                           UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


CHRISTINE CALUYO,

            Plaintiff,

       v.                                              Civil Action No. 1:12-CV-01766 (CKK)

DAVITA, INC. and DAVITA RX, LLC,

            Defendants.



                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                    (April 10, 2013)

       Plaintiff Christine Caluyo (“Plaintiff”) brings the above-captioned action against

Defendants DaVita, Inc. and DaVita Rx, LLC (collectively, “Defendants”) asserting one count of

negligence against each defendant in connection with an injury suffered by Plaintiff while she

was receiving dialysis treatments. Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants’ employee

negligently failed to secure the wheel lock on Plaintiff’s dialysis chair, causing her to fall from

the chair and strike her head. Presently before the court are Defendants’ [4] Motion to Dismiss,

Defendants’ [11] Amended Motion to Transfer Venue, and Defendants’ [14] Request for

Hearing on Defendants’ Amended Motion to Transfer Venue.

       Upon consideration of the parties’ submissions 1 and the relevant authorities, the Court

shall GRANT Defendants’ [11] Amended Motion to Transfer Venue and shall accordingly

transfer this action to the Alexandria Division of the United States District Court for the Eastern

1
  While the Court renders its decision on the record as a whole, its consideration has focused on
the following documents: Compl., see Original File, ECF No. [5-1], at 15-20; Defs’ Am. Mot. to
Change Venue (“Def’s Mot.”), ECF No. [11]; Pl’s Mem. in Opp’n to Defs’ Mot. to Change
Venue (“Pl’s Opp’n”), ECF No. [12]; Defs’ Reply in Support of Am. Mot. to Change Venue
(“Defs’ Reply”), ECF No. [13].
District of Virginia (“Eastern District of Virginia”). In exercise of its discretion, and because the

Court finds that holding oral argument would not have been of assistance in rendering a decision,

Defendants’ [14] Motion for a Hearing is DENIED. See LCvR 7(f).

       Further, in light of the transfer of venue, the Court shall not address the substance of

Defendants’ [4] Motion to Dismiss and shall instead DENY-WITHOUT-PREJUDICE the

motion so that Defendants may re-file it, if appropriate, upon transfer to the Eastern District of

Virginia.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       On October 4, 2012, Plaintiff, a citizen of Virginia, filed the instant Complaint in D.C.

Superior Court against Defendants, whom Plaintiff describes in the Complaint as foreign

corporations registered with the District of Columbia. See Compl. The Complaint alleges that on

or about July 6, 2009, Caluyo was receiving dialysis treatments at Defendants’ facility and was

injured after Defendants’ employee negligently failed to secure the wheel lock on Plaintiff’s

dialysis chair, causing Plaintiff to fall from the chair and strike her head. Id. at ¶¶ 5-7, 12-14.

Although the Complaint is silent as to the name and location of the treatment facility where

Plaintiff was allegedly injured, Plaintiff represents in subsequent submissions to the Court that

the incident occurred at Defendants’ dialysis facility in Arlington, Virginia. See Pl.’s Mem. at 1;

see also Pl.’s Mem. in Supp. of Opp’n to Defs’ Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. [7], at 1.

         On October 31, 2012, Defendants timely filed a Notice of Removal, and removed the

case to this Court as a diversity action. See Notice of Removal, ECF No. [1]. On November 6,

2012, Defendants moved to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2),

12(b)(3), 12(b)(4), 12(b)(6), and 12(b)(7). See Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss & Mem. of P. & A. in

Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. [4]. Plaintiff filed her opposition on November 28, 2013, see



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Pl.’s Mem. in Supp. of Opp’n to Defs’ Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. [7]. Defendants filed their

reply on December 11, 2012. See Defs’ Reply Brief in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. [9].

       On December 11, 2012, Defendants moved, in the alternative, to transfer this action to

the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria Division, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1404(a) and

1406(a). On December 12, 2012, the Court denied-without-prejudice Defendants’ motion to

transfer venue due to Defendants’ failure to indicate, as required by Local Rule 7(m), whether

Defendants conferred with Plaintiff prior to filing the motion and whether Plaintiff opposed the

motion. See Min. Order (Dec. 12, 2012). Later that same day, December 12, 2012, Defendants

filed the amended motion to transfer venue that is presently before the Court, which includes the

requisite Rule 7(m) certification of consultation with opposing counsel.          See Defs’ Mem.

Plaintiff filed her opposition on January 2, 2013, see Pl.’s Opp’n, and Defendants filed their

reply on January 9, 2013, see Defs’ Reply.

                                        II. DISCUSSION

       Although Defendants have moved to dismiss for, inter alia, lack of personal jurisdiction,

the motion to transfer venue may be addressed first. See Sinochem Int’l Co. v. Malaysia Int’l

Shipping Co., 549 U.S. 422 (2007) (“[A] court need not resolve whether it has authority to

adjudicate the cause (subject-matter jurisdiction) or personal jurisdiction over the defendant if it

determines, in any event, a foreign tribunal is plainly the more suitable arbiter of the merits of

the case.”); accord Cheney v. IPD Analytics, LLC, 583 F. Supp. 2d 108, 117 (D.D.C. 2008)

(“Courts have discretion to resolve issues such as venue that do not affect the merits of the case,

without deciding the matter of personal jurisdiction.”) (citations omitted).

       Because the Court concludes that it should exercise its discretionary power to transfer

this case to the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria Division under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a), it



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need not and shall not reach the merits of Defendants’ arguments for dismissal.

A. Legal Standard

        Defendants move to transfer venue pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1404(a) and 1406(a). See

Defs’ Mem. Section 1404(a) governs the transfer of cases where venue is proper in the transferor

court but the court decides that transfer is warranted for the “convenience of the parties and

witnesses, in the interest of justice.” See 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). Section 1406(a) governs cases

where venue is improper in the transferor court, but instead of dismissing the action, the court

exercises its discretion to transfer to a district in which venue is proper. See id. § 1406(a).

        For purposes of this motion only, the Court shall assume that venue would be proper in

the United States District Court for the District of Columbia because transfer under Section

1404(a) presumes that the transferor court is a proper venue. Ukiah Adventist Hosp. v. F.T.C.,

981 F.2d 543, 546 (D.C. Cir. 1992). However, even if venue in the District of Columbia is not

proper in this case, transfer would nevertheless be appropriate under 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a).

Although the Section 1406(a) standard differs slightly from the Section 1404(a) standard for

transfer, a central consideration under both standards is “the interest of justice,” and the analysis

in this Memorandum Opinion satisfies that standard under either section. See Levin v. Majestik

Surface Corp., 654 F. Supp. 2d 12, 14 n.2 (D.D.C. 2009); Abecassis v. Wyatt, 669 F. Supp. 2d

130, 132 n.1 (D.D.C. 2009). Accordingly, the Court need not decide whether venue is proper in

this district.

        Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a), “[f]or the convenience of the parties and witnesses, in

the interest of justice, a district court may transfer any civil action to any other district or division

where it might have been brought[.]” Determining whether transfer is appropriate under Section

1404(a) calls for a two-part inquiry. The Court must first ask whether the transferee forum is one



                                                   4
where the action “might have been brought” originally. 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). If so, the Court

must next determine whether the movant has shown that the “convenience of the parties and

witnesses” and the “interest of justice” counsel in favor of transfer. Id.

       Under Section 1404(a), district courts have broad discretion to “adjudicate motions to

transfer according to individualized, case-by-case consideration of convenience and fairness.”

Reiffin v. Microsoft Corp., 104 F. Supp. 2d 48, 50 (D.D.C. 2000) (quoting Stewart Org., Inc. v.

Ricoh Corp., 487 U.S. 22, 27, 108 S. Ct. 2239 (1988)). This case-by-case consideration typically

involves a weighing of private and public interest factors. The private interest factors include: (1)

the plaintiff’s choice of forum; (2) the defendant’s choice of forum; (3) whether the claim arose

elsewhere; (4) the convenience of the parties; (5) the convenience of the witnesses of the plaintiff

and defendant; and (6) the ease of access to sources of proof. Trout Unlimited v. U.S. Dep’t of

Agric., 944 F. Supp. 13, 16 (D.D.C. 1996). The public interest factors include: (1) the

transferee’s familiarity with the governing laws; (2) the relative congestion of the transferee and

transferor courts; and (3) the local interest in deciding local controversies at home. Id. at 17.

       In the end, if the balance of private and public interests favors a transfer of venue, then

the Court may order a transfer. Importantly, the moving party has the burden of establishing that

a transfer is proper. Omyeneho v. Allstate Ins. Co., 466 F. Supp. 2d 1, 3 (D.D.C. 2006).

B. Analysis

       Regarding the threshold question of whether this action “might have been brought” in the

transferee forum, see U.S.C. § 1404(a), the Court concludes that venue may permissibly lie in the

Eastern District of Virginia. Plaintiff expressly concedes that this action may have been brought

in the Commonwealth of Virginia. See Pl’s Opp’n at 3. Indeed, the Eastern District of Virginia

would have had original diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a) because the matter in



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controversy exceeds $75,000 and is between citizens of different states. See Compl. ¶ 1; id. at 5;

Notice of Removal, ECF No. [1], at ¶¶ 6-7. 2 Further, Defendants represent that they will consent

to personal jurisdiction in Virginia. Finally, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b), venue is proper in

“a judicial district in which a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim

occurred[.]” Here, there is no dispute that the alleged negligence and injury occurred at a dialysis

center located in Arlington, Virginia, which is located in the Eastern District of Virginia. See 28

U.S.C. § 127(a).

       Having determined that this case “might have been brought” in the Eastern District of

Virginia, this Court shall next determine whether the “convenience of the parties and witnesses”

and the “interest of justice” support a transfer. See 28 U.S.C. 1404(a).

       1. Private Interest Factors

       The first three factors—plaintiff’s choice of venue, defendants’ choice of venue, and

where the claim arose—weigh in totality in favor of transfer. As Defendants accurately observe,

Plaintiff has alleged not a single relevant residence, employment, or healthcare connection to the

District of Columbia, and her claim arose from alleged negligence in Virginia.




2
  Defendants contend that they may not be proper defendants in this action and that another
entity – DVA Healthcare Renal Care, Inc. (which Defendants describe as a wholly owned,
indirect subsidiary of Defendant DaVita, Inc.) – may be the proper defendant. See Notice of
Removal, ECF No. [1], at 2 n.1; id. at 3, n.2. Plaintiff counters that she should be provided with
the opportunity to conduct discovery to determine the relationship between Defendants and DVA
Healthcare Renal, Inc. before any dismissal or substitution is ordered and that regardless, the
Court’s analysis regarding transfer should be limited to the named parties in this action. Pl.’s
Opp’n at 2-3. Ultimately, the Court need not resolve the parties’ dispute on this issue, as it
agrees with Plaintiff that the Court’s consideration of transfer should be limited to those entities
that are a party to this action. In any event, the Court notes that the addition or substitution of
DVA Healthcare Renal Care, Inc. as a party would not alter this Court’s determination regarding
the availability of diversity jurisdiction, as Plaintiff is a citizen of the state of Virginia, whereas
DVA Healthcare Renal Care, Inc. is a Nevada corporation with its principal place of business in
Colorado. See Notice of Removal, ECF No. [1], at 3, n.2; Def’s Mem. at 6.
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       It is true that Plaintiffs are ordinarily granted strong deference in their choice of venue.

DeLoach v. Philip Morris Cos., 132 F. Supp. 2d 22, 24 (D.D.C. 2000). However, “courts afford

substantially less deference to that choice where the plaintiff is not a resident of that forum or

where the claims lack substantial connections to that forum.” Abecassis, 669 F. Supp. 2d at 132.

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). See also Islamic Republic of Iran v. Boeing Co.,

477 F. Supp. 142, 144 (D.D.C. 1979) (noting that plaintiff’s choice of forum is given

“diminished consideration” where that forum “has no meaningful ties to the controversy and no

particular interest in the parties or subject matter.”) (internal citations omitted). Moreover,

“[d]eference to [a] plaintiff[’s] forum choice is diminished where, as here, transfer is sought to

the plaintiff[’s] resident forum.” Airport Working Grp. Orange Cnty v. U.S. Dep’t of Defense,

226 F. Supp. 2d 227, 230 (D.D.C. 2002) (citations omitted).

       Here, Plaintiff, who is a Virginia resident, brings claims arising from the purported

negligence of Defendants’ employee and Plaintiff’s resulting head injury—all of which are

alleged to have occurred at a dialysis treatment center located in Arlington, Virginia. Plaintiff’s

argument that venue is proper due to Defendants’ owning several dialysis centers in the District

of Columbia and advertising their services to District of Columbia residents on their website and

through electronic search engines, see Pl.’s Opp’n at 9, is simply not persuasive. This activity is

not a substantial part of the claims described in Plaintiff’s Complaint and is, in fact, not even

mentioned in the Complaint at all. See generally Compl. The Court finds equally unpersuasive

Plaintiff’s argument that she resides in an area that is familiarly known as the D.C. metro area

and specifically, a “mere eight miles” from this Court’s location. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 4. As

Defendants accurately retort, Plaintiff has cited no authority whatsoever for her “just over the

border” argument, see Defs’ Reply at 5, and this Court is aware of none.



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        Finally, “in determining where venue will lie in a tort action, courts generally look to

where the allegedly tortious actions occurred and … where the harms were felt.” Abecassis, 669

F. Supp. 2d at 133 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Here, again, all of the conduct

about which Plaintiff complains occurred at the dialysis center located in Arlington, Virginia and

is alleged to have resulted in physical injury to Plaintiff, a Virginia resident.

        The final three private interest factors—convenience of the parties, convenience of the

witnesses, and ease of access to sources of proof—are all in equipoise. See, e.g., King v. Navistar

Intern. Transp. Corp., 709 F. Supp. 261, 262 (D.D.C. 1989) (“[T]he convenience of the parties

and witnesses should not be disturbed by the transfer to this suit to the Eastern District of

Virginia because of the close proximity of the Eastern District of Virginia to the District of

Columbia.”); see also Bederson v. United States, 756 F. Supp. 2d 38, 48-50 (D.D.C. 2010)

(finding the latter three private interest factors to be neutral in a case where a defendant moved to

transfer to the District of Maryland). Accordingly, the court concludes that these three factors

militate neither for nor against transfer.

        In sum, this Court finds that the each of the private interest factors either weighs heavily

in favor of transfer or is neutral as to transfer. Accordingly, on the whole, the private interest

factors weigh in favor of transfer to the Eastern District of Virginia.

        2. Public Interest Factors

        The public interest factors similarly weigh in favor of transfer to the Eastern District of

Virginia. As stated above, the public interest factors include: (1) the transferee’s familiarity with

the governing laws; (2) the relative congestion of the transferee and transferor courts; and (3) the

local interest in deciding local controversies at home.




                                                   8
       The parties do not dispute that Virginia law will govern the dispute. Pl’s Opp’n to Defs.’

Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. [7] at ¶¶ 16-17. Moreover, this case will likely involve the

interpretation and application of Virginia procedural rules—specifically, the import of Virginia’s

“continuing treatment” doctrine on Defendants’ argument that Virginia’s two-year statute of

limitations has passed on Plaintiff’s negligence claim. These considerations strongly favor

transfer to the Eastern District of Virginia. Cf. Treppel v. Reason, 793 F. Supp. 2d 429 (D.D.C.

2011) (transferring case to Virginia when cause of action involved interpretation and application

of Virginia-specific procedural rules regarding shareholder derivative actions).

       Plaintiff contends that this Court is “extremely comfortable with Virginia negligence law

and has considered Virginia law in negligence actions many times.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 9. It is well-

established, however, that “the proper analysis of this public interest factor focuses on the

transferee court’s familiarity with the governing laws, not on the transferor court’s ability to

apply those laws.” See Treppel, 793 F. Supp. 2d at 439. “Hence, courts in this district often

transfer cases to the Eastern District of Virginia where the cases involve claims arising under

Virginia law, despite this Court’s ability to apply Virginia law.” Id. (citations omitted). Because

here, Plaintiff’s claim will turn exclusively on Virginia law, this factor strongly favors transfer to

the Eastern District of Virginia.

       The only argument either party has made regarding the relative congestion of the courts is

contained within Defendants’ reply memorandum. See Defs’. Reply at 13. The Court, however,

need not consider this argument raised for the first time in reply. See Am. Wildlands v.

Kempthorne, 530 F.3d 991, 1001 (D.C. Cir. 2008). In any event, the Court would likely find that

this factor is in equipoise. See Douglas v. Chariots for Hire, --- F. Supp. ---, 2013 WL 264368,




                                                  9
*8 (D.D.C. Jan. 24, 2013) (“A comparison of the relative docket congestion in the District of

Columbia and the Eastern District of Virginia is largely neutral with respect to transfer.”).

       Finally, the Eastern District of Virginia has a much stronger local interest in this case

than does the District of Columbia. The harm alleged in the Complaint occurred in the Eastern

District of Virginia to a resident of Virginia. Additionally, the Plaintiff was treated and continues

to be treated at the dialysis center in Arlington. See Pl.’s Mem. in Supp. of Opp’n to Defs’ Mot.

to Dismiss, ECF No. [7], at 8. While Plaintiff argues that the District of Columbia also has an

interest in deciding the dispute because Defendants advertise in the District of Columbia, see

Pl’s. Opp’n at 9, this alleged nexus simply does not stack up against the interest that the Eastern

District of Virginia maintains in adjudicating injuries occurring within its territorial jurisdiction.

Indeed, courts in this district consistently find that the transferee state has a considerably greater

interest in the controversy when the defendant injured the plaintiff in that state. See, e.g.,

McClamrock v. Eli Lily & Co., 267 F. Supp. 2d 33, 41-42 (D.D.C. 2003).

       For all of the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that the public interest factors also weigh

heavily in favor of transferring this action to the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria

Division.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       For the above stated reasons, Defendants’ [11] Amended Motion to Transfer Venue is

GRANTED. The Court shall, in an exercise of its discretion and pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §

1404(a), transfer this action to the Alexandria Division of the United States District Court for the

Eastern District of Virginia. Since the Court concludes that transfer to the Easter District of

Virginia is proper, it need not address the merits of Defendants’ arguments for dismissal.




                                                 10
Accordingly, the Defendants’ [4] Motion to Dismiss is DENIED-WITHOUT-PREJUDICE so

that Defendants may re-file it, if appropriate, upon transfer to the Eastern District of Virginia.

       An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

Date: April 10, 2013

                                                                      /s/
                                                       COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
                                                       United States District Judge




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