J. S02001/17
                               2017 PA Super 254



N.A.M.,                                 :     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                        :           PENNSYLVANIA
                          Appellant     :
                                        :
                     v.                 :          No. 2255 EDA 2016
                                        :
M.P.W.                                  :


                Appeal from the Order Entered August 18, 2016,
                 in the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County
                     Civil Division at No. A06-06-61635-C-37


BEFORE: FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., STABILE AND MOULTON, JJ.


OPINION BY FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.:                   FILED AUGUST 07, 2017

        N.A.M. (“Father”) appeals pro se1 from the August 18, 2016 order

entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County that found M.P.W.

(“Mother”) in contempt, but imposed no sanctions.2 After careful review, we

affirm to the extent that the trial court held Mother in contempt.     To the




1
    Father is an attorney.
2
  Although this case was initially labeled as a Children’s Fast Track case and
set for expedited disposition, it is, in fact, merely an appeal of a contempt
order entered by the trial court.

       We further note that the record reflects that the trial court held a
contempt hearing on June 20, 2016, at which time it found Mother in
contempt and entered an on-the-record order finding her in contempt. The
trial court reduced the June 20, 2016 on-the-record order to writing by order
docketed on August 18, 2016.
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extent that it refused to impose any sanction, we are constrained to reverse

and remand.

        This matter, commenced by complaint for custody on May 15, 2006,

involves the custody of N.J.M., born in February of 2000, and H.A.M., born in

November of 2002 (collectively, the “Children”).         In the approximately

ten years subsequent to the entry of an order of shared legal and physical

custody of the Children, the parties filed numerous petitions eventually

resulting in the March 2, 2010 award of sole legal custody and primary

physical custody of the Children to Father, and partial physical custody of

the Children to Mother,3 which the trial court has continuously maintained.

        As it relates to the current appeal, in May of 2016, Father filed a

petition for contempt against Mother, alleging violations of court orders with

respect to attendance at religious events4 and interference with education


3
  The trial court awarded Father primary physical custody during the school
year, from Wednesday after school through Saturday morning at 10:00 a.m.
(Order, 3/2/10.)
4
    Pursuant to order dated November 25, 2014:

             11.   Father may enroll the children in religious
                   school and observe or not observe holidays as
                   he sees fit. Mother shall transport the children
                   to religious school and special religious events
                   in a timely manner if the children are in her
                   physical custody at the appropriate time.
                   Father shall provide notice to Mother, in writing
                   (including e-mail), at least 72 hours in advance
                   of special events at the religious school. The
                   number of special religious events [is] to be
                   reasonably limited in number. Father is to


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and his custodial time.5 Specifically, as summarized by the trial court:

                   Most recently, Father filed a Petition for
             Contempt (hereinafter “the Petition”) on May 2,
             2016. In the Petition, Father argued that Mother
             (1) refused to take [H.A.M.] to a Hebrew school
             Seder in celebration of Passover on April 19, 2016,
             (2) interfered with [H.A.M.]’s education by
             preventing Father from attending a student led
             parent-teacher conference (3) interfered with
             Father’s custody at activities, namely [N.J.M.]’s
             baseball game on April 16, 2016 and (4) interfered



                    provide Mother a copy of the religious school
                    schedule by e-mail.

Order, 11/25/14 at 4.
5
    Pursuant to order dated September 25, 2015:

             3.     Mother and Father are prohibited from having
                    any contact with the children while the children
                    are in the other[’]s custody except for the one
                    phone call provided for in section 15 of the
                    Order of November 25, 2014.

             ....

             6.     If the non-custodial parent is at any activity of
                    one of the children during the other parent’s
                    custodial time, the non-custodial parent shall
                    limit his/her contact with the children to a brief
                    hello and goodbye. The non-custodial parent
                    is not permitted to otherwise sit with or be in
                    contact with either child at any such activity.

             ....

             8.     The daily phone calls provided for in section 15
                    of the Order of November 25, 2014 shall not
                    exceed five minutes with each child.

Order, 9/25/15 at 1-2.


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            with Father’s custody by having her parents pick-up
            [H.A.M.] at the end of a school day and deliver her
            to Father’s house in lieu of her using the school bus
            for the trip, which technically took place during
            Father’s custodial period which began at the
            beginning of the school day.

Trial court opinion, 8/30/16 at 2.

      On June 20, 2016, the trial court held a hearing on Father’s petition.

Father and Mother, who were both pro se by this time, testified.     At the

conclusion of the hearing, the court found Mother in contempt, but declined

to impose sanctions. In so doing, the court stated:

                  All right. The issues before me are whether or
            not Mother was in contempt of the prior Orders of
            this Court, and I find that she is.

            ....

                  As I said, it’s troubling -- I don’t know what
            else I can do to get you, [Mother], to understand
            that you need to abide by the Orders of this Court.

                   [Father] has requested that I, in essence, give
            him sole physical custody other than some
            supervised visitation by you, and I’m getting close to
            doing that. The only reason I’m not doing something
            like that is because, quite frankly, I think that will
            cause the children more harm and won’t improve
            [Father]’s relationship with the children; will
            probably have the adverse effect, and I’m not
            inclined to do that.

                 You’ll get my written Order, which may have
            some other provisions once I go through all of these
            other Orders and try to put them all in one
            document.

                 But, [Mother], I’m telling you, the next time
            you come back you may find yourself with the type


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            of provision that [Father] is now requesting. I don’t
            know what else to do. This has to end.

Notes of testimony, 6/20/16 at 148, 151-152.

     On July 19, 2016, Father filed a notice of appeal, along with a concise

statement    of   errors    complained     of   on    appeal    pursuant   to

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and (b). By order dated August 23, 2016, this court,

recognizing that “no order of court [had] been entered on the trial court

docket,” directed the trial court to enter an order within 14 days, no later

than September 5, 2016. (Per curiam order, 8/23/16.)

     In the interim, on August 18, 2016, the trial court entered a written

order confirming its finding of contempt as to Mother without the imposition

of sanctions.6 The order of August 18, 2016 provided as follows:

            [T]he Order entered in open Court on June 20, 2016
            is confirmed and [Mother] is held in contempt for
            having violated the prior[] Orders of this Court,
            including but not limited to the Orders entered on
            November 25, 2014 and September 25, 2015 due to
            her having amongst other things (1) interfered with
            [H.A.M.]’s participation in a Seder on or about
            April 19, 2016, which was part of her Hebrew School,
            (2) interfered with Father’s planned participation in a
            student led school conference on or about April 26,
            2016, (3) exceeded the allowable time during daily
            telephone calls with the children while they were in
            Father’s custody and (4) interfered with Father’s
            custodial time when the children were at activities
            where Mother was also present.



6
 Father filed an appeal of the August 18, 2016 order at No. 2902 EDA 2016
which, at Father’s request, was dismissed as duplicative of the instant
appeal on October 12, 2016.


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                  No specific penalty was/is imposed on Mother
           however she was/is admonished that any further
           violations of the Orders of the Court could result in
           the Court granting Father’s request that he be given
           sole physical custody with Mother’s only contact with
           the children being supervised visitation.

Order, 8/18/16.

     On appeal, Father raises the following issues:

           1.     Where Appellee/Mother has been held in
                  contempt      for  violating   custody  orders,
                  eight (8) separate times involving multiple
                  major violations each time, from 2014 to
                  mid-2016, for the same major things each
                  time, necessitating Father to file eleven (11)
                  contempt petitions during that period, and
                  attend eight separate hearing days, did the
                  trial court abuse its discretion by refusing to
                  impose any sanctions upon Mother when it
                  held her in contempt on June 20, 2016,
                  indirectly empowering Mother to continue [to]
                  violate Father’s custody rights and the best
                  interests of the children?

           2.     Did the trial court have a duty to enforce its
                  Orders against one who has repeatedly defied
                  them by imposing whatever sanctions are
                  available to protect the dignity of the judiciary
                  and enforcement of law to provide protection
                  of, and justice for the children and family that
                  has come to court?

           3.     While issuing powerful orders finding Mother in
                  contempt for abusing the children and Father
                  by alienating them from Father, filing false
                  child abuse complaints for ten (10) years,
                  interfering with religious school, and taking self
                  help time and time again, by refusing to
                  impose sanctions on June 20, 2016 has the
                  trial court favored Mother, because she is a
                  [m]other and she is pro se?



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             4.   Has the trial court punished Father for
                  exercising his due process rights by filing this
                  appeal and demonstrated personal bias or the
                  appearance thereof, where, in its Opinion, it
                  has wrongfully, for reasons not related to the
                  Order appealed, mocked Father, blatantly
                  mischaracterized his demeanor and the history
                  of this case, without citation to the record?

Father’s brief at 2-3. In essence, Father challenges the trial court’s lack of

imposition of sanctions.

      At the outset, we must determine the appealability of the order that

Father wishes to appeal from because “[t]he appealability of an order goes

directly to the jurisdiction of the [c]ourt asked to review the order.”

Takosky v. Henning, 906 A.2d 1255, 1258 (Pa.Super. 2006). To that end,

we note that following receipt of Father’s appeal, this court ordered Father to

show cause as to the appealability of the order because, to be appealable, a

contempt order must not only find contempt, but it must also impose

sanctions.   See, e.g., id.   See also, Genovese v. Genovese, 550 A.2d

1021 (Pa.Super. 1988). Father timely complied with this court’s show-cause

order.

      In his reply to show-cause order, Father maintains that the case law

requiring imposition of sanctions for purposes of appealability applies to the




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contemnor when the contemnor seeks to appeal the order.7 Father further

maintains that even though he is the obedient party, he is still the aggrieved

party because the trial court’s continuous failure to enforce its contempt

orders against Mother merely allows Mother to continue to engage in

contemptuous behavior that violates Father’s custodial rights and damages

his relationship with the Children.   Consequently, Father argues, the trial

court’s failure to enforce its contempt orders against Mother is a “de facto

denial of contempt” without redress because “Mother could continue to be

found in contempt and the trial court could choose to do nothing, again and

again and again, [] and Father could not appeal.”       (“Corrected Reply of

Appellant [N.A.M.] to Order to Show Cause Why Order Appealed from is

Final,” 9/26/16.)

      Our research has revealed only one precedential decision where

following a finding of contempt, the trial court declined to impose sanctions

and the obedient party appealed to this court alleging an abuse of discretion

for the trial court’s failure to impose sanctions. In Harcar v. Harcar, 982

A.2d 1230 (Pa.Super. 2009), a child’s mother took the child to another



7
  It is well settled that as to the contemnor, an order of contempt is not
appealable if sanctions were not imposed. See Genovese, 550 A.2d at
1022 (reiterating that “[u]nless sanctions are imposed, an order declaring a
party in contempt is interlocutory); see also Rhoades v. Pryce, 874 A.2d
148, 153 (Pa.Super. 2005) (finding that where the imposition of sanctions
causes the contemnor to suffer harm or a penalty, the contempt order is
appealable). Therefore, Mother would have been precluded from appealing
the finding of contempt against her.


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country for a vacation, but did not return to the United States after the

vacation ended, as required by a court order.       The trial court entered a

second order mandating that mother return with the child, but mother also

disregarded that order. Id. at 1232. While the trial court found mother in

contempt, it declined to impose any sanctions on her. Id. at 1233. Father

appealed and contended that the trial court’s failure to impose sanctions on

mother rewarded her ongoing contempt and permitted the child to remain

outside of the United States, even though the custody order and the order

requiring mother to return remained in force. Id. at 1233-1234.

      On appeal, this court affirmed the contempt finding, but reversed the

omission of sanctions. In so doing, we noted that the “contempt power is

essential to the preservation of the court’s authority and prevents the

administration of justice from falling into disrepute.” Id. at 1235 (citation

omitted).   We observed that mother had knowingly violated two court

orders, which sustained the contempt determination.       We then found that

the trial court abused its discretion when it declined to sanction mother for

“her flagrant contempt” of the court orders. Id. at 1240.

      Although   the   Harcar   court   did   not   specifically   address   the

appealability of the order finding mother in contempt but declining

imposition of sanctions, it seems that because mother’s contempt was

“flagrant,” the trial court’s finding of contempt without imposition of

sanctions was effectively a denial of father’s motion for contempt, which left



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father aggrieved. We might also simply reason that the trial court’s order in

the instant case is clearly appealable as to Father inasmuch as it is a denial

of relief to Father, similar to a complete denial of a motion for contempt,

which is an appealable order. See Basham v. Basham, 713 A.2d 673, 674

(Pa.Super. 1998) (reiterating that “[w]here a petition alleges refusal to

comply with a court order, and the trial court denies the petition, the denial

order is appealable”); see also Flannery v. Iberti, 763 A.2d 927, 930 n.1

(Pa.Super. 2000) (noting that “a trial court’s denial of a civil contempt

petition is appealable”).

      In the case now before us, the trial court found Mother in contempt for

violating its prior orders, “including but not limited to the Orders entered on

November 25, 2014 and September 25, 2015.”                   (Order, 8/18/16.)

Nevertheless, it imposed “[n]o specific penalty,” but merely admonished

Mother and warned her that any further violations of court orders “could

result in the [trial c]ourt granting Father’s request that he be given sole

physical custody with Mother’s only contact with the [C]hildren being

supervised visitation.”     (Id.)   The record further reflects that Mother has

continuously violated court orders for approximately ten years. Therefore, if

we were to wait to address the contempt finding until the trial court imposes

sanctions, which it has not done and which it may never do, Father would

lose all ability to seek judicial relief and his involvement, or lack thereof, in

his Children’s lives would be placed in the hands of Mother, the contemnor,



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and removed from the administration of justice. Consequently, we conclude

that the August 18, 2016 order is a collateral order and appealable as of

right.

         Appellate review of a contempt order is limited to determining whether

the trial court abused its discretion. Bold v. Bold, 939 A.2d 892, 894-895

(Pa.Super. 2007). “If a trial court, in reaching its conclusion, overrides or

misapplies the law or exercises judgment which is manifestly unreasonable,

or reaches a conclusion that is the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or

ill will as shown by the evidence of record, then discretion is abused.”

Gates v. Gates, 967 A.2d 1024, 1028 (Pa.Super. 2009).

         Here, the trial court abused its discretion by declining to impose any

sanction on Mother despite her flagrant contempt, which has been ongoing

for ten years. The trial court’s refusal to impose sanctions not only permits

Mother to disobey custody orders, but it rewards her for doing so by allowing

her to determine matters of custody without adverse consequences and

without regard to Father’s parental rights.     Therefore, in failing to impose

any sanction, the trial court exercised its discretion without reason, which

constitutes an abuse of discretion.

         What is abundantly clear from the review of the record in this case is

that both Mother and Father have been in contentious litigation in this

matter for ten years. As cogently stated by the trial court, neither party is

without blame for the stress that the parents’ actions in the custody battle



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has placed on the Children.       Although we understand the trial court’s

concern that a sanction by way of reduced custody would be detrimental to

the Children, no sanction at all for Mother’s repeated and flagrant abuse of

the orders of the trial court is unacceptable under Harcar, 982 A.2d 1230.

Therefore, we are constrained to remand for imposition of sanctions without

resolution of any other issue raised by Father.

      Order affirmed to the extent that the trial court held Mother in

contempt.   Order reversed and remanded for further proceedings to the

extent that the trial court did not sanction Mother. Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 8/7/2017




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