                               Fourth Court of Appeals
                                      San Antonio, Texas
                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                         No. 04-16-00124-CV

                                   IN THE INTEREST OF M.J.P.

                     From the 166th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
                                  Trial Court No. 2014-PA-00878
                             Honorable Karen Crouch, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Karen Angelini, Justice

Sitting:          Karen Angelini, Justice
                  Marialyn Barnard, Justice
                  Jason Pulliam, Justice

Delivered and Filed: December 14, 2016

AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED

           This appeal arises from a contested adoption proceeding. At the time of the bench trial in

February 2016, M.J.P., a four-year-old girl, was eligible for adoption because the parental rights

of her biological parents had been terminated. At the time of the termination, M.J.P. had been

placed in the home of her great-uncle, Javier S., and his wife, Cristina B. The permanency plan

was for Javier S. and Cristina B. to adopt M.J.P. However, before their petition was granted, Javier

S. initiated divorce proceedings. When the Department of Family and Protective Services learned

that Javier S. had filed for divorce, it decided to place M.J.P. with Javier S. At that point, M.J.P.

had lived with both Javier S. and Cristina B. for eighteen months and referred to Javier S. as

“Daddy” and Cristina B. as “Mommy.” Javier S. and Cristina B. then proceeded with separate

petitions to adopt M.J.P. After a bench trial, the trial court granted Cristina B.’s petition to adopt
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M.J.P. and denied Javier S.’s petition. The attorney and guardian ad litem for M.J.P., Carla

Morrison, then filed a notice of appeal on behalf of M.J.P.

                                           BACKGROUND

       At trial, ten witnesses testified. The first witness called was Marisa Bono, who had been

friends with both Cristina B. and Javier S. for six years. Bono testified that her four-year-old son

attended the same daycare as M.J.P. and that she had spent a lot of time with M.J.P. and Cristina

B. because the children were playmates. According to Bono, she first met M.J.P. in May or April

2014 and learned from Cristina B. that M.J.P. had been removed from her biological parents. Bono

testified that Cristina B. advocated M.J.P. living with her and Javier S. because she did not want

M.J.P. to be placed in foster care. Bono testified that Cristina B. felt like “she was being called” to

help M.J.P., but was conflicted because Javier S. had been reluctant to bring M.J.P. into their home.

According to Bono, Javier S. had told Cristina he was not interested in having children because he

had already raised his nephew. Bono testified that Cristina B. was worried about creating conflict

in her marriage but was nonetheless “compelled” to bring the child into their home.

       Bono testified that when she first met M.J.P., M.J.P. was “very sweet,” but “seemed shy, a

little tentative, and a little withdrawn.” Bono testified that after living with Cristina B. and Javier

S. for months, Bono saw a complete change in M.J.P.’s personality. M.J.P. became very outgoing,

and was exuberant and happy. Bono testified that M.J.P. is an “exceptionally intelligent little girl

and also very mature for her age.” According to Bono, M.J.P. became the one who was engaging

her son and “trying to pull him all over the place and bossing him around.” “[H]er personality

really started coming through.” “She was more articulate. She was more outgoing. She was more

social. She was more confident. It was like night and day.” Bono could only attribute the change

to “her placement in a stable, loving home.”



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       Bono admitted that she did not have much opportunity to observe M.J.P. with Javier S.;

however, Bono testified that it was clear M.J.P. “was being nurtured by her mother.” Bono testified

that Cristina B. and M.J.P. bonded, and M.J.P. called Cristina B. “Mommy.” When asked whether

Cristina B.’s career prevented her from engaging in parenting, Bono disagreed with the assertion

that Cristina B. had no time for M.J.P. because of her career. Bono testified that from her

observations, Cristina B. is “an excellent mother.”

       Bono further testified that Cristina B. wants Javier S. in M.J.P.’s life. Cristina B. intends

to maintain M.J.P.’s relationship with Javier S. and create a visitation schedule. In contrast, Bono

testified that Javier S. has kept Cristina B. from M.J.P., which made Bono question Javier S.’s

ability to provide for M.J.P. emotionally. Bono testified that Javier S. wants to sever all connection

between Cristina B. and M.J.P., which indicates Javier S. places his needs above M.J.P.’s needs.

Bono emphasized that parents have to make difficult decisions and place their child’s needs before

their own.

       Phyllis Viagran, a civilian caseworker with the San Antonio Police Department’s crisis

response team, was the second witness to testify. Viagran testified that her job is to follow up on

family-violence cases. She testified as a friend of Cristina B. and explained that she was there in

2014 when M.J.P. was placed with Cristina B. and Javier S. At that time, M.J.P.’s biological

mother had a drug problem, and M.J.P.’s biological father was in jail for a significant period of

time. Javier S. and Cristina B. were considered for placement because Javier S. was a blood relative

of M.J.P. Viagran testified that at first, M.J.P. was a very shy child, but that after living with

Cristina B. and Javier S. for a few months, M.J.P. seemed like a “normal” kid. According to

Viagran, in December 2015, Javier S. wanted a divorce from Cristina B. Viagran testified that

Cristina B. told her Javier S. had left the marital bed and started sleeping with M.J.P. in her room.

Viagran testified that when Javier S. and Cristina B. first became a couple, Javier S. did not want
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to have children. After he and Cristina B. took M.J.P. as an emergency placement, he told Cristina

B. that he did want children. Then, in December 2015, Javier S. told Cristina B. that he wanted a

divorce. Viagran testified that she was concerned Javier S. cannot maintain a healthy relationship

with an adult female. She criticized Javier S. for using the women in his life. According to Viagran,

Javier S. uses his mother to clean his home, he uses his sister to make meals, and he used Cristina

B. to pay for his education and help him find his job.

       Viagran also criticized the Department for how it handled this case. She noted that the

Department did not conduct a home study before M.J.P. was placed with Cristina B. and Javier S.

Viagran testified that the Department’s choice to allow Javier S. to adopt M.J.P. was inappropriate

because the decision was “rushed into initially.” Viagran explained that because Cristina B. is not

related by blood to M.J.P., Cristina B. will be more protective of M.J.P. According to Vaigran,

Cristina B. is not going to give M.J.P. back to family members who should not be around M.J.P.

Viagran testified that she fears Javier S. is going to allow certain family members access to M.J.P.

Viagran based this fear on her observations at M.J.P.’s birthday party where M.J.P.’s “grandmother

and great-grandmother . . . had the run of [the party].” Viagran noted that M.J.P. “removed herself

from the party for a while and just played with her friend because [her friend] was the only [child]

there.” Viagran testified that she felt “like that was indicative of what’s going to happen if [Javier

S. is] given custody of [M.J.P.]. [M.J.P. is] going to be handed back over to them.” Viagran

testified that Javier S.’s mother and sister are a “crutch” and that Javier S. is “dependent on them.”

Viagran did not believe Javier S. could raise M.J.P. without them.

       Cristina B.’s mother, Maria B., was the third witness to testify. Maria B. testified that she

saw Cristina B. and Javier S. take care of M.J.P. from June 2014 until November 2015. She

explained that when Cristina B. went out of town, she would go over to help take care of M.J.P.

She testified that Javier S. asked her to sleep in the master bedroom so that he could sleep in
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M.J.P.’s room. She testified that Javier S. always slept in the same bed as M.J.P. Maria B. testified

that Cristina B. and Javier S. were co-parents and shared parenting responsibilities. According to

Maria B., Cristina B. told her to use the time-out technique to discipline M.J.P.

       Maria B. testified that Cristina B. had always wanted children, but Javier S. had not wanted

to start a family. Maria B. told Javier S. not to take M.J.P. into the home if he was not going to

stay married to Cristina B. Maria B. criticized Javier S. for taking M.J.P. into his home with

Cristina B. when he had already been contemplating getting a divorce: “But [Javier S.] did wrong

because he was already thinking about getting divorced; and even like that, he took the child in.

And, -- and so he was – he was lying to us because he was already thinking about divorce. He was

already – he already had a girlfriend; and even like that, he wanted to take the child in.”

       Cristina Medrano, the director of the Mustard Seed Academy where M.J.P. attended

preschool, was the fourth witness to testify. Medrano testified that M.J.P. was always well

groomed, and a very clean, happy child. Medrano testified that M.J.P. was on target

developmentally. Medrano testified that M.J.P. started having potty-training accidents when the

couple began divorce proceedings and Cristina B. was only allowed to visit M.J.P. at the school.

According to Medrano, she told Javier S. that M.J.P. needed to visit with Cristina B. in a more

private place, like her home. Medrano testified that she believed M.J.P. started having “accidents”

because she did not know what was happening or when she would see Cristina B. again. Medrano

explained that the visits had been under the control of the Department. Medrano felt that the

preschool was not an appropriate place for the visitation to take place. She explained that the school

had a lot of children and that M.J.P. “wasn’t having her one-on-one [time with Cristina B.]; and

after that, [Cristina B.] would leave [and] M.J.P. would stay upset.” According to Medrano, she

told Javier S. that M.J.P. needed both of them.



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       Dr. Mary Ponce, a clinical psychologist, was the fifth person to testify. She had seen M.J.P.

for six weeks, consisting of three fifty-minute appointments in January 2016 and one in February

2016. She had only seen M.J.P. with Javier S. and had never met Cristina B. Dr. Ponce explained

that during the appointments, they did “expressive modalities . . . or some play.” Dr. Ponce

concluded based on the results of the psychological evaluation that M.J.P. had minimal issues. Dr.

Ponce testified that M.J.P. was well bonded to Javier and called him “Daddy.” Dr. Ponce had not

noticed any “red flags” raised about the relationship. Dr. Ponce noted that M.J.P. told her she had

visits with Cristina B. at the daycare. Dr. Ponce testified that when she asked M.J.P. to draw her

family, she drew a picture of herself and Javier S. M.J.P. then drew her brothers and sisters in

another picture, which Dr. Ponce believed were her classmates at her daycare. Dr. Ponce concluded

the most prominent parent figure for M.J.P. is Javier S.

       Dr. Ponce explained that the Department had asked her to conduct some sessions with

M.J.P. and Cristina B. but that she decided not to do so because she felt that she “had already

established the – the framework for – for the counselling given that [Javier S.] was the primary

caregiver, and he was bringing M.J.P. consistently.” Dr. Ponce stated that the initial referral was

for M.J.P. and the caregiver, which was Javier S. According to Dr. Ponce, if the referral had stated

both parents, then she would have also conducted sessions with Cristina B. Dr. Ponce believed that

if Javier S. was not allowed to adopt M.J.P., M.J.P. would regress in her development because she

had identified Javier S. as the primary parent and her caregiver.

       On cross-examination, Dr. Ponce admitted that she had not been aware of the fact that

M.J.P. had lived with Javier S. and Cristina B. from May 2014 through Nov. 2015. Dr. Ponce

testified that she thought M.J.P. had only lived with Cristina B. for a few months. She admitted

that if she had known M.J.P. had lived with Cristina B. for eighteen months, she might have

approached this case differently. She might have been concerned about separation anxiety or
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attachment issues. Dr. Ponce testified that she had been given specific guidelines tailored to this

case, including M.J.P.’s adjustment, her developmental progress, at home and at school, and her

attachment. Dr. Ponce testified that she did not contact Cristina B. because she did not believe

Cristina B. had lived with M.J.P. for a significant period of time.

       When asked what her recommendation was with respect to M.J.P.’s best interest in a

contested adoption between Javier and Cristina, Dr. Ponce admitted that she had not had “the

opportunity to assess each individual as a parent and the stability of their character, their capacity

to parent, so [she could not] render an opinion.” She admitted that from her limited sessions, she

was not able to identify and assess the “protective capacities” of Javier S. and Cristina B. She could

not assess which parent could best provide for M.J.P.’s educational needs. She could not assess

which parent could provide for M.J.P.’s psychological and emotional needs. She could not assess

which parent was better equipped to provide for M.J.P.’s physical and safety needs. She did not

assess whether Javier S. or Cristina B. had sufficient resources to provide for M.J.P.’s needs. She

was not able to assess whether Javier S. or Cristina B. provided more stability to M.J.P.

       The seventh witness to testify was Jennifer Velasquez, an evaluator with the Department,

who performed the home studies on Cristina B. and Javier S., respectively. Velasquez testified that

Cristina B. was “very bonded to the child.” Cristina B. “had a lot of positive affirmation and love

for the child, who was already bonded.” Velasquez noted that Cristina B. felt she had not been

given a fair chance with the caseworker. Further, she felt she was not being allowed to participate

in a lot of the meetings involving M.J.P. and was never given an answer by the Department as to

why. When asked if she thought Cristina B.’s feelings had merit, Velasquez replied, “Yes.”

Velasquez agreed that the Department did not really give Cristina B. any justification.

       Velasquez was asked whether Javier S. told her that “his family resources are the same

family that this child was removed from for not being protective of her.” Velaquez replied, “Yes,”
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and noted that it did impact her assessment. Velasquez testified that Javier S. had acknowledged

that fact and said he would not allow M.J.P. to be with her biological parents. Velasquez testified

that she believed Javier S. would be protective of M.J.P.

       When asked if there was anything about Cristina B. that concerned her, Velasquez replied,

“No, she seems – appeared very family-oriented, very involved with her siblings and both parents.”

Velasquez noted that Cristina B. was very family oriented even though her parents live in a

different city. Velasquez explained that Cristina B. “had a lot of social support, and her job was

very flexible.” Velasquez testified that she found Cristina B.’s discipline appropriate – “there were

no issues with the discipline.” Velasquez noted that Cristina B. “was receptive to having shared

visits” with Javier S. Accoding to Velasquez, M.J.P. said that she lived with both “her mom and

dad.” Further, Cristina B.’s references were all positive, and they all spoke highly of Cristina B.

professionally and personally. Velasquez testified that Cristina B. “has long, stable friendships.”

According to Velaquez, Cristina B.’s home “would be a positive placement” for M.J.P.

       Velasquez testified that Javier S. did disclose he was diabetic. Velasquez was concerned

about his smoking tobacco because M.J.P. is asthmatic. Velasquez was aware that Cristina B. did

not want a divorce and that she was willing to work things out with Javier S. so that M.J.P. could

be raised by both parents. Velasquez also testified that she had concerns about Javier S.’s ability

to provide for M.J.P. financially and that he would benefit from financial assistance. Velasquez

testified that if she were to award grades for the home studies, she would award Cristina B. an “A”

and Javier S. a “B.”

       Cristina B. was the eighth witness to testify. Cristina B. explained that she had “been

advocating for [M.J.P.] since she was a month old.” When M.J.P. was a month old, she and her

biological parents had been at Cristina B. and Javier S.’s home for Christmas. Cristina B. explained

that both biological parents “were on drugs at that time.” Cristina B. testified,
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       That’s when I first met her, and I knew that she needed somebody to be an advocate
       for her. As the years progressed, we saw [M.J.P.] during holidays and birthday
       parties, and at this time, it was my sister-in-law [who] would have her and drop her
       off at my in-laws’ [home] . . . And when [Javier] called [me] and said can we go to
       a mediation for my sister, I said yes. I left work, and I met them. We were supposed
       to go around the table and say something on behalf of [M.J.P.], and at this point, I
       tell [Javier], why can’t we just have her in our home? We have a three-bedroom,
       two-bath home. It’s huge. We have the room. And he said no because [he had]
       already raised [M.J.P.’s biological father]; that’s too much responsibility, and we
       have our lives where we come and go, and we work, and we come and go. . . .
       [M.J.P.’s] father is [Javier’s] nephew, the one [who is] in jail, so that’s why – that
       [was] his comment to me. So at that point, I tell him he’s – she’s family. I’m married
       to you. She’s my family.

       Cristina B. testified that Javier S. finally relented and agreed. Cristina B. testified that she

was very proud of him when M.J.P.’s biological mother stood up and proclaimed, “No, I would

rather my daughter go to foster care than [to] that family,” pointing at Javier S. and Cristina B.

Javier S. stood up said, “Well, then, we’ll take her.” Cristina B. testified that she was very proud

of Javier S., explaining, “I knew that that was the reason why I married him.” M.J.P. was placed

with Javier S. and Cristina B. on May 23, 2014. Cristina B. testified that they “learned to be parents

overnight.” They stayed up with M.J.P., because she would cry and have nightmares. Cristina B.

testified they all adjusted and then there were no more nightmares. They were co-parents who

shared responsibility. They were “a married couple with a brand-new baby that was not a brand-

new baby, but she was a walking-talking baby that could tell you she was hungry, I hurt, I want

this, I want that.” Cristina B. testified that Javier S. is a good parent and loves M.J.P. She testified

that they disagreed about discipline and that she was the stricter parent. Cristina B. gave the

example of M.J.P.’s pronunciation of words. She wanted to make sure M.J.P. knew how to

pronounce certain words correctly, and Javier S. thought M.J.P. should be allowed to speak how

she wanted to. “I would say, ‘No, just pronounce the word correctly.’ So, he thought that was

discipline, and it wasn’t discipline.” Cristina B. testified that she had never spanked M.J.P.



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       According to Cristina B., she would never cut off contact with Javier S. However, she noted

that he did cut off contact between M.J.P. and her. Javier S. did not want her to talk to M.J.P.

Cristina B. testified that before Javier S. filed for divorce, he was often going out alone at night.

And, when he filed for divorce, he stopped going out at night. Cristina B. attributed the divorce to

Javier S.’s daily interactions with an ex-girlfriend on Facebook. According to Cristina B., during

a counseling session, the counselor asked Javier S. if he had a girlfriend, and he replied, “No.” He

did, however, state that he and the woman had dated in the past and that maybe something would

develop in the future. Javier S. told Cristina B. that he wanted a divorce because he was tired, did

not love Cristina B., thought she spent too much money, and thought she worked too much.

       Cristina B. testified that from 1999 to 2007, she was a high school teacher. From 2008 to

2011, she was a community liaison for Northeast ISD. As a community liaison, her job was to

“bring the community into the school and get the parents involved in the student’s education.”

Cristina B. explained that now she works at a local television station as a community affairs

director for television and radio. Cristina B. testified that her work schedule is “very flexible.” She

can do her job from home or anywhere else. Cristina B. testified that she is financially stable.

       Cristina B. testified that the only person to see her new home was the evaluator. She noted

M.J.P.’s ad litem (the same ad litem who has filed this appeal) never went to her home. The

caseworker did not come to her home. Cristina B. testified that she learned M.J.P. would be living

with Javier S. on November 12, 2015 in a conference room at the Department’s offices. She was

told she would “be a sitter or a backup” for Javier S. and that M.J.P. would be living with Javier

S. According to Cristina B., the Department employees “kept saying that [M.J.P.] was going with

Javier because he [is] a blood relative.” No arrangements were made for Cristina B. to have

visitation with M.J.P. That Friday, she called Javier S. and asked if he would be willing to work

out a visitation agreement and he agreed. Then he called back and told Cristina B. she could not
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pick up M.J.P. because the caseworker, Yesenia Moreno, said she could not pick up M.J.P.

anymore. Cristina B. called Moreno, who said that Cristina B. could not pick up M.J.P. because

she lived with Javier S. now. She later was able to set up visitation at the daycare. Cristina B.

testified that cutting her out of M.J.P.’s life would “devastate” M.J.P. because she thinks of Cristina

B. as her mommy.

       Cristina B. testified that the Department was not transparent or fair to her. The Department

never gave her clear answers. She noted that when the caseworker found out about the divorce,

she and Javier S. were told the Department would do two home studies. They were told the

Department would look at them individually because M.J.P. had been placed with them for

eighteen months. Cristina B. testified that “[i]t did not happen like that.” Cristina B. had to go back

into court to “force” them to do what they promised to do.

       When asked about her plans for M.J.P.’s future, Cristina B. testified that she saw M.J.P. as

“an educated, well-rounded, bilingual, bicultural individual knowing her full background and

understanding that and making a difference in the community.” She testified that education has

always been a priority in her family. She would encourage interactions with Javier S. and would

make sure M.J.P. knew both mommy and daddy love her. Cristina B. believed her daughter should

have both parents involved in her life. Cristina B. believed she would be more protective of M.J.P.

Cristina B. testified that she believes Javier S. is a good parent, but that he needs to have a more

open mind about a lot of things when it comes to M.J.P.’s upbringing.

       The ninth witness to testify was Yesenia Moreno, the caseworker from the Department’s

adoption unit. She testified that she did not have any concerns about parenting for either Cristina

B. or Javier S. and that both Javier S. and Cristina B. came back as “positive placements.” During

her initial visits with them at their home, they looked “appropriate” and M.J.P. “looked very

happy.” M.J.P. seemed bonded to both parents. Toward the end of the process, “the push worker,”
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the adoption worker who does the paperwork for the adoption, visited Cristina B. and Javier S.’s

home to conduct the home interview for the home-study update. After her visit, she emailed

Moreno and informed her that Javier S. had recently filed for divorce. Moreno was concerned

because neither Javier S. nor Cristina B. had informed her of any marital problems or any plans to

divorce. Cristina B. told Moreno that she was not aware Javier S. had filed for divorce. According

to Moreno, in the ten years of working on adoptions, she had never been faced with such a

situation.

        Moreno testified that initially, her supervisor told her to meet with Javier S. and Cristina

B. and explain that once they were divorced and living separately, the Department could conduct

home studies on each of them and determine from the home studies which placement was the best

option for M.J.P. Moreno admitted that the Department did not do what it said it was going to do.

Instead, the Department made a decision to place M.J.P. with Javier S. before any home study was

conducted. Moreno testified that when she talked with M.J.P., M.J.P. mentioned Javier S. more

than Cristina B. According to Moreno, she was “not denying that [M.J.P.] wasn’t bonded to both

of them, but she appeared to be more bonded to [Javier].” Moreno testified that “[e]verything

happened right before Thanksgiving, and with the holidays and everything, and then we got called

into court right away.” Moreno noted that at the meeting the Department had with Javier S. and

Cristina B., “it appeared that [Javier] had been the primary caregiver for [M.J.P.] during the time

that she had been placed with them, and . . . he was also a blood relative, which by law we’re

required to look at blood relatives first.” So, the Department decided to place M.J.P. with Javier

S., but allow the parties to arrange visits. Moreno testified that after Cristina B. called the trial

court and said she was going to possibly do a news story about this case, Moreno’s supervisor

ordered any visits with Cristina B. to be supervised.



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        When asked about spanking, Moreno testified that M.J.P. told her Cristina B. yelled at her

and spanked her on the bottom. “[S]he kind of simulated a spanking motion on her bottom and

stated that she – she would hurt me like this when I had accidents.” According to Moreno, Javier

S. told her that when he and Cristina B. first had M.J.P. in their home, there was one incident where

Cristina B. wanted to spank M.J.P, but he told Cristina B. that they were not allowed to spank her

under the rules set by the Department. Javier S. told Moreno that as far as he knew, that was the

only “spanking” incident. When asked why the Department did not recommend a 50/50 split,

Moreno explained the Department did not because this is an adoption case.

        The last witness to testify was Javier S., who was representing himself. He testified that he

is biologically related to M.J.P. as her paternal great-uncle. Javier S. first explained that he did not

actually raise his two nephews (one of whom is M.J.P.’s biological father). Although both nephews

had been imprisoned, Javier S. stated that he should not be blamed for any parenting faults because

he was only fourteen years old when his nephews came into his life. His nephews were about six

or seven years of age, and Javier S. helped babysit them and “provide recreational involvement,

recreational time with them.” Javier S. testified that their mother (his sister) was their primary

caregiver. When his nephews were fourteen years old and Javier S. was twenty-one years old, he

would “take them to Arcades and . . . that kind of stuff.”

        Javier S. did not agree with the characterization that he had relied on Cristina B. financially.

He testified that he was employed during the majority of his marriage. He had been a salesperson

at the same local television station that employed Cristina B. He stated that he presently works for

San Antonio Independent School District as a marketing manager. Javier S. explained that he had

only been unemployed from November 2013 to February 2014. Javier S. testified he had been

enrolled in an online graduate school program and then later at the satellite campus. He testified

that he paid for his tuition through student loans, which were presently in deferment. According to
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Javier S., he prioritizes education and has enrolled M.J.P. at Bonham Academy, where he plans

for M.J.P. to attend kindergarten to sixth grade. Javier S. testified that he then planned to enroll

M.J.P. at the Young Women’s Leadership Academy. He also planned for M.J.P. to attend college.

       Javier S. testified that he has attended every doctor visit with M.J.P. He noted that his work

schedule gives him flexibility. He emphasized that M.J.P.’s development is a priority to him and

that he attends all of M.J.P.’s school activities. He noted that the Department’s initial plan with

M.J.P. was reunification with her biological parents and that he was initially reluctant because the

plan was for her to return to her biological parents. Javier S. testified that since M.J.P. has been

born, he has been the person with whom she has bonded the longest. He stated that he had been

the person who, more than any other person, has been a positive influence in her life. Javier S.

testified that he has been a consistent presence to make sure that all of her needs had been met.

       When asked if he was able to adopt M.J.P., whether he believed it is important for M.J.P.

to have access or visitation with Cristina B., Javier S. replied, “No.” When asked why he felt that

way, Javier S. replied, “Because Cristina has displayed anger issues. Her parenting skills are – are

very – there’s – there’s consequences that are – that I don’t agree with, such as spanking and

emotional, I guess, bullying that – emotional bullying.” When asked about spanking, Javier S.

admitted he was only referring to a single incident. According to Javier S., in August 2015, during

tax-free weekend, he, Cristina B., and M.J.P. were at Old Navy in the dressing room trying on

clothes. Cristina B. picked up M.J.P., turned around and said, “Let’s go,” and spanked her. Javier

S. said that it was a punishment for not moving fast enough. Javier S. admitted that he did not

report the incident to the Department.

       With respect to the “emotional bullying,” Javier S. claimed that Cristina B.’s parenting

style was too strict. He stated that Cristina B. would say things like to M.J.P. like, “I can’t wait

until you’re adopted so that I could spank you.” Javier S. testified that he would regularly bathe
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M.J.P. and get her ready for bed in the evening, and Cristina B. would come home from work

angry. If M.J.P. was “fussy or just being a kid,” Cristina B. would say, “Stop it, or I’m going to

bathe you.” Javier S. testified that the “final straw . . . was when [Cristina’s] involvement with

[M.J.P.] became more negative, or just increased,” and he “no longer felt that [he] could look at

this woman and say she’s – [he] just felt that woman is not the mother of [his] children and that

was it.” Javier S. admitted that he did not make the caseworker, the evaluator, or the therapist

aware of his feelings about Cristina B.’s emotional bullying until after he filed for divorce.

       Javier S. testified that when he married Cristina B., he did want to have children with her,

but Cristina B. stated that she needed a Mercedes SUV to accommodate a child and she needed

him to find a job paying $120,000 per year because she would not work for three to four years.

And, Javier S. was adamant that he had not had an affair during his marriage.

       At the end of Javier S.’s testimony, the trial court asked Javier S. a few questions:

       Court: Okay. I have a question for you, okay? I talked to the child. So is it a free-
       for-all at your house? And she can do whatever she wants?

       Javier S.: No, ma’am.

       Court: And then, there’s guidelines at the other – with the other parent, and you just
       let her kind of run the whole place?

       Javier S.: No, ma’am. She can – she can choose to – if we’re going to color or watch
       TV and play dough or just have a couple of things, but they’re not consequences to
       when she doesn’t listen to me. I don’t say we’re going to go – today’s coloring day;
       today is, you know – if it’s not related to school, today is play dough day. She has
       that say-so. “Honey, what do you want to do?” “I want to color.” The only objection
       I have is when it comes to her having a say-so in what we do after school is the
       weather because of her asthma-like symptoms.

       At the end of the hearing, the trial court took the matter under advisement, stating that it

wanted to read everything. The court noted that M.J.P. was “very lucky” because she “has two

loving people” who would like to adopt her. The trial court later denied Javier S.’s petition and

granted Cristina B.’s petition to adopt M.J.P., finding that adoption by Cristina B. was in M.J.P.’s
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best interest. Morrison, the attorney and guardian ad litem for M.J.P., then filed this notice of

appeal.

                                         ISSUES ON APPEAL

          Morrison has specified sixteen issues in her appellant’s brief. However, in reviewing her

brief, we conclude that only three issues are presented: (1) whether the trial court abused its

discretion in granting Cristina B.’s petition for adoption and denying Javier S’s petition for

adoption; (2) whether the trial court erred in waiving the requirement of consent by the Department

to M.J.P.’s adoption; and (3) whether the trial court abused its discretion in interviewing M.J.P. in

chambers.

                     ABUSE OF DISCRETION IN GRANTING/DENYING PETITIONS

          Section 162.016 of the Texas Family Code provides that “[i]f the court finds that the

requirements for adoption have been met and the adoption is in the best interest of the child, the

court shall grant the adoption.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 162.016(b) (West 2014). Here, the trial

court found that adoption of M.J.P. by Cristina B. was in M.J.P.’s best interest. In her brief,

Morrison, the ad litem, first argues the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the

trial court’s finding that granting Cristina B.’s petition to adopt M.J.P., and denying Javier S.’s

petition, is in M.J.P.’s best interest. However, legal and factual sufficiency are not independent

grounds of error in an adoption proceeding like this one, but instead are relevant factors in deciding

whether the trial court abused its discretion. See In re J.G., 412 S.W.3d 83, 88 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 2013, no pet.). Thus, the issue presented on appeal is whether the trial court abused its

discretion in granting Cristina B.’s petition to adopt M.J.P. and in denying Javier S.’s petition to

adopt. See id.

          The decision to grant or deny a petition for adoption is within the discretion of the trial

court, and an appellate court may not set aside a trial court’s order granting or denying a petition
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for adoption except for abuse of discretion. In re W.E.R., 669 S.W.2d 716, 716 (Tex. 1984); In re

J.G., 412 S.W.3d at 87. As noted, legal and factual sufficiency are not independent grounds for

review, but instead are relevant factors in determining whether the trial court abused its discretion.

In re J.G., 412 S.W.3d at 88. In this context, an appellate court “is not entitled to substitute its

judgment for that of the trial court.” In re W.E.R., 669 S.W.2d at 716-17. “The trial court, as fact

finder, has the sole authority to resolve credibility issues and conflicts within the evidence.” In re

F.G., No. 04-04-00681-CV, 2005 WL 3477830, at *3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2005, no pet.)

(mem. op.). “The mere fact that a trial judge may decide a matter within his discretionary authority

in a different manner than an appellate judge in a similar circumstance does not demonstrate that

an abuse of discretion has occurred.” Lide v. Lide, 116 S.W.3d 147, 152 (Tex. App.—El Paso

2003, no pet.). An abuse of discretion does not occur as long as “some evidence of a substantive

and probative character” supports the trial court’s decision. Id.; In re D.D.T., No. 11-04-00022-

CV, 2005 WL 283579, at * 2 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2005, no pet.). “Furthermore, an abuse of

discretion does not occur when the trial court bases its decision on conflicting evidence.” In re

D.D.T., 2005 WL 283579 at *2.

       Here, in granting Cristina B.’s petition and denying Javier S.’s, the trial court found that

granting Cristina B.’s petition was in M.J.P.’s best interest. The best-interest determination is a

wide-ranging inquiry, and the Texas Supreme Court has set out some factors relevant to the

determination:

       •   the desires of the child;

       •   the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the future;

       •   the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future;

       •   the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody;


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       •   the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best interest of the
           child;

       •   the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency seeking custody;

       •   the stability of the home or proposed placement;

       •   the acts or omissions of the parent which may indicate that the existing parent-child
           relationship is not a proper one; and

       •   any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent.

See Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 372 (Tex. 1976). This list is not exhaustive, and not every

factor must be proved. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 27 (Tex. 2002).

       In its order, the trial court stated that it considered evidence presented relating to the

following factors: the desires of the child; the child’s emotional and physical needs now and in the

future; the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the future; the potential emotional

and physical dangers to the child now and in the future; the parental abilities of Cristina B. and

Javier S.; the extent of the investigations and services provided by the Department; what programs

would be available to Cristina B. and Javier S.; the plans for the child as presented by Cristina B.

and Javier S.; the stability of Cristina B.’s and Javier S.’s homes; the relationships between the

child and the prospective parents; the protective capacities of Cristina B. and Javier S., and which

individual could best protect the child; all the information and factors reported via the court-

ordered home studies of Cristina B. and Javier S.; the age of the child; the child’s need for stability

and structure; the child’s needs for support, both financial and emotional; “the future relationships

as between the child and the individuals”; and “the interaction between the parties and the child as

observed in the courtroom.”

       The trial court then made ninety-nine findings of fact in support of its decision. In

particular, the trial court found that both Cristina B. and Javier S. love and care for M.J.P. However,


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the court noted that Javier S. had been initially reluctant to bring M.J.P. into his and Cristina B.’s

home while Cristina B. had been an advocate for M.J.P.’s placement in their home. The trial court

found that before home studies were completed and in order to avoid placing M.J.P. in an

unfamiliar foster home while waiting for the home studies to be completed, the Department placed

M.J.P. with Javier S. and Cristina B. while they were married. The trial court noted that Cristina

B. would intervene with discipline and would redirect M.J.P., which was an appropriate manner

of discipline. The trial court found that Cristina B. and M.J.P. had bonded, that M.J.P. is “very

happy when she is with” Cristina B., and that Cristina B. was “constantly talking and thinking

about M.J.P., making plans for her, thinking about her future and advocating for” her. The trial

court found that Cristina B. wants Javier S. to be a part of M.J.P.’s life, but that Javier S. does not

want Cristina B. to be a part of M.J.P.’s life, which the trial court found would not be in M.J.P.’s

best interest emotionally. The trial court also found that Cristina B. would be “more protective

from relatives who could cause danger” and that Javier S. “is dependent on his mother and sister

for providing care for [M.J.P.]” The trial court also found that Cristina B. had more financial

resources available to provide for M.J.P.

       In support of her argument that the trial court should have granted Javier S.’s petition,

Morrison, the ad litem, points to testimony from Dr. Ponce, the psychologist. However, Dr.

Ponce’s testimony in this case is not persuasive as she never met with Cristina B., never saw her

and M.J.P. interact with one another, and was under the impression that M.J.P. had only lived with

Cristina B. for a few months. Morrison also points to the testimony of Medrano, the director of the

daycare. However, Medrano also did not have much contact with Cristina B. and testified that

M.J.P. needed both parents. Morrison also argues the evidence supports that Javier S. has superior

parenting abilities and that Cristina “has the potential to present an emotional and physical danger

to M.J.P.” However, the trial court did not find Javier S.’s testimony about Cristina B.’s emotional
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bullying and anger issues to be credible. During his testimony, Javier S. claimed Cristina B.’s

actions were a danger to M.J.P. but admitted that he did not report Cristina B.’s actions at the time

they occurred and only did so after he filed for divorce.

        It is clear that the trial court found both Cristina B. and Javier S. to be kind and decent

people worthy of adopting M.J.P. It is also clear that a major factor in the trial court granting

Cristina B.’s petition was Cristina B.’s testimony she would allow contact with Javier S. after the

adoption because doing so was in M.J.P.’s best interest. In contrast, Javier S. testified that he did

not believe it was in M.J.P.’s best interest that M.J.P. have contact with Cristina B. after the

adoption. It is also clear the trial court appreciated Cristina B.’s parenting style of structure and

discipline and the plans she had for M.J.P.’s education and future. Given this record, we cannot

say that the trial court abused its discretion in granting Cristina B.’s petition to adopt and denying

Javier S.’s petition.

                             WAIVER OF CONSENT BY DEPARTMENT

        In her second issue, appellant argues the trial court erred in waiving the requirement that

the Department consent to M.J.P.’s adoption. Section 162.010 of the Family Code provides that

“[u]nless the managing conservator is the petitioner, the written consent of a managing conservator

to the adoption must be filed.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 162.010(a) (West 2014). Section 162.010

allows the court to “waive the requirement of consent by the managing conservator if the court

finds that the consent is being refused or has been revoked without good cause.” Id. Here, the trial

court found that the “Department’s decision to exclude [Cristina B.] and her counsel from any

staffing shows a lack of good faith by the Department” and that waiver of the consent requirement

was “in the best interest of the child.” The record supports both these findings. There is ample

evidence in the record that the Department initially told Cristina B. she would be considered for

placement and that home studies would be conducted on both her and Javier S. Testimony from
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Department employees showed that the Department had not complied with this promise and had

made the decision to place M.J.P. with Javier S. before any home studies could be conducted.

Moreno admitted that “[e]verything happened right before Thanksgiving. And with the holidays

and everything . . . it didn’t give us the time.” Inaccurate and incorrect information was given to

Dr. Ponce. The record supports the finding that the Department did not conduct a sufficient

investigation into which placement was in M.J.P.’s best interest. And, there is nothing in the record

to indicate why the Department would withhold consent to Cristina B. adopting M.J.P. Moreno

admitted the Department had no concerns about Cristina B.’s parenting skills. Moreno admitted

that Cristina B. and M.J.P. were bonded. Velasquez, the Department evaluator, gave higher marks

for Cristina B.’s home study than Javier S.’s home study. Given this record, we find no abuse of

discretion by the trial court in waiving the requirement of consent by the Department.

                                           INTERVIEW OF CHILD

        Finally, appellant argues the trial court erred in conducting an ex parte, private interview

with M.J.P. and then relying on the interview in making its decision. With regard to whether the

trial court erred in conducting an ex parte, private interview with M.J.P., appellant waived any

error on appeal by not making an objection in the trial court. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1. With regard

to whether the trial court erred in relying on information gained from M.J.P. in making its decision,

any error is harmless because, as explained previously, there is other evidence sufficient to support

the trial court’s decision in this case.

                                              CONCLUSION

        Having determined Morrison’s issues on appeal are without merit, we affirm the trial

court’s Order Pursuant to Trial on Competing Petitions for Adoption. In the trial court’s order, it

found that it is in M.J.P.’s interest to implement a “transition period” and set out specific dates for

this transition period. Because these dates have now passed, the transition period as laid out in the
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order is moot. Therefore, we modify the trial court’s order to include new dates for the transition

period:

 Dec. 25, 2016                         1 visit between child & CB for 1 ½ hours

 Dec. 26, 2016 – Dec. 31, 2016         2 visits between child & CB for 1 ½ hours, 1 therapeutic
                                       session with Dr. Ponce
 Jan. 1, 2017                          1 visit between child & CB for 1 ½ hours

 Jan. 2, 2017 – Jan. 7, 2017           3 visits between child & CB for 1 ½ hours, 1 therapeutic
                                       session with Dr. Ponce
 Jan. 8, 2017 – Jan. 14, 2017          4 visits between child & CB for 1 ½ hours, 1 therapeutic
                                       session with Dr. Ponce
 Jan. 15, 2017 – Jan. 21, 2017         5 visits between child & CB for 1 ½ hours, 1 therapeutic
                                       session with Dr. Ponce
 Jan. 22, 2017 – Jan. 28, 2017         4 visits between child & CB for 1 ½ hours, 1 overnight visit,
                                       1 therapeutic session with Dr. Ponce
 Jan. 29, 2017 – Feb. 4, 2017          4 visits between child & CB for 1 ½ hours, 2 overnight visits,
                                       1 therapeutic session with Dr. Ponce
 Feb. 5, 2017 – Feb. 11, 2017          4 visits between child & CB for 1 ½ hours, Weekend visit, 1
                                       therapeutic session with Dr. Ponce
 Feb. 12, 2017 – Feb. 20, 2017         Child placed with CB, ADOPTION Feb. 21, 2017


          As modified, we affirm the trial court’s order.


                                                    Karen Angelini, Justice




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