                           ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                         Supreme Court




                               People v. Eppinger, 2013 IL 114121




Caption in Supreme         THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v.
Court:                     DOMINICK EPPINGER, Appellee.



Docket No.                 114121


Filed                      February 22, 2013


Held                       The trial in absentia statute was not applicable and there was no plain
(Note: This syllabus       error calling for a new trial where an accused who had been dissatisfied
constitutes no part of     with his first two public defenders waived his right to counsel and elected
the opinion of the court   to proceed pro se, but asked for new counsel when it was time for jury
but has been prepared      selection and, when this was refused, remained in his cell and did not
by the Reporter of         participate in the voir dire.
Decisions for the
convenience of the
reader.)


Decision Under             Appeal from the Appellate Court for the Third District; heard in that
Review                     court on appeal from the Circuit Court of Peoria County, the Hon. James
                           E. Shadid, Judge, presiding.



Judgment                   Appellate court judgment reversed.
                           Circuit court judgment affirmed.
Counsel on                Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, of Springfield, and Jerry Brady, State’s
Appeal                    Attorney, of Peoria (Michael A. Scodro, Solicitor General, and Michael
                          M. Glick, Retha Stotts and Erica Seyburn, Assistant Attorneys General,
                          of Chicago, and Patrick Delfino, Terry A. Mertel and Robert M. Hansen,
                          of the Office of the State’s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor, of Ottawa, of
                          counsel), for the People.

                          Michael J. Pelletier, State Appellate Defender, Thomas A. Lilien, Deputy
                          Defender, and Fletcher P. Hamill, Assistant Appellate Defender, of the
                          Office of the State Appellate Defender, of Elgin, for appellee.


Justices                  JUSTICE THEIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                          Chief Justice Kilbride and Justices Thomas, Garman, and Karmeier
                          concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                          Justice Burke dissented, with opinion, joined by Justice Freeman.



                                            OPINION

¶1        Following a jury trial in the circuit court of Peoria County, defendant Dominick Eppinger
      was found guilty of attempted murder, aggravated battery with a firearm, two counts of
      armed robbery, and unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon, and was sentenced to 95
      years’ imprisonment. The appellate court reversed and remanded for a new trial. 2012 IL App
      (3d) 100577-U. The principal issue in this appeal is whether the trial court violated section
      115-4.1(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code) (725 ILCS 5/115-4.1(a) (West
      2010)) (sometimes referred to as the trial in absentia statute) when, following the refusal of
      defendant pro se to leave his holding cell and participate in his trial, the court conducted voir
      dire without first appointing counsel to represent defendant.
¶2        For the reasons discussed below, we hold that section 115-4.1(a) of the Code is
      inapplicable under the facts of this case, and thus the trial court did not violate the statute.
      Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the appellate court.

¶3                                        BACKGROUND
¶4        On December 9, 2008, the Peoria County grand jury entered a multicount indictment
      against defendant in connection with an armed robbery earlier that month during which one
      of the victims was shot multiple times, sustaining permanent injuries. Defendant entered a
      plea of not guilty, and the trial court appointed the public defender to represent him. Defense
      counsel filed a motion to suppress defendant’s oral statements to police, including a
      videotaped statement in which defendant admitted his participation in the armed robbery and


                                                -2-
       shooting. The jury trial, originally set for March 9, 2009, was continued to June 8, 2009.
       After an evidentiary hearing, the trial court denied defense counsel’s suppression motion.
       Defendant thereafter requested the appointment of a different public defender, who would
       keep him better informed and represent him “a little bit better.” Defense counsel stated that
       communication with her client had “broken down.” The trial court granted the request for
       appointment of new counsel and continued the trial date to August 24, 2009.
¶5         Defendant’s new public defender filed a motion to suppress the identification of
       defendant during a photographic lineup. Before that motion could be heard, on August 18,
       2009, six days before trial, defendant requested that he be allowed to proceed pro se.
       Defendant stated that he felt he could defend himself “better than the public defender can.”
       After admonishing defendant about the difficulties of self-representation and the possible
       penalties he faced, the trial court granted defendant’s request, finding defendant knowingly
       and voluntarily waived his right to counsel. On defendant’s motion, the jury trial was
       continued to October 19, 2009.
¶6         On September 11, 2009, the case was up for review and tender of discovery to defendant.
       The court noted, on the record, that defendant was “creating quite a ruckus in the bullpen”
       and that the court could hear defendant pounding. The court later cautioned defendant that
       although he had a right to represent himself, if he disrupted the proceedings, he could be
       removed, and the trial would proceed without him.
¶7         Defendant elected not to proceed on the motion to suppress identification that his former
       public defender filed, and instead filed a series of pro se motions challenging the
       photographic lineup. Of necessity, the trial date was continued to January 11, 2010.
       Following an evidentiary hearing on December 10, 2009, the trial court denied defendant’s
       motions. As to the January 11, 2010, trial, upon questioning by the trial court, defendant
       stated several times that he was ready for trial. Defendant further stated that he would not be
       calling any witnesses and a pretrial conference was unnecessary.
¶8         On December 12, 2009, defendant sent a letter to the trial judge requesting, inter alia,
       appointment of standby counsel. At a hearing five days later, defendant indicated his
       continued desire to represent himself at trial, and that he was requesting standby counsel to
       ensure he would follow the correct procedure and that none of his rights would be violated.
       The trial court denied defendant’s request. Defendant again indicated he was ready for trial.
¶9         On December 26, 2009, defendant wrote a letter to the trial judge regarding a discovery
       matter which the court took up on January 5, 2010. At that time, the court also covered the
       particulars of how the trial would proceed, advising defendant that jury selection would begin
       the afternoon of January 11, 2010. Defendant agreed with the trial court that the jury would
       be told that counsel was available to defendant, and defendant chose to represent himself.
       Defendant also agreed to make a list of questions he would like the jurors to be asked.
¶ 10       Six days later, on the morning of trial, defendant changed course. Defendant advised the
       court that he no longer wished to represent himself and requested appointment of counsel.
       The State objected, arguing that defendant’s request was simply a delay tactic. Defendant
       interjected: “I’m not representing myself. I don’t care—I don’t care what she [the assistant
       State’s Attorney] say[s]. I’m not going to trial by myself. I won’t do it.” The trial court


                                                -3-
agreed with the State that defendant’s request for appointment of counsel was made for the
purpose of delay and denied that request. The court addressed defendant:
        “I don’t think anything has changed. You made an intelligent and knowing waiver
        of your right to counsel. You’ve been through two public defenders. You refused to
        cooperate with them. You asked to represent yourself. You were allowed to do so
        after questioning. You insisted on representing yourself at every court appearance.
        We gave you an opportunity to say that you did not want to represent yourself. You
        insisted on going forward even as of last Wednesday when we were in court. The fact
        of the matter is I think today it’s simply for the purpose of delay that you ask for an
        attorney. There is nothing in the record to indicate that you’re going to cooperate with
        an attorney. You have a—you had a right to an attorney. Attorneys were appointed
        for you. You chose to give up that right. You made that decision after lengthy
        questioning by me, and at this point I still believe that this is just for the purpose of
        delay, and your request now for appointment of counsel will be denied.”
The following colloquy then took place:
            “THE DEFENDANT: I ain’t going to trial.
            THE COURT: Well, this trial is going to start at 1:15.
            THE DEFENDANT: I ain’t doing it.
            THE COURT: How do you choose—are you going to choose not to participate?
            THE DEFENDANT: I’m not participating, man.
            THE COURT: You’ve previously been advised that trial could be held in your
        absence.
                                           ***
            THE DEFENDANT: I’m not going to trial, man.
            THE COURT: I’m going to have you brought back out here at 1:15. We’ll go
        through questioning again and—
            THE DEFENDANT: I don’t want to talk to you no more.
            THE COURT: And you can choose to participate or choose not to.
            THE DEFENDANT: I’m not participating.
            THE COURT: You are not participating at this point?
            THE DEFENDANT: I’m not participating.
            THE COURT: All right. We’ll revisit this at 1:15.
                                           ***
            THE COURT: *** For the record, Mr. Eppinger has chosen to leave the
        courtroom, even though he’s in custody. He does not—he just walked to the holding
        cell.”
When the court reconvened at 1:17 p.m., defendant was not present. The record reflects that
prior to the start of jury selection, the following exchange occurred:
            “THE COURT: *** We’re ready to begin jury selection. The Court has handed


                                          -4-
               clothes that Mr. Eppinger’s mother brought this morning to the guard, and it’s the
               report of the guard from the Peoria County Sheriff’s Department that Mr. Eppinger
               refused the clothes and has refused to come into the courtroom; is that correct?
                    THE DEPUTY: That is so correct.
                    THE COURT: All right. That is consistent with his statements earlier this
               morning and his refusal to visit with his mother when the Court made that available
               to her and to him at mid morning this morning. The Court during a break was going
               to clear the courtroom and allow Mr. Eppinger’s mother, Miss Causey, to visit with
               him. He refused that visit as well.
                    So with that in mind then, Miss Hoos [assistant State’s Attorney], ready to
               proceed?
                    MS. HOOS: Yes, Judge. I’m ready to proceed. Are we even going to bring him
               out before we start jury selection just to ask him?
                    THE COURT: Well, I don’t want him to have to be forcibly brought out, so—
                    MS. HOOS: Okay.
                    THE COURT: I’ll ask the guard if you will please go back in and—and tell him
               that he’s to be brought—he’s to come into court and—and answer if he wishes to
               participate, okay? If you’ll just say that—just bring him in. I don’t know—but I don’t
               want you to use physical force to have to do so. If he refuses, just come back out here
               and report, all right?
                    THE DEPUTY: Yes, sir.
                                                (Pause.)
                    THE DEPUTY: He refused to come out.
                    THE COURT: All right. Can you tell me what he said?
                    THE DEPUTY: He says, ‘I’m not going back into that courtroom. That’s
               bullshit.’ ”
¶ 11       The court then proceeded with jury selection, advising the venire that defendant made a
       choice to represent himself, and made a choice that day not to participate in the proceedings.
       The trial court instructed the venire that the principles of law regarding the State’s burden
       of proof, the presumption of innocence, and defendant’s decision whether to testify applied
       notwithstanding defendant’s absence. After the newly selected jury was dismissed for the
       day, the court again took up the matter of defendant’s participation in his trial:
                    “THE COURT: I’m going to sign an order that has Mr. Eppinger brought to court
               tomorrow morning. We’ll make another attempt to see if he wants to be clothed in
               the clothing that his mother brought for him and participate.
                    It looks to me like—is there a further report from the Sheriff’s Department?
                    THE DEPUTY: Yes. When I went back just before we started picking jurors, I
               let him know we were picking jurors and asked him again if he did want to come out
               to participate, and he refused, and he said he will refuse to come to court tomorrow.
                    THE COURT: All right. Well, I’m just going to make a record that he will be

                                                -5-
                brought to court, but I don’t expect anybody to have to forcibly or physically remove
                him from a cell to be brought to court or forcibly or physically remove him from any
                holding cell at the courthouse to be brought into the courtroom.”
¶ 12        The following morning, defendant was present in the courtroom, dressed for trial. The
       court advised defendant that the jury had been selected, and that the jury was told that
       defendant had chosen to represent himself and also had chosen not to participate. Defendant
       stated that he still felt he needed counsel, but was choosing to participate and was ready to
       proceed.
¶ 13        The State’s evidence included testimony from four of the victims, each of whom
       identified defendant as the person who had robbed him or her at gunpoint before shooting
       one of the victims multiple times. The State also played for the jury a video recording of
       defendant’s confession. Defendant called no witnesses and did not testify, but he made an
       opening statement, cross-examined the State’s witnesses, and made a closing argument. The
       jury found defendant guilty of attempted murder, aggravated battery with a firearm (which
       merged with the attempted murder), two counts of armed robbery, and unlawful possession
       of a firearm by a felon.
¶ 14        The trial court granted defendant’s request and appointed the public defender to represent
       defendant posttrial. Although the public defender filed a posttrial motion, defendant filed his
       own motion for a new trial, which he insisted on arguing. Defendant explained: “I didn’t
       want nobody to argue. I want to argue myself. I just needed an attorney after my sentencing
       to put in for my appeal.” After argument on both motions, the trial court denied relief. The
       trial court subsequently sentenced defendant, who had two prior felony convictions, to an
       aggregate term of 95 years’ imprisonment.
¶ 15        On appeal, defendant raised a single issue. Defendant claimed that the trial court violated
       section 115-4.1(a) of the Code by conducting voir dire in his absence without the presence
       of any counsel representing him. Because defendant failed to raise this issue in the trial court,
       defendant sought review under the plain-error doctrine, arguing that the trial court’s alleged
       error affected his substantial rights. The appellate court agreed with defendant and reversed
       and remanded for a new trial. 2012 IL App (3d) 100577-U, ¶ 27. The appellate court held
       that section 115-4.1(a) of the Code requires that counsel be appointed to represent a
       defendant before trial in absentia may proceed, and that section 115-4.1(a) applies even
       where a defendant has waived his right to counsel and chooses to remain in his holding cell
       rather than appear for trial. Id. ¶¶ 7, 20. The appellate court declined to follow People v.
       Reisinger, 106 Ill. App. 3d 148 (1982), which, under similar circumstances, held that section
       115-4.1(a) did not apply to an in-custody defendant. Id. ¶¶ 19-20. The appellate court further
       held that the trial court’s purported violation of the statute constituted structural error in that
       defendant was denied a fair trial by an impartial jury. Id. ¶ 25.
¶ 16        We allowed the State’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Feb. 26, 2010).

¶ 17                                        ANALYSIS
¶ 18      The plain-error doctrine permits a reviewing court to by-pass normal rules of forfeiture
       and consider “[p]lain errors or defects affecting substantial rights *** although they were not

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       brought to the attention of the trial court.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(a). See also People v. Herron,
       215 Ill. 2d 167, 186-87 (2005). Plain-error review is appropriate under either of two
       circumstances: (1) when “a clear or obvious error occurred and the evidence is so closely
       balanced that the error alone threatened to tip the scales of justice against the defendant,
       regardless of the seriousness of the error”; or (2) when “a clear or obvious error occurred and
       that error is so serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant’s trial and challenged the
       integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the evidence.” People v.
       Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 (2007).
¶ 19       Defendant here proceeded in the appellate court under the second prong of the plain-error
       doctrine. In order to obtain relief, defendant must demonstrate not only that a clear or
       obvious error occurred (In re M.W., 232 Ill. 2d 408, 431 (2009)), but that the error was a
       structural error (People v. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d 598, 613-14 (2010)). If defendant fails to
       meet his burden of persuasion on each of these propositions, the procedural default will be
       honored. People v. Lovejoy, 235 Ill. 2d 97, 148 (2009). The first step in our analysis is to
       determine whether an error occurred. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d at 613; M.W., 232 Ill. 2d at 431.
¶ 20       Defendant’s claim of error centers on the court’s purported failure to appoint counsel to
       represent him at trial. As to this claim of error, we note that defendant did not argue in the
       appellate court, and does not argue here, that the trial court erred by denying his request for
       standby counsel some three weeks before trial, or by denying his request for appointment of
       a third public defender on the morning of trial. Nor does defendant argue that he was entitled
       to appointment of counsel as a matter of state or federal constitutional law. Indeed, defendant
       does not claim that his waiver of his constitutional right to counsel was invalid for any
       reason. Rather, defendant argues only that he was statutorily entitled to appointment of
       counsel, i.e., once defendant decided not to participate in his trial by refusing to leave his
       holding cell, the court had no choice, pursuant to section 115-4.1(a) of the Code, but to
       appoint counsel before proceeding with the trial. Whether the trial court violated section 115-
       4.1(a) devolves into an issue of statutory construction.
¶ 21       Our primary objective in construing a statute is to ascertain and give effect to the intent
       of the legislature, bearing in mind that the best evidence of such intent is the statutory
       language, given its plain and ordinary meaning. People v. Baskerville, 2012 IL 111056, ¶ 18.
       In addition to the statutory language, legislative intent can be ascertained from consideration
       of the statute in its entirety, its nature and object, and the consequences of construing it one
       way or the other. Crossroads Ford Truck Sales, Inc. v. Sterling Truck Corp., 2011 IL
       111611, ¶ 45. Where the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, we will apply the
       statute as written. Nowak v. City of Country Club Hills, 2011 IL 111838, ¶ 11. If, however,
       the statutory language admits of more than one reasonable construction and is thus
       ambiguous, we will consider extrinsic aids to construction. Id. Because statutory construction
       is an issue of law, our review proceeds de novo. Baskerville, 2012 IL 111056, ¶ 18.
¶ 22       Section 115-4.1(a) of the Code states in its entirety:
                “Absence of defendant. (a) When a defendant after arrest and an initial court
                appearance for a non-capital felony or a misdemeanor, fails to appear for trial, at the
                request of the State and after the State has affirmatively proven through substantial


                                                  -7-
                evidence that the defendant is willfully avoiding trial, the court may commence trial
                in the absence of the defendant. Absence of a defendant as specified in this Section
                shall not be a bar to indictment of a defendant, return of information against a
                defendant, or arraignment of a defendant for the charge for which bail has been
                granted. If a defendant fails to appear at arraignment, the court may enter a plea of
                ‘not guilty’ on his behalf. If a defendant absents himself before trial on a capital
                felony, trial may proceed as specified in this Section provided that the State certifies
                that it will not seek a death sentence following conviction. Trial in the defendant’s
                absence shall be by jury unless the defendant had previously waived trial by jury. The
                absent defendant must be represented by retained or appointed counsel. The court,
                at the conclusion of all of the proceedings, may order the clerk of the circuit court to
                pay counsel such sum as the court deems reasonable, from any bond monies which
                were posted by the defendant with the clerk, after the clerk has first deducted all court
                costs. If trial had previously commenced in the presence of the defendant and the
                defendant willfully absents himself for two successive court days, the court shall
                proceed to trial. All procedural rights guaranteed by the United States Constitution,
                Constitution of the State of Illinois, statutes of the State of Illinois, and rules of court
                shall apply to the proceedings the same as if the defendant were present in court and
                had not either forfeited his bail bond or escaped from custody. The court may set the
                case for a trial which may be conducted under this Section despite the failure of the
                defendant to appear at the hearing at which the trial date is set. When such trial date
                is set the clerk shall send to the defendant, by certified mail at his last known address
                indicated on his bond slip, notice of the new date which has been set for trial. Such
                notification shall be required when the defendant was not personally present in open
                court at the time when the case was set for trial.” 725 ILCS 5/115-4.1(a) (West
                2010).
¶ 23        In People v. Ramirez, 214 Ill. 2d 176, 183 (2005), we determined that section 115-4.1(a)
       is the second part of a larger statutory scheme, the first part of which is found in section 113-
       4(e) of the Code (725 ILCS 5/113-4(e) (West 2010)). Section 113-4(e) provides:
                “If a defendant pleads not guilty, the court shall advise him at that time or at any later
                court date on which he is present that if he escapes from custody or is released on
                bond and fails to appear in court when required by the court that his failure to appear
                would constitute a waiver of his right to confront the witnesses against him and trial
                could proceed in his absence.” 725 ILCS 5/113-4(e) (West 2010).
       Reading these provisions together, we concluded that section 115-4.1(a) directs how a court
       should proceed where a defendant, properly admonished pursuant to section 113-4(e),
       willfully absents himself from trial. Ramirez, 214 Ill. 2d at 183.
¶ 24        This court has had occasion to consider the meaning of certain discrete provisions of this
       statutory scheme. See, e.g., People v. Phillips, 242 Ill. 2d 189, 199 (2011) (interpreting
       section 113-4(e)’s admonishment requirement in light of the warning, regarding trial in
       absentia, contained on the back of a bail bond slip); Ramirez, 214 Ill. 2d at 183 (interpreting
       section 115-4.1(a)’s requirement that the clerk notify an absent defendant of the trial date by
       certified mail); People v. Garner, 147 Ill. 2d 467, 475-76 (1992) (interpreting section 113-

                                                   -8-
       4(e)’s admonishment with respect to experienced criminals); People v. Partee, 125 Ill. 2d 24,
       41 (1988) (interpreting section 113-4(e)’s admonishment with respect to a defendant who
       absconds during trial); People v. Maya, 105 Ill. 2d 281, 287 (1985) (interpreting section 115-
       4.1(a)’s provision for payment of defense counsel fees from forfeited bail bond monies). But
       this court has not had occasion to address whether section 115-4.1(a) applies to an in-custody
       defendant who proceeds pro se, after waiving the right to counsel, and who refuses to
       participate in his own trial, thus also waiving his right to be present. Although the State and
       defendant both rely on what they claim is the plain language of the statute, they disagree as
       to which language is controlling. The parties’ divergent views as to the proper reading of the
       statute, as well as the current disagreement between the appellate court order in this case and
       the appellate court’s opinion in Reisinger, are indicative of a lack of clarity in the statutory
       scheme.
¶ 25        The State focuses on the statutory language which seemingly excludes in-custody
       defendants. The State notes that the admonishments in section 113-4(e) are expressly framed
       in terms of a defendant who either “escapes from custody or is released on bond and fails to
       appear” (725 ILCS 5/113-4(e) (West 2010)), and that section 115-4.1(a) contains similar
       language: “All procedural rights guaranteed by the United States Constitution, Constitution
       of the State of Illinois, statutes of the State of Illinois, and rules of court shall apply to the
       proceedings the same as if the defendant were present in court and had not either forfeited
       his bail bond or escaped from custody.” (Emphasis added.) 725 ILCS 5/115-4.1(a) (West
       2010). The State posits that this terminology “does not encompass in-custody defendants: a
       defendant in custody has no bond to ‘forfeit,’ has not ‘escaped,’ and is not ‘absent’—he is
       in custody, whether in his courthouse holding cell or in the courtroom itself.”
¶ 26        The State maintains that limiting the statute’s applicability in this fashion is consistent
       with its purpose: guaranteeing the fairness of proceedings conducted in a defendant’s absence
       where the defendant’s waiver of his right to be present at trial must be inferred from his
       failure to appear. The State argues that no uncertainty exists and no such inference need be
       made where, as here, the defendant is in custody and has made a valid waiver of his right to
       be present and his right to counsel.
¶ 27        The State’s construction of the statute finds support in our appellate court’s opinion in
       People v. Reisinger, 106 Ill. App. 3d 148 (1982), which the appellate court here declined to
       follow. In Reisinger, the in-custody defendant, who was represented by private counsel and
       then successive public defenders, elected to proceed pro se. On the day of trial, unhappy with
       the court’s decision to defer ruling on one of his pro se motions, the defendant refused to
       participate. After forcibly being brought back into the courtroom, the defendant voluntarily
       waived his right to be present and refused to have the public defender, who had been
       appointed as standby counsel, represent him. Trial proceeded in the absence of both
       defendant and standby counsel, and a jury found defendant guilty of theft.
¶ 28        On appeal, the defendant argued, inter alia, that section 115-4.1(a) contains an absolute
       prohibition against trials in absentia when the defendant is not represented by counsel. The
       appellate court disagreed, holding that the defendant’s absence from trial did not fit within
       the circumstances contemplated by the statute. Reisinger, 106 Ill. App. 3d at 153. The
       appellate court discussed the defendant’s right to counsel:

                                                  -9-
                    “The defendant had retained counsel[,] and two appointed public defenders
                represented him in the instant case before he elected to proceed pro se. He was
                obviously aware of his right to counsel and right to represent himself. He exhibited
                a fair amount of legal sophistication and used every opportunity to enforce his rights.
                When it became apparent to the defendant that his trial would commence, he
                demanded both his own absence and the dismissal of his standby counsel. The record
                establishes that the defendant deliberately and knowingly exploited his right to
                counsel *** and consciously sought delay. As the Illinois Supreme Court recently
                observed[,] the right of representation ‘may not be employed as a weapon to
                indefinitely thwart the administration of justice or to otherwise embarrass the
                effective prosecution of crime.’ (People v. Myles (1981), 86 Ill. 2d 260, 268,
                ***.)” Id.
¶ 29        Reisinger is the only published opinion to consider the applicability of the appointment
       of counsel provision in section 115-4.1(a) to in-custody defendants and has gone
       unchallenged for the past three decades.1 Although defendant concedes that “Reisinger stands
       for the proposition that the judge was not required to appoint counsel in this case,” he argues
       that Reisinger is contrary to the plain language of the statute. According to defendant, the
       scope and applicability of section 115-4.1(a) is not controlled by the reference in that section,
       or in section 113-4(e), to defendants who have escaped from custody or forfeited their bail.
       Rather, defendant maintains that the controlling language is found in the initial sentence of
       section 115-4.1(a): “When a defendant after arrest and an initial court appearance for a non-
       capital felony or a misdemeanor, fails to appear for trial, at the request of the State and after
       the State has affirmatively proven through substantial evidence that the defendant is willfully
       avoiding trial, the court may commence trial in the absence of the defendant.” (Emphasis
       added.) 725 ILCS 5/115-4.1(a) (West 2010). Based on this language, defendant maintains
       that section 115-4.1(a) applies, without limitation, any time a defendant is “willfully avoiding
       trial” even where, as here, the defendant is in custody but refuses to leave his holding cell.
       Defendant further argues that the statute expressly requires that “[t]he absent defendant must
       be represented by retained or appointed counsel” (id.), and that the statute makes no
       exception for a defendant who has previously waived the right to counsel. Finally, defendant
       argues that policy considerations favor an interpretation of the statute requiring appointment
       of counsel in all trials in absentia, notwithstanding a previous waiver of counsel, because “a
       trial with no representation of one of its parties is the antithesis of our adversarial system.”
¶ 30        Defendant’s reading of the statute finds at least some support in appellate court opinions
       which, although not involving in-custody defendants, have spoken in absolute terms of the
       need for representation at trial of an absent defendant. In People v. Gargani, 371 Ill. App.
       3d 729, 736 (2007), for example, the appellate court held that the statute’s command that the
       absent defendant “must” be represented by counsel is a mandatory obligation. See also
       People v. McCombs, 372 Ill. App. 3d 967, 971-72 (2007) (holding that the appointment of

               1
                The appellate court’s decision in the present case, though parting company with Reisinger,
       was filed as an order, rather than an opinion, and is not precedential. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 23 (eff. July
       1, 2011).

                                                    -10-
       counsel provision in section 115-4.1(a) applies notwithstanding a prior waiver of counsel).
       Defendant’s reading of the statute is also consistent with “our traditional distrust of trials in
       absentia.” Garner, 147 Ill. 2d at 483.
¶ 31        Our job of ascertaining legislative intent is not an easy one where, as here, the statute is
       not a model of clarity, and the reading of the statute advocated by the State and defendant
       each has merit, i.e., both readings find some support in the statutory language and case law.
       Taking into account the consequences of construing the statute one way or the other does not
       bring us any closer to discerning legislative intent. Although defendant’s expansive
       construction has the benefit of a bright-line rule applicable to all defendants who are tried in
       absentia, it would permit an in-custody defendant to manipulate his right to counsel and
       benefit from his own delay tactics. Under defendant’s reading, the trial court in the instant
       case would have been required to appoint a third public defender and continue the trial date
       while new counsel prepared for trial, with no assurance that defendant would cooperate with
       this public defender, and even though defendant claims no error from the court’s denial of
       his request to appoint counsel on the morning of trial. The State’s less expansive construction
       would produce a different anomaly: an in-custody defendant who waives counsel and then
       escapes would be entitled to appointment of counsel before trial in absentia, but an in-
       custody defendant who waives counsel and refuses to leave his holding cell would not be
       entitled to appointment of counsel. The State’s construction, however, would prevent
       manipulation of the right to counsel; in-custody pro se defendants would not gain an
       advantage from their voluntary absence.
¶ 32        We conclude that both interpretations of section 115-4.1(a) are reasonable, albeit for
       different reasons, and that the statute is thus ambiguous. Nowak, 2011 IL 111838, ¶ 11. In
       such cases, we may look beyond the statutory language and consider extrinsic aids to
       construction in order to ascertain legislative intent. Id. One such extrinsic aid is legislative
       history. County of Du Page v. Illinois Labor Relations Board, 231 Ill. 2d 593, 604 (2008).
¶ 33        This court has already considered the legislative history of section 113-4(e) of the Code,
       which contains the admonishment provision, and has recognized that its primary purpose “is
       to prevent ‘bail jumping’ and to promote the speedy satisfaction of judgment.” Garner, 147
       Ill. 2d at 481 (citing 81st Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings, May 25, 1979, at 151
       (statements of Representative Kosinski), at 153 (statements of Representative McAuliffe)).
       As discussed below, section 115-4.1(a) shares the same purpose.
¶ 34        Section 115-4.1 was first added to the Code in 1971. Pub. Act 77-1446 (eff. Sept. 2,
       1971). As originally adopted, the single-paragraph statute addressed only the situation where,
       after trial commences, a defendant “willfully absents himself from court for a period of 2
       successive days.” Id. The statute provided that the absence of such defendant “shall not
       operate as a bar to concluding the trial.” Id.
¶ 35        In 1979, with the adoption of Public Act 81-1066, the legislature expanded section 115-
       4.1. Pub. Act 81-1066 (eff. Sept. 26, 1979). Although the legislature would twice more
       amend section 115-4.1 to bring it to its present form (see Pub. Act 84-945 (eff. Sept. 25,
       1985); Pub. Act 90-787 (eff. Aug. 14, 1998)), the legislature’s 1979 amendment added the
       language on which the parties here primarily rely. The 1979 amendment also added the


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       corresponding admonishment provision to section 113-4 of the Code. Pub. Act 81-1066 (eff.
       Sept. 26, 1979).
¶ 36       The legislative history of Public Act 81-1066, which began life as House Bill 295, reveals
       that the legislature’s intent was to address the problem of bail jumpers. As explained by one
       of the bill’s sponsors:
               “House Bill 265 is the Bill that’s aimed at bail jumpers. *** It’s [sic] intention within
               Constitutional limitations is to get those people who deliberately jump bail to escape
               prosecution. It’s Constitutional[ly] designed to give them every prerogative if they
               have cause for such bail jumping. But it’s [sic] intention [is] to get at people such as
               the people we’ve experienced in our county who on posting twenty-five hundred
               dollars in cash on an aggravated rape and armed robbery, then deliberately jump bail
               and are not heard of because they feel with overwhelming evidence twenty-five
               hundred dollars is a cheap fee to pay for escaping a jail sentence. This was
               particularly evident in the ‘Herrara’ case, an alledged [sic] dope smuggler from
               Mexico in Chicago to whom they say one hundred thousand dollar[s] has no concern
               to permit him to jump bail and return to Mexico.” 81st Ill. Gen. Assem., House
               Proceedings, May 25, 1979, at 151 (statements of Representative Kosinski).
       Representative Kosinski elaborated:
               “This [bill] merely says that if a man deliberately, I repeat, deliberately jumps bail to
               escape the state’s prosecution, the trial can proceed without him. *** [I]t is the
               intention of the Sponsors of this Bill *** [t]o insure that for a few paltry dollars, a
               man does not escape justice.” 81st Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings, May 25,
               1979, at 155-56 (statements of Representative Kosinski).
       Another representative who spoke in support of the bill noted that when a defendant jumps
       bail, by the time he or she is apprehended, witnesses may be dead or may have moved, and
       that the bill would allow trial to proceed while witnesses are still available. 81st Ill. Gen.
       Assem., House Proceedings, May 25, 1979, at 153 (statements of Representative McAuliffe).
       Representative Katz voiced similar concerns, focusing on a perceived unfairness in the then-
       existing statute:
               “If the only right involved were the right of the defendant, it would be very easy
               simply to vote ‘no’. The fact is that there is also the right of the victim to the crime.
               You have the situation where the defendant has an incentive to jump bail. When he
               jumps bail, then it is a matter of time until all the state’s evidence has been lost[,] ***
               the witnesses have disappeared, the victim of the crime is no longer there and so ***
               the present law gives an incentive to the bail jumper, an incentive that works contrary
               to fairness to the victim of the crime.” 81st Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings,
               May 25, 1979, at 157 (statements of Representative Katz).
¶ 37       The legislative debates in the Senate similarly reflect that House Bill 265 was “designed
       to correct a problem *** with bail jumpers.” 81st Ill. Gen. Assem., Senate Proceedings, June
       27, 1979, at 219 (statements of Senator Sangmeister). Senator Sangmeister explained:
               “[A] person can be picked up on an offense, post even a huge bail, particularly in the
               drug cases, and at that time, skip out of bail. And at that time under the present law,

                                                 -12-
                unless a trial has commenced, there is no way you can try that person. So if he comes
                back in, commits the same crime again, he’s picked up again and arrested, but he can
                also make bond again because he has not been tried. This particular bill, if it becomes
                law, will enable the ... prosecution to go forward and ... and try this person and there
                are plenty of safeguards in the bill. For example, if he’s requested a jury trial, he’s
                going to get a jury trial. He has to be represented by council [sic]. All of his
                constitutional rights are absolutely preserved. But in the end, if there is a ... a
                determination of guilt, the next time that person comes back in the jurisdiction and
                is arrested, he can be picked up *** and confined rather than again making bail.” Id.
                at 220.
¶ 38        The legislative history of Public Act 81-1066, when considered in tandem with the
       statutory language, demonstrates that the General Assembly intended to target the problems
       of disappearing witnesses and stale evidence where prosecution is suspended indefinitely
       because the defendant jumps bail before trial even commences. Nothing in the debates
       suggests that the legislature intended to address the entirely different problems that arise
       where a defendant, who is in custody, essentially boycotts his or her own trial. Although such
       conduct may delay the trial in the short run or disrupt the court’s docket temporarily, it does
       not raise the specter that trial may be delayed indefinitely, which was the impetus for the
       legislature’s adoption of Public Act 81-1066.
¶ 39        We note, moreover, that nothing in the legislative history suggests that the General
       Assembly intended the statute generally, or its appointment-of-counsel provision specifically,
       to be used by in-custody defendants as a sword to delay trial, or that the legislature intended
       to remove the trial judge’s discretion when faced with an eleventh-hour request for
       appointment of counsel. Rather, the debates as a whole reveal that the General Assembly
       wanted to remove any benefit to a defendant who flouts the criminal justice system by
       jumping bail.
¶ 40        Based on the language in section 115-4.1(a), as well as the related admonishments in
       section 113-4(e), considered in light of the legislative history, we hold that section 115-4.1(a)
       is inapplicable to in-custody defendants. Accordingly, the trial court here was not statutorily
       required to appoint a third public defender and continue the trial date simply because
       defendant, after waiving his right to counsel, decided to waive also his right to be present by
       refusing to leave his holding cell.
¶ 41        We reject defendant’s argument that if section 115-4.1(a) does not apply in this case, then
       the court could not have proceeded with voir dire in defendant’s absence because no other
       statute authorizes trial in absentia. The fact that the statute regulates trial in absentia in
       certain cases does not mean that trial in absentia is prohibited in all other cases. The right of
       a defendant to be present at all stages of his trial exists as a constitutional right independent
       of section 115-4.1(a) of the Code (U.S. Const., amend. VI; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8), and,
       therefore, a defendant may waive that right—as defendant did here—independent of the
       statute. In other words, express statutory authority is not a prerequisite to trial in absentia.
       A trial, of course, must proceed within the confines of our federal and state constitutions.
       Defendant, however, makes no constitutionally based argument that would require
       appointment of counsel in the face of a valid waiver of that right. Instead, defendant’s claim

                                                 -13-
       of error is based entirely on section 115-4.1(a) of the Code, which we have held is
       inapplicable under the facts of this case.
¶ 42       Because defendant’s only claim of error fails, defendant cannot succeed on his claim of
       plain error. Accordingly, defendant is not entitled to a new trial.

¶ 43                                    CONCLUSION
¶ 44       For the reasons stated, we reverse the judgment of the appellate court that reversed
       defendant’s convictions and remanded for a new trial, and affirm the judgment of the trial
       court.

¶ 45       Appellate court judgment reversed.
¶ 46       Circuit court judgment affirmed.

¶ 47       JUSTICE BURKE, dissenting:
¶ 48       Section 115-4.1(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Code) (725 ILCS 5/115-4.1(a)
       (West 2010)) provides that an attorney must be appointed to represent a defendant who is
       tried in absentia. The majority today holds that this requirement does not apply to a pro se
       defendant who refuses to leave his holding cell and participate in his trial. I disagree with this
       conclusion and therefore dissent.
¶ 49       The majority initially finds that the language of section 115-4.1(a) is ambiguous.
       According to the majority, the statute does not clearly state whether it applies only to those
       defendants who have escaped from custody or have been released on bond and fail to appear
       for trial, or whether it may also apply to an in-custody defendant. Supra ¶ 32. Relying on
       legislators’ statements during the floor debates indicating that the statute was intended to
       address the problem of defendants who jump bail, the majority concludes that section 115-
       4.1(a) is inapplicable to defendants who remain in custody. Supra ¶¶ 36-40.
¶ 50       While I agree with the majority that the statute is ambiguous, I disagree that the
       legislative history resolves the ambiguity. Throughout the legislative debates, the legislators
       repeatedly refer to the problem of bail jumping and indicate that the statute was intended to
       provide a mechanism, within constitutional limits, to try a defendant who jumps bail in his
       or her absence. Nowhere in the debates do the legislators say, however, that the legislation
       was intended to apply exclusively to bail jumpers. Still unresolved then is the issue raised by
       defendant in this appeal—whether the statute applies to an in-custody defendant who refuses
       to leave his holding cell. That issue was never raised during the legislative debates. “Not
       every silence is pregnant.” State of Illinois, Department of Public Aid v. Schweiker, 707 F.2d
       273, 277 (7th Cir. 1983). We cannot infer from the legislators’ mere silence in this instance
       that the statute was not intended to apply to an in-custody defendant.
¶ 51       Because the legislative history does not resolve the question at hand, principles of
       statutory interpretation may be employed to decide the issue. When interpreting an
       ambiguous statute, we may consider the consequences which would result from construing
       the statute one way or the other. Solon v. Midwest Medical Records Ass’n, 236 Ill. 2d 433,

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       441 (2010). In doing so, we presume that the legislature, in enacting the statute, did not
       intend absurd, inconvenient, or unjust results. In re Detention of Powell, 217 Ill. 2d 123, 135
       (2005).
¶ 52        Section 115-4.1(a) provides that, “[w]hen a defendant after arrest and an initial court
       appearance for a non-capital felony or a misdemeanor, fails to appear for trial, at the request
       of the State and after the State has affirmatively proven through substantial evidence that the
       defendant is willfully avoiding trial, the court may commence trial in the absence of the
       defendant.” 725 ILCS 5/115-4.1(a) (West 2010). The statute requires that trial in the absence
       of the defendant “shall be by jury unless the defendant had previously waived trial by jury,”
       and that “[t]he absent defendant must be represented by retained or appointed counsel.” Id.
       It also provides that “[a]ll procedural rights guaranteed by the United States Constitution,
       Constitution of the State of Illinois, statutes of the State of Illinois, and rules of court shall
       apply to the proceedings the same as if the defendant were present in court and had not either
       forfeited his bail bond or escaped from custody.” Id.
¶ 53        This court has held that the legislature’s intention in enacting section 115-4.1(a) was “to
       provide for a trial in absentia, within constitutional limits, if a defendant wilfully and without
       justification absented himself from trial” (People v. Maya, 105 Ill. 2d 281, 285 (1985)), and
       to “set[ ] forth the circumstances in which a trial in absentia may be conducted” (People v.
       Smith, 188 Ill. 2d 335, 341 (1999)). We also have said that “[s]ection 115-4.1 provides for
       trial in absentia. It does not create a kangaroo court. *** [T]he defendant who is absent from
       trial, even willfully, retains some of the procedural rights of a present defendant.” People v.
       Partee, 125 Ill. 2d 24, 31 (1988). Thus, the legislature specifically included necessary
       safeguards in the statute in order to protect the absent defendant’s important constitutional
       and statutory rights. See People v. Ramirez, 214 Ill. 2d 176, 184 (2005).
¶ 54        In addition, our appellate court has held that the appointment-of-counsel provision in
       section 115-4.1(a) is a mandatory prerequisite to conducting a trial in defendant’s absence
       and that the failure to appoint counsel for a defendant before trying him in absentia is
       reversible error. People v. Gargani, 371 Ill. App. 3d 729, 736 (2007). Further, our appellate
       court has held that even where a defendant had previously waived his right to an attorney,
       the statute entitles the defendant to the appointment of counsel before being tried in absentia.
       People v. McCombs, 372 Ill. App. 3d 967, 972 (2007).
¶ 55        Given this background, the majority’s reading of the statute is unreasonable. Under the
       majority’s interpretation of section 115-4.1(a), a defendant who has invoked his right of self-
       representation prior to being released on bond and who fails to appear on his trial date would
       be entitled to appointment of counsel before a trial could be held in his absence, while an in-
       custody defendant who invokes his right of self-representation and refuses to leave his cell
       would not be entitled to appointment of counsel. In other words, the majority has concluded
       that the legislature intended to afford greater protections to those defendants who jump bail
       than those who remain in-custody. This cannot possibly be correct.
¶ 56        Moreover, this court has held that a trial at which neither the defendant nor defense
       counsel is present is unconstitutional. People v. Davis, 39 Ill. 2d 325, 331 (1968) (citing
       Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963)); Partee, 125 Ill. 2d at 39; People v. Barraza,


                                                 -15-
       193 Ill. App. 3d 655, 660 (1990) (“The role of the defendant’s attorney in the in absentia
       proceedings is crucial to insure that they are conducted with due regard for the defendant’s
       rights. In fact, the presence of counsel for the defendant is essential to make such proceedings
       constitutional.” (citing Davis, 39 Ill. 2d at 329-31)). Presumably, the legislature was aware
       of the constitutional restrictions on trials in absentia in the absence of defense counsel when
       it enacted section 115-4.1(a). Thus, it is reasonable to assume that the legislature intended
       the statute to apply to any defendant who is absent from trial, including one who refuses to
       leave the holding cell.
¶ 57        The majority expresses concern that an in-custody defendant might use the appointment-
       of-counsel provision in section 115-4.1(a) to obstruct the proceedings and cause delay.
       However, by refusing to enter the courtroom and participate in his trial defendant waived his
       right to represent himself. See, e.g., Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 834 n.46 (1975) (a
       trial judge may terminate self-representation if a defendant “deliberately engages in serious
       and obstructionist misconduct” and may appoint standby counsel, even over defendant’s
       objection, to be available to represent the defendant in the event that termination of the
       defendant’s self-representation is necessary). There is no reason, therefore, why the judge
       could not have appointed counsel to represent defendant and continued on with the
       proceedings. See also, e.g., Mayberry v. Pennsylvania, 400 U.S. 455, 468 (1971) (Burger,
       C.J., concurring) (“A criminal trial is not a private matter; the public interest is so great that
       the presence and participation of counsel, even when opposed by the accused, is warranted
       in order to vindicate the process itself.”).
¶ 58        To be sure, appointing counsel might have occasioned further delay. But consider the
       consequence of holding that the legislature did not intend for the statute to apply to in-
       custody defendants because there might be some delay. Such a holding would mean that the
       legislature intended for a criminal trial to go forward with no defense counsel present, no
       defendant present, and the jurors placed in front of a completely one-sided, “kangaroo court.”
       Partee, 125 Ill. 2d at 31. Again, in my view, there is no possibility that this is what the
       General Assembly intended.
¶ 59        The legislature, in enacting section 115-4.1(a), intended to safeguard the constitutional
       rights of a defendant who is tried in absentia, thus ensuring the fairness of the trial
       proceedings. The statute explicitly provides that the defendant must be represented by
       retained or appointed counsel. Construing the statute to exclude in-custody defendants leads
       to absurd results: that the legislature intended to afford greater protections to those
       defendants who jump bail than those who remain in custody, and that the legislature intended
       for criminal trials to be conducted in “kangaroo courts.” I cannot reasonably conclude that
       the legislature intended those results. Accordingly, I would hold that the legislature intended
       for the constitutional protections in section 115-4.1(a) to apply any time a defendant is tried
       in absentia, including those instances when the defendant is in custody.

¶ 60       JUSTICE FREEMAN joins in this dissent.




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