                                                                                           02/22/2018
                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                                 AT NASHVILLE
                             September 6, 2017 Session

                       GAMEEL MESAD v. JOSEPH YOUSEF

                Appeal from the Chancery Court for Davidson County
                  No. 15-202-II     Carol L. McCoy, Chancellor
                      ___________________________________

                           No. M2016-01931-COA-R3-CV
                       ___________________________________

       Plaintiff entered into a contract with Defendant for the purchase of a convenience
market, whereby Plaintiff purchased the store’s inventory and assumed the lease and
other contractual obligations of the business. Three years after the sale, Plaintiff filed
suit, alleging fraud, unjust enrichment, breach of contract, and violations of the
Tennessee Trade Mark act of 2000, all in connection with the sale and operation of the
business. Following a trial, the trial court dismissed the suit. Plaintiff appeals; we affirm
the judgment.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed

RICHARD H. DINKINS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ANDY D. BENNETT
and W. NEAL MCBRAYER, JJ., joined.

Ali Abdel Ati, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Gameel Mesad.

Leroy Johnston Ellis, Old Hickory, Tennessee, for the appellee, Joseph Yousef.

                                        OPINION

                     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       In December 2011, Gameel Mesad (“Plaintiff”) entered into an agreement to
purchase Quick and Easy, a convenience store owned and operated by Joseph Yousef
(“Defendant”) in Lebanon, Tennessee. At the time they entered into the agreement, the
parties signed an inventory list dated December 23, 2011, which contained the following
handwritten notations:

           Gamel Mesad pay 30,500
           only thirty thousand five hundred
           to Joseph Yousef he owe to
                Joseph 5,000.00 only five
                Thousand
                Signature [document was signed by Gamel Mesad and Joseph Yousef]

The sheet listed as classes of inventory: grocery, cigarette, tobacco, beer, propane/pipes,
miscellaneous, and gas; the “gross total” of the inventory was listed as $39,546.61, and
the “net total” was listed as $35,322.69.1

       At the time the inventory sheet was signed, Plaintiff tendered to Defendant
$30,500.00, and a cashier’s check for $50,000.00; the next day, Plaintiff gave Defendant
an additional $5,000.00. In due course, Plaintiff assumed the lease agreement with Quick
and Easy, Inc., the owner of the property on which the store was located, and a ten year
contract with Mixon-Nollner Oil Company for gasoline and related pumping and sales
equipment, and transferred utilities into his name; Defendant canceled his business
license and beer permit, and Plaintiff applied and received a license and permit in his
name.

       The heart of the dispute in this case relates to the $50,000.00 check that Plaintiff
gave Defendant: Plaintiff asserts that the check was only given to Defendant as a deposit
on any amounts Defendant would have to pay to the landlord or supplier; Defendant
contends that the check was given to him to pay for the purchase of the business. The
check, dated October 29, 2011, was payable to Plaintiff, and Defendant deposited the
check into his account on December 12, 2011; the parties dispute whether it was
endorsed by Plaintiff. The business failed in April of 2013, and Plaintiff filed a
proceeding in bankruptcy.

       On February 12, 2015, Plaintiff initiated this action to recover $50,000.00, plus
interest, on the grounds of fraud, breach of contract, and unjust enrichment, and
$17,191.36 “plus any amounts that the defendant might had received from December
2011 through February 2015” on the grounds of fraud and unjust enrichment.2 In his

1
 The “gross total” was the total of the cost of each item of inventory; the record does not show what the
“net total” represented.
2
    Specifically, Plaintiff alleged that:

           The defendant’s continuous use the commercial name and license of the store that he had
           for it in the past, fraudulently to purchase cigarettes and other goods from Sam’s Club,
           FAB Wholesales LLC. And other retailers at reduced prices and receiving the refund that
           those stores pay every month to make profits free of any expenses while the plaintiff
           paying all the expenses for the store such as rent, labor, taxes etc. making no profits,
           constitutes fraud and unjust enrichment that entitle the plaintiff to recover any money that
           the defendant made using the store’s Name or license during the period from 12/03/2011
           to 04/18/2013 including but not limited to $17,191.36 plus interest on these amounts
           from the time he received them.
                                                        2
Amended Complaint, Plaintiff added a third count in which he alleged that Defendant had
violated the Tennessee Trade Mark Act of 2000, Tennessee Code Annotated section 47-
25-501, et seq., and sought treble damages pursuant to section 47-25-514(a). Defendant
answered, denying liability and asserting several affirmative defenses. At the conclusion
of trial, the court stated its factual findings and conclusions and ruled in favor of
Defendant; these finding and conclusions were incorporated into a judgment.

        Plaintiff appeals, articulating nine issues; for ease of resolution and in the interest
of clarity, we have divided the issues into three areas: (1) the trial court’s conduct of the
trial and credibility determinations; (2) substantive causes of action asserted by Plaintiff
(contract, trademark, and fraud); (3) the court’s action in setting aside a default judgment.

                                   STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Review of the trial court’s findings of fact is de novo upon the record,
accompanied by a presumption of correctness, unless the preponderance of the evidence
is otherwise. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Kaplan v. Bugalla, 188 S.W.3d 632, 635 (Tenn.
2006). Review of the trial court’s conclusions of law is de novo with no presumption of
correctness afforded to the trial court’s decision. See Kaplan, 188 S.W.3d at 635.

                                       DISCUSSION

I. TRIAL DETERMINATIONS

       A. Credibility of the parties and witness

        Plaintiff contends that the trial court erred in dismissing the case without making
an express finding as to his credibility; he argues that, by failing to make such a finding,
the trial court “blocked itself from determining the validity of the plaintiff’s causes.”
Plaintiff contends that the court erred in finding Defendant to be credible because “he
[Defendant] has not been truthful and changed his story ‘under oath’ multiple times on
every single issue.” Plaintiff likewise contends that the court erred in finding a witness,
Aboualkasem Mohamed, to be credible “despite his bias, inconsistency, lack of
knowledge.”

       In its oral ruling the court made the following finding as to the credibility of the
parties and witness:

              The individual that I found to be most credible was Mr. Mohamed.
       He is as close to an impartial witness as I could get. I recognize that he is a
       friend of the Defendant. But in the cross-examination he was asked a
       number of questions. He testified that he is no longer in a business
       relationship with Mr. Yousef. He was queried as to what would happen if

                                              3
        Mr. Yousef had to pay the $50,000. He testified that if Mr. Yousef asked
        him to contribute he would.
               That was in the face of [Plaintiff’s counsel] asking him whether or
        not he had terminated the business relationship with Mr. Yousef. He asked
        him a number of pointed questions to suggest that perhaps their parting was
        less than friendly. I was impressed with Mr. Yousef’s forthrightness - - not
        Mr. Yousef - - Mr. Mohamed’s forthrightness.
               I also have to say that I think, whether it’s the facility of the
        language, Mr. Yousef was straightforward in his testimony.
               Mr. Mesad was - - because of the language facility required to use a
        translator, that sometimes impairs the Court’s ability to determine
        credibility, and that is why I turned primarily to the documents to determine
        the whether or not versions of both gentlemen had credibility.
               And I find that the explanation given by Mr. Yousef to be highly
        credible because of the documents that support it. [3]

Consistent with the foregoing, the Order memorializing the oral ruling stated:

        9. The Court finds Mr. Mohamad to be a credible witness.
        10. The Court finds the explanation of the facts given by Defendant to be
        highly credible due to the documents that support his testimony.

       As noted in Kelly v. Kelly, deference to a trial court’s determination of witness
credibility is substantial, and our review of those determinations is substantially limited:

        When it comes to live, in-court witnesses, appellate courts should afford
        trial courts considerable deference when reviewing issues that hinge on the
        witnesses’ credibility because trial courts are uniquely positioned to
        observe the demeanor and conduct of witnesses. Appellate courts will not
        re-evaluate a trial judge’s assessment of witness credibility absent clear and
        convincing evidence to the contrary. In order for evidence to be clear and
        convincing, it must eliminate any serious or substantial doubt about the
        correctness of the conclusions drawn from the evidence. Whether the
        evidence is clear and convincing is a question of law that appellate courts
        review de novo without a presumption of correctness.

445 S.W.3d 685, 692-93 (Tenn. 2014) (citations omitted).

      We first address Plaintiff’s contention that the trial court erred by not making an
express finding as to his credibility, that by failing to make a credibility finding, the trial

3
 In the course of recounting the testimony in the case, the court also stated that it “did not find anything
questionable in Mr. Mohamad’s testimony and find[] him to be a credible witness.”
                                                     4
court “blocked itself from determining the validity of the plaintiff’s causes,” and,
therefore, we must “examine the record to make that determination about the credibility
of Plaintiff.” Richards v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., however, held:

        [T]here is no requirement that a trial court make express findings of fact
        regarding a witness’s credibility [and] the absence of such findings does not
        alter the applicable standard of review. Indeed, the trial court’s findings
        with respect to credibility and the weight of the evidence, as in the present
        case, generally may be inferred from the manner in which the trial court
        resolved conflicts in the testimony and decides the case.

70 S.W.3d 729, 733-34 (Tenn. 2002) (citing Tobitt v. Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 59
S.W.3d. 57, 62 (Tenn. 2001)). While Plaintiff has cited to testimony that he argues
would support a determination that he is credible, the testimony he references merely
conflicts with testimony of Defendant or Mr. Mohamed; it is not our function to second
guess the lack of a credibility finding by the trial court in this regard.

       The trial court found that the language spoken by the parties called for the use of a
translator and, in those instances where the language difference presented a challenge to
the court’s ability to make a credibility finding, the court relied on the documentary
evidence to resolve the conflict in testimony and to further inform the court’s decision.
The court ultimately found that the testimony and documentary evidence presented failed
to establish any of Plaintiff’s claims. The fact that the court found that the documentary
evidence buttressed the testimony of Defendant and Mr. Mohamad, which conflicted with
Plaintiff’s testimony, supports its credibility determinations.

        B. Impeachment of Defendant

       Plaintiff next contends that the trial court erred in two instances by not allowing
him to impeach the Defendant by prior inconsistent statements. The first instance
occurred in the course of Plaintiff’s examination of Defendant regarding a statement
Defendant made in an affidavit filed in support of his motion to set aside the default
judgment.4 The testimony cited by Plaintiff shows that Plaintiff was examining the
Defendant regarding the statement that he had not received the summons and complaint;
there was confusion engendered by the form of the question Defendant was asked,
causing his counsel to object, and leading to the following ruling:



4
  The court had granted Plaintiff a default judgment, which the Defendant successfully set aside; in
granting Defendant relief, the court ruled that “Defendant’s delay in answering the complaint was due to
mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect. There was a genuine dispute between the parties
and Defendant did file a response to the motion for default judgment, even though it was late filed.” We
discuss that ruling later in this opinion.
                                                   5
Q. You want to see it?
                [Defendant’s counsel]: Your Honor, I’m going to object to
the statement - - is it true or false on the date of this affidavit, I think is the
more proper question here.
                I mean, because he obviously received the summons and
complaint now. But on the date of this affidavit had he received the
summons and complaint. I think that’s the question. I object to the
question because it’s not specific, and I think it needs to be clarified for the
witness.
                THE COURT: You’ll have an opportunity if this goes much
longer to do that on redirect.
                But [Plaintiff’s counsel], the point that you’re trying to make
is not being made very well. I see that there is an affidavit by Mr. Yousef
in which he says he never received a copy of the summons and complaint.
It is dated June 3, 2015.
                It also says the only document I received from the sheriff’s
office was a contact card, a copy of which is attached as Exhibit A. I don’t
see that.
                Then he said I only just recently retained counsel on June 3rd,
2015, the same day that the affidavit was prepared. So I have to presume
that his attorney prepared the affidavit because I don’t think he prepared it.
        ***
[Plaintiff’s counsel]: Did you make the statement Mr. Yousef or not make
it?
        A. This is my signature. Yes.
        Q. This is your statement?
        A. Yes.
        Q. You’re saying you didn’t receive it.
        I will show you another document.
        Q. This is Defendant’s response to Plaintiff’s Request for
Admission of Facts. This is Page 1.
        I will go to the very last page, Question number 15 is: “Defendant
received a copy of the summons and the complaint of this case March 9,
2015.”
        The response, “Defendant admit that the summons and complaint
were served to his address on or about March 9, 2015, but Defendant
denied that he received anything on that date.”
        This is a contradictory statement.
                THE COURT: Let me just say. You’re doing okay until you
get to that last statement. When you say this is a contradictory statement
that is for closing. Right now I’m just interested in the facts.
                That also invited arguments by the witness. He doesn’t even
know to argue. Because you’re going to be arguing a legal position.

                                        6
        In his brief Plaintiff does not articulate the manner in which he asserts that the
court limited his examination of Defendant in this regard. On our examination we fail to
discern any error on the part of the court in ruling on the objection or in dialogue with
counsel.

       The second instance occurred in the course of Plaintiff’s examination of
Defendant regarding Defendant’s 2012 Profit and Loss schedule, which reflected a loss
of $15,542. The error of which Plaintiff complains was precipitated by Plaintiff asking
Defendant “you said you never filed taxes for Quick & Easy in 2012,” to which
Defendant replied “Yes”; this was followed by a series of questions to which
nonresponsive answers were given. The court periodically interjected in an attempt to
assist Plaintiff’s counsel and Defendant; Plaintiff contends that the following colloquy
encapsulates the trial court’s error:

      Q. Anything legal your lawyer is responsible for it. Anything with your
      taxes your accountant is responsible for it.

      A. Yes.

      Q. What did you know –

      A. Absolutely. I give him all the information, and he prepared the tax.

      Q. Is that the tax return for 2012 for Quick & Easy or not?

      A. Because he’s the professional doing that tax. I don’t do nothing.

      THE COURT: [Plaintiff’s counsel] this is carrying a loss forward. He’s
      allowed to do it under the tax laws. If you have a loss you can spread it over
      a number of years. I have seen it before. And unless you have something on
      which to challenge the computation that makes some sense to me, he’s
      going to be able to put that in his tax return because of the loss when he had
      Quick & Easy. There’s nothing unusual about it.

      [Plaintiff’s counsel]: Your Honor, I’m familiar with taxes, and I agree with
      you there are some loss involved, but not in this form. This form is called
      Schedule C profit or losses. It’s not to carry forward. It shows here Line
      number -- Line number 4, gross -- it says –

      THE COURT: Let me just say, this gentleman just said the taxes were
      prepared by his attorney -- excuse me -- his CPA. If there’s a mistake on it
      he’s not the one that prepared it. He signed it. If the Federal Government
      comes after him, he may have some liability. But the argument that you’re

                                            7
          making really needs to be questions to the accountant. Now, if [he] knows
          why they’re there he can answer. If he doesn’t, he’ll say he doesn’t know.

          [Plaintiff’s counsel]: Your Honor, I have here it says gross profit –

          THE COURT: Ask him question.

          BY MR. ATI: Q. Can you please read Line number 5?

          A. Gross profit, subtract Line 4 from Line 3.

          Q. Okay.

          A. But it’s not – it’s not – that’s not the gross income.5

       Plaintiff does not identify any inconsistency between Defendant’s testimony and
the tax schedule; neither does he articulate the manner in which he asserts that the court
limited his examination. Upon our review of the transcript, counsel’s examination of
Defendant continued, culminating in Defendant’s acknowledgement that his accountant
had prepared the return and established the $15,542 loss figure. Plaintiff’s claim of error
is without merit.

          C. Conduct of Examination of Witnesses

        Plaintiff next complains that the court “erred by allowing the Defendant and Mr.
Mohamed to tell their own stories during cross-examination.” Plaintiff includes his
argument relative to this issue in the portion of his brief discussing the credibility and
impeachment issues; he does not separately cite testimony supporting his claim of error
in the conduct of the examination of witnesses and does not set forth a cogent argument
in this regard. Plaintiff’s argument as to these claims fails to comply with Rule 27(a)(6)
of Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure and Rule 6(b) of the Rules of the Court of
Appeals. Failure to make appropriate references to the record and to cite relevant
authority in the argument section of the brief constitutes a waiver of the issue. See Blair

5
    Plaintiff does not cite the remainder of Defendant’s answer:

          This is -- can you read the Number 4 what it says because he said Number 4 -- Line
          number 4, not Line 3. I don’t know exactly, but that’s what I’m understanding from that.
          That does say, it says goods sold. Sold what? This is not the sales taxes. You understand?
          This is not the income. This is -- maybe this is my income from gas station. That’s
          information I can ask my CPA about it I don’t know what he did exactly. But I give him
          all the information about Quick & Easy in 2011 and whatever information in 2012, and
          he prepare all taxes.


                                                       8
v. Badenhope, 940 S.W.2d 575, 576-77 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996); Rampy v. IGI Acrylics,
Inc., 898 S.W.2d 196, 210 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994). This argument is waived.

II. SUBSTANTIVE CAUSES OF ACTION

           A. Contractual Issues

       Plaintiff contends that the trial court erred in concluding there was an oral contract
for the sale of the business. With respect to this contention, in the final order the court
found:

           1. In December 2011, the Plaintiff, Mr. Mesad, and the Defendant, Mr.
           Yousef entered into a purchase agreement for the Plaintiff to acquire
           Defendant’s convenience store in Lebanon, Tennessee called “Quick and
           Easy.”

           2. The Testimony reflects that Plaintiff had expressed an interest in the
           store for over a month before reaching an agreement and completing the
           sale, and that the agreement was for the Plaintiff to pay Fifty thousand
           dollars, ($50,000.00), plus the value of the inventory, to acquire the store.

           3. The agreement was partially written and partially oral.

           4. The written portion of the agreement was for the purchase of Defendant’s
           inventory in the amount of thirty five thousand five hundred dollars,
           ($35,500.00).

           5. The Plaintiff paid thirty thousand five hundred dollars in cash to the
           Defendant on December 3, 2011, and an additional Five thousand dollars,
           ($5,000.00) by way of a credit card on December 4, 2011.

           6. At the same time Plaintiff made the initial payment for the inventory,
           Plaintiff gave Defendant a cashier’s check in the amount of Fifty thousand
           dollars, ($50,000.00).[6]

      Evidence pertinent to this issue included the testimony of Mr. Mohamed and
Defendant. Mr. Mohamed testified that Plaintiff asked him if the Quick and Easy store
was for sale; that he and Plaintiff discussed the sale of the store for over a month, during
which Plaintiff visited the store multiple times; that when the parties came to an
agreement on the terms of the sale of the store and inventory, Plaintiff signed an


6
    Citations to the record in the final order are omitted.
                                                         9
inventory agreement and gave Defendant $35,500 for the purchase of the inventory and a
$50,000 cashier’s check.7

        Defendant testified that he met with Plaintiff after Mr. Mohammed told him that
Plaintiff was interested in purchasing the business; that they agreed that Plaintiff would
pay $50,000 for the business plus the price of the inventory; that the parties hired a
company to do an audit of the inventory in order to determine its value, and that after the
audit was complete, they agreed that Plaintiff would pay $35,500 for the inventory. Mr.
Yousef testified further that Plaintiff paid him $30,500 and gave him a $50,000 cashier’s
check for the purchase price of the business and inventory on December 5, 2011, and the
remaining $5,000 the next day; that the check was endorsed by Plaintiff when Plaintiff
delivered it to him, but Plaintiff did not endorse it in front of him. Defendant also
testified that the lease of the store was transferred to Plaintiff; that Plaintiff took over the
oil supply contract with Mixon-Nollner Oil Company and utility payments for the
market; and that the business and beer licenses were canceled by the Defendant and new
licenses secured by Plaintiff.

       The testimony and documentary evidence support the trial court’s finding that an
oral contract existed for the sale of the business and that the sale was consummated
consistent with the terms detailed by Defendant. The testimony cited by Plaintiff in some
instances conflicts with that cited by Defendant, but does not preponderate against the
finding that there was an oral contract for the sale of the business; accordingly, we affirm
the finding. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d).

      Plaintiff also asserts that the oral contract between the parties is unenforceable
under Tennessee Code Annotated sections 29-1-1018 and 47-2-201(1).9 Neither of these


7
    The parties dispute the purpose of the $50,000 check and whether it was signed or endorsed by Plaintiff.
8
    Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-1-101 provides that:

          (a) No action shall be brought

                  (4) Upon any contract for the sale of lands, tenements, or hereditaments,
                  or the making of any lease thereof for a longer term than one (1) year
                  ***
                  unless the promise or agreement, upon which such action shall be
                  brought, or some memorandum or note thereof, shall be in writing, and
                  signed by the party to be charged therewith, or some other person
                  lawfully authorized by such party. In a contract for the sale of lands,
                  tenements, or hereditaments, the party to be charged is the party against
                  whom enforcement of the contract is sought.
9
    Tennessee Code Annotated section 47-2-201(1) provides that:


                                                      10
statutes, however, is applicable to this case. With respect to section 29-1-101, the
testimony was clear that the transaction did not involve the sale of real property; rather,
Plaintiff agreed to lease the building which housed the market.

       With respect to Tennessee Code Annotated section 47-2-201(1), in Hudson v.
Town & Ctry. True Value Hardware, Inc., our Supreme Court adopted the “predominant
asset” test to determine when the Uniform Commercial Code (U.C.C.), codified at
Tennessee Code Annotated section 47-1-101, et seq., applied to a transaction involving
the sale of goods and non-goods, as defined by the U.C.C.; the court held that “[i]f the
predominant assets to be transferred are goods, the U.C.C. [Uniform Commercial Code,
codified at Tennessee Code Annotated section 47-1-101, et seq.] governs, but if the
predominant assets are non-goods, the U.C.C. has no application.” 666 S.W.2d 51, 53
(Tenn. 1984).

       The purpose of the transaction in this case was the purchase of the business; as a
consequence of the transaction, Plaintiff acquired the predominant assets of the business,
including the inventory, rights to rebates from the tobacco suppliers, the rights to do
business as “Quick and Easy,” and assumed the Defendant’s building lease and gas
contract. To the extent the U.C.C. applied to the purchase of the goods which constituted
the inventory, the signed inventory agreement satisfied section 47-2-201(1).

       In the portion of his brief devoted to the contract issue, Plaintiff claims the trial
court erred in admitting the lease between Defendant, Mr. Mohamed, and Quick and
Easy, Inc., the owner of the property on which the Quick and Easy convenience store
operated.10 Defendant offered the lease to show that it included a provision that the
profits on the sale of the business would be divided between Quick and Easy, Inc.,
Defendant, and Mr. Mohamed; Plaintiff objected to its admission on the ground that it
was irrelevant, since he was not a party to the lease. The trial court determined that the


       Except as otherwise provided in this section, a contract for sale of goods for the price of
       five hundred dollars ($500) or more is not enforceable by way of action or defense unless
       there is some writing or record sufficient to indicate that a contract for sale has been
       made between the parties and signed by the party against whom enforcement is sought or
       by his authorized agent or broker. A writing or record is not insufficient because it omits
       or incorrectly states a term agreed upon but the contract is not enforceable under this
       paragraph beyond the quantity of goods shown in such writing or record.

Tennessee Code Annotated section 47-2-105(1) provides that:

       ‘Goods’ means all things (including specially manufactured goods) which are movable at
       the time of identification to the contract for sale other than the money in which the price
       is to be paid, investment securities (chapter 8 of this title) and things in action.
10
  Defendant testified that Quick & Easy, Inc. was the owner of the property upon which the market was
located and that Samy Said was the owner of Quick & Easy, Inc.
                                                   11
exhibit was relevant “with regards to the figure of $50,000 . . . and why that price was
selected” as well as “on the basis that it was represented that the only thing that changed
between the lease that Mr. Mesad signed with Mr. Said is the first page. But it appears
there are other pages that were also different.”

       While Plaintiff asserts that the trial court erred in admitting the lease, he fails to
make any argument pertaining to how the court abused its discretion or how Plaintiff’s
substantial rights were affected.11 Plaintiff’s argument as to this issue wholly fails to
comply with Rule 27(a)(6) of Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure and Rule 6(b) of
the Rules of the Court of Appeals. Failure to make appropriate references to the record
and to cite relevant authority in the argument section of the brief constitutes a waiver of
the issue. See Rampy v. IGI Acrylics, Inc., 898 S.W.2d 196, 210 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994);
Blair v. Badenhope, 940 S.W.2d 575, 576-77 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996). This argument is
waived.

        B. Fraud

       Throughout the proceeding, Plaintiff denied that the signature on the back of the
cashier’s check was his; he argues on appeal that the trial court erred by failing to find
that the signature was a forgery.12 In the final order, the court concluded that “the proof
[wa]s insufficient to demonstrate any forgery of Plaintiff’s signature on the cashier’s
check as alleged in the complaint” and it was “not in a position to do a signature
11
  A trial court has a wide degree of latitude in making decisions on the admissibility of evidence, and as
previously stated, we will only overturn a trial court’s decision upon a showing of abuse of discretion.
Overstreet v. Shoney’s, Inc., 4 S.W.3d 694, 702 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999). Further, error may not be
predicated upon a ruling which admits or excludes evidence unless a substantial right of the party is
affected. Tenn. R. Evid. 103; Brandy Hills Estates, LLC v. Reeves, 237 S.W.3d 307, 318 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2006).
12
  When it comes to negotiable instruments, e.g., cashier’s checks, an “unauthorized signature includes a
“forgery as well as a signature made by one exceeding actual or apparent authority.” Tenn. Code Ann. 47-
3-403, cmt. 1. Since the “Uniform Commercial Code does not define ‘forgery,’” “courts look to the
definition of the offense in the criminal code. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility v. Curry, 266 S.W.3d 379, 393
(Tenn. 2008). The criminal code defines a forgery as:

        [A]ny writing so that it purports to:

                (i) Be the act of another who did not authorize that act;
                (ii) Have been executed at a time or place or in a numbered sequence
                other than was in fact the case; or
                (iii) Be a copy of an original when no such original existed

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-14-114(1)(A). Further, a forgery requires that the person who executes the forgery
to do so with the “intent to defraud or harm another.” Id. at -114(a); see also Curry, 266 S.W.3d at 393
(“The fact that a signature or endorsement is unauthorized does not necessarily establish it as a forgery
unless there is also evidence of an intent to defraud.”).
                                                   12
comparison.” Plaintiff contends that (1) the trial court should have compared the
signature on the check to the signatures on other documents that he testified were
authentic and (2) accepted his uncontradicted testimony that he did not sign the check.

        In support of his first contention, Plaintiff relies on Tennessee Rule of Evidence
901(b)(3)13; his reliance on the rule, however, is misplaced. Rule 901 only sets the
requirement that evidence must be authenticated before it may be admitted at trial and
illustrates methods by which such evidence may be authenticated. The check in this case
was admitted without objection, and the question of whether Plaintiff signed the check
was factual, not a question one of admissibility into evidence. Inasmuch as Plaintiff
contended that the signature was not his, it was incumbent upon him to introduce
evidence sufficient to support his contention. He presented no expert witness or
handwriting analysis, and no witness other than Plaintiff testified that the signature was
not his.

       With respect to his second argument, Plaintiff cites to his own testimony, which he
argues was uncontradicted. Other evidence consisted of the testimony of Mr. Mohamed
and Defendant. Mr. Mohammed testified that the check was signed when he witnessed
Plaintiff deliver it to Defendant:

           Q. Okay. Did you see Mr. Mesad sign the check to Mr. Yousef?

           A. No.

           Q. You didn’t see it? You didn’t see any signature on the check?

           A. No. I saw a signature when he gave Joseph [Yousef] the cashier’s check.
           Joseph looked at it and like --carefully, and he found out everything is
           good.

For his part, when asked to describe the circumstances surrounding his receipt of the
cashier’s check from Plaintiff, Defendant testified:
13
     Tenn. R. Evid. 901(a)-(b)(3)states:

           (a) General Provision. The requirement of authentication or identification as a condition
           precedent to admissibility is satisfied by evidence sufficient to the court to support a
           finding by the trier of fact that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.
           (b) Illustrations. By way of illustration only, and not by way of limitation, the following
           are examples of authentication or identification conforming with the requirements of this
           rule:
           ***
           (3) Comparison by Trier of Fact or Expert Witness. Comparison by trier of fact or by
           expert witnesses with specimens which have been authenticated.


                                                      13
           A. He been give it to me -- that cashier’s check. Then he signed on it. He
           don’t sign front me. He then sign on it, and then he gave it to me. I looked
           at it. We agreed everything, and we wrote it down that -- the other
           agreement for the inventory. And that’s it.

           Q. So when you say it had been signed you mean it had been endorsed on
           the back of the check?

           A. Yes.

           Q. Was it like that when you received it?

           A. Yes.

           ***

           Q. Tell me about the appearance of this check when it was delivered to you.

           A. He gave it to me. That check had been signed in the back. I don’t see
           him sign it, but it’s always been signed on the back with his name.

           Q. When you received it?

           A. Yes.

      As noted earlier, the trial court found that Mr. Mohamed was a highly credible
witness; his testimony and that of the Defendant support the finding that the cashier’s
check was signed when it was delivered to Defendant. See Richards, 70 S.W.3d at 733-
34. Moreover, no evidence cited by the Plaintiff preponderates against this finding.
Accordingly, the trial court did not err in dismissing Plaintiff’s fraud claim.

           C. Trademark / Tradename Infringement.

        Plaintiff alleged that Defendant continued to use the name Quick & Easy after the
sale of the business and that this use violated the Tennessee Trademark Act at Tennessee
Conde Annotated section 47-25-501, et seq.14 In its ruling from the bench, the trial court
stated the following relative to this claim:


14
     With respect to this claim, in the original complaint, Plaintiff alleged:

                    Despite the defendant sold the store (QUICK & EASY) to the plaintiff, he kept
           using the name and the license that he had for it in the past, fraudulently to purchase
           cigarettes and other commodities from Sam’s Club, FAB Wholesales LLC, and other
                                                         14
        I will note right now that it appears that Mr. Mesad entered into an
        agreement with an entity, a corporation called “Quick & Easy.” If there was
        a trademark violation it would not have been his right to pursue a violation
        of the Quick & Easy name since it is incorporated; and by virtue of this
        lease agreement appears to be owned by Samy Said, who executed the lease
        on behalf of Quick & Easy, Inc.

        ***

        But in this instance I do not find that Mr. Yousef continued to use the
        commercial name of Quick & Easy to purchase cigarettes and to receive
        refunds. I do not find that Mr. Yousef acted in bad faith so as to violate the
        Fair Trade Practices Act.

The trial court memorialized its findings in its written order as well:

        12. The testimony reflects that the Plaintiff and the Defendant each had
        separate agreements for tobacco rebates with Philip Morris.

        13. The testimony and Exhibits reflect that all tobacco rebates paid to
        “Quick & Easy” in 2012 were cashed by Plaintiff, including checks for
        which Defendant was assessed income tax liability, and the proof fails to
        support any unjust enrichment by the Defendant as alleged in the
        complaint.

        14. The proof fails to demonstrate that the Defendant used the name
        “Quick & Easy” in any commercial enterprise to purchase cigarettes, obtain
        refunds, or realize any benefit, after he sold the store to the Plaintiff.




        retailers to make profits from the monthly refund those stores make to the owner of the
        store supposedly the plaintiff.
                 The plaintiff received the form 1099 Misc. from Philip Morris USA with the
        defendants’ name on it, using the store’s address, 313 South Cumberland, Lebanon, TN
        37087, as his address showing that the defendant received as his profits the amount of
        $17,191.36 Seventeen Thousand One Hundred Ninety One Dollars and Thirty Six Cents
        in 2012 only.

The Amended Complaint incorporated those allegations and, in addition, alleged that “the use of the
Quick & Easy name after the sale of the business constitutes fraud, unjust enrichment, breach of contract,
and infringement under the Tennessee Trademark Act.” Our analysis is centered on the Trademark Act.


                                                   15
           15. The proof fails to show that the Defendant acted in bad faith so as to
           violate the Tennessee Trademark Act, or to support any other basis upon
           which the Plaintiff would be entitled to prevail.[15]

       In his brief, Plaintiff asserts that Defendant’s 2012 profit and loss statement is “in
and by itself enough exclusive evidence that he was infringed upon Plaintiff tradename
and used it to make profit free of any expenses.” He cites no testimony or other evidence
in support of this argument. Once again, Plaintiff’s argument fails to comply with Rule
27(a)(6) of Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure and Rule 6(b) of the Rules of the
Court of Appeals; upon the authority set forth previously, we deem this issue waived.

III.       ORDER SETTING ASIDE DEFAULT JUDGMENT

       On May 19, 2015, Plaintiff moved for a default judgment on the basis that the
complaint had been filed on February 12 and served on March 9, yet no responsive
pleading had been filed. Defendant responded to the motion on June 3, inter alia,
advising that he had recently retained counsel and requesting an additional thirty days to
respond. His response was accompanied by an affidavit in which he stated that he had
never received the summons and complaint; that he had received a contact card from the
Sheriff’s Office and responded to it; and that he had a meritorious defense; and that he
requested thirty days to respond to the complaint. An Order of Default was entered on
June 11.

       On June 23, Defendant filed a motion to set the default judgment aside in
accordance with Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure 55.0216 and 60.0217 reiterating the
statements in the affidavit previously filed, and setting forth that the motion for default
did not include the notice of hearing required by Local Rule 26.04(g)18 but, rather, was

15
     Citations to the record in the final order are omitted.
16
  Rule 55.02 provides that “[f]or good cause shown the court may set aside a judgment by default in
accordance with Rule 60.02.”
17
  Rule 60.02 (1) provides that “[o]n motion and upon such terms as are just, the court may relieve a party
or his legal representative from a final judgment, order or proceeding for the following reasons: (1)
mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect.”
18
     Rule 26.04 of the Local Rules of Practice for the 20th Judicial District states in pertinent part:

           a. Motions shall clearly state with particularity the grounds therefore, and shall set forth
           the relief or order sought as required by Tenn. R. Civ. P. 7.02.
           ***
           d. If the motion is opposed, a written response to the motion must be filed and personally
           served on all parties. The response shall state with particularity the grounds for
           opposition to the motion, supported by legal authority, if applicable. If no response is
                                                         16
accompanied by a separate notice setting a hearing for June 5; that his counsel had filed
his response to the motion on June 3 and appeared in court on June 5; and that Plaintiff
had submitted the Order of Default on June 5. Defendant filed an Answer with his
response. Plaintiff filed a memorandum in response to the motion, accompanied by a
copy of Defendant’s 2012 tax form 1099 received from Philip Morris USA and a list of
34 checks, which Plaintiff represented were “self-certified commercial papers that the
defendant had received and deposited into his bank account, including the check number,
date and amount.” Following a hearing, the court granted the motion, stating:

               Based on the statements and arguments of counsel for the respective
        parties, the exhibits and memoranda filed in this cause and the record as a
        whole, the Court finds that the Defendant’s delay in answering the
        complaint was due to mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect,
        as contemplated by Rule 60.02, Tenn. R. Civ. P. The court finds that there
        is a genuine dispute between the parties, that Defendant did file a response
        to the Motion for Default Judgment, even though it was late-filed.

       Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in setting aside the default judgment,
contending that Defendant’s failure to respond was willful and Defendant’s alleged “lack
of understanding or appreciation of the matter” does not constitute mistake, inadvertence,
surprise, or excusable neglect under Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure Rule 60.02.

      In our consideration of this issue we are guided by the following instruction from
Nelson v. Simpson:


        filed, the motion shall be granted with the exception of certain proceedings in Probate.
        (See Rule 39).
        e. Responses to motions, including counter-affidavits, depositions, briefs or any other
        matters presented in opposition to motions, must be filed with the clerk’s office by the
        close of business on Monday before the Friday on which the motion is to be heard. The
        response must also be personally served upon all parties no later than 5:00 p.m. on the
        Monday before the Friday on which the motion is to be heard. . . .
        ***
        g. IF NO RESPONSE IS TIMELY FILED AND PERSONALLY SERVED, THE
        MOTION SHALL BE GRANTED AND COUNSEL OR PRO SE LITIGANT NEED
        NOT APPEAR IN COURT AT THE TIME AND DATE SCHEDULED FOR THE
        HEARING.
        Counsel or pro se litigant shall then submit the proposed order consistent with Local Rule
        33. The order shall recite that no response was timely filed or personally served. See Rule
        39 for exceptions to this Rule in certain Probate matters.

From the record it appears that, consistent with Local Rule 26.04, because Defendant’s response to the
motion was not filed on June 1, the Monday preceding the hearing date of June 5, but was filed on June 3,
the motion was not heard but an Order tendered by Plaintiff was entered.


                                                    17
               The party seeking to set aside a default judgment has the burden of
       demonstrating that it is entitled to relief. In order to obtain relief, the party
       must satisfy the court that it is entitled to relief based on one of the grounds
       in Tenn. R. Civ. P. 60.02 and that it has a meritorious defense to the
       plaintiff’s suit.
               The courts should construe Tenn. R. Civ. P. 60.02’s requirements
       liberally when a party is seeking relief from a default judgment. They
       should also examine the moving party’s proof to determine whether the
       default was willful and to assess the extent to which the defaulting party’s
       conduct has prejudiced the non-defaulting party.
               Like other Tenn. R. Civ. P. 60.02 motions, a motion to set aside a
       default judgment is addressed to the trial court’s discretion. Trial courts
       should grant relief whenever any reasonable doubt exists concerning
       whether the default judgment should be set aside.

826 S.W.2d 483, 485–86 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991) (internal citations omitted). We review
the decision to set aside a default judgment under the abuse of discretion standard. State
ex rel. Jones v. Looper, 86 S.W.3d 189, 193 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000). An abuse of
discretion occurs if a trial court causes an injustice to a party by “(1) applying an
incorrect legal standard, (2) reaching an illogical or unreasonable decision, or (3) basing
its decision on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence.” Lee Med., Inc. v.
Beecher, 312 S.W.3d 515, 524 (Tenn. 2010).

        Plaintiff argues in his brief that “by setting aside the default judgment on the
ground of lack of understanding or appreciation of the seriousness of the documentation,
the trial court abused its discretion by applying the incorrect legal standards and reaching
an illogical conclusion.” We respectfully disagree.

        In the affidavit filed in response to the motion for default judgment, Defendant set
forth facts intended to show that he was not aware he had been sued until he received the
motion for default and that he promptly engaged counsel to advise and represent him;
Defendant’s answer was filed on the same date as the motion to set aside the judgment.
The materials filed by Plaintiff in his response to Defendant’s motion and supporting
materials did not directly address the grounds for the relief Defendant sought but, rather,
addressed the merits of the case. Plaintiff does not argue, and the record does not show,
that Defendant misrepresented any fact in his affidavit or that his failure to file a timely
answer was willful. Contrary to Plaintiff’s argument, lack of understanding or lack of
appreciation of the seriousness of the documentation are emblematic of the “mistake,
inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect” contemplated by Rule 60.02(1). Given the
liberal construction that trial courts are to apply to motions for relief under Rule 60.02,
we do not discern that the trial court abused its discretion in setting aside the default
judgment.


                                              18
                              CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.




                                          RICHARD H. DINKINS, JUDGE




                                     19
