                                                                                                Filed
                                                                                          Washington State
                                                                                          Court of Appeals
                                                                                           Division Two

                                                                                           March 28, 2017




    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                          DIVISION II
 STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                                No. 48558-3-II
                                                                    Consolidated with
                        Respondent,                                  No. 48565-6-II

         v.
                                                               UNPUBLISHED OPINION
 VAN DAMME ALEX BUTH,

                        Appellant.


       MAXA, A.C.J. – Van Damme Alex Buth appeals his convictions of unlawful possession

of a controlled substance with intent to deliver while armed with a deadly weapon, first degree

unlawful possession of a firearm, and unlawful possession a controlled substance with intent to

deliver. He argues that the trial court erred in accepting his guilty pleas because the record is

insufficient to establish his understanding that (1) he had to intend to deliver a controlled

substance to another, and (2) a nexus between a weapon and a crime was required for the deadly

weapon sentencing enhancement to apply. We hold that the trial court did not err in accepting

Buth’s guilty pleas, and we affirm his convictions.

                                              FACTS

       The State charged Buth with unlawful possession of a controlled substance with intent to

deliver while armed with a deadly weapon and first degree unlawful possession of a firearm.
No. 48558-3-II (Consolidated with 48565-6-II)


Under a separate cause number, the State charged Buth with unlawful possession a controlled

substance with intent to deliver.

       Buth entered guilty pleas to all three charges. In his factual statement as part of his guilty

pleas, Buth stated, “On 10/9/14 in Pierce County, WA I unlawfully and feloniously possessed

oxycodone, a controlled substance, while armed with a deadly weapon, with the intent to

unlawfully deliver the oxycodone to another individual.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 19. And he

stated, “On 1/20/15 in Pierce County, WA I unlawfully and feloniously possessed oxycodone, a

controlled substance, with the intent to unlawfully deliver the oxycodone to another individual.”

CP at 84. After each of these statements, Buth stated, “My lawyer has explained to me, and we

have fully discussed, all of the above paragraphs.” CP at 19, 84.

       At the guilty plea hearing, defense counsel stated that she and Buth had reviewed the

elements of the crimes together. When questioned by the trial court, Buth confirmed that fact

and stated that he had no questions. Buth also confirmed that his two guilty plea statements were

true statements. The court stated, “I accept the pleas as knowing, intelligent and voluntary, and

that there’s a factual basis for each of the counts, based on his statements.” Report of

Proceedings (Oct. 8, 2015) at 10.

       Buth filed two motions to withdraw his guilty pleas, which the trial court denied.1

Consistent with the negotiated plea agreement, the court then imposed concurrent standard range

sentences and a 24-month deadly weapon enhancement.

       Buth appeals his convictions.


1
 Buth does not argue that the trial court erred in denying his motions to withdraw his guilty
pleas.



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No. 48558-3-II (Consolidated with 48565-6-II)


                                             ANALYSIS

A.      VALIDITY OF GUILTY PLEA

        Buth claims that the trial court erred in accepting his guilty pleas because the record is

insufficient to establish his understanding that (1) he needed to intend to deliver controlled

substances to another person, and (2) there had to be a nexus between the crime and a deadly

weapon for a deadly weapon enhancement to apply. We disagree.

        1.   Legal Principles

        Due process requires that a defendant’s guilty plea be knowing, intelligent, and

voluntary. State v. Robinson, 172 Wn.2d 783, 794, 263 P.3d 1233 (2011). Under CrR 4.2(d), a

trial court cannot accept a guilty plea without making a determination that the plea was made

“voluntarily, competently and with an understanding of the nature of the charge and the

consequences of the plea.”2 See also Robinson, 172 Wn.2d at 791-92.

        In order to understand the nature of the charge, “[t]he defendant must understand the

facts of his or her case in relation to the elements of the crime charged, protecting the defendant

from pleading guilty without understanding that his or her conduct falls within the charged

crime.” State v. Codiga, 162 Wn.2d 912, 923-24, 175 P.3d 1082 (2008). But in a plea hearing

the trial court is not required to orally recite the elements of each crime or the facts that satisfy

those elements, and is not required to orally question the defendant to ascertain whether he or she

understands the nature of the defense. Id. at 24. Instead, the trial court can rely on the written




2
 CrR 4.2(d) also requires the trial court to be “satisfied that there is a factual basis for the plea.”
But Buth does not argue that there was no factual basis for his plea.


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No. 48558-3-II (Consolidated with 48565-6-II)


plea agreement if the defendant confirms that he or she read the agreement and that its statements

were true. Id.

       A strong public interest supports enforcement of voluntary and intelligently made pleas.

State v. Chambers, 176 Wn.2d 573, 586-87, 293 P.3d 1185 (2013).

2.   Intent to Deliver to Another

       Buth pleaded guilty to unlawful possession of a controlled substance with intent to

deliver. Under RCW 69.50.401(1)3, it is unlawful for a person to possess a controlled substance

with intent to deliver. Buth argues that the record does not establish that he understood that this

offense required that he intended to deliver the substance to another person.

       But Buth confirmed that he had reviewed the elements of the charged offenses with

defense counsel and had no questions. Intent to deliver a controlled substance to another person

clearly is an element of the offense. Buth expressly admitted in his guilty plea statements that he

had the intent to deliver a controlled substance to another individual and then confirmed with the

trial court that these statements were true. These written and oral statements are sufficient to

establish that Buth understood that intent to deliver a controlled substance to another person was

an element of the charged unlawful possession of a controlled substance offenses.

       Buth cites State v. Powell, in which this court vacated a defendant’s guilty plea to first

degree murder because the only information on the record was his guilty plea statement that “I

did participate in the 1 [degree] murder of Charles Allison.” 29 Wn. App. 163, 167, 627 P.2d

1337 (1981). The court held that this statement was insufficient because it was a mere legal


3
 RCW 69.50.401 has been amended since the events of this case transpired. However, these
amendments do not impact the statutory language relied on by this court. Accordingly, we do
not include the word “former" before RCW 69.50.401.


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No. 48558-3-II (Consolidated with 48565-6-II)


conclusion and did not describe the defendant’s acts, state of mind, or any of the elements of first

degree murder. Id. However, unlike in Powell, Buth expressly admitted the element of the

offense at issue: his intent to deliver a controlled substance to another person. Therefore, Powell

does not apply.

       Buth also argues that Washington law does not allow the inference of intent to deliver

based on possession of a controlled substance alone. But no such inference was necessary here –

Buth expressly admitted that he intended to deliver a controlled substance to another person.

       We hold that the record is sufficient to establish that Buth understood that the unlawful

possession of a controlled substance charge to which he plead guilty required the State to prove

his intent to deliver the substance to another person.

       3.   Nexus Between Firearm and Unlawful Delivery

       Buth pleaded guilty to being armed with a deadly weapon while possessing a controlled

substance with an intent to deliver. RCW 9.94A.533(4)4 provides additional sentencing penalties

for committing certain offenses if the offender was armed with a deadly weapon. Buth argues

that the record does not establish that he understood that this offense required a nexus between

the weapon he possessed and the unlawful possession of a controlled substance with intent to

deliver offense.

       But once again, Buth confirmed that he had reviewed the elements of the charged

offenses with defense counsel and had no questions. Being “armed” with a deadly weapon is an

element of the sentencing enhancement, and the definition of “armed” in this context includes a


4
  RCW 9.94A.533 has twice been amended since the events of this case transpired. However,
these amendments do not impact the statutory language relied on by this court. Accordingly, we
do not include the word “former" before RCW 9.94A.533.


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No. 48558-3-II (Consolidated with 48565-6-II)


nexus between the defendant, the weapon, and the crime. State v. O’Neal, 159 Wn.2d 500, 503-

04, 150 P.3d 1121 (2007).

        Buth expressly admitted in his guilty plea statement that he possessed a controlled

substance while he was “armed” with a deadly weapon, and then confirmed with the trial court

that this statement was true. These written and oral statements are sufficient to establish that

Buth understood that the sentencing enhancement required a nexus between his weapon and the

charged offense.

        We hold that the record is sufficient to establish that Buth understood that the sentencing

enhancement for being armed with a deadly weapon to which he pleaded guilty required the

State to prove a nexus between his possession of the deadly weapon and possession of a

controlled substance with intent to deliver.

B.      APPELLATE COSTS

        Buth asks us to deny any request the State may make to award appellate costs. We

decline to address this issue. A commissioner of this court will consider whether to award

appellate costs in due course under the newly revised provisions of RAP 14.2 if the State decides

to file a cost bill and if Buth objects to that cost bill.

                                             CONCLUSION

        We affirm Buth’s convictions of unlawful possession of a controlled substance with intent

to deliver while armed with a deadly weapon, first degree unlawful possession of a firearm, and

unlawful possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver.




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No. 48558-3-II (Consolidated with 48565-6-II)


        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

2.06.040, it is so ordered.



                                                      MAXA, A.C.J.



 We concur:




 WORSWICK, J.




 SUTTON, J.




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