     09-1553-cv, 09-1571-cv, 09-1554-cv
     Clear Channel Outdoor Inc. v. City of New York; Metro Fuel LLC. v. City of New
     York



 1                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
 2
 3                              F OR THE S ECOND C IRCUIT
 4
 5
 6                               August Term, 2009
 7
 8   (Argued: November 16, 2009                   Decided: February 3, 2010)
 9
10              Docket Nos. 09-1553-cv; 09-1554-cv; 09-1571
11                     (consolidated for disposition)
12
13
14                     C LEAR C HANNEL O UTDOOR, I NC., A TLANTIC O UTDOOR
15                     A DVERTISING, I NC., S CENIC O UTDOOR, I NC.,
16                     T ROYSTAR C ITY O UTDOOR LLC, and W ILLOW M EDIA,
17                     LLC,
18
19                                                      Consolidated-
20                                                      Plaintiffs-Appellants,
21
22                                        –v.–
23
24                     C ITY OF N EW Y ORK and P ATRICIA J. L ANCASTER,
25                     in      her      official      capacity       as
26                     Commissioner of the New York City
27                     Department of Buildings,
28
29                                                      Defendants-Appellees,
30
31                                  E DWARD F ORTIER,
32
33                                                      Consolidated-Defendant-
34                                                      Appellee.
35
36
37                                  M ETRO F UEL LLC,
38


                                           -1-
 1                                                   Plaintiff-Appellant,
 2
 3                                      –v.–
 4
 5                                C ITY OF N EW Y ORK,
 6
 7                                                   Defendant-Appellee.
 8
 9
10   Before:     P OOLER and W ESLEY, Circuit Judges, and K EENAN,
11               District Judge. *
12
13        Appeal from an order of the District Court for the
14   Southern District of New York (Crotty, J.), entered on March
15   31, 2009, granting summary judgment to Defendants, and
16   finding that the challenged provisions of the New York City
17   Zoning Resolution do not impose unconstitutional
18   restrictions on Plaintiffs’ commercial speech rights in
19   violation of the First Amendment or the New York State
20   Constitution.
21
22                                     A FFIRMED.
23
24
25               V ICTOR A. K OVNER (James Eric Rosenfeld and Linda Jane
26                      Steinman, on the brief), Davis Wright Tremaine
27                      LLP, New York, New York, for Clear Channel
28                      Outdoor, Inc.
29
30               R ICHARD D. E MERY, Emery Celli Brinckerhoff & Abady
31                      LLP, New York, New York, for Atlantic Outdoor
32                      Advertising, Inc., Scenic Outdoor, Inc.,
33                      Troystar City Outdoor LLC, and Willow Media,
34                      LLC.
35
36               E RIC J. H ECKER, Emery Celli Brinckerhoff & Abady
37                     LLP, New York, New York, for Metro Fuel.
38
39               K AREN M. G RIFFIN, New York City Law Department, New

           *
             The Honorable John F. Keenan, United States District Judge for the
     Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.

                                          -2-
 1                  York, New York, for The City of New York,
 2                  Patricia J. Lancaster, in her official
 3                  capacity as Commissioner of the New York City
 4                  Department of Buildings, and Edward Fortier.
 5
 6
 7   W ESLEY, Circuit Judge:

 8                             I.    BACKGROUND

 9        Plaintiffs, owners of billboards and panel signs in New

10   York City, appeal from an Opinion and Order of the District

11   Court for the Southern District of New York granting summary

12   judgment to Defendants, the City of New York, Patricia J.

13   Lancaster, named in her official capacity as Commissioner of

14   the New York City Department of Buildings, and Edward

15   Fortier, Director of Padlock and Enforcement (collectively

16   the “City”).   Clear Channel Outdoor, Inc. v. City of N.Y.,

17   608 F. Supp. 2d 477 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (Crotty, J.).   The

18   district court found that the challenged provisions of New

19   York City’s Zoning Resolution did not impose

20   unconstitutional restrictions on Plaintiffs’ commercial

21   speech rights in violation of the First Amendment or the New

22   York State Constitution.       Id. at 481, 508.

23        The district court’s opinion applies to two cases,




                                      -3-
 1   argued in tandem before this Court. 1   The first case is the

 2   consolidated action of Plaintiffs Clear Channel Outdoor,

 3   Inc., Atlantic Outdoor Advertising, Inc., Scenic Outdoor,

 4   Inc., Troystar City Outdoor LLC, and Willow Media, LLC

 5   (collectively, the “Clear Channel Plaintiffs” or “Clear

 6   Channel”).    The Clear Channel Plaintiffs own large

 7   billboards located near arterial highways in New York City. 2

 8   Clear Channel operates an estimated 236 signs throughout New

 9   York City; approximately 85 of these signs face arterial

10   highways.    The Clear Channel signs that form the basis of

11   this dispute are illuminated and range in size from 315

12   square feet to 11,258 square feet.

13       The Clear Channel Plaintiffs specifically challenge New

14   York City Zoning Resolution §§ 42-55 and 32-662, which ban

15   offsite advertising signs within 200 feet of, and within

16   sight of, arterial highways in manufacturing and commercial


         1
           The factual background giving rise to these disputes
     is set out in detail in the district court’s opinion. Clear
     Channel Outdoor, 608 F. Supp. 2d at 481-84. We assume
     familiarity with that background.
         2
           The roads designated as arterial highways in New York
     City include more than 70 expressways, parkways, boulevards,
     and toll crossings. See N.Y. City Zoning Resolution App’x
     C: Designation of Arterial Highways.

                                   -4-
 1   districts.   They also challenge the attendant enforcement

 2   regime set forth in New York City Local Law 14 of 2001,

 3   Local Law 31 of 2005, and Department of Buildings (“DOB”)

 4   Rule 49 (collectively the “Regulations”) as applied to their

 5   current inventory of arterial signs in New York City.

 6       The second case involves Plaintiff Metro Fuel LLC,

 7   which owns smaller “panel” advertising signs. 3   Metro Fuel’s

 8   panel signs are internally illuminated poster advertisements

 9   that are approximately 24 square feet.    Metro Fuel’s signs

10   are either placed on undeveloped lots, such as parking lots,

11   affixed to the front of businesses, usually at or near

12   ground level, or placed inside parking garages near the

13   means of ingress and egress.    Metro Fuel operates an



         3
           As defined by the New York City regulation, an
     “advertising sign” is a sign that directs attention to a
     business, profession, commodity, service, or entertainment
     that is conducted, sold, or offered elsewhere than upon the
     premises where the sign is located. New York City Zoning
     Resolution § 12-10. A sign is not an “advertising sign” if
     it is “accessory to a use located on the zoning lot.” Id.
     An “accessory sign” directs attention to a business or
     profession conducted on the premises where the sign is
     located. Id. Accessory signs are permitted in all
     commercial and manufacturing districts, subject to height,
     size, illumination, and projection limitations. Id. § 32-
     62.

                                    -5-
 1   estimated 440 panel signs in New York City.     The challenged

 2   City regulations impact approximately 324 of Metro Fuel’s

 3   panel signs.

 4        Plaintiff Metro Fuel is not generally affected by the

 5   provisions of the Zoning Resolution that address arterial

 6   advertising signs.    Rather, Metro Fuel challenges those

 7   aspects of the Zoning Resolution that control where it may

 8   place its panel advertisements, and how it may illuminate

 9   them.

10   A.   History of the New York City Zoning Resolution

11        Since 1940, New York City’s zoning regulations have

12   banned outdoor advertising companies from placing commercial

13   billboards, which do not advertise on-premises businesses,

14   within 200 feet and within view of the City’s major parkways

15   and roadways.   See Infinity Outdoor, Inc. v. City of N.Y.,

16   165 F. Supp. 2d 403, 406 (E.D.N.Y. 2001).     On-premises signs

17   are defined as “business signs” in the 1940 Zoning

18   Resolution and as “accessory signs” in a 1961 revision of

19   the Zoning Resolution.    The 1961 Zoning Resolution added

20   location and illumination restrictions relevant to Metro

21   Fuel’s panel signs.



                                   -6-
 1       The basic prohibition contained in the 1940 Zoning

 2   Resolution remains in force today in manufacturing and

 3   certain commercial districts where advertising signs are

 4   permitted.   During the periods between 1940 and 1979

 5   arterial advertising signs were erected and maintained in

 6   violation of the Zoning Resolution.    Enforcement efforts by

 7   the City were rare.

 8       In 1965, Congress enacted the Highway Beautification

 9   Act to “protect the public investment” in highways, to

10   “promote the safety and recreational value of public travel,

11   and to preserve natural beauty.” 4   23 U.S.C. § 131(a).   In

12   order to comply with the Highway Beautification Act, New

13   York City granted legal non-conforming status to existing

14   advertising signs that failed to comply with Zoning

15   Resolution provisions, but which complied with state and

16   federal standards.    The signs that did not comply with state

17   and federal standards remained illegal.

18       The City Council amended the Administrative Code in



         4
           States that did not comply with the requirements of
     the Act would be in jeopardy of losing up to ten percent of
     their annual federal aid highway funds. See 23 U.S.C. §
     131(b).

                                   -7-
1   2001 by adopting Local Law 14, which sought to enhance the

2   City’s ability to enforce the arterial advertising

3   regulations. 5   In a public hearing regarding the amendment,

4   the President of the New York Outdoor Advertising Group (a

5   then-existing industry group comprised of several outdoor

6   advertising companies) submitted written materials admitting

7   that “the outdoor advertising industry unquestionably

8   employed creative methods to obtain building permits for



         5
          Local Law 14 established a permitting scheme for all
    arterial signs, N.Y. Admin. Code §§ 26-253 to 26-255,
    created a registration system for outdoor advertising
    companies, id. § 26-260. The law also imposed a requirement
    that each outdoor advertising company provide the New York
    City Department of Buildings (“DOB”) with an inventory of
    all of its signs, including a certification that all signs
    are in compliance with the Zoning Resolution. Id. §§ 26-260
    to 26-261. In addition, Local Law 14 provided the DOB with
    the authority to “revoke, suspend or refuse to renew the
    registration of an outdoor advertising company or impose
    fines or other penalties where it is determined by the
    Commissioner, after notice and an opportunity to be heard,”
    that an outdoor advertising company “made statements that it
    knew or should have known [we]re false in any application or
    certification filed with the” DOB, failed to provide an
    inventory of its signs, or otherwise “violated the DOB’s
    rules pertaining to outdoor advertising.” N.Y. Admin. Code
    § 26-260(d). Finally, Local Law 14 provided for civil and
    criminal penalties, and provided a mechanism for the DOB to
    bring a nuisance abatement action for noncompliance. Id. §§
    26-256, 26-262.

                                  -8-
 1   arterial highway signs.”   Neufeld Decl. ¶ 21, May 12, 2008

 2   (emphasis added).

 3       The President of the Outdoor Advertising Group did not

 4   dispute that the industry routinely claimed that advertising

 5   signs would be used for permissible on-premises accessory

 6   business purposes in order to obtain permits from the DOB.

 7   Despite these representations made to the DOB, the signs

 8   were in fact used for offsite advertising purposes, which

 9   were proscribed under the applicable regulations.   Some

10   outdoor advertising companies, including the Plaintiffs,

11   also erected billboards without obtaining permits of any

12   kind.

13       In 2005, the City Council adopted Local Law 31 that

14   revised Local Law 14 in various ways, but preserved the main

15   requirements and provisions of Local Law 14 at issue in this

16   case.   Neither Local Law went into effect in material part

17   until the DOB promulgated Rule 49 on July 26, 2006. 6

         6
           Rule 49 requires that outdoor advertising companies
     submit an inventory of their signs and structures located
     within 900 feet, and within view, of an arterial highway.
     Rules of the City of New York § 49-15(a). When applicable,
     documentation must also be submitted that establishes that a
     sign has been granted non-conforming use status. Id. § 49-
     15(d)(15).

                                  -9-
 1   B.   The Current Controversy

 2        Plaintiffs do not dispute the City’s authority to enact

 3   and enforce regulations tailored to address outdoor

 4   commercial advertising.   However, they argue that “loopholes

 5   and inconsistencies in the regulatory regime” prevent the

 6   regulations from advancing a substantial government

 7   interest, rendering it invalid under the First Amendment.

 8   1.   The Clear Channel Plaintiffs

 9        The Clear Channel Plaintiffs first contend that the

10   City’s sporadic enforcement of its regulatory regime from

11   1940 to 2001 undermines its validity.      They state that “a

12   great number of . . . signs were built abutting the arterial

13   highways from 1940 through 2001.      In general, the City

14   issued permits for large accessory signs along the arterial

15   highways, and, without permission, the sign owners converted

16   the signs to advertising signs.”      Plaintiffs maintain that

17   the “City has sought to newly enforce its ban on arterial

18   advertising signs on private property while permitting

19   offsite advertising signs on government property, including

20   on billboards, bus shelters, subway[] entrances and phone

21   kiosks, several hundred of which are within 200 feet of an



                                    -10-
 1   arterial highway.” 7   In support of this assertion,

 2   Plaintiffs allege that “there are currently between 1,400

 3   and 1,600 advertising signs on government or public property

 4   on billboards, bus shelters, phone kiosks and subway[]

 5   panels on roadways designated as arterial highways or blocks

 6   intersecting with arterial highways.”

 7       Plaintiffs next draw our attention to a few specific

 8   inconsistencies in the applicable regulations, which the

 9   City subsequently remedied.     First, two Clear Channel signs,

10   both measuring 960 square feet and located within 200 feet

11   and in view of the Belt Parkway in Brooklyn.     Following the

12   commencement of these lawsuits, the City declined to renew

13   Clear Channel’s lease to maintain these signs and requested

14   that the signs be taken down.     Second, arterial advertising

15   signs on City-owned property located within 200 feet, and

16   within view of, the West Side Highway.     Plaintiffs

17   acknowledge that the company that operates these signs has



         7
           Essentially, Plaintiffs have benefitted from their
     own misconduct and now suggest to this Court that the City
     should be precluded from enforcing its zoning scheme because
     it has not always enforced its regulations in a manner that
     would allow it to achieve full compliance. That cannot be
     the law.

                                   -11-
 1   entered into an agreement with the City to remove these

 2   signs.   Yet, Plaintiffs maintain that these signs undermine

 3   the alleged purposes of the Zoning Resolution and render it

 4   an unconstitutional restraint on commercial speech.

 5       The Clear Channel Plaintiffs maintain that “[o]ne of

 6   the most glaring inconsistencies in the regulatory scheme is

 7   the exemption for Arterial Advertising Signs on Transit

 8   Authority Property.”   As the district court noted, the

 9   “parties disagree over the City’s reasons for not enforcing

10   its laws on [the property controlled by the Metropolitan

11   Transit Authority (‘MTA’), the Port Authority of New York

12   and New Jersey (the ‘Port Authority’), and Amtrak,] and the

13   City’s good faith in prospectively enforcing the Zoning

14   Resolution.”   Clear Channel, 608 F. Supp. 2d at 489.     City

15   officials claim that they did not enforce the Zoning

16   Resolution against the MTA, the Port Authority, or Amtrak

17   because they believed that they did not have the authority

18   to do so.   The City now concedes that it has the legal

19   authority to enforce the Zoning Resolution against

20   properties owned or controlled by the MTA, including the

21   Long Island Railroad (“LIRR”) and the Metro North Railroad.



                                  -12-
 1   Clear Channel, 608 F. Supp. 2d at 489.

 2        The Clear Channel Plaintiffs take the position that

 3   “New York City viewed increased revenues for mass transit —

 4   not aesthetics or traffic safety — as the paramount concern

 5   in actively supporting an exemption for Transit Authority

 6   signs from its zoning regulations.”   Plaintiffs contend that

 7   “the City has made a concerted effort over several decades .

 8   . . not to enforce the Arterial Advertising Ban against

 9   billboards on any railroad property, including billboards on

10   the MTA, LIRR, Conrail, Amtrak and other railroad or Port

11   Authority property.”

12        Finally, Plaintiffs dispute the validity of the City’s

13   proffered justification for its regulatory scheme — the

14   desire to promote traffic safety and aesthetics.   They

15   assert that “there is no credible evidence that these signs,

16   which have stood [illegally] for years and often decades,

17   have created any traffic problems.”   Clear Channel Outdoor,

18   Inc., Second Am. Compl. ¶ 3.

19   2.   Metro Fuel: The Street Furniture Franchise

20        In 2006, the City entered into a 20-year non-exclusive

21   franchise contract (the “Street Furniture Franchise”) with a



                                    -13-
 1   private company, Cemusa, Inc. (“Cemusa”), for the

 2   installation, operation, and maintenance of bus shelters,

 3   automatic public toilets, newsstands, and other “public

 4   service structures.”   Pursuant to this contract, the City

 5   shares in revenue generated by advertisements located on the

 6   street furniture structures.     There are allegedly 128 “urban

 7   panels,” which are mounted on the railings of sidewalk

 8   subway entrances near roads that have been designated by the

 9   City as arterial highways and an additional 24 urban panels

10   on subways entrances on blocks that intersect with arterial

11   highways.

12       Metro Fuel argues that the City’s street furniture

13   franchise allows Cemusa to place advertisements on bus

14   shelters that are similar to their advertisements, but which

15   are not subject to the Zoning Resolution.     Indeed, Metro

16   Fuel alleges that the City expressly amended its

17   Administrative Code to permit advertising on the exterior of

18   newsstands in conjunction with its contract with Cemusa.

19   Metro Fuel maintains that this exception is evidence of the

20   regulation’s asserted constitutional infirmity.

21       With respect to Metro Fuel, the City concedes that



                                    -14-
 1   Metro Fuel’s “panel signs are signs of approximately the

 2   same size as, and sited in approximately the same manner as,

 3   the advertisements on the City’s bus stop shelters.”       But,

 4   the City maintains that “the provisions of the Zoning

 5   Resolution which restrict the permissible locations of

 6   panels signs, as well as the size, height, and illumination

 7   of such signs, are generally designed to protect

 8   neighborhood character, consistent with zoning designations,

 9   and to address aesthetic concerns.”     Essentially, the City

10   argues that Metro Fuel’s panel signs can be permissibly

11   distinguished from the permissible coordinated street

12   furniture.

13                        II.   PROCEDURAL HISTORY

14        Clear Channel filed its complaint against Defendants on

15   October 6, 2006. 8   The City moved for summary judgment


          8
           Subsequent to the filing of Clear Channel’s
     complaint, Atlantic Outdoor, Scenic Outdoor, Troystar City
     Outdoor, and Willow Media all filed complaints against the
     City, which were consolidated with the Clear Channel action
     on October 20, 2006, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
     Procedure 42(a). The consolidated Plaintiffs filed a motion
     for a preliminary injunction to prevent enforcement of the
     arterial advertising restrictions, Local Law 14, Local Law
     31, and DOB Rule 49. In response, the City stayed
     enforcement of the challenged regulations until the

                                    -15-
 1   against the Clear Channel Plaintiffs on May 12, 2008.        On

 2   June 23, 2008, the Clear Channel Plaintiffs cross-moved for

 3   summary judgment.     Metro Fuel filed its complaint against

 4   Defendants on September 21, 2007.      Metro Fuel filed a motion

 5   for summary judgment or, alternatively, for a preliminary

 6   injunction on July 28, 2008.      The City cross-moved for

 7   summary judgment against Metro Fuel on August 25, 2008.

 8          In a well-reasoned opinion, the district court

 9   concluded that there were “no issues of material fact in

10   either of the cases.”      Clear Channel, 608 F. Supp. 2d at

11   515.    It held that “[a]ny factual disputes are trivial, non-

12   essential, and do not materially affect the outcome of the

13   cases.”    Id.   The court found a grant of summary judgment in

14   favor of the City appropriate because the “City’s zoning

15   regulations . . . satisfy the constitutional test for

16   commercial speech restriction and are not unconstitutionally

17   underinclusive.”     Id.

18          In reaching its conclusion that the City’s zoning

19   regulations pass constitutional muster, the court determined

20   that the City “has substantial interests in restricting



     resolution of this litigation.

                                     -16-
 1   outdoor advertising signs near highways, its zoning

 2   ordinance will directly advance those interests, and the

 3   regulations are not more extensive than necessary.”       Id.

 4   The district court found that the “few exceptions to the ban

 5   on off-site commercial arterial advertising that remain

 6   along the City’s roads do not undermine the

 7   constitutionality of the Zoning Resolution.”    Id.     The court

 8   further noted that the City is permitted “to value one type

 9   of commercial speech over another.”    Id. at 500.

10       The district court also concluded that the registration

11   and documentation requirements challenged by Plaintiffs

12   “also pass constitutional muster.”    Id. at 515.     It ruled

13   that the “provisions of Rule 49 directly advance the City’s

14   interests in traffic safety and aesthetics and [that] . . .

15   the regulations are narrowly tailored” to meet the City’s

16   goals.   Id. at 507.

17       Finally, the district court rejected Plaintiffs’

18   challenge based on the New York State Constitution.       See

19   N.Y. Const. art. I, § 8.   It found “no indication either in

20   the case law or in the parties’ arguments that the New York

21   State courts impose a stricter test for commercial speech



                                  -17-
 1   regulation.”     Clear Channel, 608 F. Supp. 2d at 508.

 2                            III.    DISCUSSION

 3   A.   Standard of Review

 4        It is well settled that summary judgment may be granted

 5   only if there is “no genuine issue as to any material fact.”

 6   Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2).       We review de novo the district

 7   court’s grant of summary judgment.       N.Y. State Rest. Ass’n

 8   v. N.Y. City Bd. of Health, 556 F.3d 114, 122 (2d Cir.

 9   2009).     The “scope of our review . . . does not change

10   where, as here, summary judgment was granted to one party

11   and denied to the other in the procedural context of cross-

12   motions.     Indeed, cross-motions are no more than a claim by

13   each side that it alone is entitled to summary judgment.”

14   N.Y. State Ass’n of Realtors, Inc. v. Shaffer, 27 F.3d 834,

15   838 (2d Cir. 1994) (internal citations, quotation marks, and

16   alteration omitted).     In cases such as this one, in which

17   claims are raised under the First Amendment, we have “an

18   obligation to make an independent examination of the whole

19   record.”     Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union, 466 U.S. 485, 499

20   (1984) (internal quotation marks omitted).

21   B.   The Central Hudson Test


                                      -18-
 1       It is clear that the advertisements in question involve

 2   commercial speech.     See Bad Frog Brewery, Inc. v. N.Y. State

 3   Liquor Auth., 134 F.3d 87, 96-97 (2d Cir. 1998).      In Central

 4   Hudson, the Supreme Court articulated the current test for

 5   assessing the constitutionality of restrictions on

 6   commercial speech. 9   Cent. Hudson Gas & Elec. Corp. v. Pub.

 7   Serv. Comm’n, 447 U.S. 557, 563-66 (1980); see also Thompson

 8   v. W. States Med. Ctr., 535 U.S. 357, 367-68 (2002)

 9   (reaffirming application of Central Hudson test in

10   commercial speech cases).

11       As a threshold matter, in order to warrant First

12   Amendment protection under the Central Hudson framework, the

13   communication must be “neither misleading nor related to

14   unlawful activity.”     447 U.S. at 564.   That the commercial

15   speech at issue in this case is lawful and not misleading,

16   and therefore entitled to First Amendment protection, is not

17   in dispute.   See Clear Channel, 608 F. Supp. 2d at 494 n.21.

18       A governmental entity that wishes to regulate protected

19   commercial speech “must assert a substantial interest to be


         9
           For a brief recitation of the development of the
     commercial speech doctrine, see, for example, United States
     v. Edge Broad. Co., 509 U.S. 418, 426 (1993).

                                    -19-
 1   achieved” by the restrictions.           Cent. Hudson, 447 U.S. at

 2   564.        The “twin goals” of protecting the aesthetic

 3   appearance of a city and maintaining traffic safety are

 4   “substantial government goals.” 10         Metromedia, Inc. v. City

 5   of San Diego, 453 U.S. 490, 507-08 (1981); see also

 6   Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly, 533 U.S. 525, 551 (2001);

 7   Members of the City Council v. Taxpayers for Vincent, 466

 8   U.S. 789, 806-07 (1984); Long Island Bd. of Realtors, Inc.

 9   v. Vill. of Massapequa Park, 277 F.3d 622, 627-28 (2d Cir.

10   2002).        Plaintiffs do not disagree that the City’s asserted

11   interests in this case are “substantial.”

12          In order to satisfy constitutional requirements, as set

13   out in Central Hudson, the restriction must satisfy two

14   further criteria.        “First, the restriction must directly



            10
            Additionally, we have held that a governmental entity
     “need not rely on the justifications offered . . . when the
     [regulation] was enacted, since any insufficiency in the
     original motivation does not diminish other interests that
     the restriction may now serve.” Anderson v. Treadwell, 294
     F.3d 453, 461 n.5 (2d Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks
     omitted). Thus, to the extent that Plaintiffs assert that
     the City’s proffered justifications for the Zoning
     Resolution were not raised at the time of its enactment,
     such complaints do not further their position in this
     litigation.

                                       -20-
 1   advance the state interest involved”; and second, it must

 2   not be “more extensive than is necessary to serve that

 3   interest.”   Cent. Hudson, 447 U.S. at 564, 566.   The City

 4   bears “the burden of establishing a reasonable fit between

 5   the [regulatory scheme’s] ends and the means chosen to

 6   accomplish those ends.”   City of Cincinnati v. Discovery

 7   Network, Inc., 507 U.S. 410, 414 (1993) (internal quotation

 8   marks omitted).

 9   C.   The City is Not Required to Adopt the Least Restrictive
10        Means of Regulating Outdoor Commercial Advertising
11
12        The dictates of Central Hudson do not require the City

13   to adopt the “least restrictive means” of advancing its

14   asserted interests.   Bd. of Tr. of the State Univ. of N.Y.

15   v. Fox, 492 U.S. 469, 477 (1989).   As the Supreme Court has

16   made clear, “‘commercial speech [enjoys] a limited measure

17   of protection, commensurate with its subordinate position in

18   the scale of First Amendment values,’ and is subject to

19   ‘modes of regulation that might be impermissible in the

20   realm of noncommercial expression.’” 11   Id. (quoting Ohralik


          11
            Commercial speech requires less robust protection
     than other forms of speech that must be more carefully
     guarded, such as political or religious speech. This is so
     because “commercial speech is more durable than other types

                                  -21-
 1   v. Ohio State Bar Ass’n, 436 U.S. 447, 456 (1978)).

 2       In declining to require that the government employ the

 3   least restrictive means in regulating commercial speech, the

 4   Supreme Court has explained that this means that “we have

 5   not insisted that there be no conceivable alternative, but

 6   only that the regulation not burden substantially more

 7   speech than is necessary to further the government’s

 8   legitimate interests.   And we have been loath to second-

 9   guess the [g]overnment’s judgment to that effect.”     Fox, 492

10   U.S. at 478 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted);

11   see also Greater New Orleans Broad. Ass’n, Inc. v. United

12   States, 527 U.S. 173, 188 (1999).   Thus, what is “require[d]

13   is a fit between the legislature’s ends and the means chosen

14   to accomplish those ends — a fit that is not necessarily

15   perfect, but reasonable; that represents not necessarily the



     of speech, since it is the offspring of economic self-
     interest.” Discovery Network, 507 U.S. at 439 (internal
     quotation marks omitted) (Rehnquist, C.J., dissenting).
     And, commercial speech is also understood as “less central
     to the interests of the First Amendment” than other forms of
     speech. Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.,
     472 U.S. 749, 759 n.5 (1985). “The protection available for
     particular commercial expression turns on the nature both of
     the expression and of the governmental interests served by
     its regulation.” Cent. Hudson, 447 U.S. at 563.

                                  -22-
 1   single best disposition but one whose scope is in proportion

 2   to the interest served.”    Fox, 492 U.S. at 480 (internal

 3   citations and quotation marks omitted).

 4          Supreme Court precedent instructs that, if the City’s

 5   determination about how to regulate outdoor commercial

 6   advertising is “reasonable” — and we find that it is in this

 7   case — then we should defer to that determination.    See Ward

 8   v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, 800 (1989); see also

 9   Riel v. City of Bradford, 485 F.3d 736, 753-54 (3d Cir.

10   2007) (stating that “government should not be left with a

11   choice of enacting a regulation banning [or burdening] all

12   signs in a particular geographic area or none” (internal

13   quotation marks omitted) (alteration in original)).    And, in

14   considering the validity of the City’s zoning scheme, we

15   must examine the regulations in relation “to the overall

16   problem the government seeks to correct.”    Ward, 491 U.S. at

17   801.

18          In this case, Metro Fuel characterizes the City’s

19   regulatory scheme as premised on a “radical urban design

20   theory.”    However, it is not this Court’s role to second

21   guess the City’s urban planning decisions.    Similarly, the



                                   -23-
 1   Clear Channel Plaintiffs contend that the City should have

 2   adopted a “size and spacing” regulatory regime.     The City’s

 3   rejection of an alternative model does not invalidate the

 4   regime selected by the City.     See, e.g., Fox, 492 U.S. at

 5   478; Prime Media, Inc. v. City of Brentwood, 398 F.3d 814,

 6   820-21 (6th Cir. 2005); Treadwell, 294 F.3d at 463.

 7   However, the City is afforded “considerable leeway . . . in

 8   determining the appropriate means to further a legitimate

 9   governmental interest, even when enactments incidentally

10   limit commercial speech.”   Vill. of Massapequa Park, 277

11   F.3d at 627-28; see also Taxpayers for Vincent, 466 U.S. at

12   815-16; Naser Jewelers, Inc. v. City of Concord, 513 F.3d

13   27, 35 (1st Cir. 2008). That the City considered, and

14   rejected, an alternative scheme is of no constitutional

15   moment.   See Ward, 491 U.S. at 797-98.

16   D.   Underinclusivity

17        In this case, Plaintiffs’ challenge to the zoning

18   regime under the final two prongs of Central Hudson centers

19   primarily on their contention that the regulations are

20   unconstitutionally underinclusive.     They argue that the

21   Zoning Resolution does not “fit” with the City’s stated



                                    -24-
1   objectives.     See Edge Broad. Co., 509 U.S. at 427-28.

2       The Supreme Court has explained that a regulation may

3   be unconstitutional if it “in effect restricts too little

4   speech because its exemptions discriminate on the basis of

5   the signs’ messages.”     City of Ladue v. Gilleo, 512 U.S. 43,

6   50-51 (1994).     There is no basis for finding this form of

7   content-based discrimination in this case. 12   Cf. Linmark



        12
           There is also no basis for a finding that the City’s
    Zoning Resolution impermissibly favors government speech
    over private speech. It is well established that, “[i]n the
    realm of private speech or expression, government regulation
    may not favor one speaker over another.” Rosenberger v.
    Rector & Visitors of the Univ. of Va., 515 U.S. 819, 828
    (1995). However, the zoning regulations at issue cannot be
    said to function as an “attempt to give one side of a
    debatable public question an advantage in expressing its
    views to the people.” Ladue, 512 U.S. at 51 (internal
    quotation marks omitted). Rather, the zoning scheme is an
    attempt to control the location of outdoor commercial
    advertising. See Field Day, LLC v. County of Suffolk, 463
    F.3d 167, 174 (2d Cir. 2006). While the City may not
    discriminate between speakers or viewpoints, it “may value
    one category of commercial speech over another where it has
    valid reasons for doing so.” Clear Channel, 608 F. Supp. 2d
    at 502 (citing Metromedia, 453 U.S. at 511-12). Thus, the
    “City is free to value a controlled and harmonious
    streetscape without compromising its ability to restrict
    uncontrolled and obtrusive advertising on the City’s
    arterial road network.” Id. And, “[t]he City has stated
    that it will enforce the Zoning Resolution against all
    billboards on City and government property, where it is

                                   -25-
 1   Assocs., Inc. v. Twp. of Willingboro, 431 U.S. 85, 93-98

 2   (1977); Nat’l Adver. Co. v. Town of Niagra, 942 F.2d 145,

 3   147-48 (2d Cir. 1991).

 4        A related form of impermissible underinclusivity is

 5   presented by a regulation that draws arbitrary distinctions,

 6   or that draws distinctions that “bear[] no relationship

 7   whatsoever to the particular interests that the city has

 8   asserted.”   Discovery Network, 507 U.S. at 424.     Plaintiffs

 9   contend the Zoning Resolution is underinclusive because no

10   meaningful distinctions exist between their regulated signs

11   and billboards, and legally permissible advertising.      A

12   regulation may also be deemed constitutionally problematic

13   if it contains exceptions that “undermine and counteract”

14   the government’s asserted interest.      Rubin v. Coors Brewing

15   Co., 514 U.S. 476, 489 (1995).      These two forms of

16   underinclusivity are at the heart of Plaintiffs’ challenge.

17   1.   Metromedia Governs Plaintiffs’ Challenge

18        The Supreme Court’s decision in Metromedia, Inc. v.

19   City of San Diego is controlling.      453 U.S. 490 (1981).   The

20   relevant portion of the ordinance at issue in Metromedia


     empowered and authorized to do so.”      Id.

                                  -26-
 1   banned offsite commercial advertising signs, but not onsite

 2   signs. 13   Id. at 493 n.1.     The ordinance also provided an

 3   exception for “signs falling within 12 specified

 4   categories.” 14   Id. at 494.     In Metromedia, the plaintiffs

 5   argued “that the city denigrates its interest in traffic

 6   safety and beauty and defeats its own case by permitting

 7   onsite advertising and other specified signs.”       Id. at 510-

 8   11.

 9         The Court rejected the Metromedia plaintiffs’

10   underinclusivity argument.       It held that even though the

11   ordinance did not apply to onsite advertising, it still

12   directly advanced the City of San Diego’s interests in


           13
            The ordinance at issue in Metromedia also banned non-
     commercial signage. A majority of the Court upheld the
     regulation only as it pertained to commercial speech. See
     453 U.S. at 512-13. In this appeal, we are only concerned
     with the City’s regulation of outdoor advertising of
     billboards and signs containing commercial speech.
           14
            The specified categories exempted from the City of
     San Diego’s sign ordinance included: government signs; signs
     located at public bus stops; signs manufactured, transported
     or stored within the city, if not used for advertising
     purposes; signs within malls, courts, and arcades; for sale
     and for lease signs; signs on public and commercial
     vehicles; signs depicting time, temperature, and news; signs
     on public transportation, including buses and taxis; and
     signs on commercial vehicles. 453 U.S. at 494-95.

                                      -27-
 1   traffic safety and aesthetics.      Id. at 511.    The Court

 2   concluded that the city could permissibly distinguish

 3   between different forms of advertisements.        Id. at 511-12.

 4   Lastly, the Supreme Court held that it did not offend the

 5   Constitution for San Diego to “distinguish between the

 6   relative value of different categories of commercial

 7   speech.”   Id. at 514.

 8       Plaintiffs in this case argue that the City violates

 9   the protections afforded commercial speech when it

10   distinguishes between their signs or billboards and those

11   located on government property.      But, the Supreme Court has

12   already rejected “the argument that a prohibition against

13   the use of unattractive signs cannot be justified on

14   [a]esthetic grounds if it fails to apply to all equally

15   unattractive signs wherever they might be located.”

16   Taxpayers for Vincent, 466 U.S. at 810.      It is clear that,

17   despite its exceptions, New York City’s Zoning Resolution

18   directly advances its interests in traffic safety and

19   aesthetics.   See Posadas de P.R. Assocs. v. Tourism Co. of

20   P.R., 478 U.S. 328, 342 (1986).      Indeed, in Metromedia, the

21   Court made explicit reference to the exceptions to the ban



                                  -28-
 1   of offsite advertising, but did not find the exemptions

 2   constitutionally problematic.    453 U.S. at 495.

 3       Plaintiffs’ argument hinges, in part, on the assertion

 4   that the City’s regulatory regime runs afoul of the First

 5   Amendment because it does not fully accomplish the

 6   articulated objectives.    However, contrary to Plaintiffs’

 7   contentions, the Supreme Court has previously rejected that

 8   argument.   Of particular relevance to this case, in

 9   Metromedia, the Court rejected the same contention raised

10   here: that the ban on offsite advertising was

11   unconstitutionally underinclusive because it did not extend

12   to onsite advertising.    Id. at 511; see also Posadas, 478

13   U.S. at 342 (rejecting the claim that a ban on promotional

14   advertising of casino gambling aimed at Puerto Rican

15   residents was invalid because other types of gambling were

16   permitted to be advertised to local residents).

17       Plaintiffs next argue that the City’s contract to

18   permit coordinated advertising on street furniture makes the

19   Zoning Resolution unconstitutionally underinclusive.    On

20   this point, we find persuasive the Ninth Circuit’s decision

21   in Metro Lights, LLC v. City of Los Angeles, 551 F.3d 898



                                   -29-
 1   (9th Cir. 2009), cert. denied, No. 09-259, — S. Ct. —, 2009

 2   WL 2761319 (Dec. 14, 2009).    In Metro Lights, the Ninth

 3   Circuit considered the question of “whether a city violates

 4   the First Amendment by prohibiting most offsite commercial

 5   advertising while simultaneously contracting with a private

 6   party to permit sale of such advertising at city-owned

 7   transit stops.”    551 F.3d at 900.   This scenario is similar

 8   to the one presented here.    In this case, the City

 9   contracted with Cemusa for the installation, operation, and

10   maintenance of bus shelters, automatic public toilets,

11   newsstands, and other “public service structures.”     The

12   plaintiff in Metro Lights, like Plaintiffs here, made the

13   alleged “underinclusivity” of the zoning regime the

14   “centerpiece of its First Amendment challenge on appeal.”

15   551 F.3d at 904.    The Metro Lights court rejected

16   plaintiff’s underinclusivity challenge.     See id. at 911.   We

17   conclude that the same result is appropriate here.

18       In Metro Lights, Los Angeles argued “that the

19   proliferation of offsite advertising by numerous and

20   disparate private parties creates more distracting ugliness

21   than a single, controlled series of advertisements on city



                                   -30-
 1   property over which the City wields contractual

 2   supervision.”     Id. at 910.     The Metro Lights court accepted

 3   the city’s argument, based on the reasoning and holding of

 4   Metromedia.     Id.     We similarly accept the City’s argument

 5   that the controlled advertising regime established by its

 6   contract with Cemusa is sufficiently distinct from

 7   Plaintiffs’ advertising that is subject to the zoning

 8   restrictions.     And, as in Metromedia and Metro Lights, we

 9   defer to the City’s judgment in controlling the placement of

10   outdoor advertising.        Metromedia, 453 U.S. at 512; Metro

11   Lights, 551 F.3d at 910-11.

12   2.   Discovery Network, Rubin and Greater New Orleans
13        Dictate the Same Result as Metromedia
14
15        Plaintiffs do not explicitly dispute that Metromedia

16   applies to their challenge to the New York City Zoning

17   Resolution.     Clear Channel, 608 F. Supp. 2d at 495.

18   However, they contend that more recent Supreme Court cases,

19   City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network, 507 U.S. 410

20   (1993), Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co., 514 U.S. 476 (1995), and

21   Greater New Orleans Broad. Ass’n, Inc. v. United States, 527

22   U.S. 173 (1999) require that we strike down the City’s

23   zoning regime.        We reject Plaintiffs’ argument; we are

                                       -31-
 1   persuaded that the exceptions to the Zoning Resolution do

 2   not “undermine [or] counteract its effects,” Rubin, 514 U.S.

 3   at 489, and that the regulations “directly and materially

 4   advance[] [the City’s] aim.”     Greater New Orleans, 527 U.S.

 5   at 193.

 6       In resolving disputes, we “should follow the case which

 7   directly controls.”   Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/Am.

 8   Express, Inc., 490 U.S. 477, 484 (1989).      As already

 9   discussed, the Supreme Court’s decision in Metromedia is

10   most directly on point.   It is particularly significant, in

11   the First Amendment context, that the Supreme Court has

12   pointed out that “[e]ach method of communicating ideas is a

13   law unto itself and that law must reflect the differing

14   natures, values, abuses and dangers of each method.”

15   Metromedia, 453 U.S. at 501.     As in Metromedia, “[w]e deal

16   here with the law of billboards.”     Id.   And, as the Court

17   has held, signs “pose distinctive problems that are subject

18   to municipalities’ police powers.”     Ladue, 512 U.S. at 48.

19   This is so because “signs take up space and may obstruct

20   views, distract motorists, displace alternative uses for

21   land, and pose other problems that legitimately call for



                                    -32-
 1   regulation.”     Id.   The cases relied on by Plaintiffs, which

 2   are distinguished below, must be evaluated in light of this

 3   distinct First Amendment factual and legal context.

 4          First, Discovery Network is distinguishable from our

 5   case.     In that case, the City of Cincinnati drew a

 6   distinction between news racks containing commercial

 7   publications and news racks containing newspapers.         The

 8   distinction bore “no relationship whatsoever to the

 9   particular interests that [Cincinnati] ha[d] asserted.”          507

10   U.S. at 424 (emphasis in original).      By contrast, there is

11   clearly a relationship between the City’s Zoning Resolution,

12   which regulates the placement of outdoor commercial

13   advertising, and its interest in aesthetics and traffic

14   safety.     Evaluating the zoning scheme as a whole, we

15   conclude that the regulations are “part of a substantial

16   effort to advance a valid state interest.”      Bad Frog

17   Brewery, 134 F.3d at 100.

18          Second, in Discovery Network, the city “asserted an

19   interest in [a]esthetics,” but the regulated news racks were

20   “no greater an eyesore” than those left unregulated.         Id. at

21   425.    Indeed, the regulated and unregulated news racks were



                                     -33-
 1   identical.    Therefore, they were all “equally at fault,”

 2   regardless of their contents. 15     Id. at 426.   In this case,

 3   we defer to the City’s judgment that unregulated signage and

 4   billboards are a greater eyesore than coordinated street

 5   furniture bearing advertisements.      The regulation in

 6   Discovery Network ran afoul of the principles articulated in

 7   Central Hudson because there was no “logical connection”

 8   between the interests asserted by Cincinnati and the

 9   regulatory scheme.    Metro Lights, 551 F.3d at 905.       The same

10   cannot be said of New York City’s Zoning Resolution.

11       Third, the benefit from the regulation in Discovery

12   Network was deemed to be “minute or paltry.”       507 U.S. at

13   441 (internal quotation marks omitted).      Here, the City has

14   a “sufficient basis” to believe that the impact of the

15   zoning regulations will substantially advance its proffered

16   interests.    See Metromedia, 453 U.S. at 508; see also RTM

17   Media, LLC v. City of Houston, 584 F.3d 220, 226-27 (5th

18   Cir. 2009).    Finally, the City of Cincinnati “enacted a


         15
            There was an additional concern in Discovery Network
     that the regulated commercial speech was not sufficiently
     distinguishable from unregulated non-commercial speech. 507
     U.S. at 419. No similar concern is implicated on the facts
     of the cases presently before this Court.

                                   -34-
 1   sweeping ban that bar[red] from its sidewalks a whole class

 2   of constitutionally protected speech.”     Discovery Network,

 3   507 U.S. at 430.    The City of New York has taken no such

 4   action.   Rather, it has simply enacted regulations that

 5   control the placement of outdoor advertising.

 6       In Rubin, the Supreme Court found that a provision of

 7   the Federal Alcohol Administration Act (“FAAA”) that

 8   “prohibited disclosure of the alcohol content of beer on

 9   labels or in advertising” violated the First Amendment.      514

10   U.S. at 478.    The government’s asserted interest was in

11   “curbing ‘strength wars’ by beer brewers who might seek to

12   compete for customers on the basis of alcohol content.”      Id.

13   at 483.   However, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and

14   Firearms simultaneously required disclosure of alcohol

15   content on the labels of wine and spirits.     Id. at 484.   The

16   Court held that the portion of the FAAA at issue “failed to

17   advance the interest in suppressing strength wars

18   sufficiently to justify the ban.”     Id. at 486.

19       Rubin is easily distinguishable from our case; Rubin

20   involved an attempt to “suppress[] the free flow of factual

21   information.”    Id. at 484.   Here, the City makes no attempt



                                    -35-
 1   to limit the free flow of factual commercial information,

 2   which the Supreme Court has deemed “indispensable to the

 3   proper allocation of resources in a free enterprise system .

 4   . . [and] indispensable to the formation of intelligent

 5   opinions as to how that system ought to be regulated or

 6   altered.”   Va. State Bd. of Pharm. v. Va. Citizens Consumer

 7   Council, Inc., 425 U.S. 748, 765 (1976).

 8       Rubin is further distinguishable from the factual

 9   scenario presented by these appeals because the relevant

10   provision of the FAAA could not “directly and materially

11   advance [the government’s] asserted interest because of the

12   overall irrationality of the . . . regulatory scheme.”     514

13   U.S. at 488.   Indeed, the “unique and puzzling regulatory

14   framework ensure[d] that the labeling ban [would] fail to

15   achieve” the government’s asserted interest.     Id. at 489.

16   This was so because “other provisions of the same Act

17   directly undermine and counteract its effects.”     Id.

18   Irrespective of its exceptions, it simply cannot be said

19   that the Zoning Resolution at issue undermines and

20   counteracts its stated ends.     Rather, the zoning regulations

21   challenged by Plaintiffs present an integrated effort by the



                                    -36-
 1   City to reduce visual clutter, to improve the overall

 2   aesthetic appearance of the City, and to regulate traffic

 3   safety.    The fact that the City has chosen to value some

 4   types of commercial speech over others, Metromedia, 453 U.S.

 5   at 512, does not make the regulation irrational.

 6       In Greater New Orleans, the Supreme Court struck down a

 7   law that “banned broadcast advertising for most private

 8   casinos but exempted, among others, advertising for Indian

 9   tribal casinos.”    Metro Lights, 551 F.3d at 905 (citing 527

10   U.S. 195-96).    The government maintained that the

11   broadcasting ban directly advanced its interest in

12   “alleviating the social costs of casino gambling by limiting

13   demand.”    Greater New Orleans, 527 U.S. at 189.     However,

14   the Court found the regulation failed to pass constitutional

15   scrutiny under Central Hudson because forbidding advertising

16   of some casinos but not others “merely channel[s] gamblers

17   to one casino rather than another.”    Id.   Thus, the

18   regulation was entirely “self-defeating.”     See Metro Lights,

19   551 F.3d at 906.

20       The distinctions drawn by the Zoning Resolution between

21   permissible and impermissible locations for outdoor



                                   -37-
 1   commercial advertising are meaningful and do not defeat the

 2   purpose of the City’s regulatory scheme.     The City may

 3   legitimately allow limited and controlled advertising on

 4   street furniture, while also reducing clutter on City

 5   sidewalks.   Allowing some signs does not constitutionally

 6   require a city to allow all similar signs.     The zoning

 7   scheme does not result in a mere channeling effect.        The

 8   City’s interests in aesthetics, preservation of neighborhood

 9   character, and traffic safety continue to be advanced, even

10   though limited and controlled advertising is permitted on

11   street furniture.

12        As we have previously noted, “the Supreme Court has

13   made clear that underinclusiveness will not necessarily

14   defeat a claim that a state interest has been materially

15   advanced.”   Treadwell, 294 F.3d at 463 (citing Posadas, 478

16   U.S. at 343; Metromedia, 453 U.S. at 511).     Here, the

17   exceptions to the Zoning Resolution do not render the scheme

18   unconstitutional.

19   E.   Plaintiffs’ “Inverse Mootness” Argument Must Fail

20        Plaintiffs maintain that post-litigation actions taken

21   by the City are insufficient to cure the alleged



                                  -38-
 1   constitutional violation or to render the examples of

 2   infringement inapplicable to their challenge.     The City

 3   objects to Plaintiffs’ characterization of its efforts to

 4   enforce its zoning regulations as litigation inspired.       But,

 5   the City does not argue that Plaintiffs’ First Amendment

 6   challenge is moot, and rightly so.     Rather, it is Plaintiffs

 7   who argue that this Court should apply a principle used in

 8   analyzing questions of mootness to this case.     They contend,

 9   in effect, that recent enforcement actions taken by the City

10   should be disregarded by this Court when considering the

11   import of their examples of exceptions to the Zoning

12   Resolution.   However, the principles of the mootness

13   doctrine on which Plaintiffs seek to rely are inapposite

14   here.

15       In analyzing a mootness challenge, “factual changes

16   made by a defendant after litigation has commenced cannot

17   render a case moot unless it is absolutely clear the

18   defendant cannot resume the allegedly offending conduct.”

19   See Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs.,

20   Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 189 (2000).     Plaintiffs contend that, in

21   this case, nothing prevents the City from resuming the



                                  -39-
 1   offending conduct.    They further assert that the “heavy

 2   burden of persua[ding] the court that the challenged conduct

 3   cannot reasonably be expected to start up again lies with”

 4   the City.   Id. at 189 (internal quotation marks omitted and

 5   alteration in original).

 6       The voluntary cessation of allegedly illegal activity

 7   may render a case moot “if the defendant can demonstrate

 8   that (1) there is no reasonable expectation that the alleged

 9   violation will recur and (2) interim relief or events have

10   completely and irrevocably eradicated the effects of the

11   alleged violation.”    Campbell v. Greisberger, 80 F.3d 703,

12   706 (2d Cir. 1996) (internal quotation marks omitted).

13   Here, however, it is Plaintiffs who have erected signs and

14   billboards in contravention of City zoning regulations.

15   Essentially, Plaintiffs complain of a self-inflicted wound.

16   They violated the City’s duly enacted zoning ordinance and

17   seek to justify continued violation by citing a prior

18   history of lax enforcement.    Meager past efforts at zoning

19   enforcement are not the stuff of economic expectations.

20   Governments generally are not estopped by the misdeeds of

21   their agents or employees.    See, e.g., Petrelli v. City of



                                   -40-
 1   Mount Vernon, 9 F.3d 250, 256-57 (2d Cir. 1993).

 2   “[P]rinciples of laches or estoppel do not bar a

 3   municipality from enforcing ordinances that have been

 4   allowed to lie fallow.”     LaTrieste Rest. & Cabaret Inc. v.

 5   Vill. of Port Chester, 40 F.3d 587, 590 (2d Cir. 1994).

 6       In other words, Plaintiffs suggest that the City will

 7   simply revert to a pattern of non-enforcement after the

 8   resolution of this litigation.        This argument is

 9   unpersuasive.     First, the record demonstrates that the

10   City’s current efforts to remove signs from government

11   property began well before this litigation was instituted.

12   Second, Plaintiffs’ speculation that the City will fail to

13   enforce its regulations is insufficient.        See Major League

14   Baseball Props., Inc. v. Salvino, Inc., 542 F.3d 290, 310

15   (2d Cir. 2008).     Plaintiffs’ bare allegation that the City

16   will exhibit bad faith in failing to enforce its regulations

17   in an evenhanded manner in the future is similarly

18   unavailing.     Indeed, just as “[s]ome deference must be

19   accorded to a [governmental entity’s] representations that

20   certain conduct has been discontinued,” Lamar Adver. of

21   Penn, LLC v. Town of Orchard Park, 356 F.3d 365, 376 (2d



                                    -41-
 1   Cir. 2004), the City is entitled to deference with respect

 2   to its assurances that it has undertaken a good-faith

 3   enforcement effort.

 4       In order to demonstrate that the Zoning Resolution is

 5   tailored to serve a substantial interest, the City must

 6   continue its enforcement efforts.     See Lisa’s Party City,

 7   Inc. v. Town of Henrietta, 185 F.3d 12, 16-17 (2d Cir.

 8   1999).   However, this does not mean that Plaintiffs can

 9   defeat the City’s asserted interest by violating the

10   regulation.    Plaintiffs’ argument that we should disregard

11   the City’s recent enforcement efforts in our analysis

12   confuses two concepts.     In regulating commercial speech, the

13   City is entitled to deference in crafting its zoning

14   regulations.     Vill. of Massapequa Park, 277 F.3d at 627-28.

15   But, the requirement that a municipality enforce its zoning

16   ordinance does not bear on the permissibility or

17   impermissibility of exceptions that are part of the

18   regulatory scheme.     As articulated above, assuming the

19   existence of the challenged exceptions, here, the Zoning

20   Resolution constitutes an appropriate “fit” with the City’s

21   asserted ends.     Rubin, 514 U.S. at 486.



                                    -42-
 1        Finally, to the extent that Plaintiffs are attempting

 2   to create a material issue of disputed fact based on their

 3   claim that the “City did little or nothing to enforce the

 4   Arterial Advertising Ban for decades,” this is insufficient

 5   to defeat the City’s motion for summary judgment.   See Park

 6   Ave. Tower Assocs. v. City of N.Y., 746 F.2d 135, 141 (2d

 7   Cir. 1984).   Plaintiffs have not met their burden to come

 8   forward with admissible evidence that the City will fail to

 9   enforce its zoning regulations in the future.   To the

10   contrary, the evidence suggests that the City is now

11   undertaking a concerted effort to enforce the Zoning

12   Resolution.

13   F.   New York City’s Registration and Documentation Scheme
14        is a Constitutionally Permissible Regulation of
15        Commercial Speech
16
17        The Clear Channel Plaintiffs argue that the

18   documentation and registration requirements set out in Local

19   Laws 14 and 31, and Department of Buildings (“DOB”) Rule 49

20   are unconstitutional under the standards established by

21   Central Hudson.   Rule 49 lays out the criteria that must be

22   satisfied by an outdoor advertising company that seeks to

23   demonstrate that one of its signs should be accorded non-


                                  -43-
 1   conforming use status.         Clear Channel, 608 F. Supp. 2d at

 2   504.        A sign with non-conforming use status is not subject

 3   to the Zoning Resolution and may carry offsite arterial

 4   advertising.        Id.

 5          Plaintiffs maintain that the documentation and

 6   registration requirements do not materially advance the

 7   City’s interests.         Plaintiffs insist that they will replace

 8   commercial copy on existing signs with non-commercial copy.

 9   Plaintiffs also argue that the requirements are unduly

10   onerous because much of the documentary evidence is now

11   unavailable.        We disagree.   Given the outdoor advertising

12   industry’s history of non-compliance with zoning

13   regulations, the registration and documentation requirements

14   are narrowly tailored and not more extensive than necessary

15   to aid the City in its enforcement efforts.

16          The City’s decision to place the onus on outdoor

17   advertising companies to demonstrate that signs and

18   billboards are entitled to non-conforming use status is a

19   reasonable regulatory choice. 16          The fact that the Clear


            16
            To the extent that DOB Rule 49 simply requires
     disclosure of factual information that allows the City to
     determine whether outdoor advertising billboards comply with

                                        -44-
 1   Channel Plaintiffs have not preserved documents that would

 2   allow them to obtain non-conforming use status does not make

 3   DOB Rule 49, or the attendant local laws, constitutionally

 4   troubling. 17

 5        Plaintiffs’ argument that DOB Rule 49 does not pass

 6   constitutional scrutiny because they will simply convert

 7   their signs into signs bearing non-commercial copy is

 8   unavailing.     The City is not required to “make progress on

 9   every front before it can make progress on any front.”        Edge

10   Broad. Co., 509 U.S. at 434.     Therefore, the City is not

11   required to show that the operation of the local laws and

12   DOB Rule 49 will result in the elimination of every sign

13   improperly claiming non-conforming use status.     See Infinity

14   Outdoor, Inc., 165 F. Supp. 2d at 417-19.     The registration

15   and documentation provisions present a solution that is a

16   “reasonable fit” with the City’s substantial interest in



     the applicable zoning regulations, our review is more
     lenient than our review of regulations that restrict
     accurate commercial speech. See N.Y. State Rest. Ass’n v.
     N.Y. City Bd. of Health, 556 F.3d 114, 132 (2d Cir. 2009).
          17
            Some signs and billboards most assuredly will not
     have any documentation. None was ever submitted for those
     signs erected illegally.

                                    -45-
 1   achieving compliance with the Zoning Resolution.      See

 2   Treadwell, 294 F.3d at 461-62.      That is all that is

 3   required.

 4   G.   Plaintiffs’ New York State Constitutional Challenge was
 5        Properly Rejected by the District Court
 6
 7        As recognized by the district court, the New York Court

 8   of Appeals has construed the provision of the New York State

 9   Constitution that pertains to freedom of speech, N.Y. Const.

10   art. I, § 8, as containing language that may be read more

11   expansively than the First Amendment. 18    See, e.g., O’Neill

12   v. Oakgrove Constr., Inc., 71 N.Y.2d 521, 529 n.3 (1988)

13   (“The protection afforded by the guarantees of free press

14   and speech in the New York Constitution is often broader

15   than the minimum required by the First Amendment.”).        As a

16   result, the New York Court of Appeals has, at times,

17   interpreted Article I, § 8 in a manner that is distinct or

18   more protective of free expression than the safeguards

19   afforded by the First Amendment to the federal Constitution.



          18
            In relevant part, Article I, § 8 of the New York
     Constitution states: “Every citizen may freely speak, write
     and publish his or her sentiments on all subjects, being
     responsible for the abuse of that right; and no law shall be
     passed to restrain the liberty of speech or of the press.”

                                  -46-
 1   See Immuno AG v. Moor-Jankowski, 77 N.Y.2d 235, 248-49

 2   (1991) (Kaye, J.); see also People v. Ferber, 57 N.Y.2d 256,

 3   259 (1982) (per curiam).    For example, in discussing

 4   “[f]reedom of expression in books, movies and the arts,” the

 5   New York Court of Appeals has held that “the minimal

 6   national standard established by the Supreme Court for First

 7   Amendment rights cannot be considered dispositive in

 8   determining the scope of [New York’s] constitutional

 9   guarantee of freedom of expression.”    People ex rel. Arcara

10   v. Cloud Books, Inc., 68 N.Y.2d 553, 557-58 (1986).

11        We affirm the district court’s holding with respect to

12   the Clear Channel Plaintiffs’ state law claim to the extent

13   that the court determined that, under the circumstances

14   presented by this case, the New York Court of Appeals has

15   not articulated a stricter standard for regulation of

16   commercial speech than that imposed by the federal

17   Constitution. 19   See Clear Channel, 608 F. Supp. 2d at 508-



          19
            Even if the category of commercial speech is more
     narrowly circumscribed under New York law, see, e.g., N.Y.
     Pub. Interest Research Group, Inc. v. Ins. Info. Inst., 554
     N.Y.S.2d 590, 592 (1st Dep’t 1990), no party disputes that
     the speech at issue in this litigation is properly defined
     as commercial speech.

                                   -47-
 1   09.   Indeed, the New York Court of Appeals has explicitly

 2   invoked the Central Hudson test in evaluating restrictions

 3   on commercial speech.   See In re von Wiegen, 63 N.Y.2d 163,

 4   172-73 (1984); Koffler v. Joint Bar Ass’n, 51 N.Y.2d 140,

 5   147 (1980).   Therefore, we affirm the district court’s

 6   holding that the City’s zoning regulations do not offend the

 7   New York State Constitution.

 8                           IV.   CONCLUSION

 9         For the reasons set forth above, we conclude that the

10   challenged provisions of the New York City Zoning Resolution

11   do not impose unconstitutional restrictions on Plaintiffs’

12   commercial speech rights in violation of the First Amendment

13   or the New York State Constitution.    We have considered

14   Plaintiffs’ remaining arguments, and find them to be without

15   merit.   Accordingly, the district court properly granted

16   summary judgment in favor of Defendants, and its order of

17   March 31, 2009 is hereby A FFIRMED.




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