Filed 6/18/14 Certified for publication 7/9/14 (order attached)




           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                 FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                              DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE,

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                E052088

v.                                                                (Super.Ct.Nos. RIF132760 &
                                                                      RIF148262)
ANTHONY M. DEVAUGHN,
                                                                  OPINION
         Defendant and Appellant.


THE PEOPLE,

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                E056252

v.                                                                (Super.Ct.Nos. RIF132760 &
                                                                      RIF148262)
STEPFON MACEY,

         Defendant and Appellant.

THE PEOPLE,

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                E053067

v.                                                                (Super.Ct.Nos. RIF132760 &
                                                                      RIF148262)
MICHAEL OWEN DEVAUGHN,

         Defendant and Appellant.



                                                          1
       APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Elisabeth Sichel and

Stephen Sillman, Judges.1 Affirmed in part; reversed in part; remanded with directions.

       Joanna Rehm, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant Anthony M. DeVaughn.

       Cynthia M. Jones, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant Stepfon Macey.

       Mary Woodward Wells, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant

and Appellant Michael DeVaughn.

       Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, James Dutton and Barry J.

Carlton, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

       A jury convicted defendant Michael DeVaughn (Michael) of 16 counts of identity

theft (Pen. Code, § 530.5, subd. (a)),2 nine counts of money laundering (§ 186.10, subd.

(a)), two of which involved sums greater than $50,000 and less than $150,000 (§ 186.10,

subd. (c)(1)(a)), two counts of causing a false financial document to be filed (§ 532a,

subd. (1)), four counts of operating an unlicensed escrow agent (Fin. Code, § 17200),

three counts of recording a false document (§ 115), six counts of grand theft (§ 487, subd.

(a)) and two counts of elder abuse (§ 368, subd. (d))—seven of the latter three crimes

       1 The Honorable Elisabeth Sichel was the sentencing judge for both Michael
DeVaughn and Anthony DeVaughn and the Honorable Stephen Sillman was the
sentencing judge for Stepfon Macey.

       2   All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.



                                              2
involving sums in excess of $150,000 (§ 112022.6, subd. (a)(2)). The jury further found

that Michael had committed more than one felony, an element of which was fraud or

embezzlement, involving sums in excess of $500,000 (§ 186.11, subd. (a)(2)). The same

jury convicted Stepfon Macey (Macey) of two counts each of money laundering and

possession of a firearm by an ex-felon (§ 12021, subd. (a)(1)) and one count of

possession of ammunition by an ex-felon (§ 12316, subd. (b)(1)).3 In bifurcated

proceedings, the trial court found Macey had suffered four strike priors (§ 667, subds. (c)

& (e)(2)(a)), three of which were later stricken. Although all three defendants were tried

together, Anthony DeVaughn, Michael’s younger brother (Anthony) had a jury different

from the one that determined the guilt of Michael and Macey. Anthony’s jury convicted

him of four counts of money laundering. Michael was sentenced to prison for 33 years, 4

months, Macey to 14 years and Anthony to 3 years, 4 months. They appeal, making

various claims, some of which we accept, some of which we reject. We, therefore, affirm

some of the convictions, reverse others, reverse an enhancement finding, stay some of the

terms imposed, direct the trial court to correct credits awarded to Anthony, to resentence

him and Macey and to recalculate Michael’s sentence in light of the conclusions drawn in

this opinion.




       3 The jury hung on charges of possession of cocaine for sale and two counts of
possession of a firearm by an ex-felon, and a subsequent jury convicted Macey of simple
possession of cocaine (Health & Saf. Code, § 11350) and one of the firearm counts.




                                             3
                                          FACTS

       It would try the patience of any reader to recount all the evidence supporting all

the charges of which defendants were convicted. Therefore, enough of the evidence to

give the reader a flavor of what occurred follows.

       In August 2005, Michael, representing himself to be “Larry Perry” of Fidelity

Escrow, leased an office in Riverside. In March 2006, with the rent on the office

overdue, Macey, who represented himself as an associate of “Larry Perry’s” appeared at

the office and brought the rent up to date with cash, after “Larry Perry” said by phone

that this was alright.

       In the fall of 2005, a woman claiming to be Barbara Karr of Banning, California,

contacted a real estate broker in Inglewood, California and asked him to represent her in

making an offer on a home in Ontario, California that had been listed for sale.

Thereafter, the broker received documents from Fidelity Escrow at the Riverside address

identifying it as the escrow holder for the purchase by Barbara Karr, with “Larry Perry”

as the escrow officer. After encountering questionable circumstances in connection with

the loan,4 the broker tracked down the real Barbara Karr, who told him that she was not

in the process of purchasing the Ontario property. However, this did not occur until after

escrow was opened with “Larry Perry” at Fidelity, and the owners of the Ontario property


       4 This included discovering a letter suggesting that Barbara Karr, at the Alhambra
Lane, Perris property (see below) had attempted to get a loan from a company and had
run into problems with credit.



                                             4
had signed a grant deed to Barbara Karr, which their agent sent to Fidelity at its Riverside

office in December 2005. The Ontario property sellers filed a quiet title action to protect

their right to the property on December 13, 2005. In November 2005, a “Tony Sanchez,”

at what he said was “Inland Mortgage,” at the same address in Riverside as Fidelity, had

contacted a mortgage broker about “Barbara Karr” borrowing the money for the purchase

of the Ontario property. Documents submitted by “Barbara Karr” in order to obtain the

loan had shown her address to be the Alhambra Lane, Perris property5 and had contained

other false information. Although the mortgage broker had found a lender for this

transaction, the $275,000 loan had not closed because the mortgage broker had been

informed of the quiet title action. Michael later admitted to the case agent that Jackie

Marshall, a former business associate of Michael’s, had posed as Barbara Karr. When

Jackie Marshall had signed the loan documents for the Ontario property, she had

identified herself with a California Driver’s License that contained the California

Driver’s License of another person. This person did not know Michael, “Larry Perry,”

Jackie Marshall or Barbara Karr and did not authorize any of them to use his driver’s

license number.

       The same “Tony Sanchez” who had approached the mortgage broker for the loan

on the Ontario property also asked for two loans on property owned by C.L. and Fannie

Middleton in Los Angeles. The loan application contained false information and Michael


       5   See footnote 4, infra.



                                             5
used his mother and a former neighbor of Macey’s, who lived at the Alhambra Lane,

Perris property, to pose as the Middletons on December 1, 2005, to sign the loan

documents for both loans. Fannie Middleton testified at trial that she did not authorize

anyone to take out loans on her properties. Macey’s former neighbor used a driver’s

license bearing the California Driver’s License number of a woman who did not know

C.L. Middleton, “Larry Perry,” Fidelity, any of the defendants, Macey’s former neighbor,

Michael’s mother or Fannie Middleton, and had not authorized any of them to use her

driver’s license number. The mortgage broker decided not to fund a loan on the

Middleton’s 43rd Street, Los Angeles, rental, but did fund a $161,000 loan on their 46th

Street, Los Angeles, home. According to the escrow instruction, the loan proceeds were

to be wired to an account at Washington Mutual Bank, ending in 701, which belonged to

“Larry Perry” doing business as Fidelity Escrow. This wire transfer was the first activity

in this account, which had been opened on November 3, 2005. Subsequently, on

December 14th, 15th and 19th, checks were written on this account to Deals Market in

South Carolina for $30,000, a market owned and operated by Michael and Anthony, to A

Squared Management for $10,000, which Anthony later admitted he owned and was a

“shell company,” to Hi-Tek-N-Effect for $10,000, to Macey and to Fannie Holloway, the

niece of Fannie Middleton. There was no activity in this account after February 6, 2006.

The people who had funded this loan eventually were reimbursed by the title insurance

company. Michael admitted to the case agent that he had orchestrated the successful

loan. No funds from this loan, however, went to either of the Middletons.



                                             6
       In 2006, “Inland Mortage” contacted Crawford Investments, a hard money lender

about a $210,000 loan by the Middletons on their 43rd street rental property. On

February 8, 2006, Michael’s mother and Macey’s former neighbor, posing as the

Middletons, signed the loan documents and the deed of trust. The name and license

number of a female real estate agent, purported to be representing “Inland” but was, in

fact, unconnected with the transaction, was placed on the brokers’ agreement between

“Inland” and her signature was forged on it. The loan closed on March 16, 2006. The

title company eventually reimbursed Crawford for the loan. Of the loan proceeds,

$153,618.79 was wired to Fidelity per the instructions of “the Middletons” to Fidelity.

The account into which the money was wired at Washington Mutual, ending in 296, had

been opened by “Larry Perry doing business as Fidelity Escrow” on March 14, 2006,

using the California Driver’s License number of an Orange County school teacher. On

March 16 and 17, 2006, two checks, each for $60,000, made out to Larry Perry from this

account, were cashed. Cashier’s checks totaling almost $50,000 were also given to

Macey’s business.

       The evidence concerning the transactions dealing with the Alhambra Lane, Perris

property is conflicting and confusing and need not be recounted here, except to say that it

was similar to what had occurred with the Ontario property and the Middletons’

properties.

       Michael unsuccessfully approached an acquaintance that lived in Alabama about

going into business with him. Eventually, Michael’s business associate in Alabama put



                                             7
Michael in touch with his nephew’s girlfriend, Felisha Poole. Through his business

associate in Alabama, Michael directed Felisha, in June 2006, to get a business license

and set up three bank accounts at three different banks in the area for three different

entities. The name of one of the companies was identical to the name of a legitimate

company in California that serviced loans. Poole was told that she would get $500 every

time she took money out of these accounts. Proceeds from loans on the Alhambra Lane,

Perris property, totaling $85,342 and $334,538 were deposited into one of these accounts.

A check was written to Deal’s Market on that account, as were checks for $7,880 and

$72,000 (made out to cash), in addition to cash withdrawals totaling $42,000, all during

June 2006. Cashier’s checks in five figure amounts were made out in June 2006, to

Michael and to various entities established and controlled by Anthony and Macey from

the money withdrawn from this account. Similar transactions took place in the other two

accounts.

       More facts will be disclosed in connection with the issues discussed below.

                                   ISSUES AND DISCUSSION

1. Insufficiency of the Evidence

       a. Count 33

       1. Source of Funds for Instrument and Intent When Instrument was Negotiated

       Michael and Anthony contend that there is insufficient evidence to support their

convictions for money laundering under count 33, which involves a check written on

Fidelity Escrow’s Washington Mutual Account, ending in 296, made out to A Squared



                                              8
Management Corp., which Anthony deposited into the account of A Squared

Management on April 20, 2006, but which deposit was reversed at the direction of the

bank’s investigator, because the evidence was insufficient to support a finding of the

requisite source of the funds or the intent when the check was negotiated. However,

because the People concede that this check was not a “monetary instrument” within the

meaning of section 186.9, subdivision (d) (see below), as required by the prohibition on

money laundering (§ 186.10, subd. (a)), and, therefore, we must reverse the convictions

for this count, we need not address this issue.

       2. “Monetary Instrument”

       Section 186.10 prohibits the conducting or attempting to conduct a transaction

“involving a monetary instrument” with a particular specific intent or knowledge.

Section 186.9, subdivision (d) excludes from the definition of a “monetary instrument”

“personal checks which have been endorsed by the named party and deposited by the

named party into the named party’s account with a financial institution.” The People

concede that the above-mentioned check was a personal check which was “deposited by

the payee into the payee’s bank account.” Therefore, Michael’s and Anthony’s

convictions for this count must be reversed.6



       6 Because of this, we need not address defendants’ contention that their
convictions of this count must be reversed for jury instruction error, nor Anthony’s
argument that count 18 must be reversed for insufficiency of the evidence on another
basis.



                                              9
       b. Counts 18, 19 and 20

       For the same reason as explained above, the People concede that Michael’s

convictions for money laundering as to counts 18, 19 and 20, Anthony’s for counts 18

and 19 and Macey’s for count 20 must be reversed. All three involved personal checks

written on the Washington Mutual account of Larry Perry, DBA Fidelity Escrow

Company, ending in 701, made out to Deal’s Market, A Squared Management and Hi-

Tek-N-Effect, respectively, which were endorsed for deposit into the bank accounts for

each entity.7

       c. Count 21

       Section 186.9, subdivision (d) also excludes from the definition of “monetary

instrument” “any personal check made payable to the order of a named party which have

not been endorsed . . . .” Count 21 involved two checks made out to Macey from Fidelity

Escrow’s Washington Mutual Account, ending in 701, totaling $6,500, both of which

were endorsed by Macey, then by a liquor store and deposited into its account. The

People concede that Michael’s and Macey’s conviction for this count must be reversed.

       d. Counts 44 and 45

       1. Michael

       The Second Amended Information charged, as to count 44, that Michael and

Anthony committed money laundering in that “on or about June 22, 2006, in the County

       7 Because of this, we need not address defendants’ contention that their
convictions of these counts must be reversed for jury instruction error.



                                           10
of Riverside, [t]he[y] did . . . conduct a transaction . . . , to wit: Wachovia

Check . . . [ending in] 3546 to the order of ‘A’ Squared Mgmt. for . . . $20,799.40 . . . ”

As to count 45, the same document stated that Michael committed money laundering, “on

or about June 22, 2006 in the County of Riverside . . . [by] conduct[ing] a

transaction . . . to wit: Wachovia Check . . . [ending in] 3547 to the order of Hi-Tek

Enterprises for . . . $30,022.76 . . . .” During her testimony, Felisha Poole stated that she

opened an account at Wachovia Bank in Alabama for American Services Company,

depositing into it the $85,342 and $334,538 checks written to that company for the loan

on the Alhambra Lane, Perris property. She testified that during June, she made

withdrawals from this account for, inter alia, $8,500, $10,000, $5,000, and $28,500 and

she obtained cashier’s checks based on the money that was withdrawn. She also testified

that she “did” cashier’s checks to A Squared Management on June 22, 2006 for

$20,799.40 from American Service Company and one to Hi-Tek Enterprises with

American Service Company as the “remitter” on June 22, 2006, for $30,022.76, the latter

of which was endorsed by Macey, Hi-Tek Enterprises. She admitted that she took a lot of

cash out of the Wachovia account, and with that cash she obtained a lot of cashier’s

checks. Macey testified that the check made out to Hi-Tek Enterprises was from Michael

for Macey, for Michael and an investor from Syria to open a car wash, however, payment

was stopped on the check and it was eventually found by the police in the Riverwalk




                                              11
home (discussed infra). Copies of the front and back of these checks were admitted into

evidence.8 The back of the cashier’s check made out to A Squared Management bears

the endorsement, “Pay to the Order of Bank of America[,] Los Angeles, . . . For Deposit

Only[,] A Squared Management” followed by an account number. It had been

negotiated. The check made out to Hi-Tek Enterprises had been endorsed by Macey,

with the words “Hi Tek Enterprises” printed below his signature, the account number for

his Bancomer account below that and it had also been negotiated. On a copy of the same

check, which had been found at the Riverwalk house, were stamped the words, “Payment

stopped.” A check on Macey’s Bancomer account showed that that account was located

at a branch of Bancomer located in Perris, California.

       The jury was instructed that in order for the defendants to be guilty of money

laundering, they had to conduct a financial transaction at “any national bank or banking

institution located or doing business in the State of California.”

       During opening argument to the jury, the prosecutor said of count 44, “[W]e’re

talking about the Robert Peters’ loan and the proceeds from the WMC Stewart Title File.

. . . I’ve . . . taken the A[merican] S[ervice] C[ompany] account and put on the side the

different counts and checks that you can point to. . . . [¶] . . . [¶] . . . Count 44 is


       8  Although he cites to portions of the record that did not take place in the presence
of the jury, at side bars, the trial court noted that the check made out to A Squared
Management bore clearinghouse stamps stating that it had been deposited into the Bank
of America in Los Angeles and Macey’s Bankcomer Bank account was located in Perris,
California.



                                              12
Michael and Anthony regarding A-Squared Management check for [$]20,749.40. . . .

Count 45 is Michael . . . regarding a check to Hi-Tek Enterprises for $30,000.22.[9] That

same check is found in . . . Macey’s home at . . . Riverwalk with a stamp over it, stop

payment or payment stopped.” However, during closing argument, the prosecutor said of

the money laundering charges, “If we could develop a trail of financial institutions all in

California, we could have charged [Anthony] for every deposit, withdrawal, deposit,

withdrawal. . . . It doesn’t matter if you get to keep it.” As to the money laundering

charged in Count 18, the prosecutor said, “ . . . I showed you . . . Exhibit 112. It is a

withdrawal out of a bank, Washington Mutual, located in the State of California. . . . [¶]

. . . Count 18 will show a check written out of Deal’s Market out of Washing[ton]

Mutual, the [S]tate of California.” The prosecutor then turned to counts 44 and 45, and

said, “[I]f you look at the bank statement [for American Service Corporation at Wachovia

Bank] you’ll see that the only money that came in to here is the money they got from

Stewart Title from the Robert Peters transaction. Every check written out here that

Felisha Poole wrote . . . came out of that account from ill-gotten gains. [¶] [The first

check was] written to Deal’s Market. And it is out of Wachovia. And we did not

introduce any evidence. I believe the evidence would have shown Wachovia doesn’t do

business in the State of California at that time, but that wasn’t presented. So we had to

think of something a little bit more creative to explain that it actually came out of the


       9   See footnote 4, ante, page 4.



                                              13
State of California, because we have to meet those elements. [¶] . . . [¶]

. . . [T]his . . . check, . . . which goes to Count 44, this one goes to A-Squared

Management. . . . Same issue about Wachovia, whether Wachovia was a bank in the

State of California. What you have to do is make sure that some part of the transaction

actually occurred in the State of California. That is what gives us jurisdiction. [¶] So

fortunately for us the stamp shows pay to the order of Bank of America, Los Angeles,

California, for deposit only, A-Squared Management. And that is all we need to know.

[¶] Count 45 has to do with Hi-Tek.”

       Michael here asserts that the jury was presented with alternative factual bases for

his guilt of both counts, one of which was legally inadequate. Specifically, he contends

that the jury could have convicted him of counts 44 and 45 on the basis of Felisha Poole’s

purchase of the cashier’s checks at Wachovia Bank or on the deposit of those checks into

accounts at California banks. The problem with the first theory is that, as the jury here

was instructed, the financial institution involved must do business in the State of

California (§ 186.9, subd. (b)) and there was no evidence that Wachovia did business in

California.

       The People assert that because the jury was instructed that the financial institution

must do business in California, in order to convict Michael of these counts, it necessarily

based its verdicts on the depositing of these checks into Anthony’s and Macey’s

California banks. Indeed, in his closing argument to the jury, the prosecutor specifically

addressed the necessity of the jury finding that the transaction took place at a bank in



                                             14
California and he suggested that depositing the checks, which are the subject of these

counts, into accounts at California banks fulfilled that requirement. Therefore, we reject

Michael’s contention that the jury could have based its verdicts for these counts on the

obtaining of the cashier’s checks by Felisha Poole at Wachovia Bank.

       2. Anthony

       Anthony asserts that there is insufficient evidence that he was involved in the

depositing of the cashier’s check into A Squared’s Bank of America account, therefore,

his conviction of count 44 must be reversed. We disagree.

       Michael’s business associate in Alabama testified that Michael called him and told

him that he would be receiving a package from Felisha Poole, which the man was to mail

to Deal’s Market, which he did. He also testified that Anthony ran Deal’s Market.

Felisha Poole testified that she gave the cashier’s checks she purchased, including the one

made out to A Squared Management, to the above-mentioned business associate.

Anthony told the case agent that he owned A Squared Management and it was a shell

company. A copy of the articles of incorporation for A Squared were introduced into

evidence. A document dated May 11, 2005, shows Anthony to be the director and the

articles list a B. Moon. In an interview with the case agent, Anthony admitted receiving

stolen money from Michael He admitted that he purchased Deals Market and other retail

stores in the same vicinity for $175,000, which money came from A Squared

Management. He told the case agent that he formed A Squared Management, that it was

supposed to be a holding company or a parent company and it owned other businesses of



                                            15
his, but that it was fake. He also admitted pumping “quite a bit of money” through A

Squared and moving stolen money for Michael. At trial, Anthony admitted starting A

Squared Management and incorporating it. He said he was the Chief Financial Officer,

he owned all its shares and the bulk of its income came from Michael. On the stand,

Anthony first refused to disclose any information about B. Moon, then denied having any

information about him. Anthony admitted opening bank accounts at Washington Mutual

for A Squared Management, for which he was the signatory. One of the accounts

received, in its first month, electronic deposits totaling $250,000, from Michael, using the

name “Ron Bartlett” at “Inner City Escrow” and $60,000 the following month, and two

electronic transfers of a total of $105,000 were made into the other. In April 2006, he

received a check for $31,900 made out to A Squared Management from Larry Perry at

Fidelilty Escrow. He admitted that A Squared was “the funneling agent” for these

monies. Anthony testified that “he had” four bank accounts for A Squared—including

one at Bank of America. He said that when he received money from his customer,

Brittany Spears, “[s]ometimes I had it go into both” “[the bank account of] A Squared

Management or . . . [another of his companies].” No one other than Anthony was

mentioned by any witness as having a connection with A Squared or conducting any of

its banking business.

       The foregoing constitutes sufficient evidence that Anthony either personally

deposited the check into A Squared’s Bank of America account or directed the deposit.




                                            16
       e. Enhancement on Count 27

       Count 27, a conviction against Michael for recording a false or forged document,

pursuant to section 115, was based on the recording of the deed of trust for the loan taken

out by people posing as the Middletons at Crawford for the 43rd Street rental property.

Employees of Crawford testified that people posing as the Middletons signed a deed of

trust on the property and the amount of the loan was $210,000, with the funds being

provided by Arrowhead Servicing Company, an interim funder, also owned by the owner

of Crawford. The deed of trust was signed on February 8, 2006 and filed on March 16,

2006. Of the $210,000, $153,618.79 went to Fidelity Escrow, $14,280 went to Crawford

for broker’s fees and $3,570 to Inland Mortgage for its commission for bringing the loan

to Crawford.

       At the time he committed count 27, section 12022.6, subdivision (a)(2) provided

that when a person “takes, damages or destroys any property in the commission or

attempted commission of a felony, with the intent to cause that taking, damage or

destruction, . . . [¶] . . . [¶] [i]f the loss exceeds $150,000,” the court shall impose a

term of two years consecutive to the term for the offense. Section 115 punishes, in

pertinent part, anyone who “knowingly procures or offers any false or forged instrument

to be filed, registered, or recorded in any public office within the state, which instrument,

if genuine, might be filed, registered, or recorded under any law of this state . . . .”

Subdivision (c) of section 115 prohibits the granting of probation, except in unusual cases

where the interests of justice would best be served if probation was granted, for, inter



                                              17
alia, anyone convicted of more than one violation of the section in a single proceeding,

with the intent to defraud another and where “the violations resulted in a cumulative

financial loss exceeding one hundred thousand dollars . . . .”

       Michael here concedes that there is no authority declaring that a section 12022.6

enhancement is inapplicable to a violation of section 115. However, he asserts that it has

been held inapplicable to filing a false income tax return, citing People v. Frederick

(2006) 142 Cal.App.4th 400 (Frederick). In so doing, he overstates the holding in

Frederick. Therein, evidence established that the defendants defrauded many individual

and business victims as part of their “elaborate chain scheme” which included securities

fraud. Additionally, there was evidence that they owed $195,697 in income taxes based

on “assumed illegal and unreported activities” and, based on that, they were convicted of

filing a false income tax return. (Id. at pp. 404-405, 408.) An enhancement was found

true in connection with this conviction, pursuant to section 12022.6, subdivision (a)(4),

which applied when, “any person takes, damages, or destroys any property in the

commission . . . of a felony . . . [i]f the loss exceeds . . . $2,500,000 . . . .” Subdivision

(b) of section 12022.6 provides, “In any accusatory pleading involving multiple charges

of taking, damage, or destruction, the additional terms provided in this section may be

imposed if the aggregate losses to the victims from all felonies exceed the amounts

specified in this section and arise from a common scheme or plan.” (Italics added.) The

appellate court concluded, “ . . . [T]he crime of filing a false income tax return is not part

of a common scheme or plan to take property within the meaning of section 12022.6,



                                               18
subdivision (b). The common scheme or plan here involved completed acts of theft and

fraud against thousands of . . . [individual and business victims] . . . . The [defendants’]

filing of a false income tax return was a separate act occurring at a different time against

a different victim. The plain language of the statute does not permit application of the

taking enhancement here . . . .” (Frederick, supra, 142 Cal.App.4th at p. 423.) Thus,

rather than holding that the great loss enhancement does not apply to the failure to file a

tax refund, resulting in the loss to the state, Frederick held that the loss to the state

occurred at a different time than the losses to the individual and business victims,

involved a different victim and was separate from the scheme to defraud the individual

and business victims, and, therefore, could not be considered part of the scheme or plan

to defraud the latter.

       Michael’s argument that since section 115 is obviously aimed at preserving the

integrity of recorded documents, any loss occasioned by that cannot be considered a loss

under section 12022.6 is undermined by subdivision (c) of section 115 as set forth above.

2. Multiple Convictions of Operating an Unlicensed Escrow Agent

       Financial Code section 17200 provides, “It shall be unlawful for any person to

engage in business as an escrow agent . . . except by means of a corporation duly

organized for that purpose licensed by the commissioner as an escrow agent.”

       The People asserted that Michael had committed three violations of this section.

The first, count 12, was in connection with “the Middletons” obtaining a loan from VIP

for the 46th Street home in December 2005, during which Fidelity sent wiring



                                               19
instructions to VIP to send the loan proceeds to Fidelity’s bank account. The second,

count 29, was in connection with “the Middletons” obtaining a loan from Crawford on

the 43rd Street rental property, during which Fidelity sent wiring instructions to Crawford

to send the loan proceeds to Fidelity’s bank accounts. This occurred in February and

March 2006. The third, count 38, occurred when Anna Smith gave Fidelity $2500,

believing that Fidelity was acting as her escrow agency in her purchase of a home in

Victorville. This occurred in 2006. The jury convicted Michael of all three counts.

       Michael here seeks reversal of two of these three convictions, asserting that the

offense of engaging in business as an escrow agent by means of a corporation that is not

licensed by the commissioner as an escrow agent is a continuous course of conduct which

may not be splintered into discrete offenses, based on acts that occur on different dates,

involving different transactions.

       As Michael asserts, we look to the language of Financial Code section 17200,

giving its words their usual and ordinary meaning. (People v. Trevino (2001) 26 Cal.4th

237, 240.) If the language is susceptible of more than one reasonable interpretation, we

look to a variety of extrinsic aids, including the objects to be achieved by the legislation,

the evils to be remedied, the legislative history, public policy and statutory scheme of

which it is a part. (People v. Flores (2003) 30 Cal.4th 1059, 1063.)

       Turning first to the language of Financial Code section 17200 itself, Michael

asserts that “engag[ing] in business” in the section implies “activity of a continuous and

frequent nature.” In so doing, Michael contrasts “engaging in business” with “a single or



                                             20
occasional disconnected act” (Advance Transformer Co. v. Superior Court (1974) 44

Cal.App.3d 127, 135), which, he asserts, does not constitute engaging in business.

However, as the People correctly point out, Michael does not contest his guilt of violating

Financial Code section 17200 when Realty Service Escrow acted as escrow agent in the

purchase of the Alhambra Lane, Perris property, which concluded on June 7, 2006.

       Turning to extrinsic considerations, Michael finds support for his position in

Escrow Institute of California v. Pierno (1972) 24 Cal.App.3d 361, 366, 368. Therein,

independent escrow agents contended, inter alia, that Financial Code section 17200’s

requirement that they must be a corporation was unfair or unreasonable. (Pierno at p.

365.) The appellate court responded, “[C]onsideration is to be given to the fact that an

independent escrow agent may be handling numerous escrows involving substantial sums

of money and in various stages of progress. If an individual person is operating such a

business, his death could give rise to substantial complications and delays in the

consummation of the transactions involved. As stated in County of L.A. v. Southern Cal

Tel. Co (1948) 32 Cal.2d 378, at pages 390-391 . . . : ‘Corporations . . . are more easily

regulated and supervised, and they have much greater permanency of existence and can

give better assurance of uninterrupted service.’” (Id. at p. 368.) We find no clue in this

language that Financial Code section 17200 was intended to prohibit only the on-going

operation of an unlicensed escrow agency, rather than its discrete acts.

       Continuing with extrinsic considerations, Michael also calls our attention to

Financial Code section 17414, which prohibits anyone subject to the provisions of



                                            21
Financial Code section 17200 et seq. from engaging in individual acts that violate escrow

instructions, constitute theft, fraud, misrepresentations or omissions of material fact or

misappropriate money.10 He argues that Financial Code section 17414’s focus on

discrete acts somehow suggests that Financial Code section 17200’s prohibition on

engaging in business as an escrow agent should be construed as a continuing course of

conduct. However, we are persuaded by the People’s argument that Financial Code

section 17414 punishes certain discrete acts performed even by a licensed escrow agent.

This in no way suggests that the crime of engaging in business as an escrow agent except

through a corporation licensed as an escrow agent cannot occur each time an act which

constitutes engaging in business as an escrow agent is committed and the corporation has

no license. Unlike Michael, we detect no conflict in interpreting Financial Code section

17200 as applying to any instance in which one commits an act that constitutes engaging

in the business of an escrow agent in the absence of a licensed corporation and acts



       10  Financial Code section 17414 provides in pertinent part, “(a) It is a violation
for any person subject to this division or any director, stockholder, trustee, officer, agent,
or employee of any such person to do any of the following: [¶] (1) Knowingly or
recklessly disburse or cause the disbursal of escrow funds otherwise than in accordance
with escrow instructions, or knowingly or recklessly to direct, participate in, or aid or
abet in a material way, any activity which constitutes theft or fraud in connection with
any escrow transaction. [¶] (2) Knowingly or recklessly make or cause to be made any
misstatement or omission to state a material fact, orally or in writing, in escrow books,
accounts, files, reports, exhibits, statements or any other document pertaining to an
escrow or escrow affairs. [¶] (b) Any director, officer, stockholder, trustee, employee, or
agent of an escrow agent, who abstracts or willfully misappropriates money, funds, trust
obligations or property deposited with an escrow agent, is guilty of a felony.”



                                             22
committed that constitute a violation of escrow instructions, theft, fraud,

misrepresentation or omission of material fact or misappropriation of money.11

       Michael fails to persuade us that he can stand convicted of only one count of

violating Financial Code section 17200 in connection with Fidelity Escrow.

3. Section 12022.6, subdivision (a)(2) Finding as to Count 10

       Michael and the People agree that the jury failed to make a finding as to the

section 12022.6, subdivision (a)(2) enhancement allegation attached to count 10.

Therefore, its term, which was stayed pursuant to section 654, must be stricken.

4. Incompetency of Anthony’s Trial Counsel

       Although all three defendants were jointly tried, Anthony’s guilt was determined

by one jury while Michael’s and Macey’s were determined by another. The case agent

for the search of what the prosecution alleged was Macey’s home on Riverwalk in Perris

testified to finding not only many documents that tied Macey, Michael and Anthony

together, to these crimes and to other individuals involved in these crimes, but four

handguns and a rifle, most of which contained ammunition and all of which appeared to

the case agent to be operable, loose ammunition, suspected cocaine in a lady’s shoe in the

master bedroom closet and in a woman’s purse hanging from a closet off the master

       11  In his reply brief, Michael points also to Financial Code section 17403, which
prohibits anyone subject to Financial Code section 17200 et seq. from representing that
he/she is in the escrow business when the person is not licensed. As with Financial Code
section 17414, this punishment of discrete acts does not suggest that Financial Code
section 17200 cannot punish discrete acts of engaging in the business of an escrow agent
in the absence of a licensed corporation.



                                             23
bedroom and three scales, one containing white residue. A criminalist testified that the

suspected contraband was 26.07 grams and 0.51 grams of cocaine. A narcotics detective

testified that the amount of cocaine found, the scales and the guns suggested that the

drugs were being sold. Macey testified for himself, denying that he lived at the

Riverwalk house, but admitting that he visited there once or twice a month because his

estranged wife lived there. He denied any knowledge of the drugs, the guns and some of

the ammunition. Interestingly, he said that Anthony occupied an upstairs bedroom at the

house. Anthony similarly testified for himself and admitted telling the police that he

moved stolen money around for Michael. As already stated, Anthony admitted forming a

number of corporations, none of which appeared to be engaged in any substantial

business, and he was very defensive on the stand about his refusal to disclose basic

information about his main corporation. He admitted that he opened a bank account for

his main corporation that in less than a month’s time received deposits of $150,000,

$50,000 and $55,000, but he was unable to satisfactorily tie these profits to legitimate

business, other than to say that the latter two came from another account he had opened

the same month for the same corporation. That latter account had a deposit of $250,000,

the bulk of which Anthony admitted came from Michael. He also admitted that a strip

mall he and Michael owned in South Carolina was purchased with money Michael

illegally obtained doing real estate transactions. At Michael’s direction, Anthony sent

$4,500 to Macey. During an interview with the case agent, Anthony admitted receiving

money from Michael, knowing that Michael was not making the money he gave Anthony



                                            24
legitimately because Michael had just gotten out of prison and had no job. He admitted

several times to receiving stolen money or moving stolen money for Michael. He also

admitted that his main corporation was a fake. He demonstrated knowledge of all the

different entities Michael set up and revealed that he, himself, had an additional case

pending in Los Angeles County. It also was revealed during the interview that everyone

else involved in these schemes had extensive criminal records. It is remarkable that in

the interview, although Anthony admitted that he moved money that was stolen; he

expressed not a pittance of remorse or concern for any of the victims of the thefts.

Rather, he expressed sorrow only that he had been caught and that he had not personally

received more of the ill-gotten money than he claimed he actually did. He was flippant

and acted entitled.

       We will bypass Anthony’s argument that had his counsel objected to his jury

hearing evidence related to the guns, ammunition and drugs found at the Riverwalk

house, he would have been successful in preventing his jury from hearing this evidence.

We turn to the ultimate question, assuming, for the sake of this argument only, that

Anthony’s counsel was ineffective in not preventing his jury from hearing this evidence,

and we examine the prejudice resulting from this failure. Anthony carries the heavy

burden of demonstrating a reasonable probability that he would have enjoyed a better

outcome had his jury not heard this evidence. (Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S.

668, 687, 689.)




                                             25
       We have read the entire transcript of this very lengthy trial, most of which was

devoted to the offenses that did not involve drugs, ammunition or guns. Frankly, the

truly shocking and highly inflammatory evidence adduced at trial related to the

financial/fraud offenses. The notion that someone could randomly pull some innocent

person’s driver’s license number out of thin air, put it on a loan application and end up

walking away with hundreds of thousands of dollars, while encumbering yet another

innocent person’s property and “ripping off” lenders and title insurance companies far

outweighs evidence about a codefendant possibly having a stash of guns, ammunition and

drugs. Added to this is shock value of the effort that Michael went through to launder his

ill-gotten gains—the use of Felisha Poole, who was barely literate, but who, at Michael’s

direction, funneled hundreds of thousands of dollars through accounts he had her set up.

As the sentencing court observed, Michael, who proved himself pre-trial and at trial to be

a very intelligent self-represented defendant, would have been better off going to law

school and using his obvious intellectual gifts to earn money legitimately rather than

what he did. The jury heard Anthony’s interview with the case agent and the ease with

which he admitted knowing that the astronomical sums of money he “handled” for his

brother had not been legitimately obtained, without expressing any concern for the people

who had been harmed or inconvenienced by what Michael did, which Anthony assisted

by “moving” the money around. This was truly outrageous and far outpaced the almost

inconsequential, by comparison, evidence about Macey’s guns, ammunition and drugs.

We add that the other jury was apparently so unconvinced by the evidence concerning



                                             26
these latter crimes that it hung as to the drug possession for sale charge and two of the

gun possession charges. As the People correctly point out in their brief, there was also a

dearth of evidence, aside from the comparatively insubstantial amounts of money

Michael directed his brother to send to Macey, linking Anthony and Macey, thus, any

suggestion that Anthony, or even Michael, for that matter, was somehow involved in any

drug-or gun-aspect of this case is absurd. In fact, evidence adduced at trial about

Macey’s obtaining government assistance under highly questionable circumstances, and

obtaining money for his estranged wife to “care take” of him while she lived many miles

away from where he claimed to live, demonstrated that Macey, the twice-convicted

robber, had his fingers in a number of illegal pies, in addition to Michael’s schemes. In

fact, Macey’s use of government entitlements made what was found at the Riverwalk

house seem like small potatoes. Additionally, surely it could not have escaped the jury’s

attention that the mother of Anthony and Michael, even in the sunset of her life,

apparently willingly participated in Michael’s far-flung effort to steal from a number of

persons and entities. Whether each juror was a fan of the nature or nurture theory of

child development, it would not have taken a leap of logic to see that the apple hadn’t

fallen far from the tree. Given this record, Anthony cannot possibly persuade us that

there was even a remote possibility that he would not have been convicted of the four

counts of money laundering, three of which we reverse in this appeal, had the evidence at

issue not been heard by his jury.




                                             27
5. Sentencing

       a. Michael

       In connection with the obtaining of the loan from VIP for the Middleton’s 46th

Street home, the jury convicted Michael of one count each of identity theft for Macey’s

former neighbor’s use of a woman’s California driver’s license number on an

identification he presented to VIP when he signed for the loan (count 5), Michael’s

mother’s use of a man’s California driver’s license number on an identification she

presented to VIP when she signed for the loan (count 6), Macey’s former neighbor

representing himself to be C.L. Middleton when he went to the mortgage broker (count 7)

and Michael’s mother representing herself to be Fannie Middleton when she went to the

mortgage broker (count 8). The sentencing court imposed terms concurrent to count 9,

the principal term, for counts 5, 6, 8 and stayed the term for count 7 pursuant to section

654. The terms for the conviction for elder abuse, for forging C.L. Middleton’s name on

the deed of trust and the promissory note in order to obtain the loan from the mortgage

broker on the 46th Street home (count 9), was designated as the principal term, and the

terms for recording a false or fraudulent document, which was the trust deed on that

home (count 10), and for grand theft, by having Macey’s former neighbor and Michael’s

mother identify themselves as C.L. and Fannie Middleton to obtain that loan, thereby

injuring the investors who funded that loan (count 11), were run consecutive to the term

for count 9. The term for operating an unlicensed escrow agency, which was based on




                                             28
Michael running Fidelity Escrow during the mortgage broker’s loan on the Middleton’s

46th Street home (count 12) was run concurrently with the term for count 9.

       Michael here contends that the concurrent terms imposed for counts 5, 6, 8 and 12

and the consecutive term for count 11 should be stayed pursuant to section 654 because

they were all part of an indivisible course of conduct to further his plan to fraudulently

obtain money from the Middleton’s property. Michael made the same argument below.

The sentencing court observed that counts 5, 6 and 8 involved different victims than

count 9, therefore section 654 was inapplicable. The court added, “ . . . I can have more

than one objective for a crime. I can have an overall plan or scheme to defraud a title

company out of some money, but in order to put that into effect, I have to commit smaller

crimes with other victims, like identity theft, and I don’t think the law is intending or

telling us that you can’t be punished separately for those. . . . [¶] . . . [I]t is in a sense

part of an overall crime, but you have lesser objectives along the way in committing those

crimes. Your objective there was to commit identity theft and then use that stolen

identity to commit the fraud. But you still had another . . . goal in mind, which was

identity theft.” The court also observed, “[I]n deciding whether it’s part of one

continuous transaction or not [one must ask, ‘D]id it happen close in time or did it happen

with sufficient separation so that a defendant has the ability to pause and reflect about his

actions[?’] [¶] Another exception is it can be one transaction, but when you have

different victims, it’s not subject to 654.” In later imposing sentence on count 8, the

court reversed its original ruling that section 654 applied when it was pointed out that



                                               29
count 8 involved Fannie Middleton, a separate victim from the victim of count 9, C.L.

Middleton. The sentencing court also concluded that counts 5 and 6 were separate crimes

from count 9, but were related to that count.

       Under section 654, “[a]n act or omission that is punishable in different ways by

different provisions of law shall be punished under the provision that provides for the

longest potential term of imprisonment, but in no case shall the act or omission be

punished under more than one provision . . . .” The statute thus prohibits punishment for

two crimes arising from a single, indivisible course of conduct. (People v. Latimer

(1993) 5 Cal.4th 1203, 1208 (Latimer).)

       Whether a course of conduct is indivisible for purposes of section 654 depends on

the intent and objective of the actor. (Latimer, supra, 5 Cal.4th at p. 1208.) If all the

offenses are incidental to one objective, the defendant may be punished for any one of

them, but not for more than one. (Ibid.) On the other hand, if the evidence discloses that

a defendant entertained multiple criminal objectives, which were independent of and not

merely incidental to each other, the trial court may impose punishment for independent

violations committed in pursuit of each objective even though the violations shared

common acts or where part of an otherwise indivisible course of conduct. (People v.

Centers (1999) 73 Cal.App.4th 84, 98 [Fourth Dist., Div. Two].)

       The question of whether section 654 is factually applicable to a given series of

offenses is for the trial court, and the law gives the trial court broad latitude in making

this determination. (People v. Hutchins (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 1308, 1312.) Its findings



                                              30
on this question must be upheld on appeal if there is any substantial evidence to support

them. (Ibid.) ‘“We must “view the evidence in a light most favorable to the respondent

and presume in support of the [sentencing] order the existence of every fact the trier

could reasonably deduce from the evidence. [Citation.]” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Id. at

pp. 1312-1313.)

       ‘“Under section 654, “a course of conduct divisible in time, although directed to

one objective, may give rise to multiple violations and punishment. [Citations.]”

[Citations.] This is particularly so where the offenses are temporally separated in such a

way as to afford the defendant opportunity to reflect and to renew his or her intent before

committing the next one, thereby aggravating the violation of public security or policy

already undertaken. [Citation.]’ [Citations.]” (People v. Andra (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th

638, 640 (Andra).)

       In connection with his argument as to other counts, Michael asserts that although

section 654 does not prohibit punishing crimes involving separate victims of violence, it

applies if the crimes are against property interests, citing People v. Beamon (1973) 8

Cal.3d 625 and 638, footnote 10 and People v. Bauer (1969) 1 Cal.3d 368, 378 (Bauer).

Beamon, in a footnote, merely cites Bauer for the proposition that “where a course of

conduct involves only crimes against property interests of multiple victims, common

sense requires, in the absence of other circumstances, a determination of the indivisibility

of the course of conduct and the applicability of section 654.” (Beamon, supra, 8 Cal.3d

at p. 625, fn. 10.) Bauer involved punishment for a single conviction of robbery, even



                                             31
though three different victims were held up at the same time and place, along with

punishment for auto theft, which resulted when, during the robbery, defendant also stole a

car of one of the three victims. (Bauer, supra, 1 Cal.3d at p. 372.) The California

Supreme Court observed that the intent to steal the car was formed while items from a

home were being taken. (Id. at p. 377.) Another appellate court later observed that the

car was taken to facilitate the taking of the items from the home and to leave the scene

with the stolen goods. (People v. Lopez (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 698, 718 (Lopez).) The

California Supreme Court in Bauer concluded, “[T]he taking of several items during the

course of a robbery may not be used to furnish the basis of separate sentences. . . .

[W]here a defendant robs his victim in one continuous transaction of several items of

property, punishment for robbery on the basis of the taking of one of the items and other

crimes on the basis of the taking of other items is not permissible. [¶] . . . [¶]

Where . . . the offenses arising out of the same transaction . . . involve crimes against

property interests of several persons, this court has recognized that only single

punishment is permissible. Thus, . . . the theft of several articles at the same time

constitutes but one offense although such articles belong to several different owners.

[Citations.] . . . If the rule were otherwise a burglar who entered an empty house and

took numerous articles belonging to one person could be punished for only one offense,

but if some of the articles belonged to each of the other members of the family, the

burglary could be given consecutive sentences for as many offenses as there are members

of the family. The situation would be even more anomalous where stolen property was



                                             32
owned jointly or by a partnership.” (Bauer, supra, 1 Cal.3d. at pp. 376-378.) Of course,

identity theft was not even an offense in 1973 when Beaumon was decided—section

530.5 was added to the Penal Code in 1997. Additionally, in our view, identity theft is

not just a property offense, as it impacts the identity, privacy and authority of its victims.

When one’s identity is stolen, mere money cannot compensate the victim for the time and

effort that must be expended to clear the victim’s good name and financial standing.

       We note with interest that what defendant suggests is a blanket prohibition on

separate terms when the crimes are property crimes and do not involve violence was not

adhered to in Andra, cited above. There, the appellate court concluded that the defendant

could be separately punished for identity theft, for using another person’s name to obtain

a credit card on December 23, 2005, and for vehicle theft, for failing on January 8, 2006

to return the car she rented using the credit card to the rental agency. (Andra, supra, 156

Cal.App.4th at p. 641.) The court concluded, “The weeks between the commission of

these crimes afforded defendant ample opportunity to reflect and then renew her intent

before committing the next crime. [Citation.] Moreover, these crimes . . . had two

different victims: [the person whose identity defendant stole] and [the rental car agency].

Accordingly, no plausible argument can be made that defendant’s sentence on either

count should be stayed under section 654.” (Id. at p. 641.) The defendant had also been

convicted of identity theft for using the same woman’s information to open bank

accounts on January 13, 2006, and of obtaining money by false pretenses for, over the

subsequent weeks, depositing fraudulent and stolen checks into these accounts, then



                                              33
withdrawing the money. (Id. at pp. 641-642.) The appellate court rejected her claim that

section 654 applied, saying, “[D]efendant committed these crimes weeks apart. . . .

Given the temporal separation between these crimes, defendant had substantial

opportunity to ‘reflect’ on her conduct and then ‘renew’ her intent to commit yet another

crime. [Citation.] . . . [¶] Additionally, as with the [other] charges . . . defendant had

more than one victim . . . [the person whose identity defendant stole] and . . . [the b]ank.”

(Id. at p. 642.)

       In Frederick, supra, 142 Cal.App.4th 400, 407, as already stated,12 the defendants

operated a fraudulent “chain scheme” under which, inter alia, individual victims were

falsely promised items in exchange for their contributions to the scheme. One of the

defendants contended on appeal that section 654 prohibited the imposition of sentencing

on several counts of grand theft because “she held but a single intent and objective—to

take money from the [scheme] members—in committing [those] c[rimes] . . . .” (Id. at p.

420.) The appellate court concluded that section 654 did not apply because there was

substantial evidence to support the sentencing court’s finding that the course of conduct

was divisible in time. (Id. at p. 421.) The appellate court added, “Moreover, the

[sentencing] court stated that [defendant’s] crimes involved many victims, [and] she took

advantage of poor and vulnerable people . . . .” (Ibid.)




       12   See text at page 20.



                                             34
       In People v. Neder (1971) 16 Cal.App.3d 846, the defendant used a stolen store

credit card to purchase merchandise in three different transactions on the same day at the

store. (Id. at pp. 849-850.) The appellate court rejected defendant’s contention that the

three forgeries should be punished as one offense, saying, “ . . . [I]t is probably true that

the forgeries were motivated by a preconceived plan to obtain merchandise from [the

store] by use of . . . [the stolen] credit card and by forging sales slips. . . . The real

essence of the crime of forgery . . . is not concerned with the end, i.e., what is obtained or

taken by the forgery; it has to do with the means, i.e., the act of signing the name of

another with intent to defraud and without authority, or of falsely making a document, or

of uttering the document with intent to defraud. . . . [¶] . . . [¶] Here, it might be said

that the offenses were incidental to the fundamental objective of taking goods from [the

store] by use of the credit card and by forging the sales slips. We feel, however, that this

objective is too broad to tie the separate acts into one transaction. . . . [¶] . . . In the

instant case . . . we have three separate forgeries, each directed to the obtaining of

different property and none playing a part in the accomplishment of the end of the others.

We do not believe that section 654 should make it a matter of indifference whether

defendant, on entering [the store] with the intention to obtain goods fraudulently by

means of forgery, carried out the intention one or three times.” (Id. at pp. 852-854, fns.

omitted.)

       The concept of defendant characterizing his or her objective too broadly in order

to take advantage of section 654 was echoed in People v. Gangemi (1993) 13



                                               35
Cal.App.4th 1790, 1794, where the defendant was convicted of filing several false deeds

of trust in order to protect his friend’s home from being encumbered by a couple who

were executing on a judgment they had obtained against the friend. The appellate court

concluded, “Each offense was complete upon knowingly offering that false document for

filing, and one act was not a means to the end of any of the others. It is no defense to

assert that these acts were part of an indivisible transaction which had as its single

criminal objective the illegal protection of [defendant’s friend’s] property from [the

couple]. As in Neder, such an objective is too broad to satisfy the purposes of section

654. [¶] . . . ‘To accept such a broad, overriding intent and objective to preclude

punishment for otherwise clearly separate offenses would violate the statute’s purpose to

insure that a defendant’s punishment will be commensurate with his culpability.

[Citation.] It would reward the defendant who has the greater criminal ambition with a

lesser punishment.’ [Citation.] [Citations.] [¶] Each false filing creates a separate harm

to the person defrauded as well as to the integrity of the public records and the defendant

may be punished for each such criminal act. Otherwise, to apply section 654 in this case

would violate the law’s goal of punishing violators commensurate with their criminality.”

(Id. at pp. 1800-1801.)

       Indeed, the purpose of section 654 is “to ensure that a defendant’s punishment will

be commensurate with his culpability.” (People v. Correa (2012) 54 Cal.4th 331, 341.)

“[A]t some point the means to achieve an objective may become so extreme they can no

longer be termed ‘incidental’ and must be considered to express a different and more



                                             36
sinister goal than mere successful commission of the original crime. [¶] . . . . [¶] . . .

[S]ection [654] cannot, and should not, be stretched to cover . . . other criminal acts far

beyond those reasonably necessary to accomplish the original offense.” (People v.

Nguyen (1988) 204 Cal.App.3d 181, 191.) “[M]ultiple crimes are not one transaction

where the defendant had a chance to reflect between offenses and each offense carried a

new risk of harm.” (People v. Felix (2001) 92 Cal.App.4th 905, 915.)

       In People v. Lochmiller (1986) 187 Cal.App.3d 151, the defendant “made separate

sales at different times for different amounts of money to 10 of the 11 victims” and pled

guilty to 10 counts of selling unregistered securities. (Id. at pp. 152-153.) Division One

of this court rejected the defendant’s claim that section 654 prohibited imposition of

sentence on only one of the 10 convictions, thusly, “Because each unlawful sale occurred

at different times for different amounts of money to different victims, punishment for

each separate sale is not prohibited by Penal Code section 654. A single object, to obtain

money, does not bar multiple punishments for separate crimes. [¶] . . . [¶] [The

defendant] cites footnote 10 in the Beamon case in support of the argument [that] crimes

of violence are treated differently than crimes against property in applying section 654.

The principle expressed in Beamon is inapplicable here. The Beamon court was referring

to multiple crimes committed in the course of carrying out an objective on one occasion.

With regard to incidents occurring at different times, the court said: ‘It seems clear that a

course of conduct divisible in time, although directed to one objective, may give rise to

multiple violations and punishment.’ [Citation.] [¶] . . . [¶] [The defendant], through



                                              37
her part in the unlawful scheme, took the life savings of a group of elderly citizens. She

did so by making separate sales to 11 individuals on 10 occasions over a 3-month period.

This was not one act or one indivisible course of conduct. To accept her argument, she

could have continued to take the savings of every citizen in San Diego County and be

punished no more than if she had done so to one individual. Penal Code section 654

simply does not apply.” (Id. at pp. 153-154.)

       It is notable that in People v. James (1977) 19 Cal.3d 99, wherein defendant was

convicted of three burglaries for breaking into three offices in the same building, the

defendant “claim[ed] he cannot be separately punished for each of the three burglaries

because he committed them all within the confines of the same building. He points out

that burglary is a crime against property, and quotes our general rule that when ‘the

offenses arising out of the same transaction are not crimes of violence but involve crimes

against property interests of several persons, this court has recognized that only single

punishment is permissible [quoting Bauer]. More particularly, he relies on our ensuing

dictum in that opinion . . . to the effect that a thief who enters a house and steals articles

belonging to different members of the same family can be punished for only one

burglary. [¶] We adhere to that view, but we decline to extend it to the facts of this case

at bar. Here defendant forcibly broke into three different rented premises occupied by

tenants who had no common interest other than the fortuitous circumstance that they

happened to lease office suites in the same commercial building. . . . If the rule were

otherwise, a thief who broke into and ransacked every store in a shopping center under



                                              38
one roof, or every apartment in an apartment building, or every room or suite in a hotel,

could claim immunity for all but one of the burglaries thus perpetrated. Nothing in the

statute or case law on multiple punishment compels such an incongruous result.”

(Id. at p. 119, fns. omitted.)

       Count 11 involved the investors who funded the loan. They were separate victims

from the Middletons, and they suffered their loss at a different time than the forgery of

C.L. Middleton’s name on the trust deed and promissory note. Therefore, a consecutive

term for Count 11 was appropriate. The victim of count 5 was the woman whose driver’s

license number Macey’s former neighbor used and the victim of count 6 was the man

whose driver’s license number Michael’s mother used. As the People correctly point out,

defendant could have used his own driver’s license number and that of Anthony’s or

Macey’s—he did not need to involve these two innocent bystanders. Fannie Middleton

was the victim of count 8. Moreover, substantial evidence supports the sentencing

court’s finding that these crimes were separate from count 9 in that they occurred at a

different time, (even though perhaps minutes apart)13 than the signing of C.L.

Middleton’s name on the trust deed and promissory note by Macey’s former neighbor.

Therefore, staying punishment for these counts is not appropriate.

       The People agree with Michael that count 12 should be stayed.

       13  See Lopez, supra, 198 Cal.App.4th 698, 718 [The time it took defendant to
drive to a convenience store, park the car and walk in was sufficient time for him to
reflect on the fact that he had just stolen a purse containing an access card and what he
was about to do, i.e., use the card to buy items.].



                                            39
       For reasons expressed above, we reject Michael’s assertion that the consecutive

terms for counts 13-16, four counts of identity theft in connection with the failed loan

from the mortgage broker for the Middleton’s 43rd Street rental property—count 13 for

Macey’s former neighbor claiming to be C.L. Middleton, count 14 for Michael’s mother

claiming to be Fannie Middleton, count 15 for Macey’s former neighbor using the

driver’s license number of the same woman mentioned in connection with count 5, and

count 16 for Michael’s mother using the driver’s license number of the same man

mentioned in connection with count 6—should have been stayed pursuant to section 654

because like count 9, these offenses were directed at obtaining money from the

Middletons. The sentencing court concluded that count 13 involved a separate victim and

a separate intent, and that counts 14-16 involved separate victims and those finding are

supported by substantial evidence.

       Michael urges the application of section 654 to several of the terms imposed for

counts 22-29. Counts 23-25 were the identity thefts committed at Crawford in February

2006, for the loan on the 43rd Street rental, comprising Michael’s mother posing as

Fannie Middleton (count 23), Macey’s former neighbor using the aforementioned female

victim’s driver’s license number (count 24) and Michael’s mother using the

aforementioned male victim’s driver’s license number (count 25).14 The sentencing court

       14 We note that the sentencing court stayed the term for the conviction of count
22, which comprised Macey’s former neighbor posing as C.L. Middleton at Crawford,
because the court imposed a term for elder abuse for Macey’s former neighbor signing
the documents for the Crawford loan (count 26).



                                            40
imposed a concurrent term on count 23, and consecutive terms on counts 24 and 25,

finding both involved a different victim. As before, when it was pointed out that count

23 involved a victim different from the victim of count 26 (see below), the sentencing

court changed its mind about staying the term pursuant to section 654. The sentencing

court also imposed consecutive terms for elder abuse (count 26), recording a false

document (count 27) and operating an unlicensed escrow (count 29), finding the latter

was a separate crime involving a separate victim, but stayed the term for grand theft

(count 28), all in connection with this loan. We, like the People, have difficulty

discerning Michael’s argument in this regard. First, he appears to argue that the terms for

the three identity thefts, the elder abuse, the recording of a false document and operating

an unlicensed escrow should have been stayed because defendant was merely repeating

what he had done at the mortgage broker, which was just trying to get money from the

Middleton’s property. Then, he argues that the identity thefts, the elder abuse, the

recording of the false document and operating an unlicensed escrow were “interrelated

prepatory steps to . . . count 28 . . . .” However, the term for count 28 was stayed under

section 654. Next, he argues that the sentencing court should have stayed the punishment

for all the counts involving this transaction except for the term for the elder abuse (count

26) and the recording of the false document, the latter of which is not subject to section

654. Finally, he argues that the terms for counts 23, 24, 25 and 29 should be stayed. The

People concede that the term for operating an unlicensed escrow should be stayed. As to




                                             41
the remaining counts, whatever they be, we refer Michael to the conclusions we have

already reached regarding counts 5-11.

       The People argued to the jury that the identity theft alleged in count 30 occurred

when Michael, posing as Larry Perry, opened the account at Washington Mutual for

Fidelity that ended in 296, using the California driver’s license number belonging to the

Orange County teacher. The sentencing court concluded that this count involved a

separate victim and was separate in time from other offenses, which the court did not

specify.15 Michael here asserts that the use of the teacher’s driver’s license number was

“incidental to and in furtherance of [his] scheme to launder the proceeds received from

the Crawford-funded loan” and, therefore, should have been stayed pursuant to section

654. However, there is substantial evidence to support the sentencing court’s conclusion

that this count involved a separate victim, i.e., the Orange County teacher, and occurred


       15   Michael misconstrues the sentencing court’s earlier remarks. After the
prosecutor asserted that this count was not “654[ed] to anything[,]” he then discussed the
money laundering convictions in counts 31 and 32. The prosecutor explained that while
the People did not charge Michael for putting the proceeds of the Crawford loan going
into the Washington Mutual account, counts 31 and 32 were for him taking money out of
that account. (At trial, the prosecutor had argued to the jury that these counts comprised
two checks for $60,000 each taken from the Washington Mutual account ending in 296.)
The sentencing court responded to this (and not, as Michael here asserts to the
prosecutor’s argument about count 30) that the only thing that saved counts 31 and 32
from being stayed was the fact that the statute on money laundering “seems to make clear
that it’s separate punishment for each instrument used.” The sentencing court went on to
express amazement that the money laundering statute so provided, thus allowing greater
punishment for 10 acts of money laundering $10,000 each versus one act of money
laundering $100,000.




                                            42
at a different place and time than the cashing of the checks in counts 31 and 32. The

account was opened on March 14, 2006 and the checks involved in counts 31 and 32

were cashed March 16 and March 21, 2006, respectively.

       Next, Michael turns our attention to counts 34, 35 and 36. Count 34, recording a

false document, occurred when Michael used the name of the female real estate agent to

record a fictitious business name statement.16 In imposing a consecutive term for it, the

sentencing court concluded that it was a separate occasion and “it was used . . . to obtain

separate criminal proceeds as the escrow company to get the escrow fees.” Count 35,

identity theft, occurred when Michael used the female real estate agent’s name and

broker’s license number on the fictitious business name statement.17 The sentencing

court concluded that this count involved a different victim and imposed a consecutive

term for it. The grand theft that comprised count 36 occurred when Michael signed the

female real estate agent’s name to a broker’s agreement between Crawford and Inland


       16  Thus, contrary to the assertion in Michael’s reply brief, this offense did not
occur when Michael offered the fictitious business name statement to Crawford in order
to obtain the broker’s commission. The prosecutor reiterated this a number of times at
the sentencing hearing and the sentencing court agreed with him.

       17  The prosecutor attempted to argue at the sentencing hearing that this identity
theft also occurred when Michael signed the female real estate agent’s name to the
broker’s agreement. The sentencing court correctly observed that that may not have been
the basis for the jury’s convicting Michael of identity theft in count 35 and, indeed, it was
not. The sentencing court observed that the term for recording a false document (count
34) could not be stayed pursuant to section 654 because the statute so provided. The
court then questioned whether this also prohibited the use of section 654 on the identity
theft (count 35).



                                             43
Mortgage which resulted in Michael receiving $3,750, rather than Crawford receiving it.

The agreement, dated March 16, 2006, was signed on March 27, 2006 and the check to

Inland Mortgage was dated March 16th, although it was not cashed because a stop

payment had been put on it, but Crawford did not recoup the amount. The sentencing

court concluded that it involved a different victim and imposed a consecutive term for it.

Michael here asserts that he should be punished for only one of these crimes because the

use of the female real estate agent’s name and broker’s license number and the filing of a

fictitious business name statement were means of obtaining the $3570 broker’s fee from

Crawford. While that may be the case, we again find sufficient evidence to support the

sentencing court’s conclusion that these events occurred at different times and involved

different victims. The fictitious business name statement was filed on March 16, 2006,

obviously after Michael placed the female real estate agent’s name and broker’s license

number on it. The victim of this count were all those who rely on the authenticity of

documents which are recorded. The identity theft occurred, as already stated, before the

recording of this statement, when Michael placed the female real estate agent’s name and

broker’s license number on the statement. The victim of this count, as the sentencing

court found, was the female real estate agent. Also as the sentencing court found, the

victim of the grand theft was Crawford and that theft occurred after the other two counts,

when Crawford did not recoup the $3,750.

       Finally, Michael asserts that section 654 should have been applied to counts 38

and 46. As to count 38, which comprised operating an unlicensed escrow, it occurred



                                            44
when Fidelity acted as the escrow agent for the purchase of a home by Anna Smith,

including giving Smith escrow instructions. Count 37, grand theft, occurred when Anna

Smith gave Fidelity $2500 towards the purchase of a house, which funds were never

returned to her, although she did not buy a house involving Fidelity. Michael asserts that

his use of Fidelity was incidental to the taking of the $2,500 from Smith and the People

agree. Therefore, the consecutive term imposed for count 38 must be stayed pursuant to

section 654. The same applies to count 46, operating an unlicensed escrow, which was

Realty Services Escrow in connection with the purchase of the Alhambra Lane, Perris

property, which should be stayed as to count 47, which was for the loan on that property

by WMC for Robert Peters.

          b. Anthony

          People v. Brown (2012) 54 Cal.4th 314, having become final since the briefs in

this case were authored, the parties agree that Anthony is entitled to an additional 112

days of credits for the 225 of presentencing time he served, for a total of 2165 days of

credit.

                                        DISPOSITION

          For Michael, the following are reversed: the enhancement under section 12022.6,

subdivision (a)(2) as to count 10 and counts 18, 19, 20, 21 and 33. The sentences

imposed for them are stricken. The terms for counts 12, 29, 38 and 46 are stayed

pursuant to section 654. The trial court is directed to amend the abstract of judgment to




                                              45
reflect these changes, and to recalculate the total sentence, in addition to the following:

the terms for count 2 is 8 months consecutive and count 23 is 2 years concurrent.

       For Anthony, counts 18, 19 and 33 are reversed and the sentences imposed for

them are stricken. Anthony is to be resentenced for count 44 and is to receive 2165 days

of credit.

       For Macey, counts 20 and 21 are reversed and the sentenced imposed for them are

stricken. Macey is to be resentenced on his remaining convictions.


                                                                 RAMIREZ
                                                                                         P. J.


We concur:

McKINSTER
                           J.

KING
                           J.




                                             46
Filed 7/9/14


                          CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                     COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH DISTRICT

                                    DIVISION TWO

                               STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       ORDER




THE PEOPLE,                                    E052088

        Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.                                             (Super.Ct.Nos. RIF132760 &

ANTHONY M. DEVAUGHN,                               RIF148262)

        Defendant and Appellant.               OPINION




THE PEOPLE,

        Plaintiff and Respondent,              E056252

v.

STEPFON MACEY,                                 (Super.Ct.Nos. RIF132760 &

        Defendant and Appellant.                   RIF148262)
THE PEOPLE,                                          E053067

      Plaintiff and Respondent,                      (Super.Ct.Nos. RIF132760 &

v.                                                       RIF148262)

MICHAEL OWEN DEVAUGHN,

      Defendant and Appellant.



       A request having been made to this court pursuant to California Rules of Court,
rule 8.1120(a), for publication of a nonpublished opinion heretofore filed in the above
matter on June 18, 2014, and it appearing that the opinion meets the standards for
publication as specified in California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(c),

       IT IS ORDERED that said opinion be certified for publication pursuant to
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(b).

      CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
                                                       RAMIREZ
                                                                                      P. J


I concur:

McKINSTER
                          J.


Cc: See attached list
