[Cite as State v. Davis, 2013-Ohio-1504.]
                                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                      FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                            ROSS COUNTY


STATE OF OHIO,                                                 :

        Plaintiff-Appellee,                                    :    Case No. 12CA3336

        vs.                                                    :

DONALD D. DAVIS,                                               :    DECISION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY


        Defendant-Appellant.                                   :

_________________________________________________________________

                                                   APPEARANCES:

COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:1                          Eric Allen, 713 South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43206

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:                            Matthew S. Schmidt, Ross County Prosecuting Attorney, and
                                                 Judith Heimerl Brown, Ross County Assistant Prosecuting
                                                 Attorney, 72 North Paint Street, Chillicothe, Ohio 45601

CRIMINAL CASE FROM COMMON PLEAS COURT
DATE JOURNALIZED: 4-8-13
ABELE, J.

        {¶ 1} This is an appeal from a Ross County Common Pleas Court judgment of conviction

and sentence. A jury found Donald D. Davis, defendant below and appellee herein, guilty of

tampering with evidence in violation of R.C. 2921.12.

        {¶ 2} Appellant assigns the following errors for review:

                   FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                   “THE STATE FAILED TO OFFER SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO

        1
            Different counsel represented appellant during the trial court proceedings.
ROSS, 12CA3336                                                                                   2

                 CONVICT THE APPELLANT OF TAMPERING WITH EVIDENCE
                 THUS VIOLATING APPELLANT’S RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS
                 PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH AMENDMENT MADE APPLICABLE
                 TO THE STATES BY THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT.”

                 SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                 “THE JUDGMENT OF CONVICTION FOR VIOLATING 2921.12 IS
                 NOT SUPPORTED BY THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE
                 EVIDENCE PROFFERED BY THE STATE OF OHIO.”

       {¶ 3} In December 2010, Carl Dickey reported that several items had been stolen from his

property including saws, roofing guns, finishing guns, framing guns, generators, a compressor, two

power washers, and a tool box. Detective Rex Emrick later learned that a person named Joseph

Hashman may have stolen the items.

       {¶ 4} Detective Emrick’s subsequent investigation led him to believe that Hashman may

have sold the items to appellant’s store, “Buy-Sell-Trade.” Emrick questioned one of appellant’s

employees, Brent Davis, about the items. Brent showed Emrick the property that Hashman brought

to the store and Emrick photographed the property. Emrick also spoke with appellant and showed

appellant the police report that listed the items stolen from Dickey. Appellant advised Emrick that

he did not notice any serial numbers on the police report and that he would not release the property

without serial numbers. Emrick told appellant “that the property was stolen and that he needed to

hang onto the property and not get rid of it. I told him that the property was stolen * * *.”



       {¶ 5} A few weeks later, Detective Emrick returned to appellant’s store with a search

warrant. The search failed to locate any of the items.

       {¶ 6} Chillicothe Police Detective Shawn Rourke testified that when Detective Emrick
ROSS, 12CA3336                                                                                                                    3

discovered that the items no longer appeared to be in appellant’s store, Rourke asked appellant if

he “would be willing to show [the detectives] where the property is now.” Rourke stated that

appellant “simply refused.” They searched the entire property and did not locate any of the items.

Rourke again asked appellant about the location of the property, but appellant did not reveal a

location.2

          {¶ 7} On March 11, 2011, a Ross County Grand Jury returned an indictment that charged

appellant with tampering with evidence, in violation of R.C. 2921.12. At trial, Dickey testified

that he recognized the items that Detective Emrick photographed at appellant’s store as the tools

stolen from his property.

          {¶ 8} On May 11, 2012, the jury found appellant guilty and the trial court sentenced

appellant to serve three years of community control. This appeal followed.



          {¶ 9} Appellant’s two assignments of error raise the related, but legally distinct,

arguments that sufficient evidence does not support his conviction and that his conviction is

against the manifest weight of the evidence. For ease of analysis, we have combined our review

of the assignments of error.

          {¶ 10} In his first assignment of error, appellant asserts that the state failed to present

sufficient evidence to show that: (1) appellant “hid” the items; (2) appellant had a purpose to

hinder the Dickey theft investigation; and (3) the items Detective Emrick observed in his store


          2
             At trial, Detective Rourke actually stated that appellant stated that “he felt he should speak with his attorney.”
Appellant’s counsel objected and requested the court to strike that statement. The court sustained appellant’s objection,
ordered the statement stricken from the record, and instructed the jury to disregard the statement.
ROSS, 12CA3336                                                                                    4

were the same items stolen from Dickey.

       {¶ 11} In his second assignment of error, appellant asserts that his conviction is against the

manifest weight of the evidence because the state did not present substantial, competent and

credible evidence to show that the items Detective Emrick observed in his store were the same

items stolen from Dickey. He asserts that he cannot “be held criminally responsible for tampering

with evidence when the fact that this is evidence is still in doubt.”

                                                   A

                                     STANDARD OF REVIEW

       {¶ 12} Appellant correctly observes that arguments concerning the “sufficiency” and

“manifest weight” of the evidence present two distinct legal concepts. See State v. Thompkins, 78

Ohio St.3d 380, 678 N.E.2d 541, syllabus (1997). When reviewing the sufficiency of the

evidence, our inquiry focuses primarily upon the adequacy of the evidence; that is, whether the

evidence, if believed, reasonably could support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at

386 (stating that “sufficiency is a test of adequacy”); State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 274, 574

N.E.2d 492 (1991). The standard of review is whether, after viewing the probative evidence and

inferences reasonably drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational

trier of fact could have found all the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.

Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979); Jenks, 61 Ohio

St.3d at 273. Furthermore, a reviewing court is not to assess “whether the state’s evidence is to be

believed, but whether, if believed, the evidence against a defendant would support a conviction.”

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 390 (Cook, J., concurring).

       {¶ 13} Thus, when reviewing a sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim, an appellate court must
ROSS, 12CA3336                                                                                       5

construe the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution. See State v. Hill, 75 Ohio St.3d

195, 205, 661 N.E.2d 1068 (1996); State v. Grant, 67 Ohio St.3d 465, 477, 620 N.E.2d 50 (1993).

A reviewing court will not overturn a conviction on a sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim unless

reasonable minds could not reach the conclusion that the trier of fact did. See State v. Tibbetts, 92

Ohio St.3d 146, 162, 749 N.E .2d 226 (2001); State v. Treesh, 90 Ohio St.3d 460, 484, 739 N.E.2d

749 (2001).

       {¶ 14} “Although a court of appeals may determine that a judgment of a trial court is

sustained by sufficient evidence, that court may nevertheless conclude that the judgment is against

the weight of the evidence.” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387. When an appellate court

considers a claim that a conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence, the court must

dutifully examine the entire record, weigh the evidence, and consider the credibility of witnesses.

The reviewing court must bear in mind, however, that credibility generally is an issue for the trier

of fact to resolve. E.g., State v. Issa, 93 Ohio St.3d 49, 67, 752 N.E.2d 904 (2001); State v.

DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 39 O.O.2d 366, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967), paragraph one of the syllabus;

State v. Murphy, 4th Dist. No. 07CA2953, 2008–Ohio–1744, ¶31. Once the reviewing court

finishes its examination, the court may reverse the judgment of conviction only if it appears that

the fact-finder, when resolving the conflicts in evidence, “‘clearly lost its way and created such a

manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’”

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d

717 (1st Dist. 1983).

       {¶ 15} If the prosecution presented substantial evidence upon which the trier of fact

reasonably could conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the essential elements of the offense
ROSS, 12CA3336                                                                                      6

had been established, the judgment of conviction is not against the manifest weight of the

evidence. State v. Eley, 56 Ohio St.2d 169, 383 N.E.2d 132 (1978), syllabus. A reviewing court

should find a conviction against the manifest weight of the evidence only in the “‘exceptional case

in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387,

quoting Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d at 175; see also State v. Lindsey, 87 Ohio St.3d 479, 483, 721

N.E.2d 995 (2000).

                                                  B

                                 TAMPERING WITH EVIDENCE

       R.C. 2921.12(A)(1) defines the offense of tampering with evidence as follows:

               No person, knowing that an official proceeding or investigation is in
       progress, or is about to be or likely to be instituted, shall * * * alter, destroy,
       conceal, or remove any record, document, or thing, with purpose to impair its value
       or availability as evidence in such proceeding or investigation.

       {¶ 16} In the case sub judice, appellant challenges whether the state presented sufficient

evidence to show that he (1) altered, destroyed, concealed, or removed certain items (2) with the

purpose to impair (3) their value or availability as evidence in the Dickey theft investigation.

Appellant contends that the state failed to present any evidence that he “hid” the items and, thus,

did not present sufficient evidence to show that he altered, destroyed, concealed, or removed the

items. Appellant further asserts that the state failed to present sufficient evidence to show his

purpose in allegedly altering, destroying, concealing, or removing the items was to impair the

Dickey theft investigation. He contends that he had no such purpose because he was not involved

in the Dickey theft and, thus, had no reason to impair the investigation. Appellant additionally

argues that the state failed to present sufficient evidence to show that the items had value or
ROSS, 12CA3336                                                                                       7

availability as evidence in the Dickey theft investigation. Appellant claims that to show that the

items had value or availability as evidence in the Dickey theft investigation, the state needed to

demonstrate that the items were, in fact, the same items stolen from Dickey. Appellant also

asserts that his conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence because the state failed to

show that the items had value or availability as evidence in the Dickey theft investigation. We

disagree with all of appellant’s arguments.

                                                  1

                                   Value or Availability as Evidence

        {¶ 17} For ease of analysis, we address appellant’s arguments out of order. The tampering

with evidence statute does not require the state to demonstrate that the item(s) tampered with

possessed unquestionable evidentiary value in an investigation. Instead, the statute prohibits “any

person who knows that an official proceeding is in progress or likely to be instituted to destroy

[items] with potential evidentiary value * * * to impair their value or availability as evidence.”

Disciplinary Counsel v. Robinson, 126 Ohio St.3d 371, 2010-Ohio-3829, 933 N.E.2d 1095, 1102,

¶30 (emphasis added). Accord State v. Pahoundis, 5th Dist. No. 05-CA-009, 2005-Ohio-6111

(finding sufficient evidence to support tampering with evidence conviction when appellant

disposed of vehicle after law enforcement officers advised appellant that vehicle was thought to

have been stolen); State v. Butler, 11th Dist. No. 2001-A-0004 (Mar. 22, 2002), *2 (“The tampering

statute does not require that the thing tampered with be cocaine or any other illegal substance or

thing, only that it be potential ‘evidence.’”).

        {¶ 18} Thus, for a tampering with evidence conviction to stand, the state need not establish

that the items tampered with possessed absolute evidentiary value. For the state to prove that the
ROSS, 12CA3336                                                                                        8

items tampered with possessed absolute evidentiary value would require the state to examine the

items with which the defendant tampered. If the defendant has altered, destroyed, concealed, or

removed the items, then the state ordinarily will be unable to demonstrate, with absolute certainty,

that the tampered-with-items have actual evidentiary value. It is the defendant’s actions that

render the state unable to definitively show that the items tampered with are actual evidence in an

investigation. The very purpose of the statute is to prevent a person from tampering with items of

potential evidentiary value so that the state can examine the items to determine whether they

possess true evidentiary value. Once a defendant destroys, alters, conceals, etc., such items, the

state may be unable to examine the items to determine their evidentiary value. Thus, it is

nonsensical to claim that a tampering with evidence conviction requires the state to present proof

positive that the items tampered with possess definitive evidentiary value in an investigation.

       {¶ 19} In the case sub judice, the state presented testimony showing that Detective Emrick

believed that the items photographed in appellant’s store were the items stolen from Dickey. He

connected the items in appellant’s store to the stolen items by tracing the suspect’s transactions.

The state presented evidence in the form of a receipt from appellant’s store that bore the suspect’s

name and listed some of the same tools stolen from Dickey. Dickey identified the items in the

photographs as his tools. Even if the state did not present proof positive that the tools

photographed in appellant’s store are the same tools stolen from Dickey, it nonetheless established

that the items were potential evidence in the Dickey theft investigation. Appellant’s actions

rendered the state unable to present proof positive that the items in the photographs were the same

items stolen from Dickey. Consequently, we reject appellant’s argument that the state failed to

present sufficient evidence to support his tampering with evidence conviction when it did not
ROSS, 12CA3336                                                                                       9

establish, with absolute certainty, that the items photographed in appellant’s store are the items

stolen from Dickey.

       {¶ 20} Furthermore, the foregoing evidence constitutes substantial credible and competent

evidence that the items in appellant’s store were potential evidence in the Dickey theft

investigation. We therefore disagree with appellant that his conviction is against the manifest

weight of the evidence.

                                                   2

                                          Purpose to Impair

       {¶ 21} Appellant further argues that the state failed to present sufficient evidence that his

purpose in altering, destroying, concealing, or removing the property was to impair the

investigation.

       {¶ 22} R.C. 2901.22(A) states that “[a] person acts purposely when it is his specific

intention to cause a certain result, or, when the gist of the offense is a prohibition against conduct

of a certain nature, regardless of what the offender intends to accomplish thereby, it is his specific

intention to engage in conduct of that nature.” Because a defendant’s mental state is difficult to

demonstrate with direct evidence, it may be inferred from the surrounding circumstances in the

case. E.g., State v. Logan, 60 Ohio St.2d 126, 131, 397 N.E.2d 1345 (1979). Accord State v.

Wireman, 4th Dist. No. 01CA662, 2002-Ohio-1526, ¶11. It is well-established that circumstantial

evidence possesses the same probative value as direct evidence. E.g., State v. Halley, 4th Dist.

10CA13, 2012-Ohio-1625, ¶11

       {¶ 23} In State v. Wilson, 6th Dist. No. L-01-1196, 2002-Ohio-5920, the court determined

that the defendant destroyed evidence with purpose to impair an investigation when he tore off his
ROSS, 12CA3336                                                                                     10

fingernails after a detective informed the defendant that the defendant’s fingernails were

considered potential evidence. In upholding the defendant’s conviction, the court explained:

“Appellant was put on notice that the police wanted to cut his nails to check for traces of the

victim’s DNA and appellant knew that when he attempted to impair his fingernails’ value as

evidence.” Id. at ¶48.

       {¶ 24} Similarly, in the case at bar, the detectives informed appellant that the items in

question were considered potential evidence in the Dickey theft investigation. Detective Emrick

explicitly advised appellant to retain the items. Appellant thus was on notice that Detective

Emrick wanted to further examine the items. When Detective Emrick and Detective Rourke

returned to appellant’s store with a search warrant, appellant refused to state what had happened to

the items. Appellant’s refusal to reveal the location of the items unquestionably impaired the

investigation. By failing to reveal the location of the items, appellant prevented the detectives

from investigating whether the items that had been in appellant’s store were the same items stolen

from Dickey. Appellant could not have reasonably thought otherwise, especially when Detective

Emrick told appellant to hold on to the items. Even if appellant did not necessarily have a motive

to impair the investigation, his actions nonetheless show that he purposely impaired the

investigation. Thus, we believe that the state presented sufficient circumstantial evidence

regarding appellant’s intent to support his tampering with evidence conviction.

                                                  3

                                Alter, Destroy, Conceal, or Remove

       {¶ 25} Appellant further argues that the state failed to present sufficient evidence to

support his tampering with evidence conviction because it failed to prove that he “hid” the items.
ROSS, 12CA3336                                                                                                           11

         {¶ 26} Appellant’s argument fails to recognize that the tampering with evidence statute

does not require the state to prove that a defendant “hid” the items. Rather, the state must show

that the defendant altered, destroyed, concealed, or removed the items.

         {¶ 27} In the case at bar, the state presented evidence that Detective Emrick could not

locate the items when he returned to appellant’s store with a search warrant and that appellant

refused to reveal the location of the items.3 From this evidence, a reasonable jury could conclude

that appellant “concealed” the items. Additionally, it is undisputed that the items were not in the

same location as they were when Detective Emrick initially visited appellant’s store and that

Detective Emrick could not locate the items in appellant’s store. Thus, a reasonable jury could

have determined that appellant “removed” the items. Consequently, we disagree with appellant

that the state failed to present sufficient evidence to support his tampering with evidence

conviction.

         {¶ 28} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we hereby overrule appellant’s two

assignments of error4 and affirm the trial court’s judgment.



                                                                                      JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.




         3
            Appellant raises a passing argument regarding his right to refuse to answer the detectives’ inquiry into the
whereabouts of the missing items. He did not, however, raise this argument as a separate assignment of error, as App.R.
16(A)(7) requires. We therefore disregard it. We further observe that the trial court struck the testimony upon appellant’s
objection.
         4
            We note that appellant’s conclusion contains arguments about a faulty police investigation and about Detective
Rourke’s comment regarding appellant’s refusal to speak with the detectives. Appellant, however, raised neither issue as a
separate assignment of error, as App.R. 16(A)(7) requires. We therefore disregard these arguments.
ROSS, 12CA3336                                                                                   12



                                       JUDGMENT ENTRY

        It is ordered that the judgment be affirmed and that appellee recover of appellant the costs
herein taxed.

       The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

     It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Ross County
Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.

        If a stay of execution of sentence and release upon bail has been previously granted, it is
continued for a period of sixty days upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of said stay is to
allow appellant to file with the Ohio Supreme Court an application for a stay during the pendency
of the proceedings in that court. The stay as herein continued will terminate at the expiration of
the sixty day period.

       The stay will also terminate if appellant fails to file a notice of appeal with the Ohio
Supreme Court in the forty-five day period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of
the Ohio Supreme Court. Additionally, if the Ohio Supreme Court dismisses the appeal prior to
the expiration of said sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date of such dismissal.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute that mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the Rules
of Appellate Procedure.

       McFarland, P.J. & Harsha, J.: Concur in Judgment & Opinion

                                                             For the Court




                                                             BY:
                                            Peter B. Abele, Judge
ROSS, 12CA3336                                                                               13

                                   NOTICE TO COUNSEL

       Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment entry and the
time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.
