                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                      No. 19-2056
                                   Filed April 1, 2020


IN THE INTEREST OF C.M., Z.F., G.F., and S.T.,
Minor Children,

M.F., Mother,
       Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Winneshiek County, Linnea M.N.

Nicol, District Associate Judge.



      The mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to the four

children. AFFIRMED.



      Andrew P. Nelson of Meyer, Lorentzen & Nelson, Decorah, for appellant

mother.

      Thomas J. Miller, and Kathryn K. Lang, Assistant Attorney General, for

appellee State.

      Thais A. Folta of Miller, Pearson, Gloe, Burns & Parrish PLC, Decorah,

attorney and guardian ad litem for minor children.



      Considered by Bower, C.J., and Greer and Ahlers, JJ.
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AHLERS, Judge.

       A mother in prison for physically abusing one of her four children appeals

an order terminating her parental rights to those four children.1 We affirm.

       The mother’s three oldest children2 were removed from the mother’s care

in May 2018 after the children were taken to the emergency room of a hospital due

to severe physical abuse of Z.F., who was three years old at the time. 3 Z.F. had

significant bruising all over her body. This discovery prompted the filing of child-in-

need-of-assistance (CINA) proceedings for each child.

       While the CINA cases were pending, the mother was charged with child

endangerment as an aggravated misdemeanor based on her physical abuse of

Z.F. The mother pled guilty to that charge and was sentenced in October 2018.

She was sentenced to pay various financial obligations and to serve a two-year

prison sentence. The prison sentence was suspended and the mother was placed

on probation. One of the terms of probation required her to reside in a residential

correctional facility (RCF).

       The three oldest children were adjudicated to be children in need of

assistance. After the fourth child, S.T., was born in January 2019, S.T. was




1 The mother was unable or unwilling to identify the father(s) of C.M., G.F., and
S.T. The father of Z.F. was identified but could not be located. None of the fathers
have ever been involved in the lives of any of the children. Notice was given to all
putative fathers, known and unknown, by publication. The parental rights of all
known and unknown fathers were terminated. None of the fathers appeared
before the juvenile court, and none of the fathers appealed.
2 The three oldest children were five, three, and two years old at the time of

removal.
3 The fourth child, S.T., was born in January 2019.
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adjudicated to be a child in need of assistance as well. S.T. was removed from

the mother’s care within days of S.T.’s birth.

       Throughout the course of the CINA proceedings, the mother was provided

with numerous services. While the mother gave what appeared to be her best

effort, she was not successful in adequately addressing her issues. She failed to

successfully complete mental-health counseling and parent-child interaction

therapy. Even before she was placed in the RCF for physically abusing Z.F., she

never progressed past supervised visits with the child. Even the supervised visits

seemed to overwhelm the mother, as she demanded a second person to help with

supervised visits and requested less visitation time.

       Due to the mother’s lack of progress, termination-of-parental-rights (TPR)

proceedings were initiated. The mother was still living in the RCF when the TPR

proceedings were initiated. Approximately a month after the TPR petitions were

filed, the mother violated her probation on two separate dates. On the first of such

dates, the mother violated terms of probation by possessing an unauthorized cell

phone in the RCF, refusing to allow RCF staff to access the phone, intentionally

erasing the phone’s contents to prevent staff from accessing it, yelling profanity at

RCF staff, engaging in threatening and intimidating behavior toward RCF staff,

throwing a pen at RCF staff, and refusing to return to her room at the RCF when

directed to do so multiple times. Six days later, the mother committed additional

probation violations by driving a vehicle without authorization, driving a vehicle

without insurance, disobeying a direct order of RCF staff not to drive the vehicle,

leaving the RCF without permission, and refusing to allow RCF staff to search the

vehicle she was driving. As a result of these violations, the mother’s probation was
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revoked and the original sentence was imposed, resulting in the mother being sent

to prison for an indeterminate term not to exceed two years. The mother was in

prison at the time of the TPR hearing and participated in the entire hearing by

telephone.

      The juvenile court terminated the mother’s rights to all four children. At the

time of the TPR hearing in September 2019, the three oldest children had been

removed from the mother’s care for nearly sixteen consecutive months with no trial

visits at home and S.T. had been removed from the mother’s care for

approximately seven consecutive months with no trial visits at home. As a result,

the mother’s parental rights were terminated pursuant to Iowa Code section

232.116(1)(f)4 (2019) with regard to C.M., Z.F., and G.F., and Iowa Code section

232.116(1)(h)5 with regard to S.T. The mother’s parental rights with regard to Z.F.

were also terminated pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(i).



4 Under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f), the juvenile court may terminate parental
rights if it finds all of the following:
                 (1) The child is four years of age or older.
                 (2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of
        assistance pursuant to section 232.96.
                 (3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of
        the child’s parents for at least twelve of the last eighteen months, or
        for the last twelve consecutive months and any trial period at home
        has been less than thirty days.
                 (4) There is clear and convincing evidence that at the present
        time the child cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents
        as provided in section 232.102.
5 Under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h), the juvenile court may terminate

parental rights if it finds all of the following:
                 (1) The child is three years of age or younger.
                 (2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of
        assistance pursuant to section 232.96.
                 (3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of
        the child’s parents for at least six months of the last twelve months,
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       We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo. In re M.D.,

921 N.W.2d 229, 232 (Iowa 2018). While we give weight to the juvenile court’s

factual findings, we are not bound by them. Id. The primary concern is the

children’s best interests. In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 798 (Iowa 2006).

       The mother raises four issues on appeal, which we summarize as follows:

(1) the evidence did not support a finding the children could not be returned to the

mother; (2) the juvenile court had no authority to terminate the mother’s rights with

regard to S.T. without first entering a permanency order directing the filing of TPR

proceedings; (3) the mother should have been granted an additional six months to

work toward reunification pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.104(2)(b); and (4) the

mother’s due process rights were violated because she filed a notice of appeal

without her attorney’s signature.

       Regarding the first issue, clear and convincing evidence supported the

juvenile court’s finding the children could not be returned to the mother’s care, thus

meeting the final element for termination of parental rights with regard to all four

children under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) and (h).6 The most glaring support

for this finding is the fact the mother was in prison at the time of the termination




       or for the last six consecutive months and any trial period at home
       has been less than thirty days.
               (4) There is clear and convincing evidence that the child
       cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided
       in section 232.102 at the present time.
6 Because we find clear and convincing evidence to support termination of parental

rights as to Z.F. under section 232.116(1)(f), we do not consider section
232.116(1)(i). See In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 774 (Iowa 2012) (“When the
juvenile court terminates parental rights on more than one statutory ground, we
may affirm the juvenile court's order on any ground we find supported by the
record.”).
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hearing, so the children could not be returned to her care. Even in the absence of

incarceration, the children could not be safely returned to the mother. As correctly

noted by the juvenile court, even when the mother was not in custody, “she never

progressed past supervised visits with the children,” she “was still being prompted

to meet the children’s most basic needs at visits” even after intensive weekly

therapy, and she “requested that the amount of time she visited with the children

be reduced because visitation with the children was too stressful for her.” The

mother had simply not resolved her mental-health and parenting-deficiency issues

that resulted in the criminal abuse of Z.F. Her lack of progress endangered all four

children. See In re L.H., 904 N.W.2d 145, 152 (Iowa 2017) (stating “the ‘common

sense notion’ that the parent’s abuse of one child places the parent’s other children

in danger of abuse”).

       As to the second issue, the mother cites no authority and makes no

argument other than the bare assertion that the juvenile court was required to enter

a permanency order pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.104 before TPR

proceedings could be held. Such failure to cite authority may be considered a

waiver of the issue. Iowa R. App. P. 6.903(2)(g)(3). Even if the issue has not been

waived, the mother’s argument lacks merit.          Iowa Code section 232.111,

concerning a petition for TPR, “does not place any time frame on when a petition

may be filed.” In re D.D.R.C., No. 00-1912, 2001 WL 913787, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App.

Aug. 15, 2001). “In addition, section 232.104(2) gives the court several options

after a permanency hearing, including ordering a termination petition, but does not

require a permanency hearing before a termination petition may be filed.” Id.

(citing In re R.C., 523 N.W.2d 757, 760 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994)).            There are
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safeguards against hasty filings of termination petitions built into the statutory

framework, including reasonable efforts requirements and the time requirements

contained in Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) and (h). However, those safeguards

do not include a requirement for a permanency order entered pursuant to Iowa

Code section 232.104(2)(c) before a termination petition can be filed.

       With regard to the third issue, the mother was not entitled to additional time

to work toward reunification. For a six-month extension to be granted pursuant to

Iowa Code section 232.104(2)(b), the juvenile court must be able to “enumerate

the specific factors, conditions, or expected behavioral changes which comprise

the basis for the determination that the need for removal of the child from the child’s

home will no longer exist at the end of the additional six-month period.” There was

no guarantee the mother would have been out of prison at the end of an additional

six-month period.    Even if she was released from prison a month after the

termination hearing, as the mother hoped, there would still have been a period of

adjustment for the mother to stabilize. During her past period in the community,

even before the disruption of incarceration, the mother had not even progressed

beyond supervised visits. There was no credible reason to believe the mother

would be released from prison, put her life in order, and progress to the point of

having the children returned to her care in another six months. The juvenile court

did not err by failing to grant the mother an additional six months to work toward

reunification.

       Regarding the final issue, the mother asserts that her due process rights

under the Federal and Iowa Constitutions were violated because the mother’s

notice of appeal was treated as such without the signature of her attorney. The
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mother cites no relevant authority and makes no cogent argument in support of

this issue. As the State correctly notes, it is not the State’s responsibility to

formulate the mother’s argument in order to respond to it. It is also not our

responsibility. See Venckus v. City of Iowa City, 930 N.W.2d 792, 806 (Iowa 2019)

(“Judges are not like pigs, hunting for [meritorious] truffles buried in [the record].”

(quoting United States v. Dunkel, 927 F.2d 955, 956 (7th Cir. 1991))).

Consequently, the issue is deemed waived. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.903(2)(g)(3).

       Finding no merit to the claims of error, we affirm the juvenile court.

       AFFIRMED.
