[Cite as State v. Angus, 2017-Ohio-1100.]


                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                         FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               ROSS COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,                  :
                                :   Case No. 15CA3507
     Plaintiff-Appellee,        :
                                :
     vs.                        :   DECISION AND JUDGMENT
                                :   ENTRY
SABRINA ANGUS,                  :
                                :
     Defendant-Appellant.       :   Released: 03/21/17
_____________________________________________________________
                          APPEARANCES:

Timothy Young, Ohio Public Defender, and Nikki Trautman Baszynski,
Assistant Ohio State Public Defender, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant.

Matthew S. Schmidt, Ross County Prosecuting Attorney, and Pamela C.
Wells, Ross County Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Chillicothe, Ohio, for
Appellee.
_____________________________________________________________

McFarland, J.

        {¶1} This is an appeal from a Ross County Court of Common Pleas

judgment entry sentencing Appellant, Sabrina Angus, after a jury found her

guilty of illegal manufacture of drugs, a first degree felony in violation of

R.C. 2925.04(A); illegal assembly or possession of chemicals for the

manufacture of drugs, a second degree felony in violation of R.C.

2925.041(A); and aggravated possession of drugs, a second degree felony in

violation of R.C. 2925.11. On appeal, Appellant contends that 1) her right to
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                            2

a fair trial was violated when her refusal to consent to a search of her home

was introduced into evidence against her at trial; and 2) the trial court erred

when it failed to merge her conviction for manufacturing methamphetamine

with her conviction for possessing chemicals in order to manufacture

methamphetamine.

      {¶2} Because we conclude Appellant’s convictions were supported by

overwhelming evidence, we cannot conclude Appellant was prejudiced by

the admission of testimony indicating she refused to consent to a search of

her residence. We further conclude that any arguable error that occurred as

a result of the admission of the refusal was harmless beyond a reasonable

doubt. Thus, Appellant’s first assignment of error is overruled. Likewise,

because we have concluded that the offenses at issue were committed with

separate conduct and a separate animus, they are not allied offenses of

similar import. As such, we cannot conclude that the trial court erred in

failing to merge counts one and two for purposes of sentencing. Thus,

Appellant’s second assignment of error is overruled. Accordingly, the

judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

                                    FACTS

      {¶3} Appellant was indicted for illegal manufacture of drugs, a first

degree felony in violation of R.C. 2925.04(A); illegal assembly or
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                        3

possession of chemicals for the manufacture of drugs, a second degree

felony in violation of R.C. 2925.041(A); and aggravated possession of

drugs, a second degree felony in violation of R.C. 2925.11, on December 12,

2014. The indictment stemmed from an incident occurring on July 11, 2014,

in which law enforcement conducted a search of her residence after her ex-

husband, Stuart Angus, reported that he believed she was manufacturing

methamphetamine. Appellant pleaded not guilty to the charges and the

matter proceeded to a jury trial on September 15-17, 2014.

      {¶4} The evidence and testimony introduced at trial will be discussed

in further detail below. In summary, the State introduced evidence in the

form of a video recording made by Stuart Angus on July 10, 2014, indicating

that multiple precursor items or ingredients used in the manufacture of

methamphetamine, as well as various items of drug paraphernalia, were

present in Appellant’s bedroom on that date. The State also introduced

testimony by multiple law enforcement personnel involved in the search of

Appellant’s residence that indicated Appellant admitted to investigating

officers that methamphetamine was being manufactured in her house. The

State’s first witness, Deputy McKeever, testified that after Appellant

admitted methamphetamine was being manufactured in her house, she

refused to consent to a search and, as a result, a search warrant was obtained.
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                         4

Defense counsel objected to the statement regarding the refusal to consent to

the search, and also moved for a mistrial. The trial court denied the motion.

      {¶5} The State also introduced testimony regarding the items found

during the course of the search, which included a mason jar with a liquid and

powdery white substance in it, multiple water bottles, straws, rubber tubing,

gloves, a hair dryer, a hydrochloric acid generator, coffee filters (new and

used), burned foil, batteries, starting fluid and four, active one pot

methamphetamine labs. The State further introduced evidence from a

forensic scientist employed by the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Investigation

stating that testing performed on the one pots recovered from Appellant’s

house resulted in a finding of forty-five grams of methamphetamine, which

is fifteen times the bulk amount.

      {¶6} Appellant testified in her own defense, as did Appellant’s son

and former boyfriend, Paul Yancey. Appellant testified that she did not

mean to answer yes when asked if methamphetamine was being

manufactured in her house. She testified that she was alarmed and confused

when law enforcement arrived at her house, and initially thought they were

there to tell her that something had happened to two of her children, who
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                                                        5

were not present at the time.1 She further testified she had stayed at

Yancey’s house the night prior to the search and had worked all day long the

following day. She stated she always leaves her door unlocked when she is

gone. Yancey testified that he was present in the house the day before the

search. He testified that he heard someone in the house while he was in the

basement, and when he went upstairs to see who it was, he saw Stuart

Angus’s vehicle driving away from the house. Appellant’s theory at trial

was essentially that she had no knowledge of methamphetamine being

present or being manufactured in her house and that Stuart Angus set her up

due to his desire to obtain custody of their children.

         {¶7} The jury ultimately found Appellant guilty on all counts

contained in the indictment. The trial court merged count one

(manufacturing) with count three (aggravated possession), but declined to

merge count two (illegal assembly/possession) for purposes of sentencing. It

is from this decision that Appellant now brings her timely appeal, setting

forth three assignments of error for our review.

                                 ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

“I.      MS. ANGUS'S RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL WAS VIOLATED
         WHEN HER REFUSAL TO CONSENT TO A SEARCH OF HER


1
  The record indicates that Appellant has four children. Two had left the residence together and had not
returned at the time law enforcement arrived. The record further indicates that at least one of Appellant’s
children was present at the time law enforcement arrived, her eleven-year-old daughter, who is autistic.
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                           6

      HOME WAS INTRODUCED INTO EVIDENCE AGAINST HER
      AT TRIAL.

II.   THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT FAILED TO MERGE MS.
      ANGUS'S CONVICTION FOR MANUFACTURING
      METHAMPHETAMINE WITH HER CONVICTION FOR
      POSSESSING CHEMICALS IN ORDER TO MANUFACTURE
      METHAMPHETAMINE.”

                        ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I

      {¶8} In her first assignment of error, Appellant contends that her right

to a fair trial was violated when her refusal to consent to a search of her

home was introduced into evidence against her. The State responds by

arguing that it did not violate Appellant's rights under the Fourth

Amendment, but rather complied with the Fourth Amendment by securing a

search warrant in this case. The State further argues that even if a violation

of the Fourth Amendment occurred, this Court should apply a harmless error

standard as the mention of Appellant's refusal to consent to a search of her

home was inadvertent, the State did not argue or comment that the failure to

consent to the search should be used against Appellant, and overwhelming

evidence of Appellant’s guilt was introduced at trial. We employ a de novo

standard of review when evaluating errors based upon violations of

constitutional law. State v. Bryant, 4th Dist. Ross No. 14CA3434, 2014-

Ohio-5535, ¶ 12; citing State v. Burgette, 4th Dist. Athens No. 13CA50,

2014-Ohio-3483, ¶ 10.
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                         7

      {¶9} “ ‘The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and

the Ohio Constitution, Article I, Section 14, prohibit unreasonable searches

and seizures.’ ” State v. Taylor, 4th Dist. Lawrence No. 15CA12, 2016-

Ohio- 2781, ¶ 31; quoting State v. Emerson, 134 Ohio St.3d 191, 2012-

Ohio-5047, 981 N.E.2d 787, ¶ 15. These constitutional provisions contain

nearly identical language and have been interpreted to provide the same

protection. Taylor at ¶ 31; citing State v. Hoffman, 141 Ohio St.3d 428,

2014-Ohio-4795, 25 N.E.3d 993 N.E.3d 993, ¶ 11.

      {¶10} “The Fourth Amendment protects against two types of

unreasonable intrusions: 1) searches, which occur when an expectation of

privacy that society is prepared to consider reasonable is infringed upon; and

2) seizures, which occur when there is some meaningful interference with an

individual's liberty or possessory interest in property.” Taylor at ¶ 32; citing

State v. Jacobsen, 466 U.S. 109, 113, 104 S.Ct. 1652 (1984).

      {¶11} “ ‘[S]earches and seizures conducted outside the judicial

process, without prior approval by judge or magistrate, are per se

unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment-subject only to a few

specifically established and well-delineated exceptions.’ ” Taylor at ¶ 33;

quoting Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357, 88 S.Ct. 507 (1967). As

explained in Taylor, “ ‘[o]nce the defendant demonstrates that he was
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                            8

subjected to a warrantless search or seizure, the burden shifts to the state to

establish that the warrantless search or seizure was constitutionally

permissible.’ ” Taylor at ¶ 33; quoting State v. Johnson, 4th Dist. Scioto No.

14CA3618, 2014-Ohio-5400, ¶ 13; citing State v. Roberts, 110 Ohio St.3d

71, 2006-Ohio-3665, 850 N.E.2d 1168, ¶ 98.

       {¶12} Appellant contends that her Fourth Amendment rights were

violated when Deputy Andrea McKeever testified upon direct examination

that Appellant refused to consent to a search of her residence on the night in

question. A review of the trial transcript reveals the following testimony

was introduced at trial:

       “Ms. Schumaker: Okay, so what did you do upon arrival?

       Deputy McKeever: I stood by pretty much as witness while
       Detective Lewis spoke with Ms. Angus.

       Ms. Schumaker: Alright. And, what, if any, conversation did,
       or statement, did you hear the Defendant make at that point?

       Deputy McKeever: Detective Lewis asked her if meth was
       being made in the house and she replied yes, at which point she
       was read her Miranda rights and she refused for us to search to
       search [sic] the residence so we had to get a search warrant.”

At this point, defense counsel lodged an objection and then made a motion

for a mistrial.

       {¶13} The jury was recessed and a recording of the testimony was

played back. There was some discussion as to whether Appellant asserted
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                                                      9

her Fifth Amendment right to remain silent, or whether she had refused to

consent to a search.2 It was decided that the statement at issue dealt with

refusal to consent to a search of her residence, rather than an assertion of her

right to remain silent. The trial court stated that had the witness commented

upon Appellant’s assertion of her right to remain silent as guaranteed by the

Fifth Amendment, it would have declared a mistrial. However, because the

statement at issue instead involved Appellant’s refusal to consent to a search

of her residence, he denied the motion. Defense counsel expressed his

disagreement with the decision and the trial was resumed. The State made

no further mention, during its case-in-chief or in closing, regarding the

refusal to consent to a search.

         {¶14} Appellant contends that the issue presented for review is

whether a defendant's refusal to consent to a search may be used as evidence

at trial, and notes that this particular issue has not been directly addressed by

the Supreme Court of Ohio or the Supreme Court of the United States.


2
  “The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which is applicable to the states through the
Fourteenth Amendment, provides that no person ‘shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness
against himself.’ ” State v. Bryant, supra, ¶ 13; quoting State v. Leach, 102 Ohio St.3d 135, 2004-Ohio-
2147, 807 N.E.2d 335, ¶ 11. “ ‘The Fifth Amendment guarantees a criminal defendant's right against self-
incrimination, which includes the right to silence during police interrogation. * * * Additionally, a
defendant can invoke his rights “at any time prior to or during questioning[.]” ’ ” Id.; quoting State v.
Harper, 4th Dist. Vinton No. 11CA684, 2012-Ohio-4527, ¶ 14; in turn quoting Miranda v. Arizona, 384
U.S. 436, 474, 86 S.Ct. 1602 (1966). Further, as we noted in Bryant at ¶ 14, “ ‘Once a person invokes his
or her Fifth Amendment right to remain silent, the State cannot use the person’s silence [either pre-arrest or
post-arrest circumstances] as substantive evidence of guilt in its case-in-chief.’ ” Citing State v. Bennett,
9th Dist. Loraine No. 12CA010286. 2014-Ohio-160, ¶ 63; citing Wainwright v. Greenfield, 474 U.S. 284,
295, 106 S.Ct. 634.
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                         10

However, she urges this Court to apply the reasoning of Doyle v. Ohio, 426

U.S. 610, 96 S.Ct. 2240 (1976), which involved the Fifth Amendment right

against self incrimination, to the present case, which involves the Fourth

Amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures.

Appellant specifically argues that “the Supreme Court of the United States

has made it clear that [defendants] cannot be penalized for exercising their

right to remain silent. * * * This Court should hold that defendants also

cannot be penalized at trial for exercising their Fourth Amendment right to

refuse to consent to a warrantless search.”

      {¶15} In Doyle v. Ohio, the Court held that “the use for impeachment

purposes of petitioner’s silence, at the time of arrest and after they received

Miranda warnings, violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth

Amendment.” In State v. Froe, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 02CA2860, 2003-Ohio-

7334, ¶ 55, this Court observed that “Doyle has been held to mean that

Miranda warnings contained an implied assurance that a defendant would

not suffer any penalty for invoking his right to remain silent.” Citing

Wainwright v. Greenfield, supra, at ¶ 55. We further noted in Froe that

“[t]ypically Doyle violations involve the prosecutor using post-Miranda

silence to impeach a defendant during trial. Froe at ¶ 60. However, in Froe

we reasoned that the Doyle rule could extend to other situations, explaining
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                        11

that “a prosecutor can implicitly imply the defendant’s silence is evidence of

guilt through police testimony about the defendant invoking his right to

remain silent or to consult an attorney.” Id. (internal citations omitted).

      {¶16} Finally, we observed that the Doyle test was two-fold and

required a determination as to whether the prosecutor’s comment was

“extensive and whether the prosecutor “stressed to the jury an inference of

guilt from the accused’s silence as a basis of conviction[.]” Froe at ¶ 61.

Despite finding that the comment at issue was extensive and rose to the level

of a Doyle violation, applying a plain error standard this Court could not

conclude the outcome of the trial would have been different absent the

statements. Id. at ¶ 62-63. Yet, Appellant did object to the testimony at issue

and thus we are conducting a de novo review as opposed to a plain error

review.

      {¶17} Appellant cites several cases in support of her argument urging

us to extend the reasoning of Doyle to comments made regarding a

defendant’s assertion of the right to be free from unreasonable searches and

seizures. She argues that “[d]efendants should not be penalized for

exercising their constitutional rights[,]” citing Griffin v. California, 380 U.S.

609, 614, 85 S.Ct. 1229 (1965) in support. She further contends that there is

a body of precedent, which includes most of the federal circuit courts and a
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                        12

multitude of state courts, that “ ‘uniformly hold that the prosecution may not

use evidence of a person’s refusal to consent to a search to prove his or her

guilt through an inference of guilty knowledge or consciousness of guilt.’ ”

Citing People v. Pollard, 307 P.3d 1124, 2013 COA 31M (2013) and State

v. Runyan, 290 F.3d 223, 249 (5th Cir.2002).

      {¶18} Despite Appellant’s urging, we are not persuaded that a

comment by the State's witness regarding Appellant's refusal to consent to a

search of her home constitutes a Fourth Amendment violation analogous to

commenting upon a defendant's Fifth Amendment right to remain silent. As

argued by the State, the right protected by the Fourth Amendment, by its

plain language, is the right to remain free from unreasonable searches, not

the right to prevent the State from commenting upon the refusal to consent to

a search of her home. Further, as argued by the State, Appellant's assertion

of her Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches and

seizures was respected, as law enforcement stopped their investigation and

obtained a search warrant before proceeding. However, if the State's

comment regarding Appellant's refusal to consent to a search does constitute

a violation of Appellant's rights under the Fourth Amendment and applying

Doyle by analogy, we find any error committed by the trial court to be

harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See State v. McMillion, 11th Dist.
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                          13

Ashtabula No. 2005-A-0016, 2006-Ohio-3229, ¶ 27 (“Alleged Doyle

violations are analyzed under a harmless error standard.”) (internal citations

omitted).

      {¶19} A constitutional error is not prejudicial if the error is “harmless

beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Love, 4th Dist. Ross No. 05CA2838,

2006-Ohio-1824, ¶ 34; quoting Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24, 87

S.Ct. 824 (1967). “[E]rror is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt if the

remaining evidence, standing alone, constitutes overwhelming proof of

defendant's guilt.” State v. Williams, 6 Ohio St.3d 281, 452 N.E.2d 1323,

paragraph six of the syllabus (1983); State v. Woods, 4th Dist. Ross No.

09CA3090, 2009-Ohio-6169, ¶ 27; see also State v. Conway, 108 Ohio St.3d

214, 2006-Ohio-791, ¶ 78; State v. Osman, 4th Dist. Athens No. 09CA36,

2011-Ohio-4626, ¶ 88.

      {¶20} Appellant herein was convicted of three felony counts: count

one, illegal manufacture of drugs, a first degree felony in violation of R.C.

2925.04(A); count two, illegal assembly or possession of chemicals for the

manufacture of drugs, a second degree felony in violation of R.C.

2925.041(A); and count three, aggravated possession of drugs, a second

degree felony in violation of R.C. 2925.11. R.C. 2925.04(A), illegal

manufacture of drugs, provides that “[n]o person shall knowingly cultivate
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                                                  14

marihuana or knowingly manufacture or otherwise engage in any part of the

production of a controlled substance.” R.C. 2925.041(A), illegal assembly

or possession of chemicals for the manufacture of drugs, provides that “[n]o

person shall knowingly assemble or possess one or more chemicals that may

be used to manufacture a controlled substance in schedule I or II with the

intent to manufacture a controlled substance in schedule I or II in violation

of section 2925.04 of the Revised Code.” R.C. 2925.11, aggravated

possession of drugs, provides that “[n]o person shall knowingly obtain,

possess, or use a controlled substance or a controlled substance analog.”3

        {¶21} The State introduced several witnesses at trial. Deputy Andrea

McKeever testified that she initially came to the station to take Stuart

Angus’s complaint, viewed the video he brought with him, and then called

Detectives Davis and Lewis. She further testified that she accompanied

Davis and Lewis to Appellant’s residence and stood by as a witness. She

testified that while acting as a witness she heard Detective Lewis ask

Appellant if meth was being made in her home, to which she responded

“yes.” She further testified that when the residence was searched she saw

several plastic bags tied together with four bottles in them by the front door.



3
 The drug possession charge was elevated to aggravated possession as Appellant was charged and
convicted of possessing methamphetamine, a Schedule II controlled substance, in an amount equal to or
exceeding five (5) times the bulk amount but less than fifty (50) times the bulk amount.
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                            15

      {¶22} Stuart Angus, Appellant’s ex-husband, also testified on behalf

of the State. He testified that he went to Appellant’s residence after

receiving a call from Appellant’s son stating he had “come across some stuff

that he was really worried about.” He testified that he video recorded what

he saw when he arrived, which included a mason jar with a lid on it that had

“a liquid with a white powdery substance and little black balls floating in

it[,]” coffee filters with liquid and white powdery substances in them,

additional coffee filters sealed in a package, straws, bottles of rubbing

alcohol, rubber tubing, and water bottles, all in Appellant’s bedroom.

      {¶23} Detective Alan Lewis also testified at trial. He testified that

Appellant said “yes” when asked if methamphetamine was being

manufactured in the house. He testified that during the search of the

residence he found the following items in Appellant’s bedroom: a hair dryer,

a lot of aluminum foil (some with burn marks), coffee filters (some in

packages and some loose), a container of salt, a straw and a pipe. He

testified that the hair dryer was lying next to the salt and coffee filters. He

further testified that he found starting fluid on the back porch.

      {¶24} Major Timothy Dickinson, a clandestine methamphetamine lab

technician, also testified. He testified regarding the process used to

manufacture methamphetamine, which includes using ingredients such as
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                          16

salt, lithium and fuel, all found at Appellant’s residence, and items such as

mason jars, tubing, and a hydrochloric acid generator (HCL generator).

Officer Cory Hicks, who assisted with the meth lab clean-up, also testified.

He testified that he identified the bottles found inside a bag at Appellant’s

residence as four, active “one pot” methamphetamine labs. He testified that

aside from the four one pots, there was also an HCL generator present.

      {¶25} Detective Chris Davis testified regarding Appellant’s admission

to methamphetamine being manufactured in her house. He testified that

during the search of the residence he observed a hair dryer, a container of

salt, a pipe, paraphernalia items, a clear mason jar, blue gloves, straws, black

tubing, foil with burn marks, and a couple of batteries, all located in

Appellant’s bedroom. He further testified that in the living room he

observed a plastic bag and a yellow book bag with three one pots, an HCL

generator, and coffee filters. He testified he found starting fluid in an

enclosed porch area. Finally, Megan Snyder, a forensic scientist in the drug

chemistry section at the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification and

Investigation (BCI), testified and she was qualified as an expert by a

stipulation of the parties. She testified that items sent for analysis that were

recovered from Appellant’s residence were identified as forty-five grams of

liquid containing methamphetamine, which is fifteen times the bulk amount.
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                         17

      {¶26} We conclude that the above evidence constitutes overwhelming

evidence of Appellant’s guilt on all three counts of the indictment.

Appellant admitted that methamphetamine was being manufactured in her

home, and four active one pot meth labs were found in her living room

which contained fifteen times the bulk amount. Further, there was evidence

that multiple ingredients and items used in the manufacture of

methamphetamine were found in her bedroom and other areas of her house.

      {¶27} In State v. Love, this Court determined that the admission of

testimony indicating Love wanted a lawyer was constitutional error,

however, in addition to finding the error did not rise to the level of plain

error, we also acknowledged and applied a harmless error standard. Love at

¶ 32 and 34. After finding that the comment at issue was only mentioned

once and briefly and that the prosecutor did not elicit the statement directly,

but rather received it in response to a general question about what happened

during the course of the arrest, this Court applied a harmless error standard

of review, ultimately finding the error harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

Love at ¶ 32-34. In reaching our decision, we noted that “the Ohio Supreme

Court has previously held that a single comment by a police officer

regarding a suspect’s silence without any suggestion that the jury infer guilt

from the silence constitutes harmless error.” Love at ¶ 35; citing State v.
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                          18

Treesh, 90 Ohio St.3d 460, 480; citing Meeks v. Havener (C.A. 6, 1976), 545

F.2d 9, 10.

      {¶28} In State v. Bryant, supra, if admission of certain testimony

violated Bryant’s Fifth Amendment rights, this Court determined that a

harmless error standard of review was appropriate. Bryant at ¶ 26. Finding

that a curative instruction was given, that other evidence established Bryant

invoked her right to counsel, and that there was overwhelming evidence to

establish Bryant’s guilt, we found the error was harmless beyond a

reasonable doubt. Bryant at ¶ 31. Further, in State v. Runyan, a case cited by

Appellant in support of her argument, the court applied a harmless error

standard to the argument that Runyan’s Fourth Amendment rights were

violated by admission of testimony indicating Runyan refused consent to a

search. Runyan at *249. Ultimately, the court “assume[d] without deciding

that it would be error of constitutional magnitude for a trial court to permit a

prosecutor to comment on (or present testimony regarding) a defendant’s

refusal to consent to a warrantless search to support an inference of guilt.”

(internal footnotes omitted). Id. After finding that the comment at issue

arose only once during trial, that the “prosecution neither commented on

Runyan’s refusal to consent to a warrantless search, nor asked the jury to

draw any inferences from the refusal[,]” and that the evidence supporting
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                         19

Runyan’s conviction was very strong, the court found the error was harmless

beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at *250-251.

      {¶29} Here, much like the scenario in both Love and Runyan,

Appellant’s refusal to consent to a search of her residence was mentioned

only one time. Further, as in Love, the prosecutor did not elicit the statement

directly, but rather received it in response to a general question about what

she witnessed when law enforcement arrived at Appellant’s residence.

Additionally here, the comment was not extensive, as the State made no

further mention of the refusal, either in its case-in-chief or in closing, nor did

the prosecution at any time stress to the jury an inference of guilt from

Appellant’s refusal to search. Thus, applying the test set forth in Doyle, we

cannot conclude that either prong was met. However, as set forth above, if

the admission of Appellant’s refusal to search did deprive Appellant of her

Fourth Amendment rights, we conclude that the error was harmless beyond a

reasonable doubt. Absent this statement made by the State's witness, the

remaining evidence of Appellant's guilt is overwhelming.

      {¶30} Accordingly, having found that any error in the admission of

testimony regarding Appellant’s refusal to consent to a search of her

residence was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, her first assignment is

overruled.
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                       20

                       ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II

      {¶31} In her second assignment of error, Appellant contends that the

trial court erred when it failed to merge her conviction for manufacturing

methamphetamine with her conviction for illegal assembly or possession of

chemicals in order to manufacture methamphetamine. She argues that it is

impossible to manufacture methamphetamine without possessing the

materials to do it, and that she was not alleged to have committed the

offenses on separate days, locations or times. The State contends that the

two counts caused separate, identifiable harm and were committed with a

separate motivation. Extensive discussion took place between counsel and

the trial court before sentencing regarding whether the counts should merge.

The trial court ultimately decided that they did not and sentenced Appellant

to a separate, concurrent sentence on Count two.

      {¶32} The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the

United States Constitution provides that no person shall “be subject for the

same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb,” and this protection

applies to Ohio citizens through the Fourteenth Amendment and is

additionally guaranteed by Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution.

This constitutional protection prohibits multiple punishments for the same

offense. North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 717, 89 S.Ct. 2072 (1969),
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                      21

overruled on other grounds; Alabama v. Smith, 490 U.S. 794, 109 S.Ct. 2201

(1989).

        {¶33} The General Assembly enacted R.C. 2941.25 to specify when

multiple punishments can be imposed:

        “(A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to
        constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the
        indictment or information may contain counts for all such
        offenses, but the defendant may be convicted of only one.

        (B) Where the defendant's conduct constitutes two or more
        offenses of dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in
        two or more offenses of the same or similar kind committed
        separately or with a separate animus as to each, the indictment
        or information may contain counts for all such offenses, and the
        defendant may be convicted of all of them.”

        {¶34} Appellate courts apply a de novo standard of review in an

appeal challenging a trial court's determination of whether offenses

constitute allied offenses of similar import that must be merged under R.C.

2941.25. State v. Williams, 134 Ohio St.3d 482, 2012-Ohio-5699, 983

N.E.2d 1245, ¶ 28; State v. Cole, 4th Dist. Athens No. 12CA49, 2014-Ohio-

2967, ¶ 7. Merger is a sentencing question, and the defendant bears the

burden of establishing his entitlement to the protection of R.C. 2941.25.

State v. Washington, 137 Ohio St.3d 427, 2013-Ohio-4982, 999 N.E.2d 661,

¶ 18.
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                        22

      {¶35} The Supreme Court of Ohio recently clarified the applicable

analysis in determining when two offenses merge under R.C. 2941.25 in

State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995, 34 N.E.3d 892. “In

determining whether offenses are allied offenses of similar import within the

meaning of R.C. 2941.25, courts must evaluate three separate factors—the

conduct, the animus, and the import.” Id. at paragraph one of the syllabus.

“Under R.C. 2941.25(B), a defendant whose conduct supports multiple

offenses may be convicted of all the offenses if any one of the following is

true: (1) the conduct constitutes offenses of dissimilar import, (2) the

conduct shows that the offenses were committed separately, or (3) the

conduct shows that the offenses were committed with separate animus.” Id.

at paragraph three of the syllabus.

      {¶36} As set forth above, the jury found Appellant guilty of illegal

manufacture of drugs (methamphetamine), illegal assembly or possession of

chemicals for the manufacture of drugs, and aggravated possession of drugs.

We have already determined that the jury’s finding of guilt on all of the

charges was supported by overwhelming evidence. The trial court already

merged count three with count one (aggravated possession and illegal

manufacture) for purposes of sentencing. Thus, we are presented with the
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                      23

question of whether count two (illegal assembly/possession) should have

also been merged with count one for purposes of sentencing.

      {¶37} In State v. Chandler, 4th Dist. Highland No. 14CA11, 2014-

Ohio- 5215, ¶ 25, we determined that “[i]t is possible to possess or assemble

the chemicals necessary to manufacture meth, and then to manufacture the

drug itself.” As we subsequently noted in State v. Evans-Goode, 4th Dist.

Meigs No. 15CA10, 2016-Ohio-5361, ¶ 34:

      “Although Chandler was decided under the rubric of State v.
      Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6314, 942 N.E.2d
      1061, and without the benefit of the more recent clarification of
      the test issued by the Ohio Supreme Court in State v. Ruff,
      supra, we believe the reasoning set forth in Chandler
      nevertheless provides appropriate guidance for the
      determination of this issue and is applicable to the case
      presently before us.”

In Evans-Goode, a case that involved charges of illegal assembly or

possession, as well as manufacturing of methamphetamine, and which

stemmed from a single encounter with law enforcement, we concluded that

the two counts did not merge where the record indicated the offenses

expanded beyond the date contained in the indictment and where “law

enforcement found an abundance of additional ingredients scattered

throughout the residence ‘over and above’ what was used for the * * *

cook.” Evans-Goode at ¶ 31.
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                          24

      {¶38} Here, Appellant contends that the counts at issue should have

been merged based upon this Court’s prior reasoning in State v. Sluss, 4th

Dist. Highland No. 13CA24, 2014-Ohio-4156, as the present indictment

alleges that both the illegal assembly/possession and the manufacturing

occurred on July 11, 2014. We rejected a similar argument in Evans-Goode,

reasoning as follows:

      “First, in Sluss, we were assuming a hypothetical and even then,
      we essentially stated that such hypothetical ‘may’ result in a
      different outcome, i.e. offenses being determined to be allied
      and requiring merger, not that a different outcome would be
      required. Sluss at ¶ 22. Second, we are more inclined to apply
      the reasoning of the concurring opinion written by Judge
      Harsha in Sluss, which seems to place more weight on the fact
      that the evidence indicated Sluss had ‘chemicals used to
      manufacture methamphetamine “over and above” what he used
      in the two “cooks” * * *.’ Sluss at ¶ 31 (concurring opinion).”

We likewise reject the argument raised herein.

      {¶39} Much like the facts before us in State v. Evans-Goode, supra,

although the indictment alleges that all of the offenses occurred on the same

day, July 11, 2014, the evidence introduced at trial indicates that while four

active one pot methamphetamine labs were found in Appellant's residence

on July 11, 2014, various precursor items used in the manufacture of

methamphetamine were present in Appellant's residence on July 10, 2014.

A video taken on Appellant's ex-husband, Stuart Angus's, cell phone, which

was played for the jury, reveals that a mason jar, coffee filters with liquid
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                       25

and a white powdery substance in them, a sealed package of coffee filters,

straws, rubber tubing and water bottles were all located in Appellant's

bedroom on July 10, 2014. Also, aside from the four active one pots found

in the residence on July 11, 2014, law enforcement who responded to the

scene found starting fluid located outside the residence, and found a box of

Morton salt, a package of unused coffee filters, and a "couple" of batteries.

The only question is whether there was sufficient evidence that these items

were acquired on different days leading up to the manufacture or "cook" of

the methamphetamine at issue, and/or whether there were quantities of

chemicals "over and above" those used in the manufacture of the four one

pots that were located in the residence.

      {¶40} There is no evidence in the record as to when the various

precursor items or ingredients were purchased or assembled. All we can

glean from the record is that individual ingredients used in the manufacture

of methamphetamine were present in Appellant's residence on July 10, 2014,

the day before the four active one pots were found. Further, the search of

the residence on July 11, 2014 revealed that in addition to the four active one

pots, Detective Alan Lewis testified that he observed coffee filters in a

package and a container of salt in Appellant's bedroom. He testified that he

observed a can of starting fluid on Appellant's back porch. Detective Chris
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                                               26

Davis testified that he located a container of Morton salt and a couple of

batteries in Appellant's bedroom, coffee filters in the living room and

starting fluid on an enclosed porch area. The detectives did not testify to

finding empty salt boxes, empty cans of starter fluid, or destructed batteries.

Thus, the logical inference is that there was salt in the container, starter fluid

in the can and the batteries were intact.4 Although it would have been

preferable for the testimony to include descriptions of the quantities of these

items found, we do not believe it is essential.

           {¶41} We conclude that the evidence in the record before us indicates

that Appellant was illegally assembling chemicals used in the manufacture

of methamphetamine beginning at least on July 10, 2014, that were used in

the manufacture of methamphetamine, which was confirmed by the

identification of four active one pot methamphetamine labs located in her

residence on July 11, 2014. Further, Appellant was in possession of salt,

batteries, and starter fluid over and above the quantities used in the

methamphetamine manufactured by the four active one pots. Thus, based

upon the foregoing, we conclude that the offenses presently at issue were

committed separately and with a separate animus and are not allied offenses

of similar import subject to merger.


4
    A photo exhibit admitted into evidence does show two batteries remaining in an opened package.
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                         27

      {¶42} We acknowledge that this is a very close case, in the absence of

testimony regarding the quantities of the ingredients remaining over and

above what was already used in the cook, and in the absence of evidence

such as receipts demonstrating purchases of the various precursor items on

different days or pseudoephedrine purchase log evidence. Nevertheless, we

conclude the evidence sufficiently establishes that various precursor

materials were being acquired leading up to the manufacture of the four one

pots on July 11, 2014, and that quantities of salt, batteries, and starting fluid

were found in Appellant’s house “over and above” what was used during the

manufacturing process that had already occurred. As such, we cannot

conclude that the trial court erred in failing to merge counts one and two for

purposes of sentencing and Appellant's second assignment of error is

overruled.

      {¶43} Accordingly, having found no merit to either of the assignments

of error raised by Appellant, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

                                                  JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Ross App. No. 15CA3507                                                       28

                           JUDGMENT ENTRY

      It is ordered that the JUDGMENT BE AFFIRMED and that costs be
assessed to Appellant.

      The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing
the Ross County Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.

       IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE
UPON BAIL HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL
COURT OR THIS COURT, it is temporarily continued for a period not to
exceed sixty days upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of a
continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme Court of Ohio
an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court. If
a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the
expiration of the sixty day period, or the failure of the Appellant to file a
notice of appeal with the Supreme Court of Ohio in the forty-five day appeal
period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of the Supreme
Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio dismisses the
appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date
of such dismissal.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to
Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Abele, J.: Concurs in Judgment and Opinion.
Hoover, J.: Concurs in Judgment and Opinion as to Assignment of Error II;
            Concurs in Judgment Only as to Assignment of Error I.

                                        For the Court,

                                 BY: ______________________________
                                     Matthew W. McFarland, Judge

                          NOTICE TO COUNSEL
      Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final
judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from
the date of filing with the clerk.
