                     United States Court of Appeals
                         FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                 No. 06-1801
                                 ___________

Thomas Carrington,                    *
                                      *
            Plaintiff-Appellant,      *
                                      * Appeal from the United States
      v.                              * District Court for the Southern
                                      * District of Iowa.
City of Des Moines, Iowa,             *
                                      *
            Defendant-Appellee.       *
                                 ___________

                            Submitted: December 15, 2006
                               Filed: April 6, 2007
                                ___________

Before BYE, COLLOTON, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

BENTON, Circuit Judge.

      Thomas Marcus Carrington claims that the City of Des Moines discriminated
against him because of his race while he was a City employee. See IOWA CODE §
216.6(1)(a); 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1983, 2000e-2(a)(1). Carrington also contends he
was reprimanded, and ultimately fired, for opposing this discrimination. See IOWA
CODE § 216.11(2); 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). The district court1 granted the City
summary judgment. Carrington appeals. This court affirms.


      1
         The Honorable Thomas J. Shields, Chief Magistrate Judge, United States
District Court for the Southern District of Iowa.
                                          I.

       Carrington, an African-American, began working for the Public Works
Department in 1999. The Department issued him a "Written Reminder" in April 2002.
Specifically, Rick Powell (his immediate supervisor) alleged that Carrington called
him an "ignorant simple minded prejudice [sic] mother f_____." Carrington denies
saying this, claiming that Powell called him "lazy." Their supervisor visited
Carrington's job location to discuss the incident, but Carrington was not there. He was
not found at two other sites, either. A subsequent investigation questioned the quality
and quantity of his work. When Carrington completed his assignment later that week,
the supervisor reported that "the workmanship is poor and the manhole is still above
grade. The work will need to be redone." After two pre-disciplinary hearings, the
Public Works Director sent him the "written reminder of our expectations concerning
your contributions as a sewer maintenance worker."

       In September 2002, Carrington transferred to the Housing Services Department
as a custodian for the City's public housing apartments. In November, he received a
"verbal reprimand for leaving work early" without permission on October 25. In a
letter summarizing the hearing, Michael E. Matthes, then Acting Director of the
Housing Agency, noted that "a significant communication problem exists between you
[Carrington] and your co-workers." Matthes scheduled a meeting "to attempt to find
a way for all of you to communicate so that conflict is avoided in the future, and to
repair your working relationship."

      On the morning of June 17, 2003, a resident at one of Carrington's facilities,
East View Manor, complained to the City that the hallways had not been cleaned
properly and were "a disgrace." Dwight T. Blumhorst, Carrington’s supervisor,
radioed him to discuss the situation. Blumhorst says that Carrington refused to clean
East View and "started yelling." Carrington claims that Blumhorst was abusive
toward him. Matthes investigated East View that afternoon, finding garbage un-

                                         -2-
emptied, bathrooms un-cleaned, and one wing un-vacuumed. Matthes reviewed the
surveillance tapes, finding Carrington absent without permission for more than 30
minutes on June 17.

      On June 20, Matthes sent Carrington a letter scheduling a pre-disciplinary
hearing for June 26. Carrington requested that Willie Robinson, the City's Equal
Opportunity Administrator, attend, so Matthes re-scheduled it for June 30. At the
hearing, Matthes found that he left work without permission, claimed to work when
he did not, failed to perform assigned work, and failed to "provide proper care and
maintenance." Matthes suspended him for one day without pay.

      Carrington says that Robinson "found that there was nothing to suggest Mr.
Carrington had done anything wrong in June of 2003." Robinson's actual memo,
however, is more nuanced: "Most of the evidence appears to support Carrington's
contention that he was not aware that cleaning East View Manor was his
responsibility." Robinson added, "I cannot establish that Carrington was absent from
work without approval on June 17." Carrington appealed to the Des Moines Civil
Service Commission, which (after a hearing, where Robinson testified) upheld the
suspension.

       On March 11, 2004, Carrington interfered with an eviction at Royal View
Manor. His job description does not mention evictions, and he had never been
involved in one. Carrington admits that he "wasn't supposed to help" and did not get
permission from Blumhorst. Moreover, Blumhorst recently had told Carrington, in
Matthes's presence, "not to interject yourself into tenant disputes or issues" and "not
to engage in police type action". According to surveillance tapes, Carrington took a
resident's table and chair from the curb and loaded them in a City pickup. The tape
also shows him moving two chairs bound for the curb back into the building. After
an investigation, two pre-disciplinary hearings, and because of his past disciplinary



                                         -3-
record, on April 27 Chris Johansen (who replaced Matthes as Director of the Housing
Services Department) fired Carrington under the City's progressive discipline policy.

       Between March 2002 and April 2004, Carrington wrote numerous letters and
memoranda complaining of mistreatment by supervisors and co-workers, and asking
the City to investigate. Some letters plainly allege racial discrimination; others do not.
Carrington verbally complained to Willie Robinson about discrimination in November
2002, but withdrew the complaint. He approached Robinson again in May 2003.
Carrington wrote a memo to Matthes and Johansen, announcing that he was "starting
the process to file an official harassment and discrimination complaint" against
Blumhorst, which he brought to the June 30 pre-disciplinary hearing. Carrington and
Matthes discussed the memo, and agreed that Matthes could "table" his investigation
of the allegations.

       Carrington filed two formal complaints with the Iowa Civil Rights Commission
and the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission – on June 20, 2003, and
April 5, 2004. On April 27, Carrington amended the latter complaint to document his
termination that day. The ICRC closed both complaints. The EEOC issued right-to-
sue letters for both. Carrington attacks the City for failing to investigate, alleging a
causal relationship between the complaints and the disciplinary actions.

                                            II.

       "Summary judgment is appropriate when the evidence, viewed in a light most
favorable to the non-moving party, demonstrates that there is no genuine issue of
material fact, and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law."
Clark v. Kellogg Co., 205 F.3d 1079, 1082 (8th Cir. 2000); FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c).
"We review a district court's grant of summary judgment de novo, drawing all
reasonable inferences, without resort to speculation, in favor of the non-moving
party." Johnson v. Ready Mixed Concrete Co., 424 F.3d 806, 810 (8th Cir. 2005).

                                           -4-
                                            III.

      The only issue on appeal is Carrington's retaliation claim.

       In the absence of direct evidence, the burden-shifting framework of McDonnell
Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), governs retaliation claims. See
Womack v. Munson, 619 F.2d 1292, 1296 (8th Cir. 1980). First, Carrington must
make a prima facie case: 1) he engaged in protected conduct; 2) a reasonable
employee would have found the challenged action materially adverse; and, 3) the
materially adverse action was causally linked to the protected conduct. Higgins v.
Gonzales, 2007 WL 817505, at *8 (8th Cir. Mar. 20, 2007). The second prong is
"objective, requiring us to consider whether a reasonable employee in the plaintiff's
position might have been dissuaded from making a discrimination claim because of
the employer's retaliatory actions." Id. (citing Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. v.
White, 126 S.Ct. 2405, 2412-13 (2006)).

       If Carrington makes a prima facie case, then the City must "articulate a
legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the dismissal." Womack, 619 F.2d at 1296.
The burden then shifts back to Carrington to show "the proffered justification was in
fact a pretext, a cover up for retaliation." Id.

      At summary judgment, the moving party (here, the City) carries "the ultimate
burden of proof . . . to establish that there are no material facts in dispute and that, as
a matter of law, the movant is entitled to judgment." Oldham v. West, 47 F.3d 985,
988 (8th Cir. 1995). As to Carrington, the plaintiff and non-moving party, "Rule 56(c)
mandates the entry of summary judgment, after adequate time for discovery and upon
motion, against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the
existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear
the burden of proof at trial." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).



                                           -5-
       It is undisputed that Carrington’s numerous verbal and written complaints of
discrimination are protected activity. He was fired, so the second prong is also
satisfied. The issue is whether the adverse employment actions were causally related
to the protected activity.

       Carrington has no direct evidence of this. Rather, he characterizes the facts as
"a pattern of protected activity and discipline." Specifically, he summarizes:

      Mr. Carrington made at least three complaints of discrimination and
      retaliation. They were all followed by progressive levels of discipline
      that included two of the three decision-makers that fired Mr. Carrington.

       The timeline in this case does not support an inference of causation. Carrington
consistently engaged in protected activity after supervisors began to investigate his
job performance. "Evidence of an employer's concerns about an employee's
performance before the employee's protected activity undercuts a finding of
causation." Kasper v. Federated Mut. Ins. Co., 425 F.3d 496, 504 (8th Cir. 2005).
And "post-hoc complaints did not without more raise a retaliation bar to the proposed
discipline because 'the anti-discrimination statutes do not insulate an employee from
discipline for violating the employer's rules or disrupting the workplace.' Indeed,
complaining of discrimination in response to a charge of workplace misconduct is an
abuse of the anti-retaliation remedy." Griffith v. City of Des Moines, 387 F.3d 733,
738 (8th Cir. 2004).

       First, Carrington presented the City with a statement on March 19, 2002,
alleging "harassment" and "retaliation." This was after the City began investigating
his job performance (March 4), and after the first of two pre-disciplinary hearings
(March 13).

      Next, Carrington verbally complained to Robinson, the EEO officer, in the fall
of 2002 about discrimination by Blumhorst. Robinson encouraged him to discuss it

                                         -6-
with Matthes. By his own account, Carrington spoke with Matthes "several days"
before receiving the November 7 letter scheduling a pre-disciplinary hearing for
leaving work early on October 25. But e-mails show Matthes decided ten days earlier
(October 28), "this will probably require a disciplinary hearing." After the hearing,
Carrington replied to the "verbal reprimand" with a letter reiterating his
"discrimination" claims.

      In early May 2003, Carrington spoke to Robinson again about discrimination
by Blumhorst. On June 17, a resident complained that a hallway was "a disgrace."
On June 20, Matthes scheduled the pre-disciplinary hearing that resulted in a one-day
suspension. Also on June 20, Carrington filed a complaint with the Iowa Civil Rights
Commission, citing the scheduled pre-disciplinary hearing as the most recent act of
discrimination. On June 23, he delivered a protected memo to the City's Human
Resources Department. He authored a memo dated June 19 – alleging "harassment"
against Blumhorst and notifying Matthes and Johansen of his ICRC complaint – that
was not delivered to Matthes until the June 30 hearing. Carrington responded to the
suspension with a letter charging racial discrimination.

       Finally, on March 22, 2004, the City notified Carrington of a pre-disciplinary
hearing to discuss the March 11 eviction. A hearing was held March 23, and a second
April 8. Between the hearings, he delivered two protected memoranda to Johansen
(March 25, March 26), and another after the second hearing (April 13). Carrington
filed another ICRC complaint (April 5), amending it the day he was fired (April 27).

       This timeline does not support an inference of causation between the protected
activity and the adverse employment actions taken by the City. "An inference of a
causal connection between a charge of discrimination and [an adverse employment
action] can be drawn from the timing of the two events, but in general more than a
temporal connection is required to present a genuine factual issue on retaliation."
Arraleh v. County of Ramsey, 461 F.3d 967, 977 (8th Cir. 2006) (alteration in

                                         -7-
original). Carrington has no additional evidence. His performance and discipline
issues further undercut inferring causation. See Kasper, 425 F.3d at 504. The City
has established that he cannot make a prima facie case of retaliation as required by
McDonnell Douglas. Rule 56 mandates summary judgment against Carrington,
because he cannot make his case at trial. See Catrett, 477 U.S. at 322. Viewing the
record most favorably to Carrington, the district court properly entered summary
judgment for the City.

                                           IV.

       The district court "declined to make a quantum leap to find that Carrington's
termination in 2004, was causally related to either his race or because he was
exercising his statutorily protected right to voice, and write, complaints about what he
perceived to be discrimination in the City's housing department." Carrington alleges
that to reach this conclusion, the court applied "a different standard to the analysis of
the facts for Summary Judgment than what the Jury will see at trial." He proposes that
if he can "show a question of fact" on whether "retaliation was a motivating factor,"
then he should survive summary judgment.

       Under Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228 (1989), "if the plaintiff
produces direct evidence that an illegitimate criterion, such as gender, 'played a
motivating part in [the] employment decision,'" then "the burden shifts to the
employer to demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the employer would
have reached the same employment decision absent any discrimination." Cronquist
v. City of Minneapolis, 237 F.3d 920, 924 (8th Cir. 2001) (alteration in original).
"[T]he employer's burden is most appropriately deemed an affirmative defense: the
plaintiff must persuade the fact finder on one point, and then the employer, if it wishes
to prevail, must persuade it on another." Price Waterhouse, 490 U.S. at 246. Price
Waterhouse was "superseded in part by the Civil Rights Act of 1991," so that "a Title
VII plaintiff who shows that an impermissible factor motivated an adverse

                                          -8-
employment action could receive some relief, including attorney's fees, even if the
employer were to prevail on its dual motive defense." Norbeck v. Basin Elec. Power
Coop., 215 F.3d 848, 852 (8th Cir. 2000). See also 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m).

      But Price Waterhouse (and the other cases Carrington cites to support his
motivating-factor theory) focuses on discrimination, not retaliation. This Court held
in Norbeck, 215 F.3d at 852, that 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m) – which Carrington cites
– does not apply to retaliation claims.

       Under McDonnell Douglas, if Carrington makes a prima facie case of
retaliation (he does not) that the City rebuts with a legitimate, non-discriminatory
reason, then he "can avoid summary judgment only if the evidence in its entirety (1)
creates a fact issue as to whether the employer's proffered reasons are pretextual and
(2) creates a reasonable inference that [a prohibited motive] was a determinative
factor in the adverse employment decision." Cronquist, 237 F.3d at 926 (emphasis
added) (alteration in original). At summary judgment, Carrington must show a
"genuine issue of material fact" that the City's stated reason for the discharge is
pretextual and that retaliation was a determinative – not merely a motivating – factor.
The record does not support such an inference, and this court declines to adopt
Carrington's weakened standard.

        Carrington believes this court's jury instructions require proof that "the
plaintiff's complaint was a motivating factor in the defendant's decision to discharge
the plaintiff." See 8TH CIR. CIVIL JURY INSTR. 5.62 (2007). Section 5.96 says, "the
plaintiff's (sex, gender, race, national origin, disability) was a 'motivating factor,' if the
plaintiff's (sex, gender, race, national origin, disability) played a part [or a role]" in the
adverse employment action. The Notes on Use for section 5.96 refer to Hazen Paper
Co. v. Biggins, 507 U.S. 604, 610 (1993): "Whatever the employer's decisionmaking
process, a disparate treatment claim cannot succeed unless the employee's protected
trait actually played a role in that process and had a determinative influence on the

                                             -9-
outcome." (emphasis added). The 5.96 Comments continue, "'Motivating' is often
used in a direct evidence, mixed-motive case brought under Price Waterhouse . . ..
'Determining factor' is appropriate in an indirect evidence, pretext case brought under
the decisional format of McDonnell Douglas". And the Notes on Use for the
introductory section 5.01 refer to the "determining factor/McDonnell Douglas format."
The district court correctly applied the law to Carrington's retaliation claim, using the
same standard a jury would have used.2

                                           V.

       Carrington attacks the district court for ruling on his discrimination claim,
which he claims was voluntarily dismissed. There is no record of such a dismissal,
and the City contests his right to "unilaterally dismiss his race discrimination and
hostile work environment claims after the City had moved for summary judgment."
See FED. R. CIV. P. 41(a). He also criticizes the City for failing to investigate his
complaints, but he does not relate this to his retaliation claim. Carrington has waived
any issue about his discrimination claim on appeal.

                                           VI.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

                        ______________________________




      2
        Carrington also argues that the district court improperly "require[d] a finding
of discrimination or harassment as an element of the retaliation case." On the
contrary, the district court did not conflate the two.

                                          -10-
