No. 14-1118 - Hardy County Comm’n v. Elmore                                  FILED
                                                                          June 3, 2016
LOUGHRY, J., concurring, in part, and dissenting, in part:                  released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                                          RORY L. PERRY, II CLERK

                                                                        SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

                                                                             OF WEST VIRGINIA




                When the Hardy County Commission (“Commission”) adhered to the law and

gave the public the notice required of its intention to consider the purchase of the Baker

building and the imposition of a special emergency ambulance service fee (“ambulance fee”)

at the forthcoming June 24, 2013, and July 15, 2013, public meetings, the citizens of Hardy

County appeared and voiced their strong opposition to these matters. As a result, the

Commission’s initial vote on July 16, 2013, was against the purchase of the Baker building

and imposition of an ambulance fee. Just a few weeks later, however, the matter was

reconsidered on August 2, 2013, without proper notice, and the Commission’s vote changed

in favor of purchasing the Baker building and imposing the ambulance fee. Not only do

these actions reek of “back-door” politics, but they ineluctably offend the very objectives the

Open Governmental Meetings Act (hereinafter sometimes referred to as the “Act”)1 was

designed to further and protect. Accordingly, I dissent to the majority’s conclusion that the

Commission’s actions concerning the Baker building purchase and the ambulance fee are

exempt from the Act.2 Not only did the decision to impose the ambulance fee transpire

       1
           See W.Va. Code §§ 6-9A-1 to -12 (2015).
       2
         While I agree with the circuit court on the applicability of the Act, I disagree with the
circuit court’s decision to enjoin the Commission from taking any future action in regard to
this matter, its decision to impose personal liability on the individual Commissioners, and its
directive to disgorge attorney’s fees.

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during a meeting held in defiance of the Act’s notice provisions, but it is my considered

opinion that the imposition of the ambulance fee itself was equally unlawful.



              It is irrefutable that a lack of transparency in government fuels an attendant

lack of trust in government. As the annals of this state’s history demonstrate, West Virginia

has a sordid political history which understandably informs the current distrust by this state’s

citizenry and related civic disengagement. See generally Allen H. Loughry II, Don’t Buy

Another Vote, I Won’t Pay for a Landslide, The Sordid and Continuing History of Political

Corruption in West Virginia (McClain Printing Co., 2006). With the enactment of the Open

Governmental Proceedings Act in 1975, our state legislature sought to increase public

awareness, promote citizen involvement in governmental actions, and retain public control

over governmental bodies. See W.Va. Code § 6-9A-1 (2015). The intended byproduct of

sunshine laws is to “promote public confidence in . . . government, to enable substantive

public discussion on important issues, to promote more accurate reporting of meetings, and

to decreases corruption in government.” Brian J. Caveney, More Sunshine in the Mountain

State: The 1999 Amendments to the West Virginia Open Governmental Proceedings Act and

Open Hospital Proceedings Act, 102 W.Va. L. Rev. 131, 134 (1999). Given the numerous

public benefits that result from open proceedings, this Court should necessarily be reluctant

to validate governmental acts that glaringly signal the absence of such desired transparency.

Moreover, any judicial approval of non-compliant actions constitutes a violation of the


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framework of the Open Governmental Proceedings Act–the recognition that public bodies

“exist for the singular purpose of representing citizens of this State in governmental affairs,

. . . [and] it is, therefore, in the best interests of the people of this state for the proceedings

of public agencies [to] be conducted openly, with only a few clearly defined exceptions.”

W.Va. Code § 6-9A-1 (emphasis added).



                In specifying the exceptions to the general rule of open proceedings, the

Legislature has enumerated just twelve types of governmental actions where the public may

be excluded and a closed session held. See W.Va. Code § 6-9A-4(b) (2015). Because

matters pertaining to the Emergency Ambulance Service Act of 1975 (“EASA”)3 are not

included within the Act’s list of expressly-excepted subjects, the Act’s provisions apply,

barring a separate legislative enactment that “expressly and specifically” provides otherwise.

See W.Va. Code § 6-9A-3(a) (2015) (stating that Act’s provisions shall apply except “as

expressly and specifically otherwise provided by law”). I submit that EASA does not contain

the language necessary to provide an “express[] and specific[]” exemption from the Open

Governmental Proceedings Act. Id.



                In deciding that the imposition of a special emergency ambulance service fee

was exempt from the Act, the majority looks to the final section of “EASA,” which provides


       3
           See W.Va. Code §§ 7-15-1 to -18 (2015).

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that “no procedure or proceedings, notices, consents of approvals shall be required in

connection therewith except as may be prescribed by this article.” W.Va. Code § 7-15-18.

From this generalized language, the majority concludes that any act of the Commission

related to EASA is wholly exempt from the typically inclusive reach of the Act. See W.Va.

Code § 6-9A-3(a). In reliance on this non-specific language, the majority concludes that,

despite the lack of notice provided to the Hardy County citizens, the imposition of an

ambulance fee to facilitate the purchase of a building to house emergency ambulance service

vehicles was proper. I recognize how tempting it was for the majority to simply decide that

unless EASA requires notice for imposition of an ambulance fee, none is required. This

conclusion, however, does not survive scrutiny when viewed against the trenchant language

and overarching objectives of the Open Governmental Proceedings Act. The clear mandate

of the Act cannot be defeated by such an overly broad attempt to provide unchecked authority

with regard to the provision of emergency ambulance services. Rather than a wholesale

circumvention of the Act, a more likely scenario is that the “exemption” from notice

provision was intended to address the ministerial day-to-day functions of the emergency

ambulance authority but not its creation or funding. Under the reasoning propounded by the

majority, the Legislature decided to provide a statutorily-created, governmental entity with

carte blanche authority to act clandestinely. I have serious doubts that this is what the

Legislature intended.




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              As the Legislature wisely recognized, “the citizens of this State do not yield

their sovereignty to the governmental agencies that serve them” and “do not give their public

servants the right to decide what is good for them to know and what is not good for them to

know.” W.Va. Code § 6-9A-1. Likewise, this Court has observed that the Act and its

attendant “declaration of legislative policy”

              generally, implement grand and fundamental provisions in our
              State Constitution. Those provisions, adopted from Virginia’s
              Declaration of Rights, proclaim the theory of our form of
              government and embrace Article II, § 2 (powers of government
              in citizens) and Article III, § 2 (magistrates servants of people)
              and § 3 (rights reserved to people). Together they dramatically
              call for a political system in which the people are the sovereigns
              and those in government are their servants. Naturally, servants
              should be loathe to exclude their sovereigns from any
              substantive deliberations. As is obvious from the declaration of
              policy in W.Va. Code, 6-9A-1, that is precisely the sentiment
              inspired by the Sunshine Act.

McComas v. Board of Educ., 197 W.Va. 188, 197, 475 S.E.2d 280, 289 (1996) (footnotes

omitted). Addressing the critical import of the Open Governmental Proceedings Act, this

Court stated: “From the legislative statement of policy and its constitutional underpinnings,

it is clear this Court should accord an expansive reading to the Act’s provisions to achieve

its far-reaching goals. A narrow reading would frustrate the legislative intent and negate the

purpose of the statute.” Id.



              In its rush to sanction the Commission’s actions, the majority disregards the

Act’s weighty mandate that “all meetings of any governing body shall be open to the public.”

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W. Va. Code § 6-9A-3(a). Intentionally cautious in creating exemptions to this mandate, the

Legislature provided: “Except as expressly and specifically otherwise provided by law,

whether heretofore or hereinafter enacted, and except as provided in section four [§ 6-9A-4]

of this article all meetings of any governing body shall be open to the public.” Id. (emphasis

added). By restricting exemptions to the open proceedings mandate to those that are

“expressly and specifically provided by law,” reference to the Act itself appears required to

all legislation enacted in 1975 and thereafter. Noticeably absent from EASA, specifically

section eighteen, is any language that precisely indicates the provisions of the Open

Governmental Proceedings Act are not applicable. This is especially telling in view of the

fact that the Act and EASA were both enacted in the same legislative session. If the

Legislature intended to exempt EASA from the requirements of the Open Governmental

Proceedings Act, it stands to reason that, given the contemporaneous passage of the Act with

EASA, language expressly providing for such an exemption would have been included as a

part of section eighteen. See W.Va. Code § 7-15-18; W.Va. Code § 29A-1-4(b), (c) (2015)

(specifying specific instances when meetings of agency, board or commission of executive

branch of government or of legislative rule-making rule committee “do[ ] not constitute a

meeting within the meaning of article nine, chapter six of this code [Open Governmental

Proceedings Act]”). In finding that West Virginia Code § 7-15-18 constitutes an exemption

to the requirements of the Open Governmental Proceedings Act–a statutory provision that

fails to reference the Act either by title or by statutory citation–the majority has rendered


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meaningless the Act’s requirement that an exemption must be “express” and “specific.”

W.Va. Code § 6-9A-3(a). See Meadows v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 207 W.Va. 203, 214, 530

S.E.2d 676, 687 (1999) (“In parsing the language of a statute for its meaning, we are mindful

that ‘a cardinal rule of statutory construction is that significance and effect must, if possible,

be given to every section, clause, word or part of the statute.’”) (internal citation omitted).



               Without question, West Virginia Code § 7-15-17 provides the necessary

authority for a county commission to impose and collect a “special service fee” for

emergency ambulance services. But before such a fee can be imposed, certain prerequisites

must exist as a necessary legislative backdrop to the creation of an emergency ambulance

service authority. Only where ambulance service is “not otherwise available” does the duty

of a county commission arguably even arise to provide such services. See W.Va. Code § 7­

15-4. Under West Virginia Code § 7-15-4, the duty to act pursuant to EASA is further

subject to the county commission’s obligation to “make an affirmative determination that

there are funds available therefor by the inclusion of a projected expenditure for such purpose

in the current levy estimate.” Id. Of critical import is the statutory requirement that a county

commission may not provide emergency ambulance service “beyond a level commensurate

with the amount of funds actually available for such purpose.” Id. Because the record in this

case makes clear that Hardy County lacked the necessary funds for purchase of the Baker

building and because the issue of whether ambulance services were unavailable is disputed,


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the authorizing legislation was never invoked. In textbook fashion, this case exemplifies the

pivotal need for open government. In seeking to fill the county coffers with the necessary

funds to provide emergency ambulance services (in contravention of EASA’s authority) and

by imposing a fee for such services (without first permitting the citizens of Hardy County

notice and opportunity to comment), the objectives of the Open Governmental Proceedings

Act were inexorably corrupted.



              If the Legislature wants emergency ambulance authorities to operate in such

an unfettered and permissibly secretive manner, it need only amend EASA to “expressly and

specifically” exempt it from the Open Governmental Proceedings Act. W.Va. Code § 6-9A­

3(a). To the extent such an amendment fails to eventualize, it will conclusively demonstrate

that the Legislature never intended that a county commission could use EASA to block the

sunshine and impose significant financial burdens on a county’s citizenry.



              Accordingly, I respectfully concur, in part, and dissent, in part.




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