     10-4883-cr (L)
     United States v. Curanovic

                                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                        FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                              SUMMARY ORDER

     RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
     SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED
     BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
     WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
     MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE
     NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY
     OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

 1           At a stated Term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
 2   Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York the 16th
 3   day of January, two thousand thirteen.
 4
 5
 6   Present:    PIERRE N. LEVAL,
 7               ROSEMARY S. POOLER,
 8               REENA RAGGI,
 9                           Circuit Judges.
10   _____________________________________________________
11
12   UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
13
14                                      Appellee,
15
16                                -v-                                10-4883-cr(L); 10-5317-cr(con);
17                                                                   11-257-cr(con); 11-3327-cr(con)
18
19   CHRISTOPHER CURANOVIC, JOHN FRANZESE, JOSEPH DIGORGA1,
20
21                           Defendants-Appellants.
22   _____________________________________________________
23
24   Appearing for Appellants:          Robert A. Culp, Garrison, NY, for Christopher Curanovic
25                                      Richard B. Lind, New York, NY, for John Franzese
26                                      Raymond L. Colon, New York, NY, for Joseph DiGorga
27
28   Appearing for Appellee:            Rachel J. Nash, Assistant United States Attorney for the Eastern
29                                      District of New York (Loretta E. Lynch, U.S. Attorney; Amy
30                                      Busa, Cristina M. Posa, Assistant United States Attorneys, on the
31                                      brief) Brooklyn, NY
32


             1
                 The Clerk of the court is directed to amend the caption as above.
 1         Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
 2   (Cogan, J.).
 3
 4        ON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,
 5   AND DECREED that the judgment of said District Court be and it hereby is AFFIRMED.
 6
 7           Christopher Curanovic appeals from his convictions on racketeering conspiracy in
 8   violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d); Hobbs Act robbery conspiracy, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §
 9   1951(a); the unlawful possession of a firearm in connection with that robbery, in violation of 18
10   U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i); extortionate extension and collection of credit and conspiracy to
11   commit those crimes, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 892(a) and 894(a)(1); and extortion and
12   extortion conspiracy in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a). Curanovic was sentenced principally to
13   114 months’ imprisonment and five years supervised release, along with restitution in the
14   amount of $2,000. Joseph DiGorga appeals from his convictions on one count of racketeering
15   conspiracy in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d); along with extortionate collection of credit
16   conspiracy and extortion conspiracy. He was sentenced to concurrent terms of 51 months’
17   imprisonment and three years supervised release. John Franzese appeals from his convictions on
18   racketeering conspiracy, extortion conspiracy, extortionate extension of credit conspiracy and
19   extortionate collection of credit conspiracy. Franzese was sentenced to concurrent terms of 96
20   months imprisonment and three years’ supervised release. We assume the parties’ familiarity
21   with the underlying facts, procedural history, and specification of issues for review.
22
23           Defendants argue that the district court committed plain error in admitting transcripts of
24   conversations among non-defendants recorded by cooperating witnesses, including government
25   exhibits 211E, 211F, 213 and 228. We reject the government’s assertion that the conversations
26   included no inadmissible hearsay and were admissible as background. We agree with the
27   defendants the district court should not have admitted the transcripts into evidence. However,
28   with respect to exhibits 211E, 211F, and 228, the district court reasonably found that none of the
29   defendants timely objected to the admission of these exhibits. Defendants were required to object
30   to exhibits 211E and 211F at the time they were admitted, see Fed. R. Evid. 103(a). The
31   defendants were obligated to object to exhibit 228 once it appeared that the government was
32   offering the evidence for more than background, the limitation agreed to before trial, see Fed. R.
33   Evid. 103 advisory committee’s notes (“If the court changes its initial ruling, or if the opposing
34   party violates the terms of the initial ruling, objection must be made when the evidence is offered
35   to preserve the claim of error.”). Instead, defendants waited until after the government rested its
36   case to object.
37
38           This failure to timely object limits our review to one for plain error. United States v.
39   Diaz, 176 F.3d 52, 83 (2d Cir. 1999). To constitute plain error, “there must be (1) error, (2) that
40   is plain, and (3) that affects substantial rights. If all three conditions are met, an appellate court
41   may then exercise its discretion to notice a forfeited error, but only if (4) the error seriously
42   affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Johnson v. United
43   States, 520 U.S. 461, 466-67 (1997) (citations, internal quotation marks, and alterations omitted).
44   Defendants’ challenge to exhibits 211E, 211F, and 228 fails the plain error test because any
45   evidentiary error did not impugn the fairness or integrity of the trial. As for exhibit 213, the
46   government conceded that defendants timely objected to its admission, and thus we review for
47   harmless error. Defendants’ challenge fails the harmless error test because, in light of the other

                                                       2
 1   record evidence of guilt, admission of exhibit 213 did not have a “substantial and injurious effect
 2   or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.” United States v. Estrada, 430 F.3d 606, 622 (2d
 3   Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted).
 4
 5           We find no grounds for overturning Curanovic’s conviction for use of a firearm during
 6   the commission of a robbery. In cases where a gun is not recovered, the government may be
 7   able to make out its case that a gun was used based on eyewitness testimony. United States v.
 8   Jones, 16 F.3d 487, 490 (2d Cir. 1994). The testimony offered here more than satisfied the
 9   government’s burden. Moreover, we find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s decision
10   not to allow Curanovic’s proposed expert witness to testify.
11
12           We have examined the remainder of the arguments raised by defendants and find them to
13   be without merit. The district court did not abuse its discretion in the plethora of evidentiary
14   rulings challenged by defendants. Moreover, defendants were not entitled to psychological
15   evaluations and reports of the United States Marshal Service generated as part of the Marshal
16   Service's Witness Security Program. The district court committed no errors in sentencing.
17   Accordingly, the judgment of the district court hereby is AFFIRMED.
18
19
20                                                        FOR THE COURT:
21                                                        Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
22




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