                                                                   FIFTH DIVISION
                                                                   March 31, 2010




1-09-2473


In re ADOPTION OF SAMUEL E.                         )
                                                    )       Appeal from the
(SHARON S.,                                  )      Circuit Court of
                                                    )       Cook County,
       Petitioner-Appellee,                         )       County Division.
                                                    )
       v.                                           )
                                                    )       09 CoAD 555 and 09 D 230086,
SAMUEL E., a minor,                                 )       Consolidated
                                                    )
       Respondent-Appellee, and                     )
                                                    )       The Honorable
ANN H.,                                             )       Susan Fox Gillis,
                                                    )       Judge Presiding.
       Intervenor-Appellant).                       )
                                                    )


       JUSTICE TOOMIN delivered the opinion of the court:

       In this case, we review the circuit court’s denial of intervenor-appellant Ann H.’s motion

under section 2-619(a)(9) of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2008))

to dismiss petitioner Sharon S.’s petition to adopt the minor, Samuel E. Dismissal was grounded

on the circuit court’s determination that Ann’s general consent to allow Samuel’s adoption by

another couple was a surrender of parental rights and that the consent was not timely revoked by

Ann under section 11 of the Adoption Act (Act) (750 ILCS 50/11 (West 2006)). The significant
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issue we address is whether the Act requires revocation of consent to a failed adoption within 12

months. Given our determination that the limitation period is absolute, we affirm the judgment

of the circuit court.

                                         BACKGROUND

        Samuel E. was adopted in August 2006 from an Ethiopian orphanage by the intervenor-

appellant, Ann. H. Consistent with the international adoption process, the proceeding was

assisted by a local agency, Adoption-Link. Samuel, then age 10, lived with Ann for several

months, after which Ann sought assistance from the agency because of the child’s behavioral

issues. Sharon S., who was a supervisor at the agency, took Samuel in temporarily for a few days

to provide Ann some respite. However, several days later, Sharon informed Ann that Samuel did

not want to return to Ann’s home. Accordingly, at Sharon’s request, Ann provided Sharon with

temporary authority over Samuel. Eventually, Sharon persuaded Ann that it would be best for

her to allow Samuel to be adopted by another family. In the meantime, Samuel continued to live

with Sharon.

        In March 2007, Ann signed a consent for adoption by a Chicago-area family, but this

adoption was not completed. The following month, Sharon located Kevin and Stacy G., who

lived in Tennessee, and Samuel went to live with them. In turn, the G’s filed a petition to adopt

Samuel in the circuit court of Cook County. Ann signed a consent to this adoption on June 11,

2007. However, the G’s changed their minds about adopting Samuel and returned him to

Sharon. On October 24, 2007, the county division entered an order providing that legal custody

remained with the potential adoptive parents, the G’s, but that it was in the best interests of


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Samuel that temporary physical custody be awarded to the adoption agency, with the instruction

to place him in an appropriate home, including but not limited to, that of Sharon. The order

further required supportive services to expedite an investigation as to a potential adoptive parent

to expedite a new placement for Samuel. On July 14, 2008, the G’s adoption case was

dismissed, and all orders previously entered were vacated.

       On July 21, 2008, Ann received a letter from the Department of Children and Family

Services (DCFS) indicating that because of the failure of the G’s adoption Ann should contact

DCFS to discuss her care plan for Samuel. In turn, Ann called Sharon and informed her that she

intended to reclaim custody of Samuel. Accordingly, on February 20, 2009, Ann filed a petition

for a writ of habeas corpus in the domestic relations division of the circuit court, seeking a court

order directing that Sharon return Samuel to her.

       In April 2009, the Cook County State’s Attorney filed a petition for adjudication of

wardship in juvenile court, asking that Samuel be declared a ward of the court. The petition

alleged that Ann had neglected Samuel by refusing to allow him to return home. The State’s

Attorney also sought a temporary custody hearing. On April 17, 2009, Ann appeared and filed a

motion to dismiss the State’s wardship petition. Although a temporary custody hearing was not

held on that date, the court entered an agreed order whereby Ann agreed not to remove Samuel

pending resolution of the motion to dismiss.

       Thereafter, without notice to Ann, Sharon filed a petition to adopt Samuel in the

proceedings below. On April 28, 2009, Sharon filed a document denominated “Consent,”

together with the consent that Ann had signed in June 2007. In turn, the adoption court entered


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an interim order which terminated Ann’s parental rights. Thereafter, Ann filed a motion to

consolidate all the cases, which was granted as to the habeas and the adoption proceedings, but

denied as to the petition for adjudication of wardship, which the State subsequently voluntarily

dismissed.

       On June 2, 2009, the court allowed Ann’s motion to intervene and leave to file a motion

to dismiss the petition to adopt, vacate the interim order, and declare the prior consent invalid or,

in the alternative, to revoke the prior consent, pursuant to section 2-619(a)(9) of the Illinois Code

of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2008)). Both Sharon and the office of the

Public Guardian, as representative for Samuel, opposed Ann’s motion. In turn, the court entered

an order denying Ann’s motion to dismiss the adoption petition, finding that the consent

executed by Ann was not a specific consent, but rather was a general consent. The court also

found that Ann had failed to file a motion to revoke consent within 12 month of execution of the

consent as required by section 11 of the Adoption Act (750 ILCS 50/11 (West 2006)). Further,

the court rejected Ann’s alternative argument that Sharon should be estopped from arguing Ann’s

failure to revoke her consent due to Sharon’s constructive fraud, reasoning that it was

disingenuous, and denied Ann’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus for mootness. The court

entered a Supreme Court Rule 304 (210 Ill. 2d R. 304) finding that there was no just reason to

delay appeal of its order.

                                            ANALYSIS

       As a threshold matter, we address Ann’s argument that the circuit court erred in finding

that her consent was general, rather than specific. She maintains there is no such distinction in


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the Adoption Act (750 ILCS 50/1 et seq. (West 2008)) between a “specific” and “general”

consent. Ann asserts that to the extent the court was referring to a surrender of parental rights,

the document she signed was a consent to Kevin and Stacy G. to adopt Samuel, not a surrender

of her parental rights. According to Ann, when Kevin and Stacy G. did not adopt Samuel, that

consent became a nullity and she was not required to take any measures to revoke it.

Alternatively, Ann argues the case should be remanded for a hearing on her motion to revoke

consent based on her allegations of constructive fraud. Conversely, Sharon maintains that Ann

was required under the Adoption Act to file a motion to revoke her prior consent within 12

months, and since she failed to meet that requirement, her parental rights were properly

terminated by the court.

       We recognize that section 2-619(a)(9) of the Code of Civil Procedure permits involuntary

dismissal where “the claim asserted against defendant is barred by other affirmative matter

avoiding the legal effect of or defeating the claim.” 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2008). When

a court rules on a section 2-619 motion to dismiss, it “must interpret all pleadings and supporting

documents in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” In re Chicago Flood Litigation,

176 Ill. 2d 179, 189, 680 N.E.2d 265, 270 (1997). Our review of a dismissal under section 2-619

of the Code is de novo. Van Meter v. Darien Park District, 207 Ill. 2d 359, 368, 799 N.E.2d 273,

278 (2003).

       We discern that the policy underlying the Adoption Act directs that parents may be

divested of parental rights either through their voluntary consent or involuntarily upon a finding

of abuse, abandonment, neglect or unfitness. See 750 ILCS 50/8, 11 (West 2006). The Adoption


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Act provides the method by which a party may consent to relinquish parental rights to allow

another party to adopt a child. In re A.S.B., 381 Ill. App. 3d 220, 223, 887 N.E.2d 445, 448

(2008). Under section 8, consents or surrenders shall be required in all cases, with certain

exceptions such as a finding of unfitness. 750 ILCS 50/8(a) (West 2006).

       It is well settled that section 10 of the Adoption Act sets forth the form for a consent (750

ILCS 50/10(A) (West 2006)), and the form for a surrender (750 ILCS 50/10(C) (West 2006)).

The relevant portion of the consent form delineated in section 10(A) is as follows:

               “That I do hereby consent and agree to the adoption of such child.

               That I wish to and understand that by signing this consent I do irrevocably and

       permanently give up all custody and other parental rights I have to such child.

               That I understand such child will be placed for adoption and that I cannot under

       any circumstances, after signing this document, change my mind and revoke or cancel

       this consent or obtain or recover custody or any other rights over such child. That I have

       read and understand the above and I am signing it as my free and voluntary act.” 750

       ILCS 50/10(A) (West 2006).

       Section 10(C) provides:

               “The form of surrender to any agency given by a parent of a born child who is to

       be subsequently placed for adoption shall be substantially as follows * * *:

                                                ***

               That I do hereby surrender and entrust the entire custody and control of such child

       to the ....... (the Agency), a (public) (licensed) child welfare agency with its principal


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       office in the City of ........, County of ....... and State of ........, for the purpose of enabling it

       to care for and supervise the care of such child, to place such child for adoption and to

       consent to the legal adoption of such child.

               That I hereby grant to the Agency full power and authority to place such child

       with any person or persons it may in its sole discretion select to become the adopting

       parent or parents and to consent to the legal adoption of such child by such person or

       persons; and to take any and all measures which, in the judgment of the Agency, may be

       for the best interests of such child, including authorizing medical, surgical and dental care

       and treatment including inoculation and anaesthesia for such child.

               That I wish to and understand that by signing this surrender I do irrevocably and

       permanently give up all custody and other parental rights I have to such child.

               That I understand I cannot under any circumstances, after signing this surrender,

       change my mind and revoke or cancel this surrender or obtain or recover custody or any

       other rights over such child.

               That I have read and understand the above and I am signing it as my free and

       voluntary act.” 750 ILCS 50/10(C) (West 2006).

       In In re Custody of Mitchell, 115 Ill. App. 3d 169, 450 N.E.2d 368 (1983), the court held,

“[w]e do not think that the legislature, by providing different forms for different routes to

adoption, intended that no distinction be drawn between the different forms and that a consent to

adoption be interchangeable with a surrender to an agency.” In re Custody of Mitchell, 115 Ill.

App. 3d at 172-73, 450 N.E.2d at 370. Implicit in this recognition is the fact that subsection (C)


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contains language indicating the child is surrendered to an agency for adoption at the agency’s

discretion, whereas subsection (A) indicates the parent is giving consent to a specific adoption.

Nees v. Doan, 185 Ill. App. 3d 122, 128, 540 N.E.2d 1046, 1050 (1989). Although the Adoption

Act does not provide for consents favoring specific individuals, we previously have determined

that where a proceeding contemplates adoption by specific parties the consent may be revoked if

that adoption fails to materialize, and that under section 10(C), a consent to adoption must be

distinguished from a surrender to an agency where there is no limitation as to who may adopt. In

re Adoption of L.R.B., 278 Ill. App. 3d 1091, 1094-95, 664 N.E.2d 347, 349 (1996), citing In re

Joseph B., 258 Ill. App. 3d 954, 963-68, 630 N.E.2d 1180, 1187-90 (1994), Nees, 185 Ill. App.

3d at 128-29, 540 N.E.2d at 1049-50 (1989), and In re Custody of Mitchell, 115 Ill. App. 3d at

172-73, 450 N.E.2d at 370. Moreover, the naming of the prospective adoptive parents in the

caption of the consent to adoption form is not a necessary prerequisite to a finding that the

parent's consent was so limited. In re Joseph B., 258 Ill. App. 3d at 967, 630 N.E.2d at 1189.

       Thus, “[t]he rule is clear that a consent to adoption form is not interchangeable with a

surrender of parental rights.” In re Joseph B., 258 Ill. App. 3d at 964, 630 N.E.2d at 1187, citing

In re Custody of Mitchell, 115 Ill. App. 3d 169, 450 N.E.2d 368 (1983). “In order for the

statutory structure of section 10 to have any meaning, section 10(A) must be read to provide for

irrevocable consent to a specific adoption only.” Nees, 185 Ill. App. 3d at 128, 540 N.E.2d at

1050. “Any other construction of section 10(A) would render it superfluous.” Nees, 185 Ill.

App. 3d at 128, 540 N.E.2d at 1050. Further, the Adoption Act itself provides that it “shall be

liberally construed.” 750 ILCS 50/20 (West 2006); see also In re Custody of Mitchell, 115 Ill.


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App. 3d at 171, 450 N.E.2d at 370.

        Nonetheless, Ann maintains that the circuit court erred because her consent was in the

form provided by section 10(A), rather than the format specified under section 10(C) for

surrenders, and that, because the consent is therefore void, there was no requirement that she

move to revoke it. We find instructive In re Custody of Mitchell, 115 Ill. App. 3d at 172, 450

N.E.2d at 370, where the respondent consented to the adoption of his son by specified known

parties, and there was no language from section 10(C) providing for surrender to an agency.

There the court determined the consent was “considerably different” from a surrender to an

agency with consent to placement by the agency with unknown parties in section 10(C). In re

Custody of Mitchell, 115 Ill. App. 3d at 172, 450 N.E.2d at 370. Moreover, the language of the

section 10(A) consent form regarding giving up custody and other parental rights was necessary

to effect a transfer of parental rights in an adoption by those specific parties. Notably, the court

held, “[w]e do not read this so broadly that it becomes an unconditional relinquishment of

parental rights.” In re Custody of Mitchell, 115 Ill. App. 3d at 173, 450 N.E.2d at 371.

Therefore, the father could contest the use of his consent in a subsequent adoption proceeding by

other parties.

        In Johnson v. Burnett, 182 Ill. App. 3d 574, 538 N.E.2d 892 (1989), the petitioners

seeking adoption also argued that a consent to adopt, which was signed by the parents in another

adoption case, should be treated as a general surrender for adoption. The consents had the

caption of the Johnsons’ case and were filed in the that case. The Johnson court construed

Mitchell as holding that a consent is “specific to the case it was prepared for, and did not act as a


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general surrender.” Johnson, 182 Ill. App. 3d at 579, 538 N.E.2d at 896. The court further held,

“[i]t is evident section 10(A) does contemplate the existence of a pending petition seeking

adoption.” Johnson, 182 Ill. App. 3d at 580, 538 N.E.2d at 896, citing Mitchell, 115 Ill. App. 3d

at 172, 450 N.E.2d at 370, and In re Kerwood, 44 Ill. App. 3d 1040, 1044, 359 N.E.2d 183, 186

(1976). Thus, the court held the consents were “limited in applicability to the Johnson case ***

and may not be considered as general surrenders.” Johnson, 182 Ill. App. 3d at 580, 538 N.E.2d

at 896.

          The decision in Nees was in harmony with Mitchell, as there the consent was for a

specific adoption pursuant to section 10(A). Nees, 185 Ill. App. 3d at 128, 540 N.E.2d at

1049-50. In Nees, both parents signed a consent for the Neeses to adopt their child and the

Neeses, in turn, filed their petition to adopt. Nees, 185 Ill. App. 3d at 123, 540 N.E.2d at 1047.

Several months later, the court denied the Neeses’ petition, made the child a ward of the court,

and ordered her placement in foster care. Nees, 185 Ill. App. 3d at 125, 540 N.E.2d at 1048. The

natural mother filed timely a petition to revoke her consent.

          The Nees court held that, if there was to be any sense to the statutory distinction between

consents and surrenders, section 10(A) “must be read to provide for irrevocable consent for a

specific adoption only. Any other construction of section 10A would render it superfluous.”

Nees, 185 Ill. App. 3d at 128, 540 N.E.2d at 1050. The reviewing court reasoned that when the

circuit court denied the Neeses’ petition for adoption, the natural mother’s consent to an

irrevocable termination of her parental rights became voidable. Nees, 185 Ill. App. 3d at 128-29,

540 N.E.2d at 1050. Relying on Mitchell, the court further held that although the section 10(A)


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consent form includes language giving up all parental rights, that language “cannot be read so

broadly that it encompasses a complete termination of parental rights where a proposed adoption

by a specified known party is not consummated.” Nees, 185 Ill. App. 3d at 128, 540 N.E.2d at

1050. Thus, within the rubric of the court’s determination, when the petition to adopt was

denied, the child should have been returned to her mother, absent a finding of unfitness or

execution of another consent form. Nees, 185 Ill. App. 3d at 128, 540 N.E.2d at 1050.

       In the case at bar, however, the circuit court determined that Ann’s consent was not a

“specific” consent. The court relied heavily on Joseph B. and stated the following:

       “[T]his distinction between a surrender and a consent is exactly what the courts in

       Mitchell, Johnson, N[ees] * * *, and even Joseph B. meant when they all held that a

       consent, as distinct from a surrender, is specific to the adoption petitioner and that when

       the adoption petition fails, the parent’s rights are not thereby terminated.”

       Here, Ann’s consent had the caption of the G’s case on it, similar to Mitchell and Nees,

and was in the form under section 10(A). Thus, we agree with Ann that her consent to the G’s

adoption was not a surrender under section 10(C) and that denial of Ann’s motion to revoke her

consent on this basis was erroneous.

       Ann also maintains that the court erred in determining that her motion to revoke was

time-barred. Ann contends that, since the G’s adoption was never consummated, her agreement

to that adoption became void, and thus she was not required to seek to revoke that consent within

the limitations period under section 11. Rejecting that contention, the circuit court found that

Ann did not timely revoke her consent under section 11 of the Adoption Act, which provides the


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following limitations period:

       “No action to void or revoke a consent to or surrender for adoption, including an action

       based on fraud or duress, may be commenced after 12 months from the date the consent

       or surrender was executed.” 750 ILCS 50/11(a) (West 2006).

       Addressing this issue, we note that the question left unresolved by Nees was the

consequences inuring when a natural parent does not timely seek to revoke a section 10(A)

consent:

                “As the mother here seeks the return of her child and did so in a timely fashion,

       we need not address the difficult problems that may arise where the natural parents do not

       wish the return of the child or where a considerable amount of time may pass between the

       consent and the denial of the petition for adoption.” Nees, 185 Ill. App. 3d at 129, 540

       N.E.2d 1046 at 1050.

Notably, Mitchell and Johnson likewise did not address any issue as to the timeliness of an action

to revoke a consent under section 11.

       Ann maintains that the purpose of promoting finality found section 11's statute of

limitations was intended to apply only to cases where an adoption has been consummated, not

where an adoption fell through. She cites to the language of Street v. Hubert, 141 Ill. App. 3d

871, 491 N.E.2d 29 (1986), that the purpose of the amendment is to “cut[] off the prolonged

ability of the natural parents to set aside an adoption decree.” Street, 141 Ill. App. 3d at 874, 491

N.E.2d at 31. Ann also asserts that requiring a parent to revoke a consent under section 11 in the

context of a failed adoption reveals a conflict in the statutory scheme with section 10, which


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distinguishes between consents and surrenders. She contends that the application of section 11 to

consents in failed adoptions would result in an absurd “legal limbo” where the natural parent’s

rights are forfeited but the potential adoptive parents do not have parental rights. According to

Ann, the correct result is that if an adoption falls through, the parent retains all her legal rights as

if she had never consented.

        Ann’s proposition is devoid of any authority providing support. Moreover, well reasoned

precedent dictates to the contrary. As this court has previously noted, “[t]he one-year statute of

limitations contained in section 11 has consistently been interpreted by courts as being absolute.”

In re Joseph B., 258 Ill. App. 3d at 970, 630 N.E.2d at 1191. The specific 12-month limitation of

section 11 of the Adoption Act is controlling in an action challenging the validity of the consent

to adoption. In re Adoption of Baby Girls Mandell, 213 Ill. App. 3d 670, 673, 572 N.E.2d 359,

361 (1991). Notably, a final adoption is not a prerequisite to the application of the statute of

limitations contained in section 11. In re Joseph B., 258 Ill. App. 3d at 972, 630 N.E.2d 1180 at

1993.

        We find the facts at bar remarkably similar to In re Joseph B. In In re Joseph B., the

mother, similar to Ann here, executed a document entitled “Final and Irrevocable Consent to

Adoption” on July 12, 1991, and pursuant to court order, her son was placed with his godmother,

who initially agreed to adopt him. In re Joseph B., 258 Ill. App. 3d at 956, 630 N.E.2d at 1182.

In April 1992, however, the godmother changed her mind and the adoption did not proceed.

DCFS took the boy from the godmother’s home and placed him in a foster home. On August 13,

1992, approximately 13 months after Angela signed the original consent and without any further


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notice to the mother, DCFS sought and obtained an order terminating her parental rights and

authorizing it to consent to the boy’s adoption. In re Joseph B., 258 Ill. App. 3d at 956-57, 630

N.E.2d at 1182. On November 16, 1992, the mother filed a motion to void her consent of July

12, 1991, and vacate the August 13, 1992, order terminating her parental rights. In re Joseph B.,

258 Ill. App. 3d at 956-57, 630 N.E.2d at 1182.

       As in the case at bar, the mother in In re Joseph B. argued that the court was without

authority to enter the order terminating her rights because the consent became void when the

godmother decided not to adopt her son. In re Joseph B., 258 Ill. App. 3d at 970, 630 N.E.2d at

1191. However, the court held that even assuming arguendo that was the case, she could not

challenge the consent or the order terminating her rights, because she failed to bring her attack

within one year of the signing of the consent. In re Joseph B., 258 Ill. App. 3d at 970, 630

N.E.2d at 1191. The court stated: “The one-year statute of limitations contained in section 11 has

consistently been interpreted by courts as being absolute.” In re Joseph B., 258 Ill. App. 3d at

970, 630 N.E.2d at 1191. There the court relied on In re Adoption of Baby Girls Mandell, for the

proposition that an adoption could not be challenged by an allegedly void consent. Noting the

"clear and unequivocal language" of section 11, the court determined that section 11 barred

actions to revoke consents filed more than one year after the signing of the consent, even where

such consent is alleged to have been void ab initio. In re Adoption of Baby Girls Mandell, 213

Ill. App. 3d at 674, 572 N.E.2d at 361. Thus, the mother was barred from attempting to establish

that the consent to adoption was void, and all of her contentions which were based on this

premise, including her jurisdictional argument, were rejected. In re Adoption of Baby Girls


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Mandell, 213 Ill. App. 3d at 674, 572 N.E.2d at 362.

       The court in In re Joseph B. also rejected a similar argument that section 11 is limited

only to circumstances where an adoption decree has been entered. In re Joseph B., 258 Ill. App.

3d at 972, 630 N.E.2d at 1193. In that matter, the court discussed In re D.B., 246 Ill. App. 3d

484, 615 N.E.2d 1336 (1993), where a mother attempted to challenge the surrender she executed

more than one year after she signed it, and, like Ann in the instant case, argued that section 11

did not apply because there was no final order of adoption. The court in In re D.B. rejected this

argument, stating the following:

       “There is a factual distinction between challenging the validity of the surrender for

       adoption and challenging a final order of adoption. [Citation.] However, [section 11] is

       addressed to the subject of challenges to the validity of the surrender for adoption,

       without any reference to whether an order of adoption has been entered. The statute

       specifically bars a challenge to the validity of the surrender made later than 12 months

       after the date on which the document was signed.” In re D.B., 246 Ill. App. 3d at 490,

       615 N.E.2d at 1340.

       Nevertheless, Ann maintains that the law under the Adoption Act was unclear and that

even the State’s Attorney’s office and DCFS treated Ann as though she was still Samuel’s legal

parent after the G’s adoption petition was dismissed. However, we find no ambiguity in the

statutory language, nor in subsequent application of the statute by Illinois courts. Therefore, we

conclude section 11 clearly bars any action challenging a consent or surrender after 12 months.

       In the case sub judice, Ann’s failure to take timely action clearly resonates. Ann signed


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the consent for the G’s adoption on June 11, 2007. The G’s adoption case was not dismissed

until July 14, 2008, and during that time the G’s still had legal custody of Samuel. Thus, 12

months had already elapsed by the time the G’s adoption petition was dismissed. During the

entire time the G’s adoption case was pending, Ann did not seek to revoke her consent.

Moreover, she did not file her motion to revoke consent until June 2, 2009, nearly two years

later. Clearly, she is foreclosed by section 11 from raising a challenge to her consent.

       We also reject Ann’s contention that the application of section 11 works an absurd result

and leaves a child in a “legal limbo” where the parent is barred from revoking a consent even

where an adoption fails. Section 20, enacted several months after the In re Joseph B. decision,

provides the following:

               “In the event a judgment order for adoption is vacated or a petition for adoption is

       denied, the court shall promptly conduct a hearing as to the temporary and permanent

       custody of the minor child ***. The parties to said proceedings shall be the petitioners to

       the adoption proceedings, the minor child, any biological parents whose parental rights

       have not been terminated, and other parties who have been granted leave to intervene in

       the proceedings.” 750 ILCS 50/20 (West 2006).

       Further, section 13 of the Adoption Act dictates that the court enter an interim order and

hold a hearing to determine the validity of a consent when an adoption petition is filed, as was

the case here. 750 ILCS 50/13 (West 2006). The circuit court here held such a hearing, and

determined that Ann’s belated attempt to revoke her consent was barred by section 11, and thus

properly terminated her parental rights.


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       These same principles guide our determination that, regardless of whether Ann signed a

consent under section 10(A), or a surrender under section 10(C), section 11 bars actions to

revoke both a “a consent to or surrender for adoption.” 750 ILCS 50/11(a) (West 2006). Thus,

notwithstanding the circuit court’s determination that Ann had executed a “general” consent, i.e.,

a surrender, that determination does not affect the result in this case. The only difference the

form of consent would have made is if Ann had timely brought an action to revoke, given that

her consent to the G’s adoption may then have been voidable. See Nees, 185 Ill. App. 3d at 128-

29, 540 N.E.2d at 1050. However, here any action to revoke is barred as untimely by section 11.

750 ILCS 50/11(a) (West 2006). We therefore determine that the circuit court properly denied

Ann’s motion to revoke her consent on the grounds that it was a specific consent and untimely.

       Analytical hindsight further demonstrates that Ann’s motion to challenge the consent

based on fraud and duress and her habeas corpus petition also are foreclosed, as section 11 bars

all actions beyond 12 months of execution of the consent. The provision specifically includes

actions to revoke based on fraud and duress. We discern the language of the statute to be

unmistakably clear: “No action to void or revoke a consent to or surrender for adoption,

including an action based on fraud or duress, may be commenced after 12 months from the date

the consent or surrender was executed.” 750 ILCS 50/11(a) (West 2006).

       Even assuming arguendo we were to address the merits of Ann’s fraud and duress

argument, it is doubtful a different result would obtain. The burden of proving fraud or duress

rests upon the party challenging the validity of the consent, and the findings of a trial court as to

this issue may not be set aside on appeal unless contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence.


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Hale v. Hale, 57 Ill. App. 3d 730, 736, 373 N.E.2d 431, 435 (1978). Here, the circuit court’s

ruling denying Ann’s motion to revoke consent based on fraud and duress as “disingenuous” was

not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Again, we find In re Joseph B. instructive,

where we rejected an action to revoke consent based on fraud and duress under similar

circumstances, reasoning:

               “In this case, there were apparent alternative methods of ascertaining the truth.

       Angela could have easily sought the advise of an attorney for a determination as to

       whether she could redeem her rights. She could have called the public defender and

       learned that the adoption was not proceeding.” In re Joseph B., 258 Ill. App. 3d at 975-

       76, 630 N.E.2d at 11.

       In the case sub judice, similar to the holding in In re Joseph B., Ann could have readily

consulted with an attorney and discovered that any action to revoke her consent was governed by

the 12-month limitation period. Ann argues that Sharon breached her fiduciary duty as a social

worker and committed fraud by taking Samuel in, persuading Ann to allow Samuel to be adopted

by another family, and persuading her not to take steps to regain custody. Yet, in rejecting that

argument, the court aptly stated: “I can’t imagine that Ann [H.] reasonably relied on what

Sharon told her. There was no reason she couldn’t get an attorney.” Further, the person who

obtained Ann’s consent was not Sharon but another person at the agency. To set aside a consent

to adoption, the fraud and duress must have been accomplished by the person before whom the

consent or surrender is acknowledged. Kathy O. v. Counseling & Family Services, 107 Ill. App.

3d 920, 926-27, 438 N.E.2d 695, 701 (1982). Fraud or duress by some third party does not affect


                                                18
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the validity of the consent. Kathy O., 107 Ill. App. 3d at 927, 438 N.E.2d at 701. Therefore, we

concur in the circuit court’s determination that there was no showing of constructive fraud.

       We further find that Ann did not make a proper showing to sustain her habeas corpus

petition. The critical issue in a habeas proceeding is whether the petitioner can show a prima

facie legal right to custody. Stines v. Vaughn, 23 Ill. App. 3d 511, 517, 319 N.E.2d 561, 566

(1974); In re J.D., 317 Ill. App. 3d 419, 422, 739 N.E.2d 1036, 1039 (2000). Here, the

application of section 11 barring Ann’s motion to revoke her consent to adoption established that

Ann no longer had a legal right to custody of Samuel. Thus, the court also properly dismissed

Ann’s habeas corpus petition. In any event, we need not rule on the merit of either of these

causes of action, as Ann is foreclosed from maintaining any action to challenge her consent by

section 11.

                                         CONCLUSION

       Based upon the foregoing considerations, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

       Affirmed.

       FITZGERALD SMITH and HOWSE, JJ., concur.




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             1-09-2473
                                 REPORTER OF DECISIONS – ILLINOIS APPELLATE COURT
Please Use
Following                                  (Front Sheet to be Attached to Each Case)
Form:
                         IN RE THE PETITION OF: SHARON S.,
Comple te
TITLE
                                                 Petitioner/Appellee,
of Case
                         TO ADOPT
                         SAMUEL E.
                         County,
                         A Minor,
                         consolidated

                                                           Intervenor/Appellant..

Docket No.
                                                                       1-09-2473
COURT                                                         Appellate Court of Illinois
                                                            First District, FIFTH Division

Opinion                                                           March 31, 2010
Filed                                                        (Give month, day and year)


                                PRESIDING JUSTICE TOOMIN delivered the opinion of the court:
JUSTICES
                                FITZGERALD SM ITH and HOW SE ,         JJ.,                                         concur [s]




APPEAL from                                  Lower Court and T rial Judge(s) in form indicated in the margin:
the Circuit Ct. of
Cook County,                                      The Honorable     Susan Fox Gillis, Judge Presiding.
Chancery Div.




                                        Indicate if attorney represents APPELLANTS or APPELLEE S and include
For                                          attorneys of counsel. Indicate the word NONE if not represented.
APPELLANTS,
John Doe, of             Appellant:                                                   Joan S. Colen
Chicago.
                                                                                      Attorney for Appellant
For                                                                                   77 W Washington Street
APPELLEES,                                                                            Chicago, IL 60602
Smith and Smith                                                                       312/701-1075
of Chicago,
Joseph Brown,
(of Counsel)             Appellee:                                                    Robert F. Harris
                                                                                      Kass A. Plain
Also add                                                                              Jean M. Agathen
attorneys for
                                                                                      Office of the Cook County Public Guardian
third-party
appellants or                                                                         2245 West Ogden Avenue, 4th Floor
appellees.                                                                            Chicago, IL 60612
                                                                                      312/433-4300


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