                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                 No. 18-0757
                           Filed November 6, 2019


STATE OF IOWA,
     Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

BERLOU JOE BARNARD,
     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Jasper County, Terry R. Rickers,

Judge.



      Defendant Berlou Barnard appeals his conviction of four separate counts

of sexual abuse in the second degree and one count of obstruction of justice

based on error in two evidentiary rulings. AFFIRMED.



      Denise M. Gonyea of McKelvie Law Office, Grinnell, for appellant.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Kyle Hanson, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee.



      Heard    by   Vaitheswaran,   P.J.,   and   Potterfield   and   Mullins,   JJ.
                                            2


POTTERFIELD, Judge.

          Defendant Berlou Barnard appeals his conviction of four separate counts

of sexual abuse in the second degree and one count of obstruction of justice

based on error in two evidentiary rulings. In the first ruling, the district court

admitted a 2015 video recording of a forensic interview conducted at the Child

Protection Center (CPC) at Blank Hospital in Des Moines. The video recording

depicts the complaining witness, Barnard’s minor granddaughter, N.C., recount

several instances when she claims Barnard sexually abused her.                   Barnard

argues the CPC interview is inadmissible hearsay and its admission also violated

his rights under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United

States Constitution. In the second ruling, the district court granted the State’s

motion in limine to prevent Barnard from introducing evidence that N.C. had

made sex abuse allegations against a different family member on a prior

occasion.      Barnard argues this evidence was not covered by Iowa Rule of

Evidence 5.412, which does not cover false allegations of sexual abuse.1 We

affirm.

    I. Factual Background

          In 2013, N.C. lived in Newton with her mother, stepfather, and younger

sibling. Barnard moved to Newton in 2013 with his significant other, Michelle

Wortman. Barnard began seeing N.C. almost every day and often babysat her.



1
  In his appellate brief, Barnard also argues defense counsel was ineffective to the
extent counsel did not raise a constitutional objection to excluding the prior allegations
evidence. However, Barnard does not explain how defense counsel was ineffective for
doing so, and cites no authority in support of this claim. We decline to consider this
argument. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.903(2)(g)(3) (“Failure to cite authority in support of an
issue may be deemed waiver of that issue.”).
                                        3


Barnard was previously convicted of two counts of third-degree sexual abuse and

was on the sex offender registry. He came to an agreement with N.C.’s parents

under which N.C. was allowed to visit him but only if Michelle was present.

      The actions that led to Barnard’s conviction became known to N.C.’s

parents in August 2015. N.C. was seven years old. On August 13, N.C. told her

mother Barnard had touched her “inappropriately” when she was at his house a

few days before. N.C. described the incident to her mother in detail. Michelle

had fallen asleep in the living room. Once Michelle was asleep, Barnard had

picked N.C. up, carried her to his bedroom, and laid her down on the bed. He

pulled down his “Hawkeye” shorts and told her to touch his genitals. While she

did so, he pulled down her pants and started touching her genitals with his hand.

Michelle came in and noticed Barnard with his pants down. N.C. heard Michelle

yell “what are you doing” at Barnard, who insisted that he was just scratching.

      N.C.’s parents took her to a local hospital to have her examined for sexual

abuse. There, N.C. told an emergency room doctor that Barnard had touched

her inappropriately more than once within the last nine months, not just the

incident N.C. told her parents about. The doctor referred N.C. for a forensic

examination at the CPC.

      The CPC interview was conducted on August 24. N.C. was interviewed

by a licensed forensic interviewer. The interview was conducted one on one, in

an interview room with a one-way mirror and was video recorded. A deputy from

the Jasper County Sheriff’s Office observed the interview from behind the one-

way mirror.   In the interview, N.C. recounted the details of the most recent

incident as well as three other times when Barnard inappropriately touched her.
                                           4


In one instance, Barnard licked N.C.’s “private area.” During another incident,

Barnard took N.C. to a shed behind Barnard’s house, where he partially covered

her in a blanket and had N.C. lick his “private” and put his “wiener” in her mouth.

Barnard applied a watermelon-flavored “jelly” to his genitals before she began.

During the third incident, Barnard stopped N.C. in the hallway while Michelle was

showering and forced her to rub his genitals while he rubbed her genitals. After

observing the CPC interview, Jasper County police obtained a warrant and

searched Barnard’s home.         During the search they found several pairs of

“Hawkeye” shorts and sleepwear, a bottle of watermelon-flavored lubricant, and a

blanket in Barnard’s shed.

       Jasper County police arrested Barnard on October 16. He was charged

with four counts of sexual abuse in the second degree.2 A charge of obstruction

of justice was later added after evidence was introduced that showed Barnard

had destroyed the blanket used to cover N.C. in the shed. Barnard pled not

guilty to all charges.

    II. Procedural Background

       The first evidentiary ruling challenged on appeal is the admission of the

CPC interview into evidence.       On March 28, 2017, the State moved for the

recording to be admitted pursuant to Iowa Rule of Evidence 5.807, the residual

hearsay exception. After a hearing on the motion on May 15, the district court

determined the State had not yet shown the evidence was “necessary” under rule

5.807 and denied the motion.

2
  Barnard was also charged with one count of failure to comply with sex offender registry
requirements and one count of possession of a controlled substance (marijuana). These
charges were dismissed at the State’s request.
                                          5


       Trial was set to begin on February 28, 2018. On January 16, the State

filed its notice of intent to submit the CPC interview. Barnard filed his resistance

later that month.   Following the pretrial motions hearing on February 16, the

district court reserved ruling on whether the CPC interview was admissible until

the State offered it at trial. The district court also required that the State make an

offer of proof before the court would consider admitting the interview.

       The State made the required offer of proof after N.C.’s testimony at trial.

N.C., now ten years old, struggled to answer questions. On direct examination,

she could recount basic biographic information such as her age, address, her

parents’ and grandparents’ names, and the names of her teachers in school. But

when asked about the sexual abuse, she became “[r]eally nervous and scared”

and told the prosecutor, “It’s like really hard to say the answers,” to the

prosecutor’s questions. The State requested a short recess, during which the

State moved to admit the CPC interview into evidence.              Defense counsel

objected and argued the interview still did not meet rule 5.807’s requirements

and admission of the interview would violate Barnard’s rights under the

Confrontation Clause. The district court decided to wait to rule on the issue until

defense counsel had a chance to cross-examine N.C. After the recess, N.C.

could provide a slightly more detailed account of what had happened.             She

testified Barnard put “lotion” on his genitals during one incident, and “it was like

watermelon or something like that.” She was still, however, unable to describe

when the incidents happened and the sequence in which they happened. N.C.

continued to struggle on cross-examination. She testified she did not “really
                                         6


remember that much” about the incidents, although she noted she did remember

that they had happened.

       After N.C. completed her testimony, the State made an offer of proof to lay

foundation for admitting the CPC interview. The district court took the matter

under advisement over the weekend and requested the parties submit briefs in

support of their respective positions.       When the trial resumed the following

Monday, the district court admitted the CPC interview into evidence. The court

noted the interview was “necessary” under rule 5.807:

               It was noteworthy to the Court that [N.C.] struggled trying to
       testify in open court. Although she could talk about routine things
       like the name of her teacher or what pets live in the house or things
       like that, whenever she was asked to talk about the substantive
       allegations in this case, it was clear that she more or less shut
       down. After a break, she was able to provide some testimony
       regarding acts of inappropriate behavior between her and the
       Defendant. But taking into account the fact that the incidents
       alleged are alleged to have occurred more than two years ago and
       that this video was created more than two years ago when the
       alleged incidents were more fresh in her mind, I think that that
       interview and those statements constitute the most probative
       evidence that’s available, and the jury should be allowed to
       consider those statements and consider their credibility or lack
       thereof.

The district court also concluded the Confrontation Clause did not prohibit the

court from admitting the interview. An edited version of the video was played for

the jury.

       The second evidentiary ruling relates to the report of another sexual abuse

incident involving N.C. During discovery, Barnard’s counsel learned N.C. had

made sexual assault allegations against another relative in 2013. Police and

Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) staff investigated these allegations

and determined they were “unfounded.” The State moved to have all evidence
                                          7


related to these allegations excluded.        Over Barnard’s resistance, the district

court held Barnard had not met his burden to show the allegations were “false,”

and so the reports were inadmissible under Iowa Rule of Evidence 5.412 as

“[e]vidence of a victim’s other sexual behavior.”

       The jury found Barnard guilty of all four counts of sexual abuse and one

count of obstruction of justice. Barnard was sentenced to two consecutive life

sentences without the possibility of parole. Barnard appeals.

   III. Standard of Review

       “Although we normally review evidence-admission decisions by the district

court for an abuse of discretion, we review hearsay claims for errors at law.”

State v. Smith, 876 N.W.2d 180, 184 (Iowa 2016) (citing State v. Paredes, 775

N.W.2d 554, 560 (Iowa 2009)).           “[W]e review claims brought under the

Confrontation Clause de novo.” State v. Rainsong, 807 N.W.2d 283, 286 (Iowa

2011) (citing State v. Harper, 770 N.W.2d 316, 319 (Iowa 2009)). “We review

trial court rulings on admissibility of evidence under rule 5.412 in criminal

prosecutions for abuse of discretion.” State v. Alberts, 722 N.W.2d 402, 407

(Iowa 2006) (citing State v. Mitchell, 568 N.W.2d 493, 497 (Iowa 1997)).

“Reversal is warranted only upon showing the ‘court exercise[d] its discretion on

grounds or for reasons clearly untenable or to an extent clearly unreasonable.’”

Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Mitchell, 568 N.W.2d at 497).

   IV. Discussion

       On appeal, Barnard argues the district court erred by admitting the CPC

interview and granting the State’s motion in limine to exclude any evidence
                                         8


related to N.C.’s abuse allegations against another family member. We consider

each of his arguments in turn.

          a. Hearsay

       Under Iowa Code section 915.38(3), the district court may admit “recorded

statements of a child . . . describing sexual contact performed with or on the

child” if the statements “substantially comport with” rule 5.807. Rule 5.807 allows

a hearsay statement not otherwise covered by one of the enumerated hearsay

exceptions in rule 5.803 or 5.804 to be admitted if

               (1) The statement has equivalent circumstantial guarantees
       of trustworthiness;
               (2) It is offered as evidence of a material fact;
               (3) It is more probative on the point for which it is offered
       than any other evidence that the proponent can obtain through
       reasonable efforts; and
               (4) Admitting it will best serve the purposes of these rules
       and the interests of justice.

Iowa R. Evid. 5.807(a).       The Iowa Supreme Court restated Rule 5.807’s

requirements in State v. Rojas, 524 N.W.2d 659 (Iowa 1994); see also id. at 664

(concluding recantation by witness made admission of her CPC interview

“necessary”).   Under Rojas, “[t]he requirements for admissibility under the

residual exception are five-fold: trustworthiness, materiality, necessity, service of

the interests of justice, and notice.” 524 N.W.2d at 662–63.

       On appeal, Barnard only contests the district court’s application of the

“necessity” requirement of rule 5.807. He bases his argument on two cases:

Rojas and State v. Neitzel, 810 N.W.2d 612 (Iowa Ct. App. 2011). In Rojas, the

supreme court held a forensic interview was “necessary” where the child

complaining witness recanted what she said during the interview while testifying.
                                        9

524 N.W.2d at 663.      In Neitzel, a panel of our court determined a forensic

interview was “necessary” where the child complaining witness did not recall

specific information about the alleged abuse. 801 N.W.2d at 624 (holding the

interview was admissible under both rule 5.807 and the hearsay exception for

statements made for purpose of medical diagnosis).            Barnard argues, in

essence, that necessity is constrained to the facts of these two cases.

      The “necessity” factor in both Neitzel and Rojas and the language of rule

5.807 rely on a finding that the prior statement is “more probative” than “any

other evidence that the proponent can obtain through reasonable efforts.” Iowa

R. Evid. 5.807(a)(3). The prior statement is “necessary” not because the State

needs it, but because it is the most probative evidence reasonably available. In

Neitzel, our court noted the minor child’s videotaped statement “was necessary

because . . . [it was] the most probative evidence.”        801 N.W.2d at 623.

Similarly, the supreme court in Rojas concluded the testimony was “the most

probative evidence” because “the statement was the best direct evidence

implicating [the defendant] as [the complaining witness]’s abuser.” 524 N.W.2d

at 663; see also id. (noting a showing that the evidence is “the most probative

evidence” is “[t]he appropriate showing of . . . necessity”). We have similarly

focused on the probative value of CPC interviews in recent unreported decisions.

See State v. Heggebo, No. 17-1194, 2018 WL 6719729, at *4–5 (Iowa Ct. App.

Dec. 19, 2018) (concluding a CPC interview was “necessary” because it was

“more probative on the issue” than alternative evidence (citing Rule 5.807(a)(3)));

see also State v. Pantaleon, No. 15-0129, 2016 WL 740448, at *1–2 (Iowa Ct.

App. Feb. 24, 2016) (concluding a CPC interview was admissible under rule
                                       10

5.807 even when the child testified at trial); State v. Olds, No. 14-0825, 2015 WL

6510298, at *8 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 28, 2015) (same). The same reasoning

applies here, where the witness was unable to describe the events of her assault

and her prior statement was the most probative evidence. We conclude the

district court did not err when it found the State had shown the CPC interview

was “necessary” under Rojas and rule 5.807.

          b. Confrontation Clause

      Barnard also contends admitting the CPC interview violated his rights

under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States

Constitution. U.S. Const. amend. VI (“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused

shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him.”).

“[T]his bedrock procedural guarantee applies to both federal and state

prosecutions.” Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 42 (2004) (citing Pointer v.

Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 406 (1965)). In particular, he argues his rights under the

Confrontation Clause were violated because his trial counsel could not effectively

cross-examine N.C., who was unable to recall specific information related to

Barnard’s actions and struggled to answer questions on both direct and cross-

examination. But where a speaker “appears for cross-examination at trial, the

Confrontation Clause places no constraints at all on the use of his prior

testimonial statements.” State v. Tompkins, 859 N.W.2d 631, 640 (Iowa 2015)

(quoting Crawford, 541 U.S. at 59 n.9); Rojas, 524 N.W.2d at 664 (“The

Confrontation Clause was satisfied here because the hearsay declarant actually

testified in court and was available to be cross-examined.”). “[T]he Confrontation

Clause guarantees only an opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-
                                        11


examination that is effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the

defense might wish.”      Tompkins, 859 N.W.2d at 640 (alteration in original)

(quoting United States v. Owens, 484 U.S. 554, 559 (1988)). Barnard had the

opportunity to—and did—cross-examine N.C. That she struggled to testify to all

the allegations she made in the CPC interview does not create a violation

Barnard’s rights under the Confrontation Clause. See Delaware v. Fensterer,

474 U.S. 15, 21 (1985) (“The Confrontation Clause includes no guarantee that

every witness called by the prosecution will refrain from giving testimony that is

marred by forgetfulness, confusion, or evasion.           To the contrary, the

Confrontation Clause is generally satisfied when the defense is given a full and

fair opportunity to probe and expose these infirmities through cross-examination,

thereby calling to the attention of the factfinder the reasons for giving scant

weight to the witness’ testimony.”). On our de novo review, we conclude the

Confrontation Clause did not bar the admission of N.C.’s CPC interview.

          c. Prior Allegations of Sexual Assault

      Finally, Barnard argues the district court abused its discretion by granting

the State’s motion in limine to exclude all evidence related to N.C.’s prior sexual

abuse allegations against another relative. The district court determined Barnard

did not meet his burden to show the allegations were false and concluded the

allegations were inadmissible under Iowa’s rape-shield law, codified as Iowa

Rule of Evidence 5.412.

      Rule 5.412 generally “prohibits introduction of reputation or opinion

evidence of a complaining witness’s other sexual behavior and substantially

limits the admission of evidence of specific instances of a complaining witness’s
                                        12

other sexual behavior.”     State v. Trane, ___ N.W.2d ___, ___, 2019 WL

5089721, at *8 (Iowa 2019).      “Its purpose ‘is to protect the victim’s privacy,

encourage the reporting and prosecution of sex offenses, and prevent the parties

from delving into distractive, irrelevant matters.’” Id. (quoting State v. Edouard,

854 N.W.2d 421, 448–49 (Iowa 2014)). But the rule does not apply to “prior false

claims of sexual activity” which “fall outside both the letter and the spirit of the

rape-shield law.” State v. Baker, 679 N.W.2d 7, 10 (Iowa 2004). A defendant

seeking to introduce evidence of a complaining witness’s prior false claims “must

first make a threshold showing to the trial judge outside the presence of the jury

that (1) the complaining witness made the statements and (2) the statements are

false, based on a preponderance of the evidence.” Alberts, 722 N.W.2d at 409.

Neither party disputes that N.C. made the allegations.       The only question is

whether Barnard has met his burden to show the allegations were false.

       To support his position, Barnard points to the deposition of Meagan See,

the DHS staff member who conducted the investigation of the 2013 allegations.

See interviewed N.C., N.C.’s mother, and several other family members before

ultimately concluding the allegations were either “unfounded” or “unconfirmed.”

Barnard further points to the fact the police also investigated the allegations and

declined to press charges.     But as See explained during her deposition, her

conclusion the allegations were “unfounded” does not mean they were “false.”

On the contrary, See concluded N.C. “provided credible statements that would

indicate a sex act had occurred.”        See further clarified the “unconfirmed”

determination was made because she could not corroborate N.C.’s account and
                                         13


the DHS requirement for the alleged perpetrator to be in a caretaker role over

N.C. was not met:

             Q. We’re back to the determinations of the sexual abuse.
      What was your determination there? A. So that was still a not
      confirmed report. And once again, there were several issues with
      that. First of all, that caretaker role, I just was not able to establish
      [the relative] as a caretaker. As far as determining a sex act had
      occurred, I felt that [N.C.] had provided credible information
      regarding the sex act. But as far as gathering any information to
      just collaborate that information or to provide support or to bump
      that up to anything versus a he said/she said type issue, I just was
      not able to establish that.
             ....
             Q. So once again, this is not that what she was saying didn’t
      happen. It’s that what she was saying wouldn’t have qualified as a
      sexual abuse under your definition because of the caretaker role?
      A. Because of the caretaker role, yes.
             Q. So everything she said might have actually happened, but
      you’re going to say not confirmed because [the relative] does not
      qualify as a caretaker? A. Right.

      Similarly, that criminal charges were not brought against the relative does

not show the allegations were false either. See State v. Bratcher, No. 14-2058,

2016 WL 1677997, at *6 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 27, 2016) (concluding a prosecutor’s

refusal to bring charges is not evidence the charges were false); see also People

v. Lancaster, 373 P.3d 655, 622 (Colo. App. 2015) (“Because a prosecutor may

decline to bring charges for any number of reasons, the fact that sexual assault

reports by the victim did not result in charges being brought is not a sufficient

offer of proof . . . .”). As the district court noted in its order on the motion in

limine, “The fact that law enforcement investigator’s did not conclude that they

could prove the abuse allegations beyond a reasonable doubt does not preclude

this court from determining that N.C.’s allegations against [the relative] are

credible.” We conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion when it
                                      14


concluded Barnard had not met his burden of proof to show N.C.’s prior

allegations were false by a preponderance of the evidence.

       Neither of the evidentiary errors argued by Barnard is meritorious. We

affirm his convictions.

       AFFIRMED.
