                                     In The
                                Court of Appeals
                       Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
                                ________________________

                                    No. 07-11-00152-CV
                                ________________________

                       TEXAS YOUTH COMMISSION, APPELLANT

                                                V.

                             THOMAS BOLLINGER, APPELLEE



                           On Appeal from the 126th District Court
                                   Travis County, Texas
          Trial Court No. D-1-GN-03-00162, Honorable Stephen Yelenosky, Presiding


                                         May 28, 2013

                               MEMORANDUM OPINION
                     Before CAMPBELL and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.

       The Texas Youth Commission 1 appeals a judgment entered in favor of Thomas

Bollinger, following a jury trial of his Texas Whistleblower Act claim. 2 In three issues,


1
 Effective December 1, 2011, the Texas Youth Commission was abolished and the powers and duties of
that agency were transferred to the newly created Texas Juvenile Justice Department. See generally
TEX. HUMAN RESOURCES CODE, §§ 201.001 – 261.152 (W EST 2013). For purposes of this opinion, we will
continue to refer to the Texas Youth Commission simply as TYC.
2
See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 554.001-.010 (West 2012). Throughout the remainder of this opinion, we
will refer to those provisions as either the “Whistleblower Act” or simply the “Act.”
TYC asserts (1) the trial court lacked jurisdiction because Bollinger’s evidence of a

Whistleblower Act claim was legally insufficient; (2) Bollinger’s evidence at trial was

legally and factually insufficient to establish causation; and (3) the trial court’s causation

instruction to the jury was erroneous. In his cross-appeal, Bollinger contends the trial

court erred by failing to award reinstatement in its judgment. We reverse the trial court’s

judgment and render judgment that Bollinger take nothing.


                                       BACKGROUND


       In December 2007, Bollinger filed his Third Amended Petition alleging TYC

violated the Texas Whistleblower Act by retaliating against him for making numerous

good faith reports concerning violations of law by his TYC supervisor, Jerome Parsee.

In May 2010, the trial court denied TYC’s motion to dismiss based on allegations that

Bollinger’s reports were (1) not made in good faith, (2) did not allege violations of law

and (3) were not directed to an appropriate law enforcement authority. In June 2010, a

five-day jury trial was held. At the conclusion of Bollinger’s case-in-chief and again at

the close of all evidence, TYC moved for a directed verdict based upon the same

grounds.    The trial court granted a directed verdict in favor of TYC as to all reports,

save two: (1) the “Fire Alarm Report” based on Bollinger’s complaint of unsafe working

conditions contained in his Statement of Grievance dated November 7, 2001, and (2)

the “Pepper Spray Report” based on his allegation in an email dated November 10,

2001, that Parsee authorized the misuse of pepper spray.


       The jury subsequently returned a verdict in Bollinger’s favor and, in its judgment,

the trial court awarded him $45,850 in past lost wages, $43,150 in compensatory


                                              2
damages, $16,000 in attorney’s fees and pre/post judgment interest.              Bollinger

subsequently moved to modify the trial court’s judgment to include reinstatement. After

a hearing, the trial court denied Bollinger’s motion and issued Findings of Fact and

Conclusions of Law. TYC appeals the monetary judgment and Bollinger appeals the

denial of reinstatement.     Because disposition of TYC’s first issue resolves the

controversy, we pretermit TYC’s remaining issues and Bollinger’s cross-issue.        See

TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.

                                       DISCUSSION


      By its first issue, TYC asserts Bollinger presented legally insufficient evidence

that he made a “good faith report of a violation of law” to an “appropriate law

enforcement authority,” essential elements of a Texas Whistleblower Act claim. TYC

reasons that because those elements are totally lacking, there is no basis in law to

support a judgment in Bollinger’s favor. We agree.


                                  STANDARD OF REVIEW


      In a legal sufficiency review, this Court must credit favorable evidence to the

verdict if reasonable jurors would have done so, disregard contrary evidence unless

reasonable jurors could not have done so, and reverse the jury’s determination only if

the evidence presented at trial would not enable reasonable and fair-minded people to

reach the verdict under review. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex.

2005). We sustain legal sufficiency challenges if the record reveals: (1) the complete

absence of evidence of a vital fact; (2) the court is barred by the rules of evidence from

giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered


                                            3
to prove a vital fact is no more than a scintilla; or (4) the evidence conclusively

establishes the opposite of a vital fact. Id. at 810. More than a scintilla of evidence

exists if the evidence rises to a level that would enable reasonable and fair-minded

people to differ in their conclusions. Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 601

(Tex. 2004). In applying this standard of review, we must be mindful that the jurors are

the sole judges of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their

testimony. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 819.


                            THE TEXAS WHISTLEBLOWER ACT


       The Texas Whistleblower Act prohibits any state or local government from taking

an adverse personnel action against a public employee who, in good faith, reports a

violation of law by the employing governmental entity or another public employee to an

appropriate law enforcement authority.     TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 554.002(a) (W EST

2012). The statute was enacted to protect public employees who report illegal activity

and to enhance openness in government while compelling compliance with the law.

Castaneda v. Tex. Dep’t of Agriculture, 831 S.W.2d 501, 503 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi

1992, writ denied). The cause of action is purely statutory, creating a right unknown at

common law. Scott v. Godwin, 147 S.W.3d 609, 621 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 2004,

no pet.).


       To establish a claim for retaliation under the Act, a claimant must prove the

following elements: (1) claimant was a public employee; (2) he acted in good faith in

making a report; (3) the report involved a violation of law; (4) the report was made to an

appropriate law enforcement authority; and (5) claimant suffered retaliation as a result


                                            4
of making the report. County of Bexar v. Steward, 139 S.W.3d 354, 357-58 (Tex.App.—

San Antonio 2004, no pet.). In the context of a whistleblower claim, “good faith” has

both a subjective and objective component. See Texas Dep’t of Transp. v. Needham,

82 S.W.3d 314, 321 (Tex. 2002). The subjective component ensures that an employee

actually believes that he is reporting a violation of law to an appropriate law

enforcement agency, while the objective component ensures that the employee’s beliefs

are objectively reasonable “in light of the employee’s training and experience.” Id. at

320. (citing Wichita County v. Hart, 917 S.W.2d 779, 784 (Tex. 1996)). Under the

objective component, a claimant is entitled to protection “if a reasonably prudent

employee in similar circumstances” would have held those beliefs. Id.


                                   VIOLATION OF LAW


      The Act defines a “law” as (1) a state or federal statute, (2) an ordinance of a

local governmental entity, or (3) a rule adopted under a statute or ordinance. TEX.

GOV’T CODE ANN. § 554.001(1) (W EST 2012). Although an employee need not identify a

specific law when making a report and need not establish an actual violation of law at

trial, the employee must identify some law prohibiting the complained of conduct to give

rise to a whistleblower claim. Llanes v. Corpus Christi Indep. Sch. Dist., 64 S.W.3d 638,

642-43 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 2001, pet. denied).        “Otherwise, every complaint,

grievance and misbehavior could support a claim under the Act.” Id. Violations of an

agency’s internal procedures and policies will not alone support a claim. Mullins v.

Dallas Indep. Sch. Dist., 357 S.W.3d 182, 188 (Tex.App.—Dallas 2012, pet. filed) (citing

Llanes, 64 S.W.3d at 642).       See Vela v. City of Houston, 186 S.W.3d 49, 53



                                           5
(Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.) (“Violation of the City’s internal policies

are not ‘laws’ under the Act. [Citations omitted]”).


                       APPROPRIATE LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITY


       The Act requires the aggrieved employee to make his report to “an appropriate

law enforcement authority.” See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 554.002(a)-(b) (W EST 2012).

The Act defines an appropriate law enforcement authority as “part of a state or local

governmental entity . . . that the employee in good faith believes is authorized to: (1)

regulate under or enforce the law alleged to be violated in the report; or (2) investigate

or prosecute a violation of criminal law.” Id. at § 554.002(b). This “limited definition of a

law enforcement authority does not include an entity whose power is not shown to

extend beyond its ability to comply with a law by acting or refusing to act or by

preventing a violation of law by acting or refusing to act.” City of Elsa v. Gonzalez, 325

S.W.3d 622, 628 (Tex. 2010). See Needham, 82 S.W.3d at 319 (holding the definition’s

limiting language means the entity must have the authority to regulate, enforce,

investigate, or prosecute the particular law reported to have been violated). See also

Duvall v. Tex. Dep’t of Human Services, 82 S.W.3d 474, 481-82 (Tex.App.—Austin

2002, no pet.) (holding that the authority to take remedial action to internally discipline

an employee does not equate to the authority to regulate under, enforce, prosecute, or

investigate a violation of law).


       Applying the subjective and objective components of good faith to this

requirement means the reporting employee must possess an actual belief that the entity

receiving the report was authorized to regulate under or enforce the law allegedly


                                              6
violated, or investigate or prosecute a violation of criminal law; and, those beliefs must

have been reasonable in light of the reporting employee’s training and experience.

Univ. of Tex. Southwestern Med. Ctr. at Dallas v. Gentilello, No. 10-0582, 2013 Tex.

LEXIS 154, at *6 (Tex. Feb. 22, 2013).


       In Gentilello, the Supreme Court held that a person or entity with authority to

ensure internal compliance with the law does not, per se, make that person or entity an

appropriate law enforcement authority within the meaning of the Act. In order to meet

the requirements of the Act, a claimant must show that the person or entity to whom the

report was made had “free-standing regulatory, enforcement, or crime fighting

authority.” Id. at *1. Furthermore, as clarified in Texas A & M University – Kingsville v.

Moreno, No. 11-0469, 2013 Tex. LEXIS 155, at *2 (Tex. Feb. 22, 2013), the reported-to

person or entity must be charged with more than mere internal adherence to the law

allegedly violated. An “appropriate law enforcement entity” does not include persons

charged with mere internal adherence to the law allegedly violated who are responsible

for reporting suspected illegalities to external entities. The Act protects employees who

report violations to authorities that actually promulgate regulations or enforce the laws,

or to authorities that pursue criminal violations. Id. at *3.


                                  THE FIRE ALARM REPORT


       In accordance with TYC procedures, Bollinger filed a Grievance with the Human

Resources Department at the Marlin Orientation and Assessment Unit alleging unsafe

working conditions.      In his Voluntary Statement submitted twelve days after his

Grievance, he alleged the fire alarms at the unit had been turned off for two to three


                                               7
days.    In support of his contention that noncompliance with a safety condition

constituted a violation of law, Bollinger contends TYC is required by law to adopt

policies and rules governing the operation of its facilities and programs. See TEX. HUM.

RES. CODE ANN. § 242.003 (W EST 2013). He then offered evidence indicating that

possible corrective action, including probation or termination, could be taken against an

employee who violated the rules or regulations adopted by TYC.


        This report fails, as a matter of law, as a good faith report of a violation of law to

an appropriate law enforcement authority. First, Bollinger failed to cite any particular

law, rule, or regulation that was being violated if fire alarms at a TYC facility were

inoperable for two to three days.       To establish a colorable claim under the Act, a

claimant must identify some actual law which prohibits the complained-of-conduct.

Mullins, 357 S.W.3d at 188-89 (claimant required to identify what law or laws he

believed were violated by the conduct described in his report); Vela, 186 S.W.3d at 53

(no violation of law where claimant cites no law that he believes was violated),

Resendez v. Tex. Comm. on Environmental Quality, 391 S.W.3d 312, 323 (Tex.App.—

Austin 2012, pet. filed) (some actual law which prohibits the complained-of-conduct

must exist).


        Secondly, TYC does not qualify as an “appropriate law enforcement authority.”

Although TYC may perform fire protection, fire prevention, and fire suppression

activities at its facilities, see TEX. HUM. RES. CODE ANN. § 242.068 (West 2013),

Bollinger cites no law giving TYC any legal authority to investigate or prosecute

violations of any fire protection laws, rules or regulations on any level, state or local.

Furthermore, while TYC may internally discipline an employee who fails to fulfill their

                                              8
responsibilities concerning proper fire protection at a given facility, its power to conduct

internal investigative or disciplinary procedures does not satisfy the standard for an

appropriate law enforcement authority. Gentilello, 2013 Tex. LEXIS 154, at *17-18;

Moreno, 2013 Tex. LEXIS 155, at *1-2; Needham, 82 S.W.3d at 320-21.


        Given Bollinger’s testimony at trial coupled with his experience, 3 we find there is

no evidence Bollinger had a subjective good faith belief that he was reporting a violation

of law to an appropriate law enforcement authority or that, had he held such a good faith

belief, it was objectively reasonable. See Gentilello, 2013 Tex. LEXIS 154, at *8-9;

Moreno, 2013 Tex. LEXIS 155, at *3-4; Vela, 186 S.W.3d at 53. Accordingly, we find

there is no evidence the fire alarm report represented a good faith report of a violation of

law to an appropriate law enforcement authority under the Act.


                                    THE PEPPER SPRAY REPORT


        In an email to a TYC investigator, Bollinger stated that an anonymous employee

informed him that, within the last thirty days, several TYC residents had been sprayed

with pepper spray (“OC sprays”) as a form of punishment and that this action was done

with Parsee’s authorization. 4 The email indicated that Bollinger had no idea whether the

information was correct.         Attached to the email was a statement referencing TYC

reporting and investigation policies requiring any employee who had “cause to believe”

that a resident had been abused to report the allegation to the local administrator. The

3
 Bollinger holds multiple degrees in the areas of Psychology, Social Science, and Social Work. He is also
a Ph.D. candidate in the area of family and human development and he has acquired numerous state
certifications. In the course of serving as an assistant superintendent for TYC for approximately four
years, he has received extensive training on TYC’s policies and procedures.
4
 Although TYC authorizes the use of pepper spray at its facilities under certain circumstances, Bollinger
testified that using pepper spray as a form of punishment is not authorized.

                                                   9
local administrator was then required to notify an appropriate law enforcement agency if

there was “cause to believe” that a resident had been or might be abused, neglected or

exploited. 5


       Later, Bollinger filed a Voluntary Statement reiterating his email complaint and

encouraging staff to contact TYC’s youth rights staff. At trial, Bollinger testified that

allegations of abuse and neglect were made to the superintendent who would typically

assign an in-house youth rights investigator to conduct an investigation. He further

testified that in-house investigators reported to the superintendent and allegations of

abuse were usually handled within the facility. In accord, the allegations in the email

were subsequently investigated by Shirley McCullough, a youth rights investigator, who

concluded the allegation was unsubstantiated. In a memorandum to Bollinger from

Lydia Bernard, Director of Juvenile Corrections, Bernard indicated that Bollinger’s

allegations regarding improper use of pepper spray could not be confirmed because he

was unable to provide any detailed information (such as dates or times) to support the

anonymous allegations reported by him.


       Again, these reports concerning the alleged misuse of pepper spray fail, as a

matter of law, as a good faith report of a violation of law to an appropriate law

enforcement authority.       In support of his contention that the use of pepper spray

constituted a violation of law, Bollinger again relies on the statutory requirement that

TYC adopt policies and rules governing the operation of its facilities and programs. See

TEX. HUM. RES. CODE ANN. § 242.003 (W EST 2013). Relying then on a provision of the


5
 Bollinger does not contend that TYC policy or procedures prohibited him from directly reporting any
alleged abuse to another state agency or law enforcement authority.

                                                10
Family Code defining “abuse,” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 261.001(1) (W EST SUPP. 2012),

he contends TYC employment guidelines provide for probation or termination of an

employee who uses excessive force against a resident.


       Notwithstanding these contentions, there is an absence of evidence indicating

Bollinger had a subjective good faith belief that he was reporting an actual violation of

law.   His email is ambivalent as to whether anything untoward had occurred with

respect to the residents under the care and supervision of TYC and it appears his

reports were made merely for the purpose of satisfying his compliance with TYC

policies and procedures regarding the reporting of abuse. His email expressly indicates

he has no personal knowledge regarding the truth of the allegations and, at trial, he

testified “[t]he only thing I wanted to do was follow [TYC’s] policies and procedures.”


       Even if we interpret Bollinger’s email to allege a violation of law such as an

assault; TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.01(a)(1) (W EST 2008), or assault of a child; id. at

22.04(a) (W EST SUPP. 2012), we note that TYC would be responsible to pass this

information on to “an appropriate law enforcement agency” if its local administrator’s

investigation produced cause to believe abuse had occurred. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§§ 261.308(a), (b), 261.402(b) (W EST 2008).         See also TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §

261.105(e) (W EST SUPP. 2012) (requiring TYC to develop guidelines appropriate for

referral of child abuse to a “law enforcement agency”), § 261.3011 (W EST 2008)

(requiring the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, in consultation with

an appropriate law enforcement agency, to develop guidelines and joint protocols for

joint investigations of child abuse allegations). While TYC’s personnel policies permit

TYC to discipline an employee who uses excessive force against a resident, TYC’s

                                            11
ability to conduct internal investigative or disciplinary procedures does not satisfy the

standard for an “appropriate law enforcement authority.” Gentilello, 2013 Tex. LEXIS

154, at *17-18; Moreno, 2013 Tex. LEXIS 155, at *1-2; Needham, 82 S.W.3d at 320-21.

If TYC’s investigation indicated there were sufficient grounds for the filing of criminal

charges, it would be required to submit a report to a court, district attorney, and/or an

appropriate law enforcement agency recommending action. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §

261.308(a), (b) (W EST 2008).


        Given Bollinger’s testimony at trial coupled with his experience, we find there is

no evidence Bollinger had a subjective good faith belief that he was reporting a violation

of law to an appropriate law enforcement authority or that, had he held such a good faith

belief, it was objectively reasonable. See Gentilello, 2013 Tex. LEXIS 154, at *8-9;

Vela, 186 S.W.3d at 53. See also Tex. Dep’t of Crim. Just. v. Terrell, 18 S.W.3d 272,

275 (Tex.App.—Tyler 2000, pet. denied) (allegations of illegal conduct premised upon

rumor and innuendo do not establish a factual basis upon which a fact-finder would

conclude a reasonable employee with the same level of training and experience would

have made such a report). 6


        Accordingly, we find there was no evidence Bollinger’s fire alarm report or pepper

spray report represented a good faith report of a violation of law to an appropriate law

enforcement authority.        As such, there was legally insufficient evidence at trial that


6
 At trial, Bollinger failed to offer any evidence that the second-hand report of an anonymous tip represents
“cause.” See, for example, TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 261.304(a) (W EST 2008) (“If the department receives
an anonymous report of child abuse . . ., the department shall conduct a preliminary investigation to
determine whether there is some evidence to corroborate the report,” and “[u]nless the department
determines that there is some evidence to corroborate the report of abuse, the department may not
conduct the thorough investigation required by this chapter or take any action against the person accused
of abuse.”)

                                                    12
would enable reasonable and fair-minded persons to reach the verdict under review.

TYC’s first issue is sustained, thereby pretermitting TYC’s remaining issues and

Bollinger’s cross-issue. Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.


                                      Conclusion


      The trial court’s judgment is reversed and a judgment that Bollinger take nothing

is rendered.


                                                 Patrick A. Pirtle
                                                     Justice




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