                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                        FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT



                             No. 01-30554
                           Summary Calendar



In the Matter of:
JOHN DAVID WESTMORELAND,
                                                               Debtor.


GENE KOURY AUTO SALES, doing business as
West Central Auto Credit,
                                                           Appellant,

versus

JOHN DAVID WESTMORELAND,
                                                            Appellee.

         ___________________________________________________

           Appeal from the United States District Court
  for the Western District of Louisiana, Lake Charles Division
                          (No. 01-CV-341)
       ___________________________________________________

                         January 30, 2002
Before HIGGINBOTHAM, WIENER, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

     Gene Koury Auto Sales (“Koury”) seeks to prevent the discharge

in bankruptcy of John David Westmoreland’s car-loan debt.       Koury

contends that when Westmoreland, lacking insurance, drove and

negligently wrecked the car in which Koury had a security interest,

Westmoreland acted willfully and maliciously, thereby making the

debt nondischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(3).      The bankruptcy



     *
        Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that
this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except
under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.
court held the debt to be dischargeable, and the district court

agreed.   We do too.

                                    I.

                         FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

     The debt at issue is $2,548.09 in dealer financing for the

1986 Isuzu pickup truck that Westmoreland bought from Koury in

September 1995 —— financing that Koury secured by perfecting an

interest in the pickup. The sale contract required Westmoreland to

insure the pickup, which he testified that he did for the first few

months of his ownership. Thereafter, however, Westmoreland allowed

his insurance to lapse, so that the pickup was uninsured on the day

when,   driving   in   Louisiana,   from   Lake   Charles   to   Leesville,

Westmoreland entered a construction zone, drove partway off the

shoulderless road, went over a six-inch drop-off, and, in trying to

return to the road, lost control of the pickup.        It shot across the

center line, struck an oncoming car, and burned.

     After this accident, Westmoreland ceased making payments on

the loan.   Koury sued in state court, obtained a money judgment,

and secured an order garnishing Westmoreland’s wages.            This order,

and other sequellae of the accident, prompted Westmoreland to file

for bankruptcy.

     The bankruptcy court held that Westmoreland’s debt to Koury

was dischargeable.      Koury appealed that decision to the district

court, which affirmed.     This appeal followed.




                                     2
                                II.

                              ANALYSIS

     We apply the same standard of review as the district court

did, reviewing the bankruptcy court’s factual findings for clear

error and its legal conclusions and mixed determinations of law and

fact de novo.1   The essential facts of the case are undisputed.

The only issue is whether the debt was legally dischargeable.

     Section 523(a)(6) provides that an individual debtor is not

discharged from any debt “for willful and malicious injury by the

debtor to another entity or the property of another entity.”

Conceding that Westmoreland’s accident was neither willful nor

malicious, Koury contends that for Westmoreland to drive without

insurance was both.   In its brief to this court, Koury states that:

     [T]he pertinent and critical issues are whether the
     Debtor’s wilful [sic] and intentional act of failing to
     maintain   insurance   coverage;  wilfully   [sic]   and
     intentionally driving the vehicle without insurance
     coverage; wilfully [sic] and intentionally breaching his
     contract with Appellant; and willfully and intentionally
     violating state law.

Affirmative answers to these questions might foreclose discharge if

the legal standard were what Koury’s brief in part describes it to

be —— that the debt is nondischargeable if it results from an

injury done either “without just cause or excuse” or “in knowing

disregard of the rights of another.”




     1
      AT&T Universal Card Services v. Mercer (In re Mercer), 246
F.3d 391, 402 (5th Cir. 2001) (en banc).

                                  3
     The current standard is different, however.             As the Supreme

Court unanimously determined in Kawaauhau v. Geiger,2

     The word “willful” in [§ 523](a)(6) modifies the word
     “injury,” indicating that nondischargeability takes a
     deliberate or intentional injury, not merely a deliberate
     or intentional act that leads to injury.3

This means, the Court observed, that the category of injuries that

§ 523(a)(6) describes is somewhat analogous to “intentional torts,

as   distinguished    from    negligent   or    reckless   torts.”4      The

distinction   is     that    an   intentional   tortfeasor     intends   the

“consequences of an act, not simply the act itself.”5             A broader

interpretation of the exception to discharge, the Court warned,

     could place within the excepted category a wide range of
     situations in which an act is intentional, but injury is
     unintended, i.e., neither desired nor in fact anticipated
     by the debtor. Every traffic accident stemming from an
     intentional act——for example, intentionally rotating the
     wheel of an automobile to make a left-hand turn without
     first    checking   oncoming   traffic——could   fit   the
     description. A knowing breach of contract could also
     qualify . . . .       A construction so broad would be
     incompatible with the well-known guide that exceptions to
     discharge should be confined to those plainly expressed.
           Furthermore,   we   are   hesitant  to   adopt   an
     interpretation of a congressional enactment which renders
     superfluous another portion of that same law. Reading
     § 523(a)(6) [to include injury resulting from negligence]
     would obviate the need for § 523(a)(9), which
     specifically exempts debts “for death or personal injury
     caused by the debtor’s operation of a motor vehicle if
     such operation was unlawful because the debtor was



     2
      Kawaauhau v. Geiger, 523 U.S. 57 (1998).
     3
      Id. at 61 (emphasis added).
     4
      Id.
     5
      Id. at 61–62 (emphasis original) (citation and quotation
marks omitted).

                                      4
     intoxicated from        using   alcohol,   a    drug,   or    another
     substance.”6

The Court therefore held that a debt arising from injury resulting

from medical malpractice by an uninsured doctor did not fall within

the compass of § 523(a)(6).7

     The Court’s discussion in Kawaauhau clearly rules out several

of the theories that Koury advances.           The Court teaches that even

a knowing breach of contract, such as Koury alleges took place

here, does not make a debt nondischargeable.                   And for us to

interpret § 523(a)(6) as rendering nondischargeable every debt

arising from the unlawful operation of a motor vehicle would read

§ 523(a)(9) out of the Bankruptcy Code.             This we cannot and shall

not do.

     Our most recent gloss on Kawaauhau also disposes of Koury’s

argument that Westmoreland’s driving the pickup without insurance

was in and of itself “willful and malicious injury” under the

statute.    In Miller v. J.D. Abrams, Inc.,8 we determined that,

after Kawaauhau, “‘willful and malicious injury’ is a unitary

concept entailing a single two-pronged test,” and that an injury is

willful    and   malicious    when    “there    is    either      an   objective




     6
      Kawaauhau, 523 U.S. at 62 (citations and some quotation marks
omitted).
     7
      Id. at 64.
     8
      Miller v. J.D. Abrams, Inc. (In re Miller), 156 F.3d 598
(1998).

                                      5
substantial certainty of harm or a subjective motive to cause

harm.”9

     That the intent prong describes the motivation to injure, not

the motivation to act in a way that leads to injury, is clear from

the unusual facts of Delaney10 and our holding therein —— which, as

we said in Miller, “remains good law.”11

     Delaney unquestionably acted intentionally when he loaded
     the shotgun, took it with him to the confrontation with
     Corley, and with his finder on the trigger, twice tapped
     the barrel of the gun on the windshield of the car to get
     Corley’s attention. In contrast, however, the firing of
     the gun was neither deliberate nor intentional; on the
     contrary, it was wholly unintentional, even though
     possibly not wholly unforeseeable.      It follows that,
     under our (and the majority of the circuits’) reading of
     § 523(a)(6), Delaney did not intend Corley’s injury——or
     any injury for that matter.     Thus the injury was not
     “willful or malicious” on the part of Delaney: He neither
     intended the injury nor intentionally took action that
     was “substantially certain” to cause the injuries that
     Corley suffered.12

The “harm” element contemplated by the Miller intent prong cannot

be fulfilled simply by driving without insurance —— even when the

driver or owner is contractually bound to carry insurance ——

because, absent an accident, driving without insurance does not

cause injury; to conflate the two would confuse causation with

damage. “Harm” rather refers to the consequent injury itself —— in

this case, the destruction of Koury’s security interest as a result

of the accident.

     9
      Id. at 606.
     10
          Corley v. Delaney (In re Delaney), 97 F.3d 800 (1996).
     11
          Miller, 156 F.3d at 604.
     12
          In re Delaney, 97 F.3d at 802–03 (emphasis original).

                                     6
     As there is no evidence in the record that Westmoreland had

any subjective motive to destroy Koury’s interest by totaling his

own pickup, the issue reduces to whether driving without insurance

created an “objective substantial certainty of harm.”       Again,

Delaney controls.   We held that Delaney’s tapping a loaded gun

against a car windshield was not “substantially certain” to cause

injury to an occupant of the car, so neither could Westmoreland’s

failure to insure amount to such a substantial certainty.   In this

case’s causal chain, Westmoreland’s failure to maintain insurance

is simply too distant from Koury’s injury to create an objective,

substantial certainty that harm would occur.      Too many causal

“links” intervene: the construction zone, the lack of a shoulder on

the road, the six-inch dropoff, the loss of control of the vehicle,

and the presence of an oncoming car.     It is true that driving

without insurance places a lender’s interest in the car at risk,

and that in some proportion of cases a subsequent accident will

therefore result in financial injury to the lender.         We are

convinced, however, that such risk or proportion does not qualify

here as an objective, substantial certainty.13




                               III.

     13
      Our result here is therefore in accord with that reached by
the district courts, which have largely held that the failure to
insure a vehicle does not make a resulting debt nondischargeable
under § 523(a)(6). See Broussard v. Fields (In re Fields), 203
B.R. 401, 411–12 (Bankr. M.D. La. 1996) (collecting cases).

                                7
                              CONCLUSION

     Westmoreland’s failure to insure, followed by his driving the

uninsured   vehicle,   did   not   create   an   objective,   substantial

certainty of harm; and Westmoreland had no subjective motive to

cause harm.   The bankruptcy court properly held, and the district

court correctly affirmed, that Westmoreland’s debt to Koury is

dischargeable in bankruptcy.       The judgment of the district court

is, therefore,

AFFIRMED.




                                    8
