      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

                      NO. 2013-SA-02002-COA

MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF AUDIT,                   APPELLANTS
STACEY PICKERING, JIM HOOD, CHRIS
LOTT, DAVID HUGGINS, MELISSA C.
PATTERSON, JOSEPH A. RUNNELS, JR.,
SANDRA R. CHESNUT AND HAROLD E.
PIZZETTA, III

v.

GULF PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.                        APPELLEE


DATE OF JUDGMENT:             11/04/2013
TRIAL JUDGE:                  HON. JENNIFER T. SCHLOEGEL
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:    HARRISON COUNTY CHANCERY COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:      MARGARET P. ELLIS
                              ARTHUR F. JERNIGAN JR.
                              JOHN G. CORLEW
                              ROBERT V. GREENLEE
                              ALAN M. PURDIE
                              JOHN T. KITCHENS
                              THOMAS EUGENE WHITFIELD JR.
                              DION JEFFERY SHANLEY
                              SAMUEL L. ANDERSON
                              ROY M. TIPTON
                              JUDY T. MARTIN
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:        HENRY LAIRD
NATURE OF THE CASE:           CIVIL - STATE BOARDS AND AGENCIES
DISPOSITION:                  REVERSED AND RENDERED: 03/29/2016
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:


                     CONSOLIDATED WITH

                      NO. 2014-SA-00894-COA
MELISSA C. PATTERSON, STACEY                          APPELLANTS
PICKERING, INDIVIDUALLY, DAVID
HUGGINS, INDIVIDUALLY, CHRIS LOTT,
INDIVIDUALLY, MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT
OF AUDIT, STACEY PICKERING IN HIS
OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS STATE AUDITOR
FOR THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI, HAROLD E.
PIZZETTA, III, MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF
MARINE RESOURCES, JOSEPH A. RUNNELS,
JR., SANDRA R. CHESNUT AND JIM HOOD

v.

GULF PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.                           APPELLEE


DATE OF JUDGMENT:                05/27/2014
TRIAL JUDGE:                     HON. JENNIFER T. SCHLOEGEL
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:       HARRISON COUNTY CHANCERY COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS:        MARGARET P. ELLIS
                                 ARTHUR F. JERNIGAN JR.
                                 JOHN G. CORLEW
                                 ROBERT V. GREENLEE
                                 ALAN M. PURDIE
                                 JOHN T. KITCHENS
                                 DION JEFFERY SHANLEY
                                 RONALD G. PERESICH
                                 WILLIAM V. WESTBROOK III
                                 SAMUEL L. ANDERSON
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:           HENRY LAIRD
NATURE OF THE CASE:              CIVIL - STATE BOARDS AND AGENCIES
DISPOSITION:                     REVERSED AND RENDERED: 03/29/2016
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

     EN BANC.

     LEE, C.J., FOR THE COURT:

                  FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

     I.   Initial Lawsuit


                                  2
¶1.    In 2012, the Department of Marine Resources (DMR) was being investigated by a

joint federal and state task force for misappropriation of funds. On November 14, 2012, the

Sun Herald newspaper submitted a written request to obtain DMR records, in accordance

with section 25-61-5 of the Mississippi Public Records Act of 1983 (MPRA). Miss. Code

Ann. § 25-61-5 (Supp. 2015). DMR signaled its willingness to comply with the request, but

the Sun Herald did not want to pay the associated costs. The Sun Herald submitted a second

written request on December 27, 2012, for additional records. But during the period that

DMR had to comply with this second request,1 the Harrison County grand jury subpoenaed

those same records, as well as the records covered by the November 14 request.2

¶2.    The subpoena, which was issued by the Auditor,3 required DMR’s records “to be

‘retained in-place,’” to “be accessible upon demand by agents of [the Auditor],” and to “be

released to no entity other than [the Auditor].” (Emphasis added). It also stated: “This

subpoena . . . may be satisfied by mailing or delivering a certified copy of said records[.]”

Because the subpoena prohibited DMR from releasing its records to the Sun Herald, DMR

informed the Sun Herald in writing that it could no longer comply with the public-records


       1
         See Miss. Code Ann. § 25-61-5(1)(a) (“No public body shall adopt procedures
which will authorize the public body to produce or deny production of a public record later
than seven (7) working days from the date of the receipt of the request for the production
of the record.”). The seven-day period was extended in this case due to the holidays.
       2
         There were actually two subpoenas—January 6, 2013, and January 9, 2013. The
only difference is the amount of records increased in the second subpoena. Both subpoenas
will be collectively referred to as “the subpoena.”
       3
        The reference to “the Auditor” is used in a general sense for the sake of convenience
and refers collectively to the Mississippi Office of the State Auditor and the Mississippi
State Auditor, Stacey Pickering.

                                             3
requests.

¶3.    On January 15, 2013, the Auditor took possession of the records pursuant to the

subpoena. Almost all of the records had electronic copies. But a few records only existed

as uncopied and unscanned originals.4

¶4.    The next day, on January 16, 2013, Gulf Publishing (GP), the publisher of the Sun

Herald, sued DMR in Harrison County Chancery Court to compel production of the records.

While service of a state entity like DMR must be upon the Attorney General, GP did not

serve Attorney General Jim Hood, but instead DMR’s director.

       II.    Protective Order

¶5.    A week later, special assistant attorneys general assigned to both DMR and the

Auditor worked together to submit a protective order to the Harrison County Circuit Court.

The circuit court judge found “the . . . subpoena . . . prohibit[ed DMR] from complying with

the [MPRA].” Therefore the circuit court judge modified the subpoena to permit DMR to

release to GP public records in its possession, even if those records were also subject to the

subpoena. One day later, DMR downloaded 22,215 records to a DVD+R and handed it over

to GP. The only records that were not released to GP were the uncopied and unscanned

originals in the Auditor’s possession.

       III.   First Hearing

¶6.    On April 23, 2013, the chancery court heard GP’s claim. GP was still seeking the



       4
         There were approximately three to four boxes worth of uncopied and unscanned
originals scattered throughout approximately thirty-eight boxes and two filing cabinets—or
sixty boxes total.

                                              4
records, for which no electronic copy was available. DMR moved to dismiss, claiming GP

failed to prove that DMR wrongfully denied the requests. The chancellor stated that she

could “not force DMR to turn over records that they no longer possess or have access to[.]”

Thus, the chancellor deemed the Auditor a “necessary party since they are the ones in

physical custody and possession of all the documents that [GP] now seeks.” The chancellor

ended the hearing by giving GP permission to join the Auditor as a necessary party.

       IV.    Second Lawsuit

¶7.    GP did not file its motion to amend its first complaint until four months later, on

August 16, 2013. On August 26, 2013, GP also filed an entirely new, separate lawsuit,

naming DMR and the Auditor as defendants, which was properly served on the Attorney

General. The motion to amend was granted on September 10, 2013.5 The two lawsuits were

later consolidated.

¶8.    DMR answered the second complaint by asserting that it had not wrongfully denied

GP’s requests, and that GP’s claim had already been litigated in the first lawsuit. As part of

its answer, the Auditor asserted the records in its possession were exempt under the MPRA’s

“investigative report” exemption. See Miss. Code Ann. § 25-61-3(f) (Supp. 2015).

       V.     Second Hearing

¶9.    The chancellor heard GP’s second claim on October 30 and 31, 2013.

¶10.   During the hearing, the chancellor ordered the Auditor to bring the records to the

       5
        The order began with the chancellor stating she had granted DMR’s motion to
dismiss for failure to join the Auditor as a necessary party. But then the order also grants
GP’s motion to amend its complaint to add the Auditor as a defendant. Later, in her final
judgment, the chancellor would refute she ever granted DMR’s motion to dismiss.

                                              5
courthouse. However, by the time the records arrived, the chancellor had ruled from the

bench that the records did not fall under the investigative-report exemption. Thus, the

chancellor allowed the documents to be taken from the courthouse, and ordered the Auditor

to copy the records or put DMR in a position to comply with GP’s requests.

¶11.   Though the chancellor would later rescind this statement, at the end of the hearing,

the chancellor stated: “there has been no evidence presented to the [c]ourt that . . . DMR has

done anything other than attempt to comply with the records request, at least based upon the

evidence the [c]ourt has been presented.” The chancellor reserved the right to add, alter,

amend, and/or revise her bench ruling when reduced to writing.

       VI.    Federal Subpoena

¶12.   Before the chancellor’s bench ruling was reduced to writing, the United States District

Court for the Southern District of Mississippi issued a subpoena, commanding the Auditor’s

lead investigator, David Huggins, to appear the next day, November 5, at 9 a.m., at the

federal building in Jackson—and bring all the DMR records in the Auditor’s possession.

¶13.   Around 2:40 p.m. on November 4, Investigator Huggins informed the Auditor’s

attorney, Melissa Patterson, of the federal subpoena. And around 5 p.m., Patterson notified

the chancellor. Subsequently, Patterson and GP’s attorney, Henry Laird, had a telephonic

hearing with the chancellor. Laird suggested that Patterson seek a motion to quash or a

protective order. But Patterson represented that she thought Investigator Huggins could,

instead, appear before the grand jury and explain why he was unable to bring the records.

The chancellor ended the hearing by ordering Patterson to produce the records to the



                                              6
chancery court, by 9 a.m. on November 5.

¶14.   Shortly before midnight, the chancellor electronically filed an emergency order

immediately seizing the records and ordering they be delivered to the chancery court so that

they could be copied and Bates stamped before the Auditor complied with the federal

subpoena.

¶15.   The next morning, on November 5, Patterson contacted Investigator Chris Lott with

the Auditor to arrange transportation of the records to the chancery court, but learned

Investigator Huggins had decided to transport the records to Jackson. Patterson notified the

chancellor, and another hearing was held that day in which the chancellor found the Auditor

was in contempt of her October 31 bench ruling and the hours-old emergency order.

¶16.   That same day, the state grand jury and federal grand jury indicted several individuals.

       VII.   Interlocutory Appeal

¶17.   On November 6, 2013, the Attorney General’s Office submitted a motion to stay all

further proceedings pending appeal. And on November 8, 2013, the Auditor submitted a

combined motion to alter or amend the judgment, to vacate the November 4, 2013 order, and

to stay all proceedings pending appeal. On December 3, the supreme court denied the

Auditor’s petition for an interlocutory appeal and motion to stay trial-court proceedings

pending appeal.

       VIII. Contempt

¶18.   On November 16, 2013, in an order for direction, the chancellor invited GP to file a

motion for contempt because “the federal grand jury subpoena itself did not prevent or



                                              7
restrict the copying of the original records requested by the subpoena.” GP subsequently

filed its motion for civil contempt and attorney’s fees against the Auditor. GP never alleged

DMR or any other individuals were in contempt.

¶19.   The civil contempt hearing started on December 4. At the beginning of the hearing,

the Auditor moved for the chancellor to recuse herself, as she had already found the Auditor

to be in contempt and, thus, reasonably would be perceived as already having bias in this

matter.6 The chancellor stated the Auditor waived the issue and denied the motion.

¶20.   To make its case for contempt, GP first called the Mississippi State Auditor, Stacey

Pickering. Pickering testified that his office had to decide between either not complying with

the federal subpoena or not complying with the chancery court’s order. And his office chose

to comply with the federal subpoena.

¶21.   Investigator Huggins was then called to testify about the events leading up to the



       6
           During the November 5 hearing, the chancellor stated:

       I have no choice at this time but to find that the Auditor by acting in
       cooperation with the federal prosecutor is in direct contempt of my ruling and
       my order of last week on October 31st, and certainly in direct contempt of my
       protective order which I issued last night.

       ....

       The Auditor is in contempt of this [c]ourt by removing the records from this
       jurisdiction and from control of the [c]ourt which it has maintained since the
       beginning of this litigation.

       ....

       I am reserving a lot of matters . . . except for my initial finding that the State
       Auditor is in direct contempt of this [c]ourt’s orders.

                                               8
delivery of the records to the federal grand jury, instead of the chancery court. According

to Investigator Huggins, John Dowdy, the Assistant United States Attorney who was running

the federal side of the DMR investigation, contacted him on November 1.7 Dowdy asked

Investigator Huggins to come by the federal building on November 4, causing Investigator

Huggins to suspect that he might be issued a subpoena. Already concerned about a federal

subpoena, Investigator Huggins had spoken with Attorney General Hood, who advised,

hypothetically, should a federal subpoena come down, Investigator Huggins should comply

with it.

¶22.   On November 4, Investigator Huggins went by the federal courthouse, and, as

suspected, was issued a federal subpoena. Investigator Huggins initially thought he could

comply with both the chancery court’s ruling and the federal subpoena. He had the records

sealed and hoped that it would be enough to appear before the grand jury the next day and

explain why he did not bring the records.

¶23.   Unbeknownst to Patterson, around 6 p.m., on November 4, Investigator Huggins

decided that he had to show up at the federal grand jury—or face federal penalties. This

decision was based on his conversation with Attorney General Hood as well as a

conversation with Dowdy. Investigator Huggins told Dowdy his plan to try to comply with

both the chancery court’s ruling and the federal subpoena, but Dowdy advised Investigator

Huggins to comply with the subpoena. Investigator Huggins then directed Investigator Lott

to transport the records to Jackson.

       7
       Dowdy also attempted to contact the chancellor; however, the chancellor did not
speak with Dowdy or return his phone calls.

                                            9
¶24.     The contempt hearing ended with the Auditor informing the chancery court that

necessary steps were being taken to release the records from the federal court.

         IX.    Motion to Release

¶25.     On December 5, 2013, the Auditor filed a motion with the district court seeking

permission to release the records to GP. On December 20, the district court ruled the records

were not subject to federal grand-jury secrecy and, therefore, could be released. See United

States v. Walker, No. 1:13-CR-89-KS-MTP, 2013 WL 6805121, at *7 (S.D. Miss. Dec. 20,

2013).

¶26.     Almost one year after its written request, GP obtained the records.

         X.     Final Order

¶27.     On May 27, 2014, the chancellor entered a sixty-seven page omnibus final order.

Ultimately, the chancellor concluded:

         (1)    GP’s requests were not subject to any exemptions;

         (2)    GP’s requests were not subject to grand-jury secrecy;

         (3)    Any unadjudicated, posttrial motions were denied;

         (4)    DMR acted in bad faith, asserting defenses for the purpose of delay in
                violation of the Mississippi Litigation Accountability Act (MLAA);

         (5)    DMR willfully and wrongfully denied GP’s requests;

         (6)    The Auditor also acted in bad faith and willfully and wrongfully denied
                GP’s requests;

         (7)    The Auditor was in civil contempt from November 4, 2013, until it
                purged itself on December 5, 2013. Therefore, the Auditor was liable
                for attorney’s fees and expenses resulting from the contempt;



                                              10
       (8)    GP was awarded attorney’s fees under the MPRA (Miss. Code Ann. §
              25-61-15 (Supp. 2015)), the MLAA (Miss. Code Ann. § 11-55-5 (Rev.
              2012)), and relevant caselaw for contempt and monetary sanctions for
              bad faith;

       (9)    DMR and the Auditor were jointly and severally liable for $36,783.50
              in attorney’s fees and $1,249.95 in expenses; and

       (10)   The following individuals were fined $100 each “pursuant to 25-61-15
              . . . for their participation in the willful and wrongful denial of [GP’s]
              public record requests”:

                     State Auditor Stacey Pickering

                     Attorney General Jim Hood

                     Lead Investigator David Huggins

                     Investigator Chris Lott

                     Special Assistant Attorney General Melissa Patterson

                     Special Assistant Attorney General Joseph Runnels

                     Special Assistant Attorney General Sandra Chesnut

                     Special Assistant Attorney General Harold Pizzetta

                               STANDARDS OF REVIEW

¶28.   “This Court employs a limited standard of review when reviewing a chancellor’s

findings of fact. We will not disturb the findings of the chancellor unless he was manifestly

wrong, clearly erroneous, or applied an erroneous legal standard. Questions of law are

reviewed de novo.” Harrison Cty. Dev. Comm’n v. Kinney, 920 So. 2d 497, 502 (¶9) (Miss.

Ct. App. 2006) (internal citations omitted).

                                      DISCUSSION



                                               11
¶29.   As a preliminary matter, we note that it has been asserted that because the records

were subpoenaed, the circuit court was the proper place to seek redress for the release of the

records. However, the MPRA vests jurisdiction of denial of a public-record request in the

chancery court. Miss. Code Ann. § 25-61-13 (Supp. 2015).8

       I.      DMR

¶30.   We will address only those issues that have been “distinctly identified” by DMR. See

M.R.A.P. 28(a)(3).

               A.     MPRA—Denial of Requests

¶31.   DMR claims the chancellor erred in finding that it willfully and wrongfully denied

GP’s public-record requests in violation of the MPRA.

¶32.   Mississippi Code Annotated section 25-61-12 (Supp. 2015) provides: “[W]hen in the

possession of a law enforcement agency, investigative reports shall be exempt from the

provisions of this chapter[.]”

¶33.   Mississippi Code Annotated section 25-61-3(f) defines investigative report as:

       [R]ecords of a law enforcement agency . . . and generally will include, but not
       be limited to, the following matters . . . :

       (i)     Records that are compiled in the process of detecting and investigating
               any unlawful activity or alleged unlawful activity, the disclosure of
               which would harm the investigation . . . ;

       (ii)    Records that would reveal the identity of informants and/or witnesses;

       (iii)   Records that would prematurely release information that would impede
               the public body’s enforcement, investigative or detection efforts;

       8
      Effective July 1, 2014, this section was amended giving the Mississippi Ethics
Commission authority to compel access to public records.

                                             12
       (iv)    Records that would disclose investigatory techniques and/or results of
               investigative techniques;

       (v)     Records that would deprive a person of a right to a fair trial or an
               impartial adjudication;

       (vi)    Records that would endanger the life or safety of a public official or
               law enforcement personnel, or confidential informants or witnesses;

       (vii)   Records pertaining to quality control or PEER review activities; or

       (viii) Records that would impede or jeopardize a prosecutor’s ability to
              prosecute the alleged offense.

¶34.   The Auditor was a law-enforcement agency. However, the chancellor stated that the

investigative-report exemption did not apply because the records were not in the Auditor’s

possession when DMR denied GP’s requests. Although advisory, in March 2010, “[t]he

Mississippi Ethics Commission [adopted] . . . model rules to provide information to record

requestors and state and local agencies about ‘best practices’ for complying with the

[MPRA].” Model Rule 4.4(4)(a) provides: “A public body is only required to provide access

to public records it has in its possession or over which it has control.” (Emphasis added).

After DMR received the state grand-jury subpoena, it timely informed GP that it could no

longer comply with GP’s requests. The chancellor acknowledged that the subpoena

“prohibited the release of the DMR records to anyone, even prior to the return date,” except

for the Auditor. Although the Auditor did not take physical possession of the records until

after the time period prescribed by section 25-61-5(1)(a), the Auditor became the

custodian—and was in constructive possession—of DMR’s records as soon as the subpoena

was served on DMR.



                                             13
¶35.   The chancellor also stated that because the records were not the Auditor’s records,

they were not investigative reports. See Miss. Code Ann. § 25-61-3(f) (“‘Investigative

report’ means records of a law enforcement agency[.]”). However, the Mississippi Ethics

Commission stated in Public Records Opinion No. R-13-017:

       [T]he term “public records” under the [MPRA] includes records obtained from
       a third party and possessed or retained by a law enforcement agency in the
       course of investigation of criminal matters under the agency’s jurisdiction.
       While those records may not belong to the law enforcement agency, those
       records, while in possession of the law enforcement agency, are subject to the
       [MPRA].

¶36.   The records sought by GP were investigative reports that fall within the enumerated

examples listed in section 25-61-3(f). Investigator Lott testified that the records would

disclose the identity of witnesses and impede the ongoing DMR investigation. Investigator

Lott also testified that he “used everything that’s listed in [the] subpoena as part of the

investigation.” Accordingly, the chancellor erred in finding DMR violated the MPRA when

it denied GP’s requests and when it found the investigative-report exemption did not apply.

Therefore, we reverse and render the judgment against DMR for violation of the MPRA.

              B.     MLAA

¶37.   DMR claims the chancellor erred in finding that it violated the MLAA and was liable

for resulting attorney’s fees, costs, and expenses.

¶38.   Mississippi Code Annotated section 11-55-5(1) provides:

       [I]f the court—on its own motion or the motion of any party—“finds that an
       attorney or party brought an action, or asserted any claim or defense, that is
       without substantial justification, or that the action, or any claim or defense
       asserted, was interposed for delay or harassment, or if it finds that an attorney
       or party unnecessarily expanded the proceedings by other improper conduct,”


                                              14
       then “the court shall award as part of its judgment and in addition to any other
       costs otherwise assessed, reasonable attorney’s fees and costs.”

Waldrup v. Eads, 180 So. 3d 820, 829 (¶43) (Miss. Ct. App. 2015) (quoting Miss. Code Ann.

§ 11-55-5(1)).

¶39.   The chancellor faulted DMR for failing to properly keep its records and cited to

Mississippi Code Annotated section 25-59-15 (Rev. 2010) for support. Specifically, the

chancellor stated that DMR was under an “affirmative duty to maintain a back up copy of the

complete set of records it was charged to keep as a public body.” However, nothing in

section 25-59-15 requires every public record to be backed up with paper or electronic

copies.

¶40.   The chancellor also faulted DMR for not joining the Auditor as a necessary party,

which “interposed delay and unnecessarily expanded the litigation.” However, DMR was

under no duty to join the Auditor as a necessary party. Therefore, we reverse and render the

judgment against DMR for violation of the MLAA.

              C.     Recanted Rulings

¶41.   DMR claims the chancellor erred in recanting her previous rulings that were in favor

of DMR in order to render a judgment against DMR. Because we find that DMR did not

violate the MPRA or the MLAA, we do not need to address this issue.

       II.    The Auditor

              A.     MPRA—Denial of Requests

¶42.   The Auditor claims that the chancellor erred in finding it willfully and wrongfully

denied GP’s requests in violation of the MPRA.


                                             15
¶43.   Because the investigative-report exemption applied, the chancellor erred in finding

that the Auditor violated the MPRA when it denied GP’s requests.9 Therefore, we reverse

and render the judgment against the Auditor for violation of the MPRA.

              B.     Recusal

¶44.   The Auditor also claims that the chancellor erred in denying its motion to recuse,

which was filed on December 3, 2013—the day before the contempt hearing. The motion

was based on the chancellor’s statements on November 5, 2013, finding the Auditor in

contempt. However, the chancellor found that the Auditor waived its motion for recusal.

Specifically, the chancellor stated:

       [T]o the extent that the motion is based upon any of the [c]ourt’s statement[s]
       of the in-chambers conference on November the 5th, that . . . portion of the
       motion would be necessarily waived. The [Auditor] has filed many motions
       with this [c]ourt since that date and has not sought recusal based upon that
       until now, so that would be untimely to the extent that it’s based on that
       transcript[.]

¶45.   Uniform Chancery Court Rule 1.11 states in relevant part that a motion for recusal

“shall be filed within 30 days after the filing party could reasonably discover the facts

underlying the grounds asserted.” However, “[o]ver the years, this Court has been quick to

point out that we will not allow a party to take his chances with a judge about whom he

knows of grounds for recusal and then, after he loses, file his motion.” Wilbanks v. Gray,

795 So. 2d 541, 547 (Miss. Ct. App. 2001) (quoting Buchanan v. Buchanan, 587 So. 2d 892,



       9
        We note that GP never submitted a public-record request to the Auditor. Once the
Auditor had been brought in as a defendant, GP filed a request for production of documents.
However, this is not a public-record request pursuant to MPRA. Nor should GP be able to
use discovery to circumvent the very purpose of the lawsuit.

                                             16
897 (Miss. 1991)). “Where the party knew of the grounds for the motion or with the exercise

of reasonable diligence may have discovered those grounds and where that party does not

move timely prior to trial, the point will be deemed waived.” Id. (quoting Buchanan, 587 So.

2d at 897).

¶46.   Between November 5, 2013, and the filing of the motion to recuse, the Auditor filed

a motion for leave to file pleadings under seal; a combined motion to alter or amend the

judgment, to vacate the November 4, 2013 order, and to stay all proceedings; a notice of

appeal; a notice of intent to seek closure of the hearing; and a motion with respect to the

closure of the hearing.10 Because there was no adverse ruling and because the motion for

recusal was filed within the prescribed thirty days, the chancellor erred in finding that the

Auditor waived its motion to recuse. We proceed to address the merits of this issue.

¶47.   At the contempt hearing, the chancellor stated that the Auditor’s alleged contempt11

was civil; however, “[t]he often confused labels that a trial judge uses in contempt charges

do not control; the clarity or ambiguity of the contempt order as well as the procedures

followed to enter the contempt sanctions are what govern.” Miss. Comm’n on Judicial

Performance v. Byers, 757 So. 2d 961, 971 (¶43) (Miss. 2000). Criminal contempt is



       10
          During this time, the Attorney General’s Office also filed its motion to stay all
further proceedings pending appeal.
       11
         The chancellor cited to an off-the-record conversation that took place between her
and Attorney General Hood; an alleged conspiracy between the United States Attorney’s
Office, the Attorney General’s Office, and the Auditor; the Auditor’s reliance upon the
Attorney General’s advice to disregard the chancery court’s rulings; the Auditor’s failure to
copy the records; the Auditor’s failure to move for a protective order or file a motion to
quash; and the Auditor’s issuance of unnecessary state grand-jury subpoenas.

                                             17
“designed to punish the contemnor for disobedience of a court order.” In re Williamson, 838

So. 2d 226, 237 (¶29) (Miss. 2002). Unlike civil contempt, from which a person can purge

himself by complying with the court order, criminal contempt punishes the past offenses and

does not terminate upon the person’s complying with the order. Id. The content of the final

order indicates the chancellor was punishing the Auditor for choosing to comply with the

federal subpoena versus her bench ruling and protective order. Furthermore, although the

chancellor stated that the release of the records purged the Auditor of the contempt, the

chancellor found that “the willful and contumacious contempt by the . . . Auditor warrant[ed]

sanctions of court costs and reasonable attorney’s fees against the . . . Auditor.” The

chancellor then ordered that the Auditor be “liable for reasonable attorney’s fees, costs[,] and

expenses resulting from [the] contempt.” Accordingly, we find the alleged contempt was

criminal.

¶48.   Moreover, the alleged contempt appears to be constructive. “[C]onstructive contempt

involves actions which are committed outside the presence of the court.” Id. at (¶31). The

allegations of contempt were committed outside the presence of the court; therefore, the

alleged acts constituted constructive criminal contempt. See id. In cases of constructive

criminal contempt,

       [w]here the trial judge has substantial personal involvement in the prosecution,
       the accused contemnor must be tried by another judge. Examples of
       substantial personal involvement in the prosecution warranting recusal include
       cases where the trial judge acts as a one-man grand jury, where the trial judge
       is instrumental in the initiation of the constructive-contempt proceedings, and
       where the trial judge acts as prosecutor and judge.

In re McDonald, 98 So. 3d 1040, 1044 (¶9) (Miss. 2012) (quotation marks omitted). Because

                                              18
the chancellor cited the contempt, she should have recused. See In re Smith, 926 So. 2d 878,

888 (¶14) (Miss. 2006) (finding the citing judge must recuse himself from conducting the

constructive-contempt proceeding involving the charges). We would typically reverse the

judgment of contempt and remand for a contempt hearing before another judge. See

Williamson, 838 So. 2d at 238 (¶34). However, we have already found that the Auditor was

protected by the investigative-report exemption. Furthermore, the Auditor was faced with

the choice of complying with the chancellor’s bench ruling and protective order or complying

with the federal subpoena. Any noncompliance with the chancellor’s bench ruling or

protective order was not willful or contemptuous. See R.K. v. J.K., 946 So. 2d 764, 778 (¶41)

(Miss. 2007). Therefore we reverse and render the chancellor’s judgment of contempt.12

       III.   Individuals13

¶49.   Pickering, Hood, Huggins, Lott, Patterson, Runnels, Chesnut, and Pizzetta claim the

chancellor erred in imposing a fine of $100 each under Mississippi Code Annotated section

25-61-15 for their “participation in the willful and wrongful denials of [GP’s] public records

requests pursuant to the [MPRA].”

¶50.   The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Section Fourteen


       12
         GP filed a motion for costs and attorney’s fees on appeal. “This Court has
generally awarded attorney’s fees on appeal in the amount of one-half of what was awarded
in the lower court.” Lauro v. Lauro, 924 So. 2d 584, 592 (¶33) (Miss. Ct. App. 2006)
(citing Monroe v. Monroe, 745 So. 2d 249, 253 (¶17) (Miss. 1999)). Because we reverse
the chancellor’s award of costs and attorney’s fees at trial, the motion for costs and
attorney’s fees on appeal is denied.
       13
         GP did not address this issue in its appellate brief. Furthermore, at oral argument,
counsel for GP stated, “[GP] does not seek any relief against anybody except DMR and [the
Auditor].”

                                             19
of the Mississippi Constitution prohibit deprivation of property without due process of law.

“Generally, due process requires notice and a meaningful opportunity to be heard.” Akins

v. Miss. Dep’t of Revenue, 70 So. 3d 204, 208 (¶12) (Miss. 2011). Furthermore, the putative

target of any claim in a civil lawsuit is always entitled to process, even if independent

knowledge of the lawsuit exists. Sanghi v. Sanghi, 759 So. 2d 1250, 1257 (¶33) (Miss. Ct.

App. 2000).

¶51.   None of the individuals were named in either lawsuit in their individual capacity or

given notice that they could potentially be fined. By failing to provide the individuals with

notice of the alleged MPRA violations and charges to be adjudicated against them, the

chancellor violated their due-process rights. For this reason, the fines are void. See Adams

v. Miss. State Oil & Gas Bd., 80 So. 3d 869, 872 (¶15) (Miss. Ct. App. 2012) (“A judgment

is void only if the court that rendered it . . . acted in a manner inconsistent with due process

of law.”).

       IV.    Posttrial Motions

¶52.   DMR, Runnels, and Chesnut claim the chancellor erred in denying their motion to

alter or amend the judgment. In their appellate brief, they stated that “[t]he motion raised the

same manifest errors of law discussed in this brief.” Because we reverse and render, we do

not need to address this issue.

¶53. THE JUDGMENT OF THE CHANCERY COURT OF HARRISON COUNTY
IS REVERSED AND RENDERED. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED
TO THE APPELLEE.

    IRVING AND GRIFFIS, P.JJ., FAIR, JAMES AND GREENLEE, JJ.,
CONCUR. CARLTON, J., CONCURS IN PART AND DISSENTS IN PART WITH


                                              20
SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. BARNES, ISHEE AND WILSON, JJ., NOT
PARTICIPATING.

       CARLTON, J., CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART:

¶54.   I respectfully concur in part and dissent in part from the majority’s opinion. I agree

with the majority’s opinion that another judge needed to hear and determine the issue of

contempt. However, I disagree with the majority’s determination that the DMR records in

the Auditor’s possession were exempt from disclosure under the MPRA as law-enforcement

investigative records. I would reverse the chancellor’s judgement of contempt and remand

this case for a contempt hearing before another judge.

¶55.   This case reflects that the disputed records are public records created, compiled, or

retained by the DMR and that the Auditor’s office later obtained custody of the records from

the DMR.14 See United States v. Walker, No. 1:13-CR-89-KS-MTP2013, 2013 WL 6805121,

at *3 (S.D. Miss. Dec. 20, 2013) (finding by the federal district court that the records at issue

constituted DMR public records).15 The records at issue were created, possessed, or retained

by a public body, the DMR, in the course of its performance and function as a public body.16


       14
            See Miss. Code Ann. § 25-61-3(a) (Supp. 2015) (defining a public body).
       15
          In Walker, the federal district court found that the DMR records at issue were not
part of a matter that occurred before a grand jury and that the government failed to represent
that the DMR records were or ever would be presented to a grand jury. Walker, 2013 WL
6805121, at *3. The federal district court also determined the records to be DMR public
records. Id. The federal district court found that the DMR records would not reveal
anything regarding the internal operations of the grand jury. Id. at *5. The district court
authorized the release of the DMR records after finding that Federal Rule of Criminal
Procedure 6(e) did not prevent disclosure since the records were not a matter that occurred
before the grand jury and did not reveal internal operations of the grand jury. Id. at *6-7.
       16
            See Miss. Code Ann. § 25-61-3(b) (Supp. 2015) (defining public records).

                                               21
Stated otherwise, the DMR records at issue were not created or compiled by the Auditor’s

office for a law-enforcement purpose. Instead, the records were independently created by

another source, the DMR, which is a public body, in the course of the DMR’s performance

as a public body.17

¶56.   The DMR records at issue are not law-enforcement records that were compiled or

created by or for a law-enforcement agency for the purpose of a criminal investigation.18

Mississippi Code Annotated section 25-61-12(2)(a) (Supp. 2015) exempts only investigative

reports when in the possession of a law-enforcement agency.19 The Auditor’s custody of the

DMR public records at issue failed to convert those public-agency records to investigative

reports.

¶57.   The MPRA, codified at Mississippi Code Annotated sections 25-61-1 to -17 (Rev.

2010 & Supp. 2015), provides the public with access to public records. The DMR public

records at issue should have been disclosed since the records were not exempt as law-

enforcement reports. As a result, I would reverse the chancellor’s judgment and remand this

case for further proceedings. I agree with the majority’s finding that, if this matter were

remanded, another judge should preside over the contempt hearing. I therefore respectfully



       17
          Any record of a public body constitutes a public record, in accordance with
Mississippi Code Annotated section 25-61-3 (Supp. 2015), notwithstanding their retention
outside the public body. See Miss. Att’y Gen. Op., 1998-0641, 1998 WL 958143, Hilliard
(Dec. 11, 1998).
       18
         See Miss. Code Ann. § 25-61-3(f) (Supp. 2015); Miss. Code Ann. § 25-61-12
(Supp. 2015).
       19
            See also Miss. Code Ann. § 25-61-3(f) (defining investigative report).

                                              22
concur in part and dissent in part from the majority’s opinion.




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