                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                              AT KNOXVILLE
                              Assigned on Briefs February 4, 2013

                                     IN RE: KRISSA E. M. L.

                      Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Sevier County
                            No. 11001892     Jeff Rader, Judge


               No. E2012-01938-COA-R3-PT-FILED-FEBRUARY 28, 2013


The guardian ad litem for the minor child Krissa E. M. L. (“the Child”) filed a petition in the
Juvenile Court for Sevier County (“the Juvenile Court”) seeking to terminate the parental
rights of Lanesha L. (“Mother”) to the Child. The State of Tennessee Department of
Children’s Services (“DCS”), which already had been involved with the Child’s case through
dependency and neglect proceedings, was named in the petition and supported the
prosecution of the petition. After a trial, the Juvenile Court terminated Mother’s parental
rights to the Child after finding that grounds for termination pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. §§
36-1-113 (g)(1), (g)(2), and (g)(3), had been proven by clear and convincing evidence, and
that clear and convincing evidence had been shown that it was in the Child’s best interest for
Mother’s parental rights to be terminated.1 We affirm.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court Affirmed;
                                  Case Remanded

D. M ICHAEL S WINEY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which C HARLES D . S USANO,
J R., P.J., and J OHN W. M CC LARTY, J., joined.

Gregory E. Bennett, Seymour, Tennessee, for the appellant, Lanesha L.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; and, Jordan Scott, Assistant Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee Department of Children’s Services.

Guardian Ad Litem, Robert L. Huddleston.




        1
        The Juvenile Court also terminated the parental rights of David B., the Child’s father, to the Child.
David B. is not a party on appeal, and we do not address the termination of his parental rights.
                                         OPINION

                                        Background

              The Child was born in May 2008. In July 2010, the Child was placed in the
custody of DCS by order of the Juvenile Court. Mother and the Child had been living with
the Child’s great-grandmother, now deceased. In November 2010, the Juvenile Court
adjudicated the Child dependent and neglected, and specifically referenced Mother’s
addiction to oxycodone and opiates in its order as a basis for its determination. In March
2011, a permanency plan was ratified which required Mother to do the following: 1) maintain
stable housing; 2) complete parenting classes; 3) seek employment; 4) complete an alcohol
and drug assessment and follow all recommendations; 5) submit to random drug screens; 6)
complete a mental health assessment; and, 7) resolve pending legal issues.

               In November 2011, Robert L. Huddleston, guardian ad litem for the Child, filed
a petition seeking to terminate Mother’s parental rights to the Child. Mr. Huddleston alleged
four grounds for termination of parental rights against Mother: failure to support; failure to
provide a suitable home; substantial noncompliance with permanency plan; and, persistent
conditions. Mr. Huddleston also alleged that it was in the Child’s best interest that Mother’s
parental rights to the Child be terminated. Mother answered the petition in opposition. In
July 2012, this case was tried.

              Mother testified. Mother stated that she lived in Sevierville and that she was
the biological mother of the Child. Mother testified that the Child entered DCS custody
based upon phone calls to DCS stating that Mother was using drugs. When DCS personnel
arrived at Mother’s house, they asked Mother if she was using drugs and Mother admitted
that she was. Mother specified that the “drugs” in question were oxycodone.

                Mother testified extensively about her drug use and history. Mother, age 21
at trial, began using drugs at age 14. Mother stopped using drugs when she realized she was
pregnant. Upon giving birth, Mother was prescribed Percocet 10 and she fell back into drug
addiction. Oxycodone and marijuana were Mother’s drugs of choice. Mother asserted that
she had suffered setbacks since then, such as through using marijuana and by failing a drug
screen. Mother testified that she completed inpatient drug treatment at New Life Lodge with
aftercare for six months, four days a week. Mother further testified that, through New Life
Lodge, she had completed her alcohol and drug assessment. Mother stated that her
participation in her aftercare was one reason she could not get a job in order to pay child
support. Mother acknowledged that she failed two drug screens after having completed the
program. Mother, however, stated that two other ostensibly failed drug screens were
inaccurate because, according to her, they showed positive results for drugs she had never

                                             -2-
used, like methamphetamine. Mother testified regarding whether she persevered in her
sobriety:

       At this point, yes. I mean I have had some setbacks and I’ll admit to that, but
       I’m still going to NA classes, I work six days a week. I mean I don’t have time
       to do nothing else; come home, go to bed, and get back up at 4 o’clock in the
       morning and go back to work. Even my grandmother passing away - - and
       that’s one thing that throws me back into drugs, and I’m still doing fine.

Mother further testified that she completed a mental health assessment at Helen Ross
McNabb.

               Elaborating on her failed drug screens, Mother stated that she failed a drug
screen for marijuana and benzodiazepine after her stay at New Life Lodge. However,
Mother stated that she had a prescription for the benzodiazepine. Mother acknowledged that
she refused to take a drug screen within one week of trial. Mother attempted three different
drug treatment centers in 2010 but failed. Mother repeated that she suffered “some
setbacks.” Mother failed drug screens in January and April 2012, and October 2011, after
having completed New Life Lodge. Mother testified that she attended five rehabs before
successfully completing one, the sixth, at New Life Lodge. Continuing with her testimony,
Mother stated that her relapses were with marijuana, but that she would never take another
oxycodone. Mother was an IV user when the case began, and her arms looked like “a
railroad track had been driving up and down them . . . .” Mother attended NA meetings each
week. Mother disagreed with the April 2012 drug screen failure for marijuana and
oxycodone, testifying that “I haven’t touched oxycodone in over a year.” In January 2012,
Mother tested positive for oxycodone, opiates, and marijuana.

                Regarding child support, Mother acknowledged that she failed to pay support
for the Child in the four months leading up the filing of the petition to terminate parental
rights, but stated that it was because she was doing what DCS wanted her to do in securing
drug treatment. Mother briefly had a job at Loco Burro in Gatlinburg but ended up losing
it because she went to jail in November 2011 to finish her sentence from an earlier criminal
matter. Mother testified that she also worked for an “air brusher” at different times over the
years, but that DCS did not consider this a legal income. In sum, Mother acknowledged that
in the 24 months her case involving the Child had been ongoing, she was employed in a
“legal job” for five months. Mother stated that her child support obligation was $330 per
month. From March through November 2011, Mother made no child support payments.
Mother suffered from no disabilities that prevented her from working. Mother stated that she
earned about $900 per month at Hardee’s. While Mother admitted that she was aware of her
duty to provide child support, she explained that she did not pay child support as ordered

                                             -3-
because she was “trying to focus on completing my rehab.” Mother, however, stated that she
had given the Child a few gifts at times, such as a doll and some clothes.

               Regarding the permanency plan, Mother stated that she completed parenting
classes and now held a job at Hardee’s in Pigeon Forge, where she had worked for some
three months. Mother also stated that she had resolved all pending legal charges against her,
followed the rules of probation, and did not incur any more charges. Nevertheless, Mother
still owed fines totaling at least $3,000 from various criminal matters.

               With respect to residences, Mother lived in a number of places after the
removal of the Child. Mother stated that she lived in a trailer with a five-year lease that she
could have so long as she made the $300 per month rent payment. Mother had lived at her
current address since April 2012. Before that, Mother lived with a friend for six months.
Mother lived “here and there” for about six months prior to that. Before that, Mother lived
in a motel in Gatlinburg for five months. Mother stated that she did not know where she
lived before that. In all, Mother acknowledged living in three or four different places in the
24 months before trial.

              As to the future, Mother testified to her long-term plans:

              If my rights aren’t terminated, like I said I’m training now to be a crew
       trainer and then within three months, I’ll be a shift leader and then on up to
       management with Hardee’s. When they hired me on, that’s what I hired on for
       was to do that.

                I plan on to keep working, to keep my home, get my license back. I’ve
       done been working on that. I’m trying to make some payments. I’m just a
       little tight on money at the moment . . . So I’m just trying to provide her a
       normal life, you know. I’ve been going to church a little bit too, you know, on
       my days off and stuff.

                Lori Armstrong (“Armstrong”), a FSW for social services at DCS, testified.
Armstrong worked on the Child’s case since the Child entered custody in 2010. Armstrong
testified to an incident whereby she conducted a surprise visit to see the Child, who was then
staying at her great-grandmother’s house. By court order at the time, Mother was not to be
at the house when the great-grandmother was with the Child. In a bedroom, Armstrong saw
a male asleep in bed. Armstrong then saw Mother hiding under a towel in the bathroom with
her face covered. This incident occurred in October 2011. Armstrong stated that, broadly,
the major obstacles in this case were Mother’s instability and drug use. According to
Armstrong, Mother told her that she did not require any help finding housing.

                                              -4-
                Armstrong further testified to various efforts DCS had made to assist Mother.
DCS assisted Mother in finding proper parenting classes. DCS administered drug screens
for Mother, and discussed drug treatment facilities with her. Armstrong testified to her
efforts to visit and inspect Mother’s residences. Regarding Mother’s most recent residence,
Armstrong testified that she had not yet verified that the previous tenant had moved out, but
that the residence basically was appropriate.

                Bill H. (“Foster Father”) testified. Foster Father, a retired police officer,
worked for Kroger in its loss prevention division. The Child had lived in the home of the
Foster Father for about three months. Foster Father testified that he and his wife could
financially support the Child. Foster Father had two other foster children. Foster Father
testified that he was open to adoption of the Child should she be placed in full guardianship
of DCS.

              In August 2012, the Juvenile Court entered its Termination of Parental Rights
and Final Decree of Full Guardianship, terminating Mother’s parental rights and awarding
custody of the Child to DCS.2 In its decree, the Juvenile Court stated, in relevant part:

        By clear and convincing evidence the Court also finds that [Mother] provided
        no support during the relevant four (4) month time period. The petitioner
        entered into evidence proof that [Mother] had signed the criteria for
        termination of parental rights and also entered into evidence a copy of her
        payment history with the Department of Human Services. [Mother’s] counsel
        entered into evidence a recent payment history which shows a payment made
        in the past week – but that did not occur in the relevant four (4) month time
        period. There was testimony that [Mother] is able-bodied and capable of
        taking care of herself and providing support. There was no evidence that she
        is disabled. By clear and convincing evidence, the requirements of Tenn.
        Code Ann. § 36-1-113 (g)(1) and § 36-1-102 (1)(A)(i) have been met . . . .

                                                     ***

                By clear and convincing evidence the Court also finds that [Mother] has
        not substantially fulfilled the requirements of her permanency plan. The Court
        finds that [Mother] has completed a drug treatment and that she claims this met


        2
          The Juvenile Court identified the foster father as one David W. However, from the transcript, the
foster father’s name is Bill H. It appears from the record that David W. was involved in the case at one point.
We do not believe this discrepancy in names materially alters the judgment of the Trial Court, or is
dispositive to any issue on appeal.

                                                     -5-
the goal of the permanency plan. However, the Court notes that she has
continued to fail drug screens and that she should not be given credit for
completing that step because she has not maintained sobriety. The Court
further finds that [Mother] has continued to move around and has not found
stable housing as required by the permanency plan. The Court finds that the
permanency plan was reasonably related to the issues that brought the child
into the state’s custody. Finally, on the subject of reasonable efforts, the Court
finds that under these circumstances, the Department did all that it could have
done in this context. By clear and convincing evidence, the requirements
of Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113 (g)(2) and § 37-2-403 (a)(2) have been meet
....

                                       ***

By clear and convincing evidence the Court also finds that [Mother] has failed
to provide a suitable home. The Court finds that [Mother] has lived in several
residences throughout the time that the child has been in custody and that she
cannot provide a stable living environment. The Court also finds that her most
recent bout of stability before the date of trial was of no consequence because
the Court is bound to look at the time before the filing of the petition to
terminate parental rights. As previously stated regarding reasonable efforts,
the Court finds that the Department did all that it could have done in this
context. By clear and convincing evidence, the requirements of Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-113 (g)(1) and § 36-1-102 (1)(A)(ii) have been met . . . .

                                       ***

By clear and convincing evidence the Court also finds that [Mother] has not
remedied the conditions that led to the child’s removal. The Court finds that
the child entered the state’s custody because [Mother] admitted to using
Oxycodone by needle. The Court finds that, despite completing an alcohol and
drug assessment and treatment as ordered in the permanency plan, [Mother]
has continued to fail her drug screens at the Department of Children’s
Services; she disputes the results of these drug screens, but the Court finds that
there is no evidence in the record to suggest that these screens are inaccurate.
The Court finds to the contrary, because the drugs that [Mother] tested positive
for in January and April of 2012 are the very drugs she was using at the time
of the child’s removal. As previously stated regarding reasonable efforts, the
Court finds that the Department did all that it could have done in this context.



                                       -6-
      By clear and convincing evidence, the requirements of Tenn. Code Ann.
      § 36-1-113 (g)(3) have been met . . . .

                                             ***

             The Court took sworn testimony from DCS case manager, Lorrie
      Armstrong, who testified that [Mother] has continued to fail drug screens
      during the time that the state had custody of her child. She testified that she
      provided [Mother] with the criteria for termination of parental rights and that
      [Mother] knew of her obligation to support the child. She also testified that
      [Mother] has lived in multiple locations. Ms. Armstrong further testified about
      the drug screens and stated that she informed [Mother] about her right to get
      another drug screen and informed her of where she could do this . . . .

             The Court also heard testimony from [Mother]. In her testimony,
      [Mother] admits that she has setbacks and that she has had trouble with her
      drug problems. Although [Mother] disputed the results of the drug screens in
      January and April of 2012, she offered no rebuttal proof other than her word
      and the Court did not find her testimony convincing without further offers of
      proof. She also testified that she had not paid child support during the four
      months before the filing of the petition – although she had provided some
      support for the child in recent months and in February 2011. [Mother] also
      verified that she had been staying in several different places, testifying that she
      had lived in three or four different places in two years.

             The Court finally took testimony from David [W.], one of the child’s
      resource parents. Mr. [W.] testified that he and his wife wished to adopt the
      child and that they wanted to provide for her in their home.

             The Court finds, by clear and convincing evidence, that it is in [the
      Child’s] best interest for [Mother’s] . . . parental rights to be terminated. By
      clear and convincing evidence, and pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
      113 (i), the Court finds that it is in the best interest of the child to
      terminate [Mother’s] parental rights . . . .

Mother appeals to this Court.




                                              -7-
                                          Discussion

               Though not stated exactly as such, Mother raises five issues on appeal: 1)
whether the Juvenile Court erred in finding and holding that clear and convincing evidence
existed to terminate her parental rights to the Child pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(g)(1) for willful failure to provide support; 2) whether the Juvenile Court erred in
finding and holding that clear and convincing evidence existed to terminate her parental
rights to the Child pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1) for failure to provide a
suitable home; 3) whether the Juvenile Court erred in finding and holding that clear and
convincing evidence existed to terminate her parental rights to the Child pursuant to Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(2) for substantial noncompliance with permanency plan; 4)
whether the Juvenile Court erred in finding and holding that clear and convincing evidence
existed to terminate her parental rights to the Child pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(g)(3) for persistent conditions; and, 5) whether the Juvenile Court erred in finding by
clear and convincing evidence that it was in the Child’s best interest for Mother’s parental
rights to be terminated.

              Our Supreme Court reiterated the standard of review for cases involving
termination of parental rights stating:

              This Court must review findings of fact made by the trial court de novo
       upon the record “accompanied by a presumption of the correctness of the
       finding, unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise.” Tenn. R.
       App. P. 13(d). To terminate parental rights, a trial court must determine by
       clear and convincing evidence not only the existence of at least one of the
       statutory grounds for termination but also that termination is in the child’s best
       interest. In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002) (citing Tenn. Code
       Ann. § 36-1-113(c)). Upon reviewing a termination of parental rights, this
       Court’s duty, then, is to determine whether the trial court’s findings, made
       under a clear and convincing standard, are supported by a preponderance of the
       evidence.

In re F.R.R., III, 193 S.W.3d 528, 530 (Tenn. 2006).

              In Department of Children’s Services v. D.G.S.L., this Court discussed the
relevant burden of proof in cases involving termination of parental rights stating:

       It is well established that “parents have a fundamental right to the care,
       custody, and control of their children.” In re Drinnon, 776 S.W.2d 96, 97
       (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988) (citing Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 92 S. Ct. 1208,

                                              -8-
       31 L. Ed. 2d 551 (1972)). “However, this right is not absolute and parental
       rights may be terminated if there is clear and convincing evidence justifying
       such termination under the applicable statute.” Id. (citing Santosky v. Kramer,
       455 U.S. 745, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982)).

               Termination of parental or guardianship rights must be based upon a
       finding by the court that: (1) the grounds for termination of parental or
       guardianship rights have been established by clear and convincing evidence;
       and (2) termination of the parent’s or guardian’s rights is in the best interests
       of the child. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c). Before a parent’s rights can be
       terminated, it must be shown that the parent is unfit or substantial harm to the
       child will result if parental rights are not terminated. In re Swanson, 2 S.W.3d
       180, 188 (Tenn. 1999); In re M.W.A., Jr., 980 S.W.2d 620, 622 (Tenn. Ct.
       App. 1998). Similarly, before the court may inquire as to whether termination
       of parental rights is in the best interests of the child, the court must first
       determine that the grounds for termination have been established by clear and
       convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c).

Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. D.G.S.L., No. E2001-00742-COA-R3-JV, 2001 Tenn. App.
LEXIS 941, at **16-17 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 28, 2001), no appl. perm. appeal filed. Clear
and convincing evidence supporting any single ground will justify a termination order. E.g.,
In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002).

               We first address whether the Juvenile Court erred in finding and holding that
clear and convincing evidence existed to terminate Mother’s parental rights to the Child
pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1) for willful failure to provide support. In
pertinent part, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113 (g) provides:

       (g) Initiation of termination of parental or guardianship rights may be based
       upon any of the grounds listed in this subsection (g). The following grounds
       are cumulative and non-exclusive, so that listing conditions, acts or omissions
       in one ground does not prevent them from coming within another ground:

              (1) Abandonment by the parent or guardian, as defined in § 36-1-102,
       has occurred;

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113 (g)(1) (Supp. 2012). As pertinent to this appeal, Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-102 provides:




                                              -9-
      (1)(A) For purposes of terminating the parental or guardian rights of parent(s)
      or guardian(s) of a child to that child in order to make that child available for
      adoption, “abandonment” means that:

              (i) For a period of four (4) consecutive months immediately preceding
      the filing of a proceeding or pleading to terminate the parental rights of the
      parent(s) or guardian(s) of the child who is the subject of the petition for
      termination of parental rights or adoption, that the parent(s) or guardian(s)
      either have willfully failed to visit or have willfully failed to support or have
      willfully failed to make reasonable payments toward the support of the child;

                                           ***

      (D) For purposes of this subdivision (1), “willfully failed to support” or
      “willfully failed to make reasonable payments toward such child’s support”
      means the willful failure, for a period of four (4) consecutive months, to
      provide monetary support or the willful failure to provide more than token
      payments toward the support of the child;….

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102 (1) (2010).

             We have discussed the willful character of abandonment for failure to support:

              This court has consistently held that the term willfulness as it applies
      to a party's failure to support a child must contain the element of intent. In re
      Swanson, 2 S.W.3d 180, 188–89 (Tenn. 1999).                  Indeed, “defining
      abandonment as the mere non-payment of support [is] unconstitutional because
      this language creates an irrebuttable presumption of abandonment, irrespective
      of intent.” In re D.L.B., 118 S.W.3d 360, 367 (Tenn. 2003) (citing In re
      Swanson, 2 S.W.3d at 188). The element of intent utilized in termination
      proceedings “does not require the same standard of culpability as is required
      by the penal code.” In re Audry S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 863 (Tenn. Ct. App.
      2005). “Willful conduct consists of acts or failures to act that are intentional
      or voluntary rather than accidental or inadvertent.” Id. “[A] person acts
      ‘willfully’ if he or she is a free agent, knows what he or she is doing, and
      intends to do what he or she is doing.” Id. at 863–64. Additionally, “
      ‘[f]ailure to support a child is ‘willful’ when a person is aware of his or her
      duty to support, has the capacity to provide the support, makes no attempt to
      provide the support, and has no justifiable excuse for not providing the
      support.' ” In re M.L.D., 182 S.W.3d 890, 896 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (quoting

                                            -10-
        In re Adoption of T.A.M., No. M2003–02247–COA–R3–PT, 2004 WL
        1085228, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 12, 2004)).

In re Dylan H., E2010-01953-COA-R3-PT, 2011 WL 6310465, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec.
16, 2011), no appl. perm. appeal filed.

               The evidence in the record on appeal is clear that Mother did not pay child
support as ordered in the relevant four month time frame as required under the statute.3 On
appeal, Mother argues that she was occupied with an aftercare program so as to comply with
the terms of her permanency plan and therefore she did not willfully fail to pay child support.
We do not agree with this argument. First, we note Mother’s testimony that she was aware
of her duty to support the Child, and that she had no disability to prevent her from working.
Second, Mother’s drug treatment, while laudable, presents no valid justification for failing
to provide any child support in the relevant period. Finally, Mother actually did hold
legitimate employment at a restaurant for about two months before the petition to terminate
parental rights was filed, and yet Mother still failed to provide any child support in the
relevant period.

               Mother’s contention that she was focused on her rehab, which was indeed a
necessary and important endeavor, nevertheless fails to absolve her of her duty to pay child
support. From our review of the record before us, we find that the Juvenile Court’s findings
made under the clear and convincing standard as relevant to the issue of willful failure to
support are supported by a preponderance of the evidence. The Juvenile Court did not err
in finding and holding that clear and convincing evidence existed that grounds were proven
to terminate Mother’s parental rights to the Child pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113
(g)(1) for willful failure to support.

               We next address whether the Juvenile Court erred in finding and holding that
clear and convincing evidence existed to terminate Mother’s parental rights to the Child
pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1) for failure to provide a suitable home. As
pertinent to this issue, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102 provides:

               (ii) The child has been removed from the home of the parent(s) or
        guardian(s) as the result of a petition filed in the juvenile court in which the
        child was found to be a dependent and neglected child, as defined in § 37-1-


        3
           From the record, it appears that Mother was incarcerated as of November 15, 2011 and remained
in jail for a short period thereafter. The petition seeking to terminate parental rights was filed on November
18, 2011. We accordingly adjust the relevant four month frame of time relative to this issue. However, given
the facts of this case, the adjustment does not yield any dispositive result.

                                                    -11-
       102, and the child was placed in the custody of the department or a licensed
       child-placing agency, that the juvenile court found, or the court where the
       termination of parental rights petition is filed finds, that the department or a
       licensed child-placing agency made reasonable efforts to prevent removal of
       the child or that the circumstances of the child’s situation prevented reasonable
       efforts from being made prior to the child’s removal; and for a period of four
       (4) months following the removal, the department or agency has made
       reasonable efforts to assist the parents(s) or guardian(s) to establish a suitable
       home for the child, but that the parent(s) or guardian(s) have made no
       reasonable efforts to provide a suitable home and have demonstrated a lack of
       concern for the child to such a degree that it appears unlikely that they will be
       able to provide a suitable home for the child at an early date. The efforts of the
       department or agency to assist a parent or guardian in establishing a suitable
       home for the child may be found to be reasonable if such efforts exceed the
       efforts of the parent or guardian toward the same goal, when the parent or
       guardian is aware that the child is in the custody of the department;

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(ii) (2010).

               From the record before us, it is apparent that Mother lived in at least three to
four different locations after the removal of the Child. Mother’s residential history is a rocky
one. From the time of the Child’s removal, Mother has moved relatively frequently,
including spending months in a motel and also simply living “here and there.” Mother
obtained her own housing some three months before trial, but this late effort will not suffice
under the relevant statutory ground. Mother did not cooperate with DCS as she could and
should have in securing stable housing after the removal of the Child.

              From our review of the record before us, we find that the Juvenile Court’s
findings made under the clear and convincing standard as relevant to the issue of failure to
provide a suitable home are supported by a preponderance of the evidence. The Juvenile
Court did not err in finding and holding that clear and convincing evidence existed that
grounds were proven to terminate Mother’s parental rights to the Child pursuant to Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-113 (g)(1) for failure to provide a suitable home.

              We next address whether the Juvenile Court erred in finding and holding that
clear and convincing evidence existed to terminate Mother’s parental rights to the Child
pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113 (g)(2) for substantial noncompliance with
permanency plan. In pertinent part, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113 (g)(2) provides that
termination of parental rights may be based upon the grounds that: “There has been
substantial noncompliance by the parent or guardian with the statement of responsibilities

                                              -12-
in a permanency plan pursuant to the provisions of title 37, chapter 2, part 4 . . . .” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-113 (g)(2) (Supp. 2012). See Tenn. Code Ann § 37-2-403 (a)(2). Our
Supreme Court has stated with respect to this ground for termination of parental rights:

              Substantial noncompliance is a question of law which we review de
       novo with no presumption of correctness. Substantial noncompliance is not
       defined in the termination statute. The statute is clear, however, that
       noncompliance is not enough to justify termination of parental rights; the
       noncompliance must be substantial. Black's Law Dictionary defines
       “substantial” as “[o]f real worth and importance.” Black's Law Dictionary
       1428 (6th ed.1990). In the context of the requirements of a permanency plan,
       the real worth and importance of noncompliance should be measured by both
       the degree of noncompliance and the weight assigned to that requirement.
       Terms which are not reasonable and related are irrelevant, and substantial
       noncompliance with such terms is irrelevant.

In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 548-49.

               From the record, it appears that Mother did comply with certain portions of her
permanency plan, such as securing an alcohol and drug assessment. The major deficiencies
in Mother’s adherence to her parenting plan are in the areas of housing and drug abuse.
While Mother apparently undertook several steps to address her drug problem, she
nevertheless continued to fail drug screens. Mother challenges the accuracy of some, but not
all, of these drug screens. Nevertheless, we observe, as did the Trial Court, that there is
nothing to undermine the validity of these tests in the record save for Mother’s word.
Therefore, the clear evidence is that Mother has persisted in abusing drugs, which, despite
her stints in rehab, goes against the fundamental spirit and goal of the permanency plan.
Regarding housing, we already have discussed Mother’s unstable residential background.

               From our review of the record before us, we find that the Juvenile Court’s
findings made under the clear and convincing standard as relevant to the issue of substantial
noncompliance with permanency plan are supported by a preponderance of the evidence.
The Juvenile Court did not err in finding and holding that clear and convincing evidence
existed that grounds were proven to terminate Mother’s parental rights to the Child pursuant
to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113 (g)(2).

             We next address whether the Juvenile Court erred in finding and holding that
clear and convincing evidence existed to terminate Mother’s parental rights to the Child
pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3) for persistent conditions. In pertinent part,



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Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3) provides that termination of parental rights may be based
upon the grounds that:

       (3) The child has been removed from the home of the parent or guardian by
       order of a court for a period of six (6) months and:
              (A) The conditions that led to the child’s removal or other conditions
       that in all reasonable probability would cause the child to be subjected to
       further abuse or neglect and that, therefore, prevent the child’s safe return to
       the care of the parent(s) or guardian(s), still persist;
              (B) There is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at
       an early date so that the child can be safely returned to the parent(s) or
       guardian(s) in the near future; and
              (C) The continuation of the parent or guardian and child relationship
       greatly diminishes the child’s chances of early integration into a safe, stable
       and permanent home;

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3) (Supp. 2012).

              As this Court has held:

              “[A] parent’s continued inability to provide fundamental care,
              even though not willful, whether caused by mental illness,
              mental impairment, or some other cause, constitutes a condition
              which prevents the safe return of the child to the parent’s care.
              Where, as here, efforts to provide help to improve the parenting
              abilities, offered over a long period of time, have proved
              ineffective, the conclusion that there is little likelihood of such
              improvement as would allow the safe return of the child to the
              parent in the near future is justified.”

In re T.S. and M.S., M1999-01286-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 964775, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App.
July 13, 2000), Rule 11 appl. perm. appeal denied December 11, 2000.

               Mother’s continued use of drugs, the original problem necessitating the
removal in the first place, is the primary issue related to this ground. On appeal, Mother’s
main argument appears to be that the drug screens are an inadequate basis from which to
draw conclusions, and actually are “mere speculation.” As already discussed, we see nothing
in the record to undermine the accuracy or validity of these drug screens, despite Mother’s
protestations. Without more on which to rely, it would be much more speculative for us to
ignore the drug screens evidenced in the record without some substantive basis.

                                             -14-
              From our review of the record before us, we find that the Juvenile Court’s
findings made under the clear and convincing standard as relevant to the issue of persistent
conditions are supported by a preponderance of the evidence. The Juvenile Court did not err
in finding and holding that clear and convincing evidence existed that grounds were proven
to terminate Mother’s parental rights to the Child pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113
(g)(3).

             Finally, we address whether the Juvenile Court erred in finding by clear and
convincing evidence that it was in the Child’s best interest for Mother’s parental rights to be
terminated. As pertinent to this issue, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113 (i) provides:

       (i) In determining whether termination of parental or guardianship rights is in
       the best interest of the child pursuant to this part, the court shall consider, but
       is not limited to, the following:

       (1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an adjustment of
       circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the child's best
       interest to be in the home of the parent or guardian;
       (2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a lasting adjustment
       after reasonable efforts by available social services agencies for such duration
       of time that lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear possible;
       (3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular visitation or other
       contact with the child;
       (4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been established between
       the parent or guardian and the child;
       (5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical environment is likely to
       have on the child's emotional, psychological and medical condition;
       (6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing with the parent or
       guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional or psychological
       abuse, or neglect toward the child, or another child or adult in the family or
       household;
       (7) Whether the physical environment of the parent's or guardian's home is
       healthy and safe, whether there is criminal activity in the home, or whether
       there is such use of alcohol, controlled substances or controlled substance
       analogues as may render the parent or guardian consistently unable to care for
       the child in a safe and stable manner;
       (8) Whether the parent's or guardian's mental and/or emotional status would
       be detrimental to the child or prevent the parent or guardian from effectively
       providing safe and stable care and supervision for the child; or



                                              -15-
       (9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support consistent with the
       child support guidelines promulgated by the department pursuant to §
       36-5-101.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113 (i) (Supp. 2012).

               The Child’s life with Mother sadly has not involved much stability. Mother’s
drug abuse problems have proven a persistent obstacle to her exercising the role of a mother.
While we acknowledge certain late efforts by Mother to improve her situation such that she
could be a fit parent to the Child, these efforts are insufficient and far past due. The Child,
now in a suitable pre-adoptive home, deserves stability and predictability in her life. The
evidence in the record on appeal does not preponderate against the Juvenile Court’s findings
made by clear and convincing evidence that it is in the Child's best interest for Mother's
parental rights to be terminated. We affirm the Juvenile Court’s finding that it is in the best
interest of the Child for Mother’s parental rights to be terminated.

               We find and hold that the Juvenile Court did not err in terminating Mother's
parental rights to the Child. We, therefore, affirm the Juvenile Court's judgment terminating
Mother's parental rights to the Child.

                                         Conclusion

               The judgment of the Juvenile Court is affirmed, and this cause is remanded to
the Juvenile Court for collection of the costs below. The costs on appeal are assessed against
the appellant, Lanesha L., and her surety, if any.


                                                    _________________________________
                                                    D. MICHAEL SWINEY, JUDGE




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