                                                                 FILED 

                                                               OCT. 22, 2013 

                                                       In the Office of the Clerk of Court 

                                                     W A State Court of Appeals, Division III 





           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 

                              DIVISION THREE 


MONTECITO ESTATES, LLC, a                  )
Washington limited liability company and   )   No. 30140-I-III
PRISCILLA TRUllLLO, a single woman,        )   consolidated with
                                           )   No.30483-3-III
                   Appellants,             )
                                           )
      v.                                   )
                                           )
DOUGLAS J. HIMSL a single man, dba         )
HIMSL REAL ESTATE COMPANY, a               )   UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Washington real estate company,            )
MICHAEL L. EVERETT and JANE DOE            )
EVERETT # 1, husband and wife, and         )
their marital community,                   )
TYLER C. EVERETT and JANE DOE              )
EVERETT #2, husband and wife, and          )
their marital community, THE LAW           )
OFFICES OF MICHAEL L. EVERETT, a           )
Washington State business entity of        )
presently-unknown form,                    )
CHICAGO TITLE INSURANCE CO., a             )
foreign corporation, and                   )
JAMES M. CURNUTT and JUDy                  )
CURNUTT, husband and wife, and their       )
marital community,                         )
                                           )
                                           )
                   Respondents.            )
No. 30140-1-111; 30483-3-111
Montecito Estates v. Rimsl


       KORSMO, C.J. -     "Two wrongs do not make a right."l This case proves the truth

of that adage better than most. Respondent filed a meritless lien. Appellant retaliated

with 27 causes of action ranging from breach of contract to civil conspiracy. The trial

court imposed CR 11 sanctions in excess of$165,000 against appellant's counsel for

filing a lengthy list of causes of action that lacked merit and were not withdrawn until

two years of litigation had ensued. The court also dismissed the remaining counts on

summary judgment and awarded additional attorney fees under the parties' contract.

Although there was no litigation privilege applicable here, the trial court did properly

grant summary judgment. We affirm the dismissal of the action and remand the CR 11

ruling for further findings that more clearly identify the amount of work performed on the

sanctionable counts.

                                          FACTS

       The hopes of a residential real estate developer and her listing agent were dashed,

perhaps by a failing economy. Each side blamed the other, and litigation ensued; the

sordid details do not show either party in a good light. Unfortunately, attorneys aided

and abetted the battle.




      1 This maxim originates in the Latin phrase "Injuria non excusat injuriam" ("injury
does not excuse an injury"). See HERBERT BROOM, A SELECTION OF LEGAL MAXIMS,
CLASSIFIED AND ILLUSTRATED, 394 (7th Amer. Ed. 1874).

                                             2

No. 30140-1-111; 30483-3-111
Montecito Estates v. Himsl


       Montecito Estates LLC and its owner, Priscilla Trujillo (collectively, Montecito),

attempted to develop a 35 lot residential subdivision in Prosser. They hired Douglas

Himsl to market the estates via a listing agreement that ran from December 2, 2005 to

December 31, 2006. The listing agreement gave Himsl exclusive marketing rights for

one year. He was to receive commissions ranging from 3.5 percent to 5 percent of the

sale price of any lots sold during that year, as well as for any lots sold due to his efforts

within 180 days of the end of the listing agreement.

       Montecito cancelled the listing agreement on May 8, 2006 for unsatisfactory

performance; not one lot had been sold in the six months since the agreement had been

signed. Acting through counsel, Mr. Himsl responded the following month by filing a

lien in an amount representing 5 percent of the purchase price of the applicable "home

package" for each lot in the development. The lien cited the commercial real estate

broker lien act, chapter 60.42 RCW, and was directed to Montecito's proceeds and rents

rather than the land itself.

       Financiers declined to further finance Montecito and other real estate agents

declined to attempt to sell the properties in light of the lien. In July 2007, despite the fact

that no properties had been sold and the time period in which Mr. Himsl had the right to

claim a commission had expired, his attorneys sent a settlement demand to Montecito

requesting $300,000 in exchange for releasing the lien. In subsequent pleadings,

Montecito characterized this as a "ransom demand." Montecito lost the properties when

                                              3

No. 30140-1-III; 30483-3-III
Montecito Estates v. Himsl


it signed a deed in lieu of foreclosure on November 5, 2007 that granted all of the lots to

a creditor, Special Services, Inc.

         Montecito filed suit against Himsl on September 25,2008. The action asserted 12

causes of action against Himsl personally. The complaint was amended July 31, 2009 to

assert 25 causes of action; Himsl's attorneys were added as defendants. A second

amended complaint was filed October 21, 2009; this document asserted 27 causes of

action including contract and tort based claims. In addition to Himsl and his attorneys,

the complaint added Chicago Title Insurance Co. (Montecito's former escrow agent) and

the Cumutts, a couple who had cancelled a purchase agreement for a lot in the

subdivision, as defendnats.

         Himsl filed a counterclaim raising two breach of contract claims and asserting a

CR 11 sanction claim for harassment. In response to a court order, Montecito on

December 14, 2009 filed its first of several "more definite statements" attempting to

define its theory of the case. Himsl was identified as a defendant on 26 of the 27 causes

of action. A first amended more definite statement soon followed that clarified the

causes of action asserted against the other defendants. A voluntary second amended

more definite statement filed on June 14, 2010, dismissed 14 of the 26 claims against Mr.

Himsl.

         The trial court entered a ruling on December 10, 2010 that declared the lien filed

by Himsl and his counsel was invalid. The court determined that chapter 60.42 RCW

                                              4

No. 30140-1-111; 30483-3-111
Montecito Estates v. Himsl


was inapplicable because the residential subdivision did not involve commercial real

estate.

          Montecito dismissed several more claims after Ms. Trujillo's deposition

established that she had no factual bases for them. Meanwhile, the more definite

statements continued. The third and fourth amended statements removed Chicago Title

and most of the other claims in the case. Additional claims were dropped when

Montecito answered Rimsl's motion for summary judgment, resulting in five remaining

causes of action: breach of contract, civil conspiracy, extortion/economic duress/business

compulsion, principal liability for actions of his attorneys, and breach of statutory duties

under chapter 18.86 RCW.

          The trial court issued a memorandum decision on February 28, 2011 that granted

summary judgment in favor of Rimsl on the remaining five claims. 2 The trial court

issued its ruling on alternative bases: (1) the remaining claims were all related to the lien

action and protected by the litigation privilege; and (2) Montecito failed to present a

prima facie case on each claim. An order of dismissal was entered on April 1, 2011.

          Montecito moved for reconsideration. Meanwhile, the trial court considered

Rimsl's request for attorney fees. The trial court accepted Rimsl' s argument that 60


      2 The court dismissed the claims against Rimsl' s attorneys on April 1, 2011
pursuant to CR 12(b)(6). The court denied the attorneys' motion for CR 11 sanctions.
The Curnutts also were released from the litigation by summary judgment on April 1,
2011.

                                              5

No. 30140-1-III; 30483-3-III
Montecito Estates v. Himsl


percent of the fees incurred related to the contract based claims and ordered Montecito to

pay Himsl $131,011.58 under the listing agreement, a figure that represented 60 percent

of the defense fees and costs incurred.

       The court then turned to the CR 11 attorney fees request. Noting that 22 of the 27

causes were voluntarily dismissed two years into the litigation with no evidence of a

factual basis for any of the claims, and three of the other claims were pursued despite Ms.

Trujillo having no factual support for them, the trial court found that the majority of them

were "filed vindictively and in bad faith, and were advanced for purposes of harassment,

nuisance, and spite." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 853. Finding repeated violations ofCR 11,

the court awarded Himsl 75 percent of his requested attorney fees, a total of $164,264.48,

to be paid by Montecito, Ms. Trujillo, and attorney John Bolliger. They timely appealed

the attorney fee awards to this court.

       The trial court eventually denied the motion for reconsideration. With the entry of

that order, Montecito appealed the summary judgment ruling and the denial of

reconsideration. The two appeals were consolidated for argument and resolution.

                                          ANALYSIS

       The appeals challenge on several grounds both the dismissal of the case and the

attorney fee awards. We will address the arguments in that order.

       Dismissal




                                             6

No. 30140-1-III; 30483-3-III
Montecito Estates v. Himsl


       Montecito argues both that the doctrine of litigation immunity did not apply to its

remaining causes of action and that material questions of fact existed that precluded the

summary judgment ruling. We agree in part that the broad assertion of litigation

immunity was not justified on all causes of action, but we agree with the trial court that

summary judgment was proper. Before addressing Montecito's arguments, we first note

the standards governing this aspect of this appeal.

       This court reviews a summary judgment de novo, performing the same inquiry as

the trial court. Lybbert v. Grant County, 141 Wn.2d 29, 34, 1 P.3d 1124 (2000). The

facts, and all reasonable inferences to be drawn from them, are viewed in the light most

favorable to the nonmoving party. Id. If there is no genuine issue of material fact,

summary judgment will be granted if the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter

of law. Id.

       The moving party bears the initial burden of establishing that it is entitled to

judgment because there are no disputed issues of material fact. Young v. Key Pharm.,

Inc., 112 Wn.2d 216, 225,770 P.2d 182 (1989). Ifa defendant makes that initial

showing, then the burden shifts to the plaintiff to establish there is a genuine issue for the

trier of fact. Id. at 225-26. The plaintiff may not rely on speculation or having its own

affidavits accepted at face value. Seven Gables Corp. v. MGMlUA Entm 't Co., 106

Wn.2d 1, 13, 721 P .2d 1 (1986). Instead, it must put forth evidence showing the

existence of a triable issue. Id.

                                              7

No. 30140-1-111; 30483-3-111
Montecito Estates v. Himsl


       Litigation Immunity. Himsl argues that because all of the remaining actions

revolved around the lien filed by his lawyers, he has immunity. We disagree. No court

has construed litigation immunity so broadly. Tortious conduct is not immune from

liability merely because a party hired a lawyer to engage in the behavior.

       Washington recognizes that statements made by counsel in the course of litigation

are immune from defamation actions. E.g., McNeal v. Allen, 95 Wn.2d 265,621 P.2d

1285 (1980); Gold Seal Chinchillas, Inc. v. State, 69 Wn.2d 828, 420 P.2d 698 (1966).

Similarly, a witness is immune from suit concerning his testimony at trial. Bruce v.

Byrne-Stevens & Assocs., 113 Wn.2d 123, 776 P.2d 666 (1989). This common law

immunity is founded in the need of counsel to have "the utmost freedom in their efforts to

secure justice for their clients." McNeal, 95 Wn.2d at 267.

       This court has ruled that an attorney is immune from litigation by an opposing

party for actions taken on behalf of a client against that party. Jeckle v. Crotty, 120 Wn.

App. 374,386,85 P.2d 931 (2004). In Jeckle, this court relied upon the judicial action

immunity recognized in the factually similar case of Kittler v. Eckberg, Lammers, Briggs,

Wolff& Vierling, 535 N.W.2d 653,657-58 (Minn. Ct. App. 1995). Jeckle, 120 Wn. App.

at 386. In Kittler, attorneys were sued for defamation over a letter written to solicit

additional clients to sue the plaintiff. 535 N.W.2d at 654-55. Applying the Restatement

(Second) o/Torts § 586 (1977), the Minnesota court extended the absolute immunity for

defamation granted attorneys to prelitigation good faith solicitation of clients for an

                                              8

No. 30140-1-III; 30483-3-III
Montecito Estates v. Himsl


anticipated lawsuit. Kittler, 535 N.W.2d at 655-57. In Jeckle this court agreed with

Kittler that the attorney immunity applied outside of the courtroom and extended it to the

attorney's actions in soliciting clients and deposing the opposing party using information

found in his Medical Quality Assurance Commission file. Jeckle, 120 Wn. App. at 378,

386. The central core of the allegations addressed counsel's communication of

information during litigation, the very reason that the defamation privilege exists. The

attorney immunity for defamation based claims properly covered the conduct at issue in

Jeckle, which essentially sounded in defamation.

       Jeckle did not recognize a broad litigation immunity privilege. Even if it had,

however, it would not apply here for two reasons. First, the action of filing the lien

occurred before the litigation and was not an early step in initiating an action. An action

that causes litigation, whether it be an automobile accident, wrongful death, or a lien

filing, simply is not an action taken to initiate or further litigation.

       Second, Himsl's argument that he is entitled to the immunity enjoyed by his

attorney is without foundation. He cites no authority suggesting that the attorney's

immunity is shared with the client. Although we can foresee circumstances in which it

would be necessary to extend the attorney's immunity to the client lest a party do

indirectly what they cannot do directly, we leave consideration of such cases to the

future. Here we face a broad assertion of a client's immunity in tort based on immunity




                                                9

No. 30140-1-111; 30483-3-111
Montecito Estates v. Himsl


for defamation held by the client's attorney.3 This is essentially the converse of the

infamous Nuremberg defense. 4 We do not believe that a client can claim immunity for

his agent's actions except in carefully delineated circumstances that are not present here.

       A tortious action is not necessarily immune merely because it is taken by an

attorney on behalf of a client. 5 Numerous causes of action, often raised as counterclaims,

are routinely pleaded in response to actions taken by the opposing party's attorney. Some

examples include malicious prosecution,6 slander oftitle,7 and anti-SLAPp 8 actions.

Indeed, CR II would have a very narrow application if not applied to actions taken by

attorneys on behalf of their clients.

       We conclude that there is no broad-based litigation immunity doctrine. Claims of

immunity must be considered narrowly and in relation to the purpose of the immunity to

allow counsel freedom to fully present a case.



        3 Himsl' s attorneys were released from the case on the basis of immunity.
Montecito never appealed that ruling and we do not express any opinion about it.
        4 See United States v. Cortes-Caban, 691 F.3d 1, 12 n.13 (1st Cir. 2012) ('"[W]e
reject the validity of a so-called Nuremberg defense ... 'the fact that any person acted
pursuant to the order of his Government or of a superior does not free him from
responsibility for a crime."') (quoting Judgment of the Tribunal, Trial a/Wilhelm von
Leeb and Thirteen Others, 12 Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals 1, 71-72 (United
States War Crimes Commission 1949)). The same rule certainly applies to the person
who gave the order or in whose name it was taken.
        5 For instance, if Mr. Himsl had hired two large attorneys to assault Ms. Trujillo,
we do not believe he could (or WOUld) claim immunity to a tort of assault.
        6 RCW 4.24.350; Rains v. State, 100 Wn.2d 660,668,674 P.2d 165 (1983).
        7 Rorvig v. Douglas, 123 Wn.2d 854, 873 P.2d 492 (1994).
        8 Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation. RCW 4.24.510.


                                             10 

No. 30140-1-111; 30483-3-111
Montecito Estates v. Himsl


       Relief must be available for tort victims, but seldom will it be appropriate to sue

an attorney for litigation activity. See Rains v. State, 100 Wn.2d 660,668,674 P.2d 165

(1983) (disapproving counterclaim that added plaintiffs attorney as third party defendant

for malicious prosecution). Liens are not to be filed lightly or for nonessential purposes;

indeed, people have been sent to prison for maliciously filing liens. E.g., State v.

Knowles, 91 Wn. App. 367,957 P.2d 797 (1998); State v. Stephenson, 89 Wn. App. 794,

950 P.2d 38 (1998). However, the remedy for wrongful filing ofa lien normally is a

declaratory action to remove the lien rather than to pursue multiple torts against the lien

filer and his counsel.

       The trial court erred to the extent it relied upon litigation immunity to dismiss all

of the remaining counts. 9

       Prima Facie Case. Montecito argues that the trial court also erred in ruling that it

had failed to establish a prima facie case on the five remaining causes of action. 10 On

appeal, Montecito challenges only the dismissal of the claims involving breach of




        9 In light of our disposition of the case, we do not decide whether any of these
claims were subject to immunity.
        10 The trial court also ruled that the causes of action were barred by the operation
ofRCW 60.42.020, which limits relief under the commercial real estate lien act to release
of the lien. We question how that section could be applied to these liens once the trial
court ruled that the property was not commercial real estate, but also do not address this
theory.

                                             11 

No. 30140-1-III; 30483-3-III
Montecito Estates v. Himsl


contract and breach of statutory duties under chapter 18.86 RCW. II We will briefly

address both causes.

        Montecito first argues that the court erroneously dismissed the breach of contract

claim, arguing that Rimsl' s inaction before the contract was terminated and his actions

afterwards amounted to a breach of the contract. This claim founders on the language of

the contract and the absence of any expert testimony establishing the duties Montecito

claims were breached.

       "A breach of contract is actionable only if the contract imposes a duty, the duty is

breached, and the breach proximately causes damage to the claimant." Nw. Indep. Forest

Mfrs. v. Dep't ofLabor and Indus., 78 Wn. App. 707, 712,899 P.2d 6 (1995). Montecito

argues that Rimsl, prior to the contract's termination, failed to timely advertise the

property in accordance with Ms. Trujillo's directions, was rude to her, and failed to

adequately staff the model home. Montecito does not cite to any language in the listing

agreement that required Rimsl to behave in any specific manner, let alone impose the

noted duties that he allegedly failed to live up to.

       Thus, this claim is only actionable if the contract implicitly required this behavior.

The parties agree that every listing agreement carries with it the obligation to make a


       IIMontecito cited page limitations in briefing for its decision not to pursue the
claims against Rimsl that involved actions of his counseL We note that the failure to
appeal the order dismissing Rimsl's attorneys from the case probably doomed any
arguments related to Rimsl's alleged connivance with counselor for the actions of the

                                              12 

No. 30140-1-111; 30483-3-111
Montecito Estates v. Himsl


continuing and good faith effort to find a buyer. Dixon V. Gustav, 51 Wn.2d 378, 381,

318 P.2d 965 (1957). When the listing agent fails to make efforts to sell the property, the

agreement properly can be terminated by the seller. Id. at 381-82.

       Montecito has cited no case authority suggesting that the noted behavioral

standards are components of the good faith effort required by the contract. It likewise did

not present any expert testimony suggesting that being pleasant to the seller is part of the

good faith duty or that industry standards set forth requirements for staffing or timeliness

of advertising. Absent some evidence that Himsl had a duty to act in a specific manner,

Montecito has not shown that Himsl breached his contractual obligations prior to the

point the contract was terminated.

       Montecito contends that Himsl also breached the contract after it was terminated

by filing the lien. We do not understand how Montecito believes Himsl had any

continuing obligations under the contract once Montecito cancelled it. Nonetheless, even

if there were such obligations, Montecito has failed to establish them under either the

terms of the agreement or under the duty of good faith.

       For all of the noted reasons, Montecito failed to establish a prima facie case of

breach of contract. The claim was properly dismissed.

       Although Montecito argues to the contrary, the remaining claim of realtor

misconduct sounds in tort. "The essential elements of actionable negligence are: (1) the


attorneys.
                                             13
No. 30140-1-III; 30483-3-III
Montecito Estates v. Himsl


existence of a duty owed to the complaining party; (2) a breach thereof; (3) a resulting

injury; and (4) a proximate cause between the claimed breach and resulting injury."

Pedroza v. Bryant, 101 Wn.2d 226,228,677 P.2d 166 (1984).

       Montecito argues that Himsl violated his obligations under RCW 18.86.030, .040,

and .060 to exercise reasonable skill and care, deal honestly and in good faith, and to

continue to find buyers for the property. Br. of Appellant at 74. These allegations

largely parallel those undergirding the breach of contract argument, but Montecito

presents these claims separately under the belief that chapter 18.86 RCW creates an

independent cause of action. Subsequent to the briefing in this case, the Washington

Supreme Court decided the issue to the contrary in Jackowski v. Borchelt, 174 Wn.2d

720, 733-36, 278 P.3d 1100 (2012).

       There the court recognized that chapter 18.86 RCW imposes duties on real estate

professionals that are in addition to any contractual obligations. In the absence of

briefing on the test set forth in Bennett v. Hardy, 113 Wn.2d 912, 920-21, 784 P.2d 1258

(1990), the court declined to find that the statute created a cause of action:

       Chapter 18.86 RCW does not indicate the creation of a new statutory cause
       of action, but it does state that the common law continues to apply where it
       is not limited or inconsistent. See RCW 18.86.110. Therefore, common
       law tort causes of action remain the vehicle through which a party may
       recover for a breach of statutory duties set forth in chapter 18.86 RCW.

       Jackowski, 174 Wn.2d at 735.




                                              14
No. 30 140-1-III; 30483-3-III
Montecito Estates v. Himsl


       Similarly here, Montecito has not presented briefing under the Bennett factors that

suggest the legislature intended to create an independent cause of action. Thus, as in

Jackowski, any claim here must be pursued as a tort. Id. Montecito did not plead this

aspect of its case in that manner and thus presented no evidence that these duties were

breached or that they were a proximate cause of injury. Accordingly, summary judgment

again was proper.

       The trial court did not err in dismissing the remaining causes at summary

judgment.

       Attorney Fees

       The trial court granted attorney fees both under the contract and as CR 11

sanctions. Montecito challenges both awards, which we will address as separate

arguments.

       Common principles govern both of the bases for the fee awards. This court

reviews a trial court's award of attorney fees for an abuse of discretion. Mahler v. Szucs,

135 Wn.2d 398,435,957 P.2d 632 (1998). Discretion is abused when it is exercised on

untenable grounds or for untenable reasons. State ex rei. Carroll v. Junker, 79 Wn.2d 12,

26,482 P.2d 775 (1971).

      Attorney fees should be awarded only for services related to causes of action that

allow for fees. Absher Constr. Co. v. Kent Sch. Dist. No. 415, 79 Wn. App. 841, 847, 917

P.2d 1086 (1995). If fees are authorized for only some of the claims, the fee award must

                                            15 

No. 30140-1-111; 30483-3-111
Montecito Estates v. Rimsl


properly reflect a segregation of time spent on issues for which fees are authorized from

time spent on other issues. Rume v. Am. Disposal Co., 124 Wn.2d 656, 672, 880 P.2d

988 (1994). However, ifthe claims are so related that no reasonable segregation can be

made, the court does not need to require segregation. Id. at 673.

          In awarding attorney fees, Washington courts apply the lodestar method and the

trial court must enter findings of fact and conclusions of law supporting its decision to

award fees. Mahler, 135 Wn.2d at 434-35. The findings are necessary for an appellate

court to review the award. Bentzen v. Demmons, 68 Wn. App. 339, 350,842 P.2d 1015

(1993). Where a trial court fails to create the appropriate record, remand for entry of

proper findings and conclusions is the appropriate remedy. Mahler, 135 Wn.2d at 435.

          Contractual Fees. The trial court concluded that Himsl's counsel spent 60 percent

of their time defending three of the contract based causes of action. Finding that all of

the requested fees were adequately documented and justified by the demands of the case,

the court ordered that Montecito pay 60 percent of that figure as attorney fees under the

listing agreement. Concluding that there was no abuse of discretion, we affirm this

ruling.

          The trial court determined both that the hours spent defending the case were

reasonable and well documented in the billing records as well as finding that the hourly

rates were reasonable, ifperhaps lower than warranted. CP at 856, Conclusions of Law

(CL) 19-20. The court also concluded that Himsl's estimate that his counsel spent 60

                                              16 

No. 30140-I-III; 30483-3-II1
Montecito Estates v. Himsl


percent of their time on contract based claims was reasonable. CP at 854, CL 4.

Montecito does not take issue with these conclusions in its argument. It instead argues

that because its breach of contract claim is meritorious, the contractual attorney fee must

be reversed and it should be awarded its attorney fees for the appeal. See Br. of

Appellant at 42-43, 89-91.

       For several reasons, contract based fees were available. First, this court has

upheld the summary judgment dismissal of the breach of contract allegation. Second, the

breach of contract was not the only contract based allegation pleaded by Montecito. The

trial court recognized that the conspiracy and extortion arguments also were based on the

contract, as were some of the earlier dismissed theories. Third, Montecito itself claimed

attorney fees under the contract in this appeal and in the trial court. Those actions

provided strong evidence that these were contract based actions.

       Given all, the trial court correctly determined that much of this litigation was

contract based. The court had evidence from counsel that 60 percent of their evidence

was directed toward the contract claims. This was a tenable ground to award the fees.

       The attorney fee award of $131 ,0 11.58 against Montecito is affirmed.

       CR 11 Sanction. The trial court also awarded $164,264.48 in attorney fees and

costs as a CR II sanction against Montecito, Ms. Trujillo, and attorney John Bolliger.

The appellants raise numerous challenges to this ruling. We will analyze, often briefly,

the various claims in the context of a single issue. We remand for the trial court to revisit

                                             17 

No. 30140-1-111; 30483-3-111
Montecito Estates v. Himsl


its findings and clarify the link between the award and the attorney fees expended on the

claims meriting the sanction. 12

       "We review a trial court's CR 11 sanction decision for abuse of discretion." In re

Recall o/Lindquist, 172 Wn.2d 120, 141,258 P.3d 9 (2011). In addition to the

previously discussed bases for finding abuse of discretion, Lindquist noted that a trial

court also can "abuse[ ] its discretion because its decision was reached by applying an

incomplete legal standard." Id. at 142.

       CR 11(a) provides that an attorney, or the party ifnot represented by counsel, must

sign every pleading or motion. The rule then requires, in relevant part:

       The signature ... constitutes a certificate ... that the party or attorney has
       read the pleading ... and that to the best of the party's or attorney's
       knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable
       under the circumstances: (I) it is well grounded in fact; (2) it is warranted
       by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or
       reversal of existing law or the establishment of new law; (3) it is not
       interposed for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to cause
       unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation; and (4) the
       denials of factual contentions are warranted on the evidence . . .. If a
       pleading, motion, or legal memorandum is signed in violation of this rule,
       the court, upon motion or upon its own initiative, may impose upon the
       person who signed it, a represented party, or both, an appropriate sanction,
       which may include an order to pay to the other party or parties the amount
       of the reasonable expenses incurred because of the filing of the pleading,
       motion, or legal memorandum, including a reasonable attorney fee.



        12 Because we are sending the matter back to the trial court for further findings, we
do not address arguments relating to the adequacy of the existing findings and instead
address only those arguments that implicate the sufficiency of the evidence or theories of
liability.

                                             18
No. 30140-1-111; 30483-3-111
Montecito Estates v. Himsl


CR 11(a).

       When CR 11 is violated, the court may impose sanctions and should only impose

"the least severe sanction necessary to carry out the purpose of the rule." Biggs v. Vail,

124 Wn.2d 193, 197,876 P.2d 448 (1994). The purpose of the rule is to deter frivolous

filings rather than act as a fee shifting provision. Id. The moving party always bears the

burden to justify the request for sanctions. Id. at 202. The court must identify the

sanctionable conduct and identify how the filing violated the rule. Id. at 201.

       CR 11 sanctions are available on any claim even after it has been voluntarily

dismissed. Escude v. King County Pub. Hosp. Dist. No.2, 117 Wn. App. 183, 193, 69

P.3d 895 (2003). Because "[t]he violation of Rule 11 is complete upon the filing of the

offending paper" even a "voluntary dismissal of the suit, does not expunge the violation,

although such corrective action should be used to mitigate the amount of sanction

imposed." Biggs, 124 Wn.2d at 199-200.

       With these guidelines in mind, we now tum to the various challenges appellants

raise. Mr. Bolliger argues that he and Ms. Trujillo are not proper parties for a CR 11

sanction. The rule, however, says otherwise. Ms. Trujillo is a party as well as the owner

of Montecito (the other party), and she also signed the complaint. For all of those

reasons, the text of the rule includes her as a responsible party. Similarly, the rule

expressly authorizes the court to sanction the attorney as the person who signs the

pleading. The attorney can be sanctioned individually rather than through the attorney's

                                             19 

No. 30140-1-111; 30483-3-111
Montecito Estates v. Himsl


firm, or vice versa, because the rule is to be broadly interpreted to most effectively deter

violations. Madden v. Foley, 83 Wn. App. 385, 392, 922 P.2d 1364 (1996). For all of

these reasons, we see no error in the trial court's assignment of responsibility for the CR

11 sanctions.

       Montecito also argues that Himsl did not properly mitigate his attorney fees.

Biggs is dispositive against this argument. Noting there that a party cannot allow the

opposing party to continually violate the rule before seeking CR 11 sanctions, the court

required that the offending party must be put on notice before CR 11 sanctions can be

imposed. Biggs, 124 Wn.2d at 198. The court concluded that the plaintiff was on notice

after the defendant filed a motion under RCW 4.84.185, which authorizes attorney fees

for frivolous litigation. Biggs, 124 Wn.2d at 199. Notice under that statute was sufficient

to provide notice that CR 11 sanctions also could be sought. Id. at 199-200.

       Even greater notice was given here because Himsl filed a counterclaim asserting

CR 11. Montecito was thus on notice far earlier than in Biggs that sanctions were being

sought under CR 11. Even at that, it took Montecito two years of litigation before it

dropped most of its claims. On these facts, Himsl did not fail to mitigate his damages.

       Montecito argues that the trial court lacked a factual basis for finding that the 22

dismissed counts were in violation of CR 11 because they were dropped before being

subject to a CR 11 motion. The trial court determined that they were baseless and that

counsel failed to properly investigate them. CP at 855, Finding of Fact 8. The trial court

                                             20 

No. 30140-I-III; 30483-3-III
Montecito Estates v. Himsl


based its determinations in part on the fact that after Himsl presented his arguments in

support of sanctions, Montecito never attempted to rebut them by showing its

investigation or factual bases for the claims. CP at 888. Although no court appears to

have yet addressed this issue, we agree with the trial court. It is difficult for a party to

establish a negative and that party has no ability to establish what actions opposing

counsel took to investigate a case. Thus, once a party alleges that a claim is baseless and

presents its argument and evidence, the defending party needs to present any evidence it

has in opposition to the motion. A party that fails to respond with its evidence runs the

risk of the trial judge drawing the adverse inference that the party has no evidence and

did, in fact, act as alleged. Cf Fiore v. PPG Indus., Inc., 169 Wn. App. 325, 353-54, 279

PJd 972 (2012) (in challenge to reasonableness of hours expended by opposing counsel,

judge was free to draw an adverse inference from challenging party's refusal to submit its

hours).

          The fact that it took almost two years for Montecito to begin withdrawing its

claims is further support for the inference of insufficient investigation. If Montecito had

withdrawn its claims early in the litigation, there may have been little or no basis for

sanctions. After a lengthy period of litigation, however, it is entirely reasonable to

conclude that voluntarily withdrawn claims lacked merit. We thus believe that Himsl's

unrebutted argument supported the trial court's determination that the dismissed claims

were filed in violation of CR 11.

                                              21
No. 30140-1-111; 30483-3-111
Montecito Estates v. Himsl


       The trial court also indicated that two of the remaining five claims were not in

violation of CR 11. However, the court only identified the breach of contract claim as

one of the two nonsanctioned causes and did not specify the other. This falls far short of

explaining why the other three causes were in violation of CR 11. For the reasons we

discuss next, we remand for findings that identify these causes and why they were subject

to sanctions.

       The last issue we address is the amount of fees awarded. Biggs is quite explicit on

the topic of findings and their relationship to a fee award. The sanction is to be limited to

the amount "reasonably expended in responding to the sanctionable filings." Biggs, 124

Wn.2d at 201. The court must thus identify the sanctionable conduct, explain how it

violated CR 11, and then may require the payment of the "attorney fees incurred in

responding specifically to the sanctionable conduct." Id. at 202. As applicable to this

case, the findings must justify the fee award by expressly identifying the amount of time

expended responding solely to the causes that were filed in violation of the rule. With

respect to the three unidentified causes of action, the findings must also identify them and

explain how they violated CR 11 in addition to identifying the time spent responding to

them. 13



       13We reject Montecito's claim that the inadequacy of the findings on these causes
precludes imposition of a sanction related to them. Since we believe the record could
support the sanction decision, we cannot as a matter of law reverse the sanction as to
those causes. Still, it is the trial court's role to decide what evidence it found persuasive

                                             22 

No. 30140-I-III; 30483-3-III
Montecito Estates v. Himsl


       Accordingly, we remand this case to the trial court with directions to revisit 14 the

CR 11 ruling and enter revised findings in support of its award. Identification of the time

spent responding solely to the sanctionable causes is critical in light of our decision to

uphold the attorney fee award under the contract. As the court has already found that 60

percent of the fees were related to contract based claims, and the one identified claim that

was not sanctioned was the breach of contract claim, it is especially important to

distinguish between the time spent on that claim and the time spent on the sanctionable

causes. Because the facts significantly overlap, the effect of this exercise may be to

reduce (perhaps significantly) the amount of the CR 11 sanction. Or maybe not. We also

note that the combined effect of the two awards was to reimburse Himsl 135 percent of

the attorney fees expended by the defense. It is easily possible that a contract based

claim also could be sanctionable under CR 11 and thus provide two bases for reimbursing

the defense for the same work. However, the total amount collected by the defense

cannot exceed 100 percent of the fees incurred. The court's order should reflect such a

limitation.

       The instigation of a lawsuit should not be undertaken lightly, even in the face of

clear provocation as occurred here. When one party needlessly imposes costs on another,



and identify that evidence. While that has been done for the 22 withdrawn causes, it still
needs to be done for the other three.
       14 We use this verb advisedly. See Deep Water Brewing, LLC v. Fairway
Resources, LTD, 170 Wn. App. 1, 8-9,282 P.3d 146 (2012).

                                             23
No. 30140-1-111; 30483-3-111
Montecito Estates v. Himsl


CR 11 may provide a remedy for the wasteful behavior, even if the effect is to financially

ruin the party or its attorney. Such a tragic outcome is a cautionary tale for those who

would misuse our justice system.

      Affirmed in part and remanded for entry of revised findings.

      A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW

2.06.040.




                                                        Korsmo, C.J.

WE CONCUR:



      Brown, J.




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