                                                                        FILED
                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                    Tenth Circuit

                                                                    June 7, 2012
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                    Clerk of Court
                                TENTH CIRCUIT


 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

              Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                         No. 11-3385
                                               (D.C. Nos. 5:11-CV-04057-SAC,
 v.
                                                   5:07-CR-40078-SAC-1)
                                                           (D. Kan.)
 ALONSO AYON CORRALES,

              Defendant-Appellant.


          ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY *


Before BRISCOE, Chief Judge, McKAY and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.


      Alonso Ayon Corrales, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, 1 seeks a

Certificate of Appealability (“COA”) to appeal from the district court’s denial of

his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion, which collaterally attacks his conviction and


      *
          This Order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law
of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and
Tenth Circuit Rule 32.1.

       After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge panel
has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this matter. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
      1
             Because Mr. Corrales is proceeding pro se, we construe his filings
liberally. See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (per curiam); Garza v.
Davis, 596 F.3d 1198, 1201 n.2 (10th Cir. 2010).
sentence. For the reasons below, we deny his request for a COA and dismiss this

matter.

                                  I. Background

      In May 2009, a jury convicted Mr. Corrales of two drug crimes: conspiracy

to possess with the intent to distribute cocaine, and possession with the intent to

distribute cocaine. The events that led to these convictions began in July 2005,

when an officer of the Russell County, Kansas Sheriff’s Department pulled over a

car for speeding. In the car, the officer found Mr. Corrales in the passenger seat

and a companion in the driver’s seat. After becoming suspicious of illegal

activity, the officer asked the companion for consent to search the car, which was

given. During that search, the officer discovered cocaine in a secret compartment

in the car’s dash.

      In a post-arrest interview, Mr. Corrales claimed that he did not know drugs

were stored in the car. He then proceeded to describe how he ended up in Kansas.

Mr. Corrales explained that he was from Modesto, California, and he planned on

vacationing in Durham, North Carolina, before continuing on to Atlanta, Georgia.

In order to take this vacation, he had borrowed a car from a friend named

Ricardo. Although he had known Ricardo for two years, Mr. Corrales could not

recall his last name until an officer suggested that it was “Padilla”—the name on

the vehicle’s registration. In addition, Mr. Corrales gave inconsistent statements

regarding exactly how he came into possession of the car.

                                         -2-
      Mr. Corrales further explained that once he and his companion arrived in

Durham, he was supposed to call one of two numbers that Mr. Padilla had written

on an atlas and tell whomever answered that he had Mr. Padilla’s car. Someone

he did not know would then pick up the car and later return it. Subsequently, Mr.

Corrales and his companion were to travel to Atlanta to stay with someone named

Arturo, whose address was also written on the atlas by Mr. Padilla.

      Despite Mr. Corrales’s insistence that he did not know that drugs were

located in the car, a federal grand jury in the District of Kansas indicted Mr.

Corrales, Mr. Padilla, and a man named Heriberto Rodriguez (a previous owner of

the vehicle) in July 2007 on drug charges related to Mr. Corrales’s arrest in

Kansas. During discovery, Mr. Corrales’s defense counsel received from the

government a National Crime Information Center criminal-history report on Mr.

Padilla that had been completed around the time of the Kansas indictment. 2 This

report listed Mr. Padilla’s 2007 arrest for a drug offense at the California-Mexico

border, but it did not provide any subsequent history—presumably, because the


      2
              Relevant to Mr. Corrales’s application for a COA is that three
months before the Kansas indictment, Mr. Padilla was involved in a drug offense
that did not involve Mr. Corrales or Mr. Rodriguez. See United States v. Ayon
Corrales, 608 F.3d 654, 656 (10th Cir. 2010). At that time, federal officers
arrested Mr. Padilla at the California-Mexico border when he tried to enter the
United States in a pickup truck containing methamphetamine and cocaine. A
federal grand jury in the Southern District of California indicted Mr. Padilla on
drug charges, and he subsequently pleaded guilty to a charge of importation of
cocaine on October 30, 2007—more than three months after the Kansas
indictment.

                                         -3-
report was generated before any conviction.

      Mr. Corrales’s trial began on April 29, 2009, and Mr. Padilla was scheduled

to testify on behalf of the government. On April 30, the government provided Mr.

Corrales’s counsel with Mr. Padilla’s judgment and conviction for the 2007

California drug offense. After receiving this information, Mr. Corrales’s counsel

moved to dismiss the indictment arguing that the government never disclosed Mr.

Padilla’s 2007 conviction, and Mr. Corrales was unfairly prejudiced as a result.

      Mr. Corrales’s counsel asserted that if he had known of this conviction, he

would have spent significant time investigating the similarity of Mr. Padilla’s

2007 drug offense to the 2005 Kansas case for impeachment purposes. Further,

Mr. Corrales argued that the delay in disclosure prevented him from obtaining

evidence under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) (“Other crimes, wrongs, or acts”)

to show that Mr. Padilla is a regular drug trafficker who would trick others—like

Mr. Corrales—into unknowingly transporting drugs across the country, once Mr.

Padilla first had transported the drugs over the border from Mexico. At a

conference, the district court denied Mr. Corrales’s motion. 3

      Mr. Padilla testified at trial. During his direct examination, he claimed that

he had no knowledge that he was carrying drugs when he was stopped at the


      3
             Also at the conference, Mr. Corrales’s counsel stated that the court’s
findings indicate that he may have been “professionally negligent in finding some
of that evidence.” R., Vol. I, at 261–62 (Dist. Ct. Mem. & Order, filed Dec. 7,
2011).

                                        -4-
border in the 2007 California drug offense, and that he had only pleaded guilty to

that drug offense in order to avoid trial. Mr. Padilla then testified about the 2005

Kansas drug offense involving Mr. Corrales. Mr. Padilla stated that, at the

request of Mr. Rodriguez, Mr. Padilla was to smuggle drugs from Mexico to

North Carolina in a car provided by Mr. Rodriguez. However, once the drugs

were in California, Mr. Padilla wanted to back out of the deal. Upon learning of

this, Mr. Rodriguez directed Mr. Padilla to deliver the car to another person.

      This led Mr. Padilla to a gas station in Modesto where he met, and

delivered the car to, Mr. Corrales. Mr. Padilla testified that he did not write

anything in the atlas in the car, nor did he know an “Arturo” in Atlanta. 4 This


      4
                Mr. Corrales’s counsel voiced various concerns to the district court
regarding the disclosure of Mr. Padilla’s 2007 California drug conviction. For
instance, the morning after the court denied Mr Corrales’s oral motion to dismiss,
defense counsel submitted a brief that again sought dismissal of the case. The
brief addressed Rule 404(b) but it did not request a ruling on any evidentiary
issue, such as the extent to which Mr. Corrales could cross-examine Mr. Padilla.
Then, during a break in Mr. Padilla’s direct testimony, Mr. Corrales’s attorney
again raised the Rule 404(b) issue. The court “suggested that it would limit the
cross-examination of [Mr.] Padilla, but it also indicated that it would await
completion of direct examination before finally deciding.” Ayon Corrales, 608
F.3d at 660. Upon a request for clarification following Mr. Padilla’s direct
examination, the district court ruled that Mr. Corrales could cross-examine Mr.
Padilla on areas that the government went into on direct—and the court did “no[t]
limit[] . . . the cross-examination of [Mr.] Padilla regarding his 2007 offense.”
Id. at 662.

       Mr. Corrales then renewed his motion to dismiss at the jury-instruction
conference, which was again denied by the district court. In a subsequent written
order, it held that there was “no colorable claim of unfair surprise as the
defendant had actual knowledge of the federally charged offense back in October

                                         -5-
evidence tended to support the government’s theory that Mr. Corrales had

knowledge of the drugs located in the car. Following direct, Mr. Corrales’s

counsel cross-examined Mr. Padilla regarding his 2007 California drug offense.

The jury convicted Mr. Corrales of both counts in the indictment. This court

affirmed both convictions on direct appeal.

      Mr. Corrales then filed the instant § 2255 motion, claiming that his trial

counsel was constitutionally deficient. Mr. Corrales made the following

arguments to the district court regarding his trial counsel’s alleged ineffective

assistance: (1) trial counsel failed to review discovery related to Mr. Padilla’s

2007 California drug arrest or investigate Mr. Padilla’s resulting drug conviction;

(2) trial counsel failed to seek clarification from the trial court as to the scope of

questioning on cross-examination that could be undertaken regarding Mr.

Padilla’s 2007 California arrest and conviction; and (3) trial counsel failed to

cross-examine Mr. Padilla regarding what additional vehicles Mr. Padilla had

available at the time Mr. Corrales borrowed a car from him—the purported



of 2007 and apparently did nothing to investigate it independently.” R., Vol. I, at
262 (quoting Dist. Ct. Doc. No. 108, at *4 (Dist. Ct. Mem. & Order, filed June
30, 2009) (5:07-cr-40078-SAC)) (internal quotation marks omitted). In addition,
the district court noted that defense counsel had been able to confront Mr. Padilla,
upon the government’s full disclosure of records and information on this
conviction. Finally, the district court stated, “What more the defendant could
have discovered in his own separate investigation remains a matter of sheer
speculation and does not support any substantial claim that material evidence
favorable to the defendant has been suppressed.” Id. (quoting Dist. Ct. Doc. No.
108, at *4) (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                          -6-
relevancy being that it would have established “a link” between the car that Mr.

Padilla used in committing the 2007 California drug offense (a Ford F-150) and

the car that he had available at the time of the 2005 Kansas drug offense.

      Mr. Corrales asserted that this conduct by trial counsel fell below an

objective standard of reasonableness and but for this deficient performance, a link

between the 2005 and 2007 offenses would have been established. Mr. Padilla

would have been thereby exposed as a drug trafficker who “tricks” unwitting

accomplices into transporting drugs once he first transports the drugs across the

border from Mexico. In other words, the government would never have been able

to prove that Mr. Corrales had knowledge of the existence of the cocaine that was

found in the car seized in Kansas.

      The district court denied the motion under the ineffective-assistance-of-

counsel standards set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).

Under these standards, Mr. Corrales “must show that (1) his counsel’s

performance was constitutionally deficient, and (2) counsel’s deficient

performance was prejudicial.” United States v. Cook, 45 F.3d 388, 392 (10th Cir.

1995) (emphasis added) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687), overruled on other

grounds by Neill v. Gibson, 278 F.3d 1044, 1057 n.5 (10th Cir. 2001). And, in

applying the two-part Strickland test to dispose of an ineffective-assistance claim,

it is well-settled that a court may “proceed directly to the prejudice prong of the

Strickland analysis.” United States v. Gonzalez, 596 F.3d 1228, 1233 (10th Cir.

                                         -7-
2010); see Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697 (“The object of an ineffectiveness claim is

not to grade counsel’s performance. If it is easier to dispose of an ineffectiveness

claim on the ground of lack of sufficient prejudice, which we expect will often be

so, that course should be followed.”).

      Regarding trial counsel’s alleged failure to review discovery regarding Mr.

Padilla’s 2007 drug arrest, and subsequent failure to independently investigate the

circumstances of that drug arrest and eventual conviction, the district court held

that there was no constitutional deficiency. The district court noted that although

counsel’s failure to follow up on Mr. Padilla’s California arrest was an

“oversight,” it was not so egregious as to be “contrary to prevailing professional

norms.” R., Vol. I, at 263–64. This, according to the district court, was for two

reasons. First, Mr. Padilla’s 2007 California drug arrest did not show up as a

conviction in the criminal history report at the time Mr. Corrales’s trial counsel

reviewed it, so he merely relied on the prospect of future government disclosures.

Id. at 264. Second, trial counsel actually got an opportunity to investigate Mr.

Padilla’s conviction prior to Mr. Padilla’s cross-examination: from April 30 to

May 4, 2009. This included an opportunity to review various documents the

government had on Mr. Padilla’s 2007 California drug offense—specifically, the

officer’s arrest report and interview, the officer’s 2008 closing report, the

officer’s 2009 proffer report, the plea agreement, the criminal judgment, and the

docket sheet.

                                         -8-
      On the prejudice prong, the district court first addressed Mr. Corrales’s

arguments related to the failure to investigate. It held that “there [is not] anything

in the record to suggest that an independent investigation would have uncovered

the intended recipient and location for [Mr.] Padilla’s 2007 delivery of drugs.

Even assuming these facts were discoverable, the[re] is also nothing to suggest

that they would have been relevant and admissible evidence in favor of [Mr.]

Corrales let alone that they would have caused a different result.” R., Vol. I, at

267. Further, the district court stated that “[m]issing from [Mr. Corrales’s]

argument is any logical connection between what is known about the 2007 offense

and what would tend to show that [Mr.] Corrales was [an] unwitting accomplice

in 2005. That [Mr.] Padilla regularly transported drugs from Mexico does not

make it any more likely that [Mr.] Padilla tricked or compelled [Mr.] Corrales to

transport drugs.” Id.

      Next, the district court examined Mr. Corrales’s arguments related to his

counsel’s alleged failure to seek clarification from the district court as to the

permissible scope of cross-examining Mr. Padilla. Trial counsel, who also

represented Mr. Corrales on direct appeal, stated on appeal that the district court

unduly restricted his ability to cross-examine Mr. Padilla in violation of the

Confrontation Clause. This court rejected that claim by noting that “[w]e

discern[ed] no limitations on the cross-examination of [Mr. Padilla] regarding his

2007 offense”; however, we also noted that “[Mr.] Corrales’s attorney did not

                                          -9-
request further clarification [of the scope of cross-examination].” R., Vol. I, at

268 (quoting Ayon Corrales, 608 F.3d at 660, 662) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

      The district court rejected Mr. Corrales’s § 2255 claim by holding that he

failed to show any prejudice. In doing so, the district court stated that “[t]he

record does not sustain any inferences that cross examination . . . would have

resulted in testimony favorable to [Mr.] Corrales or would have made it more

likely that the jury would have found [him] to be an unwitting accomplice to

[Mr.] Padilla.” Id. at 270. Moreover, the district court explained that “[d]efense

counsel elicited from [Mr.] Padilla his intentions to transport more drugs across

the border and effectively created for the jury the impression of [Mr.] Padilla as a

drug trafficker. [Mr.] Corrales fails to explain how answers to [any] additional

questions would have materially changed the jury’s impression of [Mr.] Padilla.”

Id.

      Finally, the district court examined trial counsel’s alleged failure to ask Mr.

Padilla about available vehicles he could have loaned Mr. Corrales in 2005. The

district court found that this claim failed on both the performance and prejudice

prong. The district court held that both prongs were not met because “[t]he

critical link between the offenses was made through [Mr.] Padilla, and the

possibility that [Mr.] Padilla owned a Ford F-150 truck in 2005 does not tend to

prove any fact material to [Mr.] Corrales’s innocence or guilt for that offense[;]

                                         -10-
[n]or as a matter of trial strategy would defense counsel reasonably expect such a

question to elicit any favorable testimony from [Mr.] Padilla in light of what he

said on direct examination about the 2005 offense. ” Id. at 271.

      Having disposed of all of Mr. Corrales’s claims, the district court also

denied him a COA. Mr. Corrales now seeks a COA from this court, reasserting

his ineffective-assistance claims.

                                     II. Discussion

      A COA is a jurisdictional prerequisite to our review of the merits of a §

2255 appeal. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B); Gonzalez v. Thaler, 132 S.Ct. 641,

649 (2012). We will issue a COA “only if the [movant] has made a substantial

showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). To

satisfy this standard, the movant must demonstrate that “reasonable jurists could

debate whether . . . the [§ 2255 motion] should have been resolved in a different

manner or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to

proceed further.” United States v. Tony, 637 F.3d 1153, 1157 (10th Cir. 2011)

(quoting Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000)) (internal quotation marks

omitted). When, as here, the district court denies a motion on the merits, the

movant carries his burden by showing that “reasonable jurists would find the

district court’s assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or wrong.”

United States v. Bedford, 628 F.3d 1232, 1234 (10th Cir. 2010) (quoting Slack,

529 U.S. at 484) (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                          -11-
      In his COA application before us, Mr. Corrales makes the same arguments

that he did before the district court. Namely, he contends that his counsel

rendered ineffective assistance for failure (1) to review and independently

investigate Mr. Padilla’s 2007 California drug offense that was disclosed by the

government in discovery material; (2) to seek clarification of district court’s order

limiting cross-examination of Mr. Padilla; and (3) to elicit testimony about the

type of car that Mr. Padilla had available at the time of the 2005 Kansas drug

offense. Mr. Corrales asserts that if Mr. Padilla had been discredited—which

supposedly would have occurred if his counsel had not been ineffective—the

remaining evidence would not have supported Mr. Corrales’s conviction. 5


      5
              In his COA application, Mr. Corrales also asserts a claim that the
district court abused its discretion in refusing to hold an evidentiary hearing on
his § 2255 motion. After a review of the record, it appears that Mr. Corrales did
not raise this claim before the district court until his reply to the government’s
response to his amended § 2255 motion—filed on November 4, 2011. The claim
was stated in cursory fashion; Mr. Corrales provided no argument to support his
view that “factual disputes and inconsistencies beyond the record exist.” R., Vol.
I, at 241 (Movant/Def.’s Reply Gov’t’s Response Movant/Def.’s § 2255 Mot.,
filed Nov. 4, 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). At that point, the district
court already had found an evidentiary hearing to be unnecessary, in the context
of denying Mr. Corrales’s request for appointment of counsel. See R., Vol. I, at
195–96 & n.1 (“In light of the exhaustive trial record and the nature of the
defendant’s arguments, an evidentiary hearing appears unnecessary at this stage.”)
Further, in its later order denying the entirety of Mr. Corrales’s § 2255 motion
(after Mr. Corrales had actually made his cursory request for a hearing), the
district court again decided that an evidentiary hearing was unnecessary. See R.,
Vol. I, at 258 (“A hearing is unnecessary here, for the record and the reasons
stated hereafter conclusively establish that the defendant is not entitled to relief
on his claims.”). Mr. Corrales’s evidentiary-hearing claim is presented in just as
                                                                         (continued...)

                                         -12-
However, having carefully considered the record and the controlling law, we

conclude—for substantially the reasons articulated by the district court—that

reasonable jurists could not debate the correctness of the district court’s

resolution of Mr. Corrales’s claims. Accordingly, we deny a COA.

                                  III. Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we DENY Mr. Corrales’s request for a COA and

DISMISS this matter.



                                               Entered for the Court


                                               JEROME A. HOLMES
                                               Circuit Judge




      5
        (...continued)
cursory and inscrutable fashion here as it was before the district court; he
provides no argument to support his contention that the district court erred in
failing to grant him an evidentiary hearing. We are hard-pressed to discern any
error in the district court’s ruling on this matter and conclude that reasonable
jurists would not disagree. See United States v. Gallegos, 459 F. App’x 714,
716–17 (10th Cir. 2012) (“[The habeas movant’s] conclusory assertion does not
suggest that there is a dispute of fact warranting an evidentiary hearing and does
not provide us with guidance as to what factual inquiry an evidentiary hearing
might address if granted.”). Accordingly, insofar as Mr. Corrales’s claim for an
evidentiary hearing is cognizable, we deny a COA regarding it.

                                        -13-
