
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN





NO. 03-01-00506-CV



Letesia Cantu-McGarrahan d/b/a/ Cantu-McGarrahan Architects, Appellant

v.


Merrell Foote and John Foote, Appellees





FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 2 OF TRAVIS COUNTY

NO. 249874, HONORABLE J. DAVID PHILLIPS, JUDGE PRESIDING



	This is an appeal from an order assessing sanctions against an attorney.  Merrell and
John Foote brought suit against the defendant, Letesia Cantu-McGarrahan, an architect, asserting
claims under the Texas Residential Construction Liability Act (1) and the Texas Deceptive Trade
Practices and Consumer Protection Act ("DTPA") (2) arising out of Cantu-McGarrahan's efforts to
remodel a residential property owned by the Footes.  A jury eventually found against the Footes and
judgment was rendered that they take nothing on their claims.  In the interim, Cantu-McGarrahan's
attorneys filed several motions for summary judgment.  The relevant motion challenged the Footes'
DTPA claims, asserting that there was no evidence to support them.  Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i).  The
Footes' counsel filed a response to the motion along with a motion for sanctions expressly based on
Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 13.  The county court at law denied the no-evidence summary
judgment motion and awarded sanctions against Cantu-McGarrahan's attorney in the amount of
$1,350. (3)  We will reverse.


FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

	The order in issue was signed on April 2, 2001.  It states that the Footes' March 7,
2001 motion for sanctions "is meritorious and granted."  The order contains no findings or
conclusions regarding the specific reasons for imposing the sanctions.  It ordered Cantu-McGarrahan's attorney to pay the Footes "$1,350.00 as sanctions no later than June 1, 2001."  After
a trial on the merits and a jury verdict favorable to Cantu-McGarrahan, the court signed a final
judgment on July 26, 2001, which ruled that "plaintiffs take nothing by this suit."
	At the time the no-evidence motion for summary judgment was filed on February 8,
2001, the period for discovery was scheduled to close on March 9 and trial was set for April 9.  The
order denying the no-evidence summary judgment motion was signed on March 5.  On March 7, the
Footes filed their motion for sanctions.  A hearing on the sanctions motion was had on March 30,
and the order was signed on April 2.
	The evidence introduced at the March 30 hearing on the motion for sanctions was
testimony from the attorneys.  The Footes' counsel, Leon Barish, testified that when he received the
motion for summary judgment he called one of Cantu-McGarrahan's attorneys, Ahmad Keshavarz,
and complained that it was groundless.  Barish testified that Keshavarz insisted the motion was
meritorious and that he would go forward with it.  Prior to the March 5 hearing on the no-evidence
summary judgment, Keshavarz left his employment with his non-profit public interest law firm. 
When Barish learned this, he placed a call to the remaining attorney for Cantu-McGarrahan, James
Harrington.  Barish said he left a message with Harrington's legal assistant inquiring whether he
intended to go forward with the motion.  He testified that Harrington did not respond, so he called
again and left another message but Harrington never responded.  He said he received no other
communications from Harrington's office.  Nevertheless, Barish said that Harrington's office called
and announced "ready" for the hearing.  He testified that "they set it for hearing.  They made the
docket call announcement; they didn't show up; they didn't notify me that they weren't showing up."
	Harrington testified that his failure to appear at the hearing was the result of a
breakdown in communications in his office.  He testified that after he received the Footes' response
to the no-evidence motion for summary judgment he determined that it was likely that his motion
would be denied.  He instructed his office staff to cancel the scheduled hearing on the motion. 
Instead of cancelling the hearing, his secretary apparently made a routine announcement of "ready." 
At the hearing, the court rebuked Harrington for forcing the Footes to "spin their wheels."

DISCUSSION

	We review trial court decisions regarding sanctions under an abuse of discretion
standard, reversing only upon a showing of a clear abuse of discretion.  GTE Communications Sys.
Corp. v. Tanner, 856 S.W.2d 725, 730 (Tex. 1993); Emmons v. Purser, 973 S.W.2d 696, 699 (Tex.
App.--Austin 1998, no pet.).  Whether a trial court's act is an abuse of discretion depends on
whether the act was arbitrary, unreasonable, or without reference to any guiding legal principles. 
Emmons, 973 S.W.2d at 699.  A trial court abuses its discretion in imposing sanctions when the
decision is based on an erroneous view of the law or a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence. 
Id.; Home Owners Funding Corp. v. Scheppler, 815 S.W.2d 884, 887-89 (Tex. App.--Corpus
Christi 1991, no writ).
	The Footes based their motion for sanctions on Rule 13 of the Texas Rules of Civil
Procedure.  Rule 13 provides:

The signatures of attorneys or parties constitute a certificate by them that they have
read the pleading, motion, or other papers; that to the best of their knowledge,
information, and belief formed after reasonable inquiry the instrument is not
groundless and brought in bad faith or groundless and brought for the purpose of
harassment. . . .  If a pleading, motion or other paper is signed in violation of this
rule, the court, upon motion or upon its own initiative, after notice and hearing, shall
impose an appropriate sanction available under Rule 215-2b, upon the person who
signed it, a represented party, or both.

	Courts shall presume that pleadings, motions, and other papers are filed in
good faith.  No sanctions under this rule may be imposed except for good cause, the
particulars of which must be stated in the sanction order.


Tex. R. Civ. P. 13. 


Preservation of the Lack of a Statement of Particulars
	Rule 13 plainly requires that an order granting sanctions must set forth the reasons
amounting to "good cause" for the imposition of the sanctions.  The rule requires that the order state
specific acts or omissions on which the sanctions are based.  Tarrant County v. Chancey, 942
S.W.2d 151, 155 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 1997, no writ) (holding conclusory recitations that filing
was done in bad faith or to harass or cause undue delay are insufficient).  The purpose of the rule's
particularity requirement is to justify the imposition of sanctions and to give some indication that
they were carefully weighed and imposed in appropriate circumstances.  Murphy v. Friendswood
Dev. Co., 965 S.W.2d 708, 710 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, no pet.).  Cantu-McGarrahan
complains about the lack of a statement of particulars in this court's sanctions order.
	The courts of appeals are split on the issue of the necessity of preserving complaints
about the failure to recite reasons amounting to good cause in sanctions orders.  Compare Friedman
& Asssocs. v. Beltline Rd., Ltd., 861 S.W.2d 1, 3 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1993, writ dism'd) (holding
that requirement in rule 13 is mandatory, therefore, preservation through objection is not necessary) 
with Campos v. Ysleta Gen. Hosp., Inc., 879 S.W.2d 67, 70 (Tex. App.--El Paso 1994, writ denied)
(holding party waives error unless party objects to lack of statement of good cause).  This Court
requires that the complaining party object in the trial court to the failure to include a statement of
good cause in a sanctions order.  Land v. AT&S Transp., Inc., 947 S.W.2d 665, 667 (Tex. App.--
Austin 1997, no writ). 
	Here, Cantu-McGarrahan did not object to the lack of a statement of good cause in
the order.  Although the order is clearly lacking, the error has not been preserved and we cannot
consider it.  See id.  Cantu-McGarrahan's third issue on appeal is overruled.

No Evidentiary Basis for Rule 13 Sanctions
	Cantu-McGarrahan chiefly complains that the trial court abused its discretion in
imposing sanctions when there was no evidentiary basis for the trial court's conclusion that the no-evidence motion for summary judgment was groundless or that it was brought in bad faith or for the
purpose of harassment.  When reviewing no-evidence challenges, we consider only the evidence and
inferences that support the court's judgment or finding and disregard anything to the contrary. 
McCain v. NME Hosps., Inc., 856 S.W.2d 751, 756 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1993, no writ).
	Rule 13 prescribes that courts presume that papers are filed in good faith.  Tex. R.
Civ. P. 13; GTE Communications Sys. Corp., 856 S.W.2d at 731.  The burden of proof is therefore
on the movant to establish: (1) that the document filed was groundless, and either that it was brought
(2) in bad faith, or (3) for the purpose of harassment.  McCain, 856 S.W.2d at 757.
	The purpose of rule 13 is to check abuses in the pleading process.  Scheppler, 815
S.W.2d at 889.  It is to ensure that all pleadings filed are "factually well grounded and legally
tenable."  Id.  Rule 13 is a

tool that must be available to trial courts in those egregious situations where the worst of the
bar uses our honored system for ill motive without regard to reason and the guiding
principles of law.  The rule, however, cannot be a weapon used to punish those whose
intellect or philosophic viewpoint the trial court finds fault[y]. 


Chancey, 942 S.W.2d 154-55 (citing Dyson Descendent Corp. v. Sonat Exploration Co., 861 S.W.2d
942, 951 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, no writ)).
	Before a court reaches the issues of bad faith and harassment, the issue of groundless
must first be determined.  Laub v. Pesikoff, 979 S.W.2d 686, 694 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.]
1998, pet. denied).  "Groundless" as used in this rule means no basis in law or fact and not warranted
by a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law.  Williams v.
Akzo Nobel Chem., Inc., 999 S.W.2d 836, 845 (Tex. App.--Tyler 1999, no pet.).  "Bad faith" is "the
conscious doing of a wrong for dishonest, discriminatory, or malicious purposes."  Mattly v. Spiegel,
Inc., 19 S.W.3d 890, 896 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.) (quoting Campos, 879
S.W.2d at 71).
	This means that rule 13 requires that a court hold an evidentiary hearing in order to
make the necessary factual determinations about the motives and credibility of the persons signing
the pleading in issue.  McCain, 856 S.W.2d at 757; Scheppler, 815 S.W.2d at 888-89.  The court
must also consider the facts available to the litigant at the time the pleading or motion was filed. 
Mattly, 19 S.W.3d at 896; Scheppler, 815 S.W.2d at 889.  Without hearing evidence on the
circumstances surrounding the filing of the document or the signatory's motives or credibility, a trial
court has no evidentiary basis for a finding that the document was filed in bad faith or for purposes
of harassment.  Williams, 999 S.W.2d at 846; Karlock v. Schattman, 894 S.W.2d 517, 523 (Tex.
App.--Fort Worth 1995, orig. proceeding); McCain, 856 S.W.2d at 757-58.
	The Footes failed to carry their burden of proof.  At the hearing on the motion for
sanctions, the Footes' evidence consisted of their attorney testifying that the no-evidence motion for
summary judgment was groundless because (1) he had developed evidence which he believed
defeated the motion and (2) the trial court denied the motion. (4)  He complained that Cantu-McGarrahan's counsel was aware of this evidence before the motion was filed.  The Footes' counsel 
testified that he called Cantu-McGarrahan's counsel's office several times asking whether he 
intended to pursue the motion in light of the Footes' response.  Cantu-McGarrahan's counsel never
returned his calls or answered his inquiry.  Then, Cantu-McGarrahan's counsel's office announced
"ready" for the hearing according to the county's local rules.  The Footes' attorney testified that he
appeared for the summary judgment hearing and Cantu-McGarrahan's counsel did not.  Finally, he
testified to the amount of time he spent responding to the motion and filing his sanctions motion.
	Cantu-McGarrahan's counsel testified that his failure to attend the hearing was a
result of miscommunications within his office.  He testified he was not aware of opposing counsel's
telephone calls or messages.  He brought the no-evidence summary judgment motion on four very
specific points which he felt the Footes had been unable to establish in their case.  He testified that
after he received the Footes' response he instructed his office to cancel the hearing.  Instead of
canceling the hearing, he said that his staff followed standard procedures and announced "ready" for
the hearing.  He also testified that in over twenty years of practice this was only the second time that
he had ever failed to appear for a hearing, and he apologized to the court.  This testimony by Cantu-McGarrahan's counsel was the only evidence presented on the issue of his credibility or motives in
signing and filing the no-evidence summary judgment motion.  The Footes' only evidence of "bad
faith" was Barish's telephone messages and counsel's failure to appear at the hearing.
	It is well-settled that the fact that a motion is denied is no proof that it was groundless. 
GTE Communications Sys. Corp., 856 S.W.2d at 731.  The fact that opposing counsel asserts that
a claim or motion is groundless and demands its withdrawal does not make it so and is no proof of
groundlessness.  Mattly, 19 S.W.3d at 898.  The only evidence about the motives of Cantu-McGarrahan's counsel in filing the motion, or his factual or legal inquiry prior to the filing, came
from Cantu-McGarrahan's counsel.  Without testimony as to these matters that tends to support the
trial court's conclusions of groundlessness and bad faith, imposing sanctions under rule 13 was an
abuse of discretion.  See Karlock, 894 S.W.2d at 523-24.  Moreover, "[b]ad faith does not exist when
a party exercises bad judgment or negligence."  Mattly, 19 S.W.3d at 896.
	We find no probative evidence in the record that overcomes the presumption that
Cantu-McGarrahan's no-evidence motion for summary judgment was filed in good faith.  We sustain
Cantu-McGarrahan's first issue and hold that the trial court abused its discretion in imposing
sanctions.

Rule 13 Applies to the Signing and Filing of Documents
	The Footes urge us to affirm the sanctions order based upon the conduct of counsel
in announcing ready for the hearing and then failing to appear.  The plain language of the rule limits
its application to situations involving the signing and filing of papers in a lawsuit.  Tex. R. Civ. P.
13; GTE Communications Sys. Corp., 856 S.W.2d at 730.  The Footes argue that rule 13 authorizes
courts to impose sanctions for the conduct of counsel during litigation, as well as the signing and
filing of pleadings, motions and other papers.  They state that a "litigant's conduct which needlessly
increases the cost of the litigation is considered harassment under Rule 13"; they cite Skepnek v.
Mynatt, 8 S.W.3d 377, 381 (Tex. App.--El Paso 1999, pet. denied), as authority for their assertion. 
However, the Skepnek case does not support the Footes' position.
 Skepnek involved an attorney's appeal of an order imposing sanctions for his
attaching an affidavit containing false statements to a special appearance filed in an asbestos lawsuit. 
The attorney represented a corporate defendant and the affidavit was by the corporation's president.
Id. at 378-79.  Testimony in two subsequent depositions revealed that material statements in the
affidavit were not true.  Id. at 379.  Nevertheless, the attorney failed to correct the false statements,
and even refiled the same affidavit in connection with another special appearance.  Id. at 379-80.
After an evidentiary hearing, the court found that the attorney knew the statements in the affidavit
were false when he filed the special appearance and did so in bad faith and for the purpose of
harassment.  Id.  Sanctions were levied in the amount of $30,000.
	The appellant in Speknek argued that, because it was the affidavit that was false and
he did not sign the affidavit, the trial court abused its discretion in imposing sanctions.  Id. at 381. 
The appellate court found that "'the conduct' to which the court referred [in its sanctions order] was
the filing of the special appearance motion and not the mere filing of a false affidavit."  Id.  The court
noted that the special appearances filed by the attorney specifically adopted and incorporated the
affidavit so that the affidavit became a part of the special appearance.  Id.  Therefore, the trial court
did not abuse its discretion by sanctioning the attorney for the filing of the special appearance.  Id. 
	Nothing in Speknek indicates that rule 13 applies to anything other than the signing
and filing of various documents.  By the rule's own terms it is limited to the signing and filing of
"pleadings, motions, and other papers" in the courts, and Speknek does not hold otherwise.  Rule 13
does not regulate counsel's attendance at hearings.  Courts have inherent powers to regulate behavior
in their courtrooms.  See, e.g., Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 240 (Tex. 2001) (trial
court has inherent power to regulate courtroom administration and control the disposition of cases
before it).  Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 165a(1) empowers a trial court with authority to dismiss
a case for want of prosecution on the failure of any party seeking affirmative relief to appear for trial
"or for any hearing."  Tex. R. Civ. P. 165a(1).  The Footes did not seek to invoke the court's inherent
power or its authority under rule 165a(1).  They expressly sought and received sanctions under rule
13 for conduct which that provision does not regulate.
	We sustain Cantu-McGarrahan's second issue on appeal.

CONCLUSION

	The judgment of the county court at law is reversed in part to the extent it imposes
monetary sanctions on counsel for Cantu-McGarrahan.  Accordingly, the case is remanded to the
county court at law for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. (5) 


  
					David Puryear, Justice
Before Justices Kidd, Patterson and Puryear
Reversed and Remanded
Filed:   July 26, 2002
Do Not Publish
1.   Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 27.003 (West 2000).
2.   Tex. Bus. & Comm. Code Ann. § 17.46 (West Supp. 2002).
3.   That amount represents reimbursement for the time that the Footes' attorney spent 
responding to the no-evidence motion for summary judgment, appearing for the summary judgment
hearing, as well as filing and prosecuting the motion for sanctions.
4.   We note that the trial court wrote on the order denying the no-evidence motion for
summary judgment a handwritten interlineation: "Defendant did not appear."  Thus, it appears that
it was counsel's failure to appear at the hearing, rather than the merits of the motion itself, that
resulted, at least in part, in the denial of the motion.
5.  See Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(d), 43.3(a).

