                              THIRD DIVISION
                             MCFADDEN, C. J.,
                         DOYLE, P. J., and HODGES, J.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
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                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
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                    DEADLINES ARE NO LONGER TOLLED IN THIS
                    COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN
                    THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.


                                                                      June 24, 2020



In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A20A0248. THE STATE v. DRAKE.

      PER CURIAM.

      The State appeals from an order of the Jackson County Superior Court granting

a motion to suppress illegal narcotics discovered when, following a traffic stop,

police conducted a search of Nickolas Brandon Drake’s person. The State argues that

in granting the motion to suppress, the trial court erred in finding: (1) that the search

of Drake’s person occurred as the result of police impermissibly prolonging the traffic

stop; and (2) that police lacked a legal basis for expanding the scope of the traffic

stop beyond its original purpose. For reasons explained more fully below, we find no

error and affirm the trial court’s order.

      In reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress, we bear in mind that the trial

court functions as the trier of fact with respect to such a motion. Sherod v. State, 334
Ga. App. 314, 314 (779 SE2d 94) (2015). “And because the trial judge hears the

evidence, the judge’s findings based upon conflicting evidence are analogous to the

verdict of a jury and should not be disturbed by a reviewing court if there is any

evidence to support them.” Id. (punctuation omitted). Accordingly, on appeal from

the grant or denial of a motion to suppress, this Court construes the evidence most

favorably to uphold the findings and judgment of the trial court, and that court’s

findings as to disputed facts and credibility will be adopted unless clearly erroneous.

Watts v. State, 334 Ga. App. 770, 771 (780 SE2d 431) (2015).

      So construed, the evidence shows that Sergeant Christopher Holly of the

Commerce City Police Department performed a traffic stop of a vehicle driven by

Drake after witnessing an improper lane change. During that stop, police performed

what they contended were consensual searches of Drake’s car and person. Based on

items discovered during those searches, Drake was arrested and charged with

possession of oxycodone and morphine, as well as a violation of Georgia’s open

container law (OCGA § 40-6-253).

      Prior to trial, Drake moved to suppress the items found during the search of his

car and person. Evidence presented at the hearing on that motion showed that while

speaking with Drake at the outset of the traffic stop, Holly thought he smelled a faint

                                          2
odor of alcohol, indicating Drake may have been drinking. When a second Commerce

police officer arrived at the scene, Holly asked that officer to speak with Drake to

determine if she could smell alcohol.1 A third Commerce police officer came to the

scene while Holly was writing a warning citation for Drake. At Holly’s request, the

third officer asked Drake if he would consent to a search of his car, and Drake agreed.

The third officer then took over the process of writing the traffic citation as Holly and

the second officer searched Drake’s vehicle. Approximately nine minutes after the

traffic stop began, and as the search of the car was being conducted, the third officer

finished writing Drake’s warning ticket. None of the officers, however, provided that

citation to Drake.

      During the search of the car, officers located a container of alcohol that was

approximately one half full, as well as a white substance that, in Holly’s opinion,

resembled crack cocaine. Holly conducted a field test on the white substance, which

did not produce a positive result for cocaine. Both the field test and the search of

Drake’s car were completed no more than 14 minutes into the traffic stop. At that

time, however, Holly did not provide the traffic citation to Drake but instead asked

      1
        The second officer did not testify at the hearing, and the State presented no
evidence that she detected the odor of alcohol. Moreover, Holly testified that based
on his interactions with Drake, he did not believe Drake was an impaired driver.

                                           3
for permission to search his person. Drake agreed and, at Holly’s direction, emptied

the contents of his pants pockets onto the trunk of his car. Holly then inquired about

a bulge in a cargo pocket on the side of Drake’s pant leg and then reached into the

pocket, grabbing a small bottle that Drake acknowledged contained oxycodone and

morphine.

      Drake testified that he did not consent to the search of his car. He further stated

that although he agreed to the search of his person, he did not feel that he had a

choice, as he had not been told he was free to leave and he did not understand why

he was being detained. Additionally, Holly stated that at the time he requested

permission to search Drake’s person, Drake was not free to leave the scene.

      Following the hearing, the trial court entered an order denying Drake’s motion

in part and granting it in part. Specifically, the court denied that part of the motion

relating to Drake’s car, finding that Drake freely and voluntarily consented to that

search. The court granted the motion, however, as it related to the search of Drake’s

person, finding that any consent Drake gave was neither voluntary nor freely given

and was the result of an illegally prolonged traffic stop. In reaching this conclusion,

the court rejected the State’s argument that it had a reasonable basis for extending the

traffic stop beyond its original scope. The State now appeals from that part of the

                                           4
order granting Drake’s motion to suppress the items found during the search of his

person.

      1. The State asserts that the trial court erred in finding that the search of

Drake’s person resulted from an illegally prolonged traffic stop. We disagree.

      The United States Supreme Court has held unequivocally that the Fourth

Amendment does not allow even a de minimis extension of a traffic stop beyond the

investigation of the circumstances giving rise to the stop. Rodriguez v. United States,

575 U. S. 348, 356-357 (II) (135 SCt 1609, 191 LE2d 492) (2015). A stop “justified

only by a police-observed traffic violation, therefore, becomes unlawful if it is

prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to complete the mission of issuing a

ticket for the violation.” Id. at 350 (punctuation omitted). See also Illinois v.

Caballes, 543 U. S. 405, 407 (125 SCt 834, 160 LE2d 842) (2005); Daniel v. State,

277 Ga. 840, 841 (1) (597 SE2d 116) (2004).

      Here, because police sought consent to search Drake’s car shortly after

initiating the traffic stop and before any traffic citation issued, that request did not

impermissibly prolong the stop and, therefore, did not violate the Fourth Amendment.

See Sommese v. State , 299 Ga. App. 664, 670 (1) (d) (683 SE2d 642) (2009) (a traffic

stop was not illegally prolonged where the evidence showed “that the officer obtained

                                           5
consent to search [the] vehicle before he had completed the warning citation . . . and

there was no evidence that the officer lengthened the detention” in an effort to obtain

consent). See also Salmeron v. State, 280 Ga. 735, 736 (1) (632 SE2d 645) (2006).

The same cannot be said, however, for the search of Drake’s person.

      The evidence shows that the traffic citation had been written and therefore the

purpose of the stop completed at least five to six minutes before police finished their

search of Drake’s vehicle. By seeking Drake’s permission to conduct a second search

after that time (and at least seven minutes after the completion of the traffic citation),

the State “exceeded the scope of a permissible investigation of the initial traffic stop.”

State v. Felton, 297 Ga. App. 35, 37 (676 SE2d 434) (2009) (punctuation omitted).

In other words, detaining Drake further to request consent to search his person

violated his Fourth Amendment rights. Rodriguez, 575 U. S. at 356-357; Heard v.

State, 325 Ga. App. 135, 137-138 (1) (751 SE2d 918) (2013).

      The State seeks to avoid this conclusion by arguing that Drake’s consent to the

search of his car “legally justifies any delay between the time necessary to fill out the

citation and the time in which [Drake] granted consent to search his person.” Put

another way, the State argues that because Drake agreed to extend the traffic stop to

allow for the search of his car, and because the consent to search Drake’s person came

                                            6
shortly after the conclusion of the vehicle search, the traffic stop was not

impermissibly prolonged. We disagree.

      Drake’s consent to the search of his vehicle at the outset of the traffic stop does

not demonstrate that he agreed to be detained further, after that search was completed.

Under these circumstances, once the search of the vehicle was completed, the traffic

stop was at an end and Holly could not thereafter detain Drake and ask for permission

to conduct a second search unless Holly had “a particularized reason to suspect that

[Drake was] engaged in some other criminal activity.”2 Dominguez v. State, 310 Ga.

App. 370, 372 (714 SE2d 25) (2011). In the absence of such reasonable suspicion of

criminal activity, Holly’s continued detention of Drake exceeded the scope of the

original traffic stop and was therefore constitutionally impermissible. Felton, 297 Ga.

App. at 37. See also Duncan v. State, 331 Ga. App. 254, 257-258 (770 SE2d 329)

(2015).

      Additionally, the State’s argument on this issue ignores the trial court’s factual

finding that Drake’s consent to the search of his person was neither freely or

voluntarily given. And the trial court’s conclusion is supported by the record. In a


      2
        As discussed infra in Division 2, the trial court found that Holly had no basis
for suspecting that Drake was engaged in criminal conduct.

                                           7
case such as this, the State bears the burden of proving that a defendant’s consent to

search is valid – i.e., that it was given freely and voluntarily. Davis v. State, 306 Ga.

App. 185, 188 (2) (702 SE2d 14) (2010). Such consent is not valid where reasonable

person would not have understood that he was free to refuse the request. Id. See also

Duncan, 331 Ga. App. at 257. Here, Drake’s testimony (which the trial court chose

to credit) made clear that Drake believed he had no choice but to comply with Holly’s

request to search his person. Additionally, Holly’s testimony confirmed that at the

time he requested permission to search Drake’s person, Drake was not free to leave.

Accordingly, we find no error in the trial court’s conclusion that the search of Drake’s

person resulted from an illegally prolonged detention and that the consent to that

search was not given voluntarily. See Felton, 297 Ga. App. at 37-38.

      2. The State contends that we should nevertheless reverse the trial court’s grant

of Drake’s motion to suppress the search of his person, relying on the rule that a

police officer may detain the subjects of a traffic stop “after the investigation of the

traffic violation is complete . . . if the officer has a reasonable, articulable suspicion

that the driver was engaged in other illegal activity.” Bodiford v. State, 328 Ga. App.

258, 267 (2) (761 SE2d 818) (2014) (punctuation omitted). “[R]easonable articulable

suspicion requires a particularized and objective basis for suspecting that a citizen is

                                            8
involved in criminal activity.” Sherod, 334 Ga. App. at 321 (1) (punctuation omitted).

Moreover, it is the State who bears the burden of proving the existence of “specific

and articulable facts” that provide the officer with an objective basis for suspecting

that the subject of a traffic stop is involved in criminal activity. Dominguez, 310 Ga.

App. at 374.

      The State contends that police had a reasonable basis for suspecting that Drake

was involved in illegal narcotics activity based on the following facts: Holly thought

he smelled alcohol on Drake; police recovered a partially-consumed container of

alcohol in Drake’s car; inside of Drake’s car, police found a white substance that

Holly believed resembled crack cocaine; and in response to police questions, Drake

stated that he had previously gotten “in trouble” because of methamphetamine. Like

the trial court, however, we fail to see how any of these facts would lead a reasonable

person to believe that Drake was involved in criminal activity related to illegal

narcotics.

      We first note that two of these factors relate to alcohol, which is not an illegal

substance. And although Holly stated he thought he smelled alcohol emanating from

Drake, he further testified that he was not “100 percent sure” of that perception.

Additionally, Holly testified that early in his interaction with Drake, he determined

                                          9
that Drake was not intoxicated. Specifically, Holly concluded that Drake may have

had “a little bit to drink [,] but he [was] not . . . DUI.” Furthermore, while Holly

testified he believed the white substance found in Drake’s car resembled crack

cocaine, he also acknowledged that the field test on the substance did not indicate the

presence of cocaine. Finally, the mere fact that a person admits that at some point in

his past he “got in trouble” because of methamphetamine does not provide a basis for

suspecting that the person is somehow currently involved in illegal narcotics activity.

Accordingly, we agree with the trial court that police did not have knowledge of any

facts justifying an extension of the traffic stop. See Bodiford, 328 Ga. App. at 267 (2).

Cf. Rowe v. State, 314 Ga. App. 747, 752 (2) (b) (ii) (725 SE2d 861) (2012) (a

reasonable basis existed for extending the traffic stop where the officer smelled an

odor of burnt marijuana; the vehicle was a rental car which, under the terms of the

contract, should have been returned two weeks earlier and was not permitted to be

driven in Georgia; neither the driver nor the passenger was authorized to drive the

rental vehicle, and neither appeared to know or was otherwise able to identify the

individual authorized to drive the rental car).




                                           10
      For the reasons set forth above, we affirm that portion of the trial court’s order

granting Drake’s motion to suppress the items seized during a police search of his

person.

      Judgment affirmed. Division Per Curiam. All Judges concur.




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