                                                           FILED
                                                            OCT 07 2011
                                                        SUSAN M SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                          U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                          OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 1
 2
 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                           )    BAP No. CC-11-1096-DKiPa
                                      )
 6   GLENN S. THOMAS,                 )    Bk. No. 09-38191-CB
                                      )
 7                       Debtor.      )    Adv. No. 10-01053-CB
     ________________________________ )
 8                                    )
     JUSTIN PARRISH,                  )
 9                                    )
                         Appellant,   )
10                                    )
     v.                               )    M E M O R A N D U M1
11                                    )
            GLENN S. THOMAS,          )
12                                    )
                         Appellee.    )
13   ________________________________ )
14              Submitted Without Argument on September 23, 2011
                             at Pasadena, California
15
                            Filed - October 7, 2011
16
                 Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
17                   for the Central District of California
18        Honorable Catherine E. Bauer, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
19
     Appearances:    Appellant Justin Parrish, pro se, on brief; Appellee
20                   Glenn S. Thomas, pro se, on brief.
21
     Before:   DUNN, KIRSCHER, and PAPPAS, Bankruptcy Judges.
22
23
24        1
               This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
25   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may have
     (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value. See 9th
26   Cir. BAP Rule 8013-1.

                                       1
 1           The bankruptcy court dismissed an adversary proceeding on the
 2   basis that the creditor did not establish that the debt was incurred
 3   by fraud for purposes of § 523(a)(2)(A).2       While we have serious
 4   concerns about the process by which the bankruptcy court reached its
 5   conclusions, we AFFIRM, because based upon our review, any error by
 6   the bankruptcy court did not affect the ultimate determination where
 7   we agree that the creditor did not prove, by a preponderance of the
 8   evidence on each of the required elements, that the debt was
 9   incurred by fraud.
10                                   I.   FACTS
11           Between April 29, 2008, and August 1, 2008, Justin Parrish
12   loaned Glenn S. Thomas and/or Mr. Thomas’s business affiliates
13   $198,120.38 in nine separate transactions.       During the period
14   July 2008 through November 2008, Mr. Thomas made payments to
15   Mr. Parrish on the loans in an aggregate amount of $9,120.00.        In
16   May 2009, having received no further payments from Mr. Thomas,
17   Mr. Parrish sued Mr. Thomas in the Superior Court of California,
18   County of Orange (“State Court Suit”), alleging, inter alia, that
19   the debt Mr. Parrish was owed was the result of fraudulent conduct
20   by Mr. Thomas in obtaining the loans.        The record does not reflect
21   whether judgment was entered against Mr. Thomas in the State Court
22   Suit.
23
             2
               Unless otherwise specified, all chapter and section
24
     references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
25   all “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
     Procedure, Rules 1001-9037. “Civil Rule” references are to the
26   Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

                                          2
 1           Mr. Thomas filed a voluntary chapter 7 petition on November 20,
 2   2009.       On January 28, 2010, Mr. Parrish filed an adversary
 3   proceeding in the bankruptcy court seeking to have Mr. Thomas’s
 4   debt3 to him declared nondischargeable pursuant to § 523(a)(2).
 5           Following the parties’ unsuccessful attempt to mediate the
 6   dispute, the bankruptcy court set the matter for trial (“Trial”),
 7   utilizing an “Order Setting Trial Date and Establishing Procedures
 8   for Conduct of Trial” (“Trial Procedures Order”).      As relevant to
 9   the appeal before this Panel, the Trial Procedures Order
10   (a) mandated the presentation of direct testimony by declaration,
11   (b) established the procedure for marking, assembling, and lodging
12   exhibits with the bankruptcy court, and (c) clarified that unless
13   the parties were prepared to stipulate the exhibits into evidence,
14   bona fide objections were reserved and the issue of admissibility
15   was deferred until an exhibit was offered into evidence.4         The Trial
16
             3
               An individual named Robert Vance also was involved in some
17
     of these transactions. The complaint in the adversary proceeding
18   named Mr. Vance as a defendant. The bankruptcy court dismissed
     Mr. Vance from the adversary proceeding both because he was not the
19   debtor in the case in which the adversary proceeding was filed, and,
     more importantly, because he was a debtor in a case in the Eastern
20   District of California, with the consequence that the automatic stay
21   precluded Mr. Parrish from including Mr. Vance as a defendant in his
     adversary proceeding against Mr. Thomas.
22
             4
                    Specifically, paragraph B.3. of the Trial Procedures Order
23   states:
24
          If a witness refers in [his] declaration to an exhibit to
25        be admitted into evidence, the exhibit must be identified
          in the declaration by exhibit number or letter. The
26                                                         (continued...)

                                           3
 1   Procedures Order set February 14, 2011, as the deadline for the
 2   parties to submit written objections to the admission of exhibits to
 3   opposing counsel, and required the parties to lodge the written
 4   objections with the Courtroom Deputy no later than February 17,
 5   2011.       Finally, the Trial Procedures Order stated that evidentiary
 6   objections would be adjudicated at the time an exhibit was offered
 7
 8
             4
          (...continued)
 9       exhibit itself need not be attached to the witness’s
         declaration, but must be included in the exhibit binder
10       and marked for identification in accordance with Section C
11       of this order. Unless the parties stipulate to the
         admittance of an exhibit, the foundation for admittance of
12       exhibits (other than for impeachment or rebuttal purposes)
         must be established in the declaration. Exhibits
13       referenced in any declaration should be offered into
         evidence when the declaration is offered into evidence.
14
15   Paragraph C.2. states:

16       All exhibits must be assembled in a binder and lodged with
         the Courtroom Deputy by the deadline set forth in Section
17       D. Each such binder must include as its first page an
18       exhibit register. Parties are required to assemble an
         original and four (4) copies of its exhibit binders.
19
     Paragraph C.3. states:
20
21       At the commencement of trial, the parties must be prepared
         to stipulate into evidence all exhibits that are
22       admissible for at least one purpose. Bona-fide objections
         may be reserved, with the issue of admissibility deferred,
23       until the exhibit is offered into evidence.
24
     Paragraph D.5. states in relevant part:
25
         Evidentiary objections will be adjudicated at the time a
26       witness declaration or exhibit is offered into evidence.

                                           4
 1   into evidence.
 2   A.   Mr. Thomas’s Motions
 3        On January 28, 2011, Mr. Thomas filed a motion to dismiss the
 4   adversary proceeding (“Dismissal Motion”), asserting that
 5   Mr. Parrish had failed to comply with the Trial Procedures Order’s
 6   meet and confer requirement, which precluded the discussion and
 7   resolution of evidentiary issues.       Mr. Parrish opposed the Dismissal
 8   Motion, asserting that Mr. Thomas had failed to cooperate in
 9   preparing the case for trial.   In his declaration in support of his
10   opposition, Mr. Parrish stated:
11             I am alleging that [Mr. Thomas] has defrauded me of
          over $150,000. Because I have brought this adversary
12        action [Mr. Thomas is] alleging that I am harassing [him].
          [Mr. Thomas] and his business partner Robert M. Vance seem
13        to enjoy making fun of me and insulting me.
               As a result of this, I am reluctant to meet with them
14        in person or take their telephone calls. I wrote
          Mr. Thomas and advised [him] of our responsibilities under
15        the local rules. I asked him to stipulate to the
          authenticity of documents. He pretended not to receive my
16        letter.
               He then refused to stipulate to the authenticity of
17        any documents, all of which he and his partner produced,
          and my checks, which he happily cashed. Very little
18        cooperation was needed in order to produce the Pretrial
          Order. My efforts to comply with the [Trial Procedures
19        Order] are detailed in my Declaration currently on file.
20        On February 3, 2011, Mr. Thomas filed a motion to exclude
21   (“Exclusion Motion”) the declaration testimony of all of
22   Mr. Parrish’s witnesses except for Mr. Parrish himself.      The
23   bankruptcy court set the Dismissal Motion and the Exclusion Motion
24   to be heard at the time of the Trial.
25   B.   Mr. Parrish’s Witness Declarations
26        Consistent with the Trial Procedures Order, On February 17,

                                         5
 1   2011, Mr. Parrish filed four witness declarations, the substance of
 2   which we summarize below.
 3        1.   Declaration of Justin Parrish (“Parrish Declaration”)
 4             a.   The Fiber Optic Job
 5        Mr. Parrish testified that Mr. Thomas represented to him that
 6   he and Mr. Vance had a large construction contract with QWEST to lay
 7   39.5 miles of fiber optic cable in Northern California, when in fact
 8   Mr. Thomas and Mr. Vance were only subcontractors on the fiber optic
 9   job, and the work they were hired to do was “very minor.”
10   Mr. Parrish further testified that Mr. Thomas and Mr. Vance
11   represented to him that they needed to borrow $74,000.38 to purchase
12   heavy equipment to perform the fiber optic job, when in fact
13   (1) they did not need the equipment to perform the sub-contract,
14   (2) they never purchased the equipment, and (3) the Equipment Lease
15   and Purchase Agreement Mr. Thomas prepared in connection with the
16   loan was fraudulent.
17        Mr. Parrish testified that he was introduced to Mr. Thomas by a
18   mutual business associate, Dave Mesa, after Mr. Parrish told
19   Mr. Mesa that he had a home equity line of credit and that he wished
20   to loan out money from that credit line at a higher rate of interest
21   than would be owed on the credit line.     Mr. Parrish testified that
22   at their first meeting, Mr. Thomas “explained to me that he was
23   involved in a large fiber optic job in Northern California, but that
24   he needed capital to land the job.”      Mr. Thomas did not immediately
25   accept Mr. Parrish’s offer to loan him money at 15% interest.     On
26   April 29, 2008, Mr. Thomas and Mr. Parrish talked about Mr. Thomas’s

                                          6
 1   capital needs for the large fiber optic job in Northern California.
 2   Mr. Thomas explained that he and Mr. Vance needed funding for the
 3   fiber optic job but the banks were not lending.    Mr. Thomas showed
 4   Mr. Parrish a joint venture agreement (“Joint Venture Agreement”)
 5   between Mr. Thomas and Mr. Vance.5    The Parrish Declaration referred
 6   to a copy of the Joint Venture Agreement as having been “marked as
 7   Exhibit 1.”   It appeared to Mr. Parrish from the Joint Venture
 8   Agreement that Mr. Thomas and Mr. Vance were both California
 9   Licensed Contractors who had combined forces to do a large fiber
10   optic job.
11        Based upon (1) Mr. Thomas’s representation that the joint
12   venture had a big job laying 39.5 miles of fiber optic cable,
13   (2) representations in the Joint Venture Agreement that
14   (a) described the sums of money that Mr. Thomas and Mr. Vance were
15   bringing to the joint venture, including Mr. Thomas’s investment of
16   what Mr. Parrish asserts was “substantial sums of money” to finance
17   the project, and (b) recited that Mr. Thomas and Mr. Vance both were
18   licensed California contractors, and (3) the promises of Mr. Thomas
19   and Mr. Vance to repay any loans, Mr. Parrish decided to loan
20   Mr. Thomas and Mr. Vance money at 15% interest.
21        Mr. Parrish made the following loans, all at the request of Mr.
22   Thomas:
23
24        5
               The Joint Venture Agreement stated that the exclusive
25   purpose of the joint venture was to be “[c]onstruction of 39.5 Qwest
     Fiber job in Sacramento, Ca. Obtain AT&T ACAS Direct bidding
26   system.”

                                       7
 1   •   $25,000 payable to the joint venture on April 29, 2008, so that
 2       the joint venture could “get started.”   The Parrish Declaration
 3       referred to a copy of this check as having been “marked as
 4       Exhibit 2.”
 5   •   $25,000 payable to the joint venture on May 9, 2008, after Mr.
 6       Thomas stated the joint venture had the big fiber optic job and
 7       was getting started but needed additional funds to “get going.”
 8       The Parrish Declaration referred to a copy of this check as
 9       having been “marked as Exhibit 3.”
10   •   $60,446.43 payable to the joint venture on May 16, 2008, to
11       fund the purchase of items of heavy equipment identified in the
12       Equipment Lease.   The Parrish Declaration referred to a copy of
13       the Equipment Lease as having been “attached as Exhibit 4.”
14       The Parrish Declaration referred to a copy of this check “which
15       be [sic] offered as Exhibit 5.”   Mr. Thomas represented to Mr.
16       Parrish that the joint venture would purchase the equipment
17       identified in the Equipment Lease in Mr. Parrish’s name and
18       that the titles to that equipment would be in the name of Mr.
19       Parrish, who then would lease the equipment to the joint
20       venture.
21   •   $13,554.75 payable to the joint venture on May 30, 2008, based
22       upon Mr. Thomas’s representation that the joint venture needed
23       additional heavy equipment.   The Parrish Declaration “offered
24       as Exhibit 6” a copy of this check.   On May 30, 2008, Mr.
25       Thomas, Mr. Vance, and Mr. Parrish all signed an “Addendum to
26       Lease,” which stated that the total lease amount was to be

                                       8
 1        $74,000.38, with a monthly payment of $3,360.85 to commence on
 2        June 30, 2008.   The Parrish Declaration “offered as Exhibit 7”
 3        a copy of the Addendum to Lease.
 4   •    $30,000 payable to the joint venture on June 25, 2008, based on
 5        Mr. Thomas’s representation that everything was going fine on
 6        the fiber optic job but that the joint venture needed an
 7        additional $30,000 for “additional operating expenses.”     The
 8        Parrish Declaration “presented as Exhibit 8” a copy of this
 9        check.    At the same time, Mr. Thomas presented Mr. Parrish with
10        an “Addendum to Joint Venture Agreement,” which reflected that
11        $80,000 was the amount “invested” by Mr. Parrish.    The Parrish
12        Declaration “attached as Exhibit 13” a copy of the Addendum to
13        Joint Venture Agreement.
14        Mr. Parrish testified that he received payments of $3,360 in
15   July 2008 and in August 2008, followed by three monthly payments in
16   the amount of $800 each in September, October and November 2008.
17   Mr. Parrish received no further payments with respect to any of the
18   loans.
19        Mr. Parrish testified that he asked Mr. Thomas to send him the
20   titles to the equipment, but Mr. Thomas “kept putting me off.”
21   After the payments stopped, Mr. Thomas told Mr. Parrish that the
22   government had “pulled the permits” on the fiber optic job for
23   environmental reasons and that it had been shut down.    Mr. Thomas
24   provided Mr. Parrish a letter from Mr. Vance to substantiate the
25   explanation.   The Parrish Declaration “offered as Exhibit 11” a copy
26   of Mr. Vance’s letter to Mr. Thomas.    Mr. Parrish further testified

                                        9
 1   that he first learned that the joint venture had not purchased the
 2   equipment when Mr. Vance filed a bankruptcy petition in the Eastern
 3   District of California.    The Parrish Declaration “offered as Exhibit
 4   10” a copy of Mr. Vance’s Affidavit, which stated:     “A decision was
 5   made between myself, [Mr. Thomas] and [Mr. Parrish] to forego buying
 6   the new equipment and utilize the funds we already had for that
 7   purpose of keeping the job payrolls and material purchases going.”
 8          Mr. Parrish testified that he first learned that the fiber
 9   optic job was only a subcontract when Mr. Thomas made the mandatory
10   disclosures in the adversary proceeding.    Through discovery he also
11   learned that the joint venture had been “kicked off” the fiber optic
12   job.
13              b.   “Personal” loans to Mr. Thomas
14          In addition to loans to the joint venture, Mr. Parrish also
15   made several loans to Mr. Thomas for his “personal projects,” as
16   follow:
17   •      $17,500 as a personal loan on April 29, 2008.   $15,000 of this
18          amount was paid to Pacific Coast Construction and Electric
19          (“Pacific Coast”), Mr. Thomas’s “dba”;6 $2,500 of this amount
20          was paid to Mr. Mesa at Mr. Thomas’s request.   This loan was to
21          be repaid by February 2009.   Mr. Thomas offered as collateral
22          for this loan his custom Harley Davidson motorcycle.   The
23          Parrish Declaration “offered as Exhibit 12” a copy of the
24
25          6
               The record reflects that this check actually was made
26   payable to Mr. Thomas.

                                          10
 1       promissory note.   The Parrish Declaration “offered as Exhibit
 2       13” a copy of Mr. Thomas’s “pink slip” to the motorcycle.
 3       Finally, the Parrish Declaration “offered as Exhibits 14 and
 4       15” copies of the checks to “Pacific Coast” and to Mr. Mesa.
 5   •   $6,000 to Mr. Thomas on May 23, 2008, for personal expenses.
 6       Mr. Thomas stated he would be able to repay this loan from the
 7       proceeds of a job he and Mr. Mesa were working on together.
 8       This loan was to bear interest at 10% rather than 15% because
 9       it was to be a short term loan.    The Parrish Declaration
10       “offered as Exhibit 16” a copy of this check.
11   •   $6,000 to Mr. Thomas on June 30, 2008, for further operating
12       expenses for his business.   Because Mr. Thomas represented that
13       he would be able to repay this loan “soon” from the proceeds of
14       a job he and Mr. Mesa were working on together, this loan also
15       bore interest at 10% rather than 15%.   The Parrish Declaration
16       “offered as Exhibit 17” a copy of this check.
17   •   $14,620 to Pacific Coast on August 1, 2008, based on
18       (1) Mr. Thomas’s statement that he needed that amount to post a
19       bond for a job in Beaumont, (2) Mr. Parrish’s belief, as
20       suggested by Mr. Thomas’s statements, that Mr. Mesa would be
21       involved in the Beaumont project, and (3) Mr. Thomas’s promise
22       to repay the loan.   The Parrish Declaration “offered as Exhibit
23       18” a copy of this check.    Mr. Parrish learned in discovery
24       that Mr. Thomas never got this job; neither did Mr. Thomas
25       return the money that no longer was required for the bond.      The
26       Parrish Declaration “offered as Exhibit 19” a copy of Mr.

                                       11
 1        Thomas’s affidavit.
 2        2.     Declaration of Cory Wattenbarger (“Wattenbarger
                 Declaration”)
 3
 4        Mr. Wattenbarger is a California Licensed Engineering
 5   Contractor, whose testimony was offered as that of an expert
 6   witness.7    Mr. Wattenbarger testified that Golden State Utilities,
 7   not the joint venture, was the general contractor for the fiber
 8   optic job.    In response to a subpoena from Mr. Parrish, Golden State
 9   Utilities provided a copy of its subcontract with the joint venture.
10   The services the joint venture was to perform under the subcontract
11   consisted of “digging out holes for . . . hand holes or manholes
12   with a backhoe and dump truck, installing the hand holes or manholes
13   and then replacing the dirt, asphalt or concrete when fully
14   installed.”    The purpose of the work was to connect individual
15   customers of QWEST to the main fiber optic line previously installed
16   by Golden State Utilities.    The subcontract did not state an exact
17   quantity of work to be performed; instead it stated the amount of
18   work was “to be determined,” and provided a unit price for each item
19   to be done.
20        Based on his review of “all of the materials”8 and upon his
21
          7
22             Mr. Parrish also filed a “qualification” declaration for
     Mr. Wattenbarger, which does nothing more than detail
23   Mr. Wattenbarger’s experience.
24        8
               Mr Wattenbarger testified that he had reviewed pre-trial
25   disclosures filed by both Mr. Thomas and Mr. Vance, Mr. Thomas’s
     bankruptcy petition and schedules, the Joint Venture Agreement, the
26                                                         (continued...)

                                         12
 1   experience in supervising fiber optic jobs, Mr. Wattenbarger
 2   testified that he believed Mr. Thomas’s representation to
 3   Mr. Parrish that the joint venture needed $60,000 in capital to get
 4   the job and keep it going was false.     Mr. Wattenbarger testified
 5   that to perform the subcontract, the joint venture would need
 6   general liability insurance, workers’ compensation insurance, and a
 7   current contractor’s license.   It would need “[p]erhaps a few
 8   thousand dollars to cover expenses such as diesel fuel.”     Under the
 9   subcontract, the joint venture was required to supply HDPE pipe,
10   fiberglass manholes and hand holes, concrete manholes and fiber
11   optic cable.    Mr. Wattenbarger speculated that “[d]epending upon
12   their credit at contractor warehouses, they probably could have
13   purchased these items on credit.”    Mr. Wattenbarger opined that the
14   joint venture would have needed only a very small sum to work on the
15   sub-contract.   To support this opinion, Mr. Wattenbarger explained:
16       If [the joint venture] had all of the equipment it needed,
         then it would need to supply diesel fuel to run the back
17       hoe, dump truck and an air compressor. [The joint
         venture] was required to provide a four man crew. These
18       would be paid by wages, which payment could be delayed for
         a week or two. [Golden State Utilities] would provide
19       progress payments and might advance job related costs to
         Diamond Utilities as is common in the industry.
20
21   Wattenbarger Declaration at 5:10-15.     (Emphasis added.)     Mr.
22   Wattenbarger reiterated that to perform the subcontract, the joint
23
24        8
           (...continued)
25   Equipment Lease, Mr. Thomas’s declaration of his direct testimony,
     and documents produced by Golden State Utilities in response to a
26   subpoena from Mr. Parrish.

                                         13
 1   venture “absolutely needed a back hoe and dump truck and probably
 2   needed an air compressor and jack hammer to hammer out concrete and
 3   asphalt.”   He speculated that the joint venture “probably” had all
 4   of this equipment and would not have to rent it.
 5        With respect to the Equipment Lease, Mr. Wattenbarger testified
 6   that performance of the subcontract would not require “those items
 7   of heavy equipment.”   He testified that the joint venture would not
 8   need the directional drill because “[a]ll of the work requiring
 9   specialized drilling equipment had already been done by Golden State
10   Utilities.”   He further testified that the Vacmaster vacuum
11   excavator included in the Equipment Lease was not necessary because
12   a vacuum excavator is used for horizontal drilling, whereas the
13   joint venture would only need to dig vertical holes for the
14   placement of hand holes and manholes.   While Mr. Wattenbarger
15   conceded that the joint venture might have need for an air
16   compressor as included in the Equipment Lease, his “best guess” was
17   that the joint venture “already owned one or rented one.”    With
18   respect to the Caterpillar track excavator included in the Equipment
19   Lease, Mr. Wattenbarger testified that the joint venture could
20   perform the subcontract without it, if the joint venture already had
21   a back hoe.
22        Mr. Wattenbarger testified that, based upon his review of
23   material with respect to the subcontract produced in discovery by
24   Golden State Utilities, Golden State Utilities terminated the
25   subcontract after the joint venture cut a large feeder fiber optic
26   cable while performing work on the subcontract.    Golden State

                                       14
 1   Utilities then “back charged” the joint venture $15,000 to make
 2   repairs to the severed fiber optic cable.   To substantiate this
 3   testimony, Mr. Wattenbarger further testified that he had reviewed
 4   Mr. Vance’s bankruptcy schedules and that Mr. Vance had listed
 5   Golden State Utilities as a creditor with a $15,000 claim.
 6        When asked for his opinion of the truth of Mr. Thomas’s
 7   representation to Mr. Parrish that he needed to borrow $14,620 to
 8   pay for a bond for one of his jobs, Mr. Wattenbarger prefaced his
 9   testimony with the statement:   “It is hard for me to say without
10   more information.”   He then speculated that the amount seemed high
11   for a bond, unless it was for a very large job.   He concluded that
12   he had seen nothing in the materials produced by Mr. Thomas in
13   discovery to establish that Mr. Thomas had engaged in any large jobs
14   during 2008.   On that basis, Mr. Wattenbarger opined that Mr. Thomas
15   had no reason or purpose to obtain a surety bond.
16        3.   Declaration of Valean Watson (“Watson Declaration”)
17        Mr. Watson had been a practicing attorney since 1979, and was
18   licensed to practice law in California.   Mr. Watson opined that the
19   Joint Venture Agreement between Mr. Thomas and Mr. Vance was
20   prepared without the assistance of legal counsel, and he pointed out
21   numerous deficiencies in its terms.    He further opined that although
22   an addendum to the Joint Venture Agreement refers to funds provided
23   by Mr. Parrish as amounts invested, the use of the term “invested”
24   did not make Mr. Parrish an investor.   The Joint Venture Agreement
25   stated that “[t]he exclusive purpose of the Venture will be:
26   Construction of the 39.5 Qwest Fiber Job in Sacramento, CA.”    Based

                                       15
 1   on this clause, Mr. Watson opined that it “seem[ed] reasonable to
 2   believe that [Mr. Thomas and Mr. Vance] were representing to
 3   [Mr. Parrish] that they had a large, lucrative job and that they
 4   obviously wanted him to believe that.”
 5        Mr. Watson similarly opined that the Equipment Lease had
 6   serious deficiencies with respect to its terms, and that he would
 7   have advised Mr. Parrish to avoid the transaction had he been
 8   consulted prior to Mr. Parrish making the Equipment Loan.
 9   Mr. Watson testified:   “As for the overall force and effect of the
10   [Equipment Lease], I believe that it is unfortunate evidence that
11   [Mr. Thomas] sought to borrow a large sum of money from
12   [Mr. Parrish] without any reasonable intention of paying it back.”
13        4.   Declaration of Terry Magee (“Magee Declaration”)
14        Mr. Magee was asked by Mr. Parrish to “validate” serial numbers
15   as described in the Equipment Lease.    In order to do so, Mr. Magee
16   went to the local Ditch Witch dealer in Corona, California, on
17   January 24, 2011.   With respect to the 2002 Ditch Witch JT920L
18   Directional Drill, the dealer had none in stock or on the premises.
19   Mr. Magee saw several trenchers and other specialized equipment
20   manufactured in 2002, and noted that the serial numbers “looked
21   nothing like the number represented in the [Equipment Lease].”    The
22   serial numbers on the trailers for several items of Ditch Witch
23   products had serial numbers with a similar scheme as contained in
24   the Equipment Lease.    Mr. Magee then concluded that the Ditch Witch
25   serial number in the Equipment Lease is for a trailer, not for a
26   Directional Drill or any other machinery.

                                        16
 1        Mr. Magee then went to the local Caterpillar dealer in Foothill
 2   Ranch, California, where he inspected a 2007 Caterpillar 302.5 mini
 3   excavator and noted its product ID number (CAT 302.5 CJGBB02509),
 4   serial number (0141189), and arrangement number (2433064).
 5   C.   Mr. Thomas’s Evidentiary Objections
 6        On February 8, 2011, Mr. Parrish served his direct testimony
 7   declarations on Mr. Thomas, together with his proposed exhibits and
 8   proposed Unilateral Pre-Trial Order.   On February 14, 2011,
 9   Mr. Thomas objected to Mr. Parrish’s proposed exhibits as follows:
10        Exhibit 1, the Joint Venture Agreement, because it was a
          document between Mr. Thomas and Mr. Vance and had no
11        relevance to proof of fraud in the case;
12        Exhibit 4, the Equipment Lease, because it was not
          relevant and was voided by an oral agreement between
13        Mr. Parrish and Mr. Thomas in 2008;
14        Exhibit 7, the Addendum to the Lease Agreement, because it
          was not relevant and was voided by an oral agreement
15        between Mr. Parrish and Mr. Thomas in 2008;
16        Exhibit 9, the addendum to the Joint Venture Agreement,
          because (1) it was a private document between Mr. Thomas
17        and Mr. Vance, (2) it had no relevance to proof of fraud
          in the case, and (3) Mr. Parrish’s interpretations of it
18        are not relevant where he was not a principle to the
          agreement;
19
          Exhibit 10, an Affidavit of Mr. Vance, because Mr. Vance
20        was not listed as a witness for Mr. Parrish and cannot
          testify to its authenticity.
21
22        As previously noted, Mr. Thomas filed the Exclusion Motion. He
23   separately objected to Mr. Parrish’s witness declarations in his
24   opposition to Mr. Parrish’s proposed Unilateral Pre-Trial Order.
25        Mr. Thomas objected to the Wattenbarger Declaration on the
26   bases that (1) Mr. Parrish did not provide Mr. Thomas with an expert

                                      17
 1   witness report as required by Civil Rule 26, (2) Mr. Wattenbarger’s
 2   qualifications as an expert were suspect because Mr. Wattenbarger
 3   received his licence from the California State License Board in June
 4   of 2010, (3) Mr. Wattenbarger had no direct knowledge about the
 5   case, and (4) Mr. Thomas had not had an opportunity to depose
 6   Mr. Wattenbarger regarding any previous expert testimony he may have
 7   given or how much Mr. Parrish was paying for his services.
 8        Mr. Thomas objected to the Magee Declaration on the basis that
 9   Mr. Magee had been acting as Mr. Parrish’s legal counsel for the
10   past two years, had written all legal documents for Mr. Parrish in
11   the case to date, and held a law degree but could not pass the
12   California Bar Exam.   Mr. Thomas asserted that Mr. Magee’s testimony
13   about construction equipment serial numbers was “very suspect,” and
14   said nothing about proof of fraud in the case.
15        Finally, Mr. Thomas objected to the Watson Declaration on the
16   basis that most of Mr. Watson’s testimony concerned the intent
17   Mr. Thomas and Mr. Vance had in their minds when they wrote the
18   Joint Venture Agreement, something that Mr. Watson could not
19   possibly know.
20   D.   The Trial
21        At the Trial, the bankruptcy court denied both the Dismissal
22   Motion and the Exclusion Motion.   In ruling on the Exclusion Motion,
23   the bankruptcy court stated:   “I’m going to err on the side of just
24   letting people talk . . . I’ll . . . deny the motion to exclude the
25   proposed witnesses and [the testimony] will be worth whatever it is
26   worth.”   Tr. of Feb. 23, 2011 Trial at 4:1-5.

                                        18
 1        Mr. Thomas declined to cross examine Mr. Parrish’s witnesses on
 2   their declarations after the bankruptcy court explained that it was
 3   Mr. Parrish’s burden to prove his claim by a preponderance of the
 4   evidence.
 5        The record of the Trial reflects that a recess then was taken
 6   at the request of the Clerk, in order to “distribute” the trial
 7   exhibit books, an act which had been “overlooked” by the Clerk.
 8   When the Trial resumed, neither the bankruptcy court nor the parties
 9   made any reference to the trial exhibit books.    Instead, the
10   bankruptcy court clarified that Mr. Thomas would not cross-examine
11   Mr. Parrish’s witnesses on the submitted declarations.     Mr. Thomas
12   then stated that he had no further testimony to offer on defense.
13        Thereafter, the following colloquy took place between the
14   bankruptcy court and Mr. Parrish:
15       THE COURT: It’s your burden. So, now it’s up to you.
         What would you like to do now?
16
         MR. PARRISH:   We can hear all the witnesses.
17
         THE COURT: You can’t.     Direct is only done by
18       declaration.
19       MR. PARRISH:   Right, right.    Okay.
20       THE COURT: Mr. Thomas does not want to cross examine.
         So, they won’t be on the stand.
21
         MR. PARRISH: Okay. Well, I guess we’ll – we could leave
22       it – I didn’t expect this to be this quick.
23       THE COURT:   All direct testimony is by declaration.
24       MR. PARRISH:   I know.
25       THE COURT:   All we do here is cross examination.
26       MR. PARRISH:   Right.    Well, if the witnesses don’t – can’t

                                         19
 1       be heard now then –
 2       THE COURT:   Well, they were heard by declaration.
 3       MR. PARRISH: Right, right. I guess I can just give it to
         your Honor then. I’m not sure where – I mean I can
 4       testify. I mean all of us but you’re saying –
 5       THE COURT: Did you do your direct testimony by
         declaration?
 6
         MR. PARRISH:   Yes, I did.
 7
         THE COURT: And Mr. Thomas is not going to do any cross
 8       examination. That’s how we do it.
 9       MR. PARRISH: Okay. I know. I understand that. So, I
         guess the case is what it is then. So, you know, so I
10       guess we leave it to your Honor to make a decision. I’m
         not sure what else to say. I can’t provide any more than
11       what the declarations say. So, that’s it. We went to a
         lot of work on it.
12
         THE COURT: Do you want to say anything? You can say
13       anything further you’d like to say in argument, but the
         declarations are the direct testimony.
14
         MR. PARRISH: Right, right. Basically, the feeling is
15       that they basically solicited money from me under false
         pretenses, and they fully intended to declare bankruptcy.
16       So, that’s pretty much my summation. That covers most
         everything. There’s a long list of exhibits that prove my
17       point, as well as my expert – one of them is an expert
         witness testimonies [sic]. It’s all in there. . . .
18
19   Tr. of Feb. 23, 2011 Trial at 6:10-7:25.
20        At the conclusion of argument, the bankruptcy court ruled:
21       These are very difficult cases to prove because unless
         frankly Defendant gets on the stand and admits – it gets
22       that close. There has to be so much circumstantial
         evidence of intent to defraud or an omission that these
23       are really difficult cases to prosecute. . . .
         Unfortunately for the Plaintiff, the – I don’t see the
24       level that we need in order to give a nondischargeability
         of the judgment because you have to prove by the
25       preponderance of the evidence, and that’s a fairly high
         standard.
26

                                      20
 1       You also have to prove – I’m going to go through the
         elements, a representation known to be false with intent
 2       to harm the creditor, justifiable reliance and proximate
         cause. Based on what I’ve seen, I can’t find all of those
 3       have happened. So, I’m going to enter judgment in favor
         of the Defendant. . . . I can’t find that all those
 4       elements from the In re Tallant case have been met. It is
         a high burden of preponderance of the evidence.
 5
 6   Id. at 9:4-25.
 7        Mr. Parrish expressed concern that the standard of proof was
 8   higher than he had thought.   To explain how difficult it is to prove
 9   non-dischargeability, the bankruptcy judge recited the facts of the
10   only two non-dischargeable judgments she had obtained as a lawyer:
11       One was a doctor who was billing on dead people, billed
         the government for work done on dead people. That was
12       pretty easy to prove because he knew they were dead and he
         wasn’t like a coroner. The other one was somebody on an
13       Indian reservation who was operating an illegal dump that
         was killing people. It’s one of those that the level is
14       so high it can be very difficult to get a
         nondischargeability judgment.
15
16   Id. at 10:8-15.
17        In its Judgment After Trial (“Judgment”) entered on February
18   24, 2011, the bankruptcy court stated:
19       Direct Testimony was presented by Declaration pursuant to
         the [Trial Procedures Order]. The Defendant elected not
20       to cross-examine the Plaintiff’s witnesses and the
         Defendant did not provide any testimony or witnesses. The
21       parties also presented Exhibit Binders to the Court but
         did not ask to submit any of the Exhibits into evidence.
22       . . .
         The Court finds that Plaintiff did not meet the elements
23       of 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2) by a preponderance of the
         evidence.
24
25        Mr. Parrish timely appealed the Judgment.
26

                                       21
 1                                 II.   JURISDICTION
 2        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334
 3   and 157(b)(2)(I).   We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.
 4                                   III.   ISSUES
 5        A.   Whether the bankruptcy court made sufficient factual
 6   findings pursuant to Rule 7052.
 7        B.   Whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in not
 8   admitting Mr. Parrish’s exhibits into evidence.
 9        C.   Whether the bankruptcy court erred in determining that
10   Mr. Parrish did not prove by a preponderance of the evidence that
11   his claim should be excepted from discharge under § 523(a)(2)(A).
12                           IV.    STANDARDS OF REVIEW
13        The question of dischargeability of a debt presents mixed
14   issues of fact and law, which we review de novo.     Honkanen v. Hopper
15   (In re Honkanen), 446 B.R. 373, 378 (9th Cir. BAP      2011) (citing
16   Miller v. United States, 363 F.3d 999, 1004 (9th Cir. 2004)).
17        Whether there has been proof of an essential element of a cause
18   of action under § 523(a)(2)(A) to except a debt from discharge is a
19   factual determination reviewed for clear error.      Anastas v. Am. Sav.
20   Bank (In re Anastas), 94 F.3d 1280, 1283 (9th Cir. 1996).      Clear
21   error exists when, on the entire evidence, the reviewing court is
22   left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake was
23   committed.   Oney v. Weinberg (In Re Weinberg), 410 B.R. 19, 28 (9th
24   Cir. BAP 2009).
25        We review the bankruptcy court's evidentiary rulings for abuse
26   of discretion.    Am. Exp. Related Servs. Co. v. Vinhee (In re

                                            22
 1   Vinhee), 336 B.R. 437, 443-44 (9th Cir. BAP 2005).         Evidentiary
 2   rulings will be reversed only if the error more likely than not
 3   affected the verdict.    Henry v. Lehman Commercial Paper, Inc. (In re
 4   First Alliance Mortg. Co.), 471 F.3d 977, 998 (9th Cir. 2006).           We
 5   may affirm the bankruptcy court on any basis fairly supported by the
 6   record.    Wirum v. Warren (In re Warren), 568 F.3d 1113, 1116 (9th
 7   Cir. 2009).
 8           We apply a two-part test to determine whether the bankruptcy
 9   court abused its discretion.        United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d
10   1247, 1261-62 (9th Cir. 2009)(en banc).       First, we consider de novo
11   whether the bankruptcy court applied the correct legal standard to
12   the relief requested.    Id.   Then, we review the bankruptcy court’s
13   fact findings for clear error.       Id. at 1262 & n.20.    We must affirm
14   the bankruptcy court’s fact findings unless we conclude that they
15   are “(1) ‘illogical,’ (2) ‘implausible,’ or (3) without ‘support in
16   inferences that may be drawn from the facts in the record.’” Id. at
17   1262.
18                                  V.    DISCUSSION
19       A discharge under section 727 . . . of [the Bankruptcy
         Code] does not discharge an individual debtor from any
20       debt -
         . . .
21
         (2) for money, property, services, or an extension,
22       renewal, or refinancing of credit, to the extent obtained
         by -
23           (A) false pretenses, a false representation, or actual
         fraud, other than a statement respecting the debtor's or
24       an insider's financial condition. . . .
25   Section 523(a)(2)(A).    The elements for establishing that a debt is
26   nondischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A) are well established by Ninth

                                            23
 1   Circuit authority.
 2        The Ninth Circuit employs a five-part test for determining
          when a debt is non-dischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A). The
 3        creditor must show: (1) that the debtor made the
          representations; (2) that the debtor knew they were false;
 4        (3) that the debtor made them with the intention and
          purpose of deceiving the creditor; (4) that the creditor
 5        relied on the statements; (5) that creditor sustained
          damages as the proximate result of the representations.
 6        In re Britton, 950 F.2d 602, 604 (9th Cir. 1991).
 7   Cowen v. Kennedy (In re Kennedy), 108 F.3d 1015, 1018 n.2 (9th Cir.
 8   1997).   In particular, the reliance element is based on
 9   “justifiable” reliance, that is, “whether the falsity of the
10   representation was or should have been readily apparent to the
11   individual to whom it was made.”   4 Collier on Bankruptcy
12   ¶ 523.08[1][d] (Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. Sommer, eds., 16th ed.
13   2011).   Mr. Parrish bore the burden of proving, by a preponderance
14   of the evidence, each of the elements of his claim for relief under
15   § 523(a)(2)(A).   Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 291 (1991).
16        In its Judgment, the bankruptcy found that Mr. Parrish “[had
17   not met] the elements of § 523(a)(2)(A)] by a preponderance of the
18   evidence.”   On appeal, Mr. Parrish challenges this finding on three
19   grounds:   (1) this “finding” of the bankruptcy court was not
20   specific as required pursuant to Rule 7052; (2) the bankruptcy court
21   abused its discretion when it failed to consider the exhibits
22   Mr. Parrish had presented at Trial; and (3) the bankruptcy court
23   erred when it determined Mr. Thomas’s debt to Mr. Parrish was not
24   excepted from discharge.
25   I.   The Bankruptcy Court’s Findings
26        Civil Rule 52(a) provides:    “In an action tried on the facts

                                        24
 1   without a jury or with an advisory jury, the court must find the
 2   facts specially and state its conclusions of law separately.”    Civil
 3   Rule 52 is applicable in bankruptcy adversary proceedings pursuant
 4   to Rule 7052.
 5        In this case, Mr. Parrish contends that the bankruptcy court’s
 6   findings were so limited that it is not clear what he failed to
 7   prove.   He also suggests that the bankruptcy court applied an
 8   incorrectly high legal standard under the label “preponderance of
 9   the evidence.”   We agree that the bankruptcy court’s
10   characterization of Mr. Parrish’s burden of proof as “very high,”
11   especially in light of the examples of extreme behavior which the
12   bankruptcy court cited as required to meet the preponderance of the
13   evidence standard in nondischargeability cases, raises great concern
14   as to whether the bankruptcy court applied the correct standard of
15   proof.
16       The burden of showing something by a “preponderance
         of the evidence,” the most common standard in the
17       civil law, “simply requires the trier of fact ‘to
         believe that the existence of a fact is more probable
18       than its nonexistence before [it] may find in favor
         of the party who has the burden to persuade the
19       [jury] of the fact's existence.’” Concrete Pipe &
         Prods. of Cal. v. Constr. Laborers Pension Trust for
20       S. Cal., 508 U.S. 602, 622, 113 S.Ct. 2264, 124
         L.Ed.2d 539 (1993) (quoting In re Winship, 397 U.S.
21       358, 371-72, 90 S.Ct. 1068, 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970)
         (Harlan, J., concurring) (citation omitted)).
22
23   Costa v. Desert Palace, Inc., 299 F.3d 838, 848 (9th Cir. 2002).
24        The manner of the bankruptcy court’s colloquy with Mr. Parrish
25   calls into question whether the bankruptcy court construed the
26   preponderance of the evidence standard as something more onerous

                                       25
 1   than establishing that it was more probable than not that Mr. Thomas
 2   had committed fraud.   It is likely that in making its remarks, the
 3   bankruptcy court meant to convey to Mr. Parrish only that proving
 4   intent by circumstantial evidence is inherently difficult.    However,
 5   the bankruptcy court should have taken greater care in its
 6   articulation of the evidentiary standard, particularly in a case
 7   involving a pro se litigant, to ensure that it clearly stated what
 8   that standard is.   Had more care been taken in the articulation of
 9   the standard of proof, Mr. Parrish may not have felt compelled to
10   appeal the ultimate result.
11        As a reviewing court, we find this appeal further complicated
12   by the extremely limited nature of the findings.    In lieu of clear
13   findings, the bankruptcy court merely stated that Mr. Parrish did
14   not prove the elements, correctly identified by the bankruptcy
15   court, of a § 523(a)(2)(A) claim for relief by a preponderance of
16   the evidence.   Under Ninth Circuit law, however, “where a full
17   understanding of the issues can be reached without the aid of
18   findings, this court is not required to remand the judgment because
19   of the district court's failure to comply fully with [Civil] Rule
20   52(a).”   Alpha Distributing Co. of Ca. v. Jack Daniels Distillery,
21   454 F.2d 442, 453 (9th Cir. 1972).     “The failure of the trial court
22   to comply with [Civil] Rule 52 . . . does not demand reversal ‘if a
23   full understanding of the question presented may be had without the
24   aid of separate findings.’”   Magna Weld Sales Co., Inc. v. Magna
25   Alloys & Research Pty. Ltd., 545 F.2d 668, 671 (9th Cir. 1976).     We
26   ultimately are charged in this appeal to determine whether, on the

                                       26
 1   entire evidence, we are left with a definite and firm conviction
 2   that the bankruptcy court erred in its determination that
 3   Mr. Parrish failed to establish each element of a claim for relief
 4   under § 523(a)(2)(A).   Accordingly, we see no need to remand the
 5   case to the bankruptcy court for further findings.
 6   II.   The Bankruptcy Court’s Evidentiary Rulings
 7         Before we can evaluate whether the evidence that was before the
 8   bankruptcy court was sufficient to meet Mr. Parrish’s burden of
 9   proving his § 523(a)(2)(A) claim for relief by a preponderance of
10   the evidence, we first must address Mr. Parrish’s issue that the
11   bankruptcy court abused its discretion in failing to admit his
12   exhibits into evidence.
13         Bankruptcy courts may require all testimony and evidence to be
14   submitted in writing prior to trial.   Lee-Benner v. Gergely
15   (In re Gergely), 110 F.3d 1448, 1452 (9th Cir. 1997).   In this case,
16   the Trial Procedures Order instructed the parties that “[e]xhibits
17   referenced in any declaration should be offered into evidence when
18   the declaration is offered into evidence.”
19         Basic principles of evidence law require that a party offer an
20   exhibit into evidence if that exhibit is to be admitted.    See
21   1 McCormick on Evidence § 51.   Conversely, when a party fails to
22   offer an exhibit for admission, the exhibit fails to become
23   evidence.   See In re Vargas, 396 B.R. 511, 519 (Bankr. C.D. Cal.
24   2008)(“[Party] declined to move the admission of any of these
25   documents . . . . Thus, there is no evidence . . . before the
26   court.”); In re Osborne, 257 B.R. 14, 21 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 2000)("It

                                       27
 1   is well settled that neither statements of counsel, nor exhibits not
 2   admitted into evidence, are evidence.").
 3        The requirement that a party offer evidence is not an empty
 4   ritual; it ensures that the opposing party will have an opportunity
 5   to object to the proffered evidence, should he or she so choose.
 6   See McCormick, supra.    A party seeking to admit an exhibit into
 7   evidence should "tender[] the exhibit to the judge by stating,
 8   ‘Plaintiff offers this (document or object, describing it), marked
 9   “Plaintiff's Exhibit No.” for identification, into evidence as
10   Plaintiff's Exhibit No. 2.’” Id.
11        When a pretrial order establishes a procedure for the admission
12   of evidence, and a party fails to follow that procedure, we will not
13   find that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in denying the
14   admission of evidence.   In re Gergely, 110 F.3d at 1448; see, e.g.,
15   In re Herb Goetz & Marlen Horn Assoc., Inc., 120 F.3d 268 (9th Cir.
16   1997).
17        At the Trial, Mr. Parrish’s four declarations were admitted as
18   direct testimony.   In the Parrish Declaration, Mr. Parrish referred
19   to exhibits variously as being “marked,” “attached,” “offered,” or
20   “presented.”   Mr. Parrish also submitted to the bankruptcy court
21   Exhibit Binders containing all exhibits referred to in the Parrish
22   Declaration.
23        The record reflects that Mr. Parrish was aware that Mr. Thomas
24   refused to stipulate to the admission of any of his exhibits.    He
25   further was aware that Mr. Thomas had raised specific objections to
26   at least five of his exhibits.   The Trial Procedures Order spelled

                                        28
 1   out what was necessary to get exhibits into evidence in that
 2   situation.   The burden was on Mr. Parrish to obtain a ruling on the
 3   admission of his exhibits.    It is clear from the record that he did
 4   not understand that burden.   At most, Mr. Parrish marked and
 5   tendered the exhibits.   The transcript of the Trial reflects that
 6   Mr. Parrish never offered or asked to submit his exhibits into
 7   evidence; nor did he make any other statements to that effect.
 8        Typically, a litigant’s failure to understand the process does
 9   not translate into an abuse of discretion by the bankruptcy court
10   when exhibits are not admitted into evidence.   Here, however, we
11   believe that the actions of the bankruptcy court contributed to the
12   confusion surrounding the admission of Mr. Parrish’s exhibits.
13        The bankruptcy court considered the Dismissal Motion and the
14   Exclusion Motion together at the commencement of the Trial.
15   Mr. Parrish had opposed the dismissal motion, in part by complaining
16   about Mr. Thomas’s refusal to cooperate by stipulating to the
17   authenticity of documents.    In ruling on Mr Thomas’s Exclusion
18   Motion, the bankruptcy court stated “I’m going to err on the side of
19   just letting people talk . . . I’ll . . . deny the motion to exclude
20   the proposed witnesses and [the testimony] will be worth whatever it
21   is worth.”   With respect to the Dismissal Motion, the bankruptcy
22   judge stated only that “I’m going to deny that at this point.”     In
23   our view, particularly in light of what followed, Mr. Parrish
24   reasonably could have believed that all of his evidence had been
25   made a part of the record.
26        The Trial commenced immediately thereafter, and was

                                        29
 1   orchestrated by the bankruptcy court:
 2        So, then we go onto the trial. We do have declarations
          from the witnesses, and to the extent, Mr. Thomas, you
 3        want to do any cross examination you can call them and
          cross examine them.
 4
 5   Tr. of Feb. 23, 2011 Trial at 4:9-12.   After the bankruptcy court
 6   suggested that Mr. Thomas need not cross-examine Mr. Parrish’s
 7   witnesses (“frankly, you don’t really have to do all that”), because
 8   Mr. Parrish had the burden of proof, the bankruptcy court took a
 9   recess to distribute the exhibit books.    Once back on the record the
10   bankruptcy court made no reference to the fact that the exhibit
11   books had been “distributed” or what that meant.9   Instead, the
12   bankruptcy court explained only that “[i]t will be left with their
13   declarations.”   In light both of the manner in which the exhibit
14   books were handled and the fact that the Parrish Declaration
15   identified and relied on each exhibit in the exhibit books, we
16   believe that Mr. Parrish reasonably could have believed that in
17   stopping the Trial and distributing the exhibit books, the
18   bankruptcy court could effectively have been recognizing the
19   exhibits as part of the record at Trial.
20        In its final colloquy with Mr. Parrish, the bankruptcy court
21   stated “[a]ll we do here is cross examination,” and “[y]ou can say
22   anything further you’d like to say in argument, but the declarations
23   are the direct testimony.”   As a pro se litigant, and in the context
24
          9
25             The bankruptcy court made no mention of the lack of
     exhibits in the record until the day following the Trial when the
26   Judgment was entered.

                                       30
 1   of the extremely abbreviated nature of the proceedings, it is not
 2   surprising that Mr. Parrish might have taken that statement
 3   literally and believed as a consequence there was nothing more he
 4   could do or needed to do to present his evidence.
 5        On this record, we conclude that the bankruptcy court may have
 6   abused its discretion, because the proceedings, as they unfolded,
 7   did not alert Mr. Parrish that he was required to do more to have
 8   his exhibits admitted into evidence.    This conclusion does not
 9   require that we reverse the bankruptcy court’s Judgment, however,
10   because, in our de novo review of the record, including the
11   exhibits, we independently determine that Mr. Parrish did not meet
12   his burden of proof with respect to the elements of his
13   § 523(a)(2)(A) claim for relief.
14   III. Mr. Parrish Did Not Prove a § 523(a)(2)(A) Claim
          for Relief By a Preponderance of the Evidence
15
16        The evidence before the bankruptcy court in support of
17   Mr. Parrish’s claim for relief consisted entirely of the four
18   declarations.   Mr. Parrish contends on appeal that the evidence
19   established:    (1) that Mr. Thomas represented that he was carrying
20   out a large 39.5-mile fiber optic cable project; (2) that the
21   representation was necessarily false given the actual, much more
22   modest nature of the subcontract; (3) that Mr. Thomas had to know
23   that those representations were false, given his work on an actual,
24   more modest project; (4) by knowingly making false representations
25   prior to borrowing money, Mr. Thomas necessarily made the
26   representations with the intent to deceive Mr. Parrish and to

                                        31
 1   procure loans from him; and (5) Mr. Parrish justifiably relied on
 2   Mr. Thomas's representations in deciding to make the loans, and was
 3   damaged as a result.   As we discuss below, Mr. Parrish’s witness
 4   declarations do not constitute adequate proof of at least some of
 5   these assertions.
 6        The Magee Declaration.    It appears that Mr. Parrish may have
 7   intended the testimony in the Magee Declaration to establish that
 8   Mr. Thomas never intended to purchase the Ditch Witch Directional
 9   Drill or the Caterpillar mini excavator even though Mr. Parrish
10   alleges Mr. Thomas borrowed funds specifically for that purpose.
11   Leaving aside the fact that the Equipment Lease never was admitted
12   into evidence, the Magee Declaration proves nothing other than that
13   Mr. Magee went to two equipment dealerships and looked at product
14   numbers and serial numbers.    The Magee Declaration is good only to
15   establish what he saw.   It does not provide evidence as to what the
16   product numbers and serial numbers mean in connection with the
17   equipment specified in the Equipment Lease.   Useful evidence on this
18   point could have come from the equipment dealers themselves.   If
19   Mr. Parrish wanted to prove that there is no such thing as a 2002
20   Ditch Witch JT920L Directional Drill with the serial number included
21   on the Equipment Lease, he should have provided the testimony of a
22   Ditch Witch representative, supported by appropriate documentary
23   evidence.
24        The Watson Declaration.    Predominant in Mr. Watson’s testimony
25   was his opinion that the Joint Venture Agreement and the Equipment
26   Lease prepared by Mr. Thomas were so legally deficient that they

                                        32
 1   could only have been created to induce Mr. Parrish to loan money to
 2   Mr. Thomas.   We agree with Mr. Thomas that while Mr. Watson may have
 3   been able to testify as to his opinion of the legal sufficiency of
 4   the Joint Venture Agreement and the Equipment Lease, there was no
 5   basis upon which Mr. Watson could testify as to Mr. Thomas’s intent
 6   when Mr. Thomas created the documents.     The Watson Declaration
 7   provides no evidence on any element in the § 523(a)(2)(A) claim for
 8   relief.
 9        The Wattenbarger Declaration.      Mr. Wattenbarger testified that
10   he had reviewed the joint venture’s subcontract with Golden State
11   Utilities.    Unfortunately, the bankruptcy court did not have an
12   opportunity to review the alleged subcontract.     With respect to the
13   subcontract, not only did Mr. Parrish fail to “offer” it, or a copy
14   of it, into evidence, he neither marked it nor included it in his
15   Exhibit List.   Federal Rule of Evidence 1002 provides:    “To prove
16   the content of a writing . . . , the original writing . . . is
17   required, except as otherwise provided in these rules or by Act of
18   Congress.”    Federal Rule of Evidence 1003 provides that “[a]
19   duplicate is admissible to the same extent as an original unless
20   (1) a genuine question is raised as to the authenticity of the
21   original or (2) in the circumstances it would be unfair to admit the
22   duplicate in lieu of the original.”     Because the subcontract
23   existed, Mr. Wattenbarger’s testimony concerning it constituted
24   hearsay.   Even assuming that the bankruptcy court could consider
25   Mr. Wattenbarger’s testimony with respect to the subcontract, that
26   testimony does not establish what it appears Mr. Parrish hoped that

                                        33
 1   it would.
 2        First, to the extent that Mr. Parrish intended to establish
 3   that Mr. Thomas never intended to repay the loans Mr. Parrish made
 4   in reliance on the fiber optic job, Mr. Wattenbarger’s testimony
 5   does not prove that the proceeds from the subcontract would be
 6   insufficient to repay the loans.   Mr. Wattenbarger testified that
 7   the subcontract did not state an exact quantity of work to be
 8   performed; instead, it stated the amount of work was “to be
 9   determined,” and it provided a unit price for each item to be done.
10   There is no evidence anywhere in the record to suggest what the
11   ultimate scope of the subcontract was.   In fact, Mr. Wattenbarger
12   testified, again without compliance with the Federal Rules of
13   Evidence regarding writings, that the subcontract ended not because
14   it expired by its terms, but because it was terminated unilaterally
15   by Golden State Utilities as the result of an alleged mishap by the
16   joint venture that caused substantial damage to the fiber optic
17   cable.
18        Second, to the extent that Mr. Parrish intended to establish
19   through Mr. Wattenbarger’s testimony that Mr. Thomas misrepresented
20   the amount he needed to borrow to perform the subcontract,
21   Mr. Wattenbarger’s testimony is speculative, even to the point of
22   guessing what equipment the joint venture owned.   Mr. Wattenbarger’s
23   opinion that Mr. Thomas did not need the amount borrowed also was
24   conditioned on unknown and often surprising assumptions, such as the
25   assumption that the joint venture could have obtained supplies on
26   credit at contractor warehouses, the joint venture could have

                                        34
 1   delayed wage payments to employees for a week or two, or that the
 2   joint venture might receive job related costs in advance from Golden
 3   State Utilities.   Mr. Wattenbarger’s implied suggestion that these
 4   alternatives eliminated the joint venture’s need for cash makes no
 5   sense; at most, they would defer the joint venture’s need for cash.
 6        The Parrish Declaration.   Through his testimony, Mr. Parrish
 7   establishes that he sought out Mr. Thomas as someone who might want
 8   to borrow money from him.   Mr. Parrish wanted to make money on funds
 9   he could access through his home equity credit line.     Mr. Parrish
10   trusted Mr. Thomas because he trusted Mr. Mesa, the mutual business
11   associate who had suggested that Mr. Thomas might need a loan.
12   Mr. Parrish testified that in making the loans for the fiber optic
13   job he relied upon (1) the $40,000 and equipment being contributed
14   by Mr. Thomas and Mr. Vance to the joint venture, (2) the fact that
15   both Mr. Thomas and Mr. Vance were licensed contractors, and (3) the
16   promises of Mr. Thomas and Mr. Vance to repay the loans.
17        In order to prevail on his § 523(a)(2)(A) claim for relief, Mr.
18   Parrish was required to prove each element articulated by Britton by
19   a preponderance of the evidence.   In re Britton, 905 F.2d at 604.
20   The absence of proof of even one element is sufficient to defeat his
21   claim.
22        There is nothing in the Parrish Declaration that might
23   establish that Mr. Parrish justifiably relied on any representation
24   Mr. Thomas might have made that the joint venture was the general
25   contractor on the fiber optic job.      Further, there is no evidence in
26   the record that Mr. Parrish justifiably relied upon any

                                        35
 1   representation Mr. Thomas may have made which might relate to the
 2   value of the joint venture’s work in connection with the fiber optic
 3   job.   Mr. Parrish was willing to loan nearly $200,000 to a person
 4   known to him through a mutual acquaintance, in part because he
 5   trusted that mutual acquaintance.    On that basis, the record does
 6   not establish that it is more likely than not that Mr. Parrish
 7   relied on any representation made by Mr. Thomas.
 8          On the issue of intent, Mr. Parrish himself presented evidence
 9   at Trial that would support a finding that Mr. Thomas intended to
10   repay the loans to Mr. Parrish.   First, Mr. Thomas made payments,
11   albeit limited, over a period of five months.   The   partial
12   repayment of the loans supports an inference that Mr. Thomas
13   intended to repay Mr. Parrish, not defraud him.    See Advanta Nat’l
14   Bank v. Kong (In re Kong), 239 B.R. 815, 822 (9th Cir. BAP 1999)
15   (citing Anastas v. Am. Savings Bank (In re Anastas), 94 F.3d 1280,
16   1287 (9th Cir. 1996)).   Furthermore, according to Mr. Wattenbarger's
17   testimony, the joint venture lost the subcontract because it damaged
18   QWEST's fiber optic cable.   That testimony likewise supports an
19   inference that rather than intending to defraud Mr. Parrish,
20   Mr. Thomas simply lost the ability to repay him.
21          Based upon our review of the record, and applying a
22   preponderance of the evidence standard, we are not left with a
23   definite and firm conviction that the bankruptcy court made a
24   mistake in determining that Mr. Parrish did not meet his burden of
25   proving his claim for relief under § 523(a)(2)(A).    We find no
26   reversible error.

                                         36
 1                             VI.   CONCLUSION
 2        Mr. Parrish failed to carry his burden of proving by a
 3   preponderance of the evidence the elements required to support a
 4   judgment in his favor pursuant to § 523(a)(2)(A).
 5        We AFFIRM.
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26

                                      37
