                 SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI
                                         en banc
JOHN TEMPLEMIRE,                           )
                                           )
         Appellant,                        )
                                           )
vs.                                        )      No. SC93132
                                           )
W & M WELDING, INC.,                       )
                                           )
         Respondent.                       )

              APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF PETTIS COUNTY
                      The Honorable Robert L. Koffman, Judge

     Opinion issued April 15, 2014, and modified on Court’s own motion May 27, 2014

         John Templemire (hereinafter, “Templemire”) appeals from a jury verdict entered

in favor of W & M Welding, Inc. (hereinafter, “Employer”) on Templemire’s claim of

retaliatory discharge in violation of section 287.780, RSMo 2000, 1 after Templemire

sought workers’ compensation benefits and was discharged from his employment.

Templemire raises two claims of instructional error regarding: (1) the proper causation

standard an employee must demonstrate to make a prima facie case for retaliatory

discharge under this statute and (2) whether an employee is entitled to submit an

instruction regarding an employer’s alleged pretextual motive for the employee’s

discharge.




1
    All statutory references are to RSMo 2000 unless otherwise indicated.
       This Court holds that to make a submissible case for retaliatory discharge under

section 287.780, an employee must demonstrate his or her filing of a workers’

compensation claim was a “contributing factor” to the employer’s discrimination or the

employee’s discharge.      To the extent the decisions in Hansome v. Northwestern

Cooperage Co., 679 S.W.2d 273 (Mo. banc 1984), and Crabtree v. Bugby, 967 S.W.2d

66 (Mo. banc 1998), are inconsistent with this decision, they are overruled. This Court

need not reach Templemire’s alternative claim of instructional error regarding pretext.

The circuit court’s judgment is reversed, the case is remanded. 2

                              Factual and Procedural History

       Employer hired Templemire in October 2005 to work as a painter and general

laborer whose job duties included driving trucks and washing parts in the wash bay. On

January 9, 2006, Templemire was injured in the course and scope of his employment

when a large metal beam fell from a forklift and crushed his left foot. Templemire’s

injury required surgery and the installation of plating and screws into his foot.

Templemire reported the injury to Employer and filed a workers’ compensation claim for

which he received benefits.

       Approximately three to four weeks following his injury, Templemire was cleared

to return to work with certain restrictions.      Templemire was instructed to wear a

protective boot on his injured foot while at work and was prohibited from climbing


2
  This Court transferred this case after an opinion by the Missouri Court of Appeals,
Western District. Portions of the court of appeals opinion are incorporated without
further attribution.
ladders. The following month, Templemire’s physician added a restriction preventing

Templemire from driving a vehicle with a clutch. In July 2006, Templemire’s physician

ordered that he only perform seated work due to continuing complications from his

injury. In September 2006, the seated restriction was lifted, but Templemire’s physician

implemented new restrictions, which included restraining him from climbing stairs,

pushing, pulling, and standing longer than one hour without a fifteen-minute break.

      As a result of these restrictions, Employer placed Templemire on “light duty”

when he returned to work even though light duty work was not available when

Templemire returned. Employer’s owner, Gary McMullin (hereinafter, “McMullin”),

accommodated the restrictions and created a light duty work assignment for Templemire

by assigning him to be a tool room assistant to Nick Twenter (hereinafter, “Twenter”).

      On November 29, 2006, Templemire remained on light duty. McMullin received

a request from a customer to have a railing washed and painted for pick up later that

afternoon. Templemire testified that when he arrived at work that morning, he did not

speak to McMullin. Instead, Twenter informed Templemire that he would need to wash

the railing, but that it was not ready. Twenter then assigned him to complete other tasks

while the railing was prepared for washing. Templemire completed these tasks and

returned to the job site. Around 1:50 p.m., Templemire went toward the wash bay to

wash the railing. Before reaching the wash bay, Templemire stopped to rest his foot,

which was infected.

      During this break, McMullin confronted Templemire and cursed at him because

the railing had not been washed. Templemire tried to explain the railing had just arrived


                                            3
in the wash bay, and he intended to wash the railing as soon as his break was over. After

continuing to curse at Templemire, McMullin discharged Templemire effective

immediately. Templemire asked McMullin if he was sure he wanted to fire him “because

[he] was going to go home and call workman’s [sic] comp?” to which McMullin replied,

“I don’t give a f--- what you do, this is my f---ing place.”

       After being terminated, Templemire contacted Liz Gragg (hereinafter, “Gragg”),

the insurance adjuster on his workers’ compensation claim.           Gragg subsequently

contacted McMullin to discuss Templemire’s discharge.           Gragg’s notes from her

conversation with McMullin reflected that, after Gragg indicated Templemire had work

restrictions that required him to take a break, McMullin “went on a [tirade] about

[Templemire] ‘milking’ his injury and that he can sue him for whatever reason that is

what he pays his premiums for and the [attorneys].”

       Templemire subsequently filed suit against Employer pursuant to section 287.780

alleging he was discharged in retaliation for filing a workers’ compensation claim. At the

trial, McMullin characterized Templemire as a “high maintenance employee” and

disputed Templemire’s account of what transpired between them. McMullin testified he

placed the railing in the wash bay early in the morning. McMullin directed Templemire

to wash the railing immediately and to disregard any other assignments from Twenter or

anyone else until the washing was complete.              McMullin returned to check on

Templemire’s progress two hours later and found the railing unwashed and Templemire

taking a break. McMullin testified that Templemire told him that he needed a break for

his foot and if McMullin did not like it, he could take it up with Templemire’s physician.


                                              4
McMullin advised Templemire that he did not work for Templemire’s physician and

discharged Templemire for insubordination.

         Templemire presented evidence that McMullin yelled at him due to this injury and

referred to other workers who had been injured as “whiners.” Templemire also offered

testimony from former employees who were belittled as a result of their injuries and who

did not receive work accommodations. One witness testified he was discharged shortly

after filing a workers’ compensation claim. Another witness testified that he overheard

McMullin yell at Templemire, “[a]ll you do is sit on your a-- and draw my money”

during the argument that resulted in Templemire’s discharge. Templemire’s immediate

discharge was contrary to Employer’s progressive discipline policy, which was submitted

into evidence. Templemire presented evidence about another employee who received

multiple disciplinary write-ups and had a drug problem but had not been discharged. By

contrast, after returning to work, Templemire received his only disciplinary write-up for

failing to wear a paint mask while in the paint booth. Despite this one issue, Templemire

was regarded as a good employee who performed his tasks efficiently.

         During the jury instruction conference, Templemire argued MAI-23.13, 3 the

applicable MAI-approved verdict director, misstated the law insofar as it required a

finding that Templemire’s filing of a workers’ compensation claim was the exclusive

factor in Employer’s decision to terminate him to prevail on his claim. Templemire

offered an alternative instruction stating the jury could find in his favor if the filing of the

workers’ compensation claim was a contributing factor to Employer’s decision to

3
    MAI 23.13 has been replaced with MAI 38.04.

                                               5
discharge him. 4    Alternatively, Templemire submitted a pretext instruction, which

advised the jury that it could find exclusive causation if it found that Employer’s stated

reason for his discharge was a mere pretext, rather than the true reason stated. 5 The

circuit court refused both of Templemire’s instructions and advised the jury it had to find

the filing of a workers’ compensation claim was the exclusive factor considered by

Employer when it terminated Templemire for him to prevail on his claim. The jury

returned a verdict in Employer’s favor. After an opinion by the court of appeals, this

Court granted transfer. 6 Mo. Const. art. V, sec. 10.

                                   Standard of Review

       Whether a jury was instructed properly is a question of law that this Court reviews

de novo. Edgerton v. Morrison, 280 S.W.3d 62, 65 (Mo. banc 2009). “Instructional

errors are reversed only if the error resulted in prejudice that materially affects the merits


4
   Templemire’s rejected verdict director stated: “On the claim of plaintiff for
compensatory damages for retaliatory discharge against defendant, your verdict must be
for plaintiff if you believe:
       First, plaintiff was employed by defendant, and
       Second, plaintiff filed a workers’ compensation claim, and
       Third, defendant discharged plaintiff, and
       Fourth, plaintiff’s filing of the workers’ compensation claim was a contributing
       factor in such discharge, and
       Fifth, as a direct result of such discharge plaintiff sustained damage.”
5
   Templemire’s rejected pretext instruction stated: “You may find that plaintiff
exercising his workers’ compensation rights was the exclusive cause of defendant’s
decision to discharge plaintiff if the defendant’s stated reason for its decision are not the
true reasons, but are a pretext to hide retaliation against plaintiff for exercising his
workers’ compensation rights.”
6
  The Missouri Association of Trial Attorneys and The St. Louis and Kansas City
chapters of the National Employment Lawyers Association filed amicus briefs in support
of Templemire. The Missouri Chamber of Commerce and Industry and The Missouri
Organization of Defense Lawyers filed amicus briefs in support of Employer.

                                              6
of the action.” Bach v. Winfield-Foley Fire Protection Dist., 257 S.W.3d 605, 608 (Mo.

banc 2008).

      Generally, “[w]henever Missouri Approved Instructions contains an instruction

applicable to the facts of a case, such instruction shall be given to the exclusion of any

other instructions on the same subject.” Rule 70.02(b). Rule 70.02 further provides that

departure from an applicable MAI constitutes error, with its prejudicial effect to be

determined judicially. Rule 70.02(b)-(c). If, however, a particular MAI does not state

the substantive law accurately, it should not be given. State v. Celis-Garcia, 344 S.W.3d

150, 158 (Mo. banc 2011).

                         Section 287.780 Causation Standard

      Templemire argues the circuit court erred in refusing his verdict director that

modified the applicable MAI by substituting “contributing factor” for the “exclusive

cause” language. Templemire claims that submitting the MAI as written misstates the

law. Templemire asserts the MAI’s use of the phrase “exclusive cause” is contrary to the

plain language of section 287.780 and this Court’s recent decisions construing the

Missouri Human Rights Act (“the MHRA”) and public policy wrongful termination

claims, which both hold liability attaches if the employer’s prohibited motive was a

“contributing factor” in the employee’s subsequent discharge.

      Generally, an employer can discharge an at-will employee for any reason.

Keveney v. Missouri Military Acad., 304 S.W.3d 98, 101 (Mo. banc 2010). There are

exceptions and limits, however, to the at-will employment doctrine. For example, an

employer cannot terminate an at-will employee for being a member of a protected class


                                            7
based on “race, color, religion, national origin, sex, ancestry, age or disability.” Fleshner

v. Pepose Vision Institute, P.C., 304 S.W.3d 81, 92 (Mo. banc 2010) (quoting section

213.055 of the MHRA). Additionally, this Court has adopted the following public policy

exception to the at-will employment doctrine:

        An at-will employee may not be terminated (1) for refusing to violate the
        law or any well-established and clear mandate of public policy as expressed
        in the constitution, statutes, regulations promulgated pursuant to statute, or
        rules created by a governmental body or (2) for reporting wrongdoing or
        violations of law to superiors or public authorities…. If an employer
        terminates an employee for either reason, then the employee has a cause of
        action in tort for wrongful discharge based on the public-policy exception.

Id. at 92. 7

Section 287.780’s Historic Construction

        Section 287.780 is a statutory exception to the at-will employment doctrine and

provides: “No employer or agent shall discharge or in any way discriminate against any

employee for exercising any of his [or her] rights under this chapter. Any employee who

has been discharged or discriminated against shall have a civil action for damages against

his [or her] employer.” This section was enacted in 1925 as a part of the original

Missouri workers’ compensation law. Christy v. Petrus, 365 Mo. 1187, 295 S.W.2d 122,

124 (Mo. 1956). At the time of enactment, the workers’ compensation law was construed

liberally in favor of the worker and the award of benefits. Maltz v. Jackoway-Katz Cap



7
  The legislature has provided statutory protection against discrimination or discharge for
other whistle-blowing activities as well. See section 191.908.1 (protection for reporting
Medicaid fraud); section 162.068.1 (protection for school employees who report sexual
misconduct committed by teachers and other school employees); and section 84.342.1
(protection for municipal police officers).

                                              8
Co., 336 Mo. 1000, 82 S.W.2d 909, 911 (Mo. 1934). Section 287.780 was amended in

1973 to provide employees with the private right of action that remains today.

       The first case to address the statute after the legislature provided employees with a

private cause of action was Mitchell v. St. Louis County, 575 S.W.2d 813 (Mo. App. E.D.

1978). In Mitchell, the plaintiff alleged her discharge was discriminatory because it

occurred six months after she filed a workers’ compensation claim for a back injury. Id.

at 814. The court affirmed the circuit court’s entry of a directed verdict in the employer’s

favor after the employer demonstrated the plaintiff was discharged due to excessive

absenteeism unrelated to the injury. Id. The court stated, “It is palpable that a cause of

action lies only if an employee is discharged discriminatorily by reason of exercising his

or her rights” under the workers’ compensation law. Id. at 815. Here, the employer

presented evidence of a valid and nonpretextual motive to discharge the plaintiff. Id.

       A plaintiff’s need to demonstrate a causal connection between his or her exercise

of workers’ compensation rights and the subsequent discharge was discussed in Davis v.

Richmond Special Road Dist., 649 S.W.2d 252 (Mo. App. W.D. 1983). The court

explained:

       By its wording, section 287.780 is, to the extent of authorizing recovery of
       damages by a civil action, penal in nature. The statute predicates recovery
       upon the discharge or discrimination of an employee for the exercise of his
       or her workers’ compensation rights. By its wording, the statute does not
       convey an intent that mere discharge of an employee gives rise to a claim
       against the employer. On the other hand, the statute reveals a legislative
       intent that there must be a causal relationship between the exercise of the
       right by the employee and his discharge by his employer arising precisely
       from the employee’s exercise of his rights, and upon proof, that the
       discharge was related to the employee’s exercise of his or her rights. In its
       enactment of section 287.780, the General Assembly did not prohibit


                                             9
       (although it could have) the discharge of employees merely during the
       pendency of a claim for workers’ compensation. On the other hand, the
       General Assembly, by its wording of section 287.780, enacted a prohibition
       against employers (to the extent they might be liable for damages in a
       separate civil proceeding) not to discriminate or discharge employees
       because of the employee’s exercise of his or her rights relative to a
       workers’ compensation claim. Stated another way, the legislative intent
       conveyed by the statute is to authorize recovery for damages if, upon proof,
       it be shown that the employee was discriminated against or discharged
       simply because of the exercise of his or her rights regarding a workers’
       compensation claim.

Id. at 255. (Emphasis added).

       For the first time in Hansome v. Northwestern Cooperage Co., this Court set forth

the elements a plaintiff must demonstrate to make a submissible case for a claim brought

pursuant to section 287.780: “(1) plaintiff’s status as employee of defendant before

injury, (2) plaintiff’s exercise of a right granted by Chapter 287, (3) employer’s discharge

of or discrimination against plaintiff, and (4) an exclusive causal relationship between

plaintiff’s actions and defendant’s actions.” Hansome, 679 S.W.2d at 275. (Emphasis

added). This Court did not analyze or interpret the wording of section 287.780; rather, it

cited Mitchell and Davis as support for its declaration that the exclusive causation

standard was appropriate for this cause of action.            This Court further explained,

“Causality does not exist if the basis for discharge is valid and nonpretextual.” Id. at 277,

n.2.

       This Court reaffirmed the holding in Hansome in Crabtree v. Bugby. In Crabtree,

the employer challenged the verdict director submitted by the discharged employee that

directed the jury to return a verdict in her favor if it found “as a direct result of plaintiff’s

filing of a claim for [workers’] compensation, defendant discharged plaintiff.” Crabtree,


                                               10
967 S.W.2d at 71. (Emphasis added). This Court found the instruction was erroneous

because it permitted the jury to return a verdict for the plaintiff even though the reasons

for her discharge included causes other than filing a workers’ compensation claim. Id.

This Court held the jury should have been instructed that it had to find the exclusive

cause of the plaintiff’s discharge was the filing of her claim as articulated in Hansome.

Id. This Court explained:

       Once this Court by case law has resolved the elements of a cause of action
       pursuant to section 287.780, neither the trial court nor the court of appeals
       is free to redefine the elements in every case that comes before them. Mo.
       Const. art. V, sec. 2. Similarly, this Court should not lightly disturb its own
       precedent. Mere disagreement by the current Court with the statutory
       analysis of a predecessor Court is not a satisfactory basis for violating the
       doctrine of stare decisis, at least in the absence of a recurring injustice or
       absurd results. 8

Id. at 71-72.

       The disagreement regarding the statutory analysis was set forth in the dissenting

opinion in Crabtree. The dissent stated section 287.780 did not contain any language

suggesting that an employee is entitled to relief only when he or she has been discharged


8
  Echoing this concern in Crabtree, the dissenting opinion likewise asserts the reason this
Court has overruled Hansome and Crabtree is due solely to a change of heart by the
changed membership of the Court, not based upon a legal need. Undoubtedly, the
membership of this Court, as well as that of the legislature, has changed dramatically
since Hansome was decided in 1984 and Crabtree in 1998. However, today’s decision
stems from this Court’s duty to address an appellant’s properly raised challenge
requesting reexamination of this Court’s precedent in light of the current legal landscape.
Moreover, reexamination is warranted given the legislature’s expansive enactment of a
number of statutes that protect Missouri’s citizens from discrimination, most notably
passage of the MHRA. Given the legislature’s demonstrated intent that discrimination,
based on any number of factors, will not be tolerated in the workplace, it is appropriate
for this Court to reevaluate the accuracy of the exclusive causation standard.


                                             11
“solely” or “exclusively” because the employee sought the protection afforded by

workers’ compensation.      Id. at 73.   The dissent also characterized the holding in

Hansome as “an aberration” in which the “exclusive” language “appears to be plucked

out of thin air” because neither Mitchell nor Davis used the word “exclusive” to describe

the causation standard. Id. at 74.

       Hansome and its progeny remained unquestioned until this Court’s recent decision

in Fleshner v. Pepose Vision Institute, P.C.. In Fleshner, this Court explicitly recognized

for the first time the public policy exception to the at-will employment doctrine.

Fleshner, 304 S.W.3d at 92. The defendant in Fleshner modeled its jury instruction after

the MAI-approved instruction that relied on the Hansome factors to prove a claim of

retaliatory discharge and used the exclusive cause language. This Court noted, “Nowhere

in the workers’ compensation laws does ‘exclusive causal’ or ‘exclusive causation’

language appear.” Id. The Court acknowledged there was a key distinction between

workers’ compensation retaliation cases and public policy exception cases, in that the

former arises under the statute, while the latter arises under the common law. Id. at 93.

Fleshner found the exclusive causation standard was “inconsistent with the proximate

cause standard typically employed in tort cases.”      Id.   Moreover, this Court found

application of the exclusive causation standard would discourage employees from

reporting their employers’ violations of the law or for refusing to violate the law. Id. In

other words, application of the exclusive causation standard “would result in an exception

that fails to accomplish its task of protecting employees who refuse to violate the law or

public policy.” Id.


                                            12
Stare Decisis

         Templemire acknowledges the applicable holdings in Hansome and Crabtree but

urges this Court to reexamine those cases in light of this Court’s recent criticisms in

Fleshner. Templemire argues Hansome and Crabtree should be reversed or modified

because they erroneously analyzed section 287.780 and the appropriate causation

standard from its inception. Employer and its amici argue that this Court should adhere

to the principles of stare decisis and continue to follow the precedent set by Hansome and

Crabtree.

         “The doctrine of stare decisis promotes security in the law by encouraging

adherence to previously decided cases.” Independence-Nat. Educ. Ass’n v. Independence

Sch. Dist., 223 S.W.3d 131, 137 (Mo. banc 2007). “But, the adherence to precedent is

not absolute, and the passage of time and the experience of enforcing a purportedly

incorrect precedent may demonstrate a compelling case for changing course.” Watts v.

Lester E. Cox Medical Centers, 376 S.W.3d 633, 644 (Mo. banc 2012) (quoting Med.

Shoppe Intern., Inc. v. Dir. of Revenue, 156 S.W.3d 333, 335 (Mo. banc 2005)).

“[W]here it appears that an opinion is clearly erroneous and manifestly wrong, the rule

[of] stare decisis is never applied to prevent the repudiation of such a decision.”

Southwestern Bell Yellow Pages, Inc. v. Dir. of Revenue, 94 S.W.3d 388, 390-91 (Mo.

banc 2002) (quoting Novak v. Kansas City Transit, Inc., 365 S.W.2d 539, 546 (Mo. banc

1963).

         Here, adherence to stare decisis is ill-advised when one carefully examines this

Court’s sua sponte creation of the exclusive causation standard articulated in Hansome.


                                            13
Hansome’s reliance on Mitchell and Davis to support an exclusive causation standard is

unfounded.     Neither Mitchell nor Davis contains any reference whatsoever to a

heightened or exclusive causation standard for a plaintiff to prevail on a claim for

retaliatory discharge under the workers’ compensation law. Mitchell did not address

causation explicitly, while Davis recognized causation was an element of the claim but

did not allude to an “exclusive causation” standard by any means.              The dissent in

Crabtree aptly described the holding in Hansome as “an aberration” in which the

“exclusive” language “appears to be plucked out of thin air” with no support in the

caselaw or statutory interpretation. As the learned jurist Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes

Jr. admonished, “It is revolting to have no better reason for a rule of law than that so it

was laid down in the time of Henry IV. It is still more revolting if the grounds upon

which it was laid down have vanished long since, and the rule simply persists from blind

imitation of the past.” Oliver Wendell Holmes, The Path of the Law, 10 Harv. L. Rev.

457, 469 (1897).9 Thus, the holdings in Hansome and Crabtree are clearly erroneous and

stare decisis should not be applied to prevent their repudiation. 10


9
   The dissenting opinion cites another learned jurist, Justice Louis Brandeis, for the
proposition that “it is more important that the applicable rule of law be settled than that it
be settled right.” Staunch adherence to stare decisis based solely on this notion would
result in a society in which insidious discrimination still would subject school children to
being segregated into schools that were purportedly separate but equal, women could not
serve on juries, interracial marriage still would be subject to criminal prosecution, and
crime victims would be prohibited from offering impact testimony during the punishment
phase of death penalty trials.
10
   The dissenting opinion accuses this Court of failing to acknowledge that the common
law is the exclusive prerogative of the judiciary, for which this Court is the ultimate
authority, and that stare decisis is at its strongest in cases of statutory interpretation. This
Court did not employ the tenets of statutory construction when it articulated the exclusive

                                              14
Legislative Inaction

       Employer and its amici assert the legislature had ample opportunity to correct any

misstatement by this Court of the exclusive causation standard and chose not to do so,

particularly when it substantially revised the workers’ compensation laws in 2005.11

Templemire argues that legislative inaction is not a factor that trumps other rules of

statutory construction, and that section 287.780 has been construed improperly since

Hansome.

       If this Court rejects a litigant’s pleas to overrule existing caselaw, a party can seek

redress with the legislature to implore it to change an incorrect or otherwise undesirable

interpretation of a statute. Med. Shoppe, 156 S.W.3d at 334. This Court explained the

fallacy of relying upon legislative inaction as tacit approval of an interpretation of a

statute:

       The General Assembly’s inaction has sometimes been interpreted to be
       approval of the Court’s reading of a statute. Legislative inaction, however,

causation standard in Hansome or when it reaffirmed the standard in Crabtree. Rather,
Hansome merely turned to common law causation principles to fill the causation void in
an otherwise silent statute. In doing so, this Court misconstrued the holdings in Mitchell
and Davis, which the dissent does not contest. Only now is this Court examining the
plain meaning of the statute to determine legislative intent to discern the appropriate
causation standard.
11
   The dissenting opinion asserts that today’s decision encroaches on the legislature’s
implicit adoption of the exclusive causation standard given the extensive amendments to
the workers’ compensation statutes in 2005 and fears this decision will invite the
legislature to do away with the private right of action altogether. The dissent’s fear is
speculative at best given the legislature’s enactment of a number of statutes that protect
citizens from discrimination since Hansome was decided. It was this Court’s misguided
proclamation of the exclusive causation standard in Hansome that effectively eviscerated
the legislature’s plain intent to prohibit employers from discriminating “in any way”
against an employee who exercised his or her workers’ compensation rights.


                                             15
       can just as well mean that the forces arrayed in favor of changing the law
       are matched by the forces against changing it. In truth, the match does not
       have to be an even one, for the legislative process in our republican form of
       government is designed more to prevent the passage of legislation than to
       encourage it. An incorrect judicial interpretation of a statute may also stand
       simply because the legislature has paid no attention to it. Thus, it is
       speculative to infer legislative approval from legislative inaction.

Id. at 334-35.

       “Workers’ compensation law is entirely a creature of statute, and when

interpreting the law the court must ascertain the intent of the legislature by considering

the plain and ordinary meaning of the terms and give effect to that intent if possible.”

Hayes v. Show Me Believers, Inc., 192 S.W.3d 706, 707 (Mo. banc 2006) (quoting

Greenlee v. Dukes Plastering Service, 75 S.W.3d 273, 276 (Mo. banc 2002)). “Insight

into the legislature’s object can be gained by identifying the problems sought to be

remedied and the circumstances and conditions existing at the time of the enactment.”

Bachtel v. Miller County Nursing Home Dist., 110 S.W.3d 799, 801 (Mo. banc 2003).

       The plain language of section 287.780 prohibits an employer from discharging or

in any way discriminating against an employee for exercising his or her workers’

compensation rights. At the time section 287.780 was enacted and when this Court

decided Hansome, workers’ compensation laws were to be construed liberally. This

Court’s imposition of the exclusive causation standard ran afoul of this statutory

imperative. Even if this Court strictly construed the statute as it must do pursuant to

section 287.800, “[a] strict construction of a statute presumes nothing that is not

expressed.” Robinson v. Hooker, 323 S.W.3d 418, 423 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010). “The

operation of the statute must be confined to ‘matters affirmatively pointed out by its


                                            16
terms, and to cases which fall fairly within its letter.’” Id. (quoting Allcorn v. Tap

Enters., Inc., 277 S.W.3d 823, 828 (Mo. App. S.D. 2009)).              Undisputedly, section

287.780 does not contain the word “exclusively” or “solely” or “only” to support the

exclusive causation standard articulated in Hansome. 12 Further, the legislative dictate is

clear that it is inappropriate for an employer to give any consideration to the fact that an

employee filed a workers’ compensation claim when making employment decisions.

       Moreover, in Reed v. Sale Memorial Hosp. and Clinic, 698 S.W.2d 931, 935 (Mo.

App. S.D. 1985), the court explained that section 287.780 is an exception to Missouri’s

employment at-will doctrine and that the statute declared “public policy” by addressing

“the evil to be remedied,” which was “want of an effective remedy for retaliatory

discharge arising out of the exercise of rights” under the workers’ compensation law. Id.

As it stands today, an employer’s discrimination against or discharge of an employee who

12
   Compare, Ala. Code § 25-5-11.1 (“No employee shall be terminated by an employer
solely because the employee has instituted or maintained any action against the employer
to recover workers’ compensation benefits ….”); Haw. Rev. Stat. § 386-142 (“It shall be
unlawful for any employer to suspend or discharge any employee solely because the
employee suffers any work injury which is compensable under this chapter and which
arises out of and in the course of employment with the employer unless it is shown to the
satisfaction of the director that the employee will no longer be capable of performing the
employee’s work as a result of the work injury and that employer has no other available
work which the employee is capable of performing.”); Md. Code Labor & Emply, § 9-
1105 (“An employer may not discharge a covered employee from employment solely
because the covered employee files a claim for [workers’] compensation ….”); N.M. Stat.
Ann. § 52-1-28.2A (“An employer shall not discharge, threaten to discharge or otherwise
retaliate in the terms or conditions of employment against a worker who seeks workers’
compensation benefits for the sole reason that that employee seeks workers’
compensation benefits.”); and Va. Code Ann. § 65.2-308A (“No employer or person shall
discharge an employee solely because the employee intends to file or has filed a claim
under this title or has testified or is about to testify in any proceeding under this title.”).




                                              17
exercises his or her rights under section 287.780 is acceptable so long as it is not the

exclusive cause of the employer’s action. Thus, the imposition of an exclusive causation

standard effectively deprives an employee’s right to remedy the evil of being

discriminated against or discharged for exercising workers’ compensation rights.

       Hence, the reasoning in Hansome, and the cases it relied on, is flawed. Therefore,

to the extent Hansome, Crabtree, and their progeny require a plaintiff to demonstrate his

or her exercise of workers’ compensation rights was the exclusive cause of his or her

discharge or discrimination, they no longer should be followed.

Appropriate Causation Standard

       Because the exclusive causation standard is unsupported by the plain language of

section 287.780 and the caselaw relied upon in Hansome and Crabtree, the issue remains

what causation standard must a plaintiff demonstrate to make a submissible case for

retaliatory discharge under this statute. Templemire and his amici argue this Court

should align workers’ compensation discrimination cases with MHRA employment

discrimination and public policy exception cases by adopting the “contributing factor”

standard. Employer and his amici disagree, urging this Court to adopt a “heightened” or

“motivating factor” test to avoid marginally competent employees from filing the pettiest

of claims in an effort to avoid a valid termination.

       “There is nothing in the entire field of law which has called forth more

disagreement, or upon which the opinions are in such a welter of confusion” than

causation. Prosser and Keeton on Torts, §41 at 263 (5th ed. 1984). This Court explained

the confusion that has permeated tort law due to the different terminology used by the


                                             18
classic Prosser and Keeton treatise and the Restatement (Second) of Torts in Callahan v.

Cardinal Glennon Hosp., 863 S.W.2d 852 (Mo. banc 1993). “The ‘but for’ causation test

provides that ‘the defendant’s conduct is a cause’ of the event if the event would not have

occurred ‘but for’ that conduct.” Callahan, 863 S.W.2d at 860-61 (quoting Prosser, §41

at 266). Prosser uses the term “proximate cause” to encompass all “but for” cases, except

for the certain limited exception to the “two fires case” in which each of two or more

causes would be sufficient, standing alone, to cause the plaintiff harm. 13

       By comparison, Restatement section 430 requires a plaintiff to demonstrate the

defendant was the legal cause of his or her harm for liability to attach. Section 431

provides that legal cause is shown when the defendant’s conduct is a “substantial factor”

in bringing about the harm. However, section 432 instructs that the defendant’s conduct

is not a “substantial factor” unless it meets the “but for” test. Thus, the confusion arises




13
   “Two fires case” is an illustration used to demonstrate when the application of the “but
for” causation test fails to test for causation in fact accurately. The scenario entails two
independent tortfeasors who set fires being swept by the wind toward a piece of property,
with either fire sufficiently strong, standing alone, to burn down the property. Before
either fire reaches the property, they combine and burn the property. If each actor
negligently set his or her respective fire, each could claim that he or she is not a factual
cause of the harm under the “but for” causation rule because, in the absence of setting
one fire, the other fire would have burned the property. Therefore, because both actors
could make the same argument, a court that applied the “but for” causation test
effectively would bar the victim from recovery from either of two negligent actors who
were obvious factual causes of the damages. “Thus, application of the ‘but for’ test
“leads to a result that is almost always condemned as violating both an intuitive sense of
causation and good legal policy. Cases like the two fires cases have consequently put the
simple but-for test in doubt and courts have in fact modified that test to deal with such
cases.” See 1 Dan B. Dobbs, Paul T. Hayden and Ellen M. Bublick, The Law of Torts,
§189 at 631-32 (2d ed. 2011).

                                             19
wherein the Restatement labels all cases in which legal cause is present as requiring the

“substantial factor” analysis but provides they must meet the “but for” causation test.

       This Court recognizes that whether one adheres to the Restatement or Prosser, this

historical causation analysis typically pertains to common law tort and negligence actions

as opposed to statutory actions. However, as stated in Fleshner, an exclusive causation

standard is inconsistent with the proximate cause standard typically employed in tort

cases. Fleshner, 304 S.W.3d at 93. Moreover, this Court cautioned that these semantic

differences are of little consequence in Missouri because “under the MAI we do not use

the terms 1) ‘proximate cause,’ 2) ‘but for causation,’ or 3) ‘substantial factor’ when

instructing the jury.” Callahan, 863 S.W.2d at 863. See also Sundermeyer v. SSM

Regional Health Services, 271 S.W.3d 552, 555 (Mo. banc 2008). Rather, “[s]uch terms

are standards by which the courts determine whether a submissible case has been made

and instructing the jury by use of such terms creates the potential for confusion.” Thomas

v. McKeever’s Enterprises, Inc., 388 S.W.3d 206, 216 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012) (internal

citations omitted).   “We merely instruct the jury that the defendant’s conduct must

‘directly cause’ or ‘directly contributed to cause’ plaintiff’s injury.” Callahan, 863

S.W.3d 863 and Sundermeyer, 271 S.W.3d 555.

       In recent years, this Court has addressed what causation standard Missouri

plaintiffs must demonstrate to make a submissible case for various forms of employment

discrimination. In Daugherty v. City of Maryland Heights, 231 S.W.3d 814 (Mo. banc

2007), this Court held a plaintiff must prove his or her protected status under the MHRA

was a “contributing factor” to his or her discrimination or discharge to make a


                                            20
submissible case.    Daugherty, 231 S.W.3d at 820.        This Court made it clear that

Missouri’s discrimination safeguards under the MHRA were not identical to the federal

standards and could offer greater protection. Id. at 818-19. As such, this Court rejected

the application of the burden-shifting analysis that McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green,

411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973), employed in federal discrimination cases, commonly referred

to as the “motivating factor” analysis. Further, the plain statutory language of the MHRA

did not require a plaintiff to prove that discrimination was a “substantial” or

“determining” factor in an employment decision. Id. at 819. The MHRA is clear that if

an employer considers age, disability or other protected characteristics when making an

employment decision, an employee has made a submissible case for discrimination. Id.

      Two years later, this Court reaffirmed the application of the “contributing factor”

analysis to the plaintiff’s MHRA retaliation claims in Hill v. Ford Motor Co., 277

S.W.3d 659, 665 (Mo. banc 2009), and once again rejected the burden-shifting

framework employed under McDonnell Douglas. This Court explained that although

claims for discrimination and retaliation under the MHRA were contained in different

sections of the act, there was no substantive difference between the claims with respect to

causation. Id.

      The following year, this Court addressed the appropriate standard a plaintiff must

satisfy to prevail on a wrongful discharge claim pursuant to the public policy exception in

Fleshner. This Court rejected the exclusive causation standard, as discussed previously,

and adopted the “contributing factor” test articulated in Daugherty and Hill. Fleshner,

304 S.W.3d at 94-95. This Court found both the MHRA and the public policy exception


                                            21
modified Missouri’s at-will employment doctrine by instructing that an employer can

terminate employees, but its reasoning cannot be improper. Id. at 94. This Court

explicitly renounced a heightened standard, stating:

       Likewise, cases involving both the MHRA and the public-policy exception
       turn on whether an illegal factor played a role in the decision to discharge
       the employee. The evidence in both types of cases directly relates to the
       employer’s intent or motivation. The employer discharges the employee,
       asserting a reason for the termination that may or may not be pretextual.
       Under the MHRA, if race, color, religion, national origin, sex, ancestry,
       age, or disability of the employee was a “contributing factor” to the
       discharge, then the employer has violated the MHRA. The employer’s
       action is no less reprehensible because that factor was not the only reason.
       Similarly, if an employee reports violations of law or refuses to violate the
       law or public policy as described herein, it is a “contributing factor” to the
       discharge, and the discharge is still reprehensible regardless of any other
       reasons of the employer.

Id. at 94-95.

       Taking into account the statutory language and this Court’s precedent in other

discrimination cases, this Court holds that the “contributing factor” standard should apply

to causes of action that arise pursuant to section 287.780. Adopting the “contributing

factor” standard serves two purposes. First, the legislature’s use of the phrase, “in any

way,” is consistent with this Court’s analysis of the “contributory factor” language

articulated in Daughtery, Hill, and Fleshner. Therefore, application of the “contributory

factor” standard fulfills the purpose of the statute, which is to prohibit employers from

discharging or in any way discriminating against an employee for exercising his or her

rights under chapter 287.     Second, the standard now aligns workers’ compensation

discrimination with other Missouri employment discrimination laws.




                                            22
       While this Court recognizes a fundamental difference between the purposes of the

MHRA and the workers’ compensation laws as a whole, there can be no tolerance for

employment discrimination in the workplace, be it based upon protected classes such as

gender, race or age, or an employee blowing the whistle on an employer’s illegal

practices in violation of public policy, or for exercising workers’ compensation rights.

Discrimination against an employee for exercising his or her rights under the workers’

compensation law is just as illegal, insidious, and reprehensible as discrimination under

the MHRA or for retaliatory discharge under the public policy exception of the at-will

employment doctrine.

       Employer and his amici, along with this Court in Crabtree, expressed the concern

that abandoning the exclusive causation standard would render the statute a “job security

act.” Crabtree stated to find otherwise would permit “an employee who admittedly was

fired for tardiness, absenteeism, or incompetence at work [to] still be able to maintain a

cause of action for discharge if the worker could persuade a factfinder that, in addition to

the other causes, a cause of discharge was the exercise of rights under the workers’

compensation law. Such a rule would encourage marginally competent employees to file

the most petty claims in order to enjoy the benefits of heightened job security.”

Crabtree, 967 S.W.2d at 72.

       This concern was legitimate at the time section 287.780 was amended to include a

private cause of action because it was one of only a few statutes that limited the at-will

employment doctrine. Since that time, the legislature has seen fit to carve out additional




                                            23
statutory exceptions to the at-will employment doctrine, with the MHRA being one of the

most significant, which has demonstrated that these concerns are unwarranted. 14

Prejudice

       In addition to demonstrating the circuit court erred in requiring a faulty

instruction, Templemire bears the burden of demonstrating he suffered prejudice.

Prejudicial error “is an error that materially affected the merits and outcome of the case.”

D.R. Sherry Const., Ltd. v. American Family Mut. Ins. Co., 316 S.W.3d 899, 904 (Mo.

banc 2010).

       Here, Templemire demonstrated he suffered prejudice from the submission of the

“exclusive cause” language as opposed to the “contributing factor” language in the

verdict director.      Templemire presented substantial evidence of Employer’s

discrimination against him due to his filing of a workers’ compensation claim that a

reasonable trier of fact could determine directly caused or contributed to cause his

discharge. There was evidence that McMullin repeatedly yelled at Templemire and

complained to others about his injury, characterizing Templemire as a “high maintenance

employee” who “s[a]t on his a-- and dr[e]w my money.” Other injured workers were

belittled for their injuries and described as “whiners,” did not receive accommodations

when injured, and one was discharged shortly after filing a workers’ compensation claim.


14
  Other statutory exceptions to the at-will employment doctrine enacted since 1973 that
protect an employee from being discharged or discriminated against for exercising a
variety of rights, in addition to those statutory exceptions noted in footnote 7, include:
section 494.460.1 (jury service); section 595.209 (responding to a subpoena in a criminal
matter); section 288.375.1 (testifying in employment security hearings); and section
115.102.1 (serving as an election judge).

                                            24
Templemire also presented evidence that his discharge was contrary to Employer’s

progressive discipline policy. Finally, Templemire presented evidence of McMullin’s

statements to Gragg, the workers’ compensation insurance claims adjuster, that he

believed Templemire was “milking his injury” and that Templemire could sue him for

whatever reason he wanted because he paid his premiums and attorneys to handle the

issues.

          By instructing the jury that it had to determine Templemire was discharged

exclusively in retaliation for filing a workers’ compensation claim, any evidence of

Templemire’s purported insubordination, even in the face of substantial and direct

evidence of discrimination, negated Templemire’s claim.         As stated previously, the

statute does not dictate such a standard and the law will not tolerate even a portion of an

employer’s motivation to be discriminatory when discharging an employee.

Accordingly, Templemire is entitled to a new trial with the submission of a verdict

director that instructs the jury that it must determine whether his filing of a workers’

compensation claim was a “contributing factor” to his discharge.

                                          Pretext

          Alternatively, Templemire argues that should this Court retain the exclusive

causation standard, the circuit court erred in refusing to submit his instruction regarding

Employer’s pretextual reason for his discharge. This Court need not resolve whether

Templemire was entitled to a pretext instruction given this Court’s holding that the

exclusive causation standard should be followed no longer. Templemire raised this claim

in the alternative, and his concerns regarding pretext are no longer valid given that a jury


                                            25
now will be instructed to determine whether Templemire’s exercise of his rights under

the workers’ compensation law was a contributing factor in Employer’s decision to

discharge him.


                                        Conclusion

       The circuit court’s judgment is reversed, and the case is remanded.




                                                  ______________________________
                                                   GEORGE W. DRAPER III, JUDGE


Russell, C.J., Breckenridge, Stith and
Teitelman, JJ., concur; Fischer, J., dissents
in separate opinion filed; Wilson, J., concurs
in opinion of Fischer, J.




                                             26
              SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI
                                         en banc

                                                 )
JOHN TEMPLEMIRE,                                 )
                                                 )
                                                 )
                            Appellant,           )
                                                 )
       v.                                        )             No. SC93132
                                                 )
                                                 )
W & M WELDING, INC.,                             )
                                                 )
                            Respondent.          )

                                 DISSENTING OPINON

       I respectfully dissent from the majority's overruling of Hansome v. Nw. Cooperage

Co., 679 S.W.2d 273 (Mo. banc 1984), and Crabtree v. Bugby, 967 S.W.2d 66 (Mo. banc

1998). The Court is not free to decide this case, which is merely a matter of statutory

construction, as though presented with the issue of causation as a matter of first

impression.

       What makes this country's legal system the envy of the modern democratic world,

and what sets it apart from most others, is the reliability of the outcome of cases based on

the doctrine of stare decisis. The principal opinion gives short shrift to the doctrine of

stare decisis, and it fails to recognize that adherence to precedent is most important when

that precedent concerns settled questions of statutory interpretation.       The principal
opinion adopts a new statutory interpretation of an identical statute based solely on

arguments that this Court has already considered and rejected twice. I would affirm the

circuit court, which dutifully followed this Court's prior decisions in Hansome and

Crabtree.

       Section 287.780, RSMo 2000, permits an employee to bring a civil action against

his or her employer for discharging the employee in retaliation for seeking workers'

compensation benefits. In Hansome, this Court held that, for a workers' compensation

retaliation claim against the employer pursuant to § 287.780, the employee must prove

that his or her action in seeking workers' compensation benefits was the "exclusive

cause" of termination. 679 S.W.2d at 275, 277 n.2.

       Fourteen years later, this Court reaffirmed that interpretation of § 287.780.

Crabtree, 967 S.W.2d at 71. In Crabtree, this Court endorsed the exclusive cause

standard of Hansome because any other rule "would encourage marginally competent

employees to file the most petty [sic] claims in order to enjoy the benefits of heightened

job security." Id. The Court rejected the plaintiff's argument to give a more expansive

construction to § 287.780 than that adopted in Hansome due, in part, to the absence of

any intervening legislative action. Id. On the questions of stare decisis, this Court stated:

"[T]his Court should not lightly disturb its own precedent. Mere disagreement by the

current Court with the statutory analysis of a predecessor Court is not a satisfactory

basis for violating the doctrine of stare decisis, at least in the absence of a recurring

injustice or absurd results." Id. (emphasis added).




                                             2
       Other than 16 years and the changing membership of this Court, nothing has

changed that can explain why there is a legal need to change the standard of causation

required by § 287.780.1        The statutory language never provided, and still does not

provide, a causation standard. This Court was originally forced to construe the statute in

Hansome and provide a standard for the element of causation. This Court in Crabtree

and Hansome declared that "exclusive cause" was the law. Now this Court declares

"contributing factor" is the law. The doctrine of stare decisis would have little practical

or intellectual value if all it took to change the law was the passage of time and Court

membership. As Justice Sonia Sotomayor put it most succinctly, "[E]stablishing that a

decision was wrong does not, without more, justify overruling it." Alleyne v. United

States, 133 S. Ct. 2151, 2164 (2013).

       Adherence to precedent is especially vital in my view with respect to prior cases

interpreting statutes. Justice Louis Brandeis said it well in 1932:

       Stare decisis is usually the wise policy, because in most matters it is more
       important that the applicable rule of law be settled than that it be settled
       right. This is commonly true even when the error is a matter of serious
       concern, provided correction can be had by legislation. But in cases
       involving the Federal Constitution, where correction through legislative
       action is practically impossible, this court has often overruled its earlier
       decisions. . . . In cases involving the Federal Constitution the position of
       this court is unlike that of the highest court of England, where the policy of
       stare decisis was formulated and is strictly applied to all classes of cases.

 1
    The principal opinion concludes that it is appropriate for this Court to reexamine the law
because the legislature since has enacted the MHRA, which created private causes of action for
specific categories of discrimination not related to filing a workers' compensation claim. This
rationale seems misplaced in light of the fact that the legislature is presumed to have adopted this
Court's prior interpretation of § 287.780 if it does not take any action, particularly in the context
of enacting workers' compensation legislation modifying causation standards without changing
this Court's prior construction of § 287.780, as explained infra.

                                                 3
       Parliament is free to correct any judicial error; and the remedy may be
       promptly invoked.

Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co., 285 U.S. 393, 406 (1932) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)

(internal citations omitted), overruled by Helvering v. Mountain Producers Corp., 303

U.S. 376, 387 (1938). The United States Supreme Court has continually upheld this

principle. John R. Sand & Gravel Co. v. United States, 552 U.S. 130, 138-39 (2008)

(reaffirming a prior interpretation of a statute and stating that "stare decisis in respect to

statutory interpretation has 'special force,' for 'Congress remains free to alter what we

have done'"); California v. F.E.R.C., 495 U.S. 490, 500 (1990) (expressly adopting

Justice Brandeis's view that statutory interpretations are given greater stare decisis effect

than constitutional interpretations); see also Alleyne, 133 S. Ct. at 2163 & n.5 (stating that

the force of stare decisis is at its lowest point in cases concerning procedural rules that

implicate constitutional protections).

       As these cases make clear, stare decisis is most essential regarding prior statutory

interpretations because it is there that the rule of law and respect for the separation of

powers meet. The General Assembly is presumed to rely on this Court's prior decisions

interpreting statutes. State ex rel. Howard Elec. Co-op. v. Riney, 490 S.W.2d 1, 9 (Mo.

1970) ("[T]he General Assembly must be presumed to have accepted the judicial and

administrative construction of its enactments . . . ."); see State v. Grubb, 120 S.W.3d 737,

740-41 (Mo. banc 2003) (Teitelman, J., dissenting) (noting that the General Assembly is




                                              4
presumed to know the law in enacting statutes and stating that it had implicitly adopted a

prior court of appeals decision by amending the law but not overruling the case). 2

        Cases interpreting statutes carry the legislature's approval when it does not take

action to overrule them, and the legislature ratifies them by allowing them to stand while

enacting particular legislation on the same subject matter. See F.E.R.C., 495 U.S. at 500

("We are especially reluctant to reject this presumption in an area that has seen careful,

intense, and sustained congressional attention."). To overrule a legislative ratification of

this Court's prior statutory interpretations is to encroach on the function of the

legislature. 3




 2
    State ex rel. Howard Elec. Co-op. is the last holding on point. Although this Court has stated
that the presumption of legislative reliance on precedent is disfavored, this Court has never
overruled its own prior decision after stating that the presumption is insufficient reasoning, on its
own, to reaffirm the prior decision. The Medicine Shoppe case, cited by the majority, reaffirmed
this Court's prior interpretation of a statute. Med. Shoppe Int'l, Inc. v. Dir. of Revenue, 156
S.W.3d 333, 335 n.5 (Mo. banc 2005).
  3
    Although the People are ultimately sovereign and can change a constitution by amendment, it
is up to this Court to say what the Missouri Constitution means. Mo. Const. art. V, sec. 3
(stating that this Court shall have exclusive appellate jurisdiction in all cases involving the
validity of a statute); see Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, 177 (1803) ("It is emphatically the
province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is."); see also City of Boerne v.
Flores, 521 U.S. 507, 519 (1997) (holding that section five of the Fourteenth Amendment gives
Congress power to enforce its provisions, not power to interpret them). Constitutional
reinterpretation is not disfavored to the extent statutory reinterpretation is disfavored because it is
more problematic to infer that the People have approved or ratified a prior constitutional
interpretation without explicit amendment, as compared to legislation, which is relatively easier
to enact.
  Although the People may amend the Constitution to overrule or approve of a constitutional
interpretation, this kind of amendment has been rare and is difficult to achieve. E.g., U.S. Const.
amend. XI (overruling Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 U.S. 419 (1793)). And although the Missouri
Constitution is amended more readily than the United States Constitution, and, therefore, cases
interpreting it deserve somewhat greater stare decisis effect, the amendment process is still
cumbersome and "much more difficult than a legislative change to correct an unwarranted
interpretation of a statute." Med. Shoppe Int'l, Inc., 156 S.W.3d at 335 n.5.

                                                  5
       The principal opinion cites various cases for the proposition that this Court may

overrule its wrong decisions.    Only one of those cases overruled a prior statutory

interpretation—a 56-year old decision that the Court held could not be reconciled with

the language of the statute. Sw. Bell Yellow Pages, Inc. v. Dir. of Revenue, 94 S.W.3d

388, 391 (Mo. banc 2002). In the other cases cited by the majority, this Court either

reaffirmed its prior statutory interpretation or considered only a prior constitutional

interpretation or common law doctrine and not a questions of statutory interpretation. See

Watts v. Lester E. Cox Med. Ctrs., 376 S.W.3d 633 (Mo. banc 2012) (interpreting article

I, section 22(a), involving the right of trial by jury); Independence-Nat'l Educ. Ass'n v.

Independence Sch. Dist., 223 S.W.3d 131, 137 (Mo. banc 2007) (interpreting article I,

section 29, involving the right to bargain collectively); Med. Shoppe Int'l, Inc., 156

S.W.3d 333 (reaffirming this Court's prior interpretation of a statute); Novak v. Kansas

City Transit, Inc., 365 S.W.2d 539, 547 (Mo. banc 1963) (per curiam) (overruling a prior

decision that refused to recognize a cause of action under the common law).

       The principal opinion also points to Fleshner v. Pepose Vision Institute, P.C., 304

S.W.3d 81, 92-93 (Mo. banc 2010), in support of its holding that the Court need not stick

with the exclusive cause standard set out in Hansome and Crabree. In Fleshner, the

Court decided that "contributing factor" causation was better than "exclusive cause" for

wrongful discharge claims based on the public policy exception to the at-will doctrine.

Id.   The "key distinction" between such wrongful termination claims and workers'

compensation retaliation claims is that public policy termination claims arise under the

common law of torts. Id.; slip op. at 12. What the majority fails to acknowledge is that


                                            6
the common law is the exclusive prerogative of the judiciary, for which this Court is the

ultimate authority. 4 Although this Court has adopted the contributing factor causation

standard for retaliation claims under the MHRA, as the principal opinion notes, this Court

in Hill v. Ford Motor Co. merely reaffirmed its interpretation of the MHRA. 277 S.W.3d

659, 665 (Mo. banc 2009) (reaffirming Daugherty v. City of Maryland Heights, 231

S.W.3d 814, 819-20 (Mo. banc 2007)); slip op. at 21.

       The holdings in Hansome and Crabtree were not based on judicially created

common law doctrine, nor were they interpretations of an infrequently amended state

constitution or the tough-to-amend United States Constitution. They were interpretations

of a Missouri statute, on which the General Assembly is presumed to rely, and to which

this Court should give the greatest stare decisis effect. State ex rel. Howard Elec. Co-op.,

490 S.W.2d at 9.

       The principal opinion states that this Court did not "analyze or interpret the

wording of section 287.780" in Hansome. Slip op. at 10. This Court in Hansome quoted

§ 287.780, then stated the four elements necessary to make a claim. 679 S.W.2d at 275-

76. It did cite Davis and Mitchell as precedent for all four elements, but then analyzed

those cases and another court of appeals case regarding the element of causation. Id. at

 4
     Because stare decisis is at its strongest in cases involving statutory interpretation, it
necessarily is at its weakest in cases involving common law doctrines. Although the rule of law
still demands that this Court not lightly overrule its prior common law decisions (because it is
imperative to retain them in the interests of reliance, predictability, and stability), this Court is
the ultimate authority on questions of Missouri common law. In deciding whether to overrule
prior decisions based solely on common law doctrine, this Court does not face the same
separation of powers concerns it faces in deciding whether to overrule prior interpretations of
statutes and, to a lesser degree, the United States and Missouri constitutions.



                                                 7
275-76 & n.2. This Court recognized that the text of § 287.780 did not provide a specific

causation standard.    Then, this Court's opinion analyzed how enacting § 287.780

necessarily modified the at-will employment doctrine and how that justified the holdings

of the prior court of appeals decisions construing § 287.780 to require the filing of a

workers' compensation claim to be the exclusive cause for the termination. Id. at 275 n.2.

While reasonable minds may differ in hindsight as to whether that construction was

correct, there is no doubt that this Court was required to, and did, construe § 287.780 in

Hansome.

       The presumption of legislative reliance on Hansome and Crabtree has even

greater weight here because the General Assembly overhauled the workers' compensation

law in 2005. Not only did it expressly abrogate other prior cases of this Court and the

court of appeals by name and citation, see, e.g., Drewes v. Trans World Airlines, Inc.,

984 S.W.2d 512, 514-15 (Mo. banc 1999); Kasl v. Bristol Care, Inc., 984 S.W.2d 852,

853-54 (Mo. banc 1999); Bennett v. Columbia Health Care, 80 S.W.3d 524, 531-32 (Mo.

App. 2002), the 2005 amendments took affirmative steps to abrogate a different

causation standard, while leaving this Court's decisions in Hansome and Crabtree

undisturbed.    The General Assembly thereby demonstrated its intent to retain the

exclusive cause standard for workers' compensation retaliation claims. 5


 5
   In 2005, the General Assembly repealed 35 sections of the revised statutes of Missouri and
enacted 40 new sections "relating to workers' compensation law." Act of Mar. 30, 2005, S.B. 1
& 130, 2005 Mo. Laws 907, 907 (codified as amended at chapters 286 and 287, RSMo Supp.
2013). This Court and the court of appeals had previously held that, to obtain a workers'
compensation award for accidental injury, an employer need only show that the employee's work
was a "substantial factor" in the cause of the injury. Drewes, 984 S.W.2d at 514-15; Kasl, 984

                                              8
       Contrary to the suggestion in the principal opinion, the 2005 amendments discredit

the attempt to characterize this case as merely involving "legislative inaction." The

General Assembly took affirmative steps that demonstrate its intent to retain the

exclusive cause standard. It enacted a new causation standard for determining workers'

compensation coverage of accidental injuries by expressly abrogating two of this Court's

prior decisions by name. It could have enacted a new causation standard for workers'

compensation retaliation cases by abrogating Hansome and Crabtree.                It did not.

Accordingly, the principal opinion's failure to adhere to this Court's prior interpretation of

§ 287.780 offends the separation of powers by encroaching on the General Assembly's

ratification of the exclusive cause standard. Even if the "contributing factor" standard is

the better rule, this Court should not usurp the legislative function by re-deciding settled

questions of statutory construction due solely to a change of heart.

       Finally, it should be noted that the principal opinion assumes that, if the legislature

dislikes this Court's decision to change the law from "exclusive cause" to "contributing

factor," the General Assembly is free to abrogate this holding by passing a bill to

reinstate the exclusive cause standard.        Once this Court puts this burden on the

legislature, however, there is no reason why the General Assembly could not go the next

step and repeal § 287.780 to eliminate the private cause of action entirely. Rather than




S.W.2d at 853-54; Bennett, 80 S.W.3d at 531-32. The General Assembly expressly abrogated
those three decisions and replaced the "substantial factor" causation test with the "prevailing
factor" causation test. 2005 Mo. Laws at 910-11 (codified at §§ 287.020(3)(1), 287.020(10),
RSMo Supp. 2013).

                                              9
risk watching such a debate, I would adhere to the principle of stare decisis, reaffirm this

Court's holdings in Hansome and Crabtree, and affirm the circuit court's judgment.



                                                 ___________________________
                                                 Zel M. Fischer, Judge




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