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                                        IN RE ESTATE OF BROWN-ELLIOTT
                                              Cite as 27 Neb. App. 196




                                     In re Estate of Demariont’e
                                       Brown-Elliott, deceased.
                           A drienne Elliott, Special A dministrator of the
                           Estate of Demariont’e Brown-Elliott, deceased,
                             appellee, v. Bernard Brown, Sr., appellant.
                                                  ___ N.W.2d ___

                                         Filed May 7, 2019.     No. A-18-177.

                 1. Decedents’ Estates: Appeal and Error. In the absence of an equity
                    question, an appellate court, reviewing probate matters, examines for
                    error appearing on the record made in the county court.
                 2. Judgments: Appeal and Error. When reviewing a judgment for errors
                    appearing on the record, an appellate court’s inquiry is whether the deci-
                    sion conforms to the law, is supported by competent evidence, and is
                    neither arbitrary, capricious, nor unreasonable.
                 3. ____: ____. When reviewing questions of law, an appellate court has
                    an obligation to resolve the questions independently of the conclusion
                    reached by the trial court.
                 4. Trial: Evidence: Appeal and Error. To constitute reversible error in a
                    civil case, the admission or exclusion of evidence must unfairly preju-
                    dice a substantial right of a litigant complaining about such evidence
                    admitted or excluded.
                 5. Wrongful Death: Damages. When a judgment for damages results from
                    a wrongful death action, the proceeds shall be paid to the decedent’s
                    next of kin in the proportion that the pecuniary loss suffered by each
                    bears to the total pecuniary loss suffered by all such persons.
                 6. ____: ____. In an action for wrongful death of a child, recoverable
                    damages include parental loss of the child’s society, comfort, and
                    companionship.
                 7. Wrongful Death: Damages: Words and Phrases. The term “society”
                    embraces a broad range of mutual benefits each family member receives
                    from the others’ continued existence, including love, affection, care,
                    attention, companionship, comfort, and protection.
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                   IN RE ESTATE OF BROWN-ELLIOTT
                         Cite as 27 Neb. App. 196

 8. Appeal and Error. Absent plain error, errors argued but not assigned
    will not be considered on appeal.

   Appeal from the County Court for Douglas County: Jeffrey
L. M arcuzzo, Judge. Affirmed.
  Loretta D. Collins, of Collins Law Office, P.C., L.L.O., for
appellant.
  James Martin Davis, of Davis Law Office, for appellee.
  Pirtle, A rterburn, and Welch, Judges.
  A rterburn, Judge.
                       INTRODUCTION
   Bernard Brown, Sr., appeals from an order of the county
court for Douglas County, which awarded to Adrienne Elliott
the entire wrongful death settlement that was recovered fol-
lowing their son’s death. On appeal, Brown challenges the
county court’s determinations related to his relationship and
contact with his son who had died and the division of the
wrongful death settlement proceeds. Brown also contends that
the county court ignored his exclusion from the wrongful death
settlement negotiations. For the reasons set forth herein, we
affirm the order of the county court.
                        BACKGROUND
   Demariont’e Brown-Elliott, the son of Brown and Elliott,
died on November 14, 2014, as the result of drowning in the
swimming pool at his middle school in Omaha, Nebraska,
during physical education class. He was 12 years old at
the time.
   On September 24, 2015, Elliott applied to be appointed the
special administrator of the estate of Demariont’e, and Brown
consented to Elliott’s appointment. On September 26, Brown
also waived notices of all proceedings except those notices
related to distribution of the estate’s assets. On November 24,
the county court appointed Elliott the special administrator
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of the estate of Demariont’e. Brown then filed on December
29 a demand for notice of all filings and orders related to the
estate of Demariont’e.
   Omaha Public Schools and its insurers agreed to a wrongful
death settlement in the amount of $250,000 to be paid to the
estate of Demariont’e. As special administrator of the estate,
Elliott applied on April 29, 2016, for the court’s approval of
that settlement offer. On June 29, the county court approved the
$250,000 wrongful death settlement that was reached between
the estate of Demariont’e and Omaha Public Schools.
   On June 24, 2016, Elliott applied for authority to distribute
the settlement funds. She suggested that after paying attor-
ney fees in the amount of $83,564, the remaining $166,436
ought to be distributed to her as the surviving mother of
Demariont’e. Elliott also applied on June 24 for authority to
distribute solely the portion of the settlement to be paid for
attorney fees. On June 27, Brown applied for an equitable
distribution of the wrongful death settlement funds and alleged
that he was denied a “meaningful opportunity” to be heard
during the settlement negotiations. Brown also applied for a
distribution of $41,375 to be paid for his attorney fees. On
June 29, the court authorized the distribution of $83,564 for
attorney fees and expenses incurred by the attorney who repre-
sented Elliott as special administrator of the estate. On July 6,
the court ordered that an evidentiary hearing would be held to
determine the appropriate distribution of the remaining settle-
ment proceeds.
   An evidentiary hearing was held on September 13, 2016,
at which testimony was received from Elliott, Brown, and
Bernard Brown-Elliott, Jr. (Bernard Jr.), who was the younger
brother of Demariont’e. Demariont’e was born to Brown and
Elliott in May 2002. Elliott lived with her mother during her
pregnancy and moved into an apartment with Brown follow-
ing the birth of Demariont’e. Elliott testified that Demariont’e
was 8 or 9 months old when they moved into the apartment
with Brown and that they lived with Brown for less than a
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year. Brown and Elliott had another son together, Bernard Jr.,
who was born in August 2003.
   Elliott testified that Brown provided nothing for Demariont’e
while they lived together: “He wouldn’t even change diapers.”
She acknowledged that Brown was listed as the head of
household on rental documents, but that was only because she
was too young to be listed. She said they lived off her earn-
ings while together because Brown was unemployed. Brown
testified that he had provided for Elliott before she was
pregnant, while she was pregnant, and after Demariont’e was
born. Brown also testified that he was the primary income
earner while he lived with Elliott. He stated that he mowed
and moved people’s possessions through his employment as
a laborer.
   Because Elliott was only 17 years old at the time of the
birth of Demariont’e, she said that Brown and she waited
to marry until she turned 18 years old in April 2003. Brown
was over 30 years old at the time of their marriage. Elliott
filed for divorce in 2004, approximately a year after marry-
ing Brown. Elliott testified that she petitioned for divorce
after being granted a protection order against Brown, because
he had been physically abusive toward her and damaged her
property. She stated that Brown had driven past her home and
shot at her sons, which also led to her being granted a protec-
tion order. Brown testified that he was never charged with
shooting at Elliott and her sons. Elliott and Brown’s divorce
was finalized in April 2005. Elliott received sole custody of
her sons, and Brown was ordered to pay monthly child sup-
port of $100.
   Elliott testified that the court allowed Brown to have super-
vised visitations after the divorce decree was entered and that
he did exercise that right on two or three occasions. Brown
testified that he did not continue seeking supervised visita-
tions, because he felt like the supervision requirement was
unfair. Brown’s next contact with his sons was in 2006, when
Elliott took them to meet with Brown for approximately 20
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minutes in a parking lot. Elliott testified that visitations were
encouraged and organized through Brown’s father.
   Brown was next in contact with his sons 4 years later, in
2010. Elliott testified that Brown visited them at their home
for about an hour and said that Brown “[d]id the whole dad
spiel.” She said it was the first time that Brown had really
seen Bernard Jr. since he was a baby. Brown also testified
regarding a visit in 2010, but he said that he stayed in Elliott’s
home for two nights. As Brown described it, he returned from
Georgia, where he had been living, and was social with Elliott,
playing cards, drinking, and “reminiscing.” Brown testified
that he helped Demariont’e clean his room and took his sons
to the store for snacks during his stay.
   The next interaction was 4 years later, approximately a
week before Demariont’e died in 2014. Elliott testified that
they unexpectedly ran into Brown at a grocery store one morn-
ing. She said the interaction lasted about 2 minutes. Brown
described the incident similarly. Elliott said she was surprised
to see Brown on that day because she believed he was living in
Georgia. Brown testified that he lives in Georgia “off and on”
and is “back and forth” between Omaha and Georgia.
   Elliott testified that she cared for her sons without help from
Brown aside from limited and sporadic child support payments.
She testified that Brown never helped with rent, groceries,
school expenses, or household items. Elliott took Demariont’e
to school, picked him up, and helped him with his homework.
She testified that Brown had never interacted with any teach-
ers of Demariont’e or aided his education. Additionally, Elliott
testified that Demariont’e was in band, choir, football, and
basketball. When Elliott was not working, she attended the
basketball and football games of Demariont’e but she testified
that Brown had not attended a single game.
   Brown acknowledged that he had only provided shelter and
food to his sons up until the time Elliott and he divorced, but
he also testified that he had spent $800 to $1,000 on toys and
clothes for his sons one Christmas. Brown further testified
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that he tried to spend time with his sons but that Elliott “put
up a road block” and would not allow him to see them. Brown
acknowledged that two felony convictions had taken him
away from spending time with Demariont’e. He served sen-
tences of 2 years and of 6 months.
   Records from the Nebraska Department of Health and
Human Services showed that Brown neglected making court-
ordered child support payments. The records show that from
June 1, 2004, through March 3, 2016, Brown made only
seven child support payments. The two largest payments were
income tax refunds that were garnished in order to pay por-
tions of Brown’s past-due child support obligation. Each of
the five remaining payments that Brown made was less than
$100. Despite the handful of payments and two garnishments,
Brown still owed $9,612.44 in past-due child support as of
March 3, 2016.
   Bernard Jr., who was 13 years old at the time of the hear-
ing, testified that he had a close relationship with his brother
until he died. Bernard Jr. also testified that he did not recall
seeing Brown at any time prior to their brief run-in at the gro-
cery store in 2014. He testified that he remembered receiving
no presents, visits, or telephone calls from Brown prior to the
death of Demariont’e.
   Based on the evidence received, the county court entered
an order on November 4, 2016, which awarded the entirety of
the settlement proceeds to Elliott. The court found that Brown
had “less than two hours of contact” with Demariont’e during
his lifetime. It also found that Brown’s extremely limited con-
tact with Demariont’e was not the same character of parental
love and affection that an ordinarily caring, loving parent
would exercise. The court found that Elliott had “constant
contact” with Demariont’e throughout his lifetime and that she
exhibited the type of parental care and love that is associated
with an ordinary parent-child relationship. Noting the dispar-
ity in Brown’s and Elliott’s contact with Demariont’e during
his lifetime, the court held that awarding Brown any portion
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                       Cite as 27 Neb. App. 196

of the settlement proceeds was unjustified and unwarranted.
Accordingly, the county court awarded the remaining wrong-
ful death settlement proceeds, or $166,782, to Elliott.
   Brown now appeals from the order of the county court.
                ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   Brown assigns, restated and renumbered, that the county
court erred in its determinations related to the parent-child
relationship between Brown and Demariont’e, the amount
of contact Brown had with Demariont’e, and the division of
the wrongful death settlement proceeds. Brown also assigns
that the county court erred in ignoring the appearance of
Elliott’s “unclean hands” by excluding him from settle-
ment negotiations.
                  STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1-3] In the absence of an equity question, an appellate
court, reviewing probate matters, examines for error appear-
ing on the record made in the county court. In re Estate of
Panec, 291 Neb. 46, 864 N.W.2d 219 (2015). When reviewing
a judgment for errors appearing on the record, an appellate
court’s inquiry is whether the decision conforms to the law,
is supported by competent evidence, and is neither arbitrary,
capricious, nor unreasonable. Id. When reviewing questions
of law, an appellate court has an obligation to resolve the
questions independently of the conclusion reached by the trial
court. Id.
                         ANALYSIS
           Brown’s R elationship With Demariont’e
   Brown alleges that the county court abused its discretion,
manifested bias and prejudice, and made findings that were
contrary to the evidence in relation to the parent-child rela-
tionship between Brown and Demariont’e. Brown specifically
takes issue with the court’s findings that his relationship with
Demariont’e “did not include any semblance of normal paren-
tal love and affection that would be exercised by a caring,
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loving parent.” Upon our review, we find that the county
court did not err in its findings related to Brown’s relation-
ship with Demariont’e.
   The evidence produced at trial showed that Brown was
generally present as a parent to Demariont’e for only his
first 2 to 3 years of life. This changed following Brown’s
divorce from Elliott. It is not uncommon for parent-child
relationships to change as a result of divorce. However, the
evidence shows that Brown’s relationship with Demariont’e
essentially vanished during the decade leading up to the death
of Demariont’e.
   Although the court awarded Brown the right to supervised
visitations with his sons, Brown only exercised this right a few
times during the time surrounding his divorce from Elliott.
Brown acknowledged that he did not seek additional super-
vised visitations because he felt that the supervision require-
ment was unfair.
   Brown only saw Demariont’e three more times during the
almost 10 years thereafter. The evidence showed that Brown
saw Demariont’e for about 20 minutes in 2006. Elliott testi-
fied that in 2010, Brown visited for about an hour; however,
Brown testified that he actually stayed with Elliott and their
sons for two nights. The last time Brown interacted with
Demariont’e was for a few minutes, approximately a week
before his death in 2014.
   Although time is not the sole measure of a parent-child
relationship, Brown provided no evidence to show that his
relationship with Demariont’e included “any semblance of
normal parental love and affection.” Bernard Jr. testified that
Brown never called or sent gifts to them while Demariont’e
was alive. Elliott testified that Brown never aided in the edu-
cation of Demariont’e or attended his extracurricular activi-
ties. Brown acknowledged that the only time he ever pro-
vided shelter and food for Demariont’e was during the first
years of his life, up until the time of Brown’s divorce from
Elliott. Moreover, child support records show that Brown
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owes $9,612.44 in past-due child support. Brown made only
seven child support payments during a 12-year time period.
The largest two payments came by way of involuntary income
tax refund garnishments. Brown testified that he quit filing tax
returns following the second garnishment.
   Based on our review of the record, we find that the county
court’s findings related to Brown’s parental relationship with
Demariont’e were not contrary to the evidence. We further
find that the county court’s findings exhibited neither bias nor
prejudice, nor were they arbitrary or capricious.
              Brown’s Contact With Demariont’e
   Brown next argues that the county court erred in find-
ing that “Brown had very little contact, less than two hours
of contact with [Demariont’e] during his 12 year life span.”
Brown also argues that the county court erred in finding
that, if assigned a percentage, his contact with Demariont’e
“would amount to far less than 1%.” Brown contends that
these findings were contrary to the evidence, an abuse of the
court’s discretion, arbitrary and capricious, and manifested
bias against Brown. Upon our review, we find that the county
court’s finding with respect to the amount of Brown’s contact
with Demariont’e during his lifetime was in error. However,
we find that the county court’s conclusion with respect to the
amount of contact existing between Brown and Demariont’e
is supported.
   [4] To constitute reversible error in a civil case, the admis-
sion or exclusion of evidence must unfairly prejudice a sub-
stantial right of a litigant complaining about such evidence
admitted or excluded. Worth v. Kolbeck, 273 Neb. 163, 728
N.W.2d 282 (2007). The evidence is undisputed that Brown
had more than 2 hours of contact with Demariont’e throughout
his lifetime. Both parties acknowledge that Brown was pres-
ent immediately following the birth of Demariont’e and for
the period until Brown and Elliott divorced 2 years later. In
calculating that Brown spent only 2 hours with Demariont’e,
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the county court may have mistakenly excluded the period of
his infancy.
   As recounted above, Brown visited Demariont’e under
supervision two or three times within his first few years of life.
Thereafter, he saw Demariont’e on only three more occasions.
In 2006, Brown was with Demariont’e for approximately 20
minutes, and in 2014, Brown was with Demariont’e for only a
few minutes. In 2010, Brown was either with Demariont’e for
1 hour, as recounted by Elliott, or for a few days, as recounted
by Brown.
   Although the county court may have miscalculated the
precise amount of time that it believed Brown had spent with
Demariont’e, its decision was predicated on Brown’s near
total absence in the life of Demariont’e following the parties’
divorce, not a precise calculation. The record is clear that
Brown participated in the life of Demariont’e on an extremely
limited basis, irrespective of the precise amount of time.
The county court’s decision and rationale is only negligibly
impacted, if at all, by its miscalculation. Thus, the county
court’s finding does not constitute reversible error.

           Division of Wrongful Death Settlement
   Brown contends that the county court erred in awarding
the entirety of the wrongful death settlement proceeds in
the amount of $166,782 to Elliott while completely exclud-
ing him. Based on our review of the record, we agree with
the county court that distributing the settlement proceeds
entirely to Elliott conformed to the law and was supported by
the evidence.
   [5-7] When a judgment for damages results from a wrong-
ful death action, the proceeds shall be paid to the decedent’s
next of kin “in the proportion that the pecuniary loss suf-
fered by each bears to the total pecuniary loss suffered by
all such persons.” Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-810 (Reissue 2016).
In an action for wrongful death of a child, recoverable dam-
ages include parental loss of the child’s society, comfort, and
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companionship. Brandon v. County of Richardson, 261 Neb.
636, 624 N.W.2d 604 (2001). The term “society” embraces a
broad range of mutual benefits each family member receives
from the others’ continued existence, including love, affec-
tion, care, attention, companionship, comfort, and protec-
tion. Id.
   Our appellate courts have not often examined § 30-810 in
the context of one parent’s near total absence in their deceased
child’s life. However, the issue did arise in a case nearly 80
years ago. In In re Estate of Lucht, 139 Neb. 139, 296 N.W.
749 (1941), a 14-year-old boy died as the result of a motor
vehicle accident, which led to a wrongful death award of
$3,261.78. His parents divorced within the year following his
birth. Id. Custody was awarded to his mother, and the court
noted that “[f]rom the time the son was about one year old
until his death, his father and himself were as strangers to
each other.” Id. at 141, 296 N.W. at 750. Applying a statute
essentially identical to our present § 30-810, the court in In re
Estate of Lucht held that the decedent’s father had suffered no
pecuniary loss on occasion of his son’s death.
   Here, as in In re Estate of Lucht, the proper division of
wrongful death settlement proceeds is based on the propor-
tion of the pecuniary loss suffered by each of the parents of
Demariont’e relative to the total pecuniary loss. Therefore, the
county court had to compare Brown’s pecuniary loss to that of
Elliott’s pecuniary loss and determine their respective shares
of the settlement reached between the estate of Demariont’e
and Omaha Public Schools.
   Much like the court in In re Estate of Lucht, we confront a
situation in which the parents’ pecuniary loss on occasion of
their son’s death could not be more antithetical. Our record
demonstrates that Elliott suffered far greater pecuniary loss
from the death of Demariont’e—that is, she received the over-
whelming benefit of his love, affection, and companionship
while he was alive. Elliott was the sole parent who enjoyed
the companionship of Demariont’e for nearly a decade. Elliott
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described that Demariont’e played basketball and football.
She attended those games while Brown did not. Elliott testi-
fied that she took Demariont’e to school each day, picked him
up from school, and helped him with his homework. Brown
was not involved in the education of Demariont’e.
   Although we cannot say that Brown suffered no loss by the
death of Demariont’e, based on our record, Elliott’s loss of the
society, comfort, and companionship of Demariont’e is expo-
nentially greater than that suffered by Brown. Brown chose to
invest little in his relationship with Demariont’e. As a result,
his loss of society, comfort, and companionship is miniscule
as compared to the deep relationship that Elliott enjoyed with
Demariont’e. Therefore, we agree with the county court’s
decision to award Elliott the entirety of the settlement pro-
ceeds in the amount of $166,782.
            Wrongful Death Settlement Negotiations
   Brown contends that the county court erred in ignoring
Elliott’s “unclean hands” and the appearance of impropriety
due to Brown’s exclusion from settlement negotiations where
his interests differed from Elliott’s interests. Our record con-
tains little, if any, support for Brown’s contention that he was
excluded from settlement negotiations, and thus, we find no
merit to this claimed error.
   We note that Brown consented on September 26, 2015,
to Elliott’s appointment as special administrator and waived
notices of any matters except for those related to distribution
of the estate’s assets. On December 29, Brown then demanded
that he be given notice of all filings related to the estate of
Demariont’e. Elliott applied on April 29, 2016, for the court’s
approval of the $250,000 settlement, which the court approved
on June 29. In his application for equitable distribution of
settlement funds filed on June 27, Brown alleged that he was
denied a meaningful opportunity to be heard during settle-
ment negotiations. However, there is nothing in our record
which indicates that Brown contested the proposed settlement
amount at the time of the June 29 hearing.
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   Brown does not otherwise describe in his brief on appeal
or in the evidence offered to the county court how he was
excluded from settlement negotiations. He also does not
describe the ways in which his interests differed from Elliott’s
such that their positions during settlement negotiations were
adverse. Moreover, having now determined that Brown is
entitled to no portion of the wrongful death settlement, we
note by extension that he would not stand to benefit from any
additional or alternative settlement negotiations. Based on
the record before us, we find no merit to Brown’s claim that
he was meaningfully or detrimentally excluded from settle-
ment negotiations.
                       Unassigned Error
   [8] Brown argues that the county court erred in failing to
find that Elliott had substantially interfered with his rights as
the noncustodial parent of Demariont’e. He does not assign
this error, however. Absent plain error, errors argued but not
assigned will not be considered on appeal. Osantowski v.
Osantowski, 298 Neb. 339, 904 N.W.2d 251 (2017). We find
no plain error regarding Brown’s contention that Elliott inter-
fered with his parental rights. Accordingly, we will not con-
sider Brown’s arguments related to this contention.
                         CONCLUSION
   Based on the foregoing, we find that the county court did
not err in its findings related to distributing the entirety of the
wrongful death settlement proceeds to Elliott. Thus, we affirm
the order of the county court.
                                                       A ffirmed.
