          In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                     No. 18-76C
                               (Filed: April 25, 2018)*
                *Opinion Originally Filed Under Seal on April 17, 2018

                                         )
 KIEWIT INFRASTRUCTURE                   )
 WEST CO.,                               )
                                         )
                     Plaintiff,          )
                                         )
 v.                                      )      Post-Award Bid Protest; Best-Value
                                         )      Tradeoff Analysis; Technical Evaluation
 THE UNITED STATES,                      )
                                         )
                     Defendant,          )
                                         )
 FLATIRON│DRAGADOS │SUKUT                )
 JOINT VENTURE,                          )
                                         )
           Defendant-Intervenor.         )
                                         )

Douglas L. Patin, Washington, D.C., for plaintiff. Aron C. Beezley and Lisa A.
Markman, Washington, D.C., of counsel.

James W. Poirier, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., with
whom were Chad A. Readler, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Robert E. Kirschman,
Jr., Director, and Steven J. Gillingham, Assistant Director, for defendant. Amanda R.
Fuller, Deputy District Counsel, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento, CA, of
counsel.

Joseph G. Martinez, Denver, CO, for defendant-intervenor. K. Tyler Thomas and Tess E.
Gosda, Denver, CO, of counsel.

                                     OPINION

FIRESTONE, Senior Judge

      Pending before the court are cross motions for judgment on the administrative

record in this bid protest action challenging the award of Contract No. W91238-17-C-
0025 (“Contract”) to repair Lake Isabella Dam in central California to Flatiron | Dragados

| Sukut Joint Venture (“FDS”). Contract Award, Tab 111 at AR 30277. Plaintiff, Kiewit

Infrastructure West Co. (“Kiewit”), challenges the decision of the United States Army

Corps of Engineers (“the Corps”) to award the repair Contract to FDS. For the reasons

set forth below, the court finds that the Corps’ decision to award the Contract to FDS was

in accordance with law and was not arbitrary or capricious. Accordingly, the court

GRANTS the motions of the United States and FDS for judgment on the administrative

record and DENIES the motion of Kiewit.

I.     BACKGROUND FACTS

       A.     The Lake Isabella Dam Project—The Solicitation

       The Lake Isabella Dam was constructed to “provide flood risk management

benefits to the town of Lake Isabella, CA and Bakersfield, CA.” Isabella Dam Safety

Mod. Rep., Tab 1 at AR 44. In 2012, the Corps determined that the dam required

significant repairs. Id. at AR 1, 3. The repairs are necessary for flood control. Id. at AR

13, 45-46. Specifically, the Corps has determined that addressing the condition of Lake

Isabella Dam is critical to prevent dam failure. Id. at AR 13.

       On March 30, 2017, the Corps issued Solicitation No. W91238-17-R-0006

(“Solicitation”) requesting proposals for construction services to repair Lake Isabella

Dam. Solicitation, Tab 23 at AR 1391. 1 The Solicitation provided that proposals would



       1
        A total of eight solicitation amendments were issued: Amendment 0001 (April 3, 2017),
Tab 40; Amendment 0002 (April 7, 2017), Tab 42; Amendment 0003 (April 14, 2017), Tab 43;
Amendment 0004 (April 21, 2017), Tab 44; Amendment 0005 (April 28, 2017), Tab 45;

                                              2
be evaluated using the best-value tradeoff process pursuant to section 15.101-1 of the

Federal Acquisition Regulation (“FAR”). Id. at AR 1462 (¶ 1.2, 1.3). This process

permits tradeoff among price and non-price factors and allows the government to accept a

proposal other than the lowest-priced one. See FAR § 15.101-1. In this connection, the

Solicitation stated that the non-price factors specified were significantly more important

than price. Solicitation, Tab 23 at AR 1475-76. The six non-price factors are listed in the

Solicitation in descending order of importance: technical plan for excavation and

earthwork; management approach; experience and capability; technical plan for concrete

production and placement; past performance; and small business participation

commitment document. Id. (¶ 7).

       The Solicitation included a description for each evaluation rating: Outstanding;

Good; Acceptable; Marginal; and Unacceptable (from highest rating to lowest rating). Id.

at AR 1472-73 (¶ 5.9). An “Outstanding” rating meant the proposal provides “an

exceptional approach and understanding of the requirements and contains multiple

strengths, [while the] risk of unsuccessful performance is low.” Id. at AR 1472 (¶ 5.9).

A “Good” rating meant the proposal provides “a thorough approach and understanding of

the requirements and contains at least one strength, [while the] risk of unsuccessful

performance is low to moderate.” Id. An “Acceptable” rating meant the proposal “meets

[the] requirements and indicates an adequate approach and understanding of the

requirements, [while the] risk of unsuccessful performance is no worse than moderate.”


Amendment 0006 (May 1, 2017), Tab 46; Amendment 0007 (June 28, 2017), Tab 89; and
Amendment 0008 (July 6, 2017), Tab 95.

                                             3
Id. at AR 1473 (¶ 5.9). A “Marginal” rating meant the proposal “has not demonstrated an

adequate approach and understanding of the requirements, and/or [the] risk of

unsuccessful performance is high.” Id. Finally, an “Unacceptable” rating meant the

proposal “does not meet [the] requirements of the solicitation, and thus, contains one or

more deficiencies, and/or [the] risk of unsuccessful performance is unacceptable.” Id.

         Under the Solicitation, each offeror’s past performance would also be evaluated

and assigned an adjectival rating based on the relevancy of the offeror’s past projects and

the reviewers’ overall confidence. Id. at AR 1473-74 (¶ 5.10). Relevancy was rated as

Not Relevant, Somewhat Relevant, Relevant, or Very Relevant (from lowest rating to

highest rating). Id. at AR 1473 (¶ 5.10). The overall confidence of the Corps based on

the past performance of a given offeror was rated as No Confidence, Limited Confidence,

Neutral Confidence, Satisfactory Confidence, or Substantial Confidence (from lowest

rating to highest rating). Id. at AR 1474 (¶ 5.10). Finally, each offeror’s small business

participation would be evaluated and assigned an adjectival rating of Unacceptable,

Marginal, Acceptable, Good, or Outstanding (from lowest rating to highest rating). Id. (¶

5.11).

         B.    Evaluation and Award

         To perform the source selection, the Corps established a multi-tier Source

Selection Evaluation Board (“SSEB”) made up of boards selected for their expertise and

professional judgment that included a technical factor evaluation board, a past

performance board, a small business evaluation board, and a price evaluation board.

Source Selection Plan, Tab 21 at AR 1228; Rev. SSAC Rep., Tab 107 at AR 30226. To


                                              4
maintain the integrity of the evaluation process, the various technical boards were not

given any price information. Rev. SSAC Rep., Tab 107 at AR 30226-27. The price

evaluation was kept separate. Id.

       The findings and judgments of the technical evaluation boards were reviewed by a

Source Selection Advisory Council (“SSAC”). Rev. SSAC Rep., Tab 107. An SSAC is

required for Department of Defense procurements exceeding $100 million. Final

Acquisition Plan, Tab 20 at AR 1051. The SSAC was tasked with ensuring that the

evaluation criteria set forth in the Solicitation were followed. Initial SSAC Report, Tab

73 at AR 28055. The SSAC compared the evaluations and ranked the technical merit of

each offeror. Id. The SSAC determined that FDS had the highest rated technical

proposal based on it receiving an “Outstanding” rating for the second and fourth technical

factors. Id. The reports of the SSEB and SSAC were then sent to the Source Selection

Authority (“SSA”) for decision. Competitive Range Determination, Tab 74.

       The SSA’s first task was to establish the competitive range. Id. at AR 28066. Six

offerors submitted proposals in response to the Solicitation: Kiewit; OHL USA/Lane

Construction Joint Venture; Fisher Industries; FDS; Granite Construction Company; and

Barnard/Ames Construction Company Joint Venture. Id. at AR 28059. Kiewit, FDS,

Granite, and Barnard/Ames were selected for the competitive range. Id. at AR 28061.

Each offeror in the competitive range submitted revised proposals after having

discussions with the Corps. 2 Based on the revisions, the Corps conducted another round


       2
       FDS Evaluation Notice, Tab 76 and Kiewit Evaluation Notice, Tab 78 of the
Administrative Record.

                                             5
          of evaluations. Rev. SSAC Rep., Tab 107 at AR 30228-38. The SSAC also made its

          recommendation as to best value. While acknowledging that Kiewit had a lower price,

          the SSAC recommended that the award go to FDS based on its conclusion that FDS had

          vast technical superiority. Id. at AR 30230-38. Kiewit’s and FDS’s final evaluation

          ratings and prices are summarized below:

                                                       Factor 4 –
            Factor 1 –     Factor 2 –
                                        Factor 3 –     Technical
                                                                       Factor 5 –     Factor 6 –
                                        Experience      Plan for                        Small
Offeror     Technical     Management                                      Past                          Price**
                                            &          Concrete                        Business
              Plan         Approach                                   Performance
                                        Capability      Plan &                       Participation
                                                      Participation
                                                                       Substantial
Kiewit         Good       Outstanding     Good        Outstanding                       Good         $231,567,079.50
                                                                      Confidence
                                                                      Satisfactory
 FDS        Outstanding   Outstanding   Outstanding   Outstanding                     Acceptable     $241,751,065.00
                                                                      Confidence*
          *Changed by the SSA. **The independent government estimate (“IGE”) was $300 million.

          SSDD, Tab 109 at AR 30271.

                Having concluded that the competition was between FDS and Kiewit, the SSA

          engaged in a best-value tradeoff decision to determine whether FDS’s offer justified the

          4.4 percent price premium. Id. at AR 30262-71. In the ten-page best-value tradeoff

          decision included in the Source Selection Decision Document (“SSDD”), the SSA

          documented his decision that the added value and benefits the government would receive

          from awarding the contract to FDS justified FDS’s higher price. Id. at AR 30262-72. He

          focused his review on the technical factors for which FDS’s ratings were superior to

          those of Kiewit. In general, FDS earned twice the number of “significant strengths” and

          “strengths” earned by Kiewit. See FDS Rev. Proposal, Tab 99; Kiewit Rev. Proposal,




                                                       6
Tab 98. The two major factors that differentiated the two proposals were technical

factors 1 and 3.

       In comparing FDS and Kiewit under technical factor 1, i.e., the most important

factor, the SSA explained that the SSAC had found FDS to be superior in every major

aspect of said factor. Rev. SSAC Rep., Tab 107 at AR 30231-33. The SSA noted that

the SSEB’s final ratings of Kiewit (Rev. SSEB Rep., Tab 106 at AR 30145-48) and FDS

on technical factor 1 (Rev. SSEB Rep., Tab 106 at AR 30148-52) also demonstrated that

FDS had a superior proposal.

       The SSA, in his evaluation of technical factor 1, reviewed the basis for Kiewit’s

“Good” rating and noted that FDS’s proposal for technical factor 1 was “superior” to

Kiewit’s because FDS had “demonstrated a better understanding of the existing site

conditions and project requirements.” SSDD, Tab 109 at AR 30263. The SSA noted that

FDS’s “exceptional approach . . . resulted in a lower risk of unsuccessful performance.”

Id. In this connection, the SSA noted that the “detailed analysis” in FDS’s plans would

“minimize disruptions and delays to the project” and this “provide[d] added value to the

Government.” Id. The SSA found that FDS’s proposed use of a geologist compared with

Kiewit’s use of a geotechnical engineer would “optimize the use of” the materials

available and “minimize the risk of costly quantity overruns to the Government for

processed materials.” Id. The SSA further noted that FDS had “a superior understanding

of the geologic and hydrogeologic site conditions” associated with the Auxiliary Dam

and that FDS’s superior knowledge of site conditions in connection with dewatering

added significant value. Id. at AR 30264. In this connection, the SSA noted that


                                            7
Kiewit’s assumption that the Auxiliary Dam site had low permeable soil was questioned

by the SSAC. Id.

       The SSA also determined that FDS provided extra value to the government based

on FDS’s past experience under technical factor 3—the other factor for which FDS

received an “Outstanding” rating, as compared to Kiewit’s “Good” rating. Id. at AR

30265-66. The record shows that the Corps was especially interested in prior projects

“that demonstrate experience with a zoned embankment dam combined with a concrete

spillway” like Lake Isabella Dam. Solicitation, Tab 23 at AR 1471. FDS provided three

examples of prior projects with this feature. FDS Rev. Proposal, Tab 99 at AR 28822-23,

28828-30, 28831-33 (Portugues Dam, L’Albages Dam, and Villalba de los Barros Dam).

Based on this experience, as well as the fact that FDS submitted six prior projects,

exceeding the three required projects, FDS received a significant strength. Rev. SSEB

Rep., Tab 106 at AR 30180; SSDD, Tab 109 at AR 30265. FDS was the only offeror that

had done more than one project on the same type of dam as Lake Isabella Dam. FDS

also received a significant strength based on its prior experience working on a dewatering

project with a partial reservoir pool, the Villalba de los Barros Dam. FDS Rev. Proposal,

Tab 99 at AR 28831-33; Rev. SSEB Rep., Tab 106 at AR 30180. See also SSDD, Tab

109 at AR 30265. The SSA noted that the SSAC had determined that this dewatering

experience warranted a significant strength. SSDD, Tab 109 at AR 30261. The SSA

agreed that FDS’s proposal warranted an “Outstanding” rating for technical factor 3 on

the grounds that its experience was unmatched by any other offeror. Id. at AR 30266.

The SSA stated that FDS’s “experience in earth and rockfill embankment dam and


                                             8
spillway construction, seismic dam remediation, and dewatering with a partial pool

reservoir are a significant added value to the Government and are expected to greatly

reduce risk for timely project completion.” Id.

       In deciding to select FDS, the SSA also reviewed whether Kiewit’s and FDS’s

price proposals were “fair and reasonable[.]” Solicitation, Tab 23 at AR 1472. The

Solicitation provided that the “[p]rice analysis may involve comparison with other

proposed prices received in response to this solicitation” and identified the techniques

mentioned in section 15.401-1(b)(2) of the FAR. Id. The SSA noted that there could be

a 15 percent quantity overrun with respect to the Emergency Spillway Excavation, which

would make Kiewit’s proposal more expensive. SSDD, Tab 109 at AR 30270. The SSA

also noted that there were some uncertainties in Kiewit’s price regarding stockpiling

materials. Id. The SSA also noted that FDS’s price proposal was reviewed to ensure it

was not unbalanced and that it was ultimately determined to be balanced. Id. Finally, the

SSA concluded that the 4.4 percent or $10,183,985.50 million price difference between

Kiewit’s and FDS’s proposals was “not significant.” Id.

       The SSA also reviewed each of the remaining factors and concluded in the

summary that FDS “provided a far superior technical proposal albeit at a slightly higher

price.” Id. at AR 30271. The SSA stated that the 4.4 percent price difference between

FDS and Kiewit was “not significant” and that there were “potential cost risks”

associated with Kiewit’s proposal that could result in Kiewit’s proposal costing more. Id.

at AR 30270. The SSA also noted that FDS’s proposal would likely provide significant

cost savings to the Corps because FDS was likely to finish the project early, thus


                                             9
minimizing the Corps’ costs of oversight. 3 Id. at AR 30265. The SSA explained his

conclusion that FDS’s proposal offered the best value to the Corps as follows: FDS

“demonstrated a better understanding of existing site conditions and challenges, a

superior identification of risks and associated mitigation strategies, and superior expertise

and relevant experience that [it] will bring to accomplish the work.” Id. at AR 30271.

The SSA explained that due to FDS’s “Outstanding” rating for technical factor 1, i.e., the

most important factor, FDS “immediately set themselves apart from the other Offerors as

extremely knowledgeable of the project requirements, site conditions, project risks and

overall technical approach.” Id. The SSA noted that the Corps had “determined [FDS’s]

strategies are expected to provide significant cost savings to the Government which will

exceed the 4.4% price proposal difference by minimizing change orders, rework, delays,

and associated Government oversight costs.” Id. With regard to technical factor 2, the

SSA noted the benefit of FDS’s likely ability to complete the project early constituted “an

additional benefit to the Government[.]” Id. Regarding technical factor 3, the SSA noted

that FDS’s “worldwide” experience in building dams similar to the Isabella Lake Dam

gave the Corps added assurance that the project would be successfully completed. Id.

The SSA concluded that this additional experience gave FDS a “better understanding of

the [project] requirements and site conditions[,]” including FDS’s better dewatering plan,

FDS’s plan to use a full-time on-site geologist, and FDS’s projected faster time schedule.



       3
         FDS proposed to finish the project *** days early. The Corps determined this would
reduce its overall costs by approximately $1 million and was an important benefit to the
government. SSDD, Tab 109 at AR 30265.

                                             10
Id. For all of these reasons, and those stated in the ten-page best-value tradeoff decision,

the SSA determined that FDS “represents the overall best value to the Government for

this solicitation.” Id.

       On September 18, 2017, the Corps awarded the Contract to FDS and informed

Kiewit that it was not the successful offeror. Contract Award, Tab 111 at AR 30277-78.

       C.      Post-Award Proceedings

       Kiewit received the required FAR § 15.506 debriefing on September 26, 2017.

Kiewit Debrief. Memo, Tab 117 at AR 30416. Thereafter, on October 2, 2017, Kiewit

protested the award to FDS before the Government Accountability Office (“GAO”) and

submitted a supplemental protest on November 13, 2017. Kiewit Protest, Tab 122;

Protestor’s Comments to Agency Rep. & Supp. Protest Grounds, Tab 137 at AR 30773-

809. After consideration of the agency report, Kiewit’s comments, and FDS’s comments,

the GAO denied Kiewit’s protest and supplemental protest. Kiewit Infrastructure West

Co., B-415421; B-415421.2 (December 28, 2017) at 1, Tab 142 at AR 30940.

       Kiewit filed the present action in this court on January 16, 2018. Kiewit’s Compl.

Declaratory & Inj. Relief (ECF No. 1). In its cross motion for judgment on the

administrative record, Kiewit raises the following basic objections to the Corps’ decision

to award the Contract to FDS. First, Kiewit argues that the Corps conducted an improper

best-value tradeoff decision by allegedly conducting a cost realism or price realism

analysis regarding Kiewit’s pricing of certain materials. Kiewit’s Mem. Supp. Mot. Inj.

Relief, Declaratory Relief, & J. on Admin. R. (“Kiewit’s MJAR”), ECF No. 34-1, at 12-

20. Second, Kiewit argues that the Corps failed to explain why Kiewit did not get an


                                             11
“Outstanding” but only a “Good” rating for technical factor 1. Id. at 20-4. Third, Kiewit

argues that the technical discriminators the Corps applied to evaluate FDS’s and Kiewit’s

proposals were irrational. Id. at 24-32. Fourth, Kiewit argues that the Corps engaged in

disparate treatment in its evaluation of Kiewit’s and FDS’s proposals. Id. at 32-53. Fifth,

Kiewit argues that the Corps’ evaluation of Kiewit’s and FDS’s proposals for technical

factors 3 and 5 was unreasonable and arbitrary and capricious. Id. at 53-60.

       The government and FDS have responded to each of Kiewit’s arguments and

contend that Kiewit has not demonstrated that the Corps’ award decision should be set

aside. Def.’s Mot. J. on Admin. R. (“Def.’s MJAR”), ECF No. 35, at 36-61; FDS Mem.

Supp. Mot. J. on Admin. R. (“FDS’s MJAR”), ECF No. 33, at 16-47. Briefing is

complete and oral argument was held on March 23, 2018.

II.    DISCUSSION

       A.     Standards of Review

       This court hears bid protests under 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1). Under section

1491(b)(4), the court reviews the agency’s procurement decision to determine whether it

was arbitrary or capricious or not in accordance with law. Impresa Construzioni Geom.

Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1332 & n.6 (Fed. Cir. 2001).

Examples of arbitrary and capricious action include situations where the agency

‘“entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the problem, offered an explanation

for its decision that runs counter to the evidence before the agency, or [the decision] is so

implausible that it could not be ascribed to a difference in view or the product of agency

expertise.”’ Alabama Aircraft Indus., Inc.-Birmingham v. United States, 586 F.3d 1372,


                                             12
1375 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (quoting Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins.

Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983)). In evaluating whether a procurement official’s actions

were rational, “the disappointed offeror bears a heavy burden[.]” Impressa, 238 F.3d at

1333. De minimis errors in the procurement process do not justify relief. Grumman

Data Sys. Corp. v. Dalton, 88 F.3d 990, 1000 (Fed. Cir. 1996). In addition, even if the

court concludes that the agency erred in its selection decision, the protestor must also

establish that it was prejudiced by the government’s error. Advanced Data Concepts, Inc.

v. United States, 216 F.3d 1054, 1057 (Fed. Cir. 2000). In order to establish the requisite

prejudice, a protestor must show that but for the error ‘“there was a reasonable likelihood

that [it] . . . would have been awarded the contract.”’ Id. (quoting Data General Corp. v.

Johnson, 78 F.3d 1556, 1562 (Fed. Cir. 1996)). This “standard reflects a reasonable

balance between the importance of (1) averting unwarranted interruptions of and

interferences with the procurement process and (2) ensuring that protesters who have

been adversely affected by allegedly significant error in the procurement process have a

forum available to vent their grievances.” Data General Corp., 78 F.3d at 1563. In

reviewing best-value determinations, like the one at issue in this case, the agency has

significant discretion. Galen Medical Assoc., Inc. v. United States, 369 F.3d 1324, 1330

(Fed. Cir. 2004); E.W. Bliss Co. v. United States, 77 F.3d 445, 449 (Fed. Cir. 1996).

       B.     The SSA’s Best-Value Tradeoff Decision Was Rational and in
              Accordance with Law

       Kiewit’s principal legal objection to the Corps’ selection of FDS is that the Corps

acted outside the scope of the Solicitation’s evaluation criteria and the FAR when the



                                             13
SSAC in its best-value analysis and subsequent recommendation identified certain cost

risks in Kiewit’s proposal and credited FDS with certain cost savings to the government,

which were then adopted by the SSA in his best-value tradeoff decision. Kiewit’s MJAR

at 12-20. Kiewit contends that once the SSA had determined that Kiewit’s price was “fair

and reasonable,” the SSA should have ended his price analysis at that point, i.e., the SSA

should not have considered possible cost risks and/or savings. Kiewit’s MJAR at 14.

Kiewit contends that the Corps’ consideration of cost risks with regard to Kiewit’s

proposal constituted an unlawful “cost realism” analysis. Kiewit’s MJAR at 13-14 (citing

FAR § 15.404-1(d)(1)).4, 5 Kiewit also argues that the SSA’s conclusion that FDS’s

proposal would likely lead to potential cost savings to the government that would “exceed

the 4.4% price difference” was not supported and should not have been considered in the

best-value tradeoff decision. Id. at 15.

               1. The SSA’s Consideration of Cost Risks in the Best-Value Tradeoff
                  Decision

       With regard to Kiewit’s argument concerning the SSA’s consideration of potential

cost risks in Kiewit’s proposal, the court finds, first, that the Corps’ evaluation of prices



4
  FAR § 15.404-1(d)(1) provides: “Cost realism analysis is the process of independently
reviewing and evaluating specific elements of each offeror’s proposed cost estimate to determine
whether the estimated proposed cost elements are realistic for the work to be performed; reflect a
clear understanding of the requirements; and are consistent with the unique methods of
performance and materials described in the offeror’s technical proposal.”
5
  In essence, Kiewit argues that by using cost realism concepts like “cost risk” and “uncertain
cost risks,” which are not “fair and reasonable” price concepts in the SSDD, the SSAC and SSA
effectively conducted an “additional price analysis” that went further than the $10 million price
difference between the two proposals, concluding that there would be no cost advantage in an
award made to Kiewit despite said difference. Kiewit’s MJAR at 4-5 (citing Rev. SSAC Rep.,
Tab 107 at AR 30236, 30238; SSDD, Tab 109 at AR 30270-71).

                                                14
was consistent with the terms of the Solicitation. Contrary to Kiewit’s contentions, the

Solicitation did not limit the Corps’ review to total price. The Solicitation required all

offerors to organize their bid prices by contract line item number (“CLIN”). Solicitation,

Tab 23 at AR 1464. Each CLIN was divided into sub-CLINs and each sub-CLIN had its

own unit price. Id. For example, the offerors were required to provide a specific dollar

amount to be charged per cubic yard of material removed. Under the Solicitation, the

SSEB price board was required to review each proposal based both on the total price and

the price of the individual CLINs. Initial Price Analysis, Tab 71 at AR 27939. More

specifically, the SSEB price board was required to review each CLIN’s price to determine

whether it was “fair and reasonable” based on the price falling either “within one standard

of deviation or 25% of the average of all offerors (excluding the IGE).” Id. In view of the

foregoing, the SSA’s consideration of the unit prices of individual CLINs was not

inconsistent with the terms of the Solicitation.

       Second, the court finds that the SSA’s consideration of potential cost risks based on

Kiewit’s unit pricing as set forth in its CLINs did not amount to an unlawful cost realism

analysis. In its price board report, the SSEB provided an analysis of aspects of eight

CLINs in Kiewit’s proposal. Initial Price Analysis, Tab 71 at AR 27943-45. For instance,

the SSEB noted that Kiewit’s proposed price of *** per cubic yard for the emergency

spillway rock excavation (CLIN 007AB) was much higher than FDS’s proposed price of

*** per cubic yard. See Kiewit Rev. Proposal, Tab 98 at AR 28515; FDS Rev. Proposal,

Tab 99 at AR 29020. When the SSAC undertook its review, it noted this disparity and

asked the SSEB price board to assess how the difference in unit price might affect overall


                                              15
price if the number of cubic yards to be excavated under CLIN 007AB exceeded 2.5

million cubic yards, i.e., the fixed quantity set in the Solicitation. Rev. SSAC Rep., Tab

107 at AR 30236. The SSEB price board did an analysis assuming a 15 percent increase

in the volume of material to be excavated under CLIN 007AB based on previous historical

data of similar projects. Id. Due to Kiewit’s higher unit price, the SSAC noted that if

there were a 15 percent increase in cubic yards to be excavated, the difference between

Kiewit’s price and FDS’s price would narrow significantly. Id. Kiewit argues that the use

of an “undocumented, unsupported hypothetical overrun[,]” here the 15 percent increase,

was arbitrary and thus the SSA erred in considering Kiewit’s potential cost increase in the

best-value tradeoff decision under this Solicitation. Kiewit’s MJAR at 4-5.

       The SSAC also examined Kiewit’s *** per cubic yard price under CLINs 0009AB-

AJ for stockpiling sand. Rev. SSAC Rep., Tab 107 at AR 30236. The SSAC chose to

examine the price of CLINs 0009AB-AJ because Kiewit included a different price for

stockpiling sand in other CLINs that was higher. Id. The SSAC noted that if there were

variations in quantity or if the project (i.e., the Auxiliary Dam) was not executed within

the first option year, Kiewit’s price would be higher. Id. Kiewit challenges the

consideration of this cost risk by the SSA in the best-value tradeoff decision. Kiewit’s

MJAR at 19; see also SSDD, Tab 109 at 30270.

       The court agrees with the government and FDS that the review of cost risks as part

of the best-value tradeoff decision was not an unlawful cost realism analysis or otherwise

unlawful. Def.’s MJAR at 45-46; FDS’s MJAR at 30-32. Cost realism, as the

government and FDS explain, is a systematic analysis of cost estimates conducted when a


                                             16
cost reimbursement contract is contemplated in order to assure that the offeror does not

understate likely costs, thereby misleading the proposal evaluator. See FAR § 15.404-

1(d)(1)-(2). Where the agency determines that a proposal has understated likely costs, the

agency’s estimate of those likely costs (“probable costs”) is substituted for the offeror’s

price and used for the purposes of proposal evaluation. FAR § 15.404-1(d)(2)(i)-(ii).

Here, the SSA did not substitute Kiewit’s prices with prices noted by the SSAC. Rather,

the SSA simply stated that Kiewit’s price could be higher under certain contingencies.

Describing a cost risk in the best-value tradeoff decision was not unlawful. Based on the

court’s review of the record and the SSA’s best-value tradeoff decision, it is clear that the

SSA did not engage in a cost realism analysis and, further, the SSA’s identification of

potential cost risks presented by Kiewit’s proposal under certain contingencies was in

accordance with law.

              2. The SSA’s Consideration of Cost Savings in the Best-Value Tradeoff
                 Decision

       With regard to Kiewit’s contention that the SSA improperly considered anticipated

cost savings by selecting FDS’s proposal, the court finds as follows. In his ten-page best-

value tradeoff decision, the SSA included, as discussed in detail above in the Background

Facts, a head-to-head comparison between Kiewit’s and FDS’s proposals concerning the

six technical factors, with factor 1 being the most important and factor 6 being the least

important. SSDD, Tab 109 at AR 30262-72. At the end of that analysis, the SSA

expressly found that FDS’s proposal was “far superior” and worth the “slightly higher [4.4

percent] price.” SSDD, Tab 109 at AR 30271. As discussed below, because of the SSA’s



                                             17
extensive review of the proposals, his conclusions regarding the benefits of FDS’s

proposal are not undermined by his failure to provide detailed support for his conclusions

regarding the cost savings he anticipated the Corps will also receive from selecting FDS’s

superior technical proposal. The comments on cost savings, following his thorough

comparison, were extraneous to his ultimate decision to select FDS’s proposal and do not

undermine the SSA’s best-value tradeoff decision.

       For technical factor 1 (technical plan for excavation and earthwork), the SSA rated

Kiewit’s proposal as “Good” based on the two significant strengths and the five strengths

assigned to it by the SSEB and the SSAC. SSDD, Tab 109 at AR 30262-63. The

significant strengths included a cofferdam and Kiewit’s consideration of three dewatering

systems before execution, while the strengths included “Just-In-Time production of

material, use of a geotechnical engineer on site, emphasis on blasting and excavation

safety, [and] specialized equipment to accomplish narrow fills and [its] approach to

vertical placement.” Id. The SSA noted, however, that “there remained one uncertainty in

[Kiewit’s] plan regarding stockpiling material” based on the SSEB’s “concern that the

large quantity of Zone 4B material may not fit in the designated location,” which could

ultimately “cause double handling, contractor/production inefficiencies and risks to

schedule.” Id. at AR 30263. FDS, on the other hand was rated as “Outstanding” by the

SSA because it was assigned four significant strengths and eight strengths by the SSEB

and the SSAC. Id. The significant strengths included an upstream berm, excellent

understanding of the existing project geology and inclusion of an on-site geologist to

“assess the quality of materials available for processing and placement which will


                                            18
optimize excavation and efficient material usage,” mitigation strategies for material

processing to account for losses, and an “excellent” dewatering plan that addressed both

site conditions and the effects of drought on the site, which Kiewit had not addressed. Id.

The eight strengths assigned to FDS included a “comprehensive plan to protect and

manage stockpiles, a QC plan for material gradations, a plan to direct haul common

material to avoid stockpiling, [and] a detailed and well thought out haul road map and

management plan for transporting materials.” Id. In view of the foregoing significant

strengths and strengths, the SSA concluded that because “[technical] factor 1 was the most

important factor, [FDS] immediately set themselves apart from the other Offerors as

extremely knowledgeable of the project requirements, site conditions, project risks and

overall technical approach.” Id. at AR 30271. The SSA found that FDS’s proposal was

“superior” to Kiewit’s because it “demonstrated a better understanding of the existing site

conditions and the project requirements. . . . [FDS’s] exceptional approach and

understanding of the requirements and the many strengths in [its] proposal resulted in a

lower risk of unsuccessful performance to the Government compared to [Kiewit’s]

approach.” Id. at AR 30263. In addition, the SSA stated that FDS’s analysis was “more

comprehensive” than Kiewit’s in terms of risk mitigation, explaining that “[FDS’s]

detailed analysis [would] minimize disruptions and delays to the project and ultimately

provide[] added value to the Government.” Id. In view of the foregoing, the SSA’s

conclusion that FDS’s proposal was worth more than Kiewit’s is fully explained for

technical factor 1.




                                            19
       Regarding technical factor 2 (management approach), both FDS and Kiewit

received an “Outstanding” rating, with Kiewit being awarded four significant strengths

and 12 strengths and FDS being awarded six significant strengths and 16 strengths. Id. at

AR 30264-65. The SSA explained that both Kiewit and FDS “demonstrated an

exceptional management approach and understanding of the requirements for Factor 2.”

Id. at AR 30265. Nevertheless, the SSA noted that there was added value in FDS’s

proposal based on FDS proposing to finish the entire project *** days earlier, thus putting

FDS ahead of Kiewit by *** days. 6 Id. The SSA therefore concluded that FDS’s “earlier

finish date is an added value and benefit, because it represents a tangible cost savings to

the Government,” amounting to approximately $1 million. Id.

       For technical factor 3 (experience and capability), Kiewit was rated as “Good” and

awarded one significant strength because it submitted six projects that exceeded the

required three projects, and six strengths, which included “experience at remote site

locations . . . and experience with a dewatering system similar to [Kiewit’s] proposed

system for [Lake] Isabella Dam.” Id. FDS, on the other hand, was rated as

“Outstanding,” receiving two significant strengths, one of which was attributed to FDS’s

submission of six projects which exceeded the required three projects, while the other was

awarded because of FDS’s dewatering experience. Id. FDS also received four strengths,

including “experience at a remote site [and] experience with rockfill and zone[d]



       6
         In its revised proposal, Kiewit went from a completion date of *** days early to ***
days early, which the SSA noted was “most likely due to an original weakness about proposing
double shifts.” SSDD, Tab 109 at AR 30265.

                                              20
embankments.” Id. The SSA found that FDS’s proposal was “superior” to Kiewit’s

proposal because it “demonstrated more experience and capability than [Kiewit] on

projects similar to [Lake] Isabella [Dam].” Id. at AR 30266. The SSA concluded that

FDS’s “worldwide expertise and experience in dam and spillway construction,” as well as

its experience in “seismic dam remediation, and dewatering with a partial pool reservoir[,]

[were] a significant added value to the Government and [were] expected to greatly reduce

risk for timely project completion.” Id.

       For technical factor 4 (technical plan for concrete production and placement), both

FDS and Kiewit received an “Outstanding” rating. Id. at AR 30266. Kiewit was awarded

three significant strengths, which included “providing a preliminary mix design and

thermal analysis for [its] concrete production,” and ten strengths, including the insertion of

“a thorough discussion on concrete cooling and demonstrated experience in multiple

methods of cooling concrete . . . discuss[ing] hazardous material considerations at the

Main Dam Control Tower and propos[ing] the use of a tent system to be utilized for

physical protection of their aggregate stockpiles.” Id. FDS was awarded seven significant

strengths, which included “an extensive rationale and arguments for [its] selected method

of pumping concrete instead of utilizing buckets or other methods [and] a well-thought out

approach to rebar and formwork across all concrete features,” and 13 strengths, including

“multiple hot weather concrete placement mitigation strategies and multiple means of

cooling concrete, planning for an onsite lab to control concrete production . . . and a

thorough plan for controlling joint offset for all concrete structures.” Id. at AR 30266-67.

Although both Kiewit’s and FDS’s proposals were rated as “Outstanding” for technical


                                             21
factor 4, the SSA nevertheless concluded that FDS’s design of the “concrete mix for a

maximum of 130 degree Fahrenheit (F) internal temperature versus the specification

maximum of 158 degrees F [would] significantly reduce[] the risk of exceeding maximum

concrete temperatures during construction and subsequently having to reject or tear out

concrete.” Id. at AR 30267. Moreover, the SSA concluded that FDS’s “plan to leave the

formwork on for 7 days versus 5 days is also a significant benefit to the project by

allowing recently placed concrete to cure and gain additional strength before exposure to

the elements.” Id. The SSA concluded that these benefits, which were only attributed to

FDS’s proposal, are “an added value to the Government and a risk reduction measure due

to the project’s location in an arid and windy climate.” Id.

       For technical factor 5 (past performance), the SSAC gave both Kiewit and FDS a

rating of “Substantial Confidence” after discussions with the Corps concerning their

revised proposals. Id. at AR 30268. Nevertheless, the SSA changed FDS’s rating to

“Satisfactory Confidence” in the SSDD. Id. FDS submitted five projects for

consideration, one of which was considered “Very Relevant,” two “Relevant,” and two

“Somewhat Relevant,” with “performance ratings ranging from Satisfactory to Very

Good.” Id. at AR 30268 (emphasis in the original). However, because FDS submitted

only five projects instead of the required six, the SSA determined that FDS’s proposal

warranted the lower rating of “Satisfactory Confidence” instead of “Substantial

Confidence.” Id. Kiewit, on the hand, received a rating of “Substantial Confidence”

because of the six projects submitted. Id. Kiewit had one “Very Relevant”, three

“Relevant, and two “Somewhat Relevant” projects, with “performance ratings ranging


                                             22
from Satisfactory to Exceptional.” Id. at AR 30267-68 (emphasis in the original).

However, despite the lower rating given to FDS, the SSA concluded that said rating did

“not change the quality of [FDS’s] overall proposal’s strengths and weaknesses.” Id. at

AR 30268.

       Finally, for technical factor 6 (small business participation commitment document),

i.e., the least important of all the technical factors, Kiewit was rated as “Good,” whereas

FDS was rated as “Acceptable.” Id. Kiewit met the overall small business goal of 15

percent and “exceeded the goals in two” of the five sub goals, but failed to meet the goals

in two other sub goals. Id. at AR 30269. Moreover, Kiewit “provided a letter of

commitment with Jensen Drilling[,]” a sub-contractor. Id. Although it surpassed the

overall small business goal, FDS “did not meet the small business sub goals and did not

include letters of commitment,” which is why it was rated lower than Kiewit. Id.

Nevertheless, the SSA agreed with the SSAC that there was no “significant difference in

value between [Kiewit and FDS] for this factor,” and that FDS had “included small

business pricing in [its] proposal.” Id.

       In view of the foregoing, it is clear that the SSA’s conclusion that FDS’s proposal

was far superior to Kiewit’s and worth the slightly higher 4.4 percent price tag was based

on his extremely thorough head-to-head comparison of Kiewit’s and FDS’s proposals and

not on any improper factors. The court finds that his comments on the specific cost

savings the SSA expected the Corps would receive if FDS was selected were extraneous

to his best-value tradeoff analysis. The SSA’s final best-value tradeoff decision was

properly focused on FDS’s vastly superior technical proposal, which the SSA fully


                                             23
supported with specific details. In such circumstances, the fact that the SSA did not

identify in the record the basis for the savings he calculated that the government would

receive by selecting FDS’s proposal does not undermine the integrity of the SSA’s best-

value tradeoff decision.

       C.     Kiewit’s “Good” Rating on Technical Factor 1

       Kiewit next argues that the Corps erred in awarding the Contract to FDS because

the Corps failed to explain why Kiewit received a final rating of “Good” instead of

“Outstanding” on technical factor 1. Kiewit’s MJAR at 20-24. Kiewit does not contend

that its proposal was inconsistent with a “Good” rating under the criteria set forth in the

Solicitation. Rather, Kiewit contends that the Corps failed to explain why it did not

receive an “Outstanding” rating for technical factor 1 after Kiewit successfully addressed

the two significant weaknesses, four weaknesses, and three of the four uncertainties

assigned to it under said factor before discussions with the Corps. Id. Kiewit explains

that because it had a “Good” rating with those weaknesses and uncertainties, the Corps

should have to explain why its rating did not improve once it removed those weaknesses

and uncertainties in its revisions. Id. at 20-21. The government and FDS argue that

Kiewit is not entitled to an explanation so long as the “Good” rating it received is

justified. Def.’s Reply at 13-16; FDS’s Resp. Opp. Pl.’s Mot. J. on Admin. R. (“Resp.”),

ECF No. 38, at 13; see also Rev. SSEB Rep., Tab 106 at AR 30148. They argue that

because Kiewit’s “Good” rating for technical factor 1 is adequately explained, the Corps

does not need to provide any additional explanation.




                                             24
       It is well settled that “technical rating decisions are the ‘minutiae of the

procurement process . . . which involve discretionary determinations of procurement

officials that a court will not second guess.” T & S Prod., Inc. v. United States, 48 Fed.

Cl. 100, 104 (2000) (quoting E.W. Bliss, 77 F.3d at 449). Here, the Solicitation expressly

stated that in order to receive the rating of “Good” an offeror’s proposal needed to

provide “a through approach and understanding of the requirements[,] . . . contain[] at

least one strength,” and present a “low to moderate” risk of unsuccessful performance.

Solicitation, Tab 23 at AR 1472 (¶ 5.9). To receive a rating of “Outstanding” the

proposal had to provide “an exceptional approach and understanding of the

requirements[,] . . . contain[] multiple strengths,” and present a “low” risk of unsuccessful

performance. Id. The difference between the two ratings therefore largely turned on

whether the Corps found the proposed offeror’s technical approach to be “thorough” and

thus “Good” or “exceptional” and thus “Outstanding.” Id. The court will not second-

guess the Corps’ judgment that Kiewit’s proposal was “thorough” but not “exceptional.”

This is a matter of technical and scientific expertise to which the Corps is afforded the

greatest deference. E.W. Bliss, 77 F.3d at 449.

       In addition, the court agrees with the government and FDS that the cases Kiewit

relies on to support its position, BayFirst Solutions, LLC v. United States, 102 Fed. Cl. 677

(2012), Caddell Construction Co. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 49 (2013), and TRESP

Associates, Inc., B-258322.5 (March 9, 1995), 96-1 CPD ¶ 8, are distinguishable from the

present case and do not provide a basis for requiring additional agency review.




                                              25
       First, in BayFirst the Solicitation expressly required the agency to base a top rating

of “Excellent” on the number of strengths and weaknesses assigned to an offeror.

BayFirst, 102 Fed. Cl. at 686. As such, the agency’s failure to explain the basis for a

“weakness,” which determined the rating, required a remand to the agency for an

explanation. Id. Here, in contrast, the Solicitation did not provide that ratings would be

based solely on the number of strengths and weaknesses. Rather, ratings would be based

on the technical judgments of the SSEB and the SSAC. An “Outstanding” rating would

be based on providing “an exceptional approach and understanding of the

requirements[,]” whereas a “Good” rating would be based on providing “a thorough

approach and understanding of the requirements[.]” Solicitation, Tab 23 at AR 1472 (¶

5.9). The bases for FDS’s “Outstanding” and Kiewit’s “Good” ratings for technical factor

1 are set forth in a narrative contained in the record. The narrative clearly explains why

FDS was given a higher rating than Kiewit. Nothing in the Solicitation required the SSA

to also explain why Kiewit was not deserving of an “Outstanding” rating.

       Second, nothing in Caddell, requires a different result. Caddell concerned the

level of discussion needed in a best-value tradeoff decision. 111 Fed. Cl. at 109-11. The

court held that a source selection decision required more than conclusory statements,

without any record support. Id. (citing Standard Commc’ns, Inc. v. United States, 101

Fed. Cl. 723, 733 (citing Serco Inc. v. United States, 81 Fed. Cl. 463, 497 (‘“Conclusory

statements, devoid of any substantive content . . . fall short of the [FAR]

requirement[.]”’)). Id. Here, as discussed above, the reasons for finding FDS’s proposal




                                             26
superior to Kiewit’s proposal were clearly articulated in the record. No further

explanation was required.

       Third, TRESP is also distinguishable from the present case. In TRESP, a rating

system was employed under which number values were assigned based on the offeror’s

satisfaction of various factors and subfactors. TRESP, B-258322.5 at 2-4. Under that

system, the GAO decided it was irrational not to add points to TRESP’s rating after it had

addressed certain failures following discussions. Id. at 4-5. The GAO determined that

under the rating system devised, the agency needed to explain the basis for the final

evaluation. Id. In the present case, however, the connection between the evaluation

made by the Corps and the rating standard for “Good” in the Solicitation is rational and

well documented.

       For these reasons, the court finds that Kiewit has not met its burden of showing

that the Corps erred when it failed to explain why Kiewit did not receive an

“Outstanding” rating for technical factor 1. The Corps provided a rational explanation as

to why Kiewit received a “Good” rating and given the explanation provided for FDS’s

“Outstanding” rating, as well as the extensive comparison of the proposals set forth in the

record, the court finds that the Corps adequately explained its technical judgment and that

Kiewit is not entitled to an additional explanation as to why it did not receive an

“Outstanding” rating for technical factor 1.

       D.     The Discriminators the SSA Used for Finding that FDS Provided the
              Corps with a Superior Proposal Under Technical Factor 1 Were
              Rational




                                               27
       Kiewit argues that three of the bases for the Corps’ finding of FDS’s proposal

superior to Kiewit’s for technical factor 1 were unreasonable or irrational. Kiewit’s

MJAR at 24-32. Each is addressed, in turn, below.

              1.     The Corps Rationally Determined that FDS’s Proposed Use of a
                     Geologist Was a Significant Strength

       Kiewit states it was unreasonable for the Corps to evaluate FDS’s proposal for

technical factor 1 as providing a significant strength based on FDS’s proposed use of a

geologist. Kiewit’s MJAR at 24-27. Kiewit argues that by providing a geologist instead

of a geotechnical engineer, FDS’s proposal did not comply with the Solicitation’s

requirements. Id. Kiewit’s argument is premised on its contention that FDS has

proposed a geologist instead of a geotechnical engineer. For the reasons that follow, the

court finds that argument is without merit.

       The court has reviewed FDS’s proposal and agrees with FDS that its proposal

requires FDS to provide a geotechnical engineer as well as a geologist. FDS Rev.

Proposal, Tab 99 at AR 28753. In its proposal, FDS has certified that it will be providing

a geotechnical engineer for the project, FDS Rev. Proposal, Tab 99 at AR 28951, as

required by the specifications. Specs., Tab 12 at AR 993. The court finds that the Corps

may reasonably rely upon FDS’s certification to conclude that FDS will provide the

required geotechnical engineer in order to meet the specifications in addition to the

proposed geologist that the Corps identified as the basis for FDS’s significant strength.

In Allied Tech. Grp., the Federal Circuit held that “[w]here an offeror has certified that it

meets the technical requirements of a proposal, the Contracting Officer is entitled to rely



                                              28
on such certification in determining whether to accept a bid, and the offeror’s potential

failure to comply with the proposal requirements is ordinarily ‘a matter of contract

administration,’ which does not go to the propriety of accepting the bid.” Allied Tech.

Grp., Inc. v. United States, 649 F.3d 1320, 1330 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (quoting Centech Grp.,

Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d 1029, 1039 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (internal citations omitted)).

Because FDS has certified that it will provide a geotechnical engineer, as required by the

Solicitation, and a geologist for this project, Kiewit’s argument must be rejected.

              2.     The Corps Rationally Gave FDS a Strength for its Superior
                     Understanding of Soil Conditions

       Kiewit asserts that it was unreasonable for the Corps to distinguish between

Kiewit’s and FDS’s proposals for technical factor 1 based on FDS’s recognition that

‘“the Auxiliary Dam site is alluvial in nature,”’ whereas Kiewit ‘“assumed a low

permeable soil which the SSAC did not consider accurate.”’ Kiewit’s MJAR at 29-30

(quoting Rev. SSAC Rep., Tab 107 at AR 30232; SSDD, Tab 109 at AR 30264)

(emphasis removed). Kiewit argues that “alluvial” and “low permeability” mean the

same thing and, therefore, the difference in ratings had no technical merit. Id. at 29-32.

Kiewit also argues that the Corps erroneously took exception to Kiewit’s description of

the soil condition at the Auxiliary Dam as “low permeability.” Id. For the reasons that

follow, this court will not second-guess the Corps on either of these technical judgments.

       First, accepting the definition of “alluvial” provided by FDS, the court understands

that it refers to soil that was deposited by flowing water. FDS’s MJAR at 25 (citing J.L.

Boettinger, Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment, Alluvium and Alluvial Soils, 45



                                             29
(Daniel Hillel ed., Elsevier Ltd. 2005). The term does not mean “low permeability.”

Kiewit’s citation to dictionary.com’s definition of “alluvium” is consistent with this

conclusion, because the site also provides an example of the usage of “alluvial” as

meaning “unconsolidated soil.” See http://www.dictionary.com/browse/alluvial?s=t.

Thus, the Corps’ criticism is supported.

       Kiewit’s claims regarding the low permeability of the soil are also unsupported.

Kiewit’s support for its position that the soils at issue have “low permeability” is a 1948

pre-construction report of site conditions before the Lake Isabella Dam was constructed.

Kiewit’s MJAR at 32 (citing Original Construction Doc. Part IV, Tab 33B at AR 14291).

According to the government and FDS, however, geotechnical data provided in the

Solicitation that post-date the 1948 report show the soil is permeable. Def.’s MJAR at

41, n.26; FDS’s Resp. at 16; see generally Geotechnical Lab Results, Tab 29(c)-(l);

Solicitation Attach. 05, Tab 37 at AR 17537. The Corps’ Agency Report before the GAO

also explained that the more recent materials confirm the soil is permeable. Agency

Response to Prot.’s Comments & Supp. Protest Grounds, Tab 139 at AR 30858 (the

borings and lab test data included in the Geotechnical Data Report indicate that the

foundation of the Auxiliary Dam does not consist of low permeable soil). In such

circumstances, Kiewit’s understanding of the soils is not necessarily correct.

Accordingly, Kiewit has not shown that the Corps was not rational when it questioned

Kiewit’s understanding of soil conditions. 7


       7
         Kiewit suggests that the Corps’ judgment is irrational because it received a significant
strength for its dewatering plan which it states was based on its assumption that the soils had low

                                                30
               3.      The Corps’ Decision to Give FDS’s Dewatering Plan a
                       Significant Strength Is Rational and Supported

       Kiewit contends the Corps’ decision to give FDS a significant strength under

technical factor 1 for its dewatering plan was irrational. Kiewit’s MJAR at 27-29. The

court disagrees. First, the court agrees with FDS that Kiewit’s contention that FDS did

not provide a dewatering plan is wrong. FDS’s Resp. at 16. FDS did provide a plan.

FDS Rev. Proposal, Tab 99 at AR 28766-69. Second, the court finds that Kiewit’s

criticism of FDS’s dewatering plan on the grounds that FDS did not consider 2011

groundwater data is not supported. The Corps gave FDS a significant strength because

FDS expressly stated that it would “utilize historical data, in addition to monitoring data

collected throughout 2018 in preparation for [its] dewatering plan.” Id. at AR 28766; see

also SSDD, Tab 109 at AR 30263-64. Kiewit has not shown that the Corps’ decision to

assign FDS a significant strength for its dewatering plan was irrational.

       E.      Kiewit’s Disparate Treatment Claim Is Not Supported

       Kiewit argues that the Corps failed to treat Kiewit the same as FDS in its

evaluation of technical factor 1. Kiewit’s MJAR at 32-53. Kiewit claims it was not fairly

evaluated on: (a) stockpiling location; (b) quality control (“QC”) plan; (c) stockpile

protection; (d) material processing; (e) haul roads and cofferdam; and (f) groundwater

monitoring. Id. In considering Kiewit’s objections, the court is mindful that it does not



permeability. This contention does not establish that the Corps’ statements regarding soils were
in error. The record indicates that the significant strength Kiewit received for its dewatering plan
was based on its willingness to perform additional testing on “existing wells and piezometers to
validate [its] dewatering plan” and not because it properly understood soil conditions. See, e.g.,
Rev. SSEB Rep., Tab 106 at AR 30145.

                                                31
have the authority to re-evaluate proposals. “[T]he court must be mindful that it may not

substitute its judgment for that of the agency, but rather must confine its review to

determining whether the agency’s decision was arbitrary and capricious. The court must

avoid ‘undue judicial interference with the lawful discretion given to agencies.”’

Eskridge Research Corp. v. United States, 92 Fed. Cl. 88, 97 (2010) (quoting Axiom Res.

Mgmt., v. United States, 564 F.3d 1374, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2009)) (other internal citations

omitted). This need for mindfulness is especially true with regard to evaluations of an

offeror’s technical approach. Atl. Diving Supply Inc. v. United States, 107 Fed. Cl. 244,

250 (2012) (‘“The evaluation of proposals for their technical excellence or quality is a

process that often requires the special expertise of procurement officials, and thus

reviewing courts give the greatest deference possible to these determinations.”’) (internal

quotations omitted). Given the expertise necessary to evaluate proposals, it appears to

the court that Kiewit’s objections relate to the manner in which the Corps exercised its

judgment in evaluating the proposals and do not support a finding that the Corps engaged

in disparate treatment.

       Kiewit objects to the Corps’ evaluation of the stockpiling location. Kiewit’s

MJAR at 33-37. Kiewit argues it designated a stockpiling location but did not receive the

same credit as FDS. Id. The court has looked at the proposals and it is clear from a

review of the proposals that FDS identified the location of its stockpile in a more specific

and detailed manner than Kiewit. Kiewit designated its Zone 4B stockpile area within

another larger area identified as “waste” without any detail as to the specific location,

whereas FDS provided a more specific and detailed identification of the location of its


                                             32
Zone 4B stockpile. Compare Kiewit Rev. Proposal, Tab 98 at AR 28268 with FDS Rev.

Proposal, Tab 99 at AR 28750. FDS also addressed the Corps’ concerns regarding the

potential risk of the stockpile becoming too large by “scal[ing] down production in the

excavation to match [the] processing needs.” See FDS Rev. Proposal, Tab 99 at AR

28755-56. Kiewit apparently did not do so. Rather, Kiewit merely alleged that the

material would fit without providing a specific location and made no mention of potential

efforts to mitigate risks. Kiewit Rev. Proposal, Tab 98 at AR 28268. In such

circumstances, Kiewit has failed to show that the difference in ratings was not based on

the application of the Corps’ technical judgment but on disparate treatment.

       The court finds the same is true with regard to the QC plans. FDS provided

additional QC in material placement by offering disking and by having FDS personnel

working on the embankment who could check the grade using GPS equipment. FDS

Rev. Proposal, Tab 99 at AR 28765. Further, FDS identified numerous techniques it will

use for QC purposes, such as separating the various crushing stages to “allow[] the

excavation operations and production at the primary crushing to be completely

independent of the secondary and tertiary crushings . . . [to] provide[] more flexibility

and reliability to the plant and independence of all operations, thereby reducing

associated schedule risk.” Id. at AR 28763. FDS is also planning to transport finished

material using “a belt conveyor to a two-deck vibrating screen. The opening of the

meshes in this screen will be adjusted depending on the final products to be produced.”

Id. FDS will also design the processing plant “to be highly flexible, giving [FDS the]

opportunity to change the final materials and proportions being produced, based on


                                             33
scheduled embankment needs” and will include “a water network with water bars at

required locations to avoid dust generation, in addition to the network for aggregate

washing,” thereby helping to “minimize the need for additional water, including a

clarifier and decantation ponds.” Id. This additional QC was the basis of the evaluation

strength. See SSDD, Tab 109 at AR 30263-64; Rev. SSEB Rep., Tab 106 at AR 30149.

The difference in ratings is therefore supported by facts in the record. The court has no

basis for second-guessing the Corps’ technical conclusion.

       Next, the Corps compared FDS’s proposal with Kiewit’s proposal regarding the

protection of stockpiles. The Corps found that FDS’s proposal was technically superior.

SSDD, Tab 109 at AR 30263. FDS’s proposal was more detailed than that of Kiewit and

included a discussion of risk mitigation that involved drop height from conveyors and the

use of clean trucks. Compare FDS Rev. Proposal, Tab 99 at AR 28764 with Kiewit Rev.

Proposal, Tab 98 at AR 28284. The court does not have a basis for questioning the

Corps’ finding on the basis of its judgment that FDS’s proposal was superior.

       Regarding Kiewit’s final contention that it addressed the same issues regarding the

protection of stockpiles, as addressed by FDS in its proposal, elsewhere in its proposal,

the court agrees with FDS that the Corps was not obligated to look for that information

elsewhere in the proposal. FDS’s Resp. at 23. The Solicitation stated that “the

Government is not obligated to search for or to consider information that is not located in

the specified location.” Solicitation, Tab 23 at AR 1463 (¶ 3.3). If Kiewit failed to put

the information in the correct place, it cannot blame the Corps if the information was not

found. A review of FDS’s proposal confirms that it provided a highly detailed proposal


                                            34
with regard to material processing. See FDS Rev. Proposal, Tab 99 at AR 28761-63.

The record shows that this same level of detail was not provided by Kiewit. The

Solicitation called for “detailed technical narrative” that must be “comprehensive,”

urging offerors to “elaborate on other features of the work that [were] considered relevant

or where a high degree of risk [was] involved that may adversely affect the planned

performance period.” Solicitation, Tab 23 at AR 1465. Consistent with this, the Corps

expressly provided that “[t]he more detailed, logical, realistic or achievable the technical

approach the more favorable the rating.” Id. at AR 1471. The court will not second-

guess the Corps’ technical judgment.

       The court also finds that the difference in FDS’s and Kiewit’s level of detail with

regard to hauling supports their different ratings. Compare FDS Rev. Proposal, Tab 99 at

AR 28750, 28753, 28755 with Kiewit Rev. Proposal, Tab 98 at AR 28268. Specifically,

the difference in Kiewit’s and FDS’s level of detail is identified with figures and

descriptions. Id. (See, e.g., FDS Rev. Proposal, Tab 99 at AR 28753 (“sacrificial fills

will create improved access to the work areas, better haul roads, and an additional staging

area for the concrete weir work. These strategic fills placed in this location will also

serve as an additional protective berm for the weir and spillway work in case of

unexpected high water.”)). The court simply has no basis for questioning the Corps’

decision to assign two strengths to FDS’s proposal for a cofferdam and haul roads and to

not assign Kiewit the same strengths.

       Finally, the court finds that the Corps’ decision to give FDS a strength for its

groundwater monitoring, citing specifically to page 21 of FDS’s proposal for including


                                             35
monitoring to verify the fulfillment of environmental requirements, was rational. See

Rev. SSEB Rep., Tab 106 at AR 30150 (Strength 10); FDS Rev. Proposal, Tab 99 at AR

28768. The Corps also noted that FDS’s groundwater monitoring will “assist in [the]

development of [FDS’s] dewatering plan.” Rev. SSEB Rep., Tab 106 at AR 30150; FDS

Rev. Proposal, Tab 99 at AR 28766-67. The court finds that because FDS’s plan was

more detailed and provided other benefits that were not provided by Kiewit in its

proposal, 8 the difference in ratings was based on technical judgments and was not

irrational.

       F.       The Corps Properly Evaluated Kiewit Under Technical Factor 3

       Kiewit asserts that the Corps’ decision under technical factor 3 (Experience and

Capability) to assign FDS a significant strength for dewatering experience, while it

assigned Kiewit only a strength for dewatering experience, was irrational and not

supported. Kiewit’s MJAR at 53-56. The evaluation criteria for technical factor 3

provided that an offeror would be evaluated more favorably for submitting prior projects

that are similar to the Lake Isabella Dam project. Solicitation, Tab 23 at AR 1471 (¶ 5.3).

The SSAC’s evaluation explained that Kiewit received a strength because one of its prior

projects used a dewatering system similar to that proposed by Kiewit. Rev. SSAC Rep.,

Tab 107 at 30233. FDS, however, received a significant strength for its dewatering

experience because FDS “included four projects that had foundation dewatering

requirements on embankment dams with partial pool reservoirs.” Id. at AR 30233-34.



       8
           See Kiewit Rev. Proposal, Tab 98 at AR 28295.


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This explanation supports the difference in the evaluations. The Corps determined that

FDS’s more extensive experience with dewatering in the same conditions as those at

Lake Isabella Dam was more of an advantage to the agency than Kiewit’s single

experience with a similar dewatering method in dissimilar conditions. The Corps’

conclusion was well within its discretion and will not be second-guessed.

       G.     The Corps Properly Evaluated FDS Under Technical Factors 3 and 5

       Kiewit challenges the Corps’ evaluation of FDS under technical factors 3

(Experience and Capability) and 5 (Past Performance). Kiewit’s MJAR at 56-60. Kiewit

asserts that it is per se unreasonable or irrational for the Corps to evaluate FDS as

“Outstanding” under technical factor 3 but to have only given FDS a “Satisfactory

Confidence” rating, the second highest rating, under technical factor 5. The court

disagrees.

       Technical factor 3 of the Solicitation provided that each offeror must submit at

least three, but no more than six, prior projects for evaluation. Solicitation, Tab 23 at AR

1468 (¶ 4.3). At least one project was required to include work on a zoned embankment

dam (at least 50 feet high) and at least one project was required to include work on a

spillway (at least 5,000 cubic yards). Id. For technical factor 5, the Solicitation provided

that each offeror was required to submit past performance information for the prior

projects submitted under technical factor 3. Id. at AR 1469 (¶ 4.5). These projects would

be evaluated based on their relevancy, including whether the project had a similar “dollar

value, contract type . . . subcontract/teaming” arrangement, etc. Id. at AR 1471-2 (¶5.5).

Although FDS’s proposal was rated “Outstanding” for technical factor 3, it received a


                                             37
“Satisfactory Confidence” rating for technical factor 5. SSDD, Tab 109 at AR 30268.

This does not however render FDS’s “Outstanding” rating for technical factor 3 arbitrary.

Rather, FDS received the lower rating for technical factor 5 because it only submitted

past performance information for five of the six projects submitted under technical factor

3. Id. FDS was downgraded because of its omission. The Corps’ decision on technical

factor 5 was supported on the basis of the evaluation criteria for technical factor 5. The

rating on technical factor 5 did not, however, make the Corps’ conclusions regarding

technical factor 3 irrational as discussed below.

       Kiewit argues that the Corps’ evaluation of FDS’s proposal as “Outstanding”

under technical factor 3 and as “Satisfactory Confidence” under technical factor 5 is

arbitrary and capricious because the ratings are “inconsistent.” Kiewit’s MJAR at 58.

The court disagrees. As the GAO stated when it denied Kiewit’s protest, “Kiewit seems

to simply ignore the fact that the experience and capability factor and past performance

factor were evaluated under different criteria . . . Our review of the record confirms the

reasonableness of the agency’s evaluation in this regard.” Kiewit Infrastructure at 7, Tab

142 at AR 30946. The court agrees with the GAO. There is no inconsistency between

the Corps’ evaluation of FDS under technical factors 3 and 5 regarding FDS’s experience

and past performance. Past performance was downgraded to address FDS’s omission in

not submitting a sixth project, not because the Corps questioned FDS’s past performance.

The court finds that the difference in ratings for technical factors 3 and 5 are adequately

explained and that there is no irrational inconsistency between the Corps’ evaluation of

FDS under technical factors 3 and 5.


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                                       CONCLUSION

       For all of the above-stated reasons, Kiewit’s Motion for Judgment on the

Administrative Record is DENIED and the government’s and FDS’s Motions for

Judgment on the Administrative Record are GRANTED. 9 The Clerk is directed to enter

judgment accordingly. No costs.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.


                                                             s/Nancy B. Firestone
                                                             NANCY B. FIRESTONE
                                                             Senior Judge




       9
         The court finds that all of Kiewit’s other objections to the procurement decision are
without merit and having determined that Kiewit has not succeeded on the merits of its motion,
the court has no occasion to rule on its request for injunctive relief.

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