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                                      Appellate Court                           Date: 2016.12.20
                                                                                09:45:11 -06'00'




                  Roy Zenere Trucking & Excavating, Inc. v. Build Tech, Inc.,
                                  2016 IL App (3d) 140946



Appellate Court          ROY ZENERE TRUCKING & EXCAVATING, INC., OAK LAWN
Caption                  BLACKTOP PAVING COMPANY, INC., and ALPINE
                         CONCRETE, INC., Plaintiffs, v. BUILD TECH, INC., JEFFERSON
                         REGER DEVELOPMENT, LLC, NATIONAL CITY BANK
                         COMPANY, WALGREENS COMPANY, UNKNOWN OWNERS
                         and NONRECORD CLAIMANTS, JEFFERSON REGER, LLC,
                         BUILD TECH, INC., HEALEY COURT APARTMENTS, LLC,
                         JOHN STREET APARTMENTS, LLC, and BUSEY BANK,
                         Defendants (Oak Lawn Blacktop Paving Company, Inc. and Alpine
                         Concrete, Inc., Plaintiffs-Appellees and Cross-Appellants; Jefferson
                         Reger, LLC, Build Tech, Inc., Healey Court Apartments, LLC, John
                         Street Apartments, LLC, and Busey Bank, Defendants-Appellants and
                         Cross-Appellees).



District & No.           Third District
                         Docket No. 3-14-0946



Filed                    August 2, 2016



Decision Under           Appeal from the Circuit Court of Will County; Nos. 08-CH-4701,
Review                   09-CH-875, 09-AR-636; the Hon. Raymond E. Rossie, Judge,
                         presiding.



Judgment                 Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
                         Remanded with directions.
     Counsel on               Peter G. Hallam, of Flossmoor, for appellants.
     Appeal
                              David C. Hurst, of Bruggeman, Hurst & Associates, Ltd., of Mokena,
                              for appellees.



     Panel                    JUSTICE LYTTON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                              Justices Schmidt and Wright concurred in the judgment and opinion.


                                               OPINION

¶1         Defendant, Jefferson Reger, LLC, appeals the trial court’s finding in favor of plaintiffs,
       Oak Lawn Blacktop Paving Company, Inc. (Oak Lawn) and Alpine Concrete, Inc. (Alpine) for
       the balance of the subcontracts underlying their mechanics liens and denying defendant’s
       counterclaims for constructive fraud and slander of title. Plaintiffs cross-appeal from the trial
       court’s denial of attorney fees. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for calculation
       and imposition of attorney fees.

¶2                                                FACTS
¶3          Defendant owned a parcel of real estate in Shorewood, Illinois. Defendant planned to
       develop the property and lease it for the operation of a Walgreens store. In November 2007,
       defendant entered into a general contract with codefendant, Build Tech, Inc. (Build Tech), to
       build the Walgreens store on the property. Build Tech subsequently entered into subcontracts
       with plaintiffs. Disputes arose between defendant and Build Tech and with several of the
       subcontractors. The disputes between defendant and Build Tech and all subcontractors other
       than plaintiffs were settled before trial. Plaintiffs asserted mechanics lien foreclosure claims
       against defendant.
¶4          In 2009, plaintiffs each filed separate complaints against each defendant asserting
       mechanics lien foreclosure claims. Alpine’s complaint alleged that Alpine and Build Tech
       entered into a subcontract on January 8, 2008. The subcontract required Alpine to perform
       concrete work, for which Alpine would be paid $217,752, which equaled the subcontract price
       of $208,000 plus extras. Alpine completed the obligations on September 14, 2008, that
       $30,522 remained unpaid, and that a lien was placed on the property on November 25, 2008.
       Oak Lawn’s complaint alleged that Oak Lawn and Build Tech entered into a written
       subcontract on April 24, 2008, under which Oak Lawn would perform paving work around the
       Walgreens store and be paid a subcontract price of $112,800 plus extras. Oak Lawn completed
       the work on September 16, 2008, at which time $36,655 remained owing to Oak Lawn. Oak
       Lawn then placed a lien on the property on November 26, 2008.
¶5          Defendant filed counterclaims against plaintiffs alleging constructive fraud and slander of
       title stating that plaintiffs knowingly overstated their lien claims, as they were based on
       unsigned change orders.



                                                   -2-
¶6         The case proceeded to trial. Kevin Reger testified that he was “the sole member-manager
       of Jefferson Reger, LLC.” Defendant entered into a written general contract with Build Tech
       on November 5, 2007. Build Tech hired subcontractors to do the project, two of which were
       plaintiffs. Reger said he became aware that plaintiffs were hired as subcontractors through the
       general contractor’s sworn statement and through lien waivers provided by plaintiffs.
       However, he never looked at any of the subcontractors’ contracts prior to starting the job, and
       he did not believe he saw the contracts “until [they] got to the discovery portion of this
       lawsuit.”
¶7         Reger said he received both of plaintiffs’ partial lien waivers at the end of September or
       October. He said the waivers came as backup to the general contractor’s sworn statement, so he
       looked at the sworn statement before looking at the lien waivers. Reger testified that the
       normal course of business was that he would receive a pay application asking for a certain
       amount of money, then underlying that would be the sworn statement to verify the numbers,
       and then the lien waivers would further solidify the numbers. Reger explained that he received
       four rounds of pay applications and sworn statements. He stated he would look at the pay
       application, which would state the amount of the contract, the amount of the change orders, the
       amount to be paid, and the retainage. He would then look at the underlying sworn statement
       from the contractor. The sworn statement listed each subcontractor, the scope of their work, the
       amount of the subcontractor’s contract, the retention amount, the net previously paid, the
       amount of the current payment, and the balance to completion. After he received the
       contractor’s sworn statement, he prepared an owner’s sworn statement and submitted all of
       those documents to the title company. The subcontractors would then bring the lien waivers to
       the title company, and the title company would disperse a check to the subcontractors. Both
       plaintiffs received partial payments in this manner.
¶8         Based on the third pay application submitted for work ending July 21, 2008, Reger
       believed that both plaintiffs had fully completed their work on the project as of that date, as the
       balance of each subcontract and the 10% retention were listed as the same amount.
¶9         Reger was shown Oak Lawn’s lien waiver. He stated that the lien waiver listed the contract
       price as $95,500 and each of the contractor’s sworn statements listed it as $95,000; therefore,
       there was a discrepancy of $500 between the documents. He interpreted that to mean that the
       contract price, including extras, for Oak Lawn was $95,000. Reger became aware after the
       lawsuit began that Oak Lawn claimed the subcontract was for $112,800. He said that Oak
       Lawn did nothing to make defendant believe that it intended to discount its subcontract in
       exchange for partial payment. Reger said that a subcontract between Build Tech and Oak Lawn
       that listed the contract amount as $95,000 was never produced. Reger stated that he did not
       know where the amount of $95,000 came from, but he relied on the contractor’s sworn
       statement. Alpine’s lien waiver listed its subcontract price as $208,000. Reger stated he
       interpreted this to mean that was the subcontract price including extras. Reger said if the
       numbers did not match up between the documents, he would have discussed it with the general
       contractor.
¶ 10       Reger became aware that plaintiffs had some change orders on the project through
       discovery; he did not see any change orders until after the lawsuit began. He did not recall
       whether he approved any change orders for either plaintiff.
¶ 11       Reger agreed that he never paid the full balance of either subcontract and did not pay any
       extras. Enough money to more than cover the retention (the difference between the subcontract

                                                    -3-
       amounts and the partial payments) on each subcontract was put into escrow, but the money was
       never released to either plaintiff. Reger stated this was because the plaintiffs never submitted
       final lien waivers. He had no evidence that demonstrated that plaintiffs’ work was substandard.
¶ 12       Reger discussed the effect of an overstated lien claim, stating that it impaired the title and
       salability of the property, his reputation, his relationship with other general contractors and
       subcontractors, and his ability to obtain good pricing on future projects. Reger admitted that he
       was able to sell the property. He found a buyer through a man who had previously worked for
       him, but the negotiation was difficult as he had to convince the buyer to trust him.
¶ 13       Craig Marchbank testified that he was the owner of Oak Lawn and worked on the
       Walgreens project. The price on the contract was $112,800, but Oak Lawn only received
       $85,500. Marchbank testified that Oak Lawn performed all the work “[a]bove and beyond”
       what was set out in the contract without any defects.
¶ 14       Marchbank said that he submitted some change orders. His practice in submitting the
       change orders was to talk to the general contractor and explain the necessity of the change
       order. Marchbank submitted the change orders to Jess Funston at Build Tech. Funston signed
       the change orders, and Marchbank believed that the extra charges were approved and that he
       should proceed with the additional work. Marchbank sent an invoice for the extras to Build
       Tech. No one from Build Tech told him defendant’s position regarding the change order.
       Marchbank believed that he made all the claims for extras within seven days and that all of the
       requests happened by the time he submitted the invoices, as required under the subcontract.
       Marchbank admitted that the change orders did not say approved and there was nothing written
       in the blank area that said date accepted.
¶ 15       Marchbank testified that Oak Lawn prepared a subcontractor’s lien for $36,655, which
       included the subcontract amount of $112,800 minus the $85,500 already paid, which equaled
       $27,300. Marchbank then added the amount of the change orders. The lien was recorded on
       November 26, 2008. When asked when the work on the project was completed, Marchbank
       said, “If we looked at your—my sheets again, it would be probably a day or so after that. ***
       Or weeks after that.” He then said Oak Lawn incorporated the date into the mechanics lien, and
       it was September 16, 2008. To complete work on the project on September 16, they “would
       have restriped or asked anything else that would have needed to be done. Sometimes
       straightening up a sign, whatever it would take to fulfill [their] contract.”
¶ 16       A notice of lien was sent to defendant in care of its attorney. Defendant’s attorney then
       stated, “If you’re raising an issue about whether we received the lien, we don’t need to. *** We
       are not objecting that we didn’t receive the lien.” Plaintiffs’ attorney said that he thought it was
       one of the affirmative defenses, to which defendant’s attorney replied, “No, I don’t believe so.
       Proper notice? No, we don’t. We’re not objecting.” The parties then entered a stipulation with
       regard to notice having been received.
¶ 17       Marchbank stated that Oak Lawn submitted a partial lien waiver on September 22, 2008,
       six days after Oak Lawn’s work on the project was complete. The lien waiver stated the
       contract price as $95,000, though Marchbank stated the only subcontract Oak Lawn had with
       Build Tech was for $112,800. The contract price and the balance due were the only incorrect
       portions of the lien waiver. The middle portion of the lien waiver contained a contractor’s
       affidavit. Marchbank was asked if he signed the affidavit, and he stated, “That’s not my
       signature.” Marchbank stated that he believed it was “Helen’s signature,” his secretary and
       wife. She also notarized the partial lien waiver. She worked in the office but was not authorized

                                                    -4-
       to sign documents, and her work did not involve the contracts. Marchbank stated that he did
       not know who submitted the partial lien waiver for Oak Lawn. Marchbank believed he found
       out that the partial lien waiver had been submitted after Oak Lawn filed suit against Build Tech
       and defendant. He then discovered that the lien waiver stated the contract amount incorrectly
       and was not signed by him. He did not notify defendant of the clerical error and did not correct
       the lien claim or send a corrected waiver. Marchbank did cash the check, but he did not know
       when he received the check that there had been a partial lien waiver submitted. He often
       received checks without a lien waiver, even for amounts as large as the $85,500 that he
       received from defendant. He never submitted a final lien waiver and was never notified that the
       balance of the contract was available to him.
¶ 18       Helen Marchbank stated that in September 2008 she worked in the Oak Lawn office. She
       had various tasks including downloading plans, doing “a waiver here or there,” answering
       phones, running errands, and notarizing documents. Helen admitted to signing Marchbank’s
       name to documents on occasion. Marchbank never told her to sign his name; she did it without
       his direction. She would sign waivers if it was something that the other party needed
       immediately. She remembered receiving a phone call from Build Tech about the contents of
       the waiver and filled out the waiver while she was talking to Build Tech. Build Tech told her
       over the phone that the subcontract amount was $95,000, and Helen entered the dollar amount
       in the blank space on the partial lien waiver. Because Helen did not know where the contracts
       were kept, she did not try to cross-reference the information that Build Tech gave her, but
       relied on Build Tech’s information. She agreed that she had signed Marchbank’s name to the
       partial lien waiver in this instance and then notarized it. Helen admitted that she submitted the
       waiver for payment on this project and that she intended someone to rely on the waiver when
       making payment.
¶ 19       Michael Kinsella testified that in 2008 he was the owner of Alpine and he entered into a
       subcontract with Build Tech to do concrete work on the Walgreens project. The subcontract
       was for $208,000. Kinsella submitted change orders to Funston as the plans for the project
       changed. Funston indicated that the change orders would be approved.
¶ 20       Kinsella said Alpine completed all the work of the subcontract and was never notified that
       any of the work was defective or deficient. Alpine filed a mechanics lien for $30,522. Kinsella
       did not remember exactly when Alpine’s work on the project was completed. He was shown
       the lien to refresh his recollection as to when Alpine last did work on the project and then
       remembered it was September 14, 2008. The lien was recorded on November 25, 2008, and
       notice was also sent that same day. The parties stipulated to receipt of notice and the claim for
       lien. Kinsella stated that Alpine received a partial payment on the subcontract of $187,230. The
       lien included the $20,770 left to be paid on the subcontract and the change orders of $9752 for
       a total amount of $30,522.
¶ 21       Kinsella stated that he did not remember what work Alpine did between the beginning of
       August and the beginning of September 2008, but believed that they did “[e]xterior flat work,”
       which included sidewalks and concrete curbs. He could not remember specifically when that
       work was completed as it “was five and a half years ago” but would have to rely on what was
       documented. Defendant asked Kinsella if there was something in the documents that would
       disclose what work was done between August and September, and Kinsella said he did not
       know. Kinsella stated that he only remembered that he completed the project on September 14.


                                                   -5-
¶ 22       Kinsella was shown the lien waiver to date, and agreed that he signed it on the two
       signature lines on September 9 and 10, 2008. He agreed that the lien waiver said “that the total
       amount of the contract, including extras, *** is $208,000.” He further agreed that the term
       “extras” was defined in the lien waiver as including change orders. However, Kinsella had not
       included the extras when drafting the partial lien waiver as he had been in discussions with
       Build Tech about the approval. Kinsella agreed that the subcontract required change orders to
       be signed for before the work was started. Kinsella said he never submitted a final lien waiver
       and was never paid in full.
¶ 23       In its decision, the trial court noted that “this case is somewhat unusual in that the work
       claimed to be done was done, and was done in a workmanlike fashion.” The court found in
       favor of plaintiffs for the balance of the contract amounts. Concerning the Oak Lawn
       subcontract, the court stated:
                    “Testimony was offered that the Lien Waiver in question understated the contract
                amount by $17,800 and incorrectly stated the balance due as $9,500. [Defendant] was
                independently put on notice that the proposed waiver of lien contained clerical errors.
                The contract amount between Build Tech and Oak Lawn Paving was $112,800. Oak
                Lawn was paid $85,500. Therefore there was and is an unpaid balance of $27,300.”
       The court further stated that “[a]ny alleged ‘forgery’ of Mr. Marchbank’s signature by [Helen]
       is not relevant to the claim for lien as there is no causation to any loss to [defendant] by reason
       thereof.” In making this determination, the court said that the mistake was a clerical error made
       as Helen was in a hurry to present the waiver for fear of nonpayment, that, as office manager,
       she had implied authority to sign for Marchbank, and that the error should have been known by
       the owner.
¶ 24       The court also found that the testimony was uncontroverted that Alpine’s subcontract was
       for $208,000 and Alpine was paid $187,230, leaving a balance of $20,770 unpaid. The court
       found that “the liens were timely filed, served and recorded and that there was a stipulation
       regarding the notices [sent] by Plaintiffs.”
¶ 25       Regarding the change orders, the court stated:
                “Unfortunately, each of the claimants was led down the primrose path with regards to
                change orders. Undoubtedly there were time shortages to get the various aspects of the
                project done and each of the claimants dealt primarily with [Jess] Funston of Build
                Tech. Each claimant may have reasonably believed that the change orders were
                approved by the owner, but without testimony in support, the terms of the contracts
                requiring that any change orders to be approved in writing by the owner must prevail.
                Accordingly, each claimant will not be allowed to assert a claim against the owner for
                any change order not approved in writing by the owner.”
       To summarize, Oak Lawn was awarded $27,300, and Alpine was awarded $20,770, including
       court costs and interest.
¶ 26       The court rejected defendant’s claims of constructive fraud and slander of title. In so
       deciding, the court stated:
                    “[Defendant] aggressively pursued a counterclaim for constructive fraud against
                both claimants based upon alleged errors in the notices and claims for lien. A lien will
                not be defeated if the error or overcharge on the part of the person claiming the lien
                lacks an intent to defraud. In the instant matter, testimony was provided that the extra


                                                    -6-
               work was approved. While the court has problems with approving the amount of the
               extras in the mechanic lien claim against [defendant], it does not necessarily follow that
               there was not a colorable right to assert such amounts in the notices and claims for lien.
                    For the same reasons, [that is] the lack of intent of maliciousness, the Court finds
               there was no slander of title.”
¶ 27       The court further denied plaintiffs’ request for attorney fees. Defendant appealed, and
       plaintiffs cross-appealed.

¶ 28                                           ANALYSIS
¶ 29       On appeal, defendant argues that (A) plaintiffs failed to prove entitlement to their liens
       under the Mechanics Lien Act (Act) (770 ILCS 60/0.01 et seq. (West 2008)), (B) the trial court
       erred in awarding prejudgment interest, and (C) the trial court erred in denying defendant’s
       claims for constructive fraud and slander of title. Upon review, we find that the court’s
       decision in awarding plaintiffs the balance of their subcontracts with costs and interest was not
       against the manifest weight of the evidence. We further uphold the trial court’s denial of
       defendant’s claims for constructive fraud and slander of title, as plaintiffs lacked the intent to
       defraud.
¶ 30       On cross-appeal, plaintiffs argue that the court erred in denying their motions for attorney
       fees. As section 17(b) of the Act specifically allows for attorney fees where the owner was
       “without just cause or right” to withhold paying plaintiffs the full contract price, we hold the
       court’s failure to award attorney fees was an abuse of discretion. 770 ILCS 60/17(b)
       (West 2008).

¶ 31                                      I. Defendant’s Appeal
¶ 32       An appellate court will only reverse the trial court’s findings of fact if they are against the
       manifest weight of the evidence. Chicago Transparent Products, Inc. v. American National
       Bank & Trust Co. of Chicago, 337 Ill. App. 3d 931, 940 (2003). “A fact finder’s determination
       is against the manifest weight of the evidence where, upon reviewing the evidence in the light
       most favorable to the prevailing party, the opposite conclusion is clearly apparent or the
       finding is palpably erroneous or arbitrary and unsubstantiated by the evidence.” Id.

¶ 33                                    A. Mechanics Lien Claims
¶ 34       Defendant contends that plaintiffs failed to prove they are entitled to their liens. Defendant
       tenders three specific arguments with regard to this claim. First, defendant argues that Oak
       Lawn failed to prove the date of service of its lien.
¶ 35       The Act requires a subcontractor to serve notice of a mechanics lien claim within 90 days
       after completing work on the property and, in order for it to be enforceable against other
       creditors or purchasers, record the lien within four months of completion. 770 ILCS 60/24, 7(a)
       (West 2008). At trial, plaintiffs’ attorney began a line of questioning regarding notice of the
       lien claim. Defendant’s attorney then stated, “If you’re raising an issue about whether we
       received the lien, we don’t need to. *** We are not objecting that we didn’t receive the lien.”
       Plaintiffs’ attorney said he thought it was one of defendant’s affirmative defenses, to which
       defendant’s attorney replied, “No, I don’t believe so. Proper notice? No, we don’t. We’re not



                                                    -7-
       objecting.” The parties then stipulated to notice having been received. Based in part on this
       stipulation, the court found that the liens were timely filed, served, and recorded.
¶ 36       Defendant now attempts to temper this stipulation, arguing it was only entered as to the fact
       that the notice was received, not to when it was served. However, defendant knowingly and
       voluntarily stipulated. Defendant could have narrowed the scope of the stipulation, but, as filed
       in the record, defendant stipulated that notice was received. Furthermore, as this issue was not
       raised in the trial court, it is waived, and defendant may not raise the issue for the first time
       here. See Chandler v. Doherty, 299 Ill. App. 3d 797, 806 (1998). Thus, we defer to the trial
       court’s finding with regard to proper notice.
¶ 37       Second, defendant argues that plaintiffs’ lien claims were untimely because they did not
       prove the dates of completion. At trial, both Marchbank and Kinsella testified that the projects
       were completed on September 16 and September 14, 2008, respectively. These dates were also
       included in the lien claims. Neither initially recalled the dates at the time of trial but were able
       to recall after viewing documents. The liens and testimony of Marchbank and Kinsella
       establish a firm completion date, supporting the trial court’s factual finding that the lien claims
       were timely.
¶ 38       Defendant challenges this finding by asserting that the trial court should have given more
       weight to the pay applications, contractors’ sworn statements from the project, and an invoice
       sent by Oak Lawn on July 19, 2008. The pay applications and statements, however, were
       created by Build Tech, without the knowledge of plaintiffs. Plaintiffs would have had no
       knowledge of the information contained in the documents at the time that they were created or
       the purported correctness of such information. As to Oak Lawn’s July invoice, though it may
       have been the last invoice Oak Lawn sent, this evidence, standing alone, does not negate the
       testimony of Marchbank and Kinsella or the dates included in the lien claims. While defendant
       is critical of plaintiffs for not submitting time cards or work logs, the failure to provide such
       evidence does not, by itself, render the testimonial and lien claim evidence insufficient.
¶ 39       After considering all the evidence, the trial court held that the liens were timely filed and
       properly served. Taking the record as a whole, we cannot say that the court’s decision was
       against the manifest weight of the evidence.
¶ 40       Last, defendant argues that Oak Lawn’s claim can be no more than $9500, which is the
       difference between the $95,000 listed on the lien waiver and the $85,500 already paid.
       Defendant’s basis for this claim is that Oak Lawn is bound by the statement in its lien waiver
       stating the subcontract amount as $95,000. The trial court found that the misstatement of the
       subcontract amount on the lien waiver was a clerical error. See Nokomis Quarry Co. v. Dietl,
       333 Ill. App. 3d 480, 484 (2002) (“When a party challenges a trial court’s bench-trial ruling,
       we defer to the trial court’s factual findings unless they are contrary to the manifest weight of
       the evidence.”). We agree. Build Tech called Oak Lawn and told Helen that the lien waiver
       needed to be sent, and she filled it out while on the phone, using the subcontract price that
       Build Tech told her. She did not have access to the subcontract to double-check the contract
       amount. Looking at the totality of the circumstances, we cannot say that it was against the
       manifest weight of the evidence for the trial court to find that Oak Lawn was entitled to the
       balance of its subcontract amount as stated in its subcontract.




                                                    -8-
¶ 41                           B. Constructive Fraud and Slander of Title
¶ 42       Next, defendant argues that the trial court erred in finding defendant did not prove its
       counterclaims for constructive fraud and slander of title, as plaintiffs lacked an intent to
       defraud or malice. Specifically, defendant challenges the court’s finding that plaintiffs lacked
       an intent to defraud defendant when they included change orders on their lien claims.

¶ 43                                         1. Constructive Fraud
¶ 44        Section 7(a) of the Act states, in pertinent part, “No such lien shall be defeated to the proper
       amount thereof because of an error or overcharging on the part of any person claiming a lien
       therefor under this Act, unless it shall be shown that such error or overcharge is made with
       intent to defraud ***.” 770 ILCS 60/7(a) (West 2008). “Even under a constructive fraud
       theory, a lien claim will not be invalidated simply because the claim contains an overstatement.
       [Citation.] Rather, in most cases, ‘the intent to defraud [is] shown by executed documents that
       on their face overstate the amount due in combination with some other evidence of record from
       which intent could be inferred.’ ” (Emphasis omitted.) Cordeck Sales, Inc. v. Construction
       Systems, Inc., 382 Ill. App. 3d 334, 373 (2008) (quoting Peter J. Hartmann Co. v. Capitol Bank
       & Trust Co., 353 Ill. App. 3d 700, 708 (2004)). An overstated lien amount, without other
       evidence of intent to defraud, is insufficient to defeat the lien claim. See id.; Father & Sons
       Home Improvement II, Inc. v. Stuart, 2016 IL App (1st) 143666.
¶ 45        Here, the trial court found that plaintiffs lacked the intent to defraud when they overstated
       their lien amounts. The court stated:
                “In the instant matter, testimony was provided that the extra work was approved. While
                the court has problems with approving the amount of the extras in the mechanic lien
                claim against [defendant], it does not necessarily follow that there was not a colorable
                title to assert such amounts in the notices and claims for lien.”
¶ 46        Upon review, we uphold the court’s factual finding that both plaintiffs reasonably believed
       that the change orders were approved. Pursuant to the subcontracts with Build Tech, plaintiffs
       would approach Funston each time they had unplanned expenses for the project. Funston told
       plaintiffs to proceed with the work, and change orders were filled out, which were submitted to
       Funston. Based on Funston’s representation that the change orders were approved, plaintiffs
       continued with the work, making the necessary extra expenditures. We find that the trial
       court’s findings of fact were not against the manifest weight of the evidence and uphold the
       trial court’s denial of defendant’s counterclaim for constructive fraud.
¶ 47        Defendant argues that reliance on Bank of America National Trust & Savings Ass’n v. Zedd
       Investments, Inc., 276 Ill. App. 3d 998 (1995), Lohmann Golf Designs, Inc. v. Keisler, 260 Ill.
       App. 3d 886 (1994), and Fedco Electric Co. v. Stunkel, 77 Ill. App. 3d 48 (1979), support its
       position. Zedd and Keisler each dealt with cases where the lien claimants intentionally filed
       multiple liens that created the appearance of an encumbrance on the property that was
       substantially greater than the amount owed, and Stunkel considered a case where the
       subcontractor intentionally overstated the lien, double-billed, and failed to give credits for
       payments. Zedd, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 1001-02; Keisler, 260 Ill. App. 3d at 891-92; Stunkel, 77
       Ill. App. 3d at 50-51. Each of these situations dealt with actual conduct that established intent
       to defraud. Here, plaintiffs reasonably believed they were entitled to the amounts stated in their
       change orders.


                                                     -9-
¶ 48                                         2. Slander of Title
¶ 49       Applying the above reasoning (supra ¶¶ 43-47), we find the trial court correctly denied
       defendant’s counterclaim for slander of title. To prove slander of title, defendant must have
       proved (1) that plaintiffs made a false and malicious publication, (2) that the publication
       disparaged defendant’s title to the property, and (3) damages. Chicago Title & Trust Co. v.
       Levine, 333 Ill. App. 3d 420, 424 (2002). “To prove malice, a plaintiff must show that the
       defendant knew that the disparaging statements were false or that the statements were made
       with reckless disregard of their truth or falsity.” Id. “[T]he law in Illinois is that if a party has
       reasonable grounds to believe that he had legal or equitable title or even a claim, then assertion
       of this claim does not amount to slander of title ***.” Midwest Glass Co. v. Stanford
       Development Co., 34 Ill. App. 3d 130, 135 (1975). Again, we agree with the court’s factual
       finding that defendant failed to establish malice.

¶ 50                                      C. Prejudgment Interest
¶ 51       Defendant further argues that the trial court should not have awarded prejudgment interest.
       Specifically, defendant argues that the Act only allows interest from the date the payment to
       the lien claimant is due and that “[b]ased on such substantial overcharging of liens, and the fact
       that neither plaintiff would budge from taking the entirety of their lien claims, there was no
       actual amount ‘due’ from the owner, until the trial court issued its Memorandum Decision and
       Order.” (Emphasis omitted.) The assertion that defendant did not owe the balance of plaintiffs’
       contracts until the trial court issued its order defies reason. The amount owed derives from
       plaintiffs’ subcontracts, which were knowingly and voluntarily entered into by the parties and
       were specifically allowed for in the general contract. Once plaintiffs completed their
       agreed-upon work, defendant was obligated to compensate plaintiffs for said work. The
       amount owed in no way derives from the trial court’s order. The trial court’s order enforced the
       agreed-upon terms of the subcontracts.

¶ 52                            II. Plaintiffs’ Cross-Appeal for Attorney Fees
¶ 53        Plaintiffs’ cross-appeal argues that the trial court erred in failing to grant attorney fees. “A
       trial court’s decision awarding attorney fees under section 17 of the [Act] is reviewed under the
       abuse of discretion standard.” Stuart, 2016 IL App (1st) 143666, ¶ 47.
¶ 54        At the outset, defendant asks the court to dismiss plaintiffs’ cross-appeal, stating that
       plaintiffs have failed to comply with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341 (eff. Feb. 6, 2013) by (1)
       failing to begin their brief with a “Points and Authorities” section, instead inserting it farther
       into the brief; (2) including an “Introduction” section; and (3) failing to include citations to the
       record. “Although this court has discretion to strike a brief and dismiss an appeal where a party
       has failed to comply with Rule 341, doing so is a harsh sanction and is appropriate only when
       the procedural violations interfere with our review.” In re Marriage of Iqbal, 2014 IL App (2d)
       131306, ¶ 14. Because the deficiencies do not hinder our ability to review the issues at hand,
       we will not impose the sanction of dismissing plaintiffs’ cross-appeal.
¶ 55        Turning to the merits, section 17(b) of the Act states:
                “If the court specifically finds that the owner who contracted to have the improvements
                made failed to pay any lien claimant the full contract price, including extras, without
                just cause or right, the court may tax that owner, but not any other party, the reasonable


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               attorney’s fees of the lien claimant who had perfected and proven his or her claim.” 770
               ILCS 60/17(b) (West 2008).
       Section 17(d) further states:
               “ ‘Without just cause or right,’ as used in this Section, means a claim asserted by a lien
               claimant or a defense asserted by the owner who contracted to have the improvements
               made, which is not well grounded in fact and warranted by existing law or a good faith
               argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law.” 770 ILCS
               60/17(d) (West 2008).
¶ 56        Here, the trial court held the evidence failed to establish any reason why defendant should
       not have paid the underlying subcontract amounts. Indeed, the court held that the evidence
       established that plaintiffs’ work was completed on time “and was done in a workmanlike
       fashion.” Defendant, however, failed to satisfy its duty to pay for the work as defined in the
       subcontracts. The record establishes defendant was “without just cause or right” to withhold
       payment to plaintiffs.
¶ 57        We acknowledge that the trial court found plaintiffs were not entitled to “extras.”
       However, section 17(b) does not require that the owner fail to pay the full lien claim without
       cause, just the full contract price and those extras included in the contract. Stated another way,
       the fact that defendant may have had “just cause or right” not to pay the unapproved extras
       portion of the lien claim does not preclude plaintiffs’ right to receive attorney fees for failure to
       pay the “full [sub]contract price.” Therefore, we find that the trial court abused its discretion in
       failing to award attorney fees to plaintiffs. We remand for calculation and imposition of
       attorney fees.

¶ 58                                       CONCLUSION
¶ 59      The judgment of the circuit court of Will County is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and
       remanded with directions.

¶ 60       Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
¶ 61       Remanded with directions.




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