                             STATE OF MICHIGAN

                              COURT OF APPEALS



                                                                       UNPUBLISHED
                                                                       October 29, 2015
In re CALIFF/CARR, Minors.
                                                                       No. 327089
                                                                       Newaygo Circuit Court
                                                                       Family Division
                                                                       LC No. 13-008358-NA


Before: TALBOT, C.J., and BECKERING and GADOLA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Respondent mother appeals as of right the March 25, 2015 order terminating her parental
rights to the minor children under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i) (failure to rectify conditions of
adjudication), (g) (failure to provide proper care and custody), and (j) (child will be harmed if
returned to the parent). We affirm.

        Respondent first argues that the trial court could not exercise jurisdiction over the
children because her no-contest plea at the adjudication hearing was defective. Respondent is
precluded from raising this argument on appeal. “Ordinarily, an adjudication cannot be
collaterally attacked following an order terminating parental rights.” In re SLH, 277 Mich App
662, 668; 747 NW2d 547 (2008); see also In re Gazella, 264 Mich App 668, 679–680; 692
NW2d 708 (2005). More specifically, a respondent may not challenge the court's exercise of
jurisdiction when termination follows the filing of a supplemental petition for termination after
the issuance of the initial dispositional order. In re SLH, 277 Mich App at 668. Here,
respondent failed to appeal the order of adjudication from August 7, 2013, in which the trial
court exercised jurisdiction over the children. Instead, respondent appealed the order from
March 25, 2015, in which her parental rights were terminated. As a result, she is precluded from
challenging the trial court’s exercise of jurisdiction based on her no-contest plea in this appeal.1

        Next, respondent advances several arguments that her trial counsel was ineffective.
Because respondent did not preserve her claims, our review is limited to mistakes apparent on
the record. People v Fike, 228 Mich App 178, 181; 577 NW2d 903 (1998). The principles of
ineffective assistance of counsel used in criminal proceedings “apply by analogy in child
protective proceedings.” In re CR, 250 Mich App 185, 197-198; 646 NW2d 506 (2001) (citation


1
    In addition, we find no merit to respondent’s challenges to her no-contest plea.


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and quotation omitted), overruled on other grounds In re Sanders, 495 Mich 394, 422; 852
NW2d 524 (2014). See also In re Simon, 171 Mich App 443, 447; 431 NW2d 71 (1988). To
prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a respondent must establish that (1)
counsel’s performance was deficient, meaning that it fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness, and (2) but for counsel’s error, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome
of the proceeding would have been different. People v Carbin, 463 Mich 590, 600; 623 NW2d
884 (2001). A respondent must overcome a strong presumption that counsel’s actions
constituted sound trial strategy. Id.

        Respondent first claims that counsel was ineffective for failing to raise a hearsay
objection at a dispositional review hearing when a foster care worker testified about respondent’s
psychological evaluation and a psychologist’s conclusions in that evaluation. Contrary to
respondent’s argument, the Michigan Rules of Evidence do not apply during the dispositional
phase of a child protective proceeding. In re Gilliam, 241 Mich App 133, 136-137; 613 NW2d
748 (2000). Rather, “[a]ll relevant and material evidence, including oral and written reports may
be received and may be relied on to the extent of its probative value.” MCR 3.973(E)(2).
Respondent’s psychological evaluation was relevant and material to this proceeding, given that it
highlighted concerns with her mental stability and her ability to parent the children. Counsel was
not ineffective for failing to raise a futile objection to this evidence. People v Thomas, 260 Mich
App 450, 457; 678 NW2d 631 (2004).

        Further, respondent contends that counsel was ineffective for focusing on her “deficits”
when discussing her psychological evaluation at the review hearing. This argument is without
merit because it takes counsel’s statements out of context. Reviewing the record, we find that
while counsel acknowledged respondent’s shortcomings, he did so within the context of
indicating respondent’s willingness to participate in services so that she could rectify those
shortcomings and be reunified with the children. Counsel’s performance in this regard did not
fall below an objective standard of reasonableness. Carbin, 463 Mich at 600.

        Respondent also contends that counsel was ineffective because he did not call the
psychologist as a witness regarding the evaluation. We find this decision to be one of trial
strategy. See People v Rockey, 237 Mich App 74, 76; 601 NW2d 887 (1999) (“Decisions
regarding what evidence to present and whether to call or question witnesses are presumed to be
matters of trial strategy.”). The results of the psychological evaluation were not beneficial to
respondent’s case; instead, the results supported the recommendation for termination. We will
not second-guess counsel’s strategic decision to decline to highlight an evaluation that was
damaging to his client, particularly when respondent fails to specify any manner in which trial
counsel could have questioned the psychologist in a way that would have helped her case.

        Next, respondent claims that counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge one of the
children’s statements that respondent hit her during a parenting time visit. Respondent
adamantly denied hitting the child during the termination hearing. On appeal, she argues that
trial counsel should have called other witnesses to refute the report that she struck the child.
However, there is no indication in the lower court record that any witnesses or additional
evidence would have been able to corroborate respondent’s testimony. Respondent has thus
failed to establish the factual predicate of her claim. People v Hoag, 460 Mich 1, 6; 594 NW2d
57 (1999). Nevertheless, even assuming that counsel erred by failing to challenge the child’s

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statement, the evidence supporting termination of respondent’s parental rights was
overwhelming. Respondent failed to take responsibility for the children’s removal and made
little to no progress during the course of this lengthy proceeding. She failed to participate in and
benefit from many of the services provided. Therefore, respondent cannot show that she was
prejudiced by counsel’s conduct. See Carbin, 463 Mich at 600.

        Respondent’s final ineffective assistance of counsel claim concerns a dispositional review
hearing for which none of the attorneys received timely notice. Respondent argues that her trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the hearing and for failing to challenge statements
adverse to her interests. We find this argument to be without merit. Counsel initially objected,
stating he was unprepared for the hearing, and requested an adjournment, which the trial court
appeared to grant. Nonetheless, the hearing continued after the parties began discussions on the
record. Although counsel did not question the foster care worker’s report and recommendation
presented at the hearing, we will not find that counsel was ineffective for being unprepared at a
hearing of which he lacked prior notice, particularly when counsel objected to the hearing and
requested an adjournment. Further, we reject respondent’s claim because she fails to articulate
how counsel could have done anything to exclude the foster care worker’s report or otherwise
challenge the foster care worker’s credibility or the report’s veracity. And, in any event,
counsel’s conduct at this review hearing did not have any bearing on the ultimate outcome of the
termination proceeding, given that the evidence supporting termination was overwhelming.
Respondent’s claim fails. See id.

        Lastly, respondent argues that it was not in the best interests of the children for her
parental rights to be terminated.2 The trial court must find by a preponderance of the evidence
that termination is in a child’s best interest. In re Moss, 301 Mich App 76, 90; 836 NW2d 182
(2013). We review the trial court’s decision for clear error. In re HRC, 286 Mich App 444, 459;
781 NW2d 105 (2009).

        Respondent argues that the trial court failed to consider whether the circumstances of the
children significantly differed such that it should have decided the best interests of each child
individually. In In re Olive/Metts Minors, 297 Mich App 35, 42; 823 NW2d 144 (2012), a panel
of this Court held that “the trial court has a duty to decide the best interests of each child
individually.” We thereafter clarified in In re White, 303 Mich App 701, 715; 846 NW2d 61
(2014), that the holding in Olive/Metts only applies when the “best interests of the individual
children significantly differ[.]” A trial court does not err by failing to make individual factual
findings for each child otherwise. Id. at 716. In this case, the children were each placed with
their respective biological fathers, who had been found by the trial court to be proper placements.



2
  Respondent does not challenge the statutory grounds for termination. As such, we may assume
that the trial court did not clearly err in finding that there were statutory grounds for termination.
In re JS & SM, 231 Mich App 92, 98-99; 585 NW2d 326 (1999), overruled in part on other
grounds In re Trejo Minors, 462 Mich 341; 612 NW2d 407 (2000). Moreover, we have
reviewed the record and determined that the trial court did not clearly err by finding that
statutory grounds for termination had been established by clear and convincing evidence.


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The fathers remained in close contact in order to maintain the children’s relationships with each
other. Although the children resided in different households at the time of termination, their best
interests did not significantly differ. Each of the children was placed in settings that were, for
purposes of this case, similar, as they were each placed with their respective biological fathers.
Cf. In re Olive/Metts Minors, 297 Mich App at 43-44 (holding that the trial court clearly erred
when it failed to consider whether termination was in the best interests of the children when
some children were placed with relatives while other children were placed in non-relative foster
care). Thus, the best interests of the children did not “significantly differ,” and we find no clear
error in the failure to make individual best-interests findings in this case. See In re White, 303
Mich App at 715-716.

        Furthermore, the trial court did not clearly err in finding that termination of respondent’s
parental rights was in the children’s best interests. Respondent argues that the poor conditions in
which the children were living before their removal should also have been attributed to the
children’s fathers. Her argument minimizes her own conduct with regard to those conditions.
Her argument also misses the point; the proper inquiry after grounds for termination were
established was whether termination of respondent’s parental rights—not the parental rights of
any other individual—was in the best interests of the children. And, regardless of whether the
fathers were responsible for anything leading up to the children’s removal, each father
demonstrated during the proceeding that he could be a proper parent to his child or children.
Respondent, on the other hand, did not demonstrate an ability to care for the children. There was
evidence that she often told the children not to report things to foster care workers or other
authorities. She also failed to participate in or benefit from services. Her psychological
evaluation indicated that she would not be able to properly parent the children without the aid of
services throughout the children’s lives. In addition, a foster care worker testified that any future
involvement by respondent in the children’s lives would be harmful to the children and would
likely cause the children’s behavior to regress. Overall, because of respondent’s lack of
participation and progress in this case, there was no indication that the children could be returned
to her at any point in the foreseeable future. See In re Frey, 297 Mich App 242, 248-249; 824
NW2d 569 (2012). Therefore, the trial court’s best-interest determination was not clearly
erroneous.

       Affirmed.



                                                              /s/ Michael J. Talbot
                                                              /s/ Jane M. Beckering
                                                              /s/ Michael F. Gadola




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