                IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                                  No. 08–1087

                             Filed May 7, 2010


JAN REIS and
DEAN STOWERS,

      Plaintiffs,

vs.

IOWA DISTRICT COURT
FOR POLK COUNTY,

      Defendant.



      On further review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.



      Certiorari to the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Carla T.

Schemmel, Judge.



      Plaintiffs sought review of a district court determination holding

them in contempt.      DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS VACATED;

WRIT SUSTAINED IN PART AND ANNULLED IN PART; AND CASE

REMANDED.



      Dean Stowers of Stowers Law Firm, West Des Moines, for plaintiff

Dean Stowers.

      Mari Culver of Duncan, Green, Brown & Langeness, P.C., Des

Moines, for plaintiff Jan Reis.
                                  2

      Randall D. Armentrout, Scott A. Sundstrom, and Mitchell R.

Kunert of Nyemaster, Goode, West, Hansell & O’Brien, P.C., Des Moines,

for defendant.
                                           3

STREIT, Justice.

       Jan Reis and Dean Stowers were held in contempt of court for

violation of a protective order.         They argue the district court lacked

jurisdiction to enforce the protective order and lacked substantial

evidence to support a finding of contempt. We hold the court properly

exercised jurisdiction to enforce the protective order and there was

substantial evidence to support the finding of contempt with regard to

Stowers.      We reverse the district court’s finding that Reis be held in

contempt.
       I.      Background Facts and Prior Proceedings.
       Jan Reis filed an employment-related lawsuit against her previous
employer, Care Initiatives. As part of that litigation, Reis’s attorneys and
Care Initiatives’ attorneys agreed to a protective order, which was entered
by the court.       Reis and her attorney spouse, Dean Stowers, were
designated as parties in the protective order and, according to its terms,
were permitted to see discovery designated as confidential upon signing
an Undertaking To Be Bound By Protective Order. The protective order
requires counsel to maintain these signed undertakings.                   The signed
undertakings are not in the record, although Reis and Stowers received
confidential documents during the course of the litigation and admit they
signed the undertakings. 1
       The protective order provides that documents designated as
confidential shall be used “only for the purposes of this litigation and for
no other purpose, except as otherwise provided in this Stipulation and
Protective Order.” The protective order further states:

       All persons who are afforded access to any documents or
       information subject to this Stipulation and Protective Order

       1The  appellate brief filed by Reis and Stowers acknowledges “All of the parties,
and Ms. Reis’s husband, Dean Stowers, executed a written ‘Undertaking To Be Bound
By Protective Order.’ ”
                                   4
      shall not use or disclose such documents or information for
      purposes of business or competition, or for any purpose
      other than the preparation for and the conducting of this
      proceeding, or any appellate review thereof, and then solely
      as contemplated herein, and shall keep the documents and
      information secure and confidential in accordance with the
      purposes and intent of this Stipulation and Protective Order.

      The parties eventually reached a confidential settlement agreement
and release in November 2007, which was signed by Reis but not by

Stowers. This settlement agreement addressed the discovery exchanged

during the litigation:

      Reis agrees to return to Care attorneys any and all
      documents in her or her attorneys’ possession including
      copies in any form, that pertain to Care, Reis’s employment
      at Care, or Reis’s lawsuit against Care including but not
      limited to materials taken from Care prior to her termination
      and company documents produced during discovery,
      including electronic documents and emails, except
      documents protected by Reis’s attorney client privilege or
      work product, payroll records, and her personnel file. Care’s
      attorneys will return all medical and mental health records
      obtained in the litigation, including copies in any form, to
      Reis’s attorneys.

      During the litigation, Reis was represented by Paige Fiedler and
Thomas Newkirk, of the law firm Fiedler & Newkirk. In December 2007,
Newkirk sent an email to Randall Armentrout, counsel to Care Initiatives,
stating they had culled out all of their documents and that 6–8 bankers
boxes were ready for Armentrout to pick up.      However, prior to Care
Initiatives picking up the documents, Reis, through Stowers, terminated
Fiedler and Newkirk as her attorneys and requested that her file and all
documents be sent to her.     Fiedler and Newkirk complied with this
request and sent all of the documents to Reis. In January 2008, Fiedler
and Newkirk informed Care Initiatives’ counsel that they no longer
represented Reis or Stowers, Reis had taken possession of all documents,
and communications regarding the documents should be directed to Reis
or Stowers.
                                          5

       Reis testified she then began to sort through the documents to
ensure none of her own medical records, which apparently had been
produced in voluminous amounts, were contained in the boxes to be
returned to Care Initiatives.       She testified she found her own medical
records in the boxes of Care Initiatives’ documents. 2
       While Reis was in possession of these documents, Stowers sent a
string of emails to Care Initiatives’ employees, agents, and counsel. On
February 12, Stowers sent an email to Care Initiatives’ Chief Financial
Officer (CFO) George Michael McDaniel which “afforded [McDaniel] the
opportunity to quietly tender [his] resignation” from Care Initiatives
based on “information known and that disclosed publicly.” On February
13, Stowers sent an email to Care Initiatives’ board member Richard
Thornton, requesting that Thornton “resolve [his] dilemma” by making a
“personal cash donation to a charitable cause” in Reis’s name and by
resigning.     On February 14, Randall Armentrout, counsel to Care
Initiatives, sent a letter to Reis and Stowers referencing the protective
order and settlement agreement and requesting the return of Care
Initiatives’ documents. On February 17, Stowers replied to Armentrout
and suggested he would not be comfortable turning over documents to
Care Initiatives because of a potential investigation by Senator Grassley
and the need to safeguard evidence from destruction.
       Care Initiatives filed an application for contempt and to enforce the
settlement agreement, asking the court to order Reis, Stowers, Fiedler,
and Newkirk to show cause why they should not be held in contempt.
After an evidentiary hearing, the court held Reis and Stowers in
contempt. On writ of certiorari, the court of appeals reversed the finding



       2As noted above, the settlement agreement between Reis and Care Initiatives
required Reis to return the documents produced by Care Initiatives, but allowed Reis to
keep payroll records, her personnel file, and her medical and mental health records.
                                    6

of contempt against both Reis and Stowers.        Care Initiatives sought
further review.
      II.     Scope of Review.
      On writ of certiorari, this court’s review is at law, and “we may
examine only the jurisdiction of the district court and the legality of its
actions.” Christensen v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 578 N.W.2d 675, 678 (Iowa 1998).
The district court acts illegally when the court’s factual findings lack
substantial evidentiary support.   Id.   Since proof beyond a reasonable
doubt must be established for a finding of contempt, substantial
evidence to support such a finding is “ ‘such evidence as could convince
a rational trier of fact that the alleged contemnor is guilty of contempt
beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” In re Marriage of Jacobo, 526 N.W.2d 859,
866 (Iowa 1995) (quoting Ervin v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 495 N.W.2d 742, 744–45
(Iowa 1993)). We review the district court’s conclusions of law for errors
at law.     State v. Lipcamon, 483 N.W.2d 605, 606–07 (Iowa 1992).     We
review a district court’s decisions regarding discovery for an abuse of
discretion. Comes v. Microsoft Corp., 775 N.W.2d 302, 305 (Iowa 2009).
However, we review interpretation of our rules of civil procedure for
errors at law.    Hasselman v. Hasselman, 596 N.W.2d 541, 543 (Iowa
1999).
      III.    Merits.
      A. Jurisdiction. Stowers and Reis challenge the district court’s
jurisdiction on essentially two grounds. First, they challenge the court’s
jurisdiction to hold the parties in contempt based on the protective order.
Second, they challenge the court’s jurisdiction to hold the parties in
contempt based on the settlement agreement.
      Stowers and Reis argue the district court lacked jurisdiction to
enforce the protective order because the case pending before the district
court had already been dismissed and the protective order did not
                                      7

stipulate that the parties would continue to be subject to the court’s
jurisdiction to enforce the order after dismissal of the case.
      We find the district court did not err in holding it had jurisdiction
to enforce the protective order. Generally, a district court’s jurisdiction
ends with dismissal of the pending case. See Horrabin v. City of Iowa
City, 160 Iowa 650, 656–57, 142 N.W. 212, 213 (1913) (supplemental
opinion) (“ ‘But the case, as we have seen, is ended.        The injunction
proceedings must end with the case. . . . This court will not determine
questions unless there be pending cases in which the questions arise.’ ”
(quoting Chicago, R.I. & P. Ry. v. Dey, 76 Iowa 278, 280, 41 N.W. 17, 18,
(1888))).   Courts do retain jurisdiction to enforce those orders that
remain in effect. “It is axiomatic that the power of a court to enforce its
orders, in the absence of a stay, is essential to the discharge of its
duties.” Shedlock v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 534 N.W.2d 656, 658–59 (Iowa 1995)
(holding court had authority to enforce protective order even though
merits of case were on appeal); cf. LaRue v. Burns, 268 N.W.2d 639, 642
(Iowa 1978) (the court has inherent power to punish disobedience to its
orders).
      Other jurisdictions have held courts retain the authority to enforce
protective orders. See United Nuclear Corp. v. Cranford Ins. Co., 905 F.2d
1424, 1427 (10th Cir. 1990) (“As long as a protective order remains in
effect, the court that entered the order retains the power to modify it,
even if the underlying suit has been dismissed.”); Pub. Citizen v. Liggett
Group, Inc., 858 F.2d 775, 782 (1st Cir. 1988) (“We note that the courts
and commentators seem unanimous in finding such an inherent power
to modify discovery-related protective orders, even after judgment, when
circumstances justify.”); Factory Mut. Ins. Co. v. Insteel Indus., Inc., 212
F.R.D. 301, 303 (M.D.N.C. 2002) (“A final judgment or stipulation of
                                     8

dismissal does not diminish the district court judge’s right to lift or to
modify such orders.”).
      Reis and Stowers correctly note that courts may not enforce orders
which are no longer in effect. See United Nuclear, 905 F.2d at 1427 (“As
long as a protective order remains in effect . . . .” (Emphasis added.)).
Reis and Stowers argue the protective order at issue did not remain in
effect after dismissal. The protective order contains no terms addressing
its continued effect or how parties are to treat documents after a
dismissal or entry of judgment. The protective order does not state it will
continue beyond dismissal or that all obligations cease with dismissal of
the case. The language of the protective order does, however, indicate
the intent of the parties and the court that the protective order continue
past resolution of the merits.     Paragraph five of the protective order
provides that those accessing documents

      shall not use or disclose such documents or information for
      purposes of business or competition, or for any purpose
      other than the preparation for and the conducting of this
      proceeding, or any appellate review thereof, and then solely
      as contemplated herein, and shall keep the documents and
      information secure and confidential in accordance with the
      purposes and intent of this Stipulation and Protective Order.

The protective order imposed a blanket requirement that confidential
documents not be used or disclosed.       The order limits authorized use
and disclosure to a specific purpose—this litigation—and does not lift
this limitation after termination of the litigation. The limitation on use of
these documents to the “preparation for and the conducting of this
proceeding” would be meaningless were the protective order to expire
upon dismissal or judgment. To the contrary, there is no permissive use
for the documents after dismissal.        The reasons behind protective
orders—for example, to “protect valuable business information and trade
secrets from disclosure to competitors,”—continue past dismissal.
                                             9

Comes, 775 N.W.2d at 311; see also Poliquin v. Garden Way, Inc., 989
F.2d 527, 535 (1st Cir. 1993) (“In most cases, the lubricating effects of
the protective order on pre-trial discovery would be lost if the order
expired at the end of the case . . . .”); Yates v. Applied Performance
Techs., Inc., 205 F.R.D. 497, 501 (S.D. Ohio 2002) (“If the parties were
free to disclose confidential information upon dismissal of a case,
protective orders would cease to fulfill their intended purpose which is to
encourage full disclosure of all relevant information.”).
       With regard to the settlement agreement, Stowers and Reis argue
the agreement was never entered by the court, and because the
underlying case has been dismissed, the settlement agreement cannot be
enforced except in a separate contract action. Care Initiatives does not
appear to contest this assertion, instead arguing any reference to the
settlement agreement in the district court order was not prejudicial
because the reference was unnecessary to the district court’s conclusion
regarding the protective order and did not form the basis for any
remedies or damages. 3 A confidential settlement agreement is a contract
entered into by the parties in which one party agreed to dismiss the suit.
See Phipps v. Winneshiek County, 593 N.W.2d 143, 146 (Iowa 1999)
(“[S]ettlement agreements are essentially contractual in nature.”).                     We
agree the district court lacked jurisdiction in this circumstance to
enforce the settlement agreement unless a separate action for breach of
contract was filed. See Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511
U.S. 375, 381, 114 S. Ct. 1673, 1677, 128 L. Ed. 2d 391, 397 (1994)
(holding there was no basis to enforce settlement agreement after case
had been dismissed without entering or referencing the settlement




        3We will address the merits of the district court order and the effect of references

to the settlement agreement below.
                                          10

agreement 4); cf. Gilbride v. Trunnelle, 620 N.W.2d 244, 249 (Iowa 2000)
(“The district court has authority to enforce settlement agreements made
in a pending case . . . on motion by one of the parties when, as here, a
party amends his or her pleadings to assert settlement as an additional
claim in the original lawsuit.”).
       B.    Contempt.        The district court held Reis and Stowers in
contempt.      Iowa Code section 665.2 lists the actions constituting
contempt, including “[i]llegal resistance to any order.”                  Iowa Code
§ 665.2(3) (2007).      Resistance to or violation of an order cannot be
considered contempt of court unless it is willful. In re Inspection of Titan
Tire, 637 N.W.2d 115, 132 (Iowa 2001). To support a finding of willful
disobedience, the court must find

       “conduct that is intentional and deliberate with a bad or evil
       purpose, or wanton and in disregard of the rights of others,
       or contrary to a known duty, or unauthorized, coupled with
       an unconcern whether the contemner had the right or not.”

Amro v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 429 N.W.2d 135, 140 (Iowa 1988) (quoting Lutz v.
Darbyshire, 297 N.W.2d 349, 353 (Iowa 1980), overruled on other grounds
by Phillips v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 380 N.W.2d 706, 707–09 (Iowa 1986)).
       In Iowa, all actions for contempt are quasi-criminal, even when
they arise from civil cases.         See Zimmermann v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 480
N.W.2d 70, 74 (Iowa 1992). Therefore, contempt must be established by
proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Ary v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 735 N.W.2d 621,
624 (Iowa 2007). The district court’s factual findings will be overturned if
they lack substantial evidentiary support, which is “ ‘such evidence as
could convince a rational trier of fact.’ ” In re Marriage of Jacobo, 526
N.W.2d at 866 (quoting Ervin, 495 N.W.2d at 744–45).


       4Although  federal courts are of limited jurisdiction, Kokkonen, 511 U.S. at 377,
114 S. Ct. at 1675, 128 L. Ed. 2d at 395, and Iowa courts are of general jurisdiction,
see Iowa Code § 602.6101 (2007), the analysis of unentered settlement agreements as
separate contract actions is applicable.
                                    11

         1.   Stowers—“Use” of documents.    Stowers admits he signed the
undertaking to be bound by the protective order. The district court held
Stowers in contempt for facilitating Reis’s failure to return documents
and threatening to use knowledge gained from the documents against
Care Initiatives’ employees, agents, or attorneys, thereby using the
documents for purposes other than the litigation.       The district court
lacked jurisdiction to enforce the settlement agreement, which contained
Reis’s obligation to return documents.       Therefore, we do not consider
Stowers’s alleged facilitation of Reis’s failure to return documents as a
basis for contempt. We limit our discussion to whether Stowers “used”
confidential documents in violation of the protective order.
         Stowers argues the district court lacked substantial evidence to
find he violated the protective order.      He argues he did not “use” or
“disclose” the confidential documents because the emails sent to Care
Initiatives’ CFO and board member do not reference the documents or
Reis’s possession of the documents.
         On January 21, 2008, Fiedler & Newkirk informed counsel to Care
Initiatives by letter that all documents were in the possession of Reis and
that future communication regarding the documents should be directed
to Reis or Stowers. Reis and Stowers were copied on this letter. Care
Initiatives entered three emails sent by Stowers into evidence as support
for finding Stowers “used” the documents in violation of the protective
order.
         First, on February 12, 2008, Stowers initiated his campaign
against Care Initiatives and sent an email to Care Initiatives’ CFO George
Michael McDaniel. This email stated McDaniel’s “time has arrived” and
that “[b]ased upon information known and that disclosed publicly . . .
you are being afforded the opportunity to quietly tender your resignation
from all positions held with Care Initiatives.” The email urged McDaniel
                                   12

to provide a copy of his resignation to Stowers if he “wish[ed] to take
advantage of this limited opportunity” and included a deadline of 4:00
p.m. the following day.
      Second, on February 13, 2008, Stowers struck out at Care
Initiatives’ board member Richard Thornton. This email began by stating
“[y]our options have narrowed substantially in the past two months.”
The email stated “[n]obody wants to completely humiliate and embarrass
you, but you have a way of placing yourself in positions where that
cannot be avoided and you essentially do it to yourself.” The email gave
Thornton,

      the chance to resolve your dilemma without as much trauma
      to you as would occur if you do not accept the proposal I am
      about to make. So, here it is—

      1. You will make a personal cash donation to a charitable
      cause in the name of Jan Reis selected by Jan Reis and
      myself in an amount equal to all payments that you have
      received from Care Initiatives from August 2005 to the
      present; and

      2. You will immediately resign from the Board of Care
      Initiatives and sever all ties to Care Initiatives.

      On February 14, 2008, after these first two emails were sent,
counsel for Care Initiatives sent Stowers and Reis a letter demanding
return of the confidential documents exchanged during the suit. Stowers
sent his third email to Armentrout, counsel for Care Initiatives, on
February 17, 2008. This email asserted

      I don’t think that I could be comfortable turning the
      information over unless it was clear that Care Initiatives had
      cleaned house and that the same actors were no longer in a
      position to repeat and carry on their misconduct.

      Stowers claimed his reluctance to turn over the documents was
based on a concern of “anticipated destruction and concealment.” The
                                        13

email ended by stating, “I think you should know this is not a simple
issue of returning documents.”
       Stowers   argues   threatening        public   humiliation,   demanding
resignations, and extracting money payments to a charity in his wife’s
name cannot support a finding beyond a reasonable doubt that he “used”
the documents produced under the protective order.                   Under the
protective order, Stowers agreed with respect to “any documents or
information subject to this Stipulation and Protective Order” that he
would not “use . . . such documents or information . . . for any purpose
other than the preparation for and the conducting of this proceeding, or
any appellate review thereof.”     Stowers claims he did not “use” the
documents because his reference to “information known and that
disclosed publicly” in the email to McDaniel was not meant to allude to
the documents from the lawsuit but instead to nonconfidential
information learned through other means.
       The emails, when viewed together, provide substantial evidence to
support the district court’s determination beyond a reasonable doubt
that Stowers violated the protective order through “use” of the
documents. Less than a month before Stowers sent the three emails at
issue, Reis and Stowers’s trial counsel informed Care Initiatives by letter
that they no longer represented Reis and Stowers, all documents had
been   transferred   to   Reis,   and    communications       regarding   these
documents should be directed to Reis or Stowers. Reis and Stowers were
copied on this letter to Care Initiatives.            Stowers was aware Care
Initiatives had been informed that Reis was in possession of the
documents and that he could be contacted about those documents.
Stowers’s first two emails contain threats that Stowers will take some
course of action should the CFO and board member not meet his
demands. His third email, to attorney Armentrout, explicitly references
                                     14

his unwillingness to return the documents at issue and insists he would
not “be comfortable turning the information over unless it was clear that
Care Initiatives had cleaned house.” These emails were meant to suggest
Stowers had the ability to make details in the documents or the
documents themselves public if the CFO and board member did not
agree to his demands, including resigning. This enthusiastic use of the
documents was prohibited by the protective order.
      Stowers suggests his emails cannot violate the protective order
because he was simply alerting Care Initiatives that he might be required
to report illegal behavior discovered during the course of the lawsuit.
The right or duty of a litigant or lawyer to report illegal behavior to the
proper authorities if it is discovered during the course of a civil
proceeding is not before this court. Stowers was bound by the protective
order which prevented use or disclosure of the documents.                   The
protective order allowed modification, and if Stowers was concerned
about his ethical or legal duties, he could have moved to modify the
protective order to allow disclosure of documents to the proper
authorities. Cf. Comes, 775 N.W.2d at 313 (modifying protective order
after parties agreed to settle the case); Poliquin, 989 F.2d at 535 (“[A]
protective order . . . is always subject to the inherent power of the district
court to relax or terminate the order, even after judgment. This retained
power in the court . . . provides a safety valve for public interest
concerns,   changed    circumstances      or   any   other   basis   that   may
reasonably be offered for later adjustment.” (Citation omitted.)).          The
protective order also allowed the parties to contest designation of
documents as confidential.         If Stowers believed documents were
improperly designated as confidential, he should have timely petitioned
                                          15

the court for a determination. 5          Instead, Stowers sent emails seeking
resignations and charitable donations in his wife’s name and implied
these actions would be in exchange for not going to the authorities.
       Stowers further argues the produced documents were not the
property of Care Initiatives, and Iowa law recognizes that discovery may
be used in other forums. This court has recently ordered that discovery
documents be produced to an intervening party for potential use in a
similar suit. Comes, 775 N.W.2d at 313. The protective order at issue in
Comes, just like the one here, prohibited the parties from disclosing the
documents or using the documents for purposes other than the Iowa
litigation. Id. at 304. This court ordered modification of the protective
order to allow use of the litigation documents in a similar lawsuit. Id. at
313. While Stowers is correct that, under proper circumstances, a court
might order discovery to be disclosed for use in another suit, such use
would require modification of the protective order and a court order.
Comes demonstrates the proper avenues to pursue when confidential
documents are necessary in separate litigation.
       When the emails to the CFO and board member are considered in
combination with the letter from Fiedler & Newkirk, informing Care
Initiatives that Reis or Stowers were to be contacted about the
documents, and Stowers’s email to Armentrout, which essentially refuses
to return the documents, it is clear Stowers was “using” the documents
to gain a tactical advantage over Care Initiatives. Stowers emails “used”
the documents in an attempt to exert influence and pressure on a Care
Initiatives’ CFO, board member, and attorney.                   The district court’s




       5Stowers   filed a motion to remove the confidential designation and to terminate
protective order on March 24, 2008, a month after Care Initiatives filed their motion for
contempt on February 25, 2008, and over a month after Stowers sent emails to Care
Initiatives’ CFO, board member, and attorney threatening public use of the documents.
                                    16

determination holding Stowers in contempt of the protective order is
affirmed.
      2. Reis. The district court held Reis in contempt because it found
she refused to return Care Initiatives’ documents while allowing Stowers
to use the documents to make threats to Care Initiatives’ agents and
employees.   Reis argues the district court’s decision holding her in
contempt lacked substantial evidentiary support because there was no
evidence Reis “used” the documents for purposes other than the
litigation or that she “disclosed” the confidential documents. Reis notes
the protective order did not specify how documents were to be handled
after dismissal and that reasonable interpretations could include return
to the producing party, destruction, or confidential maintenance. Reis
argues the district court improperly relied on the settlement agreement,
which contained a provision for return of the documents.
      We agree the district court lacked substantial evidence to hold Reis
in contempt beyond a reasonable doubt. There is no evidence Reis used
or disclosed the documents inappropriately.        Reis’s uncontradicted
testimony was that she was reviewing the documents to assure that none
of her personal medical records were contained in the files before they
were returned to Care Initiatives. The protective order cannot be read to
prohibit such review, particularly where Reis was expressly granted
permission to review confidential documents under the terms of the
protective order.   The district court appears to have relied on Reis’s
obligation to return documents under the settlement agreement;
however, as noted above, the district court did not have authority to
enforce the settlement agreement.
      The district court also relied upon an assumption that Reis was
aware her husband, Stowers, sent emails to Care Initiatives’ CFO and
board member and therefore facilitated Stowers’s use of the documents.
                                     17

Reis was copied only on Stowers’s third email, which was sent to Care
Initiatives’ counsel Randall Armentrout and suggested the documents
could not be returned because they might be destroyed. Reis was not
copied on the emails to Care Initiatives’ CFO and board member urging
them to resign or make donations in Reis’s name.         Although Reis is
married to Stowers, there has been no showing she participated in or
was even aware of the emails sent to Care Initiatives’ CFO and board
member. While the email to Armentrout should have raised some red
flags to Reis, it is not enough to impute a willful violation of the
protective order beyond a reasonable doubt.     There is no testimony to
suggest Reis had the proper context to understand the email as a
continuation of the threats made to Care Initiatives’ CFO and board
member.       The contempt order entered against Reis is therefore
discharged.
      C. Unadmitted Exhibit. In its contempt ruling, the district court
referenced documents that Care Initiatives apparently originally marked
as exhibit L in a filing and which the district court appears to have later
referenced as L-2. Because of disagreements regarding the confidential
nature of portions of original exhibit L, the complete exhibit was not
entered into evidence during the hearing, and instead, only specific pages
were designated and entered. The two pages entered into evidence were
current exhibit L, the email from Stowers to McDaniel, and current
exhibit L-2, the email from Stowers to Thornton. The complete exhibit L
is not in the record before this court because the district court—with
agreement from both parties—struck from the record those portions that
were never admitted. The district court contempt order references those
portions of original exhibit L which were not formally admitted and are
no longer contained in the record.
                                      18

      This court has considered the record absent any unadmitted
portions of exhibits.    The district court did not rely heavily on the
missing portions of original exhibit L. We find that regardless of whether
the court erred by referencing an exhibit not formally entered at the
contempt hearing, the passing reference to the unadmitted portions was
harmless.   See State v. Hensley, 534 N.W.2d 379, 383 (Iowa 1995) (a
court may find harmless error where the properly admitted evidence
assures that the outcome would have been the same without the
improperly admitted evidence).
      D. Remedy.
      1. Attorneys fees. The district court ordered Reis and Stowers to:
(1) pay Fiedler & Newkirk for all reasonable attorney’s fees and expenses
incurred in the post settlement actions, (2) pay all charges for storage of
the records, and (3) “pay all reasonable attorney’s fees and expenses
incurred by the attorneys for Care Initiatives in their efforts to secure
and obtain return of the documents produced pursuant to the Protective
Order and which were to be returned pursuant to the Settlement
Agreement.” The district court did not determine the specific amount of
the award prior to this writ of certiorari.
      Reis and Stowers argue attorney’s fees are not a proper remedy for
a holding of contempt under the Iowa statutes governing contempt. They
argue remedies are limited to those available under chapter 665, which
are a fine of up to $500 or jail or both. Iowa Code § 665.4(2). This court
has previously explained that although an Iowa court’s contempt power
is inherent, see Lutz, 297 N.W.2d at 354, a statute limiting punishment
for contempt is valid. See Wilson v. Fenton, 312 N.W.2d 524, 528 (Iowa
1981), overruled on other grounds by Ervin, 495 N.W.2d at 745.        Iowa
courts may only impose punishment for contempt in the form provided
by Iowa Code section 665.4.       Section 665.4 provides for two types of
                                    19

punishment:     punitive   punishment    for   acts   which   are   completed
contempts and imprisonment to coerce the performance of acts ordered
by the court. Id. The fine authorized by section 665.4 is for the benefit
of the state. Id.
      Care Initiatives argues in response that the district court based its
order of attorneys fees on Iowa Rules of Civil Procedure 1.517(2)(b)(5) and
1.602(5). Rule 1.517 pertains to discovery and lists sanctions available
to a court in which an action is pending for “a party” who “fails to obey
an order to provide or permit discovery.” Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.517(2)(b). The
rule provides that a court’s order regarding such failure may include “an
order treating as a contempt of court the failure to obey any orders,” and
an order requiring the “disobedient party or the attorney advising such
party or both to pay the reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees,
caused by the failure.”       Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.517(2)(b)(4)–(5).       Rule
1.517(2)(b)(4)–(5) specifically provides that a court may enter any of the
sanctions provided “in addition thereto” the other sanctions in the list.
Rule 1.602 provides discretion for trial courts to hold pretrial conferences
and enter pretrial orders.    The rule also provides for the sanction of
“reasonable expenses . . . including attorney’s fees” if “a party or party’s
attorney fails to obey a scheduling or pretrial order.”       Iowa R. Civ. P.
1.602(5).
      The district court specifically based its order of fees on its
authority under rules 1.517(2)(b)(5) and 1.602(5). A protective order is
an “order to provide or permit discovery” under rule 1.517(2)(b), which
authorizes sanctions for failure to obey such orders. It is also a “pretrial
order” under rule 1.602(5).     Both rules allow sanctions to be levied
against a party or a party’s attorney.         A party’s attorney may be
sanctioned, even if the attorney’s client took no steps to violate the
discovery rules, when it is the attorney’s conduct which violated a court
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order. See Kendall/Hunt Publ’g Co. v. Rowe, 424 N.W.2d 235, 242 (Iowa
1988) (noting rule 1.517—then rule 134—mirrors federal rule 37 and
cases under rule 37 are persuasive authority); Whitehead v. Gateway
Chevrolet, Oldsmobile, No. 03-C-5684, 2004 WL 1459478, at *1, 3 (N.D.
Ill. June 29, 2004) (imposing sanction of attorneys’ fees under Rule 37(b)
on attorney who used confidential information from a previous case, in
violation of a protective order, to file the complaint in the instant case);
Poliquin v. Garden Way, Inc., 154 F.R.D. 29, 31–32 (D. Me. 1994)
(sanctioning attorney under rule 37(b), including the potential for
reasonable attorneys’ fees to be set at a later date, when attorney
disclosed an affidavit protected by a protective order to co-counsel in a
separate case).
      The district court had authority to sanction Stowers as either a
party or a party’s attorney. The protective order, to which Stowers signed
an undertaking to be bound, specifically lists Stowers as a party.        It
states, “Parties: Jan Reis and her spouse . . . .” Additionally, there was
sufficient evidence supporting the district court’s finding that Stowers
acted as an attorney to Reis during the litigation.     An attorney-client
relationship exists when: “ ‘(1) a person sought advice or assistance from
an attorney, (2) the advice or assistance sought pertained to matters
within the attorney’s professional competence, and (3) the attorney
expressly or impliedly agreed to give or actually gave the desired advice
or assistance.’ ” State v. Parker, 747 N.W.2d 196, 203–04 (Iowa 2008)
(quoting Comm. on Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v. Wunschel, 461 N.W.2d 840,
845 (Iowa 1990)).    Although Reis denied during the contempt hearing
that Stowers had acted as her attorney, she also admitted that she talked
to him about legal matters and relied on him to help her interpret things.
Newkirk, Reis’s attorney during the pending litigation, testified that
Fiedler & Newkirk had taken the position that Stowers was acting as an
                                       21

attorney for Ms. Reis.     Additionally, Stowers sent emails to Fiedler &
Newkirk on Reis’s behalf demanding return of her files and case
materials and citing case law.         When Armentrout, Care Initiatives’
attorney, sent a letter to Reis and Stowers demanding return of its
documents, Stowers responded, noting that Armentrout’s letter “poses a
number of legal and ethical issues.”
      The district court did not err in determining an award of fees was
within the remedies available.        See Falstaff Brewing Corp. v. Miller
Brewing Co., 702 F.2d 770, 784 (9th Cir. 1983) (finding insufficient
evidence for criminal contempt but ordering reasonable attorneys fees for
violation of protective order under federal rule 37); Kehm v. Procter &
Gamble Mfg. Co., 580 F. Supp. 913, 915–16 (N.D. Iowa 1983) (ordering
reasonable attorneys fees and costs under federal rule 37 for violation of
protective order where attorney sold confidential documents after entry of
judgment). Although the district court did not have authority to order
fees as a sanction for contempt because of the limits imposed by section
665.4, the district court was allowed to impose fees pursuant to rules
1.517(2)(b)(5) and 1.602(5).
      Although we affirm the availability of reasonable expenses and fees
as sanctions, we limit portions of the district court’s order based on our
holding above.      First, because we vacate the order of contempt as it
applies to Reis, we also vacate the order that Reis be jointly responsible
for costs and fees.    Second, the award for fees may not extend to the
unsuccessful efforts by Care Initiatives to hold individuals other than
Stowers in contempt, including Reis, Fiedler, and Newkirk.        Third, we
vacate the order requiring Stowers to pay the attorneys’ fees and
expenses incurred by Fiedler & Newkirk in defending the contempt action
brought   against     Fiedler   and   Newkirk.   The   decision   to   file   a
nonmeritorious contempt action against Fiedler and Newkirk was made
                                    22

by Care Initiatives, and it is improper to require Stowers to pay the fees
and expenses incurred by their firm.         Fourth, consistent with our
decision above, we limit the reasonable fees or expenses to Care
Initiatives’ efforts relating to enforcement of the protective order.   The
district court’s jurisdiction did not extend to the settlement agreement,
and, therefore, the award of fees may not extend to expenses relating to
the settlement agreement.
       We hold it was not an abuse of discretion for the district court to
order that Stowers be responsible for the costs of storage of the
documents secured by the court and the reasonable fees of Care
Initiatives in their effort to hold Stowers in contempt under the protective
order. The determination of the monetary amount of reasonable fees is
within the district court’s discretion. See Kendall/Hunt, 424 N.W.2d at
242.   Sanctions under rule 1.517 (previously rule 134) should serve a
three-fold purpose:   (1) to insure that a party will not profit from its
failure to comply with a court order, (2) to provide specific deterrence and
seek compliance with the court’s order, and (3) to provide general
deterrence in the active case and in litigation generally. Id. We remand
to the district court for implementation of the reasonable fee award
within the limitations we have outlined above.
       2. Injunctive relief. The district court ordered that the protective
order continues to cover confidential information and documents gained
through this litigation, and that any use of such information or
documents is prohibited without further order of the court.       Reis and
Stowers argue the district court’s order amounts to inappropriate
injunctive relief. We disagree. As noted above, the district court retained
authority to enforce the protective order. Courts have routinely held that
this authority also includes the authority to modify or lift such orders.
See, e.g., United Nuclear, 905 F.2d at 1427 (“As long as a protective order
                                      23

remains in effect, the court that entered the order retains the power to
modify it, even if the underlying suit has been dismissed.”); see also Pub.
Citizen, 858 F.2d at 783 (“In sum, although the court lacked power to
impose new discovery-related obligations after dismissing the case on the
merits, we find that, because the protective order was still in effect, the
district court had the power to make postjudgment modifications to the
protective order in light of changed circumstances.”). As we held above,
the protective order continued in effect and parties were required to move
for modification before using or disclosing documents designated
confidential in the underlying suit.       The district court’s order merely
clarified the continuing effect of the protective order and was an
appropriate remedy.
      IV.   Conclusion.
      The district court had jurisdiction to enforce the protective order
entered during discovery in this case but did not have jurisdiction to
enforce a settlement agreement that was never entered by the court. The
district court’s determination that Stowers be held in contempt of court
for violation of the protective order is supported by substantial evidence.
The district court’s determination that Reis be held in contempt of court
for violation of the protective order is not supported by substantial
evidence, and it was erroneous for the court to rely on the settlement
agreement to hold Reis in contempt.          We uphold the district court’s
authority to order fees, but limit the scope of the award. We remand this
case to the district court for entry of an order and remedies consistent
with this decision.
      DECISION        OF     COURT    OF     APPEALS     VACATED;     WRIT
SUSTAINED      IN     PART    AND    ANNULLED      IN   PART;   AND   CASE
REMANDED.
