                                                     SYLLABUS

(This syllabus is not part of the opinion of the Court. It has been prepared by the Office of the Clerk for the
convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the Supreme Court. Please note that, in the
interest of brevity, portions of any opinion may not have been summarized).

                Magic Petroleum Corporation v. Exxon Mobil Corporation (A-46-12) (069083)

Argued November 6, 2013 -- Decided July 28, 2014

FERNANDEZ-VINA, J., writing for a unanimous Court.

         In this appeal, the Court considers whether a property owner’s claims for contribution under the Spill
Compensation and Control Act (Spill Act or Act), N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11 to -23.24, must be deferred under the
doctrine of primary jurisdiction until after the conclusion of New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
(DEP) remediation enforcement actions, or whether a property owner may proceed against responsible parties to
recover sums expended to remediate the site before the DEP concludes its involvement in the site.

         In a proceeding before the Office of Administrative Law (OAL), the DEP sued Magic Petroleum, Inc.
(Magic) for expenses incurred during the remediation of hazardous material on land owned and operated by the
company. Although Magic asserted that other parties were responsible, Magic bore the entire cost of cleanup
pursuant to the DEP’s determination that Magic was a discharger.

          On August 12, 2003, while the DEP proceedings were ongoing, Magic filed a claim for contribution in the
Superior Court under the Spill Act, alleging that Exxon Mobil Corporation (ExxonMobil) and several other parties
were responsible for a portion of the costs associated with the cleanup. The trial court dismissed Magic’s claim
without prejudice, reasoning that, under the doctrine of primary jurisdiction, the contribution claim could only be
filed following complete remediation of the site. The court adduced that deferring the case to the DEP would afford
the Department time to employ its expertise in evaluating the full extent of the contamination and total costs of the
cleanup, components essential to awarding the final allocation of costs following completion of the remediation.
Magic moved for reconsideration, which was denied.

         Magic appealed, and the Appellate Division affirmed the trial court’s orders dismissing the complaint and
affirming the denial of Magic’s request for reconsideration. The panel reasoned that while the Superior Court and
the DEP have concurrent jurisdiction to determine whether ExxonMobil is a discharger, only the DEP could identify
the contamination, analyze the extent of the discharge, and devise a cleanup strategy. Those findings, the panel
continued, needed to be made prior to the Superior Court’s allocation of liability. Furthermore, the panel held that a
party must first obtain written approval of the remediation plan from the DEP before commencing a contribution
claim under the Spill Act. The Court granted Magic’s petition for certification. 213 N.J. 387 (2013).

HELD: Plaintiff property owners or other responsible parties may file contribution claims in Superior Court, and a
court may allocate liability before the final resolution of a site remediation plan by the DEP. The trial court may assign
liability based on evidence presented at trial, but may not be able to issue a final damages award. In addition, a party
need not obtain written approval of the remediation plan prior to filing a claim for contribution.

1. The New Jersey Legislature enacted the Spill Act in 1976 to “stem the threat to the economy and environment of
the State posed by the discharge of petroleum products and other hazardous substances.” Marsh v. N.J. Dep’t. of
Envtl. Prot., 152 N.J. 137, 144 (1997) (internal quotation omitted). The Act prohibits the “discharge” of “hazardous
substances” into the environment and provides for the cleanup of that discharge. N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11c. (pp. 11-12)

2. The DEP is charged with managing public funds to quickly and efficiently restore lands spoiled with
environmental contamination. N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(a)(1) (authorizing the DEP to “act to clean up and remove or
arrange for cleanup and removal of such discharge” or to “direct the discharger to clean up and remove or arrange
for the cleanup and removal of the discharge”). The Legislature established strict liability for causing environmental
contamination and mandated that dischargers are jointly and severally liable. N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11g(c)(1). Thus,
the DEP may collect the entire amount of cleanup costs from one discharger, even when that party was only partially
responsible for the spill. (pp. 12-13).

                                                          1
3. In 1992, the Legislature amended the Spill Act to clarify that dischargers ordered by the DEP to pay for the
entirety of cleanup costs were entitled to seek contribution from other responsible parties, based in part, on “the
normal course of tort law.” L. 1991, c. 372, § 14. At the time of the amendment’s passage, the “normal course of
tort law” included the already-existing right of contribution, codified in the Joint Tortfeasors Contribution Law,
N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-1, as modified by the Comparative Negligence Act, N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.1. In pertinent part, the Spill
Act provides that “[w]henever one or more dischargers or persons cleans up and removes a discharge of a hazardous
substance, those dischargers and persons shall have a right of contribution against all other dischargers and persons
in any way responsible for a discharged hazardous substance or other persons who are liable for the cost of the
cleanup and removal of that discharge of a hazardous substance.” N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(a)(2)(a). (pp. 13-15)

4. Importantly, the Legislature directed that contribution plaintiffs seek relief before a court. The Legislature
bestowed upon the courts liberal discretion to “allocate the costs of cleanup and removal among liable parties using
such equitable factors as the court determines are appropriate.” N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(a)(2)(a). The Legislature
went further to ensure private entity dischargers were not prevented from seeking recourse in the courts, dictating
that “[n]othing in [N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(a)(2)(a)] shall affect the right of any party to seek contribution pursuant to
any other statute or under common law.” Thus, the Legislature established a private right of action in contribution
so that dischargers designated by the DEP could share the cost of remediation with additional potentially responsible
dischargers not initially designated by the DEP. The Legislature focused on the courts as the venue to allocate
liability percentages, while the DEP continued to apply its expertise in the remediation of the site. (pp. 15-17)

5. This appeal requires the Court to address the doctrine of primary jurisdiction. Primary jurisdiction is applicable
when a case is properly filed in the Superior Court but the court declines original jurisdiction, referring specific
issues to the appropriate administrative body. The court gives deference to the administrative body’s interpretation
of its own regulations and findings of fact on particular issues that are within the special competence of the agency
pursuant to applicable statutes. Essentially, the court retains jurisdiction but defers action until the agency has
reviewed the case and employed its expertise. In instances where the court and the agency have concurrent
jurisdiction, disputed factual issues should be evaluated by the agency because of its expertise, but legal issues
should be left to the court to decide. Although no formula exists to evaluate the applicability of primary jurisdiction,
our courts have been guided by a four-part test, which considers (1) whether the matter is within the conventional
experience of judges; (2) whether the matter is peculiarly within the agency’s discretion, or requires expertise; (3)
whether inconsistent rulings might disrupt the statutory scheme; and (4) whether prior application has been made to
the agency. (pp. 17-20)

6. Primary jurisdiction is not applicable in this contribution claim. First, dischargers statutorily are afforded the
same right as the DEP to sue other potentially responsible parties in order to recover contribution costs for
contamination where other parties caused a portion of the discharge. Additionally, the Spill Act gives the court, not
the DEP, jurisdiction over contribution claims. N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(a)(2)(a). Indeed, here, the DEP implicitly
conceded that a claim for contribution, and specifically the allocation of liability, is a form of recourse not within the
DEP’s jurisdiction. Moreover, contribution claims do not necessitate the expertise of the DEP because allocating
liability and considering expert testimony are matters within the conventional experience of judges. Therefore, the
DEP and the courts share concurrent jurisdiction over the recovery of cleanup costs. (pp. 20-24)

7. Finally, a contribution plaintiff need not obtain the DEP’s written approval of the investigation and remediation
plan prior to filing a claim for contribution. The Court reaches this conclusion based upon the plain language of the
statute and the clear Legislative intent to amend the Spill Act to clarify and permit a private claim for contribution.
The issue of allocation of liability is independent from the issue of the total amount of the costs. While dischargers
are required to have written approval for the actual expenses that they incur for the purpose of remediation in order
to seek contribution for those expenses, that is not a prerequisite to allocation of responsibility for the costs
associated with the approved remediation. (pp. 25-27)

         The judgment of the Appellate Division is REVERSED, and the matter is REMANDED to the trial court
for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

      CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER, JUSTICES LaVECCHIA and ALBIN, and JUDGES RODRÍGUEZ
and CUFF (both temporarily assigned) join in JUSTICE FERNANDEZ-VINA’s opinion. JUSTICE
PATTERSON did not participate.



                                                            2
                                     SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                       A-46 September Term 2012
                                                069083

MAGIC PETROLEUM CORPORATION,

    Plaintiff-Appellant,

         v.

EXXON MOBIL CORPORATION and
MARIE TIRICO,

    Defendants-Respondents,

         and

TRENTON OIL COMPANY and M.M.
WERTHEIM CORPORATION,

    Defendants

         and

EXXON MOBIL CORPORATION,

    Defendant/Third-Party
    Plaintiff-Respondent

         v.

LINKING RING PETROLEUM,

    Third-Party Defendant.


         Argued April 1, 2014 – Decided July 28, 2014

         On certification to the Superior Court,
         Appellate Division.

         Michael G. Sinkevich, Jr., argued the cause
         for appellant (Lieberman & Blecher,
         attorneys; Stuart J. Lieberman, of counsel).

         Robert T. Lehman argued the cause for
         respondent Exxon Mobil Corporation (Archer &

                               1
           Greiner, attorneys; Mr. Lehman, Adam P.
           Baas, and Sarah A. Gribbin, on the briefs).

           Lance J. Kalik submitted a letter in lieu of
           brief on behalf of respondent Marie Tirico
           (Riker Danzig Scherer Hyland & Perretti,
           attorneys).

           Martha N. Donovan argued the cause for
           amicus curiae New Jersey Apartment
           Association (Norris McLaughlin & Marcus,
           attorneys; Ms. Donovan and Edward A. Hogan,
           on the brief).

           Martha N. Donovan submitted a brief on
           behalf of amicus curiae Ironstate
           Development Co., Ltd. (Norris McLaughlin &
           Marcus, attorneys; Ms. Donovan and Edward A.
           Hogan, on the brief).


    JUSTICE FERNANDEZ-VINA delivered the opinion of the Court.

    When environmental contamination occurs, the Spill

Compensation and Control Act (Spill Act), N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11

to -23.24, makes all dischargers jointly and severally liable

for the entire cost of cleanup.   The New Jersey Department of

Environmental Protection (DEP or Department) is involved in a

spill cleanup either by affirmatively compelling a “discharger”

to remediate the site or by managing remediation accomplished by

parties.   Remediation expenses are the responsibility of the

party or parties who are “in any way responsible” for the

pollution.   N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11g.   The Spill Act specifically

authorizes a private right of action, thus allowing parties to

seek contribution totaling an amount equal to the party’s share




                                  2
of liability for the remediation costs from other responsible

parties.   See N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(a)(2)(a).

    In this appeal, we consider whether a property owner’s

claims for contribution under the Spill Act must be deferred

under the doctrine of primary jurisdiction until after the

conclusion of DEP remediation enforcement actions or whether a

property owner may proceed against responsible parties to

recover sums expended to remediate the site before the DEP

concludes its involvement in the site.

    The facts in this case led to two separate legal actions.

In the first case, the DEP sued Magic Petroleum, Inc. (Magic)

for expenses incurred during the remediation of hazardous

material on land owned and operated by the company.      Although

Magic asserted that other parties were responsible, Magic bore

the entire cost of cleanup pursuant to the DEP’s determination

that Magic was a discharger.   Magic then sought contribution

from Exxon Mobil Corporation (ExxonMobil), the owner of

neighboring land, to defray the cost of the cleanup.       That

action started the pending case.       Magic’s claim was dismissed

without prejudice by the trial court, which reasoned that, under

the doctrine of primary jurisdiction, the contribution claim

could only be filed following complete remediation of the site.

The court adduced that deferring the case to the DEP would

afford the Department time to employ its expertise in evaluating

the full extent of the contamination and total costs of the
                                   3
cleanup, components essential to awarding the final allocation

of costs following completion of the remediation.

    The Appellate Division affirmed the trial court’s decision.

The appellate panel recognized that the Superior Court and the

DEP have concurrent jurisdiction to determine whether ExxonMobil

is a discharger, but the DEP has sole jurisdiction over

identifying contaminants on the land and assessing the extent of

the discharge in order to formulate the proper remediation plan.

Furthermore, the panel held that a party must first obtain

written approval of the remediation plan from the DEP before

commencing a contribution claim under the Spill Act.

    While the extent of the cleanup has yet to be ascertained,

we agree that the trial court may determine, subject to proofs,

whether ExxonMobil is also responsible for the contamination.

Moreover, we conclude that the trial court may assign liability

to responsible parties, based on evidence presented at trial,

but we note that the court may not be able to issue a final

damages award.   Further, we determine that a party need not

obtain written approval of the remediation plan prior to filing

a claim for contribution.   Therefore, we reverse the judgment of

the Appellate Division and remand to the trial court.

                                I.

                                A.

    In the early 1990s, Magic purchased Lot 19.01 in the

Clarksburg area of Millstone Township.   On that lot, Magic owned
                                 4
and operated a gasoline refueling and service station, which was

subsequently discovered to be the source of ground and water

contamination on the land.    Across the street, ExxonMobil owned

a parcel of land, designated as Lot 11,1 where it operated

another gasoline refueling station, rife with its own

contamination issues.

     At the time of purchase, Magic was aware that its property

contained several underground storage tanks (USTs), that were

leaking petroleum hydrocarbons into the soil and ground water.

In fact, the DEP became involved with Lot 19.01 in 1989, years

before Magic purchased the land, after the DEP detected strong

petroleum odors and ionization on the land.   Those contaminants

were later determined to be a “discharge” pursuant to the Spill

Act, N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11b.   As a result, two USTs were removed

in 1991.

     In 1995, the DEP issued a Field Directive notifying Magic

of the need to investigate and remediate the hazardous

substances discharged on Lot 19.01.    In 1997, Magic had three

more USTs removed from the property.   In 1999, Magic entered

into an Administrative Consent Order (ACO) with the DEP, whereby

Magic agreed to remediate the property under DEP oversight.       The

DEP issued an Administrative Order and Notice of Civil

1
 Defendant Marie Tirico purchased Lot 11 from ExxonMobil in
1988. Tirico then sold Lot 11 to defendant Trenton Oil Company.
Later, Magic’s principal, Avinash Vashisht, acquired Lot 11 and
transferred it to another corporation, Linking Ring Petroleum,
also owned by Vashisht.
                                5
Administrative Penalty Assessment on May 9, 2003, when,

according to the DEP, Magic failed to comply with the ACO.

    Magic requested an administrative hearing and the case was

transferred to the Office of Administrative Law (OAL).    Magic

asserted that the proceeding should be stayed to admit

ExxonMobil as a party so that liability could be allocated to

each potentially responsible party accordingly.

    Magic also sent letters to the DEP requesting that the

agency join ExxonMobil in the remediation plan.    The DEP

responded by letter dated August 21, 2003, directing that “the

assessment of a percentage of the responsibility is best

addressed in negotiation with ExxonMobil or before the [c]ourt.”

    An administrative hearing was held, and on November 1,

2006, an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) concluded that the

contamination of Lot 19.01 was properly attributed to a

discharge for which Magic was “in any way responsible” under

N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11g.    The ALJ also found that Magic was in

violation of the ACO.    The DEP adopted the ALJ’s decision on

December 18, 2006.

    Before completion of the OAL proceeding, Magic filed a

complaint in Superior Court, Law Division in which it alleged

that the 1999 ACO was a contract, that DEP breached the contract

and that DEP breached the duty of good faith and fair dealing.

A Law Division judge dismissed the case on October 4, 2006.

Magic then appealed the dismissal of the case and the final
                                  6
decision of the DEP to the Appellate Division, which

consolidated the cases and affirmed both judgments.    We denied

certification.     Vashisht v. N.J. Dep’t. of Envtl. Prot., 198

N.J. 473 (2009).

                                  B.

    On August 12, 2003, while the DEP proceedings were ongoing,

Magic filed a claim for contribution in the Superior Court under

the Spill Act, alleging that ExxonMobil and several other

parties were responsible for a portion of the costs associated

with the cleanup of the contamination on Lot 19.01.    That claim

gave rise to this appeal.    Both Magic and ExxonMobil engaged in

extensive discovery efforts, including serving and answering

interrogatories, hiring experts, and obtaining reports regarding

which party was responsible for the contamination of Lot 19.01.

    On June 14, 2010, ExxonMobil filed a notice to stay the

case or to dismiss the complaint without prejudice.    In support

of its motions, ExxonMobil asserted that the DEP’s determination

of necessary remediation projects must precede any court

allocation of liability under the Spill Act.

The court dismissed the case without prejudice, reasoning that,

since the DEP was already on Magic’s property collecting data

about the discharge contaminants, the allocation of liability

would be more accurate if adjudged after the DEP had detailed

information about the extent of the contamination and necessary

remediation.   The court focused on the DEP’s current role in the
                                   7
remediation on Lot 19.01 and the DEP’s function in the

evaluation of the type of cleanup that would be required.        That

assessment would substantially affect the dollar amount of

cleanup costs to be paid by the responsible parties.     Magic

moved for reconsideration, which was denied.

    Magic appealed to the Appellate Division.    In an

unpublished opinion, the Appellate Division affirmed the trial

court’s order dismissing the complaint without prejudice and

affirming the denial of Magic’s request for reconsideration.

The appellate panel reasoned that, while the Superior Court had

sole jurisdiction to allocate the costs of remediation among

liable parties, several other issues needed to be addressed

before reaching the allocation of liability.

    Specifically, the Appellate Division stated that, although

the court and the DEP had concurrent jurisdiction over whether

ExxonMobil was a “party in any way responsible,” only the DEP

could identify the contamination, analyze the extent of the

discharge, and devise a cleanup strategy.   Those findings, the

panel continued, needed to be made prior to the Superior Court’s

allocation of liability.   Relying on the doctrine of primary

jurisdiction, the Appellate Division found that the unsettled

issues would be best decided by the expertise of the DEP so as

to avoid inconsistent rulings.   The Appellate Division also

declared that Magic, and any other party seeking contribution



                                 8
under the Spill Act, must obtain written approval from the DEP

for the remediation plan prior to filing a contribution claim.

    Magic petitioned this Court, and we granted certification.

213 N.J. 387 (2013).

                                II.

    Magic argues that the trial court’s dismissal of its

contribution claim was improper because primary jurisdiction is

not applicable.   Relying on N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f, Magic asserts

that the Legislature did not include any language either

limiting a party’s recourse in the courts or requiring that a

party wait until after the environmental investigation is

complete and the remedial action plan is approved before filing

a contribution claim.   Magic maintains that the plain language

of the statute bestows upon the court broad powers to allocate

liability in contribution claims, permitting the court to use

“such equitable factors as the court determines are

appropriate.”   N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(a)(2)(a).

    As a corollary, Magic contends that written approval by the

DEP for the investigation and proposed remediation plan is not

required prior to filing a claim for contribution, contrary to

the Appellate Division’s decision.    In support of this argument,

Magic relies on the new regulatory scheme for site cleanup

governed by the Site Remediation Reform Act, N.J.S.A. 58:10C-1

to -29.   That statute changed the mechanism for remediation

projects by placing the bulk of oversight duties in the hands of
                                 9
licensed site remediation professionals2 (LSRPs) and retaining

only minimal oversight responsibilities for the DEP.    See

N.J.S.A. 58:10C-1.3; see also N.J.S.A. 58:10C-27.    Magic argues

that demanding written approval prior to the filing of a

contribution claim is impractical and impossible in light of

this legislation because the DEP no longer oversees remediation

projects or provides approval for remediation plans.

       ExxonMobil argues that the trial court appropriately

applied the doctrine of primary jurisdiction in dismissing the

case without prejudice because only the DEP has the authority to

determine the scope and nature of a party’s discharge liability.

Further, ExxonMobil contends that the DEP should be allowed to

ascertain specific facts within its expertise before the

contribution claim can proceed, particularly because the DEP is

required to verify the extent of discharge and evaluate the

remediation plan on Magic’s property, in accordance with the

ACO.

       Furthermore, ExxonMobil contends that in order for a party

to recover in a contribution claim, the expenses for which the

party seeks contribution must meet the definition of “cleanup


2
  Licensed site remediation professionals are individuals who
independently oversee the cleanup of contaminated sites,
ensuring that the process is conducted effectively and in
compliance with New Jersey statutes and regulations. See
N.J.S.A. 58:10C-14. The Site Remediation Professional Licensing
Board issues licenses for LSRPs based on strict criteria,
including a particular level of education and experience in the
environmental field. See N.J.S.A. 58:10C-3, -5.
                                10
and removal costs.”   ExxonMobil contends that the Spill Act

dictates that “cleanup and removal costs” are only those for

which the party has obtained prior “written approval from the

[D]epartment.”   N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11b.     Accordingly, ExxonMobil

insists that a party seeking contribution must have written

approval for the remediation plan prior to filing a claim for

contribution.

    The New Jersey Apartment Association and Ironstate

Development Co. Ltd., appearing as amici curiae, join in Magic’s

assertion that written approval from the DEP is not required

prior to filing a claim for contribution.     Amici reason that

such a prerequisite would cause an exceptionally burdensome

backlog of remediation cases for the DEP.

                                III.

                                 A.

    In 1976, New Jersey Legislature enacted the Spill Act in an

effort to “stem the ‘threat to the economy and environment of

the State’ posed by the ‘discharge of petroleum products and

other hazardous substances.’”   Marsh v. N.J. Dep’t. of Envtl.

Prot., 152 N.J. 137, 144 (1997) (quoting N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11a);

see also Buonviaggio v. Hillsborough Twp. Comm., 122 N.J. 5, 8

(1991).   The stated purpose of the Spill Act is

          to exercise the powers of this State to
          control   the   transfer  and  storage   of
          hazardous    substances  and  to    provide
          liability for damage sustained within this
          State as a result of any discharge of said
                                 11
          substances,   by    requiring   the   prompt
          containment and removal of such pollution
          and substances, and to provide a fund for
          swift and adequate compensation to resort
          businesses and other persons damaged by such
          discharges.

          [N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11a.]
     Importantly, the Spill Act prohibits the “discharge” of

“hazardous substances” into the environment and provides for the

cleanup of that discharge.   N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11c; accord

Buonviaggio, supra, 122 N.J. at 8.   In keeping with the

Legislature’s intent that the Spill Act be liberally construed,3

“discharge” is defined broadly as

          any intentional or unintentional action or
          omission   resulting   in    the  releasing,
          spilling,    leaking,    pumping,   pouring,
          emitting, emptying or dumping of hazardous
          substances into the waters or onto the lands
          of the State, or into waters outside the
          jurisdiction of the State when damage may
          result to the lands, waters, or natural
          resources within the jurisdiction of the
          State.

          [N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11b.]

     Moreover, under provisions of the Spill Act, the DEP is

charged with managing public funds to quickly and efficiently

restore lands spoiled with environmental contamination.      Marsh,

supra, 152 N.J. at 145.   Accordingly, the DEP also is authorized

to “act to clean up and remove or arrange for cleanup and

removal of such discharge or may direct the discharger to clean

3
  “The Spill Act being necessary for the general health, safety,
and welfare of the people of this State, shall be liberally
construed to effect its purposes.” N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11x.
                                12
up and remove or arrange for the cleanup and removal of the

discharge.”   N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(a)(1).   The Legislature

established strict liability for causing environmental

contamination:

         [A]ny person who has discharged a hazardous
         substance, or is in any way responsible for
         any hazardous substance, shall be strictly
         liable,   jointly  and   severally,  without
         regard to fault, for all cleanup and removal
         costs no matter by whom incurred.

         [N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11g(c)(1).]

Therein, the Legislature also mandated that dischargers are

jointly and severally liable.   Ibid.   Thus, the DEP may collect

the entire amount of cleanup costs from one discharger, even

when that party was only partially responsible for the spill.

    However, the DEP is not the only entity entitled to recover

cleanup costs.   In 1992, the Legislature amended the Spill Act

to clarify that dischargers ordered by the DEP to pay for the

entirety of cleanup costs were entitled to seek contribution

from other responsible parties, based in part, on “the normal

course of tort law.”   L. 1991, c. 372, § 14; see Statement to S.

2657, A. 3659 at 6 (June 11, 1990).

    At the time of the amendment’s passage, the “normal course

of tort law” included the already-existing right of

contribution, codified in the Joint Tortfeasors Contribution

Law, N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-1, as modified by the Comparative

Negligence Act, N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.1.     See Young v. Latta, 123

                                13
N.J. 584, 592 (1991).   The right of contribution is a statutory

construction.   See N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-3; Young, supra, 123 N.J. at

588.   The basic purpose in creating the right of contribution

was to achieve “a sharing of the common responsibility [among

tortfeasors] according to equity and natural justice.”

Sattelberger v. Telep, 14 N.J. 353, 367-368 (1954).     Therein,

the general right of contribution invokes several liability by

intending that the defendant-in-contribution shall pay no more

than the party’s percentage of liability.     N.J.S.A. 2A:15-

5.3(e).

       The purpose of the contribution amendment to the Spill Act

was to encourage prompt and effective remediation by those

parties responsible for contamination who might otherwise be

reluctant to cooperate in the remediation efforts for fear of

bearing the entire cost of cleanup when other parties were also

responsible for the creation and continuation of the discharge.

S. Envtl. Quality Comm., Statement to S. Comm. Substitute for S.

No. 2657 and Assemb. No. 3659, 204 Leg. at 1-2 (Dec. 10, 1990)

[hereinafter Statement to S. Substitute S. No. 2657].       In

pertinent part, the Spill Act provides that

           [w]henever  one   or   more   dischargers   or
           persons cleans up and removes a discharge of
           a hazardous substance, those dischargers and
           persons shall have a right of contribution
           against all other dischargers and persons in
           any   way  responsible    for   a   discharged
           hazardous substance or other persons who are
           liable for the cost of the cleanup and

                                 14
         removal of     that   discharge   of   a   hazardous
         substance.

         [N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(a)(2)(a).]
    The amendment expressly created a separate contribution

cause of action for private parties seeking to recover a portion

of the cleanup costs.   See Hous. Auth. v. Suydam Investors,

L.L.C., 177 N.J. 2, 18 (2003).    “In order to accomplish a fair

and equitable ultimate sharing of the remediation burden among

all responsible parties and thereby to promote contamination

cleanup, N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(a)(2)(a) casts a broad net

encompassing ‘all other dischargers and persons in any way

responsible for a discharged hazardous substance . . . .’”

Pitney Bowes, Inc. v. Baker Indus., Inc., 277 N.J. Super. 484,

487-88 (App. Div. 1994); see also Cyktor v. Aspen Manor Condo.

Ass’n, 359 N.J. Super. 459, 476 (App. Div. 2003) (internal

citations omitted) (stating that contribution provision was

enacted to “provide a right of contribution to ‘accomplish a

fair and equitable . . . sharing of the remediation burden among

all responsible parties’”) (alteration in original) (quoting

Pitney Bowes, supra, 277 N.J. Super. at 488).

    Importantly, the Legislature directed that contribution

plaintiffs seek relief before a court.     The Legislature bestowed

upon the courts liberal discretion to “allocate the costs of

cleanup and removal among liable parties using such equitable

factors as the court determines are appropriate.”        N.J.S.A.


                                  15
58:10-23.11f(a)(2)(a).    The Legislature went further to ensure

private entity dischargers were not prevented from seeking

recourse in the courts, dictating that “[n]othing in [N.J.S.A.

58:10-23.11f(a)(2)(a)] shall affect the right of any party to

seek contribution pursuant to any other statute or under common

law.”   Ibid.

    Federal courts interpreting the Spill Act have set out

several factors, which may provide guidance to New Jersey courts

allocating contribution costs for remediation of hazardous

substances.     The Federal District Court in New Jersey suggests

the following considerations, better known as the “Gore factors”

           (1)   the   ability   of   the   parties  to
           demonstrate that their contribution to a
           discharge,   release   or   disposal   of  a
           hazardous waste can be distinguished;

           (2) the amount      of    the   hazardous   waste
           involved;

           (3) the degree of toxicity of the hazardous
           waste involved;

           (4) the degree of involvement by the parties
           in     the    generation,    transportation,
           treatment, storage, or disposal of the
           hazardous waste;

           (5) the degree of care exercised by the
           parties with respect to the hazardous waste
           concerned,    taking   into    account    the
           characteristics of such hazardous waste; and

           (6) the degree of cooperation by the parties
           with the federal, state or local officials
           to prevent any harm to the public health or
           the environment.



                                    16
         [Lenox Inc. v. Reuben Smith Rubbish Removal,
         91 F. Supp. 2d 743, 747 (D.N.J. 2000).
         (citation omitted).]
Additionally, courts may look to any other “equitable factors as

the court determines are appropriate” to allocate liability.

N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(a)(2)(a).

    Thus, under the Spill Act, the Legislature established a

private right of action in contribution so that dischargers

designated by the DEP could share the cost of remediation with

additional potentially responsible dischargers not initially

designated by the DEP.    The Legislature focused on the courts as

the venue to allocate liability percentages for such recourse,

while the DEP continued to apply its expertise in the

remediation of the site.

                                     B.

    This appeal also requires us to address the doctrine of

primary jurisdiction.    The doctrine of primary jurisdiction is

applicable when a case is properly filed in the Superior Court

but the court declines original jurisdiction, referring specific

issues to the appropriate administrative body.       Daaleman v.

Elizabethtown Gas Co., 77 N.J. 267, 269 n.1 (1978).       The court

gives deference to the administrative body’s interpretation of

its own regulations and findings of fact on particular issues

that are within the special competence of the agency pursuant to

applicable statutes.     See ibid.    Essentially, the court retains

jurisdiction but defers action until the agency has reviewed the

                                     17
case and employed its expertise.       See Campione v. Adamar, Inc.,

155 N.J. 245, 264 (1998).

    This doctrine is especially important for “‘promoting

proper relationships between the courts and administrative

agencies charged with particular regulatory duties.’”       Boss v.

Rockland Elec. Co., 95 N.J. 33, 40 (1983) (quoting United States

v. W. Pac. R.R. Co., 352 U.S. 59, 63-64, 77 S. Ct. 161, 164-65,

1 L. Ed. 2d 126, 132 (1956)).

    In instances where the court and the agency have concurrent

jurisdiction, disputed factual issues should be evaluated by the

agency because of its expertise, but legal issues should be left

to the court to decide.     See ibid. (“[W]here the resolution of a

contested legal issue properly brought before a court

necessarily turns on factual issues within the special province

of an administrative agency, the court should refer the factual

issues to that agency.”).    On the other hand, “[w]hen the legal

rights of parties are clear, it is unjust and unfair to burden

them with an administrative proceeding to vindicate their

rights.”   Ibid. (citing N.J. Civil Serv. Ass’n v. State, 88 N.J.

605, 613 (1982)).

    In Boss, a utility company sought to cut down trees on a

residential property rather than trim and prune them under a

long-standing easement.     Id. at 36-37.   This Court concluded

that a provision in the easement needed to be interpreted in

accordance with regulations of the Board of Public Utilities
                                  18
(BPU) prior to any judicial action, reasoning that “when the

determination of the legal issue must be preceded by ‘the taking

of the necessary evidence and the making of necessary factual

findings,’ it is best done by the administrative agency

specifically equipped to inquire into the facts.”     Id. at 39-40

(quoting Roadway Express, Inc. v. Kingsley, 37 N.J. 136, 140

(1962)).     Thus, the Court remanded the case, instructing that

the BPU Commissioners make factual findings, which would then be

submitted to the trial court for a decision on the legal issue.

Id. at 42.

    By contrast, this Court found that, in the interest of

justice and an expeditious remedy, a taxpayer need not pursue a

formal appeal to an agency for a refund of over-assessed taxes

paid because of clerical errors on the part of the municipality.

Farmingdale Realty Co. v. Borough of Farmingdale, 55 N.J. 103,

110-11 (1969).    Focusing on administrative exhaustion, this

Court reasoned that, although the taxpayer might have appealed

to the agency, the trial court appropriately could enter a

judgment because the case involved only legal questions.     Id. at

112-13.

    Moreover, where the Legislature did not provide an adequate

remedy for relief before the agency and did not intend to

prevent persons from seeking such recourse before the courts, we

held that individuals may bring common-law claims in the

Superior Court, even when the subject matter of the claims is
                                  19
related to the agency’s purview.      Campione, supra, 155 N.J. at

260.    In Campione, the plaintiff sought to recover money damages

for malicious prosecution, breach of contract, and

discrimination based on the defendant casino’s enforcement of

gaming regulations against plaintiff for card counting.      Id. at

249.    When analyzing the Casino Control Act (CCA), N.J.S.A.

5:12-1 to -142, this Court found that the Legislature did not

create a forum for private individuals to bring grievances

before the Casino Control Commission (CCC), and the Court

therefore held that the plaintiff had properly filed his claims

in the Superior Court.    Id. at 262.   On the other hand, the

Court determined that primary jurisdiction was applicable to the

extent that the claim depended on interpretation of the CCA or

agency regulations, and ordered that the case should be referred

to the CCC for consideration of those matters alone.      Id. at

264.

       Although no formula exists to evaluate the applicability of

primary jurisdiction, our courts have been guided by a four-part

test, basing primary jurisdiction decisions on

           1) whether the matter at issue is within the
           conventional   experience   of   judges;  2)
           whether the matter is peculiarly within the
           agency’s discretion, or requires agency
           expertise; 3) whether inconsistent rulings
           might pose a danger of disrupting the
           statutory scheme; and 4) whether prior
           application has been made to the agency.

           [Boldt v. Correspondence Mgmt., Inc.,       320
           N.J. Super. 74, 85 (App. Div. 1999).]
                                 20
                                 IV.

       Applying these principles to this appeal, we conclude first

that primary jurisdiction is not applicable in the setting of

this contribution claim.    We hold that plaintiff property owners

or other responsible parties are permitted to file contribution

claims in Superior Court, and a court may allocate liability

before the final resolution of a site remediation plan by the

DEP.

       First, dischargers statutorily are afforded the same right

as the DEP to sue other potentially responsible parties in order

to recover contribution costs for contamination where other

parties caused a portion of the discharge.   There is no question

that the DEP has the authority to sue “any party responsible”

for cleanup costs following the DEP’s remediation of a site.

See N.J. Dep’t. of Envtl. Prot. v. Dimant, 212 N.J. 153, 159

(2012) (finding that to recover costs from responsible party,

DEP must show reasonable nexus between discharge,    discharger

and contamination at the damaged site).    At the time of filing,

and anytime as permitted by Rule 4:29-1, the DEP may join as

defendants in the suit as many or as few potentially responsible

parties as the agency deems necessary.    N.J.S.A. 58:10-

23.11g(c).   Because the DEP may join a party at the onset of a

claim, prior to determining the full extent of the

contamination, it follows that a private entity is granted that

                                 21
same right to hold a responsible party accountable through a

contribution claim.    To deny this right would be fundamentally

unfair, especially where the contribution plaintiff could be

liable for a substantial amount of cleanup costs, even when not

entirely -- or even substantially -- responsible for the

contamination.

    Additionally, the Spill Act gives the court, not the DEP,

jurisdiction over contribution claims.    N.J.S.A. 58:10-

23.11f(a)(2)(a).    For example, if the DEP initiates

administrative proceedings against a discharger for

contamination of land, a discharger is permitted to file a

contribution claim so that the court can assign liability among

the potentially responsible parties.   In such situations,

because the Legislature did not intend for private parties to

use the DEP as a forum to bring contribution claims, the only

recourse private-party dischargers have to obtain contribution

from other responsible parties is in the Superior Court.     Just

as the CCC was not an appropriate place to bring common-law

claims against casinos, Campione, supra, 155 N.J. at 262, here,

the DEP is not the proper venue for dischargers to bring

contribution claims.   Through the Spill Act, the Legislature

instructed that contribution claims should be filed in the

Superior Court.    See N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(a)(2)(a).

    In its August 21, 2003 letter to Magic, the DEP implicitly

conceded that a claim for contribution, and specifically the
                                 22
allocation of liability, is a form of recourse not within the

DEP’s jurisdiction.    In that letter, the DEP expressly directed

that the determination of the percentage of liability is best

resolved either between the parties or “before the [c]ourt.”

Thus, the DEP clarified that the agency was not the proper forum

in which to debate or distribute liability among potentially

responsible parties.

    Moreover, contribution claims do not necessitate the

expertise of the DEP.    A contribution claim allocates liability.

Assigning liability is a matter within the conventional

experience of judges.    Judges are tasked with assigning

liability in related Spill Act cases where the DEP sues a party

responsible for contamination of a site to recover cleanup

costs.   Both in contribution cases and in general Spill Act

litigation, there is no question that the trial court may engage

in allocating a percentage of liability based on the factual and

expert proofs regarding the presence and volume of contaminants

on the land and the origin of those contaminants.

    Additionally, the testimony of expert witnesses is both a

necessary aspect of the contribution case, integral to proving

liability, and a trial component with which judges are

intimately familiar.    Thus, although the contribution claim

contains factors within the purview of the DEP, DEP expertise is

not essential in reaching a final decision on liability

allocation.
                                 23
    Therefore, it follows that the DEP and the courts share

concurrent jurisdiction over the recovery of cleanup costs.

Private parties are required to turn to the courts to seek

contribution from other entities that caused contamination on

the land in the form of a percentage of liability.   Ultimately,

the final determination of costs will be dictated by the

remediation project and overseen by the DEP and the LSRPs.

    Finally, it would be contrary to the stated goals of the

Spill Act -- which promotes prompt remediation -- to force a

discharger to bear the burden of the entire cleanup cost until

such time as the remediation is fully complete.   The completion

of a site’s remediation may take many years and could involve

substantial expenses.   To force one party to shoulder such an

amount could prevent remediation from proceeding promptly by

generating a disincentive for the party to put forth the

financial contribution.   Similarly, compelling one party to pay

all the cleanup costs would be inimical to the stated goals of

the Spill Act, particularly when that one party was not entirely

at fault for all of the contamination.   Therefore, we hold that

a party determined to be a discharger and held responsible for

the cost of cleanup by the DEP is entitled to bring a

contribution claim against other potentially responsible parties

before the final tally of cleanup costs.   Such a determination

is consistent with the Legislature’s intent to encourage

expeditious and efficient remediation of site contamination.
                                24
                                V.

    We next turn our attention to whether the DEP’s written

approval of the investigation and remediation plan is needed

prior to filing a claim for contribution.   We conclude that it

is not.   We base this decision on the plain language of the

statute and the clear Legislative intent to amend the Spill Act

to clarify and permit a private claim for contribution.

    ExxonMobil maintains that N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(a)(2)(a)

permits parties to only recover “clean up and removal costs” in

a contribution claim.   N.J.S.A. 59:10-23.11f(a) provides that,

          [w]henever  one   or   more   dischargers   or
          persons cleans up and removes a discharge of
          a hazardous substance, those dischargers and
          persons shall have a right of contribution
          against all other dischargers and persons in
          any   way  responsible    for   a   discharged
          hazardous substance or other persons who are
          liable for the cost of the cleanup and
          removal of that discharge of a hazardous
          substance.
          [N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(a) (emphasis added).]
The Legislature defines “cleanup and removal costs” as

          all   direct   costs    associated  with   a
          discharge, . . . incurred by the State or
          its political subdivisions or their agents
          or any person with written approval from the
          department in the: (1) removal or attempted
          removal of hazardous substances.

          [N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11b (emphasis added).]
Accordingly, ExxonMobil asserts that Magic cannot recover for

contribution expenses until Magic has “written approval from the

department.”   We disagree.

                                25
    The Legislature was clear in instructing contribution

plaintiffs on the necessary proofs to succeed on a claim for

contribution, dictating that plaintiffs need only to prove that

a contribution defendant is liable for a discharge under the

Spill Act in order to prevail on a claim.     N.J.S.A.

58:10-23.11f(a)(2)(a). (“In an action for contribution, the

contribution plaintiffs need prove only that a discharge

occurred for which the contribution defendant or defendants are

liable pursuant to the provisions of [N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11g(c)],

and the contribution defendant shall have only the defenses to

liability available to parties pursuant to [N.J.S.A. 58:10-

23.11g(d)].”).

    Thus, the argument in favor of requiring written approval

of a remediation plan is of no moment in this case.      The issue

of allocation of liability is independent from the issue of the

total amount of the costs.   N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(a)(2)(a) does

not address the final determination of costs, only the

allocation of liability.   Magic is not requesting that the court

assign a final allocation of cleanup costs.    Rather, Magic is

only seeking that the court assign a percentage of liability, a

determination that does not require DEP approval.

    According to the plain language of the statute, it is clear

that N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(a)(2)(a) limits cleanup and removal

costs to only those costs approved by the DEP.    However, the

provision does not pertain to the allocation of those costs.
                                26
While dischargers are required to have written approval for the

actual expenses that they incur for the purpose of remediation

in order to seek contribution for those expenses, that is not a

prerequisite to allocation of responsibility for the costs

associated with the approved remediation.

    Mandating written approval prior to the filing of a

contribution claim would thwart the purpose of allowing

contribution claims, which the Legislature explained was to

encourage expeditious and efficient remediation.   See Statement

to S. Substitute S. No. 2657, supra, at 1-2.   Forcing

contribution plaintiffs to obtain written approval from the DEP

would lengthen the cleanup process and discourage parties from

cooperating with the DEP.

    Therefore, we hold that written approval for the

remediation plan is not required prior to filing a contribution

claim.

                               VI.

    The judgment of the Appellate Division is reversed and the

case is remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

     CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER and JUSTICES LaVECCHIA, and ALBIN, and
JUDGES RODRÍGUEZ and CUFF (both temporarily assigned) join in
JUSTICE FERNANDEZ-VINA’s opinion. JUSTICE PATTERSON did not
participate.




                               27
                SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY

NO.     A-46                                       SEPTEMBER TERM 2012

ON CERTIFICATION TO              Appellate Division, Superior Court

MAGIC PETROLEUM CORPORATION,
      Plaintiff-Appellant,

               v.

EXXON MOBIL CORPORATION and
MARIE TIRICO,
      Defendants-Respondents,

               and

TRENTON OIL COMPANY and M.M.
WERTHEIM CORPORATION,
     Defendants,

               and

EXXON MOBIL CORPORATION,
     Defendant/Third-Party
     Plaintiff-Respondent,

               v.

LINKING RING PETROLEUM,
      Third-Party Defendant.


DECIDED              July 28, 2014
                Chief Justice Rabner                                PRESIDING
OPINION BY                Justice Fernandez-Vina
CONCURRING/DISSENTING OPINIONS BY
DISSENTING OPINION BY


                                      REVERSE AND
 CHECKLIST
                                          REMAND
 CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER                           X
 JUSTICE LaVECCHIA                              X
 JUSTICE ALBIN                                  X
 JUSTICE PATTERSON                   -----------------------   ---------------------
 JUSTICE FERNANDEZ-VINA                         X
 JUDGE RODRÍGUEZ (t/a)                          X
 JUDGE CUFF (t/a)                               X
 TOTALS                                         6




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