[Cite as State v. Dissell, 2012-Ohio-354.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                 EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                    COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA



                                JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                         No. 96634



                                        STATE OF OHIO

                                                      PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                                vs.

                                      ROBERT DISSELL
                                                      DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                             JUDGMENT:
                                              AFFIRMED


                                      Criminal Appeal from the
                               Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                        Case No. CR-545107

        BEFORE: Stewart, P.J., Jones, J., and E. Gallagher, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED:                     February 2, 2012
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Brooke Deines
Law Offices of Brooke Deines, LLC
P.O. Box 91426
Cleveland, Ohio 44101


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

William D. Mason
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor

BY: John P. Colan
Assistant County Prosecutor
The Justice Center
1200 Ontario Street, 8th Floor
Cleveland, OH 44113




MELODY J. STEWART, P.J.:

       {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Robert Dissell, pleaded guilty to two counts of

robbery, one count of theft, and one count of drug possession and was sentenced to a

five-year term of incarceration.   He appeals the conviction and sentence, arguing that his

guilty pleas were made in violation of Crim.R. 11 and that the court abused its discretion

when sentencing him. For the following reasons, we affirm.

       {¶ 2} The underlying facts of this case are stated in summary form.             On

December 7, 2010, appellant robbed a PNC bank.       He handed the teller a note containing

“implied force wording.”    Upon arrest, the police found a small amount of heroin (less
than one gram) on appellant and $364. Dissell did not use a weapon in committing the

offense, no one was harmed in the process, and the money he took was fully recovered.

         {¶ 3} Dissell was indicted by a Cuyahoga County Grand Jury on two counts of

robbery in violation of R.C. 2911.02(A)(2) and 2911.02(A)(3), both felonies of the

second degree; one count of theft in violation of R.C. 2913.02(A)(4), a fifth degree

felony; and one count of drug possession in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), also a fifth

degree felony, with a forfeiture specification.   He was arraigned on January 5, 2011 and

pleaded not guilty to the charges.    On February 24, 2011, Dissell appeared before the

court and withdrew his pleas of not guilty and entered guilty pleas to all counts.

                                              I

         {¶ 4} In his first assignment of error, Dissell asserts that his guilty pleas were

entered in violation of his rights pursuant to Crim.R. 11. He argues that his pleas were

not knowing and voluntary because the trial court’s statements during the plea lead him to

reasonably believe that he would receive a much lighter sentence than the one he was

given.

                                             A

         {¶ 5} Crim.R. 11(C) governs the process by which a trial court must inform a

defendant of certain constitutional and nonconstitutional rights before accepting a felony

plea of guilty or no contest. The underlying purpose of Crim.R. 11(C) is to convey

certain information to a defendant so that he can make a voluntary and intelligent decision
regarding whether to plead guilty.           State v. Schmick, 8th Dist. No. 95210,

2011-Ohio-2263, 2011 WL 1797234.

       {¶ 6} Crim.R. 11(C)(2) provides:

               In felony cases, the court may refuse to accept a plea of guilty or a
       plea of no contest, and shall not accept a plea of guilty or no contest without
       first addressing the defendant personally and doing all of the following:

              (a) Determining that the defendant is making the plea voluntarily,
       with understanding of the nature of the charges and of the maximum
       penalty involved, and, if applicable, that the defendant is not eligible for
       probation or for the imposition of community control sanctions at the
       sentencing hearing.

             (b) Informing the defendant of and determining that the defendant
       understands the effect of the plea of guilty or no contest, and that the court,
       upon acceptance of the plea, may proceed with judgment and sentence.

              (c) Informing the defendant and determining that the defendant
       understands that by the plea the defendant is waiving the rights to jury trial,
       to confront witnesses against him or her, to have compulsory process for
       obtaining witnesses in the defendant’s favor, and to require the state to
       prove the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt at a trial at which the
       defendant cannot be compelled to testify against himself or herself.

       {¶ 7} In resolving whether a criminal defendant knowingly, intelligently, and

voluntarily entered a plea, we review the record to determine whether the trial court

adequately advised the defendant of his constitutional and non-constitutional rights set

forth in Crim.R. 11(C). State v. Nero, 56 Ohio St.3d 106, 564 N.E.2d 474 (1990).

       {¶ 8} The standard of review we use differs depending upon the rights appellant

raises on appeal.   Strict compliance is required if the appellant raises a violation of a

constitutional right delineated in Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c); alternatively, if the appellant raises

a violation of a nonconstitutional right found in Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a) and (b), we look for
substantial compliance. State v. Joachim, 8th Dist. No. 90616, 2008-Ohio-4876, 2008

WL 4356474, quoting State v. Asberry, 173 Ohio App.3d 443, 2007-Ohio-5436, 878

N.E.2d 1082 (8th Dist.); State v. Moviel, 8th Dist. No. 86244, 2006-Ohio-697, 2006 WL

350205.

                                             B

       {¶ 9} Dissell alleges a violation of a non-constitutional right.   He asserts that the

trial court misled him with regard to the penalties he faced and, as a result, he did not

enter his plea knowingly or voluntarily.   We, therefore, review the trial court’s actions in

the plea colloquy for substantial compliance with Crim.R. 11.

       {¶ 10} Dissell relies on the following exchange in support of his argument:

       THE COURT: You face a—I would call it a theoretical minimum term of
       six months; meaning, the minimum term on Counts 3 and 4 run concurrent
       with probation or some other sanctions on Counts 1 and 2. But I call that
       theoretical because if you’re sentenced to prison it is likely that you’d be
       sentenced to prison on the robberies, where the minimum sentence is two
       years. So as I mentioned, the theoretical minimum sentence is six months,
       but the practical minimum sentence is probably two years. You should
       consider that in deciding to plead guilty as proposed. And certainly the
       practical and theoretical maximum is 18 years.

       {¶ 11} The record indicates that the following questions were asked of appellant:

       THE COURT: Are you able to read and write in English?

       DEFENDANT: Yes.

       THE COURT:       Currently are you under the influence of any illegal drugs
       or alcohol?

       DEFENDANT: No, sir.

       ***
      THE COURT: Does [the medication you are taking] affect your
      cognition, your ability to think straight?

      DEFENDANT: No, Your Honor.

      THE COURT: Do you believe you’re thinking clearly here this morning?

      DEFENDANT: Yes, Your Honor.

      THE COURT: If I make a statement during this hearing that you don’t
      understand, will you tell me that?

      DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

      ***

      THE COURT: You have constitutional rights that may be exercised at a
      trial. Of course, if you plead guilty to the indictment there’s going to be
      no need to have a trial. So by pleading guilty you effectively waive or
      give up your constitutional rights; do you understand?

      DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

      ***

      THE COURT: The theft offense is a felony five, as is a drug possession
      offense; the possible sentence for a single felony five is anywhere from 6 to
      12 months inclusive in prison. Do you understand?

      DEFENDANT: Yes.

      THE COURT: Now you have four charges here, it is possible that all
      sentences on each charge may be made to be served consecutively, meaning
      one after the next after the next. Because of that you face a maximum
      possible sentence of eighteen years in prison. Do you understand this?

      DEFENDANT: Yes.

The court then instructed appellant about postrelease control.            The defendant

acknowledged that he understood what postrelease control entailed.
       {¶ 12} The court continued, stating:

       THE COURT: * * * So just by way of example, if you were given what I
       call the practical minimum of two years in prison and then you came out
       and you violated PRC a number of times, you could receive as sanctions for
       violating up to a total of one year in prison under that example. Do you
       understand?

       DEFENDANT: Yes, Your Honor.

The judge explained to Dissell that he was using a hypothetical example when discussing

appellant’s possible sentence for his guilty plea:

       THE COURT: * * * And I shouldn’t have to say this, but out of an
       abundance of caution I will. I mention the two years in that scenario only
       as an example not an indication of what the sentence may be in this case.
       * * * Do you understand this?

       DEFENDANT: Yes.

       ***

       THE COURT: All right. Well, I think you are aware of the consequences,
       I also think you’re doing this of your own free will. So I’m going to ask
       you, sir, how do you plead * * *?

Having asked these questions, the court was persuaded that Dissell understood the

charges against him and the maximum possible sentence he faced. His guilty pleas,

therefore, were knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily made.

                                              C

       {¶ 13} Appellant relies also on our decision in Asberry, 173 Ohio App.3d 443,

2007-Ohio-5436, 878 N.E.2d 1082, to support his claim that we should vacate his guilty

pleas as not being knowingly and voluntarily made. We note that, just like in Asberry,
the judge who accepted Dissell’s guilty pleas was different from the judge who sentenced

him.      However, the similarity between the two cases ends there.

          {¶ 14} In Asberry, this court vacated the appellant’s guilty plea as not being

knowingly made because we found that the circumstances surrounding the entering of

appellant’s plea and his subsequent sentencing led Asberry to reasonably believe he

would not be incarcerated.      Unlike in Asberry, Dissell was aware that he could receive a

prison sentence.       The court used hypothetical examples to illustrate the length of

sentences Dissell could receive, and it stated that there was a theoretical minimum

sentence of six months in prison and a practical minimum of two years.           However, the

record clearly demonstrates that the court acknowledged that the hypotheticals were

merely examples and were not indicative of the actual sentence appellant would receive.

Also, unlike the circumstances in Asberry, neither the state nor the trial court mentioned

or alluded to the possibility that prison time was unlikely for Dissell.              We find

appellant’s comparison to Asberry not well taken. Appellant’s first assignment of error

is overruled.

                                                II

          {¶ 15} Dissell’s second assigned error asserts that the court abused its discretion by

failing to adhere to R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12 when it sentenced him to five years in

prison.     He argues that the trial court failed to properly consider the sentencing factors of

the statutes because the facts and circumstances of his case overcome the presumption of

prison. In support of this argument, Dissell notes in his brief that he was a first-time
offender,1 no weapon was used to commit the crime, he did not physically harm anyone,

and all of the stolen property was recovered.         In light of these facts, he contends that the

trial court abused its discretion by sentencing him to a lengthy prison term.

       {¶ 16} The Supreme Court of Ohio in State v. Foster, 109 Ohio St.3d 1,

2006-Ohio-856, 845 N.E.2d 470, eliminated mandatory judicial fact-finding for upward

departures from minimum sentences, but left intact R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12 for trial

courts to consider when imposing a sentence.               State v. Kalish, 120 Ohio St.3d 23,

2008-Ohio-4912, 896 N.E.2d 124.               The plurality opinion in Kalish established a

two-step procedure for reviewing a felony sentence.             The first step is to “examine the

sentencing court’s compliance with all applicable rules and statutes in imposing the

sentence to determine whether the sentence is clearly and convincingly contrary to law.”

Id. at 4. If this first step “is satisfied,” the second step requires that the trial court’s

decision be “reviewed under an abuse-of-discretion standard.”              State v. White, 5th Dist.

No. CA-00111, 2009-Ohio-6447, 2009 WL 4690243.

       {¶ 17} R.C. 2929.11(A) states in pertinent part:

       A court that sentences an offender for a felony shall be guided by the
       overriding purposes of felony sentencing. The overriding purposes of felony
       sentencing are to protect the public from future crime by the offender and
       others and to punish the offender. To achieve those purposes, the
       sentencing court shall consider the need for incapacitating the offender,
       deterring the offender and others from future crime, rehabilitating the


       Although Dissell’s brief states that he was a first offender, both the state and the trial court
       1


acknowledged prior convictions, though none as serious as the offenses in this case.
       offender and making restitution to the victim of the offense, the public, or
       both.

R.C. 2929.12 gives the court discretion to determine the most effective way to comply

with the purposes and principles of sentencing set forth in R.C. 2929.11 when imposing a

sentence upon an offender.       In exercising this discretion, the court shall consider the

factors relating to the seriousness of the conduct, the factors relating to the likelihood of

the offender’s recidivism, along with any other factors that are relevant to achieving the

purposes and principles of sentencing.

       {¶ 18} In order for this court to find that the trial court abused its discretion, we

must find that the court’s decision “is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable.”

Kalish at ¶ 19, quoting Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140

(1983).    We find that the five-year sentence was not an abuse of the trial court’s

discretion.

       {¶ 19} Before sentencing Dissell, the court stated that it had reviewed the

presentence investigation report and would consider, for purposes and principles of felony

sentencing, R.C. 2929.11 and the seriousness and recidivism factors contained in R.C.

2929.12.      The court was aware that Dissell had a history of substance abuse with heroin,

and that he was still struggling with this addiction. Additionally, he had refused to take

a drug test for the presentence investigation and, on another occasion, tested positive for

heroin.    The court acknowledged that heroin is probably one of the most severe forms of

addiction that the court sees.
       {¶ 20} The court noted further that Dissell had prior criminal convictions, showing

a certain familiarity with the criminal justice system, even though these prior convictions

were not for offenses as severe as the ones before the court.           The court stated that,

“given the facts and circumstances, here, again those purposes and principles of

sentencing do call for rehabilitation of the offender, but that is after the punishment and

also that the sentence should not demean the seriousness of the offense, and that’s what

the [c]ourt certainly takes issue with here is that the offense is a bank robbery.      ***

[I]t’s a serious offense and I think it does call for a serious penalty.”

       {¶ 21} The court noted that appellant placed others at risk in that “everyone else in

the bank at the time could have been subject to any kind of an outburst with respect to a

reaction to the attempted offense. Even if you didn’t have a gun, * * * innocent people

could have been hurt or injured.”     And before imposing sentence, the court stated further

that it “is going to find that a prison sentence is necessary in order to protect the public

and not demean the seriousness of this offense.”

       {¶ 22} The court’s actions were not unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable.

We find that the court went well beyond what was required when sentencing Dissell and,

therefore, did not abuse its discretion.   Appellant’s second assigned error is overruled.

       Judgment affirmed.

       It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant its costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the Cuyahoga

County Court of Common Pleas to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s

conviction having been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated.   Case remanded

to the trial court for execution of sentence.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.




MELODY J. STEWART, PRESIDING JUDGE

LARRY A. JONES, J., and
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., CONCUR
