      TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                      NO. 03-14-00208-CV



Canyon Lake Island Property Owners Association, Cynthia M. Griffin, Richard A. Conley,
                             and Bill Lester, Appellants

                                                 v.

    Sterling/Suggs Limited Partnership, Neal E. Suggs, and Nadine R. Suggs, Appellees


    FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF COMAL COUNTY, 207TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
         NO. C2012-1457B, HONORABLE DIB WALDRIP, JUDGE PRESIDING



                            MEMORANDUM OPINION


               This is an interlocutory appeal from a class certification under Rule 42 of the

Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 42 (class actions). Appellant Canyon Lake

Island Property Owners Association, an entity representing some of the property owners in the

Canyon Lake Island subdivision, filed suit to enforce two easements—one express, the other

prescriptive1—burdening a tract of land owned by appellees Sterling/Suggs Limited Partnership,

Neal E. Suggs, and Nadine R. Suggs (collectively, “Sterling/Suggs”). Sterling/Suggs denied that it

was obstructing the express easement for lake access and maintained that the property owners had

not established a prescriptive easement allowing them to use the property for any purpose other than

access. Sterling/Suggs then successfully petitioned the district court to certify the Association’s


       1
         A “prescriptive easement” is an easement created from an open, notorious, continuous,
exclusive, and adverse use over a statutory period. See Brooks v. Jones, 578 S.W.2d 669, 673
(Tex. 1979).
lawsuit as a plaintiff class action—joining all past, future, and present subdivision property owners

as party plaintiffs—and it is this class certification that the Association, Griffin, Conley, and Lester

challenge in this interlocutory appeal. Based on our conclusion that the district court did not conduct

the rigorous analysis required for class-action certifications, we will reverse the certification and

remand for further proceedings.


                                            Background

                Residents and property owners of neighborhoods located on or near a body of

water often confront issues involving access to that body of water. While this is especially true

for properties that lack waterfront, it can also be an issue for waterfront-property owners if, for

example, that access affects neighborhood property values or provides a specialized type of access.

But before the circumstances underlying this case arose, the proposed class members in this

case—i.e., the property owners of Canyon Lake Island, a subdivision located on a northern peninsula

of Canyon Lake, in Comal County—did not face any such lake-access issues. According to the

Association, the residents of the subdivision had been using and improving2 a nearby .704-acre

waterfront lot as a community gathering place and means of access to Canyon Lake since 1971.

Further, in 2005, a deed conveying five tracts of real property to Sterling/Suggs, including the .704-

acre waterfront lot discussed above, expressly reserved to all subdivision property owners a 15-feet

wide “pedestrian and vehicular” easement across the .704-acre lakefront lot from the lake to a road

running through the subdivision.




       2
           For example, the Association asserts that the residents paved a road across the property.

                                                   2
               The Association claims, however that beginning around 2010, Sterling/Suggs began

to physically obstruct the property owners’ ability to use their express-easement as well as

the prescriptive-easement the Association asserts that the residents had secured by their long-

standing use and improvement of the property. For example, the Association claims that by 2012,

Sterling/Suggs had installed a locked gate at the lot’s boundary with the road; built a fence and gate

post inside the lot; destroyed the paved surface built by the property owners’ “causing it to be

impassable by vehicle” and “unsafe for foot traffic”; obstructed the easement with “the roof edge of

a building,” rocks, “huge concrete building blocks,” and boulders; and placed a boulder at the edge

of the express-easement location where it meets the lake “to imped[e] pedestrian and vehicular

traffic.” Accordingly, the Association filed a claim for trespass and interference with property rights

against Sterling/Suggs, seeking injunctive relief regarding the obstructions and declaratory relief as

to the validity and scope of the express easement as granted in the 2005 deed and the prescriptive

easement of access and use established by 30 years of the owners’ continuous and adverse use of the

lot as a community park and gathering area and as a way to access the lake.

               In response to the Association’s lawsuit, Sterling/Suggs denied the establishment

of any prescriptive easement burdening its property, counterclaimed for declaratory judgment to

that effect, and although not disputing the existence of the express easement, denied that it

had obstructed the owners’ use of that express easement. The Association obtained a temporary

injunction prohibiting Sterling/Suggs from obstructing the use of the express easement by the

subdivision’s owners and residents.        Soon thereafter, Sterling/Suggs sought to certify the

Association’s suit as a class action and to specifically join subdivision property owners Griffin,

Conley, and Lester as the class representatives. Griffin, Conley, and Lester, who objected to their

                                                  3
joinder in the suit and to being made representatives, moved to strike Sterling/Suggs’s joinder

request and to deny the class certification. After a hearing on the certification motion, the

district court issued an order certifying the class and naming Griffin, Conley, and Lester as the

unwilling class representatives. It is from this certification order that the Association, Griffin,

Conley, and Lester now appeal.


                                            Discussion

               Appellants challenge the district court’s class-certification order in three

issues—(1) the evidence in the record does not support class certification; (2) the district court

should have dismissed Griffin, Conley, and Lester as parties; and (3) Griffin, Conley, and Lester are

not appropriate class representatives. The underlying inquiry triggered by these challenges, and the

scope of our interlocutory review here, is whether the district court properly and accurately

performed the rigorous analysis required by Rule 42 to certify a class action.


Class-action certification—background and standard of review

               To be certified as a class action, a proposed class must satisfy the requirements of

Rule 42 of the Texas Rules of Procedure. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 41; Riemer v. State, 392 S.W.3d 635,

637, 639 (Tex. 2012).3 Sterling/Suggs, as the party seeking to litigate the Association’s lawsuit as

a class action, has the burden to establish that the proposed class satisfies Rule 42’s requirements.

See Comcast v. Behrend, 133 S. Ct. 1426, 1432 (2013) (“The Rule ‘does not set forth a mere




       3
          Because Rule 42 was modeled after Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,
federal case law interpreting Rule 23 may be relied on as persuasive authority by Texas courts in
construing Rule 42. Ford Motor Co. v. Sheldon, 22 S.W.3d 444, 452 (Tex. 2000).

                                                 4
pleading standard.’ . . . . Rather, a party must not only ‘be prepared to prove that there are in fact

sufficiently numerous parties, common questions of law or fact,’ typicality of claims or defenses, and

adequacy of representation, as required by Rule 23(a). . . . The party must also satisfy through

evidentiary proof at least one of the provisions of Rule 23(b).” (quoting Wal–Mart Stores, Inc.

v. Dukes, 131 S. Ct. 2541, 2551–52 (2011))). The prerequisites to a class action as set forth in

Rule 42(a) are:


       (1)        numerosity (“the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable”);

       (2)        commonality (“there are questions of law or fact common to the class”);

       (3)        typicality (“the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the
                  claims or defenses of the class”); and

       (4)        adequacy of representation (“the representative parties will fairly and adequately
                  protect the interests of the class”).


See Tex. R. Civ. P. 42. If these four threshold requirements are met, the class proponent must

then assert and establish that the proposed class action falls under at least one of Rule 42(b)’s

subdivisions. For example, as invoked in the certification order issued here, Rule 42(b)(3) requires

that “the questions of law or fact common to the members of the class predominate over any

questions affecting only individual members, and a class action is superior to other available

methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy.” Id. 42(b)(3). In addition to

(b)(3), Sterling/Suggs asserted in its certification motion that the proposed class also fit into the

categories described in subsection (b)(1):


       (1)        the prosecution of separate actions by or against individual members of the
                  class would create a risk of

                                                    5
                (A)     inconsistent or varying adjudications with respect to individual
                        members of the class which would establish incompatible standards
                        of conduct for the party opposing the class, or

                (B)     adjudications with respect to individual members of the class which
                        would as a practical matter be dispositive of the interests of the other
                        members not parties to the adjudications or substantially impair or
                        impede their ability to protect their interests . . . .


Id. 42(b).

                We review a trial court’s decision to certify a class for an abuse of discretion. See,

e.g., Bowden v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 247 S.W.3d 690, 696 (Tex. 2008); Southwestern Ref. Co.

v. Bernal, 22 S.W.3d 425, 433 (Tex. 2000). A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts arbitrarily,

unreasonably, or without reference to any guiding principles. Bowden, 247 S.W.3d at 696; Walker

v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 839 (Tex. 1992). We do not, however, indulge every presumption in

the trial court’s favor, as compliance with class-action requirements must be demonstrated

rather than presumed. Bowden, 247 S.W.3d at 696 (citing Henry Schein, Inc. v. Stromboe,

102 S.W.3d 675, 691 (Tex. 2002)). The trial court must perform a “rigorous analysis” of the

Rule 42 requirements—both subsection (a)’s threshold requirements and subsection (b)’s

categorizations—before certifying a class. See, e.g., Wal-Mart, 131 S. Ct. at 2551–52; Riemer,

392 S.W.3d at 639 (“A trial court must apply a rigorous analysis to determine whether Rule 42’s

certification requirements have been satisfied.” (citing Bowden, 247 S.W.3d at 696; Bernal,

22 S.W.3d at 435 (citing General Tel. Co. of Sw. v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 161 (1982))). Courts have

traditionally construed this directive to require trial courts to, among other things, look “‘beyond the

pleadings . . . as a court must understand the claims, defenses, relevant facts, and applicable




                                                   6
substantive law in order to make a meaningful determination of the certification issues.’” Bernal,

22 S.W.3d at 435 (quoting Castano v. American Tobacco Co., 84 F.3d 734, 744 (5th Cir. 1996)).


Sterling/Suggs’s motion and evidence

                In its motion seeking to certify the class, Sterling/Suggs argued that if the

Association’s lawsuit was not certified as a class action that included all past, present, and future

owners of lots in the subdivision, it would be subject to multiple suits regarding whether it trespassed

or damaged the express easement and the existence of the prescriptive easement. Despite their

unwillingness to be either plaintiffs or class representatives, the motion sought to have the

Association, Griffin, Conley, and Lester named as class representatives because allowing an

“unwilling representative to abdicate would vitiate the effectiveness of [Sterling/Suggs’s] class

action,” and because those proposed representatives “have demonstrated their ability to prosecute

and finance this case.” The motion listed the prerequisites of Rule 42(a) and stated, with varying

degrees of explanation that will be discussed in more detail below, that each requirement had

been satisfied. The motion further asserted that the proposed class could be maintained under

Rule 42(b)(3) (offering as the support for this assertion the verbatim requirements of that

subsection), but it also described the class as meeting the requirements of subsections (b)(1)(A) and

(b)(1)(B) (again offering as the support for this assertion the verbatim requirements of the relevant

subsections).

                At the hearing on its motion to certify the class, Sterling/Suggs introduced into

evidence a copy of the subdivision plat, which provides general information regarding the

subdivision, including that it consists of lots numbered 1 through 171. Sterling/Suggs also offered



                                                   7
the testimony of Richard Conley, one of the property owners that Sterling/Suggs was seeking to

join in the case as an unwilling plaintiff and class representative, whose testimony can be fairly

summarized as follows—


•      He owns eight lots in the subdivision (including his homestead), is an Association board
       member, and has been involved in the litigation, including depositions, planning, and
       soliciting donations from other property owners to pay for the litigation. He understands the
       issues in the case and would be available to attend trial. He believes that the Association has
       or could raise the funds to pay for the legal fees associated with the lawsuit.

•      Lester is retired, lives in Houston, owns one lot in the subdivision, is an Association board
       member, and is actively involved in the litigation.

•      Griffin is a real estate broker, owns two or more lots, is an Association board member, and
       is actively involved in the litigation.

•      He believes that Tom Newton, the Association’s attorney, is competent and has done a good
       job handling the case.

•      Neither he, Lester, nor Griffin are interested in being a parties to the litigation; none of them
       have sued or threatened to sue regarding the easements. He has no intention of suing
       Sterling/Suggs personally regarding the easements.

•      His property, Lester’s property, and Griffin’s property are all lakefront property that have
       direct access to the lake. Having direct lake access is not typical for the other lots in the
       subdivision because less than half the lots are waterfront property.

•      He stated that some property owners are of the opinion that the easement would raise the
       value of all the properties in the subdivision, but that others thought some owners might be
       of the opinion that it would be more valuable to those with lakefront property if there was
       no easement.


No other evidence was offered at the hearing, although counsel for the parties presented argument

to the court regarding the propriety of class certification. That argument included uncontested

assertions that membership in the Association was not mandatory; each of the subdivision’s owners

and residents could assert a claim similar to that of the Association’s against Sterling/Suggs if they

                                                  8
so desired; and there are approximately 163 lots, approximately 300 current individual property

owners, and it would cost approximately $50,000 in filing and service fees to join those parties to

a suit. The district court also had the parties’ pleadings before it.


Class-certification order

                In its order certifying the class, the district court did not make specifically identified

findings or conclusions regarding the Rule 42 prerequisites, but it did find, presumably regarding

numerosity, that “the cost of joining approximately 200 individual property owners as plaintiffs in

the case, individually, is prohibitive” and that a class action “would be far more manageable and

time efficient than trying as many as 200 separate lawsuits.” See Tex. R. Civ. P. 42(a)(1) (class

action appropriate only if “the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable”).

Likewise, regarding the commonality prerequisite, the court found that—


        [T]he common issues of fact and law among the class members are whether a
        prescriptive easement exists on the subject property by reason of alleged use by the
        owners and residents of Canyon Lake Island of the claimed easement tract for the
        purpose of traveling to and from Canyon Lake Reservoir from Military Drive, by foot
        and with vehicles, including the towing of boats and other watercraft, and whether
        Defendant’s obstructed the easement rights of the owners and resident[s] of Canyon
        Lake Island . . . .


See id. 42(a)(2). As to the typicality requirement, the district court listed the elements of the

proposed class’s claims and defenses and found that “there are no issues of fact or law that affect

only individual class members”; that “whether the Plaintiffs have a prescriptive easement across

the Defendant’s tract will be the object of most of the efforts of the litigants and the Court”; and that

the cases will involve the “same witnesses, the same evidence, [and] the same legal issues.” The



                                                    9
district court named the Association, Griffin, Conley, and Lester as the class representatives and then

determined that Griffin, Conley, and Lester were “qualified and adequate” class representatives. See

id. 42(a)(3)–(4) (requiring representatives’ claims be typical of other claims and that representatives

adequately represent class). After acknowledging in the order that some of these representatives own

lakefront properties and may not need an easement to access the lake, the court explained that this

did not destroy typicality because the representatives “would benefit from an additional access to the

lake” and access to the lake for all owners would “likely increase the value of all the property in

the subdivision.” The district court noted that the appointed representatives had been involved in

the Association’s meetings and litigation.

                Regarding the makeup of the class and its claims, the district court then designated

the following “classes” of plaintiffs:


        •       All current owners of property in the Canyon Lake Island Subdivision;

        •       All past owners of property in the Canyon Lake Island Subdivision who acquired title
                after September 22, 1971; and

        •       All future owners of property in the Canyon Lake Island Subdivision.


Those plaintiffs, the district court determined next, could assert the following “claims and defenses”

as part of their class action:


        •       Trespass—“The plaintiff owned or had a lawful right to possess real property; [t]he
                defendant entered the plaintiff’s land and that entry was . . . physical, . . . intentional,
                . . . voluntary; and [t]he defendant’s trespass caused injury to the plaintiff’s right of
                possession.”




                                                    10
        •        Prescriptive easement—“The plaintiff’s use of the claimed easement tract was . . .
                 open and notorious, . . . adverse to the defendant’s claim of right, . . . exclusive,
                 uninterrupted, and . . . continuous for a period of ten years.”

        •        Tortious interference with property—“The invasion or interference with [p]laintiff’s
                 property rights by [d]efendant occurred, that such invasion/interference caused
                 [p]laintiff damage, and such invasion/interference was without just cause nor was
                 otherwise excused.”


Finally, the district court found that the proposed class could be maintained under the following

Rule 42(b) categories:


        •        42(b)(1)(A)—the prosecution of separate actions would create a risk of inconsistent
                 adjudications with incompatible standards of conduct for the party opposing the
                 class;

        •        42(b)(1)(B)—the prosecution of separate actions would create a risk of adjudications
                 that would be dispositive of, or substantially impair or impede, interests of non-
                 parties; and

        •        42(b)(3)—the questions of law or fact common to the class members predominate
                 over questions affecting only individuals, and class action is superior to other
                 available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy.


See id. 42(b)(1), (3). Specifically, the district court found that if Sterling/Suggs prevailed in the suit

as brought by the Association, it would “likely be subject to claims by other property owners in the

subdivision seeking a prescriptive easement” on the property, but that res judicata or collateral-

estoppel defenses may not be available because not all the property owners are members of

the Association. The district court also found that if the Association were to prevail, questions

might arise regarding whether the non-members of that organization were entitled to the benefits of

that judgment.




                                                   11
Rigorous analysis

                Applying the appropriate standard of review to the record before us, we hold that the

district court failed to conduct the “rigorous analysis” required by Rule 42 in deciding to certify the

proposed class. Specifically, we hold that the district court abused its discretion by certifying a

class action in the absence of evidence establishing that the class meets Rule 42(a)’s numerosity and

adequacy requirements and that it qualifies as a class under Rule 42(b)(1)and (b)(3)’s categories.


        Numerosity/impracticability

                Satisfaction of Rule 42’s requirement that the proposed class “is so numerous that

joinder of all members is impracticable” depends not on some set number of potential class

members, but on the particular facts of each case. See General Tel. Co. of the Nw., Inc. v. Equal

Emp’t Opportunity Comm’n, 446 U.S. 318, 330 (1980) (“The numerosity requirement requires

examination of the specific facts of each case and imposes no absolute limitations.”); In re TWL

Corp., 712 F.3d 886, 894 (5th Cir. 2013) (emphasizing that “the number of members in a proposed

class is not determinative of whether joinder is impracticable”); Zeidman v. J. Ray McDermott &

Co., 651 F.2d 1030, 1038 (5th Cir.1981); 7A Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller, & Mary Kay

Kane, Federal Practice & Procedure § 1762 (3d ed. 2005) (collecting cases in which numerosity

was satisfied with as few as 25 putative class members, but not satisfied with as many as 350, and

explaining that this inconsistency “graphically demonstrates that caution should be exercised in

relying on a case as a precedent simply because it involves a class of a particular size”). In analyzing

a proposed class’s compliance with this requirement, courts should consider, in addition to the

number of potential parties, factors such as judicial economy, the nature of the action, the ease



                                                  12
with which class members may be identified, the geographical location of class members, and the

likelihood that class members would be unable to prosecute individual lawsuits. See TWL Corp.,

712 F.3d at 894. Here, the only numerosity/impracticability information Sterling/Suggs provided

was a subdivision plat showing a group of (essentially) contiguous lots numbered 1 through 171, its

assertions that there are “as many as 300” owners of the lots and that it would cost about $50,000

to join the owners, and its unsupported conclusion that “there are so many people, that to try the

case with multiple parties would be impracticable.” But aside from this unsupported conclusion,

Sterling/Suggs has not explained, much less demonstrated, how it would be impracticable—i.e.,

extremely difficult or inconvenient, see Federal Practice & Procedure § 1762—to join all members

of the proposed class, which the evidence shows consists of readily identifiable real-property owners

of a fixed number of 160 already-identified tracts of real property that are all located in the same

neighborhood. Without such a showing, the district court’s certification could not have been the

result of the required rigorous analysis of the numerosity/impracticability requirement.


        Adequacy of representation

                This prerequisite requires a demonstration by the class proponent that the class

representatives “will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 42(a).

Its purpose is to ensure that the representatives’ interests are aligned with the interests of the

unnamed class members. Factors for the trial court to consider in determining whether this

prerequisite has been met include the zeal and competence of class counsel and the willingness and

ability of the representatives to protect the interests of the absentees and to take an active role in and

control the litigation. Rainbow Grp., Ltd. v. Johnson, 990 S.W.2d 351, 357 (Tex. App.—Austin



                                                   13
1999, pet. dism’d w.o.j.). The primary issue to be considered is whether conflict or antagonism

exists between the interests of the representatives and those of the remainder of the class. Riemer,

392 S.W.3d at 639 (“‘[A] class representative whose interests conflict with the interests of other

class members may not adequately represent a class.’” (quoting State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.

v. Lopez, 156 S.W.3d 550, 556 (Tex. 2004)); Rainbow Grp., 990 S.W.2d at 357; see Southwestern

Bell Tel. Co. v. Marketing on Hold Inc., 308 S.W.3d 909, 925 (Tex. 2010) (adequacy considerations

include representative’s connection to the class-wide injury, benefits representative receives;

representative’s motivation in asserting claims). For a conflict of interest to prevent certification,

the conflict must be fundamental and go to the heart of the litigation. Riemer, 392 S.W.3d at 639

(citing Gunnells v. Healthplan Servs., Inc., 348 F.3d 417, 430–31 (4th Cir. 2003)).

                Based on our review of the record here, Sterling/Suggs failed to demonstrate that the

three individuals named as unwilling class representatives would adequately represent the proposed

class. Although the record establishes that the three are subdivision property owners, Association

members, involved in and knowledgeable about the litigation generally, and would be available

for trial, it also shows that they do not want to be plaintiffs or representatives, and unlike more than

50% of the property owners they would be representing, that they each own lakefront lots with their

own private access to the lake. The district court found that a judgment in favor of the property

owners—i.e., a determination that a prescriptive easement exists—would benefit all lots; however,

other than testimony from the one lay witness that two property owners disagree about the effect of

a judgment, there is nothing in the record to support (or dispute) the district court’s finding that a

prescriptive easement would lift all boats, as it were. Moreover, the simple fact is that a judgment

in favor of Sterling/Suggs—i.e., that no prescriptive easement exist—would affect the non-lakefront

                                                  14
owners more adversely than the representatives given that the representatives have waterfront

property. On this point alone, the record raises a suggestion of potential conflict that was not

properly addressed by evidence put on by Sterling/Suggs.

                Another possible source of antagonism that Sterling/Suggs has failed to address is the

named representatives’ unwillingness to participate as either parties or representatives. While being

an unwilling representative of a defendant class may not eliminate someone from being a fair and

adequate representative, see Federal Practice & Procedure §§ 1768, 1770, the question is more

nuanced in the context of a plaintiff class such as we have here. A plaintiff’s unwillingness to serve

as a representative may “reflect[] antagonism to the suit being brought so that the class’s interests

would not be adequately protected.” Id. § 1768. The issue is further complicated where, again as

we have here, the designated plaintiff representative is not even a willing participant in the suit. In

fact, although we have not found any cases directly on point that support this seemingly logical

concern, the Supreme Court has suggested that forcing an unwilling plaintiff to participate in a class

might abridge that plaintiff’s right to his own day in court and invalidate the class-action rule. See

Shady Grove Orthopedic Assocs., P.A. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 559 U.S. 393, 394 (2010) (concluding,

in plurality opinion, that class action does not violate Rules Enabling Act “insofar as it allows willing

plaintiffs to join their separate claims against the same defendants in a class action”); Sergio J.

Campos and Howard Erichson, The Future of Mass Torts, 159 U. Pa. L. Rev. PENNumbra 231

(discussing Shady Grove and positing that it stands for proposition that class action with unwilling

plaintiffs “‘abridge[s]’ one’s day in court” and “invalidates rule 23 at the same time”). While it is

not difficult to imagine the antagonism that might arise from forcing such a situation, the bottom line

for our purposes here is that Sterling/Suggs has not demonstrated that the proposed representatives

                                                   15
will adequately represent the class. As a result, the district court’s certification could not have

resulted from a rigorous analysis of this adequacy requirement.


       Class designations

               As part of its rigorous analysis, a trial court must also determine that the proposed

class qualifies under at least one of the categories described in Rule 42(b) and then, in its

certification, designate the class appropriately such that it can be managed under the applicable

category. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 42. The district court here found that the proposed class action

satisfies all but one of Rule 42(b)’s subsections—omitting only subsection (b)(2), which most

commentators agree is intended for class actions involving civil-rights issues, see Compaq Computer

Corp. v. Lapray, 135 S.W.3d 657, 664 (Tex. 2004). This was so despite the fact that there was

nothing in the record showing that, for example:


•      Sterling/Suggs is under some obligation to treat all subdivision owners alike and that
       different judgments would impair its ability to maintain that obligation. See Tex. R. Civ. P.
       42(b)(1)(A); Federal Practice & Procedure § 1773 (noting that (b)(1)(A) is applicable where
       party is required, either by law or by practical necessity (i.e., riparian owner as to
       downstream property owners) to treat class members alike); see also Amchem Products, Inc.
       v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 614 (1997) (citing Benjamin Kaplan, Continuing Work of the Civil
       Committee: 1966 Amendments of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (I), 81 Harv. L. Rev.
       356, 375–400 (1967)).

•      Judgment in a separate action would have an adverse effect (beyond a mere precedential
       effect) on the potential class members—e.g., that there is a limited fund available to satisfy
       judgments. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 42(b)(1)(B); Federal Practice & Procedure § 1774 (noting
       that most common example of (b)(1)(B) class is “one in which the class members have
       claims against a fund that may prove insufficient to satisfy all of them”).

•      That a class action would be “superior to other available methods,” Tex. R. Civ. P.
       42(b)(3)—i.e., the class action must “achieve economies of time, effort, and expense, and
       promote . . . uniformity of decision as to persons similarly situated, without sacrificing
       procedural fairness or bringing about other undesirable results.” Amchem, 521 U.S. at 614
       (quoting Adv. Comm. Notes, 28 U.S.C. App., p. 697).

                                                16
In other words, Sterling/Suggs did not meet its burden here and, as a result, the district court’s

certification could not have been the result of the required rigorous analysis.

               Finally, as noted, the district court’s certification order designates the class action as

a (b)(3) class action. This means that its members will be permitted to opt out of the class litigation

if they so choose. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 42(b)(3); Lapray, 135 S.W.3d at 671 (describing mandatory

and opt-out classes). Presumably, the three unwilling plaintiffs who are being forced to serve as

unwilling representatives of the class would seek to exercise that right.


                                             Conclusion

               Given the lack of evidence in the record regarding numerosity/impracticability,

adequacy of representation, and the 42(b) categories, and the potential problems inherent in

having unwilling plaintiffs serve as class representatives in an opt-out class, we cannot say that

the district court’s certification here was the result of the rigorous analysis required to certify a

class under Rule 42. Accordingly, we hold that the district court abused its discretion in certifying

this class. We reverse the district court’s class-certification order, decertify the class, and remand

this matter to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.



                                               __________________________________________
                                               Jeff Rose, Chief Justice

Before Chief Justice Rose, Justices Pemberton and Goodwin

Reversed and Remanded

Filed: June 5, 2015




                                                  17
