                                                                       FILED
                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                   Tenth Circuit

                                                                  March 27, 2012
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                   Clerk of Court
                                 TENTH CIRCUIT



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

               Plaintiff - Appellee,                     No. 12-3001
          v.                                             (D. Kansas)
 TYRONE L. ANDREWS,                         (D.C. Nos. 6:11-CV-01030-MLB and
                                                  6:07-CR-10221-MLB-2)
               Defendant - Appellant.


                            ORDER DENYING
                     CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY *


Before MURPHY, ANDERSON, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges.



      After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination

of this matter. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

      Tyrone Andrews, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, seeks a certificate of

appealability (“COA”), pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B), permitting him to



      *
        This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of
the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be
cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 32.1
appeal the dismissal of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate, set aside or correct

his sentence. We may issue a COA “only if the applicant has made a substantial

showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” Id. § 2255(c)(2). For the reasons

stated below, we deny a COA and dismiss this matter.



                                           I.

                                        A.

      Mr. Andrews pled guilty to 86 counts of drug trafficking and related

offenses and was sentenced to twenty years in prison. In his written plea

agreement, Mr. Andrews waived his rights to appeal or file a collateral attack on

his conviction or sentence under § 2255.

      The waiver provides as follows:

      11.   Waiver of Appeal and Collateral Attack.

            The defendant knowingly and voluntarily waives any right to
      appeal or collaterally attack any matter in connection with this
      prosecution, the defendant’s conviction, or the components of the
      sentence to be imposed herein including the length and conditions of
      supervised release. . . . By entering into this agreement, the
      defendant knowingly waives any right to appeal a sentence imposed
      which is within the guideline range determined appropriate by the
      court. The defendant also waives any right to challenge a sentence
      or otherwise attempt to modify or change his sentence or manner in
      which it was determined in any collateral attack, including, but not
      limited to, a motion brought under Title 28, United States Code
      Section 2255 [except as limited by United States v. Cockerham, 237
      F.3d 1179, 1187 (10th Cir. 2001)]. . . . In other words, the defendant
      waives the right to appeal the sentence imposed in this case except to
      the extent, if any, the court departs upward from the applicable

                                        -2-
      sentencing guideline range determined by the court. . . .
      Notwithstanding the forgoing waivers, the parties understand that the
      defendant in no way waives any subsequent claims with regards to
      ineffective assistance of counsel or prosecutorial misconduct.

Plea Agreement at ¶ 11, R. Vol. 1 at 21.

      The district court ensured that Mr. Andrews understood the implications

and consequences of that waiver:

             THE COURT: Paragraph 9 says that if I accept the plea
      agreement but ultimately impose a sentence that you don’t like, you
      can’t withdraw your plea. And I think that’s important because I
      cannot tell you today what sentence I’m going to impose; but if I
      accept your plea here today, you can’t come back later and say I
      don’t think I ought to have a sentence that high and I want a trial.
      You can’t do that. The other very important paragraph, to me,
      anyway, is Paragraph 11. Have you been in a penitentiary before,
      Mr. Andrews?

            DEFENDANT MR. ANDREWS: No, sir.

             THE COURT: When people go to a penitentiary to serve a
      sentence, frequently they get buyer’s remorse and decide that they
      either want to appeal or they want to what’s called collaterally attack
      their sentence. An appeal, obviously, is an appeal to the next higher
      court, the Court of Appeals out in Denver. A collateral attack is
      different. A collateral attack is not an appeal. [In] [a] collateral
      attack, . . . under 28 U.S.C. Section 2255 . . . the case comes back to
      me. The Defendant who is now a prisoner files a so-called 2255
      motion and the basic purpose is to ask me to reopen the case.
      There’s all kinds of different grounds that are alleged. But the
      bottom line is that for some reason or another the defendant wants
      me to take the case back and start it over again. And in Paragraph 11
      you are giving up your right to both appeal and file a collateral
      attack, with one exception, and that is this exception noted in the
      case of United States against Cockerham. And I will tell you the
      reason I think this is an important paragraph is because frequently
      defendants, when they plead guilty, they say they understand, they
      tell me that they understand what they’re doing in this paragraph,

                                           -3-
      which is giving up your right to appeal and giving up your right to
      file a collateral attack, and they do it anyway. And frequently they
      do it without a lawyer, particularly the 2255. And the Government
      comes back and cites this paragraph in the plea agreement and the
      Court of Appeals in Denver is almost universally now enforcing this
      paragraph against the defendant and it’s very important you
      understand it. Do you have any questions about what Paragraph 11
      means?

               DEFENDANT MR. ANDREWS: No, sir.

Tr. of Plea of Guilty at 17-19, R. Vol. at 311-14.

      Despite his explicit waiver, Mr. Andrews filed a direct appeal. We

dismissed the appeal based upon the waiver, applying the factors set forth in

United States v. Hahn, 359 F.3d 1315 (10th Cir. 2004) (en banc). Hahn provides:

      We will enforce a criminal defendant’s waiver of his right to appeal
      [or file a collateral attack] so long as the following three conditions
      are met: (1) the disputed appeal [or collateral attack] falls within the
      scope of the waiver of appellate [or collateral] rights, (2) the
      defendant’s waiver of his appellate [or collateral] rights was knowing
      and voluntary, and (3) enforcing the waiver will not result in a
      miscarriage of justice. 1

Id. at 1325.

      Mr. Andrews’ waiver excepted the limitation contained in Cockerham, 237

F.3d 1179. There we held that the miscarriage of justice factor provides, in part,

      1
       The miscarriage of justice factor includes the following:
      [1] where the district court relied on an impermissible factor such as
      race, [2] where ineffective assistance of counsel in connection with
      the negotiation of the waiver renders the waiver invalid, [3] where
      the sentence exceeds the statutory maximum, or [4] where the waiver
      is otherwise unlawful.

Id. at 1327 (quoting United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732, (1993)).

                                         -4-
that “a plea agreement waiver of postconviction rights does not waive the right to

bring a § 2255 petition based on ineffective assistance of counsel claims

challenging the validity of the plea or the waiver. Collateral attacks based on

ineffective assistance of counsel claims that are characterized as falling outside

that category are waivable.” Id. at 1187.



                                          B.

      Relying largely on the ineffective assistance of counsel exception, Mr.

Andrews has now filed the instant § 2255 motion. In his motion, Mr. Andrews

does not dispute his factual guilt. That is, he does not argue that he is actually

innocent of the charged crimes. Rather, he seeks refuge in claimed procedural

irregularities. The motion raises a multitude of conclusory and unsupported

claims under the rubric of ineffective assistance of counsel (generously so

construed).

      In his COA brief to this court, Mr. Andrews reduces his claims to five: (1)

his counsel failed to investigate and challenge the composition and regularity of

the grand jury, including its voting record; (2) it was error for the district court to

permit the government to file second and third superseding indictments; (3) his

counsel “conspired with the government and district court to violate the

controlling precedents on suppression of illegal vehicle stop, including it led to a

two-level increase for possession of a weapon during a drug offense”; (4) “the

                                          -5-
sneak and peek of the Patriots [sic] Act was suppressed, so should all the

evidence behind it. Do [sic] to the fruits of the poisonous tree”; and (5) his

attorney failed to advise him properly of the prejudice “sustained by the acts of

the prosecution and judge in the open-ended continuance (two superseding

indictments) which clearly violated [his] rights contained within the Speedy Trial

Act.” Appellant’s Combined Opening Br. and Application for a COA at 3-5.

      The district court, in an abundance of caution, addressed the ineffective

assistance claims, including those set forth above, both as regards to waiver and

also on the merits. It found the majority of the claims barred by waiver, and the

remaining claims wholly lacking in merit. Accordingly, the district court denied

Mr. Andrews’ § 2255 motion.



                                         II.

      We will issue a COA “only if the applicant has made a substantial showing

of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). For those claims

the district court denies on the merits, the petitioner must demonstrate “that

reasonable jurists would find the district court’s assessment of the constitutional

claims debatable or wrong.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000).

When the district court denies a COA on procedural grounds, the petitioner must

demonstrate “that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the petition




                                         -6-
states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right and . . . whether the

district court was correct in its procedural ruling.” Id.

      In response to the government’s motion to enforce Mr. Andrews’ waiver of

his right to bring a collateral attack under § 2255, the district court thoroughly

considered the Hahn factors. It found (1) that the § 2255 motion falls within the

scope of the waiver, unaffected by the last sentence of the waiver referring to

subsequent ineffectiveness claims; and (2) that the waiver was knowing and

voluntary. Those two findings are uncontested in Mr. Andrews’ application for a

COA, and it is unnecessary to pursue them further. 2

      Then, turning to the ineffective assistance of counsel exception referred to

in Cockerham, the district court observed that none of the claims made qualified

under the plea agreement exception. We agree with the district court.

      Mr. Andrews’ claims in his COA application fall short of calling the

validity of the plea agreement into question. In essence, he argues that if his

counsel had not lost Fourth Amendment violation motions that were filed, or the

Speedy Trial Act motion, or had looked into the regularity of the grand jury

proceedings which might (or might not) have provided some sort of claim, or if


      2
        We liberally construe the filings of pro se appellants, see Ledbetter v. City
of Topeka, Kan., 318 F.3d 1183, 1187 (10th Cir. 2003), but there are limits to our
solicitude. We are “not required to manufacture an appellant’s argument on
appeal when [he] has failed in [his] burden to draw our attention to the error
below.” Hernandez v. Starbuck, 69 F.3d 1089, 1093 (10th Cir. 1995) (quotations
omitted).

                                           -7-
counsel might otherwise have successfully mounted some other procedural

challenge, then he might not have been willing to plead guilty—or felt

constrained to do so.

      Claims at that level of generality do not qualify as a direct attack pertaining

to the validity of the plea. As another panel of this court cogently explained in a

similar situation:

      For an ineffective assistance of counsel claim to fall within this
      exception, it must bear more than a tangential relationship to the plea
      agreement waiver. To withstand enforcement, the claim must
      specifically “challenge counsel’s representation in negotiating or
      entering the plea or the waiver.” Cockerham, 237 F.3d at 1187.
      [Mr. Andrews’] assertions of ineffective assistance regarding other
      aspects of the criminal proceedings against him do not amount to
      such a claim.

United States v. Masters, 317 Fed. Appx. 750, 755, 2009 WL 389713 (10th Cir.

2009). We endorse and apply that reasoning here.

      Mr. Andrews also makes vague and unsupported assertions about

prosecutorial and judicial misconduct and a conspiracy between all counsel and

the court. Those assertions are frivolous. We discern no other basis to find a

miscarriage of justice as defined in the third Hahn exception. There is no

cognizable claim of race despite general allusions to the subject. The sentence

does not exceed the statutory maximum. And the waiver is not otherwise

unlawful. See Hahn, 359 F.3d at 1327.




                                         -8-
      For substantially the reasons set forth in the district court’s Memorandum

and Order dated November 28, 2011, we conclude that Mr. Andrews’ § 2255

motion is properly precluded by the waiver in his plea agreement. No reasonable

jurist could debate the propriety of the district court’s ruling on this issue.



                                          III.

      We accordingly DENY Mr. Andrews’ request for a COA and DISMISS this

matter.

                                                 ENTERED FOR THE COURT


                                                 Stephen H. Anderson
                                                 Circuit Judge




                                           -9-
