                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 09a0194n.06
                            Filed: March 12, 2009

                                           No. 07-1864

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


ROBERT RIVET,                                    )
                                                 )
       Plaintiff,                                )
v.                                               )    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                 )    STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE                     )    EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
INSURANCE COMPANY,                               )
                                                 )
       Defendant/Counter-Plaintiff-Appellee,     )
                                                 )
MARK L. SILVERMAN; et al.                        )
                                                 )
       Counter-Defendants-Appellants.            )


       Before: MERRITT, COLE and SUTTON, Circuit Judges.


       SUTTON, Circuit Judge. This appeal stems from a six-week jury trial, as well as a related

bench trial, that led to a $4.2 million verdict and several declaratory judgments, premised on fraud

and fiduciary breach, against attorney Mark Silverman and State Farm claim representative Linda

Swagler. We affirm.


                                                 I.


       In 1997, Linda Swagler, a State Farm claim representative, hired Silverman to represent her

daughter in a medical-malpractice claim against a hospital. As the case proceeded, Swagler kept her

supervisor at State Farm informed about its progress—and about her growing admiration for
No. 07-1864
Rivet v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.

Silverman. According to her supervisor, Swagler’s admiration verged on “hero-worship”: “She

described him as masterful at his work. She would say things like he’s awesome, he’s incredible. . . .

[S]he spoke of him very, very highly, which I would expect if someone were doing a great job on

a case, but I thought she took it to another level.” JA 1833. In February 2000, Swagler’s supervisor

warned her that she should “let [him] know if [Silverman] should ever become involved with any

of her files” because he thought a “conflict of interest existed between her and Mr. Silverman.” JA

1836. In 2001, after Silverman obtained a $1.5 million settlement on behalf of Swagler’s daughter,

Swagler’s supervisor repeated his warning, noting that if Silverman represented an individual against

State Farm and Swagler handled the claim, “[i]t just would really, really look bad . . . knowing the

history [they] ha[d].” JA 1838.


       Nevertheless, over the next several years, Silverman represented at least nine individuals who

had filed claims against State Farm, and Swagler worked as the case manager for State Farm on each

claim. In 2005, after learning what had happened and after investigating the settlements in these

cases, the insurance company filed counterclaims against Silverman and Swagler in one of

Silverman’s pending diversity cases, alleging that the two of them had “methodically robbed State

Farm of millions of dollars by causing State Farm to issue unjustified and excessive payments . . .

either directly to Silverman or to injured persons . . . , who in turn, endorsed the payments over to

Silverman,” JA 315. State Farm premised its claims on fraud and fiduciary breach, and sought

declaratory judgments voiding the settlement agreements obtained by Silverman for six of his clients.


       Several of the claims were tried to a jury, which found against Silverman and Swagler on all

                                                -2-
No. 07-1864
Rivet v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.

counts and awarded damages of $4.2 million. The declaratory-judgment claims were tried to the

court, which found in favor of State Farm on all counts and voided all six settlement agreements.

The district court entered judgment in April 2007, and denied Silverman’s motions for judgment as

a matter of law and for a new trial. Silverman appealed, as did the six clients affected by the voided

settlement agreements.


                                                 II.


                                                 A.


       Silverman first argues that State Farm failed to present sufficient evidence of fraud. To show

fraud under Michigan law, a plaintiff must establish (1) the existence of a knowing or reckless

material misrepresentation, (2) reliance and (3) injury. Hord v. Envtl. Research Inst. of Mich., 617

N.W.2d 543, 546 (Mich. 2000).


       The jury had ample grounds for finding Silverman responsible for several knowing and

material misrepresentations. The record, as an initial matter, shows that Silverman himself made

several misrepresentations: The court-appointed computer expert testified that Silverman backdated

several of the settlement agreements between State Farm and his clients; a doctor testified that

Silverman submitted a forged prescription for attendant care and supervision for his client; a care

provider for one of Silverman’s clients testified that Silverman instructed her to bill as if she had

provided 24 hours of care per day, even though she agreed only to provide four to eight hours of care



                                                -3-
No. 07-1864
Rivet v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.

per day; and a State Farm case manager (who replaced Swagler) testified that Silverman

misrepresented the claimant’s previous need for 24-hour attendant care.


       In view of Silverman and Swagler’s collusive agreement, the jury also was permitted to hold

Silverman responsible for Swagler’s fraudulent statements. “Where there is evidence that parties

are acting in collusion, [e]verything said, done, or written by any one of the parties to the

combination, in furtherance of the common purpose, is deemed the act of all.” Kefuss v. Whitley,

189 N.W. 76, 83 (Mich. 1922) (dealing with a claim to rescind a contract) (internal quotation marks

omitted); see also Kahn v. Friedman, 45 N.W.2d 18, 19 (Mich. 1950); Martinoff v. Jackson News

Publ’g Co., 197 N.W. 576, 577 (Mich. 1924); McDonald v. Smith, 102 N.W. 668, 669–70 (Mich.

1905); Gumberg v. Treusch, 61 N.W. 872, 875 (Mich. 1895).


       Silverman does not deny that Swagler made numerous fraudulent statements during the

relevant years. He instead denies that the two of them colluded to defraud State Farm, maintaining

that her misstatements therefore may not be used against him.          Yet the frequency of the

communications between Silverman and Swagler, well documented in the record, by itself suggests

a contrary conclusion. Over two years, Swagler called Silverman almost 700 times. On November

20, 2003, the day State Farm auditors interviewed Swagler about several claimants for whom

Silverman served as attorney, they spoke on the phone twelve times, including eight phone calls

initiated by Silverman. Swagler even referred State Farm claimants to Silverman—which might

have made some sense based solely on Silverman’s successful representation of her daughter but

made no sense given her job as a State Farm claim representative. See JA 1902 (a State Farm

                                               -4-
No. 07-1864
Rivet v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.

employee testifying that in her 20 years at State Farm, she had never known of anyone who had

referred a claimant to an attorney). And of course all of this happened after Swagler was told by her

supervisor not to work on claim files in which Silverman was involved.


       Silverman, the record shows, also benefitted from Swagler’s misrepresentations: State Farm

often issued checks directly to Silverman, and Silverman ensured that payment would continue to

come directly to him by, for example, instructing a provider to send bills to him instead of sending

them directly to State Farm, and arranging for the provider to be fired after she began billing State

Farm directly.   Even if Swagler, as the insider, made the vast majority of the fraudulent

misstatements, Silverman knew what she was doing and benefitted directly from it. Having

participated in the scheme and “accepted the fruit of the fraud,” Kefuss, 189 N.W. at 83, he cannot

disclaim responsibility for Swagler’s actions.


       Silverman insists that, “[w]ithout a scheme/conspiracy claim, there is no legal basis for using

evidence about what Ms. Swagler said or did to hold Mr. Silverman vicariously liable.” Br. at 40.

But he cites no Michigan case for the proposition that a freestanding conspiracy claim is a

precondition to imposing liability on Silverman for Swagler’s actions. At least one Michigan case

holds it is not, reasoning that the “concert of action theory does not depend on proving an

independent claim of civil conspiracy. It requires evidence that parties knowingly acted to further

a common purpose.” Korn Family Ltd. P’ship v. Harbor Bldg. Co., No. 272813, 2008 WL 239651,

at *3 (Mich. Ct. App. Jan. 29, 2008). And other cases do not on their face involve underlying

conspiracy claims. See, e.g., Gumberg, 61 N.W. at 875 (“There was evidence from which the jury

                                                 -5-
No. 07-1864
Rivet v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.

might infer that the transactions were collusive, and the same rule is applicable as in a case where

a conspiracy is charged, and there is evidence tending to establish it. Everything said, done, or

written by any one of the parties to the combination, in furtherance of the common purpose, is

deemed the act of all.”).


       To the extent Silverman means to complain that he lacked notice that State Farm would use

Swagler’s misstatements against him, that is hard to take seriously. The essence of State Farm’s

allegation was that Silverman used Swagler, as a State Farm insider, to carry out the fraudulent

scheme. The first paragraph of the counterclaim accuses Silverman and Swagler of engaging in a

“scheme to defraud . . . for the sole purpose of enriching Silverman and Swagler, at the expense of

State Farm, and in some instances, at the expense of Silverman’s own clients and patients.” JA 315.

And to the extent he means to argue that the court should have given “a fraud conspiracy/scheme

instruction,” Br. at 40, he has not to this day explained the instruction that should have been given

or what authority required it to be given, see Leary v. Livingston County, 528 F.3d 438, 449 (6th Cir.

2008). The overwhelming evidence of a conspiracy between them, at any rate, shows that any such

error would have been harmless. See United States v. Kuehne, 547 F.3d 667, 681 (6th Cir. 2008).


       State Farm also presented ample evidence of reliance and injury. Its damages witness

testified at length about each of the payments that State Farm included in its total damage

calculation, noting that the final damages figures “represent the difference between the monies State

Farm paid to Mark Silverman and his clients and what State Farm believes to be the maximum

amount that [State Farm] would have paid, had Mark Silverman not been involved.” JA 2100. For

                                                -6-
No. 07-1864
Rivet v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.

each payment included in the total damages calculation, the witness explained why the Silverman-

Swagler scheme caused the insurance company to pay more than it should have.


       For example: she noted that State Farm requested damages for two back payments that

Swagler had issued despite the fact that “[t]here was no basis, no documentation, nothing to warrant

payment of these two payments,” JA 2105; that State Farm requested damages for an overpayment

in continuing care for a claimant, explaining that “[t]here was support and documentation in the

files” to justify the amount that had been provided for care before Silverman became involved but

that “there was no documentation” to justify the increase that Swagler had paid after Silverman

became involved, JA 2107; and that State Farm requested damages for back payments made in

reliance on a fraudulent letter by Silverman indicating that one claimant was “horribly injured” and

“needed back attendant care.” JA 2114.


       Silverman claims that the damages evidence “was based upon assumptions, not facts,” Br.

at 30, and that State Farm treated certain payments as “damages because they were made after

Silverman became involved, not because Mr. Silverman made an intentional misrepresentation of

fact,” Br. at 31 (internal quotation marks omitted). Yet this is merely a reprisal of his argument,

already rejected, that a member of a fraudulent scheme does not have to answer for the fraudulent

conduct of each member of the coordinated scheme. To the extent Silverman means to say there was

no evidence of injury based on his assessment of the evidence regarding payments to three of his

clients, that argument does nothing for him. State Farm presented evidence of injury tied to the

claims of several other clients, and Silverman does not challenge these. Evidence of damages from

                                               -7-
No. 07-1864
Rivet v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.

even one misstatement suffices to establish the injury necessary to reject a sufficiency challenge to

the fraud verdict.


                                                  B.


       Silverman separately argues that he cannot be held liable for aiding and abetting Swagler’s

breach of fiduciary duty because Swagler’s misconduct was in urging State Farm to “pay[] too much

money” in a series of settlement agreements and Silverman had no duty to “avoid getting too good

a deal” for his clients. Br. at 48. But there is a line between zealous representation and aiding and

abetting fraud—which is why a lawyer may not use fraud to obtain a verdict or look the other way

when he knows a client has testified falsely. See Nix v. Whiteside, 475 U.S. 157, 166 (1986)

(“[C]ounsel’s duty of loyalty and his overarching duty to advocate the defendant’s cause . . . [are]

limited to legitimate, lawful conduct compatible with the very nature of a trial as a search for truth.

Although counsel must take all reasonable lawful means to attain the objectives of the client, counsel

is precluded from taking steps or in any way assisting the client in presenting false evidence or

otherwise violating the law.”) (internal quotation marks omitted); People v. Atkins, 243 N.W.2d 292,

299 (Mich. 1976). Nor was this merely an aiding and abetting of Swagler’s negligence. State

Farm’s breach-of-fiduciary-duty counterclaim alleged that “Swagler’s extensive and pervasive

breach of her fiduciary duties to State Farm displays a high level of moral turpitude and wanton

dishonesty.” JA 417. The evidence at trial bore out this allegation. Among a long list of bad acts,

Swagler falsified her log notes and attested to conversations with doctors that never happened.



                                                 -8-
No. 07-1864
Rivet v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.

        In offering two case citations in support of this argument, Silverman gives analogy a bad

name. Friedman v. Dozorc, 312 N.W.2d 585 (Mich. 1981), held that one party may not sue an

opposing party’s attorney “on a theory of negligence because an attorney owes no duty of care to an

adverse party in litigation.” Id. at 588. True enough, but State Farm accused Silverman of aiding

and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty, not negligence, and that claim does not turn on a duty of care

owed by Silverman to State Farm. Reynolds v. Schrock, 142 P.3d 1062 (Or. 2006), “h[e]ld that a

lawyer may not be held jointly liable with a client for the client’s breach of fiduciary duty unless the

third party shows that the lawyer was acting outside the scope of the lawyer-client relationship.” Id.

at 1063. Silverman, however, was not Swagler’s attorney, and Reynolds expressly does not shield

attorneys from liability for their fraudulent actions, see id. at 1069.


                                                  C.


        Silverman next challenges several of the jury instructions. To obtain a new trial on this

ground, he must show not only that there were “deficiencies” in the instructions but also that “the

instructions, taken as a whole, [were] misleading or [gave] an inadequate understanding of the law.”

Arban v. West Publ’g Corp., 345 F.3d 390, 404 (6th Cir. 2003).


        He first complains about the “fail[ure] to disclose” instruction, JA 1639, which as he sees it

authorized a verdict based on “fraud by omission,” Reply Br. at 19. Silverman cites just one case

in his opening brief in support of this argument, see M&D, Inc. v. McConkey, 585 N.W.2d 33 (Mich.

Ct. App. 1998), and it deals only with the duty of sellers to disclose defects in their products, id. at


                                                 -9-
No. 07-1864
Rivet v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.

36. Why that case citation helps him is never explained. More fundamentally, he fails to account

for the fact that “[i]n Michigan, even without a fiduciary relationship, a party is under a duty to use

diligence in making a complete disclosure of facts where partial disclosure may convey false

impressions and mislead the plaintiff. Such half-truths or non-disclosures are considered to be

concealment of facts and, therefore, misrepresentations.” Strand v. Librascope, Inc., 197 F. Supp.

743, 753 (E.D. Mich. 1961). Silverman offers no reason why that requirement does not apply here,

and it is particularly difficult to imagine why a jury could not hold him responsible for failing to

disclose Swagler’s fraudulent behavior. As we have already explained, moreover, Silverman is

liable for Swagler’s failures, and he never challenges the application of the failure-to-disclose

instruction to her actions.


       He next claims that the damages instructions were misleading. The district court delivered

one general damages instruction for all three charges, asking the jury to “determine the amount of

money which reasonably, fairly, and adequately compensates State Farm for each of the elements

of damage which you decide has resulted from the fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, or aiding and

abetting breach of fiduciary duty, engaged in by the Counter-Defendants, taking into account the

nature and extent of the injury,” JA 1646. Silverman half-heartedly suggests that this instruction is

only “for negligence claims,” Br. at 51, but offers no explanation (or authority) why.


       He separately insists that the court should have given instructions about aiding and abetting

and fraud, but he provides no precedent in support of this argument either. It is unclear, in any event,

how additional instructions would have helped him. Silverman suggests that the appropriate

                                                 - 10 -
No. 07-1864
Rivet v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.

damages for fraud “are how much more was paid because the plaintiff relied upon a misrepresented

fact to its detriment,” Br. at 51, and State Farm requested damages according to the same

“overpayment” calculation. See JA 2100 (testifying that the damages calculations “represent the

difference between the monies State Farm paid to Mark Silverman and his clients and what State

Farm believes to be the maximum amount that [State Farm] would have paid, had Mark Silverman

not been involved”). Because the jury accepted the damages figure proposed by State Farm, it is

clear that they were not misled or influenced by the general jury instructions on damages—at least

for the fraud claim. And because the jury could have awarded this entire amount as damages on the

fraud claim, we need not review the propriety of the instructions for the aiding and abetting claim.

See Consenco Fin. Servicing Corp. v. N. Am. Mortgage Co., 381 F.3d 811, 823 (8th Cir. 2004).


       He next challenges the charge on aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty. In arguing

that the instruction improperly omitted an element of the offense—that “the fiduciary and the

aider/abetter profited” from the breach, Br. at 54—Silverman cites a case that neither mentions nor

requires that element. See German Free State of Bavaria v. Toyobo Co., 480 F. Supp.2d 958, 965

(W.D. Mich. 2007). To our knowledge, there is no such requirement. Nor does it make any sense

that there would be: Fiduciaries may readily—and quite egregiously—breach their duties of good

faith without directly benefitting financially from the breach.




                                               - 11 -
No. 07-1864
Rivet v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.

                                                 D.


       Silverman next argues that the district court erred in denying his motion to amend or alter

the judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e). We review the denial of a motion to amend or alter the

judgment for abuse of discretion. Nat’l Ecological Found. v. Alexander, 496 F.3d 466, 476 (6th Cir.

2007). A court may grant a motion to alter or amend judgment only if there was “(1) a clear error

of law; (2) newly discovered evidence; (3) an intervening change in controlling law; or (4) a need

to prevent manifest injustice.” Intera Corp. v. Henderson, 428 F.3d 605, 620 (6th Cir. 2005). In

arguing that there was an “error of law,” Silverman places all of his eggs in an insufficiency-of-the-

evidence argument, one we already have rejected, one we therefore need not discuss again.


                                                 E.


       Silverman next argues that the district court should have compelled State Farm “to produce

a prepared [Civil Rule] 30(b)(6) designee.” Br. at 27. Under that discovery rule, an organization

must designate an individual “to testify on its behalf . . . about information known or reasonably

available to the organization.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(b)(6). In May 2006, Silverman deposed State

Farm’s 30(b)(6) witness. At a hearing in July 2006, Silverman argued that the witness was not able

to testify about what State Farm “would have had to pay” in these cases absent the fraud. JA 1810.

State Farm responded that it could not answer all of Silverman’s questions, in part because

Silverman had “never given [State Farm] any underlying backup data to show what care was

provided to which individual, during which period.” JA 1816. The judge noted that, “if [State


                                                - 12 -
No. 07-1864
Rivet v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.

Farm] get[s] that information before trial, they are required to notify” Silverman. JA 1818. In

January 2007, five weeks before trial, State Farm provided additional information on this score,

prompting Silverman to file a motion for sanctions, which the district court ultimately denied.


       Granting for the sake of argument that Rule 30(b)(6) imposes a duty on a company to make

a good-faith effort to identify and prepare its Rule 30(b)(6) witnesses, that does not help Silverman.

State Farm’s initial answer to Silverman’s objection about why its witness could not answer all of

the damages questions was a reasonable one, and the record simply offers no other hand-hold for

maintaining that the district court abused its discretion in concluding that State Farm honored its

discovery obligations.


       Nor, for similar reasons, does the record support Silverman’s allegation that State Farm

engaged in “a pattern of deliberately concealing evidence” and that the district court abused its

discretion by “allowing State Farm to offer evidence of damages.” Br. at 29. Silverman has not

shown that State Farm deliberately concealed evidence (or even that it could have delivered the

information in its final interrogatory answer sooner than five weeks before trial), confirming that the

district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to grant discovery sanctions. See First Bank of

Marietta v. Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co., 307 F.3d 501, 510 (6th Cir. 2002).




                                                - 13 -
No. 07-1864
Rivet v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.

                                                 F.


       Silverman independently argues that the district court committed reversible error by refusing

to admit evidence of a settlement agreement between State Farm and a non-party claimant whom

Silverman had represented. The district court refused to admit the evidence because it was “a

confidential settlement agreement,” JA 2262, and because it was signed in 2006—several years after

the events at issue in this case. As Silverman sees it, the agreement would have “rebutted numerous

theories” offered by State Farm, Br. at 33, because it showed that “other State Farm representatives

did exactly what it was fraudulent for Ms. Swagler to do,” Reply Br. at 12—that other State Farm

employees approved a large settlement agreement between State Farm and one of Silverman’s

employees. But he fails to come to grips with three realities. One, he never responds to one of the

district court’s explanations—that it was a 2006 agreement—and thus was made after the key events

in this case and at a time when Silverman may have decided to reform his ways. Two, he fails to

explain why a similar settlement agreement that was admitted at trial did not suffice to present this

theory to the jury, making any error harmless. See Cooley v. Carmike Cinemas, Inc., 25 F.3d 1325,

1330 (6th Cir. 1994). Three, the agreement by its terms purported to be confidential. No abuse of

discretion occurred.


                                                 G.


       Three of Silverman’s clients—Tony Beard, Betty Davis and Raymond Andres—argue that,

because they had claims pending against State Farm in Michigan state court, they should not have


                                               - 14 -
No. 07-1864
Rivet v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.

been added as counter-defendants to this case. Abuse-of-discretion review applies. Travelers Indem.

Co. v. Bowling Green Prof’l Assoc., 495 F.3d 266, 271 (6th Cir. 2007).


       In addressing this argument, we consider “(1) whether the declaratory action would settle the

controversy; (2) whether the declaratory action would serve a useful purpose in clarifying the legal

relations in issue; (3) whether the declaratory remedy is being used merely for the purpose of

‘procedural fencing’ or ‘to provide an arena for a race for res judicata’; (4) whether the use of a

declaratory action would increase friction between our federal and state courts and improperly

encroach upon state jurisdiction; and (5) whether there is an alternative remedy which is better or

more effective.” Grand Trunk W. R.R. Co. v. Consol. Rail Corp., 746 F.2d 323, 326 (6th Cir. 1984).


       In considering these factors, the district court made the following observations: Because the

fraud claim involved the named counter-defendants, separate declaratory-judgment actions would

duplicate, if not multiply, the presentation of the evidence; because the damages requested in the

fraud claim included only money that State Farm had already paid to Silverman and his clients, “the

only way to get total relief is through a declaratory judgment” invalidating future payments under

the agreement, R. 448 at 26; nullification of the settlement agreement would determine the rights of

the clients in the state-court actions; and there was no evidence that State Farm was engaged in

forum shopping. On balance, this reasonable assessment of the Grand Trunk factors does not

amount to an abuse of discretion.




                                               - 15 -
No. 07-1864
Rivet v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.

                                                 H.


       Silverman makes several other arguments that repeat claims we have already rejected, that

are unsupported or undeveloped, that were not raised below, or all of the above, and accordingly, we

need not address them. Leary, 528 F.3d at 449.


                                                III.


       For these reasons, we affirm.




                                               - 16 -
