                                           IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
                                           FIRST DISTRICT, STATE OF FLORIDA
MARSHALL STRANBURG, in his
official capacity as Executive             NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO
Director, Florida Department of            FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND
Revenue, and DAN SOWELL, Bay               DISPOSITION THEREOF IF FILED
County Property Appraiser,
                                           CASE NO. 1D14-1671
      Appellants,

v.

PANAMA COMMONS L.P.,

      Appellee.

_____________________________/

Opinion filed April 8, 2015.

An appeal from the Circuit Court for Bay County.
Michael C. Overstreet, Judge.

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, and William H. Stafford, Assistant Attorney
General, Tallahassee, for Appellant Marshall Stranburg, as Executive Director of
Department of Revenue; Loren E. Levy of the Levy Law Firm, Tallahassee, for
Appellant Dan Sowell, as Bay County Property Appraiser.

M. Stephen Turner and David K. Miller of Broad and Cassel, Tallahassee, for
Appellee.



SWANSON, J.

      Appellants seek review of a final summary judgment concluding that

appellee was entitled to a 2013 property tax exemption for its affordable housing
project under section 196.1978, Florida Statutes (2012). In granting summary

judgment for appellee, the trial court found that the Legislature’s attempt to

retroactively repeal this property tax exemption for the 2013 tax year was

unconstitutional and that appellee satisfied the statutory requirements for the

exemption. We affirm in all respects, limiting our discussion to the constitutional

issue.

         Appellee is a nonprofit Florida limited partnership that constructed a ninety-

two-unit affordable housing project in Panama City. The Bay County Property

Appraiser granted the project a full tax exemption for the 2012 tax year under

section 196.1978. Appellee then renewed its exemption for the 2013 tax year by

filing a timely application. After appellee filed its application, the Legislature

passed legislation eliminating the tax exemption for affordable housing property

owned by limited partnerships retroactively to the 2013 tax roll. On June 19, 2013,

the property appraiser issued a notice of disapproval for the 2013 tax exemption,

citing the 2013 change in the law.          Appellee then challenged the property

appraiser’s decision in circuit court, claiming the retroactive repeal of the tax

exemption for limited partnerships was unconstitutional. The trial court granted a

partial summary judgment for appellee upon finding that appellee’s right to a tax

exemption vested on January 1, 2013; that the retroactive repeal of this tax

exemption was unconstitutional because it impaired a vested right and imposed a

                                            2
new tax obligation not in effect on January 1, 2013; and that the 2012 version of

the statute controlled regarding appellee’s rights and duties in 2013.      Afterwards,

the property appraiser issued a second notice of disapproval for the 2013 tax

exemption on the ground appellee did not qualify for an exemption under the 2012

version of the statute. The trial court rejected this conclusion as well and entered

final summary judgment for appellee. This appeal followed.

      Although the issue before us appears to be one of first impression, we

believe the trial court correctly found the retroactive repeal of this tax exemption to

be unconstitutional because it impaired a vested right and imposed a new tax

obligation. Our supreme court has stated:

                    Article I, section 2, of the Florida Constitution
             guarantees to all persons the right to acquire, possess, and
             protect property. Section 9 of Article I provides that
             “[n]o person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property
             without due process of law.” These constitutional due
             process rights protect individuals from the retroactive
             application of a substantive law that adversely affects or
             destroys a vested right; imposes or creates a new
             obligation or duty in connection with a previous
             transaction or consideration; or imposes new penalties.
             For the retroactive application of a law to be
             constitutionally permissible, the Legislature must express
             a clear intent that the law apply retroactively, and the law
             must be procedural or remedial in nature.

Maronda Homes, Inc. of Fla. v. Lakeview Reserve Homeowners Ass’n, Inc., 127

So. 3d 1258, 1272 (Fla. 2013) (citations omitted). The Legislature expressly

indicated the law repealing the tax exemption in this case would apply
                                          3
“retroactively to the 2013 tax roll.” Chs. 2013-72, § 11, at 1273-74, 2013-83, § 3,

at 1325, Laws of Fla. In doing so, the Legislature implicitly recognized the taxable

or tax exempt status of real property is determined on January 1 of each year under

section 192.042, Florida Statutes. Dade Cnty. Taxing Auths. v. Cedars of Lebanon

Hosp. Corp., 355 So. 2d 1202, 1204 (Fla. 1978); Page v. City of Fernandina Beach,

714 So. 2d 1070, 1072 (Fla. 1st DCA 1998). As a result, the effect of the law was

to retroactively eliminate appellee’s entitlement to a tax exemption on January 1,

2013, or impose a new tax obligation on appellee that did not exist on January 1,

2013. In other words, this was not a remedial statute, which operated to further a

remedy or confirm rights that already existed, or a procedural law, which provided

the means and methods for the application and enforcement of existing duties and

rights, but a substantive law altering duties and rights by imposing a retroactive tax

on previously exempt property. See Maronda, 127 So. 3d at 1272 (discussing

remedial, procedural, and substantive law).

      We recognize that claims for tax exemptions are subject to statutory

conditions such as filing an application in a timely manner. See Zingale v. Powell,

885 So. 2d 277, 285 (Fla. 2004); Horne v. Markham, 288 So. 2d 196, 199 (Fla.

1973).   Under section 196.011(1)(a), Florida Statutes, appellee had to file its

renewal application for the tax exemption by March 1, 2013, unless certain

statutory exceptions were applicable.         Under sections 196.011(6)(a) and

                                          4
196.193(5)(a), Florida Statutes, the property appraiser had until July 1, 2013, to

deny appellee’s application. However, these procedural provisions did not render

appellee’s substantive right to renewal of the tax exemption contingent rather than

vested in nature. By setting January 1 as the date on which the taxable or tax

exempt status of real property is to be determined, the Legislature has created a

constitutionally protected expectation that the substantive law in effect on that date

will be used to make the determination.         To the extent the dissent believes

appellee’s right to the tax exemption could not vest until the property appraiser

ruled on appellee’s application, which occurred after the repeal of the tax

exemption, we simply cannot agree that appellee’s substantive right to renewal of

the tax exemption hinged on how promptly the property appraiser acted on

appellee’s timely application.

      AFFIRMED.

WETHERELL, J., CONCURS; BENTON, J., DISSENTS WITH OPINION.




                                          5
BENTON, J., dissenting.

      Under Florida’s statutory scheme for ad valorem property taxation,

appellee’s expectation of an affordable housing property tax exemption for the

2013 tax year was not a vested right when the Legislature repealed the provision

under which it had obtained an exemption for the 2012 tax year. While “due

process prevents the Legislature from retroactively abolishing or curtailing” rights

that have actually vested, Maronda Homes, Inc. of Fla. v. Lakeview Reserve

Homeowners Ass’n, Inc., 127 So. 3d 1258, 1272 (Fla. 2013), even a truly

“‘retrospective provision of a legislative act is not necessarily invalid.’” Metro.

Dade Cnty. v. Chase Fed. Hous. Corp., 737 So. 2d 494, 503 (Fla. 1999) (quoting

McCord v. Smith, 43 So. 2d 704, 708–09 (Fla. 1949)). The constitutional question

is whether a vested right is diminished, and none was in the present case.

Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.

      No exemption from ad valorem taxation exists unless a property owner

makes timely application, see § 196.011(1)(a), Fla. Stat. (2013), and the property

appraiser grants the application (or fails to deny it by July 1). See § 196.193(5)(a),

(b), Fla. Stat. (2013). As the majority opinion notes, property owners must file the

exemption application with the property appraiser “on or before March 1 of each

year.” § 196.011(1)(a), Fla. Stat. If the property owner fails to file an exemption

application by the March 1 deadline then, absent extenuating circumstances, the

                                          6
property owner waives “the exemption privilege for that year.” Id. Assuming a

timely application, the property appraiser must notify the property owner in writing

on or before July 1 of the same year if the property appraiser determines that the

applicant’s property is “not entitled to any exemption or is entitled to an exemption

to an extent other than that requested in the application.” § 196.193(5)(a), Fla.

Stat.

        Also on or before July 1, the property appraiser must assess the value of all

real property, and submit the assessment roll with the amount of each exemption to

the Department of Revenue for review.               §§ 193.023(1); 193.114(2)(g);

193.1142(1)(a), Fla. Stat. (2013). Upon completing the assessment of all property,

the property appraiser must certify to each taxing authority the taxable value of

property in the taxing authority’s jurisdiction. § 200.065(1), Fla. Stat. (2013).

Each taxing authority then prepares a tentative budget, computes a proposed

millage rate, advises the property appraiser of the proposed millage rate, and holds

a public hearing. See § 200.065(2)(a)1., (b), (c), Fla. Stat. The property appraiser

uses this proposed millage rate to prepare and mail a notice of proposed property

taxes to each taxpayer in late August. See §§ 200.065(2)(b); 200.069, Fla. Stat.

(2013). After the taxing authority adopts a tentative budget, it must hold another

public hearing in order to adopt a final budget and a final millage rate, either by a

millage-levy resolution or by ordinance. See § 200.065(2)(d), Fla. Stat. Only then

                                          7
are ad valorem real property taxes levied. “‘Levy’ means the imposition of a tax,

stated in terms of ‘millage,’ against all appropriately located property by a

governmental body authorized by law to impose ad valorem taxes.” § 192.001(9),

Fla. Stat. (2013).

      Separately, after any changes are made to the assessment roll by the value

adjustment board and the property appraiser, the property appraiser must deliver

the certified assessment roll to the tax collector.         See §§ 193.122(1)-(3);

197.322(1)-(2); 197.323(1), Fla. Stat. (2013). This usually occurs sometime in

October. Within 20 working days of receiving the certified assessment roll, the tax

collector sends each taxpayer a notice stating the amount of current taxes due. §

197.322(3), Fla. Stat. (2013). Section 197.333, Florida Statutes (2013), provides

that “[a]ll taxes shall be due and payable on November 1 of each year or as soon

thereafter as the certified tax roll is received by the tax collector.” Taxes assessed

on November 1 become delinquent on April 1 of the following year. See id.

      The statutory scheme notwithstanding, under the majority opinion’s view,

the “right”1 to a property tax exemption vests on January 1. But no Florida case

holds that the “right” to a property tax exemption vests on January 1. The majority

opinion relies ultimately on a single statutory subsection, section 192.042(1),


      1
         As a general rule, tax exemptions are not deemed vested rights and tax
exemption statutes may be modified or repealed unless “their repeal would impair
vested rights under a contract.” See 16A C.J.S. Constitutional Law § 395 (2015).
                                        8
Florida Statutes (2013), which requires only that all real property “be assessed

according to its just value” “on January 1 of each year.” The courts have, indeed,

also held that January 1 is the determinative date for ascertaining the use to which

potentially exempt property is put. See Dade Cnty. Taxing Auths. v. Cedars of

Lebanon Hosp. Corp., 355 So. 2d 1202, 1204 (Fla. 1978) (relying on section

192.042[(1)], Florida Statutes); Page v. City of Fernandina Beach, 714 So. 2d

1070, 1072 (Fla. 1st DCA 1998) (same). But the decisions in both Cedars and

Page, turned on the actual use of property on January 1, not on which tax

exemption statute was in effect on January 1. See Cedars, 355 So. 2d at 1204 (“[I]t

is immaterial that the corporation intended to use the property for an exempt

purpose subsequent to January 1; the controlling factor was that, as of the

assessment date, it was not actually in use for such purpose.” (emphasis omitted));

Page, 714 So. 2d at 1076 (“[T]he ‘actual physical use’ to which real property is

being put on January 1 of the tax year in question is dispositive on the question of

ad valorem taxation.”).

      In the present case, by contrast, appellee’s use of its real property on January

1, 2013, was not in issue. Appellee was not entitled to a tax exemption because,

when the Property Appraiser denied its 2013 exemption application, no exemption

was legally available to it under section 196.1978, Florida Statutes (2013). The

2013 Legislature amended section 196.1978, Florida Statutes, to eliminate the

                                          9
exemption.    The amended statute was the law in effect when the Property

Appraiser acted on the application, and was binding on him.

      The law amending section 196.1978, Florida Statutes provided that the

changes be applied “retroactively to the 2013 tax roll.” Ch. 2013-83, § 3, at 1325,

Laws of Fla. The language the Legislature used makes unmistakably clear its

intent to repeal the tax exemption for 2013, the then current tax year, which it was

permitted to do. The potentially confusing use of the word “retroactively” does not

alter the fact that the 2013 repeal applied to 2013 and to no prior tax year. See

Chase Fed., 737 So. 2d at 503.

      As noted, “due process prevents the Legislature from retroactively

abolishing or curtailing” only rights that have actually vested. Maronda Homes,

127 So. 3d at 1272; see Chase Fed., 737 So. 2d at 503. A vested right is “‘an

immediate, fixed right of present or future enjoyment.’” Campus Commc’ns, Inc.

v. Earnhardt, 821 So. 2d 388, 398 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002) (quoting City of Sanford v.

McClelland, 163 So. 513, 514–15 (Fla. 1935)). “‘[T]o be vested, a right must be

more than a mere expectation based on an anticipation of the continuance of an

existing law; it must have become a title, legal or equitable, to the present or future

enforcement of a demand, . . . .’” Div. of Workers’ Comp., Bureau of Crimes

Comp. v. Brevda, 420 So. 2d 887, 891 (Fla. 1st DCA 1982) (quoting Aetna Ins.

Co. v. Richardelle, 528 S.W.2d 280, 284 (Tex. Civ. App. 1975)). Until and unless

                                          10
an application for exemption is granted, an ad valorem property tax exemption is

nothing more than an expectation.

      All real property is subject to taxation “[u]nless expressly exempted from

taxation.” § 196.001, Fla. Stat. (2013); see also Hous. by Vogue, Inc. v. State,

Dep’t of Revenue, 403 So. 2d 478, 480 (Fla. 1st DCA 1981) (“Exemptions to

taxing statutes are special favors granted by the Legislature and are to be strictly

construed against the taxpayer.”), aff’d, 422 So. 2d 3 (Fla. 1982). Just as the

Legislature may enact statutes authorizing the grant of tax exemptions, “it lies

within the legislature’s prerogative to repeal tax exemptions and impose taxes on

lands previously exempt.” Straughn v. Camp, 293 So. 2d 689, 695 (Fla. 1974); see

also Daytona Beach Racing & Recreational Facilities Dist. v. Volusia Cnty., 372

So. 2d 419, 420 (Fla. 1979) (“[A] subsequent legislature has the unquestioned

authority to repeal prior tax exemption statutes.”).

      The majority opinion holds that appellee had a vested right to the affordable

housing property tax exemption prior to applying for the exemption, prior to

receiving notice of the Property Appraiser’s determination, prior to the Property

Appraiser’s certification of the tax roll, 2 and prior to the levy of any tax. But


      2
         After the tax roll is certified, mistakes in the property appraiser’s
judgment, including mistakes in granting and denying exemptions, cannot be
corrected unless they are errors of omission or commission. See § 197.122(1), Fla.
Stat. (2013); Ward v. Brown, 892 So. 2d 1059, 1059–60, 1062 (Fla. 1st DCA
2003), aff’d, 894 So. 2d 811 (Fla. 2004); see also Underhill v. Edwards, 400 So. 2d
                                         11
appellee was never granted an exemption on its property for the 2013 tax year.

Appellee had a “‘mere expectation based on an anticipation of the continuance of

an existing law’” that it would receive the exemption for the 2013 tax year after it

had received the exemption for the 2012 tax year under the 2012 statute. Brevda,

420 So. 2d at 891 (citation omitted). The Property Appraiser denied appellee’s

exemption application based upon section 196.1978, Florida Statutes (2013), the

law in effect when he acted. Just as the Legislature has made ad valorem tax

exemptions applicable in the tax year in which they were enacted or expanded, 3 so

the 2013 Legislature had the constitutional prerogative to make the repeal of the

exemption at issue here apply to the 2013 tax year.

      The Legislature’s repeal of a tax exemption it had previously expanded in

order to encourage limited partnerships to provide affordable housing may be

questionable as a matter of policy, considering the long-term financing often

required for such projects. This would, of course, be equally true under the

majority opinion’s view that the repeal takes effect in 2014, not in 2013 as the

129, 132 (Fla. 5th DCA 1981) (holding that “a determination in 1977 that the
property should not have been exempted in 1976 is a change in judgment and is
prohibited under the cited cases”). By implication, a property appraiser may
change his or her judgment regarding an exemption until the tax roll is certified.
       3
         See Ch. 2012-193, § 33, at 2675, Laws of Fla. (providing that a number of
amendments to tax exemption statutes would “first apply to ad valorem tax rolls
for 2012”); Ch. 2011-93, § 6, at 1708, Laws of Fla. (providing that the newly
created ad valorem tax exemption for deployed servicemembers under section
196.173, Florida Statutes “shall take effect upon becoming a law, and first applies
to ad valorem tax rolls for 2011”).
                                         12
Legislature specified. But, whatever the wisdom of its choice, the Legislature was

free to repeal the provision authorizing the exemption previously available to

appellee. I would reverse the judgment below, and remand with directions to grant

appellants’ motions for summary judgment.




                                       13
