                 United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 15-2950
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

                               Jamal Mohamud Aden

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                      for the District of Minnesota - St. Paul
                                  ____________

                              Submitted: May 31, 2016
                                Filed: July 29, 2016
                                  ____________

Before SMITH, BEAM, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

BEAM, Circuit Judge.

      Jamal Mohamud Aden appeals his eight-month sentence for wire fraud as
procedurally and substantively unreasonable. He also challenges the district court's1



      1
      The Honorable Joan N. Ericksen, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota.
finding of a loss amount of $194,869 and the resulting restitution award. For the
reasons discussed below, we affirm.

I.    BACKGROUND

       Aden owned and operated two convenience stores in St. Paul, Minnesota: St
Paul Grocery 1 (SPG1) and St. Paul Grocery 2 (SPG2). In October 2010, Aden
signed the Food Nutrition Service (FNS) 252 application for SPG1, making the store
eligible to participate in the Supplemental Nutrition and Assistance Program (SNAP),
previously known as the Food Stamp Program, administered by the United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA). A year later he signed the FNS 252 application
for SPG2. By signing the forms, Aden certified that he had read and reviewed the
program rules and regulations. Under the SNAP program, recipients are prohibited
from receiving cash for SNAP benefits, may not use the benefits to pay down a store
credit, and are only allowed to purchase approved food items. SNAP provides low-
income families with nutritious food by allowing those families to purchase eligible
food items from approved retail stores. Under this system, SNAP recipients are
issued Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) cards, like credit or debit cards, to be used
at participating stores. Stores use a point-of-sale machine that debits SNAP
recipients' accounts in the amount of the purchase. The USDA then reimburses the
store owner. Aden maintained two accounts at banks in St. Paul where
reimbursements were sent.

      In May 2011, a confidential reliable informant (CRI) for the USDA Inspector
General entered SPG1 and asked Aden to exchange his SNAP benefits for cash.
Aden agreed to give the CRI $50 in cash for a $100 charge on his EBT card. Aden
swiped the EBT card for $97.08, but due to police presence near the store, Aden told
the CRI to pick up the cash at a later time. When the CRI returned, a store clerk
handed him $50 in cash. Several months later USDA investigators were informed of
suspicious use of SNAP benefits at SPG1. A camera was pointed at the SPG1

                                         -2-
entrance from December 11, 2012, to January 9, 2013, and captured approximately
forty-five occasions where SNAP benefit users paid for $50 worth of groceries on
their EBT cards but left the store with "very small bags not commensurate to $50 or
more worth of merchandise or with no visible merchandise at all." In later
transactions, CRIs received cash for SNAP benefits and purchased cigarettes, a
prohibited item, at Aden's stores. On January 27, 2013, a camera was set up outside
SPG2. It recorded thirty-four instances of illegal EBT transactions. USDA Agent
Bucci, who was assigned to the case, also personally witnessed SNAP recipients
purchase non-approved items at SPG1 and SPG2.

       Based on the surveillance footage, testimony from CRIs, and observations from
Agent Bucci, search warrants were obtained for SPG1, SPG2, Aden's home, a vehicle
owned by Aden and his business partner, a vehicle owned by Aden, and a safe found
in Aden's vehicle. When the warrants for SPG1 and SPG2 were executed, USDA
agents found security camera recordings of Aden and cashiers exchanging SNAP
benefits for cash, EBT cards belonging to SNAP recipients, and records of EBT credit
accounts, all evidence of trafficking SNAP benefits for cash and unauthorized items.
The in-store security footage showed at least forty-six instances of Aden participating
in fraudulent SNAP transactions. SPG1 and SPG2 customers also confirmed the
fraud. On February 9, 2015, Aden pled guilty to wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 1343.

       To determine the loss amount, Agent Bucci used a comparative statistical
analysis in which he selected three convenience stores the same size or larger than
SPG1 and SPG2 in the same zip code that were not suspected of SNAP fraud to
compare to Aden's stores. The analysis assumed that all transactions under $25 were
legitimate. Conversely, because none of the comparison stores had a single SNAP
transaction above $104.56, the analysis assumed that all transactions above $104.56
were fraudulent. Agent Bucci then calculated the average SNAP sales between $25
and $104.56 for the three comparison stores for January 18, 2011, through June 6,

                                         -3-
2013, to compare to SPG1; and for January 5, 2012, through June 6, 2013, to compare
to SPG2. Finally, he subtracted the average amount of SNAP sales at the comparison
stores from SPG1's and SPG2's SNAP sales. SPG1 had $74,187.27 in SNAP
transactions between $25 and $104.56 and $106,644.73 in SNAP transactions above
$104.56. The comparison stores had $6,322.53 in SNAP transactions between $25
and $104.56 and no SNAP transactions above $104.56. Thus, SPG1 had
$174,509.472 more SNAP transactions than the comparison stores.3 SPG2 had
$23,593.05 in SNAP transactions between $25 and $104.56 and $14,688.95 in SNAP
transactions above $104.56. The comparison stores had $4,188.11 in SNAP
transactions between $25 and $104.56 and no SNAP transactions above $104.56.
Thus, SPG2 had $34,093.894 more in SNAP transactions than the comparison stores.
Agent Bucci determined that the total amount of fraudulent transactions, and thus the
loss amount, for the two stores was $206,603.37. Because the loss was between
$200,000 and $400,000, twelve levels were added to the base offense level of seven,
and the presentence investigation report (PSR) suggested a Guidelines range of
twenty-one to twenty-seven months.

       At the sentencing hearing, the Government suggested the district court consider
$194,869 the loss amount for the Guidelines calculation, which would make the
Guidelines range fifteen to twenty-one months. This loss amount was based on Agent
Bucci's loss calculation, where he subtracted $11,734.04 to account for fraudulent
transactions committed by Aden's business partner, Saed Marouf, which left a total
loss amount of $194,869.33 for Aden. For the purpose of restitution, the Government

      2
          $74,187.27 + $106,644.73 = $180,832. $180,832 - $6,322.53 = $174,509.47.
      3
        The Government's calculation erroneously listed $172,509.48 as the amount
of fraudulent transactions for SPG1. However, since this amount was used at the
district court level and benefitted Aden, we will also use $172,509.48 as the loss
amount for SPG1 for the purpose of this appeal.
      4
          $23,593.05 + $14,688.95 = $38,282. $38,282 - $4,188.11 = $34,093.89.

                                         -4-
deducted $5,301.70 from the $194,869 Guidelines loss amount because four of
Aden's customers were charged with SNAP fraud and were already paying restitution.
Thus, Aden's total restitution amount was $189,567.30. In the plea agreement Aden
accepted responsibility for the offense, admitting that he "devised a scheme and
artifice to defraud the SNAP program and the United States, and to obtain money by
means of materially fraudulent representations" and "exchanged SNAP benefits for
cash via EBT transactions at [SPG1] and [SPG2]." The plea agreement stated that the
offense level should be increased ten levels pursuant to United States Sentencing
Guideline (U.S.S.G.) § 2B1.1(b)(1)(F) since the offense resulted in a loss of less than
$200,000. Aden acknowledged that the Mandatory Victim Restitution Act (MVRA)
applied, but no restitution amount was agreed upon. In his sentencing memorandum
and again at the sentencing hearing, Aden argued that the loss amount should be
restricted to those transactions corroborated by video surveillance evidence. Using
his analysis, the Government could only prove a loss amount of $7,559.13, which
would result in a two-level enhancement, making Aden's Guidelines range zero to six
months instead of fifteen to twenty-one months.

       The court ultimately adopted the PSR, accepted the Government's proposal for
the loss amount of $194,869, and found that the Guidelines range was fifteen to
twenty-one months. The court also accepted the Government's U.S.S.G. § 5K motion,
departing from the Guidelines range and sentencing Aden to eight months in prison.
The court ordered Aden pay restitution in the amount of $189,567.30. On appeal,
Aden challenges (1) the loss amount calculation; (2) the restitution order; (3) and the
procedural and substantive reasonableness of his sentence.




                                         -5-
II.   DISCUSSION

      A.     Loss Calculation

        Aden challenges the amount of loss, arguing that the Government proved, at
most, a loss of $7,559.13 attributable directly or indirectly to him. We disagree. We
review de novo the district court's interpretation of loss when used in a Guidelines
calculation. United States v. Fazio, 487 F.3d 646, 657 (8th Cir. 2007). We review
the district court's fraud loss calculation for clear error, and "as long as the
determination is plausible in light of the record as a whole, clear error does not exist."
United States v. Farrington, 499 F.3d 854, 859 (8th Cir. 2007) (quoting United States
v. Coon, 187 F.3d 888, 899 (8th Cir. 1999)). Sentencing enhancements must be
proved by a preponderance of the evidence, id., but "the district court need only make
a reasonable estimate of loss rather than a precise determination," id. at 860. To
determine the amount of loss, Agent Bucci from the USDA, as noted above, used a
statistical comparative analysis, comparing SNAP transactions at SPG1 and SPG2 to
SNAP transactions at three convenience stores in the same zip code that were not
suspected of SNAP fraud. He assumed all transactions under $25 were legitimate,
assumed transactions above $104.56 were fraudulent (because none of the
comparison stores had any SNAP transactions above that amount), averaged the
SNAP sales between $25 and $104.56, and then subtracted that averaged amount
from the SNAP sales in that same range at SPG1 and SPG2. This analysis revealed
that SPG1 and SPG2 processed $206,603.37 more SNAP benefits than the
comparison stores, which supports the fraud determination.

      Moreover, other courts have accepted methods such as this for proof of loss in
SNAP fraud cases. See, e.g., United States v. Sayed, No. 13-CR-20496, 2014 WL
7157104, at *2 (E.D. Mich. 2014) (stating that a comparative statistical analysis is
reasonable). Thus, although, as Aden points out, the video recordings of illegal
SNAP transactions are sufficient evidence of loss, a recording of each illegal

                                           -6-
transaction is not necessary. The comparative approach used here was reliable and
well-reasoned. See United States v. Jones, 641 F.3d 706, 712-13 (6th Cir. 2011). As
such, the district court's finding of a loss amount of $194,869 (the final loss amount
after deducting transactions attributed to Marouf) was a reasonable estimate
supported by a preponderance of the evidence and thus, not clearly erroneous.

      B.     Restitution Order

       Aden similarly argues that because the restitution order is based on the
Government's allegedly inflated and speculative loss amount calculation, the
restitution order is also clearly erroneous. We disagree. We review the district court's
interpretation of the MVRA de novo and its determination of the restitution award
amount for clear error. United States v. Statman, 604 F.3d 529, 535 (8th Cir. 2010).
As discussed above, the district court did not err in adopting $194,869 as the loss
amount. The loss amount is comprised of all illegal SNAP transactions at Aden's
stores during the relevant time frame, minus the transactions attributed to Marouf.
Under the MVRA, "the court shall award as restitution 'the full amount' of a victim's
losses." United States v. Lange, 592 F.3d 902, 907 (8th Cir. 2010) (quoting 18
U.S.C. § 3664(f)(1)(A)). Thus, the district court correctly ordered Aden to pay
restitution in the amount of $189,576.30, which is the loss amount discussed above
minus the amount of restitution ($5,301.70) already paid by four of Aden's customers
charged with SNAP fraud. The restitution award was based on a reasonable estimate
of loss and not clearly erroneous.

      C.     Sentence

       Finally, Aden argues that his eight-month prison sentence is both procedurally
and substantively unreasonable. We disagree. We review the reasonableness of the
district court's sentence for abuse of discretion. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38,
46 (2007). Aden was released from custody on April 29, 2016, and this appeal was

                                          -7-
submitted on May 31, 2016. As such, even if the court abused its discretion, which
we would find that it did not, this issue is moot. See United States v. Williams, 483
F.3d 889 (8th Cir. 2007) (dismissing as moot the appeal contesting the defendant's
sentence because she was released from custody before the court heard the appeal).

III.   CONCLUSION

       The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                      ______________________________




                                         -8-
