MEMORANDUM DECISION
                                                                       FILED
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be                             May 30 2018, 8:56 am

regarded as precedent or cited before any                              CLERK
                                                                   Indiana Supreme Court
court except for the purpose of establishing                          Court of Appeals
                                                                        and Tax Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.


ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                  ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Kristin A. Mulholland                                   Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Public Defender                                         Attorney General of Indiana
Crown Point, Indiana
                                                        Ellen H. Meilaender
                                                        Deputy Attorney General
                                                        Indianapolis, Indiana



                                          IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

David Johnson, IV,                                      May 30, 2018
Appellant-Defendant,                                    Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                        45A05-1710-CR-2434
        v.                                              Appeal from the Lake Superior
                                                        Court
State of Indiana,                                       The Honorable Diane Ross
Appellee-Plaintiff                                      Boswell, Judge
                                                        Trial Court Cause Nos.
                                                        45G03-1610-MR-6
                                                        45G03-1509-MR-8



Baker, Judge.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1710-CR-2434 | May 30, 2018        Page 1 of 8
[1]   David Johnson, IV (“Defendant”), appeals his convictions for Murder,1 two

      counts of Felony Murder,2 and Class A Misdemeanor Resisting Law

      Enforcement.3 Defendant argues that the trial court erred by granting the

      State’s motion to join two causes and by denying Defendant’s subsequent

      motion to sever the causes. Finding no error, we affirm.


                                                    Facts
[2]   Defendant is married to Jeri Woods, and he has several children, including

      David Johnson, V (“Dooney”), and Aarion Greenwood (“Arey”). Defendant’s

      father is David Johnson, III (“Johnson III”). Arey was good friends with

      eighteen-year-old Aareon Lackey (“Aareon”), who had a sixteen-year-old

      brother named Antonio Lackey (“Antonio”).


[3]   Approximately ten years ago, Defendant was shot in the face, resulting in the

      loss of his left eye. He believed that Alfred Wiley was the person who had shot

      him. On April 28, 2015, Defendant and Dooney left their home armed with

      Defendant’s .38 Special revolver and another gun. Defendant instructed

      Dooney to park by an abandoned house, stating that he was looking for the

      man who had shot him ten years before. Wiley rode toward them on a bicycle

      and Defendant got out of the car and shot Wiley in the face with his .38




      1
          Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1.
      2
          Id.
      3
          Ind. Code § 35-44.1-3-1.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1710-CR-2434 | May 30, 2018   Page 2 of 8
      Special. Wiley died as a result of this gunshot wound. Defendant and Dooney

      then drove to a nearby apartment complex where Damon Hill, a friend of

      Defendant’s family, lived.


[4]   Later that spring, Arey and Aareon took Defendant’s guns and shot Hill with

      the .38 Special. They did not return the guns to Defendant, ultimately selling

      the .38 Special for money, marijuana, and another gun. Defendant was very

      angry with Arey and Aareon because they had stolen his guns and shot Hill,

      both of which he viewed as a betrayal.


[5]   On June 26, 2015, Arey was released from the Juvenile Detention Center. 4

      That morning, Defendant told Dooney and Kiontay Cason, a friend, that they

      were going to go get the guns. Johnson III, Defendant, Woods, Cason, and

      Dooney drove to the Juvenile Detention Center to pick up Arey. After Arey

      was released, Defendant pushed him into the van and began punching him

      because he had taken Defendant’s guns.


[6]   Throughout the course of the day, the group found Aareon and Antonio and

      forced them to get into the van. They attempted to track down the .38 Special

      but were unsuccessful. Ultimately, the entire group drove to “the farm,” which

      was an isolated piece of land owned by Johnson III’s sister. At the farm,

      Woods executed Aareon and Antonio. On July 17, 2015, family friends of the

      farm’s owner were having an outing on that property when they discovered the




      4
          He had been detained on allegations of domestic violence.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1710-CR-2434 | May 30, 2018   Page 3 of 8
      skeletal remains of Aareon and Antonio. Law enforcement was eventually able

      to connect Defendant to these murders.


[7]   In September 2015, the State charged Defendant with two counts of murder,

      two counts of felony murder, two counts of kidnapping, and one count of

      resisting law enforcement in connection with the deaths of Aareon and Antonio

      under Cause Number 45G03-1509-MR-8 (“MR-8”).5 In October 2016, the

      State charged Defendant with one count of murder for the Wiley killing under

      Cause Number 45G03-1610-MR-6 (“MR-6”).


[8]   On November 3, 2016, the State filed a motion for joinder of MR-8 and MR-6.

      Defendant objected; following a hearing, the trial court granted the motion. On

      July 27, 2017, Defendant filed a motion for severance, which the trial court

      denied on July 31, 2017.


[9]   A jury trial was held from August 7-16, 2017. The jury found Defendant guilty

      as charged in both MR-8 and MR-6. The trial court merged multiple

      convictions because of double jeopardy concerns. On September 19, 2017, the

      trial court imposed a 65-year sentence on the murder conviction in MR-6. In

      MR-8, the trial court imposed 65-year sentences on each of the two felony

      murder convictions and a one-year sentence on the resisting law enforcement

      conviction. The trial court ran the murder and felony murder sentences




      5
       Woods, Cason, Johnson III, Arey, Dooney, and Arey’s girlfriend were all charged as co-defendants in MR-
      8. The appeals of Woods and Arey’s girlfriend are currently pending before this Court.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1710-CR-2434 | May 30, 2018          Page 4 of 8
       consecutively and the resisting conviction concurrently, resulting in an

       aggregate sentence of 195 years incarceration. Defendant now appeals.


                                    Discussion and Decision
[10]   The sole issue raised by Defendant on appeal is whether MR-8 and MR-6

       should have been joined. He contends that the trial court erred by granting the

       State’s motion to join the causes and by later denying his motion to sever.


                                                 I. Joinder
[11]   Defendant first argues that the trial court erred by granting the State’s motion to

       join the two causes. Indiana Code section 35-34-1-9(a) provides that offenses

       may be joined for trial when they are:


               (1)     of the same or similar character, even if not part of a single
                       scheme or plan; or

               (2)     based on the same conduct or a series of acts connected
                       together or constituting parts of a single scheme or plan.


       Here, the State argued that joinder was proper because the offenses in MR-8

       and MR-6 were a series of acts connected together.


[12]   Our Supreme Court has held that when the commission of one crime provides

       the motive for the commission of a second crime, the two acts are connected

       together and joinder is appropriate. See Smoote v. State, 708 N.E.2d 1, 2-3 (Ind.

       1999) (joinder of murder and drug dealing charges appropriate because State’s

       theory of the case was that murder occurred because victim had not paid for


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1710-CR-2434 | May 30, 2018   Page 5 of 8
       drugs supplied to him by defendant); Barajas v. State, 627 N.E.2d 437, 438 (Ind.

       1994) (joinder of robbery and murder appropriate because State’s theory of the

       case was that defendant used a car borrowed from the victim to commit a

       robbery and then killed the victim to ensure that the victim would not implicate

       him in the robbery).


[13]   Here, the State’s theory of the case was as follows:


           • Defendant shot and killed Wiley with a .38 Special revolver.
           • Arey and Aareon took that .38 Special (and another of Defendant’s
             guns), shot Hill with it, and then sold it to someone else.
           • Defendant was angry about the loss of his guns and was especially
             concerned about the .38 Special because it connected him to Wiley’s
             murder, which at that point was still unsolved.

       See Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 23-27 (arguing for joinder in part because finding

       the .38 Special used in the Wiley murder was a motive for the crimes against

       the Lackeys); Tr. Vol. 3 p. 40 (same in opening statement); Tr. Vol. 8 p. 9, 12,

       14, 18 (same in closing statement). Given that the State’s contention was that

       the commission of the second group of offenses was motivated in part by a

       desire to cover up the commission of the first offense, we find that the trial court

       did not err by joining MR-8 and MR-6.6




       6
         Defendant argues that the evidence does not support the State’s argument that covering up his connection
       to the Wiley murder motivated his part in the Lackey offenses. Reply Br. 5-6. What the evidence showed,
       however, is beside the point. The trial court ruled on the motion to join nearly a year before the trial, based
       solely on argument of counsel. And the State remained consistent before, during, and after the trial with
       respect to its theory of the case. Regardless of what the evidence did or did not show, therefore, we find that
       the trial court did not err by joining these causes.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1710-CR-2434 | May 30, 2018                 Page 6 of 8
                                              II. Severance
[14]   Defendant also contends that, even if there was no error with respect to the

       motion to join the causes, the trial court should have granted his subsequent

       motion to sever them. In cases like this one, where joinder occurred under

       Indiana Code section 35-34-1-9(a)(2), a defendant’s request for severance is left

       to the trial court’s discretion. I.C. § 35-34-1-11(a); Blanchard v. State, 802

       N.E.2d 14, 25 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). Severance should be granted if it is

       necessary to “promote a fair determination of the defendant’s guilt or

       innocence” considering the number of offenses charged, the complexity of the

       evidence, and the ability of the jury to distinguish the evidence and to apply the

       law intelligently to each offense. I.C. § 35-34-1-11(a). When severance is

       within the trial court’s discretion, we will reverse only upon a showing of clear

       error. Ben-Yisrayl v. State, 690 N.E.2d 1141, 1146 (Ind. 1997).


[15]   Here, Defendant argues that the number of offenses and the complexity of the

       evidence, including many witnesses with remarkably similar names, leads to a

       conclusion that the two cases should not have been tried together. Initially, we

       note that everything Defendant points to as creating complexity and the

       potential for confusion is contained solely within the MR-8 case, including the

       amount of evidence, the number of actors involved, their multiple nicknames,

       and the similarity of some of their names. Indeed, the Wiley case itself was

       comparatively simple, involving only Defendant and Dooney. Severing the two

       causes, therefore, would not have ameliorated the purported complexity in any

       significant way.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1710-CR-2434 | May 30, 2018   Page 7 of 8
[16]   Moreover, even if the two causes had been severed, evidence of the Wiley

       murder would likely have been admissible in the Lackey case. As noted above,

       the State’s theory of the case was that covering up the Wiley murder provided a

       motive for Defendant’s decision to find and repossess his .38 Special revolver,

       which was the motive for kidnapping the Lackey brothers. It is well established

       that evidence of motive is always relevant in the proof of a crime, Fry v. State,

       748 N.E.2d 369, 372 (Ind. 2001), and that motive is one of the permissible

       purposes for which prior bad act evidence may be used without violating

       Indiana Evidence Rule 404(b), Hicks v. State, 690 N.E.2d 215, 218-19 (Ind.

       1997). Severance, therefore, would not have prevented the jury from learning

       of all the alleged offenses.


[17]   We also note that while the evidence was extensive, it was not particularly

       complex. The only forensic evidence was the ballistics evidence. The Wiley

       murder took place in a different month and in a different location than the

       events of the Lackey case, so there is no reason to be concerned that the jury

       would confuse the two sets of offenses. The trial court instructed the jury as to

       the elements necessary for conviction on each of the charges and noted that

       each charge must be considered individually and separately from the other

       counts. Under these circumstances, we find that the trial court did not commit

       clear error by denying Defendant’s motion to sever the offenses.


[18]   The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.


       Kirsch, J., and Bradford, J., concur.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1710-CR-2434 | May 30, 2018   Page 8 of 8
