                                                                           FILED
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION                             MAR 21 2011

                                                                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS




                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT



MICHAEL NOZZI, individually and as               No. 09-55588
class representative; et al.,
                                                 D.C. No. 2:07-cv-00380-GW-FFM
              Plaintiffs - Appellants,

  v.                                             MEMORANDUM *

HOUSING AUTHORITY OF THE CITY
OF LOS ANGELES and RUDOLPH
MONTIEL, in his official capacity,

              Defendants - Appellees.



                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Central District of California
                     George H. Wu, District Judge, Presiding

                     Argued and Submitted December 8, 2010
                              Pasadena, California

Before: TROTT and WARDLAW, Circuit Judges, and MOSMAN, District
Judge.**




        *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
       **
              The Honorable Michael W. Mosman, United States District Judge for
the District of Oregon, sitting by designation.
      Plaintiffs Michael Nozzi and Nidia Pelaez, putative class representatives of

recipients of federal housing assistance payments under the Section 8 Housing

Voucher Program, 42 U.S.C. § 1437f(o), and the Los Angeles Coalition to End

Hunger and Homelessness (collectively “plaintiffs”) appeal the district court’s

dismissal of two claims and grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants

Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles (“HACLA”), which administers the

Section 8 Program, and its Executive Director, Rudolph Montiel, on other claims

arising from defendants’ failure to provide adequate notice of its planned reduction

of the voucher payment standard (“VPS”), which is used to calculate plaintiffs’

monthly housing assistance payments. Because the district court incorrectly

applied well-established law to conclude that plaintiffs asserted no property

interest to which due process attached, and because genuine issues of material fact

exist as to whether the notice HACLA provided satisfied the requirements of due

process, we affirm in part and reverse in part.

      1. Perhaps misconstruing plaintiffs’ § 1983 due process claim, the district

court improperly concluded that plaintiffs’ property interest in Section 8 benefits

did not require adequate notice that their benefits were subject to the planned

reduction. Although the district court based this conclusion on its determination

that plaintiffs could not claim a property interest in the § 982.505 notice


                                           2
requirement, plaintiffs’ claim does not depend on finding a “right to notice.”

Rather, plaintiffs claim that they are statutorily entitled to benefits under Section 8,

and that the statute in tandem with the regulatory requirements “restrict[ing] the

discretion” of HACLA, Griffeth v. Detrich, 603 F.2d 118, 121 (9th Cir. 1979),

creates a property interest in Section 8 benefits to which constitutional due process

attaches. See Perry v. Sindermann, 408 U.S. 593, 599–603 (1972) (citing Bd. of

Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564 (1972)) (a legitimate claim of entitlement derived

from a statute, rule, regulation, or de facto protocol gives rise to a federally

protected property interest). Moreover, because it is beyond dispute that “property

interests . . . extend well beyond actual ownership,” Roth, 408 U.S. at 571–72, the

district court erred in concluding that plaintiffs “can only [have] a property interest

in property.” See, e.g., Ressler v. Pierce, 692 F.2d 1212, 1215 (9th Cir. 1982)

(finding that applicants have a federally protected property interest in receiving

benefits); Griffeth, 603 F.2d at 121 (same).

      The controlling authority establishes that Section 8 participants have a

property interest in housing benefits by virtue of their “membership in a class of

individuals whom the Section 8 program was designed to benefit.” Ressler, 692

F.2d at 1215. Because the Section 8 regulations “closely circumscribe” HACLA’s

discretion – by prohibiting HACLA from immediately implementing a reduced


                                            3
VPS, and requiring HACLA to inform participants that a reduced VPS will be

implemented – plaintiffs’ property interest is protected against avoiding an abrupt

and unexpected change in benefits. Id.; see also Geneva Towers Tenants Org. v.

Romney, 504 F.2d 483, 490 (9th Cir. 1974) (finding that plaintiffs’ protected

property interest in low-income housing included an expectation “that rents will be

kept as low as economically feasible” where an entity’s discretion to increase rent

was limited and plaintiffs clearly fell within the category of intended beneficiaries

of the federal assistance program).

      What process is due to protect plaintiffs’ well-settled property interest in

their Section 8 benefits is controlled by the factors set forth in Mathews v.

Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335 (1976). Upon remand, the district court shall apply

the Mathews factors to the circumstances presented here. See, e.g., Ressler, 692

F.2d at 1216–22 (evaluating the sufficiency of procedural safeguards); Geneva

Towers, 504 F.2d at 491–93 (same). We note that the district court’s conclusion

that there is “no reason to look beyond the regulatory language” to determine if

HACLA’s notice was sufficient is at odds with Mathews. Technical compliance

with regulatory procedures does not automatically satisfy due process

requirements. See Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 541 (1985)

(“‘Property’ cannot be defined by the procedures provided for its deprivation.”).


                                           4
Moreover, given that the district court recognized that “the consequences of a

sudden reduction in benefits to a Section 8 participant could be potentially

devastating,” there exists a genuine issue of material fact as to whether HACLA’s

notice sufficiently protected plaintiffs’ property interest.1

      2. For similar reasons, the district court improperly granted summary

judgment on plaintiffs’ state due process claim. California courts have held that

the due process provision of the California Constitution, Cal. Const. art I, § 7, is

“identical in scope and purpose” to the Due Process Clause of the federal

Constitution. Gray v. Whitmore, 17 Cal. App. 3d 1, 20 (1971) (citing Gray v. Hall,

203 Cal. 306, 318 (1928)).

      3. The district court incorrectly concluded that the notice provided by

defendants satisfied the mandatory duty in § 982.505 to provide one-year notice

before implementing the reduced VPS. California Government Code § 815.6

permits private individuals to sue public entities where: (1) an enactment imposes a

mandatory duty; (2) it is intended to protect the individual from the type of injury

suffered; and (3) the breach of the mandatory duty was the proximate cause of the



      1
         The district court’s reliance on Atkins v. Parker, 472 U.S. 115 (1985), is
misplaced. There, the plaintiffs had no property interest in advance notice of
congressional action under the Food Stamp Act, and thus minimal, after-the-fact
notice of a legislative change satisfied due process. Id. at 125–26, 129–30.

                                            5
injury suffered. Cal. Gov’t Code § 815.6. At a minimum, the notice must be

sufficiently effective to protect housing benefits recipients from an abrupt and

unexpected reduction of benefits. It is a question of fact whether the “literal

compliance” that occurred here was sufficient to meet § 815.6’s requirements.

      4. The district court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’ state law negligence claim was

erroneous because, while public entities cannot be held liable for their own

negligence, they may be held vicariously liable for the negligent acts of their

individual employees. See Cal. Gov’t Code § 815.2; Eastburn v. Reg’l Fire Prot.

Agency, 31 Cal. 4th 1175, 1179 (2003).

      5. The district court did not err in dismissing plaintiffs’ § 1983 claim to

enforce the notice requirement in the regulation. Under Save Our Valley v. Sound

Transit, 335 F.3d 932 (9th Cir. 2003), agency regulations cannot create a federal

right enforceable under § 1983.

      AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED for

proceedings consistent with this disposition. Each party shall bear its own costs.




                                           6
                                                                                FILED
Mosman, J., concurring                                                           MAR 21 2011

                                                                             MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                              U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS




       I agree with the panel that plaintiffs have a property interest in Section 8

benefits. And I also agree that this property interest is protected by the

constitutional guarantee of due process. I write separately only to clarify the

question left open for the district court to determine on remand: What process was

due?

       “[O]nce a substantive right has been created, it is the Due Process Clause

which provides the procedural minimums, and not a statute or regulation.” Geneva

Towers Tenants Org. v. Federated Mortg. Investors, 504 F.2d 483, 489 n.13 (9th

Cir. 1974). Regulations like those referenced in the memorandum disposition can

be useful in deciding whether or not there is a protected property interest. But they

are not the source of the procedural protections. For this reason the district court

was correct to find that plaintiffs have no constitutional right to a year's worth of

benefits after being told of a change in the VPS. On remand, the district court

should determine what process is due by considering the factors in Mathews v.

Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335 (1976), without regard to the procedural protections in

the regulations.

       In situations analogous to termination of Section 8 benefits, the procedural

protection guaranteed by the Constitution is typically pre-deprivation notice and a
hearing. See, e.g., Memphis Light, Gas & Water Div. v. Craft, 436 U.S. 1, 12–15

(1978) (requiring notice of opportunity to be heard before disconnecting municipal

utility service); Mathews, 424 U.S. at 339–40 (finding notice and administrative

procedures used before discontinuing social security disability benefits

constitutionally adequate); Perry v. Sindermann, 408 U.S. 593, 603 (1972)

(requiring notice and an opportunity to be heard before terminating employment);

Bell v. Burson, 402 U.S. 535 (1971) (requiring notice and an opportunity to be

heard before a driver’s license can be revoked); Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254,

264 (1970) (requiring notice and a hearing to discontinue welfare benefits). I am

unaware of any public benefit case requiring more than pre-deprivation notice and

a hearing.

       At oral argument plaintiff’s counsel conceded that plaintiffs who were

actually going to have Section 8 benefits reduced were granted notice and a

hearing before any reduction in those benefits. Because this was merely a

representation at oral argument, remand is the proper remedy to address this issue

of material fact.1 If the district court finds that adequate notice and a hearing were

offered to every individual prior to any actual reduction in benefits, the district

court may find as a matter of law that due process was satisfied.




1
 But see Hilao v. Marcos, 393 F.3d 987, 993 (9th Cir. 2004) (“A party . . . is bound by
concessions made in its brief or at oral argument.”).
