        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                          Assigned on Briefs March 3, 2015

              STATE OF TENNESSEE v. TAMMY JOY OGDEN

              Appeal from the Circuit Court for Hardeman County
     Nos. 35CC1-2014-CR-18, 35CC1-2014-CR-113 J. Weber McCraw, Judge


                No. W2014-01851-CCA-R3-CD - Filed May 20, 2015


The Defendant, Tammy Joy Ogden, pleaded guilty in case number 35CC1-2014-CR-18
to delivery of morphine, a Class C felony, and to delivery of carisoprodol, a Class D
felony. See T.C.A. §§ 39-17-417(a)(2) (2012) (amended 2014) (delivery), 39-17-
408(b)(1)(I) (2014) (classifying morphine as a Schedule II controlled substance), 39-17-
412(c)(5) (2014) (classifying carisoprodol as a Schedule IV controlled substance). The
trial court sentenced the Defendant as a Range III, persistent offender to concurrent terms
of ten years‟ confinement for the morphine conviction and eight years‟ confinement for
the carisoprodol conviction. In case number 35CC1-2014-CR-113, the Defendant
pleaded guilty to delivery of morphine, a Class C felony, and to delivery of alprazolam, a
Class D felony. See id. §§ 39-17-417(a)(2) (delivery); 39-17-408(b)(1)(I) (morphine);
39-17-412(c)(1) (classifying alprazolam as a Schedule IV controlled substance). The
court sentenced the Defendant as a Range III, persistent offender to concurrent terms of
ten years‟ confinement for the morphine conviction and eight years‟ confinement for the
alprazolam conviction. The court also ordered the sentences in each case to be served
consecutively to each other, for an effective twenty-year sentence. On appeal, the
Defendant contends that the court erred by (1) denying her alternative sentencing and (2)
imposing partially consecutive service of the sentences. We affirm the judgments of the
trial court.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed

ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ROBERT
W. WEDEMEYER and TIMOTHY L. EASTER, JJ., joined.

Karen T. Fleet (on appeal), Bolivar, Tennessee, and Falen Chandler (at plea and
sentencing), Somerville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Tammy Joy Ogden.
Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Jonathan H. Wardle, Assistant
Attorney General; D. Michael Dunavant, District Attorney General; and Joe VanDyke,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                       OPINION

       At the guilty plea hearing on July 18, 2014, the State summarized the factual bases
of the pleas: In case number 35CC1-2014-CR-18, Agents Drewery and Cook of the
Twenty-Fifth Judicial District Drug Task Force made arrangements on January 24, 2013,
for a confidential informant to call the Defendant to purchase morphine pills. Agent
Drewery ultimately purchased five thirty-milligram morphine pills from the Defendant
for $50. During the exchange, carisoprodol was also offered for purchase. In case
number 35CC1-2014-CR-113, the agents made arrangements on January 16, 2013, to
purchase a controlled substance from the Defendant. Agent Drewery purchased ten
morphine pills and eight alprazolam pills from the Defendant at her home.

       At the sentencing hearing, the Defendant testified that she had spinal cancer,
cervical cancer, multiple sclerosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. She also
had a right knee replacement for which she was attending therapy three days per week.
She was sometimes unable to care for herself and had a nurse, who sometimes fed or
bathed her. She took prescription medication. She apologized for “com[ing] in this
county and do[ing] this” and said that it would never happen again.

       On cross-examination, the Defendant testified that she did not “take issue” with
the presentence report and acknowledged her prior criminal convictions. She agreed that
she had sold drugs from her house. She denied that house arrest would allow her to
commit crimes easily and said she had moved since the offenses.

      Nurse Felicia Brown testified that she visited the Defendant five days per week.
She assisted the Defendant with showers, ran errands, reminded the Defendant to take her
medications, cleaned and cooked, and sometimes fed the Defendant. She said the
Defendant took many medications and could not care for herself daily.

       Johnny Dillinger, the Defendant‟s fiancé, testified that he had lived with the
Defendant for about nineteen months but had been dating her for about two years. He
said that sometimes the Defendant could not get up at night to use the restroom and had
to use a bedpan. He said the Defendant had difficulty walking due to her multiple
sclerosis, had recently undergone a knee replacement, fell frequently, and was forgetful.
He provided assistance to the Defendant, whom he was with most of the time, and
answered any questions she had as a result of her forgetfulness.

      Mr. Dillinger testified that he helped take the Defendant to her doctors‟

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appointments, that she sometimes had two or three appointments per week, and that she
had a physical therapy session scheduled for that morning. He said that if the Defendant
received house arrest, he would ensure she complied with the restrictions and that if a
fine were assessed, he would ensure she was “responsible” for paying it.

       The presentence report showed that the fifty-two-year-old Defendant had previous
convictions for burglary, aggravated motor vehicle theft, three counts of felony theft, five
counts of misdemeanor theft, attempt to commit a felony, ten drug-related offenses,
vandalism, three counts of driving under the influence (DUI), reckless driving, and four
counts of driving with a suspended, cancelled, or revoked license. The first conviction
occurred in 1983 when the Defendant was twenty-one years old, and the last occurred in
2011 at age forty-nine. For nine of the convictions, the Defendant received probation or
received a suspended sentence. She violated the rules of probation in 1993, and her
probation was revoked for a period of time. At the time of the report, an active arrest
warrant existed in Oklahoma.

       Relative to the Defendant‟s general background, the Defendant dropped out of
high school after the eleventh grade. She did not consume alcohol and reported
numerous health-related issues. She was taking celexa for depression, and she had
received mental health counseling and drug and alcohol counseling. She had received a
medical furlough pending the sentencing hearing. She was divorced, and she had four
adult children. She had been employed previously, most recently from 2004 to 2009.
She left her last employment due to cancer. She received Social Security disability
benefits.

        Based upon the evidence presented at the guilty plea and sentencing hearings, the
trial court found that the Defendant was a Range III, persistent offender. Relative to
enhancement and mitigating factors, the court found that enhancement factor (1) and
mitigating factor (1) applied. See T.C.A. §§ 40-35-114(1) (2014) (“The defendant has a
previous history of criminal convictions or criminal behavior, in addition to those
necessary to establish the appropriate range[.]”); 40-35-113(1) (2014) (“The defendant‟s
criminal conduct neither caused nor threatened serious bodily injury[.]”). Based upon
these factors, the court sentenced the Defendant in case number 35CC1-2014-CR-18 to
ten years‟ confinement for delivery of morphine and to eight years‟ confinement for
delivery of carisoprodol. In case number 35CC1-2014-CR-113, the court sentenced the
Defendant to ten years‟ confinement for delivery of morphine and to eight years‟
confinement for delivery of alprazolam.

        Relative to whether the sentences should be served concurrently or consecutively,
the trial court found that the Defendant was an offender whose record of criminal activity
was extensive and included incidents that had occurred over a long period of time and
that she was a professional criminal who knowingly devoted much of her life to criminal

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activity. After ordering concurrent service of the sentences within each case, the court
ordered the sentences for the two cases to be served consecutively, for an effective
twenty-year sentence.

       Relative to alternative sentencing, the trial court noted the Defendant‟s physical
and possible mental health issues, her criminal history, her “previous actions,” her
character, and the fact that her drug charges arose from activity in her home. In
considering the Defendant‟s potential for rehabilitation, the court noted its concern about
her ability to rehabilitate and to follow the rules of probation due to her long history of
criminal activity.

       In considering whether measures less restrictive than confinement had frequently
or recently been applied unsuccessfully to the Defendant, the trial court found that
probation had not deterred the Defendant from continuing to break the law. The court
also found that probation would depreciate the seriousness of the offenses because house
arrest and probation “would put [the Defendant] back into the element where she was
violating the law.” Finally, the court found that a need existed to deter others likely to
commit the same offenses. The court ordered confinement, noting that the Defendant‟s
health issues did not justify imposition of service other than in the Department of
Correction. This appeal followed.

                                             I

                                 Alternative Sentencing

       The Defendant contends that the trial court erred by denying her alternative
sentencing based solely upon her criminal record and that alternative sentencing would
have been appropriate based upon her “poor physical condition” and Mr. Dillinger‟s
testimony. The State responds that the Defendant‟s criminal history was a proper basis
for the denial of alternative sentencing and that her medical condition did not support
alternative sentencing. We agree with the State.

       The standard of review for questions related to probation or any other alternative
sentence is an abuse of discretion with a presumption of reasonableness. State v. Caudle,
388 S.W.3d 273, 278-79 (Tenn. 2012). Generally, probation is available to a defendant
sentenced to ten years or less. T.C.A. § 40-35-303(a) (2014). The burden of establishing
suitability for probation rests with a defendant, who must demonstrate that probation will
“„subserve the ends of justice and the best interest of both the public and the defendant.‟”
State v. Souder, 105 S.W.3d 602, 607 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2002) (quoting State v. Dykes,
803 S.W.2d 250, 259 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990)); see T.C.A. § 40-35-303(b); State v.
Carter, 254 S.W.3d 335, 347 (Tenn. 2008).


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       A sentence is based upon “the nature of the offense and the totality of the
circumstances,” including a defendant‟s background. State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166,
168 (Tenn. 1991); see State v. Trotter, 201 S.W.3d 651, 653 (Tenn. 2006). A trial court
is permitted to sentence a defendant to incarceration when:

      (A) [c]onfinement is necessary to protect society by restraining a defendant
      who has a long history of criminal conduct;

      (B) [c]onfinement is necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the
      offense or confinement is particularly suited to provide an effective
      deterrence to others likely to commit similar offenses; or

      (C) [m]easures less restrictive than confinement have frequently or recently
      been applied unsuccessfully to the defendant[.]

T.C.A. § 40-35-103(1)(A)-(C) (2014); see Trotter, 201 S.W.3d at 654.

       The record reflects that the trial court considered the appropriate principles of
sentencing and that it imposed within-range sentences for each conviction. The court
considered the Defendant‟s physical and mental health issues but questioned her potential
for rehabilitation while noting her long history of criminal activity. See T.C.A. § 40-35-
103(5), (1)(A).      Additionally, the court found that measures less restrictive than
confinement had frequently or recently been applied unsuccessfully to the Defendant, that
probation would depreciate the seriousness of the offenses, and that a need existed for an
effective deterrent to others likely to commit the same offenses. See id. § (1)(C), (1)(B).
Finally, the court noted that the Defendant‟s health issues did not present sufficient
suitability for alternative sentencing.

        The record supports the trial court‟s findings relative to the Defendant‟s lack of
potential for rehabilitation, her long history of criminal conduct, and the frequent,
unsuccessful application of measures less restrictive than confinement. The Defendant‟s
prior record included thirty convictions, nine of which were felonies, that took place over
the span of twenty-eight years. See id. § (1)(A). Additionally, in 1993, the Defendant‟s
probation was revoked. Finally, the Defendant received probation or a suspended
sentence in 1990 and again in 1991 for four offenses, and in each instance, she continued
to violate the law while on probation. See id. § (1)(C). Although the Defendant suffered
from numerous health issues, her health did not prevent her from violating the law since
age twenty-one. Further, as a Range III, persistent offender, we note she was not a
favorable candidate for alternative sentencing. See id. § 40-35-102(6)(A) (2014) (“A
defendant who does not fall within the parameters of subdivision (5), and who is an
especially mitigated or standard offender convicted of a Class C, D or E felony, should
be considered as a favorable candidate for alternative sentencing options in the absence

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of evidence to the contrary[.]” (emphasis added)). Therefore, we conclude that the court
did not abuse its discretion by denying alternative sentencing.

                                             II

                                 Consecutive Sentencing

       The Defendant contends that the trial court erred by imposing partially
consecutive sentences based solely upon her criminal record and that her sentences did
not reasonably relate to the severity of the offenses. The State responds that the
Defendant‟s criminal history was a proper basis for the court‟s imposition of consecutive
sentences and that the effective sentence was within range for multiple convictions for
delivering a controlled substance. We agree with the State.

        This court reviews challenges to the length of a sentence within the appropriate
sentence range “under an abuse of discretion standard with a „presumption of
reasonableness.‟” State v. Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682, 708 (Tenn. 2012). The abuse of
discretion with a presumption of reasonableness also applies to the imposition of
consecutive sentences. State v. Pollard, 432 S.W.3d 851, 859 (Tenn. 2013). A trial court
has broad discretion in determining whether to impose consecutive service. Id. A trial
court may impose consecutive sentencing if it finds by a preponderance of the evidence
that one of the criterion is satisfied in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-
115(b)(1)-(7) (2014). In determining whether to impose consecutive sentences, though, a
trial court must ensure the sentence is “no greater than that deserved for the offense
committed,” and is “the least severe measure necessary to achieve the purposes for which
the sentence is imposed.” T.C.A. § 40-35-103(2), (4); see State v. Desirey, 909 S.W.2d
20, 33 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).

       The record reflects that the trial court found that the Defendant was an offender
whose record of criminal activity was extensive as well as a professional criminal who
knowingly devoted much of her life to criminal activity. See T.C.A. § 40-35-115(b)(2),
(1). Although the Defendant does not explicitly discuss these criteria in her brief, the
record supports the court‟s findings that she had an extensive record of criminal activity
and that she was a professional criminal who knowingly devoted her life to criminal acts
as a major source of livelihood. The Defendant‟s prior record included at least thirty
convictions for various crimes, including burglary, attempt to commit a felony,
vandalism, and various theft-, drug-, and traffic-related offenses. See id.; see also State v.
Samuels, 44 S.W.3d 489, 494 (Tenn. 2001) (holding that the trial court did not err by
imposing consecutive sentences because the defendant–who had previous convictions for
selling narcotics, aggravated burglary, numerous burglary and theft offenses, grand
larceny, drug possession, assault, criminal trespassing, and criminal impersonation–was a
professional criminal who knowingly devoted himself to criminal acts as a major source

                                             -6-
of livelihood and an offender whose record of criminal activity was extensive); State v.
Adams, 973 S.W.2d 224, 231 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997) (holding that the trial court did
not abuse its discretion by imposing consecutive sentences because the defendant had an
extensive record of criminal activity–including an extensive history of juvenile problems
and misdemeanor convictions, an aggravated burglary conviction, and four convictions
for sale of cocaine–and was a professional criminal who knowingly devoted himself to
criminal acts as a major source of livelihood). Although the record supports both of the
aforementioned criteria, support for only one criterion is needed. See State v. Mickens,
123 S.W.3d 355, 394 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003) (stating that because the criteria contained
in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b) are “stated in the alternative,” only
one criterion needs to be supported for the imposition of consecutive sentencing).
Therefore, we conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion by imposing partially
consecutive sentences.

        Based upon the foregoing and the record as a whole, we affirm the judgments of
the trial court.


                                           _____________________________________
                                            ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., JUDGE




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