                                                               NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                             ____________________

                                     No. 18-2712
                                ____________________

     EMSI ACQUISITION, INC., as assignee of Mark S. Davis and Robert P. Brook

                                         v.

       RSUI INDEMNITY COMPANY, a Hong Kong limited liability company

                                         v.

          ESMI HOLDING COMPANY, c/o The Corporation Trust Company,

                               RSUI Indemnity Company,
                                         Appellant

                                ____________________

                    On Appeal from the United States District Court
                              For the District of Delaware
                            (D.C. Civil No. 1-16-cv-01046)
                      District Judge: Honorable Leonard P. Stark
                                ____________________

                     Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1 (a)
                                   May 23, 2019

             Before: MCKEE, SHWARTZ, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges.

                              (Filed: September 19, 2019)
                               _____________________
                                       OPINION **
                              ______________________

**
  This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
FUENTES, Circuit Judge.

       A Delaware company, EMSI-Acquisition (“Acquisition”), purchased 100% of the

stock of another company named EMSI. Shortly thereafter, Acquisition discovered that

certain EMSI officers misrepresented EMSI’s financials during the purchase negotiations.

Acquisition sued, seeking damages. The officers settled, paying Acquisition some money

and assigning Acquisition their rights under a Directors and Officers insurance policy held

by EMSI.     Acquisition now seeks indemnification from that policy’s issuer, RSUI

Indemnity Company.

       RSUI argues Acquisition cannot recover, citing several policy terms in support. The

District Court disagreed with RSUI, and it granted judgment in favor of Acquisition. For

the reasons stated here, we agree with the District Court, and will affirm judgment.

                                           I.

       As relevant here, EMSI held a liability insurance policy with RSUI designed to

indemnify its directors and officers from any liability stemming for their work on behalf

of the company. With its acquisition looming, EMSI modified the terms of that policy: It

set the policy coverage end date to be the same as the acquisition closing date, and

exercised an option to set the discovery period for covered acts to six years after the closing

date. 1 That policy contained several clauses important to this appeal.




1
 EMSI also purchased a separate policy for coverage after the closing date, which the
District Court held did not apply to the acts at issue here, and it is not relevant for the
purposes of this appeal.
                                                2
       The first is the Major Shareholder Exclusion, which states that the insurer will not

be liable for any claim “brought by or on behalf of individuals or entities that own,

beneficially or directly, five percent (5%) or more of the outstanding stock of the Insured

Organization.” 2 EMSI furnished a list of shareholders meeting that standard when it

acquired the policy, but did not update that list when the qualifying shareholders changed—

nor does RSUI allege the policy required EMSI to do so.

       The second relevant clause is the Merger and Acquisition clause, which provides

that if “[a]ny person or entity . . . shall acquire an amount of more than fifty percent (50%)

of the voting power for the election of directors . . . then this policy shall continue in full

force and effect for any Wrongful Act occurring prior to the effective time of the

Transaction.” 3

       The last clause at issue here is the policy’s definition of loss. The policy defines

loss as “damages (including back pay and front pay), settlements, judgments (including

pre- and post-judgment interest on a covered judgment) and Defense Expenses.” 4 This

provision goes on to exclude some forms of loss, such as “[a]mounts owed under any

employment contract, partnership, stock or other ownership agreement, or any other type

of contract” and “[m]atters that may be uninsurable under the law pursuant to which this

policy shall be construed.” 5




2
  A450.
3
  A488.
4
  A443.
5
  Id.
                                              3
       After the sale closed, Acquisition alleged that EMSI officers had made fraudulent

representations to Acquisition prior to the sale, and sued. After a circuitous route through

litigation, the officers settled with Acquisition, paying Acquisition an amount of money,

and assigning their indemnity rights under RSUI’s policy to Acquisition. As the assignee,

Acquisition is now in the position of suing RSUI to indemnify it for the payments the

officers made to it. 6


       RSUI refuses to indemnify Acquisition under the policy. RSUI believes that the

Major Shareholder Exclusion bars Acquisition—as the 100% shareholder of EMSI—from

bringing a claim. It also asserts that the officers’ settlement payment is not a “loss” under

the policy’s definition.


       The parties cross-moved for judgment on the pleadings as to whether the Major

Shareholder Exclusion applied.      The District Court concluded that the policy was

ambiguous as to whether the Major Shareholder Exclusion bars Acquisition from bringing

a claim. Because Delaware law resolves ambiguity in an insurance policy in favor of

coverage, the District Court granted judgment in favor of Acquisition.


       The parties then filed cross-motions for summary judgment as to whether the

policy’s definition of loss precluded Acquisition’s claim. The District Court concluded the



6
  Acquisition sued the two officers in Delaware Chancery court. While that suit was
pending, the officers sought indemnification from RSUI, filing suit in Delaware
Chancery court. RSUI removed the case to the District of Delaware. This second lawsuit
is the one before us now. While that case was pending, the officers settled with
Acquisition in the first suit. Acquisition was then substituted as the plaintiff here.
                                             4
policy did not, again granting judgment in favor of Acquisition. RSUI has appealed both

decisions to us.


                                              II.

       We apply plenary review to motions for judgment on the pleadings 7 as well as

motions for summary judgment. 8 When evaluating either motion, we view all factual

allegations and all pleadings in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. 9 The

movant must establish that there are no genuine issues of material fact and that they are

entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 10

       The parties agree that Delaware law applies to the policy. Delaware courts treat

interpretation of an insurance policy as a question of law. 11 Insurance contracts, like all

contracts, are interpreted as a whole and construed to give effect to the parties’ intentions.12

When a contract is clear and unambiguous, it must be given its plain and ordinary




7
  See Sikirica v. Nationwide Ins. Co., 416 F.3d 214, 219 (3d Cir. 2005) (citing Jablonski
v. Pan Am. World Airways, Inc., 863 F.2d 289, 290 (3d Cir. 1988)).
8
  Lawson ex rel. Lawson v. Fortis Ins. Co., 301 F.3d 159, 162 n.1 (3d Cir. 2002) (citing
Med. Protective Co. v. Watkins, 198 F.3d 100, 103 (3d Cir. 1999)).
9
  Rosenau v. Unifund Corp., 539 F.3d 218, 221 (3d Cir. 2008) (quoting Jablonski, 863
F.2d at 290); Big Apple BMW, Inc. v. BMW of N. Am. Inc., 974 F.2d 1358, 1363 (3d Cir.
1992) (citing Country Floors, Inc. v. P’ship Composed of Gepner & Ford, 930 F.2d
1056, 1061 (3d Cir. 1991)).
10
   Rosenau, 539 F.3d at 221 (quoting Jablonski, 863 F.2d at 290); Big Apple BMW, 974
F.2d at 1362 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)).
11
   See Rhone-Poulenc Basic Chems. Co. v. Am. Motorists Ins. Co., 616 A.2d 1192, 1195
(Del. 1992) (citing Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Kenner, 570 A.2d 1172, 1174 (1990)).
12
   AT&T Corp. v. Faraday Capital Ltd., 918 A.2d 1104, 1108 (Del. 2007) (quoting Nw.
Nat’l Ins. Co. v. Esmark, Inc., 672 A.2d 41, 43 (Del. 1996)).
                                               5
meaning. 13 A contact is unambiguous when “the court can determine the meaning of a

contract ‘without any other guide than a knowledge of the simple facts on which, from the

nature of language in general, its meaning depends.’” 14

       Delaware law resolves ambiguity in insurance contracts in favor of coverage. 15

Contract provisions are ambiguous when they are “reasonably or fairly susceptible to

different interpretations or may have two or more different meanings.” 16

       RSUI contends that, because Acquisition owns 100% of EMSI’s shares, the Major

Shareholder Exclusion bars Acquisition’s claim. That exclusion prohibits an owner of

more than 5% of EMSI’s shares from coverage. RSUI argues that the exclusion applies

when a claim is made. 17

       The District Court concluded, however, that this provision was ambiguous as to

whom it applied. In doing so, it relied on several facts. For example, it pointed to the fact



13
   See Rhone-Poulenc, 616 A.2d at 1995-96 (citing Steigler v. Ins. Co. of N. Am., 384
A.2d 398, 400 (Del. 1978)).
14
   Id. at 1196 (quoting Holland v. Hannan, 456 A.2d 807, 815 (D.C. 1983).
15
   Penn Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Oglesby, 695 A.2d 1146, 1149-51 (Del. 1997).
16
   Rhone-Poulenc, 616 A.2d at 1196 (citing Hallowell v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.,
443 A.2d 925, 926 (1982)).
17
   This is known as a “claims-made” policy, as opposed to an “occurrence” policy. See
Bensalem Twp. v. Int’l Surplus Lines Ins. Co., 38 F.3d 1303, 1316 n.1 (3d Cir. 1994)
(Hutchinson, J., concurring) (“Claims-made policies allow the insurer to make a more
precise calculation of premiums based upon the costs of the risks assumed, a calculation
that is difficult, if not impossible, in an occurrence-made policy where the insurer is faced
with an unlimited ‘tail’ of potential liability extending beyond the policy
period.”); Hoechst Celanese Corp. v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s, 656 A.2d 1094,
1095 (Del. 1995) (“Claims-made policies provide coverage only where the underlying
claim is first made, in writing, during the policy period. Therefore, the initial focus under
a claims-made policy is on the date of the first written assertion of the claim, rather than
the date of the injury or the damage alleged within that claim.”)
                                             6
that EMSI did not need to update its list of major shareholders, arguably implying that it

was only that original list of shareholders that are excluded. The District Court found it

reasonable to believe that such a provision would prevent individuals from knowingly

engaging in wrongful acts and then seeking insurance coverage to indemnify themselves.

One can imagine, for example, a group of owner-directors acquiring insurance, knowingly

committing wrongful acts, and then selling their stakes, knowing the insurance would

indemnify them. A provision barring major owners at the time the policy was issued from

bringing claims would prevent that situation.

          The District Court also found it reasonable to interpret the 6-year discovery period

extension as converting the nature of the policy from a claims-made policy to an occurrence

policy. Acquisition argues that reading the extension any other way would render the

extension superfluous; in their view, it would make no sense to extend the policy’s

discovery period after an acquisition if the policy barred an acquirer from making any

claim. Acquisition contends instead that the better reading of the policy is to understand

the Major Shareholder Exception to apply to the major shareholders at the time RSUI

issued the policy. It also contends that we should read the M&A Clause and discovery

period extension as ensuring the policy continued after an acquisition, allowing the acquirer

to seek coverage. RSUI vehemently disagrees with the legal basis for this, arguing that the

discovery extension cannot convert a policy from a claims-made to an occurrence-based

policy.

          However, as the District Court said, “the ambiguity in the [Major Shareholder

Exception] is not a matter of whether the [policy] bar[s] claims by Major Shareholders,

                                               7
but, instead, is a function of who those Major Shareholders are.” 18 If the Major Shareholder

Exception bars the major shareholders at the time the policy was issued, then the question

of whether the policy was claims-made or occurrence-based is irrelevant; the same set of

shareholders would be excluded no matter how the policy was characterized.

        The issue here is not what the policy’s language definitively means. The question

instead is whether the language “is reasonably or fairly susceptible of different

interpretations.” 19 We agree with the District Court that such is the case here, and the

provision is therefore ambiguous. Because ambiguity resolves in favor of coverage, we

will affirm the District Court’s judgment on this ground.

       RSUI also argues that the District Court erred by concluding that Acquisition’s

settlement with the officers constitutes a “Loss” for insurance purposes. The policy

explicitly covers money owed from “settlements,” 20 but RSUI argues nevertheless that the

settlement is precluded because the definition of “loss” precludes “amounts owed under

any . . . type of contract.” 21 It contends that, because the EMSI officers agreed to indemnify

EMSI for “any breach of any representation of warranty . . . contained” 22 in the acquisition

agreement, any misrepresentations on their part “are so intertwined with [a] contract claim

that they cannot be separated.” 23




18
   A17.
19
   Rhone-Poulenc, 616 A.3d at 1196 (citing Hallowell, 443 A.2d at 926).
20
   A443.
21
   Id.
22
   A639.
23
   Appellant Br. 41-42.
                                              8
        However, the District Court, reviewing the underlying complaint in this case, found

that the settlement payments were “in part payments made due to alleged tortious

misrepresentations made by” the EMSI officers. 24 Since some of those misrepresentations

were made during the acquisition’s due diligence period, the District Court found that the

claims based on those misrepresentations at least might not give rise to indemnification

under the acquisition contract. It therefore held that the settlement payments were not

excluded by the policy. Here again, we agree with the District Court’s analysis.

        RSUI also contends that the EMSI officers were never legally entitled to the money

they received as a result of their misrepresentations, and therefore the money they paid in

settlement cannot be an insurable loss—the officers never should have had it in the first

place. However, RSUI admits that no Delaware decision supports their theory. We will

affirm the District Court on this ground as well.

                                           III.


        For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s orders.




24
     A956.
                                              9
