                               COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Judges Haley, Petty and Powell
Argued at Salem, Virginia


CHRISTOPHER M. WEAVER
                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v.     Record No. 1000-08-3                                    JUDGE CLEO E. POWELL
                                                                  MARCH 17, 2009
WYTHE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF
 SOCIAL SERVICES


                       FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF WYTHE COUNTY
                                Josiah T. Showalter, Jr., Judge

                 (R. Christopher Munique; Lacy, Campbell & Munique, P.C., on
                 brief), for appellant. Appellant submitting on brief.

                 S. Vernon Priddy III; Marc Alan LeBlanc, Guardian ad litem for
                 the minor child (Michael R. Bedsaul; Sands, Anderson, Marks &
                 Miller, P.C., on brief), for appellee.


       Christopher M. Weaver (“Weaver”) appeals the decision of the trial court terminating his

parental rights to his daughter, N.W., pursuant to Code § 16.1-283(C). Weaver contends that

there was insufficient evidence to support the trial court’s finding that the Wythe County

Department of Social Services’ (“DSS”) actions were reasonable and appropriate and that he was

not making substantial progress in remedying the conditions that required continuation of N.W.’s

foster care placement. Finding the evidence sufficient, we affirm.




       *
           Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                                         BACKGROUND1

       “We view the evidence in the ‘light most favorable’ to the prevailing party in the circuit

court and grant to that party the benefit of ‘all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.’”

Toms v. Hanover Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 46 Va. App. 257, 262, 616 S.E.2d 765, 767 (2005)

(quoting Logan v. Fairfax County Dep’t of Human Dev., 13 Va. App. 123, 128, 409 S.E.2d 460,

463 (1991)).

       Weaver and Brandon Nicole Weaver (“Brandon”) are the biological parents of N.W.,

who was born in September of 2003. On October 7, 2004, Brandon brought N.W. to the hospital

emergency room because N.W. had stopped breathing. The police and DSS were contacted by

the hospital. In a subsequent interview, the police and DSS learned that Weaver and Brandon

only had ten dollars in cash, had no electricity in their home, and they had little food. Weaver

and Brandon were then arrested and charged with felony child endangerment. At that time, DSS

assumed custody of N.W. and placed her in a foster home.

       The charges against Weaver and Brandon were later determined to be unfounded and

dropped; N.W., however, remained in the foster home, as DSS felt that the conditions of the

home environment were unsafe.

       On November 14, 2004, DSS prepared the initial Foster Care Service Plan (the “initial

plan”). The initial plan had the concurrent goals of either returning N.W. to her home or placing

her with a relative. Under the initial plan, Weaver and Brandon had five responsibilities to

complete in order to regain custody of N.W.: (1) cooperate with counseling services to address

relationship issues and enhance marital stability; (2) Brandon will seek substance abuse


       1
         As the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case, and because this
memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, this opinion recites only those facts and
incidents of the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of
this appeal.

                                                -2-
counseling; (3) cooperate with parenting skills instruction; (4) secure employment; and

(5) establish and maintain a safe, stable, and suitable home.

       Shortly after being released from incarceration, Weaver and Brandon separated, and

eventually divorced. Soon after the separation, Weaver began dating, and after his divorce from

Brandon was finalized, he eventually married Megan Weaver (“Megan”).

       On January 18, 2006, DSS filed a petition to terminate Weaver’s and Brandon’s parental

rights to N.W. A hearing on the matter was held on October 10, 2006. At the hearing, the court

terminated Brandon’s parental rights to N.W., due primarily to Brandon’s continued drug use

and incarceration on other charges; Weaver, on the other hand, was granted a continuance to

allow the Guardian ad litem time to observe his interactions with N.W.

       On June 8, 2006, the Wythe County Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court

(“J&DR court”) denied the petition to terminate Weaver’s parental rights to N.W. DSS filed a

timely notice of appeal. On April 27, 2007, the trial court heard evidence in this matter and

subsequently denied DSS’s petition to terminate.

       On April 30, 2007, DSS prepared a new Foster Care Service Plan (the “new plan”) with

concurrent goals of returning N.W. to her home and adoption. Under the new plan, Weaver and

Megan had five responsibilities to complete in order to regain custody of N.W.: (1) cooperate

with parenting skills instruction; (2) cooperate with a Child/Parent Attachment Evaluation

(“attachment evaluation”) and follow through with any recommendations made as a result of the

evaluation; (3) maintain employment; (4) establish and maintain a safe, stable, and suitable

home; and (5) visit N.W. on a regular basis.

       In August of 2007, DSS changed its goal concerning N.W. from “return to home” to

“adoption.” Additionally, DSS filed a petition seeking the termination of Weaver’s parental

rights to N.W. DSS took these actions based upon Weaver’s failure to comply with all his

                                               -3-
responsibilities as defined by the plan. According to DSS, Weaver and Megan failed to complete

the parenting skills instruction and failed to establish and maintain a safe, stable, and suitable

home. Additionally, DSS stated that, due to the length of time N.W. has been in the foster home

and the bond that she has developed with her foster family, it would be in N.W.’s best interests

to remain with her foster family.

       On November 28, 2007, the J&DR court entered an order terminating Weaver’s parental

rights to N.W. Weaver subsequently appealed.

                                      Parenting Skills Classes

       At the April 7, 2008 termination hearing before the trial court,2 the court heard testimony

from Weaver that, although DSS had offered him multiple opportunities to receive parenting

skills instruction, he had repeatedly failed to successfully complete the classes. Initially, Weaver

was receiving home-based instruction from Heather Kapranos. However, after only twelve or

thirteen sessions, DSS decided to discontinue the home-based instruction, even though

Ms. Kapranos admitted that Weaver was showing some signs of improvement.

       DSS then offered parenting classes with Lynn Bowman. According to Ms. Bowman,

Weaver and Megan missed the first three classes due to a scheduling mix-up. Weaver and

Megan then attended the next two classes, but never returned for the remaining eight classes. 3

Weaver and Megan were given another chance to take the parenting skills classes with

Ms. Bowman in May-June of 2007. This time, Weaver and Megan missed two classes (four




       2
         The trial court incorporated the evidence from the April 27, 2007 hearing into the
present hearing. For the purposes of clarity, the evidence presented at both hearings is discussed
together here.
       3
        The first round of parenting skills classes with Ms. Bowman consisted of thirteen,
one-hour long classes.
                                               -4-
hours of class time). Weaver and Megan partially made up for at least half of the missed class

time by staying late on the subsequent classes.4

                                 Safe, Stable, and Suitable Home

       The court also heard testimony from Weaver that he had moved at least twelve times in

the last three and a half years. In November of 2004, after being released on the felony child

endangerment charges, Weaver lived with his mother in Speedwell, Virginia. He then lived in

the basement of Megan’s parents’ home for a few weeks. He and Megan next moved to a studio

apartment in Wytheville, Virginia. Weaver and Megan then moved to another apartment in

Wytheville, because the studio apartment didn’t have any room for N.W. After DSS determined

that the steps of the Wytheville apartment were unsafe, Weaver and Megan then moved to a

house in Speedwell. After Ms. Kapranos expressed some concern over the presence of a wood

stove in the Speedwell house, Weaver and Megan moved back into Megan’s parents’ basement.

From there they moved into a trailer in Wytheville. After being evicted from the trailer for

failing to pay rent, Weaver and Megan shared a friend’s apartment. They then moved into a

double-wide trailer in Wythe County. After DSS expressed some concerns over the fact that the

trailer was currently for sale, Weaver and Megan moved into an apartment in Independence,

Virginia. A short time later, Weaver discovered black mold in the apartment, so he and Megan

moved into another apartment in Independence.

                                     Attachment Evaluation

       Additionally, testimony was heard from Dr. Whelan regarding the attachment evaluation.

The attachment evaluation examined the quality of the relationships between N.W. and Weaver,


       4
         The second round of parenting skills classes consisted of six, two-hour long classes,
with the exception of the first class, which was three hours. Weaver and Megan attended classes
on May 25 and June 8, 15, and 29. They missed class on June 1 and 22, but stayed an extra hour
on June 8 and 29 to make up for some of the missed time.

                                               -5-
Megan, and N.W.’s foster parents, Mr. and Mrs. Lewis. Dr. Whelan explained that, based on

N.W.’s interactions with Weaver and Megan, she had a moderate to high risk for serious

problems in the future. Dr. Whelan felt that Weaver and Megan did not, at that time, have the

ability to properly address N.W.’s emotional needs. He also testified that it was unlikely that

intervention would lead to significant changes in Weaver’s ability to address these needs. He

further opined that if Weaver and Megan were motivated to participate in psychotherapy and

responded well to the treatment, it would likely take one to three years before they would

become sensitive to N.W.’s emotional needs.

       In contrast, N.W.’s interactions with her foster parents were a mix of avoidant and secure

patterns, which is within the average range of interaction for a child N.W.’s age. Further,

Dr. Whelan felt that Mr. and Mrs. Lewis were a source of significant emotional healing for

N.W., although there was some room for improvement.

                                   Court’s Decision to Terminate

       After hearing all of the evidence, the trial court found that, although Weaver had changed

jobs a number of times since N.W. was removed from the home, Weaver had maintained stable

employment. Additionally, the court commended Weaver on his efforts to remain employed.

However, the trial court also found that Weaver had not demonstrated that he could provide the

kind of stability that N.W. needed in her life.

       The trial court ultimately decided that this lack of stability combined with Weaver’s

continued failure to successfully complete the parenting skills classes demonstrated by clear and

convincing evidence that Weaver had failed to make substantial progress towards elimination of

the conditions which required N.W.’s foster care placement. The trial court found that

termination was in N.W.’s best interest and, as such, terminated Weaver’s parental rights to

N.W.

                                                  -6-
                                            ANALYSIS

               [B]efore residual parental rights can be terminated under Code
               § 16.1-283(C)(2), a court must find: (1) by clear and convincing
               evidence; (2) that termination is in the child’s best interests; and,
               (3) that the parent or parents, without good cause, have been
               unwilling or unable within a reasonable period of time not to
               exceed twelve months from the date the child was placed in foster
               care to remedy substantially the conditions which led to the child’s
               foster care placement, notwithstanding the reasonable and
               appropriate efforts of social, medical, mental health or other
               rehabilitative agencies to such end.

C. S. v. Va. Beach Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 41 Va. App. 557, 565, 586 S.E.2d 884, 888 (2003).

       In the present case, Weaver contends that the trial court erred in finding sufficient

evidence (1) that DSS made reasonable and appropriate efforts to reunite Weaver with N.W. and

(2) that Weaver had not made substantial progress in remedying the conditions which required

N.W.’s continued placement in foster care.

                                            Preservation

       As an initial matter, DSS argues that Weaver failed to preserve his sufficiency argument

and, as such, this Court is precluded from considering the matter as a basis for reversal. See

Rule 5A:18. Specifically, DSS argues that, although Weaver made an initial motion to strike

after DSS had finished presenting its evidence, he failed to renew that motion after presenting his

evidence.

       “If a closing argument adequately advises the trial court of the defendant’s position and if

it is clear that the trial court considered the issue and had an opportunity to take corrective action,

the contemporaneous objection rule is satisfied.” Fortune v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 225,

228, 416 S.E.2d 25, 27 (1992) (citing Campbell v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 476, 478, 405

S.E.2d 1, 2 (1991) (en banc)). Here, Weaver argued in his motion to strike that the evidence was

insufficient to show (1) that DSS’s actions were “reasonable and appropriate efforts to reunite his

family” and (2) that he was not making substantial progress in remedying the situation. In his
                                                 -7-
closing argument, Weaver argued that the evidence showed (1) that DSS’s actions were not

reasonable and appropriate efforts to reunite Weaver with N.W. and (2) that he was making

substantial progress in remedying the situation.

       Although the motion to strike was worded in the negative and the closing argument was

worded in the positive, both amount to the same argument: the evidence was insufficient to

show (1) that DSS’s actions were reasonable and appropriate efforts to reunite his family and (2)

that he was not making substantial progress in remedying the situation. As such, we find that

Weaver’s argument was properly preserved for appeal.

                               Reasonable and Appropriate Efforts

       Upon review of a trial court’s decision to terminate parental rights, “[a] trial court is

presumed to have thoroughly weighed all the evidence, considered the statutory requirements,

and made its determination based on the child’s best interests.” Farley v. Farley, 9 Va. App. 326,

329, 387 S.E.2d 794, 796 (1990). “The trial court’s judgment, ‘when based on evidence heard

ore tenus, will not be disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support

it.’” Logan, 13 Va. App. at 128, 409 S.E.2d at 463 (citation omitted).

       Weaver’s primary argument is that the evidence shows that DSS acted in an extremely

adverse manner and, therefore, the evidence is insufficient to prove that DSS acted with

reasonable and appropriate efforts to reunite N.W. with her father. Weaver argues that this

adversity can be shown based on (1) DSS’s decision to stop providing home-based instruction

with Ms. Kapranos in January of 2006, even though Weaver was making progress; (2) DSS’s

decision to reduce the length of his visitations with N.W. and require that the visitations occur at

the DSS office; and (3) DSS’s decision to petition the court for termination of Weaver’s parental

rights before the attachment evaluation had been completed.




                                                -8-
       After DSS terminated the home-based sessions with Ms. Kapranos, Weaver was offered

two chances to complete the parenting skills instruction with Ms. Bowman, but he failed to do

so. The failure to successfully complete the parenting skills classes with Ms. Bowman must fall

squarely upon Weaver’s shoulders. DSS made reasonable and appropriate efforts to ensure that

the classes were available to Weaver; therefore, DSS cannot be faulted for Weaver’s failure to

take advantage of the opportunities presented to him.

       Similarly, the record demonstrates that the decision to reduce the length of his visitations

with N.W. was due to comments made by Weaver’s mother to N.W., and not because of any

adversity on the part of DSS. Fran Anders, N.W.’s case worker, testified that the length and

location of the visits were necessarily limited, due to the requirement that the visitation must be

supervised anytime Weaver’s mother would be present. Ms. Anders also testified that she had

informed Weaver that if he informed her ahead of time that his mother was not going to be

present during the visit, arrangements could be made so that the visits would not have to be

monitored. According to Ms. Anders, these unmonitored visits could be longer, as no overtime

would be required from DSS employees. However, because Weaver was unwilling to preclude

his mother from attending the visitations, DSS was forced to shorten the duration of the

visitations and monitor them.

       Finally, Ms. Anders also testified regarding the reason that DSS filed the new

permanency plan at the time it did. According to Ms. Anders’s uncontradicted testimony, the

decision to file the new permanency plan was primarily due to the fact that DSS would lose the

federal funding it was receiving for N.W.’s placement if the new plan had not been filed at that

time. Thus, as with the shortened visitation, the decision was based on independent policy

requirements.




                                                -9-
       Based on these facts, the record clearly shows that DSS offered two additional parenting

skills classes to Weaver after canceling the home-based program. Furthermore, the decisions to

reduce his visitation sessions and to file for termination of his parental rights were based on

policy, not on any animosity toward Weaver. As such, the record demonstrates that there is

sufficient evidence showing that DSS acted with reasonable and appropriate efforts to reunite

N.W. with her father.

                         Substantial Progress in Remedying the Situation

       Weaver had five requirements he had to meet before he could regain custody of his

daughter. Of those five requirements, the record demonstrates that Weaver failed to complete

two of them and had little likelihood of meeting a third.

       Under the new plan, Weaver was required to establish and maintain a safe, stable, and

suitable home. The trial court specifically admonished Weaver regarding this fact, stating at the

April 27, 2007 hearing: “There has to be stability for the child. You cannot move every other

month.” The evidence shows that, beginning in November of 2004 until April of 2008, a period

of forty-two (42) months, Weaver moved at least twelve (12) times. This averages to one move

every three and a half months. Additionally, of these twelve locations, the evidence shows that

DSS found only one of those locations acceptable by their standards.

       Additionally, Weaver was required to successfully complete the parenting skills classes.

The initial, home-based sessions were terminated by DSS, and as such, it cannot be said that

Weaver failed to complete this program. However, as we noted above, he must bear sole

responsibility for his failure to complete either of the two parenting skills programs with

Ms. Bowman.

       Finally, Weaver was required to submit to an attachment evaluation and follow through

with any recommendations made as a result. Although Weaver did submit to the attachment

                                               - 10 -
evaluation, the results indicated that Weaver lacked the skills/ability to meet N.W.’s attachment

patterns and emotional needs. According to the results of the attachment evaluation, if the court

returned N.W. to Weaver and Megan, significant intervention would be needed, requiring

Weaver to undergo at least one to three years of intense psychotherapy.

       Based on Weaver’s prior history of failing to complete the parenting skills classes, it is

reasonable to question his ability to meet this goal. Moreover, the one to three year time frame

moves N.W. away from the finality and permanency cited by the trial judge in his ruling. Even

if Weaver was willing, the attachment evaluation calls into question whether he would be able to

develop the skills necessary to deal with the child’s attachment patterns and emotional needs.

                                         CONCLUSION

       Given the evidence in this case, the trial court had sufficient factual grounds to support its

decision that Weaver had not, within a reasonable period of time, substantially remedied the

conditions that required N.W.’s continued placement in foster care and that termination was in

her best interests. See Code § 16.1-283(C)(2). Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s decision to

terminate Weaver’s residual parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(C).

                                                                                          Affirmed.




                                               - 11 -
