                         This opinion will be unpublished and
                         may not be cited except as provided by
                         Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                              STATE OF MINNESOTA
                              IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                    A15-0563

                                In re the Marriage of:
                      Emily-Jean Chinwendu Aguocha, petitioner,
                                     Respondent,

                                           vs.

                               Ikechukwu Hisa Aguocha,
                                      Appellant.

                               Filed February 29, 2016
                                      Affirmed
                                 Cleary, Chief Judge

                            Hennepin County District Court
                               File No. 27-FA-13-5103


Sandra Connealy Zick, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)

Ikechukwu Hisa Aguocha, Plymouth, Minnesota (pro se appellant)


      Considered and decided by Cleary, Chief Judge; Chutich, Judge; and Reilly, Judge.

                       UNPUBLISHED OPINION

CLEARY, Chief Judge

      Appellant Ikechukwu Hisa Aguocha challenges a marital-dissolution decree

disputing the custody and parenting-time determinations, aspects of the division of

property and debts, and the child-support determination. Appellant also contends that the
district judge was generally unfair and biased against him throughout trial. Because the

district court did not abuse its discretion or improperly apply the law, we affirm.

                                         FACTS

       Appellant and respondent Emily-Jean Aguocha were married in February 2003.

Their only shared child, D.A., was born in November 2008. The parties’ marriage was

extremely tumultuous and by all accounts deeply affected by domestic abuse. Respondent

testified that appellant began physically abusing her on their wedding night, and that the

abuse continued with only brief spells of reprieve during the twelve years of their

marriage. Respondent presented medical records verifying some of her testimony as to

various injuries resulting from appellant’s abuse. To the contrary, appellant denied that

he was ever aggressive, and stated that when he hit respondent it was always in self-

defense or in defense of D.A. because respondent instigated fights with appellant. There

is some sparse evidence of police involvement in these altercations; respondent testified

that she was afraid to seek help from law enforcement because she feared appellant would

kill her or kidnap D.A.

       Throughout the marriage and during trial, appellant accused respondent of abusing

D.A. For a period of time before the parties separated, appellant monitored the marital

home with secret surveillance cameras. On the basis of one video, appellant contacted

child protection services, which conducted an investigation.         The child-protection

investigation determined that there were no actionable concerns about D.A.’s safety and

well-being in respondent’s care.




                                             2
       The parties separated in June 2013. Respondent petitioned for divorce in Hennepin

County district court in July 2013. Based on allegations of domestic abuse, the district

court appointed a Guardian ad Litem to represent D.A.’s interests. Because custody and

parenting time were in dispute, the district court also ordered a custody and parenting

evaluation through Hennepin County Family Court Services. The custody evaluator

recommended granting sole legal and sole physical custody to respondent, and the

Guardian ad Litem agreed.

       Each party was represented by counsel at a court trial which began in July 2014

and concluded in October 2014. The district court granted two extensions of the time for

trial to accommodate the parties’ lengthy examinations of multiple witnesses. The trial

ultimately lasted a total of four days. The parties were unable to resolve any major issues

in out-of-court negotiations, so the trial court addressed custody, parenting time, division

of property and debts, and child support.

       In the decree signed February 3, 2015, the district court awarded sole legal and

sole physical custody to respondent, subject to “reasonable parenting time” for appellant.

The district court adopted the custody evaluator’s recommended parenting-time schedule,

which was for D.A. to spend every other weekend with appellant plus four hours every

Thursday evening. The court reserved the possibility of an expansion of appellant’s

parenting time, conditioned upon his successful completion of Domestic Abuse Project

(DAP) programming and “if the conflict between the parents has significantly abated.”

The decree also incorporated a typical shared holiday schedule, which evenly divided

major holidays between the parties.


                                             3
       The district court determined, based on the parties’ income, that appellant earned

51% of the “parental income available for child support,” while respondent earned 49%.

Based on the distribution of parenting time and the child-support calculator created by the

Minnesota Department of Human Services (DHS) to reflect the statutory child-support

guidelines, appellant’s monthly obligation was determined to be $650, beginning in the

first month after the dissolution action was commenced.

       No spousal maintenance was awarded. Appellant was awarded three businesses

of unknown value. Appellant was awarded a 2005 Hummer H2 vehicle in exchange for

a cash payment to respondent equal to half its book value. Various consumer and tax

debts were distributed between the parties. Respondent was made fully responsible for

her substantial student debt, despite evidence that the loans benefited both parties during

the marriage.

                                    DECISION

I.     Custody and parenting time

       Minnesota law provides factors for evaluating the best interests of a child and

guidelines for other determinations as to custody and parenting time.1 See Minn. Stat.

§ 518.17 (2014) (best-interests factors and custody); Minn. Stat. § 518.175 (2014)

(parenting time).

       “Appellate review of custody determinations is limited to whether the [district]

court abused its discretion by making findings unsupported by the evidence or by


1
  The relevant sections have been amended twice over the life of this case. We will apply
the 2014 versions, which appear to have been used by the district court in the decree.

                                            4
improperly applying the law.” Pikula v. Pikula, 374 N.W.2d 705, 710 (Minn. 1985). A

district court’s findings of fact will be sustained unless they are clearly erroneous. Id. “A

finding is clearly erroneous if this court is left with the definite and firm conviction that

a mistake has been made.” Kremer v. Kremer, 827 N.W.2d 454, 457 (Minn. App. 2013),

review denied (Minn. Apr. 16, 2013). “We view the record in the light most favorable to

the district court’s findings and defer to the district court’s credibility determinations.”

Id. at 457-58. This court has said that the law “leaves scant if any room for an appellate

court to question the [district] court’s balancing of best-interests considerations.”

Vangsness v. Vangsness, 607 N.W.2d 468, 477 (Minn. App. 2000).

       The goal of protecting and fostering a child’s best interests must shape every

decision affecting custody. Schisel v. Schisel, 762 N.W.2d 265, 270 (Minn. App. 2009).

Our statutes provide that “[t]he best interests of the child means all relevant factors to be

considered and evaluated by the [district] court including” an enumerated list of 13

factors. Minn. Stat. § 518.17, subd. 1(a) (quotation marks omitted). Furthermore, if at

least one parent seeks joint custody, whether legal or physical, and if custody is contested,

the district court is required to make “detailed factual findings” on four additional factors.

Id., subd. 2(c). Those additional factors are

                      (1) the ability of parents to cooperate in the rearing of
              their children;
                      (2) methods for resolving disputes regarding any
              major decision concerning the life of the child, and the
              parents’ willingness to use those methods;
                      (3) whether it would be detrimental to the child if one
              parent were to have sole authority over the child’s
              upbringing; and



                                                5
                    (4) whether domestic abuse, as defined in section
              518B.01, has occurred between the parents.

Id., subd. 2(b)(1)-(4). Finally, and of key importance in this appeal, “the court shall use

a rebuttable presumption that joint legal or physical custody is not in the best interests of

the child if domestic abuse, as defined in section 518B.01, has occurred between the

parents.” Id., subd. 2(b).

       The district court addressed each of the 13 primary best-interests factors in turn.

For each factor, the district judge made relevant references to the record, made factual

findings supported by those references, and provided an analysis. The observations and

analyses were sometimes favorable to appellant, and sometimes favorable to

respondent—although they were more often favorable to respondent. The observations

and analyses were also at times critical of each party—although they were more often and

more severely critical of appellant. In general, the district court expressed concern that

appellant was “coercive,” “controlling,” and the primary perpetrator of physical abuse.

The district court made a final conclusion on each factor as to whether the factor favored

a particular custody outcome or whether it was neutral. Ultimately, the decree concluded

that seven factors weighed in favor of sole custody to respondent and six factors were

neutral.

       The district court also made detailed factual findings on the four additional factors,

which was required since appellant sought joint legal and joint physical custody while

respondent sought sole legal and sole physical custody. Id., subd. 2(c); id., subd. 2(b)(1)-

(4). On each of these factors, the district court again made relevant references to the



                                             6
record, made factual findings supported by those references, and provided an analysis.

The district court identified “high conflict,” overwhelming inability of the parties to

cooperate, history of domestic abuse, and the parties’ inability “to see how destructive

and damaging their conflict is to [D.A.’s] healthy development and ultimate adjustment

as an effective and functioning human being.” As to the fourth factor, the decree

specifically found: “As established by the record, domestic abuse has occurred between

the parents.”

       Because the statute establishes a presumption against joint custody when domestic

abuse has occurred, because the district court’s factual findings are supported by the

record, and because the decree clearly considers all 17 best-interests factors that were

required in this case, we affirm the district court’s custody determination.

       A “district court has broad discretion in determining parenting-time issues and will

not be reversed absent an abuse of that discretion.” Dahl v. Dahl, 765 N.W.2d 118, 123

(Minn. App. 2009). The findings of fact underlying a parenting-time decision should be

upheld unless clearly erroneous. Id. Considering the district court’s findings about high

conflict between the parties and its detrimental effect on D.A., and considering D.A.’s

young age, the district court’s decision as to parenting time was an appropriate exercise

of discretion. We affirm the district court’s parenting-time determination.

       Appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion by referencing and

incorporating portions of the custody evaluator’s report, and contends that the evaluator’s

report and testimony are inconsistent and therefore untrustworthy. But our family court

system relies on district courts for credibility determinations. Kremer, 827 N.W.2d at


                                             7
457-58. Appellant asserts no authority to show that any reference to the recommendation

of a custody evaluator—even total incorporation—would be improper. The district

court’s references to the custody evaluator’s report and testimony are appropriate.

       Appellant also argues that his version of the facts is not fairly represented in the

decree. But it is appropriate for the district court to make factual findings based on

credibility determinations. Kremer, 827 N.W.2d at 457-58. “If there is evidence to

support the district court’s decision, there is no abuse of discretion. . . . [T]hat the record

might support findings other than those made by the [district] court does not show that

the court’s findings are defective.” Id. at 458 (quotation omitted).

       Appellant also argues that DAP programming was unfairly imposed on him as a

contingent factor related to increased parenting time. Appellant cites, and our research

revealed, no authority showing that the district court’s decision in this regard was

inappropriate. See Suleski v. Rupe, 855 N.W.2d 330, 339 (Minn. App. 2014) (stating that

a party waived an argument by failing to cite authority supporting the argument). The

decree actually imposed a DAP requirement on both parties, although the requirement on

respondent is not a contingent factor for parenting time—which is logical because she is

the sole physical custodian. The record does not clearly show whether either party had

satisfied that requirement by the end of the trial and, in any event, whether either party

had satisfied the DAP requirement by the end of trial is irrelevant on appeal.

II.    Division of property and debts

       Appellant argues that the district court erred in determining that the parties’ two

vehicles were marital property. As to the 2005 Hummer H2, appellant argues that its


                                              8
value should not have been considered a marital asset because it was not registered in his

name. As to the 2005 Nissan Altima, he argues that it was not marital property because

it was a business asset.

       Any property acquired by one or both spouses during a marriage is presumed to

be marital property. Minn. Stat. § 518.003, subd. 3b (2014); Berenberg v. Berenberg,

474 N.W.2d 843, 846 (Minn. App. 1991), review denied (Minn. Nov. 13, 1991).

Appellate courts “independently review the issue of whether property is marital or

nonmarital, giving deference to the district court’s findings of fact.” Baker v. Baker, 753

N.W.2d 644, 649 (Minn. 2008). And again, this court will only overturn a finding of fact

if it is clearly erroneous. Lund v. Lund, 615 N.W.2d 860, 861 (Minn. App. 2000).

       Appellant’s arguments are unavailing. The vehicles were acquired by the parties

during the marriage and do not meet any exception to the presumption that property

acquired during the marriage was marital property. See Minn. Stat. § 518.003, subd. 3b

(explaining the presumption of marital property and enumerated exceptions). We affirm

the district court’s property and debt division.

III.   Child support

       Appellant challenges the district court’s child-support ruling, contending that the

income attributed to him is inaccurate.

       “‘To determine the presumptive child support obligation of a parent, the [district]

court shall . . . determine the gross income of each parent. . . .’” Newstrand v. Arend, 869

N.W.2d 681, 685 (Minn. App. 2015) (quoting Minn. Stat. § 518A.34(a), (b)(1) (2014)),

review denied (Minn. Dec. 15, 2015). Gross income is broadly construed to include “any


                                             9
form of periodic payment” to an individual obligated to pay child support. Minn. Stat.

§ 518A.29 (2014). Deductions and expenses related to self-employment or operation of

a business are narrowly construed, and “the person seeking to deduct an expense” carries

the burden of proof in showing that the expense is qualified to be deducted. Minn. Stat.

§ 518A.30 (2014); see also Minn. Stat. § 518A.29(c) (explaining that “[e]xpense

reimbursements or in-kind payments” from self-employment “shall be counted as income

if they reduce personal living expenses”). The district court used the DHS child-support

calculator, which reflects the guidelines laid out by Minn. Stat. §§ 518A.35, .36 (2014),

and did not deviate from the result produced by the calculator. The district court also

made written findings as required by Minn. Stat. § 518A.37 (2014).

       Appellant testified at trial and also submitted a financial affidavit stating that his

average monthly income was about $4,000.00, which is the amount that the district court

used in calculating child support. Appellant presented no evidence of itemized business

deductions or other reasons to modify the income attributed to him. We affirm the district

court’s child-support ruling.

IV.    Judicial misconduct or bias

       We examine the district court’s factual findings and legal determinations

according to the proper standards of review, but it is not our role to address parties’

allegations of personal bias by the district judge. See Thiele v. Stich, 425 N.W.2d 580,

582 (Minn. 1988) (holding that appellate review is limited to those issues that were

presented to and considered by the district court). While this was a difficult trial, the




                                             10
district court properly applied the law and exercised discretion appropriately on the

various legal issues.

       Affirmed.




                                         11
