                 ELECTRONIC CITATION: 2008 FED App. 0006P (6th Cir.)
                              File Name: 08b0006p.06

             BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL OF THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

In re: RALPH WENDELL SWEGAN,                         )
                                                     )
                                                     )
                  Debtor.                            )      No. 07-8006
_____________________________________                )
                                                     )
                                                     )
BUCKEYE RETIREMENT CO., LLC, LTD.,                   )
                                                     )
               Plaintiff - Appellant,                )
                                                     )
      v.                                             )
                                                     )
RALPH WENDELL SWEGAN,                                )
                                                     )
               Defendant - Appellee.                 )
                                                     )

                        Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                       for the Northern District of Ohio, Eastern Division.
                                          No. 04-4256.

                                   Argued: November 14, 2007

                               Decided and Filed: March 19, 2008

           Before: AUG, PARSONS, and SCOTT, Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judges.

                                        ____________________

                                             COUNSEL

ARGUED: Scott D. Fink, WELTMAN, WEINBERG & REIS CO., L.P.A., Cleveland, Ohio, for
Appellant. Michael D. Buzulencia, LAW OFFICES OF MICHAEL D. BUZULENCIA, Warren,
Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Scott D. Fink, WELTMAN, WEINBERG & REIS CO., L.P.A.,
Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Michael D. Buzulencia, LAW OFFICES OF MICHAEL D.
BUZULENCIA, Warren, Ohio, for Appellee.
                                     ____________________

                                           OPINION
                                     ____________________

       JOSEPH M. SCOTT, JR., Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judge. Buckeye Retirement Co.
(“Buckeye”) appeals the bankruptcy court’s order denying its motion for summary judgment and
granting summary judgment in favor of the debtor Ralph Swegan (“Debtor”) on Buckeye’s complaint
seeking an order denying the Debtor a discharge pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A). Because the
Panel disagrees with the bankruptcy court’s restrictive application of “concealment” within the
context of § 727(a)(2)(A) and determines that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether
the Debtor had the requisite intent to “hinder, delay, or defraud” Buckeye in its collection efforts,
the order granting the Debtor summary judgment will be reversed and the adversary proceeding
remanded for trial.

                                     I. ISSUE ON APPEAL

       The issue in this appeal is whether summary judgment was warranted in favor of the Debtor
and against Buckeye on its complaint seeking a denial of the Debtor’s discharge under 11 U.S.C.
§ 727 (a)(2)(A). To answer this question, we must determine whether the Debtor’s false answers
to questions at a state court debtor’s examination constitute concealment under § 727 (a)(2)(A).

                      II. JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

       The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel of the Sixth Circuit has jurisdiction to decide this appeal.
The United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio has authorized appeals to the Panel
and a final order of the bankruptcy court may be appealed as of right. 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1). For
purposes of appeal, a final order “ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court
to do but execute the judgment.” Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United States, 489 U.S. 794, 798, 109
S. Ct. 1494, 1497 (1989) (citations omitted). An order granting summary judgment for the defendant
is a final order. Menninger v. Accredited Home Lenders (In re Morgeson), 371 B.R. 798 (B.A.P. 6th
Cir. 2007).

       The bankruptcy court’s final order denying Buckeye’s motion for summary judgment and
granting the Debtor’s motion is reviewed de novo. Gold v. FedEx Freight East, Inc. (In re

                                                 -2-
Rodriguez), 487 F.3d 1001, 1007 (6th Cir. 2007). “Under a de novo standard of review, the
reviewing court decides an issue independently of, and without deference to, the trial court’s
determination.” In re Morgeson, 371 B.R. at 800.

                                           III.   FACTS

       Buckeye initiated an adversary proceeding seeking to deny the Debtor a discharge based on
his failure or refusal to accurately answer certain questions at a state court debtor’s examination.
After a hearing on the parties’ cross motions for summary judgment, the bankruptcy court granted
summary judgment in favor of the Debtor on the basis that the Debtor’s actions at the examination
did not constitute concealment under 11 U.S.C. § 727 (a)(2)(A).

       The Debtor was the sole principal owner of Steelcraft Inc. (“Steelcraft”) from May 1991 until
February 2002 when the business closed. During its operation, Steelcraft obtained from Second
National Bank a business loan that was personally guaranteed by the Debtor. Steelcraft defaulted
on the loan, and the Debtor was called upon to pay as the guarantor. After the Debtor failed to pay
the loan, Second National Bank obtained a judgment against him for $436,107.84. The judgment
was subsequently assigned to Buckeye.

       Buckeye then began state court proceedings in Mahoning County, Ohio to collect on the
judgment. On June 13, 2002, Buckeye filed a writ of execution against the Debtor’s vehicle. On
September 2, 2002, the Debtor transferred title of the vehicle to his daughter.1 Buckeye next
obtained an order for the Debtor to appear for a debtor’s examination. The order directed the Debtor
to testify regarding his property, but did not order him to testify regarding income or to produce any
documents. Counsel for Buckeye, however, informally requested that the Debtor produce a number
of documents at the examination.




       1
          According to the Debtor’s affidavit attached to his motion for summary judgment, the
parties were negotiating a settlement regarding the execution on the vehicle at this time. The Debtor
had forwarded $3,000 to his attorney to resolve the issue. Believing the settlement complete, the
Debtor made the title transfer to his daughter who he asserts was the primary driver of the vehicle.
Apparently, however, the settlement agreement had not been completed. These allegations were not
stipulated to by Buckeye, but it offered no evidence to refute them.

                                                  -3-
       The Debtor’s examination took place on May 20, 2003. The examination was apparently
contentious and rife with objections by Debtor’s counsel. During the course of the lengthy
examination, counsel for Buckeye asked the Debtor whether he had received proceeds of a life
insurance policy as a result of his late wife’s death. The Debtor was also asked whether he had any
policies insuring his own life. The Debtor answered “no” to both questions. At the instruction of
his lawyer, the Debtor also did not respond to a number of questions regarding his income and
employment. His attorney entered objections to those questions based upon the failure of the
examination order to require the Debtor to testify regarding his income. Additionally, the Debtor
did not produce any of the documents requested by counsel for Buckeye. After approximately three
hours, the parties agreed to continue the examination at a later date.

       Buckeye then filed a motion to show cause in the Mahoning County Common Pleas Court
for the Debtor’s refusal to fully answer questions concerning his property, income or other means
of satisfying the judgment against him. The state court overruled the Debtor’s objections to the
questions posed at the examination and instructed the parties to confer and agree as to how and when
the examination would be completed. The parties came to an agreement that included the production
of certain documents and the rescheduling of the examination. The Debtor, however, did not
produce the documents or reschedule the examination, prompting Buckeye to file a renewed motion
to show cause and the state court to issue an order directing the Debtor to show cause at a hearing
on November 6, 2003.

       The Debtor preempted the state court show cause hearing by filing on November 4, 2003,
a petition for relief under chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code.2 The Debtor’s schedules and statement
of financial affairs were not filed with the petition. Debtor’s counsel twice sought an extension of
time to file schedules, the Statement of Financial Affairs, and a chapter 13 plan. The requests were
granted, and the Debtor filed and served the missing schedules on January 20, 2004. On Buckeye’s
motion, the Debtor’s case was subsequently converted to a chapter 7 case on February 12, 2004, due




       2
          Because the Debtor filed his bankruptcy petition prior to October 17, 2005, the case is
governed by the Bankruptcy Code without regard to the amendments made to the Bankruptcy Code
by the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005. All statutory references
are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101 to 1330 (2004), unless otherwise specifically noted.

                                                 -4-
to the Debtor’s ineligibility to be a chapter 13 debtor because the unsecured debt to Buckeye
exceeded the limitation of 11 U.S.C. § 109(e).

        Contrary to the Debtor’s testimony at the May 20, 2003 examination, the schedules that the
debtor filed listed a life insurance policy valued at $58,900 and an annuity death benefit. The Debtor
was the beneficiary of a last survivor life insurance policy that insured the Debtor and his late wife
who died on June 24, 2002. Upon her death, the Debtor elected to receive the $100,000 death
benefit in 60 monthly installments. The death benefit was transferred to an annuity to purchase a
settlement certificate for monthly payments. Pursuant to the settlement certificate, the Debtor was
to receive monthly payments of $1,756.83 from June 24, 2002, to May 24, 2007. The first two
payments were mailed to him on August 7, 2002. The Debtor also held a policy insuring his own
life which had a substantial cash value.3 On January 21, 2004, eight months after the examination
at issue, the Debtor executed a designation of beneficiary form, designating his current wife as the
beneficiary of his life insurance policy.

        On December 23, 2004, Buckeye filed a complaint seeking to deny the Debtor’s discharge
pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A). Buckeye alleged that, within one year of the petition date, the
Debtor concealed property with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud Buckeye.4 Upon considering
the parties’ cross motions for summary judgment, the bankruptcy court issued on February 6, 2007,
a memorandum opinion and order denying Buckeye’s motion for summary judgment and granting
summary judgment in favor of the Debtor. Finding that “concealment,” as used in 11 U.S.C.
§ 727(a)(2)(A), “implies more than mere lack of full disclosure, but encompasses a debtor’s retention
of some interest after divestiture of legal ownership,” the bankruptcy court held that the Debtor’s
failure or refusal to answer certain questions at the state court debtor’s examination did not constitute



        3
          While the record reflects that as of July 29, 2004, the life insurance policy had a death
benefit of $560,334, an accumulated cash value of $60,333.54, and a cash surrender value of
$45,573.54, the exact benefits and values at the time of the Debtor’s examination on May 20, 2003,
are not in the record.
        4
          Buckeye also asserted that the Debtor’s discharge should be denied pursuant to 11 U.S.C.
§ 727(a)(4)(A) because the Debtor knowingly and fraudulently made a false oath in connection with
filing his schedules. Buckeye, however, did not include this issue in its statement of issues filed in
accordance with Rule 8009 or in its brief as required by Rule 8010(a)(C). See Fed. R. Bankr. P.
8009 and 8010. Accordingly, the Panel deems this issue abandoned.

                                                   -5-
concealment. (Appellant’s App. at 460.)5 Furthermore, based upon the subsequent disclosure of the
life insurance policies on his schedules filed on January 20, 2004, the bankruptcy court found no
reasonable inference that the Debtor intended to hinder, delay or defraud Buckeye. Finally, the court
found Buckeye’s reliance on the Debtor’s answers to a few questions at the debtor’s examination
insufficient to warrant denial of the Debtor’s discharge.

       On February 14, 2007, Buckeye filed a motion for reconsideration that reiterated its original
arguments and cited additional, but not new, case law in support of its position. On March 1, 2007,
the bankruptcy court issued a memorandum opinion and order denying the motion for
reconsideration. Buckeye then timely perfected this appeal on March 7, 2007. See Federal Rule of
Bankruptcy Procedure 8002(b).

                                       IV.    DISCUSSION

       Summary judgment in adversary proceedings is governed by Federal Rule of Bankruptcy
Procedure 7056, which incorporates Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. As previously
recognized by the BAP on several occasions, the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit has described
the standard to grant a motion for summary judgment as follows:
       A court must grant summary judgment “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
       interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that
       there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled
       to judgment as a matter of law.” Under this test, the moving party may discharge its
       burden by “pointing out to the [bankruptcy] court . . . that there is an absence of

       5
           The bankruptcy court also found that “although the Debtor may have been entitled to the
proceeds of the life insurance policy on his wife, as Buckeye argues, there is no evidence to
contradict Debtor’s answer at the debtor’s examination that he had not received such proceeds.”
(Appellant’s App. at 463.) However, while the Debtor denied receiving “any money from that
policy himself” in his motion for summary judgment (Appellant’s App. at 402), he did not deny
receipt of the proceeds in his brief or at oral argument before this Panel. Moreover, contrary to the
bankruptcy court’s finding, Buckeye presented evidence of the Debtor’s receipt of the proceeds prior
to the examination. Buckeye presented correspondence from Ohio National Financial Services
evidencing that a death benefit of $100,000 had been approved and was transferred to an annuity to
purchase a Settlement Certificate for monthly payments for five years. The correspondence stated
that the first two payments had been mailed to the Debtor on August 7, 2002, which was nine months
before the examination. Buckeye also presented the Settlement Certificate, which stated that the
Debtor was to receive 60 monthly installments of $1,756.83 from June 24, 2002, to and including
May 24, 2007. The Debtor did not dispute the authenticity or the accuracy of these documents and
the facts they established.

                                                 -6-
        evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.” The nonmoving party cannot rest
        on its pleadings, but must identify specific facts supported by affidavits, or by
        depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file that show there is a
        genuine issue for trial. Although we must draw all inferences in favor of the
        nonmoving party, it must present significant and probative evidence in support of its
        complaint. “The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the
        [nonmoving party’s] position will be insufficient; there must be evidence on which
        the jury could reasonably find for the [nonmoving party].”
Gibson v. Gibson (In re Gibson), 219 B.R. 195, 198 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 1998) (quoting Hall v. Tollett,
128 F.3d 418, 421-22 (6th Cir.1997)) (internal citations omitted) (alterations in Gibson).

        A material fact is one whose resolution will affect the determination of the underlying action.
Tenn. Dep't of Mental Health & Mental Retardation v. Paul B., 88 F.3d 1466, 1472 (6th Cir.1996).
An issue is genuine if a rational trier of fact could find in favor of either party on the issue. Schaffer
v. A.O. Smith Harvestore Prods., Inc., 74 F.3d 722, 727 (6th Cir.1996) (citation omitted). “The
substantive law determines which facts are ‘material’ for summary judgment purposes.” Hanover
Ins. Co. v. Am. Eng'g Co., 33 F.3d 727, 730 (6th Cir.1994) (citations omitted).
                The fact that both parties have moved for summary judgment does not mean
        that the court must grant judgment as a matter of law for one side or the other;
        summary judgment in favor of either party is not proper if disputes remain as to
        material facts (citations omitted). Rather, the court must evaluate each party’s
        motion on its own merits, taking care in each instance to draw all reasonable
        inferences against the party whose motion is under consideration.
Taft Broad. Co. v. United States, 929 F.2d 240, 248 (6th Cir. 1991) (quoting Mingus Constructors,
Inc. v. United States, 812 F.2d 1387, 1391 (Fed. Cir.1987)).

        Buckeye asserts that the Debtor’s discharge should be denied pursuant to 11 U.S.C.
§ 727(a)(2)(A) because the Debtor concealed property within one year before filing his petition when
at the examination on May 20, 2003, he denied receiving the proceeds of his wife’s life insurance
policy and having a policy on his own life. Additionally, Buckeye contends that the Debtor’s refusal
at this examination to answer any questions as to his income and employment and his failure to bring
the requested documents constitute concealment under § 727(a)(2)(A).

        Section 727 reads, in pertinent part:
        (a) The court shall grant the debtor a discharge, unless–
               ....



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               (2) the debtor, with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud a creditor or an officer
               of the estate charged with custody of property under this title, has transferred,
               removed, destroyed, mutilated, or concealed–
               (A) property of the debtor, within one year before the date of the filing of the
               petition[.]
11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A). This section is to be liberally construed in favor of the debtor, and the
party objecting to discharge bears the burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence. Keeney
v. Smith (In re Keeney), 227 F.3d 679, 683 (6th Cir. 2000); Barclays/Am. Bus. Credit, Inc. v. Adams
(In re Adams), 31 F.3d 389, 393 (6th Cir. 1994); Hamo v. Wilson (In re Hamo), 233 B.R. 718, 724
(B.A.P. 6th Cir. 1999).

A.     Did the Debtor “Conceal” Property?
        Buckeye asserts that the undisputed facts meet the test set forth in Kaler v. Craig (In re
Craig), 195 B.R. 443, 449 (D.N.D. 1996), regarding a § 727(a)(2)(A) action to deny the debtor a
discharge. While the Craig test is not binding on this Panel, it does provide a convenient framework
for analyzing an action to deny the Debtor’s discharge under § 727(a)(2)(A) and is not in conflict
with Sixth Circuit law. The Craig test requires that: (1) the Debtor conceal assets within one year
of the petition date; (2) the act of concealment be performed by the Debtor; (3) the act consist of a
transfer, removal, destruction or concealment of the Debtor’s property; and (4) the act be done with
the intent to hinder, delay and/or defraud either a creditor or officer of the Debtor’s estate. Id.

       Indeed, the undisputed facts meet the first two elements of the Craig test. The alleged
concealments took place within one year of the filing of the Debtor’s petition for relief and were
performed by the Debtor. However, the third element, which in this case turns on the meaning of
“concealment,” is not so clear.

       Buckeye asserts that for purposes of § 727(a)(2)(A) concealment can simply be a lack of full
disclosure. The bankruptcy court found that the inclusion of concealment in § 727(a)(2)(A) with the
affirmative acts of transfer, removal, destruction and mutilation, “implies more than mere lack of
full disclosure, but encompasses a debtor’s retention of some interest after divestiture of legal
ownership.” (Appellant’s App. at 459-60.)

       The word “concealment” is not defined in the Bankruptcy Code, and it has not been defined
the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. The court did state in Keeney that § 727(a)(2)(A)

                                                  -8-
“encompasses two elements: 1) a disposition of property, such as concealment, and 2) ‘a subjective
intent on the debtor’s part to hinder, delay or defraud a creditor through the act disposing of the
property.’” In re Keeney, 227 F.3d at 683 (quoting Hughes v. Lawson (In re Lawson), 122 F.3d
1237, 1240 (9th Cir. 1997)). At issue in Keeney was the legitimacy of the continued concealment
doctrine, whereby “a transfer made and recorded more than one year prior to [bankruptcy] filing may
serve as evidence of the requisite act of concealment where the debtor retains a secret benefit of
ownership in the transferred property within the year prior to filing.” Id. at 684. Because the court
of appeals’ discussion pertained to whether the debtor’s conduct fell within § 727(a)(2)(A)’s one-
year requirement, we do not read the opinion to hold that concealment for purposes of § 727(a)(2)(A)
requires a disposition of property. Instead, the court’s linkage of concealment with disposition of
property was simply recognition that concealment allegations typically arise in the context of a
debtor who transferred title to property in order to hinder, delay, or defraud a creditor while retaining
some benefit of ownership. See, e.g., In re Craig, 195 B.R. at 449 (“Asset concealment is typically
found to exist where the interest of the debtor in property is not apparent but where actual or
beneficial enjoyment of that property continued.” (emphasis added.)); Ransier v. McFarland (In re
McFarland), 170 B.R. 613, 628 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 1994) (“Concealment of property for purposes
of 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A) generally involves the transfer of legal title of that property . . . with the
debtor retaining the benefits of ownership in the property.” (emphasis added)).

        In cases where there has not been a transfer of property, courts have defined concealment
as including the withholding of knowledge or information required by law to be made known. See,
e.g., Peterson v Scott (In re Scott), 172 F.3d 959, 967 (7th Cir. 1999) (defining concealment as
“‘preventing discovery, fraudulently transferring or withholding knowledge or information required
by law to be made known’” (quoting United States v. Turner, 725 F.2d 1154, 1157 (8th Cir. 1984)).6



        6
         See also U.S. Trustee v. Zimmerman (In re Zimmerman), 320 B.R. 800, 807 (Bankr. M.D.
Pa. 2005) (concealment includes withholding information required by law to be made known);
Hunter v. Sowers (In re Sowers), 229 B.R. 151, (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 1998) (“Concealment, in an
action brought under § 727(a)(2)(B), simply means withholding knowledge of an asset by the failure
or refusal to divulge owed information.”); Fourmigue v. Seeber (In re Seeber), Adv. Pro. No. 04-
1061, 2005 WL 4677823, *2 (Bankr. E.D. La. July 5, 2005) (same); Allied Domecq Retailing USA
v. Schultz (In re Schultz), Adv. Pro. No. 99-1351, 2000 WL 575505, *6 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio April 21,
2000) (“Concealment, in this context, includes an attempt to prevent the discovery of property and
the withholding of information which a debtor is required by law to reveal.”).

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To restrict the meaning of concealment in § 727(a)(2)(A) to a debtor’s retention of some interest in
property after divestiture of legal ownership would effectively write the word out of the statute, since
the word “transfer” is already included in the statute. To give effect to each word in the statute, as
we must, we conclude that concealment as used in § 727(a)(2)(A) includes the withholding of
knowledge of an asset by the failure or refusal to divulge information required by law to be made
known. See United States v. Nordic Village, Inc., 503 U.S. 30, 36, 112 S. Ct. 1011, 1015 (1992)
(“[S]tatute must, if possible, be construed in such form that every word has some operative effect.”).

       Applying this standard to the case at hand, the Debtor was required by law to answer
correctly any questions he answered when he was under oath at the state court debtor’s examination.
His false answers to the questions of whether he had received any life insurance proceeds as a result
of his wife’s death and whether he had any policies insuring his own life constitute concealment
under § 727(a)(2)(A). Accordingly, the bankruptcy erred when it granted the Debtor summary
judgment on this issue. On the other hand, we find no error in the bankruptcy court’s conclusion that
the Debtor’s failure to answer questions regarding his income and employment and to bring the
requested documents to the state court debtor’s examination constituted concealment. The order
regarding the debtor’s examination only directed the Debtor to appear to testify regarding his
property and there was no court order requiring the production of documents. Under these facts, it
can not be said that the Debtor withheld information “required by law to be made known.”

B.     Did the Debtor Intend to Hinder, Delay or Defraud Buckeye?
       In addition to proving that the Debtor’s actions constitute concealment, Buckeye must show
that the Debtor’s act of concealment was done with the intent to hinder, delay, or defraud. In re
Keeney, 227 F.3d at 683 (requiring a subjective intent on the debtor’s part to hinder, delay, or
defraud a creditor); see also In re Craig, 195 B.R. at 448 (fourth element of test requires act of
concealment be done with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditor). To do so, Buckeye must
prove that the Debtor possessed an actual intent to deceive. Roberts v. Montgomery (In re
Montgomery), Adv. Pro. No. 05-3099, 2007 WL 625196, *2 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. Feb. 27, 2007)
(“Section 727(a)(2)(A) requires proof of actual fraudulent intent, as constructive fraud will not
suffice.”). Proving the requisite actual intent with direct evidence is difficult. However, intent may
be inferred through circumstantial evidence. In re Keeney, 227 F.3d at 684 (citing In re Snyder, 152
F.3d 596, 601 (7th Cir. 1998)).

                                                  -10-
       Courts must be cautious in determining issues that involve a person’s state of mind when
deciding a case at the summary judgment stage. Wilson v. Seiter, 893 F.2d 861, 866 (6th Cir. 1990),
vacated on other grounds, 501 U.S. 294, 111 S. Ct. 2321 (U.S. 1991). Cases involving state of mind
issues are not always inappropriate for summary judgment. Street v. J.C. Bradford & Co., 886 F.2d
1472, 1479 (6th Cir. 1989). However, “summary judgment is particularly inappropriate” when an
individual’s intent is at issue. Hoover v. Radabaugh, 307 F.3d 460, 467 (6th Cir. 2002) (quoting
Marohnic v. Walker, 800 F.2d 613, 617 (6th Cir. 1986)). Even where intent is at issue, “summary
judgment is appropriate if all reasonable inferences defeat the claims of one side . . . .” Gertsch v.
Johnson & Johnson, Fin. Corp. (In re Gertsch), 237 B.R. 160, 165 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1999) (quoting
Newman v. Checkrite Cal. Inc., 912 F. Supp. 1354, 1380 (E.D. Cal. 1995)). In this case, however,
as discussed below, all “reasonable inferences” do not necessarily “defeat the claims of one side.”
Because there is a genuine dispute as to the material issue of the Debtor’s intent, summary judgment
in favor of the Debtor was inappropriate.

       Buckeye asserts that circumstantial evidence established a “pattern of wrongful behavior”
on the part of the Debtor which demonstrated his actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud it.
Buckeye points specifically to the following actions: (1) the Debtor’s transfer of ownership of his
vehicle upon which Buckeye had caused a writ of execution to be issued; (2) the Debtor’s failure to
produce any documents at the debtor’s examination on May 20, 2003; (3) the Debtor’s refusal,
through his counsel’s objections and instructions, to answer questions at the examination regarding
his income and employment; (4) the Debtor’s failure to produce documents and reschedule his
examination after being ordered by the state court to do so; and (5) the Debtor’s change of
beneficiary on his life insurance policy to his current wife eight months after the state court debtor’s
examination. Buckeye argues that this conduct of the Debtor, when viewed together, leads to the
conclusion that the Debtor falsely testified regarding the life insurance policies with the requisite
intent to hinder, delay, or defraud Buckeye.

       The bankruptcy court found that the Debtor lacked fraudulent intent because he reasonably
relied on his counsel in refusing to answer questions concerning his income and employment, and
he ultimately disclosed the life insurance policies on his schedules filed on January 20, 2004. Each
time counsel for Buckeye asked the Debtor a question that could be construed as relating to income,
the Debtor’s counsel instructed him not to answer. Generally, reliance on counsel can show that the

                                                  -11-
Debtor lacked the requisite intent required to deny his discharge. First Beverly Bank v. Adeeb (In
re Adeeb), 787 F.2d 1339, 1343 (9th Cir. 1986). However, such reliance must be reasonable and in
good faith. Id.; United States v. Lindo, 18 F.3d 353, 356 (6th Cir. 1994); Spring Works, Inc. v. Sarff
(In re Sarff), 242 B.R. 620, 629 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2000); In re Colvin, 288 B.R. 477, 483 (Bankr. E.D.
Mich. 2003) (“[R]eliance on the advice of counsel can save a debtor from the consequences of
failing to disclose assets only when that reliance is reasonable and in good faith.”). Because the
examination did not require the Debtor to testify regarding income and employment, but rather
property only, the bankruptcy court’s conclusion that the Debtor’s reliance on his counsel’s advice
and instructions was reasonable and in good faith was not clearly erroneous.

       However, the Debtor’s subsequent disclosure of the life insurance policies on his schedules
did not simply undo his concealment of the policies at the examination. “[M]ere disclosure of
actions prohibited by Sec. 727(a)(2)(A) will not prevent denial of discharge.” March v. Sanders (In
re Sanders), 128 B.R. 963, 971 (Bankr. W.D. La. 1991) (citing Davis v. Davis (In re Davis), 911
F.2d 560 (11th Cir. 1990)); Matter of Smiley, 864 F.2d 562, 566 (7th Cir. 1989)).7 The examination
at which the Debtor gave the false answers regarding the life insurance policies took place in May
2003. He did not disclose the policies until January 2004, eight months later. Nevertheless, relying
on a decision of the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, the bankruptcy court found that, “[e]ven
if, arguendo, Debtor at one point concealed these assets, ‘. . . concealment may be undone simply
by disclosing the existence of the property . . . .’ In re Adeeb, 787 F.2d at 1345.” (Appellant’s App.
at 463.)

       In Adeeb, a debtor who was suffering financial difficulties and demands from creditors
transferred assets to friends for no consideration. Later, upon the advice of a bankruptcy attorney,
he began to retrieve the transferred assets and notify his creditors of what had transpired. Before he
completed the re-transfers and within one year of the original transfers, several of his creditors filed
an involuntary petition against him. The debtor then filed a voluntary petition, and several creditors
sought to bar his discharge pursuant to § 727(a)(2)(A). The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit


       7
         “A debtor who first foils creditors by secreting assets, and then repents, pits the fundamental
‘fresh start’ purpose of the Code, requiring liberal construction in favor of the debtor, against the
‘clean hands’ maxim.” Beauchamp v. Hoose (In re Beauchamp), 236 B.R. 727, 732 (B.A.P. 9th Cir.
1999) (citing Martin v. Bajgar (In re Bajgar), 104 F.3d 495, 498 n.1 (1st Cir. 1997)).

                                                  -12-
interpreted the term “transfer” in § 727(a)(2) to “mean transferred and remained transferred”
because, they concluded, Congress intended to deny discharge only to debtors who try to keep assets
hidden “until after they obtain their discharge in bankruptcy.” In re Adeeb, 787 F.2d at 1344-45.
Treating the debtor as the subject of an involuntary petition because the bankruptcy process was
begun by the involuntary petition, the court granted the debtor a discharge. Id. at 1346.

       The Adeeb court further held that its conclusion was consistent with cases, interpreting
concealed as used in § 727(a)(2)(A), which state that a “‘debtor who fully discloses his property
transactions at the first meeting of creditors is not fraudulently concealing property from his
creditors.’” Id. at 1345 (quoting Pohl Constr. Co. v. Waddle (In re Waddle), 29 B.R. 100, 103
(Bankr. W.D. Ky. 1983), and 4 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 727.02[6][b] (15th ed. 1985)). The court
then concluded by stating that “[a]lthough a concealment may be undone simply by disclosing the
existence of the property, disclosure does not undo a transfer. However, a transfer may be undone
by recovering the property.” Id. at 1345.

       The Adeeb court’s statement that concealment may be undone simply by disclosing the
existence of the property is questionable at best and, at a minimum, not applicable here. See, e.g.,
Village of San Jose v. McWilliams, 284 F.3d 785, 792 (7th Cir. 2002) (“Adeeb, as other courts have
concluded, appears to contravene the plain language of the Code. . . . Adeeb’s holding was limited
to involuntary petitions, and any commentary on voluntary petitions was dicta.”); Beauchamp v.
Hoose (In re Beauchamp), 236 B.R. 727, 734 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1999) (“None of [the cases cited by
Adeeb] holds that disclosure of secreted assets at or before the § 341 meeting precludes finding intent
to hinder, delay or defraud, and we will not extend Adeeb so far.”).8 Therefore, the Debtor’s
subsequent disclosure of the assets on his schedules eight months after he falsely denied their


       8
          As noted by the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Ninth Circuit in Beauchamp, the
authorities cited by Adeeb for the proposition that concealment can be undone by disclosure do not
so hold. The court in Waddle “mentioned in passing that a debtor might avoid the penalty of
[§ 727(a)] by reporting concealed assets at the meeting of creditors: at most, dicta of insignificant
moment. See Waddle, 29 B.R. at 103.” In re Beauchamp, 236 B.R. at 733. Additionally, in the two
cases cited by both Waddle and the edition of Collier cited by Adeeb for this proposition, the courts
found no fraudulent transfer of property belonging to the estate. Id. (citing Barrett v. Doody (In re
Doody), 92 F.2d 653 (7th Cir. 1937), and Thompson v. Eck, 149 F.2d 631 (2nd Cir. 1945)). Finally,
the revised edition of Collier no longer contains the text referenced by Adeeb. Id. (citing 6 L. King,
Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 727.02, at 727-13 to 727-26.1 (15th ed. rev. 1998)).

                                                 -13-
existence at the examination under oath does not undo the concealment and does not prevent an
inference of intent.

       The Debtor asserts that he was unsure of the status of the life insurance policies at the time
of the examination and was confused by the questions of counsel, the numerous objections, and the
tone of the questioning of Buckeye’s attorney. He offered an affidavit in support of his motion for
summary judgment that states, in pertinent part:
       9. I appeared at a May 20, 2003 debtor exam represented by Attorney Walker. It is
       my understanding that Buckeye’s Attorney requested numerous documents in a May
       9, 2003 letter to be produced at the debtor’s exam which I was unable to produce at
       that time. The debtor’s exam was to be rescheduled to my understanding, after I
       testified to what was available at the time for approximately 3 hours.
       10. Attorney Walker, my counsel, objected to various questions at the debtor’s exam
       as they related to income in his viewpoint and not property of mine. A copy of the
       order for debtor’s exam indicated I should testify as to property but said nothing
       about testifying as to income is attached.
       11. I testified that I did not receive life insurance proceeds from the passing of my
       ex-wife Deborah, as I did not, the policy in questions [sic] being a Last Survivor
       Policy which was rolled over into my name. I was unsure of the status of the policy
       and Last Survivor feature at said time and was confused by the questions, especially
       in light of the numerous objections and the tone of the questioning of Buckeye’s
       attorney.9
(Appellee’s App. at 33.)

       The summary judgment record contradicts the Debtor’s self-serving affidavit. The Debtor
testified at the Rule 2004 examination on August 23, 2004, that on July 26, 2002, he chose to receive
the proceeds of his late wife’s life insurance policy through the purchase of an annuity with 60
monthly installments and that he began receiving payments shortly thereafter which he used to pay
living expenses. (Appellant’s App. at 331-32, 337.) The fact that the Debtor had been receiving
monthly annuity payments for ten months prior to his May 2003 state court examination belies his
claim that he was simply confused at the examination. Additionally, the Debtor’s own life insurance
policy had a substantial cash value and death benefit. It is difficult to believe that he was unsure of


       9
         While there were numerous intervening objections and exchanges between counsel, the
questions at issue were straightforward. “Q. Did you receive the proceeds of that life insurance
policy? A. No.” (Appellant’s App. at 91-92.) “Q. You don’t have any life insurance policies on
your own life at this time? A. No.” (Appellant’s App. at 103.)

                                                 -14-
the status of a policy with an approximate $500,000 death benefit and an approximate $45,000 to
$60,000 cash value.

       Construing this evidence in the light most favorable to Buckeye and drawing all reasonable
inferences in its favor in the context of ruling on the Debtor’s summary judgment motion creates a
genuine issue of material fact as to whether the Debtor had the requisite intent to hinder, delay, or
defraud. Therefore, the bankruptcy court’s order granting the Debtor’s motion for summary
judgment is reversed and remanded for a trial on the issue of intent.

                                       V. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the bankruptcy court’s order, to the extent it granted summary
judgment in favor of the Debtor, is REVERSED and REMANDED.




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