Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
07/23/2020 12:08 AM CDT




                                                         - 261 -
                               Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                                        306 Nebraska Reports
                                                 STATE v. WILLIAMS
                                                  Cite as 306 Neb. 261




                                        State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
                                        Barbara J. Williams, appellant.
                                                     ___ N.W.2d ___

                                           Filed June 26, 2020.    No. S-19-894.

                 1. Trial: Witnesses. Whether a party may recall a witness to introduce
                    further testimony after the party rests is within the discretion of the
                    trial court.
                 2. Motions to Dismiss: Directed Verdict. A motion to dismiss in a non-
                    jury trial is equivalent to a directed verdict in a jury trial.
                 3. Directed Verdict: Evidence: Appeal and Error. When a motion for a
                    directed verdict made at the close of all the evidence is overruled by the
                    trial court, appellate review is controlled by the rule that a directed ver-
                    dict is proper only where reasonable minds cannot differ and can draw
                    but one conclusion from the evidence, and the issues should be decided
                    as a matter of law.
                 4. Criminal Law: Convictions: Evidence: Appeal and Error. When
                    reviewing a criminal conviction for sufficiency of the evidence to
                    sustain the conviction, the relevant question for an appellate court is
                    whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
                    prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential ele-
                    ments of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
                 5. Sentences: Judgments: Appeal and Error: Words and Phrases. An
                    appellate court reviews criminal sentences for abuse of discretion,
                    which occurs when a trial court’s decision is based upon reasons that
                    are untenable or unreasonable or if its action is clearly against justice or
                    conscience, reason, and evidence.
                 6. Criminal Law: Trial. A trial court has discretion to permit a party to
                    withdraw its rest in a trial on the merits in criminal prosecutions.
                 7. Trial: Witnesses: Evidence. It is not an abuse of discretion to permit
                    the State to recall a witness for the purpose of filling in gaps in proof or
                    to introduce an exhibit that the party had inadvertently failed to offer, as
                    long as the court does not advocate for or advise the State to do so.
                                    - 262 -
            Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                     306 Nebraska Reports
                             STATE v. WILLIAMS
                              Cite as 306 Neb. 261

 8. Criminal Law: Words and Phrases. Serious bodily injury means
    bodily injury which involves a (1) substantial risk of death, (2) substan-
    tial risk of serious permanent disfigurement, or (3) protracted loss or
    impairment of the function or any part or organ of the body.
 9. Criminal Law: Directed Verdict. In a criminal case, the court can
    direct a verdict only when (1) there is a complete failure of evidence
    to establish an essential element of the crime charged or (2) evidence is
    so doubtful in character and lacking in probative value that a finding of
    guilt based on such evidence cannot be sustained.
10. Criminal Law: Directed Verdict: Appeal and Error. When an appel-
    late court considers a criminal defendant’s motion for a directed verdict,
    the State is entitled to have all of its relevant evidence accepted as true,
    every controverted fact resolved in its favor, and every beneficial infer-
    ence reasonably deducible from the evidence. If there is any evidence
    which will sustain a finding for the party against whom a motion for
    directed verdict is made, the case may not be decided as a matter of law,
    and a verdict may not be directed.
11. Expert Witnesses. Where the injuries are objective and the conclusion
    to be drawn from proved basic facts does not require special techni-
    cal knowledge or science, the use of expert testimony is not legally
    necessary.
12. Testimony. There is nothing which prohibits the trier of fact from con-
    sidering the victim’s testimony concerning his or her own injuries to the
    extent the victim has knowledge of his or her injuries.
13. Convictions: Evidence: Appeal and Error. In reviewing a criminal
    conviction for a sufficiency of the evidence claim, whether the evidence
    is direct, circumstantial, or a combination thereof, the standard is the
    same: An appellate court does not resolve conflicts in the evidence, pass
    on the credibility of witnesses, or reweigh the evidence; such matters are
    for the finder of fact. The relevant question is whether, after viewing the
    evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier
    of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
    reasonable doubt.
14. Verdicts: Appeal and Error. Only where evidence lacks sufficient pro-
    bative value as a matter of law may an appellate court set aside a guilty
    verdict as unsupported by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt.
15. Sentences: Appeal and Error. Where a sentence imposed within the
    statutory limits is alleged on appeal to be excessive, the appellate court
    must determine whether a sentencing court abused its discretion in con-
    sidering and applying the relevant factors as well as any applicable legal
    principles in determining the sentence to be imposed.
                                   - 263 -
           Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                    306 Nebraska Reports
                            STATE v. WILLIAMS
                             Cite as 306 Neb. 261

16. Sentences. In determining a sentence to be imposed, relevant factors
    customarily considered and applied are the defendant’s (1) age, (2)
    mentality, (3) education and experience, (4) social and cultural back-
    ground, (5) past criminal record or record of law-abiding conduct,
    and (6) motivation for the offense, as well as (7) the nature of the
    offense and (8) the amount of violence involved in the commission of
    the crime.
17. ____. The appropriateness of a sentence is necessarily a subjective judg-
    ment and includes the sentencing judge’s observation of the defendant’s
    demeanor and attitude and all the facts and circumstances surrounding
    the defendant’s life.

  Appeal from the District Court for Sarpy County: Stefanie
A. Martinez, Judge. Affirmed.
  Thomas P. Strigenz, Sarpy County Public Defender, for
appellant.
  Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Siobhan E.
Duffy for appellee.
  Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
and Papik, JJ.
   Heavican, C.J.
                      INTRODUCTION
  Barbara J. Williams was convicted by the trial court of
negligent child abuse resulting in serious bodily injury and
sentenced to incarceration for a term of not less than 2 years
nor more than 3 years. Williams appeals her conviction and
sentence. We affirm.
                        BACKGROUND
   K.M. was born in November 1997 with leukodystrophy, a
rare neurological disorder. As a result of the disorder, K.M.
is blind and has only a limited ability to communicate using
eye movements, facial expressions, and cooing sounds. K.M.
also lacks the ability to engage in any purposeful movement
other than slight movements of her head. She is confined to a
wheelchair, uses diapers, and is fed with a “G-tube” through
                                   - 264 -
            Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                     306 Nebraska Reports
                            STATE v. WILLIAMS
                             Cite as 306 Neb. 261

a stoma in her abdomen. K.M. resides with her parents, upon
whom she is entirely dependent.
   In 2014, K.M.’s parents were using an in-home nursing
agency, Interim Healthcare (Interim), to provide care for K.M.
while they were at work. Williams, a licensed practical nurse
employed by Interim, provided in-home nursing care for K.M.
on July 17 and 18. K.M. was 16 years old at the time. Williams
was charged with child abuse under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-707
(Cum. Supp. 2014) after K.M. was admitted to the burn unit at
a medical center in Omaha, Nebraska, on July 18, with burns
to her perineal area, inner thighs, and buttocks.
   After her first trial ended in a mistrial and the Nebraska
Court of Appeals affirmed the denial of Williams’ plea in bar, 1
the case proceeded to a bench trial. The following evidence
was presented:
   During the week of July 14, 2014, Williams came to K.M.’s
home for a training session with K.M.’s adult sister, who was
providing care for K.M. K.M.’s sister testified that as part of
the training session, she explained to Williams her routine of
showering K.M., which began with placing K.M. on a rolling
shower chair and undressing her before rolling her into the
shower. Williams was shown the bathroom, shower, shower
chair, and detachable showerhead. The routine included taking
the showerhead from the holder and testing the water tem-
perature prior to beginning K.M.’s shower. K.M.’s sister testi-
fied that after she explained the shower routine to Williams,
Williams indicated she understood.
   On the morning of July 18, 2014, K.M.’s mother observed
two small “rub marks” that were between 1 and 2 inches in
length in K.M.’s diaper area. K.M.’s mother testified that K.M.
frequently had these marks, which were caused by the elastic
on her diaper, and that Calmoseptine, a skin protectant, was
applied to these marks and to the area around K.M.’s G-tube.
Williams arrived and offered to shower K.M. after she and
K.M.’s mother spoke about K.M.’s hair appearing greasy.
1
    State v. Williams, 24 Neb. App. 920, 901 N.W.2d 334 (2017).
                              - 265 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  306 Nebraska Reports
                       STATE v. WILLIAMS
                        Cite as 306 Neb. 261

K.M.’s mother agreed. Williams remained at the home to care
for K.M. after K.M.’s mother left for work.
   That evening, K.M.’s father arrived home from work early
and was greeted at the entryway by Williams. K.M. was
lying on the couch, and her legs were covered with a blanket.
Williams told K.M.’s father that she had given K.M. a shower,
that she had scrubbed some skin from K.M.’s diaper area, and
that she had applied baby oil and Calmoseptine to the area.
Williams also stated that she had recently changed K.M.’s dia-
per and that the diaper would not need to be changed again for
a couple of hours.
   Williams followed K.M.’s father into the kitchen and asked
him to sign some paperwork. K.M.’s father testified that
Williams presented him with two pages of paperwork. The
top page, which did not contain any writing, covered the page
underneath so that only the signature line on the second page
was visible. K.M.’s father testified that he signed the paper-
work. When he told Williams that he had never been asked to
sign that type of paperwork before, she stated that it was “just
routine paperwork that everybody should be filling out.”
   After Williams left, K.M.’s father noticed that K.M.
appeared to be uncomfortable and sleepy. He repositioned her
on the couch and then sat with her, watching television. K.M.’s
mother joined them on the couch after she arrived home from
work. K.M.’s mother observed that K.M. was acting unusual
in that she appeared “zoned out” and was not responding to
her mother.
   Later that evening, K.M.’s mother removed the blanket from
K.M.’s legs to change her diaper and noticed that K.M.’s thighs
were bright red. She then pulled K.M.’s diaper down and saw
that K.M.’s entire perineal area was bright red and covered
with Calmoseptine. K.M.’s parents drove her to the emergency
department of a local hospital in Omaha; K.M. was then trans-
ferred by ambulance to the burn unit at the medical center.
K.M. remained in the burn unit for 19 days.
                               - 266 -
          Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                   306 Nebraska Reports
                        STATE v. WILLIAMS
                         Cite as 306 Neb. 261

   When K.M.’s father returned home from the hospital, he
found three soiled cloth pads in the family’s basket for clean
laundry. There were clear liquid stains on the pads, along with
a large amount of Calmoseptine and some bile. K.M.’s father
testified that these pads are generally used under K.M. to
catch urine, feces, or bile from K.M.’s G-tube. He also testi-
fied that he had never put soiled pads in the basket for clean
laundry, nor had he ever seen soiled pads in that basket as
the soiled pads are left in front of the washing machine to be
laundered next.
   Dr. Debra Reilly, a reconstructive plastic surgeon with a
“burn fellowship,” treated K.M. in the burn unit. At trial,
Reilly testified that K.M. suffered burns to her perineal area,
anterior thighs, posterior thighs, and buttocks. When some of
K.M.’s burns had not progressed to healing after 10 or 11 days,
it was determined that K.M. required skin graft surgery. During
the surgery, skin was removed from one part of K.M.’s body
and transplanted onto another.
   Reilly testified that K.M.’s injuries were most consistent
with a scald burn, where a patient had been sitting in a bathtub.
The parties stipulated that when the water in K.M.’s home was
left to run for approximately 2 minutes, the temperature meas­
ured 143.6 degrees Fahrenheit. Reilly estimated that based on
K.M.’s age and the type of injury, she would have to have been
exposed to the water for at least 10 seconds.
   When Reilly was shown a picture depicting K.M.’s injury,
she opined that blisters had formed on the injury because the
top surface of the skin was gone. She testified that blisters
usually form after a scald burn and that the liquid in a partial
thickness burn blister is clear to yellow. Reilly explained that
blisters can form within the first hour after a burn, or they can
take up to 24 hours to form, and that if a blister pops very early
on, the fluid will leak out.
   Reilly testified that due to the relatively small size of K.M.’s
burns, there was not a substantial risk of death from the burns.
Reilly also stated that there was “no protracted functional
                               - 267 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  306 Nebraska Reports
                        STATE v. WILLIAMS
                         Cite as 306 Neb. 261

impairment” to K.M.’s body. When asked whether the injury
involved a substantial risk of serious permanent disfigurement,
Reilly stated that there was a 100-percent chance of disfigure-
ment to some degree because the burns resulted in permanent
scarring to the skin.
    After Reilly finished testifying, but before the State rested
its case, the State recalled K.M.’s mother over Williams’
objection. During the recall, a photograph depicting K.M.’s
scar was admitted into evidence. K.M.’s mother also testified
about K.M.’s injuries. She stated that as a result of the burns,
K.M.’s perineal area was scarred and the skin that had been
grafted was now “thin, very delicate,” and did not grow hair.
She described K.M.’s skin as being compromised, in that K.M.
now requires a special seating pad, and she said that if K.M.
remains seated in her wheelchair for more than 6 hours at a
time, open and blistering skin sores develop on her labia and
buttocks. She also stated that K.M. is no longer able to wear
jeans, shorts, or any clothing that contains a hard seam on the
inside or outside of the thigh area because the seams cause
irritation to the grafted skin and to the area from which the
grafted skin was taken.
    Interim’s nurses complete both timeslips and nursing treat-
ment care charts while they are providing nursing care for a
client. Interim’s administrator and director testified that the
timeslips are used to document the time and dates that a nurse
is with a client for payroll and billing purposes and contain a
space for clients to sign off on the time documented.
    Interim’s nursing treatment care charts document the nurse’s
care of the client and contain the nurse’s signature indicating
that he or she completed the documentation. Interim’s admin-
istrator and director testified that the client is not required to
sign off on treatment care charts, but that if a client does sign
off on a treatment care chart, the form cannot be blank when
it is signed. She further testified that nurses are trained to
fill out the care charts in real time while the service is being
provided; however, there is no way to verify when the care
                              - 268 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  306 Nebraska Reports
                       STATE v. WILLIAMS
                        Cite as 306 Neb. 261

charts are completed or if the documented cares were actu-
ally provided.
    Williams’ care chart dated July 18, 2014, was presented at
trial. The chart contained a two-page written narrative regard-
ing K.M.’s care. Within the narrative were statements indicat-
ing that (1) at 8:41 a.m., Williams had given K.M. a head-to-
toe assessment and that K.M.’s “peri area” and the inner cracks
of K.M.’s thighs were red; (2) at approximately 10:45 a.m.,
Williams showered K.M. and washed her hair; (3) the skin on
K.M.’s peri area, inner thighs, and buttocks was peeling, and
Williams applied baby oil, baby powder, and Calmoseptine to
these areas; and (4) K.M. was in good and stable condition
when Williams left her in her father’s care. K.M.’s father iden-
tified his signature on the last line of the chart.
    At the close of the State’s case, Williams made a motion to
dismiss the case on the grounds that the State failed to prove
Williams was negligent and failed to prove serious bodily
injury. The motion was overruled. Williams did not call any
witnesses and presented no evidence. Williams renewed her
motion to dismiss, which was again overruled.
    The district court found Williams guilty of negligent child
abuse resulting in serious bodily injury. After a presentence
investigation report was completed, the district court found
Williams was not a suitable candidate for probation and sen-
tenced her to a term of incarceration of not less than 2 years
nor more than 3 years.
                 ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
  Williams makes the following assignments of error: (1)
The district court erred in allowing the State to recall K.M.’s
mother, (2) the district court erred in overruling Williams’
motion to dismiss, (3) there was insufficient evidence to find
Williams guilty of negligent child abuse resulting in seri-
ous bodily injury, (4) there was insufficient evidence to find
Williams guilty of negligent child abuse, and (5) the district
court abused its discretion by imposing an excessive sentence.
                                   - 269 -
            Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                     306 Nebraska Reports
                            STATE v. WILLIAMS
                             Cite as 306 Neb. 261

                   STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1] Whether a party may recall a witness to introduce further
testimony after the party rests is within the discretion of the
trial court. 2
   [2,3] A motion to dismiss in a nonjury trial is equivalent to
a directed verdict in a jury trial. 3 When a motion for a directed
verdict made at the close of all the evidence is overruled by
the trial court, appellate review is controlled by the rule that a
directed verdict is proper only where reasonable minds cannot
differ and can draw but one conclusion from the evidence, and
the issues should be decided as a matter of law. 4
   [4] When reviewing a criminal conviction for sufficiency of
the evidence to sustain the conviction, the relevant question
for an appellate court is whether, after viewing the evidence in
the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier
of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt. 5
   [5] An appellate court reviews criminal sentences for abuse
of discretion, which occurs when a trial court’s decision is
based upon reasons that are untenable or unreasonable or if
its action is clearly against justice or conscience, reason, and
evidence. 6
                           ANALYSIS
Recalling K.M.’s Mother.
   Williams first assigns that the district court erred in permit-
ting the State to recall K.M.’s mother. Williams argues that
the State should not have been permitted to recall this witness
because her recall was for the purpose of providing new testi-
mony and to offer an additional exhibit into evidence.
2
    See Johnson v. City of Lincoln, 174 Neb. 837, 120 N.W.2d 297 (1963).
3
    Kreus v. Stiles Service Ctr., 250 Neb. 526, 550 N.W.2d 320 (1996).
4
    Jay v. Moog Automotive, 264 Neb. 875, 652 N.W.2d 872 (2002).
5
    State v. Stubbendieck, 302 Neb. 702, 924 N.W.2d 711 (2019).
6
    State v. Johnson, 290 Neb. 369, 859 N.W.2d 877 (2015).
                                    - 270 -
             Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                      306 Nebraska Reports
                             STATE v. WILLIAMS
                              Cite as 306 Neb. 261

   [6] As an initial matter, it appears this court has not yet
determined the applicable standard of review for a trial court’s
permitting a party to recall a witness prior to resting its case. A
trial court has discretion to permit a party to withdraw its rest
in a trial on the merits in criminal prosecutions. 7 We conclude
that the correct standard when a party has not yet rested is,
similarly, an abuse of discretion. 8
   [7] It is not an abuse of discretion to permit the State to
recall a witness for the purpose of filling in gaps in proof 9 or
to introduce an exhibit that the party had inadvertently failed to
offer, as long as the court does not advocate for or advise the
State to do so. 10 In addition,
         [a] witness may be recalled for either direct or cross-
      examination, for the purpose of impeachment, to explain
      or correct prior testimony, to correct and clarify specific
      details, to settle the testimony given by the witness when
      previously testifying, to avoid potential evidentiary prob-
      lems, to recant previous false testimony, or to be exam-
      ined on new matters. 11
   [8] Serious bodily injury means bodily injury which
involves a (1) substantial risk of death, (2) substantial risk
of serious permanent disfigurement, or (3) protracted loss
or impairment of the function or any part or organ of the
body. 12 Prior to the recall of K.M.’s mother, Reilly testified
that there was neither a substantial risk of death from K.M.’s
injury nor a protracted functional impairment to the body.
When asked whether the injury involved a substantial risk of
 7
     See State v. Bol, 288 Neb. 144, 846 N.W.2d 241 (2014).
 8
     See, 98 C.J.S. Witnesses § 443 at 415 (2013) (“[t]he matter of recalling
     witnesses ordinarily rests in the discretion of the trial court”).
 9
     See State v. Bol, supra note 7 (citing State v. Thomas, 236 Neb. 84, 459
     N.W.2d 204 (1990), disapproved on other grounds, State v. Boslau, 258
     Neb. 39, 601 N.W.2d 769 (1999)).
10
     State v. Bol, supra note 7.
11
     98 C.J.S., supra note 8, § 443 at 416.
12
     Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-109 (Reissue 2008).
                                    - 271 -
             Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                      306 Nebraska Reports
                             STATE v. WILLIAMS
                              Cite as 306 Neb. 261

serious permanent disfigurement, Reilly stated that there was
a 100-percent chance of disfigurement because the result-
ing scar is permanent. Because Reilly did not use the term
“serious” when describing K.M.’s disfigurement, the State
recalled K.M.’s mother to prove K.M.’s burns were a serious
bodily injury.
   During her recall, K.M.’s mother testified about the extent
of K.M.’s injury and the effect of the injury on K.M. The court
did not advise the State to recall her, and the recall occurred
before the State had rested its case. Further, Williams was
aware that K.M.’s mother would be a witness at trial, and
Williams had the opportunity to cross-examine K.M.’s mother
after she was recalled. The district court did not abuse its dis-
cretion in permitting the State to recall K.M.’s mother.
Williams’ Motion to Dismiss.
   In her second assignment of error, Williams claims the dis-
trict court erred in overruling her motion to dismiss after the
State had closed its case. Williams argues her motion should
have been granted because the State failed to prove that K.M.’s
injury involved a substantial risk of serious permanent disfig-
urement so as to constitute a “serious bodily injury.”
   [9,10] A motion to dismiss in a nonjury trial is equivalent
to a directed verdict in a jury trial. 13 In a criminal case, the
court can direct a verdict only when (1) there is a complete
failure of evidence to establish an essential element of the
crime charged or (2) evidence is so doubtful in character and
lacking in probative value that a finding of guilt based on such
evidence cannot be sustained. 14 When we consider a criminal
defendant’s motion for a directed verdict, the State is entitled
to have all of its relevant evidence accepted as true, every
controverted fact resolved in its favor, and every beneficial
inference reasonably deducible from the evidence. 15 If there
13
     Kreus v. Stiles Service Ctr., supra note 3.
14
     State v. Johnson, 298 Neb. 491, 904 N.W.2d 714 (2017).
15
     Id.
                                  - 272 -
            Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                     306 Nebraska Reports
                           STATE v. WILLIAMS
                            Cite as 306 Neb. 261

is any evidence which will sustain a finding for the party
against whom a motion for directed verdict is made, the case
may not be decided as a matter of law, and a verdict may not
be directed. 16
   Williams asserts the State failed to prove that K.M.’s perma-
nent disfigurement was “serious” because at the time the State
rested, there was no evidence presented regarding the appear-
ance of the scar or how it affected K.M. The State maintains
that the testimony by K.M.’s mother regarding the disfigure-
ment was sufficient because expert medical testimony was not
required to prove K.M.’s injury was serious. We agree.
   [11,12] This court has held that “‘“[w]here the injuries are
objective and the conclusion to be drawn from proved basic
facts does not require special technical knowledge or science,
the use of expert testimony is not legally necessary.”’” 17 In
State v. Thomas, 18 we stated: “There is nothing which prohibits
the trier of fact from considering the victim’s testimony con-
cerning his own injuries to the extent the victim has knowledge
of his injuries.”
   This case did not require expert testimony regarding the
extent of K.M.’s disfigurement. A photograph depicting K.M.’s
scar was admitted into evidence, and K.M.’s mother described
the scar and the effect of the scarring on K.M. She testified
that she applies lotion to K.M.’s skin in that area and that
the skin is now compromised and does not grow hair. She
explained that as a result of the scarring, K.M. requires a spe-
cial seating pad, cannot sit in her wheelchair for longer than 6
hours at a time, and is unable to wear shorts or any clothing
with a hard seam. The State presented evidence demonstrat-
ing that K.M.’s injury resulted in a serious permanent disfig-
urement. Therefore, the evidence was sufficient to establish
16
     Id.
17
     State v. Costanzo, 227 Neb. 616, 623, 419 N.W.2d 156, 162 (1988)
     (quoting State v. Thomas, 210 Neb. 298, 314 N.W.2d 15 (1981)).
18
     State v. Thomas, supra note 17, 210 Neb. at 300, 314 N.W.2d at 18.
                                    - 273 -
             Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                      306 Nebraska Reports
                             STATE v. WILLIAMS
                              Cite as 306 Neb. 261

serious bodily injury. The district court did not err in overrul-
ing Williams’ motion to dismiss.
Sufficiency of Evidence.
   In her third and fourth assignments of error, Williams argues
that there was insufficient evidence to support her conviction.
   [13] In reviewing a criminal conviction for a sufficiency
of the evidence claim, whether the evidence is direct, circum-
stantial, or a combination thereof, the standard is the same:
An appellate court does not resolve conflicts in the evidence,
pass on the credibility of witnesses, or reweigh the evidence;
such matters are for the finder of fact. 19 The relevant question
for an appellate court is whether, after viewing the evidence in
the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier
of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt. 20
   First, Williams reasserts her claim that the State failed to
prove serious bodily injury. We reject this claim, which we
addressed above.
   Next, Williams claims that she could not have been negli-
gent because she did everything within her power to act appro-
priately in the situation and did not comprehend the extent of
K.M.’s injuries. Williams asserts that the nursing treatment
charts introduced at trial demonstrate that she had cared for
K.M. appropriately and that no serious bodily injury had
occurred. We find no merit to these arguments.
   “[N]egligently,” in this context, “refers to criminal negli-
gence and means that a person knew or should have known
of the danger involved and acted recklessly, as defined in sec-
tion 28-109, with respect to the safety or health of the minor
child.” 21 Section 28-109 defines “[r]ecklessly” as
      acting with respect to a material element of an offense
      when any person disregards a substantial and unjustifiable
19
     State v. Ferguson, 301 Neb. 697, 919 N.W.2d 863 (2018).
20
     Id.
21
     § 28-707(9).
                               - 274 -
          Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                   306 Nebraska Reports
                        STATE v. WILLIAMS
                         Cite as 306 Neb. 261

      risk that the material element exists or will result from his
      or her conduct. The risk must be of such a nature and
      degree that, considering the nature and purpose of the
      actor’s conduct and the circumstances known to the actor,
      its disregard involves a gross deviation from the standard
      of conduct that a law-abiding person would observe in the
      actor’s situation.
   The State presented evidence to show that it is common
knowledge that a person can be burned by water that is too
hot, and because K.M. would be unable to communicate to
a caregiver, a caregiver must test the water temperature prior
to giving K.M. a shower. K.M.’s sister testified that Williams
was shown the shower routine as part of her training session,
which included first testing the water temperature. A nurse that
had cared for K.M. on a full-time basis during the summer of
2013 testified that she had showered K.M. every day that she
cared for her. She said that as part of the showering process,
she would test the water on her hand or forearm prior to put-
ting K.M. in the shower so as not to burn her.
   In support of Williams’ argument that she did not realize
or comprehend the extent of K.M.’s injuries, Williams cites
to Reilly’s testimony that there were no blisters present in a
photograph presented at trial. However, the State presented
evidence to show that there were blisters present and that the
blisters had popped. Evidence was also presented to show
that Williams observed K.M.’s injuries and then took steps to
hide them.
   When Reilly was shown a picture depicting K.M.’s injury,
she opined that blisters had formed on the injury because the
top surface of the skin was gone. Reilly testified that blisters
usually form after a scald burn and that the liquid in a partial
thickness burn blister is clear to yellow. Reilly explained that
blisters can form within the first hour after a burn, or they can
take up to 24 hours to form, and that if a blister pops very early
on, the fluid will leak out.
                                   - 275 -
             Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                      306 Nebraska Reports
                            STATE v. WILLIAMS
                             Cite as 306 Neb. 261

   K.M.’s father testified that when he arrived home on July
18, 2014, Williams told him that she had recently changed
K.M.’s diaper and then asked him to sign blank care treatment
forms. He also testified that after arriving home from the hos-
pital, he found soiled cloth pads with a large clear liquid stain
in the family’s basket for clean laundry.
   [14] As an appellate court, we do not resolve conflicts in
the evidence, pass on the credibility of witnesses, or reweigh
the evidence. 22 Only where evidence lacks sufficient probative
value as a matter of law may an appellate court set aside a
guilty verdict as unsupported by evidence beyond a reasonable
doubt. 23 Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to
the prosecution, we conclude that a rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime of negligent
child abuse resulting in serious bodily injury beyond a reason-
able doubt.

Williams’ Sentence.
   In her fifth assignment of error, Williams argues that her
sentence is excessive. Williams asserts that the district court
failed to consider factors that made her a strong candidate for
probation and that the court abused its discretion by giving the
crime substantial weight. Williams claims her strong family
connection, her employment at a grocery store, and the fact
that she has not been charged with a serious crime for over 10
years support a sentence of probation.
   [15-17] Where a sentence imposed within the statutory
limits is alleged on appeal to be excessive, the appellate court
must determine whether a sentencing court abused its discre-
tion in considering and applying the relevant factors as well
as any applicable legal principles in determining the sentence
to be imposed. 24 In determining a sentence to be imposed,
22
     State v. Thelen, 305 Neb. 334, 940 N.W.2d 259 (2020).
23
     State v. Senn, 295 Neb. 315, 888 N.W.2d 716 (2016).
24
     State v. Guzman, 305 Neb. 376, 940 N.W.2d 552 (2020).
                                    - 276 -
             Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                      306 Nebraska Reports
                             STATE v. WILLIAMS
                              Cite as 306 Neb. 261

relevant factors customarily considered and applied are the
defendant’s (1) age, (2) mentality, (3) education and experi-
ence, (4) social and cultural background, (5) past criminal
record or record of law-abiding conduct, and (6) motivation for
the offense, as well as (7) the nature of the offense and (8) the
amount of violence involved in the commission of the crime. 25
The appropriateness of a sentence is necessarily a subjective
judgment and includes the sentencing judge’s observation of
the defendant’s demeanor and attitude and all the facts and
circumstances surrounding the defendant’s life. 26
   Williams was convicted of a Class IIIA felony. The sen-
tencing statute in effect at the time subjected Williams to a
maximum of 5 years in prison. 27 Williams was sentenced to
a term of incarceration of not less than 2 years nor more than
3 years.
   The sentence imposed was within the statutory limits, and
the record shows the district court considered and applied each
of the necessary sentencing factors. Williams has a criminal
history, including a conviction for third degree assault, which
was reduced from a charge of use of a deadly weapon to com-
mit a felony as part of a plea agreement; a disturbing the peace
conviction, which was amended from third degree assault; and
five prior charges of battery in Illinois. Further, Williams’ pre-
sentence report concluded that she was in the high risk range
to reoffend. We do not find an abuse of discretion in the sen-
tence imposed.
                      CONCLUSION
   For the foregoing reasons, Williams’ conviction and sen-
tence are affirmed.
                                                Affirmed.
   Freudenberg, J., not participating.
25
     Id.
26
     Id.
27
     See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-105 (Cum. Supp. 2014).
