                        COURT OF APPEALS
                         SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                              FORT WORTH

                             NO. 02-09-00402-CV


IN THE INTEREST OF B.G.D.,
A.J.D, AND J.B.D., MINOR
CHILDREN


                                    ----------

         FROM THE 89TH DISTRICT COURT OF WICHITA COUNTY

                                    ----------

                                   OPINION
                                    ----------

                                I. Introduction

      Appellant Ricky Derzapf (Ricky) appeals the order granting Connie

Johnson‘s (Connie) petition for grandparent visitation with Ricky‘s children. In

seven issues, Ricky contends that the trial court abused its discretion by

awarding visitation to Connie because Connie does not have standing, the trial

court‘s judgment violates the law of the case, insufficient evidence supports the

judgment, and the court-appointed expert‘s testimony should have been

excluded. Ricky also seeks remand for reconsideration of his attorney‘s fees.
We reverse the trial court‘s judgment and remand the case for consideration of

Ricky‘s attorney‘s fees.

                                 II. Background

A. General Background and Connie’s Original Suit for Custody

      Ricky and Jennifer Derzapf were married in the mid-1990s and had two

children: A.J.D., born in 1996; and J.B.D., born in 2000. B.G.D., born to Jennifer

in 1991, is not Ricky‘s biological son, but Ricky adopted B.G.D. after he married

Jennifer.1 Jennifer was diagnosed with leukemia while pregnant with J.B.D. and

passed away on June 3, 2001.

      Connie is Jennifer‘s mother and B.G.D., A.J.D., and J.B.D.‘s grandmother.

For several months immediately following Jennifer‘s death, Connie and her

husband, Randy Johnson, served as the children‘s primary caregivers. Ricky

and the Johnsons initially worked cooperatively on the children‘s behalf, but

tension between Ricky and the Johnsons increased once Ricky began

reasserting himself as the children‘s primary caregiver. The Johnsons perceived

Ricky as emotionally distant, and Ricky believed Connie was directly

undermining his influence and authority over the children and assuming the role

of mother instead of grandmother.




      1
       Although Connie originally sought court-ordered grandparent visitation
with B.G.D. when she filed this suit in 2004, visitation with B.G.D. is no longer at
issue because B.G.D. became legally emancipated the week before trial.


                                         2
      On May 6, 2003, Connie and Randy filed an original suit affecting the

parent-child relationship (SAPCR) seeking custody of the children and requesting

that they be appointed sole managing conservators, and they obtained an ex

parte temporary restraining order preventing Ricky from having possession of the

children. Attached to the Johnsons‘ original petition were affidavits by Connie,

Randy, and Connie‘s three sons. The Johnsons alleged in their petition and

affidavits that Ricky endangered the children (particularly B.G.D.) and

significantly impaired the children‘s physical health and emotional development.

The affidavits also contained many critical assessments of Ricky‘s fitness as a

parent and husband and included allegations of physical and verbal abuse. For

example, Connie stated in her affidavit that Jennifer‘s stress from living with

Ricky caused her immune system to ―crash,‖ ending her sixteen-month battle

with leukemia. After a hearing, the trial court dissolved the temporary restraining

order, returned the children to Ricky‘s conservatorship, and dismissed the case

without prejudice.   Ricky then cut the children off from any contact with the

Johnsons.

B. 2005 Temporary Grandparent Visitation Order

      Connie and Randy filed this lawsuit, a petition for grandparent access, on

March 10, 2004. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.433 (West Supp. 2010). In

October 2005, the trial court conducted an evidentiary hearing on the Johnsons‘

request for a temporary order for grandparent visitation. Dr. Mark R. Otis, the

court-appointed psychologist, testified at the temporary orders hearing that


                                        3
Ricky‘s decision to cut off the Johnsons‘ access to the children was justified

under the circumstances and that Ricky was understandably devastated, hurt,

angry, and offended by the Johnsons‘ allegations. Indeed, Dr. Otis wrote in his

2005 report that ―Connie contributed significantly more to the atmosphere of

mistrust and hurt than Ricky or Randy.‖

      Dr. Otis also observed in his 2005 report that, in the months following the

original lawsuit and while the Johnsons did not have access to the children, Ricky

had taken the children to a counselor; that B.G.D. and A.J.D. were prescribed

anti-depressant medication; that the children‘s pediatrician concurred with

Ricky‘s conclusion that further contact with the Johnsons would be harmful to the

children‘s   emotional   well-being;   that   the   children   showed   ―significant

improvement‖ in their ―adjustment and personal well-being‖; that B.G.D. and

A.J.D. were taken off the anti-depressants; that the children were released from

counseling; and that ―collateral sources‖ had confirmed the children‘s

improvement.

      Despite the statements in his report, Dr. Otis also testified at the temporary

orders hearing that the children were ―clearly distraught‖ about losing their

relationship with the Johnsons; that it makes A.J.D. sad to think about the

Johnsons; that A.J.D. ―potentially might have some difficulties down the line‖; that

A.J.D. and B.G.D. talk about the Johnsons ―with a lingering kind of sadness, a

yearning‖; and that cutting the children off from the Johnsons ―would not be

healthy,‖ would be harmful to their long-term psychological development, and


                                          4
could cause them to be ―emotionally damaged.‖ But Dr. Otis also testified that

the children‘s sadness had ―not manifested as depression or behavioral problems

or acting out‖ and that ―sadness and yearning doesn‘t rise to a level of significant

emotional impairment.‖ Dr. Otis recommended that the children‘s visitation with

the Johnsons begin in stages, first with Randy, then with the children‘s uncles,

and later with Connie after she and her family attended counseling. After the

hearing, the trial court signed an order granting the Johnsons visitation on the

first Saturday of each month.

      The children had visitations with the Johnsons for the next sixteen months.

Ricky acknowledged that the visits went well. His only complaints were that the

Johnsons‘ gifts were a ―little excessive‖ and that the Johnsons had allowed

B.G.D. to take his girlfriend to the lake with them, but he admitted that the

Johnsons were not aware that B.G.D. had been grounded at the time from

seeing his girlfriend.

C. Ricky’s Petition for Writ of Mandamus

      Ricky sought mandamus relief after the trial court entered the temporary

order granting grandparent visitation with the children. Although this court denied

Ricky‘s petition, the supreme court granted it. See In re Derzapf, 219 S.W.3d

327, 331 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding). The supreme court held that Randy did

not have standing as a step-grandparent to seek grandparent access and that

Connie had not met her statutory burden of proving that the children‘s physical

health or emotional well-being would be significantly impaired in the absence of


                                         5
visitation with her. Id. at 332–33, 333–34. After the supreme court‘s decision in

March 2007, Ricky again denied the Johnsons any access to or visitation with the

children outside of five meals and the children‘s extracurricular activities, which

the Johnsons only learned of by communicating with B.G.D.

D. Trial on the Merits

      The case proceeded in the trial court after the supreme court‘s decision.

For his part, Dr. Otis conducted a separate telephone interview with Ricky and

Connie and two interviews with the children. He also conducted what he termed

―collateral interviews‖ with Randy, Dr. Connell, Barbara Lyne (mother of one of

B.G.D.‘s friends), Sherry Cantu (friend of the Johnson family), and Sherri Booker

(friend of Ricky and the children). Dr. Otis then issued an updated report dated

September 8, 2008. Final trial on the merits before the court began on April 6,

2009, and the trial court heard testimony from seven fact witnesses and two

expert witnesses.2

      Ricky testified that his attitude toward Connie had not changed since 2005,

that he was not bitter toward Connie, and that he was concerned that her past

alienating behavior would continue in the future. He also testified that Connie‘s

affidavit in support of the 2003 SAPCR suit (filed by Connie and Randy for sole

custody of the children) was very destructive and caused a lot of his concern and

mistrust.


      2
       Ricky‘s attorney also testified concerning Ricky‘s attorney‘s fees.


                                         6
      Ricky also testified about the children‘s demeanor and improvement in

2003 and 2004 when they did not have contact with the Johnsons. The children

spent almost a month in Houston with Ricky‘s sister-in-law and later started

counseling, and B.G.D. and A.J.D. were initially prescribed anti-depressants.

Ricky testified that he did not notice any problems with the children between

2003 when they stopped seeing the Johnsons and 2005 when the court-ordered

visitations began and that the children were ―very good, very well stabilized.‖ He

said that the children had very positive demeanors and that he did not observe

the kids mourning or grieving.

      Ricky testified that he and the children moved from Wichita Falls to

Burkburnett in early 2007 because he could no longer afford the children‘s

private school and because he had good friends in Burkburnett who could help

him with the children. He said A.J.D. and J.B.D. play sports all year, that J.B.D.

had been involved in dancing and singing activities, and that he had not

observed any behavior in either child that caused him concern about their

emotional states. Ricky testified that he had discussed the children‘s mother with

them almost weekly; that he had talked with them regularly about what they were

doing with school, sports, and their friends; and that he had shown them physical

affection. He testified that J.B.D. was doing well in school and generally makes

friends in any social situation. He also testified that A.J.D. is typically slower to

make friends but that A.J.D. had surprisingly made friends in Burkburnett almost




                                         7
immediately, and Ricky denied seeing the sadness, longing, and frustration in

A.J.D. that Dr. Otis had reported.

       Ricky admitted that his relationship with B.G.D. was somewhat different

than his relationship with A.J.D. and J.B.D., but he denied treating B.G.D.

differently.   He agreed that his relationship with B.G.D. had become

progressively worse, but he said that it began deteriorating before the court-

ordered visitations stopped in March 2007.      B.G.D. had started talking about

leaving home and had exhibited more defiant behavior about breaking Ricky‘s

rules, and Ricky testified that B.G.D. had said he would move to Connie‘s and

that he and Connie had been planning the move for a long time.

       Ricky agreed that Connie is an important person in A.J.D. and J.B.D.‘s life

and that the Johnsons provided them emotional nurturing, but he denied that

Connie is a core relation for either of them. He testified that he believes he is

emotionally connected with his children, that he does not believe they mourn the

loss of contact with the Johnsons or yearn for more contact, and that he feels it is

in A.J.D. and J.B.D.‘s best interest for him to be present at any visitations with

the Johnsons.      Ricky also testified that Dr. Otis‘s graduated visitation

recommendation was not in the children‘s best interest.

       Ricky also denied that he had cut off all visitations with the Johnsons and

testified that the children had been with them at five dinners and at as many as

forty extracurricular activities over a two-year period. Ricky said that he was not

comfortable with gifts the Johnsons had given the children but that he tried not to


                                         8
show any negativity.     He denied that he intended to discontinue all contact

between the children and the Johnsons if not court-ordered.

      Connie testified that Jennifer and B.G.D. lived with her before Jennifer and

Ricky were married and that B.G.D. saw her every day during that time. She

testified that she is emotionally bonded with all of the children. She said that she

provided the children with emotional support when they lived with her following

Jennifer‘s death and that Ricky had initially supported her role with the children.

Connie also testified about the conflict that arose when Ricky decided that the

children should live with him full time beginning in January 2003 and said that

Ricky stonewalled her efforts to see the kids after that time and that Ricky had

not voluntarily allowed her any access to the children between May 2003 and

March 2004.

      Connie testified that she had worked very hard since 2005 to avoid even

the appearance of impropriety. She said she wanted Ricky ―to understand that

those kids love both of us‖ and that she ―want[ed] to let those kids love both of us

because that‘s what‘s in their best interest.‖ Connie described the court-ordered

visitations and testified that they went very well, that she reconnected with the

children, that it was nurturing for the children to have the visitations, and that the

children see her as someone with whom it is safe to talk about their mother. She

testified that she was very concerned that Ricky did not recognize the emotions

that the children reported to Dr. Otis, that Ricky did not encourage the children to

be their own person or to express their feelings, and that she believed she could


                                          9
provide the children with emotional support. However, Connie agreed that A.J.D.

and J.B.D. were ―bonded and feel comfortable‖ with Ricky. Even so, she testified

that she believed the children‘s emotional well-being would be significantly

impaired if visitations with her were not resumed.

      On cross-examination, Connie agreed that her 2003 affidavit was hurtful

and damaging, but she testified that she stood by the statements in the affidavit

and that ―facts don‘t change.‖ She also admitted telling B.G.D. in a 2003 letter

that he could divorce his father.         And although she admitted that Ricky

adequately fed, clothed, and sheltered the children, she testified that Ricky was

not a fit parent because he did not emotionally nurture the children. Finally,

although Connie testified that she wanted court-ordered visitation with the

children, she also testified that she just wanted to be a grandparent and enjoy

her grandchildren ―like [her] friends get to enjoy theirs.‖

      Dr. Mary Connell is a forensic and clinical psychologist who has studied

alienating behaviors and had worked with Connie since late 2004.             She

described parental alienation as someone trying to turn a child against a parent,

and she testified that she had worked with Connie to give her insight into her

tendency toward alienation and to help her learn to interact with Ricky and the

children in a positive and respectful manner.

      Dr. Connell described Connie as ―quite humbled‖ in 2004 and testified that

Connie understood the egregious and destructive nature of her past behavior.

Dr. Connell testified that Connie had ―absolutely succeeded in eradicating the


                                          10
alienating language from her behavior and the impulses to alienate.‖ She said

that Connie‘s first reflex was now ―generally neutral to positive on Ricky.‖ Based

primarily on information relayed to her by Connie, Dr. Connell testified that

Connie nurtured the children‘s emotional needs during the court-ordered

visitations and that Connie provided J.B.D. specifically with a same-sex role

model and a person who could provide information about her mother. Although

Dr. Connell testified that Connie had ―been an exemplar for positive work in . . .

eradicating those [alienating] behaviors,‖ she also agreed that the recidivism rate

for persons exhibiting alienating behavior is quite strong 3 and that most of

Connie‘s underlying perceptions of Ricky remain negative.

      B.G.D. testified that his petition for emancipation was granted a week

before trial. He said that emancipation was his idea and that he had heard about

the concept years earlier from a girl at his school. He described living with Ricky

as ―pretty bad‖ and said that he was depressed, wanted to be left alone, and did

not want to associate with anyone.     B.G.D. testified that his relationship with

Ricky had always been ―emotionally distant,‖ that he felt Ricky had treated him as

a child Ricky was forced to take care of, that Ricky‘s relationship with A.J.D. was

different, and that Ricky had never put his arms around him and said that he

loved him. B.G.D. admitted on cross-examination, however, that Ricky had put

his arms around him and said that he loved him and that Ricky taught him to

      3
        Dr. Connell testified at the 2005 temporary orders hearing that parental
alienation is intractable and ―a very difficult phenomenon to treat.‖


                                        11
shoot a gun; worked with him to install speakers in his car; took him hunting; and

was there when he shot his first deer and first and second turkeys. 4 B.G.D.

denied being manipulated or influenced by Connie to move into her home, but he

admitted that Connie bought him a one-year-old Mustang convertible within two

weeks of moving into her house and that, unlike Ricky, Connie allowed him to

have earrings and wear his hair long.5

      B.G.D. also testified that he had ―disowned‖ Ricky, that he no longer

considered Ricky his father, and that he planned to change his name to McAffey

(his mother‘s maiden name). B.G.D. also admitted telling Dr. Otis that ―the rebel

would come and go‖ in him and that he believed Ricky‘s rules, such as curfew

and not being home with his girlfriend when Ricky was not present, were

unreasonable.    Finally, B.G.D. admitted swinging at and choking Ricky in

January 2008 after Ricky had grounded him from seeing a new girlfriend.

      Randy testified that when B.G.D. moved into their home, he and Connie

also had problems with B.G.D. following their rules. Randy said that he and

Connie discussed the matter with B.G.D. and that after several months, B.G.D.

      4
       Dr. Otis testified that B.G.D.‘s description of his relationship with Ricky
was not entirely accurate; B.G.D.‘s relationship with Connie predated Ricky‘s,
and B.G.D. had a different relationship with Ricky than J.B.D. and A.J.D. and was
depressed before he moved. However, Dr. Otis believed that B.G.D.‘s trial
testimony was an attempt to justify his decisions to seek emancipation and move
into Connie‘s home.
      5
        Connie denied encouraging or bribing B.G.D. to move into her home and
testified that she advised him to think seriously about doing so, but she also told
B.G.D. that she would not turn him away if he decided to move in with her.


                                         12
began following their rules and being respectful.     Randy denied that he and

Connie had bribed B.G.D. into coming to live with them and said that he had

required B.G.D. to work to earn additional spending money.

      Randy reported positively about the court-ordered visitations and

described how J.B.D. sometimes cried and asked to spend the night when the

visitations were over. He also testified that the children, when they had seen the

Johnsons at extracurricular activities or the scheduled meal visits, were hesitant

to show a great deal of affection when Ricky was present but that they had acted

differently when Ricky was not present.       Randy also testified that he had

promised the children‘s mother that the children would be close to the Johnsons

throughout their lives, that he believed it was ―terrible‖ that B.G.D. wanted to

disown Ricky and change his name, but that he believed Ricky was making

decisions that made him an unfit parent.

      Greg Johnson, the children‘s uncle, testified that he attended each of the

sixteen court-ordered visitations, that the children had loving interactions with

Connie during the visits, that the children were very emotionally bonded with

Connie, and that the children would benefit from seeing Connie.        Greg also

described an incident before Jennifer‘s death in which he believed Ricky played

too roughly with B.G.D. and then ridiculed B.G.D. for crying.

      Tammy Derzapf is Ricky‘s sister-in-law. She described Ricky as ―quiet,

kind of introverted, but very loving, a very caring person. Just very genuine.‖

She also testified that she believed Ricky to be ―very much‖ emotionally in tune


                                        13
with the children‘s feelings and that she had not seen the children exhibit

reluctance to share their feelings with him.

      Tammy testified that the children had extended summertime visits with her

in Houston each year, beginning in 2003 shortly after the Johnsons‘ original

SAPCR filing. Tammy testified that B.G.D. said in 2003 that he did not want to

participate in their family prayer before dinner because he did not want to go

against Connie‘s wishes. In 2004, Tammy observed that the kids were happy

and that B.G.D. was not as mean to A.J.D. as he had been in 2003. Tammy

testified that the children‘s demeanor was also good in 2005 and that they did not

seem to be sad, depressed, grieving, or mourning, but she said that ―something

had changed‖ in 2006. A.J.D. and J.B.D. were doing well in 2006, but she said

that B.G.D. was not happy, was very mean to A.J.D., and was confused and

distrustful. In 2008, only A.J.D. and J.B.D. visited, and Tammy observed that

A.J.D. was more relaxed than he had been in a long time and made friends with

several neighborhood kids.

      Steve Booker is an attorney in Burkburnett, and he and his wife Sherry are

Ricky‘s close friends. Steve and Sherry had seen Ricky and the children two to

three times per week during at least the previous year. Steve described A.J.D.

as quiet but ―all boy,‖ and he testified that A.J.D. had ―a bunch of friends‖ that

often visited him at Ricky‘s house. He described J.B.D. as a ―pistol‖ and ―happy

go lucky‖ and said she always wanted to be the center of attention.         Steve

testified that he had not seen the children exhibit any lingering sadness,


                                         14
depression, or frustration and that he perceived Ricky as sensitive to the

children‘s emotional needs.

      Dr. Otis testified that Ricky was resentful of and did not trust Connie, that

Connie was no longer bitter at Ricky and was managing her past alienating

behavior, and that the children had observed her changed attitude. Dr. Otis

testified that the children renewed their attachments to the Johnsons during the

court-ordered visitations, but he said that the current level of contact was not

meeting their emotional needs. Dr. Otis testified that A.J.D. in particular ―yearns‖

for more contact with the Johnsons, that A.J.D. would feel ―deep disappointment‖

if not allowed to see the Johnsons regularly, that A.J.D. ―grieves‖ not seeing

them, and that A.J.D.‘s deep disappointment could ―potentially manifest itself into

potential depression‖ and could ―potentially manifest itself in anger at Ricky.‖ He

testified that there was a ―high probability‖ that denying A.J.D. visitation with

Connie would significantly impair A.J.D.‘s emotional well-being, but he also said

that A.J.D. was ―very bonded‖ with Ricky, was not affected by Ricky‘s negativity

toward Connie, and did not want anything to interfere with his living with Ricky.

      Dr. Otis described J.B.D. as very social, extroverted, affectionate, and

forthcoming, and he testified that she ―gets a great deal of social support just

about everywhere she turns.‖ He said that J.B.D.‘s level of distress was ―much

less‖ than A.J.D.‘s and that there was ―some probability‖ of significant impairment

to J.B.D.‘s emotional well-being in the absence of visitation with Connie. Dr. Otis

acknowledged, however, that he could not isolate Connie from the rest of her


                                        15
family and say that significant impairment to the children‘s emotional well-being

would occur just because of a denial of visitation with Connie. Finally, Dr. Otis

recommended in his 2008 report that ―putting controls in place, such as the

[graduated visitation schedule he] recommended in the initial evaluation would be

helpful and important.‖

E. Trial Court Orders Grandparent Visitation

      After trial, the trial court signed a judgment ordering grandparent visitation

with Connie on the third Saturday of each month and denying Ricky‘s request for

attorney‘s fees. Connie submitted 107 findings of fact and conclusions of law

that the trial court signed without revision or modification.6 This appeal followed.

                            III. Connie Has Standing

      Ricky contends in his second issue that Connie does not have standing to

seek grandparent access ―because she failed to meet an express element of

section 153.433 of the Texas Family Code.‖          See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §

153.433. Specifically, Ricky argues that the denial of possession or access is an

express element of a grandparent‘s claim for possession or access under section

153.433 and that there is no evidence that the children were cut off from Connie.


      6
       We have reviewed each of the trial court‘s findings of fact and note that
many are not supported by any evidence in the record. See generally McGalliard
v. Kuhlmann, 722 S.W.2d 694, 696 (Tex. 1986) (stating that unchallenged
findings of fact ―are binding on an appellate court unless the contrary is
established as a matter of law, or if there is no evidence to support the finding‖);
Rischon Dev. Corp. v. City of Keller, 242 S.W.3d 161, 166 (Tex. App.CFort Worth
2007, pet. denied), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 501 (2008) (same).


                                         16
      Although we agree that the denial of possession of or access to the child is

an express element a grandparent must prove to obtain access pursuant to

section 153.433, see In re J.M.T., 280 S.W.3d 490, 493 (Tex. App.—Eastland

2009, no pet.), a grandparent‘s standing is not conferred by section 153.433.

Rather, a grandparent‘s standing to seek possession or access to a child is

conferred by section 153.432.     In re Smith, 260 S.W.3d 568, 572–73 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, orig. proceeding); see Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §

153.432 (West Supp. 2010). ―Although a successful access suit might require

the grandparent to satisfy section 153.433, whether the grandparent ultimately

will succeed is a different question than whether the grandparent has the right

simply to bring suit.‖ Smith, 260 S.W.3d at 573. Section 153.432(a) provides

that ―a biological or adoptive grandparent may request possession of or access

to a grandchild by filing: (1) an original suit; or (2) a suit for modification as

provided by [family code] chapter 156.‖ Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.432(a). It is

undisputed that Connie is the biological grandmother of the children.          She

therefore has standing pursuant to section 153.432 to seek possession of or

access to the children, and we overrule Ricky‘s second issue. See id.; Smith,

260 S.W.3d at 572–73.

                           IV. Significant Impairment

      Ricky contends in his first issue that the trial court violated the law of the

case because ―virtually nothing has changed‖ since the supreme court granted

his petition for a writ of mandamus. Specifically, Ricky argues that although Dr.


                                        17
Otis modified his testimony by ―attempting to use the magic buzz words,‖ Dr.

Otis‘s underlying observations and conclusions ―have not changed at all.‖

A. Applicable Law

      1. Texas Family Code Section 153.433(a)

      ―The Legislature set a high threshold for a grandparent to overcome the

presumption that a fit parent acts in his children‘s best interest: the grandparent

must prove [by a preponderance of the evidence] that denial of access would

‗significantly impair‘ the children's physical health or emotional well-being.‖

Derzapf, 219 S.W.3d at 334 (citing Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.433(a)(2)). This

high threshold exists so that a court will refrain from interfering with child-rearing

decisions made by a parent simply because the court believes that a ―better

decision‖ could have been made. See id. at 334 (quoting Troxel v. Granville, 530

U.S. 57, 73, 120 S. Ct. 2054, 2064 (2000)). This standard recognizes that ―so

long as a parent adequately cares for his or her children (i.e., is fit), there will

normally be no reason for the State to inject itself into the private realm of the

family.‖ Id. at 333 (quoting In re Mays-Hooper, 189 S.W.3d 777, 778 (Tex. 2006)

(orig. proceeding)).

      We review a trial court‘s decision to grant a grandparent‘s request for

access or possession for an abuse of discretion. In re Chambless, 257 S.W.3d

698, 699 (Tex. 2008); Derzapf, 219 S.W.3d at 333.           A trial court abuses its

discretion if it grants access to grandchildren when the grandparent has not

proven that denying the grandparent access to the child would significantly impair


                                         18
the child‘s physical health or emotional well-being. In re Scheller, 325 S.W.3d

640, 643 (Tex. 2010) (orig. proceeding) (quoting Derzapf, 219 S.W.3d at 333).

This is so because ―a trial court has no discretion in determining what the law is

or applying the law to the facts, even when the law is unsettled.‖ Derzapf, 219

S.W.3d at 333 (quoting In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d 124, 135

(Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding)).

      2. Law of the Case

      ―The ‗law of the case‘ doctrine is defined as that principle under which

questions of law decided on appeal to a court of last resort will govern the case

throughout its subsequent stages.‖     Loram Maint. of Way, Inc. v. Ianni, 210

S.W.3d 593, 596 (Tex. 2006) (quoting Hudson v. Wakefield, 711 S.W.2d 628,

630 (Tex. 1986)). The doctrine may be applied when an issue has been resolved

on the merits in a prior mandamus proceeding. See In re Cantu de Villarreal,

330 S.W.3d 11, 20–21 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2010, no pet.) (holding law of

the case doctrine prevented reconsideration of issue decided in earlier

mandamus petition); Landerman v. State Bar of Tex., 247 S.W.3d 426, 433 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2008, pet. denied) (stating ―[r]eview of a trial court‘s action under

the abuse of discretion standard is a question of law‖); see also In re A.T.M., No.

12-07-00243-CV, 2009 WL 1492832, at *3 (Tex. App.—Tyler May 29, 2009, pet.

denied) (mem. op.) (stating prior holding as to whether abuse of discretion

occurred was question of law, noting facts previously presented were




                                        19
―substantially the same,‖ and holding prior mandamus denial was law of the

case).

         ―By narrowing the issues in successive stages of the litigation, the law of

the case doctrine is intended to achieve uniformity of decision as well as judicial

economy and efficiency. The doctrine is based on public policy and is aimed at

putting an end to litigation.‖ Briscoe v. Goodmark Corp., 102 S.W.3d 714, 716

(Tex. 2003) (quoting Hudson, 711 S.W.2d at 630). The doctrine applies only to

questions of law rather than questions of fact, and it ―does not necessarily apply

when either the issues or the facts presented at successive appeals are not

substantially the same as those involved on the first trial.‖ Hudson, 711 S.W.2d

at 630. Indeed, the decision to revisit a previous holding is left to the discretion

of the court under the particular circumstances of each case. City of Houston v.

Jackson, 192 S.W.3d 764, 769 (Tex. 2006). In other words, a reviewing court

may apply the law of the case doctrine in a subsequent proceeding if the facts in

the later proceeding are ―so nearly the same [as the earlier proceeding] that they

do not materially affect the legal issues involved in the later proceeding.‖

Lawrence v. City of Wichita Falls, 122 S.W.3d 322, 326 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2003, pet. denied).

B. Discussion

         To determine whether we should apply the law of the case doctrine, we

must compare the evidence from the 2005 temporary orders hearing (upon which




                                          20
the supreme court granted Ricky‘s petition for a writ of mandamus) and the

evidence from the 2009 trial on the merits.

      1. Dr. Otis’s 2005 Testimony

      Dr. Otis testified in 2005 that Ricky had legitimate reasons to be concerned

about Connie‘s influence over the children and that he had appropriately cut off

the children‘s contact with Connie. Discussing the Johnsons‘ allegations in their

2003 SAPCR suit, Dr. Otis testified that he did not believe the accusations to be

true and that Ricky was justifiably devastated, hurt, angry, and offended. Dr. Otis

agreed that he had not seen any evidence that Ricky was an unfit parent or had

provided the children with an unsafe environment.

      Dr. Otis described J.B.D., five years old at the time, as very outgoing,

animated, enjoyable, loving, and ―just a delight.‖ He said that she had never met

a stranger, loved being the center of attention, ―connect[ed] extremely well,‖ and

was ―very attached to her brothers and to her father.‖

      Dr. Otis testified that the children, particularly B.G.D. and A.J.D., were

―clearly distraught‖ about the loss of their relationship with the Johnsons and that

A.J.D. was ―the one that potentially might have some difficulties down the line.‖

He said A.J.D. ―had the most emotional reaction during the [joint] session with

the Johnsons in terms of being tearful and a little bit distraught.‖ Dr. Otis testified

that A.J.D. and B.G.D. had a ―lingering sadness‖ about the lack of contact with

the Johnsons, and he said that they talked about their grandparents ―with a

lingering kind of sadness, a yearning.‖ But Dr. Otis also said that the sadness


                                          21
had ―not manifested as depression or behavioral problems or acting out,‖ and he

agreed that ―sadness and yearning doesn‘t rise to a level of significant emotional

impairment.‖

      Dr. Otis also testified that the Johnsons had a great deal to offer the

children, including a connection to their deceased mother and a sense of loving

stimulation, belonging, family, warmth, and security.       He testified that the

Johnsons ―have had important attachments to the children,‖ that it ―would not be

healthy to cut them off,‖ that it would be harmful to the children‘s long-term

psychological development, and that the children would be ―emotionally

damaged‖ if visitations with the Johnsons were not resumed.               Dr. Otis

recommended that the children first renew contact with Randy and their uncles

and that Connie be integrated into the visitation plan after counseling. Dr. Otis

did not recommend renewed contact with Connie alone.

      After the temporary orders hearing, the trial court granted the Johnsons‘

request for visitation with the children.

      2. The Supreme Court’s 2007 Opinion

      The supreme court granted Ricky‘s petition for a writ of mandamus and

held that the trial court abused its discretion by ordering grandparent visitation.

See Derzapf, 219 S.W.3d at 331. The supreme court held that Connie was

required to ―overcome the statutory presumption that denying the children access

to her in particular—not Connie and Randy jointly or the Johnson family as a

whole—would significantly impair the children‘s physical health or emotional well-


                                            22
being,‖ and the court noted that Dr. Otis‘s testimony related to a denial of access

to both her and Randy or to the Johnson family as a whole and ―d[id] not support

renewed contact with Connie alone.‖ Id. at 333. The court also mentioned Dr.

Otis‘s observation of lingering sadness and stated that ―[w]hile it is true that Dr.

Otis believed the children would benefit from renewed contact with the Johnson

family, he did not testify that denying Connie access to her grandchildren would

significantly impair the children‘s physical or emotional health.‖      Id.   Thus,

although Dr. Otis testified that the children experienced lingering sadness and

yearning due to the loss of contact with the Johnsons, that the children would be

emotionally damaged without access, and that denying access to the Johnsons

would be harmful to the children‘s long-term psychological development, the

supreme court held that Connie had not met her burden of proving that denying

her access to the children would significantly impair their physical health or

emotional well-being. Id. at 334.

      3. Dr. Otis’s 2009 Testimony

      Subsequent to the supreme court‘s grant of mandamus relief in March

2007, Dr. Otis conducted separate telephone interviews with Ricky and Connie,

and he interviewed the children once as a group and once separately.7 Dr. Otis




      7
        Dr. Otis did not serve as the children‘s counselor in any capacity, and he
did not see or talk to them in the nearly three years since preparing his initial
report.


                                        23
also interviewed the mother of one of B.G.D.‘s friends, a friend of the Johnson

family, and one of Ricky‘s friends.

      Dr. Otis testified at trial that the children renewed their attachments to

Connie and the Johnsons during the court-ordered visitations and that the

children felt comfortable, accepted, and part of the family. He further opined that

the current level of contact was not meeting A.J.D.‘s and J.B.D.‘s emotional

needs. Dr. Otis testified that A.J.D. ―yearns‖ for more contact with the Johnsons

and strongly wanted more contact. A.J.D. told Dr. Otis that he felt mad, sad, and

hopeless about not being able to see the Johnsons, and Dr. Otis opined that

A.J.D. would feel ―deep disappointment‖ if he could not see the Johnsons

regularly and that it was important for A.J.D. to have resumed visitation. He said

that A.J.D.‘s deep disappointment could ―potentially manifest itself into potential

depression‖ and could ―potentially manifest itself in anger at Ricky,‖ that A.J.D.

―grieves‖ not seeing the Johnsons, that being cut off from the Johnsons is an

aspect to the grief and loss of his mother, and that A.J.D.‘s feelings of

hopelessness and despair ―could‖ affect his well-being. After further questioning,

Dr. Otis testified that there is a ―high probability‖ that denying A.J.D. visitation

with Connie would significantly impair A.J.D.‘s emotional well-being. However,

Dr. Otis testified that A.J.D. did not want anything to interfere with his living with

Ricky, that A.J.D. was not affected by any negativity Ricky feels toward Connie,

and that there was ―no question‖ that A.J.D. was ―very bonded with his father.‖

Dr. Otis concluded his 2008 report by stating that if visitations are not resumed,


                                         24
―the children, particularly A.J.D., may benefit from psychotherapy to help them

work through their feelings of frustration and grief.‖

      Discussing J.B.D., Dr. Otis said that she experienced the visitations with

the Johnsons very positively. However, he testified that J.B.D.‘s level of distress

was ―much less‖ than A.J.D.‘s and that there was ―some probability‖ that denying

J.B.D. visitation with Connie would significantly impair her emotional well-being.

Dr. Otis described J.B.D. as very social, extroverted, affectionate, and

forthcoming and said she ―gets a great deal of social support just about

everywhere she turns.‖

      On cross-examination, Dr. Otis agreed that the children had exhibited

significant improvement when they had no access to the Johnsons. Dr. Otis also

agreed that, as of the time of his 2008 report and although they again had little

contact with the Johnsons, A.J.D. and J.B.D. liked their new schools, were

developing rewarding friendships, and were doing well academically. In fact, Dr.

Otis admitted that A.J.D. and J.B.D. were in good medical health and achieving

―in spite of‖ their infrequent contact with B.G.D. and the Johnsons. Dr. Otis also

acknowledged the possibility that Connie could impose onto A.J.D. and J.B.D.

the type of negative influence she had previously imposed onto B.G.D., and Dr.

Otis testified that the possible negative influence from Connie should be a matter

of concern to Ricky.

      Moreover, Dr. Otis testified that A.J.D. did not list Connie as being within

his ―core group‖ of relationships, instead listing only Ricky, B.G.D., and one of his


                                          25
uncles. J.B.D. listed Connie in her core group, but she also listed Ricky; each of

her aunts, uncles, cousins, grandparents; and Ricky‘s friends Sherri and Steve

Booker. In fact, Dr. Otis acknowledged that he could not isolate Connie from the

rest of her family and say that significant impairment to the children‘s emotional

well-being would occur just because of a denial of visitation with Connie. Finally,

Dr. Otis again recommended a graduated visitation schedule that integrated

Connie after initial visitation with Randy and the children‘s uncles.

      4. The Law of This Case

      In its 2007 opinion granting mandamus relief from the 2005 temporary

visitation order, the supreme court held that Connie is required to prove that

denying access to her alone, as opposed to her and the rest of her family, would

significantly impair the children‘s emotional well-being. Derzapf, 219 S.W.3d at

333. The supreme court then stated with respect to Dr. Otis‘s 2005 report and

testimony at the temporary orders hearing:

            While it is true that Dr. Otis believed the children would benefit
      from renewed contact with the Johnson family, he did not testify that
      denying Connie access to her grandchildren would significantly
      impair the children‘s physical or emotional health. Dr. Otis’s
      testimony pertained either to both Connie and Randy or to the
      Johnson family as a whole, but his recommendations do not support
      renewed contact with Connie alone. To the contrary, Dr. Otis noted
      that Ricky had a reasonable interest in preserving ―the children‘s
      hard-won feelings of peace and security‖ regained after contact with
      Connie ceased.

             Dr. Otis‘s report concluded that the children should first have
      renewed contact with Randy, then with the Uncles and extended
      family, and only later with Connie. Dr. Otis testified that his
      recommendation ―was based on the strength that [he] perceived that


                                         26
      the grandfather, Randy has.‖ In fact, Dr. Otis testified that he could
      not recommend visitation with Connie, absent supervision, as
      Connie‘s problems controlling her impulses could be ―very influential‖
      and detrimental to the children.

             And while Dr. Otis testified that it may be harmful for Ricky to
      cut off the Johnsons’ access to B.G.D. in particular and that it was in
      the children’s best interest that they have some contact with their
      grandparents, his testimony does not support awarding Connie
      access over Ricky’s objection. According to Dr. Otis, ―[t]he manner
      in which she resisted the children transitioning to [Ricky‘s] full-time
      care interfered with the children‘s emotional and behavioral
      adjustment.‖ He also concluded that Connie actively attempted to
      alienate B.G.D. from his father and that her behavior was ―very
      damaging‖ to the parent-child relationship. Moreover, while Dr. Otis
      noted the children’s “sadness” at being unable to see their
      grandparents, he admitted that these feelings did not rise to the level
      of a significant emotional impairment.

Id. at 333–34 (emphasis added). The court then held that Connie had failed to

meet the ―high threshold‖ required by section 153.433(a)(2) for obtaining access

to the children over Ricky‘s objection. Id. at 334.

      5. Dr. Otis’s Observations Did Not Change

      There is no substantive difference between Dr. Otis‘s 2005 and 2009

testimony. Dr. Otis did not state in his 2008 report that A.J.D. or J.B.D. might

suffer significant emotional impairment from a denial of visitation with Connie,

stating instead that A.J.D. and J.B.D. ―are at risk to experience more

psychological harm if they are cut off from further involvement with Connie and

the Johnson family than if they have contact.‖ And although Dr. Otis changed his

ultimate conclusion in 2009 (while testifying at trial in response to questions by

Connie‘s lawyer) to a ―high probability‖ of significant emotional impairment for



                                         27
A.J.D. and ―some probability‖ of significant emotional impairment for J.B.D., the

observations underlying his 2005 and 2009 opinions were no different. In both

instances, Dr. Otis described the benefits the children gained from access to the

Johnsons and the lingering sadness, yearning, and grief the children would

experience in the absence of visitations. The supreme court has already held in

this case that lingering sadness, yearning, and grief from the lack of access

coupled with the inability to segregate Connie from her family and the benefits

gained from access do not rise to the level of significant emotional impairment

required by section 153.433. See Derzapf, 219 S.W.3d at 333–34; see also

Scheller, 325 S.W.3d at 643–44 (holding trial court abused its discretion by

issuing temporary order for grandparent visitation even though the grandchildren

had displayed anger, had experienced isolated bed wetting and nightmares, and

had suffered the impact of losing their mother).

      6. Connie’s Arguments

      Connie argues that the law of the case doctrine does not apply because

the supreme court addressed a question of fact, not a question of law, when it

held that the trial court abused its discretion by entering the temporary order. We

disagree because ―[r]eview of a trial court‘s action under the abuse of discretion

standard is a question of law.‖ Landerman, 247 S.W.3d at 433 (citing El Dorado

Motors, Inc. v. Koch, 168 S.W.3d 360, 368 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, no pet.);

see In re A.T.M., 2009 WL 1492832, at *3 (stating that prior holding as to

whether abuse of discretion occurred was a question of law).


                                        28
      Connie also argues that the issues now presented are not identical to

those determined by the supreme court because the supreme court addressed

whether Randy had standing and ―whether the evidence presented at the

temporary hearing in 200[5] showing that the denial of access to both

grandparents would significantly impair the children‘s emotional well-being was

also sufficient to show significant impairment as to Connie alone.‖ Again, we

disagree. The supreme court addressed the issue of whether the trial court

abused its discretion by awarding grandparent access, and it held that Randy did

not have standing and that Connie had not overcome the presumption that a fit

parent acts in his children‘s best interest by proving that denial of access would

significantly impair the children‘s physical health or emotional well-being.

Derzapf, 219 S.W.3d at 332–34.         The question presented in this appeal is

likewise whether the trial court abused its discretion by awarding visitation to

Connie when she allegedly failed to overcome the presumption that a fit parent

acts in his children‘s best interest by proving that denial of access would

significantly impair the children‘s emotional well-being. Thus, we cannot agree

that the issue now presented differs to such an extent from that in the mandamus

proceeding to make the law of the case doctrine inapplicable.

      Finally, Connie argues that the facts at trial are ―dramatically different‖ than

those at the time of the temporary orders hearing. She first points to Dr. Otis‘s

trial testimony and opinions, but we have already discussed the striking

similarities in Dr. Otis‘s testimony from the temporary orders hearing and the trial


                                         29
and need not repeat them here. Connie also points to Ricky‘s alleged ―extreme‖

alienation of B.G.D.    But Ricky‘s and Connie‘s respective relationships with

B.G.D. are indisputably different than Ricky‘s and Connie‘s respective

relationships with A.J.D. and J.B.D., and they were indisputably different at the

time of the temporary orders hearing.

      First, Dr. Otis testified that B.G.D.‘s description of his strained and

emotionally distant relationship with Ricky was not entirely accurate because

B.G.D. was attempting to justify his decision to emancipate and move into

Connie‘s home.       Moreover, Dr. Otis testified that B.G.D.‘s and A.J.D.‘s

experiences are not equivalent. In fact, Dr. Otis was impressed by A.J.D.‘s ability

to think for himself, to have his own point of view, and to not be affected by

Ricky‘s negative feelings about Connie or B.G.D.‘s negative feelings about Ricky;

and he offered a similar opinion of J.B.D.‘s objective view of the conflict between

Ricky and the Johnsons. More importantly, Dr. Otis testified that there was more

going on with B.G.D. than either Ricky or Connie understood. Dr. Otis described

B.G.D.‘s condition as the ―sleeper effect‖ and explained that his recent

experience with girlfriends had activated his feelings of loss of his mother in a

way that B.G.D. did not understand and that caused an ―almost panicky

desperate yearning for that kind of relatedness that he had with his mother at one

time and ha[d] lost.‖ Dr. Otis testified that A.J.D.‘s and J.B.D.‘s relationships with

Ricky are ―far different‖ than B.G.D.‘s, saying that A.J.D. and J.B.D. are ―very

securely attached to their dad. They love him dearly. They don‘t ever want that


                                         30
to be jeopardized. They feel very secure living with him in relation to him. They

don‘t share the animosity or the oppositionality or the resentment that [B.G.D.]

experiences toward his dad.‖ Finally, grandparent visitation with B.G.D. is not at

issue in this appeal. Thus, B.G.D.‘s situation is not comparable to A.J.D.‘s or

J.B.D.‘s, and we are not convinced that B.G.D.‘s changed relationship with Ricky

sufficiently altered the factual landscape of this case to make the law of the case

doctrine inapplicable, particularly when Dr. Otis used identical terms to describe

A.J.D.‘s and J.B.D.‘s emotional states both before and after B.G.D.‘s relationship

with Ricky changed.

      7. The Trial Court Abused Its Discretion

      The circumstances of this case are unfortunate, as are the circumstances

in many grandparent-access cases. As Justice Kennedy wrote in his dissent in

Troxel,

      It must be recognized, of course, that a domestic relations
      proceeding in and of itself can constitute state intervention that is so
      disruptive of the parent-child relationship that the constitutional right
      of a custodial parent to make certain basic determinations for the
      child‘s welfare becomes implicated . . . . If a single parent who is
      struggling to raise a child is faced with visitation demands from a
      third party, the attorney‘s fees alone might destroy [the parent‘s]
      hopes and plans for the child‘s future. Our system must confront
      more often the reality that litigation can itself be so disruptive that
      constitutional protection may be required; and I do not discount the
      possibility that in some instances the best interests of the child
      standard may provide insufficient protection to the parent-child
      relationship. We owe it to the Nation‘s domestic relations structure,
      however, to proceed with caution.




                                         31
530 U.S. at 101, 120 S. Ct. at 2079 (Kennedy, J., dissenting). While Justice

Kennedy was responding to whether something more than a best-interests

standard should govern third-party access suits, Justice Kennedy‘s observations

are especially poignant, particularly in cases like this one.

      Ricky is a single parent who, by all accounts, adequately feeds, clothes,

and shelters his children, and his fitness as a parent is demonstrated by A.J.D.‘s

and J.B.D.‘s significant emotional and social improvement in the years following

their mother‘s death. Of course, Connie and her family believe, with support from

Dr. Otis, that Ricky could outwardly exhibit more emotion when interacting with

his children, but courts must tread lightly when interfering with a fit parent‘s

decision to limit his children‘s access to their extended family.        As Justice

O‘Connor wrote for the plurality in Troxel, ―In an ideal world, parents might

always seek to cultivate the bonds             between grandparents and their

grandchildren. Needless to say, however, our world is far from perfect, and in it

the decision whether such an intergenerational relationship would be beneficial in

any specific case is for the parent to make in the first instance.‖ Id. at 70, 120 S.

Ct. at 2062.

      Because our state supreme court previously held that the trial court

abused its discretion by ordering grandparent visitation to Connie based on

testimony by Dr. Otis that does not substantively differ from Dr. Otis‘s trial

testimony, we hold that the trial court abused its discretion by granting, over

Ricky‘s objection, Connie‘s petition for grandparent visitation. See Scheller, 325


                                         32
S.W.3d at 643–44; Derzapf, 219 S.W.3d at 334. We therefore sustain Ricky‘s

first issue.8

                               IV. Attorney’s Fees

       In his seventh issue, Ricky asks that we remand the case to the trial court

for further consideration of his request for attorney‘s fees.         ―The award of

attorney's fees in a suit affecting the parent-child relationship is within the trial

court‘s discretion.‖ Bruni v. Bruni, 924 S.W.2d 366, 368 (Tex. 1996); see Tex.

Fam. Code Ann. § 106.002(a) (West 2008). Given our disposition of Ricky‘s first

issue, Ricky is now the prevailing party in this litigation. Although Ricky‘s status

as the prevailing party is only one consideration in the trial court‘s exercise of

discretion when deciding whether to award him attorney‘s fees, remand for

reconsideration of the recoverability of Ricky‘s fees is appropriate. We therefore

sustain Ricky‘s seventh issue and remand this case to the trial court so that the

trial court may reconsider whether Ricky should recover attorney‘s fees from

Connie. See Bruni, 924 S.W.2d at 368–69 (remanding case to permit trial court

to reconsider attorney‘s fee award in light of decision on appeal).




       8
       Given our disposition of Ricky‘s first issue, we do not reach his third
through sixth issues. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1 (requiring appellate court to
address ―every issue raised and necessary to final disposition of the appeal‖).


                                         33
                                 V. Conclusion

      Having overruled Ricky‘s second issue; having sustained his first and

seventh issues; and having not reached his third, fourth, fifth, or sixth issues, we

reverse the trial court‘s judgment and remand this case to the trial court for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.




                                                    ANNE GARDNER
                                                    JUSTICE

PANEL: GARDNER, WALKER, and MCCOY, JJ.

DELIVERED: August 25, 2011




                                        34
