IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
STATE OF DELAWARE,

ID No. 1810006157
v.

MATTHEW D. FROST,
Defendant.
Submitted: February 28, 20 1 9
Decided: March 13, 2019
ORDER
Defendant’s Motion to Suppress.

Granted.

Lindsay A. Taylor, Esquire of the Department of Justice, Dover, Delaware; attorney

for the State of Delaware.

Stephanie H. Blaisdell, Esquire of the Offlce of the Public Defender, Dover,
Delaware; attorney for the Defendant.

WITHAM, R.J.

State v. Matthew D. Frost
ID No. 1810006157
March 13, 2019

INTRODUCTION

Before this Court is Defendant Matthew Frost’s (“Defendant” or “Frost”)
Motion to Suppress. The Defendant moves to suppress all evidence collected
subsequent to a traffic stop conducted by the Delaware State Police.

After carefully considering the merits of Frost’s motion, the State’s response
in opposition, and oral arguments made by the parties at the suppression hearing, it
appears to the Court that:

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

l. On October ll, 2018, at approximately l:OO p.m., Delaware State Police
Officer First Class Holl (hereinafter “ch. Holl”) and Corporal Goertz (hereinafter
“Cpl. Goertz”), conducted a traffic stop on Route l, Exit 98. ch. Holl had observed
the Defendant’s vehicle failing to signal before exiting Route l.

2. ch. Holl and Cpl. Goertz both approached the Defendant’s vehicle and
noted that he Was the sole occupant of the vehicle. ch. Holl initiated the interaction
through the Defendant’s passenger side window and Cpl. Goertz stood Watch on the
driver’s side. ch. Holl testified that the Defendant moved frantically Within the
vehicle, including frantically operating his cellular telephone, and exhibited extreme
nervousness, much more than a typical motorist stopped for a traffic violation.l

3. ch. Holl asked the Defendant for the standard documentation required of

 

l See St. Ex. l. During his testimony, ch. Holl’s characterization of the Defendant’s
behavior Was significantly more extreme than the State’s previous characterization of the behavior
as "nervous." HoWever, the State, nor the video footage shown to the Court, suggested anything
comparable to ch. Holl’s “Richter scale” comparison at the hearing.

2

State v. Matthew D. Frost
ID No. 1810006157
March 13 , 2019

all Delaware drivers: license, registration, and proof of insurance. The Defendant
immediately produced his license and registration, but was unable to produce any
valid proof of insurance via the “GEICO” application on his cellular telephone,2

4. While the Defendant attempted to produce his proof of insurance, ch. Holl
asked the Defendant from where he was traveling and the Defendant stated “North
Smyma” and that he had given “Ashley” a ride home. When pressed for Ashley’s last
name, the Defendant could not answer, but stated that she was a friend of “Nick’s.”3
These vague answers sounded to ch. Holl as if the Defendant was creating a story,
and those, coupled with his frantic movements, raised his suspicions.

5. At some point during the interaction, ch. Holl testified that he observed, in
plain view on the passenger car-seat, a small metal blade approximately an inch long

by approximately a quarter of an inch wide.4 ch. Holl testified that based on his

 

2 See 21 Del. C. 2118(0) (Insurance identification card” shall mean a card issued by or on
behalf of an insurance company or bonding company duly authorized to transact business in this
State which states in such form as the Insurance Commissioner may prescribe or approve that such
company has issued a vehicle insurance policy meeting the requirements of this title. If the insured
and insurance company both consent, the insurance identification card may be produced in
electronic format Acceptable electronic formats include display of electronic images on a cellular
phone or any other type of portable electronic device.) (emphasis added).

3 Nick was identified by the Defendant as a previous co-worker, whom the Defendant was
also unable to identify by last name.

4 See D. Ex. l. The Court would be remiss if it did not note however that while ch. Holl
positively identified a picture of the blade, the tip of the blade was cropped from the picture. Defense
counsel claimed that this was an accurate depiction of the blade, and despite the State’s objection,
the Court initially allowed the exhibit only for identification purposes. Only after ch. Holl positively
identified the blade, and absent a renewed objection from the State, did the Court allow the picture
to be admitted. The State did address the cut off tip of the blade in its re-direct examination.

3

State v. Matthew D. Frost
ID No. 1810006157
March 13, 2019

training and experience,5 this blade specifically, was commonly utilized by heroin
users to scrape heroin residue from used heroin packaging.6

6. The Defendant was still unable to produce his insurance information after
approximately 30 seconds, and ch. Holl asked him to step out of the vehicle, The
Defendant failed to immediately comply, but remained in the vehicle, and asked if he
was being detained. ch. Holl said yes and approximately 40 seconds later, the
Defendant finally complied and stepped out of the vehicle.

7. Outside of the vehicle, the Defendant was further questioned and disclosed
possession of a knife on his person. ch. Holl searched the Defendant for additional
weapons and discovered approximately $200.00. lt was at this point, for the first time,
that ch. Holl informed the Defendant that he and Cpl. Goertz were going to further
search the vehicle because “drug paraphemalia” had been found.7

8. ch. Holl then inquired if Ashley had left the blade in the car. The
Defendant asserted while she had left nothing in the car, she had previously Went to

“Connections.”8 ch. Holl further inquired if the Defendant had anything else was in

 

5 ch. Holl testified that he had attended drug investigation courses run by the Drug
Enforcement Administration and the Delaware State Police. He also attended a drug interdiction
course and regularly participated in drug investigations as part of his duties with the Delaware State
Police.

6 ch. Holl did not reference any heroin residue on the tip during direct examination

7 See St. Ex. l. ch. Holl explained to the Defendant that the blade was commonly used by
heroin users and appeared to have heroin residue on the tip.

8 Connections began in 1985 as a single program that supported older adults moving from
institutionalization into the Delaware community and has expanded since to provide residential,

4

State v. Matthew D. Frost
ID No. 1810006157
March 13, 2019

the vehicle that he should know about and stated “if it is just [the blade], I’m going
to chalk it up to ‘Ashley.”’9 The Defendant then disclosed possession of marijuana
and marijuana drug paraphemalia.10

9. A subsequent search of the vehicle revealed marijuana, 5.9 grams of heroin,
and drug paraphemalia.ll

10. The Defendant was arrested and charged with multiple drug offenses
including: (1) 1 count of Drug Dealing, a felony, in violation of 16 Del. C. § 4752(1);
(2) 1 count of Aggravated Possession, a felony, in violation of 16 Del. C. § 4752(3);
(3) l count of Possession of Drug Paraphernalia, a misdemeanor, in violation of 16
Del. C. § 477l(a); and (4) l count of Possession of Marijuana, a misdemeanor, in
violation of 16 Del. C. § 4764(a).

ll. The Defendant timely filed this motion to suppress on February 6, 2019
and moved to suppress all evidence seized as a result of the vehicle search. The
State’s response, in opposition, was timely filed on February 20, 2019. The Court
heard the parties’ arguments and testimony from ch. Holl at the suppression hearing

held on February 28, 2019 and reserved its decision.

 

Assertive Community Treatment, and outpatient services for adults with mental illness. See
http://www.connectionscsp.org/, last accessed Mar. 4, 2019.

9 See St. Ex. 1.
10 See St. Ex. 1; St. Mot. at 11 6.

“ St. Mot. at117.

State v. Matthew D. Frost
ID No. 1810006157
March13, 2019

STANDARD OF REVIEW
12. When presented with a motion to suppress evidence or statements collected
in a warrantless search, the State bears the burden of proving, by a preponderance of
the evidence, “that the challenged police conduct comported with the rights
guaranteed [to the defendant] by the United States Constitution, the Delaware
Constitution and Delaware statutory law.”12 At a suppression hearing, the trial judge
sits as the trier of fact, and determines the credibility of witnesses.13
PARTIES’ ARGUMENTS
13. The Defendant moves to suppress all evidence collected by ch. Holl,
characterizing the evidence as fruit of the poisonous tree.14 The Defendant argues that
ch. Holl had not developed a reasonable, articulable suspicion to justify ordering the
Defendant out of the vehicle that extended the traffic stop. The Defendant asserts that
this extension was an illegal seizure because he was detained beyond the time that
Would be required to address the traffic violation.15
14. The State, in opposition, argues that ch. Holl, based on the totality of the

circumstances, had not only a reasonable, articulable suspicion to extend the traffic

 

12 State v. Seth, 2017 WL 2616941, at *2 (Del. Super. June 16, 2017) (citing State v. Kang,
2001 WL 1729126, at *3 (Del. Super. Nov. 30, 2001)). See also Hunter v. State, 783 A.2d 558, 560
(Del. 2001).

13 State v. Brinkley, 2013 WL 1225869, at *2 (Del. Super. Feb. 19, 2013) (citing Turner v_
siaie, 957 A.2d 565, 570_71 (Del. 2008).

14 See Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 (1963).

15 D. Mot. at 11 4.

State v. Matthew D. Frost
ID No. 1810006157
March 13, 2019

stop, but developed probable cause to search the Defendant’s vehicle.16 The State
contends that while the Defendant was lawfully questioned pursuant to ll Del. C §
1902, his conduct, coupled with ch. Holl’s observation of drug paraphernalia in plain
view, established probable cause to extend the Defendant’s detention pursuant to
Loper v. State, to conduct a search of the Defendant’s vehicle,17 Furthermore, the
State argued, for the first time at the suppression hearing, that the seized evidence
should not be suppressed because it would have been inevitably discovered during
an inventory search, since the Defendant would have been prohibited from driving
because he failed to produce proof of insurance.
DISCUSSION

15. An individual's right to be free from unlawful governmental searches and
seizures in Delaware is secured by two independent sources. The Fourth Amendment
of the United States Constitution guarantees “the right of the people to be secure in
their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and
seizures....”18 Likewise, Article I, Section 6 of the Delaware Constitution guarantees
that “[t]he people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers and possessions,

1919

from unreasonable searches and seizures.... Searches and seizures are

presumptively unreasonable, unless they are authorized by warrants or fall under a

 

16 St. Reply at 11 21.
17 St. Reply at 11 17. See also Loper v. State, 8 A.3d 1169 (Del. 2010).
18 U.S. Const. amend. IV.

19 Del. Const. art. I, § 6.

State v. Matthew D. Frost
ID No. 1810006157
March 13, 2019

recognized exception to the warrant requirement.20

16. When a violation of a defendant's right to be free from illegal searches and
seizures has been demonstrated, the exclusionary rule is the remedy.2l As such,
evidence recovered illegally must be excluded, in the absence of an independent
source for or situation allowing for inevitably discovery.22

A. The Initial Traffic Stop was Lawful

17. The Court will first focus on the legality of the initial traffic stop. Based
on the record, the Court finds that ch. Holl had probable cause to conduct a traffic
stop concerning the Defendant’s vehicle.

18. A traffic stop is regarded as “a seizure of a vehicle and its occupants by
the State,” and is only reasonable if supported by reasonable, articulable suspicion of
criminal activity or probable cause to believe that a traffic violation has occurred.23

19. Here, ch. Holl testified at the suppression hearing that he observed the
Defendant fail to use a turn signal when he exited Route 1 onto Exit 98. This was
undisputed by the Defendant. ch. Holl’s testimony constitutes “specific and

articulable facts which taken together with rational inferences from those facts

 

20 State v. Coursey, 136 A.3d 316, 322 (Del. Super. 2016) (citing Mason v. State, 534 A.2d
242, 248 (Del.1987).

21 Coursey, 136 A.3d at 322 (citing Jones v. State, 745 A.2d 856, 872 (Del. 1999)).
22 Id. (citations omitted).

23 Caldwell v. State, 780 A.2d 1037, 1045 (Del. 2001).

8

State v. Matthew D. Frost
ID No. 1810006157
March13, 2019

reasonably warrant the intrusion.”24 Therefore, the Court finds that the State has met
its burden of demonstrating that ch. Holl had probable cause to conduct the traffic
stop because he observed the traffic violation.
B. The Scope of the Traffic Stop Was Exceeded without Probable Cause
i. T he tra]j‘ic stop was initially extended lawfully due to the Defendant ’s
inability to produce proof of insurance
20. ln order to be lawful, an officer may detain the individual only as long as
necessary to effectuate the purpose of the traffic stop.25 Police may request the
occupants of the car to provide identification,26 and to exit the vehicle.27 But, “any
investigation of the vehicle or its occupants beyond that required to complete the
purpose of the traffic stop must be supported by independent facts sufficient to justify
the additional intrusion.”28 To justify further detention for questioning on matters
unrelated to the initial stop, the officer must have reasonable suspicion that the driver

or his passenger has committed, is committing, or is about to commit some other

 

24 Coursey, 136 A.3d at 322 (citing Coleman v. State, 562 A.2d 1171, 1174 (Del. 1989)).
25 Brinkley, 2013 WL 1225869, at *3 (citing Caldwell, 780 A.2d at 1047).

26 Id. (citing Loper v. State, 8 A.3d 1169, 1172-74 (Del.2010)). See also 11 Del. C. § 1902
(In Delaware, police officers are permitted to question a person about their "name, address, business
abroad, and destination.").

27 Id. (citing Loper, 8 A.3d at 1174).
28 Id. (citing Caldwell, 780 A.2d at 1047).

9

State v. Matthew D. Frost
ID No. 1810006157
March13, 2019

crime.29 “Reasonable suspicion” is more than an ill-defined hunch; rather, under the
totality of the circumstances, the detaining officers must have a “particularized and
objective basis for suspecting the particular person stopped of criminal activity.”30

21. A suspect's nervous behavior and/or odd assertions that he did not know
the name of his passenger may or may not, in some situations, provide the officer with
reasonable suspicion justifying further limited questioning of the suspect and his
passenger.31 But these facts, standing alone, cannot justify the detention of extended
duration and the more intrusive measures like a pat-down search or an officer's use
of handcuffs.32 More “tangible, objectively articulable indicators of criminality, such
as driving with a suspended license, failure to provide proof of ownership of the
vehicle, or the palpable odor of alcohol, drugs, or air freshener (often used to mask

the smell of marijuana and cocaine)” in conjunction with nervousness, may support

a finding of reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.33 Here, the Court finds that

 

29 See Huntley, 777 A.2d at 254 (Del.Super. 2000) (citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)).
Delaware has adopted a statute which authorizes brief detention for identification purposes of a
person who is “abroad” or in a public place When the police officer “has reasonable ground to
suspect [that the person] is committing, has committed or is about to commit a crime....”. 11 Del.
C. § 1902(a). As the language of the statute indicates, a detention must be supported by reasonable
suspicion, and where there is no reasonable basis to suspect the detainee has committed any crime,
any detention of that defendant is unlawful. Hicks v. State, 631 A.2d 6, 9 (Del.1993) (citing State v.
Wrightson, 391 A.2d 227, 229 (1978)).

30 Robertson v. State, 596 A.2d 1345, 1350 (Del.l991) (citing Terry, 392 U.S. at 27)).
31 Caldwell, 780 A.2d at 1050.

32 Id.

33 Huntley, 777 A.2d at 256.

10

State v. Matthew D. Frost
ID No. 1810006157
March13, 2019

failure to provide a law enforcement officer with proof of insurance, is a tangible,
objectively articulable indicator.

22. The State, in opposition, argues that this case is more akin to Loper v.
State, rather than Caldwell v. State, The Court disagrees.

23. ln Loper, our Supreme Court held that generally speaking, a person already
lawfully detained as a result of a valid traffic stop is not seized a second time when
ordered to leave his car because his mobility is already validly limited.34 The Loper
court relied on Pennsylvania v. Mirnms,35 where, after weighing the interest of the
driver's personal liberty against the safety of the police officer, the United States
Supreme Court held that “once a motor vehicle has been lawfully detained for a
traffic violation, the police officer may order the driver to get out of the vehicle
without violating the Fourth Amendment's proscription of unreasonable search and
seizure.”36

24. For this Court’s purposes in determining whether the traffic stop was

 

34 Cf Loper, 8 A.3d at 1175 (holding no second seizure occurred when officers ordered the
defendant out of the vehicle after uncontested traffic stop for speeding but finding that, if even a
second seizure occurred, it was independently supported by reasonable and articulable suspicion
based on the defendant's suspicious responses to the officers questions under the totality of the
circumstances); with Caldwell, 780 A.2d at 1049 (finding that second seizure occurred when officers
immediately ordered the defendant to exit his vehicle that was illegally parked in a fire lane after
obtaining his license and registration information because the officer's actions exceeded the
permissible scope of the initial traffic stop and that it was unreasonable for want of independent facts
to support reasonable and articulable suspicion).

33 434 U.S. 106 (1977).

36 Loper, 8 A.3d at 1174 (citing Mimrns, 434 U.S. 106-07, 111 n.6).

11

State v. Matthew D. Frost
ID No. 1810006157
March13, 2019

unreasonably extended, the pertinent facts in Loper, on which our Supreme Court
relied on in determining whether the “delay” was de minimus or not, were: (l) the
defendant was initially stopped for speeding, which he conceded was a valid traffic
stop; (2) that the detention was delayed due to the passenger's arrest; and (3) that the
delay amounted to a handful of minutes.37

25 . In this case, however, the Defendant was initially stopped for failing to use
turn signals; for which he conceded. However, his detention was delayed because of
his inability to produce proof of insurance and promptly step out of the vehicle when
commanded by ch. Holl, not any action or inaction on the part of a third party.38 The
case is also distinguished from Caldwell because our Defendant lacked proof of
insurance. This was an objective factor that, in addition to the defendant’s
nervousness, the Court finds was sufficient for ch. Holl to demonstrate a reasonable,
articulable suspicion to extend the traffic stop. Despite the Defendant’s assertions
that he was attempting to pull up the insurance information electronically, the fact
remains that he did not provide proof of insurance after several minutes. Even taking
into account the peculiarities regarding cellular telephone signals in some areas of
Delaware, it remains the Defendant’ s responsibility to have proof of insurance readily
available, whether it be in paper or electronic form. Thus, the Defendant’s inability

to produce a valid proof of insurance provided ch. Holl with a reasonable, articulable

 

37Id. at 1171, 1173.

33 The Court notes that it appears, fiom the video footage, that the Defendant has, or had, a
leg injury. This may have delayed his compliance with ch. Holl’s instructions to exit the vehicle.

12

State v. Matthew D. Frost
ID No. 1810006157
March 13, 2019

basis to extend the traffic stop, beyond issuing a citation for failure to properly si gnal.
ii. ch. Holl did not have probable cause to extend the traffic stop
further on the belief that the Defendant was in possession of drug
paraphernalia
26. The Court must now determine whether ch. Holl’s observance of the nail
file in plain view was enough for him to have developed either reasonable, articulable
suspicion to further extend the scope of the initial traffic stop, or, in the altemative,
probable cause to search the vehicle for additional drugs and drug paraphemalia.
After considering the record, the parties’ arguments, and ch. Holl’s testimony at the
suppression hearing, the Court finds that the presence of the nail file was not enough
for ch. Holl to demonstrate probable cause to conduct a warrantless search of the
Defendant’s vehicle. Thus, the evidence seized as a result of that search must be
suppressed
27 . The Defendant argues that the nail file on the car seat was just that, a nail
file, which alone, can not be considered drug paraphernalia pursuant to 16 Del. C. §
4772. Section 4472 provides thirteen factors that a Court shall evaluate, in addition
to other logically-relevant factors, to aid in its determination of whether an object is
drug paraphemalia. Those factors are:
(l) Statements by an owner or by anyone in control of the object, concerning
its use;
(2) The proximity of the object, in time and space, to a direct violation of this
chapter;

(3) The proximity of the object to controlled substances;

13

State v. Matthew D. Frost
ID No. 1810006157
March 13, 2019

(4) The existence of any residue of a controlled substance on the object;

(5) Direct or circumstantial evidence of the intent of an owner, or of anyone in
control of the object, to deliver it to persons whom the owner knows, or should
reasonably know, intend to use the object to facilitate a violation of this
chapter. The innocence of an owner, or of anyone in control of the object, as
to a direct violation of this chapter shall not prevent a finding that the object
is intended for use, or designed for use, as drug paraphernalia;

(6) lnstructions (oral or written) provided with the object, concerning its use;
(7) Descriptive materials accompanying the object which explain or depict its
use;

(8) National and local advertising concerning its use;

(9) The manner in which the object is displayed for sale;

(10) Whether or not the owner, or anyone in control of the object, is a
legitimate supplier of like or related items to the community, such as a licensed
distributor or dealer of tobacco products;

( 1 1) Direct or circumstantial evidence of the ratio of sales of the suspect object
to the total sales of the business enterprise;

(12) The existence and scope of legitimate uses for the object in the
community; and

(13) Expert testimony concerning its use.39

28. ch. Holl testified that he observed brown residue on the nail file that,

 

39 16 Del. c_ § 4772.

14

State v. Matthew D. Frost
ID No. 1810006157
March13, 2019

based on his experience and training, he believed was heroin. The Court agrees that
presence of heroin residue on the nail file would fall under factor four (4) pursuant
to section 4772 and, thus, demonstrate probable cause to search the vehicle in an
attempt to find other drugs and drug paraphemalia. Indeed, if the Court only
considered ch. Holl’ s testimony, then this issue would be easily resolved in favor of
the State. ln this case, however, the Court is not satisfied that ch. Holl had probable
cause to search the Defendant’s vehicle. ln short, the Court questions ch. Holl’s
credibility regarding the alleged drug paraphemalia.

29. First, the Court allowed the photo of the nail file to be admitted into
evidence, not withstanding the cropping of the nail file’s tip, only after ch. Holl had
both positively identified it as the nail file he observed and testified that heroin
residue was visible on the visible portions of the blade. However, upon observing the
exhibit, the Court cannot agree. While the Court would not characterize the nail file
as in pristine condition, it can not definitively state that the nail file, as presented, is
covered partially by heroin residue. For all the Court knows, there could be another
substance on the nail file such as rust or dirt.

30. Second, the Court notes that ch. Holl made no reference to heroin residue
in the State’s direct examination regarding his observation of the nail file in the
Defendant’s car. Also notable was the State’s lack of inquiry into the alleged residue
ch. Holl testified as to observing.

31. Third, it does not appear to the Court, either from the State’s submissions,
nor ch. Holl’s testimony, that any scientific analysis of the alleged heroin residue

was conducted. While the Court does not intend to discount ch. Holl’s training and

15

State v. Matthew D. Frost
ID No. 1810006157
March13, 2019

experience, the condition of the blade presented to the Court prompts the Court to
question why the blade was not analyzed. For no other reason, the nail file should
have been tested to verify Tf`c. Holl’s suspicions.

32. The Court finds, based on the totality of the circumstances, that the nail
file, in itself, without confirmation of the presence of heroin residue, or at least,
eliminate the possibility that the residue is something more than rust or dirt, was not
enough to demonstrate probable cause to search the Defendant’s vehicle for other
drugs and drug paraphemalia. As a result, the Court finds that ch. Holl did not
demonstrate probable cause to search the Defendant’s vehicle on the basis of drug
and drug paraphernalia possession

iii. T here was not probable cause to extend the traffic stop on the belief
that the Defendant was in possession of weapons.

33. On re-direct examination, and for the first time, the State appears to
implicitly argue that the Defendant’s possession of a knife also demonstrated
probable cause for the officer’s search of the Defendant’s vehicle. The Court,
however, is not persuaded by this argument.

34. ln this case, the video cam footage clearly displays that the Defendant
discloses that he has a knife, but it does not appear apparent to the Court what type
of knife was confiscated. If, for example, the knife had been a Swiss Army knife, the
Court could not conclude that it would establish probable cause to search the vehicle
for other weapons. Indeed, the State in its pleadings, nor ch. Holl’s testimony,
appears to argue this point, until the very last moment, after the alleged drug

paraphernalia was rebutted by the Defendant. The Court further notes that the State

16

State v. Matthew D. Frost
ID No. 1810006157
March 13, 2019

has not produced the confiscated knife for the Court’s consideration, nor focused on
its seizure, until the alleged drug paraphernalia was rebutted by the Defendant.

35. As a result, the Court finds, in light of the fact that no knife has been
produced as evidence, nor has the argument been directly made by the State, that ch.
Holl did not have probable cause to search the Defendant’s car on the basis that
possible weapons might have been found.

C. The State’s Inevitable Discovery Argument

36. Finally, the State argues that the evidence seized in the vehicle search,
should be admitted because it would have been inevitably discovered as a result of
an inventory search. The Court is not convinced by the State’s hypothetical and finds
that the inevitable discovery doctrine does not apply to the particular facts of this
case,

3 7. “Inevitable discovery” doctrine provides that evidence obtained unlawfully
will be admissible if the State can prove that such evidence would have been
discovered in spite of the illegal police conduct.40

3 8. Inventory searches are a well-defined exception to the warrant requirement
of the Fourth Amendment.41 They are conducted for three purposes: (1) to protect the

owner from theft or damage while the vehicle is under police control; (2) to protect

 

40 State v. Brownell, 2005 WL 268043, at *1 (Del. Super. Jan. 28, 2005) (citing Hardin v.
siaie, 844 A.2d 982, 987 (De1.2004)).

41 State v. Deputy, 2001 WL 1729120, at *2 (Del.Super.) (citing Colorado v. Bertine, 479
U.s. 367, 371 (1987)).

17

State v. Matthew D. Frost
lD No. 1810006157
March13, 2019

police from false claims; and (3) to protect police from danger.42 This Court has
further held that inventory searches are lawful when they are “made to safeguard
property for the benefit of the owner, police and tow company, and not under pretext
to gather evidence without a warrant.”43 The State has the burden to show that an
inventory search was conducted in good faith “in furtherance of the police care taking
function and not as a pretext for an investigatory motive.”44

39. This Court dealt with a similar scenario presented in State v. Brownell. In
Brownell, the Delaware State Police responded to an automobile accident and
discovered the defendant, who was under the influence of alcohol and/ or drugs.45 Due
to the defendant’s condition, an officer conducted a limited search of his vehicle, in
an attempt to find documentation regarding his license, registration, and insurance
status.46 ln the process, however, the officer discovered, removed, and opened a
canister that appeared to contain marijuana.47 The vehicle was subsequently towed
and an inventory search was conducted.48

40. Upon the defendant’s motion to suppress, the State conceded that the initial

 

42 Brownell, 2005 WL 268043, at *1.

43 Id. (citing Lively v_ siaie, 427 A.2d 882, 883 (De1. 1981)).
44 State v. Miller, 420 A.2d 181, 184 (Del.SupCr. 1980).

43 Brownell, 2005 WL 268043 at *1.

46 Id.

47 Id.

48 Id.

18

State v. Matthew D. Frost
ID No. 1810006157
March 13, 2019

seizure and opening of the canister was warrantless and improper.49 The State argued
nevertheless that the evidence would have been inevitably discovered.50 This Court
agreed with the State’s legal argument, but found that the State failed to establish a
sufficient record of the inventory search, and thus, failed to meet its burden of
establishing that the seizure was lawful.31

41. In this case, the Court has no doubt that if an inventory search had taken
place, the evidence would have established that the inventory search was conducted
properly and lawfully, after the traffic stop. If that inventory search had been
established that police procedures had been followed, it is likely that this Court would
uphold the seizure and the drugs and drug paraphernalia found would have been
admissible.

42. However, rather than establishing some minimum threshold or knowledge
base of ch. Holl regarding police procedures for an inventory search the State, on re-
direct, simply presented ch. Holl with a hypothetical situation regarding standard
operating procedures if the Defendant had been ultimately unable to produce his
insurance information ch. Holl testified that if the Defendant was unable to produce
his insurance information then: (1) he would not have been permitted the drive the

vehicle; (2) the vehicle would have been towed; and (3) an inventory search would

 

49 Id.
30 Id. (Emphasis added.)

31 Brownell, 2005 WL 268043 at *2 (this Court questioned whether the searched information
would have been possibly located in a small film canister.).

19

State v. Matthew D. Frost
ID No. 1810006157
March 13, 2019

have been conducted before the vehicle was towed. However, notably absent, as in
Brownell, was any testimony from ch. Holl as to his actual knowledge of those
inventory search procedures, testimony as to what those inventory search procedures
may entail, or testimony that he was properly trained to conduct such inventory
searches.32

43. However, the instant case may be even more egregious, and thus,
distinguished from Brownell because here there was no attempt by ch. Holl, or Cpl.
Goertz, to locate the Defendant’ s proof of insurance,53 The officers in Brownell tried,
at least, to ascertain this required documentation

44. Furthermore, even if an inventory search had occurred, which it did not,34
the State would still have failed to provide the Court with an independent basis to
find support for an appropriately conducted inventory search because it failed to
demonstrate reasonable, articulable suspicion or probable cause for ch. Holl to
extend the Defendant’s traffic stop for a second time. ch. Holl’ s testimony regarding
what he would have done if the Defendant had been unable to drive leaves the Court
only one option; to conjecture that he would have conducted the inventory search

correctly. ln essence, the State has asked the Court to fill in the blanks using the

 

32 The Court presumes that all State Police are trained in these matters, but regardless of What
the Court may or may not presume, the State must present the foundation for those facts, Here, the
State failed to do so.

33 See St. Ex. 1. The Defendant disclosed that he had a knife on his person

34 The State conceded, through its presentation of the hypothetical, that there had been no
inventory search,

20

State v. Matthew D. Frost
lD No. 1810006157
March13, 2019

Court’s knowledge of an inventory search, which simply is not permissible.

45. That burden is upon the State and not the Court. Here, the State did not
meet its burden As a result, the Court rejects the State’s final argument, and finds the
inevitable discovery doctrine does not apply to the present case.

CONCLUSION

46. Therefore, based on the above stated reasons, the Defendant’s Motion to

Suppress evidence is GRANTED. All evidence seized as a result of the search of his

vehicle must be suppressed as fruit of the poisonous tree.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Resident Judge

 

WLW/dmh

oc: Prothonotary

xc: Lindsay A. Taylor, Esquire
Stephanie H. Blaisdell, Esquire

21

