BOYD A. PENNINGTON, individually                 )
and as Successor Trustee of the                  )
JAMES W. GRESHAM LIVING TRUST,                   )
                                                 )
                   Plaintiff-Appellant,          )
                                                 )
vs.                                              )          No. SD36226
                                                 )          Filed: December 6, 2019
SAIDEE ANN VONIER, individually,                 )
and as Trustee of the                            )
JAMES W. GRESHAM LIVING TRUST,                   )
                                                 )
                   Defendant-Respondent.         )

               APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF JASPER COUNTY

                              Honorable Dean G. Dankelson, Judge

AFFIRMED

       Boyd A. Pennington (“Pennington”) appeals from the trial court’s judgment, after a bench

trial. Finding no merit to Pennington’s two points, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                 Facts and Procedural History

       James W. Gresham (“Gresham”) created and executed the “James W. Gresham Living

Trust” (“Trust”) on January 31, 2011. Gresham, as Trustor, was to receive all the income and

principal of the Trust estate as he directed. Gresham also had the right to amend or revoke the
Trust at any time, other than in times of disability. The successor trustee, Southwest Missouri

Bank, was given the “same rights, powers, duties, discretions and immunities as if it had been

named as initial Trustee[.]” Under “Section 4. Exercise of Trustor’s Rights and Powers by Others”

of the Trust, Gresham reserved “[t]he power to amend, revoke or terminate the trust created by

this trust agreement[.]”

           Saidee 1 Ann Vonier (“Vonier”) married Gresham on July 15, 2013. 2 Pennington is

Vonier’s biological son, and Gresham’s stepson. Gresham amended the Trust four times during

his lifetime, with the primary changes being designated beneficiaries and changes of successor

trustees. Gresham’s fourth and final amendment was executed on July 29, 2013, whereby Gresham

made the following changes:

           FlRST:
                  The first paragraph of Article I, Section 1, Parties to the Trust is hereby
           amended to read as follows:
                  ‘This Trust Agreement dated 31 of January, 2011 is made by James
           Gresham, as Trustor, and James Gresham and Saidee Ann Vonier, as initial
           Trustees.’

           SECOND:
                   Article III, Section 4 ‘Designated Successor Trustees’ is hereby amended to
           read as follows:
                   ‘Upon the death or disability of JAMES W. GRESHAM or SAIDEE ANN
           VONIER, the other shall serve as successor trustee. Upon the death or disability
           of both JAMES W. GRESHAM or SAIDEE ANN VONIER, then they shall be
           replaced by BOYD PENNINGTON.’

           THIRD:
                  Article IV, Section 4 is amended to read as follows:
                  ‘The power to amend, revoke or terminate the trust created by this trust
           Agreement is personal to the Trustor, but after his death, may be exercised by the
           Successor Trustee.’



1
  The record before us contains numerous misspellings of Respondent’s first name, including the trial court’s
judgment. We have discerned from the record that “Saidee” is in fact the correct spelling, and use it accordingly.
2
    Vonier and Gresham had known each other since they were in their teens.

                                                          2
       FOURTH:
       Article VI, Section 2 as it appears in the Third Amendment to Trust Agreement and
       the Corrected Third Amendment shall be deleted. In its place shall be the
       following: The Trustee shall pay or apply for the benefit of Saidee Ann Vonier
       during her lifetime all or such part of the income and principal of the trust estate as
       the Trustee shall direct.

       FIFTH:
       Article VII, Sections 1, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 as set out in the James W. Gresham Living
       Trust and as appear in the Amendment to Trust Agreement, Second Amendment to
       Trust Agreement, Third Amendment to Trust Agreement, and Corrected Third
       Amendment to Trust Agreement are all deleted and shall read as follows:

       ‘Upon my death, I direct my Trustee to distribute my land, equipment, and
       household goods and personal effects to my wife, Saidee Ann Vonier, as a life
       estate. At her death, the property is to be distributed outright to her son, Boyd
       Pennington, 17350 Taylor Drive, Olathe, Kansas, if he survives her. If he does not
       survive her, the trust estate shall be then distributed to those persons who would be
       my heirs had I died intestate owning such property.

       Any trust property distributed under this Article shall follow the laws of intestate
       succession of the State of Missouri as such laws are in effect at the time of such
       distribution.’

       SIXTH:
               Except as expressly amended hereby, all of the terms, conditions and
       provisions of said Trust Agreement and previous amendments shall remain in full
       force and effect.

       Gresham died on January 23, 2014. On March 8, 2017, Pennington filed suit in an attempt

to prohibit Vonier from selling two tracts of real estate, which were part of the Trust assets, or in

the alternative to execute a deed reflecting Vonier’s life estate and Pennington “as the remainder

beneficiary.”

       On March 29, 2017, Vonier, as Successor Trustee of the Trust, executed a Fifth

Amendment to the Trust, which “canceled, annulled and rescinded” Article III, Section 4, of

Gresham’s Fourth Amendment to Trust Agreement, replacing Pennington as Successor Trustee,

and eliminating Pennington as a beneficiary. On April 13, 2018, Vonier executed a deed

transferring all the real estate from the Trust to herself personally.

                                                   3
       A bench trial was held on March 26, 2019, wherein Pennington and Vonier testified. On

June 21, 2019, the trial court entered its “Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Judgment

Entry,” denying the relief sought by Pennington. The trial court found:

       23. Unless contrary to public policy, a trust is to be construed and enforced
       according to the intent of the settlor as expressed within the trust document or
       documents. A settlor is presumed to know and intend the legal effect of the
       language he or she uses in the trust documents. Extrinsic evidence or aid for the
       construction of the trust is only permitted whenever some ambiguity exists in the
       language of the trust.

       24. In the provisions of Fourth Amendment, Article I, Section 1, of the Gresham
       Trust, Vonier was named an “initial Trustee” of the Trust. Article III, Section 4
       also provided that upon the death of Gresham or Vonier, the survivor was to serve
       as the sole Successor Trustee. After the death of Gresham, Vonier was the sole
       surviving Trustee.

       25. Under Section 2 of Article VI of the Fourth Amendment, Vonier was permitted
       to distribute as much of the trust property to Vonier that she, as the Successor
       Trustee, might direct. The specific language of that provision was that “The Trustee
       shall pay or apply for the benefit of Saidee Ann Vonier during her lifetime all or
       such part of the income and principal of the trust estate as the Trustee shall direct.”
       This language is unambiguous and evidences a clear intent that Vonier, as
       Successor Trustee, could distribute all the principal of the Trust Estate to herself,
       including the real estate.

       26. Under the just recently accomplished deed from herself as Trustee to herself
       individually, Vonier is now the owner of the real estate as permitted and authorized
       by the Trust, free of any claim to a remainder ownership interest of Pennington.
       This transfer was permitted, authorized, and directed by the unambiguous language
       of the Trust.

       27. Alternatively, §456.6-602 RSMo. of the Missouri Uniform Trust Code,
       provides that unless the terms of the trust provide otherwise, a settlor may revoke
       or amend a trust. Subsection 5 also provides that the power of amendment may be
       exercised by an agent if expressly authorized by the terms of the trust. In the present
       case, Article IV, Section 3, reserved to the Trustor the right to amend the Trust.
       Article IV, Section 3, reserved to the Trustor the right to amend the Trust. Article
       IV, Section 4 as amended in the Fourth Amendment, provided that the right of
       amendment could be exercised by the Successor Trustee, including a right to amend
       the Trust after the death of the original Trustor or settlor.




                                                 4
       28. Thereafter, as the Successor Trustee, Vonier amended the Trust by executing
       the Fifth Amendment which provided that upon the death of the Trustor or
       Gresham, the trust estate was to be distributed to Vonier as an individual. This
       amendment was entirely within the authority conferred upon her by the Trust
       documents executed by Gresham. Under this amendment, the execution and
       delivery to herself of a deed to the Trust real estate was pursuant to the terms of the
       Fifth Amendment of the Trust.

       29. The Court concludes that the plain language of the Trust, as amended after his
       marriage to Vonier, shows an intent on the part of the settlor Gresham to give
       Vonier complete discretion to distribute the entire trust estate to herself, including
       the Trust real estate. Vonier was permitted and authorized to deed the real estate
       to herself as a distribution under the provisions of Article VI, Section 2, of the
       Fourth Amendment or could amend the Trust to provide for a distribution to her
       under the right to amend the trust as given to her in the Fourth Amendment. As the
       language of the trust is clear and unambiguous, there can be no resort to extrinsic
       evidence of the intent of the Trustor to reach a different conclusion.

       30. The interest of Pennington under the Gresham Trust was a contingent interest,
       first being contingent upon the failure of Vonier to exercise the discretion and
       power granted to her under Article VI, Section 2, of the Fourth Amendment to
       distribute the real estate to herself and, also, being contingent on the failure of
       Vonier to exercise her right to amend the Gresham Trust to provide for a different
       distribution than was set forth in the Fourth Amendment. The acts of Vonier to
       amend the Trust to provide for an outright distribution of the trust residuary to
       herself and deeding the trust real estate to herself have negated any remainder
       interest in the trust real estate of Plaintiff Pennington.

       31. As a matter of law, any right or entitlement of Plaintiff to a remainder ownership
       interest in the real estate has been negated. Judgment should be entered for the
       Defendant on the claim of the Plaintiff filed herein.

       32. As the Defendant followed the express provisions of the Trust in distributing or
       deeding the trust real estate to herself, she did not breach her fiduciary duties as
       Successor Trustee as those duties related to the Plaintiff as a contingent
       remainderman.

(Emphasis in original) (case citations omitted).

       This appeal followed. In two points, Pennington asserts:

       I.      The trial court erred as a matter of law in refusing to mandate the issuance
               of a deed reflecting the creation of a legal life estate when the sole and
               successor trustee to a living trust, who was not the original grantor, was also
               the sole life beneficiary.



                                                   5
         II.      The trial court erred as a matter of law by construing the terms of the trust
                  so as to permit a successor trustee to amend or revoke the trust and transfer
                  trust assets to herself as life time beneficiary to the exclusion of all other
                  beneficiaries under the trust.

                                          Standard of Review

         In a bench-tried case, the reviewing court affirms unless the appellant demonstrates that

the trial court’s judgment is not supported by substantial evidence, is against the weight of the

evidence, or erroneously declares or applies the law. Murphy v. Carron, 536 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo.

banc 1976). 3

                                                 Analysis

                                    Point I: Deed and Life Estate

         In his first point, Pennington argues that the trial court erred “in refusing to mandate the

issuance of a deed reflecting the creation of a life estate,” in that “the sole successor trustee to a

living trust, who was not the grantor, was also the sole life beneficiary.”

         Our Supreme Court has indicated that “[f]inality of judgments is favored[.]” Bate v.

Greenwich Insurance Company, 464 S.W.3d 515, 517 (Mo. banc 2015).

         The principles governing appellate review are consistent with this policy interest:
         (1) we presume the challenged judgment is correct; (2) we presume the trial court
         knows and applies the law; (3) we will affirm on any basis supported by the record;
         and (4) it is an appellant’s burden to dislodge us from the presumption that the
         outcome below was correct.

Bramer v. Abston, 553 S.W.3d 872, 879 (Mo.App. S.D. 2018) (internal quotations and citations

omitted).


3
 Before Pennington’s standard of review section correctly recites the Murphy standard, it errantly recites a standard
or review explicitly rejected by Murphy, to-wit: that “[b]ecause this was a court tried case, review of the cause is de
novo both upon the law and the evidence . . . .” As Murphy disclosed over forty years ago, “[t]he use of the words de
novo and clearly erroneous is no longer appropriate in appellate review of cases under Rule 73.01.” 536 S.W.2d at
32.

All rule references are to Missouri Court Rules (2019).


                                                          6
       The argument underlying Pennington’s first point is that the positions of trustee and

beneficiary merged together in Vonier, and as a result, Vonier’s interests were thereafter limited

to a life estate. In support, Pennington cites some Missouri law as to “basic principles of trust

law[,]” to wit: (1) deference to “‘the settlor’s intent’”; and (2) applying the “plain, ordinary

meaning[]” of the trust terms. In attempting to demonstrate the applicable contours of Missouri

law, Pennington directs this Court to a 1947 case from the New York “Surrogate’s Court,” as well

as a 1956 case from the New York Court of Appeals, and a 2000 case from the Supreme Court of

New York.

       While these cases are perhaps reflective of New York trust law, it is not binding precedent

in Missouri—and, as relevant here, none of these cases have ever been cited or relied upon by a

Missouri court (appellate or otherwise). Quite simply, Pennington’s argument fails to demonstrate

that the trial court erroneously applied Missouri law such as to prejudice Pennington. It was

Pennington’s burden as appellant to so demonstrate, and such burden will not be assumed by the

reviewing court. See TracFone Wireless Inc. v. City of Springfield, 557 S.W.3d 439, 444 n.5

(Mo.App. S.D. 2018). For these reasons, we must deny Pennington’s first point.

                               Point II: Successor Trustee

       In his second point, Pennington argues that “[t]he trial court erred as a matter of law by

construing the terms of the trust so as to permit a successor trustee to amend or revoke the trust,”

such as to “transfer assets to herself as a life time beneficiary to the exclusion of all other

beneficiaries under the trust.” Essentially, this is an argument that if merger does not apply and

Vonier had the authority of a trustee, she breached her duties in that capacity by self-dealing and

destroying the remainder interest of the Trust.




                                                  7
       In attempting to support his argument, Pennington cites Missouri law for the general

principle that a trustee must act with impartiality, and that beneficiaries have standing to bring an

action against a trustee for misconduct. In support of the more specific claim underlying his second

point, Pennington directs this Court to Bollenger v. Bray, 411 S.W.2d 65 (Mo. banc 1967).

Bollenger did not deal with a trust, but rather with a claim that a life estate holder (where the life

estate was granted by a will) invaded and consumed more of the corpus of the estate than was

authorized by the grant of the will. Id. at 68. Bollenger has not been cited by another case

(Missouri or otherwise) in the last thirty-five years—of the four cases that did rely on Bollenger

before that time, none did so for the premise now advocated by Pennington. As such, Pennington

wholly fails to demonstrate that Bollenger is applicable (much less controlling).

       Pennington also refers us to cases from Florida, Pennsylvania, Arkansas, Connecticut, and

New York, issued variously from the 1950s to the 1970s. Even if Pennington’s resort to non-

binding jurisdictions were shown to be proper, Pennington does not account for the forty-year gap

in treatment for the premise underlying his instant claim. Moreover, none of the six appellate court

decisions relied on by Pennington have been cited (much less relied upon) by any Missouri court.

In order to establish the merits (or not) of Pennington’s claim, we would be forced to perform our

own legal research on his behalf. This would amount to court advocacy on Pennington’s behalf—

this is prohibited, and we will not do so here. Matter of the Eberle Family Trust Two (2), 481

S.W.3d 592, 598 (Mo.App. S.D. 2016). “[I]t is an appellant’s burden to dislodge us from the

presumption that the outcome below was correct.” Bramer, 553 S.W.3d at 879 (internal quotation

and citation omitted). Pennington fails to do so. As such, we deny his Point II.




                                                  8
     The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.


WILLIAM W. FRANCIS, JR., J. – OPINION AUTHOR

GARY W. LYNCH, P.J. – CONCURS

NANCY STEFFEN RAHMEYER, J. – CONCURS




                                              9
