                       NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 15a0667n.06

                                          No. 14-2535
                                                                                      FILED
                                                                                  Oct 01, 2015
                                                                             DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

THEOLA VEASLEY,                                         )
                                                        )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                             )
                                                        )     ON APPEAL FROM THE
v.                                                      )     UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                        )     COURT FOR THE EASTERN
THE FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE                           )     DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
ASSOCIATION (FNMA), BAC HOME LOANS                      )
SERVICING, LP, fka Countrywide Home Loans               )
Servicing LP (BAC),                                     )
                                                        )
       Defendants-Appellees.                            )

       BEFORE: COLE, Chief Judge; GIBBONS and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

       JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge.                  Plaintiff Theola Veasley appeals the

district court’s grant of summary judgment to defendants Federal National Mortgage Association

(“Fannie Mae”) and BAC Home Loans Servicing in an action alleging a violation of Mich.

Comp. Laws § 600.3204 in a mortgage foreclosure proceeding. Following the entry of the

decree of foreclosure, a sheriff’s sale was held. Veasley attempted to redeem the property but

failed to do so prior to the expiration of the redemption period. She then filed suit in Oakland

County Circuit Court claiming that Fannie Mae and BAC did not have the proper record chain of

title due to an error in the metes-and-bounds description of the property. The case was removed

to federal court and cross-motions for summary judgment were filed. The district court found

that although Veasley’s complaint did not raise an independent claim, the Rooker-Feldman

doctrine did not preclude the court’s jurisdiction because the state-court judgment was not final.
No. 14-2535, Veasley v. Federal Nat’l Mortg. Assn. et al.


The district court further concluded that Veasley’s claim was barred by res judicata. Following

the adverse judgement, Veasley filed two motions—including a motion to amend the

complaint—which were subsequently denied.

        On appeal, Veasely argues that the district court erred (1) in determining that Veasley

failed to raise an independent claim in the context of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, (2) in finding

that res judicata barred her claim, and (3) in denying her motion to amend her complaint

following the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the defendants.

        For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the decision of the district court and hold that

the Rooker-Feldman doctrine does not preclude our jurisdiction and that Veasley’s claim is

barred by the doctrine of res judicata. In addition, the district court’s denial of Veasley’s post-

judgment motion to amend her complaint is affirmed.

                                                     I.

        On August 31, 2004, Veasley purchased a home at 24669 Lafayette Circle in Southfield,

Michigan (“24669 Lafayette”). At the closing, the seller conveyed Veasley a warranty deed for

the wrong property—24654 Lafayette Circle (“24654 Lafayette”).1 No one caught the error, not

even the mortgage company through which Veasley financed her purchase. Veasley thought she

had obtained a mortgage on 24669 Lafayette when, in fact, the mortgage granted a security

interest in 24654 Lafayette.

        The mistake was discovered shortly thereafter, and in December of 2004, Veasley

conveyed 24654 Lafayette to its intended owner who, in turn, conveyed 24669 Lafayette to

Veasley. On October 21, 2005, the mortgage was modified to correct the metes-and-bounds

description.


        1
         The warranty deed described the property as “[m]ore commonly known as: 24654 Lafayette Circle.” (DE
15-2, Warranty Deed, Page ID 137)

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No. 14-2535, Veasley v. Federal Nat’l Mortg. Assn. et al.


       On August 30, 2010, the mortgage was assigned to BAC. Although the assignment

contained the correct address of Veasley’s property—24669 Lafayette Circle—it contained the

erroneous metes-and-bounds description of 24654 Lafayette written in the original mortgage.

Veasley defaulted on the mortgage in 2010 and BAC initiated foreclosure proceedings.

A sheriff’s sale was held on February 22, 2011, and Fannie Mae purchased 24669 Lafayette for

$68,000. The sheriff’s deed of the mortgage foreclosure included the correct metes-and-bounds

description for 24669 Lafayette.

       Under Michigan law, Veasley had six months to redeem the property by paying the

highest amount bid at the sheriff’s sale—in this case $68,000—plus interest and fees. See Mich.

Comp. Laws §§ 600.3240, 600.3244. Veasley failed to redeem by the end of the redemption

period. Despite Fannie Mae’s ownership, Veasley refused to vacate the premises.

       Pursuant to its rights under the sheriff’s deed, Fannie Mae brought an action in

Michigan’s 46th District Court to recover possession of 24669 Lafayette. On June 14, 2012, the

state district court issued a judgment of possession in favor of Fannie Mae and an order for

eviction was subsequently entered.

       In lieu of appealing the judgment of possession, on July 12, 2012, Veasley filed a

complaint in the Oakland County Circuit Court seeking to have the sheriff’s sale of the property

set aside as well as have any future eviction actions enjoined. Defendants removed the case to

the Eastern District of Michigan. Following removal, the parties entered a joint stipulation,

signed by the federal district judge, purporting to stay the state eviction action pending resolution

of this case. The parties subsequently filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The district

court granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment, denied Veasley’s motion, and

dismissed the case. The district court found that (1) the Rooker-Feldman doctrine did not



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No. 14-2535, Veasley v. Federal Nat’l Mortg. Assn. et al.


preclude the court’s jurisdiction because the jointly stipulated stay meant the state court’s

judgment was not sufficiently final to warrant the doctrine’s application, and (2) res judicata

barred Veasley’s claim because it raised the same issue litigated during the judgment of

possession.

       Approximately two weeks after the district court’s judgment was entered, Veasley filed

two motions simultaneously: a motion for reconsideration and a motion for leave to file an

amended complaint. The district court denied both motions. Veasley subsequently filed a

motion for reconsideration or to amend and alter the district court’s adverse ruling as to her

original motions, which the district court also denied. Veasley now timely appeals the district

court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants, as well as the district court’s denial of

her motion to amend.

                                                II.

       Prior to addressing the merits of Veasley’s arguments, we must consider whether the

Rooker-Feldman doctrine deprives us of jurisdiction over the instant appeal.

       The Rooker-Feldman doctrine is jurisdictional in nature and prevents lower federal courts

from exercising appellate jurisdiction over final state-court judgments.       See McCormick v.

Braverman, 451 F.3d 382, 391–92 (6th Cir. 2006). The scope of the doctrine is limited, barring

only “cases brought by state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments

rendered before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting district court review and

rejection of those judgments.” Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280,

284 (2005). The Rooker-Feldman doctrine does not “turn all disputes about the preclusive

effects of judgments into matters of federal subject-matter jurisdiction.” Truong v. Bank of Am.,




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No. 14-2535, Veasley v. Federal Nat’l Mortg. Assn. et al.


N.A., 717 F.3d 377, 384 (5th Cir. 2013) (quoting Freedom Mortg. Corp. v. Burnham Mortg.,

Inc., 569 F.3d 667, 671 (7th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted)).

       There is no doubt that Veasley lost in a state court judgment rendered before the federal

suit was filed. Thus, to determine whether the Rooker-Feldman doctrine bars Veasley’s claim,

we must look to the “source of the injury” alleged in the federal complaint. See McCormick,

451 F.3d at 393. In determining the source of the injury, we also consider Veasley’s requested

relief. See Berry v. Schmitt, 688 F.3d 290, 299–300 (6th Cir. 2012).

       The district court first found that the source of Veasley’s injury was the state-court

decision. Nevertheless, the court determined that one fact precluded the Rooker-Feldman from

depriving the district court of its jurisdiction: the state court judgment was not final. See Lance

v. Dennis, 546 U.S. 459, 463 (2006) (holding that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine only applies to

final state-court judgments). The district court’s reasoning, in its entirety, is as follows:

                       Here, there is no final state-court judgment. Though the
               state court has entered a judgment of possession and an order for
               eviction, the parties later stipulated to the entry of an order staying
               the state-court eviction proceedings while this case remains
               pending. As this Court has previously held, because of such a
               stipulation, the state court’s order of eviction is not final, and
               therefore the state court proceedings are ongoing. See Selakowski
               [v. Fed. Home Loan Mortg. Corp.], [No. 13-12335], 2014 WL
               1207874, at * 5 [(E.D. Mich. Mar. 24, 2014)] (finding that because
               the parties had stipulated to stay the state eviction proceeding, “[i]t
               follows that the state district court’s order of eviction is not final,
               and that the state court proceedings are not yet concluded. This
               precludes the application of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine”).
               Therefore, Rooker-Feldman does not apply here.

               (DE 26, Op. and Order, Page ID 632.)

       The district court’s conclusion is perplexing. Not only is the unpublished decision it

relies upon of limited precedential value, but the procedural history of that case is materially

different in one respect—the state court, not the district court, entered the stay of eviction. Here,

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No. 14-2535, Veasley v. Federal Nat’l Mortg. Assn. et al.


the state court in which Veasley’s complaint was originally filed flatly refused to grant Veasley’s

emergency motion to stay her eviction. It was only in the district court where the order staying

the state-court eviction proceedings was entered by joint stipulation of the parties.

       The district court’s confusion is understandable.        At best, the caselaw concerning

this topic is a jumble. But the panel need not wade into the quagmire of finality under the

Rooker-Feldman doctrine because the judgment of possession entered by Michigan’s

46th District Court was undoubtedly a final judgment.

       While the Sixth Circuit has yet to adopt a clear principle for determining when a state

court decision is final for the purposes of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, Exxon Mobil instructs us

that a state court judgment is sufficiently final when “the state proceedings [have] ended.”

544 U.S. at 291. One way in which a proceeding ends is when the time for appeal has expired.

See Velazquez v. S. Fla. Fed. Credit Union, 546 F. App’x 854, 857 (11th Cir. 2013) (citing

Nicholson v. Shafe, 558 F.3d 1266, 1275 (11th Cir. 2009)); Sheriff v. Accelerated Receivables

Solutions, Inc., 283 F. App’x 602, 606 (10th Cir. 2008) (“[S]tate proceedings are final for

Rooker-Feldman purposes when a party allows the time for appeal from a lower state-court

judgment to lapse.” (citing Bear v. Patton, 451 F.3d 639, 642 (10th Cir. 2006)); Federacion de

Maestros de P.R. v. Junta de Relaciones del Trabajo de P.R., 410 F.3d 17, 24 (1st Cir. 2005)

(“[I]f a lower state court issues a judgment and the losing party allows the time for appeal to

expire, then the state proceedings have ended.”).

       Here, by the time Veasley filed her parallel complaint contesting the validity of the

foreclosure in Oakland County Circuit Court, the judgment of possession was a final decision.

On June 14, 2012, Michigan’s 46th District Court entered the judgment of possession. Veasley’s

time to appeal the judgment expired ten days after entry of the judgment. Mich. Ct. R.



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No. 14-2535, Veasley v. Federal Nat’l Mortg. Assn. et al.


4.201(N)(2) (“An appeal of right must be filed within 10 days after the entry of judgment.”).

Veasley never appealed or challenged this judgment within those ten days, thus the state

proceedings had ended and the state court’s decision was final. Neither her July 12, 2012

complaint, nor the stay entered in the district court, altered the finality of that judgment.

See Hudson v. Pittsylvania Cnty., 774 F.3d 231, 236 n.5 (4th Cir. 2014) (noting that a motion to

stay proceedings could not toll the time for appeal because that time had already expired).

       Nevertheless, the district court was correct in its ultimate conclusion that it was not

stripped of jurisdiction, and “[w]e may affirm a decision of the district court if correct for any

reason.” United States v. Montgomery, 377 F.3d 582, 585 (6th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation

marks omitted).

       Veasley claims her injury does not stem from the state-court judgment; rather, she

contends that she raised an independent claim alleging that the faulty mortgage assignment

divested BAC of the right to foreclose on the property. The district court disagreed: “If the

assignment of the Mortgage . . . was indeed faulty, that faulty assignment did not harm [Veasley]

in any way; indeed, it would benefit her by potentially eliminating her debt obligation. . . . [T]he

source of [her] injury was the state-court judgment.”

       In spite of any perceived benefits, the alleged faulty mortgage assignment—which vested

BAC with the right to foreclose on the property—is the true source of Veasley’s injury.

Veasley’s complaint asserted that the foreclosure of the property was conducted in error because

it was acquired by an invalid assignment from the original mortgagee to BAC. Accordingly, it is

easy to see how her claim may be perceived as a direct attack on the validity of the state court

judgment of possession: Veasley seeks to undo the sheriff’s sale of the property and prevent any

further eviction efforts. Indeed, in her plea for relief, she expressly requests that the court set



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No. 14-2535, Veasley v. Federal Nat’l Mortg. Assn. et al.


aside the foreclosure sale and resulting Sheriff’s deed as well as enjoin any further eviction

actions undertaken by defendants. However, the simple fact that Veasley’s claim “‘denies a

legal conclusion that a state court has reached’”—in this case the rightful possessor of the

property—does not divest this court of jurisdiction. McCormick, 451 F.3d at 392–93 (quoting

Exxon Mobil, 544 U.S. at 293). To the contrary, Veasley’s complaint claims that the defendants

engaged in independent acts, i.e. the assignment of a faulty mortgage in violation of Mich.

Comp. Laws § 600.3204, which gave rise to the state court’s judgment of possession.

       Rooker-Feldman does not preclude this court’s jurisdiction over Veasley’s case because

the previous action in Michigan’s 46th court, in which Fannie Mae sought to recover possession

of 24669 Lafayette, was merely a continuation of the injury stemming from BAC’s faulty

assignment and subsequent foreclosure proceedings. Veasley does not claim that the state court

judgments are unconstitutional or in violation of federal law; instead Veasley raises an

independent claim which this court has jurisdiction to review. See McCormick, 451 F.3d at 395

(“[T]he [Rooker-Feldman] doctrine is confined to those cases . . . when a plaintiff asserts before

a federal district court that a state court judgment itself was unconstitutional or in violation of

federal law.”) Although her independent claim regarding the faulty assignment necessarily

denies a legal conclusion of the state court, i.e., that Fannie Mae is entitled to possession of the

property, the Rooker-Feldman doctrine is “not a panacea to be applied whenever state [and

federal] court decisions . . . potentially or actually overlap.” Id. Instead, preclusion law is the

appropriate avenue for resolving such issues. Id. at 392–93.

                                                III.

       Because this court has subject matter jurisdiction over the litigation, we now turn to

Veasley’s res judicata claim. A district court’s application of res judicata is reviewed de novo.



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No. 14-2535, Veasley v. Federal Nat’l Mortg. Assn. et al.


Ohio ex rel. Boggs v. City of Cleveland, 655 F.3d 516, 519 (6th Cir. 2011). “The doctrine of res

judicata is intended to relieve parties of the cost and vexation of multiple lawsuits, conserve

judicial resources, and encourage reliance on adjudication, that is, to foster the finality of

litigation.” Bryan v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, 848 N.W.2d 482, 485 (Mich. Ct. App. 2014)

(internal quotation marks omitted), appeal denied, 853 N.W.2d 355 (Mich. 2014). Federal

courts must give the same preclusive effect to a state-court judgment that would be given by a

court of the state from which the judgment arose. Duncan v. U.S. Bank, NA, 574 F. App’x 599,

602 (6th Cir. 2014) (citing Migra v. Warren City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 465 U.S. 75, 81

(1984)).

       Michigan law bars an action under res judicata when “(1) the prior action was decided on

the merits, (2) both actions involve the same parties or their privies, and (3) the matter in the

second case was, or could have been, resolved in the first.” Adair v. State, 680 N.W.2d 386, 396

(Mich. 2004). Generally, res judicata bars “every claim arising from the same transaction that

the parties, exercising reasonable diligence, could have raised but did not.” Id. Neither party

disputes that all of these elements have been fulfilled. The only question is whether Veasley’s

claim falls within the narrow statutory exception carved out in Michigan law.

       Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.5750 provides that a judgment in summary proceedings, i.e., a

judgment for possession, “does not merge or bar any other claim for relief.” Interpreting this

statute, the Michigan Supreme Court explained that a judgment obtained in a summary

proceeding does not bar claims that “could have been brought” during summary proceedings but

were not. Rather, only those issues that were “actually litigated” in the summary proceedings

bar future claims for relief. Sewell v. Clean Cut Mgmt.,Inc., 621 N.W.2d 222, 225 (Mich. 2001).

A judgment of possession, however, is “conclusive on the narrow issue of whether the eviction



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No. 14-2535, Veasley v. Federal Nat’l Mortg. Assn. et al.


was proper.” Id. at 225. “In other words, a [state] district court judgment is res judicata on the

issue of who has the right to possess the premises, because that question is actually litigated in

the [state] district court.” 1300 LaFayette East Coop., Inc v. Savoy, 773 N.W.2d 57, 62 (Mich.

Ct. App. 2009). Thus, nothing in the statute authorizes litigating afresh the question of who has

the right to possess the premises. See Sewell, 621 N.W.2d at 224–25.

         To circumvent res judicata, Veasley contends that the defendants did not meet their

burden of establishing which issues were “actually litigated”.2                      Although Veasley seeks to

characterize her complaint as addressing an issue that was not litigated before the state court, the

state court’s summary proceeding tackled the very issue raised in the present lawsuit: who has

the right to possess the foreclosed home.

         In her complaint, Veasley alleges that the assignment conveyed to BAC was invalid by

virtue of an incorrect metes-and-bounds description. Accordingly, BAC, Veasley argues, did not

have the right to foreclose on the property and, by extension, Fannie Mae—the purchaser of the

property—did not have a valid right to possess the property. Therefore the heart of Veasley’s

complaint—rightful possession of 24669 Lafayette—is merely a part of the previously litigated

issue concerning rightful possession of the property.                   Because the right to possession was

“actually litigated” in the summary proceeding, Veasley’s claim is barred by res judicata.3




         2
         “[T]he burden of proving the applicability of the doctrine of res judicata is on the party asserting it.”
Baraga Cnty. v. State Tax Comm’n, 645 N.W.2d 13, 16 (Mich. 2002).
         3
            Veasley attempts to equate her situation with that presented in an unpublished state appellate court
opinion, Bygrave v. Van Reken, No. 196949, 1998 WL 1991836 (Mich. Ct. App. Apr. 21, 1998), in which the court
rejected the application of res judicata because the trial court’s insistence that plaintiff’s claims belonged in circuit
court “effectively denied plaintiff the opportunity to present her claim.” Id. at *4.
         In her brief, Veasley contends that the judge presiding over the summary proceedings “directed her to
assert [her claims of wrongful foreclosure] in a circuit court action.” (Appellant’s Br. 28). Veasley fails to provide
any factual support in this record for the allegation. We therefore decline to consider this argument.


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No. 14-2535, Veasley v. Federal Nat’l Mortg. Assn. et al.


       Nevertheless, even assuming that res judicata is misplaced, Veasley’s claim would fail

on the merits. The Michigan Supreme Court has held that a foreclosure is not invalidated by a

harmless assignment defect. Kim v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 825 N.W.2d 329, 337 (Mich.

2012) (“[W]e hold that defects or irregularities in a foreclosure proceeding result in a foreclosure

that is voidable, not void ab initio.”). In Kim, the defendant failed to record the mortgage

assignment prior to initiating foreclosure proceedings as required by Mich. Comp. Laws

§ 600.3204. Id. at 336. The Michigan Supreme Court found that such a lapse only rendered the

foreclosure voidable, not void ab initio. Id. at 337.

       The mistake in Veasley’s case is even less serious than that presented in Kim. Here, the

mistake was merely a scrivener’s error: an erroneous metes-and-bounds description of the

property in the mortgage assignment. Despite the incorrect metes-and-bounds description, the

assignment contained the correct address of Veasley’s property. What is more, the sheriff’s

deed included both the correct metes-and-bounds description for 24669 Lafayette as well as the

appropriate address. Thus, in order to succeed on her claim, Veasley must show that she was

prejudiced by the defendants’ failure to include the correct metes-and-bounds description in the

mortgage assignment. Kim, 825 N.W.2d at 337. She has failed to do so.

                                                IV.

       Following the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the defendants,

Veasley moved for leave to file an amended complaint. The proposed amended complaint did

not differ significantly from Veasley’s original complaint as to its factual allegations; it merely

included the addition of one new claim—a violation of Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.3240(2)

because the defendants refused to cooperate in the redemption process, preventing Veasley from

redeeming 24669 Lafayette. The district court subsequently denied Veasley’s motion because



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No. 14-2535, Veasley v. Federal Nat’l Mortg. Assn. et al.


Veasley failed to demonstrate fraud or irregularity sufficient to enable her claim to survive a

motion to dismiss. Veasley primarily argues that the district court abused its discretion in

denying the motion because she “stated a viable theory of recovery” and res judicata is

inapplicable to her new claim. (Appellant’s Br. 31–32).

       A district court’s decision to deny a plaintiff’s motion to amend her complaint is

generally reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See Crawford v. Roane, 53 F.3d 750, 753 (6th

Cir. 1995). However, this court reviews de novo a district court’s decision to deny a motion to

amend based on the legal conclusion that the proposed amendment would be futile, i.e, would

not withstand a motion to dismiss. Miller v. Calhoun Cnty., 408 F.3d 803, 817 (6th Cir. 2005).

When a motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(2) comes after a judgment against

the plaintiff, courts “must consider the . . . interest[s] of protecting the finality of judgments and

the expeditious termination of litigation.” Leisure Caviar, LLC v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv.,

616 F.3d 612, 615 (6th Cir. 2010) (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted). Otherwise

“plaintiffs could use the court as a sounding board to discover holes in their arguments and then

reopen the case by amending their complaint to take account of the court’s decision.” Id. at 616

(internal quotation marks omitted).

       To bolster her new additional claim, Veasley points to evidence allegedly proving

defendants’ actions prevented her from redeeming 24669 Lafayette. The facts she emphasizes to

support this claim, however, were already present in her first complaint. Veasley was therefore

already aware of the defendants’ alleged misconduct and had no reason to wait to initiate a claim

for violation of Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.3240(2). Two weeks after the district court’s judgment

was entered, Veasley filed a motion for leave to file an amended complaint, adding the same

claim the district court faulted Veasley for not raising: a defective redemption process claim.



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No. 14-2535, Veasley v. Federal Nat’l Mortg. Assn. et al.


        A plaintiff is not allowed to use a post-judgment Rule 15 motion “to raise arguments

which could, and should, have been made before judgment issued.” Leisure Caviar, 616 F.3d at

616 (internal quotation marks omitted).              Thus, Veasley is not permitted to do so here.4

Moreover, even taking the evidence into account, the district court correctly determined that

Veasley failed to state a claim; therefore, it would be futile to allow her to amend the complaint.

Thus, we uphold the district court’s denial of Veasley’s post-judgment motion to amend the

complaint.

                                               CONCLUSION

        For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment

in favor of the defendants and affirm the district court’s denial of the plaintiff’s post-judgment

motion to amend.




        4
           In such circumstances, Veasley would only be permitted to amend her complaint upon a showing of “(1)
a clear error of law; (2) newly discovered evidence; (3) an intervening change in controlling law; or (4) a need to
prevent manifest injustice.” Crouch v. Honeywell Int’l, Inc., 720 F.3d 333, 345 (6th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation
marks omitted). None of these extenuating circumstances is present here.


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