In the Supreme Court of Georgia



                                                    Decided: June 30, 2014


                    S14A0926. COOKSEY v. LANDRY, et al.


      THOMPSON, Chief Justice.

      Before he committed suicide in September 2012, twenty-two-year old

Christopher Landry for several years had been under the care of appellant Crit

Cooksey, a psychiatrist. In August 2012, Dr. Cooksey prescribed both Seroquel

and Cymbalta for Christopher, two drugs that contain a “black box warning”

from the Food and Drug Administration which warns of an increased risk of

suicidal thinking and behavior in young adults and recommends that medical

professionals prescribing the drugs monitor patients for worsening or emergent

suicidal thoughts and behavior. Following Christopher’s death, his parents,

appellees Lisa and Michael Landry,1 began investigating a potential medical

malpractice, wrongful death, and survival action against Dr. Cooksey and made

multiple requests for copies of Christopher’s psychiatric records. Dr. Cooksey



      1
          Michael Landry has been appointed administrator of Christopher’s estate.
on each occasion refused to produce the records, claiming they are protected

from disclosure by Georgia’s psychiatrist-patient privilege. See OCGA § 24-5-

501 (a).2

       Appellees filed a complaint seeking a permanent injunction directing Dr.

Cooksey to turn over all of Christopher’s psychiatric records. Appellees argued

that without the records they would be unable to investigate whether a cause of

action exists against Dr. Cooksey, and they would be unable to gain relevant and

necessary information upon which to base the expert affidavit required to initiate

a medical malpractice claim. See OCGA § 9-11-9.1. The trial court, without

reviewing Dr. Cooksey’s files, concluded that equity supported appellees’

position and issued an injunction directing Dr. Cooksey to produce to appellees

“all records pertaining to the medical treatment and history of Christopher

Michael Landry.”3 Dr. Cooksey appealed from the trial court’s order and filed


       2
         OCGA § 24-5-501 (a) (5) provides that certain admissions and communications, including
communications between a psychiatrist and patient, are excluded from evidence on grounds of public
policy. Subsection (a) (8) also excludes from evidence as privileged “[c]ommunications between
or among any psychiatrist, psychologist, licensed clinical social worker, clinical nurse specialist in
psychiatric/mental health, licensed marriage and family therapist, and licensed professional counselor
who are rendering psychotherapy or have rendered psychotherapy to a patient, regarding that patient's
communications which are otherwise privileged by paragraph (5), (6), or (7) of this subsection[.]”
       3
        The requested records do not appear to have been provided to the trial court and have not
been made part of the record on appeal.

                                                  2
a motion for an emergency stay which this Court granted. Having reviewed the

record and applicable law, we conclude that the trial court erred to the extent it

exercised its equitable powers to order the production of information protected

from disclosure by Georgia law. Accordingly, we affirm the order of the trial

court in part and reverse and remand to the trial court in part for further action

consistent with this opinion.

      1. The issue to be decided by the trial court in this appeal was a legal one,

whether the psychiatric records sought by appellees constitute privileged matters

protected from disclosure under Georgia law. Accordingly, we review the trial

court’s legal determinations de novo. Hankla v. Postell, 293 Ga. 692, 693 (749

SE2d 726) (2013) (using de novo standard of review where issue to be decided

was purely legal).

      2. Appellees filed their complaint seeking the trial court’s assistance,

through the exercise of its equity jurisdiction, in obtaining a copy of

Christopher’s psychiatric records. Conceding that there exists no statutory

authority requiring Dr. Cooksey to produce the records, they argued that they

have a right to bring a civil claim against Dr. Cooksey, see OCGA § 51-1-27

and OCGA § 51-4-4, that the psychiatrist-patient privilege found in OCGA §

                                        3
24-5-501 (a) impedes their right by protecting psychiatric-patient

communications from disclosure, and therefore, the legal processes available to

them provide an inadequate remedy. In support of their argument, they correctly

cite both statutes and case law recognizing the authority bestowed upon our

superior courts to assist through equity “every person who is remediless

elsewhere . . . to enforce any right recognized by the law.” OCGA § 23-1-3;

OCGA § 23-4-20; Brown v. Liberty Oil & Refining Corp., 261 Ga. 214 (2) (403

SE2d 806) (1991). The trial court, without reviewing Dr. Cooksey’s files and

without making any distinction between privileged and non-privileged

information, in turn directed that the entirety of Christopher’s psychiatric

records be provided to appellees based on its conclusion that equity required

their production.   To hold otherwise, the trial court concluded, “would

effectively tie [appellees’] hands behind their back[s] in pursuing their

investigation.”

      While we agree with appellees that a civil action arising out of

Christopher’s suicide may be authorized under Georgia law and agree with the

trial court that application of the protections afforded psychiatrist-patient

communications by § 24-5-501 (a) may pose a hardship to appellees in the

                                       4
investigation of potential claims against Dr. Cooksey, neither of these factors

authorized the trial court to require the production of privileged communications

contrary to OCGA § 24-5-501 (a). The first maxim of equity is that equity

follows the law. Equity cannot, therefore, “override the positive enactments of

the statutes.” Lewis v. Bd. of Ed. of Lowndes County, 183 Ga. 687, 690 (189

SE 233) (1936). “‘Where rights are defined and established by existing legal

principles, they may not be changed or unsettled in equity.’ 27A AmJur2d 595,

Equity, § 109 (1996). Although equity does seek to do complete justice, OCGA

§ 23-1-7, it must do so within the parameters of the law.” Dolinger v. Driver,

269 Ga. 141 (4) (498 SE2d 252) (1998) (equity could not be used to force

school officials to allow students to participate in graduation ceremony when

they had no legal right to do so); Hopkins v. Virginia Highland Assoc., 247 Ga.

App. 243, 249 (541 SE2d 386) (2000) (equity could not be used to grant

easement in sewer line where established law provided that property is not

burdened with easement when subsequent bona fide purchaser takes without

notice of the easement).

      As a matter of public policy, Georgia law “has long provided for the

confidentiality of communications between a [psychiatrist] and patient.”

                                        5
Kennestone Hosp., Inc. v. Hopson, 273 Ga. 145, 148 (538 SE2d 742) (2000).

The primary purpose of the privilege “is to encourage the patient to talk freely

without fear of disclosure and embarrassment, thus enabling the psychiatrist to

render effective treatment of the patient’s emotional or mental disorders.” State

v. Herendeen, 279 Ga. 323, 325-326 (613 SE2d 647) (2005). Communications

between certain mental health providers, including communications between

psychiatrists and patients, are, therefore, protected from disclosure.4 OCGA §

24-5-501 (a); Herendeen, supra, 279 Ga. at 327. The psychiatrist-patient

privilege remains inviolate even though the patient’s care and treatment or the

nature or extent of the patient’s injuries are put in issue in a civil proceeding.

See OCGA § 24-12-1 (a) and former OCGA§ 24-9-40. The strength of the

psychiatrist-patient privilege is further evident in that the privilege is held only

by the patient and waiver of the privilege must be expressly made by the patient,

or, in the absence of an express waiver by the patient, “one seeking the

disclosure of privileged mental-health records must establish a waiver by the


       4
        The protections afforded these communications extend to communications between
or among a psychiatrist and other mental health professionals listed in § 24-5-501 (a) (8) and
include a psychiatrist’s conclusions that originated in communications between the patient
and the psychiatrist. See Johnson v. State, 254 Ga. 591 (331 SE2d 578) (1985).

                                              6
patient’s ‘decisive unequivocal conduct reasonably inferring the intent to

waive[.]’”5 Herendeen, 279 Ga. at 327.

       Moreover, and of primary importance in this case, is the fact that unlike

other recognized privileges, the psychiatrist-patient privilege survives the death

of the patient.6 See Sims v. State, 251 Ga. 877, 881 (311 SE2d 161) (1984);


       5
          Applying these rules, our courts have determined that the privilege is not waived
when a party claiming the privilege puts at issue in a civil proceeding the nature and extent
of his or her emotional or mental injuries, see Mincey v. Georgia Dept. of Community
Affairs, 308 Ga. App. 740, 745 (708 SE2d 644) (2011), is not waived when the person
claiming the privilege makes disclosures in a separate, unrelated proceeding, see Bobo v.
State, 256 Ga. 357, 358 (349 SE2d 690) (1986) and Trammel v. Bradberry, 256 Ga. App.
412, 424 (6) (568 SE2d 715) (2002), is not waived when communications are made in the
presence of a third party necessary to the patient’s treatment, Sims, supra, 251 Ga. at 881, and
is not waived by the patient’s failure to timely object to a request for privileged information.
See Kennestone Hosp., Inc., supra, 273 Ga. at 149 (“Given the importance of the privilege
in encouraging and protecting confidential communications concerning the emotional and
mental health of individuals, . . . the silence and failure to act in response to a request for
privileged matter . . . does not waive the party’s privilege by implication.”). At the same
time, the psychiatrist-patient privilege is limited in that it applies only to psychiatrist-patient
communications, not to all psychiatric records. Plunkett v. Ginsburg, 217 Ga. App. 20, 21
(456 SE2d 595) (1995). Thus, the fact of treatment and the dates on which treatment was
rendered are not privileged. See Herendeen, supra, 279 Ga. at 327; Plunkett, supra, 217 Ga.
App. at 21. Nor are communications between or made in the presence of the patient and any
third person who was not present as a necessary or customary participant in the consultation
and treatment of the patient. See Sims, supra, 251 Ga. at 881.
       6
         Appellees urge this Court to distinguish this case on the ground that the psychiatrist-
patient privilege has no application when the patient is deceased. This argument fails for
several reasons. First, it is clear from the cases cited that the privilege survives the death of
the patient. Second, appellees’ argument ignores the recognition that it is the promise of
confidentiality that encourages patients to openly discuss their emotional and mental health
issues. If psychiatrist-patient communications were protected only until the patient’s death,
patients might not feel as free to make the disclosures necessary for effective treatment,

                                                7
Bogess v. Aetna Life Insurance Co., 128 Ga. App. 190, 192 (196 SE2d 172)

(1973) (discussing attorney-client privilege). Consistent with the protections

afforded psychiatrist-patient communications even after a patient’s death, our

legislature has determined that a deceased patient’s representative cannot waive

the psychiatrist-patient privilege. See OCGA § 31-33-4 (providing that statutes

authorizing the release of health records to a deceased patient’s representative

“shall not apply to psychiatric, psychological, or other mental health records of

a patient”); OCGA § 37-3-166 (a) (8.1) (authorizing mental health facilities to

release a deceased patient’s mental health records “to the legal representative of

[the] deceased patient’s estate, except for matters privileged under the laws of

this state.”).

      The dissent, recognizing that there is no Georgia law authorizing the

waiver of the psychiatrist-patient privilege by a deceased patient’s

representative, urges this Court to nevertheless create such a right as “a matter

of public policy.” Yet, it offers no authority for this Court’s adoption, as “a

matter of public policy,” of a ruling directly contrary to statutory laws enacted



thereby impeding the primary goal of the privilege. See Herendeen, supra, 279 Ga. at 325-
326.

                                           8
by our legislature based on “grounds of public policy.” 7 See OCGA § 24-5-501

(a) (5) (stating that protected psychiatrist-patient communications are excluded

from evidence on “grounds of public policy”). The dissent’s interpretation of

the clear language of OCGA § 31-33-4 exempting psychiatric records from its

disclosure provisions to mean that “the estate representative may [] waive the

[psychiatrist-patient] privilege on behalf of the deceased patient” comports with

neither logic nor rules of statutory construction.

       Because under Georgia law confidential communications between a

psychiatrist and patient may not be disclosed absent waiver by the patient and

a trial court may not utilize its equitable powers to afford relief contrary to the

law, we conclude the trial court erred to the extent its order granting injunctive

relief requires the disclosure of privileged information. Appellees cite Brown

v. Liberty Oil & Refinery Corp., supra, 261 Ga. 214, as authority for the trial



       7
           We note in response to the dissent that neither OCGA § 24-5-501 (a) nor this
opinion should be read as authorizing a psychiatrist to shield himself or herself from potential
liability by asserting the psychiatrist-patient privilege on the patient’s behalf. See Dissent
at 3. Instead, our opinion recognizes that the patient is the holder of the psychiatrist-patient
privilege and absent waiver by the patient, privileged communications may not be disclosed.
Similarly, we do not fail “to recognize the right of a patient’s survivors to waive the
privilege,” id. (emphasis added), inasmuch as they currently have no such right under
Georgia law.

                                               9
court’s use of its equitable powers in this case.         Brown, however, is

distinguishable. The plaintiffs in Brown were minor children seeking to

maintain a wrongful death action arising out of their mother’s death. The

children’s father, who was by statute given a right to pursue the wrongful death

claim, could not be located and would not pursue such a claim. See OCGA §

51-4-2 (a). We held that the factual circumstances of that case demanded the

exercise of the trial court’s equitable powers because the minor children had no

other legal right to maintain an action for the wrongful death of their mother.

Brown, supra, 261 Ga. at 216. By allowing the children to pursue a wrongful

death action, equity followed “the analogy of the law where no rule was directly

applicable.” See OCGA § 23-1-6. Compare Lewis, supra, 183 Ga. at 690

(equity could not be used to override statute limiting use of school funds to

payment of debts for the current school year); Persall v. Scott, 64 Ga. 767, 769

(1880).

      In contrast, OCGA § 24-5-501 (a) is a positive statutory enactment

specifically precluding the relief sought by appellees in their complaint.

Moreover, unlike the children in Brown who were seeking the right to pursue

a wrongful death claim, appellees have both the legal right to maintain an action

                                       10
for the wrongful death of their son and the ability to seek Dr. Cooksey’s files

through normal discovery procedures. The fact that appellees’ legal claim may

be made more difficult to prove because of well-established evidentiary rules or

that proper application of the psychiatrist-patient privilege within such

proceeding would likely result in the non-disclosure of protected

communications does not authorize the use of a trial court’s equitable powers

contrary to well-established law. The inability to discover potential evidence

within a legal proceeding following proper application of our rules of evidence

is not the same as having an incomplete legal remedy or no legal remedy at all.

      Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court erred by requiring the

disclosure of records or information regarding privileged communications

between Dr. Cooksey and Christopher and among or between Dr. Cooksey and

any other mental health professional listed in OCGA § 24-5-501 (a) (8) who

was involved in Christopher’s treatment and to whom protected communications

were disclosed. That portion of the trial court’s order, therefore, is reversed.

The trial court’s order is affirmed to the extent it requires disclosure of any non-

privileged records or information. Because Dr. Cooksey’s files were not

reviewed by the trial court and no findings have been made as to what

                                        11
information is privileged or whether the privilege may have been waived by

Christopher, the case is hereby remanded to the trial court. The trial court is

directed on remand to: (1) review Dr. Cooksey’s files to determine, in

conformance with this opinion and other applicable law, whether there are any

non-privileged records or information in the files; (2) determine with regard to

privileged information whether there was a waiver of the privilege; and (3)

require the timely disclosure of all non-privileged records and information and

all records or information for which the privilege has been waived.

      3. We conclude by emphasizing that it is no small matter for a court,

given its focus on the pursuit of truth and justice, to hold that potentially

relevant evidence is shielded from disclosure. Our legislature, however, has

determined that the public policies supporting the creation of a mental health

privilege necessitated enactment of a nearly absolute privilege, one without

exception if the patient is deceased or the nature of the patient’s mental

condition is put at issue. As explained by the United States Supreme Court

when it recognized a psychiatrist-patient privilege under its own federal

evidentiary rules, “if the purpose of the privilege is to be served, the participants

in the confidential conversation ‘must be able to predict with some degree of

                                         12
certainty whether particular discussions will be protected.        An uncertain

privilege, or one which purports to be certain but results in widely varying

applications by the courts, is little better than no privilege at all.’” Jaffee v.

Redmond, 518 U.S. 1, 18 (116 SCt 1923, 135 LE2d 337) (1996), quoting

Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 383, 393 (101 SCt 677, 66 LE2d 584)

(1981) (discussing attorney-client privilege). Likewise, to allow a trial court,

through the exercise of its equitable powers and its own notion of what is right,

to require disclosure of privileged communications would bring uncertainty to

Georgia’s well-defined psychiatrist-patient privilege and eviscerate its

effectiveness. The interests protected by OCGA § 24-5-501 are weighty and

cannot simply be set aside in even the most sympathetic of circumstances to

allow individuals to search through psychiatric records with the hope of

discovering evidence.     Bobo, supra, 256 Ga. at 360 (psychiatrist-patient

privilege “prohibits the defendant from engaging in a ‘fishing expedition’

regarding a witness’ consultations with a psychiatrist.”).

      Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part and case remanded with

direction. All the Justices concur, except Benham and Hunstein, JJ., who

dissent.

                                       13
                        S14A0926. COOKSEY v. LANDRY, et al.


        BENHAM, Justice, dissenting.

       In some jurisdictions, the authority of a deceased patient’s representative

to waive the psychiatrist-patient privilege in the event of the patient’s death is

provided by statute.1 No express authority is found in Georgia for the waiver,

by a deceased patient’s representative, of the evidentiary privilege afforded to

communications between psychiatrist and patient. I am of the opinion that this

Court should hold as a matter of public policy that, at least in the factual

scenario presented in this case, the representative of the deceased patient should

have the authority to act on behalf of the deceased to waive the psychiatrist-

patient privilege where that representative is asserting a claim on behalf of the



        1
          In California, for example, the personal representative of the patient, if the patient is dead,
is defined as a “holder of the privilege” who may waive the psychotherapist-patient privilege, and
other statutory privileges. Cal. Evid. Code §§ 912, 993. In Illinois, see 740 Ill. Comp. State. 110/10
(a) (2) (1996) (“Records or communications may be disclosed in a civil proceeding after the
recipient’s death when the recipient’s physical or mental condition has been introduced as an element
of a claim or defense by any party claiming or defending through or as a beneficiary of the recipient,
provided the court finds, after in camera examination of the evidence, that it is relevant, probative,
and otherwise clearly admissible; that other satisfactory evidence is not available regarding the facts
sought to be established by such evidence; and that disclosure is more important to the interests of
substantial justice than protection from any injury which disclosure is likely to cause.”).
survivors or the patient’s estate against the very health care professional who is

asserting the privilege as a shield to such a claim. That is not the intended

purpose of the evidentiary privilege. Its purpose is to protect the patient, along

with the public interest in promoting mental health care, not the doctor.2

       In discussing the public policy reasons behind the psychotherapist-patient

privilege, this Court has stated:

       Protecting confidential mental health communications from
       disclosure serves an important private interest and a public interest.
       Jaffee v. Redmond, [518 U.S. 1, 11 (116 SCt 1923, 135 LEd 2d 337)
       (1996)]. As far as the individual patient’s private interest is
       concerned, confidentiality is a sine qua non for successful
       psychotherapeutic treatment since a psychotherapist’s ability to help
       a patient is completely dependent upon the patient’s willingness and
       ability to talk freely, and assurances of confidentiality and privilege
       foster the psychotherapist’s ability to function. Id., 518 U.S. at 10,
       116 SCt 1923. See also Kennestone Hospital v. Hopson, [273 Ga.
       145, 148 (538 SE2d 742) (2000)], where we observed that “the
       purpose of the privilege is to encourage the patient to talk freely
       without fear of disclosure and embarrassment, thus enabling the
       psychiatrist to render effective treatment of the patient’s emotional
       or mental disorders.” Since “the mental health of our citizenry . . .
       is a public good of transcendent importance,” the privilege serves
       the public interest “by facilitating the provision of appropriate
       treatment for individuals suffering the effects of a mental or


       2
           Compare, for example, the Ohio statute governing the general physician-patient privilege,
which expressly states that the privilege does not apply in the case of a medical malpractice claim
brought by the patient or the estate of the patient if deceased, Ohio Rev. Code Ann §2317.02 (B) (1)
(a) (iii).

                                                 2
      emotional problem.” Jaffee v. Redmond, supra, 518 U.S. at 11, 116
      SCt. 1923.”

(Punctuation omitted.) State v. Herendeen, 279 Ga. 323, 325-326 (613 SE2d

647) (2005). How ironic it is to permit the doctor in this case to assert the

patient’s privilege and not to recognize the right of the patient’s survivors to

waive the privilege, thereby permitting the doctor to shield himself from

potential liability for providing unsuccessful psychotherapeutic treatment or

ineffective or inappropriate treatment, if that is what these records would, in

fact, demonstrate.

      If the Landrey’s son had lived and sought to pursue a malpractice claim

against Dr. Cooksey for injury from attempted suicide sustained as a result of

Cooksey’s allegedly negligent treatment, the son could have waived the

privilege, sought his treatment records, and presented them as evidence in the

action. See Wiles v. Wiles, 264 Ga. 594 (1) (448 SE2d 681) (1994) (a patient

may waive the psychiatrist-patient evidentiary privilege). Since the patient,

himself, could have waived the privilege for the purpose of protecting his rights,

“the same waiver may be made by those who represent him after his death, for

the purpose of protecting rights acquired by him.” (Citation and punctuation


                                        3
omitted.) Hier v. Farmers Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 104 Mont. 471 (67 P2d 831)

(1937) (rejecting a third party’s right to assert the physician-patient privilege

with respect to medical records relating to the deceased insured’s mental

stability at the time he was accused of setting fire to insured property, and

recognizing the right of the deceased’s representative to waive the privilege).

Ironically, again, the effect of the majority opinion is to shield the psychiatrist

from disclosure of confidential information in the event the alleged malpractice

results in the patient’s death, even though disclosure would be permitted in the

event the same alleged malpractice results in a less catastrophic injury because

the patient survives.

      When the survivors of a decedent bring a medical malpractice action

relating to the decedent’s death, the survivors may assert the decedent’s

privilege and prevent discovery of his or her psychiatric records by the

defendant to the action. See Dynin v. Hall, 207 Ga. App. 337 (3) (428 SE2d

89) (1993). But this does not mean the defendant to the malpractice action can

assert the privilege intended to protect the patient’s interest as a shield to

liability. The statutory privilege exists for the benefit of the patient; thus it is the

patient who is entitled to the benefits of the privilege. See Wiles v. Wiles, supra,

                                           4
264 Ga. at 595. It rings hollow for the majority to say its holding does not

shield the psychiatrist from potential liability but merely recognizes the

psychiatrist-patient privilege may be waived only by the patient. For many

purposes, an estate representative stands in the place of the deceased after death,

and, at least in the factual situation posed by this case, the estate representative

may speak for the patient after death for the purpose of asserting the right to

psychiatric treatment that meets the appropriate standard of care. It follows that

the effective assertion of this right may require the waiver of the privilege, just

as the patient would be required to waive the privilege in order to assert this

right in life.

       I do not believe that the recognition of a right of the estate representative

to stand in the shoes of the deceased for purposes of waiving the psychiatrist-

patient privilege conflicts with Georgia statutes governing the release of mental

health records. OCGA § 31-33-4 states that the provisions of Chapter 33 of

Title 31 to the the Georgia code, authorizing release of medical records to

patients and other authorized persons, shall not apply to mental health records.

Applied literally, OCGA § 31-33-4 would prohibit the release of mental health

records to the patient, himself. It seems obvious this is not the intent of the code

                                         5
section, but that it reasonably means the privilege afforded to mental health

records may be waived by the patient and the records thereby released to him.

In my opinion, at least under the circumstances present in this case, the estate

representative may also waive the privilege on behalf of the deceased patient.

OCGA § 37-3-166 (a) (8.1) operates only to exclude privileged matters from

those mental health records that may be released to the legal representative of

a deceased patient’s estate by a facility approved by the state for outpatient or

residential mental health treatment. That statute does not apply to the release of

otherwise privileged material by a psychiatrist engaged in private practice in

response to the waiver of the privilege by the deceased patient’s legal

representative.

      In District Attorney for the Norfolk District v. Magraw, 417 Mass. 169 (2)

(628 NE2d 24) (1994), the Supreme Court of Massachusetts held that a deceased

patient’s estate representative may waive the psychotherapist-patient privilege.

The court noted that while the Massachusetts statute creating the privilege

survives the death of the beneficiary, the patient, it does not address waiver of

the privilege by the representative of the deceased patient’s estate. Id. at 173.

It further noted the rationale behind the privilege, which is that “the most

                                        6
effective assistance of a therapist . . . can be achieved only through open

communication, which is likely not to occur absent a guarantee that what the

patient . . . says will not be disclosed to others without her consent.” Id. The

court continued:

      We acknowledge we are not free to water down the legislative
      policy embodied in the statute. However, a rule allowing waiver of
      the privilege by the representative of a deceased patient’s estate
      would not disturb the legislative policy. The statutory privilege
      gives the patient the option of invocation or waiver. When the
      patient is incompetent, the statute provides that a guardian be
      appointed to determine whether to invoke the privilege; thus a
      representative determines whether it is in the patient’s best interest
      to invoke or to waive. There is no reason to allow waiver of the
      privilege–either by the patient or her guardian–during the patient’s
      life, while disallowing it after her death; waiver of the privilege may
      be in the patient’s estate’s best interest when the patient is deceased,
      just as it may be in her own best interest while she is living.

(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id. at 173-174. The Georgia privilege

statute does not similarly provide for the appointment of a guardian to act on

behalf of an incompetent patient to determine whether to invoke or waive the

psychiatrist-patient privilege. Nevertheless, I believe the analysis that there is

no reason to allow the patient to waive the privilege in life, while disallowing

the estate representative to waive it after the patient’s death, is a sound one that

should be applied to the facts of this case.

                                         7
      I note additionally that the psychiatrist-patient privilege “generally

conform[s] in shape and substance to the attorney-client privilege.” Paul S.

Milich, Ga. Rules of Evidence, § 23:1 (2013). See also OCGA § 43-39-16

(“confidential relations and communications between [a mental health provider]

and client are placed upon the same basis as those provided by law between

attorney and client”). Both privileges are now codified in the Georgia Evidence

Code, OCGA § 24-5-501 (a) (2), (5), and both survive the death of the client.

See Sims v. State, 251 Ga. 877 (5) (311 SE2d 161) (1984) (psychiatrist-patient

privilege); Spence v. Hamm, 226 Ga. App. 357 (1) (487 SE2d 9) (1997)

(attorney-client privilege). On its face, our Code provides for no exceptions to

either privilege. OCGA § 24-5-501 (a) (2), (5) However, in the case of the

attorney-client privilege, Georgia courts have nonetheless been willing to

abrogate the privilege in circumstances where adhering to it would disserve the

interests of justice. See, e.g., Yarbrough v. Yarbrough, 202 Ga. 391, 403 (7) (43

SE2d 329) (1947) (applying “testamentary exception” to attorney-client

privilege to sanction disclosure of attorney’s communications with client

regarding execution of will “to the end that full and complete justice may be

done”); Both v. Frantz, 278 Ga. App. 556 (5) (629 SE2d 427) (2006) (applying

                                        8
“crime/fraud exception” to attorney-client privilege to allow attorney testimony

regarding communications in furtherance of criminal or fraudulent activities);

Peterson v. Baumwell, 202 Ga. App. 283 (2) (414 SE2d 278) (1991) (applying

“joint attorney exception” to permit disclosures where attorney had jointly

represented clients whose interests subsequently became adverse); see also

Schaffer v. Fox, 303 Ga. App. 584 (2) (693 SE2d 82) (2010) (permitting

introduction into evidence of communications between a deceased client and her

attorney, noting that attorney-client privilege cannot be invoked for the benefit

of “strangers to the attorney-client relationship”). Just as our courts have been

willing to recognize limited exceptions to the attorney-client privilege, we

should also be willing to forego a rigid application of the psychiatrist-patient

privilege in limited circumstances, where the application of that privilege

operates only as an impediment to the pursuit of justice on behalf of the very

individual it was intended to protect.

      Our appellate courts have never addressed the issue of whether the

representatives of a deceased client’s estate may waive the deceased’s attorney-

client privilege to obtain documents from an attorney for use in a legal

malpractice action against that attorney. However, at least one of our sister

                                         9
jurisdictions has recognized the right of the deceased client’s representative to

waive the privilege in those circumstances. See Mayorga v. Tate, 752 NYS2d

353 (N.Y. App. Div. 2002) (daughter of deceased, to whom estate’s executor

had assigned deceased’s cause of action for legal malpractice, had authority to

waive deceased’s attorney-client privilege to obtain production of documents

relevant to legal malpractice action). If our appellate courts would be inclined

to follow the New York appellate court’s lead in the attorney-client

privilege/legal malpractice context – which I believe we would be – then by

analogy we should be inclined towards the same result in the psychiatrist-

patient/medical malpractice context.

      In short,

      it makes no sense to prohibit an [estate representative] from waiving
      the . . . privilege of his or her decedent, where such prohibition
      operates to the detriment of the decedent’s estate, and to the benefit
      of an alleged tortfeasor against whom the estate possesses a cause
      of action.

Mayorga v. Tate, 752 NYS2d at 359. Thus, I find no offense to the psychiatrist-

patient privilege in allowing the representatives of a deceased patient’s estate to

waive the privilege for the limited purpose of pursuing a potential medical

malpractice claim against the very psychiatrist who seeks to assert that privilege

                                        10
to his own advantage.

      This Court has already acknowledged that the statutory psychiatrist-

patient privilege is not absolute, but that “in a proper case [the] statutory

privilege must give way where countervailing interests in the truth-seeking

process demand such a result.” (Emphasis in original.) Bobo v. State, 256 Ga.

357, 360 (3) (349 SE2d 690) (1986) (nevertheless holding a criminal defendant,

who asserted the privilege must yield to his constitutional right of confrontation,

had failed to show the necessity for admission of privileged communications

between a witness against him and her psychiatrist). I believe this is a proper

factual situation for holding that the statutory privilege that may be asserted or

waived by a patient may also be waived by the patient’s representative upon the

patient’s death.    Here, the estate representative of the deceased patient

effectively stands in the shoes of the patient and should be permitted to exercise

the patient’s right to waive the privilege granted to communications between

him and his psychiatrist in order to pursue a potential claim against the

psychiatrist. I reject the majority’s conclusion that to permit disclosure of such

communications to an estate representative under the specific circumstances of

this case would eviscerate the effectiveness of the privilege. Instead, it would

                                        11
permit the estate representative to pursue the patient’s interest in obtaining

effective and appropriate treatment. See State v. Herendeen, supra. Otherwise,

because of the patient’s death, there may be no effective recourse for the failure

to provide such treatment.

      I am authorized to state that Justice Hunstein joins in this dissent.




                                       12
