      MEMORANDUM DECISION

      Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
      this Memorandum Decision shall not be                                      FILED
      regarded as precedent or cited before any
                                                                             Jul 13 2017, 5:37 am
      court except for the purpose of establishing
      the defense of res judicata, collateral                                    CLERK
                                                                             Indiana Supreme Court
      estoppel, or the law of the case.                                         Court of Appeals
                                                                                  and Tax Court




      ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                   ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
      Lawrence M. Hansen                                       Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
      Hansen Law Firm, L.L.C.                                  Attorney General of Indiana
      Noblesville, Indiana
                                                               Jodi Kathryn Stein
                                                               Deputy Attorney General
                                                               Indianapolis, Indiana



                                                 IN THE
          COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

      Anthony W. Adams,                                        July 13, 2017
      Appellant-Defendant,                                     Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                               29A02-1612-CR-2955
              v.                                               Appeal from the Hamilton Circuit
                                                               Court
      State of Indiana,                                        The Honorable Paul A. Felix,
      Appellee-Plaintiff.                                      Judge
                                                               Trial Court Cause No.
                                                               29C01-0406-FC-50



      Mathias, Judge.


[1]   In this probation revocation case, we consider whether the trial court

      committed reversible error in ordering Anthony W. Adams (“Adams”) to


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 29A02-1612-CR-2955 | July 13, 2017           Page 1 of 8
      execute part of his previously suspended sentence nine years after the State

      petitioned to revoke his probation. Concluding that it did not, we affirm.


                                 Facts and Procedural Posture
[2]   In 2004, Adams pleaded guilty in Hamilton Circuit Court to Class C felony

      forgery under the instant cause number. He received a four-year suspended

      sentence, with 174 days’ credit, leaving a balance of 1,286 days. In 2005 and

      2006, Adams’s drug use resulted in three violations of his probation. Adams

      was ordered to serve 360 days of his suspended sentence, leaving a balance of

      926 days.


[3]   In August 2007, Adams was charged with five counts of child molestation. On

      August 24, 2007, the State filed a fourth petition to revoke probation under the

      instant cause number on the basis of the new charges and on the basis that

      Adams had failed to inform his probation officer of them. A bench warrant was

      issued for Adams’s arrest, tolling the probationary period. Ind. Code § 35-38-2-

      3(c) (2007). In August or September 2007, Adams pleaded guilty to two of the

      new charges and was ordered to serve twenty years executed in the Department

      of Correction.


[4]   On September 21, 2016, Adams was released from the Department of

      Correction and promptly re-arrested on the outstanding bench warrant from

      2007. At a probation violation hearing on October 28, 2016, Adams admitted to

      violating the conditions of his probation as alleged in the fourth petition. At a

      dispositional hearing on December 1, 2016, the trial court revoked Adams’s

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 29A02-1612-CR-2955 | July 13, 2017   Page 2 of 8
      probation and ordered him to execute 740 of his remaining 926 days in the

      Department of Correction.


[5]   From this order Adams now appeals, claiming that the nine-year delay between

      the State’s fourth petition to revoke in 2007 and the probation revocation in

      2016 violated his right to a speedy trial, and that the trial court abused its

      discretion in ordering him to execute 740 days as a sanction for his violation.


[6]   We affirm.


                                         Standard of Review
[7]   The decisions to revoke probation and to impose sanctions for a probation

      violation are within the sound discretion of the trial court. Heaton v. State, 984

      N.E.2d 614, 616 (Ind. 2013). We review such decisions for an abuse of that

      discretion. Id. A trial court abuses its discretion by ruling in a way clearly

      against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it, or by

      misinterpreting the law. Id.


                                     Discussion and Decision

                            I.      Sixth Amendment Speedy Trial Clause

[8]   The Sixth Amendment to the federal constitution provides, “In all criminal

      prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial . . . .”

      U.S. Const., amend. VI, cl. 1 (“the speedy trial clause”); Kloper v. North

      Carolina, 386 U.S. 213, 223 (1967) (incorporating speedy trial clause against




      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 29A02-1612-CR-2955 | July 13, 2017   Page 3 of 8
      states).1 Whether an accused has been denied his Sixth Amendment right to a

      speedy trial is tested by balancing the factors set out in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S.

      514 (1972). These include the length of and reason for the delay, whether the

      accused demanded a speedy trial, and prejudice to the accused. Id. at 530. At

      the trial level, the remedy for a violation of the right is dismissal of the

      prosecution. See Logan v. State, 16 N.E.3d 953, 961 (Ind. 2014).


[9]   Adams waived his Sixth Amendment argument by failing to raise it below. Lee

      v. State, 684 N.E.2d 1143, 1145 (Ind. 1997) (failure to object to continuance

      below waived assertion of speedy trial right under state constitution on appeal).

      Adams never moved to dismiss the State’s petition to revoke his probation on

      Sixth Amendments grounds, and never objected to imposition of sanctions on

      those grounds either at the probation violation hearing on October 28, 2016, or

      at the dispositional hearing on December 1, 2016. Indeed, at the latter hearing,

      Adams expressly disclaimed any legal argument from delay in opposition to the

      State’s petition to revoke:


               [Court:]          I hear your complaint about the delay. Any of that
                                 complaint [goes] towards a legal complaint or is it
                                 more towards fairness—

               [Counsel:]        It’s more of an equity—




      1
        While “Indiana Criminal Rule 4 generally implements [this] constitutional right” and “we ordinarily begin
      our analysis” with that rule, Logan v. State, 16 N.E.3d 953, 958 (Ind. 2014) (citations omitted), the rule does
      not apply in probation revocation proceedings. Wilburn v. State, 671 N.E.2d 143, 148 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996),
      trans. denied.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 29A02-1612-CR-2955 | July 13, 2017                 Page 4 of 8
                 [Court:]            —equity?

                 [Counsel:]          It’s more of an equity argument, Your Honor. To be
                                     candid, I don’t know if there is a statutory[, not to
                                     mention constitutional,] requirement of timely
                                     advising of the [bench] warrant [issued in 2007 after
                                     the State filed its petition to revoke].


       Tr. p. 23. In other words, Adams raised the State’s delay as an “equitable”

       argument in mitigation of the sanction to be imposed for an admitted probation

       violation, not as a constitutional defense to the State’s petition to revoke.

       Adams concedes as much on appeal. Appellant’s Br. at 11.


[10]   Adams does not allege fundamental error. In the absence of such an allegation,

       we cannot find error in the trial court’s disposition of a claim that was never

       submitted to it. Adams’s Sixth Amendment argument is waived.


[11]   Waiver notwithstanding, we note that, because no other provision of the Sixth

       Amendment applies in probation revocation proceedings, we cannot see why

       the speedy trial clause would.2 Moreover, this court has held before that




       2
         Probation revocation proceedings are subject to the minimum guarantees of due process under the
       Fourteenth Amendment, but Adams does not raise a separate due process claim. See generally Gagnon v.
       Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 782 (1973) (no constitutional distinction between probation revocation and parole
       revocation); Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 480-81 (1972) (“We begin with the proposition that the
       revocation of parole is not part of a criminal prosecution and thus the full panoply of rights due a defendant in such a
       proceeding does not apply to parole revocations. . . . We turn, therefore, to the question whether the
       requirements of due process in general apply to parole revocations [and answer in the affirmative].”
       (emphasis added)); see particularly Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420, 435 n.7 (1984) (per dictum, no Sixth
       Amendment right to jury in probation revocation proceeding); Gagnon, 411 U.S. at 783 (no Sixth
       Amendment right to counsel in probation revocation proceeding); United States v. Gavilanes-Ocaranza, 772
       F.3d 624, 627-28 (9th Cir. 2014) (no constitutional difference between probation revocation and supervised
       release revocation; no Sixth Amendment speedy trial right in either context); United States v. Scott, 850 F.2d
       316, 320 (7th Cir. 1988) (“[T]he sixth amendment’s speedy trial clause does not apply directly to

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 29A02-1612-CR-2955 | July 13, 2017                          Page 5 of 8
       admission of a probation violation, like a guilty plea, Tumulty v. State, 666

       N.E.2d 394, 396 (Ind. 1996), or a consent judgment, Pond v. McNellis, 845

       N.E.2d 1043, 1061 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied, forecloses challenge to

       probation revocation on direct appeal. Huffman v. State, 822 N.E.2d 656, 659

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2005). Finally, Adams would have faced no small hurdle in

       persuading us he was prejudiced by the delay. Even absent waiver, Adams’s

       Sixth Amendment claim could not have afforded him relief.


                    II.      Abuse of Discretion in Probation Violation Sanction

[12]   Adams claims the trial court abused its discretion by ordering him to serve 740

       days of the 926-day balance of his suspended sentence. Adams believes his time

       served in jail between his September 2016 arrest on the outstanding bench

       warrant and his December 2016 dispositional hearing was the more appropriate

       sanction.


[13]   By statute, when the trial court finds a probationer has violated the conditions

       of his probation, the trial court “may . . . order execution of all or part” of the

       originally suspended sentence. Figures v. State, 920 N.E.2d 267, 273 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2010) (alteration and quotations omitted) (quoting I.C. § 35-38-2-3(h)(3)).

       “Once a trial court has exercised its grace by ordering probation rather than




       probationers[.]”); State v. Johnson, 842 N.W.2d 63, 73 (Neb. 2014) (concurring with “majority of courts”
       surveyed that Sixth Amendment confrontation clause does not apply to probation revocation proceedings);
       Reyes v. State, 868 N.E.2d 438, 440 n.1 (Ind. 2007) (declining to address Sixth Amendment confrontation
       clause in probation revocation case because right “not implicated” there).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 29A02-1612-CR-2955 | July 13, 2017           Page 6 of 8
       incarceration, the judge should have considerable leeway in deciding how to

       proceed.” Prewitt v. State, 878 N.E.2d 184, 188 (Ind. 2007).


[14]   In considering the proper sanction for Adams’s probation violation, the trial

       court reasoned as follows:


               Based upon the fact the Defendant was on probation, this was his
               fourth information, fourth time violating . . . for numerous
               different allegations, this [fourth] allegation being a conviction, a
               very serious conviction. Had this been presented to me closer to
               the time that it happened, I think that I would probably come up
               with a harsher result than I am today. Clearly I think that the
               amelioration of time, the band-aid of time has maybe softened
               the ultimate disposition here today. Because the Defendant has
               served a substantial amount of time for the prior conviction and
               was due to get out before being . . . told as he was walking out
               the door that he had this Fourth Information of Violation of
               Probation that would keep him in custody, . . . keeping that in
               mind, the Court does still revoke the Defendant’s probation . . . .
               I will, however, only execute 740 days of his previously
               suspended time.


       Tr. pp. 24-25.


[15]   In aggravation, the trial court considered Adams’s history of probation

       violations and the severity of the conviction underlying the instant violation. In

       mitigation, the trial court considered the long lapse of time between the

       violation and the dispositional hearing, and Adams’s surprise at being

       immediately re-incarcerated after having just completed a long prison term. The

       trial court concluded that, of the 926-day balance of Adams’s sentence, 740

       days should be executed. This conclusion was not clearly against the logic and

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 29A02-1612-CR-2955 | July 13, 2017   Page 7 of 8
       effect of the facts and circumstances before the court, and was well within the

       trial court’s “considerable leeway” in ruling on probation revocations. Prewitt,

       878 N.E.2d at 188. There was no abuse of discretion.


                                                 Conclusion
[16]   Adams waived any Sixth Amendment defense to the State’s petition to revoke,

       and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ordering Adams to execute 740

       days of the 926-day balance of his suspended sentence. The trial court’s

       judgment is therefore affirmed.


[17]   Affirmed.


       Kirsch, J., and Altice, J., concur.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 29A02-1612-CR-2955 | July 13, 2017   Page 8 of 8
