                 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                    Docket No. 36246-2009

PARKWEST HOMES LLC, an Idaho                 )
limited liability company,                   )               Boise, June 2010 Term
                                             )
      Plaintiff-Appellant,                   )               2010 Opinion No. 68
                                             )
v.                                           )               Filed: June 25, 2010
                                             )
JULIE G. BARNSON, an unmarried woman; )                      Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk
MORTGAGE ELECTRONIC                          )
REGISTRATION SYSTEMS, INC., a                )
Delaware corporation, as nominee for         )
Homecomings Financial, LLC (f/k/a            )
Homecomings Financial Network, Inc.), a      )
Delaware limited liability company; and Does )
1-10,                                        )
                                             )
      Defendants-Respondents.                )

       Appeal from the District Court of the Third Judicial District of the State of Idaho,
       in and for Canyon County. The Hon. Gordon W. Petrie, District Judge.

       The judgment of the district court is vacated.

       Moffatt, Thomas, Barrett, Rock & Fields, Chartered, Boise, for appellant. Robert
       B. Burns argued.

       Hawley Troxell Ennis & Hawley LLP, Boise, for respondent Mortgage Electronic
       Registration Systems, Inc. Ryan T. McFarland argued.




EISMANN, Chief Justice.
       This is an appeal from a judgment dismissing an action to foreclose a mechanic‟s lien
because: (a) the notice of lien did not substantially comply with the requirements of Idaho Code
§ 45-507, and (b) the construction contract was void because the contractor had not registered
under the Idaho Contractor Registration Act before it negotiated and signed the contract. We
hold that the claim of lien substantially complied with Idaho Code § 45-507 and that the lien was
valid for labor and materials supplied after the contractor registered. We therefore vacate the
judgment of the district court and remand this case for further proceedings.


                         I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
       On March 27, 2006, ParkWest Homes LLC and Juli Barnson both signed a written
contract dated March 15, 2006, under which ParkWest agreed to construct a home on certain real
property for $422,000. At the time that the parties negotiated and executed that contract,
ParkWest was not registered under the Idaho Contractor Registration Act, Idaho Code §§ 54-
5201 to 54-5219 (Contractor Act). On April 7, 2006, Barnson purchased the property upon
which the home was to be built.
       ParkWest registered under the Contractor Act on May 2, 2006; it commenced
construction of the home on May 22, 2006; and it claims to have substantially completed
construction on November 1, 2006. ParkWest and Barnson later had a dispute as to whether she
had paid all sums due. On November 28, 2006, ParkWest recorded a mechanic‟s lien against the
property, claiming that the sum of $189,117.99, plus interest, was due for labor and materials it
furnished in constructing the home.
       On November 14, 2006, two deeds of trust were recorded against the property. Mortgage
Electronic Registration Services, Inc., (MERS) is the beneficiary under both deeds of trust.
       On August 7, 2007, ParkWest filed this action to foreclose its lien. On October 2, 2008,
MERS filed a motion for summary judgment contending that ParkWest‟s asserted lien was void
because: (a) the claim of lien did not substantially comply with Idaho Code § 45-507; (b)
ParkWest was not registered under the Contractor Act when it entered into the construction
contract; and (c) prior to contracting with Barnson ParkWest had failed to provide her with the
disclosures required by Idaho Code § 45-525.
       The district court held that ParkWest did not have a mechanic‟s lien because its claim of
lien was defective and the construction contract was void. It entered judgment in favor of MERS
holding that its deeds of trust were superior to ParkWest‟s mechanic‟s lien. ParkWest then
timely appealed.




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                                     II. ISSUES ON APPEAL
(1) Did the district court err in holding that ParkWest‟s claim of lien did not substantially comply
with Idaho Code § 45-507?
(2) Did the district court err in holding that ParkWest‟s claimed lien was unenforceable because
the construction contract was void for failure to comply with the Contractor‟s Act?
(3) Did the district court err in holding that ParkWest did not plead a claim for unjust
enrichment?
(4) Is MERS entitled to an award of attorney fees on appeal?


                                          III. ANALYSIS
       During oral argument, ParkWest contended that MERS does not have standing in this
case based upon a decision in an unrelated bankruptcy case holding that MERS did not have
standing to assign a promissory note merely because it was the “nominal beneficiary” under the
deed of trust securing that note. That decision has nothing to do with this case. ParkWest has
alleged that MERS is the beneficiary under two deeds of trust and that ParkWest‟s mechanic‟s
lien has priority over those deeds of trust. There is no contention that MERS attempted to assign
any promissory note or to foreclose the deeds of trust.


A.   Did the District Court Err in Holding that ParkWest’s Claim of Lien Did Not
Substantially Comply with Idaho Code § 45-507?
       Idaho Code § 45-501 declares that “[e]very person performing labor upon, or furnishing
materials to be used in the construction . . . of any . . . building . . . has a lien upon the same for
the work or labor done.” Any person claiming a lien under that statute must file a claim of lien
in the office of the county recorder for the county in which the property or some part of it is
situated. I.C. § 45-507. The mechanic‟s lien statutes are liberally construed in favor of those to
whom the lien is granted, and to create a valid lien the claimant must substantially comply with
the statutory requirements. BMC West. Corp. v. Horkley, 144 Idaho 890, 893-94, 174 P.3d 399,
402-03 (2007).
       1. Failure to allege that the amount claimed was determined after deducting all just
credits and offsets. Idaho Code § 45-507(3) includes a requirement that the claim of lien must
contain “[a] statement of [claimant‟s] demand, after deducting all just credits and offsets.” In


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this case, ParkWest‟s claim of lien stated, “The sum of One hundred and eighty-nine thousand
one hundred and seventeen dollars and ninety-nine cents ($189,117.99) together with interest
calculated at the rate of Eighteen percent per year from November 1, 2006 is due claimant for the
following labor and material furnished by claimant.” In its lien claim, ParkWest did not state
that all just credits and offsets had been deducted in arriving at the amount claimed. The district
court held, “There exists no „substantial compliance,‟ if for no other reason, there exists no
„statement of his demand, after deducting all just credits and offsets.‟”
       Idaho Code § 45-507(3) does not require that the claimant allege that all just credits and
offsets have been deducted when calculating the amount claimed. It simply states: “The claim
shall contain:   (a) A statement of [claimant‟s] demand, after deducting all just credits and
offsets.” Thus, the claimant is required to deduct all just credits and offsets when determining
the amount of the claim, but is not required to allege that such deductions were made.
       A lien is not invalidated simply because the claimant is not entitled to the amount
claimed due in the claim of lien, Barber v. Honorof, 116 Idaho 767, 769, 780 P.2d 89, 91 (1989);
Guyman v. Anderson, 75 Idaho 294, 296, 271 P.2d 1020, 1021 (1954), even when the
discrepancy is substantial, Electrical Wholesale Supply Co. v. Nielson, 136 Idaho 814, 824-25,
41 P.3d 242, 252-53 (2001) (lien held valid where claim of lien demanded $51,571.00, and only
$1,069.2 was found to be due). If an error in the amount of the claim does not invalidate the lien,
it would be incongruous to read into Idaho Code § 45-507(3) a provision invalidating the lien if
the claimant does not state that all just credits and offsets had been deducted when calculating
the amount of the demand.
       2. Failing to state that the amount claimed was just. Idaho Code § 45-507(4) states
that the claim of lien must be verified “to the effect that the affiant believes the same to be just.”
ParkWest‟s claim of lien stated, “I have read said mechanic‟s lien and know the contents thereof;
the same is true of my knowledge.” The district court held that the use of the word “true” instead
of “just” rendered the lien invalid.
       The purpose of this verification requirement is “a desire to frustrate the filing of frivolous
claims.” Layrite Products Co. v. Lux, 86 Idaho 477, 484-85, 388 P.2d 105, 109 (1964). The
word “just” is defined as “[v]alid within the law; lawful: just claims,” and the word “true” is
defined as “exact; precise; accurate; correct: a true balance.” Dictionary.com. The American
Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004


                                                  4
(accessed June 14, 2010); and Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House,
Inc. (accessed June 14, 2010) (italics in originals). The district court did not seek to explain
how, in this context, the word “true” differed materially from the word “just.” ParkWest‟s
statement that the claim of lien was “true” substantially complied with Idaho Code § 45-507(4).

       3. The failure to have a certificate of verification in the form set forth in Idaho Code
§ 51-109(4). Idaho Code § 45-507(4) states that the claim of lien “must be verified by the oath
of the claimant, his agent or attorney.” The bottom portion of ParkWest‟s lien claim stated as
follows:
       ParkWest Homes                       David Zawadzki_________
       Company Name                         Authorized Representative of Said Company

       VERIFICATION:
       I, the undersigned, say: I am the Authorized Representative of the claimant of the
       foregoing mechanic‟s lien; I have read said mechanic‟s lien and know the
       contents thereof; the same is true of my knowledge.

       I declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct.
       Executed on this    28th day of November , 2006, at Nampa, Idaho.

          /s/ David M. Zawadzki______
       Signature

       WITNESS the hands and seal of said Grantors this 28th day of November ,
       2006 .

       I     [notary‟s name]_____, a Notary Public in and for said County and State,
       hereby certify that David M. Zawadzki personally known to me (or proved to
       me on the basis on satisfactory evidence) to be the person(s) whose name(s) is/are
       subscribed to the within instrument and acknowledged to me that he/she/they
       executed the same voluntarily on the day the same bears date.

       [NOTARY SEAL]

       WITNESS my hand and official seal.

       County of Canyon                             State of Idaho_________

       Signed and sworn to before me this    28th   day of   November 2006_

       [NOTARY SEAL]                                /s/ [notary‟s signature]___
                                                    Notary Public


                                               5
                                                                   September 30, 2010____
                                                                  My Commission Expires

           ParkWest used the shotgun approach in attempting to have its claim of lien verified by
oath. In the portion of its lien claim entitled “Verification,” ParkWest first included a signed
statement by its agent David Zawadzki stating, “I declare under penalty of perjury that the
foregoing is true and correct.” Although some states have a statute making that type of signed
statement the equivalent of an oath, see Cal. Code Civil Proc. Ann. § 2015.5, Idaho does not
have such a statute.
           Next, ParkWest included a certificate of acknowledgement stating that Zawadzki signed
the claim of lien as “Grantors.” An acknowledgment is not required in order for a claim of lien
to be recorded, In re GVR Ltd. Co., Inc., 107 Idaho 1101, 695 P.2d 1240 (1985), nor is an
acknowledgment a verification by oath, Evans v. Twin Falls County, 118 Idaho 210, 219, 796
P.2d 87, 95 n.9 (1990).
           Finally, ParkWest included a statement signed by the notary that the claim of lien had
been “[s]igned and sworn to before me [the notary]” on November 28, 2006. This is the form of
a written oath set forth in Idaho Code § 51-109(2).1
           MERS argued, and the district court held, that section 45-507(4) required a certificate of
verification as set forth in Idaho Code § 51-109(4) and that ParkWest‟s claim of lien did not
comply with that statute.2 Neither the district court nor MERS has pointed to any information



1
    Section 51-109(2) provides:
                    An oath or affirmation, which is in writing, shall be signed by the person who takes it,
           and the notary public shall enter thereunder substantially the following:
                    “State of Idaho )
                                       ) ss.
                    County of _____)
                    Subscribed and sworn (or affirmed) before me this ___ day of _____, ____.
                                                                  __________ (official signature and seal)”
2
    Section 51-109(4) provides:
                     A certificate of verification of an instrument shall follow the maker‟s signature and shall
           identify the notary public and certify that the maker personally appeared, was sworn, stated his
           authority for making the instrument, and averred the truth of the statements therein. For example,
           the verification of a corporate document by an officer of the corporation should be in substantially
           the following form:
           “State of Idaho              )
                                        )ss.
           County of ________           )

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contained in Idaho Code § 51-109(4) that is not included in the portion of ParkWest‟s lien claim
entitled “Verfication.” The asserted failing was apparently simply that no single portion of
ParkWest‟s claim of lien complied with Idaho Code § 51-109(4).
       We have not required that a claim of lien comply with Idaho Code § 51-109(4). In fact,
we have approved a claim of lien that did not comply with that statute. It requires that the
“certificate of verification of an instrument shall follow the maker‟s signature.” In BMC West
Corp. v. Horkley, 144 Idaho 890, 896-97, 174 P.3d 399, 405-06 (2007), we held that the
signature of the affiant was not required for the claim of lien to be valid.
       Idaho Code § 45-507(4) requires that a claim of lien “must be verified by the oath of the
claimant, his agent or attorney, to the effect that the affiant believes the same to be just.” The
word “verification” is defined as “a „formal declaration made in the presence of an authorized
officer, such as a notary public. . . .” Id. at 897, 174 P.3d at 406 (quoting Black‟s Law
Dictionary (8th ed.2004). ParkWest‟s lien claim stated that it was “[s]igned and sworn to before
me [the notary]” on November 28, 2006. That is sufficient to be “verified by the oath of”
ParkWest‟s agent.


B.    Did the District Court Err in Holding that ParkWest’s Claimed Lien Was
Unenforceable Because the Construction Contract Was Void?
       At the time ParkWest negotiated and signed the construction contract, it was not
registered under the Contractor Act. That Act provides, “On and after January 1, 2006, it shall
be unlawful for any person to engage in the business of, or hold himself out as, a contractor
within this state without being registered as required in this chapter.” Idaho Code § 54-5204.
MERS relies upon Barry v. Pacific West Construction, Inc., 140 Idaho 827, 832, 103 P.3d 440,
445 (2004), in which this Court sua sponte held a contract between the general contractor and a
subcontractor on a public works project was void for the failure of the subcontractor to have a
public works license as required by law and urges the same result here.


                 I, ___________, a notary public, do hereby certify that on this ___ day of _______, ____,
       personally appeared before me_______, who, being by me first duly sworn, declared that he is the
       _______ of __________, that he signed the foregoing document as _____ of the corporation, and
       that the statements therein contained are true.

                                           __________ (official signature and seal)”



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       ParkWest contends that the district court erred in sua sponte raising the issue of the
illegality of the construction contract. The district court did not err in sua sponte raising that
issue. In Barry we held that “this Court has a duty to raise the issue of illegality,” id., and the
district court had the same duty.
       ParkWest does not challenge the district court‟s holding that the construction contract
was void because ParkWest was not registered at the time it signed the contract. Rather, it
argues that after it registered on May 2, 2006, Barnson ratified the construction contract. That
issue was not presented to the district court, and so we will not consider it on appeal. Lopez v.
Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. of Idaho, 148 Idaho 515, 519, 224 P.3d 1104, 1108 (2010). Had
ParkWest wanted the district court to consider that issue before the appeal, ParkWest could have
filed a motion for reconsideration.
       The district court also implicitly held that ParkWest‟s lien was void because its
construction contract was void. Citing Idaho Code § 54-5208, MERS agrees. That statute states,
insofar as is relevant, “A contractor who is not registered as set forth in this chapter, unless
otherwise exempt, shall be denied and shall be deemed to have conclusively waived any right to
place a lien upon real property as provided for in chapter 5, title 45, Idaho Code.” This statute
does not invalidate or waive ParkWest‟s lien.
       A mechanic‟s lien is granted for “the work or labor done . . . or materials furnished.”
Idaho Code § 45-501. It is not granted simply for entering into a construction contract. Idaho
Code § 54-5208 is written in the present tense. It states, “A contractor who is not registered as
set forth in this chapter . . . .” (Emphasis added). Thus, the contractor is denied a lien for work
or labor done or materials furnished in the construction during the period that the contractor is
not registered. Although work done by ParkWest while unregistered was illegal, work done after
it registered was certainly legal. See Farrell v. Whiteman, 146 Idaho 604, 611, 200 P.3d 1153,
1160 (2009) (work performed while an architect was unlicensed was illegal, but work performed
after he was licensed was legal). This construction is consistent with Idaho Code § 54-5217(2)
(emphasis added) which provides:
               No person engaged in the business or acting in the capacity of a
       contractor, unless otherwise exempt, may bring or maintain any action in any
       court of this state for the collection of compensation for the performance of any
       act or contract for which registration is required by this chapter without alleging
       and proving that he was a duly registered contractor, or that he was otherwise



                                                8
       exempt as provided for in this chapter, at all times during the performance of such
       act or contract.

       In order to bring an action to collect compensation for work or labor performed and
materials supplied in a construction project, the contractor must allege and prove that he was a
duly registered contractor or exempt from registration “at all times during the performance of
such act or contract.” Thus, ParkWest is entitled to a lien for work or labor it provided and
materials it supplied during the time that it was duly registered. To hold otherwise would mean
that a contractor who violated the Act would be forever barred from obtaining a mechanic‟s lien.
       In this case, the uncontroverted evidence was that ParkWest was registered under the
Contractor Act at all times during the period that it furnished work or labor or supplied materials
in constructing Barnson‟s house. Therefore, it is entitled to a lien on the property.


C. Did the District Court Err in Holding that ParkWest Did Not Allege a Claim for Unjust
Enrichment?
       In its decision, the district court wrote, “At the very least, PARKWEST should have been
entitled to a recovery based upon unjust enrichment. Nevertheless, that issue is not before the
court.” (Citation omitted.) ParkWest contends on appeal that the district court erred in ruling
that the factual allegations in ParkWest‟s “Second Amended Complaint to Foreclose Lien” did
not include a claim for unjust enrichment.
       Because it had ruled the lien invalid, the district court obviously was referring to a claim
to recover money damages against Barnson for unjust enrichment. It obviously was not holding
that although the lien was invalid, ParkWest could have established the amount of the lien by
showing that Barnson had been unjustly enriched.
       ParkWest and Barnson entered into a settlement under which ParkWest filed a second
amended complaint and Barnson permitted it to obtain a default judgment against her on that
complaint.    The judgment awarded ParkWest the sum of $141,208.39, plus interest and
$33,000.00 for costs and attorney fees “against Barnson to the extent of her interest in the
Property, but not personally.” Thus, under the settlement Barnson would not be personally liable
to ParkWest on any claim, including unjust enrichment. Therefore, we need not decide whether
or not ParkWest‟s second amended complaint could be read to include a claim against Barnson
for unjust enrichment. Because the district court did not decide, and ParkWest has not argued on

                                                 9
appeal, that the amount of its lien could be measured by unjust enrichment, we do not address
that issue.


D. Is MERS Entitled to an Award of Attorney Fees on Appeal?
          MERS seeks an award of attorney fees on appeal pursuant to Bowles v. Pro Indiviso, Inc.,
132 Idaho 371, 377, 973 P.2d 142, 148 (1999). In that case, this Court awarded attorney fees on
appeal pursuant to Idaho Code § 12-121. Because MERS is not the prevailing party on this
appeal, it is not entitled to an award of attorney fees under that statute. Triad Leasing &
Financial, Inc. v. Rocky Mountain Rogues, Inc., 148 Idaho 503, 515, 224 P.3d 1092, 1104
(2009).


                                        IV. CONCLUSION
          We vacate the judgment of the district court and remand this case for further proceedings
that are consistent with this opinion. We award costs on appeal to appellant.


          Justices BURDICK, J. JONES, W. JONES and HORTON CONCUR.




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