          United States Court of Appeals
                      For the Eighth Circuit
                   ___________________________

                         No. 18-3315
                 ___________________________

                     Kelly Simler; Scott Simler

                              Plaintiffs - Appellants

                          Linda J. Gartner

                                      Plaintiff

                                 v.

Dubuque Paint Equipment Services, Inc.; Kim A. Ross; Roy G. Brice

                             Defendants - Appellees

LM General Insurance Company; KLLM Transportation Services, Inc.

                                   Defendants

                 FFE Transportation Services, Inc.

                              Defendant - Appellee

        Missouri Highway and Transportation Commission

                                 Defendant
                          ____________

              Appeal from United States District Court
           for the Eastern District of Missouri - Hannibal
                           ____________
                          Submitted: September 26, 2019
                            Filed: November 6, 2019
                                 ____________

Before KELLY, MELLOY, and STRAS, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

STRAS, Circuit Judge.

       This case presents a classic proximate-cause problem. Is a driver who causes
an accident on a highway liable for a second one occurring in the traffic backup that
follows? Applying Missouri law, we conclude that the answer is no based on the
time and distance separating the two accidents, so we affirm the district court’s 1
grant of summary judgment to the driver.

       The driver in question is Roy Brice, who crashed his employer’s truck into
the rear of another vehicle. The accident caused a severe backup of traffic half-a-
mile long across a stretch of Interstate 70 in Montgomery County, Missouri.
Between eight and sixteen minutes after the accident, Kelly Simler noticed the
stoppage ahead and brought her car to a stop at the back of the line. Kim Ross, who
was exceeding the speed limit at the time, did not and struck the rear of Simler’s
vehicle with his cargo van. Simler, who suffered permanent injuries from the
impact, seeks to hold Brice (and his employer) responsible for setting this chain of
events in motion.

      The legal question is whether proximate cause stretches this far. Or is Ross’s
negligence a superseding cause that “interrupt[ed] the chain of events” set in motion
by the first accident? Metzger v. Schermesser, 687 S.W.2d 671, 673 (Mo. Ct. App.
1985) (citation omitted). The answer under Missouri law depends on whether Ross’s
careless driving was a “foreseeable consequence of [Brice’s] original act of


      1
       The Honorable E. Richard Webber, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Missouri.
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negligence.” E.g., Robinson v. Mo. State Highway & Transp. Comm’n, 24 S.W.3d
67, 80 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000) (per curiam) (citation omitted); Restatement (Second)
of Torts § 442A (Am. Law Inst. 1965). If it was, then Brice can be held liable under
a theory of “concurrent or successive” negligence. Robinson, 24 S.W.3d at 80
(citation omitted). If not, then Ross’s negligence “sever[ed] the connection between
[Brice’s] conduct and [Simler’s] injury as a matter of law.” Id. (citation omitted).

       Ross’s negligent act fell into the latter category. Brice “ha[d] the right to some
extent to assume that other motorists” would adjust to road conditions and “exercise
proper care.” Branstetter v. Gerdeman, 274 S.W.2d 240, 246 (Mo. 1955). For
example, when a utility company blocked one lane of a two-lane road, forcing
drivers to use a lane usually reserved for oncoming traffic, it was not foreseeable
that a driver would continue to use the wrong lane after passing the obstruction.
Buck v. Union Elec. Co., 887 S.W.2d 430, 435 (Mo. Ct. App. 1994). When a driver
caused an accident by failing to switch into the correct lane, the court concluded that
this independently negligent act was a superseding cause that relieved the utility
company of liability for damages. Id. at 435–36.

       The analysis is different, however, if the initial act increases the likelihood
that others will act negligently. In Boggs ex rel. Boggs v. Lay, for instance, a food-
processing plant required its trucks to line up along a residential street. 164 S.W.3d
4, 11–12 (Mo. Ct. App. 2005). When the lined-up trucks prevented a boy on a bike
from seeing “up and down the street” from his driveway, he pedaled out before
noticing that another truck was approaching from the wrong side of the road. The
truck crashed into his bike, causing him to suffer serious and permanent injuries. Id.
at 13, 19. The court held that the plant’s policy was the proximate cause of the
accident, even if the truck driver was negligent too, because it had “set in motion the
chain of circumstances leading to” the boy’s injuries. Id. at 19. Both the need for
the truck to drive on the wrong side of the road and the boy’s obstructed view were
the “foreseeable and natural” consequences of requiring trucks to line up closely
together along a residential street. Id.


                                          -3-
        From a proximate-cause perspective, this case is more like Buck than Boggs.
The backup along the interstate did not lead Ross to drive too fast or limit his ability
to see the traffic ahead. See Boggs, 164 S.W.3d at 19. Nor was it foreseeable that
another accident would occur under these circumstances—eight-or-more minutes
later in a spot nearly half a mile back—when every driver before Ross had managed
to stop. See Baumann v. Zhukov, 802 F.3d 950, 952 (8th Cir. 2015) (reaching the
same conclusion under Nebraska law when the crashes occurred forty minutes apart
and the backup was nearly one-mile long); see also Buck, 887 S.W.2d at 434 (“It is
not negligence to fail to anticipate that another will be negligent . . . .”). On these
facts, the causal chain stops with Ross, not Brice.

      We accordingly affirm the judgment of the district court.
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