                                                                               F I L E D
                                                                        United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                Tenth Circuit
                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                               APR 19 2005
                                    TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                           PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                    Clerk

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff-Appellee,
 v.                                                           No. 04-1116
                                                        (D.C. No. 03-CR-293-M)
 BRUCE WILLIS RICKEY,                                          (Colorado)

          Defendant-Appellant.




                                ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before SEYMOUR, Circuit Judge, HENRY, Circuit Judge, and McWILLIAMS, Senior
Circuit Judge.



      On June 18, 2003, in a one-count indictment filed in the United States District

Court for the District of Colorado, Bruce Willis Rickey (the defendant) was charged as

follows:

                      On or about May 21, 2003, in the State and District of
               Colorado, the defendant, BRUCE WILLIS RICKEY,
               unlawfully and knowingly possessed a firearm and
               ammunition, to wit: one Amadeo Rossi S.A. Model M877
               .357 caliber magnum revolver, serial number F478902; one

      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
              Heritage Manufacturing .22 caliber revolver, serial number
              HR63242; one J. C. Higgins model 20 12 gauge shotgun, with
              no serial number; one Taurus model 669 .357 caliber
              revolver, serial number ND929237; and 127 rounds of CCI
              .22 caliber long rifle ammunition, in and affecting commerce,
              having been previously convicted of Smuggling Contraband
              into a Prison in El Paso County, Colorado District Court, case
              number 90CR01, a crime punishable by imprisonment for a
              term exceeding one year.

                     All in violation of Title 18, United States Code,
              Section 922(g)(1).

       On July 18, 2003, the defendant filed a motion to suppress “all evidence and

statements obtained in connection with his arrest on May 21, 2003, and all evidence and

statements deriving directly therefrom, on the grounds that such evidence and statements

were obtained in violation of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments.” The motion was prolix,

consisting of some 13 pages. In short, counsel sought to suppress evidence obtained in a

search of defendant’s truck, in a search of a “black briefcase” found on the seat of the

truck, and the evidence later obtained in a search of the defendant’s home, as well as

various “statements” made by him in connection with those searches. The government

filed a response to that motion. At an evidentiary hearing on defendant’s motion to

suppress held on August 19, 2003, two officers of the Elbert County Sheriff’s office

testified. The defendant did not testify. The district court held that the search of the truck

was a valid “inventory search” of a vehicle which was about to be impounded, and also

that the search was incident to a lawful arrest. The search of defendant’s “black

briefcase” was pursuant to a search warrant, and the district court held that the search of

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the truck being valid, the search of the “black briefcase” was not “tainted.” As to the

search of defendant’s house, it was conceded by the government that the evidence

obtained in that search should be suppressed, since it was a warrantless search and made

after the defendant had requested to see a lawyer.

       Background facts as developed at the evidentiary hearing on defendant’s motion to

suppress will hopefully put the present case in focus. The defendant, in his own name,

owned farmland in Elbert County, Colorado. One Curtis Ashcraft leased property from

defendant’s mother’s estate immediately adjacent thereto. And therein lies our problem.

Ashcraft and the defendant did not “get along,” and the former obtained a restraining

order which ordered the defendant to “stay off” Ashcraft’s property.

       On May 21, 2003, two officers of the Elbert County Sheriff’s office received a

dispatch order regarding an on-going “trespass” on Ashcraft’s leased premises. The

officers proceeded to Ashcraft’s property and were met by Ashcraft, who told the officers

that the defendant was “on his property, filling water in his truck” and that the defendant

had previously been “legally restrained from being on his property.” The officers then

proceeded to the location given by Ashcraft, where they found the defendant a few

hundred feet from his pick-up truck. Upon arriving at the site, Deputy Hartman got out of

his vehicle and asked the defendant “who he was,” to which the defendant replied, “You

know who I am.” Hartman explained to the defendant that he was on a call regarding a

possible violation of a restraining order, to which the defendant stated that the property


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belonged to him and that the restraining order had expired. He also said that his lawyer

had advised him that he was allowed to go onto the property and get water for the newly

planted trees on his property adjacent to Ashcraft’s premises. Officer Hartman informed

the defendant that because of defendant’s prior threats against law enforcement officers,

he would be handcuffed for “officer safety,” at the same time telling the defendant that he

was not under arrest. In the search of defendant’s person for possible weapons, the

officers removed from defendant’s pockets a small knife, several knife attachments, a

multi-purpose tool, and the keys to defendant’s truck.

       Hartman next called the dispatcher to find out if the restraining order was still in

effect. After about ten minutes, Hartman was informed that the restraining order was still

in effect. At that point, Hartman “arrested” the defendant for violation of a restraining

order, and decided to impound defendant’s truck.

       After his arrest, defendant, who was handcuffed, was placed in the rear seat of the

patrol car, which was then driven over to the defendant’s truck. At that time the

defendant expressed concern about his dog, which had been running loose. The

defendant asked Officer Hartman, and his fellow officer, Nail, to enter the passenger

compartment of his truck and get a leash for the dog and to put some “gloves and some

fertilizer pellets inside the compartment where they would not get wet.” In compliance

with defendant’s instructions, Officer Hartman unlocked the driver’s door, placed the

gloves and fertilizer pellets on the dashboard and looked for the dog leash where the


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defendant had said it would be found: “under the stuff on the passenger side of the seat.”

In looking for the leash, Hartman moved a “black briefcase” that was “laying right in the

center of the seat behind the gearshift.” In so doing, he bumped the briefcase against the

gearshift and heard from within the briefcase a “distinct sound–a certain rattle of boxed

ammunition.” Officer Hartman knew that in 1989 the defendant had been convicted of

attempting to bring a gun into a detention facility and, thus being a felon, was prohibited

from possessing firearms and ammunition. After Officer Hartman told Corporal Nail that

he could not find any leash, Nail entered the truck cab from the passenger side, and

located a leash “under a pile of items that were all located on the passenger seat.” The

dog was caught, put on the leash, and later taken to an animal shelter. Nail also heard

ammunition rattling from within the “black briefcase,” and the two officers agreed that

the locked briefcase could not be opened without a search warrant. When questioned

about the “black briefcase,” defendant said he didn’t know anything about it, refused to

consent to a search of it, and asked that he be permitted to call his lawyer. The next day

the officers applied for a warrant to search the “black briefcase.” A warrant issued and

Corporal Nail forced open the briefcase and found inside a loaded .357 caliber Taurus

handgun and nine boxes and a bag of loose .38 and .357 caliber ammunition.

       After questioning by federal law enforcement agents, defendant admitted that he

had three guns in his residence and consented to a search of his residence, where the

additional weapons identified in the indictment were found. The government conceded


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that the weapons found in the search of defendant’s home should be suppressed, and they

were.

                                 I. The Search of the Truck

        Defendant first argues that the district court erred in denying defendant’s motion to

suppress the evidence found in the search of his truck. As indicated, the district court

denied that motion, holding that though there was no warrant to search the truck, the

search of the cab of the truck was a valid inventory search of a vehicle about to be

lawfully impounded and was a search incident to arrest, and, in either instance, did not

violate the “reasonableness” requirement of the Fourth Amendment. Ours is a de novo

review of whether the facts of a given case meet the Fourth Amendment requirement of

reasonableness, and, in the course of our review, the evidence is considered in a light

most favorable to the government and, in so doing, a district court’s factual findings will

not be disturbed unless they are clearly erroneous. United States v. Abdenbi, 361 F.3d

1282, 1287 (10th Cir, 2004) and United States v. Le, 173 F.3d 1258, 1264 (10th Cir.

1999). In our view the record supports the district court’s holding that the search of the

cab of the truck was a valid inventory search, and, or, a search incident to a lawful arrest.

In connection with the former, see, for example, United States v. Haro-Salcedo, 107 F.3d

769, 772 (10th Cir. 1997). In connection with the latter, see Thornton v. United States,

541 U.S. 615 (2004) and New York v. Belton, 453 U.S. 454 (1981).

        Further, the record indicates that the defendant “requested” the officers to enter the


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truck and find a leash for his dog, which at that moment was “running wild.” Retrieval of

his dog was understandably important to the defendant and he asked, several times, the

officers to search the truck’s cab for a leash. In this setting, Officer Hartman opened the

locked truck door on the driver’s side and started looking for the leash, and a few

moments later Officer Nail opened the door on the passenger side and found the leash.

Under all these circumstances, the officers entered the truck’s cab with not just

defendant’s consent, but his repeated requests to enter and find the dog’s leash.

                                II. Sentencing Enhancement

       As previously stated, three weapons, each of which was identified in the

indictment, were found in a search of defendant’s residence. The district court, with

agreement from both the government and the defendant, suppressed the use of those

weapons at trial. (We are not here concerned with the propriety of that ruling.) However,

at sentencing, the district court increased defendant’s offense level by two levels under

U.S.S.G. 2K2.1(b)(1)(A). That guideline provision states that the base offense level for

one convicted under 28 U.S.C. §922(g) shall be raised by two levels if the offense

involved three to seven firearms. Over defendant’s objections, the district court raised

defendant’s base offense level by two levels based on the three firearms found in

defendant’s home which had previously been “suppressed” on the grounds that the search

was itself unlawful. Counsel argues that it is inconsistent to suppress the use at trial of

the three firearms found in defendant’s home, and then turn around and, at sentencing,


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increase his base offense level because of the firearms found in a search of his home.

Despite any facial appeal of this argument, in our view it is foreclosed by United States v.

Ryan, 236 F.3d 1268, 1272 (10th Cir. 2001) where we spoke as follows:

              Thus under the law of this circuit, as well as the law of other
              circuits to consider the issue, the district court did not err in
              using the evidence obtained during the illegal search and
              seizure of Ryan’s vehicle on June 2, 1998, unless there is
              evidence that the officers’ actions in violating Ryan’s rights
              were done with the intent to secure an increased sentence.
              We conclude that there is no such evidence in this case.

       We are not persuaded by counsel’s suggestion that the officers who searched

defendant’s home had an “intent to secure an increased sentence” by their search of

defendant’s home and the retrieval of three firearms. In the present case, as we said in

Ryan, “We conclude that there is no such evidence in this case.” In this general

connection, we reiterate that Officers Hartman and Nail were the only witnesses at the

hearing on the motion to suppress, and that is the only evidentiary motion in the present

record.

                           III. The U.S.S.G. are Unconstitutional

       Counsel suggests that under the rationale of Blakely v. Washington, 124 S.Ct. 2531

(2004), the “entire federal sentencing guidelines scheme is unconstitutional.” In so doing,

counsel recognized that “its [Blakely’s] import and ramification has yet to be determined,

and that, accordingly, counsel raises this issue for the purpose of preserving it for further

review.” On the present record, as well as for other obvious reasons, we are disinclined


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to hold that, on the basis of Blakely, the “entire federal sentencing guidelines scheme” is

unconstitutional. United States v. Booker-Fanfan, 125 S.Ct. 738 (2005) does not compel

such result.

       Judgment affirmed.



                                                  ENTERED FOR THE COURT

                                                  Robert H. McWilliams
                                                  Senior Circuit Judge




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