                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT JACKSON
                            Assigned on Briefs July 21, 2011

    KRYSTAL DAWN (WALTON) CANTRELL v. PATRICIA TOLLEY

               Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
                    No. 306234-TD      Robert L. Childers, Judge


                No. W2010-02019-COA-R3-CV - Filed August 11, 2011


This case arises from the circuit court’s execution of judgment. Following dismissal of
Appellant’s appeal from the general sessions court, the circuit court specifically affirmed the
judgment of the general sessions court, issued execution thereon, and denied Appellant’s
motion to quash the execution upon its finding that the ten year time period for collection of
judgments, under Tennessee Code Annotated Section 28-3-110, ran from the date of the
circuit court’s order. Upon review, we conclude that, by affirming the general sessions
court’s judgment, the circuit court retained jurisdiction to execute the judgment, and that the
ten year time period for collection of the judgment ran from the date of the circuit court’s
order and was not expired when levy was made. Affirmed.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3. Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D AVID R. F ARMER, J.,
and H OLLY M. K IRBY, J., joined.

Jeffery L. Stimpson, Munford, Tennessee, for the appellant, Krystal Dawn (Walton) Cantrell.

Joseph D. Barton, Millington, Tennessee, for the appellee, Patricia Tolley.

                                         OPINION

       This case began in the Shelby County General Sessions Court. On July 29, 1999,
Appellant Krystal Dawn (Walton) Cantrell filed a civil warrant against Appellee Patricia
Tolley, Eagles Nest Campground, and its owner T.W. Lanier, Inc., seeking damages for
“personal injury, medical bills, and disability caused by the negligence of defendant to
maintain their premises free from the criminal act of Patricia Tolley.”1 The case against
Eagles Nest and T.W. Lanier was dismissed with prejudice, and neither is a party on appeal.
On or about December 2, 1999, Ms. Tolley filed a counterclaim in the general sessions court
against Ms. Cantrell for “false arrest, slander, [and] malicious prosecution.” On December
2, 1999, judgment was entered for Ms. Tolley on her counterclaim in the amount of $4,000.

       On December 10, 1999, Ms. Cantrell appealed the general sessions judgment to the
Shelby County Circuit Court. On January 8, 2001, the circuit court entered an order
dismissing Ms. Cantrell’s appeal and affirming the general sessions court’s judgment.
Specifically, the circuit court’s order states:

                 IT IS, THEREFORE, ORDERED, ADJUDGED                                     AND
                 DECREED:

                 1. That the appeal of Plaintiff Kris D. Walton [Cantrell] from
                 the judgment of the General Sessions Court of Shelby County
                 Tennessee be, and is hereby, dismissed.

                 2. That the judgment of the lower Court be, and is hereby,
                 affirmed.

                 3. That the costs of this cause be, and hereby are, adjudged
                 against the plaintiff, for all of which let execution issue.

        As is relevant to the instant appeal, the circuit court’s order did not remand the case
to the general sessions court for execution of the judgment. Rather, no further action was
taken until the circuit court clerk issued a writ of execution (feri facias) on May 21, 2010;
the execution was reissued on May 27, 2010. Under the writ of execution, on May 28, 2010,
the Sheriff of Tipton County took possession of Ms. Cantrell’s 2003 GMC Sonoma truck to
satisfy the judgment rendered against her.

       On June 4, 2010, Ms. Cantrell filed a motion to quash and stay execution and for an
order returning her personal property. Specifically, Ms. Cantrell argued that the general
sessions court’s judgment could not be enforced by a writ of execution because the time
period for execution on the judgment had expired. Ms. Cantrell further argued that the order
entered by the circuit court, on January 8, 2001, was not a judgment upon which execution
might be had, but was merely an order of dismissal of an appeal, affirmance of the lower
court, and remand of the case to the general sessions court for enforcement. By Order of

       1
           The record does not elaborate on the events that gave rise to this lawsuit.

                                                     -2-
August 16, 2010, the circuit court denied Ms. Cantrell’s motion to quash execution,
specifically stating:

                      That the January 8, 2001 Order makes no mention of a
              monetary amount in the body of the Order, but that this Court
              finds that according to...Anderson [v. Moore, 63 Tenn. 15, 1874
              WL 4231 (Tenn. 1874)], remand is not necessary in order to
              reinstate the General Sessions judgment.
                      That accordingly, Defendant Patricia Tolley was entitled
              to execute the December 2, 1999 General Sessions judgment
              after the January 8, 2001 Order was entered because it is treated
              as if the judgment had been rendered in the Circuit Court.
                      That the ten-year time bar on the life of the judgment did
              not begin to run until after the Order was entered in 2001, and
              there was no need to revive the General Sessions Judgment
              because the January 8, 2001 Order had the effect of reinstating
              the General Sessions judgment for execution.
                      That the ten year life of the final judgment will not expire
              until January 8, 2011....

       Ms. Cantrell filed a timely appeal to this Court. We perceive that there are two issues
for review:

              1. After dismissing the appeal, whether the circuit court had
              authority/jurisdiction to issue execution on the judgment.

              2. Whether the ten year time period for execution on the
              judgment expired prior to levy and, specifically, whether the
              time period should run from entry of the general sessions
              judgment, on December 2, 1999, or from entry of the circuit
              court’s January 8, 2001 Order dismissing the appeal?

        The issues on appeal involve the question of whether the circuit court’s issuance of
a writ of execution, and its denial of Ms. Cantrell’s motion to quash the writ, were proper.
Appeals from the general sessions court are governed by statute, see Tenn. Code Ann. §§
27–5–101 to –108 (2000 & Supp. 2010), and by the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure.
Tenn. R. Civ. P. 1(2) (“The rules shall apply after appeal or transfer of a general sessions
civil lawsuit to circuit court.”). The application of a statute or the Tennessee Rules of Civil
Procedure to the facts of a case is a question of law, which we review de novo, with no
presumption of correctness. Larsen–Ball v. Ball, 301 S.W.3d 228, 232 (Tenn. 2010); see

                                              -3-
Thomas v. Oldfield, 279 S.W.3d 259, 261 (Tenn. 2009).

                          Execution of Judgment by the Circuit Court

        At the time of Ms. Cantrell’s appeal to circuit court, Tennessee Code Annotated
Section 27–5–108(a) stated that, “[a]ny party may appeal from an adverse decision of the
general sessions court to the circuit court of the county within a period of ten (10) days on
complying with the provisions of this chapter.”2 To perfect an appeal in compliance with the
provisions of the chapter, a party must file a timely notice of appeal, Tenn. Code Ann. §
27–5–108(a), (b), and file either an appeal bond or an affidavit of indigency, Tenn. Code
Ann. § 27–5–103(a). Section 27–5–108(c) provides that “[a]ny appeal shall be heard de novo
in the circuit court.” There is no dispute in this case that Ms. Cantrell perfected her appeal
to the circuit court.

       Although the circuit court’s January 8, 2001 order does not specifically state the
court’s reason for dismissing Ms. Cantrell’s appeal, we gather from the record (and from the
parties’ respective briefs), that the reason was Ms. Cantrell’s failure to appear to prosecute
her case. When a party fails to prosecute its appeal, or to appear, several statutes come into
play. Nix v. Sutton, No. M2006-00960-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 1541331, at *2 (Tenn. Ct.
App. May 25, 2007). As recently discussed by this Court in Memphis Area Teachers Credit
Union v. Jones, No. W2009-01419-COA-R3-CV, 2010 WL 2349202, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App.
June 14, 2010), under Tennessee Code Annotated Section 27-5-105, once an appeal has been
perfected, Tennessee Code Annotated Section 27-5-105(a)(1) requires the general sessions
court clerk to file the “papers” in the case with the circuit court clerk. Tennessee Code
Annotated Section 27-5-106 then provides:

                (a) If the clerk fails to return the papers within the time
                prescribed, but returns them during the term to which the same
                are returnable, and the appellant fails to appear and prosecute
                the appeal, if such appellant is the original defendant, the
                plaintiff shall have judgment final, by default, for the amount of
                the judgment of the court of general sessions, against the
                appellant for the debt and the appellant and the appellant's


        2
          Tennessee Code Annotated Section 27–5–108 was amended in 2008 to read: “Any party may
appeal from a decision of the general sessions court to the circuit court of the county within a period of ten
(10) days on complying with the provisions of this chapter.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 27–5–108(a)(1) (Supp. 2010)
(amended by 2008 Tenn. Pub. Acts 756). Ms. Cantrell perfected her appeal on December 10, 1999, prior to
the amendment's effective date of July 1, 2008. We therefore apply the statute in effect prior to its 2008
amendment.

                                                     -4-
              sureties for the cost.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 27-5-106(a) (emphasis added). Likewise, Tennessee Code Annotated
Section 27-5-107 provides:

                      If the papers are properly returned, and the
                      appellant fails to appear or defend as above, or if
                      the appeal is dismissed for any cause, the appellee
                      is entitled to an affirmance of the judgment
                      below, with costs.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 27-5-107 (emphasis added). “In sum, these statutes provide that when a
party appeals from general sessions court to circuit court, but fails to appear and prosecute
his appeal in circuit court, dismissal of the appeal is warranted.” Nix, 2007 WL 1541331, at
*2. (citing 1 Lawrence A. Pivnick, Tennessee Circuit Court Practice § 3:11 (2007 ed.)); see
also C.B. Donaghy & Co. v. McCorkle, 98 S.W. 1050, 1051 (1907) (citing Shannon's Code
§ 4876 (later codified as Tenn. Code Ann. § 27–5–107)) (discussing a defendant's dismissal
of its appeal from the judgment of a justice of the peace); cf. Gill v. State Farm Ins. Co., 958
S.W.2d 350, 351–52 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997) (affirming the circuit court's dismissal of the
defendant's appeal from the judgment of the general sessions court over the plaintiff's
objection).

       In the case of Nix v. Sutton, plaintiff Nix recovered a judgment against defendant
Sutton in general sessions court. Nix, 2007 WL 1541331, at *1. Defendant Sutton then
appealed the general sessions judgment to the circuit court. Id. On the day of the hearing,
defendant Sutton failed to appear because he had gone to the wrong courthouse. Pursuant to
the foregoing statutory scheme, the circuit court dismissed defendant Sutton's appeal and
remanded the case to general sessions court for execution on the judgment. On appeal, this
Court affirmed the circuit court's dismissal of defendant Sutton's appeal. Id. at *3. Citing
Tennessee Code Annotated Sections 27-5-106 and 27-5-107, we specifically held that
dismissal of an appeal from the general sessions court is warranted when the appellant fails
to appear and prosecute his or her appeal in circuit court. Id. at *2. Consequently, we
affirmed the dismissal of the appeal by the circuit court. Id. at *3.

       In the case of Steve Frost Agency v. Spurlock, 859 S.W.2d 337, 338 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1993), the defendant appealed the general sessions court’s judgment to circuit court, failed
to appear on the date of trial, and the circuit court dismissed his appeal. The defendant then
filed a motion for a new trial, claiming that he had mistaken the date of trial. Id.
Nevertheless, the circuit court denied the motion for new trial. Id. On appeal, the Middle
Section of this Court affirmed the circuit court's dismissal of the case based on the previously

                                              -5-
mentioned statutes. Id. at 340. In so holding, we noted that, upon dismissal of the appeal for
the appellant's failure to appear and prosecute, it was the duty of the circuit court to render
judgment for the amount of the general sessions judgment. Id. at 339; see also Cooke v.
Neighborhood Grocery, 122 S.W.2d 438, 440 (Tenn. 1938) (holding that a defendant
appealing to circuit court had a duty to appear and prosecute her appeal, and when she failed
to appear, her opponent had a right to have the judgment affirmed); Osborne v. Turner, No.
296, 1991 WL 26720, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 5, 1991) (noting that, “[s]ince the
defendant had appealed to the circuit court and failed to appear, the court had no choice but
to dismiss the appeal and enter the judgment that was entered in the general sessions court.”).
The circuit court’s procedure, upon a party’s failure to appear, is succinctly outlined in
Lawrence A. Pivnick, Tennessee Circuit Court Practice § 33:11 (2010):

                     An appellant’s failure to appear and prosecute his appeal
              in circuit court warrants dismissal of the appeal. More
              specifically, if the appellant is the original defendant and he fails
              to appear to prosecute his appeal, the plaintiff shall receive final
              judgment by default against the appellant for the debt portion of
              the general sessions judgment and against the appellant and his
              sureties for the costs. If the appellant who fails to appear is the
              original plaintiff, the appeal should be dismissed and the general
              sessions judgment affirmed.

Id. (footnotes omitted).

        In the recent case of Crowley v. Thomas, No. M2009–01336–SC–R11–CV, 2011 WL
2420207 (Tenn. June 17, 2011), our Supreme Court discussed the distinction between a
plaintiff/appellant’s voluntary non-suit of its circuit court appeal and a circuit court’s
dismissal of a defendant’s appeal in the context of the Tennessee saving statute. As is
relevant to the instant appeal, Justice Holder, writing for the Court, noted the distinction
between a circuit court appeal filed by a plaintiff (which requires no affirmance so as not to
negate the saving statute), and an appeal filed by a defendant. Id. As discussed above, the
instant appeal arises from the counterclaim, which was filed by Ms. Tolley (as counter-
plaintiff) against Ms. Cantrell (as counter-defendant), and it is in the posture of counter-
defendant that Ms. Cantrell filed her appeal to the circuit court. The Crowley Court noted
that, “[a] defendant appealing a general sessions judgment is in a different posture [than a
plaintiff appealing a general sessions judgment]”. Id. (citing Katz v. Bilsky, 759 S.W.2d 420,
422 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988)). As is relevant to the instant appeal, the Crowley Court stated
that:

              A defendant's appeal to the circuit court is simply a continuation

                                               -6-
              of the defendant's opposition to the plaintiff's civil warrant
              initiated in the general sessions court. The circuit court's
              application of section 27–5–107 to affirm the judgment of the
              general sessions court following the dismissal of the defendant's
              appeal creates no conflict with the saving statute. The saving
              statute is not implicated because the defendant has no cause of
              action to refile within one year of the order of dismissal.

Crowley, 2011 WL 2420207, at *2. Although the instant case does not implicate the saving
statute, the fact that a defendant’s appeal to circuit court is a continuation of the general
sessions court’s proceedings may have bearing on the question of whether the circuit court
retains its jurisdiction, following dismissal of the appeal, to issue a writ of execution. From
our research, this specific question has not been previously addressed by our courts.
However, while jurisdictional lines are not always bright, the allocation of jurisdiction
between courts in our hierarchical system has established some guiding rules in this area. It
is well established that, once a party perfects an appeal from a trial court's final judgment,
the trial court effectively loses its authority to act in the case without leave of the appellate
court–perfecting an appeal vests jurisdiction over the case in the appropriate appellate court.
See, e.g., State v. Pendergrass, 937 S.W.2d 834, 837 (Tenn. 1996); Spann v. Abraham, 36
S.W.3d 452, 461 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999). Thereafter, the usual course establishes that the
appellate court retains jurisdiction over a case until its mandate returns the case to the trial
court. Raht v. So. Ry. Co., 215 Tenn. 485, 498, 387 S.W.2d 781, 787 (1965) (holding that
issuance of mandate by an appellate court revests the trial court with jurisdiction over a case);
Hall v. Pippin, No. M2001–00387–COA–OT–CV, 2001 WL 196978, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Feb. 28, 2001). In the instant case, this passing of jurisdiction from one court to another is
muddied not only by the fact that a defendant’s appeal to the circuit court is merely a
continuation of the general sessions case, Crowley, 2011 WL 2420207 at *2, but also by the
fact that, when a circuit court dismisses an appeal from the general sessions court, it is not
required to issue a mandate to the general sessions court. Rather, as discussed in Sam
Gilreath & Bobby R. Aderholt, Caruthers History of a Lawsuit § 510, at 583 (8th ed. 1963):

              [I]f the papers [from the general sessions court] are properly
              filed upon appeal [to the circuit court,] prayed and granted
              within the two, or ten, days, the jurisdiction of the circuit court
              attaches, and a procedendo is not necessary on dismissing the
              appeal; the judgment of dismissal has the force and effect of a
              procedendo. On production of a certified copy of the judgment
              of dismissal, or other satisfactory evidence, the justice or general
              sessions judge would be authorized to reinstate the case on his
              docket and issue execution without an order from the court. The

                                               -7-
                  appellee may prefer to have his judgment in the circuit court,
                  and, upon his motion, the court would dismiss the appeal and
                  affirm the judgment of the justice or general sessions court.3

        In Steve Frost Agency, we noted that, “upon dismissal of the appeal for failure of
appellant to appear and prosecute, it is the duty of the Circuit Court to render judgment for
the amount of the General Sessions judgment. However, if the Circuit Court judgment is for
dismissal and costs only, the General Sessions judgment is reinstated and may be enforced
as if a procedendo had been awarded.” Steve Frost Agency, 859 S.W.2d at 339 (citing
Anderson v. Moore, 63 Tenn. (4 Baxter) 15 (1874)). Therefore, in Tennessee, a circuit court
is not required to issue a written procedendo in order to reinstate the order of the general
sessions court. Rather, upon dismissal of the action, the general sessions judgment is revived
as if the circuit court had, in fact, issued a mandate to the lower court. Consequently, the fact
that the circuit court in the instant case did not expressly remand the case to the general
sessions court for execution of the judgment does not, ipso facto, mean that the general
sessions court lacked the authority to enforce its judgment, nor does it automatically mean
that the circuit court lacked jurisdiction to issue the writ of execution. As noted in Caruthers,
supra, an appellee may have his or her judgment in the circuit court. In that case, the circuit
court’s order should not only dismiss the appeal, but it should also affirm the judgment of the
general sessions court. Caruthers, § 510, at 583. This distinction is subtle–if the circuit
court’s order merely dismisses the appeal and assesses costs, then the order constitutes an


        3
            Procedendo is discussed in 62B Am. Jur. 2d Procedendo § 1, as follows:

                          Procedendo is a high-prerogative writ of an extraordinary nature.
                  Generally, it is defined as an order from a court of superior jurisdiction to
                  one of inferior jurisdiction to proceed to judgment in a case, without
                  attempting to control the inferior court as to what the judgment should be.
                          A writ of procedendo, or of mandamus, is appropriate when a court
                  has either refused to render a judgment or has unnecessarily delayed
                  proceeding to judgment.
                          In some jurisdictions, the term "procedendo" is used
                  interchangeably with "remittitur" and "mandate" to denote the order issued
                  by a court of review on the decision of a cause on appeal or writ of error.
                  As so used, the function of a procedendo is to direct the action to be taken
                  or disposition to be made of the cause by the lower court, operating in the
                  same manner as the mandate or remanding order of a court of review.
                          In still other jurisdictions, "procedendo" has come to mean an order
                  of an appeals court to an inferior court to proceed with the execution of its
                  judgment.

Id. (footnotes omitted).

                                                      -8-
affirmance of the general sessions court’s order in the sense that the order of dismissal
functions as either a reviver of the general sessions order (under Crowley) or as an automatic
procedendo for execution in the general sessions court (Caruthers). The result is the
same–the general sessions judgment is affirmed (thus satisfying the mandates of Tennessee
Code Annotated Section 27-5-107, supra), but jurisdiction would return to the general
sessions court upon dismissal of the appeal. Raht v. So. Ry. Co., 387 S.W.2d at 787.
However, if the circuit court specifically affirms the judgment of the general sessions court,
as in the present case, then the judgment of the general sessions court becomes the judgment
of the circuit court. In such a case, jurisdiction remains with the circuit court to execute its
judgment.

       As succinctly stated by the Missouri Court of Appeals, “[t]he mandate of the appellate
court is not its judgment.” Lombardo v. Lombardo, 120 S.W.3d 232, 243 (Mo. Ct. App.
2003). Rather, “the mandate constitutes the official communication of the appellate judgment
to the subordinate court.” Id. “When the terms of mandate remand the cause to the
subordinate tribunal, the effect is to revest jurisdiction in that court to take the acts directed.”
Id. By way of example, if the circuit court, in this case, had merely dismissed the appeal,
without specific affirmance, this would have resulted, under the authority outlined above, in
an automatic mandate, or procedendo, to the general sessions court, thus shifting jurisdiction
back to the lower court. However, the circuit court here specifically affirmed the general
sessions court. As discussed in 5 C.J.S. Appeal and Error § 1043:

               Generally, where a final judgment of the lower court is affirmed
               on appeal in all its parts and the case is not remanded to the
               lower court for further proceedings, the controversy is at an end,
               and the rights of the parties insofar as involved in the litigation
               are conclusively adjudicated.... When an appellate court affirms
               a trial court's judgment, that judgment becomes the judgment of
               both courts. [Denton County v. Tarrant County, 139 S.W.3d 22
               (Tex. Ct. App. 2004)] . . . .

               [In the case of affirmance,] the jurisdiction of the trial court
               terminates both as to the parties and subject matter when the
               judgment has been affirmed. Waterhouse v. Iowa Dist. Court
               for Linn County, 593 N.W.2d 141 (Iowa Ct. App. 1999).

5 C.J.S. Appeal and Error § 1043 (emphasis added).

      It is well settled that a trial court speaks through its orders, Palmer v. Palmer, 562
S.W.2d 833, 837 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1977). In its August 16, 2010 Order denying Ms.

                                                -9-
Cantrell’s motion to quash execution, the circuit court states, in relevant part, that Ms. Tolley
“was entitled to execute the December 2, 1999 General Sessions judgment after the January
8, 2001 Order was entered because it is treated as if the judgment had been rendered in the
Circuit Court.” (Emphasis added). From this statement, it is clear that the circuit court’s
intent, in affirming the judgment of the general sessions court, was to adopt the general
sessions judgment as its own.

       As discussed in 30 AM. JUR. 2d Executions § 3 (2011):

              Every court that has the jurisdiction to render a particular
              judgment has the inherent power to enforce it. A court has not
              only the right, but a duty to make its decrees effective, and
              prevent evasions thereof. The court should see to it that its
              judgment is enforced when the court is asked to do so by the
              issuance of the necessary orders and appropriate processes to
              make the judgment effective . . . .

Id. (Footnotes omitted). Therefore, by specifically affirming the general sessions court’s
judgment the circuit court ostensibly made the general sessions court’s judgment its own
judgment. Consequently, we conclude that the circuit court had jurisdiction and authority
to issue execution to enforce its order.

                           Time Period for Collecting Judgment

        Tennessee Code Annotated Section 28-3-110(b) provides that actions on judgments
must be commenced within ten years of accrual. In this case, Ms. Cantrell argues that the
circuit court’s order dismissing her appeal was merely a mandate to the general sessions court
and was not, itself, an order upon which execution could issue. We disagree. Based upon
the foregoing discussion, the January 8, 2001 Order was, in fact, the circuit court’s order, and
was not (as Ms. Cantrell contends) a mere procedendo to the lower court for execution of the
original order, which was entered on December 2, 1999. Consequently, we conclude that the
January 8, 2001 Order constitutes an accrual of the judgment against Ms. Cantrell, and that
Ms. Tolley had until January 8, 2011 to collect the $4,000. It is undisputed that the Tipton
County Sheriff accomplished the levy on May 28, 2010, which was within the statutory
period. Therefore, the circuit court did not err in denying Ms. Cantrell’s motion to quash
execution on grounds of the expiration of the ten year statute of limitations.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court and its
execution on the judgment. Costs of this appeal are assessed against the Appellant, Krystal
Dawn (Walton) Cantrell and her surety.

                                              -10-
       _________________________________
       J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE




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