STATE OF MISSOURI,                                  )
                                                    )
        Plaintiff-Respondent,                       )
                                                    )
v.                                                  )        No. SD33719
                                                    )
TERISA L. STEPHENS,                                 )        Filed: Feb. 24, 2016
                                                    )
        Defendant-Appellant.                        )


              APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF GREENE COUNTY

                              Honorable J. Dan Conklin, Circuit Judge

AFFIRMED

        Terisa L. Stephens (“Defendant”) appeals her conviction for possession of

methamphetamine, see section 195.202, RSMo 2000, following a jury trial.1 Her sole point

alleges the trial court erred in overruling her motion for judgment of acquittal at the close of

all evidence because there was insufficient evidence that she constructively possessed the

methamphetamine located in her jointly-occupied residence. Finding no merit in this claim,

we affirm.

                                         Standard of Review

        We review to determine whether the evidence tending to prove guilt and reasonable

inferences therefrom, when viewed in the light most favorable to the judgment, were

1
 All other statutory references are to RSMo Cum. Supp. 2010. All rule references are to Missouri Court Rules
(2015).


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sufficient for a reasonable fact-finder to find the essential elements of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt. State v. Miller, 372 S.W.3d 455, 463 (Mo. banc 2012). Our recitation of

the relevant facts is in accordance with this standard.

                            Factual and Procedural Background

       On May 5, 2010, Sergeant Jamin Sackman (“Sergeant Sackman”), then a detective

with the Greene County Sheriff’s Department, was called to a location just north of Willard

to conduct a “death investigation.” Upon arrival, Sergeant Sackman saw what appeared to

be a dead body in the front yard of a small mobile home. Defendant, Larry Jackson

(“Jackson”), and Laura Adkins (“Adkins”), the deceased’s fiancée, were all at the scene.

From his conversations with the three, Sergeant Sackman learned that Defendant had been

living with Jackson at the mobile home for approximately the last two months and that

Adkins and the deceased did not reside in the mobile home.

       As Sergeant Sackman approached the body, he noticed a “strong chemical odor”

consistent with methamphetamine production. Sergeant Sackman asked the primary

resident, Jackson, for permission to search the mobile home. Jackson agreed, and Sergeant

Sackman commenced his search. There were two bedrooms in the mobile home, but only

one bed. The bedroom without a bed was used only as a storage room. The only place in

the mobile home that appeared to be a sleeping location was the bedroom that contained the

bed (“the bedroom”).

       In a back room that appeared to have been added onto the mobile home (“the

office”), Sergeant Sackman found a methamphetamine laboratory in a desk drawer. The lab

included three glass jars with biphasic liquids inside. A lab report admitted at trial stated




                                               2
that the liquid contained methamphetamine. Additional methamphetamine in a small plastic

baggie was located on the top shelf of the bedroom closet.

        When Sergeant Sackman found the methamphetamine lab in the desk drawer, he

notified the Combined Ozarks Multi-Jurisdictional Enforcement Team (“COMET”).

Corporal Michael Shook (“Corporal Shook”), a member of COMET, arrived at the mobile

home and immediately smelled a “very strong odor that is completely unique to a red

phosphorus meth lab.” Sergeant Sackman and Corporal Shook each opined that no one

could live in the mobile home without smelling the chemical odor. Red phosphorus used to

produce methamphetamine is commonly obtained from the strike plates of match books. In

addition to the glass jars with biphasic liquids, the office desk drawer also contained match

strike plates.

        Defendant admitted at trial that she had lived with Jackson for about five weeks prior

to getting arrested. Defendant was aware that Jackson made methamphetamine at the

mobile home, and the jury could infer from the descriptions by Defendant and Sergeant

Sackman that Defendant knew this manufacturing was happening in the office. Defendant

removed the strike plates from match books in the dining room for Jackson’s use in

manufacturing methamphetamine, and she used methamphetamine that Jackson

manufactured.

        When asked about her knowledge of the items in the office desk drawer, Defendant

responded, “I knew that [Jackson] had stuff back there that should have been thrown away,

in my opinion ‘cause I washed my clothes in that room, so, yeah. And it had a smell to it

and I knew -- I knew what was going on, yeah, I did.” After her release from jail, Defendant

returned to the mobile home and resided there an additional six months. Jackson admitted




                                              3
that he manufactured methamphetamine every day and shared it with Defendant while she

was living with him in exchange for her help in removing the strike plates from match

books.

         Defendant was charged with and convicted of one count of the class B felony of

manufacturing of a controlled substance (methamphetamine), see section 195.211 (Count I),

and one count of the class C felony of possession of a controlled substance

(methamphetamine), see section 195.202 (Count II). Defendant challenges only her Count

II possession conviction.

                                                  Analysis

         Defendant’s sole point claims the State failed to present sufficient evidence that she

had knowledge and constructive possession of the methamphetamine found in the mobile

home.2

         Proof of a defendant’s knowledge often is supplied by circumstantial evidence of the
         acts and conduct of the defendant that permit an inference that he or she knew of the
         existence of the contraband. Proof of constructive possession requires, at a
         minimum, evidence that defendant had access to and control over the premises where
         the substance was found. Exclusive control over the premises raises an inference of
         possession and control. However, when there is joint control over the premises


2
  The State’s amended information alleged that Defendant, “acting with another, possessed methamphetamine,
a controlled substance, knowing of its presence and nature.” Defendant also alleges in her point that the State
should not have been allowed to “change the basis of the charge, during closing argument, from the one-gram
bag of methamphetamine found in the closet to the methamphetamine found in the bi-layer liquids of the stored
meth lab found in a different room.” No such objection was made at trial. As a result, we could review the
claim only for plain error under Rule 30.20. Defendant’s argument also contends, based on the State’s closing
argument, that plain error occurred because “it is unclear whether the jury relied on the methamphetamine
found in [Jackson]’s closet or the methamphetamine found in the liquid in the jars of the stored meth lab to
convict [Defendant,]” citing State v. Taylor, 216 S.W.3d 187, 195 (Mo. App. E.D. 2007) (plain error resulted
from State’s argument that possession occurred based upon three instances and there was only “sufficient
evidence, albeit minimal,” supporting one instance of possession) (abrogated on other grounds by State v.
Moore, 352 S.W.3d 392, 400 (Mo. App. E.D. 2011)). This second claim is not preserved for review because it
was not included in the point. See State v. Nibarger, 304 S.W.3d 199, 205 n.5 (Mo. App. W.D. 2009).
Further, Defendant offers no analysis of Taylor in the context of her case, and she fails to present any other
argument that would be necessary to support a claim of plain error. Plain error claims made in regard to
closing arguments are generally denied without explanation, State v. Calhoun, 259 S.W.3d 53, 59 (Mo. App.
W.D. 2008), and we do so here.


                                                      4
           where the drugs are discovered, some further evidence or admission must connect
           the accused with the illegal drugs.[3]

State v. Stover, 388 S.W.3d 138, 147 (Mo. banc 2012) (internal quotations and citations

omitted). See also 195.010(34) (“constructive possession” occurs when a person has “the

power and the intention at a given time to exercise dominion or control over the substance

either directly or through another person” and “[i]f two or more persons share possession of

a substance, possession is joint”).

           “[F]urther evidence” connecting the accused to a controlled substance may take

many different forms, including, but not limited to,

           routine or superior access to areas where the controlled substance is kept, the
           presence of large quantities of the controlled substance, an admission by the accused,
           the accused being in close proximity to the controlled substance in plain view of law
           enforcement officers, commingling of the substance with the accused’s personal
           belongings, or flight of the accused upon realizing the presence of law enforcement
           officers.

State v. Kerns, 389 S.W.3d 244, 247 (Mo. App. S.D. 2012). Constructive possession is not

determined by a “precise formula,” however, and we look to the totality of the

circumstances to determine whether the State has provided the required additional

incriminating evidence. Id. at 248. See also State v. Purlee, 839 S.W.2d 584, 589 (Mo.

banc 1992) (“[a]n acquittal verdict would have been inconsistent with the totality of facts

reasonably considered, excepting only [the defendant]’s denials”).

           Here, there was sufficient evidence that Defendant knew of and shared constructive

possession of the methamphetamine in the office. She knew “what was going on” with

Jackson making methamphetamine in the office. Defendant had routine access and control

over the office as she had lived in the small mobile home for at least five weeks, she

regularly washed her clothes in the office, and the room “had a smell to it [that she] knew[.]”
3
    The parties agree that the mobile home was occupied by, at a minimum, Defendant and Jackson.


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Cf. State v. McCall, 412 S.W.3d 370, 374 (Mo. App. E.D. 2013) (finding access and control

over controlled substance found in common areas and bedrooms of a jointly occupied

home); State v. Carl, 389 S.W.3d 276, 285-86 (Mo. App. W.D. 2013) (viewing evidence

that methamphetamine was found in two routinely accessed places in the defendant’s jointly

occupied home as further evidencing “constructive possession and/or . . . shared constructive

possession of the methamphetamine”); and State v. Buford, 907 S.W.2d 316, 318 (Mo. App.

E.D. 1995) (finding possession, “or at least shared possession[,] of drug paraphernalia”

found in common areas of an apartment co-leased by the defendant).

       In addition to Defendant’s routine access to the office, and her knowledge that

methamphetamine was being manufactured there, she also actively participated in the

manufacturing process by removing the strike plates from match books. Cf. Carl, 389

S.W.3d at 286 (the defendant’s actions in manufacturing methamphetamine were viewed as

further evidence supporting the reasonable inference that he possessed the

methamphetamine found in his home). Further, Defendant’s admitted use of

methamphetamine produced at the residence is an additional factor supporting her

constructive possession of the methamphetamine in the office. Cf. State v. Riley, 440

S.W.3d 561, 565 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014) (holding a defendant’s admission to use of the drugs

connected with those that formed the basis of a possession charge provided an additional

factor linking the defendant to the controlled substance). In so holding, Riley distinguished

State v. May, 71 S.W.3d 177, 184 (Mo. App. W.D. 2002), a case in which the defendant

admitted only to prior drug use in general. 440 S.W.3d at 565. Here, Defendant’s admitted

use of methamphetamine manufactured at her residence makes this case more like Riley than

like May.




                                              6
         Under the totality of the circumstances present here, a reasonable juror could find

that Defendant constructively possessed the methamphetamine located in the office of the

mobile home. Defendant’s point is denied, and her Count II conviction for possession of a

controlled substance is affirmed.4


DON E. BURRELL, P.J. – OPINION AUTHOR

NANCY STEFFEN RAHMEYER, J. – CONCURS

GARY W. LYNCH, J. - CONCURS




4
  Defendant’s brief summarizes multiple cases holding that insufficient evidence existed to establish a
defendant’s constructive possession of a controlled substance on jointly-occupied property, including State v.
Politte, 391 S.W.3d 537, 538 (Mo. App. S.D. 2013); State v. Ramsey, 358 S.W.3d 589, 590 (Mo. App. S.D.
2012); State v. Cushshon, 218 S.W.3d 587, 591-93 (Mo. App. E.D. 2007); State v. Smith, 33 S.W.3d 648, 651
(Mo. App. W.D. 2000); and State v. West, 21 S.W.3d 59, 61 (Mo. App. W.D. 2000). We find these cases
inapposite. In Politte, there was joint access to one area containing drugs, and defendant made a statement that
could be viewed as suggesting knowledge, but no evidence of control over the drugs. 391 S.W.3d at 538. In
Ramsey, the defendant had joint, routine access to where the drugs were kept, but nothing else tying him to the
drugs. 358 S.W.3d at 593. In Cushshon, a possession of a controlled substance in a county jail case under
section 221.111, there was no evidence of knowledge of drugs found in an area of joint control. 218 S.W.3d at
590, 592. In Smith, the drugs and other contraband were found at the defendant’s residence, but there was no
evidence that he had been inside the residence on a day when other persons had been inside. 33 S.W.3d at 655.
In West, “even if [the defendant] knew about the methamphetamine in the freezer [she routinely accessed] and
recognized it as a controlled substance, this knowledge alone fails to support a finding that [she] possessed the
methamphetamine”; there was no evidence reasonably inferring that she had control or an intent to possess. 21
S.W.3d at 66-67. Because sufficient evidence supports the State’s claim that Defendant had constructive
possession of the methamphetamine found in the office, we need not consider whether sufficient evidence
supported her possession of the methamphetamine located in the bedroom closet. See State v. Bacon, 156
S.W.3d 372, 379 n.2 (Mo. App. W.D. 2005).


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