      TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                        NO. 03-11-00887-CV



                            William Alexander Roper, Jr., Appellant

                                                   v.

                                    CitiMortgage, Inc., Appellee


            FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 2 OF COMAL COUNTY
      NO. 2005PC0102, HONORABLE CHARLES A. STEPHENS II, JUDGE PRESIDING



                             MEMORANDUM OPINION


                This appeal arises out of probate proceedings related to the estate of Michael C.

Roper. Michael’s brother, William A. Roper, Jr., is a potential heir to Michael’s estate.1 When the

appellee, CitiMortgage, Inc., sought to enforce its security interest on a certain piece of real property

(the Property) that is part of Michael’s estate and to sell the Property, Roper intervened and opposed

CitiMortgage’s claim against the estate. On cross-motions for summary judgment, the trial court

granted CitiMortgage’s traditional motion for summary judgment and denied Roper’s no-evidence

motion for summary judgment on CitiMortgage’s claim. The trial court determined that CitiMortgage

held a secured claim against Michael’s estate and was entitled to judgment against the estate under

the Probate Code. The trial court authorized CitiMortgage to sell the Property at public auction to


        1
        For clarity, we refer to Michael Roper as “Michael” or “Michael Roper” and the appellant
as “Roper.”
the highest bidder. As part of its order, the trial court also denied Roper’s objection to an affidavit

submitted by CitiMortgage with its summary-judgment motion.

                The dispute at the heart of this appeal is whether CitiMortgage has shown as a matter

of law that it has a valid lien against the Property and is thus entitled to foreclose its security interest

as provided in the deed of trust and to sell the Property. Roper has not produced evidence refuting

CitiMortgage’s evidence that payments were not made on the outstanding loan as required by the

note and deed of trust after May 1, 2005, or that the loan secured by the deed of trust and the

vendor’s lien went into default. Instead, in eleven appellate issues, he challenges CitiMortgage’s

right to bring its claim, the admissibility of its summary-judgment evidence, and the timeliness of

service of its summary-judgment motion and evidence. Roper also contends that he established

several affirmative defenses against CitiMortgage’s claim.

                Because we find that CitiMortgage established its claim as a matter of law, we will

affirm the trial court’s judgment.


                                           BACKGROUND

                To purchase the Property located at 2655 Candlelight, Canyon Lake, Texas 78133,

Michael Roper obtained a $67,200 loan from Milestone Mortgage Corporation.2 Michael purchased

the Property from Michael and Roper’s father, William A. Roper (Roper Sr.), and Roper Sr.’s wife,




        2
           We recognize that Roper disputes most of these facts, as well as the admissibility of
CitiMortgage’s summary-judgment evidence. We provide this information solely as context for the
trial-court proceedings and will decide whether the facts are conclusively established and support
summary judgment later in this opinion.

                                                     2
Patricia Roper, on October 3, 2002. On that date, Roper Sr. and Patricia Roper executed a warranty

deed with vendor’s lien conveying the Property to Michael for consideration that included Michael’s

execution of a promissory note. Also on that date, Michael executed the promissory note for the

original principal amount of $67,200 and the accompanying security instrument. The promissory

note identifies Milestone Mortgage Corporation as the Lender—the holder of the note and the

entity entitled to receive monthly payments in the amount of $402.90. The note states, “I [Michael

Roper, the Borrower] understand that the Lender may transfer this Note. The Lender or anyone

who takes this Note by transfer and who is entitled to receive payments under this Note is called

the ‘Note Holder.’”

                  The security instrument, a deed of trust, secures repayment of the debt evidenced in

the note and was recorded in the Official Records of Comal County. In the deed of trust, Michael

granted and conveyed the Property to the trustee (Milestone’s president) to hold in trust with power

of sale. The deed of trust names Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (MERS) as the

beneficiary under the security instrument, stating that “MERS is a separate corporation that is

acting solely as a nominee for Lender and Lender’s successors and assigns.” The deed of trust

further states:


        Borrower understands and agrees that MERS holds only legal title to the interests
        granted by Borrower in this Security Instrument, but, if necessary to comply with law
        or custom, MERS (as nominee for Lender and Lender’s successors and assigns) has
        the right: to exercise any or all of those interests, including, but not limited to, the
        right to foreclose and sell the Property; and to take any action required of Lender
        including, but not limited to, releasing and canceling this Security Instrument.




                                                   3
               The note’s signature page bears an indorsement signed by Milestone’s president (the

trustee) stating: “Pay without recourse to the order of Principal Residential Mortgage, Inc.” This

indorsement transferred Milestone’s rights as a holder of the note to Principal Residential. See Tex.

Bus. & Com. Code § 1.201 (holder is person in possession of negotiable instrument that is payable

either to bearer or to identified person that is the person in possession). The note also bears a blank

indorsement signed by Principal Residential’s executive vice president and chief operating officer

stating: “Pay to the order of _______ without recourse.” See id. § 3.205 (instrument indorsed in

blank is payable to bearer and may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone). It is a matter of

public record that Principal Residential was succeeded in interest by CitiMortgage through a merger

that was effective as of January 1, 2005.3

               Michael Roper died on March 16, 2005. After May 1, 2005, payments were no longer

made as required by the note and deed of trust. Accordingly, the loan secured by the deed of trust




       3
          We have the power to take judicial notice of adjudicative facts that are matters of public
record sua sponte and for the first time on appeal. See Tex. R. Evid. 201(b),(c),(f); see also, e.g.,
Office of Pub. Util. Counsel v. Public Util. Comm’n., 878 S.W.2d 598, 600 (Tex. 1994) (appellate
court has power to take judicial notice for first time on appeal); Lazarides v. Farris, 367 S.W.3d 788,
799 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.) (taking judicial notice of matters of public
record sua sponte for first time on appeal). CitiMortgage’s acquisition of Principal Residential
Mortgage, Inc. is documented in public filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission made
by both Principal Financial Group, Inc. (Principal Residential’s parent company) and Citigroup Inc.
(CitiMortgage’s parent company). CitiMortgage acquired Principal Residential on July 1, 2004, and
the merger became effective on January 1, 2005. Other courts have recognized both the occurrence
of the merger and CitiMortgage’s status as successor in interest to Principal Residential. See, e.g.,
Manker v. CitiMortgage, Inc., No. 2:10-CV-1012-WKW, 2012 WL 999611, at *1 (M.D. Ala. Mar.
23, 2012). The Fifth Circuit noted that “CitiMortgage assumed all of Principal [Residential
Mortgage]’s rights, interests, and obligations following its acquisition of Principal, which no longer
exists and cannot be sued in its own right.” Burks v. Prudential Ins. Co. of N. Am., 388 Fed. Appx.
387, 389 (5th Cir. 2010).

                                                  4
and by the vendor’s lien, which was expressly reserved in the deed of trust and the warranty deed

conveying the Property from Roper Sr. and Patricia Roper to Michael Roper, went into default.

On October 6, 2006, MERS, “as Nominee, as nominee for Lender and Lender[’]s Successors

and Assigns (‘Mortgagee’),” presented the Mortgagee’s claim against the estate to the estate

administrator and the trial-court clerk. See Tex. Prob. Code §§ 306 (establishing procedure for

handling secured claim for money against estate), 308 (establishing that depositing claim with clerk

begins 30-day time period after which claim is presumed to be rejected if not acted on by estate’s

representative). As required by Section 306 of the Texas Probate Code, MERS specified that the

Mortgagee sought “to have the claim allowed, approved, and fixed as a preferred debt and lien

against the specific property securing the indebtedness and paid according to the terms of the

contract which secured the lien . . . .” Id. § 306(a)(2). The estate administrator took no action to

either allow or reject the Mortgagee’s claim within 30 days after the claim was presented, and

therefore, the claim was deemed rejected by operation of law. See id. §§ 309 (estate representative

shall allow or reject claim within 30 days of presentment), 310 (estate representative’s failure to

timely allow or reject claim under Section 309 constitutes rejection of claim).

               On November 15, 2006, CitiMortgage filed its original petition in the probate

proceeding, seeking to first establish and obtain judgment for its Section 306 claim against the

estate, see id. § 313 (suit on rejected claim must be filed within 90 days of claim rejection), and

then to obtain an order authorizing a public sale of the Property, see id. §§ 338 (sale of mortgaged

property), 341 (application for sale of real estate), 346 (order of sale), 349 (public sales of real

estate); Tex. Prop. Code § 51.002 (sale of real property under contract lien). CitiMortgage filed its



                                                 5
original petition “as Mortgage Servicing Agent for [MERS], as Nominee for Lender, its successors

and assigns.” In this petition, CitiMortgage asserted that it “now held” the deed of trust and the

vendor’s lien secured by the deed of trust and that it is the beneficiary of the deed of trust.

CitiMortgage later filed an amended petition to clarify that it is the current holder of the note and

deed of trust (i.e., a successor or assign of the Lender), in addition to being a mortgage servicing

agent and servicing the note. In the amended petition, CitiMortgage asserted that it had been the

holder of the note and deed of trust at all times relevant to the proceedings. CitiMortgage also

asserted that the unpaid principal balance of Michael Roper’s indebtedness as of June 30, 2006 was

at least $72,553, plus all earned interest, fees, and expenses, which were accruing under the terms

of the loan documents.

                Roper filed a contest to the claim and counterclaims against the estate administrator,

“the unnamed ‘mortgagee,’” MERS, and MERS’s law firm. Several years of litigation followed.

A few events are relevant to this appeal. On June 28, 2007, the trial court accepted the original estate

administrator’s resignation. On July 25, 2007, the trial court appointed Roper Sr. and Roper’s

sister, Kimberly Roper Flannery, as co-dependent administrators. On June 1, 2010, the trial court

accepted the resignation of Kimberly Roper Flannery as co-administrator.

                In September 2011, CitiMortgage filed its Second Motion for Summary Judgment.

Two days later, Roper filed both an intervention and original answer to CitiMortgage’s

amended petition and a no-evidence summary-judgment motion. Between September 22, 2011 and

September 27, 2011, Roper also filed two separate objections to the affidavit and attached

documents that CitiMortgage submitted with its summary-judgment motion, an opposition to



                                                   6
CitiMortgage’s summary-judgment motion with an attached affidavit and documents, a motion for

continuance, and a document entitled “Objections to Hearing, CitiMortgage Second SJ Motion and

Nixon Affidavit.” On September 27, 2011, CitiMortgage filed a motion for continuance on Roper’s

no-evidence summary-judgment motion. On September 29, 2011, at a hearing on CitiMortgage’s

motion to retain and its summary-judgment motion, the trial court determined that it would not hear

oral argument on the summary-judgment motions and instead would take the motions for

determination on submission. In October 2011, CitiMortgage filed a response to Roper’s no-

evidence summary-judgment motion, and Roper filed a reply and two additional memorandums of

law in support of his reply. The trial court signed its order granting CitiMortgage’s motion and

denying Roper’s motion on December 1, 2011. This appeal followed.


                   THE PARTIES’ SUMMARY-JUDGMENT MOTIONS


Standard of review

               We review the trial court’s summary judgment de novo. Valence Operating Co. v.

Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005). When the trial court grants one motion and denies the

other, we consider both sides’ summary-judgment evidence and determine all questions presented.

Id. If we determine that the trial court erred, we may render the judgment that the trial court should

have rendered. Id. If we determine that a fact issue precludes summary judgment for either party,

we remand the claim for trial. See University of Tex. Health Sci. Ctr. v. Big Train Carpet of El

Campo, Inc., 739 S.W.2d 792, 792 (Tex. 1987) (per curiam).




                                                  7
               When reviewing a grant of a traditional summary-judgment motion, we take as true

all evidence favorable to the nonmovant, indulging every reasonable inference and resolving any

doubts in the nonmovant’s favor. Valence, 164 S.W.3d at 661. Summary judgment is proper when

the evidence shows that there are no genuine disputed issues of material fact and the movant is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.4 Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c).

               A movant, like Roper, who seeks a no-evidence summary judgment against another

party’s claim, must allege that there is no evidence of one or more essential elements of the claim

on which the adverse party would have the burden of proof at trial. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i).

Although the movant is not required to produce proof in support of its no-evidence claim, the motion

must specifically state the elements for which the nonmovant lacks evidence. See Timpte Indus. v.

Gish, 286 S.W.3d 306, 310 (Tex. 2009). The burden then shifts to the nonmovant to bring forth

evidence that raises a fact issue on the challenged elements to preclude summary judgment. Mack

Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 582 (Tex. 2006). We review the evidence presented by the

motion and response in the light most favorable to the party against whom the summary judgment

was rendered, crediting evidence favorable to that party if reasonable jurors could, and disregarding

contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not. Id.




       4
          Not all factual disputes preclude summary judgment. A factual dispute precludes summary
judgment only when the disputed issue is a “genuine” issue of “material” fact. See, e.g., Rayon v.
Energy Specialties, Inc., 121 S.W.3d 7, 11-12 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, no pet.). A fact is
“material” only if it affects the ultimate outcome of the suit under the governing law, and a material
fact issue is “genuine” only if a reasonable jury could resolve the fact issue in favor of the
nonmovant. Id. “If the evidence simply shows that some metaphysical doubt as to the fact exists,
or if the evidence is not significantly probative, the material fact issue is not ‘genuine.’” Moore v.
K Mart Corp., 981 S.W.2d 266, 269 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. denied).

                                                  8
CitiMortgage’s traditional summary-judgment motion

                CitiMortgage prevailed on its traditional summary-judgment motion. In that motion,

CitiMortgage asserted that it is entitled to an order establishing its claim as a preferred debt and lien

against the Property. See Tex. Prob. Code §§ 306(a)(2), 313. Section 306(a)(2) of the Probate Code

provides that if the claimant seeks to have the claim established as a preferred debt and lien against

the specific property securing the indebtedness and paid according to the contract terms that secured

the lien, then the claim shall be allowed and approved if it is a valid lien. In addition, the estate’s

representative may pay a preferred debt and lien claim before maturity if it is in the estate’s best

interest to do so. Id. § 306(a)(2). Section 306(e) provides that if the property securing a preferred

debt and lien claim has not been sold or distributed within six months from the date letters are

granted, then the estate representative shall pay all maturities that have accrued on the debt and

perform all terms of the contract securing the debt. Id. § 306(e). If the estate representative defaults

on payment or performance, upon application of the claimholder, “the court shall . . . require the

sale of the property free of the lien and apply the proceeds to the payment of the whole debt.”

Id. § 306(e)(2).

                In its motion, CitiMortgage also asserted that it is entitled to an order authorizing the

Property’s sale under Probate Code Section 338. Section 338 permits a creditor holding a claim

secured by a valid mortgage or other lien that has been established by suit to apply for and obtain a

court order to sell the property secured by the lien to satisfy his claim.5 Unless the court determines


        5
         CitiMortgage also relied on Sections 341, 346, and 349 of the Probate Code and Section
51.002 of the Property Code when requesting an order authorizing a public sale of the Property. See
Tex. Prob. Code §§ 341 (allowing application for sale of real estate when necessary to pay claim or

                                                   9
that the lien should be refinanced or discharged out of the estate’s general assets, or the estate’s

representative shows cause for denying the application, the court “shall grant the application and

order that the property be sold at public or private sale, as deemed best, as in ordinary cases of sales

of real estate.” Id. § 338. Section 338 has been described as being “more in the nature of a foreclosure

judgment than merely a writ of execution” because it requires the probate court to exercise some

judicial discretion and determine the estate’s best interest as weighed against the creditor’s rights.

Vineyard v. Irvin, 855 S.W.2d 208, 210 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1993, no writ).

                Under Section 306(a)(2), to show its entitlement to summary judgment establishing

its claim as a preferred debt and lien, CitiMortgage needed to demonstrate only that it had a valid

lien against the Property. After establishing its valid lien against the Property, to show its entitlement

to summary judgment ordering a sale of the Property under Section 338, CitiMortgage needed to

demonstrate the amount of the debt owed to it by the estate so that the probate court could determine

whether it was in the estate’s best interest to order the Property’s sale. To support its claim,

CitiMortgage attached to its motion the affidavit of Cassie Nixon, an authorized representative of

and custodian of records for CitiMortgage, and authenticated copies of the warranty deed with

vendor’s lien, deed of trust, and note that were executed when Michael Roper purchased the property.

CitiMortgage argued that this evidence established that (1) the warranty deed had contained a vendor’s




in estate’s best interest), 346 (empowering court to order sale of estate’s property when court is
satisfied sale is necessary or advisable and setting forth provisions that must be included in order),
349 (establishing requirements for public sales of real estate); see also Tex. Prop. Code § 51.002
(establishing requirements for property sale conducted under power of sale conferred by deed of trust
or other contract lien).

                                                   10
lien, (2) the loan went into default after Michael’s death, and (3) CitiMortgage, the lawful holder

and owner of the note, took all necessary steps to establish its claim and enforce its lien.

                Roper opposed CitiMortgage’s motion and objected to Nixon’s affidavit. He asserted

that Nixon’s affidavit is inadmissible because (1) Nixon had not been properly and timely identified

as a fact witness in response to Roper’s requests for disclosure and interrogatories; (2) CitiMortgage

served the affidavit by certified mail less than 24 days before the September 22 hearing requested

and scheduled by CitiMortgage; (3) the affidavit contains false statements, is vague, is not based on

personal knowledge, makes factual representations Nixon is unqualified to make, and contains

hearsay, conclusory statements, and legal conclusions. In addition, Roper disputed the truth of a

number of averments in Nixon’s affidavit, as well as other facts and allegations asserted by

CitiMortgage in its petition and other filings. Roper also argued that material fact issues exist on his

affirmative defenses to CitiMortgage’s claim. The general thrust of Roper’s argument is that MERS

presented the original claim in October 2006, and CitiMortgage cannot adequately show that the

claim belongs to it. In support, Roper argued that CitiMortgage: (1) lacks standing to sue on the

claim; (2) lacks capacity to sue; (3) suffers from a variety of limitations and improper-service

issues related to its claim; and (4) failed to satisfy conditions precedent to establishing its claim. In

addition, he argued that the original claim brought by MERS was properly rejected.


Roper’s no-evidence summary-judgment motion

                Roper also filed a no-evidence summary-judgment motion. In his motion, he identified

elements of a claim for collecting on a promissory note that he asserted CitiMortgage lacks evidence




                                                   11
to support.6 In particular, he asserted that CitiMortgage had no evidence of (1) a valid note, (2) a

valid signature, (3) a valid deed of trust, (4) a valid warranty deed with a vendor’s lien, (5) a

valid agency relationship between MERS and CitiMortgage or MERS and Milestone Mortgage

Corporation, (6) MERS being a servicer or acting as a servicer, (7) an assignment of the deed of

trust from Milestone to CitiMortgage, (8) a default or amount alleged to be owed, (9) the method

of calculation of economic damages, and (10) the amount of attorneys’ fees or a contract for

attorneys’ fees at the date of the claim. Roper also reiterated arguments made in his opposition to

CitiMortgage’s motion. He included more detailed arguments that CitiMortgage lacks standing to

sue on its claim and lacks capacity to sue. He included the identical arguments on CitiMortgage’s

alleged limitations and improper-service issues and on CitiMortgage’s alleged failure to satisfy

conditions precedent that he had included in his opposition to CitiMortgage’s motion. He also

contended that the issue to be decided was whether the claim—which again he characterizes as

MERS’s claim, not CitiMortgage’s—was properly rejected by the estate administrator, and he

provided a number of reasons that he asserted were sufficient to support the claim’s rejection.


The parties’ summary-judgment burdens

               As noted above, to establish its claim as a preferred debt and lien and secure an order

for sale of the Property, CitiMortgage needed to prove that it had a valid lien and the amount of

debt secured by that lien. CitiMortgage sought to foreclose its lien under Probate Code provisions


       6
          To recover on a promissory note, the plaintiff must prove: (1) the note in question,
(2) the party sued signed the note, (3) the plaintiff is the owner or holder of the note, and (4) a
certain balance is due and owing on the note. Starcrest Trust v. Berry, 926 S.W.2d 343, 350 (Tex.
App.—Austin 1996, no writ).

                                                 12
allowing it to apply to the probate court for an order authorizing it to sell the Property. In Roper’s

no-evidence summary-judgment, he challenged CitiMortgage’s ability to prove the elements of a

claim for recovery on a promissory note, a different claim from the one asserted by CitiMortgage.

Under Texas law, foreclosure on a lien and enforcement of a note are distinct remedies on separate

obligations. See Stephens v. LPP Mortg., Ltd., 316 S.W.3d 742, 747 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, pet.

denied) (“When a debt is memorialized by a note that is secured by a lien, the note and the lien

constitute separate obligations.”). As one court explains it:


       Foreclosure enforces the deed of trust, not the underlying note. Foreclosure is an
       independent action against the collateral and may be conducted without judicial
       supervision. Enforcement of the note, on the other hand, is a personal action against
       the signatory and requires a judicial proceeding. Furthermore, Texas courts have
       refused to conflate foreclosure with enforcement of a promissory note. . . . “Where
       there is a debt secured by a note, which is, in turn, secured by a lien, the lien and the
       note constitute separate obligations.” The right to recover on the note and the right
       to foreclose are severable and may be enforced separately.


Reardean v. CitiMortgage, Inc., No. A-11-CA-420-SS, 2011 WL 3268307, at *3 (W.D. Tex. July

25, 2011) (internal citations omitted).

               Although Roper challenged the elements of a different claim than the one asserted

by CitiMortgage, he did contest elements bearing upon CitiMortgage’s claim in his motion and

his opposition to CitiMortgage’s motion. Specifically, he challenged whether CitiMortgage is the

owner and holder of the deed of trust, whether it was the owner and holder at the time the claim was

filed, and whether CitiMortgage had the right to enforce the lien against the Property. Accordingly,

we will liberally construe his appellate arguments and consider both sides’ summary-judgment

evidence. Similarly, we note that Roper improperly asserted many affirmative defenses in his

                                                  13
no-evidence summary-judgment motion, but because he also made the same or similar arguments

in his opposition to CitiMortgage’s traditional summary-judgment motion, we will consider whether

any of those challenges that he reasserts on appeal raised a material fact issue sufficient to preclude

summary judgment for CitiMortgage.


                                            ANALYSIS

               On appeal, Roper challenges the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in

CitiMortgage’s favor in eleven issues. Roper appeals CitiMortgage’s capacity to bring its claim, the

admissibility of its summary-judgment evidence, and the timing of the trial court’s consideration of

CitiMortgage’s summary-judgment motion and supporting evidence. Roper also asserts that he

raised fact issues that preclude summary judgment for CitiMortgage related to CitiMortgage’s failure

to satisfy conditions precedent, its failure to properly serve successor co-administrators with scire

facias, limitations, and prior discharge of the debt. In addition, he raises a procedural complaint

about the effect of the judgment on a discharged estate administrator. Finally, Roper broadly asserts

that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment for CitiMortgage and by denying his no-

evidence summary-judgment motion for all the reasons set forth in his summary-judgment briefing

in the trial court and in his first eight issues on appeal. We begin by discussing the roles of the

parties to the loan transaction to provide a foundation for our discussion of the various issues

presented by Roper, and then we address each of his remaining issues in turn.


Roles of parties to loan

               Several of the issues raised by Roper in the trial court and reasserted on appeal stem

from his contention that the claim presented in October 2006 belonged to MERS, not CitiMortgage.

                                                  14
Roper fundamentally misunderstands MERS’s and CitiMortgage’s roles in relation to the loan.

Some of Roper’s confusion may arise from the fact that the Texas Legislature has broadly defined

“mortgagee” to include a “book entry system” like MERS in the chapter of the Property Code

concerning liens. See Tex. Prop. Code § 51.0001.7 MERS is a recognized book entry system.

Campbell v. Mortgage Elec. Registration Sys., Inc., No. 03-11-00429-CV, 2012 WL 1839357, at *4

(Tex. App.—Austin May 18, 2012, pet. denied) (mem. op.). MERS is an electronic mortgage

registration system and clearinghouse that tracks beneficial ownerships in and servicing rights to

mortgage loans. See In re Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys. (MERS) Litig., 659 F. Supp. 2d 1368, 1370

(J.P.M.L. 2009). When, as here, the deed of trust names MERS as the nominee for the lender and

its successors and assigns and the deed of trust is recorded in the local real-property records with

MERS as the named beneficiary, MERS remains the mortgagee of record if the note is transferred

between MERS members, and there is no requirement that the deed of trust be re-recorded each time

it is transferred.8 See Knighton v. Merscorp, Inc., 304 F. App’x 285, 286 (5th Cir. 2008) (explaining

that using MERS as permanent record mortgagee allows MERS members to buy and sell rights to

mortgage loans without any changes to public land records); Campbell, 2012 WL 1839357, at *4.

When CitiMortgage acquired the note and deed of trust through its merger with Principal Residential



       7
           “‘Book entry system’ means a national book entry system for registering a beneficial
interest in a security instrument that acts as a nominee for the grantee, beneficiary, owner, or holder
of the security instrument and its successors and assigns.” Tex. Prop. Code § 51.0001(1).
“‘Mortgagee’ means: (A) the grantee, beneficiary, owner, or holder of a security instrument; (B) a
book entry system; or (C) if the security interest has been assigned of record, the last person to whom
the security interest has been assigned of record.” Id. § 51.0001(4).
       8
         “Nominee” means “[a] person designated to act in place of another” and “[a] party who
holds bare legal title for the benefit of others.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1149 (9th ed. 2009).

                                                  15
Mortgage that became effective January 1, 2005, MERS became the nominee for CitiMortgage, and

there was no requirement that the deed of trust be re-recorded at that time. See Reinagel v. Deutsche

Bank Nat’l Trust Co., No. 12-50569, 2013 WL 5832812, ___ F.3d ___, at *4 n.27 (5th Cir. Oct. 29,

2013) (op. on reh’g); Campbell, 2012 WL 1839357, at *4.

               Roper submitted an assignment of the deed of trust from MERS to CitiMortgage that

was executed June 22, 2011 and recorded in the Comal County Official Public Records on July 1,

2011 as part of the evidence attached to the affidavit he submitted with his opposition to

CitiMortgage’s summary-judgment motion. Roper makes several assertions about what he calls the

“belated assignment.” To the extent that Roper argues that until MERS assigned the deed of trust

to CitiMortgage, MERS held the note on the Property, CitiMortgage could not have been the holder

of the note, or CitiMortgage was MERS’s agent, and thus the claim belonged to MERS, not

CitiMortgage, these arguments fail. The deed of trust clearly established MERS’s role as nominee

for the original lender and its successors and assigns, which includes CitiMortgage. The deed of

trust also gave MERS the authority to transfer the rights and interests in the deed of trust to

CitiMortgage. The mortgage documents provided for the use of MERS. MERS’s actions in this

transaction were consistent with the rights provided to it by the deed of trust.

               Furthermore, MERS’s transfer of the rights and interests in the deed of trust to

CitiMortgage by assignment in no way changes the fact that when CitiMortgage became a successor

to the original lender Milestone, CitiMortgage held the express vendor’s lien as well as the deed of

trust. The warranty deed with vendor’s lien conveyed the Property from Roper Sr. and Patricia

Roper to Michael Roper for consideration that included Michael’s execution of the promissory note



                                                 16
payable to Milestone (the Mortgagee). The warranty deed also established that the promissory note

was “secured by Vendor’s Lien and superior title retained herein in favor of said Mortgagee, and . . .

also secured by a Deed of Trust” from Michael Roper to Milestone. The warranty deed further

states: “It is expressly agreed that the Vendor’s Lien is retained in favor of the payee of said Note

against the above-described property, premises and improvements, until said Note and all interest

thereon shall have been fully paid according to the terms thereof, when this deed shall become

absolute.” This language is sufficient to create a valid vendor’s lien. See Walton v. First Nat’l Bank

of Trenton, Trenton, Tex., 956 S.W.2d 647, 651 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1997, pet. denied).

                With this understanding of the various parties’ roles in the transaction, we turn to our

discussion of the issues raised by Roper on appeal.


Capacity

                In his sixth issue, Roper argues that the trial court erred by denying his no-evidence

summary-judgment motion and granting CitiMortgage’s motion because he asserted in his no-evidence

motion that CitiMortgage lacked capacity to bring its suit. As we understand his argument, Roper

asserts that because MERS, who filed the claim as nominee for the lender and its successors and

assigns, is an allegedly unregistered foreign entity and because CitiMortgage “originally brought suit

in a representative capacity as the ‘mortgage servicing agent’ for claimant MERS,” CitiMortgage

lacked capacity to bring its suit. He further asserts that CitiMortgage did not cure its lack of capacity

by amending its petition “to alter both the identity of the plaintiff as well as its cause of action,

substituting itself as plaintiff, purporting that the MERS Claim was actually a CitiMortgage claim.”




                                                   17
                MERS filed the claim in October 2006 “as Nominee, as nominee for Lender and

Lender[’]s Successors and Assigns (‘Mortgagee’).” As discussed above, CitiMortgage, as the

successor in interest to Principal Residential, was the Mortgagee (i.e., the lending bank to whom

payments were owed) when MERS filed the claim on its behalf. After the claim was rejected by

operation of law, CitiMortgage filed its original petition “as Mortgage Servicing Agent for [MERS],

as Nominee for Lender, its successors and assigns.” CitiMortgage later filed an amended petition

to clarify that although its original description was technically correct because it is a mortgage-

servicing agent and MERS was acting as nominee for the lender or its successors and assigns,

CitiMortgage could have also described itself as the current holder of the note and deed of trust

because it is the current holder and had been the holder at all times relevant to the proceedings.

                MERS’s filing of the claim on CitiMortgage’s behalf and CitiMortgage’s original

description of itself as a mortgage servicing agent and its later clarification of itself as the current

holder of the note and deed of trust (i.e., the Mortgagee identified in the claim that MERS presented

on its behalf) do not in any way diminish CitiMortgage’s capacity to bring its claim against the

estate. Capacity means the legal authority to pursue a claim. Austin Nursing Ctr., Inc. v. Lovato,

171 S.W.3d 845, 849 (Tex. 2005). Roper contends that MERS is an unregistered foreign entity, and

as such, may not maintain a court proceeding in Texas that is either brought directly by the entity or

as a derivative action in the entity’s name. See Tex. Bus. Orgs. Code § 9.051. This action was

neither brought directly by MERS in its own name nor as a derivative action in its own name. The

deed specifically provided MERS, as nominee for the lender and the lender’s successors and assigns,

with the right to exercise any and all of the interests granted by Michael Roper, including the



                                                  18
right to foreclose and sell the Property. MERS brought the claim on behalf of the Mortgagee

(CitiMortgage), not on its own behalf, and therefore, its registration status is irrelevant.9 We overrule

Roper’s sixth issue.


Admissibility of CitiMortgage’s evidence

                In his first and fourth issues, Roper argues that the trial court should not have

admitted Nixon’s affidavit and the attached exhibits or relied on her statements in the affidavit

because (1) CitiMortgage did not timely disclose Nixon as a fact witness in response to his discovery

requests and it withheld the documents attached to her affidavit from production; (2) Nixon lacked

personal knowledge of the transactions and demonstrated no basis for her knowledge of the records’

origin or manner of preparation, rendering her statements within the affidavit inadmissible hearsay;

and (3) Nixon made impermissible conclusory statements and reached legal conclusions about

Michael Roper’s indebtedness, the default in payment, and CitiMortgage’s status as holder and

owner. We review the trial court’s rulings on the admissibility of summary-judgment evidence

under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Fairfield Fin. Group, Inc. v. Synnott, 300 S.W.3d 316, 319

(Tex. App.—Austin 2009, no pet.); see also Cunningham v. Columbia/St. David’s Healthcare Sys.,

L.P., 185 S.W.3d 7, 13 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, no pet.) (applying abuse-of-discretion standard



        9
          To the extent Roper argues in his reply brief that CitiMortgage is MERS’s agent based on
its original description of itself as a mortgage servicing agent and therefore cannot sue on MERS’s
behalf, we note that CitiMortgage stated in its original petition that it held the deed of trust and the
vendor’s lien and that it sought to enforce its vendor’s lien. It also corrected its description in its
amended petition to identify itself as both the mortgage servicing agent and the holder of the note
and deed of trust. As the successor in interest to Principal Residential, the enforcement claim
belonged to CitiMortgage, not MERS, although the deed of trust allowed MERS to initiate and
exercise the rights granted in the deed on behalf of CitiMortgage.

                                                   19
to court’s decision to exclude evidence under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 193.6). A trial court

abuses its discretion when it acts without regard for guiding rules or principles. Owens-Corning

Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone, 972 S.W.2d 35, 43 (Tex. 1998). The trial court does not abuse its

discretion if it bases its decision on conflicting evidence and some evidence supports its decision.

Unifund CCR Partners v. Villa, 299 S.W.3d 92, 97 (Tex. 2009) (per curiam). We must uphold the

trial court’s ruling if there is any legitimate basis for it. Owens-Corning, 972 S.W.2d at 43.


               Timeliness of CitiMortgage’s disclosure of Nixon and documents

               We first consider Roper’s argument that the trial court should have excluded Nixon’s

affidavit and its attachments on the grounds that CitiMortgage did not timely disclose Nixon as a fact

witness and it withheld the documents from production. Roper contends that under Texas Rule of

Civil Procedure 193.6, the trial court was required to automatically exclude Nixon’s testimony and

the documents. Under Rule 193.6, exclusion of evidence that is not timely disclosed or testimony

of a non-party witness who was not timely identified is mandatory absent a showing of (1) good

cause or (2) lack of unfair surprise or unfair prejudice. The burden of establishing good cause or

lack of unfair surprise or unfair prejudice is on the party seeking to introduce the evidence or call

the witness. Tex. R. Civ. P. 193.6(b). A finding of good cause or lack of unfair surprise or unfair

prejudice must be supported by the record. Id. In this case, the trial court denied Roper’s objection,

but the judgment did not state the grounds upon which the objection was denied. We must uphold

a trial court’s ruling on any legal theory on which it could have properly relied. See Guaranty Cnty.

Mut. Ins. Co. v. Reyna, 709 S.W.2d 647, 648 (Tex. 1986) (per curiam). The trial court has discretion

to determine whether the offering party has met its burden of showing good cause to admit evidence


                                                 20
that was not timely identified. See Alvarado v. Farah Mfg. Co., 830 S.W.2d 911, 914 (Tex. 1992)

(applying former Rule 215(5), Rule 193.6’s predecessor).

               The record on appeal reflects that the documents attached to Nixon’s affidavit had

been provided to Roper and on file with the trial court since CitiMortgage filed its amended motion

for summary judgment in August 2008—three years before CitiMortgage filed its second summary-

judgment motion and the affidavit at issue here. Because the record conclusively shows that Roper

had been provided with the documents, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to

exclude them under Rule 193.6. In addition, the substance of Nixon’s affidavit, which authenticates

CitiMortgage’s business records and recites facts related to the payment history and origination of

the loan, is substantively identical to the affidavit of the prior records custodian that CitiMortgage

submitted three years before. Based on the record before us, we conclude that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion by concluding that the change in the identity of CitiMortgage’s records custodian

did not unfairly surprise or prejudice Roper. We overrule Roper’s first issue.


               Nixon’s personal knowledge and authentication of CitiMortgage’s records

               We now turn to Roper’s argument that the trial court should have excluded Nixon’s

affidavit testimony as inadmissible hearsay because she lacked personal knowledge of the transactions.

Roper contends that Nixon’s statement that she had “reviewed the records relating to this matter,

including the payment history and loan origination documents” failed to establish that she had

personal knowledge of “the activities of CitiMortgage in relation to Michael C. Roper’s loan” and

thus her conclusions were hearsay or based on hearsay.




                                                 21
               An affiant must swear that the facts presented in the affidavit reflect her personal

knowledge for the affidavit to have probative value. In re E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 136

S.W.3d 218, 224 (Tex. 2004) (per curiam). Nixon stated in her affidavit that she was “an authorized

representative who has the authority to make this Affidavit on behalf of Citi[M]ortgage” and “a

custodian of records for Citimortgage in regards to the subject loan.” She also stated that she had

personal knowledge of the facts stated in the affidavit and that they were true and correct. She

further attested that the documents were obtained and kept in the regular course of business, as

required by the Texas Rules of Evidence to except them from the hearsay rule. See Tex. R. Evid.

803(6) (excepting business records from hearsay rule), 902(10) (establishing requirements for

records custodian’s affidavit sufficient to render business records self-authenticated).

               Nixon’s acknowledgment of the sources from which she gathered her knowledge, in

this case CitiMortgage’s records relating to Michael Roper’s loan, does not violate the personal-

knowledge requirement. See In re E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 136 S.W.3d at 224. The rules

of evidence do not require that the qualified witness who lays the predicate for the admission of

business records be their creator, be an employee of the same company as the creator, or have

personal knowledge of the contents of the record—personal knowledge of how the documents were

prepared will suffice. See Tex. R. Evid. 803(6), 902(10); see also In re E.A.K., 192 S.W.3d 133, 142

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. denied) (holding no abuse of discretion to admit

document attested to as business record by state agency’s employee when document was prepared

by third-party contractor documenting study conducted on behalf of state agency). Nixon’s averments




                                                 22
that she is an authorized representative of and records custodian for CitiMortgage and that

CitiMortgage kept these records in the regular course of its business satisfy this requirement.

               Roper further asserts that Nixon cannot authenticate records that she represents to be

those of CitiMortgage’s predecessor without showing a basis for her knowledge of their origin or

manner of preparation. See Tex. R. Evid. 803(6). The documents attached to Nixon’s affidavit that

she attested were business records of CitiMortgage were (1) the warranty deed with vendor’s lien,

(2) the deed of trust, and (3) the note. Both the warranty deed with vendor’s lien and the deed of

trust are notarized and contain file stamps that indicate that they have been filed in the Comal County

real property records by the county clerk as official public records. Therefore, these documents are

self-authenticated. See Tex. R. Evid. 902(8) (allowing self-authentication of documents acknowledged

by notary public), (4) (allowing self-authentication of certified copies of public records); Murphy v.

Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 199 S.W.3d 441, 446 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet.

denied) (holding file stamps indicating filing in county real property records sufficient for self-

authentication). The only other document at issue is the note.

               The promissory note identified Milestone Mortgage Corporation as the Lender—the

holder of the note and the entity entitled to receive payments. The note states that “[t]he Lender or

anyone who takes this note by transfer and who is entitled to receive payments under this Note is

called the ‘Note Holder.’” The note bears an indorsement by Milestone Mortgage Corporation to

Principal Residential Mortgage, Inc., which transferred Milestone’s rights as a holder in due course

to Principal Residential. Principal Residential was later succeeded in interest by CitiMortgage

when CitiMortgage merged with Principal Residential. Although CitiMortgage was not the original



                                                  23
author or creator of the note, the note nevertheless may be self-authenticated as CitiMortgage’s

business record if (1) the document is incorporated and kept in the course of CitiMortgage’s

business, (2) CitiMortgage typically relies upon the accuracy of the document’s contents, and (3) the

circumstances otherwise indicate the document’s trustworthiness. See, e.g., Simien v. Unifund CCR

Partners, 321 S.W.3d 235, 240-41 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.); see also Tex. R.

Evid. 803(6), 902(10).

               The note satisfies these three criteria. Nixon attested that CitiMortgage had obtained

and kept these documents in the regular course of its business and that they are essential and required

to properly administer and service the loan file. Nixon further stated that she is a records custodian

for CitiMortgage for Michael Roper’s loan and has personal knowledge of the records related to the

loan, including the payment history and loan origination documents. These statements sufficiently

show that CitiMortgage incorporated the records related to Michael Roper’s loan after the merger

with Principal Residential. See id. at 241-42. These statements, along with Nixon’s statements that

payments have not been made in accordance with the note and deed of trust and that the indebtedness

continues to remain unpaid, also show that CitiMortgage relied on the accuracy of the note (and other

documents received from Principal Residential) to determine the existence and value of the debt now

due to CitiMortgage. See id. at 242-43. As for the trustworthiness of the third-party document, the

note at issue here was signed and each page initialed by Michael Roper on the same date that he

signed the notarized deed of trust and that Roper Sr. and Patricia Roper executed the warranty deed,

which conveyed the property to Michael, subject to Milestone’s vendor’s lien. Both the deed of trust

and the warranty deed refer to the note as evidencing Michael Roper’s debt to Milestone. All of



                                                  24
these documents are part of the same loan transaction. See Braniff Inv. Co. v. Robertson, 81 S.W.2d

45, 50 (Tex. 1935); Robinson v. Saxon Mortg. Servs., Inc., 240 S.W.3d 311, 313-14 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2007, no pet.). Thus, the note possesses a high degree of trustworthiness because it

was executed as part of the same transaction as the other public-record documents.

                Our primary concern with the admission of third-party business records is their

reliability. Simien, 321 S.W.3d at 245. Personal knowledge of the recordkeeping practices of the

third party is not required. Id. at 244. Roper has not attacked the reliability of the records themselves;

instead, he contends that Nixon’s affidavit lacks trustworthiness because her affidavit contains

inaccurate statements and any CitiMortgage witness is inherently untrustworthy. He does not,

however, expressly assert that the note itself and the other documents or the method or circumstances

of their preparation are not trustworthy. See Tex. R. Evid. 803(6). CitiMortgage presented evidence

to the trial court that satisfies the three-factor test for admission of business records. Consequently,

the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the original loan documents as CitiMortgage

records under the business-records exception to the hearsay rule. See Simien, 321 S.W.3d at 245.


                Nixon’s conclusions based on the documents

                Roper further argues that the trial court should not have admitted Nixon’s statements

related to the unpaid indebtedness and CitiMortgage’s status as the lawful holder or owner of the

note, the deed of trust, and the vendor’s lien because these statements are impermissibly conclusory.

Logical conclusions based on stated underlying facts are proper in both lay and expert testimony, but

conclusory statements are not proper as summary-judgment proof if there are not facts to support the

conclusions. See Rizkallah v. Conner, 952 S.W.2d 580, 587 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997,


                                                   25
no writ). Conclusory statements are not readily susceptible to being controverted. See Ryland

Group, Inc. v. Hood, 924 S.W.2d 120, 122 (Tex. 1996) (per curiam) (citing Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c)).

Nixon’s testimony, which was based on her personal knowledge as records custodian, in which she

identified the note and deed of trust and recited the payoff due as of September 5, 2008, is not

conclusory and suffices to support summary judgment. See American 10-Minute Oil Change, Inc.

v. Metropolitan Nat’l Bank-Farmers Branch, 783 S.W.2d 598, 601 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1989, no

writ) (summary-judgment affidavit made on bank vice-president’s personal knowledge, which

identified note, principal balance, and interest owed after allowing for all offsets, payments, and

credits, was not conclusory); see also Texas Commerce Bank, Nat’l Ass’n v. New, 3 S.W.3d 515, 517

(Tex. 1999) (citing American 10-Minute Oil Change and allowing affidavit testimony of total amount

due under written instrument to support award of that amount in default-judgment proceeding).

               To the extent that Nixon’s statements that “CitiMortgage is the lawful holder or

owner of the Note and Deed of Trust” and “also the holder or owner of the express Vendor’s Lien

reserved in the body of the Deed and Deed of Trust” explain the content of the attached documents,

they are not conclusory statements. See Rockwall Commons Assocs., Ltd. v. MRC Mortg. Grantor

Trust I, 331 S.W.3d 500, 512 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2010, no pet.). But even if we assume without

deciding that these statements are legal conclusions, the trial court would not have been required to

strike the entire affidavit. See Ennis v. Loiseau, 164 S.W.3d 698, 703-04 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005,

no pet.) (upholding trial court’s exclusion of only conclusory portions of special-appearance

affidavit). Without relying on Nixon’s statements, the trial court could have determined by reference

to the documents themselves, which we have already concluded were properly admitted, that

CitiMortgage is the lawful owner and holder of the note, deed of trust, and vendor’s lien. See

                                                 26
Rockwall Commons, 331 S.W.3d at 514. Thus, the trial court’s failure to exclude Nixon’s statements

about CitiMortgage’s status as an owner or holder would not be harmful error. See Tex. R. App. P.

44.1(a) (providing that judgment will not be reversed based on error of law unless appellate court

concludes error probably caused rendition of improper judgment). We overrule Roper’s fourth issue.


Timing of service of CitiMortgage’s summary-judgment motion

               In his second and third issues, Roper contends that the trial court erred by granting

summary judgment in CitiMortgage’s favor and considering Nixon’s affidavit as evidence because

CitiMortgage set its motion for hearing on less than 24 days’ notice. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c)

(providing that motion and supporting affidavits shall be filed and served at least 21 days before time

at which hearing is set), 21a (providing that service by mail adds 3 days to any prescribed time

period), 4 (providing that day of act starting time period is not included in time-period computation

and last day of period is included in computation). He argues that Nixon’s affidavit should have

been excluded and the summary judgment should be reversed because of the trial court’s error.

               CitiMortgage served its motion and supporting affidavit by mail on September 7,

2011. Roper filed his opposition to CitiMortgage’s motion on September 26, 2011, followed the

next day by a motion for continuance of the summary-judgment hearing. The trial court held a

hearing on September 29, 2011, during which the court notified the parties that he would be taking

the respective summary-judgment motions under submission—not hearing oral argument—after

they each had adequate time to respond to the motions. Upon learning that Roper had already filed

his response to CitiMortgage’s motion, the trial court decided that the submission date for

CitiMortgage’s motion was that day, September 29.



                                                  27
               Under Rule 166a(c), the hearing date determines the time for the nonmovant to

respond to the motion. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c). The nonmovant must file his response no later

than 7 days before the hearing, or with leave of court, he may respond within the 7 days before the

hearing. Id. Thus, the Rule itself contemplates that a party may be required to file a response to a

summary-judgment motion in as little as 14 days from the time he is served with the motion, or 17

days if he is served by mail. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Reedy v. Webb, 113 S.W.3d 19, 26 (Tex.

App.—Tyler 2002, pet. denied).

               The purpose of Rule 166a(c)’s notice provision is “to prevent rendition of summary

judgment without the nonmovant having full opportunity to respond on the merits of the motion.”

Winn v. Martin Homebuilders, Inc., 153 S.W.3d 553, 556 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2004, pet. denied).

Notice of hearing or submission of the motion is mandatory because the hearing date determines the

response due date. See Martin v. Martin, Martin & Richards, Inc., 989 S.W.2d 357, 359 (Tex. 1998)

(per curiam). Roper filed his response 17 days after being served with CitiMortgage’s motion by

mail, but only 3 days before the hearing. Nevertheless, the trial court considered his response. While

the trial court erred by taking the case under submission only 21 days after CitiMortgage served its

motion by mail, instead of 24 days, the error was harmless because the trial court fully considered

Roper’s response and Roper had the amount of time contemplated by Rule 166a(c) to file his

response.10 See id. at 358-60 (holding that court’s error was harmless when party received no notice


       10
            We note that the parties refer to the time period that elapsed between CitiMortgage’s
service of the motion and the hearing as a 22-day period, but it was actually a 21-day period. See
Lewis v. Blake, 876 S.W.2d 314, 316 (Tex. 1994) (construing rules and determining day of service
is not included in computing notice for summary-judgment hearing, but day of hearing is included
in computation).

                                                 28
of hearing or submission, but trial court considered party’s response filed after order granting

summary judgment was signed and then reconfirmed ruling).


Denial of Roper’s motion for continuance

                Also in his second and third appellate issues, Roper contends that the trial court

erred by denying his motion for continuance. The trial court implicitly denied Roper’s motion for

continuance at the hearing on September 29 when it decided to take CitiMortgage’s summary-

judgment motion under submission as of that date. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(2)(A).

                We cannot conclude the denial of the motion was a clear abuse of discretion. See

Villegas v. Carter, 711 S.W.2d 624, 626 (Tex. 1986) (explaining record must disclose clear abuse

of discretion before we will disturb trial court’s action on a motion for continuance). When deciding

whether denial of a continuance constitutes a clear abuse of discretion, courts consider factors such

as (1) the length of time that the case has been on file, (2) the materiality of any additional discovery

sought, and (3) whether due diligence was exercised in obtaining discovery. See Perrotta v. Farmers

Ins. Exch., 47 S.W.3d 569, 576 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, no pet.) (listing nonexclusive

factors). The time factor favors the court’s denial of the continuance. CitiMortgage’s claim had

been on file for nearly five years at the time it filed its summary-judgment motion. The September

7, 2011 motion filed by CitiMortgage is identical to the motion it filed three years earlier on August

25, 2008, except that in the second motion CitiMortgage attached its exhibits to the affidavit of its

records custodian instead of to the motion, and the affidavit was from a different records custodian.

                As for the factors related to the possible need for additional discovery, the only

evidence CitiMortgage presented in support of its claim was the affidavit of Nixon (the second

records custodian) and the attached authenticated copies of the warranty deed, the deed of trust, and

                                                   29
the note. Roper complained in his continuance motion that CitiMortgage’s responses to his

discovery requests were inadequate because Nixon had not been disclosed as a fact witness, and

he sought either exclusion of Nixon’s affidavit or an order compelling CitiMortgage to respond to

his discovery requests and compelling Nixon to attend a deposition. Rule 252 requires that if a

continuance is sought to depose a witness, the motion must include a description of the testimony

the witness will probably give and what the party expects the testimony to prove. Tex. R. Civ. P.

252; Verkin v. Southwest Ctr. One, Ltd., 784 S.W.2d 92, 94 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1989,

writ denied) (noting that Rule 252 governs procedure for continuance motion made on grounds that

party needs additional time for discovery before summary-judgment hearing). Roper requested

sixty days to allow him to investigate Nixon and take her deposition, but he did not explain how

taking deposition testimony from Nixon—who had already attested that she was a records

custodian—would be material to his opposition to CitiMortgage’s motion or what he expected her

testimony to prove. Under these circumstances, Roper has not shown that the trial court abused its

discretion by denying his motion for continuance.11 We overrule Roper’s second and third issues.


       11
            Roper also challenges the trial court’s denial of Roper Sr.’s motion for continuance.
Roper Sr., the estate administrator, moved for a continuance because medical issues were preventing
him from travel. Roper Sr. sought only to attend the hearing on CitiMortgage’s motion; he did not
seek additional time to oppose the summary-judgment motion. Roper Sr. was represented by
counsel, and his counsel likewise did not seek additional time to oppose the summary-judgment
motion. As discussed, the trial court did not hear oral argument on the motion. Thus, no action was
necessary on Roper Sr.’s motion for continuance and arguably none was taken. But assuming
without deciding that the trial court denied Roper Sr.’s continuance motion, we cannot conclude that
the trial court abused its discretion because Roper Sr. requested a continuance only to attend oral
argument, not to respond to the summary-judgment motion, and the trial court did not hear oral
argument. See Martin v. Martin, Martin & Richards, Inc., 989 S.W.2d 357, 359 (Tex. 1998) (per
curiam) (explaining that error in granting summary-judgment motion with less notice than required
by Rule 166a(c) was harmless when it did not prevent trial court from fully considering party’s
response).

                                                30
Conditions precedent

                In his fifth issue, Roper asserts that the trial court erred by granting CitiMortgage’s

summary-judgment motion and denying his no-evidence motion because CitiMortgage failed to

prove that it satisfied the conditions precedent to enforcing its claim. Roper contends that the note

and deed of trust contain express contractual provisions requiring CitiMortgage to provide notice

of default, notice of intent to accelerate with a right to cure, notice of acceleration and notice of

grievance and that CitiMortgage has not proved that it complied with those requirements.

                The conditions precedent that Roper argues CitiMortgage was required to satisfy are

derived from the deed of trust, i.e. the contract between Michael Roper and the Lender (and its

successors and assigns). They are all provisions designed to avoid a situation in which nonjudicial

foreclosure on real property occurs without notice to the borrower. While CitiMortgage would be

required to satisfy these conditions precedent in an ordinary contract dispute, the Texas Legislature

has provided a specific framework in the Probate Code for handling secured claims for money that

are presented against an estate. See, e.g., Tex. Prob. Code §§ 306, 313. In particular, Subsection 306(e)

provides that if the property securing a preferred debt and lien claim has not been sold or distributed

within six months from the date letters are granted, then the estate representative shall pay all

maturities that have accrued on the debt and perform all terms of the contract securing the debt. Id.

§ 306(e). If the estate representative defaults on payment or performance, upon application of the

claimholder, “the court shall . . . require the sale of the property free of the lien and apply the

proceeds to the payment of the whole debt.” Id. § 306(e)(2). After the estate representative took no

action on its claim and the claim was deemed rejected by operation of law, CitiMortgage sought such

a sale in its petition at the same time it sought court approval of its claim. CitiMortgage demonstrated

                                                   31
that it had a valid lien on the Property—the requirement for having the claim allowed and approved

as a preferred debt and lien. The Property was not sold or distributed within six months from the

date letters were granted, and Roper has presented no evidence that the estate representative

promptly paid all maturities that had accrued on the debt. Thus, the trial court properly found that

sale of the property was required under Section 306. We overrule Roper’s fifth issue.


Failure to serve new co-administrators by scire facias

               In his seventh issue, Roper argues that CitiMortgage’s suit is barred by limitations

because it was required to serve the successor co-administrators with scire facias to continue its

suit against the estate.12 Under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 153, when an estate’s personal

representative resigns, the suit may proceed against the successor representative. Rule 153 provides

that “the suit may be continued . . . upon like proceedings being had as provided in the two preceding

rules, or the suit may be dismissed, as provided in Rule 151.” Rule 151 is the rule governing suits

after death of the plaintiff, and accordingly provides a provision for the defendant to have the suit

dismissed if the plaintiff’s heir or estate representative fails to appear after being served with

scire facias. In this case, CitiMortgage is the plaintiff, so the process to follow after the estate

representative’s replacement is the process in Rule 152, which is the rule governing suits after the

death of the defendant. Rule 152 provides that “[w]hen the defendant shall die, upon the suggestion

of death in open court, or upon petition of the plaintiff, the clerk shall issue a scire facias for the

administrator or executor or heir requiring him to appear and defend the suit and upon return of such


       12
           A writ of scire facias is similar to personal service of citation and provides a person with
notice of a suit, see Tex. R. Civ. P. 151-154, or revival of a dormant judgment, see Tex. Civ. Prac.
& Rem. Code § 31.006.

                                                  32
service, the suit shall proceed against the administrator or executor or heir.” Here, instead of a

suggestion of death in open court, the court itself approved the original administrator’s resignation

and the new co-administrators’ applications for appointment. Assuming without deciding that a

scire facias needed to issue to inform the new administrators of the CitiMortgage suit, Rule 152

places that duty on the court clerk once the court is aware of the change in administrators. The

appellate record does not reflect when CitiMortgage was notified of either the resignation of the

original administrator or the appointment of the new administrators. Under these facts, we decline

to find that CitiMortgage was required to petition the trial court to issue a writ of scire facias.

                Furthermore, to the extent the failure to issue scire facias could be considered error,

under these facts, it would be harmless error. A writ of scire facias, like a citation, brings a person

before the court by giving him notice of the suit. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 154 (establishing that scire

facias and its return are governed by rules applicable to citation); see also Pewthers’ Estate v.

Holland Page Indus., Inc., 443 S.W.2d 392, 395-96 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1969, writ ref’d n.r.e.)

(“[T]he writ of scire facias issued [in a case in which the deceased defendant had already filed an

answer] should command the person to whom it is directed to ‘appear and defend’ the suit described

in the writ rather than to appear by filing a written answer.”). A suit revived by issuance of scire

facias “is merely a continuation of the original action, and the substituted party stands in the same

shoes as the original party . . . .” Estate of Pollack v. McMurrey, 858 S.W.2d 388, 390 n.2 (Tex. 1993).

Rules 151 and 152 do not require the parties to plead or replead, and the legal representative of a

decedent in a suit revived under those Rules is deemed to have adopted the pleadings of the

decedent. Pewthers’ Estate, 443 S.W.2d at 395.




                                                  33
                The trial court issued the order appointing the new co-administrators on July 25,

2007. The order provided that the co-administrators would not be qualified to serve or receive

issuance of letters of administration until they each posted a bond and retained a licensed Texas

attorney to make an appearance in the court and represent to the court that the attorney was acting

as attorney for the co-administrator. The appellate record does not reflect when the co-administrators

met these conditions, but it is undisputed that at some point between July 25, 2007 and December

26, 2007, they did so.13 Section 224 of the Probate Code provides that a successor administrator

shall proceed to administer such estate as if his administration was a continuation of the former one.

When CitiMortgage filed its amended petition on December 26, 2007, it deleted the prior

administrator as a party defendant and substituted the new co-administrators as party defendants and

noted in the amended petition that both co-administrators could be served with process through their

attorneys of record. The certificate of service reflects that CitiMortgage served those attorneys with

process via e-mail, U.S. mail, and certified mail with return receipt requested. CitiMortgage’s

service of process upon the new administrators provided them with notice of the suit against the

estate and cured any error resulting from the trial court’s failure to issue a writ of scire facias.14

        13
            The appellate record contains the new co-administrators’ special appearances filed to
assert that the trial court did not have jurisdiction over them in the CitiMortgage suit because they
had not been served with scire facias. In those filings, they represent that they were confirmed as
co-dependent administrators in October 2007, but they also incorrectly state that they were appointed
as administrators on June 28, 2007.
        14
            Roper argues that serving the administrators with the petition through their attorneys of
record did not give the trial court personal jurisdiction over the co-administrators. He contends that
because Rule 154 requires the service of scire facias to comport with the rules applicable to citation,
scire facias must be served on the defendant personally, unless the defendant or his attorney has
waived service. We disagree. After seeking appointment from the trial court, the co-administrators
were required to have their attorneys make an appearance in the probate proceeding in which this
suit was pending and represent to the court that the attorneys were acting as attorneys for the co-
administrators. An appearance made on behalf of a defendant in open court “has the same force and
effect as if the citation had been duly issued and served as provided by law.” See Tex. R. Civ. P. 120.

                                                   34
               Roper contends that because CitiMortgage did not demonstrate due diligence in

serving the new administrators with scire facias, it abandoned its suit. We understand his argument

to be that after the original administrator resigned, CitiMortgage was required to obtain service of

scire facias on the new administrators, and until it did so, the limitations period for its claim began

to run again. We disagree. The date that CitiMortgage filed its original petition is the date that

we would use to determine whether limitations had run. As noted above, after resignation of an

administrator, the suit continues against his replacement. Resignation of an administrator does not

restart the running of the limitations period. We overrule Roper’s seventh issue.


Limitations and discharge of debt based on alleged prior claims

               In his eighth issue, Roper asserts that CitiMortgage had made claims on the estate

earlier than its October 6, 2006 claim, and those claims had been deemed rejected by operation of

law. He argues that he had established the affirmative defenses of limitations and discharge of the

debt because CitiMortgage had not filed suit on these alleged claims within the ninety-day period

provided by Section 313 of the Probate Code. We disagree.

               Roper bases his assertion that CitiMortgage had made prior claims on (1) two payoff

quotes that it had provided in January 17, 2006 and June 12, 2006 correspondence to the original

administrator upon the administrator’s request and (2) the original administrator’s memorialization

of the debt owed to CitiMortgage in an exhibit to an application made by the administrator on

February 23, 2006 to sell the property to Roper Sr. and Patricia Roper. None of these documents

demonstrate that CitiMortgage had presented a claim to the trial court as contemplated by the



                                                  35
Probate Code. The Code provides that a claim for money against an estate must “be supported by

an affidavit that the claim is just and that all legal offsets, payments, and credits known to the affiant

have been allowed.” Tex. Prob. Code § 301. Moreover, secured claims for money against an estate

must be presented in the manner provided in Section 306. Section 306 requires the claimant to state

whether the claimant seeks to have the claim allowed and approved as a matured secured claim or

a preferred debt and lien against the specific property. Id. § 306.

                The correspondence from CitiMortgage to the administrator does not purport to be

a claim against the estate. Both letters refer to “the reinstatement figures you requested in connection

with the above-referenced loan” and “the payoff figures you requested.” (Emphasis altered.) While

the February 2006 exhibit to the sale application identifies CitiMortgage and its attorneys as

“claimants,” the exhibit also specifically states: “There are no charges and claims against the Estate

that have been approved or established by suit or have been rejected and may yet be established.

However, the property in question has a note which is in default and is in danger of foreclosure.”

The document to which the correspondence is attached shows that the administrator did not consider

the letters to be claims. In a footnote to the section entitled “Claims Rejected” the administrator

states: “The below listed ‘claims’ are claims based on faxes received by the administrator [copies

of which are attached hereto . . .] which some of the heirs contend constitute a claim(s) under the

Texas Probate Code.” (Emphasis added.)

                A claim without the affidavit required by Section 301 is not a legally presented claim

and thus does not activate the 90-day period provided in Section 313. See Boney v. Harris, 557

S.W.2d 376, 377-78 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1977, no writ) (holding affidavit that did

                                                   36
not substantially comply with Section 301 did not activate the 90-day period); see also City of Austin

v. Aguilar, 607 S.W.2d 310, 312 & n.1 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1980, no writ) (explaining defect

in form of claim did not invalidate claim and was distinguishable from invalid claims based on

substantive defects found in cases such as Boney). While a claim may be presented to either the

personal representative or the clerk of the court, see Tex. Prob. Code §§ 298, 308, a claim that does

not comply with the substantive requirements of Section 301 is a void claim. None of the three

documents identified by Roper comply with the substantive requirements of Section 301. Thus, even

if we were to consider them claims presented to the administrator, they would be void. As such, they

would not trigger the 90-day period established in Section 313. We overrule Roper’s eighth issue.


Effect of judgment on discharged estate administrator

               The trial court’s judgment styles the case in the following manner: “In re: Michael

C. Roper, Deceased[.] CitiMortgage, Inc., Plaintiff, v. William A. Roper and Kimberly Roper

Flannery as Co-Dependent Administrators of the Estate of Michael C. Roper, Defendant(s).” Roper

argues that the judgment is void as to Kimberly Roper Flannery because the trial court approved her

resignation as co-administrator on June 1, 2010, and thus she should not have been named in the

judgment. Roper never pointed out this defect in the pleadings to the trial court. In fact, in his

pleadings, he styled the case as “In re: The Estate of Michael Christopher Roper, Deceased.

CitiMortgage, Inc., Plaintiff, v. William A. Roper and Kimberly Roper Flannery as Dependent Co-

Administrators of the Estate of Michael C. Roper, Defendant.” Roper waived this defect in the




                                                 37
pleadings by failing to point it out by special exception.15 See Tex. R. Civ. P. 90. We overrule

Roper’s eleventh issue.


The scope of appellate issues raised by Roper

               In his ninth and tenth issues, Roper broadly asserts that the trial court erred by

granting summary judgment for CitiMortgage and by denying his no-evidence summary-judgment

motion for all the reasons set forth within his voluminous briefing on both motions and in his first

eight issues on appeal. Although an appellant may raise an issue that generally contends that the trial

court erred in rendering summary judgment, see Malooly Bros., Inc. v. Napier, 461 S.W.2d 119, 121

(Tex. 1970), the appellant must also “present argument and supporting authorities in support of that

issue.” Klentzman v. Brady, 312 S.W.3d 886, 899 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.);

see also Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i) (requiring appellant to provide “a clear and concise argument for

the contentions made, with appropriate citations to authorities and to the record”). Consequently,

we will review only the arguments actually raised by Roper in his nine other issues presented and

briefed on appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(f) (requiring concise statement of all issues presented

for review), (i); Klentzman, 312 S.W.3d at 899.

               In his reply brief, Roper states that “[w]hile argument appearing within Issue Nos.

9 & 10 may appear sparse, the factual background set forth within [Roper’s] Statement of Facts is




       15
            Furthermore, we note that the style identifies Kimberly Roper Flannery in her capacity as
estate administrator; it does not name her individually. The judgment establishes CitiMortgage’s
secured claim against the estate and orders the sale of the Property. As such, it has no effect on
Flannery. This is essentially a clerical mistake, and therefore, Roper should have sought to correct
it in the trial court. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 316 (allowing trial court to correct clerical mistakes in
judgment after notice of motion to parties).

                                                  38
as complete as possible given the 50 page limit.” He also asserts many times in his briefs and

various motions that CitiMortgage has failed to controvert certain “facts” in his statement of facts,

and that we are therefore required by Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 38.1(g) to accept those

facts as true. Under Rule 38.1(g), the statement of facts “must state concisely and without argument

the facts pertinent to the issues or points presented.” Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(g) (emphasis added).

Roper’s statement of facts is replete with argument; we are not required to accept his arguments

as true. To the extent those arguments can be liberally construed to support his identified issues

presented on appeal, we have done so. See id. 38.9 (requiring liberal construction of briefing rules),

38.1(f) (“The brief must state concisely all issues or points presented for review. The statement of

an issue or point will be treated as covering every subsidiary question that is fairly included.”). We

cannot, however, consider any arguments contained in his background section as raising other

issues on appeal.16

               To the extent that Roper contends in his ninth and tenth issues that we should

consider other issues presented below, but not specifically identified in his appellate brief as issues

presented and supported by argument, he has waived those points. See id. 38.1(f),(i); see also

Plexchem Int’l, Inc. v. Harris Cnty. Appraisal Dist., 922 S.W.2d 930, 930-31 (Tex. 1996) (per


       16
          Moreover, we note that throughout Roper’s already voluminous briefing, he refers us to
extensive portions of his pleadings in the trial court as support for his various issues. On appeal, a
party must argue his claim of error in his appellate brief; “it is insufficient simply to refer the
appellate court to the party’s trial court arguments.” Allen v. United of Omaha Life Ins. Co., 236
S.W.3d 315, 325 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, pet. denied). “Were we to approve of this tactic,
appellate briefs would be reduced to a simple appellate record reference to a party’s trial court
arguments. Additionally, this would be an open door for parties to circumvent the appellate brief
page limitations.” Guerrero v. Tarrant Cnty. Mortician Servs. Co., 977 S.W.2d 829, 832-33 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 1998, pet. denied). Accordingly, we have only considered the arguments actually
presented by Roper in his appellate briefing.

                                                  39
curiam) (holding that Malooly point of error preserved error on issue that was supported by argument

and authorities in brief). We are only required to consider arguments presented on appeal; we need

not further examine whether the trial court generally erred by granting summary judgment. See

Spera v. Fleming, Hovenkamp & Grayson, P.C., 25 S.W.3d 863, 874 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2000, no pet.). We overrule Roper’s ninth and tenth issues.


                                          CONCLUSION

               Having overruled Roper’s eleven issues on appeal and determined that he raised

no material fact issues that preclude summary judgment for CitiMortgage, we affirm the trial

court’s order denying Roper’s summary-judgment motion and granting summary judgment in favor

of CitiMortgage.17




       17
             Roper also filed three motions. First, we deny his motion to strike an exhibit to
CitiMortgage’s brief. We note, however, that we only consider documents attached to briefing that
appear in the appellate record as filed, and thus we did not rely upon the exhibit when deciding
the appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 34.1; see also Till v. Thomas, 10 S.W.3d 730, 733-34 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.) (attaching documents as exhibits or appendices to briefs
is not formal inclusion in appellate record). Second, we deny Roper’s motion to strike arguments
first raised on appeal by CitiMortgage. We note that Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 33.1 applies
to the party “presenting a complaint for appellate review.” The Rule does not require a party opposing
appellate complaints to preserve error. CitiMortgage is not seeking to reverse any error by the
trial court. Moreover, CitiMortgage has not advanced new grounds for affirming the trial court’s
summary judgment on appeal—its claim was based on its argument that it had a valid lien and that
the loan was in default. See Stiles v. Resolution Trust Corp., 867 S.W.2d 24, 26 (Tex. 1993)
(holding summary judgment cannot be affirmed on grounds not expressly set out in the motion or
response). CitiMortgage was not required to respond to every argument raised by Roper below to
preserve its right to oppose those arguments made by Roper on appeal. Finally, we deny Roper’s
motion to strike patently false, unsupported, and legally groundless arguments. To the extent his
motion contains rebuttal arguments to arguments made by CitiMortgage in its appellee’s brief, we
have considered those rebuttal arguments to be supplemental briefing by Roper. See Tex. R. App.
P. 38.7 (permitting appellate court to allow supplemental briefing whenever justice requires).

                                                 40
                                           __________________________________________

                                           Scott K. Field, Justice

Before Justices Puryear, Pemberton, and Field

Affirmed

Filed: November 27, 2013




                                                41
