                                RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                    Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                             File Name: 14a0052p.06

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                         FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                           _________________


 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                         ┐
                                          Plaintiff-Appellee,      │
                                                                   │
                                                                   │         No. 13-1311
            v.                                                     │
                                                                    >
                                                                   │
 MICHAEL WINANS, JR.,                                              │
                                      Defendant-Appellant.         ┘

                              Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit
                           No. 2:12-cr-20598-1—Sean F. Cox, District Judge.
                                    Decided and Filed: March 17, 2014*

 Before: BATCHELDER, Chief Judge; McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge; OLIVER, District Judge

                                             _________________
                                                 COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Frank D. Eaman, FRANK D. EAMAN, PLLC, Detroit, Michigan, for Appellant.
Abed Hammoud, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Detroit, Michigan, for Appellee.
                             _________________

                                                   OPINION
                                             _________________

        ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Chief Judge. Appellant Michael Winans, Jr., pleaded guilty
to one count of wire fraud under 18 U.S.C. § 1343. He was sentenced to 165 months of
incarceration, five years of supervised release, and restitution totaling $4,796,522.00. Winans’s

        *
         This decision was originally issued as an “unpublished decision” filed on March 17, 2014. The court has
now designated the opinion as one recommended for full-text publication.
        
            The Honorable Solomon Oliver, Jr., Chief United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio,
sitting by designation.




                                                         1
13-1311              United States v. Winans                                    Page 2

plea agreement included a waiver of any right to appeal his conviction or sentence. Winans
nonetheless appeals, arguing that the appeal waiver’s scope does not extend to the district court’s
restitution order, and that the restitution order itself exceeds the district court’s statutory
authority. The government moves for dismissal based on the appeal waiver. Because the appeal
waiver in Winans’s plea agreement waived any right to appeal the district court’s restitution
order, we dismiss his appeal.

                                                I.

        Winans created the Winans Foundation Trust (“WFT”) in October 2007 as a vehicle to
solicit investments in Saudi Arabian crude oil bonds. He recruited eleven “shareholders” whose
job was to solicit investors and funds for the WFT.        Winans guaranteed fantastic returns,
promising that $1,000–$8,000 initial investments would yield returns of the same amount within
sixty days. By December 2007, Winans learned that the bonds were not a legitimate investment,
but he kept this information to himself. One thousand two hundred people fell victim to
Winans’s trick.1 The money vanished.

        A bill of information filed on September 10, 2012, charged Winans with one count of
wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343. Winans’s plea agreement stated, “Each individual
victim of WINANS’ scheme to defraud invested between $1,000 and $7,000 in the Saudi
Arabian crude oil bond. As a result, WINANS obtained over $8,000,000 from more than 1,000
victim investors . . . .” The plea agreement calculated the guidelines range at 151–188 months
based on the wire fraud count, losses between $7,000,000 and $20,000,000, and the number of
victims. The plea agreement stated that “[t]he Court shall order restitution to every identifiable
victim of defendant’s offense and all other relevant conduct. The victims, and the full amounts
of restitution in this case, are to be determined.” The agreement also contained a waiver of
appeal: “Defendant waives any right he may have to appeal his conviction. If the sentence
imposed does not exceed the maximum allowed by Part 3 of this agreement, defendant also
waives any right he may have to appeal his sentence.” Winans pleaded guilty on October 3,
2012.


        1
            Or, “illusion.”
13-1311         United States v. Winans                                        Page 3

                                                II.

       We review de novo the question whether a defendant waived his right to appeal his
sentence in a valid plea agreement. See United States v. Smith, 344 F.3d 479, 483 (6th Cir.
2003). We will first examine the plea agreement to determine its scope. Then we will address
Winans’s claims under the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act.

                                                A.

       “[A] defendant in a criminal case may waive any right, even a constitutional right, by
means of a plea agreement.” United States v. McGilvery, 403 F.3d 361, 362 (6th Cir. 2005)
(internal quotation marks omitted). A valid waiver must be both knowing and voluntary. See
United States v. Fleming, 239 F.3d 761, 764 (6th Cir. 2001). Winans does not challenge the
validity of the appeal waiver; he argues only that the appeal waiver in his plea agreement did not
waive his right to challenge the restitution portion of his sentence. Both the terms of the plea
agreement and the sentencing transcript belie this assertion.

       This Court uses traditional contract principles in interpreting and enforcing plea
agreements. United States v. Bowman, 634 F.3d 357, 360 (6th Cir. 2011). Because we use
traditional contract principles, moreover, “ambiguities in a plea agreement are therefore
construed against the government, especially because the government can take steps in drafting a
plea agreement to avoid imprecision.” Id.

       The relevant portion of the appeal waiver in this case reads: “Defendant waives any right
he may have to appeal his conviction. If the sentence imposed does not exceed the maximum
allowed by Part 3 of this agreement, defendant also waives any right he may have to appeal his
sentence.” (emphasis added). Winans was sentenced to 165 months of incarceration, within the
sentencing guidelines range described in Part 3 of the plea agreement. The guidelines range was
in part based upon the fact that Winans had obtained over $8,000,000 from over 250 victims.
Part 3 also states, “The Court shall order restitution to every identifiable victim of defendant’s
offense and all other relevant conduct. The victims, and the full amounts of restitution in this
case, are to be determined.”
13-1311         United States v. Winans                                          Page 4

       In United States v. Curry, No. 13-1061, 2013 WL 6501167 (6th Cir. Dec. 11, 2013), we
outlined the scope of an appeal waiver for a defendant who pleaded guilty to violating the same
statute at issue in our case. The plea agreement in Curry set a guidelines range based in part on
losses to the defendant’s victims of between $400,000 and $1,000,000. Id. at *1. The plea
agreement stated that the “specific loss amount, for purposes of restitution . . . [would] be
determined by the Court at the sentencing hearing.” Id. The appeal waiver said that the
defendant “waives any right to appeal his conviction or sentence.” Id. at *2. We held:

       Section 3 of Curry’s plea agreement lists restitution as one of the compulsory
       components of Curry’s sentence. When the district court sentenced Curry to 41
       months in prison—namely, “within the guideline range recommended” by Curry
       and the government—the waiver thus extinguished Curry’s right to appeal any
       part of his sentence, including the restitution order.

Id. We explicitly recognized that “restitution is a part of one’s sentence.” Id. (citing United
States v. Gibney, 519 F.3d 301, 306 (6th Cir. 2008)). Curry controls the outcome of this case.
Because restitution is a part of Winans’s sentence, and Winans waived “any right he may have to
appeal his sentence,” the waiver extinguished Winans’s right to appeal the restitution order. See
also United States v. Sharp, 442 F.3d 946, 952 (6th Cir. 2006) (“If Sharp had wished to reserve
his right to appeal the restitution order, he should have negotiated for that right in his plea
agreement.”).

       Winans points to our opinion in United States v. Smith, 344 F.3d 479 (6th Cir. 2003),
where we held that an appeal waiver did not bar an appeal of the district court’s restitution order.
Smith said that “the manner in which the district court determined the amount of loss is the
primary issue on appeal, which falls outside the scope of the plea agreement.” Id. at 483. The
plea agreement as described in Smith, however, contained few specifics on the amount or manner
by which the amount would be calculated, see id. at 481, suggesting that the defendant’s waiver
as to the restitution order was neither knowing nor voluntary.

       Winans’s plea agreement and the attendant circumstances, however, clearly demonstrate
that Winans knew his appeal waiver encompassed the restitution order. Although the plea
agreement in our case does not contain an exact dollar figure, it does specify that Winans
fraudulently obtained $8,000,000 from over 1,000 victims. Winans argues that the $8,000,000
13-1311         United States v. Winans                                         Page 5

refers to the amount he obtained from investors, not the loss they sustained as a result of the
fraudulent scheme. Winans agreed for purposes of the guidelines, however, that the “loss”
involved “[m]ore than $7,000,000 [but] less than $20,000,000.” The Presentence Investigation
Report (“PSR”) prepared on January 10, 2013, recommended restitution of $5,004,750.00 for
612 victims described on a list being maintained by the United States Attorney’s Office. This
list included each victim’s name, an investigative case number, and a loss amount. On February
5, 2013, Winans submitted an objection to the restitution amount calculated in the PSR. He
withdrew the objection on February 27, 2013. And on March 1, 2013, Winans was sentenced to
make restitution in the amount of $4,796,522.00.

       The sentencing colloquy provides additional, contextual evidence that Winans knew and
accepted the amount of restitution to which he pleaded guilty. During the plea hearing on
October 3, 2012, the court read Winans the factual basis of the charge: “As a result, you
obtained over $8 million from more than 1,000 victim investors, all of whom were led to believe
that they were investing in . . . bonds that you knew – that you well knew did not exist.”
Although Winans had submitted a written objection to the restitution calculation contained in the
PSR, he withdrew the objection:

       THE COURT: Mr. Hatchett, have you had the opportunity to review the
       presentence report with your client?
       MR. HATCHETT: I have, Your Honor. The record should reflect that I have
       spent a great deal of time with Mr. Winans. We have gone thoroughly through
       the report and we have sent to the probation department any objections that we
       had to the report, which objections at this point we’re going to withdraw.
       THE COURT: And it’s my understanding, and please correct me if I’m wrong,
       the objection involved the issue of restitution. And currently, restitution has been
       correctly noted at $4,796,522; is that correct?
       MR. HATCHETT: That is correct, Your Honor.
       ....
       THE COURT: But as of today it is, $4,796,522; is that correct?
       MR. HATCHETT: That is correct, Your Honor.
13-1311            United States v. Winans                                                   Page 6

Thus the text of the appeal waiver and PSR, together with the sentencing colloquy, leave no
doubt that Winans knew the amount of restitution he was agreeing to pay, and knew that this
restitution was part of his plea agreement.

        To the extent that Winans seeks to distinguish between waiving his right to appeal the
amount of the restitution and waiving his right to appeal the manner by which the restitution was
determined, we decline to make that distinction here. As was the case in Curry, restitution is part
of the sentence to which Winans waived any right to appeal. Any means any.

                                                        B.

        Winans contends that the district court exceeded its authority under the Mandatory
Victims Restitution Act (“MVRA”). He argues that the MVRA is not subject to waiver, and
that, even if it is, the district court committed plain error in calculating the amount of Winans’s
restitution. Winans relies on United States v. Freeman, 640 F.3d 180, 194 (6th Cir. 2011), for
the proposition that an appeal waiver does “not waive the right to appeal whether the district
court exceeded its statutory authority.” But the plea agreement at issue in Freeman specifically
reserved the right to appeal if “the sentence exceeds the statutory maximum penalty.” 640 F.3d
at 184.2 Winans’s plea agreement does not contain this language; Winans reserved only the right
to appeal a sentence that exceeded the guidelines range outlined in Part 3 of the plea agreement.
Even were conformity to the MVRA an implied term of Winans’s plea agreement, his argument
is unpersuasive in light of the well-settled principle that statutory rights can be waived.
See McGilvery, 403 F.3d at 362.

        Yet, even if the issue were not waived, it is clear that the restitution order does not run
afoul of the MVRA. The MVRA states that “when sentencing a defendant convicted of an
offense . . . the court shall order . . . that the defendant make restitution to the victim of the
offense . . . .” 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(1). The district court ordered that restitution be paid to
612 victims, but the one count of wire fraud to which Winans pleaded guilty involved only two

        2
         An intra-circuit split exists on the question whether the MVRA specifies a statutory maximum. Compare
United States v. Sosebee, 419 F.3d 451, 461 (6th Cir. 2005) (“[T]he restitution statutes do not specify a statutory
maximum.”), with Freeman, 640 F.3d at 193 (ignoring Sosebee and quoting United States v. Gordon, 480 F.3d
1205, 1210 (10th Cir. 2007), for the proposition that the restitution statute “does set a statutory maximum on the
amount of restitution”).
13-1311            United States v. Winans                                                    Page 7

victims. Winans argues that the district court exceeded its statutory authority because it ordered
restitution to more than those two victims. The MVRA’s constraint on the district court’s
sentencing authority has two exceptions, however, both of which apply to this case. First, where
“an offense involves as an element a scheme,” restitution may be ordered for “any person
directly harmed by the defendant’s criminal conduct in the course of the scheme.”                               Id.
§ 3663A(a)(2). In Winans’s case, as highlighted by the plea agreement, an element of the
offense of wire fraud is that “[t]he defendant knowingly devised a scheme to defraud . . . .”

        The second exception, also applicable to this case, is that “[t]he court shall also order, if
agreed to by the parties in a plea agreement, restitution to persons other than the victim of the
offense.” Id. § 3663A(a)(3). Winans admits that “[t]he scope of a defendant’s restitution can be
modified by his plea agreement.” Winans agreed to broader restitution by agreeing to a plea
agreement requiring him to pay “restitution to every identifiable victim of defendant’s offense
and all other relevant conduct.” (emphasis added). Again, Freeman is inapposite. Neither of
the two exceptions applicable in this case was applicable in Freeman. Thus, even if Winans’s
claim that the district court’s restitution order exceeded its statutory authority under the MVRA
were deemed to skirt his appeal waiver, closer examination of Winans’s sentencing demonstrates
that the restitution order is not in excess of statutory authority. It follows that Winans’s claim of
error does not represent grounds for non-enforcement of the appeal waiver.3

                                                       III.

        Winans also raises an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, despite acknowledging that
“[c]ounsel is aware of the preference expressed in many Sixth Circuit decisions, that ineffective
assistance of counsel claims be brought in a subsequent proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 2255.” Winans describes accurately our preference. See Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S.
500, 504 (2003) (“In light of the way our system has developed, in most cases a motion brought
under § 2255 is preferable to direct appeal for deciding claims of ineffective assistance.”). The


        3
          Moreover, even if Winans managed to circumvent his appeal waiver, we would nonetheless be
constrained to reject his challenge to the restitution amount. By withdrawing his objection to the amount at
sentencing and acknowledging that the amount was correct, he effectively waived his right to appellate review of the
issue. See United States v. Wendlandt, 714 F.3d 388, 398 (6th Cir. 2013) (holding that withdrawal of an objection
below is an express waiver of appellate review).
13-1311         United States v. Winans                                    Page 8

record in this case is not “sufficiently developed to permit us to review the claims.” United
States v. Allen, 254 F. App’x 475, 478 (6th Cir. 2007).

                                               IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we dismiss this appeal.
