[Cite as State v. Knox, 2012-Ohio-3821.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                               EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                              JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       No. 98027




                                      STATE OF OHIO
                                                    PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT

                                              vs.

                                      LARRY D. KNOX
                                                    DEFENDANT-APPELLEE




                                           JUDGMENT:
                                            AFFIRMED


                                    Criminal Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                      Case No. CR-550801

        BEFORE: Rocco, J., Blackmon, A.J., and Cooney, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: August 23, 2012

                                              -i-
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

William D. Mason
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor

BY:    Daniel T. Van
       Steven N. Szelagiewicz
Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys
The Justice Center
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Robert L. Tobik
Chief Public Defender

BY:    Cullen Sweeney
       Christopher Scott Maher
Assistant Public Defenders
310 Lakeside Avenue
Suite 400
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
KENNETH A. ROCCO, J.:

       {¶1} Plaintiff-appellant the state of Ohio appeals pursuant to R.C. 2945.67(A) 1

from the order of the trial court that granted acquittals to defendant-appellee Larry Knox

on charges of failure to register as a sexual offender and tampering with records.

       {¶2} The state presents two assignments of error in this case, seeking of this court

the following rulings of law: (1) the state presents sufficient evidence to prove a violation

of R.C. 2950.04 when it produces evidence that the defendant provided an incorrect

address on his sexual offender registration form, and (2) the state’s production of

evidence that the defendant placed incorrect information on a sexual offender registration

form constitutes circumstantial evidence that is sufficient to establish a “purpose to

defraud” as required by R.C. 2913.42.

       {¶3} This court, however, declines to accept the state’s propositions.

Consequently, the state’s assignments of error are overruled and the trial court’s order is

affirmed.

       {¶4} The record reflects Knox was convicted on two counts of gross sexual

imposition in 1999. As a result, he was classified under R.C. Chapter 2950, which was

then known as “Megan’s Law,” as a sexually oriented offender. The version of R.C.

2950.06(B)(2) then in effect required Knox to register his current address on an annual




       1 SeeState v. Bistricky, 51 Ohio St.3d 157, 555 N.E.2d 644 (1990), at the
syllabus; State v. Durbin, 9th Dist. No. 10CA0136-M, 2012-Ohio-301, ¶ 6-9.
basis. When he was released from his prison sentence, his annual reporting date became

June 1.

        {¶5} In January 2008, Ohio’s version of the “Adam Walsh Act” came into effect.

The Ohio Attorney General notified Knox that, because of the nature of the sexual

offenses for which he had been convicted, he was now considered to be a “Tier III”

sexual offender. As such, Knox was required to register his address every 90 days.2

        {¶6} On May 11, 2011, Knox appeared at the Cuyahoga County Sheriff’s office.

Knox informed deputy Michael Poslet that he had “just got out of prison” and would be

living in Cleveland. Knox obtained a sexual offender registration form, completed it,

and placed it into the appropriate basket. Knox indicated on the form that his address

was “2100 Lakeside Avenue” in Cleveland, Ohio.

        {¶7} This address is that of the Lutheran Metropolitan Ministries Men’s Shelter.

According to the shelter’s records, Knox had not been present there since September 29,

2010.

        {¶8} On May 18, 2011, when sheriff’s deputy Kathleen Orlando checked with the

men’s shelter, she discovered that Knox had not “scanned in” with the facility so as to



        2 Although
                 in State v. Gingell, 128 Ohio St.3d 444, 2011-Ohio-1481, 946
N.E.2d 192, the Ohio Supreme Court held that a 90-day address-verification
requirement based upon an unlawful reclassification of a “Megan’s Law” offender
under the AWA was improper, and reinstated Gingell’s original classification and
the associated community-notification and registration requirements, Knox’s
improper reclassification is not pertinent to the issues the state raises in this
appeal.
indicate he was at the address he listed on his registration form. As a result, Knox was

indicted in this case on Count 1 for violating R.C. 2950.04(E), failure to register as a

sexual offender. The indictment carried a second count for violating R.C. 2913.42(A),

tampering with records.

       {¶9} Knox’s case proceeded to a bench trial. After considering the evidence and

reviewing the statutes, the trial court acquitted Knox of both counts. The court stated in

pertinent part:

               So it appears to me that you cannot convict someone of a failure to
       register with the argument that they didn’t give the correct address when
       they registered because the statute says registration is complete when the
       offender returns the form. * * * It is open to our legislature to say
       registration is not complete if inaccurate information is given on the form.
       They did not do that.

              They said once the offender submits the form to the sheriff,
       registration is complete so that the physical act under the evidence of this
       case was completed so Rule 29 has to be granted on failure to register.

             Now we move to * * * Count 2. * * * [T]he evidence didn’t reveal
       any purpose whatsoever for the purpose of [Knox’s] conduct. For all the
       Court knows he intended to live at 2100 Lakeside when he filled out the
       form * * * .

       {¶10} Based upon the foregoing analysis and findings, the trial court ordered Knox

to be “discharged.”

       {¶11} The state appeals from the trial court’s order, seeking to challenge the trial

court’s analysis of what constitutes sufficient evidence to establish each of the offenses

involved in this case. The state’s assignments of error follow.
       “I. The trial court erred in granting Defendant’s Rule 29 motion because the

state presents sufficient evidence to prove a violation of R.C. 2950.04, Failure to

register [,] when it produces evidence that a defendant does not register a current

address, e.g.[,] lies about where the defendant is living.

       “II. The trial court erred in granting Defendant’s Rule 29 motion because

evidence of false information provided on a sexual registration form is sufficient to

establish a ‘purpose to defraud’ for tampering with records in violation of R.C.

2913.42. Purpose to defraud can be inferred from circumstantial evidence.”

       {¶12} In its first assignment of error, the state argues that R.C. 2950.04 implicitly

requires “honest” information; therefore, the state’s offer of proof that the information

supplied by the defendant was false constitutes sufficient evidence to withstand a motion

for acquittal on a charge that the defendant violated the statute.

       {¶13} R.C. 2950.04 states in pertinent part:

       (B) An offender * * * who is required by division (A) of this section to register in

this state personally shall obtain from the sheriff or from a designee of the sheriff a

registration form that conforms to division (C) of this section, shall complete and sign the

form, and shall return the completed form * * * to the sheriff or the designee. The sheriff

or designee shall sign the form and indicate on the form the date on which it is so

returned. The registration required under this division is complete when the offender or

delinquent child returns the form, containing the requisite information * * * to the sheriff

or designee. (Emphasis added.)
       {¶14} The indictment in this case charged Knox in Count 1 with failing “to register” in violation

of R.C. 2950.04(E), which provides that

        “[n]o person who is required to register pursuant to divisions (A) and (B) of this section,
       and no person who is required to send a notice of intent to reside pursuant to division (G)
       of this section, shall fail to register or send the notice of intent as required in accordance
       with those divisions or that division.” (Emphasis added.)

       {¶15} The state contends that R.C. 2950.04 implicitly requires the information placed on the

registration form to be true; therefore, providing false information violates the statute. In considering

the state’s contention, this court finds the following language, set forth by the Montgomery Court of

Appeals in State v. Chessman, 188 Ohio App.3d 428, 2010-Ohio-3239, 935 N.E.2d 887 (2d Dist.), ¶

9-11 to be apt:

              Abrogating the common law of crimes, R.C. 2901.03 says that if conduct is not
       statutorily defined as an offense, that conduct cannot constitute a criminal offense. R.C.
       2901.03(A) * * * “[U]nder R.C. 2901.03(B), a criminal offense is not defined unless ‘one
       or more sections of the Revised Code state a positive prohibition or enjoin a specific duty,
       and provide a penalty for violation of such prohibition or failure to meet such duty.’”
       State ex rel. Quality Stamping Prods. v. Ohio Bur. of Workers’ Comp. (1998), 84 Ohio
       St.3d 259, 264, 703 N.E.2d 309, quoting R.C. 2901.03(B).

              The touchstone of statutory construction is the intent of the legislature. See State
       v. Jordan (2000), 89 Ohio St.3d 488, 491, 733 N.E.2d 601 * * * Intent is determined by
       giving effect to the words used by the legislature in the statute, not adding or deleting
       words. Jordan at 492, 733 N.E.2d 601 (saying that a court must “give effect to the words
       used [in a statute], not * * * delete words used or * * * insert words not used” [citations
       omitted and emphasis sic]). “[P]lain language requires no additional statutory
       interpretation.”     State ex rel. Carnail v. McCormick, 126 Ohio St.3d 124,
       2010-Ohio-2671, 931 N.E.2d 110, at ¶ 30; see also Jordan at 492, 733 N.E.2d 601 (“If
       the meaning of the statute is unambiguous and definite, it must be applied as written and
       no further interpretation is necessary” [citation omitted]).

              ***

             The [chapter] imposes [the following] registration-related requirements on
       offenders. R.C. 2950.04 * * * impose[s] a general
registration requirement and a notice-of-intent-to-reside requirement. * * * R.C. 2950.05
imposes a change-of-address-notification requirement and what we will call a
change-in-other-information requirement.          Finally, R.C. 2950.06 imposes an
address-verification requirement. Each section also contains a prohibition against failing
to comply with the respective requirement. (Underscoring added.)

       {¶16} A parallel may be drawn between the situation Chessman considered and the

situation presented herein. Simply put, R.C. 2950.04 applies to “registration,” while it is

R.C. 2950.06 that applies to the truth of what is contained in the registration.3 Adding

the word “true” between the words “requisite information” as used in R.C. 2950.04(C)

would not fulfill the intent of the legislature, because the legislature enacted a separate

statute that applies to the truth of the information supplied.

       {¶17} R.C. 2950.04 is intended to ensure that the offender appears and completes a

form for registration; if the offender does not, he or she is subject to prosecution for the

failure. The trial court thus correctly interpreted R.C. 2950.04(C) when it determined

that “registration is complete” with only the physical action of handing a filled-out form

to the sheriff.

       {¶18} Consequently, the state’s first assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶19} The state also asserts that proof that an offender failed to supply accurate

information on a sexual offender registration form, together with proof that the offender

was “banned” from the address he or she listed, constitutes sufficient circumstantial




       3 “Verification”  is defined in Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary (1977) as
“the act or process of verifying.” To “verify” is “to establish the truth, accuracy, or
reality of * * * ” a thing.
evidence of the mens rea of a “purpose to defraud” so as to prove a violation of R.C.

2913.42, tampering with records. This assertion also is rejected.

      {¶20} R.C. 2913.42 states in pertinent part:

             No person, knowing the person has no privilege to do so, and with

      purpose to defraud or knowing that the person is facilitating a fraud, shall

      do any of the following: [f]alsify, destroy, remove, conceal, alter, deface, or

      mutilate any writing, computer software, data, or record[.]         (Emphasis

      added.)

      {¶21} “Defraud” is defined in R.C. 2913.01(B) as “to knowingly obtain, by

deception, some benefit for oneself or another, or to knowingly cause, by deception, some

detriment to another.” Pursuant to R.C. 2901.22(A), purpose requires “an intention to

cause a certain result or to engage in conduct that will cause that result.” Purpose or

intent can be established by circumstantial evidence from the surrounding facts and

circumstances in the case. See State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991).

      {¶22} The state contends that the evidence presented in this case was sufficient to

show that Knox had a purpose, an intention, to defraud, because the information he

placed on his sexual offender registration form was inaccurate, and because the facility

had “banned” him some months previously.             However, noticeably lacking was any

evidence that either (1) the “false” information Knox placed on the form would provide

him any benefit, or (2) Knox was aware that the shelter’s “ban” remained in effect at the

time he completed his application.
       {¶23} The sheriff’s deputy testified that Knox appeared at the sheriff’s office, told

the deputy that he “ just got out of prison,” and “came in to register.” The deputy also

stated that he reviews the form with the offender. From this testimony, a reasonable

factfinder could infer that Knox had been informed of the consequences of a failure to

comply with his duties under the statutes, and, additionally, that Knox sought to comply.

       {¶24} Michael Moguel, the shelter’s director of operations, testified that the shelter

“cannot indefinitely ban or permanently ban anybody from the shelter.” He further noted

that Knox previously had been in the shelter’s veterans’ program, so Knox had been

“assigned a veteran’s bed” to help him “transition.” From this testimony, a reasonable

factfinder could infer that Knox’s intent simply was to use the facility to make another

transition.

       {¶25} Based on the foregoing, this court declines to adopt the proposition presented

by the state in its second assignment of error. The state’s second assignment of error,

accordingly, also is overruled.

       {¶26} Affirmed.

       It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. Case remanded to the trial court for

further proceedings, if any, consistent with this opinion.
      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



__________________________________
KENNETH A. ROCCO, JUDGE

PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, A.J., and
COLLEEN CONWAY COONEY, J., CONCUR
