                                                OPINION
                                          No. 04-12-00355-CV

                                   IN RE Donovan George GREEN

                                    Original Mandamus Proceeding 1

Opinion by:       Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice

Sitting:          Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice
                  Rebecca Simmons, Justice
                  Steven C. Hilbig, Justice

Delivered and Filed: October 24, 2012

PETITION FOR WRIT OF MANDAMUS CONDITIONALLY GRANTED

           This court’s opinion dated September 12, 2012 is withdrawn, and this opinion is issued in

its place to remove a sentence in the background section of the opinion which is not relevant to

the analysis. The motion for rehearing filed by real party in interest Maria-Esperanza Green is

denied.

           Relator Donovan Green filed this petition for writ of mandamus, in part contending the

trial court erred by failing to dismiss the divorce proceeding because neither party has met the

residency requirements under section 6.301 of the Texas Family Code. See TEX. FAM. CODE




1
  This proceeding arises out of Cause No. 2011-CI-01104, styled In the Marriage of Maria-Esperanza Green and
Donovan George Green, pending in the 225th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas, the Honorable Peter
Sakai presiding. However, the order complained of was signed by the Honorable Solomon J. Casseb III, presiding
judge of the 288th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas.
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ANN. § 6.301 (West 2006) (General Residency Rule for Divorce Suit). We conditionally grant

the petition for writ of mandamus.

                                        BACKGROUND

       The underlying suit is a divorce proceeding between relator Donovan Green and real

party in interest Maria-Esperanza Green that was filed in Bexar County, Texas on January 21,

2011. Donovan is serving in the United States Army, and since 2008 he has been living with

Maria and their son in Germany where he has been stationed.

       This suit was previously before this court in a similar mandamus proceeding. See In re

Green, 352 S.W.3d 772 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011, orig. proceeding). This court granted

mandamus relief in part and ordered the trial court to dismiss the suit affecting the parent child

relationship because the trial court lacked jurisdiction. After the issuance of this court’s opinion,

on September 11, 2011 Donovan re-urged his special appearance, plea in abatement, and motion

to dismiss in the divorce proceeding. After a hearing on September 12, 2011, the trial court

denied Donovan’s motion.

       Then on February 6, 2012, Donovan filed a motion to reconsider, in part asking the trial

court to dismiss the suit because neither party is domiciled in Texas. However, Maria claimed

Donovan became a domiciliary of Texas in 1992 when he was stationed in Bexar County, Texas.

At the hearing on the motion to reconsider, Donovan testified that he entered the service in New

York, which is his registered home state with the military, and he only lived in Texas while

stationed for military training in Bexar County from June 1992 until September 1992 and from

December 1995 until May 1996. In 1995, Maria and Donovan were married in Belgium before

he returned to Texas for training. However, Donovan testified Texas has never been his marital

residence, he does not own any property in Texas, he has never been registered to vote in Texas,



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and he has never had a Texas driver’s license. He did acknowledge that he has a USAA bank

account in San Antonio. Donovan further testified that he has a Virginia driver’s license, he is

registered to vote in Virginia, and he owns two homes in Virginia. Donovan acknowledged

during his testimony that Texas is listed on his military leave and earnings statement as his

residence, but he denied ever telling Maria he considered himself a domiciliary of Texas.

       Maria testified she is a citizen of Belgium and she has never lived in Texas. She further

testified she believed Donovan is a Texas domiciliary and that he told her he intended to return

to Texas after his military service ends. After a hearing on April 13, 2012 on the motion to

reconsider, the trial court again denied the motion. This petition for writ of mandamus ensued.

                                            ANALYSIS

       To be entitled to mandamus relief, Donovan must establish the trial court clearly abused

its discretion and he lacks an adequate remedy by appeal. See In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am.,

148 S.W.3d 124, 135-36 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding); Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833,

839-40 (Tex. 1992) (orig. proceeding). An abuse of discretion with respect to factual matters

occurs if the record establishes the trial court could reasonably have reached only one decision.

Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 840. However, “[a] trial court has no ‘discretion’ in determining what the

law is or applying the law to the facts,” and “a clear failure by the trial court to analyze or apply

the law correctly will constitute an abuse of discretion.” Id.

       “The right to apply for, or obtain a divorce is not a natural one, but is accorded only by

reason of statute, and the state has the right to determine who are entitled to use its courts for that

purpose and upon what conditions they may do so.” Wood v. Wood, 320 S.W.2d 807, 810 (Tex.

1959). Under the Family Code, “[a] suit for divorce may not be maintained in this state unless at

the time the suit is filed either the petitioner or the respondent has been: (1) a domiciliary of this



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state for the preceding six-month period; and (2) a resident of the county in which the suit is filed

for the preceding 90-day period.” See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 6.301 (General Residency Rule

for Divorce Suit). Although section 6.301 is not itself jurisdictional, it is akin to a jurisdictional

provision because it controls a party’s right to maintain a suit for divorce and is a mandatory

requirement that cannot be waived. Reynolds v. Reynolds, 86 S.W.3d 272, 276 (Tex. App.—

Austin 2002, no pet.) (relying on Oak v. Oak, 814 S.W.2d 834, 837 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 1991, writ denied)); See also In re Lai, 333 S.W.3d 645, 648 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, no

pet.). Therefore, the trial court could not maintain the suit unless the residency requirements are

met. Reynolds, 86 S.W.3d at 276. While the requirements of domicile and residence under

section 6.301 are a fact issue for the trial court to determine, such findings will be reversed if

there is a clear abuse of discretion. Griffith v. Griffith, 341 S.W.3d 43, 53 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2011, no pet. h.).

       “The test for ‘residence’ or ‘domicile’ typically involves an inquiry into a person’s

intent.” Powell v. Stover, 165 S.W.3d 322, 326 (Tex. 2005). When determining where a person

resides, volition, intention and action are all elements to be equally considered. See Mills v.

Bartlett, 377 S.W.2d 636, 637 (Tex. 1964). In order to be a resident, there must be an intention

to establish a permanent domicile or home, and the intention must be accompanied by some act

done in the execution of the intent. Wilson v. Wilson, 189 S.W.2d 212, 213 (Tex. Civ. App.—

Fort Worth 1945, no writ). With regards to a soldier in the military, the “soldier does not acquire

a new domicile merely by being stationed at a particular place in the line of duty. Rather, a

soldier’s domicile remains the same as when he or she entered the service, unless proof of clear

and unequivocal intention to change domicile is shown.” See Torrington Co. v. Stutzman, 46

S.W.3d 829, 849 n.17 (Tex. 2000) (internal citations omitted); see also Miller v. Miller, 306



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S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1957, no writ) (holding a military service member

who at the time he entered the armed forces lived in Victoria County, Texas and did not acquire

another permanent residence retained his residence and domicile as it existed at the time he

entered the service).

        In order to maintain the divorce proceeding in Texas, the trial court had to determine that

Donovan became a domiciliary of Texas. Maria claims Donovan became a domiciliary of Texas

because he lived in San Antonio from June 1992 until September 1992 and from December 1995

until May 1996 for military training, and she asserts he took affirmative steps to change his legal

residence to Texas by designating Texas as his residence on his military leave and earnings

statement. Maria also claims Donovan told her he intended to return to Texas after he retired.

Furthermore, Maria contends that once Donovan became a domiciliary of Texas in 1992, his

subsequent continuous physical absence for military duty did not change his domiciliary status.

See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 6.303 (providing that “[t]ime spent by a Texas domiciliary outside

this state or outside the county of residence of the domiciliary while in the service of the armed

forces or other service of the United States or of this state . . . is considered residence in this state

and in that county.”). Based on the foregoing, Maria asserts Donovan is a domiciliary of Texas

and the divorce proceeding should remain here.

        However, based on the record before us we conclude Maria failed to establish that

Donovan is a domiciliary of Texas. There is no proof of a clear and unequivocal intention by

Donovan to change his domicile from New York, the place he resided when he entered the

military, to Texas. See Torrington, 46 S.W.3d at 849 n.17. It is undisputed that Donovan only

lived in Texas while being temporarily stationed for military training. Since the parties were

married in 1995, Donovan has been stationed in Korea, Virginia, and Germany, and Donovan,



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Maria, and their son currently live in Germany where he has been stationed since 2008. While

Maria testified Donovan told her he planned to return to Texas after he retired from the military,

Donovan testified he has never planned to return to Texas. Even if the trial court had found the

disputed testimony as to Donovan’s intent in favor of Maria, such intent is not enough to

establish Texas as Donovan’s residence when not accompanied by an act showing such intent.

See Wilson, 189 S.W.2d at 213. The only act Maria relies on is Donovan’s designation of Texas

as his residence on his leave and earnings statement, which we find is not a sufficient act by

itself to establish residence in this case. See In re Barnes, 127 S.W.3d 843, 849 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2003, orig. proceeding) (holding the designation of Texas as the state of residence

during military service was insufficient to establish sufficient minimum contacts when Barnes

never resided in Texas and only had slight contact with Texas); Phillips v. Phillips, 826 S.W.2d

746, 748 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1992, no writ) (providing the designation of a

particular state as the state of residence during government service does not require a finding that

the designated state is in fact the state of the party’s residence for purposes of determining

personal jurisdiction). Therefore, we conclude the residency requirements under section 6.301

were not met. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 6.301.

       Typically, when the residency requirements under section 6.301 have not been met, the

trial court abates the suit so that the residency requirements can be met. See Cook v. Mayfield,

886 S.W.2d 840, 841 (Tex. App.—Waco 1994, orig. proceeding); see also Reynolds, 86 S.W.3d

272 at 277. However, where, as here, the record contains no indication that either Maria or

Donovan intends to move from Germany to Texas, abating the suit will not result in the

residency requirements being met. Therefore, because neither party will ever meet the residency

requirements, the impediment to the trial court going forward with the suit cannot be removed



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and the suit should have been dismissed. Cf. Am. Motorists Ins. Co. v. Fodge, 63 S.W.3d 801,

805 (Tex. 2001) (holding that if the impediment to jurisdiction cannot be removed, then the suit

must be dismissed); Schwartz v. Ins. Co. of Penn., 274 S.W.3d 270, 273-74 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied). Accordingly, we conclude the trial court clearly abused

its discretion by not dismissing the suit. Due to our ruling, we need not reach Donovan’s

remaining issues.

       We next consider whether this case is appropriate for mandamus relief. The supreme

court in In re Prudential held that review of significant rulings in exceptional cases may be

essential to: (1) preserve a relator’s substantive or procedural rights from impairment or loss; (2)

allow appellate courts to give needed and helpful direction to the law that would otherwise prove

elusive in an appeal from a final judgment; and (3) prevent the waste of public and private

resources invested into proceedings that would eventually be reversed. In re Prudential, 148

S.W.3d at 136. The supreme court mandated that when the benefits outweigh the detriments, we

must consider whether the appellate remedy is adequate. Id. We do so by employing a balancing

test to determine whether an adequate remedy on appeal exists. See id. at 135–37. Whether an

appellate remedy is adequate so as to preclude mandamus review depends heavily on the

circumstances presented. Id. at 137.

       In the case at hand, the divorce proceeding cannot be maintained in Texas, and any

judgment would eventually be reversed on appeal. Furthermore, both parties live in Germany,

neither have indicated they plan to move to Texas, and neither appears to have any connection to

Texas other than the USAA bank account. Additionally, there was no evidence presented that

there are any assets in Texas other than the USAA bank account, and nothing to indicate the

bank account cannot be divided as part of the divorce in another state or in Germany. Due to the



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exceptional nature of this case, we conclude Donovan lacks an adequate remedy by appeal and

mandamus relief is warranted.


                                       CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing analysis, we hold the trial court clearly abused its discretion in

failing to dismiss divorce proceeding. Accordingly, we conditionally grant the petition for writ

of mandamus.



                                                    Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice




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