Filed 4/21/14 P. v. Matos CA2/6
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                   DIVISION SIX


THE PEOPLE,                                                                  2d Crim. No. B242333
                                                                          (Super. Ct. No. 2010009351)
     Plaintiff and Respondent,                                                 (Ventura County)

v.

RAUL VILLALON MATOS,

     Defendant and Appellant.


                   Raul Villalon Matos appeals a judgment following conviction of selling
cocaine base, with findings of three prior drug convictions, a prior serious felony strike
conviction, and service of four prior prison terms. (Health & Saf. Code, §§ 11352, subd.
(a), 11370.2, subd. (a); Pen. Code, §§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), 1170.12, subds. (a)-(d), 667.5,
subd. (b).)1 We affirm.
                                  FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
                   In 2006, Daniel Ihle became a confidential informant for the Ventura
County Sheriff's Office to "work . . . off" a citation received for driving with a suspended
license. Ihle also served as a confidential informant in return for financial remuneration.
Sheriff's Detective Harry Laubacher supervised Ihle's informant activities.
                   In May 2007, Ihle informed Laubacher that Matos, whom he knew as
"Popi," was selling cocaine in Los Angeles. Ihle described Matos's height and weight,

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    All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.
and stated that Matos walked with a limp and spoke with a heavy accent. Ihle had known
Matos and Matos's girlfriend, Patricia King, for approximately one month and had seen
them possess crack cocaine. Ihle spoke with Matos in the English language and Matos
appeared to understand the conversation. Matos and King provided their telephone
numbers to Ihle.
              On May 24, 2007, Ihle made a monitored telephone call to Matos and
arranged a narcotics transaction at a fast-food restaurant in Los Angeles. Matos "never
showed up" and later telephoned Ihle and stated that "it wasn't going to happen that day."
              On May 30, 2007, Ihle made a second monitored telephone call to Matos
from the Thousand Oaks sheriff's station. Laubacher recorded and overheard the
telephone call. Matos agreed to sell Ihle "three ounces" for "five hundred dollars for an
ounce." When Ihle offered to meet Matos the next day at Matos's hotel, Matos
responded, "[I]t's good."
              In the morning of May 31, 2007, Ihle made two recorded telephone calls to
Matos, indicating that he had obtained $1,400 for "the three," and that he was leaving
Thousand Oaks for Los Angeles. Matos responded, "All right."
              Sheriff's deputies searched Ihle and his vehicle and fitted him with a
wireless transmitter. They also provided him with marked currency for the drug
transaction. Ihle then drove to the Continental Hotel in Los Angeles to meet Matos.
              When Ihle arrived at the hotel, he telephoned Matos as well as King.
Within 10 minutes, Matos walked from the hotel to Ihle's vehicle. Matos advised Ihle to
wait a few minutes because "[t]he guy [will] come up with an ounce and a half more." A
white Ford automobile soon appeared; Matos entered the automobile for several minutes,
and then left and walked into the hotel.
              Within 5 to 10 minutes, Matos returned to Ihle's vehicle. Matos asked Ihle
to accompany him to the hotel, but Ihle refused. Matos then said he would "get out and
call."
              Within minutes, King left the hotel and walked to Ihle's vehicle. She and
Matos entered Ihle's vehicle. Matos asked Ihle if he could "check the money." Ihle gave

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either King or Matos the marked currency. King then removed baggies of cocaine base
from her clothing and placed them on the center console. After a verbal cue from Ihle,
sheriff's deputies appeared and arrested King and Matos. The baggies on the center
console contained 24.81 grams of cocaine base. King had the marked currency in her
pocket and, after her arrest, removed additional cocaine base from her underwear.
              At trial, the prosecutor played the recordings of the May 30 and May 31,
2007, telephone calls between Ihle and Matos, as well as the recording of the drug
transaction. Ihle testified that he recognized his voice and Matos's voice on the
recordings.
              Matos presented the expert opinion of Doctor Marlene Valter, a forensic
psychologist, that he suffers from longtime schizophrenia and low intellect. Valter first
interviewed Matos in 2008, when she concluded that he was incompetent to be tried on
the present charges. She reinterviewed him prior to trial and believed that his condition
had improved with medication, but that he continued to experience auditory
hallucinations, among other symptoms.
              The jury convicted Matos of selling cocaine base and found that he suffered
three prior drug convictions, suffered six prior serious felony strike convictions, and
served four prior prison terms. (Health & Saf. Code, §§ 11352, subd. (a), 11370.2, subd.
(a); §§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), 1170.12, subds. (a)-(d), 667.5, subd. (b).) The trial court
granted Matos's motion to strike five of the six prior serious felony strike convictions,
pursuant to People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497, 530.2 It then
sentenced Matos to a prison term of 23 years, consisting of an upper five-year term (then
doubled), nine years consecutive for the three prior drug conviction allegations, and four
years consecutive for the four prior prison terms. The court imposed a $200 restitution
fine, a $200 parole revocation restitution fine (stayed), a $50 laboratory fee, and a $150


2
 The six prior strike convictions concerned violent and brutal crimes that Matos
committed against three women in 1984, including mayhem and assault with a deadly
weapon. Two of the victims suffered permanent facial disfigurement. One victim's facial
wounds required between 400 and 500 stitches to close.
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drug program fee, and awarded Matos 2,423 days of presentence custody credit.
(§§ 1202.4, subd. (b), 1202.45; Health & Saf. Code, §§ 11372.5, 11372.7, subd. (a).)
                Matos appeals and contends that the trial court erred by: 1) denying his
motion to dismiss the proceedings for improper venue, and 2) refusing to instruct
regarding entrapment (CALCRIM No. 3408) and a special instruction regarding aiding
and abetting.
                                        DISCUSSION
                                               I.
                Matos argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to dismiss the
prosecution for improper venue. He attempts to distinguish People v. Posey (2004) 32
Cal.4th 193, 221 [venue depends upon the presence or absence in a county of acts or
effects constituting the crime or requisite to commission of the crime]. Matos also
requests that we reconsider People v. Chavarria (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 1364, 1370
[proper venue in county where confidential informant initiated telephone call to purchase
drugs from defendant's accomplice in another county].
                Venue is a question of law governed by statute. (People v. Thomas (2012)
53 Cal.4th 1276, 1282.) The prosecutor bears the burden of establishing the facts
supporting venue by a preponderance of the evidence. (Id. at p. 1283.) We review the
trial court's determination regarding venue for evidentiary support. (Ibid.; People v.
Chavarria, supra, 213 Cal.App.4th 1364, 1369.)
                Section 777 provides: "Every person is liable to punishment by the laws of
this State, for a public offense committed by him therein . . . ; and except as otherwise
provided by law the jurisdiction of every public offense is in any competent court within
the jurisdictional territory of which it is committed." Section 781 also provides:
"[W]hen a public offense is committed in part in one jurisdictional territory and in part in
another jurisdictional territory, or the acts or effects thereof constituting or requisite to the
consummation of the offense occur in two or more jurisdictional territories, the
jurisdiction for the offense is in any competent court within either jurisdictional
territory."

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               We construe section 781 broadly to achieve its intended purpose of
expanding venue beyond the single county in which the crime may be said to have been
committed. (People v. Thomas, supra, 53 Cal.4th 1276, 1283; People v. Posey, supra, 32
Cal.4th 193, 218.) "Under section 781, a public offense may be tried in a jurisdiction in
which the defendant made preparations for the crime, even though the preparatory acts
did not constitute an essential element of the crime." (People v. Price (1991) 1 Cal.4th
324, 385, superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in People v. Hinks (1997) 58
Cal.App.4th 1157, 1161-1165.)
               The trial court properly denied Matos's motion because Ventura County is a
proper venue for his prosecution. Ihle telephoned Matos from Ventura County and stated
that he would be driving from Thousand Oaks to Los Angeles to purchase the cocaine.
Although Ihle initiated the telephone calls, the negotiations for the sale of the cocaine
occurred in both counties. (People v. Chavarria, supra, 213 Cal.App.4th 1364, 1371.)
"But for that call, there could have been no sale. Because this constitutes some evidence
sufficient to support the finding that preparatory acts or effects requisite to commission of
appellant's crimes took place in Ventura County, his motion to dismiss for lack of proper
venue in that county was properly denied." (Ibid.)
               It matters not that the defendant in Chavarria participated in a dispatch or
delivery service to make drugs available to residents in Ventura County. (People v.
Chavarria, supra, 213 Cal.App.4th 1364, 1367.) This is a distinction without a
difference; Chavarria rests upon the interpretation of section 781 as set forth in People v.
Posey, supra, 32 Cal.4th 193, 221. The reasoning of Chavarria is sound and we decline
to reconsider it.
                                              II.
               Matos contends that the trial court erred by refusing to instruct with
CALCRIM No. 3408 regarding entrapment, and refusing a special instruction regarding
aiding and abetting.
               The defense special instruction provides: "The test for liability is measured
by whether a reasonable person in the defendant's position, with like education, intellect,

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and mental function, would have or should have knowledge that his conduct was aiding
and abetting the charged crime."
              We independently review the trial court's decision regarding particular
instructions. (People v. Licas (2007) 41 Cal.4th 362, 366 ["'We apply the independent or
de novo standard of review to the failure . . . to instruct (regarding a defense)'"].) The
trial court is not required to instruct concerning a defense, even at defendant's request,
unless substantial evidence supports the defense. (People v. Watson (2000) 22 Cal.4th
220, 222-223 [defense of entrapment]; People v. Federico (2011) 191 Cal.App.4th 1418,
1422 [same].) Defendant bears the burden of producing evidence to establish an
affirmative defense. (People v. Salas (2006) 37 Cal.4th 967, 982.)
              In California, the test for entrapment is an objective one that considers the
police conduct. (People v. Smith (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1207, 1213.) "Entrapment is
established if the law enforcement conduct is likely to induce a normally law-abiding
person to commit the offense." (Ibid.) Official conduct that does no more than offer the
opportunity to the defendant is permissible; but it is impermissible for the police or their
agents to pressure the defendant by overbearing conduct such as badgering, cajoling,
importuning, or other affirmative acts likely to induct a normally law-abiding person to
commit the crime. (People v. Watson, supra, 22 Cal.4th 220, 223; People v. Federico,
supra, 191 Cal.App.4th 1418, 1422.)
              The trial court declined to instruct regarding entrapment, stating, "[T]here's
no evidence, period. It's a hope, but it's not evidence." The court did not err because the
police conduct was "quite unexceptionable" (People v. Smith, supra, 31 Cal.4th 1207,
1212), and evidence of entrapment was "'minimal and insubstantial'" (People v. Barton
(1995) 12 Cal.4th 186, 201 [concerning defense of unreasonable self defense]). Matos
merely speculates that overbearing and badgering conduct may have occurred during
unmonitored telephone calls and Ihle's prior contacts with him. Moreover, the California
test for entrapment focuses upon police conduct, not the psychological state of the
defendant. Matos was not denied the right to present a defense because he did not meet
his burden of establishing sufficient evidence of entrapment.

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              In addition, the defense instruction relating Matos's cognitive function to
aiding and abetting is argumentative and was properly rejected by the trial court. (People
v. Harris (2013) 57 Cal.4th 804, 853; People v. Wharton (1991) 53 Cal.3d 522, 570.)
"[I]nstructions that attempt to relate particular facts to a legal issue are generally
objectionable as argumentative [citation], and the effect of certain facts on identified
theories 'is best left to argument by counsel, cross-examination of the witnesses, and
expert testimony where appropriate.'" (Wharton, at p. 570.) In any event, the court
correctly instructed regarding the elements of aiding and abetting a crime. (CALCRIM
Nos. 220 ["Reasonable Doubt"], 225 ["Circumstantial Evidence: Intent or Mental State"],
251 ["Union of Act and Intent: Specific Intent or Mental State"], 400 ["Aiding and
Abetting"], 3428 ["Mental Impairment: Defense to Specific Intent or Mental State"].)
Sufficient evidence supports Matos's conviction pursuant to an aiding and abetting
theory. (People v. Lopez (2013) 56 Cal.4th 1028, 1069 [an aider and abettor must act
with knowledge of the direct perpetrator's unlawful intent and with an intent to assist in
achieving those unlawful ends, and his conduct must in fact facilitate commission of the
crime]; People v. Beeman (1984) 35 Cal.3d 547, 560.)
              The judgment is affirmed.
              NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.




                                            GILBERT, P. J.

We concur:



              YEGAN, J.



              PERREN, J.


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                                David M. Hirsch , Judge

                            Superior Court County of Ventura

                           ______________________________


             Laini Millar Melnick, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.


             Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Steven D.
Matthews, Supervising Deputy Attorney General, J. Michael Lehmann, Deputy Attorney
General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.




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