                                                                        F I L E D
                                                               United States Court of Appeals
                                                                       Tenth Circuit
                    UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS
                                                                        June 13, 2006
                                 TENTH CIRCUIT                     Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                       Clerk of Court


 U N ITED STA TES O F A M ER ICA,

               Plaintiff - Appellee,                     No. 05-1275
          v.                                            (D. Colorado)
 D W A Y NE WILSO N ,                            (D.C. No. 03-CR-36-RPM )

               Defendant - Appellant.



                            OR D ER AND JUDGM ENT *


Before M U RPH Y, A ND ER SO N, and TYM KOVICH, Circuit Judges.




      Dwayne W ilson was convicted, following a jury trial, of thirteen counts

relating to his participation in a drug distribution conspiracy and was sentenced to

240 months’ imprisonment, followed by ten years of supervised release, and

assessed a special assessment of $1300. He appeals, challenging the district

court’s denial of his motion to suppress wiretap evidence and its refusal to order

the government to produce polygraph data, and raising several sentencing issues.

For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.


      *
       This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
                                 BACKGROUND

      W ilson and eighteen alleged coconspirators w ere first indicted in January

2003. The charges resulted from an investigation initiated by the D enver,

Colorado, M etropolitan Gang Task Force, working with agents of the Federal

Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) (collectively referred to as the “Task Force”), in

August 2001, after hearing from an informant that members of the Crenshaw

M afia Gangster (“CM G”) Blood street gang, including Donovan Stallings, were

involved in the distribution of large quantities of cocaine and crack cocaine.

Stallings w as the initial focus of the Task Force’s investigation. Beginning in

October 2001, the Task Force sought and obtained court authorization to utilize

pen registers and trap and trace devices on Stallings’ cellular telephone. 1

Through these mechanisms, the Task Force identified and interviewed a second

informant in January 2002 who then cooperated with the Task Force in carrying

out a number of controlled buys of cocaine from Stallings. The Task Force used

these occasions to conduct further surveillance of Stallings’ movements. The

second informant also introduced an undercover officer to Stallings. In August

2002, the Task Force also obtained court authorization to place a GPS tracking



      1
        According to a Task Force investigator, “[a] pen register is an
electromechanical device which registers and records the date and time of both
incoming and outgoing calls and records the telephone numbers called from that
particular telephone.” Aff. in Support of [W iretap] Application at 19, R. Vol. II
ex. 1-B. A trap and trace device “identifies the origin of telephone calls made to
a particular telephone number.” Id.

                                         -2-
device on Stallings’ vehicle. W hen the vehicle was towed for the purpose of

installing the GPS device, a dog trained in narcotics detection alerted on the

vehicle, a search warrant was obtained, and a search was conducted.

      By this time, the Task Force had identified Brian Quintana as another

individual involved in the distribution conspiracy. In August 2002, the Task

Force obtained court authorization to install a pen register and trap and trace

device on Quintana’s cellular telephone, and in O ctober 2002, it obtained court

authorization to install a GPS tracking device on Quintana’s vehicle. On three

occasions, the Task Force also conducted searches of Quintana’s trash.

      On October 24, 2002, the Task Force submitted an application for a court

order authorizing a wiretap on Stallings’ cellular telephone. The application

stated that there was probable cause to believe that a group which it called the

Denver, Colorado CM B Blood Drug Distribution Organization— including

Stallings, Quintana, twelve other named individuals and others “as yet

unknown”— were engaged in a cocaine distribution conspiracy and that the w ire

comm unications occurring through Stallings’ telephone would reveal “the manner

and means of distributing and delivering quantities of cocaine and cocaine base

for profit.” A pplication at 5, R . Vol. II ex. 1-A.

      In a supporting affidavit, Special Agent Todd W ilcox described the

information the Task Force had obtained using other investigative techniques and

explained the limitations of those techniques. In regard to GPS tracking, the

                                           -3-
affidavit stated that “the GPS data does not indicate who is driving the [vehicle]

or if the driver actually meets with anyone,” nor could it indicate “the exact

address where the vehicle stops.” Aff. in Support of [Wiretap] Application at

129-30, R. Vol. II ex. 1-B. In regard to pen registers and trap and trace devices,

the affidavit explained that those methods “do not record the identity of the

parties to the conversation, or differentiate between legitimate calls and calls for

criminal purposes.” Id. at 144. M oreover, the data that had been obtained

indicated that the calls often involved cellular telephones which, in Special Agent

W ilcox’s experience, were often registered under false names.

      In regard to visual surveillance, the affidavit stated that this method had

failed to show “where and how often the delivery of the narcotics occurs or when

and where the money ‘pooling’ takes place,” nor had it “identified all of the

suppliers of cocaine” to Stallings or other CM G Blood gang members. Id. at 131.

Furthermore, the Task Force had not been able to determine through surveillance

“where the drug proceeds are being kept, or where the drugs are currently being

stored.” Id. at 132. In regard to confidential sources, the affidavit indicated that

although the Task Force had used an informant to conduct controlled buys from

Stallings, those occasions had not revealed any information about Stallings’

suppliers. The affidavit indicated Special Agent W ilcox’s opinion that the

undercover agent introduced to Stallings would also be unlikely to receive any

information about suppliers. It also explained that possible w itnesses or suspects

                                          -4-
would likely be unwilling to reveal any useful information during interviews and

that such interview s could compromise the ongoing investigation. Similarly, it

was considered unlikely that searches of various locations where Stallings was

known to spend time could be conducted without alerting Stallings and his

coconspirators to the investigation, “thereby possibly causing them to flee,

destroy evidence, or halt their business.” Id. at 144.

      As for the trash searches, they had confirmed that Quintana was involved in

drug distribution but had not provided any further information. The affidavit also

indicated that a variety of investigative techniques involving Postal Service

checks of names associated with certain addresses and other checks of various

types of records, including wages, tax returns, property taxes, and financial wire

transfers, had “not provided concrete evidence involving the nature and scope” of

the distribution conspiracy. Id. at 147.

      The affidavit then listed the information that the Task Force hoped to learn

through the requested wiretap, including the identification of members of the

distribution organization that were not yet known, the roles played by all

members, the identification of the organization’s suppliers, and the identification

of when and where meetings and deliveries took place. The application requested

that the w iretap be allow ed to continue for at least thirty days.

      The district court issued an order authorizing a thirty-day wiretap on

October 24, 2002. It agreed there was probable cause to believe Stallings and

                                           -5-
others were engaged in a drug distribution conspiracy and that the interception of

his telephone communications would reveal “the specifics” of the conspiracy and

related offenses, “including the manner and means of the commission of the

offenses.” Order at 3, R. Vol. II ex. 1-C. The court further concluded that “it has

been established that normal investigative procedures have been tried and have

failed, reasonably appear to be unlikely to succeed if tried, or are too dangerous

to employ.” Id.

      The Task Force applied for, and the district court granted, extensions of the

wiretap authorization on November 22, 2002, and January 9, 2003. Pursuant to

the court’s orders, during the period that the wiretap was in place, the United

States Attorney’s office filed periodic reports with the court containing updates

on the information obtained through the wiretap. A number of telephone calls

between Stallings and W ilson were monitored through the wiretap during this

period.

      A grand jury indicted Stallings, W ilson, and nineteen others on January 31,

2003. The indictment contained sixty-eight counts, five of which applied to

W ilson. Stallings, W ilson, and several other codefendants were arrested on

February 7, 2003. W ilson filed a motion to suppress the wiretap evidence on

April 14, 2003. A number of W ilson’s codefendants also filed motions to

suppress. Following a hearing, the district court issued an order on November 12,

2003, denying the suppression motions of eight codefendants, including W ilson.

                                         -6-
In doing so, the court stated that the judge issuing the wiretap authorization and

its extensions was justified in concluding that the wiretap was necessary based on

the government’s affidavit explaining the use and limitations of other

investigative techniques.

      After Stallings’ arrest, he was interview ed by FBI investigators about his

contacts with W ilson. During an interview on M ay 15, 2003, Stallings implicated

a number of his and W ilson’s codefendants in cocaine distribution activities, but

he stated that W ilson had only been involved in selling marijuana. On August 5,

2003, Stallings again stated that W ilson had never purchased cocaine from him.

The government refused to enter a plea agreement with Stallings after these

interviews. At Stallings’ request, he was given a polygraph examination, during

which he again denied W ilson’s involvement with cocaine distribution. The FBI

agent conducting the exam told Stallings that the polygraph indicated he was

being untruthful. W hen Stallings was interviewed again, on January 23, 2004, he

told the FBI investigators that W ilson had in fact been involved in cocaine as w ell

as marijuana distribution.

      Stallings entered into a plea agreement on February 21, 2004, pled guilty

two days later, and was sentenced to 141 months’ imprisonment, later reduced to

129 months. W ilson’s other codefendants in the original indictment also pled

guilty. A superseding indictment was issued on February 25, 2004, charging




                                         -7-
W ilson alone with eighteen counts related to marijuana and cocaine distribution

and conspiracy to distribute cocaine, along with one forfeiture count.

      On December 7, 2004, W ilson filed a motion requesting the court to order

the United States “to produce full, true and correct copies of hard data results

from all polygraph machine examinations of Donovan Stallings . . . carried out in

connection with statements Stallings made in this case,” together with “all notes,

records, and memorand[a] made by the polygraph examiner” and the questions the

examiner asked during the examination. R. Vol. I, doc. 946, at 2. W ilson’s

motion indicated that the purpose of the request was “so that an independent

polygraph expert can [juxtapose] specific questions asked . . . against the specific

resulting polygraph readings . . . [and thereby] form an opinion as to truthfulness

or lack of truthfulness of [Stallings’] answers.” Id. The motion further stated

that if the expert’s analysis of the polygraph results demonstrated that Stallings

had not been untruthful when he stated W ilson was involved only in marijuana

distribution, “and if the prosecution misle[]d Stallings on this issue, then

appropriate M otions would be warranted.” Id. at 3.

      The district court heard arguments on this motion at a status conference on

January 7, 2005. In response to the court’s question regarding what use W ilson

would make of the polygraph results, W ilson indicated that if the results showed

that the polygraph examiner had lied to Stallings, “that is misconduct to the point

that would entail further motions to be presented the Court.” Tr. of Status

                                          -8-
Conference at 15, R. Vol. VIII. The court denied W ilson’s motion, stating that

established law allowed the government to “lie under these interrogation

circumstances.” Id. W ilson then entered an objection on the record to the court’s

ruling.

      A jury trial was held from February 7 to 16, 2005. W ilson was found not

guilty on five counts and guilty on the remaining counts, which included one

count of conspiracy to distribute more than fifty grams of crack cocaine, in

violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846, and two counts of manufacturing,

distributing, or possessing with intent to distribute more than fifty grams of crack

cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Each of these three counts

subjected W ilson to a mandatory minimum sentence as set forth in 21 U.S.C.

§ 841(b)(1)(A)(iii). On February 23, 2004, two days before the government

issued the superseding indictment naming W ilson as the sole defendant, the

government had filed an amended information indicating that W ilson had a prior

conviction for a felony drug offense. The mandatory minimum sentence under

§ 841(b)(1)(A)(iii) for an individual with such a prior conviction is twenty years’

imprisonment. The presentence report (“PSR”) prepared by the United States

Probation Office calculated an advisory sentencing range of 262 to 327 months




                                         -9-
based on the United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines M anual. 2 The

government recommended a sentence of 262 months.

      W ilson objected to the application of the twenty-year statutory minimum

because the fact of his prior conviction had not been found by a jury and because

21 U.S.C. § 851, the statute requiring the government to file an information

indicating a prior conviction, does not allow a defendant to challenge the validity

of the prior conviction if it occurred more than five years before the date of the

information. The court overruled those objections and applied the statutory

mandatory minimum of twenty years to each of the three counts under

§ 841(a)(1), to run concurrently. 3 Noting the disproportionate nature of W ilson’s

mandatory minimum sentence when compared to the sentence received by

Stallings, and exercising its discretion to sentence below the advisory Guidelines

range, the court declined to increase W ilson’s sentence beyond the statutory

minimum. W ilson now appeals his conviction and sentence.




      2
       W e note that the PSR was not included in the record on appeal. W e
therefore rely on the information contained in the Judgment regarding the PSR’s
calculations.
      3
       The court also imposed lesser sentences on the other counts of W ilson’s
conviction. Because it ordered that all sentences w ere to run concurrently, those
sentences did not affect W ilson’s term of imprisonment.

                                        -10-
                                   D ISC USSIO N

I.    M otion to Suppress W iretap Evidence

      W ilson first challenges the district court’s determination that the initial

authorization for a wiretap on Stallings’ cellular telephone and the two extensions

met the necessity requirement of the federal wiretap statute, 4 and argues that the

district court therefore erred in denying his motion to suppress the evidence

obtained through the wiretaps. “‘W e review for an abuse of discretion a district

court’s determination that a wiretap was necessary,’” placing the burden of

proving the wiretap invalid on the defendant. United States v. Cline, 349 F.3d

1276, 1280 (10th Cir. 2003) (quoting United States v. Ramirez-Encarnacion, 291

F.3d 1219, 1222 (10th Cir. 2002)). If the defendant does succeed in meeting this

burden, “evidence seized pursuant to the wiretap must be suppressed.” Id.; see 18

U.S.C. § 2518(10).

      The federal wiretap statute sets forth “special procedures for obtaining

wiretap authorization” for law enforcement or investigative purposes, “including

presenting a written application to a judge,” as described in 18 U.S.C. § 2518(1).

United States v. Green, 175 F.3d 822, 828 (10th Cir. 1999). “Before granting the

application, the judge must find that the affidavit establishes necessity by




      4
      Federal wiretaps, or electronic eavesdropping, by law enforcement are
governed by Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968,
as amended, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510-2522.

                                         -11-
showing that ‘normal investigative procedures have been tried and have failed or

reasonably appear to be unlikely to succeed if tried or to be too dangerous.’”

United States v. Small, 423 F.3d 1164, 1172 (10th Cir. 2005) (quoting 18 U.S.C.

§ 2518(3)(c)). If any traditional investigative techniques were not tried, “the

government must explain why with particularity.” Ramirez-Encarnacion, 291

F.3d at 1222. W e must consider “all the facts and circumstances in order to

determine whether the government’s showing of necessity is sufficient to justify a

wiretap,” id. (internal quotation omitted), keeping in mind the purpose of the

necessity requirement “to insure that wiretapping is not used in situations where

traditional investigative techniques would suffice to expose the crime.” United

States v. Castillo-Garcia, 117 F.3d 1179, 1187 (10th Cir. 1997) (internal

quotation omitted), overruled on other grounds by Ramirez-Encarnacion, 291 F.3d

at 1222 n.1; see United States v. Giordano, 416 U.S. 505, 515 (1974) (recognizing

Congress’s “clear intent” in imposing the necessity requirement was “to make

doubly sure that the statutory authority [for employing wiretaps] be used with

restraint and only where the circumstances warrant”).

      Here, W ilson argues that the wiretaps were not necessary because “the

primary goals of the investigation had been accomplished or were well on the

road to being accomplished by other traditional investigative techniques at the

time the [initial] intercept order w as entered.” Appellant’s Op. Br. at 13.

According to W ilson, at the time the first w iretap application was filed, “most if

                                         -12-
not all members of the” alleged conspiracy had been identified, together with

their roles, including one of Stallings’ suppliers, Clinton Perry. Id. at 15.

      The original affidavit in support of the wiretap application did identify

Perry as a suspected associate of Stallings, based on surveillance observation of

him engaging in what Special Agent W ilcox suspected was a drug transaction and

a subsequent traffic stop during which money was found in Perry’s possession

that was later identified as having been used by an undercover officer to purchase

drugs from Stallings. However, this description also illustrates the limitations of

traditional investigative techniques, as surveillance was unable to observe what

was actually occurring during the suspected drug transaction and could only

speculate regarding the relationship between Perry and Stallings. The

government argues that identifying by name individuals that are suspected of

some connection with a drug distribution conspiracy “is not the same thing as

determining their role” in the conspiracy, “much less does it substitute for

developing cases suitable for prosecution.” Appellee’s Br. at 9.

      Below, the district court considered extensive arguments along the same

lines as those W ilson asserts here. The court concluded that, “[w]hile it is true

that many of the traditional methods of investigation were successful, the

information was incomplete when measured against the broad objectives of the

investigation,” and these methods “stopped short of revealing Stallings’

suppliers.” Order at 5, R. Vol. I, doc. 648.

                                         -13-
      It thus upheld the wiretap authorization, stating that the affidavit had set

forth sufficient details in its application to provide a basis for believing there was

a “criminal organization” of some kind, and that Stallings “was a common link

whose telephone communications would provide information about the

interdependence of co-conspirators.” Id. at 4. The district court also held that the

government’s applications for two extensions of the w iretap authorization were

also adequately supported, “incorporating information gleaned from the earlier

wiretap or wiretaps” to show “how continued wiretapping is necessary.” Id. at 5.

      Having thoroughly reviewed the record, we agree with the district court

that the government’s affidavits in support of the initial wiretap and the two

extensions persuasively demonstrated that the wiretaps were necessary to achieve

the objectives of the Task Force investigation. See United States v. Newman, 733

F.2d 1395, 1399 (10th Cir. 1984) (upholding necessity determination where

traditional techniques “had failed to reveal the source of the drugs[] [or] the

extent of the drug conspiracy”); United States v. Johnson, 645 F.2d 865, 867

(10th Cir. 1981) (upholding necessity determination where the government was

“properly concerned . . . with identifying all of the members of the conspiracy, as

well as the precise nature and scope of the illegal activity”); see also United

States v. M cLee, 436 F.3d 751, 763 (7th Cir. 2006) (“The government’s

demonstrated need for a wiretap as a means of identifying all coconspirators and

the roles they occupied in the structure of the conspiracy is sufficient for a

                                         -14-
finding of ‘necessity’ under the statute.”). W e therefore conclude that the district

court did not abuse its discretion in determining the necessity requirement was

met.



II.    Production of Polygraph Graphs

       W ilson next argues that the district court erred in refusing to order the

government to hand over the actual graph results from Stallings’ polygraph

examination. W ilson contends that the government was obligated to provide

these results under Rule 16, which mandates that a defendant be allowed to

inspect “the results or reports of any physical or mental examination and of any

scientific test or experiment if . . . the item is material to preparing the defense or

the government intends to use the item in its case-in-chief at trial.” Fed. R. Crim.

P. 16(a)(1)(F)(iii). W here the issue has been preserved, we review the court’s

refusal to order the government to produce such results or reports for an abuse of

discretion. United States v. Price, 75 F.3d 1440, 1445 (10th Cir. 1996).

       As the government points out, however, W ilson did not argue below that he

was entitled to the polygraph data under Rule 16. Rather, as indicated above, his

stated reason for requesting the polygraph data was to determine whether the FBI

investigators w ho examined Stallings had engaged in “misconduct” by telling him

he had failed the polygraph when he actually had not. Tr. of Status Conference at

15, R. Vol. VIII. W ilson suggested below that such misconduct would provide a

                                         -15-
basis for “further motions” to the court, presumably in order to request sanctions

of some kind. Id. 5 W ilson did not cite Rule 16 in his written motion requesting

the graph results or while arguing the point at the status conference, nor did he

argue that the graph results were material to his defense. Because W ilson did not

raise a Rule 16 issue below in regard to the polygraph data, w e review his claim

here for plain error. 6 See United States v. Teague, 443 F.3d 1310, 1314 (10th Cir.

2006) (discussing plain error review under Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b)); see also

United States v. M aniktala, 934 F.2d 25, 28 (2d Cir. 1992).

      Under plain error review , “w e will reverse the judgment below only if

‘there is (1) error, (2) that is plain, which (3) affects substantial rights, and which

(4) seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial


      5
       W ilson’s reply brief suggests that his intention was to file a “motion to
dismiss for outrageous governmental conduct.” Appellant’s Reply Br. at 3-4.
      6
         W ilson contends that he did make a Rule 16 argument below because “if
Stallings was tricked into giving incriminating statements against W ilson, such a
fact is material to the defense.” Reply Br. at 3. However, he points to no place in
the record, and we have found none, where he argued, as he does here, that the
polygraph graphs would allow him to present “evidence of Government trickery”
at trial as a means of impeaching Stallings’ testimony. See id. at 4. W hile
W ilson did refer to impeachment evidence at the status conference, he made this
reference when discussing his need for more complete information regarding the
questions that were asked during the polygraph examination, not when discussing
his need for the graphs. The court directed that the prosecution provide further
information regarding “what those questions w ere, and what happened during this
time.” Tr. of Status Conference at 20, R. Vol. VIII. Notably, although at the
time of the status conference the government was uncertain whether Stallings
would be called to testify, W ilson failed to seek reconsideration of the court’s
ruling regarding the polygraph data after the government decided to call Stallings
as a witness.

                                          -16-
proceedings.’” Teague, 443 F.3d at 1314 (quoting United States v. Gonzalez-

Huerta, 403 F.3d 727, 732 (10th Cir. 2005) (en banc)). That standard is not met

here. W ilson’s argument on appeal is that, assuming W ilson’s expert interpreted

the polygraph data as showing Stallings’ statement during the examination, that

W ilson had only been involved in marijuana distribution, was true, W ilson would

have been able to present this expert’s testimony to show Stallings’ contrary

testimony at trial was false. This impeachment tactic essentially rests on the

claim that the polygraph data and W ilson’s expert’s interpretation of the data are

accurate. W ilson’s attempt to introduce such expert testimony at trial would

therefore be subject to a hearing pursuant to Daubert v. M errell D ow Parm., Inc.,

509 U.S. 579 (1993), to determine “whether the proffered evidence is reliable”

under Fed. R. Evid. 702. United States v. Call, 129 F.3d 1402, 1404-05 (10th Cir.

1997). Such evidence would also be subject to Fed. R. Evid. 403. See Call, 129

F.3d at 1405.

      Here, it appears likely that impeachment testimony of the type W ilson

suggests would have been excluded under Rule 403. At trial, where Stallings

testified that W ilson had been involved in cocaine distribution, W ilson’s counsel

cross-examined both Stallings and Special Agent W ilcox regarding Stallings’

prior inconsistent statements that W ilson had only been involved in marijuana

distribution, raising the implication that Stallings may have been influenced to

change his story by his desire to obtain a plea agreement. See Trial Tr. at 425, R.

                                        -17-
Vol. X; id. at 873, R. Vol. XII. Any further attempt to impeach Stallings’

testimony using an expert’s interpretation of the polygraph data would have been

largely cumulative. M oreover, this court observed in Call that “[t]he credibility

of witnesses is generally not an appropriate subject for expert testimony,”

including testimony regarding polygraph data, because such testimony “usurps a

critical function of the jury . . . , which is capable of making its own

determination regarding credibility.” 129 F.3d at 1406. W e therefore conclude

the district court did not commit plain error in failing to order the government to

produce the polygraph data.



III.   Sentencing issues

       W ilson raises a number of arguments regarding the twenty-year mandatory

minimum sentence that was triggered under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b) based on his prior

felony drug conviction. 7 He first argues that the existence of a prior drug felony

conviction was an element of the offense with which he was charged, and the

government’s failure to plead that element in his indictment or prove it to a jury

beyond a reasonable doubt was in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to a

jury trial as interpreted by the Supreme Court in Apprendi v. United States, 530



       7
       Section 841(b) provides, in relevant part, that an individual who violates
§ 841(a) “after a prior conviction for a felony drug offense has become final, such
person shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment which may not be less than
20 years and not more than life imprisonment.” 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A).

                                          -18-
U.S. 466 (2000), and United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005). W ilson’s

argument on this point is precluded by our prior holding to the contrary in United

States v. M oore, 401 F.3d 1220, 1224 (10th Cir. 2005). See United States v.

Brothers, 438 F.3d 1068, 1074 (10th Cir. 2006) (observing that we cannot

overturn a prior decision of a panel of this circuit “barring en banc

reconsideration, a superseding contrary Supreme Court decision, or authorization

of all currently active judges on the court” (internal quotation omitted)).

      W ilson next argues that the district court’s application of the statutory

twenty-year minimum under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b) was in error because the

government filed the information required by 21 U.S.C. § 851, citing W ilson’s

prior felony drug conviction, before the date of W ilson’s superseding indictment.

Because W ilson did not raise this issue below , we review for plain error. 8




      8
        In his opening brief, W ilson argued that the district court lacked
jurisdiction to apply the statutory minimum because the information required
under § 851 was untimely. In his reply brief, however, W ilson acknowledged that
this argument was foreclosed by United States v. Flowers, 441 F.3d 900, 903
(10th Cir. 2006), which held that the requirements of § 851, including those
related to timing of the government’s filing, were not jurisdictional in nature. W e
therefore need not address W ilson’s jurisdictional argument further. W e note that
the government cites Flowers for the proposition that Wilson forfeited his right to
raise this issue at all because he did not raise it below. As the government
acknowledges, however, Flowers came before the court on collateral review. See
Sapia v. United States, 433 F.3d 212, 217 (2d Cir. 2005). On direct appeal, the
proper standard of review is plain error. Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); see United States
v. Brow n, 316 F.3d 1151, 1155 & n.1 (10th Cir. 2003).

                                         -19-
       Section 851 requires that, in order for the government to apply “increased

punishment by reason of one or more prior convictions,” it must, “before trial, or

before entry of a plea of guilty, . . . file[] an information with the court . . .

stating in writing the previous convictions to be relied upon.” 21 U.S.C.

§ 851(a)(1). W ilson cites no authority for the proposition that the information

required under § 851, having been filed after the original indictment, must be

refiled if the government, as it did here, subsequently files a superseding

indictment in the same case. M oreover, the plain language of § 851 does not

support such a reading. W e therefore conclude that the district court did not

comm it plain error in relying on the information filed before the superseding

indictment as satisfying § 851(a).

       W ilson also argues that the requirement set forth in 21 U.S.C. § 851(c), that

a defendant “file a written response to the information” filed by the government

in order to object to the alleged prior conviction, violates his Fifth Amendment

right against self-incrimination. He acknowledges that he did not raise this issue

below and that we therefore review it for plain error.

       Essentially, W ilson argues that the information that the government must

file under § 851 is subject to Fed. R. Crim. P. 7 and 11 and therefore, the silence

of a defendant who fails to file a response challenging the information must be

construed as a plea of “not guilty” rather than an admission that the alleged prior

conviction is accurate. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(a)(4) (“If a defendant refuses to

                                           -20-
enter a plea . . . , the court must enter a plea of not guilty.”). Courts have

considered the information filed for purposes of § 851 to be subject to Rule 7,

which sets forth general requirements for the nature and contents of indictments

and informations. See, e.g., United States v. Garcia, 954 F.2d 273, 276 (5th Cir.

1992) (“Rule 7(c)(3) . . . does not distinguish between . . . informations used to

charge a defendant with a crime and informations used for sentencing

enhancement purposes.”). Rule 11, on the other hand, which governs the

procedures for entering pleas to criminal charges, does not refer to informations

at all and is clearly concerned with pre-conviction charges, not with notices of

sentencing enhancements based on prior convictions.

      W ilson cites no authority, and we have found none, to the contrary. Rather,

he cites Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238 (1969), which held that a court’s

acceptance of a guilty plea without determining the plea was knowingly and

voluntarily entered was in violation of the Fifth Amendment. Id. at 243. W ilson

again appears to rely on an unsupported assumption that an allegation of a prior

conviction is analogous to an original criminal charge. However, the

constitutional protections accorded an accused prior to conviction are clearly

distinct from any that might apply where a conviction has become final. At the

same time, as the government points out, W ilson is incorrect in his assertion that

§ 851 shifts the burden of proving the existence of a prior conviction from the

government to the defendant. W hile § 851 provides a procedure for a defendant

                                          -21-
to contest a prior conviction, the burden to prove the prior conviction by a

preponderance of the evidence remains with the government. See United States v.

Cooper, 375 F.3d 1041, 1052 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 543 U.S. 1011 (2004). W e

reject W ilson’s claim of plain error on this issue.

      W ilson finally argues that the district court erred by failing to follow

§ 851(b) by making “specific inquiry . . . as to whether [Wilson] admitted or

denied the existence of [the alleged prior] conviction.” 21 U.S.C. § 851(b). A s

W ilson does not claim to have preserved this issue below, we again review for

plain error. Our review of the transcript of W ilson’s sentencing hearing indicates

that the district court did not make a specific inquiry regarding the prior

conviction alleged in the government’s § 851 information. However, W ilson did

make a statement objecting to the state convictions indicated in his PSR as having

been obtained in violation of his constitutional rights. Tr. of Sentencing Hr’g at

1813, R. Vol. XVIII. W ilson’s counsel also challenged the five-year statute of

limitations in 21 U.S.C. § 851(e), which prevented Wilson from challenging the

validity of the prior conviction alleged in the information. The court denied that

challenge, and W ilson did not raise the issue on appeal. W hile W ilson argues the

district court failed to make a finding regarding the existence of the prior

conviction, the court did adopt the findings of the PSR, which included that

conviction. W e conclude that the court’s failure to engage in a specific inquiry

did not amount to plain error in this case. See United States v. Thomas, 348 F.3d

                                          -22-
78, 87 (5th Cir. 2003) (holding “a district court’s failure to give the § 851(b)

colloquy does not affect the defendant’s substantial rights where the defendant

failed to . . . challenge the conviction[] [alleged in the filed information] and

never revealed what challenges he was prepared to level” (internal quotation

omitted).



                                   C ON CLU SIO N

      For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRM E D.

                                                 ENTERED FOR THE COURT


                                                 Stephen H. Anderson
                                                 Circuit Judge




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