                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

JEREMY BIGWOOD,                                 :
                                                :
               Plaintiff,                       :        Civil Action No.:        08-1431 (RMU)
                                                :
               v.                               :        Re Document Nos.:        33, 40
                                                :
DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY,                    :
                                                :
               Defendant.                       :

                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION

          DENYING THE PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR RELIEF UPON RECONSIDERATION;
                DENYING THE PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR ATTORNEY’S FEES

                                        I. INTRODUCTION

       This matter comes before the court on the plaintiff’s motion for relief upon

reconsideration 1 and his motion for attorney’s fees. This case arises under the Freedom of

Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, and concerns the defendant’s processing of the

plaintiff’s requests for records relating to Colombian paramilitary leader Carlos Castaño. The

court previously granted the defendant’s motion to dismiss and dismissed the case. The plaintiff

now seeks relief upon reconsideration of that decision and attorney’s fees. Because the plaintiff

has not articulated a basis for the court to reconsider its opinion dismissing the case, and because

the plaintiff is not eligible for attorney’s fees, the court denies both motions.




1
       Although the plaintiff styles his motion as a “Motion for Reconsideration” and asks that “the
       Court reconsider its opinion of March 30, 2010,” see Pl.’s Mot. for Recons. at 3, he cites no
       specific provision in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in support of that request, see generally
       id. Because the plaintiff is seeking the amendment of the court’s final order dismissing this case,
       the court construes his motion as one for relief upon reconsideration pursuant to Federal Rule of
       Civil Procedure 59(e).
                     II. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       On March 30, 2010, the court issued a memorandum opinion wherein it set forth the

relevant factual and procedural background in this case. See Mem. Op. (Mar. 30, 2010) at 2-3.

Briefly, in 2001, the plaintiff submitted a FOIA request to the defendant seeking “any and all

records relating to paramilitary leader Carlos Castaño.” Compl. ¶ 6. Three years later, the

defendant notified the plaintiff that a preliminary search located over 4,000 potentially

responsive documents and asked that the plaintiff consider narrowing the scope of his request.

Mem. Op. (Mar. 30, 2010) at 2. The plaintiff declined to do so and instead submitted a request

for expedited processing, which the defendant denied. Id. The plaintiff administratively

appealed the defendant’s decision, which the defendant denied. Id.

       Subsequently, the plaintiff filed suit alleging, among other things, violations of the FOIA.

See generally Compl. The defendant filed two motions to dismiss or, in the alternative, for

partial summary judgment. See generally Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, for

Partial Summ. J.; Def.’s 2d Mot. to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, for Partial Summ. J. On

March 30, 2010, the court granted the defendant’s motions to dismiss and dismissed the

plaintiff’s FOIA claim because it was filed outside the FOIA’s six-year statute of limitations.

See generally Mem. Op. (Mar. 30, 2010). The same day that the court granted the defendant’s

motions and dismissed the case, the plaintiff submitted a new FOIA request to the defendant.

See Pl.’s Mot. for Recons. at 2. Based on the fact that he submitted a new FOIA request, the

plaintiff is asking the court to reconsider its March 30, 2010 ruling dismissing the case. See

generally Pl.’s Mot. for Recons. The plaintiff also seeks an award of attorney’s fees. See

generally Pl.’s Mot. for Atty’s Fees. With the motions now fully briefed, the court turns to the

applicable legal standards and the parties’ arguments.
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                                          III. ANALYSIS

        A. The Court Denies the Plaintiff’s Motion for Relief Upon Reconsideration

   1. Legal Standard for a Motion for Relief Upon Reconsideration of a Final Judgment

        Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e) provides that a motion to alter or amend a

judgment must be filed within twenty-eight days of the entry of the judgment at issue. FED. R.

CIV. P. 59(e); see also Mashpee Wamponoag Tribal Council, Inc. v. Norton, 336 F.3d 1094,

1098 (D.C. Cir. 2003). While the court has considerable discretion in ruling on a Rule 59(e)

motion, the reconsideration and amendment of a previous order is an unusual measure.

Firestone v. Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1208 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (per curiam); McDowell v.

Calderon, 197 F.3d 1253, 1255 (9th Cir. 1999). Rule 59(e) motions “need not be granted unless

the district court finds that there is an intervening change of controlling law, the availability of

new evidence, or the need to correct a clear legal error or prevent manifest injustice.” Ciralsky v.

Cent. Intelligence Agency, 355 F.3d 661, 671 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (quoting Firestone, 76 F.3d at

1208). Moreover, “[a] Rule 59(e) motion to reconsider is not simply an opportunity to reargue

facts and theories upon which a court has already ruled,” New York v. United States, 880 F.

Supp. 37, 38 (D.D.C. 1995), or a vehicle for presenting theories or arguments that could have

been advanced earlier, Kattan v. Dist. of Columbia, 995 F.2d 274, 276 (D.C. Cir. 1993); W.C. &

A.N. Miller Cos. v. United States, 173 F.R.D. 1, 3 (D.D.C. 1997).

  2. The Plaintiff Has Not Demonstrated His Entitlement to Relief Upon Reconsideration

        The plaintiff argues that because he submitted a new and substantially identical FOIA

request on the date that this court granted the defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject

matter jurisdiction, the court “has discretion to retain jurisdiction over this action as plaintiff
                                                   3
again exhausts his administrative remedies.” Pl.’s Mot. for Recons. at 2. The plaintiff further

argues that “the equities favor retaining jurisdiction while the plaintiff exhausts his

administrative remedies,” after which time the court can grant the plaintiff leave to amend his

complaint, because otherwise, the “plaintiff will have to file another lawsuit on the new FOIA

request and start all over.” Id. Finally, the plaintiff argues that the defendant has waived its

statute of limitations argument because it has continued releasing documents to the plaintiff. Id.

at 3.

        The defendant counters that the mere fact that the plaintiff filed a new FOIA request does

not “establish any basis for reconsideration of the [c]ourt’s judgment that [the p]laintiff’s original

cause of action was time barred.” 2 Def.’s Recons. Opp’n at 3. The defendant contends that the

plaintiff has not demonstrated that there has been an intervening change of controlling law, that

there is recently discovered evidence or that the court’s previous ruling was clearly erroneous.

Id. Finally, the defendant asserts that the plaintiff’s argument regarding waiver of the FOIA

statute of limitations is a new argument and as it is “not part of the record in this case, it is not a

proper subject for a motion for reconsideration.” Id. at 4.




2
        The defendant also contends that to the extent the plaintiff seeks relief under Rule 52(b), he
        has not met his burden. See generally Def.’s Recons. Opp’n. The court concurs. Rule 52(b)
        “permits the trial court to correct manifest errors of law or fact, make additional findings or take
        other action that is in the interests of justice.” Material Supply Int’l, Inc. v. Sunmatch Indus. Co.,
        1997 WL 243223, at *2 (D.D.C. May 7, 1997). The plaintiff has offered no argument or
        evidence suggesting that there is any manifest error of fact or law requiring the court to amend its
        previous decision. See generally Pl.’s Mot. for Recons.; Pl.’s Reply in Support of Recons.; see
        also Material Supply Int’l, Inc. 1997 WL 243223, at *2 (explaining that, under Rule 52(b), the
        moving party “bears a heavy burden in seeking to demonstrate clear error of manifest injustice in
        amending the judgment”); Salazar v. Dist. of Columbia, 685 F. Supp. 2d 72, 75 (D.D.C. 2010)
        (noting that Rule 52(b) does not provide a party with a “second opportunity to litigate a point, to
        present evidence that was available but not previously offered, or to advance new theories by
        moving to amend a particular finding of fact or conclusion of law”).
                                                         4
       As discussed in the court’s March 30, 2010 memorandum opinion, a six-year statute of

limitations applies to FOIA claims. See Spannaus v. Dep’t of Justice, 824 F.2d 52, 56 (D.C. Cir.

1987) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2401(a)). This statute of limitations “is a jurisdictional condition

attached to the government’s waiver of sovereign immunity.” Spannaus, 824 F.2d at 55. As

such, “when a party seeks to sue the United States pursuant to a waiver of sovereign immunity,

the expiration of the limitations period has traditionally ‘been construed as a bar to jurisdiction.’”

W. Va. Highlands Conservancy v. Johnson, 540 F. Supp. 2d 125, 138 (D.D.C. 2008) (quoting

Gordon v. Nat’l Youth Work Alliance, 375 F.2d 356, 360 (D.C. Cir. 1982)).

       The court previously dismissed the plaintiff’s complaint for lack of jurisdiction because

the statute of limitations had expired “over a year before the plaintiff commenced [his] action.”

Mem. Op. (Mar. 30, 2010) at 5. Because the expiration of the six-year statute of limitations for

FOIA claims deprives the court of jurisdiction, and because neither waiver nor equitable tolling

can overcome that jurisdictional bar, the plaintiff’s argument that the defendant waived its statute

of limitations argument by releasing documents to the plaintiff must also fail. See W. Va.

Highlands Conservancy, 540 F. Supp. 2d at 138 (“[W]hen a statute of limitations has been

regarded as jurisdictional, it has acted as an absolute bar that cannot be overcome by the

application of judicially recognized exceptions such as waiver, estoppel, equitable tolling,

fraudulent concealment, the discovery rule, and the continuing violations doctrine.”) (internal

quotations omitted).

       The plaintiff also argues that the “parties and the court have already expended significant

time and resources on this case [such that] the equities favor retaining jurisdiction.” Pl.’s Mot.

for Recons. at 2. The plaintiff, however, in arguing for reconsideration under Rule 59(e), has not

demonstrated or even implied that there has been an intervening change of controlling law, that
                                                  5
new evidence is available or that the court needs to correct a clear legal error or prevent manifest

injustice. See generally Pl.’s Mot. for Recons.; Pl.’s Reply in Support of Recons.; see also Dist.

of Columbia v. Harvey, 949 F. Supp. 878, 880 (D.D.C. 1996) (denying the plaintiff’s motion for

relief upon reconsideration because she did not “argue that the law had changed . . . nor [did] she

argue that additional material evidence ha[d] come to light”). Moreover, the court is not aware

of any change in the FOIA statute of limitations or the accompanying case law that would

provide the court with jurisdiction over time-barred claims against the government. See Lindell

v. Landis Constr. Co., 2010 WL 3323809, at *1-2 (D.D.C. Aug. 4, 2010) (finding no reason to

reconsider its decision when, among other things, the plaintiff did not identify “any change in

law that would compel the Court to revisit its decision”); Sataki v. Broad. Bd. of Governors,

2010 WL 2679901, at *24 (D.D.C. Jul. 7, 2010) (denying the plaintiff’s motion for

reconsideration because there was no “intervening change of controlling law or discovery of new

evidence” and no need “to correct a clear error or prevent manifest injustice”).

       Lastly, the plaintiff cites to a case in which another judge in this district dismissed a

plaintiff’s FOIA case without prejudice and provided the plaintiff with ninety days to move to

amend his complaint. See Pl.’s Mot. for Recons. at 2 (citing Order, Davy v. Cent. Intelligence

Agency, No. 00-2134 (D.D.C. Dec. 15, 2000)). In that case, the plaintiff conceded that the

statute of limitations had run. See Pl.’s Response to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, Davy, No. 00-2134

(Dec. 5, 2000). The plaintiff here argues that this court should take similar action and allow him

time to exhaust his administrative remedies with respect to his new FOIA request, Pl.’s Mot. for

Recons. at 2. Aside from the fact that Davy contains no analysis from which this court could

ascertain the legal reasoning behind the decision, see Order, Davy, No. 00-2134 (Dec. 15, 2000),

Davy is distinguishable because the plaintiff in that case filed a new FOIA request before the
                                                  6
case was dismissed, see Pl.’s Response to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, Davy, No. 00-2134 (Dec. 5,

2000). Accordingly, Davy does not persuade the court to revisit its earlier ruling. Thus, for the

reasons stated above, the court denies the plaintiff’s motion for relief upon reconsideration. 3

                D. The Court Denies the Plaintiff’s Motion for Attorney’s Fees

                1. Legal Standard for Attorneys’ Fees and Costs Under FOIA

        Under the FOIA, the court may assess “reasonable attorney’s fees and other litigation

costs reasonably incurred in any case . . . in which the complainant has substantially prevailed.”

Id. § 552(a)(4)(E)(i). A prevailing party must demonstrate both eligibility and entitlement for an

award of attorney’s fees. Id. To be “eligible” for an award of attorney’s fees, the claimant must

have “substantially prevailed” in the underlying FOIA litigation. Id. A party substantially

prevails if he “has obtained relief through either . . . a judicial order, or an enforceable written

agreement or consent decree[,] or . . . a voluntary or unilateral change in position by the agency,

if the complainant’s claim is not insubstantial.” Id. § 552(a)(4)(E)(ii).

        Second, the court must determine that the plaintiff is “entitled” to an award of attorney’s

fees and costs. 5 U.S.C. § 552; Weisberg v. United States, 745 F.2d 1476, 1498 (D.C. Cir.1984).

In deciding whether a claimant is entitled to an award of attorney’s fees and costs, the court

generally considers four factors: (1) the public benefit derived from the case; (2) the commercial

benefit to the complainant; (3) the nature of the complainant's interest in the records sought; and

(4) the reasonableness of the agency’s withholding of the requested documents. Id.; see also Tax

Analysts v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 965 F.2d 1092, 1093-94 (D.C. Cir.1992). “[E]ntitlement is at

3
       The plaintiff makes an additional argument in his reply brief premised on Federal Rule of Civil
       Procedure 60(b). Pl.’s Reply at 2. The court does not consider this argument, however, because
       it was raised for the first time in the plaintiff’s reply. See Cronin v. Fed. Aviation Admin., 73
       F.3d 1126, 1134 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (noting that “[i]t is well established that [the] court will not
       entertain arguments raised for the first time in a party’s reply brief”).
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the discretion of the district court.” Md. Dep’t of Human Res. v. Sullivan, 738 F. Supp. 555, 563

(D.D.C. 1990). Moreover, “[a]n agency cannot foreclose an award of attorneys’ fees and costs

by complying with a FOIA request during the pendency of litigation.” Id. at 563 (citing Cuneo v.

Rumsfeld, 553 F.2d 1360, 1365 (D.C.Cir.1977)).

               2. The Plaintiff is Not Eligible for an Award of Attorney’s Fees

        The plaintiff argues that he is eligible for an award of attorney’s fees because this

litigation was the catalyst for the release of nearly 1,500 records by the defendant and other

agencies. Pl.’s Mot. for Atty’s Fees at 2-3. The defendant disputes this characterization,

explaining that it experienced a backlog of FOIA requests and a shortness of staff and that the

release of the documents was unrelated to the plaintiff’s lawsuit. See Def.’s Atty’s Fees Opp’n at

4-10.

        To demonstrate that he is eligible to recover attorney’s fees, the plaintiff must “prove that

prosecution of the action could reasonably be regarded as necessary to obtain the information

and that a causal nexus exists between that action and the agency’s surrender of that

information.” Republic of New Afrika v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 645 F. Supp. 117, 118-19

(D.D.C. 1986) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). “If rather than the threat of an

adverse court order . . . an unavoidable delay accompanied by due diligence in the administrative

processes was the actual reason for the agency’s failure to respond to a request, then it cannot be

said that the complainant substantially prevailed in his suit.” Church of Scientology of Cal. v.

Harris, 653 F.2d 584, 588 (D.C. Cir. 1981).

        The defendant explains that it experienced a significant increase in FOIA filings shortly

after the plaintiff filed his initial FOIA request and that its backlog eventually reached 3,000


                                                  8
requests. Def.’s Opp’n, Supplemental Decl. of Alesia Y. Williams 4 (“Supplemental Williams

Decl.”) ¶ 6. The plaintiff argues that the fact that the defendant had released no records prior to

the filing of his complaint, but did release records subsequently, is proof that the defendant

changed its position and decided to release certain documents. Pl.’s Mot. for Atty’s Fees at 2.

Yet this Circuit has stated that

       [w]hile it is clear that a court order compelling disclosure is not a prerequisite for
       an award, it is also clear that more than post hoc, ergo propter hoc must be
       shown. An FOIA litigant seeking attorney’s fees must show that prosecution of
       the action could reasonably be regarded as necessary to obtain the information . . .
       and that a causal nexus exists between that action and the agency’s surrender of
       the information.

Public Law Educ. Inst. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 744 F.2d 181, 183 (D.C. Cir. 1984).

       Here, the defendant has provided a detailed timeline of events leading up to the

disclosure of information. See generally Supplemental Williams Decl. The defendant conducted

its initial search for documents in February 2002 and examined the results from that search in

October 2004. Id. ¶¶ 9-10. In December 2004, the defendant asked the plaintiff to narrow his

request and, when the plaintiff declined to do so, the defendant began a review of the documents

in February 2005. Id. ¶ 10. In 2005, 2006 and 2008, the defendant sent materials to two of its

directorates for review by subject matter experts. Id. ¶ 11. Additionally, in 2005 and 2006, the

defendant sent referrals to at least ten agencies from which the documents originated. Id. ¶ 14.

       From this timeline it is clear that the agency expended a considerable amount of time and

effort processing the plaintiff’s request prior to the filing of his lawsuit in 2008. See generally

id. The plaintiff does not dispute that his request was broad or that the agency experienced a

backlog of FOIA requests. See generally Pl.’s Mot. for Atty’s Fees; Pl.’s Reply in Support of

4
       Alesia Y. Williams is the Chief of the FOIA Services Section at the Defense Intelligence Agency.
       Williams Decl. ¶ 1.
                                                  9
Atty’s Fees. Although the defendant’s processing of the plaintiff’s FOIA request was

extraordinarily delayed, the plaintiff has provided no evidence to suggest that the filing of his

lawsuit was the catalyst that caused the defendant to release the documents. See, e.g., Alliance

for Responsible CFC Policy, Inc. v. Costle, 631 F. Supp. 1469, 1470 (D.D.C. 1986) (explaining

that because the plaintiff’s FOIA request was “undeniably broad and required searches by

several departments within the [agency,] . . . the [agency’s] failure to disclose in timely fashion

appears to be an unavoidable delay accompanied by due diligence in the administrative processes

and not the result of agency intransigence”) (internal quotation omitted). Accordingly, the

plaintiff has not established a causal nexus between the filing of his complaint and the

defendant’s release of documents as necessary to establish his eligibility for attorney’s fees;

therefore, the court denies the plaintiff’s motion.



                                       IV. CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, the court denies the plaintiff’s motion for relief upon

reconsideration and denies the plaintiff’s motion for attorney’s fees. An Order consistent with

this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued this 22nd day of March,

2011.


                                                        RICARDO M. URBINA
                                                       United States District Judge




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