Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this
Memorandum Decision shall not be                     Oct 02 2014, 9:58 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.


ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS:                         ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES:

DAVID A. SMITH                                   JAMES G. PITTMAN
McIntyre & Smith                                 Pittman, Emery & Nikirk
Bedford, Indiana                                 Bedford, Indiana


                              IN THE
                    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

DENNY GENE INMAN and                             )
LOIS INMAN,                                      )
                                                 )
       Appellants-Defendants,                    )
                                                 )
              vs.                                )        No. 47A04-1402-PL-80
                                                 )
CHARLES L. TURNER and                            )
JENNIFER C. TURNER,                              )
                                                 )
       Appellees-Plaintiffs.                     )


                    APPEAL FROM THE LAWRENCE CIRCUIT COURT
                         The Honorable Andrea K. McCord, Judge
                             Cause No. 47C01-0910-PL-1270



                                      October 2, 2014

               MEMORANDUM DECISION – NOT FOR PUBLICATION

BAKER, Judge
       Denny Inman appeals the judgment of the trial court finding that he failed to

establish all of the elements of his claim of adverse possession by clear and convincing

evidence. Finding that the trial court’s judgment is not clearly erroneous, we affirm.

                                         FACTS

       Denny Inman and Charles Turner own two adjacent parcels of land in Lawrence

County several miles north of Bedford. The parcels are rectangular and approximately

two acres each. Inman’s parcel lies to the west of Turner’s. A fence runs from north to

south through Turner’s parcel, dividing it approximately in half.

       In October 2009, Turner and his wife filed a complaint to quiet title concerning

land adjacent to theirs that is not the subject of this appeal. In December 2009, Inman

filed a counterclaim against Turner for adverse possession of half of Turner’s parcel.

Inman claimed that he had adversely possessed the half of Turner’s parcel that ran from

the edge of Inman’s parcel eastward to the fence that divided Turner’s parcel in half.

       A bench trial was held and the trial court found that Inman had failed to meet his

burden of proving the elements of adverse possession by clear and convincing evidence.

Inman now appeals.

                            DISCUSSION AND DECISION

       When reviewing claims tried without a jury, this Court will not set aside the

findings and judgment unless clearly erroneous, and due regard will be given to the trial

court’s ability to judge the credibility of the witnesses. Ind. Trial Rule 52(A).        A

judgment will only be deemed clearly erroneous if there “is no evidence supporting the

                                             2
findings or the findings fail to support the judgment.” Chidester v. City of Hobart, 631

N.E.2d 908, 910 (Ind. 1994). “In order to determine that a finding or conclusion is

clearly erroneous, an appellate court’s review of the evidence must leave it with the firm

conviction that a mistake has been made.” Yanoff v. Muncy, 688 N.E.2d 1259, 1262

(Ind. 1997).

       In Indiana, the doctrine of adverse possession entitles a person without title to

obtain ownership of a piece of land upon proof of control, intent, notice, and duration.

Fraley v. Minger, 829 N.E.2d 476, 486 (Ind. 2005). The adverse possessor must also pay

all taxes that he reasonably believes in good faith to be due on the property during the

period he claims to have adversely possessed the property. Ind. Code § 32-21-7-1. The

burden is on the claimant to establish all the elements of a claim of adverse possession by

clear and convincing evidence.      Fraley, 829 N.E.2d at 483.       Consequently, if we

determine that the trial court reasonably could have found that Inman failed to prove any

of the elements of a claim of adverse possession by clear and convincing evidence, we

will affirm. Although a discussion of the trial court’s findings and conclusions on every

element is not required here, we will consider each briefly.

       In order to establish adverse possession, Inman was first required to show that he

exerted control over the land. Control, in this sense, means “a degree of use and control

over the parcel that is normal and customary considering the characteristics of the

land[.]” Id. at 486. Inman claims that he proved this element by testifying that he farmed

the land and kept cattle on the land. Appellant’s Br. p. 15. However, the trial court

                                             3
found that “Inman did not offer photographs showing farming activities in the past or

livestock on the property” and that he “did not offer any tax records or other documents

to show farming activities that occurred on the [land] for any period of time.”

Appellant’s App. p. 12. The trial court also found that Inman’s use of the land was not

exclusive, noting that the Turners also “used the land for personal enjoyment by driving

recreational vehicles on the land and hunting.” Appellant’s App. p. 20. Thus, the

evidence before the trial court supported its conclusion that Inman failed to prove the

element of control.

       Inman was next required to show “intent to claim full ownership of the tract

superior to the rights of all others, particularly the legal owner[.]” Fraley, 829 N.E.2d at

486. Inman claims that he proved this element by testifying that he believed he owned

the land and that he at one point told this to Turner. Appellant’s Br. p. 15. The trial court

found otherwise, noting that the only evidence Inman produced concerning his intent was

his own testimony regarding his subjective belief that he owned the land. As it was the

trial court’s province to assess the credibility of witnesses, we will not second guess its

conclusion here.

       Inman was also required to show that his actions with respect to the land were

“sufficient to give actual or constructive notice to the legal owner of [his] intent and

exclusive control[.]” Fraley, 829 N.E.2d at 486. Inman again points to his testimony

concerning his farming of the land as well as his testimony that he at one point told

Turner that he believed he owned the land. However, because the trial court had already

                                             4
found that Inman failed to show that he controlled the land or that he intended to do so,

there was no need to consider whether Inman had done either of these things to an extent

which would give Turner notice.

       In addition to showing control, intent, and notice, Inman was required to show

duration—that he satisfied “each of these elements for the required period of time[.]” Id.

at 486.   The statutory period necessary to achieve adverse possession is ten years.

Ballard v. Harman, 737 N.E.2d 411, 416 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000) (citing Ind. Code § 34-11-

2-11). Here, the trial court found that “Inman did not testify as to what period of time he

farmed the land or kept livestock on the land” and that he “has not farmed or kept

livestock on the [land] for over 20 years.” Appellant’s App. p. 12. The dearth of

evidence regarding duration supports the trial court’s conclusion on this issue.

       In addition to the Fraley factors, Inman was required to prove that he reasonably

believed he had paid taxes on the land in good faith throughout the period of adverse

possession as required by Indiana Code section 32-21-7-1. Inman argues that he proved

that he substantially complied. See Fraley, 829 N.E.2d at 493 (holding that substantial

compliance can satisfy the adverse possession tax statute). However, the trial court noted

that the land Inman claimed by adverse possession would have enlarged his total amount

of land by 50% and increase his property tax bill accordingly. The trial court found that

“[i]t would be unreasonable for Inman to believe that he had been paying property taxes

on three acres of land when he had in fact only paid property taxes on his own two



                                             5
acres.” Appellant’s App. p. 21. This conclusion is reasonable and supported by evidence

in the record.

       Given the evidence in the record, we hold that it was reasonable for the trial court

to find that Inman had failed to meet his burden of proving the elements of adverse

possession by clear and convincing evidence. The majority of the evidence that Inman

relies on is his own testimony. We reiterate that this Court will not reweigh the evidence

or judge the credibility of the witnesses on appeal. It is within the province of the trial

court to believe or disbelieve the testimony of any witness. Ward v. State, 260 Ind. 217,

221, 294 N.E.2d 796, 798 (Ind. 1973). Additionally, even if Inman’s testimony were

considered persuasive, he failed to produce any evidence concerning the durational

element. It is not clear from the record if Inman even attempted to specify a ten-year

period during which he claimed to adversely possess the land. In sum, it is questionable

whether Inman has proven even a single element of adverse possession, let alone all of

them, and it was reasonable for the trial court to determine that he failed to do so clearly

and convincingly.

       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

KIRSCH, J., concurs, and ROBB, J., concurs in result without opinion.




                                             6
