                         RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                              Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                      File Name: 12a0284p.06

                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                    _________________


                                                 X
                                                  -
 JUDI PATRIZI,
                                                  -
                                  Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                      No. 11-4168
          v.
                                                  ,
                                                   >
                                                  -
                       Defendants-Appellants. -
 SCOTT W. HUFF, THOMAS W. CONNOLE,
                                                 N
                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.
             No. 1:09-cv-2830—Lesley Brooks Wells, District Judge.
                                     Argued: July 20, 2012
                            Decided and Filed: August 24, 2012
               Before: MOORE, WHITE, and LUCERO,* Circuit Judges.

                                      _________________

                                           COUNSEL
ARGUED: Gary S. Singletary, CITY OF CLEVELAND, Cleveland, Ohio, for
Appellants. Alphonse A. Gerhardstein, GERHARDSTEIN & BRANCH CO. LPA,
Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Gary S. Singletary, CITY OF
CLEVELAND, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellants. Alphonse A. Gerhardstein,
GERHARDSTEIN & BRANCH CO. LPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellee.
                                      _________________

                                            OPINION
                                      _________________

        KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Judi Patrizi (“Patrizi”) initiated suit
against Cleveland police officers Scott Huff (“Huff”) and Thomas Connole (“Connole”)
pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging that they arrested her for obstructing official


        *
         The Honorable Carlos F. Lucero, Circuit Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the
Tenth Circuit, sitting by designation.


                                                 1
No. 11-4168            Patrizi v. Huff et al.                                                      Page 2


business in violation of Cleveland Ordinance § 615.06(A) without probable cause in
violation of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. Huff and Connole appeal the
denial of their motion for summary judgment on qualified-immunity grounds arguing
that they did have probable cause to arrest Patrizi or, in the alternative, the fact that they
lacked probable cause to initiate the arrest was not clearly established. Because,
construing the facts in the light most favorable to Patrizi, the law was clearly established
that Huff and Connole lacked probable cause to arrest Patrizi, we AFFIRM the district
court’s denial of summary judgment.

                 I. BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A. Background

         In December 2007, Patrizi, a licensed attorney, was at Bounce nightclub in
Cleveland with her friend Molly Baron (“Baron”), Baron’s brother, and his girlfriend,
Brandi Mills (“Mills”). R. 33 (Patrizi Dep. at 16:11-14, 17:23-18:3, 19:7-19, 21:1-6).
Officers Huff and Connole came to Bounce in the early morning hours in response to a
reported assault. R. 31 (Huff Dep. at 50:4-6). They met the victim reporting the
incident, Heather Wallace (“Wallace”), outside and she led them inside the nightclub to
identify the group of perpetrators. Id. at 51:12-25. The officers escorted the group,
which included Mills, toward the exit of the club where the music was quieter to
investigate. Id. at 52:2-3. Patrizi, who was standing at the bar nearby joined the group
after making eye contact with Mills. R. 33 (Patrizi Dep. at 38:17, 40:10-22, 43:2-6).

         The parties do not dispute that Connole began to question Mills and that Patrizi
interjected during the course of the questioning. They also do not dispute that,
eventually, Patrizi was handcuffed and placed under arrest. However, the parties give
significantly different accounts of the sequence of events leading up to Patrizi’s arrest.

         In a written police report from the night of the incident, Huff stated1 that Patrizi
“approached and began giving commands to” Mills and eventually “pointed right into


         1
         Huff testified that he wrote the report based largely on Connole’s recitation of the night’s events
to him. R. 31 (Huff Dep. at 71:11-14).
No. 11-4168             Patrizi v. Huff et al.                                                       Page 3


[officer] Connole’s face and stated ‘she doesn’t have to say anything to you.’” R. 35-2
(Written Police Rpt.). The report further states that Patrizi continuously interjected such
that Connole “could not get a word in edgewise” and that Patrizi “continued [to] point
her finger in his face (on[ly] a few inches away) stating things like ‘she doesn’t have to
answer to you’ and ‘you have no right to question her[,]’ ‘what are you charging her
with[,]’ ‘I’m a defense attorney representing her.’” Id. Huff stated in the report that
when he intervened to quiet Patrizi and ask her to go outside, Patrizi “pulled away . . .
and said ‘I don’t have to leave’” and then “swung her arm around at [him] . . . and said
‘I don’t have to go anywhere.’” Id. The report states that at this point Patrizi was placed
under arrest. Id.2

         Huff and Connole clarified this version of the events in their deposition
testimony. Huff maintained that he was not involved with questioning the group and
only became involved once Connole signaled to him that Patrizi needed to be removed
from the scene. R. 31 (Huff Dep. at 60:9-21). At first, Huff testified that he was unsure
whether he arrested Patrizi on his partner’s direction inside the club, id. at 61:23-24, but
later stated that he arrested Patrizi after they exited the club in light of the conduct she
engaged in outside the club, id. at 67:8-68:21. In particular, Huff stated that Patrizi
swung her arm at him only when they were outside the club. Id. at 79:16-22. Both
officers testified that Patrizi appeared to be intoxicated. Id. at 86:22; R. 32 (Connole
Dep. at 16:16). Connole testified that he did not recall whether Patrizi raised her voice,
but stated that she asked him questions including whether Mills was a suspect, why he
was conducting the questioning, and whether he was imposing any charges.




         2
           A surveillance video from the nightclub of these events was submitted into evidence. See R. 4
(Surveillance Video). The district court concluded that the video contradicted the police report in
significant respects because the video showed “no evidence . . . of Ms. Patrizi pointing her finger in Officer
Connole’s face,” “of Ms. Patrizi pulling away from Officer Huff after he seized her,” “of Ms. Patrizi
swinging her arm at Officer Huff,” or “of Ms. Patrizi stiffening her walk, or otherwise resisting while Huff
walks her out the door.” R. 45 (Dist. Ct. Op. at 7). Connole seemed to admit these inconsistencies in his
deposition. See R. 32 (Connole Dep. at 37:20-39:7). Huff suggested that the inconsistencies could be due
to time delays in the surveillance video recording as well as the fact that Patrizi engaged in some of the
conduct described in the report after she had already been escorted out of the club. See R. 31 (Huff Dep.
at 85:9-86:17, 90:2-93:11). We have reviewed the video and agree with the district court that, in certain
respects, it contradicts the facts stated in the police report.
No. 11-4168             Patrizi v. Huff et al.                                                  Page 4


R. 32 (Connole Dep. at 18:4-19:4). Connole also confirmed that Patrizi identified
herself as an attorney. Id. at 19:8.

        Patrizi stated in her deposition that when she approached the group Connole was
“just doing his job asking questions of Brandi [Mills].” R. 33 (Patrizi Dep. at 45:17-18).
Patrizi stated that when she “started to understand why [Connole] was asking [Mills]
questions” she intervened to ask if Mills was a suspect in the investigation, identifying
herself as a lawyer. Id. at 46:6-7, 46:15-47:11, 48:1-3. Later on, Patrizi inquired as to
whether Mills was in custody, reminding Connole that in such a circumstance Mills was
entitled to be read her rights. Id. at 50:3-11. Patrizi testified that she did not tell the
officer that Mills did not have to say anything to him, and that the officer never
instructed Patrizi to cease interjecting in the investigation. Id. at 48:4-10. Patrizi stated
that, shortly after she inquired as to whether Mills was in custody, Patrizi was
handcuffed, placed under arrest, and escorted out of the club. Id. at 52:12-24, 53:17-20.

B. Procedural History

        Patrizi was charged with obstructing official business in violation of Cleveland
City Ordinance § 615.06(A), but the charges were later dismissed. Id. at 58:4-7, 60:4-5.
On December 4, 2009, Patrizi filed a complaint asserting claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983
as well as state-law claims for false arrest and malicious prosecution.3 R. 1 (Compl.).
Huff and Connole moved for summary judgment, asserting the defense of qualified
immunity. R. 30 (Summary Judgment Mot.). The motion was referred to a magistrate
judge, who issued a recommendation to deny the motion. R. 42 (Magistrate Report &
Rec.). The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendation and denied
summary judgment, concluding that Patrizi’s speech never constituted an affirmative act
of obstruction under the ordinance. R. 45 (Dist. Ct. Op. at 12). Huff and Connole timely
filed an interlocutory appeal. R. 48 (Notice of Appeal).




        3
            These state-law claims were voluntarily dismissed. See R. 12 (Dismissal Stipulation).
No. 11-4168         Patrizi v. Huff et al.                                           Page 5


                                      II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

         “We review the denial of summary judgment on grounds of qualified immunity
de novo because application of this doctrine is a question of law. But to the extent that
there is disagreement about the facts, we must review the evidence in the light most
favorable to the Plaintiff, taking all inferences in [her] favor.” Kennedy v. City of Villa
Hills, 635 F.3d 210, 213 (6th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks and alterations
omitted). The Supreme Court has set out “a two-step sequence for resolving government
officials’ qualified immunity claims” and we may consider the steps in any order.
Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232, 236 (2009). Thus, we “must decide whether
the facts that [the] plaintiff has alleged or shown make out a violation of a constitutional
right” and “whether the right at issue was ‘clearly established’ at the time of
defendant[s’] alleged misconduct.” Id. at 232 (internal citations omitted).

B. Qualified Immunity

         Patrizi alleges that Huff and Connole arrested her for obstructing official
business under Cleveland City Ordinance § 615.06(A) without probable cause in
violation of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. “It is a well-settled principle of
constitutional jurisprudence that an arrest without probable cause constitutes an
unreasonable seizure in violation of the Fourth Amendment.” Ingram v. City of
Columbus, 185 F.3d 579, 592-93 (6th Cir. 1999). “To determine whether officers had
probable cause to arrest an individual, we must look to the law of the jurisdiction at the
time of the occurrence.” Id. at 594. Accordingly, we look to whether it was clearly
established that Huff and Connole lacked probable cause to arrest Patrizi for violating
Cleveland City Ordinance § 615.06(A). See Lyons v. Xenia, 417 F.3d 565, 573 (6th Cir.
2005).

         Cleveland City Ordinance § 615.06(A) states:

         No person, without privilege to do so and with purpose to prevent,
         obstruct or delay the performance by a public official of any authorized
No. 11-4168        Patrizi v. Huff et al.                                           Page 6


       act within his or her official capacity, shall do any act which hampers or
       impedes a public official in performance of his or her lawful duties.

See also City of Cleveland v. Kristoff, No. 80086, 2002 WL 441584, at *1 (Ohio Ct.
App. Mar. 21, 2002) (unpublished opinion) (quoting Ordinance). The ordinance is
substantially identical to Ohio Rev. Code § 2921.31(A) and, accordingly, state law
interpreting the Ohio code is relevant to interpretation of Cleveland City Ordinance
§ 615.06. See Kristoff, 2002 WL 441584, at *1-*2. “A conviction under [Ohio Rev.
Code § 2921.31(A)] requires (1) the performance of an unprivileged act (2) with the
purpose of preventing, obstructing or delaying the performance by a public official of
an authorized act within his official capacity (3) which hampers or impedes the public
official in the performance of his lawful duties.” Lyons, 417 F.3d at 573 (citing City of
N. Ridgeville v. Reichbaum, 677 N.E. 2d 1245, 1248 (Ohio Ct. App. 1996)).
We consider only the first two elements of this three-part test because in this instance
they are dispositive.

       1. Performance of an Unprivileged Act

       This court has previously recognized that the act requirement of the obstruction
statute “demands an affirmative act that interrupts police business.” Id. (citing City of
Hamilton v. Hamm, 514 N.E. 2d 942, 943-44 (Ohio Ct. App. 1986)). “[T]ruthful speech
can satisfy the act element of the statute if it was done for the purpose of impeding an
officer in the performance of his or her duty.” State v. Wellman, 879 N.E.2d 215, 219
(Ohio Ct. App. 2007).

       To date, Ohio courts have affirmed obstruction convictions premised on true
speech only when that speech involved yelling, cursing, aggressive conduct, and/or
persistent disruptions after warnings from the police against interrupting the
investigation. See id. at 218 (“He actively prevented [the officers] from talking to the
individual . . . not just by asking questions, but by being belligerent and
argumentative.”); State v. Grooms, No. 03AP-1244, 2005 WL 407573, at *6 (Ohio Ct.
App. Feb. 22, 2005) (“[A]ppellant’s repeated harassment and yelling, six inches from
Officer Silverman’s face, impeded his ability to complete the paperwork relative to the
No. 11-4168            Patrizi v. Huff et al.                                                     Page 7


arrest of Grooms.”); City of N. Ridgeville, 677 N.E. 2d at 1248-49 (concluding that
defendant’s multiple acts of interference despite being advised of the reason for the
officers’ presence and instructed not to impede their investigation provided a sufficient
basis to uphold the obstruction conviction). We previously recognized this feature of
Ohio law in listing the conduct that Ohio courts have held satisfies the affirmative-act
requirement: “hostile or abusive speech that obstructs officers from fulfilling their
duties,” speaking with “volume and demeanor . . . [that] make it impossible for the
police to question another individual,” and an “ overall pattern of behavior . . . of
resistance.” Lyons, 417 F.3d at 574.4

         A 2002 Ohio Court of Appeals case affirms that at the time of Patrizi’s arrest it
was clearly established law that Patrizi’s conduct did not constitute an affirmative act
under the obstruction ordinance. In Kristoff, the Ohio Court of Appeals held that the
police lacked probable cause to arrest an individual for obstructing official business
where that individual merely advised his friend being questioned by plain-clothes
detectives to request identification from the detectives before answering their questions.
2002 WL 441584, at *1. The court in Kristoff reasoned that although “[t]he Supreme
Court of Ohio has not determined whether true statements made to police officers in the
course of conducting official business constitute conduct as contemplated by the statute
. . . courts have affirmed convictions for obstruction of official business only when the
manner and context of the boisterous statement prevented a public official from carrying
out his or her lawful duty.” Id. The court concluded that Kristoff’s conduct did not fall
into this category because although his “comments may have disturbed the detectives
insofar as their investigation was in abeyance while the detectives turned to Kristoff to
warn him about interfering,” there was “no evidence” that the statements “were spoken
so boisterously and in such a manner as to prevent the detectives from carrying out their
duties.” Id. at *2. Other Ohio jurisprudence affirms that Kristoff is an accurate


         4
           Huff and Connole argue that this Court’s decision in King v. Ambs, 519 F.3d 607 (6th Cir. 2008),
is relevant and important to the present analysis. However, King involved a Michigan obstruction statute,
not the Ohio statute at issue here. Moreover, the facts in King are distinguishable from the present case
as King repeatedly interrupted the police’s conversation despite the officer’s repeated warnings to cease
engaging in such disruptive conduct. See id. at 609.
No. 11-4168            Patrizi v. Huff et al.                                                      Page 8


statement of Ohio law. See Pullin v. City of Canton, 133 F. Supp. 2d 1045, 1052 (N.D.
Ohio 2001) (upholding denial of summary judgment on qualified immunity grounds
where Pullin approached the traffic stop only to offer assistance to the individual
involved and began to leave the scene when instructed to do so by the police); Burr v.
Perkins, No. 2:04-cv-786, 2006 WL 2165701, at *6 (S.D. Ohio July 31, 2006)
(unpublished opinion) (concluding that under clearly established law Burr’s interruption
of the police investigation did not amount to obstruction where Burr approached only
to help facilitate the conversation and backed away when instructed to do so by the
police); State v. Herron, No. 23868, 2011 WL 281130, at *6 (Ohio Ct. App. Jan. 14,
2011) (unpublished opinion) (“[T]he problem was not the content of Herron’s remarks,
but the volume and intensity with which they were persistently uttered, after Herron was
warned, which interfered with Officer Benge’s concentration on her tasks.”).

         Construing the facts in Patrizi’s favor, we conclude it is clear that Patrizi’s
actions did not constitute an affirmative act under the obstruction ordinance. Patrizi
asked the officer questions in a calm and measured manner; she did not continuously
interrupt so that the officer could not speak to the subjects of his investigations. She did
not ignore instructions from him to cease her questioning—in fact, she was never even
given such instructions—and she did not in any way exhibit aggressive, boisterous, or
unduly disruptive conduct.5 In short, it is evident that Patrizi’s actions were of the same
nature as those held not to constitute an affirmative act by the Ohio Court of Appeals in
Kristoff. Therefore, under clearly established law the officers lacked probable cause to
arrest her.6




         5
          Appellants seek to distinguish Kristoff on the grounds that the officers in Kristoff were in plain
clothes, whereas officers Huff and Connole were in uniform and, therefore, clearly identifiable as police
officers. Appellant Br. at 24. We see no reason why this impacts the analysis.
         6
          In light of this conclusion, we need not consider whether Patrizi’s acts would otherwise be
considered privileged acts under the ordinance. See State v. Luke, No. 09CA30, 2010 WL 3532092, at *4
(Ohio Ct. App. Sept. 8, 2010) (unpublished opinion).
No. 11-4168         Patrizi v. Huff et al.                                           Page 9


        2. Purpose of Preventing, Obstructing, or Delaying the
           Performance by a Public Official of an Authorized Act within His
           Official Capacity

        Although our conclusion as to the affirmative-act prong is sufficient to sustain
the denial of summary judgment, we hold in the alternative that Patrizi clearly was not
acting with the requisite purpose to obstruct the officers’ investigation. At the time of
Patrizi’s arrest, Ohio courts had clearly established that “[w]here a defendant’s conduct
is limited to truthful speech, one cannot reasonably infer intent to obstruct official
business unless the circumstantial evidence clearly demonstrates intent.” In re Payne,
No. C-040705, 2005 WL 2248870, at *3 (Ohio Ct. App. Sept. 16, 2005) (unpublished
opinion). Ohio courts had found such circumstantial evidence lacking where an
individual’s conduct was “limited to arguing with the police officers,” id., as well as in
circumstances where it was evident that the individual had other benign motivations, see
State v. Graham, No. 2009 CA 81, 2009 WL 4893343, at *6 (Ohio Ct. App. Dec. 18,
2009) (unpublished opinion) (concluding there was insufficient evidence to support a
conviction for obstructing official business where defendant’s “actions in calling her
attorney, the therapist, and others” did not evidence that defendant “acted with the
purpose to prevent, obstruct or delay” the officers); Gessner v. Schroeder, No. 21498,
2007 WL 431421, at *9 (Ohio Ct. App. Feb. 9, 2007) (unpublished opinion) (reversing
a grant of summary judgment in favor of the defendant where it was clear that Gessner’s
purpose was not to impede the officers’ present investigation, but rather to inform the
officers of the location of the victim of an attempted shooting). These decisions govern
the outcome in this case because one cannot reasonably infer from Patrizi’s actions that
her purpose was to hamper or impede the officers’ investigation. First, Patrizi’s
questioning of Connole was even less indicative of an intent to obstruct than arguing
with a police officer was in In re Payne. See 2005 WL 2248870, at *3. Second,
Patrizi’s actions demonstrate that her purpose was to ensure the respect of Mills’s
constitutional rights in the context of the citizen-police encounter. This is clear from the
manner in which Patrizi asked questions of Connole: a calm and measured manner and
only upon suspecting that the investigation may be turning from a voluntary citizen-
No. 11-4168            Patrizi v. Huff et al.                                                     Page 10


police encounter into a custodial interrogation. As a result, under clearly established
law, the officers lacked probable cause to believe that Patrizi was acting with the
purpose of impeding their investigation of the alleged assault.

         A final point is worth mentioning, although not explicitly raised by the parties.
The Supreme Court has recognized First Amendment limitations on the conduct that
state municipalities may outlaw with respect to interruption of police activity. In City
of Houston v. Hill, 482 U.S. 451, 455 (1987), the Court held that a Houston ordinance
that made it illegal to “oppose, molest, abuse or interrupt any policeman in the execution
of his duty” was substantially overbroad and therefore unconstitutional. The Court
explained that “the First Amendment protects a significant amount of verbal criticism
and challenge directed at police officers” and that “[t]he freedom of individuals verbally
to oppose or challenge police action without thereby risking arrest is one of the principal
characteristics by which we distinguish a free nation from a police state.” Id. at 461-63.
Accordingly, the Court concluded that because the “Houston ordinance” was not
“narrowly tailored to prohibit only disorderly conduct or fighting words” it
impermissibly captured protected speech. Id. at 465. Although Hill is not directly
relevant insofar as the present case does not concern a First Amendment challenge,
Hill’s explanation of what conduct may and may not be criminalized must nevertheless
inform this court’s analysis. See Swiecicki v. Delgado, 463 F.3d 489, 498 (6th Cir. 2006)
(“An officer may not base his probable-cause determination on speech protected by the
First Amendment.”). Thus, despite any arguable ambiguity in the Ohio state courts’
jurisprudence, the U.S. Supreme Court has clearly established that nonaggressive
questioning of police officers is constitutionally protected conduct.7 Patrizi’s actions fall
precisely within that protected ambit because, when the facts are viewed in her favor, her




         7
           Moreover, we note that the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Reichle v. Howards, --- U.S. ---,
132 S. Ct. 2088 (June 4, 2012), does not affect our present analysis. In Reichle, the Court held that it was
not clearly established law that an individual has a First Amendment “right to be free from a retaliatory
arrest that is otherwise supported by probable cause.” Id. at 2094. Thus, the case considered not the
criminalization of otherwise protected speech, but the scope of the First Amendment right when retaliatory
motivations may lead to an arrest that is independently justified in light of probable cause for an
unchallenged offense.
No. 11-4168        Patrizi v. Huff et al.                                       Page 11


conduct did not cross the line into fighting words or disorderly conduct prohibiting the
officers from conducting their investigation.

                                  III. CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of summary
judgment on qualified-immunity grounds.
