                   NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                              File Name: 09a0443n.06

                                            No. 07-3723                                  FILED
                                                                                      Jun 30, 2009
                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


DOMINIC NWAGBO,                                           )
                                                          )
        Petitioner,                                       )
                                                          )
v.                                                        )   ON PETITION FOR REVIEW OF A
                                                          )   FINAL ORDER OF THE BOARD OF
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General of the              )   IMMIGRATION APPEALS
United States,*                                           )
                                                          )
        Respondent.                                       )
                                                          )
                                                          )

*

        Before: NORRIS, BATCHELDER, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.

        KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. Dominic Nwagbo, a native of Nigeria, petitions for review

of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ denial of his motion to terminate removal proceedings. We

dismiss the petition for lack of jurisdiction.

                                                 I.

        Nwagbo entered the United States in 1994. He married a U.S. citizen in 1995, and became

a legal permanent resident in 1997. On June 12, 2000, Nwagbo was convicted of conspiracy to

possess, and aiding and abetting in the possession of, counterfeited obligations of the United States

with intent to defraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 371, and 472.



       *
         Pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 43(c)(2), Attorney General Eric H. Holder, Jr. is automatically
substituted for former Attorney General Michael B. Mukasey.
No. 07-3723
Nwagbo v. Holder

       On September 20, 2001, the then-Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) served

Nwagbo with a Notice to Appear (NTA) before an Immigration Judge (IJ). The NTA charged

Nwagbo with being removable under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(i), for having been convicted of a

crime of moral turpitude. On April 17, 2002, the INS also charged Nwagbo with being removable

under § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), for having been convicted of an aggravated felony.

        Nwagbo denied both charges of removability on April 19, 2005. On October 21, 2005,

Nwagbo filed an application for naturalization with the now-Department of Homeland Security. The

following week, he filed a motion with the IJ to terminate his removal proceedings on the basis of

the pending naturalization application, pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 1239.2(f).

       On December 13, 2005, Nwagbo appeared before the IJ for a hearing. The IJ found that

Nwagbo was removable as charged. The IJ also denied Nwagbo’s motion to terminate, and ordered

him removed to Nigeria. Nwagbo appealed the IJ’s decision to the Board of Immigration Appeals

(BIA), which affirmed and dismissed the appeal on May 16, 2007.

       This petition for review, in which Nwagbo challenges only the IJ and BIA’s finding that he

is removable for having been convicted of an aggravated felony, followed.

                                                 II.

       As an initial matter, our jurisdiction to review Nwagbo’s petition is limited. Pursuant to 8

U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C), “no court shall have jurisdiction to review any final order of removal against

an alien who is removable by reason of having committed a criminal offense covered in

section . . . 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii),” namely, an aggravated felony. That said, “we retain jurisdiction to

consider the limited question of whether the petitioner is removable as a matter of law.” Patel v.

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No. 07-3723
Nwagbo v. Holder

Ashcroft, 401 F.3d 400, 406 (6th Cir. 2005). Here, that “limited question” is whether a conviction

for violating 18 U.S.C. § 472 is an aggravated felony under the Immigration and Nationality Act

(INA). If so, Nwagbo is properly removable under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), and we must

dismiss the petition for lack of jurisdiction.

        The INA lists the criminal offenses that constitute aggravated felonies for immigration

purposes. See INA § 101(a)(43), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43). Those include any “offense relating

to . . . counterfeiting[.]” INA § 101(a)(43)(R), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(R). The government

charged—and both the IJ and BIA concluded—that Nwagbo’s conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 472 was

such an offense.

        Whether an offense constitutes an aggravated felony under the INA is a purely legal question

that we review de novo. Patel, 401 F.3d at 407. Section 472 provides:

        Whoever, with intent to defraud, passes, utters, publishes, or sells, or attempts to
        pass, utter, publish, or sell, or with like intent brings into the United States or keeps
        in possession or conceals any falsely made, forged, counterfeited, or altered
        obligation or other security of the United States, shall be fined under this title or
        imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.

        “[T]o convict a defendant under § 472, the government must prove 1) the false bill passed

or possessed is counterfeit, 2) the defendant intended to use the false bill to defraud, and 3) the

defendant passed or possessed the false bill.” United States v. Wethington, 141 F.3d 284, 287 (6th

Cir. 1998).

        Nwagbo argues that he did not commit “an offense relating to . . . counterfeiting” because

he “did not engage in the overt act of counterfeiting,” and instead joined the conspiracy after the

actual counterfeiting was completed. Pet’r Br. at 7. Three other circuits have rejected a similar or

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Nwagbo v. Holder

identical argument. See Kamagate v. Ashcroft, 385 F.3d 144, 154 (2d Cir. 2004) (“the requirement

that the security at issue . . . be counterfeit coupled with the element of deceitful intent suffice” to

make uttering or possessing counterfeit securities, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 513(a), an offense

“related to” counterfeiting); Albillo-Figueroa v. INS, 221 F.3d 1070, 1073 (9th Cir. 2000) (the

“requisite knowledge and intent to defraud is sufficient to make a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 472

one that is ‘related to’ the act of counterfeiting itself”); see also Park v. Att’y Gen., 472 F.3d 66, 72

(3d Cir. 2006) (“Considering the broad reach of the term ‘relating to,’ certainly [18 U.S.C. § 2320,]

which prohibits the knowing use of a counterfeit mark . . . codifies an offense related to

counterfeiting”). Indeed, the IJ here adopted the reasoning of Kamagate and Albillo-Figueroa.

        We reject the argument as well, and hold that “[s]ection 101(a)(43)(R) [of the INA]

necessarily covers a range of activities beyond those of counterfeiting or forgery itself.” Albillo-

Figueroa, 221 F.3d at 1073. To limit that section to cases of actual counterfeiting would be to read

the phrase “relating to” out of the statute.

        Because Nwagbo’s conviction constitutes an aggravated felony as defined by INA

§§ 101(a)(43)(R), the IJ and BIA properly concluded that he is removable under 8 U.S.C.

§ 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii). Consequently, we dismiss the petition for lack of jurisdiction. See 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(a)(2)(C).




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