                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2009 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


6-25-2009

Vassos Marangos v. Cecily Swett
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 08-4146




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CLD-201                                                     NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                         FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                              ___________

                                   No. 08-4146
                                   ___________

                             VASSOS MARANGOS,
                                           Appellant

                                         v.

          CECILY CATHERINE SWETT; LAND OPTIONS INC.;
        APEX FINANCIAL GROUP INC; ENCORE CREDIT CORP.;
  OPTION ONE MORTGAGE CORP.; SELECT PORTFOLIO SERVICING INC.;
           MICHAEL A. GUADAGNO, NJ Superior Court Judge,
                 in their personal and official capacities
               ____________________________________

                  On Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the District of New Jersey
                            (D.C. Civil No. 07-05937)
                    District Judge: Honorable Freda Wolfson
                   ____________________________________

           Submitted for Possible Dismissal Due To A Jurisdictional Defect
   or Possible Summary Action Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6
                                    May 29, 2009
           Before: RENDELL, HARDIMAN and COWEN, Circuit Judges

                           (Opinion filed: June 25, 2009)
                                    _________

                                    OPINION
                                    _________

PER CURIAM

     Appellant Vassos Marangos appeals from an order of the United States District
Court for the District of New Jersey, dismissing his complaint for failure to state a claim

upon which relief may be granted. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).

       This case arises out of the contested divorce of Vassos Marangos and Cecily

Catherine Swett. The pertinent facts, thoroughly set forth by the District Court, are well

known to the parties and will not be repeated here. In December 2007, Marangos filed a

complaint in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, naming as

defendants Swett, Judge Michael Guadagno of the New Jersey Superior Court, and a

variety of financial institutions and businesses that participated in the refinancing of

Marangos’s home mortgage in 2006. Apex Financial Group was the mortgage broker

who prepared the refinancing application, Encore Credit Corporation (referred to as

“Performance Credit Corporation”) provided the refinancing mortgage loan,1 Land

Options was the title company, and Option One Mortgage Corporation and its successor,

Select Portfolio Servicing, serviced the mortgage for Performance Credit.

       Marangos claimed that Swett conspired with and fraudulently used Guadagno to

obtain favorable rulings in the divorce proceedings and that she conspired with the

refinancing defendants to obtain all of the proceeds from the refinanced loan. In

particular, he claimed that the refinancing defendants failed to inform him of a lis

pendens Swett had placed on the marital home before he signed a loan agreement for




   1
      Encore Credit’s name has been changed to “Performance Credit Corporation.” We
will refer to it as Performance Credit in this opinion.

                                              2
refinancing, held the refinancing proceeds in escrow instead of giving the money to him,

and ultimately paid out the majority of the proceeds to Swett and to the Child Support

Agency with no notice to him. He claimed violations of 42 U.S.C. § 1983, the Federal

Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”), and civil RICO, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). He raised state law

claims against all defendants for violation of New Jersey’s Unfair and Deceptive Acts and

Practices Act, intentional and/or negligent infliction of emotional distress, fraud,

deception and violation of privacy laws, and “malicious abuse, misuse, and use of

process” against Swett and Judge Guadagno. He also included two claims entitled,

“Public Employee Wrongfully Enforcing the Law” and “Continuous Tort” (in which he

alleged that Swett and Guadagno’s actions began in 2004, and that the rest of the

Defendants’ acts began in 2006). He sought injunctive relief and damages.

       With the exception of Apex Financial Group (which was not served), the

defendants filed separate motions to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). The District

Court dismissed all claims against Judge Guadagno as barred by the doctrine of absolute

immunity. In a separate opinion and order, the District Court dismissed all claims against

the remainder of the defendants for failure to state a claim. Marangos timely appealed the

orders dismissing his Complaint with prejudice.2




   2
     Upon the joint motion of the parties, we dismissed the appeal with prejudice as to
Option One Mortgage Corporation on January 15, 2009. See Fed. R. App. P. 42(b).

                                              3
       We have jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.3 Marangos

has filed a motion to dismiss the appeal as to Judge Guadagno pursuant to Fed. R. App. P.

42(b). The motion is granted, and the appeal is dismissed with prejudice as to Judge

Guadagno. Swett, Land Options, Performance Credit, and Select Portfolio Servicing

remain as appellees. Upon de novo review of the record and careful consideration of

Marangos’s response to the notice of possible summary action, we conclude that no

substantial question is presented on appeal and that summary action is warranted. See

LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6.

       As the District Court correctly noted, to survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint

must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to “state a claim to relief that is

plausible on its face.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A




   3
     In October 2008, the Clerk’s Office notified the parties that the order appealed
appeared not to be a final order because it did not dispose of the matter as to Apex
Financial Group and no Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b) certification had issued. Marangos filed a
response to the jurisdictional question. In February 2009, the Clerk’s Office gave the
parties notice that the matter would be considered for possible summary action, to which
Marangos, among others, has responded. He asserts that summary action should be
stayed pending resolution of the jurisdictional question. We may, and will, resolve all
pending questions here, however. Generally, without a Rule 54(b) certification, this
Court lacks appellate jurisdiction to review orders that are not final as to all claims and all
parties. In this appeal, however, no Rule 54(b) certification was needed because the
District Court had dismissed the complaint against Apex Financial Group for failure to
effect service of process. See Fed. R. Civ. P 4(m). “[A] named defendant who has not
been served is not a ‘party’ within the meaning of Rule 54(b).” Gomez v. Gov’t of Virgin
Islands, 882 F.2d 733, 735-36 (3d Cir. 1989) (citing other cases). Thus, the orders
appealed are final as to all claims and all parties, and we have jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1291.

                                               4
claim is facially plausible when its factual content allows the court to draw a reasonable

inference that the defendant(s) are liable for the misconduct alleged. See Ashcroft v.

Iqbal, ___ S. Ct. ___, 2009 WL 1361536, *12 (May 18, 2009) (citing Twombly at 556).

The plausibility standard “asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted

unlawfully.” Id. Well-pleaded factual content is accepted as true for purposes of

determining whether the complaint states a plausible claim for relief. Id. at *13. The

assumption of truth does not apply, however, to legal conclusions couched as factual

allegations or to “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by

mere conclusory statements.” Id. “[W]here the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court

to infer more than a mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has alleged—but it has

not shown—that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Id. (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2)).

       We agree with the conclusion of the District Court that Marangos failed to state a

claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 as to Land Options (the title company), Performance Credit

(the mortgagor), Select Portfolio (the loan servicer), and Swett.4 Here, the Complaint

contains no factual content as to Select Portfolio’s or Performance Credit’s involvement

in the divorce proceedings. Marangos only alleges that the state actor, Judge Gaudagno,



   4
     Marangos asserted that Swett and Guadagno violated § 1983 by depriving him of
due process, access to the courts, and equal protection. He claimed that Judge Guadagno
allowed Swett and the mortgage and refinancing defendants to “usurp and steal” his
property rights from him and to “steal and extort” his assets in the escrow account. He
claimed that all of the defendants acted in concert to deprive him of his constitutional
rights in an effort to “extort, defraud, and embezzle monies from plaintiff.” Complaint, ¶
119.

                                              5
made two phone calls in chambers during Family Court hearings to Land Options to

confirm the amount held in escrow. Viewing these allegations as true, the factual matter

falls far short of permitting us to infer a plausible connection among Land Options,

Performance Credit, and/or Select Portfolio, all private corporations, and a governmental

agency or official such that their private actions would constitute “state action.” 5 See

Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922, 939 (1982); Groman v. Twp. of Manalapan,

47 F.3d 628, 638 (3d Cir. 1995) (“A private action is not converted into one under color

of state law merely by some tenuous connection to state action”).

       The factual matter in the Complaint is also insufficient to allege a plausible

connection or conspiracy among the defendants to deprive him of his constitutional rights

under § 1983. See Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556-57 (2007); see also

Kost v. Kozakiewicz, 1 F.3d 176, 185 (3d Cir. 1993) (holding that establishing the

existence of an ‘understanding’ for § 1983 conspiracy purposes is really nothing more

than another way to show state action under § 1983 when a private party is alleged to

have violated that statute). Marangos’s claims that Swett used the court system to ruin

him and that Judge Guadagno unlawfully issued decisions in her favor also fail to state a




   5
     Marangos asserted in the District Court that the refinancing defendants were state
actors because they were subject to government regulation. See Brief in Opposition to
Defendants’ motions to dismiss, at 45-51. However, “[t]he mere fact that a business is
subject to state [or federal] regulation does not by itself convert its action into that of the
State for purposes of the Fourteenth Amendment.” Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison, Co.,
419 U.S. 345, 350 (1974).

                                               6
claim. See Dennis v. Sparks, 449 U.S. 24, 28 (1980) (noting that “merely resorting to the

courts and being on the winning side of a lawsuit does not make a party a co-conspirator

or a joint actor with the judge”).

       To the extent that he made any allegations against Land Options, Performance

Credit, or Select Portfolio under the TILA, as amended by the Home Ownership and

Equity Protection Act of 1994 (HOEPA), we conclude that Marangos failed to state a

claim for relief that is plausible on its face. Under the TILA, creditors must meaningfully

disclose all credit terms to consumers in order to avoid the uninformed use of credit. See

15 U.S.C. § 1601(a). Under the HOEPA, creditors must meet certain meaningful

disclosure requirements regarding financial information in the case of high cost mortgage

loans. See U.S.C. §§1602(aa)(1) & 1639 (describing information that must be disclosed

to consumer by creditor, including annual percentage rate and monthly payment); 12

C.F.R. § 226.32(c) (“Section 32” of Regulation Z of the Truth in Lending Regulations)

(same). Assuming, arguendo, that the claims are not time-barred and that Land Options,

Performance Credit, and Select Portfolio are “creditors” under 15 U.S.C. § 1602(f) and

Regulation Z, Marangos made no allegation that they failed to comply with the statute’s

specific financial disclosure requirements.

       We will affirm the District Court’s dismissal of Marangos’s civil RICO claims as

to Swett, Land Options, Performance Credit, and Select Portfolio substantially for the

reasons stated in the District Court’s Memorandum Opinion. In order to make out a civil



                                              7
RICO claim, Marangos must allege and show, among other things, “a pattern of

racketeering activity that included at least two racketeering acts.” 6 See United States v.

Irizarry, 341 F.3d 273, 286 (3d Cir. 2003) (listing “a pattern of racketeering activity” as

one of four elements of a RICO claim). Here, Marangos alleged theft and wire and mail

fraud as predicate acts.7 As the District Court correctly held, Marangos’s theft allegations

do not constitute predicate acts under § 1961(1). See Annulli v. Panikkar, 200 F.3d 189,

199 (3d Cir. 1999), overruled on other grounds by Rotella v. Wood, 528 U.S. 549, 554-55

(2000). As for the mail and wire fraud allegations, the District Court correctly

determined that they are subject to the elevated pleading standard of Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b).

See Warden v. McClelland, 288 F.3d 105, 114 (3d Cir. 2002). Rule 9(b) requires

particularity when pleading fraud, but it allows factual matter concerning malice, intent,

and knowledge, to be alleged generally under “the less–than–rigid–though still

operative–strictures of Rule 8.” Iqbal, 2009 WL 1361536, at *17.


   6
     Marangos listed the alleged predicate acts in Count Six of the Complaint as follows:
(1) mail fraud; (2) wire fraud, (3) Swett and Judge Guadagno deprived Marangos of
access to the courts, allowing Swett to extort, defraud, embezzle, steal, and “cause
unbridled plundering” of his property and the proceeds from his refinanced home
mortgage; (4) the refinancing defendants conspired to steal Marangos’s property and
money (including their fees); (5) Swett and Judge Guadagno falsified documents and
engaged in ex parte communications in order to gain unlawful access to refinancing
proceeds that were held in escrow; and (6) “circumventing the entire court process to steal
plaintiff’s assets.” Complaint at 33-34, ¶ 142.
   7
     The Complaint contains nine allegations that refer to some kind of communication
involving certain defendants. See Complaint at ¶¶ 32, 39, 67, 75, 78, 88, 92, 99, and 100.
Paragraph 32 alleges a communication between Apex Financial and Marangos. Because
Apex Financial is not a party, we see no need to consider this allegation further.

                                              8
       To the extent that the allegations pertaining to predicate acts contain legal

conclusions couched in factual allegations, the allegations need not be accepted as true.

For instance, the allegation that “Defendants Swett, Land Options, and Judge Guadagno,

are involved in a cover-up and criminal and civil conspiracy to violate Plaintiff’s Due

Process and Equal Protection Rights, along with violating his fundamentally secured

Property Rights” is merely a recitation of legal terms that enjoys no assumption of

veracity. Complaint at ¶ 99; see also id. ¶ 142(c). Moreover, the Complaint contains no

factual matter from which we can reasonably infer, under Rule 9(b), that Performance

Credit, Option One, and Select Portfolio, engaged in wire or mail fraud. The Complaint

alleges, however, that Judge Guadagno spoke by phone with Land Options and that he

had ex parte communications of some nature with Swett. Id. at ¶¶ 67, 75, 88, and 92.

Assuming, arguendo, that these allegations meet the standard of particularity required by

Rule 9(b), and assuming their veracity, we agree with the District Court that they are

insufficient under the less rigid pleading standard set forth in Rule 8(a)(2) to permit a

plausible inference of a scheme or an intent to defraud by Land Options or Swett.

       Finally, the District Court did not act inappropriately in declining to exercise

supplemental jurisdiction over Marangos’s state law claims. See Baraka v. McGreevey,

481 F.3d 187, 210 (3d Cir. 2007).

       Accordingly, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court. As noted,

Marangos’s appeal as to Judge Guadagno is dismissed with prejudice pursuant to Rule



                                              9
Fed. R. App. P. 42(b). Marangos’s motions for appointment of counsel, for an initial

hearing en banc, for oral argument, and to stay execution of summary action are denied.




                                           10
