                                                                      [DO NOT PUBLISH]

               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                          FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                               FILED
                          -------------------------------------------U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                       No. 06-10855                    ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                           JULY 18, 2007
                                 Non-Argument Calendar
                         -------------------------------------------- THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                                              CLERK

                     D.C. Docket No. 02-00508-CR-T-17-MSS

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                          Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                           versus

ANDRE T. PAIGE,

                                                          Defendant-Appellant.

               ----------------------------------------------------------------
                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                           for the Middle District of Florida
               ----------------------------------------------------------------

                                     (July 18, 2007)

Before EDMONDSON, Chief Judge, WILSON and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Defendant-Appellant Andre Paige appeals his conviction after a jury trial

for committing several crimes, including aiding in murder with the intent to

prevent communication of information about a federal offense to a federal official,
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(a)(1)(C). No reversible error has been shown; we

affirm.

                                    I.Motion to Suppress

       Paige first argues that the district court erred in denying his motion to

suppress (1) pre-arrest statements made in March 2002; (2) post-arrest statements

made in December 2002; and (3) grand jury and trial testimony given in 2003 in a

case against Jeffrey Bouyie.1

       We review a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress under a mixed

standard of review, reviewing findings of fact under the clearly erroneous standard

and reviewing de novo the application of law to those facts. United States v. Gil,

204 F.3d 1347, 1350 (11th Cir. 2000). And we construe the facts in the light most

favorable to the prevailing party, in this case the government. United States v.

Santa, 236 F.3d 662, 668 (11th Cir. 2000).

       A.      Pre-Arrest Statements

       In March 2002, Detective Louis Giampavolo, who was investigating the

death of Officer Christopher Horner, interviewed Paige. Paige argues on appeal




  1
   Bouyie was charged with, among other things, participating in robberies at a Florida Holiday Inn
and Shoney’s restaurant in March 1998.

                                                2
that, because he was not read his Miranda rights before this interview, his

statements made during the interview should be suppressed.2

       The district court determined that the testimony of Detective Giampavolo

and other officers present during Paige’s March 2002 interview was more credible

than Paige’s testimony about how the interview occurred. The district court

concluded that, under Detective Giampavolo’s version of events, Paige’s interview

was non-custodial; so no Miranda warnings were required. Therefore, the district

court denied Paige’s motion to suppress statements made during this interview.


  2
    Detective Giampavolo and Paige gave differing testimony about how the interview took place.
According to Detective Giampavolo, Paige agreed to get into Detective Giampavolo’s unmarked car
and to go to the homicide department office because Paige did not have a car or a valid driver’s
license. Captain W.J. Martin was at the homicide department office when Detective Giampavolo
arrived with Paige; and Captain Martin testified that nothing suggested that Paige was under arrest.
Detective Giampavolo testified that he told Paige that Paige was not under arrest or in custody and
that Paige was not handcuffed. Detective Giampavolo did not give Paige Miranda warnings. While
interviewing Paige in an unlocked room with two other officers present, Detective Giampavolo
explained to Paige that Christopher Gamble had confessed that he and Paige were involved with
several armed robberies and Officer Horner’s death. After Paige told Detective Giampavolo that he
wanted to hear from Gamble, the police brought Gamble to Paige. Gamble told Paige that he had
told the police “everything”; and Paige admitted that he was involved with a robbery at a Holiday
Inn with Gamble and Bouyie. During the interview, Detective Giampavolo told Paige that Paige
could leave; and Paige was allowed to use the bathroom unaccompanied. After the interview,
Detective Giampavolo drove Paige to Paige’s girlfriend’s house.

         But Paige testified that Detective Giampavolo told him that Paige “needed” to go to the
homicide department’s office and that Paige did not believe he had a choice whether or not to go.
Paige testified that he went to the bathroom accompanied by Detective Giampavolo. Paige also
testified that, at the homicide department, Detective Giampavolo placed Paige in a small cell for 10
or 15 minutes and locked the door. In addition, according to Paige, Detective Giampavolo told Paige
that Paige would not have to worry if Paige cooperated with the authorities. Paige testified that he
never asked to speak with Gamble; but Gamble still came to Paige’s interview room. Paige also
denied confessing to the Holiday Inn robbery.

                                                 3
       “Even if a person has not been arrested, advice of Miranda rights is required

if there is a restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a

formal arrest.” United States v. Muegge, 225 F.3d 1267, 1270 (11th Cir. 2000)

(internal quotation omitted). For a suspect to be in custody, it must be apparent

that, “under the totality of the circumstances, a reasonable man in the suspect’s

position would feel a restraint on his freedom of movement fairly characterized as

that degree associated with a formal arrest to such extent that he would not feel

free to leave.” United States v. Phillips, 812 F.2d 1355, 1360 (11th Cir. 1987)

(internal quotation omitted). “[T]he reasonable person from whose perspective

‘custody’ is defined is a reasonable innocent person.” United States v. Moya, 74

F.3d 1117, 1119 (11th Cir. 1996).

       The district court did not err in determining, under the totality of the

circumstances, that a reasonable person in Paige’s position would not have felt

that his freedom of movement was restricted in a significant way. During the

interview, Paige was sitting in an unlocked room, was permitted to go to the

bathroom, and was told, according to Detective Giampavolo, that he could leave.3

   3
     We acknowledge that Paige testified that he did not believe that he could leave the interview.
The district court determined that Paige’s testimony was less credible than Detective Giampavolo’s
testimony; and “[c]redibility determinations are typically the province of the fact finder because the
fact finder personally observes the testimony and is thus in a better position than a reviewing court
to assess the credibility of witnesses.” United States v. Ramirez-Chilel, 289 F.3d 744, 749 (11th Cir.
2002). “In other words, we must accept the evidence unless it is contrary to the laws of nature, or

                                                  4
And after the interview, Detective Giampavolo drove Paige back to his girlfriend’s

house. Paige was not in custody during his interview; and because no custodial

interrogation occurred, the absence of a Miranda warning does not render Paige’s

interview statements inadmissible.

       B.      Post-Arrest Statements

       Detective Giampavolo arrested Paige in December 2002. Detective

Giampavolo testified that he advised Paige of his Miranda rights when Paige was

arrested and that Paige indicated that he understood his rights. Although Paige

testified that Detective Giampavolo never read Paige his Miranda rights, he now

acknowledges that “[i]t is possible that some type of warnings were read.” Still

Paige asserts that, even if the Miranda warning was given, he did not knowingly

waive his Miranda rights in speaking to police because only a fool would have

given a statement in that situation.

       As we have discussed, we accept the district court’s credibility

determinations; so the district court’s finding that Detective Giampavolo read

Paige his Miranda rights when Paige was arrested was not clear error. And we are




is so inconsistent or improbable on its face that no reasonable factfinder could accept it.” Id.
(internal quotation and alteration omitted). We accept the district court’s credibility determinations
in this case.

                                                  5
unpersuaded by Paige’s argument that his post-arrest statements were not given

voluntarily because it would have been foolish for him to make those statements.

       C.      Grand Jury and Trial Testimony

       While represented by his retained lawyer, Karen Meeks, Paige testified in

February 2003 before the grand jury in the criminal case against Jeffrey Bouyie

and during Bouyie’s May 2003 trial. Paige did not enter into a proffer agreement

or a plea agreement before giving this testimony. Paige now argues that Meeks’s

representation of him during this time was so deficient that he essentially was

unrepresented and that the government violated due process by obtaining

incriminating statements from him during his testimony.4 Paige also asserts that

the district court should have suppressed his testimony because he was not read his

Miranda rights before he testified.

       We conclude that the district court did not err in refusing to suppress

Paige’s grand jury testimony and testimony during Bouyie’s trial. Paige does not

allege that the government coerced his testimony before the grand jury or at trial.

See United States v. Thompson, 422 F.3d 1285, 1295 (11th Cir. 2005) (explaining

that the Fifth Amendment prohibits use of involuntary confessions at a criminal



   4
    We note that it does not appear that Paige is raising an ineffective assistance of counsel claim
on appeal.

                                                 6
trial and that the voluntariness inquiry focuses “on whether the defendant was

coerced by the government into making the statement”). In addition, Paige fails to

cite to authority stating that a witness before a grand jury or at a trial must receive

Miranda warnings.5 Although Paige asserts that “in hindsight[, he] would not

have given any statements because they were not in his best interest,” we are not

convinced that the district court erred in denying Paige’s motion to suppress his

testimony statements.

                                  II. Sufficiency of Evidence

       At Paige’s trial, Christopher Gamble testified that a group, including he and

Paige, robbed a Holiday Inn and then decided to rob a NationsBank branch. Just

before daybreak, the group went to prepare for the bank robbery at a cemetery,

where they changed clothes and consumed drugs. Inside the group’s car at the

cemetery were drugs, masks, gloves, and guns used in past robberies. At the

cemetery, Officer Christopher Horner -- who knew Gamble from Gamble’s past

criminal activity -- approached the group members who were then dressed in black


   5
    Paige did receive Miranda warnings when he was arrested in December 2002; and during his
January 2003 arraignment and February 2003 arraignment on a superceding indictment, Paige was
told by the magistrate judge that he had the right to remain silent and that he did not have to talk to
anyone, including the government. The magistrate also told Paige in January 2003 that, if he chose
to make statements about his case, he should assume that those statements would be used against
him.


                                                  7
and wearing gloves and turned a spotlight on them. After Gamble told Officer

Horner that Gamble was at the cemetery to visit his “auntie,” Officer Horner told

the group that he wanted to “run their names.” A member of the group, Charles

Fowler, approached Officer Horner from behind and grabbed him. Officer Horner

then called out Gamble’s name. At that point, the group -- including Paige --

“went a little crazy” and held Officer Horner down on his knees; Fowler then shot

Officer Horner in the back of the head.

      Paige argues that sufficient evidence was not presented at trial to convict

him of aiding and abetting a murder to prevent the communication of information

about a federal offense to a law enforcement officer or judge. He contends that the

government did not present evidence that Officer Horner knew -- when he was

killed -- that Paige and his co-conspirators had robbed a Holiday Inn and were

preparing to rob a bank.

      We review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence de novo, resolving

all reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the jury’s verdict. See

United States v. Rudisill, 187 F.3d 1260, 1267 (11th Cir. 1999). “The jury’s

verdict must stand unless no trier of fact could have found guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt.” United States v. Lyons, 53 F.3d 1198, 1202 (11th Cir. 1995).




                                          8
       Under 18 U.S.C. § 1512(a)(1)(C), the government must establish beyond a

reasonable doubt (1) the defendant killed or attempted to kill someone; (2) with

the intent; (3) to prevent his victim from reporting a federal crime to a federal

official. Here, according to Gamble’s testimony, Officer Horner found the group

dressed in black, wearing gloves, and preparing to commit a bank robbery. The

group’s car contained masks as well as guns used in the group’s robberies. And

just before the group subdued and shot Officer Horner, Officer Horner had stated

that he wanted to run a check on everyone in the group. Officer Horner also

identified one of the members of the group by name.

       Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the government, a

reasonable jury could find that Paige and the rest of the group killed Horner to

prevent him from reporting their robbery activities.6 See United States v. Veal,

153 F.3d 1233, 1251 & n.26 (11th Cir. 1998) (explaining that -- in the context of

18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(3), which prohibits, among other things, engaging in

misleading conduct with the intent to prevent communication of information about

a federal crime to a federal official -- “it is sufficient if the misleading information

is likely to be transferred to a federal agent” and noting that, about section


  6
   In fact, when Gamble was asked during his testimony why the group had tried to distract Officer
Horner as Fowler approached him, Gamble replied that the group’s car contained drugs and other
robbery tools, such as guns, and that “it would have been over with for all of us.”

                                                9
1512(a)(1)(C), “other circuits have concluded that possible or potential

communication of information to federal authorities is sufficient”). Paige has

offered no authority stating that a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 1512(a)(1)(C)

requires knowledge of the specific crime committed or to be committed; and we

affirm his conviction under section 1512(a)(1)(C).

      AFFIRMED.




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