              NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
                     MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED

                                              IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

                                              OF FLORIDA

                                              SECOND DISTRICT


EDELMIRO DUARTE,                    )
                                    )
             Appellant,             )
                                    )
v.                                  )                      Case No. 2D15-1952
                                    )
SNAP-ON, INCORPORATED, a            )
foreign corporation, and NORMAN     )
MULLINS,                            )
                                    )
             Appellees.             )
___________________________________ )

Opinion filed March 15, 2017.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Lee
County; Elizabeth V. Krier, Judge.

Stacy L. Sherman of Stacy L. Sherman,
P.A., Cape Coral, for Appellant.

Scott A. Cole and Daniel M. Schwarz of
Cole Scott & Kissane, P.A., Miami, for
Appellee Snap-on, Incorporated.

Caryn L. Bellus and Bretton C. Albrecht
of Kubicki Draper, P.A., Miami for Appellee
Norman Mullins.



SALARIO, Judge.

             Edelmiro Duarte was hurt when a truck owned by Snap-On, Incorporated

and driven by Norman Mullins slammed into the back of his car while he was stopped in
traffic. He challenges the trial court's final order, rendered without an evidentiary

hearing, dismissing his personal injury suit against Snap-On and Mr. Mullins as a

sanction for a fraud upon the court. Because the limited record before the trial court

was insufficient to establish that this case is among the hopefully rare ones involving an

unconscionable scheme to interfere with a trial court's ability to impartially resolve a

dispute or a defendant's ability to prepare a defense, we are constrained to reverse.

                                             I.

              On January 18, 2008, Mr. Duarte was sitting in traffic on I-75 in a car he

was driving and in which his girlfriend, her daughter, his son, and his grandson were

passengers. At the same time, Mr. Mullins was on I-75 driving a truck owned by Snap-

On. He smashed into Mr. Duarte's stopped car without hitting his brakes. The police

report says he was driving sixty miles an hour. After being put through field sobriety

tests, he was arrested for driving under the influence causing serious bodily injury.

              At least some of the injuries caused by the accident were severe. Mr.

Duarte's girlfriend was rendered a paraplegic. He testified that she filed suit to recover

for her injuries and settled her claims for many millions of dollars. Mr. Duarte's son and

grandson likewise sued to recover for their injuries and obtained much smaller, but still

sizeable, settlements on their claims.

              Mr. Duarte filed this suit against Mr. Mullins and Snap-On to recover for

his own injuries on January 12, 2012. He claims to have suffered past, present, and

future loss of earnings, medical expenses, and pain and suffering, much of which is

claimed to be related to injuries to both his back and his arm. There is no dispute as to

liability. The dispute is over the extent of the injuries the accident caused.



                                            -2-
             That controversy takes on significance in this case because, after he filed

suit, Mr. Duarte was in another car wreck. On March 8, 2012, Mr. Duarte was rear-

ended at a stop sign. The parties dispute how severe this event was and the extent to

which it, rather than the January 2008 accident involving Mr. Mullins, caused the injuries

for which Mr. Duarte seeks to recover in this case.

             The issues in this appeal concern the candor and completeness of Mr.

Duarte's discovery responses about the March 2012 accident. Shortly before that

accident, Snap-On served Mr. Duarte with interrogatories asking for the names of the

medical providers that treated him at any relevant time and the dates of those

treatments. Mr. Duarte answered in April 2012 and identified eight providers and dates

of treatment between January 2008 and April 2012. He amended his answers in April

2013 to disclose visits to several additional providers, including the Cleveland Radiology

Center in March 2012 and First Chiropractic Center between March and June 2012.

             Mr. Mullins served Mr. Duarte with his own interrogatories in November

2013, which asked the same questions as had Snap-On about medical providers and

also asked whether Mr. Duarte had been in any accidents since the January 2008

accident. Although Mr. Duarte's answer about the medical providers included several

providers from whom he sought treatment for back pain after the March 2012 accident,

it did not identify Cleveland Radiology and First Chiropractic Center. Mr. Duarte's

answer to the question about other accidents was "not that I remember."

             Mr. Duarte was deposed over two days in April 2013 and May 2014.

During the May 2014 session, he was asked whether he had been involved in any type

of accident after the January 2008 accident. He testified that he had not, "unless it was



                                           -3-
that one time that I was parked and someone hit me from behind and broke one of my

lights, but I don't know if that's considered an accident." This was a reference to the

March 2012 accident. Mr. Duarte explained that he was at a stop sign and a pick-up

truck "touched us and they took off quickly." He declined to characterize the event as

an accident, saying that the damage to his car "was just a few dollars" but also stating

that as a result "[m]y back hurt even more, much more." The record does not show

whether this was the first time Snap-On and Mr. Mullins had heard of the March 2012

accident; we note, however, that they have not asserted that it was.

              In October 2014—one month before the then-scheduled trial date—Snap-

On filed a motion to dismiss the case with prejudice based on fraud upon the court. Mr.

Mullins joined in the motion, which essentially argued that Mr. Duarte (1) testified falsely

about the severity of the March 2012 accident during his deposition and (2) failed to

disclose the March 2012 accident and the subsequent visits to Cleveland Radiology

Center and First Chiropractic Center—related to back injury issues—in written answers

to interrogatories.

              The motion included attached interrogatory answers and deposition

transcripts upon which the claim of fraud was based. It also included the transcript of

an examination under oath that Mr. Duarte gave in May 2012 in connection with a claim

he made on his uninsured motorist insurance for the March 2012 accident. During that

examination, Mr. Duarte described the March 2012 accident in starker terms than during

his deposition in this case, characterizing it as an "accident" and describing it as a "hard

impact very fast." He also said that "the car felt the impact," that "[t]he trunk was all




                                            -4-
bent and the bumper was indented," and that the accident severely aggravated his back

injury from the January 2008 accident.

              The trial court heard the motion without taking evidence. Mr. Duarte

proffered, among other things, that he did not intend to mislead anyone, that he neither

reads nor speaks English—as evidenced by his use of an interpreter for deposition—

and that he suffers from memory deficiencies due to age and medications he takes.

Relying solely on the attachments to the motion, the trial court concluded that Mr.

Duarte told "repeated untruths" about the March 2012 accident and that his credibility

was so damaged that his testimony could not be presented to a jury. It entered an order

dismissing the case with prejudice from which Mr. Duarte took this timely appeal.

                                             II.

              A trial court has the inherent authority to dismiss a suit when the plaintiff

commits a fraud on the court. Howard v. Risch, 959 So. 2d 308, 310 (Fla. 2d DCA

2007), distinguished on other grounds by Ramey v. Haverty Furniture Cos., 993 So. 2d

1014 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008). Although our review in such cases is for abuse of discretion,

the trial court's discretion is narrower and our review is more stringent than it would be

in other cases evaluated under an abuse of discretion standard because dismissal is

regarded as an extreme remedy that should be reserved for extreme cases. Id.

("Because dismissal is the most severe of all possible sanctions, however, it should be

employed only in extreme circumstances."); see also Jacob v. Henderson, 840 So. 2d

1167, 1169 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003), distinguished on other grounds by Ramey, 993 So. 2d

1014. Moreover, where the trial court makes a decision without hearing evidence, as it

did here, we give that decision less deference than we would in a case where the trial



                                            -5-
court heard evidence because we can evaluate a cold trial court record as well as the

trial court can. Jacob, 840 So. 2d at 1170; see also Ruiz v. City of Orlando, 859 So. 2d

574, 576 (Fla. 5th DCA 2003) (reversing dismissal for fraud on the court).

              To obtain a dismissal for fraud on the court, the movant must prove his

case by clear and convincing evidence. See Myrick v. Direct Gen. Ins. Co., 932 So. 2d

392, 392 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006). Substantively, he must show that his opponent

"sentiently set in motion some unconscionable scheme calculated to interfere with the

judicial system's ability impartially to adjudicate a matter by improperly influencing the

trier of fact or unfairly hampering the presentation of the opposing party's claim or

defense." Jacob, 840 So. 2d at 1169 (quoting Cox v. Burke, 706 So. 2d 43, 46 (Fla. 5th

DCA 1998)). This standard requires that a trial court "balance two important public

policies of this state: our much preferred policy of adjudicating disputed civil cases on

the merits and the policy of maintaining the integrity of this state's judicial system."

Pena v. Citizens Prop. Ins. Co., 88 So. 3d 965, 967 (Fla. 2d DCA 2012) (citing Gilbert v.

Eckerd Corp. of Fla., 34 So. 3d 773, 776 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010)). "Generally, unless it

appears that the process of trial has itself been subverted, factual inconsistencies or

even false statements are well managed through the use of impeachment at trial or

other traditional discovery sanctions, not through dismissal of a possibly meritorious

claim." Howard, 959 So. 2d at 311.

              Snap-On's pitch to the trial court was that Mr. Duarte played the 2008 and

2012 accidents off each other to maximize his recovery in each—making the March

2012 accident sound serious for purposes of beefing up his uninsured motorist claim for

that accident and minimizing it here because it would weaken his claim for damages



                                             -6-
based on the January 2008 accident.1 The paper record appended to Snap-On's

motion to dismiss is certainly susceptible of that characterization. But that record alone

was not, under our court's precedents, a sufficient basis to dismiss Mr. Duarte's claims

with prejudice instead of allowing him to be impeached at trial or imposing some lesser

sanction, if warranted.

              Our decision in Jacob speaks to the variances in Mr. Duarte's testimony in

his 2012 examination under oath and his deposition testimony in this case. Like this

case, Jacob involved a dispute over the extent of a plaintiff's injuries in an automobile

accident. The plaintiff testified at deposition that as a result of an injury to her arm, she

was unable to close a car door with her right hand or to sweep her own driveway. The

defendants later produced a surveillance video showing her doing what she said she

could not. Based solely on the transcript and the video and without taking evidence, the

trial court dismissed the action for fraud on the court. Holding that the trial court abused

its discretion, we reversed. 840 So. 2d at 1168. We reasoned as follows:

                     Viewing the facts before this court, Mrs. Jacob either
              knowingly perpetrated a fraud, exaggerated her injuries, or
              unknowingly provided video evidence that her injuries are far
              less severe than she may believe. Only the first of these
              three possibilities would support the dismissal of all claims
              with prejudice. . . .

                      . . . This is not a case in which Mrs. Jacob suffered no
              injury. The question is the severity of her injuries. Certainly,
              the video evidence that she is capable of performing tasks
              which she has denied the ability to perform lessens her
              credibility . . . , but the jury should evaluate this evidence.



              1
                Snap-On also suggests that Mr. Duarte aided his alleged fraud upon the
court by failing to disclose a 1996 accident and failing to disclose the March 2012
accident during an independent medical examination. Based on this record, we
conclude that these assertions lack merit.
                                             -7-
              The power to resolve disputes over the truth or falsity of
              claims belongs to a jury.

                     . . . [T]he trial court's ruling in this case resulted from a
              review of the same deposition and videotape that we
              reviewed. Trial court rulings are given less deference when
              they are based on the same cold document record that is
              before the reviewing court.

Id. at 1169-70 (emphasis added).

              Like Jacob, this is not a case in which Mr. Duarte suffered no injury. The

January 2008 accident was very severe, and Snap-On does not deny that Mr. Duarte

had injuries from it. The dispute here is over the extent of those injuries and the extent

to which the March 2012 accident caused or contributed to them. On that score, Mr.

Duarte did not falsely deny that in March 2012 a pick-up truck hit his car while he was

stopped. On the contrary, he identified the event as having happened but described it

as being slight and not, in his opinion, rising to the level of an accident. Even then, he

testified that the event made his back hurt "much more" than it did before—a fact that

undercuts a theory that his back injuries were entirely attributable to the January 2008

accident. Mr. Duarte's testimony with regard to his insurance claim on the March 2012

accident, like the video recording in Jacob, diminishes the credibility of his deposition

testimony about the severity of the March 2012 accident. Without additional facts,

however, the trial court record does not establish that Mr. Duarte sentiently set in motion

an unconscionable scheme to defraud in this case against Snap-On and Mr. Mullins

such that it would warrant a dismissal. And without additional evidence demonstrating a

knowing fraud on the court in this case, the inconsistencies between his May 2012

examination under oath and his May 2014 deposition are regarded by our decisions as

matters of fact and credibility for a jury to resolve. See Jacob, 840 So. 2d at 1170; see

                                             -8-
also Kubel v. San Marco Floor & Wall, Inc., 967 So. 2d 1063, 1064 (Fla. 2d DCA 2007)

(holding that evidence that the plaintiff's husband asked the physician to revise a report

to eliminate certain facts bearing on the plaintiff's injuries did not justify dismissal

because those matters were suited for impeachment at trial).

              Our decision in Howard, in turn, bears directly on the completeness of Mr.

Duarte's interrogatory answers. That case, like this one, involved a dispute over the

extent of a plaintiff's back injuries after an automobile accident. The defendant sought a

dismissal for fraud on the court because the plaintiff failed to disclose, in response to a

question at deposition, several medical matters relevant to his claim of injury. The

plaintiff did reveal some matters bearing on his injuries but not all of them. The plaintiff

denied an intent to provide false information. After the trial court dismissed the action

without taking evidence, we reversed because the limited record before the trial court

was insufficient to warrant dismissal. 959 So. 2d at 314. In particular, the trial court

lacked evidence to find that the plaintiff affirmatively or intentionally misrepresented his

medical conditions, and there was no evidence that the treatments the defendant later

uncovered would have made any difference to the case. Id.

              As in Howard, the record upon which the trial court based its decision in

this case was insufficient to deem Mr. Duarte's interrogatory disclosure a fraud on the

court. Insofar as Mr. Duarte's receipt of medical treatment subsequent to the March

2012 accident from Cleveland Radiology and First Chiropractic was concerned, those

matters were disclosed in Mr. Duarte's amended answers to Snap-On's interrogatories.

Snap-On failed to mention that fact in its dismissal motion, and the trial court failed to

recognize it. Because these facts were disclosed by Mr. Duarte, the fact that they were



                                              -9-
not contained in either his initial answers to Snap-On's interrogatories or his answers to

Mr. Mullins' interrogatories cannot be said to have operated as a fraud. Similarly,

although Mr. Duarte's December 2013 answers to Mr. Mullins' interrogatories stated "I

don't remember" in response to a question about other accidents, Mr. Mullins was

informed during Mr. Duarte's deposition about the March 2012 collision and the fact that

Mr. Duarte did not regard it as an accident. The essential facts were disclosed—there

was a collision, and Mr. Duarte received treatment thereafter—but there is a dispute

about the characterization of those facts. On this record, the evidence is insufficient to

justify dismissal for fraud upon the court. See Howard, 959 So. 2d at 314; see also

Laschke v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 872 So. 2d 344, 346 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004)

(reversing dismissal order where the evidence was insufficient to show that plaintiff's

attempt to have medical records altered "was one that, if she had been successful,

would have interfered with the trier of fact's ability to impartially adjudicate the issues . . .

nor would it have unfairly 'hampered' the appellees' presentation of their defense").

              We note that unlike our decision today, our court affirmed dismissals for

fraud on the court based on false or misleadingly incomplete discovery responses in

both Ramey, 993 So. 2d 1014, and Morgan v. Campbell, 816 So. 2d 251 (Fla. 2d DCA

2002). Those cases have several differences from the case before us, but one key

difference merits comment. In each, the trial court dismissed the case after an

evidentiary hearing enabled it to find as facts that the plaintiff had done something false

or misleading, that the plaintiff's nonculpable explanations for his conduct were

unconvincing, and that the conduct was of a kind sufficiently severe to warrant dismissal

under our cases. See Ramey, 993 So. 2d at 1020; Morgan, 816 So. 2d at 253. Here,



                                             - 10 -
"the trial court failed to conduct an evidentiary hearing and thus lacked a sufficient

evidentiary basis for determining that fraud on the court had occurred." See Ramey,

993 So. 2d at 1020 (distinguishing cases involving this circumstance).

                                              III.

              The limited documentary record before the trial court was not sufficient to

justify a decision that dismissal, rather than impeachment at trial or a traditional

discovery sanction, was the appropriate remedy for Mr. Duarte's conduct. As such, the

trial court abused its discretion in dismissing the action with prejudice. Its final order is

reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

              Reversed and remanded.


LaROSE and SLEET, JJ., Concur.




                                            - 11 -
