                            ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                         Appellate Court




                           People v. Campbell, 2012 IL App (1st) 101249




Appellate Court             THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption                     WALTER CAMPBELL, Defendant-Appellant.



District & No.              First District, Second Division
                            Docket No. 1-10-1249


Filed                       September 25, 2012


Held                        In a prosecution arising from a gang-related shooting, the trial court did
(Note: This syllabus        not err in admitting evidence of defendant’s gang membership, failing to
constitutes no part of      ask the prospective jurors if they could be impartial in view of the gang
the opinion of the court    evidence, failing to advise the jury of the limited purpose of gang
but has been prepared       evidence or failing to provide an instruction on second degree murder.
by the Reporter of
Decisions for the
convenience of the
reader.)


Decision Under              Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 05-CR-8412; the
Review                      Hon. Thomas V. Gainer, Judge, presiding.



Judgment                    Affirmed.
Counsel on                 Michael Finn, of Law Offices of Michael Finn, of Chicago, for appellant.
Appeal
                           Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg, Marie
                           Quinlivan Czech, and Nancy Colletti, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of
                           counsel), for the People.


Panel                      JUSTICE MURPHY delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                           Justices Quinn and Connors concurred in the judgment and opinion.



                                              OPINION

¶1           Following a jury trial, defendant Walter Campbell was found guilty of one count of first
        degree murder and two counts of attempted first degree murder and was sentenced to 50
        years’ imprisonment for first degree murder and two concurrent 28-year terms for attempted
        first degree murder to be served consecutively to the murder sentence. On appeal, defendant
        contends that he was denied a fair trial where the trial court admitted evidence showing that
        he was a gang member, failed to inquire during voir dire whether any prospective jurors
        would have been unable to be fair and impartial due to evidence of his gang membership, and
        failed to advise the jury of the limited purpose for which such evidence could be considered.
        Defendant also contends that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request a limiting
        instruction regarding the gang membership evidence and that he was denied a fair trial where
        the prosecutor made improper comments during rebuttal argument. In addition, defendant
        contends that the court erred by failing to provide the jury with a modified version of Illinois
        Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 3.11 (4th ed. 2000) (hereinafter, IPI Criminal 4th No.
        3.11) prepared by defense counsel or an instruction for second degree murder. Defendant
        further contends that the court erred in making a number of rulings during defense counsel’s
        opening statement, cross-examination of two State witnesses, and closing argument. For the
        reasons that follow, we affirm.

¶2                                       BACKGROUND
¶3          Defendant and codefendant, Victor Perry, were charged with the first degree murder of
        Chadwick Jamison, the attempted first degree murders of Christopher Roundtree and Robert
        Walton, and aggravated discharge of a firearm. At trial, Roundtree testified that he was a
        member of the Black P. Stone street gang and that beginning about 3 p.m. on March 4, 2005,
        he rode around with Jamison, Walton, and Charles Gill in Jamison’s Chevrolet Lumina while
        they drank alcohol and smoked marijuana. Shortly before 10 p.m. that night, the four of them
        stopped at a gas station located within Black P. Stone territory at the intersection of 66th
        Street and Stony Island Avenue. Roundtree saw defendant, Perry, and some of their friends
        at the gas station, and believed they were all members of the Gangster Disciples gang.

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     Roundtree knew defendant and Perry from the neighborhood and thought defendant was a
     Gangster Disciple because he hung around with people from that gang. Defendant had a
     purple Dodge Intrepid with him and Perry had a purplish Buick Riviera.
¶4       Upon arriving at the gas station, Jamison jumped out of his car, walked to within three
     or four feet of defendant and asked him “what the fuck y’all doing up here?” Defendant
     responded that Jamison should leave before he got himself killed. Roundtree and Gill then
     exited Jamison’s vehicle and defendant told Gill “to tell his little boy to get off that before
     he get himself–or before I kill his ass.” A number of people affiliated with the Black P.
     Stones began arriving at the gas station, including Walton’s brother, and defendant and Perry
     entered their vehicles, pulled out of the gas station, and drove away. As they did so,
     defendant hit Jamison’s car, and Jamison grabbed a baseball bat from Walton’s brother’s car
     and threw it at defendant’s vehicle as he drove away.
¶5       Roundtree, Jamison, Walton, and Gill then reentered Jamison’s car, and Jamison drove
     them to Roundtree’s house to drop off Gill. Jamison pulled up in the alley behind
     Roundtree’s house, and Roundtree exited the vehicle so he could close the gate after Gill
     went inside. While at the gate, Roundtree saw Perry’s vehicle pull up at the mouth of the
     alley, heard about five gunshots come from Perry’s car, and jumped inside Jamison’s car.
     Although the back window of Jamison’s vehicle was shot out by the gunshots, none of the
     occupants of the car were injured. After the shooting, Perry’s car drove away, Gill ran inside
     Roundtree’s house, and Jamison drove away with Roundtree and Walton in his vehicle.
¶6       Shortly thereafter, Roundtree observed that defendant and Perry were following them in
     defendant’s car. Jamison drove faster to try and get away, but crashed into a pole near 65th
     Street and Blackstone Avenue. After the crash, defendant’s vehicle slowly approached
     Jamison’s car from behind until it stopped and defendant emerged holding a semiautomatic
     handgun. Jamison put the car in reverse, and defendant ran toward the car as he did so and
     fired about five shots at the vehicle through the empty back window from about 10 feet away.
     Roundtree, who was sitting in the front passenger seat, put Jamison’s car into drive, and
     Jamison hit the accelerator, which caused the vehicle to jump and crash into the back of a
     parked car. Defendant then ran toward the driver’s side of Jamison’s vehicle and fired about
     five more shots before his gun jammed and he released the shells from his gun. As defendant
     was doing so, Walton jumped out of the backseat of Jamison’s vehicle and ran away. Once
     defendant’s gun was no longer jammed, he fired it at Walton as he ran. In the meantime,
     Roundtree and Jamison were both trying to exit through the front passenger door of
     Jamison’s car and Jamison then tried to exit through the same rear door as Walton.
     Defendant fired about five more shots inside Jamison’s car, and Roundtree felt Jamison’s
     body drop as he exited the vehicle. Defendant then ran back to his car and entered the
     passenger door, and Perry, who was in the driver’s seat, drove away. Roundtree saw
     Jamison’s body hanging out the back of the car and could hear him choking on his blood.
     Although one of the bullets had grazed Roundtree on his side, he was otherwise uninjured
     by the shooting.
¶7       The police arrived at the scene about one minute after Perry and defendant had driven
     away, and Roundtree spoke to a detective there and was then taken to the police station.
     About 3:30 a.m. on March 5, 2005, Roundtree was presented with a set of photographs by

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       a police detective from which he identified a picture of the person who killed Jamison and
       a picture of the driver of the shooter’s car. About 4:50 p.m. that same day, Roundtree viewed
       a lineup at the police station and identified defendant as the shooter and Perry as the man
       who drove his car following the shooting.
¶8         On cross-examination, Roundtree stated that while he was obligated by his gang loyalty
       to come to the aid of other members of his gang, he was not required to do harm to members
       of other gangs. Roundtree also stated that the Black P. Stones and Gangster Disciples were
       at war at the time of the shooting and that if he had come in contact with a Gangster Disciple
       at that time, he probably would have beaten him up, but would not have lied to the police
       about him. Roundtree further stated that he provided the police with a statement at about 9:15
       p.m. on March 5, 2005, and the prosecutor stipulated that in that statement, Roundtree did
       not relate that he had heard defendant tell Jamison that he would kill him during their verbal
       confrontation at the gas station.
¶9          Walton testified that he spent the daytime hours of March 4, 2005, smoking marijuana
       and drinking alcohol with Jamison and Roundtree, fellow members of the Black P. Stone
       gang, as Jamison drove them around in his white Chevrolet Lumina. About 9 p.m. that
       evening, they picked up Gill and went to a gas station located in Black P. Stone territory at
       66th Street and Stony Island Avenue. When they arrived, Walton saw defendant and Perry,
       members of the rival Gangster Disciples gang, in the gas station parking lot, and also saw
       defendant’s maroon Intrepid and Perry’s maroon Riviera. Walton and Jamison exited the
       vehicle, and Jamison told defendant and Perry that they were not supposed to be at that gas
       station. Walton’s brother arrived at the station shortly thereafter in his Toyota Camry with
       additional members of the Black P. Stones, and defendant and Perry then entered their cars
       and drove away. As defendant did so, he hit Jamison’s car and said he would return “and kill
       all of you hook-ass niggers.”
¶ 10        Walton, Jamison, Roundtree, and Perry then reentered Jamison’s car, and Jamison drove
       them to the alley behind Roundtree’s house to drop off Perry. Roundtree exited the vehicle
       and Gill was about to get out of the car when Walton saw Perry’s vehicle pull up at the side
       of the street by the alley and heard about eight gunshots, which destroyed the back window
       of Jamison’s car. Perry’s vehicle then drove away, Gill exited Jamison’s car and went in
       Roundtree’s house, and Roundtree entered the front passenger seat of Jamison’s car. Jamison
       pulled out of the alley and was driving around the neighborhood when Walton saw
       defendant’s vehicle chasing his brother’s car. Walton’s brother was able to drive away, and
       defendant then turned his car around and chased Jamison until Jamison’s car slid into a pole
       at 65th Street and Blackstone Avenue. Walton saw defendant exit from the driver’s seat of
       his vehicle while holding a semiautomatic handgun and run toward Jamison’s car, firing
       about 15 shots as he did so. Defendant’s gun then jammed, and Walton jumped out of
       Jamison’s car and ran away as defendant started shooting at him. Walton looked back when
       the gunshots had stopped and saw defendant run back to his car and enter on the passenger
       side before the car pulled away.
¶ 11        Walton continued running until he was stopped by police about two blocks away from
       the shooting. Walton was then taken to the police station, where he told the detectives that
       defendant was the shooter and identified defendant from a set of photographs shown to him

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       on a computer. On March 6, 2005, Walton returned to the police station and viewed a lineup
       from which he identified the shooter. Walton further testified that although he and Roundtree
       were both taken to the police station following the shooting, they were kept separate from
       one another while he was there.
¶ 12       On cross-examination, Walton stated that about 4:15 a.m. on March 6, 2005, he spoke
       with an assistant State’s Attorney, that the assistant State’s Attorney prepared a written
       statement from their conversation and read it back to him, and that he then signed each page.
       Walton also stated that although he told the assistant State’s Attorney that defendant had said
       at the gas station that he would come back to kill him and Jamison, the assistant State’s
       Attorney did not include that part when she read the statement back to him and he did not
       alert her of the error. In addition, Walton stated that although it was his gang’s policy to do
       harm to members of a rival gang and he and defendant were in rival gangs, it was not his
       gang’s policy to lie to police about a rival gang member. Walton further stated that Jamison
       threw a baseball bat at defendant’s car as he drove away from the gas station. On redirect
       examination, Walton testified that defendant said at the gas station that he would be back “to
       clear him up” and that he believed defendant had intended that to mean that he would kill
       him and Jamison.
¶ 13       Chicago police forensic investigator Robert Tovar testified that about 10:30 p.m. on
       March 4, 2005, he went to the area of 6502 South Blackstone and observed a Chevrolet
       Lumina, which had been damaged and appeared to have struck a parked car. Investigator
       Tovar further testified that he observed and recovered firearm evidence that was strewn
       around the street and the car. Forensic scientist Fred Tomasek, an expert in firearms
       identification, testified that he analyzed the firearm evidence collected by Investigator Tovar
       and determined that the fired cartridge cases had all been fired from the same firearm; that
       the fired bullets, bullet jackets, and bullet jacket fragments had all been fired from the same
       firearm; and that it was not possible to compare the fired cartridge cases with the bullets,
       jackets, and fragments.
¶ 14       Based on this evidence, the jury found defendant guilty of the first degree murder of
       Jamison and the attempted first degree murders of Roundtree and Walton. Defendant was
       then sentenced to 50 years’ imprisonment for murder and two concurrent 28-year terms for
       attempted murder to run consecutively to the sentence for murder.

¶ 15                                          ANALYSIS
¶ 16                                       I. Gang Evidence
¶ 17       Defendant contends that he was denied a fair trial where the trial court admitted evidence
       of his gang membership, failed to ask prospective jurors during voir dire whether they could
       be fair and impartial in light of the gang membership evidence, and failed to advise the jury
       of the limited purpose for which such evidence could be used. Defendant also contends that
       counsel was ineffective for failing to request a special jury instruction regarding such
       evidence.




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¶ 18                                        A. Admissibility
¶ 19        Defendant asserts that the trial court erred by admitting evidence showing that he was a
       member of a gang, and the State first responds that he has forfeited this issue by failing to
       object to the challenged evidence at trial or raise this issue in his posttrial motion for a new
       trial. To preserve an issue for appeal, a defendant must object at trial and raise the issue in
       a posttrial motion. People v. Baez, 241 Ill. 2d 44, 129 (2011). Defendant maintains that this
       court should nonetheless review the issue under the plain-error doctrine.
¶ 20        The plain-error rule bypasses normal forfeiture principles and permits reviewing courts
       to consider unpreserved error in certain circumstances. People v. Averett, 237 Ill. 2d 1, 18
       (2010). A reviewing court may consider unpreserved error under the plain-error doctrine
       when the evidence is so closely balanced that the error alone threatened to tip the scales of
       justice against the defendant, regardless of the seriousness of the error, or the error is so
       serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity of the
       judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the evidence. People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill.
       2d 551, 565 (2007). The first step in conducting plain-error review is to determine whether
       error occurred at all. People v. Walker, 232 Ill. 2d 113, 124 (2009).
¶ 21        Evidence of a defendant’s gang membership may be admitted if there is sufficient proof
       that it is related to the crime charged and is relevant to an issue in dispute and its probative
       value is not substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect. People v. Johnson, 208 Ill. 2d
       53, 102 (2003). One purpose for which such evidence may be admissible is “to provide a
       motive for an otherwise inexplicable act.” People v. Smith, 141 Ill. 2d 40, 58 (1990).
¶ 22        Defendant maintains that the evidence of his gang membership presented at trial was
       insufficient to warrant its admission, citing People v. Williams, 262 Ill. App. 3d 808, 820
       (1994), in which this court stated that the State could prove a defendant’s gang membership
       through his own admission, evidence that he shouted a gang slogan before committing a
       crime, or expert testimony from a police officer specializing in gang crimes. The court also
       stated that “[t]he bare assertion of a lay witness regarding gang membership *** is not
       adequate” to establish a defendant’s gang membership, citing to People v. Lucas, 151 Ill. 2d
       461, 479 (1992). Williams, 262 Ill. App. 3d at 820.
¶ 23        In Lucas, 151 Ill. 2d at 479-80, our supreme court distinguished that case from its recent
       decision in People v. Easley, 148 Ill. 2d 281 (1992), determining that unlike in Easley, where
       the gang evidence was irrelevant because the State had failed to prove its conspiracy theory,
       the State had presented evidence linking the defendant to a gang conspiracy and showing that
       he attended a meeting at which the conspiracy was discussed. In Easley, 148 Ill. 2d at 326-
       29, the State’s theory at trial was that the defendant had committed murder as part of a
       planned retaliation for the death of a fellow gang member, and the court held that the
       evidence of his membership in a gang was inadmissible because it was irrelevant where the
       State had not established that a gang conspiracy existed or that he was aware of such a
       conspiracy.
¶ 24        Thus, our supreme court did not hold that the testimony of a lay witness regarding a
       defendant’s gang membership was insufficient to prove that fact in either Lucas or Easley,
       but instead applied the established standard regarding such evidence by considering whether


                                                  -6-
       the evidence was related to the crime charged and relevant to an issue in dispute and
       weighing its probative value against its prejudicial effect (see Smith, 141 Ill. 2d at 58). As
       such, we decline to adopt the additional requirement regarding the admissibility of gang
       membership evidence set forth in Williams, and we will instead apply that standard set forth
       and followed by our supreme court to determine whether the evidence of defendant’s gang
       membership was admissible in this case.
¶ 25       At trial, the State presented evidence showing that defendant and Perry were members
       of the Gangster Disciples and that Jamison, Roundtree, and Walton were members of the
       Black P. Stones, a rival gang. The evidence also showed that prior to the shootings, Jamison
       confronted defendant and Perry at a gas station located in Black P. Stone territory regarding
       their presence there and entered into a verbal altercation with defendant. The evidence further
       showed that shortly after leaving the gas station, Jamison, Roundtree, Walton, and Gill were
       shot at by someone from Perry’s vehicle while in an alley behind Roundtree’s house and that
       defendant then chased Jamison, Roundtree, and Walton in his car and fired multiple shots
       at them after they had crashed into a pole. The State argued to the jury during closing that
       defendant had decided to pursue the victims and fire multiple gunshots at them because they
       had disrespected him earlier that night at the gas station, which was located in territory
       controlled by the victims’ gang.
¶ 26       Thus, the evidence of defendant’s gang membership provided an explanation for
       Jamison’s otherwise inexplicable act of confronting defendant and Perry at the gas station
       and was related to the crimes charged and relevant to defendant’s motive for shooting at
       Jamison’s car where the State’s theory at trial was that he did so because he felt he was
       disrespected at the gas station. In addition, the probative value of the gang evidence was not
       substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect on defendant where the evidence was
       essential to proving the State’s case and its prejudicial effect was somewhat offset by the
       accompanying diminution of the credibility of Roundtree and Walton due to their
       membership in a rival gang. We therefore conclude that the trial court did not err by
       admitting evidence showing that defendant was a member of a gang and that the plain-error
       rule does not apply to excuse defendant’s procedural default of this issue in this case.

¶ 27                                          B. Voir Dire
¶ 28       Defendant next asserts that the trial court erred by failing to ask the prospective jurors
       during voir dire whether they could be fair and impartial in light of evidence of his
       membership in a gang. The State responds that defendant has forfeited this issue by failing
       to object to the court’s actions or request such questioning during voir dire and by failing to
       raise this issue in his posttrial motion for a new trial. Defendant replies that the court was
       required to question the prospective jurors sua sponte regarding evidence of his gang
       membership because such evidence was central to the State’s case.
¶ 29       We conclude that defendant has forfeited this issue by failing to raise it in his posttrial
       motion for a new trial. Baez, 241 Ill. 2d at 129. In addition, we note that no Illinois court has
       ever held that a trial court has a sua sponte duty to ask prospective jurors gang bias questions
       during voir dire. People v. Macias, 371 Ill. App. 3d 632, 640 (2007). Further, although


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       defendant briefly discusses in his reply this court’s decision in People v. Gardner, 348 Ill.
       App. 3d 479, 489 (2004), in which we held that this issue could be considered under the
       plain-error rule if the defendant had failed to object to the court’s conduct during voir dire,
       at no point in his brief or reply has he asserted that the plain-error rule is applicable to excuse
       his default of this issue in this case.

¶ 30                                    C. Limiting Instruction
¶ 31        Defendant next asserts that he was denied a fair trial where the trial court erred by failing
       to provide the jury with an instruction directing that the evidence of his gang membership
       could only be considered for a limited purpose. The State responds that any error was
       harmless where the limiting instruction would not concern the elements of the crimes
       charged, the presumption of innocence, or the burden of proof and the evidence was not
       closely balanced.
¶ 32        To establish that a trial court’s error is harmless, the State must prove beyond a
       reasonable doubt that the result of the trial would have been the same absent the error. People
       v. Nitz, 219 Ill. 2d 400, 410 (2006). In People v. Jackson, 357 Ill. App. 3d 313, 321 (2005),
       this court determined that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury pursuant to
       Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 3.14 (4th ed. 2000) that evidence of the
       defendant’s gang membership could only be considered for the limited purpose of showing
       his identification, presence, intent, motive, design, or knowledge. We then held that the error
       was harmless because the limiting instruction did not concern the elements of the crime
       charged, the presumption of innocence, or the burden of proof and the evidence was not
       closely balanced. Id.
¶ 33        In this case, defendant is claiming that the trial court erred by failing to provide the jury
       with a limiting instruction regarding the evidence of his gang membership. Such an
       instruction would not have concerned the elements of the crimes charged, the presumption
       of innocence, or the burden of proof. In addition, Roundtree and Walton testified consistently
       with one another regarding the events that took place on the night of the shooting, and their
       testimony was not contradicted by any other evidence at trial. We therefore conclude that any
       error committed by the trial court in failing to provide the jury with a limiting instruction
       regarding the evidence of defendant’s gang membership was harmless.

¶ 34                           D. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
¶ 35       Defendant also asserts that he was denied his right to the effective assistance of counsel
       where counsel failed to request a special jury instruction on gang evidence. To prevail on a
       claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that his attorney’s
       performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that he was prejudiced
       by the deficient performance. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88 (1984). A
       failure to make the requisite showing of either deficient performance or sufficient prejudice
       defeats a defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. People v. Palmer, 162 Ill.
       2d 465, 475 (1994). Thus, if a claim can be disposed of for failing to satisfy the prejudice
       prong, the court need not also determine whether counsel’s performance was deficient.

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       People v. Graham, 206 Ill. 2d 465, 476 (2003). To establish prejudice, the defendant must
       prove there is a reasonable probability that the result of the trial would have been different
       but for counsel’s deficient performance. People v. Simms, 192 Ill. 2d 349, 362 (2000).
       Having already determined that the trial court’s failure to provide the jury with an instruction
       regarding the limited use of gang membership evidence was harmless, we thus conclude that
       defendant has not satisfied the prejudice prong of the Strickland test and that he therefore
       was not denied the effective assistance of counsel.

¶ 36                                 II. Prosecutorial Misconduct
¶ 37       Defendant next contends that he was denied a fair trial because the prosecutor made
       improper comments during rebuttal argument. The State responds that the challenged
       remarks were not improper because they were invited by defense counsel’s closing argument
       and that even if they were improper, defendant was not prejudiced where the trial court
       sustained the objections to those comments and the evidence of his guilt was overwhelming.
¶ 38       A prosecutor is afforded wide latitude in making closing and rebuttal arguments. People
       v. Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d 173, 204 (2009). In reviewing a prosecutor’s challenged comments,
       this court will consider the closing and rebuttal arguments as a whole and “will find
       reversible error only if the defendant demonstrates that the improper remarks were so
       prejudicial that real justice was denied or that the verdict resulted from the error.” People v.
       Runge, 234 Ill. 2d 68, 142 (2009). The question of whether a prosecutor’s statement is so
       egregious that it warrants a new trial is a legal issue, which this court will review de novo.
       People v. Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d 92, 121 (2007).
¶ 39       In this case, the prosecutor’s rebuttal argument began as follows:
               “[THE PROSECUTOR]: Thank you, Judge. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt, it’s
           a burden we welcome. It’s a burden we embrace. We wouldn’t be here today if we didn’t
           believe we had proof beyond a reasonable doubt–
               [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection, your Honor. What they believe is irrelevant.
               THE COURT: The objection is sustained.
               [THE PROSECUTOR]: We wouldn’t be here today if there wasn’t enough evidence
           to prove this man guilty of first degree murder and attempt first degree murder.
               [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection, your Honor. That’s her opinion.
               THE COURT: Ladies and gentlemen, please disregard any opinions that are offered
           by any either side here. The opinions or personal beliefs of the lawyers are not evidence
           and should not be considered by you in any way.”
¶ 40       The State maintains that the challenged comments were not improper because they were
       invited by defense counsel’s remarks during closing argument that the State had not proved
       defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. While a prosecutor may respond to comments
       by defense counsel which clearly invite a response, she must refrain from making improper
       or prejudicial comments. People v. Hudson, 157 Ill. 2d 401, 441 (1993). A prosecutor may
       not express her personal opinion of the strength of the State’s case or the defendant’s guilt,
       but may state an opinion which is based on the record or a legitimate inference derived from

                                                 -9-
       the record. People v. Brown, 253 Ill. App. 3d 165, 176 (1993).
¶ 41       Here, the prosecutor expressed her personal opinion regarding defendant’s guilt and the
       strength of the State’s case where she twice stated that the State would not have brought its
       case against defendant unless it had enough evidence to prove him guilty beyond a
       reasonable doubt. Defendant argues that the challenged comments were not based on the
       record or a legitimate inference derived from the record as the prosecutor did not make
       reference to any evidence presented at trial in either of her remarks, but instead provided her
       opinion regarding the level of the State’s confidence in its case. We note that the challenged
       comments were the first two sentences spoken by the prosecutor in her rebuttal argument.
       Consequently, there was no opportunity for the prosecutor to even reach the facts in the
       record. However, the prosecutor’s challenged comments made during rebuttal argument were
       arguably improper.
¶ 42       The State also maintains that the prosecutor’s remarks do not warrant a new trial where
       the trial court sustained defense counsel’s objections to the comments and admonished the
       jury to disregard any opinions or personal beliefs expressed by the attorneys during
       arguments. A trial court may usually cure any prejudice arising from improper argument by
       promptly sustaining an objection to the challenged comment and giving a proper jury
       instruction. People v. Johnson, 208 Ill. 2d at 116. In this case, the court promptly sustained
       defense counsel’s objections to the prosecutor’s improper remarks and instructed the jury that
       any opinions or personal beliefs offered by the lawyers were not evidence and should be
       disregarded. Although the prosecutor basically repeated her initial improper comment
       immediately after the court sustained defense counsel’s first objection, the court promptly
       sustained defense counsel’s second objection and instructed the jury to disregard the
       prosecutor’s improper remarks. The prosecutor did not make any further improper comments
       regarding the strength of the State’s case during the remainder of rebuttal argument. As such,
       we determine that the trial court cured the prejudice arising from the prosecutor’s improper
       comments and conclude that those remarks do not warrant a new trial.

¶ 43                                    III. Jury Instructions
¶ 44       Defendant also contends that the trial court erred by refusing to provide the jury with a
       modified version of IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.11 prepared by defense counsel or an instruction
       for second degree murder. Jury instructions are intended to provide the jury with accurate
       legal principles to apply to the evidence so it can reach a correct verdict. People v. Pierce,
       226 Ill. 2d 470, 475 (2007). The decision of whether to tender a particular instruction lies
       with the trial court and is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. People v. Mohr,
       228 Ill. 2d 53, 65-66 (2008). A trial court abuses its discretion when the instructions are
       unclear, mislead the jury, or are not justified by the evidence and the law. People v. Lovejoy,
       235 Ill. 2d 97, 150 (2009).

¶ 45                          A. Modified IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.11
¶ 46       At the jury instructions conference in this case, the trial court proposed to provide the
       jury with IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.11, which instructs:

                                                -10-
               “The believability of a witness may be challenged by evidence that on some former
           occasion he made a statement that was not consistent with his testimony in this case.
           Evidence of this kind may be considered by you only for the limited purpose of deciding
           the weight to be given the testimony you heard from the witness in this courtroom.”
       Defense counsel objected to that instruction, asserting that it did not adequately instruct the
       jury regarding the impeachment of a witness based on an omission in a prior statement and
       suggested that the jury instead be provided with a modified version of that instruction
       relating that:
               “The believability of the witness may be challenged by evidence that on some former
           occasion he failed to make a statement when he had the opportunity. Evidence of this
           kind may be considered by you only for the limited purpose of deciding the weight to be
           given the testimony you heard from the witness in this courtroom.”
       The court then decided to provide the jury with IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.11 over defense
       counsel’s objection, stating that the law favored the giving of pattern instructions and that
       IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.11 allowed defense counsel to argue to the jury that Roundtree and
       Walton should not be believed because they did not mention the shooting in the alley behind
       Roundtree’s house in their statements to the police.
¶ 47       IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.11 instructs that the believability of a witness may be challenged
       by evidence of a prior inconsistent statement and therefore covers inconsistencies caused by
       both omissions and affirmative statements in the prior statement. People v. Eggert, 324 Ill.
       App. 3d 79, 82-83 (2001). Thus, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
       by tendering IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.11 to the jury where that instruction accurately reflects
       the law regarding the use and effect of a prior inconsistent statement on a witness’s
       testimony.

¶ 48                                 B. Second Degree Murder
¶ 49       Defendant asserts that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to provide the jury
       with an instruction on second degree murder based on his sudden and intense passion. A
       defendant is entitled to a jury instruction on any defense theory for which there is at least
       slight evidence in the record. People v. Davis, 213 Ill. 2d 459, 478 (2004). A person is guilty
       of second degree murder when he commits first degree murder and is acting under a sudden
       and intense passion resulting from serious provocation when he does so. 720 ILCS 5/9-
       2(a)(1) (West 2004). “Serious provocation” is “conduct sufficient to excite an intense passion
       in a reasonable person.” 720 ILCS 5/9-2(b) (West 2004). The only categories of serious
       provocation that have been recognized by our supreme court are substantial physical injury
       or assault, mutual quarrel or combat, illegal arrest, and adultery with the offender’s spouse.
       People v. Sipp, 378 Ill. App. 3d 157, 166 (2007). Mere words and gestures are insufficient
       to constitute serious provocation. People v. Blackwell, 171 Ill. 2d 338, 358 (1996).
¶ 50       The record shows that defense counsel requested a jury instruction for second degree
       murder and that the court denied that request. In doing so, the court stated that there was no
       evidence that Jamison was in possession of a weapon during the altercation at the gas station,
       that defendant’s car was struck by the baseball bat thrown by Jamison, that defendant was

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       aware Jamison had thrown the bat, or that any of the victims were armed on the night of the
       shooting. The court also noted that the evidence showed that the shooting took place seven
       to nine minutes after the altercation at the gas station. Based on these considerations, we
       determine that there was no evidence that defendant was acting under a sudden and intense
       passion resulting from serious provocation when he fired multiple shots at Jamison’s vehicle
       and conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to provide the jury with
       an instruction on second degree murder.

¶ 51                                 IV. Additional Issues
¶ 52       Defendant further contends that the trial court erred in making a number of rulings during
       defense counsel’s opening statement, cross-examination of Roundtree and Walton, and
       closing argument.

¶ 53                                   A. Opening statement
¶ 54       Defendant asserts that the trial court erred when it sustained the prosecutor’s objection
       to defense counsel’s comment to the jury during the opening statement that “in evaluating
       this case, you will also look and see there was no statement from the Defendant that he shot
       and killed anybody.” Initially, defendant has waived this issue by failing to cite to any
       supporting authority in his brief. Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. July 1, 2008); Hirsch v. Optima,
       Inc., 397 Ill. App. 3d 102, 109 (2009). Moreover, the trial court has great discretion in
       defining the allowable scope of opening statements, and a defendant must show that he was
       harmed by the court’s decision to establish an abuse of that discretion and that the court’s
       decision was a material factor in his conviction to establish that it is reversible error. People
       v. Lee, 342 Ill. App. 3d 37, 50 (2003). In this case, there is nothing in the record to suggest
       that the court’s challenged ruling during opening statement was a material factor in
       defendant’s conviction.

¶ 55                                    B. Cross-examination
¶ 56       Defendant also asserts that the trial court erred when it sustained the State’s objections
       to questions asked by defense counsel during the cross-examinations of Roundtree and
       Walton. A criminal defendant has a constitutional right to confront the witnesses against him.
       U.S. Const., amends. VI, XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8. This right includes a reasonable
       right of cross-examination into a witness’s bias, interest, or motive to testify falsely. People
       v. Nelson, 235 Ill. 2d 386, 420-21 (2009). Rulings concerning the scope of cross-examination
       are within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed absent an abuse of
       that discretion resulting in manifest prejudice to the defendant. People v. Williams, 161 Ill.
       2d 1, 43 (1994). “Further, the trial court enjoys wide latitude in limiting the cross-
       examination of a witness to prevent repetitive or minimally relevant questioning, harassment,
       prejudice, or confusion of the issues.” People v. Britt, 265 Ill. App. 3d 129, 146 (1994).




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¶ 57                                       1. Roundtree
¶ 58       The record shows that Roundtree stated during cross-examination that he told the truth
       exactly how he saw it and that defense counsel then asked him “you never lied, have you?”
       The prosecutor objected to defense counsel’s question, and that objection was sustained by
       the court. At best, defendant’s question was minimally relevant to the issue of Roundtree’s
       credibility, and defendant has made no showing that he was prejudiced by the court’s ruling
       in any way. We thus determine that the court did not abuse its discretion by sustaining the
       prosecutor’s objection to defense counsel’s cross-examination of Roundtree.

¶ 59                                         2. Walton
¶ 60       The record also shows that defense counsel asked Walton during cross-examination if
       the State had ever asked him about how to contact his brother. The prosecutor objected to
       defense counsel’s question, and the court sustained the objection. Although defendant
       maintains that the court erred by sustaining the objection because the question was relevant
       to the issue of whether the police had conducted an adequate investigation of the shooting,
       he makes no assertions as to how he was prejudiced by that ruling and we therefore
       determine that the court did not abuse its discretion by sustaining the State’s objection.

¶ 61                                     C. Closing argument
¶ 62       Defendant further asserts that the court erred when it sustained the State’s objection to
       a statement made by defense counsel during closing argument. The regulation of closing
       argument lies within the discretion of the trial court, and its rulings regarding the propriety
       of comments made in closing will not be disturbed absent an abuse of that discretion. People
       v. Caffey, 205 Ill. 2d 52, 128 (2001). The record shows that during closing argument, defense
       counsel remarked that “you have a right to presume that they didn’t bring in these officers
       because they talked to all the officers. Officers are available to the State and officers did not
       confirm–” at which point the prosecutor objected and the court sustained that objection.
       Defendant has waived this issue by failing to cite to any supporting authority in his brief. Ill.
       S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. July 1, 2008); Hirsch, 397 Ill. App. 3d at 109. In addition, defendant
       has provided no explanation as to how he was prejudiced by the court’s ruling.

¶ 63                                    CONCLUSION
¶ 64       Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.

¶ 65       Affirmed.




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