                                                                          FILED
                                                                      OCTOBER 26, 2017
                                                                   In the Office of the Clerk of Court
                                                                 WA State Court of Appeals, Division Ill




           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                              DIVISION THREE

 In the Matter of the Parental Rights to        )
                                                )        No. 34588-2-111
 I.M.t                                          )
                                                )
                                                )        UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                                                )

         KORSMO, J. -This appeal presents the question of whether a trial court may, on

reconsideration, correct its original statement concerning the quantum of proof it was

 applying to decide an issue at trial. We conclude the trial court could do so and

ultimately did apply the correct standard. We affirm the decision to terminate C.J.'s

parental rights to his daughter.

                                           FACTS

         The Department of Social and Health Services (DSHS) sought to terminate C.J.'s

parental rights to a daughter, I.M. The facts underlying the dependency and termination

proceedings need not be discussed at any length in light of the sole issue presented by the

appeal. The matter proceeded to trial before the Honorable John Cooney of the Spokane

County Superior Court.



       t To protect the privacy interests of I.M., a minor, we use her initials throughout this
opinion. General Order of Division III, In Re the Use ofInitials or Pseudonyms for Child
Victims or Child Witnesses (Wash. Ct. App. June 18, 2012), http://www.courts.wa.gov/
appellate_trial_courts/?fa=atc.genorders_ orddisp&ordnumber=2012_001 &div=III.
No. 34588-2-III
In re Parental Rights to I.M


       Two days after the conclusion of the bench trial, Judge Cooney announced his

findings and judgment on the record. He determined that the State had proven the

presence of the six statutory factors by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence. Report of

Proceedings (RP) at 205-213. He then found that C.J. was unfit to parent by a

preponderance of the evidence. RP at 213. At the conclusion of the lengthy recitation,

the court asked the parties if there were any questions. Neither party objected. The court

ordered C.J.'s parental rights terminated.

       The parties prepared written findings of fact and submitted them to the trial judge.

The State's proposal used the clear, cogent, and convincing standard for the

determination of parental unfitness, while that offered by C.J. used the preponderance of

the evidence standard. Clerk's Papers (CP) at 223, 238, 240. Nonetheless, the court's

written findings, although submitted by the State, applied the preponderance of the

evidence standard. CP at 15 8, 160-161.

       DSHS promptly moved for reconsideration, asking the court to amend its findings

to reflect the clear, cogent, and convincing standard. C.J. opposed the request. The court

ruled that it had erred as a matter of law by applying the incorrect standard and that

DSHS had properly objected. CP at 169. It reconsidered the matter and determined that

it was convinced by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence that C.J. was currently unfit

to parent I.M. An amended order to that effect soon entered.




                                             2
No. 34588-2-III
In re Parental Rights to I.M


       C.J. promptly appealed to this court. A panel considered the matter without

argument.

                                         ANALYSIS

       The sole issue presented by this appeal is whether the trial court erred by allowing

reconsideration. C.J. argues that the matter should be remanded for a new trial at which

the clear, cogent, and convincing standard should be applied to the unfitness issue. We

conclude that the trial court did not err in reconsidering its earlier ruling.

       In order to terminate the parent-child relationship, the State first must establish the

six elements ofRCW 13.34.180(1). 1 The trial court then must find by clear, cogent, and

convincing evidence that the parent is currently unfit. In re Welfare ofA.B., 168 Wn.2d

908,918,232 P.3d 1104 (2010). '"Clear, cogent, and convincing evidence' means

highly probable." In re Welfare of MR.H, 145 Wn. App. 10, 24, 188 P.3d 510 (2008).

Where a trial court find_s all of the elements of the statute by clear, cogent, and

convincing evidence, it implicitly finds the parent is unfit by the same standard. In re

Dependency of K.NJ., 171 Wn.2d 568, 576-577, 257 P.3d 522 (2011).



       1
          The State must present evidence establishing that ( 1) the child has been found
to be dependent, (2) the court has entered a dispositional order, (3) the child has been
removed from the custody of the parent for at least six months, (4) all the necessary
services have been afforded to the parent to correct the parental deficiencies, (5) there is
little likelihood of remedying the parental deficiencies, and (6) continuation of the parent-
child relationship clearly diminishes the child's prospects of permanent placement.
RCW 13.34.180(1).

                                               3
No. 34588-2-111
In re Parental Rights to IM


       When reconsideration is granted on the basis of error of law, this court reviews the

order de novo. Ramey v. Knorr, 130 Wn. App. 672, 686, 124 P.3d 314 (2005). CR 59(a)

provides nine bases for reconsideration. Here, the trial court relied on CR 59(a)(8). 2 The

rule provides that a basis for granting reconsideration is:

       Error in law occurring at the trial and objected to at the time by the party
       making the application.

(emphasis added).

       The underscored language is the focus of C.J.' s appeal since the parties agree that

the trial court committed an error of law by initially misapplying the burden of proof.

C.J. contends that DSHS did not object "at the time" of the court's oral recitation of its

findings and thereby could not take advantage of CR 59(a)(8). We disagree.

       CR 52(a)(l) requires trial judges to enter findings of fact and conclusions oflaw in

all cases tried to the bench. The written findings are the court's actual findings; oral

remarks have no meaning unless they are included in the written findings. Ferree v.

Doric, 62 Wn.2d 561, 566-567, 383 P.2d 900 (1963). 3 For that reason, assignments of


       2
          Although DSHS also cited CR 59(a)(7) in its motion, the trial court did not rely
on that provision in issuing its ruling and only applied the error of law standard of CR
59(a)(8). CP at 169. Accordingly, we will not further discuss appellant's CR 59(a)(7)
concerns.
        3
          "It must be remembered that a trial judge's oral decision is no more than a verbal
expression of his informal opinion at that time. It is necessarily subject to further study
and consideration, and may be altered, modified, or completely abandoned. It has no
final or binding effect, unless formally incorporated into the findings, conclusions, and
judgment." Ferree, 62 Wn.2d at 566-567.

                                              4
No. 34588-2-III
In re Parental Rights to I.M


error directed to oral findings are not proper. Rutter v. Rutter, 59 Wn.2d 781, 784, 370

P.2d 862 (1962). Thus, the fact that DSHS did not object during the court's recitation of

its findings is of no moment because the oral findings were of no legal consequence. 4

       DSHS did propose findings that contained the proper standard. However, both

parties also presented findings consistent with the court's oral remarks, one of which was

the one signed by the judge. Once the written findings were filed, the State moved to

reconsider. It was not until the written findings entered that there was something against

which an objection could be stated. Id. We believe that by submitting correct proposed

findings, the State preserved this issue for reconsideration and then timely objected when

the court instead entered the findings with the erroneous standard.

       Although it would have simplified matters immensely if the parties had called the

error to the court's attention initially, they were under no obligation to do so until the

error was memorialized in writing and became a proper subject to challenge. That was

done here in a timely enough fashion for the trial court to review the matter and apply the

correct standard to the trial evidence, avoiding an unnecessary retrial. Unlike evidentiary

or other trial issues, the error here occurred after the presentation of evidence during the

oral recitation of the judgment, a portion of trial that has no place ( or need) for formal

objection. The State objected as promptly as it could under the circumstances.


       4
         Similarly, C.J. was under no obligation to object to the court's oral findings in
order to preserve his subsequent challenge to the written findings and judgment.

                                               5
No. 34588-2-III
In re Parental Rights to I.M                                                                iI
                                                                                            l
      The trial court did not err by applying CR 59(a)(8) to correct an error of law once

its oral remarks had been reduced to writing. The unchallenged evidentiary findings
                                                                                            I
amply supported the determination that termination of the parent-child relationship was      l!
proper.                                                                                     II
      Affirmed.                                                                             I
                                                                                            !
      A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the        Ij
                                                                                            !
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW        Il
2.06.040.

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WE CONCUR:
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