[Cite as Akron v. Ohio Dept. of Ins., 2014-Ohio-96.]
                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

City of Akron,                                         :

                 Appellant-Appellee,                   :

v.                                                     :       Nos. 13AP-473
                                                               and 13AP-486
                                                       :   (C.P.C. No. 10CVF-08-11258)
Ohio Department of Insurance et al.,
                                                       :   (REGULAR CALENDAR)

                 Appellees-Appellants,
                                                       :
[Timothy Metcalf & William Biasella,
                                                       :
                 Appellees-Appellants].
                                                       :

                                                       :
Ohio Police & Fire Pension Fund,
                                                       :
                 Appellee-Appellee,
                                                       :       Nos. 13AP-483
v.                                                             and 13AP-496
                                                       :   (C.P.C. No. 10CVF-08-11426)
Ohio Department of Insurance et al.,
                                                       :   (REGULAR CALENDAR)
                 Appellees-Appellants.
                                                       :

                                                       :
Medical Mutual of Ohio,
                                                       :
                 Appellant-Appellee,
                                                       :
v.                                                             Nos. 13AP-484
                                                       :       and 13AP-495
Ohio Department of Insurance et al.,                       (C.P.C. No. 10CVF-08-11513)
                                                       :
                 Appellants-Appellants,                    (REGULAR CALENDAR)
                                                       :
[Timothy Metcalf & William Biasella,
                                                       :
                 Appellants-Appellants.]
                                                       :
Nos. 13AP-473, 13AP-483, 13AP-484, 13AP-486, 13AP-495 and 13AP-496                      2



                                 D E C I S I O N

                             Rendered on January 14, 2014


              Roetzel Andress, LPA, Paul L. Jackson, and Karen D.
              Adinolfi; Cheri B. Cunningham, Director of Law, and
              Tammy Kalail, for City of Akron.

              Michael DeWine, Attorney General, and W. Scott Myers, for
              Ohio Department of Insurance.

              Larry D. Shenise, and Joel D. Reed, for Timothy Metcalfe
              and William Biasella.

              Frantz Ward LLP, and Michael E. Smith, for Medical Mutual
              of Ohio.

              Michael DeWine, Attorney General, and Jennifer S.M.
              Croskey, for Ohio Police & Fire Pension Fund.

              APPEALS from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

CONNOR, J.
      {¶ 1}   Appellants, Mary Taylor, in her capacity as the Superintendent of the
Ohio Department of Insurance ("ODI"), and Timothy Metcalfe and William Biasella
("complainants"), appeal from a judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common
Pleas dismissing the administrative appeal at issue for lack of jurisdiction. Because ODI
lacked jurisdiction over the self-funded retiree health care plans sponsored by appellees,
the City of Akron ("Akron") and the Ohio Police & Fire Pension Fund ("OP&F"), and
administered by appellee Medical Mutual of Ohio ("MMO"), we affirm.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
      {¶ 2} On August 2, 2010, Akron appealed an order issued by ODI on July 20,
2010 to the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas. In the July 20, 2010 order, ODI
ordered Akron, MMO and OP&F to cease and desist from further violating Ohio's
coordination of benefits law, and ordered appellees to coordinate the benefits of their
members pursuant to the terms of their plans and consistent with Ohio law.
Nos. 13AP-473, 13AP-483, 13AP-484, 13AP-486, 13AP-495 and 13AP-496                    3

      {¶ 3} The facts underlying ODI's July 20, 2010 cease and desist order arise from
a dispute between Akron and Akron's retired police officers and firefighters regarding
the retirees' health care coverage. The dispute has spawned several legal actions in the
Summit County Court of Common Pleas and the Ninth District Court of Appeals. In
Fraternal Order of Police, Akron Lodge No. 7 v. Akron, 9th Dist. No. 23332, 2007-
Ohio-958, an action related to the instant dispute, the Ninth District Court of Appeals
explained the underlying facts as follows:
             Members of the FOP include both current and retired police
             officers in the City of Akron. These members have primary
             health insurance through the Ohio Police and Fire Pension
             Fund ("OP & F") and secondary coverage through the City of
             Akron. The City has always required retirees to enroll in OP
             & F's health plan as a condition of participating in the City's
             secondary plan. Traditionally, members of the FOP were not
             required to pay for their health insurance. OP & F changed
             this policy in the early 1990's, when it notified its members
             that they would have to start paying a premium for health
             insurance. In 2003, OP & F announced a significant increase
             in its premiums. Shortly thereafter, FOP member and retired
             officer Rick Grochowski sought health insurance from the
             City. The City denied Grochowski's request, informing him
             that they would no longer provide him with secondary health
             care because OP & F was no longer his principal health
             insurance provider. As a result, in February of 2004, retired
             police officers and retired firefighters ("the retirees") filed a
             class action lawsuit ("Metcalfe I"), seeking recovery on a
             common law breach of contract claim. See Metcalfe v.
             Akron, Summit Cty. No.2004-02-0717. The retirees filed five
             claims including a claim for declaratory judgment and a
             claim for breach of contract. In their declaratory judgment
             action, the retirees alleged that City of Akron ordinances
             entitled them to payment of their insurance premiums and
             that the retirees are not required to enroll in OP & F. The
             retirees also filed a breach of contract claim alleging that the
             City's failure to pay insurance premiums constituted a
             "breach of the various CBA's". The City filed a motion for
             summary judgment on May 9, 2005. On January 12, 2006,
             the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the
             City, finding that the City did not breach its various CBAs
             with the Union and was not required to provide retirees with
             fully-paid primary health coverage under the City's
             ordinances. This Court affirmed the trial court's ruling on
Nos. 13AP-473, 13AP-483, 13AP-484, 13AP-486, 13AP-495 and 13AP-496                      4

                August 30, 2006. See Metcalfe v. Akron, 9th Dist. No.
                23068, 2006-Ohio-4470.

                In March of 2004, the FOP brought a grievance against the
                City for violating the parties' CBA by increasing premiums,
                requiring retirees to maintain OP & F as their primary
                coverage and ceasing to provide secondary coverage to
                certain retirees. The grievance was brought on behalf of the
                FOP's membership, including "current, former, retired,
                active members, as well as retired officer Rick Grochowski
                and all other effected officers who have served or are serving
                on the Akron Police Department."

                The same class of plaintiffs from Metcalfe I filed a second
                lawsuit ("Metcalfe II") against the City, OP & F, and Medical
                Mutual of Ohio ("MMO") on November 4, 2005. See
                Metcalfe v. Akron, Summit Cty. No.2005-11-6527. In the
                second action, the retirees alleged that they are entitled to
                payment of health insurance claims by the various
                defendants in compliance with R.C. 3902.13 and Ohio
                insurance regulations as they relate to the coordination of
                benefits. The trial court granted stay of Metcalfe II pending
                review by the Ohio Department of Insurance.

Id. at ¶ 3-5.
       {¶ 4} The matter currently before this court concerns Metcalfe v. Akron,
Summit C.P. No. 2005-11-6527 ("Metcalfe II"), which the Summit County Court of
Common Pleas referred to ODI. The stay order issued by the Summit County Court of
Common Pleas indicated that the court would stay the action until ODI ruled on the
questions presented by the litigation, or until ODI determined that it lacked jurisdiction
in the matter. On February 14, 2006, the complainants submitted a complaint to ODI,
asserting that Akron, OP&F and MMO had violated Ohio's coordination of benefits law.
       {¶ 5} ODI issued a notice of opportunity for a hearing to Akron, OP&F and
MMO on March 12, 2008.           ODI noted that Akron and OP&F both operated non-
Employee Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA"), self-funded health care plans,
and that MMO acted as the administrator for both plans. In the notice, ODI concluded
that, as Akron, OP&F and MMO satisfied the definition of "person" in R.C. 3901.19, they
were prohibited from engaging in unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the business of
insurance. As R.C. 3902.13 deemed a knowing violation of Ohio's coordination of
Nos. 13AP-473, 13AP-483, 13AP-484, 13AP-486, 13AP-495 and 13AP-496                                         5

benefits provisions to be an unfair or deceptive insurance act or practice, ODI concluded
it possessed jurisdiction and that a R.C. 3901.22 hearing was necessary and justified.
        {¶ 6} On September 29, 2008, Akron filed a motion to dismiss the action
pending before ODI. Akron asserted that ODI did not possess jurisdiction over Akron's
self-funded health care plan, as the self-funded plan did not constitute insurance. In
support of its contention, Akron attached several letters issued by ODI employees,
wherein ODI explained that it did not possess jurisdiction to regulate self-funded health
care plans. One such letter, issued on August 18, 2008, was issued in response to a
citizen's concern over OP&F's health care plan and the rising cost of healthcare
premiums under that plan. ODI provided the following response to the citizen's inquiry:
                Allow me to clarify the role and function of the Ohio
                Department of Insurance. Our responsibility is to enforce
                insurance laws and regulations as applicable to insurance
                companies in accordance with Title 39 of the Ohio Revised
                Code (ORC). Entities that are "self-funded;" generally large
                employers such as hospitals or manufacturers and most, if
                not all public employee or government-sponsored retiree
                plans, fall into the category of "self-funded." The funding of
                the benefit plan, whether by the employer, group, or another
                party, generally exempts it from the obligations and
                requirements of ORC. As such, any complaints against OP&F
                would not fall under the regulatory authority of this agency.
                This is not only the case with your plan, but the other retiree
                plans (State Teachers' Retirement System (STRS), Public
                Employee Retirement System (PERS), private-employer
                retiree plans) as well. Please understand; this is not to
                suggest that a "self-funded" plan is not required to comply
                with any law; there may be applicable Federal regulations.
                However, these plans do not fall under the jurisdiction of
                state insurance law.

(Emphasis sic.) (Hearing Officer's Record, 11; Akron's Motion to Dismiss, exhibit B.)
        {¶ 7} Relying on these letters, Akron asserted that ODI could not now attempt to
claim that it possessed jurisdiction over Akron's self-funded health care plan.1 Akron
also asserted that, as the "retiree medical benefit plans have arisen out of collective


1 The other letters were issued on March 28, 2008; March 10, 2008; March 7, 2008; January 14, 2008;

October 1, 2007; August 15, 2007; August 22, 2007; August 29, 2007; April 5, 2007; and December 20,
2006. The letters all indicate that ODI does not possess jurisdiction to regulate self-funded or self-insured
plans.
Nos. 13AP-473, 13AP-483, 13AP-484, 13AP-486, 13AP-495 and 13AP-496                        6

bargaining agreements between the City and the unions representing its safety forces,"
any alleged violations of the obligations under the union contracts could be addressed
through the grievance procedures called for under those collective bargaining
agreements. (Hearing Officer's Record, 11; Akron's Motion to Dismiss, 8.)
       {¶ 8} Akron supported its motion to dismiss with the affidavit of Mark McLeod,
Akron's employee benefits manager, and Akron's group insurance plan for retirees.
McLeod explained that Akron sponsored two self-funded medical plans: one for its
active police officers and firefighters and one for its retired police officers and
firefighters. McLeod also explained that Akron had, "for decades, made contributions
throughout the careers of all of its active police officers and firefighters to the Ohio
Police and Fire Pension Fund," which in turn provided pension benefits and health care
coverage to all retired police officers and firefighters in Ohio. (Hearing Officer's Record,
11; Akron's Motion to Dismiss, exhibit A; McLeod Affidavit, ¶ 5.) McLeod stated that
"Akron's retiree medical plan, through its contract with MMO, [was] secondary or
supplemental to the OP&F retiree medical insurance plan." (Hearing Officer's Record,
11; Akron's Motion to Dismiss, exhibit A; McLeod Affidavit, ¶ 9.) Akron administers its
retiree medical benefits plan "in such a way that medical claims for police and fire
retirees and their dependents cannot be processed unless they have first been processed
under the OP&F plan as the primary plan." (Hearing Officer's Record, 11; Akron's
Motion to Dismiss, exhibit A; McLeod Affidavit, ¶ 10.)
       {¶ 9} Akron's group insurance plan for retirees provides for the coordination of
benefits between it and any other plan under which a retiree receives health care
coverage. The order of benefits determination rules expressly state that payment under
the plan will be reduced to the extent that an eligible member is paid or entitled to be
paid "by any medical care plan which has been established by: * * * the Police and
Firemen's Disability and Pension Fund of Ohio; provided you and your Dependents are
eligible to enroll in any of these plans." (Hearing Officer's Record, 11; Akron's Motion to
Dismiss, exhibit A; McLeod Affidavit, exhibit No. 2; Akron's Group Insurance Plan, 37.)
The remaining order of benefits determination rules contained in Akron's plan
substantively mirror the order of benefit determination rules found in Ohio's
coordination of benefits law, R.C. 3902.13. The OP&F health care plan also contains a
Nos. 13AP-473, 13AP-483, 13AP-484, 13AP-486, 13AP-495 and 13AP-496                     7

coordination of benefits provision, which provides that the order of benefits
determination rules shall be determined pursuant to the rules outlined by ODI. (See
Hearing Officer's Record, 43; ODI's exhibit L; Ohio Police & Fire Pension Fund,
Amended and Restated Health Care Plan, Section 7.2.) MMO's contract with Akron
states that "[i]n administering coordination of benefits under this agreement, Medical
Mutual will assume that the City's plan is secondary for all retirees and survivors."
(Hearing Officer's Record, 43; ODI's exhibit C1; Medical Mutual Services Group
Contract, Section 8.4.)
      {¶ 10} An ODI hearing officer overruled Akron's motion to dismiss on April 28,
2009. The hearing officer determined that Akron's self-funded retiree health care plan
was a legal entity, and thus a person, under R.C. 3901.19(A). The hearing officer further
concluded that Akron's self-funded medical plan was an organization under R.C.
3901.19(D), and constituted a plan of health coverage under R.C. 3902.11(B)(3). The
hearing officer concluded that Akron's "self-insured insurance fund provided for its
police and fire retirees" was "insurance provided within the State of Ohio and [was]
subject to the insurance laws of this state pursuant to" R.C. 3901.20. (Hearing Officer's
Record, 18; Hearing Officer's Ruling on Motion to Dismiss, ¶ 25.) The hearing officer
also found "a colorable claim" that Akron had violated R.C. 3902.13(K).
      {¶ 11} The hearing officer issued a report and recommendation, including
findings of fact and conclusions of law on April 7, 2010. The hearing officer found that
the complainants became eligible for the Akron retiree health care plan and the OP&F
health care plan on the same day: the day of their respective retirements. The hearing
officer noted that while the complainants paid no premiums for their coverage under
Akron's self-funded retiree health care plan, they paid premiums of approximately $300
and $566 per month, respectively, for their coverage under OP&F.            Pursuant to
McLeod's affidavit, the hearing officer found that retired Akron police officers and
firefighters must enroll in OP&F's insurance plan as a condition precedent to receiving
any coverage under Akron's plan.
      {¶ 12} The hearing officer concluded that "Akron's knowing failure to apply
legally appropriate coordination of benefits provisions of its self-insured program
constitutes a violation of [R.C.] 3902.13(K)(1), and is, therefore, deemed an unfair and
Nos. 13AP-473, 13AP-483, 13AP-484, 13AP-486, 13AP-495 and 13AP-496                      8

deceptive practice as a matter of law." (Hearing Officer's Record, 78; Hearing Officer's
Report and Recommendation, ¶ 39.) The hearing officer also determined that Akron
violated R.C. 3902.13(K)(2), by requiring the retirees to enroll in OP&F as a condition
precedent to coverage under Akron's plan. Accordingly, the hearing officer concluded
that Akron's actions constituted an unfair or deceptive act or practice under R.C.
3901.20, and recommended that ODI issue a cease and desist order.
       {¶ 13} On July 20, 2010, ODI issued an order adopting the hearing officer's
report and recommendation, with only minor modifications. Following the hearing
officer's recommendation, ODI ordered that Akron, OP&F and MMO cease and desist
from further violations of Ohio's coordination of benefits laws, and that they coordinate
the benefits of their members pursuant to the terms of their plans and consistent with
Ohio law. ODI further ordered that Akron immediately cease and desist from further
violations of R.C. 3902.13(K)(1) and (2), and that Akron make an accounting of the
complainants' past healthcare claims which were subject to coordination. ODI lastly
ordered that its order be "directed to the Summit County Court of Common Pleas for
further application in the case of Metcalfe, et al., Case No. 2005-11-6527." (ODI's
July 20, 2010 Order, 12.)
       {¶ 14} Akron, OP&F and MMO each appealed ODI's July 20, 2010 order to the
Franklin County Court of Common Pleas. The trial court consolidated the cases into one
action. On October 12, 2010, the trial court granted Akron's motion to suspend
enforcement of the July 20, 2010 order during the pendency of the case.
       {¶ 15} On September 28, 2011, the trial court issued an entry ordering that the
case be transferred to the Summit County Court of Common Pleas. The court noted that
the July 20, 2010 order specified that the order should be directed to the Summit
County Court of Common Pleas for application in Metcalfe II. Akron, OP&F and MMO
jointly appealed the transfer order. On April 25, 2012, this court issued a journal entry
reflecting the parties' agreement to remand the case to the trial court, so that the trial
court could address the appeal pursuant to R.C. 119.12. On February 1, 2013, the trial
court reactivated the case.
       {¶ 16} On May 9, 2013, the trial court issued an order dismissing the
administrative appeal for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. The court noted that the
Nos. 13AP-473, 13AP-483, 13AP-484, 13AP-486, 13AP-495 and 13AP-496                     9

health care plans offered by Akron and OP&F were not insurance, but merely a risk of
loss retention fund.   The court explained that such a funding mechanism was not
insurance, but "the antithesis of insurance." (Final Judgment Entry, 3.) The court
noted ODI's assertion that it was merely regulating the market-place conduct of a plan
of health coverage under R.C. 3902.11(B).        While the trial court found that this
argument held "superficial appeal," it determined the argument failed because ODI had
expressly concluded that Akron's self-funded insurance plan was insurance and subject
to the insurance laws of this state. (Final Judgment Entry, 3.) The court further noted
that R.C. 3901.20 prohibited unfair and/or deceptive acts or practices in the business of
insurance, and thus could not "reach beyond persons engaged in the business of
insurance." (Final Judgment Entry, 3-4.) Thus, because Akron and OP&F were engaged
in conduct which was the antithesis of insurance, the court concluded that ODI's
July 20, 2010 order was void for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.
II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
      {¶ 17} ODI appeals, assigning the following errors:
             [I.] The common pleas court erred by holding that the
             Department lacked subject matter jurisdiction to enforce
             Akron and OP&F's use of a coordination of benefit provision
             in their plans of health coverage.

             [II.] The common pleas court's rationale supporting its
             ultimate decision is so flawed and internally inconsistent
             that it alone constitutes reversible error.

             [III.] The Common Pleas Court Erred by Failing to
             Acknowledge or Address the Department Jurisdiction Under
             the Doctrine of Primary Administrative Jurisdiction.

      {¶ 18} The complainants appeal, assigning the following errors:

             I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN HOLDING THAT THE
             CITY OF AKRON AND THE OHIO POLICE & FIRE
             PENSION FUND DO NOT OFFER INSURANCE.

             II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN RULING THAT THE
             OHIO DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE DID NOT HAVE
             SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION.
Nos. 13AP-473, 13AP-483, 13AP-484, 13AP-486, 13AP-495 and 13AP-496                       10

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
         {¶ 19} Under R.C. 119.12, a common pleas court, in reviewing an order of an
administrative agency, must consider the entire record to determine whether reliable,
probative, and substantial evidence supports the agency's order and the order is in
accordance with law. Univ. of Cincinnati v. Conrad, 63 Ohio St.2d 108, 110-11 (1980).
The common pleas court's "review of the administrative record is neither a trial de novo
nor an appeal on questions of law only, but a hybrid review in which the court 'must
appraise all the evidence as to the credibility of the witnesses, the probative character of
the evidence, and the weight thereof.' " (Emphasis sic.) Lies v. Veterinary Med. Bd., 2
Ohio App.3d 204, 207 (1st Dist.1981), quoting Andrews v. Bd. of Liquor Control, 164
Ohio St. 275, 280 (1955). The common pleas court must give due deference to the
administrative agency's resolution of evidentiary conflicts, but "the findings of the
agency are by no means conclusive." Univ. of Cincinnati at 111. The common pleas
court conducts a de novo review of questions of law, exercising its independent
judgment in determining whether the administrative order is "in accordance with law."
Ohio Historical Soc. v. State Emp. Relations Bd., 66 Ohio St.3d 466, 471 (1993).
         {¶ 20} An appellate court's review of an administrative decision is more limited
than that of a common pleas court. Pons v. Ohio State Med. Bd., 66 Ohio St.3d 619, 621
(1993). The appellate court is to determine only whether the common pleas court
abused its discretion. Id. Absent an abuse of discretion, a court of appeals may not
substitute its judgment for that of an administrative agency or the common pleas court.
Id. An appellate court, however, has plenary review of purely legal questions. Big Bob's,
Inc. v. Ohio Liquor Control Comm., 151 Ohio App.3d 498, 2003-Ohio-418, ¶ 15 (10th
Dist.)
         {¶ 21} The trial court dismissed the administrative appeal upon finding that ODI
did not possess subject-matter jurisdiction to issue the cease and desist order at issue.
Jurisdiction is a legal question, which courts review de novo. In re: P.N.M., 4th Dist.
No. 07CA841, 2007-Ohio-4976, ¶ 38.
Nos. 13AP-473, 13AP-483, 13AP-484, 13AP-486, 13AP-495 and 13AP-496                       11

IV. COMPLAINANTS' FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR—A SELF-FUNDED
    HEALTH CARE PLAN IS NOT INSURANCE

       {¶ 22} The complainants' first assignment of error asserts the trial court erred in
holding that the self-funded health care plans offered by Akron and OP&F were not
insurance. The complainants note that Black's Law Dictionary (8th Ed.2004) defines
insurance as "a contract by which one party (the insurer) undertakes to indemnify
another party (the insured) against the risk of loss, damage or liability arising from
some specified contingency." The complainants assert that Akron and OP&F offer plans
of insurance because they have agreed to pay or indemnify the retirees when they incur
costs resulting from medical services.
       {¶ 23} Complainants focus solely on the fact that, ultimately, Akron's retired
police officers and firefighters will have their medical bills paid through the health care
plans offered by Akron and OP&F. However, the fact that the retirees' medical bills will
ultimately be paid is not the correct basis on which to determine whether the health care
plans at issue amount to insurance.
       {¶ 24} All of the parties agree that Akron's retiree health care plan and OP&F's
health care plan are self-funded.        A self-funded plan or " 'self-insurance,' is not
'insurance.' " Physicians Ins. Co. of Ohio v. Grandview Hosp. and Med. Ctr., 44 Ohio
App.3d 157 (1988), syllabus ("PICO"). As the PICO court explained, " 'an insurance
contract denotes a policy issued by an authorized and licensed insurance company
whose primary business it is to assume specific risks of loss of members of the public at
large in consideration of the payment of a premium.' " Id., quoting American Nurses
Assn. v. Passaic Gen. Hosp., 192 N.J.Super. 486 (1984).
       {¶ 25} While "[i]nsurance shifts the risk of loss from an insured to an insurer,"
self-insurance " 'is the retention of the risk of loss by the one upon whom it is directly
imposed by law or contract.' " Id. at 158. See also Platte v. Ford Motor Co., N.D. Ohio
No. 3:00CV7171 (June 18, 2002), quoting Black's Law Dictionary 1360 (6th Ed.1990)
(noting that "[s]elf-insurance is 'the practice of setting aside a fund to meet losses
instead of insuring against such through insurance' "); Young v. Progressive
Southeastern Ins. Co., 753 So.2d 80, 85 (Fl.2000), quoting 1 Eric Mills Holmes and
Mark S. Rhodes, Appleman on Insurance, Section 1.3, at 10 (2d Ed.1996) (explaining
Nos. 13AP-473, 13AP-483, 13AP-484, 13AP-486, 13AP-495 and 13AP-496                         12

that, self-insurance does not constitute insurance in any traditional form, because " '[i]n
self-insurance the company, governmental entity or individual chooses not to purchase
insurance but rather retains the risk of loss' " and sets " 'aside funds on a regular basis to
provide its own pool from which losses will be paid' ").           Compare FMC Corp. v.
Holliday, 498 U.S. 52, 63 (1990) (in concluding that the deemer clause in ERISA
exempted self-funded ERISA plans from state laws regulating insurance, the Supreme
Court noted that "[b]y recognizing a distinction between insurers of plans and the
contracts of those insurers, which are subject to direct state regulation, and self-insured
employee benefit plans governed by ERISA, which are not," the Supreme Court
observed "Congress' presumed desire to reserve to the States the regulation of the
'business of insurance' ").
       {¶ 26} Thus, fundamentally, the self-funded health care plans offered by Akron
and OP&F are not insurance. Akron and OP&F have not shifted their risk of loss onto
an insurer by purchasing an insurance policy.            Rather, OP&F and Akron each
individually set money aside in order to pay the health care costs incurred by the police
and fire retirees covered under their plans. OP&F and Akron have thus both retained
the risk of loss resulting from such medical services and, as such, their self-funded
health care plans do not constitute insurance.
       {¶ 27} Based on the foregoing, the complainants' first assignment of error is
overruled.
V. ODI'S  FIRST AND  SECOND  ASSIGNMENTS OF  ERROR;
   COMPLAINANTS' SECOND ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR: ODI'S
   JURISDICTION

       {¶ 28} ODI's first assignment of error and the complainants' second assignment
of error collectively assert that the trial court abused its discretion by finding that ODI
did not possess jurisdiction to regulate the coordination of benefits between Akron's and
OP&F's self-funded healthcare plans. In its second assignment of error, ODI contends
that the trial court's rationale for determining that ODI lacked jurisdiction was flawed
and internally inconsistent. As these assignments of error all relate to the determination
that ODI lacked jurisdiction to issue the cease and desist order, we will address them
jointly.
Nos. 13AP-473, 13AP-483, 13AP-484, 13AP-486, 13AP-495 and 13AP-496                      13

       {¶ 29} ODI and the complainants collectively assert that ODI possesses
jurisdiction to regulate the coordination of benefits between Akron's and OP&F's health
care plans, pursuant to the relevant statutes. ODI asserts that it is not attempting to
regulate Akron or OP&F as individual entities, "but rather seeks to have the parties
follow Ohio's coordination of benefits laws when offering health insurance plans
containing such provisions." (ODI's Appellate Brief, 14-15.) ODI thus frames the issue
before this court as whether ODI possesses "limited jurisdiction over the subject of
coordination of benefits" between the retiree health care plans offered by Akron and
OP&F. (ODI's Appellate Brief, 15.) Although ODI now frames the issue as whether it
has limited jurisdiction over the issue of coordination of benefits, we note that in ruling
on Akron's motion to dismiss, the ODI hearing officer expressly found that the self-
funded health care plans offered by Akron and OP&F were insurance and thus subject to
the insurance laws of this state.
       {¶ 30} An administrative agency can exercise only those powers that are expressly
conferred upon it by the Ohio General Assembly.          Shell v. Ohio Veterinary Med.
Licensing Bd., 105 Ohio St.3d 420, 2005-Ohio-2423, ¶ 32.             "[A]uthority that is
conferred upon an administrative agency by the General Assembly cannot be extended
by the agency." Burger Brewing Co. v. Thomas, 42 Ohio St.2d 377, 379 (1975). In
construing a grant of administrative power from a legislative body, the intention of that
grant of power, and the extent of the grant, must be clear, and, if there is doubt, that
doubt must be resolved against the grant of power. D.A.B.E., Inc. v. Toledo-Lucas Cty.
Bd. of Health, 96 Ohio St.3d 250, 2002-Ohio-4172, ¶ 40.              Furthermore, where
jurisdiction is dependent upon a statutory grant, courts are without authority to create
jurisdiction when the statutory language does not, as that power resides only in the
General Assembly. Waltco Truck Equip. Co. v. Tallmadge Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 40
Ohio St.3d 41, 43 (1988).
       {¶ 31} " 'A basic rule of statutory construction requires that 'words in statutes
should not be construed to be redundant, nor should any words be ignored.' " D.A.B.E.
at ¶ 26, quoting E. Ohio Gas Co. v. Pub. Util. Comm., 39 Ohio St.3d 295, 299 (1988).
Furthermore, statutory language " 'must be construed as a whole and given such
interpretation as will give effect to every word and clause in it.' " Id. at ¶ 26, quoting
Nos. 13AP-473, 13AP-483, 13AP-484, 13AP-486, 13AP-495 and 13AP-496                        14

State ex rel. Myers v. Spencer Twp. Rural School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 95 Ohio St. 367,
372-73 (1917).
       {¶ 32} Coordination of benefits means "a procedure establishing the order in
which plans shall pay their claims, and permitting secondary plans to reduce their
benefits so that the combined benefits of all plans do not exceed total allowable
expenses." Ohio Adm.Code 3901-8-01(C)(6). R.C. 3902.13 codifies Ohio's coordination
of benefits laws. The statute provides that "[a] plan of health coverage determines its
order of benefits using the first that applies: * * * (6) If none of the rules in divisions
(A)(1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) of this section determines the order of benefits, the primary
plan is the plan that covered the employee * * * longer." Here, none of the provisions in
R.C. 3902.13(A)(1) through (5) could apply. Notably, ODI determined that the plans at
issue have covered the complainants for the same amount of time, as each plan became
effective upon the complainants' retirement. Ohio Adm.Code 3901-8-01(G)(6) provides
that if none of the "preceding rules determines the order of benefits, the allowable
expenses shall be shared equally between the plans."
       {¶ 33} R.C. 3902.13(K)(1) provides that "[n]o third-party payer shall knowingly
fail to comply with the order of benefits as set forth in division (A) of this section." R.C.
3902.13(K)(2) provides that "[n]o primary plan shall direct or encourage an insured to
use the benefits of a secondary plan that results in a reduction of payment by such
primary plan." Whoever violates R.C. 3902.13(K) "is deemed to have engaged in an
unfair and deceptive insurance act or practice under sections 3901.19 to 3901.26 of the
Revised Code, and is subject to proceedings pursuant to those sections."                R.C.
3902.13(L).
       {¶ 34} R.C. 3902.11 provides definitions for the terms used in sections 3902.11 to
3902.14 of the Revised Code. R.C. 3902.11(B) defines a plan of health coverage to
include any of the following:
              (1) An individual or group sickness and accident insurance
              policy, which policy provides for hospital, dental, surgical, or
              medical services;

              (2) Any individual or group contract of a health insuring
              corporation, which contract provides for hospital, dental,
              surgical, or medical services;
Nos. 13AP-473, 13AP-483, 13AP-484, 13AP-486, 13AP-495 and 13AP-496                      15

             (3) Any other individual or group policy or agreement under
             which a third-party payer provides for hospital, dental,
             surgical, or medical services.

             (C) "Provider" means a hospital, nursing home, physician,
             podiatrist, dentist, pharmacist, chiropractor, or other
             licensed health care provider entitled to reimbursement by a
             third-party payer for services rendered to a beneficiary under
             a benefits contract.

      {¶ 35} The self-funded health care plans offered by Akron and OP&F contain
coordination of benefits provisions. Accordingly, ODI and complainants contend that
Akron and OP&F offer plans of health coverage under R.C. 3902.11(B)(3).             R.C.
3902.11(B)(3), however, is only applicable to a third-party payer. R.C. 3902.11(A) states
that the term "third-party payer" has the same meaning as that term has in R.C.
3901.38. R.C. 3901.38(F) defines a third-party payer to include any of the following:
             (1) An insurance company;

             (2) A health insuring corporation;

             (3) A labor organization;

             (4) An employer;

             (5) An intermediary organization, as defined in section
             1751.01 of the Revised Code, that is not a health delivery
             network contracting solely with self-insured employers;

             (6) An administrator subject to sections 3959.01 to 3959.16
             of the Revised Code;

             (7) A health delivery network, as defined in section 1751.01 of
             the Revised Code;

             (8) Any other person that is obligated pursuant to a benefits
             contract to reimburse for covered health care services
             rendered to beneficiaries under such contract.

      {¶ 36} ODI asserts that Akron and OP&F qualify as third-party payers under R.C.
3901.38(F)(8), as they have obligated themselves to pay the health benefits of their
retirees pursuant to contract.   R.C. 3901.38(F)(8) applies only to a person who is
obligated to reimburse for covered health care services. Neither R.C. 3901.38 nor
Nos. 13AP-473, 13AP-483, 13AP-484, 13AP-486, 13AP-495 and 13AP-496                      16

3902.11 define the word person. Although R.C. 3901.19 defines the term "person," the
definitions therein are applicable only to section 3901.19 to 3901.26 of the Revised
Code. Accordingly, the definition of person in R.C. 3901.19(D) is inapplicable to either
R.C. 3902.11 or 3901.38. As such, we must rely on the general definition of the word
"person" contained in R.C. 1.59(C), which defines a person to include "an individual,
corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, and association." Akron is a
political subdivision and OP&F is a pension fund. Thus, as neither entity qualifies as a
person under R.C. 1.59(C), neither Akron nor OP&F can qualify as a third-party payer
under R.C. 3901.38(F)(8).
       {¶ 37} Although Akron is technically an employer, R.C. 3901.38(F) distinguishes
between employers and self-insured employers. While an employer may be a third-
party payer under R.C. 3901.38(F)(4), and 3901.38(F)(5) states that an intermediary
organization may qualify as a third-party payer, the intermediary organization will not
qualify as a third-party payer if it is a health delivery network contracting solely with a
self-insured employer. See R.C. 1751.01(P) (defining an intermediary organization). A
health delivery network alone may also be a third-party payer under R.C. 3901.38(F)(7).
       {¶ 38} It appears unreasonable to construe one of the provisions in R.C.
3901.38(F) to include a self-insured employer, when the statute expressly excludes a
health delivery network contracting solely with a self-insured employer from the
definition of a third-party payer. Compare Thomas v. Freeman, 79 Ohio St.3d 221, 224
(1997), quoting Black's Law Dictionary 581 (6th Ed.1990) (noting the principle of
expressio unis est exclusio alterius, which means " 'the expression of one thing is the
exclusion of the other' "); New Albany Park Condominium Assn. v. Lifestyle
Communities, Ltd., 195 Ohio App.3d 459, 2011-Ohio-2806 (10th Dist.), ¶ 23, quoting
Barnhart v. Peabody Coal Co, 537 U.S. 149, 168 (2003) (noting that the " 'canon
expressio unius est exclusio alterius does not apply to every statutory listing or
grouping; it has force only when the items expressed are members of an "associated
group or series," justifying the inference that items not mentioned were excluded by
deliberate choice, not inadvertence' "). As the statute expressly mentions self-insured
employers, but does not include them among the list of entities that may be considered a
Nos. 13AP-473, 13AP-483, 13AP-484, 13AP-486, 13AP-495 and 13AP-496                       17

third-party payer, it appears the General Assembly intentionally did not include self-
insured entities in the definition of third-party payer in R.C. 3901.38(F).
       {¶ 39} Our conclusion herein is further bolstered by the fact that other sections in
the Revised Code which regulate insurance do expressly apply to self-insured entities.
All statutes relating to the same subject matter must be read in pari materia, and
construed together, so as to give the proper force and effect to each and all such statutes.
State v. Cook, 128 Ohio St.3d 120, 2010-Ohio-6305, ¶ 45. See also State v. Moaning, 76
Ohio St.3d 126, 128 (1996) (noting that courts should construe statutory provisions
together and read the Revised Code "as an interrelated body of law"); Santarelli v.
Western Reserve Transit Auth., 7th Dist. No. 88 C.A. 57 (Feb. 10, 1989), quoting 85
Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Statutes, Section 225, 228 (noting that " '[t]he rule of in pari
materi is a reflection of the fact that the General Assembly, in enacting a statute, is
assumed, or presumed, to have legislated with full knowledge and in the light of all
statutory provisions concerning the subject matter of the act' "). "The in pari materia
rule of construction may be used in interpreting statutes where some doubt or
ambiguity exists." State ex rel. Herman v. Klopfleisch, 72 Ohio St.3d 581, 585 (1995).
       {¶ 40} Chapter 39 of the Revised Code relates specifically to insurance. Several
provisions in Chapter 39 expressly regulate self-insured plans and self-insured entities.
See R.C. 3901.40 (providing that "[n]o insurance company, health insuring corporation,
or self-insured plan authorized to do business in this state shall include or provide in its
policies * * * reimbursement for services in any hospital which is not certified or
accredited"); R.C. 3901.45(A)(2) (prohibiting insurers from considering an applicant's
sexual orientation when determining insurability, and defining insurer for purposes of
the statute to mean "any person authorized to engage in the business of life or sickness
and accident insurance * * * or any person or governmental entity providing health
services coverage for individuals on a self-insurance basis"); R.C. 3901.50(B)(1)
(providing that "[n]o self-insurer, in processing an application for coverage under a plan
of self-insurance or in determining insurability under such a plan, shall * * * [r]equire
an individual seeking coverage to submit to genetic screening or testing"); R.C.
3923.38(A)(1) (providing for the continuation of health care coverage to certain
terminated employees, and defining group policy for purposes of the statute to mean
Nos. 13AP-473, 13AP-483, 13AP-484, 13AP-486, 13AP-495 and 13AP-496                     18

"any group sickness and accident policy or contract * * *, and any private or public
employer self-insurance plan"); R.C. 3923.382(A)(2) (providing for the continuation of
group plan coverage during an eligible person's military service, and stating that a group
plan includes "any private or public employer self-insurance plan" which provides for
health benefits "other than through an insurer or health insuring corporation").
Compare R.C. 9.833(B)(1) and (C)(10) (providing that political subdivisions "that
provide health care benefits for their" employees may "[e]stablish and maintain an
individual self-insurance program with public moneys to provide authorized health care
benefits," that these individual self-insurance programs can join together and agree to
be jointly administered; and providing that a joint self-insurance program is "not an
insurance company" and its operation "does not constitute doing an insurance business
and is not subject to the insurance laws of this state").
       {¶ 41} Construing R.C. 3902.13 and 3901.38(F) in pari materia with the other
statutes in Chapter 39 which expressly regulate self-insurance, it is apparent that the
General Assembly intentionally chose not to make self-insured health care plans subject
to the coordination of benefits laws. The General Assembly could have included a self-
insured entity in the definition of third-party payer in R.C. 3901.38(F), or expressly
made R.C. 3902.13 applicable to self-insured plans of health coverage. As the General
Assembly did not make the coordination of benefits law applicable to self-insured
entities, when it has made other insurance laws applicable to self-insured entities, we
conclude that the coordination of benefits law in R.C. 3902.13 is inapplicable to self-
insured health care plans. Accordingly, ODI lacked jurisdiction to regulate Akron's and
OP&F's self-insured retiree health care plans.
       {¶ 42} We further note that ODI issued the cease and desist order on the basis
that, due to the violation of R.C. 3902.13(K), Akron's actions constituted an unfair or
deceptive act under R.C. 3901.20.       R.C. 3901.221 states that if a violation of R.C.
3901.20 has caused or is about to cause substantial and material harm, the
superintendent of insurance may issue an order that the person cease and desist from
any activity violating that section. R.C. 3901.20 provides that "[n]o person shall engage
in this state in any trade practice which is defined in sections 3901.19 to 3901.23 of the
Revised Code as, or determined pursuant to those sections to be, an unfair or deceptive
Nos. 13AP-473, 13AP-483, 13AP-484, 13AP-486, 13AP-495 and 13AP-496                     19

act or practice in the business of insurance." Because the self-funded plans at issue are
fundamentally not insurance, ODI could not find that Akron or OP&F had committed an
unfair or deceptive act in the business of insurance. See also R.C. 3901.19(I) and
3901.32(D) (defining an insurer as "any person engaged in the business of insurance,
* * * excepting any agency, authority, or instrumentality of the United States, its
possessions and territories, * * * or a state or political subdivision of a state").
       {¶ 43} Accordingly, we find that the trial court correctly concluded that ODI
lacked jurisdiction to issue the cease and desist against Akron, OP&F and MMO.
Because Akron, OP&F and MMO are not subject to the requirements of R.C. 3902.13,
they could not have been deemed to engage in an unfair or deceptive insurance acts
under R.C. 3902.13(L). By issuing the cease and desist order against Akron, OP&F and
MMO, ODI sought to impermissibly expand its authority, beyond what authority the
General Assembly saw fit to provide it with.
       {¶ 44} Complainants and ODI argue that the result herein is unjust, as the
complainants are now left without a remedy. We disagree. Although it is true that the
complainants do not have a cause of action to enforce Ohio's coordination of benefits
laws against Akron and OP&F, this is because the coordination of benefits laws are not
applicable to self-funded health care plans. Akron police officers and firefighters are
both members of unions. These unions enter into collective bargaining agreements with
Akron. The unions may negotiate and attempt to include provisions in their collective
bargaining agreements which would obligate Akron to coordinate the benefits in their
retiree health care plans in a way the complainants' desire. Complainants may then
enforce these provisions by filing grievances under their respective collective bargaining
agreements. See Fraternal Order of Police, Akron Lodge No. 7 at ¶ 4, 30 (finding that
the grievance, asserting that Akron violated the collective bargaining agreement by
increasing premiums, requiring retirees to maintain OP&F as their primary coverage,
and ceasing to provide secondary coverage to certain retirees, was subject to
arbitration). As the issue before us does not come within ODI's statutory jurisdiction,
the complainants' remedy lies in their ability to negotiate for new terms under their
collective bargaining agreements.
Nos. 13AP-473, 13AP-483, 13AP-484, 13AP-486, 13AP-495 and 13AP-496                      20

       {¶ 45} Based on the foregoing, ODI's first and second assignments of error, and
the complainants' second assignment of error are overruled.
VI. ODI'S THIRD ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR—PRIMARY ADMINISTRATIVE
    JURISDICTION

       {¶ 46} ODI's third assignment of error asserts the trial court erred by failing to
acknowledge or address ODI's jurisdiction under the doctrine of primary administrative
jurisdiction.
       {¶ 47} The doctrine of primary administrative jurisdiction permits a court to avail
itself of the expertise of an administrative agency having special competence in the
matter at hand. Cleveland Elec. Illuminating Co. v. Cleveland, 50 Ohio App.2d 275, 287
(8th Dist.1976). Primary administrative jurisdiction "applies where a claim is originally
cognizable in the courts, and comes into play whenever enforcement of the claim
requires the resolution of issues which, under a regulatory scheme, have been placed
within the special competence of an administrative body." United States v. Western
Pacific Ry. Co., 352 U.S. 59, 64 (1956). In such a case, "the judicial process is suspended
pending referral of such issues to the administrative body for its views." Id. There is no
fixed formula for applying the doctrine of primary administrative jurisdiction, rather in
each case "the question is whether the reasons for the existence of the doctrine are
present and whether the purposes it serves will be aided by its application in the
particular litigation." Id.
       {¶ 48} ODI asserts that even if R.C. 3902.13 "did not specifically vest the
Department with jurisdiction over the issue of coordination, the doctrine of primary
administrative jurisdiction would provide a separate alternative basis for the
Department to assert jurisdiction." (ODI's Appellate Brief, 34.) We disagree. As ODI
did not possess subject-matter jurisdiction to regulate the self-funded health care plans
offered by Akron and OP&F, the doctrine of primary administrative jurisdiction could
not vest jurisdiction in ODI.
       {¶ 49} Based on the foregoing, ODI's third assignment of error is overruled.
Nos. 13AP-473, 13AP-483, 13AP-484, 13AP-486, 13AP-495 and 13AP-496                  21

VII. DISPOSITION
      {¶ 50} Having overruled ODI's first, second and third assignments of error, and
having overruled the complainants' first and second assignments of error, we affirm the
judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas.
                                                                  Judgment affirmed.

                          BROWN and KLATT, JJ., concur.
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