                                        In the
                        Missouri Court of Appeals
                                 Western District
STATE OF MISSOURI,                           )
                                             )
               Appellant,                    )   WD77664
                                             )
v.                                           )   OPINION FILED: February 17, 2015
                                             )
GREGORY ROBINSON, SR.,                       )
                                             )
              Respondent.                    )

            Appeal from the Circuit Court of Randolph County, Missouri
                       The Honorable Scott Alan Hayes, Judge

 Before Special Division: Cynthia L. Martin, Presiding Judge, Gary D. Witt, Judge and
                            Zel M. Fischer, Special Judge


      The State brings this interlocutory appeal, challenging the trial court's grant of

Gregory Robinson, Sr.'s ("Robinson") motion to suppress physical evidence relating to

manufacturing drugs and maintaining a public nuisance. The State argues that the trial

court erred in determining that the affidavit offered in support of the search warrant for

Robinson's home failed to demonstrate probable cause, and that regardless, the good-faith

exception to the exclusionary rule applies because the officers acted in good faith in
executing the search warrant. We agree with the trial court1 that the affidavit offered in

support of the search warrant did not demonstrate probable cause. However, because we

agree with the State that the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule applies, we

reverse.

                           FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         The facts are not in dispute. Following a search pursuant to a warrant of his home

in Randolph County, Robinson was charged by information with two counts: the Class A

felony of manufacturing/producing or attempting to manufacture/produce more than five

grams of marijuana in a residence with a child or within two thousand feet of a school,

college, or school bus, in violation of Section 195.211,2 and the Class C felony of

keeping or maintaining a public nuisance in violation of Section 195.130. Robinson filed

a motion to suppress, alleging that the affidavit offered in support of the search warrant

was insufficient to establish probable cause.

         On August 1, 2013, the issuing judge signed the warrant to search Robinson's

home at 518 Porter Street in Moberly. The affidavit, sworn to by Sgt. Mark Arnsperger

("Sgt. Arnsperger")3 was part of a warrant application dated July 31, 2013. The affidavit

included a detailed description of Robinson's residence and stated in pertinent part:

         On July 27, 2013 I was contacted by a Reliable confidential source, who
         stated sales of illegal drugs, were occurring at 518 Porter St. The source
         had specific detailed information Gregory Robinson aka: Skud was still
         selling crack cocaine and is now doing it from his residence at 518 Porter

         1
            In this case, the judge who issued the search warrant ("issuing judge") and the trial judge ("trial judge")
are different judges. We refer to each separately to avoid confusion.
          2
            All statutory references are to RSMo 2000 as currently supplemented unless otherwise indicated.
          3
            Sgt. Arnsperger was the affiant who applied for the search warrant and was also the lead officer in serving
the search warrant.

                                                          2
St. The source said Robinson is no longer dealing crack cocaine from the
"Sugar shack" on West End or the yellow house across the street from the
"Sugar shack". The yellow house the source referring to is, 1014 W End
which was owned by Gregory Robinson, but now has been transferred to
Greg Robinson Jr's name.

On November 8, 2012 Det Tim Rowe served a narcotics search warrant at
Gregory Robinson's house at 1014 W End after receiving information
Gregory Robinson and Donamitris Robinson were selling crack cocaine
from the residence. Officers arrived at approximately 0630hrs that morning
and found crack cocaine in the residence but Gregory Robinson was gone.
Gregory Robinson was not located and was never questioned about this
incident, and thus he was never charged. Det Rowe said the house was
clearly set up as a "drug house". There was little furniture in the residence
and there was large pit bull tied up out front.

A check of Gregory Robinson criminal history shows in May 1999,
Gregory Robinson pled guilty to 2 counts of Distribution of a Controlled
Substance near a School and he received a 10 year sentence. Then in
August 2007, Gregory Robinson pled guilty again to Distribution of a
Controlled Substance, for a total of 3 counts and received a 15 year
sentence.

I contacted the Moberly Water Office and confirmed the water service at
518 Porter St is in the name of Gregory Robinson.

I also noted prior to me getting this information, I would note while on
routine patrol the last two months, the lack of activity at the 1014 W End
and at the "Sugar Shack". The "Sugar Shack" is a nick name for small
garage located at 1015 W End Pl and is currently owned by Greg Robinson
Jr; the son of Gregory Robinson.

The "Sugar Shack" has a long history of place where people (mostly with
criminal histories) would get together and gamble and also sell illegal drugs
from the garage. In July 2006, Det David Johnson and I went to the "Sugar
Shack" and served a search warrant and arrested Alex Cason and Richard
Payne for Possession of Controlled Substance (Crack Cocaine) was found,
along with illegal gambling machines.

On July 30, 2013 Det Rowe observed a Red in Color Mercury Mountaineer
parked at 518 Porter Street. The Missouri License number was SD5B2U,
which checks to Dorthy Seiler of 611 Cleveland. A check of Department
records revealed, we received a call on June 24, 2013 from Dorthy Seiler

                                     3
and her boyfriend, Maurice Antonio Jackson. Jackson thought his vehicle
might have been shot and he also mentioned he has problems with Princess
Midgyett.4

A check of Maurice Jackson's criminal history revealed he has prior
convictions for drug sales. September 2005, Jackson pled guilty to Felony
Possession of Controlled Substance and received a 15 year sentence. In
September 2006, Jackson pled guilty to Distribution of a Controlled
Substance and received another 15 year sentence. In December 2008,
Jackson pled guilty to Distribution of a Controlled Substance and
Distribution of a Controlled Substance near Government Housing. A check
of Probation and Parole records shows Maurice Jackson is currently on
Field Supervision by Officer Andrew Morris and is residing at 611
Cleveland, Moberly MO.

On July 30, 2013 I was contacted by Det David Johnson with the North
Missouri Drug Task Force. Det Johnson stated he had reliable confidential
source that saw an "8 ball" of Crack Cocaine and large amount of cash at
518 Porter St, in the last 30 days.

As an experienced and trained investigator I have reason to believe, based
upon my investigation the crimes(s) Distribution of a Controlled Substance,
RSMo statutes 195.211 and Possession of a Controlled Substance, RSMo
statute 195.202 Maintaining a Public Nuisance RSMO 195.130 have been
committed and that evidence of such criminal activity is Currently
contained within the above-described property currently in the possession
of Gregory Robinson Sr. In light of concerns described above, this Affiant
requests permission to use whatever data analysis techniques appear
necessary to locate and retrieve data that may be contained within cellular
phones described herein, including password-defeating tools and
techniques.

Additionally, in light of concerns described, this Affiant requests
permission to have any storage devices and/or computer-related evidence
transported out-of-county as necessary in the process of conducting
analysis on said evidence, to involve the use of non-sworn personnel in
activities related to the acquisition and analysis of said evidence, and to
conduct analysis of said evidence beyond the deadline date for the filing of
a return of any search warrant issued based upon this application.



4
    Nowhere in the affidavit (or the record) is there any identification or explanation of "Princess Midgyett."

                                                    4
       The search of Robinson's residence was executed on August 2, 2013, the day after

the warrant was filed. A "Return and Inventory" signed by Sgt. Arnsperger stated that he

found, inter alia, what was believed to be cocaine and crack cocaine and more than

$2,000 in cash.5

       Prior to trial, Robinson filed a motion to suppress all evidence seized from his

home. In that motion, he took issue with the statements of the two confidential sources.

He argued that the statements should have fallen outside of the issuing judge's

determination of probable cause because the affidavit failed to meet the fundamental

requirements to credit the statements of the confidential sources under Missouri law.

Specifically, Robinson argued that the information provided by the confidential sources

was unreliable because the affidavit did not include a specific time and place in which the

sources observed the drug trafficking, because the sources did not specifically state that

they personally observed Robinson possessing the drugs, because there was no statement

regarding the qualifications of the sources, and because the information was stale by the

time the officer applied for a search warrant. Robinson further argued that once the

statements were removed from the determination, the remaining information in the

affidavit failed to provide the required probable cause for the issuing of the warrant.

Robinson also contended that the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule should not

be applied because the affidavit was so lacking in probable cause that the good-faith

exception should not salvage the search and would frustrate the purpose of the

exclusionary rule.

       5
           It is unclear why the charging document specifies marijuana, but that is not raised as an issue on appeal.

                                                           5
       Without conducting an evidentiary hearing, the trial court sustained the motion. In

its judgment, the trial court noted that the affidavit stated that Sgt. Arnsperger had reason

to believe that the two crimes had been committed and that evidence of such criminal

activity is "[c]urrently contained within the above-described property currently in the

possession of Gregory Robinson Sr." The trial court found, however, that the affidavit

failed to provide probable cause because "it does not set forth facts to believe that the

evidence sought would be found in [Robinson's] home at the time the search warrant was

issued" in violation of Robinson's constitutional rights.

       The trial court stated that the information from the two sources contains "no

specific time, or time frame, when the alleged illegal activity or contraband was

observed"; "no facts that the informant personally observed [Robinson] in possession of

contraband or personally observed seeing contraband" at the Porter Street residence; and

"no qualification" of the confidants' reliability. The trial court additionally found that the

information was "stale" as to both sources and that the two sources' statements failed to

corroborate each other's information.

       After deeming the statements from the two confidential sources "improperly

included in the issuing judge's probability determination of probable cause," the trial

court then examined the remaining content of the affidavit. That content was the search

of the End Place address in 2012, the lack of activity at the End Place address and the

"Sugar Shack," Robinson's criminal history, and Dorothy Seiler's car parked near

Robinson's Porter Street address. The trial court determined that in the "totality of the

circumstances, those statements fail to show there to be a fair probability that contraband

                                              6
or evidence thereof would be found at [Robinson's Porter Street address] at the time the

search warrant was issued."

       The trial court went on to find that Sgt. Arnsperger's "affidavit was so lacking in

indicia of probable cause that it was unreasonable for the officer to rely upon it" and that

the affidavit "demonstrates systemic negligence in regard to the careless preparation of

warrant affidavits, which is a recurring problem of law enforcement of this State."

       Accordingly, the court suppressed all of the evidence seized from the Porter Street

residence. The State brings this interlocutory appeal.

                               STANDARD OF REVIEW

       "[O]nly the issuing judge's initial determination of probable cause based on the

information contained within the four corners of the affidavit is reviewed for error."

State v. Wilbers, 347 S.W.3d 552, 555 (Mo. App. W.D. 2011). The trial court's ruling on

the motion to suppress is not under review. Id. We give "great deference to the initial

judicial determination of probable cause that was made at the time the warrant issued."

State v. Neher, 213 S.W.3d 44, 49 (Mo. banc 2007) (citation omitted). Our duty is to

ensure that the issuing judge had a "substantial basis" for determining that probable cause

for the search did exist. Id. (citation omitted). "In conducting the review of whether

probable cause exists, the appellate court may not look beyond the four corners of the

warrant application and the supporting affidavits." Id. (citation omitted).       We may

reverse only if the "issuing magistrate or judge clearly erred in initially determining,

based on the totality of the circumstances, that probable cause existed." Id. (citation

omitted). In reviewing the issuing judge's decision, we note that "[c]learly erroneous

                                             7
means the reviewing court is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has

been made." State v. Letica, 356 S.W.3d 157, 164 (Mo. banc 2011) (citation omitted).

         Whether the exclusionary rule applies in a particular case, however, is a question

of law that we review de novo. State v. Johnson, 354 S.W.3d 627, 632 (Mo. banc 2011).

                                                  ANALYSIS

         In its sole point on appeal, the State argues that the trial court erred in suppressing

all evidence from the search of Robinson's home at the Porter Street address because the

exclusionary rule should not have been applied in that there was probable cause for the

issuing court to issue the search warrant. The State further argues that even if there was

not probable cause, the officers who executed the search reasonably and in good faith

relied on a facially valid search warrant pursuant to United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897

(1984) and that it was not part of a pattern of systemic negligence.6

                                                Probable Cause

         Our first question, then, is whether the issuing court was clearly erroneous in its

determination that the warrant contained a substantial basis for concluding that there was

probable cause to search Robinson's home. Review necessarily entails consideration of

the tensions between the sometimes competing goals of deterring official misconduct and

removing inducements to unreasonable invasions of privacy on one hand, and following



         6
           The State's point is multifarious. It claims two legal bases for reversal and should have laid out these
bases in separate points on appeal with the separate standards of review. Multiple claims of error in one point relied
on render the point multifarious and violate Rule 84.04, made applicable to briefs in criminal appeals by Rule
30.06(c). State v. Brightman, 388 S.W.3d 192, 196 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012). In general, multifarious points preserve
nothing for appellate review and are subject to dismissal. However, because we prefer to decide cases on the merits
where appellant's argument is readily understandable--as is the case here-- we have elected to exercise our discretion
to review the merits of the arguments set forth in the point relied on.

                                                          8
procedures yielding acquittal or conviction on the basis of all truthful evidence, on the

other. Leon, 468 U.S. at 900.

       The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution ensures the rights of

citizens to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures and requires that no warrant

shall issue except on probable cause supported by oath or affirmation. The Missouri

Constitution provides coextensive protection. MO. CONST. ART. I, § 15; State v. Baker,

103 S.W.3d 711, 717-18 (Mo. banc 2003). Fourth Amendment protection encompasses

"[t]he right of people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against

unreasonable searches and seizures." The Fourth Amendment includes the "right to be

notified by law enforcement officials of their purpose and authority prior to entering a

dwelling." Baker, 103 S.W.3d at 718 (citing Wilson v. Arkansas, 514 U.S. 927, 934

(1995)).

       The seminal case addressing whether a warrant establishes probable cause is

Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983). In Gates, the United States Supreme Court held

that a determination of probable cause is conducted under a test of the "totality of the

circumstances." Id. at 238. In overruling an earlier line of cases, the Gates Court held

that the concepts of "veracity," "reliability," and "basis of knowledge" of persons

supplying hearsay information, such as confidential informants, are relevant

considerations, but they are not entirely separate and independent requirements to be

rigidly applied in every case. Id. at 230. Rather, "[t]he task of the issuing magistrate is

simply to make a practical, common-sense decision on whether, given all the

circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him, including the 'veracity' and 'basis of

                                            9
knowledge' of persons supplying hearsay information, there is a fair probability that

contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place." Id.

       "The presence of such contraband or evidence 'need not be established, at a prima

facie level, by a preponderance of the evidence or beyond a reasonable doubt.'" State v.

Henry, 292 S.W.3d 358, 363 (Mo. App. W.D. 2009). Instead, the duty of a reviewing

court is simply to ensure that the magistrate had a "substantial basis" for concluding that

probable cause existed. Gates, 462 U.S. at 238 (citation omitted).

       As noted in Gates, "[c]ommon sense is a key ingredient in considering the absence

or presence of probable cause." Wilbers, 347 S.W.3d at 557. "'[R]eliance upon factual

allegations necessarily entails some degree of reliability upon the credibility of the

source.'" Gates, 462 U.S. at 230 n.6 (quotation omitted). But it is not required that "each

factual allegation which the affiant puts forth must be independently documented, or that

each and every fact which contributed to his conclusions be spelled out in the complaint."

Id. (citation omitted). Rather, those concepts "should be understood simply as closely

intertwined issues that may usefully illuminate the common sense, practical question

whether there is 'probable cause' to believe that contraband or evidence is located in a

particular place." Id.

       In alignment with the common-sense approach in Gates, courts have repeatedly

held that deference to the court issuing the warrant is not without limit. Wilbers, 347

S.W.3d at 557-58 (citation omitted). "Reviewing courts will not defer to a warrant based

on an affidavit that does not 'provide the magistrate with a substantial basis for

determining the existence of probable cause.'" Leon, 468 U.S. at 915 (quoting Gates, 462

                                            10
U.S. at 239). "A common-sense reading does not allow a judge to 'read things into the

affidavit that simply are not there.'" Wilbers, 347 S.W.3d at 558 (citing State v. Trenter,

85 S.W.3d 662, 677 (Mo. App. W.D. 2002)). "Even if the warrant application was

supported by more than a 'bare bones' affidavit, a reviewing court may properly conclude

that, notwithstanding the deference that magistrates deserve, the warrant was invalid

because the magistrate's probable-cause determination reflected an improper analysis of

the totality of the circumstances." Wilbers, 347 S.W.3d at 558 (quoting Leon, 468 U.S. at

915 (citing Gates, 462 U.S. at 238-39)).

                                         Discussion

       A review of the record indicates that the issuing court was not presented a

"substantial basis" for concluding that there was a "fair probability" that the search would

uncover the presence of drugs in the home at the time the warrant was issued. In so

holding, under a review of the totality of the circumstances, we agree with the trial court

that, as to the confidential sources, the warrant (1) contains no indication of any basis for

reliability or credibility as to the first confidential source and merely contains a wholly

conclusory statement without information as to how the confidential source came into

this knowledge, and (2) does not adequately comply with requirements concerning time

elements as to the second confidential source, including specificity and staleness. The

remaining information in the warrant is as indicative of innocence as it is of guilt.

       The affidavit in this case presents information that is divisible into two classes:

hearsay statements from two confidential sources, and additional information from law

enforcement. As noted above, the rule relating to hearsay statements is that, "[a]n

                                             11
affidavit that relies on hearsay is sufficient to support a finding of probable cause if there

is a substantial basis for crediting the hearsay." Neher, 213 S.W.3d at 49 (citation

omitted). "The requisite substantial basis for use of hearsay is met if the affidavit shows

that the informant learned the information through personal observation and if the

informant's statements are corroborated through other sources." State v. Laws, 801

S.W.2d 68, 70 (Mo. banc 1990) (citation omitted; emphasis added). An affidavit can

establish probable cause, however, where "implicit in the affidavit is an understanding

that the informant learned his information through personal observation." Neher, 213

S.W.3d at 50 (quoting Laws, 801 S.W.2d at 70). Moreover, while it is not necessary to

establish the past reliability of the informant, "factual statements of past reliability are a

sufficient basis for the magistrate to gauge independently the reliability of an informer."

Laws, 801 S.W.2d at 69-70 (citation omitted).

       Here, as to the first source, Sgt. Arnsperger described the person as "reliable" but

provided no factual statements to support that description. For example, Sgt. Arnsperger

included no indication that the source provided reliable information to law enforcement

or this particular officer in the past, or merely has a reputation for reliability in the

community, or just seemed to the officer to be reliable during a single, brief phone

conversation when the information was provided even though the officer had no idea who

was on the other end of the telephone line.         Nor did Sgt. Arnsperger provide any

indication that the source witnessed any activity through personal observation -- the

information is merely a conclusory statement that a "reliable" source indicated that

Robinson was now selling drugs from his home rather than from another location (i.e. the

                                             12
source "heard it from a friend, who heard it from a friend, who heard it from another").7

While it may be the case that more specific details were provided to Sgt. Arnsperger or

that particular source indeed had proven reliable in the past, Sgt. Arnsperger failed to

communicate any basis of past reliability or how, if it all, the first source learned of drug

sales at Robinson's home so as to provide a substantial basis -- the constitutional

minimum -- for probable cause.

         The State argues that one can infer from the first source's statement that he or she

personally observed the activity at Robinson's home. In support, the State directs us to

Neher.         There, an officer received a telephone call from a "reliable confidential

informant" and on the basis of the call applied for a warrant. 213 S.W.3d at 46. The

informant provided details about the defendant's residence and stated that the defendant

had been "cooking meth" the night before, that the defendant "has all the chemicals used

in manufacturing methamphetamine," and that the defendant "is in possession of

paraphernalia for the manufacturing and use of methamphetamine." Id. The affidavit

additionally noted that one of the defendant's associates had been in the residence and

stated that the defendant "is a known drug user, and manufacturer . . . , and also has a

criminal history for possession of controlled substances." Id.

         The Neher Court rejected the argument that there was no substantial basis for

judging the confidential informant's basis of knowledge or veracity. Specifically, the

Court noted that the caller provided a detailed description of the residence, reported that

the defendant had been "cooking meth" the prior evening and possessed the chemicals

         7
             REO SPEEDWAGON, Take It On The Run, on HI INFIDELITY (Epic Records 1980).

                                                      13
and materials to manufacture methamphetamine, and identified an associate who had

been in that residence. From those facts, the Court held that the issuing court could infer

that the informant had personally observed the information reported. 213 S.W.3d at 50.

The Neher court went on to hold that the issuing judge could determine the informant's

veracity by looking at whether his or her information was corroborated. Id. In so

holding, the Neher court held that past reliability of an informant is "sufficient

information alone" to support a finding of probable cause. Id. (citation omitted).

       In this case, as detailed above, specific information from the confidential source is

completely absent.    The source's statement summarily indicated that Robinson was

selling cocaine from his residence but failed to provide any indicia of reliability or, more

to the point, any means to infer that the informant had personal knowledge of this fact.

Because one cannot infer personal observation from the summary of the first confidential

source's information, Neher is inapposite.

       In so concluding, we again draw support from Gates, which stressed that an

affidavit must provide the magistrate with a substantial basis for determining the

existence of probable cause, "and [a] wholly conclusory statement" does not meet that

standard. 462 U.S. at 239. Although the Gates holding overturned the test from Aguilar

v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108 (1964), the Gates Court nonetheless reaffirmed from Aguilar that

an "officer's statement that 'affiants have received reliable information from a credible

person and believe'" that contraband is being stored in a home "is likewise inadequate."

Id. (citing Aguilar, 378 U.S. 108) (emphases added). That is because "a mere conclusory

statement that gives the magistrate virtually no basis at all for making a judgment

                                             14
regarding probable cause" is insufficient. Gates, 462 U.S. at 239. Rather, "[s]ufficient

information must be presented to the magistrate to allow the official to determine

probable cause; his action cannot be a mere ratification of the bare conclusions of others."

Id. The information in Sgt. Arnsperger's affidavit is not meaningfully more specific or

reliable than was the case in Aguilar. It is, rather, a bare conclusion.

       The information from the second source fails due to timeliness and staleness. The

rule is that the "requirement of probable cause includes an element of timeliness;

specifically, that the facts presented to the issuing judge are sufficient to justify a

conclusion that the items sought are probably on the premises searched at the time the

warrant issues." State v. Valentine, 430 S.W.3d 339, 344 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014) (citations

omitted). The police will encounter problems of "staleness" of information if they delay

too long in seeking a warrant. Id. However, there is no bright-line test for determining

staleness, and "time factors must be examined in the context of a specific case and the

nature of the crime under investigation." Id.

       In this case, the second source did state that an "8 ball" of crack cocaine8 and a

large amount of money were observed at this location. However, the source went on to

state broadly that the contraband was observed in the "last 30 days." "Probable cause

must exist when a warrant is issued, not merely at some earlier time." Wilbers, 347

S.W.3d at 560 (citation omitted). The Valentine court detailed several cases separating

staleness in drug cases into crimes involving a user amount and crimes involving ongoing

drug sales. 430 S.W.3d at 344. To that end, the Valentine court noted that cases

       8
           An "8 Ball" refers to one-eighth of an ounce or 3.5 grams of the drug.

                                                         15
involving ongoing drug operations mean there is a greater likelihood that evidence will

remain present longer than cases involving a user amount. Id. However, even in cases

where ongoing drug sales were at issue, we know of no Missouri case where the passage

of thirty days met the constitutional limitations, without being coupled with the results of

more recent police follow-up efforts.                   The remaining information provided in the

affidavit was as indicative of innocence as guilt.9 Under the facts of this case, where the

affidavit is so devoid of details, we find that the thirty-day passage of time made the

information stale.10

         The State argues in essence that the two sources' statements, when read together,

cure each others' defects so as to provide the specificity and time elements. While this is

a close case, we agree with the trial court that separately the two statements are so

problematic and bereft of assurances of reliability and specificity so as to render the

issuing court without the ability to find probable cause based on this affidavit. We also

agree with the trial court that when the two sources' statements are excised from the

affidavit, the remaining information is not supportive of the minimum standard for

establishing probable cause. The remaining information is (1) the search of the End


         9
            See State v. Miller, 815 S.W.2d 28, 33 (Mo. App. E.D. 1991) (holding that five-month old information
was not too stale to consider where police had received information from Drug Enforcement Agency days before
warrant issued; police had acted upon and independently corroborated DEA information), and State v. Williams, 9
S.W.3d 8, 17 (Mo. App. W.D. 1999) (four-month old information was not too stale to consider where there were
other circumstances alleged, including "a fair probability that the appellant was engaging presently" and "especially
where . . . there were observations of narcotic activity by police officers other than the affiant.").
          10
             We additionally note that the trial court determined that there was "no specific time, or time frame, when
the alleged illegal activity or contraband was observed by the first informant." The State argues that the use of the
word "now" indicates that the observation met requirements for time specification. A full reading of Sgt.
Arnsperger's affidavit seems to indicate that the use of the word "now" was a contrast to the "then" referring to the
Sugar Shack, rather than a statement that the activity was presently occurring. Regardless, given that the first
source's statements were fatally defective as a "wholly conclusory" allegation of criminal activity, we do not resolve
the matter.

                                                         16
Place address in 2012 that not only yielded no evidence of Robinson's guilt of any crime

and was also a case about which Robinson was never even questioned, (2) the lack of

activity at the "Sugar Shack," (3) Robinson's criminal history, whose most recent

conviction was secured in 2007, (4) a parked vehicle owned by the girlfriend of someone

whose last drug-related conviction was in 2008, and (5) confirmation from a utility that

Robinson was paying the utilities and therefore presumably resided at the Porter Street

residence. The remaining reported information is as indicative of innocence as it is of

guilt. See Trenter, 85 S.W.3d at 679 ("The only remaining information specific to

Trenter is that he has a prior criminal conviction and that he is a known drug trafficker.

This is clearly not sufficient to support probable cause."); Leon, 468 U.S. at 903 n.2

(noting that the district court found that the warrant lacked probable cause where the

"reliability and credibility of the informant [was not] established" as "details given tended

to corroborate, maybe, the reliability of [the informant's] information about the previous

transaction, but if it is not a stale transaction, it comes awfully close to it; and all the other

material I think is as consistent with innocence as it is with guilt.").

       The "totality of the circumstances" test simply cannot be stretched far enough to

validate this warrant. State v. Brown, 741 S.W.2d 53, 57 (Mo. App. W.D. 1987).

                                          Good Faith

       The State argues that even if the warrant did not establish probable cause, the

officers who executed the search reasonably and in good faith relied on a facially valid

search warrant that was not a part of a pattern of systemic negligence. The State thus



                                               17
argues that the trial court should be reversed under the good-faith exception to the

exclusionary rule.

       The general rule is that evidence obtained as a direct result of an unlawful search

or seizure is considered "fruit of the poisonous tree" and is inadmissible at trial. State v.

Lucas, No. WD 77088, 2014 WL 5337374, at *2 (Mo. App. W.D. Oct. 21, 2014) (citing

Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 655 (1961); Wong Sun v. U.S., 371 U.S. 471, 484 (1963)).

However, in Leon, the United States Supreme Court held that evidence obtained by

police officers in objectively reasonable reliance on a subsequently invalidated search

warrant should not be suppressed pursuant to the exclusionary rule. State v. Clampitt,

364 S.W.3d 605, 613 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012) (citing Leon, 468 U.S. at 922). The

rationale for the exception to exclusion is that "the marginal or nonexistent benefits

produced by suppressing evidence obtained in objectively reasonable reliance on a

subsequently invalidated search warrant cannot justify the substantial costs of exclusion."

Leon, 468 U.S. at 922.

       The Leon Court thus held that "[w]hen police act in reasonable reliance on a

facially valid search warrant issued by a detached and neutral magistrate, the

exclusionary rule will not operate to bar evidence obtained under the search warrant, even

though the warrant may be invalid." State v. Buchli, 152 S.W.3d 289, 305-06 (Mo. App.

W.D. 2004) (citing Leon, 468 U.S. at 921-21). The Leon good-faith exception has been

expanded to "police mistakes that are the result of negligence as opposed to 'systemic

error or reckless disregard of constitutional requirements.'" Clampitt, 364 S.W.3d at 613.



                                             18
         Leon further provided, however, that the good-faith exception does not apply and

suppression remains appropriate if: (1) the affiant provides information he knows or

reasonably should know is false;11 (2) the magistrate or judge wholly abandons his or her

judicial role; (3) the affidavit is so lacking in probable cause as to render official belief in

its existence entirely unreasonable; or (4) the warrant is so facially deficient the executing

officers cannot reasonably presume it to be valid. Wilbers, 347 S.W.3d at 562 (internal

quotation omitted).

         In our de novo review of this issue, we hold that the trial court's two grounds for

rejecting the application of the good-faith exception were erroneous. Specifically, (1) we

disagree with the trial court that Sgt. Arnsperger's "affidavit was so lacking in indicia of

probable cause that it was unreasonable for the officer to rely upon it," and (2) the record

does not permit a determination that the affidavit "demonstrates systemic negligence in

regard to the careless preparation of warrant affidavits, which is a recurring problem of

law enforcement of this State."

         As to whether the affidavit was "so lacking in indicia" of probable cause such that

Sgt. Arnsperger was unreasonable to rely on it, our inquiry is "whether a reasonably well

trained officer would have known that the search was illegal despite the magistrate's

authorization." State v. Brown, 741 S.W.2d 53, 59 (Mo. App. W.D. 1987) (quoting Leon,

at n.23).




         11
           The good-faith exception does not apply and suppression "remains an appropriate remedy if the
magistrate or judge in issuing a warrant was misled by information in an affidavit that the affiant knew was false or
would have known was false except for his reckless disregard of the truth." Leon, 468 U.S. at 923.

                                                         19
       Here we don't have any information from which to determine if the lack of

appropriate details were omitted from the affidavit because the affiant was lazy, sloppy or

merely poorly communicated the information in the rush to obtain the warrant or in the

alternative the requisite details did not exist and the affiant was merely stringing together

small bits of information in an attempt to obtain a warrant for which he was aware

probable cause was lacking.

       Here, the first confidential source (1) correctly provided Robinson's address, (2)

indicated to the officer that Robinson was selling crack cocaine, (3) detailed that

Robinson had at one time been selling illegal drugs from the "Sugar Shack," a building

on End Place that he used to own, but "now" was doing so from his residence on Porter

Street. Though wrought with ambiguity, it is possible that the requisite details needed to

support a probable-cause determination were in Sgt. Arnsperger's possession and that he

simply failed to list them in his affidavit. It is entirely possible that each confidential

source had a long-term history of providing law enforcement with reliable information

and that each source had personally and recently witnessed the events they related to the

officers. However, it is equally as possible that the sources relayed to the officers that the

information provided was merely taken from rumors heard on the street and that they had

no idea exactly when the events related actually occurred, if they had in fact occurred.

       Taken apart, the deficiencies in the two sources' statements are troublesome and

should have alerted the issuing judge to require the officer to provide additional details in

the affidavit, but together the sources -- along with police efforts to confirm Robinson's

address, to search his criminal history, and to conduct surveillance of his home and of the

                                             20
"Sugar Shack" -- appear to indicate that the police executed the warrant in good faith.

Regardless, "a reasonably well-trained officer's reliance on this [poorly drafted] affidavit

cannot be considered entirely unreasonable." Wilbers, 347 S.W.3d at 562. And in this

case, on this record, we cannot find that the error rests on the officer but on the issuing

court.12 Id.

         Additionally, the trial court's finding that this case "demonstrates systemic

negligence in regard to the careless preparation of warrant affidavits, which is a recurring

problem of law enforcement of this State," is utterly without support in the record. The

trial court pointed solely and broadly to the Wilbers case for support that the problem of

insufficient support for warrants is recurring and widespread. But this finding by the trial

court -- made without an evidentiary hearing, any evidence or even a statement on the

record or in the judgment from the trial court as to its own experience with the particular

law enforcement agency-- fails to take into account that the Wilbers court allowed the

admission of the evidence under the good-faith exception, the very exception the trial

court declined to apply in this case. On this bare record, we fail to see how similar

deficiencies in affidavits from two different law enforcement agencies filed years apart

establishes systemic negligence.13




         12
             Robinson makes no allegations that the officer intentionally provided false or misleading information to
the issuing court so as to implicate a hearing pursuant to Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978).
          13
             The trial court may be aware of additional problems in this regard from this particular law enforcement
agency, but failed to make a record from which we can review the validity of this conclusion.

                                                         21
                                    CONCLUSION

      Because the evidence obtained as a result of the invalid search warrant, based

upon the record established to this point in the proceedings, is admissible by application

of the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule, the judgment of the trial court is

reversed. The cause is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.




                                         _____________________________
                                         Gary D. Witt, Judge

All concur.




                                           22
