                                                                                          August 18 2015


                                          DA 14-0336
                                                                                         Case Number: DA 14-0336

                  IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

                                          2015 MT 243



ROBERT JAMES WILKES, JR.,

              Petitioner and Appellant,

         v.

STATE OF MONTANA,

              Respondent and Appellee.



APPEAL FROM:           District Court of the Fourth Judicial District,
                       In and For the County of Missoula, Cause No. DV-11-923
                       Honorable Ed McLean, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

                For Appellant:

                       Larry D. Mansch, Brendan McQuillan, Montana Innocence Project;
                       Missoula, Montana

                For Appellee:

                       Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General, Pamela P. Collins, Assistant
                       Attorney General; Helena, Montana

                       Kristen Pabst, Missoula County Attorney, Suzy Boylan, Deputy Missoula
                       County Attorney; Missoula, Montana

                For Amicus Curiae The Innocence Network:

                       Colin M. Stephens, Smith & Stephens, P.C.; Missoula, Montana



                                                   Submitted on Briefs: March 4, 2015
                                                              Decided: August 18, 2015

Filed:

                       __________________________________________
                                         Clerk
Justice Michael E Wheat delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1    Robert Wilkes appeals from the order of the Montana Fourth Judicial District

Court, Missoula County, denying his petition for post-conviction relief. We reverse and

remand.

                                        ISSUES

¶2    We review the following issues:

       1. Did the District Court err by failing to adequately address Wilkes’s claims for
post-conviction relief?

      2. Did the District Court err by denying Wilkes’s IAC claim?

        3. Did the District Court abuse its discretion by denying Wilkes’s post-conviction
relief claims before conducting a hearing?

                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶3    Wilkes’s three-month-old son, Gabriel, died on October 26, 2008, following

hemorrhaging in his head sustained on or before October 4, 2008. According to Wilkes,

he had put Gabriel to sleep on the evening of October 4, 2008, after retrieving Gabriel

from the care of a babysitter. A few minutes later, he discovered that Gabriel had

vomited and was limp. He attempted CPR and, unable to find his phone, took Gabriel to

the babysitter’s nearby apartment. The babysitter called 911 while Wilkes continued to

perform CPR.

¶4    When paramedics arrived, Gabriel was taken to Missoula Community Hospital

and then, on October 6, 2008, to Sacred Heart Children’s Hospital in Spokane,

Washington. Doctors in Spokane found evidence of retinal hemorrhaging and subdural



                                            2
hemorrhaging in Gabriel’s brain, and they placed him on life support.           Ultimately,

Gabriel was removed from life support on October 21, 2008, and he died five days later.

¶5     Suspecting that Gabriel’s injuries were non-accidental and caused by his father,

the State charged Wilkes with deliberate homicide. At trial, the State argued that Gabriel

died from abusive head trauma (AHT) (more commonly known as shaken baby

syndrome) caused by Wilkes. The State’s theory was that Gabriel was healthy when he

left the care of the babysitter and that because he was in Wilkes’s exclusive control

thereafter, Wilkes must have been the cause of Gabriel’s AHT. To support this theory,

the State provided evidence that the babysitter fed Gabriel a bottle of formula just before

Gabriel left the babysitter’s care. It then provided expert witness testimony that Gabriel’s

injuries were consistent with an AHT diagnosis, that symptoms of AHT are displayed

almost immediately following injury, and that Gabriel would not have been able to drink

the bottle of formula once he was suffering from AHT. Based on this evidence, the State

concluded that Gabriel was not suffering from AHT when he left the babysitter’s care;

that he was suffering from AHT by the time Wilkes and Gabriel returned to the

babysitter’s; that the injury causing Gabriel’s AHT occurred in the interim; and that

because Wilkes had exclusive control over Gabriel during this time, Wilkes must have

caused Gabriel’s AHT and resulting death.

¶6     Wilkes, represented by Scott Spencer, did not call any expert witnesses or, for that

matter, any witnesses other than himself at trial. When he testified, Wilkes maintained

his innocence, claiming that he did not harm Gabriel in any way. Meanwhile, Wilkes,

through Spencer, left much of the State’s evidence unrefuted. At trial, Spencer told the
                                             3
jury that “virtually[] everything [in this case] is agreed to” but that Wilkes should be

found not guilty because there was reasonable doubt as to the timing of the AHT. In the

alternative, he argued that Wilkes was at most guilty of negligent homicide rather than

deliberate homicide. Spencer did not introduce any evidence to support either of these

theories. Ultimately a jury found Wilkes guilty of deliberate homicide. A judgment was

entered on June 16, 2010, sentencing him to 40 years in Montana State Prison.

¶7     On July 18, 2011, Wilkes filed a petition for post-conviction relief pro se. In it, he

claimed that he received ineffective assistance of counsel (IAC).         Wilkes requested

appointment of counsel on November 3, 2011, and on March 2, 2012, the Montana

Innocence Project filed a notice of appearance to represent him. Following several

continuances and an uncontested motion to amend Wilkes’s petition, an amended petition

for post-conviction relief was filed on September 5, 2012. In it Wilkes argued, supported

by the testimony of several experts, that he should receive a new trial because he received

IAC and because he had discovered new evidence warranting a new trial.

¶8     The State responded to the amended petition on May 3, 2013. Included with the

response was an affidavit from Spencer. The State argued that Wilkes had not received

IAC and that the evidence Wilkes presented did not warrant a new trial. Following a

reply brief from Wilkes, the District Court decided that an evidentiary hearing was not

necessary and that, based on the filings before it, Wilkes was not entitled to a new trial.

It denied Wilkes’s petition for post-conviction relief.




                                              4
                             STANDARDS OF REVIEW

¶9     We review a district court’s denial of a petition for post-conviction relief to

determine whether the court’s findings of fact are clearly erroneous and whether its

conclusions of law are correct.    Heath v. State, 2009 MT 7, ¶ 13, 348 Mont. 361,

202 P.3d 118. We review discretionary rulings in post-conviction relief proceedings,

including rulings related to whether to hold an evidentiary hearing, for an abuse of

discretion.   Heath, ¶ 13. We review de novo the mixed questions of law and fact

presented by claims of IAC. Heath, ¶ 13.

                                     DISCUSSION

¶10 1. Did the District Court err by failing to adequately address Wilkes’s claims for
post-conviction relief?

¶11    Wilkes claims that the District Court erred when it inadequately addressed his IAC

and newly discovered evidence claims. We address the IAC claim at paragraphs 18

through 33, and address his newly discovered evidence claim below.

¶12    A district court must adequately address a petitioner’s post-conviction relief

claims before dismissing them. We have remanded cases and ordered district courts to

make further findings and conclusions when the district courts have failed to address each

post-conviction relief claim. Heath, ¶ 26; Williams v. State, 2002 MT 189, ¶¶ 24-28,

311 Mont. 108, 53 P.3d 864. We have also remanded cases for further proceedings

where we were unable to determine from a district court’s order the facts upon which the

district court based its legal conclusions.     Beach v. State, 2009 MT 398, ¶ 51,

353 Mont. 411, 220 P.3d 667.

                                            5
¶13    The District Court failed to specifically address Wilkes’s newly discovered

evidence claim. The District Court made no specific conclusion regarding this claim.

Rather, it described the evidence and then restated and summarized the parties’

arguments without comment or analysis. The District Court did not even identify the

legal standard required for a petitioner to succeed on a newly discovered evidence claim.

Although this claim is related to and involves much of the same evidence as Wilkes’s

IAC claim, and although the District Court analyzed much of the evidence when

considering Wilkes’s IAC claim, this does not make its analysis adequate. Wilkes is

entitled to have his newly discovered evidence claim independently considered, and the

District Court erred when it did not do so. Williams, ¶ 27.

¶14    Regardless, the State argues that the District Court correctly denied Wilkes’s

newly discovered evidence claim and that we should affirm its decision. Wilkes also

makes arguments on the merits of its newly discovered evidence claim.             We have

considered such arguments—arguments on the merits of an issue that we have decided a

District Court inadequately addressed—as harmless error arguments. See Kills On Top v.

State, 2000 MT 340, ¶¶ 17-18, 303 Mont. 164, 15 P.3d 422. While we construe the

State’s argument to be a harmless error argument here, we cannot conclude that the

District Court’s failure to adequately address Wilkes’s newly discovered evidence claim

was harmless.

¶15    While this case was pending on appeal and after briefing had ended, we decided

Marble v. State, 2015 MT 242, ___ Mont. ___, ___ P.3d ____. In that decision, we

clarified that this Court no longer applies either of the standards that the parties in this
                                             6
case urge us to apply to Wilkes’s newly discovered evidence claim. Specifically, we

stated that neither the actual-innocence standard of the concurrence in State v. Beach,

2013 MT 130, 370 Mont. 163, 302 P.3d 47, nor the reasonable-probability-of-a-different-

outcome standard of State v. Clark, 2005 MT 330, 330 Mont. 8, 125 P.3d 1099, provides

the legal standard by which we judge newly discovered evidence claims that are made in

timely filed petitions for post-conviction relief. Marble, ¶¶ 30-32. Instead, we decided

that the standard is the one stated in § 46-21-102(2), MCA:

      We therefore conclude that a district court presented with a postconviction
      petition based upon newly discovered evidence shall utilize the very test set
      forth in § 46-21-102, MCA. It shall determine whether the “newly
      discovered evidence …, if proved and viewed in light of the evidence as a
      whole would establish that the petitioner did not engage in the criminal
      conduct” for which he or she was convicted.

Marble, ¶ 36 (quoting § 46-21-102(2), MCA).         The District Court has not had the

opportunity to address Wilkes’s claim according to this standard, and we will not address

the claim here. See Marble, ¶ 37. As such, we will not hold that the District Court’s

failure to adequately address Wilkes’s claim was harmless.

¶16   For the foregoing reasons, we remand Wilkes’s newly discovered evidence claim

to the District Court. On remand, the District Court should independently consider and

rule on Wilkes’s newly discovered evidence claim, making written findings of fact and

conclusions of law.

¶17   2. Did the District Court err by denying Wilkes’s IAC claim?

¶18   Wilkes argues that Spencer rendered IAC and that the District Court erred by

deciding otherwise. The State responds that the District Court correctly decided that

                                            7
Wilkes’s alleged acts or omissions did not constitute IAC because they were reasonable

and not prejudicial. We disagree.

¶19    In his petition for post-conviction relief, Wilkes argued that Spencer rendered IAC

by failing to adequately prepare for trial.1 He contended that as a result of this inadequate

preparation, Spencer made decisions and took positions at trial inconsistent with the

goals and objectives Wilkes identified for his defense.         To support this contention,

Wilkes provided expert testimony and evidence that he claimed Spencer should have

presented at trial. To be clear, Wilkes did not argue that Spencer rendered IAC merely by

failing to present this particular evidence or evidence like it. Instead, Wilkes pointed to

the evidence as proof that Spencer inadequately prepared for trial by failing to identify

similar evidence and arguments and as proof that with adequate preparation Spencer

could have conducted a defense consistent with Wilkes’s goals and objectives.

¶20    The District Court decided that Spencer did not render IAC for two reasons. First,

it decided that Spencer’s decision not to challenge the AHT diagnosis was strategic and

could not constitute IAC for this reason.        Second, it decided that, considering the

evidence Wilkes presented, even if Spencer had challenged Gabriel’s diagnosis the result

of the trial would have been the same. We cannot affirm the District Court’s decision on

either basis.


1
  He also argued that Spencer rendered IAC by failing to appeal his conviction. However,
Wilkes does not mention the failure to appeal claim in his briefs to this Court, beyond an
unsupported statement that Spencer failed to provide Wilkes with adequate representation
“post-trial.” As we will not conduct legal research or formulate arguments on a party’s behalf,
this statement is not enough to make the failure to appeal claim an issue on appeal and we will
not consider it here. See Riggs v. State, 2011 MT 239, ¶ 7, 362 Mont. 140, 264 P.3d 693.
                                                8
¶21   As an initial matter, the District Court did apply the correct standard of law for

reviewing Wilkes’s IAC claim. As the court noted, this Court has adopted the two-prong

test of Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984), for assessing

claims of IAC. Heath, ¶ 17. To bring a successful claim under this test, a petitioner must

prove that acts or omissions of counsel were both unreasonable and prejudicial to the

petitioner’s defense. Soriach v. State, 2002 MT 187, ¶ 15, 311 Mont. 90, 53 P.3d 878.

We will affirm a district court’s decision to deny relief based on an IAC claim if the

petitioner has failed to prove either prong of Strickland. State v. Cobell, 2004 MT 46,

¶ 15, 320 Mont. 122, 86 P.3d 20.

¶22   We cannot affirm the District Court’s decision based on its conclusion that

Spencer’s decision not to challenge Gabriel’s diagnosis was reasonable. The District

Court decided that Spencer’s decision was strategic and therefore entitled to a

presumption of reasonableness. It then dismissed Wilkes’s IAC claim in conclusory

fashion.

¶23   While strategic decisions of counsel are entitled to a strong presumption of

reasonableness, they are not immunized from IAC claims. Before affording strategic

decisions a presumption of reasonableness, a reviewing court must consider whether the

underlying strategy is reasonable.      Whitlow v. State, 2008 MT 140, ¶¶ 17-19,

343 Mont. 90, 183 P.3d 861; Soriach, ¶ 22. The question when deciding whether an

attorney’s decision was reasonable “is not merely whether counsel’s conduct flowed from

strategic decisions and trial tactics but, rather, whether it was based on ‘reasonable’ or



                                            9
‘sound’ professional judgment.”     Whitlow, ¶ 19.    This is measured in light of the

surrounding circumstances and the prevailing professional norms. Whitlow, ¶ 19.

¶24   The District Court erred when it concluded without explanation and without

considering Spencer’s underlying reasons, that Spencer’s decisions regarding the

evidence presented at trial were “strategic.” The only real rationales the District Court

provided for this decision were its conclusions that Spencer’s obligation to prepare was

discharged as soon as he consulted an expert that returned an AHT diagnosis and that

“[e]vidently Mr. Spencer is doing something right” because the last five trials Spencer

tried in the Fourth Judicial District resulted in an acquittal or a hung jury. We do not

agree that consulting a single expert rendered Spencer’s decision to not challenge the

State’s experts reasonable per se, nor do we agree that Spencer’s record before the court

in other cases entitled his actions to some presumption of reasonableness.          More

importantly, neither reason the District Court provided measures the reasonableness of

Spencer’s decision in light of the circumstances of Wilkes’s case. For these reasons, we

conclude the District Court erred by determining, on this record, that Spencer’s actions

were reasonable and did not constitute IAC. We cannot affirm its decision on this basis.

¶25   We also cannot affirm the District Court’s decision based on its conclusion that

Spencer’s decision not to challenge Gabriel’s diagnosis did not prejudice Wilkes’s

defense. The court examined the expert evidence Wilkes presented in his petition and

decided that challenging Gabriel’s AHT diagnosis would not have presented a reasonable

probability of resulting in a different outcome. We likewise conclude the District Court

erred in making this determination on this record.
                                            10
¶26    The District Court relied on our decision in Elliott v. State, 2005 MT 10,

325 Mont. 345, 106 P.3d 517, to justify its decision. In Elliott, the petitioner argued that

her counsels’ failure to secure an expert that would testify in support of her defense

prejudiced her. Elliott, ¶ 10. We disagreed because she “failed to establish that an expert

could be found who would testify affirmatively about her defense theory.” Elliott, ¶ 10.

We reasoned that her assertions that an expert could be found and that such an expert’s

testimony would have changed the result of her trial were based on “mere speculation.”

Elliott, ¶ 10.

¶27    The District Court’s reliance on Elliott was misplaced. We recognize that, similar

to the petitioner in Elliott, Wilkes suggests that Spencer should have presented expert

testimony to challenge the State’s experts and theories. Unlike in Elliott, however,

Wilkes does not merely speculate that such an expert exists or that the expert would

testify persuasively to an alternate diagnosis; Wilkes specifically identified multiple

experts that Spencer could have called at trial and provided the court with their written

opinions. There was no need for the court to speculate about whether expert testimony

was available, what the testimony would contain, or what impact such testimony would

have. For these reasons, the District Court was incorrect to rely on Elliott as authority for

its decision that Wilkes was not prejudiced by Spencer’s actions.

¶28    Moreover, it was incorrect to decide that Wilkes’s expert evidence did not indicate

that he was prejudiced by Spencer’s actions. The District Court seemed to incorrectly

assume that to prove prejudice Wilkes was required to present expert testimony that

would have definitively shown that AHT is a medically unacceptable diagnosis in all
                                             11
situations or otherwise have definitively proven Wilkes’s innocence.           This was an

improperly high standard.

¶29    To prove that he or she has been prejudiced, a petitioner is not required to show

that but for the attorney’s actions the results of his or her trial would have been different.

Instead, prejudice is sufficiently proven if the petitioner is able to show that absent his or

her attorney’s actions there was a reasonable probability that the result of his or her trial

would have been different. Soriach, ¶ 15.

¶30    Here, Wilkes was convicted of deliberate homicide. At trial, therefore, the State

was required to prove and the jury required to find that Wilkes was guilty “beyond a

reasonable doubt.” See State v. Price, 2002 MT 284, ¶ 33, 312 Mont. 458, 59 P.3d 1122.

The trial would have resulted in a different outcome if Wilkes had been able to establish

reasonable doubt as to any element of the offense. To do so, Wilkes did not need to

definitively prove, as the District Court seemed to assume, that Spencer could have

proven AHT to be a medically unacceptable diagnosis under all circumstances or that

Gabriel’s death was caused by something other than AHT. Instead, it would have been

enough for Wilkes to show that there was a reasonable probability that if Spencer

adequately prepared and engaged the experts Wilkes presents he would have been able to

raise a reasonable doubt as to his guilt. See Soriach, ¶ 15.

¶31    Wilkes may very well have done so, and the District Court’s conclusion otherwise

is based on a misapprehension of the effect of Wilkes’s evidence. Wilkes presented

evidence from experts that he claims Spencer could have and should have consulted.

This evidence presents several alternate explanations for Gabriel’s death besides AHT,
                                             12
and Wilkes’s experts state that these explanations were just as likely or more likely the

causes of Gabriel’s death than AHT. The evidence also challenges the medical validity

of an AHT diagnosis under any circumstances.

¶32    We are not able to say whether the evidence does, in fact, raise a reasonable

probability of reasonable doubt as to Wilkes’s innocence, given the state of the record

and the insufficiency of the District Court’s analysis. But, nor are we able to agree with

the District Court that the evidence does not indicate such reasonable probability of

reasonable doubt, or correspondingly, that Spencer’s actions prejudiced Wilkes. The

District Court dismissed Wilkes’s claim because it decided that Wilkes’s evidence was

conflicting and equivocal and therefore inadequate to definitively prove that AHT was a

medically unacceptable diagnosis or that Wilkes was innocent. By doing so, the District

Court misapprehended the effect of Wilkes’s evidence and erred by holding Wilkes to a

standard that was improperly high.

¶33    We reverse the decision of the District Court. We do not, however, decide that its

ultimate conclusion was incorrect. On remand, the District Court should reconsider

Wilkes’s evidence in light of the standard specified in this Opinion, and it should make

written findings of fact and conclusions of law.

¶34 3. Did the District Court abuse its discretion by denying Wilkes’s post-conviction
relief claims before conducting a hearing?

¶35    A district court is not required in all circumstances to hold an evidentiary hearing

on a petition for post-conviction relief. Heath, ¶ 21. According to § 46-21-201(1)(a),

MCA, a district court has the discretion, following a responsive pleading, to dismiss a

                                            13
petition for post-conviction relief based solely upon the files and records of the case. See

Heath, ¶ 16; Griffin v. State, 2003 MT 267, ¶ 12, 317 Mont. 457, 77 P.3d 545. Wilkes

argues that the District Court abused this discretion when it failed to hold an evidentiary

hearing before ruling on his claims for post-conviction relief. He asks this Court to order

the District Court to conduct an evidentiary hearing on remand. We decline to do so.

¶36    Based on our discussion of the foregoing issues, we have decided to reverse and

remand, ordering the District Court to reconsider Wilkes’s newly discovered evidence

and IAC claims in light of the standards we have identified. The District Court applied

different standards in its order and, as such, it has not yet decided whether an evidentiary

hearing will be required for it to properly dispose of Wilkes’s claims based on the

standards we have specified. Although a hearing may be necessary for the District Court

to properly dispose of Wilkes’s claims, the decision to hold a hearing is left to the

discretion of the District Court. We will not prematurely dictate—before the District

Court has had the opportunity to exercise its discretion—that failing to hold a hearing on

remand would be an abuse of discretion.

                                     CONCLUSION

¶37    The District Court inadequately addressed Wilkes’s newly discovered evidence

claim. This error was not harmless. The District Court erred when it denied Wilkes’s

IAC claim. It misapplied the law and misapprehended the effect of Wilkes’s evidence.

For these reasons, we reverse and remand for proceedings consistent with this Opinion.


                                                 /S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT

                                            14
We Concur:

/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA
/S/ PATRICIA COTTER
/S/ BETH BAKER
/S/ JIM RICE

Justice Jim Rice, concurring.

¶38    I concur with the Court’s determination to reverse the judgment, and to remand for

the District Court’s application of the Marble standard. Opinion, ¶¶ 15-16, 36. Here,

unlike in Marble, the District Court did not conduct a hearing and enter findings of fact

from the evidence, to which we could apply the new standard. Thus, while I believe this

Court’s application of the new standard would have been appropriate in Marble, I agree

that remand is necessary here.



                                                 /S/ JIM RICE


Justice Laurie McKinnon, dissenting.

¶39    The Court errs in concluding that the District Court did not adequately address

Wilkes’ IAC claim. Wilkes alleges that he received ineffective assistance of trial counsel

when his attorney failed to present information to the jury regarding disagreement in the

medical community about SBS; argued at closing that Wilkes was, at most, guilty of

negligent homicide; and failed to locate experts who would testify that there were natural

causes for Gabriel’s death.      The District Court, after applying the correct standard

pursuant to Strickland, determined that there was no “reasonable probability” the result of

the proceedings would have been different. Having conducted a detailed analysis of the
                                            15
expert affidavits filed by Wilkes, and after evaluating the affidavits in the context of

evidence produced at trial, the District Court issued a 27-page order denying the petition.

Judge McLean’s conclusion was based upon the evidence presented during an eight-day

jury trial, including nine expert witnesses, over which he presided; nearly 300 pages of

legal argument, affidavits, and exhibits presented during postconviction proceedings; a

comprehensive review of the expert witness reports filed by Wilkes; and the affidavits of

Wilkes’s trial counsel.

¶40    No one disputes that Wilkes’s post-trial expert witnesses presented alternative

explanations for Gabriel’s death or that AHT was an imprecise or simplistic diagnosis.

The evidence produced at trial, however, overwhelmingly demonstrated that the severity,

degree, and kind of injuries that Gabriel suffered could only have been produced by some

form of trauma.     Gabriel had a documented history of numerous visits with the

pediatrician and for well-child checkups, all of which confirmed he was a healthy,

thriving infant prior to his injury. Concerns related to NH were never observed by the

health care providers or noted in medical records. The jury heard this evidence and

considered the demeanor and credibility of the State’s witnesses, Wilkes’s credibility, the

bruising on Gabriel’s back, the presence of older hematomas, the circumstances

surrounding the evening, and the babysitter’s testimony. The State’s experts testified that

after ruling out infections, disease, neurological deficits, aspiration of vomit, and other

non-traumatic causes, the only conclusion that could be made based upon a

rotational-type injury, severe retinal hemorrhaging, massive subdural hemorrhaging, and



                                            16
cortical venous thrombosis was that Gabriel’s injury occurred as a result of a violent

trauma.

¶41   The Court fails to appreciate that, in the context of this overwhelming evidence of

trauma, the District Court correctly concluded that the “waffling” of Wilkes’s expert

witness, Dr. Peter Stephens, who opined that Gabriel may have suffered from NH rather

than a from a violent trauma, would not have a reasonable probability of changing the

outcome.    Significantly, Dr. Stephens could not state that either chronic subdural

hematoma or cortical venous thrombosis, which he identified as possible causes of

Gabriel’s death, could be caused by NH. The best that Dr. Stephens could do was to

testify that NH “may” have played a part in Gabriel’s death. Wilkes concedes that there

is general agreement that violently shaking a baby could cause serious injury or death.

¶42   The affidavits of trial counsel established that the attorney assigned to represent

Wilkes in a pending dependency and neglect proceeding contacted Scott Spencer, a

criminal attorney, when Gabriel was first injured, suspecting that a criminal attorney may

be needed. The matter was immediately staffed with the Regional Public Defender and

the decision was made to retain Dr. Bennett to examine Gabriel in Spokane while Gabriel

was still alive. Dr. Bennett concluded that Gabriel’s brain injury was a non-accidental

rotational-type brain injury that would have become almost immediately symptomatic,

and that Gabriel would not have been able to drink from a bottle as he had done with the

babysitter. Dr. Bennett agreed with the State’s experts that Gabriel suffered an abusive

head trauma.    Trial counsel’s affidavits also established that they knew of theories



                                            17
challenging SBS and explored two theories involving rare diseases, but chose not to

present these theories because they believed they would invariably fail.

¶43    The Court also errs when it concludes that the District Court failed to specifically

address Wilkes’ newly discovered evidence claim.          As the District Court correctly

observed, nothing Wilkes presented was “new,” not even the expert opinion that Gabriel

may have suffered from NH. NH, although an extremely rare disease, was not unknown

to the medical profession at the time of Wilkes’ trial. The conclusion made by the

District Court that the evidence was not new, required that it evaluate the entirety of

Wilkes’ claim as an IAC claim. This is exactly what the District Court did.

¶44    In light of the foregoing, and upon review of the trial record and record in these

proceedings, I would affirm the judgment of the District Court. I further would conclude

that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in making its decision without a

hearing. The record was well-documented and thorough. Finally, to the extent the Court

directs a different test be applied to newly discovered evidence than that set forth in State

v. Beach, 2013 MT 130, 370 Mont. 163, 302 P.3d 47 (J. McKinnon concurring), I dissent

for the reasons stated in my dissent in Marble v. State, 2015 MT 242, ______Mont.

______, _____ P. 3d _______.


                                                  /S/ LAURIE McKINNON




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