            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS


KAREN PEPPER,                                                        UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     July 30, 2020
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                    No. 348114
                                                                     Kalamazoo Circuit Court
BATTLE CREEK HEALTH SYSTEM, also known                               LC No. 2018-000341-CZ
as BATTLE CREEK HOSPITAL, doing business as
FIELDSTONE CENTER,

               Defendant-Appellee.


Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and SAWYER and SERVITTO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       In this action stemming from defendant’s disclosure of plaintiff’s medical records, plaintiff
appeals as of right the trial court’s order granting defendant’s motion for summary disposition
under MCR 2.116(C)(8). For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm in part and reverse in
part.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

        According to plaintiff’s complaint, plaintiff was “a parolee in the federal court system” on
May 30, 2017, and was being treated as an outpatient at the Kalamazoo Probation Enhancement
Program (KPEP) in Kalamazoo County from June 2017 to May 30, 2018. At some point during
this time period, plaintiff visited defendant to obtain medical treatment and “filled out a form
indicating clearly that the defendant should not release substance abuse information to any third
party.” Plaintiff alleged in her complaint that “[d]espite the clear instructions that the defendant
not send the medical records in question to a third party, the defendant nevertheless sent medical
records to [plaintiff’s] therapist at K-PEP, which included highly embarrassing and personal
information about [plaintiff] about substance abuse and other things that she didn’t want
disclosed.” Plaintiff further alleged that she believed that KPEP sent the records it had received
from defendant to plaintiff’s parole officer. Plaintiff claimed that she suffered severe emotional
distress, medical, and psychological problems as a result of the disclosure.




                                                -1-
        Plaintiff initiated this action in July, 2018, alleging two counts. First, plaintiff claimed that
defendant made a public disclosure of private facts by “sending highly embarrassing and personal
medical information to K-PEP” without plaintiff’s consent. Second, plaintiff claimed that
defendant was negligent by breaching its duty under certain provisions of the Health Insurance
Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 42 USC 1320d et seq., and the Michigan Mental
Health Code, MCL 330.1001,1 not to disclose confidential medical records to a third party without
plaintiff’s consent and contrary to her “express instructions to it that it not do that.”

         Defendant eventually moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) for failure
to state a claim. Defendant argued that sending plaintiff’s medical records to her therapist at KPEP
did not constitute a public disclosure because the therapist was only one person, not the general
public, and the disclosure to the therapist did not create a situation where plaintiff’s private
information was substantially certain to become public knowledge. Defendant also argued that it
appropriately sent plaintiff’s medical information to plaintiff’s therapist for purposes of
coordinating plaintiff’s treatment in compliance with federal and state law, neither of which
required plaintiff’s consent.



       Plaintiff opposed the motion. Plaintiff argued that disclosure of embarrassing facts to one
person could be sufficient to establish unlawful publication such that plaintiff had stated a legally
cognizable claim for public disclosure of private facts. Additionally, plaintiff argued that
defendant’s disclosure was not in compliance with federal and state law because there was no
collaboration existing between defendant and KPEP before the disclosure was made and plaintiff
had specifically forbidden such collaboration.

         The trial court granted defendant’s motion for summary disposition, concluding that
plaintiff had failed to state a claim for public disclosure of private facts because the information
had not been “disseminated to a public entity or to the general public” and that plaintiff had failed
to state a negligence claim because there had been no statutory violation by defendant. This appeal
followed.

                                    II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        A trial court’s summary disposition ruling is reviewed “de novo to determine if the moving
party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 118; 597
NW2d 817 (1999).

                   A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim
          based on the factual allegations in the complaint. When considering such a motion,
          a trial court must accept all factual allegations as true, deciding the motion on the
          pleadings alone. A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) may only be granted when a
          claim is so clearly unenforceable that no factual development could possibly justify



1
    Plaintiff also referenced a related Michigan administrative code rule.


                                                  -2-
        recovery. [El-Khalil v Oakwood Healthcare, Inc, 504 Mich 152, 159-160; 934
        NW2d 665 (2019) (citations omitted).]

                                              III. ANALYSIS

        We first address plaintiff’s public-disclosure-of-private-facts claim.

        The common-law right of privacy is said to protect against four types of invasion
        of privacy.

                   1. Intrusion upon the plaintiff’s seclusion or solitude, or into his private
        affairs.

                   2. Public disclosure of embarrassing private facts about the plaintiff.

                   3. Publicity which places the plaintiff in a false light in the public eye.

               4. Appropriation, for the defendant’s advantage, of the plaintiff’s name or
        likeness.’ [Tobin v Mich Civil Serv Comm, 416 Mich 661, 672; 331 NW2d 184
        (1982) (quotation marks and citations omitted).]

        The instant case involves only the second of these four types: the public disclosure of
embarrassing private facts. This tort “requires that the disclosed information be highly offensive
to a reasonable person and of no legitimate concern to the public.” Swickard v Wayne Co Med
Examiner, 438 Mich 536, 549; 475 NW2d 304 (1991).

         In ruling in favor of defendant, the trial court determined that plaintiff had failed to state a
claim for public disclosure of private facts because the disclosure to KPEP did not constitute a
disclosure to the “general public.” The parties’ appellate arguments also focus almost entirely on
the publicity element of the claim. Thus, the issue for this Court to consider with respect to
plaintiff’s public-disclosure-of-private-facts claim in the context of defendant’s motion under
MCR 2.116(C)(8) is whether the factual allegations in plaintiff’s complaint, when accepted as true,
satisfy the publicity element. See El-Khalil, 504 Mich at 159-160.

         In Beaumont v Brown, 401 Mich 80, 99, 102, 104-105; 257 NW2d 522 (1977), overruled
in part on other grounds by Bradley v Saranac Community Sch Bd of Ed, 455 Mich 285; 565 NW2d
650 (1997),2 our Supreme Court engaged in a lengthy analysis of the appropriate standard to apply
in defining the nature of the “publicity” necessary to show an unlawful public disclosure of
embarrassing private facts, concluding that establishing this tort required “unnecessary publicity”
or “an unreasonable and serious interference with the plaintiff’s interest in not having his affairs
known to others.” (Quotation marks and citations omitted.) Determining whether this standard
has been satisfied is generally a fact question that depends on the circumstances present in each
individual case. See id. at 100 (“Only after a careful study of the facts in plaintiff’s case will we



2
  In Bradley, 455 Mich at 302, the Michigan Supreme Court overruled Beaumont only to the extent
that it conflicted with the Freedom of Information Act.


                                                     -3-
be able to decide whether a fact question has been presented on the issue of public disclosure.”).
The Beaumont Court made it clear that this determination was not based on a numerical measure
of the number of people receiving the disclosure and that publication of the embarrassing facts to
only a single person can constitute the requisite publicity under certain circumstances. Id.

       Furthermore, noting that the Court of Appeals previously addressed the publicity
requirement of this tort under a standard requiring “communication to the general public as
opposed to a few” or “communication . . . to the public in general or . . . to a large number of
people,” our Supreme Court specifically held in Beaumont that “the Court of Appeals language is
unduly restrictive.” Id. at 104 (quotation marks and citations omitted). The Supreme Court
explained that, unlike the Court of Appeals, it employed a “more liberal standard” by focusing on
“ ‘unnecessary publicity’ ” and the “ ‘unreasonable and serious interference’ with one’s privacy.”
Id. The Supreme Court further explained its reasoning as follows:

       “[U]nnecessary publicity” does not call to mind the necessity of publication to
       everyone and there certainly can be “unreasonable and serious interference” with
       one’s privacy without everyone being informed. This raises a question as to the
       Court of Appeals language “communication . . . to the public in general or . . . to a
       large number of people” or “communication to the general public as opposed to a
       few”.

               To begin with “communication to the general public” is somewhat
       ambiguous, because a communication rarely, if ever, reaches everyone. It is
       therefore in order to consider the significance of communicating to the public.
       Communication of embarrassing facts about an individual to a public not concerned
       with that individual and with whom the individual is not concerned obviously is not
       a “serious interference” with plaintiff’s right to privacy, although it might be
       “unnecessary” or “unreasonable”. An invasion of a plaintiff’s right to privacy is
       important if it exposes private facts to a public whose knowledge of those facts
       would be embarrassing to the plaintiff. Such a public might be the general public,
       if the person were a public figure, or a particular public such as fellow employees,
       club members, church members, family, or neighbors, if the person were not a
       public figure.

               Here we have developed the criterion of a particular public, whose
       knowledge of the private facts would be embarrassing to the plaintiff, and this
       criterion is not consonant with the two generalizations of the Court of Appeals. . . .
       [W]e do not engage in a numbers game and therefore we leave the criterion here
       announced to be illustrated by this and future cases. [Id. at 104-105 (emphasis
       added).]

       The plaintiff in Beaumont, who had been employed by the Michigan Department of Labor
and served in the United States Army Reserves, filed an invasion-of-privacy suit based on a letter
containing derogatory statements about the plaintiff that had been sent by the Department of
Labor’s personnel director to the “AGUC-TAD, United States Army Reserve Components
Personnel and Administration Center.” Id. at 85-86, 88. The plaintiff alleged “as proof of the lack
of security given the letter, that knowledge of the letter reached him later through rumor.” Id. at


                                                -4-
99. Applying the standard explained above, the Supreme Court concluded that the facts alleged
by the plaintiff presented a “compelling picture of private facts being given unnecessary publicity,”
explaining that

       [a]lthough defendants allege that the letter was addressed only to “United States
       Army Reserve Adjutant General”, it is contended by plaintiff that such an allegation
       does not present a realistic view of the situation, there being “no secrets in State
       government” (61a) and likewise the Army. Plaintiff implies that letters from or to
       government agencies are not the same as letters between individuals, even if the
       letters are addressed to individuals within the government. Plaintiff contends that
       defendants were attempting to disparage his position with the U. S. Army Reserve
       and that as a result of the letter his records were flagged and elimination
       proceedings were started. Due to the nature of the derogatory remarks contained
       in the letter, it was sure to be circulated through the Army’s bureaucracy.

              These circumstances would tend to support the view expressed by plaintiff
       that this letter, although technically addressed to an individual within the
       government structure, is a “publication” to more than the addressee. [Id. at 102.]

       The Supreme Court further stated,

               In this case, the plaintiff’s affidavits stated that the alleged exposure of
       embarrassing private facts in defendant’s letter was a conspiracy to cause an
       investigation of him by the Army and that a letter sent with such a purpose to the
       head of a large bureaucracy would, in the nature of things, have to officially pass
       through many hands and unofficially pass through many more. We hold that such
       allegations of publication were sufficient allegations of “unnecessary publicity”
       and “unreasonable and serious interference” with plaintiff’s right to privacy to
       allow the case to go to the jury. [Id. at 105.]3

        Here, plaintiff alleged that defendant disclosed information about her substance abuse to
her therapist contrary to her clearly expressed desire to prohibit that disclosure. Under the
standards for the publicity requirement for establishing the tort of public disclosure of
embarrassing private facts enunciated by our Supreme Court in Beaumont, the trial court in this
case erred by employing an incorrect standard and ruling that plaintiff had failed as a matter of law
to state a claim for public disclosure of embarrassing private facts solely because the disclosure


3
  The Beaumont Court also held that the fact that the letter had been introduced into the public
record by being included in the transcript of the Civil Service Commission case against him related
to the termination of his employment with the Department of Labor constituted “sufficient
allegations of ‘unnecessary publicity’ and ‘unreasonable . . . interference’ with plaintiff’s right to
privacy to allow the case to go to the jury.” Beaumont, 401 Mich at 106. However, the Supreme
Court considered this as a separate means of showing the requisite publicity, independent from the
initial public disclosure evidenced by the circumstances surrounding the actual sending of the letter
itself. See id.



                                                 -5-
was not made “to a public entity or to the general public.” See id. at 104-105. The Beaumont
Court specifically rejected an analysis based on a numerical calculation or requiring the disclosure
to be to the general public or a large number of people. Id. The Beaumont Court also specifically
held that disclosure to one person could be sufficient publicity depending on the circumstances.
Id. at 100. Here, plaintiff alleged that defendant disclosed the information to her therapist who in
turn passed the information on to plaintiff’s parole officer.4

        Accepting plaintiff’s factual allegations as true, these allegations are sufficient to meet the
publicity requirement set forth in Beaumont, showing unnecessary publicity or serious interference
with plaintiff’s right to privacy through the disclosure of her medical information to a particular
public whom plaintiff did not wish to have such information. See id. at 100, 104-105. The bar
that a plaintiff must clear to survive a motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) is
relatively low. See El-Khalil, 504 Mich at 162 (“While the lack of an allegation can be fatal under
MCR 2.116(C)(8), the lack of evidence in support of the allegation cannot. . . . The relative
strength of the evidence offered by plaintiff and defendants will matter if the court is asked to
decide whether the record contains a genuine issue of material fact. But that is only a question
under MCR 2.116(C)(10).”); Dalley v Dykema Gossett, 287 Mich App 296, 305; 788 NW2d 679
(2010) (“[T]he primary function of a pleading in Michigan is to give notice of the nature of the
claim or defense sufficient to permit the opposite party to take a responsive position.”) (quotation
marks and citation omitted; alteration in original); MCR 2.111(B)(1) (requiring a complaint to
include a “statement of the facts, without repetition, on which the pleader relies in stating the cause
of action, with the specific allegations necessary reasonably to inform the adverse party of the
nature of the claims the adverse party is called on to defend.”). Plaintiff’s complaint alleged a
public disclosure consistent with the standard announced by our Supreme Court in Beaumont and
that was sufficient to reasonably inform defendant of the nature of this element of the claim.
Accordingly, the trial court erred by determining that her claim failed as a matter of law on the
basis that she did not sufficiently allege the publicity element of her claim.

        Nonetheless, defendant maintains that the trial court’s ruling was correct and cites several
published decisions of this Court for the general proposition that the publicity element requires
that the information was communicated “ ‘to the public at large, or to so many persons that the
matter must be regarded as substantially certain to become one of public knowledge.’ ” Doe v
Henry Ford Health Sys, 308 Mich App 592, 598; 865 NW2d 915 (2014), quoting Restatement,
Torts 2d, § 652D, comment a, p 384; see also Lansing Ass’n of Sch Administrators v Lansing Sch
Dist Bd of Ed, 216 Mich App 79, 89; 549 NW2d 15 (1996), aff’d in part and reversed in part sub
nom. Bradley, 455 Mich at 289, 290-291, 292, 301, 302, 3055 (“Also, according to 3 Restatement
Torts, 2d, § 652D, p. 384, the term ‘publicity’ involves a communication to so many persons that
the matter is substantially certain to become public knowledge.”); Nyman v Thomson Reuters


4
 The trial court took judicial notice of the fact that information received by KPEP would generally
be passed along to the parole office.


5
 In Bradley, the Supreme Court “affirm[ed] the decision of the Court of Appeals that the plaintiffs’
records must be disclosed, but reject[ed] its analysis.” Bradley, 455 Mich at 305.


                                                 -6-
Holdings, Inc, 329 Mich App 539, 551; 942 NW2d 696 (2019) (quoting the preceding statement
from Lansing Ass’n of Sch Administrators). Defendant also refers to this Court’s statement in
Nyman that a “defendant does not invade a plaintiff’s right of privacy by communicating a fact
‘concerning the plaintiff’s private life to a single person or even to a small group of persons.’ ”
Nyman, 329 Mich App at 551, quoting Lansing Ass’n of Sch Administrators, 216 Mich App at 89.

        We acknowledge the complication that is presented by the existence of these decisions,
given that this Court is obviously bound both by decisions of our Supreme Court and published
decisions of this Court issued on or after November 1, 1990. Associated Builders & Contractors
v Lansing, 499 Mich 177, 191-193; 880 NW2d 765 (2016); MCR 7.215(J)(1). However, to the
extent these cases conflict, we are bound to follow the Supreme Court’s rule because Beaumont
has not been overruled by our Supreme Court with respect to the rule it announced regarding the
publicity requirement for the tort of public disclosure of embarrassing private facts. See
Associated Builders, 499 Mich at 191-193 (“The Court of Appeals is bound to follow decisions by
this Court except where those decisions have clearly been overruled or superseded and is not
authorized to anticipatorily ignore our decisions where it determines that the foundations of a
Supreme Court decision have been undermined. . . . ‘[I]t is the Supreme Court’s obligation to
overrule or modify case law if it becomes obsolete, and until this Court takes such action, the Court
of Appeals and all lower courts are bound by that authority.’ ”) (citations omitted; alteration in
original).

         Furthermore, the pertinent language relied on by defendant from these decisions of this
Court comes from the Restatement (Second) of Torts. Defendant has not provided, and this Court
has not uncovered any decision of our Supreme Court adopting this particular language. Although
our Supreme Court affirmed the result of this Court’s decision in Lansing Ass’n of Sch
Administrators, which quoted the language at issue from the Restatement without citing any
accompanying Michigan caselaw, our Supreme Court specifically rejected this Court’s analysis in
Lansing Ass’n of Sch Administrators. See Bradley, 455 Mich at 305 (“We affirm the decision of
the Court of Appeals that the plaintiffs’ records must be disclosed, but reject its analysis.”); see
also id. at 290-292, 301, 302 (agreeing with the result reached by the Court of Appeals but
concluding that the “the Court of Appeals erred” by examining the common-law right to privacy
for a reason to prevent disclosure of the records rather than analyzing the matter under the Freedom
of Information Act).6 Indeed, the language on which defendant now relies is much like that which
the Supreme Court in Beaumont specifically rejected as “unduly restrictive.” Beaumont, 401 Mich
at 104. Instead, the standard as announced by our Supreme Court is whether there was
“unnecessary publicity” or an “unreasonable and serious interference with the plaintiff’s interest
in not having his affairs known to others.” Id. (Quotation marks and citations omitted.) In this
case, the trial court erred by failing to apply this standard to the publicity element and dismissing
plaintiff’s public-disclosure-of-private-facts claim under MCR 2.116(C)(8) as a result.




6
 To the extent that our Supreme Court denied leave to appeal in subsequent cases where this Court
cited Lansing Ass’n of Sch Administrators, a denial of leave to appeal by our Supreme Court
“do[es] not establish a precedent.” Haksluoto v Mt Clemens Regional Med Ctr, 500 Mich 304,
313 n 3; 901 NW2d 577 (2017).


                                                -7-
       With respect to plaintiff’s negligence claim, plaintiff maintains that defendant negligently
disclosed her “private substance abuse records” contrary to her express written prohibition on such
disclosure and in violation of various provisions of HIPAA and the Michigan Mental Health Code.

         “[I]n order to state a negligence claim on which relief may be granted, plaintiffs must prove
(1) that defendant owed them a duty of care, (2) that defendant breached that duty, (3) that plaintiffs
were injured, and (4) that defendant’s breach caused plaintiffs’ injuries.” Henry v Dow Chem Co,
473 Mich 63, 71-72; 701 NW2d 684 (2005).

        Here, the parties’ arguments are focused only on the element of “breach,” with plaintiff
asserting that defendant breached its duty of care by disclosing her information contrary to her
written prohibition. However, plaintiff fails to cite any legal authority to support her position.
Although plaintiff generally claims that defendant violated various provisions of federal and state
law, plaintiff has not identified any specific provision that was allegedly violated by the conduct
that she alleges was wrongful and plaintiff has consequently failed to make it apparent how she
believes the trial court erred. Plaintiff has therefore abandoned this issue on appeal. Wilson v
Taylor, 457 Mich 232, 243; 577 NW2d 100 (1998) (“[A] mere statement without authority is
insufficient to bring an issue before this Court. It is not sufficient for a party simply to announce
a position or assert an error and then leave it up to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis
for his claims, or unravel and elaborate for him his arguments, and then search for authority either
to sustain or reject his position.”) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Accordingly, we affirm
the trial court’s grant of summary disposition in favor of defendant with respect to plaintiff’s
negligence claim.

        Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction. No costs are awarded. MCR 7.219(A).

                                                               /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                               /s/ David H. Sawyer
                                                               /s/ Deborah A. Servitto




                                                 -8-
