242 F.3d 1326 (11th Cir. 2001)
MARITIME MANAGEMENT, INC., a Florida corporation, Plaintiff-Appellee,v.UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 99-14862.
United States Court of Appeals,Eleventh Circuit.
March 1, 2001.March 13, 2001

[Copyrighted Material Omitted]
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of  Florida.(No. 95-01238-CIV-J-20B), Harvey E. Schlesinger, Judge.
Before BLACK, FAY and COX, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:


1
The Government appeals the district court's award of attorneys' fees to Maritime  Management, Inc. pursuant to the Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA), 28 U.S.C.   2412.

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

2
In September of 1994, the Department of the Navy through Military Sealift  Command solicited bids for a contract to supply layberthing facilities and  services for two SL-7 Fast Sealift Ships. The SL-7s, measuring 946 feet in  length and 105.6 feet in width, provide rapid sealift of military cargo for the  Armed Forces from the United States to locations around the world. Because of  their large size and their military charge, provision of layberthing facilities  for these vessels requires special considerations, all of which were detailed in  the bid request as minimum requirements for the award of the contract. Military  Sealift Command (the Agency) rated bids for cost and for conformity to these  minimum requirements.


3
The Agency received six initial offers from five competing bidders and reviewed  each for technical deficiencies. After the submission of best and final offers,  only two acceptable bidders remained: Maritime Management, Inc. (Maritime) and  Keystone Ship Berthing, Inc. (Keystone). The Agency awarded the contract to  Keystone as the lowest acceptable bidder and Maritime protested the award to the  General Accounting Office, citing technical deficiencies in Keystone's offer.  Award of the contract was suspended pending review. The Agency submitted the  administrative record to the General Accounting Office (GAO),1 which upheld the  award to Keystone and lifted the contract suspension.


4
Maritime filed a complaint in the district court, claiming the Agency violated  the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C.  701 et seq. Maritime asserted the  award to Keystone was arbitrary and capricious because Keystone's bid proposal  failed to satisfy the minimum requirements of the bid solicitation in the areas  of safe berthing, safe working area, water depth for access routes, security,  mooring, roadways, and fuel bunkering. (R.1-16 passim.)


5
The case was referred to a magistrate judge for preparation of a report and  recommendation. Early in the proceedings the parties disputed the composition of  the administrative record. In support of a motion for summary judgment, the  Government submitted what it characterized as "the entire Administrative  Record," (R.1-21 at 1) and Carole H. Wieszek, the contracting officer  responsible for procurement and administration of the contract, certified that  "the decision to award the above-mentioned contract was based on these  documents." (R.1-24 at 1.) The Government's submission consisted of two black  binders, tab numbers one through thirty-four, and some site drawings-the same  information that the Government had filed with the GAO as the administrative  record.


6
Next, arguing that "the Court's scope of review is limited to the Administrative  Record," the Government asked for a stay of all further discovery and requested  a protective order relieving it from responding to Maritime's outstanding  interrogatories, requests for production and requests for admission. (R.1-27 at  2.) Maritime, opposing the motion, questioned whether the Government had  submitted a complete record, and requested limited discovery. (R.1-32 at 6.) The  magistrate judge, stating that "[i]t appears to the Court that the United States  has not submitted the entire administrative record," directed the parties to  confer and jointly determine the complete record. (R.2-34 at 2.)


7
After three meetings the parties failed to agree, and Maritime, asserting that  in the meetings "it was determined that [the Government] failed to file several  documents with its initial purported 'record,' " informed the court of the  impasse. (R.2-36 at 2.) The magistrate judge scheduled an evidentiary hearing on  the matter. The day before the hearing the Government moved to supplement the  record with the agency report and additional materials, tab numbers thirty-five  through forty-two. The additional materials were discovered after the Government  "requested that the federal agency review its file and determine all documents  considered by the agency in making its decision to award the contract in  question." (R.2-39 at 2.) No explanation was offered for their prior omission  from the record. At the hearing, responding to allegations from Maritime and  repeated questions from the magistrate judge, counsel for the Government  admitted that tab numbers thirty-five through forty-two had not previously been  included in the binders submitted to both the GAO and to the court. The  Government also acknowledged that the Agency bore responsibility for compiling  the record.2 The Government continued to oppose inclusion of certain items,  including the protest letter Maritime filed with the GAO, as well as several  other post-award documents.3


8
Following the hearing, the magistrate judge issued an order including tabs  thirty-five through forty-two, the agency report, Maritime's initial protest  document, and certain post-award documents in the administrative record.4 The  magistrate judge lifted the Government's protective order, which had been  temporarily in place prior to the hearing, allowing Maritime to proceed with  limited discovery.5 In so doing the magistrate judge noted that a court's review  of a decision to award a contract will not be limited to the formal record if a  plaintiff makes "a strong showing of bad faith or improper behavior," quoting  Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 420, 91 S.Ct.  814, 825, 28 L.Ed.2d 136 (1971), overruled on unrelated grounds by Califano v.  Sanders, 430 U.S. 99, 105, 97 S.Ct. 980, 984, 51 L.Ed.2d 192 (1977), and  concluded that "[a]t this point plaintiff has made a sufficient showing to  justify at least limited discovery. It is clear that the complete administrative  record was not submitted to the GAO." (R.2-44 at 8-9.)


9
The Government filed a Rule 72 objection to the magistrate judge's order with  the district court.6 See Fed.R.Civ.P. 72. The district court rejected the  Government's objection, concluding that limited discovery was indeed proper  because of the Government's "failure to include relevant documents in the report  to the GAO and in light of the negative nature of those documents purposefully  excluded from the report. Such evidence constitutes a showing of bad faith or  improper behavior on the part of Defendant justifying additional discovery."  (R.2-50 at 2.) On January 2, 1997, the magistrate judge issued an order finally  determining which documents would constitute the administrative record. (R.3-74  at 4.) Some of the documents that had been the subject of the Government's  arguments at the evidentiary hearing and the Rule 72 objection were included in  the record.7


10
The magistrate judge's Report and Recommendation advised the district court to  enter judgment in favor of Maritime and award it the contract, or, in the  alternative, to allow full discovery on whether there was good faith review of  the proposals. (R.4-100 at 58-59.) The magistrate judge determined that the  Agency had improperly relaxed the bid requirement regarding security, thereby  prejudicing Maritime's opportunity to compete for the contract. The district  court agreed that the Agency had violated federal regulations by relaxing the  bid requirement, but concluded that there was no showing of prejudice to  Maritime. (R.4-104 at 2.) Instead of awarding the contract to Maritime, the  district court ordered a rebidding of the contract.


11
Both parties appealed to this court. Maritime argued that the contract should  not be rebid but should be awarded to Maritime, and the Government argued that  without a showing of prejudice the contract should neither be rebid nor awarded  to Maritime. This court affirmed the district court's decision, agreeing with  the no-prejudice finding and stating that because the Contracting Officer had  violated the law, the district court did not err in setting aside the contract.  See Maritime Management v. United States, 170 F.3d 187, No. 98-2380, mem. op. at  3-4 (11th Cir. January 28, 1999).


12
Following that decision, in the judgment from which the current appeal is taken,  the district court granted Maritime's motion for attorneys' fees and costs under  the Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA), 28 U.S.C.  2412, in the amount of  $281,225.00. (R.4-133 at 2.) The order identified the Government's bad faith in  failing to submit a complete administrative record as both the basis for the  award and the reason for exceeding the per hour cap established by 28 U.S.C.   2412(d)(2)(A).

II. ISSUES ON APPEAL

13
On appeal the Government argues that the district court erred because (1) its  position was substantially justified, making any award of fees improper; (2) no  evidence supports the bad faith finding; (3) the award included fees incurred  during the GAO proceedings that are not compensable under the EAJA; and (4) that  the portion of the award that reimbursed expenses incurred by Maritime's  president were purely personal in nature and therefore improper.

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

14
This court reviews the decision to grant or deny attorneys' fees under the EAJA  for abuse of discretion. National Treasury Employees Union v. Internal Revenue  Service, 735 F.2d 1277, 1278 (11th Cir.1984). The district court's finding of  bad faith is a finding of fact that we review for clear error. Long v. Florida,  805 F.2d 1542, 1550 (11th Cir.1986), rev'd on other grounds 487 U.S. 223, 108  S.Ct. 2354, 101 L.Ed.2d 206 (1988).

IV. DISCUSSION
A.The Equal Access to Justice Act

15
In 1981 Congress enacted the Equal Access to Justice Act, amending 28 U.S.   2412 to give district courts the discretion to award attorneys' fees. Pub.L. No.  96- 481,  204, 94 Stat. 2325 et seq. (codified as amended at 5 U.S.C.A.  504  and 28 U.S.C.A.  2412). The primary purpose of the EAJA is "to ensure that  [private parties] will not be deterred from seeking review of, or defending  against, unjustified governmental action because of the expense involved in  securing the vindication of their rights." H.R. Rep. No. 99-120, at 4 (1985),  reprinted in 1985 U.S.C.C.A.N. 132, 132-33. Congress also anticipated that the  EAJA would discourage federal agencies from taking frivolous positions. See  Miles v. Bowen, 632 F.Supp. 282, 283 (M.D.Ala.1986).


16
The statutory framework of 28 U.S.C.  2412 contains two parallel provisions for  awarding attorneys' fees to plaintiffs that prevail in civil suits against the  United States. The first of these,  2412(b), waives sovereign immunity by  making the United States liable for fees "to the same extent that any other  party would be liable under the common law or under the terms of any statute  which specifically provides for such an award." 28 U.S.C.  2412(b). Because of  this provision the equitable exceptions to the American Rule apply to the  federal government in the same manner as they apply to private litigants. Panola  Land Buying Ass'n v. Clark, 844 F.2d 1506, 1510 (11th Cir.1988). This makes an  award of fees proper under common fund and common benefit theories, as well as  in situations where the government has acted "in bad faith, vexatiously,  wantonly, or for oppressive reasons" in its conduct of litigation. Alyeska  Pipeline Serv. Co. v. Wilderness Soc'y, 421 U.S. 240, 258-59, 95 S.Ct. 1612,  1622, 44 L.Ed.2d 141 (1975); see also 10 James Wm. Moore et al, Moore's Federal  Practice  54.172[1][b] (3d ed. 1999) (describing equitable exceptions to  American Rule as common fund, common benefit, and bad faith). The award of fees  under  2412(b) is discretionary.


17
Section 2412(d) provides an alternative vehicle for an award of fees to  plaintiffs who have prevailed in non-tort suits against the United States.  Statutorily and conceptually distinct from its  2412 counterpart, subsection  (d) was revived by congressional amendment in 1985 after having lapsed under the  original statute's sunset provision. See Pub.L. 99-80,  6, 99 Stat. 186  (codified at 28 U.S.C.  2412(d)). Unlike  2412(b), which is not limited in  this respect,  2412(d) requires parties to qualify under statutorily prescribed  net worth maximums. See 28 U.S.C.  2412(d)(1)(C)(2)(B) (defining "party" for  purposes of subsection (d) by net worth); Panola Land Buying Ass'n, 844 F.2d at  1510 (differentiating subsections).


18
Also, where  2412(b) is discretionary,  2412(d) is mandatory; the assessment  of fees in favor of an eligible prevailing party and against the government is  obligatory under subsection (d) unless "the court finds that the position of the  United States was substantially justified or that special circumstances make an  award unjust." 28 U.S.C.  2412(d)(1)(A). Another difference in keeping with the  discretionary distinction between  2412(b) and (d) is that under the former  subsection, fees are awarded at a rate determined by the district court, whereas  under the latter, awards are subject to a statutory cap. See 28 U.S.C.   2412(d)(2)(A) (listing presumptive cap of $125 per hour); Cazares v. Barber, 959  F.2d 753, 755 (9th Cir.1992) (noting award under  2412(b) is not subject to fee  cap of  2412(d)(2)(A)).

B.Substantial Justification

19
The Government argues that an award of attorneys' fees is improper because its  position in the litigation was substantially justified. See 28 U.S.C.   2412(d)(1)(A). The Government characterizes its position as this argument: that  Maritime must establish that it was prejudiced by the relaxation of the bid  requirement before the district court could overturn the contract award. Because  we conclude that the district court awarded fees under  2412(b), which has no  substantial justification provision, we do not decide whether this aptly  characterizes the Government's litigation position, nor do we decide whether the  Government's position was substantially justified.


20
The first citation to the EAJA in the district court's order is to  2412(b),  which is cited for the general proposition that fees may be awarded. Thereafter  the district court states that "the Government has failed to meet its burden to  demonstrate that it was substantially justified in it's [sic] position."  (R.4-133 at 2.) As discussed above, when a district court determines under the   2412(d) framework that the Government's position is substantially justified, the  otherwise mandatory fees may not be awarded.


21
The Government points to this allusion to  2412(d) as an opportunity to argue  that its position was substantially justified, and therefore an award of any  size was error. Of course, for this line of argument to be relevant, the  district court must have predicated the award on  2412(d). Section 2412(b) has  no substantial justification requirement.8 Following the language cited by the  Government, the order proceeds to consider the applicability of the   2412(d)(2)(A) fee cap discussed supra, concluding correctly that it does not  control where the court's decision is predicated on the  2412(b) bad faith  finding. This discussion is followed by the statement that "the Court finds that  the Government acted with bad faith...." (R.4-133 at 2.)


22
From this we conclude that the district court determined attorneys' fees could  be awarded on either of the EAJA's alternative bases, but held that the  Government's bad faith made  2412(b) the appropriate rubric for assessing fees.  Because the court's reference to  2412(d) was dicta, and the ultimate basis for  the award was  2412(b), under which the Government may not avoid an award by  showing substantial justification, we now turn to the Government's bad faith  argument.

C.The Bad Faith Finding

23
The main focus of the Government's appeal is to challenge the district court's  bad faith finding. As noted above, the EAJA allows courts to use their inherent  power to assess attorneys' fees when the government has acted in bad faith. The  bad faith exception to the American Rule is not limited to suits that are filed  in bad faith; the exception also encompasses bad faith acts preceding and during  litigation. Kreager v. Solomon and Flanagan, 775 F.2d 1541, 1543 (11th Cir.1985)  (citing Roadway Express, Inc. v. Piper, 447 U.S. 752, 765-66, 100 S.Ct. 2455,  2464, 65 L.Ed.2d 488 (1980)). In determining the propriety of a bad faith fee  award, "the inquiry will focus primarily on the conduct and motive of a party,  rather than on the validity of the case." Rothenberg v. Security Mgmt. Co., 736  F.2d 1470, 1472 (11th Cir.1984) (citation omitted). The Government contends that  there is no evidence to support the bad faith finding, and that the district  court's decision is predicated on a misunderstanding concerning a discovery  dispute that was ultimately resolved in the Government's favor.


24
In the Government's version of events, the magistrate judge's May 6th order did  not conclude that the Government demonstrated bad faith by delivering an  incomplete administrative record to the GAO. Rather, the magistrate judge  determined that the record was incomplete; that limited discovery was necessary  to investigate the relevance of specific documents excluded by the Agency from  its submission to the GAO and to the court, exclusion of which might evidence  bad faith on the part of the Government; and that while the district court's  order of May 22, 1996 included language that appeared to prejudge the question  of possible bad faith,9 the facts uncovered by the ordered discovery actually  exonerated the Government. In support of this argument, the Government notes  that the magistrate judge's Report and Recommendation and the district court's  merits decision, while ultimately agreeing with Maritime's allegation that the  Agency had improperly relaxed the safety provision in its award of the contract,  are devoid of any discussion of bad faith on the part of the Government.


25
The premise of the Government's argument is that the district court's bad faith finding only concerned the omission of the three items that were the subject of  the magistrate judge's limited discovery order.10 According to this theory, the  district court simply misinterpreted the magistrate judge's May 6th order when  it concluded that by withholding documents the Government was guilty of bad  faith. The Government argues it can expose the district court's error by showing  that the subsequent discovery actually exonerated the Government of Maritime's  charges. A review of the record reveals that the Government is incorrect both in  its premise and in its conclusion.


26
As noted above, the original submission of the administrative record, both to  the GAO and to the district court, consisted of two black binders divided by  thirty-four consecutively numbered tabs. On April 17, 1996, after the scope of  the administrative record had been called into question, the Government moved to  supplement these two binders with additional documents. These additional items  were eventually numbered as tabs thirty-five through forty-two. It was at this  juncture that Maritime pressed for inclusion of, among other items, the three  documents that were later the subject of limited discovery.


27
Following the evidentiary hearing, the magistrate judge on May 6th ordered that  tabs thirty-five through forty-two would be included as a part of the record.  Significantly, the magistrate judge also concluded that the Government had  failed to fulfill the statutory duty imposed by 31 U.S.C.  3553(b)(2) to  provide "all relevant documents." (R.2-44 at 9.) The magistrate judge reached  this conclusion, at least in part, from examining documents that the Government  had just at this point submitted for inclusion in the record: "[a] comparison of  the documents attached to the agency report, Tab 43, Ex. A-L, with the  Administrative Record now submitted by the United States shows the obvious  omission of documents submitted to the GAO." (R.2-44 at 9.)


28
The magistrate judge's conclusion that "obviously relevant" documents had been  omitted from the Agency's submission to the GAO was not limited to the three  documents that became the subject of limited discovery. The omission certainly  included, at a minimum, all documents tabbed as thirty-five through forty-two.  This alone contradicts the Government's premise-that the bad faith finding  related only to the three subjects of limited discovery.11


29
The magistrate judge also ultimately included in the administrative record at  least one of the items that had been the subject of limited discovery.12 As  explained in the May 6th order, a court's review of a decision to award a  contract is normally limited to the formal record compiled by the agency, but  would not be so limited here if "plaintiff [made] 'a strong showing of bad faith  or improper behavior.' " (R.2-44 at 9.) The magistrate judge's inclusion of such  items in the record indicates that Maritime succeeded in carrying its burden.  While this does not conclusively determine the issue, it is nonetheless apparent  from the record that the limited discovery did not fully exonerate the  Government from Maritime's allegations.


30
Thus, if we were to restrict our inquiry to the proceedings before the  magistrate judge, we would conclude that the Government is wrong about the  meaning of the magistrate judge's order and about the outcome of limited  discovery. The Government omitted several documents from the record that were  never the subject of limited discovery, and, in any event, items that were the  subject of limited discovery were ultimately included in the record. It is  impossible to conclude that limited discovery exonerated the Government.


31
However, we do not need to reconstruct the gradual unraveling of the  Government's position before the magistrate judge to understand the district  court's bad faith analysis.13 The district court clearly states in both the  order approving limited discovery and in the order awarding attorneys' fees that  the Government demonstrated bad faith by submitting an incomplete administrative  record.14


32
Other circuits have recognized bad faith where "a party, confronted with a clear  statutory or judicially-imposed duty towards another, is so recalcitrant in  performing that duty that the injured party is forced to undertake otherwise  unnecessary litigation to vindicate plain legal rights." American Hospital v.  Sullivan, 938 F.2d 216, 220 (D.C.Cir.1991) (citation omitted). It was the  statutory obligation of the Agency to provide "all relevant documents" for  review after Maritime challenged the contract award. See 31 U.S.C.  3553(b)(2).  Until the eleventh hour of the discovery dispute, when one day before the  evidentiary hearing it finally, and only partially, retreated from this  position, the Government had consistently maintained that it had submitted a  complete administrative record.15 The district court found otherwise, and the  order upholding the magistrate judge's decision to conduct limited discovery  specifically states that the Government purposefully withheld negative  documents. The district court's conclusion that the Government exhibited bad  faith has ample support in the record.


33
D.Award of Fees for General Accounting Office Proceedings


34
The Government asserts that Maritime should not have been compensated for fees  incurred during the GAO proceedings as they are not compensable under the EAJA.  The Government contends that these proceedings constitute administrative  consideration of a claim, and therefore are not associated with the pursuit of a  civil action as required by 28 U.S.C.  2412. Maritime agrees that in the  ordinary analysis claimants may not recover fees and expenses incurred during an  award protest filed before the GAO, but argues that because the Government's bad  faith conduct before the GAO deprived Maritime of an opportunity for fair review  at the administrative stage, an award of these fees is proper in this case.


35
The EAJA only permits assessment of fees against the Government to a prevailing  party in a civil action. See 28 U.S.C.  2412(b) & (d). In this context, the  words "civil action" include proceedings for judicial review of agency action  and appeals of decisions made by "a contracting officer rendered pursuant to a  disputes clause in a contract with the Government or pursuant to the Contract  Disputes Act of 1978." 28 U.S.C.  2412(d)(1)(A) & (d)(2)(E). Because GAO  proceedings do not fit either of these categories, and because they are not  adversary adjudications as comprehended by 5 U.S.C.  504(b)(1)(C), see 28  U.S.C.  2412(d)(3), they are generally not compensable under the EAJA.  Vibra-Tech Engineers, Inc. v. United States, 787 F.2d 1416, 1419-20 (10th  Cir.1986).


36
However, where administrative proceedings are intimately tied to the resolution  of the judicial action, the administrative proceeding may sometimes be  considered a part of the civil case for which fees are awarded. Pollgreen v.  Morris, 911 F.2d 527, 534 (11th Cir.1990).16 Maritime would have us find that  the Government's bad faith before the GAO denied it of a fair opportunity for  relief at the administrative level, making an award of fees for those  proceedings proper. However, unlike the plaintiffs in Pollgreen, Maritime did  not seek administrative relief on remand from the district court. See id. at  534. Additionally, the district court did not find that the Government's bad  faith prevented Maritime from seeking relief at the administrative level.  Because the EAJA is a waiver of sovereign immunity and as such must be strictly  construed, Haitian Refugee Center v. Meese, 791 F.2d 1489, 1494 (11th Cir.1986),  vacated in part on other grounds, 804 F.2d 1573, 1573 (11th Cir.1986), and  because the award of attorneys' fees incurred before the GAO is improper under  these facts, we reverse that part of the district court's order that awards fees  incurred before commencement of the action in the district court.


37
E.Award of Fees Reimbursing Expenses Incurred by Maritime's President


38
The Government also argues that the portion of the fee award that reimbursed the  expenses of Maritime's president was improper because the expenses were purely  personal in nature. The Government contends that approximately $8,500 of the fee  award are expenses for travel and meals for H. Scott Hilaman, president of  Maritime, that were incurred when Mr. Hilaman met with Maritime's attorneys and  when he made inspections related to the dispute. Because there is no statutory  provision allowing for these expenses, and because Mr. Hilaman was not acting as  an attorney such that he would be eligible to receive reimbursement, see 28  U.S.C.  1920, 2412, we reverse that part of the award reimbursing Mr.  Hilaman's expenses.

V. CONCLUSION

39
For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the award of fees and remand with  instructions to delete from the award an amount corresponding to the sum of the  fees incurred during the GAO proceedings and the expenses incurred by Maritime's  president. The award is otherwise affirmed.


40
AFFIRMED IN PART; VACATED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.



NOTES:


1
  31 U.S.C.  3553(b)(2) places on the federal agency the duty to include "all  relevant documents" relating to the protested procurement in a report to the  Comptroller General within thirty days of receipt of notice of the protest. 31  U.S.C.A.  3553(b)(2)(A) (West Supp.2000).


2
  The exchange between counsel for the Government and the court was as follows:
MR. LUSTER: ... I can just simply state to the Court that the records that I am  tendering at this time should have been a part of the two black binders which  have been filed to the Court.
THE COURT: And do you also agree that they were not given to GAO or you just  don't know that?
MR. LUSTER: They were not a part of the agency report, so I would think that  they were not presented to GAO, that's correct. They were not a part of the  report. And the agency prepares the report and submits those documents it thinks  it should submit in order to sustain the agency's action. (R.8 at 10-11.)


3
  The post-award documents included: a November 22, 1995 letter and handwritten  notes concerning a post-award site inspection; a two-page memorandum dated March  13, 1995 from the Contracting Officer concerning the Keystone facility, which  was a followup to a February 10, 1995 e-mail; a March 27, 1995 report from  Reynolds, Smith, and Hills, Inc.; a March 27, 1995 memorandum from Captain David  R. Kelly; and a March 27, 1995 fax containing Corps of Engineer definitions.


4
  Specifically, the magistrate judge included the two-page memorandum dated March  13, 1995 from the Contracting Officer concerning the Keystone facility. Noting  the omission from the administrative record of this document and the e-mail to  which it refers, the magistrate judge noted "[n]either the February 10, 1995 cc  mail nor this March 13, 1995 memorandum were included in the documents sent to  the GAO ... despite the statutory requirement that the agency report contain all  relevant documents. The Court finds that the March 13, 1995 memorandum should be  made part of the Administrative Record." (R.2-44 at 7-8.)


5
  Discovery was limited as to "(1) the change in the solicitation reflected at Tab  42, (2) the existence and subject matters of the February 10, 1995 'cc mail',  and (3) the subject matters of the March 13, 1995 memorandum by the Contracting  Officer." (R.2-44 at 10.)


6
  The Government contended that the magistrate judge erred by concluding that 31  U.S.C.  3556 permitted inclusion of Maritime's protest documents, in permitting  Maritime to engage in limited discovery concerning the three documents listed  supra, and in the conclusion that tabs one through thirty-three had not been  submitted to the GAO. (R.247 at 15.) This last contention was a mis-reading of  the magistrate judge's order; the order did not conclude that tabs one through  thirty-three had not been submitted to the GAO.


7
  This included Maritime's February 2, 1995 protest letter and its attachments, as  well as the March 13, 1995 memorandum by the Contracting Officer.


8
  Much of this discussion is made academic by the conclusion infra that the  Government was guilty of bad faith. Bad faith is generally considered to be a  higher standard than substantial justification, in the context of the EAJA, see,  e.g. Perales v. Casillas, 950 F.2d 1066, 1072 (5th Cir.1992) (noting failure of  bad faith claim did not mandate conclusion that government's position was  substantially justified); Barry v. Bowen, 825 F.2d 1324, 1334 (9th Cir.1987)  abrogated on other grounds, 884 F.2d 442 (9th Cir.1989) (bad faith standard  "higher than the substantial justification standard"); Gregory C. Sisk, "The  Essentials of the Equal Access to Justice Act: Court Awards of Attorney's Fees  for Unreasonable Government Conduct (Part Two)" 56 La. L.Rev. 1, 54 (1995)  (noting that where the government acts in bad faith, this "undermines the  'substantial justification' for the government's position"), as well as in other  areas. Cf. United States v. Truesdale, 211 F.3d 898, 908 (5th Cir.2000) (holding  that in order to establish bad faith claim under Hyde Amendment, criminal  defendant must show more than that government's position was not substantially  justified). Here we simply conclude that the basis for the district court's  award of fees was  2412(b) rather than  2412(d).


9
  In the May 22 order, the district court held that "discovery is proper in this  case in light of Defendant's failure to include relevant documents in the report  to the GAO and in light of the negative nature of those documents purposefully  excluded from the report. Such evidence constitutes a showing of bad faith or  improper behavior on the part of Defendant justifying additional discovery."  (R.2-50 at 2.)


10
  As noted above, discovery was limited to the following areas: "(1) the change in  the solicitation reflected at Tab 42, (2) the existence and subject matters of  the February 10, 1995 'cc mail', and (3) the subject matters of the March 13,  1995 memorandum by the Contracting Officer." (R.2-44 at 10.)


11
  Of course, the Government had already admitted that tabs thirty-five through  forty-two were not submitted to the GAO at the evidentiary hearing. In the face  of objections by Maritime that the Agency had compiled an incomplete  administrative record, the Government urged the magistrate judge to add tabs  thirty-five through forty-two. This was a clear retreat from the Government's  previous representation that tabs one through thirty-four constituted "the  entire Administrative Record." (R.1-21 at 1.)


12
  The magistrate judge's determination of the administrative record specifically  included the March 13, 1995 memorandum by the Contracting Officer, the third  subject of limited discovery. Apparently the February 10, 1995 e-mail, item  number two, was excluded. As to the first discovery issue, while the Government  argues that it ultimately disproved Maritime's contention that Tab 42 reflected  a change in the solicitation, Tab 42 was also included in the administrative  record. (R.3-74 at 4.)


13
  The Government also contends that the district court's award of attorneys' fees  was in error because it failed to make specific findings justifying such an  award, citing this court's decision in Rothenberg v. Security Management Co.,  736 F.2d 1470 (11th Cir.1984). Unlike Rothenberg, where the reviewing court was  left to discern the propriety of the bad faith finding from conclusory  statements regarding the dilatory motives of a plaintiff accused of filing  baseless claims, here the district court specified the very act that justified  the award of fees: filing an incomplete administrative record. See Rothenberg,  736 F.2d at 1472.


14
  In the order approving discovery, the district court held that "discovery is  proper in this case in light of Defendant's failure to include relevant  documents in the report to the GAO and in light of the negative nature of those  documents purposefully excluded from the report. Such evidence constitutes a  showing of bad faith or improper behavior on the part of Defendant justifying  additional discovery." (R.2-50 at 2.) In the order awarding attorneys' fees, the  district court found "that the Government acted with bad faith because it  clearly failed to submit the complete administrative record." (R.4-133 at 2.)


15
  As noted supra, in support of its motion for summary judgment, the Government  submitted what it characterized as "the entire Administrative Record," (R.1-21  at 1) and Carole H. Wieszek, the contracting officer responsible for procurement  and administration of the contract, certified in her declaration that "the  decision to award the above-mentioned contract was based on these documents."  (R.1-24.)


16
  Pollgreen allowed plaintiffs to recover fees for administrative proceedings  conducted on remand from the district court where "plaintiffs were denied the  opportunity for an appropriate post-deprivation hearing at the administrative  level, [such that] they were forced to seek their initial relief from federal  court." Pollgreen v. Morris, 911 F.2d 527, 535 (11th Cir.1990). However, fees  incurred prior to the filing of the action in federal court and prior to the  beginning of the administrative process were disallowed: "[u]nless there was a  pending or prior action in federal court relating to the administrative  proceedings, we can conceive of no way in which those proceedings could be  construed as being intertwined with the (as yet non-existent) civil action for  purposes of an EAJA fee award." Id. at 536.


