
73 Mich. App. 438 (1977)
252 N.W.2d 472
PEOPLE
v.
BELANGER
Docket Nos. 21031, 21032, 24130.
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Decided February 2, 1977.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William F. Delhey, Prosecuting Attorney, and John J. Hensel, Senior Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
F. Michael Schuck, III, and Domnick J. Sorise, Assistant State Appellate Defenders, for defendant.
Before: D.E. HOLBROOK, P.J., and ALLEN and D.C. RILEY, JJ.
D.E. HOLBROOK, P.J.
Defendant Robert Belanger was charged with assault with intent to commit murder (lower court No. 7550), MCLA 750.83; MSA 28.278, and two counts of assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder (lower court Nos. CR 7235 and CR 7237), MCLA 750.84; MSA 28.279, following a fight at an Ann Arbor bar the morning of September 23, 1973. Defendant entered guilty pleas to case No. 7550 and case No. CR 7237, and a plea of nolo contendere to case No. CR 7235. The charges in all these cases had been reduced as part of a plea bargain stated on the record. Case No. 7550 had been reduced to assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than *441 murder, MCLA 750.84; MSA 28.279. CR 7235 and CR 7237 were reduced from assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder to felonious assault, MCLA 750.82; MSA 28.277. The defendant indicated that he was aware of the possible maximum sentence the court could impose in all three cases, but insisted no one had promised him anything or induced him in any way to plead guilty and nolo contendere. The court accepted these pleas, finding them to have been voluntarily and knowingly made without threats, inducements or promises other than the plea bargain in the record. Defendant now challenges these plea convictions.
Because of the importance and complexity of the various procedures in the instant case, a detailed explanation of the proceedings below will be given.
Defendant was arraigned on the two less serious assault charges and bound over for trial in the circuit court on November 2, 1973. Apparently because of serious wounds inflicted on the complaining witness in the more serious charge, defendant was not arraigned on that charge (assault with intent to commit murder) until January 4, 1974. He was bound over to circuit court in that case on February 1, 1974.
The trial court granted a defense motion made January 17, 1974 for determination of defendant's competency to stand trial. A report from the forensic center stating that defendant was competent to stand trial was received on February 14, 1974. The next week a competency hearing was held at which time the court found defendant competent to stand trial. The more serious charge (case No. 7550) was not formally covered in the competency order because defendant had not been bound over to circuit court in that case until February 1, 1974. *442 It is important to note that defendant does not claim that the hearing of February 21, 1974 failed to comply with the statutory procedure for determining competency, MCLA 767.27a; MSA 28.966(11).
The week before trial, counsel for defendant filed a motion to determine defendant's competence in the more serious charge (case No. 7550). It was granted by the court and defendant was again sent to the forensic center. Since the diagnostic report had not been received by April 22, 1974, the date of trial, the judge and counsel for the defense and prosecution made a telephone conference call to the examining psychiatrist, Dr. Ames Robey. Dr. Robey indicated that defendant was competent to stand trial. He was fully questioned by both attorneys.[1] Returning to the courtroom with defendant present, the judge indicated for the record the details of the discussion with and the opinion of Dr. Robey. The judge then ruled for the second time that defendant was competent to stand trial and able to assist his counsel.
Defendant, as previously indicated, pled guilty to reduced charges. Defense counsel was present on May 9, 1974, when defendant was sentenced to 4 to 10 years in prison on the more serious charge, and 2-1/2 to 4 years on the two counts of felonious assault. In all three cases, defendant was asked if there were any circumstances which the court should be aware of or should consider before sentence was imposed. Defendant did not challenge the finding of competency nor did he claim there *443 were any errors in the presentence report. Before passing sentence the judge indicated that he thought the defendant's record included two prior charges of assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder. However, that error was immediately called to his attention by defendant and defense counsel.
Defendant was allowed a postconviction hearing on several motions which was held on February 27, 1975. The court ruled that it did not err in finding the defendant competent without a formal hearing and without a written diagnostic report in case No. 7550, because of the extraordinary circumstances and because of the previous competency determination on the lesser charges (cases 7235 and 7237). The defense, moreover, did not claim the defendant was in fact incompetent to stand trial. The court denied defendant's motion for a new trial on that ground. The trial court also denied defendant's motion for resentencing, stating he had not relied on his misstatement regarding the degree of defendant's previous assault convictions or the defendant's constitutionally invalid misdemeanor conviction when determining defendant's sentence. In his order of April 17, 1975, denying the motion for resentencing, the judge specifically stated he did not rely on the allegedly infirm material in the presentence report or in defendant's past conviction record. Defendant appealed the denial of the motion for a new trial. This Court remanded for further proceedings.
The trial court then refused to hold an evidentiary hearing on the defense claim that defendant's pleas were involuntary because the trial court felt that the Court of Appeals did not specifically remand this case for an evidentiary hearing. An evidentiary hearing was had upon the matter *444 on December 3 and 4, 1975, following an order of clarification from the Court of Appeals. This order had indicated that the circuit court was to conduct whatever evidentiary hearing was necessary to verify the factual allegations contained in defendant's motion to vacate the plea. Defendant's motion for a new trial and his brief in support of the motion had alleged that defendant's plea was induced by promises by his attorney of a deferred sentence and psychiatric care and, therefore, was involuntary. The court, therefore, properly restricted the evidence admissible in the hearing to that issue. Defendant was allowed to produce witnesses to verify defendant's claim if they were present when the defense attorney allegedly told the defendant he was going to get a deferred sentence and psychiatric care. After a full hearing, the trial court found defendant's plea to have been voluntarily made. Defendant challenges this finding on appeal.
Our first issue deals with the alleged defect in the competency hearing as to case No. 7550. We must also clarify that competency was fully and properly explored in a competency hearing as to cases 7235 and 7237. Therefore, any deficiencies as to a competency hearing as to 7550 do not affect the earlier hearing. There has never been a motion for reevaluation in either of those cases. A psychiatric evaluation was made pursuant to the court order in case 7550, and the results affirmed those of the first evaluation made in February. The written diagnostic report from the forensic center received four days after defendant's plea confirmed that defendant was competent to stand trial. The second diagnostic report was virtually the same as the earlier report received in evidence at defendant's competency hearing held in February. *445 Defense counsel consented to the presentation of the second competency determination after a phone call made to the examining psychiatrist at the forensic center on April 22, 1974 before the pleas were entered. He also agreed to the incorporation by reference to the results of the earlier competency hearing, which complied with the statute.
Herein these cases all arose out of the same incident. They could and probably should have been consolidated to begin with. Nevertheless, they were not. Defendant did plead guilty to these three offenses at the same time. Defendant did have two examinations by the forensic center, and one full, fair and entirely proper competency hearing. Defense counsel at trial apparently could not see what could be gained by holding another competency hearing when he learned that the evidence was exactly the same as in the first hearing. Counsel did have an opportunity to require the statutory hearing, but obviously felt it would have been an exercise in futility. See People v Stubbs, 59 Mich App 574; 229 NW2d 854 (1975).
This case is controlled by the recent Supreme Court decision in People v Lucas, 393 Mich 522; 227 NW2d 763 (1975). As will be mentioned later in this opinion, defendant does not, on this appeal, contend that he was incompetent to stand trial. He does maintain that the court herein erred in not conducting the competency hearing required by MCLA 767.27a(4); MSA 28.966(11)(4). We agree that the competency hearing should have been held. Proper guidance as to the remedy to be given defendant was announced recently by this Court in People v Tubbs, 64 Mich App 341, 343-344; 236 NW2d 77 (1975), where we held:
"Defendant does not contend that he was in fact *446 incompetent at the time of his trial. We quote the Lucas opinion:
"`As we said in Blocker, supra, [People v Blocker, 393 Mich 501; 227 NW2d 767 (1975)] failure to follow a statute or court rule respecting competency determination does not ipso facto entitle a defendant to a new trial. Evidence substantiating incompetency-in-fact must establish that there is a violation of rights before a new trial will be ordered. Here, as in Blocker, no evidence of incompetence was adduced at trial and no offer of such evidence is now made.' 393 Mich at 528.
"We therefore adopt the Lucas remedy. The conviction is affirmed without prejudice to defendant's right to file a delayed motion for new trial if he wishes to claim incompetency."
In his motion for retrial, defendant may contend that he was incompetent to plead guilty. We deem it necessary to guide the trial court in this matter. Defendant maintains that although he may have been competent to stand trial, he was not competent to tender a plea.
Defendant's argument for a higher standard of competence in order to plead guilty is apparently based on Sieling v Eyman, 478 F2d 211 (CA 9, 1973), which in turn has been properly criticized in Competence to Plead Guilty: A New Standard, 1 Duke L J 149 (1974). The argument that there is a different (higher) standard of competency for plea proceedings was more recently rejected in the sixth circuit. United States v Harlan, 480 F2d 515, 517 (CA 6, 1973), cert den, 414 US 1006; 94 S Ct 364; 38 L Ed 2d 242 (1973). In still another circuit, the Sieling decision has been further criticized. In United States v Hewitt, 528 F2d 339, 342, n 2 (CA 3, 1975), the Court commented on Sieling v Eyman, supra.
"In Sieling v Eyman, 478 F2d 211 (CA 9, 1973), the *447 Court interpreted Westbrook [v Arizona, 384 US 150; 86 S Ct 1320; 16 L Ed 2d 429 (1966)] as implying that a higher standard of capacity was required to enter a plea of guilty than to stand trial. We have difficulty with that premise.
"The Dusky [v United States, 362 US 402; 80 S Ct 788; 4 L Ed 2d 824 (1960)] standard for competence to stand trial requires that the accused have a rational and factual understanding of the proceeding. That level of competence would seem to apply to entering a plea as well as to standing trial. The trial court has the duty of determining the voluntariness of the plea and the defendant's understanding of its consequences. Interrogation by the judge is designed to provide an on-the-record demonstration that that obligation has been met. We do not think that a mental standard, different from that for trial competence, is required for a guilty plea."
In Dusky v United States, supra, the test for competency to stand trial was announced as whether the defendant "has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding  and whether he has a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him". 362 US 402; 80 S Ct 789; 4 L Ed 2d 825. We feel this is sufficient protection for any defendant, either in standing trial or in submitting a plea. Michigan's competency statute provides that:
"A person is incompetent to stand trial within the meaning of this section if he is incapable of understanding the nature and object of the proceedings against him, of comprehending his own condition in reference to the proceedings, or of assisting in his defense in a rational or reasonable manner." MCLA 767.27a; MSA 28.966(11) (subsequently repealed and replaced by MCLA 330.2020; MSA 14.800[1020]).
In addition to challenging his competency to *448 tender a plea, a defendant may also challenge his plea on the basis that it was not voluntary. See Henderson v Morgan, 426 US 637; 96 S Ct 2253; 49 L Ed 2d 108 (1976), Guilty Plea Cases, 395 Mich 96; 235 NW2d 132 (1975). A plea may be involuntary because the accused does not understand the nature of the constitutional protections that he is waiving. See Johnson v Zerbst, 304 US 458; 58 S Ct 1019; 82 L Ed 1461; 146 ALR 357 (1938). A plea may also be involuntary because the defendant has such an incomplete understanding of the charge that the plea cannot stand as an intelligent admission of guilt. Smith v O'Grady, 312 US 329; 61 S Ct 572; 85 L Ed 859 (1941). See also Henderson v Morgan, supra. Furthermore, Michigan has taken extensive precautions to insure the voluntariness of a plea. GCR 1963, 785.7(2), Guilty Plea Cases, supra. These protections, combined with the statutory provisions for standards and testing of competence to stand trial provide broad protection. To require an additional competency standard, and apparently an additional hearing and determination, in order to ascertain if a defendant meets some higher vague standard of competency to plead guilty is unwarranted, would be an additional burden on the courts and is not necessary to protect defendants who already have extensive protections as to guilty pleas.
The assertion of a higher standard of competency to plea-taking proceedings was fully considered by this Court recently. People v Matheson, 70 Mich App 172; 245 NW2d 551 (1976). This Court reviewed authority from Michigan, from the Federal courts and concluded:
"We accordingly reject defendant's request to apply a higher standard to plea-taking proceedings. However, we also find that, because competence is an ongoing *449 concern, a trial court should not place absolute reliance on a prior competence determination. The court must recognize its obligation to render a separate finding of competence at the time and place the plea is offered. More importantly, where the record provides significant evidence of possible incompetence, the trial court should provide a record of its deliberation rather than merely allowing its acceptance of the plea to serve as an implied finding of competence.

* * *
"Recent cases concerning competence to stand trial have stressed that the issue of incompetence can only be raised by evidence of incompetence. People v Blocker, 393 Mich 501, 508-510; 227 NW2d 767 (1975), People v Lucas, 393 Mich 522, 527-529; 227 NW2d 763 (1975). These cases indicate that competence is an ongoing matter and is appropriately presented whenever evidence of incompetence appears, whether `before, during or after the trial'. People v Blocker, supra, at 510. Where such evidence is presented, and no hearing has been held, appellate courts may order a new trial. Id." Matheson, supra, at 179-180.
Defendant does not even allege on this appeal that he was incompetent to stand trial. As his appellate counsel so noted at the evidentiary hearing:
"Your Honor, I think what we are going to attempt to demonstrate here today is that there is indeed a different standard to plead guilty than a standard to just be competent to stand trial, and it is very important to this case and relevant to this case because Mr. Belanger's particular mental illness and his background is particularly relevant as to whether his plea was voluntarily entered and also, very frankly, to whether he was competent to plead guilty, although we are not contesting that he was competent to stand trial. We are accepting at this point that determination by the Forensic Center and by Your Honor." (Emphasis added.)
Because we have rejected defendant's argument *450 that there is a different legal standard of competency for plea purposes we accordingly must instruct the trial court as to the standard of competency to plead. We believe People v Lucas, supra, and People v Matheson, supra, provide sufficient guidance for the trial court's determination in a future hearing.
Defendant also contends that his pleas were induced by promises of a deferred sentence and psychiatric care, and, therefore, were involuntary. An evidentiary hearing was held on December 3, 1975, pursuant to an order of this Court to hold "whatever evidentiary hearings are necessary to verify the facts or allegations contained in the defendant-appellant's motion to vacate plea and sentence and/or motion for new trial previously filed in the circuit court". The trial court held:
"It is the decision of the court that after hearing the factual allegations, it is the opinion of the court that under the present law, the plea was voluntarily made. There is no evidence on the record that there is any misrepresentation or promises by the attorney to Mr. Belanger. In fact, he was told there were several lines of defenses. He didn't know if the judge would go for Dawn Farms. He says he didn't expect to go to prison. `Olsen didn't tell me that I could be absolutely sure that the judge wouldn't send me to prison.' The plea in this court does show that there were no inducements or promises, and this was stated under oath, and he, himself, stated it here  he stated that he was lying to me at the time, although that was questioned by the defense attorney as to whether or not he was actually lying. But the fact of the matter is that Dr. Robey did see him, and he did find him competent to stand trial and to assist his counsel at trial. In view of that, it is the opinion of the court that under the present state of the law, defendant's plea was voluntary."
The trial court is best equipped to determine *451 whether the defendant's guilty plea was induced by promises of leniency since it held an evidentiary hearing on the matter and had the opportunity to observe the demeanor of the witnesses and determine their credibility. People v Byrd, 12 Mich App 186; 162 NW2d 777 (1968), People v Drain, 24 Mich App 249; 180 NW2d 97 (1970), People v Hall, 399 Mich 288; 349 NW2d 62 (1976). The lower court's finding should not be overturned unless clearly erroneous. People v Gray, 29 Mich App 301; 185 NW2d 123 (1970), GCR 1963, 517.1. Where the record does not support a defendant's claim that a promise of leniency was made, normally such a claim cannot be upheld. People v Hall, supra, In re Valle, 364 Mich 471; 110 NW2d 673 (1961). Where there are bare assertions that pleas were made "involuntarily" because someone promises leniency, they are looked upon with suspicion. People v Bartlett, 17 Mich App 205; 169 NW2d 337 (1969), People v Boone, 68 Mich App 650; 244 NW2d 4 (1976). We feel the trial court was in the best position to analyze the testimony and judge the credibility of the witnesses. Where the record on review does not clearly support defendant's claim of an involuntary plea, there is no basis on which this Court may hold that the findings of the trial court are erroneous. People v Nielsen, 34 Mich App 261; 191 NW2d 121 (1971), People v Sterbins, 32 Mich App 508; 189 NW2d 154 (1971).
Defendant maintains that the test of voluntariness of a plea should be purely a subjective one. This cannot be so. The only Michigan authority even tending to support such a proposition is People v Palma, 25 Mich App 682, 684; 181 NW2d 808 (1970), where the Court stated: "Although legal minds might differ about the certainty of the *452 promise made to defendant, the record reveals that in the defendant's mind it was clear that such a promise was given." Although requiring defendant to believe that a promise was made, Palma also clearly required that the record support such a claim. The Court in Palma did find that "the trial judge impliedly participated in the promises which induced defendant's plea". 25 Mich App at 685. This does not support a purely "subjective" test of voluntariness of a plea. The administration of justice cannot support such a test. This Court recently observed:
"Claims of involuntary pleas must be heard by the trial judge, and a testimonial hearing held, even in cases where the guilty plea proceeding contains a statement by defendant that his plea is completely voluntary and that it is not induced by promises other than those on the record. That rule is stated in People v Bartlett, 17 Mich App 205, 218; 169 NW2d 337 (1969), as follows:
"`We recognize that it is relatively easy for a defendant disappointed as to either the length of the sentence or distressed with his incarceration in prison to file the kind of affidavit that Bartlett filed in this case. Claims such as these are rightly looked upon with suspicion. Nevertheless, if Bartlett's assertions are true, he is entitled to withdraw the plea of guilty upon which he was convicted.

* * *
"As the Bartlett Court points out, there is the potential for the assertion of a large number of frivolous claims that the plea was involuntarily entered." People v Boone, supra, at 652-653.
Even the most beneficial review suggested for a defendant, set forth by Judge (now Justice) LEVIN in People v Byrd, supra, requires some finding by the trial court of support in the record to corroborate *453 defendant's claim. In People v Hall, supra, at 290-291, the Supreme Court noted:
"The Court of Appeals relied upon Justice LEVIN'S concurring opinion in People v Byrd, 12 Mich App 186, 229-230; 162 NW2d 777 (1968):
"`[T]he test should not be whether the defendant establishes the truth of his claim by a preponderance of the evidence. Rather, his claim should be deemed established, and the plea set aside, if the evidence causes the judge to entertain a reasonable doubt whether the plea was "encouraged" by a false promise of leniency in sentencing. Under a reasonable doubt standard, the court need not wholly adopt the defendant's story, or wholly reject the attorney's story. He may simply conclude that, on the evidence, he is in doubt, and, the defendant being entitled to the benefit of that doubt, he will set aside the plea and allow the defendant to stand trial.' 12 Mich App 229-230.
"We specially note, however, Justice LEVIN'S language above `if the evidence causes the judge to entertain a reasonable doubt'. As Chief Judge DANHOF noted in dissent:
"`[T]he trial court is in the best position to determine whether or not the plea of guilty was induced by promises of leniency because it can observe the demeanor of the conflicting witnesses in determining their credibility.' 68 Mich App 32, 38."
Also a recent Federal decision of the second circuit appropriately discusses the subjective test and its deficiencies.
"In 1964 in United States v Horton, 334 F2d 153, 154 (2d Cir), Judge (now Chief Judge) Friendly wrote:
"`Horton urges that the vital issue is what his attorney said the United States Attorney had said, even though that was not what the United States Attorney had said to the attorney.
"`We are far from persuaded of the validity of any such proposition, which would afford an all too easy *454 avenue for the invalidating of convictions on pleas of guilty.'
"In Semon v Turner, 289 F Supp 803, 808 (D Utah CD 1968), in a case wherein the petitioner claimed that his attorney had told him that a responsible state officer had promised a lesser sentence and that he had relied thereon in pleading guilty, Judge Christensen said:
"`Rather, the most that petitioner has shown in this case is that he subjectively misunderstood the full import of the representation made to him by his counsel. Whether this misunderstanding was actual or feigned, contemporaneously experienced or arose as a matter of realization or afterthought, the result would be the same under the circumstances of this case. Such a misunderstanding would be neither reasonable nor of sufficient moment to justify setting aside the plea.'

* * *
"`However, an attorney may offer his client a prediction, based upon his experience or instinct, of the sentence possibilities the accused should weigh in determining on a plea. An erroneous sentence estimate by defense counsel does not render a plea involuntary. (Citing cases.) And a defendant's erroneous expectation, based on his attorney's erroneous estimate, likewise does not render a plea involuntary.' [Wellnitz v Page, 420 F2d 935, 936 (CA 10, 1970)]

* * *
"Insofar as Thurmond [United States ex rel Thurmond v Mancusi, 275 F Supp 508 (ED NY, 1967)] may indicate that voluntariness of plea depends upon a defendant's belief (the `subjective' test) that a promise of a particular sentence had been made, although in fact there was no such promise, would seem to be contrary to the law of this circuit." United States ex rel LaFay v Fritz, 455 F2d 297, 302-303 (CA 2, 1972).
The record herein does not support defendant's claim that he was induced to plead guilty by his counsel's promise of a deferred sentence and psychiatric care. The trial court's finding that the *455 pleas were made voluntarily is entitled to be upheld.
The last issue before this Court deals with defendant's plea of nolo contendere in case No. 7235, the reduced charge of felonious assault. The plea was accepted by the trial court after it used, with consent of defendant, the preliminary examination transcript and concluded there were sufficient grounds for the plea. The trial court may properly rely upon the preliminary examination transcript to furnish the factual basis for defendant's nolo plea. People v Conville, 55 Mich App 251; 222 NW2d 312 (1974), People v Gonzales, 70 Mich App 319; 245 NW2d 734 (1976). We again would like to reiterate the criticism of nolo pleas which was expressed by this Court in People v Gonzales, supra, and would like to discourage the use of pleas of nolo contendere especially where crimes of violence are concerned.
Also, Gonzales controls as to the failure of the trial court to state on the record his reasons for believing the proper administration of justice and the interest of the defendant did not require personal interrogation of the defendant by the judge regarding perpetration of the crime. Unfortunately, even though defendant had that same day related to the trial judge the circumstances surrounding his participation in the other assault crimes, which occurred at the same time, this alone is insufficient to justify a failure to interrogate the defendant or to put on the record the reasons for not interrogating defendant as to this specific assault. The Court in Gonzales explained the proper remedy as follows.
"Under the Guilty Plea Cases, 395 Mich 96, 132-135; 235 NW2d 132 (1975), the Supreme Court stated a preference for interrogation of the defendant by the *456 judge. Therefore, where the record does not contain a statement of such reasons for not personally interrogating the defendant, the case must be remanded to the trial court for supplementation of the record to indicate such reasons. If the judge is unable to state a valid reason for not personally interrogating the defendant, then the plea must be vacated and the case set for trial." Gonzales, supra, at 323-324.
The trial judge initially was mistaken as to defendant's prior record. The mistake was corrected and the record does not show any reliance on this mistake. The trial court's sentence was proper. People v Nelson Johnson, 58 Mich App 473; 228 NW2d 429, lv den 394 Mich 784 (1975).
We affirm defendant's conviction in case No. 7550 without prejudice to defendant's right to file a motion for a new trial. We affirm defendant's conviction in No. 7237 and remand case No. 7235 for supplementation of the record for the trial judge to indicate his reasons for accepting the plea of nolo contendere. If the judge is unable to state a valid reason for not personally interrogating the defendant, then the plea must be vacated and the case set for trial.
Affirmed in part and remanded in part.
NOTES
[1]  Dr. Robey also testified at the evidentiary hearing to determine if defendant's plea was involuntary because induced by promises of defense counsel. At this hearing, Dr. Robey testified that it was his opinion "that despite the fact that the defendant was clearly mentally ill, he was at the time competent to stand trial". He also indicated that he could not support a not-guilty-by-reason-of-insanity defense.
