            REPORTED

IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

         OF MARYLAND

               No. 727

       September Term, 2015




     MARCUS ALLEN GROSS

                  v.

     STATE OF MARYLAND




   Woodward,
   Friedman,
   Sharer, J. Frederick
          (Retired, Specially Assigned),

                JJ.




      Opinion by Woodward, J.


   Filed: July 27, 2016
       A jury in the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County convicted Marcus Allen Gross,

appellant, of the commission of a theft scheme of property valued over $100,000, theft of

property valued between $10,000 and $100,000, and conspiracy to commit theft of property

valued over $100,000. Appellant noted this appeal and presents two questions for our

review:
           1.     Did the trial court err in admitting GPS [global positioning
                  system] records and testimony based upon those records?

           2.     Did the trial court commit plain error in instructing the jury on
                  the elements of the crime of theft scheme?

For the reasons that follow, we answer both questions in the negative and affirm the

judgments of the circuit court.

                                     BACKGROUND

       Harry Eklof & Associates (“Eklof”) distributes heating and plumbing supplies on the

East Coast. The company is located at 3401 Pennsy Drive in Landover, Maryland, which is

near 75th Avenue, East West Highway, and Route 50. At this location, the company has a

warehouse that contains on any given day millions of dollars worth of inventory, including

over $5 million in copper materials. Richard Jenkins, Eklof’s operations manager, stated that

the warehouse opens Monday through Friday at 6:00 a.m. for the company’s drivers, and the

warehouse employees arrive for work at 7:00 a.m. Although the warehouse remains open

until 5:00 p.m., most warehouse employees leave by 3:45 p.m. In 2012, the company had

approximately sixty employees, including two drivers. The company hired appellant as a

warehouse employee in February 2012.

       In July 2012, Eklof conducted its annual inventory. Jenkins testified that the company

was “[a] little short, but nothing to raise a major concern.” In early November 2012,
however, the company encountered a problem: employees reported shortages of copper

fittings that the company’s computer records indicated should have been in abundant supply.

Jenkins conducted his own inventory and determined that 506 cartons of copper fittings,

weighing a total of 19,065 pounds, were missing, meaning a loss to the company of

$263,078.10.1 Concerned, Jenkins had video surveillance installed in the warehouse to

monitor the company’s copper.

       Shortly after installation of the surveillance, Jenkins reviewed the footage from

November 19, 2012. The footage showed Terrence Mason, one of the company’s drivers,

take copper from the warehouse, place it in his personal vehicle, and drive away.2 Jenkins

decided to continue his observations to determine if Mason was acting alone.

       The Monday after Thanksgiving, November 26, 2012, Jenkins arrived at the

warehouse early, hid his vehicle, and concealed himself in a position from which he could

observe the employee parking lot. From his hiding spot, Jenkins witnessed Mason arrive at

the warehouse and place several cartons of copper fittings in his personal vehicle. Jenkins

summoned police, and Mason was arrested at the warehouse. Shortly after 7:00 a.m. on the

same day, appellant called Jenkins to say that he would be absent that day because he could

not find a babysitter for his son. Appellant called with the same excuse the following day.

On the next day, appellant gave the same excuse and told Jenkins he would re-apply for his
       1
        The missing copper was unused and new; hence, it is sometimes referred to as
“copper number 1.” “Copper number 2” refers to used copper and may turn green due to
exposure to the elements.
       2
        We note that Jenkins testified that he “believed” he reviewed the footage from
November 13th, but he was “reluctant to say the date without his notes.” Mason testified that
he took copper on November 19th, and this is the date used in charging appellant.

                                             2
job “after he got everything taken care of,” but he never contacted Jenkins again.

       Detective Jeffrey Higgins of the Prince George’s County Police Department was the

lead investigator of the case. He ran the names of Eklof’s employees through the Regional

Automated Property Information Database (“RAPID”), which tracks pawn shop sales and

scrap metal transactions. Appellant “stood out” to Detective Higgins because appellant

scrapped a large amount of copper number 1. Between May 1, 2012, and November 26,

2012, appellant completed ten scrap transactions—five at Joseph Smith & Sons, Inc.

(“Smith”), and five at Ultra Recycling, Inc. (“Ultra”).3 In total, appellant scrapped 408

pounds of copper number 1 for $1,118.80 at Smith and 3,980 pounds of copper number 1 for

$11,433 at Ultra. Brian Benko, an information officer at Smith, testified that copper number

1 is rare in scrapping transactions because it is new and unused.

       Benko also explained that, before a customer scraps metal, his company, as well as

other scrap yards, document the scrapper’s driver’s license and license plate number. In

examining the scrap records, Detective Higgins noticed that appellant usually drove his

personal vehicle to the scrap yards, but, on two occasions, appellant drove a white box truck

with Maryland tag number 71T531. Detective Higgins searched for this license plate in

RAPID and discovered more scrap transactions completed by Jeff Ragland, appellant’s

cousin.

       Ragland worked for the Schindler Elevator Company (“Schindler”) as a driver.

Ragland conducted eleven scrapping transactions with Ultra in which he sold a total of 6,846
       3
       Smith is located at 2001 Kenilworth Avenue in Capitol Heights; Ultra is located at
8046 Fernham Lane in Forestville.


                                             3
pounds of copper number 1 for $16,689.50, and three sales with East Coast Metals, LLC

(“East Coast”)4 totaling 3,965 pounds of copper number 1 for $10,675.

       Tom Tritle, the supervisor for repairs and truck teams at Schindler, testified that the

company’s drivers drove Ford F-550s or Isuzu box trucks. A driver’s duties would be to

make deliveries to work sites. Tritle stated that drivers would sometimes scrap metal taken

from a site, but Schindler had a contract with PG Scrap for this business. Drivers are also

required to keep a log of their work travels, indicating the time they were at particular

locations.

       Unbeknownst to the drivers, Schindler installed GPS units on its vehicles in July 2012.

Tritle monitored the GPS information and occasionally compared the GPS data with the

drivers’ logs for accuracy. At trial, the State introduced through Tritle the records of GPS

data for Ragland’s truck, a white Isuzu box truck with Maryland tag number 71T531. The

State asked Tritle to (1) read the date, time and address from the GPS records for certain

dates, and then (2) highlight the entries that he read. The complete GPS records, with the

highlighted entries, were introduced as an exhibit under the business records exception to the

hearsay rule. See Md. Rule 5-803(b)(6). The GPS data indicated that on the days where the

truck was used in scrap transactions, it would generally be at or near Eklof’s warehouse at

some point shortly before being at or near one of the scrap yards. 5 Indeed, Detective Higgins

       4
           East Coast is located at 1015 Ritchie Road in Capitol Heights.

       5
       The GPS records indicated the following data that is relevant to this case:
Date                Time                   Address
August 20, 2012     1:13 p.m.              3395 Pennsy Drive and 75th Avenue
                                                                             (continued...)

                                                  4
testified that the GPS data revealed that “[t]here seems to be a pattern” of the truck going to

Eklof and then to one of the scrap yards. Tritle testified that appellant was not an employee

of Schindler and thus was not authorized to drive the box truck. Tritle also stated that

Schindler had no business dealings with Eklof; Jenkins said the same.

       Mason testified55 as part of a plea deal. He stated that, sometime in September 2012,

appellant approached Mason and said he had a way to make some extra money. Appellant

offered Mason $200 if he would be a lookout while appellant took copper. Appellant

identified Ragland and Ragland’s truck as the vehicle that took the copper from Eklof’s

warehouse. As to the November 19th and 26th incidents, Mason testified that he worked

alone and sold the copper to a friend for drug money.

       The jury convicted appellant of a theft scheme of property valued over $100,000, theft


       5
       (...continued)
August 20, 2012         2:37 p.m.                 8036 Fernham Lane and Cryden Way
August 24, 2012         1:22 p.m.                 3395 Pennsy Drive and 75th Avenue
August 24, 2012         2:56 p.m.                 8038 Fernham Lane and Cryden Way
September 7, 2012       6:00 a.m.                 Pennsy Drive and Corporate Drive
September 7, 2012       9:02 a.m.                 8036 Fernham Lane and Cryden Way
October 3, 2012         6:28 a.m.                 3574 Pennsy Drive and Veterans Parkway
October 3, 2012         2:11 p.m.                 8038 Fernham Lane and Cryden Way
October 4, 2012         6:21 a.m.                 3395 Pennsy Drive and 75th Avenue
October 4, 2012         9:47 a.m.                 8036 Fernham Lane and Cryden Way
October 5, 2012         6:31 a.m.                 3393 Pennsy Drive and 75th Avenue
October 5, 2012         10:16 a.m.                8036 Fernham Lane and Cryden Way
October 19, 2012        2:12 p.m.                 3393 Pennsy Drive and 75th Avenue
October 19, 2012        3:24 p.m.                 8038 Fernham Lane and Cryden Way
October 20, 2012        12:06 p.m.                1015 Ritchie Road and Ritchie Drive
October 22, 2012        1:00 p.m.                 995 Ritchie Road and Ritchie Drive
November 9, 2012        6:16 a.m.                 3377 75th Avenue and Pennsy Drive
November 9, 2012        1:48 p.m.                 995 Ritchie Road and Ritchie Drive

                                              5
of property valued between $10,000 and $100,000, and conspiracy to commit theft of

property valued over $100,000, but acquitted him of theft of property valued over $100,000,

theft of property valued between $1,000 and $10,000 as to the November 26, 2012 incident,

and theft of property valued between $1,000 and $10,000 as to the November 19, 2012

incident. The circuit court merged appellant’s conviction for theft into the conviction for

theft scheme and sentenced appellant to a prison term of 25 years and a consecutive sentence

of 25 years, suspending all but 20 years, for the conspiracy conviction, with five years of

probation. Appellant was also ordered to pay $188,000 in restitution.

       We will discuss more facts as necessary below.

                                       DISCUSSION

                                      I. The GPS Data

       Appellant contends that the trial court erred in admitting the records of GPS data and

testimony based on those records related to the box truck. The GPS records were admitted

over objection during the direct examination of Tritle. Appellant argues that, in order for the

circuit court to admit the GPS records, the State needed to offer expert testimony, because

the GPS records are similar to cell phone geolocation data. According to appellant, although

people are more familiar now with GPS technology because of smart phones and car

navigation systems, the court still needed someone with specialized training and experience

to testify as to the GPS data contained in the records. In particular, appellant argues that an

expert was needed to testify as to, among other things, how GPS satellites work, how the

system was installed in the truck, how frequently the system transmits data, and how often

the GPS data is inaccurate.

                                              6
       The State counters that no expert testimony was necessary for the admission of the

records of GPS data.6 The State argues that the GPS data is different from cell phone

geolocation data. According to the State, whereas the testifying witnesses in the cell phone

cases use specialized training and experience to interpret the records, Tritle was not using any

sort of expert knowledge to read the GPS records. Furthermore, the State asserts that jurors

could readily understand the GPS data in this case, and no expert was, therefore, necessary.

       The Court of Appeals has noted: “‘It is frequently stated that the issue of whether a

particular item of evidence should be admitted or excluded is committed to the considerable

and sound discretion of the trial court . . . .’” State v. Simms, 420 Md. 705, 724

(2011)(quoting Ruffin Hotel Corp. of Md., Inc. v. Gasper, 418 Md. 594, 619 (2011)).

Furthermore, “‘[b]road discretion is vested in the trial court with regard to expert testimony,

and that discretion will not be disturbed on appeal absent an error of law or fact, a serious

mistake, or clear abuse of discretion.’” Johnson & Higgins of Penn., Inc. v. Hale Shipping

Corp., 121 Md. App. 426, 444 (quoting Braxton v. Faber, 91 Md. App. 391, 396 (1992)),

cert. denied, 351 Md. 162 (1998). A court abuses its discretion where “‘a trial judge

exercises discretion in an arbitrary or capricious manner or when he or she acts beyond the

letter or reason of the law.’” Kelly v. State, 392 Md. 511, 531 (2006) (quoting Cooley v.

State, 385 Md. 165, 175 (2005)).
       6
          The State also argues that this issue is not preserved, because appellant initially
argued that the GPS data was inadmissible hearsay. Appellant , thereafter, raised a general
objection when the State sought to admit the GPS records. Notwithstanding appellant’s
initial argument, a general objection preserves any argument as to the admissibility of
evidence. See Addison v. State, 188 Md. App. 165, 176 (2009). Moreover, when the State
sought to have Tritle read certain GPS entries from the records, appellant objected and raised
the argument that he presents on appeal. Accordingly, this issue is preserved.

                                               7
       Expert testimony is governed by Maryland Rule 5-702, which permits a trial court to

admit the testimony of an expert “if the court determines that the testimony will assist the

trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.” Expert testimony is

“‘based upon specialized knowledge, skill, experience, training or education.’” State v.

Payne, 440 Md. 680, 699 (2014) (quoting Ragland v. State, 385 Md. 706, 725 (2005)).

Stated another way, “[t]estimony elicited from an expert provides useful, relevant

information when the trier of fact would not otherwise be able to reach a rational conclusion;

such information ‘is not likely to be part of the background knowledge of the judge or jurors

themselves.’” Payne, 440 Md. at 699 (quoting David H. Kaye, et al., The New Wigmore:

a Treatise on Evidence: Expert Evidence § 1.1 (2d ed. 2010)).

       Appellant contends that the GPS data in this case is similar to cell phone geolocation

data. In Wilder v. State, 191 Md. App. 319, cert. denied, 415 Md. 43 (2010), Coleman-Fuller

v. State, 192 Md. App. 577 (2010), and Payne, this Court and the Court of Appeals

concluded that expert testimony was necessary for the admission of cell phone geolocation

data. In Payne, for example, a police officer testified as a lay witness concerning the call

detail records of Payne and Bond, who were suspects in a murder. 440 Md. at 685-86. The

police officer stated that he had used the call detail records provided by Payne’s and Bond’s

cell phone providers to create a chart listing certain information, including the cell towers

through which calls were routed. Id. at 686. The officer explained that he would match

certain data points about a call with a table on an “Excel spread sheet that c[a]me[] with the

records” or a “secure Web site”—neither of which were offered into evidence—and he could

then determine the latitude and longitude of the cell tower through which the call had been

                                              8
routed. Id. at 686-87. The officer testified that both Payne and Bond made calls that had

been routed through towers very near to the scene of the crime. Id. at 687-89.

       The Court of Appeals determined that the State needed to qualify the police officer

as an expert witness to testify about the cell phone geolocation data, because he “engaged in

a process to derive his conclusion that Payne’s and Bond’s cell phones communicated

through [specific] cell towers that was beyond the ken of an average person.” Id. at 700.

The officer applied specialized knowledge and experience to interpret the records and did

more than simply read entries from the records. Id. at 700-01. Indeed, the officer’s

“testimony was that of an expert, because Call Detail Record entries are not entries typical

of a cell phone bill where a juror could ‘rely upon his or her personal experience’ to

understand their meaning.” Id. at 701 (quoting State v. Blackwell, 408 Md. 677, 692 (2009));

see also Coleman-Fuller, 192 Md. App. at 614, 619 (holding that expert testimony was

required for cell phone geolocation data, because the testifying officer stated that he had

attended classes on the subject and had extensive experience); Wilder, 191 Md. App. at 368

(“[The testifying officer] elaborated on the information provided by the cell phone

records—the bills and records of calls—by his use of a Microsoft software program to plot

location data on a map and to convert information from the cellular phone records in order

to plot the locations from which Wilder used his cell phone.”).

       We find appellant’s comparison inapposite. Unlike the cell phone geolocation data

cases, Tritle was not relying on special knowledge, skill, or training to interpret the GPS

records for the box truck, nor did he “engage[] in a process to derive his conclusion . . . that

was beyond the ken of an average person.” See Payne, 440 Md. at 700. Rather, Tritle simply

                                               9
read the GPS data as it appeared in the GPS records. Furthermore, we conclude that the

average juror could understand the GPS records without expert help. The records indicate

simply and clearly the date and time of the reading and the address at which the truck was

then located. Furthermore, appellant was free to question Tritle on cross-examination about

the company’s GPS system, how it worked, and its reliability, but he failed to do so.

       We note that neither appellant nor the State has cited to a case in Maryland addressing

whether an expert is needed to admit GPS records into evidence, and our research has not

revealed one. Some of our sister state courts and federal courts have, however, addressed

this issue. For example, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit concluded

that no expert was needed to authenticate GPS records. See United States v. Espinal-

Almeida, 699 F.3d 588, 612-13 (1st Cir. 2012), cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 1837 (2013).

       Although the crimes were different, Brown v. State presented a similar situation to the

case sub judice. 163 S.W.3d 818 (Tex. Ct. App. 2005). Brown was a truck driver, and his

company had GPS units installed on all of its vehicles. Id. at 820. Approximately a year

after a body had been discovered in a park, Brown, then being held for other crimes, gave a

statement to police that another truck driver had killed the victim in New Jersey, and Brown

had agreed to drive the body to Texas and dispose of it. Id. at 821. In investigating further,

police believed that Brown had acted alone. Id. 820-21. At Brown’s trial, prosecutors

introduced records of GPS data from his truck that showed that his truck had been near the

park where the body had been discovered at approximately the time the body had been

dumped there. Id. at 820. A witness from the trucking company testified as a lay witness as

to the GPS data and its accuracy and reliability. Id. at 824-25. The Texas court concluded

                                             10
that this witness did not need to be an expert. Id. at 825 (“Her purpose was to explain how

the GPS data . . . became a business record of the trucking company.”).7

       Similarly, in the case sub judice, the State introduced the records of GPS data as a

business record of Schindler. The witness in Brown was the trucking company’s safety

administrative coordinator; id. at 824; Tritle was the supervisor for the repair and truck

teams. Both witnesses were testifying as to facts within their knowledge that did not require

any specialized training, knowledge, or experience. Accordingly, we hold that expert

testimony is not necessary for the admission of records of GPS data, where the witness

merely reads the GPS data as it appears in the records. See also Commonwealth v.

Thissell,928 N.E.2d 932, 934, 936-38 (Mass. 2010) (concluding that GPS records were

business records and admissible in probation revocation hearing, despite testifying witness

claiming that he was “not an expert”); State v. Jackson, 748 S.E.2d 50, 56-57 (N.C. Ct. App.

2013) (holding that lay witness testimony as to GPS data was admissible). But see State v.

Pirsig, 670 N.W.2d 610, 616-17 (Minn. Ct. App. 2003) (concluding that expert testimony

regarding GPS data was admissible).

                                 II. The Jury Instructions

       Appellant contends that the circuit court committed plain error in its instruction to the

jury as to the crime of theft scheme. Appellant concedes that the issue was not preserved,

because there was no objection to the jury instructions at trial. Appellant argues, however,
       7
          The State of Texas also had an expert witness testify as to how GPS worked. Brown
v. State, 163 S.W.3d 818, 824 (Tex. Ct. App. 2005). This expert may have been necessary
because the GPS data in Brown was recorded in 1993. Id. at 820. The expert testified about
GPS technology in 1993 and informed the jury as to technological advances since that time.
Id. at 824.

                                              11
that the court failed to include a critical element of the charge in the instructions.

Specifically, according to appellant, in order to find him guilty of a theft scheme, the court

was required to instruct the jury that it must first find that appellant committed two or more

thefts of property with an aggregate value of $100,000 or more as part of the scheme.

Appellant also contends that the court failed to instruct the jury that theft is an element of a

theft scheme.

       The State responds that the circuit court did not commit plain error in instructing the

jury. The State argues that a theft scheme implies the commission of more than one act of

theft, and, in any event, the court’s error was not plain or material.

       Rule 4-325(e) states: “No party may assign as error the giving or the failure to give

an instruction unless the party objects on the record promptly after the court instructs the

jury, stating distinctly the matter to which the party objects and the grounds of the objection.”

The Rule also provides that an appellate court may review any plain error in the giving of

jury instructions, if that error is “material to the rights of the defendant.” Id. This Court has

noted: “The plain error hurdle, ‘high in all events, nowhere looms larger than in the context

of alleged instructional errors.’” Peterson v. State, 196 Md. App. 563, 589 (2010) (quoting

Martin v. State, 165 Md. App. 189, 198 (2005)). The Court of Appeals has noted that

appellate courts will generally “not invoke this discretion except in situations that are

‘compelling, extraordinary, exceptional or fundamental to assure the defendant a fair trial.’”

Conyers v. State, 354 Md. 132, 171 (quoting State v. Hutchinson, 287 Md. 198, 203 (1980)),

cert. denied, 528 U.S. 910 (1999).

       The evidence that appellant had committed multiple thefts—a scheme of thefts—with

                                               12
other cohorts was substantial. As Judge Moylan has explained, writing for this Court, plain

error review is reserved for cases of “‘truly outraged innocence [that] call for the act of grace

of extending’” plain error review. Jeffries v. State, 113 Md. App. 322, 326, cert. denied, 345

Md. 457 (1997). This is not one of those cases. The State introduced documentary and

photographic evidence that appellant and Ragland sold thousands of pounds of copper

number 1 between May and November 2012, that the box truck’s GPS data indicated that the

truck was at Eklof and then later at a scrap yard on days that appellant or Ragland scrapped

copper, and that Eklof was missing nearly 20,000 pounds of copper. We, therefore, decline

to exercise our discretion and engage in a plain error review of the jury instructions in this

case.

                                            JUDGMENTS OF THE CIRCUIT COURT
                                            FOR PRINCE GEORGE’S COUNTY
                                            AFFIRMED; APPELLANT TO PAY COSTS.




                                               13
