                    THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
                         In The Supreme Court

            The State, Respondent,

            v.

            Michael Vernon Beaty Jr., Appellant.

            Appellate Case No. 2015-000718



                          Appeal from Laurens County
                      W. Jeffrey Young, Circuit Court Judge


                              Opinion No. 27795
                   Heard June 15, 2017 – Filed April 25, 2018


                                  AFFIRMED


            Clarence Rauch Wise and E. Charles Grose Jr., both of
            Greenwood, for Appellant.

            Attorney General Alan McCrory Wilson, Deputy
            Attorney General Donald J. Zelenka, and Assistant
            Attorney General Susannah Rawl Cole, all
            of Columbia; and Solicitor David Matthew Stumbo, of
            Greenwood, for Respondent.


JUSTICE JAMES: Michael Vernon Beaty Jr. (Appellant) was convicted of
murdering Emily Anna Asbill (Victim) and received a life sentence. We affirmed
Appellant's conviction on December 29, 2016, in State v. Beaty, Op. No. 27693 (S.C.
Sup. Ct. filed Dec. 29, 2016) (Shearouse 2017 Adv. Sh. No. 1 at 13). We
subsequently granted the parties' petitions for rehearing and heard further argument.
We affirm Appellant's conviction.

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       Appellant and Victim attended an evening party in their hometown of Clinton.
They decided to leave the party between 9:00 pm and 10:00 pm and agreed to give
their friend Will Alexander a ride home. Appellant drove the vehicle, Victim sat in
the front passenger seat, and Alexander sat in the backseat. At approximately 11:00
pm, Appellant rang the doorbell at his parents' home and asked his stepfather for
help. When Appellant's stepfather approached the car, he found Victim unconscious
on the front passenger side floorboard and called 911. EMS arrived shortly
thereafter and found Victim sitting on the floorboard with her head laid back on the
passenger seat. She was not breathing and did not have a pulse. Appellant's shirt
was wrapped around Victim's right arm. Victim was found to have severe "road
rash" on her right and left arms and bruising to her neck. EMS transported Victim
to the hospital, where she was pronounced dead. An autopsy revealed the cause of
Victim's death was asphyxia due to strangulation.

       At trial, the State introduced several of Appellant's statements to law
enforcement into evidence. These statements varied materially. Appellant initially
suggested Victim died of a self-inflicted cutting injury.            Following law
enforcement's receipt of the autopsy results, Appellant voluntarily returned to the
police station and repeated his earlier version of events. However, in this statement,
Appellant stated he had to undo Victim's seatbelt when he realized she was
unconscious after arriving at his parents' home. When Appellant was informed of
the autopsy results, which showed Victim had been strangled and had "road rash,"
Appellant gave a written statement explaining he and Victim had argued during the
car ride, Victim had opened the car door to jump out, and he had grabbed her shirt
to pull her back into the car.

       At trial, the State and Appellant presented expert witnesses to support their
theories as to the events leading up to Victim's death. The State's theory was that
Appellant strangled Victim with a USB cord after a fight during which she tried to
jump out of the moving car. Appellant's theory was that when Victim tried to jump
out of the moving car, he held her in by her tank top, which caused the ligature marks
on her neck and rendered her unconscious, and that once he pulled her back into the
car, she succumbed to positional asphyxiation due to the awkward position she
assumed on the floorboard.
        The pathologist who conducted the autopsy was called by the State and
testified the ligature marks on Victim's neck were visible on the front and sides of
her neck but not on the back of her neck. The pathologist identified a USB cord
found in the car as consistent with the ligature marks and the abrasion on Victim's
neck. DNA analysis of the USB cord showed Victim's DNA on the middle of the
cord. The cord's ends had a mixture of at least two individuals' DNA, with Victim
being the major contributor and Appellant being the minor contributor.

       A forensic pathologist also testified for Appellant and stated the USB cord did
not cause the injuries to Victim's neck and opined positional asphyxiation played a
role in Victim's death. A mechanical engineer testified for Appellant and stated the
ligature marks on Victim's neck could have been caused by someone holding her up
by her tank top as she hung out of the car and that both Victim's abrasions and her
blood found on the outside of the car were consistent with this scenario.

        Appellant was convicted of murder and received a life sentence. Appellant
timely filed a notice of appeal, and we certified the case from the court of appeals
pursuant to Rule 204(b), SCACR. Appellant raised the following issues: (1) whether
the State presented substantial circumstantial evidence proving Appellant committed
murder; (2) whether the trial judge erred by denying Appellant's request to charge
the lesser-included offense of involuntary manslaughter; (3) whether the trial judge
erred in using certain language in his opening remarks to the jury; (4) whether the
trial judge erred during the closing argument stage in not (a) requiring the State to
open fully on the law and the facts of the case and (b) limiting the State's final closing
solely to reply to new arguments presented during Appellant's closing arguments;
(5) whether the trial judge erred in charging the law of circumstantial evidence as
set forth in State v. Logan, 405 S.C. 83, 747 S.E.2d 444 (2013); (6) whether the trial
judge erred in excluding testimony concerning a prior incident when Victim
threatened to jump from an automobile; (7) whether the trial judge erred in denying
one of Appellant's voir dire requests; and (8) whether a new trial should be ordered
based on the cumulative error doctrine.

       In affirming Appellant's conviction in our prior opinion, we found two of the
issues Appellant raised merited discussion. State v. Beaty, Op. No. 27693 (S.C. Sup.
Ct. filed Dec. 29, 2016) (Shearouse 2017 Adv. Sh. No. 1 at 14–17). First, we
addressed the trial judge's use of certain language in his opening remarks to the jury
and the content requirements and order of closing argument. We affirmed
Appellant's conviction but instructed trial judges to avoid language urging jurors to
"search for the truth," find "true facts," and render a "just verdict." Second, we
adopted a rule for closing argument in criminal cases, requiring the party with the
right to open and close to open fully on the law and facts and limit its reply to those
matters raised by the other party in its closing argument. We affirmed all of
Appellant's remaining issues under Rule 220(b), SCACR.

      We granted the parties' petitions for rehearing and have heard further
argument. We issue this opinion to again address both the trial judge's use of certain
language in his opening remarks to the jury and the rules governing the content and
order of closing argument.1 We affirm Appellant's conviction.

                                    DISCUSSION

I.    Trial Judge's Opening Remarks

       After the jury was sworn, the trial judge gave preliminary remarks to the jury.
The trial judge outlined the roles, duties, and responsibilities of the lawyers and the
jury and explained trial procedure. During these remarks, the judge stated:

             This . . . trial . . . is a search for the truth in an effort to
             make sure that justice is done. Searching for the truth and
             ensuring that justice is done is often slow, deliberate, and
             repetitive.

             [The attorneys] are sworn to uphold the integrity and the
             fairness of our judicial system and to help you as jurors to
             search for the truth.

             You also just took an oath to listen to the evidence in this
             case and reach a fair and just verdict and you are expected
             to be professional, reasonable and ethical.

1
  All remaining issues are affirmed pursuant to Rule 220, SCACR. State v. Bailey,
298 S.C. 1, 377 S.E.2d 581 (1989); State v. Phillips, 416 S.C. 184, 785 S.E.2d 448
(2016); State v. Sterling, 396 S.C. 599, 723 S.E.2d 176 (2012); State v. Scott, 414
S.C. 482, 779 S.E.2d 529 (2015); State v. Marin, 415 S.C. 475, 783 S.E.2d 808
(2016); State v. Smith, 230 S.C. 164, 94 S.E.2d 886 (1956); State v. Vang, 353 S.C.
78, 577 S.E.2d 225 (Ct. App. 2003).
             You the jurors find [the facts] from the testimony from a
             witness from the witness stand or any other evidence, and
             after hearing that evidence you will deliberate and render
             a true and just verdict under the solemn oath that you just
             took as jurors.

             In determining what the true facts are in this case you must
             decide whether or not the testimony of a witness is
             believable.

             After argument of counsel and the charge on the law by
             me, you will then be in a position to determine what the
             true facts are and apply those facts to the law and thus
             render a true and just verdict.

       Appellant objected to the use of the phrases "search[ing] for the truth," "true
facts," and "just verdict." Appellant argued these phrases were especially improper
when linked with the State's "misstatement" of circumstantial evidence and
reasonable doubt in its opening statement, and because the State had informed the
jury that it would have to pick between two competing theories. The State
acknowledged to the trial judge that the "search for the truth" language is disfavored
but argued that its use here was not reversible error. The trial judge denied
Appellant's request for a curative instruction, concluding that his remarks were
merely an opening comment and not a jury instruction.

       Appellant relies upon State v. Aleksey, 343 S.C. 20, 538 S.E.2d 248 (2000), in
which we held that jury instructions on reasonable doubt which also charge the jury
to "seek the truth" or "search for the truth" run the risk of unconstitutionally shifting
the burden of proof to the defendant. In Aleksey, we found there was no reversible
error because the "seek the truth" language was charged in conjunction with the
credibility of witnesses charge, and not with either the reasonable doubt or
circumstantial evidence charges. Id. at 27–29, 538 S.E.2d at 251–53; cf. State v.
Daniels, 401 S.C. 251, 737 S.E.2d 473 (2012) (instructing discontinuance of charge
that jury's duty is to return a verdict that is just and fair to all parties).

      As the trial judge noted, the disputed comments can be distinguished from
Aleksey because they were a mere statement to the jury and not a charge on the law.
Further, the remarks were not linked to either the reasonable doubt or the
circumstantial evidence charges as was condemned in Aleksey. However, we agree
with Appellant that a trial judge should refrain from informing the jury, whether
through comments or through a charge on the law, that its role is to search for the
truth, or to find the true facts, or to render a just verdict.2 These phrases could be
understood to place an obligation on the jury, independent of the burden of proof, to
determine the circumstances surrounding the alleged crime and from those facts
alone render the verdict the jury believes best serves its perception of justice. We
instruct trial judges to avoid these terms and any others that may divert the jury from
its obligation in a criminal case to determine whether the State has proven the
defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Although there was error here, our
review of the entirety of the judge's opening comments and the entire trial record
convinces us that Appellant has not shown prejudice from this error sufficient to
warrant reversal. Compare State v. Coggins, 210 S.C. 242, 245, 42 S.E.2d 240, 241
(1947) (providing trial judge's choice of words and comments, while not "happy,"
did not require reversal).

II.   Closing Arguments

      A.     Background

        During trial, before closing arguments, Appellant requested the trial judge to
require the State to open fully on the law and facts of the case and then reply only to
new matter raised by Appellant in his closing argument. Appellant stated to the trial
judge, "I understand [the State is] going to open fully on the law and the facts, and
not just open on some of the facts, but fully on the facts to explain their theory of the
case so that --." The trial judge then interrupted and said, "[The State] will open and
explain and then they will have final argument which I will allow them to go int[o]
what they want to talk about." The solicitor responded, "[W]e believe the law in the
state right now is the State [has the option] to bifurcate or to give one argument. We
honestly would prefer to give one argument, but if [Appellant] demands that we open
and close, I don't have any problem with it." The trial judge replied, "You can do it
either way."

      The State proceeded to open on the law and gave the facts only a cursory
review. Appellant then gave his closing argument and stated to the jury that when

2
 We acknowledge the general sessions benchbook this Court previously supplied to
all circuit judges contained language virtually identical to the disputed language
employed by the trial judge.
he concluded his argument, the State would give a final argument and reply to
everything he said. Appellant then informed the jury:

             Then what's going to happen is this. The State's then going
             to come up with their real theory. How the arm got
             scratched, exactly how this alleged strangulation took
             place, and we have to sit mute. We will not have the
             chance to come back and refute that, and yet they'll have a
             chance to refute everything we've laid out there. That was
             their choice as to how they chose to do the closing
             arguments. I can't make them do it any differently.

      During its reply argument,3 the State reviewed the inconsistencies in the
statements Appellant gave to law enforcement. The State also argued the murder
took place in Appellant's car on the street in front of his parents' house and that
Appellant murdered Victim because she was screaming and Appellant wanted to
"shut her up." Appellant argues this was improper reply argument because he
mentioned none of these points during his closing argument.

       Appellant argued the State's reply argument "was nothing but one big
sandbag, which we discussed in chambers"4 and constituted a violation of his due
process rights. Appellant asserted the State presented factual scenarios for the first
time in its reply argument and requested either a mistrial or the opportunity to reply
to the State's argument. The trial judge denied both requests.

       In this appeal, Appellant contends the trial judge erred in refusing to require
the State to open fully on the law and facts in its closing argument, in refusing to
limit the State's reply argument to matters raised by Appellant's counsel in his
closing argument, and in refusing to allow him to reply to new matter raised by the

3
  In this opinion, if used in conjunction with the State's second closing argument, the
terms "the reply," "reply argument," "final argument," and "last argument" are
synonymous.
4
 When used as a transitive verb, Merriam–Webster defines "sandbag" as "to conceal
or misrepresent one's true position, potential, or intent especially in order to gain an
advantage over." Merriam–Webster Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/
dictionary/sandbag.
State in its reply argument. Appellant claims these errors violated his rights under
the due process clauses of the South Carolina and United States Constitutions.5

       In our prior opinion, we agreed in part, holding that in criminal trials, "where
the party with the 'middle' argument requests, the party with the right to the first and
last closing argument must open in full on the law and the facts, and in reply may
respond in full to the other party's argument but may not raise new matter."
Nevertheless, we concluded Appellant was not entitled to a new trial, as any error in
the trial judge's denial of his motion to require the State to open in full on the facts
and the law and to limit its reply was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Having
revisited these issues upon rehearing, we now address the history of the rules
governing the content and order of closing argument in criminal cases, and we
address our authority to promulgate new rules governing the same. We also address
Appellant's due process argument and conclude his conviction must be affirmed.

      B.     Rules Governing Content and Order of Closing Argument

      Prior to 1802, the practice regarding closing arguments in all public
prosecutions on behalf of the State was to allow the State the privilege of opening
and concluding the arguments in every case addressed to the jury. See State v.
Brisbane, 2 S.C.L. (2 Bay) 451, 453 (1802). This partiality shown to prosecutors
was a "relict of the kingly prerogative." Id. However, in Brisbane, the
Constitutional Court of Appeals of South Carolina (a predecessor to this Court)
formulated a rule governing closing argument in criminal courts, holding that in all
cases in which a defendant calls no witnesses, he should have the privilege of
concluding to the jury. Id. at 454.

       In State v. Huckie, Prince Huckie and his codefendant Paris Bailey were
jointly indicted and tried for burglary and larceny. 22 S.C. 298, 298–99 (1885).
Following the State's presentation of evidence, Huckie declined to offer evidence in
his defense, but Bailey called one witness. Id. at 299. Huckie argued it was error to
deny him the last argument because he did not offer any evidence in his own behalf.
Id. We noted there was no express rule giving the defendant a right to reply when
the defendant offered no evidence but stated, "[R]esting upon the common law, such
has been the practice." Id. We concluded that when a defendant in a criminal

5
 Due process requires no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without
due process of law. U.S. CONST. amend. XIV § 1; S.C. CONST. art. I, § 3.
prosecution offers no evidence, he is entitled to the last argument; however, when
two or more defendants are jointly tried, if any codefendant introduces evidence, the
State is entitled to the reply argument. Id. at 300–01.6 See also State v. Mouzon,
326 S.C. 199, 485 S.E.2d 918 (1997); State v. Crowe, 258 S.C. 258, 188 S.E.2d 379
(1972).

       In State v. Garlington, 90 S.C. 138, 144–45, 72 S.E. 564, 566 (1911), we held
that in cases in which no defendant introduces evidence, the defendant(s) have the
right to open and close during closing argument but may waive the right to both
arguments or may waive the right to open and instead present full argument to the
jury after the State's closing argument. In State v. Gellis, 158 S.C. 471, 485–86, 155
S.E. 849, 855 (1930), the defendant did not call any witnesses in his own defense,
but he introduced letters and telegrams into evidence through a prosecution witness.
Holding the defendant did not have the right to the final argument, we clarified that
"if a defendant offers any evidence on trial of the case, the state is not deprived of its
general right to the opening and concluding arguments." Id. at 486–87, 155 S.E. at
855 (emphasis added). Consequently, the loss of the right to make the final argument
depends upon whether a defendant introduces any evidence at all, not upon whether
he calls any witnesses.

       In State v. Atterberry, 129 S.C. 464, 469, 124 S.E. 648, 650 (1924), the
defendant was indicted for possession of "a quantity of whisky" in violation of the
Prohibition Law and was found guilty by a jury. For perhaps the first time, we
applied a codified court rule to closing arguments in a criminal trial. The defendant
introduced evidence during the trial, and prior to closing arguments, he demanded
the trial court to require the State to open in full on the facts and the law. Id. at 471,
124 S.E. at 651. The trial judge refused the defendant's request and allowed the State
to fully waive its opening argument. Id. At that time, Circuit Court Rule 59
provided, "The party having the opening in an argument shall disclose his entire
case; and on his closing shall be confined strictly to a reply to the points made and
authorities cited by the opposite party." We explained Rule 59 was clear and
mandatory and held the trial court's failure to require the State to open fully on the
law and facts was reversible error. Atterberry, 129 S.C. at 471, 124 S.E. at 651.
Noting the "wisdom of this rule" was most clearly evident in circumstantial evidence
cases, we explained that if the rule did not require the State to open in full on the
facts and the law, an able prosecutor would be able to present a connection of

6
  The rationale behind this particular rule, as explained in Huckie, is curious but
irrelevant to the instant case.
circumstances to the jury during his last argument that the defendant would not be
allowed to rebut. Id.

       Subsequent to Atterberry, Circuit Court Rule 59 and any wisdom it possessed
were replaced by Circuit Court Rule 58, which provided in relevant part, "The party
having the opening in an argument shall disclose fully the law upon which he relies
if demanded by the opposite party." (emphasis added). We addressed Rule 58 in
State v. Lee, 255 S.C. 309, 178 S.E.2d 652 (1971), overruled in part on other
grounds by State v. Belcher, 385 S.C. 597, 685 S.E.2d 802 (2009). In Lee, the
defendant introduced evidence to the jury. At the close of the trial, the defendant
requested the trial judge to require the State to open fully on the law and the facts
during its closing argument. Id. at 317, 178 S.E.2d at 656. The trial judge required
the State to open on the law but refused to require the State to open on the facts. Id.
We held "the trial judge, under the changed rule, was correct in holding that a
solicitor is no longer required to make an opening argument to the jury on issues of
fact." Id. at 318, 178 S.E.2d at 656. There was no discussion of due process concerns
or "the wisdom" inherent in the former Rule 59.7

       On July 1, 1985, the South Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure went into effect.
See Rule 86, SCRCP. Rule 1, SCRCP, limits the application of those rules to civil
cases.8 Rule 85(b), SCRCP, also effective as of July 1, 1985, retained ten
enumerated criminal practice rules contained in the Appendix of Criminal Practice
Rules; according to Rule 85(b), SCRCP, those ten rules were renumbered as
Criminal Practice Rules 1 through 10 and were to "continue in full force and effect."
Circuit Court Rule 58 was not one of those ten retained rules. Rule 85(c), SCRCP,
also effective July 1, 1985, provides that all other Circuit Court Rules were repealed


7
 Both Rule 59 and Rule 58 were part of an appendix to the Code of Civil Procedure.
In his concurrence in Atterberry, Acting Associate Justice Aycock observed that
nothing limited the application of these rules to civil cases. 129 S.C. at 473, 124
S.E. at 651. Circuit Court Rules 59 and 58, while they were in effect, were properly
applied to criminal cases.
8
 Rule 43(j), SCRCP, controls the content and order of argument in civil cases. This
rule essentially provides that the plaintiff shall have the right to open and close at
the trial of the case and must open in full, and in reply may respond in full but may
not introduce any new matter. This rule has never been applied to criminal cases,
and Rule 1, SCRCP, expressly prohibits such application.
as of that date. Consequently, Circuit Court Rule 58 no longer existed as a codified
rule as of July 1, 1985.

       On September 1, 1988, the South Carolina Rules of Criminal Procedure went
into effect. See Rule 40, SCRCrimP. No rule contained within the South Carolina
Rules of Criminal Procedure addresses the content and order of closing arguments
in criminal trials. Rule 39, SCRCrimP, expressly repealed all existing Criminal
Practice Rules. With the repeal of Circuit Court Rule 58 by Rule 85(c), SCRCP, and
with the adoption of Rule 39, SCRCrimP, there is no codified or otherwise duly
adopted court rule governing the content and order of closing arguments in criminal
cases in which a defendant introduces evidence. However, Rule 37, SCRCrimP,
provides in part, "In any case where no provision is made by statute or these rules,
the procedure shall be according to the practice as it has heretofore existed in the
courts of the State." Rule 37, SCRCrimP (emphasis added). In the instant case, both
the content and order of closing arguments were in keeping with repealed Circuit
Court Rule 58, which required the State to open only on the law. Lee, 255 S.C. at
318, 178 S.E.2d at 656. We must first determine whether, almost thirty years after
its adoption, Rule 37 preserves the application of repealed Circuit Court Rule 58 in
criminal cases in which a defendant introduces evidence. We hold it does not.

        This Court cannot simply assume that from July 1, 1985 through the trial of
the instant case, the criminal trial courts of this State have uniformly continued to
follow repealed Circuit Court Rule 58 to the extent that it remains the "practice as it
has heretofore existed" in criminal cases in which the defendant introduces evidence.
We have no effective way to ascertain the prevailing practices of current and past
trial judges. We can only conclude that absent a published court rule or a defined
common law rule, individual trial judges have developed their own practices
governing closing argument in cases in which a defendant introduces evidence. That
is an untenable approach to such an important phase of a criminal trial.

       One may inquire whether this Court may simply create a much-needed
practice or procedural rule simply by exercising its authority to alter the common
law. This is a reasonable inquiry, especially since the courts of this State attend on
a daily basis to the notions of order, predictability, and due process in criminal
proceedings. Indeed, "[t]he common law changes when necessary to serve the needs
of the people. We have not hesitated to act in the past when it has become apparent
that the public policy of the State is offended by outdated rules of law." Russo v.
Sutton, 310 S.C. 200, 204, 422 S.E.2d 750, 753 (1992) (citations omitted). See also
Marcum v. Bowden, 372 S.C. 452, 643 S.E.2d 85 (2007) (altering the common law
of social host liability); Nelson v. Concrete Supply Co., 303 S.C. 243, 399 S.E.2d
783 (1991) (abolishing contributory negligence); Hossenlopp v. Cannon, 285 S.C.
367, 329 S.E.2d 438 (1985) (observing that since the dog-bite law was of common
law origin, it could be changed by common law mandate); McCall v. Batson, 285
S.C. 243, 329 S.E.2d 741 (1985) (abolishing sovereign immunity).

       In the foregoing cases, we certainly did alter the common law and were within
our authority to do so. However, those cases involved substantive common law, not
common law procedural rules. We are prohibited on two fronts from promulgating
a new rule in the course of deciding the issues in this case. First, this Court does not
have the power to adopt new rules of procedure for future trials by writing opinions
to decide cases. Instead, when we decide an appeal from a criminal conviction—as
we do here—our power is limited to correcting errors of law.9

       Second, the South Carolina Constitution limits this Court's power to
promulgate rules governing practice and procedure in the courts of this State. Before
1973, the South Carolina Constitution did not address in any manner the power of
this Court to implement rules of practice and procedure in the courts of this State.
On April 4, 1973, article V, section 4 of the South Carolina Constitution was
amended to grant power to this Court, subject to statutory law, to "make rules
governing the practice and procedure in all such courts [in the unified judicial
system]." S.C. CONST. art. V, § 4. While this amendment was in effect, we did not
make any rules governing the content and order of closing argument in criminal
cases, and Circuit Court Rule 58 and other Circuit Court Rules carried the day until
July 1, 1985, when the South Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure came into being,
with Rule 85, SCRCP, preserving some criminal practice rules and repealing others,
including Circuit Court Rule 58.

      On February 26, 1985, article V, section 4A of the South Carolina
Constitution took effect. It remains in effect today and provides:

             All rules and amendments to rules governing practice and
             procedure in all courts of this State promulgated by the
             Supreme Court must be submitted by the Supreme Court
             to the Judiciary Committee of each House of the General

9
 See S.C. CONST. art. V, § 5 ("The Supreme Court shall constitute a court for the
correction of errors at law under such regulations as the General Assembly may
prescribe.").
             Assembly during a regular session, but not later than the
             first day of February during each session. Such rules or
             amendments shall become effective ninety calendar days
             after submission unless disapproved by concurrent
             resolution of the General Assembly, with the concurrence
             of three-fifths of the members of each House present and
             voting.

S.C. CONST. art. V, § 4A (emphasis added).

       On January 28, 2016, we initiated the prescribed legislative process by
proposing an amendment to the South Carolina Rules of Criminal Procedure to add
Rule 21. See Re: Amendments to the South Carolina Rules of Criminal Procedure,
2014-002673 (S.C. Sup. Ct. Order dated Jan. 28, 2016). Proposed Rule 21 stated,
"Closing arguments in all non-capital cases shall proceed in the following order: (a)
the prosecution shall open the argument in full; (b) the defense shall be permitted to
reply; and (c) the prosecution shall then be permitted to reply in rebuttal." Id.
However, by concurrent resolution, the General Assembly, as was its prerogative,
rejected proposed Rule 21 in April 2016. See S. Con. Res. 1191, 121st Gen. Sess.
(S.C. 2016).

       While we acknowledge and respect the limitations placed on this Court's
power pursuant to article V, section 4A of our constitution, in order for our criminal
court system to operate efficiently, effectively, and consistently, clearly stated rules
governing the content and order of closing argument are required. Our current
closing argument rules consist of the following patchwork: Pursuant to the common
law rule pronounced in Brisbane and as clarified in Garlington, in cases in which no
defendant introduces evidence, the defendant(s) have the right to open and close, but
may waive the right to both or may waive opening and present full argument after
the State's closing argument. Pursuant to the common law rule set forth in Huckie,
if two or more defendants are jointly tried, if any one defendant introduces evidence,
the State has the final closing argument. Pursuant to the common law rule as
clarified in Gellis, in cases in which a defendant introduces evidence of any kind,
even through a prosecution witness, the State has the final closing argument.
However, in cases in which the State is entitled to the reply argument, there is no
common law or codified rule as to whether the State must open in full on the law, or
the facts, or both, or neither, and there is no rule governing the content of the State's
reply argument.
       This case falls within the last category. Appellant introduced evidence during
trial. Under our holdings in Huckie and Gellis, the State was entitled to the reply
argument. Appellant asked the trial court to require the State to open in full on the
facts and the law and asked the trial court to restrict the State's reply argument to
rebuttal to matters raised by Appellant in his closing argument. The trial court
denied these requests and essentially followed repealed Circuit Court Rule 58,
allowing the State to open on the law and give the facts a cursory review. Appellant
then presented his closing argument. After the State made its reply argument,
Appellant asked to be allowed to rebut what he argued was new matter raised by the
State. The trial court denied this request as well. Appellant claims his due process
rights were violated by this procedure.

      C.     Due Process

       While this Court's authority to promulgate rules is restricted by article V,
section 4A of the South Carolina Constitution, we retain the authority to determine—
on a case-by-case basis—whether a defendant's due process rights have been
violated by procedural methods employed during a trial. Stated another way, our
authority to rectify a specific due process violation falls within our constitutional
power to correct errors of law and trumps our inability to adopt a clearly stated
practice or procedural rule. We must therefore determine whether Appellant's due
process rights were violated in this instance.

       "Due Process is not a technical concept with fixed parameters unrelated to
time, place, and circumstances; rather it is a flexible concept that calls for such
procedural protections as the situation demands." State v. Legg, 416 S.C. 9, 13, 785
S.E.2d 369, 371 (2016). In any case, procedural due process contemplates a fair
trial. Id. This concept applies to closing arguments. South Carolina case law
focuses upon allegedly inflammatory or unsupported content of the State's closing
argument, not upon whether the State must open in full on the facts and not upon
reply arguments which have a basis in the record but to which a defendant is not
allowed to respond. Generally, "[i]mproper comments [made during closing
argument] do not automatically require reversal if they are not prejudicial to the
defendant, and the appellant has the burden of proving he did not receive a fair trial
because of the alleged improper argument." Humphries v. State, 351 S.C. 362, 373,
570 S.E.2d 160, 166 (2002). The relevant inquiry is whether the State's comments
"so infected the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a denial of
due process." Id. "A denial of due process occurs when a defendant in a criminal
trial is denied the fundamental fairness essential to the concept of justice." State v.
Hornsby, 326 S.C. 121, 129, 484 S.E.2d 869, 873 (1997).

       Appellant cites Bailey v. State, 440 A.2d 997, 1003 (Del. 1982), in which the
Delaware Supreme Court held the trial court abused its discretion in permitting the
State to utilize the "sandbagging" trial strategy in its reply argument. Appellant
acknowledges there is no rule in South Carolina that prohibits "sandbagging," but he
asserts his due process rights were violated because the State was allowed, in its
reply argument, to present to the jury for the first time "two crucial theories" and "an
out of context statement of Appellant."

        Appellant's defense at trial was that he accidentally strangled Victim when he
pulled her back into the moving vehicle by pulling on her tank top, thereby rendering
her unconscious, with Victim then succumbing to positional asphyxiation on the
front passenger floorboard. The State's theory of the case was that Appellant
strangled Victim to death with the USB cord found in Appellant's car. The
Appellant's parents' driveway as a potential scene of the murder was put before the
jury through the State's witnesses—the first responders who found Victim deceased
in the driveway of Appellant's parents' house. Appellant contends the first new
theory argued by the State in its reply argument dealt with the location of the murder,
i.e., that Appellant strangled Victim in Appellant's car in the driveway in front of
Appellant's parents' house. Appellant claims his due process rights were violated
when the State was permitted, in its reply, to argue this point to the jury. Appellant
contends that at the least, he should have been permitted to respond. We first note
that the State's presentation of this theory during its reply was arguably a proper
response to the theory Appellant advanced in his closing argument. Whatever the
case, the question of exactly where Victim's death occurred was largely
inconsequential to the question of whether Appellant murdered Victim or whether
Victim instead died of causes unrelated to Appellant's criminal conduct.

       Appellant contends the second new theory argued by the State in its reply was
that Appellant murdered Victim because Victim was screaming at Appellant during
the drive home, and Appellant wanted to "shut her up." The fact that the two were
in an argument and Victim was screaming at Appellant was entered into evidence
through Appellant's own statement to law enforcement. Again, the State's
advancement of this theory in reply was arguably a proper response to the sequence
of events argued by Appellant in his closing argument. Even if it could be
considered new matter, we conclude the State's advancement of this theory was
relatively insignificant.
       During its reply argument, the State also presented a PowerPoint summary of
one of Appellant's statements to law enforcement. Appellant argues the State took
the statement out of context when it "implied that [Appellant] said that [Victim]
made it seem like I made her want to hurt herself." Appellant's actual statement to
law enforcement was, "Yet a little before or at this point, I believe, that [Victim]
made it seem like I had made her want to hurt herself, which is common for us when
we argue." We conclude this minor point was insignificant to the jury's
consideration of the issues.

       While the State perhaps did not restrict its reply argument to matters raised by
Appellant, and while Appellant was not allowed to respond to the foregoing three
points, we conclude Appellant did not suffer prejudice as a result. See Humphries,
351 S.C. at 373, 570 S.E.2d at 166 (errors in closing argument "do not automatically
require reversal if they are not prejudicial to the defendant, and the appellant has the
burden of proving he did not receive a fair trial because of the alleged improper
argument"); id. (noting the relevant inquiry is whether the State's comments "so
infected the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a denial of due
process"). Neither the State's reply arguments on these three points nor the trial
court's refusal to allow Appellant to respond denied Appellant "the fundamental
fairness essential to the concept of justice." See Hornsby, 326 S.C. at 129, 484
S.E.2d at 873. Therefore, we conclude Appellant has not established a due process
deprivation.

                                   CONCLUSION

       We instruct trial judges to omit any language, whether in remarks to the jury
or in an instruction, which might have the effect of lessening the State's burden of
proof in a criminal case. Such language includes, but is not limited to, any language
suggesting to the jury that its task is to "search for the truth" or to find "true facts,"
or that the jury should render a "just verdict." However, we hold Appellant has failed
to show prejudice from these remarks sufficient to warrant reversal.

       Article V, section 5 of the South Carolina Constitution limits this Court's
authority to correcting errors of law and does not empower us to promulgate a
procedural rule for future cases by simply issuing an opinion. Article V, section 4A,
of the South Carolina Constitution prohibits this Court from adopting any rules of
practice and procedure—even a much-needed rule governing the practice and
procedure of closing arguments in criminal cases—without first going through the
prescribed legislative process.

       Currently, there is no rule governing the content and order of closing
arguments in criminal cases in which a defendant introduces evidence, except for
the "constitutional rule" that a defendant's right to due process cannot be violated at
any stage of a trial. Consequently, trial judges must, on a case-by-case basis, ensure
that a defendant's due process rights are not violated during the closing argument
stage. Absent authority to formally adopt procedural rules, our authority—and the
authority of the trial court—is but to address due process considerations as they arise.
In cases in which a defendant introduces evidence, trial judges clearly have the
authority to require the State to open in full on the facts and the law and have the
authority to restrict the State's reply argument to matters raised by the defense in
closing. This authority remains in keeping with the trial judge's authority to ensure
that a defendant's due process rights are not violated during a criminal trial. We
remain mindful of the need for clearly articulated rules governing the content and
order of closing arguments in cases in which a defendant introduces evidence. The
uncertainty resulting from the absence of such rules is unfortunate. We hope the day
will soon come when such rules are firmly in place.

       We hold Appellant has not established prejudice resulting from the trial
judge's opening remarks, and we hold Appellant was not denied due process during
the closing argument stage of the trial. Appellant's conviction is therefore

AFFIRMED.

BEATTY, C.J., KITTREDGE, HEARN and FEW, JJ., concur.
