                        RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                     File Name: 10a0075p.06

                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                   _________________


                                                 X
       Petitioner-Appellee/Cross-Appellant, -
 MARK THOMPSON, JR.,
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                       Nos. 08-3743/3744
         v.
                                                  ,
                                                   >
                                                  -
      Respondent-Appellant/Cross-Appellee. -
 WARDEN, Belmont Correctional Institution,
                                                  -
                                                 N
                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Southern District of Ohio at Columbus.
              No. 07-00051—Edmund A. Sargus, Jr., District Judge.
                                   Argued: January 14, 2010
                             Decided and Filed: March 18, 2010
                                                                                               *
   Before: BOGGS and GILMAN, Circuit Judges; McCALLA, Chief District Judge.

                                     _________________

                                          COUNSEL
ARGUED: Thelma Thomas Price, OFFICE OF THE OHIO ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant. Stephen P. Hardwick, OFFICE OF THE OHIO
PUBLIC DEFENDER, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Thelma Thomas
Price, OFFICE OF THE OHIO ATTORNEY GENERAL, Columbus, Ohio, for
Appellant. Stephen P. Hardwick, OFFICE OF THE OHIO PUBLIC DEFENDER,
Columbus, Ohio, for Appellee.
                                     _________________

                                           OPINION
                                     _________________

        RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge. Mark Thompson, Jr. filed a petition
for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, contesting the constitutionality



        *
        The Honorable Jon P. McCalla, Chief United States District Judge for the Western District of
Tennessee, sitting by designation.


                                                 1
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of his state convictions and sentences for theft of a motor vehicle, possession of crack
cocaine, carrying a concealed weapon, and receiving stolen property.                Among
Thompson’s arguments was a challenge to the state trial court’s finding facts used to
increase his sentence without submitting the matter to a jury. Thompson claims that his
Sixth Amendment rights were violated and that his appellate counsel was ineffective for
failing to raise the issue on his direct appeal. The district court conditionally granted the
habeas petition on both grounds, vacating Thompson’s sentences and directing the state
either to release him from incarceration or to reinstate his direct appeal within 60 days.

        Both sides have appealed, with the Warden contesting the grant of habeas relief
and Thompson contesting the limited remedy granted by the district court. For the
reasons set forth below, we REVERSE the district court’s grant of habeas relief.

                                   I. BACKGROUND

        In March 2005, in the Jefferson County Court of Common Pleas, a jury found
Thompson guilty of possession of crack cocaine, carrying a concealed weapon, and
receiving stolen property. Thompson was convicted by a jury of a fourth offense—theft
of a motor vehicle—roughly one month later in the same court. The trial court sentenced
Thompson for these four convictions during two separate sentencing hearings. At each
hearing, the trial court made independent factual findings that allowed it to enhance
Thompson’s sentences from the normally applicable statutory minimum to the statutory
maximum for each offense, and that further enabled the court to specify that Thompson’s
sentences would be served consecutively rather than concurrently.              As a result,
Thompson received four consecutive sentences of eighteen months’ imprisonment,
comprising a total sentence of 72 months of imprisonment.

        Thompson filed two separate appeals, one for the first three convictions and
sentences and another for the conviction and sentence relating to the theft of a motor
vehicle. The Ohio Court of Appeals’ Seventh District rejected both appeals on
December 16, 2005. In each appeal, Thompson argued that the trial court had erred by
imposing the statutory maximum sentence. He did not, however, argue that the Ohio
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sentencing laws, which required the trial court to make specific factual findings before
it could increase his sentences from the statutory minimum to the statutory maximum,
violated his Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial as elucidated in Blakely v. Washington,
542 U.S. 296 (2004). (Blakely was issued by the Supreme Court on June 24, 2004,
roughly nine months before Thompson’s four convictions in the present case.)

        Thompson failed to file a timely motion for leave to appeal with the Ohio
Supreme Court. Instead, his new counsel filed a motion for a delayed appeal with that
Court in February 2006. Substantively, the motion addressed all four of Thompson’s
convictions and sentences, arguing both that Thompson’s sentences were imposed in
violation of Blakely and that his prior appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to
raise a Blakely claim below.

        The Ohio Supreme Court granted the motion for a delayed appeal, meaning that
it would consider the appeal as if it were timely filed. But the Court eventually denied
leave to appeal on the merits in August 2006. In addition, while Thompson’s direct
appeal was pending, he filed a pro se postconviction petition in the state trial court. This
petition was also dismissed, and Thompson did not appeal that ruling.

        Thompson then filed his habeas petition in the United States District Court for
the Southern District of Ohio. The petition raised three claims, including the claims that
the state trial court violated Thompson’s Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial (as
explained in Blakely) by finding facts used to increase his sentence without submitting
the matter to a jury, and that Thompson’s appellate counsel was ineffective for failing
to raise this argument on his direct appeal. After briefing by the parties, the magistrate
judge assigned to the case issued a Report and Recommendation that advised the district
court to conditionally grant Thompson habeas relief unless the state of Ohio reinstated
Thompson’s direct appeal within 60 days. The district court overruled both parties’
objections to the Report and Recommendation and adopted its conclusions, thus
conditionally granting habeas relief as recommended by the magistrate judge.
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       On appeal, the Warden contests the grant of habeas relief, arguing that
Thompson’s appellate counsel was not ineffective. Thompson cross-appeals, arguing
that the district court should have conditioned habeas relief on the State giving him a
new sentencing hearing, rather than conditioning the grant on the State simply reinstating
his direct appeal.

                                    II. ANALYSIS

A.     Standard of review

       We review de novo a district court’s decision to grant or deny a petition for a writ
of habeas corpus. Joseph v. Coyle, 469 F.3d 441, 449 (6th Cir. 2006). The provisions
of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) apply in this
case because Thompson filed his petition after AEDPA’s effective date. See Woodford
v. Garceau , 538 U.S. 202, 210 (2003). Under AEDPA, a federal court may grant a writ
of habeas corpus with respect to a “claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State
court proceedings” only if the state court’s decision “was contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law, as determined by the
Supreme Court of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).

       In the present case, however, neither of Thompson’s claims was “adjudicated on
the merits” by the state courts. Both his Blakely claim and his ineffective-assistance-of-
appellate-counsel claim were raised for the first time in his petition to the Ohio Supreme
Court, which denied leave to appeal without comment. As a result, Thompson’s Blakely
claim is procedurally defaulted. See Wagner v. Smith, 581 F.3d 410, 418 (6th Cir. 2009)
(“For a claim to be reviewable at the federal level, each claim must be fairly presented
at every stage of the state appellate process.”). We thus cannot reach the merits of
Thompson’s Blakely claim unless he first prevails on his ineffective-assistance-of-
appellate-counsel claim, which would then establish cause and prejudice for the default.
See Beuke v. Houk, 537 F.3d 618, 631 (6th Cir. 2008) (explaining that an ineffective-
assistance-of-counsel claim can provide both cause and prejudice to excuse procedural
default, if the ineffective-assistance claim itself was not defaulted).
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       Despite the fact that Thompson’s ineffective-assistance-of-appellate-counsel
claim was raised only before the Ohio Supreme Court, the Warden acknowledges that
this claim is not defaulted. An Ohio procedural rule allows parties to raise ineffective-
assistance-of-appellate-counsel claims for the first time via a motion for leave to appeal
to the Ohio Supreme Court, and thus a claim raised in that manner may be “fairly
presented” for federal habeas purposes. See Holloman v. Timmerman-Cooper, No. 2:08-
CV-441, 2009 WL 4283099, at *8 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 30, 2009) (holding that an
ineffective-assistance-of-appellate-counsel claim raised on direct appeal to the Ohio
Supreme Court was not procedurally defaulted) (citing State v. Murnahan, 584 N.E.2d
1204 (Ohio 1992)). Furthermore, because Thompson’s ineffective-assistance-of-
appellate-counsel claim was fairly presented to the Ohio Supreme Court but not
addressed by it, we will review the claim de novo. See Howard v. Bouchard, 405 F.3d
459, 467 (6th Cir. 2005) (“Where the state court has not addressed or resolved claims
[that are] based on federal law, most courts, including this one, have held that the
decision is not an ‘adjudication on the merits.’ Thus, a federal habeas court reviews such
unaddressed claims de novo.”).

B.     Thompson’s ineffective-assistance-of-appellate-counsel claim

       1. The requirements of Strickland

       Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), requires that a defendant raising
an ineffective-assistance claim show both that counsel performed deficiently and that the
defendant was prejudiced by counsel’s deficient performance. Id. at 687-91. In order
to demonstrate deficient performance, Thompson must show that his appellate counsel
made an objectively unreasonable decision to raise other issues instead of raising a
Blakely claim, “meaning that [the Blakely claim] ‘was clearly stronger than issues that
counsel did present.’” See Webb v. Mitchell, 586 F.3d 383, 399 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting
Smith v. Robbins, 528 U.S. 259, 285, 288 (2000)).

       Thompson must also show prejudice, which in the appellate context means
showing “a reasonable probability that, but for his counsel’s unreasonable failure to”
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raise a Blakely claim on appeal, “he would have prevailed.” See Robbins, 528 U.S. at
285. Furthermore, when reviewing the actions of appellate counsel, “[a] fair assessment
of attorney performance requires that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting
effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct,
and to evaluate the conduct from counsel’s perspective at the time.” Smith v. Murray,
477 U.S. 527, 536 (1986) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689).

       2. The performance of Thompson’s appellate counsel

       Thompson argues, and the district court agreed, that his appellate counsel
performed deficiently by not raising a Blakely claim in Thompson’s appeal to the Ohio
Court of Appeals. In reaching this decision, the district court largely relied on the
magistrate judge’s Report and Recommendation, which contained a fresh review of the
factfinding done by the state trial court at Thompson’s sentencing, and concluded that
this factfinding plainly violated the rule laid out in Blakely. Thompson’s appellate
counsel was thus found to be deficient for failing to raise this claim.

       But this analysis fails to consider the context of Thompson’s appeal. Blakely
extended the holding of Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), to the sentencing-
guideline scheme used by the state of Washington. Apprendi had held that, “[o]ther than
the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the
prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490. Blakely explained “that the ‘statutory
maximum’ for Apprendi purposes is the maximum sentence a judge may impose solely
on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant.”
Blakely, 542 U.S. at 303 (emphasis in original).

       The district court concluded that Ohio’s then-applicable sentencing procedures
violated Blakely by requiring the state trial court to make at least one of four factual
findings considered to be aggravating factors before giving a defendant like Thompson
a sentence greater than the statutory minimum. Although judge-made factual findings
that simply increase a statutory minimum sentence would not normally violate Blakely,
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see Arias v. Hudson, 589 F.3d 315, 317 (6th Cir. 2009), then-applicable Ohio law
declared that the statutory minimum was the appropriate sentence in the absence of any
aggravating factors, see State v. Edmonson, 715 N.E.2d 131, 133 (Ohio 1999).

       The vast majority of Ohio state courts to address the issue of whether Ohio’s
sentencing procedures ran afoul of Blakely at the time Thompson filed his direct appeal
had reached the opposite conclusion from that of the district court. When Thompson
filed his briefs for his two appeals on July 7, 2005, 8 of the 12 districts comprising the
Ohio Court of Appeals had issued decisions holding Blakely inapplicable to Ohio’s
sentencing laws. See State v. Trubee, No. 9-03-65, 2005 WL 335833, at *4-*9 (Ohio Ct.
App. 3d Dist. Feb. 14, 2005) (rejecting a defendant’s Blakely challenge to Ohio’s
sentencing laws); State v. Wheeler, No. 04CA1, 2004 WL 2827714, at *3-*4 (Ohio Ct.
App. 4th Dist. Nov. 26, 2004) (same); State v. Iddings, No. 2004CAA06043, 2004 WL
3563921, at *1-*4 (Ohio Ct. App. 5th Dist. Nov. 8, 2004) (same); State v. Goins, No. 02
CA 68, 2005 WL 704865, at *17-*19 (Ohio Ct. App. 7th Dist. Mar. 21, 2005) (same);
State v. Cooper, No. 84645, 2005 WL 1541000, at *1-*3 (Ohio Ct. App. 8th Dist. June
30, 2005) (same); State v. Rowles, No. 22007, 2005 WL 19440, at *3-*6 (Ohio Ct. App.
9th Dist. Jan. 5, 2005) (same); State v. Reen, No. 2003-A-0077, 2005 WL 1009826, at
*1-*3 (Ohio Ct. App. 11th Dist. Apr. 29, 2005) (same); State v. Farley, No. CA2004-04-
085, 2005 WL 1131745, at *4-*5 (Ohio Ct. App. 12th Dist. May 16, 2005) (same).

       Two more appellate districts issued decisions reaching the same conclusion while
Thompson’s appeal was being briefed. See State v. Weese, No. H-05-003, 2005 WL
1845256, at *1-*2 (Ohio Ct. App. 6th Dist. Aug. 5, 2005) (rejecting a Blakely challenge
to Ohio’s sentencing laws); State v. Sanchez, No. 04AP-1320, 2005 WL 1745315, at *2-
*3 (Ohio Ct. App. 10th Dist. July 26, 2005) (same). Only one district had held that
Blakely was applicable to Ohio’s sentencing laws, State v. Montgomery, 825 N.E.2d 250,
252-55 (Ohio Ct. App. 1st Dist. 2005), and even there a different panel within that same
district had previously reached the opposite conclusion, State v. Bell, No. C-030726,
2004 WL 1531904, at *5 (Ohio Ct. App. 1st Dist. July 9, 2004) (holding Blakely
inapplicable to Ohio’s sentencing procedures).
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        Perhaps more importantly, the division before which Thompson’s appeal was
pending—the Ohio Court of Appeals’ Seventh District—had rejected the argument at
least twice before. See Goins, 2005 WL 704865, at *17-*19 (reasoning that the Ohio
sentencing statutes do not run afoul of Blakely), and State v. Barnette, No. 02 CA 65,
2004 WL 3090228, at *15-*16 (Ohio Ct. App. 7th Dist. Dec. 28, 2004) (same). Thus,
during the entire time that Thompson’s appeal was pending, a Blakely claim had virtually
no chance of success in the Ohio Court of Appeals’ Seventh District.

        The claims that Thompson’s appellate counsel did raise—that the trial court erred
by (1) allowing a state’s witness to make unsolicited comments to the jury,
(2) conducting an inadequate voir dire, (3) sentencing Thompson to the maximum
available sentences, (4) permitting the state to wrongly imply that Thompson had a prior
criminal record, and (5) permitting the state to improperly shift the burden of proof to
Thompson in closing argument—seem reasonably worthwhile in contrast.                   This
demonstrates that Thompson’s appellate counsel did not perform deficiently by failing
to raise a Blakely claim that was virtually certain to be rejected. See Webb, 586 F.3d at
399 (explaining that appellate counsel is deficient only if the unraised claim is “clearly
stronger” than the claims that were raised); see also United States v. Fields, 565 F.3d
290, 294 (5th Cir. 2009) (“[W]e have held that counsel is not ineffective for failing to
raise a claim that courts in the controlling jurisdiction have repeatedly rejected.”).

        The fact that the Seventh District would almost certainly have rejected a Blakely
claim in 2005 distinguishes this case from this court’s recent unpublished decision in
Benning v. Warden, Lebanon Correctional Institution, No. 08-3260, 2009 WL 2868822
(6th Cir. Sept. 8, 2009). Benning found that the petitioner’s appellate counsel was
ineffective for not raising a Blakely claim in his brief to the Ohio Court of Appeals’ First
District, filed three months after Thompson’s direct-appeal briefs were filed in this case.
Id. at *7-*8. The First District, however, was the lone court out of Ohio’s 12 districts
that had granted relief on a Blakely claim at the time. Id. at *7. Furthermore, Benning’s
appellate counsel raised only one relatively weak argument contesting the sufficiency
of the evidence in the case, id. (referring to a sufficiency-of-the-evidence argument as
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a “perennial loser”), which again contrasts with this case where appellate counsel raised
several plausible arguments.

       In fact, Benning’s other holding—rejecting Benning’s ineffective-assistance-of-
trial-counsel claim—supports our conclusion in this case. Benning had argued that his
trial counsel was also ineffective for failing to make a Blakely objection during his
sentencing hearing. Id. at *6-*7. But at the time of Benning’s sentencing hearing, the
earlier First District decision rejecting a Blakely challenge was still good law, so any
Blakely objection that trial counsel might have made would have been futile. See id.
Accordingly, Benning held that “[a]lthough prudent counsel would have preserved a
Blakely claim under these circumstances, counsel’s failure to anticipate that [the Ohio
Supreme Court] would overrule binding First District precedent was not constitutionally
unreasonable.” Id. at *7. The analysis in Benning thus mirrors our own.

       Turning back to the present case, there was no point in raising a Blakely claim
in the Seventh District except to preserve it for further appeal in the hope that the
controlling law would change. And Thompson has been unable to cite any precedent
holding that appellate counsel should be deemed ineffective for failing to raise a claim
that he or she knows will be found without merit solely to preserve it for a later appeal.

       We are aware, of course, of the fact that the Ohio Supreme Court concluded that
Blakely invalidated portions of Ohio’s sentencing laws the year after Thompson’s appeal
was briefed and argued. See State v. Foster, 845 N.E.2d 470 (Ohio 2006). But
Strickland specifically warns of “the distorting effects of hindsight” when considering
the strategic choices made by counsel. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689.

        In sum, appellate counsel is not ineffective for failing to predict the development
of the law. See Lott v. Coyle, 261 F.3d 594, 609 (6th Cir. 2001) (holding that a
petitioner’s appellate counsel was not ineffective for failing to make a particular
argument because “we cannot conclude that Lott’s counsel should have reasonably
anticipated” the change in the law, even though there were conflicting opinions in the
Ohio Court of Appeals on the issue); Alcorn v. Smith, 781 F.2d 58, 62 (6th Cir. 1986)
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(noting that “nonegregious errors such as failure to perceive or anticipate a change in the
law . . . generally cannot be considered ineffective assistance of counsel”); see also
Green v. Johnson, 116 F.3d 1115, 1125 (5th Cir. 1997) (“[T]here is no general duty on
the part of defense counsel to anticipate changes in the law.”); Spaziano v. Singletary,
36 F.3d 1028, 1039 (11th Cir. 1994) (“We have held many times that reasonably
effective representation cannot and does not include a requirement to make arguments
based on predictions of how the law may develop.” (alterations, citations, and internal
quotation marks omitted)).

        On the other hand, “counsel’s failure to raise an issue whose resolution is clearly
foreshadowed by existing decisions might constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.”
Lucas v. O’Dea, 179 F.3d 412, 420 (6th Cir. 1999) (noting that counsel will be found
ineffective for failing to raise an argument that would have been unsuccessful at the time
“only in a rare case,” and holding that counsel was not ineffective for failing to make a
particular argument under Kentucky law where the law was “in a curious state” at the
time). Given that the vast majority of precedent in Ohio had already determined that
Blakely was not applicable to Ohio’s sentencing laws at the time Thompson’s appeal was
decided, the Ohio Supreme Court’s later decision to the contrary was not “clearly
foreshadowed.” If anything, the decision was an abrupt change from prior Ohio
precedent. Thompson therefore cannot show that his counsel performed deficiently by
failing to raise a Blakely claim, and he thus fails to satisfy the performance prong of
Strickland. See Flannery v. Hudson, No. 1:06CV1938, 2008 WL 1787155, at *3-*4
(N.D. Ohio Apr. 17, 2008) (rejecting an ineffective-assistance-of-appellate-counsel claim
for failing to raise a Blakely claim in the Ohio Court of Appeals’ Fifth District during the
same time period as Thompson’s direct appeal).

        3. Potential Prejudice

        Because Thompson fails to satisfy Strickland’s performance prong, we need not
consider whether he was prejudiced by his appellate counsel’s failure to raise a Blakely
claim. See Cornwell v. Bradshaw, 559 F.3d 398, 412 (6th Cir. 2009) (explaining that in
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order to show the ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner “must show both
deficient performance and prejudice”) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687).

C.     Thompson’s cross-appeal

       On cross-appeal, Thompson asserts that the district court erred in conditionally
granting habeas relief by ordering him released from imprisonment only if the State
refuses to reinstate his direct appeal (as opposed to granting habeas relief only if the
State refuses to completely resentence him). This issue is moot because Thompson has
not prevailed on his ineffective-assistance-of-appellate-counsel claim.

                                III. CONCLUSION

       For all of the reasons set forth above, we REVERSE the district court’s grant of
habeas relief.
