                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-1214-17T4


DREW WARES and MEDIN
TAFA, on behalf of themselves
and others similarly situated,

          Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

GUARANTEED MOTOR
TOWING SERVICE, INC.,
and MARK DIGIOVANNI,

     Defendants-Respondents.
___________________________

                    Argued November 29, 2018 – Decided April 11, 2019

                    Before Judges Whipple and DeAlmeida.

                    On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                    Division, Middlesex County, Docket No. L-2088-16.

                    Andrew R. Wolf argued the cause for appellants (The
                    Wolf Law Firm, LLC, and The Law Office of
                    Christopher J. McGinn, attorneys; Matthew S.
                    Oorbeek, Andrew R. Wolf, Bharati Sharma Patel and
                    Christopher J. McGinn, on the briefs).
            Eric S. Schlesinger argued the cause for respondents
            (Golden, Rothschild, Spagnola, Lundell, Boylan &
            Garubo, PC, attorneys; Eric S. Schlesinger and Hristo
            Zevlikaris, of counsel and on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      Plaintiffs Drew Wares and Medin Tafa appeal from the April 21, 2017 and

November 9, 2017 summary judgment orders dismissing their claims under the

Consumer Fraud Act (CFA), N.J.S.A. 56:8-1 to -20; Predatory Towing

Protection Act (Towing Act), N.J.S.A. 56:13-7 to -23; and the Truth-in-

Consumer Contract, Warranty and Notice Act (TCCWNA), N.J.S.A. 56:12-14

to -18.   Plaintiffs, representing a putative class, complained defendants

Guaranteed Motor Towing Service (Guaranteed) and Mark DiGiovanni,

Guaranteed's owner and president, violated the Towing Act when Guaranteed

towed their cars from a residential apartment complex. Plaintiffs also alleged

defendants violated the CFA and TCCWNA when plaintiffs attempted to

retrieve their cars. For the reasons that follow, we reverse the trial court's

summary judgment dismissal of plaintiffs' claims and remand for further

proceedings.

      Both Wares and Tafa lived in an apartment complex at 32 Union Street

(32 Union) in New Brunswick. Both had assigned parking spots in 32 Union's



                                                                       A-1214-17T4
                                      2
underground garage and received parking placards. Both received a parking

policy document stating the following:

           We are allowing Guaranteed Motors (732)247-7491 the
           permission to enter our private property and remove
           any vehicles in violations as follows:
                Permit parking tag matches the numbered spot
                Vehicles with no parking passes
                Parking permits must be displayed on rearview
                  mirror or dashboard ONLY
           If the rules listed above are not followed your car WILL
           be towed.
           Guaranteed Motor is located at 636 Hamilton Street,
           Somerset, New Jersey. To contact Guaranteed Motor
           Towing Service, call 732 247-7491.
           Towing services are available 24/7, 7 days a week.
           The office is open during the following times: Monday
           – Friday: 8:00 a.m. – 3:30 p.m. Saturday: 8:00 a.m. –
           10:00 a.m. Sunday: Closed
           ALL CARS WILL BE TOWED AT OWNERS
           EXPENSE
           1. IF VEHICLE PARKED IN FIRE ZONE
           2. TAGS NOT DISPLAYED ON DASHBOARD OR
           HANGING CLEARLY FROM THE REAR MIRROR
           FACING OUT
           3. IF VEHICLE TAG DOES NOT MATCH PARKING
           SPOT #

     32 Union posted a sign in the parking garage stating, "PARKING BY

PERMIT ONLY violators will be towed."         The sign did not include such

information as the name, address, operating hours and phone number of the

towing company.



                                                                      A-1214-17T4
                                         3
      On August 17, 2015, Wares parked his brother's car in the garage

overnight but did not hang the parking placard on the car's rear view mirror. The

next morning, he learned Guaranteed towed the car. Guaranteed told Wares he

could pay eighty-five dollars to retrieve his car, but when Wares asked for a

receipt, Guaranteed told him he could not pay with a credit card. According to

Wares, Guaranteed refused to give him an invoice unless and until he paid

eighty-five dollars in cash.

      Guaranteed towed Tafa's car on July 30, 2015, and January 22, 2016,

respectively. Tafa did not display the placard on both occasions. In July 2015,

Tafa went with his girlfriend to retrieve the car. Guaranteed told him he had to

pay $127.80 (comprised of an eighty-five dollar tow charge, a forty-dollar

storage fee, and two dollars and eighty cents in taxes) and provided an invoice.

However, Guaranteed issued the invoice to Tafa's girlfriend because Tafa's

insurance information was inside the car and Guaranteed would not let him

retrieve it. In the second instance, Tafa was required to pay eighty-five dollars,

and the invoice was issued to his girlfriend.

      On April 7, 2016, Wares and Tafa filed a class action complaint alleging

Guaranteed violated: (1) the CFA by towing the putative class's cars illegally;

(2) the Towing Act because Guaranteed charged excessive towing fees; (3) the


                                                                          A-1214-17T4
                                        4
TCCWNA by charging excessive fees; (4) the TCCWNA by failing to provide

a proper invoice; and (5) the CFA for illegally towing Tafa's car. Neither Wares

nor Tafa pursued an administrative remedy with any governmental agency

before filing a complaint.

      On April 21, 2017, defendants moved for summary judgment and the

judge dismissed the CFA counts. The judge found plaintiffs could not establish

Guaranteed violated the Towing Act, a necessary predicate to show a CFA

violation, because both received the parking policy, which permitted Guaranteed

to conduct non-consensual towing, and neither displayed their parking placards

at the time Guaranteed towed their cars. The trial judge acknowledged the

signage displayed in the parking garage was deficient under the Towing Act but

found "the intent and spirit of the legislature in forming and passing that

legislation has been satisfied because here . . . [w]e are dealing . . . with notice

that complies with the statute[.]"

      On November 9, 2017, the judge dismissed plaintiffs' remaining claims.

She found plaintiffs did not exhaust their administrative remedies pursuant to

the Towing Act, because they neither engaged in good faith negotiations with

Guaranteed nor complained to a governmental entity before filing a complaint.




                                                                            A-1214-17T4
                                         5
With no remaining claims, the judge dismissed plaintiffs' motion to compel

discovery and to file a second-amended complaint. This appeal followed.

      "[W]e review the trial court's grant of summary judgment de novo under

the same standard as the trial court." Templo Fuente De Vida Corp. v. Nat'l

Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, 224 N.J. 189, 199 (2016). A motion for

summary judgment should be granted "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to

interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show

that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact challenged and that the

moving party is entitled to a judgment or order as a matter of law." R. 4:46-

2(c). The evidence must be viewed "in the light most favorable to the non-

moving party[.]" Mem'l Props., LLC v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co., 210 N.J. 512, 524

(2012). "Rule 4:46-2(c)'s 'genuine issue [of] material fact' standard mandates

that the opposing party do more than 'point[] to any fact in dispute' in order to

defeat summary judgment." Globe Motor Co. v. Igdalev, 225 N.J. 469, 479

(2016) (alteration in original) (quoting Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am.,

142 N.J. 520, 529 (1995)).

      Enacted in 2008, the Towing Act set minimum standards for tow truck

operators and prevents predatory towing practices, such as "charging

unwarranted or excessive fees . . . or overcharging persons for towing services


                                                                          A-1214-17T4
                                        6
provided under circumstances where the consumer has no meaningful

opportunity to withhold consent[.]" N.J.S.A. 56:13-8(b) (2017). The Towing

Act, in part, "regulates the removal of vehicles that are on private property

without proper authorization. [The Towing Act] is intended to stop the practice

of predatory towing, where a vehicle is removed without the owner's notice or

consent and the owner is charged an exorbitant fee for the vehicle's return." S.

Transp. Comm. Statement to S. 2759 (June 14, 2007).

      A towing company may not tow an improperly parked car on private

property unless the towing company has a contract with the property owner and

signage, which must include towing charges, is conspicuously posted. N.J.S.A.

56:13-13(a). However, if the private property is a residential community with

assigned parking spaces, the towing company, whom the landlord has a contract,

may tow a vehicle provided:

            (1) the assigned spaces are clearly marked as such;

            (2) there is specific documented approval by the
            property owner authorizing the removal of the
            particular vehicle; and

            (3) a sign, which can easily be seen by the public, is
            posted in a conspicuous place at all vehicular entrances
            to the residential community property, stating that
            unauthorized parking in an assigned space is prohibited
            and unauthorized motor vehicles will be towed at the
            owner's expense, and providing information or a

                                                                        A-1214-17T4
                                       7
            telephone number enabling the vehicle owner or
            operator to immediately obtain information as to the
            location of the towed vehicle.

            [N.J.S.A. 56:13-13(e).]

      "The Towing Act requires the Director of the Division of Consumer

Affairs (Director) to establish, by regulation, a schedule of the services for

which a towing company can charge fees in connection with the non-consensual

towing of a motor vehicle." Pisack v. B & C Towing, Inc., 455 N.J. Super. 225,

237 (App. Div.), leave to appeal granted, 236 N.J. 24 (2018). Towing companies

must charge "reasonable and not excessive" fees. N.J.S.A. 56:13-14(b). A fee

is presumptively unreasonable if it is "[m]ore than [twenty-five] percent higher

than the fee charged by the towing company . . . for the same services when" the

owner of the car consents to the tow or "[m]ore than [fifty] percent higher than

the fee charged for such other non-consensual towing[.]" N.J.A.C. 13:45A-

31.5(a).

      The Towing Act provides consumers with two remedial paths.                A

consumer may sue under the CFA or "the [Director of the Division of Consumer

Affairs] may order a towing company that has billed a person for any

nonconsensual towing . . . an amount determined by the [Director] to be

unreasonable to reimburse the person for the excess cost with interest." N.J.S.A.


                                                                         A-1214-17T4
                                       8
56:13-21(b). The Director, in promulgating regulations under the Towing Act,

encouraged parties to "use good faith efforts to resolve [their] dispute" before

petitioning the Director. N.J.A.C. 13:45A-31.4(f).

      Any violation of the Towing Act "is an unlawful practice and a violation

of [the CFA.]" N.J.S.A. 56:13-21(a). To state a private cause of action under

the CFA, a consumer must prove "'1) unlawful conduct [or practice] by

defendant; 2) an ascertainable loss by plaintiff; and 3) a causal relationship

between the unlawful conduct and the ascertainable loss.'"         Manahawkin

Convalescent v. O'Neill, 217 N.J. 99, 121 (2014) (quoting Bosland v. Warnock

Dodge, Inc., 197 N.J. 543, 557 (2009)). A Towing Act violation satisfies the

"unlawful conduct" element of a CFA claim. Cf. Dugan v. TGI Fridays, Inc.,

231 N.J. 24, 51 (2017) ("An 'unlawful practice' contravening the CFA may arise

from (1) an affirmative act; (2) a knowing omission; or (3) a violation of an

administrative regulation.").

      To establish a TCCWNA claim, a plaintiff must prove he or she is an

"aggrieved consumer" and the defendant violated a "clearly established legal

right" or "responsibility." N.J.S.A. 56:12-15, -17; Dugan, 231 N.J. at 69. "[T]he

term 'aggrieved consumer' denotes a consumer who has suffered some form of

harm as a result of the defendant's conduct." Spade v. Select Comfort Corp.,


                                                                         A-1214-17T4
                                       9
232 N.J. 504, 522 (2018). Because "vehicle owners are consumers under the

Towing Act, they also should be considered consumers under the TCCWNA."

Pisack, 455 N.J. Super. at 248. "The bills issued by the towing companies are

consumer contracts and notices within the meaning of the TCCWNA." Id. at

249. "Accordingly, those bills and invoices act as the 'writings required to

complete the consumer transaction.'" Ibid. (quoting N.J.S.A. 56:12-1). Any

"inclusion of prohibited charges in the bill 'deceives a consumer into thinking

they are enforceable.'"    Ibid. (quoting Dugan, 231 N.J. at 68). Therefore,

prohibited charges contained in a towing bill violate a "clearly established legal

right" or "responsibility." Ibid.

      In her statement of reasons in support of the November 9, 2017 order, the

judge agreed with Guaranteed that plaintiffs were required to exhaust their

administrative remedies pursuant to N.J.S.A. 56:13-21(b), before suing under

the Towing Act. The judge dismissed plaintiffs' Towing Act and TCCWNA

claims because neither plaintiff pursued an administrative remedy or petitioned

the Director before filing a complaint.

      Consistent with our recent decision in Pisack, we disagree. The Towing

Act permits administrative remedies but does not impose exhausting

administrative as a condition precedent before suing under the Towing Act.


                                                                          A-1214-17T4
                                       10
Pisack, 455 N.J. Super. at 242. The Towing Act omits the type of specific

language New Jersey courts have required before reading an exhaustion of

administrative remedies requirement into a statute. Cf. Jersey Cent. Power &

Light Co. v. Melcar Util. Co., 212 N.J. 576, 587-88 (2013) (holding the

legislature deliberately meant to create two types of remedies under a statute by

using "shall" for mandatory avenues of relief and "may" for permissive ones) .

Although the administrative regulations promulgated pursuant to the Towing

Act state parties "shall use good faith efforts to resolve the dispute," the term

"shall" only refers to good faith efforts, not further administrative dispute

resolution avenues. Pisack, 455 N.J. Super. at 243. Accordingly, we reverse

the November 9, 2017 order dismissing counts two, three, and four of plaintiffs'

complaint and remand for further proceedings.

      The November 9, 2017 order also disposed of plaintiffs' motions to

compel more specific discovery responses and to file a second amended

complaint. The judge did not reach the merits of those motions after dismissing

plaintiffs' claims for failure to exhaust administrative remedies. On remand,

plaintiffs' motions shall be considered anew.

      In addition, the April 21, 2017 order dismissed counts one and five in

error. The premise of the judge's decision therein was Guaranteed did not


                                                                         A-1214-17T4
                                      11
violate the "spirit" of the Towing Act, because plaintiffs received notice of 32

Union's parking policy, notwithstanding the parking lot's deficient signage.

Therefore, the judge found plaintiffs could not prove a CFA violation based on

the Towing Act.

      "When called on to interpret a statute, 'our overriding goal must be to

determine the Legislature's intent.'" Cast Art Indus., LLC v. KPMG LLP, 209

N.J. 208, 221 (2012) (quoting State v. Gonzalez, 142 N.J. 618, 627 (1995)). "It

is not the function of this [c]ourt to 'rewrite a plainly-written enactment of the

Legislature []or presume that the Legislature intended something other than that

expressed by way of the plain language.'" DiProspero v. Penn, 183 N.J. 477,

492 (2005) (alteration in original) (quoting O'Connell v. State, 171 N.J. 484, 488

(2002)). "Our duty is to construe and apply the statute as enacted." In re Closing

of Jamesburg High Sch., 83 N.J. 540, 548 (1980).

      N.J.S.A. 56:13-13(a) generally prohibits the unconsented towing of

vehicles from private property unless certain conditions are met. N.J.S.A.

56:13-13(e) imposes specific conditions before a towing company may legally

tow from a residential community. A car may not be towed from a residential

community unless: (1) parking spaces are specifically assigned and clearly

marked, (2) "there is specific documented approval by the property owner


                                                                          A-1214-17T4
                                       12
authorizing the removal of the particular vehicle," and (3) a sign, stating

unauthorized parking is prohibited, violators will be towed at the owner's

expense, and containing the towing company's phone number, is conspicuously

posted. N.J.S.A. 56:13-13(e). The Legislature's intentional use of "and" means

all three conditions must be met before a vehicle may be towed from a residential

community.     32 Union's signage was deficient because it did not include

Guaranteed's phone number, among other missing information. This deficiency

was not minor. The owners of towed vehicles need to know where and how to

retrieve their vehicles. It was therefore error to excuse that deficiency and grant

summary judgment.

      Moreover, the judge did not determine whether 32 Union management

reported or documented plaintiffs' cars as improperly parked.          The record

contained no "specific documented approval by the property owner authorizing

the removal of" plaintiffs' vehicles. Thus, affording plaintiffs all favorable

inferences, they raised a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether

Guaranteed towed their cars in violation of the Towing Act.

      Excusing technical compliance in lieu of conformity with the "spirit" of

the statute would render the Towing Act's protection against unauthorized

towing "mere surplusage." Cf. In re Attorney Gen.'s "Directive on Exit Polling:


                                                                           A-1214-17T4
                                       13
Media & Non-Partisan Pub. Interest Grps.", 200 N.J. 283, 298 (2009). The

Legislature enacted specific conditions, each of which must be met, before a car

can be towed from private property.         Cf. DiProspero, 183 N.J. at 493

("Ordinarily, we are enjoined from presuming that the Legislature intended a

result different from the wording of the statute . . . ."). Therefore, a towing

company violates the Towing Act when it tows a car from private property

absent compliance with all applicable statutory conditions.

      We need not address other questions raised but not reached by the trial

judge, such as whether plaintiffs suffered an ascertainable loss, whether

Guaranteed violated a "clearly established legal right," or whether the necessary

requirements for class certification have been met. Those questions are to be

addressed by the trial judge on remand consistent with this opinion.

      Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.




                                                                         A-1214-17T4
                                      14
