                                  STATE OF VERMONT
SUPERIOR COURT                                             ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION
Environmental Division Unit                                   Docket No. 45-5-15 Vtec


Purvis Nonconforming Use                                 DECISION ON MOTION



       Appellant Luke Purvis appeals a determination from the City of Burlington Development
Review Board (“DRB”) concerning the parking area behind the residence at his property at 164
North Willard Street in the City of Burlington (“City”). Appellant argues that his parking is
protected by 24 V.S.A. § 4454, which establishes a fifteen-year statute of limitations upon the
enforcement of zoning violations, and also that his parking is a nonconforming use. He also
argues that a provision in the City of Burlington Comprehensive Development Ordinance
(“CDO”) that attempts to establish that a zoning violation will be deemed abandoned after a
sixty-day period of non-use is (1) unconstitutionally vague and (2) preempted by the state
nonconforming use statute, see 24 V.S.A. § 4412(7), which establishes a six-month period of
abandonment for nonconforming uses. Appellant has moved for partial summary judgment on
his vagueness and preemption arguments.
       Appellant is represented by Attorney Nicole Killoran, and the City is represented by
Attorney Kimberlee Sturtevant. Joseph and Theresa Cleary, who are Interested Persons in this
appeal, are self-represented.

                                      Factual Background
       For the sole purpose of deciding the pending motions, we recite the following facts,
which we understand to be undisputed unless otherwise noted. Some of the facts listed below
were drawn from the Court’s examination of materials submitted in support of the motions,
rather than the parties’ statements of facts. See V.R.C.P. 56(c)(3) (allowing a court to consider
materials cited in the parties’ statements of facts and other materials in the record). We do not
understand the facts drawn from these materials to be disputed.
1.      Appellant Luke Purvis owns a parcel of land at 164 North Willard Street in Burlington
that has two buildings on site: the front building has two or more residential apartments and
the rear building is a two-car garage.1
2.      Appellant’s parcel benefits from an easement for ingress and egress over a triangular
portion of a neighboring parcel to the south, owned by Joseph Cleary.
3.      In June of 2014, Mr. Cleary complained to the City that Appellant had expanded the
parking to the rear of Appellant’s building without first receiving a zoning permit.2
4.      On July 22 2014,3 the zoning specialist sent Appellant a notification letter that advised
Appellant that a complaint had been received that he had expanded the parking occurring in
the rear of his property. In this letter, the zoning specialist invited Appellant to refute the
complaint and provide evidence in support of his position.
5.      The zoning specialist then made physical inspections of Appellant’s property on several
occasions over the months of September, October, and November, 2014. On January 28, 2015,
the zoning specialist inspected the property again, while visiting with Appellant, to inspect the
rear portion of his property and to determine whether parking was or had been occurring or
had been expanded. The zoning specialist discovered “disturbed areas” on the property (or
properties), but no parking was observed during any of these visits.
6.      As a follow up to these visits to the property, the zoning specialist wrote to Appellant on
January 29, 2015, advising that a determination had been made that no parking had occurred
on Appellant’s property during the months visited. The zoning specialist further advised that

        1
           A copy of a photo of Appellant’s garage and a portion of his driveway was attached as page 2 of Exhibit
5 to Appellant’s pending motion.
        2
             The facts currently before the Court make it unclear whether this initial complaint alleged that
Appellant expanded parking onto the easement area or onto some other portion of Appellant’s property. The
February 13, 2015 decision from the DRB references an “expansion of parking . . . [on] a strip of land,
approximately 2’ (w) x 60’ (l) on the south side of the driveway and north of the easement on the adjacent
property . . . .” In subsequent language that appears to reference a different portion of Appellant’s land, a motion
was made that the DRB “highly recommend that the owner of 164 North Willard submit a parking plan with lot
coverage as it appears an expansion of parking has occurred on the north side of the driveway.” That motion,
which also recommended that the DRB “uphold the determination of no violation by the Code Enforcement
Officer,” passed on a vote of 5-0-0. The legal issues raised in this motion do not require us to determine where
Appellant’s alleged parking expansion occurred.
        3
            This July 22, 2014 letter, a copy of which was attached to Appellant’s motion for summary judgment as
Exhibit 4, is incorrectly referenced as a “September 22, 2014 notification letter” in the subsequent letter from the
zoning specialist dated January 29, 2015, a copy of which was attached to Appellant’s motion as Exhibit 5.

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the evidence submitted, including affidavits that Appellant submitted in response to the
complaint, was “found inconclusive to determine that the 15-year enforcement statute of
limitations is applicable to” Appellant’s property.
7.       The zoning specialist also included the following directive in her January 28, 2015 letter:
“All disturbed areas, as a result of previous parking, must be restored to green space by May 1,
2015; to conform to coverage allowances and respect of the setback.”
8.       Appellant appealed these determinations to the DRB on the ground that his parking was
protected under the fifteen-year statute of limitations in 24 V.S.A. § 4454(a).
9.       In its decision, the DRB clarified that the zoning specialist’s determination only applied
to the strip of land between Appellant’s driveway and the southern boundary of his property,
not the triangular easement on Mr. Cleary’s property.4 The DRB concluded that Appellant had
abandoned parking on this area for more than sixty days.

                                                    Discussion
         Appellant has moved for partial summary judgment on his arguments that Section 5.3.2
of the CDO is unconstitutionally vague and that it is preempted by the state nonconforming use
statute (Questions 1 and 3 of his Statement of Questions, respectively). The City opposes the
pending motion, asserting that Appellant misconstrues both the statute of limitations and the
concept of lawful, pre-existing nonconformities.
         We begin our analysis by noting that this Court is directed to grant summary judgment
to a party “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” V.R.C.P. 56(a).5 Because we find that

         4
           The City has objected to the use of the phrase “Southern Parking Area” to refer to this strip of land
between the driveway and the southern boundary of Appellants’ property, since the city “does not recognize this
as a parking area.” See Appellee’s Opp. to Mot. for Summ. J. at 6 (filed Sept. 23, 3015). However, we do not
understand the City to dispute that it is only this strip of land that is the subject of the DRB’s determination.
         5
            Because the two questions at issue in this motion are pure questions of law, only the second prong of
this test is at issue in this motion. In his motion for summary judgment, Appellant included a statement of
additional facts in an effort to substantiate his argument (which he makes for the first time on appeal) that his
parking is a lawful, preexisting nonconforming use dating back to 1966. See Appellant’s Additional Statement of
Face in Support of Mot. for Summ. J. on Questions 1 & 3 (filed Aug. 18, 2015). The City objected to the inclusion of
these facts because the questions at issue in the motion were purely legal and did not require substantiating facts
(note—all facts included in the background section of this decision were drawn from a stipulated statement of
facts). The City also asked that, if we did consider these additional facts relevant to the disposition of this motion,
we afford the City an opportunity to present evidence on the zoning ordinance in place in 1962. In Appellant’s

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Section 5.3.2 of the CDO is not unconstitutionally vague and that it is not preempted by the
state nonconforming use statute, we deny Appellant’s motion for summary judgment on both
questions.6

I.      Vagueness
        Appellant argues that Section 5.3.2 of the CDO is unconstitutionally vague, both on its
face7 and as-applied, because it “forbids or requires the doing of an act in terms so vague that
persons of common intelligence must guess at its meaning and differ as to its application.” See
Appellant’s Mot. for Summ. J. (citing In re James GHIA, No. 31-2-03 Vtec, slip op. at 8 (Vt. Envtl.
Ct. Nov. 19, 2003) (Wright, J.)).
        The Due Process Clause United States Constitution imposes minimum clarity
requirements for all statutes and ordinances. See In re Handy, 171 Vt. 336, 345 (2000). A
vague statute or ordinance can offend due process either because it is so vague that it fails to
give landowners notice of what is prohibited, or because it imposes so few limits on a decision-
maker’s discretion that it will lead to arbitrary decision-making. See In re Beliveau NOV, 2013
VT 41, ¶ 15, 194 Vt. 1.
        When a party challenges a law for failing to provide adequate notice, we must
determine whether a person of common intelligence has fair warning of what is prohibited,
considering the plain text of the challenged provision, the ordinance as a whole, the legislative
history, relevant case law, and other extrinsic aids. In re Highlands Development Co., No. 194-
10-03 Vtec, slip op. at 15 (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Feb. 2, 2010) (Wright, J.).
        Where a civil ordinance implicates only economic (not constitutional) rights, the bar for
finding the ordinance void-for-vagueness is high. See id. (quoting In re Rusty Nail Acquisition,



reply, he conceded that the Court needs only “hypothetical” facts for the review of this motion. See Appellant’s
Reply in Support of Mot. for Summ. J. at 3 (filed Oct. 14, 2015). We agree that the current motion involves pure
issues of law, and that we need not consider the additional facts regarding Appellant’s nonconforming use status
for the purposes of deciding this motion.
        6
            The City has not cross-moved for summary judgment.
        7
           Because facial vagueness challenges are only available where a statute or ordinance threatens First
Amendment rights, Maynard v. Cartwright, 486 U.S. 356, 361 (1988); see also State v. Cantrell, 151 Vt. 130, 133
(1989), and because Appellant makes no claim that Section 5.3.1 threatens his First Amendment rights, we only
consider Appellant’s as-applied challenge.

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Inc., 2009 VT 68, ¶ 12, 186 Vt. 195); see also Village of Hoffman Estates v. Flipside, Hoffman
Estates, Inc., 455 U.S. 489, 498–99 (1982).
       Section 5.3.2 of the CDO reads:
       Sec. 5.3.2 “Bianchi” controlled uses, structures, and lots.
       Although not subject to enforcement under Article 2, uses, structures, and lots
       which are deemed to be controlled by the Bianchi decision, and the subsequent
       enactment of 24 VSA Sec. 4454, shall be considered violations that are not
       considered legal to any extent and shall in no event be granted the consideration
       or allowances of nonconforming structures, uses, and lots. Thus, no change,
       alteration, enlargement, and reestablishment after discontinuance for more than
       sixty (60) days or reconstruction after an occurrence or event which destroys at
       least 50% of the structure in the judgment of the city’s building inspector shall be
       permitted, except to a conforming use, structure, or lot.

       In the Bianchi decision, the Vermont Supreme Court held that a zoning violation could
constitute an encumbrance on title that violates the covenant against encumbrances in a
warranty deed where the violation would have been obvious from an examination of municipal
records and “the violation substantially impairs the purchaser’s use and enjoyment of the
property.” Bianchi v. Lorenz, 166 Vt. 555, 558, 561 (1997). The Bianchi decision had no bearing
on a municipality’s ability to enforce zoning violations.
       Afraid that Bianchi would hinder real estate transactions, the Vermont Legislature
passed legislation in 1998 that implemented a number of reforms. 1999, No. 125. First, this
statute explicitly superseded the Bianchi holding. See id. § 2, codified at 27 V.S.A. § 612(a)
(“Notwithstanding the majority decision in Bianchi v. Lorenz (1997), for land development, as
defined in 24 V.S.A. § 4303(10), no encumbrance on record title to real estate or effect on
marketability shall be created by the failure to obtain or comply with the terms or conditions of
any required municipal land use permit as defined in 24 V.S.A. § 4303(11).”). The statute also
attempted to modernize and standardize municipal recording, both for deeds and for zoning
violations. See id. § 2, codified at 24 V.S.A. §§ 1154, 1161. Finally, the Act established a ten-
year statute of limitations for enforcement of zoning violations. See id. § 2.
       Unsatisfied with the effects of the 1998 Act, the Legislature passed Act 25 in 1999 in an
attempt to further clarify the law surrounding zoning violations and title transfer. See 1999,
No. 46, § 1. The 1999 Act maintained the provisions superseding Bianchi, enhanced the

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provisions standardizing municipal record-keeping, and extended the statute of limitations for
enforcement of zoning violations to fifteen years. See 1999, No. 46, § 2, codified at 24 V.S.A.
§§ 1154, 1161; 27 V.S.A. § 612(a); 24 V.S.A. § 4454.
       Given this history, the reference to the Bianchi decision in Section 5.3.2 is confusing for
two reasons. First, Bianchi is no longer good law, so nothing is “controlled by the Bianchi
decision.” Second, even if Bianchi were still good law, Bianchi dealt with the covenant against
encumbrances in a warranty deed, and it has no obvious relevance to ordinary zoning
enforcement. Read literally, uses “controlled by the Bianchi decision,” might mean “uses,
structures, or lots with zoning violations that would constitute encumbrances on title under
Bianchi and that are currently subject to pending breach-of-covenant litigation.” Read slightly
less literally, it might mean “uses, structures, and lots with zoning violations that ‘substantially
impair[] the purchaser’s use and enjoyment of the property’” or “uses, structures, and lots with
zoning violations that would be discoverable through a search of the municipal records.” See id.
at 558, 560–61.
       However, in considering a vagueness challenge, we do not consider the challenged
provisions in isolation; we will consider the statute or ordinance as a whole, in light of relevant
case law and legislative history. In re Highlands Development Co., No. 194-10-03 Vtec, slip op.
at 15 (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Feb. 2, 2010) (Wright, J.). The section that precedes Section 5.3.2 sheds
some light on the intended meaning of the Bianchi reference. Section 5.3.1 reads, “This Part
will also address ‘Bianchi-controlled situations’, in which a zoning violation may not [be] subject
to enforcement under the standards set forth by the Vermont Supreme Court in the case
entitled Bianchi v. Lorentz [sic] and later codified in 24 V.S.A. Sec. 4454.” CDO § 5.3.1. Section
5.3.1 mischaracterizes Bianchi because Bianchi did not render zoning violations unenforceable.
From Section 5.3.1, however, we can discern that the drafters considered “Bianchi” to be a kind
of shorthand for the entire statutory body of law that the case prompted, including the fifteen-
year statute of limitations on zoning violations in Section 4454. From this, we conclude that the
reference to Bianchi in Section 5.3.2 was not meant to limit or expand the scope of violations




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controlled by Section 5.3.2.          Rather, Section 5.3.2 applies to all violations claiming the
protection of the statute of limitations.8
        We believe an ordinary reader informed about Bianchi and the ensuing legislation could
likewise discern this meaning. At the very least, Section 5.3.1, which explains the ordinance
drafters’ understanding of Bianchi, gives the average landowner sufficient notice that Section
5.3.2 might impose a sixty-day period of abandonment for all zoning violations subject to the
statute of limitations in 24 V.S.A. § 4454.             This is sufficient “definite fair warning as to
proscribed conduct” in the less-stringent context of a land use regulation. See In re Rusty Nail
Acquisition, Inc., 2009 VT 68, ¶ 16, 186 Vt. 195 (quoting Brody v. Barasch, 155 Vt. 103, 111
(1990)).
        We agree with Appellant that the Burlington ordinance at issue here is not a model of
clarity. But we cannot agree that the ordinance is constitutionally infirm. Using ordinary tools
of statutory interpretation, including surrounding provisions and legislative history, the
ordinary landowner has sufficient warning that any claim to the protection of the statute of
limitations concerning enforcement of zoning violations may be subject to a sixty-day period of
abandonment.

II.     Preemption
        Appellant next challenges the sixty-day abandonment period in Section 5.3.2 on
preemption grounds. Appellant argues that the reference to Bianchi in Section 5.3.2 of the CDO
means that Section 5.3.2 arguably applies to nonconformities and not merely to violations
protected by the statute of limitations in 24 V.S.A. § 4454. If this is so, Appellant argues, the
sixty-day period of abandonment in Section 5.3.2 is preempted by 24 V.S.A. § 4412(7)(A)(i),
which provides that municipalities may “specify a time period that shall constitute
abandonment or discontinuance of [a] nonconforming use, provided the time period is not less
than six months.”



        8
             We recognize that this interpretation essentially ignores portions of the statutory text, and that we
avoid interpretations that render statutory provisions mere surplusage. See State v. Kreth, 150 Vt. 406, 409
(1988). However, we will ignore portions of a statute or ordinance that have been used inadvertently if necessary
to effect legislative intent. See id. (citing State v. Stevens, 137 Vt. 473, 481 (1942)).

                                                        7
        If Section 5.3.2 of the Burlington CDO attempted to establish a sixty-day period of
abandonment for nonconforming uses, we agree that it would be preempted by the six-month
floor in the state nonconforming use statute, 24 V.S.A. § 4412(7)(A)(i). However, we cannot
agree that Section 5.3.2 could be plausibly interpreted to apply to nonconforming uses.
        “Nonconforming use” is a term of art. It does not mean “any use that does not conform
to present land use regulations.” Rather, a nonconforming use is a use that was legal when it
began, but that does not conform to land use regulations established since its inception. 24
V.S.A. § 4303 (defining nonconforming use). See 24 V.S.A. § 4412(13)–(15). A nonconforming
use is therefore not a zoning violation. It is a fully legal use, which is why we often refer to
these uses as “lawful preexisting nonconforming uses.” See, e.g., In re Bay Harbor Marina, Inc.,
No. 118-8-13 Vtec, slip op. at 5 (Vt. Envtl. Div. Apr. 4, 2014) (Durkin, J.). Conversely, a lot or
structure that was illegal when it began, but which is unenforceable because it has been
ongoing for more than fifteen years, see 24 V.S.A. § 4454, is not a nonconforming use: no use
can qualify for nonconforming use status if it was illegal when it began. See City of St. Albans v.
Hayford, 2008 VT 36, ¶ 11, 183 Vt. 596.
        Appellant misunderstands this distinction9 and argues that the reference to Bianchi in
Section 5.3.2 can be said to implicate nonconforming uses. We do not agree. The Bianchi case
dealt only with zoning violations, not nonconforming uses; it held that, when a zoning violation
substantially impairs the use or enjoyment of property, and when the violation would be
evident from examining municipal records, the violation can be an “encumbrance” on title.
Bianchi v. Lorenz, 166 Vt. 555, 558, 561 (1997). Nonconforming uses are not violations—they
are fully lawful uses. Bianchi therefore does not implicate nonconforming uses.10



        9
           Appellant has characterized nonconforming uses as “properties that are in fact non-conforming in that
they were sold with a pre-existing zoning violation that pre-dated the applicable ordinance.” See Appellant’s Mot.
for Summ. J. at 7 (filed Aug. 18, 2015) (emphasis added). These “violations,” Appellant argues, could arguably be
subject to Bianchi.
        10
             We also note that, even if Bianchi were somehow to apply to nonconforming uses, we have interpreted
the statute to essentially govern only those zoning violations claiming the protection of the statute of limitations.
See Part I, supra. The statute of limitations does not apply to nonconforming uses, since nonconforming uses are
fully lawful and do not require the protection from an enforcement action that a statute of limitations affords.
Thus, even if Bianchi applied to nonconforming uses, Section 5.3.2 still would not, and would therefore not be
preempted by the statutory nonconforming use abandonment period in 24 V.S.A. § 4412(7)(A).

                                                         8
        Because Section 5.3.2 plainly does not apply to nonconforming uses, we see no conflict
between Section 5.3.2 and the nonconforming use statute, 24 V.S.A. § 4412(7)(A).                       The
nonconforming use statute forbids municipalities from establishing a period of abandonment
for nonconforming uses that is shorter than six months. § 4412(70(A)(i). Burlington has not
done this. Rather, the City has established a sixty-day period of abandonment for zoning
violations that are protected from enforcement by the statute of limitations in 24 V.S.A. § 4454.
Since zoning violations protected by the statute of limitations are distinct from nonconforming
uses, Burlington’s sixty-day period of abandonment in Section 5.3.2 is not preempted by the
nonconforming use statute.11

                                               Conclusion
        We conclude that Section 5.3.2 of the Burlington Comprehensive Development
Ordinance is not unconstitutionally vague. We also conclude that, because it does not apply to
nonconforming uses, it is not preempted by the nonconforming use statute, 24 V.S.A.
§ 4412(7). We therefore DENY Appellant’s motion for summary judgment.


Electronically signed on January 27, 2016 at Newfane, Vermont, pursuant to V.R.E.F. 7(d).




________________________________
Thomas S. Durkin, Judge
Environmental Division




        11
          We note that this is the only preemption argument Appellant presented in both his Statement of
Questions and his motion for summary judgment—Appellant did not argue that the statute of limitations itself
preempts municipalities from establishing periods of abandonment for protected zoning violations.

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