Filed 8/26/15 P. v. Zamora CA2/1
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE


THE PEOPLE,                                                          B252960

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. VA129652)
         v.

ANTHONY MOSES ZAMORA,

         Defendant and Appellant.




         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Patrick T.
Meyers, Judge. Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
         Sarah A. Stockwell, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Deputy Attorney General, Margaret E.
Maxwell, Supervising Deputy Attorney General, and Eric E. Reynolds, Deputy Attorney
General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                             ——————————
       Anthony Moses Zamora appeals from his convictions for robbery (count 1), criminal
threats (count 2) and false imprisonment (count 3). He maintains the trial court violated his
rights to due process and a fair trial by admitting excerpts of phone calls he made from jail in
an effort to locate favorable witnesses or, in the alternative, that he received ineffective
assistance of counsel. Zamora also argues that because the crimes of false imprisonment and
criminal threat occurred in the course of the robbery as part of a continuous course of
conduct, his sentence on counts 2 and 3 must be stayed under Penal Code section 654.1 We
conclude that the latter contention has some merit, and remand the matter to the trial court
with directions to stay Zamora’s sentence on count 3. We reject Zamora’s further
contentions of error and, in all other respects, affirm.
                              PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       In a three-count information, Zamora was charged with second degree robbery
(§ 211; count 1), criminal threats (§ 422, subd. (a); count 2), and kidnapping with intent
to commit robbery (§ 209, subd. (b)(1); count 3). As to each count, Zamora was also
alleged to have personally used a deadly weapon, specifically, a knife (§12022,
subd. (b)(1)). Further, it was alleged that Zamora had suffered a prior serious felony
conviction (§ 667, subd. (a)(1)), a prior strike conviction (§§ 667, subds. (b)-(i),
1170.12), and three prior prison terms (§ 667.5, subd. (b)). Zamora pleaded not guilty
and denied the allegations.
       A jury found Zamora guilty as to counts 1 and 2. It found him not guilty as to
count 3, but guilty of false imprisonment, a lesser included offense of kidnapping with
intent. The jury found the allegation regarding personal use of a deadly weapon not true.
Zamora admitted the prior convictions allegations.
       Zamora was sentenced to a prison term of 17 years and eight months, calculated as
follows: Upper term of five years on count one, doubled as a result of the strike prior,
plus consecutive one-third of the midterm on counts 2 and 3, doubled for an additional 16


       1   All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.


                                                2
months on each count, plus five years for the prior serious felony conviction. Zamora
was ordered to pay various fees and fines and received custody credit. Zamora filed this
timely appeal.
                                FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Prosecution evidence
       At 11:30 a.m., on March 21, 2013,2 Aracely Flores was working alone, organizing
boxes at her family’s store, Que Barrato, in Norwalk. Zamora came into the store and
offered to help Flores, who accepted the offer.3 Zamora helped Flores for about an hour,
during which time Flores’s boyfriend, Cesar Aviles came in to visit, several customers
came in to make purchases and one person sold some gold to Flores. Zamora had been
eating a cup of noodles when he came into the store and Flores offered him a soda, which
he drank. Zamora threw his empty noodle container in the trash and left the soda can on
a display case.
       Before leaving, Zamora asked Flores to change a $100 bill. As she opened the
register to make change for Zamora, Flores felt a knife on her neck. Zamora placed
Flores in a chokehold, told her not to move and said he would not hurt her. Flores
estimated that Zamora took over $1,000 from the cash register and the store’s gold sales,
which were kept in a box under the register. Holding the knife to her throat, Zamora
walked Flores to a restroom in the rear of the store and pushed her inside. He closed the
door, told her to remain inside and threatened to return to kill her if she called the police.
Flores locked the door and remained inside the restroom about 25 minutes. When she
emerged, Flores pushed a “panic button” near the cash register, summoning the Los
Angeles Sheriff’s Department (LASD).




       2   All date references are to 2013.
       3Flores and her father regularly let homeless individuals help around the store to
earn some cash, and she had seen Zamora at the store several times before March 21.


                                               3
       Flores was standing outside the store––hysterical and frightened––when deputies
arrived. She explained what happened and, later, showed a deputy the empty food and
drink containers. Subsequent testing of the soda can and noodle cup revealed that
Zamora’s DNA matched DNA samples recovered from the cup and can.
       A few days after the robbery, deputies recovered video footage for the relevant
time period from a surveillance system at Lupita’s Meat Market, next door to Que
Barrato, which showed Zamora in the market. An attempt to recover video footage from
the surveillance system at Que Barrato was not successful; the store’s system was not
programmed to record.
       An LASD detective interviewed Zamora on April 11. An audio recording of that
interview was played for the jury. During that interview, Zamora denied having ever
been in Flores’s store. He had been in Lupita’s Meat Market in the past, but never
purchased a cup of noodles there.
Defense Case
       Zamora testified in his own defense. On March 21, he went to Lupita’s Meat
Market (carrying a cup of noodles from home) and bought a soda. He returned home,
added hot water to the noodles and carried the food to a gas station to buy cigarettes. He
then walked through the shopping center in which Que Barrato is located, and stopped in
to say hello to Flores. Zamora testified that he and Flores had a sexual relationship, and
had “fool[ed] around” (engaged in oral sex) at Que Barrato 10 to 15 times.
       When Zamora went into Que Barrato on March 21, Flores was behind the counter
on which Zamora set his noodle cup. The two talked for a few minutes. Zamora offered
to help Flores move boxes, which they did for 30 to 45 minutes until Aviles came into the
store. Flores and Aviles argued, but Zamora did not hear what they were saying. After
Aviles left, Flores said she and her boyfriend had argued because Zamora was there.
       Flores asked Zamora if he wanted a drink and took him to a back room where the
sodas were located. They engaged in oral sex. Afterwards, Zamora and Flores “hung
out,” and watched part of a movie together. Halfway through the movie, Zamora said he
had to leave, asked Flores if she was going to pay him for his work and requested $20 to

                                             4
$40. Flores gave Zamora $50 from the store’s register and he left. Zamora never put a
knife to Flores’s throat and did not take any money from the store. Zamora admitted that
he had lied when he told the LASD detective that he had never been to Que Barrato. He
did so because he does not trust law enforcement.
Rebuttal
         Flores denied having had an intimate relationship with Zamora. She never
hugged, kissed, touched or performed oral sex on Zamora. Aviles testified that he drove
Flores to Que Barrato around 11:00 a.m. on March 21. He returned to the store about 45
minutes later and saw Zamora moving boxes. Aviles recognized Zamora from seeing
him around the shopping center on prior occasions. Aviles testified that he and Flores
had not argued.
                                        DISCUSSION
1.       Forfeiture of objections to admission of calls from jail
         Zamora contends the trial court erred in admitting into evidence excerpts of phone
calls he made from jail to his father and to a friend. He maintains the evidence should
have been excluded as unduly prejudicial under Evidence Code section 352, and that its
admission violated his constitutional rights to due process and a fair trial. We conclude
that Zamora forfeited his claim of error on appeal by failing to object to the evidence at
trial.
         a.     The relevant proceedings
         Trial began with jury selection on October 22. On October 24, shortly before
resting his case, the prosecutor informed the court a detective had obtained recordings of
phone calls Zamora had made from jail on October 22 to his father and another
individual. The prosecutor indicated that his office had only received the recordings that
morning, and he had given copies to Zamora’s counsel. The prosecutor stated his
intention to use statements Zamora made during those recorded calls for impeachment if
Zamora testified.
         Zamora’s counsel responded that he had not had an opportunity to review or
investigate the recordings, and objected to their admission because of the late date of

                                               5
production. The prosecution responded that the recordings were of calls made just as
trial (voir dire) began, which could not have been produced earlier. He argued the
recordings were relevant to Zamora’s credibility and admissible as party admissions. The
court reserved ruling.
       The subject of the admissibility of the calls arose again during Zamora’s
testimony. At issue were five excerpts (clips) from two calls Zamora made on
October 22. Zamora made the first call to his father (“Pops”), and the second to a man
named Fidel. Zamora’s counsel objected only to the admission of clip Nos. 1 and 4.
Defense counsel withdrew his prior objections to the remaining clips, informing the
court: “Your Honor, now that I looked at the clips, [the prosecutor] wants to play these.
It’s fine with me. They’re totally innocuous. I don’t understand why the People want to
play these. In fact, some of it helps me.” The court excluded clip No. 4, finding that its
prejudicial effect outweighed its probative value. The remaining clips were deemed
admissible.4
       During cross-examination of Zamora, the prosecutor played three clips from an
October 22nd call Zamora made to his father (clip Nos. 1-3; Exhs. 11A-C). In those
recordings, Zamora asks his father to find two unnamed witnesses who can testify they
saw Zamora and Flores together. He also asks his father to contact “Fidel” about finding
the witnesses and says Fidel knows Zamora needs the witnesses to testify. The
prosecutor also played an excerpt from the call Zamora made to Fidel (“phone call # 2”;
Ex. 11D) after speaking with his father, in which he asked Fidel “to go look for”––but
does not identify––“witnesses” to testify that he and Flores had a relationship. During
rebuttal, Zamora’s counsel played the recording of Zamora’s call to Fidel (phone call #2;
Ex. 11D) in its entirety for the jury.


       4 The record contains transcripts only of clip Nos. 1, 2 and 3. There is no
transcript for clip Nos. 4 (which was excluded) or 5, presumably because the record
contains a transcript of the entire conversation between Zamora and Fidel (from which
clip No. 5 was excerpted), played for the jury by Zamora’s counsel.


                                             6
                                       DISCUSSION
1.     Zamora’s forfeiture of objections to audio recordings
       Zamora contends he objected to admission of all of the recordings in the trial
court, and that their erroneous admission violated his rights to a fair trial and due process.
However, the record reflects that Zamora objected only to clip Nos. 1 and 4, and
explicitly withdrew any objections to the remainder.
       When the prosecutor first brought the recordings of Zamora’s jailhouse calls to the
attention of the court and counsel, Zamora’s attorney objected that the recordings were
produced too late, and he lacked time to investigate or to “put things in context.” After
reviewing the prosecutor’s summaries of the content of the calls, Zamora’s counsel
objected to admission of the tapes on the ground that the material was “not exculpatory
because it’s the same things [Zamora has] asked [counsel] to do. He wants to get
witnesses to court, and that’s what he’s talking about. But there is a possibility that
someone can interpret this fraudulently [sic] creating witnesses. I don’t want that
possibility. So it’s just too late.” Later, after actually reviewing the five specific clips the
prosecution planned to offer, Zamora’s counsel limited his objections to two clips. He
argued clip No. 1 would “open a can of worms” because it contained references to
discussions he and Zamora had regarding trial tactics, and might require counsel to testify
at trial. Zamora’s counsel also objected to clip No. 4 as speculative under Evidence Code
section 352, observing that Zamora could be referring in the call to a different criminal
case, and expressing concern that it “might open the door.”
       However, as to the three remaining clips, Zamora’s counsel explicitly withdrew
any objections, stating that “if [the prosecutor] wants to play the others or inquire about
the others, that’s fine.” (Italics added.) Based on his review of the clips, counsel
concluded “[t]hey’re totally innocuous. I don’t understand why the People want to play
these. In fact, some of it helps me.” Apart from relevance and foundational objections
raised and overruled before the clips were played, Zamora’s counsel posed no further
objections. Notably, he never objected to any clip on constitutional grounds. The trial



                                               7
court excluded clip No. 4, but overruled the objections to clip No. 1 (although it assured
Zamora’s counsel he could “put [testifying] out of [his] mind]”).
       As a general rule, failure to raise a claim of a constitutional violation in the
admission of evidence at trial forfeits the claim on appeal. “‘[A] defendant must make a
specific objection on [constitutional] grounds at the trial level in order to raise a
[constitutional] claim on appeal.’ [Citations.]” (People v. Mattson (1990) 50 Cal.3d 826,
854, superseded by statute on another ground in People v. Jennings (1991) 53 Cal.3d 334,
387, fn. 13; People v. Boyette (2002) 29 Cal.4th 381, 424 (Boyette) [specificity is
necessary to enable the court to make an informed ruling and to enable party proffering
the evidence to cure evidentiary defect].) Under Evidence Code section 353, subdivision
(a), we may not “grant relief on a claim that evidence was erroneously admitted unless a
timely objection was made ‘and so stated as to make clear the specific ground of the
objection or motion.’ ‘“What is important is that the objection fairly inform the trial
court, as well as the party offering the evidence, of the specific reason or reasons the
objecting party believes the evidence should be excluded, so the party offering the
evidence can respond appropriately and the court can make a fully informed ruling.”’”
(People v. Hajek and Vo (2014) 58 Cal.4th 1144, 1214; Boyette, at p. 424.)
       Zamora’s failure to assert a federal constitutional objection to admission of the
recordings constitutes forfeiture of his right to assert new due process and fair trial claims
on appeal. (People v. Brown (2003) 31 Cal.4th 518, 546 [defendant’s claim that trial
court’s failure to limit prosecutor’s use of gang evidence violated his constitutional rights
forfeited for failure to object on those grounds; People v. Lewis and Oliver (2006) 39
Cal.4th 970, 1028 & fn. 19 [objection at trial based on state law grounds is not adequate
to preserve a federal Constitutional claim]; People v. Burgener (2003) 29 Cal.4th 833,
886 [failure to object on federal constitutional grounds at trial constitutes forfeiture].
2.     No ineffective assistance of counsel
       Zamora argues that if we find, as we have, that he forfeited his constitutional
objections by failing to raise them in the trial court, we must also find he received



                                               8
ineffective assistance of counsel because there is no satisfactory explanation for his trial
counsel’s failure to object to each audio clip offered by the prosecution. We disagree.
       When a defendant raises a claim of ineffectiveness of counsel, he must establish
both that his “‘counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness
under prevailing professional norms, and there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors and/or omissions, the trial would have resulted in a more
favorable outcome.’” (In re Cudjo (1999) 20 Cal.4th 673, 687; People v. Ledesma (1987)
43 Cal.3d 171, 217–218 (Ledesma).)
       Although claims of ineffective representation based on a failure to object are
cognizable on appeal, the bar is high. “Failure to object rarely constitutes constitutionally
ineffective legal representation [citation].” (Boyette, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 424.) The
California Supreme Court has “repeatedly stressed ‘that “[if] the record on appeal sheds
no light on why counsel acted or failed to act in the manner challenged[,] . . . unless
counsel was asked for an explanation and failed to provide one, or unless there simply
could be no satisfactory explanation,” the claim on appeal must be rejected.’” (People v.
Mendoza Tello (1997) 15 Cal.4th 264, 266.) It must appear “that the omission or
omissions were not attributable to a tactical decision which a reasonably competent,
experienced criminal defense attorney would make. [Citation.]” (People v. Williams
(1988) 44 Cal.3d 883, 936.) This principle of deferential scrutiny on appeal is predicated,
in part, on the dangers of second-guessing in cases where claims of ineffective assistance
are made. “‘[I]t is all too easy for a court, examining counsel’s defense after it has
proved unsuccessful, to conclude that a particular act or omission of counsel was
unreasonable.’” (Ledesma, supra, 43 Cal.3d at p. 216, quoting Strickland v. Washington
(1984) 466 U.S. 668, 689 [104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674] (Strickland).) Second-
guessing the judgment of a defendant’s trial counsel could adversely affect both the
quality of defense counsel and the functioning of criminal trials, because defense
attorneys might be tempted to make decisions, not because they believe a tactical
decision best serves their client, but driven by a desire preemptively to defend themselves
against a posttrial claim of ineffective representation. (Ledesma, at p. 216.)

                                              9
       In reviewing a claim of ineffective assistance, we defer to an attorney’s reasonable
tactical decisions. “‘“[T]here is ‘a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within
the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.”’ [Citations.]’” (People v. Jones
(2003) 29 Cal.4th 1229, 1254.) An attorney’s tactical decisions must be evaluated in the
context of the available facts. “‘[I]n the usual case, where a counsel’s trial tactics or
strategic reasons for challenged decisions do not appear on the record, we will not find
ineffective assistance of counsel on appeal unless there could be no conceivable reason
for counsel’s acts or omissions. [Citations.]’” (Ibid.)
       In order to show ineffective assistance, Zamora must establish that: (1) trial
counsel’s performance fell below prevailing professional standards of reasonableness;
and (2) there is a reasonable probability that but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
outcome of the case would have been different. (Ledesma, supra, 43 Cal.3d at pp. 216–
218; People v. Hart (1999) 20 Cal.4th 546, 623–624 (Hart).) Under Strickland, supra,
466 U.S. 668, a reviewing court need not assess these two factors in order, and may
choose to examine the issue of resulting prejudice before or even without reaching the
issue of competent representation. (Id. at p. 697.) Indeed, it may be preferable to do so.
(Ibid.) The same approach is followed in California. (See In re Cox (2003) 30 Cal.4th
974, 1019.) Following this guidance, we briefly address the issue of error. Zamora
maintains there was no justifiable basis for his trial attorney not to have objected to the
admission of all excerpts from his calls. On the contrary, as reflected in his closing––
responding to the prosecution’s implication that Zamora manufactured a defense by
looking for someone to testify falsely about his nonexistent relationship with Flores––
Zamora’s defense counsel reasonably concluded the calls buttressed a legitimate defense.
He could conclude that, in making the calls, Zamora was merely asking people whom he
trusted to do the same thing he had asked his attorney to do––round up knowledgeable
witnesses to testify and support his defense. Based on this record, we cannot say that
counsel’s decision not to object was so deficient as to deprive Zamora of his right to
effective assistance. Further, any objections Zamora’s trial counsel may have posed to
the recordings would have been overruled as meritless. The court found the recordings

                                              10
relevant on the issue of Zamora’s credibility and also found their probative value
outweighed any prejudice to him. Accordingly, his claim of ineffective representation
fails.
         Even if we conclude Zamora’s argument had succeeded, no prejudice has been
shown. The defendant bears the burden to show he suffered prejudice as a result of
ineffective assistance of counsel. To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel, a defendant must establish both deficient performance, i.e., representation below
an objective standard of reasonableness, and resultant prejudice. (Hart, supra, 20 Cal.4th
at p. 623.) Prejudice must be affirmatively shown; “‘the record must demonstrate “a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”’” (Id. at p. 624.) “A court must
indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s acts were within the wide range of
reasonable professional assistance. [Citation.]” (People v. Dennis (1998) 17 Cal.4th 468,
541.) Zamora’s showing falls short of this standard.
         Finally, Zamora cannot establish that it is reasonably probable he would have
obtained a better result had the recordings been excluded. There is no reasonable
probability the outcome of the trial would have been more favorable for Zamora had his
counsel objected to the recordings. Absent prejudice there can be no viable claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel. The jury heard Flores’s and Zamora’s conflicting
testimony as to whether they had had an intimate relationship. The recordings, which
reasonably could be interpreted as Zamora’s counsel stated, could not have caused
Zamora prejudice. Zamora’s testimony put before the jury the issues about which he
complains. Simply stated, Zamora was not convicted because his counsel was
ineffective, but because the jury found overwhelming evidence of his guilt.
3.       Stay of sentence for continuous course of conduct
         Zamora argues that the criminal threats against and false imprisonment of Flores
were merely incidental to the store robbery, and that all of his actions were undertaken
with a goal of achieving one overarching objective: to steal the store’s cash and get

                                             11
away. Accordingly, he contends that section 654 requires that the sentences on the
criminal threat and false imprisonment convictions in counts 2 and 3 be stayed.
       a.      Controlling principles
       Punishment for multiple crimes arising from a single, indivisible course of conduct
is prohibited. “An act or omission that is punishable in different ways by different
provisions of law shall be punished under the provision that provides for the longest
potential term of imprisonment, but in no case shall the act or omission be punished
under more than one provision.” (§ 654, subd. (a); People v. Jones (2012) 54 Cal.4th
350, 353; People v. Latimer (1993) 5 Cal.4th 1203, 1207 (Latimer).) Put differently,
where multiple crimes are merely incidental to, or the means of accomplishing or
facilitating one objective, a defendant may be punished only once. (Latimer, at p. 1208.)
But if a defendant had separate objectives that were either (1) consecutive even if similar
or (2) different even if simultaneous, multiple punishments are permissible, even if the
crimes shared common acts or were parts of an otherwise indivisible course of conduct.
(Latimer, at pp. 1211–1212; People v. Britt (2004) 32 Cal.4th 944, 952.) The purpose of
section 654 is to insure the defendant’s punishment is commensurate with culpability.
(Latimer, at p. 1211.)
       The divisibility of a course of criminal conduct “‘depends on the intent and
objective of the actor.’” (People v. Correa (2012) 54 Cal.4th 331, 336.) “‘If all the
offenses were incident to one objective, the defendant may be punished for any one of
such offenses but not for more than one.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Kwok (1998) 63
Cal.App.4th 1236, 1253.) “Whether section 654 applies in a given case is a question of
fact for the trial court . . . . [Citations.] Its findings will not be reversed on appeal if there
is any substantial evidence to support them.” (People v. Jones (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th
1139, 1143; People v. Osband (1996) 13 Cal.4th 622, 730.) Trial courts have broad
latitude in determining whether section 654 applies factually to a given series of offenses.
(Jones, at p. 1143.)




                                               12
       b.     The robbery and false imprisonment, but not the criminal threats, were part
of a continuous course of conduct
       At sentencing, the trial court rejected Zamora’s argument that section 654 applied
to the criminal threats and false imprisonment counts because those offenses were merely
part of the robbery, and lacked an independent objective. Instead, the court agreed with
the prosecutor that, although nothing prevented Zamora from completing the robbery and
simply leaving the store, he chose instead to escalate the situation. In sum, the court
found the crimes involved more than one objective. (People v. Osband, supra, 13 Cal.4th
at p. 730.) The court also found persuasive Flores’s testimony that she had been terrified
by Zamora’s threat to kill her if she reported the robbery.
       The Attorney General argues that evidence of diverse objectives as to all the
crimes is found in the fact that the offenses were separated in time. After holding a knife
to Flores’s throat and getting the cash from the register and gold sales, nothing stopped
Zamora from completing the robbery and leaving the store. Instead, Zamora escalated
the situation by forcing Flores to the back of the store, shutting her in the restroom and
threatening to return to kill her if she reported the crime. The Attorney General insists
that, between the robbery, the forcible imprisonment and his threats against Flores,
Zamora had the “opportunity to reflect and to renew his . . . intent before committing the
next [crime], thereby aggravating the violation of public security or policy already
undertaken.” (People v. Gaio (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 919, 935.) Accordingly, multiple
punishment is appropriate to insure that Zamora’s punishment be commensurate with his
culpability. The Attorney General insists there is sufficient evidence to support a finding
that Zamora had multiple objectives, and his actions were divisible as to intent and time.
(People v. Beamon (1973) 8 Cal.3d 625, 639, fn. 11.)
       The Attorney General contends that the count for false imprisonment warrants
separate punishment because it was separated in time from the robbery, in that there was
no impediment to Zamora completing the robbery by simply taking the money and
leaving the store. Instead, he unnecessarily escalated the situation by taking Flores, at
knifepoint, to the rear of the store and shutting her in the restroom. The Attorney General

                                             13
contends that, after the robbery, Zamora had an “opportunity to reflect and to renew
his . . . intent before committing the [false imprisonment], thereby aggravating the
violation of public security or policy already undertaken.” (People v. Gaio, supra, 81
Cal.App.4th at p. 935.) Relying on People v. Nguyen (1988) 204 Cal.App.3d 181
(Nguyen), the Attorney General argues the act of forcing Flores into the restroom at
knifepoint, was an act of “gratuitous violence or other criminal act[] far beyond those
reasonably necessary to accomplish the original offense.” (Id. at p. 191.)
       We cannot agree. In Nguyen, supra, 204 Cal.App.3d 181, defendant Nguyen stole
money from a store’s cash register while his accomplice took the store clerk to a rear
bathroom, stole property from the clerk’s pockets and forced him to lie face down on the
floor “in an obvious attempt to forestall any resistance.” (Id. at p. 190.) As he lay on the
floor the clerk heard Nguyen “shout a Vietnamese battle phrase used when ‘someone was
to kill or be killed,’” after which the accomplice kicked the clerk in the ribs and shot him
in the back. (Id. at p. 185.) The court rejected Nguyen’s argument that multiple
punishments were unwarranted because the clerk had been shot only “to eliminate him as
a witness or to facilitate the assailants’ escape.” (Id. at p. 191.)
       Nguyen, supra, 204 Cal.App.3d 181 relied, in part, on People v. Foster (1988) 201
Cal.App.3d 20 (Foster), in which the defendant and a confederate committed a series of
armed robberies of small stores and a gas station. On one occasion, after obtaining
money from the store, they locked two store employees and a bystander in the store’s
cooler. The victims were able to escape by crawling out of the cooler through a drink
display case. (Foster, at p. 23.) In addition to the sentence imposed for robbery,
defendant was convicted and sentenced to consecutive terms on each of three counts of
false imprisonment. (Id. at p. 27.) The court rejected defendant’s argument that section
654 barred consecutive sentences because the false imprisonment of the three victims was
merely incidental to the robbery. It concluded that the imprisonment “occurred after the
robbers had obtained all of the money, and therefore was not necessary or incidental to
committing the robbery. Locking the victims in the store cooler was potentially
dangerous to their safety and health. It is analogous to a needless or vicious assault

                                               14
committed after a robbery, which has long been held separately punishable and
distinguishable from an assault which is merely incidental to robbery.” (Id. at pp. 27–
28.) “‘An armed robber who needlessly and viciously maims and endangers the life of
his victim, even after he has consummated the purpose of his original crime, certainly
deserves more severe punishment than one who limits his criminal activity to the
unlawful taking of the property of another.’” (Id. at p. 28.) The court in Nguyen
acknowledged that other courts had reached contradictory conclusions under arguably
similar circumstances,5 and that “section 654 has not been applied consistently.”
(Nguyen, at p. 193.)
       Neither Foster, supra, 201 Cal.App.3d 20 nor Nguyen, supra, 204 Cal.App.3d 181
requires consecutive sentencing here. Zamora neither endangered Flores’s health or
safety by confining her to a restroom (which was only locked from the inside by Flores
herself to keep Zamora out), nor was Flores’s captivity an act of gratuitous violence after
the robbery. Rather, Zamora maintained control over Flores and kept her isolated in
order to facilitate a successful robbery, by preventing her from summoning help before he
was able to escape to a place of temporary safety. As the California Supreme Court
recently clarified: “‘“[T]he crime of robbery is not confined to the act of taking property
from victims. The nature of the crime is such that a robber’s escape with his loot is just
as important to the execution of the crime as obtaining possession of the loot in the first



       5 See, e.g., People v. Green (1979) 95 Cal.App.3d 991. In Green the victim was
accosted by several men as she approached her parked van. The men forced her to drive
while they robbed her, then threw her from the vehicle as it sped down the freeway. The
defendant was convicted of robbery, kidnapping, and attempted murder. (Id. at p. 1008.)
The court found that section 654 barred consecutive sentences, at least in part, because
the Attorney General conceded the offenses “were part of one indivisible transaction [in
which] the primary criminal objective of each defendant was to rob the victim of her
purse and vehicle.” (Ibid.) The Nguyen court “simply disagree[d] with Green,” “[t]o the
extent Green stands for the proposition that a sentence for assault on a robbery victim to
evade apprehension and prosecution may not be imposed along with the sentence for the
robbery itself . . . .” (Nguyen, supra, 204 Cal.App.3d at p. 192.)


                                             15
place.”’ [Citation.] As a result, the commission of a robbery is ongoing ‘“until the
robber has won his way to a place of temporary safety.”’ [Citation.] A robber has not
reached a place of temporary safety while an immediate and active pursuit to recover the
property is in progress. [Citation.] Similarly, as long as a robber holds the victim
captive, the robber’s safety is ‘continuously in jeopardy’ during the period of captivity if
at ‘any unguarded moment, the victim might . . . escape or signal for help.’” (People v.
Debose (2014) 59 Cal.4th 177, 205 (Debose); see People v. Fields (1983) 35 Cal.3d 329,
364 [“defendant might not have reached a place of temporary safety or attained
unchallenged possession of the stolen property when he was still encumbered with [the
victim], . . . who at first opportunity might call the police”].)
       The Attorney General has not identified, and the evidence does not support the
conclusion that Zamora harbored distinct objectives in committing the robbery and false
imprisonment. The forced isolation of Flores was a means to accomplish a single
objective: to commit a robbery and escape undetected. Having worked in Que Barrato
on multiple occasions in the past, Zamora may well have known the store had a “panic
button” to summon the LASD. At a minimum, he would understand that simply leaving
Flores in the store after a robbery would almost certainly result in her placing an
immediate 911 call. By taking her to the restroom, and ensuring she remained there for a
time, Zamora did no more than he believed necessary to facilitate his successful escape.
       However, we disagree with Zamora regarding the criminal threats conviction, as to
which the court clearly found that Zamora’s intent was not merely to control Flores’s
behavior to facilitate the crime, but directed at an independent additional goal of deterring
her from making a future report to law enforcement. Under the circumstances, the trial
court could reasonably find that Zamora committed the threats “with the intent and
objective of preventing the victim from sounding the alarm about the [crime], and that
this intent and this objective were separate from, not incidental to, the robbery.” (People
v. Coleman (1989) 48 Cal.3d 112, 162–163; see Nguyen, supra, 204 Cal.App.3d at
pp. 185, 190 [accomplice’s act of shooting clerk in back after putting clerk in a bathroom
following robbery was unnecessary to facilitation of robbery and constituted gratuitous

                                               16
act of violence worthy of separate punishment].) If a defendant’s crimes “were merely
incidental to, or were the means of accomplishing or facilitating one objective, [the]
defendant may be found to have harbored a single intent and therefore may be punished
only once.” (People v. Harrison (1989) 48 Cal.3d 321, 335.) Multiple punishment is
proper if the defendant entertained multiple independent criminal objectives. (Ibid.)
       The evidence discloses that Zamora’s intent and objective in shutting Flores in the
restroom after the robbery was to facilitate a successful escape. The false imprisonment
was thus incidental to the robbery and an indivisible course of conduct. Because the
record does not reflect that Zamora harbored separate and distinct objectives in
committing the crime of isolating Flores, separate punishment is barred by section 654.
(People v. Hester (2000) 22 Cal.4th 290, 294; People v. Perez (1979) 23 Cal.3d 545,
551.) That is not the case however, with regard to the conviction as to count 2 for
criminal threats. The court implicitly found that Zamora threatened to kill Flores if she
reported the robbery in order to ensure her silence in perpetuity. Conduct intended to
prevent discovery of a crime may be punished separately under section 654. (People v.
Coleman, supra, 48 Cal.3d at pp. 162–163.) Accordingly, the judgment must be
modified to reflect a stayed term only as to count 3.




                                            17
                                      DISPOSITION
       The trial court is directed to stay the sentence on count 3, pursuant to Penal Code
section 654. The abstract of judgment shall be corrected to reflect the 10 year term
imposed by the trial court on count 1, an additional 16 months on count 2, plus five years
for the prior serious felony. The trial court is directed to prepare an amended abstract of
judgment reflecting these modifications and to forward a copy to the Department of
Corrections and Rehabilitation. In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed.
       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.


                                                   JOHNSON, J.


We concur:


              CHANEY, Acting P. J.


              BENDIX, J.*




       * Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant
to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.


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