Filed 5/2/14 Adoption of S.L. CA4/1




                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION THREE


Adoption of S.L., a Minor.

MIGUEL L.,

     Plaintiff and Respondent,                                         G048929

         v.                                                            (Super. Ct. No. AD78598)

DANIEL C.,                                                             OPINION

     Defendant and Appellant.



                   Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, Ronald
P. Kreber, Judge. Affirmed.
                   Matthew I. Thue, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
                   William D. Caldwell, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                          *                  *                  *
              Appellant Daniel C. (Father) is the natural father of S.L. (Child). He
challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the orders terminating his parental
rights under Family Code sections 7822 (parental abandonment) and 7825 (parent
convicted of a felony). (All statutory references are to this code.) Respondent Miguel L.
(Stepfather) is the stepfather of Child, and the husband of Child’s mother (Mother). We
conclude substantial evidence supports the section 7822 order and affirm. Therefore, we
do not address the sufficiency of the evidence to support the section 7825 order.
                     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
               Father’s opening brief contains an integrated statement of the case and
facts, which Stepfather adopts and joins in with certain small exceptions. We agree
Father’s integrated statement of the case and facts provides a sufficient factual and
procedural background for the issues presented in this appeal. Hence, we recite it in full
below, with a few nonsubstantive changes such as omitting the record references and
referring to the parties as Father, Stepfather, Child and Mother, rather than using their
names or initials.
Foundational History
              When this case came to the attention of the trial court, Mother and
Stepfather were living together in Orange County and caring for then six-year-old Child.
Father was incarcerated serving a three-year sentence on convictions for assault with a
firearm, felony kidnapping, and burglary. The assault with a firearm and kidnapping
convictions were based on an incident in 2009, and involved Child. Mother and Father’s
respective recollections of that incident differ slightly.
              According to Mother, Father came to Mother’s home in July 2009 to drop
off Child after a visit. He asked Mother for money, engaged her in a verbal dispute, and
then went into her bathroom and loaded a gun. While Father was in the bathroom,
Mother and a male neighbor who was visiting the home went into Mother’s bedroom for
protection. Father then exited the bathroom, saw the neighbor in Mother’s bedroom,

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became enraged, and hit the neighbor with the gun. Father subsequently went outside to
talk to the neighbor, but then reentered Mother’s home through a window, grabbed Child,
and sped off at high speed with Child in a car. Mother called 911. The incident ended
approximately two hours later, when Father agreed to drop Child off at his parents’
restaurant.
              Mother reported that Child witnessed the altercation between Father and the
neighbor, and that Child was crying and distraught during the incident. She further
claimed that Father called her after absconding with Child, put Child on the telephone,
and told Child to tell Mother to call off the police. According to Mother, Child was
shaking and looked worried when she picked Child up from Father’s parents. Child
continued to shake and threw up twice after getting home, and Child was scared of the
police for months following the incident.
              Father agreed that he got into an altercation with a man in Mother’s home,
and that he hit the man with a gun and then absconded with Child. However, according
to Father, he and Mother were still seeing each other at the time, and he walked in on
Mother and the man in bed immediately after arriving at Mother’s home. Father claimed
that he absconded with Child because: (1) he was in love with Mother at the time and
was upset to find her with another man; and (2) he worried about leaving Child in the
home with a strange man. Father claimed that he immediately dropped Child off at his
parents’ restaurant. He denied that Child was screaming when he took her from Mother’s
house, but admitted Child was crying.
              After Father was incarcerated for kidnapping Child, Mother secured a
restraining order in family court that prohibited Father from contacting Child until
January 2016.
              Father’s criminal history also includes convictions for reckless driving,
possession of a controlled substance, and possession of a controlled substance with intent
to sell.

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Stepfather’s Adoption Request and Nancy Ward’s Investigation
              On September 15, 2011, Stepfather filed a request to adopt Child.
              During a subsequent adoption investigation, Mother informed Court
Investigator Nancy Ward (Investigator Ward) of Father’s incarceration and the
restraining order preventing Father from contacting Child. Mother reported that Father
had visited Child every other week for a brief period of time when Child was two, but
had never paid child support, and had not seen Child since his incarceration in July 2009.
              Stepfather and Mother both reported that Stepfather had been involved in
parenting Child since Child was one year old. The couple further reported that they had
recently been married, that Child knew Stepfather as her father and called him “daddy,”
and that Stepfather considered Child to be his child.
              On April 14, 2012, Father wrote Investigator Ward a letter expressing his
opposition to Stepfather’s adoption request. Father confirmed that he was incarcerated
and unable to see Child. However, he expressed love for his daughter, and reported he
hoped to see Child as soon as possible.
              Investigator Ward ultimately advised the court to grant Stepfather’s
adoption request.
Stepfather’s Petition to Declare Child Free from Parental Custody and Control, and
Silvia Vasquez’s Investigation
              On December 5, 2012, Stepfather filed a petition to declare Child free from
Father’s custody and control. The petition claimed that Father had: (1) intentionally
abandoned Child under section 7822; and (2) been convicted of felonies that made it
detrimental for him to maintain parental rights to Child under section 7825.
              A hearing on Stepfather’s petition was initially scheduled for February 1,
2013. But Father filed a motion asking the court to continue the hearing so that he could
seek legal counsel. The court appointed an attorney to represent Father and continued the
hearing several times.

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                Meanwhile, during an initial investigation by Court Investigator Silvia
Vasquez (Investigator Vasquez), Mother and Stepfather repeated the reports they had
made to Investigator Ward. They further claimed that Child had no memory of Father
and believed Stepfather was her biological father.
                Father was released from jail on June 18, 2012, and he met with
Investigator Velazquez soon thereafter. During that meeting, Father reported that he and
Mother were a couple when Mother was pregnant with Child, and that they remained
together until Child was one year old. He further claimed that he and Mother shared
custody of Child after their separation, and that he maintained consistent and regular
contact with Child until July 2009, when Child was three-and-one-half years old.
                Father reported that he had lost contact with Child only because he was
incarcerated and because Mother’s restraining order prevented him from contacting
Child. He reported that the judge who issued the restraining order had told him that he
could modify the order after he was released from jail. Nevertheless, Father provided the
investigator with paperwork showing that he had attempted to modify Mother’s
restraining order five times between May and August 2012, while he remained
incarcerated.
                Father reported that he had obtained a full-time job. He expressed a desire
to resume father-daughter visits and to provide child support for Child. He claimed he
had been paying Mother $500 a month in child support until he was incarcerated in 2009.
                According to Investigator Vasquez, Father presented as genuinely upset
about the effort to terminate his parental rights, and honest and remorseful about his
criminal history, including the kidnapping incident. Investigator Vasquez opined that
Father “presented as a man who want[ed] to change his life.”
                After interviewing Father, Investigator Vasquez interviewed Father’s parole
officer, who confirmed that Father was employed. The parole officer also informed the



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investigator that Father had been drug testing clean since his release from jail, and that
the terms of Father’s parole prevented him from contacting Child.
              Investigator Vasquez then interviewed Mother again. Mother contradicted
her prior reports by agreeing that Father had seen Child “frequently” after Child was
born, and “on a regular basis” after Mother and Father separated. According to Mother,
Child asked about Father after he was incarcerated but eventually stopped asking.
Mother continued to deny ever receiving child support from Father, although she
admitted that he sometimes helped her with supplies.
              After this additional investigation, Investigator Vasquez opined that
Father’s criminal convictions did not “fit” section 7825. Specifically, the investigator did
not believe that Father’s kidnapping conviction showed that he had engaged in a pattern
of behavior that could be detrimental to Child. The investigator further opined that
section 7822 did not apply because Father had regular contact with Child until July 2009
and did not intentionally abandon Child. Investigator Vasquez ultimately advised the
court to: (1) deny Stepfather’s petition to free Child from Father’s custody; and (2)
provide Father with supervised father-daughter visits.
The Hearing on Stepfather’s Petition to Declare Child Free From Parental Custody
              A hearing on Stepfather’s petition took place on August 16, and 22, 2013.
During the hearing, Father testified and continued to express remorse for his past criminal
activity, including the kidnapping incident. He also acknowledged and expressed
remorse for a history of substance abuse. Father explained that he had participated
unsuccessfully in substance abuse treatment programs on two separate occasions, first in
2000, and later in 2005, during the first six months of Child’s life. However, he testified
that he had stopped using drugs when he went to jail in 2009, that he was now living with
his parents, and that he had remained drug free since his release. He also confirmed that
he was employed and informed the court that he had obtained his GED and completed a
102-hour parenting course while in jail.

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              Father confirmed that he had repeatedly attempted to modify the restraining
order preventing him from contacting Child. He explained that he did not attempt to
modify it earlier because he was being moved around and was therefore unable to
immediately locate a law library and figure out what needed to be done. Father also
testified that he had attempted to modify the restraining order after being released from
prison, but was told that he had to wait until the petition to free Child from his custody
and control was resolved.
              Father maintained a desire to transition into visits with Child and expressed
a desire to pay child support. He testified that the conditions of his parole preventing him
from contacting Child were dependent on Mother’s restraining order.
              After hearing testimony, the court recognized that Father had remained
sober since his release from prison. Nevertheless, it found that sections 7822 and 7825
applied and terminated Father’s parental rights to Child.
                                STANDARD OF REVIEW
              “An appellate court applies a substantial evidence standard of review to a
trial court’s findings under section 7822. [Citation.] Although a trial court must make
such findings based on clear and convincing evidence (§ 7821), this standard of proof
“‘is for the guidance of the trial court only; on review, our function is limited to a
determination whether substantial evidence exists to support the conclusions reached by
the trial court in utilizing the appropriate standard.’” [Citation.] Under the substantial
evidence standard of review, “‘[a]ll conflicts in the evidence must be resolved in favor of
the respondents and all legitimate and reasonable inferences must be indulged in to
uphold the judgment.’” [Citation.] Abandonment and intent “‘are questions of fact for
the trial judge . . . . His [or her] decision, when supported by substantial evidence, is
binding upon the reviewing court. . . . ‘The appellant has the burden of showing the
finding or order is not supported by substantial evidence.’ [Citation.].” (Adoption of
Allison C. (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 1004, 1010, fns. omitted (Allison C.).)

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                                       DISCUSSION
               Section 7800 et seq. governs proceedings to have a child declared free from
a parent’s custody and control. The purpose of these types of proceedings is to promote
the child’s best interest “by providing the stability and security of an adoptive home.”
(§ 7800.) The statutes are to “be liberally construed to serve and protect the interests and
welfare of the child.” (§ 7801.)
               Under section 7822, a court may declare a child free from a parent’s
custody and control if the parent has abandoned the child. Abandonment occurs when a
“parent has left the child in the care and custody of the other parent for a period of one
year without any provision for the child’s support, or without communication from the
parent, with the intent on the part of the parent to abandon the child.” (§ 7822, subd.
(a)(3), italics added.)
               “Thus, a section 7822 proceeding is appropriate where ‘three main
elements’ are met: ‘(1) the child must have been left with another; (2) without provision
for support or without communication from . . . his parent[] for a period of one year; and
(3) all of such acts are subject to the qualification that they must have been done “with
the intent on the part of such parent . . . to abandon [the child].’” [Citation.]
‘The . . . failure to provide support, or failure to communicate is presumptive evidence of
the intent to abandon. If the parent . . . ha[s] made only token efforts to support or
communicate with the child, the court may declare the child abandoned by the
parent . . . .’ (§ 7822, subd. (b).)” (Allison C., supra, 164 Cal.App.4th at p. 1010.)
               In this case, the trial court found by clear and convincing evidence (1)
Father left Child with Mother, (2) Father did not provide support for or communicate
with Child for in excess of one year, except for token attempts to communicate, and (3)
all of these acts were done with “an intent to abandon” Child within the meaning of
section 7822. Father challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support these findings.
While Father concedes he did not provide support for or communicate with Child for

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more than a year, he contends he was prevented from contacting Child as a result of his
incarceration, Mother’s restraining order, and the terms of his parole. Thus, Father
concludes the evidence did not show he left Child with Mother, or intended to abandon
Child. We are not persuaded.
1. Substantial Evidence Supports the Finding Father Left Child With Mother.
              Father first contests the trial court’s finding he left Child with Mother for
more than a year. He argues the term “left” connotes voluntary action, and asserts his
incarceration for almost three years was involuntary. So, Father concludes Child “was
effectively taken” from him, and no substantial evidence supported a finding that he
“voluntarily left” Child within the meaning of section 7822. We disagree.
              Father’s argument is remarkably similar to the claims rejected in Allison C.
In that case, the father contended insufficient evidence supported the court’s finding he
left the child in the mother’s care and custody for at least one year. The father argued the
term “left” connotes voluntary action and therefore abandonment does not occur when
the child is taken from parental custody against the parent’s wishes. While
acknowledging he was incarcerated at different time periods, the father argued his
incarceration was involuntary. He further asserted the mother tried at every turn to cut
off any contact between the father and the child, including by obtaining a restraining
order against the father, and persuading the father’s parole officer to disallow visitation.
He concluded the petitioners failed to prove that “‘[f]ather voluntarily allowed [m]other
to assume custody.’” (Allison C., supra, 164 Cal.App.4th at p. 1011.)
              The Court of Appeal disagreed, explaining, ‘“Case law consistently focuses
on the voluntary nature of a parent’s abandonment of the parental role rather than on
physical desertion by the parent.’ [Citation.] [¶] We thus consider whether father
voluntarily surrendered Allison’s custody and care to mother. We conclude substantial
evidence supports the court’s finding he did just that. In the summer of 2001 father, by
his voluntary act of domestic violence, left Allison in mother’s care and custody.

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Thereafter, he never sought to take parental responsibility for Allison’s care, and instead
chose to let the child stay with mother. . . . His actions underlying his incarcerations for
domestic violence, burglary, and driving under the influence were voluntary, and in any
case, ‘being incarcerated does not, in and of itself, provide a legal defense to
abandonment of children.’ [Citation.] . . . Mother’s efforts to curtail father’s
communication with Allison, while relevant to an assessment of whether father intended
to abandon the child by noncommunication . . . do not negate the reality he never sought
to take custody or care of the child after mid-2001. In sum, he voluntarily abdicated the
parental role. Thus, the court did not err by finding father left Allison in mother’s care.”
(Allison C., supra, 164 Cal.App.4th at p. 1011.)
              All of the same can be said in this case. By his voluntary acts of residential
burglary, kidnapping, and assault with a firearm, Father left Child with Mother in the
summer of 2009. Thereafter, Father never sought to take parental responsibility for
Child’s care, and instead chose to let Child stay with Mother. Father’s voluntary actions
caused him to be incarcerated, and his incarceration, in and of itself, is not a legal defense
to abandonment. (In re Rose G. (1976) 57 Cal.App.3d 406, 424.) And Mother’s efforts
to curtail Father’s communication with Child, while relevant to an assessment of whether
Father intended to abandon Child by noncommunication and nonsupport (issues we
discuss below), do not negate the reality he never sought to take custody or care of Child.
In sum, Father voluntarily abdicated the parental role. Accordingly, the trial court did not
err by finding Father left Child with Mother.
2. Substantial Evidence Supports the Finding Father Intended to Abandon Child.
              Father next disputes the trial court’s finding he intended to abandon Child.
He acknowledges his failure to provide support and to communicate, except for token
attempts, constitute presumptive evidence of intent to abandon under section 7822,
subdivision (b), but he argues that presumption was rebutted. Father contends his
incarceration, Mother’s restraining order, and the terms of his parole prevented him from

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supporting or communicating with Child. And Father insists he maintained a constant
interest in parenting Child, even while he was incarcerated. Hence, Father concludes no
substantial evidence showed he intended to abandon Child. Again we disagree.
                 Once more, Father’s argument closely resembles the claims rejected in
Allison C. In that case, the father left his daughter with her mother after he was
incarcerated; the father provided only token support for his daughter for more than three
years; the father failed to communicate with her for the same period; and the father
argued communication was restricted first by the his incarceration, then by the mother’s
restraining order, and later by the terms of the father’s parole. We held the trial court
finding father failed to communicate for more than three years, “coupled with its finding
of nonsupport for the same period, are sufficient to show father intended to abandon her
for that period.” (Allison C., supra, 164 Cal.App.4th at p. 1013.)
                 The circumstances in this case are so similar the same result must obtain.
Here, Father left Child with Mother after he was incarcerated. Father did not contest the
finding he provided no support for Child for more than one year, and the evidence
showed he actually provided no support for more than three years. Father also did not
contest the finding he made only token attempts to communicate with Child for more
than one year, and the evidence showed he actually failed to communicate for more than
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three years. And finally, just as in Allison C., Father argued communication was
restricted first by his incarceration, then by Mother’s restraining order, and later by the
terms of his parole. Consequently, we conclude Father failed to rebut the presumption,
and there is substantial evidence to support the trial court finding he intended to abandon
Child.


         1
         Father did testify he tried to modify the restraining order multiple times between
May and August 2012, but we think that was too little too late. As of May 2012 Father
had already failed to communicate with Child for more than two years, and section 7822
requires only a one-year period of noncommunication.

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                                     DISPOSITION
              For all of these reasons we hold the trial court’s order terminating Father’s
parental rights under section 7822 is supported by substantial evidence. Having done so,
we need not address the sufficiency of the evidence to support the alternative order
terminating Father’s parental rights under section 7825. The judgment is affirmed.




                                                 THOMPSON, J.

WE CONCUR:



RYLAARSDAM, ACTING P. J.



BEDSWORTH, J.




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