                                                                      FILED
                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                   Tenth Circuit

                      UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS
                                                                 October 12, 2007
                                                     Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                          FO R TH E TENTH CIRCUIT        Clerk of Court




    U N ITED STA TES O F A M ER ICA,

              Plaintiff-Appellee,

     v.                                                  No. 06-1450
                                                   (D.C. No. 05-cr-311-PSF)
    FR ED ER IC K O LU WO LE SO LARIN,                    (D . Colo.)

              Defendant-Appellant.



                             OR D ER AND JUDGM ENT *


Before HA RTZ and A ND ER SO N, Circuit Judges, and BROR BY, Senior Circuit
Judge.




          Frederick Oluwole Solarin was convicted by a jury on a two-count

indictment charging armed bank robbery and using or carrying a firearm during

and in relation to a crime of violence. See 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), (d); id. § 924(c).

The district court sentenced him to 244 months’ imprisonment. M r. Solarin




*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent
with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
appeals his conviction, arguing (1) that the district court abused its discretion in

admitting evidence of a prior conviction and (2) that the evidence was insufficient

to establish guilt. W e affirm.

I.    B ACKGR OU N D

      On June 27, 2005, several men carrying firearms entered a US Bank in

Aurora, Colorado, and robbed it at gunpoint, taking $26,000 in cash. The robbers

were disguised with hats and bandannas. Later that day M r. Solarin and a friend,

both w earing brand-new clothes with the price tags still on, went to a Sprint kiosk

where M r. Solarin purchased a cell phone, paying out of a wad of cash containing

many hundred-dollar bills. His friend also displayed a large wad of bills.

M r. Solarin was not interested in any rebates, a circumstance that the salesman

found suspicious. As a routine part of the transaction, the salesman photocopied

M r. Solarin’s driver’s license. That evening he learned of the bank robbery from

a television newscast. Suspecting that his customers w ere involved, he promptly

notified the FBI.

      M r. Solarin was arrested for violating his parole on a prior offense. W hile

being questioned on July 1, he confessed to the bank robbery and identified

himself as one of the robbers in the surveillance photos of the robbery. A search

of his home turned up a hat and a bandanna similar to those worn by one of the

robbers and a .38 caliber revolver hidden in the garage. As a condition of his

parole, M r. Solarin had been wearing an ankle bracelet that indicated when he left

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his home. The ankle monitor showed that he was away from his home at the time

of the robbery.

      At trial M r. Solarin represented himself, with the aid of advisory counsel.

In his opening statement to the jury, he said: “Now, there is another thing that

the prosecution talked about, about me being on parole. And, I mean, there is no

denying that. B ut me being on parole doesn’t mean I am a robber.” R. Vol. V,

at 143.

      During M r. Solarin’s cross-examination of the investigating FBI agent, the

following exchange took place:

      M r. Solarin:       M y biggest concern with you is what happened
                          after the robbery and what happened within your
                          investigation. Now, I understand Tuesday, was it,
                          that you contacted [a parole officer] from DOC
                          parole?

      FBI agent:          That would be correct.

      M r. Solarin:       And can you detail the information that she
                          provided you with?

      FBI agent:          Yes. That she told me that you were on parole,
                          and it was for a robbery charge, and that you had
                          been associating with another person . . . who was
                          also on parole.

Id. Vol. VI, at 260. In response to M r. Solarin’s objection to the agent’s

revelation that his prior conviction was for robbery, the district court said: “He

simply stated what he was informed in response to a question by you. . . . You

opened the door. You asked him the information, you have to live with the

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consequences of the answer you received. The objection is overruled.” Id.

at 261.

       Later M r. Solarin testified in his own defense. He denied any connection to

the robbery. Regarding his prior offense, he said:

       [I]t is no secret, I got in trouble five years ago when I was 16 years
       old. Almost six years ago when I was 16 years old. And, I mean,
       you think about what goes on through a child’s mind or child’s life at
       that time, I mean, you can just like -- you can look at it and you can
       make your own decision on how, I mean, how you want to look at it.

Id. at 320.

       During cross-examination of M r. Solarin, the prosecutor asked him to state

the title of the crime of w hich he had been convicted at age 16. Advisory defense

counsel objected to telling the jury the title of the crime— aggravated robbery

with intent to kill— because it was too similar to the title of the crime for which

M r. Solarin was on trial. Defense counsel argued that doing so would be unduly

prejudicial to M r. Solarin. The district court ruled as follow s:

       I will allow the title to go in, no reference to incarceration and the
       dates. No doubt it is prejudicial, but not unduly prejudicial given
       that he did open the door to explain it. And I think that the jury is
       allowed to proceed on cross-examination of the title of the charge.
       So under [Rule] 403, the title of the charge . . . may be inquired of
       the witness, but no further details or explanation.

Id. at 341-42. The prosecutor then elicited testimony from M r. Solarin that on

August 10, 2001, he had been convicted of aggravated robbery with intent to kill.




                                           -4-
       M r. Solarin testified that he had confessed to the present robbery because

he was “angry at what [he] was confronted with,” and the authorities had told him

that they would “make everything right” for him, but his confession was not true.

Id. at 321.

II.    D ISC USSIO N

       A.     Evidence of Prior Conviction

       W e first consider M r. Solarin’s claim that the district court comm itted

reversible error in admitting the title of his prior conviction— armed robbery with

intent to kill. “W e review a district court’s admission of evidence for an abuse of

discretion.” United States v. DeLuna, 10 F.3d 1529, 1531 (10th Cir. 1993).

       M r. Solarin maintains that this evidence should not have been admitted

under Fed. R. Evid. 609, which permits evidence of a prior conviction under

certain circumstances. He contends that Fed. R. Evid. 403 required exclusion of

the evidence because “its probative value [was] substantially outweighed by the

danger of unfair prejudice.” H e further asserts that the district court failed to

conduct the required balancing of the probative value against the prejudicial

effect of this evidence. See United States v. Howell, 285 F.3d 1263, 1269-70

(10th Cir. 2002) (district court must conduct Rule 403 balancing, although

specific findings not required).

       In evaluating M r. Solarin’s contention, we first observe that before the title

of his prior offense was presented to the jury, it had already been informed that he

                                          -5-
had been convicted of robbery. The FBI investigating agent had properly

disclosed that fact in a responsive answer to M r. Solarin’s question: “[C]an you

detail the information that [the parole officer] provided you with?” R. Vol. VI,

at 260. Also, contrary to M r. Solarin’s claim, the district court clearly conducted

the required balancing, acknowledging the prejudicial nature of the evidence but

concluding that the prosecution was entitled to identify the prior conviction in

light of the evidence already admitted.

      M oreover, the district court limited the prior-conviction evidence to the

title and date of conviction and instructed the jury that the prior conviction did

“not mean that the defendant necessarily committed the act charged in this case.”

Id. Vol. I, Doc. 75, Court’s Ex. 4, Instruction No. 17. Both of these actions

support the district court’s ruling.

      W e conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting

the evidence of M r. Solarin’s prior conviction. The evidence had little additional

probative value, but it also caused little unfair prejudice; and introducing the title

of the prior crime was proper to counter M r. Solarin’s suggestion that his offense

had been just a childhood lapse.

      B.     Sufficiency of Evidence

      M r. Solarin also contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his

conviction because, even though he confessed, no witness identified him as one of

the bank robbers.

                                          -6-
      W e first reject M r. Solarin’s suggestion that his confession should not be

considered because of pressure by the authorities. A motion to suppress a

confession must be made before trial or it is waived. Fed. R. Crim. P. 12(b)(3)(C)

& (e); United States v. M iller, 987 F.2d 1462, 1465 (10th Cir. 1993). M r. Solarin

did not move to suppress his confession or otherwise challenge its voluntariness

before or during trial. Therefore, the district court did not err in permitting the

jury to consider it. See Miller, 987 F.2d at 1465. In any event, M r. Solarin does

not argue on appeal that his confession should have been suppressed; rather, he

asserts only that it was “questionable.” Aplt. Br. at 18.

      W e review de novo a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, “viewing

the evidence and the reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom in the light

most favorable to the government,” and reversing the conviction “only if no

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond

a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Toles, 297 F.3d 959, 968 (10th Cir. 2002)

(internal quotation marks omitted). “An uncorroborated extrajudicial confession

is not sufficient to sustain a criminal conviction.” United States v. Treas-Wilson,

3 F.3d 1406, 1408 (10th Cir. 1993). The prosecution must produce “substantial

independent evidence which would tend to establish the trustworthiness of the

statement. . . . It is sufficient if the corroboration supports the essential facts

admitted sufficiently to justify a jury inference of their truth.” United States v.




                                           -7-
Wiseman, 172 F.3d 1196, 1212 (10th Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

       M r. Solarin’s confession was corroborated by the cell-phone salesman’s

testimony, the ankle-monitor evidence, the bank surveillance photo, and the

resemblance between the headgear found in his home and that worn by one of the

robbers. Viewed in the light most favorable to the government, the evidence was

sufficient to sustain the verdict.

III.   C ON CLU SIO N

       M r. Solarin’s conviction is AFFIRMED.


                                                   Entered for the Court



                                                   Harris L Hartz
                                                   Circuit Judge




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