              ARMED SERVICES BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS

Appeal of--                                   )
                                              )
CDM Constructors, Inc.                        )      ASBCA No. 59524
                                              )
Under Contract No. N68711-04-D-5110           )

APPEARANCES FOR THE APPELLANT:                       J. Kent Holland, Jr., Esq.
                                                     William B. Fisher, Esq.
                                                       ConstructionRisk Counsel, PLLC
                                                       Vienna, VA

APPEARANCES FOR THE GOVERNMENT:                      Ronald J. Borro, Esq.
                                                      Navy Chief Trial Attorney
                                                     Genifer M. Tarkowski, Esq.
                                                      Trial Attorney

             OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE MCILMAIL
        ON THE GOVERNMENT'S MOTION TO DISMISS FOR LACK OF
            JURISDICTION AND ON BOARD ORDER REGARDING
                     COUNT V OF THE COMPLAINT

                                   INTRODUCTION

        The government moves to dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction, arguing
that the claim fails to state a sum certain and that the Board does not have jurisdiction
to order the Navy to issue a termination for convenience. In response to a Board order
the government also moved to dismiss Count V of the complaint.

                                   BACKGROUND

        On 21June2010, the Department of the Navy (government) awarded to CDM
Constructors, Inc. (CDM) Task Order No. 0025 pursuant to Contract
No. N68711-04-D-5110, in the amount of$46,286,423, for the design and construction
of a water treatment facility at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California (R4,
tab 1 at 1-2; gov't mot. at 1; app. resp. at 1). On 6 June 2014, CDM presented to the
contracting officer a request for a final decision (R4, tab 16). CDM requested that the
task order be terminated for the convenience of the government because, CDM
contended, the task order was impossible to perform (id. at GOV-112, 120-22). CDM
also requested "a final decision that the direction to conduct vertical injection well
testing constituted a change to the Contract, and that all funds paid to CDM on account
of such testing were earned" (id. at GOV-124). CDM also quoted previous
correspondence it had sent to the government in which it had asserted, referring to an
element of the facility to be constructed pursuant to the contract, that:

              [T]he results of the geotechnical investigations performed
              in December 2011 do not support the technical
              assumptions made for the sub-surface diffuser included in
              the Conformed Contract Documents because of differing
              site conditions.

(Id. at GOV-116) The claim letter also referenced "soil conditions" at the worksite,
and recited a geotechnical report stating that:

              The combination of the available hydro-geologic data
              along with the size and location of the designated parcel
              suggest that the disposal of the proposed volume of water
              on the designated parcel is infeasible regardless of the
              method of discharge.



              In summary, the current project has insufficient size based
              upon the soil conditions and hydraulic conductivity.

(Id. at GOV-114-15) However, despite having divided the "Argument" section of the
claim letter into three discretely labeled sub-sections (Impossibility/Impracticability of
Performance, Defective Design Specification, and Breach of Implied Warranty of
Specifications (Spearin Doctrine, and Change in Scope of Work)), CDM did not
include in the claim letter any comparable section labeled "Differing Site Condition"
(id. at GOV-120-22).

       In the claim, CDM did not state the amount of the "funds paid" to which it
referred. The claim contained however, the certification required by the Contract
Disputes Act, 41 U.S.C. § 7103(b)(l), for contractor claims of more than $100,000,
including that "the amount requested accurately reflects the contract adjustment for
which the contractor believes the government is liable" (R4, tab 16 at GOV-125). The
contracting officer has not issued a final decision. CDM appealed from the deemed
denial of its request for a contracting officer's final decision.

        On 30 October 2014, the government moved to dismiss the appeal for lack of
jurisdiction, contending that the claim did not state a sum certain, and that the Board
did not possess jurisdiction to order the Navy to terminate the task order for
convenience. In its opposition to the motion, CDM contended that the Board
possessed jurisdiction to entertain each of the counts of the complaint, and attached to


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its opposition documents not presented to the contracting officer as part of its claim
submission. Those attachments included several invoices (namely, invoice Nos. 27
through 30), as well as several "Cost/Earned Value Reports." Because the motions
affect all aspects of the claim, we address each count of CDM's complaint, which
generally tracks the relief sought in the submission to the contracting officer.

                                         DECISION

Count!

        As does the claim presented to the contracting officer, Count I of the complaint
alleges that performance of the task order is impossible, and seeks an order that the
government terminate the task order for convenience. Although the Board does not
possess jurisdiction to order injunctive relief such as the termination of a contract for
convenience, 1 see Lu/us Ostrich Ranch, ASBCA Nos. 59252, 59450, 14-1 BCA
~ 35,769 at 175,001, the Board possesses jurisdiction to entertain non-monetary
claims, Eaton Contract Services, Inc., ASBCA No. 52888 et al., 02-2 BCA ~ 32,023 at
15 8,268, including whether performance of a contract is impossible. See Las mer
Industries, Inc., ASBCA Nos. 56946, 56966, 11-1 BCA ~ 34,671 at 170,801.
Consequently, the Board possesses jurisdiction to entertain the impossibility claim set
forth in Count I, but not the request for an order that the government terminate the
contract for convenience.

Count JI

       Count II requests that the Board ( 1) declare that the government directed CDM
to design, construct, test, and evaluate a vertical injection well, constituting a change

1
    As CDM points out, many Board cases involve the conversion of a contract default
        termination to one for the convenience of the government. E.g., Swanson
        Group, Inc., ASBCA No. 44664, 98-2 BCA ~ 29,896 at 147,995. However,
        conversion in such cases is not the product of injunction, but, rather, the result,
        pursuant to contract default termination clauses, of findings that a default
        termination is improper. See Kisco Co. v. United States, 610 F.2d 742, 753 &
        n.5 (Ct. Cl. 1969); Federal Acquisition Regulation clause 52.249-8(g)
        (48 C.F.R. § 52.249-8(g)). As CDM concedes, the government has not
        terminated the contract, much less for default. CDM cites Lasmer Industries,
        Inc., an appeal from the deemed denial of a request for a no-cost termination of
        an extant contract that the contractor contended was impossible to perform.
        10-1BCA~34,433 at 169,942-43. However, in Lasmer, the Board did not
        state that it possessed jurisdiction to order a no-cost termination of an extant
        contract; it indicated that the contractor was entitled to a hearing on its
        impossibility claim. Id. at 169,944.


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to the task order, and (2) order that the government issue a contract modification for
those services. Under the CDA, for the Board to possess jurisdiction to entertain a
claim, the claim must first have been presented to the contracting officer. See Lael Al
Sahab & Co., ASBCA No. 58346, 13 BCA ~ 35,394 at 173,662 (citing 41 U.S.C.
 § 7103). Although CDM requested that the direction to conduct vertical well testing
was a contract change, it did not request that the contracting officer issue a contract
modification for those services. In addition, although the Board possesses jurisdiction
to interpret a contract to determine whether the government directed CDM to perform
extra-contractual work, see Donald M Lake, d/b/a Shady Cove Resort & Marina,
ASBCA No. 54422, 05-1BCA~32,920 at 163,071, the Board does not possess
jurisdiction to order injunctive relief, such as the modification of a contract, see Lulus
Ostrich Ranch, 14-1 BCA ~ 35,769 at 175,001. Consequently, the Board possesses
jurisdiction to entertain the request in Count II for a declaration that the government
directed a change to the task order, but not the request for an order that the government
modify the task order.

Count III

       Count III requests that the Board declare that CDM's further performance is
excused unless the government modifies the task order to increase funds for the task
order. We find that request to be one for injunctive relief (that is, for an order
suspending CDM's performance obligations until the government increases task order
funding) that we do not possess jurisdiction to entertain. See Lulus Ostrich Ranch,
14-1BCA~35,769 at 175,001. In addition, CDM did not make that request of the
contracting officer. Consequently, the Board does not possess jurisdiction to entertain
Count III.

Count IV

        The Board does not possess jurisdiction to entertain Count IV. As did the claim
to the contracting officer, Count IV requests that the Board determine that CDM has
"duly earned" sums paid by the government to CDM. We interpret that as, essentially,
a claim for monetary relief; that is, a claim that CDM is entitled to keep payments that
it has received from the government. When the essence of a dispute is monetary in
nature, the claim must be submitted to the contracting officer in a sum certain. KM
Records, Inc., ASBCA No. 46219, 94-2 BCA ~ 26,749 at 133,074. In its response to
the government's motion (app. opp'n at 4-5), CDM contends that the amount to which
Count IV refers is $972,476 that was "expended, billed and paid" on account of
"vertical injection well testing" that CDM contends is the "constructive change
addressed in Count II" of the complaint.

       However, that amount is not stated in CDM's request for a contracting officer's
final decision (R4, tab 16). Although a contractor's submission contains a sum certain


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where the amount demanded can be determined from a simple mathematical
calculation, Al Bahar Co., ASBCA No. 58416, 14-1BCA~35,691 at 174,691, CDM's
explanation of the amount demonstrates that arriving at the $972,476 figure is not a
simple matter. CDM contends that the $972,476 was billed across Invoices Nos. 27
through 30: $200,000 for subsurface investigation in Invoice No. 27; $523,057 for
subsurface investigation in Invoice No. 28; $149,651 for "feasibility report" in Invoice
No. 29; and $99,768 for "feasibility report" in Invoice No. 30 (app. opp'n at 4-5).
Although summing those four amounts is not difficult, identifying those addends is not
at all simple. First, the invoices themselves, which are attached to CDM's response to
the motion to dismiss but not to the request for a contracting officer's final decision,
do not call out those amounts; one must search for them among dozens of other
amounts contained in other documents that are also attached only to CDM's response
to the government's motion (mostly "Cost/Earned Value Reports"). Second, none of
those documents uses the term ''vertical injection well testing"; therefore, to arrive at
$972,476 for "vertical injection well testing" one must infer (or guess) that "vertical
injection well testing" consists of "subsurface investigation" and "feasibility report,"
and nothing more.

       Perhaps that is why CDM suggests that a sum certain may be "reasonably
inferred." However, the sum-certain requirement is designed to provide the
contracting officer an opportunity to settle the claim without litigation. See Precision
Standard, Inc., ASBCA No. 55865, 11-1BCA~34,669 at 170,787. That requires
more than the basis for only an inference. By failing either to specify, expressly, that
$972,476 was the claim amount, or to provide the contracting officer with
easily-understood information from which that amount could be arrived at through a
simple calculation, CDM failed to state a sum certain.

        In addition, Count IV seeks more than a declaration that the "vertical injection
well testing" payments were earned; it "asks that the Board determine that [CDM] has
 duly earned all sums paid by the Government to [CDM] under the contract" (compl. at
 12, ~ 47 (emphasis added)). According to Invoice No. 30, the government has paid
CDM over $43,000,000 pursuant to the task order; including for work other than the
$972,476 in "vertical injection well testing" that CDM contends it earned (app. resp.,
attach. F). Because the request for a contracting officer's final decision references
payments for only "vertical injection well testing," and because the Board does not
possess jurisdiction to entertain monetary claims not first presented to the contracting
officer, Al Bahar, 14-1BCA~35,691 at 174,690, the Board in no case would possess
jurisdiction to entertain Count IV' s claim regarding payments for other work.
Consequently, the Board does not possess jurisdiction to entertain Count IV.




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Count V

        Count V alleges a differing site condition claim. Again, the Board's
jurisdiction to entertain a contractor's claim depends upon the contractor first
submitting that claim to a contracting officer for a final decision. See Lael Al Sahab
 13 BCA ~ 35,394 at 173,662. Whether a claim before the Board is new or essentially
the same as that presented to the contracting officer depends upon whether the claims
derive from common or related operative facts. Inchcape Shipping Services, ASBCA
No. 57152 et al., 10-2 BCA ~ 34,578 at 170,475. The assertion of a new legal theory
of recovery, when based upon the same operative facts as the original claim, does not
constitute a new claim. Id.

        In order to establish the existence of a Type I differing site condition, a
contractor must prove that it encountered a subsurface or latent physical condition at
the site which differed materially from those indicated in the contract. Dennis T
Hardy Electric, Inc., ASBCA No. 47770, 97-1BCA~28,840 at 143,870. Proof ofa
Type II differing site condition requires that the evidence establish the existence of an
unknown physical condition at the site, of an unusual nature, which differs materially
from that ordinarily encountered and generally recognized in inhering in work of the
character provided for in the contract. Id. at 143,870-71. CDM's request for a
contracting officer's final decision does not articulate a differing site condition claim,
nor does it identify the operative facts of such a claim. The claim letter does not
identify a condition encountered at the site and a condition indicated in the contract
that CDM now contends materially differed from each other, as required for a Type I
differing site condition. Nor does the claim letter identify anything that was unknown
and unusual about the site that differs materially from that ordinarily encountered and
generally recognized in inhering in work of the character provided for in the contract
that CDM might now contend is an "Type II" differing site condition.

        It is true that the term "differing site conditions" appears in CDM's claim letter:
the claim letter at page 5 quotes from what CDM indicated is an 8 June 2012 letter in
which it stated that "the results of the geotechnical investigations performed in
December 2011 do not support the technical assumptions made for the sub-surface
diffuser included in the Conformed Contract Documents because of differing site
conditions" (R4, tab 16 at GOV-116). However, it is telling that the claim letter does
not affirmatively set forth any claim labeled "differing site condition." Indeed, the
claim letter refers to "soil conditions" at the site, but does not identify any
contradictory description in the contract of what the soils conditions should have been.
Nor does the claim letter set forth any facts regarding whether the soil conditions at the
site were unusual. Rather, the letter sets forth facts (some of them embedded in
quotations from other correspondence) regarding whether the site's soil conditions,
given the size of the site, were capable of diffusing water at the rate required by the
contract.


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        None of the facts in the claim letter indicates any difference between conditions
at the site and any other conditions; they bear upon whether those conditions make the
contract-specified site unsuitably small. Because CDM did not present to the
contracting officer the operative facts that it could now rely upon to assert a differing
site condition claim, the Board does not possess jurisdiction to entertain the differing
site condition claim alleged in Count V, regardless of whether that claim is classified
as a Type I or a Type II differing site condition.

                                    CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Board dismisses for lack of jurisdiction (1) the
request in Count I for an order that the government terminate the contract for
convenience, (2) the request in Count II for an order that the government modify the
contract, (3) Count III, (4) Count IV, and (5) Count V. Otherwise, the motion to
dismiss is denied; leaving CDM's claims of impossibility of performance (Count I),
and constructive change (Count II) in the appeal, neither of which is a monetary claim.

      Dated: 27 August 2015




                                                  Administrative Judge
                                                  Armed Services Board
                                                  of Contract Appeals




I concur                                          I concur




4~~
Administrative Judge
                                                 ~~~CKLEFORD
                                                  Administrative Judge
Acting Chairman                                   Vice Chairman
Armed Services Board                              Armed Services Board
of Contract Appeals                               of Contract Appeals




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      I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Opinion and Decision of the
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals in ASBCA No. 59524, Appeal of CDM
Constructors, Inc., rendered in conformance with the Board's Charter.

       Dated:



                                                 JEFFREY D. GARDIN
                                                 Recorder, Armed Services
                                                 Board of Contract Appeals




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