                           ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                        Appellate Court




                       People v. Higgenbotham, 2012 IL App (1st) 110434




Appellate Court            THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v.
Caption                    JOANN HIGGENBOTHAM, Defendant-Appellee.



District & No.             First District, Fourth Division
                           Docket No. 1-11-0434


Filed                      June 28, 2012
Rehearing denied           July 24, 2012


Held                       A defendant’s absence from court due to physical incapacitation
(Note: This syllabus       supported a temporary suspension of the running of the speedy trial
constitutes no part of     period, but her subsequent failures to appear without prior
the opinion of the court   communication with her counsel or the court operated as a waiver of the
but has been prepared      demand such that a new term began to run when she next appeared and
by the Reporter of         demanded a speedy trial.
Decisions for the
convenience of the
reader.)


Decision Under             Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, Nos. TP-311029, TP-
Review                     311030, TP-311031, TP-311032, TP-311033; the Hon. Thomas Lyons,
                           Judge, presiding.



Judgment                   Reversed and remanded.
Counsel on                  Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg,
Appeal                      Veronica Calderon Malavia, and Kalia M. Coleman, Assistant State’s
                            Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.

                            Abishi C. Cunningham, Jr., Public Defender, of Chicago (Harold J.
                            Winston, Assistant Public Defender, of counsel), for appellee.


Panel                       JUSTICE PUCINSKI delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                            Presiding Justice Lavin and Justice Sterba concurred in the judgment and
                            opinion.



                                              OPINION

¶1          The State appeals an order of the circuit court granting defendant Joann Higgenbotham’s
        motion to dismiss multiple traffic law violations on speedy trial grounds. On appeal, the State
        argues that the circuit court’s order fails to accord with the plain language of the speedy trial
        statute (725 ILCS 5/103-5(b) (West 2008)) as well as relevant case law interpreting that
        provision. For the reasons explained herein, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court.

¶2                                        I. BACKGROUND
¶3           On February 23, 2008, defendant was arrested and charged with multiple traffic law
        violations, including: failure to render aid (625 ILCS 5/11-403 (West 2008)); operating a
        motor vehicle without insurance (625 ILCS 5/3-707 (West 2008)); driving under the
        influence (625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(4) (West 2008)); driving on a suspended license (625 ILCS
        5/6-303(a) (West 2008)); and leaving the scene of an accident involving an unattended
        vehicle (625 ILCS 5/11-404 (West 2008)).
¶4           Following her arrest, defendant was released on her own recognizance with bail set at
        $3,000. Defendant failed to appear in court on March, 20, 2008, her initial court date, and
        the court issued a bond forfeiture warrant (BFW). The trial court subsequently quashed and
        recalled the BFW when defendant appeared on the judgment date. Another BFW was entered
        on July 10, 2008, when defendant failed to appear in court a second time, but was later
        quashed and recalled when she appeared on the judgment date. Thereafter, the cause was set
        for trial on October 30, 2008. Defendant, however, failed to appear on the trial date and the
        trial court issued a third BFW. This BFW was also subsequently quashed and recalled when
        defendant appeared in court on the judgment date. The trial date was then rescheduled for
        January 21, 2009. On that date, both parties entered appearances but neither party answered
        ready for trial, and a new trial date of March 25, 2009, was set by agreement. On that date,
        the trial court called the case but defendant was not present and the court issued yet another
        BFW. Defendant did appear in court later that day, however, and at that time the BFW was
        quashed and recalled and the parties agreed to a new trial date: June 9, 2009. Defendant,

                                                  -2-
     however, failed to appear on the June 9, 2009, trial date and another BFW was entered and
     the cause continued to June 23, 2009. Defendant also failed to appear in court on June 23,
     2009, and the court issued a sixth BFW.
¶5       By agreement, the parties set a new trial date for November 20, 2009. On this court date,
     defendant answered ready for trial but the State answered not ready. Defendant immediately
     filed her first demand for a speedy trial and the cause was continued to January 5, 2010. On
     that date, both parties appeared in court but the State answered not ready for trial and
     defendant filed her second written demand for a speedy trial. The cause was then continued
     to April 23, 2010, at the request of the State. On that date, defendant was not present and
     defense counsel informed the court that she had been hospitalized in the intensive care unit
     at Mercy Hospital. Defense counsel then provided the court and the State with a note written
     by defendant’s treating physician that stated: “To whom it may concern: This letter is to
     certify that Ms. Joann Higgenbotham (DOB 11/29/42) is currently admitted to Mercy
     Hospital Intensive Care Unit and will [be] unable to participate in scheduled court case.”
     Defense counsel thus sought a continuance pursuant to section 114-4(i) of the Code of
     Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Criminal Code) (725 ILCS 5/114-4(i) (West 2008)), as a result
     of defendant’s documented physical incapacity. Given defendant’s medical state, the trial
     court granted defendant’s motion for a continuance until May 18, 2010. Because the case was
     “on term” the State also sought leave for an additional 21 days to be added to the speedy trial
     term, and the court instructed the State to “argue it on the next court date.”1
¶6       On May 18, 2010, defendant failed to appear in court. Defense counsel informed the
     court that she had been unable to reach defendant or any member of defendant’s family since
     defendant’s hospitalization and requested the court to continue the cause for one week. The
     State objected to defense counsel’s request for a continuance and requested the court to issue
     another BFW. The trial court denied the State’s warrant request but indicated it would issue
     a warrant if defendant failed to appear on the next court date. The court then continued the
     case to May 25, 2010. On that date, defendant failed to appear in court once again. Defense
     counsel had no information about defendant’s whereabouts and the State renewed its request
     for a BFW. The court instructed defense counsel to “[g]et letters out to everybody” and
     entered and continued the State’s request for a BFW. The court indicated that the warrant
     would be issued on the next court date if defendant failed to appear. The trial court then
     continued the cause to June 22, 2010.
¶7       On that date, defendant appeared and presented the court with another doctor’s note that
     stated that she had been hospitalized at RML Specialty Hospital for acute respiratory failure
     from May 4, 2010, to June 2, 2010, which served to explain her two most recent absences
     from court. The parties then agreed to a new trial date: September 1, 2010. On that date,


             1
              The 21-day extension was never argued at a subsequent court date; however, it does not
     impact the decision as both parties agree that an additional 21 days would have had no effect on the
     calculations that are part of the instant appeal. By defendant’s calculation, the State exceeded the
     speedy trial term by 57 days, rendering a 21-day extension immaterial. Pursuant to the State’s
     argument, the defendant waived her speedy trial demand and a new term commenced on September
     1, 2010, when she filed her third demand, and thus its prior request for an extension was of no
     consequence.

                                                 -3-
       however, the State again answered not ready for trial and defendant filed her third demand
       for a speedy trial. At the State’s request, the cause was continued to October 28, 2010. On
       the October 28, 2010, trial date, the State answered ready but defendant filed a motion to
       dismiss, alleging that her right to a speedy trial had been violated. In her motion, defendant
       observed that she had filed her first demand for a speedy trial on November 20, 2009, and
       that as of October 28, 2010, 210 days had passed since her first demand, which far exceeded
       the 160-day time limitation set forth in the speedy trial statute. Defendant calculated her
       speedy trial term as follows:
            “November 20, 2009 to January 5, 2010 (46 days)
            January 5, 2010 to April 23, 2010 (107 days)
            September 1, 2010 to October 28, 2010 (57 days)
            Total: 210 days”
¶8          The trial court conducted a hearing on defendant’s motion that day. At the hearing, the
       State calculated defendant’s speedy trial term to be 57 days. The State argued that the term
       had started over on September 1, 2010, when defendant made her third demand for a speedy
       trial. To support its calculation, the State cited section 103-5 of the speedy trial statute (725
       ILCS 5/103-5 (West 2008)) and this court’s decision in People v. Zakarauskas, 398 Ill. App.
       3d 451 (2010), and argued that a defendant’s failure to appear in court operates as a waiver
       of her demand for a speedy trial. Because defendant failed to appear at three scheduled court
       dates during her illness, the State argued that defendant’s prior speedy trial demands were
       waived.
¶9          Defendant disputed the State’s interpretation of relevant case law and statutory authority.
       Specifically, defendant argued that pursuant to this court’s ruling in Zakarauskas, waiver
       only occurs where a defendant’s absence is unexplained. Because defendant provided the
       court with doctors’ notes and explained her failures to appear, defendant argued that her
       speedy trial term was merely tolled during the dates of her hospitalization. To further support
       her argument, defendant directed the court to section 114-4(i) of the Criminal Code (725
       ILCS 5/114-4(i) (West 2008)) and argued that pursuant to that provision, a defendant’s
       physical incapacity merely suspends, rather than waives, a defendant’s demand for a speedy
       trial.
¶ 10        After hearing the arguments of the parties, the court granted defendant’s motion to
       dismiss. In doing so, the court stated:
            “[Defendant] was hospitalized. *** And I have no reason to believe she was belingering
            [sic]. I think she probably was in dire need of serious medical treatment. State, I know
            this is a draconian, that the relief sought by the Defense is very draconian in this case but
            I can also see why [defendant] in her fragile state would have been anxious to get this
            case released and at her attorneys urging get the case for trial. I do have, I have been
            satisfied with the documentation provided *** on behalf of [defendant] that she was
            incapacitated and hospitalized and to no fault of her own missed court. And therefore,
            I am reluctant to find that the delay was occasioned by the defendant.”
¶ 11        The State subsequently filed a motion to reconsider the court’s dismissal. After hearing
       the arguments of the parties, the court denied the State’s motion. The court explained its
       rationale as follows:

                                                  -4-
           “[T]he State is urging me to feel [sic] that [defendant’s] failure to appear when she was
           in the intensive care unit should operate at the effect of a bond forfeiture warrant where
           she voluntarily relinquished her right to a speedy trial by failing to appear in court, and
           that the [S]tate should get a[n] entire new term.
               The Defense urges me to treat that failure to appear because she was in the intensive
           care unit as a motion defendant something that would simply toll the term. I think that
           accurately describes both parties[’] positions and I think that was discussed last time.
               There are a couple of unusual twists in this case. The fact that there was a repeated
           request for a bond forfeiture warrant, it was entered and continued but the warrant was
           never issued. We also had at one point a request by the State for an extension of the term.
           ***
               Never the less [sic], after carefully considering all of the evidence and the arguments
           made by counsel and carefully reviewing the State’s motion to reconsider, and again
           reviewing the appropriate case law, I see nothing new, no new arguments to persuade me
           that I have erred, my initial inclination was in error.
               I do feel that the defendant’s failure to appear because she was in the intensive care
           unit and the physical observation, the in-court observation made by this Court about the
           defendant’s obvious physical difficulties in health concerns which prevented her from
           coming to court we’re [sic] not willful and she did not voluntarily relinquish the right to
           a speedy trial.”
¶ 12       This appeal followed.

¶ 13                                        II. ANALYSIS
¶ 14       On appeal, the State argues that defendant waived her demand for a speedy trial when she
       failed to appear in court on three consecutive court dates, and thus, the trial court erred in
       granting defendant’s motion to dismiss. In support, the State cites to section 103-5(b) of the
       speedy trial statute (725 ILCS 5/103-5(b) (West 2008)) and this court’s decisions in People
       v. Zakarauskas, 398 Ill. App. 3d 451 (2010), and People v. Minor, 2011 IL App (1st)
       101097.2 The State maintains that “[t]he unambiguous language of the [speedy trial statute]
       and this court’s interpretation of it in Zakarauskas [and Minor] establish that a defendant’s
       failure to appear, explained or otherwise, waives his or her speedy trial demand.”
¶ 15       In response, defendant argues that the trial court did not err in granting her motion to
       dismiss because she “had a valid reason for missing court dates,” namely, the decline of her
       health that resulted in her hospitalization. Because her absence from court was the “result of
       a genuine hospitalization,” defendant argues that it should not be treated like the absences
       discussed in Zakarauskas and Minor. Instead, defendant urges this court to treat her failure
       to appear in court as an”unavoidable absence” which was a “delay occasioned by the
       defendant as provided for by Section 103-5(f) of the [speedy trial statute]” that merely

               2
                Our decision in People v. Minor was issued while the instant appeal was pending, and thus
       neither party initially addressed the opinion in their opening briefs. Because this opinion is relevant
       to the appeal, defendant filed a supplemental brief in which she discussed the implication of that
       decision while the State addressed its implications in its reply brief.

                                                    -5-
       suspended, rather than waived, her prior speedy trial demand.
¶ 16        A criminal defendant has both a constitutional and statutory right to a speedy trial. U.S.
       Const., amends. VI, XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8; 725 ILCS 5/103-5 (West 2008); People
       v. Staten, 159 Ill. 2d 419, 426 (1994). The Illinois speedy trial statute is codified in section
       103-5 of the Criminal Code (725 ILCS 5/103-5 (West 2008)). This statute enforces a
       defendant’s constitutional right to a speedy trial and courts have held that its protections are
       to be liberally construed in a defendant’s favor. People v. Zeleny, 396 Ill. App. 3d 917, 919-
       20 (2009); People v. Patterson, 392 Ill. App. 3d 461, 465 (2009). To establish a violation of
       a defendant’s right to a speedy trial, it only needs to be established that the defendant has not
       been tried within the statutory period and that the defendant has not caused or contributed
       to the delay. Zeleny, 396 Ill. App. 3d at 920; Patterson, 392 Ill. App. 3d at 465. Ultimately,
       the defendant bears the burden of establishing a violation of his or her speedy trial rights.
       Patterson, 392 Ill. App. 3d at 467.
¶ 17        The instant appeal requires this court to interpret several provisions of the Criminal Code.
       When called upon to construe a statute, the goal of a reviewing court is to ascertain and
       effectuate the legislature’s intent. People v. Garcia, 241 Ill. 2d 416, 421 (2011); People v.
       Cordell, 223 Ill. 2d 380, 389 (2006). The best indication of the legislature’s intent is found
       in the plain language of the statute and, accordingly, statutory language should be given its
       plain and ordinary meaning. Garcia, 241 Ill. 2d at 421; Cordell, 223 Ill. 2d at 389. Statutory
       interpretation is a question of law, which is subject to de novo review. Garcia, 241 Ill. 2d at
       421; Cordell, 223 Ill. 2d at 385-86.
¶ 18        The statutory provisions at issue here are subsections (b) and (f) of the Illinois speedy
       trial statute as well as section 114-4(i) of the Criminal Code. The aforementioned speedy trial
       provisions, in pertinent part, provide as follows:
                “(b) Every person on bail or recognizance shall be tried by the court having
            jurisdiction within 160 days from the date defendant demands trial unless delay is
            occasioned by the defendant, by an examination for fitness ordered pursuant to Section
            104-13 of this Act, by a fitness hearing, by an adjudication of unfitness to stand trial, by
            a continuance allowed pursuant to Section 114-4 of this Act after a court’s determination
            of the defendant’s physical incapacity for trial, or by an interlocutory appeal. The
            defendant’s failure to appear for any court date set by the court operates to waive the
            defendant’s demand for trial made under this subsection.
                                                   ***
                (f) Delay occasioned by the defendant shall temporarily suspend for the time of the
            delay the period within which a person shall be tried as prescribed by subsection[ ]***
            (b) of this Section and on the day of expiration of the delay the said period shall continue
            at the point at which it was suspended.” (Emphases added.) 725 ILCS 5/103-5(b), (f)
            (West 2008).
       The last sentence in subsection (b) of the speedy trial statute that addresses waiver was added
       to the statute by amendment in 2000. Pub. Act 91-123 (eff. Jan. 1, 2000); Zakarauskas, 398
       Ill. App. 3d at 453; Patterson, 392 Ill. App. 3d at 466.
¶ 19        Section 114-4(i) of the Criminal Code, referenced by subsection (b) of the speedy trial
       statute, in turn, provides:

                                                 -6-
                “(i) Physical incapacity of a defendant may be grounds for a continuance at any time.
           If, upon written motion of the defendant or the State or upon the court’s own motion, and
           after presentation of affidavits or evidence, the court determines that the defendant is
           physically unable to appear in court or to assist in his defense, or that such appearance
           would endanger his health or result in substantial prejudice, a continuance shall be
           granted. *** Such continuance shall suspend the provisions of Section 103-5 of this Act,
           which periods of time limitation shall commence anew when the court, after presentation
           of additional affidavits or evidence, has determined that such physical incapacity has
           been substantially removed.” (Emphasis added.) 725 ILCS 5/114-4(i) (West 2008).
¶ 20       Although no court has yet been called upon to examine the interplay between the Illinois
       speedy trial statute and section 114-4(i) of the Criminal Code, this court has interpreted the
       amended speedy trial statute and its effect on a defendant’s failure to appear in two recent
       cases: People v. Zakarauskas, 398 Ill. App. 3d 451 (2010), and People v. Minor, 2011 IL
       App (1st) 101097. In Zakarauskas, the defendant was arrested and charged with DUI and
       was released on his own recognizance. The defendant made a demand for a speedy trial in
       April 2006, and the cause was continued by agreement several times. On October 6, 2006,
       the date the cause was set for trial, the defendant failed to appear. Defense counsel indicated
       that there had been a “mix up,” but the court issued a BFW. The defendant appeared on the
       next court date, October 11, 2006, filed a second demand for a speedy trial and a new trial
       date was set for March 20, 2007. On that date, the defendant appeared and moved to dismiss
       the case, arguing that his 160-day speedy trial term, which had commenced in April 2006,
       had elapsed. The State argued that the defendant waived his April 2006 demand when he
       failed to appear on October 6, 2006, and that a new term began on October 11, 2006, when
       the defendant filed his second demand for a speedy trial. The trial court initially denied
       defendant’s motion, but then reversed its decision upon reconsideration. The State appealed.
¶ 21       On appeal we reviewed the language of the speedy trial statute and the 2000 amendment
       thereto and concluded that the trial court erred in dismissing the charges against defendant,
       explaining:
                “From 1977 until the 2000 amendment of section 103-5(b), a delay occasioned by a
           defendant’s failure to appear in court suspended the 160-day speedy trial term.
           [Citations.]
                The plain language of section 103-5(b) as amended in 2000 manifested the
           legislature’s intent to distinguish between a defendant’s failure to appear in court from
           other types of delay, a motion for a continuance, for example, either by the defendant or
           by agreement. We believe the 2000 ‘waiver’ amendment to section 103-5 controls the
           disposition of this case. Waiver includes the notion of relinquishment. [Citation.]
           Defendant here voluntarily relinquished his right to a trial within 160 days of his first
           speedy trial demand on April 3, 2006. When defendant failed to appear he was no longer
           on bail. The posted security was forfeited and a warrant was outstanding for his arrest.
           *** A defendant’s failure to appear as required by recognizance constitutes a criminal
           offense. [Citation.] If we were to treat a BFW incident as comparable to a request for a
           continuance or other delay, a fugitive defendant would be entitled to a benefit of an
           earlier speedy trial demand when apprehended and again brought before the court.”
           Zakarauskas, 398 Ill. App. 3d at 454.

                                                -7-
¶ 22        Thereafter, this court next considered the speedy trial statute in Minor. In that case, the
       defendant was also charged with driving under the influence and was released on her own
       recognizance. She made her first speedy trial demand on April 21, 2009, and the trial date
       was set for June 5, 2009. On that date, however, the State was not ready and requested a
       continuance, and the defendant filed her second demand for a speedy trial. On August 4,
       2009, the next court date, the State answered ready for trial, but the defendant failed to
       appear and the court issued a BFW. The defendant appeared in court the following day,
       informed the court that she had been at a doctor’s appointment and had “mixed up” the court
       date, and the trial court quashed and recalled the BFW, and continued the case until October
       19, 2009, on the defendant’s motion. On that date, the State sought a continuance until
       January 6, 2010, which the trial court granted. On January 4, 2010, before the next court date,
       the defendant filed a motion to dismiss on speedy trial grounds. The defendant argued that
       her right to a speedy trial had been violated when the State failed to commence trial within
       160 days of her first April 21, 2009, speedy trial demand. In response, the State argued that
       the defendant waived her right to a speedy trial when she failed to appear on August 4, 2009,
       and that the term restarted on October 29, 2009, when she filed her second demand. The trial
       court ultimately granted the defendant’s motion to dismiss, and the State filed a motion to
       reconsider, citing this court’s decision in Zakarauskas. The trial court, however, denied the
       State’s motion, finding Zakarauskas distinguishable because the defendant was not a fugitive
       when she appeared one day after her scheduled trial date and she provided an explanation for
       her failure to appear. Because the defendant explained her absence, the trial court found that
       her speedy trial period was tolled and, thus, her right to a speedy trial was violated when trial
       did not commence within 160 days of her April 21, 2009, demand.
¶ 23        On appeal, we reversed the trial court’s order granting the defendant’s motion to dismiss.
       In doing so, we reiterated that the “2000 amendment to the speedy trial statute clarified that
       a defendant’s failure to appear in court operates as a waiver to a prior demand. [Citation.]
       The legislature, therefore, distinguished failures to appear from other ‘[d]elays occasioned
       by the defendant.’ ” Minor, 2011 IL App (1st) 101097, ¶ 16. Accordingly, we found that
       when the defendant failed to appear in court on August 4, 2009, she waived her initial speedy
       trial term that began on April 21, 2009, and that her new speedy trial term began on October
       29, 2009, when she filed her new demand. Id. ¶ 15. Because the January 6, 2010, trial date
       fell within 160 days of the October 29, 2009, trial demand, we concluded that the defendant’s
       right to a speedy trial was not violated. Id. In doing so, we rejected the defendant’s attempt
       to distinguish Zakarauskas and clarified our prior ruling, stating: “ ‘explained’ failures to
       appear and ‘unexplained’ failures to appear hold no relevance where there is no such
       distinction in the language of the statute. *** [I]n Zakarauskas, this court did not hold that
       an explained absence was relieved of the waiver result provided by subsection (b) of the
       speedy trial statute.” Id. ¶ 17. Accordingly, relying on the plain language of subsection (b)
       of the speedy trial statute, we found that the fact that the defendant was able to provide the
       court with an explanation for her failure to appear was not a relevant consideration in our
       speedy trial waiver analysis. Id.
¶ 24        Keeping this precedent in mind, we turn to the relevant facts in the instant appeal and
       find that defendant, like the defendants in Zakarauskas and Minor, waived her speedy trial
       demand due to her failure to appear in court. Here, defendant made her first speedy trial


                                                 -8-
       demand on November 20, 2009, and the cause was set for trial on January 5, 2010. On that
       date, however, the State was not ready for trial, and defendant filed her second demand for
       a speedy trial. The trial court, at the request of the State, continued the cause to April 23,
       2010. On that date, defendant was not present in court, but defense counsel addressed the
       court and provided the court with a doctor’s note that stated that defendant had been admitted
       to the intensive care unit at Mercy Hospital and was unable to participate in court
       proceedings. Counsel then requested a continuance pursuant to section 114-4(i) of the
       Criminal Code due to defendant’s documented physical incapacity, which the court granted.
       Although the State suggests this was defendant’s first failure to appear that resulted in the
       waiver of her speedy trial demand, we disagree. We acknowledge that defendant was not
       physically present; however, defense counsel appeared on her behalf, indicated he had been
       in communication with her, apprised the court and the State of defendant’s health problems,
       presented a doctor’s note attesting to defendant’s impaired medical state, and requested a
       continuance, which was granted without the objection of the State. Accordingly, this was not
       a “failure to appear, but an absence and the grant of a motion to continue the matter, one of
       the types of delay that the [Zakarauskas] court specifically addressed as not causing a waiver
       under section 103-5(b).” People v. Kohler, 2012 IL App (2d) 100513, ¶ 38 (finding that the
       defendant’s absence from court due to illness was not a failure to appear where defense
       counsel appeared on his behalf, apprised the court and the village of the defendant’s illness,
       and requested a continuance, which was granted without an objection made by the village).
¶ 25        More problematic, however, were defendant’s next two failures to appear in court on
       May 18, 2010, and May 25, 2010. On both of these occasions, counsel had not been able to
       communicate with defendant and did not know the reason for defendant’s absence. As a
       result, the State requested the court to enter a BFW on each of the missed court dates.
       Although the trial court denied the State’s request on the May 18, 2010, court date, it later
       entered and continued the State’s request on the May 25, 2010, court date. The trial court
       explained that it declined to issue the warrant at that time, but indicated that a warrant would
       be issued if defendant failed to appear on the next court date. After these two absences,
       defendant did appear at the next June 22, 2010, court date. At that time, she provided the
       court with a second doctor’s note that detailed her hospitalization at RML Specialty Hospital
       to treat her acute respiratory failure and explained her court absences on May 18, 2010, and
       May 25, 2010.
¶ 26        In considering the merits of defendant’s motion to dismiss on speedy trial grounds, the
       trial court found the second doctor’s note to be credible and indicated that it believed that her
       absences from court were “not willful”; rather, they were caused by the onset of various
       health complications. Because defendant was able to explain her absences, the court granted
       defendant’s motion. Although we are sympathetic to defendant’s health problems, we
       reiterate that pursuant to the plain language of the speedy trial statute as well as our decisions
       in Zakarauskas and Minor, when a defendant fails to appear in court for any reason,
       regardless of whether he or she provides an explanation for her absence at a subsequent court
       date, the defendant waives his or her demand for a speedy trial. 725 ILCS 5/103-5(b) (West
       2008); Minor, 2011 IL App (1st) 101097, ¶ 17; Zakarauskas, 398 Ill. App. 3d at 454. Indeed,
       a defendant cannot transform a “failure to appear” pursuant to subsection (b) of the speedy
       trial statute into a “delay occasioned by defendant” outlined in subsection (f) and avoid the


                                                  -9-
       effects of waiver, simply by providing an explanation for her absence at a later court date.
       See Minor, 2011 IL App (1st) 101097, ¶ 17 (“ ‘[E]xplained’ failures to appear and
       ‘unexplained’ failures to appear hold no relevance where there is no such distinction in the
       language of the statute.”).
¶ 27        To avoid the effect of waiver, defendant should have communicated with counsel prior
       to the May 18, 2010, and May 25, 2010, court dates like she did before the April 23, 2010,
       court date. Indeed, section 114-4(i) of the Criminal Code expressly provides that a trial court
       shall grant continuance on the grounds of physical incapacity “after presentation of affidavits
       or evidence” attesting to a defendant’s physical incapacity. (Emphasis added.) 725 ILCS
       5/114-4(i) (West 2008). This, defendant failed to do. Although defendant argues that she
       should have been able to present the court with documentation of physical infirmity after
       missing court dates due to illness, the language of section 114-4(i) is clear that continuance
       may only be granted after the court receives evidence of incapacity. If this court were to
       accept defendant’s argument that documentation could be presented at any time, we would
       essentially have to add language to section 114-4(i). A reviewing court, however, may not
       rewrite an otherwise clear statutory mandate. See In re Marriage of Rosenbaum-Golden, 381
       Ill. App. 3d 65, 72 (2008) (recognizing that “[a] court may not supply omissions, remedy
       defects, substitute different provisions, add exceptions, limitations, or conditions, or
       otherwise change the law so as to depart from the plain meaning of the language employed
       in the statute”). Accordingly, we find that when defendant failed to appear in court on May
       18, 2010, and May 25, 2010, she waived her prior speedy trial demands. A new speedy trial
       term commenced on September 1, 2010, when defendant filed her third demand, and the term
       had not expired on October 28, 2010, when the defendant filed, and the court granted, her
       motion to dismiss. Because the speedy trial term had not expired, we conclude that the trial
       court erred in granting defendant’s motion.
¶ 28        In so holding, we find defendant’s efforts to distinguish Zakarauskas and Minor
       unavailing. She correctly observes that the defendants in both cases were not hospitalized and
       that their failures to appear in court resulted in the issuance of BFWs, which were quashed
       when their absences were subsequently explained to be the result of “mix ups.” However,
       we decline to categorize defendant’s failure to appear as an “unavoidable absence” rather
       than an “explained absence” to bypass the speedy trial statute’s waiver provision. Just as the
       speedy trial statute does not provide an exception for explained absences, the statute also
       makes no mention of unavoidable absences. “ ‘We will not rewrite a statute under the guise
       of statutory construction or depart from a statute’s plain language by reading into it
       conditions, exceptions, or limitations not expressed by the legislature.’ ” Minor, 2011 IL App
       (1st) 101097, ¶ 17 (quoting In re M.A., 356 Ill. App. 3d 733, 737 (2005)).
¶ 29        We similarly reject defendant’s argument that this court should reach a different result
       based on the interplay between the speedy trial statute and section114-4(i) of the Criminal
       Code. As we stated above, the speedy trial statute of the Criminal Code, in pertinent part,
       provides as follows:
                “(b) Every person on bail or recognizance shall be tried by the court having
            jurisdiction within 160 days from the date defendant demands trial unless delay is
            occasioned by the defendant, by an examination for fitness ordered pursuant to Section
            104-13 of this Act, by a fitness hearing, by an adjudication of unfitness to stand trial, by

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            a continuance allowed pursuant to Section 114-4 of this Act after a court’s determination
            of the defendant’s physical incapacity for trial, or by an interlocutory appeal.” (Emphases
            added.) 725 ILCS 5/103-5(b) (West 2008).
       Section 114-4(i) of the Criminal Code, in turn, states:
                 “(i) Physical incapacity of a defendant may be grounds for a continuance at any time.
            If, upon written motion of the defendant or the State or upon the court’s own motion, and
            after presentation of affidavits or evidence, the court determines that the defendant is
            physically unable to appear in court or to assist in his defense, or that such appearance
            would endanger his health or result in substantial prejudice, a continuance shall be
            granted. *** Such continuance shall suspend the provisions of Section 103-5 of this Act,
            which periods of time limitations shall commence anew when the court, after presentation
            of additional affidavits or evidence, has determined that such physical incapacity has
            been substantially removed.” (Emphasis added.) 725 ILCS 5/114-4(i) (West 2008).
¶ 30        Defendant seizes upon the language in section 114-4(i) that provides that a continuance
       granted as a result of a defendant’s physical incapacity “shall suspend the provisions of
       Sections 103-5 of this Act,” and argues that her failure to appear in court as a result of her
       health problems, merely suspended, rather than waived her speedy trial demand. Therefore,
       when she returned to court on June 22, 2010, defendant argues, her speedy trial term began
       to run again from April 23, 2010, the point at which it was initially suspended. The State,
       however, responds that defendant relies upon only a portion of the language in section 114-
       4(i) and ignores the remaining language in that subsection which specifies that the speedy
       trial term “shall commence anew when the court *** has determined that such physical
       incapacity has been substantially removed.” (Emphasis added.) 725 ILCS 5/114-4(i) (West
       2008). Based on the legislature’s inclusion of the phrase “commence anew,” the State
       maintains that the legislature clearly intended for a defendant’s speedy trial term to start over
       in circumstances where a defendant is granted a continuance due to physical incapacitation.
       Accordingly, pursuant to the State’s interpretation, defendant’s speedy trial demand term
       stopped on April 23, 2010, when she first failed to appear in court due to hospitalization and
       obtained a continuance, and a new term commenced on September 1, 2010, after she
       recuperated from her illness and filed a third speedy trial demand.
¶ 31        We acknowledge section 114-4(i) of the Criminal Code was perhaps inartfully drafted
       and that the language contained therein is ambiguous and can be subject to multiple
       interpretations, namely, the two interpretations offered by the parties. Given the ambiguity
       of the statute, it is permissible to look to extrinsic statutory construction aids, including
       common dictionary definitions, to construe the statute. County of Du Page v. Illinois Labor
       Relations Board, 231 Ill. 2d 593, 604-06 (2008). Black’s Law Dictionary defines the word
       “suspend” as follows: “to interrupt; postpone; defer” and “[t]o temporarily keep (a person)
       from performing a function, occupying an office, holding a job, or exercising a right or
       privilege.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1584 (9th ed. 2009). Black’s Law Dictionary does not
       define the phrase “commence anew” or the word “anew”; however, a definition for “anew”
       can be found in Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary which defines the word as follows: “for an
       additional time” and “in a new or different form.” Merriam-Webster Dictionary,
       http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anew. Ultimately, we find the dictionary
       definitions do not resolve the statute’s ambiguity. The statute’s use of the word “suspend”

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       suggests a mere postponement or interruption of a defendant’s speedy trial demand when a
       defendant becomes physically incapacitated. However, the inclusion of the phrase
       “commence anew” suggests that a speedy trial demand is not simply postponed; rather, it
       ends and begins in a “new or different form” when the defendant’s physical incapacity is
       found to be removed. While neither the word “suspend” nor the phrase “commence anew”
       is ambiguous on its own, their use in the same sentence creates ambiguity as to the
       legislature’s intent on the effect of a section 114-4(i) continuance on a defendant’s speedy
       trial demand.
¶ 32        We believe that the legislature’s intent is more clearly revealed by referring back to the
       speedy trial statute. See People v. Rhinehart, 2012 IL 111719, ¶ 26 (recognizing that under
       the doctrine of in pari materia, two statutes or two parts of one statute must be considered
       with reference to each other to allow for a “ ‘harmonious’ ” interpretation of the relevant
       provisions, and words and phrases should be construed with reference to other relevant
       provisions and not in isolation). The word “suspend” is also used in subsection (f) of the
       speedy trial statute, which details the impact on a speedy trial term as a result of delays
       occasioned by a defendant. It contains the following language: “Delay occasioned by the
       defendant shall temporarily suspend for the time of the delay the period within which a
       person shall be tried as prescribed by subsections (a), (b), or (e) of this Section and on the
       day of expiration of the delay the said period shall continue at the point at which it was
       suspended.” (Emphases added.) 725 ILCS 5/103-5(f) (West 2008). It is clear that the speedy
       trial statute’s use of the word “suspend” in subsection (f) means that a delay occasioned by
       a defendant merely tolls the speedy trial term.
¶ 33        We find that inconsistent results would be produced if section 114-4(i) of the Criminal
       Code were interpreted to mean that a speedy trial term ends, rather than is tolled, when a
       defendant receives a continuance on the grounds of physical incapacity as opposed to a
       continuance on any other grounds. Given that the speedy trial statute characterizes a
       continuance on the grounds of physical incapacity as a “delay occasioned by the defendant”
       (725 ILCS 5/103-5(b) (West 2008)), and that subsection (f) provides that such delays result
       in the speedy trial period “continu[ing] at the point it was suspended” (725 ILCS 5/103-5(f)
       (West 2008)), when the reason for the delay expires, the only logical interpretation of the two
       statutes is that defendant’s speedy trial term was tolled on April 23, 2010, when the court
       was presented with documentation that defendant was ill. When read in context with the
       speedy trial statute, section 114-4(i)’s use of the phrase “commence anew” only makes sense
       if it is interpreted to mean that a defendant’s speedy trial term continues from the date at
       which it was stopped when her physical incapacity has been removed.
¶ 34        Accordingly, we agree with defendant’s interpretation of the relevant statutory
       provisions; however, we disagree with their applicability to her case. As we stated above,
       defendant received a continuance pursuant to section 114-4(i) on April 23, 2010, when
       defense counsel presented the court with a doctor’s note attesting to her physical incapacity.
       At this point, defendant’s speedy trial demand was temporarily suspended; however, by
       failing to appear or communicate with her counsel or the trial court on the next two court
       dates, she effectively waived her speedy trial demand that had been tolled and, thus, she was
       no longer able to avail herself of the benefits of section 114-4(i). A defendant must comply
       with the requirements of section 114-4(i) and provide the court with pertinent documentation

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       attesting to her incapacity prior to receiving a continuance in order to avoid waiving a prior
       speedy trial demand. Because defendant did not do so until after failing to appear on two
       scheduled court dates, we find that defendant’s prior speedy trial demand was thereby waived
       and that a new term began to run on September 1, 2010, when she was released from the
       hospital, appeared in court and filed a new demand. Therefore, when the trial court granted
       defendant’s motion to dismiss on October 28, 2010, the parties were only 57 days into the
       new speedy trial term. We thus conclude that the trial court erred in dismissing the case on
       speedy trial grounds.

¶ 35                                  III. CONCLUSION
¶ 36       Because we find that the speedy trial statute was not violated, we reverse the judgment
       of the trial court and remand the cause with instructions to reinstate the charges against
       defendant and proceed with trial.

¶ 37      Reversed and remanded.




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