                                ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS
                                              GREG         ABBOTT




                                                     May 7,2012



The Honorable Mike Hamilton                                  Opinion No. GA-0926
Chair, Committee on Licensing and
     Administrative Procedures                               Re: Whether a website may charge a fee to
Texas House of Representatives                               participants who answer questions for the
Post Office Box 2910                                         opportunity to win prizes (RQ-1011-GA)
Austin, Texas 78768-2910

Dear Representative Hamilton:

        You describe an e-commerce website that offers an opportunity, after the payment of an entry
fee, for members of the public to participate in a contest that awards prizes. I You reference the
website's proposed contest rules and seek an opinion on the legality of the contest. See Request
Letter at 1 (referring to contest rules, available at https://holeykow.com). You ask whether it is a
"violation of Texas law for an e-commerce site to permit visitors to pay an entry fee for an
opportunity to take a quiz that would test their knowledge, skill and speed, if the contestants with
the best overall scores were awarded valuable prizes[.]" Request Letter at 1.

         The contest requires participants to pay an entry fee to take a quiz of up to 100 multiple
choice2 questions, the subject matter of which is unknown until the participant sets up an account
and pays the nonrefundable entry fee. See "How our contests work," at Nos. 2, 5, available at
https://holeykow.comlindex.php?action=help/3. The participant's task is to pick the" 'most correct'"
answer for each question. Id. at No.2. The quiz is also timed, and the participant's quiz completion
time is used to determine a winner among participants with the same number of correct answers.
See id. at No.4. The winner receives a prize selected and offered by the website operator, but the
prize comes directly from a third-party vendor or merchant. See "Our Official Contest Rules,
Regulations and Disclaimers-Products, Services and the Award Process," at A, available at
https://holeykow.com/index.php?action=help/8. You are primarily concerned about whether the
entry fee required to participate in the online contest constitutes a "bet" in violation of the Penal
Code's gambling prohibitions. See Request Letter at 1-2 (discussing meaning of the term "bet").


        lLetter from Honorable Mike Hamilton, Chair, House Comm. on Licensing & Admin. Procedures, to Honorable
Greg Abbott, Tex. Att'y Gen. at 1 (Oct. 21, 2011), http://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/opin ("Request Letter").

         2The contest rules also state that "[q]uizzes may be of any format such as a brief essay, multiple choice, fill in
the blanks, select and match or any combination of these" at the discretion of the website operator. "How our Contests
Work," at No.5, available at hUps:llholeykow.comlindex.php?action=help/3 (last visited Apr. 24, 2012).
The Honorable Mike Hamilton - Page 2           (GA-0926)



Thus, we limit our opinion to a consideration of the relevant Texas Penal Code provision. Cf Tex.
Att'y Gen. Op. No. DM-344 (1995) at 3, 5 (discussing federal laws relevant to computer gaming).

       Subsection 47.01(1) of the Penal Code defines "bet" to mean "an agreement to win or lose
something of value solely or partially by chance. A bet does not include ... (B) an offer of a prize,
award, or compensation to the actual contestants in a bona fide contest for the determination of skill,
speed, strength, or endurance .... " TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 47.01(1)(B) (West 2011). You
describe the contest about which you inquire as one involving knowledge, skill, and speed. See
Request Letter at 1. While we do not opine on the legality of any particular contest, we advise you
generally that if the online contest is in actuality one of skill or speed, and does not involve an
element of chance, a court could conclude that this arrangement falls within the scope of subsection
(B) and is excluded from the definition of a bet. See id. § 47.01(1)(A)-(B); but see Tex. Att'y Gen.
Op. No. GA-0335 (2005) at 4 ("If an element of chance is involved in a particular game, it is
embraced within the definition of 'bet. ''').

        You also raise the possibility that the online contest could implicate chapters 2001 and 2002
of the Occupations Code, which govern bingo and charitable raffles, respectively. See TEX. aCe.
CODE ANN. §§ 2001.001-.657 (West 2012) ("Bingo Enabling Act"), 2002.001-.058 ("Charitable
Raffle Enabling Act"). Under chapter 2001, "bingo" is defined as "a specific game of chance,
commonly known as bingo or lotto, in which prizes are awarded on the basis of designated numbers
or symbols conforming to randomly selected numbers or symbols." [d. § 2001.002(4). Chapter 2002
defines a "raffle" to mean "the award of one or more prizes by chance at a single occasion among
a single pool or group of persons who have paid or promised a thing of value for a ticket that
represents a chance to win a prize." [d. § 2002.002(6). These definitions refer to specific types of
games of chance that the Legislature has authorized under other circumstances and do not on their
face appear to apply to the online contest that you describe.
The Honorable Mike Hamilton - Page 3        (GA-0926)



                                     SUMMARY

                      The mere payment of an entry fee to participate in a contest
              that tests skill or speed, and that does not involve an element of
              chance, could be found not to constitute a bet under subsection
              47.01(l)(B) of the Texas Penal Code.

                                            Very truly yours,


                                                            ~
                                                          BOTT
                                            Attorney General of Texas


DANIEL T. HODGE
First Assistant Attorney General

DAVID J. SCHENCK
Deputy Attorney General for Legal Counsel

JASON BOATRIGHT
Chair, Opinion Committee

Charlotte M. Harper
Assistant Attorney General, Opinion Committee
