                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 11a0613n.06

                                     Nos. 10-1008, 10-1071

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


                                                                             FILED
HARRY PARTRICH; RICHARD G.                       )
PARTRICH, as the personal representative of      )                      Aug 24, 2011
the Estate of Harry Partrich,                    )                LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                                                 )
       Plaintiffs-Appellants/Cross-Appellees,    )
                                                 )
v.                                               )   ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                 )   STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
DONNA FARBER,                                    )   EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                                 )
       Defendant-Appellee,                       )
                                                 )
STEVEN SOFFERIN,                                 )
                                                 )
       Defendant-Appellee/Cross-Appellant.       )



       Before: BOGGS, GILMAN, and COOK, Circuit Judges.


       COOK, Circuit Judge. After prevailing in a nasty probate dispute, Harry Partrich sued his

stepchildren (the “children”) for malicious prosecution and abuse of process. The district court

dismissed the malicious-prosecution claim for failure to plead special injury and later granted the

children summary judgment on the abuse-of-process claim. We affirm.


                                                I.
Nos. 10-1008, 10-1071
Partrich v. Farber


        Joan Partrich died intestate. At the time of her death, she and her husband, Harry Partrich,

jointly owned a right-of-survivorship bank account with a balance of about $350,000. After Joan

died, Partrich fought extensively with Joan’s children, Donna Farber and Steven Sofferin, over how

to divide Joan’s property, with Partrich insisting that the children had no right to a monetary

inheritance.


        After Joan’s funeral, Farber and Sofferin petitioned to probate Joan’s estate. They initially

did not challenge Partrich’s interest in the estate, but instead represented that they intended to pursue

a medical-malpractice claim against Joan’s doctors. Partrich forwarded Joan’s medical records to

the children, who never did file a malpractice suit.


        Partrich eventually asked the probate court to close the estate. This prompted the children

to issue Partrich an ultimatum: either he pay them $175,000 or they would object to closing the

estate on the ground that the estate had a wrongful-death claim against him because he withheld

medical care near the end of Joan’s life. When Partrich refused to pay them, the children filed their

objections.


        Partrich’s refusal did not dissuade the children. They reiterated their demand for $175,000

and advised Partrich that if the parties could not negotiate a settlement, they would petition the court

to revoke his interest in Joan’s estate, pursuant to Michigan’s slayer statute, on the theory that he

killed her by withholding medical care. Partrich again refused; the children again followed through,

this time filing a Petition to Revoke Benefits.

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Partrich v. Farber


        The probate court, unimpressed by the children’s slayer-statute allegation, dismissed their

objections and their Petition to Revoke Benefits; sanctioned Farber, Sofferin, and their attorney for

failing to conduct a reasonable inquiry into existing law before invoking the slayer statute; and

closed Joan’s estate.


        Partrich, humiliated, sued Farber and Sofferin for malicious prosecution and abuse of

process. The district court dismissed the malicious-prosecution claim and later granted the children

summary judgment on the abuse-of-process claim. Patrich appeals both losses; Sofferin appeals the

denial of his motion to dismiss the latter claim.


                                                    II.


                                                    A.


        We review de novo the dismissal of Partrich’s malicious-prosecution claim under Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), see Louisville/Jefferson Cnty. Metro Gov’t v. Hotels.com, L.P., 590

F.3d 381, 384 (6th Cir. 2009), asking whether the complaint “contain[s] sufficient factual matter,

accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face,” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct.

1937, 1949 (2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).


        For a malicious-prosecution claim to survive a motion to dismiss, a plaintiff must allege,

among other things, special injury. Friedman v. Dozorc, 312 N.W.2d 585, 600 (Mich. 1981). The

district court held that Partrich failed to plead special injury, and we agree.

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Partrich v. Farber


         The Michigan courts recognize three types of special injury: injury to fame, to property, and

to person or liberty. See, e.g., Barnard v. Hartman, 344 N.W.2d 53, 54 (Mich. Ct. App. 1983).

Partrich contends that his allegations satisfy the first and second types. His complaint alleges that

the children’s slayer-statute objection (1) damaged his personal reputation and (2) interfered with

his property rights in his wife’s estate. Partrich’s alleged “injuries,” however, do not suffice.


                                                  1.


         Partrich first asserts that the children, by filing the slayer-statute objection, injured his

personal reputation because they accused him of murdering his wife.


         Injury to fame or reputation satisfies the special-injury requirement only if it constitutes

“unusual hardship,” which means that “the injury is of a kind not ordinarily resulting from similar

causes.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). For example, a court reporter suffered

no unusual hardship when she was accused of intentionally preparing a false and misleading

transcript because that type of allegation would ordinarily mar a court reporter’s reputation. Id. at

53–55.


         So, too, here. Partrich’s alleged injury—damage to his personal reputation when the children

falsely accused him of murdering his wife—is the kind that normally flows from a slayer-statute

allegation because Michigan’s law divests a joint tenant of his right of survivorship only when he

“felonious[ly] and intentional[ly]” kills the deceased. See Mich. Comp. Laws § 700.2803(2)(b). In


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Nos. 10-1008, 10-1071
Partrich v. Farber


addition, the probate court remedied any reputational damage when it overruled the children’s

objections, dismissed their Petition to Revoke Benefits, and imposed sanctions. See Barnard, 344

N.W.2d at 54 (“When the action is tried in public, [plaintiff’s] fair fame will be cleared, if it deserves

to be cleared . . . .” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).


        Partrich attempts to distinguish his case on two grounds, but to no avail. He first contends

that, unlike Barnard’s court reporter, he suffered damage to his personal, rather than professional,

reputation. But this distinction misses the point: Partrich alleges an injury that ordinarily results

when a party invokes the slayer statute, thus removing it from the special-injury category. See id.


        Second, Partrich claims that the scandalous nature of the children’s accusation elevates his

injury to an unusual hardship. This argument rests entirely upon one historical observation by the

Michigan Supreme Court: that in England, in 1698, “injury to one’s fame (as by a scandalous

allegation)” would support a malicious-prosecution action. Friedman, 312 N.W.2d at 596.

Unfortunately, neither Friedman nor any other case elaborates on this scandalous-allegation

statement or explains what constitutes a sufficiently scandalous allegation. Yet nothing that Partrich

cites allows him to circumvent the requirement that he allege an injury “not ordinarily resulting from

similar causes,” Barnard, 344 N.W.2d at 54 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)—which

he fails to do.




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Nos. 10-1008, 10-1071
Partrich v. Farber


                                                  2.


       Partrich next asserts that the children constructively seized his property when they invoked

the slayer statute because “[he] was legally barred from alienating” the money in the bank account

until the probate court fully adjudicated the children’s claim.


       A “technical or constructive seizure of property” satisfies Michigan’s special-injury

requirement. Friedman, 312 N.W.2d at 597. In Brand v. Hinchman, for example, the court found

a “technical taking and possession”—and thus a special injury—where officers entered a store to

execute a writ of attachment on the merchant’s goods and prevented the merchant from selling

anything in his store. 36 N.W. 664, 667 (Mich. 1888). In contrast, no special injury exists if the

defendant’s use of civil proceedings does not cause any limitation on alienation. See Kauffman v.

Shefman, 426 N.W.2d 819, 822–23 (Mich. Ct. App. 1988) (holding that the filing of a lis pendens

causes no special injury because the owner may still convey the property).


       Contrary to Partrich’s assertions, the children’s slayer-statute allegation did not lead to a

“technical taking” of his property because nothing prevented him from spending—i.e., alienating—

Joan’s share of the $350,000. When Joan died, her interest in the couple’s joint-tenancy account

devolved to Partrich, entitling him to all the money in the account. See Mich. Comp. Laws §§

700.1105(e), 700.6101(1)(c). Though the children later advocated for severing the joint tenancy, see

id. § 700.2803(2)(b), they did not ask the court to prevent Partrich from using the money while they

litigated the slayer-statute claim. Because no temporary injunction prohibited alienation of the funds,

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Nos. 10-1008, 10-1071
Partrich v. Farber


Partrich instead claims that the children’s mere allegation of murder legally barred any use. But he

cites no authority supporting his position. Moreover, the slayer statute itself suggests just the

opposite: even if the probate court had found him a killer, Partrich could have validly transferred

the money—before or after the court declared the severance—to anyone who relied in good faith on

his apparent title by survivorship. See id. § 700.2803(3). Nothing, therefore, prohibited him from

spending the money during the pendency of the probate proceedings.


                                                  B.


       We also review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment to the children on

the abuse-of-process claim. See Pluck v. BP Oil Pipeline Co., 640 F.3d 671, 676 (6th Cir. 2011).

We must affirm if, viewing the facts in Partrich’s favor, see id., the children “show[ed] that there is

no genuine dispute as to any material fact and [they are] entitled to judgment as a matter of law,” see

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).


       To recover on an abuse-of-process claim, a plaintiff must show “(1) an ulterior purpose and

(2) an act in the use of process which is improper in the regular prosecution of the proceeding.”

Friedman, 312 N.W.2d at 594. The district court, finding the children’s settlement demands

consistent with the regular use of probate proceedings, held that Partrich failed to establish the

second element: an improper use of process. We agree.




                                                 -7-
Nos. 10-1008, 10-1071
Partrich v. Farber


        A settlement offer becomes an improper use of process where the offer seeks “more than

objectives commonly sought by claimants who initiate [similar] lawsuits.” Young v. Motor City

Apartments Ltd. Dividend Hous. Ass’n No. 1 & No. 2, 350 N.W.2d 790, 795 (Mich. Ct. App. 1984).

In such a case, a claimant’s demand perverts the regular process because his or her true objective is

merely “collateral to [the suit’s] proper purpose.” Three Lakes Ass’n v. Whiting, 255 N.W.2d 686,

690–91 (Mich. Ct. App. 1977). In Three Lakes, for example, a corporation sought tort damages from

a nonprofit for obstructing the corporation’s condo project. Id. at 687–88. The corporation offered

to drop the suit if the nonprofit ended all of its opposition to the project, both legal and illegal. Id.

at 690. When the nonprofit later sued the corporation for abuse of process, the court found the

settlement demand collateral to the purpose of the tort suit—and thus to be an improper use of

process—because the corporation asked the nonprofit to end even legal opposition to the project.

Id. at 690–91.


        Here, in contrast to Three Lakes, the children’s settlement offer fully comports with the relief

they sought through probate. If the children’s slayer-statute allegation had succeeded, Joan’s estate

would have passed to them as her intestate heirs. See Mich. Comp. Laws § 700.2103(a). And the

children’s settlement demand—$175,000—roughly equates to the value of that estate. Their offer

thus “depict[s] nothing inconsistent with the zealous representation of claims that is inherent in our

adversary system.” Young, 350 N.W.2d at 795.




                                                  -8-
Nos. 10-1008, 10-1071
Partrich v. Farber


        Partrich nevertheless contends that the probate court’s inability to award the children cash

renders their settlement demand collateral to the proper purpose of their objections and the Petition

to Revoke Benefits—i.e., an order declaring him a “killer” and instructing him to transfer the assets

to Joan’s estate. But this argument elevates form over substance. Joan’s estate consisted primarily

of cash; the children demanded a sum roughly equivalent to the value of the estate that they would

have received had the slayer statute applied; and a settlement would have relieved all parties of the

need to litigate the slayer-statute claim and other objections.


        Partrich thus identifies nothing unusual, irregular, or improper about this process—except

to label the slayer-statute allegation “frivolous” and “unfounded.” The filing of a groundless or

baseless claim, however, does not rise to the level of abuse of process. See Early Detection Ctr.,

P.C. v. N.Y. Life Ins. Co., 403 N.W.2d 830, 835 (Mich. Ct. App. 1986) (per curiam).


        Finally, Partrich argues that the children abused process merely by opening the probate

proceedings because they lied about their intentions. We, like the district court, decline to consider

this argument. Partrich twice advanced the same argument below—and the court twice passed over

it, noting his failure to allege in his complaint that the children’s initiation of probate proceedings,

standing alone, constituted an improper act. In addition, despite the court advising him of its

unwillingness to consider his newly asserted theory, Partrich never moved to amend his complaint.

See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15. Under these circumstances, we see no reason to rule on this theory now. See




                                                 -9-
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Partrich v. Farber


Perez v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 150 F.3d 550, 554–55 (6th Cir. 1998) (en banc) (“Typically, we will not

address issues unless ruled upon by the trial court below.”).


       The district court having properly granted the children summary judgment, we need not

address Sofferin’s cross-appeal of the denial of his motion to dismiss this claim.


                                                III.


       For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s judgment.




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