                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Chief Judge Huff, Judge Decker and Senior Judge Clements
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued at Richmond, Virginia


              JAMES SETH BROWN
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 1737-14-2                                  JUDGE MARLA GRAFF DECKER
                                                                                  JULY 21, 2015
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                            FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF FREDERICKSBURG
                                              Gordon F. Willis, Judge

                               John D. Mayoras (Spencer, Mayoras, Koch, Cornick, & Meyer, PLC,
                               on brief), for appellant.

                               Leah A. Darron, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                               Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                     James Seth Brown appeals his convictions, in a bench trial, for failure to appear, in violation

              of Code § 19.2-128, and contributing to the delinquency of a minor, in violation of Code

              § 18.2-371. He argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions because the

              trial court did not find that he intentionally missed his hearing and the Commonwealth did not

              prove that he willfully left his child unsupervised. We hold that the evidence was sufficient to

              establish the challenged elements of the offenses and, therefore, we affirm the convictions.




                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                                       I. BACKGROUND1

       On May 30, 2013, Pamela Kelley was working at the front desk of a hotel in

Fredericksburg. At about 5:00 a.m., she received a call from a guest. The guest had discovered

a toddler “outside of the hotel by one of the entrance doors,” which Kelley explained led to the

parking lot. Kelley called the police department for assistance and instructed a hotel security

guard to retrieve the child. The two-year-old boy was wearing only a diaper. None of the guests

staying at the hotel had registered a small child. The police arrived and began an investigation.

Child Protective Services (CPS) took the child into custody.

       After learning that the appellant and his co-defendant, Courtney Love Brown, were

reported to have a young child with them in the hotel, the police went to their room. The officers

received no response when they knocked on the door. Ben Johnson, a detective with the

Fredericksburg Police Department, entered the room. He found the room in disarray, and he saw

what appeared to be drug paraphernalia in plain view. Johnson obtained a search warrant and

then returned to the room. He located three pill bottles, two bearing the appellant’s name and

one bearing the name of his co-defendant. The bathtub was full of water. Near the television

stand, Johnson found a cut soda straw and a napkin with white powdery residue on it.

       Later that day, law enforcement found the appellant, the child’s father, outside “in the

area” of the hotel. Courtney Love Brown, the mother, went to the police station. There is no

evidence that either parent had reported the child missing.


       1
          On review of the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, “[a]ppellate courts
in Virginia ‘view the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing
party in the trial court.’” Miller v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 527, 534 n.1, 769 S.E.2d 706,
709 n.1 (2015). To do so, we give the Commonwealth “‘all reasonable inferences fairly
deducible’ from [the evidence,] . . . discard[] ‘the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of
the Commonwealth, and regard[] as true all the credible evidence favorable to the
Commonwealth.’” Id. at 536, 769 S.E.2d at 710 (quoting DeAmicis v. Commonwealth, 31
Va. App. 437, 440, 524 S.E.2d 151, 152 (2000) (en banc)).

                                                -2-
       The appellant agreed to speak with the police. During his interview, which was recorded

and admitted into evidence, the appellant provided his version of events. He said that he had

supervised the child while the mother had gone out with her friend earlier that night. While

waiting for the mother, the appellant contacted her because she was taking longer than expected

and he wanted her to return to the hotel. At about 2:00 a.m., the appellant took the child with

him to the parking lot to retrieve an item he had left in the mother’s car. The mother and her

friend arrived back at the parking lot while the appellant was there. She became upset when she

saw the appellant near her car. They argued, and the mother threatened to call the police. The

appellant took his son back inside to the hotel room. The mother and her friend also returned to

the room. The appellant explained that he left a few minutes later, around “two or three” in the

morning, in part because the mother had threatened to call the police. He claimed that at that

time, the mother was “putting [the child] down for bed,” and her friend had remained in the room

with them.

       According to the appellant, after leaving the room, he took a taxi to his friend’s house

where he watched movies. While there, the appellant attempted to contact the mother numerous

times by sending her messages through Facebook, including asking her, “Where you at?” He

explained that he asked that question in case she had taken the child with her away from the hotel

because she was mad. The appellant initially stated that the mother had given him no reason to

believe that she would leave the hotel, but then said that she had talked about “possibly going”

with a friend to a doctor’s appointment at an unspecified time in the morning.

       While alone in the police interview room, the appellant called the friend he had visited.

The audio equipment in the interview room recorded the appellant’s side of the conversation. He

said to his friend, “The reason I was trying to hurry and get back, man. To make sure she ain’t

leave. And she did.”

                                               -3-
          The appellant also spoke with a representative from CPS. As part of CPS’ investigation,

the appellant was tested for drugs. He tested positive for marijuana, oxycodone, methadone, and

opiates. The appellant claimed that he was prescribed medication for a torn meniscus in his

knee. Although police found a prescription bottle for oxycodone with his name on it, the

appellant did not produce a prescription for the other drugs in his system. The witness from CPS

testified, without objection, that the appellant stated at his arraignment hearing that he “took full

responsibility for what happened.”

          On the charge of failure to appear, the Commonwealth admitted official court documents

into evidence demonstrating that the appellant was notified to appear in court for a preliminary

hearing on July 10, 2013, for a related felony charge, but failed to appear for the hearing. The

appellant testified that he knew about his court date but assumed that his case had been continued

because his co-defendant, the mother, had received a continuance. He conceded, however, that

he did not receive notice of a continuance. The appellant argued to the trial court that the

Commonwealth was required to prove that his absence was willful. The Commonwealth

contended simply that the appellant admitted that “no one told him” not to come to court for the

scheduled hearing.

          The appellant was convicted of failure to appear and contributing to the delinquency of a

minor. The court, however, granted the appellant’s motion to strike the felony child neglect

charge.

          The trial court addressed the failure to appear charge in the following manner:

                 Mr. Brown, you were charged with this serious charge of felony
                 abuse and neglect of your son. You posted a bond. As a condition
                 of your bond, you signed a recognizance that clearly showed that
                 you were to reappear in court on July l0th at nine o’clock. . . .

                      [I]f you had any question as to what your date was, whether it
                 had changed from that or not, you could have contacted your
                 attorney. You certainly could have contacted the court to confirm
                                                 -4-
                if you thought your date had changed, but you didn’t do any of
                that. You just took a calculated risk that it had changed and you
                didn’t show up. Well, that’s a willful failure to appear.

        In finding the appellant and his co-defendant guilty of contributing to the delinquency of

a minor, the court explained that the appellant’s “actions and omissions contributed to the lack of

supervision of [his] two-year old on the night . . . in question.” The trial court found that both

the appellant and his co-defendant “failed in [their] required duties as . . . parent[s] to see that

[their] son was adequately supervised.” The court also noted the family’s living conditions “in a

hotel that was full of strangers,” in a room with “a bathtub full of water,” and “drugs in the room

that had been misused by both [parents] within a relatively short period of time of his being

neglected.” The court concluded that the parents’ actions and omissions caused the situation

where the child was “wandering around the hotel unsupervised” and that the circumstances

“clearly show[ed] neglect.”

        The court sentenced the appellant to a total of three years of incarceration, with two years

suspended.

                                           II. ANALYSIS

        The appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to prove both offenses. He

argues as to the failure to appear conviction that the trial court did not find that his failure was

willful, as required by Code § 19.2-128(B). Regarding the conviction for contributing to the

delinquency of a minor, he argues that the Commonwealth failed to prove that any willful act or

omission on his part led to his child’s lack of supervision.

        In this Court’s review of the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we will

affirm the decision unless the trial court was plainly wrong or the conviction lacks evidence to

support it. See, e.g., Williams v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 750, 762, 706 S.E.2d 530, 536

(2011). If the evidence is sufficient to support the conviction, the reviewing appellate court will not

                                                 -5-
“substitute its own judgment for that of the trier of fact, even if its opinion might differ from the

conclusions reached by the [fact finder].” Jordan v. Commonwealth, 286 Va. 153, 156-57, 747

S.E.2d 799, 800 (2013).

        The appellant was tried by the circuit court, sitting without a jury. Consequently, that court

was the fact finder and its judgment is afforded the same weight as a jury verdict. Preston v.

Commonwealth, 281 Va. 52, 57, 704 S.E.2d 127, 129 (2011). It was in the position to see and

hear the witnesses as they testified and to make credibility determinations. Miller v.

Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 527, 536, 769 S.E.2d 706, 710 (2015). Consequently, decisions

regarding the credibility of the witnesses and the weight of the evidence are matters left solely to

the fact finder below, in this case the trial court. See, e.g., Davis v. Commonwealth, 230 Va.

201, 206, 335 S.E.2d 375, 379 (1985).

        When a conviction is based on circumstantial evidence, that evidence “‘must exclude every

reasonable hypothesis of innocence.’” Hamilton v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 751, 755, 433

S.E.2d 27, 29 (1993) (quoting Boothe v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 484, 492, 358 S.E.2d 740, 745

(1987)). However, “[t]he Commonwealth need only exclude reasonable hypotheses of innocence

that flow from the evidence . . . .” Id. Whether a “‘hypothesis of innocence is reasonable is a

question of fact and, therefore, is binding on appeal unless plainly wrong.’” Wood v.

Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 286, 306, 701 S.E.2d 810, 819 (2010) (quoting Emerson v.

Commonwealth, 43 Va. App. 263, 277, 597 S.E.2d 242, 249 (2004)).

        We review the challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence under these well-established

legal principles.




                                                  -6-
                                       A. Failure to Appear

       The appellant argues that the trial court made a factual finding that his testimony was

credible. He reasons that consequently the court erred by holding that his “calculated risk” that

his court date “had changed” constituted a “willful failure to appear.”

       Code § 19.2-128(B) provides that “[a]ny person . . . charged with a felony offense . . .

who willfully fails to appear before any court as required shall be guilty of a Class 6 felony.” In

order to support a conviction for failure to appear, the Commonwealth must prove that the

defendant “‘willfully’ failed to appear” at trial or other court proceeding. Williams, 57 Va. App.

at 762-63, 706 S.E.2d at 536. “‘Willfully,’ as used in Code § 19.2-128(B), has the customary

meaning that the act must have been done ‘purposely, intentionally, or designedly.’” Hunter v.

Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 717, 721, 427 S.E.2d 197, 200 (1993) (en banc). Intent may, and

usually must, be proved by circumstantial evidence, and the fact finder may presume an offender

intends the “natural and probable consequences” of his acts. Campbell v. Commonwealth, 12

Va. App. 476, 483-84, 405 S.E.2d 1, 4 (1991) (en banc). “When the government proves that an

accused received timely notice of when and where to appear for trial [or other legal proceeding]

and thereafter does not appear on the date or place specified, the fact finder may infer that the

failure to appear was willful.” Hunter, 15 Va. App. at 721, 427 S.E.2d at 200.

       The appellant contends that the trial court’s statement that he “took a calculated risk”

demonstrates that it believed his testimony but then misapplied the “willful” element of the

offense. However, when considering whether a trial court applied an incorrect legal standard,

the judge’s comments must be viewed in context, keeping in mind the legal requirements on

appellate review. See Yarborough v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 971, 978, 234 S.E.2d 286, 291

(1977) (“[W]e will not fix upon isolated statements of the trial judge taken out of the full context

in which they were made, and use them as a predicate for holding the law has been

                                                -7-
misapplied.”); see also Bassett v. Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 580, 583-84, 414 S.E.2d 419, 421

(1992) (holding that a “trial court’s remark is not, in and of itself, ‘the full context’ simply

because it represents the only point at which the court [expressly] addressed the issue [in

dispute]”).

       The record in this case refutes the appellant’s claim. After summarizing the facts that

demonstrated that the appellant knowingly failed to appear in court, the trial court stated,

               [I]f you had any question as to what your date was, whether it had
               changed from that or not, you could have contacted your attorney.
               You certainly could have contacted the court to confirm if you
               thought your date had changed, but you didn’t do any of that. You
               just took a calculated risk that it had changed and you didn’t show
               up. Well, that’s a willful failure to appear.

The first two sentences of the judge’s comments make clear the contingent nature of his

observation, stating that “if” the appellant thought that his hearing date had changed, he “could”

have contacted his attorney or the court. This conditional language signals that the judge

doubted the appellant’s claim of an innocent mistake. If the appellant, who was a convicted

felon, had truly thought his court date had changed, he could have contacted his attorney or the

court, but he did not. The court concluded by opining, “[T]hat’s a willful failure to appear.”

(Emphasis added). The judge’s comment that the appellant “took a calculated risk,” viewed in

context, was not inconsistent with the finding that the appellant’s actions were willful. In

addition, consistent with the trial court’s ruling, the appellant’s counsel argued to the trial court

that willfulness was a required element of the offense. A full reading of the record supports the

conclusion that the trial court knew and correctly applied the law.

       The judge rejected the appellant’s “hypothesis of innocence,” and the record supports that

decision. It contains the bond agreement signed by the appellant promising to appear for his July

10, 2013 hearing. The appellant’s signature affirmed that he understood that “failure to appear

[was] a separate crime” from the underlying charged offense. Further, the appellant admitted at
                                                 -8-
trial that no one told him not to go to court on that date. This evidence refutes any claim of

mistake. The trial court was not required to accept the appellant’s explanation as credible, and it

was entitled to “accept the parts” of his testimony that it found “believable and reject other parts

as implausible.” Moyer v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 8, 28, 531 S.E.2d 580, 590 (2000) (en

banc).

         The evidence that the appellant knew his hearing date and did not appear in court on that

date supports the trial court’s conclusion that his failure to appear was willful. Therefore, we

affirm the conviction for failure to appear.

                           B. Contributing to the Delinquency of a Minor

         The only challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is that the Commonwealth did not

prove the “willful” element of the offense of contributing to the delinquency of a minor. He

relies on the fact that he left the child with his co-defendant, the child’s mother. The appellant

suggests that there was no evidence that the child’s neglect arose from his actions.

         Code § 18.2-371 provides, in pertinent part: “Any person . . . , including the parent of

any child, who (i) willfully contributes to, encourages, or causes any act, omission, or condition

that renders a child . . . abused or neglected as defined in § 16.1-228 . . . is guilty of a Class 1

misdemeanor.” (Emphases added).2 The trial court made the factual finding that the appellant’s

actions constituted neglect.

         Code § 16.1-228 defines an abused or neglected child, in pertinent part, as a child

“[w]hose parent[] . . . creates a substantial risk of death, disfigurement or impairment of bodily

or mental functions” or “[w]ho is without parental care or guardianship caused by the


         2
          In contrast, it is a felony offense for a parent to “by willful act or omission . . . permit[]
serious injury to the life or health” of a child, or for a parent’s “willful act or omission in the care
of [a] child” to be “so gross, wanton, and culpable as to show a reckless disregard for human
life.” Code § 18.2-371.1.

                                                  -9-
unreasonable absence . . . of the child’s parent.” “[T]he statutory definitions of an abused or

neglected child do not require proof of actual harm or impairment having been experienced by

the child. The term ‘substantial risk’ speaks in futuro . . . .” Jenkins v. Winchester Dep’t of Soc.

Servs., 12 Va. App. 1178, 1183, 409 S.E.2d 16, 19 (1991).

        The record supports the trial court’s conclusion that the appellant willfully contributed to

the neglect of his child, either through contributing to the situation that had “a substantial risk of

death, disfigurement or impairment of bodily or mental functions” or though his “unreasonable

absence,” contributing to the child’s lack of “parental care or guardianship.” His unchallenged

statement that he took “full responsibility for what happened” supports the conclusion that he

willfully contributed to the child’s neglect. The police recording of the thirty-one-year-old

appellant further supports the inference that he left the hotel room having reason to believe that

the mother would not stay to supervise their young child. He admitted that the situation was

volatile with the mother when he left. The appellant’s statements as to the mother’s whereabouts

were inconsistent. At first he told the officer that she had given him no indication that she would

go anywhere, but later in the interview stated that she had discussed “possibly” going with a

friend to a doctor’s appointment. Additionally, his recorded statement to his friend that he was

in a hurry to return “to make sure she [didn’t] leave” suggested that he had reason to believe that

the mother would leave. The appellant’s attempt to contact the mother while at his friend’s

house and ask her where she was at the time further suggests that he knew or believed that she

had left the hotel.

        Although the appellant points to his statement to the police that he left the child in the

mother’s care and had no reason to think that she would leave, the trial court made an implicit

factual finding rejecting this defense. See Wood, 57 Va. App. at 306-07, 701 S.E.2d at 820

(holding that the “trial court was not required to accept the story” that the defendant told the

                                                - 10 -
police). See generally Cuffee v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 353, 367, 735 S.E.2d 693, 700

(2013) (affirming the trial court’s implicit factual finding). That finding was supported by the

appellant’s own statements and admissions to law enforcement, to his friend, and in open court.

       Under the unique circumstances of this case, the trial court was not plainly wrong and the

evidence supports the conclusion that the appellant’s willful acts contributed to the neglect of his

child. Consequently, we affirm the conviction for contributing to the delinquency of a minor.

       In light of this holding, we do not address the Commonwealth’s alternative argument that

the child was in need of services because the child was living in a hotel “full of strangers” and in

a room “in close proximity to a bathtub with water and drugs.” See Jones v. Commonwealth,

272 Va. 692, 701-02, 636 S.E.2d 403, 408 (2006) (affirming conviction under Code

§ 18.2-371.1(B)(1) where “unattended child” was exposed to substantial or probable risk of harm

from “harmful drugs within arm’s reach”).

                                        III. CONCLUSION

        The evidence, viewed under the appropriate standard of review, supports the finding that

the appellant willfully failed to appear. In addition, the record supports the trial court’s finding

that the appellant willfully contributed to the neglect of his two-year-old child. For these

reasons, we affirm the convictions.

                                                                                            Affirmed.




                                                - 11 -
