
428 Mich. 219 (1987)
407 N.W.2d 355
BIALOCHOWSKI
v.
CROSS CONCRETE PUMPING COMPANY
Docket No. 76180, (Calendar No. 14).
Supreme Court of Michigan.
Argued October 8, 1986.
Decided June 1, 1987.
Samuel I. Bernstein for the plaintiff.
Kohl, Secrest, Wardle, Lynch, Clark & Hampton (by Michael L. Updike) for the defendant.
*222 CAVANAGH, J.
The primary issue presented by this case is whether Reliance Insurance Company is entitled to reimbursement from plaintiff's third-party tort recovery for workers' compensation disability benefits paid to plaintiff. The resolution of this issue depends upon whether Reliance's payment of workers' disability benefits substituted for the payment of no-fault benefits. If Reliance's payment of workers' disability benefits substituted for no-fault benefits, then, pursuant to this Court's decision in Great American Ins Co v Queen, 410 Mich 73; 300 NW2d 895 (1980), Reliance is not entitled to reimbursement under the Workers' Disability Compensation Act[1] from plaintiff's tort recovery from the third-party tortfeasor, defendant Cross Concrete Pumping Company. We hold that Reliance's payment of workers' disability benefits substituted for no-fault benefits that were otherwise payable, and, therefore, Reliance's reimbursement is limited to the reimbursement that a no-fault carrier is entitled to under the no-fault act. MCL 500.3116; MSA 24.13116.
I. FACTS
John Bialochowski was rendered a paraplegic as a result of a June 13, 1980 accident that occurred on a construction site at a General Motors Assembly Division facility. Plaintiff's employer, the Emanuel Company, was hired by General Motors for the construction project. Construction of the facility involved the pouring of cement at elevated levels. Emanuel contracted the services of Cross Concrete Pumping Company for the pouring of the cement. Cross Concrete brought onto the job site a motorized, four-wheel, cement truck. Permanently attached to this truck was a concrete pump and a *223 thirty- to thirty-five-foot boom, which was used to pump concrete up to the elevated levels. Plaintiff was injured in the course of his employment when the concrete pump exploded, causing the boom to collapse upon plaintiff, crushing him. At the time of the accident, the truck was parked and stabilized.
Reliance, Emanuel Company's workers' compensation carrier, paid $150,562.42 in workers' disability benefits to plaintiff. Subsequently, plaintiff brought a tort action against Cross Concrete, which was settled for $750,000. Upon learning of plaintiff's third-party tort recovery, Reliance requested reimbursement for its medical and wage loss workers' disability payments pursuant to its statutory right of reimbursement under the WDCA. MCL 418.827(5); MSA 17.237(827)(5).
Plaintiff then filed this action, seeking a declaration that Reliance was not entitled to any portion of the settlement proceeds. Plaintiff moved for summary judgment, claiming that the settlement did not include recovery for damages paid by Reliance. Relying on this Court's decision in Queen, supra, the trial court granted summary judgment for the plaintiff. Reliance appealed in the Court of Appeals, claiming that Queen was inapplicable because the accident in which plaintiff was injured did not involve a motor vehicle and did not require payment of no-fault benefits. The Court of Appeals disagreed and affirmed the trial court's grant of summary judgment. The Court of Appeals also held that Reliance was entitled to a lien as to benefits paid which exceeded no-fault benefits in duration or amount. 141 Mich App 315, 321; 367 NW2d 381 (1985).
II
In Queen, Justice LEVIN, writing for a majority *224 of this Court, succinctly set forth an employee's entitlement to compensation for injuries when an employee is injured in the course of his employment in an accident involving a motor vehicle:
When an employee is injured in a motor vehicle accident in the course of his employment, his entitlement to compensation for his injuries, from all sources, is governed by the workers' compensation act and the no-fault act. His rights and entitlements under each act are affected by his being injured under circumstances which make him subject to the provisions of the other.
Under the workers' compensation act the employee is entitled to statutory compensation and may also seek to enforce the legal liability of a third party. But, by operation of the no-fault act, that legal liability is limited.
Under the no-fault act he is entitled to no-fault benefits. But, once the liability of the no-fault insurer is determined, that liability is reduced by the amount of workers' compensation benefits paid or payable because of the injury.[[2]]
In Queen, supra, Queen was injured in a motor vehicle accident during the course of his employment. He received workers' disability benefits and claimed benefits from his employer's no-fault insurer (the employer furnished the motor vehicle involved in the accident). The no-fault insurer subtracted the amount paid by the workers' compensation carrier from the benefits it otherwise owed under the no-fault act. Queen then brought suit, pursuant to § 3135 of the no-fault act, MCL 500.3135; MSA 24.13135, against a third-party tortfeasor, alleging that the third party's negligence caused the motor vehicle accident.
After Queen's claim against the third-party tortfeasor was settled, the workers' compensation carrier *225 brought suit against Queen and the third-party tortfeasor, claiming a lien on the settlement for reimbursement of workers' disability benefits paid pursuant to § 827 of the Workers' Disability Compensation Act. The trial court granted summary judgment to Queen, and the Court of Appeals affirmed.
We held that when a workers' compensation carrier's payment of benefits substituted for no-fault benefits otherwise payable,[3] the workers' compensation carrier is not entitled to reimbursement under the WDCA, but, rather, is limited to the reimbursement permitted a no-fault insurer under the no-fault act.[4] We so held because of our determination that the Legislature intended that employees injured in motor vehicle accidents are entitled to the same compensation and have the same limited right to tort recovery as other motor vehicle accident victims.[5] Since the Legislature, in the no-fault act, has expressed their judgment that tort recovery under § 3135 for noneconomic loss and excess economic loss shall not be reduced by personal injury protection benefits paid, a workers' compensation carrier's payment of workers' disability benefits which substitute for no-fault benefits should not reduce the third-party tort recovery of an injured employee.[6]
III
Reliance's payment of workers' disability benefits *226 will have substituted for no-fault benefits if plaintiff is entitled to personal injury protection benefits under the no-fault act.
A
The first question is whether the truck which caused plaintiff's injuries was a motor vehicle under the no-fault act. The act defines a motor vehicle as "a vehicle, including a trailer, operated or designed for operation upon a public highway by power other than muscular power which has more than 2 wheels." MCL 500.3101(2)(c); MSA 24.13101(2)(c). There is no question that the equipment truck here involved meets this definition as it is designed for operation upon a public highway by power other than muscular power and has four wheels.
B
The more important issue is whether the no-fault carrier for the truck would be liable for personal injury protection benefits. Section 3105 of the no-fault act provides that a no-fault insurer "is liable to pay benefits for accidental bodily injury arising out of the ownership, operation, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle...." MCL 500.3105(1); MSA 24.13105(1). Reliance, citing Johnston v Hartford Ins Co, 131 Mich App 349; 346 NW2d 549 (1984), argues that the equipment truck was not being used as a motor vehicle, but rather, was being used as a piece of construction machinery, a cement pump which poured concrete at elevated levels.
In Johnston, a crane operator was injured when he slipped after getting out of the cab of the crane that contained the controls used to operate the *227 lifting mechanism of the crane, and while entering the cab that contained the controls for driving the crane. The crane was immobilized by outriggers, retraction of its wheels, and the placement of fifty-four tons of counterweights. It took three days to rig the crane, which then could not be driven. The crane was used to lift structural steel and other objects to the upper levels of the construction project.[7]
The crane operator in Johnston brought suit against his personal no-fault insurer under §§ 3105 and 3106 of the no-fault act.[8] The Court of Appeals held that plaintiff was not entitled to no-fault benefits because the crane was a dual-purpose vehicle which was not being used as a motor vehicle at the time of the accident.[9] In so holding, the Court of Appeals stated:
A too technical approach, i.e., one dictating that, once a dual-purpose vehicle has been ruled a motor vehicle, it is a motor vehicle at all times and for all purposes, would destroy the intent of the statute and create undesirable results. A common sense approach, however, dictates that the intention of the Legislature was to limit the act's coverage here to motor vehicles whose function at the time of the accident was one compatible with that of a motor vehicle. The intent of the Legislature should not be defeated by a technical or forced interpretation of the statutory language.[[10]]
Defendant's reliance on Johnston is misplaced for several reasons. First, the truck in the present case is dissimilar to the crane in that it did not require three days and the attachment of counterweights *228 and outriggers to immobilize it. Rather, although this truck was parked and stabilized, the stabilizers could have been disengaged, the truck started, and then driven away.
Second, and more importantly, we believe that the Court of Appeals in Johnston interpreted the statutory phrase "use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle" contained in § 3105 too narrowly. The no-fault act is remedial in nature, as evidenced by the fact that the act "was offered as an innovative social and legal response to the long payment delays, inequitable payment structure, and high legal costs inherent in the tort (or `fault') liability system."[11] The no-fault act was designed "to provide victims of motor vehicle accidents assured, adequate, and prompt reparation for certain economic losses."[12] In exchange for a more certain recovery under the no-fault act, an injured person's right to recover damages from a negligent owner or operator of a motor vehicle in a tort action is limited.[13] This remedial nature of the no-fault act would be advanced by broadly construing its provisions to effectuate coverage.
Applying a broad remedial interpretation to the phrase "use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle," it becomes clear that it is not limited to normal vehicular movement on a highway. Motor vehicles are designed and used for many different purposes. The truck involved in this case is a cement truck capable of pouring cement at elevated levels. Certainly one of the intended uses of this motor vehicle (a motor vehicle under the no-fault act) is to pump cement. The accident occurred while this vehicle was being used for its intended purpose. *229 We hold that the phrase "use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle" includes this use.
Having concluded that the equipment truck was a motor vehicle being used as a motor vehicle, our inquiry is not complete. In order to receive no-fault benefits for an injury involving a parked vehicle, one of the criteria established in § 3106 of the no-fault act must be met. Section 3106 provides:
(1) Accidental bodily injury does not arise out of the ownership, operation, maintenance, or use of a parked vehicle as a motor vehicle unless any of the following occur:
(a) The vehicle was parked in such a way as to cause unreasonable risk of the bodily injury which occurred.
(b) Except as provided in subsection (2), the injury was a direct result of physical contact with the equipment permanently mounted on the vehicle, while the equipment was being operated or used or property being lifted onto or lowered from the vehicle in the loading or unloading process.
(c) Except as provided in subsection (2), for an injury sustained in the course of employment while loading, unloading, or doing mechanical work on a vehicle, the injury was sustained by a person while occupying, entering into, or alighting from the vehicle. [MCL 500.3106(1)(a)-(c); MSA 24.13106(1)(a)-(c).]
As plaintiff's injury occurred as a result of contact with the boom, which was permanently mounted on the equipment truck, while the pump and boom were being operated or used to pump concrete, subsection (b) applies and plaintiff's accidental bodily injury arose out of the ownership, operation, maintenance, or use of a parked vehicle as a motor vehicle unless subsection (2) is applicable.
*230 Subsection (2) provides:
Accidental bodily injury does not arise out of the ownership, operation, maintenance, or use of a parked vehicle as a motor vehicle if benefits under the worker's disability compensation act of 1969, Act No. 317 of the Public Acts of 1969, as amended, being sections 418.101 to 418.941 of the Michigan Compiled Laws, are available to an employee who sustains the injury in the course of his or her employment while loading, unloading, or doing mechanical work on a vehicle unless the injury arose from the use or operation of another vehicle. [MCL 500.3106(2); MSA 24.13106(2).]
Subsection (2) is not applicable in this case because plaintiff was not loading, unloading, or doing maintenance work on the truck. Reliance admitted, in oral argument, that plaintiff was not involved "in any way" with the pouring of the cement. Since plaintiff was not loading, unloading, or doing mechanical work on the truck, subsection 3106(2) does not operate to exclude plaintiff from no-fault benefits.
IV
As plaintiff was injured in a motor vehicle accident for which he was entitled to no-fault benefits, Reliance's payment of workers' disability benefits substituted for no-fault benefits that were otherwise payable. Pursuant to our decision in Queen, supra, Reliance is therefore not entitled to reimbursement under the WDCA, but rather is limited to any reimbursement permitted a no-fault carrier under the no-fault act.[14]
*231 However, to the extent that Reliance's payment of workers' disability benefits exceeded the no-fault benefits to which plaintiff is entitled, Reliance is entitled to a lien against plaintiff's recovery from Cross Concrete for reimbursement of the excess. Workers' disability benefits which exceed in duration or amount no-fault benefits that are otherwise payable do not substitute for no-fault benefits and payment of excess disability benefits should be treated like other workers' disability benefits, entitling Reliance to reimbursement. Queen, 410 Mich 97.
The determination of whether Reliance's payment of workers' disability benefits exceeded no-fault benefits otherwise payable involves a factual question. Therefore, the trial court's grant of summary judgment as to this issue only was improper. We remand to the trial court for a determination of whether Reliance's payment of workers' disability benefits exceeded, either in duration or amount, the no-fault benefits due plaintiff. In all other respects the trial court's grant of summary judgment on behalf of plaintiff is affirmed.
RILEY, C.J., and LEVIN, BOYLE, and ARCHER, JJ., concurred with CAVANAGH, J.
BRICKLEY, J. (concurring).
I concur in the judgment of the Court. While I agree with the application of Great American Ins Co v Queen, 410 Mich *232 73; 300 NW2d 895 (1980), to the facts of this case, I write separately to indicate my view of the limitations of the Queen doctrine.
Mr. Bialochowski was injured on June 13, 1980. He applied for no-fault benefits a month later. On August 13, 1981, he settled with Cross Concrete, the third-party tortfeasor, for $750,000. In August of 1982, he received approximately $11,000 in past-due no-fault benefits. Since the record does not indicate otherwise, I would assume that Cross Concrete had notice of Mr. Bialochowski's claim for no-fault benefits and that they settled for noneconomic and excess economic damages only. Thus, Mr. Bialochowski presumably did not receive a double recovery in retaining both his settlement with Cross Concrete and his workers' compensation benefits.
But, in cases in which an injured employee neither claims nor receives no-fault benefits prior to settlement, and third-party tort pleadings do not indicate a no-fault theory of liability, the possibility of double recovery exists if no reimbursement is made to the workers' compensation carrier. Extending Queen to such cases is contrary to the Legislature's intent to prevent duplicate recovery.
The problem arises because the Workers' Disability Compensation Act and the no-fault act differ in their provisions for third-party tort recovery.
[T]he tort recovery under the Workers' Disability Compensation Act is for all damages, economic and noneconomic, MCL 418.827; MSA 17.237(827), whereas a § 3135 recovery [no-fault third-party tort recovery] is only for "noneconomic loss" which by definition excludes all benefits payable under no-fault. [Workman v DAIIE, 404 Mich 477, 511; 274 NW2d 373 (1979).]
*233 Thus, under the WDCA, an injured employee must reimburse the workers' compensation carrier because the third-party tort recovery basically duplicates the elements of damage already compensated by the WDCA.
Section 827(5) of the WDCA ... permits the injured party to recover "any amount" from the third party, including amounts that would duplicate workers' compensation benefits. "[T]ort recovery under the Workers' Disability Compensation Act is for all damages, economic and noneconomic...." Workman .... This duplication is eliminated, however, by the statutory requirement for reimbursement of the payer of workers' compensation benefits out of the recovery obtained from the third-party tortfeasor. [Great American Ins Co v Queen, supra, 101 (opinion by RYAN, J., concurring in the result).]
The no-fault act, however, allows recovery in tort only for noneconomic and excess economic loss, which the act itself does not compensate.[1]
Under the no-fault act, recovery from third parties *234 based upon tort is limited to those injuries that fall outside the coverage of no-fault benefits: noneconomic loss and economic loss exceeding no-fault benefits. Thus, there is no duplication of compensation and, therefore, no need to reimburse the no-fault insurance carrier. [Id., 102.]
Had Mr. Bialochowski failed to apply for no-fault benefits prior to settlement and failed to limit his third-party suit to no-fault residual tort recovery, Cross Concrete would no doubt have assumed that the case did not involve a no-fault theory of liability. Thus, in settling, Cross would have factored both noneconomic and economic losses into its settlement offer because an injured employee may sue for both under the WDCA. Under those circumstances, without a reimbursement to Reliance, Mr. Bialochowski would have recovered twice for his below threshold economic loss  once from Reliance, in the form of WDCA benefits, and again from Cross Concrete, in the form of a third-party tort settlement.
In this case, even though he did not limit his third-party action to no-fault residual tort liability, Mr. Bialochowski applied for no-fault benefits a full year prior to settlement with Cross Concrete and did eventually receive no-fault benefits. Also, Cross Concrete raised a defense of no-fault residual tort liability.[2] The assumption then is that Cross Concrete settled only for noneconomic and excess economic damages. Thus, I concur in the judgment of the Court.
*235 BOYLE, J., concurred with BRICKLEY, J.
GRIFFIN, J., took no part in the decision of this case.
NOTES
[1]  MCL 418.827(5); MSA 17.237(827)(5).
[2]  Queen, 410 Mich 86.
[3]  A workers' compensation carrier's payment of benefits substitutes for no-fault benefits because of the no-fault act's mandatory setoff provision, MCL 500.3109; MSA 24.13109, which permits a no-fault insurer to deduct from its payment of no-fault benefits any benefits paid under the workers' compensation act. See Mathis v Interstate Motor Freight System, 408 Mich 164; 289 NW2d 708 (1980).
[4]  Queen, 410 Mich 95-96.
[5]  Queen, 410 Mich 94-95.
[6]  Queen, 410 Mich 95-96.
[7]  Johnston, 131 Mich App 351-352.
[8]  MCL 500.3105; MSA 24.13105 and MCL 500.3106; MSA 24.13106.
[9]  Johnston, 131 Mich App 360-361.
[10]  Johnston, 131 Mich App 360.
[11]  Shavers v Attorney General, 402 Mich 554, 578; 267 NW2d 72 (1978), cert den sub nom Allstate Ins Co v Kelley, 442 US 934 (1979).
[12]  Shavers, 402 Mich 578-579.
[13]  See MCL 500.3135; MSA 24.13135.
[14]  A no-fault carrier's right to reimbursement from an injured person's third-party tort recovery is governed by MCL 500.3116; MSA 24.13116 and our decision in Workman v DAIIE, 404 Mich 477; 274 NW2d 373 (1979). In Workman, supra, 510, we held that a no-fault carrier is entitled to reimbursement "only if, and to the extent that, the tort recovery includes damages for losses for which personal injury protection benefits were paid." Since personal injury protection benefits do not compensate for noneconomic loss, and since an injured person's recovery from a third-party tortfeasor is limited by § 3135 of the no-fault act to noneconomic and certain excess economic losses not compensated by personal injury protection benefits, a no-fault carrier will generally not be entitled to any reimbursement from a third-party tort recovery as the third-party tort recovery will not include economic, personal injury protection type damages. See Queen, 410 Mich 93-94.
[1]  A person remains subject to tort liability for noneconomic loss caused by his or her ownership, maintenance, or use of a motor vehicle only if the injured person has suffered death, serious impairment of body function, or permanent serious disfigurement.
(2) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, tort liability arising from the ownership, maintenance, or use within this state of a motor vehicle with respect to which the security required by section 3101(3) and (4) was in effect is abolished except as to:
* * *
(b) Damages for noneconomic loss as provided and limited in subsection (1).
(c) Damages for allowable expenses, work loss, and survivor's loss as defined in sections 3107 to 3110 in excess of the daily, monthly, and 3-year limitations contained in those sections. The party liable for damages is entitled to an exemption reducing his or her liability by the amount of taxes that would have been payable on account of income the injured person would have received if he or she had not been injured. [MCL 500.3135; MSA 24.13135.]
[2]  See the brief of the plaintiff-appellee, pp 18-19.
