IMG-029                                                     NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                ___________

                                    No. 11-2365
                                    ___________

                                   SONG JIN WU,
                                     Petitioner

                                          v.

                             ATTORNEY GENERAL
                     OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                  Respondent
                     ____________________________________

                        Petition for Review of an Order of the
                            Board of Immigration Appeals
                             (Agency No. A098-714-045)
                   Immigration Judge: Honorable Eugene Pugliese
                     ____________________________________

                   Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                  February 8, 2012

            Before: RENDELL, VANASKIE and GARTH, Circuit Judges

                          (Opinion filed: February 17, 2012)
                                    ___________

                             OPINION OF THE COURT
                                  ___________

PER CURIAM

      Song Jin Wu petitions for review of a final order of the Board of Immigration

Appeals (BIA) affirming the decision of the Immigration Judge (IJ) denying asylum,

withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). We
will deny the petition for review.

       Wu is a citizen of China. He arrived in the United States in 2005, and was

charged by the Department of Homeland Security as being removable under section

212(a)(6)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(i), as

an alien who was present in the United States without being admitted.

       Wu conceded that he was removable as charged, but applied for asylum,

withholding of removal, and CAT protection. In his first application, Wu alleged that he

feared that if he returned to China, he would be punished for leaving without permission.

He subsequently filed a second application, in which he claimed that he was entitled to

relief because the Chinese government had persecuted him for practicing Falun Gong.

More specifically, he alleged that after government agents observed him practicing, they

beat him, imprisoned him for a month, and continued to beat him throughout his

imprisonment.

       The IJ determined that Wu was not credible and denied all relief. The IJ based its

credibility determination on, among other things, the discrepancies between Wu’s first

and second asylum applications, inconsistent testimony that he provided at his hearing,

and his demeanor.1 The IJ also held that Wu had failed to present any evidence that it

was more likely than not that he would be tortured if he returned to China, and thus

rejected Wu’s CAT claim. Wu appealed to the BIA, which found no error in the IJ’s

1
  The IJ also faulted Wu for failing to corroborate his practice of Falun Gong. Because
the adverse credibility determination is dispositive, we need not reach the corroboration
issue. See generally Chen v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 212, 221 (3d Cir. 2005).
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decision and thus dismissed the appeal.

       Wu filed a timely petition for review in this Court. He has since filed a motion to

expand the record. Now represented by new counsel, Wu contends that his counsel at the

administrative hearing was ineffective, and seeks to expand the record to show that he

has filed a complaint against his former lawyer.

       The Court reviews agency factual determinations, including credibility findings,

under the substantial evidence standard, treating them as “conclusive unless any

reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(b)(4)(B). Because Wu filed his asylum application after May 11, 2005, the

provisions of the REAL ID Act governing credibility determinations apply. See Chukwu

v. Att’y Gen., 484 F.3d 185, 189 (3d Cir. 2007). Prior to the implementation of the

REAL ID Act, minor omissions or inconsistencies that did not go to the heart of an

asylum applicant’s claim were insufficient to support adverse credibility determinations.

See Gao v. Ashcroft, 299 F.3d 266, 272 (3d Cir. 2002). Under the REAL ID Act,

meanwhile, a trier of fact may base a credibility determination on any inconsistencies,

without regard to whether they relate to the heart of the alien’s claim.

§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii); see also id. (providing that credibility determinations may be based

on, among other things, “the demeanor, candor, or responsiveness of the applicant or

witness, the inherent plausibility of the applicant’s or witness’s account . . . the internal

consistency of each such statement, the consistency of such statements with other

evidence of record . . ., and any inaccuracies or falsehoods in such statements”).
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       As a preliminary matter, we will deny Wu’s motion to supplement the record. The

INA provides that “the court of appeals shall decide the petition only on the

administrative record on which the order of removal is based,” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(A)

(emphasis added), and, as a consequence, we are precluded from considering evidence

that is not part of the administrative record, see, e.g., Garcia v. INS, 239 F.3d 409, 411

n.1 (1st Cir. 2001). Likewise, Wu has failed to exhaust his claim that his previous

counsel performed deficiently, which prevents us from addressing it. See Abdulrahman

v. Ashcroft, 330 F.3d 587, 594-95 (3d Cir. 2003).

       On the merits, we conclude that substantial evidence supports the agency’s

decision to reject Wu’s credibility. While Wu now argues that he was beaten and

imprisoned for practicing Falun Gong, he made no reference to those incidents in his

initial application. It was reasonable for the agency to expect him to mention such a

brutal, traumatic event in his first application; his failure to do so supports the adverse

credibility determination. See Xie v. Ashcroft, 359 F.3d 239, 243 (3d Cir. 2004); see also

Zamanov v. Holder, 649 F.3d 969, 973 (9th Cir. 2011) (holding that the agency may

reasonably question an applicant’s credibility where the “applicant presented

substantially different accounts of mistreatment in successive asylum petitions”).

       The record also supports the other parts of the agency’s finding. For instance, Wu

provided a shifting account of the day of his arrest. He first testified that he was arrested

while practicing Falun Gong with seven or eight people. He went on to say, however,
                                               4
that he was the only person arrested because the others ran away. When asked why he

did not also escape, he stated that he was the only person who had arrived to practice.

Finally, it was appropriate for the IJ to consider Wu’s demeanor in making his credibility

determination, see Chen v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 212, 220 (3d Cir. 2005), and this Court

accords substantial deference to these observations, see Dia v. Ashcroft, 353 F.3d 228,

252 n.23 (3d Cir. 2003) (en banc). Thus, the adverse credibility finding is supported by

ample evidence.

       Wu argues that the adverse credibility determination cannot stand because it was

the product of translation problems. As an initial matter, this argument fails to account

for the starkly different theories that Wu provided in his two asylum applications, which

cannot be attributed to faulty translation at the hearing. Moreover, although Wu’s

answers were occasionally somewhat non-responsive, we are not persuaded that this was

the result of difficulties with the translation. After Wu answered a question in a

seemingly non-responsive way, the IJ questioned both Wu and the translator, each of

whom assured the IJ that they were having no trouble communicating. Wu argues that

this case resembles Issiaka v. Attorney General, 569 F.3d 135, 141-43 (3d Cir. 2009),

where we did grant relief on this basis. However, in Issiaka, the applicant repeatedly

asked to have questions repeated, the government’s counsel (who spoke the applicant’s

language) consistently interjected to correct translations, and the transcript was replete

with notations of “indiscernible.” The transcript here does not contain similar indications

of translation problems, and accordingly, we reject Wu’s contention that the state of the
                                              5
record prevents meaningful review.

       Finally, Wu argues that the BIA erred in denying his CAT claim. We disagree.

Even putting aside the adverse credibility determination, which is arguably fatal to this

claim, see generally Tarrawally v. Ashcroft, 338 F.3d 180, 187-88 (3d Cir. 2003), we

discern no error in the BIA’s determination that Wu failed to meet the burdensome CAT

standard.

       Accordingly, we will deny the petition for review and deny the motion to

supplement the record.




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