                          UNITED STATES, Appellee

                                         v.

   Matthew C. KUEMMERLE, Aviation Boatswain’s Mate Third Class
                       U.S. Navy, Appellant

                                  No. 08-0448

                        Crim. App. No. 200700899

       United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces

                        Argued November 18, 2008

                         Decided January 8, 2009

BAKER, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which EFFRON,
C.J., and ERDMANN and RYAN, JJ., joined. STUCKY, J., filed a
separate dissenting opinion.


                                     Counsel

For Appellant:    Lieutenant Gregory W. Manz, JAGC, USN (argued).

For Appellee: Lieutenant Duke J. Kim, JAGC, USN (argued); Brian
K. Keller, Esq. (on brief); Commander Paul C. LeBlanc, JAGC,
USN, Lieutenant Derek D. Butler, JAGC, USN, and Lieutenant
Timothy H. Delgado, JAGC, USN.


Military Judge:    R. C. Klant




            THIS OPINION IS SUBJECT TO REVISION BEFORE FINAL PUBLICATION.
United States v. Kuemmerle, No. 08-0448/NA


     Judge BAKER delivered the opinion of the Court.

     A military judge sitting as a general court-martial

convicted Appellant, pursuant to his pleas, of one specification

of carnal knowledge in violation of Article 120, Uniform Code of

Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 920 (2000); one

specification of receiving child pornography in violation of

Article 134, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 934 (2000); and one specification

of distributing child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. §

2252A(a)(2)(A) (2000), as incorporated into the UCMJ under

Article 134, clause 3, UCMJ.   The adjudged and approved sentence

included a dishonorable discharge, confinement for seven years,

and reduction to E-1.   The convening authority suspended

confinement in excess of forty-eight months for a period of six

years from the date of the convening authority’s action in

accordance with the pretrial agreement.   The United States Navy-

Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed.     United States

v. Kuemmerle, No. NMCCA 200700899 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. Jan. 21,

2008).   We granted review of the following issue:

     WHETHER THE COURT-MARTIAL HAD JURISDICTION OVER THE
     OFFENSE OF DISTRIBUTING AN IMAGE OF CHILD PORNOGRAPHY
     WHERE APPELLANT POSTED THE IMAGE ON THE INTERNET PRIOR
     TO ENTERING ACTIVE DUTY AND HE TOOK NO FURTHER STEPS
     TO DISTRIBUTE THE IMAGE AFTER IT WAS INITIALLY POSTED.

We hold that the court-martial had jurisdiction over the offense

charged and affirm.




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                            BACKGROUND

     Appellant enlisted in the United States Navy on June 21,

2001, and entered active duty on the same date.   He reenlisted

on June 20, 2005.   On or before September 7, 2000, and prior to

joining the Navy, Appellant posted a sexually explicit image of

a child to his Yahoo! profile.1   Other Internet users could

access the image on Appellant’s profile.   Indeed, one purpose of

the Yahoo! profile is to allow users to publicly post

information on their profile page.    While on active duty,

Appellant accessed his Yahoo! e-mail account, but did not update

or make any modifications to his profile or the image posted on

his profile.

     In October 2005, the United States Attorney’s Office for

the District of New Jersey, along with Immigration and Customs

Enforcement (ICE), conducted an investigation into a purported

child pornography website called “Illegal CP.”    A warrant search

of the website’s server revealed that Appellant paid for a

membership and maintained a log-in name to access the website.

ICE collected Appellant’s Yahoo! e-mail address as a result of

this search.   The Naval Criminal Investigative Service became

1
  A Yahoo! “public profile is a page with information about [the
user] that other Yahoo! members can view. [The user’s] profile
allows [the user] to publicly post information about [himself]
that [he] want[s] to share with the world.” Yahoo! Member
Directory -- What is a public profile?,
http://help.yahoo.com/l/us/yahoo/members/basics/md-06.html (last
visited Dec. 3, 2008).

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involved in the ICE investigation in July 2006.   On August 10,

2006, ICE Special Agent Aaron Meeks, who knew Appellant

maintained a Yahoo! account, accessed Appellant’s Yahoo! profile

and viewed the image that Appellant had previously posted to

this profile.   SA Meeks printed a hard copy of the image

indicating the date of access.   The stipulation of fact

indicates that Appellant had accessed his Yahoo! e-mail account

a few days prior to SA Meeks’s discovery of the image.

Appellant did not attempt to remove the image from his profile

until June 28, 2007.

     Appellant was subsequently charged with distributing child

pornography under the Child Pornography Prevention Act (CPPA),

18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2)(A) (2000), as incorporated as a UCMJ

violation by clause 3 of Article 134, UCMJ.   Specifically,

specification 3 charged Appellant with distribution on or about

August 10, 2006.   After agreeing to a pretrial agreement,

Appellant filed a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction,

claiming that any distribution offense that occurred was

complete prior to Appellant joining the Navy.   After hearing

argument by the defense counsel, the military judge denied the

motion, “finding that the charged offense does not implicate any

act conducted by the accused before he entered onto active duty

. . .”




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     During the plea colloquy with Appellant, the military judge

defined “distribute” as follows:

     Distribute means to deliver to the possession of
     another. Deliver means the actual, constructive or
     attempted transfer of an item. While transfer of
     child pornography may have been made or attempted in
     exchange for money or other property or promise of
     payment, proof of a commercial transaction is not
     required.

While the military judge did not specifically identify from what

source he drew this definition, it mirrors the definition used

in the Manual for Courts-Martial for drug offenses.   See Manual

for Courts-Martial, United States pt. IV, para. 37.c(3) (2005

ed.) (MCM).   Neither party objected to the military judge’s

definition of distribute when given to Appellant.

     On appeal, Appellant contends that the alleged offense of

distributing child pornography is not subject to court-martial

jurisdiction because the act of distribution was complete when

he posted the image on his Yahoo! profile in September 2000 and,

as both parties agree, the image was posted before he entered

military service.   The Government argues that Appellant engaged

in a continuing act of distribution by maintaining the profile

while on active duty, and thus jurisdiction exists.

                             ANALYSIS

     Article 2, UCMJ, delimits those persons subject to court-

martial jurisdiction, permitting jurisdiction over, inter alia,

“[m]embers of a regular component of the armed forces . . .”


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Article 2(a)(1), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 802(a)(1) (2000).     The

Supreme Court has further delimited court-martial jurisdiction

based on the time of offense.    Thus, courts-martial may only

exercise jurisdiction over a servicemember “who was a member of

the Armed Services at the time of the offense charged.”    Solorio

v. United States, 483 U.S. 435, 451 (1987).

     This Court reviews questions of jurisdiction de novo.

United States v. Harmon, 63 M.J. 98, 101 (C.A.A.F. 2006).

Whether jurisdiction existed over the alleged offense depends on

when the offense of “distribution” occurs.    The parties agree,

as do we, that this, in turn, depends on the meaning of

“distribute” for the purposes of the CPPA.    However, we do not

agree with the manner in which the parties have cast the

question.   The real question is whether Appellant committed an

offense of distribution on August 10, 2006, and if so, whether

the military had jurisdiction over the charged offense.

     The CPPA punishes:

     (a)    Any person who --

            . . . .

            (2)   knowingly receives or distributes --

                  (A) any child pornography that has been
                  mailed, or . . . shipped or transported in
                  or affecting interstate or foreign commerce
                  by any means, including by computer . . . .




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18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2)(A).   However, the statute does not

define “distribute.”   See id.   In the absence of a statutory

definition, we consider three sources:   (1) the plain meaning of

the term distribute; (2) the manner in which Article III courts

have interpreted the term; and (3) guidance, if any, the UCMJ

may provide through reference to parallel provisions of law.

See Lopez v. Gonzales, 127 S. Ct. 625, 630 (2006) (in the

absence of a statutory definition of a particular term, courts

look “to regular usage to see what Congress probably meant”);

Leocal v. Ashcroft, 543 U.S. 1, 9 (2004) (“When interpreting a

statute, we must give words their ‘ordinary or natural’

meaning.”) (citation omitted); United States v. McCollum, 58

M.J. 323, 340 (C.A.A.F. 2003) (“[W]ords should be given their

common and approved usage.”) (citation and quotation marks

omitted).   Toward this end, Appellant urges this Court to adopt

the definition of “distribute” found in the Federal Sentencing

Guidelines.2   The Government urges the Court to define


2
  The Sentencing Guidelines for the offense of sexual
exploitation of a minor state that:

     “Distribution” means any act, including possession
     with intent to distribute, production, advertisement,
     and transportation, related to the transfer of
     material involving the sexual exploitation of a minor.
     Accordingly, distribution includes posting material
     involving the sexual exploitation of a minor on a
     website for public viewing but does not include the
     mere solicitation of such material by a defendant.



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distribution as a continuous action based on the continuing

nature of the Internet posting in this case.        We begin instead

with observations regarding how the term is defined elsewhere.

     Black’s Law Dictionary defines “distribute” as “1.          To

apportion; to divide among several.      2.   To arrange by class or

order.   3.   To deliver.    4.   To spread out; to disperse.”

Black’s Law Dictionary 508 (8th ed. 2004) (emphasis added).

Merriam-Webster provides the following definition:        “to divide

among several or many:      deal out . . . to give out or deliver

especially to the members of a group.”        Webster’s Third New

International Dictionary Unabridged (2002), available at

http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (last visited Dec. 4,

2008).   As an example in common usage, distribute means “[to

distribute] magazines to subscribers.”        Id.   The definition used

by the military judge comports with these dictionary definitions

because the plain usage shows that delivery can complete a

distribution offense.

     This usage of the term is consistent with the manner in

which Article III federal courts have interpreted “distribution”

in the context of the CPPA.       In United States v. Shaffer, for

example, the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth

Circuit concluded that the appellant distributed child

pornography because he “delivered, transferred, dispersed, or


U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2G2.2 cmt. n.1 (2008).

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dispensed” the image to others using a file-sharing program.

472 F.3d 1219, 1223 (10th Cir. 2007) (quotation marks omitted).

Other courts, interpreting the term “distribute” as it applies

to sentence enhancements, have relied on Shaffer to define

distribute:   United States v. Geiner, 498 F.3d 1104, 1109-10

(10th Cir. 2007) (finding that a transaction constitutes any act

of conducting business or any action involving two or more

persons, and “distribution” under the CPPA is a subset of such a

transaction); United States v. Carani, 492 F.3d 867, 875-76 (7th

Cir. 2007) (finding that the defendant distributed child

pornography when he posted videos on a file-sharing program and

knew that other users were downloading these videos from his

shared folder); United States v. Griffin, 482 F.3d 1008, 1012

(8th Cir. 2007) (finding that the defendant distributed child

pornography when he made files available for others to search

and download on a file-sharing program); United States v. McVey,

476 F. Supp. 2d 560, 563 (E.D. Va. 2007) (holding that the

defendant committed the offense of distribution because he “knew

that his file-sharing software allowed others to obtain child

pornography from his computer”).       The parties have not

identified any contrary holdings.3


3
  In his brief, Appellant cites three cases to suggest that
uploading and posting an image could complete the offense of
distributing child pornography. United States v. Gross, 437
F.3d 691 (7th Cir. 2006); United States v. Griffith, 344 F.3d

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     The plain meaning of “distribute” and decisions by federal

courts interpreting the term under the CPPA are also consistent

with the definition of distribute used in the MCM for drug

offenses.   The explanation to the MCM defines distribute as “to

deliver to the possession of another[,]” albeit in the context

of the wrongful distribution of a controlled substance.   MCM pt.

IV, para. 37.c(3).    While this definition was not intended to be

used to inform interpretation of a civilian statute, and is not

authoritative in that regard, it is noteworthy that the

definition used by the military judge and by other federal

courts is consistent with the manner in which the term

“distribution” is used in the UCMJ to connote in effect both

“offer” and “delivery.”

     Based on the foregoing, we conclude that distribution of

child pornography through the Internet under the CPPA, as

factually presented in this case, consisted of two acts -- (1)

the posting of the image, whereby the image left the possession

of the original user, and (2) delivery of the image, whereby

another user accessed and viewed the image.

     Here, Appellant posted a pornographic image of a child to

his Yahoo! profile.   A Yahoo! profile operates as a so-called


714 (7th Cir. 2003); United States v. Bassignani, No. CR 06-0657
SI, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 65648, 2007 WL 2406868 (N.D. Cal. Aug.
20, 2007). However, regardless of whether posting an image can
constitute “distribution,” we must only decide today whether
Appellant distributed child pornography on August 10, 2006.

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“public bulletin board” such that all Internet users can access

information posted by the profile’s owner.   Appellant thus

posted the image for other users to view on his profile and did

so before entering on active duty.   Significantly, however,

Appellant stipulated that he accessed his Yahoo! account while

on active duty.   He also stipulated that he had the ability to

access the profile while on active duty, including the capacity

to remove the image of child pornography.    Indeed, after he was

already charged, Appellant took steps to remove the image on

June 28, 2007, the same day on which he was convicted.   By

implication, Appellant made an affirmative decision while on

active duty to keep the image posted on his profile.   Thus,

whether or not a civilian criminal offense may have occurred

sometime in September 2000, when Appellant initially posted the

image, an offense occurred under the UCMJ on August 10, 2006.

On this date, at a time when Appellant maintained control over

the content on his profile, SA Meeks accessed and viewed the

sexually explicit image of a child that Appellant had posted

there for others to view.   This access constituted delivery of

the image under the CPPA on August 10, 2006.

     As a result, the court-martial had jurisdiction over the

offense of distribution on August 10, 2006, a date on which all




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parties agree Appellant was on active duty and subject to the

UCMJ.4

                            DECISION

     The decision of the United States Navy-Marine Corps Court

of Criminal Appeals is affirmed.




4
  We do not and need not accept the Government’s invitation to
also decide whether Appellant could have or may have committed
other military or civilian offenses on a continuing basis or any
other specific date between September 7, 2000, and August 10,
2006.

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       STUCKY, Judge (dissenting):

       Believing that, under these facts, the court-martial did

not have jurisdiction, I respectfully dissent.

       It is very important that the facts of this case, and its

legal posture, be set out before an analysis of the situation is

essayed.    Appellant enlisted in the United States Navy on June

21, 2001, reenlisted without a break in service in June of 2005,

and was on active duty in the Navy in August of 2006.    In 2000,

prior to enlisting in the Navy, he had posted a single image of

child pornography on his Yahoo! profile.     He last updated that

profile on September 7, 2000, before entering the Navy.

Thereafter, although he received e-mail at his Yahoo! e-mail

account, he took no action with regard to the profile until June

28, 2007, immediately before his court-martial, when he took

steps to have the image removed.

       The specification at issue set out a crime and offense not

capital under clause 3 of Article 134, Uniform Code of Military

Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 934 (2000), viz., distribution of

the image in question on or about August 10, 2006, in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2)(A) (2000), part of the Child

Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 (CPPA).    In the Care1




1
    United States v. Care, 18 C.M.A. 535, 40 C.M.R. 247 (1969).
United States v. Kuemmerle, No. 08-0448/NA


inquiry, Appellant explicitly refused to admit that the conduct

in question was contrary to good order and discipline or

service discrediting.   The military judge did not pursue the

matter.   It is therefore solely as a clause 3 offense that it

must be analyzed.

     To be subject to court-martial jurisdiction, an accused

must be a member of the armed forces or a civilian who falls

into one of the very narrow categories set out in the UCMJ.

Article 2(a), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 802(a) (2000); William Winthrop,

Military Law and Precedents 105 (2d ed., Government Printing

Office 1920) (1895); United States v. King, 11 C.M.A. 19, 27, 28

C.M.R. 243, 251 (1959).   Appellant was neither when he posted

the image to his profile.   He pled guilty to a single

distribution of the image in question on August 10, 2006, a date

on which he was a member of the United States Navy on active

duty and therefore subject to court-martial jurisdiction.

     The term “distribution” is not defined in the CPPA.    In the

context of the statute, it has generally been interpreted in its

ordinary sense, i.e., “to dispense” or “to deliver.”     United

States v. Probel, 214 F.3d 1285, 1288 (11th Cir. 2000); United

States v. Horn, 187 F.3d 781, 791 (8th Cir. 1999); United States

v. Hibbler, 159 F.3d 233, 237 (6th Cir. 1998) (citing United




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States v. Canada, 110 F.3d 260, 263 (5th Cir. 1997)).2         It would

seem that delivery of the image in question was effected when

Appellant placed it on his Yahoo! profile.      Thereafter, it was

available to anyone who chose to look at the profile.      Appellant

does not deny that this action constituted “distribution” within

the meaning of the statute.

     The question is thus whether Appellant’s action prior to

entering on active duty somehow carried over to August 10, 2006,

the date on which the NCIS agent discovered the image.         The

stipulation of fact entered into at trial stated that Appellant

had not updated the Yahoo! profile since September 7, 2000,

before entering on active duty.       The only “action” that

Appellant took after becoming subject to court-martial was the

purely negative one of leaving the image undisturbed.      I can

find no support in the case law -- and the Government cites none

-- for the proposition that simply posting an image and then

taking no other action constitutes “distribution” six years

later when someone happens upon the image.      The numerous cases

dealing with peer-to-peer networks, e.g., United States v. Ober,

66 M.J. 393 (C.A.A.F. 2008), and United States v. Shaffer, 472

F.3d 1219 (10th Cir. 2007), are inapposite, because those


2
  Technically, these cases deal with the definition of the term
as a sentence enhancer for CPPA offenses in the Federal
Sentencing Guidelines. However, for these purposes the two may
be considered identical.

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networks require continued positive actions (turning on one’s

computer and the file-sharing program) every time the person

wishes to engage in file-sharing.     By contrast, posting a

picture on the Internet requires no continued action; the

picture is there, available to anyone who cares to look without

further action by the originator.     On August 10, 2006, Appellant

did absolutely nothing relevant to the image; the action was

solely that of the NCIS agent.3

     Nor does the concept of “continuing offense” save the

specification.4   A continuing offense is one in which the

offense is committed on a date certain but continues to be

committed each day that the original fact situation obtains.

See United States v. Cores, 356 U.S. 405, 408-09 (1958).       The

continuing offense doctrine is to be applied only in limited

circumstances because of its obvious relationship to statutes of

limitation.   Toussie v. United States, 397 U.S. 112, 115 (1970),

superseded by statute, Pub. L. No. 92-129, § 101(a)(31), 85

Stat. 352 (1971).   Its application is purely a matter of


3
  If the offense was completed in 2000, it was also barred by the
statute of limitations, since child pornography offenses are not
“child abuse offenses” extending the statute. Article 43(b),
UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 843(b) (2000). It is the military judge’s
duty to inform the accused of a potential statute of limitations
defense. See Rule for Courts-Martial 907(b)(2)(B); United
States v. Rodgers, 8 C.M.A. 226, 228, 24 C.M.R. 36, 38 (1957).
4
  The Government argued the applicability of the continuing
offense doctrine in its brief, but abandoned the idea in oral
argument.

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statutory interpretation, and is limited to situations in which

Congress explicitly stated that the offense was a continuing

one, or the nature of the crime compels the conclusion that

Congress must have intended it.       Id.; United States v. Lee, 32

M.J. 857, 859-60 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 1991).      There is nothing

in the CPPA making distribution a continuing offense, and

nothing inherent in the nature of distribution that would compel

treating it as such.   Under the standard enunciated in Toussie,

it is therefore not a continuing offense.

     On these facts, I believe the court-martial lacked

jurisdiction over the offense of distribution of the image

because Appellant’s action of distribution was completed prior

to entry on active duty, and he thereafter took no action to

review the image or further effectuate distribution.      I

emphasize that the issue of whether the same conduct might

violate clause 1 or 2 of Article 134, UCMJ, is not raised here,

and cannot be answered on these facts.

     I respectfully dissent.




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