
528 F.Supp.2d 470 (2007)
NICE SYSTEMS, INC., and Nice Systems, Ltd., Plaintiffs,
v.
WITNESS SYSTEMS, INC., Defendant.
Civil Action No. 06-311-JJF.
United States District Court, D. Delaware.
December 14, 2007.
*471 *472 *473 Scott G. Lindvall, Esquire and Joseph M. Drayton, Esquire of Kaye. Scholer LLP, New York, NY, Melanie K. Sharp, Esquire, Karen E. Keller, Esquire, and Mary F. Dugan, Esquire of Young Conaway Stargatt & Taylor, LLP, Wilmington, DE, for Plaintiffs Nice Systems, Inc., and Nice Systems, Ltd.
Nagendra Setty, Esquire, Daniel A. Kent, Esquire, and Noah C. Graubart, Esquire of Fish & Richardson P.C., Atlanta, Georgia. William J. Marsden, Jr., Esquire and Kyle Wagner Compton, Esquire of Fish & Richardson P.C., Wilmington, DE, for Defendant Witness Systems, Inc.

MEMORANDUM ON TENTATIVE CLAIM CONSTRUCTION
JOSEPH J. FARNAN, JR., District Judge.
This action was brought by Plaintiff's, NICE Systems, Inc. and NICE Systems, Ltd. (collectively, "NICE"), against Defendant Witness Systems, Inc. ("Witness") alleging *474 infringement of United States Patent Nos. 5,274,738 (the "1738 patent"); 5,396,371 (the "1371 patent"); 5,819,005 (the "'005 patent"); 6,249,570 (the "'570 patent"); 6,728,345 (the "'345 patent"); 6,775,372 (the "1372 patent"); 6,785,370 (the "1370 patent"); 6,870,920 (the "'920 patent"); 6,959,079 (the "1079 patent"); and 7,010,109 (the "'109 patent"), collectively referred to as the "patents-in-suit." The parties briefed their respective positions on claim construction, and the Court conducted a Markman hearing on the disputed terms. Since the Markman hearing, NICE has withdrawn certain claims, resulting in the removal of the '738, '079, '005, and '370 patents from this lawsuit. This Memorandum provides the Court's tentative construction of the remaining disputed terms.

BACKGROUND
The patents-in-suit relate to the monitoring, recording, and analysis of telephone calls. Broadly, the patents-in-suit divide into four distinct technological advances. First, the '371 patent claims a method that can simultaneously record audio data and retrieve stored audio data. Second, the '109 patent claims a method of recording a telephone call by conferencing a recording device as an additional participant into the call. Third, the '005, '372, and '920 patents claim modularized and networked voice processing and recording systems. Fourth, the '570, '345, and '370 patents claim systems that can record, store, and reconstruct every aspect of a telephone call.

DISCUSSION
I. The Legal Principles of Claim Construction
Claim construction is a question of law. Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 52 F.3d 967, 977-78 (Fed.Cir. 1995), aff'd, 517 U.S. 370, 388-90, 116 S.Ct. 1384, 134 L.Ed.2d 577 (1996). When construing the claims of a patent, a court considers the literal language of the claim, the patent specification and the prosecution history. Markman, 52 F.3d at 979. Of these sources, the specification is usually "dispositive; it is the single best guide to the meaning of a disputed term." Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1315 (Fed.Cir.2005) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). When using the specification to discern the meaning of a disputed term, though, a court must take care not to import limitations from the specification into the claim. Id., at 1323.
A court may consider extrinsic evidence, including expert and inventor testimony, dictionaries, and learned treatises, in order to assist it in construing the true meaning of the language used in the patent. Markman, 52 F.3d at 979-80 (citations omitted). A court should interpret the language in a claim by applying the ordinary and accustomed meaning of the words in the claim. Envirotech Corp. v. Al George, Inc., 730 F.2d 753, 759 (Fed.Cir. 1984). However, if the inventor clearly supplies a different meaning, the claim should be interpreted accordingly. Markman, 52 F.3d at 980 (noting that patentee is free to be his own lexicographer, but emphasizing that any special definitions given to words must be clearly set forth in patent). Accordingly, though extrinsic evidence can "shed useful light" on the relevant art, it is "less significant than the intrinsic record in determining the legally operative meaning of claim language." Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1317-18 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
II. The Meaning Of The Disputed Claim Terms
A. The Disputed Terms in the '371 Patent
The '371 claims a method of storing and retrieving audio data from a digital *475 logger, a device that can retrieve audio while recording. In contrast to prior art loggers, the '371 patent teaches a digital logger that simultaneously retrieves audio and records without using a secondary tape.
The parties disagree on the proper construction of the following terms, which are highlighted in bold in claims 1 and 8 of the '371 patent.
1. In a method of storing and retrieving audio from a digital audio logger, the steps comprising:
monitoring an audio source,
storing audio data from the audio source in a buffer, writing the audio data from the buffer onto a digital audio tape and a random access storage device, and
retrieving audio from the random access storage device while audio data is written into the digital audio tape and the random access storage device.
* * *
8. An audio data storage device, comprising:
a random access storage device having a primary partition for storing audio data and a secondary partition for storing means for locating data on said primary partition and a pair of pointers in communication with said random access memory, a first of said pointers being operated to transmit data to said random access storage device and the second of said pointers being operative to retrieve audio data from said random access storage device,
1. "buffer"


-----------------------------------------------------------
  NICE's Construction       Witness's Construction
-----------------------------------------------------------
Memory used for temporary   Device in communication
storage of data.            with the digital audio tape
                            and the random access
                            storage device that temporarily
                            stores data.
-----------------------------------------------------------

The parties dispute the meaning of the term "buffer," as used in claim 1 of the '371 patent. Their respective proposed constructions are listed above. NICE contends that Witness's construction unnecessarily reads a limitation into the claim as to how the buffer relates to other components of the claimed method and that this relationship can be determined from the plain meaning of the claim language. Witness contends that the specification confirms that the buffer is in communication with the random access storage ("RAS") and digital audio tape ("DAT"), citing:
Apparatus and method have been devised wherein information can be retrieved from a digital audio logger as the logger continues to receive audio. The audio logger is provided with a buffer that receives audio in real time and temporarily stores the same in the buffer. A digital audio tape (DAT) and a random access storage (RAS) device are in communication with the buffer to simultaneously receive data when the buffer down loads data.
('371 Pat., col. 1:45-53 (emphasis added).)
After reviewing the claim language and the specification, the Court concludes that, in this context, a buffer is, as Witness's contends, a "device in communication with the digital audio tape and the random access storage device that temporarily stores data." The language of both the claim and the specification support a construction of buffer as a device in communication with the RAS and DAT.
2. "digital audio tape"


-----------------------------------------------------------
  NICE's Construction       Witness's Construction
-----------------------------------------------------------
Tape used to store digital  Magnetic tapd designed for
data.                       storage of audio in digital
                            form.
-----------------------------------------------------------

The parties dispute the meaning of "digital audio tape," as used in claim 1 of the '371 patent. NICE contends that Witness seeks to read in limitations not supported *476 by the claim language or specification, and that the specification does not support the contention that the tape must be "magnetic" or "designed" for storage. Witness contends that NICE'S construction improperly reads out the term "audio," and that one skilled in the art in 1993 (when the '371 patent was filed) would have understood DAT to mean a magnetic medium designed for audio (citing Dictionary of Multimedia, 52 (1997) (DAT "records and plays back digital audio on magnetic tape cassettes that are smaller than common audio cassettes.")). NICE responds that a person of ordinary skill would have understood DAT as being capable of non-audio storage, as evinced by the contemporaneously-filed '005 patent-in-suit (col. 3:65), which stores computer "time-data" on a DAT.
Considering the only intrinsic evidence cited, the language of the disputed term, and the extrinsic evidence cited by both parties, the Court concludes that digital audio tape means "magnetic tape designed for storage of audio in digital form." NICE has not persuaded the Court that the claim or specification support a reading of "digital audio tape" that gives no meaning to "audio," a term included in the disputed phrase. Further, the Court accords more probative value to a technical dictionary definition than to a contemporaneously-filed patent, finding that the former is more representative of the understandings of a person of ordinary skill in the art than the latter.
3. "writing the audio data from the buffer onto a digital audio tape and a random access storage device"


-------------------------------------------------
NICE's Construction   Witness's Construction
-------------------------------------------------
Plain meaning.        Transferring audio data
                      from the buffer directly to
                      both a digital audio tape
                      and a random access storage
                      device simultaneously.
-------------------------------------------------

The parties dispute the meaning of "writing the audio data from the buffer onto a digital audio tape and a random access storage device," as used in claim 1 of the '371 patent. NICE contends that, contrary to its plain meaning, Witness seeks to read into this language two improper limitationsthat the transfer of audio from a buffer to the DAT and RAS device occurs "directly" and "simultaneously." Witness contends that the claim language, specifically the step after this disputed term, and the specification confirm the simultaneity requirement. NICE responds that the reference to "simultaneous" in the specification does not relate to information being transferred to the DAT and RAS, but to the transfer of data to one of those devices while the buffer is downloading data. With respect to proposed language "directly," Witness contends that the term "writing" inherently includes a subject or agent that performs the act of transferring data to the DAT and RAS, which in this case is the buffer. As the subject doing the transfer, Witness contends that the transfer has to be direct, rather than through an intermediary. Witness cites Figure 1 of the patent to support this interpretation.
The Court construes the disputed language to mean "transferring audio data from the buffer directly to both a digital audio tape and a random access storage device." After reviewing the claim language, specification, and Figure 1, the Court concludes that the disputed language includes directness component but not a simultaneity element. The specification, under the "summary of the invention" heading, states "a digital audio tape (DAT) and a random access storage (RAS) device are in communication with the buffer to simultaneously receive data when the buffer down loads data." (col. 1:50-53.) The Court agrees with NICE that "simultaneously" in this context goes to reception and download, not to reception by DAT *477 and reception by RAS. Figure 1 of the claim supports Witness's contention that the transfer of audio data to the DAT and RAS is direct.
4. "pair of pointers"


----------------------------------------------------------
NICE's Construction           Witness's Construction
----------------------------------------------------------
Digital information used to   Two pointers facilitating
read data from and write      the simultaneous retrieval
data to a storage component.  of data from the random
                              access storage device and
                              the writing of data thereto.
----------------------------------------------------------

The parties dispute the meaning of "pair of pointers," as used in claim 8 of the '371 patent. A "pointer" is digital information that refers, or "points," to an address, memory location, function, etc. Witness contends that NICE'S proposed construction ignores the word "pair" and the clear meaning of the specification. Nice contends that, while the reading and writing pointers could operate simultaneously, there is no requirement that they do so. Nice contends that the specification makes clear that data is continuously being written to the RAS device, (col. 1:65-67), but is only retrieved when desired and "[u]pon input of the time and date of the data to be retrieved," (col. 4:3-4).
The Court construes the disputed language to mean "digital information used to read data from and write data to a storage component." The specification clearly discloses that the reading and writing of data to the RAS does not have to be simultaneous, even if, in some circumstances, it will be.
B. The Disputed Terms in the '570 and '845 Patents
The '570 and '345 patents are generally related to computer-aided monitoring and recording of telephone calls. The '570, and '345 patents are specifically related to a method for collecting and storing data related to a telephone call from multiple sources so as to facilitate monitoring, recording, and playing back of complete telephone calls. The patents teach gathering metadata into a single database, which allows retrieval and replay without reconstructionthe process of retrieving many recorded segments, from different database locations, to reconstruct segmented calls. Because the patents are closely related, sharing specifications and inventors, the Court will discuss common claim terms across the related patents.
The parties disagree on the proper construction of the terms that are highlighted in bold.
Patent 6,249,570
6. A method for recording information regarding telephone calls comprising one or more segments, comprising:
(a) receiving audio data regarding one or more telephone call segments relating to one or more telephone calls, and data regarding telephony events associated with said telephone call segments;
(b) storing the received audio data regarding telephone call segments;
(c) storing the received data regarding telephony events associated with said telephone call segments;
(d) identifying telephone call segments that relate to one telephone call; and
(e) constructing a data representation of a lifetime of the telephone call using data regarding telephony events associated with the telephone call segments of the telephone call, wherein said data representation comprises, for each segment of the call, the location of the stored audio data of that segment and the start time, end time, and duration of that segment.
Patent 6,728,345
14. A method for recording information regarding telephone calls with three or more participants and comprising one or *478 more participants and comprising one or more telephone call segments, comprising:
(a) receiving audio data regarding one or more telephone call segments;
(b) receiving data regarding telephony events associated with said telephone call segments; . . .
(e) identifying telephone call segments that relate to the same telephone call; and
(f) constructing data representations of lifetimes of telephone calls, wherein said data representations are constructed using data regarding telephony events associated with telephone call segments.
1. "telephone call"


---------------------------------------------------------
NICE's Construction   Witness's Construction
---------------------------------------------------------
Plain meaning.        Entire conversation with an
                      entity from a caller's perspective,
                      including transfers
                      and conferences.
---------------------------------------------------------

The parties dispute the meaning of "telephone call," as used in the '570 patent (claim 6) and '345 patent (claim 14). NICE contends that the disputed term has a plain and ordinary meaning that requires no construction by the court. Further, NICE contends that Witness improperly relies on an excerpt from the description of the preferred embodiment to read a limitation into the claim. Witness's proposed construction is drawn from the following specification passage:
In other words, within the system of the preferred embodiment, recording is managed in a call-centric (rather than event-centric) fashion. This corresponds with the typical caller's point of view, in which a call is the entire conversation with a business entity, even if the conversation involves transfers to other agents or conferencing of multiple parties.
(Pat. '570, col. 8:5-11.)
After considering the claim language and the specification, the Court construes "telephone call" to mean "the entire conversation between a business entity and a caller to that entity, including transfers and conferences." The specification cited above defines "telephone call" within a broader discussion of a preferred embodiment; the definition of the phrase itself is not the preferred embodiment. Further, the language of the claims suggests the need to differentiate between a "telephone call" and a "telephone call segment." See, e.g., ('570 pat., claim 6(a) ("receiving audio data regarding one or more telephone call segments relating to one or more telephone calls").)
2. "telephony events"


---------------------------------------------------------------------
NICE's Construction                 Witness's Construction
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Actions or occurrences detected     Actions or occurrences detected
by a computer program               by a computer program
and that are related                and that are related
to what happens to a phone          to what happens to a phone
call (such as the initiation of     call (such as the initiation of
the call, the addition or removal   the call, the addition or removal
of callers, the transfer            of callers, the transfer
of the phone call, or the           of the phone call, or the
termination of the calls).[1]    termination of the calls),
                                    and are not identifying
                                    numbers. Agent-entered
                                    information is not data regarding
                                    telephone events.
---------------------------------------------------------------------

The parties dispute the meaning of "telephony events," as used in the '570 patent (claim 6) and '345 patent (claim 14). The parties' constructions are identical except for the addition, in Witness's proposal, of "and are not identifying numbers. Agent-entered information is not data regarding telephone events." NICE contends that this addition is not supported by intrinsic evidence and unnecessarily complicates the construction of the *479 term, making it difficult to understand. Witness bases its proposed language on NICE'S argument to the examiner during the prosecution of the patent, citing '345 Pat. Pros. Hist., 2nd Prelim. Amend., 4 ("None of the agent entered information is telephony event data, since a telephony event is an action or occurrence, captured by a computer, relating to a telephone call."). In response, NICE contends that this single statement quoted from the prosecution history specifically discusses the Peavey prior art reference, which did not disclose a system that uses a computer to capture an action or occurrence relating to a telephone call.
The Court construes telephony events to mean "Actions or occurrences detected by a computer program and that related to what happens to a phone call (such as the initiation of the call, the addition or removal of callers, the transfer of the phone call, or the termination of the calls)." After considering the claim and the prosecution history cited, the Court concludes the referenced prosecution history goes to a prior art discussion and does not constitute a clear and unmistakable disavowal of claim scope.
3. "data representation(s)"


----------------------------------------------------------
NICE's Construction         Witness's Construction
----------------------------------------------------------
Digital representation of   Data structure that represents
data.                       an object as a single
                            identifiable entity.
----------------------------------------------------------

4. "data representation(S) of a life-time(s) of the telephone call"


------------------------------------------------------------------
NICE's Construction             Witness's Construction
------------------------------------------------------------------
Data (e.g., voice information   Call-centric data record of
and/or metadata) representing   the telephone call that includes
an entire telephone             a detailed cumulative
call.                           start-to-finish history of a
                                telephone call, including all
                                telephony events and participants.
                                The data representation
                                represents only
                                the telephone call, is not
                                event-centric, and is not
                                construed on a 1-to-I basis
                                for the events during the
                                total lifetime of a call.
------------------------------------------------------------------

The parties dispute the meaning of "data representation(s)" and "data representation(s) of a lifetime(s) of the telephone call," as used in the '570 patent (claim 6) and '345 patent (claim 14). NICE contends that Witness impermissibly seeks to import the preferred embodiment's management of recording in a "callcentric" fashion into the claim. Witness contends that the specification shows that the invention's sine qua non is its creation of a "single call record . . . [where] the call's entire history is contained in the call record," citing '570 Pat., col. 7:12-16. Further, Witness contends that NICE emphasized the event-centric versus call-centric distinction as the distinguishing feature between NICE'S invention and the prior art, citing '570 Pat., col. 20:34-64 ("Previous recording systems . . . mimicked the event-oriented interfaces . . . constructed on a 1-to-1 basis for the events occurring during the total lifetime of a phone call.").
After considering the claim language and the specifications, the Court construes (1) "data representation(s)" to mean "digital representation of data," and (2) "data representation(s) of a lifetime(s) of the telephone call" to mean "Call-centric data record of the telephone call that includes a detailed cumulative start-to-finish history of a telephone call, including all telephony events and participants." Though not explicit in the abstract or summary of the '570 patent, the Court concludes that the specification reveals a call-centric compilation of data to be an indispensable element of the invention, and not merely an element of the preferred embodiment. See, e.g., ('570 Pat., col. 7:12-16; col. 26:10-20 ("The Call Record Generator (CRG) in accordance with the present invention . . . is responsible for collecting data from different sources with respect to portions of a call on various recording input channels, and merging them together into a unified *480 call record. . . .") (emphasis added); col. 20:34-64.) In the Court's view, the additional language proposed by Witness beyond that adopted in the Court's construction is unnecessary.
5. "constructing a data representation of a lifetime of the telephone call using data regarding telephony events associated with the telephone call segments of the telephone call"


-------------------------------------------------------
NICE's Construction   Witness's Construction
-------------------------------------------------------
Plain meaning.        Using data regarding telephony
                      events to associate
                      telephone call segments of
                      a telephone call to form a
                      data representation of the
                      lifetime of the telephone
                      call, and not using an identifier
                      or key to form the
                      data representation.
--------------------------------------------------------

The parties dispute the meaning of "constructing a data representation of a lifetime of the telephone call using data regarding telephony events associated with the telephone call segments of the telephone call," as used in the '570 patent (claim 6) and '345 patent (claim 14). NICE contends that disputed terms beyond "data representation of a lifetime of the telephone call," "telephony events," "telephone call segments," and "telephone call," should be accorded their plain meaning. NICE further contends that Witness has simply rearranged words used in the claim phrase and improperly inserted a limitation to preclude the use of "an identifier or key" to form the data representation. Witness contends that its proposed construction tracks the precise definition NICE used to disclaim prior art in its prosecution history, citing '345 Pros. Hist., 2"d Prelim. Amend., 9-10. In response, NICE contends that the cited prosecution history is taken out of context and does not constitute a clear and unmistakable disavowal.
After considering the specification, relevant prosecution history, and the Court's earlier constructions, the Court concludes that "constructing a data representation of a lifetime of the telephone call using data regarding telephony events associated with the telephone call segments of the telephone call" does not require construction. The Court's construction of "data representation of a lifetime of the telephone call," in particular, obviates the need to further construe the disputed language.
C. The Disputed Terms in the '372 Patent
The '372 patent discloses a multi-stage data logging system comprising a telecommunications stage for receiving, processing, and compressing data from one or more input channels, a recorder stage for storing data to a memory device, a distribution stage for retrieving data and distributing data to one or more output channels, and a plurality of interface paths linking these three stages to one another. The logging system is designed so that the different stages can be located wide distances apart.
The parties disagree on the proper construction of the following terms, which are highlighted in bold in claims 1 and 33 of the '372 patent.
1, A multi-stage data, logging system comprising:
a) a telecommunications ("telecom") stage receiving input from a plurality of communication channels;
b) a recorder stage having one or more recorders, at least one recorder logging data associated with information transmitted on at least one of said plurality of communication channels;
c) a distribution stage providing access to data logged in the recorder stage; . . .
* * *
33. The data logging system of claim 32, wherein the network server is a Web server.
*481 1. "telecommunications (`telecom') stage"


------------------------------------------------------
NICE's Construction        Witness's Construction
------------------------------------------------------
The stage that serves to   Device that receives input
capture and pre-process    from communication channels
signals from two or more   passively, and is not
communication channels     part of the communications
and interfaces with the    system.
recorder stage.
------------------------------------------------------

The parties dispute the meaning of "telecommunications (telecom') stage," as used in claim 1 of the '372 patent. NICE contends that the specification clearly supports its construction, citing col. 7:51-54 and col. 9:67-10:1, and that Witness's construction improperly adds the limitations "device" and "passively." Witness contends that NICE disclaimed all but "passive" methods of recording during prosecution, citing '372 Pros. Hist., Office Action at 3, Amend. At 9-10 (wherein NICE distinguished its telecom stage from Knitl prior art by arguing that the telecom stage "monitor[s] information transmitted on communication channels, but are not part of the communications system.") Further, Witness argues that the specification support its construction, citing col. 7:60-8:5 ("Melecom stage 102 incorporates a first interface . . . that allows for passive tapping of the phone lines.").
After reviewing the claim language, specification, and relevant prosecution history, the Court concludes that NICE's construction of "telecommunications (`telecom') stage" is the correct one. Under the heading "The Telecom Stage," the specification states:
In accordance with the present invention telecom stage 102 generally functions to capture and pre-process signals from a plurality of communications lines into a format that is recognized by the recorder stage.
(col. 7:51-54.) The specification also states that the telecom and recorder stage interface. (col. 9:67-10:1 (recorder stage has "an interface 120 receiving input from the telecom stage").) Witness's citation to the term "passive" in the specification (col. 7:60-8:5) is unpersuasive because the term is used only in a description of an example of the invention. Likewise, Witness's reference to the prosecution history is also unpersuasive. NICE distinguished a telecom stage from a Private Branch Exchange ("PBX") in a 1993 Knitl patent by explaining:
[T]he PBX cannot be a telecom stage of a data logging system at least because the PBX switch forms part of the communication system, while the telecom stage of [the '372 patent] monitors signals on established communication channels. In fact, the written description at page 3, lines 17-33, specifically mentions problems associated with connecting a logging system to a PBX switch, the clear inference being that a PBX switch is not part of the logging system.
(JCC Ex. 11 at 10.) This is consistent with claim 1 of the patent, and does not support Witness's contention regarding passivity.
2. "distribution stage"


----------------------------------------------------------
NICE's Construction                 Witness's Construction
----------------------------------------------------------
The stage that serves for           Plain meaning,
retrieval of recorded information
and providing it in a
human recognizable form
and/or serves for archiving
the recorded information to
removable storage.
----------------------------------------------------------

The parties dispute the meaning of "distribution stage," as used in claim 1 of the '372 patent. NICE contends that the specification supports its construction, citing col. 11:40-48:
Generally, the distribution stage serves for retrieval of recorded information, and providing it in a humanly recognizable form, i.e., as an image, a printout, a sound clip or others. In a preferred embodiment, the distribution stage also serves for archiving the recorded information to a removable storage, such as *482 magnetic tape, magnito-optical storage device, DVD, or others.
(col. 11:42-48.) Witness contends that NICE's proposed "and/or" language makes the retrieval element of the term optional, which is not supported by the specification.
In light of the claim language and specification, the Court construes "distribution stage" to mean "The stage that serves for retrieval of recorded information, providing it in a human recognizable form, and, in some instances, archiving the recorded information to removable storage." NICE'S proposed "and/or" language is not supported by the patent's specification.
3. "web server"


--------------------------------------------------------------------
NICE's Construction                Witness's Construction
--------------------------------------------------------------------
A component that provides          A computer that receives a
access to information accessible   request for stored data, retrives
from a computer connected          the stored data, and
to the Internet or an              transfers the data over the
intranet.                          World Wide Web.
--------------------------------------------------------------------

The parties dispute the meaning of "web server," as used in claim 33 of the '372 patent. NICE contends that the plain meaning of the contested term and the specification support its construction, citing col. 12:18-21 and 12:44-46. Witness contends that NICE's construction reads the word "Web" out of the term, that the ordinary meaning of "Web" indicates "World Wide Web," and that the prosecution history confirms Witness's construction.
The Court construes "web server" to mean "A component that provides access to information accessible from a computer connected to the Internet or an intranet." The specification provides:
[T]he Web server 280 acts as an intermediary between one or more recorders 252 in the recorder stage of the logger, and the users accessing the stored information via, for example, the Internet. . . . It will be appreciated that similar distribution scheme can be provided as part of a corporate intranet.
(col. 12:18-21, 12:44-46.) Further, the prosecution history Witness references supports construing "web server" to include either Internet or intranet. "The prior art of record simply does not disclose, teach or even suggest a method for accessing information in a logger, where users. communicate requests for stored data over a `Web' in the sense of a communications network like the Internet." ('372 Pros. Hist. Amend., 13, dated Sept. 24, 2001 (emphasis added).) The term "like" in the prosecution history accords with the usage of both Internet and intranet in the specification and supports the Court's construction.
D. The Disputed Terms in the '920 Patent
Like the '372 patent, the '920 patent discloses a multi stage data logging system. The '920 patent is divisional of and shares the same specification as the application which led to the '372 patent. Generally, the '920 patent discloses a method of using a computer network server to respond to a request for retrieval of stored information.
The parties disagree on the proper construction of the following terms, which are highlighted in bold in claims 1, 3, 16, 18, and 21 of the '920 patent.
1. A method for accessing information in at least one digital logger storing data associated with input from a plurality of input channels, comprising:
at a Web server having access to said at least one digital logger, receiving a request for retrieval of stored data from a client; retrieving stored data in accordance with the received request; and transferring the retrieved data to the client.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of retrieving stored data comprises *483 accessing a record of an input channel made by said at least one digital logger.
* * *
16. A method for accessing information stored by at least one digital logger storing data associated with input from a plurality of communication channels, comprising:
at a Web server having access to said information stored by at least one digital logger over a communications network, receiving a request for retrieval of stored data from a user; retrieving said stored data from said information in accordance with the received request; and transferring the retrieved data to the client.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the step of retrieving stored data comprises accessing a record of a communication channel made by said at least one digital logger.
* * *
21. The method of claim 16 wherein the step of retrieving stored data comprises accessing archived data at the Web server corresponding to a record of a communication channel made by said at least one digital logger.
1. "web server"


---------------------------------------------------------------------
NICE's Construction                Witness's Construction
---------------------------------------------------------------------
A component that provides          A computer that receives a
access to information accessible   request for stored data, retrieves
from a computer connected          the stored data, and
to the Internet or an              transfers the data over the
intranet.                          World Wide Web.
---------------------------------------------------------------------

The parties dispute the meaning of "web server," as used in claims 1, 16, and 21 of the '920 patent. NICE reiterates the contentions it made for this term as used in the '372 patent. Witness also reiterates its earlier contentions, and also contends that the specification discussion of prior art supports its construction, citing col. 6:56-65.
As in the '372 patent context, and for the same reasons, the Court construes "web server" to mean "A component that provides access to information accessible from a computer connected to the Internet or an intranet." The specification passage Witness relies on supports the proposition that "web server" could include an Internet component, it does not mandate that "web server" must.
2. "digital logger"


-----------------------------------------------------------
NICE's Construction             Witness's Construction
-----------------------------------------------------------
A device, system or software    A device, system or software
for recording, in digital       for recording audio in
form, audio data representing   digital form.
multiple concurrent
telephone calls.
-----------------------------------------------------------

The parties dispute the meaning of "digital logger," as used in claims 1, 16, and 21 of the '920 patent. NICE contends that the claim language itself supports its proposal that a logger can record from multiple input sources, citing claims 1 and 16 ("A method for accessing information in at least one digital logger storing data associated with input from a plurality of input channels, . . ."). Witness contends that the claim language demonstrates that multiple input sources can be recorded by the logger, but does support the proposal that "at least one digital logger" must record more than one call concurrently.
The Court construes "digital logger" to mean "a device, system or software for recording audio in digital form." The claim language states that a digital logger can record from a variety of input types, but makes no mention of whether those recordings are done concurrently. Further, NICE cites no other intrinsic or extrinsic evidence to support its proposed construction.
*484 3. "receiving a request for retrieval of stored data," "retrieving stored data," & "transferring the retrieved data"


------------------------------------------------------
NICE's Construction   Witness's Construction
------------------------------------------------------
Plain meaning.        The Web server receives a
                      request for retrieval of data
                      stored in the digital logger.
                      The Web server retrieves
                      data stored in the digital
                      logger.
                      The Web server sends the
                      data retrieved froth the digital
                      logger.
------------------------------------------------------

The parties dispute the meaning of "receiving a request for retrieval of stored data," "retrieving stored data," and "transferring the retrieved data," as used in claims 1, 16, and 21 of the '920 patent. NICE contends that Witness' proposals improperly add the limitation that the data retrieved is stored in the digital logger. The claims themselves, NICE contends, show this construction to be wrong. Glaims 6 and 21 recite "wherein the step of retrieving stored data comprises accessing archived data at the Web server." NICE contends this language (1) directly contradicts Witness's proposed construction, and (2) mandates, according to principles of claim differentiation, that claims 1 and 16 must be broad enough to cover, at the least, data stored at the logger or at a Web server. With respect to language "Web server," NICE contends that only the "receiving a request" step of the method of claim 1 occurs "at a Web server."
Witness contends that the intrinsic evidence and the claim structure support its proposal that all three steps, "receiving," "retrieving," and "transferring," are performed by the Web server. The specification, Witness contends, reveals only the Web server as the device or component that retrieves or transfers data after a request is made, citing col. 13:21-25 ("In response to [client requests], Web server accesses the loggers records directly . . . and sends the requested files to the requesting client."). With respect to the "digital logger" language it proposes, Witness contends that claim requires the "digital logger" limitation, and that NICE'S claim differentiation argument only shows that claim 6 is invalid.
The Court construes the disputed terms to include the language `Web server" but not "digital logger." With respect to 'Web server," NICE did not attempt to rebut Witness contention regarding the specification. With respect to "digital logger," the claim language and the principle of claim differentiation establish that data received need not be stored in the digital logger.
4. "record of an input channel" & "record of a communication channel"


----------------------------------------------------------------
NICE's Construction                    Witness's Construction
----------------------------------------------------------------
Stored voice and/or call information   A record identified by an
received from an                       input channel.
input channel.
Stored voice and/or call information   A record identified by a
received from a                        communication channel.[2]
communication channel.
-----------------------------------------------------------------

The parties dispute the meaning of "record of an input channel" and "record of a communication channel," as used in claims 3 and 21 of the '920 patent. NICE contends that its proposal is based on the specification, which echoes the plain meaning of the words, citing col. 10:30-34.
In a particular embodiment directed to storing voice records, the function of recorder stage 104 can be described broadly as creating voice files and providing an associated database with stored call information.
(col. 10:30-34.) NICE further contends that Witness's construction improperly *485 adds the limitation that the record is "identified by the input [or communication] channel." Witness contends that the word "of' in the disputed term equates "identified by," and cites col. 11:14-19 to support its construction.
After reviewing the claims and the specification, the Court concludes that NICE's construction is the correct one. The specification makes clear that a record can be identified by more than just an input channel:
[R]ecords that correspond to different input channels appear to the user as separate files having unique record addresses. In a preferred embodiment, these files are identified by the call record information and contain, for example, information about the caller ID, the date and time of the communication, its duration, and others.
(col. 11:14-23.) Accordingly, the disputed terms are construed without Witness's proposed limitation.
E. The Disputed Terms in the '109 Patent
The '109 patent discloses a system and method for recording and/or otherwise monitoring Internet Protocol ("IP") multimedia sessions. The recording device is a participant in the IP multimedia session, although preferably the recording device only receives data for recording or monitoring the session. Therefore, the IF multimedia session is preferably a multi-user session, such as a "conference call" for example.
The parties disagree on the proper construction of the following terms, which are highlighted in bold in claim 1.
1. A method for recording at least a portion of one or more of a plurality of IP data sessions, each being between at least a first communication device and a second communication device through a network by a recording device, comprising for each IP data session:
initiating the data session by said first communication device with said second communication device;
implementing the data session as a conference call through a conference controller such that said first and second communication devices are connected, respectively, as first and second participants;
using the conference controller, selectively entering the recording device to said conference call as an additional participant, wherein the recording device is distinct from the first and second communication devices yet receives as the additional participant at least the portion of the IP data session from each of the first and second participants; and recording at least the portion of the IP data session received as the additional participant of said conference call using said recording device.
1. "conference controller," "through a conference controller"


-----------------------------------------------------------------------
NICE's Construction                  Witness's Construction
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
A component that initiates,          Device that initiates, establishes
and/or establishes a                 and enables a conference
conference call.                     call.
By use of a conference controller.   The data packet transmissions
                                     of the IP data session
                                     pass through the conference
                                     controller.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

The parties dispute the meaning of "conference controller" and "through a conference controller," as used in claim 1. NICE contends that the specification shows that a "conference controller" initiates, enables, and/or establishes a conference call, but all three functions only in "exemplary" situations, citing col. 5:6-col. 6:32. NICE also contends that nothing in the specification requires a "conference controller" to be limited to a device or hardware and to exclude software. Witness contends that the disputed term must initiate, enable, and establish a conference *486 call, citing Figure 3 as demonstrating a conference controller performing all three functions.
With respect to "through a conference controller," NICE contends that Witness's proposal that data packets physically flow into and through conference controllers makes no sense based on how one skilled in the art would understand the specification. Witness contends that the use of both "through" and "using" in the claim language means each should have distinct meanings, and that "through" should not then be construed to mean "by use of." Further, Witness contends that NICE consistently used the term "through" to mean "flow through" during the prosecution, and in particular in distinguishing Rust prior art, citing '106 Pros. Hist., Resp., 21 n. 5, dated Sept. 11, 2005. NICE responds that Witness's use of prosecution history is tortured and inaccurate, and that Figure 1 and the specification support its construction, citing col. 7:13-16 ("implementing the data session as a conference call through a conference controller such that said first and second communication devices are connected."). NICE further contends that the claim language and specification make clear that the conference controller serves to implement the connection of the two communication devices before there is any information flowing between them.
The Court construes "conference controller" to mean "a component that initiates, enables and/or establishes a conference call." Figure 3, which Witness bases its construction on, clearly "shows an optional flow of operations." (col. 6:17-23.) Moreover, even in Figure 3, the enabling function is only preferable. (Id., "[c]onference controller 30 enables recording device 24 to participate in the conference call, as well as preferably enabling the conference call itself.")
The Court construes "through a conference controller" to mean "the data packet transmissions of the IP data session pass through the conference controller." While NICE demonstrated that Witness's reliance on the prosecution history was misplaced, it failed to respond to Witness's contention regarding the use of both "through" and "using" in the claim language. In light of the claim language itself and the specification, the Court concludes that Witness's construction is the correct one.
2. "recording device"


---------------------------------------------------------
NICE's Construction         Witness's Construction
---------------------------------------------------------
A device which records IP   Participant to a session that
audio and/or video data.    receives data for recording
                            and monitoring and does
                            not require an additional
                            connection or port in the
                            network.
----------------------------------------------------------

The parties dispute the meaning of "recording device," as used in claim 1. NICE contends that Witness's construction imposes a negative requirement "does not require an additional connection or port in the network"that is ambiguous and is not used anywhere in the specification. Witness contends that NICE distinguished, in a foreign counterpart to the '109 patent's parent (the '106 application), the prior art by disclaiming all recording devices except those that could be connected to a conference call as a participant, "without any need to change the number of connected extentions, etc." (EPO Proceedings., File Hist. for W020011L0100805, Amend. 3.) In response, NICE contends that the out-of-context quote was made after the '109 patent issued, was made in passing and prefaced by "it should be mentioned," and clearly did not constitute a "clear and unmistakable" disavowal of claim scope.
In light of the claim language and pertinent prosecution history, the Court construes "recording device" to mean "a device which records IP audio and/or video data." Witness has not demonstrated that *487 the prosecution history it cites constitutes a "clear and unmistakable" disavowal of claim scope.
3. "entering the recording device to said conference call as an additional participant"


---------------------------------------------------
NICE's Construction   Witness's Construction
---------------------------------------------------
Plain meaning.        Joining the recording device
                      to the conference call
                      as an additional participant
                      after the conference call
                      has been established between
                      the first and second
                      participants.
---------------------------------------------------

The parties dispute the meaning of "entering the recording device to said conference call as an additional participant," as used in claim 1. NICE contends that, following the Court's construction of "recording device" and "conference call," the disputed term has plain meaning that does not require construction. Witness's timing limitation, NICE contends, has no basis in the claim language or specification. Witness contends that the text and structure of the claims require the recording device to be entered after the conference call has already been established between the original participants, citing claim 1 ("entering the recording device to said conference call as an additional participant." (emphasis added)). NICE responds that claim 2, which is dependent on claim 1, makes clear that the recording device is entered at the same time as the data session is initiated:
[T]he method of claim 1, wherein the step of selectively entering the recording device to said conference call includes the step of directing the recording device to enter said conference call as the additional participant when a data session has been initiated.
(col. 7:27-31 (emphasis added).)
The Court concludes that "entering the recording device to said conference call as an additional participant" does not require construction. Though claim 1 might be read to reveal a sequential ordering of activities by the method, with the recording device entered last, claim 2 clearly shows that this sequential ordering is not required.
4. "IP data session"


-----------------------------------------------------------
NICE's Construction            Witness's Construction
-----------------------------------------------------------
Communication which includes   The plurality of data packet
transmission of IP             transmission between any
audio and/or video data.       two or more communication
                               devices.
-----------------------------------------------------------

The parties dispute the meaning of "IP data session," as used in claim 1. NICE contends that the communication devices involved can be either IP (Internet Protocol) or non-IP telephony devices, and that in the preferred embodiment of the invention, "the IP multi-media session may also include one or more non-IP telephony devices," citing col. 3:52-56. Witness's construction would exclude the preferred embodiment, NICE contends, because non-IP telephones do not transmit or receive "data packets." Witness contends that the patent's specification and prosecution history support its construction, citing Figure 3 and 106 Pros. Hist., Resp. 6, Dec. 19, 2004. Further, Witness contends that NICE is attempting to redefine the claim term and to read "IP" out of "IP data session." The specification makes clear 'that all non-IP communications within the system are first "translated" into IP communications (or data packets), demonstrating, Witness contends, that its construction is correct.
The Court construes "IP data session" to mean "the plurality of data packet transmission between any two or more communication devices." Though the claimed invention clearly contemplates involving non-IP telephone devices, it also makes clear that the invention must convert those non-IP communications into IP communications.
[I]f a telephony device 20 communicating through a PSTN 22 is contacted by IP telephone 12 to initiate the multimedia *488 call and/or if telephony device 20 initiates the call . . ., communication to and from telephony device 20 passes through a gateway 42, for example in order to translate regular PSTN 22 communication to IP-based communication.
(col. 6:4-11.) Accordingly, the construction of "IP data session" should indicate that specifically IP-based communications are being transmitted.
5. "the portion of the IP data session"


------------------------------------------------------------
NICE's Construction         Witness's Construction
------------------------------------------------------------
At least a part of one or   All the data packets transmitted
more of a plurality of IP   between the first
data sessions.              and second participants
                            during the part of the
                            IP data session being recorded.
------------------------------------------------------------

The parties dispute the meaning of "the portion of the IP data session," as used in claim 1. NICE reiterates its contention regarding "data packets" and non-IP communications made above, and also contends that the specification does not support the requirement that "all" IP data be recorded. Witness contends that NICE'S "one or more" language is contradicted by the preamble to claim one, which explains that the claimed steps apply "for each IP data session." Further, Witness contends its construction preserves the limitations inherent in the structure of the claim by including, not an amorphous "part," but "the part of the IP data session being recording."
In light of the claim language and specification, the Court construes the disputed term to mean "all the data packets transmitted between the first and second participants during the part of the IP data session being recorded." The term "all," in this context, refers to all of the data packets transmitted during recorded parts of the sessions, not all of the data packets transmitted, whether recorded or not.

CONCLUSION
For the reasons discussed herein, the Court tentatively construes the disputed terms of the patents-in-suit as follows.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PATENT      CLAIM TERM                           COURT'S CONSTRUCTION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'371        buffer                               Device in communication with the digital audio tape
                                                 and the random access storage device that temporarily
                                                 stores data.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            digitial audio tape                  Magnetic tape designed for storage of audio in digital
                                                 form.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            writing the audio data               Transferring audio data from the buffer directly to
            from the buffer onto a               both a digital audio tape and a random access storage
            digital audio tape and a             device.
            random access storage
            device
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            pair of pointers                     Digital information used to read data from and write
                                                 data to a storage component.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'570,       telephone call                       The entire conversation between a business entity
'345                                             and a caller to that entity, including transfers and
                                                 conferences.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            telephony event                      Actions or occurrences detected by a computer program
                                                 and that related to what happens to a phone
                                                 call (such as the initiation of the call, the addition or
                                                 removal of callers, the transfer of the phone call, or
                                                 the termination of the calls)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            data representation                  Digital representation of data.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            data representation of a             Call-centric data record of the telephone call that
            lifetime of the telephone            includes a detailed cumulative start-to-finish history
*489
            call                                 of a telephone call, including all telephony events and
                                                 participants.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            constructing a data representation   Plain meaning.
            of a lifetime
            of the telephone call using
            data regarding telephony
            events associated
            with the telephone call
            segments of the telephone
            call
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'372        telecommunications                   The stage that serves to capture and pre-process
            ("telecom") stage                    signals from two or more communication channels
                                                 and interfaces with the recorder stage.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            distribution stage                   The stage that serves for retrieval of recorded information,
                                                 providing it in a human recognizable form,
                                                 and, in some instances, archiving the recorded information
                                                 to removable storage.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            web server                           A component that provides access to information
                                                 accessible from a computer connected to the Internet
                                                 or an intranet.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'920        web server                           A component that provides access to information
                                                 accessible from a computer connected to the Internet
                                                 or an intranet.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            digital logger                       A device, system or software for recording audio in
                                                 digital form.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            receiving a request for              The Web server receives a request for retrieval of
            retrieval of stored data.            stored data.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            retrieving stored data               The Web server retrieves stored data.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            transferring the                     The Web server sends the retrieved data.
            retrieved data
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            record of an input                   Stored voice and/or call information received from an
            channel                              input channel.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            record of a communication            Stored voice and/or call information received from a
            channel.                             communication channel.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'109        conference controller                A component that initiates, enables and/or establishes
                                                 a conference call.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            through a conference                 The data packet transmissions of the IP data session
            controller.                          pass through the conference controller.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            recording device                     A device which records IP audio and/or video data.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            entering the recording               Plain meaning.
            device to said conference
            call as an additional
            participant
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            IP data session                      The plurality of data packet transmission between
                                                 any two or more communication devices.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            The portion of the IP                All the data packets transmitted between the first
            data session                         and second participants during the part of the IP
                                                 data session being recorded.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


MEMORANDUM ORDER
Trial in this case will commence on January 14, 2008. The parties are in the midst of final preparations for the trial and are unable to resolve certain disputes concerning scheduling matters. After reviewing the recent submissions of the parties, the Court resolves the disputes as follows:


*490 Plaintiff's Infringement Contentions
I. Number of Patents & Patent Claims at Issue
At this time, the Court finds that Plaintiff has sufficiently narrowed its case to be understandable and manageable for a jury trial. The Court accepts Plaintiff's representation that further narrowing could and would occur if Defendant narrowed its invalidity contentions.
II. Number of Defendant's Products at Issue
The Court finds Plaintiffs assertion that it has accused five (5) core recording products needs to be further refined by the specific identification of the five products that will be at issue before the jury.
Plaintiff shall provide this information to Defendant and the Court no later than December 17, 2007.

Expert Reports & Expert Depositions
The Court adopts the schedule proposed by Plaintiff in its December 12, 2007 letter at page 3 (D.I. 272).
The Court finds that the following facts support the schedule proposed by Plaintiff: the parties' awareness of the trial date at. an early stage of the case; the parties' extensive submissions in connection with the Markman hearing; the parties' similar litigation in Georgia; the parties' preparation of a proposed pre-trial order, and; Defendant's re-examination filings. In the Court's view, these events and the resources of the parties and counsel clearly demonstrate the reasonableness of Plaintiff's proposal.
Finally, the Court finds that the assertion that any expert witness is "unavailable" to the parties in the thirty day period prior to a long scheduled trial is untenable and an issue for the witness's proponent, not the pre-trial schedule.

Claim Construction
The Court has issued a tentative claim construction to facilitate the parties' preparation of their technical expert witnesses. However, a final decision concerning the disputed claim language will be issued at the post-trial prayer conference.
NOTES
[1]  This proposed construction is the one presented by NICE in its claim construction brief. Additionally, NICE proffers a different construction in the "November 8, 2007 Revised Joint Claim Construction Chart."
[2]  The Court lists the constructions used by Witness in its claim construction briefings. For reasons the Court cannot discern, Witness proffers different constructions in the "November 8, 2007 Revised Joint Claim Construction Chart."
