 1   This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please see
 2   Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please
 3   also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other
 4   deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the
 5   filing date.

 6        IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 7 RESOURCE LIGHTING, INC.,
 8 a New Mexico Corporation,

 9          Plaintiff-Appellant,

10 v.                                                           NO. 30,013

11   ROHDE, MAY, KELLER, MCNAMARA
12   ARCHITECTURE, P.C., a New Mexico
13   Corporation, AFFILIATED ENGINEERS,
14   INC., a Wisconsin Corporation,

15          Defendants-Appellees.

16 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
17 Valerie A. Huling, District Judge

18 Tal Young, P.C.
19 Steven Tal Young
20 Albuquerque, NM

21 for Appellant

22   Keleher & McLeod, P.A.
23   Robert J. Perovich
24   Thomas C. Bird
25   Albuquerque, NM

26 for Appellee Rohde, May, Keller, McNamara Architecture, P.C.

27 Montgomery & Andrews, P.A.
28 Kevin M. Sexton
 1 Shannon A. Parden
 2 Albuquerque, NM

 3 for Appellee Affiliated Engineers, Inc.

 4                            MEMORANDUM OPINION

 5 FRY, Judge.

 6        Plaintiff Resource Lighting, Inc. (Resource) was an unsuccessful bidder for a

 7 construction contract with the University of New Mexico (UNM). Following

 8 rejection of its bid, Resource did not protest the contract award under the statutory

 9 procedures governing public procurements established by the Procurement Code,

10 NMSA 1978, §§ 13-1-172 to -183 (1984, as amended through 2002). Instead,

11 Resource filed suit in district court against Defendants, who were the architecture and

12 engineering firms that had allegedly advised UNM during the bid solicitation and

13 procurement process. Resource claimed that Defendants had improperly interfered

14 with its relationship with UNM and wrongfully caused the rejection of its bid.

15 Defendants moved to dismiss, and the district court granted the dismissal on the basis

16 that Resource had failed to exhaust its administrative remedies under the Procurement

17 Code prior to seeking judicial relief.

18        We conclude that the district court erroneously determined that Resource’s

19 claims against Defendants fell within the purview of the Procurement Code. This

20 Court has previously determined that the Procurement Code does not preclude

                                              2
 1 disappointed bidders from pursuing common-law or equitable remedies against third

 2 parties for wrongful conduct that resulted in bid rejection. See Davis & Assocs., Inc.

 3 v. Midcon, Inc., 1999-NMCA-047, ¶¶ 14-16, 127 N.M. 134, 978 P.2d 341. Because

 4 Resource’s claims are directed at Defendants, whom it alleges were third parties to the

 5 procurement at issue, we reverse the dismissal of Resource’s complaint and remand

 6 for further proceedings.

 7 BACKGROUND

 8        In January 2007, UNM solicited bids for an electrical lighting project at a new

 9 hospital facility under construction. Resource submitted a bid for the project, which

10 was ultimately rejected by UNM. Another bidder was selected for the project, and

11 neither UNM nor the successful bidder are parties in this case.

12        Following rejection of its bid, Resource proceeded to file a lawsuit in district

13 court against Defendants Rohde, May, Keller, McNamara Architecture, P.C. (RMKM)

14 and Affiliated Engineers, Inc. (Affiliated), in which it alleged several causes of action

15 arising out of the rejection of its bid. According to Resource’s complaint, RMKM

16 served as the architect and as a professional consultant designated by UNM on the

17 project, while Affiliated was hired by RMKM to coordinate mechanical and electrical

18 components of the project. Resource’s complaint alleged that Defendants were

19 directly involved in bid solicitation and procurement for the project on behalf of UNM


                                               3
 1 and that, during this process, Defendants had improperly interfered in Resource’s

 2 relationship with UNM and engaged in unlawful conduct that resulted in the rejection

 3 of Resource’s bid. On this basis, Resource raised the following specific causes of

 4 action against Defendants: (1) breach of an implied contract, (2) loss of opportunity,

 5 (3) civil conspiracy, (4) intentional interference with prospective contractual

 6 relationship, (5) prima facie tort, (6) breach of the covenant of good faith and fair

 7 dealing, and (7) punitive damages.

 8        Subsequently, each Defendant moved to dismiss the case pursuant to Rule

 9 1-012(B)(1) and (6) NMRA. The district court denied RMKM’s motion to dismiss

10 and that denial is not part of this appeal. Rather, this appeal concerns the motion to

11 dismiss filed by Affiliated and later joined by RMKM, which alleged that Resource’s

12 claims were governed exclusively by the Procurement Code and that, as a result,

13 dismissal of Resource’s complaint was necessary because Resource had failed to

14 exhaust its administrative remedies under the Procurement Code prior to seeking

15 judicial relief. After a hearing, the district court granted this motion and dismissed

16 Resource’s complaint in its entirety.      The district court subsequently denied

17 Resource’s motion for reconsideration, and this appeal followed.

18 DISCUSSION




                                             4
 1        The primary issue on appeal is whether the Procurement Code governed

 2 Resource’s claims against Defendants and, if so, whether Resource was required to

 3 exhaust its administrative remedies prior to seeking judicial relief. Resource argues

 4 that Defendants were third parties to the bid solicitation and procurement process at

 5 issue in this case and that under this Court’s holding in Davis, the Procurement Code

 6 does not apply to claims raised by unsuccessful bidders against third parties.

 7 Defendants argue that Davis is factually distinguishable and that the Procurement

 8 Code nonetheless applies to Resource’s claims because Defendants were not third

 9 parties but, rather, agents of UNM during the bidding process.

10 A.     Standard of Review

11        A district court’s decision to dismiss a case under Rule 1-012(B)(1) and (6) is

12 reviewed de novo on appeal. Valdez v. State, 2002-NMSC-028, ¶ 4, 132 N.M. 667,

13 54 P.3d 71; Sanchez v. Santa Ana Golf Club, Inc., 2005-NMCA-003, ¶ 4, 136 N.M.

14 682, 104 P.3d 548. Our review of a dismissal under Rule 1-012(B)(6) examines “the

15 legal sufficiency of the complaint, not the factual allegations of the pleadings.”

16 Healthsource, Inc. v. X-Ray Assocs. of N.M., 2005-NMCA-097, ¶ 16, 138 N.M. 70,

17 116 P.3d 861. Accordingly, “we accept all well-pleaded facts as true and question

18 whether the plaintiff might prevail under any state of facts provable under the claim.”

19 Id.


                                              5
 1 B.     Applicability of the Procurement Code to Resource’s Claims

 2        The Procurement Code governs non-federal expenditures by state agencies and

 3 local public bodies “for the procurement of items of tangible personal property,

 4 services[,] and construction.” NMSA 1978, Section 13-1-30(A) (2005). Parties that

 5 participate in public procurements, such as the one at issue in this case, are subject to

 6 the procedures established by the Procurement Code. In cases where a bidder is

 7 aggrieved in connection with a solicitation or award of a contract, the Procurement

 8 Code also provides certain administrative remedies. Sections 13-1-172 to -183.

 9 Specifically, “the [L]egislature [has] created an administrative process [under the

10 Procurement Code] that allows [the] aggrieved bidder or offeror to protest to the state

11 purchasing agent or a central purchasing office, to receive a reasoned decision from

12 the hearing officer, and to obtain judicial review of the administrative decision.” State

13 ex rel. Regents of ENMU v. Baca, 2008-NMSC-047, ¶ 13, 144 N.M. 530, 189 P.3d

14 663 (per curiam) (citing Sections 13-1-172, -174, and -183 (internal quotation marks

15 omitted)); see id. ¶ 6 (describing the statutory procedures under the Procurement Code

16 for protesting and appealing the solicitation or award of a public works project). Our

17 Supreme Court has indicated that the administrative process specified in the

18 Procurement Code is subject to the requirement that aggrieved bidders exhaust their




                                               6
 1 administrative remedies prior to seeking judicial relief unless “it would be futile to do

 2 so or . . . a question of law is at issue.” Id. ¶¶ 16, 18.

 3        In the present case, it is undisputed that Resource did not lodge a bid protest

 4 with UNM prior to filing the civil complaint against Defendants in district court.

 5 Although the parties agree that UNM’s procurement for the electrical lighting project

 6 itself was governed by the Procurement Code, they dispute whether Resource was

 7 required to lodge a bid protest and avail itself of the administrative process provided

 8 by the Procurement Code prior to seeking judicial relief. At the motions hearing

 9 below, Defendants successfully argued to the district court that the Procurement Code

10 governed Resource’s claims and that the district court lacked jurisdiction to decide the

11 parties’ dispute because Resource had failed to lodge a timely bid protest in order to

12 exhaust its administrative penalties. See § 13-1-172 (requiring “[a]ny bidder or

13 offeror who is aggrieved in connection with a solicitation or award of a contract” to

14 lodge a protest within “fifteen calendar days after knowledge of the facts or

15 occurrences giving rise to the protest”).

16        Resource’s arguments below, and again on appeal, regarding the applicability

17 of the Procurement Code rely on this Court’s previous decision in Davis. In that case,

18 Davis and Associates, Inc. (Davis), an unsuccessful bidder on a construction project

19 for a state entity, filed a petition in district court seeking judicial review of a bidding


                                                7
 1 process pursuant to Section 13-1-183 of the Procurement Code. Davis, 1999-NMCA-

 2 047, ¶ 6. Davis’s bid had been rejected by the state entity after a protest was lodged

 3 by Midcon, another bidder for the project, in which Midcon had asserted that Davis’s

 4 bid submission failed to include required information regarding subcontractors. Id.

 5 ¶¶ 4-6. Although Davis later submitted two letters to the state entity indicating its

 6 compliance with applicable requirements, the state entity ultimately rejected Davis’s

 7 bid and subsequently awarded the project to Midcon. Id. ¶¶ 5-6.

 8        Davis then filed its petition for judicial review, and the district court determined

 9 that the state entity’s actions in rejecting Davis’s bid were improper and “arbitrary,

10 capricious, and contrary to law.” Id. ¶¶ 6-7. Davis moved to amend its petition to

11 include a complaint against the state entity for damages and also to include “a cross-

12 claim against Midcon for unjust enrichment and the imposition of a constructive

13 trust.” Id. ¶ 8. Although the district court allowed Davis “to amend its petition to

14 include causes of action against both the [state entity] and Midcon,” it dismissed the

15 cross-claim against Midcon. Id. ¶ 9. Davis appealed the district court’s dismissal of

16 the cross-claim. Id. ¶ 10.

17        The principal issue before this Court in Davis was whether the Procurement

18 Code provides the exclusive remedy for an unsuccessful bidder seeking to challenge

19 the acts of a third party that resulted in the rejection of the other’s bid. Id. ¶ 1. In


                                               8
 1 deciding this issue, we acknowledged that “[n]o [prior] New Mexico appellate court

 2 decision ha[d] addressed the issue of whether the Procurement Code precludes a

 3 disappointed bidder from pursuing a common-law or equitable action against another

 4 bidder whose acts have resulted in the unjust denial of a party’s bid.” Id. ¶ 14. We

 5 answered this issue in the negative, holding that there is “nothing in the Procurement

 6 Code which precludes a disappointed bidder from filing a common-law claim against

 7 a third party who is alleged to have acted illegally or corrupted the procurement

 8 process.” Id. ¶ 16. We reached a similar conclusion with respect to equitable

 9 remedies, as long as the court’s equitable powers are “exercised in a way which best

10 limits judicial interference in contract procurement.” Id. (internal quotation marks and

11 citation omitted). Our rationale in Davis was based on the fact that the Procurement

12 Code included no statutory provision in which the Legislature evinced any sort of

13 intent to limit the ability of a disappointed bidder to pursue common-law or equitable

14 remedies against a third party. See id. ¶ 15 (“Based upon our examination of the

15 Procurement Code, we find no indication that the Legislature, by enactment of such

16 Code, intended to preclude an unsuccessful bidder from pursing a common-law or

17 equitable remedy against a third party who allegedly through improper or unlawful

18 means interfered with or caused a public body to reject an otherwise meritorious bid

19 or to cancel a public works contract.”). We also relied on the general rule that absent


                                              9
 1 an indication that the Legislature intended otherwise, “legislative enactment of a

 2 special statutory remedy does not preclude a party, alleged to have suffered an injury,

 3 from pursuing statutory, equitable, or common-law remedies.” Id. And, finally, we

 4 relied on cases from New Mexico and other jurisdictions that had recognized the

 5 ability of an aggrieved party to seek common-law remedies against a third party. Id.

 6 ¶ 16.

 7         RMKM contends that the Davis holding applies only to cases with the same

 8 procedural posture as that case—i.e., where a disappointed bidder has joined a

 9 common-law cause of action against a third party with a petition for judicial review

10 once administrative remedies have been exhausted under the Procurement Code. To

11 support this contention, RMKM relies on our statement in Davis that the “broader

12 question” before us there was “whether the Procurement Code prohibits a

13 disappointed bidder from filing a petition for judicial review under Section 13-1-183

14 and joining such action with a common-law remedy against a third party alleged to

15 have been responsible for preventing the acceptance of a bidder’s bid proposal.”

16 Davis, 1999-NMCA-047, ¶ 14. We disagree. Aside from this single statement, there

17 is no indication that the holding in Davis was limited to the procedural posture of that

18 case. Our reasoning did not rely on the fact that the third party in Davis was being

19 sued in a cross-claim or that the cross-claim was attached to a petition for judicial


                                              10
 1 review. Moreover, the reasons underlying our holding in Davis did not rely on any

 2 procedural aspect of that case. Id. ¶¶ 14-16.

 3        Defendants also contend that Davis is distinguishable because the disappointed

 4 bidder there filed a bid protest and exhausted its administrative remedies prior to

 5 seeking judicial relief.    We disagree because there is no indication that the

 6 disappointed bidder in Davis filed a bid protest or pursued any administrative

 7 remedies prior to seeking judicial relief.

 8        Finally, Defendants contend that any reliance on Davis is misplaced because

 9 that case does not stand for the principle that a disappointed bidder may circumvent

10 statutory remedies available under the Procurement Code, which include the filing of

11 a bid protest, and instead seek judicial recourse. Because we concluded in Davis that

12 the Procurement Code does not apply to claims brought by disappointed bidders

13 against third parties, the statutory remedies cited by Defendants are not applicable

14 here and, therefore, we do not agree that an “end-around the statutory system” has

15 occurred in this case.

16        As in Davis, this case involves common-law causes of action brought by

17 Resource, a disappointed bidder, against Defendants, whom Resource has alleged are

18 third parties whose actions supposedly resulted in the rejection of Resource’s bid.

19 Taking Resource’s well-pleaded facts to be true, we conclude that the Procurement


                                                11
1 Code does not preclude Resource’s common-law and equitable claims against

2 Defendants.




                                     12
 1 C.     Whether Defendants Were Agents of UNM

 2        We also address Defendants’ argument that, notwithstanding the applicability

 3 of Davis to this case, Resource’s claims against Defendants are barred because they

 4 were acting as agents of UNM and were therefore not third parties. Defendants

 5 specifically assert that they were engaged in procurement functions on behalf of UNM

 6 and that Resource was required to file a bid protest for any alleged misconduct by

 7 UNM’s agents. Because Resource failed to do so, Defendants argue that they are

 8 protected by the doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies. To prove their

 9 role as agents, Defendants rely exclusively on factual allegations made by Resource

10 in its complaint.

11        Given the procedural posture of this case, we are not able to reach this issue.

12 Although Defendants raised agency as an additional theory barring Resource’s claims,

13 the district court did not make a specific ruling on this issue. We are presented with

14 a motion to dismiss, and our review tests only the legal sufficiency of Resource’s

15 complaint, not the underlying facts. Whether an agency relationship exists is

16 generally a question of fact, Santa Fe Technologies, Inc. v. Argus Networks, Inc.,

17 2002-NMCA-030, ¶ 26, 131 N.M. 772, 42 P.3d 1221, that can be decided as a matter

18 of law only where the material facts are undisputed and susceptible of but one logical

19 inference. Robertson v. Carmel Builders Real Estate, 2004-NMCA-056, ¶ 18, 135


                                             13
 1 N.M. 641, 92 P.3d 653. Here, although there is general agreement between the parties

 2 that RMKM was the project architect and Affiliated was an engineering firm involved

 3 with the procurement, the material facts supporting an agency relationship are either

 4 disputed or unknown because Defendants did not present any evidence supporting an

 5 agency relationship below. Consequently, we cannot decide whether an agency

 6 relationship existed between Defendants and UNM. We clarify that our holding does

 7 not preclude Defendants from raising the question on remand whether any agency

 8 proven to exist barred Resource’s claims under an exhaustion of remedies theory.

 9 CONCLUSION

10        For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the dismissal of Resource’s complaint

11 and remand for further proceedings.

12        IT IS SO ORDERED.




13
14                                        CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge




                                            14
1 WE CONCUR:



2
3 CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Chief Judge



4
5 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge




                                15
