                                2019 IL App (1st) 181449WC

                                                                     Workers’ Compensation
                                                                       Commission Division
                                                                 Opinion Filed: June 28, 2019

                                No. 1-18-1449WC
______________________________________________________________________________

                                           IN THE

                            APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                      FIRST DISTRICT


 RAVENSWOOD DISPOSAL SERVICES,                   )   Appeal from the
                                                 )   Circuit Court of
        Appellant,                               )   Cook County
                                                 )
 v.                                              )   No. 17 L 051033
                                                 )
                                                 )
 THE ILLINOIS WORKERS’ COMPENSATION              )
 COMMISSION et al.                               )
                                                 )
 (Sergio Lagunas, n/k/a Sergio Delgado, by His   )   Honorable
 Parent/Guardian Maria Diaz, Next of Kin of Raul )   James McGing,
 Lagunas, Deceased, Appellee).                   )   Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

       JUSTICE HOFFMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Holdridge and Justices Hudson, Cavanagh and Barberis concurred in the
judgment and opinion.




                                           OPINION

¶1     Ravenswood Disposal Services (RDS) appeals from an order of the circuit court of Cook

County, confirming a decision of the Illinois ’Workers’ Compensation Commission

(Commission) that (1) found that an employment relationship existed between it and the
No. 1-18-1449WC


decedent, Raul Laguna, on September 14, 2013, when, while working, Raul was pinned between

two vehicles resulting in his death, and that Raul’s minor son, Sergio Lagunas, now known as

Sergio Delgado, qualifies as a dependent under section 7(a) of the Workers’ Compensation Act

(Act) (820 ILCS 305/7(a) (West 2012)), notwithstanding the fact that he was adopted by Isidro

Delgado subsequent to the date of the accident, which resulted in the death of his father;

(2) awarded Sergio death benefits and weekly benefits until age 18 or, if he is enrolled in an

accredited educational institution, until age 25, penalties under sections 19(k) and (l) of the Act

(id. § 19(k), (l )and attorney fees under section 16a of the Act ( id. § 16a); and (3) ordered it to

pay Raul’s medical bills of $17,570.61, subject to the statutory fee schedule. For the reasons

which follow, we affirm.

¶2     The following factual recitation is taken from the evidence adduced at the arbitration

hearing held on October 26, 2015.

¶3     Maria Diaz and Raul married on June 4, 1996. Their son, Sergio, was born on November

9, 2001. Maria and Raul divorced on August 18, 2010, and on October 17, 2010, Maria married

Isidro Delgado. It is uncontested that Raul died on September 15, 2013, after he was crushed

between a dump truck and front loader on the premises of RDS on September 14, 2013. The

parties stipulated that RDS paid funeral and burial costs totaling $14,062.50 and made one

payment of $1497.60 for death benefits.

¶4     Maria testified that, after she and Raul divorced, Raul complied with the court’s order to

pay her child support, which, according to their marital settlement agreement (MSA), amounted

to $313.04 every other week. Later, when Raul began receiving cash payments from RDS, he

gave Maria payments totaling $200 to $300 per week. Until he died, Raul made those payments

on a weekly or monthly basis, depending on when Maria needed the money, and also gave

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Sergio a weekly allowance of $10 to $30. Maria explained that she and Raul “provided for”

Sergio even though he lived with her and Isidro and, although she did not have “frequent”

contact with Raul, he responded “any time [she] needed help from him.” After Raul died, Isidro

adopted Sergio, and Maria changed the last name on his birth certificate from Lagunas to

Delgado. Until his adoption, Sergio used the last name Lagunas.

¶5     Branko Vardijan, RDS’s president, testified that Raul began working for RDS and its

related companies “a few years before his death.” A spreadsheet entered into evidence showed

that RDS paid Raul a total of $37,674.70 between September 8, 2012, and September 11, 2013.

Raul received $750 per week between September 8, 2012, and November 10, 2012, but entries

between November 17, 2012, and September 11, 2013, varied between $0 and $1264 per week.

Vardijan stated that RDS initially paid Raul by sending checks to a staffing company but later, at

Raul’s request, paid him directly in cash. RDS did not issue him “W-2” or “1099” forms for the

cash payments. Vardijan explained that the cash payments began following a conversation in

March 2013 between him, his brother, and Raul, during which Raul requested to “do work

differently.” Specifically, Raul asked to work at just one of RDS’s premises and to set his own

hours. Notwithstanding, Vardijan stated that he told Raul “what to do” and agreed that he

“control[led] *** the way that [Raul] did his job.” Vardijan added that he considered Raul to be

an employee and acknowledged that, when the accident occurred, he was “doing the work that

employees do.”

¶6     Sergio testified that, at the time of the hearing, he considered his parents to be Maria and

Isidro. He agreed that Isidro “bought [him] things” after marrying Maria and that he spent most

of his free time with Isidro and Maria and went on vacations with them. Sergio agreed that he did

not see Raul often after Raul and Maria divorced but also stated that Raul picked him up from

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No. 1-18-1449WC


school two or three days per week and would give him $5 or $10. Sergio’s school records and a

martial arts award from 2015 listed his last name as Delgado, but he explained that he did not use

the name Delgado until “after” Maria and Isidro “changed [his] last name.”

¶7     Maria testified that, at the time of the hearing, she paid “a hundred percent” of the

expenses for Sergio’s “[h]ealth and welfare.” When Isidro contributed, he typically paid “a little

less” than 30% of Sergio’s expenses.

¶8     Prior to the close of proofs, Maria’s counsel entered into evidence a notice issued by the

Department of Healthcare and Family Services (DHFS) to RDS, stating that DHFS “has become

subrogated to [Raul]’s right of action to recover medical expenses paid on [his] behalf.” Maria’s

counsel also tendered bills from the medical providers who treated Raul before he died.

Although counsel represented that the bills “were sent directly to [Maria],” each was addressed

to Raul at his address in Chicago.

¶9     RDS’s counsel objected to the admission of the bills into evidence on the basis that

“many of [the bills] have been reduced,” but he did not specify which bills were inaccurate and

did not provide his own calculations for the unpaid expenses. The arbitrator asked RDS’s

counsel whether he had “any other grounds” for objecting to the bills’ admission into evidence,

and he said, “no.” Next, the arbitrator asked Maria’s counsel whether the bills were obtained

pursuant to subpoena and certified for purposes of the Act. Maria’s counsel stated that the bills

were certified but that the certifications were not attached to them and that he could “make [a]

representation to the court” that they had been obtained pursuant to subpoena. The arbitrator

stated that the bills would be entered into evidence subject to “the grounds that are stated in

[RDS’s] objection.”



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¶ 10   Following the arbitration hearing on October 26, 2015, the arbitrator held that (1) RDS

employed Raul on the date of the accident, (2) the accident arose out of and in the course of his

employment, and (3) Sergio was Raul’s survivor for purposes of section 7(a) of the Act. The

arbitrator found that RDS unreasonably argued that no employment relationship existed, as the

evidence established that it controlled Raul’s work, paid him regularly during the year preceding

his death, and its president considered him to be an employee. The arbitrator also noted that,

although RDS “raised reasonable questions” as to whether Sergio was entitled to benefits after

Maria’s second husband, Isidro Delgado, adopted him following Raul’s death, Sergio’s right to

benefits under the Act was unaffected by his adoption, the fact that Isidro financially supported

him, or evidence that he regarded Isidro as a father and lacked “emotional ties” with Raul. The

arbitrator concluded that, because Sergio was Raul’s dependent when Raul died, Raul was

legally required to support him, and because Maria testified “credibly” that Raul paid child

support until his death, Sergio was entitled to section 7(a) benefits. The arbitrator (1) ordered

RDS to pay Raul’s medical bills totaling $17,570.61, subject to the fee schedule; (2) awarded

Sergio death benefits of $48,089.90 and weekly benefits of $473.39 until age 18 or, if he is

enrolled in an accredited educational institution, until age 25; and (3) granted RDS a $15,560.10

credit for already-paid death benefits and funeral expenses. Additionally, the arbitrator imposed

penalties of $32,081.46 and $10,000 pursuant to sections 19(k) and 19(l) of the Act, respectively,

and attorney fees and costs totalling $12,832.58 under section 16 of the Act.

¶ 11   RDS filed a petition for review of the arbitrator’s decision before the Commission. On

November 17, 2017, with one commissioner dissenting, the Commission affirmed and adopted

the arbitrator’s decision. The dissenting commissioner noted that, although section 7(a) of the

Act does not expressly terminate benefits for dependent minors upon adoption in the same

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No. 1-18-1449WC


manner as for surviving spouses who remarry, that provision should be construed in light of the

Adoption Act (750 ILCS 50/1 et seq. (West 2012)). As the Adoption Act’s intent “is to terminate

all parental rights and responsibilities of [a] biological parent in lieu of the adoptive parent,” and

the Act’s purpose “is to protect dependent children in case of [the] work-related death of a parent

upon whom the child is legally dependent,” the dissenting commissioner reasoned that Sergio’s

adoption “terminated his dependency on his late father and therefore his entitlement to survivor

benefits.” (Emphasis in original.) According to the dissenting commissioner, the majority’s

decision would allow Sergio to collect double benefits should Isidro also die in a work-related

accident, which would be “fundamentally unfair and might have due process implications.”

¶ 12   RDS sought a judicial review of the Commission’s decision in the circuit court of Cook

County. On June 7, 2018, the court entered a written order confirming the Commission’s

decision, and this appeal followed.

¶ 13   As an initial matter, we observe that RDS directs each of its four assignments of error

against the order of the circuit court affirming the Commission’s decision. When, as here, an

appeal is taken following entry of judgment by the circuit court on review from a decision of the

Commission, this court reviews the ruling of the Commission, not the judgment of the circuit

court. Dodaro v. Illinois Workers’ Compensation Comm’n, 403 Ill. App. 3d 538, 543 (2010).

¶ 14   For its first assignment of error, RDS claims that the Commission’s finding that Raul was

its employee, and not an independent contractor, when the accident occurred was against the

manifest weight of the evidence. RDS notes that Raul did not have an employment contract,

Vardijan did not control his schedule, and Raul requested to work at a particular location.

Additionally, RDS posits that variations in Raul’s cash payments during the months preceding



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No. 1-18-1449WC


the work accident suggest that he was not paid in the manner of either an employee for RDS or

the staffing company.

¶ 15   Whether an employment relationship existed at the time of an accident is a question of

fact. Esquinca v. Illinois Workers’ Compensation Comm’n, 2016 IL App (1st) 150706WC, ¶ 48.

“In resolving questions of fact, it is within the province of the Commission to assess the

credibility of witnesses, resolve conflicts in the evidence, assign weight to be accorded the

evidence, and draw reasonable inferences from the evidence.” Id. We will disturb the

Commission’s determination of a factual issue only if it is against the manifest weight of the

evidence. Durand v. Industrial Comm’n, 224 Ill. 2d 53, 64 (2006). For a factual finding to be

against the manifest weight of the evidence, the “opposite conclusion” must be “clearly

apparent,” such that “no rational trier of fact could have agreed” with the Commission. Id.

Whether a reviewing court might reach the opposite conclusion is not the test of whether the

Commission’s determination of a question of fact is supported by the manifest weight of the

evidence; rather, the appropriate test is “whether there is sufficient factual evidence in the record

to support the Commission’s decision.” Benson v. Industrial Comm’n, 91 Ill. 2d 445, 450 (1982).

¶ 16   It is well established that, “[f]or purposes of the Act, the term ‘employee’ should be

broadly construed.” Esquinca, 2016 IL App (1st) 150706WC, ¶ 46. Although “[n]o rigid rule

exists regarding whether a worker is an employee or an independent contractor,” several criteria

are relevant to consider in making this determination. Labuz v. Illinois Workers’ Compensation

Comm’n, 2012 IL App (1st) 113007WC, ¶ 30. “The single most important factor is whether the

purported employer has a right to control the actions of the employee.” Ware v. Industrial

Comm’n, 318 Ill. App. 3d 1117, 1122 (2000) (citing Bauer v. Industrial Comm’n, 51 Ill. 2d 169,

172 (1972)). Another criterion “of great significance” is the nature of the alleged employee’s

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No. 1-18-1449WC


work in relation to the employer’s general business. Id. (citing Ragler Motor Sales v. Industrial

Comm’n, 93 Ill. 2d 66, 71 (1982)). Other relevant criteria include “the method of payment, the

right to discharge, the skill the work requires, which party provides the needed instrumentalities,

*** whether income tax has been withheld,” and to a lesser extent, “the label the parties place

upon their relationship.” Id.

¶ 17   The nature of RDS’s business and the scope of Raul’s duties are not specified in the

record, but it is undisputed that he died after he was crushed between a dump truck and front

loader on RDS’s premises, and no evidence suggested that he had provided those vehicles.

Vardijan agreed that Raul was “doing the work that employees do,” and that he told Raul “what

to do” and “control[ed] *** the way that [Raul] did his job,” albeit at a worksite and on a

schedule that Raul preferred. Further, Vardijan acknowledged that RDS did not issue Raul either

a W-2 form or 1099 form for the cash payments he received between March 2013 and September

2013. Thus, although RDS posits that the cash payments recorded in the spreadsheet do not, in

themselves, prove that he received wages as an employee, neither do they support the inference

that he was compensated as an independent contractor where RDS admitted that it never created

the tax forms that could have been relevant to that determination. See Reo Movers, Inc. v.

Industrial Comm’n, 226 Ill. App. 3d 216, 224 (1992) (inferring that evidence which an employer

did not produce at a hearing would be adverse to the employer where such evidence was in its

control and not equally available to the employee). These circumstances, taken as a whole and

considered alongside Vardijan’s admission that he considered Raul to be an employee, support

the Commission’s finding that an employment relationship existed between Raul and RDS when

the accident occurred. Based on this record, the Commission’s determination is not against the

manifest weight of the evidence, and RDS’s claim of error is, therefore, without merit.

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¶ 18   Next, RDS contends that the Commission erred as a matter of law in awarding

$17,570.61 for medical bills that were entered into evidence without proof that they were

certified or obtained pursuant to subpoena under section 16 of the Act (820 ILCS 305/16 (West

2012)). RDS further posits that, due to write-offs, reductions, and payments from other sources,

Raul’s unpaid medical expenses “only amount to $9,131.61.”

¶ 19   Section 16 of the Act relaxes the foundational requirement for the admission of hospital

records by providing that “records, reports, and bills kept by a treating hospital, *** certified to

as true and correct by the hospital, *** shall be admissible without any further proof as evidence

of the medical and surgical matters stated therein.” Id.; National Wrecking Co. v. Industrial

Comm’n, 352 Ill. App. 3d 561, 567 (2004). The statute creates “a rebuttable presumption that any

such records, reports, and bills received in response to Commission subpoena are certified to be

true and correct.” 820 ILCS 305/16 (West 2012). “[H]ospital records are highly reliable,” but “a

proper foundation” is still required “before they will be admitted into evidence.” National

Wrecking Co., 352 Ill. App. 3d at 568. Therefore, “[w]hen a proper objection is raised, *** the

certification requirement of section 16 must be observed.” Id.

¶ 20   At the hearing, RDS’s counsel objected to the admission of Raul’s medical bills on a

single ground—namely, that “many” of the bills had been reduced and were, therefore,

inaccurate—and expressly denied raising any other challenge to their admissibility. The

arbitrator admitted the bills into evidence subject to the objection “stated in [RDS’s] objection.”

Thus, although the arbitrator also questioned Maria’s counsel about whether the bills had been

certified or obtained pursuant to subpoena, RDS never objected to their admission on that basis.

Its claim of error based upon lack of certification is, therefore, forfeited. See People v. Sawyer,

42 Ill. 2d 294, 298 (1969) (declining to consider a claim of evidentiary error where the objection

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urged on review involved “an entirely different basis from the objection in the trial court”). As

for RDS’s claim that Raul’s unpaid medical bills totaled $9131.61, RDS never raised that figure

before the arbitrator, nor did RDS apprise the arbitrator, the Commission, the circuit court, or

this court of the particular bills that it challenged. The appellate court “is not merely a repository

into which an appellant may dump the burden of argument and research, nor is it the obligation

of this court to act as an advocate or seek error in the record.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

U.S. Bank v. Lindsey, 397 Ill. App. 3d 437, 459 (2009). The vagueness of RDS’s argument

precludes this court from conducting any meaningful review of its challenge to the arbitrator’s

award of medical expenses. As such, this argument is rejected. 1

¶ 21   For its next assignment of error, RDS contends that the Commission erred in finding that

Sergio qualified as Raul’s dependent under section 7(a) of the Act because, as a matter of law,

death benefits are not due to a decedent’s child who has been adopted. In support of this position,

RDS observes that section 17 of the Adoption Act (750 ILCS 50/17 (West 2012)) provides that

“[a]fter *** the entry of a judgment of adoption, the natural parents of a child sought to be

adopted shall be relieved of all parental responsibility for such child.” As the legal obligation for

Sergio’s support no longer rested with Raul (or more accurately, Raul’s estate) following his

adoption by Isidro, RDS posits that his adoption “sever[ed] any liability [for death benefits] that

would otherwise have existed under the Act.”




       1
         We note that, although DHFS purported to have subrogated Raul’s “right of action to recover
medical expenses paid on [his] behalf,” RDS never raised DHFS’s claim as a defense to Maria’s attempt
to secure payment of Raul’s medical expenses through the workers’ compensation proceeding. See 820
ILCS 305/7(f) (West 2012) (providing that an employer who fails to provide necessary “medical, surgical
or hospital service” to a decedent employee “shall pay the cost thereof to the person or persons ***
providing the same” (emphasis added)).

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¶ 22    This issue presents a question of statutory interpretation, and our review is, therefore,

de novo. Bank of New York Mellon v. Laskowski, 2018 IL 121995, ¶ 12. Our primary objective in

construing a statute is to give effect to the legislature’s intent, which is best indicated by the plain

and ordinary language of the statute. Id. In giving meaning to the words and clauses of a statute,

no part should be rendered superfluous. Standard Mutual Insurance Co. v. Lay, 2013 IL 114617,

¶ 26. When statutory language is unambiguous and clear, it will be given effect without reliance

on other devices of construction. In re Marriage of Goesel, 2017 IL 122046, ¶ 13. However,

when a statute’s meaning is unclear, the court may consider the purpose of the statute, the evils it

was designed to remedy, and the consequences that would result from construing it in a

particular manner. Id. In determining legislative intent, “we presume that the legislature did not

intend absurd, inconvenient, or unjust consequences.” Id. A court will not “rewrite a statute, and

depart from its plain language, by reading into it exceptions, limitations or conditions not

expressed by the legislature.” People ex rel. Birkett v. Dockery, 235 Ill. 2d 73, 81 (2009).

¶ 23    The purpose of section 7(a) of the Act (820 ILCS 305/7(a) (West 2012)) “is to provide

some compensation to persons who were dependent upon the deceased employee for support or

as to whom a legal obligation to support existed.” Yellow Cab Co. v. Industrial Comm’n, 42 Ill.

2d 226, 230 (1969). Thus, “section 7(a) sets up a subcategory of persons, specifically the

surviving widow and child or children, who are conclusively presumed to be dependent upon the

deceased because he was under a legal obligation to support them at the time of the accident.” Id.

When a deceased employee’s only survivor who is entitled to benefits under the Act is a spouse,

and that spouse remarries, he or she has a right to a lump-sum payment equal to two years’

compensation, “and all further rights of such widow or widower shall be extinguished.” 820

ILCS 305/7(a) (West 2012). In contrast, death benefits must be paid to “any surviving child ***

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until *** the age of 18,” or if the child is “enrolled as a full time student in any accredited

educational institution, the payments shall continue until such child has attained the age of 25.”

Id. The term “child” refers to “a child whom the deceased employee left surviving, including a

posthumous child, a child legally adopted, a child whom the deceased employee was legally

obligated to support or a child to whom the deceased employee stood in loco parentis.” Id. The

phrase “legally obligated to support” does not create “a statutory requirement for benefits” under

section 7(a) of the Act. Drives, Inc. v. Industrial Comm’n, 124 Ill. App. 3d 1014, 1017 (1984).

Rather, it “serves merely as a catch-all for those [children] not covered” by the other categories

enumerated in the statute. Id.

¶ 24   Based on this construction of section 7(a) of the Act, the court in Drives determined that

a surviving child who qualified for death benefits on the basis that she was enrolled full-time in

graduate school could not be denied benefits on account of her marriage, which occurred after

her father’s death. Id. at 1015, 1017. While the child’s marriage may have obviated the

decedent’s legal obligation to support her, and therefore eliminated that circumstance as a ground

for awarding benefits, it had no bearing on her right to benefits based on a different statutory

criterion—i.e., her status as a full-time student. Id. at 1017. Thus, section 7(a) of the Act

contemplates that a child may qualify for benefits based on one statutory ground but not another,

and the fact that a child does not qualify under a particular ground will not prevent him or her

from obtaining benefits under a different ground, if one exists.

¶ 25   Applying these principles in the present case, we find that Sergio’s adoption by Isidro

following Raul’s death may have precluded Sergio from claiming ongoing benefits on the basis

that Raul was “legally obligated” to support him but did not restrict him from claiming benefits

on different grounds, namely, that he was under age 18 when Raul died. See 820 ILCS 305/7(a)

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(West 2012). And, unlike for a surviving spouse who remarries, the Act contains no express

language terminating Sergio’s right to benefits by reason of his adoption where he otherwise

qualified for benefits based on his age when the accident occurred. We will not read into the Act

such a limitation when it does not appear in its plain language. LOMTO Federal Credit Union v.

6500 Western LLC, 2018 IL App (1st) 173106, ¶ 18.

¶ 26   In so holding, we reject RDS’s position that this outcome is irreconcilable with section 17

of the Adoption Act (750 ILCS 50/17 (West 2012)), which addresses the duties owed by a

natural parent to a child, not the child’s rights vis-á-vis the natural parent. Moreover, our

supreme court has explained that it is not necessary “to actually establish that the child was

completely dependent upon the decedent” in order to merit an award of benefits under section

7(a) of the Act; to the contrary, the Act requires that “a legally enforceable basis for the

dependency existed at the time of the employee’s accident.” Inventory Service Corp. v. Industrial

Comm’n, 62 Ill. 2d 34, 37 (1975). Thus, the fact that Sergio may have received some support

from Isidro both before and after his adoption does not defeat his right to benefits where he also

depended on Raul when the accident occurred. As such, section 17 of the Adoption Act and

section 7(a) of the Act are not incompatible and do not preclude an award of benefits in this case.

¶ 27   RDS argues, however, that the evidence did not establish that Sergio was dependent on

Raul at the time of his death, as Maria’s testimony that Raul provided child support was

“unsubstantiated” and Sergio’s testimony suggested that he had already severed emotional ties

with Raul. We disagree. As noted, it is the Commission’s duty to assess witnesses’ credibility,

resolve conflicting evidence, assign weight to the evidence, and draw reasonable inferences

therefrom. Esquinca, 2016 IL App (1st) 150706WC, ¶ 48. At the hearing, Maria testified that

Raul provided child supported until his death and Sergio stated that Raul picked him up at school

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approximately twice per week. Further, while Maria and Sergio agreed that Isidro was a part of

their family and that he sometimes gave Sergio financial and material support, Raul’s legal

relationship to Sergio was not terminated prior to his death, and no evidence suggested that he

failed to discharge his responsibilities under the MSA.

¶ 28     These facts differentiate the instant case from Inventory Services Corp. and Hoffman-

Spears v. Eastern Woolen Co., Inc. Ill. Indus. Comm’n, No. 04 I.I.C. 0809 (Dec. 9, 2004), both

relied on by RDS, where section 7(a) benefits were denied to children who were fully supported

by individuals who adopted them, or functioned as an adopting parent, prior to the work-related

death of a natural parent who provided the child with negligible support. See Inventory Services

Corp., 62 Ill. 2d at 35 (denying benefits where the decedent’s parental rights were terminated

before his death, and, before the child’s adoption, the decedent had not paid child support or

visited her for more than one year); Hoffman-Spears, Ill. Indus. Comm’n, No. 04 I.I.C. 0809

(denying benefits where the decedent’s parental rights were terminated five years’ prior to his

death, he saw the child twice in nearly six years, provided no monetary support, and the second

husband of the child’s mother stood in loco parentis). Here, unlike in Inventory Services Corp. or

Hoffman-Spears, ample evidence supported the Commission’s determination that Sergio was

dependent on Raul at the time of the work accident. Consequently, there is no basis in the record

to disturb the Commission’s factual findings as to this issue, and RDS’s argument is without

merit.

¶ 29     Finally, RDS argues that the Commission’s award of penalties under sections 19(k) and

(l) of the Act (820 ILCS 305/19(k), (l) (West 2012)) and attorney fees under section 16a of the

Act (id. § 16a) was against the manifest weight of the evidence or an abuse of discretion.



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¶ 30   Penalties under section 19(l) are in the nature of a late fee, and the assessment of a

penalty is mandatory if a payment is late and the employer cannot show an adequate justification

for the delay. Mechanical Devices v. Industrial Comm’n, 344 Ill. App. 3d 752, 763 (2003). “In

determining whether an employer has ‘good and just cause’ in failing to pay or delaying payment

of benefits, the standard is reasonableness.” Id. (citing McMahan v. Industrial Comm’n, 183 Ill.

2d 499, 515 (1998)). The employer has the burden for justifying the delay. Jacobo v. Illinois

Workers’ Compensation Comm’n, 2011 IL App (3d) 100807WC, ¶ 19. “The Commission’s

evaluation of the reasonableness of the employer’s delay is a question of fact that will not be

disturbed unless it is contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence.” Id.

¶ 31   In contrast to section 19(l) of the Act, section 19(k) allows penalties for “any

unreasonable or vexatious delay of payment or intentional underpayment of compensation.” 820

ILCS 305/19(k) (West 2012). Penalties under section 19(k) are “intended to address situations

where there is not only a delay, but the delay is deliberate or the result of bad faith or improper

purpose.” McMahan, 183 Ill. 2d at 515. Section 16a of the Act, in turn, provides for an award of

attorney fees when an award of additional compensation under section 19(k) is appropriate. 820

ILCS 305/16a (West 2012). The imposition of penalties and attorney fees under sections 16a and

19(k) is discretionary and will not be disturbed on appeal unless the Commission has abused that

discretion. McMahan, 183 Ill. 2d at 515-16.

¶ 32   Before the Commission, RDS raised two theories in defense of its nonpayment of

benefits following Raul’s death: (1) Sergio was not Raul’s dependent and (2) Raul was not

RDS’s employee. The Commission found the former contention to be reasonable and the latter

contention to be unreasonable. In its brief on appeal, RDS objects to the Commission’s

imposition of fines and fees based solely on the reasonableness of RDS’s dependency argument,

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without raising any challenge to the merits of the Commission’s actual basis for penalties, i.e.,

the unreasonableness of RDS’s theory that no employment relationship existed. RDS posits,

however, that because Sergio was Raul’s sole alleged dependent, and the Commission found that

RDS had a reasonable basis for challenging dependency, it was justified in not paying benefits

irrespective of its decision to challenge Raul’s status as its employee. We disagree.

¶ 33   RDS’s argument overlooks the fact that, in addition to not paying death benefits to

Sergio, it also failed to pay certain of Raul’s medical expenses. RDS’s liability for those

expenses turned on whether Raul was its employee—an issue independent of Sergio’s status as a

dependent. As the Commission determined that RDS lacked a reasonable basis for challenging

the existence of an employment relationship, and Raul’s status as an employee gave rise to

RDS’s obligation to pay his medical expenses, it was not irrational for the Commission to

impose penalties on RDS notwithstanding that RDS’s unrelated challenge to Sergio’s status as a

dependent may have been reasonable.

¶ 34   As noted, on appeal, RDS has not challenged the merits of the Commission’s imposition

of attorney fees and penalties for its failure to pay benefits predicated on its theory that Raul was

not an employee. The issue is, therefore, forfeited. Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Nov. 1, 2017)

(“Points not argued [in the initial brief on appeal] are waived and shall not be raised in the reply

brief, in oral argument, or on petition for rehearing.”). Forfeiture aside, we observe that, for

reasons explained supra, the manifest weight of the evidence established that Raul was RDS’s

employee when the accident occurred; moreover, RDS’s president, Vardijan, believed that Raul

was an employee and was performing the work of employees when the accident occurred. Under

these circumstances, the Commission could reasonably determine that RDS’s failure to pay

Raul’s medical expenses was deliberate and in bad faith, such that it did not abuse its discretion

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in imposing penalties and attorney fees under sections 19(k) and 16a of the Act. As the standard

for awarding penalties and attorney fees under sections 16a and 19(k) of the Act is higher than

the unreasonable delay standard under section 19(l), it follows that we also cannot find that the

Commission erred in imposing a late fee pursuant to section 19(l) of the Act.

¶ 35   Based upon the foregoing analysis, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court that

confirmed the decision of the Commission.

¶ 36   Affirmed.




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No. 1-18-1449WC



                                No. 1-18-1449WC


Cite as:                 Ravenswood Disposal Services v. Illinois Workers’
                         Compensation Comm’n, 2019 IL App (1st) 181449WC

Decision Under Review:   Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 17-L-
                         051033; the Hon. James McGing, Judge, presiding.


Attorneys                Arisa Taguchi, of Knell, O’Connor, Danielewicz, of Chicago, for
for                      appellant.
Appellant:


Attorneys                Jack M. Shapiro and Francis J. Discipio, of Law Offices of
for                      Francis J. Discipio, Ltd., of Oak Brook, for appellee.
Appellee:




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