                                                                                                Filed
                                                                                          Washington State
                                                                                          Court of Appeals
                                                                                           Division Two

                                                                                           October 9, 2018




       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                          DIVISION II
    STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                             No. 50075-2-II

                                 Respondent,                   UNPUBLISHED OPINION

           v.

    TAMMY RUSH,

                                 Appellant.

          BJORGEN, J. — A jury returned verdicts finding Tammy Rush guilty of two counts of

unlawful possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver, one count of unlawful

possession of a controlled substance, and one count of bail jumping. Rush appeals from her

conviction of unlawful possession of a controlled substance and from one of her two convictions

of unlawful possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver, asserting that the trial

court’s exclusion of certain testimony from her husband, Keith Rush,1 violated her due process

right to raise the defense of entrapment by estoppel. In her statement of additional grounds for

review (SAG), Rush contends that (1) the trial court violated her due process and confrontation




1
    We refer to Keith Rush by his first name for clarity. We intend no disrespect.
No. 50075-2-II


rights by prohibiting Keith from testifying at trial, and (2) the State failed to present sufficient

evidence in support of her convictions of unlawful possession of a controlled substance and

unlawful possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver. We affirm.

                                               FACTS

         On January 30, 2015, Clark County Sheriff’s officers went to the Rushes’ residence in

Vancouver to execute a search warrant. Officers saw the Rushes in a vehicle near the residence

and conducted a stop of the vehicle. Officers found a barrel key in Rush’s purse, which officers

used to unlock a storage container in the Rushes’ garage. Inside the container, officers found

cocaine, a digital scale, and packaging material. Officers also found a box in the rafters of the

Rushes’ garage that contained 995.9 grams of methamphetamine. Officers seized the evidence

described above but did not arrest either of the Rushes on that date.

         On March 30, 2016, officers again executed a search warrant at the Rushes’ residence.

Officers stopped Rush while she was driving a vehicle near the residence. After being advised of

her Miranda2 rights, Rush agreed to speak with Detective Kenny Lutz. Rush told Lutz that she

had approximately one pound of methamphetamine in a backpack in her vehicle. Rush

consented to a search of her vehicle, and officers found methamphetamine and cash in the

backpack. Rush also told Lutz that she purchases a kilogram of methamphetamine from her

suppliers every other day for $9,000 and that multiple people owed her debts for

methamphetamine that she had supplied to them. During a search of the Rushes’ residence,

officers found a digital scale, mail addressed to Rush, approximately $13,000 contained inside a

paper towel dispenser, and a money counter.




2
    Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).
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No. 50075-2-II


        On April 1, 2016, the State charged Rush with unlawful possession of a controlled

substance with intent to deliver (methamphetamine) and unlawful possession of a controlled

substance (cocaine) based on the January 30, 2015 search of her person and residence. The State

also charged Rush with a second count of unlawful possession of a controlled substance with

intent to deliver (methamphetamine) based on the March 30, 2016 search of her vehicle and

residence. On September 6, the State filed an amended information adding one count of bail

jumping.

        At an October 11 motion hearing, Rush testified during an offer of proof that she had told

Keith that it was “weird” that they were not arrested after the January 30, 2015 search of their

residence. Report of Proceedings (RP) at 542-43. Rush stated that Keith had told her that they

were not arrested because he was working with police in Oregon.

        At trial, witnesses testified consistently with the facts as stated above. After the State

rested its case in chief, the defense stated its intent to call Keith to testify and presented an offer

of proof as to Keith’s expected testimony. In the offer of proof, Keith described his cooperation

agreement with Multnomah County to reduce his sentence for drug-related charges in Oregon in

exchange for his assistance to Oregon law enforcement officers in setting up suspected drug

traffickers. Keith stated that the cooperation agreement did not mention Rush or activities

occurring in Clark County, Washington. Keith stated that Clark County Sheriff’s Detective

Chris Luque decided not to arrest him and Rush after learning about the cooperation agreement.

Keith further stated that his Oregon contact person, Officer J.D. McGuire, told him that he spoke

with Luque and that he and Rush would not be charged for the January 2015 incident.




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No. 50075-2-II


       Following the offer of proof, the trial court ruled that Keith could not testify regarding his

cooperation agreement with Multnomah County, reasoning:

       [T]he unrebutted testimony is that [Rush] didn’t act with th[e] understanding [that
       her actions were immunized]. She didn’t act at all. Her testimony is—or at least
       Mr. Rush’s testimony is she didn’t know what was going on. She didn’t know the
       stuff was there. She didn’t know that he was acting as an informant until months
       later. She didn’t know that this guy was coming over to put the stuff in there in
       exchange for taking money out. She didn’t know any of that.
                So even if this agreement exists and even if it was legal, it couldn’t possibly
       have anything to do with her actions because she wasn’t aware of it.
                What she actually has, if she has any defense at all, is a defense based on, I
       guess, unwitting possession or the fact that she found an accomplice. That she
       might be in proximity to illegal activity and know the person who’s committing it,
       but, in fact, that she wasn’t an accomplice, as that term is used in the law.
                So if she wants to present Mr. Rush’s testimony on that point, she’s
       permitted to do so. If you want to call him to testify that he did all this stuff himself,
       she didn’t know what was going on, she didn’t have anything to do with it, that
       testimony’s admissible.
                But he is not permitted to testify that he was legally justified in doing it,
       because there isn’t any basis for that, and he can’t testify that someone subsequently
       immunized her conduct, because he’s not permitted to testify to that either. The
       evidence would have to come from people who have the authority to immunize her,
       not from him.
       ....
                If he wants to testify on January 30th when they drove off, there wasn’t any
       methamphetamine in the house, that he’d arranged for some guy to bring it in
       afterwards and put it in a lockbox and take some money and that she didn’t know
       any of that was going on, if that’s his testimony, then he can testify to it.

RP at 359-61. After the trial court ruled on the admissibility of certain portions of Keith’s

proposed testimony, Keith exercised his Fifth Amendment right not to testify at Rush’s trial.

       The jury returned verdicts finding Rush guilty of two counts of unlawful possession of a

controlled substance with intent to deliver, unlawful possession of a controlled substance, and

bail jumping. The jury also returned special verdicts finding that she committed the two counts

of unlawful possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver within 1,000 feet of a




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No. 50075-2-II


school bus stop. Rush appeals.

                                           ANALYSIS

                                 I. RIGHT TO PRESENT A DEFENSE

       Rush contends that the trial court violated her right to present the defense of entrapment

by estoppel by prohibiting Keith from testifying about his cooperation agreement with Oregon

police.3 Because Keith’s proposed testimony was not relevant to establish the defense of

entrapment by estoppel, we disagree.

       When reviewing whether a trial court’s ruling excluding evidence violated a defendant’s

right to present a defense, we first review the trial court’s relevancy determination for an abuse

of discretion. State v. Horn, 3 Wn. App. 2d 302, 310-11, 415 P.3d 1225 (2018); see State v.

Blair, 3 Wn. App. 2d 343, 350, 415 P.3d 1232 (2018). A criminal defendant does not have a due

process right to present irrelevant evidence. State v. Jones, 168 Wn.2d 713, 720, 230 P.3d 576

(2010). “If the court excluded relevant defense evidence, we [then] determine as a matter of law

whether the exclusion violated the constitutional right to present a defense.” State v. Clark, 187

Wn.2d 641, 648-49, 389 P.3d 462 (2017).

       Although ignorance of the law is not a valid defense to a criminal charge, “‘there exists a

narrowly limited class of cases where misleading governmental activity constitutes a good

defense to a criminal charge.’” State v. Locati, 111 Wn. App. 222, 227, 43 P.3d 1288 (2002)

(quoting United States v. Lansing, 424 F.2d 225, 227 (9th Cir. 1970)). “Such a defense may rest

on a diversity of theories, such as entrapment, or ‘on more general principles of due process and



3
  Rush raises this issue only with regard to her convictions of unlawful possession of a controlled
substance and unlawful possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver stemming
from the January 30, 2015 incident. She does not appeal her bail jumping conviction or unlawful
possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver conviction stemming from the March
30, 2016 incident.
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No. 50075-2-II


estoppel.’” Locati, 111 Wn. App. at 227 (quoting Lansing, 424 F.2d at 227). Entrapment by

estoppel is an affirmative defense that “may only be raised where a governmental official or

agent has actively assured the defendant that certain conduct is reasonable, and the defendant

reasonably relies on that advice and continues or initiates the conduct.” State v. Krzeszowski,

106 Wn. App. 638, 646, 24 P.3d 485 (2001) (citing United States v. Trevino-Martinez, 86 F.3d

65, 69 (5th Cir. 1996)).

       Keith stated during an offer of proof that his cooperation agreement did not mention Rush

or explicitly authorize any criminal activities in Washington State. Rush stated during an offer

of proof that she was unaware of the cooperation agreement between Keith and Oregon law

enforcement officials prior to January 30, 2015. Because Rush was not aware of the cooperation

agreement prior to engaging in criminal conduct on January 30, 2015, and because Keith’s

testimony during the offer of proof did not otherwise tend to show that Rush engaged in such

criminal conduct in reliance on any assurance from a governmental official, the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in determining that Keith’s proffered testimony was not relevant to the

defense of entrapment by estoppel.

       Despite the uncontroverted testimony that Rush was not aware of Keith’s cooperation

agreement and that she was not a party to the cooperation agreement, Rush argues that Detective

Luque’s decision not to arrest her on January 30, 2015 ratified Officer J.D. McGuire’s

assurances to Keith that Rush would not be prosecuted for her conduct on that date. Even

assuming that Keith’s statements regarding McGuire’s assurance would be admissible at trial, it

cannot support a defense of entrapment by estoppel because such purported assurance took place

after Rush had already engaged in the criminal activity. Thus, Rush could not have acted upon




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No. 50075-2-II


such assurance when committing her January 30, 2015 offenses. Accordingly, we affirm the trial

court’s ruling excluding Keith’s proffered testimony about his cooperation agreement.

                                              II. SAG

A.     Right to Present a Defense/Confrontation Right

       In her SAG, Rush first contends that the trial court violated her due process right to

present a defense and her confrontation right by prohibiting Keith from testifying that she was

unaware that he had arranged for someone to come to their home and leave the large quantity of

methamphetamine later found by police on January 30, 2015. This argument fails because the

trial court did not exclude this testimony. Rather, the trial court excluded only testimony

regarding Keith’s cooperation agreement with Oregon law enforcement officials. In so ruling,

the trial court explicitly stated that Keith would be permitted to testify about Rush’s lack of

knowledge regarding the methamphetamine found at their home. Keith, however, elected to

exercise his Fifth Amendment right to not testify at Rush’s trial. Accordingly, Rush’s contention

on this issue lacks merit.

B.     Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Finally, Rush contends that the State failed to present sufficient evidence in support of

her unlawful possession of a controlled substance conviction and the first of her two convictions

of unlawful possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver. We disagree.

       Evidence is sufficient to support a guilty verdict if any rational trier of fact, viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the State, could find the elements of the charged crime

beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Longshore, 141 Wn.2d 414, 420-21, 5 P.3d 1256 (2000).

“In claiming insufficient evidence, the defendant necessarily admits the truth of the State’s




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No. 50075-2-II


evidence and all reasonable inferences that can be drawn from it.” State v. Homan, 181 Wn.2d

102, 106, 330 P.3d 182 (2014), on remand, 191 Wn. App. 759 (2015), as corrected February 11,

2016. We defer to the jury on issues of conflicting testimony, credibility of witnesses, and the

persuasiveness of the evidence. State v. Andy, 182 Wn.2d 294, 303, 340 P.3d 840 (2014).

       To convict Rush of unlawful possession of a controlled substance, the State had to prove

beyond a reasonable doubt that she (1) possessed (2) a controlled substance. Former RCW

69.50.4013 (2015). To convict Rush of unlawful possession of a controlled substance with intent

to deliver, the State had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that she (1) possessed (2) a

controlled substance (3) with intent to deliver the controlled substance. RCW 69.50.401.

       Possession of a controlled substance may be actual or constructive. State v. Ibarra-

Cisneros, 172 Wn.2d 880, 897, 263 P.3d 591 (2011). Actual possession occurs when a

defendant has physical custody of the item, and constructive possession occurs if the defendant

has dominion and control over the item. State v. Jones, 146 Wn.2d 328, 333, 45 P.3d 1062

(2002). Dominion and control can be over “either the drugs or the premises on which the drugs

were found.” State v. Callahan, 77 Wn.2d 27, 30-31, 459 P.2d 400 (1969). Mere possession of

a controlled substance is insufficient to prove an intent to deliver. State v. Reichert, 158 Wn.

App. 374, 391, 242 P.3d 44 (2010). Rather, the State must prove possession and at least one

additional factor that indicates the defendant’s intent to deliver, which may include substantial

amounts of cash, scales, cell phones, address books, baggies, or materials used to manufacture

narcotics. State v. Goodman, 150 Wn.2d 774, 783, 83 P.3d 410 (2004).

       Rush does not challenge the evidence in support of the jury finding that the substances




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No. 50075-2-II


found in the garage were controlled substances, instead appearing to challenge only the evidence

in support of the jury finding that she possessed the cocaine and methamphetamine on January

30, 2015 with intent to deliver. Specifically, Rush argues that the State’s evidence was

insufficient to support her convictions because Keith admitted in an offer of proof that she had

no knowledge of the drugs found in their home. This argument, however, misapprehends the test

for determining whether sufficient evidence supports a conviction. First, Keith’s testimony at

the offer of proof was not presented to the jury and bears no relation to the evidence supporting

Rush’s conviction. Second, even if Keith’s testimony were presented to the jury, it would

concern only the persuasiveness of evidence and issues of witness credibility, which we do not

evaluate on review.

       Detective Lutz testified that Rush admitted to living in both the residence and the garage

associated with the residence where officers found methamphetamine and cocaine. Additionally,

during the January 30, 2015 stop of her vehicle, officers found a barrel key in Rush’s purse that

opened a locked cabinet in the garage that contained the cocaine. This evidence, when viewed in

a light most favorable to the State, was sufficient to prove that Rush had dominion and control

over the premises where the cocaine and methamphetamine were found on January 30, 2015.

Accordingly, the State presented sufficient evidence that Rush constructively possessed cocaine

and methamphetamine on January 30, 2015.

       The evidence was also sufficient to prove that Rush possessed the methamphetamine

with intent to deliver. In addition to the large quantity of methamphetamine found by officers,

officers found several items in the garage on January 30, 2015 associated with drug delivery,

including a digital scale and packaging material. Moreover, Detective Lutz testified that




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No. 50075-2-II


following Rush’s arrest in 2016, Rush told him that she purchases a kilogram of

methamphetamine from her suppliers every other day for $9,000 and that multiple people owed

her debts for methamphetamine that she had supplied to them. In light of the evidence described

above, Rush’s challenge to the sufficiency of evidence supporting her convictions lacks merit.

Accordingly, we affirm.

        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

2.06.040, it is so ordered.



                                                      Bjorgen, J.
 We concur:



 Lee, A.C.J.




 Melnick, J.




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