                                      2014 IL App (3d) 120392

                                Opinion filed January 21, 2014
                         Modified upon denial of rehearing June 3, 2014


                                              IN THE

                              APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                        THIRD DISTRICT

                                             A.D., 2014

DANIEL R. HEMMINGER, Individually                     )       Appeal from the Circuit Court
and as Special Administrator of the Estate            )       of the 14th Judicial Circuit,
of Tina M. Hemminger, Deceased,                        )      Whiteside County, Illinois
                                                      )
               Plaintiff-Appellant,                   )
                                                      )
       v.                                             )       Appeal No. 3-12-0392
                                                      )       Circuit No. 05-L-39
                                                      )
JEFFREY LEMAY, M.D., STERLING                          )      Honorable
ROCK FALLS CLINIC, LTD., an                           )       Stanley B. Steines,
Illinois Corporation,                                  )      Judge, Presiding.
                                                      )
                Defendants-Appellees.                  )


      JUSTICE HOLDRIDGE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
      Justices O'Brien and Schmidt concurred in the judgment and opinion.
______________________________________________________________________________

                                             OPINION

¶1     In this medical malpractice action, the plaintiff, Daniel R. Hemminger (Hemminger),

sued defendants Jeffrey LeMay, M.D., and Sterling Rock Falls Clinic, Ltd., seeking damages for

the death of his wife, Tina. Hemminger alleged that the defendants' negligent failure to diagnose

Tina's cervical cancer in a timely fashion proximately caused her death by lessening her chance

of survival. The trial court granted the defendants' motion for a directed verdict, finding that
Hemminger failed to present evidence sufficient to establish that Dr. LeMay's negligence

proximately caused Tina's death under a lost chance of survival theory. This appeal followed.

¶2                                            FACTS

¶3     Tina saw Dr. LeMay, an obstetrician/gynecologist, on June 23, 2000, complaining of

abdominal pain on her right side and spotting in the recent past. Dr. LeMay performed a pelvic

examination which showed that Tina's cervix was abnormally large and firm. However, Dr.

LeMay did not biopsy Tina's cervix or order a microscopic examination of her cervix at that

time. Approximately six months later, Tina was diagnosed with cervical cancer. By that time,

her cancer was at Stage 3B, which has a five-year survival rate of 32 %. Tina died of metastatic

cervical cancer on April 7, 2002.

¶4     Hemminger sued Dr. LeMay for medical malpractice alleging that Dr. LeMay negligently

failed to order tests (such as a cervical biopsy or colposcopy1) that would have detected Tina's

cervical cancer in June 2000. He claimed that, had Dr. LeMay diagnosed Tina's cancer in June

2000 rather than in December 2000, Tina would have had a significantly better chance of

surviving her cancer.

¶5     Dr. Margaret Pfister, a board-certified obstetrician and gynecologist, was Hemminger's

sole expert witness at trial. As a general gynecologist, Dr. Pfister does not treat cervical cancer.

She refers patients with cervical cancer to a gynecological oncologist. However, Dr. Pfister

testified that she counsels such patients on their likely prognoses. Dr. Pfister stated that she had

undergone three months' training dedicated to gynecologic oncology and that she regularly read

textbooks and journal articles on cervical cancer. She also testified that she regularly read the


       1
           A colposcopy is a microscopic examination of the cervix.


                                                  2
journal published by the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG),

including ACOG's publications on the staging and prognosis of cervical cancer.

¶6     Dr. Pfister testified that she was familiar with the staging system for cervical cancer

devised by the Federation of International Gynecologic Oncologists (FIGO), and that she used

the FIGO staging system when advising her patients. She stated that the FIGO staging system

identifies four broad categories of cervical cancer. Stage 1 is cancer limited to the cervix. In

Stage 2A, the cancerous tumor has spread from the cervix vertically down the vagina, but has not

reached the lower third of the vagina. A Stage 2B tumor spreads outward (laterally) from the

cervix. A Stage 3A tumor is one that has spread vertically down from the cervix all the way to

the lower portion of the vagina. A Stage 3B tumor has spread laterally from the cervix into the

pelvic sidewall. Stage 4A is cancer that reaches the bladder and rectal mucosa. Stage 4B occurs

when the cancer spreads outside of the pelvis. By the time Tina's cancer was discovered in

December 2000, it was at Stage 3B (i.e., it had spread laterally from the cervix into the pelvic

sidewall).

¶7     Dr. Pfister testified to a reasonable degree of medical certainty that, when Dr. LeMay

examined Tina on June 23, 2000, Tina's cervical cancer was either at Stage 1 or at Stage 2B. Dr.

Pfister concluded that Tina could not have had a Stage 3 cervical cancer at that time because a

Stage 3 tumor extends to the pelvic wall, involves the lower third of the vagina, or causes kidney

injury (or some combination of these factors), and none of these things were described by Dr.

LeMay in June 2000. Further, Dr. Pfister opined that Tina did not have a Stage 2A cancer at that

time because a tumor extending down into the vagina from the cervix should be "pretty obvious"

to an experienced gynecologist like Dr. LeMay, and Dr. LeMay did not describe any such tumor



                                                 3
when he examined Tina on June 23, 2000.2 However, Dr. Pfister conceded that she could not

rule out the possibility that there was some lateral spread of the cancer by June 2000. Thus, she

concluded that the cancer could have reached Stage 2B at that time.

¶8     Based on survival data published by the American Cancer Society for women diagnosed

with cervical cancer between 2000 and 2002 (which provide survival rates for each stage of the

FIGO system), Dr. Pfister testified that: (1) the five-year survival rate for women with Stage 1

cervical cancer is 80% to 90%; (2) the five-year survival rate for women with Stage 2B cervical

cancer is 58%; and (3) when Tina was diagnosed with Stage 3B cervical cancer in December

2000, her five-year survival rate was 32 %. Accordingly, based on the FIGO staging system, the

American Cancer Society survival statistics, and her education, training and, experience, Dr.

Pfister opined that Dr. LeMay's negligent failure to diagnose Tina's cervical cancer on June 23,

2000, caused Tina's chances for survival to decrease from between 58% to 63% (assuming the

cancer was at Stage 2 at that time) to 32 %. She also testified that the earlier one is able to make

the diagnosis of cervical cancer, the sooner the patient is able to undergo treatment, and thus the

better the outcome will be for the patient.

¶9     The American Cancer Society's survival rate table for cervical cancer (the table upon

which Dr. Pfister relied in rendering her causation opinion) includes the following disclaimer:




       2
           Dr. Pfister also noted that, when Tina was seen by her family physician, Dr. Raime, in

September 2000, Dr. Raime performed a pelvic examination and did not report seeing any tumor

extending into the vagina.



                                                 4
                   "Survival rates are often based on previous outcomes of large

                   numbers of people who had the disease, but they cannot predict

                   what will happen in any particular person's case. Many other

                   factors may affect a person's outlook, such as their general health

                   and how well the cancer responds to treatment. Your doctor can

                   tell you how the numbers below may apply to you, as he or she is

                   familiar with the aspects of your particular situation."

During cross-examination, Dr. Pfister acknowledged that the table provided "general information

rather than specific information" and that it "isn't supposed to tell any one person what their

chance of survival is."

¶ 10        Dr. Pfister agreed that there were many factors that can affect a specific patient's

chances of surviving cervical cancer, including: (1) the patient's general health at the time of

diagnosis; (2) the histological characteristic of the cancer (i.e., whether it is squamous cell cancer

or adenocarcinoma); (3) whether the patient's cancer is well differentiated, moderately

differentiated, or poorly differentiated; (4) whether the cancerous tumor is "exophytic" (i.e.,

growing outward from the cervix) or "endophytic" (i.e., growing inward within the cervix); and

(5) whether the patient's cancer is responsive to chemotherapy and radiation.3 Dr. Pfister did not

consider any of these factors in determining Tina's chance for survival. She testified that the

        3
             Dr. Pfister was asked about the effect of other factors, such as whether the cancer was

"keratinizing" or "nonkeratinizing," and, if nonkeratinizing, whether it was "small cell" or "large

cell" cancer. The doctor responded that it was not possible for anyone to know whether these

factors affect any individual patient's survival rate.



                                                                     5
American Cancer Society table does not break down survival rates based upon these factors.

Moreover, Dr. Pfister stated that she was not a gynecological oncologist and that she did not

have the expertise to apply these additional variables to the survival rate statistics in calculating

what Tina's survival rate was in June, September, or December 2000. Dr. Pfister testified that

Tina's cervical cancer was a moderately differentiated, squamous cell carcinoma, and she

acknowledged that a gynecologic oncologist might be able to offer an opinion as to a specific

individual's chance of survival based upon a consideration of both the general survival rates and

the oncologist's "experience with moderately differentiated cancer or squamous carcinoma."

However, Dr. Pfister conceded that she lacked the expertise to offer such an opinion.

¶ 11     Dr. Pfister testified that the only treatments available for cervical cancer are

chemotherapy, radiation, and, in some cases, surgery. After her cancer was diagnosed in

December 2000, Tina received only chemotherapy and radiation. Dr. Pfister acknowledged that

Tina responded poorly to treatment at that time. She testified that she "wouldn't know" how Tina

would have responded to treatment if she had been diagnosed and treated in June 2000 rather

than in December 2000. Dr. Pfister did not say what the specific course of treatment would have

been if Tina had been diagnosed in June 2000 or how such treatment might have differed from

the treatment she received in December 2000.

¶ 12     At the close of Hemminger's case, the defendants moved for a directed verdict. The

defendants argued that Hemminger had failed to meet his burden of proving proximate causation

by establishing that the defendants' negligence lessened Tina's chance of survival. The trial court

agreed. The trial court noted that the relevant case law established that proximate causation may

not be speculative, i.e., a plaintiff may not establish proximate causation "based on mere

possibilities" or generalities. The trial court interpreted this rule as requiring the plaintiff to do

                                                   6
more than merely state the general proposition that "the earlier diagnosis [occurs] the better your

chances are." The trial court ruled that the plaintiff must be able to make a "connection between

the general rule" and "the specific instance we have in this matter." The court found that Dr.

Pfister failed to make such a connection because she offered only: (1) generalized evidence about

the staging of cervical cancer in group populations based upon the American Cancer Society's

survival rate table; and (2) a general opinion that an earlier diagnosis leads to better results. As

the trial court put it:

                 "Dr. Pfister *** was not able to connect those tables, those ***

                 general circumstances up to *** the circumstances for [Tina]. She

                 wasn't able to make that causal connection, *** other than being

                 speculative, mere possible or contingent. She couldn't speak to

                 treatment or what would happen if this treatment were provided or

                 even what kind of treatment should be provided. She could just

                 talk about the staging and the survival rates and again, all speaking

                 generally, not making that specific connection that needs to be

                 made in a medical malpractice case."

¶ 13     Accordingly, the trial court granted the defendants' motion for a directed verdict. The

trial court based its decision primarily on its review of the cases provided by the defendants. The

court noted that, before reading the case law, it would have thought that the evidence provided

by Dr. Pfister "would have been enough to carry the day." However, the court observed that the

case law established that "that isn't the case." The court stated that this was "probably one of the

more difficult decisions that this Court has made."



                                                   7
¶ 14                                        ANALYSIS

¶ 15       One of the elements of a medical malpractice claim is an injury proximately caused by

the physician's lack of skill or care. Sullivan v. Edward Hospital, 209 Ill. 2d 100, 112 (2004).

To establish proximate causation, a plaintiff must prove that the defendant's negligence " 'more

probably than not ' " caused the plaintiff's injury. Holton v. Memorial Hospital, 176 Ill. 2d 95,

107 (1997).

¶ 16       In this case, Hemminger proceeded under the "lost chance" theory of recovery. This

theory "refers to the injury sustained by a plaintiff whose medical providers are alleged to have

negligently deprived the plaintiff of a chance to survive or recover from a health problem, or

where the malpractice has lessened the effectiveness of treatment or increased the risk of an

unfavorable outcome to the plaintiff." Id. at 111. In Holton, our supreme court stated, "[t]o the

extent a plaintiff's chance of recovery or survival is lessened by the malpractice, he or she should

be able to present evidence to a jury that the defendant's malpractice, to a reasonable degree of

medical certainty, proximately caused the increased risk of harm or lost chance of recovery." Id.

at 119. To make this showing, a plaintiff is not required to prove that she would have had a

greater than 50% chance of survival or recovery absent the alleged malpractice. Id. Nor is the

plaintiff required to prove that " 'a better result would have been achieved absent the alleged

negligence of the doctor.' " Id. at 106 (quoting Borowski v. Von Solbrig, 60 Ill. 2d 418, 424

(1975)).

¶ 17       Hemminger argues that the trial court erred in granting the defendants' motion for a

directed verdict on the issue of proximate causation. "Issues involving proximate cause are fact




                                                  8
specific and therefore uniquely for the jury's determination." Holton, 176 Ill. 2d at 107.4 A trial

court may grant a directed verdict only in those limited cases where "all of the evidence, when

viewed in its aspect most favorable to the opponent, so overwhelmingly favors [the] movant that

no contrary verdict based on that evidence could ever stand." Pedrick v. Peoria & Eastern R.R.

Co., 37 Ill. 2d 494, 510 (1967); see also Krywin v. Chicago Transit Authority, 238 Ill. 2d 215,

225 (2010). A trial court should grant a directed verdict for the defense only where the plaintiff

has failed to establish a prima facie case. See Sullivan, 209 Ill. 2d at 123. A plaintiff establishes

a prima facie case by "presenting some evidence on every essential element of the cause of

action." (Emphasis added.) Perkey v. Portes-Jarol, 2013 IL App (2d) 120470, & 63, appeal

denied, No. 116076 (Ill. Sept. 25, 2013) (table); Davis v. Kraff, 405 Ill. App. 3d 20, 31 (2010).

In ruling on a motion for a directed verdict "a court does not weigh the evidence, nor is it

concerned with the credibility of the witnesses; rather, it may only consider the evidence, and

any inferences therefrom, in the light most favorable to the party resisting the motion." Maple v.

Gustafson, 151 Ill. 2d 445, 453 (1992).

¶ 18        Because a trial court cannot weigh or judge the credibility of witnesses in deciding a

motion for a directed verdict, the reviewing court need not give substantial deference to the trial

court's ruling. City of Matoon v. Mentzer, 282 Ill. App. 3d 628, 633 (1996). Therefore, we



        4
            See Holton, 176 Ill. 2d at 107 ("When a plaintiff comes to a hospital already injured,

*** or has an existing undiagnosed medical condition, *** and while in the care of the hospital is

negligently treated, the question of whether the defendant's negligent treatment is a proximate

cause of plaintiff's ultimate injury is ordinarily one of fact for the jury.").



                                                    9
review a trial court's ruling on a motion for directed verdict de novo. Krywin, 238 Ill. 2d at 225;

Perkey, 2013 IL App (2d) 120470, & 54.

¶ 19        In granting the defendants' motion for a directed verdict in this case, the trial court found

that Hemminger had failed to present evidence that Dr. LeMay's negligent failure to diagnose

Tina's cervical cancer in June 2000 contributed to Tina's death or lessened her chance of

survival. We disagree. Dr. Pfister opined that Dr. LeMay's negligent failure to diagnose Tina's

cervical cancer on June 23, 2000, caused Tina's chances for survival to decrease. Although Dr.

Pfister could not say with certainty what stage Tina's cervical cancer had reached by June 2000,

she testified to a reasonable degree of medical certainty that, when Dr. LeMay examined Tina on

June 23, 2000, Tina's cancer was either at Stage 1 or at Stage 2B. Dr. Pfister noted that,

according to survival data published by the American Cancer Society, the five-year survival rate

for women with Stage 1 cervical cancer is 80% to 90% percent, and the five-year survival rate

for women with Stage 2B cervical cancer is 58 %. By the time Tina was diagnosed with Stage

3B cervical cancer in December 2000, her five-year survival rate had dropped to 32 %.

Accordingly, based on the FIGO staging system, the American Cancer Society survival statistics,

and her education, training and, experience, Dr. Pfister opined that Dr. LeMay's negligent failure

to diagnose Tina's cervical cancer on June 23, 2000, caused Tina's chances for survival to

decrease. Dr. Pfister's testimony supports a reasonable inference that the six-month delay in

diagnosing Tina's cancer caused Tina to lose a 26% chance of survival if her cancer was at Stage

2B in June 2000,5 and a 48% to 58% chance of survival if her cancer was at Stage 1 in June

2000.


        5
            At one point in her testimony, Dr. Pfister testified that Dr. LeMay's failure to diagnose


                                                    10
¶ 20    Our appellate court has held that the type of evidence presented by Dr. Pfister in this

case was sufficient to establish a prima facie case of proximate causation and to survive a motion

for directed verdict. See Perkey, 2013 IL App (2d) 120470, && 64-65. In Perkey, the

administrator of the estate of Leanne Perkey (Perkey) brought a medical malpractice action

against Perkey's physician's estate and his clinic after Perkey died from pancreatic cancer. Id. &

1. The plaintiff claimed that the physician's delay in diagnosing Perkey's cancer caused Perkey

to lose a chance for a cure and was a cause of her death. Dr. Lowy, a surgical oncologist,

testified for the plaintiff on the issue of causation. Id. && 16-23. After identifying a document

showing survival rates for each stage of pancreatic cancer, Dr. Lowy opined that the delay in

diagnosing Perkey's cancer was a cause of the recurrence of her pancreatic cancer and a cause of

her death. Id. && 19-20, 64. He also opined that the delay caused Perkey to lose a chance at a

Tina's cervical cancer on June 23, 2000, caused Tina's chances for survival to decrease from

between "58-63 percent" (assuming the cancer was "at Stage 2" at that time) to 32%. However,

Dr. Pfister testified that Tina could not have had Stage 2A cancer (which carries a survival rate

of 63%) on June 23, 2000, because Dr. LeMay did not observe a tumor extending down into the

vagina from the cervix at that time, and Dr. Raime did not observe any such tumor in September

2000. Thus, based on Dr. Pfister's own testimony, if Tina's cancer had reached Stage 2 in June

2000, it must have been at Stage 2B, which carries a survival rate of 58%. Accordingly, Dr.

Pfister's testimony suggests that if Tina had Stage 2 cancer in June 2000, Dr. LeMay's negligent

failure to diagnose her cancer at that time cost Tina a 26% chance at survival. We arrive at this

figure by calculating the difference between 58% (the chances of surviving Stage 2B cervical

cancer) and 32% (the chances of surviving Stage 3B cervical cancer).



                                                11
cure. Id. && 19, 64. Dr. Lowy testified that, when Perkey's cancer was removed, it was Stage

IIB, giving her a 6% chance of a five-year survival. Id. && 21, 64. Although Dr. Lowy

conceded that it was "impossible to say" with certainty at what stage Perkey's cancer was at the

time she was initially examined by her physician in February 2001, he opined to a reasonable

degree of medical certainty that it was likely a Stage IIA at that time, and it could have been at

Stage I. Id. & 64. Dr. Lowy testified that, if it was at Stage IIA, Perkey was twice as likely to be

cured at that time than she was when her cancer progressed to Stage IIB, and if it was a Stage I,

she was six times more likely to be cured. Id. && 21, 64. In either case, according to Dr. Lowy,

Perkey's cancer "would have been at an earlier stage [in February 2001] and therefore her

chances for a cure would have been greater." Id. & 23. In sum, Dr. Lowy "testified that

[Perkey] would have had a greater chance of recovery had she been diagnosed and treated in

February 2001, because he believed that her cancer was at an earlier stage at that time." Id. & 66.

Based entirely on a consideration of Dr. Lowy's testimony, our appellate court held that the

plaintiff had "presented some evidence that [plaintiff's physician's] alleged negligence, which

resulted in [Perkey] not being diagnosed with cancer in February 2001, decreased her chances of

recovering from the disease." Id. & 64. Accordingly, the court affirmed the trial court's denial of

the defendant's motion for directed verdict on the issue of proximate causation.

¶ 21    Our appellate court reached this conclusion in Perkey even though Dr. Lowy testified

that: (1) Perkey's treatment in February 2001 would have been the same as it was in 2002, when

her cancer was discovered (id. & 18); (2) the survival rate from pancreatic cancer is poor, with

about 23% of patients living 12 months after diagnosis and only 5% alive after 5 years (id. &&

22, 65); (3) although pancreatic cancer is curable in some cases (id. & 23), it is most often

diagnosed after the disease has metastasized, generally precluding any hope for a cure (id. &&

                                                 12
22, 65); and (4) if Perkey had pancreatic cancer in February 2001, which Dr. Lowy believed she

did, there was greater than a 50% likelihood that it had already metastasized, and "even if she

had been treated at that time, it was more likely than not that she would have died from the

disease" (Id. & 22). Our appellate court held that these admissions by Dr. Lowy did not entitle

the defendants to a directed verdict, reasoning:

               "[u]nder Holton, plaintiff was not required to prove that [Perkey]

               would have had a greater than 50% chance of survival or recovery

               absent the alleged malpractice. Holton, 176 Ill. 2d at 119. Rather,

               plaintiff had to present some evidence that the alleged negligence

               proximately caused the increased risk of harm or lost chance of

               recovery to a reasonable degree of medical certainty (id.), and

               plaintiff did so through Dr. Lowy's testimony that [Perkey] was

               two to six times more likely to survive five years (and thereafter

               live to a natural death) had she been diagnosed in February 2001 as

               opposed to July 2002." (Emphasis added.) Id. & 65.

¶ 22    Dr. Pfister presented exactly the same type of expert testimony in this case. As noted,

Dr. Pfister opined to a reasonable degree of medical certainty that, when Dr. LeMay examined

Tina on June 23, 2000, Tina's cancer was either at Stage 1 (which has a survival rate of 80% to

90%) or at Stage 2B (which has a survival rate of 58%). Dr. Pfister also testified that, by the

time Tina was diagnosed with Stage 3B cervical cancer in December 2000, her five-year survival

rate had dropped to 32%, which represents a 26% to 58% reduction of her chance to survive the

disease. Like the court in Perkey, we hold that this type of testimony, standing alone, is

sufficient to establish a prima facie case of proximate causation under a lost chance of recovery

                                                   13
theory, and is therefore sufficient to withstand a motion for directed verdict on the issue of

causation.

¶ 23     The defendants argue that Hemminger's causation evidence was speculative and

inadequate because Dr. Pfister "was unable to opine that the outcome in [Tina's] specific case

would have been different with earlier treatment." We disagree. In Holton, our supreme court

made clear that the plaintiff is not required to prove that " 'a better result would have been

achieved absent the alleged negligence of the doctor.' " Holton, 176 Ill. 2d at 106 (quoting

Borowski, 60 Ill. 2d at 424). Thus, Hemminger was not required to show that Dr. LeMay's

negligence actually deprived Tina of a better outcome. Rather, he only needed to show that the

alleged negligence "increased [a] risk of harm or [a] lost chance of recovery." (Emphasis added.)

Id. at 119. In other words, Hemminger only needed to show that Dr. LeMay's negligence

deprived Tina of the opportunity to undergo treatment that could have been more effective if

given earlier, not that such treatment would have been effective. See, e.g., Walton v. Dirkes, 388

Ill. App. 3d 58, 61 (2009) (plaintiff may survive a motion for directed verdict by presenting

evidence that an earlier diagnosis would have led to treatment that "may have contributed to the

[plaintiff's] recovery" (emphasis added and quotation marks omitted)); Topp v. Logan, 197 Ill.

App. 3d 285, 299-300 (1990) (plaintiff must present evidence that earlier diagnosis could have

altered final result); see also Wodziak v. Kash, 278 Ill. App. 3d 901, 913 (1996). Under Holton,

Hemminger only had to show a lost chance of survival, not that Tina actually would have

survived absent Dr. LeMay's negligence. Holton, 176 Ill. 2d at 106-07, 110-119.

¶ 24     Here, Hemminger presented sufficient evidence to survive a motion for directed verdict.

Dr. Pfister testified that the course of treatment for Tina's cancer (i.e., chemotherapy and

radiation) would have been the same whether Tina's cancer was diagnosed in June or December

                                                 14
of 2000, and that her chances for surviving would have been better had this treatment started in

June 2000. Put another way, Dr. Pfister's testimony pointed to specific treatment procedures

(i.e., radiation and chemotherapy) that were delayed by Dr. Lemay's negligent failure to diagnose

Tina's cancer in June 2000, thereby increasing the risk of death and decreasing Tina's chances of

survival.6 That is sufficient to establish a prima facie case of causation under Holton and to

withstand a motion for directed verdict. See, e.g., Perkey, 2013 IL App (2d) 120470, && 64-65;

see generally Walton, 388 Ill. App. 3d at 67-68; Johnson v. Loyola University Medical Center,

384 Ill. App. 3d 115, 122-24 (2008).

¶ 25        The defendant argues that a directed verdict was proper in this case because Dr. Pfister

failed to connect the survival rate statistics to Tina's particular case, thereby leaving a fatal gap in

Hemminger's causation evidence. We disagree. Dr. Pfister expressly connected the survival rate

statistics to Tina's case by opining that Dr. LeMay's negligent failure to diagnose Tina's cervical

cancer in June 2000 caused Tina's chances for survival to decrease. Dr. Pfister based this

opinion on the American Cancer Society's survival rate tables and on her professional

experience, knowledge, and training. Dr. Pfister did not merely cite a table of aggregate survival

rates for a general population; rather, she relied on that type of information and on her own

training and experience in offering an opinion on Tina's diminished chance for survival. It was

        6
            That arguably distinguishes this case from cases in which our appellate court held that a

directed verdict for the defendant was proper, such as Townsend v. University of Chicago

Hospitals, 318 Ill. App. 3d 406, 408 (2000) and Aguilera v. Mount Sinai Hospital Medical

Center, 293 Ill. App. 3d 967 (1997). However, to the extent that these cases are in tension with

Perkey and our holding in this case, we decline to follow them.



                                                   15
appropriate for Dr. Pfister to base her causation opinion, in part, on survival rate statistics. See

Perkey, 2013 IL App (2d) 120470, && 64-65. When viewed in the aspect most favorable to

Hemminger, Dr. Pfister's opinion established a prima facie case of proximate causation and was

therefore sufficient to forestall a motion for directed verdict. See Perkey, 2013 IL App (2d)

120470, && 64-65.

¶ 26     We recognize that our holding is arguably in tension with Ayala v. Murad, 367 Ill. App.

3d 591 (2006), a case upon which the defendants rely. In Ayala, the plaintiff's decedent

(Michelle) died of metastatic ovarian cancer. Michelle's mother, as special administrator of

Michelle's estate, sued Michelle's former pathologist, alleging that his deviation from the

standard of care delayed the start of Michelle's treatment and resulted in a decreased chance of

survival. Before trial, the trial court granted the defendant's motion in limine barring the

plaintiff's medical expert from testifying "as to what the course of treatment would have been for

Michelle and how she might have done had she received treatment sooner." Id. at 595. During

his trial testimony, the plaintiff's expert relied upon FIGO survival rate statistics to support his

causation opinion. Id. at 602. Specifically, the expert testified to a reasonable degree of medical

certainty that Michelle most likely had a Stage IA tumor in April 1998, which, according to the

FIGO statistics, had a survival rate of 80%, and that by September 1999 (when Michelle's cancer

was finally diagnosed), her cancer had reached Stage IV, which had a survival rate of less than

10%. Id. After the close of the plaintiff's case-in-chief, the trial court granted a directed verdict

for the defendants. On appeal, our appellate court agreed that the plaintiff's evidence was

insufficient as a matter of law. Id. Our appellate court held that the plaintiff's expert "could only

testify in general terms about the FIGO staging system as he was not allowed, based upon the

trial court's ruling on defendants' motion in limine, to testify as to what the course of treatment

                                                  16
for Michelle would have been, and how she might have done had she received treatment sooner,

and to connect the FIGO statistics to Michelle's case." Id. Accordingly, our appellate court

concluded that the trial court's motion in limine prejudiced the plaintiff because it precluded her

expert from showing that the defendant's alleged deviation from the standard of care proximately

caused Michelle's injuries, and it remanded for a new trial. Id.

¶ 27     This case is arguably distinguishable from Ayala because, unlike the expert in Ayala, Dr.

Pfister opined that Tina's chances of survival dropped by the percentages listed in the survival

rate statistics, whereas the expert in Ayala merely staged Michelle's cancer at various time

periods and listed the survival rates associated with those stages. Although the expert in Ayala

testified in general terms that the defendant's delay in treating Michelle's cancer "substantially

reduced [Michelle's] chances of surviving her cancer," reduced her life expectancy, and lessened

the effectiveness of treatment, due to the trial court's motion in limine he was unable to tie the

FIGO survival rate statistics to Michelle's case with the degree of specificity that Dr. Pfister did

in this case. In any event, to the extent that our holding conflicts with Ayala, we decline to

follow it. We find the court's reasoning in Perkey to be more sound and more persuasive.

¶ 28     In challenging the legal sufficiency of Dr. Pfister's causation opinion, the defendants

also point to several concessions made by Dr. Pfister. For example, Dr. Pfister acknowledged

that certain factors particular to an individual's cancer (such as the cancer's histological

characteristics, its degree of differentiation, its responsiveness to treatment, and whether the

cancer is exophytic or endophytic) may impact that individual's survival rate, but she conceded

that she lacked the expertise to testify about the effect of any of these factors in Tina's case. In

addition, Dr. Pfister agreed with the American Cancer Society's statement that its survival rate

tables "cannot predict what will happen in any particular person's case." Moreover, Dr. Pfister

                                                  17
conceded that cancer grows at different rates in different people, and that there is no way to tell

how fast it will grow in any particular patient. The defendant's argue that these concessions

entitled them to a directed verdict on the issue of causation.

¶ 29     We disagree. Although the concessions made by Dr. Pfister might affect the weight that

the jury might choose to assign to her causation opinion, they do not render Dr. Pfister's opinion

insufficient to establish proximate causation as a matter of law. The jury should have been

allowed to consider and weigh all of the evidence, including Dr. Pfister's opinion. It is the jury's

province to weigh the evidence presented at trial. As noted above, a directed verdict is

inappropriate when the plaintiff has presented some evidence in support of each essential

element of his or her claim. Perkey, 2013 IL App (2d) 120470, & 63; Davis, 405 Ill. App. 3d at

31. In ruling on a motion for a directed verdict, a trial court may not weigh the evidence, and it

must consider the evidence, and any inferences therefrom, in the light most favorable to the party

resisting the motion. Maple, 151 Ill. 2d at 453. When Dr. Pfister's testimony is considered in the

light most favorable to Hemminger, it provides evidence of causation sufficient to withstand a

directed verdict.

¶ 30     The defendants also call into question Dr. Pfister's expertise and her competence to

render a causation opinion in this case. For example, the defendants note that Dr. Pfister was not

a gynecological oncologist and that she had encountered only a "few" patients with cervical

cancer in her practice. However, these considerations merely affect the weight of Dr. Pfister's

opinion; they do not render her opinion deficient as a matter of law. See Moller v. Lipov, 368 Ill.

App. 3d 333, 344 (2006) ("The basis for an expert's opinion goes to the weight of the evidence,

not to its sufficiency, and the weight to be assigned to an expert opinion is for the jury to

determine in light of the expert's credentials and the factual basis of his opinion."); see also

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Snelson v. Kamm, 204 Ill. 2d 1, 26-27 (2003). In any event, the defendants may not challenge

Dr. Pfister's qualifications or the foundation for her causation opinion in this appeal because they

have not cross-appealed the trial court's decision to allow Dr. Pfister to offer a causation

opinion.7

¶ 31       In sum, we conclude that Hemminger presented enough evidence to create a triable issue

of fact on the issue of proximate causation. Taking the evidence in the light most favorable to

Hemminger, as we must, we cannot conclude that his causation evidence failed as a matter of

law. The defendants' criticisms of Dr. Pfister's causation opinion merely go to the weight that the

jury might ultimately assign to that opinion. The jury should not have been prevented from

considering the evidence and deciding the issue of causation.

¶ 32       After we filed our Opinion in this appeal, the defendants filed a petition for rehearing in

which they argued that: (1) because this court relied on Perkey, a case which was decided after

oral argument in this case, "[f]airness and a just result require" that we grant rehearing so that the

parties may be permitted to address Perkey and its application to this case; (2) Perkey misstated

and "diluted" the standard for establishing proximate causation under the lost chance of recovery

theory as set forth by our supreme court in Holton; and (3) Perkey is distinguishable from this

       7
              The defendants also suggest that Dr. Pfister's causation opinion was flawed because

she gave a range of possible stages for Tina's cancer in June 2000 and was unable to stage Tina's

cancer precisely at that time. However, we have allowed similar testimony regarding cancer

staging and have held that such testimony may be used to defeat a motion for directed verdict on

the issue of causation in cancer cases. See, e.g., Perkey, 2013 IL App (2d) 120470, && 64-65;

see also Moller, 368 Ill. App. 3d at 338, 343-44.



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case because, unlike Dr. Pfister, the expert in Perkey testified as to "specific treatment

procedures" that the plaintiff received which would have been the same if her cancer had been

discovered earlier. We disagree.

¶ 33     As an initial matter, the defendants have filed a 14-page petition for rehearing that is

devoted almost entirely to Perkey. In their petition, the defendants explain at length why they

believe Perkey was wrongly decided and why they believe Perkey is distinguishable from this

case. They argue extensively that Perkey should not govern our analysis. Thus, the defendants

have already had ample opportunity to raise and develop their arguments regarding Perkey.

Further briefing on this issue is unnecessary.

¶ 34     After carefully considering the defendants' new arguments regarding Perkey, we adhere

to our initial Opinion. Contrary to the defendants' assertion, neither Perkey nor our Opinion in

this case misstated or misapplied the Holton standard for establishing proximate cause. As the

defendants acknowledge, our Opinion "correctly states the standard for establishing the

proximate cause element of a claim under a 'lost chance' theory of recovery." Specifically, our

Opinion explicitly notes that "[t]o establish proximate causation, a plaintiff must prove that the

defendant's negligence 'more probably than not' caused the plaintiff's injury." Supra ¶ 15

(quoting Holton, 176 Ill. 2d at 107). We subsequently cited Perkey and Davis for the proposition

that "[a] plaintiff establishes a prima facie case by presenting some evidence on every essential

element of the cause of action." (Internal quotation marks omitted) Supra ¶ 17. That statement

(which did not originate in Perkey) is also a correct statement of the law, and it does not in any

way contradict the causation standard announced in Holton. As the defendants correctly note,

"the appropriate question *** is whether plaintiff presented some expert testimony from which

the jury could conclude that is more probably true than not that defendant's negligence cost [the

                                                 20
plaintiff] a chance for a better result" (quoting Krivanec v. Abramowitz, 366 Ill. App. 3d 350, 357

(2006)). That is exactly the standard that we applied in this case and that our appellate court

applied in Perkey. As discussed above, we hold that Dr. Pfister's expert opinion satisfied this

standard.8 Moreover, we disagree with the defendants' argument that Perkey is distinguishable

from this case in any material respect. The remaining arguments the defendants raise in their

petition were adequately addressed in our initial Opinion. We therefore deny the defendants'

petition for rehearing.

¶ 35                                     CONCLUSION

¶ 36     For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court of Whiteside

County and remand for a new trial.

¶ 37     Reversed; cause remanded.


8
    We disagree with the defendants' suggestion that, in order for an expert's opinion to satisfy

Holton's causation standard, there "must be a statement by the expert that a preponderance of the

evidence shows that the alleged negligence proximately caused an increased risk of harm or lost

chance of recovery." An expert need only offer her opinion based on a "reasonable degree of

medical certainty." See Witherell v. Weimer, 118 Ill. 2d 321, 337 (1987). She need not state, in

addition, that her causation opinion is based on the preponderance of the evidence. See Id., 118

Ill. 2d at 337 ("An expert opinion, held to a reasonable degree of medical certainty, provides an

adequate basis for a jury finding that causation was proved by a preponderance of the

evidence."). It is for the jury to determine whether the expert's opinion establishes causation by a

preponderance of the evidence after it weighs the expert's opinion against all the other evidence

in the case.


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