[Cite as Tabler v. Snider, 2010-Ohio-1545.]
                              STATE OF OHIO, NOBLE COUNTY

                                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                        SEVENTH DISTRICT


BRIAN TABLER                                  )    CASE NO. 08 NO 357
                                              )
        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE                    )
                                              )
VS.                                           )    OPINION
                                              )
JULIE MYERS SNIDER                            )
                                              )
        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT                   )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS:                          Civil Appeal from the Court of Common
                                                   Pleas of Noble County, Ohio
                                                   Case No. 206-4001

JUDGMENT:                                          Affirmed.

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee:                            Atty. Jinx Beachler
                                                   Beachler & Beachler
                                                   8299 McGur Road
                                                   Stewart, Ohio 45778

For Defendant-Appellant:                           Atty. Mark Morrison
                                                   Morrison Law Offices
                                                   117 N. Main Street
                                                   Woodsfield, Ohio 43793

For Third-Party Defendant-Appellee:                Atty. Anita L. Newhart
                                                   103 Hillside Way
                                                   Marietta, Ohio 45750-9541

JUDGES:

Hon. Cheryl L. Waite
Hon. Joseph J. Vukovich
Hon. Mary DeGenaro

Dated: March 30, 2010
                                                                                   -2-


WAITE, J.


       {¶1}    Appellant, Julie Myers Snider, appeals the decision of the Noble County

Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, to grant custody of her daughter, Victoria

Marie Myers (d.o.b. July 22, 1999), to Appellee, Barbara Tabler, the child’s paternal

grandmother.     Appellant contends that the trial court’s conclusion that she is an

unsuitable parent is not supported by credible evidence and that the trial court erred

when it conducted a second evidentiary hearing in this case.        For the following

reasons, both of Appellant’s assignments of error are overruled and the judgment of

the trial court is affirmed.

       {¶2}    Appellant and Victoria’s father, Brian Tabler (Tabler”), were never

married.    Appellee was granted temporary custody of Victoria pursuant to a civil

protection order (“CPO”) issued by the Washington County Common Pleas Court in

2001. Pursuant to the same CPO, Appellant and Tabler were each ordered to stay

away from the other due to repeated violent episodes ignited by Tabler’s alcohol

abuse, which were a hallmark of their relationship.       The restraining order was

vacated in 2002, however the custody order was continued for a year pursuant to an

agreed judgment entry. In 2003, the custody order was extended to the life of the

CPO, which expired in 2006.

       {¶3}    Appellant and Tabler had a second child, Alexandria Anne Myers

(d.o.b. 7/10/03), however, Alexandria’s custody had never been determined by an

Ohio court until this case. She has always lived with Appellant. The couple broke up
                                                                                   -3-

after Alexandria’s birth and have since married other people, and each of them has

had another child with their respective spouse.

       {¶4}   Appellant’s husband died of cancer in 2007. Appellant cared for her

husband at home until she filed for a CPO against him shortly before his death.

Appellant alleged that he had become abusive, however, he was placed in a nursing

home facility shortly after she filed for the CPO.

       {¶5}   The relationship between Appellant and the Tablers was strained during

the time that Appellee had custody of Victoria due to some typical and some atypical

interpersonal and communication problems. For instance, in the past, Appellant has

accused Appellee’s husband, Victoria’s paternal grandfather, Chester Tabler, of

molesting Victoria, however, no formal charges were ever filed. (2/8/08 Tr., p. 114.)

At some point, Tabler’s wife, Amy, assumed responsibility for delivering and

collecting Alexandria for visitation because she considered Appellant’s behavior

toward Tabler to be inappropriate. (2/8/08 Tr., p. 229.) During the relevant time

frame, Appellant refused to provide her address to the Tablers, so the parties

exchanged the girls at a mutually convenient location. (2/8/08 Tr., p. 107.) In order

to contact Appellant, Appellee had to leave messages with the girlfriend of

Appellant’s father, Shelby Hughes. (11/20/06 Tr., p. 99.) Appellant testified that her

husband did not want the Tablers to have their home phone number because they

harassed her.

       {¶6}   On March 10, 2006, Tabler filed a complaint for the allocation of

parental rights, companionship, and visitation, as well as a name change with respect

to Alexandria in Noble County. Appellant filed a counterclaim adding Appellee as a
                                                                                       -4-

third-party defendant and requesting that she be designated residential parent of

both Victoria and Alexandria.      Tabler subsequently filed an amended complaint

asking that he be named the residential parent of both Victoria and Alexandria.

Then, Appellee filed a motion to be named Victoria’s legal custodian.

       {¶7}   The trial court conducted a hearing on the complaint and counterclaims

on November 20, 2006. Using the change in circumstances standard, the trial court

determined that no modification was necessary to serve the best interest of the

children. The trial court applied the change in circumstances/best interest of the child

standard because it reasoned that the Washington County Court’s CPO naming

Appellee as Victoria’s legal custodian, and an administrative action regarding support

for Alexandria in 2005, were initial custody determinations.

       {¶8}   On appeal, the sole issue before us was Victoria’s custody

determination. We concluded that the CPO did not constitute an initial determination

of custody, and, as a consequence, the trial court applied an incorrect standard in

determining this matter. Tabler v. Myers, 173 Ohio App.3d 657, 2007-Ohio-6219,

880 N.E.2d 103.     Specifically, we held that a parent is entitled to have a court

determine whether he or she is a suitable parent before legal custody of the child

may be granted to a nonparent. Id., ¶23, citing In re Hockstok, 98 Ohio St.3d 238,

2002-Ohio-7208, 781 N.E.2d 971. The matter was then remanded to the trial court

for a determination as to whether Appellant was a suitable parent for Victoria. We

observed in dicta that, “[p]resumably, the [trial] court has already implicitly determined

that appellant is a suitable parent because it granted custody of Alexandria to

appellant.” Tabler at ¶23, fn.1.
                                                                                       -5-

       {¶9}   On remand, the trial court conducted a second evidentiary hearing.

Appellant’s trial counsel objected to the second hearing, arguing that the remand

order required that the trial court rely exclusively on the original record. In response

to the objection, the trial court stated:

       {¶10} “The Court took the position initially that because of actions that

happened down in Washington County that necessarily there was a decision made

by that court on the issue of custody. Okay? The Court of Appeals didn’t see it that

way and I think since this court treated it as a change of circumstances a modification

of custody [sic], if you will, then necessarily the Court would not have considered

anything that happened prior to the time that the Washington County Court dealt with

this matter. Now, the matter has been remanded back to this Court and this court

has been directed to use a best interest test, treat this as an initial determination of

custody and since there has been no, no Court decisions prior to today with respect

to the division of parental rights and responsibilities as they deal with Victoria I think

everything from the date of birth of Victoria forward is going to be available. And,

since none of that information from the date of birth up until Washington County

Court [sic] dealt with it was a matter before the Court at the time of the initial hearing

here in Noble County I think in order to comply with the requirements out of the Court

of Appeals for this court to treat it as a best interest and deal with the child from its

date of birth, as I would understand I would have to, I think I have to take additional

testimony here today.” (Tr., pp. 4-5.)

       {¶11} At the hearing, the trial court granted the unopposed motion to consider

the evidence adduced at the first hearing.
                                                                                        -6-

                       ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER ONE

       {¶12} “THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED PREJUDICIAL ERROR BY ITS

FAILURE TO FOLLOW THE DIRECTIVE OF THIS COURT IN CASE NO. 07-NO-

339, BY HOLDING A DE NOVO TRIAL ON ALL ISSUES RELEVANT TO THE

CUSTODY OF VICTORIA TABLER RATHER THAN DETERMINING SUITABILITY

BASED UPON THE EVIDENCE ALREADY SUBMITTED.”

       {¶13} Because the trial court first believed that the CPO constituted an initial

custody determination, the court limited the evidence offered at the first hearing to

events that occurred after the CPO was issued. According to the statement of the

trial court prior to the commencement of the second hearing, it conducted the second

hearing in order to accept testimony regarding any relevant events that occurred from

Victoria’s birth to the issuance of the CPO.

       {¶14} Contrary to the trial court’s stated purpose, the testimony at the second

hearing focused on the relationship of the parties during the time that Appellee had

custody of Victoria.   Appellant also points out that Tabler was permitted to offer

testimony and cross-examine witnesses, despite the fact that he did not appeal the

trial court’s original order. Oddly, the trial court did reconsider Tabler’s motion for

custody even though it was not part of the remand order. Finally, although Appellant

does not raise the issue, the trial court twice asserted that it would undertake a “best

interest of the child” determination, despite the fact that this Court instructed the trial

court to determine whether Appellant was a suitable parent.

       {¶15} Although Appellant alleges prejudicial error, she does not claim that she

suffered any actual prejudice as a result of the trial court’s decision to hold a second
                                                                                   -7-

hearing.   In fact, the testimony provided at the second hearing was merely

supplementary in nature and the trial court ultimately did use the correct standard of

law in reaching its decision, despite the misstatement at the beginning of the second

hearing. For these reasons, Appellant’s first assignment of error is overruled. The

remaining assignments of error relate to the trial court’s custody determination, and

will be treated together for the purpose of judicial economy.

                     ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER TWO

      {¶16} “THE TRIAL COURT FINDING THAT APPELLANT IS NOT A

SUITABLE PARENT IS CONTRARY TO LAW AND AGAINST THE MANIFEST

WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.”

                    ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER THREE

      {¶17} “THE TRIAL COURT FINDING THAT APPELLANT IS NOT A

SUITABLE PARENT IS CONTRARY TO LAW AND CONTRARY TO THE

PREVIOUS DECISION OF THIS COURT IN CASE NO. 07-NO-339.

                    ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER FOUR

      {¶18} “THE TRIAL COURT FINDING THAT APPELLANT ABANDONED

VICTORIA AND IS THEREFORE UNSUITABLE AS A CUSTODIAN IS CONTRARY

TO LAW AND AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.”

                     ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER FIVE

      {¶19} “THE TRIAL COURT FINDING THAT APPELLANT ‘GENERALLY’

ABANDONED VICTORIA AND [SIC] IS THEREFORE UNSUITABLE AS A

CUSTODIAN IS CONTRARY TO LAW AND AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF

THE EVIDENCE.”
                                                                                        -8-

       {¶20} Parents who are suitable have a paramount right to custody of their

minor children. In re Perales (1977), 52 Ohio St.2d 89, 97, 369 N.E.2d 1047. “In a

child custody case arising out of a parentage action between a natural parent of the

child and a nonparent, a trial court must make a parental unsuitability determination

on the record before awarding legal custody of the child to the nonparent.” Hockstok

at syllabus.

       {¶21} “It is well recognized that the right to raise a child is an ‘essential’ and

‘basic’ civil right.” In re Hayes (1997), 79 Ohio St.3d 46, 48, citing In re Murray

(1990), 52 Ohio St.3d 155. Moreover, a parent’s right to custody of his child is

paramount. Id., citing Perales at 97. Because a parent has a fundamental liberty

interest in the custody of his or her child, this important legal right is “protected by law

and, thus, comes within the purview of a ‘substantial right’[.]” Murray at 157.

“Therefore, parents ‘must be afforded every procedural and substantive protection

the law allows.’ ” In re Hayes, 79 Ohio St.3d at 48, quoting In re Smith (1991), 77

Ohio App.3d 1.

       {¶22} Accordingly, it is well settled that in custody disputes between parents

and nonparents, “a court may not award custody to the nonparent ‘without first

determining that a preponderance of the evidence shows that the parent abandoned

the child; contractually relinquished custody of the child; that the parent has become

totally incapable of supporting or caring for the child; or that an award of custody to

the parent would be detrimental to the child.’ ” Hockstok at ¶17, quoting Perales,

syllabus.
                                                                                       -9-

       {¶23} Thus, if the court concludes that the conduct of the parent constitutes

abandonment, the parent may be judged unsuitable and the state may impinge the

fundamental parental liberty interest of child custody.            Id. at ¶17.       R.C.

2151.011(53)(C) reads, in its entirety, “[f]or the purposes of this chapter, a child shall

be presumed abandoned when the parents of the child have failed to visit or maintain

contact with the child for more than ninety days, regardless of whether the parents

resume contact with the child after that period of ninety days.”

       {¶24} “[I]n proceedings involving the custody and welfare of children the

power of the trial court to exercise discretion is peculiarly important.” Reynolds v.

Goll (1996), 75 Ohio St.3d 121, 124, 661 N.E.2d 1008, quoting Trickey v. Trickey

(1952), 158 Ohio St. 9, 13, 106 N.E.2d 772. Consequently, a reviewing court must

uphold the trial court’s decision in such cases absent an abuse of discretion. Masters

v. Masters (1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 83, 85, 630 N.E.2d 665. An abuse of discretion will

only be found where the decision is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable.

Blakemore v. Blakemore (1983), 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140.

       {¶25} “ ‘This highly deferential standard of review rests on the premise that

the trial judge is in the best position to determine the credibility of witnesses because

he or she is able to observe their demeanor, gestures and attitude. * * * This is

especially true in a child custody case, since there may be much that is evident in the

parties’ demeanor and attitude that does not translate well to the record.’ ” Blaker v.

Wilhelm, 6th Dist. No. WD-04-003, 2005-Ohio-317, ¶10, quoting In re L.S., 8th Dist.

No. 81687, 2003-Ohio2045, ¶12.
                                                                                   -10-

      {¶26} As a matter of initial concern, our previous Opinion in this case raised in

a footnote the idea that the trial court may have made an implicit suitability finding

with respect to Victoria, because the trial court awarded custody of Alexandria to

Appellant. Of course, the test for “parent vs. parent” custody determinations, which

was the case when determining Alexandria’s custody, is different than for “parent vs.

non-parent” determinations, the situation we are faced with in Victoria’s case.

Moreover, Appellant could have “abandoned” Victoria, as that term is defined in the

revised code, but still be awarded custody of Alexandria.

      {¶27} The trial court relied on two time frames where Appellant allegedly lost

contact with Victoria, although those periods were not specifically identified by the

trial court. From the record, it appears that one of those time frames encompassed

several months when Appellant was pregnant with her youngest child, Caroline.

      {¶28} Appellee testified that she brought Victoria to a location chosen by the

parties each week for two or three months starting in May, 2005, but that Appellant

did not appear. (2/8/08 Tr., pp. 180-182.) Appellee testified that she tried to maintain

contact with Appellant via Shelby Hughes, but that Appellant had no contact with

Victoria from May through late November, 2005.

      {¶29} Appellant testified that it was Appellee who did not appear as

scheduled, and that Appellee would deny Appellant visitation whenever Appellee was

angry with her.    (11/20/06 Tr., pp. 97-98.)     Appellant introduced several small

calendars into evidence, which contained notations regarding Appellant’s visitation

schedule with Victoria and Alexandria.      From the end of May of 2005, through

November, 2005, there are repeated notes that indicate that Victoria failed to appear
                                                                                    -11-

for visitation.   (Plaintiff’s Exh. No. 7.)     Shirley Petrone, a friend who often

accompanied Appellant when she went to pick up Victoria, testified that Appellant

bought a birthday cake for Victoria in July, 2005, and that the cake stayed in the

freezer for “probably two months” because Appellee continuously forestalled

Appellant’s visitation. (2/8/08 Tr., pp. 333-335.)

       {¶30} It is clear from the judgment entry that the trial court credited Appellee’s

testimony. The trial court plainly states that Appellant failed to appear for exchanges

at the drop off point. (11/3/08 J.E., p. 2.) The trial court also opined that Appellant

was “not a stranger to the court system,” and would have likely involved the courts if

she was being denied visitation. (11/3/08 J.E., pp. 2-3.) The trial court found that

Appellant’s explanation that she was denied access to Victoria during her pregnancy

was not credible. (11/3/08 J.E., p. 3.)

       {¶31} In addition to the finding of abandonment, the trial court recounted

Appellant’s history of bad parenting, beginning with her voluntary relinquishment of

custody of Victoria over to Appellee, and culminating in her failure to accompany

Victoria to Columbus, Ohio when she needed surgery to repair a hernia, despite the

fact that Appellee offered to take Appellant to Columbus. (11/3/08 J.E., p. 3.) The

trial court also took a dim view of Appellant’s efforts to get a CPO against her then

dying husband. The trial court considered Appellant’s statement at the hearing that

she had, “changed [her] life style,” and that she was, “ready to be the mother of

[Victoria],” to be an implicit acknowledgment that she had abandoned Victoria in the

past. (11/3/08 J.E., p. 2.)
                                                                                     -12-

       {¶32} Tabler, who testified at both the first and second hearings that he had

his alcoholism under control, was arrested for driving under the influence shortly

before the second half of the second hearing. (11/3/08 J.E., p. 3.) The trial court

concluded that both parents had abandoned Victoria and that neither parent was

suitable.   In its judgment entry, the trial court also noted that Victoria wants to

continue to live with her grandparents. (11/3/08 J.E., p. 4.)

       {¶33} The trial court summarized its view of the case as follows:

       {¶34} “There are no outside forces, unforeseen circumstances, or unhappy

twists of fate that caused either parent not to rear Victoria. Of their own volition, the

rearing of Victoria was abdicated to [Appellee] and her husband. When do parents

forfeit their right to custody? Certainly, after five (5) years, as in this case, they

have.” (11/3/08 J.E., p. 4.)

       {¶35} Although the trial court appears, in the above-cited quotation, to have

given a broad reading to the term “abandonment,” there is no question that

Appellee’s testimony, if believed, demonstrates “abandonment” as that term has

been defined by the Ohio Revised Code by a preponderance of the evidence.

According to Appellee’s testimony, she had no contact with Appellant from the end of

May 2005 through November of 2005.             Consequently, the record reflects that

Appellant, “failed to visit or maintain contact with the child for more than ninety days.”

R.C.. 2151.011(53)(C). Because the trial court is in a unique position to assess the

credibility of the witnesses, we must accept the factual findings of the trial court,

unless the trial court abused its discretion. No such abuse of discretion is apparent

from the record.
                                                                                       -13-

       {¶36} Moreover, this case is distinguishable from In re Custody of Lowe, 7th

Dist. No. 00 CO 62, 2002-Ohio-440, where the trial court relied on inappropriate

evidence to conclude that the parent in that case was unsuitable. Here, the trial court

relied on abandonment as the basis of its decision. While the trial court criticized

Appellant’s parenting decisions, this case does not involve a fact pattern like Lowe,

where the trial court’s decision was predicated upon best interest considerations

rather than a suitability determination.     Accordingly, Appellant’s four remaining

assignments of error are overruled, and the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.


Vukovich, P.J., concurs.

DeGenaro, J., concurs.
