                                                                                                    Filed
                                                                                              Washington State
                                                                                              Court of Appeals
                                                                                               Division Two

                                                                                             November 3, 2015


    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                           DIVISION II
 STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                                   No. 46428-4-II

                                 Respondent,

         v.

 BUD RICHARD FLOWERS,                                             UNPUBLISHED OPINION

                                 Appellant.


        LEE, J. — Bud Richard Flowers appeals his conviction and sentence for first degree

attempted murder and first degree unlawful possession of a firearm. Flowers argues that (1) the

criminal attempt statute violates article II, section 19 of the Washington Constitution; (2) the trial

court’s “substantial step” jury instruction relieved the State of its burden of proof; (3) the trial court

erred by admitting a drawing of a gun found in his apartment; and (4) the State committed

prosecutorial misconduct during its rebuttal closing argument.

        We hold that (1) the criminal attempt statute does not violate article II, section 19; (2) the

substantial step jury instruction did not relieve the State of its burden of proof; (3) the trial court

did not abuse its discretion in admitting the drawing; and (4) the State did not commit prosecutorial

misconduct. Flowers also argues that the trial court erred in calculating his offender score, and we

agree. Thus, we affirm Flowers’ conviction, but remand for resentencing based on Flowers’

criminal history and offender score proven by a preponderance of the evidence.
No. 46428-4-II


                                               FACTS

       Flowers and Travis Russell were acquaintances, and the two men were building motorized

bicycles together. Flowers went to Russell’s home to discuss the bicycle they had been building.

During the conversation, Flowers removed a gun from his waistband and set it on his leg. Flowers,

in a serious tone, asked Russell, “how [he] wanted to spend the last five minutes of [his] life living,

[praying,] crying or begging?” 1 Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) at 52. Russell ran to the

door, but Flowers blocked the door, saying, “Take it like a man.” 1 VRP at 56. The two men

fought, and eventually, Flowers shot Russell once behind the ear and twice in the abdomen.

Russell fell to the ground and pretended to be dead. Flowers walked around Russell and left

through the front door. Russell opened the front door and saw Flowers drive away. Russell saw

his neighbor outside, told him that he had been shot, and collapsed. When police officers and

paramedics arrived, Russell reported that Flowers shot him. Police officers arrested Flowers later

that day.

       The following day, Detectives David Voelker and Rich Fletcher obtained a warrant and

searched Flowers’ apartment.       When Detectives Voelker and Fletcher arrived at Flowers’

apartment, Andrea Hill, Flowers’ girlfriend, was present and reported that a safe, computer, and

television were missing. Hill told Detective Voelker that on the day of the shooting, she saw a

black semi-automatic handgun on Flowers’ bedside table. Hill attempted to leave the apartment

with a bag, but allowed the detectives to search the bag before she left. In the bag, detectives found

“a paper with a crude drawing of a gun with what appeared to be a homemade silencer or something

on it” amongst “various documents listing” Flowers’ name. 2B VRP at 350.




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No. 46428-4-II


       The State charged Flowers with first degree attempted murder with a firearm enhancement

and first degree unlawful possession of a firearm. At trial, Russell testified to the shooting as

detailed above. Russell also testified that Flowers’ gun was a “22 long rifle Smith and Wesson

. . . it looked like a little miniature Model 45.” 1 VRP at 59. Russell’s neighbors testified that they

did not hear gunshots.

       Detective Fletcher testified that he and Detective Voelker found “some type of a hand

drawing on a piece of paper that appeared to be some type of a handmade silencing device or

something.” 2B VRP at 444, see 2B VRP at 350. Hill testified that she found the drawing of a

gun when she was picking up garbage outside of Flowers’ apartment. The State moved to admit

the drawing at trial and Flowers objected. Flowers argued that “we don’t know who drew it,” it

was not relevant, and it was prejudicial. 2B VRP at 462. The State argued that the drawing was

relevant because it was “very similar to the gun actually used in this case and it goes to the question

of both [Flowers’] intent and his actual possession of a handgun that he is charged with.” 2B VRP

at 463-64. The State further argued that the Flowers’ objection “goes to weight rather than

admission.” 2B VRP at 463. The trial court admitted the drawing, finding that the drawing was

relevant and more probative than prejudicial.

       The trial court’s jury instructions included the following:

                                      INSTRUCTION NO. 7

               A person commits the crime of Attempted Murder in the First Degree when,
       with intent to commit that crime, he does any act which is a substantial step toward
       the commission of that crime.




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No. 46428-4-II


                                      INSTRUCTION NO. 8

               A substantial step is conduct that strongly indicates a criminal purpose and
       that is more than mere preparation.

Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 25-26.

       During its closing argument, the State argued:

       Well, there’s another piece of evidence that’s interesting. And, in and of itself, it
       may not be definitive. But when you combine it with everything else, it adds up to
       the full picture. Andrea Hill is trying to take out a bag from [Flowers] apartment
       that has documents belonging to him and this drawing of a homemade silencer
       attached to a semi-automatic handgun. Now, maybe that’s just a coincidence.
       Maybe it had just landed randomly in [Flowers’] yard as they’ll say. But, when
       you look at the big picture, I think we can see that there’s some things (inaudible)
       here. That the evidence is showing that he had a plot to kill [Russell] and that he
       put that into motion.

2C VRP at 599-600. Flowers did not object during the State’s closing argument.

       During the State’s rebuttal closing argument, the State argued:

                So at this point, everybody’s got a role in this case. [Russell] had a role.
       That role was fighting for his life and fighting to stay alive. The neighbors had a
       role. Helping [Russell], seeing what happened, identifying [Flowers] and his car.
       Dr. Morrison had a role. Saving [Russell’s] life. The police had a role, finding the
       evidence. Arresting [Flowers]. Everybody’s had their role. But now it is your turn
       and it is your role as jurors in this case, when you review all of the evidence, to find
       him guilty and I’d ask you to do that. Thank you.

2C VRP at 632-33. Flowers did not object during the State’s rebuttal closing argument.

       The jury found Flowers guilty of first degree attempted murder while armed with a firearm

and first degree unlawful possession of a firearm. On June 12, 2014, the trial court sentenced

Flowers. Flowers agreed “that his criminal history . . . is as stated on the State’s filed Statement




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No. 46428-4-II


of Criminal History”1 and that he did not dispute any of the listed convictions. 2C VRP at 647.

The trial court found Flowers had an offender score of 10 for first degree attempted murder and 9

for first degree unlawful possession of a firearm. Based on Flowers’ offender score, the trial court

sentenced Flowers to 471 months. Flowers appeals.

                                            ANALYSIS

A.     CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE CRIMINAL ATTEMPT STATUTE (RCW 9A.28.020)

       Flowers argues that the criminal attempt statute violates the Washington State

Constitution’s single-subject and subject-in-title rule contained in article II, section 19, and

therefore, his conviction must be vacated and the charges dismissed with prejudice. Because the

criminal attempt statute does not violate article II, section 19, Flowers’ claim fails.

       We review allegations of constitutional violations de novo. State v. Vance, 168 Wn.2d

754, 759, 230 P.3d 1055 (2010). We presume that statutes are constitutional, and the party

challenging the constitutionality of a statute bears the burden of proving the statute’s

unconstitutionality beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Hunley, 175 Wn.2d 901, 908, 287 P.3d

584 (2012); State v. Alexander, 184 Wn. App. 892, 896, 340 P.3d 247 (2014), review denied, 182

Wn.2d 1024 (2015).




1
  The State filed a statement of criminal history on October 9, 2013, at the same time it filed the
information. The statement of criminal history reflected four pending charges. Flowers pleaded
guilty to the pending charges and was sentenced just before he was sentenced in this case. Flowers
was sentenced for the four unrelated charges on June 3, 2014.



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No. 46428-4-II


         Article II, section 19 states, “No bill shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be

expressed in the title.” Id. at 896. This provision establishes two specific rules: (1) the single-

subject rule, and (2) the subject-in-title rule. Id.

         In Alexander, we held “that the criminal attempt statute codified in RCW 9A.28.020 does

not violate the Washington State Constitution’s single-subject and subject-in-title rule contained

in article II, section 19.” Id. at 900. Alexander is controlling, and Flowers’ constitutional challenge

fails.

         In a footnote, Flowers acknowledges that Alexander controls this issue, but contends that

this court wrongly decided the issue, and invites us to revisit it. We decline Flowers’ invitation to

readdress the constitutionality of the criminal attempt statute because Flowers’ argument fails to

show that Alexander was wrongly decided. Thus, following Alexander, Flowers’ claim that the

criminal attempt statute is unconstitutional fails.

B.       SUBSTANTIAL STEP JURY INSTRUCTION

         Flowers argues that the trial court erroneously defined “substantial step” in its jury

instruction, which relieved the State of its burden to prove all the elements of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt.     Br. of Appellant at 18. Specifically, he argues that (1) the instruction

erroneously included the phrase “indicates a criminal purpose” instead of “corroborative of the

actor’s criminal purpose” as stated in State v. Workman,2 and (2) the instruction’s reference to “a

criminal purpose” allowed the jury to convict based on intent to commit any crime, and not the




2
    90 Wn.2d 443, 584 P.2d 382 (1978).



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No. 46428-4-II


specific crime charged. Br. of Appellant at 18. Flowers did not object to the jury instructions at

trial.

         Flowers’ claim fails under our decision in State v. Davis, 174 Wn. App. 623, 635, 300 P.3d

465, review denied, 178 Wn.2d 1012 (2013). In Davis, we considered and rejected the same

arguments Flowers makes here. Davis specifically rejected the arguments that Workman requires

the jury instruction to use the word “corroborates” rather than “indicates,” and that the instruction

allowed the jury to convict if the defendant’s conduct indicated the intent to commit any crime.

Id. at 635, 636-37 (holding that “the Supreme Court has not mandated use of the word

‘corroborates,’” and “there is no authority that the State must show independent evidence of

intent”).

         Flowers asks us to reconsider our decision in Davis. However, Flowers has not offered

any authority for his interpretation of Workman or any authority to support his comment that Davis

should be reconsidered. Davis is controlling, and we reject Flowers’ assertion that the “substantial

step” jury instruction was erroneous because it relieved the State of its burden of proving all the

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Flowers’ challenge fails.

C.       ER 401, 403—DRAWING OF THE GUN

         Flowers argues that the trial court erred under ER 4013 and ER 4034 by admitting a drawing

of a homemade gun silencer. Specifically, Flowers argues that the “drawing of a homemade gun




3
    ER 401. Definition of “Relevant Evidence.”
4
    ER 403. Exclusion of Relevant Evidence on Grounds of Prejudice, Confusion, or Waste of Time.



                                                 7
No. 46428-4-II


silencer” was not relevant because the State (1) did not present evidence linking Flowers to the

drawing, and (2) did not allege that the shooter used a silencer. Br. of Appellant at 21. Flowers

also argues that the drawing “carried a high risk of unfair prejudice.”5 Br. of Appellant at 22. We

disagree.

       1.      Legal Principles

       The trial court has broad discretion to admit evidence, and we review the trial court’s

decision for an abuse of discretion. State v. Lord, 161 Wn.2d 276, 294, 165 P.3d 1251 (2007). A

trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is based on untenable grounds or untenable

reasons. Id. at 283-84. An abuse of discretion is found when “no reasonable person would take

the view adopted by the trial court.” State v. Atsbeha, 142 Wn.2d 904, 914, 16 P.3d 626 (2001).

“Appellate courts cannot substitute their own reasoning for the trial court’s reasoning, absent an

abuse of discretion.” Lord, 161 Wn.2d at 295. The weight of the evidence is a question for the

jury, and we defer to the jury on issues of persuasiveness of the evidence and witness credibility.

State v. Thomas, 150 Wn.2d 821, 874-75, 83 P.3d 970 (2004).




5
  Flowers asserts that the trial “court must balance the probative value and risk of unfair prejudice
on the record.” Br. of Appellant at 21. However, it appears that Flowers confuses the requirements
of ER 404(b), regarding admission of prior bad acts, with the requirements of ER 403. Before the
admission of relevant prior crimes or bad acts under ER 404(b), the trial court must conduct the
balancing test on the record. State v. Baldwin, 109 Wn. App. 516, 528, 37 P.3d 1220 (2001),
review denied, 147 Wn.2d 1020 (2002); see State v. Gould, 58 Wn. App. 175, 184, 791 P.2d 569
(1990). ER 404(b) is not implicated on the facts of our case. Therefore, the trial court was not
required to balance the probative value of the drawing and the risk of unfair prejudice on the record.
Baldwin, 109 Wn. App. at 528.



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No. 46428-4-II


       Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of

consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be

without the evidence.” ER 401 (emphasis added); Lord, 161 Wn.2d at 294. “‘The threshold to

admit relevant evidence is very low. Even minimally relevant evidence is admissible.’” State v.

Briejer, 172 Wn. App. 209, 225, 289 P.3d 698 (2012) (quoting State v. Darden, 145 Wn.2d 612,

621, 41 P.3d 1189 (2002)).

       Relevant evidence is presumed admissible, but it “may be excluded if its probative value

is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.” ER 403, 402. “Trial courts have

considerable discretion to consider the relevancy of evidence and to balance ‘the probative value

of the evidence against its possible prejudicial impact.’” State v. Barry, 184 Wn. App. 790, 801,

339 P.3d 200 (2014) (quoting State v. Rice, 48 Wn. App. 7, 11, 737 P.2d 726 (1987)); accord State

v. Baldwin, 109 Wn. App. 516, 528, 37 P.3d 1220 (2001).

       2.     Relevance

       Flowers claims that the drawing was not relevant because the State did not present evidence

linking him to the drawing. We disagree.

       Detectives Voelker and Fletcher both testified that they discovered the drawing in Hill’s

bag amongst Flowers’ documents, as Hill was leaving Flowers’ apartment. A reasonable person

could infer that the drawing belonged to Flowers because it was found at his apartment with his

documents.




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No. 46428-4-II


        Flowers asserts that the drawing was not relevant because there was no allegation that the

shooter used a silencer.6 Again, we disagree.

        The drawing depicted a gun with a homemade silencer and was found at Flowers’ home.

Hill testified that she saw a handgun on Flowers’ bedside table on the day of the shooting. And,

Russell’s neighbors testified that they were home but did not hear gunshots. Thus, under these

circumstances and evidence, the drawing of a gun with a silencer would tend to show that Flowers

had planned the shooting. Therefore, a reasonable person could find that the drawing of a gun is

relevant. 7

        3.     Prejudice Under ER 403

        Flowers asserts that the drawing was unfairly prejudicial under ER 403. We disagree

        Flowers does not show that the danger of unfair prejudice substantially outweighed the

probative value of the illustration. See ER 403. As explained above, the drawing was found in

Flowers’ residence amongst Flowers’ documents. It resembled the firearm used in the crime, and

the victim’s neighbors testified that they did not hear gunshots. A reasonable person could find

that a drawing of a gun similar to the gun used, drawn with a silencer where the neighbors did not

hear gunshots is relevant. While all such evidence is necessarily prejudicial to a defendant,




6
 Flowers misconstrues the State’s relevance argument. The State did not argue that the picture
was relevant specifically to show the shooter used a silencer. Rather, the State argued the picture
was relevant because of the visual similarities between the gun used in the shooting and the gun
drawn on the paper found in Flowers’ apartment.
7
  To the extent that Flowers’ suggests that the drawing was not persuasive evidence and therefore
not relevant, his argument fails. The weight or persuasiveness of the evidence is a question for the
jury, and we defer to the jury on issues of persuasiveness of the evidence and witness credibility.
Thomas, 150 Wn.2d at 874-75.


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No. 46428-4-II


Flowers does not show how the drawing was unfairly prejudicial or that the unfair prejudice

substantially outweighed the probative value, as he must do to succeed under ER 403. Thus, the

trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the drawing of the gun. Flowers’ claim that the

trial court erred by admitting the drawing fails.

D.     PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT

       Flowers argues that the State committed prosecutorial misconduct by improperly arguing

“that the jury’s role was to find Mr. Flowers guilty.” Br. of Appellant at 24. We disagree.

       To prevail on a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, Flowers must show that the prosecutor’s

conduct was both improper and prejudicial. State v. Emery, 174 Wn.2d 741, 756, 278 P.3d 653

(2012)). Once a defendant has demonstrated that the prosecutor’s conduct was improper, we

evaluate the defendant’s claim of prejudice under two different standards of review, depending on

whether the defendant objected to the misconduct at trial. Id. at 760. If the defendant objected,

he must “show that the prosecutor’s misconduct resulted in prejudice that had a substantial

likelihood of affecting the jury’s verdict.” Id.

       If the defendant did not object at trial, the defendant is deemed to have waived any error,

unless the prosecutor’s misconduct was so flagrant and ill intentioned that an instruction could not

have cured the resulting prejudice. Id. at 760-61. The defendant is presumed to have waived any

error by not objecting because objections are required to prevent additional improper remarks and

abuse of the appellate process. Id. at 762. Therefore, when there is no objection, we apply a

heightened standard requiring the defendant to show that “(1) ‘no curative instruction would have

obviated any prejudicial effect on the jury’ and (2) the misconduct resulted in prejudice that ‘had




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No. 46428-4-II


a substantial likelihood of affecting the jury verdict.’” Emery, 174 Wn.2d at 761 (quoting State

v. Thorgerson, 172 Wn.2d 438, 455, 258 P.3d 43 (2011)). When reviewing a prosecutor’s

misconduct that was not objected to, we “focus less on whether the prosecutor’s misconduct was

flagrant or ill intentioned and more on whether the resulting prejudice could have been cured.”

Emery, 174 Wn.2d at 762.

         Flowers claims that the State committed misconduct by misstating the jury’s responsibility.

Br. of Appellant at 24. The relevant portion of the State’s rebuttal closing argument is as follows:

                  So, at this point, everybody’s got a role in this case. [Russell] had a role.
         That role was fighting for his life and fighting to stay alive. The neighbors had a
         role. Helping [Russell], seeing what happened, identifying [Flowers] and his car.
         Dr. Morrison had a role. Saving [Russell’s] life. The police had a role, finding the
         evidence. Arresting [Flowers]. Everybody’s had their role. But now it is your turn
         and it is your role as jurors in this case, when you review all of the evidence, to find
         him guilty and I’d ask you to do that. Thank you.

2C VRP at 632-33.

         Flowers did not object at trial. Even if we assume without deciding that the State misstated

the jury’s role, Flowers has not argued or demonstrated that the misstatement could not have been

remedied with a curative instruction. Under Emery, Flowers is required to demonstrate that “‘no

curative instruction would have obviated any prejudicial effect on the jury’ and (2) the misconduct

resulted in prejudice that ‘had a substantial likelihood of affecting the jury verdict.’” Emery, 174

Wn.2d at 761 (quoting Thorgerson, 172 Wn.2d at 455). Because Flowers has not argued or

demonstrated that a curative instruction could not have obviated any resulting prejudice, his claim

fails.




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No. 46428-4-II


E.     OFFENDER SCORE

       Flowers argues that the trial court erred by considering “four pending charges” in

calculating Flowers’ offender score. Br. of Appellant at 26. Specifically, Flowers contends that

the trial “court erred by increasing Mr. Flowers’[] offender score based on these four pending

charges, absent any evidence that they ended in a conviction.” Br. of Appellant at 26-27. We

agree and remand for resentencing.

       A trial court’s sentence following a conviction depends on a defendant’s offender score,

which is calculated based on the defendant’s current offenses and prior convictions. RCW

9.94A.525, .530(1). We review a sentencing court’s calculation of an offender score de novo.

State v. Bergstrom, 162 Wn.2d 87, 92, 169 P.3d 816 (2007).

       In order to establish a defendant’s criminal history for sentencing purposes, the State must

prove a defendant’s prior convictions by a preponderance of the evidence. RCW 9.94A.500(1);

Hunley, 175 Wn.2d at 909-10. The best evidence of a prior conviction is a certified copy of the

judgment, but the State also may produce other comparable documents or transcripts from prior

hearings to prove prior convictions. Id. at 910. In addition, the State can meet its burden if the

defendant affirmatively acknowledges the criminal history on the record. Id. at 909. However,

the “mere failure to object to State assertions of criminal history at sentencing does not result in

an acknowledgement.” Id. at 912.

       Here, the State did not prove Flowers’ criminal history by a preponderance of the evidence.

Flowers was sentenced on June 12, 2014. The State filed a statement of criminal history in October




                                                13
No. 46428-4-II


2013. The statement of criminal history listed four unrelated pending charges. Although Flowers

pleaded guilty to and was sentenced on the four “pending” charges prior to his being sentenced in

this case, the State did not provide evidence of Flowers’ conviction or guilty plea on those four

“pending” charges to the trial court.8 Instead, the State asserted:

       Okay. Your Honor, with that, [Flowers]—obviously, he was convicted by jury
       verdict of attempted murder in the first degree with a firearm enhancement.
       Awful—also unlawful possession of a firearm in the first degree. Based on that
       and his prior criminal history, which included another case that he pled guilty to
       within the last couple of weeks, he has an offender score of 10 on the attempted
       murder charge and 9 on the unlawful possession charge.

2C VRP at 648. Flowers did not affirmatively acknowledge that he had pleaded guilty to the four

“pending” charges. Although Flowers did not object to the State’s assertion that he pleaded guilty,

his failure to object does not constitute an affirmative acknowledgement of criminal history.

Hunley, 175 Wn.2d at 912.

       The trial court erred by calculating Flowers’ sentence based on the State’s unsupported

assertions of Flowers’ criminal history. See Hunley, 175 Wn.2d at 915-16. Therefore, we remand

to the trial court for resentencing based on Flowers’ criminal history and offender score proven by

a preponderance of the evidence.9 On remand, the State can present any relevant evidence relating

to Flowers’ criminal history. State v. Cobos, 182 Wn.2d 12, 14, 338 P.3d 283 (2014).




8
  In an appendix to its brief, the State provides the felony judgment and sentence related to Cowlitz
County cause no. 13-1-01025-6. The felony judgment and sentence shows that Flowers was
sentenced for the four charges that appeared as pending on the State’s statement of criminal history
filed in October 2013. The felony judgment and sentence was not part of the record below.
9
   Notably, Flowers does not argue that the trial court’s determination of his offender score is
inaccurate, nor does he dispute that the four “pending” charges resulted in conviction.


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No. 46428-4-II


       We affirm, but remand for resentencing based on Flowers’ criminal history and offender

score proven by a preponderance of the evidence.

       A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

2.06.040, it is so ordered.



                                                                       Lee, J.
 We concur:



                  Bjorgen, A.C.J.




                     Maxa, J.




                                               15
