                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2007 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


4-6-2007

Alevras v. Tacopina
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 05-5371




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                                                                NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 __________

                                      No. 05-5371


                                CHRIS G. ALEVRAS,

                                                 Appellant

                                          v.

                           JOSEPH TACOPINA,
                         TAMA BETH KUDMAN,
               JOSEPH BENFANTE, Individually, jointly and severally



                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the District of New Jersey
                              (D.C. Civ. No. 03-cv-03780)
                      District Judge: Honorable William H. Walls


                      Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                 February 26, 2007

                   Before: MCKEE and ALDISERT, Circuit Judges,
                                RESTANI*, Judge

                                 (Filed: April 6, 2007)



                                       OPINION



*
 Honorable Jane A. Restani, Chief Judge of the United States Court of International
Trade, sitting by designation.
RESTANI, Judge.

       Appellant Chris G. Alevras challenges an order of the District Court granting

summary judgment to Appellee Joseph Tacopina and his associates Tama Beth Kudman

and Joseph Benfante (collectively “Tacopina”). The District Court found that issues

essential to all of Alevras’s claims had been litigated in a prior petition under 28 U.S.C.

§ 2255 and were therefore precluded from relitigation. We will affirm.

                                     BACKGROUND

       This appeal arises from a malpractice suit filed by Alevras against the attorney he

hired to represent him in connection with a plea agreement. On February 18, 1997, a

federal grand jury returned a thirty-eight count indictment against Alevras, including one

count of mail fraud, five counts of bank fraud, one count of wire fraud, and thirty-one

counts of filing false claims.

       Alevras was arrested on February 19, 1997. At his arraignment before Magistrate

Judge Stanley R. Chesler, Alevras requested to proceed in forma pauperis. His request

was granted, and a court-appointed attorney, Jeffrey Bronster, was assigned to Alevras’s

case. In early March, Bronster and Alevras met with the Assistant United States Attorney

assigned to the case to discuss a plea bargain. The parties reached an agreement, and on

March 5, 1997, the prosecution sent Bronster a letter outlining the terms of Alevras’s

plea. The terms of the agreement called for Alevras to plead guilty to count three of the

indictment, bank fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344, and count eight, submission of a

false claim to the United States in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 287. In addition, Alevras

                                              2
would plead guilty to an information charging him with the unlawful possession of a

firearm by a felon, a violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). Alevras agreed,

and on March 19, 1997, the prosecutor added the one-count information for that charge.

That day, Alevras pled guilty to the charges identified in his plea agreement. The District

Court, Judge Joseph A. Greenaway Jr. presiding, released Alevras on bail pending

sentencing.

       On June 16, 1997, Alevras sent a letter to the court asking to replace Bronster with

private counsel. On June 20, Judge Greenaway granted Alevras’s request, giving him

until June 27, 1997, to find new counsel, on the condition that Alevras pay for Bronster’s

services. Alevras failed to respond to the District Court by the June 27 deadline, and a

status conference for the matter was set for July 1, 1997. After Alevras failed to appear

on July 1, pretrial services filed a notice stating that it could not locate Alevras, and

requested a warrant for his arrest. Judge Greenaway issued a bench warrant and Alevras

surrendered to the court on July 2. Judge Greenaway then held a hearing to determine

whether Alevras should be remanded into custody prior to sentencing. Without counsel

present, Alevras told the court that he had been incapacitated by an attack of depression

on June 30 and did not recover until the night of July 1. He also informed the Court that

he had retained Tacopina as his counsel. Judge Greenaway remanded Alevras pending

sentencing.

       As a result of his failure to appear on July 1, the prosecution sought to increase

Alevras’s offense level by five points – adding two points for obstruction of justice and

                                               3
withdrawing a three-point reduction for acceptance of responsibility in his original

agreement. Tacopina negotiated an amended plea agreement that eliminated the five-

point enhancement. In exchange, Alevras waived his right to seek to withdraw, appeal or

collaterally attack his guilty plea or sentence, except for a limited challenge to the

calculation of his criminal history category. On October 14, 1997, the District Court

accepted the amended plea agreement and sentenced Alevras to eighty-seven months of

imprisonment.

       Following sentencing, Alevras and Tacopina discussed the matter of an appeal.

Initially, Alevras did not state that he wanted Tacopina to file an appeal.1 Despite this

representation, on October 27, 1997, Alevras’s fiancée, Jackie DelGuercio, sent

Tacopina’s office a fax requesting that notice of appeal forms be sent to Alevras at Union

County Jail in Elizabeth, New Jersey. An employee at Tacopina’s office sent a copy of

the necessary appeal forms, plus instructions regarding a filing fee, to Alevras that day.

The letter was returned undelivered about one week later. Meanwhile, the time to appeal

Alevras’s sentence expired. On November 5, 1997, Tacopina filed a notice of appeal, but

only with respect to the unlawful possession charge, case number 97-00172 (the “172

case”). No notice of appeal was filed in the fraud and false claim case, 97-00099 (the “99

case”). On December 22, 1997, Tacopina filed a motion requesting leave to file the


1
       In prior litigation, Alevras maintained that he told Tacopina to file a notice of
appeal immediately after sentencing. Judge Greenaway held an evidentiary hearing and
found that Alevras’s account was untrue, and that Alevras indicated that he did not intend
to appeal following his sentencing hearing. We find no error in this regard.
                                              4
notice of appeal out of time. The District Court denied the motion on December 29,

1997, and this Court dismissed the appeal as untimely on March 20, 1998.

         On June 22, 1998, Alevras filed a pro se petition in the District Court under 28

U.S.C. § 2255, claiming that a number of his constitutional and statutory rights had been

violated. He claimed that Tacopina had been ineffective in failing to present valid

objections to the presentencing report, while instead pressing arguments that had no

chance of success. He also claimed that Tacopina had failed to preserve Alevras’s limited

right of appeal to his sentence. In addition, Alevras claimed that Judge Greenaway

violated his Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights by questioning him on July 2, 1997, in the

absence of counsel, had pressured him into accepting the amended plea agreement, and

should have recused himself because he had communicated with representatives from

pretrial services ex parte regarding Alevras’s failure to appear on July 1, 1997. See

Alevras v. United States, Civ. No. 98-3056, slip op. at 1–3 (D.N.J. July 28, 1999)

(“Alevras I”). Because Alevras had waived his right to bring a § 2255 petition in the

amended plea agreement, Judge Greenaway first considered whether there were grounds

to void the waiver provision, including whether Tacopina’s assistance had been

ineffective under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Judge Greenaway

found no such grounds, and dismissed the case on July 28, 1999.2 See Alevras I, slip op.

at 17.

2
 Because Judge Greenaway found the waiver enforceable, he did not “substantively
address the merits of Petitioner’s motion to vacate his sentence.” Alevras I, slip op. at 17.

                                               5
       Shortly after filing his § 2255 petition, in July 1998, Alevras filed a petition for a

writ of mandamus in this Court. See In re Alevras, No. 98-6228, slip op. at 2 (3d Cir. Jan.

28, 1999). In that petition, Alevras sought to have Judge Greenaway removed from his

case, and also sought review of Judge Greenaway’s order requiring him to pay Bronster.

Id., slip op. at 5. This court found that it could not revisit the order requiring repayment

because the issue should have been brought on direct appeal, but Alevras had failed to

timely appeal. Id. The court did conclude, however, that Alevras had not provided any

evidence showing that Judge Greenaway was biased. See id., slip op. at 7–9.

       Alevras then appealed the dismissal of his § 2255 petition. On October 23, 2000,

this Court issued a show cause order as to “why a certificate of appealability should not

be granted” as to whether :

              Alevras made a timely request of his counsel to file a notice
              of appeal; and (2) whether counsel represented to Alevras that
              the District Court stated that (a) if Alevras did not sign the
              amended plea agreement, the District Court would (i)
              immediately remand him to prison, and (ii) give Alevras a
              five point upward adjustment; and (b) if Alevras did sign the
              amended plea agreement, it would sentence Alevras at the low
              end of the guideline range.

Alevras v. United States, No. 99-5707 (3d Cir. Oct. 23, 2000) (order to show cause).

After receiving an answer from the government stating that a hearing on those issues

would be appropriate, this Court issued an order remanding not only for consideration of

“claims concerning the alleged involuntariness of [Alevras’s] amended plea agreement,”

but also “counsel’s alleged ineffectiveness for failing to file a timely direct appeal.”


                                              6
Alevras v. United States, No. 99-5707 (3d Cir. Jan. 31, 2001) (order granting limited

certificate of appealability and summary remand). This Court granted a certificate of

appealability and remanded for consideration of the issues identified in its order to show

cause.3

          On remand, Judge Greenaway conducted four days of evidentiary hearings, after

which he issued an opinion finding that Alevras never told Tacopina to file an appeal on

his behalf, and that Tacopina had not made any of the alleged statements to Alevras.

Alevras v. United States, Civ. No. 98-3056, slip op. at 14 (D.N.J. Nov. 5, 2001) (“Alevras

II”). Judge Greenaway reaffirmed that Alevras had waived his right to petition under

§ 2255, concluded that Tacopina had not been told to file an appeal, and dismissed the

case. Id. Alevras appealed, but the court denied a certificate of appealability on May 21,

2002, finding that “[i]n light of the district court’s findings, which are amply supported by

the record, the appellant has failed to make a substantial showing of the denial of a

constitutional right with regard to the claims in question.” Alevras v. United States, No.

01-4332 (3d Cir. May 21, 2002) (order denying certificate of appealability).

          After losing his § 2255 petition, Alevras proceeded to file suit against Tacopina in

New Jersey state court, alleging negligence and legal malpractice, willful and wanton

misconduct, breach of express or implied warranties, fraudulent misrepresentation,

3
  This Court vacated the order dismissing the § 2255 petition, but not the opinion issued
by Judge Greenaway. In remanding for consideration of these limited issues, and later
dismissing the entire petition following a hearing on those issues, we understand the
summary remand to have left in place Judge Greenaway’s determination with respect to
issues decided in Alevras I, but not remanded for reconsideration.
                                                7
fraudulent concealment, breach of fiduciary duty, and failure of consideration. After

removing the case to federal court, Tacopina moved for summary judgment. The District

Court, Judge William H. Walls presiding, found that issues essential to all of Alevras’s

claims had already been litigated in Alevras’s § 2255 petition, and were therefore barred

by the doctrine of issue preclusion. Alevras v. Tacopina, 399 F. Supp. 2d 567, 575

(D.N.J. 2005). Alevras appeals, claiming that the District Court improperly applied the

standard for issue preclusion and failed to consider claims that were not decided in the

§ 2255 petition.

                      JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

       The District Court had diversity jurisdiction, under 28 U.S.C. § 1332, because

Alevras is a resident of New Jersey and Appellees are from New York. We have

jurisdiction to consider this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Because this case arises

on diversity jurisdiction, we apply the substantive law of the relevant state, New Jersey.

The preclusive effect of prior federal judgments, such as Alevras’s § 2255 motion,

however, is governed by federal law. See Purdy v. Zeldes, 337 F.3d 253, 258 n.5 (2d Cir.

2003) (“It is well established that federal law on collateral estoppel applies to determine

the preclusive effect of a prior federal judgment.”); see also 18B Charles Allan Wright,

Arthur R. Miller & Edward H. Cooper, Federal Practice & Procedure § 4472 (2d ed.

2002) (noting that state courts are ordinarily obliged to apply federal law to determine the

preclusive effect of a federal question judgment, and concluding that federal courts acting

in diversity must do the same). We review the District Court’s decision to grant summary

                                              8
judgment de novo, applying the same standard as the District Court. If we determine –

after drawing all inferences in favor of Alevras, and making all credibility determinations

in his favor – that no reasonable jury could find for him, summary judgment is

appropriate. See Schoonejongen v. Curtiss-Wright Corp., 143 F.3d 120, 130 (3d Cir.

1998).

         DISCUSSION

         Alevras alleges that Tacopina made numerous errors constituting legal malpractice

under New Jersey law. His first set of claims relate to Tacopina’s representation prior to

and during sentencing. Alevras clams that Tacopina failed to seek Judge Greenaway’s

recusal, failed to object to “uncounseled statements” made at the July 2 bail hearing,

failed to object to the five-point enhancement proposed by the prosecution, failed to

pursue a seven-day sentence credit under U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(b) (based on his ongoing

criminal prosecution in New Jersey), and failed to challenge Judge Greenaway’s order

requiring Alevras to pay court-appointed counsel as a condition of obtaining private

counsel. Alevras’s second set of allegations stem from the period immediately after

sentencing. Alevras claims that, during this time, Tacopina allowed the FBI to take title

in Alevras’s Walther PPK pistol without consent, caused him to forfeit his right to appeal

his sentence by failing to comply with DelGuercio’s instructions faxed on October 27,

1997, misfiled his notice of appeal by filing it too late, and failed to mention the “99

case” in that notice. Finally, Alevras alleges that the motion to file out of time constituted




                                              9
malpractice because, among other things, it was filed late and did not effectively assert

“excusable neglect.”

       Tacopina argues that these claims have already been decided by Judge

Greenaway’s judgment dismissing Alevras’s § 2255 petition. Under the federal law of

issue preclusion, Tacopina bears the burden to show that:

               (1) the identical issue was decided in a prior adjudication; (2)
               there was a final judgment on the merits; (3) the party against
               whom the bar is asserted was a party or in privity with a party
               to the prior adjudication; and (4) the party against whom the
               bar is asserted had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the
               issue in question.

Bd. of Trs. of Trucking Employees of No. Jersey Welfare Fund, Inc. v. Centra, 983 F.2d

495, 505 (3d Cir. 1992).

       There is no question that Alevras, the party against whom preclusion is sought, is

the same party who brought the § 2255 action. There is also no question that Judge

Greenaway issued two final determinations resulting in dismissal of Alevras’s § 2255

petition. Indeed, the record shows that Judge Greenaway held multiple days of

evidentiary hearings to resolve the particular issues of fact. Thus, elements two and three

of the issue preclusion test are satisfied.

       The key questions before this Court are whether the issues decided by Judge

Greenaway are the same as issues essential to Alevras’s malpractice suit, and whether

Alevras had a full and fair opportunity to litigate those issues. To apply issue preclusion,

a court need not find that the claims in two separate actions were identical; rather,


                                              10
identical factual or legal issues may be material to both actions, even if the claims they

support are somewhat different. Witkowski v. Welch, 173 F.3d 192, 203 (3d Cir. 1999)

(“Even if there was not a precise identity of the ‘causes of action’ asserted, it would be of

no legal consequence; there is no such requirement for the application of issue preclusion.

Only the issues need be the same.”). Unlike claim preclusion, however, a court cannot

automatically conclude that the mere opportunity to litigate a particular legal issue in a

prior action is sufficient to warrant preclusion. Issue preclusion does not apply if an issue

has not been actually raised, considered, and decided in a manner necessary to the prior

judgment. McCord v. Bailey, 636 F.2d 606, 609 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (“For this doctrine to

apply, the same issue must be at stake in both cases, and the issue must have been

litigated and decided in the first suit.”).

A.     Did Judge Greenaway Address the Same Issues Raised in Alevras’s Claim?

       We begin with the question of which factual and legal claims essential to Alevras’s

complaint are identical to issues resolved in prior litigation. To prove legal malpractice

under New Jersey law, Alevras must show: “1) the existence of an attorney-client

relationship creating a duty of care upon the attorney; 2) that the attorney breached the

duty owed; 3) that the breach was the proximate cause of any damages sustained; and 4)

that actual damages were incurred.” Sommers v. McKinney, 670 A.2d 99, 103 (N.J.

Super. Ct. App. Div. 1996) (citing Albright v. Burns, 503 A.2d 386 (N.J. Super. Ct. App.

Div. 1986)). We must consider whether any of the issues previously litigated are

essential to Alevaras’s claim for malpractice, given the allegations in his complaint.

                                              11
       In this case, Alevras alleges that Tacopina negligently failed to object to Judge

Greenaway’s decision not to recuse himself following his ex parte communication with

pretrial services. In Alevras I, Judge Greenaway was asked to recuse himself, but

declined to do so. Id., slip op. at 3. In response to Alevras’s petition for mandamus, this

Court likewise concluded that “none of [his] allegations would cause a reasonable person

to question [Judge Greenaway’s] impartiality.” In re Alevras, No. 98-6228, slip op. at 8.

This Court has also denied a certificate of appealability to Alevras’s § 2255 petition,

which raised the recusal issue, concluding that Alevras “failed to make a substantial

showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” Alevras v. United States, No. 01-4332

(order denying certificate of appealability). Prior litigation establishes that Alevras’s

claim for recusal was meritless. Thus, Alevras could not have suffered actual damages

from Tacopina’s failure to raise the issue. Alevras is therefore precluded from bringing a

malpractice action based on Tacopina’s failure to seek Judge Greenaway’s recusal.

       Alevras also claims that Tacopina was negligent in not objecting to “uncounseled

statements” made at the July 2, 1997 hearing, and in failing to appeal the results of that

hearing. In Alevras I, Judge Greenaway considered whether he had violated Alevras’s

Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights by questioning him without an attorney present on July

2. Id., slip op. at 2. Judge Greenaway found that “Tacopina’s failure to advise Petitioner

to reject the Amended Plea Agreement, based on Petitioner’s statements to the Court on

July 2, 1997, d[id] not render Tacopina’s representation . . . ineffective.” Id., slip op. at

13. Judge Greenaway found that Alevras, “who appeared without his attorneys, spoke

                                              12
voluntarily.” Id., slip op. at 13. Judge Greenaway also found that “[t]he government did

not use [Alevras’s] July 2, 1997 statements as the reason for the proposed enhancement to

his offense level.” Id., slip op. at 17. Alevras’s malpractice claim is premised on an

assumption that actual damages resulted from his “uncounseled statements.” Prior

litigation establishes that those statements were voluntary, that Tacopina was not

ineffective for advising Alevras to take the Amended Plea Agreement despite those

statements, and that those statements had no impact on the government’s decision to seek

a five-point enhancement. See Alevras I, slip op. at 17. These facts preclude relitigation

of this issue in Alevras’s malpractice suit.

       Alevras claims that Tacopina was negligent in negotiating an amended plea to

eliminate the five-point sentence enhancement, instead of challenging the plea agreement

and five-point enhancement in court. In Alevras I, Judge Greenaway thoroughly

considered Tacopina’s negotiation of the amended plea and concluded that his conduct

was “objectively reasonable.” Id., slip op. at 12. Judge Greenaway noted that the plea

agreement had the virtue of “ensur[ing] a lighter sentence,” while withdrawing his plea

would expose Alevras to an uncertain outcome. Id. In seeking a certificate of

appealability, Alevras again pressed his claims that Tacopina was ineffective in advising

him to accept the amended plea. In response, this Court refused to remand for

reconsideration of these arguments, and ultimately concluded that Alevras did not make a

“substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right with regard to the claims in

question.” Alevras v. United States, No. 01-4332 (order denying certificate of

                                               13
appealability). These findings preclude Alevras’s claim that Tacopina was negligent in

failing to challenge the five-point enhancement and in advising his client to accept the

amended plea agreement.

       Judge Greenaway’s finding that Tacopina’s representation was not ineffective in

negotiating the amended plea agreement also precludes relitigation of Alevras’s claim

that Tacopina was negligent in failing to argue for a credit pursuant to U.S.S.G.

§ 5G1.3(b). Under the relevant provision, a federal court is required to “run [a] federal

sentence concurrently to [an] undischarged term of [a state] sentence.” United States v.

Dorsey, 166 F.3d 558, 559 (3d Cir. 1999) (citing U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(b)). Section 5G1.3(b)

also allows courts to order that credit be given for time already served on a related state

sentence prior to federal sentencing. Id. at 559, 563. Alevras claims that, although he

was not subject to any related state sentence at the time he was sentenced in federal court,

he had already pled guilty to a state charge based on some of the conduct discussed in the

federal indictment. According to Alevras, because entry of his federal sentence did not

occur until his surrender date, October 21, 1997, and he was sentenced in New Jersey

court on October 20, he should have received a seven day credit matching a credit he

allegedly received on his New Jersey sentence. Alevras argues that he could not have

raised this issue before Judge Greenaway because improper application of the Guidelines

is not a “fundamental defect” in the proceedings that may be attacked under § 2255. See

United States v. Cepero, 224 F.3d 256, 267–68 (3d Cir. 2000) (holding that




                                             14
misapplication of the guidelines does not automatically constitute a “fundamental defect”

in the proceedings reviewable under § 2255).

       Nevertheless, Alevras could have argued in his § 2255 petition that Tacopina’s

failure to raise the § 5G1.3(b) argument at sentencing was evidence of ineffective

assistance of counsel. See Jansen v. United States, 369 F.3d 237, 244 (3d Cir. 2004)

(finding that trial counsel may be found ineffective for failing to pursue sentencing

guideline reduction) (citing United States v. Headley, 923 F.2d 1079, 1084 (3d Cir.

1991)). Ineffective assistance of counsel may be challenged under § 2255, and therefore

this argument could have been presented as evidence in favor of Alevras’s § 2255

petition.

       Issue preclusion may be used to bar the introduction of additional evidence in

order to prevent relitigation of a legal issue decided in a prior case. See Restatement

(Second) of Judgments § 27 illus. 4 (explaining that “[i]t is reasonable to require [a

plaintiff] to bring forward all evidence in support of . . . alleged negligence in the initial

proceeding”). Alevras had the opportunity to challenge Tacopina’s competence, prior to

and at the sentencing hearing, in his § 2255 petition. Alevras’s failure to assert the

§ 5G1.3(b) issue in favor of that claim does not give him the right to relitigate Tacopina’s

effectiveness again in this separate action.

       Next, Alevras contends that Tacopina was negligent for failing to comply with

DelGuercio’s instructions to mail him his appeal forms for pro se filing. Under the terms

of his plea agreement, Alevras was entitled to challenge his criminal history category on

                                               15
appeal. Alevras’s failure to file a timely notice of appeal deprived him of that right.

Although Alevras I addressed only the effectiveness of Alevras’s waiver, the remand

order from this court specifically instructed Judge Greenaway to consider Tacopina’s

failure to file a timely direct appeal. Alevras v. Tacopina, No. 99-5707 (3d Cir. Jan. 31,

2001) (order summarily remanding petition). The remand order thus required Judge

Greenaway to go beyond consideration of the voluntariness of Alevras’s waiver in order

to address whether Tacopina had been ineffective in failing to preserve Alevras’s limited

right to appeal his criminal history category. Judge Greenaway specifically considered

whether Tacopina had failed to follow Alevras’s instructions regarding the appeal, and

concluded that Alevras had “failed to make any request of his counsel to file a notice of

appeal on his behalf, let alone a timely one.” Alevras II, slip op. at 11. Judge Greenaway

also determined that Tacopina “complied with DelGuercio’s request and forwarded said

forms to the requested address.” Id., slip op. at 12. The judgment in Alevras II

establishes that Tacopina did comply with DelGuercio’s instructions, thus precluding a

malpractice claim based on Tacopina’s alleged failure to comply with those instructions.

       Alevras presses the claim that Tacopina was negligent in filing an appeal in an

attempt to preserve Alevras’s rights, despite his apparent intent to proceed pro se.

(Appellant’s Br. 22.) This court remanded Alevras’s § 2255 petition for consideration of

“counsel’s alleged ineffectiveness for failing to file a timely direct appeal,” specifically,

whether Alevras had instructed Tacopina to file an appeal. Alevras v. United States, 99-

5707 (order granting certificate of appealability). Judge Greenaway addressed the issue

                                              16
remanded by this Court, concluding that Alevras did not order Tacopina to file an appeal.

This Court denied a certificate of appealability, concluding that Alevras had made no

substantial showing that he was denied any constitutional rights, including the right to

effective assistance of counsel in connection with his appeal to his criminal history

category. Alevras v. United States, No. 01-4332 (order denying certificate of

appealability).

       Alevras now seeks to turn the conclusion of the District Court on its head – while

he once claimed that Tacopina was ineffective because he failed to file an appeal, he now

claims that Tacopina was negligent because he did. Under either set of facts, however,

the ultimate question has already been decided; Tacopina’s handling of Alevras’s appeal

was not deficient under Strickland. As noted, issue preclusion may be used to prevent the

introduction of new facts to undermine a finally determined issue. See Del. River Port

Auth. v. Fraternal Order of Police, 290 F.3d 567, 578 n.22 (3d Cir. 2002) (finding that if

an issue of law is decided in prior litigation “‘new arguments may not be presented to

obtain a different determination of that issue’”) (quoting Restatement (Second) of

Judgments § 27 cmt. c); Yamaha Corp. of Am. v. United States, 961 F.2d 245, 254 (D.C.

Cir. 1992) (“[O]nce an issue is raised and determined, it is the entire issue that is

precluded, not just the particular arguments raised in support of it in the first case.”);

Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 27 cmt. c (“[I]f the party against whom preclusion

is sought did in fact litigate an issue of ultimate fact and suffered an adverse




                                              17
determination, new evidentiary facts may not be brought forward to obtain a different

determination of that ultimate fact.”).4

B.     Did Judge Greenaway Resolve These Issues At A Burden Of Proof Equal To,
       Or Greater Than, That Required Under New Jersey Law?

       Having found that the issues Judge Greenaway decided in disposing of Alevras’s

§ 2255 petition are identical to the issues essential to the success of Alevras’s malpractice

claims, we must now decide whether a sufficiently rigorous standard of proof was applied


4
  Only two of Alevras’s remaining claims bear further mention. Alevras claims that
Tacopina negligently failed to challenge or timely appeal Judge Greenaway’s order
requiring Alevras to pay Bronster’s fee as a prerequisite to obtaining private counsel. The
order requiring repayment was entered on June 24, 1997. The time to appeal such an
order was within ten days of its entry. Fed. R. App. Pro. 4(b)(1)(A). Because Tacopina
did not appear in the case until July 11, 1997, Alevras, not Tacopina, is to blame for
failing to appeal the order requiring payment to Bronster. Furthermore, even if the
Bronster payment order could have been appealed after sentencing, Alevras did not order
Tacopina to file an appeal.
        Alevras also argues that Tacopina was negligent in letting the FBI take title to a
pistol recovered from a search of Alevras’s office. Alevras claims that he intended for
Tacopina to convey the pistol to his fiancée’s brother. Generally, a felon cannot succeed
on a claim for the return of a firearm, including a claim that would result in constructive
possession, such as Alevras’s proposed conveyance. See United States v. Smith, 142 F.
App’x 100, 102 (3d Cir. 2005) (per curiam) (holding that a felon was not entitled to the
return of his firearms, because he “c[ould] not lawfully possess guns and ammunition nor
c[ould] he request that these items be transferred to the custody of his wife”) (citing
United States v. Felici, 208 F.3d 667, 670 (8th Cir. 2000)).
        New Jersey typically relies on a “suit-within-a-suit” method of proving causation
and damages in cases involving an economic loss resulting from malpractice. See
Conklin v. Hannoch Weisman, 678 A.2d 1060, 1071(N.J. 1996). Under this approach,
even if an attorney acts negligently, for example, by missing a statute of limitations
deadline, “a plaintiff must still establish that . . . the action . . . would have resulted in a
favorable recovery.” Id. Because Alevras had no right to possess the pistol, even
constructively, he cannot show that his claim to the pistol would have succeeded.
Therefore, he cannot show that Tacopina’s alleged negligence resulted in actual damages.


                                              18
to justify Judge Walls’s use of issue preclusion. As a general rule, issue preclusion,

unlike claim preclusion, “may be defeated by shifts in the burden of persuasion or by

changes in the degree of persuasion required.” 18 Federal Practice & Procedure § 4422;

see also Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Penn. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 288 F.3d 519, 525 (3d

Cir. 2002) (citing Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 28 (1980)). Judge Greenaway, in

deciding whether Alevras’s waiver was knowing and intelligent, was obligated to

consider whether Tacopina’s advice to accept the waiver was the result of ineffective

assistance of counsel under Strickland. Alevras claims that his burden to prove

ineffective assistance of counsel under Strickland was heavier than his burden to prove

malpractice under New Jersey law. New Jersey has not addressed whether the standard

of constitutional ineffectiveness under Strickland is equivalent to New Jersey’s negligent

breach of the duty to professionally represent a criminal defendant. Consequently, our

task is to compare the standards and predict how New Jersey would interpret its

malpractice law based on the sources available to us. See Clark v. Modern Group Ltd., 9

F.3d 321, 326–27 (3d Cir. 1993).

       In order to show that criminal counsel’s representation was ineffective under the

Sixth Amendment, a petitioner must show:

              First . . . that counsel’s performance was deficient. This
              requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that
              counsel was not functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the
              defendant by the Sixth Amendment. Second, the defendant
              must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the
              defense. This requires showing that counsel’s errors were so


                                             19
                serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose
                result is reliable.

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. Strickland and New Jersey law impose similar standards of

care. Strickland requires proof that an attorney did not act within “prevailing professional

norms.” Id. at 688. Under New Jersey law, a claim of negligent malpractice depends on

the “knowledge, skill and ability ordinarily possessed and exercised by members of the

legal profession similarly situated.” Vort v. Hollander, 607 A.2d 1339, 1342 (N.J. Super.

Ct. App. Div. 1992). Alevras points out, however, that Strickland requires a reviewing

court to “indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range

of reasonable professional assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. Alevras claims New

Jersey tort law imposes no such presumption on a malpractice plaintiff, and that this

disparity results in a significantly heavier burden in a § 2255 petition than a malpractice

claim.

         We do not agree with Alevras that the first prong of Strickland alters the burden of

proof in a manner that defeats issue preclusion. Both Strickland and New Jersey law

place the burdens of persuasion and production squarely on the shoulders of the party

claiming ineffective or negligent assistance of counsel. Compare Strickland, 466 U.S. at

687, with Kranz v. Tiger, 914 A.2d 854, 860 (N.J. Ct. App. Div. 2007); Sommers, 670

A.2d at 103. Both claims are proven by a preponderance of the evidence. Compare

Bowen v. Blaine, 243 F. Supp. 2d 296, 307 (E.D. Pa. 2003) (stating that Strickland

“requires a claimant to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that . . . ‘his or her


                                                20
attorney’s performance was, under all the circumstances, unreasonable under prevailing

professional norms’”) (quoting United States v. Day, 969 F.2d 39, 42 (3d Cir. 1992)),

with Sommers, 670 A.2d at 103 (“The client bears the burden of proving by a

preponderance of competent credible evidence that injuries were suffered as a proximate

consequence of the attorney’s breach of duty.”).5

       Finally, Alevras argues that issue preclusion should not apply in his malpractice

case because the rules governing petitions under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 impeded his ability to

conduct discovery and to call witnesses. (Appellant’s Br. 28.) He also argues that he was

required to produce objective evidence in favor of his § 2255 petition, while his

malpractice action did not require such evidence. (Appellant’s Br. 28 (citing United

States v. Jones, 336 F.3d 245, 254 (3d Cir. 2003)).) Looking to the record in this case, it

is evident that Judge Greenaway considered the testimony of numerous witnesses, and

that Alevras was given a meaningful opportunity to confront those witnesses to present

his case. He was also permitted to submit an expert affidavit and various documents.

Jones does not demonstrate a strict requirement for objective evidence to show ineffective

       5
          Judge Walls suggested that Alevras’s failure to obtain exoneration in his claims
for post-conviction relief might prevent a finding that Tacopina’s representation was the
proximate cause of his harm. Alevras v. Tacopina, 399 F. Supp. 2d at 574 n.2. Many
courts have held that a malpractice plaintiff is required to obtain post-conviction relief
prior to filing suit for malpractice. Typically, such a requirement is justified by the
reasoning that it is the former client’s conviction, not the attorney’s malpractice, which is
the proximate cause of his injury. See Alampi v. Russo, 785 A.2d 65, 70–71 (N.J. Super.
Ct. App. Div. 2001) (summarizing cases). New Jersey has declined to accept such a
“bright line” rule for all cases. Id. at 72. In any case, we have no need to resolve this
issue here.


                                             21
assistance of counsel. In that case, the court concluded that the petitioner was not

credible because his testimony was “undermined by his own statements in the record.”

Jones, 336 F.3d at 255. In addition to his lack of credibility, the court also considered the

absence of objective evidence to support his new claims, and found no evidence of

ineffective assistance of counsel. Id.; see also Purdy, 337 F.3d at 259 (doubting that the

Second Circuit has adopted a “strict objective evidence rule”). In any case, Alevras did

not fail because of any unusual standard applicable to § 2255 petitions. He simply was

not found credible.

       Consequently, we find that the judgment issued by Judge Greenaway is entitled to

preclusive effect on the issues necessarily decided in Alevras’s § 2255 claim.

Furthermore, we see no inequity or abuse of discretion in Judge Walls’s decision to apply

issue preclusion under the circumstances of this case.

       Accordingly, the District Court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of

Appellants is AFFIRMED.

___________________________




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