
624 N.W.2d 457 (2000)
244 Mich. App. 1
PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Willie C. JENKINS, Sr., Defendant-Appellant.
Docket No. 213311.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted April 6, 2000, at Lansing.
Decided December 19, 2000, at 9:00 a.m.
Released for Publication February 27, 2001.
*459 Jennifer M. Granholm, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, and Amy M. Ronayne, Assistant Attorney General, for the people.
Law Offices of Frank and Forster, P.C. (by Stuart W. Hyvonen), Saginaw, for the defendant.
Before WILDER, P.J., and McDONALD and DOCTOROFF, JJ.
*458 WILDER, P.J.
Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of common-law obstruction of justice for the fabricating of false, inaccurate, or misleading evidence that was material to a grand jury investigation, M.C.L. § 750.505; MSA 28.773, conspiracy to obstruct justice, M.C.L. § 750.157a; MSA 28.354(1), and two Election Law violations by appointing as an assistant to accept delivery of absentee voter ballots one who was a candidate on the ballot and a member of a candidate's immediate family, M.C.L. § 168.764b(3); MSA 6.1764(2)(3), M.C.L. § 168.931; MSA 6.1931, and willful failure to perform a duty imposed by M.C.L. § 168.760; MSA 6.1760 by refusing to allow public inspection of absentee voter ballot applications or lists, M.C.L. § 168.931(1)(h); MSA 6.1931(1)(h). On his convictions for obstruction of justice and conspiracy to obstruct justice, the trial court sentenced defendant to concurrent terms of fifteen months to five years in prison. The convictions for violations of the Election Law and for failure to perform a duty resulted in sentences of ninety days in prison. Defendant appeals as of right. We affirm.

I. Facts and Procedural Background
Defendant was a resident of Buena Vista Township in Saginaw County, where he held the office of Buena Vista Township Clerk. Defendant's convictions arose out of a grand jury investigation into alleged Election Law violations involving the August 6, 1996, primary election in Saginaw County and defendant's appointment of Robert Woods, Jr. (Woods), a Saginaw County commissioner, to the position of election assistant despite the fact that Woods and his brother, James Woods, a township trustee for Buena Vista Township, both faced reelection and appeared on the ballot for their respective positions. Woods' candidacy for reelection was unopposed; however, James Woods was opposed by another candidate.
On August 1, 1996, the Michigan State Police received a number of complaints about possible voter tampering in certain communities in Saginaw County, including Buena Vista Township. These complaints arose after more than two hundred envelopes and absentee voter applications had been mailed from Lansing and received by the Saginaw City Clerk. The police department began a prompt investigation of the complaints because the primary election was to be held on August 6, 1996.
Detective Michael Hosh, Lieutenant Mark Dougovito, and Lieutenant Charles Bush arrived at the Buena Vista Township Clerk's Office on August 5, 1996, to investigate the complaints, but defendant refused to permit the officers to review voting records for the township involving absentee ballot applications and the absentee poll book containing the records of applications that had been mailed for the current primary election.[1] Detective Hosh subsequently produced a search warrant for the records, and Lieutenant Dougovito produced a subpoena for election documents and records pertaining to absentee voting. This search, however, did not reveal any *460 documentation regarding who was appointed to accept, deliver, or return absentee voter applications and ballots.
A second search warrant of the absentee ballots was executed on August 6, 1996, after the election polls closed, and a third search warrant seeking all records pertaining to absentee voting was executed on August 28, 1996. Neither an oath certificate nor any other document in the name of Robert Woods was discovered during any of the three searches.[2] When the police asked defendant who was authorized to collect and receive absentee voter applications and ballots, defendant replied himself, Maxine King, who was the deputy clerk, and Meatha Winbush, who was an administrative services clerk.
A one-man grand jury proceeding commenced on September 19, 1996, before the Honorable Leopold Borrello, at which defendant testified, among other things, that he appointed Woods as an assistant in the election process.[3] In response to this testimony, which was the first time the officers became aware that an additional person had been appointed to collect absentee voter applications and ballots, Investigator Charles Brown of the Saginaw County Prosecutor's Office asked Woods, who was sequestered in the jury room, whether he had an election card authorizing him to receive ballots. Woods produced an election card, which Brown presented to the grand jury. Defendant then continued his grand jury testimony, indicating that he administered the oath appointing Woods to collect absentee ballots on July 9, 1996, and that an oath certificate was filed in the clerk's office verifying the event.
At approximately 11:30 a.m., defendant requested a bathroom break, which lasted about fifteen minutes. After the grand jury proceeding resumed, the grand juror asked defendant to contact defendant's office to determine whether the oath certificate was available for police officers to retrieve. The proceeding was then adjourned for lunch and to allow defendant to call his office.
During the lunch recess of the grand jury proceeding on October 31, 1996, Lieutenant Dougovito obtained a subpoena for the Woods oath certificate and went to the clerk's office to obtain the document. He arrived between 12:15 and 12:20 p.m. and was met by King and Winbush. King informed the officer that the document was available and pointed to the top tray of an in-out basket that contained only one document, the oath certificate. The unsigned oath certificate was dated July 9, 1996. When the officer asked King when the document was prepared, King looked to a typewriter and then responded "whatever date is on the document is when it was produced." King also indicated that there were no other documents showing that Woods was a registrar, but that she was present when defendant gave Woods the oath. Lieutenant Dougovito retrieved the oath certificate from the basket, returned to the court with King and Winbush, and presented the grand jury with the document. The grand jury proceeding reconvened at approximately 1:30 p.m., and defendant continued to testify until about 2:15 p.m.
King also testified at the grand jury proceeding that the first time she saw the Woods oath certificate was in July 1996, when she prepared it on the typewriter in the township offices. According to King, the oath certificate was the only document relating to the appointment of Woods as deputy registrar and election officer. King testified that she prepared the oath *461 certificate pursuant to defendant's instructions in July, that she was not present when the oath was administered and did not know what day Woods appeared for the oath, that she only inserted the information defendant told her to type, and that she gave the oath certificate to defendant. King denied preparing the oath certificate after July 9, 1996, or on October 31, 1996, and could not explain how the document was overlooked during the execution of three separate search warrants. King further acknowledged having seen the election card before, but could not recall when she typed it (it was not typed at the same time as the oath certificate) and did not know why defendant would have signed the election card but not the oath certificate. King further denied receiving a telephone call from defendant during lunch on October 31, 1996, and denied having any discussions with defendant about the oath certificate on that day.
Defendant was indicted by the grand jury and subsequently was charged by information.[4] Following a preliminary examination, defendant was bound over as charged. Defendant moved to quash the charges, arguing that Michigan does not recognize a general common-law obstruction of justice offense and that a common-law obstruction of justice offense must be accomplished by a recognized means of obstruction, citing People v. Thomas, 438 Mich. 448, 457-458, 475 N.W.2d 288 (1991), and People v. Vallance, 216 Mich.App. 415, 419, 548 N.W.2d 718 (1996). Defendant contended that the offenses with which he was charged were not recognized at common law and, thus, must be dismissed.
The prosecutor responded that although there was no case law establishing such a crime in Michigan, the requirement that the offense charged must have been recognized at common law was met because the offenses of falsifying proceedings in a court of record, perjury, and negligence of public officers were recognized offenses within the category of obstruction offenses. Alternatively, the prosecutor argued that the common-law offenses within the category of obstruction of justice were not limited to those enumerated by Blackstone[5] and, therefore, whether defendant's conduct falls within one of those recognized offenses is not dispositive.
The trial court denied defendant's motion to quash the obstruction of justice and conspiracy charges, stating as follows:
In the instant case, Defendant is charged with obstructing justice by fabricating false, inaccurate or misleading *462 evidence material to a grand jury investigation. The Court finds that obstruction of justice is not limited to the twenty-two offenses as cited by Blackstone. Obstruction of justice is a common-law offense, but the ways one can obstruct justice are not limited to committing Blackstone's enumerated common-law offenses. For instance, the Court notes that in [United States] v. Mullins, 22 F.3d 1365 (C.A.6, 1994), the Sixth Circuit affirmed defendant's convictions for conspiracy to obstruct justice and for obstruction of justice based upon defendant's alteration of police flight logs subpoenaed by a grand jury. In [United States] v. Siegel, 263 F.2d 530 (C.A.2, 1959), the Second Circuit affirmed defendant's conviction for obstructing justice based upon defendant's fabrication of witness interview memoranda requested by a grand jury. These cases are analogous to the type of obstruction alleged in the instant case.

* * *
Therefore, based on the foregoing, Defendant's first Motion to Quash and Dismiss Count I is denied.
Defendant's application for leave to appeal the trial court's ruling was denied by this Court for failure to persuade this Court that the questions presented warranted review. People v. Jenkins, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered May 27, 1998 (Docket No. 211647).
At trial, in addition to the information revealed above, the prosecution presented testimony from Winbush that King received a telephone call from defendant on October 31, 1996, at around 11:30 a.m., which lasted about five minutes. Winbush indicated that King usually took her lunch break out of the office between 11:00 a.m. and 12:20 p.m., but on that day, she was taking her lunch break in the office. After the call, King left her office, went to a drawer by the typewriter, removed a document, began typing on the document, and then entered defendant's office when she finished. Winbush did not notice what King did with the document, but noted that King's behavior was out of character, because King usually did not do any work during her lunch break.
Winbush further testified that, about five or ten minutes later, defendant called the office again and asked to speak with King. King spoke briefly with defendant and then went into the storage room. Winbush testified that no one other than King used the typewriter that day and that she did not recall seeing a document appointing Woods to the office of deputy registrar/elections officer before that day. She further stated that the only persons authorized to work with absentee voter materials were herself, defendant, and King. Winbush denied that defendant asked her to type an oath of office document for Woods on October 31, 1996, or any other day.
Michelle Dunkerley, a forensic document examiner with the Michigan State Police, testified that she examined the typewriter, cartridge, and ribbons as well as photocopies and originals of the oath certificate and the election card. Dunkerley determined that the last text on the ribbon was text from the oath certificate and that the certificate was typed using the typewriter between August and October 1996, but that the ribbon did not contain text from the election card, which was dated July 9, 1996.
Finally, defendant testified that in August 1996, only he and Woods actually collected absentee ballots, although he did not see Woods bring in any ballots. Defendant acknowledged that he spoke with Woods about assisting with absentee voters in the spring of 1996 and that he was aware Woods was on the ballot for Saginaw County commissioner, but thought it was not a problem, because Woods was running unopposed. Defendant testified that he did not consider that Woods' brother was also on the ballot. Defendant testified that Woods came to the clerk's office *463 in July 1996, took an oral oath of office, and received an election card from him after defendant signed it. When handed the oath certificate at trial, defendant indicated that it was the first time he saw that document, but that it looked like the form used by his office. Defendant acknowledged that he gave King instructions to prepare Woods' oath certificate in early July after he administered the oath to Woods, but he did not recall whether it was in fact prepared and did not recall signing the document.
Regarding the failure to perform duty charge, defendant testified that the officers requested to have the absentee voter ballots, applications, and poll book, not to view or inspect them, and that he declined their request absent a court order on the basis of advice he received from his attorney. Defendant further testified that he was only asked by the police who was authorized from his office to handle absentee voter materials and that he did not mention Woods because his attorney advised him not to volunteer any additional information. Defendant denied asking King to type an oath certificate during the telephone call he made to her during the grand jury proceeding. Defendant also denied asking King to recreate the document after she indicated it was lost, and denied that he did anything to hinder or obstruct the grand jury investigation.
Following deliberations, defendant was convicted as charged. His subsequent motion for bond and to stay further execution of the sentence pending appeal was denied by the trial court, as was his motion for bond pending appeal and for stay in this Court. People v. Jenkins, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered November 4, 1998 (Docket No. 213311). Defendant appeals.

II. Discussion

A. Obstruction of Justice
Defendant first argues that the district court erred in ordering him bound over for trial on the charges of obstruction of justice and conspiracy to commit obstruction of justice and that the circuit court erred in denying his motion to quash the charges. We disagree.
A circuit court's decision to grant or deny a motion to quash charges is reviewed de novo to determine if the district court abused its discretion in binding over a defendant for trial. People v. Northey, 231 Mich.App. 568, 574, 591 N.W.2d 227 (1998); People v. Tower, 215 Mich.App. 318, 320, 544 N.W.2d 752 (1996). A district court must bind over a defendant for trial when the prosecutor presents competent evidence constituting probable cause to believe that a felony was committed and that the defendant committed the offense. MCL 766.13; MSA 28.931; MCR 6.110(E); Northey, supra at 574, 591 N.W.2d 227. A district court's finding of probable cause will not be disturbed unless the determination is wholly unjustified by the record. Id. Further, whether alleged conduct falls within the scope of a criminal law is a question of law subject to review de novo. Thomas, supra at 452, 475 N.W.2d 288.
MCL 750.505; MSA 28.773 provides:
Any person who shall commit any indictable offense at the common law, for the punishment of which no provision is expressly made by any statute of this state, shall be guilty of a felony, punishable by imprisonment in the state prison not more than 5 years or by a fine of not more than $10,000.00, or both in the discretion of the court.
Obstruction of justice has been defined as "an interference with the orderly administration of justice." Thomas, supra at 455, 475 N.W.2d 288; Tower, supra at 320, 544 N.W.2d 752. Obstruction of justice, however, is not a single offense, but a category of crimes that interfere with the public administration of justice. Thomas, supra at 457, 475 N.W.2d 288; Vallance, supra at 419, 548 N.W.2d 718. Thus, in order to sustain a charge of common-law obstruction of justice, common-law precedence for *464 the specific offense charged as obstruction of justice must exist. Thomas, supra at 458, 475 N.W.2d 288.
In Thomas, supra at 451, 475 N.W.2d 288, the defendant allegedly made a false statement in a police report in support of an arrest warrant and was charged with obstruction of justice and conspiracy to commit obstruction of justice, among other offenses. The Supreme Court found, in relevant part, that the obstruction of justice charge was not sustainable because there was no recognized obstruction of justice crime at common law encompassing the defendant's conduct. The Court stated that "[t]o warrant the charge of common-law obstruction of justice, defendant's conduct must have been recognized as one of the offenses falling within the category `obstruction of justice.'" listed by Blackstone.[6]Id. at 457-458, 475 N.W.2d 288. The Court noted that although the defendant's conduct was a substantial impediment to the administration of justice, there was no basis in common law for an obstruction of justice charge against the defendant for his conduct. Id. at 458, 475 N.W.2d 288.[7]
In Vallance, supra at 416, 548 N.W.2d 718, decided after Thomas, the defendant was convicted of obstruction of justice for the intimidation of a witness in a criminal proceeding. On appeal, this Court questioned whether the Thomas opinion limited the scope of offenses constituting "obstruction of justice" to the twenty-two offenses listed by Blackstone or whether the Court merely referred to Blackstone's list to illustrate the point that, at common law, "obstruction of justice" was not a single offense but rather a category of offenses. Id. at 418-419, 548 N.W.2d 718. This Court ultimately concluded that obstruction of justice is a category of offenses not limited to the twenty-two offenses listed by Blackstone:

*465 We find nothing in the Thomas analysis to suggest that offenses recognized at common law as obstruction of justice are, nonetheless, not to be so considered if they are not included in the Blackstone list.... Accordingly, we conclude that the Supreme Court's reference in Thomas to Blackstone was merely to illustrate the point that at common law, "obstruction of justice" is not a single offense, but a category of offenses that interfere with public justice.... A charge of obstruction of justice was warranted if defendant's conduct would have been recognized as one of the many offenses falling within the rubric "obstruction of justice" at common law. [Id. at 419, 548 N.W.2d 718 (citations omitted).]
Accord People v. Davis, 408 Mich. 255, 286, n. 7, 290 N.W.2d 366 (1980) (Levin, J., concurring) ("Blackstone's compilation did not purport to be comprehensive...."). Therefore, this Court found that intimidation of a witness in a judicial proceeding was an indictable offense at common law, associated with the concept of obstruction of justice, and affirmed the defendant's conviction. Vallance, supra at 419, 548 N.W.2d 718.
Applying these principles to the instant case, the dispositive inquiry is whether defendant's conduct, the fabricating of false, inaccurate, or misleading evidence that is material to a grand jury proceeding, constitutes an offense indictable at common law. Although our research reveals no Michigan case law holding that the specific conduct with which defendant was charged was recognized at common law as obstruction of justice, we reiterate this Court's observation in Vallance that we are not limited to the enumerated activities in Blackstone in resolving this question.
The evidence in this case showed that defendant created or assisted in the creation of a false, inaccurate, and misleading document that was material to a grand jury investigation. Defendant testified before the grand jury that an oath certificate in Woods' name dated July 9, 1996, existed at the clerk's office. When forced to produce the document, he enlisted the assistance of King to create the document and substantiate his falsity, knowing that the document did not exist at the time he made the statement to the grand jury. Further, the lab report and testimony from Dunkerley verified that the last document typed on October 31, 1996, in the Buena Vista Township Clerk's Office was an oath certificate made out in Woods' name. Testimony from Winbush verified that King typed this document after receiving a telephone call from defendant around 11:30 a.m. on October 31, 1996, during a recess of the grand jury. Further, the oath certificate bearing Woods' name was found by the police that same afternoon in a box in the clerk's office, although it had not been discovered during the execution of three prior search warrants for the office. We conclude that the knowing assistance in fabricating false and fraudulent documents for presentation to a grand jury, with the intent to impede, thwart, or interfere with the administration of justice, constitutes obstruction of justice. Likewise, one who agrees, understands, plans, designs, or schemes to commit acts that obstructed or were intended to obstruct the administration of law engages in conspiracy to commit obstruction of justice. See People v. Ormsby, 310 Mich. 291, 300, 17 N.W.2d 187 (1945). See also United States v. Mullins, supra (obstruction of justice was proved by evidence that defendant induced certain police officers to alter other officers' flight log, creating false and fraudulent entries, and then producing the altered flight logs in response to a grand jury subpoena issued in connection with a federal grand jury investigation); United States v. Siegel, supra at 531-532 (fabrication of false memoranda and swearing that the documents provided were complete records constituted obstruction of justice and perjury).
*466 Accordingly, we conclude that defendant's conduct in this case falls within the category of offenses that comprise common-law obstruction of justice, and the circuit court did not err in denying defendant's motion to quash the charges of obstruction of justice and conspiracy.

B. Failure to Perform a Duty
Defendant next contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to quash the charge of failure to perform a duty brought under M.C.L. § 168.931(1)(h); MSA 6.1931(1)(h) and M.C.L. § 168.760; MSA 6.1760. We disagree.
Defendant was charged with failure to perform a duty under M.C.L. § 168.931(1)(h); MSA 6.1931(1)(h), which provides that "a person shall not willfully fail to perform a duty imposed upon that person by this act...." The duty that defendant allegedly failed to perform under the act is set forth in M.C.L. § 168.760; MSA 6.1760, which provides in relevant part that absentee voter "[a]pplications and lists shall be open to public inspection at all reasonable hours." Failure to perform the requisite duty is a misdemeanor. MCL 168.931(2); MSA 6.1931(2). The record is clear that defendant denied the officers' request to review the voter applications and lists, and the denial was contrary to the statute. The trial court did not err in finding that probable cause existed to believe that defendant committed the charged offense. Defendant's motion to quash was properly denied.[8]

C. Evidentiary Issues
Defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by permitting grand jury testimony of alleged coconspirator King into evidence because there was insufficient proof of a conspiracy, independent of her testimony. We disagree.
This Court reviews a trial court's evidentiary ruling for an abuse of discretion. People v. Lukity, 460 Mich. 484, 488, 596 N.W.2d 607 (1999). An abuse of discretion is found only if an unprejudiced person, considering the facts on which the court acted, would say there was no justification or excuse for the ruling made. People v. Ullah, 216 Mich.App. 669, 673, 550 N.W.2d 568 (1996).
King's grand jury testimony was introduced as evidence at trial pursuant to MRE 801(d)(2)(E), which provides that a statement is not hearsay if
[t]he statement is offered against a party and is ... (E) a statement by a coconspirator of a party during the course and in furtherance of the conspiracy on independent proof of the conspiracy.
King's testimony was introduced through the testimony of Detective Hosh near the end of the prosecution's case after sufficient evidence of the conspiracy to commit obstruction of justice had been admitted. Before King's testimony was presented,
*467 Lieutenant Dougovito testified that the police executed three search warrants at the township clerk's office and, on each occasion, defendant reported that the only individuals authorized to accept absentee voter ballots and related documents were himself, King, and Winbush. In addition, Winbush testified that defendant called King at the clerk's office around 11:30 a.m. on October 31, 1996, during a break in the grand jury proceeding. After the telephone call concluded, King immediately typed a document that resembled the Woods oath of office. Winbush stated that King never interrupted her lunch for any reason, but on October 31, 1996, in response to the call from defendant, she typed this document during her lunch break. Winbush further testified that she had no knowledge that Woods was authorized to collect absentee voter ballots.
Further, defendant testified during the grand jury proceeding, before King testified, that King witnessed Woods sign the oath certificate and that the document could be found in defendant's office. When asked to produce the document for the court's review, defendant said he could comply. The record shows that a few minutes later, defendant requested a bathroom break, during which time he called King at the township office. When defendant returned from the break, he was informed that police officers were going to the clerk's office to retrieve Woods' oath certificate. Defendant was then asked to contact his office and inform his staff to locate the document because the police were coming for it. The police arrived at the township offices and located Woods' oath certificate in a basket on King's desk, despite the fact that during three prior searches of the township offices by the police, this document was nowhere to be found. Finally, forensic evidence was introduced establishing that the last text typed on the typewriter retrieved from the township offices on October 31, 1996, was the text from Woods' oath of office.
On this record, we conclude that the prosecutor proved the existence of a conspiracy by a preponderance of the evidence before King's grand jury testimony was introduced. Having established independent proof of the conspiracy, King's statements made during the course and in furtherance of the conspiracy were properly admitted under MRE 801(d)(2)(E). See People v. Rockwell, 188 Mich.App. 405, 407-408, 470 N.W.2d 673 (1991). We find no abuse of discretion.
Defendant next argues that the trial court abused its discretion by denying defendant's request to admit into evidence a copy of M.C.L. § 750.492; MSA 28.760 in defense of the charge of willful failure to perform a duty required by the Election Law. We disagree.
MCL 750.492; MSA 28.760 provides:
Any officer having the custody of any county, city or township records in this state who shall when requested fail or neglect to furnish proper and reasonable facilities for the inspection and examination of the records and files in his office and for making memoranda of transcripts therefrom during the usual business hours, which shall not be less than 4 hours per day, to any person having occasion to make examination of them for any lawful purpose shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by imprisonment in the county jail not more than 1 year, or by a fine of not more than $500.00 The custodian of said records and files may make such reasonable rules with reference to the inspection and examination of them as shall be necessary for the protection of said records and files, and to prevent interference with the regular discharge of the duties of such officer. The officer shall prohibit the use of pen and ink in making copies or notes of records and files in his office. No books, records and files shall be removed from the office of the custodian thereof, except by the order of the judge of any court of competent jurisdiction, or in response to a subpoena duces tecum issued therefrom....
*468 Contrary to defendant's contention, this statute is not applicable to the instant case. Defendant was initially asked by the officers to inspect the absentee voter records, not to remove them from the office. Indeed, the officers did not reference a search warrant or a seizure of the records until after defendant denied their request. Defendant denied the request to inspect the records in violation of M.C.L. § 168.760; MSA 6.1760. The trial court properly noted that the only issue before the jury was whether defendant violated the specific provisions in the Election Law under which he was charged, and reference to any other criminal statute was simply not relevant and would have unnecessarily confused the jury. See MRE 403. The trial court properly excluded evidence of M.C.L. § 750.492; MSA 28.760.[9]

D. Sentencing
Defendant argues that his concurrent sentences of fifteen months to five years for the obstruction of justice and conspiracy convictions are grossly disproportionate under the circumstances. We disagree.
A trial court's imposition of sentence is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. An abuse of discretion occurs if the sentence violates the principle of proportionality, which requires that a sentence imposed by the trial court be proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding the offense and the offender. People v. Milbourn, 435 Mich. 630, 636, 461 N.W.2d 1 (1990); People v. Parrish, 216 Mich.App. 178, 184, 549 N.W.2d 32 (1996).
MCL 750.505; MSA 28.773 states that common-law felonies are punishable by imprisonment of not more than five years or by a fine of not more than $10,000, or both in the discretion of the court. Under M.C.L. § 750.157a(a); MSA 28.354(1)(a), conspiracy is punishable by a penalty equal to that which could be imposed if the defendant had been convicted of committing the crime he conspired to commit and, in the discretion of the court, an additional penalty of a $10,000 fine may be imposed. As the trial court noted, the law does not provide any sentencing guidelines for the obstruction of justice and conspiracy offenses of which defendant was convicted.
The trial court reviewed defendant's education, work history, community service, health, family circumstances, and financial situation. The trial court further considered the nature and seriousness of the offenses, noting that defendant was reelected by as few as twenty-two votes, he was found to have fabricated documentary evidence in a grand jury proceeding, he represented fabricated evidence as valid to the grand jury, and the fabrication was accomplished through conspiracy. The trial court then made the following remarks before imposing sentence:
The Court will say that this is a difficult case, because this is a defendant standing before the Court, Mr. Jenkins, who has a very good background, and who has, at times, served as a model to not only the youth of the community, but many adults, and who was entrusted with a significant amount of responsibility and trust, both as a teacher, coach, and ultimately an elected public official, and a clerk of Buena Vista Township, and who has, for whatever reason, violated that trust in a significant way.
The lesson to be imparted today is that the law will not tolerate tampering with the ballot box, including how people get their absentee ballots into that ballot box or otherwise, or obstructing the justice system. Our right to vote and our justice system are two of the cornerstones of our democracy and our precious *469 freedom, and they so importantly distinguish and characterize our form of government.
To punish the defendant and to deter others from similar conduct, the Court imposes the following sentence. On Counts I and II, obstruction of justice and conspiracy, it is the sentence of the Court that the defendant be committed to the jurisdiction of the Michigan Department of Corrections and thereafter placed in an appropriate state penal institution. The Court fixes the minimum terms in Counts I and II, in my discretion, at 15 months, the maximum is set by law at five years, and I fix it in each count at five years.
We conclude that there was ample justification for the sentence imposed. The trial court properly considered defendant's background, his service to the community, and his position as an elected township official who was granted the trust of his community, but violated that trust by committing the instant offenses. Defendant's fifteen-month minimum sentences were proportionate to the offense and the offender and did not constitute an abuse of discretion. Milbourn, supra.
Affirmed.
NOTES
[1]  Defendant's refusal to allow inspection of the records was the basis for the failure to perform duty charge in count IV.
[2]  The two relevant election documents in this case are (1) a certificate of oath and affirmation (oath certificate) purportedly issued to Robert Woods, Jr., on July 9, 1996, that should have been on file in the clerk's office, and (2) a wallet-sized election card (election card) that would serve as Woods' authorization to assist in official election-related activities.
[3]  Defendant's testimony at the grand jury proceeding did not commence until the morning of October 31, 1996.
[4]  Woods and King were also indicted by the grand jury after it became apparent that King prepared an oath of office certificate on October 31, 1996 (the date defendant testified before the grand jury), but falsely dated it July 9, 1996 (the date Woods was appointed election assistant). Woods was indicted on charges of receiving absentee ballots when he was ineligible to do so because of his own candidacy and the candidacy of his brother, of tampering with absentee ballots, and of possession of absentee ballots. Woods was subsequently charged by information and bound over for trial on election fraud charges. In a pretrial motion, Woods argued the defense of "entrapment by estoppel," allegedly having relied in good faith on defendant's representation that Woods was eligible to act as an election assistant. Woods subsequently requested a jury instruction regarding that defense. The trial court denied Woods' request for the jury instruction, but stayed proceedings to allow Woods to file an interlocutory appeal in this Court. This Court granted leave and, on June 27, 2000, issued a published opinion, holding that the trial court erred in relying on Woods' grand jury testimony to deny the instruction rather than conducting an evidentiary hearing regarding the issue of entrapment by estoppel. The matter was remanded for an evidentiary hearing, with guidance to the trial court, the bench, and the bar concerning how to analyze the defense of entrapment by estoppel, an issue of first impression in Michigan. People v. Woods, 241 Mich.App. 545, 616 N.W.2d 211 (2000).

King was also indicted on charges of obstruction of justice and conspiracy to commit obstruction of justice, as well as for perjury before the grand jury arising out of her role in fabricating the oath certificate, but the record is unclear with respect to the outcome of the charges against her.
[5]  4 Blackstone, Commentaries, pp. *127-*141.
[6]  The twenty-two offenses listed by Blackstone are:

1. Imbezzling or vacating records, or falsifying certain other proceedings in a court of judicature .... 2. [induce a prisoner] to accuse and turn evidence against [another] .... 3.... obstructing the execution of lawful process.... 4. An escape of a person arrested upon criminal process, by eluding the vigilance of his keepers before he is put in hold.... 5. Breach of prison by the offender himself, when committed for any cause.... 6. Rescue is the forcibly and knowingly freeing another from an arrest or imprisonment .... 7.... returning from transportation ... before the expiration of the term for which the offender was ordered to be transported.... 8.... taking a reward, under pretence of helping the owner to his stolen goods.... 9. Receiving of stolen goods, knowing them to be stolen .... 10.... the party robbed not only knows the felon, but also takes his goods again, or other amends, upon agreement not to prosecute.... 11. Common barretry is the offence of frequently exciting and stirring up suits and quarrels .... 12.... officious intermeddling in a suit that no way belongs to one, by maintaining or assisting either party with money or otherwise.... 13. Champerty ... being a bargain with a plaintiff or defendant ... to divide the land or other matter sued for between them .... 14.... compounding of informations upon penal statutes .... 15.... conspiracy... to indict an innocent man .... 16.... perjury.... 17. Bribery.... 18. Embracery is an attempt to influence a jury corruptly to one side.... 19. The false verdict of jurors, whether occasioned by embracery or not .... 20.... negligence of public officers .... 21.... oppression and tyrannical partiality of judges, justices, and other magistrates, in the administration and under the colour of their office .... 22.... extortion.... [Blackstone, supra at *127-*141.]
[7]  The obstruction of justice charge against the defendant was initially dismissed by the trial court and affirmed by this Court on the ground that the obstruction of justice charge was precluded by the statutory offense of willful failure to uphold the law, M.C.L. § 752.11; MSA 28.746(101). Thomas, supra at 452, 475 N.W.2d 288. On appeal, however, the Supreme Court agreed that a conviction under M.C.L. § 750.505; MSA 28.773 cannot be sustained when a charge sets forth all elements of a statutory offense, but then concluded that the common-law charge of obstruction of justice was not precluded by the statute making it an offense to wilfully fail to uphold the law, because the offenses have different elements. Thomas, supra at 453-455, 475 N.W.2d 288.
[8]  Defendant's additional argument that his refusal to allow inspection of the documents was protected under Michigan's Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), M.C.L. § 15.231 et seq.; MSA 4.1801(1) et seq., which requires a person desiring to inspect or receive public records to make an oral or written request for the public record to the public body, is misplaced. Defendant was charged with failure to perform a duty under § 931 of the Michigan Election Law, M.C.L. § 168.931(1)(h); MSA 6.1931(1)(h), for his failure to comply with M.C.L. § 168.760; MSA 6.1760, that requires that voter applications and lists be open for public inspection at all reasonable hours. At no time did the police officers submit a FOIA request for the voter information, and defendant was not charged with violating provisions in the FOIA. As the trial court properly noted, the jury was asked to consider the appropriate laws under the Election Law, and introducing rules under the FOIA pertaining to the general maintenance of public records would only confuse the jury and inject laws not germane to the issues to be decided. Therefore, the trial court did not err in denying defendant's motion to quash the charge and did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant's request to introduce evidence regarding the FOIA as a defense to the failure to perform a duty charge.
[9]  We also reject defendant's argument that he did not release the absentee voter records to the police because, pursuant to the advice of his attorney, he believed it was a crime to do so without a court order. That defendant's attorney purportedly advised defendant not to release the information is not a defense to a charge of willful failure to perform a duty, M.C.L. § 168.931(1)(h); MSA 6.1931(1)(h); MCL 168.760; MSA 6.1760.
