                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                             COURT OF APPEALS



In   re  ALEXANDER                  L.      RINGER
TESTAMENTARY TRUST.


ABIGAIL ELISSADEH, YOAV ELISSADEH,                                   UNPUBLISHED
and AVISHAI ELISSADEH,                                               December 20, 2018

               Appellants,

v                                                                    No. 340350
                                                                     Ingham Probate Court
MIRIAM ADAM, as Trustee of the                                       LC No. 16-001430-TT
ALEXANDER L. RINGER TESTAMENTARY
TRUST,

               Appellee.


Before: BOONSTRA, P.J., and JANSEN and GADOLA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       In this probate action regarding trust instruments, petitioners appeal as of right the
probate court’s opinion and order granting summary disposition in favor of the trustee, Miriam
E. Adam, under MCR 2.116(C)(10). We affirm.

                           I. RELEVANT FACTUAL BACKGROUND

        The facts in this case are undisputed. Petitioners are the grandchildren of settlor
Alexander L. Ringer, the creator of the trusts in this case, and the children of Deborah Elissadeh,
a nonparty to this case. Alexander, a resident of Illinois and the grantor and settlor, died on May
3, 2002. Alexander was survived by his spouse, Claude Ringer; his two children, Deborah and
Miriam; and his three grandchildren, the petitioners. Alexander executed a will on January 3,
2002, in Illinois. The will created a testamentary trust, with Claude as the trustee. According to
the trust’s terms, this initial trust was divided into two separate trusts, the Marital Trust and the
Family Trust. Upon Claude’s death, the Family Trust would terminate and any remaining assets
or income would be divided into equal shares, one share for each of Alexander’s living children
and one share for each deceased child’s descendants if the child predeceased this event.
Additionally, if Claude never exercised her power of appointment over all property remaining in
the Marital Trust, the Marital Trust would be added to the Family Trust. Claude died on January

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9, 2016, having never exercised this power. Accordingly, the Marital Trust was added to the
Family Trust.

        Prior to Claude’s death, on February 27, 2004, Miriam, Claude, and Deborah entered into
an agreement (Inheritance Agreement) to settle issues of inheritance among them. This
agreement is at the heart of the parties’ dispute in this case. The Inheritance Agreement stated
that Claude and Miriam had “been informed that significant assets have been held by a
gentleman named ‘Peter’ in some sort of trust arrangement which was established by Alexander
prior to his death.” While Deborah was the beneficiary of these assets, she was unable to access
these assets because she needed Claude’s authorization. Deborah promised to waive and
disclaim all rights and interests in Alexander’s property located in North America, and Claude
and Miriam promised to waive and disclaim all rights and interests in Alexander’s assets outside
North America, including the separate trust arrangement. Both sides agreed that their promise to
waive and disclaim all rights and interests was contingent upon the other side’s performance.
Furthermore, Claude authorized the transfer of assets from the other trust to Deborah, giving
Deborah the access that she needed. Similarly, Deborah authorized Claude and Miriam to take
all necessary steps to process Alexander’s estate and to transfer all of the estate’s North
American property to Claude without giving Deborah future notice.

         On September 29, 2016, petitioners filed a petition for an order appointing a successor
trustee and directing the trustee to pursue wrongfully distributed property. Petitioners argued
that, in the Inheritance Agreement, Deborah had disclaimed her beneficiary interest in the trust.
Consequently, Deborah should be treated as having predeceased Alexander under both Michigan
and Illinois law. Petitioners argued that, as they were her descendants, they should receive her
disclaimed beneficiary interest.

        Miriam sought summary disposition, arguing that Illinois law barred any disclaimer that
Deborah made within the Inheritance Agreement because this agreement was a contract for trust
assets. Petitioners responded, seeking summary disposition in their favor and arguing that the
Inheritance Agreement was not a contract for trust assets, but was instead merely a contract that
happened to contain a disclaimer of trust assets, and that Deborah’s disclaimer was therefore
valid. The probate court granted Miriam’s motion, reasoning that Deborah’s disclaimer was
invalid because the disclaimer attempted to disclaim her beneficiary interests and, in the same
stroke, transfer these interests to Claude. The probate court subsequently denied petitioners’
motion for reconsideration.

                                        II. ANALYSIS

        We hold that the probate court did not err by granting Miriam’s motion for summary
disposition. Under governing Illinois law, Deborah’s purported disclaimer was invalid because
this disclaimer also attempted to simultaneously transfer the disclaimed assets to Claude.

                                A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        A probate court’s summary disposition decision is reviewed de novo. In re Pollack
Trust, 309 Mich App 125, 169; 867 NW2d 884 (2015). When reviewing a summary disposition
motion, this Court will consider the “pleadings, admissions, affidavits, and other relevant

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documentary evidence of record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party to determine
whether any genuine issue of material fact exists to warrant a trial.” Id. (quotation marks and
citation omitted). Summary disposition is appropriate when there is no genuine issue of material
fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. A genuine issue of
material fact exists when “the record, viewed in a light favorable to the opposing party, leaves
open an issue on which reasonable minds might differ.” Id.

                                        B. DISCUSSION

                                      1. CHOICE OF LAW

       We agree with the parties and the probate court that Illinois law governs this dispute.

       MCL 700.7107(a) provides:

       The meaning and effect of the terms of a trust are determined by the following:

               (a) The law of the jurisdiction designated in the terms of the trust unless
       the designation of that jurisdiction’s law is contrary to a strong public policy of
       the jurisdiction having the most significant relationship to the matter at issue.

Additionally, Michigan law generally recognizes contractual choice-of-law provisions, Turcheck
v Amerifund Fin, Inc, 272 Mich App 341, 345; 725 NW2d 684 (2006), unless there is no
substantial relationship between the parties and the chosen state, or if the application of the
chosen state’s law would be contrary to Michigan public policy, Chrysler Corp v Skyline Indus
Servs, Inc, 448 Mich 113, 126; 528 NW2d 698 (1995). The trust and the Inheritance Agreement
both provide that Illinois law governs, and there is no strong public policy for Michigan law to
control the terms of the trust and agreement because Michigan does not have “the most
significant relationship to the matter at issue.” See MCL 700.7107(a). Alexander was an Illinois
resident and his will and trust were respectively executed and created in Illinois. The only
relationship to Michigan is that the trust has been administered in Michigan because Miriam, the
trustee, lives in Michigan.

                                     2. THE DISCLAIMER

       Deborah did not make a valid disclaimer of her trust beneficiary interests. She attempted
to both disclaim and transfer her beneficiary interests via contract. Such a disclaimer is barred
under Illinois law.

       Under Illinois law, a disclaimer is the refusal to accept property that the disclaimant is
otherwise legally entitled to. See 755 Ill Comp Stat Ann 5/2-7(d). In the context of probate and
testamentary transfers, a disclaimer’s effect is generally that the disclaimant is treated as having
predeceased the testator, and the interest passes to the disclaimant’s descendants. See 755 Ill
Comp Stat Ann 5/2-7(d). Waiver is the “intentional relinquishment of a known right.”
Gallagher v Lenart, 226 Ill 2d 208, 229; 874 NE2d 43 (2007).

       755 Ill Comp Stat Ann 5/2-7(e) provides, in pertinent part:


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               Waiver and Bar. The right to disclaim property or a part thereof or an
       interest therein shall be barred by . . . (2) an assignment, conveyance,
       encumbrance, pledge, sale or other transfer of the property, part or interest, or a
       contract therefor, by the disclaimant or his representative . . . .

The Illinois Supreme Court interpreted this provision in Tompkins State Bank v Niles, 127 Ill 2d
209; 537 NE2d 274 (1989). In that case, the devisee had entered into a land contract with the
testator in which the testator would sell a piece of real property to the devisee. Id. at 213.
However, some years later, the devisee executed a mortgage on this property, in breach of this
land contract. Id. at 213-214. Some years after this, the testator died, leaving the devisee all of
her property, including the piece of real property with the mortgage encumbrance. Id. at 214.
According to the testator’s will, if the devisee had predeceased the testator, the property would
go to another party. Id. The devisee filed a disclaimer in the trial court, disclaiming all interests
in the testator’s bequeaths and allowing these to go to the other party. Id. The trial court held
this to be an invalid disclaimer.

        The trial court reasoned that the purpose of section 2-7(e) was to prevent persons from
disclaiming their testamentary interests while also acting “in a manner which is inconsistent with
a complete renunciation of [their] interest in the property being disclaimed.” Id. at 226. The trial
court stated that the legislature wished to prohibit persons from disclaiming testamentary
interests and still exercising power over those disclaimed interests. Id. at 225-226.

        The appellate court reversed, and the Illinois Supreme Court agreed and held that the
devisee did not act in a manner inconsistent with a complete renunciation of the property interest
that had been devised to him. Id. at 226. When the devisee encumbered the property (which is
one of the prohibited actions under 2-7(e)), he did not assign his rights as a beneficiary of the
testator’s estate. Id. He merely assigned his rights conferred under the land contract, a
completely separate set of rights from those of the will. Id. If the devisee had, instead,
attempted to assign his rights as a beneficiary, the implication is that the Illinois Supreme Court
would have instead held that the disclaimer was barred because this would have been a manner
inconsistent with a complete renunciation of interest.

        In contrast, the court in In re Sterba Estate, 2016 IL App (3d) 150483; 56 NE3d 1118
(2016), held that the petitioner’s disclaimer was invalid because the disclaimer was issued in a
manner inconsistent with a complete renunciation of interest in the property. Id. at ¶ 12. In that
case, the deceased testator had bequeathed the petitioner real property from her estate. Id. at ¶¶
3-4. The petitioner then executed a disclaimer in which he purported to disclaim his interests in
this property. Id. at ¶ 4. However, in this disclaimer, the petitioner also included language
stating that he was disclaiming his interests “so that [another party] shall take the shares which
[the petitioner] would have received but for this disclaimer of interest.” Id. The petitioner filed
for bankruptcy approximately three months after executing this disclaimer, and the bankruptcy
trustee challenged this disclaimer. Id. at ¶ 5,

        In holding that this disclaimer was invalid, the court noted the express terms of the
disclaimer, in which the petitioner explicitly stated that he was disclaiming his interest in order to
allow the other party to obtain his interest. Id. at ¶ 12. In form, the petitioner attempted to
disclaim his interest in the property; however, in substance, this purported “disclaimer” assigned

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the petitioner’s interests to the other party. Id. Therefore, the petitioner’s actions dealt with the
“devised estate in a manner which [was] inconsistent with a complete renunciation of any
interest in the property being disclaimed.” Id., quoting Tompkins, 127 Ill 2d at 226 (quotation
marks omitted).

        In this case, Deborah’s disclaimer is also invalid because it was executed in a manner
inconsistent with a complete renunciation of her beneficiary interest in the property being
disclaimed: her disclaimer also attempted to transfer her disclaimed beneficiary interests to
Claude.

        The interpretation of a contract is a question of law that is subject to de novo review.
Richard W McCarthy Trust v Illinois Cas Co, 408 Ill App 3d 526, 535; 946 NE2d 895 (2011).
When interpreting a contract, a court must look to the intent of the parties. Empress Casino
Joilet Corp v WE O’Neil Constr Co, 2016 Ill App (1st) 151166, ¶ 62; 68 NE2d 856 (2016). To
do this, a court must examine the plain language of the contract. Id. If the words are clear and
unambiguous, a court must give them their plain and ordinary meaning. Id. Contract provisions
must not be read in isolation but with the entirety of the agreement. Id.

        The parties do not dispute that the Inheritance Agreement is an enforceable contract.
Therefore, section 2-7(e) applies. See 755 Ill Comp Stat Ann 5/2-7(e) (emphasis added) (“The
right to disclaim property or a part thereof or an interest therein shall be barred by . . . an
assignment, conveyance, encumbrance, pledge, sale or other transfer of the property, part or
interest, or a contract . . . .”). In this contract, Deborah transferred interests that she already
disclaimed in the same instrument. Claude and Miriam agreed to give up their rights and
interests in assets outside of North America in return for Deborah giving up her rights and
interests in property located within North America. However, this was not a mere disclaimer.
Paragraph 11 states that

       Deborah authorizes Claude and Miriam to execute all documents and to pursue
       any and all legal proceedings necessary to complete processing the Estate of
       Alexander and the transfer of any and all assets located in North America from
       the Estate of Alexander to Claude, individually or as Trustee, without further
       notice to Deborah. [Emphasis added.]

This language is clear, plain, and unambiguous. Deborah authorized a transfer of her beneficiary
interests in Alexander’s North American assets to Claude. Yet, in the same instrument, she also
purported to disclaim those same beneficiary interests.

        Albeit under different factual circumstances, the structure of this agreement is similar to
the disclaimer in Sterba Estate. In that case, the petitioner’s purported disclaimer stated that he
was disclaiming his interests “so that [another party] shall take the shares which [the petitioner]
would have received but for this disclaimer of interest.” Sterba Estate, 2016 Ill App (1st)
151166 at ¶ 4. Although the Inheritance Agreement in this case did not explicitly state that the
reason for Deborah’s disclaimer was for Claude to receive Deborah’s beneficiary interests, it
explicitly transferred interests to Claude from Deborah, interests that Deborah previously
attempted to disclaim in the same agreement. The interests Claude received were, essentially,
interests that Deborah “would have received but for this disclaimer of interest.” See id. While in

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form the Inheritance Agreement may be structured to operate as a disclaimer, in substance it was
not valid because Deborah effectively assigned her disclaimed interests to Claude. See id. at
¶ 12. Deborah’s purported disclaimer, then, was activity “inconsistent with a complete
renunciation of any interest in the property being disclaimed.” See id. (quotation marks and
citation omitted). If she had completely renounced all interests in it (i.e., if she had actually
disclaimed), then she would not have attempted to exercise power over those interests by
transferring them to Claude.

        Petitioners argue that the plain and unambiguous meaning of the Inheritance Agreement
does not indicate a transfer of interests. Although the agreement was a contract, petitioners
contend that it was not a contract for “an assignment, conveyance, encumbrance, pledge, sale or
other transfer of the property.” See 755 Ill Comp Stat Ann 5/2-7(e). This argument is
unpersuasive. As previously discussed, paragraph 11 of the agreement clearly authorized Claude
and Miriam to transfer Deborah’s disclaimed property interests to Claude.

        Petitioners, however, take issue with paragraph 11 and dispute its interpretation.
Petitioners note that, at the time this agreement was created, Claude was still the trustee of the
Marital and Family Trusts. Petitioners argue, then, that paragraph 11 merely allowed the North
American assets to be transferred to Claude in light of her fiduciary duties as the trustee.

        However, a contract requires consideration, and it cannot be interpreted in such a way so
as to make other portions, or the entire agreement, meaningless. See Atwood v St Paul Fire and
Marine Ins Co, 363 Ill App 3d 861, 864; 845 NE2d 68 (2006) (stating the “well-settled principle
of contract construction: a contract must not be interpreted in a manner that nullifies provisions
of that contract”). If Deborah had truly disclaimed her interest, as petitioners contend, and had
not transferred her interest to Claude, then Deborah would be treated as having predeceased
Alexander, meaning that her descendants would take this interest. Deborah would have
disclaimed her interests in exchange for Claude and Miriam doing the same, and, yet, Deborah’s
children would be next in line to receive this disclaimed interest. Taking this interpretation
approach, Deborah would have given up essentially nothing, and Claude and Miriam would have
received nothing in return. As the probate court noted at the hearing, this is an illogical
interpretation of this agreement because it makes the contract virtually meaningless. Petitioners’
interpretation also fails to account for the rest of the contract. Paragraph 11 cannot be read in
isolation but must be read in context with the rest of the agreement. See Empress, 2016 Ill App
(1st) 151166 at ¶ 62. Looking to the plain language of the agreement and the intent of the
parties, it is clear that Deborah attempted to both disclaim and transfer her interests to Claude.

         Petitioners also argue that Alexander’s intent, as the grantor, precludes the probate
court’s interpretation. Alexander’s Last Will and Testament explicitly prohibited beneficiaries
from assigning or transferring their interests in the Family Trust. Furthermore, the will stated
that in the event of a child’s death the child’s descendants would receive the deceased child’s
interests per stirpes. However, these arguments appear neither in petitioners’ lower court brief
nor in the record from the motion hearing. Petitioners therefore waived these arguments for
appeal. See Walters v Nadell, 481 Mich 377, 387-388; 751 NW2d 431 (2008). Moreover, “the
[trial] court’s primary concern in construing a trust is to discover the settlor’s intent, which the
court will effectuate if it is not contrary to law or public policy.” First Nat’l Bank of Chicago v
Canton Council of Campfire Girls, Inc, 85 Ill 2d 507, 513; 426 NE2d 1198 (1981) (citation

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omitted). Further, section 2-7(e) prohibits disclaimers coupled with a transfer of the disclaimed
interests.

                                      C. CONCLUSION

        The trial court did not err by granting Miriam’s motion for summary disposition.
Deborah promised to disclaim her beneficiary interests and then, in the same stroke, transferred
those same disclaimed interests to Claude. This action is barred by Illinois law. To take
petitioners’ approach would render the Inheritance Agreement virtually meaningless.

       Affirmed.

                                                           /s/ Mark T. Boonstra
                                                           /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                           /s/ Michael F. Gadola




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