                United States Court of Appeals
                           For the Eighth Circuit
                       ___________________________

                               No. 14-1055
                       ___________________________

                       In re: Bowles Sub Parcel A, LLC

                            lllllllllllllllllllllDebtor

                           ------------------------------

                          Bowles Sub Parcel A, LLC

                           lllllllllllllllllllllAppellant

 CW Capital Asset Management LLC, as special servicer for Wells Fargo Bank,
  N.A., the trustee for the registered holders of J.P. Morgan Chase Commercial
Mortgage Securities Corporation Commercial Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates
                                  Series 2004-LN2

                           lllllllllllllllllllllAppellee
                       ___________________________

                               No. 14-1056
                       ___________________________

                       In re: Fenton Sub Parcel A, LLC

                            lllllllllllllllllllllDebtor

                           ------------------------------

                          Fenton Sub Parcel A, LLC

                           lllllllllllllllllllllAppellant
                                        v.

 CW Capital Asset Management LLC, as special servicer for Wells Fargo Bank,
  N.A., the trustee for the registered holders of J.P. Morgan Chase Commercial
Mortgage Securities Corporation Commercial Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates
                                  Series 2004-LN2

                           lllllllllllllllllllllAppellee
                       ___________________________

                               No. 14-1060
                       ___________________________

                       In re: Bowles Sub Parcel B, LLC

                            lllllllllllllllllllllDebtor

                           ------------------------------

                          Bowles Sub Parcel B, LLC

                           lllllllllllllllllllllAppellant

 CW Capital Asset Management LLC, as special servicer for Wells Fargo Bank,
  N.A., the trustee for the registered holders of J.P. Morgan Chase Commercial
Mortgage Securities Corporation Commercial Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates
                                  Series 2004-LN2

                           lllllllllllllllllllllAppellee
                       ___________________________

                               No. 14-1061
                       ___________________________

                       In re: Fenton Sub Parcel B, LLC

                            lllllllllllllllllllllDebtor

                                        -2-
                           ------------------------------

                          Fenton Sub Parcel B, LLC

                           lllllllllllllllllllllAppellant

                                        v.

 CW Capital Asset Management LLC, as special servicer for Wells Fargo Bank,
  N.A., the trustee for the registered holders of J.P. Morgan Chase Commercial
Mortgage Securities Corporation Commercial Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates
                                  Series 2004-LN2

                           lllllllllllllllllllllAppellee
                       ___________________________

                               No. 14-1064
                       ___________________________

                       In re: Bowles Sub Parcel C, LLC

                            lllllllllllllllllllllDebtor

                           ------------------------------

                          Bowles Sub Parcel C, LLC

                           lllllllllllllllllllllAppellant

                                        v.

 CW Capital Asset Management LLC, as special servicer for Wells Fargo Bank,
  N.A., the trustee for the registered holders of J.P. Morgan Chase Commercial
Mortgage Securities Corporation Commercial Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates
                                  Series 2004-LN2



                                        -3-
                           lllllllllllllllllllllAppellee
                       ___________________________

                               No. 14-1065
                       ___________________________

                       In re: Fenton Sub Parcel C, LLC

                             lllllllllllllllllllllDebtor

                           ------------------------------

                          Fenton Sub Parcel C, LLC

                           lllllllllllllllllllllAppellant

                                         v.

 CW Capital Asset Management LLC, as special servicer for Wells Fargo Bank,
  N.A., the trustee for the registered holders of J.P. Morgan Chase Commercial
Mortgage Securities Corporation Commercial Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates
                                  Series 2004-LN2

                            lllllllllllllllllllllAppellee
                                  ____________

                  Appeals from United States District Court
                  for the District of Minnesota - Minneapolis
                                 ____________

                         Submitted: February 12, 2015
                             Filed: July 1, 2015
                               ____________

Before GRUENDER, SHEPHERD, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                        ____________



                                        -4-
KELLY, Circuit Judge.

       In these six consolidated bankruptcy cases, we consider whether the
bankruptcy court1 erred in determining that a default-interest provision in a loan
agreement was a valid liquidated-damages provision under Minnesota law. Having
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §1291, we affirm.

       Appellants are six limited liability companies (collectively, Debtors). Debtors
own three “pools” of commercial and industrial real estate that are subject to
mortgages held by the Registered Holders of J.P. Morgan Chase Commercial
Mortgage Securities Corp., Commercial Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates, Series
2004-LN2 (the Trust).2 The Trust made three separate commercial loans to Debtors,
pursuant to three separate promissory notes (Notes), each with virtually identical
provisions except for the loan amounts, the collateral securing the loan, and other
related, loan-specific data. Relevant to this appeal, section 1.04(c) of the Notes
provided that upon a default, the interest rate on the remaining principal would be 5%
in addition to the non-default rate of 5.04%.

      In May 2011, Debtors defaulted on their loans; and in May 2012, they filed for
Chapter 11 protection in bankruptcy court. The Trust then filed a proof of claim for
default interest in the amount of $1,516,739.80. Debtors objected to the claim.

       On February 12, 2013, the bankruptcy court held a hearing on the objections,
and the Notes and other loan documents were admitted as evidence. Attorneys for
both the Trust and Debtors called witness Rakeesh Patel, CW Capitol’s assigned asset


      1
       The Honorable Kathleen H. Sanberg, United States Bankruptcy Judge for the
District of Minnesota.
      2
        The Trust is a mortgage-backed security trust. Debtors’ mortgages were sold
to the Trust, which in turn sold them to investors. The Trust represents the investors.

                                         -5-
manager for the loans.3 Patel testified about the expenses associated with a default
of a loan such as this one4 and said that the 5% default-interest rate was, in his
experience, consistent with the default-interest rate for loans of a similar type. He
also testified that, though he lacked personal knowledge of the circumstances
surrounding the signing of this particular loan, “there was no way to know what the
damage is [or] what the defaults would have been at that time.”

       Stephen Hoyt, the chief manager for Debtors, also testified. Hoyt said he was
a knowledgeable and sophisticated real estate investor with 33 years of experience
in commercial real estate. According to Hoyt, the additional 5% default interest
duplicated other costs associated with defaulting that Debtors were already paying the
Trust. These costs included attorneys’ fees, late fees, and the costs of administration
and enforcement. Hoyt opined that enforcing the default-interest provision would
result in “double debt paying, if not triple debt paying.” Patel expressly disagreed
and testified that the default interest did not duplicate other costs Debtors were
obligated to pay.

       Following the hearing, the bankruptcy court allowed the claim for default
interest, finding Debtors failed to rebut the presumption under Minnesota law that the
default-interest provision in the Notes was a valid liquidated-damages provision.
Debtors appealed to the district court. The district court affirmed,5 agreeing that
Debtors had not presented sufficient evidence to overcome the default-interest


      3
      After the loans defaulted, CW Capital was hired as special servicer. On
March 10, 2015, we were notified that Torchlight Loan Services, LLC has been
appointed as successor special servicer to CW Capital, effective May 20, 2014.
      4
      The Notes were sold as collateralized mortgage debt securities to the Trust.
The Trustee manages the securities on behalf of the investors.
      5
       The Honorable John R. Tunheim, United States District Court Judge for the
District of Minnesota.

                                         -6-
provision’s presumptive validity. In this timely appeal, Debtors argue the
default-interest provision is an unenforceable penalty under Minnesota law.

       “Though this case comes to us on appeal from the district court, we sit in
review of the bankruptcy court’s decision.” Tri-State Financial, LLC v. First Dakota
Nat’l Bank, 538 F.3d 920, 922 (8th Cir. 2008). As the second court of review, we
apply the same standards of review as the district court: “[W]e review the bankruptcy
court’s findings of fact for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo.” Id. at
923–24 (quotation omitted).

       First, Debtors assert the bankruptcy court misapplied Minnesota law6 because
it did not require the Trust to prove its actual damages. But Debtors misstate
Minnesota law concerning liquidated damages. “Generally, liquidated damages are
fixed sums payable to a party when actual damages are difficult to ascertain or
prove.” In re Qwest’s Wholesale Serv. Quality Standards, 702 N.W.2d 246, 262
(Minn. 2005). Under Minnesota law, liquidated damage provisions are presumed
valid. Gorco Constr. Co. v. Stein, 99 N.W.2d 69, 74 (Minn. 1959). To determine if
a provision is a valid liquidated damages provision or an impermissible penalty,
Minnesota courts consider whether (1) “the amount so fixed is a reasonable forecast
of just compensation for the harm that is caused by the breach”; and (2) “the harm
that is caused by the breach is one that is incapable or very difficult of accurate
estimation.” Id. at 74–75 (citing Restatement of Contracts § 339 (1932)). If these
conditions are met, a contract provision for liquidated damages can be enforced
without proving actual damages. Willgohs v. Buerman, 115 N.W.2d 59, 62 (Minn.
1962). Put another way, “where the actual damages resulting from a breach of the
contract cannot be ascertained or measured by the ordinary rules, a provision for

      6
       The parties agree Minnesota law applies. See In re Reuter, 686 F.3d 511, 515
(8th Cir. 2012) (“Creditors’ entitlements in bankruptcy arise in the first instance from
the underlying substantive law creating the debtors’s obligation . . . .” (quotation
omitted)).

                                          -7-
liquidated damages not manifestly disproportionate to the actual damages will be
sustained.” Gorco Const., 99 N.W.2d at 75. “The controlling factor . . . is whether
the amount agreed upon is reasonable or unreasonable in the light of the contract as
a whole, the nature of the damages contemplated, and the surrounding
circumstances.” Id. at 74.

       The language of the Notes themselves supports the stipulated damages
provision’s validity. See Meuwissen v. H.E. Westerman Lumber Co., 16 N.W.2d
546, 550 (Minn. 1944) (noting that to determine whether a liquidated damages
provision is valid, courts look at “the language of the contract itself and the facts and
circumstances under which it was made” (quotation omitted)). In the Notes, the
parties agreed “that it would be extremely difficult or impracticable to determine
Lender’s actual damages resulting from any late payment or default, and such late
charges and default interest are reasonable estimates of those damages and do not
constitute a penalty.” The bankruptcy court found that both parties to the Notes “are
sophisticated businesses knowledgeable about commercial lending practices.” See
Gorco Constr., 99 N.W.2d at 74 (explaining that, under Minnesota law, courts “look
with candor, if not with favor, upon a contact provision for liquidated damages when
entered into deliberately between parties who have equality of opportunity for
understanding and insisting upon their rights”). Debtors do not dispute this finding.

       Patel’s testimony corroborated the parties’ stipulation. He testified how the
default interest compensated the Trust for costs associated with a loan shifting from
a performing to a nonperforming loan, such as “the additional risk profile that the
loan takes on when it’s defaulted” and how such damages are “a little bit harder to put
a number behind.” Patel also testified that “there is no way to know what the damage
is [or] what the defaults would have been at the time [the Notes were executed.]”
Debtors offered no evidence to counter this testimony. Patel also testified that a
5% default-interest rate was, in his experience, consistent with the default-interest
rate included in loans similar to this one. Based on the evidence presented at the

                                          -8-
hearing, the bankruptcy court reasonably concluded that damages resulting from a
default of the loan would be “difficult and impracticable” to calculate. Because
liquidated damages are presumed valid under Minnesota law, it was Debtors’ burden
to show the provision was an unreasonable penalty. See Gorco Constr., 99 N.W.2d
at 74–75. We agree that Debtors failed to meet this burden.

       Debtors next argue the amount of default interest is greatly disproportionate to
the Trust’s actual damages because many of the costs the default interest purportedly
covers are already provided for in other provisions of the loan. But Patel’s testimony
directly countered this assertion. Patel testified that the default interest reimbursed
the Trust for costs incurred as a result of the default but not otherwise reimbursed,
including the special servicer’s salary expenses and overhead, vendor expenses,
attorney fees, appraisals, and travel expenses. Patel also testified the Trust and master
servicer had advanced principal and interest to bondholders while the Notes were in
default. Patel testified the costs and advances totaled $1,798,377.85—an amount
greater than the default interest. Debtors offered no evidence to rebut Patel’s
testimony that the default-interest provision did not duplicate other obligations they
were paying under the Notes. Debtors thus have failed to show the liquidated
damages in this case were “manifestly disproportionate to the actual damages” on
these grounds. See Gorco Constr., 99 N.W.2d at 75.

       Finally, Debtors assert that the bankruptcy court erred in allowing the default
interest because actual damages for breach of a promissory note are always
ascertainable. See LeFavor v. Stuebner, A04-509, 2004 WL 2283538, at *2 (Minn.
Ct. App. Oct. 12, 2004) (“It is well established that when the breached contract
involves only the payment of money, the damages are susceptible of definite
measurement.”); see also McGuckin v. Harvey, 225 N.W. 19, 19 (Minn. 1929);
Maudlin v. Am. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 65 N.W. 645, 649 (Minn. 1896). But the cases
cited by Debtors do not concern the type of loan at issue here. The loans in this case
are securitized commercial loans held by the Trust and sold to investors. A default

                                          -9-
on this type of loan has unique costs that are difficult to quantify, including the
increased risk of lending to a defaulted borrower. Based on the evidence presented
in this case, the bankruptcy court did not err in concluding that for these Notes, the
actual damages were not in fact readily ascertainable.

      We affirm the judgment of the bankruptcy court.
                      ______________________________




                                        -10-
