                                                                                5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21
    *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG                      1R                    3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH 

      RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV                                                   (/(&7521,& &,7$7,21  )(' $SS 3 WK &LU
                                                                                         )LOH 1DPH DS

                                ,9
  ,PXVWFRQIHVVWKDWEHIRUHGHOYLQJLQWRWKLVFDVH,ZRXOG            81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6
KDYHEHHQVNHSWLFDOWKDWDSHUVRQZLWKDUHDGLQJGLVDELOLW\DV                          )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7
VHULRXVDVWKHRQH*RQ]DOHVLQVLVWVKHKDVZRXOGEHDEOHWR                               BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
VXUYLYH WKH ULJRUV RI PHGLFDO VFKRRO DQG EH FDSDEOH RI
SUDFWLFLQJ PHGLFLQH VXFFHVVIXOO\ DIWHUZDUG  1HYHUWKHOHVV
*RQ]DOHVKDVDSSDUHQWO\VDWLVILHGWKHIDFXOW\RIRQHRIWKLV
FRXQWU\¶VSUHHPLQHQWPHGLFDOVFKRROVWKDWKHZRXOGPDNHD                0,&+$(/ *21=$/(6                ;
YHU\JRRGSK\VLFLDQDQG,KDYHOLWWOHGRXEWWKDWWKHIDFXOW\RI                 3ODLQWLII$SSHOODQW      
WKH8QLYHUVLW\RI0LFKLJDQ0HGLFDO6FKRRODUHEHWWHUMXGJHV                                                
WKDQ,RIZKRRXJKWWREHDOORZHGWRSUDFWLFHPHGLFLQH                                                       1R
                                                                                    Y                     
  )RUWKHUHDVRQVVHWIRUWKDERYH,EHOLHYHWKDWWKHGLVWULFW                                              !
                                                                                                           
FRXUW¶VILQGLQJWKDW*RQ]DOHVGRHVQRWKDYHDGLVDELOLW\ZLWKLQ         1$7,21$/ %2$5' 2)                  
WKHPHDQLQJRIWKH$'$LVQRWVXSSRUWHGE\WKHUHFRUGDVLW             0(',&$/ (;$0,1(56                 
SUHVHQWO\H[LVWV7KHRQO\ILQGLQJFRQVLVWHQWZLWK*RQ]DOHV¶V                    'HIHQGDQW$SSHOOHH 
WHVWLPRQ\DQGWKHFRQFOXVLRQVRIWKHWZRH[SHUWVZKRKDYH                                                  
PHW ZLWK DQG H[DPLQHG KLP LV WKDW KH KDV D UDWKHU VHYHUH                                       1
UHDGLQJGLVDELOLW\$OWKRXJKWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWZDVREYLRXVO\
QRW UHTXLUHG WR FUHGLW *RQ]DOHV¶V WHVWLPRQ\ RU WKDW RI                 $SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW
'U *LRUGDQL WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW¶V GHFLVLRQ WR FUHGLW WKH             IRUWKH(DVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI0LFKLJDQDW'HWURLW
WHVWLPRQ\ RI 'UV )ODQDJDQ DQG /LWFKIRUG SDUWLFXODUO\            1R²/DZUHQFH3=DWNRII&KLHI'LVWULFW-XGJH
'U )ODQDJDQ VHHPV WR PH LUUHFRQFLODEOH ZLWK WKH GLVWULFW
FRXUW¶V UHFRJQLWLRQ RI 'U *LRUGDQL DV D ³FRPSHWHQW DQG                         $UJXHG-DQXDU\
DFFRPSOLVKHG SV\FKRORJLVW´  *RQ]DOH>V@ Y 1DW¶O %G RI
0HGLFDO ([DPLQHUV  ) 6XSS G   (' 0LFK                    'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG$XJXVW

                                                                          %HIRUH1(/62168+5+(,15,&+DQG*,/0$1
   ,ZRXOGWKHUHIRUHYDFDWHWKHRUGHURIWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWDQG                            &LUFXLW-XGJHV
UHPDQGWKLVFDVHIRUIXUWKHUSURFHHGLQJV7KHGLVWULFWFRXUW
FRXOGDOORZVXSSOHPHQWDOEULHILQJRULQWKHH[HUFLVHRILWV                                BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
GLVFUHWLRQWKHWDNLQJRIDGGLWLRQDOHYLGHQFHRQWKHVXEMHFWRI
ZKHWKHU*RQ]DOHVLVOLNHO\WRVXFFHHGRQWKHPHULWVDQGWKHQ                                  &2816(/
LI QHFHVVDU\ DGGUHVV WKH RWKHU IDFWRUV WKDW DUH UHOHYDQW LQ
GHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHULQMXQFWLYHUHOLHIVKRXOGEHJUDQWHG                $5*8('5LFKDUG-/DQGDX'<.(0$*266(77$QQ
                                                                        $UERU0LFKLJDQIRU$SSHOODQW5R\&+D\HV,,,+$<(6
                                                                        /$: ),50 &KDUOHYRL[ 0LFKLJDQ IRU $SSHOOHH
                                                                        21%5,()5LFKDUG-/DQGDX'<.(0$*266(77$QQ
                                                                        $UERU 0LFKLJDQ IRU $SSHOODQW  5R\ & +D\HV 5R\ &
    *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG                   1R      1R                  *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG          
     RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV                                                                           RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV

+D\HV,,,+$<(6/$:),50&KDUOHYRL[0LFKLJDQIRU                7KHUHPLJKWZHOOKDYHEHHQRWKHUUHDVRQVZK\*RQ]DOHV
$SSHOOHH                                                          ZDVQRWOLNHO\WRVXFFHHGRQWKHPHULWV,QGHHGWKHUHPLJKW
                                                                   KDYHEHHQUHDVRQVZHLJKLQJDJDLQVWJUDQWLQJLQMXQFWLYHUHOLHI
  68+5+(,15,&+-GHOLYHUHGWKHRSLQLRQRIWKHFRXUWLQ         HYHQLI*RQ]DOHVKDGHVWDEOLVKHGDOLNHOLKRRGRIVXFFHVVRQ
ZKLFK 1(/621 - MRLQHG  *,/0$1 - SS          WKHPHULWV%XWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VGHFLVLRQWRGHQ\LQMXQFWLYH
GHOLYHUHGDVHSDUDWHGLVVHQWLQJRSLQLRQ                           UHOLHIZDVEDVHGRQLWVILQGLQJWKDW*RQ]DOHVGLGQRWKDYHDQ\
                                                                   GLVDELOLW\ZLWKLQWKHPHDQLQJRIWKH$'$DQGWKXVKDGQR
                    BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB                              FKDQFHRIVXFFHVVRQWKHPHULWVDQGWKDWILQGLQJRQWKHEDVLV
                                                                   RIWKHUHFRUGEHIRUHXVDSSHDUVWRPHWRKDYHEHHQFOHDUO\
                        23,1,21                                    HUURQHRXV
                    BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
                                                                                                   ,,,
   68+5+(,15,&+ &LUFXLW -XGJH  3ODLQWLII 0LFKDHO
*RQ]DOHV ³*RQ]DOHV´ RU ³3ODLQWLII´ DSSHDOV WKH GLVWULFW      ,DOVRGLVDJUHHZLWKWKHPDMRULW\¶VVWDWHPHQWWKDW*RQ]DOHV
FRXUW¶VGHQLDORIKLVUHTXHVWIRUSUHOLPLQDU\LQMXQFWLYHUHOLHI    GRHV QRW ³ILW ZLWKLQ &RQJUHVV¶V YLVLRQ RI WKH GLVDEOHG
XQGHUWKH$PHULFDQVZLWK'LVDELOLWLHV$FW86&       SRSXODWLRQ´0DM2SDW$OWKRXJKLWLVLQGLVSXWDEOHWKDW
HWVHT³$'$´3ODLQWLIIUHTXHVWHGWKDW'HIHQGDQW1DWLRQDO     ³>S@HUVRQVZLWKPLQRUWULYLDOLPSDLUPHQWVVXFKDVDVLPSOH
%RDUGRI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV³1%0(´RU³'HIHQGDQW´EH              LQIHFWHG ILQJHU DUH QRW LPSDLUHG LQ D PDMRU OLIH DFWLYLW\´
RUGHUHGWRDOORZKLPH[WHQGHGWLPHWRWDNHWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV       0DM 2S DW  , GR QRW XQGHUVWDQG KRZ WKH UHDGLQJ
0HGLFDO /LFHQVLQJ ([DPLQDWLRQ 6WHS  ³6WHS                 LPSDLUPHQW GHVFULEHG E\ *RQ]DOHV DQG 'U *LRUGDQL FDQ
([DPLQDWLRQ´EHFDXVHRIDQDOOHJHGGLVDELOLW\                   UHDVRQDEO\EHFRPSDUHGWRDQLQIHFWHGILQJHU
                    ,%$&.*5281'                                   )LQDOO\ , GLVDJUHH ZLWK WKH PDMRULW\¶V DVVHUWLRQ WKDW
                                                                   UHFRJQL]LQJVHULRXVUHDGLQJLPSDLUPHQWVRIWKHVRUWGHVFULEHG
   ,QDIWHUVXFFHVVIXOO\FRPSOHWLQJWZR\HDUVRIPHGLFDO     E\ *RQ]DOHV DV ³GLVDELOLWLHV´ ZRXOG VWUHWFK WKH $'$ ZHOO
VFKRRO DW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0LFKLJDQ 0HGLFDO 6FKRRO         EH\RQGLWV LQWHQGHGSXUSRVH&RQJUHVVDQWLFLSDWHGWKDWLWV
³8006´*RQ]DOHVDSSOLHGWRWDNHWKH6WHS([DPLQDWLRQ          GHILQLWLRQRI³DQLQGLYLGXDOZLWKDGLVDELOLW\´ZRXOGDSSO\WR
D SUHUHTXLVLWHWRSURFHHGLQJZLWKWKHWKLUG\HDURIPHGLFDO       ³VRPH  $PHULFDQV´   86&  D
VFKRRO7KH6WHS([DPLQDWLRQLVWKHILUVWRIWKUHH8QLWHG       )RUW\WKUHHPLOOLRQLVWRRVPDOODQXPEHUWRLQFOXGHDOORIWKH
6WDWHV0HGLFDO/LFHQVLQJ([DPLQDWLRQV³860/(´UHTXLUHG           SHRSOHLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVZKRUHTXLUHH\HJODVVHVRUFRQWDFW
IRUPHGLFDOOLFHQVXUHLQDOOVWDWHV7KH1%0(DGPLQLVWHUVWKH     OHQVHVWRVHHQRUPDOO\VHH6XWWRQ86DWREVHUYLQJ
860/(                                                             WKDWFRXQWLQJSHUVRQVZKRFDQVHHQRUPDOO\ZLWKFRUUHFWLYH
                                                                   OHQVHV DV ³GLVDEOHG´ ZRXOG GULYH WKH WRWDO RI ³GLVDEOHG´
   %HIRUHWDNLQJWKH6WHS([DPLQDWLRQRQ-XQH        SHUVRQVZHOORYHURQHKXQGUHGPLOOLRQDIDUJUHDWHUQXPEHU
*RQ]DOHV DVVHUWHG D OHDUQLQJ GLVDELOLW\ DQG UHTXHVWHG WKH   WKDQ&RQJUHVVLQWHQGHGEHFRYHUHGE\WKH$'$EXWIRUW\
1%0(WRDOORZKLPH[WHQGHGWLPHRQHDQGDKDOIWLPHVWKH          WKUHHPLOOLRQLVVWLOODYHU\ODUJHQXPEHU²ODUJHU,WKLQNWKDQ
VWDQGDUGWLPHRQWKHH[DPLQDWLRQ+HVXSSRUWHGKLVUHTXHVW       WKHPDMRULW\LVZLOOLQJWRUHFRJQL]H
IRUWHVWDFFRPPRGDWLRQVZKLFKZDVHQGRUVHGE\8006
ZLWK D SV\FKRORJLFDO HYDOXDWLRQ ZKLFK *RUGRQ / 8OUH\
    *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG                    1R       1R                     *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG              
      RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV                                                                                RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV

WHVWLPRQ\DVZHOODVWKDWRI'U*LRUGDQLWRWKHHIIHFWWKDW        ³8OUH\´3K'SUHSDUHGLQZKHQ*RQ]DOHVZDVDQ
*RQ]DOHV LV D PHPEHU RI WKH PLQRULW\ RI LQGLYLGXDOV ZLWK     XQGHUJUDGXDWHVWXGHQWDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLDDW'DYLV
VWURQJFRJQLWLYHDELOLW\EXWZLWKYHU\ZHDNUHDGLQJDELOLW\         ³8&'´
  )XUWKHUPRUH'U/LWFKIRUG¶VWHVWLPRQ\GLGOLWWOHWRVXSSRUW          ,Q  8OUH\ LQWHUYLHZHG *RQ]DOHV DQG UHSRUWHG WKDW
WKH1%0(¶VFODLPWKDW*RQ]DOHVGRHVQRWKDYHDOHDUQLQJ               *RQ]DOHV¶VPDLQFRQFHUQZDVORZVFRUHVRQPXOWLSOHFKRLFH
GLVDELOLW\5DWKHU'U/LWFKIRUGWHVWLILHGWKDWWKHUHVXOWVRIWKH   WHVWV HVSHFLDOO\ WKH 0HGLFDO &ROOHJH $SWLWXGH 7HVW
WHVWVDGPLQLVWHUHGE\'U*LRUGDQLVXSSRUWHGDILQGLQJRID           ³0&$7´  ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH LQWHUYLHZ 8OUH\ EDVHG KLV
ZULWLQJGLVRUGHU²DOWKRXJKKHGRXEWHGWKDWKDYLQJDZULWLQJ            HYDOXDWLRQ RI *RQ]DOHV RQ D EDWWHU\ RI WHVWV   :HFKVOHU
GLVRUGHUZRXOGKLQGHURQH¶VSHUIRUPDQFHRQWKH6WHSH[DP           $GXOW,QWHOOLJHQFH6FDOH5HYLVHG:LGH5DQJH$FKLHYH
'U/LWFKIRUGQHYHUWKHOHVVIRUWKULJKWO\FRQFHGHGWKDWQHLWKHU         7HVW  5HYLVHG /HYHO ,,  /HDUQLQJ (IILFLHQF\ 7HVW QG
KHQRUWKH1%0(KDGHYHUFRQGXFWHGDQ\VRUWRIHPSLULFDO              (GLWLRQ  1HOVRQ'HQQ\ 5HDGLQJ 7HVW )RUP (         8OUH\
VWXG\WRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUZULWLQJGLVDELOLWLHVKDYHDQ\HIIHFW       GLDJQRVHG*RQ]DOHVDVKDYLQJDOHDUQLQJGLVDELOLW\8OUH\
RQKRZRQHSHUIRUPVRQWKH1%0(¶VH[DPLQDWLRQV                     FRQFOXGHGWKDW*RQ]DOHV³VKRZHGVLJQLILFDQWGLIILFXOW\ZLWK
                                                                      WKHDXGLWRU\VHTXHQWLDOSURFHVVLQJRILQIRUPDWLRQDVVHHQE\
   7KHTXHVWLRQRIZKHWKHUDFHUWDLQIRUPRIDFFRPPRGDWLRQ            KLVSHUIRUPDQFHRQWKHDULWKPHWLFDQGGLJLWVSDQWHVWDVZHOO
LHPRUHWHVWLQJWLPHLVUHTXLUHGRUDSSURSULDWHIRUDJLYHQ      DV RQ ERWK WKH YLVXDO DQG DXGLWRU\ PHPRU\ WHVWV IRU WKH
GLVDELOLW\ LV D TXHVWLRQ HQWLUHO\ VHSDUDWH IURP ZKHWKHU WKH   /HDUQLQJ(IILFLHQF\([DP´8OUH\IRXQGLWDSSURSULDWHWKDW
LQGLYLGXDOKDVD³GLVDELOLW\´LQWKHILUVWSODFH6HH6KHSOHUY     *RQ]DOHVEHJLYHQPRUHWLPHIRUVWDQGDUGL]HGWHVWLQJ
1RUWKZHVW2KLR'HYHORSPHQWDO&WU1R:/               DQGKHVXJJHVWHGWKDW*RQ]DOHVUHFRUGOHFWXUHVDQGUHYLHZ
DWWK&LU)HEXQSXEOLVKHG*LOPDQ          ZULWWHQOHFWXUHQRWHV
- GLVVHQWLQJ REVHUYLQJ WKDW WKH TXHVWLRQ RI ZKHWKHU WKH
SODLQWLII LQ DQ $'$ FDVH KDV D GLVDELOLW\ VKRXOG EH NHSW      8OUH\DOVRIRXQGWKDWRQWKH:HFKVOHU6FDOH*RQ]DOHV¶V
DQDO\WLFDOO\VHSDUDWHIURPRWKHUTXHVWLRQVVXFKDVZKHWKHU           YHUEDO DQGSHUIRUPDQFHVNLOOVUDQJHG³IURPWKHDYHUDJHWR
FHUWDLQSURSRVHGDFFRPPRGDWLRQVDUHUHTXLUHGE\WKH$'$             VXSHULRUUDQJHZLWKYHUEDO,4SHUIRUPDQFH,4DQG
'DYLGVRQY0LGHOIRUW&OLQLF/WG)GWK
&LU  VDPH 0DWWKHZ 'LOOHU -XGLFLDO %DFNODVK WKH
$'$DQGWKH&LYLO5LJKWV0RGHO%(5.(/(< - (03 	
/$% / ±FULWLFL]LQJMXGLFLDORSLQLRQVWKDW          
GHQ\UHOLHIXQGHUWKH$'$DIWHUEHQGLQJRYHUEDFNZDUGVWR                  8OUH\ LV DQ $VVRFLDWH &OLQLFDO 3URIHVVRU RI 3V\FKRORJ\ DW WKH 8&'

ILQGSODLQWLIIVQRWFRYHUHGE\WKHVWDWXWH³$IWHUDOODILQGLQJ        
WKDWDSHUVRQLVSURWHFWHGE\WKH$'$RQO\OHDGVWRWKHFHQWUDO             Ulrey wrote that the pattern of errors on Gonzales’s tests "strongly
TXHVWLRQ RI ZKHWKHU WKH >GHIHQGDQW@ KDV LPSURSHUO\              suggests an underlying processing disorder"; that "[b]oth Michael’s
GLVFULPLQDWHG DJDLQVW WKH LQGLYLGXDO´  ,Q YLHZ RI WKH      problems with the sequential processing of information visually and
                                                                      auditorily as well as discrepancies between his cognitive level and his
FRQFHVVLRQ E\ 'U /LWFKIRUG ZKRVH WHVWLPRQ\ WKH GLVWULFW      reading rate and reading comprehension suggest an underlying learning
FRXUWFUHGLWHGWKDWWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHWHVWVDGPLQLVWHUHGE\'U     disability related to slowness in language processing"; and that "the
*LRUGDQLVXSSRUWHGDILQGLQJRIDZULWLQJGLVRUGHUWKHGLVWULFW      pattern of cognitive skills as well as his ability to improve his
FRXUW¶VFRQFOXVLRQWKDW*RQ]DOHVGLGQRWKDYHDQ\GLVDELOLW\          performance significantly with increasing 50% time document both his
IRUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKH$'$DSSHDUVXQWHQDEOH                        learning disability and the need for the accommodation of increased time
                                                                      for tests."
       *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG                         1R        1R                  *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG          
        RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV                                                                                   RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV

IXOO VFDOH ,4 ´  8OUH\ FRQFOXGHG WKDW *RQ]DOHV KDV              RI.XPKR7LUH&RDQG'DXEHUWDQGGHVHUYHVWREHFUHGLWHG
³VLJQLILFDQWVWUHQJWKVERWKLQYHUEDOFRQFHSWXDODELOLW\DVZHOO              6HH(NRWHN6LWH353&RPPLWWHHY6HOI)6XSSG
DVSHUFHSWXDORUJDQL]DWLRQ´                                                   Q ' 8WDK  FRQFOXGLQJ WKDW GLVWULFW FRXUWV
                                                                              SUHVLGLQJ RYHU EHQFK WULDOV FDQ GHFLGH TXHVWLRQV RI
  8&'KDGDUUDQJHGDFFRPPRGDWLRQVIRU*RQ]DOHVGXULQJ                         DGPLVVLELOLW\ DQG UHOLDELOLW\ DIWHU WKH SURIIHUHG HYLGHQFH LV
KLVWKLUGDQGIRXUWK\HDUVRIVWXG\EDVHGRQ8OUH\¶VUHSRUW                  SUHVHQWHGDWWULDO%UDGOH\Y%URZQ)6XSS
$OVR RQ WKH EDVLV RI 8OUH\¶V UHSRUW WKH 8006  SURYLGHG             1',QGJUDQWLQJDPRWLRQLQOLPLQHWRH[FOXGHXQUHOLDEOH
*RQ]DOHV ZLWK EDVLFDOO\ WKH VDPH DFFRPPRGDWLRQV KH                      H[SHUWHYLGHQFHIROORZLQJWKHFRPSOHWLRQRIDEHQFKWULDO
UHFHLYHGGXULQJKLVWKLUGDQGIRXUWK\HDUVDW8&'H[WHQGHG                   DII¶G)GWK&LU%\IDLOLQJWRFRQGXFWD
WLPHRQWHVWVDVVLVWDQFHZLWKQRWHWDNLQJDQGSHUPLVVLRQWR                 'DXEHUWDQDO\VLVDVWR'U)ODQDJDQ¶VWHVWLPRQ\WKHGLVWULFW
WDSHFODVVURRPOHFWXUHV8006DOORZHG*RQ]DOHVGRXEOH                        FRXUW¶VFRQFOXVRU\VWDWHPHQWWKDWLWIRXQGWKHWHVWLPRQ\RI'U
WLPHRQH[DPLQDWLRQV                                                         )ODQDJDQ³PRUHSHUVXDVLYH´WKDQWKDWRI'U*LRUGDQLGRHV
                                                                              QRWFRQVWLWXWHVXFKDQDQDO\VLVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWHIIHFWLYHO\
  7KH1%0(UHIHUUHG*RQ]DOHV¶VUHTXHVWDQGGRFXPHQWDWLRQ                      WHUPLQDWHG*RQ]DOHV¶VFDVHRQWKHPHULWVZLWKRXWHPSOR\LQJ
IRUH[WHQGHGWLPHRQWKH-XQH6WHS([DPLQDWLRQWR                      WKHHYLGHQWLDU\VDIHJXDUGVWKDWGLVWULFWFRXUWVDUHUHTXLUHGWR
'DZQ )ODQDJDQ    3K' DQ H[SHUW LQ WKH ILHOG RI OHDUQLQJ          DSSO\ ZKHQ JHQXLQH LVVXHV RI PDWHULDO IDFW DUH LQ
GLVDELOLWLHV)ODQDJDQRSLQHGWKDW*RQ]DOHVGRHVQRWKDYHD                 GLVSXWH²LHDWDKHDULQJRUWULDO
OHDUQLQJGLVDELOLW\LQUHDGLQJDQGWKDWWKHGDWDLQWKHDUHDRI
ZULWWHQODQJXDJHLVLQVXIILFLHQWWRGLDJQRVHDZULWWHQODQJXDJH                 ,QDQ\HYHQW'U)ODQDJDQ¶VH[FOXVLYHUHOLDQFHRQWKHWHVW
GLVRUGHU7KH1%0(GHQLHG*RQ]DOHV¶VUHTXHVWIRUH[WHQGHG                    UHVXOWVDQGUHSRUWVRI'UV8OUH\DQG*LRUGDQLLVWURXEOHVRPH
                                                                              6KHUHDVRQHGWKDWEHFDXVH*RQ]DOHVSHUIRUPHGZHOORQWHVWV
                                                                              WKDWPHDVXUHGKLVFRJQLWLYHVNLOOVDQGEHFDXVHLQGLYLGXDOV¶
                                                                              FRJQLWLYH SURFHVVHV DUH ³WKH EHVW SUHGLFWRUV RI UHDGLQJ
                                                                             DFKLHYHPHQW´*RQ]DOHV¶VUHDGLQJDFKLHYHPHQW³RXJKWWREH
      Ulrey reported that on the verbal test Gonzales revealed "significant
strength in verbal conceptual ability on the vocabulary, comprehension        ZLWKLQWKHDYHUDJHRUEHWWHUUDQJHRIDELOLW\´,DPXQDEOHWR
and similarities verbal tests." He showed "excellent judgement and            DFFHSWWKLVUHDVRQLQJ
abstract reasoning on both comprehension and similarities." On the
performance test, he exhibited "significant strength in perceptual               &RUUHODWLRQ LV WKH SUREDELOLW\ WKDW WZR IDFWRUV VXFK DV
organization as seen on both block design and object assembly," and he        FRJQLWLYH DELOLW\ DQG UHDGLQJ DELOLW\ ZLOO DFFRPSDQ\ HDFK
demonstrated "effective problem solving strategies on both block design       RWKHU$VWURQJSRVLWLYHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQFRJQLWLYHDELOLW\
and object assembly where he was able to solve even the most abstract         DQG UHDGLQJDELOLW\ZRXOGPHDQWKDWJLYHQDODUJHHQRXJK
designs with a high level of efficiency." On the achievement test, he had     VDPSOHRISHRSOHZLWKVWURQJFRJQLWLYHDELOLW\DSUHGLFWDEO\
a "reading decoding standard score of 114, equivalent to the 82nd
percentile and a written language or spelling standard score of 102,          ODUJHSHUFHQWDJHZRXOGDOVRKDYHVWURQJUHDGLQJDELOLW\%XW
equivalent to the 58th percentile. Performance on the arithmetic              *RQ]DOHVLVDSHUVRQQRWDVDPSOH'U)ODQDJDQ¶VIDLOXUHWR
calculation with standard time resulted in a score of 108 equivalent to the   H[DPLQHRUHYHQPHHWZLWK*RQ]DOHVOHDYHVKHUVWXFNZLWK
70th percentile and with 50% more time improved his performance to a          UHO\LQJRQWKHDUJXPHQWWKDW*RQ]DOHV¶VUHDGLQJDELOLW\RXJKW
standard score of 138, equivalent to the 98th percentile."                    WR EH JRRG EHFDXVH PRVW SHRSOH ZLWK FRJQLWLYH DELOLW\ DV
    
                                                                              VWURQJ DV *RQ]DOHV¶V DOVR KDYH JRRG UHDGLQJ DELOLW\  7KLV
     )ODQDJDQ LV D PHPEHU RI WKH $PHULFDQ 3V\FKRORJLFDO $VVRFLDWLRQ           UHDVRQLQJFRQIOLFWVZLWKDQGOHDYHVXQH[SODLQHG*RQ]DOHV¶V
DQG WKH 1DWLRQDO $VVRFLDWLRQ RI 6FKRRO 3V\FKRORJLVWV
    *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG                       1R       1R                         *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG                 
      RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV                                                                                       RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV

  'U )ODQDJDQ DOVR QHYHU UHYLHZHG *RQ]DOHV¶V VHFRQG RU           WLPH VWDWLQJ KLV LPSDLUPHQW GLG QRW VLJQLILFDQWO\ LPSDLU D
WKLUG DSSOLFDWLRQV IRU WHVWLQJ DFFRPPRGDWLRQV ZKLOH WKRVH          PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\ZLWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIWKH$'$
DSSOLFDWLRQVZHUHDFWXDOO\SHQGLQJEHIRUHWKH1%0(HYHQ
WKRXJKWKHVXEMHFWRIWKHSUHVHQWOLWLJDWLRQZDV*RQ]DOHV¶V                ,Q-XQHZKHQ*RQ]DOHVWRRNWKH6WHS([DPLQDWLRQ
WKLUGDSSOLFDWLRQIRUDFFRPPRGDWLRQV5DWKHUVKHUHYLHZHG              ZLWKRXWDFFRPPRGDWLRQVKHIDLOHGWKHH[DPLQDWLRQ
WKHPRQO\IRUWKHSXUSRVHRIWHVWLI\LQJRQWKH1%0(¶VEHKDOI
LQ WKH SUHVHQW FDVH  *RQ]DOHV¶V DWWRUQH\ LQ IDFW PDGH D        )ROORZLQJLWVXVXDOSUDFWLFHWKH8006DOORZHG*RQ]DOHV
PRWLRQ LQ OLPLQH WR OLPLW 'U )ODQDJDQ¶V WHVWLPRQ\ WR WKH       WREHJLQKLVWKLUG\HDUFOLQLFDOURWDWLRQVEHIRUHKHOHDUQHGWKH
VXEMHFWRIKHULQLWLDOUHSRUWLQZKLFKVKHFULWLFL]HG'U8OUH\¶V        UHVXOWVRIKLV-XQH6WHS([DPLQDWLRQ:KHQ*RQ]DOHV
UHSRUW  7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW GHQLHG WKH PRWLRQ VWDWLQJ WKDW     OHDUQHGWKDWKHKDGIDLOHGWKHH[DPLQDWLRQKHKDGFRPSOHWHG
³>W@KLVLVPHUHO\DKHDULQJQRWDWULDO´                        RQHPRQWKRIDWKUHHPRQWKVXUJLFDOURWDWLRQ*RQ]DOHVFKRVH
                                                                         WR WDNH D OHDYH RI DEVHQFH WR SUHSDUH WR UHWDNH WKH 6WHS 
   $FWXDOO\EHFDXVHWKH³SUHOLPLQDU\´LQMXQFWLYHUHOLHIWKDW            ([DPLQDWLRQ
WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW GHQLHG ZDV WKH OLRQ¶V VKDUH RI WKH UHOLHI
*RQ]DOHVZDVVHHNLQJLQWKLVDFWLRQ,EHOLHYHWKDWWKHGLVWULFW           %HIRUH VXEPLWWLQJ D UHTXHVW IRU H[WHQGHG WLPH RQ WKH
FRXUWVKRXOGKDYHFRQVLGHUHGPRUHFDUHIXOO\ZKDWHYLGHQFH                2FWREHU6WHS([DPLQDWLRQ*RQ]DOHVFRQVXOWHG%UXQR
ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ FRQVLGHUHG FRPSHWHQW DQG DGPLVVLEOH DW            *LRUGDQL³*LRUGDQL´3K'*LRUGDQLGLDJQRVHG*RQ]DOHV
WULDO6HH$&+$5/(6 $/$1 :5,*+7 $57+85 5 0,//(5                    DVKDYLQJDOHDUQLQJGLVDELOLW\*LRUGDQLEDVHGKLVGLDJQRVLV
	 0$5< .$< .$1( )('(5$/ 35$&7,&( $1' 352&('85(                          RQ*RQ]DOHV¶VKLVWRU\DQGRQIRUPDOWHVWLQJDQGFRQFOXGHG
SG&LU	6XSSQRWLQJWKDWZKHQ             WKDW*RQ]DOHVPHWWKHFULWHULDIRU5HDGLQJ'LVRUGHU
WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW FRQVROLGDWHV WKH PRWLRQ IRU SUHOLPLQDU\        DQG IRU 'LVRUGHU RI :ULWWHQ ([SUHVVLRQ   *LRUGDQL
LQMXQFWLYHUHOLHIZLWKWKHWULDORQWKHPHULWV³LQJHQHUDOWKH          DOVR IRXQG VWUHQJWKV LQ *RQ]DOHV¶V DELOLWLHV  *LRUGDQL
HYLGHQWLDU\UXOHVDSSOLFDEOHWRWULDOVKRXOGJRYHUQGXULQJD
FRQVROLGDWHGKHDULQJ´EHFDXVHWKHKHDULQJ³UHDOO\LVDWULDORQ
WKHPHULWV´                                                              
                                                                                 *LRUGDQL LV DQ $VVRFLDWH 3URIHVVRU RI 3V\FKRORJ\ LQ 3V\FKLDWU\

   $OWKRXJKLWDSSHDUVGRXEWIXOWKDWSULYDWHSODLQWLIIVVXLQJ            'LUHFWRU RI WKH 1HXURSV\FKRORJ\ &OLQLF DQG $VVRFLDWH 'LUHFWRU RI WKH

XQGHU7LWOH,,,RIWKH$'$DUHHQWLWOHGWRDMXU\WULDOVHH          1HXURSV\FKRORJ\ 'LYLVLRQ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0LFKLJDQ               *LRUGDQL LV QRW


86&DSSDUHQWO\DXWKRUL]LQJRQO\LQMXQFWLYHUHOLHI            ERDUG    FHUWLILHG
                                                                         $VVRFLDWLRQ
                                                                                              LQ   QHXURSV\FKRORJ\   E\   WKH   $PHULFDQ   3V\FKRORJLFDO


DQG DWWRUQH\¶V IHHV LQ 7LWOH ,,, VXLWV EURXJKW E\ SULYDWH
SODLQWLIIV$EERWWY%UDJGRQ)6XSS'0H                
                                                                              7KH      1HXURSV\FKRORJ\       'LYLVLRQ     DGPLQLVWHUHG     WKH   IROORZLQJ
VXJJHVWLQJWKDWWKHUHLVQRULJKWWRDWULDOE\MXU\LQ           DVVHVVPHQW SURFHGXUHV WR *RQ]DOHV :HFKVOHU $GXOW ,QWHOOLJHQFH 6FDOH 
SULYDWHSODLQWLIIV¶VXLWVXQGHU7LWOH,,,WKHGLVWULFWFRXUWLV        7KLUG (GLWLRQ :$,6,,, :RRGFRFN-RKQVRQ 7HVWV RI $FKLHYHPHQW 
VWLOOUHTXLUHGWRUHO\RQO\RQDGPLVVLEOHDQGUHOLDEOHH[SHUW            5HYLVHG :-5 :RRGFRFN 5HDGLQJ 0DVWHU\ 7HVWV ± 5HYLVHG )RUP *
WHVWLPRQ\HYHQZKLOHFRQGXFWLQJDEHQFKWULDO7KLVLVWUXH            :507518 1HOVRQ'HQQ\ 5HDGLQJ 7HVW 1' +DOVWHDG5HLWDQ
                                                                         1HXURSV\FKRORJLFDO 7HVW %DWWHU\ DQG $OOLHG 3URFHGXUHV :HFKVOHU
HYHQ WKRXJK GLVWULFW FRXUWV FRQGXFWLQJ EHQFK WULDOV KDYH          0HPRU\ 6FDOH ± 5HYLVHG :065 7HVW RI 9DULDEOHV RI $WWHQWLRQ
VXEVWDQWLDOIOH[LELOLW\LQDGPLWWLQJSURIIHUHGH[SHUWWHVWLPRQ\          729$ $WWHQWLRQDO &DSDFLW\ 7HVWV $&7 'LJLW 9LJLODQFH 7HVW
DWWKHIURQWHQGDQGWKHQGHFLGLQJIRUWKHPVHOYHVGXULQJWKH            0LQQHVRWD 0XOWLSKDVLF 3HUVRQDOLW\ ,QYHQWRU\ ± Z 003, 3DWLHQW
FRXUVHRIWULDOZKHWKHUWKHHYLGHQFHPHHWVWKHUHTXLUHPHQWV              +LVWRU\ ,QWHUYLHZ   7KH WHVWV ZHUH DGPLQLVWHUHG E\ /LVD 3URYRVW D
                                                                         0DVWHU¶V /HYHO OLFHQVH SV\FKRORJLVW
       *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG                        1R        1R                  *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG          
        RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV                                                                                  RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV

UHSRUWHGWKDW*RQ]DOHV³VFRUHGZLWKLQWKHDYHUDJHWRVXSHULRU                WRPDNLQJDFRPSHWHQWGLDJQRVLVRIDOHDUQLQJGLVDELOLW\6HH
UDQJHV´ RQ WKH LQWHOOLJHQFH WHVW ³ZLWK D PDUNHG GLIIHUHQFH           '60,9S[[LLL³7KHVSHFLILFGLDJQRVWLFFULWHULDLQFOXGHG
EHWZHHQWKH9HUEDODQG3HUIRUPDQFHVXEVFDOHVRISRLQWV                    LQ'60,9DUHPHDQWWRVHUYHDVJXLGHOLQHVWREHLQIRUPHGE\
9HUEDO,4    3HUIRUPDQFH,4 )XOO6FDOH,4                    FOLQLFDOMXGJPHQWDQGDUHQRWPHDQWWREHXVHGLQDFRRNERRN
´  *LRUGDQL FRPSDUHG *RQ]DOHV¶V UHDGLQJ VFRUHV WR               IDVKLRQ´,QRWKHUFRQWH[WVZHDFFRUGVXEVWDQWLDOGHIHUHQFH
WKRVHRIIRXUWK\HDUFROOHJHVWXGHQWVDQGWRFROOHJHJUDGXDWHV              WR WKH PHGLFDO RSLQLRQV RI WUHDWLQJ SK\VLFLDQV  6HH HJ
2Q UHDGLQJ FRPSUHKHQVLRQ WHVWV ZKHUH *RQ]DOHV¶V VFRUHV                 :DONHUY6HF¶\RI+HDOWK	+XPDQ6YFV)G
ZHUHFRPSDUHGWRWKRVHRIWKHJHQHUDOSRSXODWLRQ*LRUGDQL                   WK&LUVRFLDOVHFXULW\GLVDELOLW\EHQHILWVFDVH
UHSRUWHG WKDW *RQ]DOHV VFRUHG ZLWKLQ WKH DYHUDJH UDQJH               7KH VDPH VKRXOG EH WUXH IRU WKH RSLQLRQ RI DQ H[DPLQLQJ
1RQHWKHOHVV *LRUGDQL VXSSRUWHG WKH PHGLFDO VFKRRO¶V                    SV\FKRORJLVW ZKR KDV GLDJQRVHG D GLVRUGHU WKDW FDQQRW EH
GHFLVLRQWRJUDQW*RQ]DOHVH[WUDWLPHRQH[DPVDQGDGGLWLRQDO                UHOLDEO\GHWHFWHGWKURXJKWHVWVFRUHVDORQH
DFFRPPRGDWLRQVDQGUHFRPPHQGHGWKDW³WKLVDFFRPPRGDWLRQ
EHH[WHQGHGWRRWKHUVHWWLQJV´                                                'U)ODQDJDQFRQFHGHGWKDWVKHGLGQRWGLDJQRVH*RQ]DOHV
                                                                             6KH H[SODLQHG WKDW VKH LV DQ DFDGHPLFLDQ QRW D FOLQLFDO
  *RQ]DOHVSUHVHQWHG*LRUGDQL¶VUHSRUWZLWKKLVUHTXHVWIRU                  SV\FKRORJLVW FRPSHWHQW WR GLDJQRVH OHDUQLQJ GLVDELOLWLHV LQ
H[WHQGHGWLPHRQWKH2FWREHU6WHS([DPLQDWLRQ7KH                   VSHFLILFLQGLYLGXDOV,QVWHDGKHURSLQLRQZDVEDVHGVROHO\RQ
1%0(GLGQRWPHHWZLWKRULQWHUYLHZ*RQ]DOHV5DWKHULW                    VHFRQGJXHVVLQJWKHFRQFOXVLRQVUHDFKHGE\'UV8OUH\DQG
VHQWWKHGRFXPHQWDWLRQ*RQ]DOHVVXEPLWWHGZLWKKLVUHTXHVW                   *LRUGDQLZKRKDGH[DPLQHG*RQ]DOHV
IRU DFFRPPRGDWLRQV WR DQ H[SHUW LQ WKH ILHOG RI OHDUQLQJ
GLVDELOLWLHV *HRUJH /LWFKILHOG 3K'  ZKR UHYLHZHG WKH                ,Q SDUWLFXODU 'U )ODQDJDQ WHVWLILHG WKDW EDVHG RQ KHU
PDWHULDOV DQG LVVXHG D UHSRUW  $JDLQ WKH 1%0( GHQLHG              UHYLHZRIWKHGDWDVXEPLWWHGWRWKH1%0(E\'UV8OUH\DQG
                                                                             *LRUGDQL VKH FRXOG ILQG ³DEVROXWHO\ QR HYLGHQFH´ RI DQ
                                                                             LPSDLUPHQW  6KH DOVR WHVWLILHG KRZHYHU WKDW KHU
                                                                            PHWKRGRORJ\ IRU DVVHVVLQJ ZKHWKHU SHUVRQV KDYH OHDUQLQJ
       Giordani reported that Gonzales’s scores on the Wechsler subtests     GLVDELOLWLHVZDVRQO\D³WKHRUHWLFDOPRGHOWKDWKDVQRWEHHQ
ranged from "borderline impaired to superior." On academic achievement       VXEMHFWHGWRULJRURXVHPSLULFDODQDO\VLVIRUWKHSXUSRVHVRI
tests, Gonzales scored "within the above average to superior range" in
mathematics "when solving basic written calculations, though his
                                                                             GLDJQRVLVDQGWUHDWPHQW´7KLVOHDGVPHWRTXHVWLRQZKHWKHU
performance with word problems and related tasks fell somewhat lower         KHUWHVWLPRQ\ZRXOGVDWLVI\WKH³JDWHNHHSHU´UHTXLUHPHQWVRI
and in the average to above average ranges." In cognitive skills,            .XPKR 7LUH &R Y &DUPLFKDHO  86   DQG
Gonzales demonstrated excellent performance on a conceptual problem          'DXEHUWY0HUUHOO'RZ3KDUPDFHXWLFDOV,QF86
solving task requiring general mental flexibility and efficiently [sic] in      )XUWKHUPRUH WR WKH H[WHQW 'U )ODQDJDQ
adapting one’s responses based on feedback from the environment              FRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHUHZDVQRLQGLFDWLRQWKDW*RQ]DOHVKDGDQ\
(Category Test)."                                                            OHDUQLQJ GLVDELOLW\ WKDW FRQFOXVLRQ ZDV QRW VKDUHG E\ 'U
                                                                            /LWFKIRUGWKH1%0(¶VRWKHUH[SHUWZLWQHVV'U/LWFKIRUG
      /LWFKIRUG LV D FOLQLFDO SV\FKRORJLVW +H LV D GLSORPDW LQ FOLQLFDO     WHVWLILHG WKDW WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH WHVWV DGPLQLVWHUHG E\ 'U
SV\FKRORJ\ LQ WKH 6WDWH RI 1HZ <RUN DQG LV D FHUWLILHG VFKRRO
SV\FKRORJLVW LQ WKH 6DWH RI 1HZ <RUN 'U /LWFKIRUG LV DOVR DQ DSSURYHG
                                                                             *LRUGDQLVXSSRUWHGDILQGLQJRIDZULWLQJGLVRUGHUDOWKRXJK
QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO H[DPLQHU ZKR SHUIRUPV FHUWDLQ FHUWLILFDWLRQ UHYLHZV       'U/LWFKIRUGRSLQHGWKDWKHGLGQRWEHOLHYHWKDWSHUIRUPDQFH
IRU WKH 2IILFH RI 'LVDELOLWLHV DW 1HZ <RUN 6WDWH +H KROGV D 'LUHFWRUVKLS    RQWKH1%0(ZRXOGEHDIIHFWHGE\DZULWLQJGLVDELOLW\
RI 3V\FKRORJLFDO 6HUYLFHV LQ WKH 3V\FKRORJ\ 'HSDUWPHQW DW WKH 6WDWH
8QLYHUVLW\ RI 1HZ <RUN
    *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG                       1R        1R                    *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG            
      RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV                                                                                   RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV

   ,QSODLQDOWKRXJKDGPLWWHGO\XQVFLHQWLILFWHUPV*RQ]DOHV¶V            *RQ]DOHV¶VUHTXHVWIRUDFFRPPRGDWLRQV,Q2FWREHU
FODLPLVWKDWWKHSDUWRIKLVEUDLQUHVSRQVLEOHIRUGHFRGLQJ              *RQ]DOHVWRRNWKHH[DPLQDWLRQZLWKRXWDFFRPPRGDWLRQVDQG
ZULWWHQ ODQJXDJH LV QRW ZLUHG WKH VDPH DV DQG IXQFWLRQV         IDLOHG
VXEVWDQWLDOO\ ZRUVH WKDQ WKDW RI WKH DYHUDJH SHUVRQ HYHQ
WKRXJKLQRWKHUUHVSHFWVKLVPHQWDOIDFXOWLHVDUHVLJQLILFDQWO\              *RQ]DOHVDSSOLHGWRWDNHWKH6WHS([DPLQDWLRQDWKLUG
EHWWHUWKDQDYHUDJH,IGHVSLWHWKLVIDXOW\³ZLULQJ´*RQ]DOHV          WLPHDQGGRFXPHQWHGKLVUHTXHVWIRUDFFRPPRGDWLRQV$WWKH
KDG EHHQ DEOH WR DGDSW VR WKDW KLV DELOLW\ WR UHDG ZDV         UHTXHVWRIWKH1%0(/LWFKILHOGUHYLHZHGWKHPDWHULDODQG
VXEVWDQWLDOO\QRZRUVHWKDQWKDWRIWKHDYHUDJHSHUVRQWKHQ              LVVXHG D UHSRUW  7KH 1%0( GHQLHG KLV UHTXHVW IRU
*RQ]DOHVZRXOGQRWEHFRQVLGHUHGWRKDYHDUHDGLQJGLVDELOLW\             DFFRPPRGDWLRQV
XQGHU .LUNLQJEXUJ¶V UDWLRQDOH  %XW WKDW LV QRW *RQ]DOHV¶V
FODLP  5DWKHU *RQ]DOHV KDV DVVHUWHG WKDW GHVSLWH KLV EHVW        %HIRUHWDNLQJWKH6WHS([DPLQDWLRQDWKLUGWLPHZLWKRXW
HIIRUWVWRZRUNDURXQGKLVSUREOHPKHLVVWLOOQRWDEOHWRUHDG          DFFRPPRGDWLRQV *RQ]DOHV ILOHG DQ DFWLRQ LQ IHGHUDO FRXUW
QHDUO\DVZHOODVWKHDYHUDJHSHUVRQ,GRQRWEHOLHYHWKDW              XQGHUWKH$'$DOOHJLQJWKDWWKH1%0(LOOHJDOO\UHIXVHGWR
ZRUNLQJDURXQGDUHDGLQJLPSDLUPHQWE\SXUVXLQJVWUDWHJLHV                DFFRPPRGDWH KLV GLVDELOLW\ E\ IDLOLQJ WR SURYLGH KLP ZLWK
LQVFKRROWKDWPLQLPL]HWKHQHFHVVLW\IRUUHDGLQJLVWKHW\SHRI          DGGLWLRQDOWLPHWRWDNHWKH860/(6WHS*RQ]DOH]VRXJKW
VHOIDFFRPPRGDWLRQ WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW KDG LQ PLQG LQ                LQWHU DOLD LQMXQFWLYH UHOLHI UHTXLULQJ WKH 1%0(  WR DOORZ
0XUSK\6XWWRQRU.LUNLQJEXUJ                                          H[WHQGHGWLPHRQWKH6WHS([DPLQDWLRQ

                                  ,,                                        $IWHU D IRXUGD\ HYLGHQWLDU\ KHDULQJ WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW
                                                                          GHQLHG*RQ]DOHV¶VUHTXHVWIRULQMXQFWLYHUHOLHIILQGLQJWKDW
  ,QDGGLWLRQWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VFRQFOXVLRQWKDW*RQ]DOHV              WKHUH ZDV QR VXEVWDQWLDO OLNHOLKRRG WKDW *RQ]DOHV ZRXOG
KDG QR VXEVWDQWLDO OLNHOLKRRG RI VXFFHVV RQ WKH PHULWV LV        VXFFHHGRQKLV$'$FODLPEHFDXVH*RQ]DOHVLVQRWGLVDEOHG
VHULRXVO\ IODZHG EHFDXVH LW LV EDVHG RQ WKH ILQGLQJ WKDW         XQGHUWKH$'$7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWUHMHFWHG*RQ]DOHV¶VFODLP
*RQ]DOHVGRHVQRWKDYHDGLVDELOLW\ZLWKLQWKHPHDQLQJRIWKH             WKDWKHLVGLVDEOHGLQWKHPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLWLHVRIUHDGLQJDQG
$'$,GRQRWEHOLHYHWKDWWKLVILQGLQJLVVXSSRUWHGE\WKH              ZULWLQJ7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWFUHGLWHGWKH1%0(¶VH[SHUWVZKR
UHFRUGEHIRUHXV                                                         RSLQHGWKDW*RQ]DOHV³GRHVQRWKDYHDGRFXPHQWHGKLVWRU\RI
                                                                          DFDGHPLFDFKLHYHPHQWEHORZH[SHFWDWLRQVWKDWZRXOGVXSSRUW
  2I WKH H[SHUWV ZKR WHVWLILHG RU VXEPLWWHG UHSRUWV WR WKH       D GLDJQRVLV RI D OHDUQLQJ GLVDELOLW\´  %DVHG RQ WKHLU
GLVWULFWFRXUWWKHRQO\WZRZKRHYHUPHW*RQ]DOHVZHUH'UV              WHVWLPRQ\ WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW IRXQG WKDW ³3ODLQWLII¶V
8OUH\DQG*LRUGDQL7KH\ERWKFRQFOXGHGWKDWKHKDGDYHU\               SHUIRUPDQFHLQERWKUHDGLQJDQGZULWLQJWHVWVIHOOZLWKLQWKH
VLJQLILFDQWUHDGLQJGLVDELOLW\7KHRQO\H[SHUWZKRRSLQHG               DYHUDJHWRVXSHULRUUDQJHZKHQFRPSDUHGWRPRVWSHRSOH´
WKDW *RQ]DOHV GLG QRW KDYH D GLVDELOLW\ RU DW OHDVW KDG QRW   7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWDOVRKHOGWKDWKHZDVQRWGLVDEOHGLQWKH
VDWLVILHGKHUWKDWKHKDGDGLVDELOLW\ZDV'U)ODQDJDQ<HW            PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\RIZRUNLQJ
'U )ODQDJDQ QHYHU H[DPLQHG RU HYHQ PHW ZLWK *RQ]DOHV
HYHQWKRXJKXQGHUWKHJXLGHOLQHVVHWIRUWKE\WKH$PHULFDQ
3V\FKLDWULF,QVWLWXWH¶V'LDJQRVWLFDQG6WDWLVWLFDO0DQXDORI
0HQWDO'LVRUGHUV'60,9WKHGZKLFKWKH1%0(
DFFHSWV DV WKH DSSURSULDWH FULWHULD IRU GLDJQRVLQJ OHDUQLQJ            
                                                                               After the district court denied his request for injunctive relief,
GLVDELOLWLHVDQLQWHUYLHZRUFOLQLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQLVHVVHQWLDO           Gonzales took the Step 1 Examination a third time without
                                                                          accommodation and again failed.
     *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG                      1R       1R                   *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG          
      RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV                                                                                RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV

  *RQ]DOHVDSSHDOVDUJXLQJWKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWHUUHGLQ            FRPSXWHU²EXWZLWKRXWDQ\IRUPDODFFRPPRGDWLRQIURPWKH
KROGLQJWKDWKHKDVQROLNHOLKRRGRIVXFFHVVRIHVWDEOLVKLQJ            VFKRRO²ZRXOGQRWEHFRQVLGHUHG³GLVDEOHG´IRUWKHSXUSRVHV
WKDWKHKDVDUHDGLQJGLVDELOLW\XQGHUWKH$'$6HFRQGKH             RI WKH $'$  6LPLODUO\ LI D VWXGHQW ZLWK VHYHUH UHDGLQJ
FODLPV WKDW WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW IDLOHG WR DGGUHVV KLV ZULWLQJ   GLIILFXOWLHV FDQ JHW UHDVRQDEO\ KLJK PDUNV LQ VFKRRO HYHQ
GLVDELOLW\7KLUG*RQ]DOHVIDXOWVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VKROGLQJ        WKRXJKLWWDNHVKLPWKUHHWLPHVDVORQJDVWKHDYHUDJHSHUVRQ
WKDWKHGRHVQRWKDYHDGLVDELOLW\WKDWDIIHFWVWKHPDMRUOLIH          WR UHDG WKH UHTXLUHG FRXUVH PDWHULDOV LW ZRXOG PDNH OLWWOH
DFWLYLW\RIZRUNLQJ                                                    VHQVHWRVD\WKDWKHGRHVQRWKDYHDGLVDELOLW\LQUHDGLQJ2QH
                                                                        PLJKWVD\WKDWKHLVRYHUFRPLQJKLVGLVDELOLW\DVIDUDVJHWWLQJ
                       ,,',6&866,21                                   JRRG JUDGHV LV FRQFHUQHG EXW KLV PHWKRG RU PDQQHU RI
                                                                        UHDGLQJZRXOGVWLOOEHVXEVWDQWLDOO\OLPLWHGDVFRPSDUHGWRWKH
                    $6WDQGDUGRI5HYLHZ                               DYHUDJHSHUVRQ
   7KH $'$ LQFOXGHV LQMXQFWLYH UHOLHI DV DQ DSSURSULDWH             ,UHFRJQL]HWKDWWKH6XSUHPH&RXUWLQLWVWULORJ\RI
UHPHG\ LQ GLVDELOLW\ GLVFULPLQDWLRQ  6HH  86&$            $'$FDVHV0XUSK\Y8QLWHG3DUFHO6HUYLFH,QF86
D:HVWLQFRUSRUDWLQJWKHSURYLVLRQVRI              6XWWRQY8QLWHG$LU/LQHV,QF86
7LWOH9,,RIWKH&LYLO5LJKWV$FWRI86&D           DQG$OEHUWVRQ¶V,QFY.LUNLQJEXUJ86
:HUHYLHZDGHQLDORIDSUHOLPLQDU\LQMXQFWLRQIRUDEXVH            EURDGO\ KHOG WKDW DQ LQGLYLGXDO¶V DELOLW\ WR VHOI
RIGLVFUHWLRQDQGDIIRUGJUHDWGHIHUHQFHWRWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶V        DFFRPPRGDWHRUVHOIFRUUHFWWKURXJKPHGLFDWLRQRUWUHDWPHQW
GHFLVLRQ6HH%OXH&URVV	%OXH6KLHOG0XWRI2KLRY%OXH            PXVWEHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWLQDVFHUWDLQLQJZKHWKHUWKDWSHUVRQ
&URVV DQG %OXH 6KLHOG $VV¶Q  )G   WK &LU      LV³GLVDEOHG´ZLWKLQWKHPHDQLQJRIWKH$'$7KH6XSUHPH
:HZLOOUHYHUVHDGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VGHQLDORILQMXQFWLYH         &RXUW WKXV KHOG WKDW D K\SHUWHQVLYH PHFKDQLF ZKRVH KLJK
UHOLHIRQO\LI³WKHGLVWULFWFRXUWUHOLHGXSRQFOHDUO\HUURQHRXV       EORRG SUHVVXUH ZDV FRQWUROOHG E\ PHGLFDWLRQ ZDV QRW
ILQGLQJV RI IDFW LPSURSHUO\ DSSOLHG WKH JRYHUQLQJ ODZ RU      GLVDEOHGVHH0XUSK\86DWDQGWKDWVHYHUHO\
XVHGDQHUURQHRXVOHJDOVWDQGDUG´,G                                 P\RSLFSURVSHFWLYHDLUOLQHSLORWVZKRVHH\HVLJKWZLWKJODVVHV
                                                                        ZDVQRUPDOZHUHDOVRQRWGLVDEOHGVHH6XWWRQ86DW
   'LVWULFWFRXUWVDVVHVVIRXUIDFWRUVLQDQDO\]LQJDSUHOLPLQDU\       
LQMXQFWLRQ LVVXH   ZKHWKHU WKH SODLQWLII KDV D VWURQJ
OLNHOLKRRG RI VXFFHHGLQJ RQ WKH PHULWV  ZKHWKHU WKH            1RWDEO\ WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW DOVR KHOG WKDW D WUXFNGULYHU
SODLQWLIIZLOOVXIIHULUUHSDUDEOHLQMXU\DEVHQWWKHLQMXQFWLRQ         ZLWKDPEO\RSLDDQXQFRUUHFWDEOHFRQGLWLRQWKDWHVVHQWLDOO\
ZKHWKHULVVXLQJWKHLQMXQFWLRQZLOOFDXVHVXEVWDQWLDOKDUP          OHIWKLPZLWKVLJKWLQRQO\RQHH\HPLJKWQRWEH³GLVDEOHG´
WRRWKHUVDQGZKHWKHUWKHSXEOLFLQWHUHVWZLOOEHIXUWKHUHG        IRUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKH$'$LIKLVEUDLQDQGERG\KDGDGDSWHG
E\WKHLVVXDQFHRIWKHLQMXQFWLRQ6HHLG$OWKRXJKQRRQH            VXIILFLHQWO\ VR WKDW KLV DELOLW\ WR VHH ZDV QRW VXEVWDQWLDOO\
IDFWRU LV FRQWUROOLQJ D ILQGLQJ WKDW WKHUH LV VLPSO\ QR       LPSDLUHG LQ FRPSDULVRQ WR WKH DYHUDJH SHUVRQ  6HH
OLNHOLKRRG RI VXFFHVV RQ WKH PHULWV LV XVXDOO\ IDWDO  6HH    .LUNLQJEXUJ86DW7KHPDMRULW\¶VDQDO\VLVLQ
0LFKLJDQ6WDWH$)/&,2Y0LOOHU)GWK             WKH SUHVHQW FDVH UHOLHV RQ .LUNLQJEXUJ UHDVRQLQJ WKDW
&LU                                                             *RQ]DOHV KDV OHDUQHG WR VHOIDFFRPPRGDWH LQ D VLPLODU
                                                                        IDVKLRQ,UHVSHFWIXOO\GLVDJUHH
    *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG                       1R       1R                    *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG            
      RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV                                                                                  RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV

³>5@HDGLQJLWVHOILVDPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\LQGHSHQGHQWRIWKH                                        %0HULWV
PDMRU OLIH DFWLYLW\ RI VHHLQJ´ EXW VHH +LOHPDQ Y &LW\ RI
'DOODV  )G   Q WK &LU  H[SUHVVLQJ         7LWOH ,,, RI WKH $'$ SURKLELWV GLVFULPLQDWLRQ DJDLQVW
GRXEWWKDWUHDGLQJLVD³PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\´IRUSXUSRVHVRIWKH        SHUVRQVZLWKGLVDELOLWLHVLQSURIHVVLRQDOH[DPLQDWLRQVVXFKDV
5HKDELOLWDWLRQ$FW                                                     WKH860/(6WHS
   *RQ]DOHV¶V UHDVRQDEO\ JRRG SHUIRUPDQFH LQ KLJK VFKRRO             $Q\ SHUVRQ WKDW RIIHUV H[DPLQDWLRQV    UHODWHG WR
DQGKLVILUVWWZR\HDUVRIFROOHJHGRHVQRWIRUHFORVHDILQGLQJ            DSSOLFDWLRQVOLFHQVLQJFHUWLILFDWLRQRUFUHGHQWLDOLQJIRU
WKDWKHKDVDUHDGLQJGLVDELOLW\&I$QGUHZ:HLV-XPSLQJWR                SURIHVVLRQDO RU WUDGH SXUSRVHV VKDOO RIIHU VXFK
&RQFOXVLRQVLQ³-XPSLQJWKH4XHXH´6% / 5'                  H[DPLQDWLRQV    LQ D SODFH DQG PDQQHU DFFHVVLEOH WR
ERRNUHYLHZREVHUYLQJWKDWOHDUQLQJGLVDEOHG                 SHUVRQVZLWKGLVDELOLWLHVRURIIHUDOWHUQDWLYHDFFHVVLEOH
VWXGHQWVRIWHQDUHFDXJKWLQD³&DWFK´VLWXDWLRQLQWKDW³LI            DUUDQJHPHQWVIRUVXFKLQGLYLGXDOV
ZHH[FHOLQVRPHWDVNVWKHQZHPXVWQRWSRVVHVVDGLVDELOLW\
EXW LI ZH IDLO LQ RWKHU DUHDV WKHQ ZH PXVW EH MXVW OD]\     86&$   :HVW   7KH '2- UHJXODWLRQV
FDUHOHVV RU LQDWWHQWLYH´  ,QGHHG *RQ]DOHV RIIHUHG D          SURYLGH WKDW DQ H[DPLQDWLRQ FRYHUHG E\ WKLV VHFWLRQ EH
SODXVLEOHH[SODQDWLRQIRUKRZKHZDVDEOHWRJHWJRRGJUDGHV             VHOHFWHG DQG DGPLQLVWHUHG WR DFFXUDWHO\ UHIOHFW WKH
ZLWKRXW IRUPDO DFFRPPRGDWLRQV GHVSLWH KDYLQJ D VHYHUH              LQGLYLGXDO¶VDSWLWXGH RU DFKLHYHPHQW OHYHO UDWKHU WKDQ KLV
UHDGLQJ GLVDELOLW\  +H WHVWLILHG WKDW KH UHFHLYHG YHU\          LPSDLUPHQW
VLJQLILFDQWLQIRUPDODFFRPPRGDWLRQVLQKLJKVFKRROHJKLV
WHDFKHUVSHUPLWWHGKLPWRUHGRXQVDWLVIDFWRU\DVVLJQPHQWVDQG              $FRYHUHGHQWLW\GLVFULPLQDWHVDJDLQVWDGLVDEOHGLQGLYLGXDO
WXUQLQXQWLPHGH[WUDFUHGLWSURMHFWV*RQ]DOHVDOVRWHVWLILHG         ZKHQLWIDLOVWRPDNH³UHDVRQDEOHDFFRPPRGDWLRQVWRNQRZQ
WKDWLQFROOHJHKHZDVDEOHWRJHWIDLUO\JRRGJUDGHVZLWKRXW            SK\VLFDORUPHQWDOOLPLWDWLRQV´86&E$
IRUPDODFFRPPRGDWLRQVVLPSO\E\HPSOR\LQJVWUDWHJLHVWKDW                7KHUHJXODWLRQVLPSOHPHQWLQJ7LWOH,,,RIWKH$'$IXUWKHU
DOORZHG KLP WR JHW E\ ZKLOH GRLQJ WKH EDUH PLQLPXP RI          FODULI\WKDWVXFKDFFRPPRGDWLRQV³PD\LQFOXGHFKDQJHVLQ
UHDGLQJIRUH[DPSOHE\WDSHUHFRUGLQJOHFWXUHVDQGKDYLQJ
KLV IULHQGV UHDG WKHLU OHFWXUH QRWHV WR KLP  ,I JHWWLQJ
UHDVRQDEO\JRRGJUDGHVZHUHWKHERWWRPOLQHWKHQ,ZRXOG
DJUHHWKDW*RQ]DOHVLVQRWGLVDEOHG*RQ]DOHVDIWHUDOOLV                
FOHDUO\QRWVXEVWDQWLDOO\ZRUVH RII WKDQWKHDYHUDJHSHUVRQ                  7KH UHOHYDQW LPSOHPHQWLQJ UHJXODWLRQ SURPXOJDWHG E\ WKH '2-

ZKHQLWFRPHVWRJHWWLQJUHDVRQDEO\JRRGJUDGHV                         XQGHU 7LWOH ,,, VWDWHV WKDW
                                                                             >$@Q H[DPLQDWLRQ FRYHUHG E\ WKLV VHFWLRQ PXVW DVVXUH WKDW L
                                                                             7KH H[DPLQDWLRQ LV VHOHFWHG DQG DGPLQLVWHUHG VR DV WR EHVW
   %XWDSHUVRQ¶VDELOLW\WRJHWJRRGJUDGHVLVQRWWKHERWWRP               HQVXUH WKDW ZKHQ WKH H[DPLQDWLRQ LV DGPLQLVWHUHG WR DQ
OLQH,ILWZHUHWKHQDVWXGHQW¶VDELOLW\WRDFKLHYHUHDVRQDEO\            LQGLYLGXDO ZLWK D GLVDELOLW\ WKDW LPSDLUV VHQVRU\ PDQXDO RU
KLJK PDUNV E\ ZKDWHYHU PHDQV ZLWKRXW IRUPDO                          VSHDNLQJ VNLOOV WKH H[DPLQDWLRQ UHVXOWV DFFXUDWHO\ UHIOHFW WKH
DFFRPPRGDWLRQV ZRXOG DV D SUDFWLFDO PDWWHU IRUHFORVH D              LQGLYLGXDO¶V DSWLWXGH RU DFKLHYHPHQW OHYHO RU ZKDWHYHU RWKHU
                                                                             IDFWRU WKH H[DPLQDWLRQ SXUSRUWV WR PHDVXUH UDWKHU WKDQ UHIOHFWLQJ
ILQGLQJWKDWKHKDVDUHDGLQJGLVDELOLW\²DFRQFOXVLRQWKDW,                 WKH LQGLYLGXDO¶V LPSDLUHG VHQVRU\ PDQXDO RU VSHDNLQJ VNLOOV
EHOLHYHLVLQFRUUHFW1RRQHIRUH[DPSOHZRXOGDUJXHWKDWD               H[FHSW ZKHUH WKRVH VNLOOV DUH WKH IDFWRUV WKDW WKH H[DPLQDWLRQ
EOLQGVWXGHQWZKRLVDEOHWRJHWJRRGJUDGHVLQFROOHJHZLWK                 SXUSRUWV WR PHDVXUH>@
WKHKHOSRIIULHQGVDQGDQDSSURSULDWHO\FRQILJXUHGSHUVRQDO
                                                                          &)5  EL 
    *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG                       1R       1R                  *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG        
      RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV                                                                                RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV

WKH OHQJWK RI WLPH SHUPLWWHG IRU FRPSOHWLRQ RI WKH                                    BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
H[DPLQDWLRQ´&)5E
                                                                                                  ',66(17
  7KH1%0(GRHVQRWGLVSXWHWKDWLWLVD³FRYHUHGHQWLW\´                                     BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
XQGHU6XEVHFWLRQ,,,RIWKH$'$7KH1%0(DOVRGRHVQRW
FRQWHVWLWVREOLJDWLRQWRSURYLGHUHDVRQDEOHDFFRPPRGDWLRQV                521$/' /(( *,/0$1 &LUFXLW -XGJH GLVVHQWLQJ
LQFOXGLQJ H[WUD WLPH WR WDNH WKH 6WHS  LI D SHUVRQ KDV D   *RQ]DOHVWHVWLILHGWKDWKHKDVJUHDWGLIILFXOW\UHDGLQJKLJKZD\
GLVDELOLW\  ,Q IDFW WKH 1%0(¶V RZQ SURFHGXUHV FOHDUO\          VLJQVZKLOHGULYLQJWKDWLQVWRUHVKHIHHOVFRPSHOOHGWRVLJQ
FRQWHPSODWHWKHDFFRPPRGDWLRQRILQGLYLGXDOVZLWKOHDUQLQJ               FUHGLWFDUGUHFHLSWVEOLQGO\EHFDXVHUHDGLQJWKHPZRXOGWDNH
GLVDELOLWLHV                                                            KLPVRORQJWKDWLWZRXOGPDNHRWKHUFXVWRPHUVDQJU\DQG
                                                                         WKDWRQHRIKLVDWWRUQH\VKDGWRUHDGWRKLPOLQHE\OLQHWKH
  7KXVWKHRQO\TXHVWLRQLQWKLVFDVHLVZKHWKHU*RQ]DOHVLV            FRPSODLQWWKH\SUHSDUHGRQKLVEHKDOILQWKHSUHVHQWFDVHVR
GLVDEOHG ZLWKLQ WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH $'$  $ SHUVRQ LV           WKDWKHFRXOGXQGHUVWDQGLW$VVXPLQJWKDWKHZDVWHOOLQJWKH
GLVDEOHGZLWKLQWKHPHDQLQJRIWKH$'$LIWKDWLQGLYLGXDO                WUXWKDQGWKHUHLVQRVXJJHVWLRQWRWKHFRQWUDU\WKHQ,FDQQRW
VXIIHUV IURP ³D SK\VLFDO RU PHQWDO LPSDLUPHQW WKDW                XQGHUVWDQG ZK\ KH VKRXOG QRW EH FRQVLGHUHG ³GLVDEOHG´
VXEVWDQWLDOO\OLPLWVRQHRUPRUHRIWKHPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLWLHVRI         ZLWKLQWKHPHDQLQJRIWKH$'$
VXFKLQGLYLGXDO´86&$$:HVW
                                                                                                         ,
  7KH$'$GRHVQRWGHILQHWKHWHUPV³SK\VLFDORUPHQWDO
LPSDLUPHQW´³VXEVWDQWLDOO\OLPLWV´RU³PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLWLHV´           $ SULPDU\ EDVLV IRU WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW¶V FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW
DQGQRDJHQF\KDVEHHQJLYHQDXWKRULW\WRLVVXHUHJXODWLRQV              *RQ]DOHVGRHVQRWKDYHDUHDGLQJGLVDELOLW\LVWKDWKHZDVDEOH
LPSOHPHQWLQJWKHJHQHUDOO\DSSOLFDEOHSURYLVLRQVRIWKH$'$             WRJHWUHDVRQDEO\JRRGJUDGHVWKURXJKKLVILUVWWZR\HDUVRI
6HH86&6XWWRQY8QLWHG$LU/LQHV                FROOHJHDQGDFKLHYHDYHUDJHVWDQGDUGL]HGWHVWVFRUHVZLWKRXW
,QF  86    6 &W            IRUPDOGLVDELOLW\DFFRPPRGDWLRQV,I*RQ]DOHV¶VFODLPZDV
+RZHYHUWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI-XVWLFH³'2-´ZKLFK&RQJUHVV               WKDW ³JHWWLQJ UHDVRQDEO\ JRRG JUDGHV LQ VFKRRO´ DQG
DVVLJQHG WR ZULWH WKH UHJXODWLRQV IRU 6XEFKDSWHU ,,, RI WKH     ³DFKLHYLQJDYHUDJHVWDQGDUGL]HGWHVWVFRUHV´ZHUHPDMRUOLIH
$'$GHILQHV³SK\VLFDORUPHQWDOLPSDLUPHQW´DVLQFOXGLQJ                DFWLYLWLHV ZLWKLQ WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH $'$ DQG WKDW WKRVH
³VSHFLILFOHDUQLQJGLVDELOLWLHV´&)5            DFWLYLWLHV ZHUH WKH RQHV LQ ZKLFK KH ZDV VXEVWDQWLDOO\
7KH1%0(GRHVQRWDSSHDUWRGLVSXWHWKDW*RQ]DOHVKDVD                  LPSDLUHGWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWPLJKWKDYHKDGDSRLQW%XWWKDW
PHQWDOLPSDLUPHQW                                                       ZDVQRWKLVFODLPDQGLQDQ\HYHQWJHWWLQJUHDVRQDEO\JRRG
                                                                         JUDGHV LQ VFKRRO DQG DFKLHYLQJ DYHUDJH VWDQGDUGL]HG WHVW
  7KH'2-¶VUHJXODWLRQVIXUWKHUGHILQH³PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLWLHV´           VFRUHVDUHQRWUHFRJQL]HGDV³PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLWLHV´,QVWHDG
DVLQFOXGLQJ³ZDONLQJVHHLQJKHDULQJVSHDNLQJEUHDWKLQJ             *RQ]DOHVFODLPVWKDWKHLVGLVDEOHGLQWKHPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\
OHDUQLQJDQGZRUNLQJ´,GHPSKDVLVDGGHG              RIUHDGLQJZKLFKWKH1%0(GRHVQRWGLVSXWHLVDPDMRUOLIH
7KHOLVWLVPHUHO\LOOXVWUDWLYHQRWH[KDXVWLYHKRZHYHUFI           DFWLYLW\XQGHUWKH$'$6HHHJ%DUWOHWWY1HZ<RUN6WDWH
&HKUY1RUWKHDVW2KLR$O]KHLPHU¶V5HVHDUFK&WU)G               %RDUGRI/DZ([DPLQHUV)GG&LU
WK&LU7LWOH,FRQWH[WDQGFRXUWVKDYH           YDFDWHGRQRWKHUJURXQGV6&W6ZHHWY
LQFOXGHGUHDGLQJDQGZULWLQJDVPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLWLHVXQGHUWKH          (OHFWURQLF 'DWD 6\VWHPV ,QF 1R  &LY  0%0
$'$  6HH HJ %DUWOHWW Y 1HZ <RUN 6WDWH %G RI /DZ         :/  DW  6'1< $SU  
    *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG                        1R       1R                      *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG              
      RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV                                                                                     RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV

65HS*LYHQVXFKVFDQWVXSSRUWIRU               ([DPLQHUV)6XSSDII¶G)GG&LU
*RQ]DOHV¶VSURSRVHGGHILQLWLRQRIVXEVWDQWLDOO\OLPLWHGLQWKH            YDFDWHG6&WUHDGLQJDQGZULWLQJVHH
PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\RIZRUNLQJZHGHFOLQHWRDGRSWKLVYLHZ             JHQHUDOO\%HUFRYLWFKY%DOGZLQ6FK,QF)G
                                                                          VW&LUOHDUQLQJ,QDQ\HYHQWWKH1%0(GRHVQRW
  7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWGLGQRWHUULQILQGLQJWKDW3ODLQWLIILVQRW         GLVSXWHWKDWUHDGLQJDQGZULWLQJDUHVXEVWDQWLDOOLIHDFWLYLWLHV
GLVDEOHGLQWKHPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\RIZRUNLQJ
                                                                            5DWKHU WKLV FDVH WXUQV RQ WKH NH\ SKUDVH ³VXEVWDQWLDOO\
                      ,,,&21&/86,21                                    OLPLWV´³6XEVWDQWLDOO\OLPLWV´LVGHILQHGLQWHUPVRIDJHQHUDO
                                                                          SRSXODWLRQ7KH'2-UHJXODWLRQVWDWHVWKDWDQLQGLYLGXDOLV
  %HFDXVH ZH FRQFOXGH WKDW 3ODLQWLII KDV QR OLNHOLKRRG RI         VXEVWDQWLDOO\ OLPLWHG ³ZKHQ WKH LQGLYLGXDO¶V LPSRUWDQW OLIH
VXFFHVVRQWKHPHULWVZHQHHGQRWFRQVLGHUZKHWKHUKHZRXOG              DFWLYLWLHV DUH UHVWULFWHG DV WR WKH FRQGLWLRQ PDQQHU RU
RWKHUZLVHEHHQWLWOHGWRDSUHOLPLQDU\LQMXQFWLRQ                      GXUDWLRQXQGHUZKLFKWKH\FDQEHSHUIRUPHGLQFRPSDULVRQWR
                                                                          PRVWSHRSOH´&)5SW$SS%VHHDOVR&)5
  )RUWKHIRUHJRLQJUHDVRQVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VRUGHUGHQ\LQJ           M((2&GHILQLWLRQXQGHU7LWOH,RI³VXEVWDQWLDOO\
LQMXQFWLYHUHOLHILV$)),50('                                            OLPLWV´ GHILQLQJ DQ LQGLYLGXDO DV VXEVWDQWLDOO\ OLPLWHG IRU
                                                                          PRVW SXUSRVHV LI KH LV ³>X@QDEOH WR SHUIRUP D PDMRU OLIH
                                                                          DFWLYLW\WKDWWKHDYHUDJHSHUVRQLQWKHJHQHUDOSRSXODWLRQFDQ
                                                                          SHUIRUP´ RU ³>V@LJQLILFDQWO\ UHVWULFWHG DV WR WKH FRQGLWLRQ
                                                                          PDQQHURUGXUDWLRQXQGHUZKLFKDQLQGLYLGXDOFDQSHUIRUPD
                                                                          SDUWLFXODUPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\DVFRPSDUHGWR WKHFRQGLWLRQ
                                                                          PDQQHURUGXUDWLRQXQGHUZKLFKWKHDYHUDJHSHUVRQLQWKH
                                                                          JHQHUDO SRSXODWLRQ FDQ SHUIRUP WKDW VDPH PDMRU OLIH
                                                                          DFWLYLW\´7KXVWKH$'$FRPSDUHVWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIDQ




                                                                              
                                                                                 7KH 6HFRQG &LUFXLW¶V RSLQLRQ LQ %DUWOHWW ZDV YDFDWHG QRW UHYHUVHG
                                                                          DQG WKH FDVH ZDV VHQW EDFN IRU IXUWKHU FRQVLGHUDWLRQ LQ OLJKW RI WKH
                                                                          6XSUHPH &RXUW¶V UHFHQW GHFLVLRQV LQ 6XWWRQ Y 8QLWHG $LU /LQHV ,QF 
                                                                          86   6 &W   0XUSK\ Y 8QLWHG 3DUFHO 6HUY ,QF
                                                                           86   6 &W   DQG $OEHUWVRQV ,QF Y
     
      $V DQ H[DPSOH WKH UHSRUW VWDWHV WKDW D SHUVRQ ZKR FDQ ZDON WHQ     .LUNLQJEXUJ  86   6 &W   6LJQLILFDQWO\ WKH
PLOHV FRQWLQXRXVO\ EXW H[SHULHQFHV SDLQ RQ WKH HOHYHQWK PLOH LV QRW       6HFRQG &LUFXLW KDG UHYHUVHG WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW¶V KROGLQJ WKDW WKH SODLQWLII¶V
VXEVWDQWLDOO\ OLPLWHG LQ ZDONLQJ EHFDXVH PRVW SHRSOH DUH XQDEOH WR ZDON   DELOLW\ WR VHOIDFFRPPRGDWH IRUHFORVHG D ILQGLQJ RI GLVDELOLW\ 6HH
HOHYHQ PLOHV ZLWKRXW VXIIHULQJ VRPH GLVFRPIRUW 6HH 6 5HS       %DUWOHWW Y 1HZ <RUN 6WDWH %G RI /DZ ([DPLQHUV  )G   G
                                                                &LU  YDFDWHG  6 &W   7KLV KROGLQJ LV FDOOHG LQWR
                                                                          TXHVWLRQ LQ OLJKW RI WKH FLWHG 6XSUHPH &RXUW DXWKRULW\
     *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG                           1R        1R                   *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG           
       RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV                                                                                      RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV

LQGLYLGXDOZKRDOOHJHVDUHVWULFWLRQLQDPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\WR                 IRULQVWDQFHE\UHDVRQRI>DQLPSDLUPHQWIURPZRUNLQJ
WKDWRI³PRVWSHRSOH´                                                         ZLWK RWKHUV@WKHQ WKDW H[FOXVLRQ FRQVWLWXWHV DQ
                                                                                 LPSDLUPHQWZKHQWKHTXHVWLRQ\RX¶UHDVNLQJLVZKHWKHU
  *RQ]DOHVFODLPVWKDWKLVPHQWDOLPSDLUPHQWVVXEVWDQWLDOO\                      WKHH[FOXVLRQLWVHOILVE\UHDVRQRIKDQGLFDS
OLPLWKLPLQWKHPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLWLHVRIUHDGLQJZULWLQJDQG
ZRUNLQJ                                                                       6XWWRQ6&WDWTXRWLQJ7URI2UDO$UJLQ6FKRRO
                                                                               %GRI1DVVDX&RY$UOLQH271RS
                              5HDGLQJ                                       DUJXPHQWRI6ROLFLWRU*HQHUDO,WIXUWKHUQRWHGWKDWHYHQ
                                                                               WKH ((2& KDV UHVHUYDWLRQV DERXW LQFOXGLQJ ZRUNLQJ DV D
   2QDSSHDO*RQ]DOHVFODLPVWKDWDOOWKHFUHGLEOHHYLGHQFH                    PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\DQG³KDVVXJJHVWHGWKDWZRUNLQJEHYLHZHG
HVWDEOLVKHGWKDWKLVUHDGLQJLVUHVWULFWHGZKHQFRPSDUHGWRWKH                DVDUHVLGXDOOLIHDFWLYLW\FRQVLGHUHGDVDODVWUHVRUWRQO\µ>L@I
³DYHUDJH´ SHUVRQ  *RQ]DOHV SRLQWV WR KLV RZQ WHVWLPRQ\                DQLQGLYLGXDOLVQRWVXEVWDQWLDOO\OLPLWHGZLWKUHVSHFWWRDQ\
UHJDUGLQJ KLV KLVWRU\ RI UHDGLQJ SUREOHPV DV ZHOO DV WKH            RWKHUPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\¶´,GTXRWLQJ&)5SW
FOLQLFDOHYLGHQFH+HQRWHVWKDW'U8OUH\¶VUHSRUWFRQWDLQV                  $SSM
VSHFLILFLQIRUPDWLRQGHWDLOLQJ*RQ]DOHV¶VUHDGLQJDQGRWKHU
SURFHVVLQJGHILFLWVDVZHOODVKLVGLDJQRVLVEDVHGRQWKRVH                    )LQDOO\ WKHUH LV QR VXSSRUW LQ WKH OHJLVODWLYH KLVWRU\ IRU
                                                                               *RQ]DOHV¶VSRVLWLRQ5DWKHUWKHOHJLVODWLYHKLVWRU\VXJJHVWV
                                                                               VLPSO\ WKDW &RQJUHVV LQWHQGHG ³VXEVWDQWLDOO\ OLPLWV´ WR EH
     
        7KH 6XSUHPH &RXUW UHFHQWO\ QRWHG WKDW ³VXEVWDQWLDOO\´ VXJJHVW          LQWHUSUHWHGDVVLJQLILFDQWO\UHVWULFWHGLQDPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\LQ
³FRQVLGHUDEOH´ ³VSHFLILHG WR D ODUJH GHJUHH´ DQG ³LQ D VXEVWDQWLDO           UHODWLRQ WR WKH DYHUDJH SHUVRQ ZLWKLQ WKH SRSXODWLRQ  7KH
PDQQHU´ DQG WKDW ³VXEVWDQWLDO´ PHDQV ³FRQVLGHUDEOH LQ DPRXQW YDOXH RU
                                                                               6HQDWH 5HSRUW IURP WKH &RPPLWWHH RQ /DERU DQG +XPDQ
ZRUWK´ ³EHLQJ WKDW VSHFLILHG WR D ODUJH GHJUHH RU LQ WKH PDLQ´ ³UHODWLQJ
WR RU SURFHHGLQJ IURP WKH HVVHQFH RI D WKLQJ HVVHQWLDO´ DQG ³RI DPSOH RU
                                                                               5HVRXUFHVVXEPLWWHGE\6HQDWRU.HQQHG\VWDWHVDVIROORZV
FRQVLGHUDEOH amount, quantity or dimensions." Sutton, 119 S. Ct. at 2145.
The Supreme Court’s review of these definitions confirms that the ADA            3HUVRQVZLWKPLQRUWULYLDOLPSDLUPHQWVVXFKDVDVLPSOH
addresses impairments that limit an individual, not in a trivial or even         LQIHFWHGILQJHUDUHQRWLPSDLUHGLQDPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\
moderate manner, but in a major way, to a considerable amount, or to a           $SHUVRQLVFRQVLGHUHGDQLQGLYLGXDOZLWKDGLVDELOLW\IRU
large degree. Under this standard, Gonzales is clearly not disabled under        SXUSRVHV RI WKH ILUVW SURQJ RI WKH GHILQLWLRQ ZKHQ WKH
the ADA.                                                                         LQGLYLGXDO¶VLPSRUWDQWOLIHDFWLYLWLHVDUHUHVWULFWHGDVWR
                                                                               WKHFRQGLWLRQVPDQQHURUGXUDWLRQXQGHUZKLFKWKH\FDQ
        *RQ]DOHV WHVWLILHG WKDW WKURXJKRXW KLV OLIH KH KDV KDG GLIILFXOW\        EHSHUIRUPHGLQFRPSDULVRQWRPRVWSHRSOH
UHDGLQJ ERWK LQ DQG RXW RI VFKRRO +H DOVR WHVWLILHG WKDW KH KDV WURXEOH
UHDGLQJ VWUHHW VLJQV DQG FRPSOHWLQJ FRQVXPHU WUDQVDFWLRQV EHFDXVH RI KLV
UHDGLQJ SUREOHPV
     7KH GLVVHQW ZRXOG FUHGLW *RQ]DOHV¶V WHVWLPRQ\ WKDW ³KH IHHOV
FRPSHOOHG WR VLJQ FUHGLW FDUG UHFHLSWV EOLQGO\ EHFDXVH UHDGLQJ WKHP ZRXOG
WDNH KLP VR ORQJ WKDW LW ZRXOG PDNH RWKHU FXVWRPHUV DQJU\ DQG WKDW RQH
RI KLV DWWRUQH\V KDG WR UHDG WR KLP OLQH E\ OLQH WKH FRPSODLQW WKH\ SUHSDUHG
RQ KLV EHKDOI LQ WKH SUHVHQW FDVH VR WKDW KH FRXOG XQGHUVWDQG LW´ $OWKRXJK
WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW GLG QRW VSHFLILFDOO\ PDNH WKH ILQGLQJ ZH WKLQN
*RQ]DOHV¶V YHUEDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI KLV LPSDLUPHQW LV LQFRQVLVWHQW ZLWK
KLV VXFFHVV RQ WKH 6$7 DQG 0&$7 %RWK WHVWV DUH WLPHG DQG *RQ]DOHV
WRRN WKHVH H[DPV ZLWKRXW DFFRPPRGDWLRQ
    *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG                           1R        1R                  *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG          
      RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV                                                                                     RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV

7KXVZHPXVWSUHVXPHWKDWLIWKH'2-ZDQWHGWRPRGLI\WKH                    GHILFLWV  )XUWKHUPRUH 'U *LRUGDQL ZKR WHVWLILHG DW WKH
GHILQLWLRQRI³VXEVWDQWLDOO\OLPLWV´UHJDUGLQJWKH³PDMRUOLIH                KHDULQJFRQFOXGHGWKDW*RQ]DOHVPHWWKH'60,9FULWHULDIRU
DFWLYLW\ RI ZRUNLQJ´ LW ZRXOG KDYH H[SUHVVO\ GRQH VR  ,Q           5HDGLQJ'LVRUGHUDIWHUFRQGXFWLQJDIXOOQHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO
RWKHUZRUGVWKH'2-¶VVLOHQFHLVGLVSRVLWLYHKHUH6HH3ULFH                HYDOXDWLRQRI*RQ]DOHV
Y 1DWLRQDO %G RI 0HG ([DPLQ¶UV  )6XSS  
6' : 9D  KROGLQJ WKDW EHFDXVH &RQJUHVV                       5HJDUGLQJ*RQ]DOHV¶VUHDGLQJLPSDLUPHQWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW
DXWKRUL]HGWKH'2-WRPDNHLVVXHUHJXODWLRQVIRU6XEFKDSWHU                   IRXQGWKDW
,,,FRXUWVPXVWJLYHWKHLUGHFLVLRQVFRQWUROOLQJZHLJKWXQOHVV
DUELWUDU\RUPDQLIHVWO\FRQWUDU\WRWKHVWDWXWHVHHJHQHUDOO\                 >Z@KHQFRPSDUHGWRSRROHGQRUPVSODLQWLII>µ@VVFRUHV
%UDJGRQ Y $EERWW  86     %XW VHH                 DUH VTXDUHO\ LQ WKH DYHUDJH WR VXSHULRU UDQJH  2I WKH
%DUWOHWW  ) 6XSS DW  DGRSWLQJ ((2& WHVW ZLWK                PRUHWKDQWZHOYHWHVWVDGPLQLVWHUHGE\'U*LRUGDQLLQ
UHVSHFW WR WKH PDMRU OLIH DFWLYLW\ RI ZRUNLQJ DQG                     SODLQWLIIVFRUHGVLJQLILFDQWO\EHORZDYHUDJHLQRQO\
)6XSSG6'1<GHQ\LQJPRWLRQ                       RQHWKH'LJLW6SDQ,QWKH'LJLW6SDQWHVWDGPLQLVWHUHG
IRU UHFRQVLGHUDWLRQ H[SODLQLQJ WKDW XVH RI WKH PDMRU OLIH              E\ 'U *LRUGDQL LQ  SODLQWLII UHFHLYHG D VFRUH RI
DFWLYLW\RIZRUNLQJVWDQGDUGIURP7LWOH,LVFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKH                ILYHZKLFKLVVLJQLILFDQWO\EHORZDYHUDJHDQGERUGHUOLQH
VSLULWDQGOHWWHURIWKH$'$DQG'2-³UXOHRILQWHUSUHWDWLRQ´                   LPSDLUHG+RZHYHUSODLQWLII¶VVFRUHRQWKH'LJLW
ZKLFKVDQFWLRQVWKHXVHRIUHJXODWLRQVIURPDGLIIHUHQWWLWOHWR                6SDQ WHVW LV FOHDUO\ VXVSHFW  ,Q  SODLQWLII WRRN
DVVLVWLQLQWHUSUHWLQJDFRQFHSWWKDWLVQRWDGGUHVVHGLQLWVRZQ               DQRWKHU 'LJLW 6SDQ WHVW ZLWK 'U 8OUH\ LQ ZKLFK KH
UHJXODWLRQVDII¶G)GG&LUYDFDWHG                 UHFHLYHG D WHQ ZHOOZLWKLQWKHDYHUDJHUDQJH'U
6 &W    ,Q DQ\ HYHQW DV SUHYLRXVO\ QRWHG               )ODQDJDQDQG'U/LWFKIRUGWHVWLILHGDWWKHKHDULQJWKDW
&RQJUHVVGLGQRWFRQIHUDXWKRULW\RQWKH((2&RUWKH'2-                       EHFDXVHRIWKHZLGHGLVFUHSDQF\EHWZHHQWKHWZRVFRUHV
IRU WKDW PDWWHU WR LVVXH UHJXODWLRQV UHJDUGLQJ WKH SURSHU              WKH'LJLW6SDQWHVWLVDQXQUHOLDEOHLQGLFDWRURISODLQWLII¶V
LQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHWHUP³GLVDELOLW\´6HH6XWWRQ6&W                DELOLW\
DWGHFOLQLQJWRGHFLGHWKHYDOLGLW\RIRUZKDWGHIHUHQFH
LVGXHWKH((2&¶VUHJXODWLRQVGHILQLQJ³GLVDELOLW\´XQGHUWKH                 7KHORZHUFRXUWUHFRJQL]HG'U*LRUGDQLDVD³FRPSHWHQWDQG
$'$EHFDXVHWKHSDUWLHVDFFHSWHGWKHUHJXODWLRQVDVYDOLG                   DFFRPSOLVKHG´ SV\FKRORJLVW EXW XOWLPDWHO\ IRXQG WKH
                                                                              WHVWLPRQ\RI'UV/LWFKIRUGDQG)ODQDJDQ³PRUHSHUVXDVLYH´
  0RUHRYHU3ODLQWLII¶VFODLPWRDGLVDELOLW\LQWKHPDMRUOLIH               DQGDJUHHGZLWKWKHLUFRQFOXVLRQWKDWEDVHGRQ*RQ]DOHV¶V,4
DFWLYLW\RIZRUNLQJLVLWVHOISUREOHPDWLF$OEHLWLQGLFWXP               VFRUHV KLV SHUIRUPDQFH IHOO ZLWKLQ WKH DYHUDJH WR VXSHULRU
WKH6XSUHPH&RXUWUHFHQWO\TXHVWLRQHGZKHWKHUZRUNLQJFDQ                     UDQJHZKHQFRPSDUHGWRPRVWSHRSOH*LYHQWKHVHILQGLQJV
EHGHHPHGD³PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\´XQGHUWKH$'$                              WKHGLVWULFWFRXUWFRQFOXGHGWKDWKDGQRWGHPRQVWUDWHGWKDWKH
                                                                              VXIIHUHGIURP³DQ$'$GHILQHGGLVDELOLW\´WKDWVXEVWDQWLDOO\
  :HQRWHWKDWWKHUHPD\EHVRPHFRQFHSWXDOGLIILFXOW\                  DIIHFWVDPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\
  LQGHILQLQJ³PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLWLHV´WRLQFOXGHZRUNIRULW
  VHHPV³WRDUJXHLQDFLUFOHWRVD\WKDWLIRQHLVH[FOXGHG                   8SRQUHYLHZRIWKHUHFRUGZHFDQQRWVD\WKDWWKHGLVWULFW
                                                                              FRXUW¶V ILQGLQJV RU FUHGLELOLW\ DVVHVVPHQWV DUH FOHDUO\
                                                                              HUURQHRXV)ODQDJDQ'HIHQGDQW¶VH[SHUWZLWQHVVWHVWLILHGDW
     
       7KH OLPLWDWLRQ FODLPHG E\ *RQ]DOHV LV LQ UHDOLW\ D OLPLWDWLRQ RQ KLV
                                                                              WKHHYLGHQWLDU\KHDULQJWKDW8OUH\¶VUHSRUWGLGQRWVXSSRUWD
DELOLW\ WR UHDG QRW KLV DELOLW\ WR ZRUN  DQG KH PDLQWDLQV WKDW KLV          GLDJQRVLVRI3ODLQWLIIKDYLQJDUHDGLQJGLVRUGHU6KHVWDWHG
LPSDLUPHQWV GR QRW UHVWULFW KLV DELOLW\ WR GR WKH ZRUN RI D GRFWRU
     *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG                             1R         1R                   *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG          
       RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV                                                                                         RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV

WKDWWKHGDWDVKHUHYLHZHGLQWHUPVRI*RQ]DOHV¶VFRJQLWLYH                       ZKLFKJRYHUQVHPSOR\PHQWZKHQLQIDFWKHLVRQO\DOOHJLQJ
SURFHVVHVDQGUHDGLQJ DFKLHYHPHQWSURYLGHGDEVROXWHO\QR                         DFODLPXQGHU7LWOH,,,
HYLGHQFHRIDQLPSDLUPHQW6KHSUHVHQWHGDWDEOHRIFRJQLWLYH
SURFHVVHV FORVHO\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK UHDGLQJ DFKLHYHPHQW DV                      7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW DSSHDUV WR KDYH PLVWDNHQO\ DQDO\]HG
DVVHVVHG E\ 8OUH\ DQG *LRUGDQL DQG FRQFOXGHG WKDW LQ ³DOO                *RQ]DOHV¶V DUJXPHQW DV D FODLP XQGHU 7LWOH ,
DUHDV WKDW ZHUH DVVHVVHG DOO FRJQLWLYH SURFHVVHV WKDW ZHUH               1RWZLWKVWDQGLQJ*RQ]DOHV¶VFODLPSURSHUO\XQGHUVWRRGVWLOO
DVVHVVHG WKDW DUH IRXQG WR XQGHUOLH RU KHOS XV H[SODLQ RU               IDLOVIRUSUHFLVHO\WKHVDPHUHDVRQWKDW3ODLQWLII¶VDOOHJDWLRQV
XQGHUVWDQGUHDGLQJDFKLHYHPHQWKHSHUIRUPHGLQWKHDYHUDJH                       WKDWKHKDVDOHDUQLQJGLVDELOLW\IDLOVZKHQFRPSDUHGWR³PRVW
WRVXSHULRUUDQJH´$OVRVKHVWDWHGWKDWLQQLQHVXEWHVWVRI                  SHRSOH´KLVLPSDLUPHQWVGRQRWVXEVWDQWLDOO\OLPLWKLVDELOLW\
YHUEDODELOLW\YHUEDOH[SUHVVLRQDQGYHUEDOFRPSUHKHQVLRQ                       WRZRUN6HH&)5SW$SS%'2-LQWHUSUHWDWLYH
WKDW³KLVSHUIRUPDQFHZDVLQWKHDYHUDJHWRVXSHULRUUDQJH                        JXLGHOLQHV7LWOH,,,
DFURVVDYDULHW\RIWKRVHWDVNV´6KHIXUWKHUWHVWLILHGWKDWLQ
SKRQRORJLFDOSURFHVVLQJKLVVFRUHZDVLQWKHDYHUDJHUDQJH                        7R JHW DURXQG WKLV SUREOHP 3ODLQWLII FRQWHQGV WKDW ZH
LQYLVXDODXGLWRU\OHDUQLQJKHSHUIRUPHGLQWKHYHU\VXSHULRU                    VKRXOG ORRN WR WKH ((2&¶V GHILQLWLRQ RI ³VXEVWDQWLDOO\
UDQJHDQGRQDQLQGXFWLYHUHDGLQJWDVNKHSHUIRUPHGLQWKH                      OLPLWHG´DVLWUHODWHVWRWKH³PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\RIZRUNLQJ´D
VXSHULRUUDQJH                                                                   GHILQLWLRQWKDWGLIIHUVVKDUSO\IURPWKHGHILQLWLRQDSSOLFDEOH
                                                                                  LQHYHU\RWKHUFRQWH[W
   )ODQDJDQ DOVR DGGUHVVHG WKH RQH DUHD PHPRU\ VSDQ RQ
ZKLFK*RQ]DOHVVFRUHGLQWKHLPSDLUHGUDQJHRQ*LRUGDQL¶V                           7KH WHUP VXEVWDQWLDOO\ OLPLWV PHDQV VLJQLILFDQWO\
HYDOXDWLRQ6KHQRWHGWKDWRQ8OUH\¶VHYDOXDWLRQ*RQ]DOHV                          UHVWULFWHGLQWKHDELOLW\WRSHUIRUPHLWKHUDFODVVRIMREVRU
VFRUHGZLWKLQWKHDYHUDJHUDQJHRQWKHVDPHWHVWDQGWKDWRQ                        DEURDGUDQJHRIMREVLQYDULRXVFODVVHVDVFRPSDUHGWR
DQRWKHUPHPRU\VSDQWHVWLQ*LRUGDQL¶VHYDOXDWLRQ*RQ]DOHV¶V                        WKHDYHUDJHSHUVRQKDYLQJFRPSDUDEOHWUDLQLQJVNLOOV
SHUIRUPDQFHZDVDYHUDJH6KHVWDWHGWKDWWKHGLVFUHSDQFLHV                         DQGDELOLWLHV7KHLQDELOLW\WRSHUIRUPDVLQJOHSDUWLFXODU
LQKLVVFRUHVVXJJHVW³DYHU\XQXVXDOSDWWHUQRISHUIRUPDQFH                        MRE GRHV QRW FRQVWLWXWH D VXEVWDQWLDO OLPLWDWLRQ LQ WKH
EXWRQHWKDWLVH[SODLQHGTXLWHVLPSO\E\SRVVLEO\XQUHOLDELOLW\                    PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\RIZRUNLQJ
RUDFKDQFHRFFXUUHQFH´6KHFRQFOXGHGWKDW*RQ]DOHVFOHDUO\
GHPRQVWUDWHGDYHUDJHDELOLW\LQPHPRU\VSDQ                                     &)5  ML  HPSKDVLV DGGHG
                                                                                  *RQ]DOHVFODLPVWKDWXQGHUWKLVWHVWKHPXVWEHFRPSDUHG
                                                                                  ZLWKRWKHUSHUVRQVZKRKDYHFRPSOHWHGWKHLUVHFRQG\HDURI
                                                                                  PHGLFDO VFKRRO DQG WKDW ZKHQ KH LV FRPSDUHG WR WKLV
                                                                                UHIHUHQFH JURXS KLV GLIILFXOW\ ZLWK UHDGLQJ DQG ZULWLQJ LV
       7KH GLVVHQW FULWLFL]HV 'U )ODQDJDQ IRU UHO\LQJ RQ WHVWV WKDW PHDVXUH
*RQ]DOHV¶V FRJQLWLYH VNLOOV VNLOOV ZKLFK SUHGLFW UHDGLQJ DELOLW\ ,W VKRXOG      XQTXHVWLRQDEO\DQLPSDLUPHQW
EH QRWHG WKDW 'U )ODQDJDQ DOVR WRRN LQWR DFFRXQW WKH UHVXOWV RI WHVWV WKDW
UHIOHFWHG *RQ]DOHV¶V DFWXDO UHDGLQJ DFKLHYHPHQW OHYHO                               :H GHFOLQH WR WUDQVSODQW WKLV GHILQLWLRQ IURP WKH 7LWOH ,
                                                                                UHJXODWLRQVLQWRWKH7LWOH,,,UHJXODWLRQV/LNHWKH((2&LQ
       7KH GLVVHQW IDXOWV 'U )ODQDJDQ EHFDXVH VKH GLG QRW H[DPLQH                7LWOH,WKH'2-LQ7LWOH,,,DOVRLQFOXGHG³ZRUNLQJ´LQLWVOLVW
*RQ]DOHV    7KH   GLVVHQW   DOVR   DWWDFNV   KHU   FRQFOXVLRQV   EHFDXVH   KHU
                                                                                  RI³PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLWLHV´DQGLWVGHILQLWLRQRI³VXEVWDQWLDOO\
PHWKRGRORJ\ IRU DVVHVVLQJ ZKHWKHU SHUVRQV KDYH OHDUQLQJ GLVDELOLWLHV
LQYROYHG D WKHRUHWLFDO PRGHO WKDW KDG QRW EHHQ HPSLULFDOO\ DQDO\]HG IRU
                                                                                  OLPLWV´ LV RWKHUZLVH LGHQWLFDO WR WKH ((2&¶V ³JHQHUDO
SXUSRVHV RI WUHDWPHQW DQG GLDJQRVLV 7KH GLVVHQW WKHUHIRUH LQWLPDWHV WKDW
                                                                                  SRSXODWLRQ´ GHILQLWLRQ RI WKH VDPH WHUP LQ  &)5
)ODQDJDQ¶V WHVWLPRQ\ PLJKW QRW VDWLVI\ WKH ³JDWHNHHSHU´ UHTXLUHPHQWV RI            M IRU PDMRU OLIH DFWLYLWLHV RWKHU WKDQ ZRUNLQJ
    *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG                       1R       1R                      *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG              
      RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV                                                                                    RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV

OHDUQLQJGLVDELOLW\GLGQRWDIIHFWKLVDFDGHPLFVXFFHVVZKLFK             /LWFKILHOG'HIHQGDQW¶VRWKHUH[SHUWZLWQHVVWHVWLILHGWKDW
GLGQRWIDOOEHORZWKHDYHUDJHVWXGHQWRIKLVDJH
                                                                           WKHUHDGLQJWHVWVFRUHVWKDWZHUHVXEPLWWHGZHUHLQWKH
  (YHQ LI VHOIDFFRPPRGDWLRQV HQKDQFHG 3ODLQWLII¶V                     DYHUDJH WR DERYH DYHUDJH UDQJH RQ WKH :LGH 5DQJH
SHUIRUPDQFHWRWKDWRIPRVWSHRSOHKHLVQRWGLVDEOHGXQGHU               $FKLHYHPHQW7HVWWKH:RRFRFN>VLF@5HDGLQJ0DVWHU\
WKH $'$  5HFHQWO\ WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW UXOHG WKDW LQ               7HVWDQGWKH:RRGFRFN-RKQVRQ%URDG5HDGLQJ
GHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHULQGLYLGXDOVDUHGLVDEOHGXQGHUWKH$'$                    ,QDGGLWLRQWKH:RRGFRFN5HDGLQJ0DVWHU\7HVW
WKH\VKRXOGEHH[DPLQHGLQWKHLUFRUUHFWHGVWDWH6HH6XWWRQ            SODFHGKLVUHDGLQJWRWDOUHDGLQJVFRUHUHDGLQJVNLOOVFRUH
6&WDWVHHDOVR0XUSK\Y8QLWHG3DUFHO6HUY                DQGUHDGLQJFRPSUHKHQVLRQVFRUHLQWKHDYHUDJHUDQJH
,QF  86    6&W     ,Q       7KH VFRUHV ZHUH DOPRVW H[DFWO\ HTXLYDOHQW WR KLV IXOO
DGGLWLRQ LQ $OEHUWVRQV WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW KHOG WKDW DQ            VFDOH,4$QGDOORIKLVSHUIRUPDQFHVRQWKDWWHVWZHUH
LQGLYLGXDOZKRVHERG\GHYHORSHGFRSLQJPHFKDQLVPVZDVQRW                  DWDFROOHJHJUDGXDWHJUDGHOHYHOVL[WHHQSRLQWQLQH
GLVDEOHGZLWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIWKH$'$6HH$OEHUWVRQV
,QF Y .LUNLQJEXUJ  86   6&W              /LWFKILHOGDOVRH[SODLQHGWKDWWKH³DJHOHYHOQRUPV´XVHGRQ
                                                                  WKH:RRGFRFNWHVWGRQRWDSSUR[LPDWHWKHDYHUDJHSHUVRQDV
                                                                         ZHOO DV SRROHG QRUPV GR  2Q WKH :RRGFRFN 5HDGLQJ
  ,Q VKRUW WKHUH LV UHFRUG HYLGHQFH WR VXSSRUW WKH GLVWULFW    0DVWHU\*RQ]DOHVVFRUHGLQWKHDYHUDJHUDQJHHYHQWKRXJK
FRXUW¶V FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW *RQ]DOHV GRHV QRW KDYH D UHDGLQJ         WKHVH WHVWV FRPSDUHG KLV SHUIRUPDQFH WR WKDW RI FROOHJH
GLVDELOLW\IRUSXUSRVHVRIWKH$'$                                     JUDGXDWHV KLV DJH SHHUV ZKLFK LV ³D VWDWLVWLFDOO\ GULYHQ
                                                                         VWDQGDUGRIDQDYHUDJHSHUVRQDWKLVDJHOHYHO´/LWFKILHOG
                            :ULWLQJ                                   H[SODLQHG WKDW³SRROHGQRUPV´XVHGRQWKH1HOVRQ'HQQ\
                                                                         5HDGLQJ 7HVW ³VDPSOH IURP WKH QLQWK WHQWK HOHYHQWK
   7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW GLG QRW VHSDUDWHO\ DGGUHVV *RQ]DOHV¶V
DOOHJHGZULWLQJGLVDELOLW\*RQ]DOHVFRUUHFWO\QRWHVWKDWWKH
1%0(DFNQRZOHGJHGWKDWKLV³GLDJQRVLVRIDZULWLQJGLVRUGHU
LVVXSSRUWHGE\WKHWHVWGDWD´7KH1%0(DOVRVWDWHGWKDW
                                                                         .XPKR 7LUH &R Y &DUPLFKDHO  86   DQG 'DXEHUW Y
³ZULWLQJLVQRWDFRQVWUXFWWKDWLVPHDVXUHGE\WKH860/(VR            0HUUHOO 'RZ 3KDUPDFHXWLFDOV ,QF  86   
WKDW ZHDN SHUIRUPDQFH LQ WKLV DUHD ZRXOG QRW LPSDFW \RXU             7KH GLVVHQW¶V UHDVRQLQJ LV IODZHG           $OWKRXJK DV DQ DFDGHPLF
DFFHVV WR WKH 860/( SURJUDP´  *RQ]DOHV RIIHUHG QR               SV\FKRORJLVW 'U )ODQDJDQ LV QRW TXDOLILHG WR GLDJQRVH D UHDGLQJ GLVRUGHU
HYLGHQFHWRUHIXWHWKLV,QDQ\HYHQWIRUWKHUHDVRQVGLVFXVVHG        VKH LV TXDOLILHG WR DQDO\]H *RQ]DOHV¶V WHVW UHVXOWV DQG H[SUHVV DQ RSLQLRQ
DERYH*RQ]DOHVKDVIDLOHGWRHVWDEOLVKWKDWKHLVVXEVWDQWLDOO\         DV WR KRZ KLV UHDGLQJ DELOLW\ FRPSDUHV ZLWK WKDW RI WKH DYHUDJH SHUVRQ
                                                                         'U )ODQDJDQ IRFXVHG ³RQ ZKHWKHU 0U *RQ]DOHV KDV D UHDGLQJ GLVRUGHU
OLPLWHGE\DQ\DOOHJHGZULWLQJLPSDLUPHQWZKHQFRPSDUHGWR               WKDW ULVHV WR WKH OHYHO RI D GLVDELOLW\ WKDW UHSUHVHQWV DQ LPSDLUPHQW´ 7KH
WKHDYHUDJHSHUVRQ                                                      GLVVHQW JRHV WRR IDU LQ LQWHUSUHWLQJ 'U )ODQDJDQ¶V WHVWLPRQ\ DV VHFRQG
                                                                         JXHVVLQJ WKH FOLQLFDO GLDJQRVHV RI 'UV 8OUH\ DQG *LRUGDQL
                           :RUNLQJ                                       6LPLODUO\ WKH IDFW WKDW 'U )ODQDJDQ UHOLHG RQ D WKHRUHWLFDO PRGHO WKDW
                                                                         KDG QRW EHHQ HPSLULFDOO\ DQDO\]HG IRU SXUSRVHV RI GLDJQRVLV DQG WUHDWPHQW
  $OWHUQDWLYHO\*RQ]DOHV¶VFODLPWKDWKHLVGLVDEOHGLQWKH             GRHV QRW SUHFOXGH KHU IURP DGGUHVVLQJ WKH VXEVWDQWLDO OLPLWDWLRQ TXHVWLRQ

PDMRU OLIH DFWLYLW\ RI ZRUNLQJ  +H IXUWKHU DOOHJHV WKDW WKH   'U )ODQDJDQ GLG QRW SXUSRUW WR PDGH D GLDJQRVLV RU VXJJHVW WUHDWPHQW
                                                                         VKH RQO\ GHWHUPLQHG ZKHWKHU *RQ]DOHV¶V WHVW UHVXOWV ZHUH FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK
GLVWULFW FRXUW PLVXQGHUVWRRG WKDW KH ZDV DOOHJLQJ DQ              D VXEVWDQWLDO LPSDLUPHQW LQ KLV UHDGLQJ DELOLW\ 7KLV VKH ZDV TXDOLILHG WR
HPSOR\PHQWGLVFULPLQDWLRQFODLPXQGHU7LWOH,RIWKH$'$                GR XQGHU WKH JDWHNHHSHU UHTXLUHPHQWV RI .XPKR DQG 'DXEHUW
    *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG                     1R       1R                       *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG              
      RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV                                                                                   RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV

WZHOIWKIUHVKPDQFROOHJHVHFRQGWKLUGDQGIRXUWK\HDURI           FRPPHQVXUDWH ZLWK ZKDW LV H[SHFWHG JLYHQ KLV ,4´  ,Q
FROOHJH´DQGWKXVEHWWHUDSSUR[LPDWHWKHDYHUDJHSHUVRQ               RWKHU ZRUGV *RQ]DOHV¶V DFKLHYHPHQWV DUH QRW WHUULEO\
                                                                       LQFRQVLVWHQWZLWKKLV,4VFRUHV
  )LQDOO\ LW VKRXOG EH QRWHG WKDW FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKH
1%0(¶V H[SHUWV *LRUGDQL UHSRUWHG WKDW *RQ]DOHV VFRUHG             1HLWKHUGRHV3ODLQWLIIILWZLWKLQ&RQJUHVV¶VYLVLRQRIWKH
ZLWKLQWKHDYHUDJHUDQJHRQUHDGLQJFRPSUHKHQVLRQWHVWVDV            GLVDEOHGSRSXODWLRQ,QWKHLQWURGXFWRU\VHFWLRQWRWKH$'$
FRPSDUHGWRWKHJHQHUDOSRSXODWLRQ7KXV*RQ]DOHV¶VRZQ              ³)LQGLQJV DQG 3XUSRVH´ &RQJUHVV GHVFULEHV WKH GLVDEOHG
H[SHUWXQGHUPLQHV*RQ]DOHV¶VDVVHUWLRQ³WKDWGHVSLWHKLVEHVW          SRSXODWLRQ LW VHHNV WR SURWHFW  ,W SUHVHQWV WKH GLVDEOHG DV
HIIRUWVWRZRUNDURXQGKLVSUREOHPKHLVVWLOOQRWDEOHWRUHDG       LVRODWHGDQGVHJUHJDWHGLQGLYLGXDOVDVLQGLYLGXDOVZKRRIWHQ
QHDUO\DVZHOODVWKHDYHUDJHSHUVRQ´'LVVHQWLQJ2SDW         KDYH³QROHJDOUHFRXUVHWRUHGUHVVGLVFULPLQDWLRQ´DQGDV
,Q VKRUW *RQ]DOHV¶V LPSDLUPHQW VLPSO\ GRHV QRW PHHW WKH       WKRVHZKR³DVDJURXSRFFXS\DQLQIHULRUVWDWXVLQRXUVRFLHW\
'2-¶VGHILQLWLRQRI³VXEVWDQWLDOO\OLPLWV´EHFDXVHKHFDQUHDG        DQG DUH VHYHUHO\ GLVDGYDQWDJHG VRFLDOO\ YRFDWLRQDOO\
DVZHOODVWKHDYHUDJHSHUVRQ                                         HFRQRPLFDOO\DQGHGXFDWLRQDOO\´86&$D
  ,Q 3D]HU Y 1HZ <RUN 6WDWH %G RI /DZ ([DPLQHUV          ,QKLJKVFKRRO3ODLQWLIITXDOLILHGIRUDGYDQFHGSODFHPHQW
)6XSS6'1<WKHFRXUWIRXQG³VRPHPHULWWR            FODVVHVDQGJUDGXDWHGZLWKDJUDGHSRLQWDYHUDJHRI
WKHDUJXPHQWWKDWDGLVSDULW\EHWZHHQLQKHUHQWFDSDFLW\DQG            +HKDGQRIRUPDODFFRPPRGDWLRQVIRUOHDUQLQJGLVDELOLWLHV
SHUIRUPDQFHRQDWHVWPD\LQVRPHFLUFXPVWDQFHVSHUPLWWKH           GXULQJKLJKVFKRRO3ODLQWLIIVFRUHGDQDYHUDJHVFRUH
LQIHUHQFH WKDW DQ LQGLYLGXDO KDV D OHDUQLQJ GLVDELOLW\ HYHQ   RQ WKH 6$7  +H WRRN WKH WHVW ZLWKRXW DFFRPPRGDWLRQV
WKRXJKWKDWLQGLYLGXDO¶VSHUIRUPDQFHKDVPHWWKHVWDQGDUGRI           3ODLQWLIIHDUQHGDJUDGH SRLQWDYHUDJHRIDW'DYLV
WKHRUGLQDU\SHUVRQ´,GDW+RZHYHUWKH3D]HUFRXUW           ZKHUHKHPDMRUHGLQSK\VLRORJ\+HKDGDFFRPPRGDWLRQV
UHMHFWHG WKH LGHD WKDW ³VXFK D GLVSDULW\ FRPSHOV WKDW          GXULQJKLVWKLUGDQGIRXUWK\HDUVDW8&'+HWRRNWKH0&$7
FRQFOXVLRQ DV D PDWWHU RI ODZ´ VWDWLQJ ³WR KROG RWKHUZLVH    WZLFHZLWKRXWDFFRPPRGDWLRQVLPSURYLQJKLVVFRUHRQKLV
ZRXOGFRPSHOWKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDWDQ\XQGHUDFKLHYHUZRXOG               VHFRQG DWWHPSW E\ XVLQJ VNLOOV VXJJHVWHG E\ FRXQVHORUV DW
E\GHILQLWLRQEHOHDUQLQJGLVDEOHGDVDPDWWHURIODZ´,G,W       'DYLV+LVVHFRQG0&$7VFRUHZDVKLJKHQRXJKWKDWWKH
JDYHFUHGHQFHWRWKHGHIHQGDQW¶VH[SHUWZKRFRQFOXGHGWKDW             8006DGPLWWHGKLPWRLWVSURJUDP,QVKRUW*RQ]DOHVLV
WKHSODLQWLII¶V³SHUIRUPDQFHOHYHORQWHVWVDWLVVXHZDVQRW           QRWDPHPEHURIWKHVHYHUHO\GLVDGYDQWDJHGJURXS&RQJUHVV
FRQVLVWHQWZLWKDOHDUQLQJGLVDELOLW\´,G                           HQYLVLRQHGZKHQLWHQDFWHGWKH$'$6HH%HUFRYLWFK
                                                                       )GDWKROGLQJWKDWWKHSODLQWLIIZKRZDVGLDJQRVHG
  /LNHZLVHLQWKHLQVWDQWFDVH'HIHQGDQW¶VH[SHUWZKRPWKH          ZLWK$'+'ZDVQRW³GLVDEOHG´XQGHUWKH$'$EHFDXVHKLV
GLVWULFW FRXUW FUHGLWHG GLG QRW ILQG D GLVSDULW\ EHWZHHQ
3ODLQWLII¶VDELOLW\DQGDFWXDODFKLHYHPHQW)ODQDJDQWHVWLILHG
WKDW ³>R@QH RI WKH PDMRU LQGLFDWRUV RI MXVW DERXW HYHU\
GHILQLWLRQ RI D OHDUQLQJ GLVDELOLW\ LV D VLJQLILFDQW DELOLW\       
DFKLHYHPHQW GLVFUHSDQF\´ EXW WKDW *RQ]DOHV ³LV DFKLHYLQJ                3ODLQWLII XUJHV WKLV &RXUW WR UHO\ XSRQ 'RH Y 1%0( &DVH 1R &
                                                                        :+2 1' &D  DQ XQSXEOLVKHG GHFLVLRQ 'RH KDV D
                                                                       IDFWXDO VLPLODULW\ WR WKH LQVWDQW FDVH LQ WKDW LWV VXEMHFW D PHGLFDO VWXGHQW
                                                                       DOOHJHV D UHDGLQJ GLVDELOLW\ DQG VHHNV GRXEOH WLPH RQ WKH 6WHS 
                                                                       ([DPLQDWLRQ ,Q 'RH KRZHYHU WKH FRXUW FUHGLWHG SODLQWLII¶V H[SHUW
                                                                       ZLWQHVVHV DQG WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW LQ WKH LQVWDQW FDVH FUHGLWHG 'HIHQGDQW¶V
                                                                       ZLWQHVVHV
