                                                                                                     11/30/2018
                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT NASHVILLE
                           Assigned on Briefs September 4, 2018

                                    IN RE ALEXIS S. ET AL.

                   Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Overton County
                          No. 17-JV-96    Daryl Colson, Judge


                                No. M2018-00296-COA-R3-PT



This is a termination of parental rights case involving the parental rights of the mother,
Lequita S. (“Mother”), to her minor children, Alexis S., Jaxon S., and Jasmine S.
(collectively, “the Children”). The Children were born in 2011, 2014, and 2017,
respectively, to Mother and Jerry S. (“Father”). In November 2016, the Overton County
Juvenile Court (“trial court”) entered an order removing Alexis and Jaxon from the
parents’ custody and placing the two children into the temporary legal custody of the
Tennessee Department of Children’s Services (“DCS”).                 These children were
immediately placed in foster care, where they remained at the time of trial. The trial
court subsequently entered an order on February 15, 2017, wherein the trial court found
that Alexis and Jaxon were dependent and neglected due to the parents’ drug abuse and
unsuitable home. Jasmine was placed into the same foster home as her siblings following
her birth in June 2017, and the trial court entered an order on October 4, 2017, finding
Jasmine to be dependent and neglected. On October 19, 2017, DCS filed a petition to
terminate Mother’s and Father’s parental rights to the Children. Following a bench trial,
the trial court terminated Mother’s parental rights to the Children upon determining by
clear and convincing evidence that (1) Mother had abandoned the Children by failing to
provide a suitable home for them, (2) Mother had abandoned the Children by her willful
failure to visit them, (3) Mother had demonstrated substantial noncompliance with the
permanency plans, (4) Mother had committed severe child abuse against Jasmine, (5)
Mother had failed to manifest an ability and willingness to personally assume custody of
or financial responsibility for the Children, and (6) the conditions leading to removal still
persisted and a return of custody would in all probability cause the Children to be
subjected to further abuse and neglect.1 The trial court further found clear and
convincing evidence that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in the best interest
of the Children. Mother has appealed. Discerning no reversible error, we affirm.
1
  The trial court also terminated Father’s parental rights to the Children. Father has not appealed the
termination of his parental rights. We will therefore confine our analysis to those facts relevant to
Mother.
        Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court
                             Affirmed; Case Remanded

THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ANDY D.
BENNETT, J., and J. STEVEN STAFFORD, P.J., W.S., joined.

Bruce E. Myers, Livingston, Tennessee, for the appellant, Lequita S.

Herbert H. Slatery, III, Attorney General and Reporter, and Erin A. Shackelford,
Assistant Attorney General, for the appellee, Tennessee Department of Children’s
Services.

                                             OPINION

                             I. Factual and Procedural Background

       In 2016, DCS commenced dependency and neglect proceedings concerning Alexis
and Jaxon after DCS received a referral regarding the two children’s purported lack of
supervision, drug exposure, and environmental neglect in the parents’ home. Local law
enforcement officials arrested the parents on or around July 1, 2016, for child abuse and
neglect following the discovery of Alexis wandering in the road near the family’s
residence. The parents’ whereabouts were unknown. The trial court conducted a hearing
on November 2, 2016, and subsequently placed Alexis and Jaxon in the custody of DCS,
finding that the safety of the two children could not be adequately protected by leaving
them in the care of the parents.

       Upon subsequent hearing, the trial court entered an order on February 15, 2017,
finding that the two children were dependent and neglected and should remain in foster
care but reserving its ruling with respect to the allegations of severe child abuse.
Furthermore, Mother was directed to submit to medical detoxification for the purpose of
protecting her unborn child. Mother was subsequently taken into custody for that same
reason. On June 5, 2017, Mother gave birth to Jasmine. On June 6, 2017, DCS filed a
petition for emergency temporary legal custody of Jasmine, which the trial court granted
that day. In an order entered on October 4, 2017, the trial court determined that DCS had
shown by clear and convincing evidence that Jasmine was dependent and neglected
within the meaning of applicable law and that the parents had committed severe child
abuse against Jasmine as defined by Tennessee Code Annotated § 37-1-102(b)(22) (Supp.
2017).2 The trial court concomitantly entered a second order with respect to Alexis and
2
  Effective July 1, 2018, the General Assembly has amended Tennessee Code Annotated § 37-1-102(b) to
include several additional definitions within the section. See 2018 Tenn. Pub. Acts, Ch. 1052, § 5 (H.B.
                                                     2
Jaxon, again finding the two children to be dependent and neglected but not finding them
to be victims of severe child abuse at the hands of the parents.

      According to the findings of the trial court in its October 4, 2017 order concerning
Jasmine, Mother knew that she was pregnant as early as November 2, 2016. Between
discovery of her pregnancy and the birth of Jasmine, Mother exhibited continuing drug
abuse and noncompliance with drug and mental health treatment programs.
Consequently, the trial court found that Mother had committed severe child abuse
pursuant to the statutory definition. Neither of the trial court’s October 4, 2017 orders
was appealed.

        On October 19, 2017, DCS filed a petition to terminate Mother’s and Father’s
parental rights to the Children based on the statutory grounds of (1) abandonment by
willful failure to support, (2) abandonment by willful failure to visit, (3) abandonment by
failure to establish a suitable home, (4) substantial noncompliance with the permanency
plans, (5) severe child abuse against Jasmine, (6) failure to manifest an ability and
willingness to assume custody or financial responsibility of the Children, and (7)
persistence of the conditions leading to the Children’s removal from the parents’ custody.
As pertinent to this appeal, DCS alleged that termination of Mother’s parental rights was
in the best interest of the Children due to (1) Mother’s failure to effect a lasting
adjustment of her circumstances despite reasonable efforts by DCS, (2) Mother’s lack of
regular visitation or contact with the Children, (3) the lack of a meaningful relationship
between the Children and Mother, (4) the court’s prior finding of Mother’s severe abuse
of Jasmine, (5) Mother’s continuing substance abuse, (6) Mother’s untreated mental
health issues, (7) Mother’s lack of interest in the welfare of the Children, (8) the
Children’s bond with their foster parents and the foster parents’ wish to adopt the
Children, and (9) Mother’s prior surrender of parental rights to her three other children
from a previous marriage.3

      The trial court conducted a hearing on December 20, 2017, considering testimony
from Lindsey Witcher, the DCS case worker assigned to the Children; the DCS case

2271). The amendment did not alter the definition of “severe child abuse” as referenced by the trial court,
but the subsection defining “severe child abuse” was moved from § 37-1-102(b)(22) to § 37-1-102(b)(27).
Inasmuch as the instant action was filed in October 2017 and the trial court referenced the pertinent
subsection under its previous designation, we will refer to the applicable subsection by its 2017
codification.
3
  The record indicates that Mother surrendered her parental rights to three other children in 2010. This
prior surrender of rights, as the trial court explained in its December 20, 2017 hearing, is useful “only as a
reference to gauge whether or not there is a substantial likelihood that [Mother] will make meaningful
changes to her home that would justify giving her an opportunity to do so.”

                                                      3
worker assigned to Father’s live-in girlfriend; the in-home therapist assigned to the
parents from November 2016 through January 2017; Michael Hill, the counselor for
Alexis; the Children’s foster mother; and Father.4 The trial court also entered into
evidence the deposition of a psychological examiner who conducted an evaluation of
Father. Following the bench trial, the court granted DCS’s petition for the termination of
Mother’s parental rights in an order entered January 19, 2018, determining that DCS had
proven each of its grounds for termination alleged with respect to Mother by clear and
convincing evidence and that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in the best
interest of the Children. Mother timely appealed.5

                                          II. Issues Presented

      Mother presents six issues for our review, which we have restated slightly as
follows:

        1.      Whether the trial court erred by finding clear and convincing
                evidence of the statutory ground of Mother’s abandonment of the
                Children by her willful failure to visit.

        2.      Whether the trial court erred by finding clear and convincing
                evidence of the statutory ground of Mother’s abandonment of the
                Children based on Mother’s failure to provide a suitable home.

        3.      Whether the trial court erred by finding clear and convincing
                evidence of the statutory ground of Mother’s substantial
                noncompliance with the permanency plans.


4
  Although the parents were residing together upon the commencement of these proceedings, Father
separated from Mother at some time prior to the hearing and filed for divorce on October 19, 2017. At
the time of the December 20, 2017 hearing, Father was cohabitating with another person, the divorce had
not been finalized, and Mother’s residence was unknown.
5
  Mother’s notice of appeal was incorrectly filed with the trial court instead of the appellate court clerk on
February 16, 2018. See Tenn. R. App. P. 4 (2017). Mother did not file her notice of appeal with the
appellate court clerk until February 20, 2018. Under the then-active transitional provision of Tennessee
Rule of Appellate Procedure 4, Mother’s notice of appeal was allowed twenty additional days for filing,
counting from the thirtieth day after entry of the final judgment. See Tenn. R. App. P. 4(a) (2017).
Mother’s filing of her notice of appeal in the trial court was within the thirty-day period ordinarily
allowed for appeals, and her re-filing in this Court was within the additional twenty-day period allowed
by the transitional provision. We have therefore considered Mother’s notice of appeal to be timely. See
id. (“[A] notice of appeal filed with the appellate court clerk during the additional period allowed by this
transitional provision shall be deemed to have been timely filed.”).

                                                      4
       4.     Whether the trial court erred by finding clear and convincing
              evidence of the statutory ground of severe child abuse committed by
              Mother against Jasmine.

       5.     Whether the trial court erred by finding clear and convincing
              evidence of the statutory ground of persistence of the conditions
              leading to removal of the Children.

       6.     Whether the trial court erred by finding clear and convincing
              evidence that the termination of Mother’s parental rights was in the
              best interest of the Children.

                                 III. Standard of Review

       In a termination of parental rights case, this Court has a duty to determine
“whether the trial court’s findings, made under a clear and convincing standard, are
supported by a preponderance of the evidence.” In re F.R.R., III, 193 S.W.3d 528, 530
(Tenn. 2006). The trial court’s findings of fact are reviewed de novo upon the record,
accompanied by a presumption of correctness unless the evidence preponderates against
those findings. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); see also In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d
507, 524 (Tenn. 2016); In re F.R.R., III, 193 S.W.3d at 530. Questions of law, however,
are reviewed de novo with no presumption of correctness. See In re Carrington H., 483
S.W.3d at 524 (citing In re M.L.P., 281 S.W.3d 387, 393 (Tenn. 2009)). The trial court’s
determinations regarding witness credibility are entitled to great weight on appeal and
shall not be disturbed absent clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. See Jones v.
Garrett, 92 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tenn. 2002).

        “Parents have a fundamental constitutional interest in the care and custody of their
children under both the United States and Tennessee constitutions.” Keisling v. Keisling,
92 S.W.3d 374, 378 (Tenn. 2002). It is well established, however, that “this right is not
absolute and parental rights may be terminated if there is clear and convincing evidence
justifying such termination under the applicable statute.” In re Drinnon, 776 S.W.2d 96,
97 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988) (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745 (1982)). As our
Supreme Court has explained:

               The parental rights at stake are “far more precious than any property
       right.”    Santosky [v. Kramer], 455 U.S. [745,] 758-59 [(1982)].
       Termination of parental rights has the legal effect of reducing the parent to
       the role of a complete stranger and of [“]severing forever all legal rights
       and obligations of the parent or guardian of the child.” Tenn. Code Ann. §
       36-1-113(l)(1); see also Santosky, 455 U.S. at 759 (recognizing that a
                                             5
      decision terminating parental rights is “final and irrevocable”). In light of
      the interests and consequences at stake, parents are constitutionally entitled
      to “fundamentally fair procedures” in termination proceedings. Santosky,
      455 U.S. at 754; see also Lassiter v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of Durham Cnty,
      N.C., 452 U.S. 18, 27 (1981) (discussing the due process right of parents to
      fundamentally fair procedures).

             Among the constitutionally mandated “fundamentally fair
      procedures” is a heightened standard of proof—clear and convincing
      evidence. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 769. This standard minimizes the risk of
      unnecessary or erroneous governmental interference with fundamental
      parental rights. Id.; In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586, 596 (Tenn. 2010).
      “Clear and convincing evidence enables the fact-finder to form a firm belief
      or conviction regarding the truth of the facts, and eliminates any serious or
      substantial doubt about the correctness of these factual findings.” In re
      Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d at 596 (citations omitted). The clear-and-
      convincing-evidence standard ensures that the facts are established as
      highly probable, rather than as simply more probable than not. In re
      Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 861 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005); In re M.A.R., 183
      S.W.3d 652, 660 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).

      ***

             In light of the heightened burden of proof in termination
      proceedings, however, the reviewing court must make its own
      determination as to whether the facts, either as found by the trial court or as
      supported by a preponderance of the evidence, amount to clear and
      convincing evidence of the elements necessary to terminate parental rights.
      In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d at 596-97.

In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 522-24. “[P]ersons seeking to terminate [parental]
rights must prove all the elements of their case by clear and convincing evidence,”
including statutory grounds and the best interest of the child. See In re Bernard T., 319
S.W.3d 586, 596 (Tenn. 2010).

               IV. Statutory Grounds for Termination of Parental Rights

      Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113 (2017) lists the statutory requirements for
termination of parental rights, providing in relevant part:



                                            6
          (a)   The chancery and circuit courts shall have concurrent jurisdiction
                with the juvenile court to terminate parental or guardianship rights to
                a child in a separate proceeding, or as a part of the adoption
                proceeding by utilizing any grounds for termination of parental or
                guardianship rights permitted in this part or in title 37, chapter 1,
                part 1 and title 37, chapter 2, part 4.

          ***

          (c)   Termination of parental or guardianship rights must be based upon:

                (1)    A finding by the court by clear and convincing evidence that
                       the grounds for termination of parental or guardianship rights
                       have been established; and

                (2)    That termination of the parent’s or guardian’s rights is in the
                       best interests of the child.

       In the case at bar, the trial court determined that clear and convincing evidence
supported the existence of the following six statutory grounds for termination of Mother’s
parental rights: (1) abandonment by willful failure to visit, (2) abandonment by failure to
provide a suitable home, (3) substantial noncompliance with the permanency plans, (4)
severe child abuse committed against Jasmine, (5) failure to manifest an ability and
willingness to assume custody or financial responsibility for the Children, and (6)
persistence of the conditions leading to the Children’s removal. Although Mother has not
appealed the trial court’s determination concerning the statutory ground of failure to
manifest an ability and willingness to assume custody or financial responsibility for the
Children, we will nonetheless address this ground and each statutory ground found in
turn. See In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 525.

                         A. Abandonment by Willful Failure to Visit

          Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(1) (2017) provides, as relevant to this
action:

          (g)   Initiation of termination of parental or guardianship rights may be
                based upon any of the grounds listed in this subsection (g). The
                following grounds are cumulative and nonexclusive, so that listing
                conditions, acts or omissions in one ground does not prevent them
                from coming within another ground:

                                               7
                (1)     Abandonment by the parent or guardian, as defined in § 36-1-
                        102, has occurred; . . .

Our statutory scheme defines abandonment by a parent’s willful failure to visit as “the
willful failure, for a period of four (4) consecutive months, to visit or engage in more than
token visitation.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(E) (2017). This Court has previously
explained that “[f]ailure to visit or support a child is ‘willful’ when a person is aware of
his or her duty to visit or support, has the capacity to do so, makes no attempt to do so,
and has no justifiable excuse for not doing so.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 864
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). In this case, the trial court found that Mother (1) “was aware of
her duty to visit the children”; (2) “knew the children were in foster care and knew how
to schedule visits”; (3) “made no attempt to visit the children since February 4, 2017”;
and (4) “provided no justifiable excuse for failing to visit the children.” Mother contends
that any failure to visit was not willful because she had been incarcerated for a total of
sixty-seven days between January 27, 2017, and November 14, 2017, which prevented
her from visiting the Children. Upon a thorough review of the record and applicable law,
we disagree.

        We note at the outset that according to testimony from Ms. Witcher, the DCS
family services worker assigned to this matter, the final time Mother visited the Children
was prior to February 4, 2017, the date upon which Mother’s visitation was suspended
due to substance abuse. 6 Ms. Witcher testified that Mother was allowed two therapeutic
visits per month, knew how to schedule these visits, and was aware of her duty to visit
the Children. Ms. Witcher also testified that she explained to Mother the steps Mother
could take in order to have her visitation rights reinstated. The record demonstrates that
Mother had made no attempts to visit Alexis or Jaxon after February 4, 2017, at the latest
and that Mother had never attempted to visit Jasmine.

       Ordinarily, the four-month statutory period for determining abandonment in such a
proceeding would be from June 19, 2017, through October 18, 2017, which period
represents the four consecutive months immediately preceding the filing of termination
proceedings in the trial court. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(i) (2017).
According to Ms. Witcher’s testimony, however, Mother was incarcerated on October 16,
2017, for an indeterminate period of time. Assuming, arguendo, that Mother’s
incarceration on October 16, 2017, exceeded seven days, the relevant statutory period
would be the four consecutive months preceding her incarceration, or June 16, 2017,

6
  The record does not contain a written order explicitly suspending Mother’s visitation. Inasmuch as the
permanency plans drafted after February 2017 refer to a court order suspending visitation, Ms. Witcher
testified as to this fact, and Mother did not contradict this evidence at trial, we will proceed with our
analysis under the conclusion that Mother’s visitation was suspended due to continuing substance abuse
issues.
                                                    8
through October 15, 2017. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv) (2017); see also In
re Jayden B.T., No. E2014-00715-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 3876573, at *4 (Tenn. Ct.
App. June 23, 2015), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Sept. 25, 2015) (explaining that the
applicable four-month statutory period “immediately preceding” a parent’s incarceration
ends on the day before the actual date of incarceration).

       The record does not indicate that Mother was incarcerated at any point in time
between June 16, 2017, and October 15, 2017, nor does it establish any other factors that
may have prevented Mother from attempting or scheduling visitation with the Children.
Mother did not testify at trial; therefore, the only evidence regarding her dates of
incarceration came through Ms. Witcher’s testimony that Mother had been incarcerated
on October 16, 2017, for a period of more than one day. Ms. Witcher further related that
Mother’s most recent incarceration before October 16, 2017, occurred prior to June 16,
2017. Mother’s argument that incarceration prevented her from visiting the Children
during the relevant statutory period is unavailing. See In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 864
(“Failure to visit or support is not excused by another person’s conduct unless the
conduct actually prevents the person with the obligation from performing his or her duty
or amounts to a significant restraint of or interference with the parent’s efforts to support
or develop a relationship with the child.” (internal citation omitted)).

       Although we recognize that Mother’s visitation rights were suspended in February
2017 due to substance abuse concerns, this Court has held previously that when a parent
has the ability to demonstrate a change in situation or behavior so as to warrant
reinstating visitation but fails to do so, that parent can be found to have willfully failed to
visit. See In re Kiara C., No. E2013-02066-COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL 2993845, at *6
(Tenn. Ct. App. June 30, 2014). This Court has applied this rule to circumstances when
substance abuse issues cause a parent’s visitation rights to be suspended and a showing of
sobriety could have resulted in the reinstatement of those rights. See, e.g., In re Mya E.,
No. M2012-02323-COA-R3-PT, 2013 WL 2106839, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 13,
2013), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Aug. 16, 2013).

        Ms. Witcher’s testimony demonstrated that Mother’s ongoing substance abuse was
the primary basis for suspension of Mother’s visitation rights. The record indicates that
Mother had not addressed these underlying substance abuse concerns or made any other
efforts to reinstate her visitation rights following suspension. We determine that
Mother’s awareness of the steps necessary to reinstate her visitation rights and her
inaction with respect to those steps constituted a willful decision to discontinue her
visitation with the Children. See Tenn. Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. J.A.H., E2005-
00860-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 3543419, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 28, 2005). We
therefore conclude that clear and convincing evidence supports this statutory ground for
termination.
                                              9
                 B. Abandonment by Failure to Provide a Suitable Home

       For the purposes of proceedings for the termination of parental rights, Tennessee
Code Annotated § 36-1-102(1)(A)(ii) (2017) defines abandonment by failure to provide a
suitable home as occurring under the following circumstances:

       The child has been removed from the home of the parent or parents or the
       guardian or guardians as the result of a petition filed in the juvenile court in
       which the child was found to be a dependent and neglected child, as defined
       in § 37-1-102, and the child was placed in the custody of the department or
       a licensed child-placing agency, that the juvenile court found, or the court
       where the termination of parental rights petition is filed finds, that the
       department or a licensed child-placing agency made reasonable efforts to
       prevent removal of the child or that the circumstances of the child’s
       situation prevented reasonable efforts from being made prior to the child’s
       removal; and for a period of four (4) months following the removal, the
       department or agency has made reasonable efforts to assist the parent or
       parents or the guardian or guardians to establish a suitable home for the
       child, but that the parent or parents or the guardian or guardians have made
       no reasonable efforts to provide a suitable home and have demonstrated a
       lack of concern for the child to such a degree that it appears unlikely that
       they will be able to provide a suitable home for the child at an early date.
       The efforts of the department or agency to assist a parent or guardian in
       establishing a suitable home for the child may be found to be reasonable if
       such efforts exceed the efforts of the parent or guardian toward the same
       goal, when the parent or guardian is aware that the child is in the custody of
       the department[.]

        For the statutory ground of abandonment by failure to provide a suitable home to
be applicable, DCS must first prove that the Children had been removed from Mother’s
home and that the Children were found by the court to be dependent and neglected. See
In re K.M.K., No. E2014-00471-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 866730, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Sept. 30, 2014). Under this statutory ground, DCS must also have made reasonable
efforts to prevent removal of the Children or to assist the parents in providing a suitable
home. See In re Kaliyah, 455 S.W.3d 533, 553 n.29 (Tenn. 2015).

      The applicable four-month period under this statutory ground would commence
upon the time of each child’s removal from the Mother’s home. See, e.g., In re Gabriel
B., No. E2013-01581-COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL 1272201, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 28,
2014). Alexis and Jaxon were placed into the custody of DCS on November 2, 2016, and
                                             10
Jasmine was placed into the custody of DCS on June 6, 2017. Accordingly, the relevant
statutory period for this ground for termination of parental rights is from November 3,
2016, to March 3, 2017, with respect to the eldest two children, and from June 6, 2017, to
October 6, 2017, with respect to Jasmine. The trial court entered orders on October 4,
2017, finding all three Children to be dependent and neglected in Mother’s care.
Furthermore, in its January 19, 2018 order, the trial court found that DCS made
reasonable efforts to assist Mother in establishing a suitable home during both statutory
periods, but “despite the State’s efforts, [the parents] have done nothing to change the
situation that has led these children to being placed in foster care.” Upon a careful
review of the record, we agree.

        According to the November 2, 2016 order granting DCS protective custody over
Alexis and Jaxon, protective custody was granted due to allegations of, inter alia,
environmental neglect and the parents’ ongoing drug abuse. Ms. Witcher testified during
the trial that beginning in November 2016, DCS (1) began scheduling therapeutic visits
for the parents, (2) provided drug screens and pill counts, (3) began scheduling home
visits, (4) developed a permanency plan that included a goal of returning custody of
Alexis and Jaxon to the parents, (5) made referrals for alcohol and drug assessment
treatment, and (6) made referrals for mental health assessment and treatment. Ms.
Witcher further testified that notwithstanding DCS’s efforts, Mother had not tested clean
for her drug screens from November 2016 until the date of trial and Mother had
consistently failed to submit herself for scheduled psychological evaluations. Mother had
also entered and been discharged from more than one rehabilitation program and had not
successfully completed treatment while the Children were in protective custody. The
trial court noted in its findings that “[Mother]’s noncompliance was [to such] a degree
that she had to be incarcerated to ensure the safe birth of [Jasmine].”

       Establishing a suitable home for a child entails more than merely providing an
appropriate physical location to reside. See In re Navada N., 498 S.W.3d 579, 596 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2016); In re A.D.A., 84 S.W.3d 592, 599 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002). A suitable
home for a child requires a safe and stable environment in which the child may reside
with a proper caregiver who can provide the appropriate care and attention necessary to
meet the child’s needs. In re James V., No. M2016-01575-COA-R3-PT, 2017 WL
2365010, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 31, 2017). Additionally, this Court has determined
that “a parent’s compliance with counseling requirements is ‘directly related to the
establishment and maintenance of a suitable home.’” In re Matthew T., No. M2015-
00486-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL 1621076, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 20, 2016) (citing In
re M.F.O., No. M2008-01322-COA-R3-PT, 2009 WL 1456319, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App.
May 21, 2009)).



                                           11
       The record reflects that the primary cause for removal of the Children from the
parents’ custody was pervasive drug abuse on the part of both parents. The evidence
presented during trial supports a determination that Mother made no effort in either four-
month statutory period to change the situation that precipitated the removal of the
Children or to establish a safe and stable environment to which the Children could return.
We note that Ms. Witcher also testified that Mother had not maintained regular contact
with DCS and that Ms. Witcher did not know the location or condition of Mother’s
residence at the time of trial.

        The record clearly demonstrates that the reasonable efforts made by DCS to assist
Mother in establishing a suitable home were met with substantial, if not complete,
noncompliance. See In re Shameel S., No. E2014-00294-COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL
4667571, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 19, 2014) (explaining that whether the State’s
efforts are reasonable depends on circumstantial factors, including “the parent’s efforts to
remedy the conditions that required the removal of the children” (quoting In re
Giorgianna H., 205 S.W.3d 508, 519 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006))). We conclude that the
evidence preponderates in favor of the trial court’s finding by clear and convincing
evidence that Mother abandoned the Children by failing to establish a suitable home. We
therefore affirm this statutory ground for termination.

               C. Substantial Noncompliance with the Permanency Plans

       Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(2) provides that a ground for
termination of parental rights arises when “[t]here has been substantial noncompliance by
the parent or guardian with the statement of responsibilities in a permanency plan
pursuant to the provisions of title 37, chapter 2, part 4.” To terminate a parent’s parental
rights pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(2), the parent’s
noncompliance with the permanency plan must be substantial. See In re Valentine, 79
S.W.3d 539, 548 (Tenn. 2002). Additionally, our Supreme Court has held that “the real
worth and importance of noncompliance should be measured by both the degree of
noncompliance and the weight assigned to that requirement.” Id. This Court has
explained the following regarding the ground of substantial noncompliance with the
requirements of the permanency plan:

              Mere noncompliance is not enough to terminate a parent’s rights. In
       re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 548.           Additionally, the unsatisfied
       requirement(s) must be important in the plan’s scheme. Id. A “[t]rivial,
       minor, or technical” deviation from the permanency plan’s requirements
       does not qualify as substantial noncompliance. In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d
       [643,] 656 [(Tenn. Ct. App. 2004)] (citing In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at
       548). Improvements in compliance are construed in favor of the parent. In
                                            12
      re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 549 (citing State Dept. of Human Servs. v.
      Defriece, 937 S.W.2d 954, 961 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996)). Yet, we must
      determine compliance in light of the permanency plan’s important goals:

             In our view, a permanency plan is not simply a list of tasks
             with boxes to be checked off before custody is automatically
             restored. Rather, it is an outline for doing the things that are
             necessary to achieve the goal of permanency in children’s
             lives. We think that where return to parent is the goal,
             parents must complete their responsibilities in a manner that
             demonstrates that they are willing and able to resume caring
             for their children in the long-term, not on a month-to-month
             basis.

      In re V.L.J., No. E2013-02815-COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL 7418250, at *8
      (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 30, 2014).

In re Abbigail C., No. E2015-00964-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 6164956, at *20-21 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Oct. 21, 2015). The permanency plan requirements should also be “reasonable
and related to remedying the conditions which necessitate foster care placement.” See In
re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 547 (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-2-403(a)(2)(C)).

       The initial permanency plan, dated November 17, 2016, and ratified on January 4,
2017, was created concerning Alexis and Jaxon and contained separate requirements for
Father and Mother. Under this permanency plan and as pertinent to this issue on appeal,
Mother was required to: (1) resolve all criminal charges and not obtain any new charges,
(2) complete a psychological evaluation with a parenting component and follow all
recommendations, (3) complete a domestic violence assessment and follow all
recommendations, (4) participate in and complete parenting education, (5) establish
stable income and housing, (6) complete an alcohol and drug assessment and follow all
recommendations, (7) submit to unannounced drug screening and pill counts and only
test positive for prescribed medications, and (8) maintain weekly contact with DCS. The
updated March 21, 2017 permanency plan, ratified on May 3, 2017, contained
substantially identical requirements and goals. The revised permanency plan, dated June
28, 2017, and ratified on August 2, 2017, added Jasmine as a minor child under the plan
and contained the same requirements for Mother with an additional requirement that she
not consume alcohol.

       Although the record does not indicate that Mother obtained new legal charges
between November 2016 and the date of trial, she was charged with civil contempt of
court on February 23, 2017, and incarcerated with release conditioned on participation in
                                           13
a drug and alcohol rehabilitation program. According to the testimony presented during
trial, Mother did not submit herself for a psychological examination at any time from
November 2016 until the trial, despite having such examinations scheduled on more than
one occasion. Although Ms. Witcher testified that Mother had completed two alcohol
and drug consultations, Mother had never completed treatment. Mother had not
successfully passed a drug screen since November 2016 and was incarcerated in the days
leading up to the birth of Jasmine in June 2017 due to ongoing drug abuse. Ms. Witcher
additionally explained that Mother had not maintained regular contact with DCS, and
Mother’s living situation was unknown at the time of trial. There was no evidence that
Mother had ever completed a domestic violence assessment, participated in parenting
education, or established stable income or housing. As Ms. Witcher reported, although
the Children had been in custody for more than a year, Mother had changed nothing with
regard to her circumstances.

       Although the requirements of the permanency plans focused on remedying
concerns with Mother’s mental health, finances, and residential stability, as Ms. Witcher
related, the most important goal of the plans was to remedy the problem of Mother’s
substance abuse. By failing to follow through with alcohol and drug treatment, failing to
appear for a psychological evaluation, failing to obtain employment or a suitable home,
failing to visit the Children, and failing to participate in parenting education, Mother’s
actions demonstrated substantial noncompliance with the requirements of the
permanency plans, which we determine were reasonably related to remedying the
conditions necessitating DCS’s custody of the Children. See In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d
at 547. We conclude that the evidence preponderates in favor of the trial court’s finding,
made by clear and convincing evidence, that Mother’s noncompliance with the
permanency plans had been substantial. We therefore affirm this statutory ground for
termination.

                                 D. Severe Child Abuse

       Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(4) (2017) provides that a ground for
termination of parental rights exists when:

      The parent or guardian has been found to have committed severe child
      abuse as defined in § 37-1-102, under any prior order of a court or is found
      by the court hearing the petition to terminate parental rights or the petition
      for adoption to have committed severe child abuse against the child who is
      the subject of the petition or against any sibling or half-sibling of such




                                           14
        child, or any other child residing temporarily or permanently in the home of
        such parent or guardian. . . .7

Tennessee Code Annotated § 37-1-102(b)(22) (2017) defines “severe child abuse,” in
relevant part, as:

        (A)(i) The knowing exposure of a child to or the knowing failure to protect
        a child from abuse or neglect that is likely to cause serious bodily injury or
        death and the knowing use of force on a child that is likely to cause serious
        bodily injury or death . . . .

        As this Court has previously explained:

        [A] parent’s conduct is “knowing, and a parent acts or fails to act
        ‘knowingly,’ when . . . she has actual knowledge of the relevant facts and
        circumstances or when . . . she is either in deliberate ignorance of or in
        reckless disregard of the information that has been presented to . . . her.”

In re H.L.F., 297 S.W.3d 223, 236 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009) (quoting In re R.C.P., No.
M2003-01143-COA-R3-PT, 2004 WL 1567122, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 13, 2004)).

       In the case at bar, the trial court relied on its previous order entered on October 4,
2017, for its determination that severe child abuse was a sufficient ground for termination
of parental rights. In its October 4, 2017 order, the trial court found that Mother had
subjected Jasmine to severe child abuse as defined by Tennessee Code Annotated § 37-1-
102(b)(22) by exposing her to, inter alia, methamphetamine, THC, and unprescribed
medication while the child was in utero. The findings of the trial court as adopted in its
October 4, 2017 order indicate that Mother was aware of her pregnancy, continued
abusing both prescribed and unprescribed substances throughout her pregnancy, and was
incarcerated during the later stages of pregnancy to protect the baby’s health. As the trial

7
  Effective July 1, 2018, the General Assembly has amended Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-
113(g)(4), replacing the former language in its entirety with the following:

        The parent or guardian has been found to have committed severe child abuse, as defined
        in § 37-1-102, under any prior order of a court or is found by the court hearing the
        petition to terminate parental rights or the petition for adoption to have committed severe
        child abuse against any child[.]

See 2018 Tenn. Pub. Acts, Ch. 875, § 11 (H.B. 1856). The amendment essentially eliminates the
requirement that the victim of severe abuse be the child at issue or a half-sibling of the child at issue. See
id. Inasmuch as the instant action was filed in October 2017, we will confine our analysis in this Opinion
to the version of Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113 in effect at that time.
                                                    15
court stated in its January 19, 2018 order, the October 4, 2017 order was a final order and
was not appealed. Accordingly “the issue of severe child abuse [with respect to Jasmine]
is res judicata and the Order is res judicata in this matter.” Additionally, the court found
that “it is also a sufficient ground pursuant to [Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-
113(g)(4)] to terminate [Mother’s] parental rights as it pertains to Alexis and Jaxon as
they are siblings of Jasmine.”

       It is well settled that a trial court may rely on a prior court order finding severe
child abuse and is not required to re-litigate the issue of severe abuse during the
termination trial. See In re Samaria S., 347 S.W.3d at 201; State, Dep’t of Children’s
Servs. v. M.S., No. M2003-01670-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 549141, at *10 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Mar. 8, 2005). Mother concedes in her brief that “a trial court may rely on a prior
court order finding severe child abuse as a ground for termination” and that “the trial
court did not err in relying upon the prior adjudication of severe child abuse in the
dependency and neglect proceedings as a ground for termination.” Discerning nothing in
the record to contradict the finality of the October 4, 2017 order, we agree. We therefore
affirm the trial court’s determination that this statutory ground for termination was
proven by clear and convincing evidence.

     E. Failure to Manifest Ability and Willingness to Assume Custody or Financial
                             Responsibility of the Children

       The applicable version of Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(14) (2017)
provided that a statutory ground for termination of parental rights existed under the
following conditions:8

       A legal parent or guardian has failed to manifest, by act or omission, an
       ability and willingness to personally assume legal and physical custody or
       financial responsibility of the child, and placing the child in the person’s
       legal and physical custody would pose a risk of substantial harm to the
       physical or psychological welfare of the child.

       Although Mother has not appealed this ground for termination of parental rights,
we address it sua sponte in light of the heightened burden of proof in termination
proceedings. See In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 524. Upon our careful review of
the record, we determine that the trial court did not err in finding that clear and
convincing evidence existed to support this statutory ground for termination of Mother’s
parental rights.
8
  Effective July 1, 2018, Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(14) has been amended to substitute
the phrase, “A parent,” in place of “A legal parent.” See 2018 Tenn. Pub. Acts, Ch. 875, § 12 (H.B.
1856).
                                                  16
      This Court has recently explained the following with regard to this ground for
termination of parental rights:

      Essentially, this ground requires DCS to prove two elements by clear and
      convincing evidence. First, DCS must prove that [the parent] failed to
      manifest “an ability and willingness to personally assume legal and
      physical custody or financial responsibility of the child[ren].” Tenn. Code
      Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(14). DCS must then prove that placing the children in
      [the parent’s] “legal and physical custody would pose a risk of substantial
      harm to the physical or psychological welfare of the child[ren].” Id.

      ***

      We have made the following observations about what constitutes
      “substantial harm”:

             The courts have not undertaken to define the circumstances
             that pose a risk of substantial harm to a child. These
             circumstances are not amenable to precise definition because
             of the variability of human conduct. However, the use of the
             modifier “substantial” indicates two things. First, it connotes
             a real hazard or danger that is not minor, trivial, or
             insignificant. Second, it indicates that the harm must be more
             than a theoretical possibility. While the harm need not be
             inevitable, it must be sufficiently probable to prompt a
             reasonable person to believe that the harm will occur more
             likely than not.

      Ray v. Ray, 83 S.W.3d 726, 732 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001) (footnotes omitted).

In re Maya R., No. E2017-01634-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 1629930, at *7-8 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Apr. 4, 2018) (additional internal citations omitted). This Court has held that the
first prong of Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(14) requires that the petitioner
prove that a parent has failed to meet the requirement of manifesting both a willingness
and an ability to assume legal and physical custody of the child or has failed to meet the
requirement of manifesting both a willingness and an ability to assume financial
responsibility of the child. In re Amynn K., No. E2017-01866-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL
3058280, at *14 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 20, 2018); but see In re Ayden S., No. M2017-
01185-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 2447044, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 31, 2018) (reversing

                                           17
this ground for termination when parents were unable but willing to assume custody and
financial responsibility of their children).

       Mother had been consistently unable to assume financial responsibility for the
Children since the time that they were removed from her home, having no ascertainable
income from November 2016 through the trial date. Mother also failed to demonstrate
that she was able to provide sufficient housing for the Children. Mother indicated a lack
of willingness to assume custody or financial responsibility for the Children due to her
inaction toward her responsibilities under the permanency plans as well as her previous
statements made to DCS regarding the Children. Drug abuse and mental health issues
were two primary reasons for the removal of the Children from Mother’s custody.
Mother was consistently noncompliant with any alcohol and drug treatment and never
submitted herself to a mental health evaluation. Additionally, the trial court stated in its
October 4, 2017 order that Mother “admitted to [Ms.] Witcher that she did not wish to
stop using drugs and that she did not wish to go to inpatient.”

       We agree with the trial court’s determination in its January 19, 2018 order that
Mother has “failed to manifest, by act or omission, an ability and willingness to
personally assume legal and physical custody or financial responsibility for the children.”
Because Mother has failed to remedy the issues that brought the Children into DCS
custody, we also agree that placing the Children in Mother’s legal and physical custody
“would pose a risk of substantial harm to the physical or psychological welfare of the
children.” We therefore affirm the trial court’s determination that this statutory ground
for termination was proven by clear and convincing evidence.

                               F. Persistence of Conditions

       The trial court also determined that the ground of persistence of the conditions
leading to the Children’s removal from Mother’s home had been proven by clear and
convincing evidence. Regarding this statutory ground, Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-
1-113(g)(3) (2017) provides:

       (3)    The child has been removed from the home of the parent or guardian
              by order of a court for a period of six (6) months and:

              (A)    The conditions that led to the child’s removal or other
                     conditions that in all reasonable probability would cause the
                     child to be subjected to further abuse or neglect and that,
                     therefore, prevent the child’s safe return to the care of the
                     parent or parents or the guardian or guardians, still persist;

                                            18
             (B)    There is little likelihood that these conditions will be
                    remedied at an early date so that the child can be safely
                    returned to the parent or parents or the guardian or guardians
                    in the near future; and

             (C)    The continuation of the parent or guardian and child
                    relationship greatly diminishes the child’s chances of early
                    integration into a safe, stable and permanent home . . . .

       A prior court order adjudicating a child to be dependent, neglected, or abused is an
essential requirement of a court’s termination of parental rights upon the ground of
persistence of conditions. See In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 874. As this Court
explained, the statutory ground of persistence of conditions “applies as a ground for
termination of parental rights only where the prior court order removing the child from
the parent’s home was based on a judicial finding of dependency, neglect, or abuse.” See
id.

      This statutory ground only applies to Alexis and Jaxon, who were adjudicated
dependent and neglected more than six months before the trial court’s December 20,
2017 hearing. As the trial court stated in its January 19, 2018 order when addressing this
ground:

             The conditions that prevent [Alexis and Jaxon]’s return to
      [Mother]’s home are that she does not have a safe and suitable home, and
      has not kept in contact with the case worker, has not made attempts to visit
      these children, or made any attempts to address the reasons why the Court
      suspended her visitation in order to regain custody and visitation of these
      children.

             Furthermore, the Court finds that [Mother] has never submitted
      herself to a psychological evaluation to begin the process to remedy her
      mental health issues.

       As previously discussed, the evidence preponderates in favor of each of these
findings with respect to Mother’s ongoing conditions of drug abuse and overall
noncompliance with DCS’s attempts to assist her in improving her condition and
regaining custody. We therefore affirm the trial court’s determination that this statutory
ground for termination as to Alexis and Jaxon was proven by clear and convincing
evidence.



                                            19
                             V. Best Interest of the Children

       Mother contends that DCS did not present sufficient evidence to support the trial
court’s finding by clear and convincing evidence that termination of Mother’s parental
rights was in the best interest of the Children. We disagree. When a parent has been
found to be unfit by establishment of at least one statutory ground for termination of
parental rights, as here, the interests of parent and child diverge, and the focus shifts to
what is in the child’s best interest. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 877; see also In re
Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 523 (“‘The best interests analysis is separate from and
subsequent to the determination that there is clear and convincing evidence of grounds
for termination.’” (quoting In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 254 (Tenn. 2010))).
Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(i) (2017) provides a list of factors the trial court is
to consider when determining if termination of parental rights is in a child’s best interest.
This list is not exhaustive, and the statute does not require the court to find the existence
of every factor before concluding that termination is in a child’s best interest. See In re
Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 523; In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 878 (“The relevancy
and weight to be given each factor depends on the unique facts of each case.”).
Furthermore, the best interest of a child must be determined from the child’s perspective
and not the parent’s. White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 194 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004).

      Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(i) lists the following factors for
consideration:

       (1)    Whether the parent or guardian has made such an adjustment of
              circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the
              child’s best interest to be in the home of the parent or guardian;

       (2)    Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a lasting
              adjustment after reasonable efforts by available social services
              agencies for such duration of time that lasting adjustment does not
              reasonably appear possible;

       (3)    Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular visitation or
              other contact with the child;

       (4)    Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been established
              between the parent or guardian and the child;

       (5)    The effect a change of caretakers and physical environment is likely
              to have on the child’s emotional, psychological and medical
              condition;
                                             20
(6)    Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing with the
       parent or guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional
       or psychological abuse, or neglect toward the child, or another child
       or adult in the family or household;

(7)    Whether the physical environment of the parent’s or guardian’s
       home is healthy and safe, whether there is criminal activity in the
       home, or whether there is such use of alcohol, controlled substances
       or controlled substance analogues as may render the parent or
       guardian consistently unable to care for the child in a safe and stable
       manner;

(8)    Whether the parent’s or guardian’s mental and/or emotional status
       would be detrimental to the child or prevent the parent or guardian
       from effectively providing safe and stable care and supervision for
       the child; or

(9)    Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support consistent
       with the child support guidelines promulgated by the department
       pursuant to § 36-5-101.

As our Supreme Court recently explained regarding the best interest analysis:

“The best interests analysis is separate from and subsequent to the
determination that there is clear and convincing evidence of grounds for
termination.” In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d [240,] 254 [(Tenn. 2010)].

       When conducting the best interests analysis, courts must consider
nine statutory factors listed in Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-
113(i). These statutory factors are illustrative, not exclusive, and any party
to the termination proceeding is free to offer proof of any other factor
relevant to the best interests analysis. In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at
523 (citing In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 878 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005)).
Facts considered in the best interests analysis must be proven by “a
preponderance of the evidence, not by clear and convincing evidence.” In
re Kaliyah S., 455 S.W.3d at 555 (citing In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at
861). “After making the underlying factual findings, the trial court should
then consider the combined weight of those facts to determine whether they
amount to clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the child’s
best interest[s].” Id. When considering these statutory factors, courts must
                                     21
      remember that “[t]he child’s best interests [are] viewed from the child’s,
      rather than the parent’s, perspective.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 878.
      Indeed, “[a] focus on the perspective of the child is the common theme”
      evident in all of the statutory factors. Id. “[W]hen the best interests of the
      child and those of the adults are in conflict, such conflict shall always be
      resolved to favor the rights and the best interests of the child . . . .” Tenn.
      Code Ann. § 36-1-101(d) (2017).

             Ascertaining a child’s best interests involves more than a “rote
      examination” of the statutory factors. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 878.
      And the best interests analysis consists of more than tallying the number of
      statutory factors weighing in favor of or against termination. White v.
      Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 193-94 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). Rather, the facts
      and circumstances of each unique case dictate how weighty and relevant
      each statutory factor is in the context of the case. See In re Audrey S., 182
      S.W.3d at 878. Simply put, the best interests analysis is and must remain a
      factually intensive undertaking, so as to ensure that every parent receives
      individualized consideration before fundamental parental rights are
      terminated. In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 523. “[D]epending upon
      the circumstances of a particular child and a particular parent, the
      consideration of one factor may very well dictate the outcome of the
      analysis.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 878 (citing White v. Moody, 171
      S.W.3d at 194). But this does not mean that a court is relieved of the
      obligation of considering all the factors and all the proof. Even if the
      circumstances of a particular case ultimately result in the court ascribing
      more weight—even outcome determinative weight—to a particular
      statutory factor, the court must consider all of the statutory factors, as well
      as any other relevant proof any party offers.

In re Gabriella D., 531 S.W.3d 662, 681-82 (Tenn. 2017).

       In the instant action, the trial court considered each statutory factor prior to
concluding that those factors weighed in favor of terminating Mother’s parental rights to
the Children. With respect to factor (1), the trial court found that Mother had not made
an adjustment of her circumstances that would make it safe or in the Children’s best
interest to be placed in her care. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i). As the trial court
noted earlier in its January 19, 2018 order, the Children “were brought into custody [of
the State] due to allegations of drug use and abuse, unsafe home, unfit home, as well as
an inability to provide for these children, but predominantly it was the issue of drugs.”
By the time of trial, Mother had not shown any financial stability, communicated the
status of her living situation, submitted to a psychological evaluation, completed a drug
                                            22
treatment program, or tested clean on a drug screen since DCS began randomly
administering the tests in November 2016.

        Likewise, with respect to factor (2), Mother was consistently noncompliant with
DCS’s efforts toward any lasting adjustment. See id. Ms. Witcher testified that mental
health evaluations were scheduled for Mother on three separate occasions but that Mother
did not appear for any of these evaluations. DCS also scheduled alcohol and drug
treatment for Mother twice, with the result that Mother was discharged twice from
treatment for noncompliance. Mother had not maintained contact with DCS. As the trial
court ultimately determined, Mother had “done absolutely nothing to change [the]
situation that led to the removal of these children and that [Mother] had the opportunity
to do that.” The evidence preponderates in favor of this determination.

        Regarding factor (3), Ms. Witcher’s testimony indicated that Mother had made no
efforts to visit any of the Children from at least February 2017 until the date of trial. See
id. The Children’s foster mother testified that Mother had not called the Children in
months and had never written to the Children or sent them a package. Similarly, with
respect to factor (4), the trial court relied on the testimony of Ms. Witcher and Mr. Hill in
finding that “there does not appear to be a bond or significant bond between the children
and [Mother].” See id. Ms. Witcher also explained that Mother had shown little interest
in the Children and further stated that she could not recall Mother’s ever calling her to
simply inquire about the Children’s welfare. Mother had also failed to attend any school
functions or doctor’s appointments for the Children.

        Concerning factor (5), the trial court determined that according to the testimony
from Mr. Hill and testimony from the Children’s foster mother, “the children are
acclimated into [the] home with [their foster parents] to the extent that it would be
detrimental to the children for that relationship and bond to be severed.” See id. The trial
court also found that the Children had developed a significant and substantial bond with
their foster parents. Ms. Witcher testified that the Children referred to their foster parents
as “mom” and “dad” and enjoyed a close and significant bond with them and their foster
siblings. The evidence demonstrated that the Children were thriving in their foster
placement and that many negative behaviors and developmental delays that had been
present upon the Children’s entry into foster care had been resolved by the time of trial.

       The trial court stated that factor (6) was not applicable to the facts of this case.
See id. We additionally note that there was no evidence presented with regard to factor
(9), concerning child support payments by Mother. See id. With respect to factors (7)
and (8), the trial court found, respectively, that Mother’s “home is unascertainable due to
her lack of contact with [DCS]” and that Mother “has not even attempted to do her

                                             23
psychological evaluation” in addition to her noncompliance with alcohol and drug
treatment. See id.

        The trial court concluded its best interest analysis with additional findings related
to the Children’s status in foster care. First, the trial court found that according to the
testimony of Mr. Hill, “it would be detrimental for [the Children] to remain in foster
care” because the Children were in need of permanency. Second, the trial court found
that the Children’s foster parents would be able to provide that permanency. Finally, the
trial court determined that the foster parents were appropriate adoptive parents for the
Children. The evidence supports these findings.

       Ms. Witcher testified that the eldest two children had made significant
improvements regarding their development and behavior since entering the foster
parents’ home. Mr. Hill echoed such testimony with respect to the eldest child, who had
disclosed experiencing incidents of violence, abuse, and environmental hazards when she
lived in the parents’ home. The foster mother likewise related that the eldest children
were “really wild” when they entered her home and seemed unable to discern between
right and wrong, often resorting to violence to resolve conflict. She testified that the
Children were thriving in her home and that a significant bond existed between the
Children and the foster family. The foster mother offered that she would “sign [adoption
papers] today if they would let me.”

       Based on our thorough review of the trial court’s ruling in light of the statutory
factors, we conclude that the evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s
determination by clear and convincing evidence that termination of Mother’s parental
rights was in the best interest of the Children. Having previously determined that
statutory grounds for termination of parental rights were established, we affirm the trial
court’s termination of Mother’s parental rights.

                                      VI. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment terminating
Mother’s parental rights to the Children. This case is remanded to the trial court,
pursuant to applicable law, for enforcement of the trial court’s judgment terminating
Mother’s parental rights and collection of costs assessed below. Costs on appeal are
assessed to the appellant, Lequita S.



                                                  _________________________________
                                                  THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, JUDGE
                                             24
