                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUN 19 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No.    19-50103

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No.
                                                3:18-cr-03812-LAB-1
 v.

FRANCISCO JAVIER ZENDEJAS,                      MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Southern District of California
                  Larry A. Burns, Chief District Judge, Presiding

                        Argued and Submitted June 5, 2020
                              Pasadena, California

Before: RAWLINSON and N.R. SMITH, Circuit Judges, and KORMAN,**
District Judge.

      This case arose out of a tip to the United States Border Patrol that Francisco

Zendejas was bragging about smuggling drugs from Mexico across the California

border. A few hours later, Zendejas drove to the Otay Mesa Port of Entry and was



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable Edward R. Korman, United States District Judge for
the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation.
recognized and stopped by Border Patrol based on the tip. In the spare tire of his car,

agents discovered a GPS tracker and 21 packages of heroin and methamphetamine

valued at $215,000. Zendejas first denied knowledge of the drugs, but ultimately

confessed to knowingly transporting them across the border for money. He was

convicted of importing those drugs in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 952 and 960.

Zendejas appeals. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

      1.     The district court did not improperly admit the trial testimony of two

Border Patrol agents that the use of GPS trackers was common and increasing in

drug-courier cases. Zendejas argues that the agents’ testimony was unnoticed expert

testimony, based upon inadmissible hearsay, and improper drug-courier profile

evidence. While we are not persuaded by these arguments, we also find that the

admission of this testimony did not prejudice Zendejas. Indeed, this testimony was

consistent with, and did not undermine, the defense theory that evidence of hidden

GPS devices in unknowing-drug-courier cases supports the exculpatory inference

that Zendejas himself was an unknowing drug courier.

      2.     The district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to compel

discovery regarding drug-courier cases in which a GPS tracker was found with the

drugs, and for this reason the government had concluded the courier was unknowing.

Rule 16 provides, in relevant part, that “the government must permit the defendant

to inspect and to copy or photograph books, papers, documents, data, photographs,


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tangible objects, buildings or places, or copies or portions of any of these items, if

the item is within the government's possession, custody, or control” and “the item is

material to preparing the defense.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 16(E). “[T]he government has

no obligation to produce information which it does not possess or of which it is

unaware. It has an obligation to turn over only material . . . that it has in its

possession.” United States v. Cano, 934 F.3d 1002, 1023 (9th Cir. 2019) (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted). Because Zendejas failed to “present facts

which would tend to show that the Government [was] in possession of [the

requested] information,” he failed to meet his burden to compel discovery under

Rule 16(a)(1)(E)(i). See United States v. Mandel, 914 F.2d 1215, 1219 (9th Cir.

1990).

      3.     After the district court ruled, on reconsideration of the issue, that

Zendejas had not shown the requested information was material, the court did not

plainly err in deciding that it would reconsider compelling discovery of the requested

information if Zendejas submitted a declaration stating that he was unaware of the

drugs and the GPS tracker. Zendejas contends that this forced him to choose between

his ability to prepare a defense, on the one hand, and his right not to be a witness

against himself, on the other. Zendejas did not object to this condition on the ground

that it violated his right against self-incrimination.

      Zendejas’s reliance on Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377 (1967), is


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misplaced. In Simmons, the Supreme Court held that when a defendant provides

testimony in order to vindicate his Fourth Amendment right, that testimony cannot

be admitted against him. Id. at 394. Moreover, if Zendejas was concerned that the

declaration could be used against him, he could have avoided the problem by

requesting in camera review. Cf. United States v. Eshkol, 108 F.3d 1025, 1027–28

(9th Cir. 1997) (finding the fact that the defendant failed “to request an in camera

proffer, which could have prevented the government from learning the defense

theory, support[ed] [the] conclusion” that the defendant was not forced to sacrifice

his Fifth Amendment rights).

      4.      The district court did not abuse its discretion by declining to compel

the prosecution to disclose the identity of the tipster. The prosecution has a “limited”

privilege “to withhold from disclosure the identity of persons who furnish

information of violations of law to officers charged with enforcement of that law.”

Roviaro v. United States, 353 U.S. 53, 59–60 (1957). To overcome this privilege, “a

defendant must show a need for the information, and in doing so, must show more

than a ‘mere suspicion’ that the informant has information which will prove ‘relevant

and helpful’ to his defense, or that will be essential to a fair trial.” United States v.

Henderson, 241 F.3d 638, 645 (9th Cir. 2000) (citation omitted). The district court

properly concluded that Zendejas failed to meet this burden. Indeed, in United States

v. Buras, we held that disclosure was not justified by “unfounded suspicion or


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conjecture,” particularly where, as here, there is no indication in the record that the

informant was not “a witness to” or “participated in” the crime. 633 F.2d 1356, 1360

(9th Cir. 1980).

      5. Finally, Zendejas argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct in his

closing argument. We disagree. The prosecutor was permissibly commenting on the

power of the common-sense inferences the jury could make from facts in evidence.

In any event, his comments do not constitute plain error warranting reversal. See

United States v. Alcantara-Castillo, 788 F.3d 1186, 1190–91 (9th Cir. 2015).

      AFFIRMED.




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