                       NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 05a0605n.06
                                 Filed: July 18, 2005

                                     Nos. 04-5334/04-5335

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

       Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                  STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
                                                    EASTERN DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
WILLARD SMITH and
DONNIE NEWSOME,

      Defendants-Appellants.
_______________________________/



BEFORE:        CLAY and SUTTON, Circuit Judges; O’MEARA, District Judge.*


       CLAY, Circuit Judge. Defendants Willard Smith and Donnie Newsome appeal their

convictions and sentences for vote buying and conspiracy to buy votes in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§

2, 371 and 42 U.S.C. § 1973i(c). For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM both Defendants’

convictions; however, we VACATE Smith’s sentence and remand for resentencing in light of

United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005).

                                     I.   BACKGROUND

       In 1998, Donnie Newsome, then a Kentucky state representative, decided to run for Knott

County Judge Executive. In approximately March 1998, Newsome had a conversation about his


       *
       The Honorable John Corbett O’Meara, United States District Judge for the Eastern District
of Michigan, sitting by designation.
                                       Nos. 04-5334/04-5335

campaign with an individual named Keith Pigman. Newsome asked Pigman to purchase votes for

him and two other candidates in the 1998 election, Robert Short, who was running for county clerk,

and Randy Slone, who was seeking the office of county attorney. In return for Pigman’s assistance,

Newsome promised that if he won the election, he would hire Pigman for a job with the Knott

County Fiscal Court. Newsome also hired Newton Johnson to assist in the vote buying scheme,

promising that if elected, he would make sure that the county fixed the unpaved road leading into

the hollow where Johnson resided.

       A primary election was held in May 1998, with voters choosing candidates for, among other

offices, Knott County Judge Executive and United States Senator. In the weeks leading up to the

primary, Pigman, Smith, and several others worked together to buy votes for Newsome. At

Newsome and Smith’s trial, a number of witnesses, including Pigman and Johnson, testified that

they either sold their votes to Newsome and his associates, or directly assisted in the vote buying

scheme. For example, Jackie Darrell Slone and his cousin Denzil Slone both testified that Smith and

Pigman approached them on the street and offered them $50 apiece for their votes. Jackie Darrell

and Denzil agreed, and Pigman accompanied them into the courthouse to fill out absentee ballots.

The cousins told the clerk that each was illiterate and needed Pigman to accompany them into the

voting booth.1 Once inside the booth, Pigman voted each man’s ballot for him. Similarly, Johnson

testified that he was enlisted to procure the votes of his sister, two nieces and nephew-in-law.

Johnson drove these four relatives to the courthouse so that they could vote by absentee ballot, for

which each was paid $50. In addition, Smith’s first cousin, Mary Baum, testified that Smith brought


       1
        Jackie Darrell testified that he is actually illiterate, but Denzil is not.

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                                     Nos. 04-5334/04-5335

her to the courthouse to vote via absentee ballot, and gave her $60 after she had voted. Another

man, Ralph Hicks, Jr., testified that he and his brother were walking past the courthouse prior to

election day, and Smith called out to them and asked them to come over. Smith then offered Hicks

and his brother $50 each to fill out an absentee ballot and vote for Newsome, which they agreed to

do. Finally, Donald Ray Thomas testified that Newsome personally paid him $100 after he voted

by absentee ballot in the 1998 primary election.

       In addition to paying people to vote by absentee ballot, on the actual primary day, Newsome

instructed Johnson to drive people to the polls. After Johnson brought them to the polls to vote,

Smith, who was stationed at a polling place, would pay them for their votes. Johnson testified that

he believed Smith had around $5,000 to pass out on election day, and that the money ran out before

the day was over. Johnson also testified that Newsome had other individuals scattered at other

polling places passing out money for votes. In addition, Kali Holbrook and Smith’s nephew, Paul

Shannon Johnson, testified that when they went to vote on election day, Smith and Pigman

approached them and offered to give them each $10 and beer to vote for Newsome. However,

Holbrook and Paul Shannon declined, as each had already been paid $50 to vote for Newsome’s

opponent, incumbent Knott County Judge Executive Homer Sawyer.2

       Following the 1998 primary, the local media reported that an inordinate number of absentee

ballots had been cast in Knott County, and anonymous tips and a call from the Kentucky Registry


       2
        Apparently, corruption was rampant during the May 1998 Knott County primary election.
We have recently had occasion to address the same election in two other criminal vote-buying cases,
one of which involved a defendant convicted of purchasing votes on behalf of Homer Sawyer. See
United States v. Slone, ---F.3d----, 2005 WL 1384364 at *1 (6th Cir. Jun. 3, 2005); United States
v. Madden, 403 F.3d 347 (6th Cir. 2005).

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                                     Nos. 04-5334/04-5335

of Election Finance led the FBI to investigate the election. Subpoenaed voting records disclosed a

number of red flags, including the same names on voter assistance forms and voters with addresses

in close proximity to each other voting on the same day. Based on these records, the FBI began

approaching individual voters, who were promised immunity for their cooperation in the

investigation.

       Following the FBI’s investigation of the 1998 primary, a grand jury handed down a six-count

indictment against Smith, Newsome and Pigman, charging that: (1) Smith, Newsome and Pigman

conspired to “knowingly and willfully pay and offer to pay voters for voting in the [May 26,1998]

primary election, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1973i(c)”; (2) Newsome paid and offered to pay Donald

Ray Thomas for voting in the 1998 primary election, in violation of § 1973i(c) and 18 U.S.C. § 2;

(3) Smith paid and offered to pay Ralph Hicks, Jr. for voting in the 1998 primary election in

violation of § 1973i(c); (4) Smith, Newsome and Pigman paid and offered to pay Denzil Slone, Jr.

to vote in the 1998 primary election in violation of § 1973i(c) and § 2; (5) Smith and Pigman paid

and offered to pay Jackie Darrell Slone to vote in the 1998 primary election in violation of §

1973i(c) and § 2; and (6) Smith paid and offered to pay Mary Baum to vote in the 1998 primary

election in violation of § 1973i(c). Id. at 48-53. Although each Defendant pleaded not guilty,

Pigman later changed his plea to guilty. Id. at 648-50. In exchange, the government dismissed

Counts 4 and 5 against Pigman, and he agreed to testify against Newsome and Smith. Id. at 650.



       During Defendants’ trial, in addition to the above testimony regarding vote buying, evidence

was introduced that two witnesses had been threatened. Donald Ray Thomas testified before the



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grand jury that he sold his vote to Newsome; however, when he was called to the stand at trial he

initially claimed that he did not remember anything about vote buying, the 1998 primary election

or his grand jury testimony. Outside of the jury’s presence, the trial court advised Thomas that he

would be held in contempt if he failed to answer questions, and ordered a $10,000 bond to force

Thomas to reappear the following day to resume his testimony. The next day, Thomas was a

cooperative witness. He first testified that he claimed lapsed memory the previous day because

“There was some people talking to me and trying to scare me and I didn’t want to say nothing.”

Thomas also testified that these unidentified persons told him “That I was a walking dead man and

that I wouldn’t be able to live on Beaver where I live at and everything else after this was over.”

Furthermore, Thomas relayed that shortly after he received these warnings, Newsome’s son-in-law,

Jeff Little, telephoned him around 10:30 or 11:00 at night and asked to meet him at “Tater Branch,”

an isolated hollow near Thomas’ residence, so that they could “talk.” Thomas testified that he

“wasn’t going up there for nothing in the world,” due to the recent warnings and the time of night

at which he received Little’s call. Thomas conceded, however, that neither Newsome nor Smith had

personally threatened him.

       In addition to Thomas’ testimony, Shelia Fugate, a woman who claimed that she sold her

vote to Newsome for $50 in the 2002 primary election, testified that after her name appeared on a

sealed witness list for Defendants’ trial, a man named Kermit Short approached her on the

courthouse steps and told her not to testify. Fugate also testified that several days prior to appearing

in court, Kermit Short came to her house and again told her not to testify against Newsome or the

state police would be after her and her family. Short also said to Fugate, “You know who governs



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the county, don’t you,” which Fugate understood to refer to Newsome, the County Judge Executive.

Fugate further testified that Short told her he saw her name on a list of witnesses as “Shelia Combs.”

Fugate’s common law husband, Charles Combs, then testified that he came home to find Short

speaking with Fugate, and that after Short left, Fugate was “all nerves” and “was extremely upset.”

Combs also testified that he sold his vote to Newsome in the 2002 primary for $50, and that

Newsome gave him an additional $50 for bringing Fugate in to vote.

       Kermit Short is the brother of Robert Short, who ran for county clerk in 1998 on the same

slate of candidates as Newsome. His sister-in-law, Joe Short, also worked for Newsome on the

Knott County Fiscal Court. Additionally, it was adduced at trial that Shelia Fugate’s name appeared

incorrectly on the trial witness list as Shelia Combs. The witness list was under seal; however, prior

to trial the defense successfully moved to have a copy of the list provided to a defense investigator,

Joey Stidham. After Fugate testified, Short took the stand and admitted that he spoke to Stidham

several days before he allegedly threatened Fugate, but he denied being given the witness list by

Stidham. Short also admitted going to Fugate’s house prior to the trial, but he denied speaking with

her about her testimony or threatening her in any way.

       At the close of the evidence, the jury convicted Smith and Newsome on all counts.

Defendants now raise several challenges to their convictions and sentences.

                                       II.   DISCUSSION

       A.      Severance

       After Fugate and Charles Combs testified, Smith’s attorney moved for severance, claiming

that there was no evidence that Smith participated in vote buying in the 2002 election, or that he had



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anything to do with the threat against Fugate. The district court denied Smith’s motion, finding that

the threat evidence was admissible against both Defendants through the conspiracy. The court then

gave a limiting instruction on the 2002 primary evidence, instructing the jury to only consider that

evidence against Newsome. On appeal, Smith challenges the district court’s denial of his motion

for severance.

       We review the denial of a severance motion for an abuse of discretion. United States v.

Saadey, 393 F.3d 669, 678 (6th Cir. 2005). “In order to prevail on a motion for severance, a

defendant must show compelling, specific, and actual prejudice from a court’s refusal to grant the

motion to sever.” Id.; cf. United States v. Gallo, 763 F.2d 1504, 1526 (6th Cir. 1985) (“Absent a

showing of substantial prejudice, spillover of evidence from one case to another does not require

severance.”). Because Smith has failed to present any evidence of prejudice, we find that his claim

is without merit. We have previously held that “a defendant is not entitled to a severance simply

because the evidence against a codefendant is far more damaging than the evidence against him.”

United States v. Causey, 834 F.2d 1277, 1288 (6th Cir. 1987). Additionally, a defendant is not

entitled to severance even if an acquittal would be more likely if he were tried alone. United States

v. Beverly, 369 F.3d 516, 534 (6th Cir. 2004). Furthermore, even assuming arguendo that the threat

evidence was improperly admitted against Smith, due to the overwhelming evidence of his guilt in

the vote buying conspiracy, any error was harmless. See United States v. Frost, 125 F.3d 346, 390-

91 (6th Cir. 1997). Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Smith’s

motion for severance.

       B.        Admissibility of Threat Evidence



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       Both Smith and Newsome argue that the district court committed reversible error by

admitting Fugate’s and Thomas’ threat testimony under Fed. R. Evid. Rule 404(b). We employ a

three-part standard of review for examining the district court’s decision to admit evidence of “other

crimes, wrongs, or acts” under Rule 404(b), see United States v. Merriweather, 78 F.3d 1070, 1074

(6th Cir. 1996), however, the district court’s decision to admit testimony not subject to Rule 404(b)

is reviewed for an abuse of discretion, United States v. Bonds, 12 F.3d 540, 554 (6th Cir. 1993).

“An abuse of discretion occurs when the lower court relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact or

when it improperly applies the law or uses an erroneous legal standard.” United States v. True, 250

F.3d 410, 422 n.9 (6th Cir. 2001); see also United States v. Heavrin, 330 F.3d 723, 727 (6th Cir.

2003) (“A district court likewise abuses its discretion when we are firmly convinced that the trial

court committed a clear error of judgment.”) (quotation and citation omitted).

               1.      Fugate

       We disagree with Defendants’ claim that the threat evidence presented by Fugate is subject

to Rule 404(b). “[S]poliation evidence, including evidence that defendant attempted to bribe and

threatened a witness, is admissible to show consciousness of guilt,” and “[b]ecause spoliation

evidence tends to establish consciousness of guilt without any inference as to the character of the

spoliator, its admission does not violate Rule 404(b).” United States v. Mendez-Ortiz, 810 F.2d 76,

79 (6th Cir. 1986); see also, United States v. Copeland, 321 F.3d 582, 598 (6th Cir. 2003) (citing

United States v. Okayfor, 996 F.2d 116, 120 (6th Cir. 1993)) (“[E]vidence that has the tendency to

demonstrate a defendant’s consciousness of wrongdoing is admissible to establish the defendant’s

guilt.”). Further, because such evidence is not subject to Rule 404(b), it is also unnecessary for the



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district court to determine whether the threat actually occurred. See United States v. Maddox, 944

F.2d 1223, 1230 (6th Cir. 1991) (“The claim that the district court was required to make a finding

that the threat occurred before admitting the evidence is without merit. There is no general rule that

a judge must believe evidence to be true prior to allowing evidence in.”). Thus, so long as the

probative value of such threats is not substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect, evidence of

threats against witnesses is generally admissible. Copeland, 321 F.3d at 597.

        We find that the district court did not abuse its discretion in allowing Fugate to testify that

she was threatened by Kermit Short. There is evidence from which the district court could have

imputed Short’s threats to Defendants, most notably: (1) defense investigator Stidham obtained a

copy of the witness list, which had Fugate’s name as Shelia Combs; (2) Stidham then met with

Short; and (3) a few days later Short threatened Fugate and told her that he saw her name on a list

as Shelia Combs. Additionally, there is the fact that Short’s brother ran on a slate of candidates with

Newsome in 1998, and Short’s sister-in-law worked for Newsome. Based on this evidence, we

cannot say that the district court abused its discretion in admitting the Fugate’s threat testimony.

                2.      Thomas

        We also find that the district court did not err in allowing Thomas to testify that he was

threatened. Neither Defendant objected to Thomas’ testimony at trial, therefore we review the issue

for plain error, see United States v. Cromer, 389 F.3d 662, 672 (6th Cir. 2004), and we may only

reverse if we find that there is (1) an error, (2) that is plain, (3) that affected Defendants’ substantial

rights and (4) that the error “seriously affect[ed] the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of

judicial proceedings,” Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 466-67 (1997).



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        Neither Defendant attempts to explain to us how the admission of Thomas’ threat testimony

constituted plain error. However, we note that we have previously upheld, under an abuse of

discretion standard, the admission of a witness’ testimony that she was subjected to general threats

as explanation for earlier inconsistent testimony. See Maddox, supra, 944 F.2d at 1229-30. In

Maddox, during a sidebar conference while the witness was on the stand, the defendant allegedly

mouthed “you’re dead” to her, which affected the witness’ composure and testimony. Id. at 1226.

After a hearing out of the presence of the jury, the district court allowed the witness to testify again,

and to tell the jury that she was distracted during her first testimony because the defendant

threatened her. Id. at 1230. This Court found that the district court did not abuse its discretion by

allowing the witness to re-testify: “The court concluded that [the witness] believed that she had been

threatened. Regardless of whether [the defendant] did in fact threaten her, the subjective belief on

[her] part could have discomfited her enough to distract her and thereby disrupted her testimony.”

Id. (emphasis in original). Similarly, in the instant case, the district court did not abuse its discretion

by allowing Thomas to testify that he was threatened as an explanation for his initial lack of memory

and cooperation on the witness stand. In light of Maddox, the admission of Thomas’ testimony was

not a plain error that would entitle Defendants to a reversal of their convictions.

        C.      Testimony Regarding the FBI’s Investigation

        Both Defendants contend that the district court erred in allowing an FBI agent to testify that

the government’s investigation in the instant case was ongoing. Defendants failed to object to the

agent’s testimony at trial, therefore we review for plain error. See Johnson, supra, 520 U.S. at 467;

Cromer, supra, 389 F.3d at 672.



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       Special Agent Timothy Johnson testified at trial about the process that the FBI used to

investigate this case. Defendants specifically complain about the following exchange between

Agent Johnson and the prosecutor:

               Q:      Tim, as you’ve heard, there’s been testimony that there was
                       1,020 absentee ballots cast in this election. Did you try to
                       interview all 1,020 people?

               A:      No, sir. It would have been physically impossible at least for
                       the number of agents that were available for the case.
                       ...

               Q:      Tim, do you know how many voters were interviewed during
                       the course of this investigation?

               A:      I don’t have a solid number. There’s numbers assigned to the
                       interview. Some people were interviewed twice. I would say
                       in the neighborhood of 200 people.

               Q:      And is this investigation still ongoing?

               A:      In a limited since (sic), yes, sir.

               Q:      The election was five years ago. The statute of limitations
                       has expired with five years; is that correct?

               A:      That’s correct.

               Q:      But the investigation is still ongoing as directed by this
                       Court?

               A:      That’s correct.

Joint Appendix (“J.A.”) at 535-36. Defendants argue that the above testimony “clearly suggested

to the jury that the Judge thought there were threats being made against witnesses by the Defendants

and had ordered an investigation by the FBI.”




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                                       Nos. 04-5334/04-5335

       Defendants’ argument is wholly without merit. Agent Johnson was not asked, nor did he

testify, that the district court had ordered an investigation into threats against witnesses by

Defendants. The above testimony is about the FBI’s investigation into vote fraud and absentee

ballots in the 1998 election generally, and the ongoing investigation referenced is not linked to

Defendants. Immediately after the quoted testimony, the prosecutor asked Agent Johnson about the

unrelated matter of the contents of an immunity letter that he provided to vote sellers. We find no

error in the district court’s allowance of this testimony, let alone a plain error that would cause us

to reverse Defendants’ convictions.

       D.       Limitation of Cross-Examination on Character Issues

       Defendant Smith argues that the district court erred by not allowing his counsel to cross-

examine Newton Johnson about the fact that Johnson tested positive for marijuana while out on bond

on another case, or Charles Combs about the fact that Combs was on probation for an unrelated

crime. Smith’s argument to this Court in this regard barely covers one page of his appellate brief,

fails to cite any relevant legal authority for his position, and fails to develop how he was prejudiced

by the district court’s failure to allow cross-examination on Johnson’s and Combs’ unrelated

criminal transgressions. In light of the fact that this Court has repeatedly held that “‘issues adverted

to [on appeal] in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed argumentation,

are deemed waived,’” we decline to address the merits of Smith’s argument. United States v.

Demjanjuk, 367 F.3d 623, 638 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting United States v. Crozier, 259 F.3d 503, 517

(6th Cir. 2001); see also McPherson v. Kelsey, 125 F.3d 989, 995-96 (6th Cir. 1997) (“It is not




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                                       Nos. 04-5334/04-5335

sufficient for a party to mention a possible argument in the most skeletal way, leaving the court to

put flesh on its bones.”) (quotation and citations omitted).

       E.      Testimony by Additional Government Witnesses

       Smith also claims that the district court committed reversible error by allowing several

witnesses whose individual vote sales were not directly charged in the indictment to testify at trial.

Smith argues that because the indictment does not specify that Defendants bought or offered to buy

the votes of trial witnesses Josephine Slone, Paul Shannon Johnson and Kali Holbrook, these

witnesses were subject to the requirements of Fed. R. Evid. 404(b), including a specific

identification of the purpose of their testimony by the government and a limiting instruction from

the court. We review the district court’s decision to allow testimony for an abuse of discretion.

Bonds, supra, 12 F.3d at 554.

       Smith’s argument is completely frivolous. Slone, Johnson and Holbrook provided direct

evidence of the existence of a conspiracy between Defendants to purchase votes in the 1998 primary

election, as charged in Count 1 of the indictment. Each of these witnesses testified that he or she

was approached by a member of the conspiracy and offered money for his or her vote. Clearly, these

witnesses were not proffering evidence of “other acts” under Rule 404(b). Therefore, the district

court did not abuse its discretion in admitting their testimony without a statement of the purpose for

which the testimony was offered and a limiting instruction.3


       3
         Smith raises several other claims of error by the district court, including: an argument that
the cross-examination of Kermit Short and Newsome compounded the prejudice associated with the
threat evidence (which Smith avers “was as serious as a heart attack for the Defendants”); a claim
that the jury should have been informed that Denzil Slone was in the county jail on an unrelated
assault charge when he was interviewed by the FBI in connection with selling his vote; and an

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       F.      Sentencing

       Both Defendants raised sentencing claims in their briefs to this Court, however, at oral

argument Newsome’s counsel informed us that his client has been released from prison. Therefore,

Newsome’s challenges to the district court’s sentencing decision are moot, United States v. Namey,

364 F.3d 843, 844 n.1 (6th Cir. 2004); United States v. Delgado, 350 F.3d 520, 524 n.4 (6th Cir.

2003), and we need only address Smith’s sentencing claims.

       Smith first argues that the district court erred in enhancing his sentence based on a finding

that the vote sellers constituted “vulnerable victims” under the Sentencing Guidelines. Section

3A1.1(b)(1) of the Guidelines provides, “If the defendant knew or should have known that a victim

of the offense was a vulnerable victim, increase by 2 levels.” A vulnerable victim is defined as “a

person (A) who is a victim of the offense of conviction and any conduct for which the defendant is

accountable under § 1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct); and (B) who is unusually vulnerable due to age,

physical or mental condition, or who is otherwise particularly susceptible to criminal conduct.” See

U.S.S.G. § 3A1.1, cmt. n.2 (2003). The district court noted that some of the vote sellers were

mentally handicapped, and therefore applied the enhancement. However, in another of our recent

vote buying cases, we addressed this exact issue and held that individuals who sell their votes are

not “victims” for the purposes of § 3A1.1. See Madden, 403 F.3d at 349 (“[W]e agree that the vote

sellers were not “victims” for Guidelines purposes.”). Therefore, we agree with Smith that the

district court erred in enhancing his sentence under § 3A1.1.




argument that “cumulative errors in the case warrant reversal.” Because none of these arguments
has any merit, we decline to address them in greater detail.

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        Smith also contends that he is entitled to resentencing in light of Booker. In addition to

enhancing Smith’s sentence under § 3A1.1, the district court added three levels to Smith’s sentence

based on a finding that Smith was a “manager or supervisor” of criminal activity “involving five or

more participants or [that] was otherwise extensive.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b) (2003). Smith argues that

because he did not admit to the facts supporting this enhancement, and the enhancement was not

proved to the jury beyond a reasonable doubt, his Sixth Amendment rights were violated and he is

entitled to resentencing. Smith did not raise a Sixth Amendment claim before the district court,

therefore we review his argument on appeal for plain error. United States v. Oliver, 397 F.3d 369,

377 (6th Cir. 2005). We agree with Smith that the district court’s application of § 3B1.1(b), resting

on judge-found facts, violated his Sixth Amendment rights, and under our post-Booker plain error

cases, we find that the plain error test has been met in this case. See, e.g., United States v. Jackson,

401 F.3d 747, 750 (6th Cir. 2005); United States v. McDaniel, 398 F.3d 540, 548-50 (6th Cir. 2005).

Therefore, we remand Smith’s case to the district court for resentencing in light of Booker.

                                       III.   CONCLUSION

        For the above reasons, we AFFIRM Smith’s and Newsome’s convictions; however, we

VACATE Smith’s sentence and REMAND his case for resentencing in accordance with Booker.




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