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                                                             [DO NOT PUBLISH]



               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                         FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                           ________________________

                                 No. 18-13332
                             Non-Argument Calendar
                           ________________________

                    D.C. Docket No. 8:17-cr-00367-SDM-JSS-1


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                  Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                       versus

NATALIE RENE PANKO,

                                                              Defendant-Appellant.
                           ________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Middle District of Florida
                         ________________________

                               (November 22, 2019)

Before BRANCH, TJOFLAT, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
      Natalie Panko appeals her convictions and sentences for offenses involving

debit card fraud. She challenges (1) the sufficiency of the evidence with respect to
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the conspiracy, (2) the admission of testimony about an uncharged extrinsic act,

and (3) a sentencing enhancement for obstruction of justice. For the reasons that

follow, we affirm Panko’s convictions and sentence.

                                   I.      BACKGROUND

       Panko owned a restaurant called Ladies of the Sea, which had a merchant

account with Square, Inc. for processing customers’ debit and credit card

payments. For several months in 2012, Panko used that Square account to receive

funds from debit cards brought to her by co-conspirator Rico Simmons. Those

funds were refunds paid by the government based on fraudulent income tax returns

that had been filed under stolen identities. Panko and her restaurant colleague

Mazie Hill would swipe the refund cards and the transactions would look like

restaurant-related purchases, though they were not. According to the government,

they successfully swiped the fraudulently obtained cards to the tune of

$131,782.12. They also attempted to make another $64,141.37 in swipes for which

the cards were declined, for a total intended loss of $195,932.49.

       Panko and Simmons were indicted on a charge of conspiracy, 18 U.S.C.

§ 371,1 to commit: theft of government property, 18 U.S.C. § 641, 2 access-device


1
 “If two or more persons conspire either to commit any offense against the United States . . . and
one or more of such persons do any act to effect the object of the conspiracy, each shall be fined
under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.” 18 U.S.C. § 371.
2
  “Whoever embezzles, steals, purloins, or knowingly converts to his use or the use of another
. . . any record, voucher, money, or thing of value of the United States or of any department or
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fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1029(a)(2), 3 and aggravated identity theft, 18 U.S.C. § 1028A;4

and on several substantive charges of each of those three offenses. Simmons

pleaded guilty to two counts in exchange for dismissal of the remaining counts.

Panko initially pleaded guilty to each of the counts without a plea agreement.

       At sentencing, Panko objected to the loss amount and the number of victims,

arguing that she should be held responsible only for the cards she actually swiped

and that she did not know that the debit cards belonged to anyone other than

Simmons or were the proceeds of tax fraud. Panko then moved to withdraw her

guilty plea, and the court allowed her to do so.

       The case proceeded to a jury trial. Besides the records documenting the

transactions at issue, key evidence against Panko came from the testimony of her

associates. Mazie Hill, who separately pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit theft

of government property, testified that she began using her own Square account to

process fraudulent transactions after Panko suggested that she speak to Simmons


agency thereof . . . [s]hall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or
both.” 18 U.S.C. § 641.
3
 “Whoever . . . knowingly and with intent to defraud traffics in or uses one or more
unauthorized access devices during any one-year period, and by such conduct obtains anything
of value aggregating $1,000 or more during that period . . . shall, if the offense affects interstate
or foreign commerce, be . . . fine[d] under this title or imprison[ed] for not more than 10 years, or
both.” 18 U.S.C. § 1029(a)(2), (c)(1)(A)(i).
4
  “Whoever, during and in relation to any felony violation [of 18 U.S.C. § 641], knowingly
transfers, possesses, or uses, without lawful authority, a means of identification of another person
shall, in addition to the punishment provided for such felony, be sentenced to a term of
imprisonment of 2 years.” 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1).
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about her financial difficulties. Simmons suggested that she allow him to use her

Square account to swipe debit cards, which he would get from tax returns his

friend had filed, and then split the proceeds with him. She knew this conduct was

illegal, but she did it because she needed the money. She never used Panko’s

Square account, though. Panko helped Hill generate fake invoices to send to

Square to substantiate the charges, and Panko and Hill agreed to tell the IRS that

the charges were for legitimate catering orders.

      Damon Chalk, who had been convicted of falsifying tax returns elsewhere,

also testified, over Panko’s objection, that when he had worked at Ladies of the

Sea, he and Panko would buy fraudulently obtained U.S. Treasury checks, sell or

cash them, and split the proceeds 50/50. He also twice saw Panko swipe Turbo

Tax debit cards that Simmons brought her. Chalk testified that Panko knew the

debit cards were the proceeds of tax fraud because she expressed worry about

dealing with them and getting caught. Chalk advised Panko to create invoices to

make the transactions look like legitimate sales. Chalk also testified that Simmons

personally told him that he was involved with tax fraud in 2012.

      Among the financial records in evidence was a handwritten ledger from

Ladies of the Sea that Panko had produced in response to a grand jury subpoena.

That ledger showed signs of having been falsified in response to the subpoena

rather than being a contemporaneous business record, and Hill, who was


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responsible for maintaining the restaurant ledger, testified that she did not

recognize the pages. The income recorded in the ledger also differed from the

income reported on Panko’s tax return for 2012. Overall, the patterns of large-

transaction card swipes followed by cash withdrawals were the same for both

Panko’s and Hill’s Square accounts. There was also evidence that a Square

account in the name of Panko’s husband was opened while he was in prison, using

Panko’s cell phone number and email address, and was used to receive funds from

card swipes.

      At the close of the government’s evidence, Panko moved for a judgment of

acquittal, Fed. R. Crim P. 29(a), which the court denied. The jury convicted Panko

of conspiracy to commit all three charged offenses; it also convicted her of the

substantive charges of theft of government money and access device fraud but

acquitted her of aggravated identity theft.

      The presentence investigation report, based on a loss of more than $150,000

and more than 10 victims, calculated a total offense level of 20 and a criminal

history category of I, for a Guideline range of 33 to 41 months’ imprisonment. The

government sought a two-level enhancement for obstruction of justice, U.S.S.G.

§ 3C1.1, based on the fabricated ledger. The court agreed that Panko had

obstructed justice by producing a “false and misleading and unilaterally




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exculpatory version of the ledger.” With a total offense level of 22, the Guideline

range was then 41 to 51 months.

      Over Panko’s objection, the court found it appropriate for sentencing

purposes to use the total of the actual and intended loss attributable to both Panko

and Hill. The court denied a reduction for minor role in the offense, U.S.S.G.

§ 3B1.2(b). Panko then spoke on her own behalf and said she always wanted to

help everybody, including Hill. She admitted that “[her] business [was] involved

in this,” but asserted that “what you see is not what it is. Truly it’s not.” The

district court imposed a sentence of 51 months. Panko now appeals her

convictions and sentence.

                                II.    DISCUSSION

                         A.    Sufficiency of the Evidence

      Panko first argues that the evidence was insufficient to allow a reasonable

jury to convict her of any conspiracy under 18 U.S.C. § 371. We review de novo

whether a conviction is supported by sufficient evidence, viewing the evidence and

making all reasonable factual inferences and credibility determinations in favor of

the verdict. United States v. Maitre, 898 F.3d 1151, 1157 (11th Cir. 2018).

Evidence is sufficient if a reasonable factfinder could have found that it established

guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Beckles, 565 F.3d 832, 840 (11th

Cir. 2009). We will affirm if the evidence is sufficient to support a conspiracy


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conviction on any one of the three objects charged here. See United States v. Ross,

131 F.3d 970, 984 (11th Cir. 1997).

      The evidence adduced at trial allowed a reasonable jury to conclude that

Panko knew about and agreed to participate in a scheme with Simmons to commit,

at the least, theft of government money. The government was not required to

prove that she knew all the details of the conspiracy; rather, it needed to show only

that she knew the “essential nature” of the conspiracy. United States v. Lluesma,

45 F.3d 408, 410 (11th Cir. 1995). Nor was the government required to produce

direct evidence of agreement or participation. Id. “The existence of an agreement

may be shown by circumstances indicating that criminal defendants acted in

concert to achieve a common goal.” Hamling v. United States, 418 U.S. 87, 124

(1974).

      The testimony of Mazie Hill, which we must assume the jury credited,

allowed the jury to infer the existence of the conspiracy. Hill testified that Panko

suggested she speak to Simmons about her financial difficulties and that Simmons

then suggested the debit card scheme. Hill knew the debit cards contained funds

Simmons obtained from fraudulent tax returns. The jury could reasonably infer

that Panko suggested that Hill speak to Simmons because Panko had knowledge

based on her own involvement with Simmons. Moreover, Hill also testified that

Panko helped her generate fake invoices to send to Square, and she and Panko


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agreed together to tell the IRS that all of the debit-card swipes were for legitimate

catering orders. Panko’s attempt to cover up her conduct in the same manner as

Hill was further evidence that Panko’s agreement with Simmons was similar to

Hill’s.

          In addition, financial records in evidence established that Panko and Hill

sometimes swiped the same fraudulent debit card into their own respective Square

accounts. Even when different cards were involved, though, both Panko’s and

Hill’s Square accounts reflected a similar pattern of attempting to charge

decreasing amounts until the charges were accepted and then continuing to swipe

until the card balance was depleted. Since Hill testified that she was instructed in

this practice by Simmons and that Simmons supplied the cards, the jury could

conclude that Panko had a similar agreement with Simmons to conduct such

transactions: that Panko acted in concert with Simmons to achieve the common

goal of stealing government funds. See Hamling, 418 U.S. at 124.

          Moreover, Panko concedes that Damon Chalk provided “direct testimony of

her knowledge and intent to commit the charged fraud.” Panko nonetheless asserts

that Chalk’s testimony was impeached when Hill testified that she did not

personally know Chalk, contradicting Chalk’s testimony that Hill had shown him

some things about committing tax return fraud. But the government did not charge

Panko with filing false tax returns, and the jury was not required to decide that


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issue in order to convict Panko of the conspiracy. Chalk’s testimony that

implicated Panko in the debit-card conspiracy was based solely on his

conversations with Panko, and that testimony went unchallenged. Chalk testified

that he knew Hill was also swiping debit cards for Simmons, because Panko told

him so, and that he advised Panko not to let Hill swipe with Panko’s account.

“The jury obviously found [Chalk] to be credible, and credibility determinations

are for a jury to make.” United States v. Ndiaye, 434 F.3d 1270, 1296 (11th Cir.

2006). Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue.

                        B.   Evidence of Extrinsic Offenses

      Next, Panko argues that the district court erred when it allowed Damon

Chalk to testify about Panko’s buying and selling U.S. Treasury checks. We

review this evidentiary ruling for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Calderon,

127 F.3d 1314, 1331 (11th Cir. 1997).

      Panko contends that Chalk’s testimony about the Treasury checks was

unduly prejudicial and unnecessary. But the district court did not abuse its

discretion when it allowed this testimony, which meets all three requirements for

admissibility under Rule 404(b) of the Federal Rules of Evidence. Rule 404(b)(1)

prohibits the introduction of “[e]vidence of a crime, wrong, or other act . . . to

prove a person’s character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person

acted in accordance with the character.” However, extrinsic evidence may be


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admissible (1) if it is relevant to another issue, such as motive, intent, or

knowledge; (2) if it supports a finding that the defendant actually committed the

extrinsic act; and (3) if its probative value is not substantially outweighed by unfair

prejudice. Calderon, 127 F.3d at 1330–31; see Fed. R. Evid. 404(b)(2).

      First, as Panko concedes, the testimony was relevant to an issue other than

character; Panko’s theory of defense made her intent a central issue in this case.

Calderon, 127 F.3d at 1331. Second, Chalk’s testimony itself sufficed to show that

Panko actually committed the extrinsic acts. United States v. Bowe, 221 F.3d

1183, 1192 (11th Cir. 2000) (“the uncorroborated word of an accomplice . . .

provides a sufficient basis for concluding that the defendant committed extrinsic

acts”). Third, the district court was within its discretion to conclude that the

probative value of this evidence was not substantially outweighed by unfair

prejudice. Panko argues that the extrinsic acts were dissimilar to the charges here,

but we disagree. In terms of their “distinctive means and ultimate purpose,” both

the Treasury check scheme and the scheme here had in common the theft of

government funds, in the name of other individuals, deposited via legitimate

companies. See United States v. Lamons, 532 F.3d 1251, 1267 & n.27 (11th Cir.

2008). In addition, the “special difficulty of proving intent in conspiracy cases”

rendered this testimony helpful to bolstering the proof of Panko’s intent to enter

into an agreement to steal government funds. See Calderon, 127 F.3d at 1332.


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      Furthermore, any undue prejudice from Chalk’s testimony was mitigated by

the district court’s limiting instruction. At Panko’s request, the court instructed the

jury that the Treasury checks were not the subject of the present charges and that

the evidence about them should be considered only as evidence of Panko’s

knowledge and intent regarding fraudulent activity generally. See id. at 1333

(concluding that any unfair prejudice was mitigated by a limiting instruction that

the jury could consider the evidence only to prove the defendant’s state of mind).

Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue.

                  C.    Enhancement for Obstruction of Justice

      Finally, Panko argues that the sentencing enhancement for obstruction of

justice, U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, was erroneous. We review the district court’s findings

of fact for clear error and its application of those facts to the Guidelines de novo.

United States v. Guevara, 894 F.3d 1301, 1311 (11th Cir. 2018).

      The enhancement here was based on the falsified Ladies of the Sea ledger

that Panko produced in response to the grand jury’s subpoena. Panko argues that

the evidence does not show that she created the false ledger or that the false ledger

impeded the investigation, but we disagree. The district court’s factual finding that

Panko had produced a “false and misleading and unilaterally exculpatory version

of the ledger” was not clearly erroneous. IRS Special Agent Cuong Ly testified

that, in response to the subpoena, Panko mailed him a thumb drive containing an


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electronic version of the ledger, which supports the finding that she produced the

document.

      To support the obstruction enhancement, the government also had to show

that Panko “willfully obstructed or impeded, or attempted to obstruct or impede,

the administration of justice with respect to the investigation, prosecution, or

sentencing of the instant offense of conviction.” U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1. “[P]roducing

or attempting to produce a false, altered, or counterfeit document or record during

an official investigation or judicial proceeding” is an example of such conduct. Id.

cmt. n.4(C). Although the district court did not explain precisely how the

“misleading and unilaterally exculpatory” character of the false ledger impeded the

grand jury’s investigation, the record clearly supports a finding that it attempted to

do so. See Guevara, 894 F.3d at 1311. The ledger reflects an intent to portray

retroactively the large debit card transactions as legitimate restaurant income, in

contrast with the much lower receipts that Panko contemporaneously reported to

the IRS in 2012. Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue.

                               IV.    CONCLUSION

      Panko’s convictions and sentence are

      AFFIRMED.




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