                           UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


 JOSEPH JAMES SCHMIDT,

    Plaintiff,

      v.                                                  Civil Action No. 08–1831 (CKK)
 RAJIV SHAH, Administrator, United States
 Agency for International Development,

    Defendant.


                                MEMORANDUM OPINION1
                                   (March 17, 2010)

       This action arises out of Plaintiff Joseph James Schmidt’s employment with the United

States Agency for International Development (“USAID”), which ended in March 2008 when

Schmidt resigned from the agency. Prior to his resignation, Schmidt filed an employment

discrimination complaint with the agency that was ultimately resolved through a settlement

agreement. Schmidt brings this action pro se against Defendant Rajiv Shah in his official

capacity as USAID Administrator claiming, inter alia, that the settlement agreement is invalid,

that USAID employees improperly forced his resignation from the agency, and that Schmidt has

suffered from various acts of discrimination. Schmidt also has filed an action under the Freedom

of Information Act (FOIA) seeking certain information from USAID related to this case, which is

also pending before this Court. See Schmidt v. Fore, Civil Action No. 08-2185 (D.D.C. filed

Dec. 16, 2008).




       1
        Pursuant to Rule 25(d), Rajiv Shah has been substituted for Henrietta Fore as the
defendant in this action.
        Presently pending before the Court is Defendant’s [12] Motion to Dismiss or, in the

Alternative, for Summary Judgment. Schmidt filed a brief in opposition, to which Defendant

filed a reply, and Schmidt filed a surreply without leave of Court. After briefing on this motion

became ripe, Schmidt filed a [17] Motion Requesting Removal of Specific Workers’

Compensation Items from Plaintiff’s Civil Complaint, to which no opposition was filed.

Schmidt subsequently filed three submissions with additional material addressing the merits of

Defendant’s dispositive motion, along with a [22] Motion for Acceptance of Plaintiff’s

Supplemental Filings. Defendant filed a brief in opposition to this latter motion, and Schmidt

filed a reply.

        For the reasons explained below, the Court shall DENY Schmidt’s motion to accept

supplemental materials, GRANT Schmidt’s motion to remove specific workers’ compensation

items from his Complaint, and GRANT Defendant’s motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, for

summary judgment. Specifically, the Court finds that it lacks jurisdiction over Schmidt’s claims

relating to workers’ compensation and any claims based on the settlement agreement. The Court

also finds that the release of claims in the settlement agreement bars Schmidt from litigating the

remainder of his claims, with the exception of an alleged FOIA violation and a claim for

retaliation based on testimony given as a witness in an employment discrimination investigation.

The Court shall dismiss the FOIA claim without prejudice in light of the related action pending

before this Court and dismiss the surviving retaliation claim for failure to state a claim upon

which relief can be granted.




                                                 2
                                      I. BACKGROUND

       A.      Factual Background

       The following facts are drawn from the allegations in the operative complaint,2 as well as

any exhibits attached to or incorporated by the operative complaint.3

               1.     Schmidt’s Employment with USAID

       Plaintiff Joseph James Schmidt was an employee of the United States Agency for

International Development (“USAID” or “the agency”) from December 26, 1994 to March 19,

2008. Compl. at 1. In June 2006, Schmidt began experiencing problems at the agency relating to

discrimination, harassment, and hostile work environment.4 Id. On or about November 7, 2006,

Schmidt filed a formal complaint with the USAID’s Equal Employment Opportunity (“EEO”)

Office.5 Id. During this time, Schmidt began experiencing physical problems, including chest

pains, constant headaches, and trouble breathing. Id. at 2. One of Schmidt’s doctors determined


       2
         As explained below, Schmidt has filed a [1] Complaint, [4] First Amended Complaint,
and [5] Second Amended Complaint. Because each of the amended complaints incorporates the
language of the original complaint, the Court considers all three of these filings to comprise the
operative complaint, and the Court shall cite to the allegations in each of these pleadings.
       3
         Because the Court does not reach Defendant’s alternative motion for summary
judgment, the Court is limited to considering the facts alleged in the complaint, any documents
attached to or incorporated in the complaint, matters of which the court may take judicial notice,
and matters of public record. See EEOC v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624
(D.C. Cir. 1997).
       4
          In his Second Amended Complaint, Schmidt explains more specifically the basis for his
discrimination claims against the agency. Schmidt claims that he was discriminated against on
the basis of race, color, and sex, subjected to harassment and a hostile work environment, and
retaliated against for engaging in protected activity. See Sec. Am. Compl. at 3-6.
       5
         It appears from the record that the actual name of USAID’s EEO office is the Office of
Equal Opportunity Programs (“EOP”). The Court shall refer to this office as either the “EEO
Office” or “EOP.”

                                                 3
that Schmidt was suffering from stress in the workplace. Id. Schmidt began taking a series of

antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and other medications that were prescribed by his doctors. Id.

One of these doctors was Dr. Allan Melmed, who treated Schmidt from March 2007 through July

2008. Id.

       In April 2007, USAID suspended Schmidt’s security clearance without notice and

claimed that Schmidt’s prescription drug use presented a risk to Agency employees. Id. After a

six-week stint on paid administrative leave, Schmidt was allowed to return to work “following a

thorough investigation.” Id. However, the stress of the suspension took its toll on Schmidt. In

June 2007, Schmidt’s thoughts of suicide seemed to intensify. Id. After consultation with his

wife and Dr. Melmed, Schmidt hospitalized himself at Virginia Hospital Center’s Psychiatric

Ward for two weeks in early July 2007. Id. Schmidt was diagnosed with severe depression,

severe anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and Schmidt remained on very heavy dosages

of prescription drugs, which made it very difficult for him to function at home and at work. Id.

By February 2008, Schmidt’s condition had deteriorated to the point where he could barely

function, and USAID placed him on extended, indefinite sick leave. Id.

               2.     Settlement Negotiations

       In early March 2008, USAID indicated that it would engage in Alternative Dispute

Resolution (ADR) in order to resolve Schmidt’s EEO complaint. Compl. at 2. Schmidt

corresponded with Andrew Herscowitz, a USAID attorney, regarding a possible settlement. Id.

at 2-3. Herscowitz asked Schmidt if he would agree to be terminated at USAID and possibly

obtain disability benefits. Id. at 3. Schmidt, however, was not interested in applying for

disability and informed Herscowitz that he wanted to return to work when his health had


                                                 4
improved. Id. Herscowitz told Schmidt that if he returned to work, there was a possibility that

he would be terminated and have his security clearance revoked. Id. During the first half of

March 2008, Herscowitz acknowledged that he had discussed Schmidt’s health situation with

Schmidt’s supervisor, Ms. Charity Benson. Id. Schmidt claims that Herscowitz made his life

“unbearable and miserable” and that Herscowitz’s “constant phone threats became

commonplace” and caused his emotional and mental condition to deteriorate. Id.

        In mid-march 2008, Ms. Benson called Schmidt to ask when he might be returning to

work. Compl. at 3. She told Schmidt that he would not be given time during work hours to visit

his doctors. Id. at 3-4. Schmidt explained to her that he had been allowed 4-8 hours off per

week from November 2006 through January 2008 to attend therapy and medical appointments

and that his job performance did not suffer as a result. Id. However, Ms. Benson told Schmidt

that he would not be allowed to take appointments during business hours. Id. at 4. Following

this phone call, and following “more threats” from Herscowitz, Schmidt claims that he “began

falling apart.” Id.

        Schmidt then received a call from Herscowitz informing him that his identification badge

had been deactivated by the USAID Office of Security after Herscowitz told them about

Schmidt’s health problems. Compl. at 4. Herscowitz told Schmidt that he had actually done him

a favor because some agency employees wanted Schmidt’s security clearance revoked, and

Herscowitz convinced them merely to deactivate Schmidt’s ID badge. Id. During this time,

Schmidt was at home on extended sick leave. Id. Schmidt has requested that the USAID Office

of Security or Office of Human Resources provide him written notification of this action, but

they declined to respond to Schmidt’s request. Id.


                                                5
       Schmidt eventually ran out of sick and annual leave, and he contemplated suicide.

Compl. at 4. Herscowitz offered to assist Schmidt with obtaining further paid administrative

leave, but he also pressured Schmidt to resign from the agency. Schmidt claims that he “simply

could not take any more of [Herscowitz’s] cruel punishment, ridicule and constant threats and

experienced a temporary nervous breakdown.” Id. Schmidt decided “that working at USAID

was not worth my life and that if I attempted to return to work something bad might happened

[sic] to me, as they had already deactivated my work ID badge.” Id. On March 19, 2008,

Schmidt wrote a resignation letter and sent it to his director, informing her that he had been

“pressured to quit and faced terrible problems with USAID staff.” Id.

       Following Schmidt’s resignation, Herscowitz continued to negotiate a settlement

agreement with Schmidt and the agency. Compl. at 4. Herscowitz ignored many of Schmidt’s

requests for relief and told him that he was lucky to get anything. Id. When Schmidt had a

disagreement with the agency’s position, Herscowitz told him he could “take it or leave it” and

that Herscowitz was no longer obligated to do anything for Schmidt because he had resigned

from the agency. Id. According to Schmidt, Herscowitz controlled the entire settlement process.

Id. at 5. Herscowitz eventually suggested that Schmidt retain an attorney to review the draft

settlement agreement, and Schmidt did so, paying an attorney for two and a half hours of her time

to review the document. Id. However, Herscowitz dismissed the changes suggested by

Schmidt’s attorney. Id.

       In late March 2008, Schmidt agreed to sign the settlement agreement. Compl. at 5.

Herscowitz required that Schmidt obtain a signed note from a doctor stating that he was mentally

capable of entering into a binding agreement. Id. Schmidt resented this idea but agreed to pass


                                                 6
along a form from Herscowitz to his doctor. Id. Dr. Melmed signed the form but left the bottom

part of the form, which required the signature of a witness over 18 years of age, blank. Id.

Herscowitz told Schmidt that without a witness’s signature, the form from Dr. Melmed and the

draft settlement agreement signed by Schmidt were “null and void.” Id. Herscowitz told

Schmidt to return to Dr. Melmed and get a witness to countersign the form. Id. However, Dr.

Melmed left on vacation for 7-10 days and was not immediately available. Id. In the interim,

Schmidt was unhappy with the settlement and approached Herscowitz and USAID managers

about resolving their differences. Id. Herscowitz threatened to go to the Equal Employment

Opportunity Commission Commission (“EEOC”) judge and complain about Schmidt, and he

presented the signed settlement agreement and doctor’s note to the judge as final. Id. The EEOC

judge ruled that it was a valid agreement. Id.

        During settlement negotiations, Schmidt took issue with the language in the agreement

restricting Schmidt’s ability to work in the State Department in the future. Compl. at 5-6.

Herscowitz told Schmidt that this provision was added by a senior attorney in his office who did

not want Schmidt to work there anymore. Id. Herscowitz also told Schmidt that no one cared

whether or not he worked at the State Department and that he could do whatever he wanted. Id.

Herscowitz told Schmidt that the agency would never ask for its money back but that Schmidt

should stay clear of USAID because they did not want him working there anymore. Id. at 6.

Schmidt claims that “[a]fter receiving assurances from Mr. Herscowitz, I decided to sign the

settlement agreement with the understanding that I could work for the State Department if I

chose to . . . .” Id.




                                                 7
               3.      The Settlement Agreement

       Schmidt signed the final settlement agreement (“Settlement Agreement”) on March 26,

2008. See Def.’s Mot., Ex. 1 (Settlement Agreement) at 4. Jessalyn Pendarvis, Director of

USAID’s Office of Equal Opportunity Programs (“EOP”), signed the Settlement Agreement on

behalf of the agency. Id. Under the Agreement, the agency agreed to pay Schmidt $140,000 and

to refrain from seeking compensation from Schmidt for any leave deficit that he may have

accrued. See id. ¶ 1. In turn, Schmidt agreed to withdraw his administrative complaint in its

entirety and cooperate with the agency to ensure that the complaint was dismissed without

prejudice. Id. ¶ 2(a). In addition, Schmidt agreed to refrain from seeking to establish any future

employment relationship with USAID or the U.S. Department of State and agreed to cooperate

fully with USAID to effect the terms of the Agreement. Id. ¶ 2(b)-(c). The parties agreed that

the Settlement Agreement shall not in any way be construed as an admission of liability or a

statement by either party as to the validity of the parties’ legal and factual contentions. See id. ¶

3.

       The Settlement Agreement also contained the following language:

       [Schmidt’s] signature constitutes his agreement to the terms of this Agreement and
       more specifically his agreement to withdraw or dismiss any action now pending and
       to refrain from bringing any action that could be brought now or in the future arising
       from or related to the [EEO] Complaint or any injuries or claims, known or unknown,
       that [Schmidt] might allege to have suffered as a result of [Schmidt’s] employment
       or association with USAID.

Id. ¶ 4. The Agreement also contained a release:

       [Schmidt] waives and relinquishes, for all time, any claims - monetary or non-
       monetary -, grievances, complaints, actions, causes of action, or other proceedings
       against USAID, and any USAID officers or employees, in their official capacity,
       arising from or related to the [EEO] Complaint, based on any events, facts, acts or


                                                  8
       circumstances arising from or related to matters at issue in the [EEO] Complaint, or
       arising from or related to his employment with USAID.

Id. ¶ 5. The Agreement contained a merger clause stating that the Agreement “supersedes any

and all prior oral or written agreements, if any, regarding this matter” and that the Agreement

could not be modified except by written amendment signed by both parties. Id. ¶ 7. The

Agreement provided that Schmidt could appeal the disposition of his EEO complaint to the

EEOC. Id. ¶ 8.

       The Agreement also contained a confidentiality provision under which the parties agreed

not to divulge the contents of the Agreement to any person other than its signatories. See id.

¶ 10. However, the Agreement does authorize the parties to divulge its contents to individuals

who are required to implement any of its terms. Id.

               4.     Post-Settlement Interactions with USAID

       After Schmidt signed the Settlement Agreement, he contacted a friend in the State

Department who said his office would love to hire Schmidt for a vacant position as a Grants

Officer, which was similar to his job with USAID. Compl. at 6. However, when Schmidt

contacted Ms. Pendarvis, the USAID EOP Director, she told Schmidt she was unwilling to

change the provision in the Settlement Agreement precluding him from working in the State

Department (or any other provision in the Settlement Agreement), regardless of what Herscowitz

had told him. Id.

       In April 2008, Schmidt formally complained to USAID’s EEO Office about his

“forced/pressured resignation” and other EEO concerns and allegations. Compl. at 6. Schmidt

requested to speak with a USAID EEO counselor, but Pendarvis told Schmidt that he was not



                                                 9
entitled to see one because of the Settlement Agreement. Id. Schmidt submitted an

administrative complaint alleging, inter alia, that the agency had unlawfully retaliated against

him and harassed him in violation of numerous federal regulations and statutes. See Letter from

Schmidt to Henrietta Fore, USAID Administrator (May 12, 2008) (attached to Complaint). On

May 19 & 29, 2008, Pendarvis dismissed Schmidt’s “new” allegations in the entirety and issued

Schmidt a notice of right to file a complaint with the EEOC. Compl. at 6. In a June 25, 2008,

letter, Pendarvis stated that Schmidt’s complaints were in the purview of the EEOC. Id. From

July 2008 through September 2008, Schmidt submitted a number of additional EEO allegations

to Pendarvis, but she refused to acknowledge them. Compl. at 6.

       On May 19, 2008, the agency issued a final decision finding that it was in compliance

with the Settlement Agreement. See Schmidt v. Fore, EEOC Appeal No. 0120082791, 2008 WL

4388021, at *1 (E.E.O.C. Sept. 15, 2008) (attached to Complaint) (hereinafter, “EEOC Appeal”).

Schmidt had received the $140,000 contemplated by the Agreement on April 21, 2008. See id.6

Schmidt appealed this decision to the EEOC, and on September 15, 2008, the EEOC issued a

decision. See id. at 1. According to the EEOC decision, Schmidt had written numerous letters to

the agency beginning on April 24, 2008, alleging that the agency was in breach of the Settlement

Agreement and requesting that the agency invalidate its terms. See id. at 1. Schmidt had

contended that he was coerced into signing the Settlement Agreement and sought EEO

counseling regarding a new complaint for constructive discharge and continuing reprisal. Id.



       6
         Although Schmidt does not specifically allege in his Complaint that he received the
$140,000 on this date, the Court gleans this fact from the EEOC Appeal, which Schmidt attached
to his Complaint. Schmidt admits in his opposition brief that he accepted the $140,000 from the
agency. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 14.

                                                10
The agency denied it was in breach of the Settlement Agreement or that Schmidt was coerced or

under duress when he signed the Agreement. Id. The EEOC affirmed the agency’s decision,

finding that Schmidt had not presented probative or credible evidence that he was coerced or that

otherwise supported his contentions. Id. at 2. The EEOC notified Schmidt of his right to file a

civil action in an appropriate United States District Court within 90 days of its decision. See id.

at 3.

        Schmidt requested reconsideration of the EEOC’s decision on September 22, 2008. See

Letter from Schmidt to Carlton Hadden, Director, EEOC Office of Federal Operations (Sept. 22,

2008) (attached to Complaint). Schmidt again asserted that the Settlement Agreement was

invalid due to fraud, misrepresentation, unethical conduct, and lack of a valid medical note. Id.

at 3.

               5.      Witness Intimidation

        Schmidt was named a witness in a separate EEO investigation regarding a former

subordinate of Schmidt’s. Compl. at 6. Schmidt sent two packets of materials to the EEO

investigator. Id. On September 9, 2008, Schmidt received a letter from a USAID attorney asking

him to refrain from submitting unsolicited statements and/or documentation to the investigator.

Id.; see Def.’s Mot., Ex. 11 (9/9/2008 Letter from James M. Peters to Schmidt).7 The letter also

informed Schmidt that the agency would not reimburse him for $24 in expenses resulting from

Schmidt’s decision to send the materials via Federal Express. Compl. at 6; Def.’s Mot., Ex. 11.

Schmidt was shocked by this letter and viewed it as a form of witness intimidation. Compl. at 6.



        7
          According to the letter, it appears that Schmidt’s statements to the investigator were not
entirely unsolicited but exceeded the scope of the inquiry. See Def.’s Mot., Ex. 11.

                                                 11
On September 16, 2008, wrote a letter to the EEOC regarding his witness intimidation claim.

See Letter from Schmidt to Carlton Hadden, Director, EEOC Office of Federal Operations (Sept.

16, 2008) (attached to Complaint).

               6.     Workers’ Compensation

       Beginning in May 2008, Schmidt contacted USAID regarding his eligibility for workers’

compensation benefits under the Federal Employees’ Compensation Act (FECA). Compl. at 7.

Schmidt contacted numerous USAID officials, including then-Administrator Henrietta H. Fore,

EOP Director Pendarvis, and his former supervisor Charity Benson. Id. Schmidt has attached

some of this correspondence as exhibits to his Complaint. None of them responded to Schmidt’s

requests regarding his desire to apply for benefits from the Office of Workers’ Compensation

Programs (OWCP) in the Department of Labor. Id. On the advice of the Department of Labor,

Schmidt submitted signed OWCP forms to his former supervisor, but she refused to

acknowledge receipt or otherwise respond. Id. OWCP recommended that Schmidt report this

problem to the USAID Office of the Inspector General for investigation. Id.

       On October 22, 2008, Schmidt sent a letter to the Director of OWCP regarding USAID’s

alleged noncompliance with FECA regulations. See Letter from Schmidt to Shelby Hallmark,

OWCP Director (Oct. 22, 2008) (attached to Complaint). Schmidt claimed that “USAID

continues to behave in a mode of retaliation against me for exercising my lawful rights as a

federal employee in preventing me from accessing the OWCP.” Id. at 2.

               7.     Sick Leave Compensation

       Part of the settlement discussions related to 200 hours of advanced sick leave that

Schmidt claims were approved by the agency in October 2007. Compl. at 7. Schmidt claims that


                                                12
the agency’s finance office misplaced his approved form and never applied the 200 hours to his

account. Id. Accordingly, the agency charged Schmidt with over 200 hours of leave without pay

(LWOP), costing Schmidt over $10,000. Id. As part of the Settlement Agreement, the agency

agreed not to ask for this money back. Id. Schmidt sought to clarify this matter with the finance

office in late March 2008 but did not receive a response until July 2008, at which time the office

indicated that it had made a mistake and would compensate Schmidt for the $10,000. Id.

However, the agency’s Office of the General Counsel intervened and claimed that this money

had been paid as part of the Settlement Agreement. Id. Schmidt also claims that USAID failed

to compensate him for over 1000 hours of leave time worth approximately $50,000.

       B.      Procedural History and Schmidt’s Claims Against the Agency

               1.     Schmidt’s Complaints

       Schmidt filed the Complaint in this action on October 24, 2008. At the end of an eight-

page recitation of facts (summarized above), Schmidt states that he is asserting eighteen claims:

       1.      Constructive Termination;
       2.      Impermissible conduct on behalf of USAID employees in general and
               specifically during settlement discussions in March 2008;
       3.      Invalid Settlement Agreement due to threats, deception, coercion, duress, and
               poor health, etc.;
       4.      Facially retaliatory language in the Settlement Agreement;
       5.      Violation of “Reasonable Accommodation” law
       6.      Violation of federal regulations and criminal statutes on the part of USAID
               employees;
       7.      Violation of EEOC regulations (29 CFR 1614);
       8.      Violation of the Federal Employees’ Compensation Act - 20 CFR (re:
               Workers’ Comp.);
       9.      Gross Negligence;
       10.     Continued acts of reprisal and discrimination;
       11.     Disability Discrimination under the American [sic] with Disabilities Act
               (ADA);
       12.     Character Defamation;


                                                13
       13.     Privacy Act Violations;
       14.     Breach of Confidentiality;
       15.     Freedom of Information Action (FOIA) violations;
       16.     Misrepresentation of Settlement Agreement terms;
       17.     Witness Intimidation and Tampering; and
       18.     [Interfering]8 with an official EEO Investigation (where I was named RMO
               and witness).

Compl. at 8. Schmidt requests relief in the form of $1.8 million in damages. Id.

       On November 19, 2008, Schmidt filed a First Amended Complaint incorporating the

original complaint and adding allegations to many of his claims. In the First Amended

Complaint, Schmidt explains that he is bringing claims under the Federal Tort Claims Act

(FTCA) for wrongful discharge and coercion related to his entry into the Settlement Agreement.

See First Am. Compl. at 2. Schmidt also adds allegations pertaining to his claim that the agency

violated its obligations under FECA pertaining to workers’ compensation benefits. See id. at 2-3.

       The First Amended Complaint clarifies that Schmidt is asserting claims under Title VII of

the Civil Rights Act of 1964 for retaliation related to his EEO activity in both his own

discrimination case and the unrelated EEO case in which he was a witness. See First Am.

Compl. at 5-6. It also clarifies that Schmidt’s claim for violation of EEOC regulations pertains to

the agency’s failure to provide Schmidt with an EEO counselor or respond to his various requests

for relief. Id. at 6. Schmidt also characterizes his “breach of confidentiality” claim as a breach

of contract claim based on the Settlement Agreement’s confidentiality provisions. Id. at 8-9.

       The First Amended Complaint contains allegations pertaining to three new potential

causes of action. The first is a claim under the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA).



       8
      Schmidt originally misspelled this word but corrected the misspelling in his First
Amended Complaint. See First Am. Compl. at 16.

                                                 14
See First Am. Compl. at 8. Schmidt claims that USAID failed to advise him that he was entitled

to unpaid leave under the FMLA and improperly threatened to terminate him based on his mental

and physical illness. Id. Second, Schmidt alleges that USAID violated the Notification and

Federal Employee Antidiscrimination and Retaliation Act of 2002 (“No-FEAR Act”) by fostering

discriminatory practices and failing to follow EEOC regulations. See id. at 9-10. Third, Schmidt

alleges that the agency violated the Occupational Safety & Health Act (OSHA) by failing to

foster a positive working environment. See id. at 13.

       With respect to the Privacy Act claim, the First Amended Complaint alleges that USAID

failed to properly safeguard Schmidt’s confidential medical information and shared this

information with Schmidt’s colleagues at the agency. First Am. Compl. at 11. Schmidt further

alleges that agency officials called Schmidt’s wife and also spoke to Schmidt’s supervisors about

his medical condition. Id.

       The First Amended Complaint clarifies that Schmidt’s FOIA claim is based on a FOIA

request filed in May 2008 and a new request subsequently sent in September 2008. See First

Am. Compl. at 13-14. On December 16, 2008, Schmidt filed a Complaint pertaining to these

FOIA requests in the related case currently pending before this Court, Schmidt v. Fore, Civil

Action No. 08-2185.

       With respect to Schmidt’s claim for “character defamation,” the First Amended

Complaint explains that this claim is based on USAID employees’ alleged disclosure of

Schmidt’s health status without his consent, as well as disclosure of his sworn testimony as a

witness in the unrelated EEO action to individuals without a “need-to-know.” See First Am.

Compl. at 14. Schmidt also clarifies that his claim for “gross negligence” is based on the


                                                15
agency’s mishandling of Schmidt’s sick leave, retirement savings benefits, and other payroll-

related paperwork. Id. at 15.

       On December 4, 2010, Schmidt filed a Second Amended Complaint.9 In this pleading,

Schmidt informed the Court that he had requested that his case pending before the Labor

Department’s OWCP be dismissed. See Sec. Am. Compl. at 1-2. Schmidt also added more

detailed allegations regarding several of his claims and the damages he has suffered.

       On May 4, 2009, Schmidt filed a “Motion Requesting Removal of Specific Workers’

Compensation Items from Plaintiff’s Civil Complaint.” In this motion, Schmidt explains that the

Department of Labor does have jurisdiction over certain aspects of his workers’ compensation

claims, and therefore he seeks to strike part of his claim. Based on the elimination of these

certain costs, Schmidt’s prayer for relief would be reduced by $100,000, to $1.7 million.

               2.      Schmidt’s Supplemental Filings

       Defendant filed his motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, for summary judgment on

April 13, 2009. Schmidt filed an opposition brief, to which Defendant filed a reply. Schmidt

then filed a surreply brief without leave of Court on May 1, 2009, with seven attached exhibits.

       On December 4, 2010, Schmidt filed a motion to appoint counsel for purposes of

participating in mediation and for leave to file six boxes of documents containing evidence in

support of his claims. The Court denied Schmidt’s motion without prejudice on December 10,

2008. See [7] Order (Dec. 10, 2008). However, because the Court ordered Defendant to file a

response to a similar motion filed by Schmidt in the related FOIA case, Defendant filed a [19]



       9
       The Court construed Schmidt’s filing as a motion for leave to file a Second Amended
Complaint and granted it. See [7] Order (Dec. 10, 2008).

                                                16
Response to Plaintiff’s Motion to Appoint Counsel on May 15, 2009. Because Defendant

expressed an unwillingness to pursue mediation until after resolution of the pending dispositive

motion, the Court again denied Plaintiff’s motion without prejudice. See Min. Order (May 15,

2009). Nevertheless, on May 20, 2009, the Court received a reply brief from Schmidt in support

of his motion, captioned “Plaintiff’s Response to Defendant’s Opposition to Motion for Court-

Appointed Attorney as well as Additional Information in Opposition of Defendant’s Motion to

Dismiss or, in the Alternative, for Summary Judgement [sic] of Plaintiff’s Civil Matter.”

Schmidt’s reply includes hundreds of pages of additional material addressing the merits of

Defendant’s dispositive motion.

       On May 21, 2009, Schmidt filed a document captioned “Correction to Plaintiff’s

Submission of May 20, 2009 and Additional Responses and Exhibits by the Plaintiff in Support

of His Civil Matter and Against Defendant’s Motion for Dismissal or Summary Judgment.” The

following day, Schmidt filed another document, captioned “Correction to Plaintiff’s Submission

of May 21, 2009 and Additional Responses and Exhibits by the Plaintiff in Support of His Civil

Matter and Against Defendant’s Motion for Dismissal or Summary Judgment.” On May 22,

2009, Schmidt filed a “Motion for Acceptance of Plaintiff’s Supplemental Filings of May 20, 21

& 22, 2009, in Support of Existing Statements, Allegations and Claims, Including the

Introduction of Relevant Exhibits.” Defendant filed a memorandum in opposition to this motion,

and Schmidt filed a reply.

                                   II. LEGAL STANDARD

        Defendant has moved for dismissal of Schmidt’s Complaint pursuant to Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and/or 12(b)(6) and has also moved in the alternative for summary


                                               17
judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56.

       A.      Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1)

       A court must dismiss a case when it lacks subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to Rule

12(b)(1). The Court may “consider the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts evidenced in

the record, or the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts plus the court’s resolution of

disputed facts.” Coalition for Underground Expansion v. Mineta, 333 F.3d 193, 198 (D.C. Cir.

2003) (quoting Herbert v. Nat’l Acad. of Scis., 974 F.2d 192, 197 (D.C. Cir. 1992)); see also

Jerome Stevens Pharm., Inc. v. Food & Drug Admin., 402 F.3d 1249, 1253 (D.C. Cir. 2005)

(“[T]he district court may consider materials outside the pleadings in deciding whether to grant a

motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction.”). “At the motion to dismiss stage, counseled

complaints, as well as pro se complaints, are to be construed with sufficient liberality to afford

all possible inferences favorable to the pleader on allegations of fact.” Settles v. U.S. Parole

Comm’n, 429 F.3d 1098, 1106 (D.C. Cir. 2005). In spite of the favorable inferences that a

plaintiff receives on a motion to dismiss, it remains the plaintiff’s burden to prove subject matter

jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence. Am. Farm Bureau v. Envtl. Prot. Agency, 121 F.

Supp. 2d 84, 90 (D.D.C. 2000).

       B.      Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6)

       The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require that a complaint contain “‘a short and plain

statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,’ in order to ‘give the

defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Bell Atl.

Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957));

accord Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007) (per curiam). Although “detailed factual


                                                  18
allegations” are not necessary to withstand a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, to provide the

“grounds” of “entitle[ment] to relief,” a plaintiff must furnish “more than labels and conclusions”

or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” Id. at 1964-65; see also Papasan

v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986). Instead, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,

accepted as true, to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at

570. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the

court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, __ U.S. __, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556).

       In evaluating a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the court must

construe the complaint in a light most favorable to the plaintiff and must accept as true all

reasonable factual inferences drawn from well-pleaded factual allegations. In re United Mine

Workers of Am. Employee Benefit Plans Litig., 854 F.Supp. 914, 915 (D.D.C. 1994); see also

Schuler v. United States, 617 F.2d 605, 608 (D.C. Cir. 1979) (“The complaint must be ‘liberally

construed in favor of the plaintiff,’ who must be granted the benefit of all inferences that can be

derived from the facts alleged.”). However, as the Supreme Court recently made clear, a plaintiff

must provide more than just “a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Iqbal,

129 S. Ct. at 1950. Where the well-pleaded facts set forth in the complaint do not permit a court,

drawing on its judicial experience and common sense, to infer more than the “mere possibility of

misconduct,” the complaint has not shown that the pleader is entitled to relief. Id. at 1950.

       In evaluating a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court is limited to considering

the facts alleged in the complaint, any documents attached to or incorporated in the complaint,

matters of which the court may take judicial notice, and matters of public record. See EEOC v.


                                                 19
St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624 (D.C. Cir. 1997); see also Vanover v.

Hantman, 77 F. Supp. 2d 91, 98 (D.D.C. 1999), aff’d, 38 F. App’x 4 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (“[W]here

a document is referred to in the complaint and is central to plaintiff’s claim, such a document

attached to the motion papers may be considered without converting the motion to one for

summary judgment.”) (citing Greenberg v. The Life Ins. Co. of Va., 177 F.3d 507, 514 (6th Cir.

1999)). Where, as here, the action is brought by a pro se plaintiff, the Court must take particular

care to construe the plaintiff’s filings liberally, for such complaints are held “to less stringent

standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520-21

(1972).

          C.     Motion for Summary Judgment Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56

          Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, a party is entitled to summary judgment

“if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that

there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); see also Tao v. Freeh, 27 F.3d 635, 638 (D.C. Cir. 1994).

Under the summary judgment standard, the moving party bears the “initial responsibility of

informing the district court of the basis for [its] motion, and identifying those portions of the

pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the

affidavits which [it] believe[s] demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.”

Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). In response, the non-moving party must “go

beyond the pleadings and by [its] own affidavits, or depositions, answers to interrogatories, and

admissions on file, ‘designate’ specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Id.

at 324 (internal citations omitted).


                                                  20
       Although a court should draw all inferences from the supporting records submitted by the

nonmoving party, the mere existence of a factual dispute, by itself, is insufficient to bar summary

judgment. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). To be material, the

factual assertion must be capable of affecting the substantive outcome of the litigation; to be

genuine, the issue must be supported by sufficient admissible evidence that a reasonable trier-of-

fact could find for the nonmoving party. Laningham v. U.S. Navy, 813 F.2d 1236, 1242-43 (D.C.

Cir. 1987); Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 251 (the court must determine “whether the evidence

presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided

that one party must prevail as a matter of law”). “If the evidence is merely colorable, or is not

sufficiently probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 249-50

(internal citations omitted). “Mere allegations or denials in the adverse party’s pleadings are

insufficient to defeat an otherwise proper motion for summary judgment.” Williams v.

Callaghan, 938 F. Supp. 46, 49 (D.D.C. 1996). The adverse party must do more than simply

“show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus.

Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). Instead, while the movant bears the initial

responsibility of identifying those portions of the record that demonstrate the absence of a

genuine issue of material fact, the burden shifts to the non-movant to “come forward with

‘specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Id. at 587 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(e)) (emphasis in original).

                                         III. DISCUSSION

       Liberally construed, it appears that Schmidt’s Complaint, as amended, asserts over twenty

claims, although many of these claims are overlapping or duplicative. In addition to the eighteen


                                                  21
enumerated claims in his original Complaint, Schmidt appears to be asserting claims for

violations of the FMLA, the No-FEAR Act, and the OSHA. At least eight of these claims pertain

to the circumstances surrounding the negotiation and implementation of the Settlement

Agreement, and at least five of the claims relate to various forms of employment discrimination

and retaliation that were subject to the Agreement. In addition, Schmidt asserts claims relating to

his requests for workers’ compensation, alleged improprieties concerning an unrelated EEO

investigation at USAID, and alleged violations of the Privacy Act and the Freedom of

Information Act. Defendant moves to dismiss some of these claims on the ground that the Court

of Federal Claims has exclusive jurisdiction over actions arising out of settlement agreements.

To the extent that the Court does have jurisdiction, Defendant moves to dismiss the Complaint

for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Alternatively, Defendant moves for

summary judgment. The Court shall address each of these contentions after first determining

whether it is appropriate to consider the supplemental materials that Schmidt has filed in support

of his claims.

       A.        Motion to Accept Supplemental Filings

       Defendant opposes Schmidt’s motion to have this Court accept and consider his three

supplemental filings containing hundreds of pages of additional responses and exhibits in

opposition to Defendant’s motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, for summary judgment.

Defendant also asks that Schmidt’s surreply brief, which was filed without leave, be stricken

from the record. Because these submissions were filed after Defendant submitted his reply brief,

they are surreplies not authorized by the Local Rules. See Local Civil Rule 7(b) (permitting

parties to file only a single memorandum in opposition to a motion). The decision to grant or


                                                22
deny leave to file a surreply is committed to the sound discretion of the court. Baloch v. Norton,

517 F. Supp. 2d 345, 349 n.2 (D.D.C. 2007). Leave is most typically granted when the movant

raises new arguments in his reply brief that require some additional response. However, Schmidt

has not identified any new arguments raised by Defendant, and Schmidt’s filings are clearly

aimed at augmenting the record after he filed his opposition.

       The Court has reviewed Schmidt’s supplemental filings filed on May 20-22, 2009, and it

finds them to be cumulative and of little aid to the Court in evaluating Defendant’s dispositive

motion. Accordingly, the Court shall deny Schmidt’s motion for acceptance of these additional

materials and does not consider them in ruling on Defendant’s motion to dismiss or, in the

alternative, for summary judgment. However, Schmidt’s original surreply does appear to clarify

his position with respect to many of his claims for relief. Courts may consider supplemental

materials filed by pro se litigants in order to clarify the precise claims being asserted. Wada v.

U.S. Secret Serv., 525 F. Supp. 2d 1, 9 (D.D.C. 2007). Therefore, the Court declines to strike

Schmidt’s first surreply from the record and shall consider it in the context of adjudicating

Defendant’s dispositive motion.

       B.      Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction

       Defendant contends that this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over all of Schmidt’s

claims relating to the Settlement Agreement because the Agreement is a contract with the

government and the Court of Federal Claims has exclusive jurisdiction over contract claims

exceeding $10,000. Because the Court cannot reach the merits of claims over which it lacks

jurisdiction, the Court must address this argument first. See Wright v. Foreign Serv. Grievance

Bd., 503 F. Supp. 2d 163, 177 (D.D.C. 2007).


                                                 23
       Federal courts may assert jurisdiction over suits against the United States only to the

extent that sovereign immunity has been waived. United States v. Mitchell, 445 U.S. 535, 538

(1980).10 Under the Tucker Act, Congress has waived sovereign immunity with respect to “any

claim against the United States founded . . . upon any express or implied contract with the United

States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1). However, such claims must be brought in the Court of Federal

Claims. Id. The Tucker Act provides that district courts have concurrent jurisdiction over such

claims only to the extent they do “not exceed[] $10,000 in amount.” See 28 U.S.C. § 1346(a)(2).

Accordingly, the Court of Federal Claims has exclusive jurisdiction over contract claims for

money damages exceeding $10,000 in amount. See Brown v. United States, 389 F.3d 1296, 1297

(D.C. Cir. 2004) (per curiam). Settlement agreements with agencies of the United States

constitute contracts for purposes of these jurisdictional provisions. Shaffer v. Veneman, 325 F.3d

370, 372 (D.C. Cir. 2003); see also Massie v. United States, 166 F.3d 1184, 1188 (Fed. Cir.

1999) (“[A]ny agreement can be a contract within the meaning of the Tucker Act, provided that it

meets the requirements for a contract with the Government, specifically: mutual intent to contract

including an offer and acceptance, consideration, and a Government representative who had

actual authority to bind the Government.”) (citation omitted). The jurisdictional bar applies to

both claims for breach of a settlement agreement and any claims that rely on the existence of a

breach. See Brown, 389 F.3d at 1297-98 (holding that district court lacked jurisdiction over Title

VII claims that depended upon the finding of a breach of settlement agreement). Moreover, the

Tucker Act’s waiver of sovereign immunity also encompasses tort-like claims such as


       10
          Schmidt brings this suit against the USAID Administrator in his official capacity. An
official-capacity suit against an agency or agent of the United States is the equivalent of a suit
against the United States. Davis v. Mukasey, 669 F. Supp. 2d 45, 49 (D.D.C. 2009).

                                                24
misrepresentation where the plaintiff asserts that pre-contract behavior by the government

necessitates an adjustment of contract terms, including damages, reformation, or rescission. See

Kline v. Cisneros, 76 F.3d 1236 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (explaining that the Tucker Act applies to

claims that “would not be in court but for the existence of the contract”). Except in narrow

circumstances, the Tucker Act does not waive sovereign immunity with respect to suits for

equitable relief on a contract, and the Tucker Act represents the only waiver of sovereign

immunity on contract claims. Richardson v. Morris, 409 U.S. 464, 465 (1973) (per curiam);

Wright, 503 F. Supp. 2d at 178-81.

       Defendant contends that to the extent that Schmidt’s claims attack the formation of or

compliance with the terms of the Settlement Agreement, they are not within the jurisdiction of

this Court because Schmidt seeks damages worth $1.8 million. See Def.’s Mem. at 9. The Court

agrees, at least with respect to any claims for breach of contract or equitable relief on the contract

based on pre-contract behavior by the government. In his First Amended Complaint, Schmidt

states a claim for “Breach of Contract” and alleges that USAID did not follow the terms of the

Settlement Agreement. See First Am. Compl. at 8. Schmidt specifically alleges that USAID

violated the Settlement Agreement’s confidentiality provision and failed to pay him over $10,000

that was erroneously deducted from his paycheck, a sum that USAID contends was included as

part of the settlement. See id. at 8-9. Because these claims exceed the jurisdictional threshold

for concurrent jurisdiction in federal district court, they must be brought before the Court of

Federal Claims. Additionally, it appears that Schmidt may be seeking equitable and monetary

relief pertaining to the validity of the Settlement Agreement. See, e.g., Compl. at 8 (stating claim

for “Invalid Settlement Agreement due to threats, deception, coercion, duress, and poor health,


                                                 25
etc.”); id. (stating claim for “Facially retaliatory language in the Settlement Agreement.”). To the

extent that Schmidt does seek money damages or equitable relief for government conduct that

invalidates the Settlement Agreement, his claims are contractual in nature and fall within the

ambit of Tucker Act jurisdiction. Because it is apparent that Schmidt seeks in excess of $10,000

in damages from the government’s alleged misconduct, this Court lacks jurisdiction over such

claims.11

       However, many of Schmidt’s other claims cannot be considered to be founded upon the

Settlement Agreement, even if they are somehow related to its negotiation. For example,

Schmidt’s constructive termination claim appears to be based on allegations that USAID officials

used threats and other improper tactics to force him to resign prior to signing the Settlement

Agreement. See Sec. Am. Compl. at 6-7. Schmidt also asserts claims for “impermissible

conduct,” misrepresentation, defamation, and Privacy Act violations based on USAID

employees’ conduct during settlement negotiations in March 2008. See Compl. at 8; Sec. Am.

Compl. at 8-10. To the extent that Schmidt is seeking damages for personal injuries resulting

from this conduct, these are tort or statutory claims that do not depend upon the existence of the

Settlement Agreement or a finding that it was breached. Accordingly, they are not contract

claims that must be adjudicated in the Court of Federal Claims, and this Court may hear them

under other jurisdictional provisions such as the Federal Tort Claims Act.


       11
           The D.C. Circuit has held that where a plaintiff is alleging a statutory or constitutional
violation by a federal agency based on a contract, the federal district courts have jurisdiction to
hear the claim under the waiver of sovereign immunity in the Administrative Procedure Act. See
Transohio Sav. Bank v. Director, Office of Thrift Supervision, 967 F.2d 598, 610-11 (D.C. Cir.
1992). However, the Court does not construe Schmidt’s contract claims to be based on
violations of the constitution or federal statutes. Accordingly, the Court does not have
jurisdiction under the APA to consider Schmidt’s contract claims.

                                                 26
       The Court shall therefore grant Defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter

jurisdiction with respect to Schmidt’s claims for: breach of contract (including breach of

confidentiality); invalid Settlement Agreement; “facially retaliatory language in the Settlement

Agreement”; misrepresentation of Settlement Agreement terms; and any other claims for relief

pertaining to agency misconduct that impinges on the validity of the Settlement Agreement.12

The Court shall now turn to the merits of each of Schmidt’s remaining claims.

       C.      Motion to Dismiss Claims Released by the Settlement Agreement

       Defendant contends that the majority of Schmidt’s claims relating to USAID employees’

allegedly improper conduct are barred by the terms of the Settlement Agreement. Schmidt does

not dispute that the language of the Settlement Agreement includes a release of any claims

relating to the issues in his EEO complaint or his employment with USAID. However, Schmidt

contends that the release and the entire Settlement Agreement are invalid for a variety of reasons,

including coercion, duress, misrepresentation, and lack of a witness’s signature on the doctor’s

affidavit that Schmidt was competent to enter a binding agreement. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 10, 14,

17, 29. Although the Court lacks jurisdiction over Schmidt’s contract claims, it does have

jurisdiction to consider whether the defense of waiver based on the Settlement Agreement is

valid. See Wright, 503 F. Supp. 2d at 173-77 & n.8 (evaluating the validity of a settlement

agreement for the limited purpose of evaluating a waiver defense despite lacking jurisdiction

over affirmative contract claims based on the agreement).



       12
          The Court does not find that it is in the interest of justice to transfer such claims to the
Court of Federal Claims as permitted by 28 U.S.C. § 1361. As explained below, the Settlement
Agreement bars Schmidt from litigating most of his claims, and Schmidt’s acceptance of the
benefits from the Settlement Agreement precludes him from attacking its validity.

                                                  27
       Settlement agreements are governed by principles of contract law. Green v. AFL-CIO,

657 F. Supp. 2d 161, 165 (D.D.C. 2009). A party to a voluntary settlement agreement may waive

his or her rights to litigate claims in court, including claims under Title VII. Id. at 165-66;

Johnson v. Veneman, 569 F. Supp. 2d 148, 154-55 (D.D.C. 2008) (holding that waiver of claims

under Title VII must be “knowing and voluntary”). “Absent a showing of fraud or duress, parties

are bound by the agreements that they sign, without regard to whether they regret their decisions

after the fact.” Johnson v. Penn Camera Exchange, 583 F. Supp. 2d 81, 86 (D.D.C. 2008); see

also Weaver v. Bratt, 421 F. Supp. 2d 25, 32 (D.D.C. 2006) (“In the District of Columbia (and as

a general rule of contract law), a party’s signature on a contract binds the party to the terms of the

contract, even if that party is ignorant of the terms of the contract.”) Here, Schmidt has alleged

both fraud or misrepresentation and duress on the part of USAID in forcing him to enter into the

Settlement Agreement.13 “It is well-established that a party induced to enter a settlement

agreement because of duress may be entitled to relief.” Wright, 503 F. Supp. 2d at 174 (quoting

Am. Sec. Vanlines, Inc. v. Gallagher, 782 F.2d 1056, 1060 (D.C. Cir. 1986)) (quotation marks

omitted). “If a party’s manifestation of assent is induced by an improper threat by the other party


       13
           The Court construes Schmidt’s allegation that Herscowitz told him the Settlement
Agreement would be invalid if it he did not obtain a witness’s countersignature on Dr. Melmed’s
affidavit as a claim of misrepresentation as opposed to a claim that Schmidt lacked the capacity
to enter into the Agreement. Although Schmidt does argue that he was not of “sound mind and
body during March 2008” due to his extensive prescription drug use, see Pl.’s Opp’n at 9,
Schmidt does not argue lack of a capacity as a basis for contesting the validity of the Settlement
Agreement. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 14 (arguing invalidity “[b]ased upon USAID’s bad faith
negotiations, repeated threats, coercion, trickery, deception, misrepresentation of [Dr. Melmed’s
affidavit], lacks a ‘meeting of the minds’ regarding the meaning of the terms and conditions set
forth in the settlement agreement, false promises and statements made by Mr. Herscowitz to the
Plaintiff”). However, to the extent that Schmidt may be arguing that his mental illness prevented
him from acting reasonably with respect to the transaction, such a mental illness, if proven, could
render the contract voidable at his option. See Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 15 (1981).

                                                  28
that leaves the victim no reasonable alternative, the contract is voidable by the victim.”

Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 175 (1981) (hereinafter, “Restatement”); see also 17A

C.J.S. Contracts § 185 (“[A] contract made under duress is ordinarily voidable and not void, for

the consent is present, although not such a free consent as the law requires.”). Similarly, “a

contract is voidable at the option of the innocent party if that party’s assent was induced by a

misrepresentation, whether fraudulent or innocent.” Weaver, 421 F. Supp. 2d at 32; Restatement

§ 164 (“If a party’s manifestation of assent is induced by either a fraudulent or a material

misrepresentation by the other party upon which the recipient is justified in relying, the contract

is voidable by the recipient.”) A voidable contract is one under which a party may elect to avoid

any legal obligations under the contract. United States ex rel. Siewick v. Jamieson Sci. & Eng’g,

Inc., 214 F.3d 1372, 1377-78 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (citing Restatement § 7).

       The Court need not wade through Schmidt’s allegations of fraud and duress, however,

because assuming arguendo that Schmidt can establish fraud or duress, these conditions merely

render the Settlement Agreement voidable. A party’s power to avoid a contract due to fraud or

duress is lost if, after the circumstances that made the contract voidable have ceased to exist, the

party “manifests to the other party his intention to affirm it or acts with respect to anything that

he has received in a manner inconsistent with disaffirmance.” Restatement § 380; see id. cmt. a

(“A party who has the power of avoidance may lose it by action that manifests a willingness to go

on with the contract. Such action is known as ‘affirmance’ and has the effect of ratifying the

contract.”) “[I]t is . . . well-established that a victim of duress may be held to have ratified the

agreement by accepting its benefits.” Wright, 503 F. Supp. 2d at 174-75 (citation and quotation

marks omitted); see also Goldstein v. S & A Restaurant Corp., 622 F. Supp. 139, 145 (D.D.C.


                                                  29
1985) (“[T]he acceptance of benefits under the contract necessarily bars denial of its validity.”);

Jacobson v. Jacobson, 277 A.2d 280, 283 (D.C. 1971) (“Ratification results if the party who

executed the contract under duress accepts the benefits flowing from it or remains silent or

acquiesces in the contract for any considerable length of time after opportunity is afforded to

annul or void it.”) (quotation marks omitted). “In other words, because economic duress merely

renders a contract voidable–as opposed to void–a plaintiff who accepts the benefits of the

contract entered into under economic duress cannot later seek to have the contract rescinded.”14

Wright, 503 F. Supp. 2d at 175. The same is true for contracts rendered voidable by

misrepresentation. See Restatement § 380(2). This outcome is also supported by principles of

equitable estoppel. See Bennett v. U.S. Chess Fed’n, 468 F. Supp. 2d 79, 85 (D.D.C. 2006);

Asberry v. U.S. Postal Serv., 692 F.2d 1378, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 1982) (“Having voluntarily accepted

the settlement and its benefits, [the plaintiff] is equitably estopped to attack it.”)

        It is undisputed that Schmidt has accepted a $140,000 payment from USAID as part of

the Settlement Agreement and has not been required to reimburse the agency for any leave

accrual. Although Schmidt did argue in his post-settlement administrative complaints that the

Agreement was invalid, the record shows that Schmidt has sought to keep the benefits of the

Agreement without also accepting its obligations. See Letter from Schmidt to Carlton Hadden,

Director, EEOC Office of Federal Operations (Sept. 22, 2008) at 43 (requesting that EEOC

“reinstate my original EEO case ‘without’ a tender back requirement”). Accordingly, Schmidt is

precluded from attacking the validity of the Settlement Agreement and the release of claims


        14
         Economic duress is distinguishable from duress by physical compulsion, whereby a
party’s manifestation of assent to a contract is from conduct that is physically compelled by
duress. In such circumstances, the contract is void rather than voidable. See Restatement § 174.

                                                   30
contained therein. Moreover, Schmidt admits in his Complaint that he consulted an attorney

about the Settlement Agreement, and he does not claim that he was unaware of the release or the

consequences of entering into the Settlement Agreement.15 Therefore, the Court finds that

Schmidt knowingly released his claims against USAID in the Settlement Agreement and is

barred from litigating them in this Court. The release covers all claims “arising from or related

to his employment with USAID” and therefore includes: his claim for constructive termination;

his pre-settlement discrimination and retaliation claims, including his claim under the ADA; his

claim that the agency never informed him of his rights under the FMLA; his claim that the

agency violated OSHA; his claim that the agency violated the No-FEAR Act; his claim that

USAID violated the Privacy Act by disclosing his medical information; his claims for negligence

and gross negligence based on the agency’s mishandling of his sick leave, retirement benefits,

and other personnel accounts; his claim for “impermissible conduct,” and all other claims

pertaining to agency misconduct leading up to the execution of the Settlement Agreement.

Accordingly, Schmidt has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, and the Court

shall grant Defendant’s motion to dismiss these claims under Rule 12(b)(6).16


       15
          Indeed, Schmidt’s misrepresentation claim is not based on any misrepresentations
about the material terms of the Agreement, such as the release. Rather, it is based on Mr.
Herscowitz’s statements about the legal significance of his doctor’s affidavit. It is also clear
from Schmidt’s duress allegations that he was aware of the consequences of settling his claims.
       16
          In addition to the facts alleged in the Complaint and the documents attached as exhibits
to the Complaint, the Court has only considered two documents attached in support of
Defendant’s dispositive motion. The first is the Settlement Agreement itself, and the second is
the affidavit of Dr. Melmed. Because Schmidt does not dispute the accuracy of these documents
and they are incorporated by the allegations in his Complaint, the Court may consider them
without treating Defendant’s motion to dismiss as one for summary judgment. See EEOC v. St.
Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (holding that courts may
consider “the facts alleged in the complaint, any documents either attached to or incorporated in

                                                31
          However, Schmidt does have claims based on post-settlement agency conduct that

occurred after Schmidt resigned and which are not based on the Schmidt’s prior claims of

discrimination. As such, these claims are not barred by the terms of the release. Schmidt’s

remaining claims are: (1) that USAID violated FECA by failing to process his requests related to

workers’ compensation benefits; (2) that USAID violated Title VII and possibly other federal

laws by interfering with an EEO investigation in which Schmidt was a witness and intimidating

him; (3) that USAID defamed Schmidt by disclosing his sworn testimony in that EEO

investigation to persons without a “need to know”; and (4) that USAID failed to respond to his

May 2008 and September 2008 FOIA requests.17 The Court shall now evaluate each of these

claims.

          D.     Schmidt’s Workers’ Compensation Claims18

          Schmidt claims that USAID failed to respond to his requests that the agency provide

certain paperwork to the Department of Labor for processing his workers’ compensation claim.

To the extent that Schmidt’s claim relies on agency actions that occurred prior to March 26,

2008, his claim is barred by the release in the Settlement Agreement.19 However, to the extent




the complaint and matters of which [they] may take judicial notice.”)
          17
          The Court has afforded the operative complaint a liberal construction, and the Court
finds that these are the only four remaining claims that are not barred by the Settlement
Agreement.
          18
        The Court shall GRANT Schmidt’s [17] Motion Requesting Removal of Specific
Workers’ Compensation Items from Plaintiff’s Civil Complaint as unopposed. In the motion,
Schmidt moves to strike a portion of his damages related to his workers’ compensation claim.
          19
          For example, Schmidt alleges in his First Amended Complaint that USAID has been in
violation of FECA since on or about November 2006. See First Am. Compl. at 2.

                                                 32
that the agency acted after the Settlement Agreement, it appears that Schmidt is trying to assert a

claim against USAID for violation of FECA regulations. Schmidt does not identify the

regulations or statutory provisions he believes to have been violated, but FECA regulations do

require government employers to fill out certain forms submitted by employees and forward them

to OWCP. See, e.g., 20 C.F.R. § 10.111. Schmidt’s complaint can be reasonably construed to

assert a violation of these regulations.

       However, FECA does not provide a cause of action against a government employer who

fails to comply with these regulations. Schmidt might be able to assert a claim under the

Administrative Procedure Act, which permits federal courts to “compel agency action unlawfully

withheld or unreasonably delayed” and “hold unlawful and set aside agency action . . . found to

be . . . not in accordance with law.” See 5 U.S.C. § 706. But the APA does not waive sovereign

immunity for claims for money damages, see 5 U.S.C. § 702, and the Court does not construe

Schmidt’s complaint as seeking injunctive relief pertaining to this claim.20 Accordingly, the

Court must dismiss Schmidt’s claim that USAID violated FECA regulations for lack of subject

matter jurisdiction.

       Defendant construes Schmidt’s complaint as asserting a substantive claim for workers’

compensation benefits under FECA. The Settlement Agreement could not bar such a claim

because the right to receive workers’ compensation benefits cannot be waived. See 20 C.F.R.

§ 10.15 (“No employer or other person may require an employee or other claimant to enter into



       20
           Schmidt does not specifically request injunctive relief in his Complaint or identify
specific agency actions he would seek to compel. Rather, Schmidt contends that the agency’s
failure to follow FECA regulations has caused him “pain and suffering.” See Sec. Am. Compl. at
2.

                                                33
any agreement, either before or after an injury or death, to waive his or her right to claim

compensation under the FECA.”) However, all decisions regarding an employee’s entitlement to

FECA benefits are made by the Department of Labor and may not be reviewed in federal court.

See Mason v. District of Columbia, 395 A.2d 399, 402 (D.C. 1978); 5 U.S.C. § 8128(b) (“The

action of the Secretary or his designee in allowing or denying a payment under [FECA] is . . . not

subject to review by another official of the United States or by a court by mandamus or

otherwise.”) Accordingly, the Court must dismiss any workers’ compensation claim for lack of

subject matter jurisdiction.

       E.      Schmidt’s Involvement as a Witness in an EEO Investigation

       Schmidt claims that USAID violated Title VII and possibly other federal laws by

intimidating Schmidt after he submitted information to an EEO investigator in a case related to

one of Schmidt’s former subordinates. The only basis for these claims that is pled in the

Complaint is a letter received by Schmidt on September 9, 2008, from James M. Peters, Assistant

General Counsel at USAID. The letter is a response to Schmidt’s request for reimbursement of

$24 in expenses incurred when he sent documents to the investigator via Federal Express. See

Def.’s Mot., Ex. 12. The letter also explained that the investigator informed EOP that Schmidt

had provided supplemental affidavits and additional documentation beyond the scope of the

investigator’s inquiry. See id. Therefore, the agency requested that Schmidt refrain from

submitting future unsolicited statements and/or documentation relating to the EEO investigation.

Id.

       Based on this letter, Schmidt has asserted claims for “witness intimidation and

tampering,” “interfering with an official EEO investigation,” and violations of Title VII. The


                                                 34
only plausible claim the Court can discern from these allegations is a claim under Title VII for

unlawful retaliation for engaging in protected activity. Title VII makes it unlawful “for an

employer to discriminate against any of his employees . . . because he has made a charge,

testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing”

under Title VII. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). “The antiretaliation provision protects an individual

not from all retaliation, but from retaliation that produces an injury or harm.” Burlington N. &

Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 67 (2006). “[A] plaintiff must show that a reasonable

employee would have found the challenged action materially adverse.” Id. at 68. Schmidt’s

claim fails this test for two reasons. First, Schmidt was no longer employed by USAID when he

submitted the materials to the EEO investigator and therefore does not qualify as an “employee”

under Title VII. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(f) (defining “employee”). Second, no reasonable

employee would have been dissuaded from testifying based on the language of the letter, which

was not threatening in tone. Moreover, in light of the fact that the investigator received

Schmidt’s testimony, Schmidt has failed to explain how USAID’s actions interfered in any way

with the investigation. Thus, Schmidt has failed to state a claim for relief under Title VII, and

the Court shall grant Defendant’s motion to dismiss any claims relating to Schmidt’s

participation as a witness in his former subordinate’s EEO investigation.21

       F.      Schmidt’s FOIA Claim

       Schmidt’s final claim is that the Agency has failed to respond to FOIA requests he

submitted in May 2008 and September 2008. Defendant moves to dismiss this claim on the


       21
         Because the September 9, 2008, letter is explicitly referenced in the Complaint, see
Compl. at 6, the Court may consider it without treating Defendant’s motion as one for summary
judgment.

                                                 35
ground that Schmidt has failed to plead sufficient information to state a claim for relief under

FOIA. While Schmidt’s allegations regarding this claim are sparse, the Court finds they are

sufficient to state a claim. See First Am. Compl. at 13-14. However, these allegations are

identical to those raised in the related FOIA action pending before this Court. Because the

parties have addressed these issues more fully in the related case, the Court shall dismiss

Schmidt’s FOIA claim from this action without prejudice and adjudicate Schmidt’s FOIA claim

in the related action.

                                       IV. CONCLUSION

        The Court finds that it lacks jurisdiction over Schmidt’s claims pertaining to the validity

of the Settlement Agreement, breach of the Settlement Agreement, and alleged violations of the

Federal Employees’ Compensation Act. The Court also finds that the majority of Schmidt’s

claims relating to agency misconduct are barred by the Settlement Agreement. The Court finds

that with respect to Schmidt’s claims pertaining to witness intimidation, Schmidt has failed to

state a claim upon which relief can be granted. The Court also finds that Schmidt’s FOIA claim

is duplicative of the claims asserted in the related action pending before this Court, Schmidt v.

Fore, Civil Action No. 08-2185 (D.D.C. filed Dec. 16, 2008).

        For the foregoing reasons, the Court shall GRANT Schmidt’s [17] Motion Requesting

Removal of Specific Workers’ Compensation Items from Plaintiff’s Civil Complaint, DENY

Schmidt’s [22] Motion for Acceptance of Plaintiff’s Supplemental Filings, and GRANT

Defendant’s [12] Motion to Dismiss. The Court shall dismiss Schmidt’s contract claims based

on the Settlement Agreement and Schmidt’s workers’ compensation claims for lack of subject

matter jurisdiction; dismiss Schmidt’s FOIA claim without prejudice; and dismiss the remainder


                                                 36
of Schmidt’s claims under Rule 12(b)(6). An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum

Opinion.



Date: March 17, 2010

                                                     /s/
                                                COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
                                                United States District Judge




                                           37
