        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                          Assigned on Briefs October 2, 2012

                    STATE OF TENNESSEE v. EDDIE HOOF

                  Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                       No. 09-06412     Lee V. Coffee, Judge


               No. W2011-02164-CCA-R3-CD - Filed February 5, 2013


A Shelby County grand jury indicted appellant, Eddie Hoof, for first degree premeditated
murder, first degree felony murder, attempted first degree murder, and especially aggravated
burglary. A jury found him guilty of two counts of second degree murder, one count of
attempted first degree murder, and one count of especially aggravated burglary. The trial
court merged the two convictions of second degree murder and sentenced appellant to an
effective sentence of fifty-seven years in the Tennessee Department of Correction. On
appeal, he challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence and the trial court’s
imposition of consecutive sentences. Following our review, we affirm the judgments of the
trial court. However, we remand the case to the trial court for correction of the judgment
form for especially aggravated burglary to reflect a consecutive sentence.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

R OGER A. P AGE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J AMES C URWOOD W ITT, J R.,
and J EFFREY S. B IVINS, JJ., joined.

Juni S. Ganguli, Memphis, Tennessee (on appeal); and Arthur E. Horne and Murray B.
Wells, Memphis, Tennessee (at trial), for the appellant, Eddie Hoof.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Cameron L. Hyder, Assistant Attorney
General; Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; and Jeff Jones and Carla L. Taylor,
Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
                                               OPINION

                                                I. Facts

       In the early morning hours of March 30, 2009, appellant forcibly entered the
apartment of the victim1 , Angela Greer, where he fatally shot her and wounded a second
individual, Lonnie Bell.
                                         A. Trial

       Appellant’s trial began on April 12, 2011. The State called Prescilla Brown as its first
witness. Ms. Brown was the victim’s mother. Ms. Brown testified that the victim and
appellant had been involved in a relationship for approximately three years and had a child
together. When they first began seeing each other, Ms. Brown thought that their relationship
was good. She testified that the relationship later “turned bad.”

       At the time of her death, the victim lived in Peppertree Apartments, apartment ten.
Ms. Brown possessed a set of keys to the apartment. She did not believe that appellant ever
spent the night there. She visited the victim often and never saw appellant at the apartment.
Approximately two weeks prior to the victim’s death, Ms. Brown installed two deadbolt
locks on the apartment door for the victim’s safety. At the time of her death, the victim
worked as a female dancer at a club called “New York New York.”

        On cross-examination, Ms. Brown testified that the victim’s child was two months old
at the time of the victim’s death. She confirmed that she visited the victim at her apartment
each day and that if appellant lived there, she would have known about it. Ms. Brown also
noted that the entry gate to Peppertree Apartments was broken, so she would park in the
parking lot and enter the property through a hole in the fence.

       The State’s next witness, Lonnie Bell, testified that he first met the victim at the club
where she was employed. He also met appellant there. He had known the victim, whom he
knew by her stage name “Dynasty,” for approximately one year at the time she died. He also
knew of appellant, whose nickname was “Boochie.” Mr. Bell saw the victim at the club on
the day before she was killed. They “hooked up” at a gas station at some point in the early
morning hours of March 30, 2009. The victim arrived in a separate vehicle, then entered Mr.
Bell’s vehicle. They drove to the victim’s apartment around 3:00 or 4:00 a.m. Mr. Bell




        1
          Angela Greer was the victim of the indicted offenses of first degree premeditated murder and first
degree felony murder. Lonnie Bell was the victim of the attempted first degree murder offense. In this
opinion, we refer to Ms. Greer as “the victim” and to Mr. Bell by name.

                                                    -2-
testified that upon arrival, he did not notice any damage to the apartment door, and no one
else was present at the apartment.

        Mr. Bell and the victim later went to sleep in the victim’s bedroom. They were
awakened by loud beating on the door. Mr. Bell stated that it was a continuous sound that
lasted for several minutes. He asked the victim who was at the door, and she told him, “You
already know who it is.” The knocking then stopped. Approximately ten minutes later, the
sound resumed. Someone was also kicking the door, which caused the door to give way.
Appellant entered the apartment and ran up the stairs to the victim’s bedroom. Mr. Bell
testified that appellant did not speak as he ran up the stairs, but he heard appellant cock a
gun. Both the victim and Mr. Bell were clothed at that point. Appellant stopped at the
doorway and demanded that Mr. Bell get off the bed. The victim was already in a standing
position. Mr. Bell saw appellant’s gun and recalled that it was chrome and black. Neither
Mr. Bell nor the victim was armed. Mr. Bell stood up. The victim said something to
appellant, and appellant shot her in the abdominal area. Appellant then shot Mr. Bell.

        Mr. Bell testified that the victim had already called 9-1-1 at the time appellant entered
her home. After he was shot, Mr. Bell ran to a nearby apartment and knocked on the door.
A man opened the door and called 9-1-1, and police and an ambulance responded to that
location. The ambulance transported Mr. Bell to the hospital where he underwent surgery
for the gunshot wound to his stomach. A police officer visited him at the hospital and asked
him to identify the person who shot him from a photograph. Mr. Bell identified appellant
from an array of photographs.

        On cross-examination, Mr. Bell denied that he and appellant “hung out” prior to the
victim’s death. He further denied meeting appellant at the club on the weekend prior to the
shooting and leaving with appellant. Mr. Bell testified that “his girl” also worked at the
same club where the victim had worked. He admitted that he had previously seen appellant
at the home of “Rico’s” mother a few times but that he and appellant had never “hung out”
at the club or at Rico’s house. Mr. Bell stated that on one occasion, he asked appellant why
he was telling people that Mr. Bell was involved with the victim. Appellant responded that
he was no longer involved with the victim and did not care what she did. The weekend
following that conversation, Mr. Bell and the victim had sexual intercourse, and appellant
shot them.

       Kristopher Massey testified that he was visiting his girlfriend and her friend at the
Peppertree Apartments, apartment four, on March 30, 2009. He was awakened early in the
morning by the sound of someone beating on the door and window. He opened the door for
the man, whom Mr. Massey later learned was Mr. Bell. Mr. Bell informed Mr. Massey that
he had been shot. Mr. Bell entered the apartment and fell to the floor. Mr. Massey called


                                               -3-
out to his girlfriend and her friend and told them to call 9-1-1. Before emergency personnel
arrived, Mr. Massey walked outside and witnessed a man dropping a gun as he ran. He could
see that the gun was silver and brown. The man, whom he later learned was appellant,
picked the gun up and continued to run. He identified appellant in court as the man he saw
drop the gun. After an ambulance transported Mr. Bell to the hospital, Mr. Massey gave a
statement to police officers. He also identified appellant from an array of photographs.

        Officer Darrin Seitz with the Memphis Police Department testified that he and Officer
Lyon responded to a call involving a shooting at Peppertree Apartments on March 30, 2009.
They responded to apartment four, where they observed Mr. Bell. They attempted to keep
Mr. Bell calm and apply pressure to his gunshot wound until paramedics arrived. Officer
Seitz said that Mr. Bell told him “a guy named Boochie” had shot him. Officer Seitz stated
that at that point in the investigation, they did not have a suspect in custody. He radioed for
another officer to respond to the scene and to remain with Mr. Bell until the paramedics
arrived, then he proceeded to the victim’s apartment.

       On cross-examination, Officer Seitz explained that Peppertree Apartments was, to
some extent, a high crime area. Aside from ascertaining the identity of the shooter, he was
unable to gather additional facts about the shootings from Mr. Bell or anyone else.

        Martoyia Lang, an officer with the Memphis Police Department, testified that she
responded to Peppertree Apartments, apartment ten, on March 30, 2009. She was the first
officer on the scene. When she arrived, she first noted that the front door of the apartment
had been kicked in, and part of the door frame was lying on the floor. She noted blood on
the door jamb and on the door knob. The interior door knob still had keys inside the lock,
and the deadbolt lock was intact in the locked position. Upon entering the apartment, Officer
Lang observed the victim’s body lying in the stairwell. She observed what appeared to be
gunshot wounds to the victim’s leg, head, hand, and arm. Officer Lang continued up the
stairs to clear the scene, where she located a spent shell casing on a mattress in an upstairs
bedroom. When she confirmed that the scene was secure, she went back downstairs.

      On cross-examination, Officer Lang confirmed that Peppertree Apartments was a high
crime area. She stated that she personally responded to approximately twenty calls to
Peppertree Apartments on a weekly basis. She testified that she did not touch the victim’s
body or photograph the scene.

        Nathan Few, a firefighter/paramedic with the City of Memphis Fire Department,
testified that he responded to Peppertree Apartments on the morning of March 30, 2009.
Upon entering apartment ten, he noted signs of forcible entry on the doorway. He then
located the victim, who had been shot in the head. After he performed a “rapid trauma


                                              -4-
assessment” on the victim and determined that she was “nonviable,” he left apartment ten and
proceeded to apartment four, where Mr. Bell was located. When Mr. Few arrived, Mr.
Massey was applying pressure to Mr. Bell’s wound. After stabilizing Mr. Bell, paramedics
placed him in the ambulance and drove him to the hospital. Mr. Few classified Mr. Bell’s
condition as “critical.”

       Terry Lee, a firefighter/paramedic with the Memphis Fire Department, testified that
he was in the second unit dispatched to Peppertree Apartments to respond to a scene with
multiple shootings. He responded to apartment ten. When he located the victim, he attached
electrodes to verify the electrical activity of the victim’s heart and found none. The victim
was not breathing, and he could not locate a pulse. Mr. Lee noted wounds to the victim’s
right hand and to the cheek/temple area, where brain matter was emerging. He pronounced
the victim’s time of death as 0930 (9:30 a.m.). He also observed that the door appeared to
have been kicked in, and the door frame was damaged. After pronouncing the victim’s time
of death, he turned the crime scene over to law enforcement officers.

        Lavern Jones, a sergeant with the traffic division of the Memphis Police Department,
testified that at the time of the investigation in this case, he was a crime scene officer with
the department. As part of his responsibilities, he created a sketch of the crime scene. His
sketch was admitted as an exhibit at trial. He also recovered four spent .380 caliber shell
casings and a bullet fragment.

       On cross-examination, Sergeant Jones testified that he did not retrieve a weapon in
this case. He also did not obtain any fingerprints from the scene. Sergeant Jones further
recalled reading a report that said the victim had the word “Hoof” tattooed on her shoulder.
During his evaluation of the crime scene, he did not ascertain the name of the owner of the
apartment, did not examine any of the clothing articles within the apartment to determine
whether they were men’s or women’s clothing, and did not know to whom the furnishings
belonged.

       Sergeant Jason Webb with the Memphis Police Department was assigned to the
       2
TACT Unit in March 2009. He became involved in the investigation at Peppertree
Apartments at the behest of Sergeant Tony Mullins. Sergeant Mullins had received
information that appellant was located in an apartment complex on Clementine, and based
upon that information, Sergeant Webb apprehended appellant at that location.




       2
            This unit is specially trained to respond to various emergency situations, such as barricade
situations, hostage rescues, counter-terrorism, and high-risk felony apprehensions.

                                                  -5-
        Sergeant Anthony “Tony” Mullins was an investigator with the Memphis Police
Department in March 2009. He was first asked to respond to appellant’s place of
employment, a dental clinic, in an attempt to locate him. Sergeant Mullins called the TACT
team, who responded to the dental clinic. Appellant was not apprehended at the first
location. Sergeant Mullins reviewed the clinic’s surveillance footage with the manager of
the office and determined that appellant arrived at the location at 8:37 a.m., obtained the keys
to a clinic van, and left the area two minutes later. Sergeant Mullins sent various members
of the TACT team to different addresses to attempt to locate appellant.

        Sergeant Mullins returned to the police department office, where he received a
telephone call patched through from Crime Stoppers. The caller indicated that he was aware
that a homicide had occurred, that appellant might have been involved, and that appellant had
telephoned the caller and asked if appellant could come to the caller’s apartment located in
the Warren Apartments on Clementine, also known as the Clementine Apartments. Sergeant
Mullins arranged for Sergeant Webb to proceed to the Warren Apartments and wait for
appellant to arrive. When appellant arrived, officers arrested him and two other individuals
who were in the vehicle.

         After appellant had been transported to the police department, Sergeant Mullins
reviewed the advice of rights form with him. Appellant signed the form, and the officers
interviewed him. After Sergeant Mullins confronted appellant with the 9-1-1 tape and the
information already gathered by law enforcement, appellant explained that he arrived at work
on the morning of March 30, 2009, obtained the keys to the clinic van, and drove to the
victim’s apartment. He recognized Mr. Bell’s car parked outside and could hear Mr. Bell’s
voice inside the apartment. Appellant said that he heard the bed moving, so he kicked in the
door, went upstairs, and confronted Mr. Bell. Mr. Bell was lying on top of the bed, fully
clothed, and the victim was sitting on the bed, also clothed. He claimed that Mr. Bell
“smarted off” to him and charged toward him as if to grab the gun from him. Appellant
admitted that he shot Mr. Bell at that point. He then confronted the victim, who allegedly
tried to take the gun from him, at which time he shot her two or three times. The last time
he saw the victim, she was coming down the stairs and had gotten to the landing between the
two sets of stairs. Appellant stated that after Mr. Bell fled the apartment, appellant also left
the victim’s apartment. He tucked the gun in his waistband, but as he was running, it fell
through his pants leg and onto the ground. He picked it up and went to his mother’s house,
where he threw the gun out the window. He exchanged vehicles and was then dropped off
at a friend’s house. Sergeant Mullins classified appellant’s statement at that point as “vague”
but testified that the statement ended with appellant’s arriving at the Warren Apartments and
being arrested. Appellant also acknowledged that he used a .380 caliber weapon when he
shot the victim and Mr. Bell. Sergeant Mullins testified that officers did not recover the
weapon.


                                              -6-
       During the statement, appellant admitted that he did not live in Peppertree Apartments
with the victim but that he would stay there occasionally. At some point, appellant stated that
he wished to wait on an attorney before answering further questions. Officers halted the
interview at that time.

      On cross-examination, Sergeant Mullins acknowledged that appellant said in his
statement that he and Mr. Bell were friends and would “hang out” together on occasion.
Appellant also told Sergeant Mullins that although he did not live at the victim’s apartment,
he would spend the night there and kept clothing there. On re-direct examination, Sergeant
Mullins confirmed that when he asked for appellant’s address, appellant gave his mother’s
address as his own.

        Dr. Lisa Funte testified on behalf of Dr. Marco Ross, who performed the autopsy of
the victim in this case. Both doctors are medical examiners employed by the Shelby County
Regional Forensic Medical Center. The court qualified Dr. Funte as an expert in the field
of pathology and allowed her to testify about Dr. Ross’s findings. The autopsy revealed
gunshot wounds to the victim’s abdomen, right hand, right cheek, and head. Dr. Funte
testified that the gunshot wounds to the abdomen and head would have been fatal. She noted
that two of the wounds were “penetrating,” i.e., they did not have exit wounds, and that Dr.
Ross recovered bullet fragments from those wounds during the autopsy. Dr. Ross determined
the cause of death to be multiple gunshot wounds and the manner of death to be homicide,
and Dr. Funte agreed with his conclusions. On cross-examination, Dr. Funte testified that
the toxicology report indicated the presence of alprazolam and cannaboids, or marijuana, in
the victim’s blood.

       As its first witness, the defense presented Latanya Curry, who lived in apartment six
at Peppertree Apartments. She testified that she met appellant when he and his girlfriend,
whom she called “Angel,” moved in to Peppertree Apartments. Ms. Curry saw appellant at
the apartment frequently and said that he possessed keys to the apartment. She stated that
she was sure of this fact because the victim locked herself out of the apartment one day and
borrowed Ms. Curry’s telephone to contact appellant, who arrived and opened the door for
the victim. Ms. Curry testified that the victim “put[ ] a knife in her door” as a safety
precaution to secure her home. She recalled that she had met the victim’s mother but that she
did not see the mother very often.

        On cross-examination, the State elicited from Ms. Curry that on the day when the
victim was locked out of her apartment, the victim stated, “Boozie [sic] got the key[,] and he
done [sic] locked me out.” Accordingly, she did not know whether appellant had his own
set of keys or had taken the victim’s keys that day. She also did not know whether the victim
had a deadbolt installed on her front door or whether appellant had a key to the deadbolt. On


                                              -7-
redirect examination, Ms. Curry stated that she saw the victim and appellant together at the
grocery store the day the victim was murdered and that appellant had recently been at the
victim’s apartment.

        Shantah Richardson testified that appellant’s younger sister was his cousin. Because
of that relationship, he considered appellant family. He had known appellant for
approximately ten years. At some point about four to five years prior to the victim’s murder,
Mr. Richardson resided with his aunt, Faye Sturgill. He testified that appellant and Mr. Bell
visited his aunt’s house regularly at that time, and they were all friends. He met the victim
through appellant and had been out with them on occasion. Mr. Richardson had visited the
victim and appellant at their apartment and had spent the night there after their baby was
born. Mr. Richardson testified that appellant kept clothing at the apartment and had a key.
Appellant had unlocked the door on one occasion when the victim was not present.

        On cross-examination, Mr. Richardson acknowledged that he did not know whether
appellant had his own set of keys or shared the victim’s keys with her. Mr. Richardson also
testified that he saw appellant on March 30, 2009. He and Joseph Taylor gave appellant a
ride that day. He said that appellant never told him that he shot Mr. Bell and the victim. Mr.
Richardson stated that he told the police appellant had admitted to him that he shot the vicitm
and Mr. Bell because officers threatened to charge him as an accomplice if he did not give
such a statement.

       Lakendrick Sturgill testified that he had known appellant since they were teenagers.
A group of young men worked on cars together as a hobby. The men were together
approximately every other day. Appellant, Mr. Bell, Mr. Richardson, and several other
people participated. Mr. Sturgill stated that the group of men talked, shared meals, and
participated in other activities together, such as going to clubs. No one seemed to have any
problems with each other. Mr. Sturgill was aware that appellant had a girlfriend, and he
knew her as “Dynasty.” Although Mr. Sturgill was incarcerated, he knew that appellant and
the victim lived together at Peppertree Apartments before he went to jail.

       Appellant testified on his own behalf. He stated that on March 30, 2009, he worked
at Firestone Dental Clinic and lived in apartment ten of Peppertree Apartments with the
victim and their son. He met the victim when they worked together at IHOP in 2000. They
moved in together in 2001. They shared several different residences thereafter.

       Appellant met Mr. Bell when he started visiting the home of appellant’s aunt, Ms.
Sturgill, in approximately 2005. They worked on cars together and were friends. In 2009,
both the victim and Mr. Bell’s girlfriend worked at the same club. Appellant saw Mr. Bell



                                              -8-
there frequently, and they talked “all the time.” They would also leave the club together and
visit other clubs.

       Approximately three weeks prior to the victim’s death, appellant arrived at the club
and observed Mr. Bell and the victim sitting in the parking lot. Appellant asked what they
were doing, and Mr. Bell stated that he was “serving her bars,” which appellant explained
meant Xanax. Appellant then left the club. He was not suspicious because both of them had
told him it was “nothing.” Appellant and Mr. Bell continued going out to different clubs
together after that event.

       Appellant testified that he and the victim moved into the apartment at Peppertree
Apartments during the summer, but he could not remember the date. His name could not be
on the lease because it was a Section Eight apartment, meaning that it was subsidized by the
government. However, he stated that all of the furniture in the apartment belonged to him.
Appellant identified a shoe box from a crime scene photograph as the box in which he kept
his shoes. He could not identify the tennis shoe beside the box in the photograph because it
was not his, but he believed it belonged to Mr. Bell. He indicated through photographs
where he kept his clothes in the apartment.

       Appellant denied that Ms. Brown paid the bills at the victim’s apartment and denied
that she had keys to the apartment. Appellant did not think that Ms. Brown knew he lived
with the victim. The victim allegedly did not want to tell her mother that appellant lived
there because her mother did not want her “messing with [him].” Ms. Brown was assisting
the victim by helping her to obtain food stamps and by transporting her to various
appointments, and appellant stated that the victim knew her mother would stop assisting if
she knew appellant lived there. He was present in the apartment many times when Ms.
Brown visited, and she was unaware that he was there.

       Appellant testified that when they first moved in, they had a key card for the electronic
gate, but they lost it. Because money was tight, they could not pay for a replacement, so they
parked the truck by the front fence and walked through a hole in the fence to gain access to
the property. When the deadbolt was installed, the victim made a key for appellant. Her
mother was unaware that she gave him a key. For added security at night, they would place
a knife, screwdriver, or some other sharp object over the door to prevent an intruder from
bursting through the door.

        Appellant explained that on the Saturday preceding the victim’s death, they had an
argument about money. He left and rode around with a friend that day. He spent the night
at his sister’s house. On Sunday, he came home in the evening to change clothes, but the
victim had already left for work. He did not go to the club that night but rather went to a


                                              -9-
different club with his sister and her friend. He returned to his sister’s house to spend the
night on Sunday night. On Monday morning, his mother picked him up at his sister’s house
and drove him to work. Once there, he checked all of the vans. He used one of the vans to
go home and get some money so he could buy lunch that day and to put away his gun. When
appellant arrived at the apartment complex, he parked on the street, walked through the hole
in the fence, and approached the apartment. As he inserted his key into the lock,
“[s]omething was holding him back from getting in.” He then heard a male voice and
knocked on the door. He kept trying to get in, but after continuously hearing a male voice,
he kicked in the door.

       When appellant went upstairs, he saw Mr. Bell and “kind of freaked out.” Appellant
asked, “What are you doing in my bed?” Appellant stated that Mr. Bell “smarted off” and
said something such as, “You’re going to have to shoot me.” Appellant noticed a pile of
clothing beside Mr. Bell and was not sure if Mr. Bell was reaching for something. When Mr.
Bell reached out, appellant “blanked out and . . . shot him.”

         Appellant clarified that he could not gain entry into the apartment because of “[their]
little security” measure, referring to “probably a screwdriver” that was placed over the door.
He continued to explain that after he “blanked” out, the victim ran up to him screaming.
They began “tussling.” He was afraid that the victim would shoot him if she obtained the
gun. He shot her as they were “tussling” by the stairs. He claimed that he did not intend to
shoot her and that he was shooting the gun as they were both falling down the stairs. When
he noticed that the victim was not moving, he fled the apartment, got into the van, and drove
away. He drove to his mother’s house, borrowed her car, and left her house. He later had
his sister take his mother’s car back to her house, and he drove away with Mr. Taylor and Mr.
Richardson. He claimed that he was going to turn himself in to authorities later that night,
but he was apprehended by the TACT unit before he could do so. Appellant told the jury that
he loved the victim and that he “just snapped” when he saw his friend in bed with her.

       On cross-examination, the State introduced evidence that appellant was convicted of
assault against the victim in July 2007 and had entered a guilty plea to domestic assault
against the victim in August 2007. He also had a conviction for carrying a weapon on school
property. He admitted that in viewing the photographs from the crime scene, he could not
see the screwdriver that he believed the victim had placed in the door frame. He stated that
the threw the murder weapon out of the window of the van as he crossed railroad tracks.

       After deliberating, the jury found appellant guilty of two counts of second degree
murder and one count each of attempted first degree murder and especially aggravated
burglary. The trial court merged the two convictions for second degree murder.



                                              -10-
                                        B. Sentencing

        The trial court held a sentencing hearing, at which the victim’s sister, Jessica Brown,
testified. She stated that the victim’s relationship with appellant was abusive, and she tried
to convince the victim to end it. Ms. Brown read a letter she had composed to the court, in
which she relayed the effect her sister’s death had on her and her family.

        Appellant’s counsel informed the court that appellant’s pastor, uncle, and cousin were
present in the courtroom but would not be called to testify. He presented the testimony of
appellant’s aunt, Latanya Holmes. She testified that appellant was a hard worker, a loving
father, and a good person.

       Burnette Odom, appellant’s mother, reiterated that he was a good worker and a caring
father. She testified that she visited appellant in jail regularly, and he spoke about reading
the Bible when she visited. She stated that appellant expressed his remorse to her.

        Appellant spoke to the court and apologized to the family of the victim. He testified
that he had taken anger management classes while in jail. He begged the court for mercy in
sentencing.

       The trial court reviewed the pertinent factors and sentencing principles and gave great
weight to the factor that appellant had a previous history of criminal convictions and criminal
behavior in addition to those necessary to establish the range of punishment. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-114(1) (2010). The court also found that appellant treated or allowed both
victims to be treated with exceptional cruelty during the commission of the offenses and
placed great weight on that factor. See id. § 40-35-114(5). The trial court gave great weight
to the factor that appellant employed or possessed a firearm, explosive device, or other
deadly weapon in committing the offenses. See id. § 40-35-114(9). The court found no
mitigating factors. The trial court sentenced appellant to twenty-five years as a violent
offender for second degree murder, twenty years as a standard offender for attempted first
degree murder, and twelve years as a standard offender for especially aggravated burglary.

       In considering sentence alignment, the court found that appellant was a dangerous
offender whose behavior indicated little or no regard for human life and had no hesitation
about committing a crime in which the risk to human life was high. See Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 40-35-115(b)(4) (2010). The trial court made the requisite findings that the aggregate
sentence reasonably related to the severity of the offense and was necessary to protect the
public from further criminal acts by appellant. See State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933, 939
(Tenn. 1995). Based on its findings, the trial court ordered all of appellant’s sentences to run
consecutively to each other, resulting in an effective sentence of fifty-seven years, with


                                              -11-
thirty-two years to be served at 30% release eligibility and twenty-five years to be served at
100% release eligibility.

                                         II. Analysis

      Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence underlying his convictions for
second degree murder and attempted first degree murder and the trial court’s imposition of
consecutive sentences.

                              A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       The standard for appellate review of a claim challenging the sufficiency of the State’s
evidence is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (citing Johnson
v. Louisiana, 406 U.S. 356, 362 (1972)); see Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); State v. Davis, 354
S.W.3d 718, 729 (Tenn. 2011). To obtain relief on a claim of insufficient evidence, appellant
must demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could have found the essential elements of
the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. This standard of
review is identical whether the conviction is predicated on direct or circumstantial evidence,
or a combination of both. State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011); State v.
Brown, 551 S.W.2d 329, 331 (Tenn. 1977).

        On appellate review, “‘we afford the prosecution the strongest legitimate view of the
evidence as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences which may be drawn
therefrom.’” Davis, 354 S.W.3d at 729 (quoting State v. Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn.
2010)); State v. Williams, 657 S.W.2d 405, 410 (Tenn. 1983); State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d
832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). In a jury trial, questions involving the credibility of witnesses and
the weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual disputes raised by the
evidence, are resolved by the jury as trier of fact. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn.
1997); State v. Pruett, 788 S.W.2d 559, 561 (Tenn. 1990). This court presumes that the jury
has afforded the State all reasonable inferences from the evidence and resolved all conflicts
in the testimony in favor of the State; as such, we will not substitute our own inferences
drawn from the evidence for those drawn by the jury, nor will we re-weigh or re-evaluate the
evidence. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 379; Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d at 835; see State v. Sheffield,
676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984). Because a jury conviction removes the presumption of
innocence that appellant enjoyed at trial and replaces it with one of guilt at the appellate
level, the burden of proof shifts from the State to the convicted appellant, who must
demonstrate to this court that the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s findings.
Davis, 354 S.W.3d at 729 (citing State v. Sisk, 343 S.W.3d 60, 65 (Tenn. 2011)).


                                             -12-
       Specifically, appellant contests the sufficiency of the evidence underlying his
convictions for second degree murder for the death of the victim and his conviction for
attempted first degree murder for the injuries inflicted upon Mr. Bell. We note that he does
not contest the evidence supporting his conviction for especially aggravated burglary.

       Second degree murder is defined by statute as “[a] knowing killing of another.” Tenn
Code Ann. § 39-13-210(a)(1) (2010). “A person acts knowingly with respect to a result of
the person’s conduct when the person is aware that the conduct is reasonably certain to cause
the result.” Id. § 39-11-302(b). Whether the defendant “knowingly” killed the victim is a
question of fact for the jury. State v. Noura Jackson, No. W2009-01709-CCA-R3-CD, 2012
WL 6115084, at *59 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 10, 2012). “The jury may infer intent from the
character of the offense and from all the facts and circumstances surrounding the offense.”
Id.

       Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence received at trial
established that appellant banged on the victim’s apartment door for several minutes,
stopped for a time then resumed knocking, at which time he kicked in the door. Appellant
admitted to breaking through the victim’s apartment door and shooting both the victim and
Mr. Bell. Appellant shot the victim four times, killing her, and critically injured Mr. Bell by
shooting him one time. The evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s verdict that
established appellant knew his conduct was reasonably certain to cause the victim’s death.

        In so concluding, we reject appellant’s assertion that the proof supports a conviction
for only the lesser-included offense of voluntary manslaughter. “Voluntary manslaughter is
the intentional or knowing killing of another in a state of passion produced by adequate
provocation sufficient to lead a reasonable person to act in an irrational manner.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 39-13-211(a) (2010). Appellant maintains that he was acting in the heat of passion
and upon adequate provocation brought about by finding his friend and girlfriend together
in the bed appellant allegedly shared with the victim. The trial court instructed the jury on
the offenses of first degree murder, second degree murder, voluntary manslaughter, reckless
homicide, and criminally negligent homicide. The court’s instructions explained the requisite
elements of each offense and the distinction between second degree murder and voluntary
manslaughter. By returning a verdict of second degree murder, the jury rejected appellant’s
claim that he acted in a state of passion and upon adequate provocation. “The jury was not
required to accredit [appellant’s] statements about the factual events that preceded the crime,
nor was it required to draw a conclusion that those facts established that [appellant] had been
adequately provoked to act in a state of passion when he shot and killed the victim.” State
v. Dyron Norm Yokley, No. E2009-02646-CCA-R3-CD, 2011 WL 2120096, at *19 (Tenn.
Crim. App. May 20, 2011), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Sept. 21, 2011); see State v. Williams,
38 S.W.3d 532, 538-39 (Tenn. 2001) (noting that whether a knowing killing is committed


                                             -13-
in a state of passion produced by adequate provocation is a question of fact for the jury). A
rational jury could conclude from the evidence presented that appellant was not adequately
provoked to act in a heat of passion in bursting through the victim’s apartment door and
shooting her and Mr. Bell.

       With regard to the attempted first degree murder of Mr. Bell, the trial court instructed
the jury:

       For you to find a person guilty of criminal attempt, the State must have proven
       beyond a reasonable doubt the existence of the following essential elements:

              One, that the defendant intended to commit the specific offense
              of First Degree Murder of Lonnie Bell; and two, that the
              defendant did some act intending to cause an essential element
              of First Degree Murder to occur, and at the time believed the act
              would cause the element to occur without further action on the
              defendant’s part; or that the defendant did some act intending to
              complete a course of action or cause a result that would
              constitute First Degree Murder under the circumstances, as the
              defendant believed them to be at the time, and his actions
              constituted a substantial step toward the commission of First
              Degree Murder. The defendant’s actions do not constitute a
              substantial step unless the defendant’s entire course of action
              clearly shows his intent to commit First Degree Murder.

See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-12-101, 39-13-302(a)(1) (2010). As noted above, viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the State, appellant constantly knocked on the victim’s
door for a time, halted briefly, then resumed and eventually kicked in the door. Appellant’s
actions in returning to the victim’s apartment after ceasing his attempts to gain entry
demonstrate premeditation. Appellant is not entitled to relief on his claims that the evidence
was insufficient to support his convictions.

                                    B. Sentencing Issues

       Appellant argues that the individual sentences for each of his convictions were
excessive and that the trial court’s ordering of fully consecutive sentence alignment also
rendered the effective sentence excessive.




                                             -14-
       At the time the parties briefed the issues in this case, they did not have the benefit of
the most recent Tennessee Supreme Court opinion regarding review of sentencing issues.
They incorrectly, through no fault of their own, cited the standard of review as “de novo with
a presumption of correctness.” As discussed herein, our standard of review on appeal is
“abuse of discretion with a presumption of reasonableness.” State v. Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682,
707 (Tenn. 2012).

        In determining an appropriate sentence, a trial court must consider the following
factors: (1) the evidence, if any, received at the trial and the sentencing hearing; (2) the
presentence report; (3) the principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing
alternatives; (4) the nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct involved; (5) evidence
and information offered by the parties on mitigating and enhancement factors; (6) any
statistical information provided by the administrative office of the courts as to sentencing
practices for similar offenses in Tennessee; (7) any statement the defendant makes on his
own behalf as to sentencing; and (8) the potential for rehabilitation. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-
35-103(5), -113, -114, -210(b) (2010). In addition, “[t]he sentence imposed should be the
least severe measure necessary to achieve the purposes for which the sentence is imposed.”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(4) (2010).

      When imposing a sentence within the appropriate range of punishment for a
defendant,

       the court shall consider, but is not bound by, the following advisory sentencing
       guidelines:

       (1)    The minimum sentence within the range of punishment is the sentence
              that should be imposed, because the general assembly set the minimum
              length of sentence for each felony class to reflect the relative
              seriousness of each criminal offense in the felony classifications; and

       (2)    The sentence length within the range should be adjusted, as appropriate,
              by the presence or absence of mitigating and enhancement factors set
              out in §§ 40-35-113 and 40-35-114.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(c) (2010). From these principles, “the trial court is free to
select any sentence within the applicable range so long as the length of the sentence is
‘consistent with the purposes and principles of [the Sentencing Act].’” State v. Carter, 254
S.W.3d 335, 343 (Tenn. 2008) (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(d)).




                                              -15-
       Pursuant to the 2005 amendments, the Sentencing Act abandoned the statutory
minimum sentence and rendered enhancement factors advisory only. See Tenn. Code Ann.
§§ 40-35-114, 40-35-210(c) (2010). The 2005 amendments set forth certain “advisory
sentencing guidelines” that are not binding on the trial court; however, the trial court must
nonetheless consider them. See id. § 40-35-210(c). Although the application of the factors
is advisory, a court shall consider “[e]vidence and information offered by the parties on the
mitigating and enhancement factors in §§ 40-35-113 and 40-35-114.” Id. § 40-35-210(b)(5).
The trial court must also place on the record “what enhancement or mitigating factors were
considered, if any, as well as the reasons for the sentence, to ensure fair and consistent
sentencing.” Id. § 40-35-210(e). The weighing of mitigating and enhancing factors is left to
the sound discretion of the trial court. Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 345. The burden of proving
applicable mitigating factors rests upon appellant. State v. Mark Moore, No. 03C01-9403-
CR-00098, 1995 WL 548786, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 18, 1995). The trial court’s
weighing of the various enhancement and mitigating factors is not grounds for reversal under
the revised Sentencing Act. Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 345 (citing State v. Devin Banks, No.
W2005-02213-CCA-R3-DD, 2007 WL 1966039, at *48 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 6, 2007),
aff’d as corrected, 271 S.W.3d 90 (Tenn. 2008)).

       When an accused challenges the length and manner of service of a sentence, this court
reviews the trial court’s sentencing determination under an abuse of discretion standard
accompanied by a presumption of reasonableness. Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 707. If a trial court
misapplies an enhancing or mitigating factor in passing sentence, said error will not remove
the presumption of reasonableness from its sentencing determination. Id. at 707. This Court
will uphold the trial court’s sentencing decision “so long as it is within the appropriate range
and the record demonstrates that the sentence is otherwise in compliance with the purposes
and principles listed by statute.” Id. Moreover, under such circumstances, an appellate court
may not disturb the sentence even if it had preferred a different result. See Carter, 254
S.W.3d at 346. The party challenging the sentence imposed by the trial court has the burden
of establishing that the sentence is erroneous. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401 (2010),
Sentencing Comm’n Cmts.; State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991).

                                   1. Excessive Sentences

       Appellant first contends that the trial court erred in imposing the maximum sentence
for second degree murder and especially aggravated burglary. He claims that the trial court
erred in finding enhancement factor (1), that appellant had a previous history of criminal
convictions or criminal behavior, in addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate
range. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(1) (2010). The trial court sentenced appellant as
a Range I offender. It noted appellant’s three prior misdemeanor convictions, two of which
involved violence to the victim and one of which involved illegally carrying a weapon on


                                              -16-
school property. Thus, the trial court properly considered all of appellant’s prior convictions
in finding this enhancement factor because none of the convictions were used to establish the
applicable range of punishment.

        Although appellant does not challenge the trial court’s finding of enhancement factor
(9), we conclude that the court properly determined that appellant employed or possessed a
firearm, explosive device, or other deadly weapon in committing the offenses. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-114(9) (2012). We note that none of the convicted offenses require the use of
a firearm or deadly weapon, and accordingly, this enhancement factor is not precluded by any
of the convictions. See Tenn. Code Ann.§§ 39-13-210, -14-404 (2010).

        We have reviewed the record and conclude that with respect to the victim, the
evidence supports the trial court’s finding that appellant treated or allowed the victim to be
treated with exceptional cruelty during the commission of the offenses. Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 40-35-114(5) (2012). We do not glean support for application of this factor with regard
to the offense involving Mr. Bell.

        Application of enhancement factor (5) requires the trial court to make “a finding of
cruelty under the statute ‘over and above’ what is required to sustain a conviction for an
offense.” State v. Arnett, 49 S.W.3d 250, 258 (Tenn. 2001) (quoting State v. Embry, 915
S.W.2d 451, 456 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995)); State v. Poole, 945 S.W.2d 93, 98 (Tenn. 1997)
(To support a finding of exceptional cruelty, the facts must demonstrate “a culpability distinct
from and appreciably greater than that incident to” the crime.). “[S]uch evidence must
‘denote[ ] the infliction of pain or suffering inflicted for its own sake or from the gratification
derived therefrom, and not merely pain or suffering inflicted as the means of accomplishing
the crime charged.’” Id. (quoting State v. Kelly Haynes, No. W1999-01485-CCA-R3-CD,
2000 WL 298744, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 14, 2000)). Appellate courts have upheld
the application of this factor based on evidence of extensive physical or psychological abuse
or torture. Id.

       In applying this factor to the convictions involving the victim, the trial court relied
upon the recording of the victim’s 9-1-1 call:

       What is recorded on tape, one of the more chilling tapes that I’ve heard in
       thirty years of practicing law. [Appellant] shoots [the victim] and [the victim]
       is begging, pleading for her life on this tape. “Boochie, what are you doing?
       I can’t breathe. You hurt me. What are you doing? Please don’t kill me,
       Boochie. Please. Stop. Stop. Boochie. I can’t breathe. Stop.” And you hear
       this woman being tortured. Literally, her death is being recorded. Very
       seldom, very seldom, in thirty years of practicing law[,] there’s only two


                                               -17-
       incidences where I run [sic] into a situation where a person is killed and you
       hear the voice of this woman being recorded where she’s begging for her
       life[,] and this is exceptional cruelty.

The trial court also cited the medical examiner’s testimony regarding the multiple gunshot
wounds the victim would have endured prior to her death. The evidence supports the trial
court’s application of enhancement factor (5) to the offenses involving the victim.

        With regard to Mr. Bell, the trial court emphasized appellant’s pounding on the door
as torturing the victim and Mr. Bell. However, Mr. Bell offered no testimony that he was
frightened or terrified of the impending events. The court also noted Mr. Bell’s protracted
injuries and recovery time. We conclude that the severity of Mr. Bell’s injuries is “merely
pain or suffering inflicted as the means of accomplishing the crime charged.” Arnett, 49
S.W.3d at 258. The trial court erred in applying this enhancement factor with respect to Mr.
Bell.

        Appellant also asserts that the trial court failed to consider all of the sentencing
guidelines in imposing sentence. However, the record from the sentencing hearing reflects
that the trial court properly considered the principles of the Sentencing Act in pronouncing
appellant’s sentence and thus belies appellant’s argument. As appellant noted in his brief,
the trial court’s weighing of the various enhancement and mitigating factors is not grounds
for reversal under the revised Sentencing Act. Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 345 (citations omitted).

        Although the trial court misapplied enhancement factor (5) to the conviction for
attempted first degree murder of Mr. Bell, said error does not remove the presumption of
reasonableness from its sentencing determination. Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 709. Because the
sentence imposed by the trial court “is within the appropriate range and the record
demonstrates that the sentence is otherwise in compliance with the purposes and principles
listed by statute, ” we uphold appellant’s sentence. Id. at 709-10. Based on our review of
the record, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion sentencing appellant
to the maximum number of years for second degree murder and especially aggravated
burglary.

                                 2. Consecutive Sentences

        Appellant maintains that none of the legislatively-defined categories for which
consecutive sentencing is allowed applies to him and that the trial court erred in concluding
that he is a dangerous offender. He bases his position on the fact that appellant “committed
crimes only against [the victim].”



                                             -18-
       The determination of whether to order consecutive rather than concurrent sentences
is a matter primarily within the discretion of the trial court. See State v. Hastings, 25 S.W.3d
178, 181 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). The procedure is governed by Tennessee Code
Annotated section 40-35-115, which lists seven factors that are relevant to a trial court’s
sentencing decision. The court may order consecutive sentences if it finds by a
preponderance of the evidence that one or more of the seven statutory criteria exists. Tenn.
Code Ann.§ 40-35-115(b) (2010). Of the seven factors, the trial court found the following
applicable to appellant’s case:

       (4)    The defendant is a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little
              or no regard for human life and no hesitation about committing a crime
              in which the risk to human life is high.

The court, in addition to finding that a defendant is a “dangerous offender whose behavior
indicates little or no regard for human life and no hesitation about committing a crime in
which the risk to human life is high,” must also make a finding that consecutive sentencing
is “necessary to protect the public against further criminal conduct by the defendant and that
the consecutive sentences must reasonably relate to the severity of the offenses committed.”
See State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933, 939 (Tenn. 1995).

        We first note that appellant omitted the fact that he committed crimes against two
people, the victim and Mr. Bell. Furthermore, our review of the record also reveals that the
trial court clearly and thoroughly made the requisite findings under Wilkerson. The trial
court noted that appellant’s crimes had previously been directed toward the victim until this
incident in which he also almost killed Mr. Bell, thus supporting the finding that consecutive
sentencing is necessary to protect the public against further criminal activity. Id. The court
also relied upon the “extremely aggravating facts of this case” in finding that consecutive
sentences reasonably relate to the severity of the crimes appellant committed. Id. Following
our review of the record, we conclude that the record supports the trial court’s finding that
appellant is a dangerous offender, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in so
holding.

                                       CONCLUSION

      Following our thorough review of the record, the parties’ briefs, and applicable law,
we discern no reversible error and affirm the judgments of the trial court. However, we
remand the case to the trial court for correction of the judgment form for count four of the




                                              -19-
indictment, especially aggravated burglary, to reflect the trial court’s order that the sentence
should run consecutively to the other counts of the indictment.

                                                     _________________________________
                                                     ROGER A. PAGE, JUDGE




                                              -20-
