                                  COURT OF APPEALS
                               EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                    EL PASO, TEXAS


 TENET HOSPITALS LIMITED d/b/a                  §
 SIERRA MEDICAL CENTER,                                         No. 08-14-00181-CV
                                                §
                             Appellant,                            Appeal from the
                                                §
 v.                                                         120th Judicial District Court
                                                §
 SANDRA BERNAL, Individually and as                           of El Paso County, Texas
 Independent Administrator of the Estate of     §
 Margarita G. Medrano, Deceased,                                (TC#2013DCV3968)
 CAROLINA HERNANDEZ, CARLOS M.                  §
 MEDRANO, MARIA MAGDALENA
 ALEXUS, RAUL MEDRANO AND                       §
 MARIA V. TELLEZ,
                                                 §
                             Appellees.
                                          OPINION

       This case involves a health care liability claim subject to the Texas Medical Liability Act.

See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 74.001-.507. Sandra Bernal and the other plaintiffs

sued Tenet Hospitals Limited d/b/a Sierra Medical Center (Tenet) and others over the death of

Margarita Medrano. The trial court denied Tenet’s challenge to the preliminary expert reports

served by the plaintiffs. The issue in this interlocutory appeal is the adequacy of those expert

reports. We reverse and remand.
                                               BACKGROUND1

         On August 26, 2011, Dr. Hector Flores performed surgery at Sierra Medical Center to

repair the mitral valve in Margarita Medrano’s heart. During the course of the procedure, a

Swan-Ganz catheter was placed in Medrano’s left subclavian vein.

         Two days later, two Tenet nurses unsuccessfully and repeatedly pulled on the catheter in an

attempt to remove it from Medrano. Medrano’s daughter observed Medrano screaming in pain

during the attempts.         Dr. Flores subsequently examined Medrano and also unsuccessfully

attempted to remove the catheter. After Medrano underwent imaging, Dr. Flores determined that

another surgery was necessary for the controlled removal of the catheter.

         The next day, August 29, Dr. Flores performed surgery to remove the catheter, which, it

was discovered, had been inadvertently sutured in place during the first surgery. Plaintiffs allege

that during the second surgery, the anesthesiologist, Dr. James B. Boone, prematurely pulled on

the stitched catheter and tore Medrano’s heart, which when coupled with the ensuing negligence of

Dr. Flores in reaction to the crisis, resulted in hemorrhage and multi-organ failure, leaving

Medrano in critical condition.

         On September 1, Dr. Robert Santoscoy performed a third surgery on Medrano to repair her

torn superior vena cava. The surgery was deemed “technically successful.” However, Medrano

died two and one-half months’ later, allegedly due to complications arising from the August 29

surgery.

         Plaintiffs brought both wrongful death and survival claims arising from Medrano’s death.

Plaintiffs sued Dr. Flores, Dr. Santoscoy, and Tenet, but not the anesthesiologist, Dr. Boone.

1
  We take this background information from the petition and the expert reports in issue, noting that the factual claims
have not yet been proven.

                                                          2
Plaintiffs alleged that Tenet was vicariously liable for the negligence of Dr. Boone under the

theory of ostensible agency and vicariously liable for the negligence of its nurses under the

doctrine of respondeat superior.

        As required by Chapter 74 of the Texas Civil Practices and Remedies Code, plaintiffs

served the expert reports of: (1) Dr. Thomas Jay Berger, who addressed the wrongful death

claims arising from the alleged negligence of Dr. Flores and the anesthesiologist Dr. Boone; and

(2) Nurse Elisabeth Ridgely, who addressed the survival claims for Medrano’s pain arising from

the actions of the Tenet nurses in their attempted removal of the Swan-Ganz catheter. See TEX.

CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(a), (b) (West Supp. 2015). Tenet objected to the expert

reports and sought the dismissal of plaintiffs’ claims against it. Tenet contended in part that

Nurse Ridgely’s report could not support plaintiffs’ survival claims because she could not opine as

to causation. Tenet contended in part that Dr. Berger’s report could not support plaintiffs’

wrongful death claims because his report did not mention the hospital or implicate its behavior.

The trial court denied Tenet’s motion to dismiss.2

                                                 DISCUSSION

                                TMLA Requirements for Expert Reports

        A plaintiff asserting a health care liability claim must serve an expert report “for each

physician or health care provider against whom a liability claim is asserted.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. &

REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(a). A valid expert report under the TMLA must provide: (1) a fair

summary of the applicable standards of care; (2) the manner in which the physician or health care

provider failed to meet those standards; and (3) the causal relationship between the failure and the


2
  The trial court also denied Dr. Flores’s motion to dismiss, but granted Dr. Santoscoy’s motion and dismissed the
claims against him.
                                                         3
harm alleged. TTHR Ltd. Partnership v. Moreno, 401 S.W.3d 41, 44 (Tex. 2013); TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(r)(6). The report serves two functions. First, it must inform

the defendant of the specific conduct the plaintiff has called into question, and second, the report

must provide a basis for the trial court to conclude that the claims have merit. Certified EMS, Inc.

v. Potts, 392 S.W.3d 625, 630 (Tex. 2013) (citing Am. Transitional Care Ctrs. of Tex., Inc. v.

Palacios, 46 S.W.3d 873, 879 (Tex. 2001)).

       A challenge to the sufficiency of a report must be sustained if the report does not represent

an objective good faith effort to comply with the statutory requirements. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

CODE ANN. § 74.351(l). A report is a good faith effort if it (1) provides adequate information to

“inform the defendant of the specific conduct the plaintiff has called into question,” (2) provides “a

basis for the trial court to conclude that the claims have merit,” and (3) “does not contain a material

deficiency.” Van Ness v. ETMC First Physicians, 461 S.W.3d 140, 141-42 (Tex. 2015) (per

curiam) (quoting Bowie Mem’l Hosp. v. Wright, 79 S.W.3d 48, 52 (Tex. 2002) (per curiam), and

Samlowski v. Wooten, 332 S.W.3d 404, 410 (Tex. 2011)).

                                        Standard of Review

       A trial court’s ruling on the sufficiency of an expert’s report is reviewed for abuse of

discretion. Van Ness, 461 S.W.3d at 142; Rosemond v. Al–Lahiq, 331 S.W.3d 764, 766 (Tex.

2011); Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 877. Under that standard, appellate courts defer to the trial court’s

factual determinations if they are supported by evidence, but review its legal determinations de

novo. Van Ness, 461 S.W.3d at 142; see Stockton v. Offenbach, 336 S.W.3d 610, 615 (Tex.

2011). A trial court abuses its discretion if it rules without reference to guiding rules or

principles. Van Ness, 461 S.W.3d at 142; Samlowski, 332 S.W.3d at 410.


                                                  4
                                      Nurse Ridgely’s Report

       The parties agree that Nurse Ridgely’s report was served to support plaintiffs’ survival

claims for the pain Medrano suffered when the Tenet nurses attempted to remove the catheter two

days after Medrano’s initial surgery. Tenet contends in part that Nurse Ridgely was not qualified

to opine as to causation. Plaintiffs recognize that a nurse is not qualified to opine on medical

causation. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351(r)(5)(C) (restricting opinions on

causation to physicians); Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Barajas, 451 S.W.3d 535, 547 (Tex.App. – El

Paso 2014, no pet.); Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Boada, 304 S.W.3d 528, 543 (Tex.App. – El Paso

2009, pet. denied) (finding nurse unqualified to provide expert opinion on causation); Costello v.

Christus Santa Rosa Health Care Corp., 141 S.W.3d 245, 248 (Tex.App. – San Antonio 2004, no

pet.) (a registered nurse is not qualified to express expert opinion as to causation).

       Plaintiffs argue that no expert opinion was needed on causation. They contend the causal

relationship between the nurses’ persistent pulling on the lodged catheter and the resulting pain is

apparent and can be provided by lay testimony. In this regard, plaintiffs rely on the common-law

rule that while expert testimony is usually required in medical malpractice cases, lay testimony can

establish causation “in those cases in which general experience and common sense will enable a

layman to determine, with reasonable probability, the causal relationship between the event and

the condition.”    Jelinek v. Casas, 328 S.W.3d 526, 533 (Tex. 2010) (quoting Morgan v.

Compugraphic Corp., 675 S.W.2d 729, 733 (Tex. 1984)).

       Plaintiffs’ reliance on Jelinek is misplaced. The Supreme Court’s discussion of lay

testimony of causation in Jelinek was made in the context of reviewing a jury’s verdict, not in




                                                  5
reviewing a pre-trial expert report required under the TMLA.3 Id. at 533-34. Under the TMLA,

the basic requirements for what an expert report must contain are dictated by the statute, not by the

common law. The TMLA expressly provides that an expert report address not only the applicable

standard of care and the breach of those standards, but also “the causal relationship between that

failure and the injury, harm, or damages claimed.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §

74.351(r)(6). Because the statute is clear that an expert report must address causation, we cannot

ignore that requirement simply because lay testimony may sometimes be deemed sufficient to

establish causation under the common law. See Union Carbide Corp. v. Synatzske, 438 S.W.3d

39, 65 (Tex. 2014) (“We cannot ignore a statute’s unambiguous language unless its meaning is so

unreasonable that it ‘would lead to absurd results.’”).

        Further, it is questionable whether lay testimony could establish that the nurses’ alleged

persistent pulling on the catheter caused Medrano “additional pain and suffering.” See Jelinek,

328 S.W.3d at 533 (noting that the issue in that medical malpractice case was whether the

hospital’s negligence caused plaintiff “additional pain and suffering”). Even proper medical

treatment often causes pain. Any recovery for pain and suffering in a medical malpractice case is

limited to the additional pain and suffering caused by the improper medical treatment; recovery is

not allowed for the normal pain that would have been experienced as part of proper treatment. It

is possible that even the proper removal of a catheter several days after its insertion could cause

pain, even considerable pain. Whether a patient may have experienced additional pain and

suffering from improper removal is not, we believe, within “the general experience and common

sense of laypersons.” See id. at 534.

3
 Ultimately in Jelinek, the Supreme Court held that the lay opinion testimony could not support a finding that the
hospital’s negligence caused the plaintiff additional pain and suffering. 328 S.W.3d at 534.

                                                         6
          Plaintiffs also argue that Dr. Berger’s report supplied the casual basis for the resultant

pain. 4    In particular, plaintiffs note that Dr. Berger indicated that the catheter had been

inadvertently stitched in place and that Dr. Boone’s pulling on it severed Medrano’s heart muscle.

But, Dr. Berger only mentions that the nurses attempted to remove the catheter, met resistance, and

notified Dr. Flores. Nowhere does Dr. Berger criticize the actions of the nurses, nor does he state

that their actions caused Medrano additional pain. Dr. Berger’s opinions on causation relate

solely to the actions of Dr. Boone and Dr. Flores during the August 29 surgery to remove the

catheter, which occurred the day after the nurses attempted removal. Essentially, plaintiffs are

asking us to infer a causal link from Dr. Berger’s report. But, we cannot infer causation either by

filling in missing gaps or by guessing what an expert likely meant or intended. Tenet Hospitals,

Ltd. v. Garcia, 462 S.W.3d 299, 310 (Tex.App. – El Paso 2015, no pet.) (citing Bowie Mem’l

Hosp. v. Wright, 79 S.W.3d 48, 53 (Tex. 2002)); Castillo v. August, 248 S.W.3d 874, 883

(Tex.App. – El Paso 2008, no pet.).

          A report does not constitute a good faith effort if it omits any of the statutory requirements.

Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 879; Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Boada, 304 S.W.3d 528, 543 (Tex.App. – El

Paso 2009, pet. denied). Because Nurse Ridgely could not provide an opinion on causation

concerning the nurses’ actions, and because Dr. Berger did not provide that opinion, plaintiffs have

failed to present any expert opinion on causation to support their survival claims against Tenet.5



4
  Expert reports can be considered together in determining whether the plaintiff in a health care liability claim has
provided adequate expert opinion regarding the standard of care, breach, and causation. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.
CODE ANN. § 74.351(i); Salais v. Texas Dep’t of Aging & Disability Servs., 323 S.W.3d 527, 534 (Tex.App. – Waco
2010, pet. denied); Walgreen Co. v. Hieger, 243 S.W.3d 183, 186 n.2 (Tex.App. – Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet.
denied).
5
  We do not reach Tenet’s contention that Nurse Ridgely’s report contained unsupported assumptions concerning the
training and qualification of the Tenet nurses.

                                                         7
        This does not necessarily mean that the plaintiffs’ survival claims fail, however. Plaintiffs

also alleged that Tenet was liable for Medrano’s death because Tenet was vicariously liable for the

actions of Dr. Boone in prematurely pulling on the catheter and tearing her heart muscle. When a

health care liability claim involves a vicarious liability theory, either alone or in combination with

other theories, and there is an expert report sufficient to support that vicarious liability theory, the

entire case may proceed. Certified EMS, Inc., 392 S.W.3d at 632; TTHR Ltd. Partnership, 401

S.W.3d at 44 (holding that because the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding the expert

report adequate as to the vicarious liability claim against the hospital based on the actions of the

doctors, plaintiff’s suit against the hospital, including her claim that the hospital was vicariously

liable for the actions of its nurses, could proceed). Thus, we proceed to address the adequacy of

Dr. Berger’s report concerning plaintiffs’ wrongful death claims of vicarious liability against

Tenet for the actions of Dr. Boone.

                                        Dr. Berger’s Report

        Tenet contends that Dr. Berger’s report cannot support plaintiffs’ wrongful death claims

against it because the report does not mention Tenet or implicate its behavior. Tenet concedes

that Dr. Berger’s report attributes Medrano’s wrongful death in part to the actions of Dr. Boone,

and that the plaintiffs alleged that Tenet was vicariously liable for the negligence of Dr. Boone

under the theory of ostensible agency. Tenet argues, however, that Dr. Berger’s expert report is

fatally deficient because it does not address vicarious liability and contains nothing to suggest that

Medrano had a reasonable belief Dr. Boone was Tenet’s agent or employee or that Tenet

affirmatively held out Dr. Boone as its agent or employee or knowingly permitted Dr. Boone to so

hold himself out. See Baptist Memorial Hosp. Sys. v. Sampson, 969 S.W.2d 945, 949 (Tex. 1998)


                                                   8
(to establish a hospital’s liability for an independent contractor’s medical malpractice based on

ostensible agency, a plaintiff must show that (1) he or she had a reasonable belief that the physician

was the agent or employee of the hospital, (2) such belief was generated by the hospital

affirmatively holding out the physician as its agent or employee or knowingly permitting the

physician to hold himself out as the hospital’s agent or employee, and (3) he or she justifiably

relied on the representation of authority).

        In this regard, Tenet relies on the Texas Supreme Court’s decision in In re McAllen

Medical Ctr., Inc., in which the Supreme Court indicated that an expert report subject to the

TMLA is required to address both the physician’s conduct and the hospital’s alleged vicarious

liability for that conduct:

        [T]he plaintiffs pleaded that Dr. Bracamontes was the hospital’s agent, and thus
        was vicariously liable for his negligence. This claim is viable only if the doctor
        was negligent, so it too is a health care liability claim and must be supported by an
        expert report. But nothing in [the expert’s] reports suggest the hospital controlled
        the details of his medical tasks (a requirement for hospital liability), and the
        plaintiffs do not argue otherwise on appeal.

275 S.W.3d 458, 463-64 (Tex. 2008) (orig. proceeding) (footnote omitted).

        On the other hand, plaintiffs rely on Gardner v. U.S. Imaging, Inc., in which – four months

after In re McAllen – the Supreme Court again addressed this issue, but this time indicated that

when the hospital’s negligence is purely vicarious, the expert report need only address the

underlying actions of its “agents or employees”:

        SADI6 additionally contends it was not served with an expert report because the
        report that was served does not mention SADI or implicate its behavior. The
        Gardners respond that because SADI’s alleged liability is purely vicarious in
        nature, the report as to Dr. Keszler was sufficient. To the extent the allegations
        against SADI are based upon respondeat superior, we agree with the Gardners.

6
  SADI was the facility where the physician, Dr. Keszler, had performed the lumbar epidural procedure the Gardners
alleged was negligent.
                                                        9
         When a party’s alleged health care liability is purely vicarious, a report that
         adequately implicates the actions of that party’s agents or employees is sufficient.

274 S.W.3d 669, 671-72 (Tex. 2008) (per curiam).

         Tenet argues that Gardner must be read narrowly, and that Gardner does not apply because

Tenet contested plaintiffs’ allegation that it was vicariously liable for Dr. Boone’s actions. Tenet

notes that there is no record in Gardner that SADI, the facility where the doctor performed the

procedure, contested the employment relationship underlying plaintiff’s vicarious liability claim.

We agree that neither the decision of the Supreme Court nor the decision of the court of appeals in

Gardner indicates that SADI was contesting its alleged employment relationship with the

negligent doctor. See Gardner, 274 S.W.3d at 669-72; U.S. Imaging, Inc. v. Gardner, 274

S.W.3d 693, 693-96 (Tex.App. – San Antonio Dec. 28, 2007) (mem. op.), rev’d, 274 S.W.3d 669

(Tex. 2008). SADI, however, filed both a response to the petition for review and a brief on the

merits in the Supreme Court, and both reveal that the facility was in fact contesting whether the

negligent doctor, Dr. Keszler, was its employee or agent. 7 Accordingly, we do not believe that

the Supreme Court intended the rule stated in Gardner to be applied only when the employment or

agency relationship is uncontested. See Southwest Gen. Hosp., L.P. v. Gomez, 357 S.W.3d 109,

114 (Tex.App. – San Antonio 2011, no pet.) (declining to interpret Gardner as limited solely to

allegations of respondeat superior, and as not encompassing other allegations of vicarious liability

such as ostensible agency). Accordingly, we conclude that the approach taken by the Supreme



7
  Both SADI’s response and brief argue that the plaintiff’s expert report “does not place any representative or
employee of SADI in Mr. Gardner's operating room at any time before, during, or after the procedure,” “does not
identify what role SADI had in Mr. Gardner's post-operative care,” and “does not provide any information linking” the
expert’s “conclusions to the conduct of SADI, as opposed to the conduct of Dr. Keszler[.]” SADI Response to
Petition for Review at 3; SADI Brief on Merits at 6-7. These documents are available on the Texas Supreme Court
website, www.txcourts.gov//supreme.aspx, Appeal No. 08-0268, Case Information, Appellate Briefs.

                                                         10
Court in Gardner is applicable here, and that Dr. Berger’s expert report was not required to address

Tenet’s vicarious liability to be deemed adequate under the TMLA.

        Our conclusion is informed in part by the Supreme Court’s subsequent decisions implicitly

recognizing the holding in Gardner, and the corresponding lack of Supreme Court decisions

applying the holding in In re McAllen that an expert report must address the plaintiff’s theory of

vicarious liability.

        For example, in Certified EMS, Inc. v. Potts, the plaintiff alleged both direct and vicarious

liability theories against the defendant. The Supreme Court concluded that the TMLA does not

require an expert report to address each liability theory pleaded against a defendant, and held that

the plaintiff secured “her right to have the entire case move forward,” because she “demonstrated

to the trial court that at least one of her alleged theories – vicarious liability – had expert support.”

392 S.W.3d at 631-32. In explaining why certain language in Gardner did not compel a contrary

conclusion, the Supreme Court again reiterated – as it had previously recognized in Gardner – that

“when a health care liability claim involves a vicarious liability theory, either alone or in

combination with other theories, an expert report that meets the statutory standards as to the

employee is sufficient to implicate the employer’s conduct under the vicarious theory.” Id. at

632.

        We recognize that in Certified EMS, Inc. the defendant had not challenged the adequacy of

the expert report as to its vicarious liability. Id. at 626. However, in a case decided less than two

months’ later, the defendant hospital did not concede that it was vicariously liable for the doctors’

actions. TTHR Ltd. Partnership v. Moreno, 401 S.W.3d 41, 44 n.4 (Tex. 2013). There, the

plaintiff alleged the hospital was liable because of its own direct negligence as well as its vicarious


                                                   11
liability for the negligence of its nurses and two doctors. Id. at 43. The Supreme Court did not

address the claims of direct liability or of the hospital’s vicarious liability for the nurses’

negligence, because under Certified EMS, Inc., the plaintiff’s claims could proceed if the reports

were adequate as to the hospital’s vicarious liability for the doctors’ actions. Id. at 45. The

Supreme Court determined that the plaintiff’s expert reports were adequate “as to the claim that

[the hospital] is vicariously liable for actions of the doctors” because the reports adequately

addressed the standard of care, breach, and causation as to the doctors. Id. at 44. In doing so, the

Supreme Court did not mention In re McAllen, nor did the Supreme Court apply McAllen’s

purported requirement that the expert report address the factual merits of the plaintiff’s theory of

vicarious liability. Rather, the Court analyzed the sufficiency of the expert reports only with

respect to the doctors’ actions.8 Id.

         Further, there is nothing in the record before us rebutting plaintiffs’ allegation that Dr.

Boone was acting as Tenet’s ostensible agent. In Loaisiga v. Cerda, 379 S.W.3d 248, 261 (Tex.

2012), the Supreme Court held that an expert may consider and assume the “validity of matters set

out in pleadings in the suit, absent a showing that the pleadings are groundless or in bad faith or

rebutted by evidence in the record.” We recognize that the Court in Loaisiga was holding only

that an expert must consider both the pleadings and the medical records in formulating his opinion,

and did not suggest that a merits-based evidentiary hearing as to liability was proper or necessary

when considering the adequacy of an expert report. But, assuming Loaisiga applies to allegations

of vicarious liability, Tenet has made no showing that plaintiffs’ pleading of ostensible agency is


8
  In TTHR Ltd. Partnership, the Supreme Court noted that the hospital had acknowledged that whether it could be
vicariously liable for the doctors’ actions “is not a question to be determined in this appeal.” Id. at 44, n.4. It can be
inferred that the reason the validity of the vicarious liability theory was not an issue to be determined in the appeal was
because the TMLA does not require an expert report to address the validity of a vicarious liability theory.
                                                           12
groundless or made in bad faith, or that there is other evidence in the record rebutting that

allegation. Accordingly, we conclude that Dr. Berger was not required to address Tenet’s

vicarious liability for the actions of Dr. Boone in order for his report to be adequate.

       We recognize Tenet’s concern that by the “artful pleading” of vicarious liability, a plaintiff

could avoid early dismissal and impermissibly prolong a medical malpractice case in

contravention of the TMLA’s purpose to summarily dispense with cases that are without merit.

But, there are other remedies already provided by Texas law to address allegations of vicarious

liability that are frivolous or made in bad faith. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§

9.001-.014 (West 2002) (providing for sanctions, including the striking of pleadings, when a

pleading is determined to be groundless and brought in bad faith); TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

ANN. §§ 10.001-.006 (West 2002) (providing for monetary sanctions when a pleading is filed

without evidentiary support or is unlikely to have such support after reasonable discovery); TEX.

R. CIV. P. 13 (providing for an appropriate sanction under Rule 215 for pleadings brought in bad

faith or that are groundless and brought for purposes of harassment), TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a

(providing for the dismissal of causes of action having no basis in law or fact).

       In fact, Tenet filed special exceptions to plaintiffs’ allegations that it was vicariously liable

for Dr. Boone’s negligence under the theory of ostensible agency. The record does not reflect

whether Tenet presented those exceptions to the trial court. But, we note that had those special

exceptions been sustained by the court, and plaintiffs failed to amend after being given an

opportunity to replead, their wrongful death claims may have been subject to dismissal for failure

to state a claim. See Massey v. Armco Steel Co., 652 S.W.2d 932, 934 (Tex. 1983); Texas Dep’t of

Corr. v. Herring, 513 S.W.2d 6, 9-10 (Tex. 1974); Amador v. Tan, 855 S.W.2d 131, 133 (Tex.App.


                                                  13
– El Paso 1993, writ denied). Further, a no-evidence motion for summary judgment is available

for a determination on the merits whether plaintiffs have any factual basis for their allegation of

ostensible agency. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i).

       Tenet also contends that Dr. Berger’s report was conclusory as to causation and contained

an analytical gap in tying the alleged negligence occurring in the August 29 surgery with

Medrano’s death two and one-half months’ later. Dr. Berger’s report states that Dr. Boone’s

premature attempt to remove the catheter proximately caused a massive hemorrhage when the

stitch holding the catheter tore through the superior-vena-cava/right-atrium junction, and

proximately caused “subsequent sequellae of the hemorrhage including shock, multiorgan system

failure and death.” Dr. Berger explains how Dr. Flores’s actions in spending almost an hour

attempting to repair the tear without cardiopulmonary bypass caused Medrano to experience

further low blood pressure and anoxic injury to her organs. And, Dr. Berger addresses how Dr.

Flores’s failure to cannulate in such a way to permit an accurate and safe repair of the tear led to a

complete obstruction to the superior vena cava and SVC syndrome, which required Medrano’s

third surgery by Dr. Santoscoy to repair her SVC. Dr. Berger’s report states that although Dr.

Santoscoy’s procedure “was technically successful, Ms. Medrano continued to deteriorate and

died on 11/16/11.” The report concludes that: “Each of the above deviations was a proximate

cause of Ms. Medrano’s death.” We agree with Tenet that Dr. Berger’s report is deficient as to

causation, in particular because it does not adequately explain how the conditions arising from the

August 29 surgery caused Medrano’s death two and one-half months’ later.

       We faced a similar situation in Clapp v. Perez, 394 S.W.3d 254 (Tex.App. – El Paso 2012,

no pet.). In that case, Dr. Clapp performed gastric bypass surgery on Perez who subsequently


                                                 14
developed an intestinal obstruction that required Dr. Clapp to perform emergency surgery three

days later. Id. at 257. During emergency surgery, Perez aspirated when Dr. Gagot induced

anesthesia. Id. Thereafter, Perez was admitted to the ICU, where she remained in critical

condition until her death two weeks later. Id. The amended expert report described the causal

relationship between doctors’ negligence and Perez’s death as follows: “[Placing a nasal-gastric

tube prior to the emergency surgery] would have emptied the stomach (gastric gland) of its

contents and prevented the aspiration that did eventually occur and led to aspiration pneumonia,

prolonged intubation with ARDS, multi-organ failure and then death of Mrs. Perez.” Id. at 261.

We concluded the report did not adequately link Perez’s death to the failure to insert the

nasal-gastric tube that had occurred two weeks earlier. Id. at 262. We dismissed the claims

against Dr. Clapp in part because of this deficiency. We did not consider, however, whether the

plaintiffs were entitled to an opportunity to cure because the expert’s initial report had been

stricken and the trial court had already granted plaintiffs a thirty-day extension of time to file the

amended report. Id. at 257 n.1, 262.

       In the present case, however, the plaintiffs have not been given an opportunity to cure any

deficiencies in Dr. Berger’s report. In Gardner, the expert report stated only that the plaintiff’s

meningitis and hearing loss were “directly related” to the lumbar epidural procedure. Gardner,

274 S.W.3d at 695-96. The court of appeals found the report conclusory as to causation and

reversed and remanded for dismissal and an award of attorney’s fees to defendants. Id. at 696.

The Supreme Court, however, concluded that the report, while deficient, was not “so deficient as

to constitute no report at all,” and concluded that the court of appeals should have remanded the




                                                 15
suit to the trial court to consider granting a thirty-day extension to cure. Gardner, 274 S.W.3d at

671.

         Likewise, while Dr. Berger’s report is deficient as to causation, it is not so deficient as to

constitute no report at all. Accordingly, we remand this case to the trial court to consider granting

a thirty-day extension to cure.9 See Scoresby v. Santillan, 346 S.W.3d 546, 549, 557 (Tex. 2011)

(the standard for granting a thirty-day extension to cure a deficient report is lenient and is available

as long as the report contains a statement of opinion by an individual with expertise indicating that

the claim asserted by the plaintiff against the defendant has merit). In doing so, we note that the

trial court “should be lenient in granting thirty-day extensions and must do so if deficiencies in an

expert report can be cured within the thirty-day period.” Id. at 554.

                                                 CONCLUSION

         We reverse the trial court’s order denying Tenet’s motion to dismiss and remand for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.


                                                       ________________________________________
                                                       STEVEN L. HUGHES, Justice
November 18, 2015

Before Rodriguez, J., Hughes, J., and Larsen, J. (Senior Judge)
Larsen, J. (Senior Judge), sitting by assignment




9
  Tenet also contends that Dr. Berger’s qualifications were “stale” and he was not qualified to establish the standard of
care for the anesthesiologist, Dr. Boone, and that Dr. Berger’s report was speculative and conclusory as to breach.
We do not address these deficiencies because they would also be subject to a cure on remand. See Gardner, 274
S.W.3d at 671 n.2 (where the Supreme Court declined to address the alleged deficiency concerning the expert’s
qualifications because that deficiency could also be cured on remand); see also Scoresby, 346 S.W.3d at 549 (“An
individual’s lack of relevant qualifications and an opinion’s inadequacies are deficiencies the plaintiff should be given
an opportunity to cure if it is possible to do so.”).
                                                          16
