       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON,                              )
                                                  )   No. 77008-0-I
                               Respondent,
                                                  )   DIVISION ONE
                     v.

WILLIAM JAMES BROADY,                             )   UNPUBLISHED OPINION

                               Appellant.         )   FILED: June 17, 2019


       SMITH, J.          —   William Broady and Malachi Morrissey were alone in the

liquor aisle of a Safeway store when they removed bottles of liquor from the shelf

and concealed them in their clothing. The store manager, who saw Broady and

Morrissey on the store’s security system, intercepted them near the store exit

and requested they return the liquor. Broady pushed past the manager, saying,

“[D]on’t.   .   .   make me shoot you, fool.”

       Broady was later convicted of first degree robbery. He appeals, arguing

that because he and Morrissey were alone in the liquor aisle when they removed

the liquor from the shelf, there was insufficient evidence to prove that Broady’s

“taking” of the liquor occurred in the presence of another, or that Broady used or

threatened force to effectuate the taking. But because a rational juror could have

concluded that Broady did not finish “taking” the liquor until he exited the store,

i.e., after his encounter with the store manager, we disagree and affirm.
No. 77008-0-1/2

                                            FACTS

        The State charged Broady with first degree robbery following a June 27,

2014, incident at an Everett Safeway store. Tom Warden, the store manager,

testified at trial that he was in his office when he glanced at the store’s security

system and saw two men in the liquor aisle concealing bottles of liquor in their

clothing. Warden left his office, ran across the store, and waited for the men,

later identified as Broady and Morrissey, to exit past the point of sale. When they

did so, Warden approached them and said, “I need those bottles back.” Warden

testified that Broady responded by shoving him, pushing his way past him, and

saying, ‘[D]on’t.   .   .   make me shoot you, fool.”

       Warden followed Broady and Morrissey out of the store, and Morrissey ran

off. Broady walked toward a car in the parking lot and began to spin around

toward Warden. As he did so, Warden saw a gun hit the ground. Warden

believed Broady was attempting to point the gun at him. Warden testified that he

froze, afraid that he was going to get shot. When the gun hit the ground, the

magazine fell out. Warden ran up to it and grabbed the magazine, while Broady

ran off with the gun. The gun turned out to be a pellet gun, but it did not have an

orange tip to indicate that it was not an actual firearm, and an officer testified that

“[ut looked very realistic.”
       The jury convicted Broady of first degree robbery. Broady appeals.

                                          ANALYSIS

       Broady argues that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to

support his conviction. We disagree.


                                              2
No. 77008-0-1/3

       To satisfy the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process guarantee, the State

“bears the burden of proving every element of every crime beyond a reasonable

doubt.” State v. Chacon, 192 Wn.2d 545, 549, 431 P.3d 477 (2018). When a

defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence presented to meet this

burden, “he or she admits the truth of all of the State’s evidence.” State v.

Cardenas-Flores, 189 Wn.2d 243, 265, 401 P.3d 19 (2017). “In such cases, [we]

view the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, drawing reasonable

inferences in the State’s favor.” Cardenas-Flores, 189 Wn.2d at 265-66.

“Evidence is sufficient to support a guilty verdict if any rational trier of fact,

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, could find the

elements of the charged crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Cardenas-Flores,

189 Wn.2d at 265.

       Washington follows the “transactional” approach to robbery. State v.

Manchester, 57 Wn. App. 765, 770, 790 P.2d 217 (1990). Under the

transactional approach, a person who initially takes property peacefully and

outside of anyone’s presence is nonetheless guilty of robbery if he uses force or

fear to retain possession of the property immediately after the initial taking. State

v. Handburcjh, 119 Wn.2d 284, 293, 830 P.2d 641 (1992); see also Manchester,

57 Wn. App. at 770 (scope of “taking” for purposes of robbery includes “violence

during flight immediately following the taking”). In other words, under the

transactional approach, the State need not prove that force or fear was used to

effectuate an initial taking of property if force or fear was used to retain the

property immediately thereafter.


                                            3
No. 77008-0-1/4

           Broady concedes that Washington follows the transactional approach to

robbery. But he points out that here, the court’s to-convict instruction required

the State to prove that (1) Broady took the liquor ‘from the person or in the

presence of another”; (2) “the taking was against the person’s will by [Broady’s]

use or threatened use of immediate force, violence, or fear of injury to that

person”; and (3) “force or fear was used by [Broady] to obtain or retain

possession of the property or to prevent or overcome resistance to the taking.”1

He then argues that although not required under Washington’s transactional

approach to robbery, this instruction required the State to prove not only that

Broady used force or fear to obtain or retain possession of the liquor, but also

that Broady’s mit/a/taking of the liquor occurred in the presence of another and

was effectuated by Broady’s use or threat of force. He contends that because he

and Morrissey were alone when they initially removed the liquor from the store

shelf, the State failed to prove its case.

       Broady’s argument is fatally flawed because it assumes that no rational

juror would have interpreted the “taking” described in the court’s to-convict

instruction to refer to anything but Broady’s initial removal of the liquor from the

store shelf. But even without knowing anything about the transactional approach

to robbery, a rational juror could have interpreted Broady’s “taking” of the liquor

not to have occurred until Broady exited the store, i.e., after his in-store

encounter with Warden. Broady contends that such an interpretation would be




       1The to-convict instruction included additional elements that are not
relevant to our analysis.
                                             4
No. 77008-0-1/5

“strained or hypertechnical,” but it is his interpretation, which assumes that jurors

would fixate on the initial removal of the liquor from the store shelf, that is the

strained and hypertechnical one.

       In short, a rational juror could have concluded that when Warden

confronted Broady near the store exit and Broady responded by shoving him,

saying, “[D]on’t.   .   .   make me shoot you, fool,” and pushing past him toward the

store exit, Broady took the liquor both (1) in Warden’s presence and (2) by

threatened use of force against Warden’s will. A rational juror could also have

concluded that when Broady spun around in the parking lot, revealing to Warden

what appeared to be a firearm, Broady used force or fear to retain possession of

the liquor. Therefore, even if we accept for purposes of our analysis that the

court’s to-convict instruction required the State to prove elements not required

under the transactional approach to robbery, the evidence presented at trial,

viewed in the light most favorable to the State, was sufficient to prove those

elements beyond a reasonable doubt.

      We affirm.




WE CONCUR:



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