MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),                                      FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
                                                                       Feb 28 2019, 10:56 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing                                CLERK
                                                                        Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral                                    Court of Appeals
                                                                             and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.


APPELLANT PRO SE                                         ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
Thomas De Cola                                           Janette E. Surrisi
North Judson, Indiana                                    Wyland Humphrey Clevenger &
                                                         Surrisi, LLP
                                                         Plymouth, Indiana



                                           IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Thomas De Cola,                                          February 28, 2019
Appellant-Plaintiff,                                     Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                         18A-CT-2239
        v.                                               Appeal from the Pulaski Circuit
                                                         Court
Starke County Commissioners,                             The Honorable Michael Shurn,
Appellee-Defendant.                                      Judge
                                                         Trial Court Cause No.
                                                         66C01-1801-CT-3



Riley, Judge.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CT-2239 | February 28, 2019               Page 1 of 11
                                STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1]   Appellant-Plaintiff, Thomas De Cola (De Cola), appeals the trial court’s grant

      of summary judgment in favor of Appellees-Defendants, Starke County

      Commissioners (the Commissioners).


[2]   We affirm.


                                                    ISSUE
[3]   De Cola presents six issues on appeal, which we consolidate and restate as the

      following: Whether the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor

      of the Commissioners where De Cola did not comply with the Indiana Tort

      Claims Act (ITCA).


                      FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4]   The undisputed facts in the record show that De Cola owns land adjacent to

      former parcel #75-04-36-500-003.000-011, which is a former railroad right-of-

      way (the parcel). The instant appeal stems from a tax sale that took place in

      Starke County on February 27, 2014, at which De Cola bid on the tax sale

      certificate for the parcel (the Certificate). Starke County Auditor Katherine

      Chaffins (Auditor Chaffins) and a person who provided the name Herb Kuehn

      (Kuehn) also bid on the Certificate. Kuehn placed the highest bid, and De Cola

      placed the second-highest bid. Kuehn did not pay his winning bid for the

      Certificate, and the Certificate was not offered again for sale by the Auditor’s

      office.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CT-2239 | February 28, 2019   Page 2 of 11
[5]   On April 10, 2014, Deputy Auditor Suzanne McCarty (Deputy Auditor

      McCarty) sent De Cola and others who owned land adjacent to the parcel a

      letter in which she stated that several property owners had provided

      documentation from the late 1800s showing that the railroad’s right-of-way was

      extinguished when it ceased being used for that purpose. As a result, Deputy

      Auditor McCarty informed De Cola and the other land owners that “the

      railroad property running through your property in Railroad Township has now

      been transferred into the name shown above & all prior taxes have been

      removed.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 25). Deputy Auditor McCarty offered

      to allow De Cola and the other land owners to combine their tax statements for

      the railroad property with their existing tax statements. De Cola took

      advantage of this offer by submitting the appropriate paperwork to combine the

      tax statements for his property.


[6]   On October 31, 2017, De Cola filed his Complaint against the Commissioners

      in which he made allegations of constructive fraud. De Cola amended his

      Complaint once and sought leave to amend his Complaint a second time. On

      April 4, 2018, De Cola filed the final version of his Complaint in which he

      alleged that as part of a conspiracy originating in the Starke County Auditor’s

      Office, someone impersonating Auditor Chaffins and someone impersonating

      Kuehn had conspired to “maliciously bid against [De Cola] for the Certificate

      to intentionally deny [De Cola] from purchasing the Certificate.” (Appellant’s

      App. Vol. III, p. 65). De Cola also alleged that




      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CT-2239 | February 28, 2019   Page 3 of 11
              [a]fter the sale in the Auditor’s Office, the impersonator of
              [Kuehn] conspired with the impersonator of Auditor Chaffins
              and Deputy Auditor [McCarty] to not pay for the Certificate, and
              to draft a letter [] which contained false material representations.


      (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 66). De Cola sought to have a new tax sale

      certificate issued to him for the parcel and the award of pro se attorney fees and

      his litigation costs.


[7]   On April 13, 2018, the Commissioners filed an answer to De Cola’s Complaint

      as well as a motion for judgment on the pleadings, which they supported with

      an affidavit by Auditor Chaffins and a memorandum. Appended to the

      memorandum in support of its motion was a copy of a tort claim notice that De

      Cola filed dated July 19, 2017, that was addressed to the Starke County

      Commissioners, the Office of the Attorney General, and to the Indiana Political

      Subdivision Risk Management Commission. The Starke County Auditor

      received this notice on July 21, 2017. In his tort claim notice, De Cola averred

      that he was “incapacitated do [sic] to service contacted [sic] disability, which

      prevented proper time filing.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 152). On May 1,

      2018, De Cola filed his response to the Commissioner’s motion for judgment on

      the pleadings, which he supported with an affidavit in which he made the

      following relevant averments:


              10. The impersonator of [] Kuehn told me after the auction that
              he had no intentions of paying for the Certificate that he bid on.


              ***


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CT-2239 | February 28, 2019   Page 4 of 11
              15. At the sale, on February 27, 2014, I thought that the
              impersonators were legitimate bidders and didn’t suspect fraud
              until months later. After obtaining a hindsight perspective of the
              situation, I started conducting research into the truth of the
              matter.


              ***


              17. I witnessed after the auction, in the Auditor’s Office the two
              impersonators conspiring with Deputy Auditor [McCarty] to not
              pay for the Certificate, and to draft a letter [] for the adjoining
              landowners to obtain sections of the Certificate.


              18. I received the letter from the Auditor’s Office in the mail
              days later and followed the instructions and advice contained in
              the letter. The letter contained a request to combine parcels and
              a form [] which is not a state board of accounts prescriptive
              document and cites no statutory authority. The letter contained
              misrepresentations that adjoining landowners had rights to the
              right-of-way fee based upon deeds from the 1800s.


      (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, pp. 212-14).


[8]   On June 5, 2018, the trial court held a hearing on all pending motions,

      including the Commissioners’ motion for judgment on the pleadings, which the

      trial court treated as a motion for summary judgment. On July 10, 2018, the

      trial court issued its Order granting summary judgment to the Commissioners

      and making the following relevant findings:


              5. Ind. Code § 34-6-2-110(10) enumerates that the
              Commissioners meet the definition of political subdivision.



      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CT-2239 | February 28, 2019   Page 5 of 11
        6. Ind. Code § 34-13-3-8 provides that tort claims against
        political subdivisions are barred unless a plaintiff gives the
        subdivision notice within 180 days after the occurrence of any
        loss.


        7. The Commissioners did not receive notice of a tort claim from
        [] De Cola until July 21, 2017. [] De Cola admitted in his notice
        of tort claim that his notice was belated.


        8. The tax sale and the tax sale conduct in dispute occurred on
        February 27, 2014.


        9. [] De Cola knew on the day of the sale on February 27, 2018,
        [sic] that the highest bidder for the [Certificate] for [the parcel]
        was not going to pay. (Affidavit of [] De Cola May 1, 2018, ¶
        10).


        10. [] De Cola alleges he noted unusual bidding activity the day
        of the sale. (Affidavit of [] De Cola May 1, 2018, ¶ 13). [] De
        Cola also says he witnessed impersonators conspiring right after
        the sale held on February 27, 2014. (Affidavit of [] De Cola May
        1, 2018, ¶ 17).


        11. However, [] De Cola says he didn’t suspect fraud until
        months later after conducting research in the matter. (Affidavit
        of [] De Cola May 1, 2018, ¶ 15).


        ***


        15. The [c]ourt finds that [] De Cola was aware of the conduct
        he complains of as early as February 27, 2014. And, the [c]ourt
        further finds that the common parlance of “months later” means
        less than one-year [sic]. Therefore, [] De Cola was on notice of


Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CT-2239 | February 28, 2019   Page 6 of 11
                any of his claims sometime between February 27, 2014[,] and
                February 27, 2015.


                16. [] De Cola did not file any sort of tort claim notice until July
                21, 2017, which is well beyond the 180-day requirement under
                the Indiana Tort Claims Act. [] De Cola did not give proper
                notice of his tort claim.


       (Appellant’s App. Vol. IV, pp. 37-39). The trial court also found that De Cola

       sought an improper remedy for his claimed torts, the Commissioners’ acts were

       shielded by governmental immunity, De Cola had waived his claims through

       acquiescence, and that the facts as alleged did not show constructive fraud. 1


[9]    On July 20, 2018, De Cola filed a motion to open the judgment in which he

       argued that the time for filing his tort claim notice was tolled in light of his

       incapacitation, the fact that he did not discover his loss until November 17,

       2017, during the discovery process, and that the Auditor’s Office concealed his

       cause of action from him. On August 8, 2018, De Cola filed a motion to

       correct error. The trial court did not rule on De Cola’s motions, but on

       September 19, 2019, it entered an order clarifying for De Cola that his motions

       were deemed denied after thirty days.


[10]   De Cola now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.




       1
         The trial court also found that the Commissions had complied in good faith with De Cola’s “voluminous,
       repetitive, and/or defective discovery” and that De Cola was not entitled to a jury trial. (Appellant’s App.
       Vol. IV, pp. 44-45). De Cola does not appeal those findings and conclusions.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CT-2239 | February 28, 2019                Page 7 of 11
                               DISCUSSION AND DECISION
                                             I. Standard of Review

[11]   The Commissioners filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings and relied

       upon an affidavit and other matters outside the pleadings in support. Such a

       motion is treated as a motion for summary judgment. Ind. Trial Rule 12(C).

       Summary judgment is appropriate if the designated evidence “shows that there

       is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled

       to judgment as a matter of law.” T.R. 56(C). We review both the grant or

       denial of summary judgment de novo and apply the same standard as the trial

       court. Kerr v. City of South Bend, 48 N.E.3d 348, 352 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015). “All

       disputed facts and doubts as to the existence of material facts must be resolved

       in favor of the non-moving party.” Id. The non-moving party has the burden

       on appeal to persuade us that the trial court’s grant of summary judgment was

       erroneous, but we will carefully assess the trial court’s decision to ensure that

       the non-moving party was not improperly denied his day in court. Id.


[12]   In addition, we note that the trial court entered findings of fact and conclusions

       of law in support of its judgment. Special findings are not required in summary

       judgment proceedings and are not binding on appeal. AutoXchange.com. Inc. v.

       Dreyer and Reinbold, Inc., 816 N.E.2d 40, 48 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). However,

       such findings offer this court valuable insight into the trial court’s rationale for

       its review and facilitate appellate review. Id.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CT-2239 | February 28, 2019   Page 8 of 11
                                                 II. ITCA Notice

[13]   Indiana Code section 34-13-3-8 of the ITCA provides that a claimant alleging a

       tort against a political subdivision must file a notice within 180 days after the

       alleged loss occurred. Filing of this notice is a condition precedent which must

       be fulfilled before suit is brought. Orem v. Ivy Tech State Coll., 711 N.E.2d 864,

       869 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied. Failure to comply with the ITCA’s

       notice requirement is fatal to a claim and requires dismissal. See, e.g., Weaver v.

       Elkhart Cmty. Sch. Corp., 95 N.E.3d 97, 101 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018) (dismissing

       Weaver’s claim of constructive fraud for failure to comply with the ITCA notice

       requirement). Once a defendant raises the issue of timely compliance with the

       ITCA notice requirement, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to prove that he

       complied. Id. Whether a party has complied with ITCA’s notice requirement

       is a question of law to be determined by the court. Orem, 711 N.E.2d at 869.


[14]   Here, De Cola claimed in his Complaint that (1) he was defrauded out of the

       Certificate by irregular bidding at the February 27, 2014, tax sale; and (2) the

       Auditor’s Office conspired to write a fraudulent tax letter regarding the

       ownership of the parcel. Regarding the Certificate, the evidence most favorable

       to De Cola was that the imposter Kuehn told De Cola directly after the sale that

       he did not intend to pay for the Certificate. Therefore, De Cola sustained his

       alleged loss on February 27, 2014, and he knew that day that he had sustained

       it. Regarding the fraudulent tax letter, the evidence most favorable to De Cola

       was that he observed the conspiracy to write the allegedly fraudulent tax letter

       on the day of the sale, February 27, 2014, and he received the letter several days


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CT-2239 | February 28, 2019   Page 9 of 11
       after the sale. Therefore, De Cola sustained his loss on February 27, 2014, and

       he knew he had sustained his alleged loss by the beginning of March 2014.

       However, even taking into consideration that, in an affidavit in opposition to

       summary judgment, De Cola averred that he did not suspect fraud until

       “months later,” he still would have known about his losses within the 2014

       calendar year. (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 213). De Cola did not file his tort

       claim notice until July 21, 2017, more than two years later. We conclude that

       De Cola’s claims were barred because he failed to file a timely ITCA notice.

       I.C. § 34-13-3-8.


[15]   On appeal, De Cola continues to assert, as he did in the trial court, that his

       cause of action is governed by the six-year statute of limitations provided for

       claims of fraud. However, the ITCA notice requirement is not a statute of

       limitations, and compliance with the notice requirement is a condition

       precedent to filing suit against a political subdivision. Orem, 711 N.E.2d at 869.

       De Cola also argues that he was excused from filing a timely ITCA notice

       because he was incapacitated, he did not discover his claims until June 20,

       2017, when he attempted to obtain a tax deed through his limited liability

       company, and that the Auditor’s Office fraudulently concealed his cause of

       action from him. However, De Cola did not raise these arguments in the trial

       court during the summary judgment proceedings. 2 De Cola offered some of



       2
          De Cola claimed in his tort claim notice that he was “incapacitated do [sic] to service contacted [sic]
       disability, which prevented proper time filing,” but he did not argue this in his summary judgment pleadings
       or at the summary judgment hearing. (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 152).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CT-2239 | February 28, 2019               Page 10 of 11
       these arguments in his post-summary judgment motions, but it is a long-

       standing rule that a party may not raise an issue or argue a different theory for

       the first time in a motion to correct error. T.R. 59; Yater v. Hancock Cty. Bd. of

       Health, 677 N.E.2d 526, 530 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997). Because there existed no

       genuine issue of material fact that De Cola failed to timely file his ITCA notice,

       the Commissioners were entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law. 3


                                             CONCLUSION
[16]   Based on the foregoing, we conclude that De Cola’s claims were barred due to

       his failure to file a timely ITCA notice and that the trial court correctly

       concluded that the Commissioners were entitled to summary judgment as a

       matter of law.


[17]   Affirmed.


[18]   Kirsch, J. and Robb, J. concur




       3
         Because we have concluded that De Cola’s claims were barred by ITCA’s notice requirement, we do not
       address the trial court’s other bases for granting summary judgment in favor of the Commissioners.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CT-2239 | February 28, 2019          Page 11 of 11
