
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN





NO. 03-01-00548-CV



Southwestern Bell Telephone Company, Appellant

v.


Public Utility Commission of Texas, Appellee






FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 250TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. GN100804, HONORABLE F. SCOTT MCCOWN, JUDGE PRESIDING



 Appellant Southwestern Bell Telephone Company ("SWBT") appeals from a district-
court judgment affirming a final order of appellee the Public Utility Commission of Texas (the
"Commission").  Pursuant to the incentive-regulation provisions of the Public Utility Regulatory Act
("PURA"), (1) SWBT applied for a rate increase for "nonpublished exchange" service by means of an
informational notice filing.  See PURA §§ 58.003(d), .152 (West Supp. 2002).  The Commission,
finding that nonpublished exchange service is a basic service, and therefore subject to a rate cap,
rejected SWBT's filing.  See id. § 58.054.  The district court affirmed the Commission's final order. 
SWBT appeals by one issue.  We will reverse and remand.
BACKGROUND

	This dispute arises from SWBT's attempt to exercise pricing flexibility under the
incentive-regulation scheme of PURA.  See id. §§ 58.001-.302 (West 1998 & Supp. 2002).  Before
1995, public utilities in Texas were dominated by heavily regulated monopolies.  See City of Plano
v. Public Util. Comm'n, 953 S.W.2d 416, 419 (Tex. App.--Austin 1997, no writ).  Companies like
SWBT were regulated according to traditional rate-of-return principles, which involved a
complicated and speculative process of regulating costs and estimating a fair rate of return on
investment.  Southwestern Bell Tel. Co. v. Public Util. Comm'n, 31 S.W.3d 631, 633-34 (Tex.
App.--Austin 2000, pet. granted) (citing PURA § 53.051 (West 1998)).  However, in 1995, the
legislature responded to the national trend toward deregulation and amended PURA to provide
telecommunications companies with the option of becoming deregulated through a statutory
transition process. (2)  A telephone utility may choose to be regulated under the incentive scheme in
chapter 58 of PURA by notifying the Commission in writing of its election and fulfilling
corresponding infrastructure commitments.  PURA § 58.021 (West Supp. 2002).  Companies
choosing incentive regulation are commonly referred to as "electing companies."  Under the 1995 
legislation, services were divided into three categories: (1) basic network services, (2) discretionary 
services, and (3) competitive services. (3)  This allowed electing companies the freedom to
competitively price certain services in the market, while remaining subject to the Commission's
authority over the regulation of other services.  In 1999 the legislature again amended PURA,
continuing its efforts to reduce the authority of the Commission to regulate electing companies.  The
three categories of services were collapsed into two categories, which PURA now designates as basic
and nonbasic services.  See PURA § 58.023 (West Supp. 2002).  Basic services remain subject to
a rate cap through September 1, 2005; nonbasic services may be priced competitively.
	SWBT became an electing company on September 1, 1995, thereby committing to
a rate cap on basic services until September 1, 2005.  On November 13, 2000, SWBT filed an
informational notice with the Commission expressing its intent to increase the monthly rate charged
for nonpublished exchange service from $1.10 to $2.50. (4)  Ordinarily, telephone utilities publish
customer names, addresses, and telephone numbers in a directory, which is then distributed free of
charge to all telephone subscribers.  However, customers, who for various reasons wish their
information to remain private, may pay an additional fee for the nonpublished exchange service,
which removes their information from the directory and from directory assistance.  In common
parlance, such customers have "unlisted numbers."  The Commission rejected SWBT's filing, basing
its decision on its finding that nonpublished exchange service is included within "primary directory
listings" and is thus a basic service.  See id. § 58.051(a)(1).  


DISCUSSION

	In cases involving agency decision-making, we apply a deferential standard of review. 
Nabisco v. Rylander, 992 S.W.2d 678, 681 (Tex. App.--Austin 1999, pet. denied) (citing Stanford
v. Butler, 181 S.W.2d 269, 273 (Tex. 1944); ADP Credit Corp. v. Sharp, 921 S.W.2d 490, 493 (Tex.
App.--Austin 1996, writ denied)).  When an agency is charged with enforcement of a statute, we
give serious consideration to the agency's construction, as long as the interpretation is reasonable
and does not contradict the statute's plain language.  Nabisco, 992 S.W.2d at 681 (citing Stanford,
181 S.W.2d at 273; Texas Citrus Exch. v. Sharp, 955 S.W.2d 164, 168 (Tex. App.--Austin 1997,
no pet.)). 
	By its sole issue on appeal, SWBT contends that the Commission's classification of
nonpublished exchange service as a basic network service contradicts the plain meaning and express
terms of PURA.  See PURA §§ 58.051, .151.  Section 58.051 specifies eleven services as basic
network services, which are subject to SWBT's rate cap.  Id. § 58.051(a).  The first service listed is
"flat rate residential local exchange telephone service, including primary directory listings and the
receipt of a directory and any applicable mileage or zone charges."  Id. § 58.051(a)(1) (emphasis
added).  The Commission found that nonpublished exchange service fits within primary directory
listings and argues that it is a subset or attribute of primary directory listings. 
	Before the 1995 and 1999 amendments to PURA, regulation by the Commission was
intended to act as a substitute for normal market competition.  City of Plano, 953 S.W.2d at 419. 
By enacting the amendments, the legislature significantly changed the way telecommunications
companies that elect incentive regulation are supervised.  Southwestern Bell, 31 S.W.3d at 636 ("By
adopting chapter 58, the legislature signaled a sea change in how telecommunications utilities that
have elected incentive regulation are to be governed.").  Electing companies are not subject to
complaints, hearings, or determinations concerning their rates, revenues, or net income.  Id.  Rates
are now determined by market forces rather than regulation by the Commission.  Therefore, we no
longer begin our analysis with the presumption that a particular service is subject to regulation by
the Commission.  Instead, when dealing with electing companies, we look to the enumerated services
which are classified as basic and subject to the rate cap; if the service in question is not listed in
section 58.051, we presume the service is nonbasic.  PURA § 58.151(23) (stating that services which
are classified as nonbasic include "all other services subject to the commission's jurisdiction that are
not specifically classified as basic network services in Section 58.051") (emphasis added).  
	Because nonpublished exchange service does not appear in section 58.051's list, such
service is presumed to be a nonbasic service.  The Commission's argument that nonpublished
exchange service is a subset or attribute of primary directory listings does not persuade us.  The
Commission's interpretation would broaden section 58.051(a)(1) to include services that "relate to"
primary directory listings.  Such interpretation would have us read words into PURA that simply are
not there, rendering section 58.151(23) meaningless and undermining the legislature's clear
deregulatory intent.  "[E]very word excluded from a statute must . . . be presumed to have been
excluded for a purpose."  Cameron v. Terrell & Garrett, Inc., 618 S.W.2d 535, 540 (Tex. 1981). 
Although "the law permits the interpolation of words into a . . . statutory provision when necessary
to achieve clear intent, . . . interpolation should not be resorted to when to permit it will defeat
overriding intent."  Mauzy v. Legislative Redistricting Bd., 471 S.W.2d 570, 573 (Tex. 1971).
	Conversely, we presume that the legislature intended each word to have a purpose. 
Cameron, 618 S.W.2d at 540 (citing Eddins-Walcher Butane Co. v. Calvert, 298 S.W.2d 93, 96
(Tex. 1957)).  Every word, sentence, clause, and phrase of a statute should be given effect. 
University of Texas v. Joki, 735 S.W.2d 505, 508 (Tex. App.--Austin 1987, writ denied) (citing Ex
parte Pruitt, 551 S.W.2d 706, 709 (Tex. 1977)).  Construction of a statute that would make a
provision a useless appendage is not favored by law.  Carson v. Hudson, 398 S.W.2d 321, 323 (Tex.
Civ. App.--Austin 1966, no writ).  Although we may defer to an agency's statutory interpretation,
we do not do so when that interpretation is unreasonable.  Nabisco, 992 S.W.2d at 681.  We
determine the legislature's intent from the plain and common meaning of the words used.  St. Luke's
Episcopal Hosp. v. Agbor, 952 S.W.2d 503, 505 (Tex.1997) (citing Monsanto Co. v. Cornerstones
Mun. Util. Dist., 865 S.W.2d 937, 939 (Tex. 1993); Moreno v. Sterling Drug, Inc., 787 S.W.2d 348,
352 (Tex. 1990)).  The legislature has written clearly: basic services are only those specifically
classified as such.  The legislature's requirement of specific classification leaves no room for the
Commission or this Court to infer subsets or attributes not apparent from the basic-network-services
description found in section 58.051(a).  "Courts must take statutes as they find them.  More than that,
they should be willing to take them as they find them."  Simmons v. Arnim, 220 S.W. 66, 70 (Tex.
1920) (quoted in Agbor, 952 S.W.2d at 505).  The same is true of the Commission.  We are
convinced that the overriding intent of the legislature in enacting the amendments to PURA was to
permit an electing company great latitude in its operations and rates, except as proscribed by the
amendments themselves.  Those amendments place only "flat rate residential local exchange
telephone service" under SWBT's rate cap.  PURA § 58.051(a)(1) (emphasis added).  An electing
company must provide primary directory listings as part of its residential local exchange service. 
Id.  SWBT has charged its customers an additional fee for nonpublished exchange service both
before and after becoming an electing company.  Thus, there has historically been a difference
between published primary directory listings and nonpublished exchange service.  We find nothing
in PURA to indicate that the legislature intended an electing company to cease charging an additional
fee for nonpublished service.  
	Finally, the Commission asserts that because section 58.051(a)(1) refers to primary
directory listings in the plural, the term must include published as well as nonpublished exchange
services.  SWBT responds that the legislature was merely recognizing that an SWBT customer could
be entitled to more than one published listing per family within the flat rate.  We agree with SWBT.
	A plain reading of PURA leads to the conclusion that "flat rate residential local
telephone exchange service" provides a customer of SWBT with a bundle of telephone utility
services for which the customer pays a flat rate.  One such service is a published listing in SWBT's
directory.  If the customer wishes to change the bundle, such as having his listing nonpublished, the
change is not under SWBT's rate cap, and SWBT may charge separately for the service.  We hold
that the Commission's interpretation is unreasonable and contrary to the plain language of the
statute.  
	SWBT further argues that the Commission's decision should have been guided by
SWBT's tariff which lists nonpublished exchange service as a service separate from primary
directory listing.  As is relevant here, a tariff is a document prepared by a public utility and filed with
the Commission that lists the utility's services and the rates the utility charges its customers for those
services.  See Southwestern Bell Tel. Co. v. Metro-Link Telecom, Inc., 919 S.W.2d 687, 691 (Tex.
App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, writ denied).  SWBT contends that its tariff and the tariffs of
other utilities have the binding force and effect of law.  The Commission disagrees, arguing that the
legislature did not intend for utilities to bind the Commission with their tariffs.  We acknowledge 
that tariffs may have some evidentiary value if they were relied upon by the legislature in
determining which services were to be basic and which were to be nonbasic.  However, because we
have held that the Commission's interpretation of nonpublished exchange service as a basic service
is contrary to the plain meaning of PURA, we do not rely on the tariff in reaching our decision.  

CONCLUSION

	We sustain SWBT's issue, reverse the judgment of the district court, and remand this
cause to the district court with instructions to remand to the Commission for further proceedings not
inconsistent with this opinion.


  
					Lee Yeakel, Justice
Before Chief Justice Aboussie, Justices B. A. Smith and Yeakel 
Reversed and Remanded
Filed:   June 6, 2002
Publish
1.      	The Public Utility Regulatory Act is codified as Title 2 of the Texas Utility Code.  Tex. Util.
Code Ann. §§ 11.001-64.168 (West 1998 & Supp. 2002).  The incentive-regulation provisions
appear in sections 58.001-.302.  Id. §§ 58.001-.302.
2.      	The policy of the incentive-regulation scheme is to "provide a framework for an orderly
transition from the traditional regulation of return on invested capital to a fully competitive
telecommunications marketplace in which all telecommunications providers compete on fair terms." 
Id. § 58.001(1) (West 1998).
3.      	See Act of May 8, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 166, §1, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 713, 864 (amended
1999) (current version at Tex. Util. Code Ann. § 58.023 (West Supp. 2002)).
4.      	SWBT has not increased the rate charged for this service since 1985.
