                                                                                    FILED
                                                                        United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                            Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                            December 6, 2016
                        _________________________________
                                                                            Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                                Clerk of Court
MICHAEL EARL MCCUNE,

      Petitioner,

v.                                                            No. 16-9527
                                                   (Admin. Proc. File No. 3-16768)
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND                     (Securities & Exchange Commission)
EXCHANGE COMMISSION,

      Respondent.
                        _________________________________

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                        _________________________________

Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, PHILLIPS and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
                 _________________________________

       Michael McCune, proceeding pro se, petitions for review of an order of the

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) upholding the disciplinary action taken

by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). FINRA imposed a fine of

$5000, assessed hearing costs of $1522.94, and suspended him for six months from

all capacities in the securities industry for failing to follow the rules requiring




       *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
disclosure of his personal bankruptcy filings and tax liens. We exercise jurisdiction

under 15 U.S.C. § 78y(a)(1), and affirm.

   I.       Background

        From December 1996 until May 2011, McCune was associated as a registered

representative with Royal Alliance Associates, Inc. (Royal Alliance), a FINRA

member firm. FINRA is “a quasi-governmental agency responsible for overseeing

the securities brokerage industry.” ACAP Fin., Inc. v. U.S. SEC, 783 F.3d 763, 765

(10th Cir. 2015). FINRA succeeded the National Association of Securities Dealers

(NASD) in 2007. Brecek & Young Advisors, Inc. v. Lloyds of London Syndicate

2003, 715 F.3d 1231, 1234 n.2 (10th Cir. 2013). McCune’s alleged violations

occurred between 2005 and 2011, so FINRA applied the relevant NASD and FINRA

rules. Because the applicable FINRA rules are not substantially different from the

corresponding NASD rules, and because McCune does not argue for application of

one set over the other, we refer only to the FINRA rules.

        FINRA charged McCune with violating FINRA Rules 1122 and 2010,1

alleging he willfully failed to timely amend his Uniform Application for Securities

Industry Registration or Transfer (Form U4). Rule 2010 requires a member to

“observe high standards of commercial honor and just and equitable principles of

trade.” See

        1
       FINRA Rule 1122 replaced NASD Interpretive Material 1000-1. See Order
Approving Proposed Rule Change to Adopt FINRA Rule 1122, 74 Fed. Reg.
18767-01, 2009 WL 1096425 (April 24, 2009). FINRA Rule 2010 replaced NASD
Rule 2110. See Order Approving Proposed Rule Change to Adopt FINRA Rule
2010, 73 Fed. Reg. 57174-01, 2008 WL 4410589 (Oct. 1, 2008).
                                           2
http://finra.complinet.com/en/display/display.html?rbid=2403&record_id=6905&ele

ment_id=5504&highlight=2010#r6905 (last visited Dec. 1, 2016). Rule 1122

prohibits a member or associate from filing “with FINRA information with respect to

membership or registration which is incomplete or inaccurate so as to be misleading,

or which could in any way tend to mislead, or fail to correct such filing after notice

thereof.” See

http://finra.complinet.com/en/display/display.html?rbid=2403&record_id=11434&ele

ment_id=8336&highlight=1122#r11434 (last visited Dec. 1, 2016).

        McCune filed for bankruptcy in February 1989, but did not amend his

Form U4 to reflect the bankruptcy until he joined Royal Alliance in December 1996.

At that time, the Form U4 McCune signed included a declaration that he would

update his Form U4 to disclose any changes in the previously reported information.

The SEC did not charge as a violation this failure to timely disclose his 1989

bankruptcy, but relied on it as evidence of McCune’s knowledge of his disclosure

obligations.

        McCune filed a second voluntary bankruptcy petition in October 2002. While

the petition was pending, he signed an amendment to his Form U4 on October 23,

2003, responding “no” to the question whether he had filed a bankruptcy petition

within the past ten years. McCune filed a third voluntary bankruptcy petition in May

2005. He failed to amend his Form U4 to disclose this bankruptcy until April 7,

2011.



                                           3
      The Internal Revenue Service filed three tax liens totaling $160,500 against

McCune in March 2009, May 2010, and March 2011. The State of Kansas filed a

state tax lien against him in March 2009 for $1872. He failed to amend his Form U4

to disclose these liens until April 7, 2011.

      The Royal Alliance Sales Practices Manual provides that any change in the

information on a Form U4 requires filing an amended Form U4 and that failure to do

so can result in severe sanctions. The manual further instructs registered

representatives to review their Form U4 at least annually to ensure its accuracy. In

addition, Royal Alliance requires its registered representatives to complete an annual

compliance questionnaire, which includes reminders to update the Form U4 and to

provide information about various events, such as bankruptcy filings and liens.

McCune stated that he had completed the required questionnaires during his

employment with Royal Alliance.

      Royal Alliance discovered McCune’s failures to update his Form U4 while

preparing for an audit. When McCune’s supervisor brought the omissions to his

attention, McCune signed an amended Form U4, which disclosed the bankruptcies

and tax liens, on April 7, 2011. He was permitted to resign in May 2011. In early

2013 FINRA instituted the underlying disciplinary proceedings.

      McCune concedes that he did not timely update his Form U4. He argues,

however, that FINRA failed to establish that his failure to do so was willful and that

mitigating circumstances should have reduced or eliminated the sanctions. In



                                               4
addition, he contends that the sanctions were so excessive that they violated the

Constitution.

   II.      Standards of Review

         We review the SEC’s sanctions for an abuse of discretion. Rooms v. SEC,

444 F.3d 1208, 1212 (10th Cir. 2006). We will not set aside the SEC’s sanctions

decision unless “it is beyond the law, it is unsupported factually, or it completely

lacks reasonableness such that it is an abuse of the SEC’s discretion.” Id. We will

uphold the SEC’s factual findings “if they are supported by substantial evidence.

Substantial evidence is a minimum quantity of relevant evidence objectively adequate

to support the findings when viewed in light of the record as a whole.” Id. (citation

and internal quotation marks omitted). We will not overturn the SEC’s findings

where “the evidence is capable of rational interpretation that would favor either

side.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). We review de novo the SEC’s legal

determinations. Id.

         We have liberally construed McCune’s pro se filings. Garrett v. Selby Connor

Maddux & Janer, 425 F.3d 836, 840 (10th Cir. 2005). We do not, however, “take on

the responsibility of serving as the litigant’s attorney in constructing arguments and

searching the record.” Id. Moreover, “pro se parties [must] follow the same rules of

procedure that govern other litigants.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

   III.     Analysis

         McCune makes no appellate argument challenging the imposition of the $5000

fine and the hearing costs of $1522.94. Therefore, these issues are waived.

                                           5
See Specialty Beverages, L.L.C. v. Pabst Brewing Co., 537 F.3d 1165, 1179 n.10

(10th Cir. 2008) (holding party waived argument “by failing to raise the argument to

this court”).

        McCune challenges the SEC’s finding that his failure to update his Form U4

was willful. He argues FINRA was required to prove he acted with scienter or that

he was aware he was violating the law. He admits his conduct was “extremely

negligent,” Aplt. Opening Br. at 2, and asserts he was otherwise occupied by

concerns about the declining stock markets. He further states that Royal Alliance’s

Sales Practices Manual containing the provision requiring registered representatives

to review and update their Form U4 was buried in hundreds of pages that he barely

read.

        FINRA and the SEC determined McCune was subject to statutory

disqualification because he had willfully made false or misleading statements in his

Forms U4. See 15 U.S.C. §§ 78c(a)(39)(F), 78o(b)(4)(A) (stating that statutory

disqualification applies to false or misleading statements willfully made or material

facts willfully omitted in required reports). The SEC held that a “willful violation of

the securities laws means intentionally committing the act which constitutes the

violation.” Admin R. at 873 (internal quotation marks omitted). This court has held

the term “willfully” in the SEC sanctions context “to mean merely intentionally

committing the act which constitutes the violation. There is no requirement that the

actor also be aware that he is violating one of the Rules or Acts.” Decker v. SEC,

631 F.2d 1380, 1386 (10th Cir. 1980) (internal quotation marks omitted); accord

                                           6
Mathis v. U.S. SEC, 671 F.3d 210, 217 (2d Cir. 2012); Wonsover v. SEC, 205 F.3d

408, 414 (D.C. Cir. 2000).

      McCune argues that FINRA was required to prove he acted with knowledge

that his conduct was unlawful. He relies on Ratzlaf v. United States, 510 U.S. 135

(1994), a criminal case, where the Court held, “[t]o establish that a defendant

‘willfully violated’ the antistructuring law, the Government must prove that the

defendant acted with knowledge that his conduct was unlawful,” id. at 137 (brackets

omitted). As Ratzlaf recognized, “willful” is a “word of many meanings, and its

construction is often influenced by its context.” 510 U.S. at 141 (alterations and

internal quotation marks omitted).

      Even under McCune’s proffered definition, his conduct was willful. It is

undisputed that he knew he was required to report any changes to his Form U4 and,

further, that if he did not, he was subject to sanctions. Even if the requirement to

report changes was not made obvious in Royal Alliance’s Sales Practices Manual,

McCune does not dispute that he annually completed a compliance questionnaire,

which reminded him to update his Form U4. Thus, substantial evidence supports a

finding that McCune was aware he was violating the law. The SEC did not abuse its

discretion when it concluded that he willfully failed to disclose the bankruptcies and

tax liens on his Form U4.

      McCune argues his legitimate concerns about his clients’ investments during a

turbulent period in the domestic and global stock markets, as well as the prolixity of

the Sales Practices Manual, should mitigate the length of his suspension. He does not

                                           7
claim that these factors are included in the mitigating factors FINRA considers when

fashioning a sanction. See FINRA Sanction Guidelines (2015), at 6-7,

http://www.finra.org/sites/default/files/Sanctions_Guidelines.pdf (last visited Dec. 1,

2016).

         Although the SEC “credit[ed] McCune’s candor in admitting that he failed to

timely amend his Form U4,” Admin R. at 880, it nevertheless upheld FINRA’s

determination that McCune’s violations were “egregious,” id. at 879. The SEC

identified “egregious cases” as including “those involving repeated failures to file,

untimely filings, or false, inaccurate, or misleading filings.” Id. The Guidelines

recommend for egregious cases a suspension of up to two years or a bar.

See Sanction Guidelines, at 70; see also ACAP Fin., Inc., 783 F.3d at 767-68

(approving SEC’s application of FINRA’s Sanction Guidelines). McCune’s

six-month suspension was at the low end of the recommended sanctions. Therefore,

under these circumstances, the SEC did not abuse its discretion in upholding the

suspension. See Rooms, 444 F.3d at 1213.

         Next, McCune argues the six-month suspension imposed by FINRA was so

excessive that it violated the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment.2

McCune cites Rooms as applying constitutional principles to FINRA. 444 F.3d at

1214 (“Due process requires that an NASD [or FINRA] rule give fair warning of

prohibited conduct before a person may be disciplined for that conduct.”). In

         2
        McCune also asserts that his rights under the Fourteenth Amendment were
violated, but he has provided no argument in support so we do not consider such a
claim. See Specialty Beverages, 537 F.3d at 1179 n.10.
                                           8
contrast, the SEC argues FINRA is a private, nonprofit corporation, so the discipline

it imposed was not governmental action subject to the Excessive Fines Clause.

See Aplee. Br. at 25-26; see also Desiderio v. Nat’l Ass’n of Sec. Dealers, Inc.,

191 F.3d 198, 206 (2d Cir. 1999) (stating “NASD is a private actor, not a state actor”

whose actions are not “those of the state”); cf. Blum v. Yaretsky, 457 U.S. 991, 1004

(1982) (stating government’s “[m]ere approval” [e.g., SEC’s order sustaining

FINRA’s sanction] is not sufficient to convert private action to state action).

      McCune maintains that 95% of the registered representatives who were

suspended from all securities activities at the time he was suspended did not return to

the securities industry. Therefore, he claims his loss of income due to his suspension

totals $730,802 over the next ten years, in violation of the Excessive Fines Clause.

He relies on United States v. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. 321, 324 (1998), which held that

forfeiture of the entire $357,144 in currency the defendant attempted to carry out of

the United States without complying with the reporting requirement would violate the

Excessive Fines Clause.

      We decline McCune’s invitation to conduct an independent investigation to

ascertain how many registered representatives who were suspended as a sanction

never returned to work in the securities industry or why. We also reject McCune’s

characterization of his claimed projected loss of income as a fine. Although FINRA

imposed a $5000 fine—which McCune does not challenge on appeal—it did not

require him to pay an additional fine or confiscate any of his income or assets.

McCune’s future-lost-income claim would not be covered by the Eighth Amendment

                                           9
because “the Excessive Fines Clause was intended to limit only those fines directly

imposed by, and payable to, the government,” Browning-Ferris Indus. of Vt., Inc. v.

Kelco Disposal, Inc., 492 U.S. 257, 268 (1989). Therefore, we need not resolve

whether constitutional mandates apply here.

   IV.    Conclusion

      The SEC upheld the six-month suspension imposed by FINRA. The sanction

was at the low end of the range stated in the FINRA Guidelines. We find no abuse of

discretion in the SEC’s decision. McCune’s “admissions and behavior provide a

sufficient basis for a conclusion that he did not ‘observe high standards of

commercial honor and just and equitable principles of trade’ as [FINRA] Rule [2010]

requires.” Rooms, 444 F.3d at 1215. The SEC’s decision is affirmed.


                                            Entered for the Court


                                            Carolyn B. McHugh
                                            Circuit Judge




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