               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                              No. 15–2109

                         Filed November 10, 2016

                     Amended January 27, 2017


IOWA SUPREME COURT ATTORNEY DISCIPLINARY BOARD,

      Complainant,

vs.

KRISTY BOYER ARZBERGER,

      Respondent.


      On review of the report of the Grievance Commission of the

Supreme Court of Iowa.



      Grievance commission recommended thirty-day suspension of

attorney’s license. LICENSE SUSPENDED.



      Tara van Brederode and Amanda K. Robinson, Des Moines, for

complainant.


      David L. Brown of Hansen, McClintock & Riley, Des Moines, for

respondent.
                                     2

APPEL, Justice.

      In this disciplinary case, the Iowa Supreme Court Attorney

Disciplinary Board (Board) charged the respondent, Kristy B. Arzberger,

with a violation of Iowa Rule of Professional Conduct 32:1.5(a) (“A lawyer

shall not make an agreement for, charge, or collect an unreasonable fee

or an unreasonable amount for expenses, or violate any restrictions

imposed by law.”).      This case arises from Arzberger charging and

collecting extraordinary fees in a probate case without court approval.

After a hearing, the commission recommended a thirty-day suspension.

      For the reasons expressed below, we conclude that the respondent

violated Iowa Rule of Professional Conduct 32:1.5(a).     We suspend the

respondent’s license to practice law for thirty days.

      I. Factual and Procedural Background.

      A. Factual Background.         Arzberger is a Mason City lawyer

licensed to practice law in Iowa. She began practicing law in 1986 and

has been in private practice as a solo practioner since 1988.           Her

practice has included family law, agribusiness matters, real estate, and

probate work.   Over the years, she has had a commendable record of

public service and community activities in the Mason City area,

including service on boards of directors of the Crisis Intervention Service,

the Red Cross, Mason City Noon Rotary, Girl Scouts of North Iowa; the

United Way Allocation Committee; and the foundation board of the North

Iowa Area Community College. She has been active in church affairs,

has mentored at-risk youth, and has provided pro bono legal work.

      Arzberger has a prior history of private admonitions. In 2002, the

Board privately admonished her for falsely telling a client that a petition

for visitation rights had been forwarded to the sheriff for service. While

Arzberger indicated that mistake was made by her secretary, the Board
                                         3

concluded that Arzberger failed to supervise nonlawyer personnel in

connection with their communications with clients. In 2008, the Board

privately   admonished      Arzberger        for   conduct     prejudicial   to     the

administration of justice when, in an appeal of a dissolution-of-marriage

case, she ignored a notice of default for want of prosecution.

      The matter now before us relates to allegations that Arzberger

charged extraordinary fees without court approval in probating the estate

of John Nepstad. Although the issue before us is relatively narrow, a full

understanding of the factual posture of this case is necessary to resolve

this appeal.

      Arzberger represented John Nepstad (John) for a number of years

and drafted his last will and testament.            John died on July 4, 2011.

After John’s death, Matthew Nepstad (Nepstad), John’s son who resides

in Minnesota, contacted Arzberger to inquire about her serving as the

estate’s attorney and probating the estate.

      On July 5, Arzberger sent Nepstad a letter outlining the probate

process. Arzberger told Nepstad that “[t]he cost of probating the estate is

set per Iowa law. For ordinary services the fees are $220 for the first

$5000.00 and 2% of the remaining estate.” This statement did not track

with Iowa Code section 633.198 (2011), which does not set ordinary fees

but instead provides for a reasonable fee, subject to court approval, that

ordinarily should not exceed the amount Arzberger quoted.

      Arzberger’s    July   5   letter   also      addressed    the   possibility    of

extraordinary fees. Arzberger stated, “In the event the liquidation of the

estate calls for extensive work, for example, selling real estate, an

attorney may ask for extra-ordinary fees. These fees must be approved

by the Court.”      Nepstad was appointed the executor of the estate on
                                     4

July 26. He subsequently retained Arzberger to represent the estate in

the probate matter.

      A complication in the probate matter soon arose. In the past, John

had been in a relationship with Lori Thomas. John’s will provided, “If at

the time of my death Lori and I are still residing together . . . I give,

devise and bequeath my residence to Lori.” After John’s death, Thomas

claimed that she and John were, in fact, living together at the time of

John’s death, thereby entitling her to John’s residence under the express

terms of John’s will.    Further, Thomas claimed entitlement to ongoing

support from the estate.

      Thomas filed suit on August 29, seeking title to the residence and

spousal support.      She demanded a jury trial and submitted discovery

requests.   Arzberger forwarded Thomas’s August 29 documents to

Nepstad the following day. In an email dated August 30, she informed

Nepstad, “This is not a normal probate proceeding. Therefore, I will be

asking the court for extraordinary fees above the statutory fee allowed by

law.” (Emphasis added.)

      Arzberger began to prepare for trial on Thomas’s claims.         On

December 20, Thomas served answers to interrogatories on Arzberger,

which stated that Arzberger “may be called as a witness” in the litigation.

Notwithstanding the receipt of this information, Arzberger continued to

work on the Thomas matter in late December 2011 and early 2012,

including, among other things, reviewing and drafting of discovery and

drafting an outline of the case.

      On April 5, 2012, Thomas’s counsel raised the issue of whether

Arzberger had a conflict of interest in connection with her representation

of the estate in the Thomas matter. Arzberger consulted a district court

judge, who advised that although a conflict might not be present if her
                                           5

testimony would be favorable to the estate, it would be advisable to hire

other counsel to avoid the potential for a mistrial. 1

       On April 13, 2012, Arzberger applied to the district court for

permission to employ additional counsel in order to “avoid the

appearance of impropriety” should she have to testify in the Thomas

matter. In the application, Arzberger stated that she would “remain as

designated attorney for probate of the estate except for defending the

estate against the claims of Lori A. Thomas.”               On the same day, the

district court granted the application, directing Nepstad to “immediately

retain additional counsel of his choosing to defend the claims of Lori A.

Thomas.” The order also stated “Arzberger shall remain the designated

attorney for the Estate as to all other probate matters.”                  (Emphasis

added.)

       Nepstad, on the advice of Arzberger, retained Colin Murphy to

defend the Thomas claim. Murphy was retained in late April, but his bill

for the estate indicates he began work twelve days before trial. Arzberger

continued to work on the Thomas matter.                  For example, her billing

statement in the Thomas matter indicated that in June of 2012,

Arzberger reviewed the file, began compiling discovery responses, drafted

witness and exhibit lists, contacted witnesses, generated notes to the file,

and drafted subpoenas for witness appearances at trial.



       1While  the propriety of Arzberger’s continuing representation of the estate with
respect to the Thomas matter is not at issue, we note that there is authority indicating
that there is an inherent conflict when a lawyer is to testify while serving as an
advocate, even if the testimony is favorable to the client. 2 Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr.,
et al., The Law of Lawyering § 36.02, at 36-3 (4th ed. 2015 Supp.). Ordinarily, a lawyer
must withdraw when she is a necessary witness. Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:3.7; see
Comm. on Prof'l Ethics & Conduct v. McCullough, 465 N.W.2d 878, 882–83 (Iowa 1991).
The Iowa Rules of Professional Conduct include three exceptions to this rule. Iowa R.
Prof’l Conduct 32:3.7. We come to no conclusion as to whether any of those exceptions
existed here or whether Arzberger’s presence as cocounsel at trial was proper.
                                     6

      The trial on Thomas’s claims occurred on June 27, 2012.         Both

Arzberger and Murphy attended the trial, with Murphy conducting the

examination of witnesses, including Arzberger herself.      The day after

trial, Nepstad sent an email to Murphy and Arzberger asking for a bill for

all work done on the matter through the end of June.         In the email,

Nepstad stated that he understood that the fees for “the normal estate

work is a percentage of the final assets so I don’t need that as I already

have a good idea of the fees associated with it.”

      Both Arzberger and Murphy responded to Nepstad’s June 28 email

on the same day. Arzberger stated, “As to fees related to the litigation

. . . we will be working on this and have it out to you [Nepstad and

Murphy] both in an Affidavit format for filing with the Clerk to which we

can add [Murphy’s] fees within the week.” (Emphasis added.) Murphy

responded by stating that he would prepare a total of his time spent

preparing for trial and the trial itself. Nepstad requested to be able to

review the fee affidavit before it was filed.   Arzberger promptly replied

that Nepstad was welcome to do so and “[i]nquire as you feel

appropriate.”

      On July 16, the district court entered its ruling in the Thomas

matter.    In its ruling, the district court stated, “The estate was

represented by counsel Kristy B. Arzberger and [Colin] Murphy.”        The

district court further noted that, “Kristy Arzberger was called as a

witness on behalf of the estate, therefore, by agreement of the parties,

Mr. Murphy acted as counsel of record for the hearing in this matter.”

      With respect to the substance of the dispute, the district court held

that Thomas failed to meet her burden of showing that the parties had a

common law marriage or that the parties resided together at the time of
                                     7

John’s death. The district court declined to award attorney fees to the

estate. Costs were assessed against Thomas.

      On July 17, Arzberger submitted an invoice for fees to Nepstad in

connection with the Thomas matter totaling $6325.20.         The Arzberger

invoice contained itemization for services but no hourly rate. The invoice

included fees of $2564.25 incurred after the entry of the April 13 order

authorizing the hiring of additional counsel for the estate.        It also

included a June 27 entry for work labeled “attend trial, testify, and assist

in preparation” in the amount of $1316.25. Arzberger stated, “These will

be the fees that will be due this office, over and above statutory fees for

the normal estate work.”    On July 23, 2012, Murphy submitted a fee

statement to Nepstad totaling $3698.30 at a rate of $150 per hour for

legal services.

      No application for extraordinary fees in connection with the

Thomas matter, however, was filed with the district court. As a result,

contrary to Iowa Code section 633.199 and Iowa Court Rule 7.2(3), no

district court order approving the extraordinary fees was entered in the

Thomas matter.

      On July 31, Nepstad sent an email to Arzberger noting that he was

“a bit surprised” that the fees for the Thomas matter totaled over

$10,000. He asked for an explanation of why it was necessary to hire

Murphy, noting “I seem to recall you mentioning a conflict of interest but

the details are a little fuzzy.” Arzberger responded that same day, noting

that she was sorry the cost was what it was but that she charged “only

for time spent and trust [Murphy] did the same.” Nepstad responded by

noting that he was obviously happy with the outcome of the Thomas

matter, but questioned whether the potential conflict could have been
                                     8

identified sooner and wondered why the file was not fully transferred to

Murphy once he agreed to take the case.

      Arzberger further responded to Nepstad that same day. She stated

she could not have anticipated that she would be called as a witness.

She further stated that the only real duplication that occurred was on

the date of trial, which she characterized as “beneficial to the outcome” of

the matter.   The next day Arzberger sent another email to Nepstad

noting, “I’m a busy attorney with plenty of work. I did NOT take action

on this to bleed the estate or you Matt.”

      Nepstad responded on August 2 by noting that the Arzberger law

firm had previously incorrectly asserted that insurance proceeds paid

directly to Nepstad would be included in the estate for purposes of

calculating the two percent ordinary attorney fee. He also criticized her

fee statement as not including an hourly rate for the work—information

Nepstad claimed he had previously sought but was not provided.

      On September 20, Arzberger emailed Nepstad a lengthy letter

responding to his complaints regarding the billing for the Thomas

lawsuit. In her September 20 letter, Arzberger justified the amount she

was charging the estate in extraordinary fees. She recognized that the

time spent in trial between her and Murphy was duplicative, but stated

that it was “extremely beneficial” to Nepstad to have Arzberger listening

to all the testimony in the courtroom prior to her testimony. She noted

that Murphy handled all after-trial issues.

      With respect to her invoice for extraordinary fees in the Thomas

matter, Arzberger stated in her September 20 letter,

      I will agree to write down . . . my statement in the amount of
      $500.00 if the entire balance due and owing to both myself
      and Mr. Murphy is paid in full within 10 days from this date,
                                       9
          as to fees incurred related to the Thomas claim. Those fees
          are approved to be paid from the Estate.

(Emphasis added.)
          With respect to the erroneous inclusion of insurance proceeds paid

directly to Nepstad in the calculation of size of the estate for purposes of

determining ordinary fees, Arzberger stated that her legal assistant was

responsible for the misinformation.        Arzberger stated, however, that

“there has not been an Application for Attorney Fees filed with the Court

pertaining to the normal estate proceedings.” Arzberger noted that any

application for ordinary fees “will need to be signed by you before filing

with the Court.”

          Arzberger’s statement regarding the status of any claim for

ordinary fees was correct.        As of September 20, no application for

ordinary fees had been filed. Further, Arzberger correctly noted that any

application for ordinary fees would need to be signed by Nepstad as

executor before filing with the court.

          Arzberger’s statement regarding the status of any claim for

extraordinary fees in connection with the Thomas matter was incorrect.

No claim for extraordinary fees had been filed with the court, let alone

approved. And Nepstad, as executor, had not been presented with an

application for extraordinary fees for his review and signature.

          Nepstad responded the same day to Arzberger’s September 20

letter.     Nepstad again stated that he did not need two attorneys to

represent the estate at the trial on Thomas’s claim, that he had not

known what Arzberger’s hourly rate was, and that he was not timely

informed of various developments in the file.          Nepstad proposed a

reduction of $2179 from Arzberger’s invoice totaling $6325.20 for

services in the Thomas matter.
                                    10

      In an October 2 email, Arzberger, after reviewing other matters

related to the estate, asked for payment of her fees in connection with

the Thomas matter. She stated, “If you have not already done so, I ask

that you remit payment to Mr. Murphy and myself for the Thomas

litigation at this time. I would appreciate payment within the week.” On

October 5, Nepstad wrote indicating that Murphy had been paid but

indicated dissatisfaction with the discount proposed by Arzberger on her

bill on the Thomas matter.      He asked, “Do you have a process for

escalating this? (i.e. mediation, Iowa judicial board, etc.).”   (Emphasis

added.) In the meantime, Nepstad indicated he would send a check for

$4146.20—the balance of Arzberger’s invoice minus the $2179 that

Nepstad contested.

      Five days later, Arzberger responded to Nepstad’s October 5 email,

which sought, among other things, a “process” to resolve the fee dispute.

Arzberger responded by noting that she had already discounted her bill

on the Thomas matter by “over $1600 of billable time” and that with the

additional $500 discount, her billings were more than fair. Arzberger did

not advise Nepstad that he had a right to a hearing before the district

court on the question of extraordinary fees.

      In December, Arzberger and Nepstad engaged in correspondence

related to the possibility of bringing a small claims action against

Thomas for rent that might be due as a result of her occupying property

other than John’s residence owned by the estate.         On December 3,

Arzberger expressed a reluctance to get involved without addressing the

unpaid dollar amount “ow[ed] to [her] related to work done by [her] and

time spent by [her] pertaining to the litigation filed by [Thomas] . . . .”

Arzberger indicated a willingness to be engaged in additional work “if we

can get this [issue] addressed this week.”
                                    11

      On December 5, Nepstad tersely stated that he would not need

Arzberger’s assistance with the new matter.     Repeating a request from

his October 5 email to Arzberger, Nepstad again stated that before he

would pay any of the outstanding balance, he wanted a process for

resolving the fee dispute. Nepstad wrote, “I will need the opinion of a 3rd

party as to if the charges are justified.     Do you have a process for

escalating this with clients? Please let me know how you would like to

proceed.” (Emphasis added.)

      Arzberger responded to Nepstad’s December 5 email the same day.

She declared that she did not have a process for resolving the fee dispute

and that “people in this area know that I have a good reputation, that I

do good legal work, that I do only the work necessary, and that I do not

cheat clients or overcharge.” Arzberger further stated that Nepstad was

free to get “a second . . . opinion from someone of your choice.”

      On December 6, Arzberger sent a letter via email to Nepstad related

to ordinary legal fees for the estate. She stated, “Iowa statute provides

for statutory attorney fees for the normal processing of an estate. That

fee is $220.00 for the first $5000 of assets and 2% for all remaining

assets. In this case, the statutory attorney fee is $13667.00.”

      Arzberger sent Nepstad an “Application for Attorney Fees” and a

“Waiver of Notice and Consent to Fees.” The application did not include

an itemization of fees but simply stated, “Arzberger has served as

attorney for the Estate and should be allowed a reasonable fee for

ordinary services rendered, together with reimbursement of actual and

necessary expenses.    That statutory fee for this matter is $13667.00.”

The “Waiver and Notice and Consent to Fee” stated that Nepstad waived

notice of hearing on the “Application” and consented to the entry of an

order approving the payment of the fee.      No similar set of documents
                                    12

related to the extraordinary fee in the Thomas matter was sent to

Nepstad.

      Arzberger’s representations and her submission of a liquidated but

unitemized fee statement for ordinary estate work were consistent with

her initial July 5, 2011 representation to Nepstad that “the cost of

probating the estate is set per Iowa law.” Nepstad signed the necessary

documents, forwarded them to Arzberger, and the application for

ordinary fees was approved by the district court on December 20, 2012.

      During 2013, Arzberger and Nepstad engaged in correspondence

about final steps required to close the estate. The closing of the estate

was delayed by confusion over filing of proper tax returns with the state.

By the end of the year, all documents and clearances needed to close the

estate were obtained, and the estate was closed on January 30, 2014.

      After the closing of the estate, Arzberger sent reminders to Nepstad

of the outstanding balance related to her invoice for extraordinary fees

arising from the Thomas litigation for a period of time, but she did not

initiate a suit against him.

      B. Disciplinary Proceedings.

      1. Nepstad complaint. Nepstad filed a complaint with the Board in

March 2014.     His original complaint asserted a number of violations.

Nepstad claimed violations of Iowa Rules of Professional Conduct 32:1.4

(communications), 32:1.5 (fees), 32:1.7 (conflict of interest), 32:3.7

(lawyer as a witness), and 32:1.1 (competence).

      2. The Board’s complaint and subsequent stipulations. The Board

initiated disciplinary proceedings against Arzberger for violating rule

32:1.5(a).   On August 24, 2015, the parties reached a stipulation

regarding the facts. In the original stipulation, the parties characterized

Arzberger’s failure to file the application for extraordinary fees as
                                    13

“inadvertent.” The stipulation further indicated that the Board had no

authority to make recommendations regarding whether Arzberger should

refund the amount of extraordinary fees paid by Nepstad or reopen the

estate to obtain court approval of the fees.          On August 25, the

commission approved the stipulation, but reserved the right to determine

whether to hold a limited hearing “to elicit such additional evidence as

the Division may deem necessary to facilitate informed consideration of

the complaint.”

      On October 7, the parties filed an amended and supplemented

stipulation. The amended stipulation differed from the initial stipulation

in that it did not characterize the failure to file the application for

extraordinary fees as “inadvertent.”     Further, the amended stipulation

required that Arzberger either pay back all extraordinary fees obtained

from the Nepstad estate or reopen the estate and seek court approval of

the fees.    The commission accepted the amended stipulation but

proceeded with a hearing to clarify the issues.

      3. Hearing before the commission.           The commission hearing

consisted of testimony by Nepstad and Arzberger. Nepstad testified by

telephone. Nepstad testified that he was never informed of Arzberger’s

hourly rate, despite repeatedly asking for a fee schedule in emails to her.

      Nepstad explained he understood that he would be paying

Arzberger for the work she performed preparing for trial of the Thomas

matter up until Murphy was hired to represent the estate, and then

perhaps some for the transition of the case after that, but he was upset

by Arzberger’s continuing involvement with the case culminating in her

sitting with Murphy at the June 27 trial and assisting in the case.

Nepstad explained that he felt like he had to pay two attorneys to do the

work of a single attorney. With respect to judicial involvement on the
                                       14

question of extraordinary fees related to the Thomas matter, Nepstad

said he understood that when the court approved extraordinary fees, it

would be a “blanket approval” that would then cover any amount

Arzberger wished to charge.

      Arzberger testified before the commission in person.       Arzberger

gave an overview of her probate practice.        She explained that she

typically has three full-time support staff and that one of her support

staff, who had been with her for sixteen years, left during the pendency

of the Nepstad estate. She estimated that around ten percent or less of

her practice has been probate work.

      Arzberger testified regarding the emergence of the potential conflict

of interest. Arzberger explained that after she received the interrogatory

responses from Thomas and a letter from Thomas’s lawyer saying that

she had a potential conflict of interest, Arzberger researched the issue

and concluded there would not be a conflict because any testimony she

might give would be favorable to the estate. Arzberger testified that she

additionally sought advice from a judge not involved with the case. She

testified the judge agreed that she did not need to withdraw, but said it

would be a good idea having another attorney involved at the time of trial

to eliminate the risk of a mistrial.

      Arzberger stated she decided to seek additional counsel to

represent the estate in the Thomas matter. Arzberger described how she

and Murphy had agreed that Arzberger would actually do everything up

until trial and that Murphy’s responsibilities would be to split witness

preparation with Arzberger and represent the estate at trial.     She and

Murphy agreed that given the amount of work that Arzberger had already

completed on the case and her familiarity with the information and
                                       15

people involved, it would be beneficial for her to serve as cocounsel at

trial.

         On business matters, Arzberger testified that her billing rate of

$195 an hour was communicated to Nepstad in telephone conversations.

Arzberger did state, however, that she had never sent Nepstad an

itemized bill for her ordinary fees.

         On the issue of the filing of an application for extraordinary fees,

Arzberger admitted she made a mistake by not filing the application.

Arzberger asserted she had actually prepared and signed an application

and that she had truly thought the application had been filed by her

paralegal. Arzberger testified she had talked with her paralegal prior to

the hearing and that her paralegal’s recollection was that the application

had been prepared and that the paralegal, too, thought it had been filed

with the court.

         Even though she said that she thought her paralegal filed the

application, Arzberger emphasized she was taking full responsibility for

the oversight.     Arzberger explained she only became aware that the

application for extraordinary fees had not been filed when the Board

informed her of that fact on May 21, 2014. Arzberger said that she had

never previously had a probate case in which extraordinary fees were

involved.

         Arzberger was questioned about Nepstad’s dispute over the

amount of extraordinary fees.          Arzberger explained that neither the

dispute itself nor Nepstad’s repeated request for a “process” to resolve the

fee dispute prompted her to check her files for the court approval of

extraordinary fees in the Thomas matter.

         With respect to a potential remedy, Arzberger was asked if she was

prepared to return to Nepstad the unapproved extraordinary fees.
                                     16

Arzberger said, “I’m prepared to do whatever I have to do to rectify my

error.”    She stated that she felt an appropriate sanction would be a

public reprimand and an order to refund the extraordinary fees to

Nepstad. When asked why she had not refunded the fees prior to the

commission hearing, Arzberger said that her counsel for this matter

advised her to wait.

      A member of the commission asked if, as Arzberger had testified,

the application for extraordinary fees had actually been prepared and

Arzberger had signed it, why a copy of the signed but unfiled document

had not been submitted to the Board.           Arzberger explained that she

submitted all the documents she thought were relevant to her counsel,

over one hundred and fifty pages of documents, and she thought she was

providing everything of relevance. The commission member asked if the

document would not then still be in her office as an electronic document

that would reveal when the document had been prepared. Arzberger said

she had computer issues in her office, and they transitioned from one

server provider to another and that some things were lost, so she does

not have an electronic file that would show when the document was

created.

      The commission member observed that if the application had been

filed, Nepstad would have needed to review and sign it before filing.

Arzberger agreed that Nepstad would have had to have reviewed and

signed the application if it had been filed.

      Arzberger also testified that she had taken certain remedial steps

in light of the complaint. She attended a CLE on probate matters and

has changed her form letter to state that Iowa law generally establishes a

two percent cap on ordinary estate fees. She also testified regarding her

long-time active involvement in community affairs.
                                    17

      4. Commission’s proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law.

The commission came to a unanimous conclusion in its proposed

findings of fact, conclusions of law, and recommendations.

      First, the commission did not find credible Arzberger’s claim that

the application for extraordinary fees in the Thomas matter had been

prepared and signed, but inadvertently not filed.         It described her

testimony that she could not produce the draft application because of

computer issues as “convenient” and noted that Arzberger failed to call

her former paralegal who could testify as to whether the application was

prepared. The commission also found it unusual that, despite Arzberger

and her staff never having applied for extraordinary fees before,

Arzberger relied on her staff to handle the application without oversight.

      Second, regarding whether an application had ever been prepared

by Arzberger, the commission found Arzberger’s claim that she failed to

realize she had not filed the application until notified by the Board to be

incredible.   The commission found Arzberger’s response demonstrated

“deliberate and willful” disregard of Nepstad’s emails questioning the

extraordinary fees. The commission found it inexplicable that Arzberger

never checked her file to confirm that the application had been filed and

the extraordinary fees approved and to furnish this approval to Nepstad

to demonstrate the fees were proper.

      Third, the commission found that, in light of the court order

authorizing the estate to employ additional counsel and designating

Arzberger the attorney for “all other probate matters,” Arzberger “should

not have been doing any work related to defending the estate . . . nor

charging any fees for such work, after April 13, 2012.”

      Fourth, the commission further expressed its frustration that

Arzberger told Nepstad that Iowa law sets the fees for probate at two
                                     18

percent, rather than the reality that the fees are capped at two percent.

The commission pointed to the fact that Arzberger never itemized her

time for her ordinary fee work and that she failed to show why the

highest fee allowable by law was reasonable under the circumstances.

“It is unclear to the Panel how an attorney can charge and collect an

extraordinary fee when services for the ‘normal’ probate work have not

yet been completed.”

        Based on the foregoing, the commission came to the double-

barreled     conclusion   that   Arzberger   “charged   and   collected   an

unreasonable fee and violated restrictions imposed by law” under rule

32:1.5(a).   Taking into account the aggravating and mitigating factors,

the commission recommended that Arzberger be suspended for thirty

days.

        C. Positions of the Parties. Arzberger does not contest that she

violated rule 32:1.5(a). She contends, however, that her failure to apply

for extraordinary fees was an honest mistake. She asserts that a public

reprimand would be the appropriate sanction in her case.          See, e.g.,

Comm. on Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v. Elson, 430 N.W.2d 113, 115 (Iowa

1988) (reprimanding attorney who received fees prior to court approval,

but fees were proper); Comm. on Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v. Winkel, 415

N.W.2d 601, 603 (Iowa 1987) (reprimanding attorney who collected fees

prior to order authorizing the fees). Arzberger argues that suspension of

a lawyer’s license for violation of probate rules relating to fees is

appropriate only when a lawyer engages in dishonest practices.

        Arzberger further argues that mitigating factors are present in her

case, including a lack of harm to Nepstad, her volunteer community

service, the fact that she cooperated with the Board, her taking
                                     19

responsibility for her actions, and her efforts to ensure that such

mistakes do not occur again by implementing new office procedures.

      Arzberger argues that we should give little weight to the

commission’s findings of fact, conclusions of law, and recommendations

because they mischaracterize her actions by suggesting that she was

dishonestly attempting to collect unearned fees.    Arzberger states that

she has never attempted to blame her staff for her failure to file the

application for extraordinary fees—she stated that her staff did not file

the application because that was a relevant fact in explaining how she

failed to file the application. She argues that throughout the process she

has taken full responsibility for the oversight.

      Arzberger also argues that the commission questioned her in detail

on matters that were not relevant to the Board’s complaint, and these

matters distract from the issue. She further argues that both the Board

and the commission have flipped the burden of proof, requiring her to

prove that she was not dishonest, rather than the Board having to prove

that she was.

      The Board defends the commission’s recommendation of a thirty-

day suspension.     The Board argues that Elson and Winkel, cited by

Arzberger, are distinguishable from the facts of this case because the

prior cases involved attorneys taking ordinary probate fees prior to court

approval. It is much easier, the Board contends, to determine whether

ordinary probate fees are appropriate given the cap placed on such fees

by law, but an extraordinary probate fee is not so capped.

      Additionally, the Board stresses that Nepstad actively disputed the

appropriateness of the extraordinary fees in the Thomas matter.

According to the Board, it is just an assumption that these unapproved

extraordinary fees would be otherwise appropriate.     In fact, the Board
                                    20

points out the commission found that the extraordinary fee was excessive

given that the court, in its order approving the hiring of additional

counsel, had ordered Arzberger to remain the estate’s attorney for all

other probate matters other than the litigation.

      The Board points to Iowa Supreme Court Board of Professional

Ethics & Conduct v. Smith as the most apposite case. 569 N.W.2d 499

(Iowa 1997). In Smith, the attorney took ordinary probate fees early but

he also took extraordinary fees that were later determined to be excessive

and made misrepresentations—Smith was suspended for thirty days. Id.

at 500–03. Here, the Board argues Arzberger overcharged extraordinary

fees by $2564.25, the amount billed for work on the Thomas suit after

the order approving hiring additional counsel for the estate.

      The Board also argues that misrepresentation occurred in this case

because Arzberger willfully and deliberately disregarded emails from

Nepstad in which he expressed concerns about the amount of

extraordinary fees and requested third-party assistance, which was

available in the form of a judge who would approve extraordinary fees.

Arzberger also gave testimony that the commission found not credible.

The Board maintains that Arzberger’s lack of honesty in her testimony

before the commission shows that Arzberger intentionally failed to apply

for court approval of extraordinary fees.

      II. Standard of Review.

      We review attorney disciplinary proceedings de novo.           Iowa

Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Stowe, 830 N.W.2d 737, 739 (Iowa

2013). An attorney’s ethical misconduct must be proved by a convincing

preponderance of the evidence.       Id.    “We respectfully consider the

commission’s findings and recommendations, but are not bound by

them.”   Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Englemann, 840
                                    21

N.W.2d 156, 158 (Iowa 2013). “If we find a violation, we ‘may impose a

lesser or greater sanction than the discipline recommended by the

grievance commission.’ ” Id. (quoting Iowa Ct. R. 35.11(1), now found at

Iowa Ct. R. 36.21(1)).

      III. Discussion.

      A. Scope of the Proceeding. We begin by considering the proper

scope of this proceeding.      As can be seen from the above factual

background, a number of potential ethical issues are lurking in this case.

The questioning of the commissioners and the briefing filed suggests

some confusion on defining the issues that are properly before us.

      There are a number of potential issues related to Arzberger’s fees

for ordinary services to the estate. For example, Arzberger represented to

Nepstad that under Iowa law the ordinary fees for probate are fixed by

statute rather than capped by the statute. Her statement that the fees

were fixed by statute is reflected in the fact that she did not keep an

itemized record of her ordinary fees, apparently believing that such

records were not necessary in light of a liquidated statutory fee.

      Iowa Code section 633.198, however, provides that an attorney in

an estate proceeding may obtain reasonable fees in an amount that

ordinarily should not exceed $220 for the first $5000 and two percent of

any amount over $5000 of the value of the estate.           See Iowa Code

§§ 633.197, .198.    Thus, there could be ethical issues related to her

misrepresentation of Iowa law to Nepstad on how ordinary fees are

calculated. There also could be ethical issues in her representations to

the court in her application for ordinary fees as well as separate ethical

issues related to her failure to justify the reasonableness of her ordinary

fees through an itemized fee statement to the district court. Clearly, the
                                    22

commission was concerned about this issue when it made its

recommended sanction in this case.

      With respect to her extraordinary-fee claim, there are several

potential violations.   First, the failure to obtain court approval of an

extraordinary fee would amount to a fee obtained in violation of a

restriction imposed by law. See Iowa Code § 633.199; Iowa Ct. R. 7.2(3).

Second, by participating in the work up of the Thomas matter in which

she had reason to believe she would be called as a witness, Arzberger

might have acted with a conflict of interest.      Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct

32:3.7. Third, the extraordinary fee actually charged, including fees due

to the presence of two attorneys at trial, could be unreasonable, which

would give rise to a potential ethical violation surrounding the

extraordinary fee.   Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:1.5.    It is clear that the

commission was concerned with all three of these issues.

      In order to determine the scope of this proceeding, we begin by an

examination of the original complaint. The original complaint contained

one count that was entitled “Extraordinary Fees in Probate.” While the

title of the count suggests a limitation of the complaint to extraordinary

fees, paragraph 19 of the complaint does note that the extraordinary fees

were “[i]n addition to fees of two percent of the estate for standard

services related to the probate.” Yet, the most reasonable interpretation

of the original complaint is that it related solely to the extraordinary fee

and not the ordinary fees in this case.

      As to violations with respect to extraordinary fees, paragraph 22 of

the complaint alleged—after describing the estate’s hiring of Murphy to

handle the litigation related to the Thomas matter—that “[i]n connection

with the foregoing,” Arzberger violated “Iowa Rule of Professional Conduct

32:1.5(a) (A lawyer shall not charge or collect an unreasonable fee or
                                     23

violate any restriction imposed by law.).” Even if the allegation is limited

to ethical violations surrounding only the extraordinary fee, the

allegation would be broad enough to include violations related not only to

failure to obtain prior approval for the extraordinary but also violations

related to reasonability of the charges.

      Any doubt regarding the scope of the proceeding, however, is

resolved by the parties’ amended stipulation. According to the amended

stipulation, the parties agreed that Arzberger violated Iowa Rule of

Professional Conduct 32:1.5(a). The amended stipulation states,

      The factual basis for this rule violation is that Respondent
      failed to file an Application for Approval of Extraordinary
      Fees before billing for and collecting an extraordinary fee in
      probate as required by Iowa Code § 633.199 and Iowa Ct. R.
      7.2(3).

The factual basis for the alleged violation, notably, does not include

anything related to the charging of ordinary fees, nor does it mention

anything about the reasonability of the extraordinary fees charged.

Thus, the sole violation before the commission was a violation of Iowa

Rule of Professional Conduct 32:1.5(a) arising from the failure to obtain

court approval for the extraordinary fees.

      Even though the charge in the complaint and amended stipulation

is narrow, however, the nature of the underlying conduct and facts

associated with the underlying conduct may be mitigating or aggravating

factors in determining the appropriate sanction.         In this case, an

important issue is whether the failure to obtain court approval of

extraordinary fees was a simple oversight or was there an element of

dishonesty or intentional misconduct involved.

      B. Violation of Iowa Rule of Professional Conduct 32:1.5(a).

Iowa Rule of Professional Conduct 32:1.5(a) reads, in part, “A lawyer
                                         24

shall not make an agreement for, charge, or collect an unreasonable fee

or an unreasonable amount for expenses, or violate any restrictions

imposed by law.” The parties agree that Arzberger violated the rule with

respect to “restrictions imposed by law,” but do not agree that Arzberger

charged an unreasonable fee. Even though the parties agree on part of

the violation, we must nonetheless exercise our independent judgment

that the record and the law support a conclusion that Arzberger

committed an ethical violation. See Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary

Bd. v. Deremiah, 875 N.W.2d 728, 732 (Iowa 2016); Iowa Supreme Ct.

Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Wright, 857 N.W.2d 510, 514 (Iowa 2014).

       Iowa Code sections 633.197 and 633.198 set the maximum

amount that an attorney may be paid for ordinary probate fees. 2 Section

633.199 allows attorneys to charge for extraordinary services, including,

among other things, services related to disputed matters.                The statute

provides that the court is to determine when such further allowances are

“just and reasonable,” depending on a number of factors identified in the

statute. Id. Iowa Court Rule 7.2(3) provides the procedure for obtaining

court approval:

       When an allowance for extraordinary expenses or services is
       sought pursuant to Iowa Code section 633.199, the request
       shall include a written statement showing the necessity for
       such expenses or services, the responsibilities assumed, and
       the amount of extra time or expense involved. In appropriate
       cases, the statement shall also explain the importance of the
       matter to the estate and describe the results obtained. The
       request may be made in the final report or by separate
       application. It shall be set for hearing upon reasonable
       notice, specifying the amounts claimed, unless waivers of
       notice identifying the amounts claimed are filed by all


      2This amount is six percent for the first $1000, four percent for any amount over

$1000 to $5000, and two percent on any amount over $5000. Iowa Code §§ 633.197–
.198. For estates valued over $5000, this is equal to $220 plus two percent of the
amount over $5000.
                                    25
      interested persons. The applicant shall have the burden of
      proving such allowance should be made.

      An attorney’s taking of probate fees without proper court
authorization constitutes a violation of rule 32:1.5(a).    See, e.g., Iowa

Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Lickiss, 786 N.W.2d 860, 867–68

(Iowa 2010) (“Taking probate fees without prior approval by the court

violates rule 32:1.5(a) . . . .”); Iowa Supreme Ct. Bd. of Prof’l Ethics &

Conduct v. Evans, 537 N.W.2d 783, 785 (Iowa 1995) (holding that

receiving fees in probate without prior court approval violates the rule

against illegal fees); Comm. on Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v. Coddington, 360

N.W.2d 823, 824–25 (Iowa 1985) (holding that collecting fees which were

later ratified by the court were still improper because “fees in probate

matters are to be received only after their authorization by the court”).

      It is uncontested that Arzberger failed to apply for court approval

for the extraordinary fees.   The record supports this conclusion.          We

therefore hold that Arzberger violated rule 32:1.5(a) by collecting fees

that violated restrictions imposed by law.

      B. Sanctions.     Having found a violation, we now turn to the

question of sanctions. We seek to be consistent in applying sanctions,

but also recognize that the discipline imposed must be tailored to the

individual facts and circumstances of the given case. Iowa Supreme Ct.

Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Powell, 830 N.W.2d 355, 358 (Iowa 2013); Iowa

Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Earley, 729 N.W.2d 437, 443 (Iowa

2007).

      In fashioning an appropriate sanction, we consider the
      nature of the violations, the attorney’s fitness to continue in
      the practice of law, the protection of society from those unfit
      to practice law, the need to uphold public confidence in the
      justice system, deterrence, maintenance of the reputation of
      the bar as a whole, and any aggravating or mitigating
      circumstances.
                                       26

Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Ireland, 748 N.W.2d 498, 502

(Iowa 2008); accord Powell, 830 N.W.2d at 358; Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y

Disciplinary Bd. v. Wheeler, 824 N.W.2d 505, 511 (Iowa 2012).

        Here, there is a question regarding the nature of the violation. If

Arzberger intentionally failed to apply for extraordinary fees prior to

charging and collecting the fees, this would be a significant aggravating

factor. Along similar lines, if Arzberger tried to cover up an inadvertent

failure to apply for extraordinary fees by falsely claiming to have

prepared and signed the application, the violation would also be

aggravated. If, however, Arzberger did not intentionally fail to file and

was completely forthright before the commission regarding how she had

failed to file the application, the nature of the violation would be less

severe.

        The Board cites the credibility determinations of the commission in

its argument that Arzberger intentionally failed to apply for extraordinary

fees.   Arzberger, on the other hand, argues that the commission was

incorrect when it found her not credible and that we should reverse the

commission’s credibility findings on our de novo review.

        We are, of course, free to disagree with the credibility findings of

the commission. See Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Sobel,

779 N.W.2d 782, 787 (Iowa 2010); Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary

Bd. v. McGrath, 713 N.W.2d 682, 702 (Iowa 2006). We do, however, give

deference    to   the   commission’s    credibility   findings   because   the

commission is in the best position to make credibility determinations.

Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Ouderkirk, 845 N.W.2d 31, 33

(Iowa 2014); Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Clarity, 838

N.W.2d 648, 659 (Iowa 2013).
                                         27

      After our independent review of the record, we conclude, as did the

Board, that Arzberger must have at some point realized that she did not,

in fact, have court approval for the extraordinary fees.                Perhaps

Arzberger initially thought that she had prepared an application for

extraordinary fees, although she did not testify that she recalled seeing

an   order   approving    such   fees.        If Arzberger   thought   that   the

extraordinary-fee application in the Thomas matter had been filed and

approved by the court, the simple and obvious response to Nepstad’s

repeated questioning of the extraordinary fees would have been to

retrieve the order from the file and send a copy to Nepstad.           Further,

because Nepstad was objecting to the extraordinary fees, it must have

been clear to Arzberger that Nepstad had not approved them.

      It is hard to comprehend that Arzberger would not have discovered

the lack of a filed application for extraordinary fees and an order

approving them after Nepstad’s repeated emails disputing the fee and his

two explicit attempts to obtain some kind of impartial process for

resolving the issue.     We thus agree with the commission’s alternative

finding that Arzberger must have learned that there was no court order

approving the fees after Nepstad repeatedly raised the issue.

      We also note there is a pattern of mistakes and misrepresentations

regarding fees in this case. Arzberger initially misstated the manner in

which ordinary fees were to be calculated, claiming that they were set by

the Iowa Code. Her paralegal later included proceeds from an insurance

policy for purposes of calculating ordinary fees, which Nepstad objected

to after conducting his own legal research on the issue.                Finally,

Arzberger inexplicably did not tell Nepstad that the district court was

vested with the power to determine the reasonability of the extraordinary

fee and that a forum was, in fact, available to address the dispute.
                                     28

      Arzberger knew that ordinary fees were subject to court approval.

She knew that extraordinary fees were subject to court approval. Yet she

did not advise Nepstad of the status of the extraordinary-fee approval

even under repeated questioning. We thus conclude that the acts and

circumstances suggest more than a simple inadvertent mistake on the

part of Arzberger.

      Having determined that the nature of the violation was more than

a mere failure to seek court approval, we examine the sanctions imposed

in similar cases in order to determine the appropriate range of sanctions.

See Lickiss, 786 N.W.2d at 868–69 (examining prior cases to establish

the parameters of appropriate sanctions). Generally speaking, when an

attorney collects illegal or excessive fees with respect to a probate

proceeding,   the    disciplines   imposed   range   from   reprimands    to

suspensions of varying lengths. Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd.

v. Carty, 738 N.W.2d 622, 624 (Iowa 2007).

      Our caselaw shows that if an attorney violates probate rules by

taking an early fee to which she is otherwise entitled, later obtains a

court order authorizing the fee, and causes no other harm to the client,

we may issue a public reprimand. See Elson, 430 N.W.2d at 115; Winkel,

415 N.W.2d at 602–03. If, however, an attorney charges an excessive fee

or engages in misrepresentation, we may suspend the attorney.            See

Carty, 738 N.W.2d at 625; Smith, 569 N.W.2d at 501, 503; Evans, 537

N.W.2d at 785–86. If an attorney completely fails to apply for attorney

fees, harms their client, and severely neglects client matters, we may

impose a longer suspension. See Iowa Supreme Ct. Bd. of Prof’l Ethics &

Conduct v. Fleming, 602 N.W.2d 340, 342–43 (Iowa 1999).

      We note that the element of misrepresentation is present in

Arzberger’s conduct here, not only in her misrepresentations to the
                                    29

commission, but in her misrepresentations to her client regarding both

ordinary and the extraordinary probate fees.     Yet, there are mitigating

factors. Specifically, Arzberger has a commendable record of volunteer

community service.    She has also instituted new office procedures to

prevent recurrence of any similar future errors in probate proceedings.

      We must balance the aggravating and mitigating factors. Taking

into account these factors, we conclude that a thirty-day suspension is

the most appropriate discipline to impose in this case.

      When ethical violations cause harm to clients, we have required

proof of restitution as a condition for reinstatement. Carty, 738 N.W.2d

at 625 (ordering restitution of amount attorney collected in excess of the

maximum authorized by law in a probate case); see also Iowa Supreme

Ct. Bd. of Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v. Jay, 606 N.W.2d 1, 4 (Iowa 2000);

Fleming, 602 N.W.2d at 342–43; Comm. on Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v.

Johnson, 404 N.W.2d 184, 186 (Iowa 1987). The amended stipulation

suggested that Arzberger would either refund $4146.20 to Nepstad or

reopen the estate to seek court approval of her extraordinary fees. At the

hearing before the commission, Arzberger stated that she would refund

$4146.20 to Nepstad.        We take her up on that suggestion and

incorporate it in our sanction.

      IV. Conclusion.

      For the above reasons, we suspend Arzberger’s license to practice

law for thirty days. This suspension applies to all facets of the practice

of law. See Iowa Ct. R. 34.23(3). Arzberger must comply with Iowa Court

Rule 34.24 dealing with the notification of clients and counsel. Arzberger

is required to make restitution as provided by this opinion, and no

automatic reinstatement, as provided under Iowa Court Rule 34.23(2),
                                   30

will be ordered until all restitution has been made. Costs for this action

are taxed to Arzberger pursuant to Iowa Court Rule 36.24.

      LICENSE SUSPENDED.

      All justices concur except Wiggins, J., who concurs in part and

dissents in part.
                                     31

             #15–2109, Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Arzberger

WIGGINS, Justice (concurring in part and dissenting in part).

      I agree with the part of the majority decision finding a violation of

our rules.     However, I dissent as to the sanction for not using the

objective criteria of the ABA’s Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions

(1992). See Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Morse, 887 N.W.2d

131, 148–52 (Iowa 2016) (Wiggins, J., concurring in part and dissenting

in part).
