                               THIRD DIVISION
                               DILLARD, C. J.,
                            GOBEIL and HODGES, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                      June 28, 2019




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A19A0151. ENDOCHOICE HOLDINGS, INC. et al. v. KENNETH
     T. RACZEWSKI et al.
 A19A0152. J.P. MORGAN SECURITIES, LLC et al. v. KENNETH
     T. RACZEWSKI et al.

      GOBEIL, Judge.

      In this securities fraud action, Kenneth T. Raczewski and Jesse L. Bauer sued

EndoChoice Holdings, LLC (“EndoChoice”) and certain of its executives and

directors,1 together with J.P. Morgan Securities, LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner,

& Smith, Inc., William Blair and Company, LLC, and Stifel, Nicolaus, & Company,

Inc. (collectively, the “defendants”) for violations of the Securities Act of 19332 in


      1
        The executives and directors named in the suit are: Mark G. Gilreath, David
N. Gill, R. Scott H. Heunnekens, James R. Balkcom, Jr., J. Scott Carter, D. Scott
Davis, Uri Geiger, David L. Kaufman, Rurik G. Vandevenne.
      2
          15 USC § 77a et seq.
connection with EndoChoice’s 2015 initial public offering (“IPO”). The defendants

appeal from the certification of the class, arguing that the trial court abused its

discretion in certifying the class under OCGA § 9-11-23 (a) (4) and (b) (3). After a

review of the record, we affirm the Superior Court of Fulton County’s grant of class

certification.

       The record shows that EndoChoice is a medical device company specializing

in products used by gastrointestinal medical providers. Its principal place of business

is in Alpharetta, Georgia. EndoChoice’s IPO took place on June 5, 2015. In

connection with the IPO, EndoChoice filed a registration statement on Form S-1 and

Form S-1/A and a Prospectus (collectively, the “offering materials”) with the U.S.

Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), offering 6,350,000 shares of

EndoChoice common stock at a price of $15 per share. The offering materials

highlighted the “Fuse” endoscopy system, EndoChoice’s “flagship” product. The

offering materials also detailed EndoChoice’s “world-class” sales force and a second

generation version of the Fuse system.

       On November 5, 2015, EndoChoice reported its results for the third quarter of

2015, announcing that it had sold 21 Fuse units, a number that fell short of the

projected 26-27 units. EndoChoice’s stock price fell from $10.28 to $8.01 per share

                                          2
after this news. Following a series of public disclosures about the company’s

continued failure to meet projected sales goals, EndoChoice shares closed at $5.09

per share as of July 15, 2016. Thereafter, on September 27, 2016, EndoChoice agreed

to be acquired by Boston Scientific for $8 per share. The merger closed in November

of 2016.

      Bauer purchased 50 shares of EndoChoice stock on June 5, 2015, for $14.50

per share, and 50 shares on June 9, 2015, for $19.00 per share. He sold his shares on

November 21, 2016, at a price of $8 per share. Raczewski purchased 750 shares of

EndoChoice stock on June 10, 2015, for $17.40 per share. He sold his shares on

October 12, 2016, at a price of $7.97 per share.

      Bauer and Raczewski (collectively, the “plaintiffs”) filed the underlying

complaint under §§ 11, 12 (a) (2), and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933 (the

“Securities Act”),3 alleging that the offering materials contained material



      3
         Sections 11, 12 (a) (2), and 15 of the Securities Act are codified as follows:
15 USC §§ 77k, 77l (a) (2), and 77o, respectively. Section 11 provides for civil
liability on account of a false registration statement and § 12 (a) (2) provides for
liability based on misstatements in a prospectus. Gustafson v. Alloyd Co., Inc., 513
US 561, 571 (II) (A) (115 SCt 1061, 131 LEd2d 1) (1995). Section 15 is derivative
of § 11 claims, and provides liability for persons who “control” any person liable
under § 11. 15 USC § 77o.

                                          3
misrepresentations and omissions in violation of the federal securities laws.4 The

plaintiffs allege the decline in sales was known at the time of the IPO and that the

defendants failed to disclose this information. The plaintiffs allege that under § 11,

the defendants are strictly liable for any material misrepresentations or omissions in

the offering materials. They further allege the defendants breached their affirmative

duty to provide adequate disclosures about risks, adverse conditions, and market

uncertainties, thereby violating 17 CFR § 229.303 (a) (3) (ii). The plaintiffs contend

their damages are traceable to the offering materials’ allegedly false or misleading

information pertaining to the quality and design of the Fuse system, the ability of

EndoChoice’s sales force to effectively market and sell the Fuse system, and the

availability of the second generation Fuse system. The plaintiffs proposed a class of

persons or entities who were damaged by purchasing or acquiring common stock

pursuant or traceable to EndoChoice’s June 5, 2015 IPO.




      4
        The plaintiffs later abandoned their claims under § 12 (a) (2) of the Securities
Act because they purchased their shares of EndoChoice stock subsequent to the IPO.
See, e.g., Wallace v. IntraLinks, 302 FRD 310, 319 (SDNY 2014) (“aftermarket
purchasers lack standing to maintain a Section 12 (a) (2) claim because[] the
securities sale was not made to them by means of oral communication or
prospectus”).

                                           4
         The plaintiffs filed a motion for class certification on May 30, 2017. The trial

court conducted a hearing on the motion on January 24, 2018. At the hearing, the

parties stipulated that the putative class satisfied the numerosity requirement of

OCGA § 9-11-23 (a) (1), the commonality requirement of OCGA § 9-11-23 (a) (2),

and the superiority requirement of OCGA § 9-11-23 (b) (3). The trial court concluded

that the plaintiffs satisfied the typicality, adequacy, and predominance requirements

necessary to proceed on behalf of the proposed class.5 The trial court limited the class

to those who purchased shares of EndoChoice common stock prior to August 3,

2016.6

         In reviewing a trial court’s decision to certify a class, we are mindful that trial

courts are

         vested with broad discretion to decide whether to certify a class, and
         absent an abuse of that discretion, we will not disturb the trial court’s
         decision. Implicit in this deferential standard of review is a recognition
         of the fact-intensive basis of the certification inquiry and of the trial
         court’s inherent power to manage and control pending litigation. Thus,


         5
         On appeal, EndoChoice does not challenge the trial court’s ruling that the
plaintiffs satisfied the typicality requirement set forth in OCGA § 9-11-23 (a) (4).
         6
       August 3, 2016 is 12 months after the effective date of the registration
statement. See note 10, infra.

                                              5
      we will affirm the trial court’s factual findings unless they are clearly
      erroneous. Under the clearly erroneous test, factual findings must be
      affirmed if supported by any evidence.


Lewis v. Knology, Inc., 341 Ga. App. 86, 87 (799 SE2d 247) (2017) (citations and

punctuation omitted). Moreover, “[t]he decision whether to certify a class depends in

large part upon the description of the class, the claims raised and the evidence and

arguments presented in support of class certification. Accordingly, we consider this

case based upon the record before us[.]” Roland v. Ford Motor Co., 288 Ga. App.

625, 632 (2) n. 7 (655 SE2d 259) (2007). Because OCGA § 9-11-23 is based on Rule

23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, it is appropriate that we look to federal

cases interpreting that rule for guidance. Lewis, 341 Ga. App. at 90 (1) n. 7.

      “In determining the propriety of a class action, the first issue to be resolved is

not whether the plaintiffs have stated a cause of action or may ultimately prevail on

the merits[,] but whether the requirements of OCGA § 9-11-23 (a) have been met.”

Duffy v. The Landings Assn., 254 Ga. App. 506, 507 (1) (563 SE2d 174) (2002)

(citation and punctuation omitted). That subsection requires plaintiffs to show:

      (1) numerosity–that the class is so numerous as to make it impracticable
      to bring all members before the court; (2) commonality–that there are
      questions of law and fact common to the class members which

                                          6
      predominate over any individual questions; (3) typicality–that the claim
      of the named plaintiff is typical of the claims of the class members; (4)
      adequacy of representation–that the named plaintiff will adequately
      represent the interest of the class; and (5) superiority–that a class action
      is superior to other methods of fairly and efficiently adjudicating the
      controversy.


Carnett’s, Inc. v. Hammond, 279 Ga. 125, 126 (2) (610 SE2d 529) (2005)

(punctuation omitted).

      On appeal, the defendants7 contend the trial court abused its discretion in

certifying the class under OCGA § 9-11-23 (a) (4) (adequacy of representation) and

OCGA § 9-11-23 (b) (3) (predominance). We find no abuse of discretion.

      1. Adequacy of Representation

      OCGA § 9-11-23 (a) (4) provides that one or more members of a class may sue

as representatives of the class if “[t]he representative parties will fairly and

adequately protect the interests of the class.” The so-called “adequacy requirement

is intended to protect the legal rights of absent class members.” Lewis, 341 Ga. App.



      7
        J.P. Morgan Securities, LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner, & Smith, Inc.,
William Blair and Company, LLC, and Stifel, Nicolaus, & Company, Inc. adopted
EndoChoice’s appellate brief in its entirety, including the enumerations of error set
forth therein.

                                           7
at 90 (1). Thus, in assessing the adequacy of the class representatives, a trial court

should examine whether the representatives’ attorneys are experienced and competent

in the legal issues involved. Liberty Lending Svcs. v. Canada, 293 Ga. App. 731, 739

(1) (c) (668 SE2d 3) (2008). Additionally, the court should ensure that the interests

of the proposed representatives are not antagonistic to the interests of the proposed

class. Id.

       The defendants contend that the trial court abused its discretion in certifying

the class, claiming that Bauer and Raczewski are not adequate representatives of the

class under OCGA § 9-11-23 (a) (4) because: (A) they are not knowledgeable and

involved participants in the litigation; and, (B) their abandonment of their claims

under § 12 prejudiced absent class members. We find these arguments unpersuasive.

       (A) Relying on our decision in Lewis v. Knology, EndoChoice argues that

Bauer and Raczewski are inadequate representatives of the class because they have

little knowledge of securities law and the underlying litigation is “lawyer-driven.”8

Put another way, the defendants contend that the named plaintiffs have little

knowledge or understanding of the underlying claims, that their participation in the

       8
       The defendants do not challenge the trial court’s conclusion that the law firms
and attorneys representing the plaintiffs are qualified, and do not challenge the
finding of adequacy on this basis.

                                          8
litigation has minimal or non-existent, and that they are serving merely as a tool to

enable the plaintiffs’ attorneys to pursue a class action. We disagree. In Lewis, the

trial court denied the plaintiff’s motion for class certification, finding that the

plaintiff’s participation in the litigation was so minimal as to constitute an abdication

of the conduct of the case to her attorneys. Id. at 91 (1). To support its conclusion, the

trial court noted that the plaintiff did not attend the class certification hearing, had not

heard of the law firm representing her, and she was unaware that a lawsuit had been

filed in Georgia on her behalf. Id. at 88-89. We affirmed the trial court’s refusal to

certify the class, deferring to the trial court’s factual findings that the putative

representative “was not an adequate class representative because she lack[ed]

virtually any knowledge of the substance of the claims or the nature of the relief she

[sought] and ha[d] yielded control entirely to her counsel.” Id. at 91 (1). We found no

abuse of discretion because the trial court conducted a “rigorous analysis,” and that

analysis was “supported by ample evidence in the record[.]” Id. at 94 (2).

       Unlike Lewis, the trial court in the instant case specifically concluded that the

plaintiffs “have demonstrated sufficient interest in and knowledge of the claims being

asserted on behalf of the [p]roposed [c]lass.” To support this finding, the trial court

relied on the deposition testimony and affidavits of Raczewski and Bauer, which

                                             9
demonstrated their knowledge of the case and their active participation in the current

lawsuit. Raczewski testified as to his understanding of the nature of the claims, the

reasons for suing the various defendants, and the potential relief available. Raczewski

purchased his shares of EndoChoice stock before he knew of any potential litigation,

and not at the behest of a law firm. He further testified that he researched his attorney

before seeking representation, has been in communication with his attorneys on a

regular basis through the course of litigation, and has read and reviewed many of the

pleadings in this case. Similarly, Bauer purchased EndoChoice stock after researching

the company, and looked into retaining counsel as stock prices fell. Bauer maintained

communication with his counsel and kept himself abreast of developments in the

litigation.

       Additionally, the record shows that Raczewski traveled from Connecticut to

attend the class certification hearing in Fulton County. Although Bauer, a resident of

Texas, did not attend the class certification hearing, the trial court noted that the

hearing was originally scheduled for January 17, 2018, but, due to inclement weather,

was rescheduled to January 24, 2018. This testimony and evidence demonstrate that

Raczewski and Bauer have sufficient knowledge and understanding of the claims, and

they have each shown a sufficient degree of participation in the litigation such that

                                           10
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding them to be adequate class

representatives.

      (B) The trial court also rejected the defendants’ argument that the plaintiffs’

abandonment of their § 12 claims rendered them inadequate representatives. The

defendants’ challenge this finding on appeal. Specifically, the defendants contend that

the abandonment of these §12 claims prejudiced absent class members based on the

expiration of the applicable statute of limitation, rendering Bauer and Raczewski

inadequate representatives.9 Again, we disagree.

      As an initial matter, § 12 claims are only available to individuals or entities

who purchased shares directly in an IPO. Gustafson v. Alloyd Co., Inc., 513 U. S. 561,

571 (II) (A) (115 SCt 1061, 131 LEd2d 1) (1995). Upon discovery that their

purchases were not made directly in the IPO, the plaintiffs abandoned their § 12

claims. It has long been held that “the commencement of a class action suspends the

applicable statute of limitations as to all asserted members of the class” while the

action remains pending on behalf of the class. American Pipe & Constr. Co. v. Utah,

414 U. S. 538, 554 (II) (94 SCt 756, 38 LEd2d 713) (1974). Because of this tolling,


      9
        Section 12 claims must be brought within one year of the discovery of the
untrue statement or omission. See 15 USC § 77m.

                                          11
at the time the plaintiffs abandoned their § 12 claims on May 30, 2017, the statute of

limitations had not run, and potential class members who wished to pursue claims

under § 12 (a) (2) would have had the option of opting out of the class and pursuing

such claims individually. OCGA § 9-11-23 (c) (2). Additionally, there is no evidence

in the record that any potential § 12 claimants have come forward, or that any putative

class members with standing to bring such claims would be willing to represent the

class. Moreover, the defendants have failed to show that the plaintiffs’ abandonment

of their § 12 (a) (2) claims renders them inadequate to pursue §§ 11 and 15 claims on

behalf of the class.

      In light of the foregoing, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s

ruling that Bauer and Raczewski are adequate representatives of the class.

      2. Predominance

      In addition to the requirements of OCGA § 9-11-23 (a), putative class

representatives must satisfy at least one of the requirements set forth in OCGA § 9-

11-23 (b). Bickerstaff v. Suntrust Bank, 299 Ga. 459, 461-462 (788 SE2d 787) (2016).

In relevant part, OCGA § 9-11-23 (b) (3) provides that a class action may be

maintained if “[t]he court finds that the questions of law or fact common to the

members of the class predominate over any questions affecting only individual

                                          12
members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods for the fair and

efficient adjudication of the controversy.”

      The defendants assert that the trial court abused its discretion in concluding

that the plaintiffs satisfied this predominance requirement.         The defendants’

argument is based on the fact that § 11 provides an affirmative defense, known as the

“investor knowledge” defense. Under the investor knowledge defense, a seller can

avoid liability by showing that a particular purchaser knew of the untruth or omission

contained in the offering materials. 15 USC § 77k (a). See Kosmos Energy Ltd.

Securities Litigation, 299 FRD 133, 152 (IV) (B) (3) (ND Tex. 2014) (“Under the

investor knowledge defense, claims brought pursuant to § 11 of the 1933 Act will not

succeed where a defendant shows that ‘the plaintiff knew of the untruth or omission

at the time of his or her acquisition of the security.’”) (footnote and citation omitted).

Here, the defendants contend that, because individualized inquiries pertaining to this

affirmative defense cannot be determined on a class-wide basis, the plaintiffs failed

to show that common issues would predominate over individual inquiries, and the

trial court abused its discretion in certifying the class. We discern no error.

      In considering whether common questions will predominate, we look to the

specific claims asserted. See MCG Health, Inc. v. Perry, 326 Ga. App. 833, 836 (1)

                                           13
(755 SE2d 341) (2014) (“[s]ometimes it may be necessary for the court to probe

behind the pleadings before coming to rest on the certification question”) (citation

and punctuation omitted). To state a prima facie claim for a § 11 violation, a plaintiff

is required to establish that (1) he purchased a registered security either from an issuer

or in the aftermarket; (2) the defendant participated in the offering in a manner

sufficient to give rise to liability under § 11; and (3) the registration statement

contained material misstatements or omissions. In re Morgan Stanley Information

Fund Securities Litigation, 592 F3d 347, 359 (2nd Cir. 2010). “Liability against the

issuer of a security is virtually absolute, even for innocent misstatements.” Herman

& MacLean v. Huddleston, 459 U. S. 375, 382 (II) (103 SCt 683, 74 LEd2d 548)

(1983) (footnote omitted). Therefore, § 11 creates a presumption that any person

acquiring a security pursuant to that section relied on the defective registration

statement and “was legally harmed by the defective registration statement.” APA

Excelsior III, LP v. Premiere Technologies, Inc., 476 F3d 1261, 1271 (11th Cir.

2007).10 Section 15 is essentially derivative of § 11 claims, and provides secondary

      10
         The presumption of reliance no longer applies to persons who acquired the
security after the issuer made generally available an earning statement covering a
period of at least 12 months beginning after the effective date of the registration
statement. 15 USC § 77k (a). Thereafter, a purchaser seeking relief under § 11 must
show both that the registration statement was deficient and that he relied on the

                                           14
liability for persons who control any person liable under § 11. 15 USC § 77o. Given

the parameters for establishing a prima facie claim under § 11, we have previously

noted that “actions on behalf of defrauded securities purchasers present a particularly

desirable situation for a class action.” Sta-Power Indus., Inc. v. Avant, 134 Ga. App.

952, 954 (1) (216 SE2d 897) (1975). In other words, because all § 11 claims are based

on an alleged misstatement in the offering materials, the question of whether those

materials in fact contained a misstatement usually predominates.

      To prove that common questions did not predominate, the defendants were

required to submit evidence sufficient to show “the existence of individual investor

knowledge sufficient to preclude a finding by the [c]ourt that common liability issues

predominate over individual knowledge issues.” In re Kosmos, 299 FRD at 152 (IV)

(B) (3) (citation and punctuation omitted). The defendants, however, did not produce

any evidence of individual investor knowledge. Instead, they argued that investor

knowledge of the alleged misstatements or omissions could be imputed from the

series of earnings calls and public disclosures issued by EndoChoice and



deficient statement. Id. Here, the defendants filed a series of documents with the SEC
on August 3, 2016, triggering the reliance requirement found in § 11. Accordingly,
the trial court limited temporally the class to only those individuals or entities who
purchased EndoChoice stock prior to August 3, 2016.

                                          15
disseminated by outlets such as Bloomberg. The trial court conducted a thorough

analysis of the evidence of the availability of the public “corrective” disclosures.

Further, the court compared the statements of EndoChoice board members to the

allegations in the complaint and determined that the discrepancies in the statements

and the facts known to the defendants rendered the statements misleading. The trial

court’s finding of insufficient evidence of individual investor knowledge is not

clearly erroneous.

      With respect to common questions, it is undisputed that the defendants issued

the offering materials, and the claims arise out of the same offering materials. The

common questions in this case include whether the defendants were aware prior to

the IPO that sales of its Fuse system were declining, whether this information was

material, and whether the defendants disclosed this decline to all class members.

Other common issues include an analysis of the contents of the offering materials and

whether those materials contained material misstatements or omissions. See APA

Excelsior, 476 F3d at 1271. Thus, the common legal issues of whether EndoChoice’s

offering materials contained material misstatements or omissions will predominate

over the question of whether some investors may have had knowledge of corrective

disclosures.

                                         16
       Therefore, we conclude that the trial court did not err in ruling that individual

considerations do not predominate over those relevant to the entire class.

Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that the

plaintiffs satisfied the predominance requirement of OCGA § 9-11-23 (b) (3). See In

re IndyMac Mortg.-Backed Securities Litigation, 286 FRD 226, 238-240 (III) (A) (2)

(i) (SDNY 2012) (class certification will be upheld if the question of investor

knowledge does not predominate over the common issues).

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s order granting class

certification.

       Judgment affirmed. Dillard, C. J., and Hodges, J., concur.




                                          17
