11-566-ag
Gjura v. Holder


                              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
                                    ____________________

                                         August Term, 2012

(Argued: September 14, 2012                                         Decided: September 25, 2012)

                                        Docket No. 11-566-ag

                                       ____________________

FLORA GJURA,

                                        Petitioner,

                         v.

ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., UNITED STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                        Respondent.
                                       ____________________

Before: POOLER, WESLEY, LOHIER, Circuit Judges.

          Flora Gjura, a native and citizen of Albania, seeks review of a January 31, 2011, order of

the Board of Immigration Appeals reversing the September 9, 2008, decision of Immigration

Judge Terry A. Bain, which granted her application for asylum, withholding of removal, and

relief under the Convention Against Torture. Because we find young, unmarried Albanian

women do not constitute a social group for asylum purposes, the petition for review is denied.

          Denied.

                                       ____________________

                                GREGORY G. MAROTTA, Vernon, NJ, for Petitioner.

                                ANDREW B. INSENGA, Trial Attorney, Office of Immigration
                                Litigation, United States Department of Justice (Tony West,
                                Assistant Attorney General, Ada E. Bosque, Senior Litigation
                                Counsel, on the brief) Washington, D.C., for Respondent.
PER CURIAM:

          Flora Gjura, a native and citizen of Albania, seeks review of a January 31, 2011 order of

the Board of Immigration Appeals reversing the September 9, 2008 decision of Immigration

Judge ("IJ") Terry A. Bain, which granted her application for asylum, withholding of removal,

and relief under the Convention Against Torture ("CAT"). Because we find young, unmarried

Albanian women do not constitute a social group for asylum purposes, the petition for review is

denied.

                                          BACKGROUND

          Gjura, a native and citizen of Albania, entered the United States on December 25, 2004,

under the Visa Waiver Program by using a fraudulent Italian passport and was paroled into the

United States. At the time of entry, Gjura admitted to airport officials that she used a fraudulent

passport and said she was entering the United States because her parents were handicapped and

she wanted to help them. Gjura subsequently was referred to an IJ for an “asylum only” hearing.

In 2005, Gjura filed an application for asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT relief, asserting

that the Albanian mafia had twice attempted to kidnap and force her into prostitution, and that

she feared she, like her sister and cousin, would be kidnapped and killed if she returned to

Albania.

          After a 2008 merits hearing, the IJ granted Gjura asylum, finding she testified credibly

and belonged to a particular social group — “young, unmarried Albanian women” — at risk of

being kidnapped and forced into prostitution. The Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”)

filed an appeal, and in January 2011, the BIA reversed the IJ’s decision. In re Flora Gjura, No.

A098 559 959 (B.I.A. Jan. 31, 2011), rev'g No. A098 559 959 (Immig. Ct. N.Y. City Sept. 9,

2008). The BIA found that the purported social group was “too amorphous” to constitute a


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protected ground, noting the lack of evidence showing that young, unmarried Albanian women

were targeted more than children and married Albanian women. The BIA also found that Gjura

failed to show past persecution or a nexus to a protected ground because the evidence did not

establish that (1) the attacks rose to the level of persecution, (2) the attacks were for the purpose

of human trafficking, and (3) the government was unwilling to provide protection. Based on

Gjura’s failure to establish these elements of eligibility, the BIA concluded that Gjura

demonstrated neither a well-founded fear of being abducted into a prostitution ring nor eligibility

for withholding of removal or CAT relief. This appeal followed.

                                            ANALYSIS

       Under the circumstances of this case, we review only the decision of the BIA. See Aliyev

v. Mukasey, 549 F.3d 111, 115 (2d Cir. 2008) (quoting Yan Chen v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 268, 271

(2d Cir. 2005)) (reviewing the BIA’s decision alone since the BIA “did not adopt the decision of

the IJ to any extent”). The applicable standards of review are well established. See 8 U.S.C. §

1252(b)(4)(B) (“administrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator

would be compelled to conclude to the contrary”); see also Bah v. Mukasey, 529 F.3d 99, 110

(2d Cir. 2008) (“We review de novo questions of law and the application of law to undisputed

fact.”). Because Gjura does not challenge the denial of CAT relief we address only her asylum

and withholding of removal claims.

       As an initial matter, Gjura contends that the BIA misapplied the clearly erroneous

standard of review. To the contrary, the BIA appropriately applied the de novo standard in

reviewing whether she met her burden of establishing eligibility for relief. 8 C.F.R §

1003.1(d)(3)(ii).




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       Gjura’s claim for relief centered on the Albanian mafia's alleged attempts to kidnap and

force her into prostitution because she was a young, unmarried Albanian woman. The BIA

reasonably found that Gjura failed to establish that she suffered past persecution on account of

her membership in a particular social group. See Tao Jiang v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 137, 141 (2d

Cir. 2007) (the BIA’s factual findings “are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would

be compelled to conclude to the contrary”); 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). Although the attempted

kidnappings Gjura experienced rose above “mere harassment,” the BIA reasonably found that

they did not constitute persecution due to their brief duration and the lack of consequent physical

injury. Ivanishvili v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 433 F.3d 332, 341 (2d Cir. 2006). Contrary to Gjura's

argument, she could not establish past persecution based solely on the killings of her sister and

cousin. See Tao Jiang, 500 F.3d at 141.

       The BIA also did not err in finding that Gjura did not establish a nexus between her

attacks and her status as a young, unmarried Albanian woman. The BIA reasonably found Gjura

failed to establish that her abductors were members of the Albanian mafia, or intended to force

her into prostitution. The only evidence Gjura placed in the record to support her claim was her

her testimony that she did not recognize her would-be abductors, but assumed they were

associated with the mafia. In addition, we join the Sixth Circuit in finding that “young (or those

who appear to be young, attractive Albanian women” do not constitute a “social group” for

asylum purposes. Rreshpja v. Gonzales, 420 F.3d 551 (6th Cir. 2005). In Rreshpja, petitioner

escaped abduction by an unknown man as she walked home from school. Id. at 553. She

reported the incident to police, but they never took action. Id. The Sixth Circuit held that

“young (or those who appear to be young), attractive Albanian women who are forced into


                                                 4
prostitution” do not form a social group because “generalized, sweeping classifications” do not

establish social groups for asylum purposes. Id. at 555. As the Sixth Circuit noted, “a social

group may not be circularly defined by the fact it suffers persecution.” Id. at 556; see also

Ucelo-Gomez v. Mukasey, 509 F.3d 70, 73 (2d Cir. 2007) (broad characteristics such as wealth

and affluence are not sufficiently “particular”); Gomez v. INS, 947 F.2d 660, 664 (2d Cir.

1991)(“Possession of broadly-based characteristics such as youth and gender will not by itself

endow individuals with membership in a particular group.”)1. As we have previously explained,

“[w]hen the harm visited upon members of a group is attributable to the incentives presented to

ordinary criminals rather than to persecution, the scales are tipped away from considering those

people a “particular social group” within the meaning of the INA.” Ucelo-Gomez, 509 F.3d at

73.

       Additionally, according to the 2006 State Department Country Report, individuals

outside of Gjura's defined group were equally subject to abduction and forced prostitution,

including married women and children. Because Gjura failed to establish a nexus between her

attacks and her membership in a particular social group, the BIA did not err in concluding that

she did not establish eligibility for relief based on past persecution. See Gomez, 947 F.2d at 664.

       To establish eligibility for relief, an applicant must also show that she suffered or will

suffer persecution by either the government or private individuals that the government “is unable

or unwilling to control.” Rizal v. Gonzales, 442 F.3d 84, 92 (2d Cir. 2006); Matter of Acosta, 19


       1
         We note that Gjura’s proposed social group differs from, and is more amporphous than,
the social group defined in CeCe v. Holder, 668 F.3d 510, 515 (7th Cir. 2012) (Rover, J.,
dissenting) (noting expert testimony that “the group of threatened women in Albania is
composed of women who are between the ages of sixteen and twenty-six (perhaps twenty-seven)
who live alone”).

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I. & N. Dec. 211, 222, 236 (BIA 1985), overruled on other grounds by Matter of Mogharrabi, 19

I. & N. Dec. 439 (BIA 1987). Gjura alleged that the Albanian police repeatedly failed to

investigate these attacks and prevent attacks from later occurring to her sister and cousin.

However, the BIA reasonably found that Gjura failed to establish that the Albanian government

was unable or unwilling to protect her from her alleged attackers. The 2006 State Department

Country Report Gjura submitted indicated that the Albanian government had increased its

prosecutions of sex traffickers, and was working to address trafficking-related corruption in its

police force. Because a showing of government involvement or inability to control is required

for a grant of asylum or withholding of removal, the BIA did not err in denying Gjura's

application. See Rizal, 442 F.3d at 92; Matter of Acosta, 19 I. & N. Dec. at 222, 236.

                                         CONCLUSION

       For the reasons given above, the petition for review is denied.




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