[Cite as Feltner v. Whitehouse, 2018-Ohio-2337.]




                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                     LUCAS COUNTY


Richard Feltner                                        Court of Appeals No. L-17-1277

        Appellant                                      Trial Court No. CI0201702389

v.

Village of Whitehouse, et al.                          DECISION AND JUDGMENT

        Appellees                                      Decided: June 15, 2018

                                                   *****

        Michael D. Portnoy, for appellant.

        Teresa L. Grigsby, for appellees.

                                                   *****

        SINGER, J.

        {¶ 1} Appellant, Richard Feltner, appeals the October 27, 2017 judgment of the

Lucas County Court of Common Pleas granting dismissal in favor of appellees, the

village of Whitehouse, Deputy Chief Todd Kitzler, Chief Mark McDonough, Mayor

Donald Atkinson, and Administrator Jordan Daugherty. Finding no error, we affirm.
                                  Assignment of Error

       {¶ 2} Appellant sets forth the following assignment of error:

              1. The Trial Court committed prejudicial error to Plaintiff-Appellee

       (sic) when dismissing his amended complaint pursuant to Ohio Civil Rule

       12 (b) (6) when the amended complaint satisfied the drafting requirements

       of Ohio Civil Rule 8 and is well grounded in fact and law.

                                   Background

       {¶ 3} On April 18, 2017, appellant filed a complaint against appellees. Appellant

amended the complaint, and it was filed on June 1, 2017.

       {¶ 4} In the amended complaint, appellant asserts he was wrongfully terminated in

violation of public policy. Appellant attached numerous documents to his complaint to

help establish his case. On June 7, 2017, appellees moved to dismiss the amended

complaint for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted.

       {¶ 5} On June 21, 2017, appellant responded opposing dismissal. Additionally,

appellant moved the court for summary judgment on August 7, 2017.

       {¶ 6} In the response and motion, appellant argued that his at-will employment

was terminated in violation of public policy because appellees defamed him, broke an

implied agreement, and did not follow village of Whitehouse’s procedure when

terminating him.




2.
       {¶ 7} The trial court granted appellees’ motion to dismiss on October 26, 2017,

holding that appellant did not state a claim. The judgment was journalized on

October 27, 2017, and appellant timely appeals.

                                    Standard of Review

       {¶ 8} To dismiss a complaint under Civ.R. 12(B)(6), for failure to state a claim

upon which relief can be granted, it must appear beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove

no set of facts entitling the party to recovery. O’Brien v. University Community Tenants

Union, Inc., 42 Ohio St.2d 242, 327 N.E.2d 753 (1975), syllabus. Appellate review of a

Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion is de novo. Perrysburg Twp. v. Rossford, 149 Ohio App.3d 645,

2002-Ohio-5498, 778 N.E.2d 619, ¶ 14 (6th Dist.).

       {¶ 9} The court may not consider material outside the complaint and must view all

reasonable inferences in favor of the non-movant. Pulizzi v. City of Sandusky, 6th Dist.

Erie No. E-03-002, 2003-Ohio-5853, ¶ 6. The court must also view the factual

allegations pled as true, and if any facts set forth a viable claim it is improper to dismiss

the complaint. Caston v. Bailey, 6th Dist. Erie No. E-03-008, 2003-Ohio-4727, ¶ 5.

                                     Law and Analysis

       {¶ 10} In his assigned error, appellant argues his complaint stated sufficient

allegations to warrant denial of appellees’ motion to dismiss because appellees allegedly

terminated his employment in violation of public policy. Appellees contend appellant

was lawfully terminated as an at-will employee and that he failed to state a claim.




3.
       {¶ 11} In Ohio, employment relationships are governed by the common-law

doctrine of employment-at-will. See Beckloff v. Amcor Rigid Plastics USA, LLC, 2017-

Ohio-4467, 93 N.E.3d 329, ¶ 35 (6th Dist.), citing Dohme v. Eurand Am., Inc., 130 Ohio

St.3d 168, 2011-Ohio-4609, 956 N.E.2d 825, ¶ 11.

       {¶ 12} The termination of an at-will employee usually does not give rise to an

action for damages. (Citations omitted.) Dohme. However, if an employee is discharged

“in contravention of the Ohio or U.S. Constitution, federal or state statutes, administrative

rules and regulations, or Ohio common law, ‘a cause of action for wrongful discharge in

violation of public policy may exist as an exception to the general rule.’” Id., citing

Painter v. Graley, 70 Ohio St.3d 377, 639 N.E.2d 51 (1994), paragraph three of the

syllabus; Greeley v. Miami Valley Maintenance Contrs., Inc., 49 Ohio St.3d 228, 551

N.E.2d 981 (1990), paragraph one of the syllabus.

       {¶ 13} To prevail on a claim of wrongful discharge in violation of public policy, a

party must show:

              1. That clear public policy existed and was manifested in a state or

       federal constitution, statute or administrative regulation, or in the common

       law (the clarity element).

              2. That dismissing employees under circumstances like those

       involved in the plaintiff’s dismissal would jeopardize the public policy (the

       jeopardy element).




4.
              3. The plaintiff’s dismissal was motivated by conduct related to the

       public policy (the causation element).

              4. The employer lacked overriding legitimate business justification

       for the dismissal (the overriding justification element).

See Beckloff at ¶ 36.

       {¶ 14} “The first and second elements are issues of law to be determined by the

court; the third and fourth elements are questions of fact to be determined by the fact-

finder.” Id., citing Dohme at ¶ 17.

       {¶ 15} Here, appellant argues his June 1, 2017 amended complaint states facts

which support appellees acted contrary to public policy relating to defamation, breach of

contract, and breach of village of Whitehouse articles of governance. We will address

each argument in turn.

                                        Defamation

       {¶ 16} “Defamation, which includes both libel and slander, is a false publication

causing injury to a person’s reputation, exposing the person to public hatred, contempt,

ridicule, shame or disgrace, or affecting the person adversely in his or her trade or

business.” Tackett v. Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., Ct. of Cl. No. 2006-06604, 2008-Ohio-

3410, ¶ 19, citing Sweitzer v. Outlet Communications, Inc., 133 Ohio App.3d 102, 726

N.E.2d 1084 (10th Dist.1999). “The essential elements of a defamation action are that a

false statement was made, that the false statement was defamatory, that the false

defamatory statement was published, that plaintiff was injured and that defendant acted




5.
with the required degree of fault.” Id., citing Celebrezze v. Dayton Newspapers, Inc., 41

Ohio App.3d 343, 535 N.E.2d 755 (8th Dist.1988).

      {¶ 17} In this case, appellant argues his amended complaint states facts from

which relief could be sought for defamation, pointing to the following paragraphs:

             9. On January 20, 2017, Plaintiff received a written notice of

      suspension from duty, without pay, pending an investigation. (See

      Plaintiff’s Exhibit four (4). The alleged violations the Defendants accused

      Plaintiff of doing occurred between January 11-18, 2017.

             10. The Defendants provided a written summary and

      recommendation report concerning the alleged violations of Plaintiff with

      references dating to Plaintiff’s alleged behavior from January 11-13, 2017.

      (See Plaintiff’s Exhibit five (5).

             11. To support Defendants’ written summary and recommendation

      report, Defendants attached an undated copy of statement purportedly

      signed by Amanda M. Crosby, another police officer for the defendant.

      (See Plaintiff’s Exhibit six (6)[.] This statement is libelously false and was

      prepared for the sole intention to justify falsely a “reason” to terminate

      Plaintiff’s employment with the Defendants. * * *

             25. The statements made by the Defendants, jointly and severally,

      regarding Plaintiff that ultimately led to Plaintiff’s job termination with the

      Village of Whitehouse, were defamatory.




6.
              26. Defendant’s statements regarding Plaintiff injured Plaintiff’s

       reputation, exposed him to public contempt, ridicule, shame and disgrace

       that adversely affected Plaintiff’s business and profession. * * *

              27. Defendants’ statements regarding Plaintiff were (a) factually

       false, (b) defamatory, (c) published, (d) resulting in Plaintiff suffering

       injury as a proximate result of the publication and (e) the Defendants acted

       with the requisite degree of fault in publishing the statements. * * *

              28. Considering the totality of the circumstances in which

       Defendants made these defamatory statements and the context in which

       Defendants made these statements, it would be reasonable for the readers of

       these statements to conclude these statements against Plaintiff are

       defamatory. * * *

       {¶ 18} As indicated in paragraph 11 of the amended complaint, “Exhibit 6” is the

statement/report on which appellant heavily relies to establish his cause of action for

defamation. We note that we will consider the documents attached to the amended

complaint in evaluating the face of the complaint. See, e.g., Adlaka v. Giannini, 7th Dist.

Mahoning No. 05MA105, 2006-Ohio-4611, ¶ 34 (“If the plaintiff decides to attach

documents to his complaint, which he claims establish his case, such documents can be

used to his detriment to dismiss the case if they along with the complaint itself establish a

failure to state a claim.”). This exhibit No. 6 specifically states as follows:




7.
             On January 13, 2017 I came in for shift at approximately 0545, Kyle

      McClanahan and Josh Malone were also there at 0600 for shift change. At

      0607, Rich Feltner had not arrived for shift change yet, and I asked Malone

      to send a text to him asking where he was. No response was received and

      so at 0615 I asked Malone what GPS location Feltner was last showing to

      be at, and he said the AW Professional building. I drove to the AW

      Professional building and did not see 906 nor did I see Feltner. I then

      checked the cemetery, and still did not find Feltner. I asked Malone where

      else Feltner sits at, and he suggested that I check Pamela Rose as well as

      the old Dollar General. I checked Shell, as well as the real estate office,

      and did not find 906. I then checked old Dollar General, and still did not

      find him. As I turned north on Providence from Toledo, and saw 906

      heading south on Providence. (Sic). I then followed 906 to the station.

             When Feltner got out of his car, I asked where he was. He said he

      was driving around and on the phone. Feltner asked if we tried him on the

      radio, and I told him that we had sent him a text. He said something about

      only being ten minutes late, and I said that it was 6:30. He said he sees that

      now. He unloaded his vehicle, and left.

             Amanda M. Crosby, # 11

      {¶ 19} “The word ‘false’ has two meanings.” State v. Bowers, 8 Ohio Dec. 324,

325 (C.P.1898). “Primarily it means that which is not true.” Id. “Derivatively it means




8.
that which is stated to be true, intending to state it as a truth, which is not true, or of the

truth of which the party stating it has not probable ground.” Id.

       {¶ 20} Here, we cannot say the amended complaint states facts that show or

provide inference Officer Crosby’s statement was false.

       {¶ 21} The statement referenced in and attached to appellant’s amended complaint

as “Exhibit 5,” to the contrary, reveals facts that indicate any defamatory statement made

by Crosby was indeed true. More specifically, exhibit No. 5 is the disciplinary action

“summary and recommendations” prepared by Deputy Chief Todd Kitzler. It confirms,

by reporting what appellant said, that appellant was 30 minutes late for shift change, that

he fell asleep during his shift and while being parked at “Industrial Park,” and that he lied

about being on the phone during that time.

       {¶ 22} Consequently, and based on our de novo review, we find appellant stated

no facts in the amended complaint from which we can infer Crosby falsely defamed him.

Accordingly, we affirm disposition of appellant’s claim for defamation.

                                     Breach of Contract

       {¶ 23} Generally, a breach of contract occurs when (1) “a party demonstrates the

existence of a binding contract or agreement”; (2) “the non-breaching party performed its

contractual obligations”; (3) “the other party failed to fulfill its contractual obligations

without legal excuse”; and (4) “the non-breaching party suffered damages as a result of

the breach.” Ngo v. Paramount Care, Inc., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-05-1359, 2006-Ohio-

3874, ¶ 11.




9.
       {¶ 24} Here, appellant argues there was an implied employment agreement, and

that appellees breached the agreement by failing to follow the stated procedure by which

an employee was to be terminated. Specifically, he points to appellees’ policy manual.

       {¶ 25} Appellees respond arguing this court should not consider the cause of

action for breach of contract because the theory was not stated in the amended complaint.

Further, appellees reiterate that appellant was an at-will employee subject to being

terminated with or without cause, and that the policy manual does not provide otherwise.

       {¶ 26} We initially look to Civ.R. 8(A), which in pertinent part identifies the

“[g]eneral rules of pleading” as follows:

              (A) Claims for relief. A pleading that sets forth a claim for relief,

       whether an original claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim,

       shall contain (1) a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the

       party is entitled to relief, and (2) a demand for judgment for the relief to

       which the party claims to be entitled. * * *

See, e.g., B&J Jacobs Co. v. Ohio Air, Inc., 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-020264, 2003-

Ohio-4835, ¶ 11 (exploring how if facts show the required elements, Civ.R. 8(A) is

satisfied for purposes of establishing a contract despite whether an implied or express

theory applies).

       {¶ 27} To show the existence of a binding contract, a party’s complaint must show

“an offer, acceptance, contractual capacity, consideration (the bargained for legal benefit

and/or detriment), a manifestation of mutual assent and legality of object and of




10.
consideration.” See Ridge Stone Builders & Developers, Ltd. v. Gribbin, 6th Dist. Wood

No. WD-03-009, 2003-Ohio-5188, ¶ 24, citing Kostelnik v. Helper, 96 Ohio St. 3d 1,

2002-Ohio-2985, 770 N.E.2d 58, ¶ 16.

      {¶ 28} With respect to the employment agreement claimed here, appellant’s

amended complaint states as follows:

             4. On September 2, 2011, Defendant Village of Whitehouse

      (hereinafter Village), through Defendant Daughtery (hereinafter Daughtery)

      mailed a letter to Plaintiff offering him the position of Police Officer for the

      Village of Whitehouse. (See copy of September 2, 2011 letter attached as

      Plaintiff’s Exhibit one (1). Plaintiff accepted this position and was required

      to pass a Village of Whitehouse physical examination, psychological

      examination, alcohol and drug tests as well as a background check.

             5. Plaintiff successfully passed these examinations and the

      background check and was hired by the Village of Whitehouse as a full

      time police officer.

             6. As part of the employment agreement among the parties, Plaintiff

      was provided a detailed personnel policy procedure handbook, that

      explained the rights and obligations of the parties, including all disciplinary

      procedures. (See Plaintiff’s Exhibit two (2)[.]




11.
              7. As a result of the Defendants providing this detailed policy

       procedure handbook to Plaintiff, the employment “at-will” agreement

       among the parties was an implied contract among the parties. * * *

       {¶ 29} Based on these stated facts and review of the attached documents, we

cannot say appellant failed to show that an employment agreement existed. See, e.g.,

Armstrong v. Feldhaus, 87 Ohio App. 75, 93 N.E.2d 776 (1st Dist.1950), paragraph two

of the syllabus (stating “[A] plaintiff is required to plead only the facts constituting a

cause of action. He is not required to plead any theory or classification of the cause of

action set forth.”). In viewing reasonable inferences favorably toward appellant, we find

it is reasonable to infer that based on facts pled a contract existed in which appellant

received compensation for being a police officer. Our determination is despite the legal

theory not being expressly stated in the amended complaint. Id.

       {¶ 30} Nevertheless, even accepting there was an employment agreement among

the parties, we cannot say facts show appellees breached that agreement. This is because

appellant was susceptible to being terminated as an at-will employee, and nothing stated

in the amended complaint changes that status or the resulting outcome.

       {¶ 31} The policy manual explicitly details appellant’s at-will status. Attached as

the fifth page of “Exhibit 2” is a document which is signed by appellant and which is

entitled “Employee Agreement and Handbook Acknowledgement.” It reads as follows:

              This Personnel Policy Manual highlights the Village of

       Whitehouse’s policies, procedures, and benefits. In all instances the




12.
       official benefit plan texts, trust agreements and master contracts are the

       governing documents. Your Personnel Policy is not to be interpreted as a

       legal document or an employment contract. Employment with the Village

       of Whitehouse is at the sole discretion of the Village of Whitehouse and

       may be terminated with or without cause at any time and for any reason.

       Nothing in the Personnel Policy Manual constitutes as express or implied

       contract or assurance of continued employment or implies that just cause is

       required for termination.

       {¶ 32} Consequently, our de novo review reveals appellant was subject to being

terminated with or without cause. Nothing in the policy manual provides otherwise, and

thus appellant fails to state a cause of action for breach of contract.

                           Charter of the village of Whitehouse

       {¶ 33} Section 4.08(C), entitled “Executive Powers,” of the charter of the village

of Whitehouse, Ohio states as follows:

              Except as otherwise provided by this Charter, the Mayor shall have

       the power to appoint, promote, transfer, suspend, reduce or remove any

       officer or employee of the Municipality except those required by this

       Charter to be elected or appointed; provided, however that such

       appointment, promotion, reduction or removal of officers provided for by

       this Charter and the heads of departments of divisions established pursuant




13.
       thereto shall not take effect without the concurrence of a majority of the

       members of Council.

       {¶ 34} Here, appellant asserts that an exception to the general rule governing

termination of at-will employees exists where an at-will employee is terminated in

contravention of a procedure set out in the charter of the village of Whitehouse.

       {¶ 35} Nevertheless, we note that this procedure is not imposed by the Ohio or

U.S. Constitution, federal or state statutes, administrative rules and regulations, or Ohio

common law. See Beckloff, 2017-Ohio-4467, 93 N.E.3d 329, at ¶ 35. Further, appellant

has not pointed to persuasive legal authority to support that such local law provides

exception to the general rule that termination of an at-will employee does not give rise to

an action for damages. See, e.g., Giannini-Baur v. Schwab Retirement Plan Servs., 9th

Dist. Summit No. 25172, 2010-Ohio-6424, ¶ 28 (holding that the clarity element cannot

be established by local law).

       {¶ 36} Accordingly, appellant’s arguments are not well-taken, and his sole

assignment of error is denied.

                                        Conclusion

       {¶ 37} The judgment of the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.

Appellant is ordered to pay the costs of this appeal pursuant to App.R. 24.


                                                                         Judgment affirmed.




14.
                                                               Feltner v. Whitehouse
                                                               C.A. No. L-17-1277




       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27.
See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.




Mark L. Pietrykowski, J.                       _______________________________
                                                           JUDGE
Arlene Singer, J.
                                               _______________________________
Thomas J. Osowik, J.                                       JUDGE
CONCUR.
                                               _______________________________
                                                           JUDGE


           This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of
      Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported
           version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at:
                    http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.




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