                     UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                     FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

                                    )
MANUEL LICUDINE,                    )
                                    )
                  Plaintiff,        )
                                    )
     v.                             )       Civil Action No. 08-1086 (JR)
                                    )
DONALD C. WINTER,                   )
Secretary of the Navy,              )
                                    )
                  Defendant.        )
                                    )

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

     This matter is before the Court on defendant’s motion to

dismiss.1   With the assistance of amicus curiae, the motion is

fully briefed.2    For the reasons discussed below, the Court

grants defendant’s motion and dismisses this action.

                               I.   BACKGROUND

     Plaintiff Manuel Licudine (“Licudine”) alleges that he was

born in the Commonwealth of the Philippine Islands in 1945.3


     1
          The Court notes defendant’s challenge to personal
jurisdiction, see P. & A. in Support of Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss at
1 n.1, and presumes without deciding that service of process was
effected properly.
     2
          The Court appreciates the substantial contributions of
Aderson B. Francois, Esq., who graciously accepted an appointment
as amicus curiae in this matter, with the assistance of Leigh
Chapman, Jennifer Jordan and Aristotle Theresa, student attorneys
with the Civil Rights Clinic at the Howard University School of
Law.
     3
          In his opposition, Licudine alleges that he was born in
September 1937. P. & A. in Support of Pl.’s Mot. Not to Dismiss
                                                   (continued...)

                                        1
Compl. at 6.   According to Licudine, he obtained United States

citizenship because, from the end of the Spanish-American War

until the Philippines became an independent state in 1946, the

United States exercised such control over the Philippine Islands

“that the United States and the Philippine Islands should

constitute a singel [sic] state.”      Id.   By virtue of his birth in

the Philippine Islands and “under the doctrine of ‘jus soli,’”4

Licudine asserts that he is not only a citizen of the Philippines

but also a citizen of the United States by operation of the

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, id.,

which in relevant part provides:

          All persons born or naturalized in the United
          States, and subject to the jurisdiction
          thereof, are citizens of the United States
          and of the State wherein they reside.

U.S. CONST. amend. XIV, § 1 (emphasis added).

     From February 13, 1973 until his termination effective

July 10, 1992, Licudine was employed by the United States Navy at

a facility in the Philippines.     See Compl., Attach. (Notification

of Personnel Action).   In February 2008, Licudine filed a formal

discrimination complaint against the Navy under Title VII of the


     3
      (...continued)
[#12] at 7. The discrepancy in the dates of Licudine’s birth is
not dispositive, as either birth date falls during the so-called
territorial period of the Philippine Islands.
     4
          “Jus soli” is defined as the “rule that a child’s
citizenship is determined the place of birth.” BLACK ’S LAW DICTIONARY
878 (8th ed. 1999).

                                   2
Civil Rights Act of 1964, see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq., as

amended (“Title VII”), alleging that the Navy discriminated

against him on the basis of his national origin (Filipino) by

failing to inform him of an opportunity, available from

January 8, 1988 until January 8, 1990, to participate in the

federal civil service retirement system.    See Compl. at 1-2 &

Attach.   (February 21, 2008 Notice of Dismissal of Formal

Complaint, DON # 08-61581-00514).    The Navy dismissed his

complaint for the reasons set forth in a memorandum to Licudine’s

representative:

           At 29 CFR 1614.103(c)4 it states that “Aliens
           employed in positions, or who apply for
           positions, located outside the limits of the
           United States” are not covered under Title
           VII. Your client has provided no evidence
           that he is a U.S. citizen either by birth or
           naturalized, and therefore does not have
           standing to file a claim. . . . Although he
           cites that he should be considered an
           employee, he does not provide documentation
           that he is a U.S. citizen, which is the issue
           in determining if a complaint can be accepted
           for formal processing under Title VII. Your
           client cites reasons as to why he should have
           been covered under the civil service
           retirement system. This dismissal is not
           based on the merits of the complainant’s
           claim that he should have been covered under
           the civil service retirement system. The
           dismissal of the instant case is based solely
           on the employee’s status as a non-U.S.
           citizen and therefore he has no standing to
           file a claim of discrimination under [29
           C.F.R. § 1614]. Under the Commission’s
           regulatory pre-complaint procedures, EEO
           counseling is a mandatory first step to
           pursuing a claim of discrimination in the EEO
           process, and the agency must provide the

                                 3
          counseling to any “aggrieved person” who
          requests it. See 29 CFR 1614.104. This
          office has processed your client’s pre-
          complaint as required. The Commission has,
          nevertheless, held consistently that claims
          of unlawful discrimination brought by foreign
          nationals employed by agencies outside the
          United States do not come within the purview
          of the EEOC Regulations [citations omitted].
          Therefore, your client’s claim of
          discrimination is hereby dismissed for
          failure to state a claim in accordance with
          29 CFR 1614.103, 29 CFR 1614.104 and 29 CFR
          1614.105.

Id. at 2 (emphasis added).5

     In this action, Licudine asks this Court to “confirm [his]

having been a U.S. citizen . . . when born in [the] ‘Commonwealth

of the Philippine Islands,’” such that “the Department of the

Navy allow[s] [him] to come within the meaning of the Civil

Rights Act of 1964 in Title VII.”     Compl. at 7.

                          II.   DISCUSSION

     Defendant moves to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) on

the ground that the complaint fails to state a claim upon which

relief can be granted.   Although the suit has glaring procedural

problems, it seems most efficient to go straight to the core of

the issue the suit seeks to address, which is whether Licudine is

a citizen of the United States, as he argues he is, or a citizen



     5
          The   Navy   also   dismissed    Licudine’s   claim   of
discrimination on the basis of reprisal.      See Compl., Attach.
(Notice of Dismissal of Formal Complaint, DON # 08-61581-00514) at
2. It does not appear that Licudine challenges this portion of the
agency determination.

                                  4
of the Philippines, as the defendant argues he is.     If the

latter, then Licudine is an alien to whom Title VII does not

apply.    See P. & A. in Support of Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“Def.’s

Mot.”) at 2-5.

         A.   The Territorial Period of the Philippine Islands

     To provide the proper context for Licudine’s arguments, the

Court briefly reviews the relationship between the United States

and the Philippines during the territorial period, that is, the

time from December 10, 1898 through July 4, 1946 during which the

Philippines was a territorial possession of the United States.

See Lacap v. Immigration & Naturalization Serv., 138 F.3d 518 (3d

Cir. 1998) (per curiam).     Amicus has thoroughly researched the

question and concludes that, “[f]rom the time the United States

obtained dominion over the Philippines in 1899 until it granted

independence to the islands in 1946, [the United States] Congress

classified natives of the Philippines as Philippine citizens, as

non-citizen United States nationals, and as aliens, but never as

United States citizens.”     Amicus Curiae’s Mem. of Law in Response

to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“Amicus Mem.”) at 3.

     “At the close of the Spanish-American War on December 10,

1898,” Rabang v. Immigration & Naturalization Serv., 35 F.3d

1449, 1450 (9th Cir. 1994), cert. denied sub nom. Sanidad v.

Immigration & Naturalization Serv., 515 U.S. 1130 (1995), “[t]he

archipelago known as the Philippine Islands was ceded to the


                                   5
United States by Spain effective April 11, 1899,” Cabebe v.

Acheson, 183 F.2d 795, 798 (9th Cir. 1950), through the Treaty of

Paris, id. at 802 n.11.    See Treaty of Peace between the United

States of America and the Kingdom of Spain, U.S.-Spain, art. III,

Dec. 10, 1898, 30 Stat. 1754 (“Treaty of Paris”).   The Treaty of

Paris offered Spanish subjects then residing in the Philippine

Islands the option of retaining their Spanish nationality, either

by leaving the Philippines or by remaining in the Philippines and

declaring their allegiance to Spain within a set time period.

Cabebe, 183 F.2d at 798.   Except for those Spanish subjects who

opted to retain their Spanish nationality, the inhabitants of the

Philippine Islands as of April 11, 1898 were “held to have

adopted the nationality of the territory in which they may

reside.”   Treaty of Paris, art. IX, 30 Stat. at 1759.    The Treaty

of Paris further provided that “[t]he civil rights and political

status of the native inhabitants of the [Philippines] shall be

determined by the Congress [of the United States].”      Id.   In

effect, these inhabitants had become United States nationals, but

not United States citizens.6   See Cabebe, 183 F.2d at 798.


     6
          The term “national” refers to a hybrid status of persons
who inhabited territories over which the United States exercised
control.   See Rabang, 35 F.3d at 1452 n.5 (citation omitted);
Cabebe, 183 F.2d at 797-98. “[W]hile all United States citizens
were nationals, not all nationals were citizens.” Cabebe, 183 F.2d
at 797-98. A “national of the United States” currently is defined
as “(A) a citizen of the United States, or (B) a person who, though
not a citizen of the United States, owes permanent allegiance to
                                                     (continued...)

                                  6
     Until 1902, “the United States maintained military rule over

the Philippine Islands.”     Rabang, 35 F.3d at 1450 (citation

omitted).   In 1902, Congress enacted the Philippine Government

Act, ch. 1369, 32 Stat. 691 (1902), which “established the terms

of the United States’ civilian rule over the Philippines.

Rabang, 35 F.3d at 1450.    It also provided that the inhabitants

of the Philippine Islands as of April 11, 1899, and their

children born subsequently, were deemed “citizens of the

Philippine Islands and as such entitled to the protection of the

United States.”    Sec. 4, 32 Stat. at 692.    Further, the

Philippine Government Act expressly stated that “the Constitution

and laws of the United States would not apply to the

Philippines.”     Rabang, 35 F.3d at 1450. (citing Sec. 1, 32 Stat.

at 692).

     In 1916, Congress enacted the Philippine Autonomy Act, ch.

416, 39 Stat. 545 (1916), declaring “the purpose of the people of

the United States as to the future political status of the people

of the Philippine Islands, and to provide a more autonomous

government for those islands.”     Rabang, 35 F.3d at 1450-51

(citing Sec. 1, 39 Stat. at 545).      Again, Congress deemed the

inhabitants of the Philippines “citizens of the Philippine

Islands.”   Id. (citing Sec. 2, 39 Stat. at 546).



     6
      (...continued)
the United States.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(22).

                                   7
     The United States did not intend to retain sovereignty over

the Philippines, and to this end, Congress enacted the Philippine

Independence Act (also known as the Tydings-McDuffie Act of

1934), ch. 84, 48 Stat. 456 (1934), which set forth “the

procedure by which the independence of the Philippines was to be

accomplished.”   Cabebe, 183 F.2d at 799.   This Act established

the Philippines as a Commonwealth, see id., and provided for “the

complete withdrawal of United States sovereignty ten years after

the adoption of a Philippine constitution.”    Rabang, 35 F.3d at

1451 (citing Sec. 1, 48 Stat. at 463).   When these conditions

precedent had been met:

          On the 4th day of July immediately following
          the expiration of a period of ten years from
          the date of the inauguration of the new
          government under the constitution provided
          for in this Act, the President of the United
          States shall by proclamation withdraw and
          surrender all right of possession,
          supervision, jurisdiction, control, or
          sovereignty then existing and exercised by
          the United States in and over the territory
          and people of the Philippine Islands,
          including all military and other reservations
          of the Government of the United States in the
          Philippines . . ., and, on behalf of the
          United States, shall recognize the
          independence of the Philippine Islands as a
          separate and self-governing nation and
          acknowledge the authority and control over
          the same of the government instituted by the
          people thereof, under the constitution then
          in force.

Sec. 10(a), 48 Stat. at 463 (codified at 22 U.S.C. § 1394(a)).

The Philippine Independence Act further provided that “citizens


                                 8
of the Philippine Islands who were not also citizens of the

United States were to be considered ‘aliens’ under the

immigration laws of the United States.”    Rabang, 35 F.3d at 1451

(citing Sec. 8(a)(1), 48 Stat. at 462).

     On July 4, 1946, Harry S. Truman, the President of the

United States, proclaimed that the United States withdrew and

surrendered its control and sovereignty over the Philippine

Islands, “thus ending their status as a United States territory.”

Rabang, 35 F.3d at 1451; see Independence of the Philippines

Proclamation, Proclamation No. 2695, 60 Stat. 1352, 11 Fed. Reg.

7517 (July 4, 1946).

           B.   Licudine Is Not A United States Citizen

     Licudine, born in the Commonwealth of the Philippines during

its territorial period, argues that he is a citizen both of the

Philippines and of the United States because he was born within

the territorial limits of the United States.    See Compl. at 2.

He asserts that the “United States and the Philippine

Islands . . . constitute[d] a single state” during the

territorial period because the United States exercised ultimate

control over the territory and inhabitants of the Philippine

Islands, see id. at 6, notwithstanding the establishment of a

civilian government and the enactment of legislation by the

United States Congress designed to bring about Philippine

independence.   See Amicus Mem. at 7-9.   Licudine maintains that


                                 9
“those born on or after November 15, 1935 but before July 4,

1946, were citizens of the United States under the doctrine of

‘jus soli,’ they being borned [sic] in the continental US where

they reside and were also citizens of the Philippine Islands

(dual citizenship) as called for under the US CONSTITUTION in its

Fourteenth Amendment.”   Compl. at 6.

     Licudine prevails only if the Commonwealth of the

Philippines was considered a part of the United States at the

time of his birth.   Existing case law does not support his

position, as the United States Courts of Appeals for the Second,

Third, and Ninth Circuits hold that a person’s birth in the

Philippines during the territorial period is not birth in the

United States for purposes of the Fourteenth Amendment.   See

Valmonte v. Immigration & Naturalization Serv., 136 F.3d 914, 920

(2d Cir.), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 1024 (1998); Lacap, 138 F.3d at

519 (adopting the “result and reasoning of the court in Rabang”

and noting the Second Circuit’s ruling in Valmonte); Rabang, 35

F.3d at 1452.   The Court is persuaded by the reasoning of these

decisions, and concurs with amicus curiae’s assessment that “[i]n

none of the three major pieces of legislation enacted between

1902 and 1934 did Congress classify natives of the Philippines as

United States citizens.”   Amicus Mem. at 11.

     In Rabang, the plaintiffs in the course of deportation

proceedings brought against them by the Immigration and


                                10
Naturalization Service argued that “they or their parents were

born in the Philippines during the territorial period, that

during this time the Philippine Islands were ‘in the United

States,’ and that plaintiffs were subject to the jurisdiction of

the United States at their birth.”      Rabang, 35 F.3d at 1451.

These plaintiffs claimed, then, that they or their parents were

“constitutionally entitled to citizenship” by virtue of their

birth “in the United States.”    Id.    The Ninth Circuit held that

“birth in the Philippines during the territorial period does not

constitute birth ‘in the United States’ under the Citizenship

Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and thus does not give rise

to United States citizenship.”     Id. at 1452.   The Ninth Circuit

found that the “Citizenship Clause has an express territorial

limitation which prevents its extension to every place over which

the [United States] government exercises its sovereignty.”         Id.

at 1453.   For this reason, citizenship was not extended “to

persons living in United States territories simply because the

territories are ‘subject to the jurisdiction’ or ‘within the

dominion’ of the United States.”       Id.; see Friend v. Reno, 172

F.3d 638, 645 (9th Cir. 1999) (holding that residence in the

Philippines during its territorial period did not constitute

residence in the United States, such that “a parent’s residence

in the Philippines in 1931 did not permit that parent to transfer




                                 11
his U.S. citizenship to his children”), cert. denied, 528 U.S.

1083 (2000).

     In Valmonte, the petitioner appealed to the Second Circuit a

decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals which denied her

application for suspension of deportation and ordered her

deported to the Philippines.     Valmonte, 136 F.3d at 915.   The

petitioner, who was born in the Philippines in 1934, argued that,

“[b]ecause the United States exercised complete sovereignty over

the Philippines during its territorial period, . . . she

therefore [was] a citizen by virtue of her birth within the

territory and dominion of the United States.”     Id. at 919.   She

asserted that “the term ‘the United States’ in the Fourteenth

Amendment should be interpreted to mean ‘within the dominion or

territory of the United States.’” Id. (citing Rabang, 35 F.3d at

1459 (Pregerson, J., dissenting )).    The Second Circuit rejected

this argument, holding that, consistent with the majority in

Rabang, “persons born in the Philippines during its status as a

United States territory were not born in the United States under

the Fourteenth Amendment.”     Id. at 920 (internal quotation marks

and citation omitted).    The petitioner was not a United States

citizen under the Fourteenth Amendment, and, therefore, her

petition was denied.     Id. at 921.

     In Lacap, the petitioner was born in the Philippines in 1951

and entered the United States illegally in 1991.     Lacap, 138 F.3d


                                  12
at 518.   During deportation proceedings, he “conceded that he was

a citizen of the Philippines and was subject to deportation,” but

later argued that he was a citizen of the United States by birth,

because his parents were born in the Philippines during the

territorial period, and that, because of his citizenship, he

could not be deported.     Id. at 519.   The Third Circuit summarily

rejected this argument, “agree[ing] with the result and reasoning

of the court in Rabang.”     Id.

     Consistent with the rulings of these Circuits, this Court

concludes that Licudine’s birth in the Philippines during its

territorial period does not constitute birth in the United States

for purposes of the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth

Amendment.    Licudine, then, is not a United States citizen by

birth.

             C.   Licudine Is Not A United States National

     Nor, as defendant persuasively argues, see Def.’s Mot. at 3-

5, is Licudine a United States national.

     In Cabebe, the appellant, born in the Philippine Islands in

1910, applied for a United States passport, and “the application

was denied on the single ground that by virtue of and since the

July 4, 1946, Presidential proclamation of Philippine

independence. . ., appellant became and is an alien of the United

States and hence is not entitled to a United States passport.”

Cabebe, 183 F.2d at 796.     The appellant did not claim United


                                   13
States citizenship, and his argument rested solely on his alleged

status as a national owing his allegiance to the United States.

Id.   The Ninth Circuit remarked that “nationality depends

primarily upon the place of birth, the common law principle of

jus soli having been embodied in the Fourteenth Amendment of the

Constitution of the United States.”    Id. at 797.   The Treaty of

Paris had the effect of making the inhabitants of the

Philippines, save those who retained their Spanish nationality,

into United States nationals.    Id. at 798.   “Filipinos were not

made citizens of the United States by the Treaty of Paris,”

however.   Id. at 799.   Rather, by operation of the Philippine

Independence Act, the inhabitants of the Philippines were

divested of their status as United States nationals:

           [T]he Philippine Independence Act . . .
           stated the procedure by which the complete
           independence of the Philippine Islands was to
           be accomplished. In short, it authorized a
           constitutional convention to draft a
           constitution for the government of the newly
           named Commonwealth of the Philippine Islands,
           specified certain required provisions, and
           provided that after the President of the
           United States certified its conformance
           thereto the proposed constitution be
           submitted for ratification to the Philippine
           voters. It was further declared that on
           July 4th of the next following the expiration
           of a period of 10 years from the date of
           inauguration of the new government under such
           constitution, the President of the United
           States would proclaim the complete
           independence of the Philippine Islands and
           the people thereof. By its terms the Act was
           not effective until accepted by concurrent
           resolution of the Philippine legislature or

                                 14
             by a convention called for the purpose of
             passing on such question. As of the date of
             such acceptance (which occurred in fact on
             May 1, 1934), it was provided in Section
             8(a)(1) of the Act that ‘(f)or purposes of
             [United States immigration laws], . . .
             citizens of the Philippine Islands who are
             not citizens of the United States shall be
             considered as if they were aliens.’

Id. (internal footnotes and citation omitted) (emphasis added).

Filipinos obtained “[t]he status of United States

nationality . . . [as] the direct result of the United States’

assumption of sovereignty over the islands,” and when the United

States relinquished its sovereignty over the Philippine Islands

in 1946, “Filipino nationals of the United States inhabiting the

Islands . . . lost the status of nationality.”    Id. at 800.     Even

if Licudine were a United States national at the time of his

birth, he ceased to be a United States national as of July 4,

1946.   At that point, he was considered an alien under United

States immigration laws.

        D.   Licudine is an “Alien” for Purposes of Title VII

     Generally, discrimination in employment with the federal

government, including the military departments, on the basis of

national origin is prohibited.    See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(a); 29

C.F.R. §§ 1614.101(a), 1614.103(a), (b).    “[I]ndividual . . .

complaints of employment discrimination and retaliation

prohibited by [T]itle VII (discrimination on the basis of race,

color, religion, sex and national origin) . . . [are] processed


                                  15
in accordance with [29 C.F.R. Part 1614],” Federal Sector Equal

Employment Opportunity.    29 C.F.R. § 1614.103(a).   However, these

provisions do not apply to “aliens employed in positions . . .

located outside the limits of the United States.”     29 C.F.R.

§ 1614.103(d)(4).    An “alien” is “any person not a citizen or

national of the United States.”    8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(3).

     Licudine is neither a United States citizen nor a United

States national.    The Court therefore concludes that he is an

alien to whom Title VII does not apply.

                          III.   CONCLUSION

     Because Licudine is an alien who was employed by the United

States Navy outside of the United States, Title VII of the Civil

Rights Act of 1964, as amended, does not apply to him.      The Court

grants defendant’s motion and dismisses this civil action.      An

Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.




                                       JAMES ROBERTSON
                                 United States District Judge




                                  16
