[Cite as Scott v. Nameth, 2016-Ohio-5532.]

                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                  TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT



Andrew P. Scott et al.,                          :

                Plaintiffs-Appellees/            :
                Cross-Appellants,
                                                 :                No. 16AP-64
v.                                                           (C.P.C. No. 13CV-6905)
                                                 :
George P. Nameth, Jr. et al.,                             (REGULAR CALENDAR)
                                                 :
                Defendants-Appellants/
                Cross-Appellees.                 :



                                         D E C I S I O N

                                    Rendered on August 25, 2016


                On brief: Law Office of Brian M. Garvine, LLC, and Brian
                M. Garvine, for appellees/cross-appellants. Argued: Brian
                M. Garvine.

                On brief: Stephen H. Dodd, for appellants/cross-appellees.
                Argued: Stephen H. Dodd.

                  APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas
SADLER, J.
        {¶ 1} Defendants-appellants/cross-appellees, George P. Nameth, Jr. et al. ("the
Nameths"), and plaintiffs-appellees/cross-appellants, Andrew P. Scott et al. ("the Scotts"),
appeal from a judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, which adopted a
magistrate's finding regarding the Scotts' frivolous conduct under R.C. 2323.51 but denied
the Nameths' motion for award of attorney fees. For the following reasons, we affirm the
trial court judgment.
No. 16AP-64                                                                            2


I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
       {¶ 2} This is the second appeal this court has addressed regarding the conflict
between the Scotts and the Nameths. Previously, we affirmed the trial court's decision to
grant the Nameths' motion for summary judgment in Scott v. Nameth, 10th Dist. No.
14AP-630, 2015-Ohio-1104, where we described the underlying facts of the case as
follows:
              The Scotts and the Nameths are next door neighbors. Louella
              Nameth and her daughter Melissa Nameth purchased the
              property at 3003 Cortona Road in 2000. George Nameth,
              Louella's son, moved in with his mother and sister in 2004.
              John and Anna Scott, a married couple, live in the house next
              door at 3011 Cortona Road. Andrew and Russell Scott are
              John and Anna's two adult sons who do not live at the 3011
              Cortona Road property with their parents but are at the house
              frequently to visit and help with yard work.

              Sometime in 2010, the Nameths built a six-foot privacy fence
              on their property and installed 13 security cameras around the
              perimeter of their property. The Nameths hired a security
              company to install the cameras, and the security company
              recommended the locations of the cameras. The cameras
              intended to cover the west side of the Nameths' property also
              capture a small portion of the Scotts' yard, a situation the
              Nameths describe as "unavoidable."            (George Nameth
              Affidavit, ¶ 7.) Though the Scotts are concerned the cameras
              can be used to look into their home through the windows, the
              Nameths deny that any cameras are pointed at the windows of
              the Scotts' residence. The footage from the cameras
              automatically and continuously stores on a hard drive and
              then automatically erases after a certain period of time based
              on a predetermined cycle to create space for newer video
              footage.

              Because of the presence of the cameras on the Nameths'
              property, Anna and John Scott both describe themselves as
              being "uncomfortable" in their home and yard. (John Scott
              Affidavit, ¶ 11-12; Anna Scott Affidavit, ¶ 10-11.) They further
              feel they do not have full use of the inside or outside of their
              home due to the cameras, and they do not open the blinds or
              curtains on the side of the house that faces the Nameths'
              property due to the possibility of being under surveillance.
              Additionally, John and Anna Scott indicate friends and family
              members have told them they are uncomfortable visiting in
No. 16AP-64                                                                              3


                the Scotts' yard due to the presence of the Nameths' cameras,
                and the Scotts now entertain in their yard infrequently.

                On June 24, 2013, the Scotts filed a complaint against the
                Nameths asserting claims for civil nuisance and negligence.
                Specifically, the Scotts allege the Nameths use their security
                cameras to conduct surveillance on the Scotts property, and to
                intimidate, harass, and provoke the Scotts. On March 31,
                2014, the Nameths filed a motion for summary judgment
                arguing there were no genuine issues of material fact related
                to any of the Scotts claims and the Nameths were therefore
                entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

                In a July 16, 2014 decision and entry, the trial court granted
                the Nameths' motion for summary judgment. The trial court
                determined the Scotts had not asserted two distinct claims for
                nuisance and negligence, but instead one claim for a private
                qualified nuisance. Concluding the Scotts failed to
                demonstrate any damages consistent with those deemed
                compensable under Ohio nuisance law, the trial court found
                there remained no genuine issues of material fact related to
                any of the Scotts' claims.

Id. at ¶ 2-6.
       {¶ 3} In Scott, the Scotts argued that they need not demonstrate physical
discomfort if they could establish that their discomfort is connected to the loss of use of
their property. Id. at ¶ 15. We disagreed, stating:
                [I]t is important to distinguish uncomfortable as an emotion
                versus being physically uncomfortable. The Supreme Court of
                Ohio in Banford [v. Aldrich Chem. Co., Inc., 126 Ohio St.3d
                210, 2010-Ohio-2470,] is clear that "[i]t has long been
                recognized that a nuisance must materially interfere with
                physical comfort." Banford at ¶ 28. The Banford court
                explained physical discomfort to be "offensive physically to
                the senses," or, in other words, affecting one's sight, sound,
                smell, hearing, or touch. Id. " 'Cases supporting recovery for
                personal discomfort or annoyance involve either excessive
                noise, dust, smoke, soot, noxious gases, or disagreeable odors
                as a premise for awarding compensation.' " Id. at ¶ 26,
                quoting Widmer [v. Fretti, 95 Ohio App. 7, 18 (6th
                Dist.1952)]. The Supreme Court then explicitly held that "in
                order to recover damages for annoyance and discomfort in a
                nuisance claim, a plaintiff must establish that the nuisance
                caused physical discomfort." Id. at ¶ 28.
No. 16AP-64                                                                               4


              ***

              Here, at best, the Scotts allege that they choose not to use
              portions of their property due to the fear of being under
              surveillance. There is no physical reason they cannot use their
              property. Thus, the fear and emotional discomfort the Scotts
              allege simply is not enough under the controlling standard
              articulated in Banford. Without an allegation of physical
              discomfort, the Scotts have not alleged or demonstrated
              actual, compensable damages.

Id. at ¶ 15, 17. The Scotts did not further appeal the summary judgment decision.
       {¶ 4} The present appeal involves the Nameths' motion for award of attorney fees
under R.C. 2323.51 and Civ.R 11, which the Scotts opposed. A magistrate conducted a
hearing on the matter on August 5, 2015 and, thereafter, rendered a decision granting the
Nameths' motion. The magistrate found that the conduct of the Scotts and their attorney
in filing and prosecuting the action and appeal constituted frivolous conduct as defined by
R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(ii) and (iii) but did not find a willful violation of Civ.R. 11. The
magistrate additionally found that from the date the Nameths' attorney received the
Scotts' complaint to the date of the hearing on the present motion, the Nameths incurred
attorney fees in the amount of $7,475. However, the magistrate awarded attorney fees in
the amount of $2,350 to reflect only those fees incurred from March 31, 2014, the date the
Nameths filed the motion for summary judgment, which, according to the magistrate,
placed the Scotts and their attorney "on notice (if they were unaware until that time), that
Ohio case law, in particular Banford, precluded the Scotts' nuisance claim." (Aug. 10,
2015 Mag. Decision at 7.)
       {¶ 5} Both parties filed objections to the magistrate's decision. The Scotts argued
that "[t]he Magistrate erroneously found the exclusive method to establish a private
qualified nuisance is by alleging physical discomfort" and, generally, that the magistrate
erroneously found the Scotts' claims frivolous. (Scotts' Objs. to Mag.'s Decision at 2.) The
Nameths argued they should have received the full amount of attorney fees incurred in
defending the entire course of litigation, not just fees incurred since their motion for
summary judgment. Neither party filed a transcript with the objections or objected to the
magistrate's findings of fact or conclusion under Civ.R. 11.
No. 16AP-64                                                                                 5


       {¶ 6} The trial court adopted the magistrate's decision finding frivolous conduct
under R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(ii) and (iii), determining that "no reasonable attorney would
have continued to prosecute this action after reviewing Banford and learning [the Scotts]
suffered no physical discomfort as a result of the alleged nuisance." (Dec. 30, 2015 Trial
Ct. Decision at 7.) In doing so, the trial court distinguished Nithiananthan v. Toirac, 12th
Dist. No. CA2014-02-021, 2015-Ohio-1416; Zang v. Engle, 10th Dist. No. 00AP-290
(Sept. 19, 2000); Bullock v. Oles, 7th Dist. No. 99 CA 223 (Sept. 24, 2001); and Stoll v.
Parrott & Strawser Props., Inc., 12th Dist. No. CA2002-12-133, 2003-Ohio-5717. The
trial court additionally found that, although the magistrate's award of attorney fees is
supported by law, it would not award attorney fees considering the facts and history of the
case. The trial court cited the "long history of animosity and litigiousness between the
parties," which included restraining orders, the filing of criminal charges, and the filing
and subsequent dismissal of various lawsuits. (Trial Ct. Decision at 8.) The trial court
noted that "[b]oth parties come before the Court with unclean hands, and as a result, each
party shall bear their own legal costs." (Trial Ct. Decision at 9.) Therefore, the trial court
overruled the Scotts' objections, adopted and modified the magistrate's decision in part,
and denied the Nameths' motion for award of attorney fees.
       {¶ 7} Both the Scotts and the Nameths filed timely appeals to this court.
II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
       {¶ 8} The Scotts assign the following assignment as error:
              WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING
              CROSS-APPELLANTS' PRIVATE QUALIFIED NUISANCE
              CLAIM WAS FRIVOLOUS UNDER R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(ii)
              AND R.C. 2323.51.(A)(2)(a)(iii).

       {¶ 9} The Nameths assign the following assignment as error:
              The Common Pleas Court erred by not awarding attorney's
              fees in favor of Appellants (Defendants) and against Appellees
              (Plaintiffs) and Appellees' Counsel under O.R.C. 2323.51.

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
       {¶ 10} In ruling on objections to a magistrate's decision, the trial court must
undertake an independent review of the matters objected to in order "to ascertain
[whether] the magistrate has properly determined the factual issues and appropriately
No. 16AP-64                                                                                    6


applied the law." Civ.R. 53(D)(4)(d). Generally, "[a]n appellate court reviews the trial
court's decision to adopt, reject or modify the Magistrate's decision under an abuse of
discretion standard." Tewalt v. Peacock, 3d Dist. No. 17-10-18, 2011-Ohio-1726, ¶ 31; Bell
v. Nichols, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-1036, 2013-Ohio-2559, ¶ 16. "An abuse of discretion may
be found when the trial court 'applies the wrong legal standard, misapplies the correct
legal standard, or relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact.' " PHH Mtge. Corp. v.
Ramsey, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-925, 2014-Ohio-3519, ¶ 14, quoting Thomas v. Cleveland,
176 Ohio App.3d 401, 2008-Ohio-1720, ¶ 15 (8th Dist.). We review questions of law de
novo. Id., citing State v. Vinson, 11th Dist. No. 2013-L-015, 2013-Ohio-5826, ¶ 8.
IV. DISCUSSION
         A. The Scotts' Cross-Appeal
         {¶ 11} For ease of discussion, we will address the Scotts' cross-appeal first. In it,
the Scotts argue that the trial court erred in determining that their continued prosecution
of a private qualified nuisance claim was frivolous under R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(ii) and
(iii).
         {¶ 12} In part pertinent to this appeal, R.C. 2323.51(A)(2) states that "[f]rivolous
conduct" means:
                (a) Conduct of [a] party to a civil action * * * or [a] party's
                counsel of record that satisfies any of the following:

                ***

                (ii) It is not warranted under existing law, cannot be
                supported by a good faith argument for an extension,
                modification, or reversal of existing law, or cannot be
                supported by a good faith argument for the establishment of
                new law.

                (iii) The conduct consists of allegations or other factual
                contentions that have no evidentiary support or, if specifically
                so identified, are not likely to have evidentiary support after a
                reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery.

         {¶ 13} In this context, "[c]onduct" means "[t]he filing of a civil action, the assertion
of a claim, defense, or other position in connection with a civil action, the filing of a
pleading, motion, or other paper in a civil action, including, but not limited to, a motion
No. 16AP-64                                                                                 7


or paper filed for discovery purposes, or the taking of any other action in connection with
a civil action." R.C. 2323.51(A)(1)(a).
       {¶ 14} Under R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(ii), conduct is frivolous when "no reasonable
attorney would have brought the action in light of the existing law." Groves v. Groves,
10th Dist. No. 09AP-1107, 2010-Ohio-4515, ¶ 17.
       {¶ 15} The Scotts primarily argue that Banford v. Aldrich Chem. Co., Inc., 126
Ohio St.3d 210, 2010-Ohio-2470, does not stand for the proposition that a plaintiff
bringing a qualified private nuisance claim for damages must allege physical discomfort.
In support of their argument, the Scotts cite to Stoll, Zang, Bullock, and Nithiananthan.
       {¶ 16} To the extent that the Scotts essentially argue that the trial court incorrectly
determined the existing law of nuisance, we decline to address this issue again. In Scott,
we thoroughly analyzed Banford and concluded that an allegation and evidence of
physical discomfort is required to support a qualified nuisance claim for damages.
       {¶ 17} Alternatively, the Scotts argue that, because these aforementioned cases do
not, in their opinion, require physical discomfort to support a nuisance claim, they at least
support a good-faith argument to extend, modify, or reverse existing law or to establish
new law. First, the Scotts argue that the following language in Banford supports a good-
faith basis to make a legal argument that nuisance can be based on fear and emotions
without a physical component, at least in situations that involve the loss of use of
property:
               For instance, a person may recover for annoyance and
               discomfort for a nuisance, including fear and other emotions,
               without a physical component if the annoyance or discomfort
               are connected to the person's loss of use or loss of enjoyment
               of property. In Stoll v. Parrott & Strawser Properties, Inc.,
               Warren App. CA2002-12-133, 2003 Ohio 5717, P 25, 2003 WL
               22427815, the jury awarded damages for annoyance and
               discomfort that the plaintiffs experienced in the use and
               enjoyment of their property. The plaintiffs testified that they
               had been unable to leave their property when it flooded due to
               work in a nearby development. After each flooding incident,
               they spent two to three days cleaning up debris in their yard.

Id. at ¶ 30.
No. 16AP-64                                                                                 8


       {¶ 18} While the Scotts' statement of law may be true, they have not alleged or
sought to present evidence of loss of use of property of the type that formed the basis for
Stoll. As we stated in Scott, Stoll involved loss of use of property caused by flooding where
"[h]ere, at best, the Scotts allege that they choose not to use portions of their property due
to the fear of being under surveillance. There is no physical reason they cannot use their
property." Scott at ¶ 17. Considering the above, we do not find this language in Banford
or Stoll to support a good-faith argument based on the facts presented here.
       {¶ 19} Next, the Scotts argue that a good-faith argument against a physical
discomfort requirement is supported by Zang, Bullock, and Nithiananthan. We agree
with the trial court that Zang and Bullock are easily distinguishable as pre-Banford cases
which also alleged and presented evidence of physical discomfort, some affront on the
senses, to support a claim of nuisance. The plaintiffs in Zang presented evidence that
their mood and ability to concentrate was affected by the noise of barking dogs, and the
plaintiffs in Bullock presented evidence that they suffered nausea, headaches, and fatigue
due to a defective septic tank.
       {¶ 20} Regarding Nithiananthan, the only post-Banford case, we note that the
Scotts did not raise or discuss Nithiananthan until their objections to the magistrate's
decision, well after their initial complaint, their opposition to summary judgment, and our
opinion on summary judgment in Scott. Furthermore, Nithiananthan did involve an
allegation of physical discomfort. Unlike the case here, the Nithiananthan plaintiffs'
claims related to their neighbor's use of surveillance cameras was supplemented by
allegations and evidence of conduct which affected the plaintiffs' sleep. As we already
stated in Scott, "[t]he Supreme Court of Ohio in Banford is clear that '* * * a nuisance
must materially interfere with physical comfort.' " Scott at ¶ 15, quoting Banford at ¶ 28.
Considering Nithiananthan in light of Banford, we cannot agree with the Scotts that
Nithiananthan supports a good-faith argument that, despite Banford, "the use of cameras
and lighting directed at a neighbor constituted a nuisance without any finding of physical
discomfort." (Scotts' Brief at 7.)
       {¶ 21} Considering the facts of this case and the legal theory pursued by the Scotts,
we find that the trial court did not err in determining the Scotts' continued prosecution of
this action was frivolous under R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(ii).
No. 16AP-64                                                                                  9


        {¶ 22} The trial court additionally found the Scotts' continued prosecution of the
qualified nuisance claim frivolous under R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(iii). "R.C. 2323.51(A)-
(2)(a)(iii) presents a factual question; namely, whether a party's allegations have
evidentiary support." Carasalina LLC v. Bennett, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-74, 2014-Ohio-
5665, ¶ 32, citing Hunt v. Allen, 5th Dist. No. 11-CA-70, 2012-Ohio-1212, ¶ 33. "[A] party
only needs minimal evidentiary support for its allegations or factual contentions to avoid
a frivolous conduct finding." Carasalina at ¶ 36.
        {¶ 23} The Scotts argue that they "satisfied the physical discomfort requirements
of Banford" pursuant to their affidavits. (Scotts' Brief at 20.) As a preliminary issue, we
note that the Scotts did not file a transcript of the hearing. The failure to file a transcript
under Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(b)(iii) waives all factual challenges to the magitrate's opinion on
appeal. Gill v. Grafton Corr. Inst., 10th Dist. No. 09AP-1019, 2010-Ohio-2977, ¶ 14
("where a party files objections to a magistrate's decision in the trial court, but does not
support those objections with a transcript or affidavit, that party is precluded from
arguing on appeal that the trial court erred in its factual determinations"); Estate of
Stepien v. Robinson, 11th Dist. No. 2013-L-001, 2013-Ohio-4306, ¶ 28-29; Civ.R.
53(D)(3)(b)(iii) ("An objection to a factual finding * * * shall be supported by a transcript
of all the evidence submitted to the magistrate relevant to that finding."). See also Stepien
at ¶ 29, quoting Knapp v. Edwards Laboratories, 61 Ohio St.2d 197, 199 (1980) (" 'When
portions of the transcript necessary for resolution of assigned errors are omitted from the
record, the reviewing court has nothing to pass upon and thus, as to those assigned errors,
the court has no choice but to presume the validity of the lower court's proceedings, and
affirm.' ").
        {¶ 24} The factual findings contained in the magistrate's decision does not include
allegations or evidence of physical discomfort suffered by the Scotts. Therefore, we
additionally find that the trial court did not err in determining the Scotts' continued
prosecution of this action was frivolous under R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(iii).
        {¶ 25} In sum, we conclude that the trial court did not err in finding that the Scotts
engaged in frivolous conduct under R.C. 2323.51 in continuing to pursue allegations that,
even if true, would not constitute a qualified private nuisance. Accordingly, we overrule
the Scotts' assignment of error presented on cross-appeal.
No. 16AP-64                                                                              10


       B. The Nameths' Appeal
       {¶ 26} Under their assignment of error, the Nameths contend the trial court erred
by not awarding them attorney fees as a sanction for the Scotts' frivolous conduct under
R.C. 2323.51.
       {¶ 27} First, the Nameths disagree with the trial court's decision to order a hearing
on the motion for award of attorney fees. They contend that since the trial court already
knew the particular facts and history of this case, which was its basis for ultimately
denying attorney fees, it was unreasonable to order a hearing. In the Nameths' view,
ordering such a hearing effectively punished the Nameths because they incurred
additional attorney fees.
       {¶ 28} In support of their argument, the Nameths cite to Reyes v. McCabe, 10th
Dist. No. 96APE05-690 (Mar. 31, 1997). Our reading of Reyes shows that it stands for the
proposition that, while a trial court must hold a hearing on motions that demonstrate
arguable merit, "[w]here the trial court determines that there is no basis for the
imposition of sanctions, it may deny the motion without a hearing." Id. Instead of
supporting the Nameths' proposition, Reyes illustrates that the trial court has discretion
to make this decision. Moreover, the hearing held here first addressed the merits of the
frivolous conduct allegation, a determination which is separate from the trial court's
decision whether to then assess sanctions after a frivolous conduct finding.           R.C.
2323.51(B)(2)(a).    Considering the above, we disagree with the Nameths' argument
regarding the trial court's decision to order a hearing.
       {¶ 29} Second, the Nameths argue that the trial court's focus on their own
purported "unclean hands" is inconsistent with R.C. 2323.51, and the ultimate decision
determining that the Scotts were frivolous but then refusing to award attorney fees is
unreasonable. (Trial Ct. Decision at 9.) As a result, the Nameths believe they are entitled
to all their attorney fees, rather than no fees or the truncated fees recommended by the
magistrate.
       {¶ 30} A party who has commenced or persisted in maintaining a frivolous action
may be assessed sanctions. Carasalina at ¶ 30. Specifically, "R.C. 2323.51 provides that a
court may award court costs, reasonable attorney fees, and other reasonable expenses
incurred in connection with the civil action or appeal to any party to the civil action or
No. 16AP-64                                                                               11


appeal who was adversely affected by frivolous conduct." (Emphasis added.) Bell at ¶ 17.
R.C. 2323.51(B)(2) specifies, in pertinent part, that:
              An award may be made pursuant to division (B)(1) of this
              section upon the motion of a party to a civil action or an
              appeal of the type described in that division or on the court's
              own initiative, but only after the court does all of the
              following:

              (a) Sets a date for a hearing to be conducted in accordance
              with division (B)(2)(c) of this section, to determine whether
              particular conduct was frivolous, to determine, if the conduct
              was frivolous, whether any party was adversely affected by it,
              and to determine, if an award is to be made, the amount of
              that award.

(Emphasis added.)
       {¶ 31} Furthermore, the statute contemplates that "any relevant evidence" may
inform the decision to impose sanctions, and the amount of the trial court's award of
attorney fees may be less than the attorney fees that were reasonably incurred by a
party. R.C. 2323.51(B)(2)(c) and (B)(3). The trial court's decision to assess, or not assess,
an award of attorney fees for frivolous conduct is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.
Carasalina at ¶ 48; Burchett v. Larkin, 192 Ohio App.3d 418, 2011-Ohio-684, ¶ 22 (4th
Dist.). An abuse of discretion connotes more than an error of law or judgment; it implies
that the court's attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v.
Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983).
       {¶ 32} As provided above, R.C. 2323.51 clearly affords the trial court considerable
discretion to decline awarding attorney fees even after a frivolous conduct finding. We
disagree that the trial court's consideration of the history of the case, including the
Nameths' own conduct, is inconsistent with the language of the statute or unreasonable
on the facts of this case. Therefore, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
deciding to not award attorney fees. As such, the Nameths' argument regarding the
amount of the award is moot.
       {¶ 33} Accordingly, the Nameths' assignment of error is overruled.
No. 16AP-64                                                                          12


V. CONCLUSION
      {¶ 34} Having overruled the assignments of error presented on both the Nameths'
appeal and the Scotts' cross-appeal, we affirm the judgment of the Franklin County Court
of Common Pleas.
                                                                    Judgment affirmed.

                     TYACK and LUPER SCHUSTER, JJ., concur.
                            _____________________
