                      NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                              File Name: 06a0692n.06
                             Filed: September 20, 2006

                                           No. 05-3636

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


GEORGE KRANTZ,

       Plaintiff-Appellant,

               v.                                                  On Appeal from the United
                                                                   States District Court for the
CITY OF TOLEDO POLICE DEPARTMENT;                                  Northern District of Ohio
LUCAS COUNTY CHILDREN SERVICES
BOARD; KEELY GRAY; MARIO WALLACE,
OFFICER; CITY OF TOLEDO,

       Defendants-Appellees.


                                                             /

Before:        GUY, SUTTON, and ALARCÓN * , Circuit Judges.

       RALPH B. GUY, JR., Circuit Judge.               Plaintiff George Krantz appeals from the

entry of summary judgment in favor of defendants—the City of Toledo, Police Officer

Mario Wallace, the Lucas County Children Services Board (LCCS), and LCCS Caseworker

Keely Gray—on claims arising out of a traffic stop made in investigating a dispute over the

custody of his then five-year-old son. Plaintiff’s amended complaint asserted various claims

under state law and for violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983, including illegal search and seizure,




       *
          The Honorable Arthur L. Alarcón, Senior Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth
Circuit, sitting by designation.
No. 05-3636                                                                                              2

false arrest and imprisonment, assault, defamation, malicious prosecution, and gender

discrimination.1 Plaintiff argues on appeal that the district court erred in finding that

defendants were entitled to immunity from suit on the state law claims pursuant to Ohio Rev.

Code § 2744.02 and § 2744.03. Plaintiff also argues that the district court erred in finding

on the merits that he could not prevail on his state law claims for false arrest, assault, or

defamation, or his § 1983 claims for illegal search and seizure. After review of the record

and the arguments presented on appeal, we affirm.

                                                    I.

        The stop at issue arose out of a long-running dispute between George Krantz and his

ex-girlfriend, Patricia Wyman, over the custody of their then five-year-old son Dakota.

Krantz and Wyman split up not long after Dakota was born, a petition for custody was

brought in Juvenile Court, and the LCCS filed its own petition seeking custody on the

grounds that the parents’ volatile relationship made conditions unsafe for the child. The

caseworker assigned to Dakota’s petition was defendant Keely Gray.

        Temporary custody was awarded to LCCS in early 1998, with the child residing with

the maternal grandmother and both parents having supervised visitation. In March 1999,

after a hearing, Wyman was awarded legal custody of Dakota, and Krantz was granted

visitation “per the standard court schedule” (except that pickups and drop-offs were to be




        1
          False arrest and false imprisonment are the same cause of action, with false arrest involving the
unlawful detention by an officer. Rogers v. Barbera, 164 N.E.2d 162 (Ohio 1960). For this reason, we refer
to this as a claim for false arrest.
No. 05-3636                                                                                   3

made through a third party). Krantz filed timely objections to that order, arguing that he was

prejudiced by having to proceed at the hearing despite the withdrawal of his attorney.

       Those objections remained pending for three years until, on April 30, 2002, the

juvenile court judge sustained the objections, vacated the custody order, and returned the case

to the docket for a new hearing. Because that order did not address the matters of custody

or visitation pending the hearing, legal custody of the child reverted to LCCS under the

earlier custody order. There is no dispute that Gray was unaware of the objections or the

decision vacating the custody order. It also appears that the parents informally continued the

prior custody and visitation arrangements until early August 2002.

       On August 6, 2002, Wyman filed a complaint against Krantz for interference with

custody alleging that Krantz had failed to return the child at the end of his weekend visitation

two days earlier. Krantz appeared on the warrant on August 12, and a hearing was scheduled

for later that month. On August 14, when the child had still not been returned, Wyman went

to the police for assistance. She talked to Detective Robert Schroeder and showed him the

court order granting her custody. Schroeder called LCCS to check with the caseworker. The

call was referred to Keely Gray, who told Schroeder that Wyman had custody of the child.

       On August 15, 2002, at approximately 1:00 p.m., Detective Schroeder went to

Krantz’s residence where he saw Krantz get into a van with two children and drive away.

Schroeder followed and confirmed that the van was registered to Krantz. Krantz, who was

taking the children to a sitter, realized he was being followed and circled back around to his

house. Schroeder called for uniformed officers to stop the van.
No. 05-3636                                                                                4

       Police Officers Carol Scherer and Leah Lewis intercepted Krantz in a marked car and

signaled for him to pull over. The officers could see Krantz bang on the steering wheel,

mouth “that fucking bitch,” and gesture out the window at them. Krantz drove around the

corner, stopped against the curb in front of his house, and jumped out of the van. A neighbor

witnessed Krantz yelling and using profanity at the officers, and Krantz admitted that he was

“cursing.” The officers drew their weapons and ordered Krantz to get back into his van three

times, but Krantz ignored them and continued to yell and curse.

       Police Officer Mario Wallace (the only officer named as a defendant) arrived

separately and directed Krantz to put his hands on the side of the van. Krantz refused and

Wallace used some force to push Krantz up against the side of the van. Wallace patted him

down, handcuffed him, and held him by the neck against the van as Krantz cursed and kept

trying to turn around. Krantz admitted that he offered some resistence and claimed that

Wallace bounced him into the van four times.

       Schroeder tried to talk with Krantz, who vehemently and loudly insisted that Wyman

did not have custody of the child. Krantz said there were “court papers” inside the van that

would prove this, and told the officers where to find them. Officer Scherer (who is not

named as a defendant) entered the van and retrieved the papers in question. Schroeder

looked at the papers, but found the question of custody was not clearly spelled out. As a

result, Schroeder directed another officer, Detective Robert Maxwell, to verify the custody

issue with the caseworker at LCCS. In this second call, Gray again confirmed that Wyman

had legal custody of Dakota. That information was relayed to Schroeder, who then called
No. 05-3636                                                                                   5

Wyman to the scene and allowed the child to leave with his mother. Krantz was not placed

under arrest, transported elsewhere, or charged with any offense as a result of the stop. The

handcuffs were removed and the officers left while Krantz yelled profanities after them. The

entire stop lasted approximately 25 minutes.

       The interference with custody charge was subsequently dismissed because custody

had reverted to LCCS under the prior order and neither Wyman nor Krantz had legal custody

of Dakota. When the custody issue came up for rehearing in October 2002, an agreement had

been reached through mediation under which LCCS’s custody was terminated, Wyman was

granted legal custody, and Krantz was awarded visitation.

       This action, filed in July 2003 and amended shortly thereafter, asserted claims against

Officer Wallace, the City of Toledo, Keely Gray, and the LCCS. In December 2004, after

an opportunity for discovery, defendants moved for summary judgment in their favor with

respect to all of plaintiff’s claims. The district court granted the defendants’ motions for the

reasons set forth in the written decision of April 15, 2005, and this appeal followed.

                                              II.

       We review the district court’s decision granting summary judgment de novo. Smith

v. Ameritech, 129 F.3d 857, 863 (6th Cir. 1997). Summary judgment is appropriate when

there are no issues of material fact in dispute and the moving party is entitled to judgment as

a matter of law. F ED. R. C IV. P. 56(c). In deciding a motion for summary judgment, the

court must view the factual inferences and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the
No. 05-3636                                                                                    6

nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587

(1986).

A.     State Law Claims

       The district court granted summary judgment to all of the defendants, finding both that

the defendants were entitled to immunity from suit on the state law tort claims and that

plaintiff had failed to raise a question of fact on the merits. Plaintiff’s appeal challenges the

findings of immunity generally, and argues specifically that he could prevail on his claims

of false arrest, assault, and defamation.

       The Ohio Political Subdivision Tort Liability Act provides immunity from liability on

state law tort claims for political subdivisions and their employees. O HIO R EV. C ODE §

2744.02 and § 2744.03. For political subdivisions, like the City of Toledo and the LCCS

Board, a three-tiered analysis is required. Cater v. City of Cleveland, 697 N.E.2d 610, 614

(Ohio 1998). First, a political subdivision is “not liable in damages in a civil action for

injury, death, or loss to persons or property allegedly caused by any act or omission of the

political subdivision or an employee of the political subdivision in connection with a

governmental or proprietary function.” O HIO R EV. C ODE § 2744.02(A)(1). That immunity,

however, is subject to five statutory exceptions set forth in Ohio Rev. Code § 2744.02(b)(1)-

(5). Finally, if an exception applies, immunity may be restored under the third tier of the

analysis if the political subdivision establishes one of the defenses listed in Ohio Rev. Code

§ 2744.03. The employee of a political subdivision, on the other hand, is immune from

liability unless: (1) the employee’s acts or omissions were “manifestly outside the scope of
No. 05-3636                                                                                             7

the employee’s employment or official responsibilities”; (2) the acts or omissions were “with

malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner”; or, (3) “[l]iability is

expressly imposed upon the employee by a section of the Revised Code.” O HIO R EV. C ODE

§ 2744.03(A)(6)(a)-(c).

        1.      Political Subdivisions

        Plaintiff seeks to hold the City of Toledo and LCCS liable for the acts or omissions

of their employees, Wallace and Gray, in connection with a governmental function. O HIO

R EV. C ODE § 2704.01(C) (defining “governmental function”). This gives rise to immunity

unless the statutory exceptions are established.

        With respect to LCCS, plaintiff relies on the exception, like the one mentioned for

individual employees, which provides that a political subdivision is not immune “when

liability is expressly imposed upon the political subdivision by a section of the Revised

Code.” O HIO R EV. C ODE § 2744.02(B)(5) (as amended eff. June 30, 1997). Under this

exception, liability is not expressly imposed “merely because that section imposes a

responsibility or mandatory duty upon a political subdivision,” or “because that section uses

the term ‘shall’ in a provision pertaining to a political subdivision.” Id; see Estate of Ridley

v. Hamilton County Bd. of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 809 N.E.2d

2, 7 (Ohio 2004) (discussing amendments to § 2744.02(B)(5)).2




        2
         Since the events in this case, this section has been amended to clarify that the exception to
immunity applies “when civil liability is expressly imposed upon the political subdivision by a section of
the Revised Code.” OHIO REV . CODE § 2744.02(B)(5) (as amended eff. Apr. 9, 2003).
No. 05-3636                                                                                    8

       Plaintiff argues that LCCS is not immune from liability for Gray’s conduct because

she violated the duty to investigate claims of child abuse or neglect imposed by Ohio Rev.

Code § 2151.421. First and foremost, as the district court observed, plaintiff’s claims do not

involve a failure to investigate a report of known or suspected child abuse or neglect.

Instead, plaintiff argues that Gray failed to “investigate” the status of the custody order

before advising the police that Wyman had custody of the child. Section 2151.421 neither

creates such a duty, nor expressly imposes liability for failing to check the file to confirm the

status of a custody order.

       Moreover, even if plaintiff had alleged a failure to investigate a report of child abuse

in violation of § 2151.421, the Ohio Supreme Court has held that § 2151.421 does not

expressly impose liability on political subdivisions or their employees for failure to

investigate child abuse for purposes of the exceptions to immunity under § 2744.02(B)(5)

and § 2744.03(A)(6)(c). Marshall v. Montgomery County Children Servs. Bd., 750 N.E.2d

549, 553-54 (Ohio 2001); but see Campbell v. Burton, 750 N.E.2d 539 (Ohio 2001) (holding

that criminal penalty for failure to report child abuse as required by § 2151.421 expressly

imposes liability for purposes of § 2744.05(B)(5) and § 2744.03(A)(6)(c)).

       In arguing that the City of Toledo is not immune from liability under state law,

plaintiff does not rely on any of the five statutory exceptions enumerated in Ohio Rev. Code

§ 2744.02(B)(1)-(5). Apparently confusing the exceptions that would apply to political

subdivisions and their employees, plaintiff argues that the City is not immune because

Detective Schroeder exceeded the scope of his authority and/or acted in a wanton or reckless
No. 05-3636                                                                                                 9

manner within the meaning of Ohio Rev. Code § 2744.03(A)(6)(a) and (b). Because plaintiff

has sued the City for the acts of its employees in connection with a governmental function

and has not argued that any of the exceptions to immunity for a political subdivision apply

in this case, the district court did not err in granting summary judgment to the City on

plaintiff’s state law tort claims.3

        2.      Employees

        First, for the reasons discussed above, we find plaintiff cannot rely on the exception

to immunity for liability “expressly imposed upon the employee by [Ohio Rev. Code §

2151.421].” O HIO R EV. C ODE § 2744.03(A)(6)(c). Plaintiff also argues that the individual

defendants are not immune because their acts or omissions were done “with malicious

purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner.”                         O HIO R EV. C ODE §

2744.03(A)(6)(b).       Plaintiff does not actually contend that the defendants acted with

malicious purpose or in bad faith, but argues that there is a question of fact whether Gray

acted “negligently to the point of recklessness” or whether the police acted in a “wanton or

reckless manner.”

        Wantonness is the perverse disregard of a known risk such that the actor must have

been aware that his conduct would probably result in injury. Fabrey v. McDonald Vill.




        3
         Plaintiff cites Brodie for the proposition that a children services board could be liable for failure
to perform investigative duties under § 2151.421. Brodie v. Summit County Children Servs. Bd., 554 N.E.2d
1301, 1308 (Ohio 1990). However, the question in Brodie was not whether there was statutory immunity,
but whether the “public duty” rule was a bar to municipal liability. See Yates v. Mansfield Bd. of Educ., 808
N.E.2d 861, 867 n.2 (Ohio 2004) (noting that Brodie arose in the 1980s during a “twilight period” when
municipal liability had been judicially abolished, the new immunity statute was not effective, and the “public
duty” rule would bar liability if the duty was owed to the public at large).
No. 05-3636                                                                                  10

Police Dep’t, 639 N.E.2d 31, 35 (Ohio 1994). One acts recklessly if he acts or intentionally

fails to act in contravention of a known duty, knowing or having reason to know that her

conduct creates an unreasonable risk of harm and that the risk is substantially greater than

the risk necessary to make the conduct negligent. Id.; Thompson v. McNeill, 559 N.E.2d 705

(Ohio 1990). The issue of wanton or reckless conduct is typically a jury question, Fabrey,

639 N.E.2d at 35, but only if there is evidence from which a reasonable juror could find

wanton or reckless conduct. See Reynolds v. City of Oakwood, 528 N.E.2d 578, 582 (Ohio

App. 1987).

       Gray’s only involvement with the events at issue in this case was to incorrectly advise

the police that Wyman had custody of the child when the truth was that neither Wyman nor

Krantz had custody at that point in time. This, plaintiff contends, resulted in the stop that is

the basis of the false arrest, assault, and defamation claims. Although Gray admittedly had

access to the file and could have contacted the juvenile court, it is undisputed that Gray did

not know about the objections plaintiff filed to the custody order three years earlier and was

not aware that the custody order had been vacated pending rehearing of the custody issue.

We agree with the district court that there was no evidence to support a finding that Gray

acted in a wanton or reckless manner for purposes of immunity from liability on the state law

claims.

       With respect to Wallace, plaintiff argues that there was at least a question of fact

whether he acted in a wanton or reckless manner for purposes of § 2744.03(A)(6)(b). False

arrest is an unlawful detention by law enforcement. Rogers v. Barbera, 164 N.E.2d 162
No. 05-3636                                                                                  11

(Ohio 1960). The force an officer uses to subdue and handcuff a suspect, unless privileged,

constitutes an assault or battery. Love v. City of Port Clinton, 524 N.E.2d 166, 167 (Ohio

1988). Defamation is the publication of a false and defamatory statement of fact, made

intentionally or with reckless disregard for the truth, that proximately causes injury to the

plaintiff. Dupler v. Mansfield Journal Co., 413 N.E.2d 1187 (Ohio 1980).

       Wallace arrived at the scene to find plaintiff yelling, cursing, and refusing to get back

into the van as ordered. Wallace used some force to restrain plaintiff to assist in effectuating

the stop, which lasted 25 minutes. Plaintiff also complains that the spectacle attracted the

neighbors who heard accusations that plaintiff did not have custody of the child or was

unlawfully interfering with Wyman’s custody of the child. Although neither actually had

custody, the officers did not know that the order granting custody to Wyman had been

vacated. Moreover, when plaintiff’s papers called the issue into question, the police

contacted Gray again to confirm that Wyman had custody before allowing the child to leave

with her. We agree with the district court that the evidence and inferences taken in the light

most favorable to plaintiff do not support a finding that Wallace acted in a wanton or reckless

manner in connection with the detention, the manner by which it was effectuated, or any

statements made concerning the custody of the child within earshot of the neighbors.

B.     42 U.S.C. § 1983

       To establish a claim under § 1983, the plaintiff must identify a right secured by the

Constitution or laws of the United States and the deprivation of that right by a person acting

under color of state law. West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988). Although plaintiff
No. 05-3636                                                                                             12

identifies the right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures, plaintiff has not

argued that it was error to grant summary judgment to defendants on the claim that the van

was unlawfully searched.4 The appeal focuses instead on plaintiff’s claim that he was

unlawfully detained and arrested without justification or probable cause.

        A seizure for Fourth Amendment purposes occurs when, by means of physical force

or a show of authority, an individual’s freedom of movement is restrained. United States v.

Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 553 (1980). The Fourth Amendment permits an officer to stop

and briefly detain an individual for an investigative purpose if the officer has a reasonable

suspicion supported by articulable facts that the individual is engaged in criminal activity.

Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30 (1968); United States v. Hensley, 469 U.S. 221, 226-27 (1985).

An arrest, on the other hand, must be supported by probable cause to believe an individual

has committed or is committing a criminal offense. Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 91 (1964).

The right to make a stop or an arrest necessarily carries with it the right to use some degree

of physical coercion or threat of force to effectuate it. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396

(1989).

        It is clear that a seizure occurred when the officers stopped plaintiff’s van by means

of a show of authority. The question is whether the detention was justified by reasonable

suspicion or probable cause. At the time that Detective Schroeder requested that uniformed

officers make the stop, he had seen the order granting custody to Wyman, had confirmed with



        4
         This is understandable as (1) Officer Scherer, who entered the van, was not named as a defendant;
and (2) the evidence indicates that the officer entered the van to retrieve the court papers at plaintiff’s
insistence.
No. 05-3636                                                                                                    13

the caseworker that Wyman had custody of the child, had observed plaintiff come out of his

home with two children, and had confirmed that the van was registered to plaintiff. This

information provided at least reasonable suspicion that plaintiff was committing the offense

of unlawful interference with custody of the child.5

        Plaintiff’s main contention seems to be that the Terry stop ripened almost immediately

into a de facto arrest not supported by probable cause when the officers drew their weapons,

handcuffed him, and physically held him against the van during the duration of the stop.

Although no bright line distinguishes an investigative detention from an arrest, Florida v.

Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 506 (1983), officers may not “seek to verify their suspicions by means

that approach the conditions of arrest.” Id. at 499. The factors we have considered in

deciding whether that line has been crossed include transportation to another location,

significant restraints on freedom of movement involving physical confinement or other

coercion, and the use of weapons or bodily force. United States v. Lopez-Arias, 344 F.3d

623, 627-28 (6th Cir. 2003). However, we have also held that neither the officers’ display

of their weapons, nor the use of handcuffs exceed the bounds of a Terry stop when

reasonably necessary for the protection of the officers or to effectuate the detention. See



        5
          In connection with the issue of state law immunity, plaintiff seems to argue that the police were
without authority to stop him and remove his son without a written court order or exigent circumstances.
The removal of a child from his custodial parents’ home is a seizure for Fourth Amendment purposes, which
is constitutionally reasonable if it is pursuant to a court order, is supported by probable cause, or is justified
by exigent circumstances. Brokaw v. Mercer County, 235 F.3d 1000, 1010 (7th Cir. 2000); see also
O’Donnell v. Brown, 335 F. Supp. 2d 787, 806-07 (W.D. Mich. 2004). It is, however, the child’s right to
be free from unreasonable seizure that is in question. In O’Donnell, the court was careful to distinguish the
parents’ claim for unlawful entry into the home from the claims of the children that their forcible removal
was an illegal seizure. Overlooking whether this case even involved removal from a custodial parent, no
claims were made in this case by or on behalf of Dakota.
No. 05-3636                                                                                               14

Houston v. Clark County Sheriff Deputy John Does 1-5, 174 F.3d 809, 814-15 (6th Cir.

1999); United States v. Dotson, 49 F.3d 227, 230-31 (6th Cir. 1995).

        In this case, the officers drew their weapons in order to effectuate the stop as, by all

accounts, plaintiff immediately got out of the van, approached the officers while yelling

profanities, and refused to comply when ordered to get back into the van. Witnessing this,

Wallace ordered plaintiff to put his hands on the van. When plaintiff did not comply,

Wallace pushed plaintiff against the van, handcuffed him, and held him against the van while

the investigation proceeded. Plaintiff was not placed in the back of a police car, was not

forcibly taken to another location, and was not given Miranda warnings. The officers

reasonably pursued the investigation, looking at plaintiff’s papers and confirming again with

Gray that Wyman had custody before allowing the child to leave with his mother. The stop

lasted approximately 25 minutes, at which time plaintiff was uncuffed and released. Under

the circumstances, we find that Wallace participated in a lawful investigative stop that did

not ripen into an informal or de facto arrest.6

        We also find summary judgment was properly entered in favor of Gray because there

was no evidence that Gray participated in the stop or the detention. Moreover, although

plaintiff relies on Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527 (1981), for the proposition that proof of

negligence would be sufficient to establish a claim against Gray under § 1983, Parratt was

overruled by Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 330-31 (1986). Nor was it error to grant

summary judgment to the municipal defendants because (1) there can be no liability where

        6
         We further agree with the district court that although no arrest was made, the officers had probable
cause to arrest plaintiff for interference with lawful custody.
No. 05-3636                                                                                    15

the plaintiff has failed to demonstrate a constitutional violation, City of Los Angeles v. Heller,

475 U.S. 796, 799 (1986); and (2) plaintiff offered no evidence to show that the stop resulted

from any custom, usage, or official policy of the municipal defendants, Monell v. Dep’t of

Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690-92 (1978).

       AFFIRMED.
