                              THIRD DIVISION
                             ELLINGTON, P. J.,
                         ANDREWS and RICKMAN, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                      June 27, 2017




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A17A0235. PATEL et al. v. PATEL.

      RICKMAN, Judge.

      In this quiet title action, Roshni Patel and Chandani Patel (“the Patels”), acting

at all times pro se, appeal the trial court’s dismissal of their notice of appeal as well

as numerous orders preceding that dismissal, commencing with the trial court’s

refusal to grant them a default judgment and its sua sponte appointment of a special

master. Because we conclude that the error in this case began when the Patels were

denied the entry of a default judgment and permeated throughout essentially every

stage of these proceedings, we reverse in part, vacate in part, and remand this case for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
      The record shows that in September 2013, the Patels, who are brother and

sister, filed a verified petition against their former stepmother,1 Deepali Patel (the

“Defendant”), pursuant to OCGA § 23-3-40 et. seq., seeking to quiet title to four

tracts of real property located in Gwinnett County, Georgia (“the Properties”). The

petition alleged that the Patels were the lawful owners of the Properties, and included

copies of four deeds purporting to convey interest in the Properties to them, either

jointly or individually. The petition further alleged that the Patels’ title to the

Properties was clouded by four separate and allegedly defective deeds purporting to

convey interest in the Properties to the Defendant. Of the deeds alleged to have been

defective, two were allegedly signed by the Patels’ father, acting as the Patels’

attorney in fact, although the petition included a sworn affidavit in which he denied

having executed the deeds on their behalf. The remaining two deeds were alleged to

have been executed by an individual lacking the authority to do so.

      After numerous attempts to serve the Defendant were unsuccessful, on

December 3, 2013, the trial court issued an order authorizing the Patels to serve her




      1
         The petition included two additionally named defendants, whom the Patels
later dismissed from the action.

                                          2
by publication, and service by publication was thereafter effected.2 The Defendant

never filed an answer or otherwise made an appearance in the case.

      In March 2014, the Patels moved for a default judgment against the Defendant.3

Following a hearing attended by Roshni Patel, the trial court acknowledged that the

Patels were seeking a default judgment, but instead of granting their motion, sua

sponte appointed a special master pursuant to OCGA § 23-3-63, a statutory scheme

not invoked by the Patels’ petition (the “Appointment Order”).4 The Appointment

Order gave the special master full authority to control case management; entertain all

motions and discovery; hold evidentiary hearings; and submit a report, which was to

include findings of fact, conclusions of law, and a proposed a final judgment and




      2
       The published notice of service ran for four consecutive weeks, beginning on
January 2, 2014, in accordance with OCGA § 9-11-4 (f) (1) (C).
      3
         The Patels’ petition included a claim for fraud and sought punitive damages
against the Defendant, but in an effort to facilitate an entry of default judgment, they
dismissed the fraud claim and moved forward solely on the quiet title action.
      4
        The trial court appointed James P. Blum, Jr., of Beloin, Brown & Blum, LLC
as special master.

                                           3
order, to the trial court. It further required the Patels to bear the costs of the special

master at an hourly rate of $275.00.5

       The following week, the special master sent out a request pursuant to OCGA

§ 23-3-60 et seq. that the Patels file with the clerk “[a]ny abstract of title, title

examination, and/or title report upon which [they] rely in the prosecution of this case;

and . . . [p]lat of survey for each of the tracts of real property at issue in this case to

the extent [the] same are not filed as part of any title examination.” Additionally, the

special master filed an “initial report and recommendation,” in which he stated that

the Defendant had not been served; noted that the petition lacked certain information

required by OCGA § 23-3-62, namely a plat of survey and a recorded lis pendens for

each of the Properties; and recommended that the Patels amend their petition to

include the missing documents or face dismissal and serve the amended petition upon

the Defendant.

       The Patels filed a timely motion to set aside the Appointment Order,

strenuously objecting to the appointment of a special master and explicitly stating that


       5
       The Appointment Order also provided that in any given month, “[t]he parties
appearing in the case” shall each pay a pro rata share of the special master’s invoice;
the Patels, however, were the only parties appearing in the case because the
Defendant was in default and the other defendants had been dismissed.

                                            4
they were unable and unwilling to pay for a special master’s services. The Patels

reasserted their position that they were entitled to a default judgment and encouraged

the trial court to rule on their motion. Alternatively, the Patels requested that the trial

court issue a ruling based solely upon the petition and exhibits submitted.

       The Patels contemporaneously forwarded their motion directly to the special

master, requesting that he not perform any work on the case and informing him that

they “[were] not in position to incur any additional cost” and “[would] not be able to

pay [his] invoice.” The Patels also informed the special master that the Defendant had

been served by publication in accordance with the trial court’s order authorizing such

service, and they objected to the special master’s assertion that plats of surveys were

needed to resolve the action, which alleged cloud on title caused solely by fraudulent

or defective deeds as set forth and included in the verified petition.

       In a summary order, the trial court denied the Patels’ motion to set aside the

Appointment Order. In a separate order, the trial court adopted the special master’s

initial report and recommendation, thereby commanding the Patels to comply with the

special master’s direction to amend their petition to submit the additional

documentation and to serve the amended petition upon the Defendant.



                                            5
       The Patels filed a timely motion to reconsider, again reiterating their objection

to the appointment of a special master and reemphasizing that they “are NOT

WILLING to spend”6 money on a special master. They further pointed to alleged

inaccuracies in the special master’s initial report and recommendation regarding the

lack of service on the Defendant and repeated their belief that a special master was

unnecessary to address the allegations against the named Defendant as set forth in the

petition. Finally, the Patels stated that “[i]f [the] court deems that [it] cannot make [a]

determination without [a special master’s] report, [the Patels] ask the court to enter

default judgment or dismiss the action,” noting that the court’s imposition “of [an]

additional financial burden on [them]” would “forc[e] [them] to withdraw a legitimate

claim.”

       The trial court issued a notice of hearing on the Patels’ motion to reconsider.

The Patels in turn filed a motion for summary judgment and contemporaneously

therewith, filed a motion to continue the hearing, requesting that the hearing be

rescheduled until a date and time on which the trial court would be willing to consider

their summary judgment and all other outstanding motions.



       6
           (Emphasis in original.)

                                            6
      On August 8, 2014, following the originally scheduled hearing date and

without ruling on the Patels’ motion for a continuance, the trial court issued an order

noting that the Patels failed to appear at the hearing and thereafter “grant[ed] their

motion to dismiss” and dismissed the case “for want of prosecution” (the “Dismissal

Order”). The trial court then ordered that the Patels remit payment to the special

master “for all costs incurred for his work”7 in the case within 60 days of its order and

warned that “[f]ailure to comply may result in contempt proceedings” against them.

      The Patels filed a motion to set aside and/or modify the Dismissal Order,

arguing that the trial court’s dismissal of their petition under these circumstances was

unjust and constituted an abuse of judicial power. The Patels again asserted that they

were entitled to a default judgment and that the trial court erred in appointing a

special master sua sponte, explicitly noting that the statutory scheme invoked by their

petition authorized the appointment of a special master only “[a]t the option of the

complainant.”8 They further objected to the trial court’s order requiring them to pay

      7
         The only record evidence evincing the special master’s work is his letter
request to the Patels that they obtain and file additional documentation and his initial
report and recommendation to the trial court that the Patels amend their petition to
include the additional documentation and serve the amended petition upon the
Defendant.
      8
          See OCGA § 23-3-43.

                                           7
the special master without any evidence or testimony in the record justifying his

expenses, and asked at the very least that the order be modified to eliminate the

mandate to pay. The Patels also filed a notice of appeal seeking review of the

Dismissal Order.

      Approximately two months later, the special master filed a “report on

nonpayment of fees,” informing the trial court that his “fees in the amount of

$1,155.00 remain unpaid” despite the mandate in the Dismissal Order that they be

paid within 60 days. This is the first mention in the record of the special master’s

claimed expenses and it was otherwise unsupported by any documentation or other

evidence.

      The trial court noticed a hearing to address the Patels’ motion to set aside

and/or modify the Dismissal Order, to “[s]how cause why [the Patels] shouldn’t be

held in contempt for failure to pay the [s]pecial [m]aster as ordered,” and to “[s]how

cause why [the Patels’] [n]otice of [a]ppeal shouldn’t be dismissed for their failure

to comply with the [c]lerk’s deficiency memo.” The record does not contain a copy

of a “deficiency memo” or any other correspondence sent from the court clerk to the




                                          8
Patels related to their notice of appeal, nor is any such correspondence reflected on

the trial court’s record index of filings.9

       The Patels filed a motion to waive and/or continue the hearing, or alternatively,

for permission to be represented at the hearing by their father. In the motion, the

Patels asserted that they were students living in Texas caring for their mentally

impaired mother, and that they did not have the financial means to travel to Georgia

or to retain an attorney. They again set forth the procedural history of the case and

asserted that they should not be held in contempt because they did not request the

special master and his appointment constituted legal error, and maintained that they

did not have the funds to pay his fees. The Patels repeated their request that the trial

court make a ruling based upon the filings and/or grant them a continuance;

alternatively, they requested that their father be permitted to attend and represent their

interests. Finally, the Patels denied having received any “deficiency memo” or other

correspondence from the clerk of the court with regard to their notice of appeal.

       On December 4, 2014, following the date of the scheduled hearing and without

ruling on the Patels’ motion to waive and/or continue the hearing, the trial court noted

       9
         Indeed, although the trial court’s notice was issued on November 20, 2014,
the first notice to the Patels contained in the record relating to court costs associated
with their notice of appeal is dated December 18, 2014.

                                              9
that the Patels failed to attend and entered a summary order denying their motion to

set aside and/or modify the Dismissal Order. In addition, the trial court dismissed the

Patels’ notice of appeal “for failure to comply with the statutory mandates regarding

the same.” And finally, the trial court stated that it had “received evidence from” the

special master, who had attended the hearing, and found the Patels “jointly and

severally, in willful contempt in the amount of $1,358.09” (the “Contempt Order”).10

The trial court ordered that the Patels pay that amount to the special master within ten

days, and stated that the failure to pay “shall result in an order for [their] immediate

incarceration.”12

      The Patels timely filed a motion to set aside the Contempt Order. They again

repeated the history of the case, citing statutory and other legal authority in support

of their objection to the special master’s appointment, and reiterated that they had

promptly communicated to both the court and the special master that they could not

afford to pay for his services. They reasserted that they did not receive any

“deficiency notice” or other correspondence from the clerk regarding their notice of

      10
        The record contains no evidence supporting the special master’s expenses,
nor does it explain why the contempt amount differed from the originally claimed
unpaid balance of $1,155.00.
      12
           (Emphasis in original.)

                                          10
appeal. Finally, they objected to the reasonableness of the special master’s fees,

requesting that the court set aside the Contempt Order or, alternatively, “reduce the

amount of billing from the [s]pecial [m]aster to [a] reasonable amount that [they] can

pay.”13

      Around the same time, the Patels filed a notice of appeal seeking review of the

Contempt Order, a motion to stay the order pending appeal, and a motion to transfer

venue. The special master filed a “response” to the Patels’ various motions, asserting

that they each lacked merit.14

      The trial court summarily denied the Patels’ motions and on December 17,

2014, issued an order of incarceration based upon their failure to pay the special

master’s fees (the “Incarceration Order”). The trial court ordered the Patels “to be

immediately incarcerated . . . and held . . . until such time when they purges (sic)




      13
         The Patels’ motion also included an allegation that the special master had
“misled” them by advising them that he had no objection to their father representing
them at the hearing and indicating that their father would have the opportunity to
speak in court.
      14
          The special master denied having misled the Patels, asserting that he told
them only that he did not object to their father speaking on their behalf at the hearing,
but that the trial court may not allow it.

                                           11
themselves of this contempt by paying the arrearages of $1,358.09 by payment of

cash . . . including any interest therein accrued.”15

      Due to a procedural deficiency in the Patels’ pro se appellate brief, this Court

was unable to reach the merits of their appeal of the Contempt Order and in an

unpublished opinion, affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of their notice of appeal.16

The case was remitted back to the trial court in February 2016.

      Meanwhile, on January 28, 2016, the special master filed a “supplemental

report on nonpayment of fees,” asserting that his fees in the amount of $1,358.09

remained unpaid, thereby requesting that the trial court reissue its order of

incarceration. The special master also requested an additional award of $932.66 for

      15
         The Patels subsequently amended their notice of appeal, and the trial court
thereafter issued a stay of the Incarceration Order only as to Roshni Patel because
although the notice of appeal was in both their names, it contained only his signature.
The Patels filed a motion to modify the order staying the Incarceration Order to
include both of them, but that motion was denied.
      16
          Because this Court expressly declined to rule on the underlying merits, the
law of the case rule does not foreclose us from addressing them now. See OCGA §
9-11-60 (h) (“[A]ny ruling by the Supreme Court or the Court of Appeals in a case
shall be binding in all subsequent proceedings in that case in the lower court and in
the Supreme Court or the Court of Appeals as the case may be.”) (emphasis supplied);
Parks v. State Farm Gen. Ins. Co., 238 Ga. App. 814, 815 (1) (520 SE2d 494) (1999)
(“[T]he [law of the case] rule applies only to actual decisions, not to issues raised by
the parties but never ruled upon.”) (citation and punctuation omitted); see also Hicks
v. McGee, 289 Ga. 573, 578-579 (2) (713 SE2d 841) (2011).

                                           12
“time which [he] spent in dealing with the [Patels’] appeal and in drafting these

pleadings,” and requested that a total amount of $2,290.75 be reduced to a judgment

and that a writ of fieri facias issue on the same. The special master requested a

hearing “to consider [his] requests.”

      The trial court thereafter issued an order that its Incarceration Order “[was] in

full force and effect” and noticed a hearing as requested by the special master.17 The

special master subsequently sent email correspondence to the Patels, informing them

that he “will also be asking for $275/hour for all of the time [he] will incur” at the

requested hearing, which he “assume[d] . . . will at least be 2 hours,” and that if they

“wish to avoid the additional hourly time,” he would accept $2,290.75 by certified

funds prior to the day of the hearing.

      The Patels filed a response to the special master’s supplemental report on

nonpayment of fees, noting that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to order them to

continue paying the special master after dismissing the action and strenuously

objecting to the demand for additional funds without any evidence justifying the


      17
         The Patels filed a motion to add their father as an additional plaintiff to the
lawsuit, asserting that he had communicated with the special master on their behalf
and would be the one ultimately responsible paying his fees, but that motion was
denied.

                                          13
additional expenses. They further opposed the trial court holding a hearing on the

matter, noting that the special master would charge them to appear at the hearing and

that due to the Incarceration Order, they were afraid to enter the courtroom unless and

until they had the money to pay. They also made a motion for sanctions against the

special master “for filing [a] frivolous and fraudulent” request for additional money.

      Ultimately, the Patels deposited $1358.09 into the registry of the court and filed

an emergency motion to cancel the hearing and vacate the Incarceration Order. On

February 16, 2016, the trial court issued an order setting aside the Incarceration

Order, noting that the Patels “purged themselves of contempt” by remitting payment.

      Nevertheless, the trial court conducted the scheduled hearing, noted that the

special master appeared and the Patels did not, and issued an order that “the proper

foundation for an award of additional fees and costs to the [s]pecial [m]aster has been

laid” and awarded him “an additional $1,482.66 against the [Patels] for his fees and

costs associated with efforts . . . since the original order was entered.” Thus, while

recognizing that the Patels had deposited the original amount of $1,358.09 into the

court’s registry, the trial court ordered that they “shall remit”18 the additional payment



      18
           (Emphasis in original.)

                                           14
to the special master within 60 days of the order and “[f]ailure to comply may result

in contempt proceedings against” them (the “Order Awarding Additional Fees”).19

      The Patels filed a timely motion to set aside the Order Awarding Additional

Fees and a motion to recuse, and filed a notice of appeal.20 The trial court scheduled

a hearing on the motion to set aside and in a separate order, set a hearing on a

different day for the Patels to “show cause why [their] [n]otice of [a]ppeal shouldn’t

be dismissed for failure to pay appellate costs.” Ultimately, the hearings were

rescheduled to occur on the same day and Roshni Patel appeared. Following the

hearing, the trial court denied the Patels’ motion to set aside the Order Awarding

Additional Fees and the motion to recuse. It further dismissed their notice of appeal

after concluding that “there has been an unreasonable delay in the filing of the




      19
         The only record evidence purporting to support the special master’s claimed
expenses is an invoice he sent to the Patels containing nothing more than a non-
itemized list of his charges and the Patels’ alleged overdue balance.
      20
         In the interim, the Patels filed a motion to transfer venue, a motion for
sanctions against the special master, a motion to reduce the original judgment, a
motion to add party, and a motion to enter an order on the pleadings and/or a motion
to continue. The trial court denied each motion in summary orders. The Patels moved
to set aside each denial order in their motion to set aside the Order Awarding
Additional Fees.

                                         15
transcript and it has been shown that the delay was inexcusable and was caused by

the [Patels].”

      The Patels filed a motion to reinstate the notice of appeal, asserting that they

had not requested that any transcript be included in their appeal and were not aware

that any hearing or proceeding had been transcribed. The trial court denied their

motion in a summary order. This appeal follows.

      1. The Patels assert that the trial court erred in dismissing its notice of appeal

of the Order Awarding Additional Fees. We agree.

      The trial court’s authority to dismiss a notice of appeal is governed by OCGA

§ 5-6-48. Subsection (c) provides that, in appeals that involve the filing of a

transcript, “the trial court may, after notice and opportunity for hearing, order that the

appeal be dismissed where there has been an unreasonable delay in the filing of the

transcript and it is shown that the delay was inexcusable and was caused by such

party.” In cases that involve only the transmission of a record in the absence of a

transcript, “the trial court may order the appeal dismissed where there has been an

unreasonable delay in the transmission of the record to the appellate court, and it is

seen that the delay was inexcusable and was caused by the failure of a party to pay

costs in the trial court or file an affidavit of indigence.” OCGA § 5-6-48 (c). The trial

                                           16
court’s discretion to dismiss a notice of appeal “is a legal discretion which is subject

to review in the appellate courts.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Ray v.

Williams, 144 Ga. App. 155 (1) (240 SE2d 577) (1977).

      The trial court justified its dismissal of the Patels’ latest notice of appeal on the

ground of an “unreasonable delay in the filing of the transcript,” which the court

concluded “was inexcusable and was caused by the [Patels].” The record is

completely devoid, however, of evidence that any hearing or proceeding in this case

was ever transcribed. Indeed, the Patels have asserted that none were. More

importantly, however, 15 days after filing the notice of appeal at issue, the Patels

amended the notice in order to specify that “[n]o transcripts”21 were to be

transmitted with the record. Thus, there was no basis in law or fact for the trial court

to dismiss the notice of appeal due to an alleged delay in filing a transcript and the

court clearly abused its discretion in doing so. See generally Hammontree v.

Hammontree, 186 Ga. App. 819, 820 (368 SE2d 576) (1988) (reversing the trial

court’s dismissal of appellant’s notice of appeal); White v. Olderman Realty &

Development Co., 163 Ga. App. 57 (293 SE2d 726) (1982) (same); Ray, 144 Ga. App.



      21
           (Emphasis in original.)

                                           17
at 155-156 (1). Accordingly, the trial court’s judgment dismissing the Patels’ notice

of appeal of the Order Awarding Additional Fees is hereby reversed.

      2. Having reversed the trial court’s dismissal of the Patels’ notice of appeal, we

will now address the merits of the underlying appeal. See generally OCGA § 5-6-34

(d) (“Where an appeal is taken . . . all judgments, rulings, or orders rendered in the

case which are raised on appeal and which may affect the proceedings below shall be

reviewed and determined by the appellate court . . . .”); McKinnon v. McKinnon, 158

Ga. App. 776, 777 (2) (282 SE2d 220) (1981).

      (a) The Appointment Order. Proper resolution of this appeal requires us to first

return to the trial court’s refusal to grant the Patels a default judgment and instead

appoint, sua sponte, a special master. Both were erroneous.

      (i) Under Georgia law, a defendant may be served with process by publication

upon order of the court in accordance with OCGA § 9-11-4 (f). A defendant has 60

days from the order of publication in which to file an answer. OCGA § 9-11-4 (f) (1)

(C). “If in any case an answer has not been filed within the time required by [statute],

the case shall automatically become in default unless the time for filing the answer

has been extended as provided by law.” OCGA § 9-11-55 (a). With exceptions not

applicable here, if the default has not been opened within 15 days, “the plaintiff at any

                                           18
time thereafter shall be entitled to verdict and judgment by default, in open court or

in chambers, as if every item and paragraph of the complaint or other original

pleading were supported by proper evidence, without the intervention of a jury . . .

.” (Emphasis supplied.) Id.

      Here, the Patels obtained a court order on December 3, 2013 to serve the

Defendant by publication, and service by publication was thereafter effected. As set

forth in the published notice, the Defendant had 60 days from the date of the order in

which to file an answer, yet failed to do so. The case thus automatically went into

default on February 3, 2014. See OCGA §§ 9-11-4 (f) (1) (C); 9-11-55 (a). After the

Defendant made no effort to open the default within 15 days, the Patels were entitled

to default judgment as a matter of law. See OCGA § 9-11-55 (a); Cavender v. Taylor,

285 Ga. 724, 724-725 (2) (681 SE2d 139) (2009) (affirming the trial court’s entry of

default judgment in a quiet title action); SRM Realty Services Group, LLC v. Capital

Flooring Enterprises, Inc., 274 Ga. App. 595, 604 (2) (617 SE2d 581) (2005) (“The

plain language of [OCGA § 9-11-55 (a)] ‘entitles’ a plaintiff default judgment where

. . . a defendant has failed to serve an answer timely, 15 days have elapsed from the

time an answer was due without an answer served and costs paid, the defaulting

defendant has made no attempt to open the default, and the action does not fall within

                                         19
any of the exceptions set forth in that Code section.”); see also H. N. Real Estate

Group, LLC v. Dixon, 298 Ga. App. 124, 125-126 (679 SE2d 130) (2009).

Accordingly, the trial court erred in denying their motion for default judgment.

       (ii) Compounding that error, the trial court appointed a special master, sua

sponte, over the Patels’ objection. This was also in direct contravention of Georgia

law.

       “To quiet title to real property, one may seek relief under the procedures and

standards for conventional quia timet, see OCGA § 23-3-4022 et seq., or under those

for quia timet against all the world, see OCGA § 23-3-6023 et seq.” Vatacs Group,

Inc. v. U. S. Bank, N. A., 292 Ga. 483 (1) (738 SE2d 83) (2013). The contemplated



       22
          A conventional quiet title action “is sustained in equity for the purpose of
causing to be delivered and canceled any instrument which has answered the object
of its creation or any forged or other iniquitous deed or other writing which, though
not enforced at the time, either casts a cloud over the complainant’s title or otherwise
subjects him to future liability or present annoyance, and the cancellation of which
is necessary to his perfect protection.” OCGA § 23-3-40.
       23
        A quiet title action against all the world “is . . . a procedure for removing any
cloud upon the title to land, including the equity of redemption by owners of land
sold at tax sales, and for readily and conclusively establishing that certain named
persons are the owners of all the interests in land defined by a decree entered in such
proceeding, so that there shall be no occasion for land in this state to be unmarketable
because of any uncertainty as to the owner of every interest therein.” OCGA § 23-3-
60.

                                           20
procedures of the two proceedings are entirely distinct from each other. See Vatacs

Group, Inc., 292 Ga. at 483 (1); compare OCGA § 23-3-40 et seq. with OCGA § 23-

3-60 et seq. In their petition, the Patels filed a conventional quiet title action,

expressly invoking OCGA § 23-3-40 et seq., asserting cloud on title resulting solely

from the allegedly defective and/or fraudulent deeds held by the Defendant.

      By the plain language of the statutory authority, when a quiet title action is

instituted pursuant to OCGA § 23-3-40 et seq., the appointment of a special master

is made “[a]t the option of the complainant.” OCGA § 23-3-43. Here, the trial court’s

sua sponte invocation of OCGA § 23-3-60 et seq. and its appointment of a special

master over the Patels’ objection—particularly in light of their immediate and

repeated declarations that they were unable to pay for the services—was patently

unauthorized. See OCGA § 23-3-43; Boyd v. JohnGalt Holdings, LLC, 294 Ga. 640,

643 (2) (755 SE2d 675) (2014) (recognizing that the power to dictate the appointment

of a special master in an action under OCGA § 23-3-40 et seq. rests exclusively with

the plaintiff). Cf. Stephens v. Department of Transp., 170 Ga. App. 784, 787-788 (1)

(318 SE2d 167) (1984) (holding, under a separate statutory scheme, that the trial

court erred in sua sponte appointing a special master when the statute contemplated



                                         21
that appointment was to occur upon the petition of a party). Therefore, the trial

court’s Appointment Order is hereby reversed.

      (b) The Contempt Order, the Incarceration Order, and The Order Awarding

Additional Fees. Although clear legal error permeates each of these orders for

separate and distinct reasons, we need go no further than holding that each is void

because each was issued after the trial court dismissed the Patels’ petition.

             Under Georgia law, the unqualified dismissal of a case terminates
      the action, divests the trial court of jurisdiction to take further action in
      the case, and renders all orders entered after the dismissal a mere nullity.
      Furthermore, upon dismissal of the case, all prior orders that were
      entered in the case are superseded and can no longer be enforced against
      the parties. Thus, the dismissal of a case divests the court of jurisdiction
      to consider a subsequent contempt motion and precludes the court from
      finding a party in contempt of an order previously entered in that case.


(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Lewis v. City of Savannah, 336 Ga. App. 126,

129 (1) (784 SE2d 1) (2016); Montgomery v. Morris, 322 Ga. App. 558, 559-561 (1)

(745 SE2d 778) (2013) (trial court lacked jurisdiction to hold party in contempt after

dismissing the case despite its order purporting to retain jurisdiction “to re-open the

action if necessary”); see also Gallagher v. Fiderion Group, LLC, 300 Ga. App. 434,

436-437 (1) (685 SE2d 387) (2009).

                                           22
      Upon issuing the Dismissal Order, the propriety of which we need not address,

on August 8, 2014, the trial court no longer retained jurisdiction over the action. See

Lewis, 336 Ga. App. at 129 (1); Montgomery, 322 Ga. App. at 561 (1); Gallagher,

300 Ga. App. at 436 (1). It follows that the Contempt Order, the Incarceration Order,

and the Order Awarding Additional Fees were mere nullities without force or effect.

See Lewis, 336 Ga. App. at 129 (1); Montgomery, 322 Ga. App. at 561 (1);

Gallagher, 300 Ga. App. at 436 (1). We therefore vacate those orders as void.

      3. The Motion to Recuse. The Patels assert as error the trial judge’s refusal to

recuse herself from this case. We cannot say that the judge’s denial of the Patels’

motion was erroneous because the motion itself was legally deficient. See Uniform

Superior Court Rule 25.1 (“All motions to recuse or disqualify a judge presiding in

a particular case or proceeding shall be timely filed in writing and all evidence

thereon shall be presented by accompanying affidavit(s) which shall fully assert the

facts upon which the motion is founded.”). We note, however, that the legal

deficiency of the Patels’ motion did not in any way diminish the judge’s obligations

under the Code of Judicial Conduct. See Rule 2.11 (A) (“Judges shall disqualify

themselves in any proceeding in which their impartiality might reasonably be

questioned . . .”) (emphasis in original); see also Rule 2.3 (A), (B) (“Judges shall

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perform judicial duties without bias or prejudice. . . . [and] shall not, in the

performance of judicial duties, by words or conduct manifest bias or prejudice . . .”);

Rule 2.4 (A) (“Judges shall be faithful to the law and maintain professional

competence in it.”) (emphasis in original); Rule 2.13 (A) (1), (2) (“In making

administrative appointments, a judge . . . shall exercise the power of appointment

impartially and on the basis of merit; and . . . shall avoid nepotism, favoritism, and

unnecessary appointments.”) (emphasis in original).

      4. In summary, the Patels were entitled to an entry of default judgment as a

matter of law when they filed their motion in March 2014, and the trial court’s

decision to instead issue an order appointing a special master is hereby reversed.

Moreover, all orders issued subsequent to the dismissal of the petition demanding that

the Patels pay for a special master whose appointment was neither lawful nor

necessary are hereby vacated.

      Judgment reversed in part, vacated in part, and case remanded. Ellington, P.

J., and Andrews, J., concur.




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