               ARMED SERVICES BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS

Appeal of --                                )
                                            )
PAW & Associates, LLC                       )      ASBCA No. 58534
                                            )
Under Contract No. W9133L-08-D-0010         )

APPEARANCE FOR THE APPELLANT:                      Mr. Paul A. Weaver, Jr.
                                                    President & CEO

APPEARANCES FOR THE GOVERNMENT:                    Raymond M. Saunders, Esq.
                                                    Army Chief Trial Attorney
                                                   CPT Ahsan M. Nasar, JA
                                                   Brian E. Bentley, Esq.
                                                    Trial Attorneys

                 OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE WDGE JAMES

        The captioned appeal arose from the contracting officer's (CO's) 9 November
2012 decision denying the 5 October 2012 claim of PAW & Associates, LLC (PAW).
PA W's claim alleged that the government (i) did not fairly and honestly evaluate
PA W's April 2012 task order proposal; (ii) did not award PAW a task order under the
captioned contract, and (iii) improperly divulged to PA W's competitors proprietary
information contained in PAW' s proposal. The Board has jurisdiction of the appeal
under the Contract Disputes Act of 1978, 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101-7109. In July 2013 the
government moved for summary judgment on issue (ii), and to dismiss issues
(i) and (iii) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Our 22 November 2013 decision
granted summary judgment to the government on issue (ii) and denied its motion on
issues (i) and (iii). PAW & Associates, LLC, ASBCA No. 58534, 13 BCA ~ 35,462 at
173,908. After a 2Yi day hearing at the Board, the parties submitted post-hearing and
reply briefs on issues (i) and (iii). The Board is to decide both entitlement and
quantum (tr. 1110).

                                FINDINGS OF FACT

        1. Mr. Paul A. Weaver, Jr., is the president, CEO and sole employee of PAW
(tr. 2/149-51). Mr. David J. Lynch, Jr., is the president of Drake Oversight Project
Services, LLC (Drake), and has 30 years experience in government contracting, some
of which was as a CO (tr. 1125, 50, 137, 146, 161-62, 165, 204).

     2. Effective 22 April 2008 the U.S. Army National Guard Bureau (NGB)
CO Christine Pettigrew awarded multiple award, indefinite delivery, indefinite
quantity (IDIQ) Contract No. W9133L-08-D-OO 10 (the contract) to PAW for subject
matter expert support services (R4, tab 1 at 1-2, 16, 28). CO Pettigrew also awarded
contracts for subject matter expert support services to two other contractors. PAW &
Associates, 13 BCA ~ 35,462 at 173,906, SOF ~ 17 n.2.

       3. Contract section B, Supplies or Services and Prices, provided for a
performance period of a base year and four one-year options. Each such period had
three contract line item numbers (CLINs). The base year included CLIN 0001,
Subject Matter Expert support; CLIN 0002, Other Direct Cost/Travel; and CLIN 0003,
Contingency Plan/Overtime Cost. The four options each included three CLINs for
those three services. (R4, tab 1 at 2-9)

       4. Contract section F, Deliveries or Performance, specified the following
periods of performance (POP) for the base and option years:

              Year          POP From-To                        CLINs

              Base Year     22 APR 2008 to 21 APR 2009         All
              Option 1      22 APR 2009 to 21APR2010           All
              Option 2      22 APR 2010 to 21MAR2011           2001
                    "   "   22 APR 2010 to 21APR2011           200212003
              Option 3      22 APR 2011to21APR2012             All
              Option 4      22 APR 2012 to 21APR2013           All

(R4, tab I at 20-21)

       5. Contract clause H-10, Exercise of Options, provided:

              [T]he Government may elect to extend the term of the
              contract by exercising its unilateral right to do so. When
              exercising such right pursuant to clause 52.217-9, an
              Option to Extend the Term of the Contract (MAR 2000),
              the Government will exercise the options as identified in
              the schedule "Section B".

(R4, tab I at 27)

      6. The contract included the: (a) FAR 52.212-4, CONTRACT TERMS AND
CONDITIONS-COMMERCIAL ITEMS (FEB 2007) clause, which provided in pertinent
part:

                    (d) Disputes. This contract is subject to the
              Contract Disputes Act of 1978, as amended [CDA, now


                                           2
             41 U.S.C. §§ 7101-7109]. Failure of the parties to this
             contract to reach agreement on any request for equitable
             adjustment, claim, appeal or action arising under or
             relating to this contract shall be a dispute to be resolved in
             accordance with the clause at FAR 52.233-1, Disputes,
             which is incorporated herein by reference.

and (b) FAR 52.216-18, ORDERING (OCT 1995) clauses in section H-13 and in section
I that were identical, except for the last phrase in i! (a), which provided:

                     (a) Any supplies and services to be furnished under
             this contract shall be ordered by issuance of task orders by
             the individuals or activities designated in the contract.
             Such orders may be issued from date of contract award
             though expiration of the contract. [The italicized phrase is
             in the section H-13 version. The section I version stated:
             Date of Award through 21April2013].

       7. Since the fourth option expired on 21April2013 (finding 4), we find that
these Ordering clauses were consistent. The contract did not set forth procedures for
the government to provide fair opportunity to contractors to compete for task order
awards or expressly require the government to safeguard proprietary contractor
information.

      8. The contract included the FAR 52.217-9, OPTION TO EXTEND THE TERM OF
THE CONTRACT (MAR 2000) clause, which provided in pertinent part:

             (a) The Government may extend the term of this contract
             by written notice to the Contractor within 30 days;
             provided that the Government gives the Contractor a
             preliminary written notice of its intent to extend at least
             60 days before the contract expires. The preliminary
             notice does not commit the Government to an extension.

The contract included no Rights in Data clause prescribed by FAR 27.409. (R4, tab 1
at 28-41)

         9. Effective 1 October 2008, bilateral contract Modification No. P00003
(Mod. 3), signed by "David Lynch FOR PAUL WEAVER" on 29 August 2008
and by CO Pettigrew on 2 September 2008, stated that the government exercised
its first option year for CLINs 1001, 1002 and 1003. Mod. 3 "extend[ed] the terms
of the contract for the period of 1 October 2008 through 30 September 2009" and



                                            3
changed the Delivery Schedule for CLINs 1001-1003 "from [sic] ... POP 01-0CT-2008
TO 30-SEP-2009." (R4, tab 4 at 1-4; ex. A-51 at 1-2; tr. 3/34-36)

        10. Effective 16 July 2009, unilateral contract Modification No. P00004
(Mod. 4), signed by CO LTC James A. Helm on 31 August 2009, exercised option
year 2, CLINs 2001, 2002 and 2003, by which the "Government hereby ... extend[s] the
terms of the contract for the period of 1October2009 through 30 September 2010"
(R4, tab 5 at 1-2, 6; ex. A-52).

       11. Effective 19 August 2010, bilateral contract Modification No. P00006
(Mod. 6), signed by "David Lynch FOR P. WEAVER" on 23 August 2010 and by
CO Pettigrew on 1 September 2010, exercised option year 3 "for CLIN(s] 3001, 3002
and 3003" for "POP 01-0CT-2010 TO 30-SEP-2011" (R4, tab 7 at 1-3, 5; ex. A-53
at 1).

        12. On 30 September 2010, the last day of option year 2 as amended by Mod. 4
(finding 10), NGB issued contract Task Order No. 0011 (TO 11) to PAW, apparently
non-competitively (tr. 1/202; R4, tab 9 at 1). TO 11 's section B included PAW's
27 September 2010 Performance Plan for Domestic Social, Technical, Environmental,
Economic and Political (D-STEEP) Research which plan included the following
restrictive legend set forth in FAR 15.609(a) for unsolicited proposals:

                             Use and Disclosure of Data

             This proposal includes data that shall not be disclosed
             outside the Government and shall not be duplicated, used,
             or disclosed - in whole or in part - for any purpose other
             than to evaluate this proposal. However, if a contract is
             awarded to this Offeror as a result of - or in connection
             with - the submission of these data, the Government shall
             have the right to duplicate, use, or disclose the data to the
             extent provided in the resulting contract. This restriction
             does not limit the Government's right to use information
             contained in these data if they are obtained from another
             source without restriction. The data subject to this
             restriction are contained in Sheets 1 to 33.

NGB added CLINs 3002 and 3004 to the Performance Plan and set forth POP
"30-SEP-2010 TO 30-APR-2011" for them. (R4, tab 9 at 33-34, 36; ex. A-4 at 1)

       13. PA W's 11October2010 "Research Plan Domestic Social Trends"
submitted under TO 11 on the 11th day of option year 3 as amended by Mod. 6
(finding 11), addressed five STEEP perspectives in the 2015-2020 timeframe and used


                                           4
the term "Key Past Results Indicators" without a restrictive or proprietary legend
(ex. A-9at1, 3, 5-6).

       14. PA W's 10 December 2010 and 11 April 2011 monthly status reports
under TO 11 included the term "Catalyst®" with no restrictive or proprietary legend
(ex. A-11 at 3, ex. A-12 at 3).

        15. On 9 September 2011 NGB requested PAW to submit a detailed technical
proposal for research and analysis to forecast projected D-STEEP issues (ex. A-34
at 2). PA W's 22 September 2011 email and letter to NGB sent a 23 September 2011
proposal titled, "Performance Plan for National Guard Future Missions and Mission
Sets (Research Plan Preparation)," including the same restrictive legend as it submitted
on 27 September 2010 except for the final words "Sheets 1 to 7" (ex. A-41 at 5).

        16. After a competition among IDIQ contract awardees (tr. 11201-02, 2/32),
NGB CO, MAJ Nicole Clark, issued Task Order No. 0014 (TO 14) to PAW on
30 September 2011, the last day in option year 3 as amended in Mod. 6 (finding 11),
for five research plans to "be used to examine conditions which would affect the
decisions of the National Guard Senior Leadership relative to future missions" with
delivery 90 days after TO 14 was issued (R4, tab 11 at 1, 3-4).

        17. PAW submitted to NGB under TO 14 a 217-page Research Plan dated
19 October 2011, that used the terms "STEEP" and "key indicator/driver" with no
restrictive legend (R4, tab 31). Ms. Phyllis Brantley, NGB's Chief of Diversity and
Special Emphasis Programs, received PA W's Research Plan on 3 October 2011, the
third day of option year 3 as amended (finding 9 ), and accepted it on 19 October 2011
"as a final deliverable" (ex. A-44).

         18. Mr. Lynch's 29 March 2012 email to Ms. Brantley sent an "Estimated
Basis of Estimate" of Drake Project Oversight Services for a six-month research
effort for $697,879.18 and a three-month option for $353,991.40 (amounts based on
proposed hours and rates), and included a restrictive legend the same as that sent on
27 September 2010 (finding 12) except for the concluding words "Sheets 1 to 3"
(R4, tab 12 at 1-6). Mr. Lynch's 30 March 2012 email to Ms. Brantley attached a
"PERFORMANCE WORK STATEMENT [PWS] National Guard Bureau Future
Missions and Mission Sets Follow-on Contract" that stated: "Preparing Organization:
National Guard Bureau" and which included no restrictive legend. The PWS
provided, inter alia: "The research conducted by the [contractor] follows the research
plans [delivered under TO 14] ... for the investigation into conditions existing within
the period 2022-2027 for which the National Guard Senior Leadership must begin
planning to contend with and (or) capitalize upon." (R4, tab 12 at 7-8, 10, 12
ii 5.1.1.1; tr. 1/88)


                                           5
        19. NGB CO Lisa Loverde's 17 April 2012 email to PAW requested a
technical and price proposal for a "STEEP Task Order," attached Drake's performance
work statement and stated: "I have Drake's proposal but I can't accept a proposal with
their letterhead because our contract will be with PAW. Please reformat and present
as a PAW document." (R4, tab 16 at 1) That proposal was to be under PAW's IDIQ
contract on a non-competitive basis (tr. 2/32-34).

       20. On 18 April 2012 Paul Weaver and David Lynch signed a
"TEAMING AGREEMENT" to submit and pursue an order under Contract
No. W9133L-08-D-0010 to perform "the Research and Analysis phases ofDRAKE's
process for forecasting future recruitment and training requirements for the NGB."
This agreement provided, inter alia, that if PAW were issued an order, it would
renegotiate a subcontract with Drake, that PAW would function as the "Prime
Contractor" and would "identify Drake as a subcontractor." (Bd. order of 2 February
2015; PAW's 2 January 2015 ltr. No. 001-2015, encl. D-3, attach.Bat 1) The appeal
record includes no PAW-Drake subcontract.

        21. Effective 19 April 2012, bilateral contract Modification No. P00008 (Mod. 8),
signed by "David Lynch FOR P. WEA VER" and by CO Christine Pettigrew respectively
on 19 and 20 April 2012, stated: "The Government hereby exercise[ s] it[ s] unilateral
rights to extend the terms of the contract for the period of 22 APRIL 2012 through 21
APR[IL] 2013" for option year 4 CLINs 4001-4003 (R4, tab 17 at 1-2, 5).

       22. On 24 April 2012 PAW sent CO Loverde a proposed "STEEP Follow-on" task
order on PAW' s letterhead pursuant to her 17 April 2012 request. The proposal cited
"Solicitation No. W9133L-R-l l-OOXX" and "Task Order No. W9133L-08-D-0010/XXX"
and contained a restrictive legend the same as that sent on 27 September 2010 (finding 12),
except for the concluding words "Sheets 1 to 30" (R4, tab 18 at 1-2, 4). According to
Mr. Lynch, Drake owns allegedly proprietary information and trade secrets in PA W's
24 April 2012 proposal to NGB (tr. 11146-47).

        23. On 10 May 2012 NGB advised Drake and PAW concerning the STEEP
project that the procurement was on hold until the program office had time to develop
its requirements more fully (R4, tab 23 at 1). On that same date NGB formed a "Tiger
Team" of experts in diversity and data bases to review and evaluate PAW' s STEEP
proposal and deliverables (tr. 2/116-17).

       24. After Mr. Lynch expressed concern to Brig. Gen. (BG) William R. Burks,
Chairman ofNGB's Joint Diversity Executive Council on 28 May 2012 about NGB's
"on-hold" of his STEEP task order proposal, BG Burks told Mr. Lynch, "[t]he
deliverables are the issue." On 28 May 2012 Mr. Lynch sent BG Burks a statement of
deliverables for "Catalyst Maps," "Research DATA," "Integrated Catalyst Map" and
"Refined Research Data," which contained no restrictive legend. (Ex. A-87, ~ 8,


                                           6
ex. A-89 at 1-5) BG Burks forwarded those deliverables to Ms. Brantley and others on
29 and 31 May 2012, without identifying their source, without substantive changes and
without any restrictive legend with respect to STEEP and "Catalyst Maps" (ex. A-29
at 1-3, ex. A-87, i! 11, exs. A-90 to A-92 at 10, 16, 27, 34-41, ex. A-97; tr. 2/120).

        25. From May through August 2012 NGB reviewed PA W's 24 April 2012
proposal with respect to the proposed database accessible to the 50 state National
Guard Adjutant Generals, the lack of specified deliverables, and whether NGB had
the in-house capability to perform any of the proposed tasks (exs. A-62, -64, -68, -71
to -73, -89 at l; tr. 1195-96, 2/19, 24, 36, 43, 75-78).

       26. On 17 July 2012 Ms. Brantley recommended to CO Clark to cancel the
STEEP requirement because much of its proposed information was in military data
bases (ex. A-68 at 1, 5-6).

       27. CO Clark's 28 August 2012 email to Paul Weaver stated:

              During the latest research we were performing on contract
              W9133L-08-D-0010, in order to issue a task order for the
              STEEP requirement that the NGB EO/Diversity office is
              currently trying to pursue, we just recently discovered this
              contract is no longer valid. It appears Option Year Four
              was exercised after the period of performance had expired.
              Option Year Three carried the contract through
              September 30, 2011, but Option Year Four was not
              exercised until April 22, 2012, long after the contract had
              ended. Therefore, there was a gap of almost seven months
              from October 1, 2011 until April 21, 2012.

              Due to this finding, we do not believe W9133L-08-D-0010
              can be used. At this point in time, we believe our only
              option would be to compete the requirement, and
              unfortunately there is not enough time within the fiscal
              year to accomplish this action.

              If you have other contracting vehicles that NGB might be
              able to use to accomplish this requirement within FY12,
              we would be happy to meet with you in person to discuss
              this matter further.

(R4, tab 24 at 3)




                                           7
       28. On 5 September 2012 CO Loverde notified Mr. Weaver that NGB was
requesting proposals for "STEEP Solicitation," No. "W9133L-12-C-0147" (sic) and
directed him to FedBizOpps to view the opportunity (R4, tab 26). Solicitation
No. W9133L-12-C-0147, posted 4 September 2012, was based on information
provided by Ms. Brantley and on PAW' s task orders 11 and 14 deliverables (R4,
tabs 14, 15; ex, A-91; tr. 2110-12, 21-22), and set forth, inter alia, the following
"Program Objectives":

              1. STEEP Report - Conduct research analysis in
                 accordance with the plans previously produced,
                 submitted and accepted under Task Order
                 W9133L-08-D-0010-0014. The analysis shall
                 concentrate on identifying those circumstances
                 impacting the past and current states of multiple
                 subtopics within each particular STEEP
                 Perspective (i.e., Social, Technical,
                 Environmental, Economic, and Political) ....



               5. Catalyst Maps - Provide catalyst maps to record
                  "raw" Key Indicators. The Contractor shall provide
                  one (1) catalyst "map" for each of the five (5) STEEP
                  Perspectives. The maps shall reflect the direction,
                  scope, and volume of the research analysis; from
                  Topic through associated Circumstance(s).

(R4, tab 25 at 4) According to Mr. Lynch, the underscored sentences contained
Drake's proprietary information (tr. 1/150-51). On 4 September 2012 Tom Pafford,
CEO of The World's Technology, asked CO Loverde to provide the STEEP Report
and Catalyst Maps mentioned in the foregoing STEEP Solicitation (ex. A-98 at 1).

       29. On 7 September 2012 that solicitation was cancelled "[d]ue to time
constraints" (R4, tab 27 at 1).

       30. On 5 October 2012 PAW submitted a certified $718,498.46 CDA claim to
NGB. As presently pertinent, PAW alleged that NGB denied PAW "a fair and honest
evaluation" of its 24 April 2012 task order proposal and that NGB's 5 September 2012
STEEP solicitation improperly released PAW' s proprietary information for purposes
other than the evaluation of PAW's approach. (R4, tab 29 at 1-2, 10) Although Drake
prepared the disputed proposal and discussed the TO with NGB (findings 18-19,
23-24), PA W's claimed costs are all designated "PAW" without any mention of Drake
(R4, tab 29 at 10).


                                          8
       31. Mr. Lynch is not aware of anyone or any company that is using Drake's
allegedly proprietary approach of Mindset Catalyst and STEEP perspectives outlined
in PAW's 24 April 2012 proposal (tr. 11158, 197-98).

        32. The 9 November 2012 final decision of CO Helms denied PA W's claim in
its entirety and notified PAW of its appeal rights (R4, tab 30 at 1, 6-7). PAW timely
appealed from that decision on 1 February 2013.

       33. "Catalyst®" is the registered mark of Mindjet company (tr. 3/8, 11), the
term "STEEP" has been posted on a public blog since 2008 (tr. 3/13), Michael Deutch
ofMindjet "came up with the idea of using Mindjet with a STEEP-like analysis" in
2008 and he promoted this process in "Twitter, Linkedin, Facebook" and newsletters
thereafter "to several hundred thousand people on a monthly basis" (tr. 3/13-14).

                                      DECISION

        This appeal presents two legal questions. First, did NGB breach the contract by
failing to accord PAW a fair and honest evaluation of its 24 April 2012 task order
proposal? Second, did NGB's 5 September 2012 solicitation breach NGB's obligation
to safeguard PA W's allegedly proprietary information from disclosure to parties other
than PAW or Drake?

                                           I.

       As of 22 April 2008: 10 U.S.C. § 2304a provided in pertinent part that an
agency head may exercise the authority provided by§ 2304 to "award separate task or
delivery order contracts for the same or similar services or property to two or more
sources." 10 U.S.C. § 2304b provided in pertinent part:

                    (e) Multiple awards.

                         (1) The head of an agency may, on the basis of
             one solicitation, award separate task order contracts under
             this section for the same or similar services to two or more
             sources if the solicitation states that the head of the agency
             has the option to do so.

10 U.S.C. § 2304c provided in pertinent part:

                    (b) Multiple award contracts. When multiple
             task or delivery order contracts are awarded under section
             2304a(d)(l)(B) or 2304b(e) of this title, all contractors


                                           9
             awarded such contracts shall be provided a fair
             opportunity to be considered, pursuant to procedures set
             forth in the contracts, for each task or delivery order in
             excess of $2,500 that is to be issued under any of the
             contracts unless --



                    (3) the task order or delivery order should be issued
             on a sole-source basis in the interest of economy and
             efficiency because it is a logical follow-on to a task or
             delivery order already issued on a competitive basis ....

and to implement the foregoing statutes, FAR l 6.505(b) provided:

                    (b) Orders under multiple award contracts-
             (1) Fair opportunity. (i) The [CO] must provide each
             awardee a fair opportunity to be considered for each order
             exceeding $3,000 issued under ... multiple task-order
             contracts, except as provided for in paragraph (b)(2) of this
             section.

                       (ii) The [CO] may exercise broad discretion in
             developing appropriate order placement procedures. The
             [CO] should keep submission requirements to a minimum.
             [COs] may use streamlined procedures, including oral
             presentations. In addition, the [CO] need not contact each
             of the multiple awardees ... before selecting an order
             awardee if the [CO] has information available to ensure
             that each awardee is provided a fair opportunity to be
             considered for each order ....



                      (2) Exceptions to the fair opportunity process.
             The [CO] shall give every awardee a fair opportunity to be
             considered for a delivery-order or task-order exceeding
             $3,000 unless one of the following statutory exceptions
             applies:




                                          10
                         (iii) The order must be issued on a sole-source
              basis in the interest of economy and efficiency because it is
              a logical follow-on to an order already issued under the
              contract, provided that all awardees were given a fair
              opportunity to be considered for the original order.

FAC 2005-13, 28 September 2006, Item IV, increased the FAR 2.101 "micro-purchase
threshold" from $2,500 to $3,000 pursuant to§ 807 of Pub. L. No. 108-375, the
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005, and hence in FAR
16.505(b).

       Contract No. W9133L-08-D-0010 was one of three such IDIQ contracts
NOB awarded competitively in April 2008 (finding 2). PA W's 24 April 2012
non-competitive task order proposal was a follow-on task based on its prior STEEP
research performed under TO 11, apparently awarded non-competitively, and under
TO 14, awarded competitively (findings 12-13, 16-19, 22).

       With respect to the statutory "fair opportunity" requirement for a
non-competitive task order under a multi-award contract, the FAR requires the CO
to use broad discretion to develop appropriate order placement procedures, to
minimize contractor submissions and to streamline procedures. FAR 16.505(b)(l)(ii).

       Mr. Lynch drafted Drake's proposed Performance Work Statement for
a non-competitive task order, which he resubmitted on PA W's letterhead (findings 19,
22). Mr. Lynch identified NGB's concerns about Drake's proposal via NGB's
BG Burks and submitted more detailed deliverable requirements to NOB via BG
Burks (finding 24). Hence, NGB's 3Y:z-month review of the development of user
requirements, specific task order deliverables and NGB's in-house capability to
perform the proposed tasks (findings 23-25) was appropriate and reasonable. The
record is devoid of evidence that the NOB CO abused his or her discretion with
respect to the procedures used to consider and to evaluate PAW' s 24 April 2012 task
order proposal (findings 23-26).

      Moreover, CO Clark's 28 August 2012 statement to PAW: "[T]his contract is
no longer valid. It appears Option Year Four was exercised after the [POP] had
expired" (finding 27), did not contravene NGB's statutory and regulatory duty to
provide PAW' s proposal fair consideration.

        This is so because of the parties' course of dealing in exercising the contract
options. The parties exercised option year I bilaterally, extending its POP to
I October 2008 through 30 September 2009 (finding 9). PAW argues that unilateral
Mod. 4 which the CO issued 31 August 2009 to exercise option year 2, did not state
that the POP was to be revised (app. br. at 33). PAW admits that Mod. 4 stated that


                                            11
the "Government hereby ... extend[ s] the terms of the contract for the period of
1 October 2009 through 30 September 201 O" (finding 10), and notes the variance of
this POP from the POP set forth in the contract (finding 4), but does not dispute Mod.
4's validity. However, it is incumbent on the Board to assure its jurisdiction of the
appeal, even ifthe parties have not raised the issue. See Bender v. Williamsport Area
School District, 475 U.S. 534, 541, 546-47 (1986).

       It is well established that an option must be exercised in exact accordance with
the contract terms to be valid, see Chemical Technology, Inc., ASBCA No. 21863,
80-2 BCA iJ 14,728 at 72,641 (exercise of option varying from specified six months
was invalid), and that when a contractor knows of an improperly exercised option,
remains silent and performs, it waives its right to protest such exercise. See E. Walters
& Co. v. United States, 576 F.2d 362, 367-68 (Ct. Cl. 1978).

        PAW knew or had good reason to know of the discrepancy between the option
year 2 POPs on or about 31 August 2009 (findinglO). Thereafter, PAW remained
silent, performed TO 11 (issued on 30 September 2010, the last day of option year 2 as
changed by Mod. 4) and delivered the TO 11 research plan on 3 October 2010 to NGB
(findings 12-13) during option year 3, whose POP had been changed in bilateral Mod.
6 to 1 October 2010 to 30 September 2011 (finding 11). PAW first stated that Mod. 4
was unilateral in its October 2014 brief, inferentially suggesting that it was invalid.
Therefore, PAW waived the CO' s unilateral exercise of option year 2 in Mod. 4,
improperly extending its POP to 1 October 2009 through 30 September 2010
(finding 10). Walters & Co., 576 F.2d at 367-68.

       Option year 3 was exercised bilaterally, extending its POP to 1 October 2010
through 30 September 2011 (finding 11) and thereby tacitly conceding PA W's waiver
of the option year 2 exercise with its variant POP. Accordingly, the bilateral exercise
of option year 4 in Mod. 8 effective 19 April 2012 (finding 21), 6Yi months after
option year 3's POP had expired, was invalid, as CO Clark correctly found on
28 August 2012 (finding 27). For all the foregoing reasons, we deny PA W's "fair
opportunity" claim.

                                           II.

       PA W's contract included no provision expressly requiring NGB to safeguard
proprietary contractor information (finding 7). As of22 April 2008, FAR 3.104-1,
Definitions, defined "Contractor bid or proposal information" to include
"(3) Proprietary information about ... techniques marked by the contractor in
accordance with applicable law or regulation"; FAR 3 .104-4, "Disclosure, protection,
and marking of contractor ... proposal information ... ," stated:




                                           12
                    (a) Except as specifically provided for in this
             subsection, no person ... may disclose contractor ... proposal
             information ... to any person other than a person
             authorized ... by the agency head or the [CO] to receive
             such information.



                    (e) This section does not restrict or prohibit-

                        ( 1) A contractor from disclosing its
             own ... proposal information or the recipient from receiving
             that information;

                        (2) The disclosure or receipt of information, not
             otherwise protected, relating to a Federal agency
             procurement after it has been canceled by the Federal
             agency, before contract award, unless the Federal agency
             plans to resume the procurement.

FAR 15.201 (e) provided:

             RFis [requests for information, FAR 15.200(b)] may be
             used when the Government does not presently intend to
             award a contract, but wants to obtain price, delivery, other
             market information, or capabilities for planning purposes.
             Responses to these notices are not offers and cannot be
             accepted by the Government to form a binding contract.

and FAR 15.207(b) provided: "Proposals shall be safeguarded from unauthorized
disclosure throughout the source selection process .... Information received in
response to an RFI shall be safeguarded adequately from unauthorized disclosure."

        The government argues that subcontractor Drake, not prime contractor PAW,
was the owner of the allegedly proprietary rights (finding 22), so PAW lacks standing
to prosecute this claim issue. However, in paragraph 6.4 of"APPELLANT'S
REQUEST FOR BOARD CONSIDERATION OF THE PAW-DRAKE TEAMING
AGREEMENT" (which was attached to such request), Drake authorized PAW to use
its proprietary data in performing the work proposed for the disputed NGB task order
(Bd. order, 2 February 2015). Thus, PAW impliedly has sponsored the claim of
subcontractor Drake. We hold that PAW has standing to prosecute this claim.




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        There are insurmountable barriers to the viability of PAW's restrictive legends.
First, the FAR 3 .104-4 duty of agency personnel to protect a contractor's proprietary
information, assumes that such information is proprietary, and expressly excludes
unprotected information. FAR 3 .104-4(e)(2). As shown below, PAW' s allegedly
proprietary information was not proprietary.

        Second, PAW's proposals to NGB dated 27 September 2010, 23 September
2011, 29 March 2012 and 24 April 2012 all included restrictive legends (findings 12,
15, 18, 22). Each such legend was identical to the restrictive legend in FAR 15.609(a),
which was limited to unsolicited proposals. 1 Each such proposal was submitted to
NGB under PA W's IDIQ contract with respect to a task order. None was submitted
as an "unsolicited proposal" or a response to a government RFI, and there was no
source-selection process for the noncompetitive task order in issue here. Thus,
the regulatory duties prescribed by FAR 15.609 for unsolicited proposals and
FAR 15.201(e) and 15.207(b) for safeguarding proposals throughout the source
selection process and RFI responses do not apply to PAW's proposals.

        Third, although PAW's 2010-2012 proposals to NGB included the terms
"STEEP," "Catalyst Map" and "Key indicators" which allegedly were PAW's
proprietary data (findings 12, 15, 18, 22), PAW's other correspondence to NGB
included those same data without restrictive legends (findings 13, 14, 17, 24). Thus,
PAW's repeated disclosures of its allegedly proprietary data without restrictive
legends implicitly authorized disclosure of that data to offerors on NGB's STEEP
Solicitation No. W9133L-12-C-0147 (finding 28). See General Atronics Corp.,
ASBCA No. 49196, 02-1BCA~31,798 at 157,067 (contractor notified the Navy that
it considered its missile launching subsystem to be proprietary, but failed to mark its
drawings with the restrictive legend specified by the contract's DFARS 252.227-7013,
RIGHTS IN TECHNICAL DATA AND COMPUTER SOFTWARE (OCT 1988) clause, the Navy
gained unlimited rights to such drawings); Bell Helicopter Textron, ASBCA No.
21192, 85-3 BCA ~ 18,415 at 92,435 (contractor lost limited rights protection for 21
drawings that it failed to mark with any restrictive legend by considered judgment by
responsible company officials, but had such rights to other drawings with restrictive
legends); CompuDyne Corp., ASBCA No. 14556, 72-1BCA~9218 at 42,773 (absent
evidence of an implied agreement of nondisclosure, delivery of data without restrictive
legends places such data in the public domain).

       Fourth, insofar as PAW claims breach damages from NGB's disclosure of its
allegedly proprietary technique or process of using catalyst maps to support a STEEP

1
    The FAR 15.609(a) restrictive legend corresponded to that earlier prescribed by
        FAR 52.215-12, RESTRICTION ON DISCLOSURE AND USE OF DATA (APR 1984)
        clause, which was not limited to unsolicited proposals, but was deleted from the
        FAR by FAC 97-2, 30 September 1997, effective 10 October 1997.

                                            14
analysis, such process or technique was conceived and widely promulgated publicly by
Michael Deutch of Mindjet in and after 2008 (finding 33). Therefore, such technique
or process is not proprietary to PAW or Drake. For the foregoing reasons, we deny
PAW' s claim on issue (iii) for improper disclosure of its allegedly proprietary data.

                                   CONCLUSION

      We deny the appeal.

      Dated: 20 August 2015




                                                Administrative
                                                Armed Service      ard
                                                of Contract Appeals

I concur                                        I concur




                                                RICHARD SHACKLEFORD
Administrative Judge                            Administrative Judge
Acting Chairman                                 Vice Chairman
Armed Services Board                            Armed Services Board
of Contract Appeals                             of Contract Appeals


      I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Opinion and Decision of the
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals in ASBCA No. 58534, Appeal of PAW &
Associates, LLC, rendered in conformance with the Board's Charter.

      Dated:



                                               JEFFREYD. GARDIN
                                               Recorder, Armed Services
                                               Board of Contract Appeals




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