[Cite as State v. Campbell, 2020-Ohio-4119.]


                                       COURT OF APPEALS
                                    FAIRFIELD COUNTY, OHIO
                                   FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


STATE OF OHIO,                                 :    JUDGES:
                                               :    Hon. William B. Hoffman, P.J.
        Plaintiff - Appellee                   :    Hon. John W. Wise, J.
                                               :    Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
-vs-                                           :
                                               :
DANIEL J. CAMPBELL,                            :    Case No. 2019 CA 00055
                                               :
        Defendant - Appellant                  :    OPINION



CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                            Appeal from the Fairfield County
                                                    Court of Common Pleas, Case No.
                                                    2019 CR 0270



JUDGMENT:                                           Reversed and Remanded



DATE OF JUDGMENT:                                   August 18, 2020



APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee                              For Defendant-Appellant

R. KYLE WITT                                        SCOTT P. WOOD
Fairfield County Prosecutor                         Conrad/Wood
                                                    120 East Main Street, Suite 200
By: CHRISTOPHER REAMER                              Lancaster, Ohio 43130
Assistant County Prosecutor
239 West Main Street, Suite 101
Lancaster, Ohio 43130
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                           2


Baldwin, J.

      {¶1}    Appellant, Daniel J. Campbell appeals the decision of the Fairfield County

Court of Common Pleas denying his motion to suppress evidence discovered by his

probation officer during a random search. Appellee is the State of Ohio.

                       STATEMENT OF FACTS AND THE CASE

      {¶2}    Daniel Campbell was granted judicial release in State v. Campbell, Fairfield

County Common Pleas Case No. 2012 CR 00193 and placed on community control. His

probation officer, Kelsey Conn, decided that Campbell was doing well enough that his

level of supervision should be reduced and that his case should be transferred to a new

probation officer. Conn thought that a “home check” would be appropriate prior to the

transfer, so she and several other members of the probation office visited Campbell’s

residence and conducted a search. The probation officers discovered what appeared to

be child pornography on Campbell’s cell phone and that discovery resulted in Campbell’s

conviction and incarceration.

      {¶3}    Campbell was indicted for two counts of robbery in May 2012 and he

entered a guilty plea to one count in December 2012. Campbell pursued and exhausted

his appellate rights and in December 2015 he began serving his three year sentence.

The trial court granted his request for judicial release in December 2017 and placed him

on community control.     Campbell signed a document captioned Acknowledgement,

Agreement, & Additional Terms & Conditions of Community Control and that document

contains a term regarding questioning and searches that states as follows:

      {¶4}    C. I consent to being questioned by any Community Control Officer. I

consent to searches of my person, my property, my vehicle, and my residence at any time
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                           3


without a warrant. I understand this includes common areas and areas that are exclusive

to me.

         {¶5}   Campbell was compliant with the terms of his community control order. His

probation officer decided he was entitled to a reduced level of supervision but planned to

search his home, a process she described as a “home check,” prior to changing his status.

The probation officer relied upon the community control conditions for authority to

complete a search of Campbell’s residence and cell phone without probable cause,

reasonable grounds, or any other justification for the search.

         {¶6}   Probation Officer Conn conducted the “home check” on August 1, 2018

accompanied by other members of the probation office. Her colleagues secured the back

door of the residence while she and other officers approached the front door and knocked.

She was admitted by Campbell and she explained her purpose. He did not object and

she entered the home with the other officers and instructed Campbell to have a seat at

the kitchen table while they conducted the search.

         {¶7}   During the search of Campbell’s bedroom a cell phone was discovered. The

cell phone was brought to Probation Officer Conn and she reviewed text messages on

the phone to ensure that it was Mr. Campbell’s phone. She continued her search of data

accessible on the phone until she found what appeared to be pornographic images of

minors. Conn conferred with Senior Probation Officer Casey Jones regarding how to

proceed and Jones asked Campbell to confirm he owned this phone. Campbell affirmed

it was his cell phone. The search was postponed until search warrants could be obtained

for that phone and other electronic devices. The affidavit requesting the search warrant

relied upon the images discovered by Ms. Conn when she looked through the cell phone.
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                           4


      {¶8}   As a result of the discovery of pornographic images found on several

electronic devices owned by Mr. Campbell, he was charged with nine felony offenses.

Campbell filed a motion to suppress the evidence discovered by probation officer Conn

contending that the search was not based on reasonable grounds to believe he had

violated the terms of his community control and was unlawful. Appellee filed a

memorandum contra contending that Campbell “knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently

waived any of the limited Fourth Amendment protected possessed in exchange for his

release from prison.”

      {¶9}   The trial court conducted an oral hearing on the matter and heard testimony

from the probation officer, Kelsey Conn. Conn explained that she had been a probation

officer for five years and completed the probation officer training required by the Supreme

Court of Ohio. She described the process of reviewing the terms of the conditions of

community control with each of her probationers, which includes a consent “to search any

time without a warrant.” When asked about the home visits, she confirmed that they are

unannounced and the purpose was to confirm that the probationers were residing at their

stated address and that there were no additional violations of terms of probation such as

firearms or drugs. Ms. Conn also confirmed that the Fairfield County Probation

Department conducts random searches even if the probationer has not aroused any

suspicion that they might be in violation of the terms and conditions of their probation.

She agreed that they commonly search probationers who have complied with all of the

terms of their community control order.

      {¶10} She confirmed that it was her common practice to do a home check when

she is considering reducing the probationer’s level of supervision to ensure complete
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                            5


compliance before the transfer, and she had planned to complete such a home check on

Campbell prior to reassigning his case and lowering his level of supervision. Up to the

date of this home check, Campbell had been compliant with all the terms and conditions

of his probation, had not tested positive for drugs, and had attended all of his mental

health counseling as ordered. Conn confirmed that Campbell had not violated the terms

and conditions of probation prior to August 1, 2018, and she had no suspicion nor had

she received information that he had committed any violation prior to the inspection. Conn

expressed her belief that this fieldwork, or home check, was lawful or constitutional at the

time it was conducted and she claimed that she reviews the policies and procedures of

her department on an annual basis to ensure that she is complying with the law.

          {¶11} The trial court denied the motion to suppress finding that Campbell

executed a valid consent to search his property and that the law enforcement officer was

acting in good faith reliance upon a judicial order that the officer believed authorized her

to act.

          {¶12} Campbell changed his plea to no contest to counts one through nine and

he was sentenced to an aggregate term of eighty-four months and ordered to register as

a Tier I and a Tier II sexual offender. Campbell filed a notice of appeal and submitted

one assignment of error:

          {¶13} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN OVERRULING APPELLANT’S MOTION

TO SUPPRESS.”

                                 STANDARD OF REVIEW

          {¶14} Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law

and fact. State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8.
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                              6


When ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of trier of fact and

is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and to evaluate witness credibility. See

State v. Dunlap, 73 Ohio St.3d 308, 314, 652 N.E.2d 988 (1995); State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio

St.3d 19, 20, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982). Accordingly, a reviewing court must defer to the trial

court's factual findings if competent, credible evidence exists to support those findings.

See Burnside, supra; Dunlap, supra. However, once this Court has accepted those facts

as true, it must independently determine as a matter of law whether the trial court met the

applicable legal standard. See Burnside, supra, quoting State v. McNamara, 124 Ohio

App.3d 706, 707 N.E.2d 539 (4th Dist. 1997); See, generally, United States v. Arvizu, 534

U.S. 266, 122 S.Ct. 744, 151 L.Ed.2d 740 (2002); Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690,

116 S.Ct. 1657, 134 L.Ed.2d 911 (1996). That is, the application of the law to the trial

court's findings of fact is subject to a de novo standard of review Ornelas, supra.

       {¶15} Campbell contends that the trial court erred by failing to apply the correct

law to the facts and thereafter incorrectly decided that his Fourth Amendment rights were

not violated, so we review the trial court’s decision de novo.

       {¶16} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I,

Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution provide “[t]he right of the people to be secure * * *

against unreasonable searches and seizures * * *.” A warrantless search or seizure is per

se unreasonable under these constitutional provisions, subject to a few specific and well-

delineated exceptions. California v. Acevedo (1991), 500 U.S. 565; State v. Kessler

(1978), 53 Ohio St.2d 204, 207. The prosecution has the burden of establishing the

application of one of the exceptions to this rule designating warrantless searches as per

se unreasonable. Id. Generally evidence obtained from searches and seizures conducted
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                             7


in violation of the Fourth Amendment is inadmissible in court. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S.

643, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081 (1961). The purpose of this exclusionary rule is to

remove any incentive to violate the Fourth Amendment and, thereby, deter police from

unlawful conduct. United States v. Leon (1984), 468 U.S. 897; State v. Jones, 88 Ohio

St.3d 430, 435, 2000-Ohio-0374, 727 N.E.2d 886. “To trigger the exclusionary rule, police

conduct must be sufficiently deliberate that exclusion can meaningfully deter it, and

sufficiently culpable that such deterrence is worth the price paid by the justice system. As

laid out in our cases, the exclusionary rule serves to deter deliberate, reckless, or grossly

negligent conduct, or in some circumstances recurring or systemic negligence.” Herring

v. United States, 555 U.S. 135, 144, 129 S.Ct. 695, 172 L.Ed.2d 496 (2009).

                                        ANALYSIS

       {¶17} The Fourth Amendment right of appellant, Daniel J. Campbell, to be free of

unreasonable searches and how his status as a probationer and the application of R. C.

2951.02 affect that right, is the focal point in this matter. The United States Supreme

Court and the Supreme Court of Ohio have spoken on probationer and parolee Fourth

Amendment rights in different contexts, but those courts have not addressed the issue of

whether a probation officer can, without violating R.C. 29521.02, conduct a random,

unannounced search of a probationers property with neither cause nor any suspicion that

the probationer has committed another offense, violated any term of his probation or

acted in such a way that the probation officer would reasonably suspect that the

probationer had acted inappropriately. We have reviewed those holdings as part of our

analysis of the law and find that while these decisions provide background for the
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                            8


development of the law, they are not controlling in this case because those courts did not

address the impact of R.C. 2951.02.

  JUDICIAL LIMITATION OF PROBATIONER / PAROLEE FOURTH AMENDMENT

                                           RIGHTS

       {¶18} The United States Supreme Court addressed whether a probationer’s

Fourth Amendment rights were impacted by his status as a person subject to the close

supervision of the state in Griffin v. Wisconsin, 483 U.S. 868, 107 S.Ct. 3164, 97 L.Ed.2d

709 (1987). Wisconsin law put Griffin in the legal custody of the State Department of

Health and Social Services and rendered him “subject ... to ... conditions set by the court

and rules and regulations established by the department.” Wis.Stat. § 973.10(1) (1985–

1986). One of the Department's regulations permitted any probation officer to search a

probationer's home without a warrant as long as his supervisor approves and as long as

there are “reasonable grounds” to believe the presence of contraband—including any

item   that   the   probationer   cannot    possess   under   the   probation   conditions.

Wis.Admin.Code HSS §§ 328.21(4), 328.16(1). Another regulation made it a violation of

the terms of probation to refuse to consent to a home search. HSS § 328.04(3)(k).

       {¶19} The Supreme Court reviewed the regulations in the context of the purposes

of the justice system and concluded that “The warrantless search of petitioner's residence

was “reasonable” within the response to the “special needs” of a probation system. Id.,

syllabus, paragraph 1. The court limited its decision to the reasonableness of the

regulations, stating that “The conclusion that the regulation in question was constitutional

makes it unnecessary to consider whether any search of a probationer's home is lawful
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                           9


when there are “reasonable grounds” to believe contraband is present.” Id., syllabus,

paragraph 1.

       {¶20} The limits of the Fourth Amendment rights of a parolee in the absence of

an applicable statute or regulation arose in State v. Benton, 82 Ohio St.3d 316, 1998-

Ohio-386, 695 N.E.2d 757 (1998). The companion to R.C. 2951.02(A), R.C. 2967.131

was effective at that time of Benton’s trial and arguably relevant, but the court decided

that the terms of that section were not applicable to the facts of the case and decided the

question solely on the constitutional issue.

       {¶21} In Benton, the Supreme Court of Ohio found that “A warrantless search

performed pursuant to a condition of parole requiring a parolee to submit to random

searches of his or her person, motor vehicle, or place of residence by a parole officer at

any time is constitutional.” Benton, supra, syllabus. Benton agreed to a term of probation

that permitted “a search without warrant of my person, my motor vehicle, or my place of

residence by a parole officer at any time.” Id. at 316. The Court noted that “[i]t is clear

that a requirement that searches only be conducted when officers have ‘reasonable

suspicion’ or probable cause that a crime has been committed or that a condition of

probation has been violated could completely undermine the purpose of the search

condition.” Id. at 320.

       {¶22} The court acknowledged that R.C. 2967.131(B) had been adopted prior to

Benton’s trial but declined to apply it to the facts of the case:

               In Ohio, there was no statutory authority for a search of a parolee's

       residence until November 9, 1995, four months after the defendant agreed

       to the conditions of his supervision. After the defendant signed the
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                                          10


        Conditions of Supervision form, but while he was on parole and before the

        search in question was conducted, the General Assembly enacted R.C.

        2967.131(B). 146 Ohio Laws, Part I, 125. This statute requires field officers

        conducting a search to have reasonable grounds to believe that the

        releasee is not abiding by the law or otherwise is not complying with the

        terms and conditions of his or her conditional release. However, this statute

        did not exist when the defendant signed the Conditions of Supervision form.

        Accordingly, this statute cannot create a right that the defendant had

        already waived.

Supra footnote 3.

        {¶23} Justice Pfeifer’s dissent provides further insight to the Benton court’s

thinking when he states: “I am thankful that the enactment of R.C. 2967.131(B)1 limits the

scope of this decision. Under the statute, a parole officer may conduct a warrantless

search of a parolee or his property if the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that

the parolee is not abiding by the law or complying with the terms of his parole.” Supra, p.

323.

        {¶24} The United States Supreme Court considered warrantless searches of

probationers supported by reasonable suspicion in United States v. Knights, 534 U.S.

112, 113, 122 S.Ct. 587, 588, 151 L.Ed.2d 497 (2001), where a California trial court

imposed a probationary term that permitted “search at anytime, with or without a search

or arrest warrant or reasonable cause, by any probation or law enforcement officer.” Id.



1 R.C. 2967.131 applies to persons subject to the control to the state parole board and contains terms
identical to those found in R.C. 2951.02(A) regarding the need for reasonable grounds to conduct a
search.
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                               11


at syllabus. The court found that the warrantless search, supported by reasonable

suspicion and authorized by a probation condition, satisfied the Fourth Amendment,

focusing on Knights’ probationary status.        A lesser degree of cause satisfies the

Constitution when the balance of governmental and private interests makes such a

standard reasonable. Id.

       {¶25} Perhaps in response to Knights, the state of California adopted a statute

“which requires every prisoner eligible for release on state parole to “agree in writing to

be subject to search or seizure by a parole officer or other peace officer ..., with or without

a search warrant and with or without cause.” Samson v. California, 547 U.S. 843, 126

S.Ct. 2193, 2194, 165 L.Ed.2d 250 (2006), syllabus. The Supreme Court considered the

statute and concluded that “[t]he Fourth Amendment does not prohibit a police officer from

conducting a suspicionless search of a parolee.” Id. at syllabus. The court noted that the

California Legislature adopted this requirement because “given the number of inmates

the State paroles and its high recidivism rate, a requirement that searches be based on

individualized suspicion *** would undermine the State's ability to effectively supervise

parolees and protect the public from criminal acts by reoffenders.”Id at 854.

       {¶26} After the Griffin decision, but before the opinions in Benton, Knights and

Samson, the Ohio Legislature adopted House Bill 4 1995 Ohio Laws File 49 (H.B. 4)

amending R.C. 2951.02 and R.C. 2967.131 adding identical language to both sections

addressing the Fourth Amendment rights of persons on probation or parole respectively.

The amendment imposed a “reasonable grounds” restriction on searches and imposed a

notification obligation on the courts:
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                            12


                   During the period of an offender's probation or other

             suspension, authorized probation officers who are engaged within

             the scope of their supervisory duties or responsibilities may search,

             with or without a warrant, the person of the offender, the place of

             residence of the offender, and a motor vehicle, another item of

             tangible or intangible personal property, or other real property in

             which the offender has a right, title, or interest or for which the

             offender has the express or implied permission of a person with a

             right, title, or interest to use, occupy, or possess if the probation

             officers have reasonable grounds to believe that the offender is not

             abiding by the law or otherwise is not complying with the conditions

             of the offender's probation or other suspension. The court that places

             the offender on probation or that suspends the offender's sentence

             of imprisonment pursuant to division (D)(2) or (4) of section 2929.51

             of the Revised Code shall provide the offender with a written notice

             that informs the offender that authorized probation officers who are

             engaged    within   the   scope   of   their   supervisory   duties   or

             responsibilities may conduct those types of searches during the

             period of probation or other suspension if they have reasonable

             grounds to believe that the offender is not abiding by the law or

             otherwise is not complying with the conditions of the offender's

             probation or other suspension. (Emphasis added.)

1995 Ohio Laws File 49 (H.B. 4), 2951.02(C), See Also 2967.131(B).
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                             13


       {¶27} The Ohio Legislature’s adoption of House Bill 4 appears to be a response

to the holding in Griffin and an effort to bring clarity to the procedure for conducting

warrantless searches of persons subject to the rules of probation or parole. The

Legislature adopted “a regulation that is itself a reasonable response to the “special

needs” of a probation system” that permitted the probation department to conduct a

search when “information provided indicates *** only the likelihood (“had or might have

guns”) of facts justifying the search.” Griffin, supra at syllabus, 880.

       {¶28} After the issuance of the decisions in Helton and Samson it is evident that

the terms of House Bill 4 provide more protection to a probationer/parolee than what is

required by the Fourth Amendment and we acknowledge this is the Legislature’s

prerogative. State v. Boykin, 9th Dist. Summit No. 25752, 2012-Ohio-1381, ¶ 7aff'd, 138

Ohio St.3d 97, 2013-Ohio-4582, 4 N.E.3d 980, ¶ 7 (2013), quoting In re Application to

Seal Record of No Bill, 131 Ohio App.3d 399, 403, 722 N.E.2d 602 (3d Dist.1999). Some

Ohio statutes provide greater rights than either the Ohio or United States Constitution.

Siegwald v. Curry, 40 Ohio App.2d 313, 323–24, 319 N.E.2d 381 (10th Dist.1974)

(“Similarly here, the legislature can enact statutes which grant greater rights to accused

persons than the minimum threshold found in the Constitutions.” State v. Boone, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 81155, 2003-Ohio-996, ¶¶ 23-24; “A state may provide its citizens with

greater protection of their individual rights than does the federal constitution.” Wilcher v.

City of Wilmington, 139 F.3d 366, 380 (3d Cir.1998).

         APPLICATION OF THE REASONABLE GROUNDS REQUIREMENT

       {¶29} We have had the opportunity to apply the relevant language of House Bill 4

in our decisions. In State v. Bays, 5th Dist. Ashland No. 10-CA-42, 2011-Ohio-3021, we
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                                          14


addressed a warrantless search of a probationer’s residence in the context of the rulings

in Benton, Griffin and the adoption of R.C. 2967.131. Evelyn Bays signed a parole

agreement that contained the following terms:

                I agree to a search without warrant of my person, my motor vehicle,

        or my place of residence by a supervising officer or other authorized

        representative of the Department of Rehabilitation and Correction at any

        time. * * *

                Notice pursuant to section 2959.1312 of the Revised Code, officers

        of the Adult Parole Authority may conduct warrantless searches of your

        person, your place of residence, your personal property, or any other

        property of which you have been given permission to use if they have

        reasonable grounds to believe that you are not abiding by the law or terms

        and conditions of your supervision.

State v. Bays, 5th Dist. Ashland No. 10-CA-42, 2011-Ohio-3021, ¶¶ 3-4

        {¶30} With regard to reasonable grounds, we found that “Officer Flaherty had

evidence that Evelyn's husband was cultivating marijuana in their basement, as was

reported to her by an employee of the tobacco shop that Appellant and Evelyn ran. Such

evidence is sufficient to supply the necessary basis for the APA to search a parolee's

home.” State v. Bays, 5th Dist. Ashland No. 10-CA-42, 2011-Ohio-3021, ¶ 33.

        {¶31} We addressed another case involving a search of a probationer’s residence

in State v. Karns, 196 Ohio App.3d 731, 2011-Ohio-6109, 965 N.E.2d 352 (5th Dist.)



2We believe the reference to R.C. 2959.131 in the parole terms is typographical error, as the notice
described after the reference is found in R.C. 2967.131 and we have not found any code section
captioned R.C. 2959.131, nor any Chapter 2959 in the Ohio Revised Code.
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                           15


where the probationary term, similar to the term in this case, contained no requirement of

a finding of reasonable grounds for the search. In Karns, the terms of community control

included a consent to a search of the probationer’s property and her residence, “which

included common areas within the residence and areas that are exclusive to me, at any

time” by community-control officers. Id at ¶ 4. While the term of the community control

did not reference a need for reasonable grounds, we noted that “Ohio law permits a

probation officer to conduct a warrantless search of a probationer's person or home if an

officer has “reasonable grounds” to believe that the probationer failed to abide by the law

or by the terms of probation.” Id. at ¶ 33. We reviewed the facts in the record of Karns

and held that the trial court erred by finding that the search was supported by reasonable

suspicion and reversed the decision of the trial court. Judge Farmer’s dissent in Karns

noted that reasonable grounds were required before a warrantless search was permitted,

but she would have found that the facts supported a conclusion that reasonable grounds

existed and that the decision to deny the motion to suppress was not error.

      {¶32} We confirmed our view that Ohio law requires reasonable grounds to

support a warrantless search of a probationer in State v. Maschke, 5th Dist. Morrow No.

11 CA 12, 2014-Ohio-288 where we found that “Ohio law permits a probation officer to

conduct a warrantless search of a probationer's person or home if an officer has

‘reasonable grounds' to believe the probationer failed to abide by the law or by the terms

of probation.” State v. Maschke, 5th Dist. Morrow No. 11 CA 12, 2014-Ohio-288, ¶ 18

quoting State v. Smith, Stark App.No.2011CA00140, 2011–Ohio–6872, ¶ 11.

        HOUSE BILL 4 LIMITS TRIAL COURT’S SENTENCING DISCRETION
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                             16


       {¶33} The statutory requirement of reasonable grounds for a search of a

probationer that we acknowledged in Maschke, Karns and Bays limits a trial court’s

authority to create community control terms. Trial courts have discretion to impose

probationary terms that are “interests of doing justice, rehabilitating the offender, and

insuring his good behavior” State v. Jones, 49 Ohio St.3d 51, 53, 550 N.E.2d 469, 470

(1990), but that discretion has its limits. Id. A “sentencing court has broad discretion to

shape community control sanctions provided that the sanctions are constitutionally and

statutorily permitted.” Katz, Lipton, Gianneli, & Crocker, Baldwin's Ohio Practice, Criminal

Law, Section 119:2 (3d Ed.2014). State v. Anderson, 143 Ohio St.3d 173, 2015-Ohio-

2089, 35 N.E.3d 512, ¶ 19. See also City of Columbus v. Davis, 10th Dist. Franklin No.

90AP-1423, 1991 WL 94452, *2 (That discretion is limited by statute, as well as by the

constitutional requirements of due process.)

              As stated by the Indiana Supreme Court, because “ ‘sentencing is a

       creature of the legislature * * * courts are limited to imposing sentences that

       are authorized by statute, rather than only being limited to sentences that

       are not prohibited by statute.’ ” (Emphasis sic.) Wilson v. State, 5 N.E.3d

       759 (Ind.2014), quoting Wilson v. State, 988 N.E.2d 1221, 1224

       (Ind.App.2013) (Robb, C.J., dissenting).

              ***

              A “sentencing court has broad discretion to shape community control

       sanctions provided that the sanctions are constitutionally and statutorily

       permitted.” Katz, Lipton, Gianneli, & Crocker, Baldwin's Ohio Practice,

       Criminal Law, Section 119:2 (3d Ed.2014).
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                            17


Anderson, supra at ¶ 13, 19 (2015)

      {¶34} Likewise R.C. 2929.51(D)(1) and (2) grant a trial court broad discretion to

suspend an offender's imprisonment in favor of conditional probation. Although R.C.

2929.51(D)(2) states that the offender's probation may be conditioned “upon any terms

that the court considers appropriate,” it is well-settled that the court's discretion in

imposing conditions of probation is limited by statute, as well as by the constitutional

requirements of due process. Jones, supra at 52. City of Columbus v. Davis, supra at *2.

      {¶35} The trial court below subjected Campbell to a community control sentence

that included requirement that he be subject to random, warrantless searches. Revised

Code 2925.01 (A) reduces the level of justification needed for a search from probable

cause to reasonable grounds and expressly eliminates the need for a warrant, but it does

not authorize random, warrantless searches. This limit to judicial discretion is further

supported by a mandatory requirement in that section of the code that probationers

receive a written notice of the need for reasonable grounds for search.

      {¶36} The Eighth District Court of Appeals addressed the inclusion of warrantless

searches with no cause in a community control order and found:

      [t]he condition allowing “random” home inspections to be violative of R.C.

      2951.02(A). “[C]ourts are limited to imposing sentences that are authorized

      by statute * * *.” Anderson at ¶ 13, citing Wilson v. State, 5 N.E.3d 759

      (Ind.2014). R.C. 2951.02 requires officers to have “reasonable grounds”

      that a misdemeanor offender is violating the law or otherwise not complying

      with the conditions of the community control sanctions. In this case, the trial
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                              18


       court abused its discretion ordering “random” home inspections inconsistent

       with the “reasonable grounds” requirement set forth in R.C. 2951.02(A).

City of Cleveland v. Turner, 8th Dist. No. 107102, 2019-Ohio-3378, 132 N.E.3d 766, ¶

59appeal not allowed sub nom. Cleveland v. Turner, 157 Ohio St.3d 1512, 2019-Ohio-

5193, 136 N.E.3d 510, ¶ 59 (2019).

       {¶37} We reach the same conclusion in the case before us. The trial court’s

inclusion of provision in the terms of community control, obligating Campbell to consent

to searches of his person, property, vehicle, and residence at any time without a warrant

exceeds the court’s sentencing authority as it omits the statutorily required notice and

reasonable grounds to support the search.

                        APPELLEE’S ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS

       {¶38} Appellee invites us to disregard the statute in favor of what we describe as

an alternative, constitutional, analysis. We must reject the invitation as “[n]o court should

*** induldge (sic) the constitutional issue if the litigant is entitled to relief upon other

grounds.” Burt Realty Corp. v. City of Columbus 21 Ohio St.2d 265, 269, 257 N.E.2d 355

(1970), quoting Greenhills Home Owners Corp. v. Village of Greenhills, 5 Ohio St.2d 207,

215 N.E.2d 403 (1966). Because the text of R.C. 2951.02(A) is plain and unambiguous,

we are bound to give effect to the legislature's intent by simply applying the law as written.

State v. Faggs, 2020-Ohio-523 quoting State v. Kreischer, 109 Ohio St.3d 391, 2006-

Ohio-2706, 848 N.E.2d 496, ¶ 12. We find no need to consider the constitutional analysis

proffered by appellee because the issue posed by this case is resolved by the language

of R.C. 2951.02(A).
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                            19


       {¶39} If, arguendo, we would consider the cases cited by appellee, our decision

would remain unchanged because the cases are limited to their facts and are

distinguishable.

       {¶40} Appellee cites State v. Kelley, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 13 CAA 04 0028,

2014-Ohio-464, in support of its argument, but that case ultimately addressed the

reasonable grounds for the search finding “[t]hus, pursuant to Griffin and Ohio's regulatory

scheme, a warrantless search of a probationer's home and other property does not violate

the Fourth Amendment, provided the searching officer possesses reasonable grounds to

believe that the probationer is in violation of the law or of the conditions and terms of

probation.” Id. at ¶ 28. Appellee cites to State v. Bays, supra, State v. Burns, 4th Dist.

Highland No. 11CA14, 2012-0hio-1529, State v. Storer, 12th Dist. Fayette No. CA2019-

04-005, 2019-0hio-5166 and United States v. Tessier, 814 F.3d 432, 2016 WL 659251

(Feb. 18, 2016) in support of its proposition that “[c]onsent given as a condition of

placement under a term of supervision requiring a probationer or parolee to be subject to

random searches without suspicion have routinely been held as reasonable under the

Fourth Amendment” but those cases do not support appellee’s conclusion in the context

of this case.

       {¶41} In Bays, the probationer was given notice that: “*** pursuant to section

2959.131 of the Revised Code, officers of the Adult Parole Authority may conduct

warrantless searches of your person, your place of residence, your personal property, or

any other property of which you have been given permission to use if they have

reasonable grounds to believe that you are not abiding by the law or terms and conditions

of your supervision.” Bays, supra at ¶ 4. In that case, we found that evidence that the
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                             20


parolee’s husband was growing marijuana in the basement of their home was “sufficient

to supply the necessary basis for the APA to search a parolee's home.” Id at ¶ 33. More

significant in that case was the fact that the parolee consented to the search and the

husband, who was ultimately charged, did not object. Consequently, the discussion of

the application of Benton in that case is not a binding part of the decision.

       {¶42} State v. Burns, 4th Dist. Highland No. 11CA14, 2012-Ohio-1529 is next

offered by appellee in support of random searches, but the Fourth District later confirmed

in State v. Johnson, 4th Dist. No. 14CA3618, 2014-Ohio-5400, 26 N.E.3d 243 that

reasonable grounds for a search of a probationer are required:

              The United States Supreme Court has upheld probation searches

       conducted pursuant to a condition of probation, provided that a “reasonable

       suspicion” exists that evidence of criminal activity can be found in a

       probationer's home. State v. Burns, 4th Dist. Highland No. 11CA14, 2012-

       Ohio-1529, 2012 WL 1142698, ¶ 14 citing United States v. Knights, 534

       U.S. 112, 120–121, 122 S.Ct. 587, 151 L.Ed.2d 497 (2001).

Johnson, supra at ¶ 14.

       {¶43} That court included a reference to R.C. 2951.02 and later found that the

probation officers had “reasonable suspicion” to search part of the residence. Id at ¶25.

       {¶44} State v. Storer, 12th Dist. Fayette No. CA2019-04-005, 2019-0hio-5166 is

inapposite as it relies on Benton, and, as we concluded above, that decision was rendered

without considering the application of the “reasonable grounds” requirement adopted by

the Legislature. The Storer court suggests that a statutory reasonable suspicion (R.C.

2951.02) and constitutional consent bases per Benton co-exist, but we must disagree.
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                           21


The Legislature has determined that the terms of probation must include a “reasonable

grounds for a search” restriction and we have no authority to ignore the impact of the

statute on the Benton ruling.

      {¶45} United States v. Tessier, supra, addresses “the following “standard” search

condition that applies to all probationers in Tennessee: “I agree to a search, without a

warrant, of my person, vehicle, property, or place of residence by any Probation/Parole

officer or law enforcement officer, at any time.”” Tessier, supra at 433. Because Ohio has

adopted R.C. 2967.131 and 2951.02 and the opinion in Tessier does not address

analogous restrictions in Tennessee, we find Tessier inapposite.

      {¶46} The precedent cited by the parties establishes that a search of a parolee or

probationer without cause or a warrant does not violate the Fourth Amendment (Benton)

and that the same search pursuant to a statute or statewide policy is not prohibited by the

Fourth Amendment (Griffin, Samson and Tessier). Knights establishes that a probation

term supported by reasonable suspicion is sufficient to render a warrant unnecessary.

These cases do not address Ohio’s statutory requirement that searches of probationers

must be supported by reasonable grounds and the court must give written notice of that

requirement. These cases, therefore, do not assist appellee’s argument.

                                      GOOD FAITH

      {¶47} The state argues that, in the alternative, the evidence should not be

excluded because the probation officer’s search was conducted based upon an

objectively reasonable good faith reliance upon the court’s order imposing the terms of

community control. We find two faults with this contention,
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                            22


       {¶48} The “good faith exception” typically applies to searches incident to a warrant

that is later determined to be invalid. “Under the “good faith exception,” the exclusionary

rule should not be applied so as to bar the use in the prosecution's case-in-chief of

evidence obtained by officers acting in objectively reasonable reliance on a search

warrant issued by a detached and neutral magistrate but ultimately found to be

unsupported by probable cause. State v. Laubacher, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2018 CA 00169,

2019-Ohio-4271, ¶ 44 quoting State v. George, 45 Ohio St.3d 325, 330 (1980). The trial

court below found that though this case does not involve a warrant, “little distinction can

be drawn from a judicial authorized search warrant and a judicially required term of

probation from an officer acting in good faith. In each instance the officer acts in part on

the authority of a judge who has authorized and or required that the place or individual to

be search comply.” Appellee provides no precedent directly on point, but does cite to the

case of State v. Gies, 1st Dist. No. C-180597, 2019-Ohio-4249, 146 N.E.3d 1277, ¶

17cert. denied,*U.S. No. 19-84232020 WL 2814851. The probation officers in that case

“relied in good faith upon R.C. 2951.02(A) in conducting their warrantless search of Mr.

Gies's residence.” Id at ¶ 17. Campbell’s probation officer does not mention R.C. 2951.02

in her testimony and the record contains nothing that would suggest that the probation

officer was aware of the code section despite her contention of annually reviewing the

requirements for a search.

       {¶49} And the probation officer’s reliance on the court’s order lacks an objective

basis. She confirmed that she believed that the document signed by Campbell authorized

her to search Campbell and that no one had told her that the law had changed, but she

provides no explanation or basis for that belief. She acknowledges an annual review of
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                            23


policies and procedures that would include lawful and constitutional searches, but she

does not address the terms of R.C. 2951.02 despite its application to the facts of this

case. The record provides scant evidence from which we can determine whether her

belief that her actions were permissible under the Fourth amendment were objectively

reasonable. She did not claim that she relied on advice she received from an assistant

prosecuting attorney, fellow members of law enforcement or information she had received

during training seminars or upon binding appellate precedent from any court. State v.

Johnson, 141 Ohio St.3d 136, 2014-Ohio-5021, 22 N.E.3d 1061, (2014) ¶¶ 44-45.

Further, unlike the issuance of a warrant, this case does not involve the submission of an

affidavit supporting probable cause and the issuance of a warrant based upon that

affidavit, later determined to be defective. State v. Wilmoth, 22 Ohio St.3d 251, 261, 490

N.E.2d 1236, 1244 (1986). Probation Officer Conn expressed a subjective belief that

random warrantless searches of probationers were permitted, but the record lacks an

unambiguous objective basis for her conclusion.

       {¶50} When we consider the facts in this case and our holdings in Karn, Bays,

and Maschke as well as language of R. C. 2951.02, we cannot agree that the good faith

exception is applicable to the failure to comply with the unambiguous requirements of the

Ohio Revised Code.

                                      CONCLUSION

       {¶51} Revised Code 2951.02 contains two relevant requirements, a prerequisite

of reasonable grounds for a search and an obligation to provide notice.             Neither

requirement was fulfilled in this case. The Fairfield County Common Pleas Court was

required to provide Campbell with a written notice informing him that his probation officer,
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                             24


in the completion of her duty, may conduct searches during the period of community

control sanction or the nonresidential sanction if they have reasonable grounds to believe

that he was not abiding by the law or otherwise is not complying with the conditions of the

offender's community control sanction or nonresidential sanction. The appellee did not

provide any evidence that such a notice was provided and the record contains no

suggestion that a compliant notice exists. The document referenced by appellee at the

hearing on the motion to suppress and within its brief contains only a provision where

Campbell states he consents “to being questioned by any Community Control Officer” as

well as a “consent to searches of my person, my property, my vehicle, in my residence at

any time without a warrant.” This notice not only fails to comply with the statute, but it

contradicts the terms of the law, providing for a search without reasonable grounds.

Campbell’s purported written consent cannot be used to alter the statutory limitations

imposed upon the trial court’s discretion to impose a sentence or community control.

       {¶52} The appellee conceded within its brief that there was not reasonable

grounds for the search of Campbell’s residence or phone and that, in fact, the probation

department regularly conducts random searches as part of the policy of the department.

While we acknowledge that the precedent cited in the briefs provide that such searches

may not violate the Fourth Amendment and are supported by the weight of the state’s

interest in law enforcement and rehabilitation, this court is obligated to apply R.C. 2951.02

which contains the unambiguous requirement that searches will occur if the probation

officer has reasonable grounds to suspect a criminal offense or probation violation and

after the offender is given notice of the possibility of such a search. This legislation is

consistent with, and perhaps a response to, the decision in Griffin, supra, which found
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                            25


that the lesser standard of “reasonable grounds” for a search of a probationer’s home

was ““reasonable” within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment because it was

conducted pursuant to a regulation that is itself a reasonable response to the “special

needs” of a probation system.” Griffin, supra syllabus, paragraph 1. The Supreme Court

of Ohio and the United States Supreme Court have issued decisions that sanction random

searches of parolees and probationers without cause, but the Ohio legislature has not

abandoned the requirement of reasonable grounds for such a search and our role is to

apply the law as written and not as it might be.

         {¶53} In our 2011 decision of State v. Karns, supra, we applied the “reasonable

grounds” requirement on the search of a probationer despite the fact that the relevant

community control terms authorized random, warrantless searches. We reversed the

decision of the Fairfield County Common Pleas Court in that case based upon the lack of

“reasonable” grounds and we cannot justify a different conclusion in the matter before us.

         {¶54} The probation officer was forthright about the common usage of random

searches as a policy of the Fairfield County Probation Department. Her testimony also

suggested she scrupulously reviewed the law regarding the legality and constitutionality

though neither she nor appellee reconciled her policy with the obligations contained within

R.C. 2951.02 nor is there any effort to distinguish our application of the statute. We are

concerned the record reflects “deliberate, reckless, or grossly negligent conduct, or ***

recurring or systemic negligence” that the exclusionary rule is designed to deter. Herring,

supra.
Fairfield County, Case No. 2019 CA 00055                                          26


       {¶55} Because Campbell was not provided the required notice and because the

search of Campbell’s residence was not supported by reasonable grounds, we find that

the search of Campbell’s residence and cell phone violated the requirements of R.C.

2951.02. We hold that the appellant’s first assignment of error is well taken and reverse

the decision of the Fairfield County Court of Common Pleas and remand the matter to the

court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.



By: Baldwin, J.

Hoffman, P.J. and

Wise, John, J. concur.
