                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                 FILED
                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                      ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                          NOVEMBER 22, 2006
                             No. 06-10500                  THOMAS K. KAHN
                         Non-Argument Calendar                 CLERK
                       ________________________

               D. C. Docket No. 05-00045-CR-FTM-33-DNF

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                     Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

DONALD RAY HORNE,

                                                     Defendant-Appellant.


                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Middle District of Florida
                     _________________________

                           (November 22, 2006)

Before ANDERSON, BIRCH and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
       Donald Ray Horne appeals his conviction and 15-year sentence for

possession of ammunition by a convicted felon, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1)

and 924(e). On appeal, Horne challenges the constitutionality of § 922(g) and

argues that the district court erred by applying the 15-year mandatory minimum

sentence under § 924(e). For the reasons set forth more fully below, we affirm.

       Horne, a convicted felon, was found in possession to two live shotgun shells.

He pled guilty to possession of ammunition by a convicted felon and, at

sentencing, made no objection to the probation officer’s determination that,

because he was subject to a mandatory 15-year minimum term of imprisonment

pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 924(e), his applicable Guideline range was 180-210

months’ imprisonment.        Horne was sentenced to the mandatory minimum term of

15 years’ imprisonment.

       For the first time on appeal, Horne, stating that he raises the issue only for

purposes of preservation, argues that 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)1 is unconstitutional on its

face because it does not explicitly require a substantial effect on interstate

commerce and is unconstitutional as applied because there was no such evidence in

this case. As Horne correctly recognizes, we have previously rejected this


       1
          This section makes it unlawful for certain individuals to “to ship or transport in
interstate or foreign commerce, or possess in or affecting commerce, any firearm or ammunition;
or to receive any firearm or ammunition which has been shipped or transported in interstate or
foreign commerce.” 18 U.S.C. § 922(g).

                                               2
challenge and held that a “minimal nexus” to interstate commerce is sufficient.

United States v. Scott, 263 F.3d 1270, 1273-74 (11th Cir. 2001).

       Horne next argues that the indictment suffered from a jurisdictional defect,

resulting in the erroneous application of the 15-year mandatory minimum sentence

under § 924(e).2 The premise of Horne’s argument is that, by specifying 12 prior

convictions in the indictment, the 3 predicate convictions needed to trigger

§ 924(e) could only come from those 12 convictions. Horne concedes that two of

those convictions meet the criteria in § 924(e). However, he argues that the

remaining ten prior felonies, on their face, did not meet the § 924(e) criteria. As a

result, he contends, there was a jurisdictional error because the three required

qualifying convictions were not present on the face of the indictment. He further

argues that the district court erred by failing to determine whether the Florida

burglary convictions alleged in the indictment qualified as predicate convictions

based on the conduct surrounding those convictions.

       We review de novo whether an indictment sufficiently charges a statutorily


       2
           This section provides in pertinent part:

       In the case of a person who violates section 922(g) of this title and has three
       previous convictions by any court referred to in section 922(g)(1) of this title for a
       violent felony or a serious drug offense, or both, committed on occasions
       different from one another, such person shall be . . . imprisoned not less than
       fifteen years . . . .

18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1).

                                                  3
proscribed offense. United States v. Pease, 240 F.3d 938, 942 (11th Cir. 2001).

Because Horne raised this argument for the first time on appeal, “the indictment

must be held sufficient unless it is so defective that it does not, by any reasonable

construction, charge the offense to which [the defendant] pleaded guilty.” Id. at

943. An indictment suffers from a jurisdictional defect when it charges no crime at

all, i.e., a non-offense. See United States v. Peter, 310 F.3d 709, 714-15 (11th Cir.

2002). A defendant’s knowing and voluntary plea of guilty, however, waives all

non-jurisdictional defects in the proceedings. United States v. Yunis, 723 F.2d

795, 796 (11th Cir. 1984).

      Horne does not dispute that he was a felon in possession of ammunition, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). His challenge to § 924(e) fails because

§ 924(e) is a sentence enhancement provision, not a separate offense. United

States v. McGatha, 891 F.2d 1520, 1527 (11th Cir. 1990). Accordingly, the prior

convictions need not be alleged in the indictment and are relevant only for

sentencing. Id. Any defect in the manner in which the indictment charged a

violation of § 924(e), therefore, is of no relevance to whether the indictment failed

to charge the offense to which Horne pled guilty. Horne cannot challenge his

conviction on the ground there was an insufficient factual basis to support the

application of § 924(e), as a claim that “there was an insufficient factual basis to



                                           4
support the indictment” is a non-jurisdictional defect. United States v. Fairchild,

803 F.2d 1121, 1124 (11th Cir. 1986).

       To the extent that Horne challenges the application of § 924(e) to his

sentence, because it is raised for the first time on appeal, we review his claim “for

plain error, or error that is clear or obvious and affects substantial rights.” United

States v. Richardson, 166 F.3d 1360, 1361 (11th Cir. 1999). We have repeatedly

rejected the argument that prior convictions must be charged in the indictment for a

defendant to be sentenced as an armed career criminal. E.g., United States v.

Wade, 458 F.3d 1273, 1278 (11th Cir. 2006); United States v. Dowd, 451 F.3d

1244, 1253 (11th Cir. 2006), pet. for cert. filed (Aug. 24, 2006) (No. 06-6164).

Furthermore, sentencing under § 924(e) is mandatory and must be applied

automatically regardless of whether the government affirmatively seeks the

enhancement. United States v. Cobia, 41 F.3d 1473, 1475 (11th Cir. 1995).

Accordingly, any error by the district court in relying on convictions other than

those charged in the indictment cannot be said to be clear or obvious.3


       3
          Horne asks us to remand the case to allow the district court to make a specific finding as
to Horne’s third qualifying offense, if any. The parties characterize this issue as a question of
whether or not we should affirm on alternate grounds. Because Horne has not otherwise shown
error by the district court, there is no need to affirm on alternate grounds. In any event, we
would not remand for a finding as to whether Horne’s March 19, 2004 conviction for the sale or
delivery of cocaine is a qualifying “serious drug offense” under § 924(e). Under Florida law, the
sale or delivery of cocaine is a second degree felony, punishable by a maximum term of 15
years’ imprisonment, Fla. Stat. § 893.13(1)(a)(1) (referencing §§ 775.082(3)(c),
893.03(2)(a)(4)), and, therefore, it is a qualifying offense. 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(A)(ii).

                                                 5
In light of the foregoing, Horne’s conviction and sentence are

AFFIRMED.




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