                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MAY 22 2019
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No.    18-10221

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No.
                                                3:16-cr-00532-EMC-1
 v.

TUAN DUC LAM,                                   MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of California
                   Edward M. Chen, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted May 13, 2019
                            San Francisco, California

Before: McKEOWN and GOULD, Circuit Judges, and BASTIAN,** District
Judge.

      Defendant-Appellant Tuan Duc Lam was convicted of fraudulent use of an

unauthorized access device, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1029(a)(2), and aggravated

identify theft, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1), in connection with his use



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable Stanley Allen Bastian, United States District Judge for
the Eastern District of Washington, sitting by designation.
of a fake license and credit card to purchase an expensive Rolex watch. Lam

appeals his conviction on the ground that the district erred in denying his motion to

suppress the license and credit card, which Lam contends were seized during an

unlawful search of his person. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and

we affirm. We hold that Sergeant Joseph and Officer McGoon seized the license

and credit card during a valid search incident to arrest. See United States v.

Henderson, 241 F.3d 638, 649 n.1 (9th Cir. 2001) (noting that we may affirm on

any basis fairly presented in the record).

      First, Sergeant Joseph and Officer McGoon had probable cause to arrest

Lam at the time of the search. See United States v. Johnson, 913 F.3d 793, 799

(9th Cir. 2019); United States v. Valencia-Amezcua, 278 F.3d 901, 906 (9th Cir.

2002). A store employee had told them that it was unusual for a person to

purchase a $14,000 watch one day and then return for a $13,000 watch the next

day, which is what Lam did. When Lam first saw the officers, it appeared to them

as if Lam was going to flee. See District of Columbia v. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. 577,

587 (2018); Criswell v. Comstock, 396 F.2d 857, 859 (9th Cir. 1968). Finally, the

officers had strong evidence that Lam had used a fake license to purchase the

watch. The officers reviewed a photocopy of the license, taken by the jewelry

store at the time of Lam’s purchase, before their interaction with Lam. The license

Lam used showed that “Henry Lee” was 40 years old and showed a picture of a


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man who looked about 40 years old. But, based on DMV records, the officers

knew the real Henry Lee was 70 years old.

      Contending that the officers lacked probable cause, Lam urges that the age

discrepancy on the license could have been error on the part of the DMV, or it

could have some other innocent explanation. He also contends that Officer

McGoon’s statement that “without the actual card, [Officer McGoon] could not

verify its validity” shows that the officers did not have probable cause to believe

Lam had committed a crime. But Lam’s arguments ignore that there need only be

a “fair probability that [Lam] had committed a crime.” Valencia-Amezcua, 278

F.3d at 906. The information available to the officers need not demonstrate that

Lam committed a crime beyond a reasonable doubt, or even by a preponderance of

the evidence. See Herring v. United States, 555 U.S. 135, 139 (2009). Here, we

conclude that the evidence known to the officers was sufficient to establish

probable cause.

      Second, “the arrest . . . follow[ed] during a continuous sequence of events.”

Johnson, 913 F.3d at 799. Although the parties dispute the precise moment that

Lam was under “arrest,” we conclude that the arrest occurred at least once Lam

was handcuffed and read his Miranda rights. At that point, a “reasonable person”

would not “feel that he or she [would] be free to leave after brief questioning.”

United States v. Guzman–Padilla, 573 F.3d 865, 884 (9th Cir. 2009); see also


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Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 440 (1984); United States v. Bravo, 295 F.3d

1002, 1010 (9th Cir. 2002). Lam’s arrest occurred less than two minutes after the

search and without intervening acts. The officers merely asked Lam his name,

where the watch was, and provided the credit card information to dispatch.

Cf. United States v. McLaughlin, 170 F.3d 889, 893 (9th Cir. 1999); United States

v. Hudson, 100 F.3d 1409, 1413, 1419 (9th Cir. 1996).

      The district court held that the search of Lam was not a valid search incident

to arrest because the officers did not need to search Lam’s wallet once they seized

it. The court reasoned that the officers could have instead obtained a warrant. The

district court erred on this point. We have long held that law enforcement may

search the contents of a wallet incident to lawful arrest. See United States v.

Passaro, 624 F.2d 938, 944 (9th Cir. 1980); see also Riley v. California, 573 U.S.

373, 392–93 (2014); United States v. Molinaro, 877 F.2d 1341, 1346–47 (7th Cir.

1989); United States v. Richardson, 764 F.2d 1514, 1527 (11th Cir. 1985).

      Because the search was incident to lawful arrest, we affirm the district

court’s decision denying Lam’s motion to suppress. We do not reach the

alternative contention that the license and credit card would inevitably have been

discovered.

      AFFIRMED.




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