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                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

                               Nos. 04-08-00712-CR & 04-08-00713-CR

                                       Donald Ray McINTOSH,
                                              Appellant

                                                    v.

                                           STATE of Texas,
                                              Appellee

                      From the County Court at Law No. 7, Bexar County, Texas
                                 Trial Court Nos. 220294 & 220291
                          Honorable Monica E. Guerrero, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Steven C. Hilbig, Justice

Sitting:          Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
                  Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice
                  Steven C. Hilbig, Justice

Delivered and Filed: November 18, 2009

AFFIRMED

           Donald Ray McIntosh was found guilty by a jury of violating a protective order and resisting

transportation, and found not guilty of assault. The trial court sentenced McIntosh to one year in jail

and a $500 fine on the protective order charge and to ninety days in jail and a $100.00 fine on the

resisting transportation charge. McIntosh appeals, contending the judgments should be reversed

because the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the jury’s verdicts, the trial court
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erred by allowing the State to amend the information charging him with resisting transportation, and

the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss for lack of a speedy trial. We affirm the trial

court’s judgments.

                                           BACKGROUND

       Bexar County Deputy Sheriff Steven Wheeler testified that on June 26, 2007, he drove to a

residence after someone at the location dialed 911, but terminated the call. When he arrived, Deputy

Wheeler saw a woman and two children standing in the front yard of the residence. Deputy Wheeler

testified the woman, later identified as Carolyn Miller, looked anxious and told him “he” had locked

them out of the home and pushed her to the ground. By this time, a second deputy, Gil Martinez,

arrived at the residence and both deputies went to the back yard to look for McIntosh. The deputies

found him smoking a cigarette and began questioning him about his version of the events. After a

short discussion, Deputy Wheeler decided to arrest McIntosh for “family violence” and assault.

McIntosh was handcuffed with his arms behind his back, and the deputies walked him to the front

of the residence. Deputy Martinez positioned McIntosh over the back of the patrol vehicle so he

could search him for weapons before placing him in the patrol car. Deputy Martinez testified that

although McIntosh was facing the car, McIntosh used the vehicle to push against the deputy and used

his legs to kick backwards towards the deputy. Deputy Wheeler, who had been checking McIntosh’s

criminal history, testified he saw the altercation and went to assist Deputy Martinez. Deputy Wheeler

told the jury he slapped McIntosh on the face and told him to calm down. When McIntosh continued

to struggle with the deputies, Deputy Wheeler forced McIntosh to the ground and placed his forearm

across McIntosh’s neck to “secure” McIntosh on the ground. Deputy Wheeler, who weighed about

285 pounds, testified he laid his body on top of McIntosh. There were decorative stones on the


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ground where McIntosh lay, and his face was cut in the process. McIntosh was provided medical

treatment at the scene, and was taken to a hospital later that night. Deputy Wheeler testified that

during the course of these events, Miller told the deputies she had a protective order against

McIntosh and she showed the deputies a copy of the order. The order prohibited McIntosh from

going within one hundred yards of Miller’s residence.

       One of Miller’s daughters, fourteen-year-old B.M., testified she called 911 that day and

witnessed McIntosh’s arrest. She testified McIntosh did not believe he should be arrested and was

“pulling back” from the deputy with his feet and arms. B.M stated the deputy was behind McIntosh

trying to hold him by the cuffs but McIntosh kept “leaning” back into the officer. She also testified

that one deputy told McIntosh to calm down and counted “from three to one” before he “threw him

to the ground” with “some force.” She explained the deputy had “warned” McIntosh to calm down

and the deputy “put him down to the ground because he didn’t calm down.”

       Two of the witnesses the State called to testify presented a different version of the events.

Miller testified she never told the deputies McIntosh had assaulted her, but conceded she showed the

deputies a copy of the protective order and that the house was her residence. Miller told the jury that

when the deputies brought McIntosh to the front of the house, McIntosh was walking “peacefully”

and inquired politely as to the reason for his arrest. According to Miller, Deputy Wheeler responded

by calling McIntosh a “boy” and told him to “shut up.” When McIntosh again asked why he was

being arrested, Deputy Wheeler became angry, picked McIntosh up by his hair and the handcuffs,

and threw him face down on the rocks while saying, “I’ll show you what we do with boys like you.”

When McIntosh began to scream, Deputy Wheeler pulled McIntosh’s arms up, forcing his face

against the rocks. Miller told the jury that Deputy Wheeler stepped on McIntosh’s neck with his


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“steel-toed” boot and pulled his hair. Miller testified Deputy Wheeler used his foot to “grind”

McIntosh’s face into the rocks “as if putting out a cigarette,” and that McIntosh fainted from the

pain. Miller’s other daughter, M.M., who was eleven years old at the time of trial, also told the jury

she saw Deputy Wheeler use his foot to step on McIntosh’s head.

                                LEGAL AND FACTUAL SUFFICIENCY

                                        Standard of Review

       We review a challenge to the legal sufficiency of the evidence by looking at all of the

evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact

could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Prible v. State,

175 S.W.3d 724, 729-30 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 962 (2005). We resolve any

inconsistencies in the testimony in favor of the verdict. Curry v. State, 30 S.W.3d 394, 406 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2000). In reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence, we look at the evidence in

a neutral light, and ask whether the evidence supporting the verdict is so weak or so against the great

weight and preponderance of the evidence as to render the verdict manifestly unjust. Grotti v. State,

273 S.W.3d 273, 280 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).

                                             Discussion

                                     Resisting Transportation

       McIntosh contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support his conviction

for resisting transportation. The information filed against McIntosh alleged in part that McIntosh

“did intentionally prevent and obstruct a person, namely: Gil Martinez, hereinafter referred to as

complainant, whom the defendant knew to be a Peace Officer, from effecting TRANSPORTATION

of THE DEFENDANT by using force against said complainant, to wit: PUSHING THE


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COMPLAINANT.” See TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 38.03 (a) (Vernon 2003).1 McIntosh argues his

only resistance came while he was on the ground and the resistance was simply an attempt to prevent

injury to his face caused by the rocks. However, this argument ignores the testimony of both

deputies and B.M. Miller that McIntosh was pushing with his body and kicking his legs against

Deputy Martinez before Deputy Wheeler forced McIntosh to the ground. There is sufficient

evidence for a reasonable jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt all the essential elements of

resisting transportation.

         Although Carolyn Miller testified McIntosh did not resist the deputies before being thrown

to the ground, the jury was free to choose between the different versions of facts presented by the

witnesses. We are required to defer to the jury’s apparent credibility determinations, even in a

factual sufficiency review. Lancon v. State, 253 S.W.3d 699, 705 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).

Notwithstanding the conflicting testimony, the evidence supporting the verdict is not so weak or so

against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to render the verdict manifestly unjust.

                                          Violation of Protective Order

         In the violation of a protective order case, McIntosh was charged with intentionally and

knowingly violating an October 10, 2006, order of the 166th District Court of Bexar County, Texas,

issued pursuant to section 85.005 of the Texas Family Code, by “intentionally and knowingly going




         1
          … Section 38.03 (a) provides in relevant part that “[a] person commits an offense if he intentionally prevents
or obstructs a person he knows is a peace officer . . . from effecting an arrest, search, or transportation of the actor . . .
by using force against the peace officer . . . .” T EX . P EN AL C O D E A N N . § 38.03(a) (Vernon 2003).

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to or near the RESIDENCE of CAROLYN MARIE MILLER.” See TEX . PENAL CODE ANN .

§ 25.07(a) (Vernon Supp. 2009).2

         McIntosh first contends the protective order is “invalid” because of an apparent conflict in

its provisions. The protective order, a certified copy of which was admitted into evidence, contains

an affirmative finding of family violence and orders, among other things, that McIntosh is prohibited

from going within 100 yards of Miller’s residence for a period of two years. The order recites that

Miller and McIntosh agreed to the orders therein, and that “by the signatures below, the parties

acknowledge that this agreement expresses the entire understanding and concord of the parties, and

consent that the Court, without further notice, may enter binding orders in accordance with this

agreement.” The order is signed by the presiding judge. However, the signature lines where Miller

and McIntosh were to indicate their approval of the form of the order each bear the notation “refused

to sign.”3 McIntosh conclusorily asserts this renders the order “invalid,” but he fails to cite any legal

authority or make any argument in support of the assertion. McIntosh does not argue the judge who

issued the order was without authority or jurisdiction to enter it or that the order was otherwise void.

         McIntosh also asserts the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict because Miller and

McIntosh “were living together, and . . . Miller actually moved back in with [] McIntosh where he

was living.” McIntosh cites only to trial counsel’s closing argument. He does not cite to any




         2
           … Section 25.07(a) provides in part: (a) A person commits an offense if, in violation of . . . an order issued
under . . . Chapter 85, Family Code, . . . the person knowingly or intentionally: . . . (3) goes to or near any of the
following places as specifically described in the order . . .: (A) the residence . . . of a protected individual or a member
of the family or household . . . . T EX . P EN AL C O D E A N N . § 25.07(a) (Vernon Supp. 2009).

         3
           … Miller and McIntosh appealed the protective order to this court, which affirmed the order. Miller-McIntosh
v. State, No. 04-06-00871-CV, 2009 W L 2608661 (Tex. App.— San Antonio Sept. 12, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op., not
designated for publication).

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evidence in the record, nor does he provide any legal authority or argument about how these facts

render the evidence insufficient4.

           Because McIntosh has not provided argument or authority to support his contention that the

evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the verdict on the violation of a protective

order charge, the issue is inadequately briefed. See TEX . R. APP . P. 38.1(h); Russeau v. State, 171

S.W.3d 871, 881 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005), cert. denied, 548 U.S. 926 (2006). Nevertheless, because

the undisputed evidence established McIntosh was found at Miller’s residence in violation of a court

order issued under Chapter 85 of the Family Code, we hold the evidence is both legally and factually

sufficient to support the verdict, and overrule McIntosh’s first issue.

                                         AMENDMENT OF INFORMATION

           McIntosh next complains he was denied a fair trial because the trial court allowed the State

to amend the information charging resisting transportation on the day of trial. Again, McIntosh cites

no legal authority to support his claim. We will nevertheless consider this issue in the interest of

justice.

           The original information alleged McIntosh resisted “arrest” by “striking the complainant with

the hand of the defendant.” On the day of trial, the State moved to amend the information by

substituting the word “transportation” for “arrest,” and by substituting “pushing the complainant”

as the manner and means allegation. McIntosh objected to the amendment as being untimely. After

hearing McIntosh’s objection, the State requested a continuance, to which McIntosh objected. The

trial court overruled McIntosh’s objection and permitted the amendment, but offered a ten-day


           4
           … Section 25.07(d) of the Penal Code provides that “[r]econciliatory actions or agreements made by persons
affected by an order do not affect the validity of the order or the duty of a peace officer to enforce this section.” T EX .
P EN AL C O D E A N N . § 25.07(d) (Vernon Supp. 2009).

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continuance to allow McIntosh adequate time to prepare. McIntosh declined the offer and expressed

his desire to proceed with trial.

        Article 28.10 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, which governs the amendment of

the charging instrument, provides in part:

               (a) After notice to the defendant, a matter of form or substance in an
        indictment or information may be amended at any time before the date the trial on the
        merit commences. On the request of the defendant, the court shall allow the
        defendant not less than 10 days, or a shorter period if requested by the defendant, to
        respond to the amended indictment or information.

        ...

                (c) An indictment or information may not be amended over the defendant’s
        objection as to form or substance if the amended indictment or information charges
        the defendant with an additional or different offense or if the substantial rights of the
        defendant are prejudiced.

TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. ANN . art. 28.10 (Vernon 2006). The State concedes the trial court erred by

allowing the amendment on the day of trial. Because the amendment violated a statutory rather than

constitutional right, we will reverse only if the error affected McIntosh’s substantial rights. See TEX .

R. APP . P. 44.2(b); Dukes v. State, 239 S.W.3d 444, 447 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, pet. ref’d). The

untimely amendment of a charging instrument affects a defendant’s substantial rights if the

instrument did not inform the defendant of the charge against him sufficiently to allow him to

prepare his defense, or if prosecution under the erroneous charging instrument would subject the

defendant to the risk of being prosecuted later for the same crime. Trejos v. State, 243 S.W.3d 30,

42 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d); Dukes v. State, 239 S.W.3d at 447-48 (citing

Gollihar v. State, 46 S.W.3d 243, 248 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)).




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        McIntosh does not argue, and nothing in the record suggests, the amendment of the

information hampered McIntosh’s ability to prepare his defense. McIntosh’s defense appears to have

been that he did not resist the deputies until after he had been thrown to the ground and had his face

pushed against the rocks. The jury charge contained a self-defense instruction that permitted the jury

to acquit McIntosh if his use of force was reasonable in response to Deputy Martinez’s use or

attempted use of unlawful force. The State called as a witness every person the record reflects

observed the events except McIntosh. McIntosh was able to establish his defense through these

witnesses. McIntosh has not pointed to any evidence he was unable to procure because of the

untimely amendment.

        Nor would the State be able to prosecute McIntosh on the original charge in a subsequent

action. Section 38.03 of the Texas Penal Code provides that a person commits an offense if he

intentionally prevents or obstructs a peace officer from effecting “an arrest, search, or transportation”

of the actor. This court has not previously considered whether section 38.03 defines three separate

offenses — resisting arrest, resisting search, and resisting transportation — or three different ways

in which the single offense may be committed. However, three of our sister courts have concluded

section 38.03 defines a single offense that a person may commit by obstructing or preventing a peace

officer from performing his duty, whether that duty involves the arrest, search, or transportation of

the actor. See Clement v. State, 248 S.W.3d 791, 802 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, no pet.); Hartis

v. State, 183 S.W.3d 793, 799 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.); Finster v. State, 152

S.W.3d 215, 219 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.). We are persuaded by the reasoning of those




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courts and agree that section 38.03 defines a single offense.5 Accordingly, the State would not be

able to maintain a subsequent prosecution of McIntosh for resisting his arrest by striking Deputy

Martinez.

        Because McIntosh’s ability to prepare his defense was not detrimentally affected, and because

double jeopardy will prevent the State from prosecuting McIntosh on the original charge, we hold

the late amendment of the information did not affect McIntosh’s substantial rights.

                                                SPEEDY TRIAL

        In his third issue, McIntosh argues the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss based

on a violation of his right to a speedy trial. On the day the trial began, August 21, 2008, McIntosh’s

counsel asked the trial court to rule on a pro se motion to set aside the information that alleged the

State violated McIntosh’s right to a speedy trial. See TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. ANN . art. 28.061

(Vernon 2006) (stating if motion to set aside information for failure to provide speedy trial is

sustained, court shall discharge defendant). During an informal hearing and without receiving any

evidence, the court denied the motion.

        A speedy trial is guaranteed by both the United States and Texas Constitutions. See Barker

v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 (1972) (holding speedy trial protected under the Sixth Amendment);

Zamorano v. State, 84 S.W.3d 643, 647 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (holding Article 1, § 10 of the Texas

Constitution guarantees a speedy and public trial). We review the right to a speedy trial guaranteed

under the Texas Constitution under the four-prong balancing test established by the United States

Supreme Court in Barker v. Wingo. Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 648. Those factors are the length of


        5
          … Although the trial violated article 28.10(a) by allowing the information to be amended on the day trial
commenced, the court did not violate article 28.10(c) because the amendment did not charge McIntosh with a different
offense. See T EX . C O D E C RIM . P RO C . A N N . art. 28.10(c) (Vernon 2006).

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the delay, the reasons for the delay, whether the defendant asserted his right to a speedy trial, and

whether the defendant suffered any prejudice as a result of the delay. Id. at 647-48. The State has

the burden to justify the length of the delay and the defendant has the burden to demonstrate his

assertion of the right to a speedy trial and that he was prejudiced. Cantu v. State, 253 S.W.3d 273,

281 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). “[T]he greater the State’s bad faith or official negligence and the

longer its actions delay a trial, the less a defendant must show actual prejudice or prove diligence in

asserting his right to a speedy trial.” Id. at 280-81. We review the trial court’s ruling using a

bifurcated standard. We apply an abuse of discretion standard to fact findings, and review de novo

the application of the law to the facts. Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 648. We imply findings of fact in

favor of the trial court’s ruling so long as they are supported by the record. Id.

                                        Length of the Delay

       McIntosh was incarcerated approximately fourteen months awaiting trial on these charges.

A delay of more than one year is sufficient to trigger a speedy trial inquiry. Shaw v. State, 117

S.W.3d 883, 889 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Dragoo v. State, 96 S.W.3d 308, 314 (Tex. Crim. App.

2003); see Celestine v. State, No. 14-08-00766-CR, 2009 WL 3365893, *3 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] Sept. 10, 2009, no pet.) (stating delay of more than one year is “presumptively

prejudicial”); Orand v. State, 254 S.W.3d 560, 566 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, pet. ref’d) (same).

A delay of fourteen months weighs against the State.

                                        Reason for the Delay

       When we review the second factor, we assess different weights to the different reasons the

State offers to justify the delay. Shaw, 117 S.W.3d at 889. “Some reasons are valid and serve to

justify the delay, while other reasons are not valid and do not serve to justify the delay.” Id. The


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prosecution of the defendant on other charges may be a valid reason for a delay in bringing him to

trial. Easley v. State, 564 S.W.2d 742, 745 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978). However, the State must offer

argument and proof to sustain its burden on this factor. See Dragoo, 96 S.W.3d at 314 n.4.

       The State asserted part of the delay was due to a felony charge that was pending against

McIntosh until March 2008, when it was dismissed. During the hearing, the prosecutor told the

judge it was in the “[d]efendant’s best interests” to “wait” to resolve the misdemeanor cases until

the felony was concluded. In its brief, the State argues that because McIntosh did not challenge this

statement during the hearing, this court should attribute part of the delay to McIntosh’s “desire to

dispose of his felony case first.” We decline to do so. The State offered no proof regarding the

felony charge and did not attempt to explain how a pending case that was dismissed justified any

delay. Nor is there any evidence from which one could infer that it was McIntosh’s desire to dispose

of the felony case first. In the absence of proof, “a court may presume neither a deliberate attempt

on the part of the State to prejudice the defense nor a valid reason for the delay.” Id. at 314.

       The State also argues part of the delay was due to appellant’s counsel being allowed to

withdraw. The record indicates that approximately six months after the cases were filed, an attorney

for appellant moved to withdraw, and the motion was granted. However, the State has not shown

whether this caused any delay in setting the causes for trial. Finally, the State points to docket sheet

entries indicating that on May 28, 2008, the State announced “ready” for trial in both cases, but the

cases were reset to June because defense counsel was in trial in another court. We agree this part

of the delay should not be attributed to the State. The docket sheets reflect several other trial

settings, but the State offered no proof or argument as to the reasons the settings were passed. Based

on the record before us, this factor weighs slightly against the State.


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                            Defendant’s Assertion of his Right to Speedy Trial

         McIntosh has the burden to demonstrate he asserted his right to a speedy trial. Cantu, 253

S.W.3d at 281. Although he contends in his brief that he asserted his right, he refers only to the pro

se motion to set aside that his attorney urged on the first day of trial. A motion seeking dismissal

of a charge based on violation of a speedy trial right rather than a motion requesting a speedy trial

“will generally weaken a speedy-trial claim because it shows a desire to have no trial instead of a

speedy one.” Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 283.

         The record in neither case contains a motion for a speedy trial. However, the pro se motion

to set aside the information, which McIntosh signed July 21, 2008 and filed in each case, recites that

McIntosh filed a “Motion for Speedy Trial” on September 24, 2007.6 Assuming the motion was filed

and that it asked for a speedy trial, as opposed to dismissal, the motion was never set for hearing nor

ruled upon by the trial court. Because McIntosh has not met his burden to show he diligently

asserted his rights, this factor weighs slightly against McIntosh.

                                           Prejudice to the Defendant

         McIntosh also has the burden to demonstrate any prejudice flowing from the lack of a speedy

trial. Id. at 281. When we analyze the prejudice to the defendant, we do so in light of the interests

the right to a speedy trial was designed to protect: “(1) to prevent oppressive pretrial incarceration,

(2) to minimize the accused’s anxiety and concern, and (3) to limit the possibility that the accused’s



         6
           … McIntosh also filed a pro se petition for a writ of mandamus in this court on August 11, 2008, seeking to
compel the trial court to rule on various pro se motions, including a motion for speedy trial, alleged to have been filed
in the trial court on September 24, 2007. This court denied the requested relief because McIntosh was represented by
counsel and was not entitled to hybrid representation. See In re McIntosh, No. 04-08-00600-CR, 2008 W L 4056546
(Tex. App.— San Antonio Aug. 29, 2008, orig. proceeding) (mem. op., not designated for publication).

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defense will be impaired.” Id. at 285. Of these interests, the latter is the most serious “because the

inability of a defendant adequately to prepare his case skews the fairness of the entire system.”

Barker, 407 U.S. at 532.

        McIntosh did not offer any evidence or argument on this issue at the hearing, and he does not

argue in his brief that he was prejudiced by the delay. In his motion to set aside, McIntosh asserted

witnesses had “become unavailable,” but did not identify any witnesses he would be unable to call

or specify what their testimony would have been. See Harrison v. State, 282 S.W.3d 718, 722 (Tex.

App.—Amarillo 2009, no pet.) (holding to demonstrate prejudice due to unavailable witness,

“defendant must present proof both of the efforts to locate the witness and that the witness would

have benefitted the defense”); Hunt v. State, 237 S.W.3d 434, 438 (Tex. App.—Waco 2007, pet.

ref’d) (holding that to establish prejudice, defendant must show witness is unavailable, the testimony

might be relevant and material to defense, and he exercised due diligence to locate witness). This

factor weighs heavily against McIntosh.

        After weighing the four factors, we conclude the trial court did not err in denying the motion

to set aside the information due to lack of a speedy trial. Although the fourteen month delay was

sufficient to trigger the speedy trial inquiry, the State was responsible for only part of the delay, no

bad faith on the part of the State is shown by the record, and McIntosh failed to establish he asserted

his right to a speedy trial or was prejudiced by the delay.

        The judgments of the trial court are affirmed.



                                                         Steven C. Hilbig, Justice

PUBLISH


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