                               UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                               FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

RAYMOND THOMAS,                                         :
                                                        :
        Plaintiff,                                      :
                                                        :
        v.                                              :        Civil Action No. 14-1342 (CKK)
                                                        :
ISAAC FULWOOD, et al.,                                  :
                                                        :
        Defendants.                                     :


                                      MEMORANDUM OPINION


        This matter is before the Court on Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss and Opposition to

Plaintiff’s Motion for Preliminary Discovery [ECF No. 12] and Plaintiff[’s] Motion for

Summary Judgment in Opposition to Defendant’s Motion [ECF No. 16].1 For the reasons

discussed below, this case will be dismissed.

                                            I. BACKGROUND

        In the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, plaintiff “was convicted

of Bank Robbery in May 1983 and sentenced to two (2) terms of seventeen (17) years

imprisonment.” Compl. at 1; see Plaintiff[’s] Motion for Summary Judgment in Opposition to

Defendant’s Motion (“Pl.’s First Opp’n”), Ex. 3 (Judgment and Probation/Commitment Order).

“Subsequently, the [c]ourt modified the two terms to two terms of fifteen (15) years

imprisonment amounting to a total of thirty (30) years imprisonment[.]” Compl. at 1. Plaintiff



1
   The Court denied plaintiff’s Motion for Preliminary Discovery of the Full Parole Revocation Package [ECF No.
9] by minute order on January 16, 2015, and will construe Plaintiff[’s] Motion for Summary Judgment in Opposition
to Defendant’s Motion [ECF No. 16] (“Pl.’s First Opp’n”) and his Memorandum of Points and Authorities in
Support of Plaintiff Complaint for the Court Not To Dismiss This Suit Against Parole Commission [ECF No. 18]
(“Pl.’s Supp. Opp’n”) as his opposition to defendants’ motion to dismiss.

                                                       1
was released on parole on December 9, 1999, id., and he was to remain under parole supervision

until December 9, 2012, Mem. of P. & A. in Support of Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss and Opp’n to

Pl.’s Mot. for Prelim. Discovery (“Defs.’ Mem.”), Ex. 2 (Certificate of Parole [Amended]) at 1.

         On October 2, 2003, plaintiff was arrested in Florida. Compl. at 2. The United States

Parole Commission (“Commission”) issued a violation warrant on December 1, 2003, and had it

lodged as a detainer. 2 See Def.’s Mem., Exs. 3-4 (Warrant and Memorandum to U.S. Marshal,

Northern District of Georgia, from Sandra G. Hylton, Hearing Examiner, U.S. Parole

Commission, dated December 1, 2003). Plaintiff “was convicted by the State of Florida for

[robbery with a firearm, aggravated battery and resisting arrest],” and sentenced to a 10-year

term of imprisonment. Id., Ex. 5 (Supplement to Warrant Application).

         Plaintiff was released from Florida’s custody on September 29, 2013, “at which time . . .

United States Marshals took custody of [him] as a result of the detainer[.]” Compl. at 2. He

was taken to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma where, on April 8, 2014, his parole revocation hearing

took place, id.; see Defs.’ Mem., Ex. 7 (Revocation Hearing Summary) at 1. The hearing

examiner recommended revocation of plaintiff’s parole and reparole effective August 1, 2014,

primarily to allow additional time for release planning. Id., Ex. 7 at 2-3. An executive reviewer,

however, recommended not only that plaintiff’s parole be revoked, but also that he remain in



2
  As a condition of his parole release, plaintiff agreed “not [to] violate any law[.]” Defs.’ Mem., Ex. 2 at 2 ¶ 6.
According to the underlying Warrant Application, plaintiff was charged with a law violation based on events
described as follows:

         On October 2, 200[3], [plaintiff] was observed running from Publix located at 741 Orlando Ave. S.,
         Winter Park, Florida after an armed robbery took place during which one of the two victims received
         injuries to his head. [Plaintiff] was identified as one of two individuals with a gun . . . . [Plaintiff]
         fled the scene in a white vehicle and was later apprehended after running several red lights, making
         numerous evasive maneuvers to avoid apprehension. [He] was arrested by the Winter Park Police
         Department for [Robbery with a Firearm, Aggravated Battery/Person Uses a Deadly Weapon,
         Assault with Intent to do Violence, and Resisting Arrest] on October 2, 2003.

Id., Ex. 3 (Warrant Application) at 1.

                                                            2
custody until the expiration of his sentence. Id., Ex. 7 at 3. Ultimately, the Commission agreed

with the executive reviewer’s recommendation. See id., Ex. 8 (Notice of Action dated May 7,

2014) at 1. Plaintiff’s statutory release date is June 20, 2022. See id., Ex. 1 (Sentencing

Monitoring Computation Data as of 10-08-2014) at 2.

       Plaintiff brings this civil rights action against the Commission and Isaac Fulwood, Jr., its

former Chair, in both his official and individual capacities. Compl. at 2. First, plaintiff contends

that defendants failed to conduct a preliminary interview and to hold his parole revocation

hearing timely, noting the length of time between issuance of the warrant in December 2003, its

execution in 2013, and the revocation hearing itself in 2014. See id. at 3-4; see also Mem. of P.

& A. in Support of Pl.’s Compl. for the Court Not To Dismiss This Suit Against Parole Comm’n

(“Pl.’s Supp. Opp’n”) at 4; Reply to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss and Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J.

at 2. Second, plaintiff alleges that defendants caused him to remain incarcerated beyond

December 9, 2012, the purported expiration date of his 30-year federal sentences. See Compl. at

5-8. Third, plaintiff claims that Fulwood conspired with unknown agents of the Commission on

May 7, 2014, the date on which the Notice of Action was issued, to imprison him falsely. See id.

at 6-7. For these alleged wrongs, plaintiff demands damages of $25 million from each

defendant. Id. at 7-8.

                                        II. DISCUSSION

       Defendants move to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint. They argue that plaintiff’s habeas

claims are not properly before the Court, that sovereign immunity bars plaintiff’s claims for

damages against the Commission and Fulwood in his official capacity, and that absolute and/or




                                                 3
qualified immunity bars plaintiff’s claims for damages against Fulwood in his individual

capacity. 3

                                         A. Plaintiff’s Habeas Claims

         According to defendants, “[p]laintiff’s complaint sounds in habeas.” Defs.’ Mem. at 8.

He claims to be illegally imprisoned, and thus “raises questions about the fact or duration of his

incarceration.” Id. Defendants argue that he must proceed by filing a petition for a writ of

habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241, which allows a prisoner who “is in custody in violation

of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States[,]” 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c), to seek relief

in the appropriate federal district. See generally Defs.’ Mem. at 8-12.

         Insofar as plaintiff demands immediate relief from custody, or seeks to advance his

release date, or challenges the detainer, the claims sound in habeas. See Davis v. U.S. Sentencing

Comm’n, 716 F.3d 660, 666 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (holding “that a federal prisoner need bring his

claim in habeas only if success on the merits will “necessarily imply the invalidity of

confinement or shorten its duration.” (citation omitted)); Chatman-Bey v. Thornburgh, 864 F.2d

804, 809-10 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (“Congress has therefore designated habeas as the appropriate

vehicle for individuals who . . . challenge the lawfulness of their custody.”); Boyer v. U.S.

District Court, No. 89-3401, 1990 WL 91533, at *1 (D.D.C. June 19, 1990) (construing

challenge to a detainer as request for “relief from confinement that is or will be imposed

sometime in the future,” such that “plaintiff’s claims . . . sounds in habeas corpus”); see also

Nelson v. Campbell, 541 U.S. 637, 643 (2004) (“[Section 1983] must yield to the more specific




3
  For purposes of this Memorandum Opinion, the Court presumes without deciding that service on Fulwood in his
individual capacity has been effected properly, that it has personal jurisdiction over Fulwood, and that res judicata
does not bar plaintiff’s constitutional claims. Accordingly, defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiff’s claims against
Fulwood in his individual capacity for lack of personal jurisdiction, and to dismiss his claims constitutional claims
on res judicata grounds, will be denied.

                                                          4
federal habeas statute, with its attendant procedural and exhaustion requirements, where an

inmate seeks injunctive relief challenging the fact of his conviction or the duration of his

sentence.” (citation omitted)).

       A habeas action is subject to jurisdictional and statutory limitations. See Braden v. 30th

Judicial Cir. Ct. of Ky., 410 U.S. 484 (1973). The proper respondent in a habeas corpus action is

the prisoner’s custodian, Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 542 U.S. 426, 434-35 (2004); Blair-Bey v. Quick,

151 F.3d 1036, 1039 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (citing Chatman-Bey v. Thornburgh, 864 F.2d 804, 810

(D.C. Cir. 1988)), who in this case is the Warden of the Federal Correctional Institution in

Edgefield, South Carolina. Because this “district court may not entertain a habeas petition

involving present physical custody unless the respondent custodian is within its territorial

jurisdiction,” Stokes v. U.S. Parole Comm’n, 374 F.3d 1235, 1239 (D.C. Cir. 2004), this district

is not the proper forum for plaintiff’s habeas claims. Defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiff’s

habeas claims will be granted.

                          B. Plaintiff’s Claims Against the Commission

       Defendants move to dismiss plaintiff’s claims against Fulwood in his official capacity

and against the Commission itself on the ground that sovereign immunity bars these claims. See

generally Defs.’ Mem. at 12-14.

       “It is axiomatic that the United States may not be sued without its consent and that the

existence of consent is a prerequisite for jurisdiction.” United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206,

212 (1983). Such consent may not be implied, but must be “unequivocally expressed,” United

States v. Nordic Village, Inc., 503 U.S. 30, 33-34 (1992), and is “strictly construed, in terms of

its scope, in favor of the sovereign,” Lane v. Pena, 518 U.S. 187, 192 (1996) (citations omitted).

“[T]he terms of [the United States’] consent to be sued in any court define that court’s



                                                 5
jurisdiction to entertain the suit.” United States v. Sherwood, 312 U.S. 584, 586 (1941) (citation

omitted). For example, although the Federal Tort Claims Act waives sovereign immunity of the

United States for certain torts committed by federal employees, see Richards v. United States,

369 U.S. 1, 6 (1962), it does not waive sovereign immunity for constitutional tort claims, see

FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 477-78 (1994).

       The Commission is a federal entity which “retains the immunity it is due as an arm of the

federal sovereign.” Settles v. U.S. Parole Comm’n, 429 F.3d 1098, 1106 (D.C. Cir. 2005).

Sovereign immunity therefore bars plaintiff’s claims against the Commission itself. See, e.g,

Carter-El v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Corr., No. 12–5357, 2013 WL 3367416, at *1 (D.C.

Cir. July 5, 2013) (per curiam) (affirming dismissal of constitutional claims against the

Commission on sovereign immunity grounds); Epps v. Howes, 573 F. Supp. 2d 180, 186 (D.D.C.

2008) (denying relief from judgment that sovereign immunity barred claims against United

States, Department of Justice, and the Commission). Because the Commission’s immunity

extends to its Commissioners in their official capacities, see, e.g., Jones v. Fulwood, 860 F.

Supp. 2d 16, 21 (D.D.C. 2012), sovereign immunity bars his claims against Fulwood in his

official capacity also, see, e.g., id. at 22; Ali v. U.S. Parole Comm’n, No. 06-0235, 2007 WL

902312, at *2 (D.D.C. Mar. 23, 2007) (concluding that sovereign immunity barred § 1983 claims

for monetary damages against Commissioner and hearing examiner).

                              C. Plaintiff’s Claims Against Fulwood

                               1. Absolute Quasi-Judicial Immunity

       Plaintiff brings claims for money damages against Fulwood in his the individual capacity

under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971).

“A Bivens action is the federal analog to suits brought against state officials under . . . 42 U.S.C.



                                                  6
§ 1983.” Marshall v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 518 F. Supp. 2d 190, 193 (D.D.C. 2007) (citing

Hartman v. Moore, 547 U.S. 250, 254 n.2 (2006) (internal citation omitted)). Defendants move

to dismiss these claims on the ground that Fulwood is absolutely immune from suit. See

generally Defs.’ Mem. at 21-25. This motion will be granted, and the Court summarily

dismisses plaintiff’s claims for money damages against Fulwood because he is protected by

absolute quasi-judicial immunity. See, e.g., Nelson v. Williams, 750 F. Supp. 2d 46, 52-53

(D.D.C. 2010) (dismissing claim for money damages against Commissioners, hearing examiner,

and community supervision officers in their individual capacities), aff’d, No. 10–5429, 2011 WL

2618078, at *1 (D.C. Cir. June 23, 2011) (per curiam), cert. denied, 132 S. Ct. 1035 (2012);

Fletcher v. U.S. Parole Comm’n, 550 F. Supp. 2d 30, 40-42 (D.D.C. 2008) (reaffirming prior

conclusion that quasi-judicial absolute immunity bars claim against Commissioners); Pate v.

United States, 277 F. Supp. 2d 1, 10-11 (D.D.C. 2003) (finding that absolute quasi-judicial

immunity protected Chair of former District of Columbia Parole Board from suit); Merki v. Baer,

No. 89-0101, 1990 WL 113890, at *2 (D.D.C. July 24, 1990) (holding that “actions of

[Commission members and employees] in the determination of the plaintiff’s parole date fall

within the scope of quasi-judicial immunity”).

                                      2. Qualified Immunity

       In the alternative, defendants argue that, even if Fulwood does not enjoy absolute quasi-

judicial immunity, he would be protected by qualified immunity. See generally Defs.’ Mem. at

26-31. “[G]overnment officials performing discretionary functions generally are shielded from

liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or

constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald,

457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). The Court evaluates a qualified immunity claim by determining



                                                  7
“whether the facts that a plaintiff has alleged or shown make out a violation of a constitutional

right” and whether the right at issue was clearly established at the time of the defendant’s alleged

misconduct. Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001); see Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 226,

236 (2009) (leaving to the court’s discretion “which of the two prongs of the qualified immunity

analysis should be addressed first in light of the circumstances in the particular case at hand”).

                                  a. Warrant Lodged as a Detainer

       According to plaintiff, his arrest in Florida should have triggered the Commission’s

actions: it should have executed its warrant in 2003, at which time it would have revoked parole

and had plaintiff “serve the full expiration of his sentence which was [until] December 9, 2012,”

after which “he would have been return[ed] to the state of Florida to deal with that sentence of 10

years which was running concurrently.” Pl.’s Supp. Opp’n at 7. Petitioner is mistaken.

       The Commission may issue a warrant “[i]f a parolee is alleged to have violated the

conditions of his release,” 28 C.F.R. § 2.44(a), but “only within the [parolee’s] maximum term or

terms,” id. § 2.44(c). “The issuance of a warrant . . . operates to bar the expiration of the

parolee’s sentence,” and the Commission maintains “jurisdiction to retake the parolee either

before or after the normal expiration date of the sentence and to reach a final decision as to

revocation of parole[,]” id. § 2.44(d). “When a parolee is serving a new sentence in a federal,

state or local institution, a parole violation warrant may be placed against him as a detainer.” Id.

§ 2.47(a).

       Plaintiff was on parole from his federal sentences at the time of his arrest in Florida in

2003. The Commission issued its warrant and had it lodged as a detainer long before December

9, 2012, the date plaintiff’s federal sentences would have expired but for plaintiff’s intervening

criminal matter.



                                                  8
                             b. Preliminary and Revocation Hearings

       Plaintiff alleges that he was entitled to, but did not have, a preliminary hearing. See Pl.’s

First Opp’n at 1; Pl.’s Supp. Opp’n at 10. He further alleges that he was denied a prompt parole

revocation hearing. See Compl. at 3-4. Instead, he states, the revocation hearing “did not take

place until April 8, 2014,” id. at 4, and the long delay between issuance of the warrant and the

revocation hearing was prejudicial to him, id. at 5; see Pl.’s Supp. Opp’n at 23.

       Execution of the warrant on September 29, 2013, not its issuance on December 1, 2003,

triggered the Commission’s obligations. Moody v. Daggett, 429 U.S. 78, 87 (1976). All the time

plaintiff spent in custody between October 2, 2003 and September 29, 2013, was attributed to

plaintiff’s arrest, conviction and sentence imposed by the Florida court. None of that time was

credited toward service of his federal sentences. The Commission was not required to execute its

warrant between the time of his arrest in Florida on October 2, 2003 and his conviction on March

3, 2004, see Pl.’s Supp. Opp’n at 6, or at any other time before his release from Florida’s

custody. Furthermore, the Florida convictions themselves constituted probable cause, such that

the Commission need not have conducted a preliminary interview. See 28 C.F.R. § 2.48(f).

       Relief on plaintiff’s claim arising from the delay in the revocation hearing ordinarily

would be available through “a writ of mandamus to compel the Commission’s compliance with

the statute[.]” Sutherland v. McCall, 709 F.2d 730, 732 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (emphasis

removed). Plaintiff already has had the revocation hearing, and the claim is now moot. Aside

from plaintiff’s unsupported allegations of prejudice, see, e.g., Compl. at 5, he has failed to

demonstrate that the Commission’s purported delay in conducting the revocation hearing was




                                                  9
unreasonable and so prejudicial that some other form of relief is warranted, see Sutherland, 709

F.2d at 732. 4

                                 c. Incarceration Beyond December 9, 2012

         Plaintiff maintains that his federal sentences expired on December 9, 2012, such that his

current incarceration is unlawful. See, e.g., Compl. at 3-4. The time plaintiff spent in custody

between 2003 and 2013 came about because of the Florida criminal matter, and that time was not

credited toward service of the federal sentences. Accordingly, plaintiff’s federal sentences were

recalculated and the expiration date previously calculated no longer controls. Plaintiff has not

been incarcerated past the expiration date of his federal sentences, which now are set to expire in

2022. See Defs.’ Mem., Ex. 1 at 2.

         The Court has identified no violation of a constitutionally protected right attributable to

the named defendants. Plaintiff was taken into federal custody upon execution of a valid parole

violation warrant after plaintiff’s release from Florida custody. The Commission was not

required to conduct a preliminary interview, and the length of time between execution of the

warrant and plaintiff’s parole revocation hearing was not unreasonable or prejudicial. Plaintiff’s

federal sentences did not expire on December 9, 2012, and plaintiff’s current custody does not

violate federal law or the United States Constitution. Absent the violation of a constitutionally

protected right, defendant Fulwood is protected from suit by qualified immunity. 5



4
  The Court notes that plaintiff was represented by counsel at the revocation hearing, that he called no witnesses,
and that he admitted the law violation. See Defs.’ Mem., Ex. 7 at 1.
5
   Plaintiff attempts to amend his complaint by naming three new defendants and by including a new claim in his
opposition to defendants’ motion. See Pl.’s Supp. Opp’n at 1, 14-21. If the Court were to treat the opposition as a
motion to amend the complaint, the motion would be denied as futile. The new defendants, all Commission hearing
examiners, see id. at 1, would be protected by absolute quasi-judicial immunity or qualified immunity. The new
claim under the Ex Post Facto clause, see id. at 15-19, is based on the alleged misapplication of parole regulations
for District of Columbia Code offenders, not to plaintiff who had been convicted of federal offenses in the District
of New Jersey.

                                                         10
                                          D. Three Strikes

       Under the Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”), unless a prisoner “is under imminent

danger of serious physical injury,” he may not proceed in forma pauperis if while incarcerated he

has filed at least three prior cases that were dismissed as frivolous, malicious, or for failure to

state a claim. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g); see Ibrahim v. District of Columbia, 463 F.3d 3, 6 (D.C. Cir.

2006). Defendants argue that “[a]t least three of [p]laintiff’s previous actions have been

dismissed on grounds that would constitute strikes under the PLRA[.]” Defs.’ Mem. at 35. Of

the four cases defendants identify, only the first has been dismissed on a ground that clearly

constitutes a strike for purposes of § 1915(g). See Thomas v. Lobue, No. 98-1563 (D.D.C. July

23, 1998) (dismissing with prejudice pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(b)(i)-(ii)).

       On dismissal of the second case identified by defendants, the court noted that an appeal

from the dismissal order would be deemed frivolous and not taken in good faith. See Thomas v.

United States, No. 92-1253 (M.D. Pa. May 25, 1992). No appeal was taken, however, and the

case docket, see Defs.’ Mem., Ex. 12, does not indicate that the district court dismissed the

action because it was frivolous, malicious or for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be

granted.

       The third case was dismissed on the ground that its defendants were immune from suit.

See Thomas v. U.S. Parole Comm’n, No. 93-3459 (D. Kan. Nov. 30, 1993). Immunity is not

among the criteria for accumulating strikes; only cases dismissed as frivolous, malicious or for

failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted qualify. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). Although

there is authority for the proposition that dismissal on immunity grounds is a strike, see Mills v.

Fischer, 645 F.3d 176, 177 (2d Cir. 2011) (“Any claim dismissed on the ground of absolute

judicial immunity is ‘frivolous’ for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).”), not all circuits agree, see



                                                  11
Ball v. Famiglio, 726 F.3d 448, 463 (3d Cir. 2013) (holding that “dismissal based on the

immunity of the defendant, whether absolute or qualified, does not constitute a PLRA strike,

including a strike based on frivolousness, unless a court explicitly and correctly concludes that

the complaint reveals the immunity defense on its face and dismisses the unexhausted complaint

under Rule 12(b)(6)or expressly states that the ground for the dismissal is frivolousness”), and

defendants cite is no controlling authority in the District of Columbia Circuit on this point.

       Finally, defendants point to a fourth case where the court granted defendants’ motion for

summary judgment on all counts. See Thomas v. U.S. Parole Comm’n, No. 94-0174, 1994 WL

487139 (D.D.C. Sept. 7, 1994). Where “the court dismisses the complaint on . . . a motion for

summary judgment, the dismissal will not count as a strike.” Thompson v. DEA, 492 F.3d 428,

438 (D.C. Cir. 2007).

       Defendants do not demonstrate that plaintiff has accumulated three strikes. Nor do

defendants show that plaintiff’s alleged “penchant for abusive and wasteful litigation in the

past,” Defs.’ Mem. at 31, warrants a barring order. Therefore, the motion to bar plaintiff from

filing future actions without prepayment of filing fees will be denied.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

       The Court finds that it lacks jurisdiction over plaintiff’s habeas claims and his claims for

damages against the Commission and against Fulwood in his official capacity. Further, the

Court concludes that the complaint otherwise fails to state a claim upon which relief can be

granted. Defendants’ motion to dismiss will be granted. An Order is issued separately.




DATE: September 14, 2015                      /s/
                                              COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
                                              United States District Judge


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