               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                                 No. 14–1557

                            Filed January 22, 2016


DEBORAH E. McFADDEN, Individually and as Administrator of the
Estate of Charles Walter McFadden, Jr., Deceased,

      Appellant,

vs.

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, STATE OF IOWA,

      Appellee.


      On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.


      Appeal   from   the    Iowa   District   Court   for   Warren   County,

Sherman W. Phipps, Judge.



      A surviving spouse who is the administrator of her deceased

husband’s estate seeks further review after the district court and court of

appeals both concluded she failed to exhaust her administrative

remedies under the Iowa Tort Claims Act before filing a wrongful-death
lawsuit.   DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS VACATED; DISTRICT

COURT JUDGMENT REVERSED AND REMANDED.



      Steven P. DeVolder of DeVolder Law Firm, Norwalk, for appellant.



      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Robin G. Formaker,

Assistant Attorney General, for appellee.
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HECHT, Justice.

      After her husband Charles died in a motorcycle accident, Deborah

McFadden presented a wrongful-death claim to the state appeal board.

She   alleged   the    Iowa   Department   of   Transportation’s   negligent

maintenance of the highway caused Charles’s death. The appeal board

took no action on the claim, so after waiting more than six months, she

withdrew it and filed suit in the district court.       The district court

concluded McFadden had failed to exhaust administrative remedies

because she had not properly presented the estate’s claim to the appeal

board and dismissed the suit. On further review of the court of appeals

decision affirming the district court’s dismissal, we conclude McFadden

exhausted administrative remedies by complying with the appeal board’s

administrative requirements and providing the State with all the

information it sought. Therefore, we vacate the decision of the court of

appeals, reverse the district court’s dismissal order, and remand for

further proceedings.

      I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

      Charles McFadden died on April 25, 2012, after he lost control of

his motorcycle while navigating a curve on Highway 69 in Warren

County.     That June, the district court appointed Deborah the

administrator of Charles’s estate.

      On October 30, 2013, McFadden filed a tort claim with the state

appeal board on a form prescribed by the department of management.

See Iowa Admin. Code rs. 543—1.3 to .4 (detailing form and content

requirements for tort claims presented to the appeal board). The claim

form named Deborah McFadden as the claimant and asserted a tort

claim against the State for wrongful death. The claim specifically alleged

the drop-off between the paved highway and the gravel shoulder at the
                                     3

site of the accident was too steep, and it further alleged the department

of transportation had failed to maintain the highway in a safe condition.

See id. r. 543—1.4(2) (requiring tort claimants to detail “all known facts

and circumstances attending the damage or injury” and state the cause

of the damage or injury). McFadden did not attach to the form evidence

of her appointment as administrator. The claim did not expressly allege

that it was made in McFadden’s capacity as administrator of the estate.

      By May 2014, the appeal board had not made final disposition of

the claim or even contacted McFadden. Accordingly, McFadden withdrew

the claim from the appeal board and filed suit in the district court. See

Iowa Code § 669.5(1) (2013) (permitting suit “if the attorney general does

not make final disposition of a claim within six months after the claim is

made in writing”).    The petition identified her as the plaintiff, both

“Individually and as Administrator” of Charles’s estate.

      The State moved to dismiss the suit, asserting the Iowa Tort

Claims Act (ITCA) did not permit it because McFadden never presented

the estate’s claim to the appeal board.     Instead, the State contended,

McFadden only presented a claim to the appeal board in her individual

capacity, and she had thus failed to exhaust administrative remedies

before filing suit as administrator of the estate. See In re Estate of Voss,

553 N.W.2d 878, 880 (Iowa 1996) (“Improper presentment of a claim, or

not presenting one at all, has been considered a failure to exhaust one’s

administrative remedies, depriving the district court of subject matter

jurisdiction.”).

      The district court relied on Voss and granted the State’s motion to

dismiss. McFadden appealed, and we transferred the case to the court of

appeals.    The court of appeals also concluded McFadden failed to
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exhaust administrative remedies for the estate’s claim.       We granted

McFadden’s application for further review.

      II. Scope of Review.

      Our review of the district court’s ruling on the motion to dismiss is

for correction of errors at law. Id.

      III. Analysis.

      McFadden acknowledges she did not use the word “administrator”

in her appeal board claim form, but she asserts that omission is not fatal

to her district court action.    In evaluating McFadden’s contention, we

must balance two competing principles.

      “Our legal processes normally strive to resolve disputes on their

merits. Simply put, it is our preferred way.” MC Holdings, L.L.C. v. Davis

Cty. Bd. of Review, 830 N.W.2d 325, 328–29 (Iowa 2013) (citation

omitted). Obviously, dismissing McFadden’s action for failure to exhaust

administrative remedies does not resolve the case on the merits.

      However, we also recognize that “[r]ules, especially those which fix

jurisdictional matters, are . . . vital to the proper conduct of court

business.” Gordon v. Doden, 261 Iowa 285, 288–89, 154 N.W.2d 146,

148 (1967). As we explained more than fifty years ago:

      The so-called technicalities of the law are not always what
      they seem. When they establish an orderly process . . . ,
      they serve a definite purpose and are more than technical;
      they have substance, in that they lay down definite rules
      which are essential in court proceedings so that those
      involved may know what may and may not be done, and
      confusion, even chaos, may be avoided. They are necessary;
      without them litigants would be adrift without rudder or
      compass. We have, and should have, no compunction in
      following them when they are clear and definite.

Esterdahl v. Wilson, 252 Iowa 1199, 1208, 110 N.W.2d 241, 246 (1961).

      A.   The ITCA Appeal Board Process. “A tort claim against the

State must first be presented to the State Appeal Board pursuant to the
                                            5

procedures detailed in Iowa Code chapter 669 . . . .” Voss, 553 N.W.2d

at 880; accord Schneider v. State, 789 N.W.2d 138, 145 (Iowa 2010)

(“[F]iling . . . a claim with the state appeal board is a prerequisite to suit

under the [ITCA].”); see also Iowa Code § 669.3(2) (“A claim made under

[the ITCA] shall be filed with the director of the department of

management . . . .”). 1 “We have characterized this claim process as an

‘administrative remedy’ that must be exhausted.” Schneider, 789 N.W.2d

at 145. “Exhaustion of the administrative process is jurisdictional, and a

suit commenced without complying with this process is subject to

dismissal.” Swanger v. State, 445 N.W.2d 344, 347 (Iowa 1989).

       The     attorney      general     “shall     consider,     ascertain,      adjust,

compromise, settle, determine, and allow any claim” presented to the

appeal board. Iowa Code § 669.3(1). “The administrative process . . . is

intended to allow a prompt investigation of claims against the State and

facilitate an early settlement when possible.” Voss, 553 N.W.2d at 881;

accord Schneider, 789 N.W.2d at 145; see also Don R. Bennett, Handling

Tort Claims and Suits Against the State of Iowa, 17 Drake L. Rev. 189,

191 (1968) (noting the administrative process has in some cases made it

“unnecessary to participate in lengthy and expensive litigation”).

       B.     Voss.    In Voss, the plaintiff’s son died in an automobile

accident.     Voss, 553 N.W.2d at 879.            Four months after the accident,

Voss presented a tort claim to the state appeal board even though she

was not the administrator of her son’s estate at the time. See id. The

board denied the claim.          Id.   More than a year after the denial, Voss

became the administrator of her son’s estate and filed a lawsuit in the

       1The   state appeal board consists of “the auditor of state, treasurer of state, and
the director of the department of management.” Iowa Code § 73A.1; see id. § 669.2(6)
(“ ‘State appeal board’ means the state appeal board as defined in section 73A.1.”).
                                         6

district court.    Id.   The State moved to dismiss the lawsuit and the

district court granted the motion. Id.

       We concluded Voss had not exhausted her administrative remedies

because she was not the administrator of her son’s estate at the time she

submitted the administrative claim and she had not submitted a claim to

the appeal board once she became administrator. Id. at 882. We noted,

“The State should not be required to consider on the merits the claim of

any person who can articulate a tenuous connection to the deceased

when that person clearly has no legal capacity to recover in court.” Id. at

881. We further opined that “[r]equiring the Board to delay consideration

of a claim while waiting for the claimant to obtain the legal authority to

pursue it would defeat the statutory goal of prompt settlement.” Id. at

882. We affirmed the district court’s decision to grant the State’s motion

to dismiss. Id.

       McFadden contends her case is distinguishable from Voss.                  In

McFadden’s view, the fatal flaw in Voss was that the decedent’s mother

was not actually the administrator of the estate at the time she presented

the claim to the appeal board. See id.; see also Estate of Dyer v. Krug,

533 N.W.2d 221, 224 (Iowa 1995) (holding dismissal was proper because

“at the time th[e] action was commenced, [the plaintiff] did not have the

capacity to sue” because she was not the estate administrator). Here, by

contrast, although McFadden’s claim filed with the appeal board did not

include the word “administrator,” she was in fact the administrator at

the time she presented the claim. 2 We agree Voss is distinguishable and

conclude McFadden correctly identifies the reason.


       2The  cause of action for the death of Charles McFadden survived his death.
Iowa Code § 611.20. Because Deborah McFadden was appointed administrator of
Charles’s estate, she was the proper legal representative to assert a wrongful-death
                                            7

       In two cases decided more than eighty years ago, before the ITCA

was adopted, we concluded the district court should have dismissed

surviving spouses’ suits for wrongful-death damages because they were

not actually their decedents’ personal representative at the time of filing

even though their petitions alleged they were. Pearson v. Anthony, 218

Iowa 697, 702–03, 254 N.W. 10, 12–13 (1934); Gardner v. Beck, 195 Iowa

62, 70–71, 189 N.W. 962, 966 (1922). Together with Voss, these cases

illustrate that both before and after the adoption of the ITCA, the

claimant’s authority to act as personal representative is an essential

prerequisite in asserting wrongful death claims.                  Because McFadden

actually possessed representative capacity at the time she filed her claim

with the appeal board, Voss does not control our decision here.

       C.    Appeal Board Rules.          The ITCA directs the appeal board to

“adopt      rules   and   procedures       for   the   handling,     processing,      and

investigation of claims.” Iowa Code § 669.3(3). In turn, the appeal board

“has prescribed the form and content of tort claims.”                    Swanger, 445

N.W.2d at 350; see Iowa Admin. Code rs. 543—1.3 to .4. By rule, the

appeal board requires claimants to state “the name, address, telephone

number, and age of the person making the claim.” Iowa Admin. Code

r. 543—1.3(3).      The rule does not specifically require claimants to list

their representative capacity. See id. But the State contends here that

express disclosure of representative capacity is an indispensable part of

the claimant’s “name” when they are seeking damages for wrongful

death. We disagree.


_______________________
claim in this case. Id. § 611.22; see also Audubon-Exira Ready Mix, Inc. v. Ill. Cent. Gulf
R.R., 335 N.W.2d 148, 152 (Iowa 1983) (holding the administrator of a decedent’s estate
is the proper party plaintiff for asserting a surviving spouse’s loss of consortium claim).
                                       8

         Under our civil procedure rules, an estate administrator is the real

party in interest when acting on the estate’s behalf and “may sue in that

person’s own name.” Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.201. Thus, because McFadden

was the duly appointed administrator of her deceased husband’s estate

at the time she presented her claim to the appeal board, she was entitled

to proceed in her own name.        Her name is “Deborah McFadden,” not

“Deborah McFadden, administrator.” Furthermore, McFadden provided

all the other information rule 543—1.3(3) and the appeal board’s form

require. Her claim, while perhaps Spartan, was complete.

      We conclude McFadden exhausted her administrative remedies

and properly presented her claim to the appeal board. We acknowledge

that the presentment requirement is not just a nettlesome hurdle for

claimants to trip over, but McFadden’s claim form answered all the

questions the State asked and contained all the information its

administrative rule requires.      Of course, our decision today does not

mean every claim form submitted to the appeal board necessarily

satisfies the presentment requirement. See Allendorf v. Langman Constr.,

Inc., 539 N.W.2d 370, 372 (Iowa 1995) (“[W]e stop short of concluding

that under no circumstances may a claim filed with the state appeal

board be so lacking in critical information as to be a nullity for purposes

of exhausting the administrative remedy.”). But McFadden’s claim form

complied with all the applicable requirements under the circumstances

presented here.

      IV. Conclusion.

      Words this court expressed nearly a century ago ring true again

today:

      [R]ights must not be denied by too strict an application of
      mere legal formality. The sword of Justice is not often made
      more keen by the whetstone of technicality, and a right
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      secured by too rigid means may harden into a wrong. . . .
      Not only must justice appear to be done, but it is the
      function and duty of this court and of all courts to see that it
      is done. Technicality should not become a Pegasus which, if
      ridden by an expert legal jockey, may carry us far from the
      true goal.

McMillan v. Osterson, 191 Iowa 983, 985, 183 N.W. 487, 488 (1921). The

appeal board’s rules and claim form did not require McFadden to allege

her representative capacity in presenting the tort claim in this case.

Because McFadden had been appointed administrator before presenting

her tort claim to the appeal board, she was entitled to present the claim

and file suit in her own name as the estate’s legal representative. We

vacate the decision of the court of appeals, reverse the district court’s

dismissal order, and remand for further proceedings.

      DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS VACATED; DISTRICT

COURT JUDGMENT REVERSED AND REMANDED.
