                             STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

                           SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS


Jacquelyn F.,                                                                      FILED
Respondent Below, Petitioner
                                                                                June 16, 2017
                                                                                RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
vs) No. 16-0585 (Monongalia County 16-D-13)                                   SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                  OF WEST VIRGINIA
Andrea R.,

Petitioner Below, Respondent



                              MEMORANDUM DECISION
        Petitioner Jacquelyn F., by counsel Linda Hausman and Samantha L. Koreski, appeals the
Circuit Court of Monongalia County’s May 16, 2016, order remanding this matter to the Family
Court of Monongalia County for further proceedings following the family court’s March 30,
2016, order dismissing the petition for child custody and parenting time.1 Respondent Andrea R.,
by counsel Frances C. Whiteman, filed a response in support of the circuit court’s order.
Petitioner Jacquelyn F. filed a reply. On appeal, Petitioner Jacquelyn F. argues that the circuit
court erred when it remanded this case for further proceedings in the family court, which had
properly dismissed Respondent Andrea R.’s petition for child custody and parenting time as a
psychological parent for lack of standing under In re Clifford K., 217 W.Va. 625, 619 S.E.2d 138
(2005).2

        This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the pertinent legal authority, the briefs, and the record
presented, this Court finds that the circuit court order erred in remanding this case to the family
court for further proceedings. This case satisfies the “limited circumstances” requirement of Rule

       1
         Consistent with our long-standing practice in cases with sensitive facts, we use initials
where necessary to protect the identities of those involved in this case. See In re K.H., 235 W.Va.
254, 773 S.E.2d 20 (2015); Melinda H. v. William R. II, 230 W.Va. 731, 742 S.E.2d 419 (2013);
State v. Brandon B., 218 W.Va. 324, 624 S.E.2d 761 (2005); State v. Edward Charles L., 183
W.Va. 641, 398 S.E.2d 123 (1990).
       2
         We have restated Petitioner Jacquelyn F.’s two assignments of error as a single issue in
this decision because they are clearly related issues. The two assignments of error are (1) that the
circuit court erred by remanding this matter to the family court for further proceedings when
Respondent Andrea R. clearly lacks standing to petition for child custody and parenting time
under In re Clifford K., 217 W.Va. 625, 619 S.E.2d 138 (2005) and relevant statutory law; and
(2) that the circuit court erred by failing to follow the doctrine of stare decisis regarding this
Court’s holding in Clifford K.


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21(d) of the Rules of Appellate Procedure and is appropriate for a memorandum decision rather
than an opinion.

       Petitioner Jacquelyn F. had a son, T.F., in 2006. In January of 2016, Respondent Andrea
R. filed a petition for child custody and parenting time as T.F.’s psychological parent.3
Thereafter, Petitioner Jacquelyn F. filed a motion to dismiss the petition based on Respondent
Andrea R.’s lack of standing as a psychological parent to petition for child custody or parenting
time.

       In March of 2016, the family court held a hearing on Respondent Andrea R.’s petition
and the motion to dismiss that petition. By order entered on March 30, 2016, the family court
granted Petitioner Jacquelyn F.’s motion to dismiss. In its order, the family court found and
concluded that Respondent Andrea R.’s only claim for child custody and parenting time was as a
psychological parent and that a psychological parent lacks standing to petition for child custody
and parenting time under Clifford K.

       In April of 2016, Respondent Andrea R. filed a petition for appeal in the circuit court.
Soon thereafter, the circuit court held a hearing on the petition for appeal. Following that
hearing, by order entered on May 16, 2016, the circuit court remanded the case to the family
court “for the development of a full record to determine the best interests of the child and
whether [Respondent Andrea R.] is a psychological parent . . . to issue an Order regarding the
issue of [Respondent Andrea R.’s] standing to file the instant action, and [to] address the WV
case law as well as the best interest of the minor child in making its ruling.” This appeal
followed.

       We have explained that

               [i]n reviewing a final order entered by a circuit court judge upon a review
       of, or upon a refusal to review, a final order of a family court judge, we review the
       findings of fact made by the family court judge under the clearly erroneous
       standard, and the application of law to the facts under an abuse of discretion
       standard. We review questions of law de novo.

Syllabus, Carr v. Hancock, 216 W.Va. 474, 607 S.E.2d 803 (2004).

        On appeal, Petitioner Jacquelyn F. argues that the circuit court erred in remanding this
case for further proceedings in the family court. She asserts that the family court’s final order
properly granted her motion to dismiss because Respondent Andrea R. lacked standing to file a
petition for child custody and parenting time as a psychological parent under this Court’s holding

       3
         The parties both make factual assertions not supported by the record on appeal, such as
the claim that they were involved in a “domestic” or “romantic” long-term relationship. We note
that the record on appeal does not include the petition for child custody and parenting time or
any transcripts/recordings of the hearings held below. Thus, while the record before us is
sufficient to resolve the legal issue presented, our presentation of the facts in this matter is
limited.
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in Clifford K. Respondent Andrea R. argues that this Court should revisit Clifford K. and now
hold that a psychological parent may petition for child custody and parenting time.

        West Virginia Code § 48-9-103(a) (“Parties to an Action Under this Article”) governs
which parties are entitled to participate in custody proceedings. As it relates to this case, West
Virginia Code § 48-9-103(a)(1) permits the participation of a “legal parent.” In turn, a “legal
parent” is defined as “an individual defined as a parent, by law, on the basis of biological
relationship, presumed biological relationship, legal adoption or other recognized grounds.”
W.Va. Code § 48-1-232.

         In Clifford K., this Court examined West Virginia Code §§ 48-9-103(a) and 48-1-232 as
they related to a non-relative, third-party petitioner seeking custody of a child. In that case, this
Court explained that “[t]he phrase ‘other recognized grounds’ [used to define a “legal parent” in
West Virginia Code § 48-1-232] refers to those individuals or entities who have been formally
accorded parental status or the functional equivalent thereof by way of statute or judicial decree.”
Clifford K., 217 W.Va. at 629, 619 S.E.2d at 142, syl. pt. 1, in part. While the petitioner in
Clifford K. was found to be a psychological parent to the child, this Court held that she was
nevertheless foreclosed from seeking custody of the child as a “legal parent” because she did not
fit the definition of that phrase.

        As in Clifford K., it is clear that Respondent Andrea R. could not establish that she met
the definition of a “legal parent” such that she had standing to file a petition for child custody of
or parenting time with T.F. She admits that she was not a party to any prior custody proceedings
and that she is not a biological or adoptive parent of T.F. “Generally, standing is defined as ‘[a]
party’s right to make a legal claim or seek judicial enforcement of a duty or right.’” Findley v.
State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 213 W.Va. 80, 94, 576 S.E.2d 807, 821 (2002) (quoting Black’s
Law Dictionary 1413 (7th ed.1999)). “Our standing inquiry focuses on the appropriateness of a
party bringing the questioned controversy to the court.” Findley, 213 W.Va. at 95, 576 S.E.2d at
822 (internal quotation omitted). Because she is not a “legal parent” as defined by statute and,
thus, lacks standing to petition for child custody and parenting time, we find that Respondent
Andrea R. had no right to make her legal claim in the courts of this State. The family court
correctly found that our holding in Clifford K. controls and that dismissal was required.

       Having reviewed the record on appeal, the parties’ arguments, and the relevant authority,
we find that the circuit court erred in remanding this case to the family court for further
proceedings where standing of the petitioning party is lacking. Further, we decline Respondent
Andrea R.’s invitation to revisit our holdings in Clifford K. based on the circumstances of this
case. We note that the statutes upon which Clifford K. is based have not been amended.

       For the foregoing reasons, this Court reverses the circuit court’s May 16, 2016, final
order and remands for entry of an order affirming the family court’s March 30, 2016, final order.

                                                           Reversed and remanded with directions.

ISSUED: June 16, 2017



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CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Allen H. Loughry II
Justice Robin Jean Davis
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Menis E. Ketchum
Justice Elizabeth D. Walker




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