                                 STATE OF MINNESOTA
                                 IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                       A14-0719

                                      Marian V. Swanson,
                                         Respondent,

                                               vs.

                                     Terrence K. Swanson,
                                          Appellant.

                                   Filed December 1, 2014
                                          Reversed
                                    Cleary, Chief Judge

                    Lake County District Court File No. 38-CV-12-594
                                           and
                St. Louis County District Court File No. 69VI-CV-12-1080


Colleen A. Kosluchar, Andrew J. Phillips, Phillips Law Office Ltd., Virginia, Minnesota
(for respondent)

Richard A. Ohlsen, Richard A. Ohlsen, Ltd., Brainerd, Minnesota; and
William G. Campbell, Campbell Law Offices, Ely, Minnesota (for appellant)


       Considered and decided by Ross, Presiding Judge; Cleary, Chief Judge; and

Schellhas, Judge.

                                       SYLLABUS

       Under the doctrine of merger, a life estate in real property is extinguished when

title to the life estate and title to a remainder interest in the property are united in one

owner. The life estate, the lesser estate, merges into the remainder interest, the greater

estate, resulting in title to a fee simple interest in the property.
      The owner of a fee simple interest in real property is not a tenant in common with

the owner of a remainder interest under Minn. Stat. § 558.01 (2012).

                                     OPINION

CLEARY, Chief Judge

      Respondent brought an action to partition property under Minn. Stat. § 558.01.

Appellant opposed the partition and brought a motion for summary judgment. The

district court denied the motion for summary judgment and held that respondent could

bring a partition action under section 558.01. The district court found that partition by

sale was appropriate after a partition hearing. Because we conclude that respondent’s

remainder and life estate merge to create a fee simple, and because the owner of a fee

simple interest is not a tenant in common with the owner of a remainder interest under

section 558.01, we reverse.

                                        FACTS

      Respondent Marian Swanson and her late husband conveyed a future interest in

two properties to their children, Kristin Schumacher and appellant Terrence Swanson, by

quit claim deeds executed on January 26, 1996. One property was a homestead located in

Babbitt, Minnesota, and the other was a cabin located on White Iron Lake in Lake

County, Minnesota. The deeds created a life estate in the two properties for respondent

and reserved undivided one-half remainder interests for respondent’s daughter and

appellant. Respondent’s husband died on October 20, 2007. Respondent’s daughter and




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her then husband conveyed their one-half remainder interests back to respondent through

quit claim deeds recorded on November 9, 2012.

      After respondent received the remainder interests, she brought an action for

partition. Appellant moved for summary judgment. The major issue at the summary

judgment hearing was whether respondent could bring an action for partition under

Minnesota law depending on how the district court classified her property interests.

Respondent argued that she had a life estate subject to appellant’s undivided one-half

remainder in the properties, and a fee simple estate in the other half created by merging

her life estate and undivided one-half remainder interests. Respondent argued that the

owner of a fee simple interest could bring an action to partition against an undivided one-

half remainder under section 558.01. Appellant argued that respondent could not bring

an action for partition under Minnesota law. The district court denied appellant’s motion

for summary judgment in all respects and said that respondent was a “life tenant to the

subject properties and an owner of one-half of the remainder in the two properties.” The

district court reasoned that the remainder and life estate together were an “undivided one-

half fee simple (which encompasses both a present and future interest).”

      The district court held a partition hearing. At the hearing, respondent argued for

partition by sale because one of the properties was a homestead that could not be

partitioned in kind without great expense, and the other property was a cabin that could

not be divided because of lake-front and septic regulations. The district court found that




                                            3
partition by sale was appropriate. Appellant timely filed an appeal under Minn. Stat.

§ 558.215 (2012).

                                         ISSUES

       I.     Did appellant waive the right to challenge the district court’s

characterization of respondent’s property interests?

       II.    Should Minnesota apply the merger doctrine when a person’s life estate and

remainder interests are united?

       III.   Does respondent have the requisite property interest under section 558.01

to bring an action for partition?


                                       ANALYSIS

                                            I.

       In its summary judgment order, the district court held that respondent had the

necessary property interests to bring an action for partition. Respondent unpersuasively

argues that appellant waived the property interest issue at the partition hearing. This

court may review any order affecting the order from which the appeal is taken. Minn. R.

Civ. App. P. 103.04; Thuma v. Kroschel, 506 N.W.2d 14, 19 (Minn. App. 1993) (stating

that an appellate court may review otherwise nonappealable interlocutory orders, such as

an order denying summary judgment, on an appeal from a judgment so long as they affect

the judgment), review denied (Minn. Dec. 14, 1993). A denial of summary judgment

based on a legal determination is reviewable on appeal from a final judgment. Schmitz v.




                                             4
Rinke, Noonan, Smoley, Deter, Colombo, Wiant, Von Korff & Hobbs, Ltd., 783 N.W.2d

733, 744 (Minn. App. 2010), review denied (Minn. Sept. 21, 2010).

       Here, the order for partition provides the basis for appeal pursuant to Minn. Stat.

§ 558.215. However, at the partition hearing the district court referenced the summary-

judgment order: “[W]e’ve discussed [who can bring an action for partition under section

558.01] as part of a summary judgment motion which has already been handled by the

Court.” There were no disputed facts regarding the property interests at the summary-

judgment hearing. The district court’s standing determination was a question of law. See

Rukavina v. Pawlenty, 684 N.W.2d 525, 531 (Minn. App. 2004) (stating that “[w]hether a

party has standing to sue is a question of law”). Because the district court found in its

summary-judgment order that respondent had standing to bring an action for partition

under section 558.01, this court can review the order.

                                             II.

       Respondent has a life estate and an undivided one-half remainder interest in the

properties. Appellant has an undivided one-half remainder interest in the properties

subject to respondent’s life estate and argues that respondent does not have the requisite

property interests to bring an action for partition. In the summary judgment order, the

district court held that “[respondent] is the owner of a life estate and a one-half undivided

remainder interest which give[s] her the requisite ownership interest to bring an action in

partition.” Later in the same order, the district court stated that respondent had an

“undivided one-half fee simple (which encompasses both a present and future interest).”




                                             5
When appellant challenged the characterization of respondent’s property interests at the

partition hearing, the district court referenced the summary judgment order. Given the

language in the summary judgment order, it is unclear whether the district court applied

merger, permitted the partition action to go forward as between two owners of remainder

interests, or both.

       When the material facts of a case are not in dispute, this court applies a de novo

standard of review to determine whether the trial court erred in its application of the law

on a motion for summary judgment. Washington v. Milbank Ins. Co., 562 N.W.2d 801,

804 (Minn. 1997). At the summary judgment hearing, appellant and respondent did not

dispute the material facts. This court can therefore review the district court’s ruling

regarding the characterization of respondent’s property interest de novo. Id. Because no

published Minnesota appellate court decision has addressed whether the merger doctrine

applies when someone holds both a life estate and remainder in the same property at the

same time, we address the issue for the first time.

       The supreme court has applied the merger doctrine in other situations instructive

here. It has applied merger where the same person owns the dominant and servient

estates with an easement. Pergament v. Loring Props., Ltd., 599 N.W.2d 146, 149

(Minn. 1999) (“[A]n easement that benefits the dominant estate and burdens the servient

estate is extinguished when fee title to each estate is united in one owner.”). The supreme

court has also used merger when the same person acquires title to a property and a

mortgage on that property. Davis v. Pierce, 10 Minn. 376, 378 (1865). In deciding




                                             6
whether the mortgage and title merge, courts look to the intent of the parties to determine

whether the mortgage is extinguished.1 Id.; Losleben v. Losleben, 199 Minn. 227, 230,

271 N.W. 463, 464 (1937). For example, in certain cases the owner of the property who

also holds a first mortgage might want to keep the mortgage interest separate so it can be

satisfied if the property is sold. Losleben, 199 Minn. at 231, 271 N.W. at 465.

       The application of the merger doctrine in this case would be similar to the

application of merger involving easements. In the case of easements, there is no reason

to maintain a distinction between the servient estate, dominant estate, and the easement,

because the same person owns all three. Similarly, there is no reason to maintain the

separation of a remainder and life estate when the same owner holds them together.

Maintaining the separation would lead to a confusing mix of legal duties that one person

would owe to herself. For example, the life tenant would owe a duty to herself to pay

interest and taxes and keep the premises in reasonable repair. St. Paul Trust Co. v.

Mintzer, 65 Minn. 124, 131, 67 N.W. 657, 659 (1896).

       Because the use of merger in this circumstance is an issue of first impression, this

court may also look for guidance from foreign jurisdictions that have addressed the issue.

Bruggeman v. Jerry’s Enters., Inc., 591 N.W.2d 705, 709 (Minn. 1999). Many foreign

courts hold that if someone holds both a life estate and a remainder in the same property



1
  Respondent did not argue whether or not it was her intent to have the interests merge to
the district court; the district court never made a ruling on the issue; the parties did not
brief the issue on appeal; and this court will therefore not consider the parties’ intent
regarding merger. See Melina v. Chaplin, 327 N.W.2d 19, 20 (Minn. 1982) (holding that
issues not briefed on appeal are waived).


                                             7
at the same time, the property rights merge into a fee simple.2           Additionally, an

established property law principle is that “whenever a greater estate and a less coincide

and meet in one and the same person, without any intermediate estate, the less is

immediately annihilated, or, in the law phrase, it is said to be merged, that is, sunk or

drowned in the greater.” 1 Herbert T. Tiffany et al., The Law of Real Property § 70 (3d

ed. 1976) (citing 2 William Blackstone, Commentaries § 177); see also Bagley v.

McCarthy Bros. Co., 95 Minn. 286, 289, 104 N.W. 7, 9 (1905) (reciting same idea

expressed in Tiffany’s). Applying this principle to the facts of the case, the life estate,

the lesser estate, merges into the remainder, the greater estate.

       Given the use of the merger doctrine in other contexts in Minnesota and the

persuasive authority of foreign courts, we hold that the doctrine applies in Minnesota

when a life estate and remainder interest are united in one owner. More specifically, the




2
  See Larmon v. Larmon, 191 S.W. 110, 112 (Ky. 1917) (“Thus, if there be a tenant for
years, and the reversion in fee simple descends to or is purchased by him, the term of
years is merged in the inheritance, and shall never exist any more.”); Gray v. Shinn, 127
N.E. 755, 758-59 (Ill. 1920) (applying merger “when an estate for life and the next vested
estate in remainder or reversion meet in the same person”); Allen v. Anderson, 44 Ind.
395, 399 (1873) (merging life estate in greater estate acquired by deed); Wagner v.
Maskey, 353 N.W.2d 891, 893 (Iowa Ct. App. 1984) (stating that merger only occurs
“when the life tenancy and the remainder interest are owned by the same person”); Bosley
v. Burk, 139 A. 543, 544 (Md. 1927) (“Upon the purchase of the life estate in the whole
and the remainder as to one undivided third by the appellant, all of the requisites
necessary to constitute a merger were present.”); Brown v. Long Bell Co., 103 So. 353,
355 (Miss. 1925) (merging life estate with remainder when life tenant conveyed her
interest to remainderman); Treiber v. Citizens State Bank, 598 N.W.2d 96, 97 (N.D.
1999) (merging a life estate with remainder interest in two-thirds of the property to create
fee simple in two-thirds).


                                              8
life estate (the lesser estate) is merged in the remainder (the greater estate) and is thereby

extinguished.

                                             III.

       After applying merger, respondent has a one-half fee simple interest in the

properties. Appellant has a remainder in the other half of the properties subject to

respondent’s life estate. We must next address, as a matter of first impression, whether

the owner of a fee simple interest can bring an action for partition against the owner of a

remainder interest under section 558.01. In its summary judgment order, the district

court held that respondent could bring an action for partition. We reverse the district

court because the owner of a fee simple interest is not a tenant in common with the owner

of a remainder interest under section 558.01.

       Interpretation of a statute is a question of law subject to de novo review. State v.

Wetsch, 511 N.W.2d 490, 491 (Minn. App. 1994), review denied (Minn. Apr. 19, 1994).

To interpret a statute, this court first assesses “whether the statute’s language, on its face,

is clear or ambiguous.” Am. Family Ins. Grp. v. Schroedl, 616 N.W.2d 273, 277 (Minn.

2000). If the language of a statute is unambiguous, it is presumed to manifest legislative

intent and we must give it effect. Burkstrand v. Burkstrand, 632 N.W.2d 206, 210 (Minn.

2001). This court will interpret technical words or other words according to their special

or technical meanings. Minn. Stat. § 645.08, subd. 1 (2012).

       Section 558.01 describes who can bring an action for partition:

                       When two or more persons are interested, as joint
                tenants or as tenants in common, in real property in which



                                              9
              one or more of them have an estate of inheritance or for life
              or for years, an action may be brought by one or more of such
              persons against the others for a partition thereof according to
              the respective rights and interests of the parties interested
              therein . . . .

Minn. Stat. § 558.01. The statute, then, has two requirements regarding who can bring an

action for partition: the person must be interested in real property as a tenant in common

or joint tenant, and one or more of them must have “an estate of inheritance or for life or

for years.” Id.

       Respondent argued that she was a tenant in common with appellant, while

appellant argued they were not tenants in common under section 558.01. Tenants in

common must share the same right to possession in the property. 2 Herbert T. Tiffany et

al., The Law of Real Property § 426 (3d ed. 1976) (“Tenancy in common is characterized

by unity of possession . . . . The unity of possession means unity of right of possession

and not possession in fact.”). Since tenants in common must have the same right to

possession, section 558.01 requires tenants in common in real property to share a present

possessory interest or a future interest. Id. Thus, the tenants in common could have fee

simple interests, or the tenants in common could have remainder interests. See Heintz v.

Wilhelm, 151 Minn. 195, 197, 186 N.W. 305, 305 (1922) (permitting an owner of a

remainder interest to bring an action for partition against another owner of a remainder

subject to the life estate). However, the statute does not permit the owner of a fee simple

interest to bring a partition action against the owner of a remainder interest, or vice versa.




                                             10
       Respondent’s daughter conveyed her undivided one-half remainder to respondent.

Respondent also had a life estate in the properties. The two interests merged to give

respondent a fee simple interest in one-half of the properties and a life estate in the other

half. Appellant has an undivided one-half remainder interest subject to respondent’s life

estate. The fee simple is an estate in possession, Minn. Stat. § 500.07 (2012), whereas

the remainder is a future estate. Minn. Stat. § 500.11 (2012). Because respondent has a

present possessory interest and appellant has a future interest, they do not share the same

right to possession and are not tenants in common under the plain meaning of section

558.01. Respondent therefore does not have a right to bring an action for partition.3

       Respondent cites several foreign cases for the proposition that the owner of a fee

simple interest can bring an action for partition against the owner of a remainder interest.

However, the statutes in the cases cited by respondent are distinguishable from section

558.01. In Bosley v. Burk, the Maryland court allowed the owner of a one-third fee

simple to bring an action for partition against the owner of the other two-thirds remainder

interest. 139 A. 543, 543-44 (Md. 1927). But the partition statute in Maryland is broader

than Minnesota’s, it includes any “joint tenant, tenant in common, or any parcener or any

concurrent owner, whether claiming by descent or purchase.” Id. at 544 (emphasis

added). In Wyman v. Newberry, the partition of fee simple and remainder interests was



3
  The parties agree that respondent, as the holder of a life estate, cannot bring a partition
action against appellant as the owner of an undivided one-half remainder interest. See
Rekovsky v. Glisczinski, 170 Minn. 303, 304, 212 N.W. 595, 595 (1927) (“The holder of a
life estate in the entire property cannot maintain [an action for partition] against the
remainder[person] for they are not cotenants.”).


                                             11
granted under a statute that allowed “every tenant in common having the possession or an

immediate right to the possession of lands” to bring an action for partition. 167 N.E. 414,

415 (Ohio Ct. App. 1929). The Ohio statute was distinguishable, as it allows a “tenant in

common having the possession” to bring a partition action. Id. (emphasis added). In

Orsburn v. Orsburn, the Kentucky court allowed partition between owners of remainder

and a fee simple interests based on a statute that required a person to have “land held

jointly with others,” with no reference to whether they had to be tenants in common. 244

S.W. 417, 418 (Ky. 1922).         The cases cited by respondent are therefore largely

unpersuasive given the differences between the partition statutes.

       Respondent also argues that a fee simple encompasses both a present and future

estate, and that she can bring an action for partition under the future estate of the fee

simple. Respondent does not cite any legal authority for this proposition, and it is

contrary to property law principles. See Restatement (Third) of Prop.: Wills & Donative

Transfers § 24.2 (2011) (stating that a fee simple is “never followed by a future interest”).

While it is true that a fee simple is descendible or devisable, that does not mean that it

also encompasses a future interest. For example, in this case respondent has a fee simple

in half the properties without a future interest, such as a reversion or remainder. No one

else necessarily has a future interest in the fee simple as respondent could choose to

convey it in any number of ways before her death.




                                             12
       Finally, appellant challenges a finding of fact and whether all of the necessary

parties were before the district court. Because we find that respondent cannot maintain

an action for partition under section 558.01, it is unnecessary to address those arguments.

                                      DECISION

       Under the doctrine of merger, a life estate is extinguished when title to the life

estate and title to a remainder interest in the property are united in one owner. The owner

of a fee simple is not a tenant in common with the owner of a remainder interest under

section 558.01, and respondent does not have the right to bring an action for partition.

The district court’s order is reversed.

       Reversed.




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