                  TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

                       OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
                                 State of California

                                  XAVIER BECERRA
                                   Attorney General

                             _________________________

                                            :
                 OPINION                    :                 No. 18-302
                                            :
                     of                     :                July 20, 2018
                                            :
           XAVIER BECERRA                   :
            Attorney General                :
                                            :
         ANYA M. BINSACCA                   :
         Deputy Attorney General            :
                                            :


________________________________________________________________________


       Proposed relator ART PERRY has requested leave to sue proposed defendant
ALLAN MANSOOR in quo warranto to oust Mansoor from the public office of Costa
Mesa city councilmember on the ground that Mansoor did not reside in Costa Mesa for
several months during his term.

                                     CONCLUSION

        Proposed relator does not raise a substantial question of law or fact that warrants
initiating a judicial proceeding, and allowing the proposed quo warranto action to proceed
would not serve the public interest. Proposed relator’s application for leave to sue in quo
warranto is therefore DENIED.




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                                        ANALYSIS

        A quo warranto action is used to challenge whether a person is lawfully holding a
public office.1 The process is authorized by Code of Civil Procedure section 803, which
provides: “An action may be brought by the attorney-general, in the name of the people of
this state, upon his own information, or upon a complaint of a private party, against any
person who usurps, intrudes into, or unlawfully holds or exercises any public office, civil
or military, or any franchise, or against any corporation, either de jure or de facto, which
usurps, intrudes into, or unlawfully holds or exercises any franchise, within this state.”2

       Where the quo warranto action is initiated “upon a complaint of a private party,”3
the Attorney General acts as a gatekeeper; the party must obtain the Attorney General’s
permission before filing an action in superior court.4 In evaluating whether to grant leave
to sue, we do not endeavor to resolve the merits of the controversy, but rather “decide
whether the application presents substantial issues of fact or law that warrant judicial
resolution, and whether granting the application will serve the public interest.”5

       Proposed defendant Mansoor was elected in 20166 to serve a four-year term on the
Costa Mesa City Council. Proposed relator Perry contends that Mansoor automatically
vacated this city council seat by living outside of Costa Mesa for several months in 2017.
For the reasons that follow, we disagree, and therefore deny Perry’s application to proceed
against Mansoor in quo warranto.

       Costa Mesa is a general law city with a city manager form of government.7 At the
time of Mansoor’s election, city councilmembers were elected at-large.8 The Government

   1
       Nicolopulos v. City of Lawndale (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 1221, 1225; 76
Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 157, 165 (1993) (quo warranto is the “appropriate remedy to test the
right of a person to hold public office”).
   2
       Code Civ. Proc., § 803.
   3
       Code Civ. Proc., § 803.
   4
       Nicolopulos v. City of Lawndale, supra, 91 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1228-1229.
   5
       95 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 50, 51 (2012).
   6
     Mansoor was first elected to the Costa Mesa City Council in 2002, and again in 2006.
He was elected to the California State Assembly in 2010 and 2012.
(https://www.costamesaca.gov/index.aspx?page=911, as of May 24, 2018.)
   7
       See Gov. Code, § 34851 (authorizing city manager form of government).
   8
       Beginning with the November 2018 election, Costa Mesa will transition to by-district

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Code requires city councilmembers to maintain residence in the city they serve for the
duration of their term.9

        Two provisions of the Government Code10 are particularly relevant here. Section
36502 states: “If, during the term of office, [a councilmember] moves his or her place of
residence outside of the city limits . . ., his or her office shall immediately become
vacant.”11 Similarly, section 1770, which describes events causing vacancies in public
offices before the expiration of a term, provides that “[a]n office becomes vacant” if a
councilmember “ceas[es] to be an inhabitant of the state, or if the office be local and one
for which local residence is required by law, of the district, county, or city for which the
officer was chosen or appointed, or within which the duties of his or her office are required
to be discharged.”12 Thus, the question before us is whether Perry has presented a
substantial question of law or fact as to whether Mansoor vacated his office by failing to
reside in Costa Mesa.

       The residence of a public official in this context is his or her legal residence, also
referred to as “domicile.”13 Section 244 of the Government Code guides the determination
of a person’s domicile:14

          In determining the place of residence the following rules shall be observed:

                 (a) It is the place where one remains when not called elsewhere for
          labor or other special or temporary purpose, and to which he or she returns
          in seasons of repose.

                 (b) There can only be one residence.

                 (c) A residence cannot be lost until another is gained.

elections for its city council. (https://www.costamesaca.gov/index.aspx?page=2121, as of
May 24, 2018.)
   9
        Gov. Code, § 36502, subd. (a); see also Gov. Code, § 1770, subd (e).
   10
        Future undesignated code references are to the Government Code.
   11
        Gov. Code, § 36502, subd. (a).
   12
        Gov. Code, § 1770, subd. (e).
   13
        72 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 8, 11 (1989).
   14
     Smith v. Smith (1955) 45 Cal.2d 235, 239 (sections 243 and 244 give “the basic rules
generally regarded as applicable to domicile”).

                                                3
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                ...

                (f) The residence can be changed only by the union of act and intent.
                ...


       The determination of domicile is a mixed question of fact and law15 that may involve
various factors, including acts and declarations by the official, as well as the official’s
mailing address, voter registration, car registration, and tax returns.16 But the critical
element is intent.17 As we have recently observed, “Because a determination of domicile
is based not only on physical conduct, but also intent, the requirement that a substantial
showing be made before we authorize judicial resolution is particularly pertinent.”18 The
burden of proving a change of domicile is on the party asserting it,19 here proposed relator
Perry.

       Perry alleges that Mansoor was domiciled outside of Costa Mesa in a home on
Pegasus Street in Newport Beach, apparently owned by Mansoor’s in-laws, for several
months in 2017. Perry presents declarations of neighbors and other individuals who
observed Mansoor’s and his wife’s cars parked frequently at the Pegasus Street house
during this period, including late nights and early mornings. People also observed Mansoor
behaving as though he lived in this Pegasus Street house, by, for instance, entering the
home without knocking, and giving fruit from one of its trees to a neighbor.

       Mansoor, in turn, does not deny that he lived in the house on Pegasus Street for
some time in 2017, but does deny that he ever changed his domicile from Costa Mesa. He
provides a sworn declaration explaining that until June 2017, he and his family lived at 433
Enclave Circle, Apartment 106, in Costa Mesa. Voter registration forms filed in September
2016 for both Mansoor and his wife reflect that address. Several months before their lease
for the Enclave Circle apartment was due to expire in June 2017, Mansoor and his wife
began working with a realtor to locate an apartment more suitable for their family—which

   15
        Fenton v. Board of Directors (1984) 156 Cal.App.3d 1107, 1117.
   16
     See, e.g., 99 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 74, 76–77 (2016); 85 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 90, 93
(2002); 72 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 15, 22 (1989).
   17
        72 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 14.
    101 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. __ (2018), Opn. No. 17-601, Apr. 11, 2018, at p. 3, citing 87
   18

Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 30, 31 (2004).
   19
     85 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 93, citing DeMiglio v. Mashore (1992) 4
Cal.App.4th 1260, 1268.

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now included three children—in Costa Mesa. Mansoor provides an email from his realtor
dated April 12, 2017, showing that she had established an automated search for them, and
an example of the results of that searching system. They also searched real estate web sites
and drove around the city in an attempt to locate an apartment. Mansoor states that he and
his wife visited “many properties” in Costa Mesa between April and June 2017, and that
every one of them had a waiting list. They submitted applications for “a few properties”
where the waiting list was short enough that they hoped they might have a chance of
securing a lease, but others had lists so long it would have been futile to apply.

        Mansoor declares that despite their efforts, they were not able to secure a new lease
before their June 2017 departure date because of the extremely competitive rental market
in Costa Mesa. Around August 1, 2017, Mansoor and his wife noticed a for-rent sign at
2205 Canyon Drive in Costa Mesa, while they were driving to view an advertised rental.
They arranged to see the property as quickly as possible, and secured the lease. Mansoor
states that he believes they only got the Canyon Drive lease because they were the first
ones to view the property, and submitted an application and deposit as soon as they had
seen it. The Canyon Drive apartment needed extensive remodeling before Mansoor and
his family were able to move in. They were able to move in on October 17, 2017, at which
point Mansoor updated his voter registration to reflect the Canyon Drive address.

       Mansoor declares that during the period between living in the Enclave Circle and
Canyon Drive apartments, his intent was always to live in Costa Mesa, and that his
residence has always been Costa Mesa. He further explains that his attachment to Costa
Mesa is such that in 2012, he “gave up what was probably an easy reelection to the State
Assembly because [he] was unwilling to leave Costa Mesa,” opting to face a better-funded
opponent and a more challenging campaign.20

       Mindful that a change of domicile requires a union of act and intent,21 and
considering the evidence before us, we do not believe that proposed relator Perry has shown
a substantial issue of fact regarding Mansoor’s residence warranting the initiation of a quo
warranto action. The facts regarding where Mansoor was living between the time he left
the Enclave Circle apartment and the time he moved into the Canyon Drive apartment do
not appear to be in dispute. Rather, the dispute is whether Mansoor changed his domicile
to Newport Beach in the months between living at Enclave Circle and Canyon Drive.




   20
       Mansoor nevertheless won reelection to the Assembly in 2012, representing the
district now containing Costa Mesa.
   21
        Gov. Code, § 244, subd. (f).

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        “[T]he acquisition of a new domicile is generally understood to require an actual
change of residence accompanied by the intention to remain either permanently or for an
indefinite time in the new locality.”22 Although Perry speculates that it would have been
logical for Mansoor and his family to remain, perhaps rent-free, in the larger Newport
Beach house, he presents no evidence that Mansoor intended to remain in Newport Beach
either permanently or indefinitely.

        On the other hand, Mansoor has declared, under penalty of perjury, his intent at all
times to remain a resident of Costa Mesa. Moreover, that intent is supported by Mansoor’s
conduct in searching for apartments, employing a realtor, and signing a lease on an
apartment that had yet to undergo substantial renovation.23 Perry maintains that Mansoor’s
intent to stay in Newport Beach until he found a suitable Costa Mesa home amounts to an
intent to stay in Newport Beach indefinitely. We do not believe that the approximate two-
month period24 between the expiration of Mansoor’s Enclave Circle lease and his
acquisition of the Canyon Drive lease, coupled with his efforts during those months to
obtain a Costa Mesa home, produce a substantial issue of fact that he had an intent to remain
in Newport Beach indefinitely. Given the evidence before us, we do not believe that
temporarily staying with relatives for a few months while making efforts to secure
permanent housing is sufficient to effect a change in domicile.

        The California Supreme Court reached a similar conclusion in considering, for
voting purposes, the domicile of college students who had departed the previous academic
year with no intention of returning to their campus housing and were currently living in
expressly temporary settings, such as friends’ apartments, tents, and cars.25 The Elections
Code provides that a person’s domicile for voting purposes is the place where “habitation
is fixed, wherein the person has intention of remaining, and to which, whenever he or she
is absent, the person has the intention of returning. At a given time, a person may have
only one domicile.”26 Construing the Elections Code together with section 244, the Court
concluded that the students were domiciled for voting purposes at their prior campus
addresses; they had to be domiciled somewhere to avoid disenfranchisement, and their
temporary addresses did not qualify as domiciles because the students did not intend to

   22
        85 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 93.
   23
        85 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 93 (most important evidence of intent is conduct).
   24
        The record is not clear as to when in June Mansoor’s Enclave Circle lease expired.
   25
        Walters v. Weed (1988) 45 Cal.3d 1, 7.
   26
     Elec. Code, § 349. At the time of the Walters v. Weed decision, identical language
was contained in Elections Code section 200. (See Walters v. Weed, supra, 45 Cal.3d at p.
6.)

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remain there.27

       The same considerations are relevant here; Mansoor must have a domicile,28 he
cannot lose his Enclave Circle domicile until another is acquired, and there is no evidence
he intended to remain in Newport Beach any longer than it took to acquire a new Costa
Mesa domicile.

       Perry urges that our granting of leave to sue in quo warranto in 30 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen.
6 (1957) compels that we grant leave to sue here, but we disagree. In that earlier opinion,
Wallace Pond, a city councilmember of Fremont, married and moved from Fremont to a
home owned by his mother-in-law, just outside Fremont’s limits, in June 1956. Pond
maintained a business in Fremont and used that as his mailing address. He provided an
affidavit, signed on April 5, 1957, attesting that he did not intend for his mother-in-law’s
house to be a permanent home; rather, it was temporary, while he and his wife searched for
a suitable home to buy in Fremont. In May 1957, Pond provided a further affidavit
indicating that he had acquired an apartment in Fremont, and would be living there as of
July 1, 1957.29

        While Mansoor and Pond may appear similarly situated in some respects, when we
balance the various factors we must take into consideration in evaluating an alleged change
of domicile, we conclude that a different outcome is warranted here. First, we find it
relevant that when Pond’s residency was challenged, he had already lived outside of
Fremont for nearly a year. Mansoor, by contrast, had obtained and moved into new housing
in Costa Mesa by the time his residency was challenged. Additionally, in the Pond matter,
the proposed relator provided an affidavit from a person stating that Pond had, on April 5,
1957, told that person that he “had no intention of returning to live within the City of
Fremont ‘for at least within the year.’”30 In other words, the proposed relator in the Pond
matter provided sworn testimony challenging Pond’s intent regarding domicile. Here,
there is no evidence contradicting Mansoor’s stated intent to remain domiciled in Costa
Mesa.31 To the contrary, both Mansoor’s actions and his words provide factual support for
his claim that he had, at all times, an intent to maintain his domicile in Costa Mesa.


   27
        Walters v. Weed, supra, 45 Cal.3d at pp. 11-12.
   28
        Gov. Code, § 243.
   29
        30 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at pp. 7-8.
   30
        30 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 8.
   31
     See 8 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 221, 223 (1946) (unverified statement of facts not persuasive
against direct evidence produced by proposed defendant, leave to sue denied).

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       Thus, while we give weight to the fact that Mansoor, like Pond, spent some amount
of time housed at a location outside the relevant city limits while serving as a
councilmember, we balance that circumstance against the evidence of Mansoor’s efforts to
secure replacement housing in Costa Mesa, and the absence of evidence indicating
Mansoor’s intent to relocate elsewhere. Perry’s contention that intent is inherently a
question of fact that requires judicial resolution ignores his burden to raise a substantial
issue of fact regarding Mansoor’s purported change of domicile32 and our broad discretion
in evaluating quo warranto matters.33

        Moreover, viewing the case in its full context, we do not believe that allowing a quo
warranto action to proceed in this matter would serve the public interest. Although some
may debate the notion that one’s domicile in a particular jurisdiction can continue despite
one’s (temporary) abandonment of an address within that jurisdiction, to conclude that a
quo warranto action is mandated under the present circumstances would elevate form over
substance, and we decline to exercise our discretion in that way.34 Mansoor lacked an
identifiable address in Costa Mesa for only a few months, he acquired an intended address
in Costa Mesa seven months before Perry submitted this quo warranto application, and he
actually resided at the new Costa Mesa address for over four months by the time the
application was submitted. When we consider these facts together with Mansoor’s long-
standing relationship to Costa Mesa and the complete lack of evidence that Mansoor ever
intended to be domiciled anywhere else, we find no reasonable basis to doubt Mansoor’s
connection to Costa Mesa, and we do not believe that the spirit of the statutes requiring
residency for city councilmembers would be served by allowing the proposed quo warranto
action to proceed.

       In sum, we find that Perry has not met his burden of demonstrating a substantial
issue of fact or law35 requiring judicial resolution, and further conclude that allowing a quo

   32
        85 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 93.
   33
      Rando v. Harris (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 868, 878-882 (presence of debatable issue
does not require granting of quo warranto, much less demonstrate an “extreme and
indefensible abuse of discretion” in denying application); 96 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 48, 49
(2013); see also City of Campbell v. Mosk (1961) 197 Cal.App.2d 640, 650 (“The
crystallization of an issue thus does not preclude an exercise of his discretion; it causes it”).
   34
     See 96 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gven., supra, at p. 53 (existence of “debatable” issue does not
require judicial resolution through quo warranto where authorizing such a suit would not
serve public interest).
   35
      Perry contends that there is a substantial issue of law here because “no known case
has required that Section 244 apply to Section 36502(a).” But we have consistently applied
the rules of section 244 for determining domicile to the residency requirement of section

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warranto action to proceed under the circumstances would not be in the public interest.
Therefore, the application for leave to sue in quo warranto is DENIED.

                                         *****




36502, subdivision (a) (see, e.g., 99 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 76; 85
Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 92; 72 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 63, 64 (1989)), and Perry offers
no reason to question this approach.

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