                                                                                       FILED
                                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                              Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                              February 11, 2020
                         _________________________________
                                                                              Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                                  Clerk of Court
 JOHN R. PINDER,

       Petitioner - Appellant,

 v.                                                             No. 19-4039
                                                        (D.C. No. 2:16-CV-00189-DN)
 SCOTT CROWTHER,                                                  (D. Utah)

       Respondent - Appellee.
                      _________________________________

            ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY
                   _________________________________

Before HARTZ, HOLMES, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

       John R. Pinder, a Utah state prisoner, seeks a certificate of appealability (COA) to

challenge the district court’s denial of four grounds for relief set forth in his 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254 habeas petition. We deny a COA and dismiss this matter.

                                       I. Background

       We take the following factual recitation from the opinion of the Utah Supreme

Court (USC) affirming the denial of Mr. Pinder’s petition for post-conviction relief,

which, as the USC noted, “is presented in a light favorable to the prosecution, and




       
         This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case,
res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
consistent with the judgment of conviction,” Pinder v. State, 367 P.3d 968, 969 n.1 (Utah

2015) (Pinder II):

            John Pinder owned a sprawling ostrich ranch in Duchesne County.
      He and his ranch-hand, Filomeno Ruiz, were accused (and ultimately
      convicted) of murdering June Flood and Rex Tanner. Flood and Tanner
      also worked on Pinder’s ranch.
              According to the evidence at trial, Ruiz staged a fight with his
      girlfriend, Mandy Harris, on the day of the alleged murder[1]. The purpose
      of the staged fight was to get Harris away from the ranch. Ruiz called 911
      during this staged altercation. Harris left after the police showed up. And
      the 911 call was recorded by the local dispatch.
             That evening, Pinder, his girlfriend Barbara DeHart, Ruiz, and
      Pinder’s employees Joe Wallen and David Brunyer (along with Brunyer’s
      wife) gathered around a campfire to drink. At some point the conversation
      turned to the “shrunken heads” that Pinder and DeHart had seen at a
      curiosity shop in Seattle. Eventually Pinder spoke of his hopes to someday
      acquire one. Pinder said to Ruiz, “let’s go get some heads.” Ruiz
      responded with a question: “four or two?” Pinder replied, “two.”
             After grabbing a baseball bat, Pinder and Ruiz drove to the home
      where Flood and Tanner resided. Pinder violently assaulted Flood and
      Tanner, kidnapped them, and then shot them both with a 10 mm pistol.
      Pinder and Ruiz then left the murder scene and later returned with
      ammonium nitrate and dynamite, packed the bodies with the explosives,
      and set them off.
             Pinder later got others to help him hide the remains. Following a
      day of bulldozing the blast site, Pinder and Ruiz dropped several black
      garbage bags of body parts into a barrel and set them ablaze. Pinder,
      DeHart, and Ruiz then met with the Brunyers for dinner, after which Pinder
      and Ruiz returned to the lake to collect more parts for burning.
             Tuesday morning, at Pinder’s behest, Ruiz and Brunyer went to the
      Flood home armed with a bottle of alcohol and some rags to remove
      fingerprints and tidy up. After returning, Brunyer complained about the
      smell of the Flood residence, to which Pinder quipped, “That’s because
      Tanner shit his pants when I shot him.” Pinder, Ruiz, and Brunyer then
      spent the day bulldozing and gathering more body parts for disposal. After
      1
       Whether the murders were committed on Saturday, October 24, 1998, or Sunday,
October 25, 1998, is at issue in one of the grounds on which Mr. Pinder seeks a COA.
                                            2
coming across Tanner’s wrist watch, Pinder callously joked that it must
have been a Timex, because “it was still ticking.” Eventually the bulldozer
ran out of gas. And when they went to get more, Brunyer asked Pinder
why he killed Flood and Tanner, to which Pinder replied, “They were liars,
thieves and maggots, and now they’re vaporized no one will miss them
anyway.” Upon arriving home that evening, Brunyer’s daughter could see
he was upset. He recounted the gruesome tale to his daughter. She took
notes and then taped them to the inside of her dresser drawer after having
Brunyer read over and approve them.
       By Thursday, October 29th, Pinder and DeHart had left the state,
eventually arriving in Cataldo, Idaho. That Sunday, DeHart contacted her
daughter Melissa Cowles and told her that over the last couple of days
Pinder “had admitted to killing some people on the ranch”; that they had
been “cleaning up the evidence”; that she had found “a bag of what looked
like bloody hair and scalp” in Pinder’s truck, which she then threw away;
and that they had “thrown the murder weapon off a bridge and into the
river.” DeHart had said they were “like Bonnie and Clyde, always on the
run.” That same day DeHart called her father, Bernie Knapp, and told him
“she helped clean blood and mess out of John Pinder’s truck,” that “they
had some bloody clothing and items in bags that they had tossed in
dumpsters in little towns on the way up on their trip,” and that they “either
had gotten rid of a gun or were in the process of getting rid of a gun.”
       Meanwhile, back at the ranch, an investigation was underway. One
of Flood’s friends reported her missing, and police officers searched the
Flood residence. Police discovered the home in utter disarray, with blood
on the bed sheets and the backrest of a chair in the living room. They also
found a pair of excrement-stained pants in the bathroom. After leaving the
home, the investigating officer saw and approached Brunyer, who was
standing nearby. Brunyer appeared “very agitated, very nervous, and
scared to death,” but handed the officer the letter his daughter had written
and the bottle of alcohol with which he had assisted in cleaning up the
home.
       Pinder and DeHart arrived back in Salt Lake on November 4th. On
that day they decided to appear on KSL News for a television interview
about the murders. Shortly thereafter, Pinder, Ruiz, and DeHart were all
arrested. Investigators later searched Pinder’s ranch and found a gruesome
assortment of the victims’ remains strewn about the area, stuck in bushes,
and hanging from trees. They also searched Pinder’s truck and found a
10 mm shell casing, one of the victim’s thumbprints on the inside of a
window, and some bloodstains (one identified as Pinder’s, the other


                                      3
       unidentified). Police also determined that the rear windows had been wiped
       down and cleaned, as well as the mid-section of the door jam.
              Ruiz pled guilty to two counts of murder. He denied being the
       shooter, accusing Pinder instead. DeHart was charged with and later
       convicted of obstruction of justice. State v. DeHart, 2001 UT App 12, 17
       P.3d 1171. And Pinder was charged with two counts of aggravated murder,
       two counts of aggravated kidnapping, two counts of tampering with
       evidence, one count of burglary of a dwelling, one count of possession of
       explosives, and two counts of desecration of a body.
               While being held in the Summit County Jail before his preliminary
       hearing, Pinder met an inmate named Newly [sic2] Welch. Pinder bragged
       to Welch about killing Tanner and Flood and blowing up their bodies. He
       told Welch that the day of the murders, he and Ruiz staged a fight with
       Ruiz’s girlfriend to get her off of the ranch. Welch then asked Pinder what
       it was like to kill someone. And in response, Pinder put his hand on
       Welch’s shoulder and said, “There’s no bigger rush, especially when you
       know you’re going to get away with it.” Pinder was convicted on all counts
       and sentenced to life with the possibility of parole on the aggravated
       murder charges, and to consecutive statutory terms on the other counts.
Pinder II, 367 P.3d at 969-71 (paragraph numbers, footnote, brackets, and ellipses

omitted).

       After his convictions, Mr. Pinder filed a motion for a new trial. The trial court

denied the motion, and the USC affirmed, see State v. Pinder, 114 P.3d 551 (Utah 2005)

(Pinder I). As noted, the USC later affirmed the denial of Mr. Pinder’s petition for

post-conviction relief (PPCR).

       Mr. Pinder then filed a petition for habeas corpus in federal district court pursuant

to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The district court denied relief on all seven grounds and denied a

COA. In this court, Mr. Pinder has filed a Combined Opening Brief and Application for

a Certificate of Appealability (COA Application), seeking a COA on four grounds, some


       2
           At trial, Mr. Welch spelled his first name “Newley.”
                                              4
of which the district court denied for procedural reasons and others the court denied on

the merits.

                                   II. Standard of review

       To appeal the denial of a § 2254 petition, a petitioner must first obtain a COA.

See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A). To obtain a COA on claims the district court denied on

the merits, a petitioner must make “a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional

right,” § 2253(c)(2), such “that reasonable jurists could debate whether . . . the petition

should have been resolved in a different manner or that the issues presented were

adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further,” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473,

484 (2000) (internal quotation marks omitted). For claims the district court denied on a

procedural ground without reaching the merits, the petitioner must show “that jurists of

reason would find it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a

constitutional right and . . . whether the district court was correct in its procedural ruling.”

Id. “Each component of [this] showing is part of a threshold inquiry.” Id. at 485. Thus,

if a petitioner cannot make a showing on the procedural issue, we need not address the

constitutional component. See id. “The COA inquiry . . . is not coextensive with a merits

analysis,” Buck v. Davis, 137 S. Ct. 759, 773 (2017), and is limited to “an overview of the

claims in the habeas petition and a general assessment of their merits,” Miller-El v.

Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003).

       Because Mr. Pinder filed his § 2254 petition after the effective date of the

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), it is governed by

AEDPA’s provisions. See Wallace v. Ward, 191 F.3d 1235, 1240 (10th Cir. 1999).

                                               5
Under AEDPA, our consideration of Mr. Pinder’s request for a COA must incorporate

“AEDPA’s deferential treatment of state court decisions.” Dockins v. Hines, 374 F.3d

935, 938 (10th Cir. 2004). We therefore “look to the District Court’s application of

AEDPA to [Mr. Pinder’s] constitutional claims and ask whether that resolution was

debatable among jurists of reason.” Miller-El, 537 U.S. at 336. To that end, we must

keep in mind that when a state court has adjudicated the merits of a claim, a federal court

may grant habeas relief only if that state court decision “was contrary to, or involved an

unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the

Supreme Court of the United States,” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), or “was based on an

unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State

court proceeding,” § 2254(d)(2). But AEDPA’s deferential standards of review do not

apply if a “state court employed the wrong legal standard in deciding the merits of [a]

federal issue.” Cargle v. Mullin, 317 F.3d 1196, 1202 (10th Cir. 2003). In that case,

rather than deferring to the state court’s resolution of the issue, a federal court reviews the

issue de novo to determine whether habeas relief is warranted. Milton v. Miller, 744 F.3d

660, 670–71 (10th Cir. 2014).

                                       III. Discussion

A.     Grounds one and two

       Grounds one and two of Mr. Pinder’s § 2254 petition concern due-process claims

he advanced in his PPCR. In ground one, Mr. Pinder claimed the State used doctored

911 tapes of the calls regarding the fight between Mr. Ruiz and his girlfriend that

changed the date of the calls from October 24 to October 25, 1998. The State did not

                                              6
introduce the audio from the tape at trial, but the log of the 911 calls established a

baseline date of October 25 for the fight and the murders.3 Various witnesses, including

Mr. Pinder and his girlfriend, Ms. DeHart—who had earlier testified in her obstruction

trial that the fight occurred on October 24—then keyed their testimony to that baseline

date. Mr. Pinder claimed the date mattered because he had an alibi for October 24—he

was at home on the ranch with Ms. DeHart. He presented affidavits from experts that the

911 recordings were not pristine but, prior to his trial, had been tampered with and altered

by exporting and editing data, which was then recorded back onto the tape. The experts

stopped short of concluding the date of the 911 calls had been changed to October 25.

       In ground two of his § 2254 petition, Mr. Pinder claimed the State presented false

testimony at trial from Newley Welch that while he and Mr. Pinder were incarcerated

together, Mr. Pinder confessed he had shot the victims and blew up their bodies.

Mr. Pinder provided the post-trial court an affidavit from a private investigator who

interviewed Mr. Welch in 2002 and reported that, contrary to his trial testimony,

Mr. Welch stated that “John Pinder did not tell him that Pinder had shot or beaten Rex

Tanner and June Flood.” Post-Conviction Record (PCR), R269-1 at 39. The investigator

also reported that Mr. Welch said “he would not testify in court regarding his admissions




       3
         Mr. Pinder’s record citation for this point shows that his own trial attorney, not
the State, presented the logs when cross-examining Ms. DeHart. See Trial R., R1780
Jury Trial Vol. 13 at 129-31. The state-court records were filed in this court on a
compact disc. Our references to those records are to the names of the folders and files as
set forth on that disc.

                                              7
that he lied on the stand during John Pinder’s trial . . . [until] he was released from

probation.” Id. at 38-39.

       1. State court rulings

       In affirming the denial of post-conviction relief on these claims, the USC relied

solely on procedural default, reasoning that the claims could have been but were not

raised “‘at trial or on appeal,’” as required by Utah Code Ann. § 78B-9-106(1)(c).

Pinder II, 367 P.3d at 976 (quoting § 78B-9-106(1)(c)). The court rejected Mr. Pinder’s

argument that the statutory term “at trial” did not include claims that could only have

been brought in a post-trial motion prior to an appeal. Id. at 976-77. The court instead

construed the term “at trial” as “encompass[ing] all claims that could have been raised in

the trial court,” including a post-trial motion. Id. at 976-77.

       The USC next rejected Mr. Pinder’s argument that he could not have brought these

claims at trial or in his new-trial motion “because they came to light too late. ” Id. at 977.

The USC reasoned that Pinder knew of the grounds for asserting these claims “at the time

of trial, and accordingly [they] could have been brought then or in his post-trial motion.”

Id. at 977 (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks omitted). “At most,” the court

said, Mr. Pinder had belatedly identified only “additional evidence supporting [the

claims],” which was “insufficient to avoid the procedural bar.” Id. In a concluding

statement, the court summarized its holding: “Pinder could have asserted his due process

claims [regarding the 911 tapes and Welch’s alleged perjury] at trial (or on a post-trial

motion).” Id. at 980 (emphasis added).



                                              8
       2. District court ruling

       In his § 2254 proceedings, Mr. Pinder argued that to the extent the USC concluded

that § 78B-9-106(c)(1)’s term “at trial” extended beyond the actual trial period, the

procedural rule was novel and therefore inadequate to bar presentation of these claims in

his new-trial motion. See Walker v. Martin, 562 U.S. 307, 316 (2011) (“To qualify as an

‘adequate’ procedural ground, a state rule must be firmly established and regularly

followed.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). In the alternative, Mr. Pinder asked the

district court to excuse the procedural default based on the cause-and-prejudice and

fundamental-miscarriage-of-justice exceptions.

       The district court enforced the procedural default. The court explained that

despite interpreting the term “at trial” to include post-trial motions, the USC found that

the 911-tape and Welch-perjury claims could have been raised “during the actual trial.”

Aplt. App. at 240. Accordingly, the district court did not address Mr. Pinder’s novelty

argument.

       The district court also declined to excuse the procedural default. The court

characterized Mr. Pinder’s excuse arguments as “hinging on ‘newly discovered

evidence,’ so the exception [to procedural default] Pinder relies on is essentially that of

fundamental miscarriage of justice or actual innocence.” Id. The court determined that

none of Pinder’s evidence was new (which is a requirement for a showing of actual

innocence, see House v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518, 536-37 (2006)), because he merely rehashed

all the evidence and alleged civil-rights violations that formed “every claim that he

brought before the Utah Supreme Court and in this petition, [and] re-argued [them] as

                                              9
grounds for a finding of actual innocence.” Aplt. App. at 241. The court did not

separately address Pinder’s cause-and-prejudice arguments.

       3. COA analysis

       In his COA Application, Mr. Pinder repeats his novelty argument but fails to

address the district court’s explanation that the USC’s application of procedural default

rested independently on the view that he could have brought these claims at his actual

criminal trial (as opposed to in his new-trial motion). But reasonable jurists could not

debate the district court’s analysis, and the issue does not deserve encouragement to

proceed further. Even if it was novel for the USC to interpret the statutory term “at trial”

as including new-trial motions, the USC also based its procedural-default determination

on the non-novel portion of the statute—that Mr. Pinder could have raised his claims

during the actual criminal trial. The two bases were independent, and Mr. Pinder has not

argued that the non-novel portion of the statute was inadequate.

       Mr. Pinder attempts to overcome his procedural default of grounds one and two

through a showing of cause and prejudice.4 See Fairchild v. Workman, 579 F.3d 1134,

1141 (10th Cir. 2009). We will address each ground separately. But before doing so, we

note that in his § 2254 petition, Mr. Pinder failed to specify the precise constitutional

basis for grounds one and two, asserting them as due process claims generally, but citing

no case law. In ground one, he alleged the State “provided the defense with false and

perjured evidence,” namely, an altered 911 tape. Aplt. App. at 25. And in ground two,


       4
      Mr. Pinder does not raise a fundamental-miscarriage-of-justice argument in his
COA Application.
                                             10
he alleged the State presented “false, perjured testimony of [a] jailhouse informant,

Newly [sic] Welch.” Id. at 33. When discussing these grounds in his reply to the State’s

response to his petition, Mr. Pinder referred numerous times to both Napue v. Illinois,

360 U.S. 264, 269-70 (1959), which requires the prosecution to correct a witness’s

statement they know is false, and Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963), which

requires the prosecution to disclose material exculpatory evidence.

       His framing of these claims in his state-court filings was also mixed. For its part,

the USC apparently treated them as Napue claims. See Pinder II, 367 P.3d at 977

(“Pinder asserts that Welch perjured himself at trial and that the State knowingly

presented that perjured testimony.” (emphasis added)); id. at 978 (“Pinder’s second due

process claim . . . is rooted in the allegation that the State knowingly presented doctored

911 tapes[.]” (emphasis added)).

       We need not definitively resolve whether these are Brady or Napue claims (or

both), because Mr. Pinder has not established his entitlement to a COA on them under

either construct. With this understanding, we proceed with our analysis.

                      a. 911 tape

       “Cause for a procedural default can exist when some objective factor external to

the defense impeded counsel’s efforts to comply with the State’s procedural rule.” Scott

v. Mullin, 303 F.3d 1222, 1228 (10th Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). One

such “objective factor external to the defense” is a “State’s failure to disclose . . .




                                               11
information.” Id. at 1230. Mr. Pinder alleges that is the case here—the State failed to

disclose that the 911 tapes had been altered.5

       No reasonable jurist could agree with Mr. Pinder. The USC’s discussion of why

Mr. Pinder could have presented the 911-tape claim at his criminal trial is instructive.

The USC stated that Mr. Pinder failed to identify any “clear ground for his assertion that

[the 911-tape] claim could not have been presented at trial or on a post-trial motion.”

Pinder II, 367 P.3d at 979. The court noted that his only argument why he could not

have presented this claim at trial or in a post-trial motion was that “at some point [the

defense team] decided that the only way to have a valid claim was to see if there was an

alteration of the tapes.” Id. (brackets, ellipsis, and internal quotation marks omitted).

The court considered this as nothing more than an assertion that counsel did not decide to

investigate the matter until the post-conviction phase and reasoned that “[t]he same basis

for the investigation by post-conviction counsel was as readily available to trial counsel.”

Id. The court further observed that “Pinder had ample grounds for pursuing an

investigation into the date of the staged fight and subsequent 911 recording at the time of

trial,” specifically, conflicting testimony Ms. DeHart gave at her obstruction trial

(October 24) and at Mr. Pinder’s trial (October 25). Id. (emphasis added). Moreover,

Mr. Pinder “had every motivation and opportunity to [pursue an investigation] at the time

of trial.” Id. Although trial counsel “did not have the results of the expert analysis

during the trial and post-trial proceedings,” the USC said “they had everything else, and


       5
        For purposes of argument, we may assume the tapes were altered and the
prosecution knew or should have known about it.
                                             12
the additional evidence provided by the expert[s’] nebulous conclusions is insufficient in

this context to undermine the conclusion that this claim ‘could have’ been brought

earlier.” Id. (footnote omitted). The “nebulous” quality of the experts’ conclusions the

court referred to was the fact the experts did not assert “that the date was altered in the

911 tapes” but “only that the recordings on both days had been altered in some fashion.”

Id. at 979 n.17.

       We agree with this line of reasoning as it relates to cause for procedural default.

Any failure by the State to disclose that the tapes had been altered did not prevent

Mr. Pinder from raising this claim at trial given that (1) he knew Ms. DeHart previously

identified, at her obstruction trial, the date of the fight as October 24; (2) the date was of

extreme importance to Mr. Pinder because he claimed he had an alibi for the 24th; and

(3) trial counsel had the same basis for investigating the tapes as post-conviction counsel.

During his criminal trial, therefore, Mr. Pinder could have raised an issue about the date

established by the tape logs even without the experts’ analyses of the tapes. Accordingly,

he fails to establish the cause prong of the cause-and-prejudice exception to procedural

default. That alone is sufficient to enforce the procedural default. See Klein v. Neal,

45 F.3d 1395, 1400 (10th Cir. 1995) (“The ‘cause and prejudice’ exception is

conjunctive, requiring proof of both cause and prejudice.”). We therefore deny a COA

on ground one.

              b. Welch perjury

       Mr. Pinder questions the USC’s determination that he could have raised his

Welch-perjury claim at trial or in a post-trial motion. According to Mr. Pinder, he could

                                              13
not have raised this claim earlier because he did not know about the claim’s factual basis,

which he characterizes as Mr. Welch’s admission to the private investigator that he lied

about Mr. Pinder’s confession to the murders, until well after he filed his new-trial

motion. He argues that prior to obtaining evidence that Mr. Welch perjured himself, he

only had a “belief that [Mr. Welch was] not telling the truth” and that was insufficient “to

formally allege that [Mr. Welch] committed perjury.” COA Appl. at 33-34.

       Whether Mr. Pinder could have made a plausible, formal allegation of perjury at

trial is not the issue; his claim arises under either Napue or Brady. We begin with Napue

and assume, for purposes of argument, that Mr. Pinder could not have brought a Napue

claim at trial or in his new-trial motion. But he still fails to show that the refusal to

consider this claim on the ground of procedural default would result in prejudice. The

investigator’s affidavit says nothing about the State’s knowledge of Mr. Welch’s alleged

perjury. And actual knowledge is an element of a Napue claim. See United States v.

Garcia, 793 F.3d 1194, 1207 (10th Cir. 2015) (“A Napue violation occurs when (1) a

government witness committed perjury, (2) the prosecution knew the testimony to be

false, and (3) the testimony was material.” (emphasis added)).6 The USC pointed this out



       6
        Relying on Garcia, Mr. Pinder contends that in this circuit, to prove a Napue
claim, “a petitioner must prove the prosecutor knew or should have known of the falsity.”
COA Appl. at 37 (emphasis added). This contention rests on a clear misreading of
Garcia and conflates Napue and Brady. Indeed, we have recently (and again) rejected
the approach Mr. Pinder suggests, where a Napue claim would lie even when “the
government unwittingly elicits false testimony.” Farrar v. Raemisch, 924 F.3d 1126,
1132 (10th Cir. 2019). We have instead hewed to the approach detailed in Garcia and
numerous earlier Tenth Circuit cases. See id. at 1132 & nn.7 & 8.

                                              14
when it enforced the procedural default. See Pinder II, 367 P.3d at 978 (explaining that

the investigator’s affidavit said “nothing about the key element of the State’s

knowledge of Welch’s alleged perjury at the time of trial—as there is no indication that

the State was aware of the contents of the [investigator’s] affidavit at the time it presented

the Welch testimony at trial”). Thus, had the USC actually entertained the merits of this

claim, it is clear Mr. Pinder would not have prevailed under a Napue theory.7 And

although the state post-conviction court never ruled on a motion for discovery Mr. Pinder

filed to, as he now puts it, “find out exactly what law enforcement knew,” COA Appl.

at 30 n.6, Mr. Pinder develops no argument that the post-conviction court constitutionally

erred in doing so or that the USC committed constitutional error in finding no abuse of

discretion in the effective denial of the discovery motion, see Pinder II, 367 P.3d

at 980-81. For these reasons, we deny a COA on ground two to the extent it is based on

Napue.

       Construed as a Brady claim, Mr. Pinder fares no better, as he cannot establish

cause for his failure to bring a Brady claim at trial or in his new-trial motion. A Brady

claim has three components: (1) “evidence . . . favorable to the accused”;

(2) “suppress[ion] by the State, either willfully or inadvertently”; and (3) ensuing

“prejudice.” Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281-82 (1999). Suppression of relevant




       7
        To the extent the USC’s statement could be construed as a ruling on the merits,
we would conclude that reasonable jurists could not debate that the USC reasonably
applied Napue.
                                             15
evidence is tantamount to cause for procedural default of a Brady claim. See id. at 282

(explaining that cause can “parallel” the suppression component).

       Mr. Pinder has not identified any relevant evidence the State suppressed. The

evidence on which he bases his claim is the investigator’s affidavit, which the State could

not have suppressed because Mr. Pinder’s own investigator developed it for Mr. Pinder’s

use. Moreover, Mr. Pinder’s argument that the State should have known of the perjury

and, presumably, disclosed that “fact” to Mr. Pinder at trial rests only on the many

grounds the USC identified as trial evidence that Mr. Welch was lying, see Pinder II,

367 P.3d at 978 n.15. Because those same grounds were equally evident to Mr. Pinder at

trial, there was no suppression. See United States v. Erickson, 561 F.3d 1150, 1163

(10th Cir. 2009) (explaining that under Brady, “a defendant is not denied due process by

the government’s nondisclosure of evidence if the defendant knew of the evidence

anyway.”). Even more fundamentally, Mr. Pinder knew better than anyone whether

Mr. Welch was lying because the testimony concerned a matter squarely within

Mr. Pinder’s knowledge—his confession to Mr. Welch. For these reasons, there was no

suppression and therefore no cause for the procedural default. Accordingly, we deny a

COA on ground two to the extent it is based on Brady.

B.     Ground three and Ruiz portion of ground four

       Ground three of Mr. Pinder’s § 2254 petition involved a Brady claim he raised in

his motion for a new trial, asserting the State suppressed material evidence concerning

Mr. Ruiz’s (1) alleged involvement in the prior, unrelated kidnapping and murder of

Todd Skidmore and (2) alleged drug-dealing membership in the Mexican Mafia. Ground

                                            16
four concerned two separate Brady issues: The State failed to disclose exculpatory

evidence regarding plea agreements with Mr. Ruiz and Mr. Brunyer.

       Like the district court, we address the Ruiz portion of ground four together with

ground three, and discuss the Brunyer portion of ground four separately. The trial court

denied relief on the merits of these claims. The USC affirmed, also on the merits. See

Pinder I, 114 P.3d at 558-60.

       In ruling on ground three of the § 2254 petition and the Ruiz portion of ground

four, the district court began by noting that “Pinder’s arguments are fatally flawed by

their cursory nature and failure to analyze issues under the federal habeas standard of

review” and by his failure to “refer to any caselaw at all, let alone the controlling case,

Brady. For each issue, Pinder merely lists evidence with his spin on it.” Aplt. App.

at 244. The court concluded that nonetheless, the USC “selected the correct governing

legal principle with which to analyze these alleged evidentiary suppression issues: Brady

and its progeny.” Id. at 244-45 (citation omitted). The district court noted that, unlike

Mr. Pinder, it had “thoroughly evaluated whether the Utah Supreme Court reasonably

applied Brady as to Ruiz’s involvement in the Skidmore murder” and concluded that

“[t]the Utah Supreme Court reasonably applied Brady, particularly lacking any

substantive argument by Pinder to the contrary. Pinder has utterly failed to meet his

burden under the federal standard of review here.” Id. at 246.

       Mr. Pinder finds “odd” the district court’s observation that he failed to analyze this

issue under the AEDPA standard, and he notes that in reply to the State’s assertion of

AEDPA “as a defense in its Response, he responded [in his § 2254 reply] with a 37-page

                                              17
legal argument explaining why that standard did not apply.” COA Appl. at 52 n.10

(emphasis added). However, we read the district court’s decision as declining to consider

the substantive arguments in Mr. Pinder’s § 2254 reply because they came too late. See

Sierra Club v. Okla. Gas & Elec. Co., 816 F.3d 666, 676 n.9 (10th Cir. 2016) (“We

generally do not consider arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief.”). And

contrary to Mr. Pinder’s argument, “AEDPA’s standard of review is not a procedural

defense, but a standard of general applicability for all petitions filed by state prisoners

after the statute’s effective date presenting claims that have been adjudicated on the

merits by a state court.” Gardner v. Galetka, 568 F.3d 862, 879 (10th Cir. 2009) (ellipsis

and internal quotation marks omitted). It was therefore Mr. Pinder’s obligation to explain

to the district court in his § 2254 petition why AEDPA did not apply. Waiting until his

§ 2254 reply was too late. And the failure to “raise [an] issue at the appropriate time” in

the district court “waive[s] appellate review.” Impact Energy Res., LLC v. Salazar,

693 F.3d 1239, 1246 n.3 (10th Cir. 2012).

       Accordingly, we will not consider any of the arguments in the COA Application

regarding the USC’s rulings on the merits of these grounds because they were all first

broached in the § 2254 reply. And nothing in the USC’s analysis strikes us as being an

unreasonable application of Brady. Consequently, reasonable jurists could not debate

that it was within the district court’s discretion to deny relief on ground three and the

Ruiz portion of ground four without consideration of the specific arguments Mr. Pinder

raised in his § 2254 reply, and the issue does not deserve encouragement to proceed

further. We therefore deny a COA on ground three and the Ruiz portion of ground four.

                                              18
C.     Brunyer portion of ground four

       Mr. Pinder attempted to raise the Brunyer portion of ground four in a motion to

amend the PPCR. He alleged the State failed to disclose the full terms of its agreement

with Mr. Brunyer to obtain his testimony at Mr. Pinder’s trial, specifically “that Brunyer

received promises including an offer of probation in exchange for his testimony.” PCR,

R629-270 at 622. The only “good cause” he identified for allowing the amendment was

that he had discovered the basis of the claim only after the State filed its response to his

PPCR. Id. The post-conviction court denied the motion without explanation, and the

USC affirmed. The USC ruled that, despite the lack of explanation, the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in denying the motion to amend because the reason was evident:

Mr. Pinder filed the motion four years after he had filed his PPCR and a full year after the

State had filed a motion for summary judgment in the post-conviction proceeding.

Pinder II, 367 P.3d at 980. The USC reasoned that “Pinder had plenty of time to discover

the facts purportedly meriting an amendment.” Id.

       In his § 2254 petition, Mr. Pinder summarily argued that the state courts denied his

Brunyer claim on “a new rule of procedural default,” and therefore the district court owed

no AEDPA deference in ruling on the merits. Aplt. App. at 45. He then discussed the

merits, relying on the affidavit of Melissa Cowles that she believed the prosecution

offered Mr. Brunyer a plea deal in exchange for his testimony. Mr. Pinder claimed the

existence of a plea deal with Mr. Brunyer and “the offer of payment of monies to him in

exchange for his testimony” was not disclosed to the defense, and had the jury heard of

these things, it is reasonably probable it would not have convicted Mr. Pinder. Id. In

                                             19
response, the State argued that Mr. Pinder failed to acknowledge the procedural problem

with this claim and failed to offer any excuse for his delay in raising it in the

post-conviction proceeding. Mr. Pinder replied that § 2254(d) did not bar review because

the state courts never adjudicated the claim on the merits. In the alternative, he

summarily asserted that his default could be excused by either the cause-and-prejudice or

fundamental-miscarriage-of-justice exceptions, although he developed no argument on

either exception.

       In a footnote, the district court concluded that “[p]rocedural default also applies to

Pinder’s argument that information about Brunyer’s potential plea deal was suppressed à

la Brady. See Pinder [II], [367 P.3d at 980] ¶ 61.” Aplt. App. at 249 n.3.

       In his COA Application, Mr. Pinder makes no argument that the state court

applied a new rule of procedural default, but argues only that cause and prejudice excuses

any default:

              The state court’s application of the procedural bar should be excused
       because the state did not disclose its offer to Brunyer, and thus, there is
       cause and prejudice for any default. See, pgs. 25-27, above [where, in
       relevant part, he argued that the failure to disclose the allegedly altered 911
       tapes constituted cause].
              Brunyer provided the sole testimony corroborating Ruiz’s version of
       the cleanup and the failure to disclose the prosecution agreement with
       Brunyer warrants relief under the de novo standard of review.
COA Appl. at 57.
       These conclusory arguments are unconvincing. First, Mr. Pinder does not even

allege that Mr. Brunyer accepted any offer that may have been made in Ms. Cowles’s

presence. And Ms. Cowles’s affidavit does not establish that the State entered into an


                                              20
agreement with Mr. Brunyer. Ms. Cowles said that while she was waiting to testify, she

was in a room with Mr. Brunyer, the prosecutor, and others. She continued: “One of the

men handed Brunyer a document that was about 3 pages long. I heard them say the word

‘testimony’ and also heard them talking with Brunyer about ‘probation,’ but I can’t recall

the exact conversation or words. I believed then, and believe now, that Brunyer was

being offered a deal for hi[s] testimony.” PCR R629-270 at 619-20 (some internal

quotation marks omitted).

       This falls far short of demonstrating that Mr. Brunyer accepted a deal in exchange

for his testimony. Lacking that, there was nothing for the State to disclose to Mr. Pinder

under Brady, so Mr. Pinder cannot establish cause for his delay in broaching the claim in

the post-conviction proceeding. Furthermore, Mr. Pinder fails to establish a debatable

argument that if Ms. Cowles’s testimony had been presented at trial, there is a reasonable

probability that Mr. Pinder would not have been convicted of the murders. See Banks v.

Dretke, 540 U.S. 668, 691 (2004) (reiterating rule that prejudice in the context of a

defaulted Brady claim “exists when the suppressed evidence is material for Brady

purposes” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Garcia, 793 F.3d at 1207 (explaining that

materiality under Brady requires showing “a reasonable probability that the result of the

proceeding would have been different had the evidence been disclosed” (internal

quotation marks omitted)). Accordingly, Mr. Pinder has not met his burden to show that

reasonable jurists could debate whether the Brunyer portion of ground four should have

been considered on the merits by the state court or the federal district court, or that the



                                              21
issue deserves encouragement to proceed further. We therefore deny a COA on the

Brunyer portion of ground four.

                                   IV. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we deny Mr. Pinder’s COA Application and dismiss

this matter.


                                           Entered for the Court


                                           Jerome A. Holmes
                                           Circuit Judge




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