             Case: 18-14980    Date Filed: 02/13/2020   Page: 1 of 24


                                                                        [PUBLISH]



               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                       FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                         ________________________

                                No. 18-14980
                          ________________________

                      D.C. Docket No. 1:16-cv-20212-JLK



MSPA CLAIMS 1, LLC,
a Florida limited liability company, as assignee of
Florida Healthcare Plus, on behalf of itself and
all Other similarly situated
Medicare Advantage Organizations in the State of Florida,

                                                             Plaintiff - Appellant,

                                     versus

KINGSWAY AMIGO INSURANCE COMPANY,
a Florida Profit Company,

                                                            Defendant - Appellee.

                          ________________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Southern District of Florida
                        ________________________

                              (February 13, 2020)
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Before JORDAN and NEWSOM, Circuit Judges, and WRIGHT, ∗ District Judge.

NEWSOM, Circuit Judge:

       This case might have begun with a car wreck, but as it presents itself to us it

has essentially nothing to do with the underlying accident or the resulting injuries.

Instead, it turns on a careful examination of the often-convoluted rules governing

the federal Medicare program—and in particular the Medicare Secondary Payer

Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1395y. Among many others—several of which we will explore—

that Act contains a provision that states as follows:

       Notwithstanding any other time limits that may exist for filing a claim
       under an employer group health plan, the United States may seek to
       recover conditional payments in accordance with this subparagraph
       where the request for payment is submitted to the entity required or
       responsible under this subsection to pay with respect to the item or
       service (or any portion thereof) under a primary plan within the 3-year
       period beginning on the date on which the item or service was
       furnished.

§ 1395y(b)(2)(B)(vi).

       The question we must decide is whether this provision imposes a timeliness

requirement with which the government (or in our case a private entity providing

Medicare benefits) must comply as a prerequisite to filing suit to seek




∗Honorable Susan Webber Wright, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Arkansas, sitting by designation.

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reimbursement for payments that it made on behalf of a Medicare beneficiary. The

district court held that it does. We disagree and will reverse.

                                          I

                                          A

      Congress created the Medicare program to provide insurance for those over

the age of 65. United States v. Baxter Int’l, Inc., 345 F.3d 866, 875 (11th Cir.

2003). In some instances, though, Medicare isn’t the only entity that will end up

paying for a beneficiary’s healthcare costs. If, for instance—as here—a Medicare

beneficiary is injured in an automobile accident caused by another driver, both

Medicare and the other driver’s insurance company could be on the hook for some

portion of the beneficiary’s medical bills. MSPA Claims 1, LLC v. Tenet Fla., Inc.,

918 F.3d 1312, 1316 (11th Cir. 2019). Originally, Medicare was deemed the

“primary” payer in these instances—meaning that it paid first—and private

insurers were “secondary” payers—meaning that they covered any remainder. Id.

      That changed in 1980. To “curb the rising costs of Medicare,” Humana

Med. Plan, Inc. v. W. Heritage Ins. Co., 832 F.3d 1229, 1234 (11th Cir. 2016),

Congress enacted the Medicare Secondary Payer Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1395y, which

flipped the payment order, such that private insurers became the primary payers

and Medicare became (as the Act’s name indicates) the secondary payer, see Tenet,

918 F.3d at 1316. In our car-accident example, therefore, the other driver’s

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insurance company now pays first and Medicare covers any remaining expenses.

So, as a general matter the Act now prohibits Medicare from paying for a

beneficiary’s treatment to the extent that a primary payer is responsible.

§ 1395y(b)(1)–(2); MSP Recovery, LLC v. Allstate Ins. Co., 835 F.3d 1351, 1355

(11th Cir. 2016). There is, though, an exception: When a primary-payer plan

doesn’t or can’t pay “promptly”—say, for instance, when it is contesting liability—

Medicare can make a conditional payment on behalf of a beneficiary, for which it

can later seek reimbursement from the primary plan. § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(i)–(ii);

Tenet, 918 F.3d at 1316.

      If Medicare pays and then seeks reimbursement, only to be refused, the

United States can sue the primary plan (or a medical provider) to recover its

payment under what we’ll call the Act’s “government cause of action,” codified at

§ 1395y(b)(2)(B)(iii). See Tenet, 918 F.3d at 1317. Section 1395y(b)(2)(B)(iii)

contains a statute of limitations that requires the government to sue within three

years of the date that Medicare receives notice of a primary payer’s responsibility

to pay. The Act also contains what we’ll call a “private cause of action,” codified

at § 1395y(b)(3)(A), which is available to Medicare beneficiaries and other private

entities, who “are often in a better position than the government to know about the

existence of responsible primary plans” that haven’t reimbursed Medicare or paid a

beneficiary’s healthcare provider. Tenet, 918 F.3d at 1316; see also Humana, 832

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F.3d at 1234. The private cause of action rewards successful plaintiffs with double

damages—after “giv[ing] Medicare its share of the recovery, [the plaintiff] can

keep whatever is left over.” Tenet, 918 F.3d at 1316. Unlike the government

cause of action, the private cause of action contains no statute of limitations.

      So far, so good (?). But there’s more—another layer of complexity. In

1997, in yet another effort to make Medicare more efficient, Congress enacted

Medicare Part C, or the “Medicare Advantage” program. Humana, 832 F.3d at

1235. This amendment created Medicare Advantage Organizations—private

insurance companies that provide Medicare benefits in exchange for fixed fees

from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Id. Now, beneficiaries can

choose to receive Medicare benefits through either the traditional, government-run

Medicare program or a Medicare Advantage plan. The legislation creating

Medicare Part C made MAOs—like Medicare itself—secondary payers. See 42

U.S.C. § 1395w-22(a)(4) (stating that an MAO may charge a primary plan when a

payment “is made secondary pursuant to section 1395y(b)(2)”); Humana, 832 F.3d

at 1237–38. We have since recognized that MAOs—again, like Medicare—can

sue under the Medicare Secondary Payer Act to recover from primary plans that

should pay, but don’t. Humana, 832 F.3d at 1238. MAOs, however, must utilize

the Act’s private cause of action, rather than the government cause of action.

Tenet, 918 F.3d at 1317.

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                                                B

       With that statutory background in mind, we turn to the facts of this case,

which began with a car wreck on April 29, 2012. One of the people injured in the

accident was a Medicare beneficiary who received her benefits from an MAO—

Florida Healthcare Plus—that later assigned its claims to our appellant, MSPA

Claims 1. 1 The other party involved in the accident was insured by our appellee,

Kingsway Amigo Insurance. The Medicare beneficiary obtained medical

treatment for her accident-related injuries between April 29, 2012 and July 26,

2012, and Florida Healthcare made $21,965 in payments on her behalf. On March

28, 2013, the beneficiary settled a personal-injury claim with Kingsway and

received a $6,667 settlement payment.

       After MSPA was assigned Florida Healthcare’s recovery rights, it sought

information from Kingsway regarding the accident. Kingsway sent a letter on

November 12, 2015 informing MSPA of the settlement and another letter on

November 20 attaching the settlement agreement. This, MSPA contends, was the

first notice that it received of Kingsway’s responsibility as a primary payer. See

Oral Argument at 4:18. In a letter dated November 23, 2015, MSPA demanded

reimbursement from Kingsway for the conditional payments that Florida



1
 Florida Healthcare first assigned its recovery rights against any liable primary payers to La Ley
Recovery Systems, which, in turn, assigned those rights to MSPA in February 2015.

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Healthcare had made on the Medicare beneficiary’s behalf. When Kingsway

didn’t pay, MSPA—as the Act contemplated might be necessary—took the dispute

to court.

                                              C

       On December 7, 2015, less than a month after it contends it received notice

of the settlement, MSPA sued Kingsway under the Act’s private cause of action,

§ 1395y(b)(3)(A). 2 MSPA argued that Kingsway was the primary payer and

Florida Healthcare was the secondary payer, giving MSPA—as Florida

Healthcare’s assignee—the right to recover. MSPA asserted that Kingsway should

have investigated whether the beneficiary received Medicare benefits (i.e., whether

it could be a primary payer) but failed to do so. Once Kingsway settled its claim

with the beneficiary, MSPA contended, Kingsway was obligated—as the primary

payer—to reimburse Florida Healthcare’s conditional payments.

       After some preliminary skirmishing—most of which is irrelevant to our

analysis here—the district court decided that MSPA had standing as a valid

assignee of Florida Healthcare. Kingsway eventually filed a motion for judgment

on the pleadings, arguing that MSPA’s claim was stale because it didn’t comply

with the Act’s claims-filing provision, § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(vi). That provision—



2
 MSPA originally filed its complaint in Florida state court, but Kingsway removed to the United
States District Court for the Southern District of Florida.

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which we quoted in full earlier—states in relevant part that “[n]otwithstanding any

other time limits that may exist for filing a claim under an employer group health

plan, the United States may seek to recover conditional payments . . . where the

request for payment is submitted to the entity required or responsible . . . within the

3-year period beginning on the date on which the item or service was furnished.”

Because the complaint alleged that services were provided to the beneficiary

between April 29 and July 26, 2012, Kingsway contended that a request for

reimbursement had to have been made before July 26, 2015, which it wasn’t.

      The district court referred the case to a magistrate judge, who recommended

that Kingsway’s motion be denied. The magistrate judge concluded that “Section

1395y(b)(2)(B)(vi)”—i.e., the claims-filing provision—“does not contemplate

litigation” and therefore didn’t operate to bar MSPA’s suit, as a statute of

limitations would. The magistrate judge instead looked to the Act’s government

cause of action, § 1395y(b)(2)(b)(iii), which states that an action can’t be brought

by the United States “unless the complaint is filed not later than 3 years after the

date of the receipt of notice of a settlement, judgment, award, or other

payment . . . relating to such payment owed.” Because MSPA didn’t become

aware of Kingsway’s responsibility to reimburse until November 20, 2015, when

Kingsway sent it the settlement agreement, it had three years from that date to sue

for reimbursement, which it did. And in any event, the magistrate judge concluded

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that the timeliness issue shouldn’t be decided on the pleadings, since Kingsway

could assert any statute-of-limitations argument as an affirmative defense.

      The district court rejected the magistrate judge’s recommendation and

granted Kingsway’s motion. Without ever reaching the question whether MSPA

filed suit within the three-year period prescribed by the statute of limitations in the

government cause of action, the district court held that the claims-filing provision,

§ 1395y(b)(2)(B)(vi), “plainly and unambiguously requires” the government to

request reimbursement from a primary plan within three years of the date on which

the Medicare beneficiary received treatment “as a prerequisite for seeking to

recover conditional payments.” And because MAOs “stand[] in the shoes of the

government in bringing” suit under the Act, the district court held that they are

likewise bound by the claims-filing provision. The district court held that MSPA’s

claim was therefore stale because it didn’t comply with what the court (somewhat

confusingly) called “the three-year limitation requirement.”

      This appeal followed.

                                           II

      The central issue in this appeal is whether MSPA’s failure to comply with

the Medicare Secondary Payer Act’s claims-filing provision, § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(vi),




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is fatal to its suit against Kingsway, as the district court concluded. 3 We hold that

it is not. To explain why, we examine two key provisions in turn: first, the Act’s

private cause of action, pursuant to which we have held MAOs must sue for

reimbursement; and second, the claims-filing provision itself. Our analysis reveals

that nothing in the relevant statutory language and structure, or in our precedent

interpreting either provision, suggests that MAOs must comply with the claims-

filing provision (in the district court’s words) as a “prerequisite” to seeking

reimbursement of conditional payments.

       Before diving in, a brief word about what this case is not about. Although

the district court spoke in terms of timeliness—holding that MSPA’s suit was

untimely under what it called the claims-filing provision’s “three-year limitation

requirement”—Kingsway hasn’t raised a statute-of-limitations defense. In its

brief, Kingsway stated that “[t]his is not a dispute over which statute of limitations

applies,” Br. of Appellee at 24, and at oral argument Kingsway’s counsel clarified

that his client “ha[s] not made a statute of limitations argument,” Oral Argument at

15:05.4 Section 1395y(b)(2)(B)(vi)’s claims-filing provision “is not a statute of

3
 We review district court orders granting judgment on the pleadings de novo. Perez v. Wells
Fargo N.A., 774 F.3d 1329, 1335 (11th Cir. 2014). In deciding whether judgment on the
pleadings is appropriate, “we accept as true all material facts alleged in the non-moving party’s
pleading, and we view those facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Id.
4
 In fact, the parties seem to agree that although (or perhaps because) the Act’s private cause of
action doesn’t contain its own statute of limitations, suits brought under that provision are
governed by the three-year notice-based statute of limitations contained in the government cause
of action, § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(iii). See Br. of Appellant at 24 (“MSPA’s recovery lawsuit is subject
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limitations,” Kingsway contends, but merely part of the Act’s “ordinary billing”

scheme—with which, it says, MSPA was required to but failed to comply. Br. of

Appellee at 3. Accordingly, the lone question presented is whether compliance

with the claims-filing provision is a prerequisite to filing suit under the Act’s

private cause of action.

                                                  A

       We start with the Act’s private cause of action. It reads, in full:

       There is established a private cause of action for damages (which shall
       be in an amount double the amount otherwise provided) in the case of
       a primary plan which fails to provide for primary payment (or
       appropriate reimbursement) in accordance with paragraphs (1) and
       (2)(A).

§ 1395y(b)(3)(A). In Humana, we held that MAOs can sue under this provision to

recover from primary plans that fail to reimburse their conditional payments. 832

F.3d at 1238. We reasoned that the private cause of action “is broadly available ‘in



to the statute of limitations set forth in 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(iii) . . . .”); Supplemental Br.
of Appellee at 4–5 (“It seems highly unlikely—and no decision suggests—that Congress
intended that the United States would have to bring its reimbursement claims within three years
of any settlement, judgment award or other payment but that private plaintiffs would have a
different or longer period within which to bring their reimbursement claims.”). MSPA contends
that its suit was timely under this statute of limitations because (as we have explained) it first
received notice of Kingsway’s payment responsibility in November 2015 and filed suit the very
next month. See Oral Argument at 4:18. Even if Kingsway were to dispute when MSPA
received (or should have received) the requisite notice, see id. at 15:08 (Kingsway stating that
MSPA’s suit “may or may not be timely” under § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(iii)’s limitations period), that’s
a factual question that can’t be decided at the judgment-on-the-pleadings stage. See, e.g.,
Cannon v. City of W. Palm Beach, 250 F.3d 1299, 1301 (11th Cir. 2001) (“Judgment on the
pleadings is appropriate where there are no material facts in dispute and the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”).

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the case of a primary plan which fails to provide for primary payment (or

appropriate reimbursement)’” and doesn’t “place[] any other restriction on the

class of plaintiffs” who can invoke it. Id. (quoting § 1395y(b)(3)(A)). Because an

MAO has a “statutory right to charge a primary plan” under the Medicare

Advantage program, the MAO suffers an injury when a primary plan fails to

reimburse it and can vindicate its right to recovery by suing under the Act’s private

cause of action. Id. (citing § 1395w-22(a)(4)).

      We’ve recognized (as relevant here) only two limits on the private cause of

action. First, in order for an MAO (or any other plaintiff, for that matter) to utilize

the private cause of action, the would-be primary payer’s responsibility must be

“demonstrated” in some way prior to the suit for reimbursement. Glover v. Liggett

Grp., 459 F.3d 1304, 1309 (11th Cir. 2006). We arrived at that conclusion in

Glover—which pre-dated Humana—through a close reading of the private cause

of action’s text, which provides that an action may be brought “in the case of a

primary plan which fails to provide for primary payment (or appropriate

reimbursement) in accordance with . . . (2)(A).” Id. at 1308 (emphasis in original)

(quoting § 1395y(b)(3)(A)). Paragraph (2)(A), in turn, forbids Medicare from

paying for services when a primary plan is responsible, “except as provided in

subparagraph (B).” Id. And finally, subparagraph (B) states that a primary plan

must reimburse Medicare “if it is demonstrated that such primary plan has or had a

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responsibility to make payment with respect to such item or service.” Id. at 1309

(emphasis in original) (quoting § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(ii)). Until responsibility is

“demonstrated,” therefore, the “obligation to reimburse Medicare does not exist”

and it can’t be said that the primary plan—as required by the private cause of

action’s language—“‘failed’ to provide appropriate reimbursement.” Id. Thus,

§ 1395y(b)(2)(B)(ii)’s demonstrated-responsibility requirement is a prerequisite to

filing a private lawsuit under § 1395y(b)(3)(A).

      Second, and more recently, in Tenet, we confirmed what the private cause of

action’s text already makes clear—that plaintiffs invoking it may “only sue

primary plans when they fail to pay,” and not other entities such as medical

providers. 918 F.3d at 1320–21. Once again, we relied on the private cause of

action’s language, which allows suit “in the case of a primary plan which fails to

provide for primary payment (or appropriate reimbursement).” Id. at 1320

(emphasis in original) (quoting § 1395y(b)(3)(A)). Separately, and importantly

here, Tenet also confirmed—in the course of rejecting the contention that a series

of cross-references allowed the plaintiff there to sue a medical provider—that

“[w]e have read [§ 1395y(b)(2)(B)] into the private cause of action only to the very

limited extent of determining when an entity’s status as a primary plan has been

‘demonstrated.’” Id. at 1321–22 (citing Glover, 459 F.3d at 1308–09).




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      Okay, time for a deep breath and a summary. The law is clear that an MAO

may avail itself of the Act’s private cause of action, see Humana, 832 F.3d at 1238,

so long as (1) responsibility has been “demonstrated,” see Glover, 459 F.3d at

1309, and (2) the MAO is suing a primary plan, see Tenet, 918 F.3d at 1322–23.

MSPA contends that it has checked the necessary boxes. At the motion-to-dismiss

stage, the district court held (and for purposes of this appeal no one seems to

seriously dispute) that MSPA had standing to sue as a valid assignee of an MAO.

MSPA also alleges that Kingsway’s responsibility has been “demonstrated” by its

settlement of the underlying personal-injury suit and that Kingsway is a primary

payer subject to suit under the private cause of action. See Second Amended

Complaint at 19, 29. Given the case’s procedural posture, of course, we must

accept as true “all material facts alleged in [MSPA’s] pleading.” Perez, 774 F.3d

at 1335.

      So, based on our precedent interpreting the private cause of action, MSPA

seems to have done everything it needed to do.

                                          B

      What, though, about § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(vi)’s claim-filing provision? Does it

impose an additional prerequisite to an MAO’s suit under the private cause of

action—another box to be checked? Kingsway thinks that it does: under its

reading of the claims-filing provision, if an MAO doesn’t seek reimbursement

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from a primary plan within three years of the date on which the beneficiary

received treatment, it can’t later sue that plan to recover.5 We disagree. The

Medicare Secondary Payer Act’s plain language and structure lead us to hold that

compliance with the claims-filing provision is not a prerequisite to suit.

       Before explaining why, we flag one wrinkle at the outset: It’s not self-

evident (to us, anyway) that the claims-filing provision even applies to MAOs, like

MSPA’s assignor here. After all, by its terms—which we’ve previewed already

and will reiterate shortly—it applies only to “the United States.”

§ 1395y(b)(2)(B)(vi). To be sure, we’ve recognized some degree of functional

parity between private MAOs and government-run Medicare. See, e.g., Tenet, 918

F.3d at 1317 (stating that “MAOs stand in the shoes of Medicare”). But just as

surely, we’ve recognized that there remain important differences between MAOs

and Medicare, id. (stating that “unlike Medicare, MAOs must rely on the private

cause of action when they sue”), and that not every provision in the Act that

applies to Medicare necessarily covers MAOs, id. at 1322 (stating that

§ 1395y(b)(2)(B) has been read into the private cause of action in only a “very

limited” way).



5
  Kingsway has also explained that its interpretation of the claims-filing provision would apply
with equal force to the government. See Oral Argument 21:45 (“The government . . . has to seek
recovery of those payments [under the claims-filing provision] within three years, without
exception” (emphasis added)).

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      We conclude that we needn’t resolve this uncertainty here. As we will

explain, the claims-filing provision’s text and its relation to other provisions

indicate that it doesn’t operate as any sort of prerequisite—for anyone. Rather than

imposing a strict requirement, the provision simply allows Medicare to overcome

any time limits prescribed by an employer’s group health plan that might otherwise

prevent it from requesting reimbursement. Put simply, the claims-filing provision

is a “get to,” not a “have to.” Because the claims-filing provision doesn’t operate

as a prerequisite to suit brought by the United States—to which we know it

applies—it likewise doesn’t operate as a prerequisite to an MAO’s suit under the

private cause of action. We can therefore assume (without deciding) that the

claims-filing provision applies to MAOs, such as MSPA’s assignor here, for the

limited purpose of addressing Kingsway’s argument that the provision imposes a

prerequisite to MSPA’s suit.

                                            1

      As we did with the private cause of action, we start with the text. In full, the

claims-filing provision reads as follows:

      Notwithstanding any other time limits that may exist for filing a claim
      under an employer group health plan, the United States may seek to
      recover conditional payments in accordance with this subparagraph
      where the request for payment is submitted to the entity required or
      responsible under this subsection to pay with respect to the item or
      service (or any portion thereof) under a primary plan within the 3-year
      period beginning on the date on which the item or service was
      furnished.
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§ 1395y(b)(2)(B)(vi). Two textual indicators lead us to conclude that the claims-

filing provision doesn’t impose a prerequisite to filing suit: (1) the dependent

“notwithstanding” clause and (2) the permissive term “may.”

      First, the “notwithstanding” clause. The claims-filing provision states that

“[n]otwithstanding any other time limits that may exist for filing a claim under an

employer group health plan,” the government can pursue conditional payments

made on behalf of Medicare beneficiaries. MSPA contends that this

“notwithstanding” clause shows that the claims-filing provision simply allows

Medicare (or, on our assumption, an MAO) to circumvent time limits that an

employer’s group health plan might otherwise place on claims. We agree.

      “The ordinary meaning of ‘notwithstanding’ is ‘in spite of,’ or ‘without

prevention or obstruction from or by.’” N.L.R.B. v. SW Gen., Inc., 137 S. Ct. 929,

939 (2017) (citing Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1545 (1986) and

Black’s Law Dictionary 1091 (7th ed. 1999)); see also Merit Mgmt. Grp., LP v.

FTI Consulting, Inc., 138 S. Ct. 883, 893 (2018) (explaining that a

“notwithstanding” clause indicated that the main clause “operates as an exception”

to the provisions cited in the dependent “notwithstanding” clause that were

otherwise applicable). Accordingly, we can fairly read the claims-filing provision

to say, in its simplest form, that “[w]ithout . . . obstruction from” any employer’s

group health plan’s time limits, the United States may file a claim during the three-
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year period after medical services are rendered. Another way to think about the

“notwithstanding” phrase is that it “merely shows which provision prevails in the

event of a clash.” Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The

Interpretation of Legal Texts 126 (2012). In the event of a clash between a

provision in an employer’s group health plan that purports to limit when a claim

may be filed and the three-year statutory period, the latter prevails.

      Next, the permissive “may.” MSPA contends (and the magistrate judge

agreed) that the word “may” in the phrase “the United States may seek to recover

conditional payments,” § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(vi) (emphasis added), demonstrates that

Congress didn’t mean to condition anything on compliance with the claims-filing

provision—and certainly not the right to file suit to recover conditional payments.

The claims-filing provision simply permits the government (or again, on our

assumption, an MAO) to do something that it might not otherwise be able to do. In

Kingsway’s (and the district court’s) view, the “may” language is mandatory, not

permissive, and implies that if a request isn’t made within the three-year period

beginning when medical services were provided, the government (or an MAO)

“may not recover the conditional payments.” Br. of Appellee at 23.

      No. Words in a statute must be interpreted according to their ordinary

meaning and “may” cannot, by any rendering, mean “must.” When a statute uses

the word “may,” it “implies that what follows is a permissive rule.” Ela v.

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Destefano, 869 F.3d 1198, 1201 (11th Cir. 2017) (citing Scalia & Garner, supra, at

112); see also Dietrich v. Key Bank, N.A., 72 F.3d 1509, 1515 (11th Cir. 1996)

(concluding that “[b]ecause the language of the Act is permissive—i.e., the Act

uses the permissive ‘may’ rather than exclusive ‘must’ with respect to its

enforcement procedures,” the federal law was not pervasive enough to occupy the

field). For example, a statutory provision stating that a court “may award”

damages indicates that “the award of any damages is permissive and

discretionary.” Destefano, 869 F.3d at 1201–02 (quotation omitted). So again, the

claims-filing provision is a “get to,” not a “have to.” Even if an employer’s group

health plan purports to impose more stringent conditions, the United States (or

again, an MAO) may—i.e. gets to, is allowed to, is permitted to, etc., but doesn’t

have to—file a claim within three years of when the services were provided.

                                            2

      When interpreting a statutory provision, we look not only to its text, but also

to its “place in the overall statutory scheme,” since “[o]ur duty . . . is to construe

statutes, not isolated provisions.” King v. Burwell, 135 S. Ct. 2480, 2489 (2015)

(quotations omitted). Kingsway’s reading of the claims-filing provision—as a

mandatory prerequisite to filing suit—would lead to structural oddities within the

Medicare Secondary Payer Act.

      The first problem arises when we consider the demonstrated-responsibility

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requirement. As already explained, Medicare or an MAO can sue a primary plan

for reimbursement only if, under § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(ii), “it is demonstrated that such

primary plan has or had a responsibility to make payment with respect to such item

or service.” Responsibility can be “demonstrated,” among other ways, through a

judgment or (as here) a settlement agreement. Id. But until responsibility is

demonstrated, the “obligation to reimburse Medicare does not exist” and, in the

case of an MAO, a private cause of action will not lie. See Glover, 459 F.3d at

1309.

        Kingsway envisions the reimbursement-request chronology unfolding as

follows: An MAO must first make a request for payment to a primary plan within

the three-year period prescribed by § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(vi)’s claims-filing provision.

Then, if the primary plan disputes its obligation to pay, its responsibility must be

demonstrated in some way, such as by a judgment or settlement payment. Then,

and only then, the MAO can sue.

        We think Kingsway’s reading of the claims-filing provision creates

significant intra-Act tension and perverse incentives. It’s easiest to show why with

an example. Imagine that a Medicare beneficiary who receives benefits from an

MAO is involved in a car accident with two other drivers. The beneficiary sues

both drivers seeking compensation for her injuries. The litigation and

accompanying settlement discussions take time, and in the interim the MAO picks

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up the bill for the beneficiary’s injuries. At that point, it hasn’t been decided

whether either (or both) of the other drivers will be liable, and therefore which (if

either) of the other drivers’ insurance companies will have to pay. Even so, under

Kingsway’s reading of the claims-filing provision, if the MAO doesn’t request

reimbursement within three years of the beneficiary obtaining medical treatment, it

can’t later sue to recover its conditional payments. Accordingly, the only way for

the MAO to protect itself would be to file a reimbursement request with both

companies, even if it has absolutely no idea whether either or both are liable—and

then, if either or both refuse to pay, wait for someone’s responsibility to be

demonstrated by a judgment or settlement before suing. That scheme would seem

to incentivize MAOs to file as many reimbursement requests as necessary with

entities that might possibly be responsible, simply in order to avoid being barred

from suing later.

      The claims-filing provision doesn’t support—let alone encourage—such a

shotgun approach. In fact, it suggests quite the opposite. Back to the text. The

claims-filing provision states that “the United States may” request reimbursement

from “the entity required or responsible under this subsection to pay with respect

to the item or service (or any portion thereof) under a primary plan.”

§ 1395y(b)(2)(B)(vi) (emphasis added). The provision itself presumes that the

government (or again, an MAO) would make a request only if the entity was

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“required or responsible under this subsection”—meaning the whole of § 1395y(b),

including that section’s demonstrated-responsibility requirement—to pay. Were

we to interpret the claims-filing provision to require a reimbursement request to be

made before responsibility is demonstrated in order to preserve a right to sue later,

we would have to ignore its text. We decline to do so.

      The second problem arises when we consider the three-year statute of

limitations in the government cause of action, § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(iii), which all

parties seem to agree would apply (via borrowing) to an MAO’s suit brought under

the Act’s private cause of action. See supra at 11 n.4. Suppose that an MAO

doesn’t know that a primary plan exists (or responsibility isn’t demonstrated in

some way) within three years of the date that the beneficiary receives medical

treatment. (That, incidentally, is an entirely realistic assumption; as we have

explained elsewhere, Medicare often “pays . . . ‘in the dark’—it does not know,

and cannot know, whether someone else will pay.” Baxter, 345 F.3d at 901; see

also id. at 901 n.30 (recognizing that, as a general matter, “HHS and Congress

have repeatedly flagged Medicare’s inability to ascertain the existence of

alternative sources of coverage as a weakness in the secondary payer program”)).

Even if a lawsuit would otherwise be timely under the statute of limitations’

notice-triggered period—as measured from the date that the MAO learned of the

primary plan’s obligation to pay—it would, on Kingsway’s reading, be barred for

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failure to comply with the claims-filing provision. The claims-filing provision

would thus be transformed into a limitations period of sorts—despite its

“notwithstanding” clause and permissive “may” language, see supra at 17–20—

and § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(iii)’s notice-based statute of limitations would be rendered

meaningless. See Black Warrior Riverkeeper, Inc. v. Black Warrior Minerals, Inc.,

734 F.3d 1297, 1303 (11th Cir. 2013) (“[A] court should . . . avoid interpreting a

provision in a way that would render other provisions of the statute superfluous.”).6

                                             * * *

       In sum, we hold that the Medicare Secondary Payer Act’s claims-filing

provision, § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(vi), doesn’t operate to bar MSPA’s claim here.

Though we needn’t decide whether the claims-filing provision applies to MAOs,

its text and relation to other provisions in the Act indicate that compliance with its

terms is not a precondition to filing suit.




6
  In addition to arguing that MSPA’s claim is barred by the claims-filing provision, Kingsway
contends in the alternative that the judgment on the pleadings should be affirmed on the ground
that “MSPA waived its rights” as a secondary payer under § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(v), which provides
that “[t]he Secretary may waive (in whole or in part) the provisions of this subparagraph in the
case of an individual claim if the Secretary determines that the waiver is in the best interests of
the program established under this subchapter.” It’s not clear whether this waiver provision—
which, like the claims-filing provision, by its text applies only to the “Secretary”—applies to
MAOs like MSPA’s assignor here. See supra at 15–16. Even if it does, Kingsway’s argument
fails because Kingsway hasn’t explained whether MSPA “determine[d] that the waiver is in the
best interests of the program” and, further, because the waiver provision is phrased
permissively—“may”—and there is no indication that MSPA has elected to waive its claim.

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                                         III

      The Medicare Secondary Payer Act’s private cause of action,

§ 1395y(b)(3)(A), and our cases interpreting it lead us to conclude that the Act’s

claims-filing provision, § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(vi), doesn’t erect a separate bar that

private plaintiffs must overcome in order to sue. A closer look at the claims-filing

provision’s text and the Act’s structure confirms that conclusion. Accordingly, the

district court erred in granting Kingsway’s motion for judgment on the pleadings.

      VACATED AND REMANDED.




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