                             STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
                           SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                   FILED
State of West Virginia,                                                        October 11, 2019
Respondent, Plaintiff Below                                                     EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                                                                SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                    OF WEST VIRGINIA
vs) No. 18-0904 (Berkeley County 18-F-110; 17-F-299; 17-F-350)

Christopher Wade Rebish,
Petitioner, Defendant Below


                               MEMORANDUM DECISION


        Petitioner Christopher Wade Rebish, by counsel B. Craig Manford, appeals the Circuit
Court of Berkeley County’s September 11, 2018, final conviction and sentencing order, sentencing
petitioner to consecutive, as opposed to concurrent, terms of imprisonment. Respondent State of
West Virginia, by counsel Caleb A. Ellis, filed a summary response in support of the circuit court’s
order.

       This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons,
a memorandum decision affirming the order of the circuit court is appropriate under Rule 21 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

        It is undisputed that on January 24, 2017, petitioner went, uninvited, to the home of Joshua
Silvious and Sharalyin Allen and demanded entry into the home. When his demands were not met,
petitioner retreated to his vehicle, obtained a firearm, and began shooting into the home, in which
Mr. Silvious, Ms. Allen, and Ms. Allen’s young child were present. Petitioner left the
Silvious/Allen home at the prompting of a neighbor who, upon hearing the commotion, left his
home and confronted petitioner – with the neighbor ultimately drawing his own firearm, for which
he held a concealed carry permit. Records related to the investigation provide that a total of twenty-
one spent casings and bullet holes were found at the scene and two bullets were retrieved from the
walls of the Silvious/Allen home.

        Several months later, on April 2, 2017, petitioner was involved in a dispute with his former
girlfriend, Samantha Mattingly. Petitioner confronted Ms. Mattingly whom he believed was
romantically involved with another male, Joshua Wittenmyer. Petitioner then confronted Mr.
Wittenmyer and, ultimately, chased Mr. Wittenmyer into a nearby apartment, kicked the door
open, and stabbed Mr. Wittenmyer twice in the arm. Upon learning that someone had called the
police and reported his actions, petitioner placed his knife at Mr. Wittenmyer’s throat, took Mr.

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Wittenmyer’s keys, and asked him for the location of his vehicle. Petitioner stole Mr. Wittenmyer’s
vehicle and fled the scene. Ultimately, petitioner was apprehended in Mr. Wittenmyer’s vehicle
outside of the Martinsburg city limits.

       In October of 2017, petitioner was indicted by the Berkeley County Grand Jury in two
separate legal actions, case numbers 17-F-299 and 17-F-350. In 17-F-299, arising from the April
2, 2017, incident, petitioner was charged with malicious wounding, first-degree robbery, grand
larceny, and fleeing with reckless operation of a motor vehicle. In 17-F-350, arising from the
January 24, 2017, incident, petitioner was charged with four counts of attempted first-degree
murder, and twenty-one counts of wanton endangerment with a firearm. Thereafter, on May 4,
2018, an information was filed in case number 18-F-110, in which petitioner was charged with one
count of grand larceny.1

        On June 27, 2018, the parties entered into a plea agreement and filed a letter noting their
agreement in case number 17-F-350. Pursuant to the agreement, petitioner agreed to plead guilty
or no contest to one count of malicious assault and one count of first-degree robbery (in 17-F-299),
and two counts of attempted first-degree murder and one count of wanton endangerment (in 17-F-
350). In return, the State agreed to dismiss the remaining charges against petitioner. The plea
agreement included a sentencing provision, pursuant to Rule 11(e)(1)(C) of the West Virginia
Rules of Criminal Procedure, making certain sentencing stipulations binding if the circuit court
accepted the agreement. Per the agreement, for his convictions in 17-F-299, petitioner would serve
the statutorily provided indeterminate term of two to ten years for his malicious assault conviction,
and a determinate term of thirty years for his first-degree robbery conviction. The agreement
provided that these sentences would run concurrently. For his convictions in 17-C-350, petitioner
would serve an indeterminate term of three to fifteen years for each of his attempted murder
convictions, and a determinate term of five years for his malicious assault conviction. By the terms
of the agreement, these sentences would run concurrently. The agreement left, to the discretion of
the circuit court, whether the sentences in 17-F-299 and 17-F-350 would run concurrently or
consecutively with one another. Finally, the parties agreed that the overall resulting sentence would
run concurrently with petitioner’s sentence on his grand larceny conviction in 18-F-110.

        A hearing was held on the proposed plea agreement on August 28, 2018. During the hearing
the circuit court engaged in a lengthy colloquy with petitioner, in which petitioner was questioned
regarding his understanding of the proceedings, his criminal and personal history, and his prior
involvement in substance abuse treatment. Petitioner was provided a detailed recitation of the facts
the State would have been able to prove had the matter proceeded to trial. At the conclusion of the



       1
         Petitioner’s grand larceny charge arose from a 2015 incident wherein petitioner allegedly
took, without permission, more than $1,000 from the bank account of Laura Livingston. This
charge was resolved by plea agreement, wherein petitioner waived his right to have the case
presented to the Berkeley County Grand Jury. Petitioner entered a no contest plea to the grand
larceny charge on May 4, 2018. As part of petitioner’s plea agreement, the parties agreed that
disposition of that case would be deferred until “all of petitioner’s outstanding cases were
resolved.”


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hearing, petitioner pled no contest to each of the five charges outlined in the plea agreement and
the court accepted the plea.

        After accepting the plea agreements, the court proceeded directly to sentencing. Both
parties offered arguments on whether the court’s sentencing should be concurrent or consecutive,
with petitioner’s counsel focusing on petitioner’s history of substance abuse and mental health
issues.2 The State argued for consecutive sentencing, given the serious nature of each of the crimes.
The State referenced a recorded phone call petitioner made while incarcerated, on April 3, 2017,
in which he threated to stab an individual “if he saw him again.” The State argued the petitioner’s
continued threats of physical violence was illustrative of his lack of remorse.

        Ultimately, the court ruled that petitioner’s two sets of sentences should run consecutively.3
The court noted the “violent and extensive” nature of petitioner’s crimes and stated that petitioner’s
post-arrest call threatening continued violence “supported the notion that petitioner presented a
risk of future violence.” Further, the court was troubled that the only period of sobriety petitioner
had experienced following his “admittedly serious substance abuse problems” came only as a
result of his incarceration pending resolution of the charges at issue. The court noted that
petitioner’s “devastating youthful history” was “partially why the court was [even] willing to
accept this plea agreement,” which the court termed “pretty gracious.” On September 11, 2018,
the circuit court entered three final conviction and sentencing orders in each of petitioner’s
individual cases formally sentencing petitioner. It is from his sentencing orders that petitioner now
appeals.

        This Court “reviews sentencing orders, . . . under a deferential abuse of discretion standard,
unless the order violates statutory or constitutional commands.” Syl. Pt. 1, in part, State v. Lucas,
201 W. Va. 271, 496 S.E.2d 221 (1997). “‘Sentences imposed by the trial court, if within statutory
limits and if not based on some [im]permissible factor, are not subject to appellate review.’
Syllabus Point 4, State v. Goodnight, 169 W.Va. 366, 287 S.E.2d 504 (1982).” Syl Pt. 3, State v.
Georgius, 225 W. Va. 716, 696 S.E.2d 18 (2010).

        Here, there is no dispute that the sentences imposed by the trial court are within the
statutory limits for the offenses to which petitioner pled. See W.Va. Code §§ 61-2-1 (murder), 61-
11-8 (attempt), 61-2-9(a) (malicious wounding), and 61-3-11(a) (first-degree robbery).
Accordingly, petitioner’s sentence is not subject to appellate review unless it was based on some
impermissible factor. Petitioner contends that the circuit court improperly considered petitioner’s


       2
          Petitioner had long history of treatment for bipolar disorder, oppositional defiance
disorder, and ADHD for which he had been prescribed a myriad of different medications. In or
around 2015, petitioner disclosed that he began “self-medicating” with illegal drugs in lieu of
taking his prescription medications. Since 2015, petitioner has participated in several substance
abuse treatment programs but was either discharged from the programs or left the programs against
medical advice.
       3
         Additionally, the court sentenced petitioner to not less than one nor more than ten years
on the grand larceny conviction in 18-F-110, and ordered that this sentence run concurrently with
petitioner’s other sentences.
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mental illness and substance abuse as an impermissible sentencing factor and, thus, abused its
discretion in sentencing petitioner to consecutive terms of imprisonment, as opposed to concurrent.

        We disagree. This Court has long held that “[w]hen a defendant has been convicted of two
separate crimes, before sentence is pronounced for either, the trial court may, in its discretion
provide that the sentences run concurrently, and unless it does so provide, the sentences will run
consecutively.” Syl. Pt. 3, Keith v. Leverette, 163 W. Va. 98, 254 S.E.2d 700 (1979). See also
W.Va. Code § 61-11-21. Further, this Court further recognized that trial courts have wide
discretion in the sources and types of evidence used in determining the kind and extent of
punishment to be imposed. See State ex. rel. Dunlap v. McBride, 225 W. Va. 192, 202, 691 S.E.2d
183, 193 (2010) (quoting Elswick v. Holland, 623 F.Supp 498, 504 (S.D. W.Va. 1985)).

        At his sentencing, petitioner argued that his crimes were mitigated by his long history of
substance abuse and mental illness. In considering petitioner’s sentence, the circuit court made
explicit reference to the “violent and extensive” crimes while also referencing petitioner’s
“devastating youthful history,” as a mitigating factor. Given the serious nature and extent of
petitioner’s crimes, which are undisputed by the parties, we find no abuse of the circuit court’s
discretion in sentencing. Rather, we concur with the circuit court’s characterization of its
acceptance of petitioner’s plea agreement as “pretty gracious.”

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.


                                                                                        Affirmed.



ISSUED: October 11, 2019

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Tim Armstead
Justice Evan H. Jenkins
Justice John A. Hutchison




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