                                STATE OF MINNESOTA

                                    IN SUPREME COURT

                                        A14-0803

 Court of Appeals                                                              Stras, J.
                                                               Took no part, Chutich, J.
 Steven J. Jaeger,

                      Respondent,

 vs.                                                             Filed: August 31, 2016
                                                              Office of Appellate Courts
 Palladium Holdings, LLC,

                      Appellant,

 Franklin Financial, LLC, et al.,

                      Defendants.

                              ________________________


Mark Eldon Berglund, Berglund & Berglund, Ltd., Anoka, Minnesota; and

James W. Delaplain, Minneapolis, Minnesota, for respondent.

Jack E. Pierce and Brooke C. Nelson, Bernick Lifson, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota, for
appellant.

                              ________________________

                                      SYLLABUS

       1.     Under Minn. R. Civ. P. 4.03(a), “then residing therein” means living at the

named recipient’s usual place of abode permanently or for an extended period when

substitute service occurs.



                                            1
       2.     Because respondent’s son, who received the attempted service, had not lived

at respondent’s home for an extended period when he accepted service, the service was

ineffective under Minn. R. Civ. P. 4.03(a).

       3.     The requirements of Minn. R. Civ. P. 4.03(a) are subject to strict compliance,

and therefore whether an individual has actual notice is irrelevant to the determination of

whether substitute service was effective.

       Affirmed as modified.

                                      OPINION

STRAS, Justice.

       This case arises out of the foreclosure of respondent Steven Jaeger’s townhome in

St. Louis Park. The validity of the foreclosure turns on whether Jaeger’s townhome

association properly served Jaeger’s adult son with notice of the foreclosure under Minn.

R. Civ. P. 4.03(a), which provides a method of substitute service. The district court

concluded that the association’s service on Jaeger’s son was ineffective. The court of

appeals affirmed the district court’s decision. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

                                              I.

       Jaeger purchased a townhome in St. Louis Park in August 1997. In March 2011,

Jaeger took over the management of a car dealership in Wisconsin, which led to his

frequent absence from the townhome. According to Jaeger, he stayed at the property fewer

than 20 times in the following 3 years. Consequently, Jaeger relied on his adult son, J.C.,

to periodically check on the property in his absence. J.C. lived elsewhere, but he visited

his father’s townhome an estimated 20 to 30 times per year.

                                              2
       During the visits, J.C. would prepare the townhome for Jaeger’s return by activating

the heating or air conditioning.       J.C. would also run the water, complete various

maintenance tasks, and generally check on the property to make sure that no one had

burglarized it since his last visit. After visiting the property, J.C. would call or text Jaeger

to let him know whether the townhome was “okay.” Although J.C. had a garage-door

opener and could visit the property at any time, he stayed overnight at the townhome only

“a few times” over the years. Occasionally, J.C. also received mail at the property. In fact,

the mailbox contained a slip of paper that stated, “[p]lease accept mail for [J.C.].” In one

instance, J.C. received his motor-vehicle registration at the townhome for a vehicle that he

had jointly registered in both his and his father’s names. Still, J.C. did not regularly receive

mail there.

       By May 2010, Jaeger was delinquent on his monthly dues to his homeowner’s

association, Skyehill Townhome Association (“Skyehill”). Skyehill obtained a lien on

Jaeger’s property as security for the unpaid dues. In 2011, Skyehill foreclosed on its lien

by advertisement. Skyehill purchased the property at the foreclosure sale for $4,909.31,

but later assigned the Sheriff’s Certificate of Sale to Franklin Financial, LLC (“Franklin”).

After Jaeger failed to redeem the property within 6 months of the sale, Franklin transferred

the property to appellant Palladium Holdings, LLC (“Palladium”) by quitclaim deed.

Jaeger claimed that he only became aware of the foreclosure proceedings after the

conclusion of the eviction proceedings in February 2013.

       Following the eviction, Jaeger brought this action seeking a declaratory judgment

that the foreclosure sale was legally void because Skyehill had failed to properly serve him

                                               3
with advance notice of the sale, as required by Minn. Stat. § 580.03 (2014). The district

court empaneled an advisory jury to resolve a factual dispute about whether Jaeger had

actual notice of the foreclosure sale.

       The evidence presented to the jury established that an individual from On Time

Delivery attempted to serve Jaeger on Skyehill’s behalf. The process server’s personal

records indicated that he gave the documents to the individual who answered the door of

Jaeger’s townhome on May 12, 2011. The individual who accepted service signed the

service log as “J.C. Jaeger.” The process server testified that, although he did not

specifically recall the attempted service at Jaeger’s townhome, his standard practice was to

ask the person who answers the door if he or she lives there before leaving the process with

someone other than the named recipient. Based on his standard practice, the process server

said that he would not have attempted service unless J.C. had stated that he lived at the

townhome. J.C. testified, by contrast, that he did not accept service or sign the service log.

       The district court determined that service was ineffective under Minn. R. Civ. P.

4.03(a), the substitute-service rule, because J.C. was not “residing” in Jaeger’s townhome

when Skyehill attempted to serve Jaeger. The court’s findings focused primarily on

whether Jaeger had actual notice of the foreclosure sale, which was the factual dispute that

led to the use of an advisory jury. Based on the advisory jury’s finding that Jaeger did not

have actual notice of the sale, the court adopted a strict interpretation of Minn. R. Civ. P.

4.03(a). Applying its strict interpretation, the court declared that the substitute service was

deficient, the foreclosure sale and the subsequent transfers of Jaeger’s property were void,

and Jaeger was the property’s rightful owner.

                                              4
       In a 2-1 decision, the court of appeals affirmed the district court’s decision and

adopted a bifurcated reading of the substitute-service rule. Jaeger v. Palladium Holdings,

LLC, No. A14-0803, 2015 WL 1513982 (Minn. App. Apr. 6, 2015). The court reasoned

that substantial compliance with the substitute-service requirements is sufficient when a

party has received actual notice of the action. Id. at *1 (citing Thiele v. Stich, 425 N.W.2d

580, 584 (Minn. 1988)). The court of appeals also determined, however, that “strict

compliance with rule 4 [was] required” in this case because Jaeger did not have actual

notice of the foreclosure sale. Id. at *3-4. The process server, in other words, had to strictly

comply with the requirement that the “person of suitable age and discretion” receiving the

documents—in this case, J.C.—was “then residing” in the townhome. Because “J.C. did

not live at the property when substitute service upon him was attempted,” the service was

ineffective. Id. The dissent, in contrast, adopted a functional approach to substitute

service, reasoning that there was a sufficient nexus between J.C. and his father to give

“some reasonable assurance” that the notice would reach Jaeger. Id. at *5 (Connolly, J.,

dissenting) (citing O’Sell v. Peterson, 595 N.W.2d 870, 872 (Minn. App. 1999)).

                                              II.

       The question presented by this case is whether Skyehill adequately served Jaeger

with the notice of foreclosure by advertisement. To initiate foreclosure-by-advertisement

proceedings, Minn. Stat. § 580.03 requires two forms of notice. The first type of notice is

publication of the foreclosure sale at least 6 weeks before the sale occurs. Id. The second

type of notice is that, at least 4 weeks before the foreclosure sale, a copy of the published

notice must “be served in like manner as a summons in a civil action in the district court

                                               5
upon the person in possession of the mortgaged premises, if the same are actually

occupied.” Id. The parties do not dispute that Skyehill published notice at least 6 weeks

in advance of the foreclosure sale and that Jaeger was “in possession of the mortgage

premises.” Rather, Jaeger argues that Skyehill did not comply with Minn. R. Civ. P.

4.03(a), which governs the service of a “summons in a civil action in the district court.”

       Service upon an individual of notice of a foreclosure sale or a summons in a civil

action can occur in one of two ways under Rule 4.03(a). First, the process server can

deliver “a copy to the individual personally.” Minn. R. Civ. P. 4.03(a); Walsh v. U.S. Bank,

N.A., 851 N.W.2d 598, 606 (Minn. 2014) (discussing the requirements of personal service).

Second, the process server can leave “a copy at the individual’s usual place of abode with

some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein.” Minn. R. Civ. P. 4.03(a).

This case turns on the residency requirement of the second form of service, which is

commonly known as substitute service. Walsh, 851 N.W.2d at 606.

                                             A.

       To evaluate the adequacy of the substitute service, we must first determine what it

means for an individual to be “then residing therein” under Rule 4.03(a). We interpret the

Minnesota Rules of Civil Procedure de novo and follow a rule’s plain language when it is

unambiguous. See Walsh, 851 N.W.2d at 601. “Ambiguity exists only if the language of

a rule is subject to more than one reasonable interpretation.” Id.

       When a statute or a rule does not contain a definition of a word or phrase, we look

to the “common dictionary definition of the word or phrase” to discover its “plain and

ordinary meaning.” See State v. Brown, 792 N.W.2d 815, 822 (Minn. 2011). We can

                                             6
separate a phrase into its “component terms” and then reconstruct it to determine its

meaning if the phrase is not a term of art, lacks a technical meaning, and is not otherwise

defined in the statute or rule. See Nelson v. Schlener, 859 N.W.2d 288, 293 (Minn. 2015);

KSTP-TV v. Ramsey Cty., 806 N.W.2d 785, 790 (Minn. 2011).              This separate-and-

reconstruct method of interpretation is a corollary of our obligation to give words and

phrases their plain and ordinary meaning.

       The parties dispute what it means for the individual who receives the substitute

service to have been “then residing therein.” The plain and ordinary meaning of the word

“reside,” of which “residing” is a form, is “[t]o live in a place permanently or for an

extended period.” The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 1493 (5th

ed. 2011); see also 4A Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice &

Procedure § 1096 (4th ed. 2015) (stating that the recipient of substitute service “must be

actually living in the same place as the defendant who is to be served”). The word “then,”

which precedes the word “residing,” requires that the analysis of residency occur at the

point in time when the process server attempts service. See The American Heritage

Dictionary of the English Language 1804 (defining “then” as “[a]t that time”); Webster’s

Third New International Dictionary 2370 (2002) (same). Finally, the word “therein”

provides the object of analysis by referring back to the named recipient’s “usual place of

abode.” See The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 1806 (defining

“therein” as “[i]n that place, time, or thing”); Webster’s Third New International

Dictionary 2372 (defining “therein” as “in or into that place”).



                                             7
       Reassembling the component terms, the phrase “then residing therein” in Rule

4.03(a) means that, for substitute service to be effective, the person accepting the service

must have lived in the named recipient’s place of abode permanently or for an extended

period at the time when the process server attempts service.         This interpretation is

consistent with our previous explanations of Rule 4.03’s residency requirement, including

our recent decision of Walsh v. U.S. Bank, N.A., 851 N.W.2d 598 (Minn. 2014). One of

the issues in Walsh was whether the individual who received substitute service, whom the

process server referred to as “Jane Doe” and described as an “occupant” of the property,

was “then residing therein” on the date of the attempted service. Id. at 600. Without giving

a definitive interpretation to the residency requirement, we explained that, “at the time of

service, a person’s mere physical presence at the owner’s usual place of abode does not

establish that the person was a resident therein.” Id. at 606 (emphasis added). The lesson

from Walsh is that something more than mere presence at a property is required for an

individual to validly accept substitute service. In this case, we add the missing ingredient

left undecided in Walsh by clarifying that the individual who accepts substitute service

must have lived at the named recipient’s abode permanently or for an extended period for

the service to be effective.

       In adopting this interpretation, we reject the functional definition of “residing”

advanced by Palladium and adopted by the court of appeals’ dissent. The functional

definition, first articulated in O’Sell v. Peterson, 595 N.W.2d 870 (Minn. App. 1999),

requires only “a nexus between the individual and the defendant that establishes some

reasonable assurance that notice would reach the defendant.” Id. at 872. The factors that

                                             8
can establish the nexus include “a relationship of confidence” between the third party

accepting the substitute service and the named recipient; the “duration” and “frequency”

of the third party’s presence; the third party’s “intent to return” to the premises; and any

“evidence that the service actually reached the intended person.” Id. at 872-73.

       As O’Sell itself recognizes, the justification for its interpretation of Rule 4.03(a) was

the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment, rather than the rule’s text. See id. at 872.

O’Sell explained that “evidence that the service actually reached the intended person

strongly supports a conclusion that service is valid because due process has been afforded.”

Id. at 873. O’Sell’s nexus test therefore provided the means to determine whether the

service was “reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested

parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their

objections.” Id. at 872 (quoting Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S.

306, 314 (1950)).

       The O’Sell decision, however, flipped the applicable analysis. Procedural due

process provides a constitutional floor that requires any notice to be “reasonably

calculated” to “apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action” before depriving

them of life, liberty, or property. Mullane, 339 U.S. at 314; id. at 313 (describing the

“minimum” requirements of due process); see also Greene v. Lindsey, 456 U.S. 444, 449

(1982) (explaining that Mullane’s discussion of the Due Process Clause “prescribe[s] a

constitutional minimum”). Nothing in Mullane or the Due Process Clause of the 14th

Amendment, however, prevents states from adopting rules of procedure that exceed the

minimum requirements of due process. Here, the starting point for the analysis is the text

                                               9
of Rule 4.03(a), not the constitutionally minimum requirements of due process. To the

extent that O’Sell was deciding only the constitutional question, its reasoning is unhelpful

to our interpretation of Rule 4.03(a)’s text. To the extent that O’Sell attempts to definitively

interpret Rule 4.03(a)’s substitute-service requirements, as the parties in this case assert,

we overrule it because it is inconsistent with our interpretation today. In either case, we

decline to follow O’Sell.

                                              B.

       Having explained what it means to be “then residing therein” under Rule 4.03(a),

we next examine the facts to determine the adequacy of Skyehill’s substitute service on

J.C. Whether service of process is effective presents a question of law that we review de

novo. See Shamrock Dev., Inc. v. Smith, 754 N.W.2d 377, 382 (Minn. 2008). In the context

of service of process, the residency of an individual presents a question of fact. See

Kueffner v. Gottfried, 154 Minn. 70, 72, 191 N.W. 271, 272 (1922) (explaining that the

identification of a “usual place of abode” is a question “of fact”); see also Berryhill v. Sepp,

106 Minn. 458, 459, 119 N.W. 404, 405 (1909) (stating that, in the context of service,

“ ‘abode’ and ‘residence’ may be synonymous”). Accordingly, when reviewing whether

substitute service is effective, we must defer to the district court’s factual findings on the

residency of the individual served unless they are clearly erroneous. See Shamrock Dev.,

754 N.W.2d at 382.

       The focus of this case is on J.C., who was physically present at the property when

Skyehill attempted service. At the time, J.C. was serving as caretaker of the property to

prepare the townhome for his father’s return. Besides these caretaking duties, however,

                                              10
there is no evidence that J.C. was regularly present at the townhome, much less that he was

living at the townhome when Skyehill attempted to serve notice of the foreclosure sale. 1

Nor were any indicia of an extended occupancy present, such as J.C. storing his personal

property on the premises or regularly receiving mail at the townhome. Even if J.C.’s role

as caretaker meant that he was more than just physically present at the townhome when the

process server handed the notice to him, we cannot say that the district court’s conclusion

that J.C. was not “then residing” at the townhome was clearly erroneous.

       Palladium nevertheless compares J.C.’s caretaker status to cases from other

jurisdictions, including one involving a college student visiting home. The decision, M.

Lowenstein & Sons, Inc. v. Austin, concluded that a college student visiting her parent’s

residence for an overnight stay was “then residing” under the federal substitute-service

rule. 430 F. Supp. 844, 845 (S.D.N.Y. 1977) (applying Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(d)(1)). This

decision, however, is consistent with the conclusion that we reach today. College students

often list their parents’ address as a permanent address, which makes it one of their

residences. It is analogous to having a summer home in Minnesota and a winter home in

Florida. The student may come home from school over a long weekend and on holidays,


1
       At trial, the process server testified that, although he did not specifically recall
serving J.C., his standard practice when attempting substitute service was to ask the person
who answered the door if he or she lived at the property before serving the documents. The
advisory jury determined that J.C. received the notice from the process server, which could
lead to a reasonable inference that the jury believed that J.C. told the process server that he
was living at the townhouse. Even so, the advisory jury’s finding, which the district court
accepted, does not prove that J.C. was “residing” at Jaeger’s townhome when the process
server delivered the notice to J.C. In fact, the district court specifically found that J.C. was
“living independently at a separate address at the time [Skyehill] attempted substitute
service on [Jaeger].”
                                              11
but he or she may also return home for an extended period during the summer months.

Although the court did not discuss these specific circumstances in M. Lowenstein, it did

specifically find that the student had “return[ed] home from college to stay at least

overnight at her parents’ residence,” which indicates that she considered it one of her

residences, stayed there more than occasionally, and presumably lived there before

departing for college. Id. at 845 (emphasis added).

       In this case, by contrast, no one asserts that the townhouse was J.C.’s home. There

is no evidence that J.C. had ever lived in his father’s townhome for an extended period or

that he stayed in the townhome any more often than one stays at a hotel or other temporary

lodging. 2 In fact, at oral argument, Palladium conceded that there was “no dispute that J.C.

Jaeger lived . . . about a mile [or a] mile-and-a-half down the road.” (emphasis added). We

therefore agree with the district court that J.C. was not “then residing” in Jaeger’s

townhome when Skyehill attempted substitute service. Accordingly, service in this case

was ineffective. See Tullis v. Federated Mut. Ins. Co., 570 N.W.2d 309, 311 (Minn. 1997)

(explaining that service of process in a manner not authorized by rule is ineffective).



2
       By holding that an individual accepting substitute service must have lived in an
abode for an “extended period,” we are not suggesting that there is some minimum period
of occupancy that must be satisfied. Rather, a determination of residency will depend on
the facts and circumstances of each case, and as the M. Lowenstein case implies, at a
minimum requires more than a temporary stay. See, e.g., Webster’s Third New
International Dictionary 804 (defining “extended” in the context of time as “drawn out in
length” with the example of “extended residence in England”). In fact, we do not exclude
the possibility that, depending on the facts, an individual will be able to establish his or her
residency in a matter of weeks or even days. In this case, however, there are no facts other
than the process server’s generalized testimony that suggest that J.C. was a resident of his
father’s townhome.
                                              12
                                              C.

       Even though we ultimately agree with the court of appeals’ conclusion that the

substitute service on J.C. in this case was ineffective, we disagree with the court of appeals’

emphasis on actual notice. According to the court of appeals, “actual notice is the

determinative factor regarding whether [Rule 4.03(a)] requires strict or substantial

compliance.” Jaeger, 2015 WL 1513982, at *3. The court explained that there is an

exception to the requirement of strict compliance with the substitute-service rule when the

named recipient has received actual notice of the action and the delivery of the documents

occurs at the named recipient’s place of abode. Id. at *1.

       The court of appeals’ reasoning conflates the concepts of compliance and

construction. We have recognized that, in certain circumstances, a court should give a

strict or liberal construction to an ambiguous rule or statute. See, e.g., Do v. Am. Family

Mut. Ins. Co., 779 N.W.2d 853, 858 (Minn. 2010) (quoting Rosenberg v. Heritage

Renovations, LLC, 685 N.W.2d 320, 327 (Minn. 2004)) (“Generally, statutes in derogation

of the common law are to be strictly construed.”); S.M. Hentges & Sons, Inc. v. Mensing,

777 N.W.2d 228, 232 (Minn. 2010) (stating that remedial statutes are given a liberal

construction when they are ambiguous). We have also required strict or substantial

compliance, depending on the circumstances, with the unambiguous requirements of a

statute or rule. See, e.g., Ruiz v. 1st Fid. Loan Servicing, LLC, 829 N.W.2d 53, 57-58

(Minn. 2013) (determining that Minn. Stat. § 580.02(3) (2014), which requires that all

assignments of a mortgage be recorded before a party can foreclose by advertisement,

should be subject to strict compliance); Jenkins v. Bd. of Educ. Special Sch. Dist. No. 1,

                                              13
303 Minn. 437, 440, 228 N.W.2d 265, 268 (1975) (holding that only substantial compliance

was required with the notice-of-claim requirements in Minn. Stat. § 466.05, subd. 1

(2014)). These concepts, however similar they may sound, are not the same.

       In this case, the court of appeals determined that Skyehill had to strictly comply

with Rule 4 because the advisory jury found that Jaeger had not received actual notice of

the foreclosure sale. The court of appeals then suggested that, if Jaeger had received actual

notice, “the term ‘then residing therein’ [would] encompass[] . . . more persons” because

only substantial compliance with the rule would be required. See Jaeger, 2015 WL

1513982, at *4.

       The court of appeals confused the concepts of construction and compliance when it

concluded that the proper interpretation of the rule depended on the existence of actual

notice. See Jaeger, 2015 WL 1513982, at *2-4 (discussing the concepts of strict and

substantial compliance interchangeably with “strict versus liberal interpretation of a service

rule”). Contrary to the court of appeals’ conclusion, we have interpreted service rules in

accordance with their plain language regardless of whether the intended recipient has

received actual notice of the action. See, e.g., Melillo v. Heitland, 880 N.W.2d 862, 864

(Minn. 2016) (holding that the plain language of the service-by-mail rule, Minn. R. Civ. P.

4.05, “must be followed”); Shamrock Dev., 754 N.W.2d at 383 (interpreting the service-

by-publication rule, Minn. R. Civ. P. 4.04(a), in accordance with its plain language).

       With respect to the separate question of compliance, we have also long held that

“service must accord strictly with statutory requirements.” Berryhill, 106 Minn. at 459,

119 N.W. at 404; see In re Skyline Materials, Ltd., 835 N.W.2d 472, 477 (Minn. 2013)

                                             14
(“Statutory provisions for service of notice must be strictly followed in order for a court to

acquire jurisdiction.”). By using the word “shall” to describe its requirements, Rule 4.03

mandates strict compliance with its terms. Minn. R. Civ. P. 4.03; see also Safety Signs,

LLC v. Niles-Wiese Const. Co., 840 N.W.2d 34, 38 (Minn. 2013) (“In analyzing whether

strict compliance with a statute is mandatory, we are guided by the language of the

statute.”).

       In fact, in MacLean v. Lasely, we decided that substitute-service requirements are

subject to strict compliance:

       In making such substituted service there must be a strict compliance with the
       statute. The necessity of the statutory service is not dispensed with by the
       mere fact that defendant may in some way learn of the existence of the papers
       and an attempted service. On the other hand, if there has been legal
       substituted service, it is immaterial whether defendant has had actual
       knowledge thereof.

181 Minn. 379, 380, 232 N.W. 632, 632 (1930). Although MacLean predates our adoption

of the Minnesota Rules of Civil Procedure, there is no reason to treat substitute service

under Rule 4.03(a) any differently than we did in MacLean when substitute service was

purely a creature of statute. Accordingly, because substitute service is subject to strict

compliance regardless of the circumstances, it is irrelevant whether the intended recipient

receives actual notice of the action. 3


3
        Jaeger claims that the court in MacLean “found questionable substitute service valid
only because the defendant received actual notice.” We disagree. The question in
MacLean was whether substitute service of a summons and complaint in a sealed envelope
was effective. MacLean, 181 Minn. at 380, 232 N.W. at 632. We held that the service
satisfied statutory requirements, but then addressed whether delivering the documents in a
sealed envelope rendered the service ineffective. We explained that, “[h]ad the sealing of
the envelope prevented defendant’s seasonable knowledge of the service, we would hold
                                             15
       Only one of our decisions, Thiele v. Stich, suggests that substantial compliance is

sufficient. 425 N.W.2d 580 (Minn. 1988). In Thiele, we addressed whether leaving the

process with a receptionist at the defendant’s law office was sufficient to constitute

personal service. Id. at 581. Substitute service was not at issue in Thiele because the

defendant’s law office was not his usual place of abode. We concluded that the service

was ineffective, declaring that it “did not comply with [Minn. R. Civ. P. 4.03(a)] in any

way.” Thiele, 425 N.W.2d at 584. Just two sentences earlier, however, we noted that

“[a]ctual notice will not subject defendants to personal jurisdiction absent substantial

compliance with Rule 4.” Id. This sentence from Thiele has led to actual notice becoming

the “determinative factor” in some recent court of appeals opinions addressing substitute

service. Jaeger, 2015 WL 1513982, at *3; see also Van Note v. 2007 Pontiac, 787 N.W.2d

214, 219-20 (Minn. App. 2010) (relying on the “combination of actual notice and

substantial compliance” to conclude that the substitute service was effective); O’Sell, 595

N.W.2d at 872-73 (discussing actual notice and substantial compliance in the context of

substitute service).

       This statement from Thiele is not nearly as significant as it seems. Importantly,

Thiele did not even discuss MacLean, much less overrule it. See Thiele, 425 N.W.2d at


the service invalid, notwithstanding the general rule that it is immaterial whether defendant
has actual knowledge of such substituted service.” Id. at 380, 232 N.W.2d at 633. We
reasoned that a party should not be able to seal the envelope to keep the named recipient
of the service from having the opportunity to learn of the action. In this respect, Jaeger is
correct that actual knowledge was important to the outcome, but the issue arose not because
the plaintiff used substitute service, but rather due to the “unusual practice of sealing the
papers in the envelope,” which could have hidden the service or concealed the document.
Id. at 380, 232 N.W.2d at 632-33. Such concerns are not present here.
                                             16
584. Instead, Thiele cites only two cases from the United States Court of Appeals for the

Ninth Circuit that applied the concept of substantial compliance to the substitute-service

requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Id. (citing Benny v. Pipes, 799 F.2d

489, 492 (9th Cir. 1986) and Jackson v. Hayakawa, 682 F.2d 1344, 1347 (9th Cir. 1982)).

       This observation leads to the second point, which is that, when read in context, the

statement from Thiele was largely descriptive, not prescriptive, for it was preceded by the

observation that the “ ‘actual notice’ exception has been recognized only in cases involving

substitute service at defendant’s residence.” Thiele, 425 N.W.2d at 584 (emphasis added).

By using words such as “may” and “recognized” to describe the exception, we were

essentially assuming without deciding that the exception existed, not determining that such

an exception actually existed. Id. (citing only Larson v. Hendrickson, 394 N.W.2d 524,

526 (Minn. App. 1986) and Minn. Mining & Mfg. Co. v. Kirkevold, 87 F.R.D. 317 (D.

Minn. 1980)).

       But even if our statement was an attempt to import the substantial-compliance rule

from the two Ninth Circuit decisions we cited and apply it to our own substitute-service

rule, the statement from Thiele was still dictum and therefore not binding on us. State v.

Timberlake, 744 N.W.2d 390, 395 n.7 (Minn. 2008) (quoting State ex. rel. Foster v.

Naftalin, 246 Minn. 181, 208, 74 N.W.2d 249, 266 (1956)) (“Dicta are generally

‘considered to be expressions in a court’s opinion which go beyond the facts before the

court and therefore are the individual views of the author of the opinion and not binding in

subsequent cases.’ ”). In Thiele, we concluded that the delivery of the documents to the

receptionist at the law office was ineffective because it “clearly violat[ed] the rule.” 425

                                            17
N.W.2d at 584. In reaching that conclusion, it made no difference whether we evaluated

the service for strict or substantial compliance because, under either approach, the service

was ineffective. Accordingly, anything we said later about when substantial compliance

applies was dictum because it was unnecessary to the decision. See State v. Rainer, 258

Minn. 168, 179, 103 N.W.2d 389, 396 (1960) (“Of course, a ruling not necessary to the

decision of a case can be regarded as only dictum.” (internal quotation marks omitted));

State ex rel. Foster v. Naftalin, 246 Minn. 181, 208, 74 N.W.2d 249, 266 (1956)

(identifying dicta as statements that “go beyond the facts before the court”). We therefore

conclude that MacLean, not Thiele, governs. 4

                                             III.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the court of appeals.

       Affirmed as modified.

       CHUTICH, J., not having been a member of this court at the time of submission,

took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.




4
       To the extent that other decisions have cited Thiele as authoritative on the
relationship between actual notice and substantial compliance in substitute-service cases,
we conclude that those statements are no more binding on us than the statement from
Thiele. See, e.g., In re Coleman, 793 N.W.2d 296, 302 (Minn. 2011) (ascribing to Thiele
the proposition that “[i]n cases involving substitute service at a defendant’s residence, the
rules governing service are liberally construed when the intended recipient had actual
notice of the lawsuit”); Tullis, 570 N.W.2d at 311 (citing Thiele for the proposition that
“actual notice of the lawsuit will not subject defendants to personal jurisdiction without
substantial compliance with Rule 4.03”). Like Thiele, none of these cases involved
substitute service.
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