         U NITED S TATES N AVY –M ARINE C ORPS
             C OURT OF C RIMINAL A PPEALS
                        _________________________

                            No. 201700040
                        _________________________

                   UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                            Appellee
                                     v.
                     AUSTIN T. GREENING
         Operations Specialist Third Class (E-4), U.S. Navy
                             Appellant
                       _________________________

 Appeal from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary

      Military Judge: Captain Charles N. Purnell, JAGC, USN.
   Convening Authority: Commander, Navy Region Mid-Atlantic,
                            Norfolk, VA.
 Staff Judge Advocate’s Recommendation: Lieutenant Commander
 A.P. Sham, JAGC, USN; Addendum: Commander Irve C. LeMoyne,
                            JAGC, USN.
      For Appellant: Lieutenant Jacob E. Meusch, JAGC, USN .
 For Appellee: Captain Brian L. Farrell, USMC; Lieu tenant Megan
                      P. Marinos, JAGC, USN.
                      _________________________

                        Decided 30 March 2018
                        _________________________

      Before HUTCHISON, FULTON, and SAYEGH, Appellate Military Judges

                          _________________________

This opinion does not serve as binding precedent but may be cited as
persuasive authority under NMCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure
18.2.
                        _________________________

   HUTCHISON, Senior Judge:
   A military judge sitting as a general court-martial convicted the
appellant, pursuant to his pleas, of involuntary manslaughter and
obstruction of justice in violation of Articles 119 and 134, Uniform Code of
                         United States v. Greening, No. 201700040


Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. §§ 919 and 934 (2012).1 The military
judge sentenced the appellant to 42 months’ confinement, reduction to pay
grade E-1, and a dishonorable discharge. The convening authority (CA)
approved only 39 months’ confinement, reduction to pay grade E-1, and the
dishonorable discharge and, except for the dishonorable discharge, ordered
the sentence executed.
    The appellant raises two assignments of error (AOEs). He alleges that at
the end of his obligated service the government failed to take appropriate
action to extend his enlistment within a reasonable time after he objected to
his continued retention on active duty and thereby severed personal
jurisdiction. He also alleges that the government violated his Fifth
Amendment right to due process by holding him beyond his term of
enlistment without notice for more than 300 days. After careful consideration
of the record of trial and the parties’ pleadings, we conclude the findings and
sentence are correct in law and fact, and that no error materially prejudiced
the substantial rights of the appellant. Arts. 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ.
                                I. BACKGROUND
    The appellant’s convictions stem from the death of his friend, Gunner’s
Mate Third Class (GM3) K.K. while the appellant and GM3 K.K. were
socializing in the appellant’s apartment. The appellant had several handguns
in his apartment and GM3 K.K. was “loading and unloading various
firearms” while the appellant played a video game.2 At one point, GM3 K.K.
attempted to hand the appellant a loaded .45 caliber pistol. The appellant
explained:
         I asked him if the pistol was loaded. He said that it was. And I
         said, okay, and while keeping my eyes on the [television] screen
         and the [video game] controller in my left hand, I reached with
         my right hand to obtain the pistol from GM3 [K.K.]. The safety
         was not on, to my knowledge. . . . I noticed the hammer was
         cocked and so I attempted to make the weapon safe in the
         manner I knew how by depressing the trigger and releasing the
         hammer to the forward position. I did not successfully do this
         and that is why the pistol discharged.3




   1  The military judge acquitted the appellant of unpremeditated murder and
murder while engaging in an act inherently dangerous to another, violations of
Article 118, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 918 (2012).
   2   Record at 174.
   3   Id. at 172.


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                           United States v. Greening, No. 201700040


    A round struck GM3 K.K. under his left eye, killing him. The appellant
called 911 and told the dispatcher that GM3 K.K. had shot himself.
A. Civilian proceedings
    On 7 August 2013, the Commonwealth of Virginia indicted the appellant
for Second Degree Murder and Use of a Firearm in the Commission of a
Felony.4 On 20 March 2014, the appellant was convicted of both crimes. But
on 8 July 2014, the Norfolk Circuit Court granted the appellant’s motion for a
new trial after discovering that the Commonwealth’s medical examiner
provided erroneous information to the court.5 The appellant then entered into
a plea agreement with the Commonwealth and pleaded guilty to involuntary
manslaughter. On 17 July 2015, he was sentenced to three years’
confinement, with two years and six months suspended. The appellant was
released from civilian confinement on 9 September 2015 and the following
day was placed into pretrial confinement, pending preferral of court-martial
charges.6
B. Military administrative actions
    Throughout his civilian criminal proceedings, the appellant’s command
issued him multiple NAVPERS 1070/613 “Administrative Remarks” (Page
13) forms, with the subject line “Legal Hold,” notifying him that he was being
extended on active duty beyond his end of active obligated service (EAOS).
The first Page 13 was issued on 30 August 2013 and notified the appellant
that he was “voluntarily being held 120 days beyond his EAOS pending legal
action.”7 The appellant signed the Page 13, acknowledging receipt. On 5
December 2013, the appellant acknowledged receipt of a second Page 13
“voluntarily” extending him on active duty for another 120 days.8



   4 VA. CODE ANN. §§ 18.2-32 and 18.2-53.1, respectively. See Appellate Exhibit
(AE) IV at 16-17.
   5 AE IV at 29; AE VI at 19. The Commonwealth’s medical examiner initially
determined that GM3 K.K. suffered a subgaleal hemorrhage caused by blunt force
trauma to his head, unrelated to the gunshot wound. The prosecution used this
evidence to suggest that the appellant first struck GM3 K.K. and then shot him.
Upon further forensic review, the subgaleal hemorrhage was determined to be caused
by a previously undetected hairline fracture in the skull caused by the gunshot
wound.
   6   Charges were preferred on 25 September 2015. Charge Sheet.
    7 AE IV at 18 (emphasis added). On 9 September 2013, the command re-issued

the Page 13 to clarify that the appellant was being retained “with full pay.” AE V at
43.
   8   See AE IV at 19; AE V at 44.


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                             United States v. Greening, No. 201700040


    On 18 December 2013, the appellant’s command notified him that he was
being administratively separated and requested that the servicing Defense
Service Office provide counsel to represent the appellant at his
administrative separation board.9 LT VM was assigned to represent the
appellant and notified the appellant’s command via letter, dated 28 February
2014, that the appellant “withdraws, repudiates, or revokes any voluntary
enlistment extensions and demands release from active duty effective
immediately.”10 Notwithstanding LT VM’s demands, on 6 May 2014, the
appellant’s command once again notified him, via a third Page 13, that he
was being “voluntarily” extended another 60 days on active duty.11
    On 8 July 2014—the same day that the Norfolk Circuit Court granted the
appellant’s request for a new trial and ordered the appellant’s release on
bond—the appellant’s command issued him a fourth Page 13, this time
notifying the appellant that he was being “involuntarily extended beyond
[his] normal scheduled EAOS, 9 September 2013, for a period of six months
or until discharged.”12 Two days later, the appellant’s command issued him a
fifth Page 13, clarifying that the appellant was being “involuntarily extended
six months beyond [his] previous extension” and that the action was “taken
with a view towards trial by court-martial . . . .”13 The appellant’s command
issued him substantially similar Page 13s every six months through
completion of the court-martial.14
    With the exception of those periods during which the appellant was in
civilian confinement, he continued to receive pay and allowances even after

   9   Referring to the administrative separation notification, the trial counsel
conceded that he was “not clear . . . why they [we]re doing that” and conceded that
the command was without authority to administratively separate the appellant since
he was beyond his EAOS. Record at 82. However, the appellant’s executive officer
submitted an affidavit stating, “[The appellant] was not to be discharged until after .
. . any court-martial proceedings had taken place.” AE IX.
   10 AE IV at 24. In another apparent attempt to hasten his departure from active
duty, the appellant subsequently waived his right to an administrative separation
board on 8 April 2014. See Id. at 26.
   11 Id. at 28; AE V at 45. This Page 13 notified the appellant that he was being
retained on active duty “without pay.” The appellant was in an unauthorized absence
status while in civilian jail. See AE V at 50 (documenting the appellant’s
unauthorized absence status dating from 20 March 2014—the date appellant was
convicted in Norfolk Circuit Court); id. at 54 (documenting the appellant’s “lost time”
while in civilian confinement).
   12   AE IV at 31 (emphasis added).
   13   AE IV at 32; AE V at 46.
   14   See AE V at 47-49.


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                           United States v. Greening, No. 201700040


the expiration of his enlistment. He requested and took leave and accepted
travel orders. During the appellant’s providence inquiry with the military
judge, the appellant acknowledged that had not been issued a DD-214
discharge certificate. He further verified that he had not received a final
accounting of all pay and allowances, and that no one had given him
“permission or authorization to leave military custody or jurisdiction” or “told
[him] in any respect that [he was] allowed to go home or [wasn’t] subject to
military control anymore.”15
                                   II. DISCUSSION
A. Personal jurisdiction
    The appellant asserts that the court-martial lacked personal jurisdiction
over him because the government failed to take timely and appropriate action
to release him from active duty after he objected to his retention beyond his
EAOS. We disagree.
    We review questions of jurisdiction de novo. United States v. Ali, 71 M.J.
256, 261 (C.A.A.F. 2012). “Members of a regular component of the armed
forces, including those awaiting discharge after expiration of their enlistment”
are subject to court-martial jurisdiction.16 Generally, court-martial
jurisdiction over an individual begins upon enlistment or induction into the
armed forces and ends only when the individual is discharged. See United
States v. Harmon, 63 M.J. 98, 101 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (“Court-martial
jurisdiction over active duty personnel ordinarily ends on delivery of a
discharge certificate or its equivalent to the person concerned issued
pursuant to competent orders.”) (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted). Thus, military jurisdiction over the person continues as long as
military status exists. Solorio v. United States, 483 U.S. 435, 439 (1987). For
an active duty service member to be validly discharged—and thus for
personal jurisdiction to terminate—three elements must be satisfied: 1)
delivery of a valid discharge certificate; 2) a final accounting of pay; and 3)
completion of the clearing process required under appropriate service
regulations. United States v. Hart, 66 M.J. 273, 276 (C.A.A.F. 2008).
    The appellant does not dispute that these three elements have not been
satisfied. But, relying on United States v. Hutchins, 4 M.J. 190, 192 (C.M.A.
1978), and on language in the Discussion of Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.)
202(a),17 he argues that the government lost personal jurisdiction over him

   15   Record at 165.
   16   Article 2, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 802 (emphasis added).
   17 See RULE FOR COURT-MARTIAL 202(a), MANUAL FOR COURTS-MARTIAL, UNITED
STATES (2016 ed.), Discussion (2)(B)(i), “[C]ourt-martial jurisdiction normally
continues past the time of scheduled separation until a discharge certificate . . . is

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after he objected to his continued retention on active duty on 28 February
2014 and the government then “failed to take appropriate action in a
reasonable time.”18
    In Hutchins, our superior court held that “[a] person subject to the [c]ode
continues in service until the formalities of a discharge or release from active
duty have been met or he objects to his continued retention and a reasonable
time expires without appropriate action by the [g]overnment.” Id. (citations
omitted). The court concluded, however, that Hutchins had not objected to his
continued retention, and that the government, therefore, maintained
jurisdiction.
    The appellant’s reliance on Hutchins is misplaced. Five years after
Hutchins, in United States v. Fitzpatrick, 14 M.J. 394 (C.M.A. 1983), Chief
Judge Everett, writing for the court, reaffirmed the requirement for
government action within a reasonable time after an appellant’s objection to
retention on active duty. The Chief Judge noted in a footnote, however, that
in his view—a view not shared by a majority of the court— “court-martial
jurisdiction over a servicemember continues until his military status is
terminated by separation, even when there has been unwarranted delay in
separating him and he has actively requested to be separated.” Id. at 397 n.2
(citation omitted). The court then found that the government “proceeded
within a reasonable time” by preferring charges 10 days after Fitzpatrick
voiced his objection to continued retention past his service obligation. Id. at
398.
   Chief Judge Everett’s footnote in Fitzpatrick presaged a shift in the
court’s personal jurisdiction jurisprudence. In United States v. Poole, 30 M.J.
149, 150 (C.M.A. 1990), the court found no ambiguity in the “plain and
ordinary meaning” of Article 2, UCMJ, and concluded that jurisdiction


delivered or until the Government fails to act within a reasonable after the person
objects to continued retention.” (Emphasis added).
   18 Appellant’s Brief of 2 Aug 2017 at 29. The appellant argues that the
appropriate government action would have been to:
        1. Place him on an involuntary legal hold with a view towards a
        successive prosecution in compliance with [Judge Advocate General
        Instruction 5800.7F, § 0124 (26 Jun 2012) (JAGMAN)].
        2. Place him on an involuntary legal hold with [Navy Personnel
        Command] approval to wait and see the result of the state court
        proceedings.
Id. at 30 (emphasis in original). The appellant maintains that under either of these
options the government could have secured personal jurisdiction since both complied
with the Navy separation regulations.


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continues until military status is terminated by discharge. “The code makes
no express exception for the situation arising when an unreasonable delay
has taken place in accomplishing the discharge; and we see no reason to
imply such an exception.” Id. (citation omitted). Specifically referring to
Fitzpatrick, the court stated that “despite any prior intimation to the
contrary . . . we now hold that jurisdiction to court-martial a servicemember
exists despite delay—even unreasonable delay—by the [g]overnment in
discharging that person at the end of an enlistment and that no ‘constructive
discharge’ results when a servicemember is retained on duty beyond the end
of an enlistment.”19 Id. at 151.
    Therefore, even assuming the appellant was involuntarily extended
beyond his enlistment and the government failed to “take appropriate action
within a reasonable time” after he complained, he nonetheless remained on
active duty and was not discharged. Under Poole, delay—even unreasonable
delay—did not effectuate the appellant’s constructive discharge. Here, the
appellant did not receive a DD-214 discharge certificate, nor a final
accounting of pay, and did not complete the clearing process required by
service regulations. Accordingly, the court-martial retained jurisdiction over
him.
B. Due process
    The appellant next asserts that the government’s failure to notify him
that he was being retained on active duty against his will violated his Fifth
Amendment right to due process. The appellant contends that “[a]t a
minimum, due process required the [g]overnment to notify [him] that it was
holding him on active duty involuntarily.”20 This notice, the appellant argues,
would have afforded him the opportunity to object to his continued retention
on active duty and would have “trigger[ed] a requirement for the
[g]overnment to take ‘appropriate action’ in a ‘reasonable time.’”21
Specifically, the appellant maintains that the government deprived him of
this requisite notice from the expiration of his enlistment until he was
notified—some 300 days later—that he was being retained on active duty
“involuntarily.” The appropriate remedy for this due process violation,
according to the appellant, is to place him “in the status he would have been
in absent the [g]overnment’s violation of his due process rights: a civilian”


   19 The court points out, however, that “a servicemember unreasonably retained
on active duty is not without remedy[,]” Poole, 30 M.J. at 151, and may submit a
complaint under Article 138, UCMJ, apply to the Board for the Correction of Naval
Records, or seek a writ of habeas corpus. The appellant, here, sought no such relief.
   20   Appellant’s Brief at 21 (emphasis in original).
   21   Id. at 18 (citation and internal quotes omitted).

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and to then set aside and dismiss the charges for lack of personal
jurisdiction.22 Again, we disagree.
    The appellant’s argument is based upon a faulty premise. As we noted
above in resolving the first AOE, even if the appellant had received notice
that he was being retained on active duty involuntarily from the outset, and
assuming he objected to his continued retention, he still would not have been
discharged and personal jurisdiction would have continued. See Poole, 30
M.J. at 151. Moreover, the appellant cites no authority for the proposition
that failing to properly notify a service member that he or she is being
retained on active duty against their will amounts to a deprivation of
constitutional due process that severs jurisdiction. The appellant contends
that his command failed to follow Military Personnel Manual
(MILPERSMAN) Section 1160-050, which directs that “[w]hen a member is
retained in service beyond expiration of enlistment . . . entry as to reason and
authority for retention shall be made on the appropriate page of the
member’s service record and signed.” But the appellant fails to point to any
authority—and we have found none—that supports the contention that the
MILPERSMAN, or any similar administrative regulation, establishes
procedural rights of a constitutional dimension enforceable by an accused at a
court-martial. See United States v. Kohut, 44 M.J. 245, 250 (violations of
binding regulatory procedures may only be asserted by an accused if the
regulation was prescribed to protect an accused’s rights).
    More fundamentally, here the appellant was notified that he was being
retained on active duty past the expiration of his enlistment. Regardless of
whether the Page 13s indicated the appellant’s retention on active duty was
voluntary or involuntary, no one was in a better position than the appellant
to know whether he was being held on active duty against his will.23
Likewise, the appellant did in fact object to his retention on active duty, via
LT VM’s letter. As a result, the appellant’s argument that he was not on
notice and therefore could not object to his continued retention on active duty
is without merit—he was on notice and he did object.




   22   Id. at 22.
   23 Notably, LT VM’s letter seeking the appellant’s release from active duty—
which was witnessed and countersigned by the appellant—concedes that the
appellant “voluntarily extended.” See AE IV at 24, ¶¶ 2-3.


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                    United States v. Greening, No. 201700040


                           III. CONCLUSION
The findings and sentence, as approved by the CA, are affirmed.
Judge FULTON and Judge SAYEGH concur.
                                     For the Court


                                     R.H. TROIDL
                                     Clerk of Court




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