                               RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                      File Name: 20a0123p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT



 JEFFREY QUEEN,                                             ┐
                                   Plaintiff-Appellee,      │
                                                            │
                                                            │
        v.                                                   >        No. 18-5840
                                                            │
                                                            │
 CITY OF BOWLING GREEN, KENTUCKY; DUSTIN                    │
 ROCKROHR,                                                  │
                       Defendants-Appellants.               │
                                                            ┘

                          Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Western District of Kentucky at Bowling Green.
                  No. 1:16-cv-00131—Joseph H. McKinley, Jr., District Judge.

                                   Argued: March 21, 2019

                              Decided and Filed: April 22, 2020

                    Before: BOGGS, GIBBONS, and BUSH, Circuit Judges.
                                   _________________

                                           COUNSEL

ARGUED: Jason Bell, BELL, HESS & VANZANT, PLC, Elizabethtown, Kentucky, for
Appellants. Michele Henry, CRAIG HENRY, PLC, Louisville, Kentucky, for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: Jason Bell, BELL, HESS & VANZANT, PLC, Elizabethtown, Kentucky, H.
Eugene Harmon, CITY OF BOWLING GREEN, Bowling Green, Kentucky, for Appellants.
Michele Henry, CRAIG HENRY, PLC, Louisville, Kentucky, for Appellee.
                                     _________________

                                            OPINION
                                     _________________

       JOHN K. BUSH, Circuit Judge. Jeffrey Queen sued his former employer, the City of
Bowling Green (“the City”), and a former supervisor, Dustin Rockrohr, asserting violations of
 No. 18-5840                       Queen v. City of Bowling Green, et al.                              Page 2


the Kentucky Civil Rights Act (“KCRA”) and the Family and Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”).
This appeal concerns whether the district court correctly denied summary judgment to the City
and Rockrohr on certain KCRA claims, holding that they were not entitled to qualified
immunity. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of qualified
immunity to the City as to the claims for hostile work environment based on religion and for
retaliation and AFFIRM the district court’s denial of qualified immunity to Rockrohr for the
retaliation claim.

                                           I. BACKGROUND

        Queen worked as a firefighter for the City from September 2011 to February 2016.1
From the start, he was subject to harassment by his co-workers and supervisors because he is an
atheist. His co-workers referred to him and other persons who did not espouse Christian beliefs
as “pagans,” a supervisor once stated that atheists “deserve[d] to burn,” a second supervisor
stated that he’d “be damned if I work with [atheists],” and that same individual also stated that he
was “sure as hell glad none of those f[***]ers work here.” Queen’s co-workers and supervisors
also asked Queen what church he attended, and told him to join a church and get “saved.”
Furthermore, according to Queen, he was forced to participate in Bible studies with his co-
workers, during which he was instructed to read specific Bible verses. Also, according to Queen,
his co-workers and supervisors badgered him regarding his sexuality and regularly disparaged
members of minority communities.

        The complained-of conduct continued throughout the five years that Queen worked at the
fire department, notwithstanding that he first brought it to the attention of a supervisor,
Rockrohr, in 2012, approximately one year into the job. According to Queen, he “complained to
[Rockrohr] about some of those remarks that had been said.” R. 41-1, PageID 295. Rockrohr
“responded in hostility and didn’t take it well and kind of shut the conversation down and told
[Queen] that [he] needed to remember [his] place.” Id.




        1
         For purposes of this appeal, we consider the evidence in the light most favorable to Queen, who opposed
the motion for summary judgment. Rafferty v. Trumbull County, 915 F.3d 1087, 1093 (6th Cir. 2019).
 No. 18-5840                           Queen v. City of Bowling Green, et al.                                 Page 3


       About a day or two later, Rockrohr told Queen that he had discussed the matter with the
fire chief and they both believed that Queen “needed to get employment somewhere else.” Id. at
295–96. When Queen asked why, Rockrohr answered that it was because Queen’s “EMT had
expired.” Id. at 296.2 Rockrohr also advised Queen that “things aren’t working out for you, you
need to look—be looking for something else,” and that they should both have a meeting with the
fire chief. Id. Just before that planned meeting, however, Queen told Rockrohr that he “was
sorry” and “would try to do better, try to fit in better.” Id. Rockrohr accepted Queen’s apology
and stated, “if you can promise not to make any more problems . . . I’ll forego the meeting with
the chief . . . but you need to watch yourself, you’re going to be on the radar for a while.” Id.

       Queen’s employment conditions did not improve after that conversation. In fact, shortly
after he complained to Rockrohr, Queen was physically assaulted while retrieving his gear from
his fire-station locker. According to Queen, someone “stuck their foot out and tripped [him]”
and his co-workers “all laughed afterwards and called [him] a f[****]t and a p[***]y.” R. 41-1,
PageID 287. Queen was not sure who actually tripped him, but he knew that it was one of three
people—Rockrohr, Caleb Hulsey, or Billy Daniels—because, according to Queen, “they were
the only three close enough to have done it.” Id. Also, Queen was regularly subject to the same
kinds of disparaging remarks described above throughout the rest of his time at the fire
department.

       In February 2016, stress and anxiety from his colleagues’ remarks caused Queen to take a
leave of absence. While on leave, Queen received many phone calls from his supervisors asking
why he was absent from work. Queen resigned in May 2016, and this lawsuit soon followed.

       Specifically, in August 2016, Queen filed his complaint in Kentucky state court, asserting
claims under the Kentucky Civil Rights Act (“KCRA”) of hostile work environment based on
religion and gender, and of constructive discharge and retaliation, as well as violations of the
FMLA.3 Appellants removed the lawsuit to federal court, invoking both federal question and
diversity jurisdiction.        After discovery concluded two years later, the City and Rockrohr

       2
           EMT certification is not a requirement for Queen’s position, but it is necessary to be eligible for increased
pay.
       3
           Queen did not file any claims for relief under Title VII.
 No. 18-5840                         Queen v. City of Bowling Green, et al.                                Page 4


(collectively, “Appellants”) moved for summary judgment on all of Queen’s claims, asserting
qualified immunity under Kentucky law. Appellants also contended that they were entitled to an
Ellerth/Faragher defense under the KCRA as a matter of law and as a result, the City could not
be vicariously liable for its employees’ actions.4

         The district court granted summary judgment to Appellants on the claims for hostile work
environment based on gender under the KCRA and the FMLA claims, and to Rockrohr on the
claim for hostile work environment based on religion under the KCRA. The district court denied
summary judgment to Appellants on Queen’s claim that he was constructively discharged and
his retaliation claims, and also denied summary judgment to the City on Queen’s claim for
hostile work environment based on religion under the KCRA, and on the City’s entitlement to an
Ellerth/Faragher defense. Lastly, the district court also held that Appellants were not entitled to
qualified immunity for any of Queen’s claims that were not otherwise dismissed at summary
judgment.

         This timely interlocutory appeal followed.

                                               II. DISCUSSION

         We review the district court’s summary judgment decision de novo. Simpson v. Ernst
& Young, 100 F.3d 436, 440 (6th Cir. 1996). A party is entitled to summary judgment when
“there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A dispute is “genuine” if “the evidence is such that a
reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby,
Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). “The moving party bears the initial burden of demonstrating the
absence of any genuine issue of material fact.” Mosholder v. Barnhardt, 679 F.3d 443, 448 (6th
Cir. 2012) (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986)). “Once the moving party
satisfies its burden, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to set forth specific facts showing a

         4
           The Ellerth/Faragher doctrine provides the employer with an affirmative defense to vicarious liability and
damages under Title VII if the employer can prove two elements: (1) that the employer exercised reasonable care to
prevent and correct promptly any sexually harassing behavior, and (2) that the plaintiff employee unreasonably
failed to take advantage of any preventative or corrective opportunities provided by the employer to avoid harm
otherwise. Burlington Indus. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 765 (1998); Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775,
806–07 (1998).
 No. 18-5840                   Queen v. City of Bowling Green, et al.                       Page 5


triable issue of material fact.” Id. at 448–49 (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio
Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1985); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)).

A.     Interlocutory-Appeal Jurisdiction

       This is an interlocutory appeal from the denial of a motion for summary judgment based
on a claim of qualified official immunity available to public officials or employees under
Kentucky law. “As the denial of summary judgment is ordinarily not a final decision within the
meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291, it is generally not immediately appealable. But the ‘denial of a
claim of qualified immunity, to the extent that it turns on an issue of law, is an appealable “final
decision” within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291 notwithstanding the absence of a final
judgment.’” DiLuzio v. Village of Yorkville, 796 F.3d 604, 609 (6th Cir. 2015) (quoting Mitchell
v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 530 (1985)). This includes appeals from the denial of qualified
immunity under state law. T.S. v. Doe, 742 F.3d 632, 641 (6th Cir. 2014); accord Livermore ex
rel. Rohm v. Lubelan, 476 F.3d 397, 407–08 (6th Cir. 2007).

       Therefore, we may decide an appeal “challenging the district court’s legal determination”
that the defendant is not entitled to qualified immunity. DiLuzio, 796 F.3d at 609. Further, this
court may “decide an appeal challenging a legal aspect of the district court’s factual
determinations, such as whether the district court properly assessed the incontrovertible record
evidence.”   Id. (citations omitted).   We also “may decide, as a legal question, an appeal
challenging the district court’s factual determination insofar as the challenge contests that
determination as ‘blatantly contradicted by the record, so that no reasonable jury could believe
it.’” Id. (quoting Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007)).

       To the extent that an appeal from the denial of qualified immunity turns on a factual
issue, there are “two narrow exceptions to the rule prohibiting fact-based interlocutory appeals.”
Barry v. O’Grady, 895 F.3d 440, 443 (6th Cir. 2018). The first is that “[i]n exceptional
circumstances, an appellate court may overrule a district court’s determination that a factual
dispute exists where evidence in the record establishes that the determination is ‘blatantly and
demonstrably false.’” Id. (quoting Austin v. Redford Twp. Police Dep’t, 690 F.3d 490, 496 (6th
Cir. 2012)). The second exception, relevant here, is that this court “may overlook a factual
 No. 18-5840                    Queen v. City of Bowling Green, et al.                      Page 6


disagreement if the defendant, despite disputing the plaintiff’s version of the story, is ‘willing to
concede the most favorable view of the facts to the plaintiff for purposes of the appeal.’” Id.
(quoting Phelps v. Coy, 286 F.3d 295, 298 (6th Cir. 2002)).

       Queen asserts that we lack jurisdiction to decide this appeal because Appellants failed to
concede the most favorable view of the facts to him and instead “rely exclusively on their
version of the facts.” Appellee Br. at 27. Queen is only partially correct. To be sure, Appellants
have relied on their disputed version of the facts to support certain arguments that the district
court erred in denying qualified immunity.        For example, Appellants challenge the district
court’s conclusion that “Queen publicly acknowledged that he was an atheist,” R. 50, PageID
1065, by asserting that “[i]t is undisputed,” when it is in fact disputed, “that Queen never
disclosed his atheism to anyone at the” fire station. Appellants Br. at 41. Similarly, with respect
to Queen’s retaliation claim, Appellants factually dispute whether Queen actually made a
complaint about his work conditions that was sufficient to constitute a statutorily protected
activity. See Appellants Br. at 51. We will not address Appellants’ arguments for qualified
immunity that are based on disputed facts.

       However, Appellants present two purely legal questions that we may review. First, in
response to Queen’s claims of a hostile work environment based on his religion and employment
retaliation, the City argues that it is entitled to immunity under Kentucky’s Claims Against Local
Governments Act (“CALGA”). Second, in response to Queen’s retaliation claim, Rockrohr
argues that under Morris v. Oldham County Fiscal Court, 201 F.3d 784 (6th Cir. 2000), he is
entitled to qualified immunity, as recognized by Kentucky common law.

       Under our controlling precedent, these challenges present “neat abstract issues of law”
that we have jurisdiction to review. See Barry, 895 F.3d at 445 (citation omitted). We therefore
address the merits of these two challenges.
 No. 18-5840                          Queen v. City of Bowling Green, et al.                               Page 7


B.      The City’s Qualified-Immunity Defense

        We turn first to whether the City has qualified immunity under CALGA.5 The district
court denied such immunity because “none of the alleged misdeeds in this case were in any way
related to any judicial or legislative exercise of authority.” R. 50, PageID 1072. We agree with
the district court’s ultimate conclusion but for a different reason: CALGA only covers actions in
tort.

        CALGA applies to “[e]very action in tort against any local government in this
Commonwealth.” KRS § 65.2001 (emphasis added). The statute defines “action in tort” as “any
claim for money damages based upon negligence, medical malpractice, intentional tort, nuisance,
products liability and strict liability, and also includes any wrongful death or survival-type
action.”      KRS § 65.200(a).6        The scope of immunity afforded to local governments under
CALGA is set forth in KRS § 65.2003, which states in relevant part:

        Notwithstanding KRS 65.2001, a local government shall not be liable for injuries
        or losses resulting from:
               ....

               (3) Any claim arising from the exercise of judicial, quasi-judicial, legislative
               or quasi-legislative authority or others, exercise of judgment or discretion
               vested in the local government, which shall include by example, but not be
               limited to:
                    (a) The adoption or failure to adopt any ordinance, resolution, order,
                       regulation, or rule;
                    ....
                    (d) The exercise of discretion when in the face of competing demands, the
                       local government determines whether and how to utilize or apply
                       existing resources[.]

KRS § 65.2003.

        5
          Appellants expressly abandoned their argument that the City is entitled to qualified immunity under the
common law of Kentucky by stating in their reply brief that “Appellants are not arguing that the City of Bowling
Green is entitled to garden variety qualified immunity that is only available to individuals. Rather, the immunity
protections available to the City are specifically provided for by Kentucky statute.” Reply Br. at 20; see
Cosmichrome, Inc. v. Spectra Chrome, LLC, 504 F. App’x 468, 471 (6th Cir. 2012).
        6
            The statute states that this definition applies to KRS §§ 65.2001 and 65.2003. See KRS § 65.200.
 No. 18-5840                        Queen v. City of Bowling Green, et al.                              Page 8


        The Kentucky Supreme Court has explained that CALGA provides immunity to
municipalities only for torts and not other forms of legal liability. See Schwindel v. Meade
County, 113 S.W.3d 159, 163–66 (Ky. 2003) (explaining that KRS § 65.2001 “simply provides
that all subsequent sections of [CALGA] apply . . . to ‘actions in tort’”). Indeed, the Kentucky
Supreme Court observed that under the statute, “a municipality [i.e., local government] is
immune only for torts committed in the performance of legislative or judicial or quasi-legislative
or quasi-judicial functions, and can be held vicariously liable for the torts of its employees.” Id.
at 164 (emphasis added) (citations omitted).

        Following Kentucky Supreme Court precedent, the Kentucky Court of Appeals reversed
a trial court’s conclusion that a city was entitled to immunity under CALGA for a breach-of-
contract claim. Madden v. City of Louisville, No. 2003-CA-001162-MR, 2004 WL 1588279, at
*5 (Ky. Ct. App. July 16, 2004). The Madden court reasoned that “the breach of contract claim
is not a tort. As such, it is not within the scope of CALGA, and the local governmental
immunity provisions under the act are inapplicable.” Id.7

        Madden and Schwindel convince us that Kentucky courts would not apply CALGA to a
KCRA claim because such a claim does not amount to an action in tort.

        We also find persuasive the reasoning of Ackermann Enterprises, Inc. v. City of Bellevue,
No. 14-207-ART, 2016 WL 5171864, at *5 (E.D. Ky. Sept. 19, 2016), in which Judge Thapar (as
District Judge) addressed an argument similar to that asserted by Appellants here based on the
“notwithstanding” language in KRS § 65.2003.                   According to Appellants, the immunity
provisions of CALGA are limited to actions in tort for purposes of § 65.2001, but for purposes of
§ 65.2003, CALGA applies to all claims because of the phrase “[n]otwithstanding § 65.2001,
a local government shall not be liable for injuries or losses resulting from . . . [a]ny claim arising
from the exercise of . . . discretion vested in the local government” that appears in § 65.2003.
Ackerman Enterprises rejected a similar argument:




        7
         The Madden court also held that it was proper to conclude that the plaintiff’s negligent-trespass actions
were within the scope of CALGA because “negligent trespass is an action in tort.” 2004 WL 1588279, at *5.
 No. 18-5840                         Queen v. City of Bowling Green, et al.                                Page 9


               [T]he “notwithstanding” language does not unmoor Section 65.2003 from
       the rest of the statute. Other sections of the statute expressly cabin Section
       65.2003’s application and construction. For example, Section 65.200 defines
       terms for the entire statute—which, of course, includes Section 65.2003. And
       Section 65.2001 provides that the sections that follow it . . . both apply to actions
       in tort and displace the common law of municipal tort liability only to the extent
       “specifically provided.” See also KRS § 65.2006. Given that Section 65.2003’s
       sister provisions each discuss “actions in tort,” it would be odd to say that this one
       section—though governed by the same restrictions and placed smack-dab in the
       middle of the statute—speaks of something else. A more plausible reading is that,
       when Section 65.2003 addresses “claims disallowed,” it is referencing those
       “claim[s] for money damages based upon negligence, medical malpractice,
       intentional tort, nuisance, products liability and strict liability” to which the
       statute expressly applies. KRS § 65.200(1).

2016 WL 5171864, at *5. We adopt the reasoning of Ackerman Enterprises.

       Consistent with this interpretation of CALGA, we hold that Queen’s claims for hostile
work environment based on religion and for retaliation are not within the scope of CALGA, as
they do not meet the definition of “action in tort” set forth in § 65.200(1), given that they are
statutory, not tort, claims. As such, the City is not entitled to immunity under CALGA on those
claims. The judgment of the district court denying such immunity is therefore AFFIRMED.
The claims against the City for hostile work environment based on religion8 and for retaliation
may therefore proceed on remand.

C.     Rockrohr’s Qualified-Immunity Defense

       Rockrohr contends that the district court erred in denying him qualified immunity under
Kentucky law with respect to Queen’s retaliation claim. We disagree.

       Under Kentucky common law, qualified immunity extends “to public officers and
employees for acts performed in the exercise of their discretionary functions.” Yanero v. Davis,
65 S.W.3d 510, 521 (Ky. 2001); accord Ritchie v. Turner, 559 S.W.3d 822, 831 (Ky. 2018). Our
court has previously held that this immunity can apply to retaliation claims under KRS
§ 344.280. See Morris, 201 F.3d at 794. To establish that a public employee holds qualified
immunity, the employee must demonstrate that “the [alleged retaliatory] act was performed

       8
           One issue not properly before us on this appeal is whether atheism is a protected class under the KCRA.
 No. 18-5840                     Queen v. City of Bowling Green, et al.                          Page 10


within the scope of his/her discretionary authority.”           Yanero, 65 S.W.3d at 523.           Once
demonstrated, “the burden shifts to the plaintiff to establish by direct or circumstantial evidence
that the discretionary act was not performed in good faith” (i.e., in bad faith). Id. (citations
omitted). To prove bad faith, the plaintiff must demonstrate “a violation of a constitutional,
statutory, or other clearly established right which a person in the public employee’s position
presumptively would have known was afforded to a person in the plaintiff’s position, i.e.,
objective unreasonableness; or if the officer or employee willfully or maliciously intended to
harm the plaintiff or acted with a corrupt motive.” Id. (citation omitted); see also Turner v.
Nelson, 342 S.W.3d 866, 874–78 (Ky. 2011).

        Under the “objective unreasonableness” analysis, a plaintiff must demonstrate the
violation of a right and that the right was clearly established.             Rowan County v. Sloas,
201 S.W.3d 469, 481–82 (Ky. 2006). “Clearly established” means that the “factual context of
the occurrence must not exemplify a ‘legally uncertain environment’ in which qualified official
immunity is appropriate.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Jefferson Cty. Fiscal
Court v. Peerce, 132 S.W.3d 824, 834 (Ky. 2004)).                  Kentucky’s “clearly established”
requirement tracks the same standards used to determine if a statutory or constitutional right is
“clearly established” for purposes of determining whether an officer has federal qualified
immunity. See id. at 482 (quoting Brosseau v. Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 198 (2004) to explain that
“[i]f the law at the time did not clearly establish that the officer’s [or employee’s] conduct would
violate the [law], the officer should not be subject to liability” (alterations in original)).

        Queen’s retaliation claim against Rockrohr centers upon Queen’s 2012 complaint to
Rockrohr regarding the working conditions at the Bowling Green Fire Department and
Rockrohr’s response to that complaint. During the proceedings below, Queen “concede[d] that
Rockrohr’s response to his allegation of harassment was a discretionary act within the scope of
[Rockrohr’s] employment.” R. 45, PageID 833. Thus, Queen bears the burden of proof to show
that Rockrohr acted in “bad faith.” Yanero, 65 S.W.3d at 523. On appeal, Queen does not argue
that Rockrohr acted willfully or maliciously. Instead, Queen argues that the contours of the right
to be free from retaliation were clearly established as of 2012 in light of the text of the KCRA
and the employee-harassment-training acknowledgment forms that Rockrohr signed.
 No. 18-5840                   Queen v. City of Bowling Green, et al.                    Page 11


According to Queen, “Rockrohr knew or should have known of Queen’s right to lodge a
complaint of harassment with Rockrohr and be free from retaliation for having done so.”
Appellee Br. at 35.

       Based on our court’s decision in Morris, the district court was persuaded that Rockrohr
was not entitled to qualified immunity because “[a] reasonable jury might find that [Rockrohr’s]
threats went far enough to violate Queen’s clearly established right to complain[] about
harassment.” R. 50, PageID 1071. In reaching this decision, the district court noted that “unlike
the supervisor in [Morris] who simply chose not to investigate the plaintiff’s claims, here
Rockrohr went a step further, telling Queen he should seek other employment because it ‘wasn’t
working out’ for him to continue at the Bowling Green Fire Department.” Id. We agree with the
district court that, based on Morris and subsequent decisions of this court interpreting KCRA,
Rockrohr did not possess qualified immunity.

       Morris, decided in 2000, stated that because “[t]he language of the KCRA generally
tracks the language of Title VII[,]” the KCRA “should be interpreted consonant with federal
interpretation.” 201 F.3d at 793 (quoting Meyers v. Chapman Printing Co., 840 S.W.2d 814, 821
(Ky.1992)). Our court has consistently followed this understanding, including in Hamilton v.
General Electric Co., 556 F.3d 428, 434 (6th Cir. 2009), where we evaluated an employer’s
alleged retaliatory act “using the same standard that we apply to federal Title VII claims,” id. at
435.

       Granted, there is one important difference between the KCRA and Title VII. Unlike
retaliation claims brought under Title VII, the KCRA plainly “permits the imposition of liability
on individuals.” Morris, 201 F.3d at 794. Title VII, by contrast, only forbids retaliation by “an
employer.” Id. (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a)). In light of the KCRA’s broad definition of
“person,” see KRS § 344.010, we see no need to differentiate an individual state actor’s liability
from an employer’s liability. The KCRA broadly prohibits “a person” or “two (2) or more
persons” from retaliating against an individual who engaged in a protected activity under the
statute. KRS § 344.280. Thus, we recognize that under KCRA, unlike under Title VII, liability
can be imposed on both the employer and individuals who work for the employer, but otherwise
 No. 18-5840                   Queen v. City of Bowling Green, et al.                    Page 12


the standard for imposing liability is the same under the two statutes. See Hamilton, 556 F.3d at
434 (quoting Morris, 201 F.3d at 793 (quoting Meyers, 840 S.W.2d at 821)).

       Hamilton was the last case interpreting KCRA that was decided by this court before
Rockrohr’s conduct at issue, which occurred in 2012. We have located no decisions of the
Kentucky Supreme Court, or for that matter, reported decisions of any lower Kentucky state
courts, addressing the KCRA post-Hamilton that contradict our interpretation of Kentucky law.
Therefore, consistent with Hamilton and Morris, we evaluate Queen’s KCRA retaliation claim
by applying the Title VII standard.

       Under Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, a Title VII retaliation claim consists of
a materiality requirement and an “objective standard.” 548 U.S. 53, 68–69 (2006). To allege a
retaliation claim, an employee must show that a “reasonable employee would have found the
employer’s challenged action materially adverse,” id. at 68, or in other words, that the challenged
action “might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of
discrimination.” Id. (internal quotations omitted); see Civil Rights Act of 1964, § 704(a),
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). The objective standard is phrased in

       general terms because the significance of any given act of retaliation will often
       depend upon the particular circumstances. Context matters. “The real social
       impact of workplace behavior often depends on a constellation of surrounding
       circumstances, expectations, and relationships which are not fully captured by a
       simple recitation of the words used or the physical acts performed.”

Id. (quoting Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 81–82 (1998)).

       The Burlington Court offered an illustrative, though not exhaustive, list of contextually-
based adverse employment actions:

       A schedule change in an employee’s work schedule may make little difference to
       many workers, but may matter enormously to a young mother with school-age
       children. Cf., e.g., Washington v. Illinois Dept. of Revenue, 420 F.3d 658, 662
       (7th Cir. 2005) (finding flex-time schedule critical to employee with disabled
       child). A supervisor’s refusal to invite an employee to lunch is normally trivial, a
       nonactionable petty slight. But to retaliate by excluding an employee from a
       weekly training lunch that contributes significantly to the employee’s professional
       advancement might well deter a reasonable employee from complaining about
       discrimination. See 2 EEOC 1998 Manual § 8, p. 8–14. Hence, a legal standard
 No. 18-5840                    Queen v. City of Bowling Green, et al.                     Page 13


       that speaks in general terms rather than specific prohibited acts is preferable, for
       an “act that would be immaterial in some situations is material in others.”
       Washington, 420 F.3d at 661.

Burlington, 548 U.S. at 69.

       We applied Burlington in Randolph v. Ohio Dep’t of Youth Servs., 453 F.3d 724, 737 (6th
Cir. 2006), to hold that, despite the employer’s decision to reinstate the plaintiff after
termination, a reinstatement with only seventy-percent back pay constituted a materially adverse
action under Title VII. And, in Michael v. Caterpillar Financial Services Corp., 496 F.3d 584
(6th Cir. 2007), we held that, although the plaintiff’s brief placement on administrative leave and
a mandatory ninety-day “performance plan” for job improvement were not sufficient to qualify
for an anti-discrimination claim, they did “appear to meet [the] relatively low bar” announced in
Burlington for an adverse employment action to support a retaliation claim. Id. at 596.

       Given this “relatively low bar” for showing a materially adverse retaliatory employment
action, we agree with the district court that Queen provided sufficient evidence to deny Rockrohr
summary judgment on his qualified immunity defense. A reasonable jury could conclude that
Rockrohr’s subsequent conduct after receiving Queen’s complaint about the harassment he faced
at the Bowling Green Fire Department (which conduct included Rockrohr’s suggestion that
Queen “should get employment elsewhere” because “things [were] not working out”) went far
enough to amount to a materially adverse action. Indeed, Rockrohr’s specific admonition made
directly to Queen that he “should get employment elsewhere” could be interpreted by reasonable
jurors to convey the message that Queen was no longer welcome at the Fire Department, thus
amounting to a constructive termination of Queen’s employment.

       Queen’s evidence provides more basis to find materially adverse employment action than
in cases finding no such action where there was “a mere inconvenience or an alteration of job
responsibilities.” Kocsis v. Multi-Care Mgmt., 97 F.3d 876, 886 (6th Cir. 1996); see, e.g., Jones
v. Johanns, 264 F. App’x. 463, 469 (6th Cir. 2007) (no materially adverse employment action
based merely on three letters directed to a plaintiff that ordered him to refrain from discussing his
work-related disciplinary charges with other employees); Mitchell v. Vanderbilt Univ., 389 F.3d
 No. 18-5840                   Queen v. City of Bowling Green, et al.                    Page 14


177, 182–83 (6th Cir. 2004) (no adverse employment action from the reduction of lab space from
2000 square feet to 150 square feet).

       In 2012, Rockrohr would have clearly been on notice, based on Hamilton, applying
Morris, that his conduct towards Queen following Queen’s complaint would amount to a
“materially adverse employment action” under the KCRA, meaning it would have been legally
impermissible to discipline an employee in this manner. For this reason, the district court did not
err when it denied qualified immunity to Rockrohr for Queen’s retaliation claim, and
accordingly, the district court’s denial of summary judgment to Rockrohr on this claim is
AFFIRMED.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

       For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of qualified
immunity to the City as to the claims for hostile work environment based on religion and for
retaliation and AFFIRM the district court’s denial of qualified immunity to Rockrohr for the
retaliation claim.
