191 F.3d 764 (6th Cir. 1999)
Glass, Molders, Pottery, Plastics & Allied Workers  International Union (AFL-CIO, CLC) Local 421, Plaintiff-Appellant,v.A-CMI Michigan Casting Center, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 98-1669
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
Argued: June 16, 1999Decided and Filed: September 15, 1999

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan at Kalamazoo; No. 98-00020--Richard A. Enslen, Chief District Judge.
Joan Torzewski, LACKEY, NUSBAUM, HARRIS, RENY & TORZEWSKI, Toledo, Ohio, for Appellant.
Paul M. Kara, Joseph J. Vogan, Anthony R. Comden, VARNUM, RIDDERING, SCHMIDT & HOWLETT, Grand Rapids, Michigan, for Appellee.
Before: BOGGS, NORRIS, and BATCHELDER, Circuit Judges.
OPINION
ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge.


1
The plaintiff, Local 421 of the Glass, Molders, Pottery, Plastics & Allied  Workers International Union, AFL-CIO ("Local 421" or "the union"), appeals summary judgment entered in favor of the  defendant A-CMI Michigan Casting Center ("A-CMI") in the union's action for specific enforcement of an arbitration  clause, filed pursuant to section 301 of the Labor Relations Management Act, 29 U.S.C. § 185 (1994). The district court  held that the union's action is time-barred. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

I.

2
The background of this case is extensively detailed in Local 421, Glass, Molders, Pottery, Plastics & Allied Workers  International Union, 324 NLRB 670 (1997); the aspects of that background relevant to this appeal are also set out in the  district court's opinion found at 8 F. Supp. 2d 998 (W.D. Mich. 1998). We need not repeat the details here. A-CMI  Michigan Casting Center manufactures metal automobile castings at its facility located in Fruitport, Michigan. A-CMI currently conducts business through four divisions: foundry; prototype airset; tool and mold; and metal mold. According to  A-CMI, each division runs independently of the others.


3
Local 421 represents employees in the foundry division only1.  In June 1996,Bruce Smith, the union's executive  officer, toured the plant and indicated that he believed that the production of aluminum castings performed by metal mold  division employees was bargaining unit work. On June 5, 1996, the union filed a written grievance, claiming that  nonbargaining unit personnel were performing bargaining unit production and maintenance work in the metal mold area in  violation of the collective bargaining agreements. The parties were not able to resolve the grievance and in October 1996,  the union requested a list of arbitrators from the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service ("FMCS"). Paul Kara,  A-CMI's attorney, told Smith in a December 19, 1996, phone call that he did not believe the grievance was subject to  arbitration. The company refused to participate in a joint request for a list of arbitrators and on January 15, 1997, Kara  wrote to FMCS directing it to proceed no further with the case. A copy of this letter was sent to Bruce Smith. In order to  determine whether a § 301 suit to compel arbitration would be necessary, the union, on January 30, 1997, wrote to A-CMI  requesting clarification of its position with regard to arbitrating the grievance. Kara did not respond to the union's letter.


4
At the request of A-CMI, early collective bargaining agreement negotiations commenced March 10, 1997. A-CMI's  representatives attempted to include the outstanding metal mold grievance as a matter to be bargained over during  negotiations, but Smith reportedly refused, taking the position that the appropriate mechanism for resolving the grievance  was the contractual grievance procedure and not contract negotiations. A-CMI claimed that Smith threatened to strike if  the company refused to assign the disputed work to union-represented foundry employees.


5
A-CMI filed an unfair labor practice charge on April 1, 1997, claiming that the union had violated section 8(b)(4)(D) of  the National Labor Relations Act by threatening to strike with the objective of forcing A-CMI to assign certain work to  employees the union represents rather than to unrepresented employees in the metal mold division. A hearing was held on  May 7, 1997, before a hearing officer; on October 10, 1997, the Board affirmed the hearing officer's rulings, finding that  the dispute was representational rather than jurisdictional, and therefore the union's conduct was not covered by sections  8(b)(4)(D) and 10(k) of the Act.


6
Subsequent to the Board's October 10, 1997,decision, the parties successfully negotiated a new collective bargaining  agreement for the foundry division, neither raising nor resolving the metal mold grievance. The union filed this action to  compel arbitration of the grievance on January 9, 1998. A-CMI filed a motion for summary judgment and dismissal,  claiming that in December 1996, the company took an unequivocal position that it would not arbitrate, and that the cause  of action accrued that day and is now barred by the six-month statute of limitations. Additionally, A-CMI asserted that the  district court's jurisdiction was preempted by the NLRB's primary jurisdiction.


7
The union responded that the company did not unequivocally refuse to arbitrate until A-CMI filed the unfair labor  practice charge on April 1, 1997; the filing of the charge tolled the statute of limitations; and therefore, the complaint, filed  three months after the NLRB decision, was timely. The union also asserted that the district court had jurisdiction even  though the dispute involved a representational issue.


8
The district court resolved the case on the basis of the statute of limitations, and for that reason, did not address the  issue of jurisdiction. First, the court determined that the early "timing of this Motion [and the lack of discovery] precludes theCourt from addressing what is essentially a factual question--namely, whether the Defendant prior to April 1, 1997,  unambiguously refused to arbitrate the dispute at issue." 8 F. Supp. 2d at 1000. The court then turned to "what is  essentially a legal question--namely, whether [A-MCI's] filing of an unfair labor charge tolled the statute of limitations." Id. The court determined as a matter of law that the claim accrued no later than April 1, 1997, the date of the filing of the  unfair labor practice charge, finding that on that date, if not earlier, the company's refusal to arbitrate became manifest, and  that "[s]ince the complaint was filed on January 9, 1998, the complaint is untimely absent some tolling of the limitations  period." Id. Discussing Adkins v. International Union of Electrical, Radio & Machine Workers, 769 F.2d 330, 335 (6th Cir.  1985) and distinguishing Local 30, United Slate, Tile & Composition Roofers v. NLRB, 1 F.3d 1419 (3rd Cir. 1993), relied  upon by the union, the court found that the limitations period was not tolled during the period from the filing of the unfair  labor charge in April 1997, until its resolution in October 1997. Accordingly, the court granted A-CMI's motion for  summary judgment. The union's timely appeal followed.

II.

9
We review de novo the district court's grant of summary judgment, Pinney Dock & Transp. Co. v. Penn Cent. Corp.,  838 F.2d 1445, 1472 (6th Cir. 1988), viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Matsushita  Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986); Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157 (1970).  Summary judgment is proper only if there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, and the moving party is entitled to  judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).


10
The parties agree that the statute of limitations applicable in an action to compel arbitration is six months. See 29  U.S.C. § 160(b) (1994); McCreedy v. Local Union No. 971, UAW, 809 F.2d 1232, 1237 (6th Cir. 1987) (applying the  six-month period to a union suit to compel arbitration). The parties further agree that such a claim accrues "when [a party]  takes an unequivocal position that it will not seek arbitration." McCreedy, 809 F.2d at 1236; International Ass'n of  Machinists v. Tennessee Valley Auth., 108 F.3d 658, 667 (6th Cir. 1997).


11
The parties do not agree, however, on whether the six-month limitation period was tolled by the intervening NLRB  proceeding. The union argues that the district court erred in failing to hold that the statute of limitations was tolled from  the company's filing of the unfair labor practice charge on April 1, 1997, until the Board's dismissal of the charge on  October 10, 1997. The company maintains that the district court properly rejected the tolling argument and found the  complaint barred by the statute of limitations because the company's filing of the unfair labor practice charge did not  prevent the union from filing the § 301 action in federal court and therefore did not toll the statute of limitations.


12
The district court relied upon this court's decision in Adkins v. International Union of Electrical, Radio & Machine  Workers, 769 F.2d 330, 335 (6th Cir. 1985) in analyzing the tolling question. Adkins involved hybrid § 301/unfair  representation claims by employees against the union and the employer2 for, inter alia, the making of a collective  bargaining agreement that allegedly was not in the interests of the employees represented. With regard to those claims, the Adkins court stated that "[a]n NLRB filing, therefore, does not toll or prevent the accrual of [a hybrid Section 301] claim." Id.


13
The union argues that Adkins does not apply here because it involved hybrid § 301 claims and, as Adkins and the  district court below recognized, in hybrid § 301 cases, the Supreme Court has expressly permitted plaintiffs to pursue  independent and concurrent remedies through the NLRB and the courts. Id. (citing Vaca v. Sipes, 386 U.S. 171 (1967)); see also DelCostello v. International Bhd. of Teamsters, 462 U.S. 151, 165 (1983). Citing Local 30, United Slate, Tile &  Composition Roofers v. NLRB, 1 F.3d 1419 (3rd Cir. 1993), and additional similar cases, the union argues that it could not  have pursued its § 301 remedies in district court after April 1997 because A-CMI sought a ruling from the NLRB which  might have precluded the filing and maintenance of the suit as an unfair labor practice.


14
Roofers involved a jurisdictional dispute between two local unions, one of which, Local 30, filed a § 301 action seeking  an order requiring the employer to comply with an arbitration award. During the pendency of the § 301 action, the Board,  after holding a hearing pursuant to section 10(k) of the Act on an unfair labor practice charge filed by the employer, issued  a decision awarding the work to the other local union, Local 172. When Local 30 refused to dismiss its § 301 action and  continued to picket the employer, the Board issued an unfair labor practice complaint against it. After a hearing, the ALJ  ordered the unfair labor practice complaint dismissed. While the General Counsel's appeal of the dismissal order was  pending before the Board, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of Local 30 in the § 301 action. Shortly  thereafter, the Board reversed the ALJ's dismissal of the unfair labor practice complaint. On Local 30's petition for review  of the Board's decision and the Board's cross-petition for enforcement, the Third Circuit held that the Board did not err as a  matter of law in holding that by maintaining the § 301 action to enforce the arbitration award after the Board had handed  down a decision inconsistent with the arbitration award, Local 30 had committed an unfair labor practice. Roofers, 1 F.3d at 1429.


15
The district court rejected the union's attempt to argue, based on Roofers, that by filing its unfair labor practice charge  on April 1, 1997, "A-CMI froze Local 421 from pursuing a §301 claim to compel arbitration [and] [o]nly when the NLRB  ruled dismissing the charges did Local 421 have a clear right to proceed with this action." Observing that the union  "misreads the Roofers decision, and the other similar cases, and misunderstands the logic of those decisions," the court  said:


16
The Roofers decision says nothing about tolling per se and nothing about a situation in which the Board fails to  determine that the objectives are illegal. The decision in Roofers expressly concerned the maintenance of a Section  301 action to enjoin arbitration after the NLRB had issued an inconsistent Section 10(k) ruling (29 U.S.C. § 160(k))  relating to unions' rights to work. The Roofers decision upheld the Board's determination that maintenance of the suit  after the inconsistent Section 10(k) ruling was an unfair labor practice the Board could enjoin. Id. at 1429. In this  case, [the union] wants the Roofers decision applied before the issuance of an inconsistent Board ruling as a basis for  tolling the limitations period. Such an interpretation runs contrary to the policy implicit in Section 10(b), as  recognized in Adkins, that labor disputes be resolved expeditiously and without delay. The strict enforcement of the  limitations period in no way jeopardizes the [union's] rights since the [union], if inconsistent rights are determined,  may then elect to discontinue the court action pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41. The law does not  require the [union] to predict how the Board will resolve the rights of representation and, likewise, does not excuse  the [union] from delayingits court action in fear of an inconsistent Board determination.


17
8 F. Supp. 2d 998, 1001 (W.D. Mich. 1998).


18
We think the district court is correct. In Roofers, the union maintained a § 301 suit to confirm a favorable arbitration  award despite a decision from the Board awarding disputed work to another union. In the case before us today, the union  was neither limited by nor attempting to circumvent an existing Board decision, and case authority does not indicate that,  in the absence of a contrary NLRB decision, the pursuit of a § 301 action would have been an unfair labor practice on the  part of the union. See, e.g., International Longshoremen's & Warehousemen's Union, Local 32 v. Pacific Maritime Ass'n,  773 F.2d 1012, 1017-18 (9th Cir. 1985) (finding union's attempt to enforce an arbitration award that was inconsistent with  a prior section 10(k) proceeding constituted an unfair labor practice); International Longshoremen's & Warehousemen's  Union v. NLRB, 884 F.2d 1407, 1414 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (finding union cannot assert contract claims in contravention of an existing 10(k) award and thereby frustrate the purpose of section 10(k); "a union cannot force an employer to choose  between a Board section 10(k) award and a squarely contrary contract claim").


19
We recognize that Adkins, which held that an NLRB filing does not toll a Section 301 claim, involved a hybrid § 301  action rather than an action brought only under § 301. However, we see no reason to treat this straight § 301 action  differently from a hybrid § 301; the policy and reasoning underlying the cases that have refused to find tolling in unfair  representation actions, i.e., that labor disputes are to be resolved expeditiously and without delay, see Conley v.  International Bhd. of Elec. Workers, Local 639, 810 F.2d 913, 916 (9th Cir. 1987) ("Allowing tolling in this circumstance  would frustrate the national policy of prompt resolution of labor disputes."); Kolomick v. United Steelworkers, District 8, 762 F.2d 354, 357 (4th Cir. 1985) (citing DelCostello v. International Bhd. of Teamsters, 462 U.S. 151, 168 (1983)), apply  equally to this non-hybrid § 301 case in which the union claims that the employer has breached the collective bargaining  agreement. As is the case with a hybrid § 301, the NLRB proceedings were not a prerequisite to this § 301 claim. Conley,  810 F.2d at 915-16 ("Equitable tolling is most appropriate when the plaintiff is required to avail himself of an alternate  course of action as a precondition to filing suit.... [T]he filing of the NLRB action was merely optional."); Kolomick, 762  F.2d at 356-57.3 Although the Board's determination would trump a contrary arbitration award, the company's filing of a  charge with the NLRB in no way prevented the union from filing an action under section 301; the two actions are simply  parallel avenues of relief4.  UAW v. Rockwell Int'l Corp., 619 F.2d 580, 583 (6th Cir. 1980) ("Once the NLRB decides a  work assignment dispute, its determination takes precedence over acontrary arbitrator's award.") (citing Carey v.  Westinghouse Corp., 375 U.S. 261 (1964)); Kolomick, 762 F.2d at 356-57; see also Arriaga-Zayas v. International Ladies'  Garment Workers' Union, 835 F.2d 11, 14 (1st Cir. 1987) ("The Court . . . has historically been reluctant to invoke tolling  in circumstances where a claimant rides parallel horses in search of relief."); Aarsvold v. Greyhound Lines, Inc., 724 F.2d  72, 73 (8th Cir. 1983).


20
We therefore affirm the judgment of the district court.



Notes:


1
  The foundry division produces aluminum castings for the automotive industry, and prior to 1995, all of the  manufacture of aluminum castings was done in the foundry division. The metal mold division was established in April  1995, to utilize new technology in the production of aluminum castings.
The metal mold division utilizes the new technology to produce high-integrity structural components such as steering  knuckles, brackets, rear axle assembly, and front shock mounts, while the foundry division primarily produces automotive  engine intake manifolds and water pumps. None of the specific parts produced by the metal mold division was previously  produced in the foundry division.
Since the establishment of the metal mold division, employment in the foundry division has decreased as employment  in the metal mold division has increased. Of the 34 bargaining unit employees who were laid off or resigned from the  foundry division between April and November 1996, 12 were rehired as new employees in the metal mold division, 13  were rehired in the prototype airset division, and 2 were rehired in the tool and mold division. Approximately 25 percent of  the employees in the metal mold division at the time of hearing were former bargaining unit employees from the foundry  division.


2
  Adkins actually was a consolidation of several hybrid actions brought by various groups of employees of General  Motors Corporation against General Motors and the union.


3
  The Kolomick court, analyzing the tolling issue for a § 301 representation claim, stated generally:
[Section] 10 suits may be pursued independently from those brought pursuant to § 301. The NLRB has preemptive  jurisdiction over unfair labor practices under § 10 subject only to limited review by federal courts of appeal, 29  U.S.C. § 160(b) and (f) (1982), and possesses unreviewable discretion to refuse to issue an unfair labor practice  complaint. Vaca v. Sipes, 386 U.S. 171, 182, 87 S. Ct. 903, 912, 17 L. Ed. 2d 842 (1967). Section 301 serves as an  exception to the agency's preemptive jurisdiction and grants federal district courts the power to entertain suits  alleging the breach of a collective bargaining agreement even if the breach also constitutes an unfair labor practice.  We certainly are not faced with a unitary statutory scheme mandating administrative action before suit can be  brought in a federal forum.
762 F.2d at 356-57.


4
  The fact that the employer, rather than the union, invoked the NLRB proceedings, does not alter this analysis. The  union's contention that judicial economy supports tolling is insufficient to invoke equitable tolling.


