                                           COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


            Present: Judges Humphreys, Decker, and O’Brien
PUBLISHED


            Argued at Richmond, Virginia


            LATRON DUPREE BROWN
                                                                                OPINION BY
            v.     Record No. 1998-15-2                                  JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS
                                                                               AUGUST 1, 2017
            COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ALBEMARLE COUNTY
                                             Cheryl V. Higgins, Judge1

                             Samantha E. Freed (Lepold & Freed, PLLC, on brief), for appellant.

                             J. Christian Obenshain, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                             Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                   Lamont Dupree Brown (“Brown”) entered conditional pleas of guilty on multiple charges

            stemming from his distribution of cocaine, and now appeals the decisions of the Circuit Court for

            Albemarle County (the “circuit court”) denying his motion to suppress, on January 30, 2015, and

            denying his motion for a continuance and the appointment of new counsel on June 23, 2015.

            Brown asserts that the circuit court erred (1) in denying his motion to suppress because the

            evidence obtained was the fruit of an illegal protective sweep that occurred before a search of his

            residence and (2) erred in refusing to appoint a fifth counsel in violation of his Sixth Amendment

            right to counsel.

                                                    I. BACKGROUND

                   For ninety days between September and December of 2013, detectives were working

            with a confidential informant (the “CI”) to observe Brown; during that time, the CI purchased



                   1
                       Judge Paul M. Peatross, Jr., presided over the suppression hearing by designation.
cocaine from Brown on at least three occasions. Throughout these observations, Brown was

seen coming to and leaving from a particular apartment both before and after the controlled drug

buys. Detectives verified that Brown listed that apartment as his residence for his probation and

previous arrests.

       On December 19, 2013, Brown was arrested on multiple charges related to his

distribution of cocaine. Detective Seitz, one of the detectives who had been investigating Brown

over the three-month period, had completed “three-quarters of a search warrant” affidavit for the

apartment before Brown’s arrest, and finished drafting the search warrant and affidavit after he

“saw what was obtained off [Brown]” from the arrest. Shortly thereafter, Detective Seitz

obtained a warrant to search Brown’s apartment.

       While Brown was arrested at the intersection of Hydraulic Road and Emmett Street,

Detectives Lucas and McKay were watching his apartment. Once Detectives Lucas and McKay

heard that Brown had been arrested, they conducted what they deemed to be a “protective

sweep” of the apartment to ensure no one was inside who could “destroy evidence . . . or

possibly . . . lay[] in wait for [them].” Further, Detective McKay testified that Brown was a

suspect in a recent shooting, and the detectives were concerned for their safety while executing a

search warrant. The protective sweep was a “very quick search” in which “no people were

found.” The detectives neither searched for nor found contraband or weapons during the

protective sweep, and neither Detective McKay nor Detective Lucas spoke with Detective Seitz

between the sweep and the time the search warrant was obtained. Afterwards, the detectives

stood guard of the apartment, awaiting the search warrant.

       Thereafter, while searching the apartment pursuant to the search warrant, detectives

found a total of thirty-four “knotted baggies of cocaine,” a knife used for cutting cocaine, a gun

and cartridges, and multiple documents belonging to Brown.

                                               -2-
       Brown was initially indicted on three drug-related charges on February 3, 2014, and the

circuit court appointed Michael Hemenway as counsel. On March 27, 2014, Brown sent a letter

to the circuit court requesting the appointment of new counsel because he felt that Hemenway

was not “retrieving the proper paperwork and information [Brown] need[ed] to fully understand”

the case, and thus felt he would not be “represented fairly.” Hemenway further told the circuit

court that the “attorney/client relationship is basically dissolved.” The circuit court granted

Brown’s request and appointed William Tanner as counsel.

       Less than two months later, on May 15, 2014, Tanner told the circuit court that Brown

“has demanded that [Tanner] move to withdraw” and that Tanner joined in that motion because

their relationship was “strained at best.” Tanner represented that Brown had “various and sundry

issues” with the way Tanner was representing him. The circuit court agreed to appoint another

attorney, but noted that it found “nothing wrong with what Mr. Tanner has done to try to help

Mr. Brown” and that Tanner was “incapable of going forward because of the lack of cooperation,

which I find to be, at this point, unreasonable by Mr. Brown.” Thus, the circuit court appointed

Stephanie Commander as new counsel, but noted its concern by asking Brown, “[I]f I appoint a

third attorney, am I going to be here on a fourth?” Brown responded, “No.”

       Brown was indicted on August 4, 2014 on six more charges related to his drug offenses

during the three-month observation period in 2013. Brown’s jury trial was set for December 16,

2014. However, on December 2, 2014, Commander filed a motion to continue the case because

Brown was “in conflicts with counsel over the handling of the case and has at times expressed

desire for new counsel or to represent himself,” that “counsel agrees that there has been a

conflict between the Defendant and counsel[,] but not irreconcilable” and that a continuance

would be necessary to resolve the conflict. Commander also filed a motion to suppress.




                                                -3-
        The circuit court granted the motion to continue, and set trial for June 23 and 24, 2015.

The court held a hearing on the motion to suppress on December 16, 2014, at which Detectives

Seitz, McKay, and Lucas each testified. Detective Seitz, who applied for the search warrant,

testified that he would have “obtained a search warrant regardless of” whether the protective

sweep had been conducted by the other detectives and that whatever observations may have been

made during the protective sweep did not affect his decision to obtain a search warrant.

Detective Seitz also testified that he did not communicate with either Detective McKay or

Detective Lucas between Brown’s arrest and when the search warrant was effectuated.

Detectives McKay and Lucas testified to the same effect. Both the search warrant and the

supporting affidavit were entered as evidence at the hearing.

        The affidavit for the search warrant, written by Detective Seitz, alleged that law

enforcement officers observed multiple controlled drug buys over a ninety-day period, in which

Brown sold cocaine to a CI, and was often seen coming to and leaving from the apartment before

or after those buys. It also confirmed that Brown lived at the apartment and that, “[b]ased on

affiant’s training and experience, persons involved in the sale of illegal drugs often keep

quantities of drugs in their residence . . . prior to the sale” of the drugs, and further that such

people keep “ledgers, records, and documents related to drug sales in the residence.”

        At the hearing on the motion to suppress, Commander conceded that the detectives did

not obtain any evidence as a result of the protective sweep. The circuit court also noted on the

record that there was no evidence that the detectives who conducted the protective sweep

provided any information to Detective Seitz that was “used as a basis for the search warrant.”

The circuit court then declined to make a ruling on “whether the protective sweep was proper,”

but held that even if it was improper, the search warrant was not tainted by any evidence




                                                  -4-
obtained during the protective sweep. Thus, the circuit court found that the search warrant was

valid and overruled the motion to suppress.

       Approximately five months later, at another pretrial hearing on May 27, 2015,

Commander represented to the circuit court that Brown had filed multiple pro se motions,

despite Commander’s counsel on the matter, that Brown was not satisfied with her

communication with him, and that he wished to be appointed co-counsel. She told the court that

“Mr. Brown feels that I am holding something back and that the Commonwealth is holding

something back, and he’s saying that he doesn’t trust that I have sent him everything, which

result[ed] in the [pro se] discovery motion that he filed.” She represented that she had been

trying to address Brown’s concerns, but that she was unsure whether she had satisfied him.

Although Commander didn’t feel as though she needed co-counsel, the circuit court found that,

given the severity of the charges, “co-counsel could be of assistance to [Commander].” Thus,

the Court appointed Jessica Phillips as co-counsel.

       On June 16, 2015, one week before the jury trial was to begin, the circuit court heard

Brown’s pro se motion requesting the court to remove both Commander and Phillips as counsel.

At the hearing, Brown told the court that Commander had a “conflict of interest” and that

Phillips had given him “false information.” The circuit court told Brown that if it dismissed

Commander and Phillips, it would not appoint Brown with additional counsel. Brown then

incorrectly represented to the court that the two previous attorneys “withdrew on their own. I

didn’t dismiss them.” The Commonwealth aided the court in a more accurate representation of

the previous appointments of counsel, and the court determined that it would not appoint further

counsel. When asked how he wished to proceed, Brown told the court, “If I don’t have a choice,

then just Ms. Phillips represent [sic].” However, Phillips informed the court that, in addition to

Brown’s accusations that she gave him false information, she was only previously appointed as

                                               -5-
co-counsel and had not fully reviewed the case; thus, she would not be prepared to represent

Brown by herself at the trial, which was approximately one week away. The Commonwealth

noted to the court that it perceived Brown’s motions as attempts to delay the process.

       The circuit court denied Brown’s request to keep Phillips as his counsel, and thus

relieved both Phillips and Commander as Brown’s attorneys. The court found that Phillips could

not remain as counsel because Brown represented that she lied to him and that Commander could

not remain as counsel due to Brown’s continuing requests to remove her as counsel. The court

further found that there was a total of four court-appointed attorneys with which Brown had a

conflict, and thus it would not be successful to appoint a fifth attorney. When Brown told the

court, “I’m not waiving my Sixth Amendment [right] and I cannot represent myself,” the court

responded that by having “four different counsel removed consecutively after the [c]ourt has

appointed them, that essentially the defendant is waiving his right to counsel because the [c]ourt

simply cannot continue to appoint counsel when it’s obviously ineffective and their actions are

not to the liking of Mr. Brown.” The court went on: “Mr. Brown, the [c]ourt has found by your

actions that you have, in essence, waived your right to counsel, finding that no counsel has been

able to work with you and certainly looking at the allegations that you have made against the

attorneys, that the [c]ourt does not find that a counsel would be effective.” When Brown

continued to insist that he could not represent himself, the court appointed Commander as stand-

by counsel. The trial remained set to begin on June 23, 2015.

       On the day of trial, Brown continued to tell the court that he could not continue without

an attorney. The court responded, saying, “I find this case to be similar to McNair v.

Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 687 [(2002),]” and that “the right to counsel is not a right subject

to endless abuse by the defendant.” Further, the circuit court stated:

               [W]hile the defendant does have a right to counsel, it is not subject
               to being an endless request. The [c]ourt finds where there have
                                               -6-
               been four attorneys that this defendant has been afforded an
               absolute right to a fair opportunity to be represented by counsel,
               and the fact that he has not been able to get along with counsel,
               that he’s accused them of lying, the [c]ourt does not find that it
               would be effective just to appoint yet one more attorney and grant
               one more continuance.

The circuit court further found that Brown’s “difficulties with the various attorneys amount[ed]

to a pattern of conduct.” Brown conferred with stand-by counsel and entered conditional guilty

pleas on multiple charges pursuant to North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970),2 and Code

§ 19.2-254, which the court found were entered “freely and voluntarily, knowingly and

intelligently.” The plea agreement waived Brown’s right to appeal the decisions of the circuit

court, except the court’s “ruling on December 16, 2014 regarding the legality of the search of

[Brown’s] residence.”

       Brown later made a motion to withdraw his guilty pleas, which the circuit court denied on

September 23, 2015.3 Brown now appeals the court’s decisions denying his motion to suppress

and denying his request for appointment of a fifth counsel.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

                                A. Validity of the Search Warrant

       Brown contends the circuit court erred in denying his motion to suppress the evidence

discovered during the second search of his apartment, which was supported by a warrant. Brown

may appeal this decision because his plea agreement specified that he could appeal the circuit

court’s decision on this particular issue. See Code § 19.2-254.


       2
         Typically, if incorrectly, termed Alford pleas, such guilty pleas permit “[a]n individual
accused of crime [to] voluntarily, knowingly, and understandingly consent to the imposition of a
prison sentence even if he is unwilling or unable to admit his participation in the acts constituting
the crime.” Alford, 400 U.S. at 37.
       3
         Although Brown moved to withdraw his guilty pleas in the circuit court, Brown does
not assign error to the circuit court’s denial of that motion and we therefore need not review that
issue on appeal.
                                                  -7-
       When reviewing a circuit court’s denial of a motion to suppress, “[t]he burden is on the

defendant to show that the trial court committed reversible error. We are bound by the trial

court’s factual findings unless those findings are plainly wrong or unsupported by the evidence.

We will review the trial court’s application of the law de novo.” McGhee v. Commonwealth,

280 Va. 620, 623, 701 S.E.2d 58, 59 (2010) (quoting Whitehead v. Commonwealth, 278 Va.

300, 306-07, 683 S.E.2d 299, 301 (2009)). Further, “we consider the evidence and all reasonable

inferences flowing from that evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the

prevailing party at trial.” Williams v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 439, 442, 642 S.E.2d 295,

296 (2007) (quoting Jackson v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 666, 672 594 S.E.2d 595, 598 (2004)).

       Brown does not argue the lack of probable cause for the issuance of the search warrant,

rather he argues that the circuit court should have granted his motion to suppress because (1) the

protective sweep was illegal because it was not supported by reasonable suspicion that the

detectives were in danger, and (2) the subsequent search pursuant to the search warrant was

tainted by the illegal protective sweep because the protective sweep was mentioned in the

affidavit for the search warrant. The Commonwealth responds that the issue of whether the

protective sweep was legal was not addressed by the circuit court because, even if the protective

sweep was illegal, the affidavit for search warrant did not contain any information obtained from

the protective sweep.

       Brown asserts that the protective sweep was illegal. However, if a lower court does not

rule on an issue, then “there is no ruling for [an appellate court] to review on appeal.” Ohree v.

Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 299, 308, 494 S.E.2d 484, 489 (1998). Here, the circuit court did

not address the issue of whether the protective sweep was legal because it determined that it

made no difference since the exclusionary rule would not apply in any event. Thus, since the

circuit court did not rule on the propriety of the protective sweep, that issue is not before this

                                                 -8-
Court on appeal, and we only consider the same issue the circuit court addressed – whether the

exclusionary rule would apply to taint the issuance of the search warrant even if the protective

sweep was improper.

       Brown also argues that because the evidence was obtained pursuant to a warrant that was

tainted by evidence gained from the allegedly illegal protective sweep, the circuit court erred in

denying his motion to suppress.

       However, as the circuit court noted, regardless of whether the protective sweep was

justified, the underlying affidavit supporting the search warrant did not contain any information

that was obtained during the protective sweep, and thus the warrant could not have been tainted

by any illegally-gained information. The only reference to the protective sweep that can be

found in the affidavit is the statement, “The residence is currently secured by law enforcement

officers.” Brown argues on appeal that this sentence in the affidavit taints the entirety of the

basis for the search warrant. Aside from that statement, the affidavit contains only information

that was obtained from the three-month long observation of Brown’s drug activity, or from

Brown’s arrest. The affidavit contained statements to the effect that Brown was observed selling

cocaine “on at least three occasions” and that he was seen “coming from the area” and

“walk[ing] back towards” the apartment for which the search warrant was issued both before and

after the drug transactions. The affidavit included a confirmation that Brown actually lived at the

apartment. It also stated that, “based on affiant’s training and experience, persons involved in

the sale of illegal drugs often keep quantities of drugs in their residence.” Finally, the affidavit

contained the statement from Detective Seitz that the apartment would “likely contain further

evidence of the crime of distribution of cocaine.” The totality of these facts are sufficient to

support probable cause for the issuance of the search warrant independent of any information

that may or may not have been obtained during the protective sweep.

                                                 -9-
       Further, each of the detectives testified that Detective Seitz, who wrote the affidavit for

the search warrant, had no communication with Detectives Lucas and McKay, who conducted

the protective sweep, between the time the sweep was conducted and when the search warrant

was obtained. No evidence was found during the protective sweep, and thus it would have been

impossible for illegal evidence to have been included in the affidavit for search warrant.

         Moreover, while the statement in the affidavit that “[t]he residence is currently secured

by law enforcement officers” informed the magistrate considering the issuance of the warrant of

that detail, it is a fact that is irrelevant to the magistrate’s determination of whether probable

cause existed to issue the search warrant. Thus, we hold that the protective sweep did not taint

the issuance of the search warrant and that the circuit court did not err when it denied Brown’s

motion to suppress.

                                    B. Appointment of Counsel

       In the circuit court, Brown entered a conditional plea agreement which reserved him the

right to appeal the court’s denial of his motion to suppress. However, the plea agreement did not

reserve his right to appeal the court’s decision declining to appoint a fifth counsel.

       Counsel for Brown argues that Brown’s multiple statements in circuit court that he was

not waiving his right to counsel, along with the fact that he entered into his plea agreement

without the assistance of counsel, should be sufficient to require this Court to consider his

argument. However, we have held that “[g]enerally, a party may waive by contract any right

conferred by law or contract. If the party being charged with relinquishment of a right had

knowledge of the right and intended to waive it, the waiver will be enforced.” Griffin v.

Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 714, 718, 780 S.E.2d 909, 911 (2016) (quoting Burke v. Burke, 52

Va. App. 183, 188, 662 S.E.2d 622, 624 (2008)). Further, once accepted by a circuit court, plea

agreements are treated as binding contracts. Id. Here, the circuit court made a factual finding

                                                - 10 -
that “the defendant has freely and voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently pled guilty . . . he

understands the plea agreement and what he is charged with and the consequences of his plea

agreement.”

       Brown does not challenge on appeal that his guilty pleas and entry into the plea

agreement were knowing, voluntary, and intelligent decisions. It is well settled that when a

criminal defendant has entered a plea of guilty to the offense with which he is charged, he has

waived and may not thereafter raise independent claims relating to the deprivation of

constitutional rights that occurred prior to the entry of the guilty plea. Terry v. Commonwealth,

30 Va. App. 192, 196-97, 516 S.E.2d 233, 235 (1999) (en banc). See also Tollett v. Henderson,

411 U.S. 258, 267 (1973) (collecting cases), and Perry v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 410, 412,

533 S.E.2d 651, 653 (2000) (“a voluntary and intelligent [Alford] guilty plea by an accused is a

waiver of all defenses other than those jurisdictional”). The only exception for this rule is

provided in Code § 19.2-254, which states in pertinent part:

                       With the approval of the court and the consent of the
               Commonwealth, a defendant may enter a conditional plea of guilty
               in a misdemeanor or felony case in circuit court, reserving the
               right, on appeal from the judgment, to a review of the adverse
               determination of any specified pretrial motion. If the defendant
               prevails on appeal, he shall be allowed to withdraw his plea.

(Emphasis added).

       Pursuant to Code § 19.2-254, Brown was required to specify in his plea agreement

exactly which of the circuit court’s decisions he wished to have reviewed on appeal. Thus, to

appeal his alleged Sixth Amendment violation, Brown must have specifically reserved that claim

in his plea agreement and sought the permission of the Commonwealth and the circuit court to do

so, just as he did with his claim on the denial of his motion to suppress. See Terry, 30 Va. App.

at 196, 516 S.E.2d at 235 (“Terry could have entered a conditional plea, reserving his claim of

alleged violation of his Sixth Amendment right, but he entered an unconditional plea instead.”).
                                               - 11 -
However, Brown did not seek permission to appeal or otherwise specify his Sixth Amendment

claim in his plea agreement, and thus any potential appellate issue was waived when he signed

the guilty plea form stating, “I understand that by pleading guilty I waive all objections to the

admissibility of evidence and to the legality of my arrest and any search and seizure of my

property, except as to this Court’s ruling on December 16, 2014 regarding the legality of the

search of my residence.” The plea agreement further provided, “I understand that by pleading

guilty I waive any right of appeal from the decision of the [circuit] [c]ourt[,] except as noted

above.” Thus, because Brown failed to reserve the right to appeal the issue, we have no statutory

authority to review his assignment of error regarding whether the circuit court erred in declining

to appoint him a fifth attorney.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the circuit court to deny Brown’s

motion to suppress, and decline to review whether the circuit court erred in denying Brown’s

motion for the appointment of a fifth attorney because Brown waived his right to appeal that

issue when he entered his conditional plea agreement.

                                                                                           Affirmed.




                                               - 12 -
