      TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                      NO. 03-10-00358-CV



                Russell H. Fish, III, individually and derivatively on behalf of
                     Texas Legislative Service, Partnership, Appellants

                                                 v.

   Texas Legislative Service, Partnership; Andrew K. Fish; and John C. Fish, Appellees


     FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 126TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
       NO. D-1-GN-08-002264, HONORABLE ERIC SHEPPERD, JUDGE PRESIDING



             CONCURRING AND DISSENTING OPINION


               I concur with the majority decision in this case to affirm the trial court’s summary

judgment in part and to reverse in part the portion of the judgment concerning noncompliance

with section 2.5 of the partnership agreement. I agree with the majority’s conclusion that we must

remand Russell’s breach-of-contract claim because a fact issue exists concerning Russell’s possible

waiver of his right to enforce section 2.5, although the statute of limitations bars damages for any

breach that accrued more than four years before this lawsuit was filed.1 I write separately, however,

because I respectfully dissent from the majority’s conclusion that the clause in the contract




       1
          I also agree with the majority’s conclusions affirming the trial court’s grant of summary
judgment for Andrew and John on Russell’s other claims, which concern access to the partnership’s
records and books, the sale of Janet’s partnership interest, the partnership agreement’s covenant not
to compete, misappropriation of trade secrets, copyright infringement, and breaches of fiduciary
duty.
addressing approval of partner salaries is unambiguous and requires the partners’ unanimous

agreement on partner salaries. Unlike the majority, I would conclude that section 2.5 of the 1979

partnership agreement is ambiguous, and I would also remand this issue to the trial court for the

factfinder to determine the parties’ intended meaning of the clause after consideration of the relevant

extrinsic evidence.

                To determine whether a contract is ambiguous, we apply the pertinent rules of

interpretation to the instrument’s face. Universal C.I.T. Credit Corp. v. Daniel, 243 S.W.2d 154,

157 (Tex. 1951); see also Moon Royalty, LLC v. Boldrick Partners, 244 S.W.3d 391, 394

(Tex. App.—Eastland 2007, no pet.) (noting that rules of interpretation may be utilized to determine

if agreement is ambiguous but canons of construction do not apply to determine agreement’s legal

effect absent determination of ambiguity). If it is genuinely uncertain which one of two or more

meanings is the proper meaning after applying the rules of interpretation, then the terms cannot

be given a certain or definite legal meaning, and the contract is ambiguous. Universal C.I.T.,

243 S.W.2d at 157. We must decide whether the contract is ambiguous by examining the contract

as a whole in light of the circumstances present when the contract was entered. Columbia Gas

Transmission Corp. v. New Ulm Gas, Ltd., 940 S.W.2d 587, 589 (Tex. 1996). To ascertain the true

intention of the parties as expressed in the instrument, we must “examine and consider the entire

writing in an effort to harmonize and give effect to all the provisions of the contract so that none will

be rendered meaningless.” Coker v. Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex. 1983). No single provision

taken alone should control—instead, all the provisions must be considered with reference to the




                                                   2
entire agreement. Id. In this case, an examination of the text of section 2.5, the contract as a whole,

and the surrounding objective circumstances demonstrates that the contract is ambiguous.

               According to Oscar Wilde, “consistency is the last refuge of the unimaginative.”

Oscar Wilde, The Relation of Dress to Art, Pall Mall Gazette (London), February 23, 1885, reprinted

in Aristotle at Afternoon Tea: The Rare Oscar Wilde, 52 (John Wyse Jackson ed., 1991). Imagination

is precisely what a well-drafted contract avoids—variety and creativity lead to ambiguity. When it

comes to contracts, the view attributed to Francis Bacon that “consistency is the foundation of

virtue” is more germane. This contract fails the consistency test.

               Section 2.5 provides that “the partners shall receive such monthly salaries as the

partners mutually agree shall be paid.” The majority’s view of section 2.5’s meaning is not an

unreasonable interpretation of the phrase “the partners mutually agree.” The majority begins its

interpretation of the phrase “mutually agree” by examining the plain, ordinary, and commonly

understood meaning of the term “mutual” and concludes that the term “connotes unanimous

agreement of the partners, not a majority in interest.” Fish v. Texas Legislative Serv., P’ship, No.

03-10-00358-CV, slip op. at 13-14 (Tex. App.—Austin Jan. 27, 2012, no pet. h.) (mem. op.),

available at http://www.3dcoa.courts.state.tx.us. In my view, however, the phrase “the partners

mutually agree” does not unambiguously mandate unanimous consent among all the partners, each

with varying percentages of interest in the partnership.

               There are a number of inconsistencies in the terms used in the contract. Nowhere in

the contract are the terms “mutually” or “mutually agree” defined. In some provisions, the contract

unambiguously refers to “all of the partners” or “one hundred percent (100%) of the interest of



                                                  3
the partners.” In other provisions, the contract unambiguously refers to a less than unanimous

interest by referring to “the majority in interest of the partners,” which it defines as “those partners

owning more than fifty percent (50%) of the capital interest.” This variety in usage, coupled with

the lack of a definition for the term “mutually agree,” results in ambiguity. The majority concludes

differently, asserting that the variety in terms does not result in ambiguity because it can be explained

by the need to contrast a 100%-agreement requirement with a 75%-agreement requirement in a

particular section. But the majority does not explain why section 1.3 states that “[t]he partnership

shall also carry on any business activity which may be lawfully done by a partnership in the State of

Texas upon agreement of all the partners,” instead of “upon mutual agreement of the partners.”

(Emphasis added.) “Agreement of all the partners” unambiguously conveys a requirement of

unanimity, which supports my conclusion discussed below that the phrase “the partners mutually

agree” reasonably could convey a requirement of less than unanimity.

                I find that several ambiguities are raised by the text of section 2.5 itself. First, if we

read “partners” as all interest holders as defined in section 1.1 and we use the majority’s

interpretation of “mutually agree,” then section 2.5 must be read to require that all interest holders,

whether working in the partnership or not, must receive a monthly salary (i.e., “the partners shall

receive such monthly salaries”) and that each one must agree upon each of the others’ salaries.

Neither of the parties asserts that this is the case, although both sides argue that section 2.5 is

unambiguous. Second, there is a tension between the terms “mutually” and “agree” that creates an

ambiguity. One commentator has noted that the term “mutual agreement” is a redundancy. Bryan

A. Garner, Garner’s Dictionary of Legal Usage 594 (3rd ed. 2011). But if we presume, as we must,



                                                    4
that the parties intended each word to have meaning, then “mutually” must somehow modify

“agree.” See Alpert v. Riley, 274 S.W.3d 277, 288 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet

denied) (“[C]ourts should presume that words that follow one another are not intended to

be redundant.” (citing Gulf Metals Indus., Inc. v. Chicago Ins. Co., 993 S.W.2d 800, 805 (Tex.

App.—Austin 1999, pet. denied))).

                The word “agree,” when used as an intransitive verb as it is in the partnership

agreement, means “to give assent: express approval,” and it “suggests an accord, harmony, or

compatibility arrived at by a settling of differences . . . or by acquiescence where there was or might

have been opposition or contention.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 43 (2002). This

definition supports the majority’s reading of the phrase “the partners mutually agree” as requiring

unanimous consent of all the partners. Under the majority’s interpretation, if any partner opposes

another partner’s salary, the opposing partner has veto power. But I believe there is a nuance to the

term “mutual” that allows a plain reading of it to encompass the idea that each partner’s agreement

or disagreement is valued in proportion to his or her share of the partnership. One definition of the

term “mutual” used by the majority is “reciprocal,” and one definition of “reciprocal” is “serving to

reciprocate: consisting of or functioning as a return in kind.” Id. at 1895. “Reciprocate,” in turn,

means “to return in kind or degree” or “to give back usu. in kind or in quantity.” Id. To me, this

implies that each partner would contribute his or her agreement (or lack thereof) to partner salaries

in proportion to his or her share in the partnership. In other words, a partner with a minority interest

could not veto an agreement reached by a majority interest of the other partners.

                But even if the majority’s view of the plain meaning of “mutual” is correct, we must

look beyond the plain meaning of the words if it definitely appears that the plain meaning would

                                                   5
defeat the parties’ intent, as evidenced by the entire agreement. See Dynegy Midstream Servs. v.

Apache Corp., 294 S.W.3d 164, 168 (Tex. 2009); Moon Royalty, 244 S.W.3d at 394. We also may

consider the “surrounding circumstances that inform, rather than vary from or contradict, the contract

text” to aid us in determining whether the language of the contract appears to be capable of only a

single meaning. Houston Exploration Co. v. Wellington Underwriting Agencies, Ltd., __ S.W. 3d __,

No. 08-0890, 2011 WL 3796361, at *4 (Tex. Aug. 26, 2011). “Those circumstances include . . .

‘the commercial or other setting in which the contract was negotiated and other objectively

determinable factors that give a context to the transaction between the parties.’” Id. (quoting 11

Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts § 32.7 (4th ed. 1999)) (emphasis added); see also Sun Oil

v. Madeley, 626 S.W.2d 726, 731 & n.5 (Tex. 1981) (explaining that while extrinsic evidence is

not admissible to render unambiguous contract ambiguous, courts may consider “surrounding

circumstances known to the parties at the time of [the contract’s] execution” to aid them in

determining whether contract language appears to be capable of only one meaning (quoting

4 Williston on Contracts § 609 (3rd ed. 1961))). In this case, when we consider the contract as a

whole in light of the circumstances present when the contract was entered, and harmonize all its

provisions so that none is rendered meaningless or moot, it becomes apparent that the interplay of

section 2.5 with section 3.1 renders section 2.5 “fairly susceptible of more than one legal meaning

or construction.” Id. at 732. Consequently, the contract does not clearly disclose the parties’

intention—it is ambiguous.

               Section 3.1 of the partnership agreement concerns the manager of the business. This

section provides for the selection of the manager by at least a majority in interest of the partners,

establishes three acts that the manager may perform on behalf of the partnership only with the

                                                  6
consent of a majority in interest, restricts the manager’s liability to the partners, and establishes who

may sign checks on the partnership bank accounts. Section 3.11 establishes that James Fish would

be the manager as of July 1, 1979, and “continuing thereafter so long as there is the approval of a

majority in interest of the partners.” (Emphasis added.) Section 3.11 also provides that if James

Fish decided not to continue as manager or no longer had “the approval of a majority in interest of

the partners to serve, a new manager shall be selected by the consent of a majority in interest of the

partners” if the new manager was a partner.2 (Emphasis added.) This section would be rendered

meaningless if a partner with a minority interest could veto paying a salary to a manager who had

the approval of a majority in interest of the partners.

                In addition, the manager chosen by a majority in interest of the partners is vested with

nearly unlimited power. The only limitations on the manager’s power are found in sections 3.12 and

3.3. Section 3.12 establishes that the manager must have the consent of a majority in interest of the

partnership to do the following: (1) borrow or lend money, (2) purchase equipment or consumable

supplies costing more than $10,000, and (3) execute any mortgage, bond, or lease except for the

principal office premises. Section 3.3 allows the manager to sign checks on the partnership bank

accounts, but states that any other partner or employee who signs checks is to be “mutually

designated” by the partners.3 There is no limitation on the manager’s ability to set the salaries or

bonuses of the employees of the business. Under the majority’s interpretation of the contract, a


        2
         As explained in the majority opinion, hiring a non-partner as manager requires consent of
two-thirds of the partnership interests.
        3
          I read “mutually designate” similarly to “mutually agree” and would conclude that a
partner’s contribution to the decision to “mutually designate” who could sign checks would be
proportionate to that partner’s interest in the partnership.

                                                   7
manager could be chosen by a majority in interest of the partners and have his or her salary vetoed

by a minority partner. The manager could then hire his or her non-partner spouse as an employee

and pay that employee whatever amount the manager deemed appropriate, as long as it did not result

in the disapproval of a majority in interest of the partners. When we read sections 2.5 and 3 together,

as we must to give meaning to both provisions, the potential conflict between the two sections

created by the phrase “the partners mutually agree” demonstrates that ambiguity exists surrounding

the parties’ intent. See Coker, 650 S.W.2d at 394.

               The surrounding circumstances known to the parties at the time of the contract’s

execution also support the reasonableness of this second interpretation of the phrase “mutually

agree.” In 1979, the parties to the contract were partners in a family business, in which some

partners worked and others did not. The partners did not share equally in the partnership; instead,

some partners held a substantial percentage interest (as much as 25%), while others held less than

a 5% share. See Houston Exploration Co., 2011 WL 3796361, at *4 (considering setting in which

contract was negotiated when construing contract); see also id. at *7 & n.2 (Jefferson, C.J.,

dissenting) (noting permissibility of considering objectively determinable factors such as parties’

experience, bargaining position, and relative value of interest at stake). When the partnership

agreement was executed in 1979, it designated the parties’ uncle, James C. Fish, as the manager.

At least between 1974 and 1979, Russell Jr., the parties’ father, had been TLS’s manager.4 Before

Russell Jr.’s tenure, the first manager had been the parties’ grandfather Walter, who started the


       4
         The 1974 partnership agreement establishes Russell Jr. as the “supervisor,” and the
supervisor position carried the same limitations as the manager position in the 1979 agreement.
James Fish testified that Russell took over as managing partner at approximately the beginning of
1965.

                                                  8
business in 1924. The previous partnership agreement executed in 1974 contained the same

language about “mutual” agreement on partner salaries that is at issue here. When the 1974

partnership agreement was executed, Russell Jr. and his wife Janet (the parties’ mother) each had

a 25% interest in the partnership and they were co-trustees for the parties who had an 8-1/3% interest

each, meaning that together Russell Jr. and Janet controlled 75% of the partnership interest.

                The parties’ uncle James testified that historically only those partners who worked

in the business would receive a salary and the managing partner set the salaries. He further

explained that the salaries of partners who worked in the business historically had not required the

agreement of all partners. James testified that the salaries of partners who worked in the business

had been set by TLS’s managing partner since 1924.5 He testified that Russell Jr. had set his own

salary and that of the other partners working in the business when Russell Jr. was the manager of

TLS. Andrew also testified at his deposition and stated in his affidavit that the prior managers had

set their own salaries and those of the other partners working in the business without seeking the

approval of those partners not working at TLS. Andrew testified that it was the manager’s function

to set salaries even though that was not expressly stated in the partnership agreement. He testified

that “the provision [section 2.5] in the partnership agreement had to do with retiring managing

partners and provisions if salaries were to be paid to other partners, but there was no express

provision dealing with salaries of employees or managing partners.” Andrew and John both stated

in their affidavits that their father (and subsequently, their uncle) never asked any of the partners who




        5
          James also testified that he followed the same practice when he became managing partner
and set his own salary without a vote from any of the other partners.

                                                   9
did not work at TLS to approve any of the salaries for the partners working at TLS. Andrew further

testified at his deposition that the prior practice when his father had been managing partner (which

was continued by his uncle) was that partners working in the business earned more from TLS than

partners who were not working in the business.6

               In 1979, when James became manager, the partners working in the business

controlled a majority in interest (66-2/3%) of the partnership:


       Janet                                  25%
       James                                  16-2/3%
       Andrew                                 12-1/2%
       James as trustee for his children      4-1/6% (for each of his 3 children).7


All the partners working in the business were on salary. James continued setting the salaries for the

partners working in the business, just as Russell Jr. did when he was the manager, and the partners

       6
          For the purpose of determining whether the language in section 2.5 is ambiguous, I consider
only the objective circumstances existing at the time of the contract’s execution—the practice
followed by the partnership up to the time of the agreement’s execution in 1979. If we were
remanding Russell’s breach-of-contract claim to the trial court for the factfinder to determine the
meaning of section 2.5, then the factfinder could consider the extrinsic evidence of the partners’
subjective intent, including subsequent conduct. See National Union Fire Ins. Co. v. CBI Indus.,
Inc., 907 S.W.2d 517, 520 (Tex. 1995) (per curiam) (“Only where a contract is first determined to
be ambiguous may the courts consider the parties’ interpretation and admit extraneous evidence to
determine the true meaning of the instrument.” (citation omitted)); Sun Oil v. Madeley, 626 S.W.2d
726, 732 (Tex. 1981) (considering evidence of parties’ experience, bargaining position, and relative
value of interest at stake when deciding contract was unambiguous and finding appellate court erred
by considering subsequent conduct to interpret unambiguous contract).
       7
         Andrew testified that Janet worked at TLS from the 1960s until 1988, at which point she
was no longer regularly scheduled as an employee during sessions because of a shift in the business’s
production schedule, although she continued to draw a salary until 1994 and may have worked some.
Andrew testified that he started working at TLS in 1976. James testified that Janet and Andrew were
both working at TLS when James took over as the manager in 1979. John testified that he began
working in the business in approximately 1981.

                                                 10
working in the business controlled a majority in interest of the business, just as they did when

Russell Jr. was the manager. Thus, the circumstances at the time the 1979 agreement was signed are

consistent with the idea that “mutual” agreement upon salaries to be paid to partners meant

agreement of a majority in interest of the partnership. Consequently, I conclude that when the

contract is considered as a whole and in light of the circumstances surrounding its execution, section

2.5 is ambiguous because agreement of a majority in interest of the partners is another reasonable

interpretation of the phrase “mutually agree.” When more than one reasonable interpretation of

a contract exists, there is a fact issue concerning the parties’ intent. See Columbia Gas, 940 S.W.2d

at 588.

                Because I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that the agreement is unambiguous

and requires unanimous consent for partner salaries, and I would remand the breach-of-contract

claim to the trial court to allow the factfinder to determine the parties’ true intent, I respectfully

dissent. Because I agree with the majority’s disposition of the other issues involved, including the

issue of waiver, I respectfully concur in the remainder of the majority’s decision to affirm in part and

to reverse and remand in part.



                                                __________________________________________

                                                Diane M. Henson, Justice

Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Pemberton and Henson

Filed: January 27, 2012




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