[Cite as State v. Crawford, 2019-Ohio-1507.]


                                       COURT OF APPEALS
                                    RICHLAND COUNTY, OHIO
                                   FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT



STATE OF OHIO                                     JUDGES:
                                                  Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P. J.
        Plaintiff-Appellee                        Hon. John W. Wise, J.
                                                  Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
-vs-
                                                  Case No. 2018 CA 0063
KEVIN D. CRAWFORD

        Defendant-Appellant                       OPINION




CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                       Criminal Appeal from the Court of Common
                                               Pleas, Case No. 2017 CR 0646


JUDGMENT:                                      Affirmed



DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                        April 19, 2019



APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee                         For Defendant-Appellant

GARY BISHOP                                    DALE M. MUSILLI
PROSECUTING ATTORNEY                           105 Sturges Avenue
JOSEPH C. SNYDER                               Mansfield, Ohio 44903
ASSISTANT PROSECUTOR
38 South Park Street
Mansfield, Ohio 44902
Richland County, Case No. 2018 CA 0063                                                    2

Wise, J.

       {¶1}   Appellant Kevin D. Crawford appeals his convictions on one count of

Possession of Cocaine and one count of Possession of LSD, entered in the Richland

County Court of Common Pleas following a bench trial.

       {¶2}   Appellee is State of Ohio.

                       STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE

       {¶3}   Just before midnight on June 10, 2017, 911 dispatch received a call

regarding an incident at 108 Betzstone Avenue in Mansfield, Ohio. (T. at 52-53). The

caller stated that her neighbor, Heather Tane, was beating on the wall of the apartment

calling for help. (T. at 54-55). Heather Tane told the caller that she had a fight with her

boyfriend and he locked her out of the house in just her underwear. Id. Later that night, a

second phone call came in, this time from Heather Tane where she said that her boyfriend

was trying to ram his car into the building and that he had a knife. (T. at 57-58). Ms. Tane

ended the call after making these statements. Id.

       {¶4}   In response to the 911 calls, Officer Grimshaw and Officer Shepard of

Mansfield Police Department were dispatched to 108 Betzstone Avenue. (T. at 64). Upon

arrival, the officers saw Appellant Kevin Crawford upstairs in the doorway of the patio. (T.

at 65). The officers spoke to Heather Tane, who was crying, visibly afraid and yelling that

Appellant had a knife. (T. at 72-73). When ordered by the officers to come outside,

Appellant complied. (T. at 73). Appellant was then arrested. When Appellant was taken

into custody, the officers conducted a sweep of the residence and found no one else

present. (T. at 80).
Richland County, Case No. 2018 CA 0063                                                     3


       {¶5}       As Appellant was being escorted to the cruiser, he started yelling that Ms.

Tane had cocaine in the house. (T. at 75). Ms. Tane informed the officers that there was

cocaine and acid in the house. Id. She also said that the drugs belonged to Appellant,

that he was currently on acid, and that he was a drug dealer. (T. at 75-76). Ms. Tane gave

the officers consent to a search of the residence. (T. at 15-16, 83, 94). Ms. Tane stated

that it was her residence and that Appellant did not live there. (T. at 101).

       {¶6}       Inside the apartment, near where Appellant had been standing, the officers

observed a large kitchen knife on the floor. (T. at 68). The officers also found a baggie

containing LSD on an end table. (T. at 69, 98). The distance from the patio doorway to

the end table was approximately ten feet. Id. Down the hallway from that room was a

bedroom. (T. at 70). In that bedroom, the officers found a bag of cocaine sitting on the

bed. (T. at 70, 98). Approximately $4,700 in cash was also found in Appellant's pocket.

(T. at 71, 73).

       {¶7}       On September 21, 2017, Appellant was indicted with a four-count

indictment. Count One charged Appellant with Possession of Cocaine, a felony of the

fifth-degree, in violation of R.C. §2925.11(A). Count Two charged Appellant with

Possession of LSD, a felony of the fifth-degree, in violation of R.C. §2925.11(A). Count

Three charged Appellant with Criminal Damaging, a misdemeanor of the second-degree,

in violation of R.C. §2909.06(A)(1). Count Four charged Appellant with Aggravated

Menacing, a misdemeanor of the first-degree, in violation of R.C. §2903.21(A).

       {¶8}       On October 18, 2017, Appellant entered a not guilty plea and was appointed

counsel.

       {¶9}       On March 12, 2018, this matter proceeded to a bench trial.
Richland County, Case No. 2018 CA 0063                                                      4


          {¶10} On March 13, 2018, the trial court found Appellant guilty of Counts One and

Two but not guilty of Counts Three and Four.

          {¶11} The trial court sentenced Appellant to twelve (12) months on both counts to

run concurrent to one another and consecutive to his 486 days for violating post- release

control.

          {¶12} On March 14, 2018, the trial court filed its findings of fact and conclusions

of law.

          {¶13} Appellant now appeals, raising the following errors for review:

                                    ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

          {¶14} “I. ALLOWING EVIDENCE OF AN ILLEGAL SEARCH WAS PLAIN

ERROR.

          {¶15} “II. INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE WAS PRESENTED TO SUSTAIN A

GUILTY VERDICT.”

                                               I.

          {¶16} In his first assignment of error, Appellant argues that the evidence

presented at trial was the result of an illegal search. We disagree.

          {¶17} More specifically, Appellant argues that if the search in this case would have

been suppressed, the drugs would not have been seized and he would not have been

convicted of possession. Appellant does not assign as error the failure of trial counsel to

file a motion to suppress the evidence.

          {¶18} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits

warrantless searches and seizures, rendering them per se unreasonable unless an
Richland County, Case No. 2018 CA 0063                                                       5

exception to the warrant requirement applies. Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357,

88 S.Ct. 507, 19 L.Ed.2d 576 (1967).

        {¶19} The Ohio Supreme Court has recognized seven exceptions to the search

warrant requirement: (a) [a] search incident to a lawful arrest; (b) consent signifying

waiver of constitutional rights; (c) the stop-and-frisk doctrine; (d) hot pursuit; (e) probable

cause to search and the presence of exigent circumstances; (f) the plain-view doctrine;

or (g) an administrative search. State v. Smith, 5th Dist. Licking No. 18 CA 00011, 2018-

Ohio-3436, ¶18 citing State v. Akron Airport Post No. 8975, 19 Ohio St.3d 49, 51, 482

N.E.2d 606 (1985), certiorari denied, 474 U.S. 1058, 106 S.Ct. 800, 88 L.Ed.2d 777

(1986); Stone v. Stow, 64 Ohio St.3d 156, 164, 593 N.E.2d 294, fn. 4 (1992)

        {¶20} Consent to enter a residence can be given by anyone who possesses

common authority over the premises, and in particular, by the resident of a home. See

United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 94 S.Ct. 988, 39 L.Ed.2d 242 (1974); State v.

Greer, 39 Ohio St.3d 236, 530 N.E.2d 382 (1988).

        {¶21} In the case at bar, evidence was presented that Ms. Tane consented to the

search which resulted in the seizure of the drugs. (Sent. T. at 123). She included in her

statement that the drugs belonged to Appellant and that he brought the drugs with him to

her house when he came over that evening. (Sent. T. at 123). While Ms. Tane claimed at

trial that she was forced by the police to fill out a witness statement which indicated that

she consented to the search, the trial court found her testimony to be lacking in credibility.

(Sent. T. at 123-124). The trial court found that the statements she gave the night of the

incident to be “more trustworthy and reliable to the true facts in this matter.” (Sent. T. at

124).
Richland County, Case No. 2018 CA 0063                                                    6


       {¶22} The record also reveals that Appellant’s trial counsel did not file a motion to

suppress the allegedly illegally obtained drugs. “By failing to file a motion to suppress

illegally obtained evidence, a defendant waives any objection to its admission. State v.

Campbell, 69 Ohio St.3d 38, 44, 630 N.E.2d 339 (1994).” State v. Osie, 140 Ohio St.3d

131, 2014-Ohio-2966, 16 N.E.3d 588, ¶ 136.

       {¶23} Looking at the totality of the circumstances of this case, we find that Ms.

Tane voluntarily gave the police the authority to search her house. The voluntariness of

a consent to a search is a question of fact and will not be reversed on appeal unless

clearly erroneous. State v. Clelland, 83 Ohio App.3d 474, 615 N.E.2d 276 (4th Dist. 1992).

       {¶24} Based on the foregoing, we find Appellant’s first assignment of error not

well-taken and hereby overrule same.

                                                II.

       {¶25} In his second assignment of error, Appellant argues that his convictions

were not supported by sufficient evidence. We disagree.

       {¶26} The legal concepts of sufficiency of the evidence and weight of the evidence

are both quantitatively and qualitatively different. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380,

1997-Ohio-52, 678 N.E.2d 541, paragraph two of the syllabus. The standard of review for

a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is set forth in State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d

259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991) at paragraph two of the syllabus, in which the Ohio Supreme

Court held, “An appellate court's function when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence

to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine

whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant's

guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the
Richland County, Case No. 2018 CA 0063                                                    7


evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.

       {¶27} In determining whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of the

evidence, the court of appeals functions as the “thirteenth juror,” and after “reviewing the

entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility

of witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly

lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must

be overturned and a new trial ordered.” State v. Thompkins, supra, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387.

Reversing a conviction as being against the manifest weight of the evidence and ordering

a new trial should be reserved for only the “exceptional case in which the evidence weighs

heavily against the conviction.” Id.

       {¶28} Appellant contends in this Assignment of Error that his convictions for

Possession of Cocaine and LSD were against the sufficiency and manifest weight of the

evidence.

       {¶29} Appellant herein was found guilty of possession of cocaine and possession

of LSD, both in violation of R.C. § 2925.11 which states:

       {¶30} “No person shall knowingly obtain, possess, or use a controlled substance

or a controlled substance analog.”

       {¶31} Appellant argues that the state did not prove “possession.”

       {¶32} R.C. § 2925.01(K) defines “possess” or “possession” as “having control

over a thing or substance, but may not be inferred solely from mere access to the thing

or substance through ownership or occupation of the premises upon which the thing or

substance is found.”
Richland County, Case No. 2018 CA 0063                                                    8


       {¶33} Possession may be actual or constructive. “Constructive possession exists

when an individual knowingly exercises dominion and control over an object, even though

that object may not be within his immediate physical possession.” State v. Hankerson, 70

Ohio St.2d 87, 434 N.E.2d 1362 (1982), syllabus. The evidence must prove that the

defendant was able to exercise dominion and control over the contraband. State v.

Wolery, 46 Ohio St.2d 316, 332, 348 N.E.2d 351 (1976). Dominion and control may be

proven by circumstantial evidence alone. State v. Holman, 5th Dist. Stark No.

2017CA00114, 2018–Ohio–1373, ¶ 25, citing State v. Trembly, 137 Ohio App.3d 134,

738 N.E.2d 93 (8th Dist. 2000). Circumstantial evidence that the defendant was located

in very close proximity to the contraband may show constructive possession. State v.

Barr, 86 Ohio App.3d 227, 235, 620 N.E.2d 242, 247–248 (8th Dist. 1993); State v.

Morales, 5th Dist. Licking No. 2004 CA 68, 2005–Ohio–4714, ¶ 50; State v. Moses, 5th

Dist. Stark No. 2003CA00384, 2004–Ohio–4943,¶ 9. Ownership of the contraband need

not be established in order to find constructive possession. State v. Smith, 9th Dist.

Summit No. 20885, 2002–Ohio–3034, ¶ 13, citing State v. Mann, 93 Ohio App.3d 301,

308, 638 N.E.2d 585 (8th Dist.1993). Furthermore, possession may be individual or joint.

Wolery, 46 Ohio St.2d at 332, 348 N.E.2d 351. Multiple individuals may constructively

possess a particular item of contraband simultaneously. State v. Pitts, 4th Dist. Scioto No.

99 CA 2675, 2000–Ohio–1986. The Supreme Court has held that knowledge of illegal

goods on one's property is sufficient to show constructive possession. State v.

Hankerson, 70 Ohio St.2d 87, 91, 434 N.E.2d 1362, 1365 (1982), certiorari denied, 459

U.S. 870, 103 S.Ct. 155, 74 L.Ed.2d 130 (1982).
Richland County, Case No. 2018 CA 0063                                                      9


       {¶34} Here, the trial court heard testimony as set forth above that Appellant

possessed the drugs which were found at the premises from where Appellant had just

been removed. Officer Grimshaw testified that he saw Appellant standing close in

proximity to where the LSD was found minutes later, and that Appellant told them that

there was cocaine in the house, which was located on top of the dresser in the bedroom.

(T. at 69-71, 75). Officer Grimshaw also testified that Ms. Tane informed them that there

was cocaine and acid, or LSD, in the house and that the drugs belonged to Appellant. (T.

at 75-76). She further identified Appellant as a “drug dealer.” (T. at 76).

       {¶35} The weight to be given to the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses

are issues for the trier of fact, in this case, the jury. State v. Jamison, 49 Ohio St.3d 182,

552 N.E.2d 180 (1990). The trier of fact “has the best opportunity to view the demeanor,

attitude, and credibility of each witness, something that does not translate well on the

written page.” Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 418, 674 N.E.2d 1159 (1997).

       {¶36} Upon review, we find sufficient evidence to support the conclusion that

Appellant was able to exercise dominion and control over the cocaine and LSD and

therefore was in possession of drugs, and we do not find any manifest miscarriage of

justice.
Richland County, Case No. 2018 CA 0063                                              10


       {¶37} Based on the foregoing, we find Appellant's second assignment of error not

well-taken and hereby overrule same.

       {¶38} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of

Richland County, Ohio, is affirmed.



By: Wise, J.

Gwin, P. J., and

Baldwin, J., concur.


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