               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                 No. COA17-9

                              Filed: 7 August 2018

Guilford County, No. 14 CVS 10097

CLIFFORD PRESS, as authorized representative of the fractional owners of that
certain aircraft bearing tail number N132SL; AIRCRAFT VENTURES, LLC;
ROBERT BURT; LYNN C. BURT; CORPORATE HEALTH PLANS OF AMERICA,
INC.; GREENSPRING ASSOCIATES, LLC III; HEELBUSTER, LLC;
INTERNATIONAL REAL ESTATE HOLDING COMPANY, LLC; M&T
ENTERPRISE GROUP, LLC; MESQUITE AIR COMPANY, LLC; SAMOLOT, LLC;
SUN FINANCIAL, LLC; TRIO TRAVEL, LLC; TUDOR COURT FARM, LLC; and
WALSH WILLETT AVIATION, LLC, Plaintiffs,

            v.

AGC AVIATION, LLC; ALTERNATIVE VENTURES, LLC; BEECHWOOD
ASSOCIATES, LP; CATHERINE T. CALLENDER; DOUGLAS AND MAUREEN
COHN; DMGAAIR LLC; FINS & FEATHERS, LLC; FRANKLIN RESEARCH
GROUP, INC.; DAVID HAYES, JV PLANE PARTNERS LLC; MRS AIR LLC;
N724DB LLC; NICK’S PLANE LLC; VERNON AND SHERIAN PLASKETT, as
Trustees of THE PLASKETT FAMILY TRUST; DAVID SCHULMAN; MICHAEL C.
SLOCUM; TRAVIS PARTNERS, LLC; TRIAD FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.; and
GREG WENDT, Defendants.


      Appeal by defendants from order entered 21 September 2016 by Judge Richard

S. Gottlieb in Superior Court, Guilford County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 8

August 2017.


      McGuireWoods LLP, by Brian Kahn, Terrence M. McKelvey, Robert A.
      Muckenfuss, and Joshua D. Whitlock, for plaintiffs-appellees.

      Aero Law Center, by Jonathan A. Ewing, pro hac vice, and Smith, James,
      Rowlett & Cohen, by Seth R. Cohen, for defendants-appellants.


      STROUD, Judge.
                                PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                       Opinion of the Court



       This case started when the music stopped, in an aviatic version of the game of

musical chairs -- or musical engines -- Avantair was playing with its airplanes. The

music stopped when Avantair was forced into bankruptcy, and at that moment,

defendants’ airplane had no engines, while plaintiffs’ airplane had two engines that

were originally on defendants’ airplane. Plaintiffs filed this declaratory judgment

action to resolve the parties’ dispute over who gets to keep the engines. Because the

controlling contracts allowed Avantair to play musical chairs, plaintiffs get to keep

the engines, so we affirm the trial court’s order granting summary judgment in

plaintiffs’ favor and denying defendants’ request for summary judgment.

                                          Background

       Plaintiff Clifford Press is an authorized representative for the 14 other

plaintiffs; the 15 plaintiffs are the fractional owners of a certain Piaggio Avanti P-180

aircraft (“Plaintiffs’ Airplane”).1 The plaintiffs acquired their interests in Plaintiffs’

Airplane by purchasing a fractional interest from Avantair, Inc. (“Avantair”), as part

of its “Fractional Aircraft Ownership Program” (“the Avantair Program”).                      The

plaintiffs were all parties to Ownership Agreements for their aircraft, although the

individual plaintiffs each purchased their fractional interests in Plaintiffs’ Airplane

on different dates. Under the Avantair Program, each plaintiff was the owner of an


       1  This aircraft was specifically identified in plaintiffs’ Ownership Agreements “a Piaggio
Avanti P-180, bearing tail number N132SL, together with engines, components, accessories, parts,
equipment and documentation installed thereon or attached thereto or otherwise pertaining thereto.”
For ease of reading, we will simply call it “Plaintiffs’ Airplane.”

                                               -2-
                             PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                   Opinion of the Court



undivided interest in Plaintiffs’ Airplane, and the plaintiffs were registered with the

Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) as the owners.

        Defendants are the fractional owners of another airplane, a Piaggo P-180

aircraft bearing the tail number N106SL (“Defendants’ Airplane”). Defendants each

purchased fractional interests in Defendants’ Airplane from Avantair in the same

manner and under the same terms as plaintiffs did for Plaintiffs’ Airplane.

        Plaintiffs and defendants participated in the Avantair Program. The parties

all signed and “executed in substantially the same form and substance” an Aircraft

Interest Purchase Agreement (“Purchase Agreement”) and a Management & Dry

Lease Exchange Agreement (the “MDLA”) with Avantair.               Under the MDLA,

Avantair was engaged as the “Manager” of the Avantair Program. Avantair leased

both Plaintiffs’ and Defendants’ Airplanes (as well as other airplanes owned by other

owners) from their respective owners and was obligated to “provide or procure certain

administrative and aviation support services with respect to each Program Aircraft,

including, without limitation, scheduling, maintenance, insurance, record keeping,

flight crew training and scheduling, and fuel for or with respect to any Program

Aircraft.”

        In In re Avantair, Inc., 638 F. App’x 970, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 1758 (11th Cir.

2016) (unpublished) (per curiam), the Eleventh Circuit explained what happened

next:



                                          -3-
                                 PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                        Opinion of the Court



               When Avantair began experiencing financial troubles, the
               quality of its maintenance operations took a nose dive. To
               keep as many planes as possible flying, Avantair
               cannibalized parts from other planes in the fleet, effectively
               grounding the donor planes. In addition, Avantair failed to
               keep adequate safety records of the part transfers. When
               the Federal Aviation Administration caught wind of
               Avantair’s activities, it grounded Avantair’s fleet, forcing
               the company to cease operations and eventually enter
               bankruptcy.

Id. at 971, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 1758 at *3.

       On 25 July 2013, creditors forced Avantair into involuntary Chapter 7

bankruptcy, which was still pending in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the

Middle District of Florida, Tampa Division when this declaratory judgment action

was filed.2 During the bankruptcy proceedings, the parties learned that Avantair

had removed the engines originally installed on Defendants’ Airplane and installed

those engines on Plaintiffs’ Airplane, leaving Defendants’ Airplane with no engines

as of the bankruptcy.3         A dispute developed between plaintiffs and defendants

regarding the ownership of the engines.               Defendants claimed that they never

consented to the removal of the engines from Defendants’ Airplane and that plaintiffs




        2 On 3 November 2014, the bankruptcy court granted plaintiffs relief from automatic stay and

allowed them to proceed with this action.
        3 Defendants’ Airplane’s original engines had been removed in 2007 to be overhauled, so those

specific engines were not installed on Defendants’ Airplane as of the dates on which some of the
defendants purchased their fractional interests.



                                                -4-
                                 PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                         Opinion of the Court



had no ownership interest in the engines, so plaintiffs should return the engines to

defendants.

      The specific engines installed as original equipment as of 2003 on Defendants’

Airplane bore serial numbers PCE-RK0088 on Engine A and PCE-RK0087 on Engine

B4. In addition, maintenance records for Defendants’ Airplane showed both Engines

A and B were removed in 2007 to be overhauled because they had used up almost all

of the flying hours allowed by FAA regulations. In November 2007, the refurbished

Engine A was installed on one Avantair Program aircraft and refurbished Engine B

was installed on another; the engines were not on either Plaintiffs’ Airplane or

Defendants’ Airplane. The engines were again removed and refurbished in 2011, and

both Engines A and B were installed on Plaintiffs’ Airplane in February 2012.

      On 4 November 2014, plaintiffs filed a complaint seeking a “declaratory

judgment pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-253, et seq., . . . granting them possession

of, control over, and marketable title to [Plaintiffs’ Airplane][.]” In the alternative,

plaintiffs sought “a declaration, pursuant to the Court’s equitable power to quiet title

to personal property, granting them possession of, control over, and marketable title

to [Plaintiffs’ Airplane].” Defendants filed an amended counterclaim on 20 May 2016

for conversion, trespass to chattel, and unjust enrichment, to which plaintiffs filed an

answer on 31 May 2016.



      4   We will refer to the engines as Engine A and Engine B for ease of reading.

                                                -5-
                            PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                   Opinion of the Court



      On or about 24 June 2016, plaintiffs moved for summary judgment, arguing

the court should enter a declaratory judgment that plaintiffs “are entitled to

possession and control of, and marketable title to [Plaintiffs’ Airplane], including all

engines presently affixed to the aircraft[,]” and should dismiss defendants’

counterclaims. Plaintiffs asserted there was no genuine issue of material fact and

that they are entitled to judgment as a matter of law both on their affirmative claim

and on defendants’ counterclaims.

      Defendants also moved for summary judgment on 24 June 2016 with an

incorporated memorandum. Defendants alleged there were no genuine issues of

material fact and requested that the court deny the relief sought by plaintiffs and

enter summary judgment for defendants on their claims for conversion, trespass to

chattel, and unjust enrichment, and that the court require plaintiffs to return the

engines to defendants. Defendants argued that they were the owners of Engines A

and B and that they had not transferred ownership rights to plaintiffs. A series of

responses and replies ensued.

      The trial court held a hearing on 2 September 2016 on the parties’ cross-

motions for summary judgment. Following the hearing, the trial court entered its

Order on Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment on 21 September 2016. In the order,

the court concluded:

                  1.   The parties agree, and there is no issue of fact,
             that the operative documents between parties and


                                          -6-
                            PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                   Opinion of the Court



             Avantair, Inc. are identical in substance.

                    2.    The language and terms of the Management
             & Dry Lease Exchange Agreement and the Aircraft
             Interest    Purchase     Agreement   (collectively,  the
             “Agreements”) is plain and unambiguous. The effect to be
             given unambiguous language in a contract is a question of
             law for the Court. . . .

                   3.     Based on the plain and unambiguous
             language of the Agreements, Plaintiff is entitled to
             Summary Judgment on its claim for declaratory judgment
             and Plaintiff is entitled to summary judgment as against
             Defendants’ counter-claims.

                   4.     Having concluded that the language of the
             Agreements is unambiguous, the Court need not consider
             extrinsic evidence of the parties’ intent offered by each
             party; however, even if the Court were to conclude the
             Agreements were ambiguous and therefore consider
             competent extrinsic evidence of the parties’ intent beyond
             the language of the Agreements, the Court concludes that
             the undisputed facts from such extrinsic evidence before
             the Court establishes that there is no genuine issue of
             material fact, and Plaintiffs would be entitled to Summary
             Judgment as a matter of law as to its claim for declaratory
             judgment and as against Defendants’ counter-claims.

(Citations omitted).

      The trial court granted plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment, denied

defendants’ motion for summary judgment, dismissed defendants’ counterclaims with

prejudice, and concluded that defendants “have no claim to the engines currently

attached to [Plaintiffs’ Airplane] and Plaintiffs are entitled to possession and control




                                          -7-
                            PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                  Opinion of the Court



of, and marketable title to, [Plaintiffs’ Airplane], including all engines presently

affixed to the aircraft.” Defendants timely appealed to this Court.

                                      Discussion

      On appeal, defendants contend that the trial court erred in granting plaintiffs’

motion for summary judgment and denying defendants’ summary judgment motion.

For the reasons that follow, we disagree.

      I.     Standard of Review

      Defendants have appealed from the trial court’s order granting summary

judgment for plaintiffs, so we review the trial court’s determination de novo:

                    The standard of review for an order of summary
             judgment is firmly established in this state. We review a
             trial court’s order granting or denying summary judgment
             de novo.      Summary judgment is appropriate if the
             pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and
             admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show
             that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and
             that any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.
             All facts asserted by the adverse party are taken as true,
             and their inferences must be viewed in the light most
             favorable to that party.

Variety Wholesalers, Inc. v. Salem Logistics Traffic Servs., LLC, 365 N.C. 520, 523,

723 S.E.2d 744, 747 (2012) (citations and quotation marks omitted).

      The issues here arise from interpretation of the various agreements entered

into by the parties with Avantair. All of the documents regarding the Avantair

Program designate Florida law as the governing law for interpretation of the



                                         -8-
                               PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                     Opinion of the Court



documents. For example, the MDLA includes this provision: “Governing Law and

Venue. The Program Documents shall be interpreted and governed by the laws of the

State of Florida, without regard to its conflict of laws principles.” Even though the

parties have not mentioned Florida law, under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8-4 (2017) we must

take judicial notice of Florida law and use Florida law to resolve any substantive

issues:

                 [T]he contracts expressly provided that “this contract shall
                be construed according to the laws of the Commonwealth
                of Virginia.” We, therefore, hold that the substantive
                issues in the present case are to be resolved under the law
                of Virginia, of which we are required to take judicial notice
                by G.S. 8-4. North Carolina law, however, governs the
                procedural matters.

Tanglewood Land Co. v. Wood, 40 N.C. App. 133, 137, 252 S.E.2d 546, 550 (1979)

(citation omitted). See also Arnold v. Charles Enterprises, 264 N.C. 92, 96, 141 S.E.2d

14, 17 (1965) (“Throughout, neither party has made any reference to the law of New

York or that of Virginia, yet we are required to take judicial notice of foreign law.

G.S. § 8-4.”). Florida’s rules of contract interpretation are essentially the same as

North Carolina’s, but since the controlling Avantair Program documents are entered

under and to be interpreted under Florida law, we will use Florida law.

          Just as in North Carolina, under Florida law, we consider questions of contract

interpretation de novo. SCG Harbourwood, LLC v. Hanyan, 93 So. 3d 1197, 1200




                                            -9-
                            PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                  Opinion of the Court



(Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2012) (“We may consider de novo whether contract terms are

unambiguous.”).

             Contract interpretation begins with a review of the plain
             language of the agreement because the contract language
             is the best evidence of the parties’ intent at the time of the
             execution of the contract. In construing the language of a
             contract, courts are to be mindful that “the goal is to arrive
             at a reasonable interpretation of the text of the entire
             agreement to accomplish its stated meaning and purpose.”

                    When the terms of a contract are ambiguous, parol
             evidence is admissible to explain, clarify or elucidate the
             ambiguous terms. However, a trial court should not admit
             parol evidence until it first determines that the terms of a
             contract are ambiguous. If parol evidence is properly
             admitted and the parties submit contradictory evidence
             regarding their intent, then the trial court’s factual
             findings regarding the parties’ intent are reviewed for
             competent, substantial evidence.

Taylor v. Taylor, 1 So. 3d 348, 350-51 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2009) (citations and

quotation marks omitted).

                   It is never the role of a trial court to rewrite a
             contract to make it more reasonable for one of the parties
             or to relieve a party from what turns out to be a bad
             bargain. A fundamental tenet of contract law is that
             parties are free to contract, even when one side negotiates
             a harsh bargain.

Barakat v. Broward Cnty. Hous. Auth., 771 So. 2d 1193, 1195 (Fla. Dis. Ct. App. 2000)

(citations omitted).


      II.    Language of the Subject Agreements: Plain and Unambiguous



                                         - 10 -
                            PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                  Opinion of the Court



      Defendants first argue that the language in the subject agreements was “not

unambiguous,” so the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because

extrinsic evidence must be used to show the intent of the parties and this presents a

jury question.

             An interpretation of a contract which gives a reasonable,
             lawful and effective meaning to all of the terms is preferred
             to an interpretation which leaves a part unreasonable,
             unlawful or of no effect. Furthermore, a contract’s
             language is ambiguous only if it is susceptible to more than
             one reasonable interpretation. A true ambiguity does not
             exist in a contract merely because the contract can possibly
             be interpreted in more than one manner. Indeed, fanciful,
             inconsistent, and absurd interpretations of plain language
             are always possible.

Nabbie v. Orlando Outlet Owner, LLC, 237 So. 3d 463, 466-67, 2018 Fla. App. LEXIS

2023, at *5-6 (Fla. Dis. Ct. App. 2018) (citations, quotation marks, and brackets

omitted).

      Extrinsic evidence may be considered only if the contract terms are ambiguous.

             Florida courts have consistently declined to allow the
             introduction of extrinsic evidence to construe such an
             ambiguity because to do so would allow a trial court to
             rewrite a contract with respect to a matter the parties
             clearly contemplated when they drew their agreement.
             The end result would be to give a trial court free reign to
             modify a contract by supplying information the contracting
             parties did not choose to include.

                    Indeed, the Supreme Court put it more bluntly in
             Hamilton Constr. Co. v. Bd. of Pub. Instruction of Dade
             Cty., 65 So.2d 729, 731 (Fla. 1953): The parties selected
             the language of the contract. Finding it to be clear and


                                         - 11 -
                            PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                  Opinion of the Court



             unambiguous, we have no right -- nor did the lower court -
             - to give it a meaning other than that expressed in it. To
             hold otherwise would be to do violence to the most
             fundamental principle of contracts.

Clayton v. Poggendorf, __ So. 3d __, __, 2018 WL 992316, at *4-5 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.

Feb. 21, 2018) (No. 4D17-488) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

      Defendants argue that the subject agreements are not “plain and

unambiguous” because the agreements “do not clearly and unambiguously state that

ownership of the subject engines is transferred upon affixation to another owners’

aircraft.” (All caps in original). Defendants argue that

             The plain reading of paragraph 7 allows the Manager (of
             the now defunct Avantair) to “upgrade, alter, or modify” to
             comply with FAA regulations, and provide for consistency
             among the Program aircraft. “At the owner’s expense,” at
             the very least, implies that the Manager would need to
             purchase “new” parts to replace the ones that needed to be
             replaced, or repair what needed to be repaired and the
             owner would be responsible for the cost of doing so, which
             would logically be . . . for the benefit of the owner. It does
             not provide Avantair with an authorization to “cannibalize”
             parts from one aircraft, and install them onto another
             aircraft and then call it theirs.

      We first note that defendants do not argue that the agreements are ambiguous,

but instead that they are “not plain and unambiguous.”           In addition, “[a] true

ambiguity does not exist in a contract merely because the contract can possibly be

interpreted in more than one manner. Indeed, fanciful, inconsistent, and absurd

interpretations of plain language are always possible.” Id. at 467, 2018 Fla. App.



                                         - 12 -
                            PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                   Opinion of the Court



LEXIS 2023 at *6 (citation, quotation marks, and brackets omitted). Defendant’s

double negative argument -- “not unambiguous” -- could be read as an argument that

the agreements are ambiguous, so we will address it on that basis.           But their

argument is only that the agreements do not “state” that engines can be removed

from one Avantair Program aircraft and installed on another. That is not so much

an ambiguity but a lack of specificity -- or omission of a term that could have been

included, but was not. Defendants focus on the phrase “at the Owner’s expense” and

interpret it to mean that new parts must always be purchased to replace old parts,

including engines. But we may “not read a single term or group of words in isolation.”

Am. K–9 Detection Servs., Inc. v. Cicero, 100 So. 3d 236, 238 (Fla. Dis. Ct. App. 2012).

Defendants’ interpretation of “at the Owner’s expense” is not convincing, particularly

since airplane maintenance involves much more than purchasing new parts. And

under the MDLA, owners must pay for all maintenance, upgrades, alterations, or

modifications. Defendants’ argument also ignores the other provisions of the MDLA

and the requirements of the FAA specifically referenced by the subject agreements.

We must consider the agreements as a whole.

      As noted above, the parties in the Avantair Program were subject to a variety

of agreements -- Ownership Agreements, Purchase Agreements, and the MDLA. The

Ownership Agreements “set forth [the Owners] understanding and agreement as to

Interests and the ownership of the Aircraft.”             The purpose of the Ownership



                                          - 13 -
                           PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                 Opinion of the Court



Agreements was to “set forth the agreement of the Owners regarding the

management of the Aircraft[.]” The parties were also subject to the MDLA, which

sets forth the terms for use of the Avantair Program aircraft and includes a section

entitled “Covenants, Representations and Warranties of Manager;” Avantair was the

Manager. The MDLA includes several relevant provisions regarding maintenance of

the Avantair Program aircraft:

            2. Maintenance.       Manager shall (i) maintain the
            airworthiness certification of the Aircraft in good standing,
            (ii) arrange for the inspection, maintenance, repair and
            overhaul of the Aircraft in accordance with maintenance
            programs and standards established by the manufacturer
            of the Aircraft and approved by the FAA, (iii) keep the
            Aircraft in good operating condition, and (iv) maintain the
            cosmetic appearance of the Aircraft in a similar condition,
            except for ordinary wear and tear, as when delivered to the
            Owner. Manager agrees to maintain the enrollment of the
            specified engines in an FAA approved engine program.

            ....

            7. Aircraft Modifications. Manager may, in its sole
            discretion, at Owner’s expense, upgrade, alter or modify
            the Aircraft to (i) comply with Manager’s interpretations of
            FAR; (ii) be consistent with industry standards, (iii) comply
            with, or otherwise permit the Aircraft to be operated under
            FAR Part 135, (iv) maintain the marketability of the
            Aircraft, or (v) provide for consistency in equipment,
            accessories or parts with respect to the Aircraft and any
            other program Aircraft.

            ....

            9. Compliance of Program with FARs. Manager shall be
            responsible for ensuring that the Program conforms to all


                                        - 14 -
                             PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                    Opinion of the Court



              applicable requirements of the FAR.

       Under these provisions, Avantair had to maintain all Avantair Program

aircraft in accord with the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) and specifically, to

operate the aircraft in compliance with FAR Part 135. FAR Part 135 is 14 CFR Part

135, entitled “OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: COMMUTER AND ON DEMAND

OPERATIONS AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH

AIRCRAFT.”       Defendants do not dispute that the FAR require routine engine

maintenance and after a certain number of flying hours, engines must be entirely

overhauled. Although the Avantair Program documents do not have a definition of

“maintenance,” they require compliance with the FAR (“Manager shall be responsible

for ensuring that the Program conforms to all applicable requirements of the FAR.”).

FAR Part 1 includes a definition of “maintenance:” “Maintenance means inspection,

overhaul, repair, preservation, and the replacement of parts, but excludes preventive

maintenance.”5     14 CFR 1.1 - General definitions.         Refurbishing an engine is

“maintenance” under this definition.

       On defendants’ argument that the agreements require, or at least that the

parties actually intended, that specific engines must remain on Defendants’ Airplane,

we note that the MDLA and Purchase Agreements for each airplane specifically

identified the aircrafts only by the make, model, and tail number. The Ownership


       5 “Preventive maintenance means simple or minor preservation operations and the
replacement of small standard parts not involving complex assembly operations.” 14 CFR 1.1.

                                           - 15 -
                             PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                   Opinion of the Court



Agreements identified each aircraft by make, model, and tail number “together with

engines, components, accessories, parts, equipment and documentation installed

thereon or attached thereto or otherwise pertaining thereto (collectively, “the

Aircraft”).” None of the agreements mention any specific serial numbers or other

identifying information for any engine or other component of Plaintiffs’ and

Defendants’ Airplanes.

      Defendants presented affidavits, including one from the Chief Operation

Officer of Avantair which states his understanding of the Avantair Program

documents. They argue that “the program documents did not allow for the transfer

of ownership of any aircraft component parts.” But because the documents are

unambiguous, the trial court correctly did not consider extrinsic evidence of how

various people interpreted the Avantair Program documents.

      Defendants additionally argue that Section VI, Paragraph 7 of the MDLA

regarding “Modifications” was not clear or unambiguous and that it did not include

the right to swap engines, as done in the Avantair Program. Paragraph 7 allowed

Avantair “in its sole discretion, [to] upgrade, alter or modify the Aircraft to (i) comply

with Manager’s interpretations of FAR; (ii) be consistent with industry standards,

(iii) comply with or otherwise permit the Aircraft to be operated under FAR Part 135.”

We must read this provision of the MDLA in conjunction with other provisions of the

agreement which required Avantair to “(i) maintain the airworthiness certification of



                                          - 16 -
                            PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                  Opinion of the Court



the Aircraft in good standing, (ii) arrange for the inspection, maintenance, repair and

overhaul of the Aircraft in accordance with maintenance programs and standards

established by the manufacturer of the Aircraft and approved by the FAA.”

Defendants do not dispute that the engines must be removed from an airplane when

they have depleted their allowed flying hours and the engines must be overhauled.

When engines are removed for maintenance, Avantair could either leave an airplane

with no engines or install other engines on the airplane so it could continue to be

used. And the MDLA contemplated that the Avantair Program aircraft would be

properly maintained and available for use; that was the purpose of the Avantair

Program.

      In addition, nothing in the MDLA or other Avantair Program documents

requires that a particular engine must stay on a particular aircraft. The engines

could have been identified by serial number in the Ownership Agreements, Purchase

Agreements, or MDLA, but they were not. The dispute here arose only because at

the moment of Avantair’s bankruptcy, Defendants’ Airplane had no engines.

Defendants purchased their fractional interests at different times, between the years

of 2004 and 2013, so different engines -- or even no engines -- were installed on

Defendants’ Airplane when some defendants actually acquired their interests in that

aircraft. If the parts actually installed on Defendants’ Airplane at the moment of

purchase were required to stay the same, the defendants who acquired a fractional



                                         - 17 -
                             PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                   Opinion of the Court



interest in Defendants’ Airplane when it had no engines at all would, by this logic,

not be entitled to re-installation of Engines A and B; they would be entitled only to

an airplane with no engines.

      Both parties cite In re Avantair, Inc., an unpublished decision of the Eleventh

Circuit Court of Appeals involving the same fractional-owner Avantair Program,

where the Eleventh Circuit affirmed an order of the Bankruptcy Court that

“concluded that the program documents unambiguously designed a fractional-

ownership program, with each shareholder necessarily owning a share of a specific

plane.” In re Avantair, Inc., 638 Fed. Appx. at 972, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 1758 at *5

(emphasis added). In In re Avantair, Inc., the proposed plan required that each

Avantair Program aircraft be sold and the proceeds distributed to each plane’s

fractional owners. Id. at 971-72, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 1758 at *2-4. As in this case,

some of the aircraft were operational and in good repair at the time of the bankruptcy,

while others were missing parts and of greatly reduced value. Id., 2016 U.S. App.

LEXIS 1758 at *3-4. Some of the owners whose planes were missing parts at the time

of the bankruptcy contended that all of the owners had an interest in all of the

Avantair Program aircraft, so all of the planes should be sold and the total proceeds

from all of the planes be distributed to all of the owners in accord with their fractional

interests. Id. This manner of distribution would increase the value distributed to

the owners whose planes lacked parts at the time of bankruptcy.         Id. at 972, 2016



                                          - 18 -
                            PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                  Opinion of the Court



U.S. App. LEXIS 1758 at *4. The bankruptcy court rejected this argument, finding

that the Avantair Program documents executed by the participant-owners -- exactly

the same documents as in this case -- “authorized Avantair to swap parts between

planes to maximize the efficiency of the program.” Id., 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 1758

at *5. The Eleventh Circuit affirmed and found no error with the Bankruptcy Court’s

conclusion that “[t]o the extent that Avantair failed to replace parts or maintain the

donor planes, . . . the owners of such planes have a claim against Avantair (or the

estate) for breaching its obligations to replace parts or maintain the donor planes but

. . . the authorized swapping of parts did not and could not commingle the

participants’ ownership interests.” Id.

      An unpublished opinion from the Eleventh Circuit has no precedential effect

even in the Eleventh Circuit, nor is it binding authority over this Court. See Eleventh

Circuit Rule 36-2, Unpublished Opinions (“Unpublished opinions are not considered

binding precedent, but they may be cited as persuasive authority.”); Enoch v. Inman,

164 N.C. App. 415, 420, 596 S.E.2d 361, 365 (2004)) (“[T]he North Carolina Supreme

Court has . . . held that North Carolina appellate courts are not bound, as to matters

of federal law, by decisions of federal courts other than the United States Supreme

Court.”). But In re Avantair, Inc. is helpful to our analysis. Defendants contend that

it differs from this case because it involved the limited issue of how to distribute

aircraft sale proceeds through bankruptcy, rather than the ownership of aircraft



                                          - 19 -
                            PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                  Opinion of the Court



parts. Although the ultimate issue was not identical, as defendants claim in their

brief on appeal, the Eleventh Circuit ultimately concluded that the subject Avantair

Program documents “unambiguously designed a fractional-ownership program, with

each shareholder necessarily owning a share of a specific plane.” In re Avantair, Inc.,

638 Fed. Appx. at 972, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 1758, at *5. And defendants further

concede “the Bankruptcy Court found that, under certain circumstances, the program

documents authorized Avantair to swap parts between planes to maximize the

efficiency of the program[.]” The Eleventh Circuit’s analysis of the Avantair Program

documents is in accord with ours. The trial court correctly determined that the

language and terms in the MDLA and Purchase Agreements “is plain and

unambiguous” and that based on the subject agreements, plaintiffs are “entitled to

Summary Judgment on [their] claim for declaratory judgment[.]”

      Defendants next contend that the trial court should not have granted plaintiffs’

summary judgment motion and denied defendants’ motion, and argue that the court

“also erred in determining that even if the language of the contract was ambiguous,

the extrinsic evidence established there was no genuine issue of fact, and that

Plaintiffs were entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” As we have concluded that

the trial court correctly determined that the contract was plain and unambiguous, we

need not address this argument.




                                         - 20 -
                             PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                  Opinion of the Court



      We hold that the trial court properly granted summary judgment for Plaintiffs

based on the plain and unambiguous terms of the Avantair Program documents.

      III.   Counterclaims

      Defendants argue that the trial court erred in dismissing their counterclaims

for conversion, trespass to chattels, and unjust enrichment. Although all these claims

have slightly different elements, all require some form of unlawful or unauthorized

taking of Engines A and B. Defendants argue that

             Avantair removed the original [Defendants’ Airplane]
             engines without authorization, and affixed them to
             [plaintiffs’] aircraft as the company began to become
             insolvent, presumably in order to save costs. The transfer
             of possession was not subject to a sale or any form of
             consideration through Avantair’s program documents.
             Those engines are the original component parts to the
             [Defendants’ Airplane] aircraft belonging to [defendants].

      Defendants also argue that “[a]s is the case with tires on an automobile, the

original [Defendants’ Airplane] engines did not become part of [Plaintiffs’ Airplane]

by virtue of their affixation thereto. In fact, aircraft engines can be quickly removed

and swapped, in order to avoid delay and prolonged grounding. They too are easily

identifiable and serialized, and can be removed without damaging the donee aircraft.”

Their argument focuses on “ownership” of the engines as opposed to the ownership of

the plane as a whole and contends that plaintiffs have done something wrongful or

unjust by keeping the engines that had been on Defendants’ Airplane.




                                         - 21 -
                                 PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                         Opinion of the Court



       According to defendants’ argument, defendants own every part of Defendants’

Airplane as it existed when it was originally acquired from the manufacturer by

Avantair -- engines, tires, seats, cup holders, and everything else -- and each and

every part that was on that plane must be returned to them because they own it. As

the Eleventh Circuit noted in Avantair, defendants “invite[ ] us to resolve this

variation on the Paradox of Theseus’s Ship by answering a resounding ‘yes’ to [the

question ‘is your airplane now my airplane after my airplane’s parts have been

installed on yours?’]”6 In re Avantair, Inc., 638 F. App’x at 971, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS

1758 at *2.       The Eleventh Circuit “decline[d the] invitation to drift into this

philosophical turbulence,” and so do we. Id. Whatever the answer to the Paradox of

Theseus’s Ship, the Avantair Program documents controlled the maintenance of the

Avantair Program aircraft, so defendants have not shown that plaintiffs did anything

unlawful, unauthorized, in bad faith, or inequitable by having the engines that had

been on Defendants’ Airplane at the moment Avantair was forced into bankruptcy.

Avantair was performing its job as Manager -- perhaps poorly, since it led to

bankruptcy -- in compliance with the Avantair Program documents by removing the




       6 The Paradox of Theseus’s Ship was first described by Greek historian Plutarch: “The ship
wherein Theseus and the youth of Athens returned from Crete had 30 oars, and was preserved by the
Athenians down even to the time of Demetrius Phalereus, for they took away the old planks as they
decayed, putting in new and stronger timber in their places, in so much that this ship became a
standing example among the philosophers, for the logical question of things that grow; one side holding
that the ship remained the same, and the other contending that it was not the same.” Plutarch,
Theseus, as translated by John Dryden.

                                                - 22 -
                           PRESS V. AGC AVIATION, LLC

                                 Opinion of the Court



engines from Defendants’ Airplane for maintenance and by later installing them on

Plaintiffs’ Airplane. When bankruptcy was filed, the music stopped in Avantair’s

game of musical chairs -- or musical engines -- and defendants ended up without a

chair. Defendants have not shown that plaintiffs acted in any way not authorized by

the Avantair Program documents, so their counterclaims for conversion, trespass to

chattels, and unjust enrichment must fail. The trial court did not err by denying

defendants’ motion for summary judgment and dismissing their counterclaims.

                                    Conclusion

      We affirm the trial court’s order granting summary judgment for plaintiffs and

denying defendants’ request for summary judgment.

      AFFIRMED.

      Judges BRYANT and CALABRIA concur.




                                        - 23 -
