               NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 19a0228n.06

                                        Case No. 18-1728

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                                                 FILED
CHARLES R. HUNTER,                                  )                       Apr 30, 2019
                                                                       DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                    )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                         )
                                                    )      ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                  )      STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                    )      THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
UNITED   STATES  OF   AMERICA;                      )      MICHIGAN
STERLING     MORTGAGE     AND                       )
INVESTMENT COMPANY,                                 )
                                                    )
       Defendants-Appellees.                        )


       BEFORE: ROGERS, DONALD, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.

       THAPAR, Circuit Judge. Charles Hunter wants the IRS to enforce its tax lien on a home

that he once owned. But because Hunter no longer has a legal interest in that home, the district

court dismissed his claim. We affirm.

                                               I.

       Twenty years ago, Charles Hunter purchased a home in Michigan (the “Lakeside

Property”). Five years later, he secured a mortgage with Wells Fargo on the Lakeside Property.

But when Hunter failed to pay his federal taxes for several years, the IRS filed multiple liens

against Hunter’s “property and rights to property”—including the Lakeside Property.

       To compound his financial woes, Hunter also defaulted on his mortgage. So Wells Fargo

foreclosed on the Lakeside Property and sold it to Sterling Mortgage & Investment Company.
Case No. 18-1728, Hunter v. United States


Wells Fargo tried to notify the IRS about the sale, but it sent the notice to the wrong address. As

a result, Sterling bought the Lakeside Property with the government’s liens still attached. See

26 U.S.C. § 7425(b).

        The United States subsequently filed suit to enforce its liens against the Lakeside Property.

The government sued both Sterling (the current property owner) and Hunter, who at that time still

had a right to redeem the property under Michigan law. See Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.3240(8).

The three parties eventually agreed to a voluntary dismissal without prejudice. Before the

dismissal, the United States and Sterling had worked out a deal between themselves: Sterling

would sell the Lakeside Property and split the “net profits” evenly with the United States. R. 8,

Pg. ID 33. The United States would then apply its proceeds towards Hunter’s tax liability. Shortly

after Hunter’s right to redeem the property lapsed, Sterling moved to evict Hunter from the

Lakeside Property. See Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.3240(8).

        In response, Hunter sued to quiet title to the Lakeside Property. In his putative quiet title

action, Hunter sought (1) a declaratory judgment that the government’s tax liens have priority over

Sterling’s interest in the property and (2) an order forcing the government to enforce its tax liens

through a judicial sale. If the United States fully enforced its tax liens, Hunter argued, it would

receive more money—and if the government received more money, he would owe less in tax

liability.

        Both Sterling and the United States moved to dismiss the case for lack of subject-matter

jurisdiction. The district court granted their motion to dismiss, and we review that dismissal de

novo. Wayside Church v. Van Buren Cty., 847 F.3d 812, 817 (6th Cir. 2017).




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Case No. 18-1728, Hunter v. United States


                                                 II.

       As a matter of first principles, the United States, as the sovereign, has immunity from most

lawsuits. Cohens v. Virginia, 19 U.S. (6 Wheat.) 264, 411–12 (1821); see also 1 William

Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England *235 (“Hence it is, that no suit or action can

be brought against the [sovereign], even in civil matters . . . .”). That immunity deprives a federal

court of jurisdiction to hear cases brought against the United States. See United States v.

Sherwood, 312 U.S. 584, 586–87 (1941). But Congress can waive this immunity and allow

lawsuits against the federal government to go forward. Id. Such a waiver must be express, and

courts must construe it narrowly. Soriano v. United States, 352 U.S. 270, 276 (1957). Here,

Congress waived sovereign immunity from any action “to quiet title to . . . real or personal

property on which the United States has or claims a mortgage or other lien.”              28 U.S.C.

§ 2410(a)(1). Although Hunter named his complaint a “quiet title” action, he still must show that

he has actually brought a “quiet title” action as that term is used in § 2410. If he cannot, then

Congress did not waive sovereign immunity, and we lack jurisdiction over this suit.

       Courts do not uniformly agree about the meaning of “quiet title” in § 2410. Some courts

have read the words “quiet title” narrowly. These courts have said that Congress waived immunity

only over disputes about title to property and not other, analogous disputes about interests in

property. E.g., Raulerson v. United States, 786 F.2d 1090, 1091–92 (11th Cir. 1986); cf. Hopkins

v. Walker, 244 U.S. 486, 490–91 (1917) (distinguishing between traditional quiet title actions and

analogous disputes about property interests); accord Holland v. Challen, 110 U.S. 15, 18 (1884).

This interpretation follows the old common law approach, where quiet title actions aimed to end

protracted lawsuits about who owned property. See Holland, 110 U.S. at 20. But other courts

have interpreted Congress’s waiver more broadly, saying that quiet title actions can also seek to



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Case No. 18-1728, Hunter v. United States


remove a cloud over already established title. E.g., United States v. Coson, 286 F.2d 453, 457–58

(9th Cir. 1961); see also Nationstar Mortg., LLC v. Humphrey, No. 11–2185–STA, 2011 WL

3273077, at *4 & n.9 (W.D. Tenn. July 29, 2011) (collecting cases). This interpretation reflects

the fact that, when Congress added the words “quiet title” to § 2410, most states had enacted

statutes broadening quiet title actions to also include cloud-removal disputes. See Wehrman v.

Conklin, 155 U.S. 314, 322 (1894); see also Falik v. United States, 343 F.2d 38, 41–42 (2d Cir.

1965); Pub. L. No. 780, 56 Stat. 1026, 1026 (1942) (adding “quiet title” to § 2410). In this case,

we need not decide the precise extent to which Congress waived immunity because Hunter loses

under either interpretation.

       Narrow title. Under the narrower title-interpretation, Hunter did not bring a quiet title

action because his complaint does not contest who holds title to the Lakeside Property. Instead,

his complaint seeks two things: (1) a declaratory judgment that the government’s tax liens have

priority over Sterling’s interest in the property and (2) an order forcing the government to enforce

its tax liens through a judicial sale. Neither request requires a determination of who holds title to

the Lakeside Property. Even if the government has superior tax liens, Sterling would still hold

uncontested title to the Lakeside Property. See Vereyken v. Annie’s Place, Inc., 964 F.2d 593, 596

(6th Cir. 1992). Nothing in Hunter’s complaint suggests otherwise. Accordingly, because Hunter

does not challenge who has title to the Lakeside Property, he has not brought a quiet title action

under the narrower title-interpretation. See Raulerson, 786 F.2d at 1091–92.

       Clouded title. Alternatively, Hunter did not bring a quiet title action under the broader

cloud-interpretation because he does not seek to remove a cloud over his own title. Hunter’s

complaint does, in a sense, seek to remove a cloud over the Lakeside Property: the government’s

tax liens. But in order to remove that cloud over the Lakeside Property’s title, Hunter must have



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Case No. 18-1728, Hunter v. United States


title to that property. Cf. Hopkins, 244 U.S. at 489 (“It hardly requires statement that in [cases to

remove cloud from a title] the facts showing the plaintiff’s title . . . are essential parts of the

plaintiff’s cause of action.”). Not only does Hunter lack title to the Lakeside Property, he also

lacks any property interest in it. Michigan law defines the scope of Hunter’s property rights. In

re Town Ctr. Flats, LLC, 855 F.3d 721, 724 (6th Cir. 2017). Michigan law gave Hunter a right to

redeem the Lakeside Property within six months of when Wells Fargo foreclosed on it and sold it

to Sterling. Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.3240(8). But what Michigan law giveth, it also taketh away.

When Hunter’s six-month window closed in October 2017, his “right, title, and interest in and to

the [Lakeside] property” extinguished. Conlin v. Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys., Inc., 714 F.3d

355, 359 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting Piotrowski v. State Land Office Bd., 4 N.W.2d 514, 517 (Mich.

1942)); see also Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.3236. Without an interest in the Lakeside Property,

Hunter cannot remove a cloud from its title. Cf. Hopkins, 244 U.S. at 489.

       Hunter argues that this broader cloud-interpretation also encompasses suits by a lienholder

who wants to determine lien priority—even if the lienholder does not hold title to the underlying

property. E.g., McEndree v. Wilson, 774 F. Supp. 1292, 1296–97 (D. Colo. 1991). But the courts

that have permitted such quiet title actions to resolve lien priority have done so only when the

plaintiff himself was a “private lienor.” United States v. Brosnan, 363 U.S. 237, 244–46 (1960);

United States v. Morrison, 247 F.2d 285, 290 (5th Cir. 1957). Here, Hunter is not a private lienor.

Instead, he seeks to adjudicate the priority of another party’s lien so that he can gain a derivative

benefit: lower tax liability. If the United States fully enforces its superior tax lien against the

Lakeside Property, Hunter argues, it will get more money. And if the United States gets more

money, Hunter will owe less in tax liability. But no court—not even those adopting the broader

cloud-interpretation—has ever suggested that Congress waived immunity from actions where a



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Case No. 18-1728, Hunter v. United States


non-titleholding, non-lien-holding third party sues to gain a derivative benefit. See Kabakjian v.

United States, 267 F.3d 208, 209–11 (3d Cir. 2001) (allowing plaintiffs’ quiet title suit to proceed

when the plaintiffs alleged that they still owned the property because a tax sale was invalid). Doing

so would stretch the waiver beyond any reasonable limit. Since courts should interpret Congress’s

waiver of sovereign immunity narrowly, we decline to adopt such a broad reading here. Lane v.

Pena, 518 U.S. 187, 192 (1996). Accordingly, sovereign immunity bars Hunter’s suit against the

United States.    Since he alleged no independent claim against Sterling, the district court

appropriately dismissed the case as to both defendants.

        As a last resort, Hunter contends that we should equitably toll his right to redeem the

Lakeside Property—thus giving him the legal interest he needs to bring a quiet title action. He

alleges that both the government and Sterling secured his consent to dismiss the first lawsuit

without telling him that they would subsequently enter into an agreement to sell the Lakeside

Property. Then Hunter says that they waited until his redemption rights expired before bringing

an eviction action against him to effectuate that agreement.         But see Mich. Comp. Laws

§ 600.5714(1)(g) (requiring a party to wait until redemption rights have lapsed before filing an

eviction action). Hunter claims that this conduct amounts to a “fraud on the court.” But Hunter

never argued before the district court that this conduct was fraudulent. Even making that

accusation for the first time now, he presents no facts backing it up. Thus, we decline to consider

this argument on appeal. See Knall Beverage, Inc. v. Teamsters Local Union No. 293 Pension

Plan, 744 F.3d 419, 424 (6th Cir. 2014) (“We do not address . . . arguments[] which were not fully

presented to the district court.”).




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Case No. 18-1728, Hunter v. United States


                                          *      *       *

       Because Hunter has not brought a quiet title action under either the narrower title-

interpretation or the broader cloud-interpretation, the United States retains immunity from his suit.

Sovereign immunity deprives this court of jurisdiction over claims against the government.

Munaco v. United States, 522 F.3d 651, 652–53 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v. Mitchell,

463 U.S. 206, 212 (1983)). Hunter has alleged no independent claims against Sterling.

       We affirm.




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