               ARMED SERVICES BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS

Appeal of --                                )
                                            )
Optimum Services, Inc.                      )      ASBCA No. 59952
                                            )
Under Contract No. W912EP-09-C-0033         )

APPEARANCE FOR THE APPELLANT:                      Joseph W. Lawrence, II, Esq.
                                                    Vezina, Lawrence & Piscitelli, P.A.
                                                    Fort Lauderdale, FL

APPEARANCES FOR THE GOVERNMENT:                    Thomas H. Gourlay, Jr., Esq.
                                                    Engineer Chief Trial Attorney
                                                   Carolyn J. Fox, Esq.
                                                    Assistant District Counsel
                                                    U.S. Army Engineer District,
                                                     Jacksonville

                 OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE TING

       Optimum Services, Inc. (OSI) entered into a contract with the Jacksonville
District Corps of Engineers (the Corps) to reconstruct an existing Disposal Area, and
to dredge Rose Bay in Volusia County, Florida, to restore its ecosystem. OSI
subcontracted the dredging part of its contract to Ryan Incorporated Southern (Ryan).
In our entitlement decision, we found that Ryan encountered a Type I differing site
condition (DSC) in dredging eight out of the nine Acceptance Sections, and we
remanded the case to the parties for negotiation of the quantum of equitable
adjustment and the extent of the delay in contract completion caused by the DSC.
Optimum Services, Inc., ASBCA No. 58755, 15-1BCAi\35,939.

       We resumed proceedings when the parties were unable to settle their quantum
differences. To determine equitable adjustment, we use the Measured Mile Method
comparing what Ryan would have spent without encountering the DSC and what it did
spend with the DSC. The parties' disputes centered on what adjustments should be
made to the Measured Mile formula. We conclude that OSI/Ryan is entitled to an
equitable adjustment of $1,267, 124.51 and a time extension of 66 calendar days.

                                FINDINGS OF FACT

      Background

      1. Rose Bay is located along the Intracoastal Waterway in east central Volusia
County, Florida. As a part of the Rose Bay Task Force's multi-phase project to restore
Rose Bay's ecosystem, the Corps entered into a contract with OSI in June 2009 to
reconstruct an existing Disposal Area at Lost Creek Island (Disposal Area) 1 and to
remove by dredging unconsolidated sediments from the bay. In July 2009, OSI
subcontracted the dredging work to Ryan. Dredging was to be performed by Acceptance
Sections. There were nine Acceptance Sections (AS): AS#l through AS#9. Upon the
start of dredging in May 2010, Ryan ran into what it believed to be hard bottom at a
much higher elevation in AS#8. 2 The Corps determined what Ryan encountered was not
hard bottom and required Ryan to continue to dredge through the firm layers of crust
encountered. The crust consisted of whole oyster shells, sand, and shell fragments
interlocked with mud and sand. Optimum, 15-1BCAii35,939 at 175,653.

       2. Except in AS#7, Ryan continued to run into and dredge firm layers of crust
in AS#l, AS#2, AS#3, and AS#4. By the end of October 2010, five months after
Ryan began dredging, the Corps confirmed that the crusts "on top of the silt layer" and
"dredged material with heavy shell content" were found "in patches scattered around
the acceptance sections." In December 2010, the Corps deleted certain areas in AS#5
and AS#6 from dredging. In areas not deleted, Ryan continued to run into crusts and
high concentrations of shell. The Corps acknowledged in areas not deleted, "we made
them dredge it." Ryan completed its dredging in February 2011, three months longer
than planned. Optimum, 15-1BCAii35,939 at 175,653.

        3. Ryan's Request for Equitable Adjustment (REA), dated 31 July 2012,
sought $1,192,828 for dredging shells and sand, $55,104 in consultant cost for a total
of $1,247,932, and a time extension of 93 calendar days (ASBCA No. 58755 (58755),
ex. 200, tab D at 4, 4 7-48). Ryan contended that it incurred extra costs as a result of a
constructive change and a differing site condition because it was "required to dredge
oyster beds although oyster bed dredging was specifically excluded under the terms of
the contract." It contended that it "worked an additional 93 calendar days to complete
the dredging at Rose Bay." (Id.) On 30 August 2012, OSI submitted to the Corps
administrative contracting officer (ACO) Ryan's REA (58755, R4, tab 3 at 36). With
field and home office overhead plus profit, OSI's REA sought $1,877,057.79:




1
    The construction of the Lost Creek Island Disposal Area was the subject of another
        appeal decided in 2013. Optimum Services, Inc., ASBCA No. 57575, 13 BCA
       ii 35,412, aff'd, Optimum Services, Inc. v. McHugh, 582 F. App'x 879 (Fed. Cir.
       2014).
2
    OSI's project manager Matthew Conneen testified in the entitlement hearing that
       AS#9 was the first Acceptance Section dredged (ASBCA No. 58755, tr. 3/133),
       the record shows, however, that AS#8 was the first Acceptance Section dredged
       (ex. G-2, tab 9).

                                                2
                            Cost Elements              Amount
              RIS-REA Cost                           $1,247,932.00
              Field Office Overhead (iiJ 22.4%       $279,536.77[31
              Home Office Overhead (iiJ 16.26%       $248,366.42[41
              Profit (iiJ 5. 7%                      $101,222.60[5]
              Total                                  $1,877,057.79

OSI's REA stated "We are available to answer any questions however we feel that a
meeting with all firms involved will provide the best forum to discuss any details or
negotiations." (58755, R4, tab 3 at 36)

        4. In addition to its request for DSC costs and 93 days of time extension, Ryan's
REA included invoices from Construction Consulting Associates, Inc., in the amount of
$42,972.65, for providing consulting and REA preparation services for Ryan (58755,
ex. 200, tab D-37 at 296-316). Adding Ryan's home office overhead at 16.24% and 10%
profit to $42,972.65, Ryan claimed $55, 104.19 as a part of $1,247,932 (58755, ex. 200,
tab D-47; app. supp. R4, tab 3 at 30).

        5. Ryan's 14 December 2012 letter to OSI said "as a result of the apparent lack
of progress," it was in Ryan's best interest to convert its REA into a certified claim
(58755, R4, tab 3 at 33). Ryan submitted a certification signed by its president,
William H. Ryan (id. at 35). OSI then submitted its certified claim to the contracting
officer (CO) by letter dated 20 December 2012 seeking an equitable adjustment of
$1,877,057.79 and an "additional duration of 93 calendar days" (id. at 32, 36).

        6. The CO's 3 April 2013 decision denied the claim (58755, R4, tab 2). OSI
for itself and its subcontractor Ryan timely appealed the CO decision by notice dated
27 June 2013. The Board docketed the appeal as ASBCA No. 58755, and held a
hearing on entitlement in May 2014. Ryan's entitlement to a 93-day time extension
was deferred as a quantum issue.

       7. In our entitlement decision issued on 25 March 2015, we found the
following with respect to AS#7:

                      55. In mid-August 2010, Ryan mobilized to the
               west side of the US- I Bridge where AS#7 and AS# 1 were
               located. AS#7 was on the north side of AS# I and was in a

3
    Field Office Overhead was applied to the REA cost.
4
    Home Office Overhead was applied to (1) the REA cost and (2) the Field Office
        Overhead cost.
5
    Profit was applied to (1) the REA cost, (2) the Field Overhead cost and (3) the
        Home Overhead cost.
                                                 3
               "deeper area" near some private residences. Unlike AS#8
               and AS#9, which took from May to mid-August 2010 to
               dredge, AS#7 had "very little shell[s]," and Ryan had "no
               problems dredging AS7 and ... they finished it in the time
               they expected to" (tr. 4/24).

                      56. We note Boring CB-RB-7 was drilled within
              AS#7 (Drawing CN 107 and R4, tab 5 at 212). Boring
              CB-RB-7 described the material to be encountered as
              WOR material consisting of "SILT, some fine quartz sand,
              trace coarse sand-size shell fragments, gray (ML)" (see
              finding 19). With minor shell fragment size differences
              (medium versus coarse), this description was similar to
              those of the other borings except CB-RB-9 which
              contained WOH material. We find the material in AS#7
              representative of what OSI/Ryan should encounter absent
              the firm layers of crust it encountered in all of the other
              acceptance sections. When Ryan reached AS#2 west of
              AS#7, it ran into crusts again which hindered its dredging
              efforts (tr. 3/92-93).

Optimum, 15-1 BCA ~ 35,939 at 175,645.

        8. Based upon findings 55 and 56 above, we concluded: "There was no
differing site condition in AS#7. AS#7 thus exemplifies what OSI/Ryan should have
encountered based on the representations in the Corps' contract documents
(findings 55 and 56)." Optimum, 15-1BCA~35,939 at 175,656.

        9. As for the rest of the Acceptance Sections, our decision held that Ryan has
proven, by a preponderance of the evidence, all of the elements of a Type I differing
site condition, that the materials Ryan actually encountered (firm layers of crust in
patches and high concentrations of broken and whole shells at various locations) in
Rose Bay differed materially from those the contract documents indicated (zero blow
count unconsolidated sediment with little to some sand, and trace to little sand-size
shell fragments). Optimum, 15-1 BCA ~ 35,939 at 175,656.

        10. Having decided entitlement in favor of OSI/Ryan, we remanded the case to
the parties for determination of the quantum of equitable adjustment and the extent of
delay experienced by Ryan. 6 Based on the record before us, we summarized our
conclusions as follows:

6
    Since this appeal involves subcontractor Ryan's performance exclusively, we will
        refer to Ryan unless context requires us to refer to OSI or OSI/Ryan.
                                               4
                     We do not wish to leave the impression that all nine
             acceptance sections were totally engulfed by firm layers of
             shell crusts or contained high concentrations of large
             broken or whole shell[s] (as opposed to sand size shell
             fragments). As QAR R. Wilson observed, crusts were
             found in "patches scattered around the acceptance
             sections," and "newly developed mounds of sand and
             shell" were found in specific locations but "most of the
             time the average discharge has been a sandy silt material
             with an occasional shell" (finding 69). There was no
             differing site condition in AS#7 (findings 55, 56). And,
             not all equipment failure was the Corps' responsibility
             (finding 52 n.10).

Optimum, 15-1 BCA ii 35,939 at 175,658.

      OSI/Ryan's Quantum Appeal -ASBCA No. 59952

       11. The parties were unable to reach agreement on remand. Ryan's 23 April
2015 email to the Board indicated it wished to proceed with its quantum case. The
Board docketed the quantum case as ASBCA No. 59952 and directed the parties to file
pleadings in accordance with an enclosed Order on Proof of Costs. That Order
required Ryan, among other things, to summarize the basis or theory of recovery;
provide the computation showing how each cost item and its components are
computed; and to make the books and records upon which the claimed costs are based
available to the Corps for examination. If the Corps challenges a cost, the Order
required the Corps to specify each document supporting the challenge, and to
summarize the basis or theory of its challenge.

        12. In response to the Order, Ryan submitted on 29 May 2015, Appellant's
Complaint for Costs Due Appellant with Statement of Costs (compl.). The complaint
advanced three alternate methods or theories of recovery: ( 1) the Factor Method;
(2) the Modified Total Cost Method; and (3) the Measured Mile Method (compl.
at 9-10, ii 31, at 14-15, iiii 41-44).

       13. The three methods Ryan proposed produced slightly different but close results:
Using the Factor Method, Ryan calculated it would be due $1,192,828.00 (compl. at 19).
Using the Modified Total Cost Method, Ryan calculated it would be due $1,292,334
(compl., ex. A at 3). Ryan proposed two alternative Measured Mile Method calculations.
The first alternative calculated $985,837 as the amount due (compl., ex.Bat 2). The
second alternative calculated $1, 121,805 as the amount due (id. at 3). The amounts above


                                              5
did not include $55,104.19 in outside consultant and REA preparation costs and OSI's
markups for Field Office Overhead, Home Office Overhead and Profit (compl. at 19).

        The Factor Method

       14. Ryan's quantum complaint proffered that the Factor Method would be the
most appropriate way to determine DSC damages. It explained that separating the
actual costs incurred due to the differing site conditions on an hour-by-hour or
day-by-day basis was not feasible because the differing site conditions were spread
throughout the project site and were encountered intermittently at times and more
continuously at other times. (Compl. at 9-10, iii! 30, 31)

        15. Ryan's Factor Method for calculating its DSC damages used the "Material
Factor" for different materials such as mud and silt, loose sand, composite sand, stiff
clay or composite shell. The Material Factors were derived from Dr. John B. Herbich's
Handbook ofDredging Engineering (2d ed.), Appendix 9. Dr. Herbich is a professor at
Texas A&M University, and the Director of Center for Dredging Studies (compl. at 10,
if 32). As explained in the handbook: "The sediment type is a very significant factor in
the determination of the production rate. A fine-grained silt material is easier to pump
than larger-grained sediments or clay." The handbook listed 10 sediment types:

                              Material      SQ[ 7J   Factor
                          mud & silt          1.2      3
                          mud & silt          1.3      2.5
                          mud & silt          1.4      2
                          loose sand          1.7      1.1
                          loose sand          1.9      1
                          compacted sand     2         0.9
                          stiff clay         2         0.6
                          composite shell    2.3       0.5
                          soft rock          2.4       0.4
                          blasted rock       2         0.25

(58755, ex. 200, tab 36 at 295)

        16. Use of Material Factors, according to Ryan, is based on the concept that
composite shell, for example, with a Material Factor of 0.5 would be twice as difficult and
therefore expensive to dredge than loose sand with a Material Factor of 1; and sand with a
Material Factor of 1 would be three times as difficult and therefore expensive to dredge
than silt and mud with a Material Factor of 3 (compl. at 10, if 33; 58755, ex. 200, tab 36

7
    "SG" means "specific gravity."

                                              6
at 295). Material Factors were developed from averages of many dissimilar projects
(tr. 2/114). Ryan adjusted its bid unit price of $8.06 per cubic yard (c.y.) for dredging
mud and silt by the Material Factors for dredging for sand and shell (comp I. at 10, ~ 34 ).
The additional cost of dredging sand and shell was then calculated by multiplying the
adjusted unit cost per c.y. for sand and for shell by the volumes dredged. Using the Factor
Method, Ryan calculated its additional cost for dredging sand and shell to be $1, 192,828.
(Compl. at 19)

         17. Mr. William S. Humphreys, Ryan's consultant who prepared its REA,
acknowledged it is always best to use "discrete cost[ s]" to determine equitable
adjustment, if the costs relating to the DSC can be tracked. He testified he "went down
[a] list of the options" and determined the Factor Method was "by far the preferable one
to use." He explained tracking discrete costs was "not an option" because dredging did
not separate the DSC materials from the non-DSC materials. (Tr. 1129)

        18. Mr. Humphreys argued that the use of the Factor method would be "ideal"
(tr. 1129) because ( 1) the entire issue of extra cost was tied to material - the
"consolidated heavy material versus light unconsolidated material"; (2) "there are a set
of numbers that go directly to the increased cost by type of materials" known as
"Material Factor"; (3) the damages in the appeal "are really all about the material";
and (4) there would be no need to address "any arguments about inefficienc[ies] or
extra costs on the job" (tr. 1129-30).

         19. On the last point, Mr. Humphreys explained the Factor Method would "[get]
rid of all [the Government's] argument. .. about inefficiencies" (tr. 3/87), and "cleans up
all [of the Corps'] issues that have surfaced in this trial" (tr. 2/63). He acknowledged that
the inefficiencies that were not the Corps', or Ryan's, responsibility would not be a part
of the Factor Method of damage calculations (tr. 1137).

        20. Mr. Humphreys testified the Factor Method "is used every day by heavy
civil contractors" such as road and site development projects and it is often used to
price changes (tr. 1132, 232). He observed that the Corps itself used Dr. Herbich's
Material Factors in preparing its Independent Government Estimate (IGE) for the Rose
Bay ecosystem restoration project (tr. 1135, 48-49; app. wit. book, 8 tab 17 at 457).




8
    The record in this quantum appeal is voluminous. Each party submitted 10 volumes
        of Rule 4 files. To proceed more efficiently at the hearing, both parties
        prepared witness books containing the hearing exhibits as well as Rule 4
        documents they used at the hearing. We refer to the documents in the witness
        books as "Gov't wit. book" or "App. wit. book," as appropriate.
                                               7
        The Modified Total Cost Method

         21. Ryan's alternate Modified Total Cost Method calculated the difference
between what Ryan actually incurred in dredging Rose Bay and the cost it bid to dredge
the final pay quantity of materials specified in the contract documents plus the cost which
was not the Corps' responsibility (compl. at 14, ~ 42). According to Ryan, it booked
$1,778,474 in direct dredging costs. With G&A (19.92%) and profit (10%), that amount
added up to $2,346,021. (Id., ex. A at 1) Based upon its original bid price of$8.06/c.y.
and the pay volume of 127,199 c.y. dredged as measured by the Corps, Ryan calculated
that it should have been able to complete the dredging anticipated for $1,025,224 ($8.06
x 127,199 c.y.). Based upon its average daily dredging cost of$8,625 per day, and based
upon its assessment that the Corps was not responsible for 3.3 calendar days of
downtime 9 at $28,463 ($8,625 x 3 .3 days), Ryan calculated that it would be due
$1,292,334 ($2,346,021 - $1,025,224 - $28,463) plus OSI markups. (Id. at 3)

        The Measured Mile Method

       22. Ryan's third alternative method for determining DSC damages was the
Measured Mile Method. This method compares the productivity achieved at an
un-impacted section with the productivity achieved at an impacted section of a project.
Equitable adjustment can then be calculated by multiplying the average per hour by the
additional hours required to complete the project. (Compl. at 15, ~ 44, ex. B)

       23. Ryan contends that the use of AS#7 as an un-impacted section "without
some adjustment" would be incorrect (compl. at 15, ~ 46). It contends that (1) "some
shell and consolidated material was dredged in A.S. No. 7, in sufficient quantities to
have some productivity impacts"; (2) to avoid clogging its equipment with large shells
and consolidated materials when dredging AS#7, bars were welded across the suction
mouthpiece of the dredge which reduced productivity; and (3) "to ensure complete
dredging of A.S. No. 7, adjoining areas of A.S. Nos. 1 and 2 were dredged along with
A.S. No. 7." (Compl., ex.Bat 1)

        24. With these adjustments in mind, Ryan made two Measured Mile calculations.
The first calculation assumed there were not enough areas of consolidated sand and shell
(crust) in AS#7 to have any meaningful impact on dredging production, but made a 10%
adjustment to account for the bars welded across the suction mouthpiece, and accounted
7.5 hours for dredging the boundaries between AS#7 and AS#l and AS#2. These
adjustments resulted in an equitable adjustment for dredging in the amount of $985,837.

9
    Ryan took responsibility for 3.3 calendar days of downtime due to (1) booster pump
       problems on 7 to 9 August 201 O; (2) workboat and booster pump problems on
       23-25 August 2010; and (3) its second shift dredge operator did not show up for
       work on 15 January 2011 (app. br., app'x Cat 2-3).
                                                8
(Compl., ex. B, calculation A at 1-3) The second calculation assumed a 10% adjustment
"due to beds of consolidated sand and shell ('crust' areas)" in AS#7. This additional
adjustment resulted in an equitable adjustment for dredging in the amount of $1,121,805.
(Id., calculation B at 3)

        Time Extension Claimed

        25. Ryan summarized its time extension claim as follows:

                     Ryan Incorporated Southern planned to complete
              the dredging in 6 months or less, working one shift
              (daylight hours only) per day. As a result of the increased
              difficulty caused by the differing site condition, the
              dredging lasted nine months, and for over half of these
              months Ryan worked double shifts. Nine months at an
              average of more than one shift per day minus six months at
              one shift per day translates to a time extension of greater
              than 3 months.

(Compl. at 26)

       26. More specifically, Ryan's 93-day time extension claim is based on the
difference between what it believed to be the actual dredging duration of 272 calendar
days from 10 May 2010 to 7 February 2011 10 and the 179 calendar days it originally
projected would be required to dredge zero blow count materials (58755, ex. 200,
tab D at 48).

        The Corps' Measured Mile Calculations

        27. The Corps filed its response to Ryan's Order on Proof of Cost submission
on 31July2015. The Corps took the position that "the best method of calculating
damages is not to base it on the quantities of shell and sand dredged, especially given
that the quantities cannot be proven." It maintained that "[t]he best method of
determining damages is to calculate the effect on productivity that was caused by the
differing site condition" by using the Measured Mile Method. (Answer at 28 11 ) The
Corps' answer stated that "[t]he Measured Mile method has a history in construction
claim case law related to differing site conditions extending back to at least 1975 as
being an acceptable method for proving and quantifying production impacts due to the
differing site conditions being claimed" (answer at 31 ).

10
     There are actually 273 calendar days from 10 May 2010 through 7 February 2011.
11
     The Corps' 43-page answer is not numbered. For reference purposes, we manually
        numbered the pages consecutively from 1 to 43.
                                              9
        28. The Corps argued that (1) "The shell material below the crust is described
in the contract and is not part of the DSC" (answer at 25); (2) "the presence of shell up
to gravel-sized in the dredging prism is anticipated by the contract and must not be
included in the DSC" (id.); and (3) "all the sand dredged in the pay prism" should not
be a part of the DSC (id. at 27). Since the Factor Method depends upon the volume of
the DSC-related sand and shells dredged, and there is no way to distinguish between
the DSC-related shell and sand dredged and the non DSC-related sand and shell
dredged, the Corps contended that calculating damages using the Factor Method would
not be "accurate or acceptable" (id. at 18, 21 ).

         29. The Corps proposed two alternative ways of calculating DSC damages. The
first alternative proposed an adjustment to the impacted side of the Measured Mile
equation by removing AS#8 and AS#9 from determining the gross production rate
achieved in the impacted areas. It explained "[w ]hile the production problems in AS-8
and 9 may have been partially due to the DSC, the poor production was more strongly
influenced by the contractor's 'learning curve."' (Answer at 33) With this adjustment,
and using the Measured Mile Method, the Corps calculated an equitable adjustment for
the cost of dredging DSC materials, without markups, at $358,995.34 (id. at 36).

        30. Unlike Ryan, the Corps argued that no adjustments should be made to the
productivity of AS#7 where no differing site condition was found. It contended that
the daily Quality Control Reports (QC Reports) for AS#7 showed no sand and shell,
only mud and silt. It emphasized Boring CB-RB-7 described the materials that the
contractor would encountered as "SILT, some fine quartz sand, trace coarse sand-size
shell fragments, gray (ML)." The Corps contended that dredging beyond the limits of
AS#7 into AS# 1 and AS#2 was not unique to AS#7 but occurred in all Acceptance
Sections. It questioned the 10% adjustment for the bars installed on the dredge suction
mouthpiece for lack of supporting data and documentation showing that the bars were
installed while dredging AS#7. (Answer at 34-35)

        31. The Corps also presented an alternate Measured Mile Method calculation
using what it referred to as the Cost Engineering Dredge Estimating Program for Pipeline
Dredges (CEDEP) Unit Costs (answer at 38). This method calculated the direct costs
attributable to the DSCs at $276,671.31 (id.). The CEDEP is a proprietary program, and
only the Corps' estimators are allowed to see the program codes (tr. 2/43). With other,
better equitable adjustment methods available, we see no reason to resort to this method
especially since the codes are not available.

       32. With the disagreements outlined above, the parties went to a quantum
hearing on 4-6 November 2015 in Jacksonville, Florida. Ryan urged us to determine
its DSC damages employing the Factor Method. It did not object to the Measured
Mile Method but urged us to make adjustments to AS#7. The Corps argued that the

                                               10
Factor Method would "grossly exaggerate the impact of the DSC" (answer at 18), and
urged us to determine damages based upon the Measured Mile·Method without
considering production rates achieved in AS#8 and AS#9 in calculating the average
production rate of the impacted areas (id. at 33).

         Dredging Sequence

         33. Contract 0033 gave OSI 324 calendar days after receiving the notice to
proceed to complete the contract work. Optimum, 15-1 BCA ii 35,939 at 175,637, ii 5.
As planned, OSI was to complete the reconstruction of the Disposal Area in four
months or by October 2009. The Disposal Area "took a lot longer"; OSI did not finish
it until April or May 2010. Optimum, 15-1 BCA ii 35,939 at 175,643, ii 42.

        34. Ryan began dredging Rose Bay on 10 May 2010 and completed dredging
on 7 February 2011 (gov't wit. book, ex. G-2, tab 9). Of the nine Acceptance Sections
to be dredged, AS#8 and AS#9 were located on the east side of the U.S. 1 Bridge and
the rest of the Acceptance Sections (AS# 1 - AS#7) were located on the west side of
the bridge. Ryan dredged AS#8 first, then AS#9. It then moved to the west side of the
bridge and dredged AS#7 (Wilson dep., 12 ex. G-4 at 58). The sequence and the
periods during which dredging took place are summarized in the table below:


     Acceptance Sections     Date began       Date Completed        No. of Days
           AS#8               05/10/10           07/24/10            76 days
           AS#9               07/26/10           08/19/10            25 days
           AS#7               08/25/10           09/17110            24 days
           AS#l               09/18/10           10/06/10             19 days
           AS#2               10/07/10           10/21/10             15 days
           AS#3               10/22/10           11/09/10             19 days
           AS#4               11/10/10           12/06/10            27 days
           AS#5               12/08/10           01/18/11            42 days
           AS#6               01/19111           02/07/11            20 days

(Gov't wit. book, ex. G-2, tab 9)

        35. Ryan originally planned to work 1 shift of 10 hours a day, 5 days a week,
and 8 hours on Saturday (tr. 11133). Less than 2 weeks after it started, Ryan increased
its shift to 13Yi hours a day (tr. 1/133-34, 138). On or about 12 July 2010, after it

12
      Ronald L. Wilson was scheduled to deploy overseas just before the quantum
        hearing was to begin. Corps counsel took his deposition which was admitted
        into evidence as exhibit G-4. Ryan's counsel cross-examined Mr. Wilson at the
        conclusion of direct examination (ex. G-4 at 46-61 ).
                                               11
overhauled the dredge, Ryan went to "round the clock operations 6 days a week" or
two 12-hour shifts a day (R4, tab 529; tr. 1/133-35).

       Leaming Curve, Inefficiency, Equipment Downtime Issues

       36. Ronald L. Wilson was the Corps' quality assurance representative (QAR)
on the Rose Bay project' He was at the project site three or four days a week. (Wilson
dep., ex. G-4 at 14) He was the Corps' eyes and ears on the project.

       37. QAR Wilson testified "It was pretty obvious [Ryan was] going through a
learning curve. You can see that through the duration of the job." He testified Ryan was
going through a learning curve "[e]specially in the beginning of it." (Wilson dep., ex. G-4
at 49)

       38. In response, Mr. Ryan testified "you're always going to have some
adjustments you make when you start pumping. You make little adjustments here and
there." (Tr. 2/79) He testified Ryan expected to dredge silt but due to the DSC, it had to
add flotation, move its booster pump several times, and make a number of other
adjustments (id.). He acknowledged Ryan's performance was not perfect and "could
have been more efficient at times." He testified Ryan was "substantially efficient" and
had factored non-DSC-related problems into its bid, and the problems Ryan encountered
were "primarily the differing site condition." (Tr. 2/63) Without more specific proof, we
are unable to determine what, if any, amount Ryan factored into its bid to cover learning
curve issues.

       39. Ryan's dredging consultant, Mr. Humphreys, testified the Corps had
brought up "a lot of different" learning curves and inefficiency issues and he looked
into them and did not find "most of them or any of them are really valid" (tr. 1/97).
He testified there is a learning curve in any project and the learning curve should be a
part of the bid price (tr. 1/97, 224). He testified that, in the case of AS#8 and AS#9,
especially AS#8, the learning curve was "learning to deal with the different
material[s]" from what the contractor "came to the job prepared to dredge" (tr. 1/97).
Mr. Humphreys did not know if Ryan included any inefficiencies in its bid (tr. 11243).
He testified even if inefficiencies took place, the Corps "never quantified all these
alleged inefficiencies" (tr. 11224).

       Downtime Installing a Global Positioning System (GPS)

       40. QAR Wilson's log of Friday, 7 May 2010 indicated that the Corps
approved the as-built cross-sections of the Disposal Area and gave OSI permission to
commence dredging and disposal operations (app. supp. R4, tab 54 at 5420). His log
of Tuesday, 11May2010, indicated that Ryan started dredging on Monday, IO May
2010, but only dredged about an hour and spent the rest of the day installing a GPS on

                                               12
the dredge. On 11 May 2010, Ryan continued dredging AS#8 in the morning, and
worked on the GPS again in the afternoon. (Id. at 5422)

        41. Ryan contends "[t]he Corps offered no analysis to demonstrate that the
installation of the GPS system while dredge was running affected productivity" (app. br.
at 44). We find Ryan should have installed the GPS before it began dredging. We find to
the extent installing the GPS resulted in downtime, the downtime delayed project
completion but does not affect the Measured Mile calculation which uses dredge running
time not dredge downtime. We find to the extent installing the GPS delayed Ryan, it
made up for the loss time by later extending its shift hours and ultimately going to two
12-hour shifts.

       Downtime Due to Low Tide

        42. QAR Wilson's log of 14 May 2010 indicated Ryan continued to dredge
AS#8 on that day "until extreme low tide, then they had to shut down" (app. supp. R4,
tab 54 at 5424). This problem related to the draft of the dredge. The draft is the depth
of the dredge which could be two to three feet when it sits in water. Because Rose
Bay was shallow, Ryan "couldn't dredge through the low tide cycles" and had to stop.
(Wilson dep., ex. G-4 at 17). According to QAR Wilson, this affected Ryan's
productivity because the dredge was "sitting there not doing anything, waiting on the
tide to come back in" (id. at 19).

        43. When Ryan realized what was occurring, it decided to add pontoons to the
dredge. It built the pontoons in its yard in Deerfield, Florida. (Tr. 11257)
Sonny Buchanan, Ryan's vice president of operations, who was in charge of all
operations at Rose Bay (tr. 1/250) testified it took "[a] couple [of] weeks" from the
time Ryan started work to have the pontoons attached (tr. 11258). Mr. Ryan testified
that "the flotation was added within two weeks of the job" (tr. 21101). After Ryan
installed the pontoons, it was able to dredge through the low tide cycles (Wilson dep.,
ex. G-4 at 19). According to Mr. Humphreys, low tide "created down time" for the
first 51 hours at the start of the job (tr. 11198).

       44. Section 00 33 50 of Contract 0033 entitled "Weather, Water Stages and
Tide Data" provided elevations of tidal datums in the vicinity of the project area. The
datums provided were based upon values established by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration from a tide station located on a pier along the Halifax
River, approximately four miles from the project area. In addition, Section 00 33 50
referred bidders to a publication and a website for daily tidal predictions at locations
along the coastline of North and South America. (58755, R4, tab 5 at 312-14) Ryan
has not shown that the low tides experienced deviated from the norm.



                                               13
       45. We find Ryan should have anticipated encountering low tide which would
hamper its dredging efforts. We find that it should have installed the pontoons before
it began dredging. Dredge downtime caused by low tide, however, does not affect the
Measured Mile Method of damage calculation because that method uses running time
hours not downtime hours (tr. 11101). We find to the extent dredge downtime delayed
Ryan's dredging, it made up some of the downtime by later extending its shift hours
and by ultimately working double shifts.

      Loss of Efficiency Dredging in a Swing Ladder versus in a Swing Anchor
Configuration

        46. Ryan's dredge was capable of working in a swing ladder configuration or in a
swing anchor configuration (tr. 11220). According to the Corps, working in a swing
ladder configuration, the dredge had a 20-foot radius but it had a 70-foot radius working in
a swing anchor configuration. Because the cutter-head of the dredge had to stop and
reverse direction at the end of each swing, dredging in a swing anchor configuration with
a longer radius would result in fewer stops and thus at a higher production rate. The
Corps faulted Ryan in initially dredging in a swing ladder configuration and switching
later to a swing anchor configuration. (Answer at 33; gov't br., app'x A at 5)

      47. QAR Wilson testified Ryan began its dredging in AS#8 and AS#9 in a
swing ladder configuration and did not change to a swing anchor configuration until it
reached AS#7. Ryan stayed with the swing anchor configuration for the rest of the
Acceptance Sections. According to QAR Wilson, dredging in a swing anchor
configuration "increased ... production quite a bit" because Ryan "was able to make a
wider cut." (Wilson dep., ex. G-4 at 25-26)

       48. Mr. Buchanan testified that Ryan began dredging on the north and east
sides of AS#8 near the mouth of the canal where it was "very confined." He explained
there was a restaurant at one end and "houses and docks all the way down that north
side." He testified "[i]t would be extremely difficult in some of those areas to put
anchors down and use a winch." He testified had Ryan used the dredge in a swing
anchor configuration in that area, it would have been inefficient because "[ w]e
wouldn't have been able to make our cuts." (Tr. 1/267)

        49. The evidence is by no means clear that dredging in a swing ladder
configuration is less efficient than dredging in a swing anchor configuration.
Dr. Luis A. Prieto-Portar, who teaches the Corps' engineers throughout the country
"dredging fundamentals," and who appeared as Ryan's geotechnical expert witness,
testified that the dredge Ryan used had the "same" or "equal" efficiency factor
according to the Corps' CEDEP formula. (Tr. 2/24-27) We find Ryan's operating its
dredge in the swing ladder configuration in AS#8 and AS#9 was not due to its lack of
proficiency but was dictated by the confined environment in which Ryan was

                                              14
dredging. We find Ryan switched to operating its dredge in a swing anchor
configuration as soon as the areas in which it was dredging allowed it to do so. We
find switching from one dredge operating configuration to the other was a part of
Ryan's on-site learning process.

       Single Versus Double Shifts

        50. The Corps argues that AS#8 and AS#9 "should be removed from the
Measured Mile Calculation" because Ryan "worked only one shift per day for over
2 months." According to the Corps, this has "a significant impact on production as
slightly over 4 months was spent dredging these 2 areas so this period covers over half
the time the Appellant required to finish them." (Gov't br., app'x A at 6)

       51. To be accurate, Ryan began dredging AS#8 on I 0 May and finished on
24 July 20 I 0, a period of 76 days. It began dredging AS#9 on 26 July 20 I 0 and
finished on 19 August 20 I 0, a period of 25 days. Thus, AS#8 and AS#9 took slightly
over 3 months to finish not "slightly over 4 months." Ryan went to a longer shift and
double shifts because "it became obvious that it was going to take a lot longer to
dredge the job with all the shells," and Ryan was trying to mitigate damages by
shortening the overall duration of the project (tr. 1/134).

        52. Under the Measured Mile Method of calculating damages, the rate of
production in an impacted area depended upon the makeup of the materials dredged,
not upon the number of shifts worked. We find working longer shifts and double
shifts should be a part of the project's delay analysis, not a part of the Measured Mile
productivity comparison analysis.

       Downtime due to Dredge Overhaul

       53. The Corps cites the "major overhaul" of the dredge while working in AS#8 and
AS#9 in late June and early July 2010 as "not attributable to the DSC," and as one reason
AS#8 and AS#9 should be removed in calculating DSC damages using the Measured Mile
Method (gov't br., app'x A at 6). Ryan rented the dredge it used at Rose Bay (tr. 1/280).
Mr. Marc Barnell, Ryan's equipment and maintenance division manager (tr. 11293), looked
at several potential dredges to rent, and provided the dredging supply company the
parameters of what Ryan was "going to dig." The dredging supply company "put together
hydraulic datas [sic] and pump curves" and recommended a dredge that would be sufficient
to pump the materials expected. (Tr. 1/296)

       54. Ryan rented the dredge known as "Snyder 4" from Snyder Industries, Inc.
(Snyder) on or about I December 2009 (tr. 1/297; gov't wit. book, ex. G-2, tab 15).
Before it rented the dredge, Mr. Barnell and Ryan's first mechanic conducted a "visual
inspection," "[ s]tarted the engine, checked the oil compartments," and "gave it an overall

                                               15
look to make sure .. .it was in the shape to ... do this job" (tr. 11297). In addition, Ryan had
a third-party marine surveyor inspect the dredge to ensure it was operational (tr. 1/298).

       55. A month-and-a-half after Ryan began dredging AS#8, the dredge had to be
overhauled due to a cracked head (tr. 1/299). Dredging was shut down for eight or
nine days, from 25 June to 2 July 2010, while it was being overhauled (tr. 11120,
31123; gov't wit. book, ex. G-2, tab 9).

        56. The head of an engine sits atop of the engine. When the engine works hard,
"the firing pressure and everything goes way up," and the head "gets so hot it cracks"
(tr. 1/122). Pumping silt would not crack the head of an engine but dredging shells and
sand could (tr. 11121-22). Mr. Humphreys, who had extensive experience in dredging
(tr. 1115), testified he "absolutely" would not expect a properly running dredge at the time
it was brought to the site would need an overhaul in the course of dredging 250,000 c.y.
of zero blow count materials described in the specifications (tr. 11122-23).

       57. Mr. Barnell explained that the dredge engine became overheated for two
reasons: (1) pumping consolidated materials such as shell placed more demand on the
engine than pumping silt; and (2) the consolidated crusts or "the layer of shell. .. would not
allow that dredge to dissipate the heat" (tr. 11300). He testified when the engine of a dredge
overheated "[s]everal times," that could finally crack the head of the engine (tr. 1/302).

       58. QAR Wilson opined at his deposition that "when the dredge was brought
on the job it needed an overhaul" (Wilson dep., ex. G-4 at 23). Mr. Barnell countered
"there's no life expectancy at the 11,000 hours" for a well maintained engine, and the
factors that contributed to the life of an engine included "[h]ow well it was
maintained ... how well it was run; the conditions, the environment it [ran] in"
(tr. 11298). He testified he visually checked the dredge for leaks and discoloration; he
checked the oil compartments for cleanliness; and he started the engine and listened
before renting the dredge from Snyder (tr. 11299).

       59. In determining what could potentially cause overheating the dredge engine,
we examine OSI's daily QC Reports. We find the reports credible because they were
contemporaneously prepared by OSI's quality control representative (QCR), Matt Hart,
who was an eye-witness to the dredging conditions encountered on a daily basis, and
whose job it was to file the QC Reports with the Corps (tr. 3/80). We also find these
reports credible because the Corps had its own QAR at the job site, and the Corps had
never complained that the QC Reports over or under stated the materials dredged.

        60. We recognize the percentages of the various materials reported were
estimates. We believe, however, they provide reliable information on a day-to-day
basis, the nature and order of magnitude of the various materials dredged. To us, a day
on which Ryan dredged 50% mud and 50% silt was far different from a day on which

                                                 16
Ryan dredged 25% sand, 25% mud, 25% silt and 25% shell because sand and shell
were far more difficult to dredge than mud and silt, especially when they existed in a
consolidated crust-like state. Moreover, if Ryan was dredging 25% sand and 25%
shell for four or five days straight, the difficult dredging condition would more likely
put far more stress on Ryan's equipment (engine, booster pump, etc.) than dredging
25% sand and 25% shell once a week or once every 10 days.

        61. We noted previously that AS#8 was dredged over a 76-day period from
10 May to 24 July 2010. In our entitlement decision, we found that OSI first notified
the Corps on 19 May 2010 that on 13 May 2010 Ryan encountered hard bottom sooner
than expected. Optimum, 15-1BCAii35,939 at 175,643, ii 43. We found what the
parties believed to be hard bottom turned out to be crusts consisting of whole oyster
shells, sand, shell fragments, and at some locations clusters of oysters interlocked with
mud and sand. We found that the Corps directed OSI to continue to dredge through
the firm layers of crust above the hard bottom. (Id., ii 4 7)

       62. The daily QC Reports show that Ryan encountered significant amounts of
sand and shell the week preceding the dredge overhaul:

                Date          Sand      Mud    Silt     Shell
                6/18/2010       0%      50%     50%       0%
                6/19/2010      10%      30%     40%      20%
                6/20/1010       0%       0%      0%       0%
                6/21/2010      35%      20%     25%      20%
                6/22/2010      20%      30%     25%      25%
                6/23/2010       0%      50%     50%       0%
                6/24/2010       0%      50%     50%       0%

(Gov't wit. book, ex. G-2, tab 4 13 )

       63. Based on the testimonial evidence, we find Ryan carefully selected a
suitable and operational dredge for dredging what it expected to be unconsolidated
zero-blow count material. Other than unsupported belief, we find no evidence to
support the Corps' contention that the rented dredge was "past its useful life." Based
upon what OSI QCR's daily QC Reports, we find the most probable cause of engine
overheating that ultimately cracked the engine head was the fact that Ryan
encountered significant quantities of sand and shell from 19 to 22 June 2010. In any
event, dredge downtime would not affect the Measured Mile calculations because that
method uses running time hours, not downtime hours.


13
     This exhibit is a summary prepared from the daily QC Reports contained in app.
        supp. R4, tab 52 at 2469 to 5616.
                                              17
       Dredging into High Spots and Clogging the Dredge Discharge Pipeline

       64. The Corps argues that another reason for excluding AS#8 and AS#9 from
the Measured Mile calculation was Ryan's failure to use pre-dredge surveys to plan
the job. It argues this failure "was detrimental to the production on the project [which]
did not result from the DSC." (Gov't br., app'x A at 6)

       65. The Corps refers to two incidents. The first occurred on 22 September
2010. QAR Wilson's log reflected that in the late afternoon that day Ryan
encountered "some shell material" which "plugged up the dredge discharge pipe
between [the] dredge and booster #2 pump," and Ryan's crew was observed "working
to unblock the dredge discharge pipe" (app. supp. R4, tab 54 at 5512).

      66. QAR Wilson's log stated after probing the area, he found a high spot or mound
where the dredge had been dredging before the blockage occurred, and he subsequently
confirmed that the high spot was indicated on the pre-dredge survey. He opined:

              It appears that Ryan's crew and management are not
              reviewing the pre-dredge surveys very closely. Because
              the leverman was unaware of the high spot/mound and cut
              right into it plugging the discharge pipe.

(App. supp. R4, tab 54 at 5513) His log went on to say "It was obvious the leverman
was unaware of this condition; therefore, caused pipe blockage!" (id.).

       67. QAR Wilson testified after he brought up the pre-dredge survey, Ryan "had
the leverman review the predredge surveys and [kept] a close eye on him." Ryan's
dredging superintendent also "went out and started marking the high spots."
According to QAR Wilson, after this incident, Ryan did not experience more plugged
dredge lines. (Wilson dep., ex. G-4 at 32)

       68. Having to un-clog the dredge discharge pipe resulted in downtime. We
find the clogging on 22 September 2010 could have been avoided had Ryan's
leverman consulted the pre-dredge survey. Because the Measured Mile Method of
calculating damages uses dredge running time hours not downtime hours, the
22 September 2010 incident would not affect the Measured Mile damage calculations.
Moreover, the incident occurred in AS# 1 and not AS#8 or AS#9 (see finding 30), and
should not have any bearing in considering whether AS#8 and AS#9 should be
removed from the Measured Mile calculations. We find to the extent the
22 September 2010 clogging of the dredge pipeline caused downtime, Ryan made up
some of the downtime by working double shifts.



                                               18
       69. The second incident of clogging occurred on 13 October 2010: Referring to
QAR Wilson's log of 15 October 20 I 0, the Corps' post-hearing brief noted "only one
more clogged line" "associated with a mechanical breakdown of the dredge" took place
(gov't br., app'x A at 6). QAR Wilson's log of 15 October 2010 indicated that Ryan
"stopped dredging on Wednesday [ 13 October 201 O] about 1700 hrs because dredge
engine went down with a cracked head. It had overheated prior to that after dredging thru
some sand [and] shell material." (App. supp. R4, tab 54 at 5530) OSI's daily QC
Reports show Ryan was dredging the following materials just before 13 October 2010:

                        Date          Sand   Mud    Silt   Shell
                        10/09/2010    30%    0%     30%    40%
                        10/1112010    25%    25%    25%    25%
                        10/12/2010    25%    25%    25%    25%
                        10/13/2010    50%    0%     10%    40%

(Gov't wit. book, ex. G-2 at tab 4)

      70. We find the 13 October 2010 clogging incident was caused by the high
concentration of sand and shell materials encountered in AS#2.

       Use of 12-Inch Dredge Pipe

       71. The Corps contends that by using a 12-inch dredge pipe on a 10-inch dredge
affected Ryan's productivity. For dredging purposes, Ryan purchased 11,000 feet of plastic
dredge pipe to run from the dredge, through a booster pump, to the Disposal Area (tr. 11304).
At the hearing, the Corps called as its witness a leverman (dredge operator) with 30 years of
dredging experience (tr. 3/17). This witness opined that Ryan's use of a 12-inch dredge pipe
behind a 10-inch dredge caused a 20% drop in pumping velocity (gov't wit. book, ex. G-3,
tab 20). Being a field person, the witness was unable to explain how he derived the 20%
drop in pumping velocity. He testified the information was provided to him by contracting
officer's representative (COR) Michael A. Presley (tr. 3/27; gov't wit. book, ex. G-3, tab 22).
COR Presley is a civil engineer who has worked in the contract administration section of the
Corps' north Florida area office for 12 years since 2003 (tr. 3/69).

        72. Documentary evidence shows a 12-inch dredge pipe actually has an outside
diameter (O.D.) of 12.750" and an inside diameter (1.D.) of 11.160" (gov't wit. book,
ex. G-3, tab 22). Ryan's Mr. Barnell testified that even though Ryan could have
purchased a IO-inch discharge pipe (with O.D. of 10.750" and l.D. of9.409") (id.), it
chose a slightly larger pipe to "reduce the friction loss" pumping "silt or light sand"
(tr. 11306-07, 309-10). He testified that with silt, it "would've made no
difference ... whether it was an inch smaller or an inch larger" (tr. 11259).



                                               19
       73. Based upon unrebutted testimony, we find the use of a 12-inch dredge pipe
would have made little productivity difference if Ryan had been dredging zero-blow count
unconsolidated sediment with little to some sand, and trace to little sand-sized shell
fragments, as described in the contract documents. We find to the extent there was loss in
productivity, it was caused by the firm layers of crust in patches and high concentration of
broken and whole shells at various locations that Ryan actually encountered. Since Ryan
used the same 12-inch dredge pipe in dredging all of the Acceptance Sections, its use
would have affected the dredging productivity of all impacted areas to the same degree,
and no adjustment needs to be made for comparing the productivity of the impacted
dredging areas and the un-impacted dredging area under the Measured Mile Method.

        Implementing Dredging Advice

       74. Concerned that production was not as expected, Ryan turned to
Mr. Humphreys for advice. 14 Mr. Humphreys is a professional civil engineer. He first
worked on a dredge in 1962 when he was 19. After graduation from college, he
worked in the estimating department and was assigned as a project manager of a
dredging company. He was the chief engineer of the dredging division of a large
company in Louisiana. He later returned to the dredging company he worked for as its
vice president of operations. Since 2001, he has worked as a consultant for dredging
and construction companies. (Tr. 1114-18) Mr. Humphreys prepared Ryan's expert
report for the entitlement case (58755, ex. 201). He prepared Ryan's REA which
ultimately became OSI's certified claim (tr. 1/18). He also developed and testified to
Ryan's various methods of calculating DSC damages (tr. 1/18-249).

       75. The Corps contends that Ryan did not follow many of the recommendations
Mr. Humphreys made (tr. 11246). Mr. Humphreys visited Rose Bay on 14 July 2010 when
Ryan was dredging AS#8 (tr. 1/241; finding 30). As a result of his visit, Mr. Humphreys
wrote two letters, both dated 18 July 2010: The first letter provided his "suggestions about
production" (R4, tab 549 at 5157-61 ); the second letter contained his observations and
comments of the plans and specifications he reviewed (id. at 5162-68).

        76. Mr. Humphrey's first letter observed that Ryan had "very long pipelines" and
"material to be dredged that can vary from silt to sand with shell fragments to occasional
oyster shells" (R4, tab 549 at 5157). His letter advised that "depending upon how you
operate you will have very wide swings in production rates." He advised that other than
daily running time and a good leverman, "the most important factor will be the flow rate
of the slurry through the pipeline." (Id. at 5157) Since the area inside the pipeline was
constant, Mr. Humphreys' letter said "flow rate comes down to velocity of the slurry."

14
     As his firm's letterhead indicated, Construction Consulting Associates, Inc.
        provides consultations for "THE HEAVY CIVIL, DREDGING, AND
        MARINE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES" (see 58755, ex. 200, tab D-37).
                                                20
He recommended that Ryan should (1) operate at a "velocity in the 14 - 16 feet/sec.
range," and (2) "never have less than a full pipe when dredging anything but the lightest
silt or organic material." In order to keep track of the flow rate, Mr. Humphreys
recommended that Ryan invest in a velocity meter, and suggested "[a] combination
velocity and density meter would be great if not cost prohibitive." (Id.)

        77. As far as the "booster or boosters" were concerned, Mr. Humphreys' letter
said he would "set the controls to run each booster unit at the highest speed that is safe
all of the time that the dredge is digging" with certain exceptions. The letter said that
he would "try to place the booster(s) so that under normal operating conditions ... at
least 25-30 psi [is] coming in." (R4, tab 549 at 5160) He advised:

              Whether operating with one booster or two it is very
              important to have accurate data every day. There are so
              many things that can affect production when you have long
              lines, material that varies, and multiple pumping units that
              if you do not have consistent and dependable information
              every day you will have a lot of trouble trying to determine
              what is going on when production varies, or trying to
              determine what you need to do to increase production.

(Id.)

        78. Mr. Humphreys' letter also said "given the fact that your pipeline lengths
are going to vary, the material may vary, and given the fact that you have two pumps
in the system (and probably will have three at some point)" it would be important to
maintain certain data (R4, tab 549 at 515 8). He also stated "Whether operating with
one booster or two, it is very important to have accurate data every day" (id. at 5160).
Contrary to the Corps' argument (gov't hr. at 17), Mr. Humphreys did not say that
Ryan must operate with two booster pumps where one was sufficient. Nor did he say
that operating with two booster pumps would necessarily improve productivity.

       79. Mr. Humphreys' second letter of the same date summarized what he found
the borings showed: Nine of the ten borings were in the dredging area, with Borings 2
through 8 west of the U.S. 1 Bridge and Borings 9 and 10 east of the bridge. The letter
said west of the bridge, the boring logs showed all of the materials within the dredging
template were WOR (Weight of Rods); and east of the bridge, one boring (CB-RB-9)
was WOH (Weight of Hammer) and one boring (CB-RB-10) was WOR.
Mr. Humphreys summarized the nature and character of the materials Ryan should
have encountered in these words:

              The fact that the boring logs indicate that all of your
              material should be WOR or WOH agrees with the Corps

                                               21
              general description of material (" ... as indicated by the
              absence of blow count").... This indicates soft material.

The letter advised that in order to have a claim for the tide level, Ryan would have to
demonstrate that the low tides it was experiencing were lower than what it could
reasonably have expected based upon the best information available at the time of bid.
(R4, tab 549 at 5164)

      80. Mr. Humphreys explained that his letters were "more of a general, industry
suggestions about dredging on a job like that," and did not address "the difference in
what was expected and what was encountered" (tr. 11233).

       81. The Corps contends that the "flow" in Ryan's pipeline was less than
optimum. The "flow" has to do with the velocity of the materials going through a
pipeline; the greater the velocity, the greater the production. The flow in the pipeline
would be greater with silt and water than with sand, shell and water. (Tr. 11136-37)

        82. Mr. Charles Hartsfield, the Corps' expert leverman, testified Ryan was
dredging at a velocity of as high as 8 fps and as low as 0.52 fps (tr. 3/39-40). It is not
clear when and where Ryan was dredging at the time. No record evidence or analysis
of the actual flow rate or velocity of the slurry was presented. Mr. Buchanan testified
that given what Ryan encountered, there was nothing Ryan could do to increase the
flow (tr. 11264) and the flow would "slow down slightly .. .if you got into ... heavy
shell" (tr. 11263).

       83. A velocity or flow meter is used to provide velocity information in the
pipeline (tr. 11237). A velocity meter is "just a gauge" that could be used with normal
gauges, vacuum and pressure gauges on a dredge to provide information (tr. 1/308). It
does not make pumping more or less efficient. An experienced leverman could gauge
the velocity of materials going through a pipeline. (Tr. 1/264, 308) It is common for
dredging to be done without a velocity meter. The dredge Ryan rented did not come
with a velocity meter. (Tr. 11308) There was no contract requirement for Ryan to
have a velocity meter (tr. 11238).

       84. At Mr. Humphreys' recommendation, Ryan did obtain a velocity meter.
Ryan's dredge operators, however, chose not to use the velocity meter but to rely on the
vacuum gauges instead (tr. 11307) Mr. Buchanan explained that his experienced dredge
operators would rather use vacuum gauges and go by "the feel" of the dredge (tr. 1/262).

       85. Since Ryan did encounter a DSC in all but one of the Acceptance Sections,
we find that Mr. Humphreys recommendations, based upon dredging "material. .. that
can vary from silt to sand with shell fragments to occasional oyster shells" (finding 76)
and "soft material" as indicated by "the absence of blow count" (finding 79) cannot be

                                                22
used as a criteria for measuring the flow rate or pumping velocity Ryan could or
should have achieved.

       Booster Pump Placement

       86. The Corps contends that Ryan "experienced numerous issues with the
booster pumps installed on the project." It alleges that "[a]fter over 2 months of
dredging, the Appellant moved the booster 2000 feet closer to the dredge in an effort
to improve production." (Gov't hr., app'x A at 5)

        87. Because the materials dredged had to be moved from Rose Bay to the
Disposal Area, some distance away, a booster pump was needed to maintain the flow
rate or velocity of the dredged materials from the dredge to the Disposal Area (Wilson
dep., ex. G-4 at 26). As Mr. Humphreys explained, a booster is essentially "a dredge
without all the winches and spuds. It's an engine and a pump," and its purpose is to
add "head" "to push the slurry from the dredge to the disposal area" (tr. 11114).

       88. To dredge Rose Bay, Ryan rented two boosters (tr. 11280). Ryan brought one
booster to the site initially (tr. 1/281 ). It then rented the second booster as a spare in the
event the first booster failed. Using both boosters at the same time would not have
increased the efficiency of dredging. (Tr. 1/286) As the distance between the dredge and
the Disposal Area increased, the pressure of the booster could start to drop. In that case, the
booster would have to be moved. Mr. Ryan testified "depending [on] how far from the
dump we were we'd have to put in the second booster. We never had to do that." (Tr. 2/90)

       89. QAR Wilson testified that when Ryan initially set up its dredging
operations, it positioned the booster pump "about halfway between the dredge and the
disposal area" (Wilson dep., ex. G-4 at 27). According to QAR Wilson, during
dredging of AS# 8 and AS#9, Ryan "moved the booster right up behind the dredge at
one time" and then moved the booster "back to the original position" (id. at 28-29)
suggesting that Ryan did not know what it was doing.

        90. Opinions varied as to where the booster should be placed. According to
QAR Wilson, typically, a booster should be placed halfway or "somewhere close to
halfway" between the dredge and the Disposal Area. He acknowledged, however, it
was up to Ryan to place the booster pump where it believed was most efficient.
(Wilson dep., ex. G-4 at 60-61). The Corps' expert leverman report stated "The
booster should have been no more than 500' behind the dredge, and remain 500' the
entire job in order to maintain proper vacuum, discharge pressure and velocity. All
discharge pipe should have been added behind the booster. By maintaining 500' from
the booster working pressure would be the same from start to finish." (Gov't wit.
book, ex. G-3, tab 20) At the hearing, he testified if the materials to be dredged had


                                               23
been primarily silt with some sand and shell, the best location for the booster would
still be 500' behind the dredge (tr. 3/20).

        91. After his consultation trip to Rose Bay in July 2010, Mr. Humphreys
recommended moving the booster closer to the dredge (R4, tab 549 at 5158). He explained
at the hearing where the booster was placed made no difference "up to the point. .. where
you have less than zero pressure coming in and then it makes a difference" (tr. 1/178). He
testified he recommended moving the booster closer to the dredge because "the incoming
pressure to the booster was getting very low," although still positive (tr. 11118, 177). He
suggested moving the booster closer to the dredge "to avoid taking a chance," and Ryan
eventually "moved it back out again" (tr. 11118). On 16 July 2010, Ryan moved the
booster pump to within 2,000 feet of the dredge (app. supp. R4, tab 54 at 5464).

        92. Mr. Buchanan testified "[t]he problem wasn't the booster. It was the
materials difference that prompted us to try to move the booster to another location."
(Tr. 11260) He testified changing the booster placement was "[j]ust to try something
different" with the idea that "maybe if [the booster] got close to the back end of the
dredge that. .. might help ... with the oversized material" (tr. 11261). After the booster
was moved closer to the dredge, it could be operated at a higher and more efficient
rpm. This, however, created too much pressure from the dredge discharge and created
air inside the impellers causing cavitation and overheating in the pump. (Tr. 1/283)
Ryan then moved the booster back out to between 4,000 to 4,500 feet from the
Disposal Area. According to Mr. Buchanan, the dredge "worked pretty well the rest of
the job in that same location," and Ryan "never moved it again." (Tr. 11283)

       93. Based on the evidence in the record, we find where the booster pump
should be placed depended upon the particular circumstances of dredging. Given the
DSC encountered in AS#8 and AS#9, we cannot conclude that moving the booster
pump back and forth to address the crusts it was directed to dredge reflected a lack of
proficiency in Ryan's dredging operations. We find moving the booster pump was a
part of the learning Ryan went through to address the DSC it encountered as it dredged
further and further away from the Disposal Area.

       Booster Pump Replacement

       94. When the booster overheated and broke down and had to be replaced while
dredging AS#9, the Corps contends the breakdown was not the result of encountering
a DSC but the result of Ryan's "inefficiencies" and "incompetencies" (tr. 11112).
Ryan dredged AS#9 between 26 July and 19 August 2010 (see finding 34).
QAR Wilson's log of 6 August 2010 noted "Ryan has mobilized another booster
pump" (app. supp. R4, tab 54 at 5472).



                                               24
      95. OSI's daily QC Reports immediately preceding the booster pump
breakdown show Ryan encountered an area of heavy sand and shell concentration:

                          Date       Sand   Mud    Silt   Shell
                          8/2/2010   25%    25%    25%    25%
                          8/3/2010   25%    25%    25%    25%
                          8/4/2010   25%    25%    25%    25%
                          8/5/2010   25%    25%    25%    25%
                          8/6/2010   25%    25%    25%    25%

(Gov't wit. book, ex. G-2, tab 4 at 2)

       96. We find from 2 to 6 August 2010, immediately preceding the booster pump
breakdown, Ryan was dredging 25% sand and 25% shell every day for an entire week.
We find the most probable cause of the booster pump breakdown and the downtime
experienced was the high content of sand and shell encountered prior to the
breakdown. Ryan has acknowledged that it was responsible for the booster problems
that occurred on 7 to 9 August 2010 (see finding 21 n.6)

       Treatment of AS#8 and AS#9 in the Corps' Measured Mile Calculation

       97. The Corps contends that Ryan "had a huge learning curve due to the
shallow bay and long pipeline" (gov't br. at 32). It argues that "[w]hile the production
problems in AS-8 and 9 may have been partially due to the DSC, the poor production
was more strongly influenced by the contractor's 'learn curve."' The Corps argues
that "AS-8 and AS-9 must be removed during the determination of the gross
production achieved for comparison to the control period" (gov't br., app'x A at 5).

        98. The Corps' post-hearing brief attached as Appendix Ba 12-page list
entitled "RYAN SOUTHERN DREDGING ISSUES" (gov't br., app'x B). The list
purports to show examples that "Appellant had a huge learning curve due to shallow
bay and a long pipeline" (gov't br. at 32-33). The Corps did not provide this list
before or during the hearing. While some of the events were addressed by
QAR Wilson at his deposition and Ryan was able to provide a rebuttal at the hearing,
most of the events were cryptically written and incomprehensible absent proper
context. We do not find the list helpful in distinguishing events which were differing
site condition-caused versus those caused by Ryan's learning curve.

       Ryan's Proposed Adjustment in Using the Measured Mile Method

        99. For purposes of determining damages using the Measured Mile Method, the
production rate of AS#7 is used to establish what Ryan could have achieved absent the
differing site conditions encountered. If the Measured Mile Method is to be used, Ryan
                                              25
proposed three adjustments: (a) a 10% adjustment for encountering some shell and
consolidated material in AS#7 in sufficient quantities to have some impact; (b) a 10%
adjustment for installing rebars across the suction mouthpiece of the dredge in AS#7; and
(c) an adjustment taking into account running time reported in AS#7 that was actually
running time dredging in AS#l and AS#2. (Compl., ex. B, calculations A and B)

      (a) Ryan's Proposed Adjustment for Encountering Some Shells and
          Consolidated Materials in AS#7

       100. Based upon a question from Ryan's counsel, Mr. Humphreys testified he
knew shells were in AS#7 because he saw them there and he heard "other testimony
about it." He also testified he saw the Corps' cross-sections. (Tr. 3/90) He
acknowledged, however, that cross-sections horizontally and vertically could be
exaggerated for depiction purposes by "a factor of five" (tr. 11217).

      101. AS#7 was dredged during a 24-day period between 25 August and
17 September 2010 (finding 34). The daily QC Reports during this period reported
0% sand and 0% shell were encountered:

                           Date   Sand Mud Silt Shell
                        8/25/2010 0% 50% 50% 0%
                        8/26/2010 0% 50% 50% 0%
                        8/27/2010 0% 50% 50% 0%
                        8/28/2010 0% 50% 50% 0%
                        8/29/2010 0%   0% 0%     0%
                        8/30/2010 0% 50% 50% 0%
                        8/3112010 0% 50% 50% 0%
                         911/2010  0% 50% 50% 0%
                         9/2/2010  0% 50% 50% 0%
                         9/3/2010  0% 50% 50% 0%
                         9/4/2010  0% 50% 50% 0%
                         9/5/2010  0%  0% 0%     0%
                         9/6/2010  0%  0% 0%     0%
                         9/7/2010  0% 50% 50% 0%
                         9/8/2010  0% 50% 50% 0%
                         9/9/2010  0% 50% 50% 0%
                        9/10/2010 0% 50% 50% 0%
                        911112010 0% 50% 50% 0%
                        9/12/2010 0%   0% 0%     0%
                        9/13/2010 0% 50% 50% 0%
                        9/14/2010 0% 50% 50% 0%
                        9/15/2010 0% 50% 50% 0%

                                             26
                         9/16/2010    0%     50% 50%       0%
                         9/17/2010    0%     50% 50%       0%

(Gov't wit. book, ex. G-2, tab 4)

        102. Weighing the evidence, Mr. Humphreys' testimony is too weak to overcome
OSI's contemporaneously prepared daily QC Reports. Ryan never notified OSI or the
Corps that it encountered a DSC in AS#7 as it did in other Acceptance Sections. Also,
based on the Geotechnical Data Report's definition, we have found that "a prospective
contractor should expect to dredge whole or broken shells up to three inches in diameter."
Optimum, 15-1 BCA at 175,638, if 13. Thus, encountering some shells should be
expected. We find there were not enough areas of consolidated sand and shell ("crust"),
if they existed at all in AS#7, to have any meaningful adverse impact on dredging
production to warrant a 10% adjustment to AS#7's production rate that Ryan advocated.

       (b) Ryan's Proposed Adjustment to AS#7 as a Result of Welding Rebars to the
           Suction Mouthpiece

        103. In calculating damages using the Measured Mile Method, Mr. Humphreys
proposed a 10% adjustment to the average gross production per hour in AS#7 to
account for the adverse impact to production from welding rebars over the suction
mouthpiece of the dredge (compl., ex. B, calculation A.). This adjustment has the
effect of raising Ryan's productivity in the un-impacted AS#7 thus widening the
productivity difference between AS#7 and the impacted areas.

        104. The Corps objected to this adjustment because ( 1) "it is not supported by
any data and purely opinion"; (2) "there is no documentation of a screen being
installed for the work in AS-7"; and (3) "the screen was installed October 9, several
weeks after the dredging in AS-7 was complete" (answer at 35).

        105. Mr. Buchanan testified that the dredge it rented "came with [a] partial screen"
on the suction inlet (tr. 11268, 278, 288). As a result of its experience dredging AS#8 and
AS#9, Ryan welded rebars to the original screen when it reached AS#7 "to try to cut down
on some of the larger shells" which were clogging up the pump (tr. 11278). After Ryan
finished dredging AS#7, it purchased a "commercially-manufactured ... Gatling" which
was mounted to the back of the cutter head to "further help to reduce the oversized
material getting through" (tr. 11269). We find the Gatling was the screen QAR Wilson
referred to as having been installed "may be 8 or 9 October [201 O]" (Wilson dep., ex. G-4
at 29-30). The rebars Ryan welded over the suction intake was not the same as the
Gatling Ryan installed in October 2010. The adjustment Ryan proposed pertained to the
rebars it installed when it reached AS#7.



                                              27
        106. The Corps questioned Ryan's 10% adjustment for lack of support. At the
hearing, Mr. Humphreys explained that his calculation was based on an equation used in a
thesis on the subject of"MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF CUTTER SUCTION
DREDGE OPERATING PARAMETERS ON MINOR LOSSES DUE TO FIXED
SCREENS INSTALLED AT SUCTION INLET" submitted by a Master of Science Ocean
Engineering student to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M
University (app. wit. book, tab 22 at 1722). Using the equation, Mr. Humphreys
calculated a 12.61 % reduction in production on account of the rebars. In comparing the
screens shown in the thesis (see id. at 1770, figure 11) and the sketch of the bars
Mr. Humphreys drew for his calculation (id. at 5745), we find they look totally dissimilar.

        107. Mr. Buchanan described the rebars Ryan added as "something that sticks
out on the sides and goes around so that it stops the material from getting through"
(tr. 11276) which fits Mr. Humphrey's sketch. At the hearing, he volunteered "(t]he
rebar screen that we put on there had no impact at all on the flow, nothing" (id.), and
did not restrict the flow of dredged materials (tr. 11277). He later changed his
testimony based upon a question from counsel:

                     Q. Okay. Now, that second screen that was put on
              there with the rebar is going to necessarily affect the flow
              of material in- it's going to restrict it somehow into the
              pipe. Correct? Because you've got rebar, you've got now
              things covering the opening to a certain degree.

                      A. If you're over the direct intake on the pipe it will
              affect it.

(Tr. 11288) Weighing the evidence, we find Mr. Buchanan's initial testimony more
credible. We find the rebars Ryan welded to the dredge's suction mouthpiece made too
little difference, if at all, to warrant a 10% upward adjustment to Ryan's AS#7 production
rate.

        108. AS#7 was the third Acceptance Section dredged. After AS#7, Ryan went
on to dredge six more Acceptance Sections (AS#l through AS#6) (finding 34). Thus,
ifthe welded bars affected the production rate of AS#7, they would have the same
effect dredging AS# 1 through AS#6. The Measured Mile Method compares the
difference in production rates between an impacted and an un-impacted area assuming
all other conditions, including the equipment used, remains the same. Here, the same
equipment - a 10-inch dredge with bars welded across the suction intake - was used in
AS#7 and AS# 1 through AS#6. Making an adjustment to account for the effect of the
welded bars for AS#7 without making the same adjustment for AS# 1 through AS#6
would introduce a variable for no reason into the Measured Mile calculations. We
recognize AS#8 and AS#9 were dredged without the welded bars. In averaging the

                                               28
production rates of all eight impacted Acceptance Sections, as we will do in our
Measured Mile calculations, the effect of the welded rebars will, to whatever extent
existed, be included in the average production rate achieved in the impacted areas.

        109. The Corps posits that "it was not the material that was impacting production,
but rather other factors which were the responsibility of the Appellant" (gov't reply br. at
50). As support, the Corps points out that in AS#6, an Acceptance Section that was 2,500
feet further away from the Disposal Area than AS#7, where 25% shell was dredged for
the entire duration it was dredged (19 January to 7 February 2011) (see gov't wit. book,
ex. G-2, tab 4), had a comparable production rate as AS#7 (195 gross c.y./hr. for AS#6
compare to 210 gross c.y./hr. for AS#7) 15 (id.). After the Gatling was installed in
October 2010 when Ryan finished dredging AS#7, there was a noticeable production
improvement in dredging AS# 1 through AS#6 (see finding 117). We find installation of
the Gatling made the difference as Ryan learned to dredge DSC materials.

        (c) Ryan's Adjustment to AS#7's Running Time for Dredging into AS#l and AS#2

        110. AS#7 shared common borders with AS#l and AS#2. To ensure that AS#7
was dredged to the required depth at the boundaries, Ryan dredged slightly into AS# 1
and AS#2 while dredging AS#7. Estimating that it dredged 10 feet into AS# 1 and AS#2,
and based upon 1,5 55 feet of common sides between AS#7 and AS# 1 and AS#2, Ryan
estimated it dredged 15,500 square feet into AS#l and AS#2. Estimating that it was
dredging approximately 2,060 square feet per running hour in AS#7, Ryan calculated that
7 .5 hours of dredge running time in AS#7 was actually dredging AS# 1 and AS#2.
According to Ryan, the daily reports logged 196.5 hours of total running time dredging
AS#7. Deducting the 7 .5 running hours dredging AS# 1 and AS#2, Ryan arrived at 189
hours of dredge running time in AS#7. (Comp I., ex. B, calculation A, note 1) In its
post-hearing brief, Ryan changed the 7.5 hours to 4.6 hours to arrive at 191.9 hours as the
AS#7 dredging running time (app. br., app'x Bat 1, 3). Reducing the dredge running
hours in AS#7 has the effect of increasing the productivity rate for AS#7 which, in tum,
would increase Ryan's recovery under the Measured Mile calculations.

        111. The Corps objected to this adjustment because the extent to which AS# 1 and
AS#2 was dredged was, in its words, "speculation." The Corps argued that this
adjustment was unnecessary because "a proportional amount of dredging 'beyond the
lines' would be required to clear all of the other sections." (Answer at 34) The Corps
used 39,548 c.y. (see finding 116) as the amount of materials dredged in AS#7. The
Corps used 199.25 hours as the actual AS#7 running time (see finding 116). For purposes
of the Measured Mile calculation, we will use 199 .25 hours as the AS#7 dredge running
time.

15
     We computed 197.74 c.y./hr. as the production rate of AS#6 and 198.48 c.y./hr. as
       the production rate for AS#7 (see finding 116).
                                              29
       112. We find cross border dredging occurred in every Acceptance Section (see
58755, ex. 200, tab D-2, schematic at 107-08). We find the adjustment Ryan proposed
would treat AS#7 differently when the same cross border dredging occurred in every
Acceptance Section, contrary to the Measured Mile Method of calculation in keeping
the same conditions constant.

      Key Numbers in Calculating Damages Using the Measured Mile Method

     113. After dredging was completed in each Acceptance Section, the Corps had
ARC Surveying & Mapping, Inc. (ARC) survey the volume of materials dredged. The
ARC surveys reported:

                AS No.     Report Date  Volume Dredged (c.y.)
                AS#l   12 October 2010         19,434
                AS#2   16 November 2010       21,875
                AS#3   14 December 2010        31,963
                AS#4   14 December 2010        34,822
                AS#5   19 January 2011         30,963
                AS#6   9 February 2011        24,767
                AS#7   12 October 2011         39,548
                AS#8   20 August 2011         28, 161
                AS#9   20 August 2011          19,024
                              Total           250,557

(Gov't wit. book, ex. G-2, tab 10) The volume of materials dredged in each
Acceptance Section as shown in the table above has not been disputed by Ryan.

      114. Based upon ARC's post-dredge survey, we accept 39,548 c.y. as the
volume dredged in AS#7. We will use 39,548 c.y. in our Measured Mile calculation.

      115. Based upon ARC's post-dredge survey, we accept 250,557 c.y. as the total
volume dredged from all nine Acceptance Sections.

       116. The pumping hours in the rest of the Acceptance Sections are not in dispute
(gov't wit. book, ex. G-2, tab 9 at 2). By dividing the volume dredged in each Acceptance
Section by the corresponding pumping hours logged in that Acceptance Section, the
production rate (in c.y. per hour) in each Acceptance Section can be calculated:




                                             30
     AS No. Pumping Time Volume Dredge (c.y.) Production Rate (c.y./hr.)
      AS#l     113.13           19,434                 171.78
      AS#2     148.00          21,875                  147.80
      AS#3     211.00          31,963                  151.48
      AS#4     200.63          34,822                  173.56
      AS#5     267.75          30,963                  115.64
      AS#6     125.25          24,767                  197.74
      AS#7     199.25          39,548                  198.48
      AS#8     432.75          28,161                   65.07
      AS#9     189.25           19,024                 100.52
      Total     1,887         250,557


      117. Based upon the sequence of dredging, we find there was a steady
improvement and leveling off in production rates as Ryan proceeded from one
Acceptance Section to another. We find this improvement was due partly to learning
and implementing the lessons learned:

               Order Dredged     AS No.     Production Rate (c.y./hr.)
                     1           AS#8                 65.07
                     2           AS#9                100.52
                     3            AS#7              No DSC
                     4            AS#l               171.79
                     5            AS#2               147.80
                     6            AS#3               151.48
                     7            AS#4               173.57
                     8            AS#5               115.64
                     9            AS#6               197.74

       118. Excluding the un-impacted AS#7, we calculate the average production rate of
all impacted Acceptance Sections (AS#l -AS#6, AS#8 and AS#9) to be 125.02 c.y./hr.:




                                            31
       AS No. Pumping Time Volume Dredge (c.y.) Production Rate (c.y./hr.)
        AS#l      113.13          19,434                 171.78
        AS#2      148.00         21,875                  147.80
        AS#3      211.00         31,963                  151.48
        AS#4      200.63         34,822                  173.56
        AS#5      267.75         30,963                  115.64
        AS#6      125.25         24,767                  197.74
        AS#7
        AS#8      432.75         28, 161                 65.07
        AS#9      189.25          19,024                 100.52
        Total   1,687.76        211,009             125.02 (average)

We will use 125.02 c.y./hr. as the average production rate achieved in the impacted areas
for comparison with the 198.48 c.y./hr. production rate achieved in the un-impacted AS#7
(see finding 116) in our Measured Mile calculations.

       119. Ryan booked a total of$2,381,385.48 on the Rose Bay project (app. wit.
book, tab 5). Removing mobilization/demobilization, consulting, legal, and other
disallowed costs, Ryan's actual dredging cost was $1,778,473.54 (id., tab 6). Adding
19.92% G&A ($354,272) and 10% profit ($213,275) to $1,778,473.54, Ryan
calculates its actual direct job cost for dredging work only to be $2,346,021 (app. br.,
app'x Bat 4, note 2). Ryan calculates its average dredging running cost per hour to be
$1,242.86 ($2,346,02111,887.6 hrs. 16) (id. at 3). At the hearing, the Corps sought to
reduce Ryan's per hour running rate (gov't wit. book, ex. G-2, tab 19; tr. 2/193-95).
The Corps' post-hearing brief argues "[t]he 'hourly pumping rate' should only include
costs directly related to the excavation operation" such as "labor, equipment and
gasoline." It concedes that "without better information the Government is unable to
calculate a different rate. (Gov't br. at 47) In calculating Ryan's DSC damages, we
will use $1,242.86 ($2,346,021/1,887.6 hrs.) as the dredge running cost per hour. 17

      120. In 2010, Mr. Humphreys sent Ryan one invoice dated 26 October 2010 in the
amount of $3,348.46. This invoice was for (1) traveling to the Rose Bay job site on
27 September 2010 to discuss dredging progress and what was believed to be a differing

16   Ryan's actual pumping hours of 1,887.6 hours varies slightly with our pumping
        hours of 1,887 (see finding 116). We accept 1,887.6 hours because the
        variation is insignificant and the Corps used $1,242.86, calculated from using
        1,887.6 pumping hours in its Measured Mile calculations (finding 119 n.12).
17
     The Corps did not challenge Ryan's $1,242.86 dredge running rate per hour in
        response to Ryan's Proof of Cost submission (see compl., ex. B, calculation A
        at 2, calculation Bat 3). The Corps actually used the $1,242.86 rate in its own
        calculations of what it believed was Ryan's entitlement (see answer at 36). The
        Corps could have audited Ryan's costs but did not do so.
                                                32
site condition; (2) drafting a recommended response to the ACO on what was believed to
be a differing site condition; and (3) traveling to the job site on 13-14 October 2010 to
view the materials in AS#3, AS#4, AS#5 and AS#6 and at the Disposal Area. (58755,
ex. 200, tab D-37 at 297-98)

       121. In 2011, Mr. Humphreys sent Ryan five invoices totaling $22,749.19:
(1) 30 April 2011 invoice for $5,419.61 for discussing the DSC and reviewing daily
dredge reports; (2) 31August2011 invoice for $2,463.75 for preparing an REA;
(3) 30 September 2011 invoice for $7,298.06 for preparing the REA; (4) 30 November
2011 invoice for $1,998.77 for preparing the REA; and (5) 31 December 2011 invoice for
$5,569.00 for meeting with OSI to discuss the DSC (58755, ex. 200, tab D-37 at 299-308).

        122. In 2012, Mr. Humphreys sent Ryan four invoices totaling $16,875.00:
(1) 31January2012 invoice for $4,725.00; (2) 30 April 2012 invoice for $7,256.25;
(3) 22 June 2012 invoice for $2,025.00; and (4) 20 July 2012 invoice for $2,868.75.
All four invoices were for continued preparation of the REA (58755, ex. 200, tab D-37
at 309-16).

       123. As a part of its 31 July 2012 REA submitted to OSI, Ryan sought
$55,104.19 for outside consultant assistance and in preparing its REA (58755, ex. 200
tab D at 47). The REA included the 10 invoices Mr. Humphreys submitted to Ryan
through his firm Construction Consulting Associates, Inc., up through 20 July 2012, a
month prior to submission of Ryan's REA (id., tab D-37) to OSI. The REA provided
the breakdown for the costs requested:

                              Cost Elements                          Amount
        Direct cost, outside consultant, 2010                        $3,348.46
        Home office overhead @2 20.52% (2010 rate)                     $687.10
        Direct cost, outside consultant, 2011                       $22,749.19
        Home office overhead (ciJ, 16.24% (2011 rate)                $3,694.47
        Direct cost, outside consultant, 2012 (through 7/20/2012)   $16,875.00
        Home office overhead (ci), 16.24% (2011 rate)                $2,740.50
        Subtotal                                                    $50,094.72
        Profit at 10%                                                $5,009.47
        Total amount requested                                      $55,104.19

(58755, ex. 200, tab D at 47)

       124. We find all of the invoices totaling $42,972.65 ($3,348.46 + $22,749.19 +
$16,875.00) were for Mr. Humphreys' consulting services and for preparing Ryan's
REA in connection with what we ultimately found to be a differing site condition. At
$135.00 per hour, we find Mr. Humphreys' fees, on the bases of his expertise (see
finding 74) and the comprehensive nature of the REA in the record (see 58755,
                                             33
ex. 200) reasonable and allocable to the additional DSC costs Ryan incurred. One
month after Mr. Humphreys submitted his 20 July 2012 invoice to Ryan, OSI
submitted its REA to the Corps. As OSI's 30 August 2012 REA cover letter stated, it
sought an administrative resolution through a meeting, discussion and negotiation
(finding 3). We find what Ryan incurred was not in connection with the prosecution
of claims or appeals against the federal government. The Corps has not disputed the
professional and consultant service costs nor their associated overhead and the profit
claimed.

      125. The Corps agrees that OSI is entitled to apply the following markups to
the amount found due:

                            Markup Elements       Percentages
                     Field Office Overhead (FOOH)     22.40%
                     Home Office Overhead (HOOH)      20.40%
                     Profit                            5.66%
                     Bond                                 1%

(App. wit. book, tab 26 at 301)

        Time Extension and Liquidated Damages

       126. Contract 0033 includes FAR 52.211-2, LIQUIDATED DAMAGES -
CONSTRUCTION (SEP 2000) which provides that the contractor shall pay the
government $1,329.37 in liquidated damages for each calendar day of delay until the
work is completed and accepted (R4, tab 505 at 455).

       127. FAR 52.211-10, COMMENCEMENT, PROSECUTION, AND COMPLETION OF WORK
(APR 1984) required OSI to begin work within 30 calendar days and to complete the work
within 324 calendar days after receiving notice to proceed (NTP) 18 (R4, tab 505 at 455).

       128. In our decision on the construction of the Disposal Area, we found that
"OSI acknowledged receipt of the NTP on 5 August 2009, thus establishing 25 June
2010 as the contract completion date." Optimum Services, Inc., ASBCA No. 57575,
13 BCA i! 35,412 at 173,716, i1 14. QAR Wilson's log of Tuesday, 11 May 2010

18
     The 324-day contract performance period included (1) 30 calendar days for
        mobilization and demobilization, (2) 116 calendar days for the base item,
        (3) 130 calendar days for Option A, (4) 20 calendar days for Option B, and
        (5) 28 calendar days for Option C. The "Base bid" refers to the "Disposal Area
        Dike Construction & Other Disposal Area Related Tasks." Option A refers to
        AS#l through AS#6; Option B refers to AS#7; and Option C to AS#8 and
        AS#9. (R4, tab 505 at 455)
                                               34
indicated that Ryan started dredging on Monday, 10 May 2010 (app. supp. R4, tab 54
at 5422). His log of 10 February 2011 indicated Ryan finished dredging AS#6 and
cleaned up AS#5 on Monday, 7 February 2011 (id. at 5588). The parties do not
dispute and we find that Ryan began dredging on 10 May 2010 and finished on 7
February 2011, a period of 272 calendar days.

       129. OSI' s president, Daniel Eastman, testified that the Corps had withheld 225
calendar days of liquidated damages from his firm (tr. 2/52). At $1,329.37 per day, the
Corps had thus withheld $299,108.25 ($1,329.37 x 225) in liquidated damages. Since the
contract completion date was 25 June 2010, the Corps considered OSI/Ryan's delay to
Saturday, 5 February 2011 (25 June 2010 + 225 calendar days) inexcusable. At the
hearing, Mr. Eastman agreed to absorb all but 93 calendar days of liquidated damages or
132 calendar days (225 c.d. - 93 c.d.). 19 (Tr. 2/49-50)

       130. While the Corps has withheld liquidated damages, it has not formally
assessed them (tr. 1/68-69). Nor has Ryan, through OSI, claimed the return of any
liquidated damages.

       131. In contending that it is entitled to 93 days of time extension, Ryan did not
provide any schedule analysis. Ryan argues that since dredging was the only thing left
to do "other than maintaining the seeding and mulching at the disposal area," all
dredging work was critical (tr. 1/167, 2/51).

        132. When Ryan bid the project, it estimated it could finish dredging Rose Bay in
six months or 179 calendar days working one shift a day (tr. 1/67). We find that based on
its original plan, Ryan expected to finish by, Saturday, 6 November 2010 (10 May 2010
+ 179 days). Ryan contends that due to the DSC, dredging took "a lot longer than
anticipated" (tr. 1/66). Its claim for 93 days of extension is based on the difference from
6 November 2010 to 7 February 2011. This simple analysis reached the same result as its
more elaborate calculations first advanced in its REA (58755, ex. 200, tab D-48), and
subsequently used in its post-hearing brief with minor revisions (app. br., app'x A at 5-6).

       133. In its brief, Ryan first calculates the average dredge running time per
calendar day of 6.94 hours by dividing 1,887.49 hours of total dredge running time by
272 calendar days of dredging duration. It then deducted 16,916 c.y. of sand dredged as
what it should have expected and thus not claimed, from the 250,558 c.y. of total
materials dredged to arrive at 233,642 c.y. of expected silt material dredged. Based on its
estimated production rate of 222 c.y./hr. dredging silt, Ryan calculates it should have
taken 151.6 calendar days to dredge 233,642 c.y. of silt (233,642 c.y./222 c.y./hr. x 6.94

19
     We denied OSI's DSC claim on the construction of the Disposal Area. Optimum,
       13 BCA i! 35,412, ajf'd, Optimum Services, Inc. v. McHugh, 582 F. App'x 879
       (Fed. Cir. 2014).
                                            35
hrs./day). Ryan calculates that it should have taken an additional 27.4 calendar days to
dredge 16,916 c.y. of sand at a production rate of 89 c.y./hr. (16,916 c.y./89 c.y./hr. x
6.94 hrs./day). Adding 151.6 calendar days to dredge silt and 27.4 calendar days to
dredge sand, Ryan contends it should have taken 179 calendar days to finish Dredging
Rose Bay (151.6 c.d. + 27.4 c.d.). Since actual dredging took 272 calendar days-from
10 May 2010 to 7 February 2011-Ryan contends it is due a time extension of93
calendar days (272 c.d. - 179 c.d.). This calculation uses volumes of sand calculated for
the Factor Method. Ryan did not have a different calculation for the Measured Mile
Method. (App. hr., app'x A at 5-6)

        134. The Corps acknowledged that Ryan is entitled to a time extension as a
result of the Board's entitlement decision. It calculated the time extension by dividing
the additional chargeable dredging time by the number of working hours per day
(assumed to be 24 hours per day) (DSC Pumping Time/EWT). 20 Using this formula,
which depends on its Measured Mile Method calculation, the Corps reached the result
that Ryan is entitled to a time extension of 25 days:

             Impact of DSC (Pumping Time)               289 hrs.
        Days=            EWT                              0.486       = 25 days
                   Working hours per day                24 hrs./day

(Gov't hr., app'x A at 9)

        135. As explained at the hearing, Ryan performed preparatory work in order to
be able to pump or dredge every day. In order to compensate Ryan for this
preparatory work, a ratio referred to as the Effective Working Time (EWT) was
developed. (Tr. 2/150) Ryan used an EWT of 43 .2% (compl., ex. D); the Corps used
48.6%. Neither party has explained how its EWT was derived. Since the parties are
relatively close, we use 45% as the EWT for determining the time extension Ryan is
due on account of the differing site conditions encountered. Although skewed in its
own favor, we find the time extension formula the Corps proposed reasonable because
it takes into consideration: ( 1) the additional dredging time caused by the DSC in the
impacted Acceptance Sections used in the Measured Mile calculations; (2) an EWT
ratio in recognition of the prepartory work Ryan had to do to be able to dredge
everyday; and (3) Ryan's working hours per day.




20
     Effective Working Time, which the Corps defines as the ratio of time specifically
        spent pumping to the total dredging time chargeable to the cost of work (gov't
        hr., appx. A at 3).
                                               36
                                       DECISION

        In our entitlement decision, we concluded that OSI/Ryan has proven, by a
preponderance of the evidence, all of the elements of a Type I differing site condition,
and is entitled to an equitable adjustment of its contract price. We remanded the case
to the parties for determination of the quantum of adjustment and the extent of the
delay experienced by OSI/Ryan. Optimum, 15-1BCAii35,939 at 175,659. The
parties were unable to resolve their differences. Consequently, a hearing to address
quantum and project delay issues was held.

        Ryan advances three alternate methods or theories of recovery: (1) the Factor
Method; (2) the Modified Total Cost Method; and (3) the Measured Mile Method
(finding 12). Ryan argues that the Factor Method would be the most appropriate way to
determine its DSC damages (finding 14). The Corps contends that calculating damages
using the Factor Method would not be "accurate or acceptable" because there is no way
to distinguish between the differing site condition-related and the non-differing site
condition-related sand and shells dredged (finding 28). The Corps maintains that "[t]he
best method of determining damages is to calculate the effect on productivity that was
caused by the differing site condition" by using the Measured Mile Method with certain
adjustments to the impacted areas (finding 27). Although not its first choice, Ryan does
not object to the Measured Mile Method but urges us to make certain adjustments to the
productivity of the un-impacted area -AS#7 (finding 32).

       Ryan's Factor Method

       Ryan's proposed Factor Method is based upon the "Material Factors" in
Dr. John B. Herbich's Handbook ofDredging Engineering. "Material Factors" were
developed for different sediment types. (Finding 15) For example, composite shell,
with a Material Factor of 0.5 would be twice as difficult and therefore more expensive to
dredge than loose sand with a Material Factor of 1; and sand with a Material Factor of
1 would be three times as difficult and therefore more expensive to dredge than silt and
mud with a Material Factor of 3. Using the Material Factors for sand and shell, Ryan
adjusts its bid unit price of $8.06 per c.y. based upon dredging mud and silt. To arrive at
the additional cost it claims it is entitled, Ryan multiplies the adjusted bid unit price for
sand and shell by the volumes of sand and shell it calculates it dredged. (Finding 16)

         While the Factor Method has been used for pre-performance estimating
purposes, such as forward-pricing a change or estimating the cost of a project for bid
evaluation purposes (finding 20), the principal problem we have with the method is
that it does not take into account a contractor's execution of the work, from planning,
to using the right equipment, to having qualified personnel on the job. It is one thing if
the Corps ultimately fails to prove Ryan may itself be responsible for a part of the
costs it claims, the Factor Method makes no provision for any adjustments due to the

                                                37
fault of the contractor. Indeed, Mr. Humphreys acknowledged that the inefficiencies
that were not the Corps' responsibility would not be a part of the Factor Method of
damage calculations. And, the principal reasons Ryan chose the Factor Method was
that it would "[get] rid of all [the Government's] argument ... about inefficiencies," and
"clean[] up all [of the Corps'] issues that have surfaced in this trial." (Finding 19)

       In its post-hearing brief, Ryan argues that Holloway Construction Company and
Holloway Sand and Gravel Co., ENG BCA No. 4805, 89-2 BCA ~ 21,713, "discussed
quantum of recovery in a manner consistent with the Appellant's [Factor Method]
approach to calculating damages" (app. hr. at 5). The specific language in the decision
that Ryan relied upon stated:

               We consider that the adjustment should be measured by the
               difference in production costs and related reasonable
               expenses in dredging the "hard clay" (or glacial till layer)
               with substantial quantities of C&Bs [cobbles and boulders]
               throughout and dredging that layer without, or, at most,
               with nominal quantities of, C&Bs, as reasonably indicated
               in the contract, excluding problems attributable to non-pay
               dredging.

Holloway, 89-2 BCA ~ 21,713 at 109,191.

       As Ryan's brief acknowledged: "The decision did not reach the issue of the
specific damages calculation methodology to use for purposes of calculating the
difference in productivity for the differing material" (app. br. at 6 n.2).

       Ryan also relied on D. W Sandau Dredging, ENG BCA No. 5812, 96-1 BCA
~ 28,064, aff'd, 96-2 BCA ~ 28,300, where the Board held that a dredging contractor
that encountered sand instead of muck in a particular area was entitled to
compensation for a Category I differing site condition. In that case, the Board found
"As median grain size increases, dredge production decreases." (Id. at 140, 156)
While Ryan argues that "the general analysis of declining dredge production rates as
the grain size of the dredged material increases .. .is consistent with the Appellant's
approach here," Ryan nonetheless acknowledges that the decision "did not reach the
issue of the finite calculation of the quantum of damages" (app. br. at 6).

      We do not read the Engineers Board's general instructions in these decisions as
mandating the use of the Factor Method or precluding the use of another method based
upon project records. 21 Due to the lack of precedent in using the Factor Method in a

21
     Nor are that Board's decisions binding on this Board.

                                               38
post-performance dispute scenario, we are not persuaded that the method is
appropriate in this case.

       The Modified Total Cost Method

        The Modified Total Cost Method was derived from the Total Cost Method
which the Court described as a method of "last resort" to be used in "extraordinary
circumstances where no other way to compute damages was feasible." Servidone
Constr. Corp. v. United States, 931 F .2d 860, 861-62 (Fed. Cir. 1991 ). The theory was
developed to "prevent the government from obtaining a windfall stemming from the
plaintiffs inability to satisfy all of the elements of the total cost method." Youngdale
& Sons Constr. Co. v. United States, 27 Fed. Cl. 516, 541 (1993). The Total Cost
method requires the contractor to prove: (i) the impracticability of proving actual
losses directly; (ii) the reasonableness of its bid; (iii) the reasonableness of its actual
costs; and (iv) the lack of responsibility for the added costs. Servidone, 931 F .2d at
861. To use the Modified Total Cost Method, we are to use the four elements
identified in Servidone as "the starting point" from which to adjust a contractor's
recovery to reflect its inability to prove any of the four elements. See Boyajian v.
United States, 423 F.2d 1231 (Ct. Cl. 1970); MacDougald Constr. Co. v. United
States, 122 Ct. Cl. 210 (1952). Because we can use the widely accepted Measured
Mile Method in this case, we need not resort to the Modified Total Cost Method.

       The Measured Mile Method

       The Measured Mile method compares the productivity achieved by a contractor in
an un-impacted area of work with the contractor's productivity on the same work in an
impacted area. Rather than basing damage calculation upon estimates and theoretical
adjustments as in the Factor Method, the Measured Mile Method has the advantage of
using actual data from the project to determine the cost difference between work
performed under normal conditions and work performed under changed conditions.

         In contrast to the Factor Method, the Measured Mile Method had been accepted by
the courts and this Board as an appropriate method for calculating loss of productivity
costs. US. Industries, Inc. v. Blake Construction Co., 671F.2d539, 547 (D.C. Cir. 1982)
("comparison of the cost of performing work in different periods is a well-established
method of proving damages, which frequently has been used in breach of contract cases")
(citing Anvil Mining Co. v. Humble, 153 U.S. 540 (1894); Abbett Electrical Corp. v.
United States, 142 Ct. Cl. 609 (1958)); States Roofing Corporation, ASBCA No. 54860
et al., 10-1 BCA if 34,356 at 169,667 ("We have accepted the measured mile approach as
an appropriate method of determining impact to productivity."); Bay West, Inc., ASBCA
No. 54166, 07-1BCAif33,569 at 166,302-03 (Board accepted the measured mile
approach in determining damages for encountering stiff clay during dredging operations);
WG. Yates & Sons Construction Company, ASBCA Nos. 49398, 49399, 01-2 BCA

                                                39
~ 31,428 at 155,210 ("[W]e accept Yates' use of[the Measured Mile] methodology as an
acceptable vehicle for determining incurred labor inefficiency costs due to the
Government's defective specification."); DANAC, Inc., ASBCA No. 33394, 97-2 BCA
~ 29,184 at 145,152, ajf'd on recon., 98-1BCA~29,454 (use of the "good period vs. bad
period" method of analysis in comparing the contractor's cost performing work during
periods affected and unaffected by government-caused disruption); International
Terminal Operating Company, ASBCA No. 18118, 75-2 BCA ~ 11,470 (ASBCA
adopted method of computing excess costs in a terminal services contract by comparing
the tons handled per direct labor hour during the period affected by the change with the
tons handled per direct labor hour during a period unaffected by the change).

       Use of the Measured Mile Method, however, is not without some limitations.
As the D.C. Circuit observed in US. Industries, Inc.:

                     Unlike the delay claim, the disruption claim is
              intended not to redress USI's loss from being unable to
              work, but to compensate USI for the damages it suffered
              from Blake's actions that made its work more difficult and
              expensive than USI anticipated ....

671 F .2d at 546. Thus, the Measured Mile Method is intended to compensate Ryan for
encountering a consolidated material of a "sandy sandbar shelly bar nature" (see 15-1
BCA ~ 35,939 at 175,643, ~ 44), and patches of crust, newly formed oyster beds, and
dredged materials with heavy shell content, on the surface of the sea floor and on top of
the silt layer that scattered around eight of the nine Acceptance Sections (see 15-1 BCA
~ 35,939 at 175,647, ~ 69) which made Ryan's dredging work more.difficult and
expensive than anticipated. To the extent overcoming learning curve and equipment
failure resulted in downtime and delays, such delays are not compensated as a part of
productivity. Such delays and downtime can be redressed separately as time extensions.

        As both parties recognized, separating differing site condition-related shells and
sand from non-differing site condition-related shells and sand with precision is
impossible (findings 14, 17, 28). In choosing the Measured Mile Method, we believe
we are within the well-established principle that the determination of equitable
adjustment is not an exact science; where responsibility for damage is clear it is not
essential that the damage amount be ascertainable with absolute or mathematical
precision. Electronic & Missile Facilities, Inc. v. United States, 416 F.2d 1345, 1358
(Ct. Cl. 1969); see also Wunderlich Contracting Co. v. United States, 351F.2d956,
968 (Ct. Cl. 1965) ("A claimant need not prove his damages with absolute certainty or
mathematical exactitude. It is sufficient if he furnishes the court with a reasonable
basis for computation, even though the result is only approximate.") (citations
omitted); Specialty Assembling & Packaging Co. v. United States, 355 F.2d 554, 572


                                               40
(Ct. CL 1966) ("It is enough if the evidence adduced is sufficient to enable a court or
jury to make a fair and reasonable approximation.").

       The Parties' Proposed Adjustments

        The Corps argues that in using the Measured Mile Method, AS#8 and AS#9
must be excluded from determining the gross production rate achieved in the impacted
areas. It explained "[w]hile the production problems in AS-8 and AS-9 may have been
partially due to the DSC, the poor production was more strongly influenced by the
contractor's 'learning curve."' (Finding 29) By excluding the low production rates of
AS#8 and AS#9, the Corps seeks to increase the average production rate of the other
impacted areas which, in tum, would lower Ryan's recovery in an un-impacted versus
impacted productivity comparison.

        Ryan, on the other hand, wants the Measured Mile calculations to be adjusted to
account for (1) encountering some shell and consolidated materials in AS#7; (2) the
re bars Ryan welded over the dredge's suction mouthpiece to minimize clogging of the
dredge pipeline when it began dredging AS#7; and (3) the few hours when Ryan
dredged into AS#l and AS#2 when it was dredging AS#7 (findings 23-24). In
adjusting AS#7's production rate downward due to the occurrence of these events,
Ryan seeks to increase its production rate absent these events which, in turn, would
increase its recovery in an un-impacted versus impacted productivity comparison.

       The Corps ' Proposed Adjustments

       In arguing for removing AS#8 and AS#9 from calculating the production rate of
the impacted areas, the Corps identified a number of incidents relating to (a) equipment
downtime as a result of ( 1) stopping dredging to install a GPS (findings 40-41 );
(2) stopping dredging during low tide at Rose Bay (findings 42-45); (3) overhauling its
dredge while dredging AS#9 (findings 53-63); (4) clogging of its dredge pipeline
(findings 64-70); and (5) stopping dredging during booster pump breakdown (findings
94-96).

       The Corps also identified several events relating to Ryan "undergoing a significant
'learning curve'" (gov't br., app'x A at 5) in (1) failing to use the most efficient dredge
configuration when dredging AS#8 and AS#9 (findings 46-49); and (2) experimenting with
placing its booster pump at a proper distance from the dredge (findings 86-93).

       In further support of its argument that AS#8 and AS#9 should be excluded from
calculating the production rate of the impacted areas, the Corps attached to its
post-hearing brief a 12-page list of events purporting to show that Ryan was responsible
for much of the low productivity achieved in the impacted areas (gov't br., app'x B).


                                               41
       Equipment Downtime Issues

        We found installing its GPS on 10 and 11 May 2010 resulted in dredge downtime.
We found Ryan should have installed the GPS before it began dredging. (Findings 40,
41) We found Ryan could not dredge when Rose Bay was experiencing low tide cycles
resulting in dredging downtime (findings 42-43). Based on the information provided in
the contract (finding 44 ), we found Ryan should have anticipated encountering low tide
which would hamper its dredging efforts and installed the pontoons before it began
dredging (finding 45). We found that the most probable cause for the eight or nine-day
shut down from 25 June to 2 July 2010 to overhaul the dredge was that Ryan encountered
significant quantities of sand and shell from 19 to 22 June 2010 (findings 55, 62-63). Of
the two incidents of dredge pipe clogging incidents resulting in downtime, we found
Ryan could have avoided the clogging on 22 September 2010 had its leverman consulted
the pre-dredge survey (finding 68). We found the 13 October 2010 clogging incident was
caused by the high concentration of sand and shell materials encountered in AS#2
(findings 69-70). Ryan had to replace its booster pump on or about 6 August 2010
resulting in downtime (finding 94). We found from 2 to 6 August 2010, immediately
preceding the booster pump breakdown, Ryan had been dredging 25% sand and 25%
shell every day for an entire week. We found the most probable cause of the booster
pump breakdown and downtime experienced was the high content of sand and shell
encountered just before the breakdown. (Findings 94-96)

       Because all of the occurrences above resulted in dredge downtime as opposed
to dredge running time used in the Measured Mile calculation, we will consider their
impacts as a part of the project delay analysis. We found working longer shifts and
double shifts should also be a part of the project's delay analysis (finding 52).

       Learning Curve Issues

       We found operating its dredge in a swing ladder configuration in AS#8 and
AS#9 was not due to Ryan's lack of proficiency but was dictated by the confined areas
in which it was dredging. We found that Ryan switched to operating its dredge in a
swing anchor configuration as soon as the areas in which it was dredging allowed it to
do so. We found switching from one dredge operating configuration to the other was a
part of Ryan's on-site learning process. (Finding 49) Given the DSC encountered in
AS#8 and AS#9, we cannot conclude that moving the booster pump back and forth to
address the crusts it was directed to dredge reflected a lack of proficiency on Ryan's
dredging operations. We found that moving the booster pump was a part of the
learning process Ryan went through to address the DSC it encountered as it dredged
further and further away from the Disposal Area. (Finding 93)

      In its further attempt to support its argument that AS#8 and AS#9 should be
excluded from calculating the production rate of the impacted areas on the basis that

                                              42
Ryan was "undergoing a significant 'learning curve"' (gov't br., app'x A at 5) and that
Ryan had "a huge learning curve due to the shallow bay and long pipeline" (finding 97),
the Corps attached a 12-page list of events purporting to show that Ryan was responsible
for much of the production issues. The Corps did not provide this list before or during
the hearing. As demonstrated in the Corps' downtime and learning curve arguments, the
context in which events occurred is important in assigning responsibility. Providing
cryptic excerpts without context requires us to make assumptions we are unwilling to
make. See States Roofing, 10-1BCAii34,356 at 169,667 (Board rejected the
government's citation to selected excerpts from the Daily Reports for failing to "come
forward with credible evidence providing either context for the comments it selected
from the Daily Reports or their significance.").

        In United Technologies Corporation, ASBCA No. 25501, 86-3 BCA ii 19,171,
we refused to accept modified versions of spreadsheets the government submitted with
its post-hearing brief. We said the government "has not laid the necessary foundation
to enable us to reach a finding that the contents and results reflected in its spreadsheets
are what it claims." We also rejected the spreadsheets on the basis of due process
because receiving them without permitting appellant to test the validity of the evidence
"would be tantamount to receiving evidence ex parte." Id. at 96,923 (citing Wright v.
Southwest Bank, 554 F.2d 661, 663 (5th Cir. 1977)) (held "it is error to accept evidence
ex parte because it is inherently unfair to allow one party to put evidence before the
court without allowing his opponent the opportunity to test its validity"). Here, the
12-page list the Corps attached to its post-hearing brief was unauthenticated and Ryan
had no opportunity to test the validity of many of the allegations made in the list. 22

        Ryan's Proposed Adjustments

       Ryan urges us to consider three alternative adjustments to the production rate of
AS#7. Any one or more of the adjustments, if allowed, would increase the productivity
difference between AS#7, the un-impacted Acceptance Section and the impacted
Acceptance Sections, resulting in greater recovery under the Measured Mile Method.

        Adjustment 1: Crust Areas in AS#7

       Despite our conclusion in our entitlement decision that "[t]here was no differing
site condition in AS#7" (15-1 BCA ii 35,939 at 175,656), Ryan contends there were
"beds of consolidated sand and shell ('crust') areas" in AS#7 (compl., ex. B at 3,
calculation B). Ryan claim is based on what Mr. Humphreys testified he saw and

22
     Some of the events covered by the 12-page list appear to be those QAR Wilson
       testified to at his deposition. As to those events, Ryan had the opportunity to
       address them at the hearing through its witnesses and we have considered and
       weighed the evidence and made findings accordingly.
                                                43
heard from another witness and his interpretation of the cross sections which he
acknowledged could be exaggerated as much as five times (finding 100).

        We found there were not enough areas of consolidated sand and shell
("crusts"), if they existed at all, in AS#7 to have a meaningful adverse impact on
dredging to warrant a 10% adjustment to AS#7's production rate: OSI's daily QC
reports during the 24-day period in which AS#7 was dredged reported 0% sand and
0% shell were encountered (finding 101). We found Ryan never notified OSI or the
Corps that it encountered a DSC in AS#7. Moreover, the Geotechnical Report in the
specifications warned prospective contractors to "expect to dredge whole or broken
shells up to three inches in diameter." Thus, Ryan should have expected to encounter
some shells in dredging AS#7. (Finding 102)

       Adjustment 2: Welding Re bars to the Dredge's Suction Mouthpiece

       As a result of its experience dredging AS#8 and AS#9, Ryan welded rebars to the
original screen when it reached AS#7 "to try to cut down on some of the larger shells"
which were clogging up the pump (finding 105). Ryan proposed a 10% adjustment to the
average gross production per hour in AS#7 to account for the adverse impact to
production from welding rebars over the suction mouthpiece of the dredge (finding 103).

        At the hearing, Mr. Buchanan, Ryan's vice president of operations in charge of all
operations at Rose Bay, testified "[t]he rebar screen that we put on there had no impact at
all on the flow, nothing" and did not restrict the flow of dredged materials (finding 107).

        In support of the 10% adjustment, Mr. Humphreys relied on an equation used in
a thesis submitted by a Master of Science student at Texas A&M University. Using
the equation, Mr. Humphreys calculated a 12.61 % reduction in production on account
of the re bars. In comparing the screens shown in the thesis and the sketch of the re bars
Mr. Humphreys drew for his calculation, we found they looked totally dissimilar
(finding 106). Mr. Buchanan described the welded rebars as "something that sticks
out on the sides and goes around" which fits Mr. Humphrey's sketch (finding 107).
Weighing the evidence, we found Mr. Buchanan's testimony more credible. We found
the rebars Ryan welded to the dredge's suction mouthpiece made little, if any,
difference to warrant a 10% upward adjustment to Ryan's AS#7 production rate. (Id.)

       Adjustment 3: Cross Border Dredging Time Adjustment

        Because AS#7 shared common borders with AS# 1 and AS#2, Ryan dredged
slightly into AS# 1 and AS#2 when dredging AS#7. In its Measured Mile calculations,
Ryan sought to reduce the dredge running time in AS#7 by 4.6 hours for the time it was
dredging into AS#l and AS#2. This would increase the dredge running time in AS#7
which, in tum, would increase Ryan's recovery. We found cross border dredging

                                               44
occurred in every Acceptance Section. (Finding 110) We reject Ryan's proposed
adjustment because it would treat the production rate of AS#7 differently when the same
cross border dredging also occurred in every Acceptance Section, contrary to the Measure
Mile Method of calculation in keeping the same conditions constant (finding 112). 23

        Application of the Measured Mile Method

       After dredging was completed in each Acceptance Section, the Corps had a
surveying company, ARC, survey the volume of the material dredged. The volume of
the materials dredged in each Acceptance Section is not in dispute. (Finding 113) The
pumping hours in each Acceptance Section is also not in dispute. Thus, by dividing
the volume dredged by the pumping hours logged, the production rate (in c.y. per
hour) of each Acceptance can be determined. (Finding 116)

       As demonstrated by the production rates of the impacted Acceptance Sections,
they improved as dredging progressed: The production rate of AS#8, the first
Acceptance Section dredged, was 65.07 c.y. per hour. When Ryan dredged AS#9, the
second Acceptance Section dredged, its production rate improved to 100.52 c.y. per
hour. When Ryan dredged AS#l and AS#2, after it encountered no DSC in AS#7, its
production rates continued to improved but leveled off to some degree. (Finding 116)
We conclude that improvement in its production rate was the result of Ryan
overcoming its learning curve: We found Ryan switched from operating its dredge
from a swing ladder to a swing anchor configuration was a part of its on-site learning
process (finding 49). We found moving its booster pump was a part of the learning
process Ryan went through to address the differing site condition it encountered at
various locations in Rose Bay (finding 93). We found installation of the Gatling
improved Ryan's production rate as it learned to minimize clogging of its dredge
pipeline (finding 109).

       Based upon what the Corps has shown, we are not persuaded that the
production rates of AS#8 and AS#9 should be excluded as "outliers" (see gov't br. at
42) from calculating the production rate of the impacted areas. We believe the better
approach would be to consider all of the impacted Acceptance Sections -AS#8, AS#9,
AS#l, AS#2, AS#3, AS#4, AS#5 and AS#6- as one impacted area. From the
production rates of all eight impacted Acceptance Sections, an average production rate
for the impacted area can be derived. (Finding 118) This average production rate

23
     In the same vein, the Corps contends Ryan's use of a 12-inch dredge pipe was
         inefficient. We found the same 12-inch pipe was used in dredging all
         Acceptance Sections, and to the extent there was productivity loss, that would
         affect all Acceptance Sections to the same degree. (Findings 71-73) Such
         productivity loss would be included in calculating the production rates of all
         Acceptance Sections in the Measured Mile calculations.
                                                 45
would have taken into consideration the learning and improvements Ryan experienced
throughout the dredging period.

        Having rejected the adjustments each party proposed, we set out the mathematical
steps we will employ to determine Ryan's equitable adjustment using the Measured Mile
Method: (1) We calculate first the production rate in c.y. per hour Ryan achieved in
dredging the un-impacted AS#7; (2) Based upon the un-impacted production rate, we
calculate the number of hours Ryan would have required to dredge the eight impacted
Acceptance Sections had it not encountered the differing site condition in those
Acceptance Sections; (3) We then calculate the average production rate, in c.y. per hour,
Ryan actually took to dredge the eight impacted Acceptance Sections; (4) Calculating the
difference in hours between what Ryan took to dredge the eight impacted Acceptance
Sections and the hours it would have taken to dredge the same eight Acceptance Sections
had no differing site condition was encountered yields the additional hours Ryan is
entitled to as a result of dredging differing site condition materials in the eight impacted
Acceptance Sections; and (5) The equitable adjustment due Ryan is determined by
multiplying the additional hours Ryan was required to dredge the eight additional
Acceptance Sections by Ryan's average dredge running cost per hour.

       Inserting numbers into the Measured Mile formula, we conclude that Ryan is entitled
to an equitable adjustment on account of the DSC encountered in the amount of $776,389.78:

       Step 1: The total volume dredged in AS#7 was 39,548
       c.y. (finding 113). The total dredge running time in
       AS#7 was 199 .25 hours (finding 111 ). Therefore, the
       production rate at the un-impacted AS#7 is 198.48 c.y.
       (39,548 c.y./199.25 hrs.).                                  198.48 c.y.
       Step 2: The total volume dredged in the eight impacted
       Acceptance Sections was 211,009 c.y. (finding 118). If
       all eight impacted Acceptance Sections were not
       affected by the differing site condition, Ryan should
       have been able to dredge the eight Acceptance Sections
       in 1,063.12 hours (211,009 c.y./198.48 c.y./hr.).           1,063.12 hrs.
       Step 3: The average production rate of the eight
       impacted Acceptance Sections was 125.02 c.y./hr.
       (211,009 c.y./1,687.76 hrs.) (finding 118). At this
       average production rate, Ryan required 1,687.80 hrs.
       (211,009 c.y./125.02 c.y./hr.) to finish dredging all
       eight impacted Acceptance Sections.                         1,687.80 hrs.
       Step 4: It took Ryan 624.68 additional hours to dredge
       the eight impacted Acceptance Sections
       (1,687.80 hrs. - 1,063.12 hrs.).                            624.68 hrs.


                                               46
        Step 5: Ryan's average dredge running cost was
        $1,242.86 per hour (finding 119). At this cost, 624.68
        additional dredging hours would cost Ryan an
        additional $776,389.78 ($1,242.86 x 624.68 hrs.)
        to dredge.                                                 $776,389.78

        Professional and Consultant Services Costs

       Ryan seeks $55,104.19 in professional and consultant services costs paid to
Construction Consulting Associates, Inc., for Mr. Humphreys' services (finding 123).
Under FAR 31.205-33, Professional and consultant service costs, 24 "Costs of
professional and consultant services are allowable subject to this paragraph and
paragraphs (c) through (f) of this subsection when reasonable in relation to the services
rendered and when not contingent upon recovery of the costs from the Government (but
see 31.205-30 and 31.205.47)." FAR 31.205-47, Costs related to legal and other
proceedings, provides at subsection (f)(l) that "Costs ... are unallowable if incurred in
connection with": "prosecution of claims or appeals against the Federal Government."

       Interpreting an earlier version of FAR 31.205-33 (1987) with similar language,
the Federal Circuit said in Bill Strong Enterprises, Inc. v. Shannon, 49 F .3d 1541, 15 50
(Fed. Cir. 1995), overruled on other grounds by Rejlectone, Inc. v. Dalton, 60 F.3d
1572, 1579, n.10 (en bane) that "[i]n classifying a particular cost as either a contract
administration cost or a cost incidental to the prosecution of a claim, contracting
officers, the Board, and courts should examine the objective reason why the contractor
incurred the cost." The Court went on to say:

              If a contractor incurred the cost for the genuine purpose of
              materially furthering the negotiation process, such cost
              should normally be a contract administration cost
              allowable under FAR 31.205-33, even if negotiation
              eventually fails and a CDA claim is submitted. See
              Armada, 84-3 BCA ~ 17,694 at 88,242-43. On the other
              hand, if a contractor's underlying purpose for incurring a
              cost is to promote the prosecution of a CDA claim against
              the Government, then such cost is unallowable under
              FAR 31.205-33.

       See also Advanced Engineering & Planning Corporation, ASBCA Nos. 53366,
54044, 03-1BCA~32,157, aff'd, Johnson v. Advanced Engineering & Planning
Corp., 292 F. Supp. 2d 846 (E.D. Va. 2003) (cost to prepare REA were incurred for

24
     The Corps awarded Contract 0033 in June 2009. Optimum, 13 BCA ~ 35,412
        at 173, 714. The FAR as of 1 July 2008 is therefore applicable.
                                              47
the purpose of accomplishing a comprehensive resolution of the entire job order held
allowable under FAR 31.205-33 as professional and consultant services costs).

       We found the 10 invoices totaling $42,972.65 Mr. Humphreys submitted to Ryan
were for consulting services and for preparing Ryan's REA in connection with what we
ultimately found to be a differing site condition. At $135.00 an hour, we found
Mr. Humphreys' rate, on the basis of his expertise (see finding 74) and the
comprehensive and well documented REA (58755, ex. 200) he prepared reasonable and
allocable to the additional differing site condition costs Ryan incurred. We found the
consultant costs incurred was for the purpose of seeking an administrative resolution
through a meeting, discussion and negotiation and not for the purpose of prosecuting a
claim or appeal against the Corps. The Corps has not disputed the professional and
consultant services costs nor the associated overhead and profit claimed. (Finding 124)
Accordingly, we conclude Ryan is entitled to the $55,104.19 claimed.

       Time Extension

       When Ryan bid the project, it estimated it could finish dredging Rose Bay in
about six months or 179 calendar days. We found that having started work late
because of OSI's delay, Ryan expected to finish by 6 November 2010. (Finding 132)
Having begun dredging on 10 May 2010, Ryan finished on 7 February 2011, 93
calendar days later than expected (findings 26, 128). In seeking a 93-calendar day
extension, Ryan did not provide any delay or schedule analysis except to say that since
dredging was the only work left to do "other than maintaining the seeding and
mulching at the disposal area," all dredging work was critical (finding 131).

        On a calendar-day basis, Ryan originally planned to work 1 shift of 10 hours a day,
5 days a week, and 8 hours on Saturday. When it began to fall behind, it increased its shift
to 131/z hours a day. Then, on 12 July 2010, after it overhauled its dredge, Ryan went to
"round the clock operations 6 days a week" or two 12-hour shifts a day. (Finding 35)

      We found Ryan's self-imposed acceleration absorbed some of the equipment
downtime (due to installation of the GPS (finding 41); low tide (finding 45); and
dredge pipeline clogging (finding 68)) due to its fault and reduced the overall dredging
time. Had Ryan not accelerated on its own, the delay in contract completion would
have extended beyond 7 February 2011.

       Although skewed in its own favor, the Corps proposes a reasonable formula for
computing the time extension. The Corps' formula takes into consideration (1) the
additional dredging time caused by the DSC in the impacted Acceptance Sections used in
the Measured Mile calculation; (2) of an EWT ratio in recognition of the preparatory
work Ryan had to do to be able to dredge every day; and (3) Ryan's working hours per
day. (Findings 134-35)

                                              48
       We make the following adjustments to the numbers the Corps used: The Corps'
assumption that Ryan worked 24 hours a day for the entire dredging period overstates the
hours actually Ryan worked. Ryan worked 1 shift per day for 10 to 13 Yi hours from
10 May to 11 July 2010, or 62 out of the 272 calendar day dredging period. Ryan worked
two 12-hour shifts a day from 12 July 2010 to 7 February 2011, or 210 out of the 272
calendar day dredging period. For the first 62 days, Ryan worked an average of 11.75
((10 hours+ 13.50 hours)/2) hours a day. For the last 210 days, Ryan worked 24 hours a
day. Thus, Ryan worked an average of 21.21 hours (( 11. 75 hours x 62 days + 24 hours x
210 days)/272 days) a day over the course of 272 calendar days. The parties have not
disputed that application of an EWT ratio is appropriate for computing dredging duration.
Ryan used a ratio of 43.2% (compl., ex. D); the Corps used 48.6% (finding 134). Neither
party has explained how its EWT ratio was derived. Since the parties are relatively close,
we use 45% as the EWT ratio (finding 135).

       Based upon the formula the Corps proposed, and based upon (1) 624.68 hours
of additional dredging hours on account of the differing site condition; (2) an EWT
ratio of 45%; and (3) an average of 21.21 hours of work per day over the 272 calendar
days when dredging took place, we calculate that Ryan is entitled to a time extension
of 65.45, say 66 calendar days:

            Impact of DSC (Pumping Time)                624.68 hrs.
       Days=            EWT                                0.45       = 65.45 days
                  Working hours per day                 21.21 hrs./day

       Liquidated Damages

      The Corps has withheld 225 calendar days of liquidated damages totaling
$299,108.25 ($1,329.37 x 225 days). OSI has agreed to absorb all but 93 calendar
days of liquidated damages or for 132 calendar days (225 c.d. - 93 c.d.). (Finding
129) Thus, at $1,329.37 per day, OSI has agreed that the Corps is entitled to withhold
$175,476.84 ($1,329.37 x 132 c.d.) for its part delaying completion of the project.

        Of the 93 calendar days of delay Ryan claims, we have found it is entitled to a time
extension of 66 calendar days. This means 27 of the 93 calendar days (93 c.d. - 66 c.d.)
were not excusable delay days. Had Ryan chosen not to accelerate on its own volition and
worked double shifts beginning on 12 July 2010, it would not have finished dredging Rose
Bay by 7 February 2011. By accelerating, Ryan made up some of the delays caused by
the differing site condition as well as some of the downtime for which it was responsible.




                                              49
       We summarize OSI's recovery in this appeal in the table below:

         Additional dredging cost                          $776,389.78
         Outside consultant cost                            $55, 104.19
         Subtotal                                          $831,493.97
         OSI Field Office Overhead~ 22.40% (finding 125)   $186,254.65
         OSI Home Office Overhead~ 20.40% (finding 125)    $169,624.77
         Subtotal                                        $1,187,373.39
         Profit (a), 5.66% (finding 125)                    $67,205.33
         Subtotal                                        $1,254,578.72
         Bond (ii), 1% (finding 125)                        $12,545.79
         Total Recovery                                  $1,267,124.51

       Other than withholding $299,108.25 (225 days) ofliquidated damages, the
Corps had not formally assessed any liquidated damages. While OSI, on behalf of
Ryan, claimed 93 days of time extension, no claim was submitted for return of
liquidated damages. Thus, the remission of liquidated damages is not before us.
Nevertheless, in light of our decision that Ryan is entitled to an extension of 66 out of
the 93 calendar days claimed, we leave it to the parties to compute and remit the
proper amount of liquidated damages.

                                    CONCLUSION

        Because Ryan encountered a differing site condition dredging eight of the nine
Acceptance Sections at Rose Bay, because we considered the Measured Mile Method
the most appropriate approach in determining the equitable adjustment to which Ryan
is entitled, OSI is entitled to recover $1,267,124.51. Interest pursuant to 41 U.S.C.
§ 7109 on this amount is to run from 24 December 2012, the putative date on which
the CO should have received OSI' s certified claim, until paid. In addition, OSI/Ryan
is entitled to a time extension of 66 calendar days.

       Dated: 6 September 2016
                                            ...
                                                                                   ...
                                                       PETER D. TING
                                                       Administrative Judge
                                                       Armed Services Board
                                                       of Contract Appeals

(Signatures continued)




                                                  50
 I concur                                          I concur




7 MARK   N. STEMPLER /
 Administrative Judge
                               ~                   RI~CKLEFORD
                                                   Administrative Judge
 Acting Chairman                                   Vice Chairman
 Armed Services Board                              Armed Services Board
 of Contract Appeals                               of Contract Appeals



     I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Opinion and Decision of the
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals in ASBCA No. 59952, Appeal of
Optimum Services, Inc., rendered in conformance with the Board's Charter.


      Dated:



                                                   JEFFREY D. GARDIN
                                                   Recorder, Armed Services
                                                   Board of Contract Appeals




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