to appear
       and attend the hearing. On the hearing the chancellor may hear additional
       competent, relevant and material evidence under the rules applicable to such
       evidence in the chancery court, so as to inquire into the validity of the bonds
       or other obligations proposed to be issued, and enter a decree in accordance
       with his finding.

       Where written objections have been filed to the validation but not otherwise,
       if either party shall be dissatisfied with the decree of the chancellor, an appeal
       shall be granted as in other cases, provided such appeal be prosecuted and
       bond filed within twenty (20) days after the chancellor enters his decree.
       However, no appeal shall lie in any case unless written objection has been filed
       to the validation of the bonds or other obligations by the time set for the
       validation hearing. The chancery clerk shall certify the record to the supreme
       court as in other cases, and the supreme court shall hear the case as a
       preference case.

Miss. Code Ann. § 31-13-5 (Rev. 2010).4

       4
        The other code sections referenced by Section 11-51-75 include Section 31-13-7,
which provides the following:

       If the chancellor shall enter a decree confirming and validating said bonds and
       there shall be no appeal by either party from said decree, or if on appeal the
       supreme court enters its decree confirming and validating said bonds or other
       written obligations, the validity of said bonds or other written obligations so
       issued shall be forever conclusive against the county, municipality, or district
       issuing same; and the validity of said bonds or other written obligations shall
       never be called in question in any court in this state.

Miss. Code Ann. § 31-13-7 (Rev. 2010). Section 31-13-9 governs the requirements of the
county clerk in formalizing the issuance of the bonds by stamping, signing, and sealing the
document, itself. Miss. Code Ann. § 31-13-7 (Rev. 2010). Section 31-13-11 governs court

                                              24
¶42.   Here, the chancellor’s judgment validating the tax anticipation note stated that, “no

written objections have been filed by any taxpayer to the said validation.” Section 31-13-5

provides that “[i]f no written objection is filed to the validation of the bonds, . . . or other

written obligations that are being validated, by any taxpayer to the issuance of the same, then

the validation decree shall be final and forever conclusive from its date, and no appeal

whatever shall lie therefrom.” Miss. Code Ann. § 31-13-5 (Rev. 2010). So, if the chancellor

were correct that no written objections had been filed, it would be proper for this Court to

dismiss the appeal because, under Section 31-13-5, this Court has no jurisdiction to hear an

appeal where no written objection had been filed in the chancery court. Nevertheless, Russell

did provide a written objection to the validity of the tax anticipation note, which was marked

as having been filed by the Humphreys County Chancery Clerk on December 15, 2014.

¶43.   In part, Russell argued in his written objection that Section 19-9-27:

       [O]ffers a protection for the electors of the county should they feel the board
       is acting inappropriately. The code offers the chance for the electors to create
       a petition with 1500 signatures or 20%, whichever is less. We have a petition
       with over 2000 signatures (1579 certified by the circuit clerk[’]s office). The
       code offers a second chance for both parties by providing for a special
       election. What the code does not offer is the right for the board of supervisors
       to unilaterally have signatures removed from the petition.

(Emphasis in original.) The chancellor sustained objections by the county attorney when

Russell attempted to ask witnesses about the sufficiency of signatures on the petition; the

chancellor ruled that the “time has gone by for that” and that “[w]e’re just here on the

validation of the bond issue today.”



costs and bond attorney’s fees. Miss. Code Ann. § 31-13-11 (Rev. 2010).

                                              25
¶44.   We find that the chancellor erred in ruling that the time to consider the sufficiency of

the signatures had passed, because Section 11-51-75 states that “all objections to any matters

relating to the issuance and sale of bonds shall be adjudicated and determined by the

chancery court, in accordance with the provisions of Sections 31-13-5 to 31-13-11 . . . .”

(Emphasis added.) Without reference to any statute or rule of evidence, and without

providing this Court with insight into her reasoning, the chancellor declined to receive and/or

consider any evidence regarding the sufficiency of the signatures on the petition, despite the

statutory requirement to do so. Pursuant to Rule 101 of the Mississippi Rules of Evidence,

all chancellors are required to govern their proceedings in accordance with the Rules of

Evidence. M.R.E. 101. See also Miss. Code Ann. § 31-13-5 (Rev. 2010). In those

proceedings, “[a]ll relevant evidence is admissible. . . ,” unless otherwise provided by law.

M.R.E. 402. Section 31-13-5 does not afford chancellors discretion in admitting and/or

considering relevant evidence.

¶45.   This Court has held that:

       To warrant reversal, two elements must be shown: error, and injury to the party
       appealing. Error is harmless when it is trivial, formal, or merely academic, and
       not prejudicial to the substantial rights of the party assigning it, and where it
       in no way affects the final outcome of the case; it is prejudicial, and ground for
       reversal, only when it affects the final result of the case and works adversely
       to a substantial right of the party assigning it. . . .

Catholic Diocese of Natchez-Jackson v. Jaquith, 224 So. 2d 216, 221 (Miss. 1969). See also

Forrest v. State, 335 So. 2d 900, 903 (Miss.1976); Gray v. State, 799 So. 2d 53, 61 (Miss.

2001). The error occurred when the chancellor found that the time had passed for the

presentation of evidence as to the sufficiency of the signatures on the petition. Not only was

                                              26
it the correct time for Russell to present evidence of the sufficiency of the signatures on the

petition, but it was the only time.

¶46.   In today’s case, it is impossible to conclude that the exclusion of evidence regarding

the sufficiency of the signatures on the petition did not prejudice Russell’s substantial rights.

No one can know, absent the chancellor’s having heard and considered the evidence, whether

the petition contained a sufficient number of signatures.

¶47.   Russell is asking that this Court reverse the “judgment validating the Tax Anticipation

Note” and remand “so that the Tax Anticipation Note will be declared void.” Because the

chancellor erred in excluding evidence of the sufficiency of the signatures on Russell’s

petition, we reverse the judgment and remand this case to the chancellor. On remand, the

chancellor should hear evidence regarding the sufficiency of the signatures. In light of our

denial of the Board’s Motion for Leave to File Supplemental Record, the parties may file

evidence, if any, of the Board’s having satisfied the tax anticipation note. While it appears

to this Court that no legal purpose could be served by declaring a paid tax anticipation note

void, the chancellor should determine the effect of the Board’s satisfaction of the note on the

disposition of this case.

                                       CONCLUSION

¶48.   The Board’s Motion for Leave to File Supplemental Record with an affidavit, to the

effect that the tax anticipation note had been satisfied by the Humphreys County Board of

Supervisors, is denied, because Rule 10(e) does not contemplate adding to the record material

documenting what has occurred after the entry of a final judgment in the trial court. We hold



                                               27
that the Humphreys County Board of Supervisors did not exceed statutory limits in obtaining

the tax anticipation note. However, the chancellor’s refusal at the validation hearing to

consider the sufficiency of signatures of qualified electors, who signed a petition protesting

the tax anticipation note, constituted error. We therefore reverse the judgment of the

Humphreys County Chancery Court and remand this case to the chancellor for proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

¶49.   REVERSED AND REMANDED.

     WALLER, C.J., RANDOLPH, P.J., KING, MAXWELL AND BEAM, JJ.,
CONCUR. DICKINSON, P.J., CONCURS IN PART AND DISSENTS IN PART
WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY LAMAR AND COLEMAN,
JJ.
     DICKINSON, PRESIDING JUSTICE, CONCURRING IN PART AND
DISSENTING IN PART:

¶50.   I agree with much of the majority’s analysis and with its conclusion that this case must

be remanded for a hearing and determination of whether the Humphreys County Board of

Supervisors wrongfully removed signatures from the petition. But for two reasons, I strongly

disagree with the majority’s statement that “it appears to this Court that no legal purpose

could be served by declaring a paid tax anticipation note void . . . .”5

¶51.   First, if the majority truly has concluded that there could be “no legal purpose,” why

are we are remanding the case? It seems to me a bit presumptuous for my friends in the

majority to conclude gratuitously that, just because a note subject to statutory requirements

has been repaid, there can be no legal consequences to those who violated a statute in issuing

it. That issue was not raised, argued, or briefed by any party. Also, I doubt such an argument

       5
           Maj. Op. at ¶ 47.

                                              28
would work for a bank teller who “borrowed” money from the till and paid it back the next

day.

¶52.   What is more, the majority fails to consider that its “no legal purpose” conclusion

serves as quite a dangerous precedent. Tax anticipation notes frequently are used by political

subdivisions to make short-term loans in anticipation of revenues they anticipate receiving

in a few months. The Legislature has set forth strict legal limits for these loans.6 If, after

these loans are repaid in a few months, there would be “no legal purpose” for a taxpayer or

petitioner to challenge their legality, the statute requiring a public referendum is stripped of

any purpose. Stated another way, today’s majority stands as precedent for counties to borrow

money and then pay it back, rendering any legal challenge fruitless because, as the majority

puts it, there is “no legal purpose” in doing so.

¶53.   Finally, I cannot agree with the majority’s conclusion that on remand, “the chancellor

should determine the effect of the Board’s satisfaction of the note on the disposition of this

case.”7 That is a question of law that this Court should decide. And in my view—as a matter

of law, and for the reasons stated above—repayment of the note should have no effect

whatsoever on the disposition of this case. The disposition of this case should be a

determination by the trial court of whether or not the county violated the law in issuing the




       6
        See Miss. Code Ann. § 19-9-27 (Rev. 2012); Miss. Code Ann. § 31-13-5 (Rev.
2010); Miss. Code Ann. § 31-13-7 (Rev. 2010); Miss. Code Ann. § 27-39-303 (Rev. 2010);
Miss. Code Ann. § 27-39-317 (Supp. 2015); Miss. Code Ann. § 11-51-75 (Rev. 2012)
       7
           Maj. Op. at ¶ 47.

                                              29
note. If so, the validation should be reversed, and the chips should fall where they may. For

these reasons, I respectfully concur in part and dissent in part.

       LAMAR AND COLEMAN, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION.




                                              30
