Filed 6/26/20




                             CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                              FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                        DIVISION THREE


 MSY TRADING INC., et al.,

      Plaintiffs and Appellants,                     G057093

          v.                                         (Super. Ct. No. 30-2016-00852630)

 SALEEN AUTOMOTIVE, INC., et al.,                    OPINION

      Defendants and Appellants.



                  Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, David R.
Chaffee, Judge. Affirmed.
                  Law Offices of Robert W. Cohen and Robert W. Cohen for Plaintiffs and
Appellants.
                  The Walker Law Firm, Joseph A. Walker and Stephen M. Lewis for
Defendants and Appellants.
                                    *         *          *
              This case presents a subtle question concerning entitlement to attorney fees,
which appears to be a question of first impression. The scenario is this: In a separate
lawsuit filed in the Riverside Superior Court, plaintiffs obtained a judgment for breach of
contract, including an award of attorney fees, against certain entities not parties to the
present suit. Plaintiffs filed the present enforcement action against defendants, seeking to
hold them liable on the judgment as alter egos of the judgment debtors. Plaintiffs lost
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against one of the defendants, Steve Saleen (Steve). Steve moved for attorney fees
under the contract. The court granted the motion and plaintiffs appealed.
              Plaintiffs contend this is not an action on the contract and, therefore, fees
are unavailable under Civil Code section 1717. Instead, it is an enforcement action.
They cite caselaw for the proposition that a judgment on the contract subsumes and
extinguishes contractual rights. On the other hand, had plaintiffs included Steve as a
defendant in the Riverside suit, making the exact same alter ego allegations they make
here, undoubtedly Steve would have been entitled to contractual attorney fees under the
doctrine of reciprocity established by Civil Code section 1717 and Reynolds Metals Co.
v. Alperson (1979) 25 Cal.3d 124 (Reynolds Metals), even though he was not a signatory
on the contract.
              We conclude Steve has the better argument. The timing of an alter ego
claim—either prejudgment or postjudgment—is too arbitrary a consideration on which to
base the right to attorney fees. When a judgment creditor attempts to add a party to a
breach of contract judgment that includes a contractual fee award, the suit is essentially
“on the contract” for purposes of Civil Code section 1717.
              In a cross-appeal, defendants contend the court lacked jurisdiction to hear
this case under the doctrine of exclusive concurrent jurisdiction, and that, in any event,
Code of Civil Procedure section 685.040 did not permit plaintiffs to recover fees from the
1
              To avoid confusion, we refer to Steve Saleen by his first name because his
business entities bear his last name.

                                              2
defendant that the court found was the alter ego of the judgment debtors. We conclude
the cross-appeal lacks merit. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment in full.


                                           FACTS


              Plaintiff MSY Trading Inc., is a Japanese company in the business of
importing and exporting vehicles. Plaintiff KIC Trading Inc., is MSY Trading’s
representative and handles all of the logistics in the United States.
              Steve is in the business of selling supercharged cars under the Saleen brand.
Steve is the chief executive officer of defendant Saleen Automotive Inc., (Saleen
Automotive). Steve is also the chief executive officer of Saleen Signature Cars, which is
wholly owned by Saleen Automotive.
              In 2012, plaintiffs filed suit in Riverside Superior Court against an entity
called SMS Retail Corona for breach of contract (the Riverside Action). SMS Retail
Corona was an entity in the Saleen family of companies. Plaintiffs alleged they
purchased a Saleen vehicle whose engine stopped working after being driven only 50
miles.
              In January 2014, the Riverside Action settled. The settlement agreement
required SMS Retail Corona and its parent company, SMS Signature Cars, Inc., to pay
$112,500 pursuant to a payment schedule. In the event payments were not made as
scheduled, the settlement agreement entitled plaintiffs to a stipulated judgment against
SMS Retail Corona, SMS Signature Cars, Inc., and against Saleen Automotive.
However, whether by inadvertence or otherwise, Saleen Automotive was not a signatory
to the settlement agreement. The settlement agreement further provided, “in the event of
any legal action or proceeding brought by either party hereto against the other arising out
of this Agreement, the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover its costs and attorney’s
fees incurred in such legal action or proceeding.”

                                              3
              The settling defendants made initial payments pursuant to the payment
schedule but stopped paying with a $67,000 balance. Plaintiffs moved to enforce the
settlement agreement in the Riverside Action, seeking the balance plus $1,590 in attorney
fees pursuant to the settlement agreement. In October 2014, the court entered judgment
in that amount against SMS Retail Corona and SMS Signature Cars, Inc.
              In February 2016, plaintiffs filed a motion in the Riverside Action to amend
the judgment to add Saleen Automotive, Saleen Signature Cars, and Steve to the
judgment as alter egos of the judgment debtors. The court granted the motion as to
Saleen Signature Cars, as it was undisputed that it was the same entity as SMS Signature
Cars (it was simply renamed), which was already a judgment debtor. However, the court
denied the motion without prejudice as to Steve and Saleen Automotive.
              Plaintiffs filed the present lawsuit in May 2016, seeking to hold Steve and
Saleen Automotive liable on the Riverside judgment as alter egos of the judgment
debtors. After a bench trial, the court ruled that Saleen Automotive was the alter ego of
the judgment debtors, but that Steve was not. The court entered judgment on April 23,
2018. Although the court made findings calculating the damages, it left blanks for both
                                               2
the amount of damages, as well as the costs.
              Afterward, both Steve and plaintiffs moved for their attorney fees. After
several rounds of briefing, the court granted both parties’ their attorney fees.
              As to Steve’s motion, the court held Steve was entitled to fees pursuant to
Civil Code section 1717. Although the court acknowledged the present suit is not for
breach of contract, it reasoned that equitable considerations supported application of Civil
Code section 1717. “If Plaintiffs had succeeded here in their effort to enforce the
judgment against Defendant Steve . . ., Defendant [Steve] would have become liable for
the underlying judgment and for the attorney fees that are included in the judgment,
2
            There is no explanation in the record for why the court left the amount of
damages blank. It may have been inadvertence.

                                               4
which were awarded pursuant to the fee provision that was included in the underlying
settlement agreement in the Riverside case. The judgment itself, in other words, included
attorney fees based on a contract, and Defendant [Steve] would have been liable for
payment of those contractual fees.” The court awarded Steve $36,910 in fees.
                As to plaintiffs’ motion, the court held that fees were recoverable under
both Civil Code section 1717, as well as Code of Civil Procedure section 685.040
(permitting an award of fees in enforcement of judgment based on contract if the
judgment included a contractual fee award). The court awarded plaintiffs $90,365.
                The court entered the foregoing order on September 27, 2018, and the clerk
served the parties the same day. On November 8, 2018, the court entered a first amended
judgment that included the calculation of damages from the initial judgment, as well as a
calculation of additional interest since entry of the judgment, and the fees and costs
awarded. Plaintiffs filed their notice of appeal on December 3, 2018. Defendants filed
their notice of cross-appeal on December 12, 2008.


                                        DISCUSSION


I. Timeliness
                As an initial matter, plaintiffs claim the cross-appeal is untimely. They
argue that the court’s order awarding attorney fees is a postjudgment order. (See Code
Civ. Proc., § 904.1, subd. (a)(2).) As such, the time to appeal ran from the date the order
was entered, September 27, 2018. (See Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.104(e) [for purposes
of calculating appeal deadlines, “‘judgment’ includes an appealable order if the appeal is
from an appealable order”].) Sixty days from then was November 26, 2018. (Cal. Rules
of Court, rule 8.104(a)(1)(A) [60-day deadline to appeal from clerk’s service of a “notice
of entry” of order, or a file-stamped copy of the order].) Defendants filed their notice of
cross-appeal on December 12, 2008.

                                               5
              Somewhat ironically, if plaintiffs are correct, their own appeal (filed
December 3, 2018) is untimely too.
              Fortunately for both parties, the September 27, 2018, order, though it was
served on the parties the same day, was neither file stamped nor entitled “notice of
entry.” (Alan v. American Honda Motor Co., Inc. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 894, 905 [minute
order that was neither file stamped nor entitled “notice of entry” was insufficient to
trigger 60-day appeal deadline].) As a result, the 60-day deadline to appeal is
inapplicable. Instead, the 180-day deadline applies and both appeals are timely. (Cal.
Rule of Court, rule 8.104(a)(1)(C).)


II. Plaintiffs’ Appeal
              Plaintiffs contend there was no statutory basis for an award of attorney fees
to Steve. They argue Civil Code section 1717 did not apply here because this was not an
action “on a contract.” Instead, plaintiffs contend this was an enforcement action, and the
only relevant fee provision is Code of Civil Procedure section 685.040, which permits the
judgment creditor to recover fees where the underlying judgment included a contractual
award of attorney fees. Unlike Civil Code section 1717, which ensures contractual fee
provisions apply to both parties, Code of Civil Procedure section 685.040 is a one-way
street. Plaintiffs’ contention raises a question of statutory interpretation that we review
de novo. (1901 First Street Owner, LLC v. Tustin Unified School Dist. (2018) 21
Cal.App.5th 1186, 1192.)
              We conclude the court reached the right result. While plaintiffs’ argument
has facial appeal, we nevertheless hold that this was an action on the contract.
              We begin with the observation that if plaintiffs had brought the exact same
allegations against Steve in the original Riverside Action, and Steve had prevailed, Steve
certainly would have been entitled to recover attorney fees. This was the holding in
Reynolds Metals, supra, 25 Cal.3d 124.

                                              6
              In Reynolds Metals the plaintiffs sued defendants as the alter egos of the
makers of a promissory note. (Reynolds Metals, supra, 25 Cal.3d at p. 127.) Plaintiffs
did not sue the makers because they were insolvent. (Ibid.) The alter ego defendants
prevailed, and the court awarded their attorney fees based on a provision in the
promissory note, though they were not parties to the promissory note. (Ibid.) Reasoning
from the intent of Civil Code section 1717, which is to ensure mutuality in the
availability of attorney fees, our high court held that “[i]ts purposes require [Civil Code]
section 1717 be interpreted to further provide a reciprocal remedy for a nonsignatory
defendant, sued on a contract as if he were a party to it, when a plaintiff would clearly be
entitled to attorney’s fees should he prevail in enforcing the contractual obligation against
the defendant.” (Id. at p. 128; see Brown Bark III, L.P. v. Haver (2013) 219 Cal.App.4th
809, 823 [“It is well settled a breach of contract claim based on an alter ego theory is still
a claim on the contract and a nonsignatory that successfully defends against the claim
may recover its attorney fees under [Civil Code] section 1717”].)
              Reynolds Metals illustrates one of a few procedural vehicles available to a
party asserting alter ego liability. The first option is to sue the alter ego directly in an
action for breach of contract, as occurred in Reynolds Metals. Another is to first obtain a
judgment for breach of contract against the signatories to the contract, followed by a
motion to amend the judgment to add the alter egos as defendants. (See Misik v. D’Arco
(2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 1065, 1074-1075; Code Civ. Proc., § 187.) Still another is, after
obtaining a judgment against the signatories, to institute an independent action against the
alter egos, which is the option plaintiff chose here. (Highland Springs Conference &
Training Center v. City of Banning (2016) 244 Cal.App.4th 267, 288 [“As an alternative
to filing a [Code of Civil Procedure] section 187 motion to add a judgment debtor to a
judgment, the judgment creditor may file an independent action on the judgment, alleging
that the proposed judgment debtor was an alter ego of an original judgment debtor”].)



                                               7
These different procedural vehicles, however, are identical in substance: in all three, the
proof of alter ego is the same.
              Yet according to plaintiffs’ argument, a remedy of attorney fees should be
available when a plaintiff includes the alleged alter ego in the initial lawsuit, but not
when the plaintiff pursues the exact same alter ego claim postjudgment.
              We disagree. All of the considerations that led Reynolds Metals to permit
an alleged alter ego to claim attorney fees under a contract are equally applicable to a
postjudgment, independent action to establish alter ego liability. As the trial court
observed, if plaintiffs had prevailed in their action to deem Steve an alter ego of the
judgment debtors, Steve would have been liable for the attorney fee award that was a
component of the Riverside judgment. Under the principles of mutuality that inform
Civil Code section 1717, Steve was entitled to fees as the prevailing party.
              This is true notwithstanding the principle that “‘[g]enerally, when a
judgment is rendered in a case involving a contract that includes an attorney fees and
costs provision, the “judgment extinguishes all further contractual rights, including the
contractual attorney fees clause.”’” (Cardinale v. Miller (2014) 222 Cal.App.4th 1020,
1026.) That rule is certainly true in general, but not as to an alter ego claim. The reason
an alter ego can be added to a judgment is because, in the eyes of the law, the alter ego
was a party, albeit by a different name. (See Misik v. D’Arco, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th
1065, 1075 [“Amendment of a judgment to add an alter ego is a proper procedure where
it can be shown that the alter ego of the corporate entity had control of the litigation and
was virtually represented in the lawsuit”].) To give effect to the principles inherent in
Reynolds Metals and Civil Code section 1717, we employ a similar analysis for a
prevailing alleged alter ego: it is as though the alleged alter ego was a party to the
original lawsuit, and prevailed. Consequently, a postjudgment, independent action to
establish alter ego liability for a judgment on a contract is itself an action on the contract.



                                               8
              If the rule were otherwise, wasteful proceedings would be incentivized.
Suppose a party is owed money on a note that contains an attorney fee clause, but the
maker of the note is insolvent. If the note holder identifies an alter ego who can satisfy
the debt, the efficient approach would be to sue the alter egos directly for breach of
contract, as occurred in Reynolds Metals—why waste the resources of the parties and the
court on a judgment-proof party? If Civil Code section 1717 only applies to prejudgment
alter ego actions, however, the holder of the note would be incentivized to first sue the
penniless maker of the note, obtain a judgment, then sue the alter ego in a subsequent
enforcement proceeding. That way Code of Civil Procedure section 685.040 would
ensure the holder of the note can obtain fees, but, in the event the alter ego claim fails, be
immune from the alleged alter ego’s claim for fees. This result serves no valid purpose
and highlights the arbitrariness of awarding fees—or not—simply based on the timing of
the alter ego claim. Instead, the better approach is to regard an alter ego claim as being
on the contract under Civil Code section 1717 regardless of which procedural vehicle the
plaintiff employs. The court did so here. We affirm that ruling.


III. Cross-appeal
              In the cross-appeal, Steve and Saleen Automotive contend the court lacked
jurisdiction to hear this matter under the doctrine of exclusive concurrent jurisdiction.
They also contend Code of Civil Procedure section 685.040 does not authorize an award
of fees to plaintiffs against Saleen Automotive. We review both the jurisdictional claim
and the interpretation of a statute de novo. We are not persuaded.
              “The established rule of ‘exclusive concurrent jurisdiction’ provides that
where two (or more) courts possess concurrent subject matter jurisdiction over a cause,
the court that first asserts jurisdiction assumes it to the exclusion of all others, thus
rendering ‘concurrent’ jurisdiction ‘exclusive’ with the first court.” (Franklin & Franklin
v. 7-Eleven Owners for Fair Franchising (2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 1168, 1175.)

                                               9
“‘Justification for the rule [of exclusive concurrent jurisdiction] rests on practical
considerations. If the identical cause of action is asserted by the same plaintiff in two
suits, there is no doubt that the first court has priority, but this can rarely happen. What
does happen is that parties to the same controversy or transaction . . . file separate suits on
their individual causes of action, usually against each other. Although their claimed
rights and therefore their alleged causes of action are distinct, the issues are
substantially the same, and individual suits might result in conflicting judgments. The
rule of priority is designed to avoid the unfortunate result[s] of these conflicts by
requiring, in effect, a consolidation of the separate actions in the court in which
jurisdiction of the parties first attached.’” (Ibid.)
               There is a very simple reason why this doctrine has no application here:
there was nothing pending in any other court that could result in a conflicting judgment.
Plaintiffs contend the doctrine applies because the Riverside Superior Court retained
jurisdiction over the settlement agreement pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section
      3
664.6. But that only means the Riverside Superior Court could exercise jurisdiction
without requiring a separate action on the settlement agreement. It does not mean it is the
only court with jurisdiction to adjudicate the settlement agreement. There is nothing
remarkable about the fact that there are multiple suitable venues for a claim.
               Defendants’ second argument goes something like this: Code of Civil
Procedure section 685.040 only permits fees where the underlying judgment includes an
award of contractual attorney fees. Here, Saleen Automotive was deemed the alter ego of
Saleen Signature Cars. Saleen Signature Cars was the entity the Riverside Superior Court

3
              Which provides: “If parties to pending litigation stipulate, in a writing
signed by the parties outside the presence of the court or orally before the court, for
settlement of the case, or part thereof, the court, upon motion, may enter judgment
pursuant to the terms of the settlement. If requested by the parties, the court may retain
jurisdiction over the parties to enforce the settlement until performance in full of the
terms of the settlement.”

                                               10
added to the judgment pursuant to a motion to amend the judgment in March 2016. The
order amending the judgment, however, did not itself award attorney fees. Defendants
conclude, “Carried over to this current action, then, the Appellants are entitled to NO
attorney fees!” Aha!
              Except there is a rather glaring flaw in this analysis: Saleen Signature Cars
was added to a judgment that does contain an award of contractual attorney fees. The
amended judgment did not eliminate the prior judgment, it simply added a party. Thus
Code of Civil Procedure section 685.040 applied.


                                      DISPOSITION


              The judgment is affirmed. The parties shall bear their own costs incurred
on appeal.



                                                 IKOLA, J.

WE CONCUR:



ARONSON, ACTING P. J.



FYBEL, J.




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