              Case: 13-13343     Date Filed: 08/26/2014   Page: 1 of 7


                                                             [DO NOT PUBLISH]



                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                         FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                           ________________________

                                 No. 13-13343
                             Non-Argument Calendar
                           ________________________

                        D.C. Docket No. 3:10-cv-00871-JRK



DEALMOS JOHNSON,

                                                                 Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

BRYAN ROSIER,
Sargeant, individually and in his official capacity,

                                                                         Defendant,

STEVEN F. SINGER,
Warden, individually and in his official capacity,

                                                               Defendant-Appellee.

                           ________________________

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Middle District of Florida
                          ________________________

                                  (August 26, 2014)
                   Case: 13-13343       Date Filed: 08/26/2014        Page: 2 of 7


Before MARTIN, FAY, and EDMONDSON, Circuit Judges.



PER CURIAM:


       Dealmos Johnson, proceeding pro se on appeal, appeals the grant of

summary judgment to Steven Singer, the warden of the prison where Johnson was

incarcerated, in Johnson’s 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action. Briefly stated, Johnson asserts

that Warden Singer was deliberately indifferent to his health and safety, in

violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments, because Warden Singer failed

to protect Johnson from Officer Rosier’s alleged use of excessive force.* The

summary judgment decision was presented in a full opinion. We see no reversible

error. We affirm the judgment.

       We review the grant of summary judgment de novo. Robinson v. Tyson

Foods, Inc., 595 F.3d 1269, 1273 (11th Cir. 2010). We do not consider in the first

instance issues not addressed by the district court. Porter v. Ogden, Newell &

Welch, 241 F.3d 1334, 1340 (11th Cir. 2001) (citing Singleton v. Wulff, 428 U.S.

106, 120, 96 S.Ct. 2868, 2877, 49 L.Ed.2d 826 (1976) (“It is the general rule, of

course, that a federal appellate court does not consider an issue not passed upon

below.”)). We liberally construe pro se briefs. Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870,

874 (11th Cir. 2008). Nevertheless, issues not raised on appeal are abandoned. Id.

* Officer Rosier   was dismissed as a defendant and is not a party to this appeal.
                                                   2
              Case: 13-13343      Date Filed: 08/26/2014   Page: 3 of 7


      Summary judgment is appropriate when the movant has shown that there is

no genuine dispute as to any material fact, and that he is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). “[M]ere conclusions and unsupported factual

allegations, as well as affidavits based, in part, upon information and belief, rather

than personal knowledge, are insufficient to withstand a motion for summary

judgment.” Ellis v. England, 432 F.3d 1321, 1327 (11th Cir. 2005). When

considering a motion for summary judgment, the district court does not weigh the

evidence to determine the truth of the matter, but rather determines only if there is

a genuine issue for trial. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249, 106

S.Ct. 2505, 2510-11, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).

      “In order to prevail on a civil rights action under § 1983, a plaintiff must

show that he or she was deprived of a federal right by a person acting under color

of state law.” Griffin v. City of Opa-Locka, 261 F.3d 1295, 1303 (11th Cir. 2001).

The Eighth Amendment prohibits the infliction of cruel and unusual punishment.

U.S. Const. amend. VIII. Three kinds of Eighth Amendment claims arise in the

prison context, including challenges to specific conditions of confinement, the use

of excessive force, and deliberate indifference to a prisoner’s safety. Thomas v.

Bryant, 614 F.3d 1288, 1303-04 (11th Cir. 2010); Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S.

825, 832-33, 114 S.Ct. 1970, 1976, 128 L.Ed.2d 811 (1994). Each of these kinds

of claims requires the plaintiff to establish (1) an objective showing of a


                                           3
               Case: 13-13343     Date Filed: 08/26/2014     Page: 4 of 7


deprivation or injury that is sufficiently serious to constitute a denial of the

minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities, and (2) a subjective showing that

the official had a sufficiently culpable state of mind. Thomas, 614 F.3d at 1304.

      In a deliberate-indifference claim, the prisoner plaintiff must establish first

“an objectively substantial risk or serious harm.” Harrison v. Culliver, 716 F.3d

1288, 1298 (11th Cir. 2014). Second, the plaintiff must show that the defendant

was deliberately indifferent to that risk by establishing that the defendant (1) had a

subjective knowledge of a risk of serious harm, (2) disregarded that risk, and

(3) engaged in conduct that is more than mere negligence. Id.

      In an excessive-force claim, the prisoner must show that the official “applied

force maliciously and sadistically for the very purpose of causing harm.” Thomas,

614 F.3d at 1304 (quotation omitted). When conducting that inquiry, we look to

“the need for the application of force; the relationship between the need and the

amount of force that was used; and the extent of the [prisoner’s injuries].”

Cockrell v. Sparks, 510 F.3d 1307, 1311 (11th Cir. 2007). We also consider the

extent of the threat to staff and inmate safety, and we give wide deference to prison

officials who are acting to maintain discipline and security. Id. (concluding that an

open-handed push or shove was not excessive force).

      A supervising official who did not participate in the allegedly wrongful acts

(as in this case) can only be held liable under a theory of supervisory liability if


                                            4
               Case: 13-13343     Date Filed: 08/26/2014     Page: 5 of 7


there is a causal connection between the supervising official’s conduct and the

alleged constitutional deprivation. Hartley v. Parnell, 193 F.3d 1263, 1269 (11th

Cir. 1999). A plaintiff can establish the required causal connection by

documenting either (1) “a history of widespread abuse [that would put] the

responsible supervisor on notice of the need to correct the alleged deprivation,”

and the supervisor’s failure to correct the problem; (2) an official custom or policy

that led to the violation; or (3) facts that indicate that “the supervisor directed the

subordinates to act unlawfully or knew that the subordinates would act unlawfully

and failed to stop them from doing so.” Harrison, 746 F.3d at 1298.

      A pro se litigant “is subject to the relevant law and rules of court, including

the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” Moon v. Newsome, 863 F.2d 835, 837 (11th

Cir. 1989). Unless otherwise specified, a party may amend its pleading “only with

the opposing party’s written consent or the court’s leave.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a)(2).

Rule 15(a)(2) also states that “[t]he court should freely give leave when justice so

requires.” Id. The plaintiff must provide the substance of his proposed complaint

to support his motion. United States ex rel. Atkins v. McInteer, 470 F.3d 1350,

1361-62 (11th Cir. 2006). A district court may deny leave to amend where the

amendment would be futile because the complaint as amended would still be

subject to dismissal. Burger King Corp. v. Weaver, 169 F.3d 1310, 1319-20 (11th

Cir. 1999). The requirements of Rule 28(a) are not jurisdictional, and we can use


                                            5
               Case: 13-13343     Date Filed: 08/26/2014   Page: 6 of 7


our discretion to consider briefs that do not comply with the requirements of

Rule 28(a). Mendoza v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 327 F.3d 1283, 1286 n.4 (11th Cir. 2003)

(noting that we would exercise our discretion to consider the brief submitted in an

immigration proceeding even though it failed to comply with certain requirements

of an appellant’s brief, as articulated in Rule 28).

      First, we exercise our discretion to consider Johnson’s pro se brief, despite

the alleged failure to comply with Rule 28(a). Second, we decline to consider the

arguments that Johnson has raised for the first time on appeal, including Singer’s

failure to investigate, the existence of an alleged conspiracy surrounding the

incident, and Johnson’s request to amend his complaint. Third, we conclude that

the district court did not err by granting summary judgment to Singer; Johnson

failed to establish that Warden Singer personally was liable for Correctional

Officer Rosier’s acts. Even if Singer might be accountable in some way for

Rosier’s use of force, Johnson failed to establish adequately that Singer was

deliberately indifferent to a substantial risk of harm from Officer Rosier or to

establish even that Johnson really had been subjected to excessive force by Rosier

at all. Plaintiff admitted that he refused to comply with direct and repeated orders,

orders that were reasonable in the circumstances. The record does not support that

Officer Rosier had a history of using excessive force against inmates. Warden




                                           6
               Case: 13-13343     Date Filed: 08/26/2014   Page: 7 of 7


Singer had no advance notice of a likely event in the nature of the one that

allegedly triggered this civil action.

      AFFIRMED.




                                          7
