Filed 11/20/17
                              CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION




             IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                               THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                         (Sacramento)
                                              ----




CITY OF GRASS VALLEY, as Successor Agency,                      C078981
etc., et al.,
                                                         (Super. Ct. No. 34-2013-
                 Plaintiffs and Appellants,             80001580-CU-WM-GDS)

        v.

MICHAEL COHEN, as Director, etc.,

                 Defendant and Appellant.



       APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Sacramento County, Allen H.
Sumner, Judge. Reversed in part and affirmed in part. The judgment is reversed with
directions to recall the writ, and the matter is remanded with directions.

     Colantuono, Highsmith & Whatley, Michael Colantuono, Jennifer Louise Pancake
and Matthew T. Summers, for Plaintiffs and Appellants.

      Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Douglas J. Woods, Senior Assistant Attorney
General, Marc A. LeForestier, Deputy Attorney General and Nancy J. Doig, Deputy
Attorney General, for Defendant and Appellant.




                                               1
        In yet another case arising out of the “Great Dissolution” of redevelopment
agencies (RDAs) in California (see City of Pasadena v. Cohen (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th
1461, 1462-1463 (Pasadena)), the City of Grass Valley (City) appeals from a judgment
denying in part its petition for writ of mandate. The City, which is also the successor
agency for its former RDA, sought to compel the Department of Finance (Department) to
recognize the enforceability of certain agreements involving that RDA.
        The Department cross-appeals from a part of the judgment commanding it to
consider whether certain expenditures fall under a “goods and services” provision,
claiming the City’s failure to raise this issue in an administrative forum precludes the
relief granted by the trial court. We agree with the Department on that point and shall
reverse with directions to recall the writ granting the City partial relief. However, based
on the retrospective application of postjudgment legislation, we will direct the trial court
to issue a new writ commanding the Department to consider the City’s claim regarding a
highway project agreement. We otherwise affirm the judgment.
                                     BACKGROUND
        Given the many RDA cases this court has decided, due to the designation of
Sacramento County as the venue for such disputes (Health & Saf. Code, § 34168, subd.
(a) 1; see, e.g., City of Brentwood v. Campbell (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 488, 491, fn. 1
(Brentwood); Cuenca v. Cohen (2017) 8 Cal.App.5th 200 (Cuenca); City of Tracy v.
Cohen (2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 852 (Tracy); City of Emeryville v. Cohen (2015) 233
Cal.App.4th 293 (Emeryville)), its basic implementing mechanisms are well understood
by the parties.




1   Further undesignated statutory references are to the Health and Safety Code.

                                              2
       It suffices to say that in June 2011, the Legislature enacted statutes that barred
RDAs from entering into new obligations, provided a process for dissolving the then-
extant RDAs, and for ascertaining their outstanding “enforceable obligations.” (See
Pasadena, supra, 228 Cal.App.4th at p. 1463.) This reflected a state policy to curtail
perceived abuses of the Community Redevelopment Law (CRL) by which RDAs and
their “sponsor” entities (usually cities) that created the RDAs and staffed their boards
used an increasing share of local property taxes as “tax increments” (increases in property
tax attributable to RDA projects) for their own benefit. (See, e.g., Cuenca, supra, 8
Cal.App.5th at pp. 209-210; Tracy, supra, 3 Cal.App.5th at p. 855 & fn. 2.)
       Our Supreme Court upheld the law dissolving RDAs (Assem. Bill No. 26 (2011-
2012 1st Ex. Sess.) enacted as Stats. 2011, 1st Ex. Sess. 2011-2012, ch. 5), but modified
certain deadlines therein, and invalidated a companion law that would have allowed the
continuation of RDAs in certain circumstances. (California Redevelopment Assn. v.
Matosantos (2011) 53 Cal.4th 231 (Matosantos).) As described by our high court in
Matosantos, Assembly Bill No. 26 consisted of two principal components, codified in
two new parts of the Health and Safety Code. Part 1.8 was the “freeze” provision,
effective immediately upon gubernatorial signature on June 28, 2011, and Part 1.85 was
the “dissolution component.” The latter did not become operative until after the decision
in Matosantos, which lifted a judicial stay of Part 1.85 and reformed its effective date to
February 1, 2012. (See Matosantos, supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 250-251, 274-275.)
       After our Supreme Court decided Matosantos, the Legislature passed and the
Governor signed a law that required an audit of successor agencies to determine whether
unobligated tax increment revenues were available for transfer to taxing entities. (See
Assem. Bill No. 1484 (2011-2012 Reg. Sess.) adding Stats. 2012, ch. 26, §§ 17, 40.)
This due diligence review (DDR) (§ 34179.5, subd. (a)) identified “[t]he dollar value of
any cash . . . transferred after January 1, 2011, through June 30, 2012, by the
redevelopment agency or the successor agency to [a sponsoring entity] and the purpose of

                                              3
each transfer.” (§ 34179.5, subd. (c)(2).) Assembly Bill No. 1484 required the successor
agency to submit the results of this audit to the successor agency’s oversight board
(§ 34179.6, subd. (c)) and to the Department, which had the authority to adjust any
amounts in the DDR (§ 34179.6, subd. (d)). The bill did not change the general
definition of “enforceable obligations” that had excluded agreements between a former
RDA and its creator, with exceptions. (§ 34171, subd. (d)(2) [“ ‘enforceable obligation’
does not include any agreements, contracts, or arrangements between the city . . . that
created the [RDA] and the former [RDA]”].)
       Assembly Bill No. 1484 clarified the process of winding down the former RDAs.
(See Cuenca, supra, 8 Cal.App.5th at pp. 210-211; Emeryville, supra, 233 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 298-300.) This case in part involves what the parties loosely refer to as “clawbacks.”
(See §§ 34179.5, subds. (b) & (c), 34179.6, subds. (c) & (d).) This refers to the
administrative unwinding (via the DDR) of specified RDA transactions that occurred
after the Great Dissolution was proposed in January 2011. The period subject to
clawbacks is from January 1, 2011, to June 30, 2012. It includes but is not limited to the
approximate six-month period referred to by the parties and described in the legislative
history as the “fire sale” of RDA assets, which lasted until the freeze took effect in June
2011. (See Brentwood, supra, 237 Cal.App.4th at p. 502.) 2
       Sponsor entities or successor agencies may seek judicial review when the
Department disapproves the inclusion of items proposed as enforceable obligations in the
periodically filed recognized obligation payment schedules (ROPS). (See Cuenca, supra,


2 “In January 2011, the Governor announced his intention to seek the abolition of
[RDAs], leading to the resultant frenzy on the part of former [RDAs] and their
sponsoring agencies throughout the state to lock up unencumbered tax increment.”
(Tracy, supra, 3 Cal.App.5th at p. 858.) “The 2012 audit process represents a legislative
rethinking in light of the resulting scurry on the part of sponsors and their conjoined
[RDAs] in response to the announced intention in January 2011 to overturn their lucrative
apple cart.” (Brentwood, supra, 237 Cal.App.4th at p. 499, fn. 14.)

                                             4
8 Cal.App.5th at p. 211; Tracy, supra, 3 Cal.App.5th at pp. 856-857 & fn. 3; Pasadena,
supra, 228 Cal.App.4th at p. 1463 & fn. 3.)
       In 1986, the City and its RDA had entered into a “Cooperation Agreement” that
explained how the two entities would interact, but contained no substantive terms, that is-
-as the City conceded in the trial court--no specific loans or services were identified. The
trial court aptly called it an “umbrella” agreement.
       On January 17, 2011--during the so-called fire sale period--the City and its RDA
entered into two new “Cooperative Agreements,” designed to try to insulate certain
transactions from the looming Great Dissolution.
       One 2011 agreement pertained to a highway project (Dorsey Project). In part, this
agreement (Dorsey Agreement) provided the RDA “will pay for or reimburse the City for
actions undertaken and costs and expenses incurred for and on behalf of the [RDA] or
otherwise in furtherance of the redevelopment of the Dorsey Project.” The Dorsey
Agreement anticipated the Great Dissolution by describing what would happen if the
RDA were no longer authorized to function “pursuant to state law.” The agreement
provided the RDA would transfer some $5 million to the City, payable from tax
increments or other lawful sources. By January 31, 2012, the RDA had transferred
$695,000 in tax increment money to the City under the Dorsey Agreement.
       The second 2011 agreement at issue (which we refer to as the Omnibus
Agreement) provided the RDA would pay the City for several extant projects totaling
over $18 million. By January 31, 2012, the RDA paid the City $307,161 pursuant to this
agreement. It, too, anticipated the Great Dissolution and made provision therefor.




                                              5
       The Department determined these agreements were not enforceable obligations
because they were agreements between an RDA and its organic City. (See § 34171,
subd. (d)(2).) Ultimately, the Department required the City to transfer certain money to
the County Auditor-Controller. 3 The City paid under protest.
       Other facts will be provided as necessary in the Discussion, post.
                                       DISCUSSION
       We discuss the issues in a different order than that presented by the parties.
                                               I
                               The Goods and Services Claim
       The trial court issued a writ commanding the Department to consider whether
transfers under the 2011 Omnibus Agreement (the $307,161), were for “goods and
services” as that phrase is used in section 34179.5, subdivision (b)(3). That subdivision
defines a relevant transfer in the negative as “the transmission of money to another party
that is not in payment for goods or services.” (Italics added.) As we will explain, we
agree with the Department’s contention in its cross-appeal that the issuance of the writ for
that purpose was error, as the City never asked the Department to consider that point
during the administrative meet and confer process.
       The City first raised this issue after the trial court’s adverse tentative ruling, and
after the trial court had issued a decision in another case addressing goods and services
(the judgment later affirmed in Brentwood, supra, 237 Cal.App.4th 488). The trial court
found the City’s failure to raise the issue with the Department via its meet and confer
process barred its claim. However, instead of dismissing the claim, the trial court




3 We bear in mind that the wisdom or value to the City of these projects has no effect on
our legal analysis. (See Emeryville, supra, 233 Cal.App.4th at p. 301, fn. 3 [“the details
and wisdom of these projects are not relevant”].) Both of those agreements explicitly
stated they were not for the benefit of any third parties.

                                               6
remanded the issue to the Department, without limiting the Department’s discretion to
find the claim came too late or whether the money was or was not paid for relevant goods
and services.
       Although we agree with the trial court that the City’s failure to exhaust an
available administrative remedy precluded the court from considering the issue, we hold
that remanding the issue to the Department under these specific circumstances was error.
       Section 34179.6, subdivision (e) provides in part that certain parties “may request
to meet and confer with the department to resolve any disputes regarding the amounts or
sources of funds identified as determined by the department. The request shall be made
within five business days of the transmission . . . of the department’s determination,
decisions, and explanations and shall be accompanied by an explanation and
documentation of the basis of the dispute. The department shall meet and confer with the
requesting party and modify its determinations and decisions accordingly. The
department shall either confirm or modify its determinations and decisions within 30 days
of the request to meet and confer.” 4 (Italics added.)
       “ ‘Shall’ is mandatory and ‘may’ is permissive.” (§ 16.) The use of “may” and
“shall” in the same statutory provision is illuminating. (See Common Cause v. Board of
Supervisors (1989) 49 Cal.3d 432, 443 [“It is a well-settled principle of statutory
construction that the word ‘may’ is ordinarily construed as permissive, whereas ‘shall’ is
ordinarily construed as mandatory, particularly when both terms are used in the same
statute”].) It shows that the meet and confer process is permissive for a challenger, which
“may” choose to seek administrative review, whereupon it must submit any legal and




4 As the City also points out, section 34177, subdivision (m)(1) provides in part that in
certain cases: “Within five business days of the department’s determination, a successor
agency may request additional review by the department and an opportunity to meet and
confer on disputed items . . . .” (Italics added.)

                                              7
factual claims for consideration within five days of an adverse determination by the
Department. When this is done, the Department “shall” engage in the “meet and confer”
process, that is, it shall consider and act on the dispute within 30 days.
       But the permissive “may” in the statute does not make the administrative process
optional if a party wants to seek judicial relief, as the City contends.

               “Administrative proceedings should be completed before the issuance of a
       judicial writ. The rule is not a matter of discretion; compliance is a jurisdictional
       prerequisite to judicial review. [Citation.] ‘ “Exhaustion” applies where a claim is
       cognizable in the first instance by an administrative agency alone; judicial
       interference is withheld until the administrative process has run its course.’
       [Citation.] Moreover, the exhaustion doctrine applies even where the
       administrative remedy is couched in permissive language.” (California Water
       Impact Network v. Newhall County Water Dist. (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 1464,
       1489, italics added; see Morton v. Superior Court (1970) 9 Cal.App.3d 977, 982
       [“a city employee is not required to file a grievance if he does not wish to do so,
       but he must first pursue this administrative remedy before resorting to the judicial
       process”]; see also County of Los Angeles v. Farmers Ins. Exchange (1982) 132
       Cal.App.3d 77, 85-87 [because the insurance commissioner could grant a remedy,
       claimants could not bypass available administrative process].)
       Our Supreme Court has said that “exhausting all possibilities for relief at the
administrative level is generally a prerequisite to obtaining judicial review” (State Bd. of
Chiropractic Examiners v. Superior Court (2009) 45 Cal.4th 963, 972-973) and
“[e]xhaustion of administrative remedies usually contemplates termination of all
available, nonduplicative administrative review procedures” (California Correctional
Peace Officers Assn. v. State Personnel Bd. (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1133, 1151). 5




5 To the extent the City contends exhaustion principles do not apply in ordinary
mandamus proceedings (Code Civ. Proc., § 1085), but only in administrative mandamus
proceedings (id., § 1094.5), the City is mistaken (see Lopez v. Civil Service Com. (1991)
232 Cal.App.3d 307, 314-315 [“The exhaustion doctrine applies generally whenever
judicial relief is sought where a remedy is available at the administrative level. It applies
to any action for judicial relief, whether it be a writ or not, and long predates the 1945
enactment of section 1094.5”]).

                                              8
       The City invoked the meet and confer procedure, but did not raise the goods and
services issue. Because the administrative process might have resolved or at least
narrowed the dispute, such process was not optional if the City wanted to raise the issue
in a judicial forum. The trial court correctly found the City failed to exhaust available
administrative remedies by not raising the goods and services issue in the meet and
confer forum. However, the trial court then ordered an inappropriate remedy for the City
by remanding to the Department.
       In NBS Imaging Systems, Inc. v. State Bd. of Control (1997) 60 Cal.App.4th 328,
we held that a party’s failure to raise an issue in an available administrative forum
precluded the superior court from mandating that an agency act thereon. (Id. at pp. 335-
337.) Although NBS was cited by the trial court, the trial court ordered the very relief we
held was not appropriate in such cases, that is, remand to an agency to consider an issue a
party did not raise before the agency when it had an opportunity to do so. We adhere to
our reasoning in NBS, and reverse the part of the judgment ordering the Department to
consider the goods and services claim. 6
                                              II
                                   The Dorsey Agreement
       The City contends postjudgment legislation changes the definition of an
enforceable obligation in such a way as to encompass the Dorsey Agreement. That issue




6  We decline to define the term “goods and services” as applicable to this case, as the
parties ask us to do, because it is appropriate for the Department to consider the issue
first, as it arises on specific facts lying within its bailiwick. Nor do we preclude the
Department from considering whether it is too late to raise the issue. If it is too late, that
would not change our analysis. (See Roth v. City of Los Angeles (1975) 53 Cal.App.3d
679, 687 [“The fact that the [administrative] remedy is no longer available does not, of
course, alter application of the [exhaustion] doctrine, as to hold otherwise would
obviously permit circumvention of the entire judicial policy behind the doctrine”].)

                                               9
is properly within the Department’s discretion to decide in the first instance, by way of its
administrative review process.
       Effective September 22, 2015, section 34171, subdivision (d)(2), which generally
bars the enforceability of agreements between an RDA and its creator, was amended in
relevant part to add: “ Notwithstanding this paragraph, an agreement entered into by the
[RDA] prior to June 28, 2011, is an enforceable obligation if the agreement relates to
state highway infrastructure improvements to which the [RDA] committed funds
pursuant to Section 33445.” (Stats. 2015, ch. 325, § 2.) 7 The Dorsey Agreement,
facially relating to state highway improvements, was made within that statutory period.
       The City asserts there is a generally applicable rule that an appellate court must
apply the law in effect at the time of the appeal, and therefore we should hold that the
Dorsey Project agreement is an enforceable obligation.
       The Department does not claim the Dorsey Agreement falls outside this new
definition, but instead argues (1) the new definition is not retrospective in operation, and
(2) even if the new definition is retrospective, whether the Dorsey Agreement falls within
that new definition is a matter that should be decided in the first instance via the
Department’s administrative review process. We agree only with the Department’s
second point.
       Although an appellate court normally reviews only matters presented to the trial
court, “courts have not hesitated to consider postjudgment events when legislative
changes have occurred subsequent to a judgment [citations] or when subsequent events
have caused issues to become moot [citation].” (Reserve Insurance Co. v. Pisciotta
(1982) 30 Cal.3d 800, 813.) As for legal changes, this rule generally applies to injunctive



7 The relevant bill was a budget appropriations bill which took effect immediately upon
gubernatorial signing. (Stats. 2015, ch. 325, § 31; see City of San Jose v. Sharma (2016)
5 Cal.App.5th 123, 150 (Sharma).)

                                             10
and declaratory relief cases, as in the two cases cited in the City’s opening brief. (See
Koebke v. Bernardo Heights Country Club (2005) 36 Cal.4th 824, 837 [injunctive relief];
City of Watsonville v. State Dept. of Health Services (2005) 133 Cal.App.4th 875, 884-
885 [declaratory relief] (Watsonville).)

               “The reason a reviewing court applies current rather than former law when
       reviewing an injunctive decree is because injunctive relief operates in the future.
       [Citations.] It would be an idle gesture to affirm an injunctive decree because it
       was correct when rendered, ‘with full knowledge that it is incorrect under existing
       law, and with full knowledge that, under existing law, the decree as rendered
       settles nothing so far as the future rights of these parties are concerned.’
       [Citation.] It does not matter whether the Legislature intended the new law to be
       retroactive. The reviewing court is interested in the law’s prospective effect since
       that is when the decree under review will operate.

               “In our view, the same reasoning applies to a judicial declaration that has
       purely prospective effect. A declaratory judgment is to ‘ “serve some practical
       end in quieting or stabilizing an uncertain or disputed jural relation.” ’ [Citation.]
       When resolution of the uncertainty at issue . . . operates only with respect to the
       future rights and duties of the parties, we apply the law in effect at the time of
       review because that is the law under which the judicial declaration will have
       effect.” (Watsonville, supra, 133 Cal.App.4th at pp. 884-885.)
       The City presents no authority for the proposition that a new law should be applied
by an appellate court when reviewing a trial court judgment in an administrative
mandamus case, that is, a judgment following an administrative determination of a
dispute falling within an agency’s purview in the first instance. Although the City’s
petition also sought declaratory relief and injunctive relief, those were couched as
alternative remedies based on claimed failings by the Department in exercising its
statutory duties. But a case distinguishing Watsonville held it is not appropriate to apply
a new law where the appellate court is considering the propriety of an action taken at the
time it was taken, that is, before the law changed. (218 Properties, LLC v. City of Carson
(2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 182, 194, fn. 7.) The thrust of the petition was that the
Department violated the law then in effect, and that is what framed the issues decided by



                                             11
the trial court. As we shall explain, we agree with the City that this particular statutory
change was intended to apply retrospectively, but we agree with the Department that it
should have the first opportunity to decide whether the Dorsey Agreement is enforceable
in the first instance, as part of its administrative review process, exercising its expertise to
the facts before it. 8
       The relevant statutory change was part of Senate Bill No. 107 in the 2015 regular
session of the Legislature, a very lengthy bill that made many different kinds of changes
to different parts of the dissolution statutes. (Stats. 2015, ch. 325.) In Sharma, supra, 5
Cal.App.5th 123, we held that one statutory change, regarding treatment of pension taxes
collected before that statute’s effective date, was not retrospective. (Id. at pp. 149-152;
see § 34183, subd. (a)(1)(B).) We declined to address the impact of the new legislation
“on tax increment associated with the retirement levy” after its effective date, and
remanded that issue to the trial court to consider in the first instance. (Sharma, at p. 152.)
       But Sharma did not hold all of Senate Bill No. 107 to be prospective. Cases are
not authority for propositions not considered. (Hart v. Burnett (1860) 15 Cal. 530, 598.)
       The Department relies on the general rule that “a statute overcomes the
presumption of prospective-only effect only where there is express language to the
contrary or if there are other indicia of legislative intent that provide a ‘ “clear and
unavoidable implication” ’ of retroactive intent.” (County of Sonoma v. Cohen (2015)
235 Cal.App.4th 42, 50, 51.) Senate Bill No. 107 is “silent as to its application to the
DDR, a process that was, by statute, to be completed over two years before” it was


8 At first blush, this result may seem inconsistent with Part I, ante, where we find error
in the trial court’s decision to remand a determination for the Department’s consideration
rather than dismiss the claim. But in this situation, the City had no prior administrative
remedy it could invoke prior to the passage of the new legislation, justifying the different
outcomes. (See County of Contra Costa v. State of California (1986) 177 Cal.App.3d 62,
73 [describing exceptions to exhaustion requirement, including “ ‘when the
administrative agency cannot grant an adequate remedy’ ”].)

                                              12
enacted. Therefore, “had the Legislature intended retroactive application of [the new]
definition of ‘enforceable obligation’ to determinations” already made, “the Legislature
would have expressed that intention with absolute clarity. This did not happen, and the
Court should conclude that no retroactivity was intended.”
       But as the City points out, the new definition applies to agreements entered into by
RDAs before June 28, 2011, a date prior to the enactment of Senate Bill No. 107. Senate
Bill No. 107 took effect after RDAs had been stripped of their operating powers.
Therefore, that new definition could not have any application if it were prospective. It
would be inapplicable to any relevant agreement and thus meaningless. The City
elaborates on this point with this pertinent observation:

                “Further evidence of legislative intent that this new language be retroactive
       is that it creates a new exception to the rule that most City-RDA agreements are
       not ‘enforceable obligations’ for application to the results of [DDR]s required by .
       . . section 34179.5. Those reviews were all complete when the Legislature
       adopted Senate Bill [No.] 107 in 2015. Moreover, the Department . . . has
       repeatedly contended that other provisions of . . . section 34171, subdivision (d)(2)
       operate retroactively to bar repayment of various City-RDA agreements.
       [Citations.] In the face of an express legislative expansion of ‘enforceable
       obligation,’ the Department offers no plausible reading of the new language that
       can limit it to prospective operation.”
       The City’s position accords with a general interpretive rule: “ ‘ “If possible,
significance should be given to every word, phrase, sentence and part of an act in
pursuance of the legislative purpose[]” [citation]; “a construction making some words
surplusage is to be avoided.” ’ ” (Zellerino v. Brown (1991) 235 Cal.App.3d 1097, 1111,
quoting Moyer v. Workmen’s Comp. Appeals Bd. (1973) 10 Cal.3d 222, 230 (Moyer); see
Emeryville, supra, 233 Cal.App.4th at p. 304; see also Civ. Code, § 3541 [“An
interpretation which gives effect is preferred to one which makes void”].)
       Because the Department has not identified any application of the new language if
it were held to be prospective, and applying the presumption against idle or surplus
legislation, we agree with the City’s view that the Legislature intended that this particular


                                             13
section of Senate Bill No. 107 operate retrospectively. However, we decline to declare
that the Dorsey Agreement is enforceable within the meaning of the new statutory
definition, as the City asks us to do. We concur with the Department’s alternative view,
consistent with our holding in Sharma, that whether or not the new definition applies to a
given agreement is not an issue that should be litigated in the first instance by an
appellate court.
       In Sharma we held the trial court was best suited to address the particular issue
that remained to be decided in that case. (Sharma, supra, 5 Cal.App.4th at p. 152.)
However, the issue to be decided in this case--whether the Dorsey Agreement is the kind
of project contemplated by the new definition of Senate Bill No. 107--is one that properly
would have gone first to the Department, had the new definition been in existence when
the City invoked the meet and confer process. In our view, the Department is the
appropriate body to consider the issue in the first instance. Accordingly, we shall direct
the trial court to command the Department to consider in the first instance whether or not
the Dorsey Agreement is an enforceable agreement under the new definition. 9
                                             III
                                    The 1986 Agreement
       The City argues the 1986 agreement provided a separate basis on which to find the
2011 agreements at issue were enforceable obligations. It contends the trial court was
wrong to treat the 1986 agreement between the City and its RDA as of only marginal



9 The City insists the facts are undisputed and we should decide the issue to save the
parties time and litigation expense. But if the facts are undisputed, that should make the
administrative process simple. The City also posits futility, claiming the Department will
insist the new highway project language is not retrospective. But we now hold otherwise,
and we presume the Department will obey the law. (See Evid. Code, § 664; Emeryville,
supra, 233 Cal.App.4th at pp. 302-303; Bus Riders Union v. Los Angeles County
Metropolitan Transportation Agency (2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 101, 108 [presumption that
public officials act in good faith].)

                                             14
relevance, because it was entered into within two years of the City’s creation of its RDA.
Loan agreements entered into between RDAs and their creators within two years of
creation may be enforceable. (§ 34171, subd. (d)(2) [“Notwithstanding this paragraph,
loan agreements entered into between the [RDA] and the city . . . that created it, within
two years of the date of creation . . . may be deemed to be enforceable obligations”].)
       However, as described ante, the 1986 agreement was an umbrella agreement that
set forth the mechanics of the operation of the RDA vis-à-vis the City. It permitted the
City to “advance or expend” funds to the RDA or on its behalf, required periodic
statements to the RDA of costs incurred by the City and required the RDA to use
available funds to reimburse the City for all costs incurred. But the 1986 agreement did
not reference any specific extant or anticipated projects, nor any “loan agreements”
between the RDA and the City, as contemplated by section 34171, subdivision (d)(2).
       The City contends: “A loan requires only [an] identified lender and borrower, an
amount, a prepayment obligation, and repayment terms. [Citation.] A loan need not have
a fixed amount or repayment schedule.” But no amounts of any kind or contemplated
loans whatsoever are described by the 1986 agreement. Indeed, the authority cited by the
City cuts against its position: “Typically, a contract involving a loan must include the
identity of the lender and borrower, the amount of the loan, and the terms for repayment
in order to be sufficiently definite. [Citation.] Preliminary negotiations or agreements
for future negotiations—so-called agreements to agree—are not enforceable contracts.”
(Daniels v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc. (2016) 246 Cal.App.4th 1150, 1174.) Here,
the 1986 agreement created a structure for how to treat future agreements, but was not a
loan under any definition.
       Therefore, we agree with the trial court that the 1986 agreement does not carry the
force ascribed to it by the City. This does not mean the agreement was invalid at the time
it was entered. It merely means the 1986 agreement is, at best, “marginally relevant”
following the Great Dissolution, as the trial court properly found.

                                            15
                                            IV
          Applicability of Postdissolution Statutes on Enforceable Obligations
       The City contends the Department erroneously applied the definition of an
“enforceable obligation” provided by the dissolution statutes to the pre-dissolution
agreements, in what amounted to an impermissible retrospective application of the
various dissolution statutes to past conduct. We disagree.
       The City contends that the DDR established by Assembly Bill No. 1484 “is
essentially a supplemental audit”--an unobjectionable characterization as such--by which
unobligated cash balances of RDAs could be identified, and any transfers other than for
enforceable agreements could be recovered. (See § 34179.5; see also Tracy, supra, 3
Cal.App.5th at p. 859; Brentwood, supra, 237 Cal.App.4th at p. 495.) The City reasons
that in conducting such audits, the Department may not apply the statutory definitions of
enforceable obligations found in section 34171, subdivision (d), because “that
subdivision defines ‘enforceable obligation’ for post-dissolution purposes and therefore
does not apply to a [DDR] of pre-dissolution transfers.”
       We do not agree with the City’s contention, the thrust of which we previously
have rejected in other published cases, which we decline to revisit.
       As we outlined ante, section 34171, subdivision (d)(2), as adopted by the original
dissolution statute, provided (with exceptions) that agreements between a City and its
RDA are not enforceable. (Added by Stats. 2011-2012, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 5, § 7.)
Assembly Bill No. 1484 did not change section 34171, subdivision (d)(2) in any way.
But it did add section 34179.5, which in part provided for the DDR, and section 34179.6,
which described the procedures following such review. (See Stats. 2012, ch. 26, §§ 17-
18.)
       Section 34179.5, subdivision (b)(2) provides in part: “ ‘Enforceable obligation’
includes any of the items listed in subdivision (d) of Section 34171 [and] contracts
detailing specific work to be performed that were entered into by the former [RDA] prior

                                            16
to June 28, 2011, with a third party that is other than the city . . . that created the former
[RDA.]” (Stats. 2012, ch. 26, § 17, italics added.) Thus, Assembly Bill No. 1484
preserved the rule contained in the original dissolution statute that (with exceptions)
declared contracts between an RDA and its creator to be unenforceable for dissolution
purposes.
       As the Department contends “when it passed AB 1484, the Legislature intended to
use section 34171, subdivision (d)’s definition of enforceable obligations to retroactively
invalidate Creator/RDA agreements and claw back payments that were legal when
made.” We have agreed with this view in other cases, and still agree. (See, e.g.,
Brentwood, supra, 237 Cal.App.4th at pp. 500-502; County of San Bernardino v. Cohen
(2015) 242 Cal.App.4th 803, 814-815 (San Bernardino).)
       The City contends that sections 34167 and 34169, read in conjunction with the rest
of the dissolution laws, work to limit section 34171’s definition to cover only
postdissolution contracts. We disagree. Section 34167, part of the original dissolution
bill, provides that an enforceable obligation is “[a]ny legally binding and enforceable
agreement or contract that is not otherwise void as violating the debt limit or public
policy.” (§ 34167, subd. (d)(5).) Similar language appears in the original version of
section 34171, which defines several “enforceable” obligations, including, “Loans of
moneys borrowed by the [RDA] for a lawful purpose, to the extent they are legally
required to be repaid pursuant to a required repayment schedule or other mandatory loan
terms” (id., subd. (d)(1)(B)) and “Any legally binding and enforceable agreement or
contract that is not otherwise void as violating the debt limit or public policy” (id., subd.
(d)(1)(E)). Section 34169, also part of the original dissolution bill, in part provided:
“Until successor agencies are authorized . . . [RDAs] shall do all of the following: [¶] (a)
Continue to make all scheduled payments for enforceable obligations, as defined in
subdivision (d) of Section 34167.”



                                              17
       These provisions must be harmonized with the rest of the dissolution statutes, if
possible. (See Moyer, supra, 10 Cal.3d at p. 230 [“the various parts of a statutory
enactment must be harmonized by considering the particular clause or section in the
context of the statutory framework as a whole”].) The natural way to do so is to view the
category of agreements between RDA and their creators as the more specific category,
and therefore generally not “enforceable” whether or not such agreements also fall within
the broader definition of “enforceable” agreements provided by other parts of the
dissolution statutes. We already have so held, or necessarily implied, in a number of
published cases. (See Tracy, supra, 3 Cal.App.5th at pp. 860-861 [captioned “The
Legislature Intended Retroactively to Invalidate Transfers Pursuant to Sponsor
Agreements”]; San Bernardino, supra, 242 Cal.App.4th at p. 815 [“Construing the
Dissolution Law and the cited statutes to mean that agreements between the County and
the former [RDA] are enforceable obligations would negate the intent of the
Legislature”]; Brentwood, supra, 237 Cal.App.4th at p. 500 [captioned “The Legislature
Intended to Abrogate Sponsor Agreements Retroactively”].)
       The original and still-extant version of section 34171 defines what is not an
enforceable obligation, including, as we have said, “any agreements, contracts, or
arrangements between the city, county, or city and county that created the [RDA] and the
former [RDA.]” (Id., subd. (d)(2).)
       The City asserts (citing sections 34167 and 34169) that before Assembly Bill No.
1484’s DDR procedure existed, “RDAs had been statutorily mandated to pay their
enforceable obligations — then defined to include City-RDA agreements.” Its evident
rationale is that those sections are in Part 1.8 of the Health and Safety Code (the freeze
provision, effective June 28, 2011), whereas section 34171 is in Part 1.85, (the
dissolution component, effective February 1, 2012). But as we outlined ante, the
dissolution component became effective later because of a stay and subsequent judicial



                                             18
reformation of statutory deadlines by our Supreme Court. (See Matosantos, supra, 53
Cal.4th at pp. 250-251, 274-275.)
       Like the trial court, we are not convinced by the City’s view of the effect of this
judicially created window period on the Legislature’s intent. The Legislature could not
have foreseen that some portions of Assembly Bill No. 26 would be delayed by our
Supreme Court. To the extent any agreements between the City and its RDA may have
been legally enforceable during this window period, their enforceability resulted from the
vicissitudes of litigation, not legislative intent. The enforceability of such agreements
ended when that window was shut forcefully. We are confident the Legislature intended
to apply the postdissolution (i.e., Part 1.85) definitions of enforceable obligations
retrospectively, for the reasons stated in our prior cases. (See, e.g., Tracy, supra, 3
Cal.App.5th at p. 860.)
       The City also invokes Proposition 22, contending applying the statutes
retrospectively would violate it, and seeks to distinguish Tracy and Brentwood on this
point or have us reconsider those decisions. We will address the City’s Proposition 22
claims in Part VI, post.
                                              V
                                    The Validation Actions
       In a separate portion of its briefing, the City contends the clawbacks were barred
by two validation actions. We disagree with this view.
       The City filed two validation actions resulting in default judgments declaring the
2011 agreements to be valid; those judgments were based on defaults taken before the
Great Dissolution. The trial court found the validation judgments had no effect on the
analysis of whether either agreement was or was not an enforceable obligation. We agree
that these judgments are of no relevance herein.




                                             19
              “A validation action implements important policy considerations. ‘[A]
       central theme in the validating procedures is speedy determination of the validity
       of the public agency’s action.’ . . . The validating statutes should be construed so
       as to uphold their purpose, i.e., ‘the acting agency’s need to settle promptly all
       questions about the validity of its action.’ [Citation.]

               “ ‘[I]n its most common and practical application, the validating proceeding
       is used to secure a judicial determination that proceedings by a local government
       entity, such as the issuance of municipal bonds and the resolution or ordinance
       authorizing the bonds, are valid, legal, and binding. Assurance as to the legality of
       the proceedings surrounding the issuance of municipal bonds is essential before
       underwriters will purchase bonds for resale to the public.’ ” (Friedland v. City of
       Long Beach (1998) 62 Cal.App.4th 835, 842.)
       Thus, a validation judgment answers the often important question whether a public
action was lawful when that action was taken. A validation judgment is “forever binding
and conclusive, as to all matters therein adjudicated or which at that time could have
been adjudicated.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 870, subd. (a), italics added.)
       But the Department does not attack the lawfulness of the agreements in question
as of the time they were entered. Instead, the Department is applying the later-enacted
dissolution statutes, which were designed to unwind them. The validity of the
Department’s actions could not have been adjudicated in the validation cases, which
preceded the Great Dissolution. (See, e.g., Starr v. City and County of San Francisco
(1977) 72 Cal.App.3d 164, 178, 179 [“the repayment contract and project lease entered
into ostensibly ‘pursuant to’ the financing agreement contain terms so new and materially
different from the agreement, that the issue of the City’s violation of the constitutional
debt limitation could not possibly have been adjudicated” in prior validation action]; cf.
Colonies Partners, L.P. v. Superior Court (2015) 239 Cal.App.4th 689, 692, 693-695
[whether settlement confirmed by validation judgment was procured by bribery could
have been litigated in the validation action, in part distinguishing Starr].)




                                              20
       The City points to Macy v. City of Fontana (2016) 244 Cal.App.4th 1421
(Fontana), which addressed the validation statutes in an unusual context touching on the
dissolution of RDAs. 10 Fontana is distinguishable. Challengers were trying to force
Fontana to pay into a low- and moderate-income housing fund an amount that allegedly
should have been paid by Fontana’s dissolved RDA under provisions of the repealed
CRL. (Id. at p. 1425.) Fontana’s successful demurrer was upheld because “under
Assembly Bill 26, the liabilities of dissolved [RDAs] are limited to the assets transferred
to successor agencies.” (Ibid.) Although Fontana had entered into an agreement with the
RDA and a developer that distributed some tax increment revenue, that agreement had
been the subject of a validation action which Fontana held “foreclosed any claims against
[Fontana] with respect to tax increment funds it received under the agreement.” (Id. at p.
1426.) The agreement purported to give some money to Fontana as “compensation to
[Fontana] for fiscal costs [Fontana] incurred as a result of [a private] development within
[Fontana]. Importantly, the [RDA] and [Fontana] brought a validation action” regarding
that agreement, resulting in a final judgment validating the agreement. (Id. at p. 1427.)
In the key portion of the opinion, Fontana held:

               “Here, the central premise of [Fontana]’s participation in the [agreement] is
       the agreement’s affirmation that the [RDA] was meeting its obligations under the
       CRL and that it was lawful to distribute the [RDA’s] tax increment funds to [the
       developer] and [Fontana]. The central premise of plaintiffs’ claims is . . . their
       assertion that the [RDA] was not meeting its obligations under the CRL and that
       its distributions to [the developer] and [Fontana] were not lawful. By obtaining
       the validation judgment, [Fontana] protected itself, as well as the [RDA] and
       [developer], from precisely the claims that plaintiffs now assert arise under and by
       virtue of the agreement.” (Fontana, supra, 244 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1433-1434.)




10 Fontana was not decided by this court; it arose on facts that did not require the case to
be filed in Sacramento County under section 34168, subdivision (a).

                                            21
       The reason Fontana is distinguishable is that the issues pressed by the challengers
in that case were live issues when the validation action in that case had been filed,
whereas the issues herein, the applicability of mechanisms designed to unwind RDAs to
specific agreements, could not have been presented in the relevant validation actions. As
the Department points out, it is not challenging the validity of any agreements. (Cf.
Fontana, supra, 244 Cal.App.4th at p. 1435 [“the propriety of that past action”].) Rather,
it is determining whether or not the agreements are “enforceable obligations” under the
present dissolution statutes, an entirely different question. Contrary to the City’s view,
“valid” for one purpose need not equate to “enforceable” for an entirely different
purpose, unknown at the time the validation actions were filed. (See, e.g., City of Galt v.
Cohen (2017) 12 Cal.App.5th 367, 380-383 (Galt) [rejecting a somewhat analogous
claim about the effect of validation judgments, vel non, on the application of the
dissolution statutes].)
       Thus, we agree with the trial court that the two validation judgments are not
relevant to the issues presented by this case.
                                             VI
                                       Proposition 22
       The City contends application of the Great Dissolution in the manner the
Department interprets it violates Proposition 22.
       Proposition 22, the Local Taxpayer, Public Safety, and Transportation Protection
Act of 2010, in part amended article XIII, section 25.5 of our Constitution to restrain the
Legislature’s ability to “[r]equire [an RDA] (A) to pay, remit, loan, or otherwise transfer,
directly or indirectly, taxes on ad valorem real property and tangible personal property
allocated to the agency pursuant to Section 16 of Article XVI to or for the benefit of the
State.” (Cal. Const., art. XIII, § 25.5, subd. (a)(7).) Our Supreme Court held this
provision of Proposition 22 did not preclude the dissolution of RDAs. (Matosantos,



                                             22
supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 241-242, 260-264; see California Redevelopment Assn. v.
Matosantos (2013) 212 Cal.App.4th 1457, 1484.)
       We have repeatedly rejected claims that the application of the dissolution statutes
violates Proposition 22. (See Cuenca, supra, 8 Cal.App.5th at pp. 233-234; Tracy, supra,
3 Cal.App.5th at pp. 861-863; San Bernardino, supra, 242 Cal.App.4th at pp. 810-814;
Brentwood, supra, 237 Cal.App.4th at pp. 496-500.) Indeed, in City of Cerritos v. State
of California (2015) 239 Cal.App.4th 1020, we stated: “The Supreme Court has already
found that Assembly Bill [26] did not violate either article XVI, section 16 or
Proposition 22, which added article XIII, section 25.5, subdivision (a)(7). (See
Matosantos I, supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 241-242.) We are bound by the high court’s
ruling.” (Id. at p. 1038, fn. 2, italics added.) Our Supreme Court summarized its view in
part by stating: “Proposition 22, while it amended the state Constitution to impose new
limits on the Legislature’s fiscal powers, neither explicitly nor implicitly rescinded the
Legislature’s power to dissolve redevelopment agencies.” (Matosantos, supra, 53
Cal.4th at p. 242.) 11
       The City relies in part on City of Bellflower v. Cohen (2016) 245 Cal.App.4th 438
(Bellflower), but Bellflower is distinguishable. In that case we held one kind of action
taken under the dissolution laws violated a different provision of Proposition 22 that
reads: “The Legislature may not reallocate, transfer, borrow, appropriate, restrict the use
of, or otherwise use the proceeds of any tax imposed or levied by a local government
solely for the local government’s purposes.” (Cal. Const., art. XIII, § 24, subd. (b); see
Bellflower, supra, 245 Cal.App.4th at pp. 444-445 [“We refer to this provision as
‘Proposition 22,’ even though we recognize that there are other provisions in Proposition



11  In contrast, Proposition 22 had a profound effect on a companion bill that would have
allowed RDAs to buy themselves out of dissolution. (See Matosantos, supra, 53 Cal.4th
at pp. 242, 264-270.) That invalidated bill is of no relevance to this case.

                                             23
22 that are not applicable to this case”].) The City contends Bellflower is relevant--even
critical--to this case. We disagree.
       Bellflower involved a narrow collection issue, explained as follows:

              “Under the redevelopment dissolution law, the Legislature directed that a
       dissolved redevelopment agency’s funds not needed to meet enforceable
       obligations must be turned over to the county’s auditor-controller for distribution
       to local taxing entities. After the California Supreme Court found that dissolving
       the redevelopment agencies was an appropriate exercise of the Legislature's
       constitutional power, the Legislature enacted Assembly Bill No. 1484 (2011-2012
       Reg. Sess.) providing what to do if the successor agency or sponsoring agency of
       the former redevelopment agency did not turn over those funds to the county’s
       auditor-controller. One method of enforcing the turnover is for the Board of
       Equalization to withhold sales and use tax revenues to which the sponsoring
       agency is entitled, and another is for the county auditor-controller to withhold
       property tax revenues to which the sponsoring agency is entitled.

               “These two cases . . . present a facial constitutional challenge: whether the
       statute allowing withholding of sales and use tax revenues and property tax
       revenues violates Proposition 22, which amended the California Constitution in
       2010 to prohibit the state from reallocating, transferring, or otherwise using
       revenues from taxes imposed or levied by a local government solely for the local
       government’s purposes. (Cal. Const., art. XIII, § 24, subd. (b).) We conclude that
       the statute is unconstitutional to the extent it allows the state to reallocate, transfer,
       or otherwise use tax revenue belonging to the local government.” (Bellflower,
       supra, 245 Cal.App.4th at pp. 442-443.)
       We adhere to our conclusion in Bellflower, for the reasons stated therein.
However, the City states that the clawback order in this case required “the City to refund
$1.2 million to the Nevada County Auditor-Controller,” which is not the same as the
withholding of sales, use, or property taxes, as in Bellflower. The City reads Bellflower
as erecting a bulwark against any diversions of money, arguing it bolsters its various
prospectivity arguments and undermines the Department’s actions herein because it
precludes any “scheme” that “diverts tax increment revenues once allocated to an RDA.”
       As the Department contends, this broad view unmoors Bellflower from its narrow
holding. As the City points out in its reply brief, “Bellflower . . . [concluded] Proposition



                                               24
22 prohibits seizing a city’s sales, use, or property tax revenues in payment of an alleged
successor agency debts.” We agree. (See Bellflower, supra, 245 Cal.App.4th at pp. 450-
451.) But Bellflower did not discuss the propriety of the Department’s determination of
any enforceable obligation. Instead, Bellflower emphasized that it “consider[ed] only
whether withholding local tax revenue from the sponsoring agency under section
34179.6(h) violates Proposition 22.” (Id. at p. 450, italics added.) We explained that the
challengers in that case “make no argument with respect to other means the State may use
to implement and enforce the dissolution law.” (Ibid.) “Holding that Proposition 22
prohibits the reallocation, transfer, or other use of local tax revenue . . . does not frustrate
the manifest purpose of Proposition 22.” (Id. at p. 452.) “For example, the State is
authorized to obtain judicial relief for violation of the dissolution law.” (Id. at p. 453,
citing § 34177, subd. (a)(2).) But, “[w]ithholding local tax revenue simply is not a
remedy available to the State . . . because the voters precluded that remedy when they
passed Proposition 22.” (Id. at p. 454.)
       In short, Bellflower is far narrower than the City suggests. As we explained in
Tracy: “The import of Bellflower is that the Legislature cannot withhold local tax
revenues from sponsors through administrative fiat as a remedy for violation of the
directives in the Great Dissolution. However, the sponsors are not rendered judgment-
proof by virtue of the constitutional provision, such that their general funds are immune
from answering for a violation of state law in court.” (Tracy, supra, 3 Cal.App.5th at p.
862.) Accordingly, we reject the City’s view that Proposition 22 advances its arguments
as they pertain to the circumstances of this case.
                                              VII
                                   Impairment of Contracts
       Raising another claim we have repeatedly rejected, the City contends application
of the dissolution statutes to the agreements in question improperly impairs its contractual
rights. We adhere to our view to the contrary.

                                               25
       Under federal law, “No State shall . . . make any . . . Law impairing the Obligation
of Contracts. . . .” (U.S. Const. art I, § 10, cl. 1.) And our Constitution provides that a
“law impairing the obligation of contracts may not be passed.” (Cal. Const., art I, § 9.)
       But California is free to modify or abolish its subdivisions. (See Azusa, supra,
238 Cal.App.4th at pp. 630-631; Emeryville, supra, 233 Cal.App.4th at p. 312.) The City
has no right to complain that the state is impairing its contractual rights. (See Mallon v.
City of Long Beach (1955) 44 Cal.2d 199, 209 (Mallon) [“the state acting through the
Legislature has the power to alter contractual or property rights acquired by the municipal
corporation from the state for governmental purposes”]; Sharma, supra, 5 Cal.App.5th at
p. 148 [“subordinate political entities are ‘ “creatures” ’ of the state and have no standing
to challenge state action on due process or impairment of contracts grounds”; citing Star-
Kist Foods, Inc. v. County of Los Angeles (1986) 42 Cal.3d 1, 6 (Star-Kist)].)
       This is implicit in Matosantos: “[I]f a political entity has been created by the
Legislature, it can be dissolved by the Legislature, barring some specific constitutional
obstacle to a particular exercise of the legislative power. ‘In our federal system the states
are sovereign but cities and counties are not; in California as elsewhere they are mere
creatures of the state and exist only at the state’s sufferance.’ ” (Matosantos, supra, 53
Cal.4th at p. 255.) Although our Supreme Court opined that abruptly dissolving RDAs
with no plan to wind down their obligations to other entities “would inevitably raise
serious impairment of contract questions,” (Id. at p. 263), a detailed wind-down
mechanism was established by the Legislature, as we have described. Further, the City
does not have the right to raise the purported contractual rights of other entities. “As
Hamlet pondered, ‘What’s Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba/That he should weep for
her?’ ” (Brentwood, supra, 237 Cal.App.4th at pp. 503-504; see Azusa, supra, 238
Cal.App.4th at pp. 630-631; see also Amador Valley Joint Union High Sch. Dist. v. State
Bd. of Equalization (1978) 22 Cal.3d 208, 242.) Nor does it appear the City means to do
so in this case.

                                             26
       The City contends a local government can challenge state action that conflicts with
federal law under the supremacy clause (U.S. Const., art. VI, cl. 2), citing San Diego
Unified Port Dist. v. Gianturco (S.D. Cal. 1978) 457 F.Supp. 283 and Star-Kist, supra,
42 Cal.3d 1. These authorities stand for the unremarkable proposition that “[c]ourts have
recognized that, consistent with our federal system of government, state political
subdivisions should be given standing to invoke the supremacy clause to challenge a state
law on preemption grounds.” (City of Garden Grove v. Superior Court (2007) 157
Cal.App.4th 355, 371, italics added.) Star-Kist explained that the general rule was a
political subdivision could not challenge the actions of its creator. (Star-Kist, supra, 42
Cal.3d at pp. 5-6.) It held that “legislative control over cities and counties is reflected in
the well-established rule that subordinate political entities, as ‘creatures’ of the state, may
not challenge state action as violating the entities’ rights under the due process or equal
protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment or under the contract clause of the
federal Constitution. . . . This rule’s application beyond Fourteenth Amendment and
contract clause challenges remains unsettled.” (Id. at p. 6, italics added.) Star-Kist took a
narrow view of any exceptions to this rule, in part holding: “[T]he Gianturco court noted
that a distinction between the supremacy clause and other constitutional provisions lies in
the purpose served by each. Provisions like the Fourteenth Amendment and the contract
clause ‘confer fundamental rights on individual citizens’; the supremacy clause, in
contrast, ‘establishes a structure of government which defines the relative powers of
states and the federal government.’ [Citation.] Political subdivisions cannot assert
‘constitutional rights which are intended to limit governmental action [vis-à-vis]
individual citizens’ but may invoke the supremacy clause to challenge preempted state
law. [Citation.] Otherwise ‘such legislation and regulation often would go unchecked
even though expressly prohibited by the Constitution.’ ” (Id. at p. 8, italics added.)
While Star-Kist concluded a commerce clause challenge, too, was exceptional (id. at pp.
8-10), it did not retreat from the holding that a contract claim was not, and could not be

                                              27
launched by a political subdivision against its creator. (See Galt, supra, 12 Cal.App.5th
at pp. 378-379.)
       In part the City contends that its contract claims must be considered, or else it will
lack the means to enforce Proposition 22. We have already concluded that Proposition
22 avails the City naught in this case (see Part VI, ante). 12




12  We reject the City’s view that we were incorrect or speaking in dicta when we stated
in Azusa: “The City contends the Department’s actions result in unlawful takings. The
Department’s actions took money from the RDA, a government entity. No private
interests are harmed by such action. As we recently emphasized: ‘The Legislature is
free, within the confines of the California Constitution, to reconfigure and redistribute
authority to its subdivisions as it chooses.’ (Emeryville, supra, 233 Cal.App.4th at p.
312; see [Star-Kist, supra, 42 Cal.3d at p. 6]; [Mallon, supra, 44 Cal.2d at p. 209].) This
includes the power to reallocate public money, again, within the confines of the
limitations in the California Constitution. But no taking of private property—money or
an uncollected debt—has occurred in this case, where one political subdivision disgorges
assets to another political subdivision.” (Azusa, supra, 238 Cal.App.4th at p. 630, first
italics added.) The italicized portion of this passage reflects our recognition that the
Legislature’s power may be trumped by specific provisions in our constitution, such as
the provision discussed in Bellflower, supra, 245 Cal.App.4th 442.

                                              28
                                      DISPOSITION
       The judgment is reversed with directions to the trial court to recall the writ
commanding the Department to consider the City’s goods and services claim, and to issue
a new writ commanding the Department to consider the City’s highway project claim,
consistent with this opinion. The judgment is otherwise affirmed. The parties shall bear
their own costs on appeal. 13 (See Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278 (a)(3).)




                                                        /s/
                                                  Duarte, J.



We concur:



      /s/
Hull, Acting P. J.




     /s/
Mauro, J.




13 We deny all pending requests for judicial notice “because the proffered material is
unnecessary to our decision.” (Emeryville, supra, 233 Cal.App.4th at p. 312, fn. 13.)

                                             29
