J-S72041-17


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF                            :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    PENNSYLVANIA                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    EDWARD J. O'BRIEN, III                     :
                                               :   No. 2706 EDA 2016
                       Appellant

             Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence August 17, 2016
      In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County Criminal Division at
                        No(s): CP-15-CR-0003361-2015

    COMMONWEALTH OF                            :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    PENNSYLVANIA                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    EDWARD J. O'BRIEN, III                     :
                                               :   No. 2708 EDA 2016
                       Appellant

             Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence August 17, 2016
      In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County Criminal Division at
                        No(s): CP-15-CR-0001743-2015


BEFORE:      BENDER, P.J.E., MUSMANNO, J., and STEVENS*, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.:                       FILED NOVEMBER 27, 2017

        Appellant Edward J. O’Brien, III, appeals from the Judgment of Sentence

entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County on August 17, 2016,

following his convictions of Third-Degree Murder and Aggravated Assault1 in

____________________________________________


1   18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(c), 2702(a)(1).
____________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S72041-17



the death of his father Edward J. O’Brien, Jr. Following a careful review, we

affirm.

      The trial court detailed the relevant facts and procedural history herein

in its Opinion filed pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) as follows:

                          PROCEDURAL HISTORY
             This case has a complex procedural history. On or about
      April 24, 2015, Appellant was charged with the following offenses:
             1. Involuntary Manslaughter (18 Pa.C.S.A. §2504(a)),
             2. Recklessly Endangering [A]nother Person (18 Pa.C.S.A.
             §2705),
             3. Murder of the Third Degree (18 Pa.C.S.A. §2502(c)),
             4. Theft by Unlawful Taking -Movable Property (18 Pa.C.S.A.
             §3921(a)), and
             5. Receiving Stolen Property (18 Pa.C.S.A §3925(a))
      The offenses of Murder of the Third Degree, Theft by Unlawful
      Taking–Movable Property, and Receiving Stolen Property were
      dismissed by a Magisterial District Justice after a preliminary
      hearing on May 11, 2015. The offenses of Involuntary
      Manslaughter and Recklessly Endangering another Person were
      held for trial and docketed at CP-15-CR-0001743-2015 in the
      Court of Common Pleas.
             On August 3, 2015, the Commonwealth re-filed the offense
      of Murder of the Third Degree pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 544(B)
      and added the offense of Aggravated Assault (18 Pa.C.S.A.
      §2702(a)(1)). The Commonwealth did not re-file the property
      offenses. The Murder and Aggravated Assault charges were held
      for trial after another preliminary hearing at a different Magisterial
      District Court on September 22, 2015. These charges were
      docketed in the Court of Common Pleas at CP-15-CR-0003361-
      2015. Appellant waived arraignment in both cases, the matters
      were consolidated, and scheduled for trial before this court. Prior
      to trial, Appellant and the Commonwealth filed multiple pretrial
      motions, some of which are the subject of Appellant's Concise
      Statement.
             The first jury trial started February 16, 2016 and concluded
      with a mistrial due to a hung jury on February 24, 2016. Pursuant
      to Pa.R.Crim.P. 600, a second jury trial was scheduled to begin
      within 120 days, in June 2016. The jury for the second trial was



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       selected on June 20, 2016 and a verdict was reached on June 30,
       2016. Appellant was found guilty of all charges: Murder of the
       Third Degree, Aggravated Assault, Involuntary Manslaughter, and
       Recklessly Endangering another Person.[2]
             A Pre-Sentence Investigation was completed and a sentence
       of 5-10 years was imposed August 17, 2016 on the Murder charge.
       No sentence was imposed on the other offense[]. On August 23,
       2016, Appellant filed a timely Notice of Appeal and we issued a
       Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) Order. On November 2, 20163, Appellant filed
       a Concise Statement.

                                          ***

                                       FACTS
              The evidence presented at trial established the following
       facts: On September 8, 2013, officers responded to a 911 call at
       Appellant's home. Appellant had called reporting that his father
       had stopped breathing. Upon arriving at the home, Appellant
       called the officers upstairs. Officers testified that the odor of feces
       grew stronger the closer they came to the decedent's bedroom.
       In the decedent's bedroom it was over-powering. Officers found
       Appellant and Appellant's partner, Mr. [Samir] Rashid, in the
       bedroom with the body of the decedent. The decedent was clothed
       only in a tee shirt and appeared malnourished. There were feces
       on the body and very large, deep, black sores evident on several
       areas of the decedent's body. Dried feces were observed dripping
       down the side of the bed box spring, on the seat and arms of the
       only small chair in the room, on the nightstand next to the bed,
       and on the carpet. The patrol officers were concerned about the
       circumstances they found and called a detective to the scene for
       further investigation.
              Through an interview with Appellant on the same day,
       September 8, 2013, it was determined that the decedent had been
       living with Appellant since May 2011. The decedent had been
       brought to Appellant's home by Appellant, from the Cooper River
       West Skilled Nursing Facility ("Cooper River") in New Jersey. Prior
       to Cooper River, the decedent had been hospitalized after being
       injured when he fell in his Collingswood, NJ home.
              Through further investigation, detectives discovered that
       prior to being moved to Appellant's home; the decedent lived on
____________________________________________


2 In Criminal Information No. CR-3361-2015 filed on October 14, 2015,
Appellant was charged with only two crimes: Murder of the Third Degree and
Aggravated Assault. He was found guilty of both charges.

                                           -3-
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     his own in Collingswood and had seen his physician very regularly
     since the 1970's. He had been prescribed various medications to
     treat his congestive heart failure and other conditions. While not
     perfectly compliant with his medication regimen, the decedent had
     been taking prescribed medications and seeing his doctor very
     regularly for many, many years. Appellant told the detective that
     the decedent had seen a physician only once after being moved
     to Appellant's home and that was in October 2011 when the
     decedent had complained for over an hour of chest pain and
     Appellant decided to do as his father was requesting, and took him
     to the hospital.
            Appellant testified to the fact that other than the one trip to
     the hospital in October 2011, the decedent had left the second
     floor bedroom on only one other occasion during the two and a
     half years he lived there. The decedent had managed to get
     downstairs and out of the house while he was home alone in the
     spring of 2012. He was found by Appellant's neighbor on her
     porch. He was asking her to call a cab so that he could return to
     his own home in Collingswood, NJ.
            Appellant testified that at the time he took his father from
     Cooper River to his home, in May 2011, Appellant had received
     instructions from his father's treatment providers at Cooper River
     that his father needed around the clock care and could not be left
     alone. Appellant was also given documentation and prescriptions
     for his father to continue his treatment for his medical conditions.
     In October 2011, when the decedent was taken to the Chester
     County Hospital's emergency room for his complaints of chest
     pain, the nursing records indicated that the decedent's
     appearance was dirty and unkempt. His groin was excoriated and
     there were dried feces on his buttocks; there was food in his hair.
     Appellant admitted to the doctor treating his father that he was
     having difficulty providing the care his father needed, by himself.
     The doctor prescribed a home health care agency to assist
     Appellant. The decedent was again discharged with medications
     and was instructed to follow up with his primary care physician.
     During his interview on September 8, 2013, when asked by the
     detective if Chester County Hospital had wanted the decedent on
     any medications, Appellant answered, "No."
            The home health care agency recommended by the hospital
     doctor visited Appellant's home on one occasion for an
     assessment; and a treatment plan was prepared. Through
     testimony, it became clear that the nurses were never able to
     treat the decedent after that initial visit, though attempts were


                                     -4-
J-S72041-17


      made on at least five occasions to visit the decedent. Appellant
      did not arrange a time for them to help care for his father.
             Appellant indicated that his father started deteriorating six
      months prior to his death; and that at about four weeks before his
      death, the decedent started to develop bedsores. At that point,
      the decedent was rarely out of the twin bed where he was propped
      up with pillows. There was no hospital bed, no air mattress, no
      comfortable chair in the decedent's bedroom. Appellant tried to
      treat the bedsores with soap and water, hydrogen peroxide,
      bandages, and Neosporin, but the incontinence his father had
      been experiencing continued and the sores worsened over the four
      weeks before his father's death.
             When asked by the detective why Appellant hadn't secured
      medical care for his father, particularly when he saw him
      deteriorating the six months before his death, Appellant said,
      "Frankly, I figured he was 92 years old." (Comm. Exh. 30A, p. 20,
      ll. 29-32). When asked why he didn't take him to the doctor,
      Appellant said, "I don't think he really wanted to go." Id. at p.15,
      l. 28. When asked if that was a decision the decedent and
      Appellant discussed, he responded, "I - there wasn't really any
      discussion." Id. at p. 47, l. 42 - p. 48, l. 1. When speaking of the
      worsening bedsores, Appellant stated, ". . . they were of a point
      where, hmmm, I knew that I had to do something about it and
      sooner rather than later. ... I figured I really have to take him to
      the doctor but I hadn't decided to do that just yet because it would
      really be - I just hadn't decided to do that yet." Id. at p. 21 ll. 33-
      34, p. 21, l. 45 - p. 22, l. 1. On the day of his father's death,
      during the one hour and 10 minute interview with the detective in
      his dining room, when asked on several occasions about the lack
      of physician care and the lack of prescribed medications for his
      father, Appellant never indicated that his father refused medical
      care or medications.
      ___
      3 We granted Appellant’s request for leave to amend his initial

      Concise Statement to allow him sufficient time to review the
      lengthy transcripts.

Trial Court Opinion, filed 1/20/17, at 3, 6-9.

      The trial court, upon noting it had sat through Appellant’s trial twice and

following its review of the presentence investigation (PSI) report, a

psychological report, and the Commonwealth’s sentencing memorandum,

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decided a mitigated sentence was appropriate. N.T Sentencing, 8/17/16, at

6. Pursuant to the Commonwealth’s recommendation, the trial court imposed

a sentence of five (5) years to ten (10) years in prison on the Third-Degree

Murder count alone. Although the Commonwealth suggested it do so, the trial

court did not impose a fine. Id. at 2,7.

      Appellant timely filed a notice of appeal on August 23, 2016. On August

24, 2016, the trial court entered its Order pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925 directing

Appellant to file a concise statement of the matters complained of on appeal

within twenty-one (21) days.     On September 13, 2016, Appellant filed his

concise statement, and on November 1, 2016, he filed what he titled

“Consolidated Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal”

wherein he raised 11 issues. On January 20, 2017, the trial court issued its

sixty-six (66) page Opinion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) wherein it

addressed each issue Appellant had raised in his Consolidated Concise

Statement.

      In his brief, Appellant presents the following Statement of the Questions

Involved:

      1.    Was the evidence insufficient to prove, beyond a reasonable
      doubt, that [Appellant] had a duty to render medical care to his
      elderly father in derogation of the father’s expressed opposition to
      further treatment?

      2.    Was the evidence insufficient to prove, beyond a reasonable
      doubt, that any act or culpable failure to act constituting malice
      or disregard and indifference of an intent to cause serious bodily
      injury was the legal case of death or harm to the decedent?


                                     -6-
J-S72041-17


       3.    Did the trial court err, and violate [Appellant’s]
       constitutional rights, by instructing the jury that [Appellant] bore
       the burden of disproving a crime?

       4.    Did the trial court err in excluding evidence of various
       statements offered to show the decedent’s opposition to nursing
       home and other medical care, and to show that [Appellant] did
       not seclude the decedent and prevent him from receiving care[?]

       5.     Did the court err in excluding a prospective juror for cause
       when the juror said he thought police officers had an interest in
       the outcome of the charges that they filed, but that he would treat
       all witnesses [in] the same light of their respective interests?

       6.    Did the court err in denying [Appellant’s] motion for special
       order prohibiting extrajudicial prosecutorial statements without a
       hearing, and in entering an order precluding [Appellant] and his
       counsel from making extrajudicial statements, and without
       considering the harm occasioned by the prosecutor’s comments
       and [Appellant’s] first and sixth amendment rights to make
       curative public comment?

Brief for Appellant at 3 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).3   As Appellant’s

first two issues concern the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his

convictions, we will address them together.




____________________________________________


3 We note Appellant submitted an eighty (80) page principal brief and a fifteen
(15) page reply brief herein. Pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 2135(a)(1), unless this
Court or another appellate court orders otherwise, “[a] principal brief shall not
exceed 14,000 words and a reply brief shall not exceed 7,000 words.”
Pa.R.A.P. 2135(a)(1). If a principal brief exceeds thirty (30) pages and/or a
reply brief exceeds fifteen (15) pages, the appellant must certify with the
appellate court that the brief complies with the word limitation. Id. Appellant
properly filed an “Application for Leave to Exceed Page Limitations” with this
Court, and in a Per Curiam Order entered on August 1, 2017, we granted the
same and accepted Appellant’s brief filed on July 5, 2017, as compliant.



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      “A claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence is a question of law.”

Commonwealth v. Widmer, 560 Pa. 308, 319, 744 A.2d 745, 751 (2000).

In considering such challenges, we are guided by a well-settled standard of

review:

             The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the
      evidence is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in
      the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient
      evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every element of the
      crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In applying [the above] test,
      we may not weigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for
      the fact-finder. In addition, we note that the facts and
      circumstances established by the Commonwealth need not
      preclude every possibility of innocence. Any doubts regarding a
      defendant's guilt may be resolved by the fact-finder unless the
      evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a matter of law no
      probability of fact may be drawn from the combined
      circumstances. The Commonwealth may sustain its burden of
      proving every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by
      means of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying
      the above test, the entire record must be evaluated and all
      evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the
      [finder] of fact while passing upon the credibility of witnesses and
      the weight of the evidence produced, is free to believe all, part or
      none of the evidence. Further, in viewing the evidence in the light
      most favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict winner, the
      court must give the prosecution the benefit of all reasonable
      inferences to be drawn from the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Golphin, 161 A.3d 1009, 1018 (Pa.Super. 2017) (citation

omitted), appeal denied, 2017 WL 4125611 (Pa. Sept. 15, 2017).

      Appellant initially argues he “could not be convicted of any offense

unless the evidence established, beyond a reasonable doubt, that he engaged

in an affirmative act that caused death, or failed to act when he had a duty to

act.” Brief for Appellant at 38. Appellant posits the Commonwealth presented


                                      -8-
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no evidence of an affirmative act on his part that caused his father serious

bodily injury or death and that he had no duty to treat his father’s terminal

medical conditions under 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 301.4             Id.   Appellant further

maintains that even if he had a duty of care under Section 301(b)(2), the

evidence to support a conclusion that Appellant secluded his father and

prevented him from receiving unwanted medical care is lacking. As a result,

Appellant concludes each of his convictions was unsupported by competent

evidence. Brief for Appellant at 39-53.

        Appellant also asserts that the evidence had been insufficient to sustain

his convictions of Third Degree Murder and Aggravated Assault because “the

Commonwealth failed to establish culpable malice, intent and causation

beyond a reasonable doubt.”           Brief for Appellant at 53. Appellant states

“[e]ach charge required proof of (1) an affirmative act or breach of duty which

(2) was the legal cause of death or injury accompanied by (3) the required

mental state.” Id. Appellant reasons that both the record and the trial court’s


____________________________________________


4   18 Pa.C.S.A.§ 301 entitled “Requirement of Voluntary Act” reads as follows:

        (a) General rule.—A person is not guilty of an offense unless his
        liability is based on conduct which includes a voluntary act or the
        omission to perform an act of which he is physically capable.
        (b) Omission as basis of liability.—Liability for the commission
        of an offense may not be based on an omission unaccompanied
        by action unless:
        (1) the omission is expressly made sufficient by the law defining
        the offense; or
        (2) a duty to perform the omitted act is otherwise imposed by law.


                                           -9-
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Rule 1925(a) Opinion make clear that “the real and the only legal cause of

death was the absence of medical care in the waning days of the father’s life”

and that “[n]o affirmative act of [Appellant] was the ‘direct and substantial’

cause of the death of his father.” Id. at 54. Appellant further surmises that

his “failure to treat is insufficient to constitute malice because there was no

wickedness, or hardness of heart regardless of social duty.” Id. at 55. He

both asserts the evidence failed to establish he intended to cause the victim’s

bedsores and that any evidence the bedsores were the result of neglect was

“plainly insufficient to prove the required mental state for Aggravated

Assault.” Id. at 58-59.

            Third-degree murder is defined [as] all other kinds of
      murder other than first degree murder or second degree murder.
      The elements of third-degree murder, as developed by case law,
      are a killing done with legal malice. Malice exists where there is
      a particular ill-will, and also where there is a wickedness of
      disposition, hardness of heart, wanton conduct, cruelty,
      recklessness of consequences and a mind regardless of social
      duty.     Commonwealth v. Marquez, 980 A.2d 145, 148
      (Pa.Super. 2009) (en banc) (quotations and quotation marks
      omitted). “Malice is established where an actor consciously
      disregard[s] an unjustified and extremely high risk that his actions
      might cause death or serious bodily harm.” Commonwealth v.
      Devine, 26 A.3d 1139, 1146 (Pa.Super. 2011) (quotation and
      quotation marks omitted). “Malice may be inferred by considering
      the totality of the circumstances.” Commonwealth v. Dunphy,
      20 A.3d 1215, 1219 (Pa.Super. 2011) (citation omitted).

Golphin, supra at 1018.      In addition, “[a] person is guilty of aggravated

assault if he attempts to cause serious bodily injury to another, or causes such

injury intentionally, knowingly or recklessly under circumstances manifesting

extreme indifference to the value of human life[.]” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2702(a)(1).

                                     - 10 -
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       Appellant devotes a significant portion of his appellate to brief to his

argument in support of the position that he had no duty to treat his father’s

terminal medical condition under 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 301. See Brief for Appellant

at 39-53. The trial court also engaged in a detailed and cogent discussion

supported with citations to the certified record and notes of testimony

regarding Appellant’s legal duty to care for his father and his efforts to seclude

him from others who could have aided him which we incorporate herein by

reference. The trial court further cited to record evidence that supports the

jury’s conclusion that Appellant’s actions or failure to act was the legal cause

of death and/or other harm to Appellant which we also incorporate herein by

reference. See Trial Court Opinion, filed 1/20/17, at 17-23, 29-57. The trial

court determined that an affirmative act is not required by the Criminal Code

when, as was the case herein, there is an omission or failure to act relative to

a legal duty. Id., at 17. See also Commonwealth v. Pestinikas, 617 A.2d

1339, 1345 (Pa.Super. 1992) (stating the appellant’s culpable behavior

consisted of an affirmative course of conduct calculated to deprive the

decedent of the food and medical care which was otherwise available to him

and which was essential to continued life as well as efforts to place the

decedent beyond the ability of others to provide such needs).

       Even assuming, arguendo, that Appellant did not have a legal duty to

render medical care to his elderly father under 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 301 and

accepting his argument that it was not his conscious purpose to bring about


                                     - 11 -
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the death of his father, the record evidence shows Appellant failed to perceive

that his actions might create a substantial and unjustifiable risk of death or

serious bodily injury to his father regardless of any duty he might have owed

to him.

      Appellant was charged with Third Degree Murder and Aggravated

Assault, and as is readily apparent from the aforesaid definitions of those

crimes, neither requires proof of a duty of care. Moreover, the Commonwealth

was not required to prove Appellant deliberately intended to harm his father

as part of its proof that he acted with legal malice.     Commonwealth v.

Dunphy, 20 A.3d 1215, 1219 (Pa.Super. 2011). Third-Degree Murder is a

killing done with legal malice, and malice does not exist only where one’s

omission or failure to perform a legal duty was willful and likely to result in

the death of a victim. Malice may be found where the defendant consciously

disregarded an unjustified and extremely high risk that his actions might cause

serious bodily injury. Id. See also, Commonwealth v. Miller, 627 A.2d

741 744 (Pa.Super. 2003).

      Dr. Ian Hood, a forensic pathologist who performed autopsies for nearly

fifteen years for the Chester County Coroner as the Deputy and Chief Medical

Examiner in Philadelphia, remarked that the decedent’s body was “in a pretty

dirty condition,” besmirched with a “[l]ot of feces and urine head to toe.” N.T.

Trial, 6/24/16, at 911.   He estimated the decedent was “no more than a

hundred thirty pounds,” though he was five foot eleven inches tall. Id. at


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927. Dr. Hood also noticed “several large decubiti covered with black eschar”

which he opined the decedent had begun to develop “three to four weeks

before” and which became “worse over time.” Id. Most of these painful sores

were stage three, meaning they had penetrated the dermis into the

subcutaneous tissue. Id. at 924-25, 929. If the decedent had received “a

modicum of reasonably good quality care, regular care, washing, changing

bed clothes, his own clothing, proper toileting should have done real well.

Should not have developed decubiti” which had caused him to become septic.

Id. at 912.   The decedent’s lungs were filled with fluid, a condition called

“pulmonary edema,” which is typical in those suffering from heart failure. Id.

at 918-19. Dr. Hood found the cause of death to be congestive heart failure

contributed to by infected decubiti. Id. at 922.

      Appellant’s own testimony established he had been named his father’s

medical representative on May 19, 1998. The Commonwealth presented the

Advanced Directive which set forth the procedure to be followed to safeguard

the decedent’s well-being prior to a determination as to whether heroic

measures would be taken to save his life. N.T. Trial, 6/28/16, at 1195-96.

Appellant also admitted he served as his father’s power of attorney and

primary caregiver. Id. at 1240, 1252. Appellant knew his father had been

without medical treatment or prescribed medication for an extended period of

time while in his care, although he also was aware that when his father came

to live with him in May of 2011, he had been taking Lasix or Furosemide to


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treat his congestive heart failure. Id. at 1229, 1235. Nevertheless, Appellant

did not get the Lasix prescription refilled as his father had requested in

November of 2011. Id. at 1238, 1243.

        Appellant acknowledged that in the weeks prior to his father’s death he

noticed the latter suffered from bedsores and chronic diarrhea. N.T. 6/28/16,

at 1172, 1175.     Appellant also admitted that in the roughly two years his

father resided with him, his father left the home only twice, once to go to

Chester County Hospital and the other when he tried to get away.        Id. at

1281.     During that period of time, the decedent communicated with only

Appellant and Mr. Rashid. Id. at 1283.

        Following a careful review of the complete record, the parties’

arguments and the applicable law, we agree with the trial court’s reasoning

and find no abuse of discretion in its finding that the Commonwealth presented

ample and sufficient evidence for the jury to convict him of Third-Degree

Murder and Aggravated Assault beyond a reasonable doubt. Such record

evidence when viewed in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth as

verdict winner, together with all inferences, established that Appellant either

knew or recklessly disregarded the fact that his father was in need of medical

attention for over two years, and especially in the weeks immediately

preceding his death.     Despite his awareness of these facts, Appellant failed

to take steps to procure appropriate care for his father and in doing so

consciously disregarded the extremely high risk his continued failure to ensure


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his father received appropriate medical attention might cause him death or

serious bodily injury and that Appellant’s malicious course of conduct caused

Appellant’s death.      See Commonwealth v. Kellam, 719 A.2d 792, 797

(Pa.Super. 1998).

        In his third claim, Appellant argues the trial court erred and violated

his constitutional rights in instructing the jury, sua sponte, that he bore the

burden of disproving a crime and of proving that he had no duty to act based

on the victim’s decision to forego treatment.5 Specifically, Appellant refers to

the following instruction:

              As I have just instructed you throughout the trial, the
       Commonwealth bears the burden of proving every element of
       each charge beyond a reasonable doubt. The defendant does not
       bear any burden to disprove any element of the crimes charged.
                 In this case the defendant has asserted what is called an
       affirmative defense claiming his conduct was a result of the
       decedent’s wishes to forego medical care. The defendant bears
       the burden of proving, proving to you by a preponderance of the
       evidence, that his conduct was due to decedent’s wishes to forego
       medical care.
                 Let me explain the difference between the burdens of
       proof. While the Commonwealth’s burden in relation to each
       element of each charge is beyond a reasonable doubt, the
       defendant’s burden relating to his affirmative defense is a lesser
       burden. That burden is a preponderance of the evidence, which
       means that the fact asserted is more likely true than not.
                 It is the law in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania that a
       rational, competent person has a right to refuse medical treatment
       and they have a right to refuse it for any reason whatsoever. If
       you find based on the evidence presented that it is more likely
____________________________________________


5Pa.R.E. 103 addresses rulings on evidence and requires a contemporaneous
objection in order to preserve a claim of error in the admission of evidence.
Appellant placed timely and specific objections to the instruction on the record.
N.T. Trial, 6/24/16, at 996-97; 6/29/16, at 1550.

                                          - 15 -
J-S72041-17


      than not that Edward J. O’Brien, Jr. made a rational and
      competent refusal of medical care, you must find the defendant
      not guilty.

Brief of Appellant at 61 (citing N.T. Trial, 6/29/16, at 1529-1530).

         This Court recently reiterated our standard of review of a trial court’s

jury instruction as follows:

             “When evaluating the propriety of jury instructions, this
      Court will look to the instructions as a whole, and not simply
      isolated portions, to determine if the instructions were improper.”
      Commonwealth v. Antidormi, 84 A.3d 736, 754 (Pa. Super.
      2014) (citations and quotation omitted). A trial court has “broad
      discretion in phrasing its instructions, and may choose its own
      wording so long as the law is clearly, adequately, and accurately
      presented to the jury for its consideration.” Id. (citations and
      quotation omitted). “Only where there is an abuse of discretion or
      an inaccurate statement of the law is there reversible error.” Id.
      (citations and quotation omitted).
             “The trial court is not required to give every charge that is
      requested by the parties and its refusal to give a requested charge
      does not require reversal unless the Appellant was prejudiced by
      that refusal.” Commonwealth v. Sandusky, 77 A.3d 663, 667
      (Pa. Super. 2013).

Commonwealth v. Miller, 2017 WL 4639576 at *8 (Pa.Super. Oct. 17,

2017).

         In addressing this issue in its Rule 1925(a) Opinion, the trial court

reasoned as follows:

                   A. Affirmative Defense Instruction Appropriate

            We first examine Appellant's claim that it was error to assign
      the burden of proof for an affirmative defense to Appellant at all
      because it relieved the Commonwealth of its burden to prove all
      the elements of the crimes charged beyond a reasonable doubt.
      We disagree. The jury was repeatedly instructed, in the general
      instructions and as the instruction for each crime was given, that
      the Commonwealth bore the burden of proving every element of

                                      - 16 -
J-S72041-17


     each crime beyond a reasonable doubt. They were also repeatedly
     instructed that the Appellant bore no burden with respect to the
     crimes charged. (N.T., 06/29/16, Vol. VIII, p. 1528, ll. 4-12, p.
     1529, ll. 10-13, 17-21). It was made clear that if they found the
     Commonwealth failed to meet its burden of proof on any element
     of any of the charges that they should find Appellant not guilty.
     (N.T., 06/29/16, Vol. VIII, p. 1528, ll. 13-14, p. 1539, II. 10-13).
            The appellate courts have consistently held that the burden
     of proving an affirmative defense that relieves the accused of
     criminal responsibility, but does not negate an element of the
     offense charged, may be placed on the defendant. See
     Pa.S.S.J.I.(Crim.), §2.10, (2016) Defenses -Assigning the Burden
     of Proof, Advisory Committee Note, citing Commonwealth v.
     Collins, 810 A.2d 698, 701, (Pa.Super. 2002); Commonwealth v.
     Shenkin, 487 A.2d 380 (Pa.Super. 1985). The general rule is that
     when the asserted defense may only be proven by "information
     that is peculiarly within the defendant's own knowledge and
     control, the ... defendant has the burden of proving the defense
     by a preponderance of the evidence. See Commonwealth v.
     Rishel, 658 A.2d 352, 355 (Pa.Super. 1995), reversed on other
     grounds 681 A.2d 162 (Pa.1996). Appellant testified at length
     about the decedent's communication of his wishes to Appellant.
     According to the testimony presented by Appellant and other
     defense witnesses, the decedent wished to remain in Appellant's
     home, did not want to be in a skilled nursing facility, and did not
     wish to receive medical care from visiting nurses whom he
     considered strangers. These conversations occurred between
     Appellant and the decedent. Some occurred in the presence of
     Appellant's partner, Mr. Rashid who also testified. (N.T.,
     06/27/16, Vol. VI, p. 1104, l. 23 - p. 1105, l. 16; p. 1108, ll. 23-
     25; N.T. 06/28/16, Vol. VII, p. 1252, l. 9-16; N.T., 06/29/16, Vol.
     VIII, p. 1365, l. 12 - p. 1366, l. 19).
            Appellant's defense included the proposition that Appellant
     failed to get medical care for the decedent because the decedent
     refused any care. Obviously, the Commonwealth had no access to
     any evidence relating to the decedent's wishes other than
     statements made by Appellant and the decedent's past medical
     history demonstrating the care he sought for himself. We found,
     and continue to find, that it was appropriate to give the jury an
     affirmative defense instruction.
            Our instructions clearly and repeatedly stated that the
     Commonwealth maintained its burden to prove all of the elements
     of each crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In determining whether
     they believed the decedent refused medical care, thereby relieving

                                    - 17 -
J-S72041-17


     Appellant of his legal duty to care for the decedent, the jurors
     made a credibility determination after hearing the recording of
     Appellant's interview with Detective Lund, and after hearing
     Appellant and other witnesses testify in court. The jury had only
     to find that it was more likely than not that there was a competent
     refusal of care by the decedent in order to return a verdict of not
     guilty on all counts. But, it was also made clear to the jurors that
     the Commonwealth maintained the burden of proof, beyond a
     reasonable doubt, in reference to all the elements of the crimes.
     Consequently, we find no error was made.

            B. Affirmative Defense Instruction Given in this Case
     We next examine whether the specific instruction relating to the
     affirmative defense given in this case was appropriate. Our jury
     instructions did not place a burden on Appellant to show that he
     had "no duty." First and foremost, we instructed the jury that it
     was initially the Commonwealth's burden to prove beyond a
     reasonable doubt that Appellant had a legal duty to provide
     medical care to the decedent. We stated:
          COURT: You cannot find the [Appellant] guilty ... based
          solely on failure to act unless you are satisfied
          beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant had
          a legal duty to care for the decedent....
     (N.T., 06/29/16, Vol. VIII, p. 1542, ll. 8-13) (emphasis added).
     The burden of proving, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Appellant
     had a legal duty to care for his father was assigned to the
     Commonwealth. This same instruction was given on every
     criminal charge: Murder in the Third Degree, Id., Involuntary
     Manslaughter, see N.T., 06/29/16, Vol. VIII, p. 1542, l. 22 - p.
     1543, l. 13), Aggravated Assault, see N.T., 06/29/16, Vol. VIII, p.
     1545, l. 24 - p. 1546, l. 17), and Recklessly Endangering Another
     Person, see N.T., 06/29/16, Vol. VIII, p. 1548, ll. 1-5, 11-16).
           We also gave an additional instruction related specifically to
     the lesser burden being placed upon Appellant regarding his
     affirmative defense which required them to make a finding of fact,
     by a preponderance of the evidence, relating to the decedent's
     wishes to forgo medical care. We found that the facts in this case
     and the facts contemplated by the statute relating to Neglect of
     Care -Dependent Person, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2713 are very similar.
     Accordingly, we used the suggested standard instruction
     governing Neglect of Care -Dependent Person, Id., as a template
     for our instruction. Specifically, we used the portion of the Neglect
     of Care -Dependent Person that sets forth the affirmative defense.


                                    - 18 -
J-S72041-17


     Pa.S.S.J.I. (Crim), §15.2713 (2016)(Neglect of Care -Dependent
     Person). The §15.2713 affirmative defense instruction states:
          The defendant has asserted that the conduct otherwise
          charged in this case resulted directly from:
               a. ... compliance with a care -dependent person's
          living will for health care ...; or
               b. ... compliance with the care -dependent person's
          written, signed, and witnessed instructions, executed
          when the care -dependent person was competent as to
          the treatment he or she wished to receive; or
               c. compliance with the direction of the care -
          dependent person's ... power of attorney ... within
          the scope of that power; or
               d. compliance with a [DNR] order ... by ...
          attending physician; ...
     The defendant bears the burden of proving to you by a
     preponderance of the evidence that the conduct resulted from one
     of these circumstances. If you find that the defendant has shown
     you that it is more likely than not that such circumstances did
     exist and did result in the conduct charged, you should find the
     defendant not guilty. Otherwise, if all of the elements as I have
     explained them have been proven beyond a reasonable doubt, you
     should find the defendant guilty.
     We gave the following instructions:
            COURT: In this case the defendant has asserted what is
     called an affirmative defense claiming his conduct was a result of
     the decedent's wishes to forgo medical care. The defendant bears
     the burden of proving, proving to you by a preponderance of the
     evidence, that his conduct was due to decedent's wishes to forego
     medical care.
            Let me explain the difference between the burdens of proof.
     While the Commonwealth's burden in relation to each element of
     each charge is beyond a reasonable doubt, the defendant's burden
     relating to his affirmative defense is a lesser burden. That burden
     is a preponderance of the evidence, which means that the fact
     asserted is more likely true than not.
     (N.T., 06/26/16, Vol. VIII, p. 1529, l. 22 - p. [1530, l. 9).
            At Appellant's request, the jury was further instructed:
          It is the law in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania that
          a rational, competent person has a right to refuse
          medical treatment and they have a right to refuse it for
          any reason whatsoever. If you find based on the
          evidence presented that it is more likely than not that


                                   - 19 -
J-S72041-17


            the decedent made a rational and competent refusal of
            medical care, you must find the defendant not guilty.
      (N.T., 06/26/16, Vol. VIII, p. 1530, ll. 10-16).
                  COURT: [I]f you find by a preponderance of the
            evidence that it is more likely than not that the decedent
            made a competent, rational refusal of medical care, you
            may not find the defendant had a duty to care for the
            decedent.
      See N.T., 06/29/16, Vol. VIII, p. 1541, ll. 4-7 (Third Degree
      Murder), p. 1543, ll. 2-6 (Involuntary Manslaughter), p. 1546, I.
      5-9 (Aggravated Assault), and p. 1548, ll. 6-10 (Recklessly
      Endangering Another Person). We concluded that the instructions
      provided to the jury were necessary for them to understand the
      legal principles to be applied in the case given the evidence
      presented.
             In order to aid the jury in their understanding of the law
      they were to consider, the instructions were displayed on a large
      screen so that they were able to read along as they listened to the
      court read the instructions. Additionally, each juror was provided
      with a copy of the instructions for each of the offenses and the
      affirmative defense instruction to use for reference during their
      deliberations. After review of the entire jury instruction as
      reflected in the Notes of Testimony we continue to find our
      instructions were appropriate and find there was no error in giving
      the affirmative defense instruction in the manner in which it was
      given.16
      ___
      16 It should be noted that of the few questions asked by the jury

      during their approximately 10 hours of deliberations, none
      indicated there was any confusion relating to the differences
      between the burdens of proof they were to apply when making
      the finding of fact relating to the decedent’s wishes, versus the
      finding of fact they were required to make relating to Appellant’s
      legal duty to care for his father.

Trial Court Opinion, filed 1/20/17, 58-64. (emphasis in original).

      Our review of the record supports the trial court’s assessment. Contrary

to Appellant’s characterization of the aforementioned instruction as informing

the jury that he bore the burden of “disproving a crime,” the trial court

repeatedly stressed that the Commonwealth had to prove each and every

                                    - 20 -
J-S72041-17


element of all charged crimes beyond a reasonable doubt, and it specifically

stated “[Appellant] does not bear any burden to disprove any element of the

crimes charged.” N.T. Trial, 6/29/16, at 1529; see also, N.T. Trial, 6/21/16,

at 176-77. The trial court simply clarified that Appellant may establish his

defense that his inaction was the result of his father’s wishes by a

preponderance of the evidence, in which case the jury must find him not

guilty. In doing so, the trial court did not impose upon Appellant a burden to

disprove duty, but rather stated that if the jury believed Appellant’s inaction

arose out of the decedent’s specific wishes it could not find Appellant had a

duty to care for him or convict him of any crime.   Thus, we discern no abuse

of the trial court’s discretion.

       Appellant next avers the trial court erred in excluding the testimonial

evidence of Mr. Samir Rashid.        Specifically, Appellant maintains “[t]he

statements made by [Appellant] to Samir Rashid regarding the father’s

medical care, and the statements made by [Appellant] to the father in Rashid’s

presence, encouraging the father to seek medical care, were improperly

excluded.    See NT 1360-1361, 1362a-1363a.”        Brief for Appellant at 65.

Appellant posits Mr. Rashid’s proposed testimony constituted non-hearsay

evidence in the form of “verbal acts” pertaining to Appellant’s plan or state of

mind and would have shown the decedent was opposed to residing in a nursing

home and to receiving other medical care as well as that Appellant did not

seclude him or prevent him from receiving such care. Brief for Appellant at


                                     - 21 -
J-S72041-17


64-65.    In addition, Appellant claims statements he made to his neighbor

Marie Henry were excluded improperly as hearsay because they were offered

as both non-hearsay evidence of his plan and state of mind and as verbal acts

of non-seclusion. Brief for Appellant at 66. Appellant posits such statements

were “manifestly relevant” herein, especially in light of the fact that this was

Appellant’s second trial following a hung jury, and in the first trial the jury was

unable to reach a verdict on the same charges of which he was convicted

herein.

         Our standard of review in this regard is well-settled.

             Admission of evidence is within the sound discretion of the
      trial court and will be reversed only upon a showing that the trial
      court clearly abused its discretion. An abuse of discretion is not
      merely an error of judgment, but is rather the overriding or
      misapplication of the law, or the exercise of judgment that is
      manifestly unreasonable, or the result of bias, prejudice, ill-will or
      partiality, as shown by the evidence of record.

Commonwealth v. Tyson, 119 A.3d 353, 357–58 (Pa.Super. 2015) (en

banc), appeal denied, 128 A.3d 220 (Pa. 2015) (quotation marks and citations

omitted).

      In his Consolidated Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on

Appeal, Appellant set forth the following errors:

                                       ***

            8.    The court erred in excluding evidence of various
      statements of the decedent, and statements made by [Appellant]
      to the decedent, offered to show decedent’s desires regarding
      medical treatment.
            9.    The [c]ourt erred in excluding statements made by
      [Appellant] to his neighbor Marie Henry regarding the decedent’s

                                      - 22 -
J-S72041-17


       condition and treatment offered, inter alia, on the issue of whether
       [Appellant] secluded his father and prevented him from securing
       treatment, and as prior consonant statements after Appellant was
       cross-examined on the efforts to secure and provide treatment.

                                          ***

See Defendant’s Consolidated Concise Statement of Matters Complained of

on Appeal, filed 11/1/16, at ¶¶ 8-9.

       Appellant’s allegation set forth in paragraph eight of his Consolidated

Concise Statement is vague, and he clearly did not present a specific challenge

to the trial court’s ruling pertaining to Mr. Rashid’s proposed testimony either

therein or in paragraph nine.          This vagary is reflected in the trial court’s

confusion “as to which of the decedent’s statements Appellant argues were

erroneously excluded from evidence.” See Trial Court Opinion, filed 1/20/17,

at 23 (citing Defendant’s Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on

Appeal, filed 11/1/16, at ¶¶ 2, 8).6 It is well-settled that “when the trial court

directs an appellant to file a [Rule 1925(b)] statement, any issues that are not

raised   in   [that]    statement      will    be   waived   for   appellate   review.”

Commonwealth v. Smith, 955 A.2d 391, 393 (Pa.Super. 2008). Further,

“when issues are too vague for the trial court to identify and address, that is


____________________________________________


6 Notwithstanding, the trial court reasoned that even if it abused its discretion
in making evidentiary determinations in this regard, its decision would
constitute harmless error because Appellant was able to establish the points
he wished to make to the jury through his own testimony about conversations
he had had with decedent and the “exhausting number of medical records”
admitted into evidence that showed the decedent’s lapses in taking his
medication. Trial Court Opinion, filed 1/20/17, at 24.

                                          - 23 -
J-S72041-17


the functional equivalent of no concise statement at all.” Id. In addition, “[a]

theory of error different from that presented to the trial jurist is waived on

appeal, even if both theories support the same basic allegation of error which

gives rise to the claim for relief.” Commonwealth v. Ryan, 909 A.2d 839,

845 (Pa.Super. 2006) (citation omitted). Because only claims properly

presented before the trial court are preserved for appeal, Appellant’s

contentions in his appellate brief concerning the trial court’s rulings regarding

Mr. Rashid’s testimony are waived.

      Appellant devotes approximately one page of argument in his appellate

brief to his contention that certain statements he had made to Ms. Henry were

improperly excluded as hearsay. However, upon our review of the record, we

find it lacks merit.   Ms. Henry testified she knew Appellant through her

involvement in the Hollyview Lane’s homeowner’s association board.        During

the time the decedent lived with Appellant, Ms. Henry had occasion to speak

with Appellant routinely about his father’s medical condition.        N.T. Trial,

6/29/16, at 1338, 1342.       The Commonwealth objected when Ms. Henry

attempted to reveal the contents of those conversations on the basis that such

information constituted inadmissible hearsay offered for the truth of the

matter asserted. Id. at 1339-41. During a sidebar discussion, the trial court

stated Appellant could elicit testimony regarding the fact Ms. Henry knew the

decedent lived with Appellant and that Appellant spoke about the decedent

“for purposes of getting to the issue regarding seclusion,” but it found the


                                     - 24 -
J-S72041-17


specific content of any conversation was being offered for the truth of the

matter asserted and, therefore, constituted inadmissible hearsay.          Id. at

1341.

        On cross-examination, Ms. Henry clarified that during the two years

Appellant’s father lived in Appellant’s home, she never actually saw him,

visited the home, or spoke to any medical personnel about the decedent’s

medical condition.   Any information she had in this regard originated from

Appellant. Id. at 1343. Therefore, even were the trial court to have permitted

Ms. Henry to testify concerning Appellant’s “plan and efforts to encourage the

decedent to secure medical care,” such testimony would not have been

“manifestly relevant,” as Appellant argues but rather merely would have

reiterated what Appellant told her.    Thus, we find no error in the trial court’s

holding that responses to Appellant’s further questioning concerning the

substance of Ms. Henry’s conversations with him would constitute inadmissible

hearsay.    As the trial court stated, Appellant presented his own testimony

concerning conversations he had had with his father about the latter’s medical

treatment, and Ms. Henry’s testimony as it stood was relevant to rebut the

Commonwealth’s allegations of Appellant’s seclusion of the decedent in that it

established Ms. Henry was aware the decedent lived with Appellant and that

he had medical problems which Appellant readily discussed with her.




                                      - 25 -
J-S72041-17


       Appellant’s fifth issue alleges trial court error in excluding a prospective

juror for cause at the Commonwealth’s request and over Appellant’s objection.

Initially, we note that

             [a] criminal defendant's right to an impartial jury is explicitly
      guaranteed by Article I, section 9 of the Pennsylvania
      Constitution. The jury selection process is crucial to the
      preservation of that right.... It must be remembered the purpose
      of the voir dire examination is to provide an opportunity to counsel
      to assess the qualifications of prospective jurors to serve. It is
      therefore appropriate to use such an examination to disclose fixed
      opinions or to expose other reasons for disqualification. Thus the
      inquiry must be directed at ascertaining whether the venire person
      is competent and capable of rendering a fair, impartial, and
      unbiased verdict. The law also recognizes that prospective jurors
      were not cultivated in hermetically sealed environments free of all
      beliefs, conceptions and views. The question relevant to a
      determination of qualification is whether any biases or prejudices
      can be put aside upon the proper instruction of the court.
             A challenge for cause to service by a prospective juror
      should be sustained and that juror excused where that juror
      demonstrates through his conduct and answers a likelihood of
      prejudice. The decision whether to disqualify a venireman is within
      the discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed on appeal
      absent a palpable abuse of that discretion. Stated another way,
      the test of disqualification is the juror's ability and willingness to
      eliminate the influence of his scruples and render a verdict
      according to the evidence. This determination is to be made by
      the trial judge based on the juror's answers and demeanor and
      will not be reversed absent a palpable abuse of discretion.

Commonwealth v. Penn, 132 A.3d 498, 502 (Pa.Super. 2016) (footnote,

citations, quotation marks, and quotations omitted).       In Penn, a prospective

juror initially expressed that she would be more likely to believe a police officer

than other testifying witnesses do to her personal employment history in law

enforcement but later stated she could decide the case based upon the

evidence presented during trial. Id. at 500-01. Nevertheless, the trial court

                                      - 26 -
J-S72041-17


denied the appellant’s challenge to excuse the prospective juror for cause, and

this Court ultimately vacated the appellant’s judgment of sentence and

remanded for a new trial after finding the juror had expressed an actual bias.

       In the matter sub judice, when questioned by the prosecutor during

voir dire, Prospective Juror Number 80 (hereinafter “Juror No. 80”) indicated

he would be more likely to disbelieve a police officer because as one in a

position of power, an officer “automatically [has] a conflict of interest.” N.T.

Trial, 6/20/16, at 158. In an effort to discern Juror No. 80’s reasoning, the

prosecutor questioned him further as follows:

      PROSECUTOR: Just so I understand this, I do understand that one
      has a view that police officers should be held to a higher standard.

      JUROR NO. 80: Yes.

      PROSECUTOR: But it doesn't necessarily follow that they would be
      more likely not to be truthful or does it to you?

      JUROR NO. 80: Well, to me depends on the situation. So if it was
      a situation where there didn't seem to be any conflict of interest,
      for instance, like where they had any potential wrongdoing in a
      way they went through procedures, things like that, then they
      would be -- I would have no reason to second guess their
      testimony.

      PROSECUTOR: If I'm misstating this I'm sure I will be corrected.
      But I do believe that standard is that a police officer is to be
      viewed from the standpoint of whether or not you or another juror
      believes or disbelieves the officer based on the same standards as
      any other witness.

      JUROR NO. 80: I understand that. But not every witness has that
      role as a police officer.

      PROSECUTOR: I understand that. So the question--


                                     - 27 -
J-S72041-17


      JUROR NO. 80: It's a role based assessment.

      PROSECUTOR: So I understand what your view is. The question I
      have is whether or not notwithstanding your personal views on
      this that you will be able to put them aside, say I'm going to treat
      a police officer just like anyone else in terms of deciding whether
      or not I believe or disbelieve him or her?

      JUROR NO. 80: Right, yes, so any other citizen besides a police
      officer could have a similar conflict of interest that I would have
      to assess in the same way.

      PROSECUTOR: I guess the question is whether you can assure us
      if you were a juror would you would treat a police officer just like
      anyone else in terms of deciding whether or not he or she is
      credible or not?

      JUROR NO. 80: Their role as a police officer is a consideration,
      yes.

      PROSECUTOR: I'm not sure I understand your qualification.

      JUROR NO. 80: Well, basically you have certain interests as a
      police officer that you wouldn't have if you were not a police
      officer. That's the distinction.

      PROSECUTOR: Okay. Thank you.

      THE COURT: All right. Thank you so much.

N.T. Trial, 6/20/16, at 159-160.

      Following the aforementioned exchange, the prosecutor moved to

excuse Juror No. 80.     In doing so, the prosecutor indicated that, to him, it

seemed rather clear that the prospective juror held “police to higher standards

in terms of credibility assessment.” Id. at 162. He also stated it appeared

Juror No. 80 was predisposed to believe "that police have a conflict of interest,

that he will treat them or assess their credibility with a standard that is higher


                                     - 28 -
J-S72041-17


than what it should be.” Id. The prosecutor explained he formed his opinion

because no matter how he phrased the questions, he always received “the

same answer.” Id. Appellant opposed the motion to strike for cause and

argued that Juror No. 80 did not say that he would “automatically disbelieve

a police officer,” but did state he would “assess the interest of all witnesses.”

Id. Notwithstanding, the trial court stated it “agree[d] with [the prosecutor’s]

assessment and [the] fact he is not going to change his position police officers

somehow have something more at stake than other witnesses. So I will

dismiss him for cause.” Id.

      In its Rule 1925(a) Opinion, the trial court explained its decision to grant

the Commonwealth’s motion to strike the juror as follows:


             Juror No. 80 did not give a complete answer. The trial court
      determined that Juror 80 would most likely not be able to put
      aside his belief that a police officer would lie if the officer believed
      lying would help secure a conviction. We found his manner and
      speech pattern to be hesitant and conflicted. It was clear to this
      jurist that Juror No. 80 could not give a clear assurance that he
      would be able to put aside his prejudice and bias against a police
      officer's self-interests until he heard the facts of the case, and at
      that point, it would be too late to impanel a fair jury. We do not
      find it was an abuse of discretion to strike Juror No. 80 over
      Appellant's objection.

Trial Court Opinion, filed 1/20/17, at 17.

      This Court recently reiterated “it is well-settled that a party must make

a timely and specific objection at trial, and the failure to do so results in waiver

of that issue on appeal. Pa.R.A.P. 302(a); see also Commonwealth v.

Montalvo, 1641 A.2d 1176, 1184 (Pa.Super. 1994) (citation omitted) (to

                                      - 29 -
J-S72041-17


preserve an issue for review, a party must make a timely and specific objection

at trial, for this Court will not consider claim on appeal not called to trial court's

attention   at   a   time   purported    error   could   have    been   corrected).”

Commonwealth v. McGriff, 160 A.3d 863, 866 (Pa.Super. 2017),

reargument denied, June 20, 2017. Appellant did not object on any basis

following the trial court’s decision to dismiss Juror No. 80 for cause. As a

result, he failed to properly preserve this challenge on appeal.

       Even had Appellant properly preserved this claim, he presents no

argument as to how the trial court’s striking Juror No. 80 for cause resulted

in the assemblage of an impartial jury or otherwise prejudiced him. To the

contrary, the prosecutor moved to strike the prospective juror, and the trial

court granted the motion, so that he would not give additional credence to the

testimony of a police offer. This action certainly benefitted Appellant, for the

Commonwealth presented the testimony of Detectives Michael J. Buchmann

and Jeffrey McCloskey, of the West Whiteland Township Police Department.

N.T. Trial, 6/21/16, at 235-63; N.T. Trial, 6/24/16, at 846-81. Kristin Lund,

who worked with the Chester County Detectives, a branch of the District

Attorney’s Office, also testified for the Commonwealth.         N.T. Trial, 6/24/16,

at 882-95; N.T. Trial 6/27/16, at 1003-77. In light of the foregoing, we find

the trial court, who heard the juror’s answers and observed his demeanor, did

not palpably abuse its discretion in granting the Commonwealth’s motion to

strike Prospective Juror Number 80 for cause.


                                        - 30 -
J-S72041-17


        Lastly, Appellant challenges the trial court’s Order entered on May 1,

2015, pertaining to his “Motion for Special Order Prohibiting Extrajudicial

Prosecutorial Statements” which stated the following:

               AND NOW, this 1st day of May, 2015, upon consideration of
       [Appellant’s] Motion for Special Order Prohibiting Extrajudicial
       Statements pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 110,[7] the Commonwealth’s
       Response to Motion for Special Order, and finding that a hearing
       is not necessary, it is hereby ORDERED:

                 1. Counsel for [Appellant] and counsel for the
                    Commonwealth are precluded from public comment
                    about this case except in accordance with Rule 3.6 of
                    the Rules of Professional Conduct adopted by the
                    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. A copy of Rule 3.6 is
                    attached hereto as Exhibit “A.”

                 2. All persons assisting or associated with counsel for the
                    Commonwealth        are    precluded    from    making
                    extrajudicial statements that counsel for the
                    Commonwealth would be prohibit[ed] from making
                    under Rule 3.6 of the Rules of Professional Conduct.


____________________________________________


7Pa.R.Crim.P. 110 entitled “Special Orders Governing Widely-Publicized or
Sensational Cases” provides:

       In a widely-publicized or sensational case, the court, on motion of
       either party or on its own motion, may issue a special order
       governing such matters as extrajudicial statements by parties and
       witnesses likely to interfere with the rights of the accused to a fair
       trial by an impartial jury, the seating and conduct in the courtroom
       of spectators and news media representatives, the management
       and sequestration of jurors and witnesses, and any other matters
       that the court may deem appropriate for inclusion in such an
       order. In such cases, it may be appropriate for the court to consult
       with representatives of the news media concerning the issuance
       of such a special order.

Pa.R.Crim.P. 110.


                                          - 31 -
J-S72041-17


               3. Law enforcement and court personnel shall not make
                  extrajudicial statements relating to his case or issues
                  therein.

               4. Counsel for the Commonwealth and counsel for
                  [Appellant] shall caution parties and witnesses with
                  respect to the possible consequences of extrajudicial
                  statements made during the course of trial and jury
                  selection.

               5. Counsel for the Commonwealth and counsel for
                  [Appellant] shall promptly make all appropriate
                  persons assisting of associated with the prosecution or
                  defense of this case aware of this Order.


Trial Court Order, filed 5/1/15, at ¶¶ 1-5.

       Appellant claims that in issuing the Order without first holding a

hearing, the trial court deprived him of his right to respond to statements the

Chester County District Attorney Thomas Hogan had made in both a press

release and a news conference on April 29, 2015. He further contends the

fact that the Order affected the Commonwealth and him alike is “wholly

inappropriate,” for “defense counsel should be free to tell the truth about these

charges to new media interested in listening” without any concern that he

would be sanctioned under Rule 3.6.      Brief for Appellant at 74.    Appellant

asserts Mr. Hogan “has elevated increasing public condemnation and

opprobrium to a calculated art-form” and proceeds to highlight statements Mr.

Hogan allegedly made in other high profile cases.    Id. at 76-79.

       The trial court stated its reasons for entering the Special Order herein

as follows:



                                     - 32 -
J-S72041-17


             There is little guidance as to the standard of review when
     addressing a court's order limiting extrajudicial statements by
     counsel. It has been previously determined that court imposed
     "limitations on the speech of attorneys involved in pending
     litigation, even when such limitations are prior restraints on the
     attorney's First Amendment rights, will be constitutional if the
     prohibited speech is limited to that which contains a substantial
     likelihood of material prejudice to an adjudicatory proceeding."
     Commonwealth v. Lambert, 723 A.2d 684, 686 (Pa.Super. 1998).
     It is also appropriate to limit speech when the limitation "does not
     constrain the access to or the publication of a trial's events,
     testimony, or evidence." Id. When these guidelines are met, the
     limitation on speech has been found to be constitutionally
     acceptable.
             Appellant filed a Motion for Special Order Prohibiting
     Extrajudicial Prosecutorial Statements on April 30, 2015. In his
     Motion, Appellant averred that:

       Thomas P. Hogan, Esquire, acting as District Attorney of
       Chester County, undertook a calculated campaign of
       extrajudicial statements designed and intended to unfairly
       prejudice [Appellant]... . [He] caused his assistant ... to issue
       a Press Release to local outlets[] [t]hat ... included numerous
       false and misleading statements, calculated to impair the
       [Appellant's] right to a fair and impartial trial, which had ... a
       substantial likelihood of increasing public opprobrium of the
       accused. For example, the statement includes ...

         'This was no way for any person to die. If somebody
         treated an animal so shamefully, everybody would be
         horrified. The fact that it happened to an elderly man,
         and was caused by the man's own son, is inexcusable.'

     (See Appellant's Motion for Special Order, 04/30/15). The Chester
     County District Attorney, Thomas P. Hogan, also made the
     following references:

       This was a death without dignity....

       [The decedent] was put in a back bedroom to rot....

       [W]hat we often see in these cases is the parent is just not
       dying fast enough, so somebody starts taking money, and
       not caring for their parents. Id.

                                    - 33 -
J-S72041-17



        One of the headlines stated "Son Left Dad to Rot." (NBC News
     10, Alison Burdo, 04/2015). Appellant's counsel responded to the
     above statements in the press and his client's position was also
     reported by the media, including his opinion that Mr. Hogan was
     effectuating "trial by press release." (Chadds Ford Live, Kathleen
     Brady Shea, 04/29/15). Appellant requested that the court issue
     an order limiting extrajudicial statements by the Commonwealth
     as authorized by Pa.R.Crim.P. 110, and we did. We found there
     was no need for a hearing as the facts averred by Appellant's
     counsel were readily available for the court to review in the local
     paper and news outlets. We found that Mr. Hogan's statements
     had a substantial likelihood of heightening public condemnation
     for Appellant.4 (Pa.R.P.C. 3.8, Special Responsibilities of a
     Prosecutor).
        Appellant's objection to the Order is that it applied to the
     defense as well as the prosecution. Appellant now argues that he
     and his counsel were deprived of their First Amendment right to
     free speech by the court's May 1, 2015 Order. The Order stated in
     part:
        Counsel for [Appellant] and counsel for the Commonwealth
        are precluded from public comment about this case except in
        accordance with Rule 3.6 of the Rules of Professional
        Conduct.
            Rule 3.6 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Professional Conduct
     ("Rule 3.6") sets forth the limits of extrajudicial comments related
     to trial publicity. All counsel are bound by the ethical mandates of
     Rule 3.6. We found it necessary to remind counsel of their ethical
     obligations. We did not preclude Appellant nor his counsel from
     exercising their right to free speech. Defense counsel was free to
     respond to any comments he felt necessary to protect his client
     from undue prejudice, so long as those comments did not violate
     Rule 3.6.
            Additionally, paragraph 4 of the Order stated that counsel
     should advise the parties and witnesses about the possible
     consequences of making extrajudicial statements during the
     course of trial and jury selection. This paragraph reminded counsel
     and the parties that extrajudicial statements have real
     consequences, i.e. the delay of trial proceedings and extended
     jury selection due to media coverage of extrajudicial statements
     prejudicing the general jury pool, influencing the opinions and
     recollections of witnesses, etc. A determination to see if there was
     improper intrusion into Appellant's and his counsel's free speech
     rights must be made using the entire record. Commonwealth v.

                                    - 34 -
J-S72041-17


       Lambert, 723 A.2d 684 (Pa.Super. 1998), citing Gentile v. State
       Bar of Nevada, 501 U.S. 1030, 1038 (1991).
              At the time the Order was issued, the court was fully aware
       that the relationship between Appellant's defense counsel and the
       Chester County District Attorney's Office, specifically District
       Attorney Thomas Hogan, was markedly hostile. Therefore, we
       structured our Order in a manner that would not restrain freedom
       of speech but would motivate both counsel to follow the
       Professional Rules of Conduct, and heighten the parties'
       awareness of how an extrajudicial comment can adversely affect
       their own trial interests in a negative manner. The Order was
       issued to enforce the court's intent to have a speedy, impartial,
       and fair trial for all the parties involved. We considered the
       balancing which must be done between an individual's
       constitutional rights to free speech and a fair trial. These two
       rights must be balanced in the realm of a criminal trial.
              It was our duty to protect this criminal trial from improper
       outside influences and it was not error to do so by executing our
       May 1, 2015 Order. See Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U.S. 333, 362-
       63 (1966); Gannett Co. v. DePasquale, 443 U.S. 368, 378 (1979)
       (noting that "a trial judge has an affirmative constitutional duty to
       minimize the effects of prejudicial publicity.")
              Appellant's issue with this court's Order was again
       addressed by Appellant when he filed a Motion to Vacate Prior
       Order, and for Special Order Prohibiting Extrajudicial Prosecutorial
       Statements on February 25, 2016 after the conclusion of the first
       jury trial. The Commonwealth filed a response and a hearing was
       held on March 24, 2016.[8] We took the matter under advisement
       and denied the Appellant's Motion to Vacate our May 1, 2015
       Order. We found nothing new that would assuage our earlier
       conclusion that extrajudicial statements posed a substantial risk
       of prejudicing the parties and the potential jurors prior to the
       commencement of the re -trial of this case in June 2016. If
       anything, our concern increased as a result of the bickering in
       which both counsel engaged during the February 2016
       proceedings. The court did not wish that type of "tit for tat" to
       take place in a public forum possibly influencing prospective jurors
       and witnesses. We continue to find that our action in issuing the
       Order requiring compliance with Rule 3.6 by both parties helped


____________________________________________


8 A transcript of this hearing, if one was prepared, has not been provided for
this Court’s review as part of the certified record.

                                          - 35 -
J-S72041-17


      secure a fair and impartial jury to hear Appellant's case in June
      2016.
      ___

      4 There was no objection made by the Commonwealth to our
      entering the May 1, 2015 Order.

Trial Court Opinion, filed 1/20/17, at 9-13.

          Upon our review of the record, we find no error. Significantly, although

Appellant generally avers he was caused harm and that his constitutional

rights were violated by the trial court’s May 1, 2015, Order, in fact, the trial

court’s Order sought to prevent either side from thwarting Appellant’s

constitutional right to assemble a fair and impartial jury. Indeed, had the trial

court given defense counsel an unfettered ability to comment about

Appellant’s case in the press, the opposite would have been the case.

Moreover, any such statements would have been inapposite to Appellant’s

trial, for the trial court instructed the jurors to consider only the evidence

presented at trial during its deliberations and explained that statements of

counsel do not constitute evidence. N.T. Trial, 6/29/16, at 1535, 1540. As

the trial court stressed, its Order did not prevent Appellant from exercising his

right to free speech but rather permitted each party to do so as long as any

comments did not violate the Pennsylvania Rules of Professional Conduct.

          Also, Appellant urges us to consider statements Attorney Hogan

allegedly made in other matters.       It is axiomatic in Pennsylvania that “[a]n

appellate court may consider only the facts which have been duly certified in

the record on appeal.” Commonwealth v. Young, 456 Pa. 102, 115, 317

                                       - 36 -
J-S72041-17


A.2d 258, 264, (1974); Pa.R.A.P. 1921 (providing that the certified record on

appeal consists of the “original papers and exhibits filed in the lower court,

paper copied of legal papers filed with the prothonotary by means of electronic

filing, the transcript of proceedings, if any, and a certified copy of the docket

entries prepared by the clerk of the lower court.. . . ”). As such, these

references are irrelevant to our consideration of the matters raised in the

instant appeal, and to the extent they were discussed at the March 24, 2016,

hearing, we cannot consider them, for we have not received a transcript of

that proceeding.

       For all of the foregoing reasons, Appellant’s claims fail, and we affirm

the judgment of sentence.

       Judgment of sentence affirmed. We direct the parties to attach a copy

of the trial court opinion in the event of further proceedings.

               Judge Musmanno joins the majority.

               PJE Bender Concurs in the Result.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 11/27/2017




                                     - 37 -
                                                                   Circulated 11/13/2017 10:25 AM




      COMMONWEALTH OF                        IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
        PENNSYLVANIA                         CHE�TER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

                v.                              NOS.: CP-15-CR-0003361-2015
                                                      CP-15-CR-00017 43-2015
   EDWARD J. O'BRIEN, Ill
                                        CONSOLIDATED:


Nicholas J. Casenta, Jr., Esq. for the Commonwealth
Joseph P. Green, Esq. for Appellant


                                 RULE 1925(a) OPINION
                                                                                     '
BY:    WHEATCRAFT, J.                                          JANUARY 20, 2017

       Edward J. O'Brien, l!I ("Appellant'') appeals this court's August 17, 2016

judg�ent of sentence. Appellant was found guilty of Murder of the Third Degree (18

Pa.C.S. §2502(c)) and other charges related to the death of his father, Edward J.

O'Brien, Jr. ("the decedent").

       Appellant sets forth 11 errors in his Concise Statement of Errors Complained of

on Appeal ("Concise Statement"): (1) The trial court erred in concluding there was

sufficient evidence to prove Appellant had any duty to act; (2) The trial court erred in

concluding there was sufficient evidence to prove Appellant's act(s) or culpable

omission{s) caused the decedent's death and/or other harm; (3) The trial court erred in

instructing the jury that Appellant had the burden to show it was the decedent's wishes

that Appellant not act, in violation of his state and federal constitutional rights; (4) The

trial court erred in excluding a prospective juror for cause due to the juror stating he

"thought police officers had an interest in the outcome of the charges that they filed"; (5)

The trial court erred in granting Appellant's Motion for Special Relief Prohibiting

Extrajudicial Prosecutorial Statements without a hearing, and entering an Order
prohibiting both parties from making extrajudicial statements in violation of Appellant's

First and Sixth Amendment rights to make curative public comment; (6) The trial court

erred in instructing the jury that Appellant could be found guUty on any affirmative act

"when there was no evidence to establish that any affirmative act was the legal cause of
          12
death":   •    (7) The trial court erred in denying Appellant's Motion in Limine to exclude

Appellant's statements; (8) The trial court erred in excluding statements of the

decedent, and statements made by Appellant to the decedent, related to the decedent's

"desires regarding medical treatment"; (9) The trial court erred in excludinqstatements,

relevant to the issue of seclusion, made by Appellant to his neighbor "regarding the

decedent's condition and treatment offered"; (10) The trial court erred in not finding

    Appellant has waived this claim in that his "Defendant's Memorandum of Law in Opposition
to Commonwealth Request for Jury Instructions, and in Support of Defendant's Motions in
Limine," filed February 8, 2016 includes Appellant's requested jury instruction for "Duty to Act"
and specifically contains the language to which he is now objecting. Additionally, there is no
objection to that specific language found anywhere in the transcript from the June 2016 trial.
2
    Appellant also suggests that his claim of error, related to establishing a criminal act, is
supported by the "judgment of acquittal [being] granted on the 'acts' theory during the
[appellant's] first trial." (Appellant's Consolidated Concise Statement of Matters Complained of
on Appeal, 11/01/16, p. 2, par. 6). This claim is not addressed in this Opinion for the folloWing
reasons:

        (1) Appellant misstates the legal posture of this case prior to the June 20, 2016 jury trial.
            There is no past "judgment of acquittal" in the record. The first jury trial in February
            2016 concluded in a mistrial resulting from that jury's inability to reach a verdict on
            any of the charges; and

       (2) This claim, as stated, is obscure and too vague to permit the court to opine upon it.
           Appellant fails to set forth specific facts or law to allow a meaningful review by the
           court in this Opinion.

    A Concise Statement is required by Pa.R.A.P. 1925{b) to insure "trial judges in each
appealed case the opportunity to opine upon the issues which an appellant intends to raise, and
thus provide appellate courts with records amenable to meaningful appellate review."
Commonwealth v. Castillo, 888 A.2d 775, 779 (Pa. 2005). A Concise Statement that is "too
vague to allow the court to identify the issues raised on appeal is the functional equivalent of no
Concise Statement at all." Commonwealth v. Dowling,.,    778 A.2d 683, 686-87 (Pa. Super. 2001) .
Therefore, this claim of error is deemed waived on appeal and is not addressed in this Opinion.
Id. at 687.


                                                                                          Page 2 of 66
prosecutorial misconduct during closing statements when the prosecutor questioned

Appellant's feelings for his father that could allow Appellant to "let his father suffer like

that"; and (11) The court erred in "imposing a manifestly unreasonable sentence and in

applying the Sentencing Guidelines in an automatic fashion." (Appellant's Consolidated

Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal, 11/01/16). For the reasons set

forth below, we find no errors were made.

                                PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       This case has a complex procedural history. On or about April 24, 2015, Appellant

was charged with the following offenses:

          1. Involuntary Manslaughter (18 Pa.C.S.A. §2504(a)),

          2. Recklessly Endangering another Person (18 Pa.C.S.A. §2705),

          3. Murder of the Third Degree (18 Pa.C.S.A. §2502(c)),

          4. Theft by Unlawful Taking-Movable Property (18 Pa.C.S.A. .§3921(a)), and

          5. Receiving Stolen Property (18 Pa.C.S.A §3925(a))

The offenses of Murder of the Third Degree, Theft by Unlawful Taking-Movable

Property, and Receiving Stolen Property were dismissed by a Magisterial District

Justice after a preliminary hearing on May 11 ·• 2015. The offenses of Involuntary

Manslaughter and Recklessly Endangering another Person were held for trial and

docketed at CP-15-CR-0001743-2015 in the Court of Common Pleas.

      On August 3, 2015, the Commonwealth re-filed the offense of Murder of the Third

Degree pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 544(8) and added the offense of Aggravated Assault

(18 Pa.C.S.A. §2702(a)(1)). The Commonwealth did not re-file the property offenses.

The Murder and Aggravated Assault charges were held for trial after another preliminary

hearing at a different Magisterial District Court on September 22, 2015. These charges

                                                                                   Page 3 of 66
were docketed in the Court of Common Pleas at CP-15-CR-0003361-2015. Appellant

waived arraiqnment in both cases, the matters were consolidated, and scheduled for

trial before this court. Prior to trial, Appellant and the Commonwealth filed multiple pre-

trial motions, some of which are the subject of Appellant's Concise Statement.

         The first jury trial started February 16, 2016 and concluded with a mistrial due to

a hung jury on February 24, 2016. Pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 600, a second jury_ trial

was scheduled to begin within 120 days, in June 2016. The jury for the second trial was

selected on June 20, 2016 and      a   verdict was reached on June 30, 2016. Appellant was

found guilty of all charges: Murder of the Third Degree, Aggravated Assault, Involuntary

Manslaughter, and Recklessly Endangering another Person.

         A Pre-Sentence Investigation was completed and a sentence of 5-10 years was

imposed August 17, 2016 on the Murder charge. No sentence was imposed on the

other offenses. On August 23, 2016, Appellant filed a timely Notice of Appeal and we

issued a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) Order. On November 2, 20163, Appellant filed a Concise

Statement.

                            ERRORS CLAIMED BY APPELLANT

         In his Concise Statement, Appellant sets forth 11 errors. For purposes of discussion

and analysis we address Appellant's claims as nine issues:

    I.   The court erred in granting Appellant's Motion for Special Order Prohibiting

         Extrajudicial Prosecutorial Statements and sue sponte extending it to Appellant

         without a hearing, and entering an Order precluding Appellant and defense counsel

         from making extrajudicial statements in response to the prosecution's initial

                                                                   t
3
   We granted Appellant's request for leave to amend his initial Concise Statement to allow him
sufficient time to review the lengthy transcripts.


                                                                                      Page 4 or66
        extrajudicial statements.

  II.   The court erred in denying Appellant's pre-trial motion in limine to exclude

        Appellant's statements.

 Ill.   The court erred in stri�ing a juror for cause in response to the juror stating he

        thought police officers had an interest in the outcome of the charges that they filed.

 IV.    The court erred in its legal conclusion that Appellant had a legal duty to provide

        physical and medical care for the decedent.

 V.     The court erred in excluding the following evidence:

           A. the decedent's statements to Appellant related to the decedent's desires

               regarding his medical treatment,

            B. Appellant's statements to the decedent related to the decedent's desires

               regarding his medical treatment,

           C. Appellant's statements to Marie Henry, Appellant's neighbor, regarding the

               decedent's medical condition and treatment as it related to the issue of

               Appellant's alleged seclusion of the decedent.

VI.     Appellant was denied a fair trial due to prosecutorial misconduct during closing

        arguments when the prosecutor referenced Appellant's "complex psychology" and

        Appellant's possible "deep resentment, hatred, whatever it may have been, that

        would have caused [Appellant] to let his father suffer like this."

VII.    The evidence was insufficient to establish, beyond a reasonable doubt,

           A. that Appellant had any duty to act,

           B. that any act or culpable omission of the Appellant was the legal cause of                  I
                                                                                                     ,   I

               death a'nd/or other harm to the decedent.
                                                                                                         I
                                                                                                         I
                                                                                                         I


                                                                                      Page S of 66
VIII.   The courterred in giving an affirmative defense instruction and placing the burden

        to show "no duty" on the Appellant.

 IX.    The court erred in imposing a "manifestly unreasonable sentence", and applying the

        Sentencing Guidelines "in an automatic fashion."

                                           FACTS

        The evidence presented at trial established the following facts: On September 8,

2013, officers responded to a 911 call at Appellant's home. Appellant had called reporting

that his father had stopped breathing. Upon arriving at the home, Appellant called the

officers upstairs. Officers testified that the odor of feces grew stronger the closer they

came to the decedent's bedroom. In the decedent's bedroom it was over-powering.

Officers found Appellant and Appellant's partner, Mr. Rashid, in the bedroom with the body

of the decedent. The decedent was clothed only in a tee shirt and appeared malnourished.

There were feces on the body and very large, deep, black sores evident on several areas

of the decedent's body. Dried feces were observed dripping down the side of the bed box

spring, on the seat and arms of the only small chair in the room, on the nightstand next to

the bed, and on the carpet. The patrol officers were concerned about the circumstances

they found and called a detective to the scene for further investigation.

        Through an interview with Appellant on the same day, September 8, 2013, it was

determined that the decedent had been living with Appellant since May 2011. The

decedent had been brought to Appellant's home by Appellant, from the Cooper River West

Skilled Nursing Facility ("Cooper River") in New Jersey. Prior to Cooper River, the

decedent had been hospitalized after being injured when he fell in his Collingswood, NJ

home.

        Through further investigation, detectives discovered that prior to being moved to

                                                                                   Page 6 of 66
Appellant's home; the decedent lived on his own in Collingswood and had seen his

physician very regularly since the 1970's. He had been prescribed various medications to

treat his conqestive heart failure and other conditions. While not perfectly compliant with

his medication regimen; the decedent had been taking prescribed medications and seeing

his doctor very regularly for many, many years. Appellant told the detective that the

decedent had seen a physician only once after being moved to Appellant's home and that

was in October 2011 when the decedent had complained for over an hour of chest pain

and Appellant decided to do as his father was requesting, and took him to the hospital.

       Appellant testified to the fact that other than the one trip to the hospital in October

2011, the decedent had left the second floor bedroom on only one other occasion during

the two and a half years he lived there. The decedent had managed to get downstairs and

out of the house while he was home alone in the spring of 2012. He was found by

Appellant's neighbor on her porch. He was asking her to call a cab so that he could return

to his own home in Collingswood, NJ.

       Appellant testified that at the time he took his father from Cooper River to his home,

in May 2011, Appellant had received instructions from his father's treatment providers at

Cooper River that his father needed around the clock care and could not be left alone.

Appellant was also given documentation and prescriptions for his father to continue his

treatment for his medical conditions. In October 2011, when the decedent was taken to the

Chester County Hospital's emergency room for his complaints of chest pain, the nursing

records indicated that the decedent's appearance was dirty and unkempt. His groin was

excoriated and there were dried feces on his buttocks; there was food in his hair. Appellant

admitted to the doctor treating his father that he was having difficulty providing the care his

father needed, by himself. The doctor prescribed a home health care agency to assist

                                                                                      Page 7 of66
    Appellant. The decedent was again discharged with medications and was instructed to

    follow up with his primary care physician. During his interview on September 8, 2013,

    when asked by the detective if Chester County Hospital had wanted the decedent on any

    medications, Appellant answered, "No."

           The home health care agency recommended by the hospital doctor visited

    Appellant's home on one occasion for an assessment; and a treatment plan was prepared.

    Through testimony, it became clear that the nurses were never able to treat the decedent

    after that initial visit, though attempts were made on at least five occasions to visit the

    decedent. Appellant did not arrange a time for them to help care for his father.

           Appellant indicated that his father started deteriorating six months prior to his death;

    and that at about four weeks before his death, the decedent started to develop bedsores.

    At that point, the decedent was rarely out of the twin bed where he was propped up with

    pillows. There was no hospital bed, no air mattress, no comfortable chair in the decedent's

    bedroom. Appellant tried to treat the bedsores with soap and water, hydrogen peroxide,

    bandages, and Neosporin, but the incontinence his father had been experiencing

    continued and the sores worsened over the four weeks before his father's death.

           When asked by the detective why Appellant hadn't secured medical care for his

    father, particularly when he saw him deteriorating the six months before his death,

    Appellant said, "Frankly, I figured he was 92 years old." (Comm. Exh. 30A, p. 20, II. 29-32).

    When asked why he didn't take him to the doctor, Appellant said, "I don't think he really

    wanted to go." Id. at p.15, I. 28. When asked if that was a decision the decedent and

    Appellant discussed, he responded, "I - there wasn't really any discussion." Id. at p. 47, I.

•   42 - p. 48, I. 1. When speaking of the worsening bedsores, Appellant stated, " ... they

    were of a point where, hmmm, I knew that I had to do something about it and sooner

                                                                                         Page 8 of 66
rather than later .... I figured I really have to take him to the doctor but I hadn't decided to

do that just yet because it would really be- I just hadn't decided to do that yet." Id. at p. 21

II. 33-34, p. 21, I. 45 - p. 22, I. 1. On the day of his father's death, during the one hour and

10 minute interview with the detective in his dining room, when asked on several

occasions about the lack of physician care and the lack of prescribed medications for his

father, Appellant never indicated that his father refused medical care or medications.

                                        DISCUSSION

                          I.   Order Relating to Extrajudicial Statements

   Appellant's first issue complained of on appeal is that the court erred in granting

Appellant's Motion for Special Order Prohibiting Extrajudicial Prosecutorial Statements,

sua sponte extending it to Appellant without a hearing, and entering an Order precluding

Appellant arid his defense counsel from making extrajudicial statements in response to the

prosecution's initial extrajudicial statements.

   There is little guidance as to the standard of review when addressing a court's order

limiting extrajudicial statements by counsel. It has been previously determined that court

imposed "limitations on the speech of attorneys involved in pending litigation, even

when such limitations are prior restraints on the attorney's First Amendment rights, will

be constitutional if the prohibited speech is limited to that which contains a substantial

likelihood of material prejudice to an adjudicatory proceeding." Commonwealth                  v.
Lambert, 723 A.2d 684, 686 (Pa.Super. 1998). It is also appropriate to limit speech

when the limitation "does not constrain the access to or the publication of a trial's

events, testimony, or evidence." Id. When these guidelines are met, the limitation on

speech has been found to be constitutionally acceptable:



                                                                                      Page 9 of 66
       Appellant filed a Motion for Special Order Prohibiting Extrajudicial Prosecutorial

Statements on April 30, 2015. In his Motion, Appellant averred that:

              Thomas P. Hogan, Esquire, acting as District Attorney of
              Chester County, undertook a calculated campaign of
              extrajudicial statements designed and intended to unfairly
              prejudice (Appellant] .... [He] caused his assistant ... to issue a
              Press Release to local outlets[) [t]hat . . . included numerous
              false and misleading statements, calculated to impair the
              [Appellant's] right to a fair and impartial trial, which had .. . a
              substantial likelihood of increasing public opprobrium of the
              accused. For example, the statement includes ...

                    'This was no way for any person to die. If
                    somebody treated an animal so shamefully,
                    everybody would be horrified. The fact that it
                    happened to an elderly man, and was caused by
                    the man's own son, is inexcusable.'

(See Appellant's Motion for Special Order, 04/30/15). The Chester County District

Attorney, Thomas P. Hogan, also made the following references:

             This was a death without dignity ....

             [The decedent) was put in a back bedroom to rot. ...

             [W]hat we often see in these cases is the parent is just not dying
             fast enough, so somebody starts taking money, and not caring
             for their parents. Id.

      One of the headlines stated "Son Left Dad to Rot." (NBC News10, Alison Burdo,

04/2015). Appellant's counsel responded to the above statements in the press and his

client's position was also reported by the media, including his opinion that Mr. Hogan

was effectuating "trial by press release." (Chadds Ford Live, Kathleen Brady Shea,

04/29/15).   Appellant requested that the court issue an order limiting extrajudicial

statements by the Commonwealth as authorized by Pa.R.Crim.P. 110, and we did. We

found there was no need for a hearing as the facts averred by Appellant's counsel were

readily available for the court to review in the local paper and news outlets. We found

                                                                                    Page 10 of 66
that Mr. Hogan's statements had a substantial likelihood of heightening public

condemnation for Appellant.4 (Pa.R.P.C. 3.8, Special Responsibilities of a Prosecutor).

         Appellant's objection to the Order is that it applied to the defense as well as the

prosecution. Appellant now argues that he and his counsel were deprived of their First

Amendment right to free speech by the court's May 1, 2015 Order. The Order stated in

part:

                Counsel for [Appellant] and counsel for the Commonwealth are
                precluded from public comment about this case except in
                accordance with Rule 3.6 of the Rules of Professional Conduct.


          Rule 3.6 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Professional Conduct ("Rule 3.6") sets

forth the limits of extrajudicial comments related to trial publicity. All counsel are bound

by the ethical mandates of Rule 3.6. We found it necessary to remind counsel of their

ethical obligations. We did not preclude Appellant nor his counsel from exercising their

right to free speech. Defense counsel was free to respond to any comments he felt

necessary to protect his client from undue prejudice, so long as those comments did not

violate Rule 3.6.

         Additionally, paragraph 4 of the Order stated that counsel should advise the

parties and witnesses about the possible consequences of making extrajudicial

statements during the course of trial and jury selection. This paragraph reminded

counsel and the parties that extrajudicial statements have real consequences, Le. the

delay of trial proceedings and extended jury selection due to media coverage of

extrajudicial statements prejudicing the general jury pool, influencing the opinions and           I
recollections of witnesses, etc. A determination to see if there was improper intrusion

4
    There was no objection made by the Commonwealth to our entering the May 1, 2015 Order.


                                                                                   Page 11 or 66
into Appellant's and his counsel's free speech rights must be made using the entire

record. Commonwealth v. Lambert, 723 A.2d 684 (Pa.Super. 1998), citing Gentile v.

State Bar of Nevada, 501 U.S. 1030, 1038 (1991).

        At the time the Order was issued, the court was fully aware that the relationship

between Appellant's defense counsel and the Chester County District Attorney's Office,

specifically District Attorney Thomas Hogan, was markedly hostile. Therefore, we

structured our Order in a manner that would not restrain freedom of speech but would

motivate both counsel to follow the Professional Rules of Conduct, and heighten the

parties' awareness of how an extrajudicial comment can adversely affect their own trial

interests in a negative manner. The Order was issued to enforce the court's intent to

have a speedy, impartial, and fair trial for all the parties involved. We considered the

balancing which must be done between an individual's constitutional rights to free

speech and a fair trial. These two rights must be balanced in the realm of a criminal trial.

        It was our duty to protect this criminal trial from improper outside influences and it

was not error to do so by executing our May 1. 2015 Order. See Sheppard v. Maxwell,

384 U.S. 333, 362-63 (1966); Gannett Co. v. DePasquale. 443 U.S. 368. 378

(1979)(noting that "a trial judge has an affirmative constitutional duty to minimize the

effects of prejudicial publicity.")

       Appellant's issue with this court's Order was again addressed by Appellant when

he filed a Motion to Vacate Prior Order, and for Special Order Prohibiting Extrajudicial

Prosecutorial Statements on February 25. 2016 after the conclusion of the first jury trial.

The Commonwealth filed a response and a hearing was held on March 24, 2016. We

took the matter under advisement and denied the Appellant's Motion to Vacate our May

1 , 2015 Order. We found nothing new that would assuage our earlier conclusion that

                                                                                   Page 12 of 66
extrajudicial statements posed a substantial risk of prejudicing the parties and the

potential jurors prior to the commencement of the re-trial of this case in June 2016. If

anything, our concern increased as a result of the bickering in which both counsel

engaged during the February 2016 proceedings. The court did not wish that type of "tit

for tat" to take place in a public forum possibly influencing prospective jurors and

witnesses. We continue to find that our action in issuing the Order requiring compliance

with Rule 3.6 by both parties helped secure a fair and impartial jury to hear Appellant's

case in June 2016.

                           II. Denial of Appellant's Motion in Limine
                                 to Exclude Appellant's Statements

   Appellant claims the court erred in denying Appellant's pre-trial motion in limine to

exclude Appellant's statements pursuant to the corpus delicti rule. On February 8, 2016,

Appellant filed a motion in limine setting forth four requests, however this issue is the

only one of those requests raised for purposes of this appeal. The standard of review on

challenges to an evidentiary ruling is limited to a determination of whether the trial court

abused its discretion. Commonwealth v. Young, 904 A.2d 947, 956 (Pa.Super. 2006),

appeal denied, 916 A.2d 633 (Pa. 2006), (quoting Commonwealth v. Rivera, 828 A.2d

1094, 1103-04, n. 10 (Pa.Super. 2003) appeal denied, 842 A.2d 406 (Pa. 2004)).

      Appellant argued in his pre-trial motion that any statements made by Appellant

prior to his arrest should be excluded from the evidence to be presented at trial.

Appellant alleged that the Commonwealth was not going to be able to meet its burden

to show sufficient evidence of a crime. We did not agree and denied Appellant's

request.




                                                                                  Page 13 of 66
         The corpus delicti rule requires that the Commonwealth present evidence that is

sufficient to satisfy the trial court that a crime has occurred, i.e. that it is more likely than

not that a crime has occurred. Commonwealth v. Hernandez, 39 A.3d 406 (Pa.Super.

2012). The trial court may wait until the end of the case to make its determination as to

whether the jury can consider the statement. Commonwealth v. Cuevas, 61 A.3d 292,

295 (Pa.Super. 2013). citing Commonwealth v, Hogans, 400 Pa.Super. 606, 584 A.2d

347, 349 (1990).

         We found that this burden was likely to be met by the end of trial. During pre-trial

proceedings the court viewed the pictures depicting the condition of the decedent's

body. Those photos were compelling in that the decedent had several large. black

bedsores, some showing decay almost to the bone. The pictures also showed that the

decedent's body was covered in feces and provided evidence tending to show that the

decedent had been malnourished. The officers, responding to the 911 call placed by

Appellant. represented that there was a foul stench emanating from the decedent's

bedroom where they found him in the midst of his own feces. We found these facts

supported a finding that a crime had been, more likely than not, committed. It is not

required that Appellant's statement encompasses an admission to each element of the

crime.    Commonwealth       v.   Buck,   626 A.2d     176    (Pa.Super.    1993)    (overruling

Commonwealth       v. Palmer, 402 A.2d 530 (Pa.Super. 1979)). A determination as to

whether Appellant was criminally responsible for the decedent's death or harm is also

not a component of the rule. Buck, supra; see also Commonwealth v. Tessef, 500 A.2d

144 (Pa.Super. 1985)(proof of the identity of the perpetrator is not required by the

corpus delicti rule). That determination is for the· jury to make, beyond a reasonable



                                                                                      Page 14 of 66
doubt. Accordingly, we find no error in determining that the corpus delicti rule did not

require the exclusion of Appellant's statements5 to law enforcement officers.

                             Ill. Striking Prospective Juror for Cause

       Appellant alleges that the trial court erred in striking a prospective juror for cause at

the· Commonwealth's request, over his objection. When determining the appropriateness

of striking a juror, the trial court must examine whether the prospective juror demonstrated

a likelihood of prejudice by conduct or answers to the questions posed. It "depends upon

the answers and demeanor of the potential juror as observed by the trial judge" whether

striking is appropriate. Reversal of the trial court's detennination is warranted only "in the

case of palpable error." Commonwealth       v. Johnson, 445 A.2d 509, 512 (Pa.Super. 1982)

(quoting Commonwealth v. Colon, 299 A.2d 326, 328 (Pa.Super. 1972); Commonwealth v.

Stevens, 739 A.2d 507 (Pa. 1999)).

       Appellant claims that the trial court erred in striking Juror No. 80 for cause from the

prospective jury panel. The test for whether a prospective juror should be stricken for

cause is whether the juror is willing to put aside any biases or prejudices and whether the

juror will follow the proper instructions of the court. Commonwealth v. Briggs, 12 A.3d 291

(Pa. 2011), petition for cert. filed (U.S. June 29, 2011). During voir dire, the trial court was

focused on examining all prospective jurors for their ability to render a fair and just verdict

in accordance with the testimony presented during trial.

       Voir dire of the juror panel was handled individually with the trial judge and counsel



5
    We note that much of Appellant's statement to law enforcement was not inculpatory or
material to the prosecution's case and thus not protected by the corpus delicti rule.
Commonweelti: v. vetticelli. 706 A.2d 820 (Pa. 1998) (rejecting Superior Court conclusion that
rule applies to all material statements) (abrogated on other grounds by Commonwealth v.
Taylor, 831 A.2d 587 (Pa. 2003)).
present: Each counsel was given full and fair opportunities to ask questions of the panel

members .. Juror No. 80 was questioned by the prosecutor, Deputy District Attorney Ronald

C. Yen:

                Yen:            I just have a question. On the questionnaire you
                                answered you were more inclined to disbelieve a
                                police officer just because it's a police officer. Do
                                you remember that?
      Juror No. 80:             Yes
                Yen:            Do you still look at things that way?
      Juror No. 80:             Well, it's about, you know, conflict of interest type
                                situation. People in authority should be held to
                                higher scrutiny. That's what I believe. Goes no
                                further than that.


     Juror No. 80:              ... Things don't go the right way with an arrest·or
                                something like that, in my opinion they may be more
                                likely to bend the truth. That's my only consideration
                               with that.
(N.T., 06/20/16, Vol. I, p. 158, II. 6-25).


                Yen:            . . . I do understand that one has a view that police
                               officers should be held to a higher standard.
     Juror No. 80:             Yes.
               Yen:             But it doesn't necessarily follow that they would be
                               more likely not to be truthful or does it to you?
     Juror No. 80:     ·       Well, to me [it) depends on the situation.
(N.T., 06/20/16, Vol. I, p. 159, II. 1-7).


     Juror No. 80:             Well, basically you have certain interests   as a police
                               officer that you wouldn't have if you were not a


                                                                                          Page 16 of 66
                               police officer. That's the distinction.
(N.T., 06/20/16, Vol. J, p. 160, II. 14-16).


       Juror No. 80 did not give a complete answer. The trial court determined that Juror

80 would most likely not be able to put aside his belief that a police officer would lie if the

officer believed lying would help secure a conviction. We found his manner and speech

pattern to be hesitant and conflicted. It was clear to this jurist that Juror No. 80 could not

give a clear assurance that he would be able to put aside his prejudice and bias against a

police officer's self-interests until he heard the facts of the case, and at that point, it would

be too late to impanel a fair jury. We do not find it was an abuse of discretion to strike Juror

No. 80 over Appellant's objection.

                                  IV. Appellant's Legal Duty to Act

       Appellant claims we erred, as a matter of law, in allowing the offenses charged to

go to the jury for determination. Appellant argues that each of the crimes require the

commission of an "act" of which there was no evidence. It was our determination that an

"act" is not required by the Criminal Code, when there is an omission or failure to act

relative to a legal duty.      See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §301 (Requirement of Voluntary Act).

Appellant submits that 18 Pa. C.S.A. §301 (2) requires the finding of a legal duty imposed

by law, and that although Appellant may have had a moral duty to care for his elderly

father, there is no duty imposed by law which obligated him to take care of his father. As

a result, he suggests there is no criminal liability for the quality of care, or lack of care,

he provided his father prior to his death.

       We addressed this issue pre-trial and made an initial determination of whether
                        •
Appellant had a legal duty to care for his father. Walters v. UPMC Presbyterian



                                                                                      Page 17 of 66
  Shadyside, 144 A.3d 104 (Pa.Super. 2016) (whether a legal duty of care exists is a

 question of law to be determined initially by the trial court), citing Winschel v. Jain, 925

 A.2d 782, 796 (Pa.Super. 2007); Sharpe v. St. Luke's Hosp., 821 A.2d 1215, 1219 (Pa.

 2003). We looked to civil tort law and found that the legal duty relating to caring for a

 helpless person, such as the decedent presented in this case, is addressed by the

 Restatement of the Law-Torts §324, Duty of One Who Takes Charge of Another Who is

 Helpless (1965)("Restatement §324"). Restatement §324 was accepted and enforced in

 the Commonwealth as early as 1955 in Karavas v. Poulos, 113 A.2d 300 (Pa. 1955).

 Restatement §324 states:

               One who, being under no duty to do so, takes charge of another
               who is helpless to adequately aid or protect himself is subject to the
               other for any bodily harm to him by:
                   (a) The failure of the actor to exercise reasonable care to secure
                   the safety of the other while within the actor's charge, or
                   (b) The actor's discontinuing his aid or protection, if by so doing
                   he leaves the other in a worse position than when the actor took
                   charge of him.
 (Restatement of the Law-Torts §324, Duty of One Who Takes Charge of Another

 Who is Helpless (1965)("Restatement §324")).

        The facts presented in this case support a finding that Appellant had a civil legal

 duty to provide his father with care. The discharge documents given to Appellant at the

 time he removed his father from Cooper River in May 2011, clearly indicated that the

. decedent needed care and supervision 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Appellant

 testified that he had discussions with the social worker at Cooper River about the need

 for the decedent to either be in a skilled nursing facility or have around the clock care   at
 home. The discharge instructions also included a list of medications prescribed for the

                                                                                  Page 18 of 66
decedent. Again, in October 2011, an emergency room doctor at Chester County

Hospital prescribed in-home nursing care and a number of medications to address the

decedent's medical conditions. In both instances, Appellant was also instructed that he

needed to follow up with his father's primary care physician.

        Appellant knew about the medical and physical care his father required at the .

time he originally removed his father from Cooper River. On that very first day, when the

decedent was taken to Appellant's home, Appellant assumed the civil legal duty set

forth in Restatement §324. Failure on Appellant's part "to exercise reasonable care to

secure the safety of the [decedent] while within [Appellant's] charge,'' or the

discontinuance of aid and protection that results in placing the decedent "in a worse

position than when [Appellant] took charge," is a breach of Appellant's civil legal duty to

his father and gives rise to civil liability. Id.

       We next examined whether this civil legal duty can give rise to criminal liability

under the Criminal Code. It is a general principle of law that criminal liability attaches

when an act is committed. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §301(a) (Requirement of Voluntary Act).

18 Pa.C.S.A. §301(b) states that criminal "[l]iability for the commission of an offense

may not be based on an omission unaccompanied by action". Id. However, it goes on to

state that an omission unaccompanied by an action gives rise to criminal liability when:

               ( 1) the omission is expressly made sufficient by the law
                    defining the offense; or
               (2) a duty to perform the omitted act is otherwise
                    imposed by law.




                                                                                Page 19 of 66
18 Pa.C.S.A. §301(b}(emphasis added). 6
        Not surprisingly, Appellant argued that the crimes charged did not expressly

impose a duty on Appellant to provide medical treatment or care for his father. Appellant

also argued that there is no duty imposed by any other law. As a result, he suggests,

the court erred as a matter of law to permit any criminal charges againsf Appellant to

proceed to trial. We agree with Appellant that an omission or failure to act is not

expressly set forth as an element of the offenses charged. Nonetheless, we found that

criminal liability might still arise under 18 Pa.C.S.A. §301(b)(2) if Appellant's civil legal

duty under Restatement §324 met the requirements of 18 Pa.C.S.A. §301(b)(2}.

        This question was addressed by the Superior Court in Commonwealth v.

Pestinikes, 617 A.2d 1339 (Pa.Super. 1992}. The Pestinikas court accepted the

principle that any duty set forth in civil law meets the requirements of 18 Pa.C.S.A.

§301(b)(2). See Pestinikas at 1343, citing S. Toll, Pennsylvania Crimes Code

Annotated, §301, at p. 60 (quoting Comment, Model Penal Code §2.01 (1974)). S. Toll

commented that if a duty requires action, for the purposes of the Crimes Code, the

failure to act may result in criminal liability. Id. The Pestinikas court looked to the civil
                                                                   7
law of contracts since that best suited the facts before it.           Considering the facts of this


6
    18 Pa.C.S.A. §301 sets forth the generally accepted principle that "in order to be criminally
 liable for a failure to act or for an omission, such as failing to care for an elderly parent, a
corresponding legal duty to act must exist" first. (Joann Blair, "Honor Thy Father and Mother''--
 But for How Long?--Adult Children's Duty to Care for and Protect Elderly Parents, 35 U.
 Louisville J. Fam. L. 765 (1996), citing Wayne R. Lafave & Austin W. Scott, Substantive
Criminal Law§ 3.3{a) (2d ed. 1986); Deborah A. Goodall, Penal Code Section 22.04; A Duty to
Care for the Elderly, 35 Baylor L. Rev. 589, 589-90 (1983)).
7
     Other states have used civil law tenets to find that a failure to perform a legal duty can give
rise to criminal liability. In Slate v. Brown, 129 Ariz. 347, 631 P.2d 129 (1981), the Court of
Appeals for Arizona affirmed a manslaughter conviction of the operator of a boarding home in
connection with the starvation death of a ninety-eight year old resident. The Arizona Court
interpreted a statutory provision, which is similar to our 18 Pa.C.S.A. §301, as follows:


                                                                                          Page 20 of 66
case, we determined that the duties set forth in Restatement §324 met the requirements

of 18 Pa.C.S.A. §301 (b)(2).

      Although Pestinikas held that the minimum requirements of 18 Pa.C.S.A.

§301 (b)(2) are met by Restatement §324, we must go on to examine whether the

omission or failure to act constitutes an offense. In Pestinikas, the Superior Court

acknowledged that not every "breach of [a legal duty] can become the basis for a finding

of homicide resulting from an omission to act." Pestinikas, supra at 1345. All of the

elements of an offense must be met before homicide, at whatever level, is proven.

      The Pestinikas court held that:
             A criminal act involves both a physical and mental aspect. ... Even
             where there is    a [legal] duty imposed ... , the omission to act will not
             support a prosecution for homicide in the absence of the necessary
             mens rea [attributed to the specific offense]. For murder, there must
             be malice. Without a malicious intent, an omission to perform duties
             ... cannot support a conviction for murder. In the instant case,
             therefore, the jury was required to find that appellants, by virtue of
             [a] contract, [a legal duty imposed by law] had undertaken
             responsibility for providing necessary care for [the decedent] to the
             exclusion of the members of {the decedent's] family. This would
             impose upon them a legal duty to act to preserve (the decedent's]
             life. If they maliciously set upon a course of withholding food and




             As stated in A.RS. Sec. 13-201 and demonstrated by the case law, the
             failure to perform a duty imposed by law may create criminal liability. In
             the case of negligent homicide or manslaughter, the duty must be found
             outside the definition of the crime itself, perhaps in another statute, or in
             the common law, or in a contract.




                                                                                         Page 21 of 66
                medicine and thereby caused (decedent's] death, appellants could
                be found guilty of murder.


        The Superior Court further explained their holding in Pestinikas six years

later in Commonwealth v. Kellam, 719 A.2d 792 (Pa.Super. 1998). The Kellam

court upheld the murder conviction of Mr. Kellam relating to the death of an

infant. It set forth four instances when the breach of a legal duty gives rise to

criminal liability:

                [W]e note that criminal liability may be based on either an
                affirmative act or a failure to perform a duty imposed by law. 18
                Pa.C.S.A. §301, Requirement of (V)oluntary (A]ct. ...


                [T]he failure to act may constitute the breach of a legal duty (and
                give rise to criminal liability] (1) where [the legal duty is] expressly
                provided by statute, (2) where one stands in a certain status
                relationship to another, (3) where one has assumed a contractual
                duty to care for another, or (4) where one has voluntarily
                assumed the care of another and so secluded the helpless
                person as to prevent others from rendering aid.
Kellam at 796, citing Commonwealth v. Pestinikes, 617 A.2d 1339 (Pa.Super. 1992)

(emphasis added).

       After considering the statutory and common law principles set forth above, we

found that criminal liability, as set forth in the Criminal Code is not limited to an

affirmative "act." Therefore, we do not find it was error to decide that the elements of the

offenses charged in this case may be met by a failure to act where one has voluntarily

assumed
     .                 .
        the care of another and so secluded the helpless person as to prevent others




                                                                                    Page 22 of 66
from rendering aid. Such an omission and failure exposed Appellant to criminal liability.

Id.

       The issue of whether the Commonwealth met its burden to prove beyond a

reasonable doubt that Appellant had voluntarily assumed care for his father and

secluded him, preventing others from rendering the care his father needed, as well as

the elements of the offenses charged, were questions of fact that were presented to the

jury for deliberation. The jury found that, indeed, the Commonwealth had met its burden.



                                   V. Exclusion of Evidence

       Appellant alleges the trial court erred by sustaining the Commonwealth's objection

to evidence Appellant sought to introduce relating to statements made by the decedent

and Appellant. The admissibility of evidence is solely within the discretion of the trial court

and will be reversed only if the trial court has abused its discretion. An abuse of discretion

is not merely an error of judgment, but is rather the over-riding or misapplication of the law,

or the exercise of judgment that is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of bias, prejudice,

ill-will or partiality, as shown by the evidence of record. Commonwealth v. Herb, 852 A.2d

356, 363 (Pa.Super. 2004).

              A.     The Decedent's Statements to Appellant Related to the
                     Decedent's Desires Regarding His Medical Treatment.

       The court is unclear as to which of the decedent's statements Appellant argues

were erroneously excluded from evidence. (See Concise Statement, 11/01/16, p. 2, par.               i




8). All statements made by the decedent to Appellant related to the decedent's wishes to

forego medical treatment were admitted, as well as the statements made by Appellant to
                                                                                      •



                                                                                    Page 23 of 66
    the decedent. 8    We found two instances of a Commonwealth objection to Appellant

    testifying to the decedent's behavior and/or wishes. The first was when Appellant

    explained that a doctor "gave [the decedent] hell" for non-compliance with his medication

    regimen. (N.T., 06/27/16, Vol. VI; p. 1123, II. 9-13). The Commonwealth objected to the

    statement as hearsay and the objection was sustained. We found no foundation was laid

that this was a statement made to Appellant by the decedent. Defense counsel did not

    rephrase the question. Id. at II. 15-25. Additionally, later in the testimony, Appellant testified

to medical records reflecting that the decedent failed to take his medications for six weeks

because he did not refill a lost bottle of medicine. (N.T., 06/27/16, Vol. VI, p. 1126, II. 4-8).

           The second instance of an objection was when defense counsel asked Appellant

on direct examination if the decedent ever had the view that Medicare and other medical

services were too expensive. (N.T., 06/27/16, Vol. VI, p. 1131, I. 21-24). An objection was

immediately made prior to Appellant answering and the objection was sustained. Again,

we found that there was a lack of foundation as to where Appellant may have obtained this

information, and defense counsel did not rephrase the question.

           For the purposes of Appellate review, we find that even if these evidentiary

determinations were an abuse of discretion, it was harmless error. The points Appellant

was trying to make to the jury with these questions were covered by the introduction of

other evidence; either Appellant's own statements of what the decedent told him or

through the exhausting number of medical records which showed the decedent's lapses in

taking his medication. Appellant was able to establish to the jury that the decedent was not

always compliant with his medication regimen and that it was Appellant's position that the


8
      See N.T. 06/29/16. P.1360, I. 18-p. 1361, I. 7.


                                                                                           Page 24 of66
    · care he provided complied with the wishes communicated to him by the decedent.

                    B..    Appellant's Statements to the Decedent Related to the
                           Decedent's Desires Regarding His Medical Treatment.

             After reviewing the Notes of Testimony, we found no objections were made relating

    to statements made by Appellant to the decedent. As a result, we find no ·need to review

    this claim of error.

                    C.     Appellant's Statements to Marie Henry, Appellant's
                           Neighbor, Regarding the Decedent's Medical Condition
                           and Treatment as it Related to Appellant's Seclusion of
                           the Decedent.

             Appellant's neighbor, Marie Henry, testified on behalf of Appellant June 29, 2016.

    Her testimony was very brief. Again, Appellant has failed to identify exactly which

    objections are at issue. Our review of the record finds that Ms. Henry testified that she has

    known Appellant for many years and that they both served on their homeowner's

    association board through the years. She was aware that the decedent had moved in with

    Appellant and was living there for approximately two years prior to his death. She was

    made aware of the death of Appellant's father by the police cars and ambulance that

    responded to Appellant's home September 2013. (N.T., 06/29/16, Vol. VIII, pp. 1336-

    1342).

             Ms. Henry was permitted to testify to the several conversations she had with

    Appellant about the decedent. She testified that these conversations routinely concerned

    the decedent's general condition. Id. at p. 1342, II. 2-10. Appellant wished to have Ms.

    Henry testify to the particular statements Appellant made to her during the conversations

    to show "that [Appellant) talked about the medical condition of his father during that two

'   years" to address the Commonwealth's position that the decedent was secluded by

    Appellant during those two years. (N.T .. 06/29/16, Vol. VIII, p. 1340, II. 1-6). We permitted

                                                                                        Page 25 of 66
the testimony so far as it rebutted the Commonwealth's allegation of seclusion. See FN. 8.

       Appellant set forth a second argument, that Appellant's statements are an

"operative fact, like consent to a contract. ... It's [being] offered as an act." Id. at II. 7-10.

Appellant made this same argument regarding statements made by the decedent in his

Memorandum of Law Regarding Statements of Decedent filed February 22, 2016. We did

not find that argument persuasive. We found that the testimony sought to be elicited from

Ms. Henry regarding the specifics of what was discussed was being offered for the truth of

the matter asserted and was therefore inadmissible hearsay. The seclusion issue was fully

addressed by Ms. Henry's admission that she knew the decedent resided with Appellant

for two years. (N.T., 06/29/16, Vol. VIII, p. 1338, p. 1342, II. 2-10).

                     VI. Prosecutorial Misconduct During Closing Arguments

       Appellant claims that the trial court erred in not finding prosecutorial misconduct

during closing arguments when the prosecutor, Mr. Yen, commented on Appellant's

feelings for his father though there was no objection raised during trial. The standard of

review for "a claim of prosecutorial misconduct is limited to whether the trial court

abused its discretion." Commonwealth v. Rolan, 964 A.2d 398, 410 (Pa.Super. 2008).

The Appellant is entitled to a "fair trial, not a perfect one." Id. (quoting Commonwealth v.

Harris, 884 A.2d 920, 927 (Pa.Super. 2005), appeal denied, 928 A.2d 1289 (Pa. 2007)).

The· appellate court should affirm the trial court's determination unless there is a finding

of a flagrant abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v. Potts, 460 A.2d 1127, 1136 (Pa.

Super. 1983).

      Appellant claims it was inappropriate and prejudicial for ·the prosecutor to make
                                                                                                      I
the following closing remarks:

              Yen:        Was he concerned about his father or for some

                                                                                       Page 26 of66
                          reason did [Appellant] have some sort of love/hate
                          relationship?       This   is   complex   psychology.   But
                          [Appellant's] behavior suggests that there was some
                          deep resentment, hatred, whatever it may have been,
                          that would have caused [Appellant] to let his father
                          suffer like this.
(N.T., 06/29/16, Vol. VIII, p. 1521, II. 14-18).

       We first note that Appellant's counsel did not object immediately to the above

remark, nor did Appellant's counsel make an objection to that statement at tt-ie

conclusion of the prosecutor's closing remarks. Although Appellant's counsel did place

an objection and a request for relief on the record after the closing remarks, his

objection related to the prosecution's misstatement of the law related to acts and

omissions and not to the prosecutor's remarks on Appellant's state of mind,

psychological status, or relationship with the decedent. Appellant also did not make               a
request for a curative instruction or a mistrial. (N.T., 06/29/16, Vol. VIII, p. 1522, I. 19 -

p. 1526, I. 2). Such an omission on defense counsel's part acts as a waiver of the

alleged error. Due to the failure to object, the trial court did not have an opportunity to

correct any possible prejudicial effect stemming from the prosecutor's remarks and the

issue is not preserved for appellate review. Commonwealth v. Davenport, 342 A.2d 67

(Pa. 1975); Commonwealth v. Sampson, 311 A.2d 624 (Pa. 1973). Nonetheless, in the

event the Appellate Court does not agree with our waiver determination, we shall review

the merits of Appellant's claim of prejudice.

       We begin with the principle that even "where the language of the district attorney

is intemperate, uncalled for and improper, a new trial is not necessarily required."
               '
Commonwealth v. Jarvis, 394 A.2d 483, (Pa. 1978), citing Commonwealth v. Crittenton,


                                                                                        Page 27 of 66
191 A 358, 361 (Pa. 1937). During closing remarks, the prosecutor has the ability to

present the facts in evidence that support his position and suggest the legitimate

inferences that can be drawn from those facts. The closing remarks cannot be reviewed

in isolation. E.g., Commonwealth v. Revty, supra; ABA Standards §5.8, supra 6a;

Commonwealth v. Sampson, 900 A.2d 887, 890 (Pa.Super. 2006). "It is well settled that

a prosecutor has considerable latitude during closing arguments and his arguments are

fair if they are supported by the evidence or use inferences that can reasonably be

derived from the evidence." Commonweallh v. Holley, 945 A.2d 241, 250 (Pa.Super.

2008) (internal citations and quotations omitted), citing Commonwealth v. Paddy, 800

A.2d 294, 316 (Pa. 2002).

        We find that Mr. Yen's remarks were supported by the evidence and the

inferences he suggested may be reasonably derived therefrom. Just prior to this

statement, the prosecutor pointed to specific actions and omissions of Appellant which

impacted the decedent, and asked, "What do you glean from that in terms of

[Appellant's] state of mind?" (N.T., 06/29/16, Vol. VIII p. 1521, II. 13-14). The

prosecutor's remarks speak        to the Appellant's motivation. It presents questions relating
to the reasons Appellant acted or refrained from acting. The reasons may be explained

by Appellant having a "love/hate relationship ... [or the] complex psychology" of their

relationship. Id. at II. 14-15.

       This is acceptable argument, especially in this case where Appellant took the


                                                                                                     I
stand and testified extensively as to his motivation in caring for his father at Appellant's

home, not seeking medical treatment for his father for over two years, and not assisting             I
with his father's medication regimen. The testimony offered by Appellanl centered on

the fact that his father, the decedent, wished to be left without such care. Appellant

                                                                                     Page 28 of 66
brought his motivation into this case, and made it a central part of his defense. We find

that the prosecutor's remark was in fair response to Appellant's own testimony. As a

result, it is not an abuse of discretion to find Mr. Yen's remarks were not improper or

prejudicial, but merely an interpretation of the evidence with an "oratorical flair."

Commonwealth v. Chester, 587 A.2d 1367 (Pa. 1991 ), denial of post-conviction relief

aff'd by 726 A.2d 346 (Pa. 1999), see also Commonwealth v. Anderson, 461 A.2d 208

(Pa. 1983).

                              VII.   Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Appellant claims that the evidence related to his legal duty to care for his father

was insufficient to allow a reasonable person to find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that

Appellant was guilty. It is also Appellant's position that the evidence related to causation

was insufficient to meet the Commonwealth's burden.

       The standard of review when examining the sufficiency of the evidence

presented is to determine,

              [when] viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light most
              favorable to the verdict winner, [whetherJ there is sufficient
              evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every element of the crime
              beyond   a reasonable doubt. . . . [T]he facts and circumstances
              established by the Commonwealth need not preclude every
              possibility of innocence.
Commonwealth v. LaBenne, 21 A.3d 1287, 1289 (Pa.Super. 2011).

       Evidence shall be found to be sufficient unless it is so weak and inconclusive

that, as a matter of law, the facts necessary to prove the elements of guilt cannot be

established from the combined circumstances presented. See Commonwealth v.

DiStefano, 782 A.2d 574, 582 (Pa.Super. 2001).


                                                                                 Page 29 of 66
          Appellant argues there was insufficient evidence to establish: (1) Appellant had a

legal duty to provide medical care for his father, the decedent, or (2) that the decedent's

direct cause of death was the result of Appellant's failure to provide medical care to the

decedent. We address each claim separately.

                A.     Legal Duty

          Appellant claims the.re was insufficient evidence to prove, beyond a reasonable

doubt, that Appellant had a legal duty to provide medical care to his father. The legal

determination that Appellant had a legal duty to the decedent is addressed previously in

this Opinion. We address the sufficiency of the evidence to prove the Appellant's legal

duty beyond a reasonable doubt here.

          When determining whether Appellant had a legal duty creating criminal liability,

there must be: (i) an assumption of the duty to care for another, i.e. that Appellant

voluntarily accepting the obligation to care for his father, and (ii) seclusion of that

person, Le. seclusion of the decedent.

                                  (i.)   Assumption of Care

          During trial, the jury was presented with evidence that as early as 2005,

Appellant was involved in assisting his father with securing his healthcare and had his

father at his home on a few occasions. There was a history of Appellant voluntarily

providing some aid to his father. (N.T., 06/27/16, Vol. VI, p. 1118, I. 24 - p. 1119, J. 8, p.

1128, II. 17-19, p.1130, !. 5-p.1131, l.1, p.1134, II. 11-13, and p.1135,1. 9-p.1136,

I. 16).

          In 2011, the decedent suffered a fall and was hospitalized at Our Lady of

Lourdes Hospital in Camden, New Jersey. Appellant explained those events as follows:

                GREEN:        Did there come a time when you learned that [the

                                                                                    Page 30 of 66
                              decedent] had been hospitalized again?
        [APPELLANT]:          Yes.
              GREEN:          When was that?
       [APPELLANT]:           I believe that was in 2011 (at Lourdes].
(N.T., 06/27/1q, Vol. VI, p. 1136, II. 19-25).

              GREEN:          Did you participate in the discharge planning
                              discussion with people at Lourdes?
       [APPELLANT]:           I did.


                              I discussed sub acute rehabilitation ["SAR"].
(N.T., 06/27/16, Vol. VI, p. 1140, I. 10 - p. I. 21 ).


       The decedent was discharged from Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital to a SAR

facility. The decedent remained at the SAR facility until his discharge on May 29, 2011.

(N.T .• 06/27/16, Vol. VI, p. 1142, II. 16-19). Appellant testified to those events as follows:

              GREEN:         What did your father tell you he wanted as of May
                             2511l?

       [APPELLANT]:          To go back to ... his home.


              GREEN:         Where did you take him?
       [APPELLANT):          I took him to 184 Lawnside Avenue in Collingswood
                             [N.J., his home].


              GREEN:         Did you leave him [at his home] the evening of May
                             29th. 2011?

       [APPELLANT]:          I did .


              GREEN:         . .. [D]id you see your father on May 301h?
       [APPELLANT):          l did.



                                                                                    Page 31 of66
              GREEN:          Did you take [the decedent) from [his home] to [your
                              home] on May 30, 2011?
        [APPELLANT]:          I did.
(N.T., 06/28/16, Vol. VII, p. 1158, I. 10 - p. 1160, I. 1).


       The circumstances of what happened after Appellant left his father at his

Collingswood, NJ home on May 29, 2011 and when he returned on May 30, 2011 were

described by the decedent's longtime friend, Mrs. Barbara Park, (N.T., 06/22/16, Vol. Ill,

p. 539, II. 5-8), who was present at the decedent's home on those two days:

              YEN:            ... [W]hen did you learn that [the decedent] had been
                              discharged or removed from [the SAR] facility,
                              [Cooper River]?
             PARK:            When I got a phone call from [Appellant] telling me
                              that his father was home.
              YEN:            Well, tell the ladies and gentlemen as best as you can
                              recall exactly what [Appellant] told you when he
                              called you .... What exactly did he say?
            PARK:             He took- I signed my father out and I took him home.
(N.T., 06/22/16, Vol. Ill, p. 550, II. 15-24).


            PARK:             I went over to [the decedent's] house.


            PARK:           .... He said go to Wendy's for me. He was hungry.
              YEN:           Did you go to Wendy's?
            PARK:            I went to Wendy's ....
              YEN:           Okay. And you brought Wendy's food back?
            PARK:            Yes, I did.
              YEN:           And then what happened?
            PARK:            ... [A] crash came at the front door. It was a
                             Collingswood police officer wanting to talk to [the

                                                                                    Page 32of66
                               decedent].
               YEN:            . . . [W]hat happened next?
              PARK:            ... He said the nursing homesaid [the decedent]
                               couldn't be alone ..... So I called [Appellant].


               YEN:            ... So what happened next?
              PARK:            ... [The] police officer . .. said that [Appellant] was
                               coming to get (the decedent].
               YEN:            So what happened next?
             PARK:             [Appellant) came about an hour later, got [the
                               decedent].
 (N.T., 06/22/16, Vol. Ill, p. 552, I. 7 - p. 554, I. 23).



       Appellant testified that after taking his father to Appellant's home he became his

father's primary caregiver. (N.T., 06/28/16, Vol., VII, p. 1252, II. 1-3). In consideration of

the evidence presented, a small portion of which is set forth above, we find that there

was sufficient evidence to show, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Appellant decided to

assume care for his father and that the decision was voluntarily made.

                                        (ii.)   Seclusion

       An additional factor the jury had to consider, relating to Appellant's legal duty to

provide care to his father, is whether the decedent was secluded while under the

Appellant's care. Considering the evidence presented at trial and after reviewing the

record, we find there was sufficient evidence to show Appellant secluded his father from

his friends, other family members. medical providers, and the general public. One of the

decedent's most important relationships was with Mrs. Park. She testified as follows:

             PARK:           '1 knew [the decedent] for thirty years.
              YEN:            ... How did you meet [the decedent]?

                                                                                         Page 33 of 66
              PARK:            Through the scouting program.
               YEN:            Was this the Boy Scouts?
              PARK:            Boy Scouts and Cub Scouts.
(N.T., 06/22/16, Vol. Ill, p. 539, II. 5-14).


               YEN:            ... [W]ere there holidays during the years leading up
                               to 2011 where [the decedent] spent holidays with you
                               and your family as opposed to ... [the Appellant]?
                PARK:          He spent every holiday with me except Thanksgiving.
                               He always went -- [Appellant] picked him up, took him
                             . to [the decedent's) brother's daughter's house for
                               Thanksgiving every year.
(N.T., 06/22/16, Vol. Ill, p. 551, II. 13-20).


        Mrs. Park explained what happened in the spring of 2011 and thereafter, as
follows:
               YEN:            ... Did there come a time in spring of 2011 when [the
                               decedent] had an accident at home?
             PARK:             Yes .... I called to him and he yelled he was upstairs.
                               He was laying on the floor. He tripped over a
                               shoelace ... And 'cause his leg was twisted they took
                               him to [Our) Lady of Lourdes Hospital in Camden.
               YEN:            Did you go see him at the hospital ... ?
               PARK:           I was there every day.
                YEN:           Did there come a time when he was transferred to a
                              rehabilitation facility, Cooper River?
               PARK:          Yes.
(N.T., 06/22/16, Vol. Ill, p. 547, II. 4-21).


               YEN:            ... (H}ow long was your friend [the decedent) at
                              Cooper River West?


                                                                                    Page 34 of66
               PARK:          Couple of weeks. Not long.
                YEN:          Did you go see him there?
               PARK:          Every[)day.
               YEN:           And when did you learn that he had been discharged
                              or removed from that facility?
               PARK:          When I got a phone call from [Appellant] telling me
                              that [the decedent] was home.
(N.T., 06/22/16, Vol. Ill, p. 550, I. 11 - 18).


       Mrs. Park went on to describe the decedent's decades of dedication to the Boy

Scouts and Cub Scouts, and how important the decedent's activities and involvement

with the Boy Scouts and Cub Scouts were to him:

              YEN:            ... When was it, ... , when you encountered [the
                              decedent] for the first time in context of the scouting
                              activities?
             PARK:            About 1974.
              YEN:            Okay. What was he doing with the scouts back in or
                              about1974?
             PARK:            He was a den leader, he was troop committee ....
              YEN:            Okay. During the years leading up to 2011 did [the
                              decedent] continue with his scouting activities?
             PARK:           Yes, he did.
              YEN:           And tell us what things ... he did ... leading up to
                             2011.
            PARK:             Every Sunday night we had a meeting with the Cub
                             Scouts for Pack 001. He was the den leader and
                             assistant cub master. He would teach the boys knots,
                             teach them about camping and the great outdoors. He
                             also was on the troop committee which [] met once
                             a month, planned all activities for all the Boy Scouts in


                                                                                    Page 35 of 66
                               the State of New Jersey.
               YEN:            How important was scouts to [the decedent]?
             PARK:             That was half of his life.
(N.T., 06/22/16, Vol. II!, p. 540, I. 7-p. 541, I. 2).


        Mrs. Park also described how involved the decedent was in the VFW.
               YEN:            What was the other half [of the decedent's] life?
             PARK:             VFW Post American Legion.
               YEN:           Which post was [the decedent] a member of during
                              the time that you knew him?
             PARK:            Tatem-Shields American Legion Post 17
                               Collingswood.
               YEN:           What were his activities ... with the VFW Post ... ?
             PARK:             He was their assistant leader there and he was on
                              their committee. He planned their picnics and any
                              outdoor activities that they did. He would go to
                              Veterans in Vineland, visit different members and take
                              them different things that they needed.
(N.T., 06/22/16, Vol. Ill, p. 541, II. 3-15).

       Mrs. Park considered the decedent to be family. She testified as follows:
               YEN:           Did you and your husband take [the decedent) to
                              social events?.
             PARK:            Every social event that there was in scouting and
                              otherwise.
               YEN:           Over what period of years were you and your
                              husband taking [the decedent] to scouting events
                              because he enjoyed going to them?
               PARK:          From 1998 to 2011. Night before he was taken to the
                              hospital [in 2011] we were at a scouting event.


               PARK:          He loved being there. He loved being around people


                                                                                     Page 36of 66
                               and talking.
(N.T., 06/22/16, Vol. Ill, p. 544, I. 18 - p. 545, I. 6).
        As stated earlier, Mrs. Park was there on May 29, 2011 to witness the decedent's

first night back in his home after the fall. She also witnessed him leaving with Appellant

on May 30, 2011. Knowing that the decedent treasured his contact with friends, she

testified that along with the clothing and medicine she gave to Appellant to take for his

father, she also gave Appellant the decedent's address book and told Appellant to make

sure that the decedent called everybody to inform them of what was happening. (N.T.,

06/22/16, Vol. Ill, p. 554, I. 23 - p. 555, I. 14). That did not happen. Appellant testified

that during the two years he cared for his father he never took his father back to New

Jersey to visit with friends, or anywhere else. (N.T., 06/28/16, Vol. VII, p. 1202, I. 18 - p.

1204, I. 23).

        Mrs. Park testified that she made several attempts to contact the decedent and

Appellant after May 30, 2011. She testified as follows:

                YEN:           And did you try to see [the decedent]?
             PARK:             I called. I went up there once, knocked on the door,
                               got no answer.
(N.T., 06/22/16, Vol. Ill, p. 556, II. 7-9).


           PARK:               I ... banged on the door. Neighbor told me nobody
                               was home. It was a Sunday. I figured I would catch
                               [the decedent] home from church because he went to
                               church every Sunday.
(N.T., 06/22/16, Vol. Ill, p. 558, II. 20-23).


                YEN:           Let's talk about your calls. Did you call [Appellant]?
             PARK:             Left messages. I got through one time to him.


                                                                                        Page 37of 66
               YEN:            How many times did you leave messages trying to get
                              a hold of ... [the decedent]?
             PARK:             Plenty of times.
              YEN:            When you did speak with (Appellant] that one time
                              was that when he returned [a] call or were you just
                              lucky?
             PARK:             I was lucky.
              YEN:            Did [Appellant] ever return any of your calls?
             PARK:            No.
              YEN:            Did you know where your friend [the decedent] was,
                              whether or not he was in a nursing home, with
                              his son in his son's home in West Chester
                              or somewhere else?
             PARK:            No, I didn't know where he was.
(N.T., 06/22/16, Vol. Ill, p. 556, II. 10-24).


       Mrs. Park also testified about her efforts to arrange for the decedent to go with

her to the annual Boy Scouts event, the "Old Timer Weekend" in Maryland. The

decedent attended this particular event for more than ten years. It was an event he

loved because it offered him the opportunity to see old friends in person. Her

recollection of why the decedent did not attend in November 2011 was described as

follows:

               PARK:          I told [Appellant] I wanted to come pick his father up
                              for Old Timer Weekend in Maryland. We went every
                              year in November. It's a three day event. Scouts from
                              all over the world go.


              PARK:           And [Appellant] told me his father had diarrhea, he
                              couldn't go. I said but its two weeks from now.


                                                                                    Page 38 of 66
                               [Appellant] said his father could not go.
(N.T., 06/22/16, Vol. Ill, p. 557, II. 8-15).

        When questioned about his father's desire to continue contact with Mrs. Park and

his Boy Scouts and Cub Scouts activities, or the VFW Post American Legion activities,

Appellant testified his father did not express any desire to continue those activities after

May 2011 when he came to live with him. (N.T., 06/28/16, Vol. VII, pp. 1202-1207).

Appellant acknowledged that his father did enjoy doing those activities prior to _May

2011.

        It was the Commonwealth's position that Appellant's representation of the

decedent's lack of interest in the Boy Scouts, the VFW, Mrs. Park, and religious

services was a fabrication presented by Appellant to justify his father's isolation. We

note that Appellant testified that he and his partner drove to his father's house on       a

regular basis to pick-up his father's mail but never took his father anywhere.        (N.T.,

06/28/16, Vol. VII, p. 1275, I. 18 - p. 1276, I. 3). Appellant did not file a change of

address with the post office to place others on notice that the decedent was no longer

residing in New Jersey. This prevented the general public from tracing the Appellant's

whereabouts.

        There was no indication that the decedent's connections with people relating to

his medical care or social life were of any concern to Appellant once the decedent was

living in Appellant's home, where he remained for the last two and a half years of his

life. Appellant testified that he spoke to his own doctor, Dr. Dwight Johnson, about the

decedent and had listed Dr. Johnson as the decedent's primary care physician when a

name was requested by medical providers. (N.T., 06/2�/16, Vol. VII, p. 1181, II. 15-17,

1235, II. 8-9; Def. Exh. D-23, D-24). However, the decedent was never seen by Dr.

                                                                                  Page 39of66
Johnson and Appellant never requested that his father's medical records from his

doctors in New Jersey be transferred to Dr. Johnson.

       After the October 2011 Chester County Hospital visit, pursuant to the doctor's

referral, Appellant called      Brandywine River Valley Home Health and                 Hospice
                                                                                                   .[
("Brandywine River Valley"}. The evidence related to the home health care visits was
                                                                                                    I
presented to the jury through the testimony of the nurses who worked for Brandywine
                                                                                                    i
                                                                                                    !
                                                                                                    I
                                                                                                    (

River Valley and whose notes about efforts to contact and treat the decedent were                   I
                                                                                                    I
contained in the decedent's file. Those nurses were: Christine Magorry, Tyler Wilson,

Debra Allen, Patricia Boyer', and Barbara Harvey.

       Nurse Magorry testified that in October and November of 2011 she was

employed by Brandywine River Valley as a registered nurse where she worked

providing home health care services. (N.T., 06/21/16, Vol. II, p. 310, II. 9-21, 24-25).

Nurse Magorry's duties included going to patient homes after their release from a

hospital and she often performed assessments. (N.T., 06/21/16, Vol. II, p. 311, II. 8-12).

Part of her testimony was as follows:

               MAGORRY:               [Brandywine River Valley] gets a referral from
                                      the hospital that a patient's coming home. And
                                      my office notifies one of the nurses to go out,
                                      do a history, physical, home health
                                      assessment to see what their needs are, to see
                                      what medications they are taking, and to try to
                                      keep them at home, keep them out of the
                                      hospital.
(N.T., 06/21/16, Vol. II, p. 311, II. 15-20).


       Nurse Magorry did an assessment of the decedent on October 22, 2011, after he


                                                                                    Page 40 of66
was discharged from Chester County Hospital's emergency room.9 Nurse Magorry' s

records reflect the following information:"?

        1. She met with both the decedent and Appellant at Appellant's home on

            Saturday, October 22, 2011.

        2. The decedent signed a consent form to receive treatment and benefits from

            Brandywine River Valley.

        3. The decedent acknowledged that he had a right to refuse treatment or

            terminate services at any time by notifying Brandywine River Valley.

        4. The treatment schedule was for three visits the first week, two visits per week

            for three weeks after that, and one visit per week for four additional weeks.

        5. The decedent signed all of the documents presented to him without objection.

(N.T., 06/21116,.Vol. II, p. 314, II. 8- p. 315, I. 18, pp. 316-320; Comm. Exh. C-16(C)).

        After the paperwork was completed, Nurse Magorry physically examined the

decedent. Her findings are reflected in Commonwealth's Exhibit C-16(8), as follows:

        1. The decedent's primary care physician is noted as Dr. Dwight Johnson.

        2. The decedent is totally dependent in the area of managing finances."

        3. The decedent is noted to be bowel and bladder incontinent both day and

            night, four to six times weekly.

9
   On October 19, 2011, the decedent complained of heart attack symptoms and the Appellant
took the decedent to Chester County Hospital's emergency room. (Comm. Exh. 14 et seq.).
10
    Nurse Magorry had no independent recollection of the actual assessment. The events of that
day are documented in her records. (N.T., 02/21/16, Vol. II, p. 312, II. 15-24; Comm. Exh. C-
16(C)).
11
       Prior to May 2011, the decedent depended on his friend Mrs. Park to assist him with his
banking. He always dealt in cash or check. The decedent was getting pension checks directly
deposited into his bank account every month. The monthly pension of $2,800 would have been
sufficient to cover the decedent's care at the V.A. nursing facility. (N.T., 06/22/16, Vol. Ill, p,
577, 11. 15-25; N.T., 06/23/16, Vol. IV, p. 759, I. 25- p. 760, I. 8; N.T., 06/22/16, Vol. Ill, p. 523-
525).


                                                                                            Page 41 of66
       4. The decedent is noted as being homebound.

       5. The decedent is noted as needing assistance for all activities, including:

          personal grooming, dressing, and bathing. The decedent is able to do some

          washing at a sink or commode with supervision. The decedent is unable to

          use the toilet alone. The decedent is able to move from the bed to          a   chair,

          and vice versa, with minimum assistance or use of an assistance device.

       6. The decedent requires a two-handed device to walk and assistance in

          managing stairs, steps, and uneven surfaces.

       7. The decedent is unable to prepare any meals for himself.

       8. The decedent is able to answer the phone and converse but has difficulty

          dialing   a phone to place calls.
       9. The information given indicates the decedent is compliant with his medication

          regimen. Compliance is dependent upon the decedent being reminded at the

          appropriate time.

       10. Certain hazards in the Appellant's home are noted: stairs, clutter, soiled living

          areas.

       11. The decedent weighs 167 pounds.

       12. The decedent signed the results of the physical assessment and no

          objections or refusals were made by the decedent.

      13. Appellant provided his contact home, work, and cell phone numbers

(N.T .. 06/21/16, Vol. II, pp. 322 - 333, p. 334, I. 24-p. 335, I. 3, p. 340, I. 24-p. 341, I.

3; Comm. Exh. C-16(8)). Nurse Magorry explained that the services to which the

decedent consented would provide the decedent and Appellant with assistance and

education on how to keep the decedent clean and comfortable during periods of

                                                                                    Page 42 of66
incontinence. They would also encourage the decedent to move around to lessen the

risk of developing ulcers or bedsores. (N.T., 06/21/16, p. 346-347). Nurse Magorry had

no further contact with the decedent after October 22, 2011. (N.T., 06/21/16, Vol. II, p.

341, II. 4-7).

       The second nurse assigned by Brandywine River Valley to see the decedent was

Tyler Wilson. Nurse Wilson testified that when a new patient had been placed on her list

for care she would call to set up an appointment. If the patient could not be reached

after multiple attempts at calling she would go knock on the door. (N.T., 06/22/16, Vol.

Ill, pp. 478 - 480).

        Like Nurse Magorry, Nurse Wilson did not have an independent recollection of

her efforts to gain access to the decedent in order to provide services and treatment. All

the information she gathered is reflected in her file notes. (N.T., 06/22/16, Vol. Ill, pp.

481, I. 7-p. 482, 1.15; Comm. Exhs. C-16(F), C-16 (G), C-16(J)). Therecords reflect

the following:

       1. On October 25, 2011, she called the decedent, using the contact information

           given, and services for that day were refused. She does not note if those
                                                                                           ,/




           services were refused by the patient, the decedent, or someone else.12 The

           visit was rescheduled for Wednesday, October 26, 2011.

       2. Nurse Wilson attempted t� make contact again on October 26, 2011, and

           services were refused. There is no notation as to whether it was the decedent

           or Appellant who refused services.

       3. Another attempt for contact was made by a different nurse on Thursday,

12
    We note that according to the testimony, the decedent did not have access to any telephone
since he was restricted to his bedroom where there was no phone, and he had no cell phone.


                                                                                    Page 43 of 66
             October 27, 2011.

          4. Nurse Wilson attempted again to make contact on the following Thursday.

             November 3, 2011 and knocked on Appellant's house door, it was locked.

             There was no response. She rescheduled for another contact attempt to be

             made on Monday, November 71 2011.

          5. The decedent was discharged from care by Brandywine River Valley                PY
             Nurse Wilson on Thursday, November 10, 2011. The primary care physician

             was to receive notice of the discharge due to noncompliance with home visits

             and refusals of care. Appellant is noted as indicating to one of the nurses that

             the decedent was independent and refused visits.

(N.T.1 06/22/16, Vol. Ill, pp. 482 - 490; Comm. Exhs. C-16(F), C-16 (G), C-16(J), C-

16(K)).

         Three additional Brandywine River Valley nurses testified to their attempts to

contact the decedent. Like the previous nurses, Debra Allen testified that she had no

independent recollection of her efforts to contact the decedent, but the documents in his

file show her activity. She went on to testify that she was the clinical supervisor in

October and November of 2011 for Brandywine River Valley. (N.T., 06/22/16, Vol. Ill, p.

581, I. 16 - p. 582, I. 4). Nurse Allen testified she was responsible for reviewing each

assessment prepared on a new patient for completeness. She testified she reviewed

the decedent's plan of care as prepared by Nurse Maqorry on October 22, 2011. (N.T.,

06/22/16, Vol. Ill, pp. 584 - 587; Comm. Exh. 16(d)).

         Barbara Harvey testified that she was also a �ur�e with Brandywine River Valley

during          '
            October     and      November     of    2011.    She     testified   that     she

attempted to contact the decedent to set up a home visit. She made her attempt on

                                                                                   Page 44 of 66
Thursday, October 27, 2011. Her records reflect that she called using the patient's

contact information to notify the patient she was coming. When there was no answer on

the phone, she drove to Appellant's home and knocked on the door. There was no

answer at the door, so she called _again to say she was waiting outside. Again, there

was no answer on the phone, so she left the residence and made a note that the visit

was missed in the records. She left        a voicemail to    try to reschedule the visit. (N.T.,

06/24/16, Vol. V, pp. 826-830).

        Upon examination by the Commonwealth, Nurse Boyer testified that she has no

independent recollection of her efforts to reach the decedent, but her activities are

recorded in the decedent's file. The records reflect that she spoke with Appellant on

Sunday, October 30, 2011, to set up a home visit for the decedent. At that time,

Appellant refused services unless they were taking place on Saturdays after 11 :30 a.m.

A visit was scheduled for Saturday, November 5, 2011 after 11 :30 a.m. (N.T., 06/23/16,

Vol. IV, p, 705, I. 15 - p. 71 O; Comm. Exh. 16-(i)).    ·

       The testimony from Brandywine River Valley nurses and their records showed

that there was no home visit for Saturday, November 5, 2011; and attempts to

reschedule the following week were unsuccessful. The decedent's file was closed on

Thursday, November 10, 2011 due to non-compliance. There is no evidence that the

Appellant followed-up with Brandywine River Valley as to why a nurse did not_ come to

the scheduled Saturday visit of November 5, 2011. Brandywine River Valley was the

only home health care agency contacted by Appellant to evaluate and care for the

decedent. Appellant never requested a physician come to his home for a "house call" to I

treat his father. (N.T. 06/28/16, Vol. VII, p. 1240, II. 1-17).

       The Commonwealth presented voluminous records tending to show that the

                                                                                      Page 45 of 66
decedent went to the doctor quite regularly prior to May 2011. In the last several years,

Mrs. Park had taken the decedent to his doctor visits. The records also showed that the

decedent had a regular medication regimen, although his compliance was not perfect.13

It was the Commonwealth's position that the refusal to accept nursing services from

Brandywine River Valley reflected Appellant's wishes, not the decedent's. Only one

nurse actually spoke with the decedent, Nurse Magorry, and the decedent was noted to

be very cooperative and accepting of nursing care. Examining the evidence in the light

most favorable to the Commonwealth, it is reasonable to conclude that it was

Appellant's decision to refuse outside medical services that would likely have been

extremely helpful and beneficial to the decedent.

         Other possibilities for interaction between the decedent with persons outside

Appellant's home were non-existent. When left alone the decedent was limited by his

lack of mobility. He was not able to descend the stairs to the first floor of Appellant's

residence without substantial assistance. Consequently, even when accompanied at

home, the decedent was limited by the willingness of Appellant or Samir Rashid,

Appellant's life partner, to take the decedent downstairs to the first floor or outside to the

porch area of the front yard at Appellant's house, which they never did. (Comm. Exh. C-

1 (A), C-2). Appellant stated that the decedent never left the house after May 30, 2011

except for two instances: once when the decedent went to Chester County Hospital's

emergency room and once when the decedent was alone and managed to get

downstairs and outside to a neighbor's house. (N.T .• 06/28/16, Vol. VII, p. 1281 II. 11-


13
     The decedent had a primary care physician from 1977 through his hospitalization at Our
Lady of Lourdes Hospital. See N.T., 06/22/16, Vol. 111, p. 405, I. 25- p. 409, I. 1; Comm. Exh. C-
g et seq.; Comm. Exh. 9 (C-0).


                                                                                        Page 46 of66
19). Appellant's testimony of the circumstances surrounding the visit to the emergency

room in October 2011 was as follows: ·

              GREEN:       Did there come a time in October of 2011 when
                           your father asked for medical help?
       [APPELLANT]:        Yes.
              GREEN:       How did he ask? What came of his request?
       [APPELLANT]:        [Mr. Rashid] and I took him to the Chester
                           County Hospital at four in the morning.
              GREEN:       Why did you do that?
       [APPELLANT]:        Because approximately an hour before that he
                           wakened both of us and said he thought he
                           was having a heart attack.
              GREEN:       Did he have any symptoms that sounded like a
                           heart attack?
       [APPELLANT]:        I asked him was he having chest pain. He said
                           no. I asked him was he having shortness of
                           breath. He said no. I asked him did he have
                           pain radiating down his left arm. He said no. I
                           observed him and I did not see, for example,
                           that he was sweating. I asked him where was
                           the pain and he said it was in his chest. So
                           that's what the dialogue was between my
                           father and me initially.
(N.T., 06/28/16, Vol. VII, p.1162, l.16-p.1163, I. 8).


      In spite of the above testimony to the jury, that wasn't the only dialogue between

thedecedent and Appellant that night. The Appellant stated during his interview with the

detective on September 8, 2013 that he made the following additional statements to the

decedent:



                                                                              Page 47 of 66
               EB:            "Okay, here's what I'm gonna do. I'm gonna go
                              and get you a couple of aspirin out of the
                              medicine cabinet."


                              "I'm gonna give you some water. You're gonna
                              take them. I'm gonna come back in an hour
                              and if you're still having whatever this
                              discomfort is, we'll get you in the car and we'll
                              take you to the emergency room."
(Comm. Exh. 30(a), p. 16, II. 32-40).


       The next and only other time the decedent left Appellant's house was in the

spring of 2012 when Mr. Rashid went out to get cigarettes and the decedent was home

alone. (Comm. Exh. C-30(A), p. 6)). Appellant's neighbor, Amanda Wyatt, described

what she observed as follows:

               GREEN:         Did you have occasion to meet {the decedent]?
               WYATT:         I did. Yes, sir.
               GREEN:         How long before the [decedent] passes away was the
                              time when you met the [decedent], had conversation?
               WYATT:         ... I want to say [the] spring of the year before he
                              passed. He locked himself out of the house and he
                              came over, asked me to call him a cab.
(N.T., 06/29/16, Vol. VIII, p. 1325-1327) .


               WYATT:         . . . [H]e was wearing a tee shirt, adult diaper. He had
                              a cane.
(N.T., 06/29/16, V_ol. VIII, p. 1331, II. 15-16).

       Appellant and Mr. Rashid left the decedent home alone often, either when
                                                      •
they both went to get the decedent's mail in New Jersey - a two hour trip - or out


                                                                                     Page 48 of 66
to eat. (Comm. Exh. C-14(8), p. 1 (Social History); Comm. Exh. 30(a), pp. 36-

38). Even on the morning of his father's death, Appellant and Mr. Rashid went

out for breakfast at the West Chester Diner and left the decedent home alone.

(Comm. Exh. 30(a), p. 40). The decedent was also left alone during the week

days when Mr. Rashid was deployed to Guantanamo Bay for six months.

Appellant testified he would come home to feed the decedent lunch. (N.T.,

06/28/16, Vol. VI I, p. 1167, II. 3-20, p. 1170, II. 1-8). During his time alone in the

house, the decedent did not have access to a phone or a cell phone.14 These

facts are relevant to determine if the decedent had access to the outside world

and vice versa.

        The Commonwealth proposed that the evidence showed the decedent was

secluded by Appellant. Appellant proposed through his testimony and that of Mr. Rashid

that the decedent chose to be alone, refusing contact with others, especially doctors

and nurses. Appellant also indicated his father never asked to see Mrs. Park or his

other friends. However, there is no indication that the decedent was ever given that

option. The jury was required to evaluate this contradictory evidence. In an analysis for

the sufficiency of the evidence, we do riot reconcile contradictory evidence, but must

determine whether a reasonable person viewing all of the evidence, taken as a whole in

the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, could find beyond a reasonable doubt

that Appellant secluded his father from others who could have provided aid.

14
     At no time during his stay with Appellant did the decedent have access to a phone in his
bedroom or a cell phone. We also considered the evidence that the decedent needed
assistance placing regular calls (N.T., 06/28/16, Vol. VII, p. 1280, II. 1-3; Comm. Exh. 16(b), p.
11 ), and that Appellant testified that even with access to a cell phone his father did not know
how to use one. (N.T., 06/28/16, Vol. VII, p. 1280, II. 15-20). There was no manner in which the
decedent could reach out for help.


                                                                                        Page 49 of 66
       The Commonwealth's evidence shows that on May 30, 2011 the Appellant took

the decedent from the life he enjoyed in New Jersey to Appellant's home in Chester

County, Pennsylvania. At this new location, the decedent had no access to a phone,

even when he was left alone for long periods of time. The decedent had no access to

friends and other family, even though Appellant knew that Mrs. Park wanted to keep in

touch with the decedent and wanted to continue to have the decedent participate in Boy

Scouts and Cub Scouts events. The decedent never went to another Thanksgiving with

his brother's family, something he did every year until he began living with Appellant in

November 2011. The decedent was never taken to church, though there was testimony

that the decedent had previously attended weekly, and Appellant also testified to

attending Mass. The Appellant made no attempts to have the decedent examined by a

doctor or to continue his medication regimen even though the decedent never refused

medical care from his prior doctors, at any hospital, or during his stay in the

rehabilitation facility. Looking at all of the evidence presented, in the light most favorable

to the Commonwealth, we find it was reasonable for the jury to conclude beyond a

reasonable doubt that Appellant secluded his father from those who could provide aid.

              B.     Appellant's Failure to Act Was Not the Legal
                     Cause of Death and/or Other Harm to the Decedent

       Appellant alleges that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to establish,

beyond a reasonable doubt that any act, or failure to act, by Appellant was the legal cause

of death and/or other harm to the decedent. The Commonwealth presented one expert

on the issue of causation, Ian Hood, MD, the medical examiner who performed the

autopsy on Edward O'Brien, Jr. The autopsy was completed the day after the
                                                                        I



decedent's death and a report was completed on September 11, 2013. (N.T., 06/24/16,


                                                                                    Page 50 of66
Vol. V, p. 898, p. 908, II. 20-24; Comm. Exh. C-21). Dr. Hood testified to his education

and professional experience. The Commonwealth moved for the qualification of Dr.

Hood as an expert in forensic pathology, Appellant did not object and the motion was

granted. (N.T., 06/14/16, Vol. V, p. 904, I. 21 - p. 905, I. 3; p. 907, II. 22-25).

        Appellant claims that Dr. Hood's testimony was insufficient to show that the

decedent's death resulted from any omission or failure to act on Appellant's part. Dr.

Hood's opinion as to causation addresses two aspects of the decedent's condition at

the time of his death. First, Dr. Hood opined that the decedent's cause of death was

congestive heart failure contributed to by infected decubiti, or bedsores, which placed

an extra strain on the decedent's system. Dr. Hood explained that the decedent's

cardiac health was very good except for the hardening of the heart walls that may be

expected to be seen in an individual the decedent's age and with his history. He opined

that the decedent had remarkably good organ function, and did not seem to have any

other medical problems.

        Dr. Hood explained the physical events that lead to congestive heart failure and

indicated that a regular medication regimen of Lasix would have placed the decedent's

heart back to normal function. (N.T., 06/24/16, Vol. V, p. 918, I. 21 - p. 922, I. 14). Lasix

or furosemide was the medication for which the decedent had received many

prescriptions prior to living with Appellant, and was one of the prescriptions he received

on two occasions from two doctors while in the care of Appellant, after his discharges

from Cooper River and Chester County Hospital." The decedent's medication regimen

had improved his cardiac function in the past which is probably why it had been

15 See N.T., 06/22/16, Vol. Ill, p. 409, 11. 11-18, p, 410, 11. _12�18, p. 413; N.T., 06/23/16, Vol. IV,
p. 631, I. 3 - p. 632, I. 5; Comm. Exh. C-8(G-I), C-8(0), C-14 (I)).

                                                                                               Page 51 of 66
continually prescribed over the years. (N.T., 06/22/16, Vol. Ill, p. 417, II. 3-12). Without

the medicine, the decedent's lungs would have filled with fluid and the decedent would

have become progressively hypoxic, that is he would have suffered from a lack of

oxygen, leading to terminal cardiac arrhythmia. This would result in a sudden death and

would look like the circumstances explained by Appellant on September 8, 2013. (N.T.,

06/24/16, Vol. V, p. 919, I. 2 - 7).

       The second aspect of Dr. Hood's opinion as to causation was the infection in the

decedent's bedsores. Dr. Hood explained that he swabbed the areas of the bedsores,

examined the swabs and found those samples showed growing organisms. He also

testified that he tested the decedent's blood and that those same organisms were found

in the decedent's blood stream. This infection placed an added stress on the decedent's

system contributing to his death. (N.T., 06/24/16, Vol. V. p. 922, I. 11 - p. 925, p. 928, II.

1-2; Comm. Exh. C-21(8)).

       Appellant claims that Dr. Hood's opinions are insufficient to prove beyond a

reasonable doubt that it was Appellant's omissions or failure to care for his father that

caused the decedent's death. However, Dr. Hood opined that it was the omission of

continued medication which caused the decedent to suffer congestive heart failure and

that the infection from the multiple bedsores that contaminated his blood caused stress

upon the decedent's heart leading to sudden arrhythmia and death. Dr. Hood explained

that it was the infection from the bedsores that pushed the decedent's condition towards I

a sudden death. It was up to the jury to consider whether to accept Dr. Hood's opinion            I
as to causation.                                                                                  I

      Appellant testified that the bedsores did not begin to occur until four weeks prior

to death. Dr. Hood agreed that the bedsores he examined were approximately that old.

                                                                                   Page 52 of66
 He added, however, that the decedent should not have been at high risk for bedsores.

 The decedent did not suffer from paralysis or neurological conditions which would have

 kept him from altering his position or prevented him from feeling discomfort that would

 have caused the decedent to change his position. (N.T., 06/24/16, Vol. V, p. 912-913).

 The reasonable inference is that the continued untreated congestive heart failure made

 it harder to get oxygen into the lungs decreasing the decedent's mobility. In turn, this

 decreased mobility caused bedsores.

       The development of bedsores is not what directly caused the decedent's death. It

was the lack of daily hygienic care of the decedent's body which allowed urine and

feces to infect the wounds and eventually allowed the spread of the infection to the

decedent's blood. (N.T., 06/24/16, Vol. V, p. 919-920). With proper attention to the

decedent's cleanliness and proper attention to avoiding bedsores with movement and

. padding of those areas, the decedent's heart would not have been stressed to the point

of an irregular arrhythmia and sudden death. (N.T., 06/24/16, Vol. V, p:919-921, 928).

       The deplorable condition in which the decedent was found was noted by Dr.

Hood. The decedent's body was covered in keratitic debris; a build-up on the skin due

to a lack of washing that is seen as a brown hue on the skin. The decedent's body was

also covered head to toe in feces and urine. There were numerous and extensive

bedsores that looked three to four weeks old. (N .T., 06/24/16, Vol. V, p. 911; Comm.

Exh. C-6, C-6(A)). Those factors were conducive to the spreading of infection.

       Dr. Hood's testimony regarding the condition of the decedent's body was

corroborated by the first responders to the 911 call made by Appellant on September 8,

2013. They testified that the condition of the decedent's room was nauseating. The first



                                                                                 Page 63 of 66
officer on the scene, Detective Michael J. Buchmann described what he found as

follows:

               BUCHMANN:              I'm a detective with the West Whiteland
                                      Township Police Department.
{N.T., 06/21/16, Vol. II, p. 235, II. 14-15).


               BUCHMANN:              I was dispatched to 936 Hollyview Lane
                                      for report of a cardiac arrest.

{N.T., 06/21/16, Vol. II, p. 237, II. 15-16).


               BUCHMANN:              [The decedent] was lying on the floor.


               BUCHMANN:              He was wearing a white tee shirt or
                                      white undershirt.
                        YEN:          Was her wearing anything on his bottom
                                      half?
               BUCHMANN:              No.
{N.T., 06/21/16, Vol. II, p. 251, II. 2-7).


                        YEN:          Detective, when you entered the
                                      threshold of 936 Hollyview Lane did you
                                      detect any noticeable odors or aroma?
               BUCHMMANN:             I did. There was a foul smell of what I
                                      believed to be human feces .
                        YEN:          . . . [WJhen you entered the residence
                                      from the sidewalk ... did you perceive
                                      an aroma or a smell at that point?
               BUCHMANN:              Not as strong as in the [decedent's]
                                      room but I did, yes.




                                                                                Page 54 of 66
                       YEN:           ... [H)eading to the bedroom where [the
                                      decedent] was found deceased how
                                      strong was the odor of human waste?
               BUCHANNAN:             It was very strong, very overbearing.


               BUCHMANN:              To the point where you could only spend
                                      a few moments in there. few minutes
                                      before having to leave to take a fresh
                                      breath of air or breath of fresh air.
(N.T., 06/21/16, Vol. II, p. 254, I. 13 - p. 255, I. 8}.


       The pictures entered into evidence depicting the decedent's bedroom

showed pervasive filth. (Comm. Exh. C-4, C-4(A), C-4(B)). Detective Buchmann

observed dried feces on the decedent's box spring, the carpet in decedent's

bedroom, the wooden chair in the bedroom, and on the bedroom furniture. (N.T.,

06/21/16, Vol. II, p. 258, l. 16 - p. 259, I. 4). There was no area in the decedent's

bedroom that was clean.

       Jeffrey McCloskey, another responding West Whiteland Police Detective

who has previously worked as an EMT made similar observations. (N.T.,

06/24/16, Vol. V, p. 846, II. 16-20, p. 848, II. 15-18, p. 849, II. 9-10). He too

immediately smelled the odor of urine and feces upon entering the Appellant's

house. The odor got stronger when he climbed the stairs to the second floor.

When he stepped into the decedent's bedroom the odor became overwhelrninq.

He had to start breathing through his mouth which caused him to gag. {N.T.,

06/24/16, Vol. V, p. 849, II. 20-21, p. 850, II. 6-15}. Detective McCloskey

described the scene in the decedent's bedroom as follows:


                                                                                  Page 55 of 66
        MCCLOSKEY:            [The decedent] was laying on his back, ... on
                              the floor with only a tee shirt on .... He was
                              naked from the waist down. . . . His skin was
                              - -appeared very dehydrated .... He had black sores,
                              ulcers throughout his body. Ankles were pretty much
                              black, heels, his toes. Right side of his hip had
                              a large ulcer, black marks on it.


       MCCLOSKEY:             ... You could see some feces hanging from the
                              inside of his groin. Just the body itself just
                              looked - - . . . he did not look very clean at all.


       MCCLOSKEY:             There was a bed - - bed, box spring which was
                              completely filthy. There were basically blood, it
                              appeared to be feces, urine, you know, on the
                              box spring like somebody had gone to the
                              bathroom, just ran down the side of the box
                              spring onto floor. The floor, carpet appeared to
                              be the same way, you know, there was urine,
                              feces smell and appeared to be dried urine,
                             feces, blood on the floor, on the bed, on the
                              bed frame, box spring, chair.


       MCCLOSKEY:             Night stand had also some blood or dried feces
                             on it, some type of splatter. Sheets and blanket
                             on top also had some type of, you know, stains
                             on it.
(N.T., 06/24/16, Vol. V, p. 850, I. 22 - p. 853, I. 11).


       During AppeUant's testimony he admitted that although his father was

bladder and bowel incontinent, and did not wear a diaper, and that the bed linens

                                                                                    Page 56 of 66
and the decedent's t-shirt were only changed two to three times a week. (Comm.

Exh. C-30(A), pp. 24-25, p. 42). Bearing in mind the evidence of the condition of

the decedent's body, the condition of the decedent's living area, and the lab

results showing an infection in the decedent's bedsores and in his blood, it can

be inferred that the cause of death was congestive heart failure exacerbated by

the infection in his blood from the infected bedsores. It is reasonable to infer that

this condition was the direct result of the unsanitary and unhygienic conditions in

which the decedent was left while in Appellant's care. The Appellant stated he

knew he had to do something but had not decided what to do. (Comm. Exh. C-

30(A), p. 21-22). The point in this case is that he didn't do anything and his father

was left in a considerably worse condition as a result.

       The jury was instructed to determine whether the evidence presented

proved the element of causation beyond a reasonable doubt for the Third Degree

Murder charge. Examining the evidence in the light most favorable to the

Commonwealth, and considering Dr. Hood's opinion that but for the Appellant's

failures to care for his father in continuing the medications he had been

previously prescribed, and keeping the decedent clean and minimally mobile, the

decedent would have likely lived a much longer life, we find there was sufficient

evidence for the jury to find that the Commonwealth proved causation beyond a

reasonable doubt relating to the Murder of the Third Degree charge and the other

personal injury charges.

                           VIII.     Jury Instruction -Affirmative Defense
                                                                                   •
       Appellant sets forth an objection to the court giving an affirmative defense

instruction to the jury in violation of Appellant's constitutional rights. ( See Appellant's

                                                                                  Page 57 of 66
Concise Statement, 11/01/16, p. 1, par. 3). We address this objection in two parts. The

first is whether it was a violation of both State and Federal Constitutions to have any

burden of proof assigned to Appellant for an affirmative defense. Appellant alleges that

our instruction relieved the Commonwealth of its burden to prove every element of the

crimes charged beyond a reasonable doubt. The second is whether it was error to give

the specific affirmative instruction as it was in this case.

       Generally speaking, when reviewing a jury instruction for reversible error, the

entire instruction must be read as a whole to determine if it provided a fair and complete

statement of the law.        Commonwealth v. Jones, 683 A.2d 1181            (Pa.   1996);

Commonwealth v. Spell, 28 A.3d 1274 (Pa. 2011). Only when a clear abuse of

discretion or an error of law affecting the outcome of the case is found, can there be

determined to be reversible error. Commonwealth v. Montgomery, 687 A.2d 1131

(Pa.Super. 1996); Commonwealth v. Brown, 987 A.2d 699 (Pa. 2009), cerl. denied, 131

S. Ct. 76 (2010).

              A.     Affirmative Defense Instruction Appropriate

       We first examine Appellant's claim that it was error to assign the burden of proof

for an affirmative defense to Appellant at all because it relieved the Commonwealth of

its burden to prove all the elements of the crimes charged beyond a reasonable doubt.

We disagree. The jury was repeatedly instructed, in the general instructions and as the

instruction for each crime was given, that the Commonwealth bore the burden of

proving every element of each crime beyond a reasonable doubt. They were also

repeatedly instructed that the Appellant bore no burden with respect to the crimes
                                        •
charged. (N.T., 06/29/16, Vol. VIII, p. 1528, II. 4-12, p. 1529, II. 10-13, 17-21). It was

made clear that if they found the Commonwealth failed to meet its burden of proof on

                                                                                Page 58 of 66
any element of any of the charges that they should find Appellant not guilty. (N.T.,

06/29/16, Vol. VIII, p. 1528, II. 13-14, p. 1539, II. 10-13).

       The appellate courts have consistently held that the burden of proving an

affirmative defense that relieves the accused of criminal responsibility, but does not

negate an element of the offense charged, may be placed on the defendant. See

Pa.S.S.J.l.(Crirn.), §2.10, (2016) Defenses-Assigning the Burden of Proof, Advisory

Committee Note, citing Commonwealth v. Collins, 810 A.2d 698, 701, (Pa.Super. 2002);

Commonwealth v. Shenkin, 487 A.2d 380 (Pa.Super. 1985). The general rule is that

when the asserted defense may only be proven by "information that is peculiarly within

the defendant's own knowledge and control, the ... defendant has the burden of proving

the defense by a preponderance of the evidence. See Commonwealth v. Rishel, 658

A.2d 352, 355 (Pa.Super. 1995), reversed on other grounds 681 A.2d 162 (Pa.1996).

Appellant testified at length about the decedent's communication of his wishes to

Appellant. According to the testimony presented by Appellant and other defense

witnesses, the decedent wished to remain in Appellant's home, did not want to be in a

skilled nursing facility, and did not wish to receive medical care from visiting nurses

whom he considered strangers. These conversations occurred between Appellant and

the decedent. Some occurred in the presence of Appellant's partner, Mr. Rashid who

also testified. (N.T., 06/27/16, Vol. VI, p. 1104, I. 23 - p. 1105, I. 16; p. 1108, II. 23-25;

N.T. 06/28/16, Vol. VII, p. 1252, I. 9-16; N.T., 06/29/16, Vol. VIII, p. 1365, I. 12 - p.

1366, I. 19).

       Appellant's defense included the proposition that Appellant failed to get medical

care for the decedent because the decedent refused any care. Obviously, the

Commonwealth had no access to any evidence relating to the decedent's wishes other

                                                                                    Page 59 or 66
than statements made by Appellant and the decedent's past medical history

demonstrating the care he sought for himself. We found, and continue to find, that it was

appropriate to give the jury an affirmative defense instruction.

       Our   instructions clearly   and   repeatedly stated that the            Commonwealth

maintained its burden to prove all of the elements of each crime beyond a reasonable

doubt. In determining whether they believed the decedent refused medical care, thereby

relieving Appellant of his legal duty to care for the decedent, the jurors made a

credibility determination after hearing the recording of Appellant's interview with

Detective Lund, and after hearing Appellant and other witnesses testify in court. The

jury had only to find that it was more likely than not that there was a competent refusal

of care by the decedent in order to return   a verdict of not guilty on   all counts. But, it was

also made clear to the jurors that the Commonwealth maintained the burden of proof,

beyond a reasonable doubt, in reference to all the elements of the crimes.

Consequently, we find no error was made.

              B.     Affirmative Defense Instruction Given in this Case

      We next examine whether the specific instruction relating to the affirmative

defense given in this case was appropriate. Our jury instructions did not place a burden

on Appellant to show that he had "no duty." First and foremost. we instructed the jury

that it was initially the Commonwealth's burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt

that Appellant had a legal duty to provide medical care to the decedent. We stated:


             COURT:         You cannot find the [Appellant] guilty ... based
                            solely on failure to act unless           you are
                                                           •
                            satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that



                                                                                      Page 60 of 66
                             the defendant had a legal duty to care for
                             the decedent. ...


(N.T., 06/29/16, Vol. VIII, p. 1542, II. 8-13)(emphasis added). The burden of proving,

beyond a reasonable doubt. that Appellant had a legal duty to care for his father was

assigned to the Commonwealth. This same instruction was given on every criminal

charge: Murder in the Third Degree, Id., Involuntary Manslaughter, see N.T., 06/29/16,

Vol. VIII, p. 1542, I. 22 - p. 1543, I. 13), Aggravated Assault, see N.T., 06/29/16, Vol.

VIII, p. 1545, I. 24 - p. 1546, I. 17), and Recklessly Endangering Another Person, see

N.T., 06/29/16, Vol. VIII, p. 1548, II. 1-5, 11-16).

       We also gave an additional instruction related specifically to the lesser burden

being placed upon Appellant regarding his affirmative defense which required them to

make a finding of fact, by a preponderance of the evidence, relating to the decedent's

wishes to forgo medical care. We found that the facts in this case and the facts

contemplated by the statute relating to Neglect of Care-Dependent Person, 18

Pa.C.S.A. § 2713 are very similar. Accordingly, we used the suggested standard

instruction governing Neglect of Care-Dependent Person, Id., as a template for our

instruction. Specifically, we used the portion of the Neglect of Care-Dependent Person

that sets forth the affirmative defense. Pa.S.S.J.I.· (Crim), §15.2713 (2016)(Neglect of

Care-Dependent Person). The § 15.2713 affirmative defense instruction states:

              The defendant has asserted that the conduct otherwise
              charged in this case resulted directly from:
                      a. . . . compliance with a care-dependent person's
                         living will for health care ·... ; or
                      b. . .. compliance with the care-dependent person's
                         written.    signed,     and . witnessed   instructions,

                                                                                   Page 61 of 66
                       executed when the care-dependent person was
                       competent as to the treatment he or she wished to
                       receive; or
                    c. . . . compliance with the direction of the care-
                       dependent person's ... power of attorney ... within
                       the scope of that power; or
                    d. ... compliance with a [DNR] order ... by ...
                        attending physician; ...
             The defendant bears the burden of proving to you by a
             preponderance of the evidence that the conduct resulted
             from one of these circumstances. If you find that the
             defendant has shown you that it is more likely than not that
             such circumstances did exist and did result in the conduct
             charged, you should find the defendant not guilty. Otherwise,
             if all of the elements as I have explained them have been
             proven beyond a reasonable doubt, you should find the
             defendant guilty.



We gave the following instructions:

             COURT:        In this case the defendant has asserted what is called
                           an affirmative defense claiming his conduct was a
                           result of the decedent's wishes to forgo medical care.
                           The defendant bears the burden of proving, proving to
                           you by a preponderance of the evidence, that his
                           conduct was due to decedent's wishes to forego
                           medical care.


                           Let me explain the difference between the burdens of
                           proof. While the Commonwealth's burden in relation
                                                                        •
                           to each element of each charge is beyond a
                           reasonable doubt, the defendant's burden relating to

                                                                              Page 62 of 66
                             his affirmative defense is a lesser burden. That
                             burden is a preponderance of the evidence, which
                             means that the fact asserted is more likely true than
                             not.
(N.T., 06/26/16, Vol. VIII, p, 1529, I. 22- p. [1530, I. 9).


       At Appellant's request, the jury wa.s further instructed:
                             It is the law in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
                             that a rational, competent person has a right to refuse
                             medical treatment and they have a right to refuse it for
                             any reason whatsoever. If you find based on the
                             evidence presented that it is more likely than not that
                             the decedent made a rational and competent refusa I
                             of medical care, you must find the defendant not
                             guilty.
(N.T., 06/26/16, Vol. VIII, p. 1530, II. 10-16).
              COURT:         [l]f you find by a preponderance of the evidence that it
                             is more likely than not that the decedent made a
                             competent, rational refusal of medical care, you may
                             not find the defendant had a duty to care for the
                             decedent.
See N.T., 06/29/16, Vol. VIII, p. 1541, II. 4-7 (Third Degree Murder), p. 1543, II. 2-6

(Involuntary Manslaughter), p. 1546, I. 5-9 (Aggravated Assault), and p. 1548, II. 6-10

(Recklessly Endangering Another Person). We concluded that the instructions provided

to the jury were necessary for them to understand the legal principles to be applied in

the case given the evidence presented.

   In order to aid the jury in their understanding of the law they w�re to consider, the

instructions were displayed orr a large screen so that they were able to read along as

they listened to the court read the instructions. Additionally, each juror was provided

                                                                                  Page 63 of 66
 with a copy of the instructions for each of the offenses and the affirmative defense

 instruction to use for reference during their deliberations. After review of the entire jury

 instruction as reflected in the Notes of Testimony we continue to find our instructions

were appropriate and find there was no error in giving the affirmative defense instruction

 in the manner in which it was given.16

                                          VIII.   Sentencing

        Appellant    claims   we    committed     an   error when       imposing    a   "manifestly

unreasonable" sentence of 5 to 10 years of incarceration for the crime of Murder in the

Third Degree (18 Pa.C.S.A. §2502(c)). (Concise Statement, p. 2, par. 11). Appellant also

claims that we erred in "applying the Sentencing Guidelines in an automatic fashion." Id.

We do not find any error in sentencing Appellant to the legal. mitigated sentence of 5 to 10

years for Murder in the Third Degree.

        "[T]he proper standard of review when considering whether to affirm the sentencing

court's determination is an abuse of discretion." Commonwealth v. Walls, 926 A.2d 957,

961 (Pa. 2007). Our Supreme Court has defined an abuse of discretion as being "more

than a mere error of judgment; thus, a sentencing court will not have abused its discretion

unless the record discloses that the judgment exercised was manifestly unreasonable, or

the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will." Id. (citation omitted). The sentencing court

has broad discretion as it is "in the best position to determine the proper penalty for a i

particular offense based upon an evaluation of the individual circumstances before it." Id.



16
   It should be noted that of the few questions asked by the jury during their approximately 1 O
hours of deliberations, none indicated there was any confusion relating to the differences
between the burdens of proof they were to apply when making the finding of fact relating to the
decedent's wishes, versus the finding of fact they were required to make relating to Appellant's
legal duty to care for his father.


                                                                                         Page 64 of 66
at 961-962.

       Appellant does not question the legality of the sentence, but the discretionary

aspect of the sentence as being "unreasonable" and "automatic". Id. This challenge to the

trial court's discretion is not suitable for appellate review. Commonwealth v. Wright, 832

A.2d 1104, 1107 (Pa. Super. 2003); Commonwealth v. W.H.M. Jr., 932 A.2d 155, 164 (Pa.

Super. 2007); Commonwealth v. Zirkle, 107 A.2d 127 (Pa.Super. 2014). Appellant must

first show that there is a substantial question that the sentence imposed was not

appropriate. We find that there is no substantial question. In fact, Appellant in his Concise

Statement agrees the trial court sentenced Appellant within the mitigated range suggested

by the Sentencing Guidelines.

       Our appellate courts have held that it is the sentencing court that is in the best

position to gauge the mitigating and aggravating factors and to "determine the proper

penalty for a particular offense based upon an evaluation of the individual circumstances

before it." Commonwealth v. Perry, 32 A.3d 232, 236 (Pa. 2011)(quoting Walls, supra at

926 (citations omitted). "Simply stated, ... [we, as the sentencing court bring] an expertise,

experience, and judgment that should not be lightly disturbed." Commonwealth v. Pasture,

107 A.3d 21, 27 (Pa. 2014), (quoting Walls, supra at 961)(citations omitted).

       After careful consideration of the evidence presented at trial, we continue to find it

was appropriate to sentence Appellant to 5 to 10 years of state incarceration for Murder in

the Third Degree. We note that the Sentencing Guidelines suggest a minimum sentence

of 6 years. We mitigated Appellant's sentence to 5 to 10 years. (N.T., 08/17/16, p. 6, I. 13-

p. 7, I. 19). Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion in the sentence imposed.

Commonwealth v. Perry, 32 A.3d 232 (Pa. 2011) ("An abuse of discretion may not be

found merely because an appellate court might have reached a different conclusion.")

                                                                                    Page 65.of 66
                                       CONCLUSION

       It is our determination, for the reasons stated above, that no errors were committed

at the time of trial or at the time of sentencing. We respectfully ask that the Superior Court

AFFIRM our August 17, 2016 judgment of sentence imposing a 5 to 10 year sentence of

incarceration for the crime of Murder in the Third Degree (18 Pa.C.S.A. §2502(c)).



                                                            BY THE COURT:



                                                         QA��J�Jr
                                                           Ann Marie Wheatcraft                                     J.




                                                            Cler            of Common 'Pleas Court
                                        ---Deputy
                                            ---·. - --�--·- ····-. ··---· ........ - . ... .   . ..... ······· ....... ---· ··---.




                                                                                                                           Page 66 of66
