                                         COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


            Present: Judges Chafin, Russell and Senior Judge Clements
            Argued at Richmond, Virginia
PUBLISHED




            HARRY LEE DAVISON, III
                                                                               OPINION BY
            v.     Record No. 0633-17-2                              JUDGE JEAN HARRISON CLEMENTS
                                                                             OCTOBER 23, 2018
            COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                        FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF FREDERICKSBURG
                                          Gordon F. Willis, Judge

                           David B. Hargett (Hargett Law, PLC, on brief), for appellant.

                           David M. Uberman, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
                           Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                   A jury found appellant guilty of forcible sodomy in violation of Code § 18.2-67.1 and

            aggravated sexual battery in violation of Code § 18.2-67.3.1 The sole issue in this appeal is

            whether the trial court erred in giving jury instructions for forcible sodomy and aggravated

            sexual battery that combined the alternative theories of force, mental incapacity, or physical

            helplessness as the means by which the sexual acts were committed against the victim’s will.2

            Appellant contends that the instructions were confusing and could have resulted in a

            non-unanimous verdict. We find that the trial court did not err in giving the instructions.




                   1
                     The jury also found appellant guilty of two counts of object sexual penetration in
            violation of Code § 18.2-67.2 and two counts of wounding another person in the commission of a
            felony in violation of Code § 18.2-53. Those convictions are not the subject of this appeal. The
            jury found appellant not guilty of two other counts of wounding another person in the
            commission of a felony.
                   2
                     This Court did not grant appellant’s assignment of error challenging the sufficiency of
            the evidence to sustain his convictions.
                                        BACKGROUND

       The evidence established that on October 2, 2015, the victim and a female friend went to

a bar in Fredericksburg about 11:30 p.m. The victim had been drinking wine at the friend’s

house and had a vodka drink at the bar. Appellant was at the bar with a male friend. Appellant

and the victim had not met previously. They talked at the bar, and the victim ordered another

drink. About 1:30 a.m. on October 3, the victim voluntarily left the bar with appellant, and they

drove away in his truck. The victim appeared unsteady on her feet but was not “fall-down

drunk.” The victim’s friend was concerned that the victim had left with a stranger and tried to

phone her. About 2:00 a.m., appellant and the victim returned to the bar’s parking lot. The

victim was naked from the waist down and her legs were bloody. As soon as the victim was out

of the truck, appellant and his friend sped off and went to a car wash where they cleaned the

truck. Then they went to a friend’s house in Spotsylvania County, where police later

apprehended appellant.

       The victim was unable to tell her friend what had happened and kept repeating that she

wanted to leave. The victim initially did not want to involve the police because she was in the

midst of an acrimonious divorce and her estranged husband was an FBI agent. The friend called

911 because she was concerned that the victim did not look well. The EMT who responded to

the scene noted that the victim was alert and “oriented” to time and place. The victim was

examined at a local hospital at 3:25 a.m. by a trained sexual assault nurse, who observed that the

victim’s vagina was swollen and had clotted blood, but she saw no injuries to the victim’s anus.

The victim also had bruises on her body and was in shock from having lost a significant amount

of blood. Her blood alcohol content at 4:25 a.m. was 0.244%. The victim underwent emergency

surgery to repair the damage to her vagina, which had sustained two lacerations, one of which

was five centimeters long.

                                               -2-
       The next day, October 4, the victim did not recall what had happened to her. She testified

at trial that she remembered taking a sip of her second drink, next seeing that her legs and feet

were red, then seeing bright lights and being told about the surgery, and waking up about

8:00 a.m. on October 4 as she was being wheeled into her hospital room. She told a friend on

October 4 that her anus “hurt really bad.” The victim testified that she had a flashback to the

incident on November 11, 2015, when she awoke thinking that someone was in her bedroom.

She saw herself being unable to breathe, her “face was pressed into something and [she] could

feel an arm over [her] shoulder and a body holding [her] down.” She remembered “physically

feeling pain,” as something was repeatedly stuck in her anus.

       Forensic analysis of DNA samples taken from the outer and inner areas of the victim’s

anus showed the presence of sperm. Appellant could not be eliminated as a contributor of the

sperm. Additionally, both the victim and appellant were identified as contributors to the DNA

sample taken from blood found on the floorboard of appellant’s truck.

       Appellant told the detective who investigated the case that the victim had participated

willingly in their sexual encounter. Appellant said that he had inserted one finger, then two

fingers, into the victim’s vagina. When she said that she wanted “more,” he shoved his fist into

her vagina and then “freaked out” when she started bleeding. Even though appellant was a

volunteer fireman in a neighboring county, he offered the victim no assistance. Appellant

contended at trial that the victim consented because she voluntarily left the bar with him and

participated willingly in their sexual acts. Appellant asserted that the injury to the victim’s

vagina was merely an unfortunate accident.

       The Commonwealth proposed jury instructions for forcible sodomy and aggravated

sexual battery that combined alternative means for finding that the victim did not consent to the

sexual encounter with appellant. The forcible sodomy instruction required the jury to find that

                                                -3-
appellant penetrated the victim’s anus against her will by force, or through her physical

helplessness while knowing or having reason to know that she was physically helpless, or

through her mental incapacity while knowing or having reason to know that she was mentally

incapacitated.3 The instruction for aggravated sexual battery required the jury to find that

appellant sexually abused the victim against her will by force causing serious bodily injury, or

through her physical helplessness while knowing or having reason to know that she was

physically helpless, or through her mental incapacity while knowing or having reason to know

that she was mentally incapacitated. Appellant argued that a single instruction could not

logically contain conflicting means for accomplishing the offense and that the proposed

instructions would confuse the jury.4 The trial court overruled appellant’s objection, stating that

the instructions were written in the disjunctive and the jury would be told it had to reach a

unanimous verdict.

                                            ANALYSIS

       Whether to grant or deny a jury instruction is a matter of the trial court’s discretion. See

Cooper v. Commonwealth, 277 Va. 377, 381, 673 S.E.2d 185, 187 (2009). The court errs in

giving an instruction that states the law incorrectly. See Lawlor v. Commonwealth, 285 Va. 187,

228, 738 S.E.2d 847, 870 (2013). This Court’s “sole responsibility” when reviewing jury

instructions on appeal “is to see that the law has been clearly stated and that the instructions

cover all issues which the evidence fairly raises.” Molina v. Commonwealth, 272 Va. 666, 671,

636 S.E.2d 470, 473 (2006) (quoting Swisher v. Swisher, 223 Va. 499, 503, 290 S.E.2d 856, 858


       3
         The jury was given a separate instruction defining “physical helplessness,” but was not
given a definition of “mental incapacity.”
       4
          Appellant further argued in the trial court that the Commonwealth should be required to
elect the theory under which it was prosecuting him. He has not made that same argument on
appeal, nor is it encompassed within his assignment of error. See Rules 5A:12(c)(1)(i) and
5A:20.
                                                 -4-
(1982)). Whether an instruction “accurately states the relevant law is a question of law” that we

review de novo. Sarafin v. Commonwealth, 288 Va. 320, 325, 764 S.E.2d 71, 74 (2014)

(quoting Lawlor, 285 Va. at 228, 738 S.E.2d at 870). The facts regarding a challenged

instruction are viewed “in the light most favorable to the proponent of the instruction.” Cooper,

277 Va. at 381, 673 S.E.2d at 187.

        The pertinent language in the instructions given in appellant’s case required the jury to

find that the acts were done “against [the victim’s] will by force . . . or . . . through her physical

helplessness . . . or through her mental incapacity . . . .” Appellant argues that the trial court

erred in giving the instructions because they were confusing and permitted a non-unanimous

verdict regarding the means by which the victim’s will was overcome.

        This Court addressed a similar issue in Molina v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 338, 624

S.E.2d 83 (2006). The jury instruction at issue in Molina required the jury to find that the

defendant had sexual intercourse with the victim “against her will and without her consent; and

. . . [t]hat it was by force, threat or intimidation; or by the use of her mental incapacity or

physical helplessness.” Id. at 351, 624 S.E.2d at 89. The evidence in that case showed that the

victim was voluntarily intoxicated and also had been hit on the head. Id. at 344, 362, 624 S.E.2d

at 86, 97. The defendant argued that the instruction allowed the Commonwealth to prove that the

act was non-consensual without proving force, threat or intimidation. Id. at 355, 624 S.E.2d at

91. We assumed without deciding that the trial court erred in giving an instruction that

combined the alternative means of force and incapacity, id. at 356, 624 S.E.2d at 92, but found

that the error was harmless and affirmed the conviction, id. at 359, 624 S.E.2d at 93. The Court

concluded that proof of the victim’s physical or mental incapacity was sufficient by itself to




                                                 -5-
sustain a conviction under Code § 18.2-61(A)(ii)5 and that independent proof that the sexual act

was done without the victim’s consent and against her will was not necessary. Id. at 358, 624

S.E.2d at 92-93. Because the jury was not required to make an express finding regarding the

absence of consent, the fact that the given instruction required the jury to do so simply imposed

“a heavier burden of proof” on the Commonwealth, making the assumed error harmless. Id. at

358-59, 624 S.E.2d at 93. The Supreme Court affirmed the conviction, but did not address the

jury instruction issue on the merits because it held that the defendant had not preserved the issue

at trial. See Molina, 272 Va. at 673, 636 S.E.2d at 474.

       The question of whether the trial court erred in giving the Commonwealth’s proffered

instructions is squarely before us in this case, and we find that no error occurred. The question

turns on whether the alternative means of force, physical helplessness, and mental incapacity are

independent elements of a single offense or the means by which the offense was accomplished.

“[N]ot every fact important to a determination of guilt constitutes an element of the offense.

And as to any fact that is not an element, unanimity by jurors as to the proof of that fact is not

required.” United States v. Jockisch, 857 F.3d 1122, 1127 (11th Cir. 2017) (holding that the trial

court did not err in rejecting defendant’s proffered jury instruction because the jury was not

required to agree unanimously as to which of several statutes prohibiting sexual activity with

minors defendant would have violated if he had been successful in his efforts to engage in sexual

activity with a person he believed was a fifteen-year-old girl so long as the jury unanimously

agreed that the activities defendant proposed would have violated one of the statutes). “[I]f a

particular fact is nothing more than a possible means by which a defendant met an element of the



       5
         Code § 18.2-61(A)(ii) proscribes sexual intercourse “through the use of the complaining
witness’s mental incapacity or physical helplessness.” Code § 18.2-61(A)(i) proscribes sexual
intercourse “against the complaining witness’s will, by force threat or intimidation of or against
the complaining witness or another person.”
                                               -6-
offense, then no unanimity is required.” Id. See Schad v. Arizona, 501 U.S. 624, 631-32 (1991)

(plurality opinion) (“We have never suggested that in returning general verdicts . . . the jurors

should be required to agree upon a single means of commission, . . . [as] different jurors may be

persuaded by different pieces of evidence, even when they agree upon the bottom line.”); State v.

Hummel, 393 P.3d 314, 317 (Utah 2017) (holding that where defendant was charged with the

single crime of “theft,” the jury did not have to unanimously decide whether he committed the

offense by various means of deception or extortion).

       In Schad, the defendant was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to death. See

501 U.S. at 628. He argued that the jury instructions were unconstitutional because they did not

require the jury to agree whether he was guilty of premeditated murder or felony murder based

on a robbery predicate. See id. at 627-29. Holding that the given instructions were

constitutional, the Supreme Court noted that “under Arizona law neither premeditation nor the

commission of a felony is formally an independent element of first-degree murder; they are

treated as mere means of satisfying a mens rea element of high culpability.” Id. at 639. The

plurality opinion rejected as “erroneous” the “assumption that any statutory alternatives are ipso

facto independent elements defining independent crimes under state law, and therefore subject to

the axiomatic principle that the prosecution must prove independently every element of the

crime.” Id. at 636.

       In contrast, in Richardson v. United States, 526 U.S. 813 (1999), the Supreme Court held

that in a prosecution charging defendant with engaging in a continuing criminal enterprise based

on three prior violations of federal drug statutes, the jury had to agree unanimously to the prior

violations because the statutory language requiring a “series of violations” made each violation

an element of the offense, rather than the means by which the offense was committed. Id. at 815.

The Supreme Court distinguished the facts of that case from cases such as Schad in which a

                                                -7-
“jury need not always decide unanimously which of several possible sets of underlying brute

facts make up a particular element, say, which of several possible means the defendant used to

commit an element of the crime.” Id. at 817. Further, the holding in Richardson is fact specific

because the government presented evidence of the defendant’s numerous prior convictions

spanning seven years, and the Supreme Court expressed concern that the jury would conclude

that the defendant was guilty based solely on the number of convictions without considering the

details of each violation. See id. at 819.

       A sexual offense “is, at core, an offense against the will and consent of the victim,

irrespective of the manner and means by which the [sexual offense] is accomplished.” Molina,

47 Va. App. at 357-58, 624 S.E.2d at 92. Because the victim’s valid consent bars a conviction

for a sexual offense, the dispositive element of both forcible sodomy and aggravated sexual

battery is that the sexual acts occurred against the victim’s will, whether by force or through her

physical helplessness or mental incapacity. The means by which the victim’s will was overcome

is not an element of the offense that requires unanimity. Rather, force, physical helplessness,

and mental incapacity present “several possible sets of underlying facts” that determine whether

the victim’s will was overcome. Jackson v. Commonwealth, 266 Va. 423, 434-35, 587 S.E.2d

532, 541 (2003) (holding that to impose the death penalty, a jury was required to find

unanimously the aggravating factor of vileness, but was not required to find unanimously the

conduct comprising vileness).6

       Appellant’s contention that the combined instructions could have resulted in a

non-unanimous verdict is merely speculation and is not supported by the record. The alternative



       6
         See Code 19.2-264.4(C) (stating that imposition of the death penalty under the vileness
factor requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant’s “conduct in committing the
[murder] was outrageously or wantonly vile, horrible or inhuman, in that it involved torture,
depravity of mind or aggravated battery to the victim”).
                                               -8-
means of force and incapacity were stated in the disjunctive in the instructions, and the jury was

told it had to find that the evidence proved “each” of the given elements beyond a reasonable

doubt. “[I]n order to proceed to conviction under one or the other theory of conviction, the jury

had to make distinctive evidentiary findings and apply distinctive legal principles as instructed.”

Molina, 47 Va. App. at 357, 624 S.E.2d at 92. See also Bunch v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 423,

442, 304 S.E.2d 271, 282 (1983) (holding that use of the word “or,” rather than “and” in Code

§§ 19.2-264.2 and 19.2-264.4 “demonstrates clearly that the term ‘vileness’ includes three

separate and distinct factors” and that “proof of any one factor [is] sufficient to support a finding

of vileness”). Juries are presumed to follow their instructions. See Riner v. Commonwealth, 268

Va. 296, 317, 601 S.E.2d 555, 567 (2004).

       The evidence presented at trial sufficiently supported a finding that appellant committed

both sodomy and aggravated sexual battery against the victim’s will by the means of force, her

physical helplessness, or her mental incapacity. Thus, “[t]he requirement of unanimity [was]

satisfied . . . because, no matter which theory [the jury] accepted, all the jurors convicted under a

theory supported by the evidence and all the jurors convicted the defendant of the same offense.”

Turner v. Commonwealth, 538 S.W.3d 305, 314 (Ky. App. 2017) (quoting Kingrey v.

Commonwealth, 396 S.W.3d 824, 830 (Ky. 2013)).

       The trial court polled the jury after it returned the verdicts, and each juror confirmed that

he or she joined in the verdicts, thus establishing that the verdicts were unanimous. See Rule

3A:17(d); Hoke v. Commonwealth, 237 Va. 303, 315-16, 377 S.E.2d 595, 602-03 (1989)

(finding that each juror’s affirmance of the verdict when polled by the trial court showed that the

jury’s decision had been unanimous); see also Bethea v. Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 487, 506,

809 S.E.2d 684, 693 (2018) (holding that defendant had “no right to a special poll to inquire how




                                                -9-
or why each juror arrived at the [unanimous] verdict” (quoting Shepperson v. Commonwealth,

19 Va. App. 586, 592, 454 S.E.2d 5, 9 (1995))).

       For these reasons, we hold that the trial court did not err in giving the jury instructions

that the Commonwealth offered for forcible sodomy and aggravated sexual battery. We affirm

appellant’s convictions.

                                                                                           Affirmed.




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