                                                                                       Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                             Lansing, Michigan
                                                                Chief Justice:         Justices:



Syllabus                                                        Robert P. Young, Jr.   Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                                                       Stephen J. Markman
                                                                                       Mary Beth Kelly
                                                                                       Brian K. Zahra
                                                                                       Bridget M. McCormack
                                                                                       David F. Viviano
This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been
prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.


                                                PEOPLE v KOON

       Docket No. 145259. Decided May 21, 2013.

              Rodney Lee Koon was charged in the 86th District Court with operating a motor vehicle
       with any amount of a schedule 1 controlled substance in his body in violation of MCL
       257.625(8). When defendant was stopped for speeding, he informed the police officer that he
       had a medical marijuana registry card and admitted that he had smoked marijuana five to six
       hours earlier. A blood test showed that defendant had tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the
       physiologically active component of marijuana, in his bloodstream when operating the vehicle.
       The court, Thomas J. Phillips, J., concluded that defendant’s registration under the Michigan
       Medical Marihuana Act (MMMA), MCL 333.26421 et seq., protected him from prosecution
       under MCL 257.625(8) unless the prosecution was able to prove that defendant was actually
       impaired by the presence of marijuana in his body. The Grand Traverse Circuit Court, Philip E.
       Rodgers, Jr., J., affirmed that ruling, concluding that the MMMA superseded the zero-tolerance
       provision of MCL 257.625(8). The prosecution appealed by leave granted. The Court of
       Appeals, SAWYER, P.J., and O’CONNELL and RONAYNE KRAUSE, JJ., reversed, noting that the
       MMMA prohibits registered medical marijuana patients from operating a motor vehicle while
       under the influence of marijuana and reasoning that under MCL 257.625(8) a person is under the
       influence of marijuana if he or she has any amount of marijuana in his or her body. 296 Mich
       App 223 (2012). Defendant sought leave to appeal.

              In a unanimous opinion per curiam, the Supreme Court, in lieu of granting leave to
       appeal and without oral argument, held:

               Under the MMMA, a qualifying registered patient is not subject to arrest, prosecution, or
       penalty for the medical use of marijuana in accordance with the act, provided that the patient
       possesses an amount of usable marijuana that does not exceed 2.5 ounces. The statutory
       definition of “medical use” includes internal possession. Therefore, the MMMA shields
       registered patients from prosecution for the internal possession of marijuana, provided that the
       patient does not otherwise possess more than 2.5 ounces of usable marijuana. MCL
       333.26427(b), however, provides a list of activities that are not protected by the MMMA, which
       includes driving while under the influence. Engaging in those activities removes a registered
       patient from the MMMA’s protection because the patient is no longer acting in accordance with
       the MMMA. The MMMA does not define what it means to be “under the influence,” but the
       phrase clearly contemplates something more than having any amount of marijuana in one’s
       system and requires some effect on the person. Thus, the MMMA’s protections extend to a
registered patient who internally possesses marijuana while operating a vehicle unless the patient
is under the influence of marijuana. The immunity from prosecution provided under the MMMA
to a registered patient who drives with indications of marijuana in his or her system but is not
otherwise under the influence of marijuana inescapably conflicts with MCL 257.625(8), which
prohibits a person from driving with any amount of marijuana in her or system. Under the
MMMA, all other acts and parts of acts inconsistent with the MMMA do not apply to the
medical use of marijuana. Consequently, MCL 257.625(8) does not apply to the medical use of
marijuana. The Court of Appeals incorrectly concluded that defendant could be convicted under
MCL 257.625(8) without proof that he had acted in violation of the MMMA by operating a
motor vehicle while under the influence of marijuana.

       Judgment of the Court of Appeals reversed, judgment of the Grand Traverse Circuit
Court reinstated, and case remanded to the district court for further proceedings.




                                    ©2013 State of Michigan
                                                                           Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                 Lansing, Michigan
                                                     Chief Justice:          Justices:



Opinion                                              Robert P. Young, Jr. Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                                          Stephen J. Markman
                                                                          Mary Beth Kelly
                                                                          Brian K. Zahra
                                                                          Bridget M. McCormack
                                                                          David F. Viviano

                                                                      FILED MAY 21, 2013

                              STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                      SUPREME COURT


 PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

                Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v                                                            No. 145259

 RODNEY LEE KOON,

                Defendant-Appellant.


 PER CURIAM.
         The Michigan Medical Marihuana Act (MMMA)1 prohibits the prosecution of

 registered patients who internally possess marijuana, but the act does not protect

 registered patients who operate a vehicle while “under the influence” of marijuana. The

 Michigan Vehicle Code2 prohibits a person from driving with any amount of a schedule 1

 controlled substance, a list that includes marijuana, in his or her system. This case

 requires us to decide whether the MMMA’s protection supersedes the Michigan Vehicle


 1
     MCL 333.26421 et seq.
 2
     MCL 257.1 et seq.
Code’s prohibition and allows a registered patient to drive when he or she has indications

of marijuana in his or her system but is not otherwise under the influence of marijuana.

We conclude that it does. Accordingly, in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we reverse the

judgment of the Court of Appeals, reinstate the judgment of the Grand Traverse Circuit

Court, and remand this case to the 86th District Court for further proceedings not

inconsistent with this opinion.

        Defendant, Rodney Lee Koon, was stopped for speeding in Grand Traverse

County. During the traffic stop, defendant voluntarily produced a marijuana pipe and

informed the arresting officer that he was a registered patient under the MMMA and was

permitted to possess marijuana. A blood test to which defendant voluntarily submitted

several hours later revealed that his blood had a THC3 content of 10 nanograms per

milliliter (ng/ml).

        The prosecution charged defendant with operating a motor vehicle with the

presence of a schedule 1 controlled substance in his body under MCL 257.625(8). The

prosecution sought a jury instruction that the presence of marijuana in defendant’s system

resulted in a per se violation of the Michigan Vehicle Code. Defendant argued that the

zero-tolerance provision could not possibly apply to MMMA registered patients because

the MMMA prevents the prosecution of registered patients for the medical use of

marijuana, including internal possession,4 and only withdraws its protection when the


3
 Tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, is the physiologically active component of marijuana.
See Stedman’s Medical Dictionary (26th ed), p 1791.
4
    MCL 333.26423(f); MCL 333.26424(a).



                                            2
patient drives while “under the influence” of marijuana.5 Moreover, the MMMA resolves

conflicts between all other acts and the MMMA by exempting the medical use of

marijuana from the application of any inconsistent act.6

         The district court and circuit court agreed with defendant. Both courts concluded

that the MMMA’s prohibition against driving while under the influence of marijuana was

inconsistent with the Michigan Vehicle Code’s zero-tolerance provision, that the MMMA

superseded the zero-tolerance provision, and that defendant was protected from

prosecution unless the prosecution could prove that he was impaired by the presence of

marijuana in his body. The Court of Appeals reversed,7 reasoning that the MMMA

yielded to the Legislature’s determination, as set forth in MCL 257.625(8), that it is

unsafe for a person to drive with any marijuana in his or her system. The Court of

Appeals explained that

         while the MMMA does not provide a definition of “under the influence of
         marijuana,” MCL 257.625(8) essentially does, establishing that any amount
         of a schedule 1 controlled substance, including marijuana, sufficiently
         influences a person’s driving ability to the extent that the person should not
         be permitted to drive.[8]

Thus, the Court of Appeals determined that the MMMA permitted defendant’s

prosecution under the zero-tolerance statute even though he possessed a valid medical

marijuana registration card. We now reverse.

5
    MCL 333.26427(b)(4).
6
    MCL 333.26427(e).
7
    People v Koon, 296 Mich App 223; 818 NW2d 473 (2012).
8
    Id. at 227-228.



                                               3
         The statute under which the prosecution charged defendant prohibits a person

from driving with any amount of marijuana in his or her system:

                A person, whether licensed or not, shall not operate a vehicle upon a
         highway or other place open to the general public or generally accessible to
         motor vehicles, including an area designated for the parking of vehicles,
         within this state if the person has in his or her body any amount of a
         controlled substance listed in schedule 1 under section 7212 of the public
         health code, 1978 PA 368, MCL 333.7212, or a rule promulgated under that
         section, or of a controlled substance described in section 7214(a)(iv) of the
         public health code, 1978 PA 368, MCL 333.7214.[9]

Despite the MMMA’s enactment, marijuana remains a schedule 1 controlled substance.10

         The MMMA, rather than legalizing marijuana, functions by providing registered

patients with immunity from prosecution for the medical use of marijuana:

                 A qualifying patient who has been issued and possesses a registry
         identification card shall not be subject to arrest, prosecution, or penalty in
         any manner . . . for the medical use of marihuana in accordance with this
         act, provided that the qualifying patient possesses an amount of marihuana
         that does not exceed 2.5 ounces of usable marihuana . . . .[11]

The statutory definition of “medical use” includes “internal possession.”12 Therefore, the

MMMA shields registered patients from prosecution for the internal possession of

marijuana, provided that the patient does not otherwise possess more than 2.5 ounces of

usable marijuana.



9
    MCL 257.625(8).
10
     MCL 333.7212(1)(c).
11
     MCL 333.26424(a).
12
     MCL 333.26423(f).



                                               4
         But the MMMA does not provide carte blanche to registered patients in their use

of marijuana.     Indeed, MCL 333.26427(b) provides a list of activities that are not

protected by the MMMA. Engaging in one of those activities removes a registered

patient from the MMMA’s protection because he or she is no longer acting in accordance

with the MMMA.13 One prohibited activity is driving while under the influence of

marijuana:

               This act shall not permit any person to do any of the following:

                                              * * *

                (4) Operate, navigate, or be in actual physical control of any motor
         vehicle, aircraft, or motorboat while under the influence of marihuana.

The MMMA, however, does not define what it means to be “under the influence” of

marijuana. While we need not set exact parameters of when a person is “under the

influence,” we conclude that it contemplates something more than having any amount of

marijuana in one’s system and requires some effect on the person.14 Thus, taking the

MMMA’s provisions together, the act’s protections extend to a registered patient who

internally possesses marijuana while operating a vehicle unless the patient is under the

13
     See MCL 333.26427(a).
14
   Significantly, “under the influence” is a term of art used in other provisions of the
Michigan Vehicle Code. See, e.g., MCL 257.625(1)(a) (stating that a person is
“operating while intoxicated” if he or she is “under the influence of . . . a controlled
substance . . .”). See also People v Lambert, 395 Mich 296, 305; 235 NW2d 338 (1975)
(concluding that an acceptable jury instruction for “driving under the influence of
intoxicating liquor” included requiring proof that the person’s ability to drive was
“substantially and materially affected”); Black’s Law Dictionary (9th ed), p 1665
(defining “under the influence” as “deprived of clearness of mind and self-control
because of drugs or alcohol”).



                                             5
influence of marijuana.     In contrast, the Michigan Vehicle Code’s zero-tolerance

provision prohibits the operation of a motor vehicle by a driver with an infinitesimal

amount of marijuana in his or her system even if the infinitesimal amount of marijuana

has no influence on the driver.

         The immunity from prosecution provided under the MMMA to a registered patient

who drives with indications of marijuana in his or her system but is not otherwise under

the influence of marijuana inescapably conflicts with the Michigan Vehicle Code’s

prohibition against a person driving with any amount of marijuana in his or her system.

When the MMMA conflicts with another statute, the MMMA provides that “[a]ll other

acts and parts of acts inconsistent with [the MMMA] do not apply to the medical use of

marihuana . . . .”15 Consequently, the Michigan Vehicle Code’s zero-tolerance provision,

MCL 257.625(8), which is inconsistent with the MMMA, does not apply to the medical

use of marijuana. The Court of Appeals incorrectly concluded that defendant could be

convicted under MCL 257.625(8) without proof that he had acted in violation of the

MMMA by “operat[ing] . . . [a] motor vehicle . . . while under the influence” of

marijuana.16 If defendant is shown to have been under the influence of marijuana, then

the MMMA’s protections will not apply, and the prosecution may seek to convict

defendant under any statute of which he was in violation, including MCL 257.625(8).17

15
     MCL 333.26427(e).
16
     MCL 333.26427(b)(4).
17
  Indeed, if defendant is subsequently shown at trial to have been under the influence of
marijuana, he would also necessarily have been in violation of MCL 257.625(1), which
prohibits a person from operating a vehicle while intoxicated and defines “operating
while intoxicated” as operating a vehicle while “under the influence of . . . a controlled


                                            6
       It goes almost without saying that the MMMA is an imperfect statute, the

interpretation of which has repeatedly required this Court’s intervention.18 Indeed, this

case could have been easily resolved if the MMMA had provided a definition of “under

the influence.”19 As the Legislature contemplates amendments to the MMMA, and to the

extent it wishes to clarify the specific circumstances under which a registered patient is

per se “under the influence” of marijuana, it might consider adopting a “legal limit,” like

that applicable to alcohol,20 establishing when a registered patient is outside the

MMMA’s protection.21

       In sum, we conclude that the MMMA is inconsistent with, and therefore

supersedes, MCL 257.625(8) unless a registered qualifying patient loses immunity

because of his or her failure to act in accordance with the MMMA.22 Accordingly, in lieu


substance . . . .”
18
  See, e.g., People v Kolanek, 491 Mich 382; 817 NW2d 528 (2012); People v Bylsma,
493 Mich 17; 825 NW2d 543 (2012); Michigan v McQueen, 493 Mich 135; 828 NW2d
644 (2013).
19
   Presently, under the Michigan Vehicle Code, whether a person was under the influence
at the time of a violation is a question for the finder of fact. See MCL 257.625(18)
(requiring a written finding from the jury or a finding from the court when the defendant
is convicted without a jury regarding whether the person was “under the influence of a
controlled substance”).
20
  See MCL 257.625(1)(b) (establishing 0.08 grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood
as the legal limit).
21
  For example, Washington has set a legal limit for the blood concentration of THC at 5
ng/ml. See Wash Rev Code 46.61.502(1)(b). Notably, defendant’s THC level was 10
ng/ml.
22
  While neither party raised the issue, we conclude that the MMMA’s enactment without
republishing MCL 257.625(8) did not run afoul of Const 1963, art 4, § 25, which states


                                            7
of granting leave to appeal, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals, reinstate

the judgment of the Grand Traverse Circuit Court, and remand this case to the 86th

District Court for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.


                                                        Robert P. Young, Jr.
                                                        Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                        Stephen J. Markman
                                                        Mary Beth Kelly
                                                        Brian K. Zahra
                                                        Bridget M. McCormack
                                                        David F. Viviano




that “[n]o law shall be revised, altered or amended by reference to its title only. The
section or sections of the act altered or amended shall be re-enacted and published at
length.” Assuming, without deciding, that this provision applies to voter-initiated laws,
we conclude that the MMMA is an “act complete in itself” and, therefore, falls within a
well-settled exception to Const 1963, art 4, § 25. People ex rel Drake v Mahaney, 13
Mich 481, 497 (1865) (“But an act complete in itself is not within the mischief designed
to be remedied by this provision, and cannot be held to be prohibited by it without
violating its plain intent.”). See also In re Constitutionality of 1972 PA 294, 389 Mich
441, 477; 208 NW2d 469 (1973) (concluding that the no-fault insurance act was an act
complete in itself and, thus, did not violate Const 1963, art 4, § 25, though it affected
provisions that were not republished).



                                             8
