                         This opinion will be unpublished and
                         may not be cited except as provided by
                         Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                              STATE OF MINNESOTA
                              IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                    A15-1489

                                 In re the Custody of:
                           S.K.S. Christian Schut, petitioner,
                                       Appellant,

                                           vs.

                                     Cynthia Schut,
                                      Respondent

                                 Filed May 9, 2016
                  Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded
                                    Worke, Judge

                          Washington County District Court
                       File Nos. 82-FA-14-5994, 82-FA-15-220

John DeWalt, Melissa Chawla, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for appellant)

Valerie Arnold, Bloomington, Minnesota; and

Harold Wingerd, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)

      Considered and decided by Schellhas, Presiding Judge; Worke, Judge; and

Johnson, Judge.

                        UNPUBLISHED OPINION

WORKE, Judge

      Appellant-father argues that the district court clearly erred by denying his petition

for relief under the Hague Convention, misapplied the Uniform Child Custody

Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA), and clearly erred by awarding respondent-
mother child support.       We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further

proceedings.

                                           FACTS

         In 2008, appellant-father Christian Schut and respondent-mother Cynthia Schut

started residing together in Germany. Father worked at his family’s paper mill. A.D.,

mother’s daughter from a previous relationship, also resided with the parties. The parties

subsequently married, and in October 2010, mother gave birth to the parties’ daughter,

S.K.S.

         In November 2013, S.K.S. started kindergarten.1 In March 2014, mother brought

S.K.S. to a physician because she suspected that father sexually abused S.K.S. Child

support services concluded that there was no evidence that father abused S.K.S.

         On July 31, 2014, S.K.S. and mother left Germany to visit mother’s family in

Minnesota for four weeks. Mother and S.K.S. had previously traveled to the United

States to vacation. Father planned to travel to Minnesota in mid-August, but mother told

him to stay in Germany because she wanted to see her friends, and her family wanted

time with S.K.S.

         At the end of August, mother informed father that A.D. did not want to return to

Germany, and that A.D.’s father would initiate custody proceedings to keep her in the

United States. Father offered to travel to the United States to help, but mother told him

that would only make things worse. Father booked a flight to the United States near the

end of September, but mother informed him that he could not come to Minnesota.

1
    In Germany, children are permitted to attend kindergarten at an earlier age.

                                               2
Mother told father that the children were in a protection program because of the prior

sexual-abuse allegation.

      On September 29, 2014, father flew to the United States. Father drove to a

friend’s residence in Woodbury where mother and S.K.S. were staying. Mother told

father that he could not see S.K.S., and that he could not stay at the residence. Father

stayed at a hotel until he returned to Germany on October 19, 2014.

      While in Minnesota, father spoke to social services about the sexual-abuse

allegations and reunited with S.K.S. on October 13. Mother also informed father that she

could no longer stay at the friend’s residence. On October 13, the parties signed a

purchase agreement for a home in Woodbury and scheduled a closing date for December

15.

      On October 16, father opened a checking account and deposited approximately

$14,000. On October 17, father purchased a car to provide transportation for mother. On

October 18, after deciding against purchasing the home in Woodbury, the parties signed a

one-year lease agreement for a townhome in Woodbury and discussed the possibility of a

rent-to-purchase option. The parties also visited and sought to enroll S.K.S. in a German-

immersion school, hoping that S.K.S. would be able to enroll the following October.

Father adjusted the parties’ health insurance to provide coverage for S.K.S. and mother

while they remained in the United States. On October 19, father returned to Germany.

      On November 18, father returned to Minnesota and stayed at the parties’

townhome with mother and the children.          Shortly after his arrival, mother and the

children left to spend Thanksgiving with her mother.          Father was not invited to


                                            3
Thanksgiving. On November 29, mother returned to the townhome with S.K.S. That

night, mother accessed father’s cell phone and discovered text messages from another

woman. The next morning, mother left the townhome with S.K.S.

       On January 16, 2015, father filed a Hague petition, asking the district court to

order S.K.S.’s return to Germany. After an evidentiary hearing, the district court denied

father’s Hague petition. In May, father moved the district court to order immediate

compliance with Minn. Stat. § 518D.204(d), including communicating with the German

court having jurisdiction and authority over the matter for the purpose of arranging the

transfer of the legal proceeding to Germany. In her counterpetition, mother requested

child support. The district court denied father’s motion and awarded mother temporary

child support. Father appeals.

                                     DECISION

Hague petition

       Father argues that the district court should have granted his Hague petition. We

review the district court’s factual findings for clear error, “but its application of those

facts to the law and its ultimate decision of habitual residence are reviewed de novo.”

Stern v. Stern, 639 F.3d 449, 451 (8th Cir. 2011).

       The United States and Germany are signatories to the Hague Convention on the

Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, opened for signature Oct. 25, 1980,

T.I.A.S. No. 11670, 1343 U.N.T.S. 89 (Hague Convention). The Hague Convention

intends “to secure the prompt return of children wrongfully removed to or retained in any

[c]ontracting state.”   Hague Convention art. 1.      Congress implemented the Hague


                                             4
Convention through the International Child Abduction Remedies Act (ICARA). See 22

U.S.C.A. §§ 9001–11 (2014).

       To prevail, a petitioner must establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the

child was wrongfully removed or retained. 22 U.S.C.A. § 9003(e). The petitioner must

establish that: (1) the child was removed from the country of his or her habitual residence

or retained in a country other than that of his or her habitual residence, (2) the removal or

retention was in breach of the petitioner’s rights of custody, and (3) the petitioner was

exercising those rights at the time of removal or retention. Hague Convention art. 3; see

also Barzilay v. Barzilay, 600 F.3d 912, 917 (8th Cir. 2010). A district court need not

order a child’s return if the respondent establishes that the petitioner consented to or

subsequently acquiesced to the removal or retention that allegedly breached the

petitioner’s rights of custody. Hague Convention art. 13(a).

       Father argues that the district court erred when it concluded that Germany was not

S.K.S.’s habitual residence. “Habitual residence” is determined at the point in time

immediately prior to a wrongful removal or retention. Hague Convention art. 3; Barzilay,

600 F.3d at 917. Thus, we first must determine when S.K.S. was wrongfully removed or

retained.

       Because father consented to mother and S.K.S. leaving Germany, this case does

not involve a wrongful removal of the child from Germany. See Walker v. Walker, 701

F.3d 1110, 1114, 1118 (7th Cir. 2012) (stating that a wrongful removal did not occur

when parents agreed to travel to the United States). Thus, if the Hague Convention is

available to father as a basis for relief in this case, the retention of the child in the United


                                               5
States must be a retention that, under the Hague Convention, is “wrongful.” The date that

a wrongful retention commenced is a question of fact upon which we typically defer to

the district court. Id. at 1118.

       Here, the district court did not find a date upon which the wrongful retention

began. But father filed a custody petition in Washington County on December 10, 2014.

In his petition, father argued that the parties are residents of Germany and that Germany

is S.K.S.’s home country. Father also requested that the district court communicate with

the German court and grant a temporary order to stay in effect until the issuance of an

order by the German court. For purposes of our analysis, we assume that the wrongful

retention began on December 10, 2014.2

       Next, we must review the district court’s determination that S.K.S.’s habitual

residence immediately prior to the wrongful retention was not Germany. Neither the

ICARA nor the Hague Convention defines “habitual residence.”            See 22 U.S.C.A.

§ 9002; Hague Convention arts. 1–5. But the Eighth Circuit stated that habitual residence

              must encompass some form of settled purpose. This settled
              purpose need not be to stay in a new location forever, but the
              family must have a sufficient degree of continuity to be
              properly described as settled. Additionally, the settled
              purpose must be from the child’s perspective, although
              parental intent is also taken into account.

Silverman v. Silverman, 338 F.3d 886, 898 (8th Cir. 2003) (emphasis added) (quotations

and citations omitted); see Stern, 639 F.3d at 452 (stating that “[t]he child’s perspective


2
 Father argues that he commenced a child-custody proceeding in Germany in November
2014, but the current record does not contain sufficient documentation to confirm his
assertion.

                                            6
should be paramount”). “[O]ne spouse harboring reluctance during a move does not

eliminate the settled purpose from the children’s perspective.” Silverman, 338 F.3d at

899.

       Here, numerous factors support the district court’s finding that Minnesota was

S.K.S.’s habitual residence immediately before the wrongful retention.         The parties

purchased a car and signed a purchase agreement for a home, but ultimately decided to

rent a townhome with an option to purchase. The parties opened a bank account and

extended their health-insurance coverage.       Father reassured mother that the parties’

health-insurance coverage could be extended “again and again if necessary” while mother

and S.K.S. remained in the United States. See Mozes v. Mozes, 239 F.3d 1067, 1082 (9th

Cir. 2001) (stating that a child may lose habitual ties to a prior residence when a parent

agrees that the child may live in another country on an open-ended basis, without clear

limitations).

       The parties also placed S.K.S. on the waiting list for a German-immersion school

for the following year. See Valenzuela v. Michel, 736 F.3d 1173, 1179 (9th Cir. 2013)

(stating that parents shared a settled intention to abandon Mexico when, in part, they had

long-term plans to educate their children in the United States). These factors also support

the conclusion, from S.K.S.’s perspective, that Minnesota was her habitual residence

despite the fact that she had resided in Minnesota for approximately five months. See

Feder v. Evans-Feder, 63 F.3d 217, 224 (3d Cir. 1995) (stating that six months, “a

significant period of time for a four-year old,” was sufficient to establish habitual

residence).


                                            7
       Father had also assured mother that he was organizing matters in Germany, and he

testified that the long-term plan was to live in the United States. See Stern, 639 F.3d at

453 (stating the parties abandoned their residence “even if one or both parents intended to

return eventually”). Considering the totality of the circumstances in the eyes of S.K.S.,

these facts indicate a “settled purpose” and a “sufficient degree of continuity” to establish

Minnesota as S.K.S.’s habitual residence. See Sorenson v. Sorenson, 559 F.3d 871, 873

(8th Cir. 2009).

       Moreover, the above-mentioned factors also provide reasonable evidence to

support the district court’s conclusion that father and mother intended for S.K.S. to

remain in Minnesota. The “shared intent” of the parties presents a question of fact that

we review for clear error. Stern, 639 F.3d at 453. “If there is reasonable evidence to

support the [district] court’s findings of fact, a reviewing court should not disturb those

findings.” Fletcher v. St. Paul Pioneer Press, 589 N.W.2d 96, 101 (Minn. 1999).

       On this record, we conclude that the district court did not clearly err when it found

that S.K.S.’s habitual residence is Minnesota, and we affirm the district court’s decision

to deny father’s Hague petition.

UCCJEA

       Father argues that the district court erred when it concluded that the UCCJEA does

not govern jurisdictional issues between domestic and foreign courts. This court reviews

issues of statutory interpretation de novo. City of E. Bethel v. Anoka Cty. Hous. & Redev.

Auth., 798 N.W.2d 375, 379 (Minn. App. 2011). When a statute is unambiguous this

court applies its plain meaning. Id. at 380.


                                               8
       The UCCJEA states that it provides a framework for district courts to determine

which state has “jurisdiction” to make a custody determination.          See Minn. Stat.

§§ 518D.101–.317 (2014). “A court of this state shall treat a foreign country as if it were

a state of the United States for the purpose of applying sections 518D.101 to 518D.210.”

Minn. Stat. § 518D.105(a).

       Here, father moved the district court to order immediate compliance with Minn.

Stat. § 518D.204(d), “including the implementation of communication with the German

[c]ourt having jurisdiction and authority over this matter for the purpose of arranging the

transfer of this legal proceeding to Germany.” The district court denied father’s motion

and stated:

                     This [c]ourt finds that the provision of the UCCJEA
              cited by [father] does not govern the jurisdiction between this
              [c]ourt and any German [c]ourt because the UCCJEA does
              not govern jurisdictional issues between domestic and foreign
              [c]ourts but between states. Under the UCCJEA, “state” is
              defined as “a state of the United States, the District of
              Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, or
              any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction
              of the United States.”

       Based on the plain language of section 518D.105(a), the district court erred when

it concluded that the UCCJEA does not govern disputes between domestic and foreign

courts. Minn. Stat. § 518D.105; see also Abu-Dalbouh v. Abu-Dalbouh, 547 N.W.2d

700, 704 (Minn. App. 1996) (rejecting the argument that the UCCJEA’s predecessor

statute did not apply to international-custody disputes).




                                             9
Child support

       Father argues that the district court erred when it concluded that it had jurisdiction

to award interim child support. Questions of jurisdiction and the interpretation of statutes

are reviewed de novo. Porro v. Porro, 675 N.W.2d 82, 85 (Minn. App. 2004).

       The Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA) “addresses jurisdiction to

modify and enforce child-support orders.” Wareham v. Wareham, 791 N.W.2d 562, 564

(Minn. App. 2010) (quotation omitted); see Minn. Stat. §§ 518C.101–.905 (2014). In a

proceeding to establish child support, a district court may exercise personal jurisdiction

over a nonresident individual if “the individual submits to the jurisdiction of [Minnesota]

by consent, by entering a general appearance, or by filing a responsive document having

the effect of waiving any contest to personal jurisdiction.” Minn. Stat. § 518C.201(a)(2)

(Supp. 2015). However:

              (a) A tribunal of this state may exercise jurisdiction to
              establish a support order if the petition or comparable
              pleading is filed after a petition or comparable pleading is
              filed in another state or a foreign country only if:

                      (1) the petition or comparable pleading in this state is
              filed before the expiration of the time allowed in the other
              state or the foreign country for filing a responsive pleading
              challenging the exercise of jurisdiction by the other state or
              the foreign country;
                      (2) the contesting party timely challenges the exercise
              of jurisdiction in the other state or the foreign country; and
                      (3) if relevant, this state is the home state of the child.

              (b) A tribunal of this state may not exercise jurisdiction to
              establish a support order if the petition or comparable
              pleading is filed before a petition or comparable pleading is
              filed in another state or a foreign country if:



                                              10
                      (1) the petition or comparable pleading in the other
              state or foreign country is filed before the expiration of the
              time allowed in this state for filing a responsive pleading
              challenging the exercise of jurisdiction by this state;
                      (2) the contesting party timely challenges the exercise
              of jurisdiction in this state; and
                      (3) if relevant, the other state or foreign country is the
              home state of the child.

Minn. Stat. § 518C.204 (Supp. 2015).

       Here, father argues that section 518C.204 applies because a petition for support or

a comparable pleading was filed in Germany before mother filed her petition or

comparable pleading in Minnesota. Mother argues that section 518C.201 applies because

a petition or comparable pleading was not filed in Germany. In its order, the district

court concluded that it had jurisdiction without explicitly determining whether a petition

or comparable pleading was filed in Germany. Based on this record, we cannot conclude

whether a petition or comparable pleading was filed in Germany and, thus, remand to the

district court for further proceedings.

       Therefore, we affirm the district court’s denial of father’s Hague petition. But

because the district court erred when it concluded that the UCCJEA does not apply to

custody disputes between domestic states and foreign countries, we reverse and remand

for further proceedings. We also remand for further proceedings to determine whether a

Minnesota court has jurisdiction to order child support. On remand, the district court

may, in its discretion, reopen the record for additional testimony and evidence regarding

custody and support jurisdiction.

       Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.



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