                               RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                      File Name: 20a0274p.06

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT



 JOSEPH TANNIRU KISHORE; NORISSA SANTA CRUZ,                ┐
                              Plaintiffs-Appellants,        │
                                                            │
                                                             >        No. 20-1661
        v.                                                  │
                                                            │
                                                            │
 GRETCHEN WHITMER; JOCELYN BENSON; JONATHAN                 │
 BRATER,                                                    │
                          Defendants-Appellees.             │
                                                            ┘

                         Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.
                       No. 2:20-cv-11605—Sean F. Cox, District Judge.

                             Decided and Filed: August 24, 2020

                      Before: BOGGS, BUSH, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

                                     _________________

                                           COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Eric Lee, Oak Park, Michigan, for Appellants. Heather S. Meingast, Erik A. Grill,
OFFICE OF THE MICHIGAN ATTORNEY GENERAL, Lansing, Michigan, for Defendants.
                                     _________________

                                            OPINION
                                     _________________

       JOHN K. BUSH, Circuit Judge. Joseph Tanniru Kishore and Norissa Santa Cruz seek to
have their names placed on the Michigan ballot as candidates for president and vice president,
respectively, without complying with the State’s ballot-access laws. They contend that the
ballot-access requirements, as applied, are unconstitutionally burdensome under the First and
Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution when enforced alongside Michigan’s
 No. 20-1661                           Kishore, et al. v. Whitmer, et al.                                   Page 2


orders restricting in-person gatherings during the COVID-19 pandemic.                              Given binding
precedent and measures taken by the State to accommodate ballot access during the pandemic,
we hold that Kishore and Santa Cruz’s exclusion from the ballot does not violate these
constitutional provisions. Therefore, we AFFIRM the district court.

                                                          I.

         A.       Michigan’s Ballot-Access Laws

         Kishore and Santa Cruz are the Socialist Equality Party’s candidates for president and
vice president. To appear as independent candidates on the ballot in Michigan, they must file a
qualifying petition containing a sufficient number of valid signatures. See Mich. Comp. Laws
§§ 168.590a(2), 168.590b(2). In normal circumstances, Kishore and Santa Cruz would have to
obtain at least 30,000 valid signatures of registered voters, Mich. Comp. Laws § 168.544f, with
at least 100 signatures from registered voters in at least one-half of the fourteen congressional
districts in Michigan, Mich. Comp. Laws § 168.590b(4). However, a district court in Michigan
permanently enjoined the State from enforcing these signature requirements against independent
candidates. See Graveline v. Benson, 430 F. Supp. 3d 297, 318 (E.D. Mich. 2019). The district
court in Graveline ordered, as an interim measure, that the signature requirements for
independent candidates be reduced to 12,000.1 Id. The qualifying petition was due on July 16,
Mich. Comp. Laws § 168.590c(2), and signatures could not be more than 180 days old when the
petition was filed, Mich. Comp. Laws § 168.590b(3).                       Therefore, Plaintiffs could gather
signatures between January 18, 2020 and July 16, 2020.

         B.       Michigan’s Response to COVID-19

         Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer has issued numerous executive orders in response
to COVID-19. On March 23, 2020, she issued a “Stay-at-Home Order” that required, among
other things, all persons not performing essential or critical infrastructure job functions to stay in
their place of residence other than in certain limited circumstances—such as to buy groceries,
care for loved ones or engage in outdoor activities—while observing proper social-distancing

           1Graveline is on appeal before a different panel of this court, and so the interim signature requirement is
still in effect.
 No. 20-1661                      Kishore, et al. v. Whitmer, et al.                         Page 3


guidelines. Mich. Exec. Order No. 2020-21, available at https://bit.ly/3kB2DqE. This Stay-at-
Home Order was to be in effect through April 13, 2020, but Governor Whitmer subsequently
extended it through April 30, see Mich. Exec. Order No. 2020-42, available at
https://bit.ly/31FPynb, then through May 15, see Mich. Exec. Order No. 2020-59, available at
https://bit.ly/33QCCh8, and then again through May 28, see Mich. Exec. Order No. 2020-77,
available at https://bit.ly/3gTheLS. Then, on June 1, Governor Whitmer issued two executive
orders that permitted the reopening of many businesses in the state and allowed groups of
persons not part of a single household to gather outside in limited numbers. See Mich. Exec.
Order No. 2020-110, available at https://bit.ly/2XXGN6K; Mich Exec. Order No. 2020-115,
available at https://bit.ly/31RcdwS.

       C.      Plaintiffs’ Campaign and Signature-Gathering Efforts

       Plaintiffs announced their candidacies in January 2020.            They immediately began
organizing a series of meetings and public events in Michigan to launch the campaign. They
hosted an event at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor on February 24, and a second event
at Wayne State University in Detroit on February 27. However, the events netted no signatures
on their qualifying petition. Thereafter, Kishore traveled to California and hosted several events,
but he again failed to receive any qualifying signatures. Kishore returned to Michigan in early
March and still had obtained no signatures. At this point he decided to cancel all subsequent
public events and campaign activity, including signature-gathering initiatives, in order to protect
his campaign staff from COVID-19.

       Thus, Plaintiffs had the opportunity to collect signatures on their qualifying petition with
no restriction from any of Governor Whitmer’s executive orders from the beginning of their
campaign (January 18) to the date of Governor Whitmer’s first Stay-at-Home Order (March 23).
Plaintiffs have also had the opportunity to gather signatures in person from the date of the
reopening orders (June 1) to the filing deadline (July 16). Yet, in all this time, Plaintiffs have not
obtained a single signature on their qualifying petition.
 No. 20-1661                     Kishore, et al. v. Whitmer, et al.                        Page 4


        D.     Proceedings Below

        Plaintiffs sued various state officials in federal court on June 18. In their complaint,
Plaintiffs alleged that the Stay-at-Home Order makes Michigan’s ballot-access laws
unconstitutional as applied to them because those requirements “are literally impossible for the
Plaintiffs to fulfill during the ongoing global coronavirus pandemic.”         R. 1 at PageID 2.
Plaintiffs requested a preliminary injunction restraining the State from enforcing its ballot-access
laws.

                                                II.

        A.     The Anderson-Burdick framework

        “[T]he right to vote in any manner and the right to associate for political purposes
through the ballot [are not] absolute,” and “States retain the power to regulate their own
elections.” Burdick v. Takushi, 504 U.S. 428, 433 (1992). The Anderson-Burdick framework
governs First and Fourteenth Amendment challenges to ballot-access restrictions. See Anderson
v. Celebrezze, 460 U.S. 780 (1983); Burdick, 504 U.S. at 441. Within that framework, “the
rigorousness of our inquiry into the propriety of a state election law depends upon the extent to
which a challenged regulation burdens First and Fourteenth Amendment rights.”              Burdick,
504 U.S. at 434.

        When state law imposes “‘severe’ restrictions,” “the regulation must be ‘narrowly drawn
to advance a state interest of compelling importance.’” Id. (quoting Norman v. Reed, 502 U.S.
279, 289 (1992)).     When state law imposes “reasonable, nondiscriminatory restrictions,”
however, the law is subject to rational-basis review and “the State’s important regulatory
interests are generally sufficient to justify” the restrictions. Id. (quoting Anderson, 460 U.S. at
788). When state law imposes an intermediate restriction that falls somewhere between those
two poles, “we weigh the burden imposed by the State’s regulation against ‘the precise interests
put forward by the State as justifications for the burden imposed by its rule, taking into
consideration the extent to which those interests make it necessary to burden the plaintiff’s
rights.’” Thompson v. DeWine, 959 F.3d 804, 808 (6th Cir. 2020) (per curiam) (quoting Burdick,
504 U.S. at 434).
 No. 20-1661                     Kishore, et al. v. Whitmer, et al.                       Page 5


       B.      The Burden Imposed

       Under Anderson-Burdick, we must first “determine the burden the State’s regulation
imposes on the plaintiffs’ First Amendment rights.” Thompson, 959 F.3d at 808. Kishore and
Santa Cruz contend that Michigan’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic—namely, the Stay-at-
Home Order first issued on March 23, 2020—renders the ballot-access laws unconstitutional as
applied to them, because they were effectively prevented from obtaining signatures and, thus, the
order imposed a “severe” burden on their First and Fourteenth Amendment rights.

       We concluded in Esshaki v. Whitmer that strict application of Michigan’s ballot-access
laws to primary-election candidates, when combined with the Stay-at-Home Order, imposed a
severe burden on constitutional rights.     813 F. App’x 170, 172 (6th Cir. 2020); see also
SawariMedia, LLC v. Whitmer, 963 F.3d 595, 597 (6th Cir. 2020). However, we concluded in
Thompson that Ohio’s ballot-access laws and COVID-19 restrictions place an intermediate
burden on the plaintiffs’ First and Fourteenth Amendment rights when seeking to add local
initiatives and a constitutional amendment to the November ballot. Thompson, 959 F.3d at 809–
11.   And, in Hawkins, we determined that those same ballot-access laws and COVID-19
restrictions placed an intermediate burden on presidential candidates from a minor political party
seeking to have their names placed on the ballot. See Hawkins v. DeWine, --- F.3d ---, No. 20-
3717, 2020 WL 4435524 (6th Cir. Aug. 3, 2020);

       The burdens in this case are materially less than those in Esshaki. Significantly, the
timing for gathering signatures was different. We held that there was a severe burden because
Michigan’s Stay-at-Home Order remained in effect through the deadline to submit ballot-access
petitions, effectively excluding all candidates who had not already satisfied the signature
requirements (and predicted a shutdown). See 813 F. App’x at 171. But here, Kishore and Santa
Cruz had the opportunity to gather signatures from January 18 to March 23 (before the Stay-at-
Home Order went into effect), and then the renewed opportunity in early June (when the order
was lifted). Although “these are not normal times,” we still consider “all opportunities these
parties had to exercise their rights.” Thompson, 959 F.3d at 809. That Plaintiffs had several
weeks to gather signatures both before the Stay-at-Home Order went into effect and after it was
lifted undermines their argument that Michigan has excluded them from the ballot. See id. at
 No. 20-1661                       Kishore, et al. v. Whitmer, et al.                        Page 6


810. So, the burden imposed by the Stay-at-Home Order is less onerous than the burden in
Esshaki and more comparable to the burdens imposed upon the plaintiffs in Thompson and
Hawkins. See id.

       Furthermore, it was Plaintiffs (and not the State) who imposed much of the burden that
they face on themselves. “First Amendment violations require state action.” Id.; see U.S. Const.
amend. I (“Congress shall make no law . . . .”); 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“Every person who, under
color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State . . . .”). To be sure, the
State imposed some burden on Plaintiffs during the ten weeks that the Stay-at-Home Order was
in effect. But Plaintiffs were free to obtain signatures in person from the time they announced
their campaign in January until the Stay-at-Home Orders were issued on March 23. And they
were free to gather signatures starting on June 1 when the Orders were lifted. They made the
conscious choice not to do so. Although their decision was quite understandable, “we cannot
hold private citizens’ decisions to stay home for their own safety against the State.” Thompson,
959 F.3d at 810.

       C.      The Justification

       The next step under Anderson-Burdick is to “consider the State’s justifications for the
restrictions.” Schmitt v. LaRose, 933 F.3d 628, 641 (6th Cir. 2019). Because Michigan’s ballot-
access laws as applied to Kishore and Santa Cruz impose an intermediate burden, the state need
only demonstrate that it has “legitimate interests to impose the burden that outweigh it.”
Thompson, 959 F.3d at 811. In considering the legitimate interests presented by the State, “the
Court must not only determine the legitimacy and strength of each of those interests; it also must
consider the extent to which those interests make it necessary to burden the plaintiff’s rights.”
Anderson, 460 U.S. at 789.

       Michigan provides two reasons for its ballot-access laws that this court has already
determined are legitimate. First, the State contends that the signature requirement ensures that a
candidate has a modicum of support before appearing on the ballot in order to further the State’s
interest in a fair and orderly election by avoiding ballot overcrowding, frivolous candidates, and
voter confusion. See Hawkins, 2020 WL 4435524, at *3; see also Schmitt, 933 F.3d at 641.
 No. 20-1661                       Kishore, et al. v. Whitmer, et al.                      Page 7


Second, Michigan contends that the filing deadline is essential to ensure an orderly, timely
election. Kishore does not meaningfully dispute these interests, which, as we observed in
Hawkins, --- F.3d at ---, 2020 WL 4435524, at *3, Thompson, 959 F.3d at 811, and Esshaki, 813
F. App’x at 171, are legitimate.

       D.      Constitutional Validity of the Restrictions

       “At the third step of Anderson-Burdick we assess whether the State’s restrictions are
constitutionally valid given the strength of its proffered interests.” Schmitt, 933 F.3d at 641.
Plaintiffs point to our decision in Esshaki to suggest that the combination of the ballot-access
provisions and the Stay-at-Home Order cannot pass constitutional muster. But there, we applied
strict scrutiny because the combined effect of the Stay-at-Home Order and ballot-access
provisions effectively excluded the candidates from the ballot. 813 F. App’x at 171–72; see
Thompson, 959 F.3d at 809 (“At bottom, a severe burden excludes or virtually excludes
electors . . . from the ballot.”). To be sure, obtaining signatures might well be more difficult now
than it would be in normal circumstances. But, “just because procuring signatures is now harder
(largely because of a disease beyond the control of the State) doesn’t mean that Plaintiffs are
excluded from the ballot.” Thompson, 959 F.3d at 810.

       On balance, the State’s well-established and legitimate interests in administering its own
elections through candidate-eligibility and ballot-access requirements outweigh the intermediate
burden imposed on Plaintiffs.

       E.      Other Preliminary-Injunction Factors

       The other preliminary-injunction factors also support Michigan. See Thompson, 959 F.3d
at 807.     When analyzing the balance of equities, “[the Supreme] Court has repeatedly
emphasized that lower federal courts should ordinarily not alter the election rules on the eve of
an election.” Republican Nat’l Comm. v. Democratic Nat’l Comm., 140 S. Ct. 1205, 1207
(2020) (per curiam); Purcell v. Gonzalez, 549 U.S. 1, 4–5 (2006) (per curiam). This principle
applies here. Michigan has indicated that we must resolve the appeal by September 3 so that its
ballot may be timely certified. In addition, by failing to collect even a single signature during
times in which there were no restrictions, Plaintiffs have in some respects created the need for
 No. 20-1661                     Kishore, et al. v. Whitmer, et al.                       Page 8


the emergency relief. See Morgan v. White, 964 F.3d 649, 651 (7th Cir. 2020) (per curiam). As
the district court also recognized, although Plaintiffs decided not to seek any signatures in
March, they waited more than three months to file this action in mid-June. See Benisek v.
Lamone, 138 S. Ct. 1942, 1944–45 (2018) (per curiam); cf. Little v. Reclaim Idaho, --- S. Ct. ---,
2020 WL 4360897, at *2 (U.S. July 30, 2020) (Roberts, C.J., concurring in the grant of stay).

                                               III.

       The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
