                             SECOND DIVISION
                               MILLER, P. J.,
                          MERCIER and COOMER, JJ.

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                                                                      June 30, 2020



In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A20A0336. SUMMERS v. THE STATE.

      MILLER, Presiding Judge.

      Mary Elizabeth Summers appeals from the trial court’s restitution order

imposed after she pled guilty to two counts of burglary and two counts of theft by

taking. On appeal, she argues that the State failed to present sufficient evidence to

support the entire restitution award and that the trial court erred by imposing a

restitution amount above $25,000 when she was convicted only of theft by taking

between $5,000 and $25,000. We conclude that the State presented sufficient

evidence to support the amount of the restitution award and that Summers has not

demonstrated that the amount of restitution should be capped at $25,000 per victim

in this particular case. We therefore affirm the trial court’s restitution order.
      [A] trial court determines the proper amount and type of restitution by
      a preponderance of the evidence. The State bears the burden of
      demonstrating the amount of the loss sustained by a victim as a result of
      the offense, and the amount of restitution ordered by the trial court may
      be equal to or less than, but not more than, the victim’s damages. . . . On
      appeal from an order of restitution, we review the record to determine
      whether each party has met his or her specified burden and whether a
      restitution award was supported by the preponderance of the evidence.


(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Overby v. State, 315 Ga. App. 735, 736-737 (728

SE2d 278) (2012).

      A grand jury indicted Summers on two counts of first-degree burglary (OCGA

§ 16-7-1 (b)) and two counts of theft by taking (OCGA § 16-8-2). The indictment

alleged that, between 2016 and 2017, Summers broke into two of her neighbors’

houses and stole various pieces of jewelry and that, for each theft by taking count, the

value of the stolen property was between $5,000 and $25,000. Summers pled guilty

to all counts pursuant to a plea agreement. The trial court merged the two theft by

taking counts into the two burglary counts, sentenced Summers to 10 years’

probation, and imposed a $1,000 fine.

      The trial court then held a hearing on the issue of restitution. At the hearing,

the State presented evidence through the testimony of the two victims, Tracy Beegan

                                           2
and Sherrin Pittman, while Summers testified in her defense. Beegan and Pittman

both testified as to the value of each piece of stolen jewelry, whereas Summers

testified as to her financial situation and did not testify or present evidence as to the

value of the jewelry. Following the hearing, the trial court found that the total fair

market value of the stolen jewelry was $76,538, and it ordered Summers to pay that

amount in restitution, with $1,688 to be paid to Beegan and $74,850 to be paid to

Pittman. This appeal followed.

      1. Summers first argues that the State failed to present sufficient evidence to

establish the fair market value of each piece of jewelry. We conclude that the State

presented sufficient evidence to support the restitution award.

      “The correct determination for the amount of restitution is the fair market value

of the property rather than the replacement cost,” and the fair market value of the

property taken “must be determined exactly.” (Citations omitted.) Gray v. State, 273

Ga. App. 747, 749 (2) (615 SE2d 834) (2005).

      In meeting its burden, the State may present testimony from the victim,
      who is familiar with the affected items. However, the victim’s opinion
      as to their value must be fact-supported. . . . It has long been the rule that
      an owner of property may not testify as to his opinion of the value of the
      property without giving his reasons therefor, and an opinion as to value
      based solely on cost price is inadmissible in evidence as it has no

                                            3
      probative value. To be admissible, testimony as to cost price must be
      coupled with other evidence such as a showing of the condition of the
      item both at the time of purchase and at the time its value is in issue.


(Citations omitted.) Id. at 749-750 (2).

      (a) The Restitution Award to Beegan

      At the restitution hearing, Beegan testified that she “ha[d] purchased jewelry

a lot in her life.” Beegan testified that Summers stole numerous pieces of jewelry each

with varying valuations up to $10,000. Since the trial court awarded restitution in the

amount of $1,688, it appears that the restitution award was based on only two pieces

of jewelry: (1) a diamond ring with forty small stones, which Beegan had obtained

in 2004 for $1,500 and was in “perfect condition;” and (2) a diamond and gold band,

which Beegan had purchased in 2002 for $188.86 and was in “good condition.”

      We conclude that this evidence was sufficient to support the restitution award

to Beegan. Initially, we note that it appears that Beegan did not offer any particular

specific opinion as to the fair market value of these two items of jewelry at the time

of the theft. However, we have recognized that, “[a]s to everyday objects, such as

automobiles, the [factfinder] may draw from their own experience in forming

estimates of market value.” (Citation omitted.) Champion v. Dodson, 263 Ga. App.


                                           4
286, 291 (587 SE2d 402) (2003).1 We readily conclude that typical items of jewelry,

such as the ones at issue in this case, fall within this category of everyday common

items with which the average person has some knowledge and experience in terms of

their value and market characteristics. Thus, “the [State] need not offer any opinion

evidence as to value and so long as the evidence contains facts upon which the

[factfinder] may legitimately exercise their own knowledge and ideas, the question

of value is properly left to the [factfinder].” (Citation omitted.) Id.

       In addition to the cost price, Beegan testified as to the age and condition of

these two pieces of jewelry. From these circumstances, the trial court could

legitimately come to its own conclusion as to the fair market value of the jewelry at

the time of the theft, and it apparently concluded that the jewelry had not depreciated

in value from the time of purchase. See Austin v. State, 315 Ga. App. 713, 715 (727

SE2d 535) (2012) (“[T]he fair market value may be established by testimony

      1
       Because Georgia law defines the amount of damages that a victim can recover
through restitution as “all special damages which a victim could recover against an
offender in a civil action . . . based on the same act or acts for which the offender is
sentenced,” OCGA § 17-14-2 (2), we have often cited to our civil case law on
damages to interpret how we evaluate the amount to be awarded in restitution or how
we should calculate an item’s fair market value. See, e.g., Jackson v. State, 150 Ga.
App. 617, 620 (552 SE2d 546) (2001) (citing to Sisk v. Carney, 121 Ga. App. 560
(174 SE2d 456) (1970)); Gaskin v. State, 221 Ga. App. 142, 153 (3) (b) (470 SE2d
531) (1996) (citing to Hoard v. Wiley, 113 Ga. App. 328 (147 SE2d 782) (1966)).

                                            5
regarding the original price, coupled with the age of the item and its condition at the

time of the crime.”) (citation omitted). Since there was no contrary evidence in the

record showing that items of jewelry do depreciate in value over time, the

preponderance of the evidence supports the amount of restitution the trial court

ordered, and so we affirm the order granting restitution to Beegan.

      (b) The Restitution Award to Pittman

      Pittman testified that she visited a jewelry store, Brown and Company, to assist

with the valuation of her stolen jewelry. Pittman testified that she went “[t]hrough

their estate jewelry what matched—you know, came close to the size of the piece, as

well as if it was white, gold, platinum, or yellow gold. The pieces that they were

unaware of or unsure of, I went through an estate—estate jeweler” so as to come up

with a value for each piece of jewelry. She testified that Summers stole the following

pieces of jewelry from her:2

      - a gold macaroni bracelet in “good condition,” which she received in 1986 and

which Brown and Company valued at $1,100 based on a similar piece;



      2
        Pittman testified that she lost at least five other pieces (a pearl necklace,
aquamarine earrings, an aquamarine stone, diamond earrings, and a panda necklace),
but she did not provide an opinion as to their value.

                                          6
      - a diamond flower ring that she received in 2004 or 2005, and which Brown

and Company estimated to be $2,400 based on “a very similar piece” at Brown and

Company that was smaller than her ring;

      - a diamond half-hooped earring, which was in “good” condition and had been

purchased before 2003 for $800;

      - a diamond yellow gold x-ring, which had been purchased for $600, but

Pittman could not remember when it was purchased;

      - a shell dome ring with diamonds that she received during the 1980s, which

she valued at $500 based on a similar ring at Brown and Company that did not have

diamonds;

      - a one-carat diamond ring that she had received from her grandparents in 2009,

which was in “good to fair condition,” and which Brown and Company valued at

$8,500 based on a similar ring with a slightly different design;

      - a pearl bracelet with a broken clasp, which she had received in 1989, for

which Brown and Company had a comparable bracelet in their estate selection selling

for $900, but due to the broken clasp, the value would have gone down “a couple of

hundred dollars;”



                                          7
        - a pair of gold, pearl, and diamond earrings, which were in “great shape” and

which Pittman had received in 1989, and which Brown and Company estimated to be

worth $1,600 based on a similar pair of earrings with some style differences;

        - a Mikimoto pearl ring, which Brown and Company estimated to be worth

$900;

        - an aquamarine ring in “almost perfect condition,” which Brown and Company

valued at “$7,800 up” based on a similar ring but with a different carat;

        - another aquamarine ring, which Brown and Company estimated to be worth

$4,000 based on a very similar ring that “might have been slightly larger in size;”

        - a Burmese apple jade ring, which a separate estate jeweler estimated would

be worth $17,000;

        - white and gold hoop earrings, which Pittman’s ex-husband purchased for

$300 in 2002 and were in the same condition as when she received them;

        - a diamond horseshoe ring, which was in “great” condition, for which Pittman

obtained an “exact same” replacement from an antique and estate jeweler for $960;

        - a buckle ring that Pittman had inherited from her grandmother, for which

Pittman found an exact replica from an antique and estate jeweler for $1,410;



                                           8
      - a white gold cross in “perfect” condition which Pittman had purchased for

$600 in 2009;

      - an Ebel watch, which Pittman had purchased for $2,800 in 1998, but which

couldn’t be replaced by Brown and Company “for less than $4,000.00;”

      - a square-cut emerald ring, which was appraised by a jeweler in 2005 at a

value of $9,450;

      - a Patek Philippe bracelet watch which was appraised by a jeweler in 2005 at

a value of $12,750;

      - another square-cut emerald, which was appraised by a jeweler in 2005 at a

value of $8,560; and

      - a panda ring, which was in good condition, with Pittman indicating that she

saw another ring “that looked exactly the same” for sale from an antique jeweler for

$1,100.

      As an initial matter, we have added up the total value of stolen jewelry to

which Pittman testified, and we arrived at a sum of $84,030, which is a difference of

$9,180 from the $74,850 that the State argued for below (and which amount the trial

court accepted). The State did not explain in detail how it arrived at its total sum, nor

did it explain which pieces of jewelry were included or excluded from its calculation.

                                           9
Unlike the discrepancy noted above between the total value of jewelry to which

Beegan testified and the final amount the trial court ordered, the basis of this

difference is not apparent to us from a review of the record.3 From this record,

therefore, we simply cannot tell how the State and the trial court arrived at that

number. Because this discrepancy is in Summers’ favor, however, it does not

automatically require us to vacate or reverse the restitution order. Cf. OCGA § 17-14-

9 (“The amount of restitution ordered shall not exceed the victim’s damages.”). We

will thus proceed to analyze the evidence presented of the value of Pittman’s jewelry

to see if it was sufficient to support at least the amount that the trial court ordered.

      We first conclude that the preponderance of the evidence supported the value

of the jewelry for which Pittman obtained, and testified to, an express estimate from

Brown and Company or the separate estate jeweler, as such estimate constituted

opinion evidence from a source that dealt in the trade of buying and selling jewelry.

See Gray, supra, 273 Ga. App. at 750 (2) (“Opinion evidence as to the value of an


      3
         The difference between the total value of stolen jewelry to which Beegan
testified and the final amount of restitution awarded to her can be at least partially
explained by the facts that she had received some compensation from her insurance
and that she had recovered at least one piece. By contrast, Pittman testified that she
did not file any insurance claims, nor has she otherwise received any insurance
payouts that could offset the amount of restitution.

                                           10
item, in order to have probative value, must be based upon a foundation that the

witness has some knowledge, experience or familiarity with the value of the property

or similar property and [she] must give reasons for the value assessed and also must

have had an opportunity for forming a correct opinion.”) (citation omitted). From our

review of the record, Pittman provided an estimate from Brown and Company for the

gold macaroni bracelet, the diamond flower ring, the one-carat diamond ring, the

gold, pearl, and diamond earrings, the Mikimoto pearl ring, the two aquamarine rings,

and the jade ring. In each of these cases, the estimated value from Brown and

Company was supported by Pittman’s testimony as to the basis for the valuation, and

the circumstances demonstrate that the valuation was based on the value at the time

the jewelry was stolen. We conclude that proper opinion evidence supported the value

given for these items.

      We further conclude that a preponderance of the evidence supported the value

of the three pieces of jewelry for which Pittman provided appraisal values from 2005

(the two square-cut emeralds and the Patek Phillipe watch), as Pittman accompanied

such values with descriptions of the items and how the condition of these items

affected the value. Based on this evidence about the jewelry’s condition, the trial

court, as factfinder, could determine from this testimony about the jewelry’s condition

                                          11
whether the value had materially changed between the 2005 appraisal and the theft.

Champion, supra, 263 Ga. App. at 291. Additionally, Pittman provided the purchase

price, age, and condition of the diamond half-hooped earring, the white and gold

hoop earrings, and the white gold cross. As noted above in our discussion of

Beegan’s jewelry, these circumstances were sufficient for the trial court to come to

a legitimate conclusion as to their value. See Austin, supra, 315 Ga. App. at 715;

Champion, supra, 263 Ga. App. at 291.

      By our calculations, the total value of these items is $75,760, which is more

than the $74,850 the trial court ordered due to Pittman. We therefore need not go

further and analyze the evidence regarding the remaining pieces. We conclude that

a preponderance of the evidence supported the amount of restitution ordered to both

Beegan and Pittman.

      2. Summers further argues that the trial court erred by imposing a restitution

award to Pittman in excess of $25,000 when she was indicted on, and convicted of,

theft by taking between $5,000 and $25,000. Pretermitting whether this argument in

and of itself is meritorious, the trial court here merged each of the theft by taking

convictions into the two burglary convictions, and “a conviction that merges as a

matter of law or fact with another conviction is void[.]” Nazario v. State, 293 Ga.

                                         12
480, 485 (2) (b) (746 SE2d 109) (2013). The trial court did not mention the theft by

taking convictions in its restitution order, and the trial court’s restitution order instead

clearly indicates that the trial court imposed restitution based on the burglary

convictions, not the theft by taking convictions.4 Therefore, because the theft by

taking convictions are void, and because they did not provide the eventual basis for

the restitution order, this argument does not present a meritorious reason for capping

the amount of restitution at $25,000 per victim.

       For these reasons, we affirm the trial court’s restitution order.

       Judgment affirmed. Mercier and Coomer, JJ., concur.




       4
         We further note that Summers did not argue below, nor does she argue on
appeal, that the indictment caused her to be unduly surprised by the eventual amount
of restitution.

                                            13
