

 
 


NUMBER 13-08-00121-CR


COURT OF APPEALS


THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS


CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG 

 
 
STEVEN LIVINGSTON,	 Appellant,

v.


THE STATE OF TEXAS,	Appellee.


On appeal from the 214th District Court

 of Nueces County, Texas.

 

MEMORANDUM OPINION


Before Justices Rodriguez, Benavides and Wittig (1)

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Wittig

	Steven Livingston, appellant, was indicted for aggravated sexual assault of a child,
a first degree felony, and indecency with a child, a second degree felony, both against the
same victim, on or about May 11, 2007.  See Tex. Pen. Code § 21.11 (Vernon 2003).   A
jury found appellant guilty on both counts and assessed his punishment at 25 years in
prison plus a $10,000 fine for aggravated sexual assault of a child, and ten years
imprisonment plus a $10,000 fine for indecency with a child.  The docket entry and initial
oral pronouncement of the sentence did not provide that the sentences be stacked. 
Appellant was remanded to custody and ordered to the state penitentiary.  Some hours
later, the trial judge re-called appellant to the courtroom and ordered that the sentences
run consecutively.  The written order signed by the court also provided for stacking of the
sentences.
	In his first issue, appellant contends the trial court erred by denying his unsworn
motion for continuance based upon the State's last-minute disclosure of damaging
computer-encrypted data and extraneous offense evidence.  In issue two, he complains
the trial court failed to conduct a "gatekeeper" hearing before allowing expert testimony. 
In his third issue, appellant complains that the trial court lacked authority to stack the
sentences.  In his fourth and fifth issues, appellant contends the evidence is legally and
factually insufficient to support the second count of indecency with a child.  We affirm.							I.  Motion for Continuance
	According to the record, appellant's trial counsel received new documents and
photos,  based upon encrypted data extracted from appellant's computer, about noon on
Friday, January 4, 2008, before the scheduled trial on Monday, January 7, 2008.  The
State had seized the computer months before and supposedly furnished defense counsel
with all data taken from the computer that it intended to introduce as evidence in the trial. 
The late documents, State's Exhibits 16 - 21, had numerous highly damaging and
incriminating statements, e.g., "had some fingers on her little ridge" and "put my hands
inside the legs and stroked the tops of the inside of her thighs and groin."  On or about
Friday, January 4, Pat Patterson, the State's forensic computer expert, provided the
prosecution with a package of materials he had extracted from appellant's computer
"sometime back."  Included in the documents were alleged computer writings by appellant,
said to have been decoded by Patterson.  Appellant had previously been furnished journal
entries from his computer by the State, but the specific and highly incriminating material
was not furnished until Friday at noon.
	Appellant filed a hand-written, unsworn, motion for continuance before the trial
began on Monday, January 7.  In it, counsel advised that the last minute evidence
consisted of four documents allegedly obtained from appellant's computer. (2)  Counsel
requested time to investigate the veracity of the decoded documents, and to prepare and
study the technology of encrypted messages.  The stated history of the documents
retrieved by the State involved the decoding of entries purportedly made by appellant on
his computer which had been erased, deleted, not completed, or not finalized.  Defense
counsel advised the court, and the State admitted, the documents were not furnished until
noon, the Friday before trial.  Defense counsel informed the court he had a mediation that
Friday afternoon, was a solo practitioner, and did not look at the documents until Saturday. 
Defense counsel also filed a motion to exclude the evidence given to him on Friday.  The
trial court overruled the motion for continuance without initially hearing argument.   Later,
the trial judge told defense counsel that the case would be continued until 1:00 p.m. that
same Monday.  The trial court also entertained further arguments about the motion for
continuance and the State's late-filed documents.
	Defense counsel further informed the trial court that the State had furnished other
computer generated materials, but the specific incriminating matters were not furnished. 
Defense counsel argued to the court:
	I haven't had time to investigate the legality of entering the encrypted
message into evidence.  None of the other discovery given to me by the
State in the book that Ms. Jimenez (the prosecutor) held up earlier and
showed you that has journal entries had encrypted messages.  So there was
no reason for me to research encrypted messages, the technology of
encrypted messages, the legality of introducing encrypted messages.

At 11:00 a.m., during the Monday pre-trial, the State also handed defense counsel some
fifty additional pages of new extraneous offense evidence which counsel had not had the
chance to review.  The trial court gave defense counsel "tonight to review."  "We don't start
evidence today until you've had an opportunity to review that.  We'll start it tomorrow."
	Defense counsel renewed his motion for continuance a second time before jury
selection, after the State delivered the fifty additional pages of new material.  A jury was
then selected.
A.  Standard of Review
	The Texas Code of Criminal Procedure permits a continuance only upon a written
motion sworn by the State or the defendant.  Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. arts. 29.03,
29.08 (Vernon 2006).  The court of criminal appeals has confirmed a long line of cases
stating, "A motion for continuance not in writing and not sworn preserves nothing for
review."  Dewberry v. State, 4 S.W.3d 735, 755 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); see Matamoros
v. State, 901 S.W.2d 470, 478 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995); see also Montoya v. State, 810
S.W.2d 160, 176 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989).  Likewise, this Court has not recognized any error
preserved for review when a continuance is not in writing and sworn.  Mosley v. State, 960
S.W.2d 200, 206 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1997, no pet.).
 B. Analysis
	While appellant did file a written motion for continuance, it was not sworn.  The
motion, not having been sworn to, was therefore not a compliant statutory motion.  Darty
v. State, 193 S.W.2d 195 (Tex. Crim. App. 1946).   Historically, a deficient motion was one
addressed to the equitable powers of the court.  See id.  It has been more clearly stated
that "a motion for continuance, based on equitable grounds rather than statutory grounds,
is entirely within the sound discretion of the court, and will only call for reversal if it is shown
that the court clearly abused its discretion."  Munoz v. State, 24 S.W.3d 427, 430-431 (Tex.
App.-Corpus Christi 2000, no pet.) (citing and quoting  Alvarado v. State, 818 S.W.2d 100,
103 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 1991, no pet.) (citing Hernandez v. State, 492 S.W.2d 466,
467 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973))); see also Collection Consultants, Inc. v. State, 556 S.W.2d
787, 795 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977); Chance v. State, 528 S.W.2d 605, 607 (Tex. Crim. App.
1975); Coleman v. State, 481 S.W.2d 872, 873 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972); Ward v. State, 427
S.W.2d 876, 881 (Tex. Crim. App. 1968).
	While not directly addressing the trial court's equitable powers, the court of criminal
appeals has recently concluded that if a motion for continuance is made orally or is
unsworn, the defendant "forfeits" his appellate challenge to the trial court's ruling. 
Anderson v. State, 301 S.W.3d 276, 280 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). 
	A defendant's constitutional right to a meaningful opportunity to present a
complete defense is rooted in the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process
Clause and the Sixth Amendments's Compulsory Process and Confrontation
Clauses.  Confrontation and compulsory process rights are subject to
procedural default.  

Id.  As a result, we conclude that appellant forfeited his appellate challenge to the trial
judge's denial of his unsworn continuance motion by failing to comply with procedural
requirements of articles 29.03 and 29.08.  See id.  We overrule appellant's first issue.
 II. Expert Opinion
	In his second issue, appellant argues the trial court erred by permitting an expert
opinion without conducting a "gatekeeper" hearing.  The State's witness, Detective Eric
Blanchard, testified he used the "Reid Technique" in questioning appellant.  He explained
that the interrogation technique involves beginning with non-intrusive questions and
graduating to more invasive questioning.  Developed by Chicago police, the technique
seeks to establish the suspect's normal behavioral response and then compare the
responsive demeanor during the more difficult questions.  Blanchard used this technique
in questioning appellant.  The State then asked what appellant's demeanor was like. 
Blanchard responded that he noticed a change, appellant became very nervous from a
calm state, and cleared his throat, "which was not appropriate with all of his non-deceptive
responses."
	Defense counsel addressed the trial court.  First, he stated that he did not object to
Blanchard "saying what he did."  After an exchange with the court, counsel finally objected:
"I object to his interpretation of the actions."  Counsel did not ask to voir dire the witness
nor did he request the court to conduct a Daubert/Kelly hearing.  See generally Daubert
v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993); Kelly v. State, 824 S.W.2d 568
(Tex. Crim. App. 1992).  To defense counsel's objection, the trial court responded:
"Overruled.  Sit down.  Just tell us what you observed sir."  Blanchard replied that he
observed a behavioral change.
	Appellant argues on appeal that it is the State's burden, as the proponent of
scientific evidence, to demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that the evidence is
reliable, citing Texas Rule of Evidence 702 and Jackson v. State, 17 S. W. 3rd 664, 670
(Tex. Crim. App. 2002).  Appellant argues from other well-known authorities to the same
effect.  He asserts that the only exception to the Kelly requirement for a gatekeeper
hearing is found where a scientific principle is generally accepted in a sufficient number of
trial courts through adversarial Daubert/Kelly hearings.  Thereafter, subsequent courts may
take judicial notice of the scientific validity.   Hernandez v. State, 116 S. W. 3d 26, 31 n.
11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).  We do not disagree.
	As appellee argues, a party must timely and specifically object in the trial court to
preserve complaints concerning the qualifications of a witness to offer opinion testimony
or the foundation or reliability of the testimony.  Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; Doyle v. State, 24
S.W.3d 598, 603 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 2000, pet. ref'd.); see  Hernandez v. State, 53
S.W.3d 742, 745 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. ref'd).   Additionally, an issue
presented on appeal must be the same as the objections raised at a trial to be properly
preserved for review.  Tex. R. App. P.  33.1; Bouchillon v. State, 540 S.W.2d 319, 322 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1976); Jones v. State, 644 S.W.2d 530, 532 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1982,
no pet.).  Defense counsel did not object on the basis of qualifications or reliability.  He
neither requested the opportunity to voir dire the witness nor have the trial court conduct
a Daubert/Kelly hearing.  We therefore conclude appellant preserved no error for us to
review.  Tex. R. App. P.  33.1; Doyle 24 S.W.3d at 603.
	We finally note that a lay opinion can be offered under rule 701 if the opinion is
rationally based on his or her perceptions, and helpful to the clear understanding of the
testimony.  Tex. R. Evid. 701; Ex parte White, 160 S. W. 3d 46,53 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)
(holding that testimony that the applicant intentionally ran over the victims with his truck
was admissible under evidence rule 701 because the lay witness's opinion was rationally
based on his own perception and was helpful in the determination of a fact in issue).  We
overrule appellant's second issue.
                             III.  Stacking Sentences
	After the jury returned its verdict, including a twenty-five year and ten year sentence
on counts one and two respectively, and before the jury was excused, the trial court orally
sentenced appellant on both counts and remanded him to the sheriff's custody.  The court
then dismissed the jury and took a recess.  Later the same day, appellant was brought
back to the courtroom and was "formally" sentenced, cumulating the twenty-five year
sentence on count one with the ten year sentence on count two.  Appellant timely objected,
arguing that once appellant was removed from the courtroom and began serving his
sentence, it was too late for the trial court to cumulate the sentence.  Appellant was
sentenced in the morning and remanded to the sheriff about 11:30 a.m.  The sentence was
not orally accumulated until about 3:30 p.m. of the same day.  The trial court indicated at
that time, that his written order had already been signed, and the order stated the
sentences would run consecutively.  The trial court stated:  "I did not formally sentence him
this morning.  I read the verdict of the jury and the formal sentence was going to be later,
which is now."
 A.  Standard of Review
	A complaint about consecutive sentences is reviewed under an abuse of discretion
standard.   Macri v. State, 12 S.W.3d 505, 511 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 1999, pet. ref'd.). 
The test for abuse of discretion is whether the trial court's action falls within the zone of
reasonable disagreement.  Manning v. State, 114 S.W.3d 922, 926 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
Generally, the trial court has discretion to order that sentences be served consecutively. 
Tex. Code  Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.08 (Vernon Supp. 2009).  
 B.  Analysis
	Appellant argues that when there is a variation between the oral pronouncement of
sentence and the written memorialization of the sentence, the oral pronouncement
controls, citing Coffey v. State, 979 S.W.2d 326, 329 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).  While true,
it does not advance appellant's argument.  More to the point is appellant's citation to Ex
parte Vasquez, 712 S.W.2d 754, 755 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). If a trial judge wants to
"stack" a defendant's sentences so that they run consecutively, he must make such an
order at the time and place that sentence is orally pronounced.  Id.  However, in Vasquez
the trial court orally pronounced one sentence with the defendant present, then several
days later ordered a different and more severe sentence.  Id. at 754.  Once a defendant
is removed from the courtroom and begins serving his sentence, it is too late to cumulate
the sentence later imposed with an earlier one. Ex parte Madding, 70 S.W.3d 131, 136
(Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (concerning a case where the trial court entered a written order
stacking sentences fifty-two days after the defendant was orally sentenced).   A trial court
does not have statutory authority or discretion to orally pronounce one sentence in front
of the defendant but enter a different sentence in his written judgment outside the
defendant's presence.  Id.
	Both parties cite State v. Aguilera, 165 S.W.3d 695, 697-98 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). 
It holds that at a minimum, a trial court retains plenary power to modify its sentence if a
motion for new trial  or motion in arrest of judgment  is filed within thirty days of sentencing. 
Id.  Even more to the point, the court of criminal appeals stated that a trial court also
retains plenary power to modify its sentence if the modification is made on the same day
as the assessment of the initial sentence and before the court adjourns for the day.  Id. at
698.  The re-sentencing must be done in the presence of the defendant, his attorney, and
counsel for the State.  Id. 
	Appellant aptly notes the various concurring and dissenting opinions in Aguilera,
drawing a distinction between altering, modifying, or cumulating a sentence.  More to the
point is the later case of Ex parte Cruzata, 220 S.W.3d 518, 521 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007),
cited by appellee.  There, the court of criminal appeals noted that a trial court may revise,
correct, or vacate a sentence before the defendant begins to serve that sentence. Id.
(citing Powell v. State,  63 S.W.2d 712, 713 (Tex. Crim. App. 1933)).  The court reiterated
its holding in Aguilera that a trial court may modify a sentence if the modification is made
on the same day as the assessment of that sentence and before court adjourns for the
day.  Id.  "Implicit in that holding was that a defendant begins to serve his sentence at the
adjournment of court on the day that the sentence is assessed."  Id. 
	This reasoning is consistent with the provisions of code of criminal procedure article
42.09, section 1, that a defendant's sentence begins to run on the day that it is
pronounced, and the provisions of article 42.03, section 1(a), that a felony sentence shall
be pronounced in the defendant's presence. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 42.09, § 1, 
art. 42.03 § 1(a). In such circumstances, a trial court has the authority to re-sentence a
defendant after assessing an initial sentence if the modified sentence is authorized by
statute.   Aguilera, 165 S.W.3d at 713.  In Powell, the court held that a trial court may
revise, correct, or vacate a sentence before the defendant begins to serve the sentence. 
Powell, 63 S. W. 2d at 713.
	We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion because the appellant
began to serve his sentence at the adjournment of court on the day the sentence was
assessed, and the modification of the sentence was made on the same day as the
assessment and was made in the appellant's presence.   Aguilera, 165 S. W. 3d at 698;
Ex parte Cruzata, 220 S.W.3d 521.  We overrule this issue.
 IV.  Legal and Factual Sufficiency
	In his fourth and fifth issues, appellant argues the evidence is not legally or factually
sufficient to support the second count, indecency with a child.  Appellant argues that the 
complainant testified to only one incident.  Appellant argues he likewise only described one
incident of touching, that being outside the clothing.  The complainant testified that
appellant penetrated her sexual organ with his finger.  Therefore, because there was only
one incident, there is no evidence or insufficient evidence of a second incident; the jury
could believe one or the other version of the assault but not that there were two incidents.
 A.  Standard of Review
	In reviewing legal sufficiency, we look at all of the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prosecution to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.  Vasquez v. State,
67 S.W.3d 229, 236 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).  Legally sufficient evidence supporting a
conviction exists if the court, after reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, determines that a rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements
of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.  Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19
(1979).
	Evidence may be factually insufficient if:  (1) it is so weak as to be clearly wrong and
manifestly unjust, or (2) the adverse finding is against the great weight and preponderance
of the available evidence.  Roberts v. State, 220 S.W.3d 521, 524 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) 
(citing Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)).  The evidence, though
legally sufficient, is factually insufficient if it is so weak that the jury's verdict seems clearly
wrong and manifestly unjust, or if, considering conflicting evidence, the jury's verdict, is
nevertheless against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.  Watson v.
State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414-15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).  A factual sufficiency review
requires the reviewing court to consider all of the evidence.  Marshall v. State, 210 S.W.3d
618, 625 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).  A clearly wrong and unjust verdict occurs where the
jury's finding is manifestly unjust, shocks the conscience, or clearly demonstrates bias. 
Sells v. State, 121 S.W.3d 748, 754 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).  The court of criminal appeals
in Roberts explained that a reversal for factual insufficiency cannot occur when "the greater
weight and preponderance of the evidence actually favors conviction."  Roberts, 220
S.W.3d at 524.
 B.  Analysis
	The record reveals that the complainant testified that she was sitting on appellant's
lap at the movie "Happy Feet."  She stated that appellant covered his hand with a book
cover and touched her "inside her private."  She stated he touched her skin.  She described
another occasion when she sat in appellant's lap and helped drive a car, although no
explicit sexual conduct was alleged.  
	In appellant's statement to the investigator, entered into evidence, he admitted to
caressing the complaint and "had some fingers on her little ridge and rubbed it ever so
slightly with one finger tip."  This occurred during the first quarter of the movie.  After a
bathroom break, appellant covered her with his jacket as she sat on his lap.  The
complainant fell asleep and was snoring.   According to the statement, he touched the
complainant on top of her clothing:  "Put my hands inside the legs and stroked the tops of
the inside of her thighs and groin area gently and loved the ridge and she did not stir."  The
complainant was still groggy at the end of the movie, and appellant carried her to the car. 
He also observed that she was either playing possum or was really asleep.  On his
computer, he wrote that she was asleep.
	The State argues, and we agree, that the record proof supports two distinct offenses
for several reasons.  The appellant himself appears to have admitted to two separate
incidences.   He admitted to an incident that occurred during the first quarter of the movie,
and another episode occurred when the complainant later returned to appellant's lap, he
covered her with his coat, and she fell asleep.  Second, the complainant was asleep during
one incident as appellant himself stated, yet the complainant was implicitly awake during
one incident she described.  Third, the complainant's recollection and testimony about only
"one" incident could be attributed to either her being asleep, or her description of "once"
could be describing one trip or one movie, as opposed to two distinct sexual episodes at
the one movie. If two incidents occurred at a single movie on a single day, a seven-year-
old child might reasonably testify it happened once, referring to one day or one movie. (3) 
Finally, in one incident when the compliant was awake, she testified that appellant covered
her with a book cover, while appellant admitted to an incident when he covered her with
his jacket and she was asleep.
	We are cognizant of the fact that a jury has already passed on the facts, and we
must give due deference to the determinations of the jury.  Lancon v. State, 253 S.W.3d
699, 704-705 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).   While a court of appeals may disagree with the
factfinder, it should afford the appropriate deference in order to avoid substituting its
judgment for that of the jury.  Id.  (citing Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126 (Tex. Crim. App.
1996)).   We therefore hold there to be both legal and factual sufficiency to show at least
one act of sexual conduct against the victim which was distinct from the greater count one
offense of sexual assault by penetration.  We overrule appellant's issues four and five.
 V.  Conclusion
	The judgment and sentence of the trial court are affirmed.

									DON WITTIG,
									Justice
 

Do Not Publish.  
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).


Delivered and filed the
15th day of July, 2010.


1.  Retired Fourteenth Court of Appeals Justice Don Wittig assigned to this Court by the Chief Justice
of the Supreme Court of Texas pursuant to the government code.  Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 74.003 (Vernon
2005).
2.  The motion also noted the State's failure to furnish a previous interview with the complainant.
3.  The question presented the child was:  "Okay.  Did that happen only one time when you went to the
movies?"
