                    United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 02-2158
                                   ___________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
            Appellee,                   *
                                        *
      v.                                * Appeal from the United States
                                        * District Court for the
Christopher Shawn Deaton,               * Eastern District of Arkansas.
                                        *
            Appellant.                  *      [Published]
                                   ___________

                         Submitted: March 11, 2003
                             Filed: May 9, 2003
                                  ___________

Before HANSEN,1 Chief Judge, RILEY, and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.
                              ___________

PER CURIAM.

       In this direct criminal appeal, Christopher Shawn Deaton challenges the
judgment entered by the district court2 upon a jury verdict finding him guilty of
possession of child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(B). The
district court sentenced Deaton to 57 months imprisonment and 3 years supervised

      1
       The Honorable David R. Hansen stepped down as Chief Judge of the United
States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit at the close of business on March 31,
2003. He has been succeeded by the Honorable James B. Loken.
      2
       The Honorable George Howard, Jr., United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Arkansas.
release, having applied, as relevant, a 2-level adjustment to Deaton’s base offense
level under the Sentencing Guidelines because the offense involved the possession
of images of prepubescent minors, or minors younger than age 12. For reversal,
Deaton argues (1) the district court committed plain error in failing to consider the
Supreme Court’s decision in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, 122 S. Ct. 1389
(2002), because there was no proof offered at trial that the images on his computer
depicted actual children; (2) the district court erred in applying the 2-level
enhancement under section 2G2.2(b)(1), because there was no proof that the images
depicted real children under age 12; and (3) the district court erred in denying
Deaton’s motion to suppress incriminating statements he made to a federal agent. For
the reasons that follow, we affirm.

        In Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, the Supreme Court struck down, as
overbroad and unconstitutional, portions of the Child Pornography Prevention Act
of 1996. See id. at 1406. In particular, the Court addressed 18 U.S.C. § 2256(8)(B),
which prohibits any visual depiction, including a computer-generated image, that “is,
or appears to be, of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct,” and 18 U.S.C.
§ 2256(8)(D), which prohibits any sexually explicit image that was “advertised,
promoted, presented, described, or distributed in such a manner that conveys the
impression” of depicting “a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct.” See id. at
1396-1406. An element of the statute under which Deaton was convicted, however,
is that production of the prohibited material in the defendant’s possession involved
the sexual exploitation of a minor. See 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(B)(i); United States
v. Chrobak, 289 F.3d 1043, 1046 n.3 (8th Cir. 2002) (noting that § 2252 was not held
invalid in Ashcroft v. Free Speech). In this case, the jury was not instructed that it
could find Deaton guilty if the images found on his computer “appeared” to be child
pornography. Instead, the jury was instructed that it needed to find that production
of the images involved the use of a minor. Further, we have previously upheld a
jury’s conclusion that real children were depicted even where the images themselves
were the only evidence the government presented on the subject. See United States

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v. Vig, 167 F.3d 443, 449-50 (8th Cir.) (government, as part of affirmative case, was
not required to negate unsupported speculation that images may have been computer-
generated or other than what they appeared to be), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 859 (1999).
Having viewed the exhibits, we find no plain error. See United States v. Montanye,
996 F.2d 190, 192 (8th Cir. 1993) (en banc) (standard of review; for error to be
“plain,” it must be “clear under current law”).

       As to Deaton’s argument that the 2-level enhancement under section
2G2.2(b)(1) could not be imposed absent proof that the images involved actual
children under age 12, we likewise affirm the district court’s ruling as not erroneous.
See United States v. Parker, 267 F.3d 839, 846-47 (8th Cir. 2001) (standard of
review), cert. denied, 122 S. Ct. 1592 (2002). The pictures themselves support the
district court’s determination that the images were plainly of children under age 12,
and depicted actual children. See Vig, 167 F.3d at 449-50.

       Finally, reviewing for clear error the factual findings underlying the district
court’s determination that Deaton was not “in custody” when he was interviewed by
and made certain statements to a federal agent, and independently applying the
controlling legal standard to the historical facts, see United States v. Axsom, 289 F.3d
496, 500 (8th Cir. 2002) (standard of review), we agree with the district court’s
finding at the conclusion of the suppression hearing that Deaton had not been
subjected to a custodial interrogation. In particular, Deaton acknowledged being
informed he was not under arrest, he was told he could drive his own car to the bank
and then his shop, and he characterized the agent’s questioning of him as polite.
Absent any evidence that strong-arm tactics were used during the 25-30 minute
interview, or other indicia that a custodial interrogation took place--and we see none--
we must reject Deaton’s argument that his statements should have been suppressed.
See Axsom, 289 F.3d at 500-02 (discussing indicia of custodial interrogation).

      Accordingly, we affirm.

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A true copy.

      Attest:

               CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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