              Case: 19-13054     Date Filed: 04/08/2020    Page: 1 of 11



                                                                [DO NOT PUBLISH]


                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                         FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                           ________________________

                                  No. 19-13054
                              Non-Argument Calendar
                            ________________________

                             Agency No. A209-219-187

ALMA MARISOL LOPEZ-DIAZ,
JOSE ALEXANDER TREJO-LOPEZ,
JOSUE NEFTALI TREJO-LOPEZ

                                                                           Petitioners,

                                        versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                           Respondent.

                            ________________________

                      Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                           Board of Immigration Appeals
                            ________________________

                                   (April 8, 2020)

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, GRANT and LUCK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Alma Marisol Lopez-Diaz, a native and citizen of El Salvador, and her

children, as derivative beneficiaries, petition this Court to review the denial of her
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application for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the United

Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading

Treatment or Punishment. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(b)(2)(A)(ii), 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii).

Lopez-Diaz, a store owner, and her children entered the United States illegally to

escape extortion by members of the MS-13 gang. The Board of Immigration

Appeals agreed with the immigration judge that Lopez-Diaz failed to prove that

she was a member of a particular social group, that a nexus existed between a

protected ground and a harm that she faced, or that she was likely to be tortured

when she returned to El Salvador. We deny Lopez-Diaz’s petition.

                                I. BACKGROUND

      At the end of March 2016, members of the MS-13 gang demanded money

from Lopez-Diaz three times inside her store, which was attached to her home.

During the first incident, Lopez-Diaz responded she could not pay, and the gang

members pointed a gun at her stomach and stole some goods as they left her store.

When the gang members returned a few days later, Lopez-Diaz again pleaded

poverty, and the gang members pointed a gun at her head and pilfered cigarettes

and food. On March 25, 2016, Lopez-Diaz reported the two incidents to law

enforcement in San Miguel. Two days later, the gang members appeared a third

time, and when Lopez-Diaz could not pay, they threatened to harm her children.

Lopez-Diaz and her children promptly left their home and fled to the United States.


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      After the Department of Homeland Security detained Lopez-Diaz, she

applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention.

Lopez-Diaz alleged that she had suffered past persecution and feared future

persecution from members of the MS-13 gang. She asserted that she was

persecuted based on her membership in two particular social groups: “individuals

and family members who have been targeted [for] violent crimes and are seen as

benefiting from current socioeconomic structures because of perceived wealth

associated with presence in and family ties to the United States” and “business

owners in El Salvador.” Lopez-Diaz attached to her application copies of her

police report; letters from neighbors and friends recounting Lopez-Diaz’s stories

about being extorted and threatened; and several reports recounting the conditions

in El Salvador, including the 2016 Human Rights Report, the 2017 Travel

Warning, and the 2016 Crime and Safety Report.

      During her removal hearing, Lopez-Diaz testified about the three incidents

with members of the MS-13 gang and about her departure from El Salvador.

Lopez-Diaz testified that, after she closed her store, she and her children traveled

to the capital city of El Salvador, where they stayed for several days until leaving

the country. She also testified that a man with whom her brother had worked had

been killed by members of the MS-13 gang because he refused to pay them. When

questioned on cross-examination, Lopez-Diaz admitted that she did not know


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whether police in El Salvador had arrested anyone based on her complaint and that

she failed to report the third incident of extortion to the police.

      The immigration judge denied Lopez-Diaz immigration relief, and the Board

dismissed Lopez-Diaz’s appeal. The Board agreed with the immigration judge that

Lopez-Diaz was not entitled to asylum or withholding of removal because she

identified no cognizable particular social group in which she was a member and

because no nexus existed between the harm she experienced and a protected

ground. The Board found that Lopez-Diaz’s first proposed group was “too

expansive as [it] includes individuals from all segments of Salvadorian society who

are perceived to have wealth” and was “overbroad and diffuse because ‘victims of

gang violence come from all segments of society’” and gang members were

unlikely to differentiate among wealthy persons within “the general population of

El Salvador.” And the Board rejected as “unavailing” Lopez-Diaz’s “attempt to

narrow the proposed group of those with perceived wealth by referring to family

ties to the United States . . . as her testimony did not indicate that the gang

members were motivated by her family ties to the United States.” The Board also

found that Lopez-Diaz’s second proposed group was not cognizable because

“[t]the risk of persecution . . . [to business owners did] not create a particular social

group” and “[t]he fact that business owners were convenient targets for extortion

did not show that they were ‘a particular social group.’” The Board found that


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Lopez-Diaz failed to establish that she suffered past persecution or faced a

likelihood of future persecution on account of a protected ground because the gang

members’ “motives in extorting and threatening [her] in March 2016 were criminal

in nature . . . .”

       The Board also affirmed the finding of the immigration judge that Lopez-

Diaz was not entitled to relief under the Convention. The Board stated that Lopez-

Diaz failed to “meaningfully challenge the specific reasons that the Immigration

Judge provided for denying her application for protection under the Convention

Against Torture.” And the Board found that Lopez-Diaz “was never threatened or

harmed by the police or government” and presented no evidence that she would

“likely be tortured in El Salvador by or at the instigation of, or with the consent or

acquiescence of, a public official or person acting in an official capacity.”

                          II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

       We review de novo the legal conclusions of the Board. Rodriguez v. U.S.

Att’y Gen., 735 F.3d 1302, 1308 (11th Cir. 2013). Because the Board agreed with

the findings of the immigration judge, we review the decisions of the Board and

the immigration judge. Id. Our review of the decision is limited by “the highly

deferential substantial evidence test,” under which we must affirm if the decision is

“supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record

considered as a whole.” Silva v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 448 F.3d 1229, 1237 (11th Cir.


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2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). We do not disturb factual findings unless

the record compels a reversal. Rodriguez, 735 F.3d at 1308.

                                 III. DISCUSSION

      Lopez-Diaz raises two arguments. First, she argues that she was entitled to

asylum and withholding of removal because she was harmed on account of her

membership in two particular social groups in El Salvador: persons who have been

targeted for violent crimes because of their perceived wealth associated with

family ties to the United States and business owners in El Salvador. Second, she

argues that she was entitled to relief under the Convention because, if she returns

to her homeland, she is likely to be tortured by members of gangs because the

government is aware of and fails to protect its citizens against gang violence and

because relocation is not a reasonable option due to the existence of criminal gangs

throughout the country.

A. Lopez-Diaz Fails to Identify Error in the Decision to Deny Her Applications for
                      Asylum and Withholding of Removal.

      For Lopez-Diaz to qualify for asylum and withholding of removal, she had

to prove she was a member “in a particular social group” for which she suffered

past persecution, 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A), and harbored an objectively reasonable

fear that her “life or freedom would be threatened in [her] country” upon her

return, id. § 1231(b)(3)(A). To qualify as “a particular social group,” id.

§ 1101(a)(42)(A), Lopez-Diaz’s proposed groups had to consist of “persons who
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share a common, immutable characteristic that . . . [they] either cannot change, or

should not be required to change because it is fundamental to their individual

identities or consciences,” Rodriguez, 735 F.3d at 1310. She also had to prove that

her “membership in a particular social group . . . was or will be at least one central

reason for persecuti[on].” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i). In addition, Lopez-Diaz had

to “present specific, detailed facts” that she suffered past persecution and that she

fears “be[ing] singled out for persecution on account of a protected ground.”

Rodriguez, 735 F.3d at 1310 (alteration adopted) (quoting Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257

F.3d 1262, 1287 (11th Cir. 2001)).

      The Immigration and Nationality Act does not define “particular social

group,” so we make that determination based on the criteria designed by the Board.

Castillo-Arias v. U.S Att’y Gen., 446 F.3d 1190, 1196 (11th Cir. 2006). A

particular social group has three defining characteristics: immutability; social

distinction; and particularity. Gonzalez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 820 F.3d 399, 404 (11th

Cir. 2016). To have immutability, the members of the group must have a common

characteristic other than a shared risk of being persecuted that they “either cannot

change, or should not be required to change because it is fundamental to their

individual identities or consciences.” Castillo-Arias, 446 F.3d at 1193 (quoting

Matter of Acosta, 19 I. & N. Dec. 211, 233 (BIA 1985)). A group achieves social

distinction when society in the homeland recognizes it as a group and its members


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are not too numerous or inchoate. Rodriguez, 735 F.3d at 1310 (citing Castillo-

Arias, 446 F.3d at 1198); Matter of W-G-R-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 208, 216–18 (BIA

2014); see also Perez-Zenteno v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 913 F.3d 1301, 1310–11 (11th

Cir. 2019) (holding that a group defined, in part, based on family ties between

Mexico and the United States was impermissibly inchoate and numerous). And a

group is particular if it has “characteristics that provide a clear benchmark for

determining who falls within that group” that make it “discrete and [give it]

definable boundaries—it must not be amorphous, overbroad, diffuse, or

subjective.” Matter of W-G-R-, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 214.

      The Board did not err in determining that Lopez-Diaz’s two proposed groups

were not cognizable social groups. Both of Lopez-Diaz’s proposed groups lack

immutability because the risk of persecution that Lopez-Diaz seeks to escape as a

person and as a business owner —violent crimes perpetrated by criminal gangs—is

faced by virtually every citizen of and business owner in El Salvador. See Castillo-

Arias, 446 F.3d at 1198. Her two proposed groups also lack social distinction

because the record shows that a large percentage of the El Salvadoran population

has likely been the target of violent crime. See id.

      Lopez-Diaz’s two proposed groups also do not qualify as distinctive

subgroups of society for other reasons. Her first proposed group lacks immutability

because wealth is not something fundamental to an individual’s identity, see


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Rodriguez, 735 F.3d at 1310, and lacks particularity because wealth turns on

subjective perception and results in too broad a group, see Castillo-Arias, 446 F.3d

at 1198. Lopez-Diaz’s first proposed group also lacks particularity even with its

members’ family ties to the United States because of the undefined number of El

Salvadorians who share that characteristic. See Perez-Zenteno, 913 F.3d at 1311.

And Lopez-Diaz’s second proposed group of business owners in El Salvador lacks

immutability. See Matter of Acosta, 19 I. & N. Dec. 211, 234 (BIA 1985) (“[T]he

internationally accepted concept of refugee simply does not guarantee an

individual the right to work in the job of his choice.”). Lopez-Diaz’s “membership

in the group of [store owners] was something [she] had the power to change . . . to

avoid persecution by the [MS-13 gang] . . . .” Id.

      Even if we were to assume, like the Board, that Lopez-Diaz’s proposed

groups qualify as particular social groups, substantial evidence supports the finding

that she did not qualify for asylum and withholding of removal because no nexus

exists between her membership in those groups and the harm she suffered or she

feared would occur if she returned to El Salvador. The reports submitted by Lopez-

Diaz reflected that virtually everyone in El Salvador with money, not just business

owners or those perceived as wealthy due to familial ties to the United States, were

subject to extortion and violent crimes. And evidence that criminal gangs targeted

a majority of the population in El Salvador supports the finding of the Board that


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Lopez-Diaz had not been harassed and another business owner had not been killed

on account of their status as business owners.

      Lopez-Diaz fails to qualify for asylum or withholding of removal. When “an

applicant is unable to meet the ‘well-founded fear’ standard for asylum, [she] is

generally precluded from qualifying for either asylum or withholding of

deportation.” Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1292–93. Because Lopez-Diaz failed to satisfy

her burden to qualify for asylum, she cannot satisfy the higher standard required to

qualify for withholding of removal.

 B. Substantial Evidence Supports the Decision to Deny Lopez-Diaz’s Application
                         for Relief Under the Convention.

      To qualify for relief under the Convention, Lopez-Diaz must prove that it is

more likely than not that she would be tortured when she returns to El Salvador.

Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1303. Torture is defined as any act intended to cause “severe

pain and suffering, whether physical or mental” that is inflicted by, under the

direction, or with the acquiescence of a public official or person acting in an

official capacity. 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1). “Acquiescence” requires that a public

official have awareness of the torture before it occurs and “thereafter breach his or

her legal responsibility to intervene to prevent [it].” Id. § 208.18(a)(7). Evidence

relevant to assessing Lopez-Diaz’s eligibility for relief requires consideration of

whether she had been tortured in El Salvador, her ability to relocate within the

country, and relevant country conditions. Id. § 208.16(c)(3).
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      Substantial evidence supports the finding that Lopez-Diaz will not likely be

tortured if removed to El Salvador. Lopez-Diaz provided no evidence of past

torture, and her evidence reflected that the government had not acquiesced in the

criminal activities of the MS-13 gang. Local authorities prepared a criminal

complaint that documented the extortion and threats that Lopez-Diaz reported, but

because Lopez-Diaz left El Salvador immediately, she was unaware whether police

had caught any of the culprits. Although country reports reflect that the

government has been unsuccessful in quelling gang criminal activities and

violence, the reports do not suggest that the government would acquiesce in any

torture that gangs might inflict on Lopez-Diaz. See Reyes-Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y

Gen., 369 F.3d 1239, 1243 (11th Cir. 2004). Moreover, relocation is a viable

option for Lopez-Diaz. Lopez-Diaz testified that, after leaving her hometown, she

lived in the capital city of El Salvador for several days without incident.

                                IV. CONCLUSION

      We DENY Lopez-Diaz’s petition for review.




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