                            IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
                                     NO. 1999-CA-01086-SCT
MICHAEL MALDONADO AND THE HINDS COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
v.
TOMMY KELLY

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                                 05/24/1999
TRIAL JUDGE:                                      HON. TOMIE T. GREEN
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                        HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS:                          H. WESLEY WILLIAMS, III
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:                            J. ASHLEY OGDEN
NATURE OF THE CASE:                               CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
DISPOSITION:                                      REVERSED AND RENDERED - 10/05/2000
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:                                   10/26/2000



      EN BANC.

      MILLS, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:


                                     STATEMENT OF THE CASE

¶1. Following a non-jury trial, the Hinds County Circuit Court found Michael Maldonado and the Hinds
County Board of Supervisors liable to Tommy Kelly for $23,700 for personal injuries he sustained in a
two-vehicle collision as a result of Maldonado's negligent operation of his patrol car while on duty as a
Hinds County Deputy Sheriff. From this judgment, Maldonado and the County (sometimes collectively
referred to as "Maldonado") appeal.

                                                   FACTS

¶2. On April 3, 1997, Officer Michael Maldonado ( "Maldonado"), a deputy sheriff with the Hinds County
Sheriff's Department, was driving his patrol car to the service shop for regular maintenance. He was
accompanied by deputy Wes Snyder. Driving from the west on Court Street, Maldonado approached the
intersection of Court and Clinton Streets in Raymond, Mississippi. The intersection had stop signs only for
vehicles on Court Street crossing Clinton Street. Maldonado stated that he was aware that this was a very
dangerous intersection.

¶3. Maldonado came to a complete stop upon reaching the intersection. He looked to his right and then to
his left for oncoming traffic; seeing none, he proceeded through the intersection. A collision occurred as the
plaintiff, Tommy Kelly (hereinafter "Kelly"), traveled through the intersection heading north on Clinton Street
and Maldonado entered traveling east on Court Street. Maldonado did not see Kelly's vehicle until
immediately prior to impact because of a water tower on Maldonado's right that partially blocked his view
of any traffic approaching from the south. Kelly testified that the distance between the water tower and the
intersection is approximately fifty (50) yards. There is no indication in the record or testimony that Kelly
was speeding at the time of the accident. The parties have agreed that the Hinds County Sheriff's
Department is covered by a policy of liability insurance.

                                        STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶4. The standard of review for a judgment entered following a bench trial is well settled. "A circuit court
judge sitting without a jury is accorded the same deference with regard to his findings as a chancellor," and
his findings are safe on appeal where they are supported by substantial, credible, and reasonable evidence.
City of Jackson v. Perry, 764 So.2d 373, 376 (Miss. 2000) (citing Puckett v. Stuckey, 633 So.2d 978,
982 (Miss. 1993); Sweet Home Water & Sewer Ass'n v. Lexington Estates, Ltd., 613 So.2d 864,
872 (Miss. 1993); Allied Steel Corp. v. Cooper, 607 So.2d 113,119 (Miss. 1992)). This Court reviews
errors of law, which include the proper application of the Mississippi Tort Claims Act, de novo. Perry, 764
So.2d at 376 (citing Cooper v. Crabb, 587 So.2d 236, 239 (Miss. 1991)).

                                                 ANALYSIS

      WHETHER THE ACTIONS TAKEN BY MALDONADO CONSTITUTED
      PRECAUTIONS SUFFICIENT TO CLASSIFY HIS CONDUCT AS MERE
      NEGLIGENCE RATHER THAN ACTS OF RECKLESS DISREGARD FOR THE
      HEALTH AND SAFETY OF OTHERS UNDER THE MISSISSIPPI TORT CLAIMS ACT
      § 11-46-1.

¶5. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-17(4) (Supp. 2000) provides:

      Any governmental entity of the state may purchase liability insurance to cover claims in excess of the
      amounts provided for in Section 11-46-15 and may be sued by anyone in excess of the amounts
      provided for in Section 11-46-15 to the extent of such excess insurance carried; provided, however,
      that the immunity from suit above the amounts provided for in Section 11-46-15 shall be waived only
      to the extent of such excess liability insurance carried.

"This provision does not limit the exclusions or exemptions enumerated in Section 11-46-9." Leslie v. City
of Biloxi, 758 So.2d 430, 434 (Miss. 2000) (quoting L.W. v. McComb Separate Mun. Sch. Dist., 754
So.2d 1136, 1144 (Miss. 1999)). This Court has held that:

      [t]he purchase of insurance does not affect potential defenses under Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9.
      Otherwise, sovereigns would be unlikely to continue to purchase insurance if it had the effect of
      waiving all of their defenses under the MTCA - an undesirable and unintended result in the Court's
      view.

Leslie, 758 So.2d at 434 (quoting L.W., 754 So.2d at 1144). Therefore, the fact that the Hinds County
Sheriff's Department is covered by liability insurance does not affect the defenses available to the sheriff's
department, the County, or to Maldonado under Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9 (Supp. 2000).

¶6. Maldonado argues that he was not liable for Kelly's injuries since he was employed by the Hinds
County Sheriff's Department and was driving a patrol car at the time of the collision. Maldonado asserts
that he was acting within the scope of his employment, and therefore, is exempted from liability by the
Mississippi Tort Claims Act § 11-46-9(1). One of the enumerated exemptions, § 11-46-9(1)(c) provides
governmental entitles and their employees immunity for acts within the employee's course and scope of
employment:

      (c) Arising out of any act or omission of an employee of a governmental entity engaged in the
      performance or execution of duties or activities relating to police or fire protection unless the
      employee acted in reckless disregard of the safety and well-being of any person not engaged in
      criminal activity at the time of the injury....

The purpose of Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9 is to "protect law enforcement personnel from lawsuits arising
out of the performance of their duties in law enforcement, with respect to the alleged victim." Perry, 764
So.2d at 379. Police officers and fire fighters are more likely to be exposed to dangerous situations and to
liability, and therefore, public policy requires that they not be liable for mere negligence. Entities engaged in
police and fire protection activities will be liable for reckless acts only. Maye v. Pearl River County, 758
So.2d 391 (Miss. 1999); Turner v. City of Ruleville, 735 So.2d 226 (Miss. 1999). Applying the facts
to the statute, the lower court held that,




      The court finds that Maldonado's conduct, exhibited a reckless disregard for Kelly's safely [sic] and
      well being. The evidence is clear that Kelly had the right-of-way on the day of the accident. It is
      equally clear, that Maldonado proceeded past the stop sign and into the intersection of Clinton and
      Court Streets when it was not safe to do so. Maldonado's negligence admittedly caused the accident
      which injured Kelly. Consequently, the shield of absolute immunity is not available to Defendants and
      they are liable to Kelly for damages for the injuries he sustained as the result of the collision.

¶7. Maldonado asserts that the trial judge erred in failing to apply the proper standard of care. He noted
that although the judge begins by stating Maldonado "exhibited a reckless disregard for Kelly's safely [sic]
and well being....," the judge also stated that it was "Maldonado's negligence" that caused the accident.
Maldonado argues that the judge appears to be applying two different standards of care. He asserts that,
under the statute, the proper standard of care should be whether his actions constituted a "reckless
disregard" for the safety and well-being of law-abiding citizens.

¶8. Since "reckless disregard" is not defined by statute, Maldonado directs this Court's attention to the
various sources we have used in the past to define recklessness. This Court examined this issue in Turner
v. City of Ruleville, and the Court looked to Black's Law Dictionary for guidance as to the proper
definition:

      'Reckless disregard of the rights of others' is defined

      [a]s used in automobile guest law, means the voluntary doing by motorist of an improper or wrongful
      act, or with knowledge of existing conditions, the voluntary refraining from doing a proper or prudent
      act when such an act or failure to act evinces an entire abandonment of any care, and heedless
      indifference to results which may follow and the reckless taking of chance of accident happening
      without intent that any occur....
735 So.2d 226, 228-29 (Miss. 1999) (quoting Black's Law Dictionary 1270 (6th ed. 1991)) .
Additionally, this issue was also revisited in Maye v. Pearl River County, where we cited a definition of
recklessness given by the Fifth Circuit:

      The terms 'willful,' 'wanton,' and 'reckless' have been applied to that degree of fault which lies
      between intent to do wrong, and the mere reasonable risk of harm involved in ordinary negligence.
      These terms apply to conduct which is still merely negligent, rather than actually intended to
      do harm, but which is so far from a proper state of mind that it is treated in many respects as if
      harm was intended. The usual meaning assigned to do [sic] terms is that the actor has intentionally
      done an act of unreasonable character in reckless disregard of the risk known to him, or so
      obvious that he must be taken to have been aware of it, and so great as to make it highly
      probable that harm would follow. It usually is accompanied by a conscious indifference to
      consequences, amounting almost to a willingness that harm should follow.

758 So.2d 391, 394 (Miss. 1999)(quoting Orthopedic & Sports Injury Clinic v. Wang Labs., Inc.,
922 F.2d 220, 224 n.3 (5th Cir. 1991) (emphasis in original)). Additionally, this Court has held that
'wantonness is a failure or refusal to exercise any care, while negligence is a failure to exercise due care."
Turner, 735 So.2d at 229 (citing Beta Beta Chapter v. May, 611 So.2d 889, 895 (Miss. 1992) (quoting
Covington v. Carley, 197 Miss. 535, 541-42, 19 So.2d 817, 818 (1944)).

¶9. In Maye, an officer was backing his vehicle up an incline, which was also the entrance of a parking lot.
Maye v. Pearl River County, 758 So. 2d 391, 392 (Miss. 1999). The officer collided with a vehicle
which had turned off the road onto the incline. Id. The officer testified that he could not see the road from
the parking lot because the jail sat below the level of the road. He checked his rear view mirrors before
backing up the incline. Id. We held that the officer "showed a conscious disregard for the safety of others
when he backed up the incline entrance to the parking lot knowing he could not be sure the area was
clear." Id. at 395. Similarly, in Turner, this Court found an officer's alleged actions to constitute reckless
disregard when an officer, who had pulled over a visibly intoxicated person, allowed the driver to continue
driving. 735 So. 2d at 227. The intoxicated driver later was involved in a traffic accident. Id. It is important
to note, however, that Turner reversed a Miss. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) dismissal by the trial court. Id.
Accordingly, all facts discussed in the case are allegations made in the plaintiff's complaint and were not put
before a factfinder.

¶10. In the recent case of City of Jackson v. Perry, an officer driving his police vehicle collided with a car
while going to meet fellow officers for dinner. 764 So.2d at 373. The officer testified "he would customarily
drive without knowing how fast he was going" and was speeding at the time the accident occurred. Id. We
found that the officer acted with reckless disregard for the safety of others because he was speeding without
purpose and failed to use any lights or sirens.

¶11. The facts of Maye, Turner, and Perry are distinguishable from the case at hand. In Maye, the officer
failed to simply turn around and look behind him. Furthermore, the officer backed up an incline knowing
that any traffic turning into the parking lot would not be able to see him in time to stop. Likewise, in Turner,
the officer pulled over the drunk driver because he had observed him driving in an erratic fashion. The
officer then allowed the driver, who he knew to be intoxicated and incapable of driving in a prudent and
safe manner, to get back in his car and drive away. In Perry, the officer was driving at an excessive rate of
speed without light or sirens so he would not be late for dinner with his fellow officers. The common
denominator in these cases is that the conduct involved evinced not only some appreciation of the
unreasonable risk involved, but also a deliberate disregard of that risk and the high probability of harm
involved.

¶12. The present case, however, is unlike Maye, Turner, or Perry. Officer Maldonado was driving his
patrol car when he came to a two-way stop. Officer Maldonado stopped, looked both ways, saw nothing,
proceeded into the intersection, and collided with Kelly. There is no indication that Maldonado acted with
deliberate disregard to the consequences of attempting to cross the intersection. To the contrary, there is
every indication that Maldonado was aware of the nature of the intersection and took specific steps to avoid
the collision. Both parties agree that this was "an extremely dangerous intersection" because a water tower
partially blocked Officer Maldonado's view of traffic approaching from the south. Although Officer
Maldonado may have been negligent, his actions do not rise to the level of reckless disregard. "Wantonness
is a failure or refusal to exercise any care, while negligence is a failure to exercise due care." Turner, 735
So. 2d at 229. In the present situation, Officer Maldonado exercised due care and obeyed the traffic laws.
Simply put, Officer Maldonado did what any ordinary person in his situation would have done. He stopped,
looked, and then proceeded. The only other alternative he had was for him to put his car in park, exit the
vehicle, walk out into the intersection, look both ways, return to his vehicle, and simply hope that no other
car came along during the time it took him to get back in his car and proceed.

                                              CONCLUSION

¶13. The trial court erred as a matter of law in finding Officer Maldonado acted with reckless disregard for
the safety and well being of Tommy Kelly. Maldonado approached a dangerous intersection, stopped,
looked, and then proceeded. This conduct simply does not rise to the level of reckless disregard under the
analysis set forth in Maye, Turner, and Perry. Accordingly, Maldonado and Hinds County are entitled to
immunity under the Mississippi Tort Claims Act pursuant to § 11-46-9(1)(c). The judgment of the Hinds
County Circuit Court is reversed, and judgment is rendered here in favor of Michael Maldonado and the
Hinds County Board of Supervisors that Tommy Kelly take nothing in this action and that his complaint and
this action are finally dismissed with prejudice.

¶14. REVERSED AND RENDERED.

      PRATHER, C.J., PITTMAN, P.J., SMITH AND COBB, JJ., CONCUR. McRAE, J.,
      DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY BANKS, P.J., AND
      DIAZ, J. WALLER, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.

      McRAE, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:

¶15. Officer Michael Maldonado's conduct while driving through the intersection goes beyond the level of
"mere negligence" to that of "reckless disregard," and therefore, his actions should not be protected by the
Mississippi Tort Claims Act.

¶16. In Maye v. Pearl River County, 758 So. 2d 391, 394 (Miss. 1999), this Court cited a definition of
recklessness as given by the Fifth Circuit:

      The terms 'willful,' 'wanton,' and 'reckless' have been applied to that degree of fault which lies
      between intent to do wrong, and the mere reasonable risk of harm involved in ordinary negligence.
      These terms apply to conduct which is still merely negligent, rather than actually intended to
      do harm, but which is so far from a proper state of mind that it is treated in many respects as if
      harm was intended. The usual meaning assigned to do [sic] the terms is that the actor has
      intentionally done an act of unreasonable character in reckless disregard of the risk known to
      him, or so obvious that he must be taken to have been aware of it, and so great as to make it
      highly probable that harm would follow. It usually is accompanied by a conscious indifference to
      consequences, amounting almost to a willingness that harm should follow.

(quoting Orthopedic & Sports Injury Clinic v. Wang Labs., Inc., 922 F.2d 220, 224 n.3 (5th Cir.
1991) (emphasis in original).

¶17. Reckless disregard is not an entirely separate level of behavior, but it is included in the levels or
degrees of negligence.

¶18. The majority cites to two Mississippi cases as illustrations of reckless disregard and attempts to
distinguish them from the facts of the instant case. These two cases are factually similar to the current facts,
reinforcing the fact that Maldonado's conduct rises to the level of reckless disregard as opposed to that of
only mere negligence.

¶19. The facts of the Maye case illustrate the recklessness standard for MTCA. In Maye, a deputy sheriff
backed up an inclined driveway of a parking lot with full knowledge that this driveway was used as an
entranceway for persons coming into the parking lot. Even though the officer checked his rear view mirrors
before backing, he admits that he could not see the road behind him because the parking lot and the jail sat
below the level of the road. Maye, 758 So. 2d at 392. While the officer was backing up the downward-
sloping entranceway, the plaintiff was entering the parking lot and traveling down the incline. The plaintiff
saw the officer approaching, stopped her car, left her foot on the brake, and blew the horn continuously.
Still, the officer continued to back up the incline and ultimately struck her vehicle. When the officer argued
he did not act with a "conscious indifference to the consequences of his actions," the Court held the officer
liable and stated that:

      Collier (the officer) did not carelessly back out of the space. With conscious indifference to the
      consequences, he backed out knowing he could not see what was behind him. This Court has
      held wantonness is a failure or refusal to exercise any care, while negligence is a failure to
      exercise due care.

Id. at 395 (citing Turner v. City of Ruleville, 735 So. 2d 226, 229 (Miss. 1999) (citing Beta Beta
Chapter v. May, 611 So. 2d 889, 895 (Miss. 1992) (quoting Covington v. Carley, 197 Miss. 535, 541-
42, 19 So. 2d 817, 818 (1944)). Therefore, the officer's conduct in Maye did rise to the level of "conscious
indifference." This standard of conscious indifference was used to define the term "reckless disregard." Id. at
394 (citing Orthopedic & Sports Injury Clinic v. Wang Labs., Inc., 992 F.2d 220, 224 n.3 (5th Cir.
1991) (quoting Cates v. Beauregard Elec. Coop., Inc., 316 So. 2d 907, 916 (La. Ct. App. 1975)). The
officer in Maye met this standard and so did Officer Maldonado in the present case.

¶20. Although the majority attempts to distinguish the facts of Maye from the present case, it is a factually
similar case involving a traffic accident between a police officer and a private citizen. In Maye, the officer
was backing out of the parking lot of a jail. Despite the fact that the officer knew the incline was also used
as an entrance to the parking lot and that his view was blocked, he backed up the incline that was used as
an entranceway. What happened in Maye is quite similar to the facts of the present case. Officer
Maldonado was the one who determined if intersections were dangerous. He was the safety officer and had
full knowledge that this was a dangerous intersection, and he testified that he knew that the intersection was
"extremely dangerous." Maldonado also stated that his view to the right was significantly blocked by the
water tower. In addition, Maldonado testified that he was driving a one-man cruiser that day and that he
had a passenger on his right, blocking his view even further. After admitting knowledge of all the information
above, the officer looked to his right, then to his left, and then proceeded into the intersection. Maldonado
never glanced again to his right, to recheck the position of oncoming traffic, before proceeding through
the intersection.

¶21. The conduct of Officer Maldonado rises at least to the degree of negligence exhibited by the officer in
Maye, if not to a higher standard of negligence. For example, Officer Maldonado had a perfectly good
opportunity to look again to his right, the side of the oncoming traffic, before proceeding through the
intersection. In Maye, the officer's view behind him was more substantially blocked than the view of the
officer in the present case. Maldonado simply had to recheck his right side and proceed with caution. The
officer in the Maye case was held to have acted with reckless disregard for his actions. Because Officer
Maldonado had a better opportunity to prevent his negligence than the officer in Maye and he did not,
Officer Maldonado should also be held to this higher standard of negligence, acting in reckless disregard.

¶22. Because Maldonado failed to secure a clear view to his right before entering the intersection,
Maldonado acted in reckless disregard of Kelly and of any other motorists proceeding North on Clinton
Street. Additionally, it is a mystery why Maldonado and the County would cite to the above definitions of
recklessness for support. This Court made it clear in both Maye and Turner that proceeding forward in
spite of a "knowledge" or an "awareness" of the potential or probable danger is the equivalent of
recklessness. Maldonado testified that he knew that his vision was substantially blocked to the right, the
direction from which Kelly approached. Not only was this a failure to exercise "due care," but this, in effect,
amounts to a failure to exercise any care at all. Performing a precautionary task that one knows to be
futile, is the same as taking no precautions at all.

¶23. The majority also attempts to distinguish the facts of City of Jackson v. Perry, 764 So. 2d 373
(Miss. 2000), from the facts of the present case. However, the facts of Perry are also similar to the present
facts. In Perry, the officer was speeding, using sirens and lights, when he collided with the plaintiff. The
officer was not responding to an emergency call, but was instead late for dinner with other officers. Id. at
375. Here, Officer Maldonado was driving his patrol car in to the service station for maintenance.

¶24. Although there are certain situations where officers of the law may be protected from liability during the
course of their duties, this is not one of them. An officer should be held to a higher standard of care when he
has full knowledge of the nature and characteristics of local intersections, the direction of oncoming traffic,
and who has the right of way in certain intersections. As in the present case, Maldonado was not
responding to an emergency call, but was taking his patrol car in for maintenance and service when he hit
Kelly's car. Neither officer in these cases was responding to an emergency situation or even a request for
assistance. Instead, this officer was acting recklessly in pursuit of a routine matter, and the Board of
Supervisors should be held accountable for Maldonado's recklessness.

¶25. The trial judge did not err in finding Officer Maldonado acted recklessly. Maldonado's knowledge that
the intersection was "extremely dangerous" and his failure to take precautions clearly illustrate that his
actions constituted a "reckless disregard for the safety and well-being of others" under both case-law and
Section 11-46-9(1)(c). City of Jackson v. Perry, 764 So. 2d 373 (Miss. 2000); Maye v. Pearl River
County, 758 So. 2d 391 (Miss.1999); Turner v. City of Ruleville, 735 So.2d 226 (Miss. 1999). The
judgment of the trial court in the amount of $23,700 with all costs should, therefore, be affirmed.

¶26. Officer Maldonado acted in reckless disregard for the safety of Kelly, who had the right of way at a
dangerous intersection. The reckless behavior of the officer is not the type that should be protected under
the Mississippi Tort Claims Act. I would affirm the judgment against the Board of Supervisors and the
judgment to be paid by its liability carrier. Accordingly, I dissent.

     BANKS, P.J., AND DIAZ, J., JOIN THIS OPINION.
