           IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                       OF TEXAS
                                    NO. PD-0321-11



                            ANIBAL VASQUEZ, Appellant

                                            v.

                               THE STATE OF TEXAS

            ON STATE’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
               FROM THE FOURTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS
                          FORT BEND COUNTY

        C OCHRAN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which K ELLER, P.J., and
P RICE, W OMACK, J OHNSON, K EASLER, H ERVEY, and A LCALA, JJ., joined. P RICE, J.,
filed a concurring opinion. M EYERS, J., did not participate.

                                      OPINION

       Appellant was charged with aggravated robbery. The evidence at trial showed that

he and his two roommates hatched a scheme to steal money at gunpoint from a woman

driving a taqueria truck. He was the designated getaway driver. The abstract section of the

jury charge defined the law of parties, and the application paragraph stated that the jury

should find appellant guilty if he was “acting alone or as a party (as herein defined)” in
                                                                              Vasquez     Page 2

committing aggravated robbery. Appellant’s defense was that he was merely present when

his roommates committed the robbery. The jury convicted him. The court of appeals,

relying on this Court’s plurality opinion in Johnson v. State,1 found reversible error because

the trial judge, over appellant’s objection, declined to apply the law of parties more explicitly

in the application paragraph.2 We granted the State’s petition to decide whether objected-to

error in the application paragraph is subject to the usual Almanza 3 harm analysis or a per se

finding of harm.4 We conclude that the usual Almanza factors apply and that any error in the

present application paragraph was harmless. We overrule Johnson to the extent that it

suggests a per se finding of harm.

                                                I.

       One Friday afternoon, Jenny Funez-Guevara was driving her husband’s taqueria truck

through the Cinco Ranch area selling tacos and drinks to home-construction workers when

two laborers flagged her down. The men were wearing hard hats and red T-shirts. Jenny



       1
           739 S.W.2d 299 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) (plurality op.).
       2
           Vasquez v. State, 342 S.W.3d 750, 759 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2011).
       3
           Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985)
       4
         The State’s question for review reads as follows:
       If refusing a request to cut the general application of the law of parties and copy the
       abstract paragraph into the application paragraph is error, should there be “some harm”
       per se because the State prosecuted the defendant on a parties theory as in Johnson v.
       State, 739 S.W.2d 299, 305 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) (en banc) (plurality op.), or should
       harm be determined in [the] context of the entire record as in Watson v. State, 693
       S.W.2d 938, 941 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985), and Nelson v. State, 297 S.W.3d 424, 433-34
       (Tex. App.–Amarillo 2009, pet. ref’d)?
                                                                           Vasquez    Page 3

pulled her truck over, got out, and opened the side window so that her cook, Zulma, could

hand out whatever food the workers ordered. As Jenny opened the window, the taller man

“stuck his gun” in her stomach and told her not to move or talk. Jenny was scared that the

man could kill her, so she obeyed him. The second man got into the back of the truck and

held a gun to Zulma’s head. The taller man told Jenny to get back into the driver’s seat, and

then he got into the truck. He sat on the ice box beside Jenny, put his gun to her stomach,

and told her to start driving. He said he would kill her if she did not keep driving. After a

few minutes, Jenny began to cry so hard that she couldn’t keep driving. She stopped the

truck on a deserted street where no homes had been built yet. The tall man told her to get in

the back of the truck with Zulma. He demanded all of Jenny’s money–about $500–and her

cell phone. The two robbers also took Zulma’s earrings and her ring.

       When the two robbers got out of the taqueria truck, they told Jenny not to turn around

or they would kill her. But Jenny looked in her rearview mirror and saw a burgundy

Suburban that had been following them now stopped right behind her truck. She saw the

man who was driving the Suburban. It was appellant. She also saw the Suburban’s license

plate number, even though the robbers tried to cover it up as she drove off. She asked Zulma

for a pencil and quickly wrote down the license plate number on her hand. Jenny soon found

some men who were mowing a lawn and borrowed their cell phone to call the police.

       The police quickly responded. Jenny gave them a description of the two robbers and

the getaway driver. She showed them the license plate number of the burgundy Suburban.
                                                                             Vasquez       Page 4

Officers soon spotted the Suburban and pulled it over. One of the robbers jumped out of the

car, threw his gun away, and ran off. He was caught after a short foot chase. Appellant

stayed in the driver’s seat of the Suburban and was arrested along with the second robber.

The officers found approximately $500 in the center console of the Suburban, along with a

second gun. Jenny identified all three men in a field line-up before they were taken to jail.

       Appellant gave a videotaped confession in Spanish. A detective translated that oral

confession into a written English statement that appellant signed. It read, in pertinent part,

       On Friday, November 14, 2008, I was the driver in a robbery that my friends,
       [Edwin] and Alex Martinez, asked me to help them with last night in our
       apartment in Houston, Texas. I had told them I needed money to help my sick
       son, Jose Duban, who lives in Mexico with my wife, Zenae Palacios. They
       told me that all I needed to do was drive Alexis’ truck. I drove to [the] area of
       Cinco Ranch as I had heard there was a lot of work there. Alex and [Edwin]
       told me to wait until they found a truck to rob. About 5-7 minutes later, Alex
       and [Edwin] got onto a taco truck and I followed them after Alex signaled me.
       I followed the taco truck for about 5 minutes until they got [off of] it and into
       our truck. That is when I saw Alex and [Edwin] with a revolver on each of
       their persons. Alex also had a wad of cash money in his left pants pocket that
       he showed me. I drove towards TX 99 and continued south until we were
       stopped by the police. Alex and [Edwin] ran but I stayed in the truck until the
       officers told me to get out and I was handcuffed.

       At trial, appellant testified that he had lived in Houston with Alexis Martinez and

Edwin Maldonado for about a year. He framed houses for a subcontractor and had worked

with Alexis and Edwin on the last two houses. He said that he drove to Cinco Ranch on the

day of the robbery to look for work, and Alexis and Edwin rode with him. When they got

out of the Suburban, he went to look for work at a construction site a few houses away. He

noticed that Alexis was with a girl at the taco truck, but when appellant returned to pick up
                                                                                 Vasquez       Page 5

his friends, they were gone. He thought that they were in the taco truck, so he followed the

truck for about five minutes. When the taco truck stopped, he did too. His friends got out

of the taco truck and came back to Alexis’s Suburban. He did not see any money or guns

until Alexis showed them to him in the Suburban. Appellant denied telling Detective

Williams that he was involved in the robbery or knew what Alexis and Edwin were going to

do. The detective refused to accept appellant’s explanation and said, “If you don’t tell me

that you participated in it, it’s going to be worse for you. . . . [the detective] told me that if

I cooperated I would be better off and also that no good food was served in the jail.”

       At the charge conference, appellant objected to the application paragraph:5


       5
         The jury charge contained the abstract paragraphs concerning the law of parties, and
those paragraphs were immediately followed by the application paragraph:

                                                III.

       A person is criminally responsible as a party to an offense if the offense is
       committed by his own conduct, by the conduct of another for which he is
       criminally responsible, or by both.

       Each party to an offense may be charged with the commission of the offense.

       A person is criminally responsible for the offense committed by the conduct of
       another if, acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense,
       he solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the other person to commit
       the offense.

       Mere presence alone will not constitute one a party to the offense.

                                                IV.

       Now bearing in mind the foregoing instructions, if you find from the evidence
       beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about November 14, 2008, in Fort Bend
       County, Texas, the defendant, [Anibal] Vasquez, acting alone or as a party (as
                                                                              Vasquez       Page 6

       I believe–Paragraph Four, I believe the correct application is, first of all, they
       just have as defined. I believe the proper one is either the defendant while in
       the course of committing theft of property, and then or that Alexis Martinez
       did intentionally and knowingly while in the course of committing theft of
       property, and that the defendant participating with the intent to promote, assist,
       acting–whatever that language is in there–did aid, assist, et cetera.

       The prosecutor noted that the requested language “is indirectly in there because it says

as a party, and that is in Paragraph Three where it talks about all of the definitions about how

someone acts as a party.” The trial judge overruled the objection and asked appellant’s

counsel if he had his “suggested change in written form.” He did not.

       During his closing argument, the prosecutor focused on appellant’s role as the

getaway driver during the robbery. He explained to the jury,

               In Paragraph Three, what I have asked for is a thing called the law of
       parties. There is no question when we get to the application paragraph here
       that we all know that Anibal Vasquez didn’t go up to Jenny and stick the gun
       in her face. We all know that he was the getaway driver; that’s fairly obvious.
       ...
               When you look at the law of parties, it’s this third paragraph. Person
       criminally responsible for an offense committed by another person if you act
       with intent to promote or assist in the commission of the offense, you either
       solicit, encourage, direct, aid or attempt to aid the other person to the offense.

              When you-all get back there that’s your key language and that’s why it
       says acting, assist or as a party as herein defined. I think that’s fairly self-
       explanatory, so I’m not going to take up any more of your time on it.



       herein defined), while in the course of committing theft of property owned by
       Jenny Funez-Guevara, and with the intent to obtain or maintain control of the
       property, intentionally or knowingly threatened or placed Jenny Funez-Guevra in
       fear of imminent bodily injury or death, and the defendant did then and there use
       or exhibit a deadly weapon, to wit: a firearm, then you will find the defendant
       “Guilty” of the charge of Aggravated Robbery as alleged in the indictment.
                                                                               Vasquez     Page 7

       Appellant’s counsel stressed a different portion of the abstract law of parties:

              [The prosecutor] tells you that this is an easy, slam-dunk case, but go
       back to this (indicating) page of the charge here. “Mere presence alone does
       not constitute one a party to the offense.”

              Just because he was with those guys that day doesn’t mean he was
       involved because sometimes you have people you’re with who do stupid things
       and you get caught up in it.
       ...
              Just because you live with some people who do some bad things doesn’t
       mean you’re guilty by association.
       ...
              And I would like to add there is no duty, no dispute that a robbery
       happened, okay, but you can’t take those facts and pin it on him unless there
       is evidence sufficient to connect him with it to show he actually knew what
       was going on and they just haven’t done that, folks.

       After less than an hour’s deliberation, the jury returned a guilty verdict. It then

sentenced appellant to nineteen years in prison.

       On appeal, appellant claimed that the trial judge erred because he did not fully instruct

the jury on the law of parties in the application paragraph of the jury charge. The court of

appeals, relying upon the 1987 plurality opinion, Johnson v. State,6 held that “the trial court

reversibly erred by overruling appellant’s objection to the trial court’s failure to apply the law

of parties to the facts of the case in the application portion of the charge.” 7 The court of

appeals remanded the case for a new trial.

                                                II.



       6
           739 S.W.2d 299 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) (plurality op.).
       7
           Vasquez, 342 S.W.3d at 759.
                                                                                     Vasquez      Page 8

        The purpose of the trial judge’s jury charge is to instruct the jurors on all of the law

that is applicable to the case.8 “Because the charge is the instrument by which the jury

convicts, [it] must contain an accurate statement of the law and must set out all the essential

elements of the offense.”9 In examining the charge for possible error, reviewing courts “must

examine the charge as a whole instead of a series of isolated and unrelated statements.” 10

        The application paragraph is that portion of the jury charge that applies the pertinent

penal law, abstract definitions, and general legal principles to the particular facts and the

indictment allegations.11 Because that paragraph specifies the factual circumstances under

which the jury should convict or acquit, it is the “heart and soul” of the jury charge.12


        8
            Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 731 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994).
        9
            Dinkins v. State, 894 S.W.2d 330, 339 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).
        10
          Id. In Dinkins, capital murder and murder were both defined in the abstract portion of
charge, but the application paragraph did not allege a culpable mental state for the second
murder. Nevertheless, the application paragraph was not defective because the jury could convict
of capital murder only if it found that both killings were “murders,” and the abstract portion of
the charge provided the definition of murder contained in the penal code. The jury was therefore
indirectly instructed that the defendant committed capital murder only if both killings were
committed intentionally or knowingly. Id. at 339-40.
        11
           See Gray v. State, 152 S.W.3d 125, 127-28 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (“It is not enough
for the charge to merely incorporate the allegation in the charging instrument. Instead, it must
also apply the law to the facts adduced at trial. This is because ‘[t]he jury must be instructed
under what circumstances they should convict, or under what circumstances they should acquit.’
Jury charges which fail to apply the law to the facts adduced at trial are erroneous.”) (footnotes
and some quotation marks omitted); Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tex. Crim. App.
1996) (“It is not the function of the charge merely to avoid misleading or confusing the jury; it is
the function of the charge to lead and to prevent confusion. A charge that does not apply the law
to the facts fails to lead the jury to the threshold of its duty: to decide those fact issues.”) (quoting
Williams v. State, 547 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977)).
        12
             See Gray, 152 S.W.3d at 128.
                                                                                Vasquez     Page 9

       When a definition or instruction on a theory of law–such as the law of parties–is given

in the abstract portion of the charge, the application paragraph must

       (1)        specify “all of the conditions to be met before a conviction under such theory
                  is authorized”;13

       (2)        authorize “a conviction under conditions specified by other paragraphs of the
                  jury charge to which the application paragraph necessarily and unambiguously
                  refers”;14 or

       (3)        “contain[] some logically consistent combination of such paragraphs.” 15

       Thus, if the application paragraph “necessarily and unambiguously” refers to another

paragraph of the jury charge, then a conviction is authorized, and the trial judge need not sua

sponte “cut and paste” that definition into the application paragraph.16 For example, in

Chatman v. State,17 we held that an application paragraph that incorporated the law of parties

by stating that the defendant “either acting alone or as a party, as that term has been defined,”

sufficiently applied the law of parties to the facts of the case.18 We stated,


       13
         Plata v. State, 926 S.W.2d 300, 304 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), overruled on other
grounds by Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
       14
            Id.
       15
            Id.
       16
          Id.; see, e.g., Holland v. State, 249 S.W.3d 705, 708-09 (Tex. App.–Beaumont 2008, no
pet.) (application paragraph that began with “Now, in light of the law on self-defense as
instructed herein,” was not erroneous for failing to repeat the abstract law concerning self-
defense into the application paragraph; “[i]t is unnecessary to repeat every abstract definition in
the application paragraph of the jury charge.”).
       17
            846 S.W.2d 329 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).
       18
            Id. at 332.
                                                                              Vasquez     Page 10

       A jury following the wording of the application paragraph in the instant case
       could find appellant guilty as the primary actor or it could find appellant guilty
       as a party. Further, the jury could, by the instructions in the application
       paragraph, refer to the definition of parties in the abstract portion of the charge
       to determine whether appellant’s actions met that definition.19

Thus, there was no “fundamental” error in failing to cut and paste the abstract definition of

the law of parties into the application paragraph. In Chatman, the defendant had not objected

to the application paragraph or requested “a more explicit application of a particular method

of acting as a party[.]” 20

       Similarly, in Marvis v. State,21 the defendant did not object to the application

paragraph that the jury should find the defendant guilty of murder if, “either acting alone or

together” with another specified person, he killed the deceased. In that case, “the use of the

phrase ‘acting together’ in the application portion of the charge is a reference to the abstract

portion, which equates ‘acting together’ with ‘party.’” 22 Thus, the jury could refer back to the

abstract definition of the law of parties in determining whether the defendant was criminally

responsible for the conduct of the other assailant.23 The defendant failed to show that an

application paragraph that simply mentioned “acting together” instead of setting out the law


       19
            Id.
       20
          Id.; see also Jackson v. State, 898 S.W.2d 896, 899 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (general
reference to the law of parties in the application paragraph was sufficient when defendant did not
request a more specific instruction).
       21
            36 S.W.3d 878 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).
       22
            Id. at 880.
       23
            Id.
                                                                                 Vasquez     Page 11

of parties caused him egregious harm when he had failed to request any specific narrowing.24

       Conversely, in Plata v. State, we held that an application paragraph that made no

mention of the law of parties “either directly or by reference . . . for an offense committed

by the conduct of his codefendant,” was erroneous, and the defendant was harmed because

the evidence was insufficient to convict him as a principal.25

       In sum, a general reference to the law of parties in the application paragraph is

sufficient and is not error26 when the defendant does not object and request a narrowing of

the specific statutory modes of conduct that constitute party liability–whether he “solicited,

encouraged, directed, aided or attempted to aid”27 another specified person to commit the

offense. But if the defendant does request that the application paragraph refer only to those

specific party-liability acts that are supported by the evidence, then he is entitled to such a

narrowing.28 The failure to narrow the specific modes of party-liability conduct when


       24
            Id.
       25
          926 S.W.2d 300, 304 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), overruled on other grounds by Malik v.
State, 953 S.W.2d 234 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
       26
            See Posey v. State, 966 S.W.2d 57, 61-62 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).
       27
          See TEX . PENAL CODE § 7.02 (a)(2) (“A person is criminally responsible for an offense
committed by the conduct of another if . . . acting with intent to promote or assist the commission
of the offense, he solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the other person to commit
the offense”).
       28
          See Campbell v. State, 910 S.W.2d 475, 477 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (“A defendant
who objects to a general reference to the law of parties in the application paragraph is entitled to
increased specificity and to have the law of parties applied to the facts of the case.”); Johnson v.
State, 739 S.W.2d 299, 305 n.4 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) (plurality op.); Cf. Ransom v. State, 920
S.W.2d 288, 303 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (“[A]ssuming, arguendo,” that defendant was entitled
                                                                                  Vasquez     Page 12

properly requested is reversible error if the defendant has suffered actual harm to his rights.29

Under Almanza, we assess whether the defendant has suffered actual harm “in light of the

entire jury charge, the state of the evidence, including the contested issues and weight of

probative evidence, the argument of counsel and any other relevant information revealed by

the record of the trial as a whole.”30 That general approach applies to all jury-charge error,

including the failure to specifically apply the law of parties in the application paragraph.31

       With that general background, we turn to the present case.

                                                 III.


to a narrowing of the statutory acts constituting party liability had he so requested, he failed to
object in the trial court; thus a general reference to party liability sufficed).
       29
           Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (op. on reh’g) (“If the
error in the charge was the subject of a timely objection in the trial court, then reversal is required
if the error is ‘calculated to injure the rights of defendant,’ which means no more than that there
must be some harm to the accused from the error. In other words, an error which has been
properly preserved by objection will call for reversal as long as the error is not harmless.”).
       30
           Id.; Cook v. State, 884 S.W.2d 485, 491-92 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (“[F]inding error in
the jury charge begins, rather than ends, the appellate court’s inquiry. The next step is to make an
evidentiary review, as well as a review of the record as a whole which may illuminate the actual,
not just theoretical harm to appellant.”).
       31
           See, e.g., Marvis, 36 S.W.3d at 880 (actual degree of harm concerning jury-charge error
in failure to apply abstract law of parties in application paragraph is assayed in light of entire jury
charge, state of the evidence, argument of counsel, and other relevant information); Watson v.
State, 693 S.W.2d 938, 941 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (under Almanza, burglary defendant was not
harmed by inclusion of phrase “acting alone” as well as acting “as a party, to the offense” in
application paragraph; evidence showed defendant’s guilt as a party, and State’s argument
focused solely on that theory); Dennis v. State, 925 S.W.2d 32, 38-39 (Tex. App.–Tyler 1995,
pet. ref’d) (trial judge’s refusal of defendant’s requested application charge on the law of parties
narrowed to the facts of case in aggravated-robbery prosecution was harmless under Almanza; if
judge had given defendant an application paragraph on the law of parties, it would have given
jury choice of finding defendant guilty as principal or as party, and evidence of defendant’s guilt
was ample under either theory, but more so under the law of parties).
                                                                                 Vasquez     Page 13



       Here, appellant objected to the trial judge’s failure to incorporate the abstract

definition of the law of parties into the application paragraph. He said that a proper

application paragraph would (1) include the names of the actual robbers,32 and (2) include

the abstract definition of the law of parties.33 Appellant did not request that the application

paragraph refer to only one or some of the specific statutory acts–solicits, encourages, directs,

aids, or attempts to aid–that constitute the conduct of party responsibility. He appeared to

want the trial judge to “cut and paste” the entire abstract definition of the law of parties set

out in Section III of the charge into Section IV of the charge.34

       The court of appeals held that the application paragraph in this case was “substantially

similar” to that given in Johnson v. State, because it (1) instructed the jury on the law of



       32
         Appellant mentioned the name of only one of the robbers, Alexis Martinez, but
presumably he meant that the name of the other robber, Edwin Maldonado, should also have
been included in the application paragraph.
       33
           Specifically, appellant asked that the phrase “that the defendant participating with the
intent to promote, assist, acting–whatever that language is in there–did aid, assist, etcetera,” be
included.
       34
           The State petitioned this Court to review the court of appeals’s preservation of error
analysis. In its second question for review, the State asked the following:
        Is a request to copy the abstract paragraph on the law of parties into the application
        paragraph sufficiently specific when only part of the requested application paragraph is
        dictated for the record, only one of the two principal actors is identified in the requested
        instruction, the trial court asks for a written instruction and none is provided, and the
        requestor fails to explain why the general instruction applying the law of parties will not
        suffice?
We did not grant that question for review; thus we assume, without deciding, that appellant’s
objection preserved error.
                                                                               Vasquez      Page 14

parties in the abstract; (2) contained an application paragraph that instructed the jury to find

the defendant guilty if the jury found, beyond a reasonable doubt, that he committed the

offense “either acting alone or with another or others as a party, as that term has heretofore

been defined”; and (3) did not “apply the law of parties to the facts of the case in the

application paragraph.”35 Thus, the court of appeals found error in this case just as a plurality

of this Court had found jury-charge error in Johnson. The State petitioned this Court to

address whether the trial judge in this case erred at all,36 but we did not grant review of that

question. Therefore, we will assume that it was error to fail to list the names of the two

actual robbers in the application paragraph and to cut and paste the abstract definition of the

law of parties into the application paragraph.

       The court of appeals explained that the State’s sole theory at trial “was that appellant

was guilty as a party because he was the driver of the getaway vehicle. Under these

circumstances, the trial court reversibly erred by overruling appellant’s objection to the trial

court’s failure to apply the law of parties to the facts of the case in the application portion of

the charge.”37 The court cited to Johnson, while noting that the Amarillo Court of Appeals




       35
            Vasquez, 342 S.W.3d at 755.
       36
         The State’s first question for review was as follows:
       This Court has held that a reference to the abstract paragraph is sufficient to apply the law
       of parties, is it error to refuse a request to copy and paste the abstract paragraph on the
       law of parties into the application paragraph when the only reason for the request is “I’ve
       always seen them that way”?
       37
            Vasquez, 342 S.W.3d at 759 (footnote omitted).
                                                                               Vasquez     Page 15

has held that a similar charge error was harmless in a more recent case, Nelson v. State.38 In

disavowing the Nelson reasoning and result, the court of appeals stated, “this court must

follow Johnson,” and therefore did not conduct the usual Almanza review for harm.39

       First, we note that Johnson was only a plurality opinion and therefore has no binding

precedential value.40 The court of appeals was not required to follow Johnson, and Johnson

did not conduct the usual Almanza harm analysis. To the extent that Johnson can be read to

short circuit a full Almanza analysis, we overrule it.

       Second, the court of appeals summarily found harm because there was no evidence

that appellant was guilty as a principal.41 There was no evidence that appellant was one of

the two actual robbers, but that fact, by itself, does not make the purported error harmful.

Almanza holds that the existence and degree of harm must be evaluated in light of the entire

charge, the state of the evidence, the argument of counsel, and any other relevant information

revealed by the record.42 The harm analysis should not simply repeat the error analysis.43


       38
       Id. at 759 n.8 (citing, with disapproval, Nelson v. State, 297 S.W.3d 424, 433-34 (Tex.
App.–Amarillo 2009, pet. ref’d)).
       39
            Id.
       40
          Pearson v. State, 994 S.W.2d 176, 177 n.3 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (noting that a
plurality opinion is not binding precedent); see also Hernandez v. State, 988 S.W.2d 770, 772
(Tex. Crim. App. 1999); State v. Hardy, 963 S.W.2d 516, 519 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
       41
            Vasquez, 342 S.W.3d at 759.
       42
            Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.
       43
        Barron v. State, 353 S.W.3d 879, 884 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (court of appeals’s
“harm analysis simply repeats its error analysis,” rather than applying the Almanza factors);
                                                                             Vasquez     Page 16

       Under an Almanza analysis, we look first to the jury charge as a whole. Here, the jury

charge contained the correct abstract definition of party liability in Section III. The very next

section contained the application paragraph. That paragraph explicitly stated that the jury

should find appellant guilty if, “acting alone or as a party (as herein defined)” he committed

aggravated robbery. The jury needed only to refer to the previous section, which defined

criminal responsibility as a party. Neither at trial nor on appeal has appellant suggested how,

if at all, this reference might have confused or misled the jury. His request for including the

abstract definition in the application paragraph was based solely on his statement that this

was how “I’ve always seen them.” We conclude that a reasonable jury would refer to the

abstract definition of the law of parties without needing to have it repeated again in the

application paragraph.

       Turning to the second factor, the evidence at trial, there is no question that the only

theory of appellant’s liability was that of being a party. He was, according to the State’s

evidence, the getaway driver. No evidence suggested that he was one of the two actual

robbers. Although the trial judge did not name Alexis Martinez and Edwin Maldonado in

the application paragraph, there was no dispute at trial that those two men were the ones who

actually carried guns, threatened Jenny and Zulma, and stole money and other property from

the women. In his confession, appellant clearly admitted that he acted as the driver for his

roommates, Martinez and Maldonado, after the threesome hatched the robbery scheme the


Olivas v. State, 202 S.W.3d 137, 146 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (“The court of appeals failed to
analyze each Almanza factor and its ultimate conclusion is not supported by the record”).
                                                                              Vasquez     Page 17

night before. From that confession, a reasonable juror could infer that appellant was the one

who “solicited,” “encouraged,” or “directed” the other two to commit the robbery when he

told them that he needed money for his sick son. A reasonable jury certainly could have

concluded that appellant “aided” or “attempted to aid” his roommates in carrying out that

robbery scheme by acting as the getaway driver of Martinez’s Suburban. Appellant neither

requested, nor was he entitled to, any narrowing of the statutorily enumerated acts of party

liability. At best, he was entitled to have the entire abstract definition cut and pasted into the

application paragraph.

       As for the third factor, the arguments of counsel, the State fully addressed its sole

theory of party liability in its closing argument. The prosecutor began his argument by

referring the jury to the abstract definition of party liability. He paraphrased the definition

of the law of parties and explained precisely how that law applied to the evidence:

       There is no question when we get to the application paragraph here that we all
       know that Anibal Vasquez didn’t go up to Jenny and stick the gun in her face.
       We all know that he was the getaway driver; that’s fairly obvious.

He explained that the abstract definition was the “key language” and the application

paragraph simply referred back to it. Because it was “fairly self-explanatory,” he would not

belabor it.

       Defense counsel, like the prosecutor, also stressed the section dealing with the abstract

definition of the law of parties. He pointed to the sentence that reads, “Mere presence alone

will not constitute one a party to the offense.” That portion of the abstract law is never
                                                                                Vasquez     Page 18

included in the application paragraph, but that sentence was crucial for the defense because

appellant testified at trial that he was an innocent bystander who merely drove Martinez’s

Suburban to the construction site. He went looking for work while his two roommates,

unbeknownst to him, committed the robbery. He had no idea that they were carrying guns

or that they had taken money and other property from Jenny and Zulma. He followed the

taqueria truck just because he had a feeling that his roommates were inside of it. Appellant’s

counsel told the jury that “the key to this, they are to prove each of those elements, including

acting as a party, beyond a reasonable doubt and they haven’t done that[.]” Counsel agreed

that there was “no dispute that a robbery happened, okay. . . . But you can’t take those facts

and pin it on him unless there is evidence sufficient to connect him with it to show he

actually knew what was going on and they just haven’t done that, folks.”

       Thus, the prosecutor and defense counsel were clear in their respective positions:

appellant either was the getaway driver who helped hatch the robbery scheme the night

before with his two roommates or he was a simple dupe who merely drove Martinez’s

Suburban to the site of the robbery and innocently followed the taqueria truck down the

street. Appellant does not suggest how the jury might have been confused by this application

paragraph and its reference to the law of parties, and there is nothing in the record that

suggests that they were confused or misled. If the law of parties is correctly defined in the

abstract section, it is unlikely that any error in failing to copy and paste all of that definitional

language into the application paragraph makes any practical difference to a jury. This is
                                                                                Vasquez     Page 19

especially true if the law of parties is the focus of the evidence and is correctly argued, as it

was in this case. After we carefully reviewed the entire record, “it is inconceivable to us

how the jury could have been misled by the court’s charge.” 44

       Applying a straightforward Almanza analysis, we do not find that appellant’s rights

were harmed by the failure to include the abstract definition of the law of parties in the

application paragraph.45 We therefore reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and

affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Delivered: October 3, 2012
Publish




       44
          Watson v. State, 693 S.W.2d 938, 940 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (jury application
paragraph that authorized conviction if the jury found that the defendant “acting either alone or
as a party to the offense” committed burglary was harmless under Almanza analysis when there
was no evidence to support conviction as a principal; jury must have found defendant guilty as a
party).
       45
           See Nelson v. State, 297 S.W.3d 424, 433-34 (Tex. App.–Amarillo 2009, pet. ref’d)
(finding harmless error under Almanza when law of parties was correctly set out in abstract
definition section, application paragraph stated that defendant acted “either as an individual or as
a party,” evidence showed that defendant’s conduct was “integrally related” to the murder
victim’s death, the prosecutor’s argument was consistent with the defendant’s participation in the
murder, and “[n]othing in this record demonstrates how appellant was harmed in anyway by the
trial court’s failure to give the more specific charge in the application paragraph.”).
