       TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN



                                      NO. 03-17-00791-CR



                                Felipe Nunez-Quijada, Appellant

                                                 v.

                                  The State of Texas, Appellee


             FROM THE 147TH DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY
                            NO. D-1-DC-15-302470,
            THE HONORABLE CLIFFORD A. BROWN, JUDGE PRESIDING


                            MEMORANDUM OPINION


               A jury found appellant Felipe Nunez-Quijada guilty of continuous sexual abuse of

a young child for sexually abusing his biological daughter, L.N., throughout her childhood, and

assessed his punishment at confinement for life in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice.1

See Tex. Penal Code § 21.02(b), (h). In three points of error, appellant complains about error in

the jury charge and challenges the constitutionality of the continuous sexual abuse statute.


       1
           The jury heard evidence that, on numerous occasions beginning when L.N. was six
years old in the first grade and continuing until she reported the sexual abuse to her school
counselor when she was in the 11th grade, appellant perpetrated various sexual acts against his
daughter, including touching and rubbing her breasts with his hands (both over and under her
clothes), touching and rubbing her private part with his hands (both over and under her clothes),
putting his fingers inside her private part, touching her private area with his penis “skin to skin,”
and putting his penis inside her private part. Because the parties are familiar with the facts of the
case and the evidence adduced at trial, we do not further recite the facts in this opinion except as
necessary to advise the parties of the Court’s decision and the basic reasons for it. See Tex. R.
App. P. 47.1, 47.4.
                                         DISCUSSION

               A person commits the offense of continuous sexual abuse of a young child if,

during a period of thirty or more days, that person commits two or more acts of sexual abuse

against a child younger than fourteen years of age. Tex. Penal Code § 21.02(b). An “act of

sexual abuse” is an act that violates one or more specified penal laws, among them indecency

with a child by sexual contact and aggravated sexual assault of a child. Id. § 21.02(c). A jury is

“not required to agree unanimously on which specific acts of sexual abuse were committed by

the defendant or the exact date when those acts were committed” but must “agree unanimously

that the defendant, during a period that is 30 or more days in duration, committed two or more

acts of sexual abuse.” Id. § 21.02(d).

               In a pretrial motion to quash the indictment, appellant argued that Penal Code

section 21.02 is unconstitutional because it violates the constitutional requirement of a

unanimous jury verdict since it fails to require jury unanimity as to the underlying specific acts

of sexual abuse.

               At trial, in the abstract portion of the guilt-innocence jury charge, the trial court

included an instruction on unanimity that was consistent with section 21.02(d):


              Members of the jury, you are not required to agree unanimously on
       which specific acts of sexual abuse were committed by the defendant,
       Felipe Nunez-Quijada, or the exact date when those acts were committed. You
       are required to agree unanimously that the defendant, Felipe Nunez-Quijada,
       during a period that is 30 or more days in duration, committed two or more acts of
       sexual abuse.




                                                 2
During the jury charge conference, appellant objected to the non-unanimity instruction, asserting

that it “violates the requirement of unanimity” and that the statute is unconstitutional because it

permits non-unanimity as to the acts of sexual abuse.

               Finally, in a motion for new trial, appellant claimed that “as applied” to him,

section 21.02 and the jury charge in this case denied him the right to a unanimous verdict in

violation of his due-process rights under the United States Constitution and due course of law

under the Texas Constitution.

               The trial court denied the motion to quash, ruled against appellant on his objection

to the jury charge, and denied the motion for new trial.

               On appeal, appellant argues that Penal Code section 21.02 is unconstitutional on

its face and as applied to him because it violates the constitutional right to a unanimous jury

verdict and, in addition, denies due process and due course of law.2 Appellant further asserts

that, because the statute is unconstitutional, the trial court erred by instructing the jury that it


       2
           Appellant cites to the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and
Richardson v. United States, 526 U.S. 813, 824 (1999), to support his assertion that “[j]ury
unanimity is required in all criminal cases.” But it is the Sixth Amendment to the United States
Constitution, not the Fifth Amendment, that provides a right to a unanimous jury verdict.

        The United States Supreme Court has held, however, that although the Sixth Amendment
right to trial by jury requires a unanimous jury verdict in federal criminal trials, it does not
require a unanimous jury verdict in state criminal trials. See Apodaca v. Oregon, 406 U.S. 404,
411–12 (1972) (holding Sixth Amendment does not require conviction by unanimous verdict in
state court); see also Johnson v. Louisiana, 406 U.S. 356, 359–63 (1972) (holding Due Process
Clause does not require unanimous jury verdicts in state criminal trials). Further, Richardson
was a federal criminal case that addressed jury unanimity concerning a federal statute, and thus
appellant’s reliance on it is misplaced.

       To the extent that appellant challenges the continuous sexual abuse statute or the jury
charge instructions in this case based on a violation of the jury unanimity requirement under the
federal constitution, no such constitutional right exists in this case since it is a state court
proceeding. Thus, we address the unanimity issue under the Texas Constitution only.
                                                 3
could convict appellant on “a less than unanimous verdict.” We overrule these contentions and

affirm appellant’s conviction.


                                   Constitutional Challenges

               Appellant contends that by failing to require jury unanimity as to the specific acts

of sexual abuse committed by the defendant, section 21.02, both on its face and as applied to him

in this case, violates the constitutional right to a unanimous jury verdict. See Tex. Const. art. V,

§ 13. He further argues that by dispensing with jury unanimity on the underlying acts of sexual

abuse, the statute, on its face and as applied to him, denies due process and due course of law.

See U.S. Const. amend. XIV; Tex. Const. art. I, § 19.

               This Court has already upheld section 21.02 against identical constitutional

challenges. See Jacobsen v. State, 325 S.W.3d 733, 739 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.). In

Jacobsen, we concluded that the statute creates a single element of a “series” of sexual abuse that

must be agreed upon unanimously; it does not make each “violation” (act of sexual abuse) a

separate element of the offense that needs to be agreed upon unanimously. Id. at 737. We

explained that the individual acts of sexual abuse comprising the series of acts (or pattern of

behavior) are not themselves elements of the offense but rather the “manner and means” by

which the series element is committed. Id. Thus, we held that because the jury is required to

unanimously find that the defendant committed two or more of the alleged acts of sexual abuse

during the requisite time period, a defendant’s right to a unanimous jury verdict was not violated.

Id. at 739. We also held that section 21.02 does not violate due process by permitting a

conviction based on a jury’s unanimous finding that the defendant engaged in a course of

conduct consisting of repeated acts of sexual abuse, without requiring jury unanimity as to the


                                                 4
individual acts that made up that course of conduct, because the acts of sexual abuse defined by

the statute are morally and conceptually equivalent.      Id.   Since Jacobsen, this Court has

reaffirmed these holdings. See Martin v. State, 335 S.W.3d 867, 871–73 (Tex. App.—Austin

2011, pet. ref’d); see also Moore v. State, No. 03-12-00787-CR, 2015 WL 1317205, at *3 (Tex.

App.—Austin Mar. 20, 2015, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (stating that

even if appellant’s constitutional challenges to continuous sexual abuse statute had been

preserved, court would follow precedent rejecting such constitutional challenges).

               Appellant acknowledges our holdings in Jacobsen. He also acknowledges that

other courts of appeals have likewise concluded that section 21.02 does not violate the

constitutional jury unanimity requirement. See Navarro v. State, 535 S.W.3d 162, 165–66 (Tex.

App.—Waco 2017, pet. ref’d); Ingram v. State, 503 S.W.3d 745, 748 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2016, pet. ref’d); Fulmer v. State, 401 S.W.3d 305, 313 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, pet.

ref’d); McMillian v. State, 388 S.W.3d 866, 872–73 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no

pet.); Kennedy v. State, 385 S.W.3d 729, 732 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2012, pet. ref’d); Casey

v. State, 349 S.W.3d 825, 829 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2011, pet. ref’d); Reckart v. State,

323 S.W.3d 588, 600–01 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2010, pet. ref’d); Render v. State,

316 S.W.3d 846, 857–58 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, pet. ref’d).                 Similarly, appellant

acknowledges that other courts of appeals have also concluded that the statute does not violate

due process or due course of law. See Fulmer, 401 S.W.3d at 313; McMillian, 388 S.W.3d at 872–

73; Casey, 349 S.W.3d at 829–30; Reckart, 323 S.W.3d at 600–01; Render, 316 S.W.3d at 858;

see also Harris v. State, No. 02-17-00278-CR, 2018 WL 3153605, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

June 28, 2018, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication). Appellant urges, however,

that Jacobsen and these other opinions were incorrectly decided and should be reconsidered. We

                                                5
have reviewed appellant’s arguments; they do not persuade us to depart from our precedent or to

differ from the decisions of our sister courts of appeals.

               At appellant’s urging, we have also considered the recent opinion of the Court of

Criminal Appeals in O’Brien v. State, 544 S.W.3d 376 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018), which addressed

jury unanimity concerning the underlying predicate offenses for engaging in organized criminal

activity. The court in O’Brien concluded that the individual predicate offenses listed in the

statute were alternative “manners and means” of committing the offense of engaging in

organized criminal activity, such that the jury need not agree on which offense (or offenses) the

defendant committed. Id. at 391, 395. The Court further held that the lack of unanimity

concerning the underlying predicate offenses did not violate due process because the predicate

offenses alleged were morally and conceptually equivalent. Id. at 394–95. We find our analysis

in Jacobsen to be consistent with the analysis in O’Brien.

               We reaffirm our holdings in Jacobsen and Martin that the individual acts of

sexual abuse comprising the series of acts are not themselves elements of the offense but rather

alternative “manners and means” of committing continuous sexual abuse of a young child and

that the acts of sexual abuse enumerated in the statute are morally and conceptually equivalent.

See Jacobsen, 325 S.W.3d at 736–39; Martin, 335 S.W.3d at 871–73. Thus, we again conclude,

consistent with our prior opinions, that dispensing with jury unanimity on the underlying acts of

sexual abuse does not violate a defendant’s constitutional right to jury unanimity and does not

violate due process or due course of law.        See Jacobsen, 325 S.W.3d at 736–39; Martin,

335 S.W.3d at 871–73; see also Navarro, 535 S.W.3d at 165–66; Ingram, 503 S.W.3d at 748;

Fulmer, 401 S.W.3d at 313; McMillian, 388 S.W.3d at 872–73; Kennedy, 385 S.W.3d at 732;

Casey, 349 S.W.3d at 829; Reckart, 323 S.W.3d at 600–01; Render, 316 S.W.3d at 857–58.

                                                  6
Consequently, we reject appellant’s contention that Penal Code section 21.01 is unconstitutional

on its face or as applied to him and overrule his second and third points of error.


                                       Jury Charge Error

                In his first point of error, appellant complains that the trial court erred in

instructing the jury that it could convict appellant on less than a unanimous verdict.

               We review alleged jury charge error in two steps: first, we determine whether

error exists; if so, we then evaluate whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to require

reversal.   Arteaga v. State, 521 S.W.3d 329, 333 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017); Ngo v. State,

175 S.W.3d 738, 743–44 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); see Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171

(Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g) (setting forth procedure for appellate review of claim of

jury charge error).

               In its jury charge, the trial court instructed the jury consistent with Penal Code

section 21.02(d). In the abstract portion of the charge, over appellant’s objection, the court

provided a non-unanimity instruction concerning the acts of sexual abuse. In applying the law to

the facts, the court authorized appellant’s conviction for continuous sexual abuse if the jurors

unanimously found that he committed two or more of the alleged acts of sexual abuse, but

the charge did not require the jurors to unanimously agree as to the specific acts that

appellant committed.

               Contrary to appellant’s claim, the instructions did not allow for a non-unanimous

verdict. The jury charge required the jury to unanimously agree that appellant committed two or

more of the alleged acts of sexual abuse during the requisite time period. Numerous courts of

appeals—including this one—have concluded that the “series” of acts of sexual abuse itself is the


                                                 7
key “element” of the offense for which jury unanimity is required; the individual acts of sexual

abuse enumerated in the statute are simply the “manner and means” by which the series is

committed.     See Navarro, 535 S.W.3d at 165–66; Ingram, 503 S.W.3d at 748; Fulmer,

401 S.W.3d at 313; McMillian, 388 S.W.3d at 872–73; Kennedy, 385 S.W.3d at 732; Casey,

349 S.W.3d at 829; Jacobsen, 325 S.W.3d at 739; Reckart, 323 S.W.3d at 600–01; Render,

316 S.W.3d at 857–58.        Thus, the statute does not allow a non-unanimous verdict on the

elements of the offense. See Navarro, 535 S.W.3d at 165–66; Ingram, 503 S.W.3d at 748;

Fulmer, 401 S.W.3d at 313; McMillian, 388 S.W.3d at 872–73; Kennedy, 385 S.W.3d at 732;

Casey, 349 S.W.3d at 829; Jacobsen, 325 S.W.3d at 739; Reckart, 323 S.W.3d at 600–01;

Render, 316 S.W.3d at 857–58. For that reason, the trial court’s jury charge instructions in this

case, which were consistent with the statute, did not allow a non-unanimous verdict on the

elements of the offense.

                Because the jury charge did not allow for a non-unanimous verdict, the trial court

did not err in giving the complained-of instructions. See Ingram, 503 S.W.3d at 748; Fulmer,

401 S.W.3d at 313; see also Parks v. State, No. 14-14-00530-CR, 2015 WL 4775393, at *4 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 13, 2015, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for

publication); Perez v. State, No. 05-12-00377-CR, 2013 WL 4568296, at *7 (Tex. App.—Dallas

Aug. 26, 2013, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication). Accordingly, we overrule

appellant’s first point of error.


                                         CONCLUSION

                The underlying acts of sexual abuse are different “manners and means” of

committing the “series” element of the offense of continuous sexual abuse of a young child.


                                                8
Thus, dispensing with jury unanimity as to the underlying acts of sexual abuse does not violate

the constitutional jury unanimity requirement.        Further, because the acts of sexual abuse

enumerated in the statute are morally and conceptually equivalent, the lack of unanimity on the

acts of sexual abuse does not violate due process or due course of law. Consequently, the statute

is not unconstitutional on its face or as applied to appellant.         Because the statute is not

unconstitutional, the trial court did not err in instructing the jury in the court’s jury charge that,

consistent with the statute, the jurors did not need to be unanimous as to the underlying acts of

sexual abuse. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s judgment of conviction.



                                               __________________________________________
                                               Melissa Goodwin, Justice

Before Justices Goodwin, Baker, and Smith

Affirmed

Filed: October 16, 2019

Do Not Publish




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