                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 16-0840
                              Filed August 17, 2016


IN THE INTEREST OF M.L.V., a/k/a M.V.C.,
Minor Child,

S.L., Father,
       Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


       Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Louise M. Jacobs,

District Associate Judge.



       A father appeals the termination of his parental rights to his one-year-old

son. AFFIRMED.



       Dale D. Mays of Benzoni Law Office, Des Moines, for appellant father.

       Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Kathrine S. Miller-Todd, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee State.

       ConGarry D. Williams of the State Public Defender’s Office, Des Moines,

for minor child.

       Earl B. Kavanaugh, Jaclyn M. Zimmerman, and Catherine C. Dietz-Kilen

of Harrison & Dietz-Kilen, PLC, Des Moines, for intervenor.




       Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Doyle and Tabor, JJ.
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TABOR, Judge.

          A father appeals the termination of his parental rights to his one-year-old

son, M.L.V. (a/k/a M.V.C.). The juvenile court granted the petition to terminate

the father’s rights under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(e), (g), and (h) (2015). 1

The father contends: (1) he was denied reasonable efforts when the juvenile

court failed to grant him a six-month extension to regain custody of M.L.V. and

(2) termination of his parental rights was not in M.L.V.’s best interests. Because

the juvenile court’s order gives M.L.V. the best opportunity for long-term stability,

we affirm.

I.        Facts and Prior Proceedings

          M.L.V. was born in May 2015. At the time of his birth, he tested positive

for illegal substances, and the Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS)

became involved. The DHS placed M.L.V. in foster care. In July, the juvenile

court adjudicated M.L.V. as a child in need of assistance (CINA) primarily due to

his parents’ substance abuse.

          Following adjudication, the father participated in a small number of the

services the DHS offered to assist him in reunification with M.L.V., including

paternity testing and intermittent supervised visitation.            The father was no

stranger to the DHS—he was in the midst of a termination proceeding involving a

different child at the time of M.L.V.’s birth. He similarly participated in only limited

services with his other child and failed to complete—or even begin—substance-

abuse treatment at any time during those proceedings.                  The juvenile court

terminated his parental rights to that child in October 2015.

1
     The juvenile court also terminated the mother’s parental rights. She has not appealed.
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       Near the end of November 2015 the father was incarcerated for probation

violations. He was released in late December. While in custody, the father

obtained a substance-abuse evaluation, and he entered an outpatient substance-

abuse treatment program on January 5, 2016. The next day, the court held a

permanency hearing and directed the State to file a petition to terminate parental

rights. The termination hearing took place on March 11.

       After the father’s release from custody in December 2015, he resumed

visitation with M.L.V. At the time of the termination hearing, he was scheduled

for one two-hour supervised visitation each week. But he had not progressed to

unsupervised or semi-supervised visitation, and he continued to miss visits.

Between the time he began visits with M.L.V. in September 2015 and the

termination hearing in March 2016, the DHS could identify only one month in

which the father attended every scheduled visit. In February alone, he missed

three consecutive visits with M.L.V. without providing any credible reason for his

absence.

       At the termination hearing, the father acknowledged a long history of drug

use. He testified he had started treatment but was unable to explain particulars

about the treatment program and admitted drinking alcohol a few weeks before

the termination hearing and missing a full two weeks of treatment since he had

begun.     The father had to complete the treatment as a requirement of his

probation but also cited reunification with M.L.V. as a motivation.

       The father also offered testimony about the stability of his living situation

and his ability to address the needs of a child. He did not have permanent

employment or a steady income and was living in his mother’s three-bedroom
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home with four other adults and a child. Although he planned to start full-time

work in the near future, at the time of the hearing, the father had only limited

employment performing snow removal.             He had not worked since the last

snowfall, about one month before the hearing. None of the father’s other six

children were in his care nor had he ever financially supported them. In fact, he

admitted to paying a total of $0.89 in child support to his first five children.

       In its order issued on May 2, 2016, the court concluded the State proved

termination of the father’s parental rights by clear and convincing evidence under

Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(e), (g), and (h). The father now appeals.

II.    Standard of Review

       We review termination-of-parental-rights cases de novo. In re M.W., 876

N.W.2d 212, 219 (Iowa 2016). Although we are not bound by the fact-findings of

the juvenile court, we do give them weight, particularly the court’s credibility

determinations.    Id.   Evidence must be clear and convincing to support the

termination. In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 110–11 (Iowa 2014). Evidence is clear

and convincing when there are no serious or significant doubts as to the

correctness of conclusions of law drawn from the evidence. In re C.B., 611

N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000).

III.   Analysis

       Additional Time. While conceding the statutory grounds for termination

have been met, the father argues he did not receive reasonable efforts—namely,

an additional six months—to allow him to reunify with M.L.V.2 See Iowa Code


2
  Under Iowa Code section 232.102(7), the DHS is required to “make every reasonable
effort to return the child to the child’s home as quickly as possible consistent with the
                                            5


§ 232.104(2)(b) (allowing court to delay “placement of the child for an additional

six months at which time the court shall hold a hearing to consider modification of

its permanency order”).       He contends an additional six months would have

allowed him to “complete his substance abuse treatment, demonstrate his

sobriety over a longer period of time, obtain permanent employment, and bond

even more strongly with M.L.V.”

       To grant a parent additional time, the court must “enumerate the specific

factors, conditions, or expected behavioral changes which comprise the basis for

the determination that the need for removal of the child from the child’s home will

no longer exist at the end of the additional six-month period.”            Id.   We find

additional time would not be warranted here.

       First, the father was dilatory in obtaining treatment for substance abuse.

Although he reported he had enrolled in treatment at the time of the termination

hearing, he did not begin the program until January 2016, nearly seven months

after the court removed M.L.V. from his care and only one day before the

permanency hearing. Nor did the father’s testimony demonstrate an intent to

make a permanent change in his lifestyle.            He reported absences from his

treatment program and admitted drinking alcohol only a few weeks before the

hearing.   Further, because of the father’s lack of cooperation, the DHS was

unable to confirm his treatment progress or that he was enrolled in treatment at

all.


best interests of the child.” This section focuses on “services to improve parenting” and
“includes visitation designed to facilitate reunification.” In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d at 493.
Because the father does not contest the sufficiency of the services offered by the DHS,
we treat this claim as an argument for continuing placement for an additional six months
rather than one of a failure to make reasonable efforts.
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       Second, the father was persistently inconsistent with visitation. See In re

L.L., 459 N.W.2d 489, 495 (Iowa 1990) (“Children simply cannot wait for

responsible parenting. Parenting cannot be turned off and on like a spigot. It

must be constant, responsible, and reliable.”).     Although the assigned DHS

worker observed more regularity in the father’s visitation after his release from

custody in late December, the father continued to miss visits, failing to progress

to even semi-supervised visitation in the nine months between M.L.V.’s removal

and the termination hearing.

       Overall, the record demonstrates a pattern of the father’s unreliability and

inability to support M.L.V. We cannot find with any certainty that another six

months would eliminate the need for M.L.V.’s removal. See In re A.A.G., 708

N.W.2d 85, 93 (Iowa Ct. App. 2005) (finding mother’s “resistance to the services

offered, her last-minute improvement, her pending criminal charges, [and] the

uncertainty of her continued sobriety” all weighed against providing an

extension).

       Best Interests. The father also argues termination of his parental rights is

not in M.L.V.’s best interests. He asks us to consider the strong parent-child

bond and the importance of M.L.V. developing a relationship with his siblings.

See Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(c) (stating the court need not terminate if “[t]here is

clear and convincing evidence that the termination would be detrimental to the

child at the time due to the closeness of the parent-child relationship”). The

father maintains that although he does not live with M.L.V.’s siblings, he visits

them regularly, and placement with him would allow M.L.V. to forge relationships

with his siblings.
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       The best interests of the child are of utmost concern in termination

proceedings. In re L.L., 459 N.W.2d at 493. To determine whether termination

of the parent-child relationship is in a child’s best interests, we primarily consider:

(1) the safety of the child; (2) the best placement for promoting his long-term

growth and nurturing; and (3) his physical, mental, and emotional needs. Iowa

Code § 232.116(2); see also In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 40 (Iowa 2010). While a

strong bond between a parent and child may weigh against termination of

parental rights, it is “not an overriding consideration, but merely a factor to

consider.” In re Z.H., 740 N.W.2d 648, 652 (Iowa Ct. App. 2007). Similarly,

siblings should be kept together whenever possible, but separation of siblings

may be warranted when it better promotes the interests of the child. See In re

T.J.O., 527 N.W.2d 417, 420 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994); see also In re M.M., No. 14-

1877, 2015 WL 2394197, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. May 20, 2015).

       Upon review of these considerations, we agree with the juvenile court’s

determination that M.L.V.’s best interests are served by termination of his father’s

parental rights. M.L.V. has been in foster care since shortly after his birth, and as

previously discussed, the father’s visits since removal have been inconsistent.

The record shows no significant contacts between M.L.V. and his siblings to

date, and because the father does not live with any of M.L.V.’s siblings,

reunification of M.L.V. and his father would not reunify M.L.V. with his siblings

within the meaning of our prior case law. See In re T.J.O., 527 N.W.2d at 420

(“[T]he paramount concern in these cases must be the child’s best interests. The

record is clear it would not be in T.J.O.’s best interests to now seek to establish a
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relationship with a sibling he does not even know.”).       Any bond that has

developed with his father fails to outweigh M.L.V.’s need for permanency.

       Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the juvenile court terminating the

father’s parental rights.

       AFFIRMED.
