                             FOURTH DIVISION
                               DILLARD, C. J.,
                         DOYLE, P. J., and COOMER, J.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                     March 14, 2019




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A18A1495, A18A1496. THE STATE v. BURGESS, and vice versa. DO-048 C,
                                                           DO-049 C


      DOYLE, Presiding Judge.

      Steve Burgess was indicted on possession of methamphetamine with intent to

distribute,1 possession of a Schedule II controlled substance,2 and two counts of

unlawful possession of explosive devices.3 After a hearing on Burgess’s motion to

suppress, the trial court entered an order granting in part and denying in part the

      1
          OCGA § 16-13-30 (b).
      2
          OCGA § 16-13-30 (a).
      3
         OCGA § 16-7-82 (a). Burgess was charged with possession of electronic
blasting caps, which are “small explosive device[s] that [are] combined with a fuse
to detonate a larger explosive.” See Blasting Caps at
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blasting%20caps (last visited Mar. 11,
2018). See also OCGA § 16-7-81 (22) (listing materials that constitute “explosives
within the meaning of” Article 4, Title 16 of the Georgia Code.).
motion. In Case No. A18A1495, the State appeals from the order, arguing that the

trial court erred by suppressing certain evidence and statements, while in Case No.

A18A1496, Burgess argues that the trial court erred by denying in part his motion,

finding that the search of his house was authorized under a family violence ex parte

temporary protective order (“TPO”), and admitting certain evidence and his post-

arrest statements. For the reasons that follow, we reverse the trial court’s order to the

extent that it denied in part Burgess’s motion to suppress and affirm to the extent it

granted in part the motion. Officers were not authorized by the TPO to enter

Burgess’s house without a warrant authorizing entry, and neither consent nor the

good faith exception existed in this case to obviate the need for a warrant.

      The record shows that on May 31, 2013, A. S. appeared in superior court in

Gilmer County, Georgia, and filed a verified petition for a TPO pursuant to OCGA

§ 19-13-3 against Burgess, with whom A. S. had a long-term relationship and shared

a child. There is no transcript of the ex parte TPO hearing, but A. S. testified at the

suppression hearing. According to her testimony, she and Burgess became

romantically involved in 2009, and she moved into his home at 2094 Talking Rock

Road at that time. The two later had a child together, but Burgess and A. S.

increasingly fought, resulting in an incident in March 2013 when Burgess was

                                           2
physically violent, hitting her and brandishing a weapon when she retreated to her

vehicle with their child; although she left their home with the child for a short time,

she returned to live at the house with Burgess. On May 15, 2013, after another

altercation, A. S. left the home and drove herself and the child to a hospital to receive

treatment for A. S.’s purported illness; on the way, she received a phone call from

Burgess making threats to her, including threatening to blow up or kill her family. At

the hospital, medical providers observed injuries on A. S. consistent with abuse, and

she was referred to a case worker, who sent A. S. to a domestic violence shelter. At

the shelter, A. S. received information about obtaining a protective order, and after

staying with her grandmother briefly, she moved to a safe house.

        At the end of May, while at the safe house, A. S. filed a TPO petition in which

she alleged that Burgess had threatened to kill her. The same day, A. S. appeared

before a superior court judge and testified under oath about the incidents with

Burgess; the judge later contacted an investigator from the district attorney’s office

to interview A. S. after the hearing. A. S. testified that she told the judge about the

threat and other incidents, and that Burgess had multiple guns and explosives in their

home.



                                           3
      In the order granting A. S.’s TPO petition, the judge (1) directed that A. S.’s

address be kept confidential, (2) restrained Burgess from going to A. S.’s or their

child’s residence, school, or workplace; (3) restrained Burgess from coming within

100 yards of A. S. or their child; (4) prohibited Burgess from having any contact with

A. S. through various means of communication; (5) awarded A. S. temporary custody

of their minor child; (6) allowed A. S. to go into 2094 Talking Rock Road and take

personal property she listed on her petition on a date determined by the sheriff; and

(7) further ordered “that Pickens Co. Sheriff remove all firearms and explosives from

the resid. and secure the same.”

      That same day, an agent from the Georgia Bureau of Investigation (“GBI”)

interviewed A. S. about any knowledge she may have about homicides allegedly

committed by Burgess and his possession and sale of methamphetamine. A. S.

described various events that led her to believe Burgess committed a homicide,

alleged that Burgess was selling methamphetamine, which she stated could be found

at 2094 Talking Rock Road, and described the location of the explosives and

firearms. She also offered to give the agent keys to 2094 Talking Rock Road and

consented to a search of that property and any other property related to her. The

interview ended around 7:00 p.m. that night, and the agent thereafter

                                          4
      got resources together. I was understanding there was a possibility or
      what had already been signed a protective order for [A. S.] to conduct
      further investigation into what was going on at the 2094 residence,
      whether there was a homicide or not and follow-up on information that
      she provided. There were also drugs and guns on the property there.


      An agent testified that the following Monday, June 3, he met with members of

the Pickens County Sheriff’s Office and a bomb technician in order to serve the TPO.

The agent and other officers served the order on Burgess that morning, and the agent

testified that Burgess waited outside the residence in the driveway and in and around

a patrol car while the officers searched; the agent did not recall that Burgess was in

handcuffs at any point. Explosives were found in the bathroom closet, where A. S.

described them as being stored. Agents testified that they believed the TPO gave them

authority to enter the property and seize the items without a separate warrant.

      Simultaneous to the search of the house, agents searched the exterior of the

grounds around the house and an outbuilding/garage about 25 feet from the back

porch; they discovered therein a small amount of methamphetamine in the lid of a

spray paint can, which an agent testified could have held explosive blasting caps.

After discovery of the methamphetamine, an agent read Burgess his Miranda4 rights

      4
          See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U. S. 436 (86 SCt 1602) (16 LEd2d 694) (1966).

                                          5
and told him they had found methamphetamine; Burgess agreed to continue to speak

to the agent, explaining that he inherited the explosives from his father. The agent

presented Burgess with a “Waiver of Constitutional Rights to a Search Warrant” form

that allowed the agents to search the entire property, including any vehicles,

residence, outbuildings, papers, materials, and any other property they so chose,

which Burgess signed. Firearms were found throughout the property and in a vehicle,

and an additional large amount of methamphetamine was found in the loft or ceiling

area of the same outbuilding/garage. Burgess also opened a safe for the agents, which

safe contained $2,300 in currency. At that point, Burgess was taken to the police

station, was re-read Miranda rights, and was interviewed. Burgess answered the

agent’s questions, going so far as to make a phone call to his alleged

methamphetamine supplier to assist agents in their investigation.

      Burgess filed a motion to suppress, which he later amended, arguing that the

search was not performed with a warrant, probable cause, or valid consent, among

other things. After a hearing on the motion, the trial court granted it in part and

denied it in part. The court found that although officers lacked a warrant, the TPO

served as a “valid order” giving officers authority to enter Burgess’s home and seize

explosives and firearms. The court, however, found that the order’s language limited

                                         6
the scope of the officers’ authority to entry only of the main house and not the

detached outbuilding/garage or the vehicle, and it suppressed evidence of the

methamphetamine and any firearms discovered outside the main house. The court

also suppressed statements made by Burgess during the pendency of the search prior

to officers transporting him to the police station. The court found that Burgess’s

execution of the written waiver and any verbal consent to search the

outbuilding/garage and vehicle were not freely and voluntarily given because the

officers did not have the initial authority under the TPO to enter any building other

than the main house. The trial court, however, found that Burgess freely and

voluntarily waived his rights prior to giving his statement at the police station and did

not suppress the interview. The State and Burgess appeal.

          In Miller v. State,5 [the Georgia Supreme Court] reiterated three
      fundamental principles which must be followed when conducting an
      appellate review of a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress. First,
      when a motion to suppress is heard by the trial judge, that judge sits as
      the trier of facts. The trial judge hears the evidence, and h[er] findings
      based upon conflicting evidence are analogous to the verdict of a jury
      and should not be disturbed by a reviewing court if there is any evidence
      to support them. Second, the trial court’s decision with regard to


      5
          288 Ga. 286 (702 SE2d 888) (2010).

                                           7
      questions of fact and credibility must be accepted unless clearly
      erroneous. Third, the reviewing court must construe the evidence most
      favorably to the upholding of the trial court’s findings and judgment.
      These principles apply equally whether the trial court ruled in favor of
      the State or the defendant.6


      1. Burgess argues that the TPO did not constitute a valid search warrant and

was not a substitute for a search warrant authorizing entry to the home. We agree.

      The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides that

      [t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
      and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
      violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,
      supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place
      to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.7


              As the text makes clear, the ultimate touchstone of the Fourth
      Amendment is reasonableness. Our cases have determined that where a
      search is undertaken by law enforcement officials to discover evidence
      of criminal wrongdoing, reasonableness generally requires the obtaining
      of a judicial warrant. Such a warrant ensures that the inferences to
      support a search are drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead


      6
        (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Brown v. State, 293 Ga. 787, 803 (3) (b)
(2) (750 SE2d 148) (2013), quoting Miller, 288 Ga. at 286-287.
      7
          U.S. Const. amend. IV.

                                         8
       of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive
       enterprise of ferreting out crime. In the absence of a warrant, a search is
       reasonable only if it falls within a specific exception to the warrant
       requirement.8


       Additionally, the Georgia Constitution protects against unreasonable search

and seizures,9 adopting similar language to the Fourth Amendment and providing that




       8
        (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Riley v. California, 573 U. S. 373, 381-
382 (II) (134 SCt 2473, 189 LEd2 430) (2014). See also Park v. State, __ Ga. __ (2)
(b) (Case No. S18A1211, decided Mar. 4, 2019) (addressing the special needs
exception to the warrant requirement and explaining that “a reasonable search
generally requires that law enforcement officials obtain a judicial warrant based on
a showing of probable cause indicating that a person to be seized has committed a
crime or that a place to be searched contains evidence of a crime.”), citing Skinner v.
R. Labor Exec. Assn., 489 U. S. 602, 619 (III) (A) (109 SCt 1402, 103 LE2d 639)
(1989). See also Teal v. State, 282 Ga. 319, 322-323 (2) (647 SE2d 15) (2007) (“The
Fourth Amendment proscribes all unreasonable searches and seizures, and searches
conducted without prior judicial approval are per se unreasonable under the Fourth
Amendment, subject to specifically established and well-delineated exceptions.”).
       9
         See Underwood v. State, 13 Ga. App. 206, 213 (78 SE 1103) (1913) (“[T]he
right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure is a “sacred civil jewel[] which
[has] come down to us from an English ancestry, forced from the unwilling hand of
tyranny by the apostles of personal liberty and personal security. [It is] hallowed by
the blood of a thousand struggles, and [was] stored away for safe-keeping in the
casket of the constitution. It is infidelity to forget [it]; it is sacrilege to disregard [it];
it is despotic to trample upon [it]. [It is] given as a sacred trust into the keeping of the
courts, who should with sleepless vigilance guard [this] priceless gift[] of a free
government.”).

                                              9
      no warrant shall issue except upon probable cause supported by oath or
      affirmation particularly describing the place or places to be searched and
      the persons or things to be seized. In deciding the question of probable
      cause, the magistrate must make a practical, common-sense decision
      whether, given all the circumstances, there is a reasonable probability
      that the fruits, instrumentalities, or evidence of a crime will be found in
      a particular place.


              Besides these constitutional provisions, the legislature has
      codified additional requirements for the issuance of search warrants. A
      search warrant may be issued only to a law enforcement officer charged
      with the duty of enforcing criminal laws, the officer must state sufficient
      facts in writing to show probable cause that a crime is being committed
      or has been committed, a judicial officer must evaluate and
      independently decide whether the officer has shown probable cause, and
      the search warrant must be executed within ten days and a copy left with
      a person or at the premises where the items were seized.10


Moreover, this State’s warrant statute states that “[a] search warrant shall not be

issued upon the application of a private citizen or for his aid in the enforcement of

personal, civil, or property rights.”11



      10
        (Footnotes omitted.) King v. State, 276 Ga. 126, 128 (2) (577 SE2d 764)
(2003) (“King II”).
      11
           OCGA § 17-5-20 (b). See generally OCGA § 17-5-21.

                                          10
      In this case, A. S. applied for a TPO “[under Article 13 of Title 19] by filing

a petition with the superior court alleging one or more acts of family violence.”12

“Upon the filing of a verified petition in which the petitioner alleges with specific

facts that probable cause exists to establish that family violence has occurred in the

past and may occur in the future, the court may order such temporary relief ex parte

as it deems necessary to protect the petitioner or a minor of the household from

violence.”13 Under this statutory scheme, “[t]he court may. . . grant any protective

order . . . to bring about a cessation of acts of family violence.”14 An order under this

code section may:

      (1) Direct the respondent to refrain from such acts;


      (2) Grant to a party possession of the residence or household of the
      parties and exclude the other party from the residence or household;


      (3) Require a party to provide suitable alternate housing for a spouse,
      former spouse, or parent and the parties’ child or children;




      12
           OCGA § 19-13-3 (a).
      13
           OCGA § 19-13-3 (b).
      14
           OCGA § 19-13-4 (a).

                                           11
(4) Award temporary custody of minor children and establish temporary
visitation rights;


(5) Order the eviction of a party from the residence or household and
order assistance to the victim in returning to it, or order assistance in
retrieving personal property of the victim if the respondent’s eviction
has not been ordered;


(6) Order either party to make payments for the support of a minor child
as required by law;


(7) Order either party to make payments for the support of a spouse as
required by law;


(8) Provide for possession of personal property of the parties;


(9) Order the respondent to refrain from harassing or interfering with the
victim;


(10) Award costs and attorney’s fees to either party; and


(11) Order the respondent to receive appropriate psychiatric or
psychological services as a further measure to prevent the recurrence of
family violence.15




15
     Id.

                                   12
      In filing her petition for a TPO under this statutory scheme, A. S. did not

attempt to have a warrant issued to enforce her personal rights; instead, the superior

court sua sponte drafted a portion of the TPO directing the sheriff to seize Burgess’s

firearms and explosives based on A. S.’s sworn testimony in support of her petition

and its finding of probable cause that an act of family violence occurred. Upon

receiving a call from the superior court judge, obtaining a copy of the TPO, and

interviewing A. S., officers treated the TPO as a search warrant, serving it on Burgess

and entering his home to seize the specified property.

      Neither briefing nor independent research have revealed a case in which the

courts of this State have approved the use of a TPO in place of a search warrant

issued according to the procedure in OCGA § 17-5-20. King v. State,16 addressed a

right to privacy challenge to the State’s subpoena of a defendant’s medical records

from a hospital.17 The Georgia Supreme Court explained that “the State is not entitled

to exercise indiscriminate subpoena power as an investigative substitute for




      16
           272 Ga. 788, 791-792 (1) (535 SE2d 492) (2000) (“King I”).
      17
           See id. at 788-789.

                                          13
procedural devices otherwise available to it in the criminal context, such as a search

warrant.”18

      Here, the trial court found that the TPO statute allowed the superior court judge

to issue the TPO including the directive to officers to enter Burgess’s home and seize

explosives and firearms because the TPO statute authorized the entry of “any”

protective order, and thus, it was a “valid order” authorizing the search. In so holding,

the trial court compared the TPO statutory scheme to that addressed in Rawcliffe v.

Rawcliffe,19 wherein this Court determined that a trial court did not have authority

under OCGA § 16-5-94, another protective order statute, to prohibit a respondent of

a protective order from owning firearms for the duration of the protective order.

Regardless of whether a court could order a respondent to surrender his guns and

explosives under this statutory scheme,20 the question before the trial court in


      18
           Id. at 791 (1).
      19
           283 Ga. App. 264, 265 (1) (641 SE2d 255) (2007).
      20
          We question whether such an order is permissible. The plain language of the
TPO statute and the available remedies to the trial court are couched in terms of
preventing the respondent from approaching, harassing, or contacting the petitioner;
assigning property or dividing property between the petitioner and respondent;
temporarily setting child custody, visitation, and orders of support between the
parties; and ordering temporary intervention services to prevent violence between the
parties. There is no language included that would allow a court to take possession of

                                           14
reviewing the motion to suppress is whether the TPO’s directive to the sheriff

constituted a warrant, and if not, whether an exception to the warrant requirement

existed or whether the officer’s actions based on the TPO were reasonable.

      Compared to the subpoena statute addressed in King, the TPO statute requires

sworn testimony, application of a probable cause standard, and issuance by a judicial

officer.21 We are mindful these safeguards are central to the protections in the warrant

statute. Nevertheless, the procedure to obtain a TPO does not contain all the

safeguards codified in this State’s warrant statute (specifically, application by a law

enforcement officer), and we decline to hold that, under these circumstances, issuance

of the TPO under this statutory scheme met the “warrant and probable cause

standard” of the Fourth Amendment and OCGA § 17-5-20, obviating the need for

officers to first obtain a warrant to enter Burgess’s property.22 This conclusion is


one of the parties’ personal belongings without also assigning ownership to the other
party in the proceeding. See generally OCGA § 19-13-4. This question need not be
determined in this case, however, because this is not an appeal from the TPO.
      21
           OCGA §§ 19-13-3, 19-13-4. Compare with King I, 272 Ga. 791-792 (1).
      22
         See Park, __ Ga. at (2) (b) (ii) (discussing application of the special needs
exception to searches outside of the normal warrant and probable cause requirement);
King II, 276 Ga. at 128 (2). See also Henderson v. City of Simi Valley, 305 F3d 1052,
1057-1058 (1) (A) (9th Cir. 2002) (reviewing under the purview of 42 USC § 1983
a search by officers assisting a petitioner in retrieving her property as authorized by

                                          15
reinforced by the explicit prohibition in OCGA § 17-5-20 (b) against issuing warrants

on application by a private citizen.23 “[T]he warrant requirement is an important

working part of our machinery of government, not merely an inconvenience to be

somehow weighed against the claims of police efficiency,”24 and the State has not

articulated a need to deviate from that requirement in this instance. Accordingly, the

trial court erred by finding that the TPO authorized the search of Burgess’s home.

      2. The State contends that even if the search was not authorized, Burgess and

A. S. separately consented to the search and the trial court erred by finding otherwise.

               It is well settled that a valid consent to a search eliminates the
      need for either probable cause or a search warrant. In order to justify a
      warrantless search on the grounds of consent, the State has the burden
      of proving that the consent was freely and voluntarily given under the
      totality of the circumstances. It is only by analyzing all the




a domestic protective order and finding the search authorized by the special needs
exception to the Fourth Amendment because the police were not engaged in a law
enforcement function and merely effectuated the search in support of the petitioner).
      23
         Compare with State v. Nelson, 283 Mont. 231, 235-236, 244 (3) (941 P2d
441) (1997) (allowing an investigative subpoena of medical records based on an
application by a prosecutor including a sworn affidavit and only upon demonstration
of a probable cause requirement, essentially the same as petitioning for a warrant).
      24
           (Punctuation omitted.) Riley, 573 U. S. at 401 (IV).

                                           16
      circumstances of an individual consent that it can be ascertained whether
      in fact it was voluntary or coerced.25


“Mere acquiescence in an officer’s authority will not demonstrate the accused’s

voluntary consensual compliance with the request made of him.”26 “Under appropriate

circumstances, [however] the State may prove that consent to search given by a

defendant . . . after a search validates a prior otherwise illegal search.”27

      (a) Burgess’s consent.

      The State relies upon Atkins v. State28 and other cases to support its argument

that Burgess’s execution of the waiver form vitiates the trial court’s finding that the

consent was not voluntary. Atkins held that “even if the initial entry into [the

defendant’s property] resulted in a warrantless search or seizure, the subsequent

voluntary, written consent to search amounted to a waiver of the warrant


      25
       (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Brooks v. State, 285 Ga. 424, 425-426
(677 SE2d 68) (2009), citing Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U. S. 218, 219, 233 (93
SCt 2041, 36 LE2d 854) (1973).
      26
        (Punctuation omitted.) State v. Turner, 304 Ga. 356, 359 (1) (818 SE2d 589)
(2018), quoting State v. Tye, 276 Ga. 559, 562 (580 SE2d 528) (2003).
      27
           Snider v. State, 292 Ga. App. 180, 183 (663 SE2d 805) (2008).
      28
       173 Ga. App. 9, 12 (3) (325 SE2d 388) (1984), affirmed in part and
remanded by Atkins v. State, 254 Ga. 641 (331 SE2d 597) (1985).

                                           17
requirement.29 In Atkins, this Court first determined that the defendant had freely and

voluntarily consented to the search, and therefore, his written consent validly waived

any unlawful previous intrusions.30 But the mere fact that Burgess executed the

written consent to search does not, as a matter of law, require reversal of the trial

court’s determination that the consent was not freely and voluntarily given.

      In this case, the trial court found that although the TPO allowed the agents to

enter Burgess’s home and seize firearms and explosives, the State failed to present

evidence that Burgess freely and voluntarily consented to the search, even after being

presented with and signing the waiver form.31 The trial court’s finding is supported

by our determination that the TPO did not authorize the search. There was no

testimony that agents provided Burgess with the opportunity to refuse to consent to

the search when the agents served the TPO, and by the time that the waiver form was

presented to Burgess, officers already had discovered some methamphetamine, the


      29
           (Punctuation and citations omitted.) Atkins, 173 Ga. App. at 12 (3).
      30
        See id. at 11-12 (2). See also State v. Sutton, 258 Ga. 382 (2) (369 SE2d 249)
(1988) (holding that because the defendant consented to the search any illegal entry
on the property did not vitiate later consent by the defendant to the search).
      31
         The trial court found that officers read Burgess his Miranda rights prior to
his statement at the police station, but officers testified that they did so on the scene
as well.

                                           18
explosives, and many firearms. “Giving proper deference to the trial court’s factual

findings and credibility determinations, and based upon the totality of the

circumstances, the record supports the trial court’s conclusion that [Burgess] merely

acquiesced to the authority of law enforcement rather than voluntarily consenting to

the search of [his] home.”32

      (b) A. S.’s consent.

      To the extent that the State contends that A. S.’s off-premises consent to search

renders legal the officer’s actions here, we do not agree. Based on the trial court’s

finding that Burgess, who was physically present at the house when officers arrived,

was (1) not given the opportunity to refuse the search during the initial service of the

TPO; and (2) did not freely or voluntarily execute the waiver mid-search, we cannot

say that trial court erred by finding that A. S.’s pre-search, off-site consent authorized

the search.33



      32
         Turner, 304 Ga. at 361 (1) (a). See also Code v. State, 234 Ga. 90, 95 (II)
(214 SE2d 873) (1975) (“[W]hen an officer represents to an accused that he has
authority to search, when actually he does not, a resultant consent by the accused to
the search is invalid. In these circumstances, the consent is merely a submission to an
apparent legitimate display of legal authority to which all are required to submit.”).
      33
       See Georgia v. Randolph, 547 U. S. 103, 122-123 (III) (126 SCt 1515, 164
LE2d 208) (2006).

                                           19
      3. The State contends that even if the order did not allow the officers to

effectuate the search, and even if there was no valid consent, the evidence should not

be excluded because officers reasonably relied on the TPO to conduct the search.

      (a) Exclusionary rule.


             The exclusionary rule is a judicially created remedy adopted to
      protect Fourth Amendment rights by deterring illegal searches and
      seizures. It is not intended to cure the invasion of the defendant’s rights
      which he has already suffered, and it does not proscribe the introduction
      of illegally seized evidence in all proceedings or against all persons.
      Because the rule is not constitutionally mandated and because of its
      broad deterrent purpose, it consistently has been applied only where its
      remedial objectives are thought most efficaciously served.34


      Although this case presents a close question as to this issue, we agree with

Burgess that the exclusionary rule applies to the search as a whole, and we affirm the

trial court’s determination that the exclusionary rule applied to the search of the

outbuilding/garage.35 Although officers testified at the suppression hearing that they

      34
       (Citations and punctuation omitted.) State v. Thackston, 289 Ga. 412, 413 (1)
(716 SE2d 517) (2011). See also Teal, 282 Ga. at 423 (2).
      35
         See State v. Gravitt, 289 Ga. App. 868, 871 (2) (b) (658 SE2d 424) (2008)
(“The indirect fruits of an illegal search or arrest should be suppressed when they bear
a significantly close relationship to the underlying illegality.”). Compare with Teal,
282 Ga. at 326-327 (2) (declining to apply the exclusionary rule to a warrantless

                                          20
believed that the TPO authorized their entry into Burgess’s home, they were aware

that they did not have a warrant to enter the premises. Additionally, the TPO was, at

most, limited to seizing firearms and explosives, and yet, officers proceeded to the

outbuilding/garage to look for the methamphetamine in a place described to them by

A. S. as being the location where they would find the methamphetamine. The officers

who took A. S.’s statement prior to serving the TPO failed to apply for a warrant

based on her statements regarding Burgess even though two days passed in between

her statement and service of the TPO, and based on that same length of time, we

cannot say that exigency prevented their application therefore. This is not a case in

which the officers were merely serving the TPO and providing support for a

petitioner’s enforcement of her right to her property or to ensure her safety.36 Instead,

officers were engaged in a full-blown search of the entire premises without a warrant

and without any exigencies of circumstance to support a determination that a

warrantless search was reasonable under the circumstances or that a reasonable




search of a hotel room because an application for a warrant had been prepared based
on evidence gathered prior to the illegal entry and inevitably would have been
discovered).
      36
           Compare with Henderson, 305 F3d at 1057-1058 (1) (A).

                                           21
officer would believe that she could effectuate the search without first obtaining a

warrant.37

      (b) Good faith exception.

      Alternatively, the State contends that the evidence from the search — both in

terms of the officers’ authority to search based on the TPO, and the officers’

understanding of the scope of the property included by the TPO — should not be

suppressed based on the good-faith exception as stated by the United States Supreme

Court in United States v. Leon.38 Leon, however, “has no application in this case. Not

only is Leon factually distinguishable because the evidence was seized from

[Burgess] without a search warrant, the Leon ‘good faith’ exception is not applicable

in Georgia in light of our legislatively-mandated exclusionary rule found in OCGA

§ 17-5-30.”39 Moreover, as previously explained, the officers were aware that the


      37
           See Riley, 573 U. S. at 401-402 (IV).
      38
           468 U. S. 897 (104 SCt 3405) (82 LEd2 677) (1984).
      39
         (Punctuation omitted.) Harvey v. State, 266 Ga. 671, 672 (469 SE2d 176)
(1996), citing Gary v. State, 262 Ga. 573 (422 SE2d 426) (1992). See also OCGA §
17-5-30 (a) (1). We note that the Georgia Supreme Court recently granted a writ of
certiorari in Mobley v. State, Case No. S18C1546 (Mar. 4, 2019), in which the Court
stated it was concerned with the issue of whether, inter alia, the Court should
continue to apply the rule announced in Gary, which declined to adopt the Leon
good-faith exception.

                                          22
TPO did not contain any directive to search for methamphetamine, and they were able

to interview A. S. and could have applied for a warrant based on the support of her

statements and the probable cause finding encompassed in the TPO. Accordingly, this

argument is without merit.

      4. Burgess also argues that the trial court erred by finding that Burgess’s

statement to the police at the station was freely and voluntarily entered. Based on our

holding in Division 1 that the TPO did not constitute a valid warrant and the search

was not otherwise authorized, we reverse the trial court as to its finding on this issue.

      5. Based on our holdings in Divisions 1-4, supra, we need not address the

parties’ remaining enumerations of error.

      Accordingly, to the extent that the trial court granted the motion to suppress,

we affirm the order, and to the extent that the trial court denied the motion to

suppress, we reverse.

      Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part. Coomer, J., concurs. Dillard,

C. J., concurs in Divisions 1, 2, 4, and 5 and in the judgment only in Division 3.*

      *DIVISION 3 OF THIS OPINION IS PHYSICAL PRECEDENT ONLY.

COURT OF APPEALS RULE 33.2(a).



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