                      RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                  File Name: 09a0284p.06

              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                _________________


                                               X
                                                -
 CAROLYN UPSHAW,
                                                -
                             Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                                -
                                                -
                                                     No. 08-3246
         v.
                                                ,
                                                 >
                                                -
                       Defendant-Appellee. -
 FORD MOTOR COMPANY,
                                                -
                                               N
                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                for the Southern District of Ohio at Cincinnati.
              No. 04-00760—Sandra S. Beckwith, District Judge.
                                Argued: April 22, 2009
                         Decided and Filed: August 14, 2009
            Before: BATCHELDER, COLE, and SUTTON, Circuit Judges.

                                  _________________

                                       COUNSEL
ARGUED: Matthew Colangelo, NAACP LEGAL DEFENSE & EDUCATIONAL FUND,
INC., New York, New York, for Appellant. David A. Whitcomb, BAKER & HOSTETLER
LLP, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Matthew Colangelo, NAACP LEGAL
DEFENSE & EDUCATIONAL FUND, INC., New York, New York, Kenneth G. Hawley,
Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellant. David A. Whitcomb, BAKER & HOSTETLER LLP,
Columbus, Ohio, for Appellee.
        COLE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which SUTTON, J., joined.
BATCHELDER, J. (pp. 26-28), delivered a separate opinion concurring in part and
dissenting in part.
                                  _________________

                                       OPINION
                                  _________________

       COLE, Circuit Judge. In this civil rights action arising under Title VII of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq. (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 1981, and Ohio
Revised Code § 4112.02, Plaintiff-Appellant Carolyn Upshaw (“Upshaw”) appeals the


                                            1
No. 08-3246         Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                     Page 2


district court’s grant of summary judgment to Defendant-Appellee Ford Motor Company
(“Ford”) and the denial of her motion for relief from judgment. Upshaw argues that Ford
failed to promote her on the basis of her race and sex, and retaliated against her when she
complained of discrimination. For the following reasons, we AFFIRM in part and
REVERSE in part.

                                   I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual background

        1.      Upshaw’s employment at Ford

        Carolyn Upshaw, an African-American woman, worked for Ford as a Salary Grade
6 Production Supervisor from April 2000 through her March 2005 termination. Upshaw
began her career at Ford in the company’s Wayne, Michigan truck plant, but, in 2001, she
sought and obtained a transfer to Ford’s Sharonville, Michigan transmission plant, where she
worked until she was terminated.

        At the time that Upshaw transferred to the Sharonville plant, Robert E. Brooks, an
African-American male, had recently been promoted to the position of supervisor for salaried
personnel, a position within the Department of Human Resources. Brooks’s duties included
overseeing the “in-series” promotions process, which involves promotion to a higher salary
grade within the same job. After Brooks raised the plant’s performance standards in 2001,
an employee had to have both worked in his current salary grade for at least twenty-four
months and received an annual performance rating of “Excellent Plus” or higher to be
eligible for an in-series promotion. Ford’s performance rating system included seven
different levels, ranging from “Outstanding” to “Unsatisfactory.” “Excellent Plus” was the
level just below “Outstanding,” followed by “Excellent” and “Satisfactory Plus.” Upshaw
received the following performance ratings, with each assessment corresponding to her
performance during the previous calendar year: (1) January 2002, “Satisfactory Plus”; (2)
January 2003, “Excellent”; (3) January 2004, “Excellent”; and (4) January 2005,
“Excellent.” Over the course of her employment, Upshaw was repeatedly denied an in-series
promotion to Salary Grade 7 production supervisor.
No. 08-3246            Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                              Page 3


         2.       Upshaw’s pre-termination Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                  (“EEOC”) charges and lawsuit
                  a.       August 13, 2003 charge

         On August 13, 2003, Upshaw filed a charge with the EEOC contending that Ford had
repeatedly refused to promote her on the basis of her race and sex. She alleged that she was
the only Salary Grade 6 production supervisor in her work zone and that Ford had
improperly promoted similarly-situated white male production supervisors to Salary Grade
7 while continually denying her the same promotion.

         On August 26, 2003, Brooks submitted Ford’s response to the EEOC, denying that
Ford had discriminated against Upshaw and explaining that nine of the ten employees
promoted to Salary Grade 7 between January 1, 2000 and July 1, 2003 had been rated
“Excellent Plus,” and that the remaining employee had been rated “Excellent.” Because
Upshaw had been rated “Excellent” rather than “Excellent Plus” on her 2003 performance
review, Ford stated that she had not been qualified for an in-series promotion. Ford’s
response included a chart depicting the Sharonville plant’s promotion activity from 2000
through 2003. The EEOC dismissed Upshaw’s charge.

         During discovery in this action, Brooks admitted that Ford’s response to the EEOC
was inaccurate because he had used the wrong year’s performance reviews in preparing the
chart. Although the chart showed all but one of the employees who received an in-series
promotion in 2002 as having a rating of “Excellent Plus,” in fact, in 2002, two white males,
Steven Fletcher and Stephen Green, were promoted from Salary Grade 6 to Salary Grade 7
with ratings of “Excellent.” Also, in August 2002, an African-American male, Charles
Alexander, was promoted from Salary Grade 6 to Salary Grade 7 with less than an
                             1
“Excellent Plus” rating.          Ford’s chart also misstated Upshaw’s 2002 rating as
“Excellent” when she had actually been rated “Satisfactory Plus.”

         At his deposition, Brooks attributed the inaccuracies on the chart to his failure
to verify the data compiled by an associate in his department. Brooks testified that he


         1
          Brooks testified in his deposition that although he knew that Alexander had not received an
“Excellent Plus” rating in 2002, without reviewing his records, he could not verify whether Alexander had
been rated “Excellent” or something lower.
No. 08-3246          Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                  Page 4


only learned of the mistake after drafting his response to the EEOC, at which point, he
realized that Fletcher, Green, and Alexander should not have been promoted. Brooks
never notified the EEOC of the error.

                b.      January 28, 2004 charge

        On January 28, 2004, Upshaw filed a second EEOC charge, alleging that in
retaliation for her August 2003 EEOC charge, her supervisor, Robert “Doug” Baur, held
a meeting with the hourly employees under her supervision without her knowledge.
Ford denied Upshaw’s claims and argued that only two Sharonville managers (neither
of them Baur) were even aware of Upshaw’s August 2003 EEOC filing. Ford also
contended that Upshaw’s complaint of differential treatment was too vague to allow
Ford to respond in any detail. The EEOC dismissed Upshaw’s complaint and issued her
a right-to-sue letter, but she did not file a lawsuit within the allotted time.

        During discovery in the instant action, Ford produced internal emails to Baur and
others that pre-dated Ford’s response to the EEOC, mentioning Upshaw’s 2003 EEOC
charges, which Upshaw asserts establishes the intentional falsity of Ford’s EEOC
response. Moreover, Baur testified that he heard about Upshaw’s 2003 EEOC charges
before Ford drafted its response, but he could not remember the source of the
information.

                c.      June 15, 2004 charge

        On June 15, 2004, Upshaw filed a third EEOC charge, alleging that on June 3,
2004, she was reprimanded for failing to wear a safety vest in a designated area in
retaliation for her previous EEOC complaints. Ford filed a response with the EEOC
listing seven salaried employees (four of whom were Caucasian) who were disciplined
for a “violation of Corporate Safety Rules,” the same charge brought against Upshaw.
Although the EEOC dismissed Upshaw’s claim, she asserts that Ford’s response
misrepresented the facts because she learned during discovery that several of the safety
violations attributable to the other employees were more serious infractions, and that she
No. 08-3246         Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                         Page 5


was the only salaried personnel at the Sharonville plant to have been disciplined for
failing to wear a safety vest.

               d.      November 4, 2004 lawsuit

       On November 4, 2004, Upshaw filed a complaint in the United States District
Court for the Southern District of Ohio, alleging that Ford discriminated against her on
the basis of her race and sex by failing to promote her to Salary Grade 7 and by
subjecting her to heightened scrutiny.

       3.      Ford’s documentation of Upshaw’s complaints

               a.      Compilation of timeline following Upshaw’s August 2003 EEOC
                       charge
       After transferring to the Sharonville plant in 2001, Upshaw filed numerous
complaints with the Department of Human Resources regarding various disputes she had
with hourly employees, salaried employees, and the union. These complaints were
handled by Human Resources employees Brandee Hughes-Sharp and Nikolas Johnson,
and consumed a significant amount of their time. Despite her many interpersonal issues
with other employees, including her supervisors, Upshaw’s 2001 through 2005 annual
performance reviews were generally positive.

       Five days after Upshaw filed her August 2003 EEOC charge, Gerald Taylor, the
Human Resources personnel manager for four Ford plants, wrote the following note
documenting a conversation he had with Robert Brooks and James L. Brooks, another
Human Resources employee:

       Discussed with J[ames] Brooks and Robert Brooks the possibility of
       looking into the complaint activity of Carolyn Upshaw since it seems
       almost daily people are investigating her complaints. The # of
       complaints, time invested & outcome of these investigations. [sic] That
       if the data reveal excessive activity w/ little or no results, then write it up
       for termination and I will evaluate if it warrants said release.
(Joint Appendix (“JA”) 779-80) (emphasis added). In his deposition, Taylor testified
that the term “complaint activity” referred to Upshaw’s internal complaints— “the daily
No. 08-3246         Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                 Page 6


traffic, the charges, the investigations, and the results of those”—not her recent EEOC
charge. (JA 539-40.) In October 2003, James Brooks began working with Hughes-
Sharp to compile a “timeline” of Upshaw’s employment for Taylor’s review.

               b.      Request for discipline following Upshaw’s lawsuit

       On December 7, 2004, approximately one month after Upshaw filed her lawsuit,
Hughes-Sharp emailed Taylor to arrange a conference call to discuss the timeline that
James Brooks and Hughes-Sharp were preparing. On or about December 14, 2004,
James Brooks emailed Taylor a draft request for disciplinary action against Upshaw. At
deposition, Brooks explained that he sought Taylor’s permission to terminate Upshaw
“on the basis that the numerous complaints and problems that she created for [Ford], the
fact that her nitpicking was requiring almost full time of two, approximately two people
in the [Human Resources] section[, specifically, Hughes-Sharp and Johnson,] to handle
these complaints and issues and that at some point, we needed to stop this.” (JA 445.)
Taylor did not take immediate action on the request, and in the interim, the following
events occurred.

       4.      Events preceding Upshaw’s March 2005 termination

               a.      Upshaw’s scrap reports

       At Ford, “scrap” consists of manufactured parts that cannot be used for their
intended purpose. Ford requires an accurate accounting of the amount of scrap produced
on each shift for cost, quality, and inventory control purposes. Although Upshaw
submitted affidavits of other Ford employees noting that scrap counts were generally
imprecise and that it was “standard practice to estimate scrap numbers,” (JA 335), she
concedes that in 2005, her supervisor, Maria Bradfish, consistently noted that Upshaw
needed to reduce her daily scrap count to receive a higher performance rating.

       Upshaw’s team of hourly employees selected Gary Barrett and David Gibson as
their shift “coordinators.” Coordinators are hourly employees responsible for collecting
and counting scrap accumulated at the end of a shift and reporting the amount to the
supervisor, who enters the number in Ford’s internal reporting system. On January 10,
No. 08-3246            Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                                 Page 7


2005, Gibson informed his union representative that Upshaw was misreporting the
amount of scrap produced on her shift. Gibson asserted that Upshaw had pressured him
to under-report the scrap numbers, and that when he had refused, she had lowered the
count in her reports. Gibson supported his allegations with documented discrepancies
between Upshaw’s reporting occurring from January 4, 2005 through January 7, 2005,
and his handwritten scrap records and transcripts of electronic pages sent between him
and Upshaw regarding shift scrap count during the same time period. Bradfish
questioned Upshaw about Gibson’s allegations on January 11, 2005, and Upshaw
acknowledged that there were discrepancies between the numbers Gibson had reported
to her and those she had recorded in the system. The Human Resources Department
subsequently conducted an investigation and found merit to Gibson’s claims.

         After reporting Upshaw to the union representative, Gibson also formally
complained to Ford that Upshaw had harassed him and retaliated against him when he
had refused to lower the scrap count. Gibson claimed that following his refusal to lower
the scrap count, Upshaw removed him from his position as coordinator and assigned him
to work on the line, where she “birddogged”—closely monitored—him and denied him
breaks. Ford found Upshaw’s actions inappropriate and concluded that she had violated
the company’s policy prohibiting retaliation against employees.

                  b.        PMHV incidents

         In February 2005, various Ford employees reported that Upshaw had violated
Ford’s safety rules regulating the operation of personnel scooters (“PMHVs”). Under
Ford’s written PMHV policy, employees must perform a thorough daily inspection of
the equipment, document the results, and take any necessary corrective action before
using a vehicle. In May 2004, Upshaw was counseled2 for not completing her inspection
and report prior to using a PMHV, and she was later formally reported for violating
Ford’s PMHV policy on February 8, 11, and 15, 2005. Upshaw admitted that she did


         2
          At deposition, Robert Brooks explained Ford’s concept of “coaching and counseling”: “That’s
not formal discipline . . . . That’s where the person’s supervisor, if it’s a performance issue, will bring a
person in the office and coach or counsel him.” (JA 471.)
No. 08-3246         Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                    Page 8


not always conduct a pre-use PMHV inspection, but she submitted affidavits by other
employees stating that, despite its written policy, Ford allowed employees to use
PMHVs without inspection until lunchtime during each shift.

               c.      Dispute with union representative

        Under the terms of Ford’s collective bargaining agreement with the union, when
union representatives make health and safety complaints—i.e. grievances filed by the
union   regarding    plant    safety   risks   and   concerns    that   need   immediate
attention—management must respond within twenty-four hours. In early March 2005,
a union representative asked Upshaw to assist him in addressing eighteen health and
safety complaints raised in her department. On March 3, 2005, the union representative
wrote a note to Bradfish informing her that Upshaw refused to accept the list, and told
him that health and safety was not her responsibility and that he was not following the
proper procedure. Bradfish subsequently asked Upshaw to walk through the department
with the representative, develop proposed corrective actions for each complaint, and sign
and return the complaints to Bradfish within twenty-four hours. Although Upshaw
completed the walk-through, she returned the forms to Bradfish unsigned. Bradfish
reported Upshaw’s actions to Human Resources, which cited Upshaw for
insubordination.

        5.     Upshaw’s termination

        Following the foregoing events, James Brooks sent Taylor a second request for
disciplinary action concerning Upshaw. On March 22, 2005, following Brooks’s
submission of a draft of the request, Taylor emailed Brooks, stating: “Looks like we are
gunny-saking [sic] her.” (JA 785.) Taylor explained at deposition that he had made the
comment because he knew Ford had a good case, and he wanted Brooks to take out
everything that was not “germane” to the four allegations so that it did not look like Ford
was firing Upshaw unfairly.

        Brooks finalized the request on March 23, 2005, and sought Upshaw’s
termination based on a combination of the following four incidents—(1) falsification of
No. 08-3246        Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                   Page 9


company records by under-reporting scrap; (2) harassment and retaliation against Gibson
for refusing to falsify the scrap count; (3) multiple violations of company safety policy
related to PMHVs and repeated failures to wear a required safety vest; and
(4) insubordination. The request further provided:

       Ms. Upshaw has been non-responsive to the counseling, management has
       been unable to convince her that she is in need of improvement of her
       interpersonal skills, establishing teamwork and developing working
       relationships with those around her. These four incidents are examples
       of Ms. Upshaw’s total disregard of Company policies and requirements
       and of the behaviors required of a supervisor . . . The combination of
       issues outlined herein should certainly support the Plant’s request for
       termination.
(JA 753.) The request also specified that Human Resources had not considered
Upshaw’s EEOC claims in recommending her termination. Taylor reviewed the request
and gave his approval, and Upshaw was terminated, effective March 29, 2005.

B. Procedural History

       Following her termination, Upshaw filed an additional charge with the EEOC,
claiming that Ford discharged her in retaliation for her EEOC charges, and, on August
24, 2005, Upshaw amended her 2004 complaint to add a retaliation claim. Upshaw’s
First Amended Complaint sets forth the following claims for relief: Counts I and II, race
discrimination and unlawful retaliation under 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-2, 2000e-3; Count III,
race discrimination under 42 U.S.C. § 1981; Count IV, race discrimination under Ohio
Revised Code § 4112.02(A); Count V, unlawful retaliation under Ohio Revised Code
§ 4112.02(I); and Count VI, wrongful discrimination in contravention of Ohio public
policy. The amended complaint raises no claim of discrimination on the basis of sex.
The amended complaint does seek reinstatement of employment with two years of grade
and pay differential or an award of front pay, a judgment for compensatory damages,
equitable relief, punitive damages, and reasonable attorney fees and costs.

       On March 16, 2007, Ford moved for summary judgment on all six claims, and
on June 28, 2007, the court granted the motion and dismissed Upshaw’s complaint in its
entirety. The court found that: (1) Upshaw had limited her discrimination claims to race
No. 08-3246         Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                    Page 10


by failing to argue expressly that her claims were premised on gender; (2) Upshaw’s
affidavit should be disregarded because it contained improper legal argument,
speculation, personal opinions, and contradictions; (3) Upshaw failed to demonstrate a
genuine issue of material fact to rebut Ford’s proffered legitimate non-discriminatory
reasons for not promoting her and for terminating her; and (4) Upshaw’s Ohio public
policy claim was preempted by Title VII.

        On July 9, 2007, Upshaw filed a motion to alter or amend the district court’s
judgment under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 59(a) and (e), or, alternatively, for
relief from judgment under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 60(b)(1) and (b)(6).
Upshaw attached to her motion several transcripts of depositions, asserting that the court
made numerous factual and legal errors in its decision. On February 6, 2008, the court
denied the motion. Upshaw now appeals.

                                     II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of review

        We review de novo a district court’s order granting summary judgment. Sullivan
v. Or. Ford, Inc., 559 F.3d 594 (6th Cir. 2009). Summary judgment is appropriate if the
pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with
the affidavits, if any, “show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that
the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Moses v. Providence Hosp. &
Med. Ctrs., Inc., 561 F.3d 573, 578 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)). In
reviewing the district court’s decision to grant summary judgment, we must view all
evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus.
Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986).

B.      The district court did not err in granting Ford summary judgment on
        Upshaw’s failure-to-promote claim
        Upshaw contends that Ford discriminated against her by giving in-series
promotions to similarly-situated white males while continually denying her such
promotions because of her race. Title VII forbids employers from discriminating against
No. 08-3246          Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                Page 11


“any individual with respect to [her] compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of
employment, because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.”
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1).

       At the summary-judgment stage, a plaintiff must adduce either direct or
circumstantial evidence to prevail on a Title VII race-discrimination claim. See DiCarlo
v. Potter, 358 F.3d 408, 414 (6th Cir. 2004). Because Upshaw offers no direct evidence
of racial discrimination, the McDonnell Douglas/Burdine burden-shifting framework
applies. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973); Texas Dep’t
of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 252-53 (1981); DiCarlo, 358 F.3d at 414.
First, the plaintiff must make out a prima facie case of race discrimination, after which
the burden shifts to the employer to proffer a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for
its decision. Dews v. A.B. Dick Co., 231 F.3d 1016, 1020-21 (6th Cir. 2000). If the
employer carries its burden, the plaintiff must then prove by a preponderance of the
evidence that the reasons offered by the employer were pretextual. Id.; DiCarlo, 358
F.3d at 414-15. Throughout this burden-shifting process, “the ultimate burden of
persuading the trier of fact that the defendant intentionally discriminated against the
plaintiff remains at all times with the plaintiff.” DiCarlo, 358 F.3d at 415 (internal
citation omitted).

       1.      Prima facie case

       To make out a prima facie case of race discrimination in the failure-to-promote
context, a plaintiff must show that: (1) she is a member of a protected class; (2) she was
qualified for promotion; (3) she was “considered for and denied the promotion”; and
(4) “other employees of similar qualification who were not members of the protected
class received promotions.” Grizzel v. City of Columbus Div. of Police, 461 F.3d 711,
719 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing Sutherland v. Mich. Dep’t of Treasury, 344 F.3d 603, 614
(6th Cir. 2003)). Ford concedes that Upshaw satisfies the first and third prongs but
asserts that because her evaluations were below “Excellent Plus,” she was not qualified
for an in-series promotion.
No. 08-3246        Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                   Page 12


       To establish that she is qualified for the position, a Title VII plaintiff need only
show that she satisfied an employer’s “objective” qualifications. See Wexler v. White’s
Fine Furniture, Inc., 317 F.3d 564, 575-76 (6th Cir. 2003) (en banc) (holding that the
assessment of qualifications at the prima facie stage includes only “objective
qualifications”) (citing Aka v. Wash. Hosp. Ctr., 156 F.3d 1284, 1298 (D.C. Cir. 1998)
(en banc) (pointing out that “an employer’s asserted strong reliance on subjective
feelings about the candidates may mask discrimination”)). Although it is undisputed that
Upshaw never received an “Excellent Plus” rating during the relevant time period, Ford
did not uniformly apply its in-series promotion criteria. Such disparate application of
the criteria implies that Ford could have relaxed intentionally its requirements for
Fletcher, Green, and Alexander—two white males and one African-American male—all
of whom were promoted in 2002, with lower-than “Excellent Plus” ratings. See Vessels
v. Atlanta Indep. Sch. Sys., 408 F.3d 763, 769 (11th Cir. 2005) (“[T]o demonstrate that
he was qualified for the position, a Title VII plaintiff need only show that he or she
satisfied an employer’s objective qualifications.”). Thus, viewing the facts in the light
most favorable to Upshaw, because Ford did not adhere to its stated criteria for granting
in-series promotions, she has met her burden of establishing that she was qualified.

        The fourth element of the McDonnell Douglas test requires a plaintiff to show
that a similarly-situated individual outside his protected class was promoted. See, e.g.,
Johnson v. Univ. of Cincinnati, 215 F.3d 561, 572-73 (6th Cir. 2000) (citing McDonnell
Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802). Upshaw has established that she was similarly situated to
Fletcher and Green, two white males, because they were also Salary Grade 6 production
supervisors applying for in-series promotions in 2002. Upshaw has also shown that
although Fletcher and Green were promoted with ratings of “Excellent” in 2002, she was
passed over for in-series promotions in 2003, 2004, and 2005, when she was rated
“Excellent.” She thus successfully established that Fletcher and Green, similarly-
situated employees outside of the protected class, were promoted, while she was not.
See St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 506 (1993).
No. 08-3246        Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                  Page 13


       2.      Articulated reason for adverse action

       Given that Upshaw has established a prima facie case of discrimination on the
basis of race, Ford must articulate a legitimate non-discriminatory reason for promoting
Fletcher and Green in 2002, but failing to promote Upshaw from 2003 through 2005.
See Burdine, 450 U.S. at 252. This is merely a burden of production, not of persuasion,
and it does not involve a credibility assessment. See Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing
Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 142 (2000); see also Bd. of Trustees of Keene State Coll. v.
Sweeney, 439 U.S. 24, 25 n.2 (1978) (noting that “the employer’s burden is satisfied if
he simply ‘explains what he has done’ or ‘produces evidence of legitimate
nondiscriminatory reasons’”).

       In comparing Upshaw’s treatment to that of Fletcher and Green, we first look to
the testimony of Robert Brooks. Brooks testified that he mistakenly promoted Fletcher,
Green, and Alexander in 2002, and did not realize that they had received lower ratings
than the purportedly mandatory “Excellent Plus” evaluation until he noticed the error
after submitting Ford’s EEOC response to Upshaw’s August 2003 charge. Brooks
accepted responsibility for the error but explained that in investigating the promotions,
he had learned that an employee in his department gave “the promotion without [his]
concurrence, and [he] didn’t find out about it until after the promotion was completed.”
(JA 464.)

       Courts have held that an employer’s explanation of an admitted mistake in
considering and awarding a promotion to one employee over another constitutes a
legitimate nondiscriminatory reason. Cf. Paskvan v. City of Cleveland Civil Serv.
Comm’n, 946 F.2d 1233, 1236 (6th Cir. 1991) (“Refusal to promote based upon
negligence, oversight, or inadvertence is not actionable.”); see Kidd v. MBNA Am. Bank,
N.A., 93 F. App’x 399, 401 (3d Cir. 2004) (the fact that employer claimed to have made
a mistake in considering plaintiff’s application did not suggest a weakness,
implausibility, or incoherency in employer’s proffered explanation); Harrison v. Hous.
Auth. of City of Pittsburgh, 111 F. App’x 95, 97 (3d Cir. 2004) (employer’s purported
“mistake” constituted a legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for employer’s failure to
No. 08-3246        Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                   Page 14


promote plaintiff); see Leigh v. Bureau of State Lottery, 876 F.2d 104, at *5 (6th Cir.
1989) (Table) (concluding that defendant’s assertion that its mistake in failing to hire
plaintiff constituted a legitimate non-discriminatory reason). Given that Fletcher and
Green were promoted based on faulty performance ratings, not known until discovery,
and that Upshaw failed to rebut this testimony, Ford successfully met its burden of
establishing a legitimate non-discriminatory reason for not granting Upshaw an in-series
promotion between 2003 and 2005.

       3.      Pretext

       A plaintiff may establish that an employer’s stated reason for its employment
action was pretextual by showing that the reason (1) had no basis in fact, (2) did not
actually motivate the challenged conduct, or (3) is insufficient to explain the challenged
conduct. Manzer v. Diamond Shamrock Chems. Co., 29 F.3d 1078, 1084 (6th Cir.
1994). The plaintiff must produce “sufficient evidence from which the jury could
reasonably reject [the defendants’] explanation and infer that the defendants intentionally
discriminated against him.” Johnson v. Kroger Co., 319 F.3d 858, 866 (6th Cir. 2003)
(alteration in original). “The jury may not reject an employer’s explanation . . . unless
there is a sufficient basis in the evidence for doing so.” Manzer, 29 F.3d at 1083. If the
employer had an honest belief in the proffered basis for the adverse employment action,
and that belief arose from reasonable reliance on the particularized facts before the
employer when it made the decision, the asserted reason will not be deemed pretextual
even if it was erroneous. See Sybrandt v. Home Depot, U.S.A., Inc., 560 F.3d 553, 559
(6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Majewski v. Auto. Data Processing, Inc., 274 F.3d 1106, 1117
(6th Cir. 2001) (noting that “as long as an employer has an honest belief in its proffered
nondiscriminatory reason for discharging an employee, the employee cannot establish
that the reason was pretextual simply because it is ultimately shown to be incorrect”)).

       Upshaw argues that Ford’s error in its EEOC response and its changing defense
for Fletcher’s and Green’s promotions are evidence that its claim of “mistake” is pretext
for discrimination. She asserts that the fact that Ford changed its original defense before
the EEOC—that Fletcher and Green were rated “Excellent Plus”—with its later claim
No. 08-3246         Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                   Page 15


that the two men were promoted accidentally, shows “repeated and intentional
mendacity, which the jury could conclude is evidence of discrimination.” (Upshaw
Reply Br. 5.) However, Upshaw’s own speculation that Ford knowingly violated its own
internal procedures, unsupported by any allegation of fact, is not enough. See Brennan
v. Tractor Supply Co., 237 F. App’x 9, 19-20 (6th Cir. 2007) (“[M]ere conjecture that
[the] employer’s explanation is a pretext for intentional discrimination is an insufficient
basis for denial of summary judgment . . . . [A] court may not reject an employer’s
explanation [of its action] unless there is sufficient basis in the evidence for doing so.”)
(internal citations omitted). Further, regardless of whether Brooks’s claim of mistake
is legitimate, Upshaw’s evidence does not establish that discrimination was the real
reason for Ford’s action. See Samadi v. Ohio Bureau of Employment Servs., 48 F. App’x
573, 575 (6th Cir. 2002) (finding that employee failed to establish that employer’s
reasons for hiring someone other than plaintiff were pretext when the hired individual
“had superior experience [and] qualifications” for the position); see also St. Mary’s
Honor Ctr., 509 U.S. at 515 (noting that “a reason cannot be proved to be ‘a pretext for
discrimination’ unless it is shown both that the reason was false, and that discrimination
was the real reason”); see also Rufo v. Dave & Busters, Inc., No. 06-3111, 2007 WL
247891, at *4 (6th Cir. Jan. 31, 2007) (explaining that plaintiff failed to offer evidence
to “call into question the veracity of [employer’s motivations]” and did not establish that
employer based its decision on discrimination).

        We also reject Upshaw’s assertion that Ford’s claim of mistake is belied by a
January 23, 2002 email from a Sharonville Human Resources associate. The email
requests that supervisors submit names of candidates for promotion, and adds, “[i]f you
are considering an employee for an in-series promotion outside of the guidelines, you
must contact your HR Associate.” (JA 741.) Although Brooks testified that in 2001, he
changed the standards for in-series promotions so that only employees with twenty-four
months of service in their pay grade would be eligible, the referenced email
demonstrates that, on occasion, Ford promoted certain employees who did not meet its
standard requirements.      However, given that neither party has put forth evidence
No. 08-3246          Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                  Page 16


suggesting that Fletcher and Green were intentionally recommended for an “outside-
guidelines” promotion, Upshaw’s argument lacks merit.

          Therefore, because Upshaw has failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact as
to whether Ford’s claim of mistake was pretext for race discrimination, we affirm the
district court’s grant of summary judgment to Ford on Upshaw’s failure-to-promote
claim.

C. The district court erred in granting Ford summary judgment on Upshaw’s
retaliation claim
          Upshaw also alleges that Ford unlawfully terminated her in retaliation for her
numerous EEOC charges and her initiation of this lawsuit. Title VII prohibits an
employer from retaliating against an employee for filing an EEOC charge. See 42
U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). Once again, because Upshaw offers no direct evidence of racial
discrimination, the McDonnell Douglas/Burdine burden-shifting framework applies. See
McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802 ; Burdine, 450 U.S. at 252-53; DiCarlo, 358 F.3d
at 414.

          1.     Prima facie case

          To make out a prima facie case of retaliation, Upshaw “must establish that:
(1) she engaged in Title VII-protected activity; (2) [Ford] knew that she engaged in the
protected activity; (3) [Ford] subsequently took an adverse employment action against
[her]; and (4) the adverse action was causally connected to the protected activity.” See
Ladd v. Grand Trunk W. R.R., Inc., 552 F.3d 495, 502 (6th Cir. 2009). The parties
dispute only the fourth element—whether Upshaw established a causal connection
between her various EEOC charges and Ford’s decision to terminate her. To establish
a causal connection, a plaintiff must “‘proffer evidence sufficient to raise the inference
that her protected activity was the likely reason for the adverse action.’” EEOC v. Avery
Dennison Corp., 104 F.3d 858, 861 (6th Cir. 1997) (quoting Zanders v. Nat’l R.R.
Passenger Corp., 898 F.2d 1127, 1135 (6th Cir. 1990) (citations omitted)); see also
Abbott v. Crown Motor Co., Inc., 348 F.3d 537, 543 (6th Cir. 2003) (“[T]he plaintiff
must produce sufficient evidence from which one could draw an inference that the
No. 08-3246        Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                   Page 17


employer would not have taken the adverse action against the plaintiff had the plaintiff
not engaged in activity that Title VII protects.”). The burden of proof at the prima facie
stage is “minimal”; all the plaintiff must do is put forth some credible evidence that
enables the court to deduce that there is a causal connection between the protected
activity and the retaliatory action. Avery, 104 F.3d at 861 (“Further, to establish the
element of causal link, a plaintiff is required to proffer evidence sufficient to raise the
inference that her protected activity was the likely reason for the adverse action.”)
(internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

       The district court determined that Upshaw met her burden of establishing a prima
facie case based on the close temporal proximity between her EEOC filings and her
termination:

       While Upshaw’s termination came almost 19 months after her initial
       EEOC charge, Upshaw made two additional charges and filed her lawsuit
       only four months before she was fired. Given the facts discussed above
       [i.e., Taylor’s handwritten notes, and his discussion about Upshaw’s
       potential termination with James Brooks and Robert Brooks, occurred
       within days of Ford’s knowledge of Upshaw’s August 2003 EEOC
       charge,] and the relatively easy burden of establishing a prima facie case,
       the Court assumes for purposes of summary judgment that Upshaw could
       raise an inference that her charges and her termination were not ‘wholly
       unrelated.’
(JA 225.) We agree.

       We have held that the combination of close temporal proximity between an
employer’s heightened scrutiny and that plaintiff’s filing of an EEOC charge is sufficient
“to establish the causal nexus needed to establish a prima facie case” of retaliation.
Hamilton v. Gen. Elec., 556 F.3d 428, 436 (6th Cir. 2009) (holding that summary
judgment for defendant was inappropriate where plaintiff was subjected to heightened
scrutiny a few months after he filed an age-discrimination claim with the EEOC). Here,
Upshaw has proffered evidence that Ford subjected her to heightened scrutiny soon after
she filed her 2003 EEOC charge. It is undisputed that Hughes-Sharp and Brooks began
developing a timeline of Upshaw’s employment in fall 2003, and that they requested that
other Ford employees submit information about Upshaw’s complaints to Human
No. 08-3246          Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                 Page 18


Resources. Ford’s heightened scrutiny is evidenced by a December 6, 2004 email from
Ford employee Mark Striker to Hughes-Sharp, stating: “I would like to talk to you about
this. I would assume that this is the type of documentation that you are interested in with
regards to Upshaw. It seems to me that everyone has problems dealing with Upshaw.
Something needs to be done with her, or we will have good people leaving, and we will
still be dealing with her.” (JA 773). An earlier email from Ronald Campbell, another
employee, to Hughes-Sharp relaying the details of a dispute between Upshaw and
another salaried employee, stated, “I do know that [Human Resources] is doing some
investigations, but I am concerned with the number of different people in the
organization that currently have or have had issues with Carolyn. Maybe she needs to
be reassigned in the interim?” (JA 167.) Given the close temporal proximity between
Upshaw’s August 2003 EEOC charge and Ford’s request for information from other
employees documenting Upshaw’s complaint activity, and Brooks’s request for
discipline, a reasonable juror could find that Upshaw has established a prima facie case
of retaliation.

        2.        Articulated legitimate non-discriminatory reasons

        Ford cites four specific reasons for Upshaw’s termination: (1) falsification of
company records by under-reporting scrap; (2) harassment of and retaliation against
Gibson; (3) violation of company safety policies on multiple occasions by driving an
uninspected PMHV, and continually failing to wear a required safety vest; and
(4) insubordination. Ford has submitted as evidence its “Standards of Corporate
Conduct,” stating that “[a]ny Ford employee who violates the law or Company policy
is subject to disciplinary action, which may include termination of employment.” (JA
310.) As we have noted, Ford’s burden is merely one of production, not persuasion, and
it does not involve a credibility assessment.       Reeves, 530 U.S. at 142.        Ford’s
explanations for Upshaw’s termination meet this burden, so we turn to the question of
whether Upshaw has established that these proffered reasons are pretextual.
No. 08-3246        Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                   Page 19


       3.      Pretext

       Upshaw argues that because there is evidence that none of Ford’s proffered
legitimate non-discriminatory reasons would warrant the termination of a supervisor on
its own or together, there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether, considered in
context, they were pretextual. We agree.

       Our recent decision in Hamilton v. General Electric aids our analysis. See 556
F.3d at 436-37. In Hamilton, plaintiff, a terminated employee, sued his former
employer, General Electric (“GE”), alleging violations of the Kentucky Civil Rights Act.
Id. at 430. Plaintiff alleged that after he had filed an age-discrimination claim against
GE with the EEOC, his supervisors “intensified their scrutiny of his work and harassed
him more than they ever had before.” Id. at 432. In 2005, GE terminated plaintiff when
he allegedly engaged in “unacceptable conduct”; the parties disputed the details of the
incident. Id. at 432-33. The district court granted summary judgment for GE, but we
reversed, explaining that “a reasonable fact-finder could determine that GE waited for,
and ultimately contrived, a reason to terminate Hamilton to cloak its true, retaliatory
motive for firing him.” Id. at 437. We explained that because plaintiff alleged that his
employer heightened its scrutiny and supervision of him following his filing of an age-
discrimination charge with the EEOC to find a “seemingly legitimate reason to fire him,”
he created a question of material fact as to pretext. Id. at 437; see also Jones v. Potter,
488 F.3d 397, 408 (6th Cir. 2007) (noting that when an “employer . . . waits for a legal,
legitimate reason to fortuitously materialize, and then uses it to cover up his true,
longstanding motivations for firing the employee,” the employer’s actions constitute “the
very definition of pretext”).

       As in Hamilton, Upshaw has raised a genuine issue of material fact as to whether
Ford’s proffered reasons for her termination were contrived following her many EEOC
charges and the filing of this lawsuit. As a threshold matter, Upshaw has established that
two of Ford’s four proffered reasons for terminating Upshaw—safety violations and her
failure to timely resolve union health and safety complaints—do not typically warrant
any formal discipline at Ford’s Sharonville plant, let alone termination. First, although
No. 08-3246         Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                               Page 20


Ford’s response to the EEOC in summer 2004 purportedly named seven other salaried
employees who were disciplined for violating “corporate Safety Rules” at the
Sharonville plant, the violations were actually more serious than those committed by
Upshaw.       Moreover, Upshaw submitted affidavits and testimony by other Ford
employees expressly stating that no other supervisor has ever been disciplined for
failing to wear a safety vest or driving an uninspected PMHV. In regard to the safety-
vest violation, Robert Brooks stated that “[Upshaw] is the only salary person I know”
who was disciplined for failing to comply with the rules regarding the wearing of
protective safety vests. (JA 489.) Brooks also admitted that he had never heard of an
individual at the Sharonville plant being disciplined or terminated for being “cited on
one occasion or numerous occasions for driving a [PMHV] without it having been
inspected.”     (JA 482.)   Further, Stephen Green, another Sharonville production
supervisor, explained Ford’s PMHV inspection policy as follows:

       Question: Do you know of anybody in the plant who has [driven a
       vehicle that had not been inspected]?
       Green: Oh yeah, I have had to page my techs to make sure that the
       vehicles were inspected.
       Question: Now, is it common practice for [a Ford employee] at lunch
       break to send out a page either reminding everyone to inspect their
       vehicles or sometimes even giving a list of vehicles that had not been
       inspected?
       Green: Yes.
       Question: How often does that happen?
       Green: Maybe nightly, night supervisor . . .
       Question: Have you ever heard of anybody being terminated from the
       Sharonville plant for driving a vehicle that had not been inspected?
       Green: No.
       Question: Would it be your knowledge or understanding that driving an
       uninspected vehicle for a first offense is a terminable offense at Ford?
       Green: No.
No. 08-3246          Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                  Page 21


(See JA 498-500.) Given the foregoing statements, a jury could reasonably conclude that
the safety violations used to justify terminating Upshaw were contrived to mask what
was, in fact, retaliation for her complaint activity.

        Second, other Ford employees and former Ford employees testified that no
supervisor could be expected to resolve eighteen health and safety complaints by a union
representative within a twenty-four-hour period, and that they did not “know of anybody
who has ever been disciplined or fired for failing to complete health and safety forms
within 24 hours.” (JA 501.) Stephen Green stated that to his knowledge, a failure to
complete health and safety forms within twenty-four hours was not a terminable offense.
(JA 501.) Further, former Ford production supervisor, Mike Rubin, explained in an
affidavit that:

        20.       Standard practice at the Ford Sharonville plant was that health and safety
                  reports were typically initiated during the day shift, because that was
                  when all the engineers and support personnel were on duty to assist in
                  correcting any safety violations.
        21.       It was never standard practice, and would have been highly
                  unusual, for health and safety reports to be initiated on second
                  shift.
        22.       It would also be highly unusual for 18 health and safety reports
                  to be dumped on a production supervisor, let alone a second shift
                  supervisor, at one time.
        23.       It would also be highly unusual and excessive for a production
                  supervisor, and especially a production supervisor, to be given
                  that many health and safety reports and only 24 hours to
                  complete them.


        24.       I am not aware of any production supervisor other than []
                  Upshaw who was disciplined or terminated for this alleged
                  reason.
(JA 338.) Finally, though Human Resources cited Upshaw for insubordination for her
failure to timely resolve the union complaints, Bradfish testified that she did not cite
Upshaw for insubordination for her failure to timely resolve the union complaints in
No. 08-3246        Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                   Page 22


January 2005 and that she could not recall ever asking Upshaw to “do something” that
she did not do. (JA 425.)

       Given that Upshaw has succeeded in raising a question as to whether the safety
violations and insubordination were genuine reasons for her termination, we must turn
our attention to the two, more serious of Ford’s allegations—inaccurate scrap reporting
and retaliation against an hourly employee.

       Upshaw concedes that some of her scrap reports from early January 2005 were
inaccurate when compared with the reports by Gibson; however, she argues that Ford
had never previously treated misreporting or estimating scrap as a serious offense that
would result in the discipline or termination of a supervisor. Ford counters that
Upshaw’s underreported scrap was a serious problem, and Taylor testified at deposition
that Ford considers a “first time inaccurate or incorrect reporting of scrap” to be grounds
for termination. (JA 547.) Further, James Brooks testified that if Human Resources had
ever been aware of other production supervisors who had misrepresented scrap numbers,
the company “would have done something.” (JA 447.) Upshaw introduced evidence
calling Ford’s claims into doubt. She submitted an affidavit by Mike Rubin, asserting
that he had reported another former supervisor to the Sharonville superintendents for
falsifying scrap reports, but they did not take “any [sic] disciplinary action against [the
supervisor] because the increased production records made them look good.” (JA 336.)
Rubin also stated that “[t]here was never any emphasis or requirement at the Ford
Sharonville plant to have completely accurate scrap numbers,” and explained that he was
“not aware of any production supervisor who was ever terminated for reporting false or
incorrect scrap numbers.” (JA 335.) Considering the evidence in the light most
favorable to Upshaw, there is clearly a question as to whether Ford actually treats the
falsification of scrap as an offense that could lead to termination.

       This leaves the issue of Upshaw’s retaliation against Gibson. Upshaw concedes
that under Ford’s policies, retaliation against an employee who reports an infraction to
management could warrant discipline, but she argues that the evidence does not support
Ford’s allegations that she retaliated against Gibson. Gibson informed Ford that after
No. 08-3246        Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                 Page 23


he refused to falsify scrap reports for Upshaw, she reassigned him to the line, hounded
him, and refused to let him take breaks. Upshaw explains, however, that she reassigned
Gibson to the line because he asked to change his position; she clarified that when a
coordinator wants to change his position, his supervisor is expected to comply, so she
acceded to Gibson’s request to work the “auto riveter” job. (JA 601.) Bradfish’s
January 12, 2005 email to James Brooks notes that Upshaw had not “take[n] away”
Gibson’s coordinator position or his pager, supporting Upshaw’s testimony. (JA 739.)
Moreover, Upshaw testified that she had stood behind Gibson during his shift because
his auto riveter had malfunctioned, and common practice at the plant required her to
supervise him while he operated the machine manually. Affidavits and testimony from
other supervisors corroborate Upshaw’s testimony. For instance, at deposition, Stephen
Green testified as follows:

       Question: If a machine was down, did Doug Baur ever instruct any of
       the production supervisors to stand at the down operation?
       Green: Sometimes he did. Wanted to make sure it happened.
       Question: Okay. And what would be the purpose for the production
       supervisor to stand with the downed operation?
       Green: To pretty much direct the flow of the maintenance activities. . . .
       Question: So if there is a down machine, typically you would be
       standing right there and supervising the production flow to make sure
       that everything . . . gets worked around the down machine?
       Green: Yes.
       Question: Did anybody accuse you of birddogging them for standing at
       a down machine?
       Green: Yes.
       Question: Who does that?
       Green: Techs.
       Question: They don’t like it?
       Green: Nobody likes somebody standing over your shoulder.
       Question: But you, as the production supervisor, have to do that, you are
       instructed to do that?
No. 08-3246         Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                     Page 24


        Green: I’m going to be there whether I’m told or not. I’ll be there, yes.
(JA 502-04.)

        In considering a motion for summary judgment, “[t]he judge’s function . . . is
limited to determining whether sufficient evidence has been presented to make the issue
a proper jury question, and not to judge the evidence and make findings of fact.”
Bultema v. United States, 359 F.3d 379, 382 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting 60 Ivy St. Corp. v.
Alexander, 822 F.2d 1432, 1435-36 (6th Cir. 1987)). In arguing that “[e]ven if Upshaw
could show that Ford fired her based on a mistake, or even based on an arbitrary desire
to get rid of her, she must do more . . . .” (Partial Concurrence and Dissent p. 26), the
dissent and Ford appear to have evaluated the evidence and determined that Upshaw
would be unable to prevail at trial on the issue of whether Ford’s rationale for her
termination was pretextual. (See Ford Br. 52.) Upshaw may in fact fail to win at trial,
but such an evaluation is simply improper at the summary judgment stage of
proceedings. “Based on the foregoing evidence, a reasonable juror could conclude that
Upshaw did not retaliate against Gibson. Although Ford is entitled to terminate an
employee for an actual violation of its internal policies, Upshaw has introduced evidence
suggesting that these “actual violations” were nothing more than “trumped up” charges.
See Jones, 488 F.3d at 408 (finding it improper for an “employer . . . [to] wait[] for a
legal, legitimate reason to fortuitously materialize, and then use [] it to cover up his true,
longstanding motivations for firing the employee”). The jury should resolve this
question. See Singfield v. Akron Metro. Hous. Auth., 389 F.3d 555, 564 (6th Cir. 2004);
see also White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 533 F.3d 381, 402 (6th Cir. 2008).
Accordingly, we reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment on Upshaw’s
retaliation claim and remand that claim for trial.

D.      Evidentiary Rulings

        As an ancillary matter, Upshaw claims that the district court erred by failing to
consider her sex discrimination claims and the affidavits of Tracy McCullough and
Eugene (“Cosby”) Calbert, two African-American former Ford employees. For the
No. 08-3246         Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                     Page 25


reasons provided by the district court, we affirm its finding that Upshaw did not assert
a cognizable sex discrimination claim and affirm its exclusion of the affidavits.

        Upshaw also argues that the district court erred by striking her forty-four-page,
195-paragraph affidavit. We review decisions regarding the admission and exclusion
of evidence for abuse of discretion. See Finch v. Monumental Life Ins. Co., 820 F.2d
1426, 1431-32 (6th Cir. 1987). The district court abused its discretion by striking the
entire affidavit, rather than striking only the inadmissible portions thereof. See Giles v.
Univ. of Toledo, 241 F.R.D. 466, 469 (N.D. Ohio 2007) (“In resolving a motion to strike,
the Court should use ‘a scalpel, not a butcher knife,’ . . . strik[ing] portions of affidavits
that do not satisfy the requirements of Rule 56(e).”). However, because the information
in the affidavit was cumulative of Upshaw’s deposition testimony, any error in striking
the affidavit was harmless and does not warrant reversal.

                                   III. CONCLUSION

        For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of
summary judgment to Ford on Upshaw’s failure-to-promote claim, but REVERSE its
judgment on Upshaw’s retaliation claim and REMAND that claim for trial.
No. 08-3246          Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                   Page 26


             ____________________________________________________

               CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART
             ____________________________________________________

          ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in
part. I join the majority opinion except for section II(C), from which I respectfully
dissent because there is no material issue of fact as to whether Ford’s stated reasons for
firing Upshaw were pretextual.

          True, the parties disagree about the incidents serving as the basis for Upshaw’s
termination. Upshaw produced evidence that two of Ford’s stated reasons for her firing
(minor safety violations and a failure to sign a union health and safety grievance) were
not, in actual practice, terminable offenses. Also, Upshaw denies falsifying the scrap
reports or retaliating against the hourly employee who reported her; moreover, she
presented evidence that it was common for supervisors to estimate scrap counts and to
monitor employees manually operating “down” machines.

          But although there are factual disputes regarding the merits of Ford’s reasons for
firing Upshaw, the jury would not be called upon to decide whether Ford was justified
in firing her. Even if Upshaw could show that Ford fired her based on a mistake, or even
based on an arbitrary desire to get rid of her, she must do more: She must demonstrate
that Ford’s real reason for firing her was to retaliate against her for pursuing EEOC
claims.

          Resolution in Upshaw’s favor of the disputes the majority characterizes as
material would get us no further than the situation presented by Upshaw’s racial
discrimination claims. Under the majority’s reasoning, those claims should also go to
the jury, inasmuch as Upshaw presented evidence — indeed, Ford admitted — that the
company promoted white employees who were unqualified. Although Ford claimed the
promotions were mistakes, a jury could assume that Ford was lying to cover up its racial
animus, just as a jury could assume that any error in firing Upshaw was a pretext to hide
its retaliatory motive. We have held that “[t]he jury may not reject an employer’s
explanation, however, unless there is a sufficient basis in the evidence for doing so.”
No. 08-3246        Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                 Page 27


Manzer v. Diamond Shamrock Chemicals Co., 29 F.3d 1078, 1083 (6th Cir. 1994)
(emphasis in original). “To allow the jury simply to refuse to believe the employer’s
explanation would subtly, but inarguably, shift the burden of persuasion from the
plaintiff to the defendant, which we must not permit.” Id. “[O]nce the employer has
come forward with a nondiscriminatory reason for [the challenged action], we hold that
the plaintiff must produce sufficient evidence from which the jury may reasonably reject
the employer’s explanation.” Id. (citations omitted).

       Upshaw points to the August 26, 2003, meeting among Robert Brooks, Jim
Brooks, and Gerald Taylor to discuss Upshaw’s “complaint activity” as evidence that
Ford’s alleged reasons were pretextual. This meeting occurred only two weeks after
Upshaw filed an EEOC charge and on the same day that Robert Brooks submitted Ford’s
response. Upshaw also notes that shortly after she filed the present lawsuit in November
2004, Brandee Hughes-Sharp and Jim Brooks requested documentation from employees
regarding issues that they had with Upshaw. When asked if he was “compiling that
information with the view towards terminating Carolyn Upshaw,” Jim Brooks responded
that he “had hoped to.” In December 2004, the Salaried Personnel office presented the
documents they had accumulated to Gerald Taylor, along with a recommendation that
Upshaw be fired. Taylor testified that although he thought there was a “solid case” for
terminating Upshaw, some of the e-mails that Salaried Personnel had submitted made
it look like the company was trying to “gunny sack” her.

       Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to Upshaw, as we must, she has
not provided sufficient evidence of pretext to survive summary judgment. For one thing,
Upshaw filed EEOC charges so frequently, nearly any action Ford took would have been
relatively close in time to one of her filings. The August 2003 meeting to discuss her
“complaints” came many months before she was fired in March 2005. The most recent
EEOC charge she had filed prior to her termination was in June 2004. And Ford did not
fire Upshaw until four months after she filed this lawsuit.

       Moreover, Jim Brooks and Gerald Taylor both testified on deposition that the
August 26 discussion was related to internal complaints from and about Upshaw and had
No. 08-3246         Upshaw v. Ford Motor Company                                     Page 28


nothing to do with her EEOC filings. Taylor’s notes on the meeting support this
interpretation: He wrote that “almost daily people are investigating her complaints” and
observed that the human resources employees at Upshaw’s facility had specific concerns
with “[t]he # of complaints, time invested & outcome of these investigations.” Taylor
advised “[t]hat if the data reveal excessive activity with little or no yield then write it up
for termination and I will evaluate if it warrants said release.” These comments reveal
that Taylor was concerned with the amount of time that the plant’s human resources
department was expending in internal investigations regarding Upshaw. There is no
evidence that Taylor meant “EEOC charges” when he wrote “complaints,” other than the
fact that this meeting was close in time to one of those charges. There simply is not
enough here from which the jury could find that Taylor must have been referring to
protected activity by Upshaw.

        As to the documentation compiled by human resources associates, Taylor found
that although some of the e-mails he received presented insubstantial grievances against
Upshaw, most of them made out a “solid case” for her termination. Even so, Ford did
not fire Upshaw until three months later and did not cite any of the information in that
report as a reason for Upshaw’s dismissal. Again, other than the fact that human
resources associates began soliciting employee feedback about Upshaw shortly after her
November 2004 lawsuit, there is no evidence that the compilation of this report had
anything to do with Upshaw’s EEOC filings.

        Whether Upshaw would be able “to prevail at trial on the issue of whether Ford’s
rationale for her termination was pretextual,” Maj. Op. at 24, is immaterial. Because
Upshaw has not presented sufficient evidence from which a jury could find that Ford’s
actions were based on reasons prohibited by Title VII, I would affirm the district court’s
order of summary judgment in favor of Ford.
