                  United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 15-1329
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                         lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                            v.

                             Richard Gonzalez Alcalde

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                  for the Southern District of Iowa - Des Moines
                                  ____________

                             Submitted: March 14, 2016
                               Filed: April 12, 2016
                                  ____________

Before MURPHY, BEAM, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

MURPHY, Circuit Judge.

      Richard Gonzalez Alcalde pled guilty to conspiracy to distribute
methamphetamine and the district court1 sentenced him to 188 months imprisonment.
Alcalde appeals his sentence, arguing that the court erroneously applied an


      1
        The Honorable James E. Gritzner, United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Iowa.
aggravating role adjustment under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 and miscalculated the drug
quantity attributable to him. We affirm.

                                         I.

       Between February and April 2014, Alcalde participated in a conspiracy to
distribute methamphetamine with four other individuals. He was indicted and pled
guilty to conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a),
(b)(1)(A) and 21 U.S.C. § 846. In the plea agreement, the parties stipulated that
Alcalde's offense involved at least 1.5 kilograms of actual methamphetamine.

       The presentence investigation report recommended that Alcalde receive a three
level enhancement because of the managerial role he played in the conspiracy. See
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b). The probation office also determined that at least 4.5 kilograms
of methamphetamine were attributable to Alcalde. This calculation was based on the
quantity of drugs the government seized and could trace to Alcalde as well as the drug
quantity equivalent of the cash found in coconspirator houses. The coconspirators had
admitted in government interviews that they had collected drug proceeds as part of the
underlying conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine. The police had seized $2,380
from one coconspirator's house and $3,592 from another's. In the report, the monetary
seizures were converted to 37.49 grams and 56.57 grams, respectively, based on
information from Drug Enforcement Administration special agent Lonny Namanny
that one ounce or about 28 grams of methamphetamine generally sold for between
$1,500 and $1,800.

       During the sentencing hearing Alcalde argued that a role enhancement should
not be applied and that the drug quantity attributed to him in the presentence
investigation report was erroneous. One of Alcalde's coconspirators, Gema Consuelo
Gonzalez Alcalde, testified that Alcalde had directed her to obtain Des Moines
mailing addresses to receive shipments of actual methamphetamine. He had also

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provided her with bank account information so that she and another coconspirator
could deposit the drug proceeds. She stated that at least three packages were sent to
Iowa from California, and she recalled one instance when Alcalde had instructed her
to make a $3,000 deposit into a bank account. Gema also testified that Alcalde would
direct her to take photographs of drug packages she received and send the photographs
to him via text message.

      Namanny testified during the sentencing hearing about statements Alcalde made
during his proffer interviews. According to Namanny, Alcalde had admitted to being
involved with shipping at least four packages of drugs from California to Des Moines.
Alcalde provided this information to Namanny subject to a cooperation agreement
under which the government had agreed not to use any self incriminating statements
against him, unless he "admit[ted] conduct in a proffer interview or debriefing and
then denie[d] the same or present[ed] evidence to the contrary at any hearing
subsequent to the signing of th[e] agreement."

      The district court found that "considering the entire record" the facts supported
applying the sentencing role enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b) to Alcalde. It
also determined that there was sufficient evidence to support the finding that 4.5
kilograms of methamphetamine were attributable to him. The court then calculated
the guideline range at 235 to 240 months and sentenced Alcalde to 188 months
imprisonment. Alcalde appeals his sentence, arguing that the court misapplied the
aggravating role adjustment and miscalculated the drug quantity attributable to him.

                                         II.

      We review the district court's factual findings and its determination of a
defendant's role in the offense for clear error. United States v. Callaway, 762 F.3d
754, 759 (8th Cir. 2014); United States v. Gutierrez, 757 F.3d 785, 789 (8th Cir.
2014). Under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b), a defendant's offense level may be increased by

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three levels if he was a "manager or supervisor (but not an organizer or leader) and the
criminal activity involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive."
Under the guidelines, we construe the terms "manager" and "supervisor" broadly.
United States v. Cole, 657 F.3d 685, 687 (8th Cir. 2011).

       To determine whether this enhancement applies, the sentencing court considers
factors such as the "exercise of decision making authority, the nature of participation
in the commission of the offense, the recruitment of accomplices, . . . the nature and
scope of the illegal activity, and the degree of control and authority exercised over
others." U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 cmt. n.4. A role enhancement under § 3B1.1(b) may apply
even if the defendant managed only one participant in a single transaction. United
States v. Adejumo, 772 F.3d 513, 537–38 (8th Cir. 2014). Here, the record
demonstrates that the conspiracy involved five participants and Alcalde directed the
actions of two coconspirators by instructing them to deposit drug proceeds and by
instructing one of them to send photos of drug packages. The district court therefore
did not err by applying a role enhancement under § 3B1.1(b).

       Alcalde also argues that the district court clearly erred by attributing to him 4.5
kilograms of actual methamphetamine. He does not dispute that 4.472 kilograms of
actual methamphetamine were properly attributed to him, but he argues that the court
erred by attributing the additional 28 grams of methamphetamine. Drug quantity
determinations are factual findings which we review for clear error. United States v.
Colton, 742 F.3d 345, 348 (8th Cir. 2014). A district court's determination will stand
"unless the decision is unsupported by substantial evidence, is based on an erroneous
view of the applicable law, or in light of the entire record, we are left with a firm and
definite conviction that a mistake has been made." Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted).

      Here, although the court did not specify how it completed its calculation, the
record supports at least two different methods of calculating the 4.5 kilograms drug

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quantity attributed to Alcalde. First, the court could have converted the drug proceeds
that had been found in the coconspirator houses into drug quantities. Under the
sentencing guidelines, "[w]here there is no drug seizure or the amount seized does not
reflect the scale of the offense, the court shall approximate the quantity of substance."
U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 cmt. n.5. When approximating the total drug quantity, a court may
convert drug proceeds into the equivalent drug quantity. See United States v. Carper,
942 F.2d 1298, 1303 (8th Cir. 1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 993 (1991). And for
sentencing purposes a court may attribute those proceeds to a defendant who "was not
directly involved" in the transaction as long as "those dealings were part of the same
[underlying] course of conduct or scheme" with which the defendant was involved.
Colton, 742 F.3d at 349 (internal quotation marks omitted).

       The drug amount seized in this case did not reflect the full scale of the
conspiracy because Alcalde admitted to sending more packages than the government
had intercepted. The court therefore could have properly attributed to Alcalde up to
94.06 grams for the $5,972 of drug proceeds found in the coconspirator houses
because Alcalde was part of the underlying conspiracy to sell methamphetamine. See
id. The cash that government officials had found in the coconspirator houses thus
could have accounted for the 28 grams which Alcalde contends were erroneously
attributed to him.

       The record also supports the court's drug quantity finding because it could have
attributed to Alcalde the approximate amount of methamphetamine which was in
packages he admitted he sent but had not been intercepted by the government. During
his proffer interview, Alcalde admitted to managing the shipment of four packages of
actual methamphetamine. Two of those packages were intercepted by law
enforcement and contained 1,968 grams and 2,363 grams of high purity
methamphetamine. We have explained that "[a] sentencing court may estimate a
quantity of unrecovered drugs based on known quantities from other similar
transactions." United States v. Granados, 202 F.3d 1025, 1029 (8th Cir. 2000). The

                                          -5-
district court may therefore have estimated that the other packages Alcalde shipped
also contained about 2,000 grams of actual methamphetamine. The estimated quantity
of drugs in these other packages thus could have accounted for the additional 28
grams that the district court attributed to Alcalde.

      Finally, Alcalde contends that the the government breached his cooperation
agreement by offering testimony regarding his proffer statements to support its drug
quantity calculation. We review this issue de novo. See United States v. Ozmon, 713
F.3d 474, 476 (8th Cir. 2013). The cooperation agreement generally prohibited the
government from using Alcalde's self incriminating statements, but permitted the
government to use those statements if he denied a fact which he had previously
admitted in his proffer. Alcalde triggered this exception because he denied selling a
higher drug quantity despite having previously admitted to selling additional packages
of drugs in his proffer. See id. The government thus permissibly used Alcalde's
proffer statements.

      We conclude that the district court properly applied a role enhancement and
correctly calculated the drug quantity attributable to Alcalde. His sentence is therefore
affirmed.

                         _____________________________




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