                                  Fourth Court of Appeals
                                           San Antonio, Texas
                                                    OPINION

                                               No. 04-18-00108-CV

                                          IN THE MATTER OF B.B.

                            From the 436th District Court, Bexar County, Texas
                                     Trial Court No. 2016JUV01469
                                  Honorable Lisa Jarrett, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice

Sitting:          Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice
                  Marialyn Barnard, Justice
                  Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Delivered and Filed: December 19, 2018

AFFIRMED

           This is a case of first impression addressing whether section 51.095 of the Texas Family

Code, which sets forth the requirements for obtaining written statements from juveniles, is violated

when the magistrate who administers the statutory warnings and determines the voluntariness of

the juvenile’s statement engaged in the actual questioning of the juvenile.

           The State appeals the trial court’s order granting B.B.’s motion to suppress asserting the

trial court erred in concluding the magistrate’s actions violated section 51.095. 1 B.B. responds the

trial court properly concluded section 51.095 was violated because the magistrate assumed the role




1
  In its brief, the State also addresses the voluntariness of B.B.’s statement; however, the trial court did not base its
ruling on the voluntariness of the statement but rather on the failure to comply with section 51.095, and B.B. does not
address voluntariness in his brief.
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of agent for the police rather than that of a neutral and disinterested magistrate. We affirm the trial

court’s order.

                                                BACKGROUND

        The trial court entered extensive findings of fact and conclusions of law which are relied

on in developing this background. In pertinent part, the trial court found as follows: 2

                Detective R. Derosa received information from the owner of a cell phone
        that his phone had been stolen. The owner of the cell phone showed Detective
        Derosa, via the cloud, that said cell phone was shown to be located at Memorial
        High School. Detective Derosa obtained photographs of respondent on the said
        reportedly stolen cell phone, also via the cloud.

                Detective Derosa went to Memorial High School to locate the reportedly
        stolen phone and to determine if respondent was also at Memorial High School.
        Respondent was found to be at Memorial High School. The reportedly stolen phone
        was also found at Memorial High School (in the custody of one of respondent’s
        teachers). Respondent was identified as having been in possession of the said
        reportedly stolen cell phone by said teacher.

               Respondent was in the Vice-Principal’s office at Memorial High School.
        Respondent was questioned in the Vice-Principal’s office by Detective Derosa and
        school personnel. Following the questioning, Detective Derosa placed respondent
        under arrest for theft. After placing respondent under arrest, Detective Derosa
        transported respondent to the juvenile processing office at the Alamo Heights
        Police Department. Officer Derosa took respondent before Magistrate Oliver.

                Prior to obtaining a written statement from respondent, Magistrate Oliver
        gave respondent a warning that the respondent may remain silent and not make any
        statement at all and that any statement that he makes may be used in evidence
        against him; that respondent has the right to have an attorney present to advise
        respondent either prior to any questioning or during the questioning; that if
        respondent is unable to employ an attorney, the child has the right to have an
        attorney appointed to counsel with the child before or during any interviews with
        peace officers or attorneys representing the state; and that the respondent has the
        right to terminate the interview at any time. Magistrate Oliver then consulted with
        Detective Derosa concerning the questioning of respondent. Detective Derosa gave
        Magistrate Oliver a list of questions Detective Derosa was interested in having
        answered by respondent.



2
 The trial court’s findings listed each sentence separately. The findings are quoted verbatim but reformatted into
paragraph form.

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              Magistrate Oliver questioned respondent based on the list of questions from
       Detective Derosa and instructed respondent to think about those questions prior to
       writing his statement. Respondent provided a written statement to Magistrate
       Oliver, who then shared it with Detective Derosa. Detective Derosa asked
       Magistrate Oliver to ask the respondent some additional questions. Respondent
       added to his written statement.

               Prior to signing said written statement, Magistrate Oliver went over
       respondent’s statement with him and questioned respondent as to whether this was
       in fact his statement, that he understands the nature and contents of the statement,
       and that the respondent is signing the statement voluntarily. Respondent then
       signed his statement. Magistrate Oliver certified that he examined the respondent
       independent of any law enforcement officer or prosecuting attorney, except as
       required to ensure the personal safety of the magistrate or other court personnel and
       [] determined that the respondent understands the nature and contents of the
       statement and has knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived these rights.

       Based on the foregoing findings, the trial court entered the following conclusions of law:

              Magistrate Oliver’s questioning of respondent with the list of questions
       provided by Detective Derosa prior to respondent providing a written statement
       operated to remove the protection of taking a child before a magistrate, prior to
       giving a written statement.

              Magistrate Oliver’s actions in questioning respondent about what should be
       included in respondent’s statement, place Magistrate Oliver in the position of law
       enforcement, rather than a neutral and detached magistrate.

             Respondent’s written statement obtained after his formal arrest does not
       comply with §51.095 of the Texas Family Code.

       Based on its conclusion that the written statement was obtained in violation of section

51.095, the trial court signed a written order granting B.B.’s motion to suppress. The State appeals.

                                      STANDARD OF REVIEW

       When reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress in a juvenile case, we employ

the standard of review used in criminal cases. In re S.C., 523 S.W.3d 279, 282 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2017, pet. denied); In re M.I.S., 498 S.W.3d 123, 130 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2016, no pet.). Under that bifurcated standard, we defer to the trial court’s resolution of historical

facts that are supported by the record as the trial court is the exclusive judge of the credibility of


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the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. In re S.C., 523 S.W.3d at 282; In re

M.I.S., 498 S.W.3d 130. We review the trial court’s conclusions of law applying the law to the

facts de novo. In re S.C., 523 S.W.3d at 282; In re M.I.S., 498 S.W.3d 130.

                                           DISCUSSION

       Under section 51.095, before a juvenile’s written statement is taken, the juvenile must have

received express statutory warnings from a magistrate, including that “if the [juvenile] is unable

to employ an attorney, the [juvenile] has the right to have an attorney appointed to counsel with

the [juvenile] before or during any interviews with peace officers or attorneys representing the

state” and “has the right to terminate the interview at any time.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 51.095(a)(1)(A)(iii), (iv) (emphasis added). In addition, “the statement must be signed in the

presence of a magistrate by the [juvenile] with no law enforcement officer or prosecuting attorney

present” except if otherwise necessary for personal safety. Id. § 51.095(a)(1)(B)(i). Finally, “the

magistrate must be fully convinced that the [juvenile] understands the nature and contents of the

statement and that the [juvenile] is signing the same voluntarily, and if a statement is taken, the

magistrate must sign a written statement verifying the foregoing requisites have been met.” Id.

§ 51.095(a)(1)(B)(ii).   Each of these statutory requirements illustrate the Texas Legislature

contemplated the magistrate would remain neutral and provide a protective check on the

questioning of a juvenile in order to ensure the voluntariness of a juvenile’s statement. Cf.

Missouri v. McNeely, 569 U.S. 141, 155 (2013) (noting “neutral magistrate judge’s essential role

as a check on police discretion”).

       Texas courts have repeatedly held strict compliance with section 51.095 is necessary.

Roquemore v. State, 60 S.W.3d 862, 868 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Ray v. State, 176 S.W.3d 544,

548 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. ref’d); In re J.M.S., No. 06-04-00008-CV, 2004

WL 1968644, at *3 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Sept. 8, 2004, no pet.) (mem. op.); In re J.B.J., 86
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S.W.3d 810, 815 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2002, no pet.). As this court has noted, “the obvious

concern of the Family Code provision is to ensure that children are fully informed and not

influenced into waiving their rights when they are being interviewed by officers.” Ramos v. State,

961 S.W.2d 637, 639 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, no pet.) (emphasis in orig.). For this reason,

police officers, courts, and others involved in handling juveniles “are bound to comply with the

detailed and explicit procedures” enacted by the Texas legislature and set out in the Family Code.

In re R.R., 931 S.W.2d 11, 14 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1996, no writ); In re D. M. G. H., 553

S.W.2d 827, 828 (Tex. Civ. App.—El Paso 1977, no writ).

       Given the magistrate’s role under section 51.095 and the need to strictly comply with the

detailed and explicit procedures set forth in section 51.095, we hold the questioning by the

magistrate in this case violated section 51.095 for two reasons. First, section 51.095 only provides

for questioning by peace officers or attorneys representing the state for purposes of obtaining the

juvenile’s statement and only after the juvenile is warned about the right to have an attorney

appointed to counsel with the juvenile before and during questioning. Second, the magistrate

failed to maintain the requisite neutrality required by the statute.

       With regard to the first reason for our holding, one of the warnings a magistrate is required

to give a juvenile under section 51.095 is that “if the [juvenile] is unable to employ an attorney,

the [juvenile] has the right to have an attorney appointed to counsel with the [juvenile] before or

during any interviews with peace officers or attorneys representing the state.” TEX. FAM. CODE

ANN. § 51.0095(a)(1)(A)(iii) (emphasis added). Thus, the warning only refers to questioning by

“peace officers or attorneys representing the state” for purposes of obtaining a juvenile’s statement.

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 51.095(a)(1)(A)(iii). Since strict compliance with the statute is required,

and section 51.095 only refers to questioning by “peace officers or attorneys representing the

state,” section 51.095 necessarily precludes questioning by a magistrate for purposes of obtaining
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a statement. Otherwise, the juvenile would need to be warned that he or she “has the right to have

an attorney appointed to counsel with the juvenile before or during any interviews with” a

magistrate which involve the magistrate questioning the juvenile like a peace officer or attorney

representing the state for purposes of obtaining a statement. Id.

       With regard to the magistrate failing to maintain the requisite neutrality, this court has

previously addressed this concern. In Moorhead v. State, No. 04-00-00230-CR, 2001 WL 322166,

at *3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Apr. 4, 2001, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication), the

appellant contended his statement should have been suppressed because “the magistrate was not

fair and impartial as required by” section 51.095. The appellant asserted “the magistrate acted as

a law enforcement officer or prosecutor by interviewing him and taking his confession.” Id. In

rejecting the argument, this court held, “Moorhead fails to cite to any testimony or evidence

indicating the magistrate acted as a law enforcement officer or prosecutor.” Id. Therefore,

“[b]ased on the record and lack of controverting evidence or arguments, we overrule[d]

Moorhead’s [] issue.”

       Implicit in this court’s holding in Moorhead is the premise that this court might have held

differently if Moorhead had cited to testimony or evidence indicating the magistrate acted as a law

enforcement officer or prosecutor. In the instant case, the trial court found:

              Magistrate Oliver questioned respondent based on the list of questions from
       Detective Derosa and instructed respondent to think about those questions prior to
       writing his statement. Respondent provided a written statement to Magistrate
       Oliver, who then shared it with Detective Derosa. Detective Derosa asked
       Magistrate Oliver to ask the respondent some additional questions. Respondent
       added to his written statement.

The trial court’s findings are supported by the record; therefore, our record contains the testimony

and evidence we found lacking in the record in Moorhead.




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       One of the purposes of the Juvenile Justice Code “is to make the Juvenile Court an agency

to counsel with and to help guide and safeguard the best interests of a child brought before such

court.” Ballard v. State, 192 S.W.2d 329, 332 (Tex. Civ. App.—Amarillo 1946, no writ). Section

51.095 clearly places the magistrate in the same position. “This judicial role accords with our

basic constitutional doctrine that individual freedoms will best be preserved through a separation

of powers and division of functions among the different branches and levels of Government.” U.S.

v. U.S. Dist. Court for E. Dist. of Mich., S. Div., 407 U.S. 297, 317 (1972). Just as “prosecutors

and policemen simply cannot be asked to maintain the requisite neutrality with regard to their own

investigations,” Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 450 (1971), a magistrate cannot be

asked to remain neutral and impartial when engaged in investigative questioning.               And, a

magistrate might have a more difficult time finding a juvenile’s statement that the magistrate

elicited to be involuntary, as opposed to a statement elicited by law enforcement. See TEX. FAM.

CODE ANN. § 51.0095(a)(1)(D) (requiring magistrate to certify the magistrate examined the

juvenile independent of any law enforcement officer or prosecuting attorney to determine the

juvenile knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived his rights). For these reasons, “there

could hardly be a more appropriate setting than this for a per se rule . . . rather than a case-by-case

evaluation of all the circumstances.” Coolidge, 403 U.S. at 450. Therefore, we hold if a magistrate

questions a juvenile to obtain a written statement using questions provided by a law enforcement

officer and consults with the law enforcement officer before conducting additional questioning,

the magistrate has violated the Family Code by failing to maintain the requisite neutrality.

Furthermore, we conclude this failure to maintain the requisite neutrality necessarily impacts the

voluntariness determination required by the Family Code. See Pham v. State, 175 S.W.3d 767,

772-74 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (holding juvenile must show causal connection between statutory



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violation and the obtaining of the statement but State bears burden to prove voluntariness).

Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting B.B.’s motion to suppress.

                                              CONCLUSION

       The trial court’s order is affirmed.

                                                   Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice




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