[Cite as State v. Starr, 2019-Ohio-2081.]




                                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                             TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

                                            CLERMONT COUNTY



 STATE OF OHIO,                                    :    CASE NOS. CA2018-09-065
                                                                  CA2018-09-066
          Appellee,                                :
                                                                OPINION
                                                   :             5/28/2019
   - vs -
                                                   :

 CINDY J. STARR,                                   :

          Appellant.                               :



    CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM CLERMONT COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                          Case No. 2014CR00590



D. Vincent Faris, Clermont County Prosecuting Attorney, Nicholas A. Horton, 76 South
Riverside Drive, Batavia, Ohio 45103 for appellee

W. Stephen Haynes, Clermont County Public Defender, Robert F. Benintendi, 302 East
Main Street, Batavia, Ohio 45103 for appellant



        M. POWELL, J.

        {¶ 1} Appellant, Cindy Starr, appeals the sentence imposed by the Clermont

County Court of Common Pleas following the revocation of her community control.

        {¶ 2} In June 2015, appellant pled guilty to two fifth-degree felony counts of heroin

possession in two separate cases, Case No. 2014 CR 0590 ("Case No. 590") and Case

No. 2015 CR 0065 ("Case No. 65"). The charges stemmed from appellant using heroin one
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month prior to giving birth in Case No. 590, and from possessing heroin in her purse while

visiting a jailed friend in Case No. 65. On July 8, 2015, the trial court sentenced appellant

to five years of community control in both cases. The sentencing entries provided general

conditions of supervision and several court-ordered community control conditions. As

relevant here, appellant was required to successfully complete any recommended

substance abuse treatment and follow her probation officer's verbal and written instructions.

       {¶ 3} Between November 2015 and January 2018, appellant's probation officer filed

four affidavits alleging that appellant had violated the conditions of her community control

by, inter alia, failing to successfully complete ordered substance abuse treatment and follow

her probation officer's instructions. Each time, appellant was found in violation of her

community control, continued on community control, and ordered to complete a specific

substance abuse treatment program. Upon sentencing appellant for her fourth community

control violation in January 2018, the trial court required her to complete a six-month

complete lockdown treatment at the MonDay Community Correctional Institution. The

sentencing entry reflecting that sentence was journalized on February 6, 2018, in Case No.

65. However, a similar sentencing entry was not journalized at that time in Case No. 590.

       {¶ 4} On August 3, 2018, appellant's probation officer filed an affidavit in both

cases, alleging that appellant had violated two conditions of her community control, namely,

she was unsuccessfully discharged from the MonDay treatment program "for continued rule

violations throughout her time in the program," and she failed to follow her probation officer's

instructions "as evidenced by the other violatio[n] within this affidavit." On August 6, 2018,

appellant appeared before the trial court and admitted violating both community control

conditions. This was appellant's fifth community control violation in both cases. The trial

court accepted the violation admission and continued the matter for sentencing on August


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8, 2018.

       {¶ 5} At the August 8, 2018 sentencing hearing, the trial court found that appellant

was unsuccessfully discharged from the MonDay treatment program for violating the rules

of the program 30 times. The trial court further found that appellant was given numerous

opportunities to successfully complete a substance abuse treatment program over the years

but failed each time.     The trial court terminated appellant's community control and

sentenced her to 12 months in prison in both cases, to be served consecutively.              In

sentencing appellant, the trial court specifically found that the 90-day prison term limitation

provision set forth in R.C. 2929.15(B)(1)(c)(i) did not apply.

       {¶ 6} Approximately two hours after the conclusion of the August 8, 2018

sentencing hearing for appellant's fifth community control violation, the entry requiring

appellant to successfully complete the MonDay treatment program arising from her fourth

community control violation in Case No. 590 was journalized in that case. The sentencing

entries terminating appellant's community control in both cases and sentencing her to an

aggregate 24-month prison term were journalized on August 22, 2018.

       {¶ 7} Appellant appeals her prison sentence, raising two assignments of error.

       {¶ 8} We review a felony community control violation penalty, as we review all

felony sentences, pursuant to R.C. 2953.08(G)(2).         See State v. Walsson, 12th Dist.

Clermont No. CA2018-02-004, 2018-Ohio-4485, ¶ 8-9. Under R.C. 2953.08(G)(2), an

appellate court may modify or vacate a felony sentence only if the sentence is clearly and

convincingly contrary to law or unsupported by the record. State v. McGowan, 147 Ohio

St.3d 166, 2016-Ohio-2971, ¶ 1, citing State v. Marcum, 146 Ohio St.3d 516, 2016-Ohio-

1002, ¶ 7. A sentence is not contrary to law where the sentence is within the permitted

statutory range. State v. Ahlers, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2015-06-100, 2016-Ohio-2890, ¶


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8.

       {¶ 9} Assignment of Error No. 1:

       {¶ 10} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN SENTENCING APPELLANT TO PRISON IN

CASE NO. 2014-CR-0590 AS NO SENTENCING ENTRY WAS JOURNALIZED

REQUIRING HER TO COMPLETE THE MONDAY PROGRAM.

       {¶ 11} Appellant argues the trial court erred in sentencing her to prison in Case No.

590 following the revocation of her community control for failing to successfully complete

the MonDay treatment program because the entry imposing the community control

condition was not journalized until after the trial court terminated her community control in

that case.

       {¶ 12} It is well-established that a court speaks only through its journal entries and

not by oral pronouncement or through decisions. State v. Smith, 12th Dist. Butler No.

CA2009-02-038, 2010-Ohio-1721, ¶ 59; State v. Coyle, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA97-02-

014, 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 4582, *6 (Oct. 13, 1997) (a court speaks only through its journal

entries, and a pronouncement of sentence does not become the official action of the court

unless and until it is entered upon the court's journal). Furthermore, "in order for a sanction

to commence, it must first be imposed by the sentencing court. A sanction is imposed by

the sentencing entry, not by what is said on the record during the sentencing hearing." State

v. Halsey, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2016-01-001, 2016-Ohio-7990, ¶ 26.

       {¶ 13} The state concedes that the trial court's order that appellant complete the

MonDay treatment program in Case No. 590 was not effective until the sentencing entry

ordering her to do so was journalized on August 8, 2018. Consequently, the state admits

that "[a]ppellant could not have violated that community control condition for her failure to

complete the MonDay program until after August 8, 2018. As such, when the probation


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department filed the affidavit in case 2014 CR 590 on August 3, 2018, [appellant's] failure

to complete the MonDay program as directed by the trial court was not a violation of her

community control." The trial court, therefore, erred in finding that appellant violated her

community control in Case No. 590 because she did not successfully complete the court-

ordered MonDay treatment program, and in consequently sentencing her to prison for the

alleged violation. See State v. Jackson, 123 Ohio App.3d 22 (11th Dist.1997).

        {¶ 14} However, appellant was also found to be in violation of her community control

for failing to comply with her probation officer's instructions as ordered in the July 8, 2015

sentencing entry in Case No. 590.1 Indeed, during the August 2018 violation hearing,

appellant specifically admitted to violating "Condition No. 5 of the community control entries

filed 7/8/2015 in that [she] failed to follow her probation officer's verbal or written instructions

as evidenced by the other violations contained within this affidavit."

        {¶ 15} Appellant asserts that her failure to comply with her probation officer's

instructions related to her failure to complete the MonDay treatment program and was thus

"merely duplicative of the MonDay violation." In other words, appellant asserts there is no

distinction between the trial court's order that she complete the MonDay treatment program

and her probation officer's instructions that she do so. However, the two conditions are

distinct and not duplicative. Appellant, in being unsuccessfully discharged from the MonDay




1. Because the sentencing entry in Case No. 590 ordering appellant to complete the MonDay treatment
program arising from her fourth community control violation had not been journalized as of the time of the
adjudication of appellant's fifth community control violation, the sentence to which appellant was subject in
Case No. 590 was the sentence arising from her third community control violation. The trial court's judgment
entry continuing appellant's community control following her third community control violation implicitly
included the requirement that she comply with her probation officer's instructions ("The sanctions of
community control * * * shall be the same as have been previously ordered by the court to the extent that they
are not inconsistent with the following additional sanctions which are hereby imposed[.]"). As stated above,
the trial court's original July 8, 2015 entry sentencing appellant to community control explicitly ordered
appellant to comply with her probation officer's instructions. This community control condition was
subsequently incorporated by reference in the trial court's sentencing entries continuing appellant on
community control following her first three community control violations.
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treatment program, failed to both comply with the trial court's order and follow her probation

officer's instructions, two separate violations.

        {¶ 16} In light of the foregoing, we find that the trial court did not err in finding

appellant in violation of the terms of her community control and in sentencing her to prison

in Case No. 590 following the revocation of her community control in that case.

        {¶ 17} Appellant's first assignment of error is overruled.

        {¶ 18} Assignment of Error No. 2:

        {¶ 19} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THAT AN INVOLUNTARY

DISCHARGE FROM A DRUG TREATMENT PROGRAM IS NOT A TECHNICAL

VIOLATION UNDER R.C. 2929.15(B)(1)(c)(i).

        {¶ 20} Appellant argues the trial court erred in sentencing her to 12 months in prison

in Case No. 65 because her "involuntary" discharge from the MonDay treatment program

was a technical violation under R.C. 2929.15(B)(1)(c)(i); therefore, the maximum prison

term that could be imposed for the community control violation was 90 days.

        {¶ 21} R.C. 2929.15(B)(1)(c) allows a trial court to impose a prison term if a

defendant violates the conditions of a community control sanction. However, a prison term

for the violation of a community control sanction imposed for a fifth-degree felony may not

exceed 90 days if the violation was either a "technical violation" or any "violation of law * *

* that consists of a new criminal offense and that is not a felony[.]" R.C. 2929.15(B)(1)(c)(i).

The trial court found that appellant was not entitled to the 90-day limitation in R.C.

2929.15(B)(1)(c)(i) because her unsuccessful discharge from the MonDay treatment

program was not a technical violation.2


2. The trial court further found that R.C. 2929.15(B)(1)(c)(i) did not apply because appellant was "being
sentenced for multiple felonies[.]" However, this court recently held that R.C. 2929.15(B)(1)(c)(i) applies to a
defendant serving community control for multiple felonies of the fifth degree. State v. Bishop, 12th Dist.
Clermont Nos. CA2018-05-031 and CA2018-05-036, 2019-Ohio-592, ¶ 14-15. Therefore, the trial court erred
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        {¶ 22} We recently held that a defendant's voluntary discharge from a community

based correctional facility, and thus his failure to complete a substance abuse treatment

there, were not a technical violation under R.C. 2929.15(B)(1)(c) because the community

control condition mandating the defendant to complete a substance abuse treatment was

not merely an administrative requirement facilitating community control supervision. State

v. Davis, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2017-11-156, 2018-Ohio-2672, ¶ 18.                            Rather, the

community control condition was directly imposed by the trial court and was specifically

tailored to address and treat the defendant's substance abuse issues. It was thus a

substantive rehabilitative requirement which addressed a significant factor contributing to

the defendant's criminal conduct. Id. at ¶ 17-18.

        {¶ 23} Other appellate districts have followed Davis and likewise view the nature of

a violated community control condition, for purposes of R.C. 2929.15(B)(1)(c), as either a

specifically tailored substantive           rehabilitative     requirement       or merely a         general

administrative requirement facilitating supervision during community control. See State v.

Nelson, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 2018-CA-5, 2018-Ohio-4763; State v. Blake, 4th Dist.

Hocking No. 18CA6, 2018-Ohio-5413; State v. Mannah, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 17-CA-54,

2018-Ohio-4219.         In particular, the Fourth Appellate District held that a defendant's

unsuccessful discharge from a substance abuse treatment program, whether voluntary or

involuntary, was not a technical violation under R.C. 2929.15(B)(1)(c):

                In the case sub judice, the only difference between * * * Mannah
                and the case at bar is that appellant was discharged from the
                CBCF; she did not voluntarily sign herself out. Nevertheless,
                the end result is the same – appellant failed to complete the
                STAR program, which constitutes a violation of community

in finding that the statute did not apply because appellant was convicted of multiple fifth-degree felonies.
However, the error is not prejudicial because appellant is not entitled to the 90-day prison term limitation of
R.C. 2929.15(B)(1)(c)(i) as her discharge from the MonDay treatment program was not a technical violation.
See App.R. 12(B); State v. Eckert, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2018-06-038, 2019-Ohio-1289, ¶ 10, 13.

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              control. Therefore, * * * we conclude that the requirement for
              appellant to complete a CBCF is a special condition of
              community control and, thus, a non-technical violation.

Blake at ¶ 11.

       {¶ 24} After failing to complete several substance abuse treatment programs,

appellant was ordered by the trial court to successfully complete the MonDay treatment

program. This community control condition was specifically tailored to appellant to address

and treat her substance abuse issues. The condition was a substantive rehabilitative

requirement which addressed a significant factor contributing to appellant's criminal

conduct. Appellant was unsuccessfully discharged from the program and she admitted to

the violation at the August 6, 2018 violation hearing. Appellant's "involuntary" discharge

from the MonDay treatment program and thus her failure to complete treatment there was

not a technical violation under R.C. 2929.15(B)(1)(c)(i). Davis, 2018-Ohio-2672 at ¶ 17-18;

Blake, 2018-Ohio-5413 at ¶ 11.

       {¶ 25} In light of the foregoing, we find that the trial court did not err in finding that

appellant's unsuccessful discharge from the MonDay treatment program was not a technical

violation, and thus, that the 90-day prison term limitation of R.C. 2929.15(B)(1)(c)(i) was

inapplicable in Case No. 65. Furthermore, the 12-month prison term is within the statutorily

permitted range for appellant's original offense in that case.

       {¶ 26} Appellant's second assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 27} Judgment affirmed.


       HENDRICKSON, P.J., concurs.

       RINGLAND, J., concurs in part and dissents in part.


       RINGLAND, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.


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       {¶ 28} I concur with the majority in resolution of Appellant's first assignment of error

to the extent that appellant was required to complete the MonDay program. However, I

dissent as to the second assignment of error addressing appellant's involuntary discharge

from the MonDay program.

       {¶ 29} As an initial matter, I concur with this court's precedent as stated in State v.

Davis, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2017-11-156, 2018-Ohio-2672. In Davis, the defendant

voluntarily signed himself out of a community based correctional facility ("CBCF") for which

he had been sentenced as part of his community control. Id. at ¶ 5. This court found the

defendant's violation was nontechnical in nature because completing the CBCF treatment

program was a special condition and substantive rehabilitative requirement addressing a

significant factor contributing to his criminal conduct. Id. at ¶ 18.

       {¶ 30} This court's decision in Davis was followed by the Fifth District in State v.

Mannah, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 17-CA-54, 2018-Ohio-4219, where again the defendant

voluntarily signed herself out of her required CBCF treatment program. Id. at ¶ 15. The

Fifth District also appropriately noted that, although the defendant's actions in voluntarily

leaving the treatment program were not criminal, the violation was nontechnical in nature

and therefore the limitation in R.C.2929.15(B)(1)(c)(i) does not apply. Id.

       {¶ 31} The results in Davis and Mannah are well-supported by law and further

legislative intent. A similar case that bears reference is State v. Neville, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 106885, 2019-Ohio-151. In Neville, the defendant was sentenced to community control

with special conditions. Id. at ¶ 6. As in Davis and Mannah, although the defendant did not

commit a new criminal offense, she failed to report to her probation officer from the time of

her sentencing until she was arrested on a warrant over three months later. Id. at ¶ 44. In

other words, the defendant failed to report at all and therefore failed to meet any of the


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conditions of her community control sanctions. Id. The court noted, however, that the result

may have been different had the defendant failed to report once after having previously

been in compliance with her reporting requirements. Id. at ¶ 48.

       {¶ 32} The common thread in this line of cases is the defendant's voluntary refusal

to comply with the conditions of community control. However, the issue in the present case

is different than the situations presented in Davis, Mannah, and Neville. In this case,

appellant did not voluntarily sign herself out of the MonDay program.

       {¶ 33} The majority cites State v. Blake, 4th Dist. Hocking No. 18CA6, 2018-Ohio-

5413 to support the position that a defendant's involuntary discharge from a substance

abuse treatment program is not a technical violation under R.C. 2929.15(B)(1)(c). Though

Blake addresses the precise issue in this case, I disagree with the reasoning therein as it

appears the court adopted a "bright-line test."

       {¶ 34} In Blake, the Fourth District considered the Davis and Mannah cases and

noted that the only difference between the cases is that Blake was discharged from the

CBCF; she did not voluntarily sign herself out. Id. at ¶ 11. Nevertheless, the court found

there to be no technical violation because the "end result is the same," i.e., the failure to

complete the program, which constituted a violation of community control. Id.

       {¶ 35} The focus on the "end result" does not further the legislative intent behind the

adoption of R.C.2929.15(B)(1)(c)(i). Rather, courts should consider the conduct giving rise

to the involuntary termination. In the present case, the facial justification for appellant's

prison sentence is that she violated the terms of her probation by failing to complete the

MonDay program.      Unlike in Davis, Mannah, and Neville, appellant was involuntarily

discharged from the program for rules violations. Although appellant had several rule

infractions throughout her stay in the program, she was ultimately discharged from the


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program for bartering clothes, which is a near textbook example of a technical violation.

       {¶ 36} As a result, I would remand this matter to the trial court for consideration of

the underlying facts leading to appellant's involuntary dismissal. Remand is appropriate in

this matter because of concern that a defendant might desire an involuntary termination,

thus defeating a central purpose of community control. In resolving those questions, the

trial court is in the best position to weigh the credibility of the defendant, hear the nature of

the violations, and determine whether there is a technical or nontechnical violation of the

conditions of community control. See Davis, 2018-Ohio-2672 at ¶ 5 ("trial court considered

appellant's explanation [for why he voluntarily left the program] but ultimately did not believe

it"). Therefore, with regard and respect for my colleagues in the majority, I dissent as to

resolution of appellant's second assignment of error.




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