              IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS


                                       Nos. 115,887
                                            115,888
                                            115,889

                                    STATE OF KANSAS,
                                        Appellee,

                                             v.

                                JACOB J. MCALISTER, JR.,
                                       Appellant.


                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
       In a direct appeal, a defendant will receive the benefit of any change in the law
that occurs while the direct appeal is pending.


2.
       After a direct appeal is final, a movant seeking the correction of an illegal sentence
under K.S.A. 22-3504(1) will have the sentence's legality determined by the law in effect
at the time the sentence was pronounced, unaffected by any subsequent change in the
law.


3.
       Although true changes in the law cannot transform a once legal sentence into an
illegal sentence for purposes of correcting an illegal sentence under K.S.A. 22-3504(1), it
may be possible for developments in the law to impact the original analysis of whether
the sentence was illegal when pronounced.




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        Review of the judgment of the Court of Appeals in 54 Kan. App. 2d 65, 396 P.3d 100 (2017).
Appeal from Finney District Court; WENDEL W. WURST, judge. Opinion filed July 12, 2019. Judgment of
the Court of Appeals reversing the district court is reversed. Judgment of the district court is affirmed and
the cases are remanded with directions.


        Gerald E. Wells, of Jerry E. Wells, Attorney-at-Law, of Lawrence, argued the cause, and J. Scott
James, of James Law Firm LLC, of Greensburg, was on the briefs for appellant.


        Brian R. Sherwood, assistant county attorney, argued the cause, and Susan Lynn Hillier
Richmeier, county attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, were with him on the briefs for
appellee.


The opinion of the court was delivered by


        JOHNSON, J.: The State seeks our review of the Court of Appeal's decision
reversing the district court's summary denial of Jacob J. McAlister Jr.'s 2015 motions to
correct his allegedly illegal sentences imposed in 1996. McAlister's K.S.A. 22-3504
motions contend that his sentences were based on an incorrect criminal history score
because his pre-Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act (KSGA) burglary convictions should
have been classified as nonperson felonies.


        The district court found McAlister's motions to be procedurally barred, but the
Court of Appeals held that, pursuant to this court's opinion in State v. Dickey, 305 Kan.
217, 380 P.3d 230 (2016) (Dickey II), the motions were not procedurally barred. Further,
the panel held that Dickey II required that McAlister's pre-KSGA convictions be
classified as nonperson felonies. State v. McAlister, 54 Kan. App. 2d 65, 75-76, 78-79,
396 P.3d 100 (2017). Because McAlister's sentences were legal when pronounced and
were final before the change in the law upon which he relies, we reverse the Court of




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Appeals and affirm the district court's denial of McAlister's K.S.A. 22-3504 motions,
albeit based upon a different rationale.


                        FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND


       McAlister was convicted in 1996 in three separate criminal cases, which were
consolidated on direct appeal. His convictions included several counts of possession of
opiates, nonresidential burglary, conspiracy to commit burglary, misdemeanor theft,
criminal damage to property, and three counts of aggravated robbery. He received
sentences of 52 months, 257 months, and 206 months, which were ordered to run
consecutive. His convictions and sentences were affirmed on direct appeal. State v.
McAlister, No. 78,378, unpublished opinion filed December 4, 1998 (Kan. App.), rev.
denied 266 Kan. 1113 (1999). The mandate issued on February 3, 1999, making
McAlister's sentences final for purposes of postconviction relief. Cf. K.S.A. 60-
1507(f)(1)(A) (final order of last appellate court on direct appeal starts one-year time
limit to file 60-1507 motion). Pointedly, that finality occurred before Apprendi v. New
Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000), held that judicial fact-
finding by a sentencing court was unconstitutional.


       McAlister's sentences were based on a criminal history score of A. His criminal
history score included two burglary convictions and one conspiracy to commit burglary,
all from 1992, before the KSGA took effect. Each conviction was scored as a person
felony.


       In 2015, McAlister filed motions to correct an illegal sentence, pursuant to K.S.A.
22-3504(1), in each of the three cases. That year, this court filed its opinion in State v.
Dickey, 301 Kan. 1018, 350 P.3d 1054 (2015) (Dickey I), which held that a pre-KSGA
burglary conviction could not be scored as a person felony because doing so would
require the judicial fact-finding prohibited by Apprendi. After a hearing, the district court

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denied McAlister's motions, finding that they were procedurally barred by res judicata
and that this court's holding in Dickey I did not retroactively apply to McAlister.


       While McAlister's appeal to the Court of Appeals was pending, this court decided
Dickey II, which held that the "at any time" language in K.S.A. 22-3504(1) foreclosed the
res judicata and retroactivity arguments upon which the district court had relied in this
case. The Court of Appeals majority dutifully endeavored to apply this court's decision in
Dickey II and reversed the district court's determination that McAlister's challenge was
barred by res judicata and remanded for resentencing in conformance with the Dickey I
holding. McAlister, 54 Kan. App. 2d at 75-76, 78-79. A concurring opinion challenged
the rationale of Dickey II, opining that the issue involved the application of Apprendi's
constitutional rule, not the interpretation of statutory law; that the opinion contradicted
precedent prohibiting the retroactive application of new caselaw; and that interpreting
K.S.A. 22-3504(1)'s "at any time" language to override considerations of res judicata was
contrary to precedent. 54 Kan. App. 2d at 79-83 (Gardner, J., concurring).


       We granted the State's petition to review the Court of Appeals' decision.


                          LEGALITY OF MCALISTER'S SENTENCES


       The State argues that the Court of Appeals erred because McAlister's sentence was
final before Apprendi was decided, and that McAlister should not receive the benefit of
the later caselaw in Dickey I and II that applied Apprendi. In other words, the State
contends that a sentence that was legal when imposed is not subsequently rendered illegal
by a change in the law. Based upon our recent caselaw, we agree.




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Standard of Review


       Whether a sentence is illegal is a question of law subject to unlimited review. State
v. Donahue, 309 Kan. 265, 267, 434 P.3d 230 (2019). Interpretation of statutes is also a
matter of law subject to unlimited review. State v. Jamerson, 309 Kan. 211, 214, 433
P.3d 698 (2019).


Analysis


       Pursuant to K.S.A. 22-3504(1) "[t]he court may correct an illegal sentence at any
time." A sentence is illegal under K.S.A. 22-3504 if it: (1) was imposed by a court
lacking jurisdiction; (2) does not conform to statutory provisions in character or term of
punishment authorized; or (3) is ambiguous with regard to the time and manner it is to be
served. State v. Noyce, 301 Kan. 408, 409-10, 343 P.3d 105 (2015). McAlister relies on
the second circumstance; he argues that his sentences did not conform to the statutory
provisions governing the calculation of a criminal history score which in turn resulted in
an unauthorized term of punishment.


       The KSGA, enacted in 1993, introduced the person/nonperson categorization of
crimes and mechanisms used to determine how prior crimes should be accounted during
sentencing proceedings. K.S.A. 21-4701 et seq.; see K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-6811
(determination of criminal history classification). Prior convictions for person felonies
increase the criminal history score more than nonperson felony convictions and, thus,
result in longer prison terms. Of particular importance here is the post-1993 burglary
statute requirement that the burglarized structure must be a dwelling in order for a
burglary conviction to be classified as a person crime. The pre-1993 burglary statute did
not have a dwelling requirement. Compare K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-5807(a)(1), (c)(1)(A),
with K.S.A. 1991 Supp. 21-3715.


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       In Apprendi, the United State Supreme Court said that facts which increase a
sentence beyond a statutory maximum must be decided by a jury, not a judge, because to
do otherwise violates a defendant's constitutional right to have guilt determined by a jury.
530 U.S. at 490. Dickey I explained that because there was no pre-KSGA burglary crime
requiring as an element that the burglarized structure be a dwelling, classifying a pre-
KSGA burglary as a person felony required the sentencing judge to delve into the factual
underpinnings of the prior conviction and engage in judicial fact-finding, which was
declared to be unconstitutional in Apprendi. 301 Kan. at 1039-40.


       Dickey I was a direct appeal. Dickey II expanded this holding to probation
revocations for convictions that were final before Dickey I was decided. Dickey II
recognized that the improper classification of the prior crime came with a "thick overlay
of constitutional law," but the resulting sentence's illegality was based on statutory, not
constitutional, grounds. 305 Kan. at 221-22. In other words, it is the nonconformity with
our interpretation of Kansas statutory provisions that renders the sentence illegal.


       But as the panel in this case intimated, the interface of our statutory interpretation
of the KSGA criminal history provisions and the thick overlay of changes in federal
constitutional law has created an evolving body of Kansas law. See McAlister, 54 Kan.
App. 2d at 76-78. While Dickey II clarified that K.S.A. 22-3504's statutory directive that
an illegal sentence may be corrected "at any time" supersedes the normal procedural
hurdles of res judicata and retroactivity, the opinion did not specifically address the point
in time that should be analyzed to determine a sentence's legality under that statute.


       We subsequently addressed that question head-on in State v. Murdock, 309 Kan.
585, 439 P.3d 307 (2019) (Murdock II). The Murdock holding applicable here is that a
subsequent change in the law cannot transform a legal sentence into an illegal sentence.
Specifically, we said that:


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       "the legality of a sentence under K.S.A. 22-3504 is controlled by the law in effect at the
       time the sentence was pronounced. The legality of a sentence is fixed at a discrete
       moment in time—the moment the sentence was pronounced. At that moment, a
       pronounced sentence is either legal or illegal according to then-existing law. Therefore,
       for purposes of a motion to correct an illegal sentence, neither party can avail itself of
       subsequent changes in the law." 309 Kan. at 591.


       Murdock II did not, however, "disturb our longstanding rule that in a direct appeal,
a defendant will receive the benefit of any change in the law that occurs while the direct
appeal is pending. See, e.g., State v. Ford, 302 Kan. 455, 471, 353 P.3d 1143 (2015) ('[I]t
is generally true that changes in the law apply prospectively and only to cases on direct
review.')." 309 Kan. at 591. But a person moving to correct an illegal sentence under
K.S.A. 22-3504(1), like McAlister in this case, "is stuck with the law in effect at the time
the sentence was pronounced." 309 Kan. at 592.


       McAlister does not argue that his sentences were illegal on February 3, 1999,
when his direct appeal mandate was issued and his sentences became final. Rather, he
contends that his sentences were rendered illegal by our decisions a decade and a half
later in Dickey I and II, which were, in turn, founded on the June 2000 change in the law
effected by Apprendi. Put simply, Murdock II precludes that argument. McAlister's
attempt to avail himself of Apprendi's subsequent change in the law in a motion to correct
an illegal sentence is unavailing.


       Murdock II further clarified that while "true changes in the law cannot transform a
once legal sentence into an illegal sentence," there might be "developments in the law
[that] may shine new light on the original question of whether the sentence was illegal
when pronounced." 309 Kan. at 592. Any argument that Apprendi was simply an
explanatory development in the law would border on frivolity. The year following
Apprendi, this court discussed its effect:


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               "Since the Supreme Court's June 26, 2000, ruling in Apprendi, 'hundreds of
       appeals have been filed and scores of decisions handed down interpreting the ruling.'
       David E. Rovella, A Looming 'Apprendi' tsunami?, The National Law Journal, Jan. 8,
       2001, at A1. There is little dispute that Apprendi has had an immediate and dramatic
       impact on criminal law. Indeed, Justice O'Connor presaged the Apprendi phenomenon by
       warning in her dissent that the decision represented 'a watershed change in constitutional
       law' whose effect on state and federal determinate sentencing schemes would likely be
       'severe.' 530 U.S. at 524 (O'Connor, J., dissenting)." State v. Gould, 271 Kan. 394, 406,
       23 P.3d 801 (2001).


       Finally, we note that in 2017 and 2019 the Legislature amended K.S.A. 22-3504
with language that addresses the applicability of subsequent changes in the law to the
determination of whether a sentence is illegal. Those changes do not impact our decision.


       In sum, McAlister's sentences were legal when imposed and remained so at the
time his direct appeal became final. Subsequent changes in the law did not render
McAlister's sentences illegal for purposes of a K.S.A. 22-3504(1) motion to correct an
illegal sentence. We reverse the Court of Appeals reversal of the district court and
remand with directions to reinstate McAlister's original lawful sentences.


       Reversed and remanded with directions.


       LUCKERT, J., not participating.
       MICHAEL J. MALONE, Senior Judge, assigned.1




1
 REPORTER'S NOTE: Senior Judge Malone was appointed to hear case No. 115,887,
115,888, and 115,889 vice Justice Luckert under the authority vested in the Supreme
Court by K.S.A. 20-2616.

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