                  United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 15-1278
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                         lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                            v.

                             Timothy Kenneth Gray, Jr.

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                      for the District of Minnesota - St. Paul
                                  ____________

                            Submitted: February 8, 2016
                             Filed: February 19, 2016
                                  [Unpublished]
                                  ____________

Before SHEPHERD, BEAM, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

PER CURIAM.

       Following an FBI investigation of Timothy Gray's peer-to-peer file-sharing
activities, law enforcement officers executed a search warrant at Gray's residence and
seized Gray's computer tower, external hard drives, and other media. A subsequent
forensic examination revealed a total of 4,300 images of child pornography and more
than 130 videos of child pornography. Gray was indicted by a grand jury in the
District of Minnesota on five counts of distributing child pornography and one count
of possessing child pornography. Pursuant to an agreement with the government,
Gray pleaded guilty to one count of distributing child pornography in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 2252. In the plea agreement the parties stipulated to many of the sentencing
provisions, and the resulting Guidelines range was 151-188 months in prison. At
sentencing, Gray argued for a downward variance to the mandatory minimum of 60
months, on the basis of his argument that the child pornography sentencing
Guidelines were flawed, his lack of criminal history, and his general remorse and
efforts at rehabilitation. The government opposed Gray's request. The district court1
sentenced Gray to 151 months in prison. On appeal, Gray argues that the district
court committed a significant procedural error because the court allegedly mistakenly
believed it was bound to apply the sentencing Guidelines without exercising
discretion. Gray also argues that the sentence imposed was substantively
unreasonable.

       We review Gray's sentence to determine whether it was reasonable under an
abuse-of-discretion standard. United States v. Munjak, 669 F.3d 906, 907 (8th Cir.
2012). In doing so, we first ensure that the district court did not commit significant
procedural error at sentencing. Id. A procedural error includes improper Guidelines
calculations, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a)
factors, imposing a sentence based upon clearly erroneous facts, or failing to
adequately explain the chosen sentence. United States v. Leonard, 785 F.3d 303, 305
(8th Cir. 2015) (per curiam). Gray contends the district court procedurally erred by
treating the Guidelines as mandatory, citing the court's admonition to Gray that it
would have to "follow the law" when Gray requested a mandatory minimum sentence
of five years. Based upon our careful review of the record, including the referenced
comments by the district court and all of the attending circumstances, we find it


      1
      The Honorable David S. Doty, United States District Judge for the District of
Minnesota.

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inconceivable that the experienced and able district court erroneously treated the
Guidelines as mandatory. Rather than interpreting the district court's statement about
"follow[ing] the law" as an indication that the court believed the Guidelines were
mandatory, it is more likely the district court was simply and correctly referencing its
overall duty to properly calculate and consider the Guidelines, consider the § 3553(a)
factors, make factual findings, and adequately explain its sentence. The district court
did all of these things and committed no significant procedural error.

       Gray also challenges his within-Guidelines sentence of 151 months as
substantively unreasonable, arguing that the sentence is greater than necessary given
that prior to sentencing, he "acted volitionally and honorably to confront the root
causes of his conduct." The district court considered these arguments, as well as the
government's contentions that Gray greatly minimized his conduct in this case, and
sentenced Gray at the bottom of his Guidelines range. Gray's within-range sentence
is presumptively reasonable, United States v. Keys, 785 F.3d 1240, 1243 (8th Cir.
2015), and our review of the record reveals no abuse of discretion or a substantively
unreasonable sentence. We affirm the district court.
                       ______________________________




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