Affirmed and Opinion filed June 20, 2019.




                                     In The

                    Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                             NO. 14-17-00533-CV

    HOUSTON FIREFIGHTERS’ RELIEF AND RETIREMENT FUND,
                        Appellant
                                       V.

 CITY OF HOUSTON, SYLVESTER TURNER, TANTRI EMO, CHRIS B.
BROWN, BRENDA STARDIG, JERRY DAVIS, ELLEN COHEN, DWIGHT
    BOYKINS, DAVE MARTIN, STEVE LE, GREG TRAVIS, KARLA
  CISNEROS, ROBERT GALLEGOS, MIKE LASTER, LARRY GREEN,
   MIKE KNOX, DAVID ROBINSON, MICHAEL KUBOSH, AMANDA
 EDWARDS, JACK CHRISTIE, AND THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellees

                   On Appeal from the 190th District Court
                           Harris County, Texas
                     Trial Court Cause No. 2017-36216


                                OPINION
      The Houston Firefighters’ Relief and Retirement Fund sued the City of
Houston and various individuals alleged to be city officials, to challenge the
constitutionality of amendments to the Fund’s governing statute. The Fund asserts
that the amendments facially violate article XVI, section 67(f) of the Texas
Constitution and seeks declaratory, injunctive, and mandamus relief, as well as a
money judgment and attorney’s fees.                Each of the appellees/defendants filed
jurisdictional pleas, and the trial court granted them. We affirm.

                           I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

          Appellant/plaintiff Houston Firefighters’ Relief and Retirement Fund sued
the City of Houston as well as the following individuals in their official capacities:
Mayor Sylvester Turner, Finance Department Director Kelly Dowe,1 City
Controller Chris B. Brown, and Council Members Brenda Stardig, Jerry Davis,
Ellen Cohen, Dwight Boykins, Dave Martin, Steve Le, Greg Travis, Karla
Cisneros, Robert Gallegos, Mike Laster, Larry Green, Mike Knox, David
Robinson, Michael Kubosh, Amanda Edwards, and Jack Christie (collectively
“City Officials”). The Fund alleges that Senate Bill 2190 (“S.B. 2190”)2 is facially
unconstitutional because it impermissibly infringes on the Board’s exclusive
authority under Article XVI, section 67(f) of the Texas Constitution (“Section
67(f)”) to “select . . . an actuary and adopt sound actuarial assumptions to be used
by the system or program.”3

          In its live pleading the Fund makes the following allegations:

          (1) Article 6243e.2(1) of the Revised Statutes governs the Fund’s
          and the City’s rights, duties, and obligations to and for the Fund. The
          Board of Trustees of the Fund (“Board”) manages and administers the

1
  Dowe was a party to this appeal in an official capacity, and Dowe ceased to hold office before
this court finally disposed of the appeal. Therefore, Tantri Emo, Dowe’s successor was
substituted automatically for Dowe as a party. See Tex. R. App. P. 7.2(a).
2
  Act of May 24, 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., ch. 320, 2017 Tex. Sess. Law. Serv. 738 (effective July
1, 2017).
3
    Tex. Const. art XVI, § 67(f).

                                               2
         Fund.

         (2) Article 6243e.2(1) requires each member of the Fund to
         contribute a set percentage of the member’s salary and requires the
         City to make contributions based on a “contribution rate certified by
         the [B]oard,” which must be at least twice the amount contributed by
         Fund members and sufficient to ensure the long-term financial well-
         being of the Fund.

         (3) Article XVI, section 67(a) of the Texas Constitution (“Section
         67(a)”) expressly authorizes the Texas Legislature to enact general
         laws establishing non-statewide pension systems for public employees
         and officers, such as article 6243e.2(1).
         (4) Section 67(f) “vests the Board with exclusive authority to
         ‘administer the system or program of benefits,’ ‘hold the assets of the
         system or program for the exclusive purposes of providing benefits to
         participants and their beneficiaries and defraying reasonable expenses
         of administering the system or program,’ and ‘select legal counsel and
         an actuary and adopt sound actuarial assumptions to be used by
         the system or program.’”4
         (4) The version of article 6243e.2(1) in effect up until July 1, 2017
         complied with this constitutional provision by leaving to the Board the
         exclusive authority to appoint an actuary and to determine the
         actuarial assumptions to be used by the Fund.
         (5) In 2017, the Texas Legislature passed and the Governor signed
         S.B. 2190, which substantively changed article 6243e.2(1) in ways
         that violate Section 67(f).

         (6) By fixing certain actuarial assumptions that must be used by the
         Fund’s actuary, including an initial assumed rate of return of seven
         percent, S.B. 2190 violates Section 67(f).

         (7) S.B. 2190 violates Section 67(f) by imposing a new “Risk Sharing
         Valuation Study” (hereinafter “Valuation Study”) procedure for use in
         setting the City’s contribution rate to the Fund. Under this procedure,
         the City’s contribution rate may be determined by using the average
         of the Fund’s estimate of the City’s contribution rate and the City’s

4
    (emphasis added)

                                           3
estimate of that contribution. The Fund asserts that this averaging
violates Section 67(f).

(8) S.B. 2190 violates Section 67(f) by allowing the City to use
actuarial assumptions different from the Fund actuary’s assumptions if
an independent actuary recommends the assumptions.
(9) On May 30, 2017, the Board adopted an actuarial valuation report
prepared by the Fund’s appointed actuaries. Under this report, the
City’s actuarial contribution rate is 48.5% which equals
approximately $148,255,000 and anticipates a return on investment on
the Fund’s assets of 7.25%.

(10) On May 31, 2017, the City Council passed a budget which used
S.B. 2190’s assumed seven percent rate of return. According to the
Fund, because S.B. 2190 is unconstitutional, the City’s Budget is
statutorily required to employ the 7.25% rate of return certified by the
Board under article 6243e.2(1) without any amendment by S.B. 2190,
and a City contribution rate of 48.5%.
(11) Nonetheless the City Council passed the Budget allegedly
allocating less than half of the amount that should be contributed
under article 6243e.2(1) without any amendment by the allegedly
unconstitutional S.B. 2190. The Fund claims that this action forced
the Fund to file suit.
(12) Mayor Turner and the defendants who are City Council Members
engaged in ultra vires and illegal acts or abuses of discretion in
passing the budget that failed to allocate the amounts necessary to
fund the City’s lawful pension obligations, and these acts will
irreparably injure the Fund. The act of passing and implementing the
budget is causing and will cause irreparable injury to the Fund, the
firefighters, and their surviving children and spouses.

In its live pleading the Fund asserts the following claims:

(1) The Fund seeks declarations under Chapter 37 of the Texas Civil
Practice and Remedies Code that (a) S.B. 2190 is unconstitutional
because it impermissibly infringes on the exclusive authority of the
Board to “select . . . an actuary” and determine “sound actuarial
assumptions” under Section 67(f); and (b) the City must allocate
funding in its budgets in accordance with article 6243e.2(1) without

                                   4
      any amendment by the allegedly unconstitutional S.B. 2190, which
      includes the Board’s adopted assumed rate of return, unless and until
      the Legislature modifies or supersedes the statute in compliance with
      the Texas Constitution.

      (2) The Fund seeks a writ of mandamus compelling the City and the
      City Officials to allocate funding in accordance with article
      6243e.2(1) without any amendment by the allegedly unconstitutional
      S.B. 2190.
      (3) The Fund seeks a temporary and permanent injunction prohibiting
      the City and the City Officials from acting in reliance on S.B. 2190,
      an allegedly unconstitutional statute, and requiring all defendants to
      allocate funding in the City’s budgets in accordance with article
      6243e.2(1) without any amendment by the allegedly unconstitutional
      S.B. 2190.       The Fund asserts that S.B. 2190 is facially
      unconstitutional because it impermissibly infringes on the Board’s
      exclusive authority under Section 67(f) to “select . . . an actuary and
      adopt sound actuarial assumptions to be used by the system or
      program.”
      (4) The Fund seeks “retrospective relief in the form of a money
      judgment for any underpayment of monies owed by the City to the
      Fund for failing to act in accordance with Section 67(f) and [article
      6243e.2(1) without any amendment by the allegedly unconstitutional
      S.B. 2190] from July 1, 2017 to the date of Final Judgment.”

      (5) The Fund seeks attorney’s fees under section 37.009 of the Civil
      Practice and Remedies Code.

      The Fund alleges in its live petition that the City is not immune from the
Fund’s claims because the Fund is bringing a claim under the Declaratory
Judgments Act for which immunity from suit and immunity from liability are
waived. The Fund also alleges that the Fund is suing the City Officials in their
official capacities for carrying out ultra vires, unauthorized, illegal actions, and
actions that constituted a failure to perform a ministerial act.

      The State of Texas, by and through its Attorney General, intervened in the

                                           5
case in the trial court for the sole purpose of defending S.B. 2190’s
constitutionality. The State of Texas argued in the trial court that S.B. 2190 is
constitutional.5

       The City and the City Officials asserted pleas to the jurisdiction asking the
trial court to dismiss all of the Fund’s claims for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction,
citing various grounds, including that their governmental immunity had not been
waived. The trial court heard the Fund’s application for a temporary injunction
and the pleas to the jurisdiction at the same time. The next day, the trial court
signed orders sustaining the pleas to the jurisdiction and dismissing all of the
Fund’s claims, creating a final judgment. On the same day, the trial court signed
another order stating that the court had granted the pleas to the jurisdiction and
dismissed all claims and that the trial court believed that it was proper to dismiss
these claims based on the pleas. But, the trial court stated that “in the alternative,
should the dismissal [be] found to have been granted in error, the Court enters this
Order [denying the Fund’s application for temporary injunction].”

                                II. ISSUES AND ANALYSIS

       In three appellate issues the Fund poses the following questions:

       (1) Did the trial court err in granting the City’s plea to the jurisdiction
       when the Fund properly pleaded for a declaratory judgment that S.B.
       2190 is unconstitutional?
       (2) Did the trial court err in granting the City Officials’ pleas to the
       jurisdiction when the Fund alleged that they engaged in ultra vires
       conduct by acting pursuant to an unconstitutional statute and failing to
       perform a ministerial duty?


5
  The State of Texas also has filed a brief in this appeal. The record does not reflect that any
party moved to strike the State of Texas’s intervention, nor has any party challenged this
intervention on appeal. The Fund did not assert any claims against the State of Texas. In this
opinion, we need not and do not address the propriety of the State of Texas’s intervention.

                                               6
      (3) Did the trial court abuse its discretion in its alternative ruling
      denying the Fund’s request for a temporary injunction?

A.    Did the trial court err in granting the City’s jurisdictional plea because
      the Fund pleaded that S.B. 2190 is unconstitutional?
      The City is a governmental entity that generally enjoys governmental
immunity from suit and from liability as to claims based on its performance of a
governmental function unless its governmental immunity has been waived. See
Johnson v. City of Houston, No. 14-15-00176-CV, 2016 WL 1237859, at *2 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 29, 2016, pet. denied) (mem. op.). If the City is
immune from suit under the doctrine of governmental immunity, courts lack
subject-matter jurisdiction over the claims against the City. See Rusk State Hosp.
v. Black, 392 S.W.3d 88, 95 (Tex. 2012); Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Jones, 8 S.W.3d
636, 638 (Tex. 1999). Generally, for there to be a waiver of immunity from suit,
the Texas Legislature must have waived immunity from suit as to the claim in
question, and the waiver must be manifested by clear and unambiguous language.
See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.034 (West, Westlaw through 2017 R.S.)
(providing   that   a   statute   shall   not   be   construed   as   a   waiver of
sovereign immunity unless the waiver is effected by clear and unambiguous
language); Tooke v. City of Mexia, 197 S.W.3d 325, 332–33 (Tex. 2006).

      The Fund asserts that by pleading a claim for a declaratory judgment that
S.B. 2190 violates Section 67(f), the Fund established a waiver of the City’s
governmental immunity under both the Declaratory Judgments Act and common
law. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 37.006(b) (West, Westlaw through
2017 R.S.); City of El Paso v. Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d 366, 373 n.6 (Tex. 2009). In
the Declaratory Judgments Act, the Texas Legislature requires that a municipality
be made a party to a claim seeking a declaratory judgment that a municipal
ordinance or franchise is unconstitutional. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.

                                          7
§ 37.006(b). The Supreme Court of Texas has concluded that this waiver extends
to any governmental entity when a party seeks a declaratory judgment that the
entity’s legislative pronouncement is unconstitutional and has spoken generally of
“governmental entities” being properly joined in such cases. See Tex. Lottery
Comm’n v. First State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d 628, 633–35 (Tex. 2010);
Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d at 373 n.6; Tex. Educ. Agency v. Leeper, 893 S.W.2d 432,
445–46 (Tex. 1994). Although the City has an interest in S.B. 2190, the Texas
Legislature—not the City—enacted S.B. 2190.                   We presume for the sake of
argument that the City’s governmental immunity is waived or does not apply in
today’s case in all situations in which the State’s sovereign immunity6 would be
waived or would not apply had the Fund joined the State as a defendant.

       A defendant may seek a dismissal on the ground that the trial court lacks
subject-matter jurisdiction over claims against that defendant due to governmental
immunity by filing a plea to the jurisdiction. See City of Dallas v. Carbajal, 324
S.W.3d 537, 538 (Tex. 2010) (per curiam). Whether a court has jurisdiction is a
question of law that we review de novo. City of Elsa v. Gonzalez, 325 S.W.3d 622,
625 (Tex. 2010) (per curiam). Therefore, we use this standard in reviewing a ruling
on a plea to the jurisdiction. State v. Holland, 221 S.W.3d 639, 643 (Tex. 2007).
When performing our review of a trial court’s ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction,
we construe the pleadings liberally in favor of conferring jurisdiction. Tex. Dep't
of Transp. v. Ramirez, 74 S.W.3d 864, 867 (Tex. 2002). When, as in today’s case,
parties have filed pleas to the jurisdiction challenging the pleadings, we must
6
   Often, courts use the terms “sovereign immunity” and “governmental immunity”
interchangeably even though the law views the two as distinct concepts. Wichita Falls State
Hosp. v. Taylor, 106 S.W.3d 692, 694 n.3 (Tex. 2003). “Sovereign immunity” refers to a State’s
immunity from suit and liability. Id. Its protection extends not only to the State, but also to the
varying divisions of state government, including agencies, boards, hospitals, and universities.
“Governmental immunity” protects political subdivisions of the State, including counties, cities,
and school districts. Id.

                                                8
construe the pleadings liberally in favor of the pleader and look to the pleader’s
intent. See Tex. Dep't of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex.
2004).

      Under its first issue, the Fund asserts that if the Fund asks in its petition for a
declaratory judgment that S.B. 2190 is unconstitutional, the City’s governmental
immunity is waived. Because the Fund requested this relief in its petition, the
Fund argues, the trial court erred in sustaining the City’s jurisdictional plea based
on governmental immunity. But, the City asserts that the Fund’s constitutional
claims against the City are not viable or valid. The City’s governmental immunity
is waived only to the extent the Fund has pleaded a viable or valid constitutional
claim. See Klumb v. Houston Mun. Employees Pension Sys., 458 S.W.3d 1, 8, 13,
14 (Tex. 2015); Rose v. Houston Indep. Sch. Dist., No. 14-16-00687-CV, 2017 WL
4697889, at *2, *10 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Oct. 19, 2017, no pet.)
(mem. op.); City of Houston v. Johnson, 353 S.W.3d 499, 504, 505 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, pet. denied); Transformative Learning Sys. v. Texas
Education Agency, 572 S.W.3d 281, 286, 293 (Tex. App.—Austin 2018, no pet.).
Thus, the Fund’s request for a declaratory judgment that S.B. 2190 is
unconstitutional is not enough to show a waiver of the City’s governmental
immunity. See Klumb, 458 S.W.3d at 8, 13, 14; Rose, 2017 WL 4697889, at *2,
*10; Johnson, 353 S.W.3d at 504, 505; Transformative Learning Sys., 572 S.W.3d
at 286, 293.

      The Fund argues that the line of cases upon which the City relies is limited
to claims for violation of constitutional equal protection. We disagree. These
cases speak in general terms and do not limit their scope to alleged equal-
protection violations. See Klumb, 458 S.W.3d at 13 (stating that “[w]hile it is true
that sovereign immunity does not bar a suit to vindicate constitutional rights . . .

                                           9
immunity from suit is not waived if the constitutional claims are facially invalid”);
Rose, 2017 WL 4697889, at *10 (stating that “[i]n the absence of a viable
constitutional claim, [the governmental entity] did not waive its immunity, and the
trial court properly granted the plea as to [the plaintiff’s] constitutional claim”). In
addition, the same rule has been applied to alleged violations of the takings
provision and the due course of law provision of the Texas Constitution. See Rose,
2017 WL 4697889, at *2, *10 (due course of law provision) Transformative
Learning Sys., 572 S.W.3d at 286, 293 (takings provision).

      The Fund relies on Patel v. Department of Licensing & Regulation for the
proposition that the City’s governmental immunity is waived because in its petition
the Fund challenges the constitutionality of S.B. 2190. See 469 S.W.3d 69, 77
(Tex. 2015). In Patel, the trial court denied a plea to the jurisdiction by certain
governmental entities as to the plaintiffs’ claims seeking declaratory and injunctive
relief on their as-applied constitutional claims but granted summary judgment to
the defendants.    Id. at 75.   On appeal, the governmental entities argued that
because the trial court correctly granted summary judgment on the merits of the
constitutional claims, the plaintiffs did not prove valid constitutional claims and
therefore the plaintiffs’ pleadings were insufficient to give the trial court
jurisdiction. Id. at 77. The Supreme Court of Texas concluded that the plaintiffs
pleaded viable constitutional claims, and the high court ruled in the plaintiffs’
favor on the merits of these claims. Id. at 77, 80–90.

      In the case pending before us, the City asserts that the Fund has not pleaded
viable constitutional claims and does not rely on any summary-judgment ruling. In
support of its argument, the City notes that the trial court sustained the City’s
jurisdictional plea based on governmental immunity. Therefore, we conclude that
the Patel decision is not on point and that the Fund’s request for a declaratory

                                          10
judgment that S.B. 2190 is unconstitutional, alone, is not sufficient to show a
waiver of the City’s governmental immunity. See Patel, 469 S.W.3d at 77, 80–90;
Klumb, 458 S.W.3d at 8, 13, 14; Ross, 2017 WL 4697889, at *2, *10; Johnson,
353 S.W.3d at 504, 505; Transformative Learning Sys., 572 S.W.3d at 286, 293.
Instead, we must determine if the Fund has asserted viable constitutional claims.

B. Has the Fund asserted viable claims that S.B. 2190 facially violates Section
   67(f)?
     1.     Background

     Since early in the Twentieth Century, there has been some form of pension
system for the City’s firefighters. See City of Houston v. Houston Firefighters’
Relief & Ret. Fund, 502 S.W.3d 469, 472 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016,
no pet.). Beginning in 1937, the City operated the pension fund for its firefighters
under Revised Statutes article 6243e. See Act of Apr. 6, 1937, 45th Leg., R.S., ch.
125, §§ 1–29, 1937 Tex. Gen. Laws 229, 229–41 (codified at Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat.
art. 6243e, since amended); Houston Firefighters’ Relief & Ret. Fund, 502 S.W.3d
at 472.

      In 1975, Texas voters approved an amendment to the Texas Constitution
adding article XVI, section 67, entitled “State and local retirement systems.” See
Tex. Const. art. XVI, § 67(a)(1). Section 67(a) authorized the Texas Legislature to
enact general laws establishing systems and programs of retirement for public
employees and officers. See id.; Houston Firefighters’ Relief & Ret. Fund, 502
S.W.3d at 472. Under Section 67(a), the financing of benefits must be based on
sound actuarial principles.    See Tex. Const. art. XVI, § 67(a)(1); Houston
Firefighters’ Relief & Ret. Fund, 502 S.W.3d at 472. Section 67 was the first
provision of the Texas Constitution to expressly grant general authority to the
Texas Legislature to enact pension laws, although the Texas Legislature had


                                         11
enacted such laws in the past based on its implied authority to do so. See Byrd v.
City of Dallas, 6 S.W.2d 738, 740–41 (Tex. 1928); Houston Firefighters’ Relief &
Ret. Fund, 502 S.W.3d at 472.

       In 1975, the Legislature also enacted Revised Statutes article 6243e.2,
providing for a firefighters’ retirement fund which, due to the population of the
cities to which the statute pertained, applied only to Houston. See Act of May
27, 1975, 64th Leg., R.S., ch. 432, §§ 1–32, 1975 Tex. Gen. Laws 1135, 1135–
49, repealed by Act of May 21, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 1268, § 3, 1997 Tex.
Gen. Laws 4794, 4811; Houston Firefighters’ Relief & Ret. Fund, 502 S.W.3d at
472.

       In 1993, Texas voters approved an amendment to the Texas Constitution
adding subsection (f) to article XVI, section 67. See Tex. Const. art. XVI, § 67(f).
Section 67(f) provides that the board of trustees of a system or program that
provides retirement and related disability and death benefits for public officers and
employees and that does not participate in a statewide public retirement system
shall select an actuary and adopt sound actuarial assumptions to be used by the
system or program. Id.

       The City operated under Revised Statutes article 6243e.2 until 1997, when
the Texas Legislature repealed this statute and enacted article 6243e.2(1) of the
Revised Statutes. See Act of May 21, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 1268, §§ 1–
5, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 4794, 4794–4811 (codified at Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. art.
6243.2(1), since amended); Houston Firefighters’ Relief & Ret. Fund, 502 S.W.3d
at 472.   In 2017, the Texas Legislature enacted S.B. 2190, amending article
6243e.2(1) in various ways, some of which the Fund alleges facially violate
Section 67(f). See Act of May 24, 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., ch. 320, 2017 Tex. Sess.
Law. Serv. 738 (effective July 1, 2017).

                                           12
    2.      Text of Section 67

      Section 67, entitled “State and local retirement systems,” provides as
follows:
      (a) General Provisions. (1) The legislature may enact general laws
      establishing systems and programs of retirement and related disability
      and death benefits for public employees and officers. Financing of
      benefits must be based on sound actuarial principles. The assets of
      a system are held in trust for the benefit of members and may not be
      diverted.

      (2) A person may not receive benefits from more than one system for
      the same service, but the legislature may provide by law that a person
      with service covered by more than one system or program is entitled
      to a fractional benefit from each system or program based on service
      rendered under each system or program calculated as to amount upon
      the benefit formula used in that system or program. Transfer of
      service credit between the Employees Retirement System of Texas
      and the Teacher Retirement System of Texas also may be authorized
      by law.

      (3) Each statewide benefit system must have a board of trustees to
      administer the system and to invest the funds of the system in such
      securities as the board may consider prudent investments. In making
      investments, a board shall exercise the judgment and care under the
      circumstances then prevailing that persons of ordinary prudence,
      discretion, and intelligence exercise in the management of their own
      affairs, not in regard to speculation, but in regard to the permanent
      disposition of their funds, considering the probable income therefrom
      as well as the probable safety of their capital. The legislature by law
      may further restrict the investment discretion of a board.

      (4) General laws establishing retirement systems and optional
      retirement programs for public employees and officers in effect at the
      time of the adoption of this section remain in effect, subject to the
      general powers of the legislature established in this subsection.
      ...
      (f) Retirement Systems Not Belonging to a Statewide System. The
      board of trustees of a system or program that provides retirement and

                                        13
      related disability and death benefits for public officers and employees
      and that does not participate in a statewide public retirement system
      shall:

      (1) administer the system or program of benefits;

      (2) hold the assets of the system or program for the exclusive purposes
      of providing benefits to participants and their beneficiaries and
      defraying reasonable expenses of administering the system or
      program; and

      (3) select legal counsel and an actuary and adopt sound actuarial
      assumptions to be used by the system or program.
Tex. Const. art XVI, § 67 (emphasis added).

      In interpreting the Texas Constitution, Texas courts rely heavily on the
literal text. See Eddington v. Dallas Police & Fire Pension Sys., —S.W.3d—,—,
2019 WL 1090799, at *5 (Tex. 2019). Though we may consider (1) the
constitutional provision’s history, (2) “the conditions and spirit of the times” in
which the provision was adopted, (3) “the prevailing sentiments of the people”
who framed and adopted the provision, and (4) “the evils intended to be remedied,
and the good to be accomplished,” we must give effect to the provision’s plain
language. See id.; Arnold v. Leonard, 273 S.W. 799, 801–03 (Tex. 1925) (stating
that a court’s duty is to give effect to the will of the people of Texas, as expressed
by the plain meaning of the Texas Constitution). We presume the constitution’s
language was carefully selected, and we interpret its words as people generally
understand them. See Garofolo v. Ocwen Loan Servicing, L.L.C., 497 S.W.3d 474,
477 (Tex. 2016). And, we construe constitutional provisions and amendments that
relate to the same subject matter together and consider those amendments and
provisions in light of one another. See id.



                                         14
    3.      Relevant Portions of S.B. 2190

      a.    Required Assumptions

    In S.B. 2190, the Texas Legislature added section 13B to Revised Statutes
article 6243e.2(1). See Act of May 24, 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., ch. 320, §1.14, 2017
Tex. Sess. Law. Serv. 738, 751–53 (codified at Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art.
6243e.2(1), § 13B). Section 13B provides in pertinent part as follows:

      (a) The [Fund] and the [City] shall separately cause their respective
      actuaries to prepare a risk sharing valuation study in accordance with
      this section and actuarial standards of practice. A risk sharing
      valuation study must:
      ...
      (6) subject to Subsection (g) of this section, be based on the following
      assumptions and methods that are consistent with actuarial standards
      of practice:
      ...
      (H) the assumed rate of return, subject to adjustment under Section
      13E(c)(2) of this article or, if Section 13C(g) of this article applies,
      adjustment in accordance with a written agreement, except the
      assumed rate of return may not exceed seven percent per annum;
      (I) the price inflation assumption as of the most recent actuarial
      experience study, which may be reset by the board by plus or minus
      50 basis points based on that actuarial experience study;
      (J) projected salary increases and payroll growth rate set in
      consultation with the municipality’s finance director; and
      (K) payroll for purposes of determining the corridor midpoint and
      municipal contribution rate must be projected using the annual payroll
      growth rate assumption, which for purposes of preparing any
      amortization schedule may not exceed three percent
      ...


Id. In construing a statute, our objective is to determine and give effect to the
Legislature’s intent. See Nat’l Liab. & Fire Ins. Co. v. Allen, 15 S.W.3d 525, 527

                                        15
(Tex. 2000). If possible, we must ascertain that intent from the language the
Legislature used in the statute. Id. If the meaning of the statutory language is
unambiguous, we are to adopt the interpretation supported by the plain meaning of
the provision’s words. St. Luke’s Episcopal Hosp. v. Agbor, 952 S.W.2d 503, 505
(Tex. 1997). We must not engage in forced or strained construction; instead, we
must yield to the plain sense of the words the Legislature chose. See id.
      Under the unambiguous text of section 13B, the Fund and the City each
must cause its respective actuary to prepare a Valuation Study in accordance with
section 13B and actuarial standards of practice. See Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art.
6243e.2(1), § 13B (West, Westlaw through 2017 R.S.). The Texas Legislature
requires the Fund’s actuary to base a Valuation Study on certain actuarial
assumptions listed in section 13B, for example the assumed rate of return used by
the Fund’s actuary may not exceed seven percent per year (collectively the
“Required Assumptions”).      See Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art. 6243e.2(1), §
13B(a)(6)(H)-(K). The Texas Legislature imposes the same requirement on the
City’s actuary. See id.

      b.     Required Averaging of Contribution Rates

      Under section 13C, the Fund and the City each must cause its respective
actuary to prepare an initial Valuation Study.      Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art.
6243e.2(1), § 13C(a). If, after exchanging proposed initial Valuation Studies under
section 13C(b)(2), the difference between the estimated municipal contribution rate
for any fiscal year recommended in the proposed initial Valuation Study prepared
by the Fund’s actuary and the estimated municipal contribution rate for any fiscal
year recommended in the proposed initial Valuation Study prepared by the City’s
actuary is less than or equal to two percentage points, the estimated municipal
contribution rate for that fiscal year recommended by the Fund’s actuary will be

                                         16
the estimated municipal contribution rate. Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art.
6243e.2(1), § 13C(c).

      If this difference is greater than two percentage points, the City’s actuary
and the Fund’s actuary shall have 20 business days to reconcile the difference. Id.
If, as a result of these reconciliation efforts, the difference in any fiscal year is
reduced to less than or equal to two percentage points, the estimated municipal
contribution rate recommended by the Fund’s actuary for that fiscal year will be
the estimated municipal contribution rate. Id. If, after 20 business days, the City’s
actuary and the Fund’s actuary are not able to reach a reconciliation that reduces
the difference to an amount less than or equal to two percentage points for any
fiscal year, the City’s actuary and the Fund’s actuary each must deliver to the
City’s finance director and the Fund’s executive director a final initial Valuation
Study with any agreed-to changes, marked as the final initial Valuation Study for
each actuary. Id. In this scenario, the finance director and the executive director
shall execute a joint addendum to the final initial Valuation Study that is a part of
each final initial Valuation Study for all purposes and that reflects the arithmetic
average of the estimated municipal contribution rate for each fiscal year in which
the difference was greater than two percentage points. Id.

      As soon as practicable after the end of a fiscal year, the Fund’s actuary and
the City’s actuary each must prepare a proposed Valuation Study based on the
fiscal year that just ended. Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art. 6243e.2(1), § 13B(b). If,
after exchanging proposed Valuation Studies, it is found that the difference
between the estimated municipal contribution rate recommended in the proposed
Valuation Study prepared by the Fund’s actuary and the estimated municipal
contribution rate recommended in the proposed Valuation Study prepared by the
City’s actuary for the corresponding fiscal year is less than or equal to two

                                         17
percentage points, the estimated municipal contribution rate recommended by the
Fund’s actuary will be the estimated municipal contribution rate, and the proposed
Valuation Study prepared for the Fund is considered to be the final Valuation
Study for the fiscal year. Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art. 6243e.2(1), § 13B(f).
      If this difference is greater than two percentage points, the City’s actuary
and the Fund’s actuary have 20 business days to reconcile the difference, provided
that, without the mutual agreement of both actuaries, the difference in the
estimated municipal contribution rate recommended by the municipal actuary and
the estimated municipal contribution rate recommended by the fund actuary may
not be further increased. Id. If, as a result of these reconciliation efforts, the
difference is reduced to less than or equal to two percentage points, subject to any
adjustments under section 13E or 13F, the estimated municipal contribution rate
proposed under the reconciliation by the Fund’s actuary will be the estimated
municipal contribution rate, and the Fund’s Valuation Study is considered to be the
final Valuation Study for the fiscal year. Id. If, after 20 business days, the Fund’s
actuary and the City’s actuary are not able to reach a reconciliation that reduces the
difference to an amount less than or equal to two percentage points, subject to any
adjustments under Section 13E or 13F, the City’s actuary and the Fund’s actuary
each shall deliver to the City’s finance director and the Fund’s executive director a
final Valuation Study with any agreed-to changes, marked as the final Valuation
Study for each actuary. Id. In this scenario, not later than the 90th day before the
first day of the next fiscal year, the finance director and the executive director shall
execute a joint addendum to the final Valuation Study for the fiscal year that
reflects the arithmetic average of the estimated municipal contribution rates for the
fiscal year stated by the City’s actuary and the Fund’s actuary. Id.
      Under provisions of article 6243e.2(1) added by S.B. 2190, in certain
scenarios, the estimated municipal contribution rate recommended by the Fund’s
                                          18
actuary will be the estimated municipal contribution rate. Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat.
Ann. art. 6243e.2(1), §§ 13B, 13C. If, after 20 business days, the Fund’s actuary
and the City’s actuary are not able to reach a reconciliation that reduces the
difference between the two estimated municipal contribution rates to an amount
less than or equal to two percentage points, subject to any adjustments under
Section 13E or 13F, the estimated municipal contribution rate will be the
arithmetic average of the estimated municipal contribution rates for the fiscal year
stated by the City’s actuary and the Fund’s actuary in the final Valuation Study
(the “Required Averaging of Contribution Rates”).

      c.    Resolution by Independent Actuary

      At least once every four years, section 13D, a provision added by S.B. 2190,
requires the Fund to direct its actuary to conduct an actuarial experience study in
accordance with actuarial standards of practice (“Experience Study”). See Tex.
Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art. 6243e.2(1), § 13D(a). Under section 13D the City’s
actuary may present to the Fund and the Fund’s actuary (1) any assumptions and
methods recommended by the City’s actuary that differ from the assumptions and
methods recommended by the Fund’s actuary, and (2) the rationale of the City’s
actuary for each method or assumption the actuary recommends and determines to
be consistent with standards adopted by the Actuarial Standards Board. See Tex.
Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art. 6243e.2(1), § 13D(c)–(f). If the City’s actuary and the
Fund’s actuary cannot agree on all of the assumptions and methods for the
Experience Study, an “independent actuary” is selected under a statutory
procedure. See Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art. 6243e.2(1), § 13D(g)–(i). If the
Board does not adopt an assumption or method recommended by the City’s actuary
to which the independent actuary agrees, section 13D authorizes the City’s actuary
to use that recommended assumption or method in preparing a subsequent

                                        19
Valuation Study under section 13B, until the next Experience Study is conducted
(the “Use of the Independent-Actuary Assumption”). See Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat.
Ann. art. 6243e.2(1), § 13D(n).

    4.         Failure to Meet the Standard Necessary to Sustain a Facial
               Challenge to a Statute’s Constitutionality
    On appeal, the Fund asserts that Section 67(f) mandates that the Board adopt
the sound actuarial assumptions to be used by the Fund’s pension system. See Tex.
Const. art XVI, § 67(f). The Fund asserts that S.B. 2190 facially violates this
mandate in Article 67(f) in three ways: (1) by mandating the Required
Assumptions, (2) by the Required Averaging of Contribution Rates, and (3)
through the Use of the Independent-Actuary Assumption. The Fund asserts that
these three allegedly unconstitutional parts of S.B. 2190 cannot be severed from
the remainder of S.B. 2190, and therefore all of S.B. 2190 fails.

    The Fund asserts that these three parts of S.B. 2190 facially violate Article
67(f). The Fund does not assert that any part of S.B. 2190 is unconstitutional as
applied. The standard for an as-applied constitutional challenge differs markedly
from the standard applied to a facial constitutional challenge. One making an as-
applied constitutional challenge concedes that a statute is generally constitutional
but contends that the statute is unconstitutional when applied to a particular person
or set of facts. See City of Corpus Christi v. Public Utility Commission of Texas,
51 S.W.3d 231, 240 (Tex. 2001). But, in asserting a facial challenge to a statute,
the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the
statute is valid — usually a difficult showing. See In re S.N., 287 S.W.3d 183, 194
(Tex. 2009).

    For a statute to facially violate a constitutional provision, the statute must by
its terms always and in every instance operate unconstitutionally. Barshop v.


                                         20
Medina County Underground Water Conserv. Dist., 925 S.W.2d 618, 623 (Tex.
1996).   It is not enough for the challenger to show that a statute operates
unconstitutionally under some or even most circumstances. See In re S.N., 287
S.W.3d at 194. To clear the facially unconstitutional hurdle, the statute must be
unconstitutional in every application. See id. In analyzing a facial challenge to a
statute’s constitutionality, we consider the statute as written, rather than as it
operates in practice. Id. A court will not hold a statute facially invalid unless the
statute could not be constitutional under any circumstances. See Appraisal Review
Bd. of Galveston Cty., Tex. v. Tex-Air Helicopters, Inc., 970 S.W.2d 530, 534 (Tex.
1998).

      It is undisputed that the Board is a board of trustees of a system or program
that provides retirement and related disability and death benefits for public officers
and employees and that does not participate in a statewide public retirement
system. See Tex. Const. art XVI, § 67(f). And, it is undisputed that Section 67(f)
requires the Board to select an actuary and to “adopt sound actuarial assumptions
to be used by the system or program.” See id.

      The Fund notes that S.B. 2190 refers to the Board’s ability to adopt actuarial
assumptions. See Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art. 6243e.2(1), § 13D(c) (referring to
the date on which the Board “may consider adopting any assumptions and methods
for purposes of Section 13B”); Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art. 6243e.2(1), § 13D(n)
(addressing what happens if the Board “does not adopt an assumption or method
recommended by the [City’s] actuary to which the independent actuary agrees”).
The Fund argues that under Section 67(f) “adopt” means to choose or select and
“to be used by the system or program” means that the estimated municipal
contribution rate must be calculated based on the assumptions adopted by the
Board, without any dilution or averaging with the assumptions of the City’s

                                         21
actuary. The Fund asserts that “[S.B. 2190] is unconstitutional[] because [S.B.
2190] takes from the Board its ability to adopt the actuarial assumptions used by
the Fund’s pension system.” We presume, without deciding, that Section 67(f) has
this meaning. Even under this presumption the three parts of S.B. 2190 the Fund
challenges do not facially violate Section 67(f) because the statute does not always
operate unconstitutionally. See Barshop, 925 S.W.2d at 623.

      As to the Required Averaging of Contribution Rates, article 6243e.2(1), as
amended by S.B. 2190, does not always require that the estimated municipal
contribution rate stated by the Fund’s actuary be averaged with the estimated
municipal contribution rate stated by the City’s actuary. If the difference between
the estimated municipal contribution rate recommended in the proposed Valuation
Study prepared by the Fund’s actuary and the estimated municipal contribution rate
recommended in the proposed Valuation Study prepared by the City’s actuary for
the corresponding fiscal year is less than or equal to two percentage points, the
estimated municipal contribution rate recommended by the Fund’s actuary will be
the estimated municipal contribution rate. Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art.
6243e.2(1), § 13B(f). The Fund concedes in its appellate briefing that in this
situation “the Fund’s [Valuation Study] is used.” Thus, the facial challenge to the
Required Averaging of Contribution Rates fails as a matter of law because the
statute does not always operate unconstitutionally. See Appraisal Review Bd. of
Galveston Cty., Tex., 970 S.W.2d at 534; Barshop, 925 S.W.2d at 623, 626–31; In
re S.N., 287 S.W.3d at 194–95.

      The Fund asserts that even if in some situations the Fund’s pension system
uses the estimated municipal contribution rate from the Fund’s Valuation Study,
the Fund still has a valid facial challenge to the Required Assumptions. The Fund
argues that under this part of S.B. 2190, the Fund must use statutorily mandated

                                        22
actuarial assumptions in the Fund’s Valuation Study. Though in some scenarios
the Fund’s actuary might recommend and the Board might adopt actuarial
assumptions that differ from the assumptions mandated by S.B. 2190, in some
instances, the Board might adopt actuarial assumptions consistent with those
mandated by S.B. 2190. See Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art. 6243e.2(1), §
13B(a)(6)(H)-(K). For example, the Fund’s actuary might recommend, and the
Fund might adopt, an assumed rate of return of 6.8% that does not conflict with the
limitation on the assumed rate of return S.B. 2190 imposes. See Tex. Rev. Civ.
Stat. Ann. art. 6243e.2(1), § 13B(a)(6)(H).     Thus, the facial challenge to the
Required Assumptions fails as a matter of law because the statute does not always
operate unconstitutionally. See Appraisal Review Bd. of Galveston Cty., Tex., 970
S.W.2d at 534; Barshop, 925 S.W.2d at 623, 626–31; In re S.N., 287 S.W.3d at
194–95.

      As to the Use of the Independent-Actuary Assumption under article
6243e.2(1), as amended by S.B. 2190, this challenged statutory mechanism is not
triggered if (1) the City’s actuary and the Fund’s actuary agree on all of the
assumptions and methods for the Experience Study, or (2) the Board adopts the
assumptions or methods recommended by the City’s actuary to which the
independent actuary agrees. See Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art. 6243e.2(1), §
13D(g)–(n). Thus, the facial challenge to the Use of the Independent-Actuary
Assumption fails as a matter of law because the statute does not always operate
unconstitutionally. See Appraisal Review Bd. of Galveston Cty., Tex., 970 S.W.2d
at 534; Barshop, 925 S.W.2d at 623, 626–31; In re S.N., 287 S.W.3d at 194–95.

    5.      No Waiver of the City’s Governmental Immunity

      Even under a liberal construction of the Fund’s live pleading, the City’s
governmental immunity is not waived as to each of the constitutional challenges

                                        23
raised by the Fund on appeal because the Fund has not pleaded a viable or valid
constitutional claim. See Klumb, 458 S.W.3d at 13–17; Appraisal Review Bd. of
Galveston Cty., Tex., 970 S.W.2d at 534; Barshop, 925 S.W.2d at 623, 626–31;
Rose, 2017 WL 4697889, at *2, *10; Johnson, 353 S.W.3d at 504–06; In re S.N.,
287 S.W.3d at 194–95; Transformative Learning Sys., 572 S.W.3d at 286.

         The Fund’s pleadings cannot be cured by amendment, and in any event, the
Fund has failed to request an opportunity to amend its pleadings in this regard after
the trial court sustained the City’s jurisdictional plea.7 See Johnson, 353 S.W.3d at
504–06; Smith v. City of League City, 338 S.W.3d 114, 125 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.).          We conclude that the trial court did not err in
dismissing these claims for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. See Klumb, 458
S.W.3d at 13–17; Rose, 2017 WL 4697889, at *2, *10; Johnson, 353 S.W.3d at
504–06; In re S.N., 287 S.W.3d at 194–95. Thus, we overrule the Fund’s first
issue.

C.       Did the trial court err in granting the City Officials’ jurisdictional
         pleas?
         Under its second issue the Fund argues that the trial court erred in granting
the City Officials’ pleas to the jurisdiction because the Fund alleged that the City
Officials engaged in ultra vires conduct by acting without legal authority or by
failing to perform a purely ministerial act. The Fund seeks to assert ultra vires
claims against the City Officials in their official capacities. Ultra vires suits
brought to require government officials to comply with statutory or constitutional
7
  The Fund did not request an opportunity to amend its pleadings in the trial court. On appeal, in
the event this court were to find that the Fund’s live petition needs to clarify the time period for
which the Fund seeks money damages, the Fund requests a remand to the trial court with leave to
amend its pleadings to specify this time period. This court has not found that the Fund’s live
petition needs to be clarified in this regard, so the condition for this request has not occurred. In
any event, clarifying this point would not make any of the constitutional challenges the Fund
raises on appeal viable or valid.

                                                 24
provisions are not prohibited by governmental immunity. See Heinrich, 284
S.W.3d at 372. A plaintiff in an ultra vires claim against a government official
must not complain of the official’s exercise of discretion, but must allege that the
official acted without legal authority or failed to perform a purely ministerial act.
Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d at 372.

      In its live pleading, the Fund alleged that some of the City Officials adopted
a budget for the City allocating less than the amount that should be allocated under
article 6243e.2(1) without any amendment to the statute by S.B. 2190 (the “Former
Statute”) and that all City Officials are implementing the budget in accordance
with S.B. 2190, which the Fund claims is an unconstitutional statute. The Fund
alleges that these actions are ultra vires acts. On appeal, the Fund states “[t]he
Fund alleged that by following the unconstitutional statutory amendment [S.B.
2190] and failing to allocate contributions in the City budget according to the
[Former Statute], the [City Officials] acted ultra vires.”

      The purported lack of authority for the City Officials’ alleged ultra vires
actions, or the ministerial act that the City Officials allegedly failed to perform, all
are premised on the validity of the Fund’s constitutional claims. The Fund asserts
that, because S.B. 2190 is unconstitutional in its entirety, the City Officials have no
authority to act under S.B. 2190, and their actions, obligations, and duties to
perform ministerial acts should be based on the Former Statute. We already have
concluded that the Fund did not plead a viable or valid constitutional claim.
Because the Fund’s ultra vires claims are premised on its constitutional claims, we
conclude that, even construing the Fund’s live pleadings liberally in its favor, the
Fund has not pleaded an actionable ultra vires claim and that the Fund’s alleged
ultra vires claims fail as a matter of law. See Klumb, 458 S.W.3d at 8, 9–11, 13,
17; Transformative Learning Sys., 572 S.W.3d at 286, 293. Amendment could not

                                          25
cure the Fund’s pleadings. Even so, the Fund failed to request an opportunity to
amend its pleadings in this regard after the trial court sustained the City’s
jurisdictional plea.8 See Johnson, 353 S.W.3d at 504–06; Smith, 338 S.W.3d at
125.

       We conclude that the trial court did not err in dismissing the Fund’s ultra
vires claims against the City Officials for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. See
Klumb, 458 S.W.3d at 8, 9–11, 13, 17; Transformative Learning Sys., 572 S.W.3d
at 286, 293. Thus, we overrule the Fund’s second issue.9

                                      III. CONCLUSION

       The City’s governmental immunity is not waived as to each of the
constitutional challenges the Fund raised on appeal because the Fund has not
pleaded a viable or valid constitutional claim. Likewise, because the Fund’s ultra
vires claims are premised on its constitutional claims, the Fund has not pleaded any
actionable ultra vires claim, and the Fund’s alleged ultra vires claims fail as a
matter of law. The Fund’s pleadings cannot be cured by amendment, and even if
they could, the Fund did not seek to amend its pleadings after the trial court
sustained the City’s jurisdictional plea. We conclude that the trial court did not err
in dismissing the Fund’s claims against the City and the City Officials for lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction. Thus, we affirm the trial court’s orders dismissing
these claims. We need not and do not address the Fund’s third issue challenging
the trial court’s order addressing, in the alternative, the Fund’s application for

8
 See footnote 7, above. In addition, clarifying the time period for which the Fund seeks money
damages would not mean that the Fund has pleaded an actionable ultra vires claim or that the
Fund’s alleged ultra vires claims do not fail as a matter of law.
9
  Because we overrule the second issue on this basis, we need not and do not address the City
Officials’ argument that under the Patel case a plaintiff may not properly base an ultra vires
claim on the alleged unconstitutionality of the statute under which the defendant acted. See Patel,
469 S.W.3d at 76–77.

                                                26
temporary injunction, and we make no comment as to whether the trial court erred
in issuing this order.




                                       /s/    Kem Thompson Frost
                                              Chief Justice


Panel consists of Chief Justice Frost and Justices Spain and Poissant.




                                         27
