J-A06030-16

                                   2016 PA Super 99



COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                      IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                        PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellee

                       v.

BRIAN MICHAEL SLATTERY

                            Appellant                 No. 1330 MDA 2015


             Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence July 10, 2015
                In the Court of Common Pleas of York County
             Criminal Division at No(s): CP-67-CR-0007654-2014


BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., STABILE, J., and DUBOW, J.

OPINION BY LAZARUS, J.:                                 FILED MAY 13, 2016

        Brian Michael Slattery appeals from his judgment of sentence after

being found guilty,1 following a bench trial, of driving while operating

privilege is suspended/revoked2 and failing to signal.3 Because the trooper

incorrectly believed that section 3334 required a driver to signal at least 100

feet before changing lanes, there was no probable cause to justify the stop

of Slattery’s vehicle. Therefore, we reverse and remand for a new trial.



____________________________________________


1
  Slattery was also charged with Driving Under the Influence of a Controlled
Substance (Impaired Ability), 75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(d)(2). He was acquitted of
this offense.
2
    75 Pa.C.S.A. § 1543(a).
3
    75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3334(a).
J-A06030-16



      On September 26, 2014, while on patrol in his marked police cruiser,

Trooper Shawn Panchik of the Pennsylvania State Police observed Slattery

driving his Dodge Durango traveling east on Route 30 in the area of North

Hills Road in York County.      He noticed that the Durango had a large

nontransparent sticker on the rear window. Trooper Panchik drove behind

the Durango as it changed from the right lane to the left turn-only lane. As

the Durango approached the intersection of North Hills and Industrial Roads,

the trooper followed the vehicle as it turned left onto Industrial Road. After

making the turn, Trooper Panchik initiated a traffic stop.        The trooper

testified that Slattery exhibited signs of impairment.      Slattery told the

trooper that his license had been suspended and that he had recently

smoked marijuana. Slattery was arrested for DUI.

      Pre-trial, Slattery filed a motion to suppress evidence, claiming that

the trooper did not have either reasonable suspicion or probable cause to

stop his vehicle.   After a hearing, where Trooper Panchik was the sole

witness, the court denied the motion. The case proceeded to a bench trial,

before the Honorable Richard K. Renn. Slattery was convicted of the above-

mentioned crimes and sentenced to 50 days of incarceration and $1,025.00

in fines. This timely appeal follows.

      On appeal, Slattery raises the following issues for our consideration:

      (1)   Whether the trial court erred in denying Appellant’s motion
            to suppress evidence by ignoring the plain meaning of 75
            Pa.C.S. § 3334(a) wherein “moving from one traffic lane to
            another” has no minimum distance requirement to activate
            an appropriate signal before changing lanes?

                                        -2-
J-A06030-16


      (2)   Whether the trial court erred in denying Appellant’s motion
            to suppress evidence by finding that the “100 foot rule” of
            75 Pa.C.S. § 3334(b) applies to turning as well as “moving
            from one traffic lane to another” in subsection (a) when
            the plain meaning limits its application solely to “turn[ing]
            right or left” in subsection (b).

      When reviewing an order denying a motion to suppress evidence, we

must determine whether the trial court’s factual findings are supported by

the evidence of record. If the evidence supports the trial court’s findings, we

are bound by them and may reverse only if the legal conclusions drawn

therefrom are erroneous.     Commonwealth v. Blair, 860 A.2d 567, 571

(Pa. Super. 2004).

      Instantly, Slattery claims that the trial court improperly denied his

motion to suppress where his actions did not violate the plain meaning of

section 3334(a). We agree.

      If the alleged basis of a vehicular stop is to determine whether there

has been compliance with the Commonwealth’s vehicle code, it is incumbent

upon the officer to articulate specific facts possessed by him, at the time of

the questioned stop, which would provide probable cause to believe that the

vehicle or the driver was in violation of some provision of the code.

Commonwealth v. Spieler, 887 A.2d 1271 (Pa. Super. 2005). However, if

an officer stops a vehicle for the purpose of obtaining necessary information

to enforce the provisions of the code, the stop need only be based on




                                     -3-
J-A06030-16



reasonable suspicion that a violation of the code has occurred. 75 Pa.C.S. §

6308(b).4

       Pursuant to this Commonwealth’s Vehicle Code:

       (a) General rule. -- Upon a roadway no person shall turn a
       vehicle or move from one traffic lane to another or enter
       the traffic stream from a parked position unless and until the
       movement can be made with reasonable safety nor
       without giving an appropriate signal in the manner
       provided in this section.

       (b) Signals on turning and starting. -- At speeds of less than
       35 miles per hour, an appropriate signal of intention to
       turn right or left shall be given continuously during not
       less than the last 100 feet traveled by the vehicle before
       turning. The signal shall be given during not less than the last
       300 feet at speeds in excess of 35 miles per hour. The signal
       shall also be given prior to entry of the vehicle into the traffic
       stream from a parked position.

75 Pa.C.S. § 3334 (emphasis added).

       In the instant case, Trooper Panchik initiated a traffic stop of Slattery’s

Dodge Durango after he observed the vehicle make a lane change without




____________________________________________


4
  Here, both predicates for stopping Slattery, suspected violations of sections
4542 and/or 3334, required the trooper to have probable cause as neither
violation requires any additional investigation to determine if the vehicle
code has been violated. Commonwealth v. Brown, 64 A.3d 1101, 1105
(Pa. Super. 2013); Commonwealth v. Feczko, 10 A.3d 1285 (Pa. Super.
2010) (en banc). However, even if we were to apply the less stringent
standard, we still conclude that Trooper Panchik’s stop of Slattery’s Durango
was unlawful where the trooper did not have the requisite reasonable
suspicion to believe that a vehicle code violation had occurred.




                                           -4-
J-A06030-16



signaling at least one hundred feet prior to making that lane change. 5 N.T.

Suppression Hearing, 6/3/15, at 5.             On cross-examination, the trooper

testified that “just as [Slattery] started to move over [to the other lane] or

just prior to [moving over]” Slattery’s blinker was activated. Id. at 9. He

also testified that he stopped the Dodge because it had a nontransparent

decal on the rear window.6
____________________________________________


5
  Trooper Panchik testified that Slattery was traveling less than 35 m.p.h. at
the time he activated his signal to change lanes. N.T. Suppression Hearing,
6/3/15. at 5, 8.
6
  Although not raised on appeal, we do not find that Trooper Panchik had
probable cause to stop Slattery’s Durango based on a perceived violation of
section 4542. Pursuant to 75 Pa.C.S. § 4542:

       (b) Obstruction on side and rear windows. --

       No person shall drive a motor vehicle with any sign, poster
       or other nontransparent material, including ice or snow, upon
       the side wings or side or rear windows of the vehicle which
       materially obstructs, obscures or impairs the driver's
       clear view of the highway or any intersecting highway.
       The placement of a registration permit upon the side or rear
       window of a vehicle shall not be considered a material
       obstruction.

75 Pa.C.S. § 4542(b) (emphasis added).

As the trial court acknowledged, the trooper’s belief that the nontransparent
sticker on the Durango’s rear window is, in and of itself, a violation of the
vehicle code is incorrect. While Trooper Panchik testified that the sticker
was “large [and] nontransparent”, N.T. Suppression Hearing, 6/3/15, at 5,
the trooper neither stated the approximate dimensions of the sticker nor did
he “articulate at least some fact or facts to support his inference or
conclusion that the object materially impaired the driver's view” – an
essential element of section 4542. Holmes, 14 A.3d at 97. Therefore, the
trooper also lacked probable cause to believe that Slattery was violating
(Footnote Continued Next Page)


                                           -5-
J-A06030-16



      Instantly, we agree with both Slattery and the trial judge 7 that Trooper

Panchik did not have probable cause to stop the Durango on the basis that

he believed Slattery had violated section 3334 of the vehicle code. Here, the

trooper testified that he stopped Slattery’s Durango because he did not

signal at least 100 feet prior to changing lanes.        See N.T. Suppression

Hearing 6/3/15, at 8 (“I would agree with you that he used a turn signal, but

it wasn’t prior to that lane. It requires a hundred feet prior to a lane

change.”).     While section 3334(a) provides that a person shall not move

from a traffic lane to another or turn a vehicle without appropriately

signaling of his or her attention to turn, if the given vehicle is travelling less

than 35 m.p.h., the driver shall appropriately signal “continuously during not

less than the last 100 feet traveled by the vehicle before turning.”           75

Pa.C.S. § 3334(b). Accordingly, the words of the statute are clear that the

100-foot rule applies to a vehicle turning, it is silent regarding the length
                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)

section 4524. Spieler, supra. See Commonwealth v. Benton, 655 A.2d
1030 (Pa. Super. 1995) (where officer gave no testimony that object
hanging from rearview mirror materially impaired driver’s vision under
section 4524, stop of defendant’s vehicle was unlawful and suppression
should have been granted); Commonwealth v. Felty, 662 A.2d 1102 (Pa.
Super. 1995) (same).
7
  In his Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion, Judge Renn acknowledges that because
section 3334(b) does not contain a minimum distance requirement for
switching lanes, it was erroneous for the court to deny suppression where
the trooper only gave testimony regarding how far in advance Slattery
signaled prior to changing lanes and no testimony regarding the distance he
signaled prior to turning left onto North Hills Road. See Trial Court Opinion,
9/24/15, at 5-7.



                                            -6-
J-A06030-16



that a signal must be activated prior to changing lanes.            Moreover, the

language found throughout the remaining subsections of 3334 is consistent

with the interpretation that the term “before turning” means before a vehicle

makes a turn onto another roadway, not before a person changes lanes.

See id. at § 3334(a) (“Upon a roadway no person shall turn a vehicle or

move from one traffic lane to another . . . unless and until the movement

can be made with reasonable safety nor without giving an appropriate signal

in the manner provided in this section.”); id. at § 3334(d) (“Turn signals

shall be discontinued immediately after completing the turn or movement

from one traffic lane to another traffic lane.”). See 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1921(b)

(when terms of statute are clear and unambiguous, they are given effect

consistent with plain and common meaning).

       Additionally,   because    Trooper    Panchik    testified   that   Slattery

appropriately activated his signal prior to changing lanes, see N.T.

Suppression Hearing, 6/3/15, at 9-10, the trooper did not have probable

cause to believe that Slattery had violated the general rule for signaling

found in section 3334(a).       Cf. Brown, supra (where officer testified that

defendant failed to signal when turning his vehicle from left-turn lane of one

road   onto   another   road,    probable    cause   existed   to   stop   vehicle).

       Accordingly, the trial court’s factual findings are not supported in the

record and its legal conclusions are in error; therefore, we reverse. Blair,

supra. Because the stop was unlawful, any evidence flowing from it should

have been suppressed. Belton, supra.

                                       -7-
J-A06030-16



       Judgment of sentence reversed.8           Case remanded for a new trial.

Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 5/13/2016




____________________________________________


8
   At the most, Slattery’s actions may be interpreted as a de minimis
infraction where Trooper Panchik could not testify with regard to exactly how
many feet prior to turning he activated his signal. N.T. Suppression Hearing,
6/3/15, at 9 (“I don’t believe it’s a hundred feet.”). See Commonwealth v.
Garcia, 859 A.2d 820 (Pa. Super. 2004) (officer who observed vehicle cross
berm line by six to eight inches on two separate occasions for a second or
two over distance of approximately one quarter of a mile did not possess
requisite probable cause to conduct stop). However, even under these
circumstances we could interpret Slattery’s actions as reasonable under
section 3334(a), where he was travelling from the right-hand lane into a
left-turn-only lane and there were several business on the left before the
intersection. By waiting to signal until he passed the businesses, he was
careful not to compromise the safety of vehicles travelling behind him. See
75 Pa.C.S. § 3334(a) (vehicle should not turn or move from one lane to
another “until the movement can be made with reasonable safety[.]”).




                                           -8-
