                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                              AT NASHVILLE
                              Assigned on Brief February 6, 2003

                                  IN RE: T.L.R. AND A.W.R.

  STATE OF TENNESSEE, DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN’S SERVICES
                            v.
                    SANDRA JANE RILEY

                   An Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Robertson County
                           No. D-19108     Max D. Fagan, Judge


                      No. M2002-01101-COA-R3-JV - Filed March 4, 2003


This case involves the termination of parental rights. The mother of the two young children at issue
had a history of cocaine and marijuana abuse. In September 1999, the state department of children’s
services obtained custody of the children and placed them in a foster home. While the children were
in foster care, the mother participated in drug rehabilitation programs and attempted to obtain
permanent employment. The mother made some progress, but repeatedly relapsed back into drug
and alcohol use, and failed to procure a permanent job or a permanent residence. In August 2001,
the State filed a petition to terminate the mother’s parental rights. The trial court granted the State’s
petition. The mother now appeals. We affirm, finding clear and convincing evidence that the
mother had failed to comply with the permanency plan, that conditions that prevented the children’s
safe return still persisted, and that termination of the mother’s parental rights is in the children’s best
interest.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court is Affirmed

HOLLY KIRBY LILLARD, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which W. FRANK CRAWFORD , P.J.,
W.S., and ALAN E. HIGHERS, J., joined.

Mark Walker, Goodlettsville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Sandra Jane Riley.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter, and Elizabeth C. Driver, Assistant Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee, Department of Children’s Services.
                                                       OPINION

         Respondent/Appellant Sandra Jane Riley (“Mother”) is the mother of the two boys at issue
in this case, T.L.R. (born August 9, 1993) and A.W.R. (born December 26, 1997).1 On September
3, 1999, the children were taken into the custody of Petitioner/Appellee Department of Children’s
Services for the State of Tennessee (“DCS”). The DCS took the children in response to a complaint
by a nurse at the boys’ daycare that A.W.R. had what appeared to be cigarette burns on his body that
Mother could not adequately explain.

        Soon after the children were placed in DCS custody, Mother entered into a permanency plan
with DCS. According to the plan, Mother was to (1) obtain a parenting assessment; (2) attend
counseling at a mental health clinic; (3) obtain an alcohol and drug assessment; (4) submit a safety
plan for the children in case anything happened to her; (5) maintain adequate housing and participate
with Homemaker Services; (6) obtain employment; and (7) stop using illegal drugs. Although
Mother completed some requirements of the plan, after nearly two years passed, DCS concluded that
Mother had not completed essential elements of the permanency plan, including maintaining
adequate housing and stable employment, and ceasing the use of illegal drugs.

        Consequently, on August 1, 2001, the DCS filed the petition below to terminate Mother’s
parental rights.2 DCS asserted in the petition that grounds for termination existed, namely, that
Mother had failed to complete the requirements of the permanency plan, and that conditions that
made it unsafe for the children to return to Mother’s custody persisted. DCS asserted that it was in
the children’s best interest to terminate Mother’s parental rights. The hearing on the petition was
held on two separate days, November 14, 2001 and February 22, 2002.

        Mother testified extensively at the hearing. On the first day, Mother testified that she began
trying to complete the items in the DCS permanency plan shortly after the boys were taken into DCS
custody. She attended an anger management program, even though it was not required by the plan,
and she attended parenting classes, as required by the plan. She also received aid from Homemaker
Services in her home. During this time, Mother had regular, supervised biweekly visits with the
boys. In January 2000, however, Mother tested positive for cocaine and marijuana. Consequently,
the Homemaker Services was discontinued and Mother went to Buffalo Valley, an inpatient drug
treatment facility. Mother remained in Buffalo Valley for three weeks. Mother testified that the



         1
           Mother also has a daughter who was eighteen years old as of the date of the trial below who lives with her
father in an unk nown location. Mo ther had not seen her daughter since the child was four years old. In addition, Mother
has a son who was ten years old as of the date of trial and who lived in Oregon with his great aunt. Mother had not seen
him since he was nineteen mo nths old . The custod y of those children are not at issue in this case.

         2
          The petition also sought to terminate the rights of T.L.R.’s father, who was unknown, and A.W .R.’s father,
who was W illiam T aylor. T aylor, ho wever, denied paternity and did not defend against the petition to term inate his
rights. The trial court terminated both of the fathers’ parental rights. Neither of the fathers’ rights a re at issue in this
app eal.

                                                            -2-
Buffalo Valley program helped her with her problems, but acknowledged that she relapsed around
May 2000 by using alcohol.

        Later, in early fall of 2000, Mother worked for a temporary agency. Around November 2000,
she got a permanent job at Water Bonnet Manufacturing, Inc., in Springfield, Tennessee, and worked
there for about six months. In the fall of 2000, Mother was permitted to have unsupervised visits
with the boys. On December 1, 2000, however, the unsupervised visits were discontinued after it
was discovered that Mother had lost her mobile home and moved into a motel, at which the boys
stayed during their November 16, 2000, visitation. Thereafter, Mother’s visits with the boys were
always supervised.

        Mother admitted that she tested positive for cocaine on February 28, 2001. After that, she
participated in a twenty-day program at Bradford Health Service, an outpatient drug treatment facility
in Nashville, Tennessee. On the twentieth day, however, she relapsed.

         After her experience at Bradford, Mother’s situation became worse. Mother said that she was
fired from her job at Water Bonnet Manufacturing in April 2001 because of her absences from work.
In her testimony, Mother claimed that her absences were due to her severe depression. During her
employment with Water Bonnet, Mother moved out of the motel and again began renting another
mobile home. When she lost her job, she was unable to pay the rent on the mobile home she was
living in. By June 2001, Mother had temporarily moved in with a friend and was smoking between
$20 and $200 worth of crack cocaine per day. She acknowledged that she had been doing so since
April 2001. Mother sold all her furniture and borrowed money from friends to support her drug
habit. Finally, DCS called mobile crisis, and Mother was hospitalized for four days. In her
testimony, Mother said that she believed that entering the hospital at that time probably saved her
life.

         In July 2001, Mother began an eight-week outpatient program at Foundations, another
intensive out-patient drug treatment program. In her testimony, she admitted that she relapsed the
first three weekends during the program by drinking and taking “a hit of dope every now and then.”
Despite this, she graduated from the program on August 27, 2001, and she moved into Women’s
Safe Haven, a halfway house operated by Foundations. She testified that she was unemployed and
stayed at Safe Haven rent free.

        By the first day of trial, Mother was again participating in the day program at Foundations,
attending two and one half hours each day. Mother admitted that, about one week prior to the first
day of trial, she got drunk and smoked crack cocaine. Nevertheless, she concluded her testimony
by asserting that she had been making progress, and that she could provide a stable home for her
children if she were given a little more time.

       Mother’s case worker, Marzena Krahel (“Krahel”), also testified at trial. Krahel was assigned
to Mother’s case in October 2000. She corroborated many of the facts to which Mother testified.
She recounted the incident on December 1, 2000, in which Mother’s unsupervised visits with the


                                                 -3-
boys were stopped after it was discovered that she was living in a motel.3 Krahel also testified that,
on January 4, 2001, Mother rented her second mobile home and called Krahel to inform her of her
new address. On January 10, 2001, Krahel conducted a home visit at Mother’s home, which was
satisfactory. Consequently, on February 9, 2001, Krahel took the children for a supervised visit at
Mother’s home. Krahel described it as a “wonderful visit for two hours when [Mother] showed [the
children] her Christmas presents.” Another visit was scheduled for early March 2001. As Mother
acknowledged in her testimony, however, she tested positive for cocaine on February 28, 2001, and
went to the outpatient program at Bradford. Krahel testified that in April, May, June, and July 2001,
Mother had eight scheduled visits with the children, but she canceled three of them.

       Krahel noted that Mother had completed some items on the permanency plan, including
obtaining a parenting assessment and mental health counseling. Krahel testified, however, that
important requirements in the permanency plan had not been met; Mother had not obtained
employment which would provide long-term support, she had not obtained adequate housing to meet
the needs of her family, and she had not completely stopped using illegal drugs.

         The trial resumed over three months later on February 22, 2002. On that day, the director
of Harbor House, a residential program for mentally ill adults, testified that on December 17, 2001,
after the first day of trial on November 14, 2002, Mother became a resident at Harbor House. She
testified that Mother had been participating in a program at Park Center & Mental Health (“Park
Center”) for drug rehabilitation, and that Mother had been receiving medication and counseling for
depression.4 Erica Osmondsen, Mother’s case manager at Park Center, testified that Mother had set
a goal to be able to have her children back in her custody. She said that Mother had been trying to
find a job and stable housing, and that she was trying to maintain her sobriety.

        Mother again testified on her own behalf. She said that, since the first day of trial, she had
become a resident at Harbor House and was attending the day program at Park Center. Mother said
that she was training in the clerical unit at Park Center in order to “freshen up” her office skills. She
said that she was actively seeking employment, and noted that she had sent her resume to twenty-
three businesses in the prior week. At the time of the hearing, she had not yet procured a job and,
therefore, had not been able to secure stable housing. She testified, however, that she was “on a
mission to get [her] life together and quit doing [drugs].” At the conclusion of the testimony, the
trial court took the matter under advisement.

         The final witness at trial was the boys’ foster mother, Amy Bradford (“Bradford”). She
testified that the boys’ behavior was adversely affected by their visits with Mother. Bradford said


            3
           Kra hel also testified that on O ctober 11 , 200 0, the children ’s foster father reported to DCS that A.W .R. had
returned from the last unsupervised visit with Mother with his pe nis and genital area very red and irritated. DCS opened
a child protective services investigation, and unsupervised visits stopped. The investigation showed that the irritation
was ca used by a hygiene problem, and unsu pervised visits resumed on No vember 1 6, 20 00.

            4
                Park Center & Mental Health is the parent company of Dede Wallace Centerstone, another rehabilitation
facility.

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that, after those visits, the boys were “quite a handful,” and that they did not obey and they did not
listen to her for some time afterwards. She said that it usually took a week or more to get the boys
“straightened out” after a visit with Mother. Bradford also testified that she and her husband were
willing to adopt the boys if Mother’s parental rights were terminated.

         On March 21, 2002, the trial court entered a written order granting the DCS petition to
terminate Mother’s parental rights. Based on the Mother’s continued substance abuse, her lack of
housing, and her lack of employment, the trial court concluded that clear and convincing evidence
established that grounds for termination existed pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-
113(g)(2), in that Mother had not substantially complied with the parenting plan. In addition, the
trial court found that grounds had been established pursuant to section 36-1-113(g)(3)(A), because
the children had been removed from Mother’s home for over six months, and the conditions which
led to their removal, or other conditions that would cause the children to be subject to further neglect
or abuse, still persisted and were not likely to be remedied at an early date. The trial court then
assessed the best interests of the children, and determined that termination of Mother’s parental
rights was in their best interest, noting that continuation of the relationship would greatly diminish
the children’s chances of early integration into a stable and permanent home. From this order,
Mother now appeals.

        Mother argues that the proof relating to her conduct did not rise to the level of substantial
non-compliance with the DCS permanency plan. See 36-1-113(g)(2). Further, Mother claims that
the elements of 36-1-113(g)(3)(A) were not proven at trial. She concedes that the children had been
removed from her care for over six months, but she claims that the trial court erred in determining
that the other three prongs of that section had been met.

        Under Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(c), a parent’s rights to care and custody of his
or her children may be terminated upon the establishment of:

        (1) A finding by the court by clear and convincing evidence that the grounds for
        termination or parental or guardianship rights have been established; and

        (2) That termination of the parent’s or guardian’s rights is in the best interests of the
        child.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(1)-(2) (2001). Because the decision to terminate parental rights
involves fundamental constitutional rights, both elements of section 36-1-113(c) must be proven by
clear and convincing evidence. See In re: C.M.R., No. M2001-00638-COA-R3-JV, 2002 WL
192562, at *3-*4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 7, 2002). Clear and convincing evidence “eliminates any
serious or substantial doubt concerning the correctness of the conclusions to be drawn from the
evidence.” O’Daniel v. Messier, 905 S.W.2d 182, 188 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). Considering this
heightened standard, we review the trial court's findings of fact de novo on the record, with a
presumption that the trial court's factual findings are correct. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 13(d); see In re:
C.M.R., WL 192562, at *4; In re: Copeland (Graham v. Copeland), 43 S.W.3d 483, 485 (Tenn. Ct.


                                                  -5-
App. 2000). We review the trial court's conclusions of law de novo, affording those legal
conclusions no such presumption of correctness. In re: Copeland, 43 S.W.3d at 485.

        Mother argues that the trial court erred in determining that she did not substantially comply
with the parenting plan. She admits that, as of both days of trial testimony, she did not have
adequate housing or income to provide for her children. She contends, however, that “it was only
a matter of time” before she attained proper housing and a steady income. Mother notes that she has
a high school education and a post-high school degree at a technical school, and estimates that she
could earn $14.00 per hour. She refers to her trial testimony that she was being considered for a
position that paid $20,000 per year, and argues that after she earned some money, she would then
be able obtain proper housing. Likewise, Mother argues that the trial court should not have found
that grounds were established under T.C.A. § 36-1-113(g)(3)(A), persistent conditions that would
cause the children to be subject to further neglect or abuse, because all of Mother’s problems were
soon to be corrected.

       In this case, the evidence establishing grounds for termination is not just clear and
convincing, it is undisputed. Mother’s own testimony establishes that, after the children were taken
from her custody in the fall of 1999, by February 2002, Mother still had not obtained adequate
housing or employment. Moreover, in her testimony in November 2001, Mother conceded that she
had used drugs as recently as the week prior to her testimony. Maintaining housing, obtaining
employment and refraining from using drugs are clearly essential elements of the DCS permanency
plan. Moreover, Mother’s failure to do so is obviously a condition which would cause the children
to be subject to further neglect or abuse. We affirm the trial court’s finding that grounds for
termination existed under Tennessee Code Annotated §§ 36-1-113(g)(2) and (g)(3)(A).

        Mother also argues that termination of her parental rights was not in the boys’ best interest.
She asserts that she has maintained a bond with them while they have been in foster care, and notes
that she loves her children and that they love her. This Court does not question Mother’s love for
her children, nor does it minimize the difficulty of overcoming her substance addictions and
maintaining a home and employment. The trial court, however, correctly considered the fact that,
after the children had been out of her custody since 1999, by February 2002 Mother continued to
relapse in her recovery from her addictions and still had not obtained stable employment and
housing. Moreover, the trial court did not err in noting that the children “are flourishing in their
foster care placements,” and that termination of Mother’s parental rights would allow the children
an early integration into a stable and permanent home, namely, adoption by their foster parents.
Under these circumstances, we cannot conclude that the trial court erred in finding that the children’s
best interests would be served by terminating Mother’s parental rights. Accordingly, we affirm the
trial court’s order terminating Mother’s parental rights.




                                                 -6-
       The decision of the trial court is affirmed. Costs are to be assessed to the appellant, Sandra
Jane Riley, and her surety, for which execution may issue, if necessary.




                               .                      ___________________________________

                                                      HOLLY KIRBY LILLARD, JUDGE




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