UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

In Re: J. W. FORTUNE,
INCORPORATED,
Debtor.

J. W. FORTUNE, INCORPORATED,                                        No. 98-1115
Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

MCLEAN SQUARE ASSOCIATES, G.P.,
Defendant-Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria.
James C. Cacheris, Senior District Judge.
(CA-97-1486-A)

Argued: December 2, 1998

Decided: February 17, 1999

Before WILLIAMS and MOTZ, Circuit Judges, and
MICHAEL, Senior United States District Judge for the
Western District of Virginia, sitting by designation.

_________________________________________________________________

Reversed and remanded by unpublished per curiam.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Henry St. John FitzGerald, Arlington, Virginia, for
Appellant. Robert Michael Marino, REED, SMITH, SHAW &
MCCLAY, Washington, D.C., for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Appellant, J.W. Fortune (Fortune), which previously operated
under the name Best Fortune, Inc., leased commercial space from
Appellee, McLean Square Associates, G.P. (MSA). During the course
of the lease, and in the middle of ongoing litigation between Fortune
and MSA, Fortune filed for protection under Chapter 11 of the Bank-
ruptcy Code. Applying 11 U.S.C.A. § 365(b)(1)(A) (West 1993 &
Supp. 1998), the bankruptcy and district courts determined that For-
tune would have to cure a default under the lease by paying substan-
tial professional fees to MSA before Fortune could assume the lease.
Fortune contests this holding. Because we conclude that the lower
courts misinterpreted the lease provisions, we reverse and remand the
case for further findings and determinations consistent with this opin-
ion.

I.

In late 1990, Fortune leased unfinished retail space in McLean,
Virginia, from MSA for a ten-year term. As required by the lease,
Fortune finished the space at a cost of approximately $300,000 and
opened a Chinese restaurant that operated successfully for several
years.

In 1994, MSA filed for bankruptcy protection and asserted the need
to relocate Fortune's restaurant pursuant to a redevelopment clause in
the lease (the redevelopment clause). MSA's attempt to relocate For-
tune's restaurant began a protracted course of litigation that led to this
appeal.

Fortune first launched a direct assault of the forced relocation in
MSA's bankruptcy proceeding. In an order dated July 18, 1995, the
bankruptcy court rejected Fortune's challenge and upheld MSA's

                     2
right to relocate the restaurant to alternate premises under the lease's
redevelopment clause. The parties continued to clash, however, about
the suitability of the premises and the timing of the move.

In August of 1995, shortly after the bankruptcy court enforced the
redevelopment clause, Fortune tendered a check to MSA for the
August rent. The check was returned due to insufficient funds. On
August 11, 1995, MSA filed an unlawful detainer action in state dis-
trict court against Fortune and Fortune removed the case to state cir-
cuit court. A trial was eventually scheduled for April 26, 1996. MSA,
however, continued to ready the alternate premises for Fortune.

While the unlawful detainer trial was pending, Fortune also filed
for protection under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code, staying
MSA's attempt to eject Fortune. Although MSA challenged the stay,
the bankruptcy court not only determined that the stay was effective
against the unlawful detainer action, but also that MSA's continued
work on the alternate premises for Fortune's restaurant operated as a
waiver of MSA's position that the lease had been terminated.

Having won that round, Fortune next moved to assume its lease
with MSA so that it could continue its operations. MSA opposed the
assumption. On March 28, 1997, the bankruptcy court ruled that For-
tune could assume the lease if it complied with the requirements of
the Bankruptcy Code as provided in 11 U.S.C.A. § 365(b)(1) (West
1993 & Supp. 1998). Specifically, the bankruptcy court ordered For-
tune to pay $27,200.46 in rent and utility costs, and to pay attorneys'
fees arising from the enforcement of the lease. MSA was ordered to
submit the requested fees to the bankruptcy court within thirty days.
Rather than providing a summary of legal expenses incurred to
enforce the terms of the lease, MSA submitted a wide range of "ad-
ministrative expenses" under § 503 of the Bankruptcy Code.1 See 11
U.S.C.A. § 503 (West 1993 & Supp. 1998).
_________________________________________________________________

1 These expenses included a number of costs incurred because of
MSA's relationship with Fortune, but the professional fees constituted
the bulk of the requested amount. The professional fees represented the
cost of the litigation between Fortune and MSA and included attorneys'
fees for handling: (1) MSA's unlawful detainer action, (2) MSA's

                    3
By order entered April 25, 1997, the bankruptcy court ordered the
requested fees to be paid under the authority of Bankruptcy Code
§ 365(b)(1)(B), not § 503. See 11 U.S.C.A. § 365(b)(1)(B) (West
1993 & Supp. 1998) ("If there has been a default in an executory con-
tract or unexpired lease of the debtor, the trustee may not assume such
contract or lease unless, at the time of assumption of such contract or
lease, the trustee . . . compensates, or provides adequate assurance
that the trustee will promptly compensate, a party other than the
debtor to such contract or lease, for any actual pecuniary loss to such
party resulting from such default . . . ."). The bankruptcy court cor-
rectly stated that § 365(b)(1)(B) does not grant independent authority
to collect "pecuniary losses," but simply provides that the losses may
be collected if allowed by independent authority.

The bankruptcy court found such authority for the majority of the
requested amount, the professional fees, in paragraph 45 of the lease
between Fortune and MSA (paragraph 45):

           If Landlord shall incur any charge or expense on behalf of
           Tenant under the terms of this Lease, or Landlord elects to
           cure any default of Tenant under the Lease, or is forced to
           incur any other expense arising out of such default by Ten-
           ant [including, without limitation, reasonable attorney's fees
           and disbursements in instituting, prosecuting, or defending
           any suits, actions, or proceedings (including any bankruptcy
           or insolvency proceedings) to enforce Landlord's rights
           under this or any other Section of this Lease or otherwise],
           the sums so paid by Landlord with all interest, costs, and
           damages shall be paid by Tenant to Landlord upon written
           demand and if not immediately paid shall be deemed to be
           additional rent, payable with the next due installment of
           Minimum Rent; in addition to and not in limitation of any
_________________________________________________________________
motion for relief from stay, (3) Fortune's motion to assume the executory
lease, (4) various aspects of Fortune's move into the alternate premises,
(5) general bankruptcy issues, (6) MSA's motion to disqualify Fortune's
counsel, (7) Fortune's action for breach of the lease brought in MSA's
bankruptcy case, and (8) Fortune's disclosure statement and plan of reor-
ganization in its bankruptcy case.

                    4
         other rights and remedies which Landlord may have in case
         of the failure by Tenant to pay such sums when due, such
         non-payment shall entitle Landlord to the remedies available
         to it hereunder for non-payment of rent.

(J.A. at 1010.) Applying § 365(b)(1)(B) and paragraph 45, the bank-
ruptcy court awarded MSA $141,391.29 in professional fees, the
entire amount requested.2 Both Fortune and the committee of For-
tune's unsecured creditors moved the bankruptcy court to reconsider
the April 25 order.

The bankruptcy court granted the motion to reconsider in part and
denied it in part. In a memorandum opinion filed August 11, 1997, the
bankruptcy court specifically reconsidered the substantial award of
professional fees. To clarify its earlier decision, the bankruptcy court
stated that because paragraph 45 required the payment of the
requested professional fees to MSA, and Fortune had not paid the
amounts due, Fortune was in default and § 365(b)(1)(A), not
§ 365(b)(1)(B), required cure of the default before the executory lease
could be assumed. See 11 U.S.C.A. § 365(b)(1)(A) (West 1993 &
Supp. 1998) ("If there has been a default in an executory contract or
unexpired lease of the debtor, the trustee may not assume such con-
tract or lease unless, at the time of assumption of such contract or
lease, the trustee . . . cures, or provides adequate assurance that the
trustee will promptly cure, such default . . . .").3 In concluding that
_________________________________________________________________
2 The bankruptcy court also awarded MSA an additional $7,523.07
under § 365(d)(3) for unpaid rent and repair expenses related to the
leased space.

3 The primary difference between§ 365(b)(1)(A) and § 365(b)(1)(B) is
that § 365(b)(1)(A) mandates the cure of a default pursuant to the con-
tract or lease, while § 365(b)(1)(B) mandates compensation for any
actual pecuniary loss arising from the default. Thus, § 365(b)(1)(A)
speaks to the underlying default itself and § 365(b)(1)(B) speaks to the
consequences of such a default. See Adventure Resources, Inc. v.
Holland, 137 F.3d 786, 798 (4th Cir.) (noting that the debtor must "com-
pensate all non-debtor parties for actual pecuniary losses that have
resulted" from the default), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct. 404 (1998). As this
Court has stated recently, "[e]ntitlement to attorneys' fees, however, is
dependent on the terms of the lease and on state law; § 365(b)(1)(B) does

                    5
paragraph 45 of the lease required the payment of substantial profes-
sional fees related to virtually all aspects of the litigation between
Fortune and MSA, the bankruptcy court noted that"[i]n binding itself
to this term of the lease agreement, Fortune bestowed upon [MSA]
significant remedies even within the context of a bankruptcy proceed-
ing." (J.A. at 1508.) The bankruptcy court determined that under Vir-
ginia law the contract's terms must be construed in accordance with
their plain meaning and concluded that "or otherwise," contained in
the bracketed portion of paragraph 45, had a far-reaching effect. The
bankruptcy court thus again ordered Fortune to pay all amounts
requested by MSA, except for $1372.00 related to media relations
work, before it could assume the lease. At that point, the total amount
awarded had grown to $158,983.01, primarily due to an increase in
attorneys' fees.

Fortune appealed the award of fees to the district court. Like the
bankruptcy court, the district court determined"that [paragraph] 45 is
far-reaching," and again specifically pointed to the "or otherwise" ter-
minology contained in paragraph 45. (J.A. at 1650-51.) The district
court went on to affirm the bankruptcy court's August 11, 1997 mem-
orandum opinion in all respects.

On appeal to this Court, Fortune argues that the lower courts con-
strued paragraph 45 of the lease too broadly, resulting in an overcal-
culation of fees that Fortune must pay to MSA before assuming the
lease. MSA naturally argues to the contrary and also contends that
Fortune did not properly raise the lease interpretation issues below.

II.

"On appeal from a district court's order affirming an order of a
bankruptcy court, this [C]ourt reviews the decision of the district
_________________________________________________________________
not create an independent right to an award of attorneys' fees." Three
Sisters Partners, L.L.C. v. Harden (In re Shangra-La, Inc.), No. 98-1497,
slip op. at 9 (4th Cir. Jan. 19, 1999). We need not decide this issue here,
however, because the appeal is founded upon the amounts awarded to
MSA through § 365(b)(1)(A), in other words, upon curing a default of
the lease.

                    6
court de novo and applies the same standard of review that the district
court applied to the bankruptcy court's decision." Cook Group, Inc.
v. C.R. Bard, Inc. (In re Wilson), 149 F.3d 249, 251-52 (4th Cir.
1998) (internal citations omitted). Because this appeal concerns ques-
tions of law, we review the judgment de novo. See Cooper v. Produc-
tive Transp. Servs., Inc. (In re Bulldog Trucking, Inc.), 147 F.3d 347,
351 (4th Cir. 1998).

A.

As a threshold matter, MSA argues that we should dismiss this
appeal out of hand because Fortune did not raise the lease interpreta-
tion issue during the bankruptcy court litigation. Because we believe
the argument was sufficiently raised during the bankruptcy court liti-
gation, this point is quickly resolved.

In Fortune's "Motion for Reconsideration of Order Entered April
25, 1997 Regarding Claims for Administrative Expenses," filed on
May 5, 1997, Fortune argued that paragraph 45 covered only costs
"arising from a default by the tenant." (J.A. at 1194.) Fortune con-
cluded, therefore, that MSA was entitled only to the costs it incurred
during the "pre-petition eviction suit in the Fairfax Circuit Court."
(J.A. at 1194.) This argument sufficiently raised the issue of para-
graph 45's interpretation at the bankruptcy court.

We do not mean to say that Fortune's arguments on this point were
as extensive as they are now presented. But, we also note that it was
not until the bankruptcy court issued its August 11, 1997 memoran-
dum opinion that the extraordinarily liberal interpretation of para-
graph 45 first debuted. Naturally, as MSA admits in its brief, Fortune
more fully made its arguments on the lease interpretation issue at the
district court after it became aware of the importance being attached
to what otherwise might seem a rather insignificant clause within
paragraph 45. Contrary to MSA's position, our review of the record
reveals that Fortune sufficiently raised its arguments regarding the
proper interpretation of the lease both at the bankruptcy court and at
the district court, and the matter is appropriately presented for our
review.

                    7
B.

We now turn to the merits of Fortune's argument. Fortune argues
simply that the costs and fees due to MSA under paragraph 45 do not
include all of those awarded by the bankruptcy and district courts.
This lease interpretation issue is important because Fortune wishes to
assume the lease in bankruptcy and, under § 365(b)(1)(A) of the
Bankruptcy Code, a debtor cannot assume a lease unless it cures any
default under the lease. See 11 U.S.C.A.§ 365(b)(1)(A) (West 1993
& Supp. 1998). As the lower courts properly recognized,
§ 365(b)(1)(A) mandates the cure of any default before assuming the
lease, which is determined by the governing state law. Cf. Three Sis-
ters Partners, L.L.C. v. Harden (In re Shangra-La, Inc.), No. 98-
1497, slip op. at 9 (4th Cir. Jan. 19, 1999). In this case, it is the law
governing the interpretation of the lease that defines default. The
lease specifically provides that it is to be interpreted under Virginia
law. We therefore turn to Virginia's law of contract interpretation to
determine the extent of Fortune's obligations prior to assuming the
lease.

Because of the importance of the particular language of paragraph
45, we will repeat it here:

          If Landlord shall incur any charge or expense on behalf of
          Tenant under the terms of this Lease, or Landlord elects to
          cure any default of Tenant under the Lease, or is forced to
          incur any other expense arising out of such default by Ten-
          ant [including, without limitation, reasonable attorney's fees
          and disbursements in instituting, prosecuting, or defending
          any suits, actions, or proceedings (including any bankruptcy
          or insolvency proceedings) to enforce Landlord's rights
          under this or any other Section of this Lease or otherwise],
          the sums so paid by Landlord with all interest, costs, and
          damages shall be paid by Tenant to Landlord upon written
          demand and if not immediately paid shall be deemed to be
          additional rent, payable with the next due installment of
          Minimum Rent; in addition to and not in limitation of any
          other rights and remedies which Landlord may have in case
          of the failure by Tenant to pay such sums when due, such

                     8
          non-payment shall entitle Landlord to the remedies available
          to it hereunder for non-payment of rent.

(J.A. at 1010.) Both the bankruptcy and district courts determined that
the meaning of paragraph 45 was plain and unambiguous and that the
bracketed language in paragraph 45 compelled the conclusion that
Fortune was in default unless it paid all the attorneys' fees arising
from the proceedings in the bankruptcy court. Both courts particularly
focused on the phrase "or otherwise" in the bracketed portion of para-
graph 45.

Under this interpretation of paragraph 45, Fortune was left with a
hefty bill for professional fees. Paragraph 45 clearly treated any fees
due as "additional rent" and because that amount remained unpaid,
Fortune was in default per the lease terms. Thus, the lease could not
be assumed until the professional fees were paid.

Fortune argues correctly that this interpretation of the lease was
incorrect and that the remedy conferred under paragraph 45 was not
so broad. Virginia law requires a lease to be interpreted to give effect
to all provisions. See Brand Distributors, Inc. v. Insurance Co. of N.
Am., 532 F.2d 352, 358 n.5 (4th Cir. 1976) (citing Carpenter v. Town
of Gate City, 40 S.E.2d 268 (Va. 1946)). In addition, where the agree-
ment is plain and unambiguous in its terms, the rights of the parties
will be determined from the terms of the agreement. See Harris v.
Woodrum, 350 S.E.2d 667, 669 (Va. Ct. App. 1986). As an issue of
law, "[i]t is the court's responsibility to determine the intent of the
parties from the language they employ." Bender-Miller Co. v. Thom-
wood Farms, Inc., 179 S.E.2d 636, 639 (Va. 1971). Under Virginia
law, we must therefore interpret the plain meaning of each term of the
lease while giving effect to all portions of the lease agreement.

Before we begin this task, we note another part of the lease, a por-
tion of paragraph 30.B's language, which also contemplates remedies
for default under the lease:

          If either Landlord or Tenant shall default in the performance
          of any covenant on its part to be performed by virtue of any
          provision in this Lease, and if in connection with the
          enforcement of the non-defaulting party's rights or reme-

                     9
          dies, such non-defaulting party shall properly and reason-
          ably incur fees and expenses for services rendered
          (including reasonable attorneys' fees), then such fees and
          expenses shall, if said non-defaulting party shall prevail in
          litigation, be immediately reimbursed by the defaulting
          party on demand.

(J.A. at 1006.)

From a reading of this lease, it is clear that both paragraphs 30.B
and 45 contemplate remedies for default under the lease. Paragraph
30.B plainly gives Fortune and MSA the right to collect reasonable
attorneys' fees for the cure of any default if they are the prevailing
party. Paragraph 45's primary purpose seems to be to treat the
expenses of default as additional rent.

The plain language of paragraph 45 states that the expenses MSA
may charge as additional rent include those incurred under the terms
of the lease or those that the landlord elects or is forced to incur
because of Fortune's default. This language is followed, within the
same sentence, by bracketed text that under a straightforward reading
merely supplements or serves to clarify the preceding language. As
if to reinforce its purpose as a supplement, the bracketed text begins
"including, without limitation." (J.A. at 1010.) This text does not
expand the scope of the foregoing language. The phrase at the end of
the bracketed text, "or otherwise," thus merely reinforces that the
bracketed term should not be considered a constraint on the charges
or expenses identified by the preceding and primary language.

The lower courts' reading would expand "or otherwise" into an
incredibly expansive right of MSA, as each court noted in its opinion.
Taken out of context and read by itself, the bracketed text, and partic-
ularly "or otherwise," would literally allow MSA to charge any
enforcement of its rights to Fortune. In fact, this reading does not
even seem to limit it to actions involving both Fortune and MSA. This
interpretation is simply contrary to a plain reading of the contractual
language.

Furthermore, the interpretation adopted by the lower courts ignores
the remainder of the lease and fails to give full effect to each of its

                     10
provisions. If the bracketed text took on the expansive interpretation
attributed to it by the lower courts, then there would be no need for
paragraph 30.B because attorneys' fees, along with virtually anything
else, would be recoverable under paragraph 45. In fact, there would
be no need even for the primary language that begins paragraph 45.
From the language employed, taking the contract as a whole, the
plainly expressed intent of the parties limits amounts due and charged
as rent to those incurred by MSA under the terms of the lease or to
cure a default by Fortune. This language would, therefore, exclude
amounts paid in the course of litigation to resolve primarily
bankruptcy-related issues and other collateral matters.

For instance, it is apparent that the amounts requested by MSA for
attorneys' fees that relate to recovering repair and maintenance
expenses and additional rent from Fortune are owed under the lease
terms, and nonpayment is a default.4 It is equally clear that the profes-
sional fees requested from Fortune that arose because of MSA's
review of Fortune's bankruptcy reorganization plan are so tenuously,
if at all, related to a breach of the lease that they are not due under
paragraphs 30.B or 45, and thus do not constitute a default. There are,
therefore, two operative questions that must be answered in evaluat-
ing the propriety of the professional fees requested. First, were the
attorneys' fees incurred "in connection with the enforcement of the
non-defaulting party's rights or remedies" because of the other party's
default and did the "non-defaulting party . . . prevail in [that] litiga-
tion." (See J.A. at 1006 (reciting paragraph 30.B of the lease).) Sec-
ond, did MSA incur the "charge or expense on behalf of" Fortune,
"elect[ ] to cure any default of" Fortune, or was it "forced to incur any
other expense arising out of such default by" Fortune. (See J.A. at
1010 (reciting paragraph 45 of the lease).) In other words, the disposi-
tive inquiry is whether MSA directly incurred the professional fees
because of a proven default by Fortune.
_________________________________________________________________

4 We note that the rent and repairs and maintenance expense arose
because of Fortune's default under the lease as determined by the bank-
ruptcy court. MSA therefore prevailed in enforcing its rights under the
lease. Thus, the outstanding attorneys' fees are owed and constitute a
default under paragraphs 30.B and 45.

                    11
Our interpretation of the contractual language requires that the case
be remanded to decide which fees requested by MSA relate to curing
defaults under the terms of the lease and can therefore be recovered
as a prerequisite to assuming the lease under § 365(b)(1)(A). The fees
requested that instead relate to the litigation of bankruptcy or other
issues and that are collateral to any default under the lease are not
owed by Fortune to MSA under the terms of the lease and cannot,
therefore, hinder Fortune's assumption of the lease under
§ 365(b)(1)(A). Because the lower courts already determined the rea-
sonableness of the amount of fees and Fortune does not challenge that
determination, there is no need to revisit that issue upon remand.

III.

We therefore reverse the district court's affirmance of the bank-
ruptcy court's judgment insofar as it interpreted the parts of the lease
between Fortune and MSA that governed the fees due. In accordance
with the reasoning expressed in this opinion, we remand the case to
the district court for further findings and determinations regarding the
fees demanded by MSA.

REVERSED AND REMANDED

                    12
