                                      IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
                                      FIRST DISTRICT, STATE OF FLORIDA

NICHOLAS ALAN NEHRING,                NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO
                                      FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND
      Appellant,                      DISPOSITION THEREOF IF FILED

v.                                    CASE NO. 1D16-3252

STATE OF FLORIDA,

      Appellee.


_____________________________/

Opinion filed August 7, 2017.

An appeal from an order of the Circuit Court for Escambia County.
Edward P. Nickinson, Judge.

Andy Thomas, Public Defender, and Megan Long, Assistant Public Defender,
Tallahassee, for Appellant.

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, and Samuel B. Steinberg, Assistant Attorney
General, Tallahassee, for Appellee.




GRIFFIS III, STANLEY H., ASSOCIATE JUDGE.

      Appellant raises two issues on appeal. He argues that the trial court erred by

failing to enter a written order determining his competence to stand trial, and he

argues that the court abused its discretion when it allowed the state to impeach his

only witness with seventeen-year-old felony convictions.
      First, the trial court is required to enter a written order of competency. Mullens

v. State, 197 So. 3d 16, 37 (Fla. 2016). The trial court orally found Appellant

competent to stand trial, but it failed to enter a written order memorializing that

finding. Therefore, we remand for the trial court to enter a written order of

competency nunc pro tunc. See id. at 37–38.

      Next, Appellant argues that the court should not have allowed the state to

impeach his only witness with felony convictions that were at least seventeen years

old. The Florida rules of evidence allow a party in a civil trial to impeach a witness

with a prior felony conviction or any conviction for a crime of dishonesty so long as

the conviction is not so remote in time as to have no bearing on the present character

of the witness. § 90.610(1)(a), Fla. Stat. (2016). The same rule applies in criminal

trials. Pryor v. State, 855 So. 2d 134, 137 (Fla. 1st DCA 2003). In the Federal Rules

of Evidence, a felony conviction is admissible to impeach a witness who is not the

defendant so long as its probative value is not substantially outweighed by its

prejudicial effect.1 Fed. R. Evid. 609(a)(1). However, if more than ten years have

passed since the witness was released from confinement for any conviction, the test

for admissibility is inverted, meaning the conviction is admissible only if its

probative value substantially outweighs its prejudicial effect. Fed. R. Evid. 609(b).



1
 This balancing test does not apply to a conviction for a crime of dishonesty. Fed.
R. Evid. 609(a)(2).
                                         2
Florida lacks this inverted balancing test for remote convictions. Trowell v. J.C.

Penney Co., Inc., 813 So. 2d 1042, 1043 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002). The only test for the

admissibility of a prior conviction is whether the conviction has any bearing on the

witness’s credibility. See Pryor, 855 So. 2d at 136–37. The remoteness of the

conviction will most certainly be a factor in determining whether it bears on the

witness’s credibility, but there is no bright-line rule for when a conviction becomes

too remote to bear on the witness’s credibility. The determination is within the trial

court’s discretion, see Trowell, 813 So. 2d at 1044, and a trial court abuses its

discretion only when its decision is arbitrary or fanciful. Canakaris v. Canakaris,

382 So. 2d 1197, 1203 (Fla. 1980).

      In this case, the witness had four felony convictions, one of which was for a

crime of dishonesty. Though the convictions were rather remote in time, this Court

is unable to say that the court’s decision to allow them was arbitrary or fanciful.

Thus, we affirm Appellant’s judgment and sentence but remand for the trial court to

enter an order nunc pro tunc finding Appellant competent to stand trial.

      AFFIRMED and REMANDED with instructions.

WOLF and ROWE, JJ., CONCUR.




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