J-A19030-14


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

WENDY L. BARRY ON BEHALF OF C.S.               IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                     PENNSYLVANIA
                         Appellee

                    v.

WARREN PARK

                         Appellant                  No. 1837 WDA 2013


                Appeal from the Order Entered October 30, 2013
            In the Court of Common Pleas of Westmoreland County
                    Civil Division at No(s): 1510 OF 2013D

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., OLSON and FITZGERALD,* JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.:                          FILED AUGUST 27, 2014

      Appellant, Warren Park, appeals from the order entered on October

30, 2013. We reverse.

      The factual background of this case is as follows.     Wendy L. Barry

(“Mother”) has three daughters, 11-year-old C.S., 14-year-old K.N, and

eight-year-old K.B. (collectively “the children”). Mother has primary physical

custody of the children and Kathleen Barry Park (“Grandmother”) has partial

physical custody of the children every other weekend.            Mother and

Grandmother are involved in an acrimonious custody dispute involving the

children.   Appellant is married to Grandmother, and is thus the children’s

step-grandfather.

      C.S. has known Appellant for her entire life. Appellant has pierced her

ears, along with the ears of K.N. and K.B., on multiple occasions. One day,



* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court
J-A19030-14

while in Appellant’s driveway, C.S. “begg[ed] and begg[ed]” Appellant to

pierce her ear for the third time. N.T., 7/31/13, at 21. Appellant declined to

do so, but whispered that “if you want, I can pierce your boobs for you.” Id.

C.S. exclaimed “Ooh” and walked away. Id. at 22. Although C.S. had no

other incidents akin to that situation, C.S. now feels awkward when

Appellant hugs and kisses her before bed and she is afraid to go to

Appellant’s house because she is unsure if Appellant or Grandmother will

hurt her. Id. at 22, 26, 27. Allegheny County’s Office of Children, Youth,

and Families investigated C.S.’ allegations against Appellant and declined to

take any action.1

      The procedural history of this case is as follows.   On July 19, 2013,

Mother filed a petition for a protection from abuse order (“PFA”) pursuant to

the Protection From Abuse Act, 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6101 et seq. (“the Act”). The

petition was filed on behalf of the children.    Although a custody dispute

between Mother and Grandmother was pending in Allegheny County, and

despite the fact that the alleged incident occurred in Allegheny County,

Mother requested the PFA from the Court of Common Pleas of Westmoreland

County, the county in which Mother and the children reside. A temporary

PFA was issued that same day.     On July 31, 2013, an evidentiary hearing

1
  The investigation was conducted by Allegheny County’s Office of Children,
Youth, and Families because Appellant and Grandmother live in Allegheny
County and the alleged incident occurred in Allegheny County.          The
acrimonious custody dispute between Grandmother and Mother is also being
adjudicated in Allegheny County.



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was conducted. On August 9, 2013, a final PFA was issued. The final PFA

provided protection for C.S., K.N., and K.B.

        Appellant filed a motion for reconsideration which the trial court

granted on August 29, 2013. On September 18, 2013, the trial court heard

argument on whether to re-affirm, modify, or vacate the PFA. On October

30, 2013, the trial court re-affirmed the PFA as to C.S. but vacated the PFA

as to K.N. and K.B. This timely appeal followed.2 During the pendency of

this appeal, on July 31, 2014, the PFA expired.

        Appellant presents three questions for our review:

        1. Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt erred in entering a [PFA] against
        [Appellant] when there was insufficient evidence to support a
        finding that [C.S.] was in reasonable fear of imminent serious
        bodily injury by the actions of [Appellant]?

        2. Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt erred in entering a [PFA] against
        [Appellant] when there was insufficient evidence to support a
        finding of abuse in this case as defined by the [Act]?

        3. Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt erred in entering a [PFA] against
        [Appellant] when its finding of abuse under the [Act] was clearly
        erroneous and a result of overriding and misapplying the law?

Appellant’s Brief at 7.3

        Preliminarily,

2
   On November 22, 2013, the trial court ordered Appellant to file a concise
statement of errors complained of on appeal (“concise statement”). See
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). On December 12, 2013, Appellant filed his concise
statement. On February 27, 2014, the trial court issued its Rule 1925(a)
opinion. All issues raised on appeal were included in Appellant’s concise
statement.
3
    We have re-numbered the issues for ease of disposition.



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      we must determine if this matter is properly before this Court.
      In the instant case, the period governed by the order ended on
      [July 31, 2014.] Generally, we will not review moot or abstract
      questions. Moreover, this Court will not, in most cases, enter
      judgments or decrees to which no effect can be given. However,
      appeals presenting questions capable of repetition and apt to
      elude appellate review will be decided even if they are
      technically moot. Moreover, moot appeals will be reviewed
      where a party to the controversy will clearly continue to suffer
      detriment due to the decision of the trial court.

      This case raises issues that fall into the well-recognized
      exception to the mootness doctrine of issues which have
      important public policy considerations and yet may escape
      review.   Protection From Abuse Act [o]rders are usually
      temporary, and it is seldom that we have the opportunity to
      review one before it expires.

Shandra v. Williams, 819 A.2d 87, 90 (Pa. Super. 2003) (internal

quotation marks and citations omitted); see Custer v. Cochran, 933 A.2d

1050, 1053 n.3 (Pa. Super. 2007) (en banc). Having determined that this

appeal is properly before us, we turn to the merits of Appellant’s arguments.

      Appellant first contends that the evidence was insufficient to conclude

that he put C.S. in reasonable fear of imminent serious bodily injury.

      As we have stated:

      When a claim is presented on appeal that the evidence is not
      sufficient to support an order of protection from abuse, we
      review the evidence in the light most favorable to the petitioner
      and granting her the benefit of all reasonable inferences,
      determine whether the evidence was sufficient to sustain the
      trial court’s conclusion by a preponderance of the evidence. This
      Court defers to the credibility determinations of the trial court as
      to witnesses who appeared before it.            Furthermore, the
      preponderance of the evidence is defined as the greater weight
      of the evidence, i.e., to tip a scale slightly is the criteria or
      requirement for preponderance of the evidence.



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Ferko-Fox v. Fox, 68 A.3d 917, 926–927 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citation

omitted).

      Under the Act, abuse is defined as:

      (1) Attempting to cause or intentionally, knowingly or recklessly
      causing bodily injury, serious bodily injury, rape, involuntary
      deviate sexual intercourse, sexual assault, statutory sexual
      assault, aggravated indecent assault, indecent assault or incest
      with or without a deadly weapon.

      (2) Placing another in reasonable fear of imminent serious bodily
      injury.

      (3) The infliction of false imprisonment pursuant           to   18
      Pa.C.S.[A.] § 2903 (relating to false imprisonment).

      (4) Physically or sexually abusing minor children, including such
      terms as defined in Chapter 63 (relating to child protective
      services).

      (5) Knowingly engaging in a course of conduct or repeatedly
      committing acts toward another person, including following the
      person, without proper authority, under circumstances which
      place the person in reasonable fear of bodily injury.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6102(a).

      The trial court found abuse under paragraph 2 of the definition. See

Trial Court Opinion, 2/27/14, at 2 (C.S. is in “reasonable fear of imminent

serious bodily injury, more specifically that she is in fear of sexual abuse of

herself, a minor child, which is also included in the definition of abuse[.]”).

Serious bodily injury is defined as “Bodily injury which creates a substantial

risk of death or which causes serious, permanent disfigurement, or

protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or

organ.”     18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2301; see 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6102(b) (words not


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specifically defined in 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6102(a) shall have the same meaning

as they have in Title 18 of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes).

       The trial court relied upon the following testimony given by C.S. in

making its determination.     “It just feels awkward now whenever I see

[Appellant] to know that he said that.       It’s awkward for a grandpa to say

that to me.” N.T., 7/31/13, at 22. “[N]ow that he made that comment, now

it’s just really awkward whenever he makes me hug him and makes me give

him a kiss, like, before bed. Like, I tell him I’m too old.” Id. at 26. “[I’m]

just   scared   now,   because[   ]   this    weekend   is   supposed   to   be

[Grandmother’s], and I don’t know if [Appellant’s] go[ing to] be there or if []

he’s not. And if he is I don’t know if he’s going to hurt me.” Id. at 27.

       We conclude that this testimony was insufficient for the trial court to

conclude that C.S. reasonably feared imminent sexual abuse by Appellant.

C.S. never testified that she feared Appellant would sexually abuse her.

Instead, she merely stated that she felt awkward around Appellant after he

made the inappropriate comment. Even viewed in the light most favorable

to C.S., a sense of awkwardness cannot be reasonably extended to a fear of

sexual abuse.

       As the trial court found her testimony credible, we must also accept

C.S.’ testimony that she fears Appellant may hurt her.           However, no

reasonable inference of fear of sexual abuse can be drawn from that fear.

The only reasonable inference that can be drawn is that C.S. fears some



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type of injury. That does not rise to the level of serious bodily injury, which

is required for a PFA under paragraph 2 of the abuse definition. C.S. did not

elaborate on the type of harm that she feared.       The trial court made an

unsupported inference that the type of abuse that C.S. feared was sexual

abuse.

      Furthermore, under paragraph 2 of the abuse definition the fear must

be imminent. There is no evidence that any alleged abuse was imminent.

To the contrary, after Appellant whispered the inappropriate comment to

C.S., C.S. both called and texted Mother. See N.T., 7/31/13, at 28-29. C.S.

did not communicate the comment, or any fear that she had regarding

Appellant, to Mother at that time. Id. at 29. She did not tell Mother about

the comment immediately upon her return home.            Instead, the record

reflects that C.S. waited several days after she came home to relay the

comment to Mother. Id. at 23. If the fear of abuse were truly imminent,

C.S. would have immediately told Mother of the alleged comment, or, at the

very least, told her as soon as she returned home. Thus, we conclude that

any feared abuse was not imminent.

      Accordingly, we conclude that the evidence was insufficient to support

the trial court’s conclusion that C.S. reasonably feared an imminent and




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substantial risk of sexual abuse perpetrated by Appellant.      Therefore, we

conclude that the trial court erred by granting the PFA.4

      Order reversed.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 8/27/2014




4
  Even if we were to find that the evidence was sufficient to support the trial
court’s conclusion that C.S. reasonably feared she would imminently be
sexually abused by Appellant, we would conclude that this fear was not
abuse as defined by the Act. Cf. Commonwealth v. Kerrigan, 920 A.2d
190, 202 (Pa. Super. 2007), appeal denied, 932 A.2d 1286 (Pa. 2007)
(holding that an adult male infecting a minor female with Human
Papillomavirus and genital warts during sexual intercourse constituted
infliction of serious bodily injury). Notably, this Court in Kerrigan did not
rely merely on the sexual intercourse between an adult male and a female
under 13 years old in determining that serious bodily injury had been
inflicted. Thus, we would conclude that the mere fear of sexual abuse,
without more, is not abuse under paragraph 2 of the Act’s definition.
Accordingly, we would have granted Appellant relief on his second issue.



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