                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Petty, Beales and Decker
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued at Alexandria, Virginia


              IAN RICHARD HUGHES
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 1818-16-4                                   JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES
                                                                                JANUARY 30, 2018
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                   FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAUQUIER COUNTY
                                        Herman A. Whisenant, Jr., Judge Designate

                               Ian Whittle (Spencer, Meyer, Koch & Cornick, on brief), for
                               appellant.

                               Katherine Quinlan Adelfio, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                               Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                     After a two-day trial, a jury convicted Ian Richard Hughes (“appellant”) of armed

              robbery, conspiracy to commit robbery, use of a firearm in the commission of a robbery, and

              statutory burglary while armed with a deadly weapon. On appeal, appellant claims that the trial

              court erred by failing to hear his motion in limine on the day of trial. Appellant argues that his

              motion was timely made under Rule 3A:9(b)(2) and that the trial court erred by concluding that

              the motion was filed too late and would not be heard. Appellant also claims that the evidence

              was insufficient to support his convictions. For the reasons that follow, we affirm appellant’s

              convictions.

                                                      I. BACKGROUND

                     On appeal, we view the evidence “in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, as

              we must since it was the prevailing party” in the trial court. Beasley v. Commonwealth, 60


                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
Va. App. 381, 391, 728 S.E.2d 499, 504 (2012) (quoting Riner v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 296,

330, 601 S.E.2d 555, 574 (2004)).

                                 A. Evidence Presented at Trial

       So viewed, the evidence at trial was that early in the morning on December 7, 2015, two

robbers with covered faces broke into the home of Dominic Ruibal (the “victim”), which is

located in Marshall, Virginia. The victim was alone in the house as his wife had already left for

work. The victim testified that the two robbers entered his bedroom while he was still in bed.

One of the robbers used a pillow to cover one side of the victim’s head, covering his ear and

cheek. The robber then pressed a gun against the victim’s other cheek. The other robber

demanded, “Where’s the fucking money and the drugs?”1 The victim testified that he directed

him towards the victim’s dresser, where there was a half-ounce of marijuana and $80 in cash –

both of which the robber took. While the robber who was talking searched the victim’s dresser,

the other robber climbed on top of the victim to hold him down.

       Unsatisfied by the $80 he found in the victim’s dresser, the robber then cursed the victim

while yelling at him to tell the robbers where the rest of the drugs and money were. The victim

testified that the robber who was doing the talking eventually found the victim’s wallet and took

approximately $300 from it. After finding only $300, the talking robber grew “more and more

angry” and proceeded to ransack the victim’s bedroom.

       The victim testified that both robbers were male. Because the victim’s face was partially

covered, the victim distinguished the two robbers by how much they spoke. After ransacking the



       1
          On cross-examination, the victim admitted that his testimony at the preliminary hearing
was different than his testimony at trial regarding which robber initially held him down. At the
preliminary hearing, the victim testified that the robber “that did all the talking” was the same
robber who held him down and put the pillow over his face. One of the police officers who
interviewed the victim also testified on cross-examination that the victim initially indicated that
it was “the main speaker” who held the gun.
                                                 -2-
bedroom, the talking robber left the bedroom and searched other parts of the victim’s home.

While doing so, “the one doing the talking” continued “cursing” and “yelling” at the victim. He

said, “Where is it? Where is it? You’re lying to me. You’re lying to me.” Meanwhile, the quiet

robber stayed with the victim, holding the gun on him.

       At one point, the talking robber returned to the bedroom and the victim turned his head,

catching a glimpse of the robber’s face. Because the victim had turned his head, the quiet

robber, who was still holding the victim down, struck him on the head with the gun. The talking

robber then yelled at the victim not to look at him. It was at this point that the victim also caught

a glimpse of the robber’s gun, and he described it as a black handgun.

       During the robbery, the two robbers exchanged roles and the talking robber held the gun

on the victim while the quiet robber searched the victim’s home. At another point, while the

talking robber was away from the bedroom and searching the rest of the house, the quiet robber

used a pillow case to choke the victim. The victim told the quiet robber that he was unable to

breathe, to which the quiet robber responded, “You can fucking breathe. I can hear you talking.”

Therefore, the victim testified that he heard both robbers speak during the robbery.

       Just before leaving, the talking robber said, “We got to go,” to which the quiet robber

murmured a response that the victim could not understand. The victim testified that the voice of

the quiet robber sounded familiar but that he did not immediately recognize it. Two days after

the robbery, the victim contacted the lead investigating officer in the case, Detective Jonathan

Waddell, and reported that he now recalled the quiet robber’s voice and recognized it as

belonging to appellant. At trial, the victim identified appellant, and the victim also identified

appellant’s voice in a recording played by the Commonwealth, in which appellant had previously

been established as one of the speakers. The victim testified that he “knew him [appellant]

through several people, and he had been to my house before.” To explain his delay in

                                                -3-
identifying appellant as the quiet robber, the victim testified that he had not seen appellant in

“maybe a year.”

       The victim testified that the robbers stole numerous items, including his marijuana and

cash, a guitar, microphones and various pieces of musical equipment, two tablet computers, three

cellular telephones, his wife’s AK-47 rifle, his wife’s pain medication, and her jewelry.2

       Another Commonwealth’s witness, Rachel Rogers (“Rogers”), testified that she was with

her boyfriend, Matt Russo (“Russo”), on December 6, 2015 – the day before the robbery – when

Russo and appellant agreed to break in to the victim’s house. Rogers testified that Russo drove

her car to appellant’s apartment in Winchester, Virginia where appellant picked up “[a] bookbag,

a gun, [and] some black clothing.” Rogers described appellant’s gun as a black handgun.

       Rogers testified that, after the group arrived at the victim’s home, she stayed with the car,

which was parked away from the home. She testified that Russo and appellant got out of the car,

covered their faces, and left to conduct the robbery.

       After the robbery, Russo drove the car to the victim’s house where Rogers observed

appellant standing on the victim’s porch with the stolen property. Rogers testified that, after

loading the stolen items into her car, appellant told her about how “he stuck the gun in Dominic’s

back and how he pistol whipped him.” The group then drove to a gas station where they dumped

the victim’s cellphones down a manhole so those items could not be traced back to them. Rogers

testified that the group returned to appellant’s apartment where they divided the stolen goods.

Mrs. Ruibal’s jewelry remained in Rogers’s car, while appellant took the guitar, the AK-47, and




       2
         The police were only able to recover some of this stolen property, specifically, the
victim’s wife’s jewelry, the victim’s three cell phones, the victim’s microphones and music
equipment, and the victim’s guitar. These items were subsequently identified by the victim and
his wife as belonging to them.
                                                 -4-
appellant’s handgun into his apartment. Finally, Rogers testified that the stolen tablet computers

were later exchanged for heroin.

       Police responded to the victim’s home where they discovered a discarded black bandana

that was later determined to contain traces of Russo’s DNA. By working in coordination with

the cell phone carrier and another law enforcement agency, the police recovered the victim’s

three stolen phones in Linden, Virginia, located between the victim’s residence in Marshall and

appellant’s apartment in Winchester. These phones were returned to the victim, and he identified

them as belonging to him.

       The police executed a search warrant at appellant’s residence where they recovered a bag

that contained “stereo equipment, band equipment, microphones, along with numerous pieces of

mail and [appellant’s] driver’s license,” a guitar, and a black Smith and Wesson .380 with a

black case. The police also executed a search warrant on Rogers’s car, which the search showed

contained jewelry that was subsequently identified as belonging to the victim’s wife. Rogers

was also in possession of jewelry at the time she was taken into custody at the Northwest

Regional Jail, and the victim’s wife also identified this jewelry as belonging to her.

                                 B. Appellant’s Motion in Limine

       On August 3, 2016 – the day before appellant’s trial – appellant’s trial counsel filed a

motion in limine seeking to “exclude any testimony regarding the firearm found in the

Defendant’s apartment to include the showing of any photographs of that firearm for the purpose

of witness identification as such testimony has no probative value and is highly prejudicial.”

Appellant’s motion argued that no forensic evidence linked the gun to the robbery and that law

enforcement witnesses would “not be able to testify that the gun found in the Defendant’s

residence was, in fact, the gun that was used in the robbery.”




                                                -5-
       On the day of trial, August 4, 2016, appellant’s trial counsel attempted to address the

motion in limine, and the following colloquy ensued:

               THE COURT: Well, I’m not going to hear the motion.

               [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Okay. Okay.

               THE COURT: So it was just filed too late. As you well know,
               motions to suppress have to be filed seven days in advance, heard
               three days beforehand. Now, I realize this is not a motion to
               suppress as such, it was styled a motion in limine --

               [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I understand, sir.

               THE COURT: -- in this particular case. But basically, you wanted
               to keep out certain evidence, to suppress certain evidence. And
               even though none of them were alleged to be a violation of the
               U.S. Constitution or the Virginia state constitution, which would
               be for the motion to suppress, the Court’s still not going to
               consider it at this time because I think it’s also going to be
               incumbent upon the trier of fact in this particular case, which is the
               jury, to make a determination if the Commonwealth proves their
               case or not. And by that, I mean if they prove that it so happens is
               a weapon that was found, I believe at his home, whether they prove
               that it was the weapon used in this incident that allegedly happened
               on December the 7th of 2015 or not. So I think it’s going to be for
               the trier of fact. If they don’t, they, the Commonwealth, don’t
               prove it, then the trier of fact will so find.

               [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Understand, sir.

               THE COURT: All right. So the motion at this time will not be
               heard. We are then ready to proceed --

               [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Yes, sir.

       Subsequently, during the trial, photo evidence of the gun was admitted to the record after

the trial judge asked counsel, “Any objection?” to which appellant’s trial counsel replied, “No

objection.” The gun was also shown to the jury without objection, and Detective Waddell

testified without objection that appellant’s gun was consistent with descriptions given of it by




                                               -6-
both the victim and Rogers. 3 In short, while this evidence was within the scope of appellant’s

motion in limine, it was later admitted during the trial without objection from appellant’s trial

counsel.

                                 C. Appellant’s Motions to Strike

       At the conclusion of the Commonwealth’s evidence, appellant’s trial counsel moved to

strike the Commonwealth’s evidence, stating, “Your Honor, at this time I would move to strike.

I believe that the Commonwealth’s evidence has fallen, fallen in the insufficiency category, and I

don’t believe that they have proven their case beyond a reasonable doubt, and for those reasons I

would move to strike.” Appellant’s trial counsel did not argue with any specificity how the

Commonwealth’s evidence was insufficient on any of the charges that appellant faced. The trial

court denied the motion to strike.

       Following the defense’s evidence, appellant’s trial counsel renewed her motion to strike,

stating, “In the meantime, Your Honor, I believe I’m obligated to renew my motion to strike,

given lack of evidence on the Commonwealth’s behalf. I’ll defer to the Court.” Appellant’s trial

counsel, however, did not provide any specific reasons as to why the evidence was insufficient.

The trial court denied the second motion to strike and submitted the case to the jury.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

                                 A. Appellant’s Motion in Limine

       Appellant’s first assignment of error claims that the “Trial Court erred by failing to hear

the duly filed and noticed Motion in Limine thereby violating Rule 3A:9 of the Rules of the




       3
         On cross-examination, Detective Waddell testified that he could not confirm that the
gun recovered from the search of appellant’s home was the actual weapon used during the
robbery.
                                              -7-
Supreme Court of Virginia by wrongfully determining that the Motion fell under [Rule

3A:9](b)(1) instead of [Rule 3A:9](b)(2).”4

          A lower court’s interpretation of the Rules of the Supreme Court presents a question of

law that an appellate court reviews de novo. LaCava v. Commonwealth, 283 Va. 465, 470, 722

S.E.2d 838, 840 (2012); Moore v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 747, 753, 668 S.E.2d 150, 153

(2008).

          Subparagraph (b) of Rule 3A:9 establishes when a litigant must raise a defense and

objection before trial, and, alternatively, when a litigant may raise a defense and objection before

trial.

          Rule 3A:9(b)(1) states:

                 Defenses and objections based on defects in the institution of the
                 prosecution or in the written charge upon which the accused is to
                 be tried, other than that it fails to show jurisdiction in the court or
                 to charge an offense, must be raised by motion made within the
                 time prescribed by paragraph (c) of this Rule.

(Emphasis added). Paragraph (c) states that a motion governed by subparagraph (b)(1) “shall be

filed or made before a plea is entered and, in a circuit court, at least 7 days before the day fixed

for trial . . . .” Rule 3A:9(c) (emphasis added). This Court has previously stated, “[T]he plain

language of the Rule states that the requirements of Rule 3A:9(b)(1) are mandatory, and ‘failure

to raise such [defenses] properly is a waiver,’ unless ‘good cause’ is shown.” Rambo v.

Commonwealth, 51 Va. App. 418, 424-25, 658 S.E.2d 688, 691 (2008) (second alteration in

original) (quoting Harris v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 670, 675, 576 S.E.2d 228, 230 (2003)




          4
         While appellant’s trial counsel did not explicitly argue before the trial court, as clearly
as appellant’s counsel now states on appeal, that the motion in limine was timely under Rule
3A:9(b)(2), this argument is implicit in the motion as it was filed and was adequate in this case to
preserve appellant’s assignment of error for appeal.
                                               -8-
(en banc)). See, e.g., Epps v. Commonwealth, 293 Va. 403, 410, 799 S.E.2d 516, 519 (2017);

Waters v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 133, 137, 510 S.E.2d 262, 264 (1999).

       In contrast, subparagraph (b)(2) of Rule 3A:9 states, “In addition to the defenses and

objections specified in subparagraph (b)(1) of this Rule, any defense or objection that is capable

of determination without the trial of the general issue may be raised by motion before trial.”

Rule 3A:9(b)(2) (emphasis added). Thus, under subparagraph (b)(2), the use of the word “may”

does not require that such motions be heard before trial. Rather, Rule 3A:9(b)(2) is permissive,

and motions properly considered under this subparagraph are timely so long as they are made

before a jury renders its verdict or the trial court (when sitting as a factfinder) finds the defendant

guilty. See id.

       In the current case, it appears that the trial court essentially viewed appellant’s motion as

a motion to suppress.5 Appellant now argues on appeal that the “Trial Court erred by failing to

hear the duly filed and noticed Motion in Limine . . . .” (Emphasis added). However, even

assuming without deciding that the motion was timely under Rule 3A:9(b)(2), the trial court

ultimately admitted the evidence that appellant had sought to exclude with his motion in limine

during the trial without any objection from appellant. During the Commonwealth’s direct

examination of Detective Waddell, the Commonwealth requested that photo evidence of the gun

that was recovered from appellant’s apartment be admitted. The trial court specifically asked

appellant’s counsel whether she had any objection, and counsel replied, “No objection.”

Detective Waddell also then testified that appellant’s handgun was “consistent with the



       5
          Similar in purpose to Rule 3A:9(b)(1), Code § 19.2-266.2 requires that motions to
suppress based upon “provisions of the Fourth, Fifth or Sixth Amendments to the Constitution of
the United States or Article I, Section 8, 10 or 11 of the Constitution of Virginia” shall be filed
“not later than seven days before trial in circuit court . . . .” Code § 19.2-266.2. “A hearing on
all such motions or objections shall be held not later than three days prior to trial in circuit court,
unless such period is waived by the accused, as set by the trial judge.” Id.
                                                 -9-
description provided” by both the victim and Rogers. This testimony was again admitted

without objection. Therefore, any possible error that may be attributed to the trial court’s not

initially hearing and ruling on the motion at the beginning of the trial would be harmless because

the trial court later admitted the evidence that was the subject of appellant’s earlier motion

without objection.6 See also Rule 5A:18. In addition, the posture of this unobjected-to evidence

is such that, as the trial judge had earlier noted, it was a proper question for the jury, as trier of

fact, to consider and resolve.

                                   B. Sufficiency of the Evidence

        Appellant argues in his second assignment of error that the “Trial Court erred by failing

to sustain Hughes’s second Motion to Strike as no reasonable finder of fact could have found the

Commonwealth’s evidence sufficient to find Hughes Guilty.”


        6
          In this case, we apply “the standard for non-constitutional harmless error, which is that
such error is harmless if we can be sure that it did not ‘influence the jury’ or had only a ‘slight
effect.’” Shifflett v. Commonwealth, 289 Va. 10, 12, 766 S.E.2d 906, 908 (2015) (quoting Clay
v. Commonwealth, 262 Va. 253, 260, 546 S.E.2d 728, 731-32 (2001)); Kotteakos v. United
States, 328 U.S. 750, 764-65 (1946). The standard for non-constitutional harmless error is
codified by Code § 8.01-678, which states:

                When it plainly appears from the record and the evidence given at
                the trial that the parties have had a fair trial on the merits and
                substantial justice has been reached, no judgment shall be arrested
                or reversed . . . [f]or any . . . defect, imperfection, or omission in
                the record, or for any error committed on the trial.

See also Ferguson v. Commonwealth, 240 Va. ix, ix, 396 S.E.2d 675, 675 (1990) (stating that
Code § 8.01-678 makes “harmless-error review required in all cases.”). In addition, Virginia
courts

                have applied Code § 8.01-678 in criminal as well as civil cases. In
                a criminal case, it is implicit that, in order to determine whether
                there has been “a fair trial on the merits” and whether “substantial
                justice has been reached,” a reviewing court must decide whether
                the alleged error substantially influenced the jury. If it did not, the
                error is harmless.

Clay, 262 Va. at 259, 546 S.E.2d at 731 (quoting Code § 8.01-678) (citation omitted).
                                             - 10 -
       Our ability to consider the error claimed by appellant – specifically that the evidence was

insufficient to support his convictions – is determined by whether the issue was adequately

preserved in the trial court. Rule 5A:18 states:

               No ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for
               reversal unless an objection was stated with reasonable certainty at
               the time of the ruling, except for good cause shown or to enable the
               Court of Appeals to attain the ends of justice. A mere statement
               that the judgment or award is contrary to the law and the evidence
               is not sufficient to preserve the issue for appellate review.

(Emphasis added). We have previously noted that, in strictly enforcing this Rule, “the Supreme

Court has held that a challenge to the sufficiency of the Commonwealth’s evidence is waived if

not raised with some specificity in the trial court.” Mounce v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 433,

435, 357 S.E.2d 742, 744 (1987) (emphasis added) (citing Floyd v. Commonwealth, 219 Va.

575, 584, 249 S.E.2d 171, 176 (1978)). See, e.g., Chatman v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 618,

631, 739 S.E.2d 245, 251 (2013) (en banc).

       In Floyd, the Supreme Court stated:

               A general sufficiency objection does not, by itself, raise the issue
               whether a defendant was properly convicted of one or multiple
               crimes. To hold otherwise would be to deny the trial court the
               opportunity to consider and weigh, and, if necessary, reconsider
               before finally ruling on legal questions in the orderly course of
               trial.

Floyd, 219 Va. at 584, 249 S.E.2d at 176; see also Murillo-Rodriguez v. Commonwealth, 279

Va. 64, 79, 688 S.E.2d 199, 207-08 (2010) (stating that the primary purpose of the

contemporaneous objection rule is to allow the trial court “to rule intelligently on the issues

presented, thereby avoiding unnecessary appeals and reversals. A specific, contemporaneous

objection also provides the opposing party an opportunity to address an issue at a time when the

course of the proceedings may be altered in response to the problem presented.” (quoting Shelton

v. Commonwealth, 274 Va. 121, 126, 645 S.E.2d 914, 916 (2007))).

                                               - 11 -
       The level of specificity that is required to satisfy Rule 5A:18 is not a high standard. For

example, in Johnson v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 303, 709 S.E.2d 175 (2011), a case in

which the appellant argued that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of malicious

wounding,7 appellant successfully preserved his sufficiency argument by challenging a single

element of the offense during closing argument. There, defense counsel argued that the evidence

failed to show that appellant’s actions actually caused the victim’s injuries. In deciding to reach

the merits of the assignment of error, this Court stated:

               We note that at trial, appellant did not state his objection to the
               sufficiency of the evidence regarding causation with the precision
               or particularity that is generally desirable. However, for purposes
               of this matter we find that appellant stated his concern with the
               minimum amount of specificity necessary to fulfill the
               requirements of Rule 5A:18 . . . . Because appellant referenced the
               issue of causation, we find that he met the minimum requirements
               of Rule 5A:18.

Johnson, 58 Va. App. at 314 n.2, 709 S.E.2d at 181 n.2.

       By contrast, in the current case, appellant was charged with four crimes – armed robbery,

conspiracy to commit robbery, using a firearm in the commission of a robbery, and statutory

burglary while armed with a deadly weapon. Following the conclusion of the Commonwealth’s

evidence, rather than addressing any element of these four charges, appellant’s trial counsel

made a general motion to strike that lacked any specificity, stating, “Your Honor, at this time I

would move to strike. I believe that the Commonwealth’s evidence has fallen . . . in the

insufficiency category, and I don’t believe that they have proven their case beyond a reasonable

doubt . . . .” In later making her second motion to strike, appellant’s trial counsel again provided

no specific reasoning as to why the evidence was insufficient when she only stated, “Your




       7
         In Johnson, appellant was also convicted of maiming by mob in violation of Code
§ 18.2-41.
                                             - 12 -
Honor, I believe I’m obligated to renew my motion to strike, given lack of evidence on the

Commonwealth’s behalf.”

       Simply put, appellant’s trial counsel failed to argue both motions to strike with even the

minimal degree of specificity that Rule 5A:18 requires. The second motion to strike (the denial

of which appellant challenges in this assignment of error) was made in very general terms, which

Rule 5A:18 states is insufficient. Therefore, we hold that appellant’s second assignment of error

was not adequately preserved in the trial court and that we, consequently, cannot reach its merits

on appeal.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       In short, even assuming without deciding that appellant’s motion in limine was timely

under Rule 3A:9(b)(2), any error possibly committed by the trial court in initially not hearing

appellant’s motion was harmless. The trial court ultimately admitted the evidence that was the

subject of appellant’s motion in limine without objection from appellant’s trial counsel.

Appellant failed to preserve his second assignment of error for appeal because appellant’s trial

counsel did not make her motions to strike with any specificity as to why the evidence was

insufficient for the convictions. For all of these reasons, we affirm appellant’s convictions.

                                                                                            Affirmed.




                                               - 13 -
