[Cite as Tritonservices, Inc. v. Univ. of Cincinnati, 2011-Ohio-7010.]




                                                          Court of Claims of Ohio
                                                                                 The Ohio Judicial Center
                                                                         65 South Front Street, Third Floor
                                                                                    Columbus, OH 43215
                                                                          614.387.9800 or 1.800.824.8263
                                                                                     www.cco.state.oh.us



TRITONSERVICES, INC.

        Plaintiff

        v.

UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI

        Defendant

Case No. 2009-02324

Judge Clark B. Weaver Sr.

DECISION

        {¶1} Plaintiff brought this action alleging breach of contract. The case proceeded
to trial on the issues of both liability and damages.
        {¶2} This claim concerns a public improvement project known as “Teachers’
College/Dyer Hall Rehabilitation Phase II Demolition and Renovation Package” on
defendant’s campus. The project was subject to the public bidding requirements set
forth in R.C. Chapter 153. On December 20, 2006, plaintiff submitted a bid for the
HVAC portion of the project, which defendant rejected. Plaintiff subsequently filed an
injunction action against defendant in the Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas; the
injunction was granted, and, as a result, plaintiff was awarded the contract.
        {¶3} While the injunction action was ongoing, defendant entered into contracts
with each of the other prime contractors on the project.                 Empire Construction Co.
(Empire) was selected as the general trades contractor and was also designated as the
Lead Contractor.         Pursuant to the contract documents, each prime contractor was
required to complete its work within 450 days from the date specified in the Notice to
Proceed. Initially, the contract completion date for all contractors with the exception of
plaintiff was June 6, 2008. After plaintiff was awarded the HVAC contract, defendant
issued a Notice to Proceed with a commencement date of May 15, 2007, which resulted
in a completion date of August 7, 2008. In the summer of 2007, plaintiff and defendant
began negotiations to align plaintiff’s contract completion date with that of the other
contractors.
       {¶4} At trial, plaintiff presented evidence which can be categorized into three
separate claims for breach of contract: 1) improper execution of Change Order No.
005H (CO5); 2) improper rejection of its loss of productivity claim; and 3) improper
assessment of liquidated damages.


I. CHANGE ORDER 5
       {¶5} The parties agree that as a result of plaintiff’s late start on the project,
plaintiff’s work on the project was 61 days behind that of the other contractors.
However, after defendant granted an extension of time to Empire for additional work,
plaintiff was only 40 days behind.
       {¶6} On August 17, 2007, Barrett Bamberger, defendant’s project manager, sent
an e-mail to Majid Samarghandi, plaintiff’s owner, with a proposed change order for a
40-day acceleration of its schedule. The amount of the change order was $0. The
description of the change order stated: “Adjust original contract time of 450 calendar
days in order to make Triton Services’ Contract Completion date correspond with the
revised June 27, 2008 Contract Completion date of the other prime contractors.” In the
e-mail, Bamberger asked Samarghandi to submit documentation to support his request
for compensation. (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 30.) Negotiations continued and on November 6,
2007, Hubert “Les” Caseltine, plaintiff’s project manager, sent Bamberger a change
order pricing summary with a cover letter that stated:       “This is the Change Order
adjusted to match $35,000.00.” (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 36.)
       {¶7} On December 28, 2007, Samarghandi signed and returned CO5. However,
the description/justification section contained the following additional language: “It is
further agreed that the compensation provided in this Change Order includes any and
all costs associated with the acceleration of certain schedule activities that may be
required to maintain the revised Contract Completion date of June 27, 2008, as a result
of delays caused by the closure of the 300 Level Mechnaical [sic] Room to perform
asbestos abatement work by the University’s abatement contractor.” (Plaintiff’s Exhibit
45.)
       {¶8} Caseltine testified that CO5 was intended only to compress the schedule by
40 days and that it had nothing to do with potential asbestos abatement claims.
Caseltine noted that the words “asbestos abatement” do not appear anywhere in the
November 6, 2007 change order pricing summary that he submitted to Bamberger.
       {¶9} Samarghandi testified that he met with Bamberger on August 16, 2007,
regarding an acceleration of the schedule. According to Samarghandi, he “felt like a
deal had been struck” on August 17, 2007, which was 40 days for $35,000.
Samarghandi was adamant that he never discussed asbestos abatement with
Bamberger during negotiations regarding CO5.
       {¶10} Bamberger testified that he had ongoing discussions about CO5 with
Samarghandi and Caseltine from August to December 2007. According to Bamberger,
at some point in November 2007, the parties agreed to the $35,000 figure. Bamberger
testified that he spoke to Samarghandi over the telephone after the November 29, 2007
“all clear” letter was finalized regarding asbestos abatement activities in the 300 level
mechanical room.      (Defendant’s Exhibit 16.)      According to Bamberger, he told
Samarghandi during that phone conversation that he wanted CO5 to encompass any
potential acceleration claims arising from the closure of the 300 level mechanical room
for asbestos abatement, and he testified that he included that request in his December
17, 2007 e-mail, which states: “Hi Majid...attached please find the change order for
revising Triton Services’ contract completion date. As we discussed and agreed to the
other day, this change order also includes acceleration of certain schedule activities that
may be necessary due to the closure of the 300 level mechanical room for abatement
work. Please print out (2) copies of the attached change order, sign and date, and
return both copies to me for further processing. * * *”        (Defendant’s Exhibit 17.)
(Emphasis added.) Bamberger noted that Caseltine was also copied on the e-mail, and
that the only response he received was a signed change order. Bamberger insisted that
he was not trying to “pull a fast one” on Samarghandi.
       {¶11} Samarghandi does not deny that he signed the change order as presented.
However, he asserts that he mistakenly signed CO5 without reading it based upon his
understanding that it solely regarded a 40-day acceleration of the schedule.
       {¶12} The purpose of contract construction is to give effect to the intention of the
parties, and such intent “is presumed to reside in the language they chose to employ in
the agreement.” Stoll v. United Magazine Co., Franklin App. No. 03AP-752, 2004-Ohio-
2523, ¶7. In construing a written agreement, common words appearing in the written
instrument are to be given their plain and ordinary meaning “unless manifest absurdity
results, or unless some other meaning is clearly evidenced from the four corners of the
documents.” Id. at ¶8, citing Alexander v. Buckeye Pipe Line Co. (1978), 53 Ohio St.2d
241, paragraph two of the syllabus. Additionally, a court is not required to go beyond
the plain language of an agreement to determine the parties’ rights and obligations if a
contract is clear and unambiguous. Custom Design Technologies, Inc. v. Galt Alloys,
Inc., Stark App. No. 2001CA00153, 2002-Ohio-100.             “If a contract is clear and
unambiguous, then its interpretation is a matter of law and there is no issue of fact to be
determined.” Inland Refuse Transfer Co. v. Browning-Ferris Industries of Ohio, Inc.
(1984), 15 Ohio St.3d 321, 322, citing Alexander, supra.
       {¶13} “To constitute a valid contract, there must be a meeting of the minds of the
parties, and there must be an offer on one side and an acceptance on the other side. * *
* A signature on a contract is evidence that the minds of the parties met on the terms of
the contract as executed; however, this evidence, or the inference drawn from the
execution of the contract, can be rebutted.” Altman Co. v. Primo Painting, Inc. (May 5,
1998), Franklin App. No. 97APE09-1254. (Internal citations omitted.)
       {¶14} General Conditions (GC) Article 7 of the contract pertains to change
orders.   Section 7.1.1.4 states:      “The Contractor understands and agrees that
agreement to a Change Order is final and without reservation of any rights.” (Plaintiff’s
Exhibit 3, page 39.) Moreover, CO5 states: “This Change Order identifies and provides
full and complete satisfaction for all direct and indirect costs, including interest and all
related extensions to the time for Contract Completion, for the described changes in the
Scope of the Work.” (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 45.)
       {¶15} Where the parties to a construction contract agree to a change order which
they intend to provide complete compensation for a given change in the project, the
party being compensated by the change order will be contractually foreclosed from
seeking additional compensation related to that same project change. DiGioia Bros.
Excavating, Inc. v. City of Cleveland (1999), 135 Ohio App.3d 436, 454. Furthermore,
change orders constitute part of the contract between the parties.        High Voltage
Systems Div., The L.E. Myers Co. v. Ohio Dept. of Transp. (Dec. 19, 1978), Franklin
App. No. 78AP-88. As such, a party has no right to unilaterally modify a contract to
provide for payment on a basis different than that provided for in a negotiated change
order. Id.
       {¶16} Samarghandi did not deny receiving the e-mail from Bamberger
referencing an agreement that had been reached “the other day.” In fact, the evidence
shows that Bamberger’s e-mail was sent simultaneously with the final version of CO5
that Samarghandi signed and returned. The court finds that the execution and delivery
of CO5 by Samarghandi on behalf of plaintiff created a binding amendment to the
parties’ contract in accordance with its terms. The language in CO5 is unambiguous:
by signing CO5, plaintiff agreed to adhere to a contract completion date of June 27,
2008; agreed that the consideration for $35,000 was a full and complete satisfaction for
any of its costs related to a 40-day acceleration of the contract completion date; and
agreed that any claims relating to asbestos abatement in the 300 level mechanical room
were resolved by CO5.       As such, plaintiff is precluded, as a matter of law, from
recovering damages for its loss of productivity as a result of asbestos abatement in the
300 level mechanical room. The court further finds that the language in GC Section
7.1.1.4 is unambiguous; therefore, CO5 was final, and plaintiff’s claims with regard to
CO5 must be denied.


II. LOSS OF PRODUCTIVITY CLAIM
       {¶17} Plaintiff asserts that throughout the project, it incurred substantial delays of
its work as a result of events or occurrences that were within defendant’s control.
Plaintiff asserts that the unexpected discovery of asbestos containing material (ACM) in
various parts of the building caused substantial delay in the baseline schedule, and that
the abatement activities led to “leap frogging” from floor to floor, instead of proceeding
with its work in an orderly fashion as contemplated in its bid. Plaintiff asserts that the
presence of ACM presented significantly different site conditions than it had represented
in the contract documents. In addition, plaintiff asserts that defendant had actual notice
of the asbestos abatement delays because it was provided with plaintiff’s daily reports
which reflected the job site conditions, defendant’s representatives attended the weekly
job progress meetings during which delays were discussed, and because Empire sent
defendant numerous letters about the asbestos delay. Plaintiff contends that its work
was negatively impacted by a one-month delay for ceiling demolition that was
performed by Empire, and by defendant’s mismanagement of Empire and its scheduling
consultant, EIC Services, Inc. (EIC). Although a recovery schedule meeting was held
on December 13, 2007, no adjustment was made to the contract completion date of
June 27, 2008. Plaintiff argues that defendant knew from at least December 2007 that
the June 27, 2008 contract completion date would not be met due to various project
delays which were within its sole control.
       {¶18} In June 2008, Samarghandi discussed a potential change order with
Bamberger to compensate plaintiff for its significant labor overruns as a result of the
multiple delays on the project. (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 50.) In response, Bamberger advised
Samarghandi to submit a formal claim to comply with the requirements as set forth in
GC Article 8. On July 14, 2008, plaintiff submitted a “loss of productivity claim” which
delineated additional costs that it incurred due to delays, acceleration, and out-of-
sequence work that had occurred over the course of the project. (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 51.)
The Associate, Kevin Kirk from Champlin/Haupt Architects, Inc., reviewed plaintiff’s
claim and prepared an analysis dated August 29, 2008, wherein he recommended that
the claim be rejected because it was neither timely submitted nor properly supported as
required by Article 8.    (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 67.)   On September 8, 2008, Bamberger
notified plaintiff that its claim was deficient in that it had failed to comply with GC 8.1.3,
including failure to submit a time impact analysis consistent with standard critical path
methodology, and he advised plaintiff to submit additional documentation within 10 days
of the notice. (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 72.) On September 12, 2008, Samarghandi responded
to the notice. On October 23, 2008, Bamberger issued his own decision wherein he
rejected plaintiff’s claim for failure to comply with the Article 8 requirements and he also
noted that Article 7 and CO5 precluded any claim with regard to the 300 level of the
mechanical room. (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 85.) On November 3, 2008, plaintiff appealed the
rejection of its claim to University Architect Mary Beth McGrew. (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 88.)
On December 11, 2008, Samarghandi submitted additional information to substantiate
the claim.     (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 99.)      However, on January 7, 2009, McGrew denied
plaintiff’s appeal of both its loss of productivity claim and its liquidated damages claim.
(Plaintiff’s Exhibit 103.)
        {¶19} In McGrew’s analysis of plaintiff’s appeal, she agreed with Kirk and
Bamberger that any claims related to the discovery of asbestos and its abatement from
the 300 level mechanical room were satisfied with the execution of CO5. Furthermore,
McGrew cited GC 6.21 for the proposition that the sole remedy for any claim of delay
regarding the failure of Empire to timely complete its work was an extension of time, and
noted that plaintiff had never requested any extension of time. McGrew also cited
Article 8 to show plaintiff’s notice and claim submission deficiencies, and noted that
plaintiff’s total cost analysis failed to comply with those requirements.                        In sum,
defendant found that inasmuch as plaintiff failed to comply with the contract
requirements, all of plaintiff’s claims were waived.2

        1
         GC 6.2 states: “EXTENSIONS
        “6.2.1 If the Contractor is interfered with, disrupted, hindered or delayed at any time in the
progress of the Work by any of the following causes, the time for Contract Completion shall be extended
for such reasonable time which the Associate determines, in consultation with the University, has been
caused by the interference, disruption, hindrance or delay in the Work:
        “6.2.1.1 Due to suspension of the Work for which the Contractor is not responsible; * * *
        “6.2.1.2 Due to an act or omission of any other Contractor; or
        “6.2.1.3 Due to any unforeseeable cause beyond the control and without fault or negligence of the
Contractor.”
        2
         “Waiver is an affirmative defense.” Cleveland Const., Inc. v. Kent State Univ., Franklin App. No.
09AP-822, 2010-Ohio-2906, ¶47. (Internal citations omitted.) Defendant bears the burden of proving
waiver at trial. Id. at ¶48. The court notes that in its answer to plaintiff’s complaint, defendant asserted
        {¶20} GC Section 8.1.1 states:              “Whenever the Contractor intends to seek
additional compensation or mitigation of Liquidated Damages, whether due to delay,
extra Work, additional Work, breach of Contract, or other causes arising out of or
related to the Contract or the Project, the Contractor shall follow the procedures set
forth in this Article. To the fullest extent permitted by law, failure of the Contractor to
timely provide such notice shall constitute a waiver by the Contractor of any claim for
additional compensation or for mitigation of Liquidated Damages.” (Emphasis added.)
        {¶21} GC Section 8.1.2 states, in part: “The Contractor shall make a claim in
writing filed with the Associate and prior to Contract Completion, provided the
Contractor notified the Associate, in writing, no more than ten (10) days after the initial
occurrence of the facts, which are the basis of the claim.”
        {¶22} GC Sections 8.1.1 and 8.1.2 set forth two conditions that must be satisfied
by the contractor in order to maintain a claim for an equitable adjustment of the contract:
notice and the filing of a claim.           In order for a contractor to preserve a claim, the
contractor must notify the Associate, in writing, of the basis of its claim no later than ten
days after the initial occurrence of the facts that give rise to the claim. After that notice
is given, GC Section 8.1.3 requires a contractor to submit a written claim within 30 days
of submission of the written notice; the written claim must contain specific criteria as set
forth in GC Section 8.1.3.1 through 8.1.3.10. After the claim is submitted, GC Sections
8.2 through 8.4 delineate the claim review process.
        {¶23} With regard to the written notice requirement, GC Section 8.1.2 further
states: “Every such written notice shall provide the following information to permit timely
and appropriate evaluation of the claim, determination of responsibility and opportunity
for mitigation[.]”    Sections 8.1.2.1 through 8.1.2.5 set forth the requirements of the
written notice to include the estimated amount of the claim, the identification of persons


the affirmative defense of waiver, including: failure to provide timely written notice of occurrences
purported to have given rise to plaintiff’s claims, failure to timely seek extensions of time, and failure to
provide required supporting documentation necessary for defendant to evaluate and act upon its claims.
(Answer, ¶42.) Furthermore, defendant asserted the express waiver of “claims for delay and additional
compensation relating to the discovery and abatement of asbestos on the Project by executing [CO5]”;
and waiver of “claims arising from the purported interference caused by other contractors and/or
[defendant] by failing to give timely written notice thereof and by failing to request an extension of time
within 10 days of the event giving rise to the alleged interference.” (Answer, ¶43-44.)
and events responsible for the delay, the identification of activities on the construction
schedule that are affected, anticipated impacts and anticipated duration of delay, and
recommended action to avoid or minimize any interference, disruption, hindrance,
delay, or impact.
       {¶24} Plaintiff filed its loss of productivity claim on July 14, 2008.        However,
plaintiff did not file a written notice of the facts which are the basis of its claim within ten
days after their occurrence.        The court finds that the language in Article 8 is
unambiguous. “When ‘the terms in a contract are unambiguous, courts will not in effect
create a new contract by finding an intent not expressed in the clear language employed
by the parties.’” Cleveland Const., Inc., supra, at ¶29, quoting Shifrin v. Forest City
Ents., Inc. (1992), 64 Ohio St.3d 635, 638. Moreover, “courts cannot decide cases of
contractual interpretation on the basis of what is just or equitable.” Id. at ¶31.
       {¶25} Plaintiff asserts that defendant had actual notice of its potential loss of
productivity claim from various sources:        the weekly meetings, the daily logs, and
Empire’s written notice of its delay claims. However, plaintiff has failed to prove by a
preponderance of the evidence that it notified the Associate in writing no more than 10
days after the initial occurrence of the facts which are the basis of its claim, as required
per GC Article 8.      Although Samarghandi testified that plaintiff’s daily logs were
submitted to defendant contemporaneously with their creation, Caseltine testified that
the daily logs were provided to defendant on a random basis and that he could not
identify which daily logs had been delivered or when they were delivered. However,
assuming arguendo that the daily logs were delivered to defendant as they were
generated, the court finds that the daily logs in and of themselves do not satisfy the
notice requirements of GC Article 8. Although the daily logs contain a section that
states: “ARE THERE ANY DELAYS EITHER FROM CONTRACTORS OR US? * * * IF
YES, PLEASE DESCRIBE DELAY AND WITH WHOM IT WAS DISCUSSED,” that
language fails to comply with the specific requirements of GC Sections 8.1.2.1 through
8.1.2.5. Moreover, in that plaintiff filed its claim on July 14, 2008, pursuant to the
contract provisions, the court finds that plaintiff has waived any claim regarding impacts
to the schedule that occurred prior to June 14, 2008. A review of plaintiff’s loss of
productivity claim shows that the delays that affected its schedule occurred from May
21, 2007 to April 30, 2008. Therefore, the court finds that plaintiff has failed to preserve
its loss of productivity claim, and that defendant’s rejection of such claim due to
plaintiff’s failure to comply with the Article 8 requirements was not a breach of contract.
       {¶26} Plaintiff asserts that defendant’s analysis of its loss of productivity claim did
not comply with the time requirements as set forth in Article 8, and that accordingly,
defendant breached the contract and such breach constitutes a waiver of the notice
requirements set forth in Article 8.      However, the court is not persuaded by that
argument.
       {¶27} “[W]aiver of a contract provision may be express or implied. * * * ‘[W]aiver
by estoppel’ exists when the acts and conduct of a party are inconsistent with an intent
to claim a right, and have been such as to mislead the other party to his prejudice and
thereby estop the party having the right from insisting upon it. * * * Waiver by estoppel
allows a party's inconsistent conduct, rather than a party's intent, to establish a waiver
of rights. * * * Whether a party's inconsistent conduct constitutes waiver involves a
factual determination, * * * and such a factual determination is properly made by the trier
of fact.” Lewis & Michael Moving and Storage, Inc. v. Stofcheck Ambulance Serv., Inc.,
Franklin App. No. 05AP-662, 2006-Ohio-3810, ¶29-30.             (Internal citations omitted;
emphasis in original.)
       {¶28} The court notes that Bamberger advised Samarghandi to file an Article 8
claim after Samarghandi notified him of a desire for additional compensation in June
2008. However, the court cannot construe Bamberger’s e-mail advising Samarghandi
to file an Article 8 claim as a waiver of any notice requirements in the contract. In fact,
Bamberger’s response clearly shows that defendant intended to enforce the Article 8
requirements. Based upon the evidence presented, the court finds that defendant did
not waive its right to enforce the terms of the contract. The court finds that the language
of GC Article 8 is unambiguous. The court further finds that plaintiff’s July 14, 2008
notice of its loss of productivity claim was untimely, and therefore, it has failed to
preserve any claim it had for an equitable adjustment of the contract. Accordingly, the
court finds that pursuant to the terms of Article 8, any loss of productivity claims were
waived when plaintiff failed to comply with the 10-day notice requirement. Therefore,
the court finds that plaintiff has failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that
defendant breached the contract with regard to the loss of productivity claim.


III. IMPROPER ASSESSMENT OF LIQUIDATED DAMAGES
        {¶29} Plaintiff also alleges that defendant improperly assessed liquidated
damages against it for 38 days from June 28 to August 4, 2008, in the amount of
$38,000. Plaintiff asserts that defendant assessed liquidated damages against it in
retaliation for filing its loss of productivity claim. In the alternative, plaintiff alleges that
defendant’s failure to manage the construction schedule was the cause of plaintiff’s
untimely completion of the work.              Plaintiff asserts that defendant’s conduct was a
breach of its duties under GC Article 5 to administer the contract in good faith and was
also a violation of R.C. 4113.62(C)(1).3
        {¶30} On September 3, 2008, Bamberger informed Caseltine that defendant had
deducted $34,000 in liquidated damages from plaintiff’s pending pay applications, which
represented $1,000 per day from June 27, 2008, through July 31, 2008. (Plaintiff’s
Exhibit 69.)       On September 8, 2008, Samarghandi sought a rescission of the
assessment of liquidated damages by filing an Article 8 claim. (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 73.)
On September 23, 2008, Bamberger informed plaintiff that it had not deemed plaintiff’s
work substantially complete until August 4, 2008, and that defendant had assessed an
additional $4,000 of liquidated damages.                     On September 26, 2008, plaintiff
supplemented its Article 8 claim to include a request to rescind a total amount of
$38,000 in liquidated damages.


        3
          R.C. 4113.62(C) (1) states:         “Any provision of a construction contract, agreement, or
understanding, or specification or other documentation that is made a part of a construction contract,
agreement, or understanding, that waives or precludes liability for delay during the course of a
construction contract when the cause of the delay is a proximate result of the owner's act or failure to act,
or that waives any other remedy for a construction contract when the cause of the delay is a proximate
result of the owner's act or failure to act, is void and unenforceable as against public policy.” (Emphasis
added.)
        {¶31} The Associate reviewed plaintiff’s September Article 8 claim and
recommended that the claim be rejected because plaintiff’s work remained incomplete
as of August 4, 2008, and because plaintiff had never requested an extension of the
contract completion date. (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 91.) On November 17, 2008, Bamberger
rendered a decision wherein he agreed with the Associate’s claim analysis, finding that
plaintiff’s claim for mitigation of liquidated damages was in essence a request for an
extension of time, inasmuch as the contract completion date would have to have been
extended in order to relieve plaintiff from incurring liquidated damages.                (Plaintiff’s
Exhibit 92.)    Samarghandi responded by contending that defendant had failed to
effectively manage the project schedule and that the assessment of liquidated damages
was unfair. On January 7, 2009, McGrew rejected plaintiff’s September Article 8 claim,
on the basis that plaintiff had failed to comply with GC Articles 6 and 8, and that any
asbestos abatement claims were waived with the execution of CO5.
        {¶32} Empire, as the Lead Contractor, engaged EIC to prepare a schedule for the
work on the project pursuant to GC Article 4. On June 21, 2007, Caseltine accepted
and signed the original baseline schedule which was prepared by EIC and had been
accepted by each of the other prime contractors. On December 20, 2007, Caseltine
signed and returned the revised baseline schedule, reserving rights with respect to two
errors in the schedule, however, the revised baseline schedule’s completion date
remained June 27, 2008, the same date that was agreed to in CO5. Samarghandi
testified repeatedly that plaintiff never asked for an extension of the contract completion
date.
        {¶33} The court finds that pursuant to GC 4.3.6.2, by accepting and signing off on
the original and updated baseline schedules, plaintiff agreed to the sequences and
durations of the activities in those schedules and obligated itself to perform in
accordance with those schedules.4 Inasmuch as plaintiff executed CO5 and signed the
original baseline and revised baseline schedules, plaintiff was obligated to complete its
work on the contract by June 27, 2008, or be assessed liquidated damages at the rate


        4
       GC 4.3.6.2 states, in part: “The original or initially approved Construction Schedule and all
subsequent Construction Schedules signed by the Contractor, the Lead Contractor and the Associate and
of $1,000 per day for each day thereafter that its work was incomplete.5 Pursuant to the
definitions in the contract documents, “Contract Completion” means “The date upon
which all deficiencies noted in the Punch List have been corrected, the Contractor’s
Work is one hundred (100) percent complete, and the Contractor has complied with all
conditions precedent to final payment and release of retainage.” (Defendant’s Exhibit
38, page D-2 of 6.)
        {¶34} Plaintiff did not achieve Contract Completion until some time after August
4, 2008. Inasmuch as plaintiff never sought an extension of time to complete its work,
absent evidence that defendant was the cause of any delay, plaintiff waived its right to
seek mitigation of liquidated damages.6 However, because plaintiff failed to comply with
the notice provisions of Article 8 in its loss of productivity claim, the court likewise


[sic] shall serve as an affirmation that the Lead Contractor and the Contractor agree to and can meet the
applicable requirements of the updated Construction Schedule.”
          5
           Article 3 of the HVAC contract states:
          “3.1 The Contractor shall diligently prosecute and complete all Work such that Final Acceptance
occurs on or before 450 consecutive days, following the date set forth in the Notice to Proceed. Unless
an extension of time is granted by the University in accordance with the Contract Documents the period of
time established in this paragraph is referred to as the time for Contract Completion.
          “3.2 All Work to be performed under the Contract shall be completed within the established time
for Contract Completion, and that each applicable portion of the Work shall be completed upon its
respective milestone completion date, unless the Contractor timely requests and the University grants an
extension of time in accordance with the Contract Documents.
          “3.3 Failure to complete all Work within the period of time specified, or failure to have the
applicable portion of the Work completed upon any milestone completion date, shall entitle the University
to retain or recover from the Contractor, as Liquidated Damages, and not as a penalty, the applicable
amount set forth in the following table for each and every calendar day thereafter until Contract
Completion or the date of completion of the applicable portion of the Work, unless the Contractor timely
requests and the University grants an extension of time in accordance with the Contract Documents. * * *”
(Plaintiff’s Exhibit 2.) (Emphasis added.)

        6
          GC 6.3.1 states: “To the fullest extent permitted by law and subject to any limitations imposed
when the cause for the delay is a proximate result of the University’s act or failure to act pursuant to
Section 4113.62, ORC, any extension of time granted pursuant to Paragraph GC 6.2 shall be the sole
remedy which may be provided by the University. The Contractor shall not be entitled to additional
compensation from the University or mitigation of Liquidated Damages for any delay, interference,
hindrance or disruption, including, without limitation, costs of acceleration, consequential damages, loss
of efficiency, loss of productivity, lost opportunity costs, impact damages, lost profits or other similar
remuneration.”
         GC 6.4.1 states: “Any request by the Contractor for an extension of time shall be made by written
notice to the Associate no more than ten (10) days after the initial occurrence of any condition which, in
the Contractor’s opinion, entitles the Contractor to an extension of time. Failure to provide such timely
notice to the Associate shall constitute a waiver by the Contractor of any claim for extension, damages or
mitigation of Liquidated Damages, to the fullest extent permitted by law.”
cannot find that plaintiff complied with the notice provisions of Article 8 in its attempt to
mitigate the assessment of liquidated damages. The court finds that plaintiff has failed
to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that plaintiff gave the Associate timely
written notice of any delay that it contended defendant was responsible for on the
project.
       {¶35} In sum, plaintiff has failed to prove that it requested an extension of the
contract completion date, has failed to prove that it completed its work on the project
prior to the contract completion date, and has failed to prove that it complied with the
contract requirements to notify defendant of the basis of any delay claim. Therefore,
judgment shall be rendered in favor of defendant.
                                              Court of Claims of Ohio
                                                                        The Ohio Judicial Center
                                                                65 South Front Street, Third Floor
                                                                           Columbus, OH 43215
                                                                 614.387.9800 or 1.800.824.8263
                                                                            www.cco.state.oh.us



TRITONSERVICES, INC.

      Plaintiff

      v.

UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI

      Defendant

Case No. 2009-02324

Judge Clark B. Weaver Sr.

JUDGMENT ENTRY

       {¶36} This case was tried to the court on the issues of liability and damages. The
court has considered the evidence and, for the reasons set forth in the decision filed
concurrently herewith, judgment is rendered in favor of defendant. Court costs are
assessed against plaintiff. The clerk shall serve upon all parties notice of this judgment
and its date of entry upon the journal.




                                          ____________________________________
                                          CLARK B. WEAVER SR.
                                          Judge

cc:
Gregory Mohar                          William C. Becker
Special Counsel to Attorney General    Assistant Attorney General
University of Cincinnati               150 East Gay Street, 18th Floor
650 University Pavilion                Columbus, Ohio 43215-3130
P.O. Box 210623
Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0623

William G. Geisen
2400 Chamber Center Drive, Suite 300
Ft. Mitchell, Kentucky 41017




Filed December 5, 2011
To S.C. reporter March 5, 2012
