                                                                        F I L E D
                                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                          Tenth Circuit
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                         June 29, 2005
                                 TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                      PATRICK FISHER
                                                                              Clerk

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

             Plaintiff - Appellee,                      No. 05-3059
       v.                                               (D. Kansas)
 RICHARD N. CAREW,                           (D.C. Nos. 04-CV-3268-MLB and
                                                 03-CR-10015-01-MLB)
             Defendant - Appellant.


                                      ORDER


Before SEYMOUR, HARTZ, and McCONNELL, Circuit Judges.


      Movant Richard Carew pleaded guilty to possessing with the intent to

distribute cocaine, see 21 U.S.C. § 841(a), and was sentenced on June 2, 2003, to

57 months’ imprisonment. His base-offense level under the Sentencing

Guidelines was increased two levels for possession of a firearm, see United States

Sentencing Guidelines (USSG) § 2D1.1(b)(1), a fact that he admitted in his plea

agreement. In the agreement he waived both his right to direct appeal and his

right to file a motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255.

      Nonetheless, on August 24, 2004, Movant filed a § 2255 motion in district

court, arguing that his sentence was imposed in violation of the Fifth and Sixth

Amendments as interpreted by the Supreme Court in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530
U.S. 466 (2000), and Blakely v. Washington, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004). The motion

contends that Apprendi and Blakely require that possession of the firearm be

charged in the indictment and that a jury find beyond a reasonable doubt that he

possessed the firearm before his sentence could be enhanced on that account.

Liberally construed, see Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972) (per curiam),

the § 2255 motion also argues that his counsel was ineffective for (1) not

informing him of possible Blakely-type objections when advising him regarding

the waiver of appeal in the plea agreement, and (2) failing to make Blakely-type

objections at either the sentencing hearing or on direct appeal.

      The district court held the motion in abeyance pending the Supreme Court’s

decision in United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005). It denied the motion

once Booker was issued, holding that relief under Booker was limited to cases on

direct review. Movant requested a certificate of appealability (COA) from the

district court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B) (requiring COA). The district court

denied a COA on two grounds: (1) Booker “do[es] not apply to motions for post

conviction relief” and (2) in his plea agreement Movant waived his right to file a

§ 2255 motion. R. Vol. I Doc. 66. The district court also denied Movant’s

motion to proceed in forma pauperis (IFP), finding that the appeal was not taken

in good faith. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3).




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      Although Movant did not file a formal application for a COA with this

court, we construe his notice of appeal and brief as an application for a COA on

the issues they raise. See Broomes v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 1251, 1254 (10th Cir.

2004); United States v. Gordon, 172 F.3d 753 (10th Cir. 1999). The issues raised

by Movant in this court are not identical to those raised in district court. He

continues to claim that he was sentenced in violation of the Fifth and Sixth

Amendments and that his counsel was ineffective in (1) not informing him of

possible Blakely-type objections while counseling him regarding the waiver of

appeal in the plea agreement and (2) failing to object to the sentence on the basis

of Apprendi and Blakely. But he adds a claim that he is actually innocent of

possessing a gun during the commission of the offense, and he abandons his

argument that possession of the firearm must be charged in the indictment.

      “A certificate of appealability may issue . . . only if the applicant has made

a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C.

§ 2253(c). “Where a district court has rejected the constitutional claims on the

merits,” the prisoner “must demonstrate that reasonable jurists would find the

district court’s assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or wrong.”

Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). The standard differs slightly if the

district court relies on a procedural bar. “Where a plain procedural bar is present

and the district court is correct to invoke it to dispose of the case, a reasonable


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jurist could not conclude either that the district court erred in dismissing the

petition or that the petitioner should be allowed to proceed further.” Id. We

recognize that in determining whether to issue a COA, a “full consideration of the

factual or legal bases adduced in support of the claims” is not required. Miller-El

v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003). Instead, the decision must be based on “an

overview of the claims in the habeas petition and a general assessment of the

merits.” Id.

      Because reasonable jurists would not disagree with the district court’s

conclusion that Movant’s claims are either procedurally barred or without merit,

we deny a COA and dismiss the appeal.

      First, with respect to Movant’s Booker claim, we have held that neither

Blakely nor Booker applies on collateral review when the conviction was final at

the time of the Supreme Court decision. United States v. Price, 400 F.3d 844

(10th Cir. 2005) (Blakely); Bellamy v. United States, __ F.3d __, 2005 WL

1406176, at *2-4 (10th Cir. June 16, 2005) (Booker). The judgment accepting

Movant’s guilty plea was entered June 2, 2003, and he did not appeal; thus, his

conviction was final well before the Supreme Court decided either Blakely or

Booker. Accordingly, we reject Movant’s Blakely and Booker claims.

      That does not, however, necessarily dispose of Movant’s

ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims derived from Booker and its antecedents.


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He asserts that counsel was ineffective (1) for failing to advise him of potential

Booker-type objections before agreeing to the plea agreement’s appeal waiver and

(2) for failing to raise Booker objections at his sentencing hearing. Movant must

show (1) “that counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of

reasonableness” and (2) that “but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of

the proceeding would have been different.” Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 57

(1985) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      Movant entered his plea agreement March 17 and his sentence was imposed

July 6, 2003, approximately a year before the Supreme Court decided Blakely and

almost 18 months before Booker. He must therefore show that counsel’s failure

to extrapolate those holdings from Apprendi was objectively unreasonable. In our

view, it was not. Although we had held that the rule announced in Apprendi

applied to criminal proceedings in federal court, see United States v. Jones, 235

F.3d. 1231, 1235 (10th Cir. 2000), we had also noted that Apprendi “specifically

avoided disrupting the use or adequacy of the Sentencing Guidelines.” United

States v. Jackson, 240 F.3d 1245, 1249 (10th Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks

omitted). Given our precedent at the time and the five-year gap between

Apprendi and Booker, counsel’s failure to predict Booker’s constitutional and

remedial holdings is not objectively unreasonable. Cf. United States v. Gonzalez-

Huerta, 403 F.3d 727, 750 (10th Cir. 2005) (Briscoe, J. concurring and


                                         -5-
dissenting) (“[I]t is safe to say that no one . . . could have predicted the absolute

sea-change in federal sentencing that would ultimately be wrought by the

Supreme Court in its Booker remedial holding.”).

      As for Movant’s claim that he is actually innocent of possessing a firearm,

we find it frivolous. “To establish actual innocence, petitioner must demonstrate

that, in light of all the evidence, it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror

would have convicted him.” Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 623 (1998)

(internal quotation marks omitted). Furthermore, “[i]t is important to note in this

regard that ‘actual innocence’ means factual innocence, not mere legal

insufficiency.” Id. The stipulation of facts in the plea agreement states that the

arresting officer found a .38 caliber Smith & Wesson pistol in the trunk of the car

driven by Movant. The two-level enhancement in USSG § 2D1.1(b)(1) applies “if

the weapon was present, unless it is clearly improbable that the weapon was

connected with the offense.” USSG § 2D1.1 comment. ( n.3). Movant admitted

the weapon was present and offers no argument why it is “clearly improbable”

that it was not connected with the offense. He has fallen far short of showing

actual innocence.

      Because no reasonable jurist could disagree that the claims presented in

Movant’s COA application are either procedurally barred or without merit, we




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DENY the application and DISMISS the appeal. Movant’s motion to proceed IFP

is DENIED. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3).

                                   ENTERED FOR THE COURT

                                   Harris L Hartz
                                   Circuit Judge




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