Present:   All the Justices

INOVA HEALTH CARE SERVICES,
d/b/a INOVA FAIRFAX HOSPITAL, ET AL.

v.   Record No. 112070     OPINION BY JUSTICE DONALD W. LEMONS
                                     September 14, 2012
ADEL S. KEBAISH, M.D.

              FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
                        Jan L. Brodie, Judge

       In this appeal, we consider whether the Circuit Court of

Fairfax County erred in allowing the plaintiff to take a

nonsuit as a matter of right pursuant to Code § 8.01-380(B)

based on its determination that the plaintiff's prior voluntary

dismissal in federal court was not a nonsuit under Code § 8.01-

380.

                    I. Facts and Proceedings Below

       Adel S. Kebaish ("Dr. Kebaish"), a private practice

orthopedic/spine surgeon, entered into a Professional Services

Agreement (the "Agreement") with INOVA Fairfax Hospital to

provide "on-call" trauma services on a "non-exclusive basis."

Pursuant to the Agreement, both parties had the express right

to terminate the Agreement without cause upon ninety days

written notice.   INOVA Fairfax Hospital exercised this right in

November 2009.

       In June 2010, Dr. Kebaish filed a complaint (the

"complaint") in the Circuit Court of Fairfax County against

INOVA Health Care Services d/b/a INOVA Fairfax Hospital; Mark
M. Theiss, M.D. ("Theiss"); Robert A. Hymes, M.D. ("Hymes");

Cary C. Schwartzbach, M.D. ("Schwartzbach"); Jeffrey E.

Schulman, M.D. ("Schulman"); Alireza S. Malekzadeh, M.D.

("Malekzadeh"); L. Reuven Pasternak, M.D. ("Pasternak");

Patrick L. Christiansen, Ph.D. ("Christiansen"); Elizabeth

Davies, P.A. ("Davies"); Ryan D. Westbrook, P.A. ("Westbrook");

Katherine Brown, P.A.; Emily L. Cusimano, P.A. ("Cusimano");

John Paik, M.D. 1; and Scott B. Shawen, M.D. ("Shawen").

Specifically, Dr. Kebaish's nine-count complaint alleged:

     Count I     – defamation and defamation per se;

     Count II    – breach of contract;

     Count III   - tortious interference with existing
                   contract and/or business relationships
                   and business expectancy;

     Count IV    – common law conspiracy;

     Count V     – statutory conspiracy to injure Dr.
                   Kebaish in violation of Code
                   §§ 18.2-499 and -500;

     Count VI    – wrongful termination in violation of
                   the Virginia Consumer Protection Act;

     Count VII   – wrongful termination in violation of
                   the Virginia Antitrust Act;

     Count VIII – wrongful termination in violation of
                  the Virginia Fraud Against Taxpayers
                  Act; and

     Count IX    – unjust enrichment.


     1
       Dr. Kebaish's complaint incorrectly referred to Haines
Paik ("Paik") as "John Paik."

                                2
Dr. Kebaish sought $35 million in compensatory damages as well

as punitive damages, attorneys' fees, expert witness' fees, and

other costs.

     Paik and Shawen, both officers in the United States Army

and named defendants in the complaint, were alleged by Dr.

Kebaish to have acted in their respective individual capacities

and outside the scope of their respective employments.    As a

result, the case was removed on behalf of the United States of

America by the United States Attorney to the United States

District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia ("federal

court").   The United States Attorney submitted certifications

stating that Paik and Shawen were "acting within the scope of

[their respective] office[s] or employment[s] as . . .

employee[s] of the United States of America at the time of the

incidents out of which [Dr. Kebaish's] claims arise."

     Thereafter, the federal court entered a consent order

granting Dr. Kebaish leave to file an amended complaint

relating back to the original filing date in the Circuit Court

of Fairfax County.   In August 2010, Dr. Kebaish filed his

amended complaint in federal court against INOVA Health Care

Services d/b/a INOVA Fairfax Hospital, Theiss, Hymes,

Schwartzbach, Schulman, Malekzadeh, 2 Pasternak, Christiansen,


     2
       This defendant's last name was spelled "Malekzadah" in
the amended complaint.

                                3
Davies, Westbrook, Kathryn Battle, 3 and Cusimano (collectively,

"INOVA" or the "Defendants").      The amended complaint did not

name Paik or Shawen as parties; contained the same nine counts

alleged in the initial complaint filed in the trial court, as

well as a new tenth count for negligent retention; and sought

to recover the same damages as requested in the initial

complaint.

        In September 2010, Dr. Kebaish filed a "Notice of

Voluntary Dismissal" in the federal court prior to INOVA filing

an answer to the amended complaint.      Pursuant to Federal Rule

of Civil Procedure 41(a)(1)(A)(i) ("Federal Rule

41(a)(1)(A)(i)"), Dr. Kebaish voluntarily dismissed his lawsuit

without prejudice.

        Dr. Kebaish then filed a complaint against INOVA in the

Circuit Court of Fairfax County ("trial court") in October

2010.       In response, INOVA filed a demurrer, which was sustained

in part and overruled in part in December 2010.

        Thereafter, Dr. Kebaish filed an amended complaint in the

trial court in January 2011, in which he named the same

defendants as had been named in the amended complaint filed in



        3
       In the consent order entered by the federal court, "[t]he
parties also agree[d] to the substitution of Kathryn Battle for
named Defendant Katherine Brown, which corrects a misspelling
of Ms. Battle's first name and reflects Ms. Battle's legal,
married name."

                                    4
the federal court in August 2010. 4   Specifically, the six-count

amended complaint alleged: 5

     Count I    – defamation and defamation per se
                  against all of the Defendants;

     Count II   – breach of contract against INOVA
                  Fairfax Hospital;

     Count III - tortious interference with existing
                 contract and/or business
                 relationships and business expectancy
                 against all of the Defendants;

     Count IV   – common law conspiracy against all of
                  the Defendants;

     Count V    – statutory conspiracy to injure Dr.
                  Kebaish against all of the Defendants;
                  and

     Count VI   – unjust enrichment against INOVA
                  Fairfax Hospital.

Dr. Kebaish sought $35 million in compensatory damages as well

as punitive damages.   Additionally, he sought reimbursement of

his attorneys' fees, expert witness' fees, and other costs.

     The case proceeded to a jury trial in September 2011, and

Dr. Kebaish informed the trial court on the second day of trial

that he had "elected to use [his] nonsuit" because he "ha[d]


     4
       The amended complaint filed in the trial court was the
operative complaint at the time the trial court granted Dr.
Kebaish's motion for a voluntary nonsuit pursuant to Code
§ 8.01-380.
     5
       The amended complaint did not allege wrongful termination
under the Virginia Consumer Protection Act, the Virginia
Antitrust Act, or the Virginia Fraud Against Taxpayers Act.
Moreover, the amended complaint did not allege a claim for
negligent retention.

                                5
not nonsuited previously."    INOVA objected, arguing to the

trial court that this Court stated in dicta in Welding, Inc. v.

Bland County Service Authority, 261 Va. 218, 223-24, 541 S.E.2d

909, 912 (2001), that a voluntary dismissal under Rule

41(a)(1)(A)(i) in federal court is equivalent to a nonsuit

under Code § 8.01-380(B).    Therefore, INOVA argued, Dr. Kebaish

had already effectively taken a nonsuit based on his voluntary

dismissal of his action in federal court.

     The trial court overruled INOVA's objection, concluding

that neither Welding nor Code § 8.01-380 provides that a

voluntary dismissal taken in federal court bars a future

nonsuit in state court.   Consequently, the trial court

permitted Dr. Kebaish to take a nonsuit as a matter of right

pursuant to Code § 8.01-380(B).

     INOVA timely filed its petition for appeal, and we granted

INOVA's appeal on the following assignment of error:

     The trial court erred when it ruled that Virginia's
     nonsuit statute, Va. Code § 8.01-380(B), required it to
     grant [Dr. Kebaish's] motion for nonsuit as a matter of
     right based on its determination that Respondent's prior
     voluntary dismissal of his cause of action in federal
     court was not a nonsuit under the statute.

                             II. Analysis

                     A. Standard of Review

     Well-settled principles of statutory review guide our

analysis in this case.



                                  6
     [A]n issue of statutory interpretation is a pure
     question of law which we review de novo. When
     the language of a statute is unambiguous, we are
     bound by the plain meaning of that language.
     Furthermore, we must give effect to the
     legislature’s intention as expressed by the
     language used unless a literal interpretation of
     the language would result in a manifest
     absurdity. If a statute is subject to more than
     one interpretation, we must apply the
     interpretation that will carry out the
     legislative intent behind the statute.

Conyers v. Martial Arts World of Richmond, Inc., 273 Va. 96,

104, 639 S.E.2d 174, 178 (2007) (citations omitted).

                      B.   Code § 8.01-380(B)

     The Virginia General Assembly enacted the first nonsuit

statute in 1789, which applied only to actions at law tried by

a jury.   See 1789 Acts ch. 28.     Section 10 of "An ACT

concerning Jeofails and certain Proceedings in civil Cases"

provided that "[e]very person desirous of suffering a nonsuit

on trial, shall be barred therefrom, unless he do so before the

jury retire from the bar."    Id.

     The statute remained substantially similar until it was

amended (then codified as Code § 6256) in 1932 to provide:

     A party shall not be allowed to suffer a non-
     suit, unless he do so before the jury retire from
     the bar. And after a non-suit no new proceeding
     on the same cause of action shall be had in any
     court other than that in which the non-suit was
     taken, unless that court is without jurisdiction,
     or not a proper venue, or other good cause be
     shown for proceeding in another court.

1932 Acts ch. 30.


                                    7
     Thereafter, in 1954, the first sentence of the statute

(then codified as Code § 8-220) was amended as follows:

     A party shall not be allowed to suffer a nonsuit
     unless he do so before the jury retire from the
     bar or before the suit or action has been
     submitted to the court for decision or before a
     motion to strike the evidence has been sustained
     by the court.

1954 Acts ch. 333 (emphasis added).

     By including the word "suit" in the 1954 amendment, "the

General Assembly changed the existing equity general rule and

provided for a voluntary dismissal as a matter of right only up

to the time the suit had been 'submitted' to the chancellor for

decision."    Moore v. Moore, 218 Va. 790, 795, 240 S.E.2d 535,

538 (1978).   Accordingly, "in a nonjury trial, at law or in

equity . . . a nonsuit or dismissal without prejudice may not

occur as a matter of right after the 'suit or action has been

submitted to the court for decision.' "    Id. (quoting former

Code § 8-220 (Supp. 1954)).   We have previously recognized that

the General Assembly, in adopting the 1954 amendment, "intended

the statutory term 'nonsuit' to be used in a comprehensive

sense (i.e., voluntary termination by the plaintiff of pending

litigation not precluding a later lawsuit upon the same cause

of action), whether it be a nonsuit at law or a dismissal

without prejudice in equity."    Id. at 795 n.4, 240 S.E.2d at

538 n.4.   "This same comprehensive interpretation of the term



                                 8
[nonsuit] has been carried forward to the new nonsuit statute."

Id.   See also Code § 8.01-380.

      In Virginia, a plaintiff may take one nonsuit as a matter

of right.   Code § 8.01-380(B).   Code § 8.01-380(B) states, in

relevant part, that "[o]nly one nonsuit may be taken to a cause

of action or against the same party to the proceeding, as a

matter of right."   This right must be exercised "before a

motion to strike the evidence has been sustained or before the

jury retires from the bar or before the action has been

submitted to the court for decision."   Code § 8.01-380(A).   By

contrast, a plaintiff in federal court may take a voluntary

dismissal as a matter of right pursuant to Federal Rule

41(a)(1)(A)(i) "before the opposing party serves either an

answer or a motion for summary judgment."   Fed. R. Civ. P.

41(a)(1)(A)(i).

      In discussing the benefit conferred upon a plaintiff in

taking a nonsuit as a matter of right pursuant to Code § 8.01-

380(B), we have previously stated:

           The right to take a nonsuit on the eve of
      trial, notwithstanding a defendant's loss of time
      and expense incurred in preparation, and
      notwithstanding any disruption which may result
      to the court's docket, is a powerful tactical
      weapon in the hands of a plaintiff. The General
      Assembly has provided, in Code § 8.01-380,
      several conditions to give balance to the
      exercise of that right. Nonsuit remains,
      however, distinctly a weapon in the arsenal of a
      plaintiff.


                                  9
Trout v. Commonwealth Transp. Comm'r of Va., 241 Va. 69, 73,

400 S.E.2d 172, 174 (1991).   By contrast, in discussing the

purpose of a voluntary dismissal, the United States Court of

Appeals for the Third Circuit stated that:

     [w]hile it is quite true that the practice in
     many states has permitted a voluntary non-suit as
     of right at advanced stages in the litigation,
     sometimes even after submission of a case to a
     jury, we think the object of the federal rules
     was to get rid of just this situation and put
     control of the matter into the hands of the trial
     judge.

Ockert v. Union Barge Line Corp., 190 F.2d 303, 304 (3d Cir.

1951) (emphasis added).

     Although a voluntary dismissal and a nonsuit provide a

plaintiff with a similar procedural right, the exercise of that

right varies significantly.   Compare Fed. R. Civ. P.

41(a)(1)(A)(i), with Code § 8.01-380(B).     In federal procedure,

a voluntary dismissal as a matter of right is available only if

exercised at the outset of the proceeding; whereas, use of a

nonsuit under Code § 8.01-380(A) may be exercised much later in

the proceeding – even at trial.    Accordingly, the right to take

a nonsuit pursuant to Code § 8.01-380(B) in a Virginia state

court is much more expansive than the right to a voluntary

dismissal pursuant to Federal Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i) in federal

court.




                                  10
     Code § 8.01-380 does not address what impact, if any, a

plaintiff's prior voluntary dismissal in federal court may have

on that plaintiff's right to take a nonsuit as a matter of

right.   INOVA contends that Dr. Kebaish is barred from taking a

nonsuit as a matter of right pursuant to Code § 8.01-380 due to

his prior voluntary dismissal in federal court.   INOVA argues

that Code § 8.01-229(E)(3) "calls for a [voluntary] dismissal

in federal court to be treated as 'a voluntary nonsuit

prescribed in § 8.01-380.' "

     Code § 8.01-229(E)(3) provides that:

     If a plaintiff suffers a voluntary nonsuit as
     prescribed in § 8.01-380, the statute of
     limitations with respect to such action shall be
     tolled by the commencement of the nonsuited
     action, and the plaintiff may recommence his
     action within six months from the date of the
     order entered by the court, or within the
     original period of limitation, or within the
     limitation period as provided by subdivision B 1,
     whichever period is longer. This tolling
     provision shall apply irrespective of whether the
     action is originally filed in a federal or a
     state court and recommenced in any other court,
     and shall apply to all actions irrespective of
     whether they arise under common law or statute.

Code § 8.01-229(E)(3) does not confirm or suggest that a

voluntary dismissal taken pursuant to Federal Rule

41(a)(1)(A)(i) is a nonsuit for purposes of Code § 8.01-380.

Rather, the plain language of Code § 8.01-229(E)(3)

demonstrates that the reference to actions originally filed in




                                11
federal court applies only to the application of the tolling

provision.   Code § 8.01-229(E)(3).

     Additionally, INOVA argues that our decision in Welding

bars Dr. Kebaish from taking a nonsuit as a matter of right

because of his prior voluntary dismissal in federal court.

However, "[t]he term 'nonsuit' identifies a specific practice

used in Virginia civil procedure."      Welding, 261 Va. at 223-24,

541 S.E.2d at 912.   Although we previously stated that

"[f]ederal court practice does not include a procedure labeled

a 'nonsuit,' but does recognize procedures which are

substantially equivalent to Virginia's nonsuit," this

observation does not resolve the question presented here.          Id.

at 224, 541 S.E.2d at 912.      See also Fed. R. Civ. P. 41.   A

nonsuit is only the functional equivalent to a voluntary

dismissal to the extent that both a nonsuit and a voluntary

dismissal provide a plaintiff with a method to voluntarily

dismiss the suit up until a specified time in the proceeding.

                         III.    Conclusion

     We hold that the trial court did not err in finding that

Dr. Kebaish was permitted to take a nonsuit as a matter of

right pursuant to Code § 8.01-380(B).     Accordingly, we will

affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                        Affirmed.




                                  12
