[Cite as Pinkston v. White, 2019-Ohio-5165.]



                                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                           TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

                                               BUTLER COUNTY




MICHAELA PINKSTON,                                  :

       Appellee,                                    :      CASE NO. CA2019-06-094

                                                    :           OPINION
   - vs -                                                       12/16/2019
                                                    :

AARON WHITE,                                        :

       Appellant.                                   :




              APPEAL FROM BUTLER COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                         DOMESTIC RELATIONS DIVISION
                             Case No. DV18-08-0420



Legal Aid Society of Southwest Ohio, Alexandra Winters, 10 Journal Square, 3rd Floor,
Hamilton, Ohio 45011, for appellee

Berry & Karl, LLC, Kristie A. Karl, 312 Walnut Street, Suite 1600, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202, for
appellant



        PIPER, J.

        {¶ 1} Respondent-appellant, Aaron White, appeals from the decision of the Butler

County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division, granting a domestic violence

civil protection order ("DVCPO") against him in favor of petitioner-appellee, Michaela
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Pinkston. For the reasons outlined below, we affirm the trial court's decision.1

        {¶ 2} In August 2017, Pinkston and White began a sexual relationship, which

resulted in the birth of A.W. in July 2018. Thereafter, on August 6, 2018, Pinkston petitioned

for, and was granted, an ex parte DVCPO for herself and A.W. In the petition, Pinkston

alleged that an altercation occurred between the parties when she went to White's home to

retrieve some of A.W.'s belongings. Upon arriving at White's home, Pinkston discovered that

a "friend" of White's, who was later identified as White's girlfriend, was present. According to

Pinkston, she was conversing with White's girlfriend when White suddenly began "choking"

Pinkston and attempted to "slam" her to the ground. Pinkston stated White continued to

choke her and dug his nail into her skin. She further alleged that White said "I will break your

face" and tried to "bang" her head against a trailer. Pinkston then claimed White took A.W.

from his "seat" and would "not give him back" until the police arrived. Pinkston stated she

was afraid to take A.W. away from White without police assistance.

        {¶ 3} In October 2018, a two-day final domestic violence hearing was held before a

magistrate. Pinkston, White, White's mother, White's neighbor, White's girlfriend, and one of

the responding officers testified at the hearing. After the hearing, the magistrate denied

Pinkston's request for a DVCPO and dismissed the ex parte DVCPO on the merits. In her

written decision, the magistrate found that Pinkston had failed to prove, by the

preponderance of the evidence, that White engaged in acts or behaviors that constituted

domestic violence as defined in R.C. 3113.31(A)(1)(a) and/or R.C. 3113.31(A)(1)(b). The

trial court then adopted the magistrate's denial of the DVCPO and ordered the ex parte

DVCPO to be dismissed for lack of evidence. Pinkston filed objections to the dismissal of her

request for a DVCPO. In her objections, Pinkston argued the trial court erred in dismissing



1. Pursuant to Loc.R. 6(A), we sua sponte remove this case from the accelerated calendar for the purpose of
issuing this opinion.
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her petition because White's actions constituted domestic violence as defined in R.C.

3113.31(A)(1)(a)(i), as the evidence showed White attempted to cause bodily harm to

Pinkston. Pinkston further claimed that the magistrate's decision mischaracterized the

testimony provided by White's neighbor and failed to give "enough weight" to the testimony of

an unbiased witness.

       {¶ 4} After a hearing, the trial court overruled the decision denying the final DVCPO,

finding that a denial of a DVCPO was inappropriate based on the facts in evidence and the

transcript of the hearing. As such, the trial court issued a DVCPO and named Pinkston as

the sole person protected by the order.

       {¶ 5} White now appeals, raising two assignments of error. For ease of discussion,

White's assignments of error will be addressed together.

       {¶ 6} Assignment of Error No. 1:

       {¶ 7} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AS A MATTER OF LAW BY REVIEWING THE

MAGISTRATE'S DENIAL OF DVCPO PURSUANT TO CIV.R. 53.

       {¶ 8} Assignment of Error No. 2:

       {¶ 9} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AS A MATTER OF LAW WHEN IT OVERRULED

THE MAGISTRATE'S DENIAL OF A CIVIL PROTECTION ORDER AND ISSUED A CIVIL

PROTECTION ORDER.

       {¶ 10} White initially argues the trial court erred in denying the DVCPO pursuant to

Civ.R. 53, rather than the applicable Civ.R. 65.1. Specifically, White claims the trial court

improperly conducted a de novo review pursuant to Civ.R. 53 and therefore applied the

wrong standard of review in ruling on Pinkston's objections.

       {¶ 11} In the instant matter, the trial court granted Pinkston a DVCPO pursuant to R.C.

3113.31. The rules governing civil protection orders are set forth in Civ.R. 65.1. According to

Civ.R. 65.1(F)(3), civil protection petitions may be referred to a magistrate for determination,
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but "[a] magistrate's denial or granting of a protection order after full hearing * * * does not

constitute a magistrate's order or a magistrate's decision under Civ.R. 53(D)(2) or (3) and is

not subject to the requirements of those rules." Civ.R. 65.1(F)(3)(b).

       {¶ 12} A magistrate's order granting a protection order after a full hearing is not

effective unless adopted by the trial court. Civ.R. 65.1(F)(3)(c)(i). A trial court may only

adopt the magistrate's grant or denial of a protection order "upon review of the order and a

determination that there is no error of law or other defect evident on the face of the order."

Civ.R. 65.1(F)(3)(c)(ii). See also Wulf v. Opp, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2014-10-074,

2015-Ohio-3285, ¶ 17. A party may then file written objections "to a court's adoption,

modification, or rejection of a magistrate's denial or granting of a protection order after a full

hearing * * * within fourteen days of the court's filing of the order." Civ.R. 65.1(F)(3)(d)(i). A

party must timely file objections prior to filing an appeal. Civ.R. 65.1(G).

       {¶ 13} The objecting party "has the burden of showing that an error of law or other

defect is evident on the face of the order, or that the credible evidence of record is insufficient

to support the granting or denial of the protection order, or that the magistrate abused the

magistrate's discretion in including or failing to include specific terms in the protection order."

Civ.R. 65.1(F)(3)(d)(iii). "Objections based upon evidence of record shall be supported by a

transcript of all the evidence submitted to the magistrate or an affidavit of that evidence if a

transcript is not available." Civ.R. 65.1(F)(3)(d)(iv).

       {¶ 14} In the instant matter, the record reflects the magistrate cited Civ.R. 65.1 in

denying the DVCPO on November 20, 2018, a ruling which was adopted by the trial court the

same day. Pinkston then timely objected to the trial court's adoption in accordance with

Civ.R. 65.1(F)(3)(d)(i). However, in its decision and order ruling upon Pinkston's objections,

the trial court only referenced Civ.R. 53, which requires the trial court to conduct an

independent review as to the objected matters. As such, the trial court considered the
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magistrate's findings, the transcript and evidence provided, and the arguments of the parties

prior to ruling upon Pinkston's objections.

       {¶ 15} On appeal, White argues the trial court erred in conducting its own independent

review before ruling on Pinkston's objections because orders issued pursuant to Civ.R. 65.1

are not subject to Civ.R. 53. However, while it is true that domestic violence civil protection

orders are governed by Civ.R. 65.1, the rule does not preclude the trial court from engaging

in a de novo or independent review of the record prior to ruling on a party's objections.

Rather, the rule implies that an independent review of the record by the trial court is required.

Specifically, pursuant to Civ.R. 65.1, Pinkston had the burden of proving that "an error of law

or other defect [wa]s evident on the face of the [magistrate's] order, or that the credible

evidence of record [wa]s insufficient to support the denial of the protection order[.]" Due to

the nature of her objections, that is, because they were based upon evidence in the record,

Pinkston was also required to support her objections with a transcript of "all the evidence

submitted to the magistrate." Civ.R. 65.1(F)(3)(d)(iv). By requiring Pinkston to support her

objections with evidence from the record, the rule itself suggests that the trial court must

independently review such evidence before ruling upon Pinkston's objections. Therefore, it

would be inconsistent with Civ.R. 65.1 to prohibit the trial court from conducting an

independent de novo review of the record prior to ruling on Pinkston's objections.

       {¶ 16} Furthermore, the implication of an independent review by the trial court is also

supported by the recent amendment of Civ.R. 65.1(G), which requires a party to file

objections prior to appealing from the trial court's adoption of the magistrate's ruling.

According to the Staff Notes accompanying Civ.R. 65.1, subsection (G) was amended to

require a party to file objections in order to "promote[] the fair administration of justice,

including affording the trial court an opportunity to review the transcript and address any

insufficiency of evidence or abuse of discretion that would render the order * * * unjust."
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(Emphasis added.) In light of this language, it appears one purpose of filing objections

pursuant to Civ.R. 65.1 is to afford the trial court an opportunity to conduct an independent

review of the evidence.

       {¶ 17} Although the trial court, at times, mistakenly referenced Civ.R. 53 in ruling on

Pinkston's objections, we find that this mistake did not result in reversible error. See Tilbrook

v. Francis, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2017-06-091, 2018-Ohio-4064, ¶ 19 (finding no

reversible error where the trial court referenced Civ.R. 53 when ruling on objections to a

DVCPO ruling, but otherwise complied with Civ.R. 65.1). Despite its mistake, the manner in

which the trial court handled Pinkston's objections complied with the requirements of Civ.R.

65.1. Therefore, we find the trial court applied the correct standard of review in ruling on

Pinkston's objections.

       {¶ 18} White next argues that the trial court improperly "substituted its judgment on the

credibility and believability" of the witnesses and that its decision granting a DVCPO was

against the manifest weight of the evidence and contrary to law. Similarly, White also argues

that Pinkston failed to meet her burden of proving that the credible evidence of record was

insufficient to support the initial denial of the DVCPO.

       {¶ 19} Pursuant to R.C. 3113.31, in order to obtain a DVCPO, "the petitioner must

prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the respondent has engaged in an act of

domestic violence against petitioner, petitioner's family, or petitioner's household members."

McBride v. McBride, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2011-03-061, 2012-Ohio-2146, ¶ 12, citing

Felton v. Felton, 79 Ohio St.3d 34 (1997), paragraph two of the syllabus. "Preponderance of

the evidence" means the greater weight of the evidence, or evidence that leads the trier of

fact to find that the existence of the contested fact is more probable than its nonexistence.

Halcomb v. Greenwood, 12th Dist. Clermont Nos. CA2018-03-008, CA2018-03-010,

CA2018-03-012 and CA2018-03-013, 2019-Ohio-194, ¶ 3, citing Eckstein v. Colian, 7th Dist.
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Columbiana No. 11 CO 22, 2012-Ohio-4038, ¶ 14.

       {¶ 20} As defined by R.C. 3113.31(A)(1)(a), as relevant here, the phrase "domestic

violence" means the occurrence of one or more of the following acts against a family or

household member:

              (i) Attempting to cause or recklessly causing bodily injury;

              (ii) Placing another person by the threat of force in fear of
              imminent serious physical harm or committing a violation of
              section 2903.211 [menacing by stalking] or 2911.211
              [aggravated trespass] of the Revised Code[.]

       {¶ 21} "A trial court's decision to deny or grant a [DV]CPO will not be reversed where

such decision is supported by the manifest weight of the evidence." Glancy v. Spradley, 12th

Dist. Butler No. CA2012-02-024, 2012-Ohio-4224, ¶ 8. Under a manifest weight challenge,

this court "weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of

witnesses and determines whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the finder of fact

clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the judgment must

be reversed and a new trial ordered." Schneble v. Stark, 12th Dist. Warren Nos. CA2011-06-

063 and CA2011-06-064, 2012-Ohio-3130, ¶ 67; Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328,

2012-Ohio-2179, ¶ 20.

       {¶ 22} At the full hearing, Pinkston testified that she felt White was going to hurt or kill

her. This belief was based, in part, on an incident which occurred on August 5, 2018.

Pinkston testified that she went to White's home that evening to retrieve "baby stuff." When

she arrived, White and White's girlfriend, Dawnie Komotios, were in White's garage. At that

point, White, Komotios, and Pinkston began arguing about the nature and duration of White

and Komotios' relationship. During the argument, Pinkston testified White "came full-fledged"

at her, choked her, and held her against his trailer. Pinkston indicated White "had [her]

pinned up against the trailer" before she was able to break free. She further indicated that


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White continued "grabbing" and "yanking" on her, which resulted in his nail digging into her

skin. At that point, White went to Pinkston's car, grabbed A.W., and fought with Pinkston to

remove A.W. from the car. White ultimately took A.W. and sat on the floor of the garage until

the police arrived.

       {¶ 23} Pinkston further testified that she sustained injuries as a result of the incident

and photographs documenting her injuries were submitted into evidence. Pinkston described

her injuries as bruising on her arms in the shape of a handprint, marks on her neck and skin

from where White's nail dug into her skin, and red marks on her neck. Pinkston stated she

sought medical attention for those injuries "some hours" after the incident.

       {¶ 24} The court also heard the testimony of White's neighbor, Lindsay Holliday, who

lived across the street from White. Holliday indicated she was unfamiliar with Pinkston, but

had seen White every day "out front or in his garage" for approximately two years. According

to Holliday, she was in bed when she heard "banging that seemed unusual." At that point,

she got up, looked out her second-story bedroom window, and saw "the struggle between the

two people." The neighbor then described "the struggle," and indicated "[White] was

slamming [Pinkston] repetitively into the side of the trailer - - which was the sound that [she]

heard." Although Holliday was "so alarmed [she] didn't count" the amount of time she

witnessed White "slam" Pinkston into the trailer, she testified it was "more than just several."

According to Holliday, although it was dark at the time of the incident, she was "positive" that

it was White doing the "slamming." She also confirmed she had no doubt that she witnessed

White slamming Pinkston into the trailer.

       {¶ 25} Holliday further testified that, because she was afraid someone was going to

get hurt, she called 9-1-1. At that point, a recording of the neighbor's 9-1-1 call was played

for the court, which was transcribed into the record. On the recording, Holliday told the

dispatcher that there was a "domestic issue" directly across the street from her home. She
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further stated: "They're fighting and he's slamming her into the side of a trailer" and that there

was a car "parked out front," the garage door was open, and there was a trailer parked in the

driveway that White was slamming Pinkston against. The dispatcher then asked Holliday if

the woman was injured, to which Holliday responded, "Um, I can't real – No, I can't really see

very well and I don't wanna go outside." After making the 9-1-1 call, Holliday continued

watching from her windows because she was "really worried somebody was gonna get hurt

really bad." The neighbor then indicated that, as she continued watching, "the struggle

continued," and that she observed Pinkston and White go to the car and struggle over a

"pumpkin seat."

       {¶ 26} The court then heard testimony from White, who testified that he had never

been physically violent with Pinkston and offered his version of the altercation on August 5,

2018. Specifically, White indicated that when Pinkston unexpectedly showed up at his

residence she was "irate," screaming, and cussing at White. According to White, Pinkston

was making a scene and then came toward his garage where his girlfriend, Komotios, was

standing.   At that point, White testified he put his hands out, stopped Pinkston, and

restrained her by "pushing her back[.]" While White was restraining Pinkston, Pinkston was

"swinging on [him;]" however, he failed to inform the officers of Pinkston's "swinging." White

further admitted that Pinkston fell on the ground while he was restraining her; however, White

stated he only restrained Pinkston to stop her from coming into the garage. White reiterated

in his testimony that he never hit or slammed Pinkston against the side of the trailer.

       {¶ 27} In the midst of the struggle, White called the police and informed them that he

was taking A.W. to the garage. According to White, when the police arrived both parties

stated they had not been injured or physically harmed. At that point, the police told White to

return A.W. to Pinkston, which he did. At the hearing, White estimated the altercation lasted

approximately 10 minutes before the police arrived.

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       {¶ 28} White also offered testimony from Officer Carter, who was one of the two

officers who responded to the scene. The officer testified that when he arrived at the

residence, the parties were separated, and he spoke with Pinkston. According to the officer,

Pinkston indicated she was not injured or assaulted, but that she was upset because she

needed help with A.W. The officer testified he did not see any visible injuries on Pinkston

that evening, and that she did not request medical attention. The officer further stated that

he did not interview or otherwise follow up with the 9-1-1 caller.

       {¶ 29} Komotios and White's mother also testified on White's behalf. Komotios

testified that she was present during the altercation and never saw White slam Pinkston into

the trailer. Rather, she indicated that Pinkston arrived at White's residence and started

arguing with Komotios and White regarding their relationship. During the argument, Pinkston

came toward Komotios and at that point, White put his arm out and Pinkston went "crazy,"

"swinging and kicking" while he was "restraining" her. Komotios then testified that White

ultimately released Pinkston, and Pinkston said "I'll tell them you hit me." After being

released, Pinkston attempted to enter the garage a second time and White restrained her

again, "taking her like against the trailer[.]" White's girlfriend then indicated White attempted

to take A.W. from the car, which prompted another struggle between the parties. At that

point, White called the police. Komotios admitted she did not inform the officers that

Pinkston attempted to come after her twice. White's mother testified that on the evening of

the incident White called her because Pinkston was "going crazy" and talking to Komotios.

Similar to Komotios' testimony, White's mother indicated she heard someone say, "I'm gonna

tell the police you hit me." According to White's mother, her call with White lasted a few

minutes and she arrived at White's residence a few minutes later. Neither White's mother

nor Komotios saw any injuries on either party the night of the incident.

       {¶ 30} After hearing the above testimony, the magistrate concluded that the testimony
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of Officer Carter and Komotios was "very credible," and that Pinkston's testimony was "simply

not credible." The magistrate further discounted the testimony of White's neighbor, as she

only saw a small portion of the incident where White was holding Pinkston against the trailer

to prevent harm to White's girlfriend. As such, the magistrate found that Pinkston was the

aggressor in the matter and that she had failed to carry her burden in proving that domestic

violence occurred. After reviewing the record and Pinkston's objections, the trial court

overruled the magistrate's determination. Specifically, the trial court found that the evidence

of the "only unbiased witness at the hearing [Holliday] was corroborated by Ms. Pinkston's

testimony of the events. [Pinkston's] testimony was further corroborated by visible injuries

entered into evidence." Based on those findings, the trial court concluded Pinkston showed

by a preponderance of the evidence that White "recklessly caused bodily injury to Ms.

Pinkston, and placed her in fear of imminent serious physical harm by 'slamming her head

into the van' thus engaging in domestic violence in violation of ORC3113.31."

       {¶ 31} After reviewing the record, we find that Holliday's and Pinkston's testimony, if

believed, prove by a preponderance of the evidence that White engaged in an act of

domestic violence against Pinkston. As such, we find the trial court's decision granting the

DVCPO was supported by sufficient evidence and was not against the manifest weight of the

evidence.

       {¶ 32} As noted above, White initially argues the trial court wrongfully substituted its

judgment for that of the magistrate and discounted the credibility determination regarding the

testimony of Pinkston and Holliday. "Civ. R. 65.1(F)(3)(c)(iii) gives the court the authority to

modify or reject the magistrate's order, without any restrictions on the court's ability to reach

its own conclusions concerning credibility." Bressler v. Nunemaker, 5th Dist. Licking No. 17-

CA-06, 2017-Ohio-5804, ¶ 9.        However, when a trial court judge commits credibility

determinations to a magistrate, the presumption that a subsequent credibility determination
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made by the trial court is correct is lessened. Kubin v. Kubin, 140 Ohio App. 3d 367, 371

(12th Dist.2000). Regardless, the presumption that the trial court is correct in its judgment

still exists.   Id.   "As the ultimate factfinder, the trial court judge decides whether the

magistrate has properly determined the factual issues and appropriately applied the law, and

where the magistrate has failed to do so, the trial court must substitute its judgment for that of

the magistrate." Patridge v. Matthews, 12th Dist. Brown No. CA2000-04-007, 2001-Ohio-

4207, *5. Therefore, in this case, the trial court was not required to give deference and

weight to the magistrate's ruling or its determinations regarding Pinkston's and Holliday's

credibility. As a result, we find no error in the weight given to the testimony of Pinkston and

Holliday by the trial court.

        {¶ 33} We also reject White's argument that the trial court's finding that White

engaged in domestic violence in violation of R.C. 3113.31 when he slammed Pinkston's head

into the "van" is unsupported by the record. As an initial note, we find the trial court's

reference to a "van," as opposed to a trailer, is immaterial to its finding that White slammed

Pinkston into an object and therefore engaged in domestic violence. That said, the record

reflects that the term "slamming" was consistently used to describe the incident. Specifically,

Holliday repeatedly referenced White "slamming" Pinkston into the trailer during her

testimony. This includes testimony that Holliday told the 9-1-1 operator that "[t]hey're fighting

and he's slamming her into the side of a trailer," a description of the struggle as White

slamming Pinkston repetitively into the side of the trailer, and testimony that Holliday was

positive White was doing the slamming and the noise from the slamming caused her to look

out the window. While White argues neither he nor Pinkston referred to "slamming" during

their testimony, Holliday's testimony is consistent with that of Pinkston and Komotios, who

indicated that, in an effort to restrain Pinkston, White was "taking [Pinkston] like against the

trailer" and that White "had [Pinkston] pinned against the trailer." As discussed above, the
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trial court found Holliday's testimony, as an unbiased witness, very credible and we find no

error in the weight given to Holliday's testimony by the trial court. Accordingly, if believed,

Holliday's testimony establishes that White repeatedly "slammed" Pinkston against the trailer.

       {¶ 34} Similarly, we disagree with White's claim that the record does not reflect that

Pinkston was injured as a result of White's actions. The record reflects Pinkston testified that

she sustained bruises in the shape of handprints, red marks on her neck, and that White's

nail dug into her skin and neck. Although Pinkston informed Officer Carter that she had not

been injured as a result of the incident, Officer Carter testified that, at the time of their

interview, Pinkston was excited from the argument and A.W. remained with White in the

garage. Moreover, despite her indication she had not been injured, Pinkston testified she

ultimately sought medical attention shortly after the incident and took "picture[s] from * * * the

incident from when he grabbed [her] arm." Those photographs were admitted into evidence.

Pinkston also sought a protection order the day after the incident occurred. As such, we find

the record adequately reflects that Pinkston was injured and placed in fear of imminent

serious physical harm the night of the incident.

       {¶ 35} Based on the facts in evidence and the transcript of the hearing, we find, like

the trial court, that granting the DVCPO was appropriate in this case. Stated differently,

pursuant to Civ.R. 65.1(F)(3)(d)(iii), we find the credible evidence of record was insufficient to

support the initial denial of the DVCPO. Rather, the record reflects White recklessly caused

bodily injury to Pinkston and placed her in fear of imminent serious physical harm by

slamming her head into the trailer on August 5, 2018. As such, we find that the trial court's

finding that White engaged in domestic violence in violation of R.C. 3113.31(A) is supported

by competent credible evidence from the record. As a result, the trial court's decision

granting the DVCPO against White was not against the manifest weight of the evidence, nor

was it contrary to law.

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{¶ 36} Accordingly, White's first and second assignments of error are overruled.

{¶ 37} Judgment affirmed.


HENDRICKSON, P.J., and RINGLAND, J., concur.




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