                                                          NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                       FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                            ____________

                                  No. 15-2906
                                 ____________

                        SONIA CRUZ-HERNANDEZ,

                                             Petitioner

                                        v.

         ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                       ____________

                       On Petition for Review from an
                  Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
                     (Board No. BIA-1: A205-722-426)
                 Immigration Judge: Roxanne C. Hladylowycz
                                ____________

              Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                               June 21, 2016

      Before: FISHER, GREENAWAY, JR. and ROTH, Circuit Judges.

                             (Filed: August 3, 2016)
                                  ____________

                                   OPINION*
                                 ____________




*   This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
    does not constitute binding precedent.
FISHER, Circuit Judge.

     Petitioner Sonia Cruz-Hernandez asks us to review an order of the Board of

Immigration Appeals (BIA) dismissing her appeal from an immigration judge’s

decision denying her application for withholding of removal under the

Immigration and Nationality Act and the Convention Against Torture. We hold

that substantial evidence supported the BIA’s decision and will deny the petition

for review.

                                          I

     We write principally for the parties, who are familiar with the factual

context and legal history of the case. Therefore, we set forth only those facts that

are necessary to our analysis.

     Cruz-Hernandez is a citizen of Honduras. In May 2014, Cruz-Hernandez

illegally reentered the United States after having been removed from the United

States in 2012. The Department of Homeland Security conducted a review and

ordered that Cruz-Hernandez’s 2012 removal order be reinstated. Cruz-

Hernandez applied for withholding of removal under the Immigration and

Naturalization Act and the Convention Against Torture. She had a withholding
proceeding before an immigration judge, and she testified about her situation in

Honduras as follows:

     Cruz-Hernandez had a relationship with Orbin Ramon Rodriguez-Mesa and
together they had a son. Although Cruz-Hernandez and Rodriguez-Mesa never

legally married, she considered herself married to him. Cruz-Hernandez’s

relationship with Rodriguez-Mesa ended and they separated. Cruz-Hernandez
remained close with Rodriguez-Mesa’s family and lived with Rodriguez-Mesa’s



                                         2
father and mother, her son’s grandparents. Cruz-Hernandez worked at an Internet

café owned by her son’s grandmother. The grandparents also owned a successful

farm.

    In April 2013, the family began receiving threats from individuals in the

community who demanded that Cruz-Hernandez’s son’s grandfather give them

money and his farm. In July 2013, the family Internet café business was

burglarized. A month later, two men came to the Internet café while Cruz-

Hernandez was working. One of the men had a gun in his waistband and told

Cruz-Hernandez that he would kill her and her son if she said anything to the

authorities about the theft or threats. Two other men similarly threatened her in

September 2013. Later in September, Cruz-Hernandez’s son’s grandfather was

shot to death while walking home at night. None of his personal belongings had

been taken. Cruz-Hernandez believed that he was killed in retaliation for refusing

to turn over his land and money.

    After the murder, Cruz-Hernandez’s son’s grandmother and others in the

family continued receiving threats. Cruz-Hernandez felt that she was a prisoner

in her own house. She came to the United States with her son in May 2014. Cruz-
Hernandez remained in contact with the family while these immigration

proceedings were ongoing in the United States, and she reported that the threats

against the family have continued. Her son’s grandmother still owns the
farmland, but she had to close the Internet café. Cruz-Hernandez feels it would

be unsafe to return anywhere in Honduras.

    The immigration judge found that Cruz-Hernandez’s testimony was

credible. Nevertheless, the immigration judge denied her applications, finding



                                         3
that she had not established that she was part of a particular social group, that her

son’s grandfather was murdered due to his membership in that social group, that

she could not safely live in another part of Honduras, that the government of

Honduras was unwilling or unable to help her, and that she would more likely

than not be harmed if she returned to Honduras. Cruz-Hernandez appealed this

decision to the BIA. The BIA dismissed the appeal because the immigration

judge’s finding that Cruz-Hernandez had not established a clear probability of

persecution or torture was not clearly erroneous.

     Cruz-Hernandez filed a petition for review of the BIA decision. Cruz-

Hernandez argues that the BIA should not have applied the clearly erroneous

standard to the immigration judge’s decision. Cruz-Hernandez raised numerous

other arguments in her opening brief, but these arguments relate to issues

considered by the immigration judge and not addressed by the BIA. Our review

is limited to the BIA’s decision, and therefore we do not consider these

alternative arguments.1

                                         II

     We have jurisdiction over this petition for review under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(a)(1). Where the BIA decides a matter on the merits, we review the

decision of the BIA, not that of the immigration judge.2 We consider the BIA’s

legal conclusions de novo.3 We review the BIA’s factual findings under the



1.   Kaplun v. Attorney Gen., 602 F.3d 260, 265 (3d Cir. 2010).
2.   Id.
3.   Mahn v. Attorney Gen., 767 F.3d 170, 173 (3d Cir. 2014). This de novo
     review is generally subject to Chevron deference, but where, as here, we are

                                          4
substantial evidence standard and will reverse those findings only “if there is

evidence so compelling that no reasonable factfinder could conclude as the BIA

did.”4

     An alien is entitled to withholding of removal under the Immigration and

Nationality Act “if the Attorney General decides that the alien’s life or freedom

would be threatened in [the country the alien is removed to] because of the

alien’s race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or

political opinion.”5 The applicant bears the burden of establishing a clear

probability that the applicant’s life or freedom would be threatened, meaning that

it must be more likely than not that the applicant would be subject to

persecution.6 To constitute persecution, the actor causing the harm must be the

government or forces that the government is unwilling or unable to control.7

     The BIA dismissed Cruz-Hernandez’s appeal because it concluded that the

immigration judge did not commit clear error in finding that Cruz-Hernandez had

not established a clear probability of persecution in Honduras. Cruz-Hernandez

asserts that whether she established a clear probability of persecution is a mixed

question of law and fact that the BIA should have reviewed de novo. It is a mixed
question of law and fact, but we nevertheless conclude that the BIA applied, if

inarticulately, the correct standard.


     reviewing an unpublished decision of a single member of the BIA, Chevron
     deference does not apply. Id.
4.   Kayembe v. Ashcroft, 334 F.3d 231, 234 (3d Cir. 2003).
5.   8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A).
6.   Toussaint v. Attorney Gen., 455 F.3d 409, 413 (3d Cir. 2006).
7.   Lie v. Ashcroft, 396 F.3d 530, 537 (3d Cir. 2005).


                                          5
     An immigration judge’s predictive judgment of the likelihood of harm based

on the facts in the record is a factual finding reviewed for clear error.8 Here, the

immigration judge found that Cruz-Hernandez’s fear of harm upon return to

Honduras was undercut by the fact that her family members, including her son’s

grandmother, have remained unharmed in Honduras. The BIA correctly reviewed

this factual finding for clear error.

     Other aspects of the ultimate question of whether Cruz-Hernandez established

a clear probability of persecution are legal issues. For example, “persecution” itself

is a legal term of art, and whether harm rises to the level of persecution is a legal

question that the BIA reviews de novo.9 The BIA did not need to address this legal

question in this case. Having found that Cruz-Hernandez had not shown that she

was likely to be harmed upon returning to Honduras, the BIA did not need to

consider whether any harm would amount to persecution.10

     The BIA was correct to cite Kaplun for the proposition that “determinations

as to the likelihood of future events are reviewed for clear error.”11 In this

formulation, however, “future events” refers to specific factual occurrences such

as imprisonment, extortion, or physical harm.12 This is distinct from the ultimate

8.   See Kaplun, 602 F.3d at 270 (considering the likelihood of torture).
9.   See id. at 271 (“Torture is a term of art, and whether imprisonment, beating,
     and extortion are severe enough to rise to the level of torture is a legal
     question.”).
10. Cruz-Hernandez argued in her brief that the BIA must first review de novo
    whether or not the harm Cruz-Hernandez fears will occur upon return to
    Honduras constitutes persecution, but she offered no authority for this
    proposition and we do not find it meritorious.
11. (A.R. 4.)
12. See Kaplun, 602 F.3d at 270–71.


                                           6
question of whether an applicant established a clear probability of persecution (or

torture), which is a not a pure question of fact. The BIA thus misstated the

standard of review. But because the BIA actually based its decision on a factual

finding—the likelihood Cruz-Hernandez would be harmed if she returned to

Honduras—we conclude that there was no reversible error. The BIA did not

erroneously apply a clear error standard to any legal questions.

    Having concluded that the BIA applied the correct standard of review, we

now ask whether substantial evidence supported the BIA’s finding that Cruz-

Hernandez had not established a clear likelihood of harm in Honduras. We

conclude that there is substantial evidence. Although Cruz-Hernandez was

threatened, she was never physically harmed. Her son’s grandmother has also

received threats, but she continues to own the family’s land and she has not been

harmed. These facts are sufficient to persuade a rational factfinder that Cruz-

Hernandez had not established a clear likelihood of harm, and the substantial

evidence standard is accordingly met.13

    Cruz-Hernandez also appealed the BIA’s dismissal of her appeal of the

denial of her application for withholding of removal under the Convention
Against Torture. Her brief, however, contains no separate arguments relating to

the Convention Against Torture. To the extent that this argument is not waived,

we conclude that the BIA’s decision is correct for the same reasons as its decision
under the Immigration and Naturalization Act.




13. See In re A-E-M-, 21 I. & N. Dec 1157, 1160 (B.I.A. 1998) (finding that an
    applicant’s fear of persecution is undercut when his family remains in the
    country of origin unharmed).


                                          7
                                      III

    For the reasons set forth above, we will deny Cruz-Hernandez’s petition for

review.




                                       8
