     Case: 16-41164   Document: 00514079974        Page: 1   Date Filed: 07/19/2017




        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                           Fifth Circuit

                                    No. 16-41164                         FILED
                                                                     July 19, 2017
                                                                    Lyle W. Cayce
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                                Clerk

             Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

ALL FUNDS ON DEPOSIT AT SUN SECURED ADVANTAGE, ACCOUNT
NUMBER *3748, Held at the Bank of NT Butterfield & Son Limited in
Bermuda

             Defendant

ERICK SILVA SANTOS,

             Claimant - Appellant




                Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of Texas


Before JOLLY, SMITH, and GRAVES, Circuit Judges.
E. GRADY JOLLY, Circuit Judge.
      Erick Silva Santos (“Silva”), a Mexican citizen, faces a federal indictment
charging money laundering and fraud that he allegedly committed in
connection with his tenure as mayor of Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Silva
had various assets in the United States and Mexico.             After his federal
indictment, he took flight and has not returned to this country.                         The
Government subsequently filed this civil forfeiture proceeding, seeking certain
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                                       No. 16-41164
of Silva’s assets that were allegedly tied to his conduct as a corrupt Mexican
official.     The     district   court     ordered     fugitive     disentitlement          under
28 U.S.C. § 2466 and subsequently entered final default judgment and order of
forfeiture.     Silva challenges these orders.               We AFFIRM the fugitive
disentitlement order and DISMISS Silva’s appeal of the default judgment of
forfeiture.
                                               I.
                                              A.
       In July 2014, Silva was indicted by a federal grand jury and charged with
money laundering conspiracy, aiding and abetting bank fraud, aiding and
abetting mail fraud, and wire fraud. Silva has not returned to the United
States since his indictment, and an active warrant exists for his arrest.
       In November 2014, the Government filed a verified complaint for civil
forfeiture in rem, seeking the forfeiture of a residence in Brownsville, Texas,
and all funds in Silva’s Bermuda bank account (“Bermuda account”). Both
were allegedly tied to Silva’s misappropriated campaign contributions and
kickbacks from municipal contracts. 1 The Government published public notice


       1 Specifically, the complaint alleged that Silva:
       served as mayor of Matamoros from 2008 through 2010, during which time his
       salary in U.S. dollars was about $100,000. In January 2003, he and [Maria]
       Castaneda Torres opened a joint savings account at JP Morgan Chase Bank in
       Brownsville, Texas (“joint savings account”). Prior to Silva’s mayoral campaign
       in 2007, the average monthly balance in this account was approximately
       $15,000. At the end of May 2007, the balance was $6,439.42. From the time
       Silva took office in January 2008 until the account was closed in October 2008,
       $1,545,288 was deposited in the account. Plaintiff alleges that the increase
       “was because of deposits and transfers of (1) financial contributions received
       by Silva in return for the award of municipal contracts, (2) unlawful kickbacks
       from municipal contracts, and (3) unlawful proceeds from the approval of false
       invoices for municipal contracts all resulting in the illicit enrichment of Silva,
       the newly elected mayor of Matamoros.” During Silva’s time as mayor, the joint
       savings account funded an annuity in an offshore Bermuda account (“annuity
       account”), which accumulated a balance of $1,615,000. On July 16, 2008, Silva
       and his brother . . . opened an account in the name Aceros Industriales de
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                                     No. 16-41164
of the forfeiture proceeding for at least thirty days. Notice was also sent to the
known claimants, Silva and Maria Castaneda Torres (“Castaneda”).
Castaneda is Silva’s alleged common law wife.
      Silva filed claims to the Bermuda account and Brownsville residence.
Castaneda only filed a claim to the Brownsville residence. At the expiration of
the time for filing, no other claim or answer was filed.
      In July 2015, the district court held an initial pretrial conference for the
civil forfeiture action, at which time it learned that Silva was a fugitive in the
criminal proceeding. The court then set the civil case for trial.
      Shortly thereafter, Silva and Castaneda moved for judgment on the
pleadings pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c), contending that
the Government’s complaint did not sufficiently identify underlying violations
of   Mexican      law     that     would      authorize      civil     forfeiture       under
18 U.S.C. §§ 981(a)(1)(A), (B), or (C). Instead of responding to this motion, the
Government, inter alia, moved for a finding of fugitive disentitlement as to




      Matamoros S.A. de C.V. at JP Morgan Chase Bank in Brownsville, Texas
      (“Aceros account”). In August 2008, the Aceros account received foreign
      exchange credits of Mexican pesos to U.S. dollars via nine wire transfers
      totaling $791,855.76. Plaintiff alleges that bank records indicate that the
      Aceros entity was not incorporated in Mexico until June 2008, just one month
      before opening the account, and that the entity did not legitimately earn the
      money deposited in the account. On August 6, 2009, Silva and Castaneda
      Torres transferred $1,691,472.15 from the annuity account to the Aceros
      account. On September 30, 2009, Silva wire transferred $2.4 million from the
      Aceros account to the Sun Secured Advantage, Account Number *3748, at the
      Bank of NT Butterfield & Son Ltd., in Bermuda (“Sun Secured Advantage
      account”). . . . [O]n September 30, 2010, Silva withdrew $183,730.46 from . . .
      [a bank] account in Brownsville, Texas, [where he had deposited money from
      Mexican companies that had been awarded municipal contracts for projects he
      knew did not exist] for the purchase of the defendant real property located at
      57 Creekbend Drive, Brownsville, Texas, in Castaneda’s name. . . . Plaintiff
      now seeks forfeiture of the [defendant properties], which were allegedly
      obtained through “[t]he improper award of municipal contracts, false invoicing
      of municipal contracts, and the kickbacks Silva received” . . . .
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                                        No. 16-41164
Silva and, on that basis, further moved to strike Silva’s claim, answer, and
request for relief under Rule 12(c).
       The district court granted the Government’s motions as to Silva and
ordered the Government to respond to Castaneda’s request for Rule 12(c) relief.
The Government responded to Castaneda’s Rule 12(c) motion by specifying
Silva’s alleged violations of Mexican law. With the court’s permission, it also
amended its complaint to allege that Silva violated four provisions of the
Tamaulipas Penal Code. 2 The court then mooted Castaneda’s 12(c) motion to
dismiss.      The Government subsequently non-suited its claim for the
Brownsville home, which left the Bermuda account as the only remaining
defendant in the forfeiture action and Silva—now a disentitled fugitive—as the
only claimant.
       Silva filed a motion for reconsideration of the order granting fugitive
disentitlement. But the district court denied Silva’s motion. The Government
then moved for entry of default judgment of forfeiture as to all funds in the
Bermuda account. Because there were no further claims against that account,
the district court ordered the clerk of court to enter default against the account
and against any known or unknown potential claimants to it. The district court
then granted the Government’s motion for final default judgment and order of
forfeiture pursuant to Rule 55(b).




       2 The Government identified the following provisions: (1) Article 216 (accepting bribes
“in exchange for doing—or refraining from doing—any action related to [his] role as a public
servant”); (2) Article 417 (fraud, consisting of “deception . . . resulting in an improper benefit
or profit for him or others involved,” and causing “a loss to the public funds of the
municipality”); (3) Article 226 (“abusive exercise of functions,” accomplished by “award[ing]
public work contracts to companies that made campaign contributions with disregard of the
bidding process and municipal policy”); and (4) Article 230 (“illicit enrichment,” committed
when “a public servant . . . cannot demonstrate the legitimate augmentation of his assets or
the legitimate origin of the properties under his name, or those not under his name but for
which he conducts himself as the owner”).
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                                      No. 16-41164
                                             B.
       Silva has timely appealed. He concedes that the statutory requirements
for fugitive disentitlement had been met. Silva contends, however, that the
district court abused its discretion by applying disentitlement based on the
mere allegations of the complaint before the Government submitted evidence
in support of forfeiture. The district court erred, Silva argues, because: (1) the
Government’s complaint is wholly predicated on his alleged violations of
Mexican law, yet the only evidence before the court—the official Mexican
documents he submitted 3—unambiguously indicate that, in Mexico’s view, he
did not violate Mexican laws; (2) given these documents, disentitlement prior
to the Government’s submission of evidence runs counter to principles of
international comity; and (3) the act of state doctrine counsels against
disentitlement here because the exonerative Mexican documents implicate the
act of state doctrine. Furthermore, Silva argues, the district court erred in
entering a default judgment under Rule 55 because: (1) no rule of civil



       3 Silva presented five sets of documents: (1) a certification from the State Elections
Institute of Tamaulipas, Municipal Elections Council of Matamoros, stating that Silva
“obtained the election victory” in November 2007, which allegedly “reflect[ed] that the
resources used during his electoral campaign were transparent and were used in adherence
with the electoral code, because had there been issues or wrongdoing with the campaign
funds, the document and position would have been denied to Silva”; (2) a series of “decrees”
issued by the State Congress of Tamaulipas twice a year from 2008 to 2010 that reflected
approval of the public account of Matamoros during Silva’s time as mayor, which purportedly
demonstrated that that “there were not any irregularities found with the manner of which
the public funds were handled and all legal requirements in using the public funds were met”;
(3) a document entitled “Opinion about Fiscal Obligations Compliance” that was issued by
the Mexican Secretary of Income and Public Credit/System of Revenue Administration,
which allegedly showed that Silva’s “tax returns are current and in good standing and no
taxes are pending”; (4) two certifications from the Attorney General of Tamaulipas, the most
recent dated February 2015, which state that Silva has no criminal record in the local
jurisdiction; and (5) a certification from the Attorney General of Tamaulipas, dated January
2016, stating that “there are no criminal processes pending [against Silva] for the crimes of
bribery contemplated in Article 216; Abusive Exercise of Power, Article 226; Embezzlement,
Article 230; and Fraud, Article 417, typified in the current Criminal Code of the State of
Tamaulipas.”
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procedure or statutory provision authorizes default judgment in this context;
and, (2) alternatively, default judgment is not appropriate on these facts.
                                         II.
      This Court reviews the district court’s fugitive disentitlement order for
an abuse of discretion. Bagwell v. Dretke, 376 F.3d 408, 413 (5th Cir. 2004).
“[D]eference . . . is the hallmark of abuse-of-discretion review.” Love v. Tyson
Foods, Inc., 677 F.3d 258, 262 (5th Cir. 2012) (citation omitted). Nevertheless,
“[a] district court abuses its discretion if it: (1) relies on clearly erroneous
factual findings; (2) relies on erroneous conclusions of law; or (3) misapplies
the law to the facts.” Allen v. C & H Distribs., L.L.C., 813 F.3d 566, 572 (5th
Cir. 2015) (citations omitted).
      This Court also “review[s] the entry of a default judgment for abuse of
discretion,” although “even a slight abuse of discretion may justify reversal.”
Wooten v. McDonald Transit Assocs., Inc., 788 F.3d 490, 495–96 (5th Cir. 2015)
(citations omitted).    “‘[F]actual determinations underlying th[e] decision,’”
however, “are reviewed for clear error.’” Id. at 495 (citations omitted). And
questions of law are reviewed de novo. See Williams v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co.,
741 F.3d 617, 620 (5th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted).
                                         A.
      We begin by addressing the threshold—and primary—issue in this
appeal: whether the district court abused its discretion in ordering fugitive
disentitlement.
      Where, as here, a court finds that the statutory requirements for fugitive
disentitlement have been met, the court may impose disentitlement, which
“disallow[s] a person from using the resources of the courts of the United States
in   furtherance   of   a   claim   in   any   related   civil     forfeiture   action.”
28 U.S.C. § 2466(a). Even if, however, the statutory requirements for fugitive
disentitlement have been satisfied, “§ 2466 does not mandate disentitlement;
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the ultimate decision whether to order disentitlement in a particular case rests
in the sound discretion of the district court.” Collazos v. United States, 368
F.3d 190, 198 (2d Cir. 2004); accord, e.g., United States v. Batato, 833 F.3d 413,
428 (4th Cir. 2016) (“Section 2466 leaves the application of disentitlement to
the court’s discretion, see § 2466(a) (using ‘may’ instead of ‘shall’)”).
       Here, Silva’s appeal, with or without its trimmings, is limited to
contesting whether the district court abused its discretion by choosing to apply
disentitlement in his case. The court erred in applying disentitlement, he
argues, because: (1) the record evidence before the court—the Mexican
documents—exonerated Silva; and (2) it follows that principles of international
comity and the act of state doctrine also require reversal of the district court. 4
                                               1.
       The foundation of each of these arguments is that the district court
misinterpreted the Mexican documents—documents that Silva claims
expressly and unambiguously exonerate him of the charged conduct.                           We
therefore begin by addressing the district court’s holdings with respect to the
Mexican documents.
       In denying reconsideration of its order granting fugitive disentitlement,
the district court made several findings with respect to the Mexican
documents. First, the court held, “the text of the first two sets of documents
does not ‘unambiguously’ allow for the inference” that Silva did not violate
Mexican law as charged. Second, the court held, “evidence that Silva has paid
his taxes, has no criminal record, and is not the subject of a criminal



       4  The Government contends that, as a disentitled fugitive, Silva is barred from
challenging forfeiture on any grounds, so he cannot challenge the disentitlement order. We
disagree. This argument incorrectly assumes that disentitlement, once ordered by the
district court, is final and a bar to further benefit of the law, including an appeal. See, e.g.,
Collazos, 368 F.3d at 198. The Government cites, and we can find, nothing indicating that a
court’s exercise of discretion in finding disentitlement itself is immune from appeal.
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                                  No. 16-41164
investigation or prosecution of any of the alleged Tamaulipas Penal Code
violations does not foreclose the possibility that he engaged in conduct that
would constitute such a violation.” Finally, the court held, “Silva’s evidence
does not, . . . demonstrate an official exoneration; it merely reflects the absence
of ‘criminal processes’ against him for the offenses serving as the predicate for
civil forfeiture in this case.”
      As amplified at oral argument, Silva contends that the district court
erred in this interpretation of the Mexican documents because, together, the
documents expressly and unambiguously “tell[] us that the Mexican legal
authorities have looked at Mr. Silva,” have “determined that he . . . has not
committed a crime in connection with his time as mayor,” and are not currently
investigating him for the charged crimes.          According to counsel, these
conclusions are based on documents that state: Silva met all of the election
requirements in his mayoral campaign, his campaign was transparent, he did
not misuse public funds, his public accounts as mayor contained no
irregularities, he filed tax returns, he does not have a criminal record, he does
not have any pending charges against him, and there are no open
investigations of him.
      Silva’s interpretive gloss on the documents fails to demonstrate error by
the district court. In distilled words, these documents state only that: (1) Silva
won his mayoral election; (2) “[t]he public account of the City of Matamoros”
was approved twice a year for the three years Silva was mayor; (3) as of
December 2014 and based “exclusively [on] verification of having the
declarations presented without considering if the amounts due are correct,”
Silva’s tax returns were “current and in good standing” and Silva did not have
any pending unpaid taxes; and (4) searches of “the electronic systems and/or
archives of” the Attorney General’s Office of the State of Tamaulipas in October
2012, February 2015, and January 2016 reflected that (a) Silva did not have
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                                        No. 16-41164
any criminal record in the local jurisdiction and that (b) as of January 6, 2016,
“no criminal processes [were] pending [against Silva] for the crimes of bribery
contemplated in Article 216; Abusive Exercise of Power, Article 226;
Embezzlement, Article 230; and Fraud, Article 417, typified in the current
Criminal Code of the State of Tamaulipas.” These documents are general in
relevant substance, obviously conclusory, and open-ended with respect to
answers relating to the charged conduct.                They certainly fall far short of
demonstrating that the charged violations of Mexican law have been
investigated and decided favorably to Silva. To be sure, as counsel conceded
at oral argument, the most pertinent of these documents—those from the
attorney general’s office—do not reflect a determination of any kind; they only
reflect the observation that Silva has not been charged with or convicted of the
alleged violations of Mexican law.              The district court did not err in its
interpretation of the documents—that is, that they do not expressly and
unambiguously provide a basis for concluding that the instant charges have
been presented to and resolved by any official act of government in Mexico.
                                               2.
       Given this holding—that, on the record before us, no authority of Mexico
has ever exonerated Silva of the criminal conduct alleged in the federal
indictment—we have no occasion further to address Silva’s additional
arguments asserting the principles of international comity 5 and the act of state
doctrine. 6 This is true because each of these arguments requires us to find that




       5 “Under the principles of international comity, United States courts ordinarily refuse
to review acts of foreign governments and defer to proceedings taking place in foreign
countries . . . .” Pravin Banker Assocs., Ltd. v. Banco Popular Del Peru, 109 F.3d 850, 854
(2d Cir. 1997). As explained above, with respect to the charges of the federal indictment,
there are no relevant acts or proceedings pending in Mexico.
       6 Under the act of state doctrine, courts will “decline to decide the merits of the case if

in doing so [they] would need to judge the validity of the public acts of a sovereign state
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                                      No. 16-41164
the Mexican officials exonerated, at least to some extent, Silva of the conduct
charged in the federal indictment. Because we have concluded that the district
court did not abuse its discretion in holding that the Mexican documents were
not exonerative, we AFFIRM the district court’s fugitive disentitlement order.
                                             B.
       We will, however, turn briefly to Silva’s argument that the district court
erred in entering its default judgment of forfeiture. Silva argues that the
district court’s default judgment must be set aside because: (1) no rule or
statute authorizes it in this context; and (2) default judgment is not
appropriate on these facts.
       As we noted earlier, fugitive disentitlement “disallow[s] a person from
using the resources of the courts of the United States in furtherance of a claim
in any related civil forfeiture action.” 28 U.S.C. § 2466(a). As recited in this
opinion, a disentitlement order was entered by the district court, which Silva
appealed. We have allowed the appeal for the purposes of determining the
propriety of that disentitlement order.           We have, moments earlier above,
validated Silva’s disentitlement and effectively declared that Silva is
disallowed from using the resources of the United States in furtherance of his
claims in this appeal. Consequently, Silva is barred from using the resources
of this Court in furtherance of his claim. 7 See United States v. 2005 Pilatus



performed within its own territory.” Callejo v. Bancomer, S.A., 764 F.2d 1101, 1113 (5th Cir.
1985) (citations omitted). Here, there are no public acts of Mexico at issue in this appeal.
        7 This sanction is justified by both concerns about enforceability and the fact that

dismissal here “serves an important deterrent function and advances an interest in efficient,
dignified appellate practice.” Ortega-Rodriguez v. United States, 507 U.S. 234, 242 (1993)
(noting that where an appellant “is a fugitive during ‘the ongoing appellate process,’” the
Supreme Court has “consistently and unequivocally approve[d] dismissal as an appropriate
sanction,” finding that such sanctions are “amply supported by a number of justifications”—
namely, “enforceability concerns” and the fact that “dismissal by an appellate court after a
defendant has fled its jurisdiction serves an important deterrent function and advances an
interest in efficient, dignified appellate practice” (citations omitted)).
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                                  No. 16-41164
Aircraft, Bearing Tail No. N679PE, 838 F.3d 662, 663 (5th Cir. 2016); Bagwell,
376 F.3d at 410. Thus, we need not address any further issues Silva pursues
to save his property in this civil forfeiture proceeding.
                                       III.
      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s fugitive
disentitlement order and DISMISS Silva’s appeal of the default judgment of
forfeiture.
                                                            AFFIRMED in part;
                                                            DISMISSED in part.




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