             Opinions of the Colorado Supreme Court are available to the
         public and can be accessed through the Judicial Branch’s homepage at
           http://www.courts.state.co.us. Opinions are also posted on the
           Colorado Bar Association’s homepage at http://www.cobar.org.


                                                         ADVANCE SHEET HEADNOTE
                                                                   December 10, 2018

                                        2018 CO 96

No. 16SC952, Cowen v. People—Sentencing—Restitution—Compensable Losses.

       The supreme court holds that Colorado’s restitution statutes do not allow trial

courts to order restitution for pecuniary losses caused by conduct that formed the basis

of a charge of which the defendant has been acquitted. Even where the defendant has

been convicted of a separate charge, this state’s restitution statutes do not permit a trial

court to impose restitution for losses suffered as a result of the acquitted conduct. The

prosecution’s contrary construction would both violate well-settled rules of statutory

interpretation and run afoul of the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of procedural

due process.

       Because the court of appeals affirmed the order requiring the defendant to pay

restitution for losses caused by conduct supporting an acquitted charge, the supreme

court reverses that court’s decision. The matter is remanded to the court of appeals for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
                     The Supreme Court of the State of Colorado
                     2 East 14th Avenue • Denver, Colorado 80203

                                       2018 CO 96

                          Supreme Court Case No. 16SC952
                        Certiorari to the Colorado Court of Appeals
                         Court of Appeals Case No. 14CA2354

                                       Petitioner:

                                      Jared Cowen,

                                            v.

                                      Respondent:

                         The People of the State of Colorado.

                                  Judgment Reversed
                                       en banc
                                   December 10, 2018


Attorneys for Petitioner:
Megan A. Ring, Public Defender
Julia Chamberlin, Deputy Public Defender
       Denver, Colorado

Attorneys for Respondent:
Cynthia H. Coffman, Attorney General
Katharine Gillespie, Senior Assistant Attorney General
      Denver, Colorado




JUSTICE SAMOUR delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1     Restitution is “a crucial element of sentencing.” Roberts v. People, 130 P.3d 1005,

1007 (Colo. 2006). Today we must determine whether Colorado’s restitution statutes

authorize a trial court to order a defendant who has been acquitted of a charge to pay

restitution for pecuniary losses caused by the conduct that formed the basis of that

charge.1 The trial court answered the question in the affirmative and ordered Jared

Cowen to pay restitution for losses that resulted from acquitted conduct. A division of

the court of appeals upheld the restitution order in an unpublished, unanimous decision.

We disagree with the division and reverse.

¶2     We hold that Colorado’s restitution statutes do not allow a trial court to impose

restitution for pecuniary losses caused by conduct that formed the basis of a charge of

which the defendant has been acquitted. Even where, as here, the defendant has been

convicted of a separate charge, our restitution statutes do not permit a trial court to order

restitution for losses suffered as a result of the acquitted conduct. The People’s contrary

construction would at once violate our rules of statutory interpretation and offend the

Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of procedural due process. Therefore, we reject it.

To the extent that previous decisions of the court of appeals are in conflict with this

opinion, we now disapprove of them.




1For the sake of brevity, we sometimes refer to conduct that formed the basis of a charge
of which a defendant has been acquitted as “acquitted conduct.”

                                             2
                         I. Factual and Procedural History

¶3    Cowen owned a semi-truck as part of his trucking business. Because his semi-

truck was in need of extensive maintenance, he took it to a repair shop. To pay the

$37,485.65 bill, Cowen borrowed $15,000 from his brother and wrote two checks from his

company’s bank account, one for $9,327.65 (“the first check”) and the other for $13,158.00

(“the second check”). Cowen admitted at trial that he knew he did not have sufficient

funds to cover the checks when he wrote them, and his bank records corroborated his

testimony. He explained, however, that he meant to put enough money in his account to

cover the checks. More specifically, he claimed that he planned to deposit checks that

totaled more than the amount of the first check and that he intended to obtain a loan from

a financing company in the amount of the second check. But Cowen ultimately failed to

add sufficient funds to his company’s account to cover either check.

¶4    Believing it had been paid in full when it received Cowen’s checks, the repair shop

released the semi-truck to him. A few days later, it learned that both of Cowen’s checks

had failed to clear and that Cowen had issued a stop-payment on them. When the repair

shop contacted Cowen, he stated that its work was unsatisfactory.

¶5    Cowen was thereafter charged with two counts of fraud by check—one count for

each of the checks. He defended against the charges by asserting that he did not intend

to defraud the repair shop. The jury convicted Cowen of the charge related to the first

check, but acquitted him of the charge related to the second check.

¶6    The trial court sentenced Cowen to probation for a period of three years. As part

of Cowen’s sentence, the People requested restitution in the amount of $22,485.65, the

                                            3
total amount of the two checks. Cowen objected to any restitution being imposed for

pecuniary losses suffered by the repair shop as a result of the second check because he

was acquitted of the charge involving that check. Following a hearing, the trial court

granted the People’s request, finding that they had proven by a preponderance of the

evidence that Cowen had written both checks knowing he had insufficient funds in his

company’s account to cover them. The trial court acknowledged Cowen’s acquittal of the

charge related to the second check, but explained that it was “absolutely convinced . . . ,

by far more than a preponderance of the evidence,” that Cowen knew he had failed to

secure the financing company’s loan to fund that check.

¶7       Cowen appealed, and a division of the court of appeals affirmed the restitution

order. The division concluded that our restitution statutes define a victim based on a

defendant’s conduct, “not the charge of which the defendant was convicted.” People v.

Cowen, No. 14CA2354, ¶ 28 (Colo. App. Nov. 23, 2016). Consequently, reasoned the

division, regardless of whether a defendant is convicted of a charge, “[i]f the underlying

conduct proximately cause[d] [the] victim’s loss, restitution is appropriate.” Id. Given

the trial court’s finding that Cowen’s underlying conduct proximately caused the repair

shop’s $22,485.65 losses, the division upheld the restitution order. Id. at ¶ 29. This appeal

followed.2




2   We granted certiorari on the following question:

                                             4
                                        II. Analysis

¶8       Cowen avers that Colorado’s restitution statutes authorize the imposition of

restitution only for losses caused by conduct of which a defendant has been convicted.3

Alternatively, Cowen maintains that if the restitution statutes are construed as the People

posit, they will be rendered unconstitutional pursuant to the United States Supreme

Court’s recent decision in Nelson v. Colorado, ___ U.S. ___, 137 S. Ct. 1249 (2017).4 Under

Nelson, Cowen argues, restitution related to the second check is barred because he retains

the presumption of innocence as to the charge premised on that check.

¶9       The People disagree and urge us to conclude that restitution may be awarded

under our statutory scheme even if the defendant is acquitted of the crime charged. All

that is required, assert the People, is a post-trial finding from the trial court by a

preponderance of the evidence that the victim was aggrieved by the defendant’s conduct

and that such conduct was the proximate cause of the alleged pecuniary losses. The

People acknowledge the holding in Nelson, but contend that it is inapplicable because

Cowen was convicted of at least one charge. This conviction, they claim, divests Cowen

of the presumption of innocence as to any charge in this case.




         Whether the court of appeals erred by affirming the trial court’s imposition
         of restitution on an acquitted count for losses that did not result from the
         criminal conduct that was the basis for the petitioner’s conviction.
3 Cowen’s contention is framed broadly and includes losses for uncharged conduct. But
the question we resolve is narrower, as it is limited to losses caused by acquitted conduct.
4   Nelson was announced after the court of appeals issued its opinion in this case.

                                               5
¶10    We begin by setting forth the standard of review that controls Cowen’s appeal.

Next, we discuss our rules governing statutory interpretation and apply those rules to

our restitution statutes.   We pivot from our interpretation to analyze the People’s

contrasting construction. Specifically, we consider whether the People’s reading of the

pertinent statutory provisions is in accord with our rules of statutory interpretation and

whether it runs afoul of the right to procedural due process under the Fourteenth

Amendment. We end by addressing the merits of Cowen’s argument that the court of

appeals erred in holding that the trial court was authorized to order him to pay restitution

for the second check.

                                A. Standard of Review

¶11    We review questions of statutory construction de novo. Pineda-Liberato v. People,

2017 CO 95, ¶ 21, 403 P.3d 160, 164. Questions of law are likewise reviewed de novo,

People v. Porter, 2015 CO 34, ¶ 8, 348 P.3d 922, 924, and we agree with the parties that

whether a trial court has authority to impose restitution for losses suffered as a result of

acquitted conduct is a question of law.

                         B. Rules of Statutory Interpretation

¶12    When interpreting a statute, “our primary purpose is to ascertain and give effect

to the General Assembly’s intent.” Pineda-Liberato, ¶ 22, 403 P.3d at 164. The starting

point in this endeavor is to examine the plain meaning of the statutory language. Marsh

v. People, 2017 CO 10M, ¶ 20, 389 P.3d 100, 105. The plain meaning rule is the cardinal

rule in the realm of statutory interpretation; as the United States Supreme Court observed

in Connecticut National Bank v. Germain, “a court should always turn first” to the plain
                                             6
meaning rule “before all other[ ]” rules because “courts must presume that a legislature

says in a statute what it means and means in a statute what it says there.” 503 U.S. 249,

253–54 (1992). Consequently, if the language in a statute is clear and unambiguous, we

give effect to its plain meaning and look no further. Lewis v. Taylor, 2016 CO 48, ¶ 20, 375

P.3d 1205, 1209. In such a situation, the “first canon is also the last” and the “judicial

inquiry is complete.” Germain, 503 U.S. at 254 (quoting Rubin v. United States, 449 U.S.

424, 430 (1981)). Only if the statutory language is susceptible to more than one reasonable

interpretation and is therefore ambiguous may we resort to extrinsic aids of construction

to address the ambiguity and decide which reasonable interpretation to accept based on

the legislature’s intent. Lewis, ¶ 20, 375 P.3d at 1209.

¶13    In applying the plain meaning of statutory language, we must “give consistent

effect to all parts of [the] statute, and construe each provision in harmony with the overall

statutory design.” Larrieu v. Best Buy Stores, L.P., 2013 CO 38, ¶ 12, 303 P.3d 558, 560–61.

Relatedly, our construction must avoid or resolve potential conflicts and give effect to all

legislative acts, if possible. People v. Stellabotte, 2018 CO 66, ¶ 32, 421 P.3d 174, 180.

¶14    “In the absence of . . . a definition, we construe a statutory term in accordance with

its ordinary or natural meaning.” FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 476 (1994); see also Roup v.

Commercial Research, LLC, 2015 CO 38, ¶ 8, 349 P.3d 273, 276 (“When a statute does not

define a term, we assume that the General Assembly intended to give the term its usual

and ordinary meaning.”). This approach honors our preference for the commonly

accepted meaning of statutory terms over “strained or forced interpretation[s].” Roup,

¶ 8, 349 P.3d at 275. When determining the plain and ordinary meaning of words, we

                                               7
may consider a definition in a recognized dictionary. See, e.g., People v. Hunter, 2013 CO

48, ¶ 10, 307 P.3d 1083, 1086 (determining the plain meaning of the statutory term

“stranger” by consulting Webster’s New College Dictionary and Black’s Law Dictionary).

¶15    With these rules in mind, we shift gears to examine Colorado’s restitution statutes.

Our mission is to determine whether the General Assembly intended to permit restitution

for losses caused by acquitted conduct.

                          C. Colorado’s Restitution Statutes

¶16    Our jumping-off point is the language in the restitution statutes. Because we are

able to decipher and enforce the plain meaning of the statutory language, we do not

invoke the aid of other interpretative rules.

¶17    Part 6 of article 1.3 of our criminal code (title 18) addresses restitution. Section 601

sets forth the legislative declaration, section 602 contains definitions, and section 603

governs restitution orders and the assessment of restitution. Together, these sections

manifest the General Assembly’s intent to prohibit restitution for losses caused by

acquitted conduct.

¶18    After acknowledging in section 601 that all victims of crime “endure undue

suffering and hardship” as a result of injury or loss of property, the General Assembly

declared in the same section that individuals “found guilty of causing such suffering and

hardship should be under a moral and legal obligation to make full restitution to those

harmed by their misconduct.” § 18-1.3-601(1)(a), (b), C.R.S. (2018) (emphasis added).

Consistent with this proclamation, section 603 provides that “[e]very order of conviction of

a felony, misdemeanor, petty, or traffic misdemeanor offense . . . shall include

                                                8
consideration of restitution.” § 18-1.3-603(1), C.R.S. (2018) (emphasis added). As relevant

here, section 602 defines “conviction” as “a verdict of guilty by a judge or jury or a plea of

guilty or nolo contendere that is accepted by the court for a felony, misdemeanor, petty

offense, or traffic misdemeanor offense.” § 18-1.3-602(2), C.R.S. (2018) (emphases added).

¶19    There is nothing ambiguous about the quoted provisions. The legislature clearly

meant to limit restitution liability to individuals found guilty of causing injury or property

loss that resulted in suffering or hardship to victims harmed by their misconduct.

Further, with one limited exception not pertinent here, the legislature required only

“order[s] of conviction”—meaning only orders memorializing a guilty verdict or a guilty

or nolo contendere plea for any felony, misdemeanor, petty offense, or traffic

misdemeanor offense—to include consideration of restitution.5

¶20    But how did the General Assembly define “restitution”? “Restitution” is “any

pecuniary loss suffered by a victim” which was “proximately caused by an offender’s

conduct” and “can be reasonably            calculated and recompensed in money.”

§ 18-1.3-602(3)(a) (emphasis added). “Victim,” as used in the definition of “restitution,”

means “any person aggrieved by the conduct of an offender.” § 18-1.3-602(4)(a) (emphasis




5The exception is “any order of conviction for a state traffic misdemeanor offense issued
by a municipal or county court in which the prosecuting attorney is acting as a special
deputy district attorney pursuant to an agreement with the district attorney’s office.”
§ 18-1.3-603(1).

                                              9
added). Thus, in defining “restitution” and “victim,” the legislature referred to an

“offender’s conduct” and the “conduct of an offender.”

¶21    Black’s Law Dictionary defines “offender” as “[s]omeone who has committed a

crime; [especially], one who has been convicted of a crime.” Offender, Black’s Law

Dictionary 1249 (10th ed. 2014). Similarly, Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines

“offender” as “a person who has committed a crime.” Offender, Merriam-Webster Online

Dictionary, https://perma.cc/5PAW-74M9.           Giving the word “offender” its plain

meaning, the definitions of “restitution” and “victim” illustrate that the legislature did

not intend to empower trial courts to order someone acquitted of a charge to pay

restitution for losses caused by the conduct underlying that charge. When an individual

is acquitted of a charge, he cannot be deemed an “offender” because he is by definition

not a person who committed the crime charged. It follows that the conduct on which the

charge was based cannot constitute the “conduct of an offender.” Nor can the victim

named in the acquitted charge be considered a person aggrieved by the “conduct of an

offender.”

¶22    Other provisions in the legislative declaration buttress our conclusion.           For

instance, the legislature proclaimed that “[t]he payment of restitution by criminal

offenders to their victims is a mechanism for the rehabilitation of offenders” and serves

“as a deterrent to future criminality.” § 18-1.3-601(1)(c), (d). The legislature added that

restitution aids “the offender in reintegration as a productive member of society.”

§ 18-1.3-601(2). Not only do these subsections refer to “the offender,” “offenders,” and

“criminal offenders,” they relate to their rehabilitation and reintegration, as well as to the

                                             10
deterrence of future criminal conduct. A defendant who is acquitted of a charge is not an

offender in need of rehabilitation or reintegration, and his conduct does not trigger

deterrence concerns. Hence, the legislature’s choice of wording reflects its intent to

exclude from the restitution umbrella any losses caused by acquitted conduct.6




6 The legislature employed the term “offender” throughout the legislative declaration
provisions in section 601 and throughout the definitions in section 602. We recognize
that throughout section 603, which largely discusses orders of restitution entered
pursuant to that section and restitution-related information that orders of conviction
must include, the legislature used the term “defendant.” However, given the legislative
declaration provisions and the definitions, we read the term “defendant” in section 603
to refer to “offender.”
    A “defendant” is “[a] person sued in a civil proceeding or accused in a criminal
proceeding,” Defendant, Black’s Law Dictionary 508 (10th ed. 2014), or “a person . . .
against whom a criminal or civil action is brought,” Defendant, Merriam-Webster Online
Dictionary, https://perma.cc/54R8-XW2Q. It follows that an “offender” is always a
“defendant”; indeed, an “offender” is a “defendant” who has been found to have
committed a crime. Just because a “defendant” becomes an “offender” when he is found
to have committed a crime does not mean that he ceases to be the “defendant” in the
case—that is, the party sued or against whom the legal action was brought. In fact,
“defendant” is the term most frequently used in both legal and common parlance to refer
to such a party, including in post-trial proceedings. Conversely, though, the term
“offender” does not typically refer to a “defendant” unless the defendant has been found
to have committed a crime.
     We are aware, of course, that generally “the use of different terms signals an intent
on the part of the General Assembly to afford those terms different meanings.” People v.
Rediger, 2018 CO 32, ¶ 22, 416 P.3d 893, 899. But our review of the criminal code
corroborates our understanding of “defendant” in section 603. As far as we can tell, the
legislature used the term “defendant” throughout the criminal code to refer to both
defendants who have been found to have committed a crime and defendants who
haven’t. Compare, e.g., § 18-1.3-107(1), C.R.S. (2018) (“At the time of conviction or at any
time thereafter, upon the request of the defendant or upon the court’s own motion, a
court may enter an order of collateral relief in the criminal case . . . .”), with § 18-1-405(1),
C.R.S. (2018) (“[I]f a defendant is not brought to trial . . . within six months from the date
of the entry of a plea of not guilty, he shall be discharged from custody . . . and . . . the
pending charges shall be dismissed, and the defendant shall not again be indicted,
                                               11
¶23    Even when an individual is acquitted of one charge and convicted of another, the

conduct underlying the acquitted charge cannot serve as the basis of a restitution order.

Such conduct is not an “offender’s conduct” and can neither warrant a deterrent nor

prompt rehabilitation or reintegration efforts. That the individual is an offender for

purposes of a different charge does not alter these conclusions. Correspondingly, the

individual’s offender status based on one conviction does not render the victim named

in the acquitted charge a person aggrieved by the conduct of an offender—at least not

with respect to the acquitted charge.

¶24    Therefore, we hold that Colorado’s restitution statutes do not allow a trial court to

impose restitution for pecuniary losses caused by acquitted conduct. Even where, as

here, the defendant has been convicted of a separate charge, a trial court may not order

restitution for losses suffered as a result of acquitted conduct.

 D. The People’s Statutory Construction Contravenes Well-Established Rules

¶25    The People zero in on the legislature’s use of the word “conduct” and argue that

it is the individual’s conduct—be it acquitted or not—that determines if there is a victim




informed against, or committed for the same offense . . . .”). On the other hand, unless
otherwise specified, the legislature seemingly reserved the term “offender” to refer only
to defendants who have been found to have committed a crime.                        See, e.g.,
§ 18-1.3-701(1)(a), C.R.S. (2018) (“Where any person, association, or corporation is
convicted of an offense . . . the court shall give judgment . . . against the offender . . . for
the amount of the costs of prosecution, the amount of the cost of care, and any fine
imposed.”). Importantly, we note that our interpretation avoids potential conflicts and
gives consistent, harmonious, and sensible effect to all the parts of the restitution
statutory scheme.

                                              12
who is entitled to restitution. The definitions of “restitution” and “victim” refer to

“conduct,” they say, not to “criminal conduct” or “conduct underlying [a] conviction.”

Even so, the People overlook that the term “conduct” is qualified each time by the word

“offender.” It is only an offender’s conduct that may justify a restitution order. Because

conduct underlying a charge of which a defendant has been acquitted is not an

“offender’s conduct,” it cannot serve as the factual foundation on which a restitution

order rests.

¶26    But the People insist that our decision in Dubois v. People, 211 P.3d 41 (Colo. 2009),

supports their reading of the restitution statutes. We disagree. Dubois is inapposite and,

consequently, too slender a reed for the People to lean on in this case.

¶27    Dubois pled guilty to one count of vehicular eluding for attempting to flee from

Deputy Thompson. Id. at 42. As Deputy Thompson was in pursuit, he called for

assistance. Id. Deputy Benavidez was among those who responded to provide backup.

Id. While en route, however, she was involved in an accident during which she suffered

injuries and her patrol car sustained severe damage. Id. The People requested restitution

for the pecuniary losses sustained by Deputy Benavidez and her county, even though she

was miles away from the chase when she crashed her car.7 Id. at 43–45. The trial court

ordered restitution and the court of appeals upheld the restitution order. Id. at 42.




7 The prosecution could not have charged Dubois with eluding Deputy Benavidez
because the crime of vehicular eluding requires proof that the defendant knowingly
                                             13
¶28      In affirming the court of appeals, we acknowledged that the previous version of

the restitution statutes defined “victim” as a person “directly” aggrieved by the

offender’s conduct, but we observed that the 2000 amendments replaced the “direct”

requirement with the broader definition of victim that remains in effect today—namely,

“any person aggrieved by the conduct of an offender.”                  Id. at 44 (quoting

§ 18-1.3-602(4)(a), C.R.S. (2008)).   We concluded that, after the amendments, the

restitution statutes “no longer limit[] restitution only to persons [directly] injured by the

conduct alleged as the basis for the conviction.” Id. at 45 (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted). Because Deputy Benavidez was “aggrieved by” Dubois’s conduct and

her county suffered losses when her vehicle was damaged, we found that Deputy

Benavidez and her county both fell “within the [new] understanding of ‘victim.’” Id. at

45–46.

¶29      We cautioned, though, that the statutory phrase, “aggrieved by the conduct of an

offender,” should not be understood as “limitless in its reach.” Id. at 46. In that same

vein, we explained that we arrived at our ultimate determination there “because th[e]

case present[ed] a relatively discrete scenario.” Id. “[A]n essential element of the

underlying crime require[d] the primary ‘victim’ to be a peace officer,” and the trial court

determined that “Deputy Benavidez was required to assist [Deputy Thompson] when




eluded (or attempted to elude) a peace officer and that the defendant knew or should
have known he was being pursued by that peace officer. See § 18-9-116.5(1), C.R.S. (2018).

                                             14
she heard the call on her radio.”      Id. In addition, the crime of vehicular eluding

“require[d] the use of a vehicle and it [was] reasonably foreseeable that other peace

officers would respond by driving to the scene of the crime and might sustain injuries

from a vehicular accident while responding.” Id. It was only “[u]nder these facts” that

we held that Deputy Benavidez and her county fell within the purview of “victim” for

restitution purposes. Id.

¶30    The People conflate the conduct in the “relatively discrete” context of Dubois with

a defendant’s conduct underlying an acquitted charge. Nothing we said in Dubois

suggests that conduct underlying a charge of which a defendant has been acquitted may

sustain a restitution order. Dubois dealt with a situation that stands in stark contrast to

the one before us now.8

¶31    Significantly, our interpretation of the restitution statutes here and our holding in

Dubois comport with section 18-1.3-703, C.R.S. (2018), which was enacted by the




8 People v. Borquez, 814 P.2d 382 (Colo. 1991), is equally unavailing to the People. There,
we upheld the order requiring Borquez, a cashier at Target, to pay restitution for Target’s
total pecuniary losses as a result of multiple thefts over an extended period of time, even
though she pled guilty to only one count of theft with a single date of offense. Id. at
383–84. Like Dubois, Borquez did not involve acquitted conduct. Further, as we did in
Dubois, we anchored our holding in Borquez to the specific “facts of [the] case.” Id. at 384.
Borquez had “acknowledged her criminal conduct and the resulting pecuniary loss
incurred by Target in several written statements,” and her counsel had “tacitly admitted
that the plea agreement was based upon a series of thefts.” Id. As well, the injuries
suffered by Target were deemed to have resulted “from [Borquez’s] charged conduct.”
Id.; cf. Dubois, 211 P.3d at 45–46 (concluding that Deputy Benavidez was aggrieved by
Dubois’s charged conduct and that her county suffered losses when her vehicle was
damaged).

                                             15
legislature last year. Under that statute, the following individuals are eligible to receive

“a refund of monetary payments” made:

       (a) A defendant whose court-ordered fines, fees, costs, surcharges,
       restitution, interest, or other monetary amounts resulting from a criminal
       conviction . . . have been paid if the amount paid relates solely to a
       conviction:

              (I) That is vacated after postconviction proceedings or is overturned
              on appeal; and

              (II) The charge on which the conviction was based is dismissed or
              the [defendant] is acquitted of the charge after a new trial;

       (b) A defendant whose court-ordered restitution and interest resulting from
       a criminal conviction . . . have been paid and:

              (I) The restitution ordered by the court is reversed on appeal; or

              (II) The amount of restitution ordered by the court is reversed on
              appeal and the restitution, including interest, that has been paid is in
              excess of the amount upheld on appeal.

§ 18-1.3-703(1) (emphases added). Although this statute is not limited to restitution and

is, therefore, catalogued in a different part of article 1.3, it covers restitution payments

among other “monetary payments.”9 We must interpret section 18-1.3-703(1) together

with the restitution statutes so as to “give consistent, harmonious, and sensible effect to

all of [their] parts,” as well as to avoid “constructions that would render any words or




9Section 18-1.3-703 was added to part 7 of article 1.3 of title 18, which is titled “Fines and
Costs.”

                                             16
phrases superfluous or lead to illogical or absurd results.” Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co. v.

Barriga, 2018 CO 42, ¶ 8, 418 P.3d 1181, 1183 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

¶32     Given the provisions in section 18-1.3-703(1)—which expressly permit a refund for

restitution previously paid when (a) a conviction is overturned on appeal and the

defendant is acquitted in the new trial, (b) the restitution order is reversed on appeal, or

(c) the amount set forth in the restitution order is reversed on appeal and the restitution

that has been paid exceeds the amount upheld—it would be illogical and absurd to

construe the restitution statutes as authorizing restitution for pecuniary losses caused by

acquitted conduct. We are duty-bound to ward off such an unreasonable outcome.

¶33     In sum, the People’s construction flies in the face of the plain meaning rule and

would lead to an irrational result. Therefore, we decline to adopt it.

      E. The People’s Statutory Construction Raises Constitutional Concerns

¶34     There is one other serious concern that militates against embracing the People’s

position—it transgresses the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee to procedural due

process.   Thus, the People’s interpretation of the restitution statutes falters on this

additional, independent ground.

¶35     In Nelson, the United States Supreme Court applied the well-known “procedural

due process inspection” articulated in Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319 (1976), and held

that when a defendant’s criminal conviction is overturned on appeal or vacated in a

post-conviction proceeding and there is no retrial or the retrial results in an acquittal, the

state is required “to refund fees, court costs, and restitution exacted from the defendant

upon, and as a consequence of, the conviction.”          Nelson, 137 S. Ct. at 1255, 1252.

                                             17
Harkening back to a tenet of criminal jurisprudence of ancient and venerable vintage, the

Court reminded us that, “[a]bsent conviction of a crime, one is presumed innocent.” Id.

at 1252. The Court explained that an individual’s presumption of innocence is restored

when his conviction is invalidated, and “Colorado may not presume a person, adjudged

guilty of no crime, nonetheless guilty enough for monetary exactions.” Id. at 1256.

Because the law in Colorado in effect at the time allowed the State to keep conviction-

related exactions unless a prevailing defendant brought a civil action and established her

innocence by clear and convincing evidence, the Court found a violation of the guarantee

of procedural due process. Id. at 1255.

¶36   Extending the teachings of Nelson to the situation confronting us, we find that the

People’s construction of the restitution statutes would render them unconstitutional.

Notably, the decision in Nelson was the impetus for the enactment of section 18-1.3-703,

which replaced the statutory scheme voided by the Supreme Court. The People maintain,

though, that neither Nelson nor section 18-1.3-703 applies because Cowen was convicted

of one of the charges brought against him. According to the People, only when a

defendant has been acquitted of all the charges is the presumption of innocence restored

and restitution barred. The People cite no direct authority for this proposition, and we

have been unable to unearth any.

¶37   We do not agree with the People’s overly technical and unduly narrow reading of

Nelson. To be sure, the Court in Nelson reasoned that a person who has been “adjudged

guilty of no crime” cannot be presumed guilty enough for monetary exactions. Id. at

1256. But both of the petitioners in Nelson stood convicted of no crime by the time their

                                           18
cases reached the Court. Understandably, then, the Court discussed the presumption of

innocence in the context of a person who has been “adjudged guilty of no crime.” It

requires too substantial a leap to deduce from this excerpt that the Court intended to limit

its ruling to situations in which the defendant has been acquitted of all charges. Had that

been what the Court meant, it presumably would have said so.

¶38    Moreover, it is now axiomatic that the presumption of innocence applies to each

crime charged. If the jury acquits a defendant of a particular charge, the defendant retains

the presumption of innocence with respect to that charge regardless of whether he is

found guilty of a different charge. To hold otherwise would be tantamount to declaring

that when the jury finds a defendant guilty of one charge and not guilty of another, the

trial court may nevertheless consider the defendant guilty of the acquitted charge by a

less demanding standard of proof. That would be nonsensical even in the context of

restitution. Thus, we are convinced that, to comport with procedural due process,

restitution must be prohibited for losses resulting from conduct of which a defendant has

been acquitted and as to which he retains the presumption of innocence.10

                         F. Restitution for the Second Check

¶39    Cowen was acquitted by the jury of the fraud charge related to the second check.

Under our restitution statutes, the trial court lacked authority to order him to pay




10We leave for another day the question of whether, in the wake of Nelson, restitution
ordered for losses caused by uncharged conduct passes constitutional muster.

                                            19
restitution for the pecuniary losses suffered by the repair shop as a result of that check.

Cowen’s fraud conviction for the first check was of no consequence. That conviction

could not undo the jury’s acquittal and metamorphose Cowen’s conduct in writing and

tendering the second check into an offender’s conduct.

¶40    Nelson similarly instructs, albeit from a constitutional perspective, that a trial court

may not disregard a defendant’s acquittal in resolving a motion for restitution. When the

jury spoke and found Cowen not guilty of the charge related to the second check, the

verdict established that his presumption of innocence remained intact as to that charge.

Having been adjudged guilty of no crime for writing and tendering the second check,

Cowen could not be ordered to pay restitution in the amount of $13,158.00 for the

pecuniary losses associated with that check.

                                     III. Conclusion

¶41    We hold that Colorado’s restitution statutes do not allow a trial court to impose

restitution for pecuniary losses caused by conduct that formed the basis of a charge of

which the defendant has been acquitted. Even where, as here, the defendant has been

convicted of a separate charge, our restitution statutes do not permit a trial court to order

restitution for losses suffered as a result of the acquitted conduct.

¶42    Thus, we conclude that the trial court erred in ordering Cowen to pay restitution

for pecuniary losses related to the second check. Because the court of appeals affirmed

the restitution order, we reverse its decision. The matter is remanded to the court of

appeals for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.



                                              20
