                          This opinion will be unpublished and
                          may not be cited except as provided by
                          Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2016).

                                STATE OF MINNESOTA
                                IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                      A15-1134

                                    State of Minnesota,
                                        Respondent,

                                             vs.

                                 Michael Douglas Metsala,
                                        Appellant.

                                  Filed January 9, 2017
                                        Affirmed
                                     Peterson, Judge

                              Hennepin County District Court
                                File No. 27-CR-10-53915

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Jean E. Burdorf, Assistant County
Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Anders J. Erickson, Assistant
Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

         Considered and decided by Peterson, Presiding Judge; Larkin, Judge; and Reyes,

Judge.

                         UNPUBLISHED OPINION

PETERSON, Judge

         In this appeal from convictions of two counts of being an ineligible person in

possession of a firearm, appellant argues that (1) the district court erred when it denied his
suppression motion because police lacked probable cause to search the filing-cabinet

drawers where a firearm was found, and (2) his convictions must be reversed because trial

counsel was ineffective when she failed to challenge the constitutionality of his arrest and

the admissibility of his postarrest statements to police. We affirm.

                                         FACTS

       When E.E. arrived at work at a car dealership in Burnsville on a Monday, he

discovered that the business had been burglarized during the weekend. There were pry

marks on a garage door, consistent with a forced entry into the building, and four toolboxes

were missing. The toolboxes were floor models on wheels; they each weighed up to 2,000

pounds, and they contained power tools and hand tools. One of the toolboxes and the tools

in it belonged to the car dealership, and the other three toolboxes and the tools in them

belonged to employees. The total estimated value of the toolboxes and tools was between

$60,000 and $100,000.

       E.E. suspected that J.H., who had a long history of theft and burglary offenses, had

stolen the toolboxes and tools. E.E. knew that J.H. “hung out” at a construction business

owned by appellant Michael Douglas Metsala, so E.E. went to Metsala’s business and

entered through an open service door. Neither the owner nor J.H. was present. E.E. saw a

door with a mail slot in it. He opened the mail slot, looked through it, and saw the missing

toolboxes in a storage room. He then called 911.

       In response to E.E.’s call, Bloomington police officers were dispatched to Metsala’s

business. Sergeant Williams spoke to E.E., who stated that he saw the car dealership’s

property in a storage area. Metsala arrived at the business and started walking toward the


                                             2
storage area. Williams told him that he could not enter the storage area because officers

were freezing the room while they waited for a search warrant to go inside. Metsala

repeatedly tried to go around Williams, who was blocking the entry to the storage area, so

Williams arrested Metsala for obstructing legal process.

       Police obtained a warrant to search Metsala’s business. The warrant authorized the

police to search for the toolboxes and tools; documents related to any of the victims; tools

“capable of prying or forcing doors”; and documents “showing possession, occupancy, or

control of the premises to be searched.” While executing the search warrant, police found

a .380-caliber semiautomatic handgun.

       After being given a Miranda warning, Metsala made a statement to police, during

which he admitted that he possessed the .380-caliber handgun recovered from his business.

He also admitted that he possessed a .44-caliber handgun that was at his Bloomington

residence. Police obtained a warrant to search Metsala’s residence and found the .44-

caliber handgun. Metsala had a prior conviction in federal court for a crime of violence.

       Metsala was charged with two felony counts of being a prohibited person in

possession of a firearm. He moved to suppress the handguns and his statements to police,

arguing that (1) E.E. was acting as a government agent when he looked into the storage

area and saw the toolboxes, (2) the search warrant did not describe with particularity the

area to be searched and included areas for which there was no probable cause to search,

(3) the search warrant did not contain sufficiently particular descriptions of the documents

and forced-entry tools, and (4) his statements to police were illegally obtained. The district

court denied the motion.


                                              3
       Metsala waived his right to a jury trial, and the case was tried to the court. E.E.

testified at trial, and the parties stipulated to the remaining evidence. The district court

found Metsala guilty as charged. This court reversed and remanded for a new trial because

Metsala did not waive his right to testify, his right to compel the testimony of favorable

defense witnesses, and his right to cross-examine the state’s witnesses. State v. Metsala,

No. A13-2199, 2014 WL 3700958, at *1 (Minn. App. July 28, 2014).

       On remand, Metsala again waived his right to a jury trial, and the case was tried to

the court. The parties stipulated to Metsala’s prior federal conviction, the two guns,

Metsala’s statement to police, the transcript of the hearing on Metsala’s suppression

motion, and E.E.’s testimony at the first trial. Four police officers and two other witnesses

testified. The district court found Metsala guilty as charged and sentenced him to two

concurrent terms of 60 months in prison.

       Metsala filed a notice of appeal and a motion to stay the appeal in order to pursue

postconviction relief. After this court granted the motion, Metsala filed a postconviction

petition in district court, claiming that he received ineffective assistance of trial counsel

because his attorney failed to challenge the lawfulness of his arrest and the admissibility of

his postarrest statements to police. The district court summarily denied relief based on its

determination that Metsala’s arrest was legal and, therefore, he did not receive ineffective

assistance. This court then reinstated the appeal.




                                              4
                                     DECISION

                                             I.

       “When reviewing pretrial orders on motions to suppress evidence, we may

independently review the facts and determine, as a matter of law, whether the district court

erred in suppressing—or not suppressing—the evidence.” State v. Harris, 590 N.W.2d 90,

98 (Minn. 1999) (citing State v. Othoudt, 482 N.W.2d 218, 221 (Minn. 1992)). We review

the district court’s findings of fact for clear error and determine de novo whether a search

was justified by probable cause. State v. Jenkins, 782 N.W.2d 211, 223 (Minn. 2010).

              Probable cause should be determined under a “totality of the
              circumstances” test: The task of the [district court] is simply
              to make a practical, common-sense decision whether, given all
              the circumstances set forth in the affidavit before [the court],
              including the “veracity” and “basis of knowledge” of persons
              supplying hearsay information, there is a fair probability that
              contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular
              place.

State v. Wiley, 336 N.W.2d 265, 268 (Minn. 1985) (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213,

238, 103 S. Ct. 2317, 2332 (1983)). “[A] collection of pieces of information that would

not be substantial alone can combine to create sufficient probable cause.” State v. Jones,

678 N.W.2d 1, 11 (Minn. 2004).

       Metsala argues that police lacked probable cause to search the filing-cabinet drawer

at his business where the firearm was found. The state argues that Metsala waived this

issue by failing to raise it before the district court. “A reviewing court may generally

consider only those issues that the record shows were presented [to] and considered by the

[district] court in deciding the matter before it.” State v. Bailey, 312 N.W.2d 612, 623



                                             5
(Minn. 2007) (quotation omitted). In the memorandum supporting his suppression motion,

Metsala argued that the warrant did not describe with particularity the area to be searched

and included areas for which there was no probable cause to search and that the descriptions

of the documents and forced-entry tools in the search warrant were not sufficiently

particular because they did not limit the search to items associated with criminal activity.

Although the probable-cause argument that Metsala makes on appeal is more precise than

the argument he made in the district court, the broad argument he made in the district court

was sufficient to preserve the issue for appellate review.

       Metsala objects to the clauses in the search warrant authorizing the police to seize

the following items: “Documents, photos, papers, or receipts identifying any of the three

victim employees or [the car] dealership. . . . Documents showing possession, occupancy

or control of the premises to be searched.” Metsala argues:

              Allowing police to search filing cabinet drawers inside
              [Metsala’s] business was unconstitutional because the State did
              not establish a nexus between documents identifying victims
              and tools used to burglarize the [car dealership] and
              [Metsala’s] business or that documents showing possession,
              occupancy, or control of [Metsala’s] business would assist in
              the apprehension or conviction of the burglary suspect.

       But the search warrant also authorized the police to search Metsala’s business for

tools that had been in the stolen toolboxes.

              A lawful search of fixed premises generally extends to the
              entire area in which the object of the search may be found and
              is not limited by the possibility that separate acts of entry or
              opening may be required to complete the search. Thus, a
              warrant that authorizes an officer to search a home for illegal
              weapons also provides authority to open closets, chests,
              drawers, and containers in which the weapon might be found.


                                               6
United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 820-21, 102 S. Ct. 2157, 2170-71 (1982); see also

State v. Salyers, 842 N.W.2d 28, 33 (Minn. App. 2014) (“The items on the warrant included

hand-held power tools that could have fit inside the gun cabinet. This renders the search

of the cabinet appropriate.”), aff’d 858 N.W.2d 156 (Minn. 2015). Because tools that had

been in the toolboxes were items that might be found in filing-cabinet drawers, the officers

had authority to search the filing-cabinet drawers.

                                             II.

       When we review a postconviction court’s summary denial of relief, the court’s

factual findings will not be disturbed unless they are clearly erroneous, but we review the

court’s legal conclusions de novo. State v. Nicks, 831 N.W.2d 493, 503 (Minn. 2013).

              Ultimately, we review a denial of a petition for postconviction
              relief, including a denial of relief without an evidentiary
              hearing, for an abuse of discretion. A postconviction court
              abuses its discretion when its decision is based on an erroneous
              view of the law or is against logic and the facts in the record.
              Because claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are mixed
              questions of law and fact, we review the postconviction court’s
              legal conclusions on such questions de novo. Therefore, when
              we review a postconviction court’s denial of relief on a claim
              of ineffective assistance of counsel, we will consider the
              court’s factual findings that are supported in the record,
              conduct a de novo review of the legal implication of those facts
              on the ineffective assistance claim, and either affirm the court’s
              decision or conclude that the court abused its discretion
              because postconviction relief is warranted.

Id. at 503-04 (quotation, citations, and footnote omitted).

       To prevail on an ineffective-assistance claim, a defendant must prove (1) “that

counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness” and (2) that



                                              7
“there was a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the

proceeding would have been different.” State v. Taylor, 869 N.W.2d 1, 21 (Minn. 2015)

(quotation omitted) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-96, 104 S. Ct.

2052, 2064-69 (1984)).

       Metsala argues that his trial counsel was ineffective because she failed to challenge

the lawfulness of his arrest and the admissibility of his postarrest statements to police. A

person who intentionally “obstructs, resists, or interferes with a peace officer while the

officer is engaged in the performance of official duties” is guilty of a crime. Minn. Stat.

§ 609.50, subd. 1(2) (2008). Obstruction occurs when a defendant’s act has “the effect of

physically obstructing or interfering with an officer conducting an investigation.” State v.

Tomlin, 622 N.W.2d 546, 548 (Minn. 2001).

       “The test of probable cause to arrest is whether the objective facts are such that

under the circumstances a person of ordinary care and prudence would entertain an honest

and strong suspicion that a crime has been committed.” State v. Johnson, 314 N.W.2d 229,

230 (Minn. 1982) (quotation omitted). “Probable cause . . . requires something more than

mere suspicion but something less than the evidence necessary for conviction.” State v.

Prax, 686 N.W.2d 45, 48 (Minn. App. 2004), review denied (Minn. Dec. 14, 2004). On

given facts, whether probable cause to arrest exists is a question of law, which we review

de novo, but we review the district court’s underlying factual findings for clear error. State

v. Lee, 585 N.W.2d 378, 383 (Minn. 1998).




                                              8
      When Metsala arrived at his business, Williams told him that the officers were

freezing the storage room while they waited for a search warrant. Williams testified about

the encounter between him and Metsala as follows:

             Q:      Describe your interaction with Mr. Metsala.
             A:      Well, I was standing at the doorway of the back room
             where the tools were, and Mr. Metsala had entered a doorway
             to that common room, the main entrance, I believe, for the
             business. At that point he was about eight yards away from
             me. He appeared to me to be agitated.
                     The person that had called 911 immediately said, “I’m
             sorry, Mike. I don’t mean to jam you up, but I figured my stuff
             was here.”
                     And Mr. Metsala then made a comment to the effect of
             “I just want to know what the hell is going on here.” He never
             made eye contact with me. He . . . immediately started walking
             towards the storage room where I was standing by the door. It
             appeared that he was going to enter the room. I put my arm
             out to tell him he couldn’t enter it. He again appeared to be
             agitated, said that “I own the place” or something to that effect,
             and he tried to walk around me again.
             Q:      So is that twice.
             A:      At that point twice, yes.
             . . . And I side-stepped to get in front of him and told him he
             couldn’t enter and asked him “What don’t you understand that
             you can’t go in there?” And at that point I asked him for some
             ID.
             Q:      Did he give you his ID?
             A:      He did.
             Q:      After giving you his ID, what steps – what did Mr.
             Metsala do?
             A:      He again tried to walk past me, appeared to be trying to
             enter that room. And I stepped to the side again to block his
             path, and at that point we made contact.
             Q:      What part of your bodies made contact?
             A:      My chest area. I don’t remember what part of him.
             Q:      Was it a violent contact?
             A:      No.
             Q:      Was this the third time he tried to gain entry to the
             room?
             A:      Yes.


                                             9
At that point, Williams decided to arrest Metsala for obstructing legal process.

       The district court concluded that probable cause to arrest existed for the following

reasons:

                     First, Sgt. Williams was securing the storage room
              while waiting for a search warrant to authorize a search. Thus,
              the officer was engaged in the performance of official duties.

                     Second, [Metsala] repeatedly tried to enter the storage
              room even after the officer told [Metsala] not to do so because
              police were securing the area for a search warrant. At one
              point, [Metsala] physically made contact with Sgt. Williams’
              chest. The officer was objectively reasonable in concluding
              that [Metsala] was interfering with the officer’s efforts to
              secure the scene prior to execution of a warrant.

                      Third, the officer had probable cause to believe that
              [Metsala] was acting with intent to obstruct, resist, or interfere
              with the officer. [Metsala] appeared agitated, he was
              demanding to know what was going on, and he kept trying to
              enter the area. He persisted in his efforts to enter the area even
              after the officer told him multiple times that he could not go
              into the area. [Metsala’s] actions, statements, and demeanor
              gave the officer a reasonable basis to conclude that [Metsala]
              intended to interfere with the officer’s efforts to secure the
              storage area. See State v. Charlton, 358 N.W.2d 26, 30 (Minn.
              1983) (“intent may be inferred by the nature of the acts, what
              the defendant did, what the defendant said, and how the
              defendant acted”).

We agree with the district court’s reasoning and conclusion.

       Even if obstruction of legal process is a specific-intent crime, the fact-finder may

presume that the defendant intended the natural and probable consequence of his actions.

State v. Cooper, 561 N.W.2d 175, 179 (Minn. 1997).               The natural and probable

consequence of Metsala’s actions was that Metsala would physically interfere with or



                                             10
obstruct Williams’s effort to freeze the storage room as part of the officers’ investigation.

Therefore, a person of ordinary care and prudence would entertain an honest and strong

suspicion that Metsala had committed a crime, and Williams had probable cause to arrest

Metsala.

       Because Metsala’s arrest was supported by probable cause, counsel did not provide

ineffective assistance by failing to challenge the legality of the arrest. See State v.

Dickerson, 777 N.W.2d 529, 535 (Minn. App. 2010) (“An attorney’s failure to raise

meritless claims does not constitute deficient performance and cannot provide the basis for

a claim of ineffective assistance.”), review denied (Minn. Mar. 30, 2010). Because

Metsala’s claim that counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to challenge the

admissibility of his postarrest statements is premised on his arrest being illegal, that claim

also fails.

       Affirmed.




                                             11
