                  United States Court of Appeals
                       FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                               ___________

                               No. 05-4303
                               No. 05-4307
                               ___________

In re: Monosodium Glutamate          *
Antitrust Litigation                 *
       _____________________         *
                                     *
Inquivosa SA; Petbowe Chemtrade      *
Corporation; Plus Sun Company, Ltd.; *
MCC Menssing Chemiehandel &          *
Consultants GMBH; Newco Trading      *
Company, on behalf of themselves and *
all others similarly situated,       *
                                     *
              Plaintiffs/Appellants, *   Appeals from the United States
                                     *   District Court for the
       v.                            *   District of Minnesota.
                                     *
Ajinomoto Company, Inc.; Ajinomoto *
USA, Inc.; Orsan S.A.; Cheil Jedang  *
Corporation; C.J. America, Inc.,     *
                                     *
              Defendants/Appellees,  *
                                     *
Miwon Company, Ltd.; Daesang         *
America, Inc.,                       *
                                     *
              Defendants,            *
                                     *
Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd.;    *
Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Company, Ltd.; *
Vedan Enterprises Group, formerly    *
known as Tung Hai Fermentation       *
Industrial Corporation,              *
                                    *
           Defendants/Appellees,    *
                                    *
Ajinomoto Europe,                   *
                                    *
           Defendant.               *
     _____________________          *
                                    *
Government of Japan,                *
                                    *
           Amicus on Behalf of      *
           Appellee.                *
                               ___________

                              Submitted: December 11, 2006
                                 Filed: February 8, 2007
                                  ___________

Before WOLLMAN, BEAM, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

      Appellants appeal from the district court’s1 dismissal of their complaint for lack
of subject matter jurisdiction. We affirm.

                                           I.

      The appellants are foreign corporations that purchased monosodium glutamate
(MSG) and nucleotides from the appellees in transactions that occurred outside the
United States. They contend that the appellees participated in a global price-fixing
and market allocation scheme to increase the worldwide price of MSG and


      1
      The Honorable Paul A. Magnuson, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota.

                                          -2-
nucleotides. This scheme allegedly involved fixing the price and controlling the
market share of MSG and nucleotides both inside and outside the United States. The
appellants assert that the United States market was included within the scheme
because the fungible nature and worldwide flow of these products made the domestic
and foreign markets interconnected, such that super-competitive prices abroad could
be sustained only by maintaining super-competitive prices in the United States.

       The appellants’ action asserted that the appellees’ involvement in the global
conspiracy constituted a violation of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1. The appellants
do not assert that they purchased or attempted to purchase MSG or nucleotides in the
United States market. Rather, they allege that they purchased overpriced MSG and
nucleotides abroad because the appellees’ inclusion of the United States market in the
conspiracy prevented them from buying competitively priced MSG and nucleotides
either directly from the United States or from arbitrageurs selling MSG or nucleotides
imported from the United States.

       Shortly after the commencement of this action, the parties agreed to stay the
proceedings pending a decision by the United States Supreme Court in F. Hoffmann-
La Roche Ltd. v. Empagran S.A., 542 U.S. 155 (2004) (Empagran I), a factually
similar antitrust case brought by foreign and domestic purchasers of vitamins.
Following the Empagran I decision, which addressed the applicability of the Sherman
Act under the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act of 1982 (FTAIA), the
appellees moved to dismiss the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and
for failure to state a claim, alleging that the FTAIA precluded the claim from being
brought under the Sherman Act. The district court denied the appellees’ motion. D.
Ct. Order of May 2, 2005, at 14. Following the D.C. Circuit’s decision in Empagran
S.A. v. F. Hoffmann-Laroche, Ltd., 417 F.3d 1267 (D.C. Cir. 2005), cert. denied, 126
S. Ct. 1043 (2006) (Empagran II), the appellees filed a motion for reconsideration of
the district court’s order denying their motion to dismiss. The district court, relying
on Empagran II, granted the motion and dismissed the complaint with prejudice,


                                         -3-
holding that the appellants had not stated a claim under the Sherman Act because they
had not shown that the domestic effect of the global price-fixing cartel proximately
caused their injuries. D. Ct. Order of Oct. 26, 2005, at 6-7.

                                           II.

       We review a district court’s dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction de
novo. V S Ltd. P’ship v. Dep’t of Housing and Urban Dev., 235 F.3d 1109, 1112 (8th
Cir. 2000).

       “The Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act of 1982 (FTAIA) excludes
from the Sherman Act’s reach much anticompetitive conduct that causes only foreign
injury. It does so by setting forth a general rule stating that the Sherman Act ‘shall not
apply to conduct involving trade or commerce . . . with foreign nations.’” Empagran
I, 542 U.S. at 158 (ellipsis in original) (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 6a). The FTAIA then
creates a limited exception to this rule, making the Sherman Act applicable if the
foreign conduct “(1) has a ‘direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect’ on
domestic commerce, and (2) ‘such effect gives rise to a [Sherman Act] claim.’” Id.
at 159 (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 6a).2


      2
       The FTAIA provides in full:

             Sections 1 to 7 of this title shall not apply to conduct involving
      trade or commerce (other than import trade or import commerce) with
      foreign nations unless-
             (1) such conduct has a direct, substantial, and reasonably
             forseeable effect-
                   (A) on trade or commerce which is not trade or commerce
                   with foreign nations, or on import trade or import
                   commerce with foreign nations; or
                   (B) on export trade or export commerce with foreign
                   nations, of a person engaged in such trade or commerce in
                   the United States; and

                                           -4-
       In dismissing the appellants’ action, the district court concluded that 1) the
FTAIA’s statutory language “gives rise to” requires that the appellants show that the
domestic effects of the anticompetitive conduct were the direct or proximate cause of
their claim, 2) the appellants’ claim failed to satisfy this causation standard, and 3) the
appellants therefore failed to state a claim under the Sherman Act. D. Ct. Order of
Oct. 26, 2005, at 4-7. On appeal, the appellants contend that under the FTAIA’s
exception a showing of causation less than that of proximate cause is sufficient and
that their claim meets this lesser standard. The appellants alternatively contend that
their claim satisfies even the proximate cause standard.

       In Empagran I, the United States Supreme Court concluded that the causal link
between the domestic effect of the anticompetitive conduct and the foreign injury is
not satisfied when the foreign injury is independent of the domestic effect. Empagran
I, 542 U.S. at 164. The Court thereafter remanded the case to the D.C. Circuit to
determine whether the causal link is satisfied when the foreign injury is linked to, and
not independent of, domestic effects. Id. at 175. On remand, the D.C. Circuit
concluded that the statutory “gives rise to” language requires a direct or proximate
causal relationship, rather than a lesser “but for” relationship. Empagran II, 417 F.3d
at 1271. The court then determined that under the plaintiffs’ theory, namely, that the
domestic effects of the anticompetitive conduct gave rise to their foreign injury
because the defendants could not have maintained their global price-fixing
arrangement without fixing the prices in the United States, the domestic effects of the
conspiracy were only a “but for” cause of the plaintiffs’ injuries and the FTAIA
exception and Sherman Act were therefore inapplicable. Id. at 1270-71.

             (2) such effect gives rise to a claim under the provisions of
             sections 1 to 7 of this title, other than this section.
      If sections 1 to 7 of this title apply to such conduct only because of the
      operation of paragraph (1)(B), then sections 1 to 7 of this title shall apply
      to such conduct only for injury to export business in the United States.

15 U.S.C. § 6a (1997).

                                           -5-
       The appellants contend that we should part ways with the D.C. Circuit and
apply a less direct causation standard under the FTAIA’s exception. We disagree.
The principles of prescriptive comity require us to respect the sovereign authority of
foreign nations and to construe ambiguous statutory language in a way that avoids
unreasonable interference with such authority. Empagran I, 542 U.S. at 164;
Empagran II, 417 F.3d at 1271. “America’s antitrust laws, when applied to foreign
conduct, can interfere with a foreign nation’s ability independently to regulate its own
commercial affairs.” Empagran I, 542 U.S. at 165. Although it may be reasonable to
apply our antitrust laws to foreign conduct in certain situations, id., permitting a
standard that is less direct than proximate cause here would unreasonably “interfere[]
with other nations’ prerogative to safeguard their own citizens from anti-competitive
activity within their own borders” and violate these comity considerations. Empagran
II, 417 F.3d at 1271. We therefore conclude, as did the court in Empagran II, that the
statutory “gives rise to” language requires a direct or proximate causal relationship
and that this standard is in accord with the principles of prescriptive comity. We
believe that this standard is also consistent with general antitrust principles, which
typically require a more direct causation standard. See Associated Gen. Contractors
of Cal., Inc. v. Cal. State Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 533-35 (1983)
(“‘Congress did not intend to allow every person tangentially affected by an antitrust
violation to maintain an action to recover . . . .’” (quoting Blue Shield of Va. v.
McCready, 457 U.S. 465, 477 (1982))); Holmes v. Sec. Investor Prot. Corp., 503 U.S.
258, 267-69 (1992) (“[A] plaintiff’s right to sue under § 4 [of the Clayton Act]
required a showing that the defendant’s violation not only was a ‘but for’ cause of his
injury, but was the proximate cause as well.”); Latino Quimica-Amtex S.A. v. Akzo
Nobel Chemicals B.V., No. 03 Civ. 10312(HBDF), 2005 WL 2207017, at *8
(S.D.N.Y. Sept. 8, 2005) (“[T]he proximate causation standard . . . is consistent with
antitrust principles requiring that an antitrust injury-in-fact be caused directly by a
defendant’s conduct.”).



                                          -6-
       Further, the Supreme Court has held that “the FTAIA’s language and history
suggest that Congress designed the FTAIA to clarify, perhaps to limit, but not to
expand in any significant way, the Sherman Act’s scope as applied to foreign
commerce.” Empagran I, 542 U.S. at 169. Despite the appellants’ contention to the
contrary, there appear to be no cases prior to the FTAIA’s enactment that would have
supported the application of the Sherman Act based on the indirect causation alleged
in the case at hand.3 Accordingly, to adopt a causation standard less than that of
proximate cause would effectively expand the Sherman Act’s scope beyond that
contemplated by the FTAIA.

       We turn, then, to whether the claim proffered by the appellants meets the
proximate cause standard. The appellants’ causation theory is identical to that
presented in Empagran II. Empagran II, 417 F.3d at 1270. They allege that because
MSG and nucleotides are fungible and marketed worldwide, the appellees were
required to maintain super-competitive prices in the United States in order to sustain
super-competitive prices abroad. In the absence of super-competitive domestic
pricing, the appellants assert that they would have been able to purchase MSG or
nucleotides at lower prices either directly from the United States or from arbitrageurs
selling MSG or nucleotides imported from the United States. The appellants therefore


      3
        The appellants contend that two pre-FTAIA cases support applying a less
direct causation standard: Pfizer, Inc. v. Gov’t of India, 434 U.S. 308 (1978) and
Industria Siciliana Asfalti v. Exxon Research and Eng’g Co., No. 75 Civ. 5828-CSH,
1977 WL 1353 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 18, 1977). We disagree. In Pfizer, the court addressed
only the narrow issue of whether a foreign nation could be considered a “person”
under the antitrust laws. Pfizer, 434 U.S. at 320. The court did not address the causal
relationship between the domestic effect and the foreign injury. Empagran II, 417
F.3d at 1270. In Industria, a foreign plaintiff purchased engineering services from a
domestic firm that had engaged in anticompetitive behavior in violation of the
Sherman Act. Industria, 1977 WL 1353 at **1-3. The domestic effect in Industria
(diminished domestic competition) was therefore a more direct cause of the plaintiff’s
injury (higher prices paid for the domestic services).

                                         -7-
contend that the super-competitive pricing in the United States gave rise to the foreign
super-competitive prices paid by the appellants.

       As did the court in Empagran II, we conclude that the theory advanced by the
appellants does not satisfy the proximate cause standard. The domestic effects of the
price fixing scheme (increased U.S. prices) were not the direct cause of the appellants’
injuries. Rather, it was the foreign effects of the price fixing scheme (increased prices
abroad). Although United States prices may have been a necessary part of the
appellees’ plan, they were not significant enough to constitute the direct cause of the
appellants’ injuries, as they constituted merely one link in the causal chain. The theory
proffered by the appellants therefore establishes at best only an indirect connection
between the domestic prices and the prices paid by the appellants. While such an
indirect connection may be enough to satisfy a “but for” causation standard, it is too
remote to satisfy the proximate cause standard.

       The appellants’ argument regarding the importance of enforcing the Sherman
Act’s deterrence goal, although not without force, is unavailing in light of the dictates
of the FTAIA and the considerations of comity as discussed above. See Empagran I,
542 U.S. at 174-75.

      The judgment is affirmed.
                      ______________________________




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