Opinion issued May 9, 2019




                                     In The

                              Court of Appeals
                                     For The

                          First District of Texas
                            ————————————
                              NO. 01-18-00409-CV
                           ———————————
    IN RE FRIEDE & GOLDMAN, LLC F/K/A FGL BUYER, LLC D/B/A
                FRIEDE & GOLDMAN, LTD., Relator



            Original Proceeding on Petition for Writ of Mandamus


                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Relator Friede & Goldman, LLC f/k/a FGL Buyer, LLC d/b/a Friede &

Goldman, Ltd. (“FGL”) petitions for a writ of mandamus directing the trial court to

grant its motion to dismiss the underlying lawsuit1 for forum non conveniens.

American Bureau of Shipping (“ABS”); ABS Group of Companies, Inc.; ABS

1
      The underlying suit is Robert Ulloa et al. v. Friede & Goldman, LLC, et al.;
      cause number 2016-29340; pending in the 125th District Court of Harris
      County, Texas; Hon. Kyle Carter presiding.
Consulting Ltd.; and ABS Consulting, Inc. (collectively, the “ABS Entities”), also

defendants below, joined in FGL’s trial-court motion to dismiss and have joined

FGL’s petition before us. In a single issue, FGL and the ABS Entities argue that

the trial court abused its discretion by denying their joint motion to dismiss

because Texas is an inconvenient forum for the lawsuit. We deny the petition.

                                    Background

      The vessel Troll Solution, a “jack-up rig,” was working on an offshore oil

well in Mexico’s territorial waters in the Bay of Campeche when it listed and

partially dipped beneath the water’s surface. The incident allegedly resulted in one

worker’s death and in personal injuries to many others. At the time of the incident,

the vessel was contracted to Mexico’s national oil company.

      Forty-four plaintiffs filed suit in Harris County district court based on the

incident. Forty-one of the plaintiffs are workers who were aboard the Troll

Solution during the incident. The remaining three plaintiffs are the deceased

worker’s estate’s representative and his two children. Of the forty-one worker

plaintiffs, one is a citizen and resident of Poland, another is a citizen and resident

of India, and all the rest are citizens and residents of Mexico. The worker plaintiffs

were working for Mexico-based employers at the time of the incident, and

Mexico-based healthcare providers treated their injuries.




                                          2
        Plaintiffs sued FGL and the ABS Entities, who allegedly have principal

places of business and headquarters in Houston. Plaintiffs alleged that the Troll

Solution “was defectively designed, in that it was unreasonably dangerous when

sold and marketed by Defendants . . . .”

        The Troll Solution is the product of work performed around the globe.

According to FGL’s Vice President of Operations, a Chinese manufacturer had

contracted with FGL’s Dutch affiliate “to supply a license for a basic jack-up rig

design for a jack-up rig that” the manufacturer “was building at its shipyard in

Nantong, China.” The Dutch affiliate subcontracted with FGL to supply the basic

design. FGL’s Vice President described the design process:

              Upon information and belief, the rig [that the Chinese
        manufacturer] ultimately built using, in part, the basic jack-up rig
        design supplied by [FGL’s Dutch affiliate], is now known as the
        TROLL SOLUTION, the jack-up rig at issue in the Lawsuit.
               The basic jack-up rig design drawings provided by FGL to [its
        Dutch affiliate] and ultimately to [the manufacturer] were not, in and
        of themselves, sufficient to build a working, operating jack-up rig.
        Only after the detailed design phase could the jack-up rig be built and
        put into operation. FGL played no role in the detailed design phase for
        the jack-up rig at issue in the Lawsuit. Presumably, that work was
        carried out by [the manufacturer] at its shipyard in Nantong, China, or
        by other contractors hired by [the manufacturer].

             FGL prepared the basic jack-up rig design at its office in
        Houston.

Plaintiffs allege that FGL failed to properly design the Troll Solution, damaging

them.

                                           3
      Plaintiffs also allege that the ABS Entities were “negligent in [their]

inspection, review, and classification” of the Troll Solution before it entered into

service. ABS’s Chief Surveyor/Offshore averred that ABS was not involved with

the operation or management of the Troll Solution from the date it began to be

manufactured to the date of the incident. The evidentiary record reflects that the

Troll Solution’s Shipmanager, Operator, and Technical Manager, as well as its

Registered Owner, are entities with addresses in Germany. FGL disputes this. It

argues that the Shipmanager/Operator entity and the Registered Owner entity are

instead Mexican companies. ABS’s Chief Surveyor/Offshore also averred that

“ABS has attended surveys and prepared reports at intervals from the date of the

commencement of the Troll Solution’s construction through the date of the

incident,” all of which were conducted outside of the US by non-US ABS affiliates

or branch offices.

      FGL and the ABS Entities jointly moved for dismissal of Plaintiffs’ suit for

forum non conveniens, arguing that the suit should be dismissed for refiling in a

court in Mexico. The trial court denied the motion without explanation.

    Mandamus Proceedings Seeking Dismissal for Forum Non Conveniens

      In their sole issue, FGL and the ABS Entities seek a writ of mandamus

directing the trial court to dismiss the suit for forum non conveniens.




                                          4
I.    Standard of Review and Applicable Law

      Mandamus is appropriate to remedy an improper denial of a motion to

dismiss for forum non conveniens. In re ENSCO Offshore Int’l Co., 311 S.W.3d

921, 923 (Tex. 2010) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam). We review a trial court’s

ruling on a motion to dismiss for forum non conveniens for an abuse of discretion.

Id. A trial court has no discretion in determining what the law is or in applying the

law to particular facts. In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d 124, 135 (Tex.

2004) (orig. proceeding). Aside from determining or applying the law though, “a

reviewing court cannot substitute its discretion for that of the trial court”; therefore,

“to find an abuse when factual matters are in dispute, the reviewing court must

conclude that the facts and circumstances of the case extinguish any choice in the

matter.” In re Mahindra, USA Inc., 549 S.W.3d 541, 550 (Tex. 2018) (orig.

proceeding).

      In actions for a wrongful death or personal injury, when a party moves for a

forum non conveniens dismissal, Texas courts are to apply the factors listed in

Civil Practice & Remedies Code § 71.051(b). TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

§ 71.051(i). The “statute does not place the burden of proof on either party,” so

courts must resolve disputes under the statute’s factors “based on the ‘greater

weight of the evidence.’” Mahindra, USA, 549 S.W.3d at 550 (quoting ENSCO




                                           5
Offshore Int’l, 311 S.W.3d at 927); accord In re Gen. Elec. Co., 271 S.W.3d 681,

687 (Tex. 2008) (orig. proceeding).

      The statute “requires dismissal of the claim or action if the statutory factors

weigh in favor of the claim or action being more properly heard in a forum outside

Texas.” Gen. Elec., 271 S.W.3d at 686. “The statute does not mandate that a

movant prove each factor or that each factor must weigh in favor of dismissal to

require a motion to be granted.” Id. at 687. “To the extent evidence is necessary to

support the positions of the parties,” courts must weigh the factors based “on the

weight of the evidence” and are “entitled to take into account the presence or

absence of evidence as to some issue or position of a party.” Id.

      When “all the factors do not conclusively favor the alternative forum[,] . . .

we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in denying” a motion to

dismiss for forum non conveniens. Mahindra, USA, 549 S.W.3d at 550.

      A forum non conveniens analysis generally affords the plaintiff’s choice of

forum great deference, but that deference is “substantially less” when the plaintiff

is a nonresident of the forum. In re Mantle Oil & Gas, LLC, 426 S.W.3d 182, 188

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, orig. proceeding). The doctrine “recognizes

that the plaintiff’s choice must sometimes yield in the public interest, and in the

interest of fundamental fairness. Dismissal on forum non conveniens grounds is

appropriate when . . . the case itself has no significant connection to the forum


                                          6
state.” Id. at 188–89 (internal quotation and citation omitted). “[I]t is

fundamentally unfair to burden the people of Texas with the cost of providing

courts to hear cases that have no significant connection with the State.” Id. at 189.

However, forum non conveniens decisions are subject to the trial court’s discretion

and will be set aside only for a clear abuse of discretion. Mahindra, USA, 549

S.W.3d at 545 (citing Quixtar Inc. v. Signature Mgmt. Team, LLC, 315 S.W.3d 28,

31 (Tex. 2010) (per curiam)).

II.   Balancing Section 71.051(b)’s factors

      We proceed with determining whether the greater weight of the evidence

requires us to overrule the trial court’s exercise of its discretion.

      A.     An alternate forum—Mexico’s courts—exists in which the action
             may be tried.

      First, we must consider whether “an alternate forum exists in which the

claim or action may be tried.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 71.051(b)(1). An

alternate forum exists when the defendants are amenable to process in that forum.

ENSCO Offshore Int’l, 311 S.W.3d at 924. This first factor is sometimes referred

to as whether an alternate forum is “available.” See, e.g., In re Oceanografia, S.A.

de C.V., 494 S.W.3d 728, 732 (Tex. 2016) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam); In re

Pirelli Tire, L.L.C., 247 S.W.3d 670, 677–78 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding)

(plurality op.); id. at 683 (Willett, J., concurring); cf. In re Ford Motor Co., 591

F.3d 406, 412–13 (5th Cir. 2009).

                                            7
      The Supreme Court of Texas has “held that the defendant had demonstrated

the availability of an adequate forum [in Mexico] by stipulating that it would

submit   to   personal   jurisdiction   in       Mexico   and   would   not   assert   a

statute-of-limitations defense.” Oceanografia, 494 S.W.3d at 732 (citing Pirelli

Tire, 247 S.W.3d at 677–78 (plurality op.)).

      In their joint motion to dismiss in the trial court, FGL and the ABS Entities

argued that all defendants in the action “have agreed to submit to jurisdiction in

Mexico for purposes of this dispute” because employees of each of FGL, ABS, and

ABS Group, respectively, averred in the trial court that if “Plaintiffs proceed with

the same or substantially the same claims in an appropriate court in Mexico, [FGL,

ABS, and ABS Group, respectively,] agrees not to assert any objection to the

Mexican court’s personal jurisdiction or its equivalent over it for purposes of that

proceeding only.” FGL reurges this argument in its petition before us, which the

ABS Entities have joined in and adopted by reference.

      FGL and the ABS Entities also provided the trial court, and rely on before

us, an affidavit of an attorney licensed to practice in Mexico. The attorney averred

that, “[b]ased on the facts asserted in the Plaintiffs’ Original Complaint, Mexican

law would provide a basis for jurisdiction, in a Mexican forum, over Defendants”

ABS, ABS Group, and FGL, “as well as other potential parties including but not

limited to” the Troll Solution’s owner and operator; the vessel’s managing


                                             8
company; and Mexico’s national oil company, which was the entity to which the

Troll Solution was contracted at the time of the incident.

      Plaintiffs respond in two ways. First, they argue that the affidavits are silent

about whether FGL and the ABS Entities would assert limitations defenses in

Mexico’s courts. If they did assert them, that would arguably make the alternative

Mexican forum unavailable. Second, relying on common-law forum non

conveniens authority, Plaintiffs argue that not only the defendants but also “the

entire case and all the parties” must “come within the jurisdiction” of the

alternative forum. They argue that this suit fails that test because it is unclear

whether “claims brought by a Polish plaintiff and an Indian plaintiff” could be

adjudicated in Mexico’s courts.

      FGL replies that it “would waive a limitations defense assuming

Plaintiffs . . . refile the case in Mexico within a reasonable amount of time. Such an

issue could also be remedied through a return jurisdiction clause.” The ABS

Entities do not address limitations one way or the other before us.

      Our Supreme Court’s precedents and FGL’s representations result in this

first factor pointing to dismissal. The limitations concern as to FGL is disposed of

by Oceanografia’s reasoning from Pirelli Tire: when the defendants agree to

submit to personal jurisdiction in the alternative forum and to decline to assert

limitations defenses, the alternative forum is available. 494 S.W.3d at 732 (citing


                                          9
Pirelli Tire, 247 S.W.3d at 677–78 (plurality op.)). FGL has done so. And though

the ABS Entities have not represented that they would similarly waive limitations

defenses in Mexico’s courts, the trial court’s use of a return-jurisdiction clause in

the dismissal order would remedy this. See Pirelli Tire, 247 S.W.3d at 677–78

(plurality op.).

       As for the Polish and Indian plaintiffs, we may not rely on their country of

citizenship or national origin because the Legislature added to Section 71.051(e)

that “[t]he determination of whether a claim may be stayed or dismissed under

Subsection (b) shall be made with respect to each plaintiff . . . without regard to a

plaintiff’s country of citizenship or national origin.” See Act of May 22, 2015, 84th

Leg., R.S., ch. 537, §§ 1, 3, 2015 TEX. GEN. LAWS 1918, 1918–19. This language

became effective in June 2015—id.—and neither the Supreme Court nor our court

have interpreted it yet. Because of this restriction, and because the parties point us

to no suggestion in the record about whether Mexico’s courts would hear these two

plaintiffs’ claims, we go only as far as the Supreme Court did in Oceanografia:

“The first . . . factor[] clearly weigh[s] in favor of dismissal. Plaintiffs may try their

claims in Mexico, where all but one of them reside, and defendants have stipulated

to jurisdiction there.” 494 S.W.3d at 732. Because the two plaintiffs at issue reside

in India and Poland, respectively; because a single plaintiff’s, out of about ninety,

not residing in Mexico did not alter Mexico’s courts’ availability in Oceanografia;


                                           10
and because nothing in the parties’ briefing or the record suggests why two

plaintiffs out of the about forty here should be analyzed any differently, we

conclude that Mexico’s courts offer an available alternative forum.

      B.     Mexico’s courts provide an adequate remedy.

      Second, we must consider whether “the alternate forum provides an

adequate remedy.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 71.051(b)(2). The forum does

so if “the substantive law in the alternate forum would not deprive the parties of a

remedy.” Oceanografia, 494 S.W.3d at 732. “Lesser remedies will not make a

forum inadequate; a forum is inadequate if the remedies it offers are so

unsatisfactory they really comprise no remedy at all.” Id. (citing ENSCO Offshore

Int’l, 311 S.W.3d at 924–25). “A forum will not be inadequate simply because its

laws are less favorable to plaintiffs.” Id. at 733 (citing Pirelli Tire, 247 S.W.3d at

677–78 (plurality op.)). “Comparative analyses [of the rights, remedies, and

procedures available in each forum] are relevant to a court’s forum non conveniens

decision only if a potential transfer would effectively result in no available remedy

at all.” ENSCO Offshore Int’l, 311 S.W.3d at 924–25 (citing Gen. Elec., 271

S.W.3d at 688).

      FGL and the ABS Entities again rely on the Mexico-licensed attorney’s

affidavit. The attorney averred that Mexico “has its own tort laws, competent

courts of redress, and compensation scheme for civil and labor-related injuries.”


                                         11
He also averred that Mexican “laws and courts . . . offer Plaintiffs adequate remedy

for any meritorious claims for compensation arising from the incident of May 5,

2015, which Plaintiffs contend caused them damages” and that, based on the facts

as pleaded by Plaintiffs, “Mexican law provides remedies for the injury and death

claims asserted,” including “fair and just monetary compensation” if the claims

prove meritorious. He averred that Mexican law would provide Plaintiffs a

labor-based claim against their employers and a separate claim for “civil liability,”

both of which would afford Plaintiffs, if successful, “medical expenses and

compensation for physical impairment.” He went on to assert that the civil-liability

claim could also afford Plaintiffs “moral damages,” meaning damages awarded

“against an offender who has affected [a plaintiff’s] feelings, beliefs, honor,

reputation, private life, physical configuration and aspect or the consideration the

victim or others may have of him.” As for procedures available in Mexico’s courts,

he stated that third parties can be compelled “to assist the Courts at all times to

investigate the truth and to produce documents and objects in their possession

whenever ordered to do so” and that third parties may be impleaded “at any time

before the final hearing.” Plaintiffs have not offered any contrary testimony from a

person qualified to opine on Mexican law or procedure.

      Also, FGL cites numerous decisions from the United States Court of

Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and from federal district courts supporting the


                                         12
proposition that Mexico’s courts are routinely recognized as providing an adequate

remedy for successfully adjudicated tort suits.

      Plaintiffs respond that they base their claims on Texas and German law, not

on Mexican law, and that Mexico’s courts are either incapable of applying other

jurisdictions’ law or have a “strong historical preference to apply Mexican law to

the exclusion of” other jurisdictions’ law.

      Evidence like the Mexico-licensed attorney’s averments has sufficed under

this factor. See Lumenta v. Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc., No. 01-14-00207-CV,

2015 WL 5076299, at *5–6 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 27, 2015, no

pet.) (mem. op.); Vinson v. Am. Bureau of Shipping, 318 S.W.3d 34, 44 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. denied); Lalila v. Parker Drilling Co.,

No. 01-07-00281-CV, 2009 WL 618248, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

Mar. 12, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.). Plaintiffs point to no evidence of their own to

contradict the attorney’s averments and do not attempt to show why they believe

Mexican law provides them no remedy whatsoever for their claims. Though

Plaintiffs may wish to apply Texas or German law, Mexican law nevertheless

provides them a remedy, so Mexican law is not inadequate even if Plaintiffs would

not prefer it. See Oceanografia, 494 S.W.3d at 732–33; Pirelli Tire, 247 S.W.3d at

677–78 (plurality op.); id. at 682 (Willett, J., concurring) (“Mexico indisputably

has civil courts that entertain tort claims for its citizens who are injured in


                                          13
Mexico.”); In re XTO Energy, Inc., No. 01-17-00652-CV, 2018 WL 2246216, at

*5–6 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] May 17, 2018, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.).

We therefore conclude that this factor weighs in favor of dismissal.

      C.    The record is mixed about whether maintaining the action in
            Texas would work a substantial injustice to FGL and the ABS
            Entities.

      Third, we must consider whether “maintenance of the claim or action in the

courts of this state would work a substantial injustice to” FGL and the ABS

Entities. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 71.051(b)(3). This factor requires us to

consider the location of relevant documents and evidence and whether a majority

of witnesses may be reached by compulsory process in Texas. See ENSCO

Offshore Int’l, 311 S.W.3d at 925; Mantle Oil & Gas, 426 S.W.3d at 192.

      FGL argues that almost all of the relevant documents and evidence and a

majority of the witnesses are located in Mexico, thereby subject to subpoena in

Mexico but not subject to subpoena in Texas. The ABS Entities agree, relying on

their affiant’s averments that the four most recent surveys of the Troll Solution

“were attended by an ABS office located in Mexico” and that “the incident central

to Plaintiffs’ claims [is] being investigated in Mexico in accordance with Mexican

regulations.” They also point to surveys “conducted by foreign subsidiaries or

branch offices of ABS located outside the United States.” According to them, this

means that the cost of presenting those “foreign-based ABS surveyors for


                                         14
deposition will be very similar whether the depositions occur in the United States

or Mexico.”

      In response, Plaintiffs agree that deposition costs for presenting

non-US-based ABS Entities witnesses are similar whether this suit is tried in

Mexico or in Texas. More broadly, they argue that this suit’s “witnesses and

sources of proof” are to be “found across the globe, and that regardless of where an

international lawsuit such as this is filed, someone will be inconvenienced.”

Plaintiffs also respond that litigating in Harris County should not be substantially

unjust to FGL or to the ABS Entities because they have principal places of

business and home offices in Houston and because they have often availed

themselves of the state and federal courts located in Houston and of Texas

substantive law.

      The parties’ competing arguments suggest both that documents, evidence,

and many witnesses are in Mexico and that documents, evidence, and witnesses

may be found elsewhere too, including in China, Germany, and Houston. The

record evidence suggests that the Troll Solution was built exclusively in China.

The evidence does not show that accessing evidence or witnesses from China will

be more difficult in a Houston-based suit than in a Mexico-based one. The

evidence also identifies the vessel’s Shipmanager, Operator, Registered Owner,

and Technical Manager as two entities having an “Address Location” in Germany,


                                        15
though FGL argues that those entities are instead Mexican companies. As for the

Mexico-resident plaintiffs themselves, they are voluntarily availing themselves of

the jurisdiction of the Houston trial court. This lessens the concern of needing to

reach those witnesses and any of their documents by compulsory process. Finally,

the record suggests that FGL has Houston-based witnesses and documents relating

to the initial-stage designs for the Troll Solution that were performed in Houston.

      The several locales where relevant witnesses and documents may be found

suggest that potentially relevant evidence is “scattered” across the globe. To hold

at this stage that the importance of the Mexico-based evidence so outweighs the

importance of the evidence that may be found in China, Germany, or Houston

would encroach on the trial court’s discretion over factual issues in forum non

conveniens challenges, which we may not do. See Mahindra, USA, 549 S.W.3d at

550; see also Torres de Maquera v. Yacu Runa Naviera S.A., 107 F. Supp. 2d 770,

780, 782 (S.D. Tex. 2000) (denying forum non conveniens dismissal because, in

face of evidence “scattered” across globe, “forum non conveniens should not be

invoked simply to shift the inconvenience from one party to another”); accord

Houston Helicopters, Inc. v. Canadian Helicopters Ltd., 901 F. Supp. 1225, 1233–

34 (S.D. Tex. 1995). And the factual dispute over whether the entities with

Germany “Address Location[s]” are in reality Mexican companies further

reinforces the point—the factual record for the forum non conveniens analysis


                                         16
under this factor is conflicting. We therefore conclude that the record for this factor

is mixed about whether the Houston suit should be dismissed.

      D.     Mexico’s courts can exercise jurisdiction over all the defendants.

      Fourth, we must consider whether “the alternate forum, as a result of the

submission of the parties or otherwise, can exercise jurisdiction over all the

defendants properly joined to the plaintiff’s claim.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

§ 71.051(b)(4). As noted above, FGL and the ABS Entities represent that all

defendants will be subject to personal jurisdiction in Mexico’s courts, based on

averments from their affiants and on the ABS Entities’ joining in and adopting

FGL’s petition. The parties do not contest this factor any further. We conclude that

this factor favors dismissal.

      E.     The parties’ private interests and the state’s public interests do
             not predominate one way or the other on the mixed factual
             record.

      Fifth, we must consider whether “the balance of the private interests of the

parties and the public interest of the state predominate in favor of the claim or

action being brought in an alternate forum,” including “consideration of the extent

to which an injury or death resulted from acts or omissions that occurred in” Texas.

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 71.051(b)(5).




                                          17
             1.      Private interests of the parties

      The private-interest factors are generally considered to be the ease of access

to proof; the availability and cost of compulsory process; the possibility of viewing

the premises, if appropriate; and other practical problems that make trial easy,

expeditious, and inexpensive. See ENSCO Offshore Int’l, 311 S.W.3d at 926; Gen.

Elec., 271 S.W.3d at 691.

      FGL supplies evidence about potentially relevant witnesses and documents

located in Mexico:

      ▪ Forty of the Plaintiffs are citizens and residents of Mexico.
      ▪ The Plaintiffs were treated by Mexico-based healthcare providers.

      ▪ The Plaintiffs’ employers are Mexico-based.
      ▪ The Troll Solution’s owner and operator and its manager are both
        Mexico-based.2
      ▪ The Troll Solution was contracted to Mexico’s national oil company at
        the time of the incident.
      ▪ The investigators of the incident are Mexico-based, and, under Mexican
        regulations, metallurgical testing of samples taken from the Troll
        Solution was performed at a lab in Mexico.

FGL contrasts all this with “only . . . a handful of witnesses located in the Houston

area, including any FGL engineers responsible for designing any particular aspect

of the Vessel”; “one or two corporate representative(s) of FGL” from Houston; and


2
      Subject to the factual dispute, discussed above, about these entities’ having
      Germany “Address Location[s].”

                                           18
“the only relevant documents located in the Houston area” being “design drawings

prepared by FGL.” FGL represents that its Houston-based witnesses “can easily

testify in Mexico” but that many, if not most, of the Mexico-based witnesses would

have difficulty testifying in Texas and that deposing those witnesses in Mexico

would be expensive.

      Similarly, the ABS Entities point out that “[t]he four most recent surveys of

the Vessel were performed by ABS out of one of its offices in Mexico by

surveyors located in Mexico” and that their Houston-area employees “are expected

to have little relevant information.”

      FGL also argues that, because the incident took place in Mexican territorial

waters, potentially viewing the premises counsels in favor of litigating in Mexico

rather than in Houston.

      Finally, FGL argues that certain Mexico-based non-parties may need to be

impleaded in the suit, such as the vessel owner and operator, and that impleading

them in a Texas suit presents jurisdictional problems that impleading them in a

Mexican suit does not.

      Plaintiffs respond by extensively analogizing this suit to Vinson. They also

seek to undermine FGL’s reliance on the location of Plaintiffs’ medical and

employment records in Mexico by representing that “Plaintiffs have already

produced over 800 pages of medical records, billing records, and employment


                                        19
documents” and that any further “records pertaining to the Plaintiffs . . . found in

Mexico can be brought here.” They also argue that viewing the premises is

irrelevant for this suit. And they point to FGL’s and the ABS Entities’ Houston

places of business and headquarters and to defendants’ forum non conveniens

motion’s admission that “FGL engineers responsible for designing any particular

aspect of the Vessel” may be in Houston. They infer from this that other witnesses

and documents “will undoubtedly be found in the Houston area.”

      Further, Plaintiffs note the two potential Germany-based parties and the

vessel manufacturer’s location in China. Because of these connections, which may

be equally as inconvenient for a Houston-based suit as for a Mexico-based one,

Plaintiffs argue that dismissing the suit from Texas would simply “shift the

inconvenience from one party to another.”

      In reply, the ABS Entities argue that Plaintiffs simply “speculat[e] that the

ABS Entities have various documents in Houston,” especially in light of the ABS

Entities’ affiants’ averments that surveys of the vessel were undertaken entirely

outside of the US and most recently in Mexico. And they and FGL both seek to

undermine Plaintiffs’ representation that records relevant to the Plaintiffs may be

brought to Texas by arguing that the defendants would still need to examine

witnesses related to those documents and that all such witnesses remain in Mexico.




                                        20
      Under the private-interest factors, Vinson is instructive. That case’s

defendants resided or were headquartered in Houston like FGL and the ABS

Entities are. See 318 S.W.3d at 47–52. The evidentiary record in Vinson also

involved testimony “that the files and documents relating to the [vessel upon which

the plaintiff was injured], the collapse of the derrick, and the subsequent

investigation are located partly . . . in Houston and partly . . . ‘somewhere’ in the

United States.” 318 S.W.3d at 45. Here, pre-incident design drawings for the Troll

Solution may be in Houston, and the evidentiary record suggests that the rest of the

ship-design documents are scattered across Mexico, China, and Germany.

Dismissing this suit for refiling in Mexico does not resolve any inconvenience

arising from the fact that evidence is scattered around the globe. Also, the location

of the Vinson injured worker’s medical records in Singapore did not favor

dismissal of the suit for refiling in Singapore because the records had been

provided to the defense already. 318 S.W.3d at 46. Here, Plaintiffs represent that

they have already produced the relevant medical records to FGL and the ABS

Entities.

      The testimony in Vinson also suggested that no Singapore-based personnel

were “directly involved in the design, engineering, or fabrication of the derrick.”

318 S.W.3d at 48. Here, the record reflects that Houston-based personnel of FGL’s

or of the ABS Entities’ were directly involved in the design for the vessel and that


                                         21
the remaining design and construction took place likely in China and not in

Mexico.

      Also in Vinson, the program director involved in building the vessel, who

was “the most knowledgeable person regarding the construction, collapse, and

repair of the” vessel, worked primarily from Houston. 318 S.W.3d at 47 (internal

quotations omitted). No single witness with singular knowledge of the Troll

Solution’s construction, collapse, and repair is suggested by the record. Witnesses

who could testify about the vessel’s construction are in China, Germany, and

Houston, even if the vessel’s collapse and repair were centered in Mexico.

      Finally, Plaintiffs assert that viewing the vessel and the premises of the

incident is irrelevant to the underlying faulty-design dispute. At this stage, the

record provides incomplete information about whether the Mexico-based evidence

will outweigh the importance of any evidence located in Houston, China, or

Germany.

      With relevant evidence and witnesses in each of Houston, Mexico,3 China,

and Germany, the record regarding which evidence and testimony will likely prove

3
      The Houston trial court is not without tools to reach Mexico-resident
      witnesses: “their testimony can be obtained pursuant to international treaties
      without the need for them to travel to Texas.” In re Elamex, S.A. de C.V.,
      367 S.W.3d 879, 890 n.10 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2012, orig. proceeding)
      (citing Société Nationale Industrielle Aérospatiale v. U.S. Dist. Ct. for the S.
      Dist. of Iowa, 482 U.S. 522, 524 (1987); Kreimerman v. Casa Veerkamp,
      S.A. de C.V., 22 F.3d 634, 643 (5th Cir. 1994)).

                                         22
most important is still in dispute. The trial court was therefore presented a fact

question upon which to exercise its discretion. Because ours is an

abuse-of-discretion review, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in concluding that the private-interest factors point toward retaining the

suit against Houston-resident or Houston-headquartered entities in Houston. As our

Supreme Court reasoned:

      Our review of the trial court’s decision is for abuse of discretion. The
      abuse of discretion standard . . . “is especially appropriate when the
      trial court must weigh competing policy considerations and balance
      interests.” “At its core, discretion means choice.” Because a reviewing
      court cannot substitute its discretion for that of the trial court, to find
      an abuse when factual matters are in dispute, the reviewing court must
      conclude that the facts and circumstances of the case extinguish any
      choice in the matter.
Mahindra, USA, 549 S.W.3d at 550 (internal citations omitted).

             2.    Public interest of Texas

      Generally, the public-interest factors to be considered are the administrative

difficulties related to court congestion, burdening the people of a community with

jury duty when they have no relation to the litigation, the local interest in having

localized controversies decided at home, and trying a case in the forum that is at

home with the law that governs the case. ENSCO Offshore Int’l, 311 S.W.3d at

927; Mantle Oil & Gas, 426 S.W.3d at 194.




                                          23
                    a.     Court congestion

      FGL argues that the time and resources needed to litigate this suit in Texas

would lead to undesirable court congestion. It argues that “nearly all of the

evidence is located in Mexico” and that “[m]uch of the relevant evidence is in the

custody, possession, or control of non-party Mexican companies.” It says that,

therefore, “most of the relevant testimony and documents will require translation

from Spanish to English,” if the suit is tried in Texas, “requir[ing] an enormous

amount of the trial court’s and the litigants’ time and resources.”

      Beyond these general representations, FGL does not explain how these

considerations will affect court congestion. The record is silent with regard to court

congestion in Houston and how this defective-design case against Houston-based

defendants will unduly burden the court.

      Plaintiffs respond that this suit will not congest the trial court’s docket

because it already had a trial setting in March 2018. Plaintiffs also fault FGL for

failing to have “address[ed] which specific Mexican court’s jurisdiction they will

submit to, and . . . that specific court’s congestion.”

      The ABS Entities reply that the now-passed March 2018 trial date “is a red

herring” because that date was merely aspirational: “dozens of necessary

depositions in Mexico” had yet to be taken, including those of the plaintiffs, their




                                           24
treating physicians, others who were aboard the Troll Solution, and the Mexican

authorities who investigated the incident.

      The weight of the evidence under this first public-interest factor is mixed

such that we cannot say that it extinguished any choice that the trial court had in

the exercise of its discretion. See Mahindra, USA, 549 S.W.3d at 550.

                    b.    Burdens of jury duty on the community versus the
                          community’s relation to the litigation and the local
                          interest in resolving a local controversy

      To demonstrate Mexico’s interest in the case, FGL supplies evidence that

the Plaintiffs were treated for their injuries by doctors in Mexico and, at the time of

the incident, were employed by Mexican companies and working on a

Mexican-company-managed vessel. The vessel was servicing an oil well owned

and operated by Mexico’s national oil company, and the incident was investigated

by Mexican investigators.

      Plaintiffs respond that “the Troll Solution was designed in Harris County,”

giving Harris County’s jury pool “a clear interest in holding” FGL and the ABS

Entities “responsible for acts occurring within the County.” FGL’s affiant indeed

averred that “FGL prepared the basic jack-up rig design at its office in Houston.”

Plaintiffs also rely on FGL’s and the ABS Entities’ business offices and

headquarters in Houston and on the Harris County population’s particular

connection with offshore-oil-industry employment.


                                          25
      FGL’s affiant described the design work that occurred at its offices in

Houston as preliminary to a later “detailed design phase,” which would be carried

out by the manufacturer in China.

      The ABS Entities reply that “ABS’[s] surveys [for the vessel] were

performed by foreign subsidiaries or branch offices” outside of the US, citing their

affiants’ averments; that “none of the plaintiffs are citizens of Texas or the United

States”; and that “the incident occurred on a foreign-flagged vessel outside of the

United States.”

      Plaintiffs’ reliance on FGL’s affiant’s averments and the ABS Entities’

reliance on their own affiant’s statements present disputed factual matters with

regard to the extent of FGL’s Houston-based designs’ responsibility for any

alleged liability, and to the extent of the ABS Entities’ non-US-based surveys’

similar responsibility. The factual record on these issues presents the court with a

factual dispute. The analysis of these two public-interest factors presents fact

questions upon which the trial court could exercise its discretion. We cannot say

that the trial court abused its discretion in concluding that these two public-interest

factors did not weigh in favor of dismissal of the suit. See Mahindra, USA, 549

S.W.3d at 550.




                                          26
                   c.    Whether Texas is at home with the law that will govern
                         the case

      The parties disagree about what jurisdiction’s law will govern the case, but,

“[b]efore deciding a choice of law issue, a court first must identify a conflict of

law.” In re CVR Energy, Inc., No. 01-15-00715-CV, 2016 WL 1389013, at *4

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 7, 2016, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.) (citing

Vinson, 318 S.W.3d at 51). The parties do not identify any relevant conflict

between Mexican, Texas, and German law, so we do not undertake a choice-of-law

analysis. See id. (“Absent a conflict between Kansas and Texas law on this record,

we do not undertake a choice-of-law analysis.”).

            3.     Acts or omission in Texas

      When balancing the private and public interests, we must also consider the

extent to which the injuries resulted from acts or omissions that occurred in Texas.

See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 71.051(b)(5); Mantle Oil & Gas, 426 S.W.3d

at 197. The parties do not raise any further evidence here beyond FGL’s argument

that the rig collapse and many of its consequences occurred in Mexico and

Plaintiffs’ assertion that the rig was designed and supervised, at least in part, in

Houston by Houston-based companies. The record for this factor is mixed.

            4.     Conclusion under public-interest factors

      Our conclusion under the public-interest factors is that the trial court was

presented with a mixed record that was not so weighted to one side or the other as

                                        27
to extinguish any choice or discretion in the matter. On this record, we cannot say

the trial court abused its discretion in declining to dismiss the case based on its

analysis of these factors.

      F.     The trial court had to balance competing interests in determining
             whether dismissal would not result in unreasonable duplication or
             proliferation of litigation.

      Sixth, we must consider whether “the stay or dismissal would not result in

unreasonable duplication or proliferation of litigation.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

CODE § 71.051(b)(6); see ENSCO Offshore Int’l, 311 S.W.3d at 928. Plaintiffs

argue that the litigation already undertaken in Houston would be wasted effort if

the suit is dismissed in favor of a Mexican forum. Though our Supreme Court has

reasoned that “[c]oncerns about having to duplicate, in Mexican courts, the

document discovery and depositions undertaken in the Texas courts may be

addressed by agreements between the parties”—see Oceanografia, 494 S.W.3d at

732—the record is silent about the possibility of any such arrangements here.

Duplicating litigation already undertaken can be avoided by continuing the case in

Texas, where it has been on file for two years.

      Litigating this suit in Mexico would allow for consolidation with any

indemnity or contribution suits against Mexico-based parties, which a Texas court

would have difficulty exercising jurisdiction over. See ENSCO Offshore Int’l, 311

S.W.3d at 928; XTO Energy, 2018 WL 2246216, at *12.


                                         28
      Because the trial court was called upon to balance these competing interests,

we cannot say that favoring the former interest over the latter was an abuse of

discretion. See Mahindra, USA, 549 S.W.3d at 550.

      G.    Section 71.051(b) factors, as a whole

      We conclude that there is no great weight of the evidence here which

compels retaining this suit in Houston or dismissing it for refiling in Mexico. Even

though Mexico’s courts offer an alternate forum with an adequate remedy, the

roughly forty Mexico-resident plaintiffs have chosen to avail themselves of a

Houston court and to assert the applicability of Texas and German law. Their

forum choice must be given weight. See Mantle Oil & Gas, 426 S.W.3d at 188.

The public and private factors that could otherwise outweigh Plaintiffs’ forum

choice are mixed. We are therefore confronted with an evidentiary record in which

“all the factors do not conclusively favor the alternative forum”; therefore, “we

cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in denying” the motion to

dismiss for forum non conveniens. See Mahindra, USA, 549 S.W.3d at 550.

                                   Conclusion

      We deny the petition. All pending motions are dismissed as moot.



                                             Russell Lloyd
                                             Justice

Panel consists of Justices Lloyd, Kelly, and Hightower.

                                        29
