                                                                           FILED
                                                                       Jan 28 2020, 6:48 am

                                                                           CLERK
                                                                       Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                          Court of Appeals
                                                                            and Tax Court




ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS                                    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Valerie K. Boots                                            INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF
Marion County Public Defender –                             CHILD SERVICES
Appellate Division                                          Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Indianapolis, Indidana                                      Attorney General of Indiana
Lisa M. Johnson (for Mother)                                David E. Corey
Brownsburg, Indiana                                         Robert J. Henke
Steven J. Halbert (for Father)                              Deputy Attorneys General
Indianapolis, Indiana                                       Indianapolis, Indiana



                                             IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In re the Termination of the                                January 28, 2020
Parent-Child Relationship of                                Court of Appeals Case No.
C.D. (Minor Child),                                         19A-JT-1549
J.H. (Mother) and                                           Appeal from the Marion Superior
W.D. (Father),                                              Court
                                                            The Honorable Marilyn A.
Appellants-Respondents,
                                                            Moores, Judge
        v.                                                  The Honorable Scott B. Stowers,
                                                            Magistrate
Indiana Department of Child                                 Trial Court Cause No.
Services,                                                   49D09-1810-JT-1185
Appellee-Petitioner,

        and




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-1549 | January 28, 2020                           Page 1 of 20
      Child Advocates, Inc.,
      Appellee-Guardian ad Litem.1



      Mathias, Judge.


[1]   J.H. (“Mother) and W.D. (“Father”) (collectively “the Parents”) appeal the

      order of the Marion Superior Court terminating their parental rights to their

      minor child C.D. (“Daughter”). Mother presents two issues for our review,

      which we restate as: (1) whether the trial court’s decision to terminate Mother’s

      parental rights is clearly erroneous, and (2) whether the termination of Mother’s

      parental rights should be reversed because it deprives the Parents of their right

      to determine adoptive placement for Daughter. Father appeals and presents two

      issues, which we consolidate and restate as whether the termination of Father’s

      parental rights should be reversed because the trial court ignored the Parent’s

      right to determine an appropriate adoptive placement for Daughter.


[2]   We affirm.


                                     Facts and Procedural History
[3]   Mother and Father are the biological parents of Daughter, who was born on

      September 19, 2017. Mother used marijuana during her pregnancy, and

      Daughter tested positive for marijuana when she was born. The Indiana




      1
          DeDe K. O’Connor filed an appearance on behalf of Child Advocates, Inc., but did not file a brief.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-1549 | January 28, 2020                               Page 2 of 20
      Department of Child Services (“DCS”) filed a petition alleging that Daughter

      was a child in need of services (“CHINS”) on September 22, 2017. This petition

      alleged that Daughter was in need of services because: (1) Mother failed to

      provide the child with a safe, stable, and appropriate living environment free

      from substance abuse; (2) Mother had another child with an active CHINS

      case;2 (3) Mother used marijuana during her pregnancy with Daughter, tested

      positive for marijuana at the time of Daughter’s birth, and struggled with

      depression; and (4) Father demonstrated no ability or willingness to parent the

      child and was unable to ensure the safety of the child while in Mother’s care. At

      a detention hearing held on September 23, 2017, the trial court authorized

      Daughter to be removed from the Parents. Daughter was placed in the care of

      her paternal grandmother (“Grandmother”) after the child was released from

      the hospital. Also on September 23, the trial court appointed a guardian ad

      litem (“GAL”) for Daughter.


[4]   A CHINS fact-finding hearing was held on January 17, 2018. At the hearing,

      Mother admitted to the allegations in the CHINS petition. The trial court found

      that Father did not have housing, was not employed, and had issues with

      marijuana use. It also found that Father was not willing to participate in

      services to address his housing and drug use. The trial court therefore found




      2
       In the case involving her older child, Mother also failed to complete services and tested positive for
      marijuana, amphetamine, and methamphetamine. Her parental rights to this child were terminated on
      August 7, 2018.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-1549 | January 28, 2020                             Page 3 of 20
      Daughter to be a CHINS, ordered DCS to prepare a predispositional report,

      and set a permanency plan of reunification.


[5]   A CHINS dispositional hearing was held on February 7, 2018, and the trial

      court entered a dispositional order that same day. The dispositional order

      continued Daughter’s placement with Grandmother and required the parents to

      participate in a variety of services. Specifically, the trial court ordered Mother to

      participate in home-based therapy, home-based case management, random drug

      screens, and engagement with a parental aid.3 The trial court ordered Father to

      participate in substance abuse treatment, random drug screens, and a Father

      Engagement Program. The permanency plan remained reunification.


[6]   During the course of the CHINS case, Mother failed to appear for any sessions

      with her home-based counselor. Accordingly, Mother was discharged from

      home-based counseling in June 2018. Mother also failed to participate in the

      inpatient substance-abuse treatment referred to her by the Family Case

      Manager (“FCM”). Mother did marginally better with the home-based case

      management services; she met with the service coordinator, Marley McClean

      (“McClean”) of Families First, and they set goals of obtaining reliable

      transportation, participating in drug screens, reunification with Daughter, and

      finding stable housing and employment. Mother told McClean that she was

      staying with friends but refused to provide an address where McClean could




      3
       At this time, Mother was also under a parental participation order in the CHINS case involving her older
      child.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-1549 | January 28, 2020                           Page 4 of 20
      reach Mother. McClean offered to provide transportation so that Mother could

      participate in the ordered drug screens, but Mother never took McClean up on

      her offer. Mother was also inconsistent in meeting with McClean, often missing

      or cancelling scheduled sessions. In fact, despite being scheduled to meet once

      per week, Mother met with McClean only four times in a five-month period.

      Mother was briefly employed during this time but met none of the other goals.

      Due to Mother’s noncompliance, McClean discharged her from services in

      February 2019.


[7]   Mother underwent a substance abuse assessment and reported a history of

      abusing marijuana, stimulants, and sedatives. Mother declined to participate in

      intensive outpatient substance abuse treatment and failed to appear for most of

      the random drug screens between February 2018 and February 2019. The drug

      screens she did take in November 2018 and January 2019 were positive for

      marijuana use. The trial court had ordered Mother’s visitation with Daughter to

      be contingent on her submitting to random drug screens. Because Mother had

      not consistently done so, the trial court never authorized any visitation.

      Consequently, Mother had not seen the child since the unauthorized visit at

      Father’s home in September 2018.


[8]   Father followed a similar course of non-compliance with the offered services.

      Father participated sporadically with his home-based case management service

      providers and lacked stable housing. Father met with the first home-based case

      management provider only twice and with the second provider only once. A

      third provider attempted to contact Father but was unsuccessful.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-1549 | January 28, 2020     Page 5 of 20
[9]    Father was also referred to substance abuse counseling, but he failed to appear

       for any of the scheduled sessions and was discharged from the program. He

       then enrolled in outpatient treatment but failed to attend because, by that time,

       he planned on consenting to Daughter’s adoption by Grandmother. He too

       failed to appear for multiple drug screens between November 2017 and March

       2019, and the two drug screens he took in January 2019 tested positive for

       marijuana use.


[10]   Father was referred to visitation services in July 2018, but was discharged the

       following month because of non-cooperation. He was again referred to

       visitation services in October 2018, and the visitation coordinator was able to

       schedule visitation. Father participated in visitation only sporadically even

       though the visits were scheduled to accommodate his work and transportation

       schedules. He canceled two of the scheduled visits in October 2018, and, in

       November and December of that year, showed up to only four of the sixteen

       scheduled visits. He then canceled three of the visits scheduled for January

       2019. The trial court then reduced Father’s visitation to one session per month.

       But Father did not visit Daughter in March or April 2019 and declined to

       schedule make-up visits.


[11]   The trial court authorized Grandmother to supervise visitations between Father

       and Daughter, but the trial court rescinded this authority in its order following a

       June 6, 2018 review hearing. Instead, the court ordered “parenting time for

       [F]ather at an agency or by a service provider.” Ex. Vol., Petitioner’s Ex. 17.

       On September 2, 2018, however, Grandmother permitted Daughter to visit

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-1549 | January 28, 2020     Page 6 of 20
       Father, unsupervised, at a mobile home in Greenwood, Indiana, where Father

       was living. For reasons not revealed in the record, Officer Joseph Taylor

       (“Officer Taylor”) of the Greenwood Police Department was dispatched to the

       home. When Officer Taylor went to the house, it was in disarray. He found

       Mother asleep in bed. Lying next to her, face down, was one-year-old

       Daughter. There was a portable playpen in the home available for the child to

       sleep in, but it was full of other items. Daughter was uninjured, but her feet

       were dirty. and she appeared not to have been bathed for some time. Mother

       was disoriented and provided a false name to Officer Taylor. Next to the bed

       were two glass pipes with burnt marijuana residue. Mother admitted the pipes

       were hers and that she had smoked marijuana earlier in the day. Father arrived

       some time later and told Officer Taylor that he had left to get groceries. Officer

       Taylor arrested Mother for possession of paraphernalia and neglect of a

       dependent. Officer Taylor contacted DCS, who placed Daughter in non-relative

       foster care (the “Foster Parents”).


[12]   On September 6, 2018, DCS filed a motion requesting that Daughter be

       removed from Grandmother’s care and placed in the care of the Foster Parents.

       The trial court granted this motion the same day. At a September 19, 2018

       permanency hearing, the trial court denied a request to place Daughter with

       Grandmother. The trial court also changed the permanency plan from

       reunification to adoption. DCS filed petitions seeking to terminate Mother and

       Father’s parental rights on October 10, 2018.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-1549 | January 28, 2020      Page 7 of 20
[13]   On February 7, 2019, DCS filed a motion requesting that Daughter be placed

       back in Grandmother’s care. This motion stated in part:


               The DCS is requesting authorization for placement in Relative
               Care because DCS supports placement with [Grandmother] so
               that [she] can adopt.

               [Grandmother] is willing to allow unannounced visits to her
               home.

               Both the DCS and [the GAL] are in support of placement with
               [Grandmother] for purposes of adoption.

               In addition, [the Parents] support the proposed change in
               placement, and will sign adoption consents for [Grandmother] to
               adopt.


       Supp. App. p. 2.


[14]   On March 11, 2019, the Foster Parents filed an objection to DCS’s request to

       place Daughter back with Grandmother. In their objection, the Foster Parents

       claimed that Grandmother had not provided Daughter with the appropriate

       medical care and fed her an inappropriate diet, that Daughter was behind in her

       physical development and could not sit up on her own, that her head was

       flattened in the back, and that she had suffered from untreated constipation.

       The trial court heard argument on the motion to place Daughter with

       Grandmother on March 13, 2019, and denied it that same day.


[15]   Also on March 13, 2019, the trial court held the first part of a two-day

       evidentiary hearing on the petition to terminate parental rights. At the hearing,

       DCS presented evidence showing that neither Mother nor Father successfully

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-1549 | January 28, 2020       Page 8 of 20
       participated in the offered services or otherwise addressed their substance-abuse

       problems.


[16]   On April 14, 2019, after the first day of the evidentiary hearing on the

       termination petitions but before the second day of the hearing, DCS received a

       “310 report,” alleging that, while in the care of the Foster Parents, Daughter

       was dirty, vomiting, and had a fever and runny nose. Tr. Vol. 2, p. 206. At

       approximately the same time, Father complained to the FCM that he was

       concerned with Daughter’s appearance at his supervised visits. The FCM spoke

       with the visitation facilitator and the Foster Parents, who did not corroborate

       Father’s complaints.4


[17]   Then, on April 16, 2019, the GAL filed a motion to reconsider the order

       denying DCS’s request to place Daughter with Grandmother. In its motion to

       reconsider, the GAL indicated that, since the March 13 order, it had received

       documentation from Daughter’s pediatrician showing that Daughter “was fully

       caught up on her vaccines, along with review of medical milestones, diet and

       other well check markers. No concerns were ever noted by this doctor about the

       development or [Grandmother]’s treatment of [Daughter].” Supp. App. p. 4.

       The motion also stated that the GAL had received photographic evidence

       showing that Daughter could sit up by herself and could pull herself up “at least

       partially,” and “was not suffering from a flattened rear head as alleged, and that




       4
        The FCM ultimately permitted a DCS assessor to investigate the report, but, as of the second evidentiary
       hearing date, the assessor had yet to come to a conclusion.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-1549 | January 28, 2020                            Page 9 of 20
       [Grandmother] was both aware of the child’s constipation and provided the

       [Family Case Manager] with information about this to ensure the child

       continued to receive appropriate feedings to help with the issue.” Id. at 5. The

       GAL attached to its motion the documentation supporting its position,

       including medical records and photographs. At the time of the termination

       hearing, the trial court had yet to rule on the motion to reconsider. We note,

       however, that pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 53.4(B), a motion to reconsider is

       deemed denied if it is not ruled upon within five days. See Snyder v. Snyder, 62

       N.E.3d 455, 459 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016). Thus, the GAL’s motion to reconsider

       was deemed denied on April 21, 2019.5


[18]   The trial court held the second day of the evidentiary hearing on the

       termination petitions on April 23, 2019, and took the matter under advisement.

       On May 23, 2019, the trial court entered orders terminating Mother and

       Father’s parental rights to Daughter. Mother and Father now appeal.


                                   Termination of Parental Rights
[19]   Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2) provides that a petition to terminate

       parental rights must allege:


                      (B) that one (1) of the following is true:



       5
        This does not mean that the trial court was without authority to rule on a motion to reconsider after five
       days have passed, as a trial court has the inherent power to reconsider any previous ruling so long as the
       action remains in fieri. Id.at 458 (citing Citizens Indus. Group v. Heartland Gas Pipeline, LLC, 856 N.E.2d 734,
       737 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied; Stephens v. Irwin, 734 N.E.2d 1133, 1135 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000), trans.
       denied).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-1549 | January 28, 2020                                 Page 10 of 20
                           (i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions
                           that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for
                           placement outside the home of the parents will not be
                           remedied.
                           (ii) There is a reasonable probability that the
                           continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a
                           threat to the well-being of the child.
                           (iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
                           adjudicated a child in need of services;
                     (C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and
                     (D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment
                     of the child.

[20]   DCS must prove each element by clear and convincing evidence. Ind. Code §

       31-37-14-2; In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1261 (Ind. 2009). But because Indiana

       Code subsection 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive, the trial court is

       required to find that only one prong of subsection 4(b)(2)(B) has been

       established by clear and convincing evidence. In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d 212, 220

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. dismissed.


[21]   Clear and convincing evidence need not establish that the continued custody of

       the parent is wholly inadequate for the child’s very survival. Bester v. Lake Cty.

       Office of Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 148 (Ind. 2005). It is instead

       sufficient to show by clear and convincing evidence that the child’s emotional

       and physical development are put at risk by the parent’s custody. Id. If the court

       finds the allegations in a petition are true, the court shall terminate the parent-

       child relationship. Ind. Code § 31-35-2-8(a).



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-1549 | January 28, 2020            Page 11 of 20
[22]   The purpose of terminating parental rights is not to punish parents but instead

       to protect their children. In re S.P.H., 806 N.E.2d 874, 880 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004).

       Although parental rights have a constitutional dimension, the law allows for

       their termination when the parties are unable or unwilling to meet their

       responsibilities as parents. Id. Indeed, parental interests must be subordinated to

       the child’s interests in determining the proper disposition of a petition to

       terminate parental rights. In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d at 1259.


                                            Standard of Review
[23]   Indiana appellate courts have long had a highly deferential standard of review

       in cases involving the termination of parental rights. In re D.B., 942 N.E.2d 867,

       871 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). We neither reweigh the evidence nor assess witness

       credibility. Id. We consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences

       favorable to the trial court’s judgment. Id. In deference to the trial court’s

       unique position to assess the evidence, we will set aside a judgment terminating

       a parent-child relationship only if it is clearly erroneous. Id. Clear error is that

       which leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been

       made. J.M. v. Marion Cty. Office of Family & Children, 802 N.E.2d 40, 44 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2004), trans. denied.


[24]   We also note that Mother does not challenge any of the trial court’s factual

       findings as being clearly erroneous. We therefore accept the trial court’s

       findings as true and determine only whether these unchallenged findings are

       sufficient to support the judgment. In re A.M., 121 N.E.3d 556, 562 (Ind. Ct.


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-1549 | January 28, 2020        Page 12 of 20
       App. 2019), trans. denied); see also T.B. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 971 N.E.2d

       104, 110 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (holding that when the trial court’s unchallenged

       findings support termination, there is no error), trans. denied.


                                               I. Mother’s Arguments

       A. Conditions That Resulted in Daughter’s Removal

[25]   Mother first claims that the trial court clearly erred by concluding that there was

       a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in Daughter’s removal

       from her care, or the reasons for Daughter’s continued placement outside

       Mother’s home, would not be remedied. When deciding whether there is a

       reasonable probability that the conditions resulting in a child’s removal or

       continued placement outside of a parent’s care will not be remedied, the trial

       court must determine a parent’s fitness to care for the child at the time of the

       termination hearing while also taking into consideration evidence of changed

       circumstances. A.D.S. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 987 N.E.2d 1150, 1156–57

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. The trial court may disregard efforts made

       only shortly before termination and give more weight to a parent’s history of

       conduct prior to those efforts. In re K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d 1225, 1234 (Ind. 2013).


[26]   The condition that led to Daughter’s removal was Mother’s drug use while

       pregnant with the child. After Daughter’s birth, Mother did nothing to address

       her substance abuse problems. She missed multiple drug screens and tested

       positive for marijuana use when she did submit to drug screens. She declined to

       participate in the substance abuse treatment services provided to her. Indeed,


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-1549 | January 28, 2020        Page 13 of 20
       Mother admits that neither she nor Father have “not completed services or

       remained sober.” Appellant’s Br. at 15. The trial court therefore did not clearly

       err by concluding that there was a reasonable probability that the condition that

       resulted in Daughter’s removal from Mother’s care, or the reason for her

       continued placement outside Mother’s home, would not be remedied.


[27]   Mother argues that the conditions that led to Daughter’s removal were

       remedied by placing Daughter with Grandmother. We agree with DCS,

       however, that a child’s placement is not the focus of this statutory element. The

       focus is on whether a parent has remedied the conditions such that the child can

       safely be returned to her care. Here, this is clearly not the case.6


       B. Best Interests of the Child

[28]   Mother next argues that the trial court clearly erred in concluding that

       termination of her parental rights was in Daughter’s best interests. In

       determining what is in the best interests of a child, the trial court must look

       beyond the factors identified by DCS and look to the totality of the evidence.

       A.D.S., 987 N.E.2d at 1158. In so doing, the trial court must subordinate the

       interests of the parent to those of the child and need not wait until the child is

       irreversibly harmed before terminating the parent-child relationship. Id.



       6
         Mother also argues that the trial court erred by concluding that there was a reasonable probability that the
       continuation of the parent-child relationship posed a threat to Daughter’s well-being. See I.C. § 31-35-2-
       4(b)(2)(B)(ii). As noted supra, however, the trial court was required to find only that one prong of subsection
       4(b)(2)(B) had been established. In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d at 220. Because we have concluded that DCS proved
       that there was a reasonable probability that the conditions which resulted in Daughter’s removal from
       Mother’s care would not be remedied, we need not address her arguments directed at the “threat” prong of
       Section 4(b)(2)(B). See In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d at 220.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-1549 | January 28, 2020                              Page 14 of 20
       Moreover, a recommendation by the case manager or a child advocate, such as

       a guardian ad litem, to terminate parental rights is sufficient to show by clear

       and convincing evidence that termination is in the child’s best interests. Id. at

       1158–59.


[29]   The trial court found that termination was in Daughter’s best interests because

       it would allow her to be adopted into a stable and permanent home. Mother’s

       argument regarding this element focuses on her desire that Grandmother be

       permitted to adopt Daughter. Mother argues that, if her parental rights are

       terminated, there is an increased chance that the Foster Parents will be

       permitted to adopt Daughter instead of Grandmother. Mother also notes that,

       when Daughter was placed with Grandmother, she bonded with Grandmother

       and her two-year-old cousin and thirteen-year-old uncle who also lived with

       Grandmother, in addition to numerous other relatives. Mother argues that

       cutting Daughter completely off from her existing family cannot be in

       Daughter’s best interest.


[30]   Mother also refers to evidence that indicates that the Foster Parents are not as

       capable of taking care of Daughter as is Grandmother. Specifically, she notes

       that the Foster Parents both work full-time, requiring Daughter to be in day

       care while they work, as opposed to Grandmother who was able to devote more

       time to the care of the child. She also refers to the report that Daughter was

       dirty and sick while in the care of the Foster Parents. Additionally, Mother

       claims that the Foster Parents presented false evidence to the trial court when

       they objected to DCS’s motion requesting that Daughter be returned to

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-1549 | January 28, 2020     Page 15 of 20
       Grandmother’s care. Referring to the material submitted by the GAL that

       contradicted the Foster Parents’ claims, Mother now contends that the Foster

       Parents intentionally presented misleading and false evidence to the court in

       their objection. All of these arguments, however, are little more than a request

       that we reweigh the evidence presented to the trial court, which we may not do.

       In re D.B., 942 N.E.2d at 871.


[31]   Mother also makes much of the fact that both DCS and the GAL recommended

       that Daughter be placed with Grandmother. Be that as it may, the GAL

       testified that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in Daughter’s best

       interests because Mother had not completed any of the offered services and

       failed to address her substance abuse problem. The FCM also recommended

       termination of Mother’s parental rights due to her lack of stability, failure to

       participate in services, continued substance abuse, and unwillingness to act as a

       parent to Daughter. Based on this testimony, the trial court reasonably

       concluded that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in Daughter’s best

       interests.


       C. Satisfactory Plan for the Care and Treatment of the Child

[32]   Mother further contends that the trial court clearly erred by concluding that

       there was a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of Daughter. We have

       explained before that the plan for the care and treatment of a child need not be

       detailed, so long as it offers a general sense of the direction in which the child

       will be going after the parent-child relationship is terminated. In re A.S., 17

       N.E.3d 994, 1007 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied. “A DCS plan is
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-1549 | January 28, 2020      Page 16 of 20
       satisfactory if the plan is to attempt to find suitable parents to adopt the

       children.” Id. That is, “there need not be a guarantee that a suitable adoption

       will take place, only that DCS will attempt to find a suitable adoptive parent.”

       Id. Here, the trial court found that the plan for the care and treatment of

       Daughter is adoption, which is a satisfactory plan. See id.


[33]   Mother does not deny that adoption is a satisfactory plan, and she

       acknowledges that adoption by a non-relative foster family is usually deemed to

       be satisfactory. Appellant’s Br. at 21 (citing In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258, 268

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied). Mother argues, however, that there was

       evidence that the Foster Parents were not properly caring for Daughter and that

       they submitted false evidence to the court. Again, this is simply a request that

       we reweigh the evidence. More importantly, however, the trial court did not

       conclude that adoption by the Foster Parents was appropriate. It simply

       concluded that the plan for adoption was a satisfactory plan. Mother admits

       that adoption is a satisfactory plan, and this is all that is required at this stage.


                         II. Fundamental Right to Determine Adoptive Parent

[34]   Lastly, both Parents argue that they have a fundamental right to choose who

       will adopt Daughter and that, by terminating their parental rights, the trial court

       effectively refused to place Daughter with Grandmother, contrary to the desires

       of the Parents, DCS, and the GAL.


[35]   We agree that parents have a fundamental right to raise their children. As

       explained by our supreme court in In re G.Y.:

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-1549 | January 28, 2020         Page 17 of 20
               The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
               protects the traditional right of parents to establish a home and
               raise their children. A parent’s interest in the care, custody, and
               control of his or her children is perhaps the oldest of the
               fundamental liberty interests. Indeed the parent-child relationship
               is one of the most valued relationships in our culture. We
               recognize, however, that parental interests are not absolute and
               must be subordinated to the child’s interests in determining the
               proper disposition of a petition to terminate parental rights. Thus,
               [p]arental rights may be terminated when the parents are unable
               or unwilling to meet their parental responsibilities.


       904 N.E.2d at 1259–60 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).


[36]   Under normal circumstances, a child’s parents have the right to determine

       whether their child will be adopted and by whom she will be adopted. See Ind.

       Code § 31-19-9-1(a)(2) (providing that a petition to adopt a child may be

       granted only if written consent to adoption has been executed by the mother of

       a child born out of wedlock and the father who has established paternity). But

       parental rights are not absolute. And, here, Mother and Father’s parental rights

       have been terminated. Their argument regarding their right to consent to

       adoption puts the “cart before the horse.” That is, termination cannot be

       improper because it deprived the Parents of their right to consent to Daughter’s

       adoption. Termination is proper because they failed to address their substance

       abuse problems and because termination is in Daughter’s best interests. The

       result of this is that all of Mother and Father’s parental rights, including the




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-1549 | January 28, 2020      Page 18 of 20
       right to consent to adoption, have been terminated. This fact is not grounds for

       reversing the termination, it is a consequence of the termination.7


[37]   The Parents also argue that the trial court erred by failing to permit

       Grandmother to adopt Daughter, contrary to the wishes of the Parents, DCS,

       and the GAL. But the question before the trial court in the termination action

       was not who should be allowed to adopt Daughter. The question before the

       termination court was whether the Parent’s parental rights should be

       terminated. Who will ultimately be permitted to adopt Daughter is a question

       for the adoption court, not the termination court. In re A.S., 17 N.E.3d at 1007

       (“[I]t is within the authority of the adoption court, not the termination court, to

       determine whether a particular adoptive placement is appropriate.”); see also In

       re D.J., 755 N.E.2d 679, 685 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001) (noting, in response to

       mother’s concerns regarding foster family adopting children following the

       termination of her parental rights, that “if the foster family desires to adopt the

       children, the home will have to be approved as an appropriate and suitable

       environment for the children.”), trans. denied. The same is true here, and the




       7
         Mother also briefly argues that the trial court erred by denying the Parents’ motion to dismiss the
       termination case. But only DCS, a child’s Court Appointed Special Advocate (“CASA”), or the child’s GAL
       may file a petition to terminate parental rights, Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(a), or move to dismiss such a petition.
       Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4.5. Mother notes that, under subsection 4.5(d)(1), care by a relative may be a
       “compelling reason” for concluding that termination is not in the best interests of the child. But section 4.5(d)
       also provides that DCS, the CASA, or the GAL, “may file a motion to dismiss [a] petition to terminate the
       parent-child relationship,” if certain circumstances are present. The statute does not require that such a
       petition be filed simply because a child has been placed in relative care. And, as explained above, the trial
       court did not clearly err in determining that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in Daughter’s best
       interests.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-1549 | January 28, 2020                               Page 19 of 20
       question of who is the more suitable adoptive party for Daughter will be

       determined by the adoption court.


                                                   Conclusion
[38]   The trial court did not clearly err in determining that there was sufficient

       evidence to support the termination of the Parents’ parental rights. And the

       rights that the Parents possessed, including the right to consent to the adoption

       of Daughter, were rightly terminated. Thus, the Parents no longer have a

       fundamental right to consent to the adoption of Daughter, and the question of

       the proper adoptive home for Daughter is a question for the adoption court.


[39]   Affirmed.


       Kirsch, J., and Bailey, J., concur.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JT-1549 | January 28, 2020     Page 20 of 20
