                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 08a0458n.06
                            Filed: August 1, 2008

                                           No. 04-4481

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        )
                                                 )
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                      )
                                                 )
v.                                               )    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                 )    STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
GLEN D. CARLISLE,                                )    NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
                                                 )
        Defendant-Appellant.                     )



        Before: DAUGHTREY, GILMAN, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.
        ROGERS, Circuit Judge. This case is part of a consolidated appeal involving thirteen

defendants who were members of the Outlaw Motorcycle Club (“OMC”), an international

motorcycle club with chapters across the country and around the world. In 1997, the Federal Bureau

of Investigation and state law enforcement agencies began an investigation into the Green region of

the OMC, which consists of chapters in Dayton, Ohio; Fort Wayne, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky;

Indianapolis, Indiana; and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. As a result of the investigation, a grand jury

in the Northern District of Ohio returned a 40-count indictment in 2003 charging the defendants with

various federal offenses, including Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”),

drug trafficking, and firearms offenses. The defendants were tried together before an anonymous

jury.
No. 04-4481
USA v. Carlisle

       Defendant Glen D. Carlisle was a member of the Dayton chapter of the OMC. Following

trial, Carlisle was convicted of one count of substantive RICO, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c),

one count of RICO conspiracy, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d), one count of conspiracy to

possess with intent to distribute narcotics, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, one count of

transportation of stolen vehicles, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2312, and one count of possession of

stolen property, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2313(a) and 2. On November 4, 2004, Carlisle was

sentenced to 148 months’ imprisonment on the substantive RICO, RICO conspiracy, and narcotics

conspiracy counts, and 10 years on the transportation of stolen vehicles and possession of stolen

property counts, to run concurrently.


       On appeal, Carlisle contests evidence introduced at trial related to a shooting that occurred

at Spanky’s Dollhouse in Dayton, Ohio. The government charged this incident as Racketeering Act

25 in the indictment, in support of the substantive RICO count.1 The relevant facts surrounding the

shooting at Spanky’s are as follows. On February 24, 2001, Carlisle, several other members of the

OMC Dayton chapter, and members of the Avenger Motorcycle Club, went to Spanky’s, a strip club

in Dayton. Carlisle was armed with a concealed firearm. After a fight broke out between a group

of African-American men and OMC members, Carlisle pulled the gun from his waistband and shot


       1
           Racketeering Act 25 alleged:

       On or about February 24, 2001, in Montgomery County, Southern District of Ohio,
       GLEN D. CARLISLE and ALLEN C. LAWSON, while aiding and abetting each
       other, did purposely cause the death of Eric Laverne Coulter at Spanky’s Dollhouse,
       2213 Wagoner Ford Road, Dayton, Ohio, in violation of Ohio Revised Code Section
       2903.02.

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No. 04-4481
USA v. Carlisle

Eric Coulter, one of the African-American men, in the buttocks area. A member of the Avenger

Motorcycle Club shot Coulter a second time, and Coulter died at the scene. The incident was caught

on video surveillance tape. Carlisle later pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter in state court as

a result of the shooting.


       Carlisle argues that the incident at Spanky’s was not sufficiently connected to the RICO

enterprise alleged by the government and charged in the indictment. To prove a “pattern of

racketeering activity” under 18 U.S.C. § 1962, the government must establish a relationship between

the predicate acts charged and the affairs of the criminal enterprise alleged. See H.J. Inc. v. Nw. Bell

Tel. Co., 492 U.S. 229, 238-41 (1989); United States v. Corrado, 227 F.3d 543, 554 (6th Cir. 2000).

Carlisle characterizes the incident at Spanky’s as an isolated reaction to provocation and contends

that the incident thus cannot support his RICO convictions. In the alternative, Carlisle argues that

he was unfairly prejudiced by the admission of the evidence.


       Carlisle’s arguments are not persuasive. First, evidence adduced at trial was sufficient to

establish the requisite connection between the Spanky’s incident and the affairs of the RICO

enterprise alleged by the government. This circuit has held that the “relationship or relatedness”

requirement for RICO predicate acts can be satisfied by proof that: “(1) the defendant was enabled

to commit the offense solely by virtue of his position in the enterprise; or (2) the offense was related

to the activities of the enterprise.” Corrado, 227 F.3d at 554 (quoting United States v. Locascio, 6

F.3d 924, 943 (2d Cir. 1993)). In this case, it is evident that the incident at Spanky’s was related to

the activities of the OMC enterprise charged in the indictment. The record is replete with evidence

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No. 04-4481
USA v. Carlisle

that members of the OMC enterprise engaged in violent tactics in an effort to intimidate rivals, and

for the purpose of furthering its unlawful activities. For example, prior to the admission of the

Spanky’s incident evidence, Ron Armstrong, a former member of the Indianapolis chapter of the

OMC, gave testimony regarding incidents where members of the OMC employed or attempted to

employ violent tactics to intimidate rival motorcycle clubs. Jerry Bloor, another OMC member,

testified to a drive-by shooting perpetrated by OMC members at the clubhouse of the Iron Horsemen,

a rival motorcycle gang. From this, a jury could reasonably infer that the incident at Spanky’s was

an extension of these violent and intimidating tactics. The record indicates that, before the shooting

of Coulter, the words “F*** the Outlaws” were uttered three separate times and that many of the

OMC members at Spanky’s were wearing club “colors.” The public nature of the confrontation and

the conspicuous attire worn by the OMC members indicates that the conduct undertaken by Carlisle

at Spanky’s, whether provoked or not, was designed to enhance the OMC enterprise’s reputation as

a violent and intimidating organization. Indeed, other courts have recognized a nexus between the

affairs of a RICO enterprise and violent conduct that tends to enhance the enterprise’s reputation as

a “fearsome group.” See United States v. Guzman, 7 F. App’x 45, 52 (2d Cir. 2001); see also United

States v. Crockett, 979 F.2d 1204, 1213-14 (7th Cir. 1992).


       Second, evidence of the Spanky’s incident was not, as Carlisle alleges, unduly prejudicial or

cumulative for purposes of Federal Rule of Evidence 403. Accordingly, the district court did not

abuse its discretion in admitting the evidence. See United States v. Wheaton, 517 F.3d 350, 364 (6th

Cir. 2008) (standard of review). The Spanky’s incident constituted direct proof of a racketeering


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No. 04-4481
USA v. Carlisle

act charged in the indictment. Thus, the evidence was relevant to the criminal conduct charged and,

moreover, was highly probative of that conduct. Because this probative value was not substantially

outweighed by “the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by

considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence,” Fed.

R. Evid. 403, admission of the evidence was proper.


       For the foregoing reasons, Carlisle’s convictions and sentence are affirmed.




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