Troy Robert Allen v. State of Maryland, No. 92, September Term, 2015. Opinion by
Hotten, J.

CRIMINAL LAW – CONDTIONS OF PROBATION – REASONABLENESS – The
sentencing court did not abuse its discretion by prohibiting Petitioner from having
unsupervised contact with minors, including the Petitioner’s son, as a condition of
Petitioner’s supervised probation. The no-unsupervised-contact condition was reasonably
related to Petitioner’s sexual abuse of his son’s half-sister, who was a member of
petitioner’s household at the time of the abuse.
Circuit Court of Wicomico County, Maryland
Criminal Case No. 22-K-13-000586
Argued: 5.4.16



                                                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                                         OF MARYLAND

                                                                    No. 92

                                                       September Term, 2015
                                             ______________________________________

                                                        TROY ROBERT ALLEN
                                                                      v.
                                                     STATE OF MARYLAND
                                             ______________________________________

                                                   Barbera, C.J.,
                                                   Greene,
                                                   Adkins,
                                                   McDonald,
                                                   Watts,
                                                   Hotten,
                                                   Battaglia, Lynne A.
                                                          (Retired, Specially Assigned),

                                                               JJ.
                                             ______________________________________

                                                       Opinion by Hotten, J.
                                             ______________________________________

                                             Filed: July 12, 2016
       This case concerns a condition of probation that impinges upon a defendant’s

fundamental due process right to parent his child. Troy Robert Allen (“Petitioner”) was

convicted after a jury trial in the Circuit Court for Wicomico County (“circuit court”) of

sexual abuse of a minor household member, § 3-602(b)(2) of the Md. Code (2002, Repl.

Vol. 2012), Criminal Law Article (“Crim. Law”), two counts of third degree sex offense,

Crim. Law § 3-307, three counts of second degree assault, Crim. Law § 3-203, and one

count of fourth degree sex offense, Crim. Law § 3-308(b)(1). Pursuant to Petitioner’s

Motion for a New Trial, one of the convictions for third degree sex offense was stricken in

favor of a finding of not guilty.

       Petitioner was sentenced to twenty-five years’ imprisonment (all but five years

suspended) for sexual abuse of a minor, and twenty-one years’ imprisonment (all

suspended) for the remaining offenses, to run consecutively. Petitioner was also required

to serve five years of supervised probation upon his release, with the condition that he have

no unsupervised contact with minors. Petitioner appealed to the Court of Special Appeals,

arguing, inter alia, that the circuit court erroneously prohibited unsupervised contact with

his minor son during the probationary period. The Court of Special Appeals, in an

unreported opinion, Troy Robert Allen v. State of Maryland, No. 0617, September Term,

2014, (October 7, 2015), held that the condition of probation was “sufficiently related” to

the “sexual assault of a child residing in [Petitioner’s] household[,]” and affirmed the

judgments of the circuit court. This Court granted a Writ of Certiorari to determine whether

the circuit court erred by imposing the no-unsupervised-contact with minors condition. For

the reasons that follow, we shall affirm the judgments of the Court of Special Appeals.
                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       After dating for several months in 2012, Petitioner and his then-girlfriend

(“Marisa”) began sharing a home in Salisbury, Maryland. At the time Petitioner and

Marisa moved in together, Marisa had shared custody of her ten-year-old daughter from a

prior relationship (“B.”).1 In March 2013, Petitioner and Marisa had a son (“F.”), who

resided in the home along with B.

       The evidence at trial revealed several instances of B.’s sexual abuse at the hands of

Petitioner while B. was a member of his household during 2012-2013:

       On one such occasion, B. and Petitioner were sitting on the couches in the living

room of their home when B. noticed that Petitioner’s penis was protruding from the

waistband of his shorts.2 After Petitioner noticed that B. had seen his penis, Petitioner

wrote “[d]id you see it?” on a piece of paper, which he later crumpled up. On a later

occasion, B. was again sitting on a couch in the living room with Petitioner seated next to

her, when Petitioner exposed his penis and asked her “to touch it[.]” When. B. refused,

Petitioner placed the tip of his penis on her left forearm. During both of these incidents,

Marisa was not present in the living room, but was elsewhere in the home. B. did not

inform Marisa at the time, because she was fearful that Petitioner would become angry.

       The evidence at trial also revealed that, on two occasions, Petitioner squeezed the

nipple area of B.’s chest. During the first incident, Marisa, Petitioner and B. were grocery


       1
           We mention the victim and her brother by their first initial only.
       2
         B. testified that Petitioner showed her his penis on “[m]aybe more than two or
three[]” occasions.
                                              -2-
shopping, and Petitioner and B. were “horse playing[]” when Petitioner twisted B.’s nipple.

B. informed Marisa that “[Petitioner] just pinched my boob[,]”3 and Marisa confronted

Petitioner by telling him: “don’t ever touch her there again.” Petitioner responded that he

was sorry, but shortly thereafter told B. that “he was going to put his thing in [her] thing.”

On the second occasion, B. and Petitioner were alone in the kitchen of the residence and

Petitioner “turned [B.] and then twisted [her] boob.” Marisa was located elsewhere in the

home during this later incident, and B. did not inform her of the abuse at the time.

       On August 1, 2013, Marisa asked Petitioner to leave their shared home in Salisbury,

and on August 4, 2013, B. spoke with police regarding the aforementioned abuse. On that

same date, Marisa text messaged Petitioner concerning B.’s allegations, and Petitioner

responded that “I will not go down like this, I won’t have that label on me when I know it

will go away.” Petitioner further stated that “he would take his life and that he was leaving

town and going to get a bus ticket.”

           I.   Sentencing

       In preparation for Petitioner’s sentencing hearing, a psychologist employed with the

Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (“DHMH”) prepared a mental health

assessment, and the Department of Parole and Probation prepared a pre-sentence

investigation.4


       3
           At trial, B. referred to her chest as her boob.
       4
         Because Petitioner was convicted of an offense enumerated in Crim. Law § 3-602,
he was required to submit to both the mental health assessment and pre-sentence
investigation. Md. Code (2001, Repl. Vol. 2008), § 11-727 of the Criminal Procedure
Article.
                                               -3-
           a. The mental health assessment

       Based on a two-and-a-half hour interview with Petitioner, along with the

consideration of several documents, a licensed psychologist working with DHMH made

several findings regarding Petitioner’s account of the instant offense, Petitioner’s

background, and Petitioner’s mental status. The psychologist also performed a structured

risk assessment, and rendered conclusions and recommendations.

       Concerning Petitioner’s account of the instant offense, the psychologist noted that

Petitioner “was very guarded and superficial in his discussion and had to be redirected to

describe the events.” According to the assessment, Petitioner stated that the occasions B.

had seen his penis were “inadvertent” and “not purposeful.” Petitioner remarked that

“when he sat on the couch he slouched so that his shorts or pants went low on his hips and

that he put his hands in the waistband of his pants.” Petitioner stated his belief that

“everyone sits like that[,]” and as a result, B. was able to view the tip of his penis. Petitioner

reported that the incident at the grocery store was simply horseplay where he “was

pinching” and “accidently got her chest.” Petitioner reported that he was upset about the

charges against him, and opined that “he does not believe that his crime is a sex offense.”

       Regarding Petitioner’s background, he reported to the psychologist that “his sexual

fantasies and behavior have always been heterosexual[]” and “[h]e denied any sexual

behavior or fantasies involving men.” Petitioner reported that, after he graduated high

school and moved to North Carolina, he began “‘talking with girls’ via text over the

phone.” According to Petitioner, these girls would send him pictures and he “got into a

porn addiction[,]” where he would use online dating sites to trade sexually explicit photos
                                              -4-
with “freakier girls.” Petitioner informed the psychologist that he moved to Maryland in

an attempt to stop this behavior, but began “engaging in the … phone exchanges[]” when

“his relationship with his girlfriend [(Marisa)] worsened.” The psychologist noted that, in

an interview with police, Petitioner acknowledged using an internet chat room to exchange

pictures with girls who were 15 and 16 years old. Petitioner stated “that his exhibitionist

behavior and fantasies all involved texts and phone messages, and denied exhibitionism in

person.” According to the psychologist, Petitioner “normalized his behavior” and his

“level of insight was poor.”

       Concerning    Petitioner’s   mental    status,   Petitioner   was   diagnosed    with

“[e]xhibitionist [d]isorder – pre-pubertal child victim” and “sexual abuse of a child –

perpetrator”:

       Exhibitionist disorder is diagnosed when an individual obtains recurrent and
       intense sexual arousal from the exposure of genitals to an unsuspecting
       person and has acted on these urges with a non-consenting person. Through
       his behavior on the internet and by texting, [Petitioner] gained arousal and
       sexual satisfaction including ejaculation through sending pictures of himself
       to others. In the instant case he furthered this behavior by exposing himself
       to an unsuspecting and non-consenting person, the pre-pubertal victim.

       The risk assessment revealed that Petitioner exhibited a moderate risk of engaging

in further acts of sexual violence. Using an actuarial assessment tool for quantifying the

risk of sexual violence, the psychologist concluded that Petitioner was in the 78th

percentile among adult male sexual offenders, with the 100th percentile being the most

likely to reoffend. As a result, Petitioner’s “risk of sexual re-offending, relative to other

sex offenders, [was] estimated at being almost twice that of other sex offenders.” The

assessment noted that “[r]isk factors for re-offending in [Petitioner’s] case include his
                                             -5-
young age, history of repetitive problematic sexual behavior, and his lack of awareness of

the potential impact of his behavior on a very young victim.” The assessment’s conclusion

remarked that “[Petitioner] has a history of engaging in sexual behavior with young

adolescents[,]” and “his lack of caution and inhibition in engaging in sexualized behavior

in front of girls under 18 is problematic.”

          b. The pre-sentence investigation

       The pre-sentence investigation revealed that, as of March 31, 2014, Petitioner also

had pending charges in Worcester County, Maryland for sexual abuse of a minor household

member, sexual abuse of minor, and two counts of indecent exposure. The Worcester

County case involved B. and another ten-year-old female. The pre-sentence investigation

recommended that Petitioner be sentenced according to the Maryland sentencing

guidelines, and, inter alia, “have no contact with the victim or her family,” and “have no

unsupervised contact with minor females[.]”

          c. The sentencing hearing

       At Petitioner’s sentencing hearing, the State of Maryland (“State”) sought twenty-

five years’ incarceration (all but eight suspended) for the sexual abuse of a minor,

consecutive suspended sentences on all remaining counts, and five years of supervised

probation upon Petitioner’s release. Among the conditions of probation requested by the

State was that Petitioner have no contact with B., and “[n]o unsupervised contact with

minors.” Petitioner’s counsel objected to the no-unsupervised-contact condition:

             [PETITIONER’S COUNSEL]: … Now, one of the problems is the
       unsupervised contact with minors….


                                              -6-
             [H]e has his own son, [F.] Obviously, he needs to see him, should
      have contact with his son. And I think that the Court, any Court Order would
      need to be a little more fine line than just no contact with minors.

              THE COURT: Well, I think it just has to be another adult there is
      what I’m reading that to mean.

              [PETITIONER’S COUNSEL]: Well, I understand that, but with
      regard to [F.], there shouldn’t be another adult, if it’s his son.

            There’s no reason for it. There’s no basis in the law to be around his
      own son.

               THE COURT: Well, except for that he has a conviction for child sex
      abuse.

               [PETITIONER’S COUNSEL]: I understand that, but –

               THE COURT: And his son’s a child.

             [PETITIONER’S COUNSEL]: – a parent’s right to be with their child
      is one of the preeminent rights in the law.

            THE COURT: I agree with you, but it’s not an absolute right, and
      where there has been a child – at this point, he is convicted.

               [PETITIONER’S COUNSEL]: Correct.

               THE COURT: And he is convicted of sex abuse of a child.

              So, I don’t think the [c]ourt is precluded from imposing a no
      unsupervised contact with minor – with his own son. I mean, I don’t know
      of any law or constitutional provision that disallows it. I grant you, it’s a
      rarity that Courts shouldn’t just go there without any basis. I agree with that.

               [PETITIONER’S COUNSEL]: I understand.

      The court imposed a sentence of 25 years’ incarceration (all but five suspended) for

the charge of sexual abuse of a minor. The court imposed five years of supervised

probation upon release, with the condition that Petitioner have no unsupervised contact


                                           -7-
with minors. The court also imposed consecutive suspended sentences of ten years’

incarceration for third-degree sex offense, ten years’ incarceration for second-degree

assault, and one year of incarceration for fourth-degree sex offense. The remaining two

convictions for second-degree assault merged for sentencing purposes with the third-

degree sex offense, and fourth degree sex offense. Petitioner filed a timely notice of appeal.

           II.   Proceedings in the Court of Special Appeals

       On appeal, Petitioner argued that, “to the extent the no unsupervised contact

condition relates to [his] interaction with his own infant son, the condition constitutes an

illegal sentence that must be vacated.”5 According to Petitioner, “there was no evidence

presented which would have indicated that [he] presented any danger to either his son or

to other children related to him by blood.” Thus, “there was no rational basis for the

imposition of the no unsupervised contact condition, which… unreasonably infring[ed] on

his fundamental [due process] right to parent his child.”

       The Court of Special Appeals disagreed, and observed that trial courts have broad

discretion in imposing a sentence. (quoting Md. Code (2001, Repl. Vol. 2008), § 6-221 of

the Criminal Procedure Article (“Crim. Proc.”)). According to the Court of Special

Appeals, this discretion is limited by the requirement that:

       conditions of probation must be reasonable and have a rational basis. They
       must not be the product of arbitrariness or capriciousness. Moreover, the
       conditions imposed must be clear, definite and capable of being properly
       comprehended and understood not only by the individual upon whom they
       are imposed but by those responsible for their enforcement.


       5
        In his appeal to the Court of Special Appeals, Petitioner raised two other issues
which are not relevant to the parties’ arguments before this Court.
                                            -8-
(quoting Watson v. State, 17 Md. App. 263, 274, 301 A.2d 26, 31-32 (1973)).

       The Court of Special Appeals acknowledged that several federal cases cited by

Petitioner indicated that a sentencing court must find evidence which unambiguously

shows that the defendant is a danger to his own children before restricting access to them,

(citing United States v. Lonjose, 663 F.3d 1292, 1303 (10th Cir. 2011), and further

discussing United States v. Bear, 769 F.3d 1221, 1229 (10th Cir. 2014), and United States

v. Wolf Child, 699 F.3d 1082, 1093 (9th Cir. 2012)). However, the Court remarked that

that those cases are not binding in Maryland, and those cases “are directly at odds with

Maryland’s approach to limiting the custody and visitation rights of individuals who have

previously abused or neglected a child.”

       Regarding Maryland’s approach, the Court observed that, under Md. Code (1984,

Repl. Vol. 2012), § 9-101 of the Family Law Article (“Fam. Law”), “an individual who

has abused or neglected any child has no right to any unsupervised visitation unless he or

she is able to persuade the court that there is no likelihood of further abuse of neglect.”

(emphasis omitted) (footnote omitted). The Court pointed out that § 9-101 “applies

regardless of whether the child abused or neglected was the child whose custody or

visitation is currently in issue.” (citing In re Adoption No. 12612, 353 Md. 209, 234, 725

A.2d 1037, 1049-50 (1999)). Thus, according to the Court of Special Appeals, Maryland

courts take a default position that a parent who has abused or neglected a child will be

denied unsupervised contact with his or her own child.

       Turning to the no-unsupervised-contact condition, the Court of Special Appeals

observed that the condition did not impose an outright ban on contact, just unsupervised
                                           -9-
contact, and was limited to the five year period of active probation. The Court of Special

Appeals also noted that:

       [A] condition to the granting of probation which compels a defendant to give
       up a fundamental or constitutional right is not in and of itself unconstitutional
       or invalid. [A] court will not strike down conditions of release, even if they
       implicate fundamental rights, if such conditions are reasonably related to the
       ends of rehabilitation and protection of the public from recidivism. Such a
       condition cannot stand [only] if it is not related to the crime of which
       defendant has been convicted and if it has no reasonable relation to future
       criminality.

(quoting Henson v. State, 212 Md. App. 314, 327-28, 69 A.3d 26, 34, cert. denied, 434

Md. 314, 75 A.3d 319 (2013) (internal citations and quotations omitted)). The Court

concluded that the condition of probation imposed “was sufficiently related to the crime

for which [Petitioner] was convicted, i.e., sexual assault of a child residing in his

household.”

                                        ANALYSIS

       The case at bar presents a dispute over the requirement that conditions of probation

“must be reasonable and have a rational connection to the offense.” Meyer v. State, 445

Md. 648, 680, 128 A.3d 147, 166 (2015) (citation omitted). Petitioner contends that the

no-unsupervised-contact condition was unreasonable and lacked a rational basis “[b]ecause

there was no evidence produced at trial or sentencing that [Petitioner] was a threat to his

biological son and because the challenged condition unduly infringed on [his] fundamental

right to parent his child[.]” Petitioner cites to the decisions of several Federal Circuit

Courts of Appeal and out-of-state jurisdictions for the proposition that conditions of

probation infringing upon the right to parent should be viewed with “heightened


                                            - 10 -
scrutiny[.]” In the case at bar, Petitioner contends that “heightened scrutiny” could only

be satisfied where the record established that he posed a threat to “his child[.]” (emphasis

added).

       The State responds that a sentencing judge’s broad discretion to impose conditions

of probation—notwithstanding the fundamental constitutional implications of such

conditions—is only limited by the requirement that conditions must be “reasonably related

to … protecting the public and rehabilitating the defendant[.]” The State contends that the

no-unsupervised-contact condition was reasonably related to Petitioner’s “potential future

criminality[]” where: 1) Petitioner failed to recognize the inappropriate nature of his

behavior; 2) studies have documented the phenomenon of “crossover” – i.e., where sex

offenders abuse children of both genders, and also abuse relatives and non-relatives;6 and

3) the challenged condition was narrowly tailored to prohibit only unsupervised contact for

a five year period.

       For the reasons expressed below, we decline Petitioner’s request to strike the no-

unsupervised-contact condition.7 We hold that Maryland courts are not required to apply

a “heightened” level of scrutiny to conditions of probation impinging upon the fundamental



       6
        Jill S. Levenson et al. Jennifer Becker & John W. Morin, The Relationship Between
Victim Age and Gender Crossover Among Sex Offenders, 20 Sexual Abuse: A Journal of
Research and Treatment (March 2008); Dominique A. Simons, Sex Offender Typologies
(2015).
       7
         Petitioner requests that this Court “strike [the condition] to the extent it requires
[his] contact with his son to be supervised[,]” but also alleges that “the challenged
[condition] was not reasonable and lacked a rational basis and should be struck by this
Court.”
                                             - 11 -
right to parent. Instead, we take the position that the challenged condition was only

required to be reasonable and rationally connected to the offense of conviction, and the

aforementioned condition satisfied this standard where Petitioner had been convicted of

sexually abusing a minor child in his household.

         I.   Conditions of Probation must be Reasonable and Have a Rational
              Connection to the Offense.

       Upon a finding of guilt, the court may “suspend the imposition or execution of

sentence and place the defendant on probation on the conditions that the court considers

proper.” Crim Proc. § 6-221; Meyer, 445 Md. at 679, 128 A.3d at 166 (citing DeLeon v.

State, 102 Md. App. 58, 74, 648 A.2d 1053, 1060–61 (1994)). By exercising the authority

to place a defendant on probation, the court engages in an act of clemency or leniency,

whereby the defendant maintains his or her freedom. Meyer, 445 Md. at 679, 128 A.3d at

166 (citing Harrison-Solomon v. State, 442 Md. 254, 286, 112 A.3d 408, 428 (2015)); Scott

v. State, 238 Md. 265, 275, 208 A.2d 575, 580 (1965) (“Probation is a matter of grace,

which aside from being an act of clemency extended to one who has committed a crime, is

in substance and effect a bargain made by the people, through legislation and the courts,

with the malefactor that he may be free as long as he conducts himself in a manner

consonant with established communal standards and the safety of society.”).

       To further the goals of sentencing – “punishment, deterrence, and rehabilitation” –

the court has broad discretion to impose conditions that curtail the defendant’s liberty while

on probation. Meyer, 445 Md. at 670, 128 A.3d at 160 (citation omitted); Bailey v. State,

355 Md. 287, 294, 734 A.2d 684, 687 (1999). This discretion, although broad, is limited


                                            - 12 -
in several important respects: “a condition of probation must not be vague, indefinite or

uncertain[,]” Smith v. State, 306 Md. 1, 7, 506 A.2d 1165, 1168 (1986); conditions of

probation must “not be arbitrary or capricious[,]” Smith v. State, 80 Md. App. 371, 375,

563 A.2d 1129, 1131 (1989) (citing Watson v. State, 17 Md. App. 263, 274, 301 A.2d 26

(1973)); “condition[s] of probation must … be constitutional[,]” Kaylor v. State, 285 Md.

66, 70, 400 A.2d 419, 422 (1979); conditions of probation must not exceed “statutory

limits[,]” Meyer, 445 Md. at 670, 128 A.3d at 160 (citation omitted); and “conditions of

probation must be reasonable and have a rational connection to the offense[,]” id. at 680,

128 A.3d at 166 (citation omitted). Regarding the latter requirement, neither this Court nor

the Court of Special Appeals has issued a reported opinion considering the reasonableness

of a condition of probation that limits this fundamental right.8




       8
         This Court has firmly recognized the fundamental due process right of a parent to
raise his or her child. See, e.g., In re Mark M., 365 Md. 687, 705, 782 A.2d 332, 342
(2001). The Court of Special Appeals has further considered the reasonableness of a
condition of probation that infringed upon the right to marry. See Lambert v. State, 209
Md. App. 600, 606-07, 61 A.3d 87, 90 (2013) (upholding a condition of probation that
prohibited the defendant from having contact with his wife, reasoning that “[b]y
perpetrating an act of domestic violence against his wife, appellant subordinated his rights
to the State’s interest in punishment, deterrence, and rehabilitation.”) (citation omitted)
(emphasis omitted). The Court of Special Appeals has also considered the propriety of a
condition of probation that limited the defendant’s contact with his son, by prohibiting
contact with the defendant’s girlfriend/victim. See Douglas v. State, 130 Md. App. 666,
675-76, 747 A.2d 752, 757(2000) (upholding the condition without discussion of
fundamental parental rights).
        This Court has also commented that a condition of probation prohibiting the
defendant from having unsupervised contact with minors was legal where the defendant
had been convicted of sexually abusing his niece and another child. State v. Griswold, 374
Md. 184, 188, 821 A.2d 430, 433 (2003).
                                           - 13 -
       The best guidance on this subject in Maryland jurisprudence is the Court of Special

Appeals decision in Henson, 212 Md. App. 314, 69 A.3d 26, cert. denied, 434 Md. 314, 75

A.3d 319 (2013), where the Court considered the interplay between the reasonableness

requirement and fundamental constitutional rights in general. In that case, Mr. Henson was

found guilty “of conspiracy to violate Md. Code (2003, 2010 Repl. Vol.), §§ 13–

401 and 13–602(a)(9) of the Election Law Article ([“Elec. Law”]), by distributing

campaign material without an ‘authority line’ disclosing the name of the responsible

campaign finance entity and treasurer.” Id. at 317-18; 69 A.3d at 28. Mr. Henson was

sentenced to one year incarceration (two months suspended), and three years of probation

with the condition that he not work or volunteer “in any capacity in election campaigns[.]”

Id. at 320, 69 A.3d at 30.

       On appeal, Mr. Henson challenged the aforementioned condition of probation on

the grounds that it violated his “[c]onstitutional right to free association[,] to contracts[,]

and access to political speech.” Id. at 327, 69 A.3d at 34. In denying this argument, the

Court of Special Appeals observed that trial judges are vested with “very broad discretion”

when imposing conditions of probation, and “a condition to the granting of probation which

compels a defendant to give up a fundamental or constitutional right is not in and of itself

unconstitutional or invalid.” Id. 327-28, 69 A.3d at 34 (quoting People v. Lewis, 77

Cal.App.3d 455, 463 (1978)). The Court adhered to the reasonableness standard, and noted

that the condition “‘cannot stand [only] if it is not related to the crime of which defendant

has been convicted and if it has no reasonable relation to future criminality.’” Id. at 328,

69 A.3d at 34.
                                            - 14 -
       The Court observed that several out-of-state and federal jurisdictions have upheld

prohibitions on employment and political speech/association as a condition of probation.

Id. at 328-30, 69 A.3d at 34-36 (citing People v. Caruso, 174 Cal.App.2d 624, 647 (1959),

State v. Fox, 22 Conn. App. 449, 457 (1990), United States v. Schave, 186 F.3d 839, 843

(7th Cir. 1999), Malone v. United States, 502 F.2d 554, 556-57 (9th Cir. 1974)) (citations

omitted)). The Court thereafter held that the condition of probation was rationally related

to Mr. Henson’s election law violations, and that the condition was narrowly tailored, as it

imposed “no … legitimate control over [Mr. Henson’s] political activities[,]” other than

the work-related campaign restriction. Id. at 331;,69 A.3d at 36.

       Consistent with Henson, Petitioner acknowledges that conditions of probation

should be reviewed for reasonableness. However, Petitioner discusses several Federal

Circuit Court of Appeals decisions that have applied a “heightened” level of scrutiny to

conditions of supervised release that infringe upon the fundamental right to parent. See

United States v. Meyers, 426 F.3d 117, 123-24 (2d Cir. 2005) (indicating that the

challenged condition must ‘involve[] no greater deprivation of liberty than is reasonably

necessary’ for the protection of children, or the furtherance of another sentencing aim);

United States v. Wolf Child, 699 F.3d 1082, 1092 (9th Cir. 2012) (noting that “the

sentencing court, at the time it imposes the restrictive condition on the exercise of a

particularly significant liberty interest, must itself point to the evidence in the record on

which it relies and explain how on the basis of that evidence the particular restriction is

justified.”); United States v. Bear, 769 F.3d 1221 (10th Cir. 2014); United States v. Lonjose,

663 F.3d 1292, 1303 (10th Cir. 2011) (noting that a district court abuses its discretion
                                            - 15 -
where it imposes a condition that infringes upon that right to parent “in the absence of a

record that ‘unambiguously support[s] a finding’ that the defendant is a danger to his own

family members.”) (citation omitted).

       Petitioner also discusses two out-of-state decisions that applied a form of heightened

scrutiny to conditions of probation that interfere with the defendant’s familial relations.

State v. Letourneau, 100 Wash. App. 424, 438 (2000) (remarking that “limitations on

fundamental rights during community custody” must be “reasonably necessary to

accomplish the essential needs of the [S]tate.”); Simants v. State, 329 P.3d 1033, 1038-39

(Alaska Ct. App. 2014) (noting that conditions of probation which infringe upon the

defendant’s “familial associations” are reviewed with “special scrutiny” – requiring that

the condition be “reasonably related to the rehabilitation of the offender and protection of

the public” and “narrowly tailored to avoid unnecessary interference with the [the

defendant’s] family relationships.”) (footnote omitted).

       According to Petitioner, the aforementioned cases establish that “a sentencing court

may not impose a condition that impinges upon a defendant’s right to parent unless there

is evidence in the record that demonstrates the defendant is in fact a danger to his children.”

Applying this standard, Petitioner contends that the no-unsupervised-contact condition

must be stricken because none of the testimony detailed incidents involving F. or other

children related to Petitioner by blood. Petitioner proffers that none of the activities

detailed in the mental health assessment – i.e., addiction to pornography and sending

explicit photos via the internet/text message – involved boys of any age, and notes that he

only reported sexual fantasies of a heterosexual nature. Petitioner contends that the DHMH
                                            - 16 -
psychologist “was not concerned with his sexualized behavior generally but that she was

instead concerned about that behavior in front of girls under the age of eighteen.” Petitioner

similarly highlights that the pre-sentence investigation only recommended that he not have

unsupervised contact with minor females, but was silent about contact with his minor son.

Accordingly, Petitioner contends that the no-unsupervised-contact condition was not

reasonably related to the protection of minors, including F.

        We disagree. While the reasonableness standard required that the record justify

the no-unsupervised-contact condition, Petitioner erroneously contends that the condition

could not include his own child, unless the victim of the defendant’s abuse was the same

gender as his child, and/or was a blood relative of Petitioner. Although some of the cases

discussed by Petitioner seem to impose such a requirement, we decline to read such a

requirement into Maryland’s reasonableness standard. Furthermore, notwithstanding the

disparities in gender and blood relation between B. and F., the no-unsupervised-contact

condition was reasonably related to the protection of minors, including F.

          a. The reasonableness standard did not require the sentencing court to
             tailor the no-unsupervised-contact condition to the specific attributes
             of Petitioner’s victim.
       Several jurisdictions adhere to a reasonableness standard where a condition of

probation infringes upon a defendant’s constitutional right to parent. See State v. Jones,

49 Ohio St. 3d 51, 53 (1990); State v. Strickland, 169 N.C.App. 193 (2005); Perkins v.

State, 317 P.3d 584, 588 (Wyo. 2014); Com. v. Dewey, 57 A.3d 1267, 1270 (Pa Super.

2012). However, the reasoning of the Court of Appeals of North Carolina—in declining



                                            - 17 -
to require that conditions of probation be narrowly tailored to protection of the type of

victim abused—is particularly persuasive. State v. Strickland, 169 N.C.App. 193 (2005).

       In Strickland, the defendant was convicted of several counts of taking indecent

liberties with a child after he had sexual intercourse with the minor sister of his wife, who

was residing in his home at the time. Id. at 194. The defendant was given a suspended

sentence and placed on 36 months of supervised probation, with the condition that he not

reside in a household with a minor. Id. at 195. In light of the defendant’s convictions, that

condition was required by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15-1343(b2)(4), providing that a defendant

may “not reside in a household with a minor child if the offense is one in which there is

evidence of sexual abuse of a minor.” Id. The defendant’s probation was subsequently

revoked and his sentences were activated, after he was found to be residing with his minor

son, who was conceived as a result of the defendant’s criminal conduct. Id. The defendant

appealed the revocation of his probation, contending that the aforementioned condition

“deprived [him] of his constitutional rights to parent and care for his minor child without

any showing that [he] was unfit or that the child was endangered.” Id.

       The Court of Appeals of North Carolina noted that “[t]he restriction on

[defendant’s] association rights is valid if (1) primarily designed to meet ends of

rehabilitation and protection of the public, and (2) reasonably related to such ends.” Id. at

196 (citation omitted). The Court thereafter rejected the defendant’s argument that N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 15-1343(b2)(4) was unconstitutional as applied to him because he posed no

threat to his own child:



                                           - 18 -
       Defendant argues that his crime arose out of his sexual contact with his
       thirteen-year-old sister-in-law, who was not a blood relative, and that there
       was no evidence that he had ever abused his own children.

       No court in our jurisdiction has directly addressed the constitutionality of a
       condition of probation preventing a defendant from residing with his own
       child on similar facts, so we look outside of North Carolina for guidance.
       In Commonwealth v. LaPointe, the Supreme Court of Massachusetts stated:
       “We reject the defendant’s contention that the condition prohibiting him
       from residing with his son M.L. is invalid because the defendant ‘has no
       history of any sexual relations with males (adults or children),’....
       Irrespective of gender, as a minor, M.L. could be considered a potential target
       of the defendant. The judge acted reasonably in providing M.L. with some
       measure of protection.” Commonwealth v. LaPointe, 435 Mass. 455, 759
       N.E.2d 294, 299 (2001). We believe the same logic counsels caution in
       allowing defendant to reside with his own child when he has been convicted
       of taking indecent liberties with a minor not his child, particularly, as here,
       when defendant took advantage of the fact that he was residing with the
       minor victim to facilitate the abuse. See State v. Ehli, 681 N.W.2d 808
       (N.D., 2004). Further, the victim in the instant case was related to defendant
       through marriage. To the extent that defendant might feel tempted to sexually
       abuse a minor child when it and defendant are residing under the same
       roof, N.C. Gen.Stat. § 15A-1343(b2)(4) also serves the purposes of
       sentencing and probation of rehabilitation by removing defendant from the
       temptation to repeat his crimes. The limitations placed on defendant by N.C.
       Gen.Stat. § 15A-1343(b2)(4) further serve as a deterrent, as defendant will
       realize this is one consequence of his criminal acts.

       Defendant would have the courts make a detailed investigation in each case
       to the peculiar sexual desires of a child sex offender. The trial court would
       then be required to tailor the conditions of a defendant’s probation to his
       particular form of predatory behavior. We expressly reject such an approach.
       In light of the fact that defendant repeatedly molested a child while living in
       the same household as his wife and mother-in-law, we hold that a restriction
       prohibiting defendant from residing in a household with any child, regardless
       of the gender or relationship of defendant to the child, is not unreasonable,
       or violative of defendant’s constitutional rights.

Id. at 197-98.



                                           - 19 -
       The reasonableness standard applied by the North Carolina Court of Appeals in

Strickland—rejecting a standard where “[t]he trial court would … be required to tailor the

conditions of a defendant’s probation to his [or her] particular form of predatory

behavior”—is most consistent with the nature of parental rights and probation in Maryland.

There is further sound policy supporting an approach similar to that in Strickland.

       We have recognized that the fundamental right to raise one’s child is not absolute,

and the right must frequently cede to the State’s interest as parens patriae “in caring for

those, such as minors, who cannot care for themselves.” In Re Mark M., 365 Md. at 705-

06, 782 A.2d at 343 (citing Boswell v. Boswell, 352 Md. 204, 218, 721 A.2d 662, 669

(1998)). Fam. Law § 9-101 illustrates this principle by providing that a party to a child

custody hearing that has previously abused a child shall be denied custody “[u]nless the

court specifically finds that there is no likelihood of further child abuse or neglect by the

party[.]” This Court has previously ruled that Fam. Law § 9-101 is not limited to scenarios

where the child whose custody is in issue is also the child who has been abused. In re

Adoption No. 12612, 353 Md. at 238-39, 725 A.2d at 1052. Thus, as aptly noted by the

Court of Special Appeals, Fam. Law § 9-101 represents a default position that a parent who

“has abused or neglected a child” shall be denied “unsupervised contact with his or her

own child.” (emphasis added).

       Regarding the nature of probation, this Court has acknowledged that probationers

do not enjoy the breadth of constitutional rights that are enjoyed by law abiding citizens.

See Corbin v. State, 428 Md. 488, 504, 52 A.3d 946, 955 (2012) (“[P]robationers do not

enjoy the same liberty rights as other citizens and have fewer legitimate expectations about
                                           - 20 -
privacy than law-abiding citizens.”); see also United States v. Knight, 534 U.S. 112, 119,

112 S.Ct. 587, 591 (2001) (“Inherent in the very nature of probation is that probationers

‘do not enjoy the absolute liberty to which every citizen is entitled.’”). Rather, in exchange

for an act of leniency by the court, the probationer voluntarily agrees to certain limitations

on his or her rights, which the court is free to impose in its discretion. See Crim. Proc. §

6-221.

         While Maryland courts are accorded wide latitude to impose conditions of probation

under Crim. Proc. § 6-221, the decisions from the federal circuits applying heightened

scrutiny were reviewing conditions of supervised release imposed under 18 U.S.C. §

3583(d)(2). This distinction is notable because, unlike conditions of probation under Crim.

Proc. § 6-221, conditions of supervised release must “involve[] no greater deprivation of

liberty than is reasonably necessary for the purposes set forth in [18 U.S.C. §]

3553(a)(2)(B), (a)(2)(C), and (a)(2)(D).” 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d). The §3553 factors include

the “deterrence [of] criminal conduct[,]” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(B), the protection of the

public “from further crimes of the defendant[,]” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(C), and the

provision of “needed educational or vocational training, medical care, or other correctional

treatment in the most effective manner[.]” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(D). Obviously,

sentencing courts in Maryland need not comply with the “reasonably necessary” provisions

of 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d), and as a result, the “heightened” scrutiny analysis of the cases

applying that statute are of limited relevance. See Crim Proc. § 6-221.

         In addition, the very nature of probation in Maryland, as opposed to supervised

release under the federal sentencing system, requires that conditions under each of these
                                            - 21 -
systems be treated differently. As noted above, “probation is considered to be a matter of

grace and an act of clemency” which generally takes the place of a term of incarceration.

See Meyer, 445 Md. at 679, 128 A.3d at 166 (citation omitted). To the contrary, supervised

release is added to the court’s sentence by being imposed “after imprisonment[.]” 18

U.S.C. § 3583(a). This distinction is important because a sentencing judge in Maryland,

by imposing probation, is allowing the defendant substantially more liberties than he or she

would otherwise enjoy while incarcerated; whereas a judge who imposes supervised

release is imposing additional restrictions after incarceration.         Accordingly, while

heightened scrutiny may apply to a condition of supervised release that infringes upon the

fundamental right to parent, there is little rationale for applying this heightened standard

where a sentencing judge has allowed the defendant substantially more liberties by placing

him or her on probation.

       Lastly, as a matter of sound policy, conditions of probation should not be subjected

to the “heightened” scrutiny called for by Petitioner – requiring a sentencing court to tailor

conditions of probation “to the peculiar sexual desires of a child sex offender[.]”

Strickland, supra. The studies discussed by the State illustrate that sex offenders do not

necessarily limit their criminal behavior to one specific “type” of victim, and that offenders

may abuse both relatives and non-relatives, and both males and females. See Levenson et

al. and Simons, supra. While we do not opine on the frequency with which “crossover”

occurs, our holding allows the sentencing court, when faced with the protection of minors

at the expense of parental rights, to exercise its discretion in furtherance of the former.



                                            - 22 -
       Accordingly, we adhere to the requirement that “conditions of probation must be

reasonable and have a rational connection to the offense[.]” Meyer, 445 Md. at 680, 128

A.3d at 166 (citation omitted). However, in doing so, we decline Petitioner’s invitation to

hold that this standard cannot be satisfied by a condition that restricts the defendant’s

contact with his children, unless the victim of the defendant’s abuse is the same gender as

the defendant’s children, and/or is a blood relative of the defendant.

          b. The no-unsupervised-contact condition was reasonably related to the
             protection of children and Petitioner’s future criminality.

       In applying this standard, we believe that the no-unsupervised-contact condition was

reasonably related to the protection of children, including F. Petitioner’s focus on the

gender of his victim overlooks the fact that B. was the half-sister of F., and that Petitioner

took advantage of his living arrangement with B. to commit the sexual abuse for which he

was convicted and sentenced. In light of the mental health assessment, which “gave [the

sentencing court] a lot of concern[,]” there was a deterrent value in preventing the

Petitioner from occupying such a position with respect to F. According to that assessment,

Petitioner failed to recognize the inappropriate nature of his behavior, and repeatedly

attempted to minimize his actions. Regarding the exposure of his penis, Petitioner reported

that B. may have inadvertently seen the tip of his penis because he routinely sits on the

couch with his hands down the front of his pants. Petitioner opined that “everyone sits like

that.” Regarding the incidents of grabbing B.’s chest, Petitioner attributed this to “horsing

around.” In general, Petitioner expressed that he was upset with the charges against him,

and revealed that “he does not believe that his crime was a sex offense.”


                                            - 23 -
       The aforementioned evidence indicates that the no-unsupervised-contact-condition

was reasonably related to the protection of F. Contrary to Petitioner’s arguments in this

Court and the Court of Special Appeals, the sentencing court did not abuse its discretion

by neglecting to tailor the condition to the specific attributes of Petitioner’s victim, i.e., by

imposing a condition of no-unsupervised-contact with minor females, or all non-blood-

related minors. As we noted above, such a requirement would place the sentencing court

in the precarious position of trying to delineate “the peculiar sexual desires of a child sex

offender” where those desires may change and evolve.

       Lastly, assuming, arguendo, that we did apply a heightened scrutiny standard, the

no-unsupervised-contact condition was narrowly tailored in the sense that it prevented only

unsupervised contact with F., and only lasted during Petitioner’s five year probationary

term. These limiting characteristics distinguish the no-unsupervised-contact condition

from those reflected in the cases discussed by Petitioner, cf. Wolf Child, 699 F.3d at 1089

(striking a condition of supervised release that prohibited the defendant from “resid[ing] in

the home, residence, or be[ing] in the company of any child under the age of 18[]” “without

the prior written approval of the United States Probation [Office]); Lonjose, 663 F.3d at

1303 (striking a condition of supervised release requiring prior written permission by the

United States Probation Office before the defendant could have contact with his son), and

make the present condition more similar to conditions which have been upheld by other

jurisdictions. See Strickland, 169 N.C. App. at 196-97 (upholding a condition of probation

preventing the defendant from residing with his son, where the condition was limited to a

36 month probationary period, and “did not prevent the defendant from visiting his
                                             - 24 -
child[.]”); State v. Coreau, 651 A.2d 319, 321 (Me. 1994) (holding that a prohibition on all

contact with a probationer’s children was an abuse of discretion, but approving of a

prohibition on unsupervised contact only). Accordingly, we hold that the sentencing court

did not abuse its discretion in imposing a reasonable and narrowly-tailored condition of

probation that prohibited unsupervised contact with minors, including Petitioner’s son.

                                                    JUDGMENTS OF THE COURT OF
                                                    SPECIAL     APPEALS    ARE
                                                    AFFIRMED. COSTS TO BE PAID
                                                    BY PETITIONER.




                                           - 25 -
