               In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                    OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
                                              No. 17-760V
                                           (to be published)


*************************                                                Chief Special Master Corcoran
DENIS J. ROWAN, as the personal    *
representative of the estate of    *                                     Filed: April 28, 2020
                                   *
DOROTHY A. ROWAN,                  *                                     Influenza vaccine; onset;
Petitioner,                        *                                     Non-Table claim; Elderly
                                   *                                     immune system; Antigen
        v.                         *                                     response; Althen prong three;
                                   *                                     Medically-acceptable timeframe;
SECRETARY OF HEALTH                *                                     Guillain-Barré syndrome
AND HUMAN SERVICES,                *
                       Respondent. *
                                   *
*************************

Curtis Webb, Twin Falls, ID, for Petitioner.

Voris Johnson, U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Washington, DC, for Respondent.


                                       ENTITLEMENT DECISION1

          On June 8, 2017, Dorothy Rowan, now deceased,2 filed a petition seeking compensation
    under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (“Vaccine Program”)3 alleging that

1
  This Decision will be posted on the Court of Federal Claims’ website in accordance with the E-Government Act of
2002, 44 U.S.C. § 3501 (2012). This means that the Decision will be available to anyone with access to the
internet. As provided by 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(4)(B), however, the parties may object to the Decision’s inclusion
of certain kinds of confidential information. Specifically, under Vaccine Rule 18(b), each party has fourteen days
within which to request redaction “of any information furnished by that party: (1) that is a trade secret or commercial
or financial in substance and is privileged or confidential; or (2) that includes medical files or similar files, the
disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy.” Vaccine Rule 18(b). Otherwise, the
whole Decision will be available to the public in its current form. Id.
2
  Counsel filed a status report on November 7, 2019, informing me of Ms. Rowan’s passing in September 2019, and
also stating that her estate would be continuing to prosecute the claim. ECF No. 34. Earlier this month, counsel
indicated that an estate representative had finally been appointed, and the caption has been revised to reflect the new
petitioner. Order, dated April 16, 2020 (ECF No. 36).

3
 The Vaccine Program comprises Part 2 of the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-660,
100 Stat. 3755 (codified as amended at 42 U.S.C. §§ 300aa-10–34 (2012)) (hereinafter “Vaccine Act” or “the Act”).
All subsequent references to sections of the Vaccine Act shall be to the pertinent subparagraph of 42 U.S.C. § 300aa.
    she developed Guillain-Barré syndrome (“GBS”) following receipt of the influenza (“flu”)
    vaccine on September 27, 2016. Petition (ECF No. 1) at 1.

           It is largely undisputed4 that Ms. Rowan experienced GBS, an injury that has been
    credibly associated (for purposes of establishing Vaccine Act entitlement) with the flu vaccine.
    But the matter is nevertheless contested, because her onset occurred within thirty-six hours of
    vaccination—shorter than the three-day minimum onset period for a flu-GBS claim as set forth
    in the Vaccine Injury Table. 42 C.F.R. § 100.3(a)(XIV)(D). Accordingly, Petitioner advances a
    causation-in-fact, non-Table claim that Ms. Rowan’s short-onset GBS was vaccine-caused, and
    occurred in a medically-reasonable timeframe.

           Both parties submitted expert/treater reports and briefs. See Petitioner’s brief, dated
    February 28, 2019 (ECF No. 24) (“Brief”); Respondent’s Opposition, dated March 21, 2019
    (ECF No. 25) (“Opp.”); Petitioner’s Reply, dated April 19, 2019 (ECF No. 26) (“Reply”). They
    also obtained supplemental expert reports at my request, addressing the extent to which Ms.
    Rowan’s age might have impacted the expected timeframe for onset. Now, having had an
    opportunity to review the filings and medical records, I deny entitlement. As set forth in greater
    detail below, Petitioner has not established by preponderant evidence that it is medically
    acceptable to conclude that the flu vaccine could likely cause GBS within a 36-hour timeframe,
    or that it did so in this case. The fact that Ms. Rowan was elderly at best has no bearing on the
    onset question—and at worst suggests that flu vaccine-induced GBS would more likely take
    longer than a few days to begin (and thus likely longer than it did so in her specific case).

I.        Factual Background

           Ms. Rowan received the flu vaccine on September 27, 2016, at the Brookdale Parkcenter
    Independent Living Center—a Boise, Idaho assisted living facility where she had resided for
    some time (“Brookdale”). Ex. 1 at 1–2; Ex. 2 at 2; Ex. 7 at 3. She was then 91, with a prior
    medical history that included hypertension, triple cardiac bypass surgery, high cholesterol,
    osteoarthritis, alcohol dependence, depression, and anemia. Ex. 7 at 4, 14, and 43. The medical
    record does not establish the precise time of day the vaccination occurred, but because Ms.
    Rowan’s name is third-to-last on the list of thirty flu shots administered that day, it can be inferred
    that she was among the last individuals that day to receive the vaccine, and therefore likely
    received it in the afternoon of the 27th. Ex. 2 at 2.

          A bit more than a day later, Ms. Rowan began experiencing symptoms that arguably



4
 As noted herein, Respondent originally accepted the GBS diagnosis, but appears to have since backed away from it.
However, because my decision turns on the third Althen prong, I need not decide also if the GBS diagnosis is
preponderantly-determined, and thus do not do so herein.


                                                        2
constituted onset of her GBS. She went to the emergency room at St. Luke’s Boise Medical Center
on September 29, 2016, at which time she reported receipt of the flu vaccine two days before. Ex.
3 at 107–08. As the ER note from her arrival states, “she felt at baseline yesterday morning
[September 28th] upon waking,” but that by “yesterday evening she began to feel as if she could
not walk.” Id. at 108. Specifically, Ms. Rowan informed nurse practitioner Dawn Aiken, NP, that
the night prior she had been ambulating with a walker, but then, when she attempted to stand after
having been seated for 30 minutes, she felt profoundly weak and almost fell. She was able to get
to bed that evening, but when she awoke the morning of the 29th she still felt very weak and
called her daughter, who transported her to the ER. She denied any recent illnesses, and reported
no associated numbness or tingling. Ex. 3 at 19–22.

      Ms. Rowan’s lab tests on admission were unremarkable, including a complete blood count.
An MRI of her brain showed prominent atrophy and extensive small vessel ischemic white matter
change. Ex. 3 at 6, 97. An MRI of Petitioner’s spine showed mild/moderate degenerative changes
with no cord abnormalities. Id. at 16, 95–96. The next day (September 30, 2016), Ms. Rowan saw
neurologist Sergei Kashirny, M.D., and reported a history consistent with the above—again
placing onset of her weakness on the evening of September 28, 2016 and claiming difficulty in
ambulating when compared to her usual baseline, despite some improvement since being
admitted. An exam showed mild questionable left facial asymmetry, normal eye movement, mild
proximal weakness (arms/legs not specifically mentioned), difficulty coordinating the legs,
severely diminished reflexes in the legs, and an inability to stand. Ex. 3 at 21–22. Dr. Kashirny
did not obtain a lumbar puncture, noting that her age alone made elevated protein possible, thus
diminishing the value of a positive result. Regardless, based on her total presentation Dr. Kashirny
proposed that Ms. Rowan had GBS, and prescribed four days of IVIG treatment. Id. at 24–25.

      On October 1, 2016, Dr. Kashirny now noted that Ms. Rowan showed significant
improvement, and he decreased her IVIG dosage, observing that hospital discharge might soon
be possible. Exam showed “no obvious weakness,” although she did display absent lower
extremity reflexes and weak upper extremity reflexes. Ex. 3 at 33. A case manager began
preparing a plan for home health physical therapy at Brookdale once Ms. Rowan returned from
the hospital. Id. at 66. The next day, Ms. Rowan revealed additional improvement in her
ambulation, and an occupational therapy (“OT”) assessment recommended rehabilitation for
balance and training in performing activities of daily living. Id. at 38, 50.

       On October 3, 2016, treaters opted to delay slightly Ms. Rowan’s discharge in light of the
rehab recommendations, along with reports that she had experienced falls even pre-vaccination,
but otherwise noted that the weakness that had led her to seek emergency medical intervention
appeared to have largely resolved. Ex. 3 at 51–52. She was finally discharged on October 4, 2016,
after six days as an inpatient at St. Luke’s. Ex. 1 at 2; Ex. 3 at 15–16, 19–22. Discharge records
confirm the view that her “mild GBS” began the evening of September 28, 2016—between 30 to


                                                3
    36 hours post-vaccination. Ex. 1 at 1–2; Ex. 3 at 15–16, 19, 24–26.

        After discharge, Ms. Rowan was transferred for rehab to the Valley View Life Care Center
in Boise, Idaho. Ex. 3, pp. 16–17. She was an inpatient there from October 4, 2016 through
November 4, 2016. Ex. 4 at 2–3. She subsequently returned to live at Brookdale, where she
remained until March 19, 2017. Ex. 1 at 2–3. Even when back at Brookdale, she required the
assistance of a nurse's aide for 12 hours a day, 7 days a week, going up to 24 hours per day for two
weeks in March 2017. Ex. 8 at 1–49. The cost for such round-the-clock care eventually made it
impossible for Ms. Rowan to continue to live in her own apartment at Brookdale, forcing her to
move to other assisted living facilities in Boise. Ex. 9 at 1–6 (Past Unreimbursed Expenses for
Assisted Living Care). Ms. Rowan passed away on September 23, 2019. Status Rep., filed on Nov.
7, 2019.

    II.   Expert and Treater Opinions

          A.      Dr. Lawrence Steinman

       Dr. Steinman submitted two expert reports on behalf of Petitioner’s claim. Expert Report
of Lawrence Steinman, M.D., filed as Ex. 13 on July 9, 2018 (ECF No. 16-1) (“Steinman Rep.”);
Supplemental Expert Report of Lawrence Steinman, M.D., filed as Ex. 26 on October 8, 2019
(ECF No. 32-1) (“Steinman Supp. Rep.”). Dr. Steinman opines that the onset of Ms. Rowan’s
symptoms, approximately 30 to 36 hours after receipt of the flu vaccine, was medically
acceptable—and that her elderly status was not inconsistent with this opinion.5

       As shown in his CV, Dr. Steinman received his B.A. from Dartmouth College and his M.D.
from Harvard Medical School. Ex. 14 at 1, filed July 9, 2018 (ECF No. 16-2) (“Steinman CV”).
He then completed residencies in neurology and pediatrics at Stanford University. Id. He has
worked as a professor of neurology and pediatrics at Stanford for the past thirty-eight years. Id.
Dr. Steinman has also published hundreds of peer-reviewed publications on neurology and
autoimmune disease. Steinman CV at 5–45. He holds several patents related to the diagnosis and
treatment of autoimmune and demyelinating diseases. Id. at 2–3. He presently serves as the George
A. Zimmerman Professor of Neurological Sciences, Neurology, Genetics and Pediatrics at
Stanford University. Id. at 1.

       Dr. Steinman’s first report discussed the immune processes involved in reaction to a
vaccine, and the timeframes in which that reaction would be medically expected to occur. Citing

5
 As noted below, prior to the filing of Dr. Steinman’s first expert report I had informed the parties of my view that a
primary question in dispute in this case was whether Ms. Rowan’s onset was medically acceptable—and therefore this
was the issue that experts should focus on. Dr. Steinman’s report accordingly does not go into detail about the capacity
of the flu vaccine to cause GBS (and it did not need to either).


                                                           4
a report from the Institute of Medicine, Dr. Steinman observed that the “lag phase” from primary
(meaning first-time) antigen exposure to start of immune response (during which time the body is
either producing antibodies or sending T cells to react to the antigen) is 7 to 10 days, but will be
shortened to 1 to 3 days for subsequent exposure to the same antigen, with the subsequent immune
response—the logarithmic or “log” phase—occurring in 3 to 5 days. Steinman Rep. at 3 (citing
Chapter 3: Evaluating Biological Mechanisms of Adverse Events, in Adverse Effects of Vaccines:
Evidence and Causality 457–62, 91–101 (Stratton et al., eds., 2012) (“IOM Report”)). Because
Ms. Rowan appears to have received the flu vaccine before in her life, Dr. Steinman surmised that
her lag response would also be expected to be brief. Steinman Rep. at 3–4.

       Besides the IOM, Dr. Steinman invoked an item of literature that could well be the single
most cited article in the entirety of the Program (excluding certain articles referenced in the
Omnibus Autism Proceeding). Steinman Rep. at 3-4, citing L. Schonberger et al., Guillain-Barré
Syndrome Following Vaccination in the National Influenza Program, United States, 1976-77, 110
Am. J. Epid. 2:105-123 (1979), filed as Ex. 21 (ECF No. 18-7) (“Schonberger”). Schonberger is
an epidemiologic study performed in the wake of the 1970s swine flu epidemic, and considers the
impact of the immunization program initiated by the federal government in response. The study
evaluated over 1,000 individuals who experienced GBS in the 1976–77 timeframe, comparing
those who received the particular vaccine utilized by the program versus those who did not, and
found that the incidence rate for GBS was higher among those who had received the vaccine.
Schonberger at 121–22. Schonberger is consistently cited in the Program by virtually any claimant
seeking to establish how the flu vaccine could cause a demyelinating autoimmune disease of the
peripheral or central nervous (“CNS”) system.

        Dr. Steinman maintained that Schonberger established that GBS was more likely to begin
in a short timeframe, comparable to what Ms. Rowan experienced, than longer—although he
admitted that “[n]o statistics are available” to corroborate the acceptability of this proposed
timeframe. Steinman Rep. at 4. In specific support of this contention, Dr. Steinman referenced
Schonberger’s Figure 5, which sets forth distribution of onset for approximately 500 GBS cases
by two-day intervals, measured from date of vaccination. Schonberger at 112. Schonberger
specifically cites Figure 5 to illustrate what its authors deemed a “nonrandom” distribution of onset
timeframes, ultimately observing that expected peak onset (for the population of cases considered)
occurred 16 to 17 days post-vaccination, although the majority of all GBS cases considered in the
chart (72 percent) began within four weeks. Id. at 110–11. Dr. Steinman, however, drew attention
to the fact that (a) the chart evidenced some early cases of GBS (approximately 12 in the initial,
zero to one post-vaccination interval, and 16 in the one to three-day interval) and (b) more cases
were observed in that timeframe than days 35 and beyond. Steinman Rep. at 3. Thus, although
Schonberger does not on its own say (either directly or indirectly) that the flu vaccine can cause
GBS in a timeframe of less than two days (and in fact, could be interpreted to mean, as



                                                 5
Schonberger’s authors seem to suggest, that the most likely timeframe for GBS is longer), Dr.
Steinman interpreted it as so saying.

           In his supplemental report, Dr. Steinman attempted to address my question regarding the
    role age might play in increasing the likelihood of experiencing vaccine-caused GBS in a faster-
    than-usual timeframe. See generally Steinman Supp. Rep. In a single page with two references,
    Dr. Steinman opined that an elderly individual’s recall response to the flu vaccine could in fact
    occur within two days. Noting the significance of the anti-ganglioside antibody in the mechanistic
    processes resulting in GBS,6 Dr. Steinman referenced an article that (based on its title alone)
    seems to undercut Petitioner’s claim generally. D. Wang et al., No Evidence of a Link Between
    Influenza Vaccines and Guillain-Barré Syndrome-Associated Antiganglioside Antibodies, 6
    Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 3:159–66 (2011), filed as Ex. 28 (ECF No. 33-2)
    (“Wang”).

           Wang sought to evaluate the extent to which certain anti-ganglioside antibodies (believed
    to play a key pathogenic role in propagating GBS) were induced by the flu vaccine. To do so, the
    article considered pre and post-vaccination sera from nearly 650 human and 30 mice subjects,
    with the human serum samples derived from different time periods in which the flu vaccine was
    administered. Wang at 159, 160. The relevant serum samples were screened to determine if they
    contained the relevant antibodies after immunization. Id. at 161. Although many of the subgroups
    of tested human sera did not show the presence of the anti-ganglioside antibodies after
    vaccination, 15 subjects known to be derived from individuals 60 years old or more tested positive
    for the antibodies, a determination Dr. Steinman emphasized as supporting his conclusions. Id. at
    162; Steinman Supp. Rep. at 2.

           But (as the block quote from Wang in Dr. Steinman’s report reveals) only four of these 15
    subjects showed antibody positivity after vaccination, with the majority showing the presence
    both before and after. Wang at 62. The article ultimately characterized the amount of these
    antibodies found in the few elderly samples as “very low,” and while admitting that the possibility
    that the flu vaccine might induce anti-ganglioside-mediated GBS in rare instances, also noted that
    “there has been no link to increased risk of GBS and receipt of influenza vaccination in older
    adults.” Id. at 164. Thus, Wang’s authors did not conclude that the flu vaccine was likely to induce
    this antibody in any group, young or old. More importantly, Wang says nothing about the
    timeframe in which this vaccine-induced production of anti-ganglioside antibodies would be
    expected to occur, or whether the elderly would likely experience production of these antibodies




6
 R. Yu et al., Ganglioside Molecular Mimicry and its Pathological Roles in Guillain-Barré Syndrome and its Related
Diseases, 74 Infection and Imm. 12:6517–27 (2006), filed as Ex. 27 (ECF No. 33-1).


                                                        6
    in a faster timeframe.7

          B.      Dr. Waj Nasser

           Petitioner also offers a treater statement, although it says less about causation than about
    the impact GBS had on Ms. Rowan’s life. Ms. Rowan’s primary care physician, Dr. Nasser, of
    St. Luke's Clinics - Capital City Family Practice, Boise, Idaho, prepared a letter in support of her
    claim. See Letter, dated March 28, 2018, filed as Ex. 11 (ECF No. 14-1) (“Nasser Ltr.”). Dr.
    Nasser represents that he was Ms. Rowan’s primary care physician since 2013, providing him
    insight into her pre versus post-vaccination health. Nasser Ltr. at 2. He deems her overall
    condition to have been “dramatically and adversely affected” by GBS, noting what a negative
    impact the disease has had on her ability to independently perform a variety of daily life activities.
    Id. He does not, however, opine as to any relationship between the flu vaccine and her GBS.

          C.      Dr. Arnold Levinson

          Dr. Levinson acted as Respondent’s expert, and filed two written reports in the matter.
    Expert Report, filed as Ex. A on November 30, 2018 (ECF No. 21-1) (“Levinson Rep.”); Expert
    Report, filed as Ex. E on October 8, 2019 (ECF No. 30-1) (“Levinson Supp. Rep.”). Dr.
    Levinson opined that the onset of Ms. Rowan’s GBS symptoms (within 36 hours of vaccination)
    was not medically acceptable for vaccine-induced GBS, and that an elderly individual like Ms.
    Rowan would experience “impaired immune responsiveness,” making it even less likely that
    she could incur a vaccine-caused injury in such a short timeframe. Levinson Rep. at 5; Levinson
    Supp. Rep. at 3.

           Dr. Levinson currently serves as Emeritus Professor of Medicine and Neurology at the
    Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (in addition also being a
    consultant to other biotech and pharmaceutical companies). See Curriculum Vitae, filed as Ex.
    B (ECF No. 21-5) (“Levinson CV”) at 2–5. During his career with the Perelman School, Dr.
    Levinson held a number of positions: Chief of the Allergy and Immunology Section, Director
    of the Fellowship Training Program in Allergy and Immunology, and Director of the Center for
    Clinical Immunology. Levinson CV at 1–2. He received his undergraduate degree and medical
    degrees from the University of Maryland. Levinson CV at 1. He is also currently board certified
    in internal medicine and allergy and clinical immunology, and holds a medical license in the
    state of Pennsylvania. Id. at 2–3.

          Following a review of the undisputed facts derived from the relevant medical records, Dr.

7
 In fact, the procedures used to test the blood serum samples reveal that the largest group of samples (approximately
612 subjects living in British Columbia, Canada or the State of Connecticut) involved a four-week delay between pre
and post-vaccination testing—not a few days, further diminishing the extent to which Wang could reach any
conclusions as to anticipated onset timing. Wang at 160.


                                                         7
    Levinson’s report considers whether Ms. Rowan’s GBS onset (which he places on the evening
    of September 28, 2016, approximately 36 hours after vaccination) was medically acceptable.
    Although Dr. Levinson expressed doubts about the validity of the very diagnosis of GBS in this
    case,8 he did not accept that GBS could ever begin in a 24 to 36-hour post-vaccination
    timeframe. In so doing, he noted that the particular chart from Schonberger cited by Dr.
    Steinman only involved (for each relevant post-vaccination two-day interval) a “handful of
    cases,” making it impossible for him to give its findings the degree of scientific/statistical
    significance Dr. Steinman urged. Levinson Rep. at 5.

           In addition, Dr. Levinson questioned the “biological plausibility” of GBS actually
    manifesting clinical symptoms in less than two days from trigger. In his view, it was not
    scientifically reliable to contend that the leg of the autoimmune process that would actually
    cause “peripheral nerve destruction” sufficient to elicit clinical symptoms in a person could
    begin in such a short timeframe. Levinson Rep. at 5. In so maintaining, he pointed out that Dr.
    Steinman’s report did not explain the literal mechanistic process (and the timeframe in which it
    would occur) by which antigens in the flu vaccine would induce immune mechanisms sufficient
    to cause a peripheral nerve injury. Id.

            Like Dr. Steinman’s supplemental report, Dr. Levinson’s second report only addressed
    my question about whether an elderly individual’s immune response would be expected to be
    faster than normal (which, if true, might bulwark Petitioner’s contention that Ms. Rowan’s GBS
    began in a shorter-than-usual timeframe). However, Dr. Levinson devoted considerably more
    time to consideration of the question than Dr. Steinman, characterizing it the “subject of
    immunosenescence.” See generally Levinson Supp. Rep. He began by noting that aging causes
    impairment to both the innate and adaptive immune systems, with the latter characterized by a
    decrease generally in the production of B and T cells responsive to foreign antigens. Id. at 1. As
    a result, the elderly face more serious risk from infection, prompting efforts in the
    pharmaceutical industry to develop “new vaccination strategies” designed to account for the
    “frailty of the elderly host’s immune system.” Id. at 2.

           In order to specifically address whether an elderly individual like Ms. Rowan might have
    (due to her naturally-impaired immune system) mounted a less effective response, leading to a
    faster onset of GBS, Dr. Levinson looked for epidemiologic evidence, but found only two
    articles that he felt addressed the temporal question. One such article was filed with his original
    report. S. Peric et al., Guilain-Barré Syndrome in the Elderly, 21 J. Periph. Nerv. Syst. 105–10
    (2016), filed as Ex. A Tab 2 (ECF No. 21-3) (“Peric”). Peric compared 250 “young” (meaning

8
  Other than Schonberger, Dr. Levinson filed only two additional items of literature, both of which he referenced in
connection with his contention that Ms. Rowan may not have had GBS. As previously noted, however, because I
find this case turns on the onset timing issue, I do not address whether in fact she was properly diagnosed given the
medical record, despite the fact that Respondent appears to have raised this as a possible secondary objection to the
claim.


                                                          8
younger than 60) with 153 “old” (above 60) GBS patients, finding that the latter (especially
those older than 80) had a more severe disease process overall. Peric at 108; Levinson Supp.
Rep. at 2. But the mean timeframe from a presumed precipitating disease trigger to clinical onset
was roughly the same for both—in each case taking longer than one week. Peric at 106.

       There are, however, some limitations to Peric’s findings that affect how much weight it
should be given. First, Peric excluded from consideration any subject whose presumed
antecedent event precipitating the patient’s GBS occurred earlier than three days prior to onset—
exactly the circumstances of this case. Peric at 106. Second, the mean time for the elderly from
trigger to onset was literally 12 plus or minus 12 days—consistent with the conclusion that some
individuals might experience onset in the timeframe Ms. Rowan experienced (although Peric
also observed a similar, secondary timeframe from onset to requiring hospitalization, thus
further extending the timeframe for GBS beyond what Petitioner claims is medically
acceptable). Id.

       Dr. Levinson additionally referenced an article considering a group of 70 elderly GBS
patients in India. Levinson Supp. Rep. at 3–4 (citing M. Nagappa et al., Guilain-Barré Syndrome
in the Elderly: Experience from a Tertiary-Care Hospital in India, 46 J. Clinical Neuroscience
45–49 (2017), filed as Ex. E Tab 3 (ECF No. 30-4) (“Nagappa”)). As with Peric, Nagappa’s
authors observed elderly patients to experience overall a more severe course of GBS, both in
terms of symptoms and length of illness. Nagappa at 47–48. However, the interval between
antecedent infection believed to have triggered the GBS and onset was longer than when
compared to an adult group of younger patients, albeit by only three to four days. Id. at 47. Dr.
Levinson thus maintained that what literature existed addressing the question I had posed did
not support the conclusion that GBS onset would inherently be faster in the elderly, despite their
otherwise-compromised immune systems (and in fact might be slower, precisely because of the
age-induced impairment to their immune response). Levinson Supp. Rep. at 3.

III.   Parties’ Respective Arguments

       Petitioner forthrightly acknowledges that this claim does not satisfy the requirements for
a Table flu-GBS claim, due to the short onset, but nevertheless proposes that the actual
timeframe is sufficiently medically acceptable to meet the third prong of the Federal Circuit’s
causation-in-fact test set forth in Althen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 418 F.3d 1274, 1278
(Fed. Cir. 2005); Brief at 4, 12. To support this contention, he makes a number of arguments.
He notes that as a general matter, the flu vaccine is associated with an increased risk of GBS up
to six weeks post-vaccination, a timeframe inclusive of the 36-hour onset period relevant herein.
Id. at 12–13. He emphasizes Dr. Steinman’s opinion about the medically-acceptable nature of
an onset as early as 24 hours post-vaccination. Id. at 14–15. And in so doing, he references Dr.
Steinman’s invocation of the Figure 5 from Schonberger revealing cases of post-vaccination
GBS less than two days post-vaccination. Id. at 15.


                                                9
       Respondent’s opposition cites the medical record in detail in order to bulwark his
contention that onset was no later than 36 hours post-vaccination, and perhaps even sooner. Opp.
at 8. From this, Respondent argues that Dr. Steinman’s opinion on onset is scientifically
unreliable, for several reasons. Id. at 9–10. First, he observes that it is speculative to conclude
that Ms. Rowan would likely have experienced a swifter immunologic “recall response” to the
2016 version of the flu vaccine merely because she claimed to have received it in the past, noting
that every year the vaccine’s formula (and specifically its viral components) changes. Id. at 10.

        Second, and focusing closely on the contents of the IOM Report, Respondent notes that
Dr. Steinman appeared to have conflated aspects of the immune response process. Although Dr.
Steinman spoke about the “lag” phase, and seemed to suggest that the time from a presenting
foreign antigen (whether in a vaccine or infection) to clinical response was a single part of that
process, in fact the IOM Report observed three parts of the process: (1) the lag phase (during
which the presenting antigen initially activates an adaptive immune response—here, production
of antibodies associated with GBS’s occurrence); (2) the logarithmic phase (when the antibody
response begins to impact the body); and (3) a subsequent plateau (when the maintenance of
peak antibody levels for a length of time is followed by a decline in the serum antibody levels).
Id. at 11, citing IOM Report at 58. As a result, even if the initial lag phase is shorter due to prior
antigenic exposure, that phase plus the “log” phase means that clinical manifestations of a
pathogenic, vaccine-induced process would take well longer than 24 hours to appear, and likely
longer than even three or four days. Opp. at 11–12 (citing IOM Report at 321–34).

       Respondent similarly takes aim at Dr. Steinman’s reading of Schonberger, noting Dr.
Levinson’s reaction to its scientific significance regarding onset timeframe. Opp. at 13. And
Respondent observes that the short timeframe proposed as medically acceptable herein by Dr.
Steinman has been rejected in several other recent Vaccine Program decisions, albeit in not
exactly the same circumstances. Id. at 13–14 (citing Forrest v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,
No. 14-1046V, 2019 WL 925495 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 28, 2019) (noting that researchers
in Schonberger did not specifically examine whether a two-day-onset occurred more frequently
than expected and therefore “the two events (vaccination and onset of GBS) may be a
coincidence”); Palattao v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 13-591V, 2019 WL 989380, at
*34 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 4, 2019) (36-hour timeframe rejected for onset of transverse
myelitis due to alleged innate immune response). At bottom, Respondent argues that Petitioner
effectively asks me to abrogate the Table’s three-day limit for early onset of vaccine-caused
GBS. Opp. at 15–16.

      In reply, Petitioner (accepting the fact that the claim largely turns on resolution of the
timeframe issue) reviews again the various items of evidence supporting the conclusion that the
incidence of vaccine-caused GBS is highest within six weeks of vaccination (a timeframe which
obviously includes the first 36 hours, at least literally). Reply at 1–4. He also reemphasizes Dr.
Steinman’s opinion that onset in a single day is medically acceptable, along with the evidentiary


                                                 10
 support for the contention (relied upon by Dr. Steinman) that Ms. Rowan previously received
 the flu vaccine and therefore would have more likely than not experienced a faster recall
 response. Id. at 8, 11–13.

         In addition, Petitioner draws attention to Dr. Steinman’s basis for finding Figure 5 from
 Schonberger persuasive on the timing issue, based upon his contrast of the higher number of
 cases of reported early-onset GBS against later. Reply at 15–17. He also distinguishes the
 onset/timeframe cases pointed to by Respondent, arguing that they involve CNS
 demyelination—a pathologic process that would inherently take longer than peripheral nervous
 system demyelination, since it would entail breach of the blood-brain barrier. Id. at 17–19. And
 he emphasizes that this claim does not seek the Table to be revised to include onsets of GBS
 occurring less than three days from vaccination; rather, Petitioner accepts that the claim is non-
 Table, and therefore relies on scientific and medical evidence beyond the mere facts of the case.
 Id. at 19–21.

 IV. Applicable Law

       A.      Standards for Vaccine Claims

        To receive compensation in the Vaccine Program, a petitioner must prove that: (1) they
suffered an injury falling within the Vaccine Injury Table (i.e., a “Table Injury”); or (2) they
suffered an injury actually caused by a vaccine (i.e., a “Non-Table Injury.) See Sections
13(a)(1)(A), 11(c)(1), and 14(a), as amended by 42 C.F.R. § 100.3; § 11(c)(1)(C)(ii)(I); see also
Moberly v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 592 F.3d 1315, 1321 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Capizzano v.
Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 440 F.3d 1317, 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2006). In this case, Petitioner
does not assert a Table claim—mainly because onset of the claimed injury, GBS, unquestionably
occurred outside of the defined time period for such a claim. 42 C.F.R. § 100.3(a)(XIV)(D) (listing
requirement that manifestation of first symptom for a flu-GBS table claim cannot occur before
three days).

        For both Table and Non–Table claims, Vaccine Program petitioners bear a “preponderance
of the evidence” burden of proof. Section 13(1)(a). That is, a petitioner must offer evidence that
leads the “trier of fact to believe that the existence of a fact is more probable than its nonexistence
before [he] may find in favor of the party who has the burden to persuade the judge of the fact's
existence.” Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1322 n.2; see also Snowbank Enter. v. United States, 6 Cl. Ct.
476, 486 (1984) (explaining that mere conjecture or speculation is insufficient under a
preponderance standard). On one hand, proof of medical certainty is not required. Bunting v. Sec'y
of Health & Human Servs., 931 F.2d 867, 873 (Fed. Cir. 1991). But on the other hand, a petitioner
must demonstrate that the vaccine was “not only [the] but-for cause of the injury but also a
substantial factor in bringing about the injury.” Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1321 (quoting Shyface v.
Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 165 F.3d 1344, 1352–53 (Fed. Cir. 1999)); Pafford v. Sec'y of
Health & Human Servs., 451 F.3d 1352, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2006). A petitioner may not receive a

                                                  11
Vaccine Program award based solely on his assertions; rather, the petition must be supported by
either medical records or by the opinion of a competent physician. Section 13(a)(1).

        In attempting to establish entitlement to a Vaccine Program award of compensation for a
Non–Table claim, a petitioner must satisfy all three of the elements established by the Federal
Circuit in Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278: “(1) a medical theory causally connecting the vaccination and
the injury; (2) a logical sequence of cause and effect showing that the vaccination was the reason
for the injury; and (3) a showing of proximate temporal relationship between vaccination and
injury.” Each Althen prong requires a different showing and is discussed in turn along with the
parties’ arguments and my findings.

        Under Althen prong one, petitioners must provide a “reputable medical theory,”
demonstrating that the vaccine received can cause the type of injury alleged. Pafford, 451 F.3d at
1355–56 (citations omitted). To satisfy this prong, a petitioner's theory must be based on a “sound
and reliable medical or scientific explanation.” Knudsen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 35
F.3d 543, 548 (Fed. Cir. 1994). Such a theory must only be “legally probable, not medically or
scientifically certain.” Id. at 549. This standard was recently clarified by the Federal Circuit. See
Boatmon v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 941 F.3d 1351, 1359–60 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (correct
standard for Althen prong one is “reputable,” and “sound and reliable,” not a “lower reasonable
standard” (internal quotations omitted)).

        Petitioners may satisfy the first Althen prong without resort to medical literature,
epidemiological studies, demonstration of a specific mechanism, or a generally accepted medical
theory. Andreu v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 569 F.3d 1367, 1378–79 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (citing
Capizzano, 440 F.3d at 1325–26). Special masters, despite their expertise, are not empowered by
statute to conclusively resolve what are essentially thorny scientific and medical questions, and
thus scientific evidence offered to establish Althen prong one is viewed “not through the lens of
the laboratorian, but instead from the vantage point of the Vaccine Act's preponderant evidence
standard.” Id. at 1380. This is consistent with the petitioner's ultimate burden to establish his
overall entitlement to damages by preponderant evidence. W.C. v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs.,
704 F.3d 1352, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (citations omitted).9

       The second Althen prong requires proof of a logical sequence of cause and effect, usually
supported by facts derived from a petitioner’s medical records. Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278; Andreu,
569 F.3d at 1375–77; Capizzano, 440 F.3d at 1326; Grant v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 956
F.2d 1144, 1148 (Fed. Cir. 1992). In establishing that a vaccine “did cause” injury, the opinions
and views of the injured party's treating physicians are entitled to some weight. Andreu, 569 F.3d


9
  Although there has been some confusion in the past as to whether the first Althen prong is itself subject to a
preponderant standard, ample controlling authority stands for the more straightforward proposition that the first Althen
prong is subject to a preponderance standard. Broekelschen v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 618 F.3d 1339, 1350
(Fed. Cir. 2010).


                                                          12
at 1367; Capizzano, 440 F.3d at 1326 (“medical records and medical opinion testimony are favored
in vaccine cases, as treating physicians are likely to be in the best position to determine whether a
‘logical sequence of cause and effect show[s] that the vaccination was the reason for the injury’”)
(quoting Althen, 418 F.3d at 1280). Medical records are generally viewed as particularly
trustworthy evidence, since they are created contemporaneously with the treatment of the patient.
Cucuras v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 993 F.2d 1525, 1528 (Fed. Cir. 1993).

        However, medical records and/or statements of a treating physician's views do not per se
bind the special master to adopt the conclusions of such an individual, even if they must be
considered and carefully evaluated. Section 13(b)(1) (providing that “[a]ny such diagnosis,
conclusion, judgment, test result, report, or summary shall not be binding on the special master or
court”); Snyder v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 88 Fed. Cl. 706, 746 n.67 (2009) (“there is
nothing . . . that mandates that the testimony of a treating physician is sacrosanct—that it must be
accepted in its entirety and cannot be rebutted”). As with expert testimony offered to establish a
theory of causation, the opinions or diagnoses of treating physicians are only as trustworthy as the
reasonableness of their suppositions or bases. The views of treating physicians should also be
weighed against other, contrary evidence also present in the record—including conflicting
opinions among such individuals. Hibbard v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 100 Fed. Cl. 742,
749 (2011) (not arbitrary or capricious for special master to weigh competing treating physicians'
conclusions against each other), aff'd, 698 F.3d 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2012); Veryzer v. Sec'y of Health
& Human Servs., No. 06–522V, 2011 WL 1935813, at *17 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Apr. 29, 2011),
mot. for review den'd, 100 Fed. Cl. 344, 356–57 (2011), aff'd without opinion, 475 F. App’x. 765
(Fed. Cir. 2012).

        The third Althen prong requires establishing a “proximate temporal relationship” between
the vaccination and the injury alleged. Althen, 418 F.3d at 1281. That term has been equated to the
phrase “medically-acceptable temporal relationship.” Id. A petitioner must offer “preponderant
proof that the onset of symptoms occurred within a timeframe which, given the medical
understanding of the disorder's etiology, it is medically acceptable to infer causation.” de Bazan v.
Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 539 F.3d 1347, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2008). The explanation for what
is a medically acceptable timeframe must also coincide with the theory of how the relevant vaccine
can cause an injury (Althen prong one's requirement). Id. at 1352; Shapiro v. Sec'y of Health &
Human Servs., 101 Fed. Cl. 532, 542 (2011), recons. den'd after remand, 105 Fed. Cl. 353 (2012),
aff'd mem., 2013 WL 1896173 (Fed. Cir. 2013); Koehn v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No.
11–355V, 2013 WL 3214877 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 30, 2013), mot. for review den'd (Fed. Cl.
Dec. 3, 2013), aff'd, 773 F.3d 1239 (Fed. Cir. 2014).

       B.      Law Governing Analysis of Fact Evidence

       The process for making determinations in Vaccine Program cases regarding factual issues
begins with consideration of the medical records. Section 11(c)(2). The special master is required
to consider “all [ ] relevant medical and scientific evidence contained in the record,” including

                                                 13
“any diagnosis, conclusion, medical judgment, or autopsy or coroner's report which is contained
in the record regarding the nature, causation, and aggravation of the petitioner's illness, disability,
injury, condition, or death,” as well as the “results of any diagnostic or evaluative test which are
contained in the record and the summaries and conclusions.” Section 13(b)(1)(A). The special
master is then required to weigh the evidence presented, including contemporaneous medical
records and testimony. See Burns v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 3 F.3d 415, 417 (Fed. Cir.
1993) (determining that it is within the special master's discretion to determine whether to afford
greater weight to contemporaneous medical records than to other evidence, such as oral testimony
surrounding the events in question that was given at a later date, provided that such determination
is evidenced by a rational determination).

        Medical records that are created contemporaneously with the events they describe are
presumed to be accurate and “complete” (i.e., presenting all relevant information on a patient's
health problems). Cucuras, 993 F.2d at 1528; Doe/70 v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 95 Fed.
Cl. 598, 608 (2010) (“[g]iven the inconsistencies between petitioner's testimony and his
contemporaneous medical records, the special master's decision to rely on petitioner's medical
records was rational and consistent with applicable law”), aff'd, Rickett v. Sec'y of Health & Human
Servs., 468 F. App’x 952 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (non-precedential opinion). This presumption is based
on the linked propositions that (i) sick people visit medical professionals; (ii) sick people honestly
report their health problems to those professionals; and (iii) medical professionals record what they
are told or observe when examining their patients in as accurate a manner as possible, so that they
are aware of enough relevant facts to make appropriate treatment decisions. Sanchez v. Sec'y of
Health & Human Servs., No. 11–685V, 2013 WL 1880825, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Apr. 10,
2013); Cucuras v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 26 Cl. Ct. 537, 543 (1992), aff'd, 993 F.2d at
1525 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (“[i]t strains reason to conclude that petitioners would fail to accurately
report the onset of their daughter's symptoms.”).

        Accordingly, if the medical records are clear, consistent, and complete, then they should
be afforded substantial weight. Lowrie v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 03–1585V, 2005
WL 6117475, at *20 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Dec. 12, 2005). Indeed, contemporaneous medical
records are generally found to be deserving of greater evidentiary weight than oral testimony—
especially where such testimony conflicts with the record evidence. Cucuras, 993 F.2d at 1528;
see also Murphy v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 23 Cl. Ct. 726, 733 (1991), aff'd per curiam,
968 F.2d 1226 (Fed. Cir. 1992), cert. den'd, Murphy v. Sullivan, 506 U.S. 974 (1992) (citing United
States v. United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 396 (1947) (“[i]t has generally been held that
oral testimony which is in conflict with contemporaneous documents is entitled to little evidentiary
weight.”)).

        However, there are situations in which compelling oral testimony may be more persuasive
than written records, such as where records are deemed to be incomplete or inaccurate. Campbell
v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 69 Fed. Cl. 775, 779 (2006) (“like any norm based upon
common sense and experience, this rule should not be treated as an absolute and must yield where

                                                  14
the factual predicates for its application are weak or lacking”); Lowrie, 2005 WL 6117475, at *19
(“[w]ritten records which are, themselves, inconsistent, should be accorded less deference than
those which are internally consistent”) (quoting Murphy, 23 Cl. Ct. at 733)). Ultimately, a
determination regarding a witness's credibility is needed when determining the weight that such
testimony should be afforded. Andreu, 569 F.3d at 1379; Bradley v. Sec'y of Health & Human
Servs., 991 F.2d 1570, 1575 (Fed. Cir. 1993).

        When witness testimony is offered to overcome the presumption of accuracy afforded to
contemporaneous medical records, such testimony must be “consistent, clear, cogent, and
compelling.” Sanchez, 2013 WL 1880825, at *3 (citing Blutstein v. Sec'y of Health & Human
Servs., No. 90–2808V, 1998 WL 408611, at *5 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 30, 1998)). In
determining the accuracy and completeness of medical records, the Court of Federal Claims has
listed four possible explanations for inconsistencies between contemporaneously created medical
records and later testimony: (1) a person's failure to recount to the medical professional everything
that happened during the relevant time period; (2) the medical professional's failure to document
everything reported to her or him; (3) a person's faulty recollection of the events when presenting
testimony; or (4) a person's purposeful recounting of symptoms that did not exist. La Londe v.
Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 110 Fed. Cl. 184, 203–04 (2013), aff'd, 746 F.3d 1334 (Fed. Cir.
2014). In making a determination regarding whether to afford greater weight to contemporaneous
medical records or other evidence, such as testimony at hearing, there must be evidence that this
decision was the result of a rational determination. Burns, 3 F.3d at 417.

       C.      Analysis of Expert Testimony

        Establishing a sound and reliable medical theory often requires a petitioner to present
expert testimony in support of his claim. Lampe v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 219 F.3d 1357,
1361 (Fed. Cir. 2000). Vaccine Program expert testimony is usually evaluated according to the
factors for analyzing scientific reliability set forth in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509
U.S. 579, 594–96 (1993). See Cedillo v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 617 F.3d 1328, 1339
(Fed. Cir. 2010) (citing Terran v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 195 F.3d 1302, 1316 (Fed. Cir.
1999). Under Daubert, the factors for analyzing the reliability of testimony are:

       (1) whether a theory or technique can be (and has been) tested; (2) whether the
       theory or technique has been subjected to peer review and publication; (3) whether
       there is a known or potential rate of error and whether there are standards for
       controlling the error; and (4) whether the theory or technique enjoys general
       acceptance within a relevant scientific community.

Terran, 195 F.3d at 1316 n.2 (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592–95).

       However, in the Vaccine Program the Daubert factors play a slightly different role than
they do when applied in other federal judicial settings—e.g., the district courts. Typically, Daubert


                                                 15
factors are employed by judges (in the performance of their evidentiary gatekeeper roles) to
exclude evidence that is unreliable or could confuse a jury. By contrast, in Vaccine Program cases
these factors are used in the weighing of the reliability of scientific evidence proffered. Davis v.
Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 94 Fed. Cl. 53, 66–67 (2010) (“uniquely in this Circuit, the
Daubert factors have been employed also as an acceptable evidentiary-gauging tool with respect
to persuasiveness of expert testimony already admitted”). The flexible use of the Daubert factors
to evaluate the persuasiveness and reliability of expert testimony has routinely been upheld. See,
e.g., Snyder, 88 Fed. Cl. at 742–45. In this matter (as in numerous other Vaccine Program cases),
Daubert has not been employed at the threshold, to determine what evidence should be admitted,
but instead to determine whether expert testimony offered is reliable and/or persuasive.

        Respondent frequently offers one or more experts of her own in order to rebut a petitioner's
case. Where both sides offer expert testimony, a special master's decision may be “based on the
credibility of the experts and the relative persuasiveness of their competing theories.”
Broekelschen v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 618 F.3d 1339, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (citing
Lampe, 219 F.3d at 1362). However, nothing requires the acceptance of an expert's conclusion
“connected to existing data only by the ipse dixit of the expert,” especially if “there is simply too
great an analytical gap between the data and the opinion proffered.” Snyder, 88 Fed. Cl. at 743
(quoting Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 146 (1997)); see also Isaac v. Sec'y of Health & Human
Servs., No. 08–601V, 2012 WL 3609993, at *17 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. July 30, 2012), mot. for
review den'd, 108 Fed. Cl. 743 (2013), aff'd, 540 F. App’x. 999 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (citing Cedillo,
617 F.3d at 1339). Weighing the relative persuasiveness of competing expert testimony, based on
a particular expert's credibility, is part of the overall reliability analysis to which special masters
must subject expert testimony in Vaccine Program cases. Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1325–26
(“[a]ssessments as to the reliability of expert testimony often turn on credibility determinations”);
see also Porter v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 663 F.3d 1242, 1250 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (“this
court has unambiguously explained that special masters are expected to consider the credibility of
expert witnesses in evaluating petitions for compensation under the Vaccine Act”).

       D.      Consideration of Medical Literature

        Both parties filed medical and scientific literature in this case, but not all such items factor
into the outcome of this decision. While I have reviewed all the medical literature submitted in this
case, I discuss only those articles that are most relevant to my determination and/or are central to
Petitioner's case—just as I have not exhaustively discussed every individual medical record filed.
Moriarty v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 2015–5072, 2016 WL 1358616, at *5 (Fed. Cir.
Apr. 6, 2016) (“[w]e generally presume that a special master considered the relevant record
evidence even though he does not explicitly reference such evidence in his decision”) (citation
omitted); see also Paterek v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 527 F. App’x 875, 884 (Fed. Cir.
2013) (“[f]inding certain information not relevant does not lead to—and likely undermines—the
conclusion that it was not considered”).


                                                  16
         E.       Consideration of Prior Vaccine Program Decisions

        In reaching a decision in this case, I have considered other decisions issued by special
masters involving similar injuries, vaccines, or circumstances. I also reference some of those cases
in this Decision, in an effort to establish common themes, as well as demonstrate how prior
determinations impact my thinking on the present case.

        There is no error in doing so. It is certainly correct that prior decision in different cases do
not control the outcome herein.10 Boatmon, 941 F.3d at 1358–59 (Fed. Cir. 2019); Hanlon v. Sec’y
of Health & Human Servs., 40 Fed. Cl. 625, 630 (1998). Thus, the fact that another special master
reasonably determined elsewhere, on the basis of facts not in evidence in this case, that
preponderant evidence supported the conclusion that vaccine X caused petitioner’s injury Y does
not compel me to reach the same conclusion in this case. Different actions present different
background medical histories, different experts, and different items of medical literature, and
therefore can reasonably result in contrary determinations.

        However, it is equally the case that special masters reasonably draw upon their experience
in resolving Vaccine Act claims. Doe v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 76 Fed. Cl. 328, 338–
39 (2007) (“[o]ne reason that proceedings are more expeditious in the hands of special masters is
that the special masters have the expertise and experience to know the type of information that is
most probative of a claim”) (emphasis added). They would thus be remiss in ignoring prior cases
presenting similar theories or factual circumstances, along with the reasoning employed in
reaching such decisions. This is especially so given that special masters not only routinely hear
from the same experts in comparable cases, but are also repeatedly offered the same items of
medical literature regarding certain common causation theories. It defies reason and logic to
obligate special masters to “reinvent the wheel,” so to speak, in each new case before them, paying
no heed at all to how their colleagues past and present have addressed similar causation theories
or fact patterns. It is for this reason that prior decisions can have high persuasive value – and why
special masters often explain how a new determination relates to such past decisions.11 Even if the


10
   By contrast, Federal Circuit rulings concerning legal issues are binding on special masters. Guillory v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 59 Fed. Cl. 121, 124 (2003), aff’d 104 F. Appx. 712 (Fed. Cir. 2004); see also Spooner v.
Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 13-159V, 2014 WL 504728, at *7 n.12 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 16, 2014).
Special masters are also bound within a specific case by determinations made by judges of the Court of Federal Claims
after a motion for review is resolved.

11
  Consideration of prior determinations is a two-way street that does not only inure to the benefit of one party. Thus,
I would likely take into account the numerous decisions finding no association between vaccination and autism when
confronted with a new claim asserting autism as an injury, and have informed such claimants early in the life of their
case that the claim was not viable for just that reason. But I would also deem a non-Table claim asserting GBS after
the flu vaccine as not requiring extensive proof on Althen prong one “can cause” matters, for the simple reason that
the Program has repeatedly litigated the issue in favor of petitioners—and I have in fact done so in this very case.


                                                          17
Federal Circuit does not require special masters to distinguish other relevant cases (Boatmon, 941
F.3d at 1358), it is still wise to do so.

         F.        Determination of Case Without Hearing

        The parties have acquiesced to my determination that resolution of this case on the papers,
rather than by holding a hearing, is the most appropriate means of its disposition. The Vaccine Act
and Rules not only contemplate but encourage special masters to decide petitions on the papers
where (in the exercise of their discretion) they conclude that doing so will properly and fairly
resolve the case. Section 12(d)(2)(D); Vaccine Rule 8(d). The decision to rule on the record in lieu
of hearing has been affirmed on appeal. Kreizenbeck v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 945 F.3d
1362, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2020); see also Hooker v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 02-472V,
2016 WL 3456435, at *21 n.19 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 19, 2016) (citing numerous cases where
special masters decided case on the papers in lieu of hearing and that decision was upheld). I am
simply not required to hold a hearing in every matter, no matter the preferences of the parties.
Hovey v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 38 Fed. Cl. 397, 402–03 (1997) (determining that
special master acted within his discretion in denying evidentiary hearing); Burns, 3 F.3d at 417;
Murphy v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 90-882V, 1991 WL 71500, at *2 (Ct. Cl. Spec.
Mstr. Apr. 19, 1991).

                                                     ANALYSIS

        As noted, Petitioner has satisfied the first, “can cause” Althen prong, since (for Program
 purposes) the flu vaccine has credibly been associated with GBS.12 I also am assuming for sake
 of argument that Ms. Rowan’s GBS diagnosis is not in question.13 Accordingly, the primary
 issue presented for disposition is whether her approximately 30 to 36-hour onset (with symptoms
 beginning the evening of September 28, 2019—the day after vaccination) is medically


12
  Petitioner somewhat misstates my view of this matter, however, when he asserts that I “have said that the Secretary
of Health and Human Services’ decision to add Guillain-Barré syndrome after seasonal influenza vaccination to the
Vaccine Injury Table satisfies Althen prong 1.” Brief at 4. It is well understood in the Program that a non-Table
vaccine injury claimant cannot overtly leverage a comparable Table claim’s requirements to establish entitlement by
a preponderance. Grant, 956 F.2d at 1148; H.R. Rep. No. 99–908, Pt. 1, at 15 (1986), reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N.
6344. Of course (and as Petitioner later notes accurately), the science that underlies the grounds for the Table
amendment, along with any existing well-reasoned Program decisions on the matter, can be referenced in support of
a non-Table claim, and where the weight of this evidence has consistently resulted in prior determinations by other
special masters that a particular vaccine is reliably associated with an injury sufficient to meet the first prong, there is
no need to require a detailed and extensive evidentiary showing going over the same well-plowed ground (especially
in the absence of new research undercutting prior determinations). Brief at 5 (referencing scientific data relied upon
by HHS in promulgating flu-GBS Table claim).
13
  Earlier in the case, Respondent seemed to concede the appropriateness of the GBS diagnosis. Rule 4(c) Report, filed
on Jan. 4, 2018 (ECF No. 11), 9 n.3 (“respondent does not dispute the diagnosis of GBS in this case”). More recently,
however, Respondent has questioned it. See, e.g., Opp. at 8 n.2. Regardless, for purposes of the present decision I will
assume that the diagnosis is not contested (although I acknowledge that this remains a potentially disputed issue that
might require resolution if my determination in this case on timing were overturned on appeal).


                                                            18
 acceptable.

 I.     Reference to Table Requirements When Adjudicating Non-Table Claims

        I accept Petitioner’s assertion that he does not formally seek to expand the Table’s early-
 onset requirements in flu vaccine-GBS cases from a three to a two or even one-day minimum.
 Certainly he is entitled to seek damages for a Vaccine Act non-Table claim that is “like” an
 existing Table claim, even if he cannot meet one of the Table version’s elements. Section
 11(c)(1)(C)(ii)(II). Here, Petitioner has attempted to establish his causation-in-fact claim with a
 variety of scientific and medical evidence, and thus embraces his proper evidentiary burden. Nor
 does he explicitly, or even implicitly, assert that the minimal temporal difference between Ms.
 Rowan’s onset (30 to 36 hours) and the Table-defined onset (no less than 72 hours) is a basis
 for a favorable determination. Nevertheless, the interplay between the evidence necessary to
 establish comparable Table and non-Table claims merits some comment.

        Given the Program’s oft-noted remedial goals and focus on fairness, when faced with a
 “close-to-Table” claim it is always tempting for special masters to give a petitioner the benefit
 of the doubt—especially when the onset timeframe is the primary disputed matter.14 This is a
 temptation that must be resisted, for controlling and persuasive Program precedent does not
 permit claimants to rely on the Table requirements, or even the mere existence of a Table version
 of a claim, in proving a non-Table claim. See, e.g., Grant v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,
 956 F.2d 1144, 1148 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (“similarity of a petitioner’s injury to those listed on the
 Table does not show causation in fact”); H.R. Rep. No. 908, 99th Cong., 2d Sess., pt. 1, at 15
 (1986), reprinted in 1988 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6344, 6356 (“the petition must affirmatively
 demonstrate that the injury or aggravation was caused by the vaccine. Simple similarity to
 conditions or time periods listed in the Table is not sufficient evidence of causation”).

         Much of the reason for this distinction flows from what a Table claim actually represents:
a concession by the Government that when medical record facts are established pertaining to
certain post-vaccination injuries, causation is presumed. See de Bazan, 539 F.3d at 1351; Grant,
956 F.2d at 1147 (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 908, 99th Cong., 2d Sess., pt. 1, at 18 (1986), reprinted
in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6344, 6359). That presumption has consequences, for it obviates the need
to litigate the kinds of thorny causation questions (such as the association of a vaccine with a
particular injury, or the timeframe the injury would be expected to occur post-vaccination) that
normally characterize the adjudication of non-Table claims. It also means, more importantly, that
a claimant who can prevail on a Table claim simply by meeting its factual requirements will




14
  This dilemma arises less commonly when Respondent disputes a petitioner’s satisfaction of the Table’s definition
of a particular injury - although such questions can be difficult to resolve, and often require expert input.


                                                       19
receive damages.15

        As a result, Respondent vigilantly patrols the “borders” of a Table claim’s requirements,
especially when invoked in non-Table cases. The Government only endorses Table amendment
when it believes the basis for adding such a claim has sufficient scientific support. It stands to
reason that claims that cannot meet a particular Table requirement (here, that GBS onset post-
vaccination have occurred in no less than three days) face a more difficult path in establishing
causation. Thus, a claimant’s inability to meet the Table requirements of a particular claim mean
that his burden will be heightened in part, even if he can meet other part of the Table version’s
requirements (as here).

        Special masters have dismissed non-Table claims for failure to offer sufficient
 preponderant evidence where a petitioner’s onset fell just outside the Table requirements. See,
 e.g., Orton v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 13-631V, 2015 WL 1275459, at *3–4 (Fed.
 Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 23, 2015) (one-day onset of GBS after flu vaccine administration not
 substantiated with expert opinion). And flu-GBS claims have otherwise been dismissed where
 the onset timeframe was not demonstrated to be medically acceptable. Orton, 2015 WL
 1275459, at *3–4; Corder v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 08-228V, 2011 WL 2469736,
 at *29 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 31, 2011) (denying entitlement of flu-GBS claim because
 Petitioner’s onset was four months post-vaccine).

        At bottom, a petitioner may certainly rely on the same kinds of evidence that led to
 addition to the Table of a particular claim in seeking to prove a non-Table version of the same
 claim. In many cases, such evidence might be especially persuasive, depending on the Althen
 prong at issue (although it is also possible that the evidence relied upon for the Table
 requirements is unhelpful as well). But Vaccine Act claimants cannot meet their preponderant
 burden of proof in a non-Table claim context merely by noting how close they are to satisfying
 the Table requirements.

 II.     Petitioner Did Not Establish Ms. Rowan’s Onset Occurred in a Medically Acceptable
         Timeframe

        Even though Petitioner offered several scientifically-reliable items of evidence to support
 the argument that a 30 to 36-hour onset of GBS post-vaccination was medically reasonable, his
 overall showing did not preponderate in his favor.

         First, his contention (which was substantiated with reliable evidence) that GBS is more


15
   In addition, the limited circumstances for when this presumption obtains is a product of the long-standing legal
directive that waivers by the federal sovereign of immunity to suit (which the Vaccine Act reflects) are to be strictly
construed. See Sebelius v. Cloer, 569 U.S. 369, 380–81 (2013) (explaining that the cannon favoring strict construction
of waivers of sovereign immunity gives way when the words of a statute are unambiguous).


                                                          20
 likely to occur within six weeks of vaccination than after, and therefore any onset within that
 larger time frame is also medically acceptable, was unpersuasive. While the greater timeframe
 inherently includes the lesser, citation to the outmost time period in which medical science
 arguably allows for the possibility that the flu vaccine could cause GBS is insufficient by itself
 to establish that a short timeframe is also medically acceptable. de Bazan, 539 F.3d at 1352 (“we
 see no reason to distinguish between cases in which onset is too soon and cases in which onset
 is too late; in either case, the temporal relationship is not such that it is medically acceptable to
 conclude that the vaccination and the injury are causally linked”). In making this argument,
 Petitioner seems to be conflating the evidence that supports a flu vaccine-GBS relationship under
 Althen prong one with evidence necessary to show how or why a short onset timeframe could
 be acceptable. But even though the first and third prongs of the Althen test are unquestionably
 related, evidence supporting one does not necessarily carry the same weight when offered with
 respect for the other.

        Second, Petitioner has not offered sufficient preponderant evidence reliably supporting
 the medical acceptability of the short onset at issue. Almost the only item of independent
 evidence Petitioner relies on to defend Ms. Rowan’s short onset is Schonberger, but it does not
 perform as intended. There is no doubt that, despite having been published more than 40 years
 ago, Schonberger remains a persuasive piece of epidemiologic evidence supporting the general
 contention that the flu vaccine can cause GBS. It is for this reason that Schonberger continues
 to be referenced by petitioners who seek to leverage its findings about one kind of autoimmune-
 oriented, vaccine-caused demyelination as relevant to all kinds. See, e.g., Greene v. Sec’y of
 Health & Human Servs., No. 11-631V, 2019 WL 4072110, at *9 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Aug. 2,
 2019), mot. for review den’d, 2020 WL 702241 (Fed. Cl. 2020), appeal docketed, No. 20-1544
 (Fed. Cir. Mar. 6, 2020) (denying entitlement for a brachial neuritis claim in which Dr. Steinman
 relied on Schonberger to support his Althen prong three onset opinion).

        But Schonberger is not the “Ur-text” of scientific articles for purposes of all Vaccine Act
 claims. In particular, it loses persuasive heft when offered in disparate contexts, such as when
 invoked to prove a CNS injury (rather than peripheral nerve injury) was vaccine-caused. See,
 e.g., L.Z. v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 14-920V, 2018 WL 5784525, at *18 n.18
 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Aug. 24, 2018) (“[p]etitioner’s evidentiary showing regarding the timing
 prong is similarly deficient based on the scientific literature submitted” because it relied on the
 Schonberger study on GBS, which was “distinguishable from MS”); see also Jones v. Sec’y of
 Health & Human Servs., No. 15-1239V, 2018 WL 7139212, at *16 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Dec.
 21, 2018) (“Schonberger's timeframe [] is much less persuasive when used by way of analogy
 to a different condition that purportedly resulted from different vaccines”).16 And the fact that
 Schonberger is strong evidence for the first Althen prong in this case does not mean that it is

16
  Indeed, Petitioner recognizes the distinction, at least with respect to the relevant timeframe issue, between peripheral
nerve system demyelinating illnesses and CNS demyelination, given the difficulties a vaccine-induced process would
face in reaching CNS nerves. Reply at 17-19.

                                                           21
also equally strong on the other prongs—especially to the extent its focus or findings are
inapposite for the purpose cited.

      This is the case herein. Figure 5 from Schonberger, which Dr. Steinman references in
support of his onset opinion, was included in Schonberger (as its text reveals) to illustrate that
(a) most of the individuals referenced in the chart experienced onset within four weeks of
vaccination, and (b) ten percent of the total sample experienced onset on the 16th or 17th day
post-vaccination. Schonberger at 112. Even though Figure 5 unquestionably observes some GBS
cases beginning in a timeframe comparable to what Ms. Rowan is purported to have
experienced, Schonberger draws no conclusions at all about whether these cases were vaccine
caused, or (more importantly) if a shorter timeframe is medically acceptable. In fact, the thrust
of Figure Five is that an onset longer than what Ms. Rowan experienced is to be expected for
most cases, all things being equal.

        Schonberger thus simply does not stand for the proposition asserted. Rather, the small
number of cases of GBS that Figure 5 identifies as having begun within two days of vaccination
illustrate the kind of temporal association long rejected in the Program as preponderant evidence
supporting causation. Schonberger does not otherwise comment on the question of onset, or
whether the early cases identified might be vaccine-caused. Forrest, 2019 WL 925495, at *7
(Schonberger did not examine “whether the incidence of GBS within two days of vaccination
occurred more frequently than expected”).

       Third, Petitioner’s timing argument unpersuasively relies on conflating different stages
of the adaptive immune response timeframe (which under a theory of molecular mimicry would
occur, as the flu vaccine triggered the production of sufficient numbers of anti-ganglioside
antibodies to cause peripheral nerve demyelination) into a single process. However, as observed
in Forrest by Special Master Moran, the IOM Report cited by Petitioner in this case discusses a
lag and “log” phase in the adaptive immune response, which involve different processes that
occur sequentially. Lag begins the process, and is the time during which the body encounters
foreign antigens and through recognition of them initiates an adaptive process, while log is the
phase when those antibodies are actually produced. Forrest, 2019 WL 925495, at *6; IOM
Report at 58. Under a theory of an autoimmune cross-reactive attack sufficient to cause
demyelination, the pathologic phase resulting in clinical symptoms could not begin until the end
of the lag phase at the earliest, and likely would occur sometime within the log phase. Thus,
even if recall to a previously-encountered antigen could occur as fast as 24 hours, as Dr.
Steinman argues, it is unlikely the pathologic period of the autoimmune response would progress
enough to produce clinical symptoms immediately thereafter. In effect, as Dr. Levinson
persuasively established, Dr. Steinman has “squashed” together these connected phases of the
immune process into a single shortened timeframe.

      The above underscores the deficiencies in Dr. Steinman’s opinion. It is indisputable that


                                               22
 a special master need not accept at face value an expert’s ipse dixit. Snyder, 88 Fed. Cl. at 743.
 Thus, Petitioner cannot establish that a 36-hour onset was reasonable on the basis of Dr.
 Steinman’s mere say-so. He instead needed to demonstrate why that say-so should be
 embraced—and thus Dr. Steinman’s opinion needed to demonstrate that it arose from sufficient
 reliable scientific basis. But other than Schonberger (which alone was not enough to reliably
 establish the medical acceptability of a 36-hour onset), his opinion was lacking in this regard.
 And despite his overall testimonial qualifications, Dr. Steinman cannot point to any personal
 research or direct expertise on the question of the timeframe for vaccine-induced GBS onset. By
 contrast, Dr. Levinson’s views of the medically acceptable timeframe for an adaptive immune
 response were supported by the IOM Report, and overall seemed more consistent with what is
 known about immunology generally.

        Ms. Rowan’s age also likely impacted the timeframe in which her adaptive immune
 process (here, directly relevant to her injury)17 unfolded. Because she was over ninety years old
 at the time she received the flu vaccine at issue,18 I asked the parties’ experts to provide an
 opinion whether an elderly individual’s immune response would be expected to be swifter—
 whether generally or specifically in response to GBS.19 Dr. Steinman’s supplemental report,
 however, avoided direct comment on whether the elderly immune response is likely faster.
 Moreover, Dr. Steinman cited an item of literature, Wang, that not only did not support
 Petitioner’s claim in a greater sense (since it discounts the possibility that the flu vaccine can
 cause GBS), but says nothing about the timeframe in which elderly GBS patients would be
 expected to generate the anti-ganglioside antibodies associated with the disease. Wang at 159–
 65.

         Dr. Levinson, by contrast, directly addressed the question presented, offering some
 literature that reliably supported the conclusion that although elderly GBS patients will likely
 experience a more severe form of the disease, the fact that their immune systems are less
 sensitive when responding to foreign antigens means that the adaptive response timeframe will

17
  GBS is understood to be mediated by an autoimmune process that is attributable to the erroneous functioning of the
adaptive immune system. Antibodies produced by B cells as part of the adaptive response to the antigens presented
(whether through foreign infection or here, vaccine) attack the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves. Perez v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., No. 10-659V, 2015 WL 9483680, at *8–9 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. ) (“Dr. Steinman contends
that one of the infections from which Petitioner suffered, or the flu vaccine she received, elicited an adaptive immune
response that resulted in the molecular mimicry process and an attack on the myelin sheaths”).

18
  There is no evidence in this case that Petitioner received the higher-dose Fluzone vaccine—a factor that other special
masters have deemed significant when evaluating an elderly patient’s immune response (especially one with existing
comorbidities). See Halverson v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 15-227V, slip op. at 38 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.
Feb. 4, 2020) (higher dose Fluzone vaccine coupled with petitioner’s upper respiratory infection “significantly
aggravated her preexisting heart disease, resulting in her death”).
19
  There is little Program case law addressing this point (other than a single case that indirectly discusses the issue,
Miles v. Secretary of Health & Human Services, No. 12-254V, 2018 WL 3990987, at *49 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. June
28, 2018), mot. for review denied, 142 Fed. Cl. 136 (2018), aff’d, 769 F. App’x 925 (Fed. Cir. 2019)).


                                                          23
 likely be longer than one or two days. Admittedly, some of the literature Dr. Levinson cited
 (Peric in particular) was unhelpful to his argument, and overall the evidence discussing the
 timeframe in which elderly GBS patients might be expected to experience onset of GBS is
 limited. But at a minimum, and consistent with my charge to weigh the evidence presented in
 an effort to evaluate if it preponderates in favor of a claimant, I find that Dr. Levinson’s
 contentions on these matters were more pertinent, persuasive, and substantiated than those of
 Dr. Steinman.

        A petitioner armed with better and more reliable evidence—say, a treater willing to opine
 that the vaccine caused a shorter-than-usual disease onset,20 some literature discussing the onset
 issue in the relevant context, a differently-aged injured party, or an expert with direct experience
 in evaluating timeframes for immune-mediated illnesses—might be able to substantiate
 preponderantly the claim that a timeframe for flu vaccine-caused GBS shorter than envisioned
 by the Table could be medically acceptable. But that has not been accomplished here.



                                                     CONCLUSION

        Petitioner’s claim must be dismissed because it has not been demonstrated that the flu
vaccine could cause GBS in a 30 to 36-hour timeframe. In the absence of a timely-filed motion for
review (see Appendix B to the Rules of the Court), the Clerk shall enter judgment in accord with
this decision.21


         IT IS SO ORDERED.
                                                                s/ Brian H. Corcoran
                                                                Brian H. Corcoran
                                                                Chief Special Master




20
  The treater letter from Dr. Nasser obtained in this case does not accomplish this. It says nothing about the flu
vaccine’s role in causing Ms. Rowan’s GBS.

21
   Pursuant to Vaccine Rule 11(a), the parties may expedite entry of judgment by filing a joint notice renouncing their
right to seek review.


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