                                                                           FILED
                                                                        SEPT 16,2014 

                                                                 In the Office of the Clerk of Court 

                                                               WA State Court of Appeal" Di\'i ion TIl 





            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 

                               DIVISION THREE 


GB AUCTIONS, INC., a Washington               )
corporation,                                  )         No. 31667-0-III
                                              )
                      Respondent,             )
                                              )
       v.                                     )
                                              )         UNPUBLISHED OPINION
PRIVATE LEDGER, INC., a Nebraska              )

corporation,                                  )

                                              )

                      Appellant.              )


       KORSMO, J. -    Private Ledger, Inc. (PLI) appeals a declaratory judge determining

that GB Auctions, Inc. (GBA) had not breached its contract with PLI. Believing that

disputed questions of fact exist, we reverse and remand for trial.

                                          FACTS

       In 2010, GBA contacted PLI about selling GBA's airplane. The two businesses

exchanged conununications back and forth, but GBA ultimately decided that it was not

ready to sell its airplane. All of these conununications occurred between Adam Frisbie

(PLI's owner) and Mark Muelheim (GBA's pilot).

      Later in 2010, Mr. Muelheim, acting on GBA's behalf, reinitiated contact with

PLI. On February 17, 2011, the two parties entered into an aircraft sale and listing

agreement. Mr. Frisbie signed on behalf ofPLI and Greg Mahugh, GBA's vice president,
No. 31667-0
GB Auctions, Inc. v. Private Ledger, Inc.


signed on behalfofGBA. Mr. Muelheim and GBA's president Bob McConkey were also

present for the signing. The parties set the selling price at $1,900,000 . PLI had exclusive

listing rights for the sale.

        The parties scheduled the listing agreement to expire after 90 days. However, it

would automatically renew for successive 90-day periods until one of the parties gave at

least two weeks' notice in writing that the agreement would not be renewed for another

term.

        If GBA cancelled in midterm, the agreement provided that it would have to pay

PLI's commission. l GBA would also have to pay the commission ifPLI secured a valid

offer within the asking price, regardless of whether GBA actually accepted the offer and

sold the airplane. The agreement also required GBA to provide PLI with all information

regarding the aircraft and its equipment and to provide PLI with all documents relating to

the aircraft' s maintenance status.

        The first two 90-day terms came and went without any offers. On August 25,2011,

shortly after entering the third 90-day term, PLI sent an e-mail to Mr. Muelheim asking for

updated log books and an updated status sheet for the airplane. PLI also stated that




        1 The critical sentence is found in the third paragraph of the listing agreement:
"Failure to close after receipt of a valid offer or early termination of this agreement will
trigger the sales commission due at asking price." Clerk's Papers at 8 (emphasis added).

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inquiries about the airplane had been increasing dramatically. PLI did not immediately

hear back from GBA.

       On August 29, Mr. Muelheim replied to PLI and explained that GBA's response

had been delayed because he, Mr. Muelheim, had to first consult with Mr. McConkey.

Instead of providing PLI with the requested documentation, GBA' s response informed

PLI that "[t]he decision now is to pull the airplane from the market." CP at 83. The

response, written by Mr. Muelheim, goes on to tell Mr. Frisbie that he enjoyed their

working relationship and that he does not want to say goodbye for good, but that he does

not know when or if they will meet again.

       During this same time period, GBA was engaged in negotiations with Elliot

Aviation to make substantial upgrades to the airplane. On August 14, prior to GBA

communicating to PLI its decision not to sell, Mr. Muelheim informed Elliot Aviation that

his boss had already made the decision not to sell the airplane. A few months later, GBA

and Elliot entered into a contract to make $272,100 worth of upgrades to the airplane.

       Not sure how to interpret Mr. Muelheim's August 29 reply, PLI sent another

e-mail on August 30, asking GBA to confirm that it was terminating the listing agreement

early or ifPLI could still pursue inquiries that had already been made. Mr. Muelheim's

answer did not substantially clarify the parties' relationship. He responded that it was up to

PLI to decide if it wanted to follow up on existing inquiries, but that procuring an offer

"would certainly test [Mr. McConkey's] resolve." CP at 91.

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       Instead of treating GBA's decision not to sell as an early termination of the

contract, it appears from the record that PLI continued its efforts to secure an offer. On

September 20, 2011, PLI wrote to Mr. Muelheim that the airplane continued to receive

inquiries, and that the airplane would be likely to sell once GBA adjusted the price to

account for the flight time that the airplane had accrued over the last seven months.

       That same day, Mr. Muelheim consulted with Mr. McConkey about PLI's most

recent e-mail. Mr. Muelheim then forwarded to PLI Mr. McConkey's answer, which Mr.

Muelheim quoted Mr. McConkey as saying, '" don't think we are interested in selling at

thus [sic] time at all. ", CP at 94.

       On September 29, PLI followed up by asking whether it should renew its

advertisements for another month or pull them. From the record before this court, it

appears that GBA never responded.

       On October 19, 2011, PLI sent an e-mail to Mr. Muelheim asking for its

commission under the listing agreement's early cancellation clause. The next day, Mr.

Mahugh sent PLI a letter in which he claimed that GBA did not terminate the listing

agreement and that Mr. Muelheim lacked authority to modify the listing agreement in any

way. Mr. Mahugh also announced GBA's decision not to renew the contract for another

term, which was set to expire on November 14,2011. PLI responded that it had been led

to believe this whole time that Mr. Muelheim acted with authority on GBA's behalf.




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       After that, the parties continued to correspond in an attempt to resolve the matter.

On November 30, Mr. McConkey sent PLI an e-mail in which he stated that he had in fact

directed Mr. Muelheim to have PLI '''take it off the market. '" CP at 80. Mr. McConkey

also expressed his opinion that the decision to pull the airplane from the market was not

intended to imply a cancellation of the listing agreement or that GBA would not honor a

valid offer during the remaining listing period.

       On December 15, 2011, GBA preemptively sued PLI, seeking declaratory judgment.

PLI answered and counterclaimed with causes of action for breach of contract and unjust

enrichment. Shortly thereafter, GBA moved for declaratory judgment. It argued that the

agreement was properly cancelled in writing prior to the conclusion of the third term and

that no commission was owed because PLI never generated an offer. PLI in turn argued

that it was entitled to a commission because GBA breached the agreement prior to

cancelling it.

       On April 12, 2013, the trial court entered an order granting GBA' s motion for

declaratory judgment. In its order, the court made five mixed findings: (1) the agreement

was in its third term, (2) the agreement could be terminated with written notice at least two

weeks before the end of the term, (3) GBA gave written notice of its intent to terminate the

listing at least two weeks before the expiration of the third term, (4) the contract terminated

upon expiration of the third term, and (5) no commission is due because PLI did not




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GB Auctions, Inc. v. Private Ledger, Inc.


generate an offer before the expiration of the third term. PLI thereafter timely appealed to

this court, challenging the trial court's findings.

                                         ANALYSIS

       This appeal presents two questions. The first is whether the trial court erred when

it entered declaratory judgment for GBA. If so, the second is whether PLI is entitled to

attorney fees on appeal.

       Before addressing the merits of this case, this court must determine what law to

apply. The listing agreement contained a choice of law provision designating

Nebraska law as controlling. Washington generally respects choice of law provisions.

Schnall v. AT&T Wireless Serv., Inc., 171 Wn.2d 260, 266-67, 259 P.3d 129 (2011).

       Despite the presence of a choice of law provision, the forum state usually

still applies its procedural law. RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONFLICTS OF LAW

ch. 6 intro. note (1971). Notably, Nebraska also follows this rule. Nebraska Nutrients,

Inc. v. Shepherd, 261 Neb. 723, 780, 626 N.W.2d 472 (2001). Accordingly, this court

will apply Nebraska substantive law and Washington procedural law.

       This court reviews declaratory judgment actions the same as it does any other civil

case. To-Ro Trade Shows v. Collins, 144 Wn.2d 403, 410, 27 P.3d 1149 (2001). Because

GBA submitted its motion based on the parties' declarations and documents in the record,

instead of proceeding to trial, we will review this appeal the same as we would review a

grant of summary judgment.

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       "When reviewing an order for summary judgment, the appellate court engages in

the same inquiry as the trial court." Mountain Park Homeowners Ass'n, Inc. v. Tydings, .

125 Wn.2d 337, 341, 883 P.2d 1383 (1994). "This court will affirm summary judgment if

no genuine issue of any material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as

a matter of law." Id. "All facts and reasonable inferences are considered in the light most

favorable to the nonmoving party, and all questions of law are reviewed de novo." Id.

"But a question of fact may be determined as a matter of law when reasonable minds can

reach only one conclusion." Miller v. Likins, 109 Wn. App. 140, 144,34 P.3d 835 (2001).

       Applying this standard, we believe that the trial court erred as a matter of law by not

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Doing so reveals

a genuine issue of material fact as to whether GBA repudiated the listing agreement on

August 29, on September 20, or after September 29.

       Generally speaking, "the question whether there has been repudiation or whether

repudiation was justified is a question of fact for the jury." Radecki v. Mutual a/Omaha

Ins. Co ., 255 Neb. 224, 233, 583 N. W.2d 320 (1998). Repudiation can be proven through

words or acts evincing an intention to refuse performance. Chadd v. Midwest Franchise

Corp., 226 Neb. 502, 508,412 N.W.2d 453 (1987).

      In the above communications, we note that GBA repeatedly stated its intent not to

sell the airplane. Because GBA had a contractual duty to pay the commission upon receipt




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of an offer, as opposed to upon sale of the airplane, the fact that GBA did not want to sell

the airplane is not necessarily conclusive evidence of GBA's intent to refuse performance.

       However, GBA's communications did more than just show its intent not to sell the

airplane. The August 29 e-mail from Mr. Muelheim shows an unmistakable intent to

cancel the entire relationship with PLI, considering the e-mail' s great uncertainty about

when or if the parties would ever communicate with each other again. This inference is

strengthened by the fact that the August 29 e-mail was in response to a request for

documentation that GBA had a positive duty to provide under the contract, and which

GBA never provided. The lack of this documentation would naturally hinder PLI's ability

to sell the airplane. Thus, a rational trier of fact could find that GBA repudiated the listing

agreement on August 29.

       PLI's conduct after the August 29 e-mail raises another genuine issue of material fact

as to whether PLI chose instead to waive any repudiation by GBA. Even then, a rational

trier of fact could find that GBA's September 20 response was a further repudiation. 2




        2 GBA counters that PLI repudiated the contract when it requested a reduction in

the selling price, which GBA argues shows PLI's inability or unwillingness to perform.
However, the record shows that PLI's one request to reduce the asking price was in
response to GBA adding 350 hours of flight time to the airplane during the intervening
months. It is hard to imagine how adding a significant amount of wear and tear to the
airplane during those months would not materially depreciate the airplane's value.
Furthermore, GBA's instructions to pull the airplane from the market effectively prohibited
PLI from procuring an offer. A seller cannot be expected to find a buyer without the
ability to advertise that the airplane is for sale.

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Taken in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, this e-mail further supports the

proposition that GBA already considered the contract to be cancelled.

       GBA's silence after September 29 is also evidence of repudiation by GBA. At that

time, the third listing term was only halfway through. When viewed in the light most

favorable to PLI, GBA's silence despite PLI's request for further direction could be

viewed as a repudiation. Indeed, PLI treated these last events as a repudiation as shown

by its demand for payment and cessation of advertising activities .

       The trial court found that GBA properly gave at least two weeks' written notice that

GBA would not renew the listing agreement for another term. However, it only gave

notice after PLI gave notice that it was treating GBA's actions as a repudiation of the

listing agreement. If GBA ' s prior actions are eventually found to constitute a repudiation

of the listing agreement, then GBA's attempt to end the contract at the end of the third term

is irrelevant. By that time, PLI had already changed its position in reliance on GBA's

repudiation by ceasing its advertising activities mid-way through the third term.

       GBA also argues that it could not have repudiated the contract because Mr.

Muelheim did not have authority to represent GBA. This argument lacks merit.

       "The scope of an agent's authority is a question of fact." Oddo v. Speedway

Scaffold Co., 233 Neb. 1,6,443 N.W.2d 596 (1989). "In the relationship of principal

and agent, an agent's actual authority is the power to act on the principal's behalf in

accordance with the principal's consent to the agency." Id. at 6-7 . "Apparent or

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ostensible authority may be conferred if the alleged principal affirmatively, intentionally,

or by lack of ordinary care causes third persons to act upon the apparent agency."

Draemel v. Rufenacht, Bron:agen & Hertz, Inc., 223 Neb. 645,651,392 N.W.2d 759

(1986).

       The record in this case shows that Mr. Muelheim did not have actual authority to

make decisions on GBA's behalf. This is shown by the fact that Mr. Muelheim did not

sign the listing agreement and by his repeated statements that he had to check with his

principal. However, the lack of authority to make decisions does not affect Mr. Muelheim's

authority to communicate decisions made by his principal.

       Under Nebraska law, liability of a principal for an agent's acts does not stem solely

from an agent making binding decisions on the principal's behalf. A principal may still be

held liable for misrepresentations of fact made by an agent on the principal's behalf.

Willardv. Key, 83 Neb. 850, 120 N.W. 419 (1909) (agent's misrepresentation of acreage,

which induced the injured party to buy real estate from the principal). Such

misrepresentations could include an agent's misrepresentation of a decision made by his

principal.

       Throughout the parties' relationship, GBA put Mr. Muelheim forward as its point

of contact. Anything that Mr. McConkey and Mr. Mahugh needed to tell PLI was relayed

through Mr. Muelheim. PLI similarly relayed its messages back through Mr. Muelheim.

Because ofGBA's actions, PLI was in a position to reasonably believe that an e-mail from

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Mr. Muelheim was as good as an e-mail from Mr. McConkey. IfMr. Muelheim was

powerless to relay binding decisions made by his principals, then GBA needed to give PLI

actual notice of that limitation, instead of putting Mr. Muelheim forward as the speaker for

his principal. Geyer v. Walling Co., 175 Neb. 456,463, 122 N. W.2d 230 (1963).

       Accordingly, we believe that there are factual questions presented that require a trial

to determine whether or not GBA breached the agreement prior to cancelling it. 3

       PLI asks for its attorney fees under the listing agreement. "Nebraska law deems the

recovery of attorney fees in the action in which they are incurred to be a procedural issue

governed by the law of the forum." Nebraska Nutrients, Inc. v. Shepherd, 261 Neb. 723,

782,626 N.W.2d 472 (2001), abrogated on other grounds by Sutton v. Killham, 285 Neb.

1, 5, 825 N. W.2d 188 (2013). Accordingly, Washington law applies with respect to

attorney fees under the contract. 4

       The contract here states: "If action is instituted to collect compensation or

commissions, Client agrees [to] pay such sums as the court may fix such as reasonable

attorney fees in addition to all damages or relief sought by PLI." CP at 9. Using the



       3 We also note that the trial court (Finding of Fact 5) ignored PLI's basis for
seeking a commission-the alleged breach of the agreement creating an early termination
of the contract-in favor ofGBA's theory that no offer had been presented. The evidence
should have been examined in light of the theory of recovery being pursued rather than a
theory that was not.
      4 RCW 4.84.330 makes a unilateral fee provision bilateral. Accordingly, the statute
would allow either side to claim attorney fees under this provision.

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pennissive "may," this provision puts the decision to award attorney fees in the court's

discretion. Considering that this case presented a debatable issue for both sides and that

the matter has not been resolved on the merits, we choose to adhere to the default

American Rule and decline to award PLI attorney fees on appeal.

       Reversed and remanded.

       A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to

RCW 2.06.040.




WE CONCUR: 





      Brown, A.C.1.          -.




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