                                                              NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                          FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                             ________________

                              Nos. 15-2801 & 15-2802
                                ________________

                         UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                         v.

                             DASHUNDA HARMON,
                                          Appellant in No. 15-2801



                         UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                         v.

                            VANESSA SINGLETARY,
                                               Appellant in No. 15-2802
                              ________________

                   On Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of Delaware
                      D. C. Criminal No. 1-13-cr-00074-003/4)
                    District Judge: Honorable Gregory M. Sleet
                                 ________________

                     Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                 on July 15, 2016

        Before: MCKEE, Chief Judge, ROTH and RENDELL, Circuit Judges

                           (Opinion filed: March 2, 2017)




  The Honorable Theodore A. McKee was Chief Judge at the time this appeal was
submitted. Judge McKee completed his term as Chief Judge on September 30, 2016.
                                    ________________

                                        OPINION*
                                    ________________


ROTH, Circuit Judge

       Following their convictions in a joint criminal trial, Dashunda Harmon and

Vanessa Singletary appeal the District Court’s denial of their motions for a new trial.

Harmon also appeals the District Court’s denial of her motion for acquittal. For the

reasons stated below, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.

                                             I.

       Harmon’s and Singletary’s claims arise out of their joint criminal trial in

connection with a robbery of the M&T Bank in Dover, Delaware. A 2013 grand jury

indictment charged both Harmon and Singletary with conspiracy to commit armed bank

robbery,1 aiding and abetting armed bank robbery, 2 and use of a firearm in relation to a

crime of violence. 3 At trial, the government relied extensively upon the testimony of

Phillip Yates, one of the two other participants in the robbery. Yates testified that he and

Larry Pierce developed a plan to rob the M&T Bank and solicited Singletary to serve as a

getaway driver. Singletary then recruited her friend Harmon to join in the planned

robbery. Harmon and Singletary drove Pierce and Yates to the designated rendezvous



*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
1
  18 U.S.C. § 371 (2012).
2
  18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), (d).
3
  18 U.S.C. § 924(c).
                                             2
point in Yates’s vehicle, at which point the two men retrieved latex gloves and handguns

from the car and set off on foot to rob the bank. According to Yates, Harmon and

Singletary agreed to wait at the rendezvous point while Pierce and Yates robbed the bank,

and then to drive them to safety; in exchange, Pierce and Yates agreed to pay them $500

each. Yates successfully made it back to the car, but after detecting significant police

presence in the area, he exited the car and was later apprehended on foot. Subsequently,

Singletary called 911 and claimed that someone had held a gun to her head and forced

both her and Harmon to drive.

       Yates confessed to the robbery and testified extensively against Harmon and

Singletary at trial. While testifying, Yates was questioned at length regarding drug-

dealing activities that he allegedly engaged in during the time period that he planned and

executed the robbery. Yates denied these allegations. Defense counsel attempted to

impeach Yates with text messages he sent referring to illegal activity. Subsequently,

defense counsel informed the District Court that they believed that Yates had perjured

himself in denying the drug-dealing allegations. The District Court met with all parties

and determined that while calling Yates’s credibility into question was appropriate, there

was no basis to believe that the government had knowingly suborned perjury,

characterizing what transpired during Yates’s cross-examination as “entirely in the

normal course of an adversary process.” Defense counsel then fully explored the topic of

Yates’s credibility in their closing statements.

       Harmon and Singletary were convicted on both the conspiracy and aiding and

abetting bank robbery charges. After the verdicts were entered, the defendants both

                                              3
moved for a new trial, arguing that they had been prejudiced by the government’s failure

to acknowledge and correct Yates’s false trial testimony. Harmon also brought a

sufficiency challenge under Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure 29(c) and 33, arguing

(1) there was insufficient evidence to sustain the jury’s verdict and (2) a heightened

standard of sufficiency was required because of the risk of an unlawful conviction based

upon the false testimony of a co-conspirator. The District Court denied these motions,

finding that: (1) Yates’s asserted untruthful statements were not material to the case

against Harmon and Singletary and did not establish a “reasonable likelihood that the

verdict would be affected”; (2) the court had instructed the jury to weigh the credibility of

various sources, including Yates; and (3) a reasonable jury could have found Harmon

guilty on both counts. Harmon and Singletary now renew these arguments on appeal.

                                              II.

         The District Court exercised jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §

3231. We have appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review the denial of a

motion for a new trial for abuse of discretion. 4 We review sufficiency claims to

determine whether, viewing all the evidence adduced at trial in the light most favorable to

the government, a rational trier of fact could find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. 5

         A.     New Trial Claims

         Both defendants moved for a new trial arguing that their due process rights had

been violated by “the Government’s prejudicial failure to acknowledge and correct


4
    United States v. Georgiou, 777 F.3d 125, 143 (3d Cir. 2015).
5
    United States v. Brown, 3 F.3d 673, 680 (3d Cir. 1993).
                                               4
Yates’[s] false testimony.” To be entitled to a new trial on the basis of a due process

violation arising from perjured testimony, a defendant must establish: (1) the witness

committed perjury; (2) the government knew or should have known of the witness’s

perjury; (3) the testimony went uncorrected; and (4) there is a “reasonable likelihood that

the false testimony could have affected the verdict.” 6

         The District Court analyzed these factors and determined that Harmon and

Singletary had not met their burden. The District Court concluded that there was

insufficient evidence to find that Yates had committed perjury in denying the drug

dealing allegations, let alone that the government knew or should have known that Yates

was testifying falsely. Moreover, even if Yates did perjure himself, the District Court

determined that the statements related to his drug dealing were not material to his

testimony about the armed robbery. Therefore, it concluded that the defendants had

failed to establish that there was a reasonable likelihood that the false testimony could

have affected the verdict.

         We agree with the District Court’s conclusion that the statements in question were

not material to Yates’s testimony regarding the armed robbery. Furthermore, even if the

statements had been material, the defendants had multiple opportunities to impugn

Yates’s credibility based on those statements, and did in fact do so. Yates was rigorously

cross-examined as to his potential drug dealing and his plea agreement, and related

evidence was presented to impeach his credibility. Defense counsel again raised the issue

of Yates’s credibility in their closing statement and the District Court specifically

6
    United States v. Hoffecker, 530 F.3d 137, 183 (3d Cir. 2008).
                                              5
instructed the jury that “[i]n evaluating Phillip Yates’[s] testimony, you should consider

this factor along with the others I have called to your attention. Whether or not his

testimony may have been influenced by the plea agreement is for you to determine. You

may give his testimony such weight as you think it deserves.” Given the thoroughness

with which the issue of Yates’s allegedly false statements was presented to the jury, we

cannot conclude there was any reasonable likelihood that these statements affected the

verdict in this case. Thus, the District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying the

defendants’ motions for a new trial.

         B.     Sufficiency Claims

         Harmon additionally moves for acquittal on the basis of insufficient evidence and

asserts the need for a heightened standard of sufficiency to avoid an unlawful conviction

based upon the false testimony of a co-conspirator. With regard to the latter, Harmon

argues that where there is a risk of a co-conspirator witness testifying falsely, the

Government should be required to corroborate and demonstrate the trustworthiness of the

co-conspirator in order for a guilty verdict to be found legally sufficient. This proposed

standard ignores established Third Circuit precedent requiring no corroboration of a co-

conspirator’s testimony at trial, particularly where, as here, the defense “has ample

opportunity to cross-examine the Government’s witnesses.” 7 Thus, we decline to adopt

Harmon’s proposed heightened sufficiency standard.

         We are similarly unpersuaded by Harmon’s motion for acquittal on the basis of

insufficient evidence. In ruling on a motion for judgment of acquittal, the court must

7
    United States v. Perez, 280 F.3d 318, 344 (3d Cir. 2002).
                                              6
“view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, and must presume that the

jury has properly carried out its functions of evaluating credibility of witnesses, finding

the facts, and drawing justifiable inferences.” 8 Courts must be “vigilant . . . not to usurp

the role of the jury by weighing credibility and assigning weight to the evidence, or by

substituting its judgment for that of the jury.” 9 Thus, a finding of insufficiency “should

be confined to cases where the prosecution’s failure is clear.” 10

       In the present case, the government offered the extensive testimony of Yates,

which, in and of itself could have been sufficient to support a criminal conviction. 11

Additionally, the government presented several eyewitnesses, whose testimony, albeit

circumstantial, corroborated Yates’s story and tended to disprove Harmon and

Singletary’s version of the events. Based on the evidence presented, we hold that a

reasonable jury could have found Harmon guilty on both the conspiracy and aiding and

abetting charges. Thus, the District Court acted properly in denying Harmon’s motion

for acquittal.

                                             III.

       For the reasons stated above, we will affirm the judgments of the District Court.




8
  United States v. Lacy, 446 F.3d 448, 451 (3d Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
9
  United States v. Brodie, 403 F.3d 123, 133 (3d Cir. 2005).
10
   United States v. Smith, 294 F.3d 473, 477 (3d Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
11
   See Perez, 280 F.3d at 344.
                                              7
