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                                           2019 VT 86

                                           No. 2019-141

In re B.B., Juvenile                                           Supreme Court

                                                               On Appeal from
                                                               Superior Court, Orleans Unit,
                                                               Family Division

                                                               September Term, 2019


Howard E. Van Benthuysen, J.

Michael Rose, St. Albans, for Appellant.

David Tartter, Deputy State’s Attorney, Montpelier, for Appellee.


PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Robinson, Eaton and Carroll, JJ., and Skoglund, J. (Ret.),
         Specially Assigned


       ¶ 1.    REIBER, C.J.       Youth B.B. was charged with aggravated assault based on

allegations from August 2016. In November 2018, B.B. filed a motion for youthful-offender

status. The State opposed the motion. Following a hearing, the trial court concluded that B.B. had

not met his burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that public safety would be

protected if he were granted youthful-offender status, and denied the motion. B.B. requested

permission to appeal to this Court, which we granted. We affirm.

       ¶ 2.    Evidence at the youthful-offender-status hearing included testimony by B.B.’s

grandmother, a report prepared by the Department for Children and Families (DCF), and testimony

from the DCF worker who created the report. Based on the evidence presented, the trial court

made the following factual findings. B.B. was twenty years old at the time of the hearing. He has
struggled with alcohol and heroin addiction in the past. Although B.B.’s grandmother testified

that he was no longer using heroin, B.B. did not live with his grandmother full-time. B.B.’s

residential and employment situations were unstable. The court noted that there was “some

evidence that [B.B.] [was] engaged in personal counseling,” but there was “no objective evidence

to that effect.” There was prima facie evidence that B.B. “engaged in a new violent act” while he

was “under the influence of alcohol,” even though B.B. was underage and was subject to a

condition of release that required him to refrain from drinking alcohol.

       ¶ 3.    The court also addressed the diagnostic tool DCF used in creating its report, the

“youth assessment and screening instrument” or “YASI.” The assessment was largely based on

B.B.’s and his grandmother’s self-report in an interview with DCF that asked about his “legal

history, mental health treatment, substance abuse needs, attitudes, beliefs, employment,” and

“family history.” The YASI assessment indicated that B.B. was at moderate risk to reoffend, and

DCF therefore recommended that B.B. be granted youthful-offender status. The court, however,

found that the YASI tool was not “persuasive . . . in this context.” The court noted that the YASI

tool failed to take into account that there was probable cause for a new violent offense; it was based

on B.B.’s self-report; it did not consider whether B.B. was still using alcohol or heroin; it did not

take into account the seriousness of the victim’s injury in the aggravated assault; and the DCF

worker testified that the YASI tool was “flawed.”

       ¶ 4.    On appeal, B.B. argues that the trial court erred in denying him youthful-offender

status based on alleged flaws in the YASI report. B.B. also contends that the trial court committed

legal error in how it assessed whether public safety would be protected if B.B. were granted

youthful-offender status. B.B. does not challenge the trial court’s factual findings. We review the

trial court’s decision to deny youthful-offender status for abuse of discretion. See State v. J.S.,

2018 VT 49, ¶ 22, 207 Vt. 379, 189 A.3d 552 (applying abuse-of-discretion standard in deciding

whether trial court erred in revoking defendant’s youthful-offender status).

                                                  2
       ¶ 5.    The youthful-offender statutory scheme provides the following. If a criminal

defendant is under twenty-two years old and was at least twelve years old at the time of the alleged

offense, a motion may be filed with the criminal division requesting youthful-offender status. 33

V.S.A. § 5281(a). DCF will offer the youth a “risk and needs screening.” Id. § 5280(d). DCF

will also file a report with the family division that provides “(1) a recommendation as to whether

diversion is appropriate for the youth because the youth is a low to moderate risk to reoffend; (2) a

recommendation as to whether youthful offender status is appropriate for the youth; and (3) a

description of the services that may be available for the youth.” Id. § 5282(a)-(b) (directing DCF

to prepare report unless “the State’s Attorney refers the youth directly to court diversion pursuant

to subsection 5280(e) of this title”). Then the family division will hold a hearing to determine

whether youthful-offender status is appropriate. Id. § 5283(a) (directing that family division shall

hold hearing “[u]nless the State’s Attorney refers the youth directly to court diversion”). The

burden of proof is on the moving party to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the youth

should be granted youthful-offender status. Id. § 5283(d). In making its determination, “the court

shall first consider whether public safety will be protected by treating the youth as a youthful

offender.” Id. § 5284(a). Only if the court finds that public safety will be protected may the court

then go on to consider the other statutory factors. Id. The court may schedule an additional hearing

“to obtain reports or other information necessary for the appropriate disposition of the case.” Id.

§ 5283(e).

       ¶ 6.    Here the trial court determined that B.B. did not meet his burden to show that public

safety would be protected if he were granted youthful-offender status. The court pointed to prima

facie evidence that B.B. had engaged in a new violent act while under the influence of alcohol,

despite being underage and under a condition of release that he not drink alcohol.* The court


       *
         We note that the trial court relied on the pending charge only to the extent that it presented
prima facie evidence that B.B. had engaged in a new violent act while under the influence of
alcohol, not as proven conduct. See 33 V.S.A. § 5283(c)(1) (providing that “[h]earsay may be
                                                   3
considered this evidence within the context of B.B.’s history of alcohol and drug abuse and the

aggravated-assault charge. The court also observed that there was no “punishment” in the juvenile

justice system, so there was no “meaningful accountability mechanism.” Additionally, the court

found that B.B. had an unstable residential and employment situation. Given these facts, the trial

court acted within its discretion in concluding that public safety would not be protected if B.B.

were granted youthful-offender status.

       ¶ 7.    B.B. contends that DCF failed to meet its own statutory duty to provide the court

with an appropriately prepared report, and the trial court has penalized B.B. for DCF’s failure.

B.B. compares his situation to In re D.S., in which we affirmed that “stagnation caused by factors

beyond the parents’ control could not support termination of parental rights,” 2016 VT 130, ¶ 7,

204 Vt. 44, 162 A.3d 1254 (quotation omitted), and State v. Porter, in which we held that the State

must “disclose to the defense any exculpatory material within its possession or control,” 2014 VT

89, ¶ 28, 197 Vt. 330, 103 A.3d 916, overruled on other grounds by State v. Discola, 2018 VT 7,

207 Vt. 216, 184 A.3d 1177.

       ¶ 8.    B.B.’s argument lacks merit. He bore the burden of persuasion here. 33 V.S.A.

§ 5283(d). Unlike the cases B.B. cites, this is not a situation where DCF withheld information or

where the trial court’s denial was due to factors beyond B.B.’s control. B.B. could have presented

evidence that would have addressed the questions the YASI tool left unanswered, and he did not.

Furthermore, assuming, without deciding, that DCF erred in its preparation, the court did not

penalize B.B. for any error. The court simply came to a different conclusion than DCF, and it was

within its discretion to do so. Nor was the court required to schedule another hearing to obtain

additional information when B.B. failed to meet his burden of persuasion.




admitted and may be relied on to the extent of its probative value” in youthful-offender-status
hearing). B.B. does not challenge the court’s reliance on the pending charge.
                                                4
       ¶ 9.    B.B. also argues that the trial court committed legal error when it considered the

availability of punishment in deciding whether youthful-offender status is appropriate, noting that

punishment is not listed as a factor to consider in the statute. Further, B.B. challenges the court’s

statement that “[t]he only consequence that a juvenile judge can impose . . . is to place the youth

into DCF custody,” noting that a judge could revoke youthful-offender status if necessary.

       ¶ 10.   In discussing the availability of punishment, the court reasoned that the juvenile

justice system provided no “mechanism” for “accountability” that would protect the public

because it is “entirely a rehabilitative system” and “has no punishment.” The court considered the

practical consequence of placing B.B. in youthful-offender status within the context of the other

findings the court made regarding B.B.’s substance abuse, the aggravated-assault charge, and the

prima facie evidence of a new violent crime committed while under the influence of alcohol. In

this situation, it was not error for the court to observe that punishment can provide accountability

and to consider whether B.B. could be held accountable as a youthful offender such that public

safety would be protected, even though the juvenile justice system would not provide punishment.

Nor did the court err in not considering the future possibility of revocation. The revocation of

youthful-offender status is an available remedy for violating juvenile probation. See id. § 5285(a).

It is not a preventative measure but is instead a consequence of violating probation. The court did

not err in failing to consider this after-the-fact remedy in determining whether youthful-offender

status would protect public safety.

       Affirmed.

                                                FOR THE COURT:



                                                Chief Justice




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