                                                                            FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                             FEB 27 2018
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


NORTHERN PLAINS RESOURCE                         No.   16-35447
COUNCIL, INC.,
                                                 D.C. No. 1:14-cv-00060-SPW
              Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v.                                              MEMORANDUM*

U.S. BUREAU OF LAND
MANAGEMENT and U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,

              Defendants-Appellees,

SIGNAL PEAK ENERGY, LLC,

              Intervenor-Defendant-
              Appellee.


                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Montana
                     Susan P. Watters, District Judge, Presiding

                     Argued and Submitted December 4, 2017
                              Seattle, Washington




      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Before: LEAVY and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges, and KOBAYASHI,** District
Judge.

      Northern Plains Resource Council, Inc. (“plaintiff”) appeals the district

court’s grant of summary judgment in its action challenging a decision by the U.S.

Bureau of Land Management and U.S. Department of the Interior (“BLM”) to

lease coal located in Montana’s Bull Mountains to defendant-intervenor Signal

Peak Energy, LLC. Plaintiff alleges that the BLM did not comply with the

National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 4321–4370d, when it

analyzed the potential environmental impacts of the coal lease in its Environmental

Assessment (“EA”). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

      We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment, Envtl.

Prot. Info. Ctr. v. U.S. Forest Serv., 451 F.3d 1005, 1008 (9th Cir. 2006) (“EPIC”).

Judicial review of an agency's compliance with NEPA is governed by the

Administrative Procedures Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 701–06; Klamath Siskiyou Wildlands

Ctr. v. Boody, 468 F.3d 549, 554 (9th Cir. 2006). Agency decisions may be set

aside only if they are “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not

in accordance with law.” Id. (some citations omitted) (quoting 5 U.S.C. §

706(2)(A)). “Agency action is valid if the agency considered the relevant factors

      **
              The Honorable Leslie E. Kobayashi, United States District Judge for
the District of Hawaii, sitting by designation.

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and articulated a rational connection between the facts found and the choices

made.” Lands Council v. McNair, 629 F.3d 1070, 1074 (9th Cir. 2010) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

      1. Plaintiff contends that the BLM’s cumulative-impacts analysis violated

NEPA by failing to address reasonably foreseeable mining in the “mirror-image”

mine to the north of the existing mine area. We reject this contention because the

BLM reasonably determined that hypothetical future mining activity contemplated

to the north is not currently a reasonably foreseeable future action. See League of

Wilderness Defenders/Blue Mountains Biodiversity Project v. Connaughton, 752

F.3d 755, 762 (9th Cir. 2014) (“Although ‘projects need not be finalized before

they are reasonably foreseeable,’ they must be more than merely ‘contemplated.’”

(internal citations omitted)); 36 C.F.R. § 220.3 (Definitions) (“Reasonably

foreseeable future actions. Those Federal or non-Federal activities not yet

undertaken, for which there are existing decisions, funding, or identified

proposals.”). Here, future mining activity to the north was a “remote and highly

speculative consequence[]” that did not warrant analysis in the EA. See Ground

Zero Ctr. for Non–Violent Action v. U.S. Dep’t of Navy, 383 F.3d 1082, 1090 (9th

Cir. 2004). The scope, magnitude, and time frame for future mining in the north

have not been proposed or outlined. See League of Wilderness Defenders, 752


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F.3d at 762. Because additional mining has not been proposed, “a cumulative

effects analysis would be both speculative and premature.” See Jones v. Nat’l

Marine Fisheries Serv., 741 F.3d 989, 1000 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Lands

Council v. Powell, 395 F.3d 1019, 1023 (9th Cir. 2005)). Accordingly, the district

court properly granted summary judgment on this issue.

      2. The BLM did not improperly “tier” its analysis to a 1990 Environmental

Impact Statement (EIS). Federal regulations allow “tiering,” or incorporation by

reference, the general discussions in a previous EIS that pertain to issues specific to

a subsequent analysis. See 40 C.F.R. § 1508.28. Agencies may also tier “[f]rom

an [EIS] on a specific action at an early stage” to a subsequent analysis at a later

stage. 40 C.F.R. § 1508.28(b). Here, the BLM reasonably referenced analysis

from its 1990 EIS to supplement and facilitate its analysis of the environmental

effects of continued mining associated with its leasing decision. See Kern v. U.S.

Bureau of Land Mgmt., 284 F.3d 1062, 1073 (9th Cir. 2002) (tiering is encouraged

to avoid repetitive discussions of issues previously included in another EIS).

Plaintiff also contends that tiering was improper because the 1990 EIS data is too

“stale” to be reliable. But plaintiff fails to point to any evidence, other than age,

suggesting the unreliability of the 1990 data. The age of data, without more, is not

dispositive as to reliability. See Theodore Roosevelt Conservation P’ship v.


                                            4                                     16-35447
Salazar, 616 F.3d 497, 512 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (“NEPA does not limit tiering to

analyses still on the scientific cutting edge.”). Accordingly, the district court

properly granted summary judgment on this issue.

      3. Plaintiff contends that the BLM failed to take the requisite “hard look” at

the mining impacts upon the relevant topography and water resources. We

disagree because the EA contained an extensive discussion of the anticipated

effects that further mining would have on the area’s topography and water

resources, including the ground and surface water quality, the hydrolic impacts of

groundwater, and the effects of mining operations on area springs. Because the

BLM adequately considered the effects upon the affected topography and water

resources, its decision was “fully informed and well-considered,” and is entitled to

judicial deference. See Blue Mountains Biodiversity Project v. Blackwood, 161

F.3d 1208, 1211 (9th Cir. 1998).

      4. Plaintiff contends that the BLM’s significant impacts analysis was

improper because it relied on mitigation measures that minimized the impacts on

surface and water resources. Although the BLM acknowledged the existence of

some surface effects from subsistence, the BLM reasonably concluded that the

overall surface effects from subsidence would be minor in the short term and

negligible in the long term. The BLM noted that Signal Peak’s current mining


                                           5                                        16-35447
permit required Signal Peak to mitigate short and long-term hydrologic and

wetland impacts. The BLM did not rely on any mitigation measures in its analysis

to the extent that an EIS would be required, and its reasoned decision is consistent

with its NEPA obligations. See Protect Our Communities Found. v. Jewell, 825

F.3d 571, 578, 583-85 (9th Cir. 2016).

      AFFIRMED.1




      1
        The motion authorizing withdrawal as co-counsel for Signal Peak in this
appeal, filed by Robert L. Burns, Jr., Daniel C. Garfinkel, and the law firm of
Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney PC, is granted.

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