Affirmed and Majority and Concurring Opinions filed July 18, 2019.




                                        In The

                Fourteenth Court of Appeals
                                NO. 14-17-00929-CV

                             ALEX ERAZO, Appellant
                                          V.
 LUIS A SANCHEZ, CHIEF MEDICAL DIRECTOR FOR THE HARRIS
   COUNTY INSTITUTE OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, AND KIM OGG,
 DISTRICT ATTORNEY FOR HARRIS COUNTY, TEXAS (FORMALLY
                DEVON ANDERSON), Appellees

                    On Appeal from the 270th District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                      Trial Court Cause No. 2014-71507

                          MAJORITY OPINION

      In this pro se appeal, appellant Alex Erazo complains of the trial court’s
failure to appoint counsel in a civil lawsuit. In the lawsuit, Erazo requested the trial
court to order the performance of a new autopsy related to a criminal case. The
trial court granted summary judgment favoring appellees Luis A. Sanchez of the
Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences and Harris County District Attorney
Kim Ogg. Erazo asserts two issues: (1) the trial court erred in failing to consider
his requests for appointment of counsel, and (2) the trial court erred by refusing or
failing to appoint counsel. Concluding that the trial court did in fact consider
Erazo’s requests and did not err in denying the requests, we affirm.

                                       Background

       Erazo admitted he shot his girlfriend in the head and caused her death and
the death of their unborn child on October 23, 2000. An autopsy was performed,
and the manner of death was determined to be “homicide.” 1 Erazo was
subsequently convicted of murder, and the jury in that trial assessed his
punishment at life in prison and a $10,000 fine. After an appeal in which harmful
error was determined to have occurred in the punishment phase, a new jury
assessed Erazo’s punishment at life in prison and a $10,000 fine. Erazo v. State,
260 S.W.3d 510, 511 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d). The
second judgment was affirmed on appeal. Id.

       Erazo filed the present action in October 2014, seeking to have the
deceased’s body exhumed in Honduras and brought back to the United States for a
new autopsy. Erazo insists that the fatal shooting was the result of an accident,
argues that the original autopsy report was devoid of any factual basis for
concluding that the manner of death was homicide, and suggests that a new
autopsy would reveal previously undiscovered evidence indicating that the
shooting was an accident.

       In his original petition, Erazo included a request for the court to appoint
counsel to represent him in the lawsuit pursuant to Texas Government Code
       1
          In an affidavit attached to appellees’ motion for summary judgment, a deputy chief
medical examiner explained that the use of the term “homicide” in an autopsy report merely
indicates that a death was the result of another person’s conduct and does not imply criminal
culpability.

                                             2
section 24.016. On July 3, 2017, Erazo filed a “Motion for Appointment of
Counsel Prusuant [sic] to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1).” This motion appears to be, and
appellant acknowledges on appeal was, in fact, a misfiling intended for a federal
court case against a different defendant. On October 3, 2017, Erazo filed a Request
for Court Appointed Counsel. This document internally referenced itself as a
Motion for Court Appointed Counsel but failed to state the law under which the
request was being made.

       Appellees filed a combined traditional and no-evidence motion for summary
judgment on September 20, 2017, arguing that Erazo could not meet the
requirements for reopening a coroner’s inquest and providing supporting exhibits.
The trial court granted the motion on October 30, 2017.

       The trial court issued an order on October 31, 2017, “Denying Plaintiff’s
Motion For The Appointment of Counsel.” In the order, the trial court explained
that it had no authority to appoint counsel under the federal statute and that Erazo
was not entitled to appointed counsel under Texas Government Code section
24.016. The court further explained that Erazo had not filed an affidavit stating that
he was too poor to hire counsel as required by section 24.016; the case was not an
exceptional one in which the public and private interests at stake were such that the
administration of justice would be served by appointing counsel; there was no
basis for appointing an attorney ad litem, such as incapacity or legal disability; and
Erazo had sufficiently represented himself in the proceedings.2

                                         Governing Law

       There is no general right to counsel in Texas in civil cases. See Travelers

       2
          In a previous pro se appeal, we reversed in part the trial court’s dismissal of this case on
jurisdictional grounds and remanded for further proceedings. Erazo v. Sanchez, 502 S.W.3d 894,
897 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, no pet.).

                                                  3
Indem. Co. of Conn. v. Mayfield, 923 S.W.2d 590, 594 (Tex. 1996); Harris v. Civil
Serv. Comm’n for Mun. Emps. of the City of Houston, 803 S.W.2d 729, 731 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1990, no pet.) (“Neither the Texas nor United States
Constitution guarantees a right to counsel in a civil suit”).3 However, under
Government Code section 24.016, a district judge has the discretion to appoint
counsel for an indigent party in a civil case. Tex. Gov’t Code § 24.016 (“A district
judge may appoint counsel to attend to the cause of a party who makes an affidavit
that he is too poor to employ counsel to attend to the cause.”); see also Dunsmore
v. Ortiz, No. 14-15-00437-CV, 2016 WL 7401893, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] Dec. 20, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.). In exercising this discretion, courts
must be attuned to the fact that “in some exceptional cases, the public and private
interests at stake are such that the administration of justice may best be served by
appointing a lawyer to represent an indigent civil litigant.” Mayfield, 923 S.W.2d
at 594 (discussing court’s inherent power of appointment); accord Gibson v.
Tolbert, 102 S.W.3d 710, 712 (Tex. 2003) (discussing authority pursuant to section
24.016); see also Albert v. Adelstein, No. 02-13-00073-CV, 2013 WL 4017511, at
*4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 8, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“The general rule is
that a court does not abuse its discretion by refusing to appoint such counsel unless
the case is ‘exceptional.’”) (citing Hines v. Massey, 79 S.W.3d 269, 272 (Tex.
App.—Beaumont 2002, no pet.)).

       As the Texas Supreme Court has explained, circumstances that could be
deemed “exceptional” are “by definition rare and unusual,” such that they defy
identification by a generalized rule. Gibson, 102 S.W.3d at 713. It may be easier to


       3
          Under certain circumstances, civil litigants may be entitled to appointed counsel in
cases involving juvenile delinquency, termination of parental rights, and court-ordered mental
health services. See Tex. Fam. Code §§ 51.10, 107.013; Tex. Health & Safety Code § 574.003.
None of these circumstances exist in the present case.

                                              4
identify particular circumstances as common than to pronounce a general rule on
what constitutes exceptional circumstances. Id. Accordingly, we examine the
denial of appointed counsel in civil cases on a case-by-case basis. See id.; Taylor v.
Taylor, No. 2-09-035-CV, 2009 WL 4913867, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Dec.
17, 2009, pet. denied) (mem. op.). 4

                     Did the Trial Court Consider Erazo’s Request?

       In his second issue, Erazo asserts that the trial court erred in failing to
consider his request for appointment of counsel. As set forth above, Erazo made at
least three requests for the appointment of counsel: (1) the request in his petition
based on Government Code section 24.016; (2) the misfiled request under federal
law; and (3) the request made on October 3, 2017, which did not cite any authority
but referenced that earlier requests had been made. 5 The trial court’s October 31,
2017 order denying Erazo’s request for appointment of counsel appears to
specifically reference only Erazo’s misfiled request under federal law; however,
the order also expressly addressed the issue of whether counsel should be
appointed pursuant to Government Code section 24.016, which Erazo had raised in
his petition. In fact, as will be discussed below, the trial court’s explanation of its
       4
         As Erazo appears to recognize, the federal statute that he cited in one of his requests
applies only in federal courts. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1), (e)(1).
       5
          For purposes of this opinion, we presume without deciding that Erazo preserved his
issues in the trial court. Generally, in order to object to a trial court’s failure to rule on a motion
or request, a party must object to the court’s refusal to rule. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(2);
Immobiliere Jeuness Establissement v. Amegy Bank Nat’l Ass’n, 525 S.W.3d 875, 884 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no pet.); Bayer Corp. v. DX Terminals, Ltd., 214 S.W.3d 586,
611 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. denied). Our analysis in this case is
complicated by the fact that Erazo made a request pursuant to section 24.016 in his petition,
subsequently filed a request citing only inapplicable federal law, and then filed a third request
referencing prior requests and urging the court to appoint counsel “without delay” but not citing
any authority. It is unclear whether the trial court was ever made aware of the request in the
petition or if the court may have considered the request under federal law to be in lieu of the
request under state law. Regardless, as stated, we will presume that the state law issue was
preserved.

                                                  5
ruling in the order covered the arguments Erazo made in his petition.6 Accordingly,
we overrule Erazo’s second issue.

              Did the Trial Court Err in Refusing to Appoint Counsel?

       In his first issue, Erazo contends that the trial court abused its discretion in
refusing or failing to appoint counsel pursuant to Government Code section
24.016. While in its order the trial court stated several reasons for denying Erazo’s
request under section 24.016, we will focus on one: this case is not an exceptional
one in which the public and private interests at stake are such that the
administration of justice requires the appointment of counsel. See Gibson, 102
S.W.3d at 712.

       In his brief, Erazo specifically asserts that his case is exceptional because he
is incarcerated, he cannot read or write English, he speaks primarily Spanish, and
he is uneducated. Elsewhere in his brief, Erazo additionally argues that he needs
the aid of counsel because he has no legal training and the fellow inmate who
helped him with legal matters was paroled, expert testimony was required to refute
appellees’ position regarding the autopsy report, he cannot communicate
effectively from prison with potential experts, and “[a] different autopsy report
would . . . establish the shooting was accidental.”7

       Unfortunately, appellant’s alleged circumstances—incarceration, native
Spanish speaker, limited education, unfamiliar with legal concepts and
proceedings—are not particularly rare or unusual. See, e.g., Gibson, 102 S.W.3d at
713 (explaining that lawsuits by indigent inmates are far from rare); Addicks v.


       6
         Appellees’ opposition to Erazo’s motion under federal law also addressed the merits of
any similar request under state law.
       7
        It is not clear from Erazo’s brief whether he intended these additional points as further
arguments for the exceptional nature of his case, but we will interpret them as such.

                                               6
Rupert, No. 12-09-00288-CV, 2011 WL 1642862, at *5 (Tex. App.—Tyler Apr.
29, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding trial court did not abuse its discretion under
section 24.016 when inmate complained regarding difficulties in bringing lawsuit
and lack of legal training); Wion v. Thayler, No. 10-09-00369-CV, 2010 WL
4644497, at *4 (Tex. App.—Waco Nov. 17, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding
trial court did not abuse its discretion when inmate complained regarding
difficulties of conducting litigation from prison without legal training in case he
described as “seriously complex”); Fairfax v. Smith, No. 07-09-0321-CV, 2010
WL 890161, at *1 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Mar. 12, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.)
(holding trial court did not abuse its discretion when inmate complained regarding
difficulties of conducting litigation from prison, inability to hire expert, lack of
legal training, and complex nature of medical malpractice case); Wigfall v. Tex.
Dep’t of Criminal Justice, 137 S.W.3d 268, 275 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2004, no pet.) (same).

       Moreover, the facts of this particular lawsuit—a convicted person seeking
another chance to discover exonerating evidence—also do not appear exceptional.
See Gibson, 102 S.W.3d at 713. Erazo had his day in court on his murder charge,
and he had a partially successful appeal followed by another punishment trial and
another appeal. In light of those prior proceedings and the fact Erazo offers only
vague assertions that a new autopsy might reveal exonerating evidence, the public
and private interests at stake are not such that the administration of justice requires
the appointment of counsel. See id. at 712. 8 Accordingly, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in denying Erazo’s request for appointment of counsel, and we


       8
          As discussed above, Erazo contends that the autopsy report lacked any basis for
concluding the deceased’s death was a homicide, but for medical examiners, the term
“homicide” in an autopsy report merely indicates that a death was the result of another person’s
conduct, something that Erazo admits occurred in this case.

                                               7
overrule Erazo’s first issue. 9

       Having overruled Erazo’s two issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.




                                              /s/       Frances Bourliot
                                                        Justice



Panel consists of Chief Justice Frost and Justices Bourliot and Poissant (Frost, C.J.,
Concurring).




       9
          In his reply brief, Erazo argues for the first time that the trial court should have
appointed counsel pursuant to its inherent powers, citing Eichelberger v. Eichelberger, 582
S.W.2d 395, 398 (Tex. 1979). Erazo, however, did not raise this issue in the trial court or in his
original briefing. Accordingly, we decline to consider it in this appeal. See, e.g., Collins v. D.R.
Horton-Tex. Ltd., No. 14-17-00764-CV, 2018 WL 6684270, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] Dec. 20, 2018, no pet. h.) (“[W]e generally do not consider issues raised for the first time
in a reply brief and decline to do so here.”).
         Erazo additionally argues in his reply brief that the trial court should have given him an
opportunity to cure any defect relating to his affidavit. In addition to failing to raise this issue
earlier, Erazo does not cite any authority relevant to this contention. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i)
(requiring that an appellant’s “brief must contain a clear and concise argument for the
contentions made, with appropriate citations to authorities and to the record”); Collins, 2018 WL
6684270, at *3. Accordingly, we summarily reject this argument as well.

                                                    8
