                                                 Supreme Court

                                                 No. 2012-12-C.A.
                                                 (P2/08-3477A)


    State                     :

     v.                       :

Jethro Rolle.                 :




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publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers are requested to
notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme Court of Rhode Island,
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                                                                  Supreme Court

                                                                  No. 2012-12-C.A.
                                                                  (P2/08-3477A)


                   State                      :

                     v.                       :

               Jethro Rolle.                  :


              Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.

                                AMENDED OPINION

       Justice Indeglia, for the Court.       The defendant Jethro Rolle (Rolle or defendant)

appeals from the Superior Court’s denial of his motion to dismiss a charge of second-degree

sexual assault on double jeopardy grounds. 1 This case came before the Supreme Court on

January 23, 2014, pursuant to an order directing the parties to appear and show cause why the

issues raised in this appeal should not be summarily decided. After carefully considering the

parties’ written and oral submissions, we are satisfied that cause has not been shown. For the

reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.

                                                  I

                                        Facts and Travel

       It is undisputed that, on the evening of August 6, 2008, the complaining witness, Lisa,

visited defendant’s home, where some kind of sexual encounter between the fifteen-year-old

Lisa and the forty-two-year-old defendant took place. 2 Beyond these basic facts, however,



1
  Although interlocutory, the denial of a motion to dismiss on double jeopardy grounds is
immediately appealable. State v. Casas, 792 A.2d 737, 739 (R.I. 2002).
2
  Given the complaining witness’s young age at the time of the incident, we have given her a
pseudonym to protect her privacy.
                                               -1-
defendant’s and Lisa’s accounts of that evening diverge significantly.         In particular, the

discrepancy that ultimately gave rise to this appeal concerned Lisa’s motivation for visiting

defendant’s home that evening.

        On August 7, 2008, the day after the incident, Lisa told an officer of the East Providence

Police Department that she went to defendant’s house on the evening of the incident to inquire if

Devina Rolle, 3 defendant’s daughter, was home. In her statement to the police, Lisa explained

that she had “been friends with Devina since the both of [them] attended middle school

together.” She further stated that “Devina lives on Anthony St[reet] * * * in a white house.”

According to Lisa’s statement, on the evening of the incident, defendant invited her into his

home and then attempted to have sex with her.

        On August 15, 2008, defendant also made a statement to the East Providence police, in

which he confirmed that Lisa had visited his home and admitted to touching Lisa on her hip,

buttocks, and breasts. The defendant claimed, however, that Lisa came to his house looking for a

sexual adventure. He stated that she told him that “she was eighteen years old and that she

wanted to have some fun. She told me that she wanted to fool around.” On November 18, 2008,

the state filed an information charging defendant with one count of second-degree sexual

assault. 4

        Immediately before the case opened to a jury on the morning of Tuesday, June 7, 2011,

defense counsel made two motions concerning a new statement allegedly made by Lisa. Defense

counsel explained to the trial justice that, based upon the discovery materials that the state had

previously provided, counsel had expected Lisa to testify that she went to defendant’s house on



3
 To avoid confusion, we refer to Ms. Rolle by her first name. We intend no disrespect.
4
 Under G.L. 1956 § 11-37-4, a person is guilty of second-degree sexual assault if he or she uses
force or coercion to engage in sexual contact with another person.
                                                -2-
August 6, 2008 to visit her friend Devina, who she believed resided with defendant.              In

anticipation of this testimony, defense counsel had caused Devina to be flown in from her current

residence in the state of Georgia to testify at trial that she had not resided in Rhode Island since

2007 and that she and Lisa had never been friends. Defense counsel then learned during a

discussion that took place in chambers on the previous morning that Lisa was now expected to

testify that she went to defendant’s house on the evening of the incident because she had heard

that Devina was visiting from out of town. Defense counsel requested that the new statement be

excluded or that the state provide her with additional information about the circumstances

surrounding Lisa’s decision to alter her statement. Specifically, counsel asked the prosecutor to

disclose when he had learned that Lisa was changing her statement; who was present when the

new statement was made; and who and/or what had prompted the change.

       In response to defense counsel’s motions, the prosecutor informed the trial justice that he

and a victims’ services advocate had met with Lisa on Friday, June 3, 2011 at the Attorney

General’s offices. The prosecutor explained that he was only recently assigned to the case.

After the prosecutor concluded his response, defense counsel requested that the prosecutor also

disclose when and from whom Lisa had allegedly heard that Devina was visiting from out of

town. The prosecutor did not offer any additional information at that time. The trial justice

denied defendant’s motion to exclude the new statement but reserved ruling on the request for

supplemental discovery.

       When the trial commenced, the state presented Lisa as its first witness. During direct

examination, the prosecutor questioned Lisa about why she went to defendant’s home on the

night of the incident. Lisa explained that she had “heard that Devina was in town so [she]

decided to see if [Devina] was there and say hi.” She could not remember who informed her that



                                               -3-
Devina was visiting from out of town but averred that she was aware in 2008 that Devina was

living in Georgia.

       Thereafter, on cross-examination, defense counsel showed Lisa a copy of her statement

from August 7, 2008 and pointed out that nowhere in the statement did it indicate that she had

heard that Devina was visiting from out of town. Lisa answered, “I told the police that. They

probably didn’t write it down[.]”

       At one point during cross-examination, the court recessed and defense counsel renewed

her earlier motion for supplemental discovery. Defense counsel argued that, in order for her to

effectively cross-examine Lisa, the state needed to disclose all of the circumstances surrounding

Lisa’s new statement, including everyone who was present at the meeting, if there were any

notes from the meeting, and if Devina’s testimony was discussed. The trial justice denied the

motion, reasoning that the information that the state had provided earlier that morning was

sufficient. After the jury returned, cross-examination concluded and the state completed redirect

examination of Lisa.

       When recross-examination began, defense counsel asked Lisa to review a portion of her

statement from August 7, 2008. Lisa responded, “Before I read this, we revised this at my

attorney’s office. We went over it and we highlighted the parts that weren’t accurate and I put in

the rest of the information.” Lisa then revealed that her father had also been present during her

meeting with the prosecutor on Friday, June 3. Lisa indicated that her father had made some

handwritten additions to her statement. Defense counsel asked Lisa if the prosecutor had spoken

with her on Friday about Devina’s expected testimony. Lisa explained that, during the meeting,

she had spoken on the telephone with another prosecutor who had previously worked on her

case. According to Lisa, the other prosecutor had informed her that Devina would be coming



                                              -4-
from Georgia to Rhode Island to testify. She admitted that the other prosecutor specifically

questioned her about why she went to defendant’s house on August 6, 2008 if Devina had

already moved to Georgia at that time. Lisa insisted, however, that the Friday meeting was not

the first time that she had mentioned hearing that Devina was visiting from out of town. She

maintained that she had given this information to the police when she first met with them the day

after the incident.

        The trial justice then allowed the prosecutor to conduct further redirect examination,

during which the prosecutor had the following exchange with Lisa:

                “[Prosecutor]: * * * you made—actually, you didn’t make the
                marks on the statement, right, your father did?

                “[Lisa]: Yes.

                “[Prosecutor]: All right. And I left the room?

                “[Lisa]: Yes.

                “[Prosecutor]: And I said, ‘Read this over, tell me if you got any
                changes’; right?

                “[Lisa]: Correct.

                “[Defense Counsel]: Objection, Judge, leading.

                “The Court: Sustained.

                “[Prosecutor]: I’m just trying to—okay.       If I could have this
                marked for identification, please.”

At that point, the prosecutor produced a highlighted and annotated copy of Lisa’s August 7, 2008

statement, prompting defense counsel to request a sidebar.

        At the sidebar, defense counsel told the trial justice that she had never seen the document

that the prosecutor was attempting to introduce. She emphasized that the information that the

prosecutor was now using to lead the witness on re-redirect examination was exactly the kind of

                                               -5-
information she had repeatedly asked him to disclose in her requests for supplemental discovery.

In response, the prosecutor asserted that the document was the same statement that Lisa had

given to the police on August 7, 2008 but with some inconsequential additions. He explained

that he was “concerned about * * * the impression that I am hiding something in front of this

jury. Now, what I would like to do is move this statement as a full exhibit because I have * * *

absolutely nothing to hide.”         The trial justice allowed the document to be marked for

identification but refused to allow the document to be admitted as a full exhibit. After the

sidebar, the state presented one more witness before resting.

       When the trial continued the following morning, defendant moved for a mistrial. In

ruling on defendant’s motion, the trial justice found that the prosecutor’s failure to turn over the

revised statement to defense counsel was a violation of Rule 16 of the Superior Court Rules of

Criminal Procedure. The trial justice then went on to consider whether the discovery violation

required him to grant a mistrial. According to the trial justice, the undisclosed information was

central to defendant’s case since its disclosure likely would have prompted defense counsel to

adopt a different trial strategy. He emphasized that had the state been more forthcoming when

defendant first requested the information, the nondisclosure could have been rectified by

granting a continuance. The trial justice ultimately concluded that the only available remedy at

that point in the proceedings was to declare a mistrial. Accordingly, the trial justice granted

defendant’s motion for a mistrial.

       The defendant thereafter moved to dismiss the sexual-assault charge on double jeopardy

grounds. At a hearing on defendant’s motion on August 5, 2011, defense counsel argued that the

prosecutor’s attempt to submit the revised version of Lisa’s statement into evidence was a

deliberate effort to goad defendant into moving to pass the case. She emphasized that she had



                                                -6-
repeatedly requested that the prosecutor disclose the circumstances under which Lisa changed

her statement at the June 3 meeting. It was only after Lisa had unexpectedly revealed some of

those circumstances on recross-examination that the prosecutor produced the revised statement.

According to defense counsel, the momentum of the trial had swung in defendant’s favor after

recross-examination because the jury had begun to suspect that Lisa had altered her statement

after learning of Devina’s expected testimony.         Defense counsel suggested that, as an

experienced attorney for the state, the prosecutor knew that producing the revised statement

could save his unraveling case by prompting defendant to request a mistrial.

       In response, the prosecutor insisted that he did not turn over the revised statement

because he did not believe the statement contained any “significant impeachment evidence.”

According to the prosecutor, the granting of the mistrial did not provide him with any tactical

advantage since he had successfully completed his case-in-chief.

       In a bench decision rendered that same day, the trial justice denied defendant’s motion to

dismiss. He explained that a mistrial granted at defendant’s behest will only bar a retrial if the

prosecutor engaged in extreme misconduct intended to goad defendant into moving to pass the

case. The trial justice ultimately concluded that the prosecutor in Rolle’s case did not have the

specific intent to provoke Rolle into requesting a mistrial. In reaching this conclusion, the trial

justice rejected defense counsel’s suggestion that the prosecutor had attempted to abort an

unraveling case. He reasoned that the prosecutor was “more overzealous than Machiavellian,”

since the withholding of the revised statement appeared to be no more than a good-faith error in

judgment. 5 An order denying defendant’s motion to dismiss entered on June 12, 2012.




5
 The trial justice ordered the Attorney General’s office to reimburse the Public Defender’s office
for the cost of flying Devina Rolle from Georgia to Rhode Island to testify at trial.
                                               -7-
       The defendant filed a timely notice of appeal on August 18, 2011. 6 On September 24,

2013, defendant filed a motion to hold this appeal in abeyance because state’s exhibit No. 5 for

identification, Lisa’s revised statement, had been irretrievably lost. The defendant argued that,

without a copy of the revised statement, retrial would be impossible because he would be unable

to adequately cross-examine his accuser. He therefore requested that this Court remand the

matter for the limited purpose of allowing him to file another motion to dismiss in Superior

Court. In an order entered on November 14, 2013, this Court denied Rolle’s motion.

                                                 II

                                       Standard of Review

       In instances “where a defendant has moved for a mistrial and asserts on appeal that

double jeopardy bars his retrial because of prosecutorial goading, we defer to the trial court’s

findings of fact.” State v. O’Connor, 936 A.2d 216, 220 (R.I. 2007). “Whether prosecutorial

misconduct was intended to goad the defendant into seeking a mistrial is a question of fact for

the trial [justice] to decide.” State v. Hull, 754 A.2d 84, 87 (R.I. 2000). On appeal, we “will not

disturb the trial [justice]’s finding on that factual issue if it is supported by competent evidence.”

O’Connor, 936 A.2d at 220.

                                                 III

                                             Discussion

       At the threshold, we address defendant’s suggestion that we need not reach the merits of

this appeal. The defendant argues that, even if we conclude that double jeopardy does not

preclude retrial, the loss of state’s exhibit No. 5 for identification makes retrial impossible.


6
  Even though a final order did not enter until nearly ten months after defendant filed his notice
of appeal, we consider defendant’s premature notice of appeal timely. See Curtis v. State, 996
A.2d 601, 603 n.3 (R.I. 2010) (“premature notice of appeal [is] timely as long as a final judgment
is entered thereafter”).
                                                -8-
According to defendant, his Sixth Amendment right to cross-examine his accuser will be

compromised if he must retry the case without a copy of the revised statement. At this time, we

are not convinced that retrial is impossible. We hold out hope that the exhibit may yet be

located. In the event it is not, the possibility of a retrial in its absence is a question more

appropriately answered, in the first instance, by the trial justice. We will therefore go on to

address whether double jeopardy prohibits retrying defendant on the sexual-assault charge.

       On appeal, defendant argues that the trial justice erred in denying his motion to dismiss

the charge on double jeopardy grounds. In particular, he ascribes error to the trial justice’s

conclusion that the prosecutor lacked the specific intent to provoke a mistrial.

       The prohibitions on double jeopardy contained in the United States and Rhode Island

Constitutions ordinarily do not prevent the retrial of a criminal defendant when a mistrial has

been granted at the defendant’s behest. 7 State v. Casas, 792 A.2d 737, 739 (R.I. 2002). There is

an exception, however, for instances where a prosecutor has engaged in extreme misconduct

intended to provoke the defendant into moving to pass the case. Id. This exception is a narrow

one. See State v. Beltre, 764 A.2d 190, 191 (R.I. 2000) (mem.). We have steadfastly adhered to

the rule announced in Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. 667, 676 (1982), that a second trial is not

forbidden unless the prosecutor’s conduct was specifically intended to goad the defendant into

moving for a mistrial. Casas, 792 A.2d at 739. “Mere prosecutorial error, therefore, although it

may incite a mistrial, will not preclude retrial.” O’Connor, 936 A.2d at 222. In rejecting any

attempt to broaden this exception, we have explained that the Kennedy rule strikes “a careful

balance between the right of a defendant to obtain a completion of his trial by the first tribunal

assembled * * * and the societal interest in apprehending and punishing those who are guilty of


7
 Article 1, section 7 of the Rhode Island Constitution and the Fifth Amendment to the United
States Constitution prohibit a defendant from twice being put in jeopardy for the same offense.
                                                -9-
serious crimes.” State v. Diaz, 521 A.2d 129, 133 (R.I. 1987); see Casas, 792 A.2d at 740; State

v. McIntyre, 671 A.2d 806, 807 (R.I. 1996).

       To infer the existence or nonexistence of intentional goading, the trial justice examines

the objective facts and circumstances surrounding the prosecutor’s misconduct. O’Connor, 936

A.2d at 223 n.6. Some of those relevant facts and circumstances include the timing of the

misconduct, the experience of the prosecutor, and whether there was a legitimate reason for the

misconduct. See, e.g., Casas, 792 A.2d at 740; Hull, 754 A.2d at 87; McIntyre, 671 A.2d at 807.

       According to defendant, the objective facts and circumstances in this case compel the

conclusion that the prosecutor’s production of the revised statement was intended to provoke a

mistrial. He relies heavily upon the prosecutor’s experience and the timing of the misconduct,

arguing that the prosecutor did not reveal the revised statement until after his case had begun to

unravel.

       The defendant is correct that one of the evils that the Kennedy rule seeks to guard against

is “an unscrupulous prosecutor, faced with a rapidly derailing trial, conceivably * * * seek[ing] a

premature end of the proceedings in hope of returning another day.” Casas, 792 A.2d at 740; see

also State v. Perez, 605 A.2d 1305, 1309 (R.I. 1992) (Retrial is prohibited when a prosecutor has

engaged in “bad-faith conduct designed to afford the prosecution a more favorable opportunity to

convict the defendant.”) (quoting State v. Gordon, 508 A.2d 1339, 1345 (R.I. 1986)). After

carefully reviewing the record, however, we agree with the trial justice’s conclusion that no such

evil was present in this case.

       Here, the trial justice specifically took into consideration the prosecutor’s experience and

the fact that the prosecutor’s attempt to introduce the revised statement came deep into the state’s

case. Notwithstanding these facts, he concluded that “it does not follow that [the prosecutor’s]



                                               - 10 -
misconduct was [the] voluntary derailing of a trial going badly.” In reaching this conclusion, the

trial justice acknowledged that “cross-examination * * * might have been considered a setback

for the prosecution” but indicated that he “was not convinced that the [s]tate was by any means

on the verge of losing this case.”

       Although defendant disagrees with the trial justice’s finding that the prosecutor’s case

was not progressing badly, we conclude that this finding is amply supported by competent

evidence of record. In finding that the state was not on the brink of losing the case, the trial

justice characterized Lisa as a convincing and consistent witness for the state. Since we are

“relegated to reading from a ‘lifeless record,’ [we] justifiably defer to trial justices who

experience firsthand the delivery and demeanor of a witness’s testimony.” State v. Ferreira, 21

A.3d 355, 366 (R.I. 2011) (quoting State v. Guerrero, 996 A.2d 86, 90 (R.I. 2010)). At trial, Lisa

repeatedly insisted that when she made her initial statement to the police, she mentioned hearing

that Devina was visiting from out of town and speculated that the police officer had accidentally

omitted that fact from the typed statement. We cannot fault the trial justice for crediting this

testimony.

       The defendant also quarrels with the trial justice’s conclusion that the prosecutor’s

misconduct was the result of a good-faith error in judgment. He asserts that the prosecutor’s

repeated failure to disclose the circumstances of the June 3 meeting is highly suggestive of bad

faith. Again, our review of the record convinces us that the trial justice appropriately considered

this factor and made a well-supported finding.

       The trial justice admonished the prosecutor for not being more forthcoming about the

June 3 meeting and warned that he would not tolerate “trial[] by ambush.” He ultimately found,

however, that the prosecutor’s withholding of the revised statement was an error of judgment.



                                              - 11 -
The prosecutor explained that he believed—albeit erroneously—that he was not obligated under

Rule 16 to turn over the revised statement to defense counsel because he deemed the changes to

the statement to be largely inconsequential. If the prosecutor did not believe that his initial

decision to withhold the document was a discovery violation, it is unlikely that he would believe

that his later decision to produce the document would be grounds for a mistrial. In fact, the

prosecutor offered a legitimate explanation for producing the statement. When he submitted the

document into evidence, he explained that he wished to correct any impression the jurors might

have that he was concealing the circumstances surrounding Lisa’s changed statement. We are

cognizant of the fact that the prosecutor’s own lack of openness created the unfavorable

impression that he was attempting to dispel. Nonetheless, it appears that the prosecutor was not

seeking a more favorable opportunity to try his case in front of a new jury, but rather was

seeking to redeem himself in the eyes of the original jurors. The trial justice correctly concluded

that such overzealousness was grounds for a mistrial but would not preclude retrial.

       After considering all of the defendant’s arguments, we are satisfied that the trial justice

performed a balanced and conscientious analysis of the objective facts and circumstances in this

case. We conclude that there was sufficient evidence of record to support the trial justice’s

finding that those objective facts did not give rise to an inference of intentional goading.

Accordingly, we uphold the trial justice’s denial of the defendant’s motion to dismiss the charge.

                                                 IV

                                            Conclusion

       For the reasons articulated in this opinion, we affirm the order of the Superior Court. The

record in this case may be returned to that tribunal.




                                               - 12 -
                            RHODE ISLAND SUPREME COURT CLERK’S OFFICE

                                  Clerk’s Office Order/Opinion Cover Sheet




TITLE OF CASE:        State v. Jethro Rolle.

CASE NO:              No. 2012-12-C.A.
                      (P2/08-3477A)

COURT:                Supreme Court

DATE OPINION FILED: February 18, 2014

JUSTICES:             Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.

WRITTEN BY:           Associate Justice Gilbert V. Indeglia

SOURCE OF APPEAL:     Providence County Superior Court

JUDGE FROM LOWER COURT:

                      Associate Justice Brian P. Stern

ATTORNEYS ON APPEAL:

                      For State: Kimberly R. Ahern
                                 Department of Attorney General

                      For Defendant: Janice M. Weisfeld
                                     Office of the Public Defender
