                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT KNOXVILLE
                       Assigned on Briefs August 3, 2001 Session



                   STATE OF TENNESSEE, DEPARTMENT OF
                      CHILDREN'S SERVICES v. D.R., ET AL.
                  IN THE MATTER OF: C.R.R., D.R.R. AND S.J.R.

                      Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Blount County
                       No. 7683-31-10   William Terry Denton, Judge

                                      FILED SEPTEMBER 25, 2001

                                 No. E2000-01381-COA-R3-CV


These parents of three minor children (“Children”) were arrested in April 1998, while the Children
were with them, for possession of a firearm, drug possession, and public intoxication. The State of
Tennessee, Department of Children’s Services (“DCS”), filed a Petition for Temporary Custody of
the Children which was granted. Thereafter, DCS entered Plans of Care with the Juvenile Court with
which the parents, D.R. (“Mother”) and L.M.R. (“Father”), had agreed. The Children remained in
foster care for eighteen months during which time the parents were to work toward completing the
goals set forth in the Plans of Care so they could be reunited with the Children. In August 1999,
DCS filed a Petition to Terminate Parental Rights. The Juvenile Court Referee heard this petition
in October 1999, and granted it. The Juvenile Court Referee’s Termination of Parental Rights and
Final Decree of Guardianship was entered in April 2000 and confirmed by the Juvenile Court Judge
in June 2001. Both Mother and Father appeal. We affirm.

                          Tenn. R. Civ. P. 3 Appeal as of Right;
                 Judgment of the Juvenile Court Affirmed; Case Remanded.

D. MICHAEL SWINEY, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which HOUSTON M. GODDARD , P.J.,
and HERSCHEL P. FRANKS , J., joined.

Sandra E. Myatt, Maryville, Tennessee, for the Appellant, D.R., and Richard L. Gann, II, Sevierville,
Tennessee, for the Appellant, L.M.R.

Paul G. Summers and Douglas Earl Dimond, Nashville, Tennessee, for the Appellee, State of
Tennessee, Department of Children's Services.



                                                 1
                                                     OPINION

                                                    Background

                In April 1998, the State of Tennessee, Department of Children’s Services obtained
temporary custody of the three minor children of, Mother, age 24, and Father, age 38, who were
married in 1993. Mother’s arrest for possession of a firearm and Father’s arrest for public
intoxication and possession of a Schedule V substance, Xanax, precipitated the filing of a Petition
for Temporary Custody by DCS. At the time of the parents’ arrests, the minor Children, approximate
ages one, three, and four, were in a vehicle with their parents in a neighborhood known for drug
activity. During the parents’ arrest in April 1998, one of the arresting officers pointed his gun at
Father. The oldest Child, age four, in an effort to protect Father, put himself in harm’s way between
the officer and Father. This Child also told the police officer that they were not there to buy drugs
and that Mother’s gun was not loaded.1

                Both parents were incarcerated for a short period of time after their arrests. DCS’
Petition for Temporary Custody was granted by the Juvenile Court. Thereafter, Mother absconded
with the Children to an unknown location. This precipitated the filing of a second Petition for
Temporary Custody by DCS. Mother, acting upon the advice of her attorney, returned the Children
shortly thereafter to DCS custody. About the same time, Father attempted suicide and was admitted
to a psychiatric hospital. In May 1998, Father began a jail sentence related to his April 1998, arrest
and was incarcerated until late July 1998.

                DCS entered Plans of Care with the Trial Court, and a Guardian ad litem was
appointed.2 The Plans of Care prepared by DCS required the parents to take several affirmative steps
to regain custody of the Children. The parents’ goals included obtaining drug and alcohol counseling
to become alcohol and drug free; avoiding others involved or associated with criminal activity;
maintaining a stable, safe, and clean home for the Children; obtaining regular medical care for the
Children; attending parenting classes and counseling for domestic violence; and informing DCS of
any changes in address or circumstances.

               In June 1998, the Guardian ad litem’s first report was filed and recommended that
the Children remain in protective custody. This report outlined violent acts between the parents and
by others which were witnessed by the Children, both before they were taken into protective custody
and after DCS custody during unsupervised visits with the parents. The report further outlined


        1
            It was late r discover ed that M other’s gu n was, in fa ct, loaded .



         2 The record on appeal shows some confusion regarding the date that the Plans of Care were signed
by the parents and by DCS and were filed with the Juvenile Court clerk. At any rate, the parents did not
dispute that they signed the Plans of Care after DCS reviewed the documents with them and that they
received a copies of the Plans of Care. Both parents also admit receiving and executing copies of the DCS’
policy regarding termination of parental rights.

                                                           2
parental negligence as to the Children and stated that the oldest Child had an untreated cataract in
one eye which Mother acknowledged caused the child to suffer headaches and would eventually
cause blindness. The Child was diagnosed with this condition in 1996, a condition which was then
treatable. The record on appeal shows that, by August 1998, however, this condition had progressed
so far in one eye that it was not treatable and had caused the Child to lose most, if not all, of his sight
in that eye.

                In August 1998, the Juvenile Court entered an Order which found that the Children
were dependent and neglected and made them wards of the Court but awarded the parents visitation.
For the remainder of 1998, the Guardian ad litem reported that Mother was not complying with any
aspect of the Plans of Care except for visitation. The reports showed that in 1998, the parents were
sporadically employed and that they were separated, claiming they wanted a divorce.

                The proof in the record shows that in January 1999, the parents attempted to live
together again for approximately three weeks. On a Monday immediately following a weekend of
unsupervised visitation with the Children during this short reconciliation, Mother reported that
Father had given her a black eye and had him arrested for assault. Father was arrested on January
25 for this assault, and again arrested on February 7 and February 26, 1999, for various offenses,
including violating the Motor Vehicle Habitual Offenders Act. Two days after Mother reported her
black eye, she attempted to run over Father with a vehicle which resulted in an assault charge. Father
also obtained an arrest warrant against Mother for the theft of his vehicle. In light of these
circumstances, in February 1999, the Juvenile Court entered a Restraining Order and No Contact
Order (“Restraining Order”) prohibiting visitation with the Children.

               A hearing was held in March 1999, regarding the Restraining Order and the parents’
compliance with the Plans of Care. The Juvenile Court held, in its order, neither parent was
complying with the Plans of Care and stated that Mother was present but had waived the presence
of her counsel. The order reinstated Mother’s visitation on a limited, supervised basis only. For
reasons not provided by the record on appeal, the order from the March 1999, hearing was not
entered until October 1999.

                 In June 1999, the Juvenile Court Referee held a hearing to review the parents’
compliance with the Plans of Care and Mother’s visitation schedule. The Referee continued
Mother’s limited, supervised visitation. The order from this hearing states that neither Mother nor
her attorney were present at the hearing and that Mother’s whereabouts were unknown. Father was
still incarcerated.

                In August 1999, DCS filed a Petition to Terminate Parental Rights (“Petition to
Terminate”), citing several grounds. The Petition to Terminate was heard by the Referee in October
1999 (“termination hearing”). The testimony at the termination hearing painted a bleak picture of
the parents’ fitness to regain custody of the Children. Both parents had continued to participate in
criminal conduct. At the time of the termination hearing, Mother was incarcerated for pending
charges of theft and burglary. Mother testified that she and a friend of hers had been arrested for


                                                    3
theft and burglary of the home of a male friend with whom she had lived. She also had various other
pending charges, including a gun charge from the April 1998, arrest; an assault charge from the
January 1999, incident with Father; and a disorderly conduct charge.

                Of the eighteen months since DCS obtained temporary custody of the Children in
April 1998, Father had been incarcerated between eight and ten months for various convictions. For
his most recent incarceration, Father had been in jail from February to late August 1999. The record
on appeal shows that Father’s probation officer testified about Father’s extensive arrest record which,
on average, included at least one arrest a year for the previous ten years. Father’s arrest record
contains a plethora of offenses, including aggravated and simple assault, DUI, public intoxication,
disorderly conduct, and driving on a suspended license. As discussed, Father was incarcerated over
half of the eighteen-month period when he was to be working toward completing his Plan of Care.
Unsurprisingly, Father testified he had struggled with alcohol for approximately twenty four years.
Father recently had sought treatment and counseling for his alcohol problem but at the time of the
hearing, had not solved his alcohol problem. In addition, although Father denied use of drugs, it was
reported that he used crack cocaine, heroine, and marijuana in early 1999. Father, nevertheless, was
usually employed full-time when he was not incarcerated and had a home which he rented from his
mother.

                 The testimony also showed that the parents had not taken steps to provide a safe and
stable home for the Children. At the time of the termination hearing, Mother had been living in
Gatlinburg for one week and had been employed for one week. Because of this very recent change
in circumstances, Mother testified that she was stable and believed that she could adequately care
for and support the Children. Prior to this job, however, Mother had been unemployed for
approximately one year, without any source of income, during which time Mother described herself
as having “lost it.” In addition, Mother, in the eighteen months since the Children were taken into
temporary custody, had been living with various people, including male friends, in Knox and Blount
Counties. Mother, in fact, testified that she could not recall the name of one particular male friend
with whom she lived for a short period of time. Additionally, Mother had stopped taking her anti-
depressant and anxiety medication and stopped treatment for those problems. Mother’s last visit
with the Children was in April 1999, and her last contact with DCS was at that time. Mother
testified that she believed the Restraining Order kept her from visiting the Children and claimed she
did not know that it had been lifted. Mother admitted, however, that after April 1999, DCS did not
know where to find her to serve her with any court pleadings.

                 Although the Guardian ad litem’s reports show that Father previously indicated that
he could not take care of the Children by himself, Father testified that he could care for the Children
but that it would be very difficult since he did not have a driver’s license or a vehicle. Father
testified that he originally hoped Mother would become stabilized so that she could regain custody
of the Children and he merely could pay child support and have visitation with them. Neither parent
paid child support during the time the Children were in foster care, but testified they were never told
to pay any support for the Children. Additionally, both parents testified that the oldest Child’s
physicians had told them the cataract surgery could wait.


                                                  4
                 Moreover, the testimony at the termination hearing showed that the parents’ domestic
violence had not decreased since the Children were taken into temporary custody in April 1998.
Prior to the April 1998, incident, Mother testified that she was frequently hit, slapped and kicked by
Father in front of the Children. During a car trip out-of-state, Mother testified that Father cut her
face with a knife in front of the Children. Similarly, Father testified that Mother stabbed him in the
side; broke his arm; tried to burn down his house; and attempted to run over him with a vehicle.
Mother did not deny breaking Father’s arm, claiming it was the only time she was the first aggressor
since, typically, Father would hit her first and then she would fight back. Mother also did not deny
hitting Father with her car in January 1999, stating that she “bumped” him with the vehicle because
he refused to get out of her way . In fact, Mother testified that she tried to hit him with a vehicle on
a total of three occasions.

                The Juvenile Court Referee, at the close of proof, held that Mother’s and Father’s
parental rights to the Children were terminated. The Referee stated “I’m not going to track the
statutory language. I’m going to ask the State to track the statutory language in drafting the Order.”
Six months after the hearing, on April 28, 2000, the Referee entered a Termination of Parental Rights
and Final Decree of Guardianship (“Final Decree”), nunc pro tunc, holding that the parents’ rights
were terminated for a number of grounds, including their non-compliance with the Plans of Care,
their abandonment of the Children, their failure to remedy the conditions which led to the removal
of the Children, and the risk of substantial harm to the Children that still persisted in the event the
Children were returned to the parents. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 36-1-102(1)(A); 36-1-113(g)(1), (2)
& (3)(A).3 The Referee’s Final Decree also found that it was not in the best interests of the Children
to return them to them the parents, tracking the statutory language from Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(i)(2) & (7) - (8).

               The record on appeal shows that the Final Decree did not contain the signatures of
any of the attorneys, including the DCS attorney who apparently drafted the Final Decree.
Nevertheless, the parents’ counsel, in the appellate briefs, state they received a copy of the Final
Decree within a few days of its entry.4 Both parents filed Notices of Appeal in May 2000. The Final
Decree was not ratified and confirmed by the Juvenile Court Judge until June 2001.5


         3
            The Ju venile Co urt specific ally held that both parents h ad aba ndone d the Ch ildren for w illfully
failing to su pport th e Childre n and th at Mo ther had aband oned th e Childre n for her w illful failure to visit
the Child ren with the exce ption of to ken visitat ion. See Tenn. C ode An n. § 36-1- 102(1)(A )(i). The Ju venile
Court’s Final Decree also held that the Children were abandoned under the second statutory definition of
“aban donm ent,” fou nd at T enn. Co de Ann . § 36-1-10 2(A)(ii), as w ell.

         4
          Father ’s counse l states tha t he receiv ed a cop y of the F inal Dec ree on M ay 1, 200 0, while
Mother’s counsel states that she received a copy in April 2000.

         5
           Father raises as an issue on appeal the failure of the Juvenile Court Judge to confirm the Final
Decree as required by Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(14)(C). Upon motion by DCS, however, the record on
appea l was sup pleme nted to in clude th e Juven ile Judge ’s Order c onfirmin g and ra tifying the Final D ecree.
As a result, this issue is moot.

                                                          5
                                             Discussion

                On appeal and although not exactly stated as such, both Mother and Father raise the
following issues: (1) whether the Juvenile Court Referee erred in ordering DCS to “track the
language of the statute” in preparation of the Final Decree; (2) whether the Juvenile Court Referee
erred in failing to enter the Final Decree within thirty days after the date of the termination hearing
as required by Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(k); and (3) whether the Juvenile Court erred in applying
an unconstitutional definition of “abandonment” when it held that the parents had abandoned the
Children by willfully failing to support them.

                 Although not exactly stated as such, Mother raises additional issues on appeal: (1)
whether the Juvenile Court erred in holding that Mother abandoned the Children by willfully failing
to visit them in the four consecutive months prior to the filing of the DCS Petition to Terminate; and
(2) whether the Juvenile Court Referee erred in holding three hearings, which preceded the
termination hearing, without the presence of Mother and/or her counsel.

                 In addition and although not exactly stated as such, Father raises the following issues
on appeal: (1) whether the Juvenile Court Referee erred in entering the Final Decree without the
prior approval of any of the attorneys; and (2) whether there was clear and convincing evidence
providing a basis to terminate Father’s parental rights and to support the Juvenile Court’s finding
that it was in the best interests of the Children that Father’s rights be terminated.

               DCS raises no additional issues on appeal but argues that the Juvenile Court’s
decision to terminate the parents’ rights to the Children is supported by clear and convincing
evidence. DCS also contends that if the remaining issues raised by the parents constitute error, at
most, only harmless error occurred.

                Our review is de novo upon the record, accompanied by a presumption of correctness
of the findings of fact of the Trial Court, unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise.
Tenn. Rule App. P. 13(d); Alexander v. Inman, 974 S.W.2d 689, 692 (Tenn. 1998). A Trial Court’s
conclusions of law are subject to a de novo review with no presumption of correctness. Ganzevoort
v. Russell, 949 S.W.2d 293, 296 (Tenn. 1997).

                 We first address the parents’ issues regarding the validity of the Final Decree since
these issues are potentially dispositive of this matter. Both parents contend that it was error for the
Juvenile Court Referee to ask DCS, in preparation of the Final Decree, to track the language of the
termination statute. The parents argue that, consequently, the Final Decree failed to include the
Juvenile Court’s findings of facts. In addition, the parents contend that the Juvenile Court Referee
erred by failing to enter the Final Decree within thirty days after the final hearing. Finally, Father
contends on appeal that it was error for the Juvenile Court Referee to enter the Final Decree without
first circulating a draft between the parties’ counsel and obtaining the approval and signatures from
them.



                                                   6
                 We agree that the Final Decree did not comply with the time element of Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-113(k) which provides that “[t]he court shall enter an order which makes specific
findings of fact and conclusions of law within thirty (30) days of the conclusion of the hearing.” The
Final Decree was entered six months after the hearing, but it does contain sufficient findings of fact
and conclusions of law. The Tennessee Rules of Juvenile Procedure apply to this case since it
involves termination of parental rights. Tenn. R. Juv. P. 1(b). The juvenile court procedural rules
do not have a provision which sets forth specific requirements to be met before entry of a judgment
is effective. Parents cite no authority in support of their position, and we, likewise, find none. Rule
34 (a) of the Tennessee Rules of Juvenile Procedure does, however, provide a means of obtaining
relief from orders for clerical mistakes. The technical record on appeal shows that neither parent
sought relief relative to the failure to have the Final Decree entered within thirty days of the
conclusion of the hearing. Instead, the parents filed notices of appeal. A party who “[fails] to take
whatever action was reasonably available to prevent or nullify the harmful effect of an error” is not
entitled to relief on appeal. Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a) & advisory committee’s note. Moreover, it is
well-settled that issues not raised at trial may not be raised for the first time on appeal. Simpson v.
Frontier Cmty. Credit Union, 810 S.W.2d 147, 153 (Tenn. 1991); Dep’t Human Serv. v. DeFriece,
937 S.W.2d 954, 960 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996). Finally, we hold that given the facts and circumstances
presented to us in the record, the failure to have the final decree entered within thirty days of the
conclusion of the hearing was harmless error. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b).

                 We next address the issues raised by Mother and Father regarding the Juvenile
Court’s determination that there was clear and convincing evidence of grounds to terminate their
parental rights. It is well-established that "parents have a fundamental right to the care, custody, and
control of their children." In re Drinnon, 776 S.W.2d 96, 97 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988) (citing Stanley
v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 92 S.Ct. 1208, 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1972)). "However, this right is not absolute
and parental rights may be terminated if there is clear and convincing evidence justifying such
termination under the applicable statute." Id. (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 102 S.Ct.
1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982)).

                 Termination of parental or guardianship rights must be based upon a finding by the
court that: (1) the grounds for termination of parental or guardianship rights have been established
by clear and convincing evidence; and (2) termination of the parent’s or guardian’s rights is in the
best interests of the child. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c). Before a parent’s rights can be
terminated, it must be a shown that the parent is unfit or substantial harm to the child will result if
parental rights are not terminated. In re Swanson, 2 S.W.3d 180, 188 (Tenn. 1999); In re M.W.A.,
Jr., 980 S.W.2d 620, 622 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998).

                Before the court may inquire as to whether termination of parental rights is in the best
interests of the child, the court must first determine that the grounds for termination have been
established by clear and convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c). This Court
discussed the “clear and convincing evidence” standard in O’Daniel v. Messier, 905 S.W.2d 182
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1995), as follows:



                                                   7
                  The “clear and convincing evidence” standard defies precise
                  definition. Majors v. Smith, 776 S.W.2d 538, 540 (Tenn. Ct. App.
                  1989). While it is more exacting than the preponderance of the
                  evidence standard, Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. at 766, 102 S. Ct.
                  at 1401; Rentenbach Eng’g Co. v. General Realty Ltd., 707 S.W.2d
                  524, 527 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1985), it does not require such certainty as
                  the beyond a reasonable doubt standard. Brandon v. Wright, 838
                  S.W.2d 532, 536 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992); State v. Groves, 735 S.W.2d
                  843, 846 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987).

                  Clear and convincing evidence eliminates any serious or substantial
                  doubt concerning the correctness of the conclusions to be drawn from
                  the evidence. See Hodges v. S. C. Toof & Co., 833 S.W.2d 896, 901
                  n. 3 (Tenn. 1992). It should produce in the fact-finder’s mind a firm
                  belief or conviction with regard to the truth of the allegations sought
                  to be established. In re Estate of Armstrong, 859 S.W.2d 323, 328
                  (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993); Brandon v. Wright, 838 S.W.2d at 536;
                  Wiltcher v. Bradley, 708 S.W.2d 407, 411 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1985).

O’Daniel v. Messier, 905 S.W.2d at 188.

               Initiation of termination of parental or guardianship rights may be based upon any of
the following three statutory grounds:

                  (1)       Abandonment by the parent or guardian, as defined in [prior
                            law], has occurred;6

                  (2)       There has been substantial noncompliance by the parent or
                            guardian with the statement of responsibilities in a
                            permanency plan or a plan of care pursuant to the provisions
                            of title 37, chapter 2, part 4;

                  (3)(A) The child has been removed from the home of the parent or
                         guardian by order of a court for a period of six (6) months
                         and:

                            (i)      The conditions which led to the child’s removal or
                                     other conditions which in all reasonable probability
                                     would cause the child to be subjected to further abuse


         6
           As discus sed in m ore deta il infra, the statut ory defin ition of “a bando nmen t” refere nced in th is
statute has been declared unconstitutional. Hence, we have substituted “prior law” to reference the law
which is to be applie d until the statute is am ended by the leg islature.

                                                           8
                               or neglect and which, therefore, prevent the child’s
                               safe return to the care of the parent(s) or guardian(s),
                               still persist;

                       (ii)    There is little likelihood that these conditions will be
                               remedied at an early date so that the child can be
                               safely returned to the parent(s) or guardian(s) in the
                               near future; and

                       (iii)   The continuation of the parent or guardian and child
                               relationship greatly diminishes the child’s chances of
                               early integration into a safe, stable and permanent
                               home.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g).

               In this matter, the Juvenile Court found that all three of the statutory grounds for
termination, set forth in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g), were proven by clear and convincing
evidence. We first address the second and third statutory grounds as set forth in Tenn. Code Ann.
§§ 36-1-113(g)(2) - (g)(3)(A)(i)-(iii).

               The Juvenile Court found there was clear and convincing evidence that both Mother
and Father substantially failed to comply with the Plans of Care. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(g)(2). In making this determination, the Juvenile Court had access to the quarterly reports of
the Guardian ad litem and heard testimony from the parents, representatives of DCS, and Father’s
probation officer. “Unlike this Court, the [Juvenile Court], observed the manner and demeanor of
the witnesses and was in the best position to evaluate their credibility.” Union Planters Nat’l Bank
v. Island Mgmt. Auth., Inc., 43 S.W.3d 498, 502 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000). The Trial Court’s
determinations regarding credibility are accorded deference by this Court. Id.; Davis v. Liberty
Mutual Ins. Co., 38 S.W.3d 560, 563 (Tenn. 2001). “‘[A]ppellate courts will not re-evaluate a trial
judge’s assessment of witness credibility absent clear and convincing evidence to the contrary.’”
Wells v. Tennessee Bd. of Regents, 9 S.W.3d 779, 783 (Tenn. 1999).

                The proof in the record supports the Juvenile Court’s finding that the parents
substantially failed to comply with the Plans of Care. In fact, the proof in the record overwhelmingly
supports the Juvenile Court’s findings that the parents substantially failed to comply with the Plans
of Care. Neither of the parents met the Plans of Care requirements to attend parenting classes; to
avoid criminal behavior and those associated with criminal conduct; to maintain a safe and stable
home environment; and to maintain contact with DCS regarding a change in address or other
circumstances.

             For at least twelve months of the eighteen-month period that the Children were in
DCS’ temporary custody, Mother was unemployed, without any source of income, and moving from


                                                  9
place to place. Mother also was charged, along with a friend of hers, with burglary and theft during
this period of time. Moreover, Mother failed to comply with the Plans of Care by not visiting with
the Children. We acknowledge that the Juvenile Court Referee entered a Restraining Order in
February 1999, which prohibited the parents from visiting the Children. The Restraining Order,
however, was lifted in March 1999.7 Mother explained at the final hearing that she did not visit the
Children because she believed that the Restraining Order prohibiting visitation had never been lifted.
By Mother’s own admission at trial, however, she did not keep DCS informed of her whereabouts
after April 1999, so that she could have been informed of any changes in her visitation.

                As discussed, Father was incarcerated for approximately half of the eighteen-months
that he was supposed to be working toward completing his Plans of Care. Some of his jail time was
due to charges he incurred after DCS obtained temporary custody of the Children. Father also failed
to comply with the Plans of Care’s requirement that he become alcohol and drug free as he continued
to use both, especially alcohol, and failed to complete successfully any dry-out program. With
respect to the presence of domestic violence in the parents’ relationship, this situation had not
improved in the least. We acknowledge that Mother has assaulted Father, but Mother also testified
that Father has repeatedly assaulted her during their relationship, and the Children have witnessed
this violence. The most telling testimony, perhaps, of Father’s lack of motivation was Father’s
testimony that he had hoped Mother would become stabilized so that she could keep the Children,
and he could merely visit them and pay child support. At best, Father has been consistently
employed when not incarcerated and, unlike Mother, has a regular place to call his home.

                In light of the extensive proof in the record on appeal and the deference we must
afford the Juvenile Court’s findings of credibility, we affirm the Juvenile Court’s determination that
there was clear and convincing evidence the parents failed to comply substantially with the Plans of
Care. We, therefore, find no error in the Juvenile Court’s determination that grounds for termination
of the parental rights, under Tenn.Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(2), of both parents were established by
clear and convincing evidence.

                 Also, we hold that the Juvenile Court did not err in holding that additional grounds
for termination of the parental rights, set forth in Tenn.Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3)(A)(i) – (iii), were
proven by clear an convincing evidence. First, the Children had been removed from the parents’
home for more than six months by order of the Juvenile Court. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(g)(3)(A). Second, the conditions which led to the Children’s removal, which include the
parents’ criminal conduct, domestic violence, the parents’ neglect of the Children’s health, and
Father’s alcohol and drug abuse would cause the Children to be “subjected to further abuse or
neglect and . . . prevent[s] [the Children’s] safe return to the care of the parents . . . still persist[.]”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3)(A)(i). Third, as evidenced by the parents’ failure to remedy these
conditions and their failure to meet their Plans of Care in a more than adequate period of time,


        7
           As discussed, the Restraining Order from the March 1999 hearing was not entered until October
1999. In June 1999, however, the Referee reviewed the limited visitation that Mother had been granted at
the M arch 19 99, hear ing and a ffirmed the visitation schedu le.

                                                    10
“[t]here is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at an early date so that the
[Children] can be safely returned to the parents . . . in the near future[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(g)(3)(A)(ii). Finally, in light of the parents’ nearly total lack of compliance with the Plans of
Care and the Children’s young ages, “[t]he continuation of the . . . relationship [between the parents
and the Children] greatly diminishes the [Children’s] chances of early integration into a safe, stable
and permanent home.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3)(A)(iii). We affirm, therefore, the
Juvenile Court’s determination that there was clear and convincing evidence establishing grounds
for termination of Mother’s and Father’s parental rights under Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3).

                We now turn our inquiry to the parents’ issue regarding the Juvenile Court’s
determination that the parents had abandoned the Children. Both Mother and Father contend on
appeal that the Juvenile Court used an unconstitutional definition of the term “abandonment.” They
are correct, and, therefore, we agree that the Juvenile Court erred in finding that the parents had
abandoned the Children for willfully failing to support or make reasonable payments toward the
support of the Children for more than four consecutive months prior to the filing of DCS’ Petition
to Terminate. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(D). We also agree with Mother’s argument on
appeal that the Juvenile Court erred in holding that she abandoned the Children by willfully failing
to visit the Children for more than four consecutive months prior to the filing of the DCS Petition
to Terminate. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(E).

                The Juvenile Court, in making this determination, used the two statutory definitions
of the term “abandonment” found at Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 36-1-102(1)(D) and (1)(E), willful failure
to support and willful failure to visit. The Supreme Court, however, in In re Swanson, 2 S.W.3d 180
(Tenn. 1999), held that the “willful failure to support” definition of abandonment was
unconstitutional because it created an “irrebuttable presumption that the failure to provide monetary
support for the four months preceding the petition to terminate parental rights constitutes
abandonment, irrespective of whether that failure was intentional . . . .” Id. at 188. The Court
further held that “[u]ntil otherwise amended by our legislature, the definition of abandonment that
was in effect under prior law shall be applied.” Id. at 189. Thereafter, this Court, citing In re
Swanson, used the prior statutory law from 1994 for both of the above definitions of the term
“abandonment.” In re Adoption of Copeland, 43 S.W.3d 483, 488 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000).

                Both the In re Swanson and In re Adoption of Copeland decisions were issued prior
to the entry of the Final Decree in this matter. Because the Juvenile Court applied an
unconstitutional definition of “abandonment” as one of the grounds for terminating Mother’s and
Father’s parental rights, we vacate this portion of the Final Decree. We need not remand this case
to the Juvenile Court for a determination utilizing the definition of “abandonment” under prior law
of whether the parents abandoned the Children because we have affirmed the Juvenile Court’s
judgment that other statutory grounds for termination are met under Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 36-1-113
(g)(2) and (g)(3).

               Having affirmed that two of the three statutory grounds for termination were proven
by clear and convincing evidence, we next address Father’s issue regarding whether the Juvenile
Court erred in holding that the termination of his parental rights is in the best interests of the

                                                 11
Children. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i) describes the standard for determining whether
termination is in the best interests of the child in such cases:

             (i)   In determining whether termination of parental or
                   guardianship rights is in the best interest of the child pursuant
                   to this part, the court shall consider, but is not limited to, the
                   following:

                   (1)     Whether the parent or guardian has made such an
                           adjustment of circumstance, conduct, or conditions as
                           to make it safe and in the child’s best interest to be in
                           the home of the parent or guardian;

                   (2)     Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a
                           lasting adjustment after reasonable efforts by available
                           social services agencies for such duration of time that
                           lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear
                           possible;

                   (3)     Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular
                           visitation or other contact with the child;

                   (4)     Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been
                           established between the parent or guardian and the
                           child;

                   (5)     The effect a change of caretakers and physical
                           environment is likely to have on the child’s emotional,
                           psychological and medical condition;

                   (6)     Whether the parent or guardian, or other person
                           residing with the parent or guardian, has shown
                           brutality, physical, sexual, emotional or psychological
                           abuse, or neglect toward the child, or another child or
                           adult in the family or household;

                   (7)     Whether the physical environment of the parent’s or
                           guardian’s home is healthy and safe, whether there is
                           criminal activity in the home, or whether there is such
                           use of alcohol or controlled substances as may render
                           the parent or guardian consistently unable to care for
                           the child in a safe and stable manner;

                   (8)     Whether the parent’s or guardian’s mental and/or

                                              12
                                  emotional status would be detrimental to the child or
                                  prevent the parent or guardian from effectively
                                  providing safe and stable care and supervision for the
                                  child; or

                         (9)      Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support
                                  consistent with the child support guidelines
                                  promulgated by the department pursuant to § 36-5-
                                  101.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i).

               As discussed, the record on appeal shows that Father failed to comply with his Plans
of Care; did not become free of drug and alcohol use; continued his criminal activity and domestic
violence; was incarcerated for approximately one-half of the time that he was supposed to be
working toward his Plans of Care; tried to commit suicide for which he was hospitalized; and failed
to pay child support. Due to these circumstances, we hold that at least seven of the nine factors
outlined in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113 (i) are present. Accordingly, we find no error with the
Juvenile Court’s determination that termination of Father’s parental rights is in the best interests of
the Children.8

               The remaining issue on appeal concerns Mother’s argument that the Juvenile Court
erred in conducting three hearings, on March 10, 1999, on June 16, 1999, and on August 20, 1999,
without the presence of Mother and/or her counsel. All of these hearings preceded the termination
hearing where both Mother and her counsel were present. The record on appeal shows that Mother
had counsel during the 1998 proceedings. At the hearing held in March 1999, Mother was present
but without counsel, and the Juvenile Court Referee found, in its order, that she waived presence of
her attorney. Mother was not present at all for the second hearing held on June 16, 1999, nor was
an attorney present on her behalf. At the third hearing, held in August 1999, Mother was present but
without counsel.

                  Tenn. R. Sup. Ct. § 1, 13(d)(7) states that parents have a right to counsel at all stages
of proceedings involving dependency and neglect issues or termination of parental rights. Mother,
however, did not raise this issue at the trial level. As discussed, issues not raised at trial may not be
raised for the first time on appeal. Simpson v. Frontier Cmty. Credit Union, 810 S.W.2d at 153;
Dep’t Human Serv. v. DeFriece, 937 S.W.2d at 960. In addition, upon consideration of the record
as a whole and since Mother was present and represented by counsel at the termination hearing, we
hold that if this constituted error, it did not “more probably than not [affect] the judgment[,]” nor did
it “result in prejudice to the judicial process.” Tenn. R. App. P. 36 (b); see also Dep’t Children’s


           8
          While Mother did not raise this specific issue, if she had, we would have found no error with the
Juvenile Court’s determination that termination of her parental rights was in the best interest of the children
as well.

                                                      13
Serv. v. Wilkerson, No. 03A01-9810-JV-00341, 1999 WL 775759, at * 2 (Sept. 15, 1999) (citations
omitted) (holding that no due process violation occurs where the appellant parent participates in the
termination hearing and “‘there asserted her plenary rights; any lack of due process initially was
thereafter fully supplied’”). Moreover, the only hearing that Mother did not attend was in June 1999,
and occurred during the time that Mother admitted that her whereabouts were unknown to DCS.
Relief is not granted to a “party responsible for an error or who failed to take whatever action was
reasonably available to prevent or nullify the harmful effect of an error.” Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a).

                Acceptance of Mother’s position on this issue would lead to the outlandish conclusion
that once a hearing was held without Mother’s or her attorney’s attendance, for whatever reason, the
Juvenile Court would be powerless later to hold any hearing terminating Mother’s parental rights.
Such is not the law. Accordingly, due to the facts and circumstances presented by the record on
appeal, we find no reversible error in the Juvenile Court’s holding of three hearings, all prior to the
termination hearing, without the presence of Mother and/or her attorney.

                                             Conclusion

                The judgment of the Juvenile Court is affirmed, and this cause is remanded to the
Juvenile Court for such further proceedings as may be required, if any, consistent with this Opinion,
and for collection of the costs below. The costs on appeal are assessed against the Appellants, D.R.,
and L.M.R, and their sureties.




                                                       ___________________________________
                                                       D. MICHAEL SWINEY, JUDGE




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