                                                                           FILED
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                           APR 14 2016
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                         U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


TRAVELERS PROPERTY CASUALTY                      No. 14-15701
COMPANY OF AMERICA, a
Connecticut corporation,                         D.C. No. 2:13-cv-01453-JAM-
                                                 EFB
              Plaintiff - Appellee,

 v.                                              MEMORANDUM*

JOHN SHOWER, an individual; JOHN
RITCHIE, an individual; SANDRA
RITCHIE, an individual,

              Defendants - Appellants,

  And

LK TRANSPORTATION, INC., a
California corporation; MARIO PRADO,

              Defendants.


                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of California
                     John A. Mendez, District Judge, Presiding




        *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
                            Submitted April 11, 2016**
                             San Francisco, California

Before: D.W. NELSON, NOONAN, and O’SCANNLAIN, Circuit Judges.

      John Shower, John Ritchie, and Sandra Ritchie appeal the district court’s

grant of summary judgment to Travelers Property Casualty Company of America

(“Travelers”) in its action seeking a declaratory judgment. As the facts are known

to the parties, we repeat them only as necessary to explain our decision. We have

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

                                          I

      The district court concluded that the driver of the tractor that caused the

accident was not an insured under the Travelers policy, because the company

holding the policy did not “hire” it. We agree.

      Under California law, the term “hire” as used in an insurance policy such as

this one requires “possession and control.” Am. Int’l Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Am.

Guarantee & Liab. Ins. Co., 181 Cal. App. 4th 616, 631 (2010). Shower and the

Ritchies rely on dicta from Travelers Indem. Co. v. Swearinger, 169 Cal. App. 3d

779, 785–86 (1985), to argue that possession and control are not required, but

subsequent cases have repudiated Swearinger’s reasoning or rendered it

        **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

                                          2
inapplicable to this case. See Am. Int’l Underwriters, 181 Cal. App. 4th at 630;

City of Los Angeles v. Allianz Ins. Co., 125 Cal. App. 4th 287 (2004). Moreover, it

is implausible that the driver used the tractor with the policyholder’s “permission”

where his employer owned the tractor and the policyholder exercised no control

over it. See Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 234 Cal. App. 3d 1154,

1168 (1991).

                                           II

      Shower and the Ritchies also argue that the driver should be considered an

insured because the accident involved the “use” of the policyholder’s trailer. On

its face, this argument lacks merit since there is no dispute that the accident

occurred before the trailer was ever picked up. Because the trailer’s “movement”

was not a contributing cause, it was not a “substantial factor” in the accident. State

Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Grisham, 122 Cal. App. 4th 563, 566–67 (2004).

      AFFIRMED.




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