                      United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                     ___________

                                     No. 05-2380
                                     ___________

United States of America,                 *
                                          *
             Appellee,                    *
                                          * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                  * District Court for the
                                          * Northern District of Iowa.
Gary Davidson,                            *
                                          *
             Appellant.                   *
                                     ___________

                               Submitted: December 13, 2005
                                  Filed: February 9, 2006
                                   ___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, WOLLMAN, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.
                             ___________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

       Davidson pled guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of
18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1), and 924(a)(2) (Count 1); possession with intent to distribute
marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a), 841(b)(1)(D), and 851, and 18 U.S.C.
§ 2 (Count 3); and possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking offense
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i) (Count 5). On appeal, Davidson contends
that the district court1 erred in applying the sentencing guidelines and that the sentence
imposed is unreasonable. We affirm.

      1
        The Honorable Linda R. Reade, United States District Judge for the Northern
District of Iowa.
                                           I.

       Law enforcement officers found marijuana and a firearm in the trunk of a car
Davidson was driving. Following Davidson’s guilty plea, the district court sentenced
him to 120 months’ imprisonment for Count 1, 120 months’ imprisonment for Count
3, and 60 months’ imprisonment for Count 5. The district court ordered these terms
to be served consecutively, resulting in a total sentence of 300 months’ imprisonment.

       In computing Davidson’s criminal history, the district court treated two felony
prior drug convictions as unrelated offenses. The first offense occurred on September
25, 1998, when Davidson sold less than 30 grams of marijuana within 1,000 feet of
an elementary school in Fort Wayne, Indiana. On December 22, 1998, Davidson
possessed with intent to deliver more than 30 grams, but less than 10 pounds, of
marijuana within 1,000 feet of a different elementary school in Fort Wayne, eight
miles away from the location of the first incident. Davidson pled guilty to these
offenses at the same time and was sentenced for both on the same day. The two
charges proceeded under separate docket numbers and were never formally
consolidated. Based on the district court’s criminal history finding, Davidson’s
sentence was within the applicable guideline range.

       Davidson argues that the district court erred in considering the two prior drug
convictions to be unrelated offenses. Davidson also argues that his sentence was
unduly harsh in light of his acceptance of responsibility, making it unreasonable under
the § 3553(a) sentencing factors. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). The government responds
that this court has no jurisdiction to review a sentence within the properly calculated
guideline range, and, even if jurisdiction exists, the sentence was correctly calculated
and reasonable.




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                                          II.

      On appeal of a sentence, we review de novo the district court’s application of
the sentencing guidelines and its factual findings for clear error. United States v.
Hadash, 408 F.3d 1080, 1082 (8th Cir. 2005). We first ask whether the district court
correctly applied the guidelines in determining the applicable guideline sentencing
range. Id. If the district court correctly applied the guidelines, we then consider
whether the sentence was reasonable in light of the § 3553(a) factors. Id.

                                          A.

        We first consider whether the district court properly applied the sentencing
guidelines. Davidson argues that the district court erred in considering the two 1998
drug offenses to be unrelated when calculating Davidson’s criminal history.
Sentences imposed in related cases are treated as one sentence, while those imposed
in unrelated cases are counted separately. U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(2). Cases are
considered related if “they resulted from offenses that (A) occurred on the same
occasion, (B) were part of a single common scheme or plan, or (C) were consolidated
for trial or sentencing.” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2, comment. (n.3).

       Davidson’s two prior drug offenses do not fulfill any of these three conditions.
The two incidents did not occur on the same occasion. See United States v. Paden,
330 F.3d 1066, 1067 (8th Cir. 2003). The two incidents were also not consolidated
for trial and sentencing. We have repeatedly held that formal consolidation is
necessary to satisfy this prong. See Paden, 330 F.3d at 1068; United States v.
Nicholson, 231 F.3d 445, 456 (8th Cir. 2000); United States v. Klein, 13 F.3d 1182,
1185 (8th Cir. 1994); United States v. McComber, 996 F.2d 946, 947 (8th Cir. 1993).
We are not free to reconsider those precedents today. See, e.g., Singleton v. Norris,
108 F.3d 872, 873 (8th Cir. 1997).



                                         -3-
       Finally, the two offenses were not part of a single common scheme or plan, as
that term is used in § 4A1.2. We have listed several factors that should be considered
in determining whether prior criminal convictions are part of a single scheme or plan.
These factors include: (1) the time period within which the offenses took place, (2) the
participants involved, (3) the victims targeted, (4) the motive, (5) the modus operandi,
(6) the geographic location of the crimes, (7) the substantive offenses committed, (8)
whether the acts were uncovered by a common investigation, and (9) whether the
offenses were jointly planned. United States v. Mills, 375 F.3d 689, 692 n.5 (8th Cir.
2004). In weighing these factors, we are mindful that “a single common scheme or
plan involves something more than simply a repeated pattern of conduct.” United
States v. Maza, 93 F.3d 1390, 1400 (8th Cir. 1996) (internal quotations omitted). In
Mills, we held that a series of burglaries were unrelated even though they involved a
similar modus operandi and the same offenders. 375 F.3d at 693. We considered the
time between the incidents, the different victims involved, the different locations, and
the evidence of common planning of the crimes. Id.; cf. United States v. Ali, 951 F.2d
827, 828 (7th Cir. 1992) (“‘[S]cheme’ and ‘plan’ are words of intention, implying that
the [crimes] have been jointly planned, or at least that it have been evident that the
commission of one would entail the commission of the other as well.”). The Seventh
Circuit has noted that the purpose of this test is “to identify the less dangerous
criminal” and observed that “[a] criminal is not less dangerous because his crime is
part of a spree.” Ali, 951 F.2d at 828.

      The Mills factors support the district court’s determination that Davidson’s
crimes were separate offenses. Davidson’s two prior drug crimes were separated by
time, distance, and parties involved. They were separate, though similar, crimes
committed by a serial criminal with no evidence presented of common planning. As
in Mills, these crimes were not part of a common scheme or plan. As a result,
Davidson’s challenge to the district court’s application of the sentencing guidelines
must fail.



                                          -4-
                                         B.

       We next decide whether the sentence is reasonable in light of the factors in 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a).2 Hadash, 408 F.3d at 1082. A sentence within the guideline range
is presumptively reasonable. United States v. Lincoln, 413 F.3d 716, 717 (8th Cir.
2005). To rebut that presumption, Davidson must show that the district court failed
to consider a relevant factor that should have received significant weight, gave
significant weight to an improper or irrelevant factor, or otherwise committed a clear
error of judgment. See United States v. Haack, 403 F.3d 997, 1004 (8th Cir. 2005).

       Davidson’s sole argument for unreasonableness is based on the district court’s
alleged decision to sentence him to the “maximum sentences allowed” despite his
timely acceptance of responsibility. The essential premise of his argument, however,
is mistaken. Davidson’s claim that he received the maximum sentence rests on a
belief that Count 5 (possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking
offense) carries a statutory maximum sentence of 60 months. To the contrary, the
statutory minimum for this offense is 60 months. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i)
(providing that anyone who possesses a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking
offense “be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 5 years”). The
statutory maximum is life imprisonment. See United States v. Sandoval, 241 F.3d
549, 551 (7th Cir. 2001); United States v. Pound, 230 F.3d 1317, 1319 (11th Cir.
2000). Davidson thus has failed to rebut the presumption of reasonableness.

      The sentence is affirmed.
                      ______________________________



      2
        We recently rejected the government’s jurisdictional argument in United States
v. Mickelson, No. 05-2324, slip op. (8th Cir. Jan. 6, 2006). An unreasonable sentence
is a sentence “in violation of law” and is therefore subject to review under 18 U.S.C.
§ 3742(a)(1). Slip op. at 3.

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