                             2014 IL App (2d) 131131
                                   No. 2-13-1131
                          Opinion filed December 26, 2014
______________________________________________________________________________

                                           IN THE

                            APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                              SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

PYRAMID DEVELOPMENT, LLC,              ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
                                       ) of Du Page County.
      Plaintiff and Counterdefendant-  )
      Appellant,                       )
                                       )
v.                                     ) No. 09-L-113
                                       )
DUKANE PRECAST, INC., and M.B.         )
FINANCIAL BANK, INC.,                  )
                                       ) Honorable
      Defendants and Counterplaintiffs ) Terence M. Sheen,
      -Appellees.                      ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

       JUSTICE ZENOFF delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Justices Burke and Spence concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                          OPINION

¶1     This appeal arises out of mechanic’s lien litigation stemming from construction of the

Bluff Townhomes in Hinsdale, Illinois. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment.

¶2                                   I. BACKGROUND

¶3     In March 2007, Dr. Husam Aldairi and plaintiff, Pyramid Development, LLC, entered

into a written contract for plaintiff to construct eight townhome units, which became known as

the Bluff Townhomes, in unincorporated Hinsdale.         The contract price was $3,030,000.

Plaintiff was a construction manager, owned no equipment, had no employees, and hired
2014 IL App (2d) 131131


subcontractors to do all of the work.     Plaintiff’s principal was Ramy Saif. When plaintiff and

Aldairi contracted to build the Bluff Townhomes, they already had a working relationship.

Plaintiff was working, or had worked, on approximately seven different projects for Aldairi.

Regarding the Bluff Townhomes, Aldairi required plaintiff to submit sworn affidavits with each

draw.     Broadway Bank was Aldairi’s lender.       Defendant, M.B. Financial Bank, Inc. (Bank), is

Broadway Bank’s successor.

¶4        Plaintiff contracted with defendant, Dukane Precast, Inc. (Dukane), to furnish

prefabricated concrete slabs, which were to form the walls and floors of the townhomes.           The

contract price with Dukane was $1,040,000.         Dukane delivered the materials, and they were

incorporated into the townhomes.       However, Saif noticed problems.      The slabs were uneven;

there were gaps between the walls and the floors; the electrical boxes in the walls were not even

and straight; and the conduit between some of the walls was plugged with concrete.

¶5        Completion of the townhome development required the erection of retaining walls, which

held up dirt, on the property.    The west wall was completed while plaintiff was still the general

contractor, but due to burgeoning difficulties between plaintiff and Aldairi, Aldairi had someone

else finish the contiguous north and east wall.        Eventually that wall failed at the northeast

corner.     In January 2009, Aldairi terminated plaintiff.

¶6        During lengthy litigation, Aldairi filed for bankruptcy protection.   Aldairi entered into a

consent judgment with the Bank, and the Bank eventually sold the property to a party not

associated with the litigation. The Bank assumed the duty to pay plaintiff’s mechanic’s lien

claim, and the Bank claimed that it had paid to repair the failed retaining wall.      In June 2012,

the trial court heard, in a single trial, plaintiff’s claim to foreclose its mechanic’s lien, Dukane’s

claim against plaintiff for breach of contract, plaintiff’s claim against Dukane for breach of



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2014 IL App (2d) 131131


contract, and the Bank’s claim for a setoff against plaintiff for the repair of the retaining wall.

To aid in understanding the evidence, we treat the issues involving the mechanic’s lien and the

Bank separately from the issues involving plaintiff’s and Dukane’s breach-of-contract claims.

¶7                                The Mechanic’s Lien Foreclosure

¶8     This phase of the trial presented two issues: plaintiff’s right to a mechanic’s lien and the

Bank’s right to a setoff against any award to plaintiff. Plaintiff filed a claim for a lien on May

6, 2009.    The lien claim states that plaintiff’s last day of work was January 15, 2009, and that

$235,000 was owed for improvements on the premises.

¶9     Pursuant to Aldairi’s request as the owner of the property, plaintiff furnished a

contractor’s sworn statement with each draw.        In all, plaintiff submitted six draws.     Aldairi

approved the first five, and they were paid.     Aldairi did not approve the sixth draw, which was

not paid.

¶ 10   A significant issue was what caused the retaining wall to fail.     Saif testified that a cause

of the failure was Aldairi’s insistence on planting trees around it instead of the bushes called for

in the original plans.     According to Saif, the tree roots damaged the wall.     Saif also testified

that a heavy machine had fallen against the wall, causing damage.              According to Dallas

Williams, an architect presented by the Bank, the wall was built incorrectly.      Williams took the

wall apart and found that it contained too little of a material called geogrid, which was needed to

give the wall structure.     In Williams’ opinion, the wall had to be rebuilt, and he testified that

$145,000 was a reasonable cost to fix the wall.        That amount was purportedly reflected on an

invoice submitted by a contractor that had rebuilt the wall.       Plaintiff’s expert testified that it

would cost approximately $70,000 to $80,000 to fix the wall.




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2014 IL App (2d) 131131


¶ 11    Another issue was the accuracy of the contractor’s sworn affidavits that Saif prepared and

submitted to Aldairi pursuant to Aldairi’s request that such sworn statements accompany each

draw.   Saif admitted that the sworn affidavits were not accurate.           According to Saif, the

subcontractors’ names listed on the affidavits were not accurate, because “the names honestly

change all the time.” Saif testified that, for example, Tri-Star Electric did the electrical work,

but he did not list it on the affidavits for draws one through six.   According to Saif, plaintiff did

none of the actual work; however, he listed plaintiff on the sworn affidavits as having done

various jobs.   Saif testified that plaintiff did not keep any records of which subcontractors

performed work on the Bluff Townhomes.          According to Saif, “none of the numbers [on the

sworn affidavits] are exact numbers.” He testified that the numbers on the sworn affidavits

were “estimates” and that the numbers reflected “large cushions on every single line item.”

Saif did not obtain lien waivers from any of the subcontractors.

¶ 12    Plaintiff offered exhibit number 32A to support its lien claim.           The group exhibit

consisted of copies of canceled checks that Saif attributed to the construction of the Bluff

Townhomes.      He testified that he placed check marks next to those checks that pertained to

plaintiff’s lien claim.   He also testified that the checks were originally written for all of

Aldairi’s projects, not just the Bluff Townhomes, and that he had to “decipher” prior to trial

“what checks go where.”     According to Saif, that was “hard to figure out.”

¶ 13                                 Dukane’s Concrete Work

¶ 14    After Saif noticed the problems with Dukane’s precast concrete slabs, Dukane

representatives met with Saif on May 7, 2008, at the Bluff Townhomes to resolve the issues.

One of Dukane’s proposed solutions was to cut the prefabricated concrete walls to run conduit

through them.      Because those walls were load-bearing, Saif rejected that proposition.



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2014 IL App (2d) 131131


Plaintiff’s expert, Adel Awad, testified that cutting and patching concrete was a bad solution,

because the patched concrete would crack. As for repairing the uneven floors, Awad testified

that the cost of the plywood needed for the repairs would vary from room to room and unit to

unit.     Saif’s solution for the walls was to “fur” by placing wooden strips at various intervals on

the walls, running conduit between the walls and the strips, and then installing drywall over the

strips.    Saif testified that the repairs were done by subcontractors that plaintiff hired.

¶ 15      When the repairs were finished, plaintiff invoiced Dukane $240,000, as the cost of the

completed repairs, which Saif said he “thought” Dukane had agreed to pay.                The “itemized

invoice,” which was plaintiff’s exhibit number 18, totaled $240,000 for “framing and material of

8 town house units,” but it did not break down the numbers by listing the subcontractors that

furnished the labor and materials.      Instead, the invoice used base numbers, such as $4,000 for

framing, and then multiplied that number times eight townhomes.          Saif testified that he obtained

the base numbers from the RS Means guide, which is a manual that construction contractors use

to estimate construction costs.      Dukane rejected plaintiff’s “itemized invoice” and demanded

“signed work sheets with labor hours and material invoices” for each item.                 In response,

plaintiff submitted a document entitled “Dukane Repairs,” which was plaintiff’s exhibit number

40.     The document listed subcontractors, the checks paid to them, and the dates they were paid.

Exhibit 40 totaled repairs at $228,351.30.        Saif again referenced plaintiff’s exhibit 32A, the

canceled checks.      He testified that he had placed a “D” next to those that, as nearly as he could

reconstruct, pertained to the repairs of Dukane’s defective work.          On cross-examination, Saif

testified that none of the figures on any of the documents were accurate.         Saif testified that he

kept no records of which subcontractors performed work.             Thad Martin Gleason, plaintiff’s

architect, priced the cost of repairs, also using the RS Means guide.



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2014 IL App (2d) 131131


¶ 16   For its part, Dukane presented evidence that its original contract price with plaintiff was

$1,040,000.       At the time of trial, plaintiff had paid Dukane $1 million. With approved and

disputed extras, Dukane’s net contract price was $1,070,545, leaving a balance due of $70,545.

In closing argument, plaintiff admitted that it owed Dukane a balance under the contract, but it

calculated the balance by deleting the amount of the disputed extras.          Plaintiff argued that it

owed Dukane $50,395.

¶ 17                                 Plaintiff’s Rebuttal Evidence

¶ 18   During plaintiff’s case-in-chief, Dukane elicited testimony pertinent to its counterclaim

against plaintiff for the balance due under the contract, in order to accommodate the witnesses’

schedules.    When plaintiff rested its case-in-chief, it indicated that it would respond to

Dukane’s evidence in rebuttal.        Plaintiff called Saif in rebuttal.    Saif testified to matters

responsive to the Bank’s case-in-chief, but he was not questioned regarding Dukane’s evidence.

The Bank cross-examined Saif, but Dukane did not.             Then, on redirect, plaintiff sought to

question Saif about the Dukane matters.            Dukane objected, and the court sustained the

objection.    Plaintiff’s attorney stated, “All right.   So we’re done.” Plaintiff did not make an

offer of proof.

¶ 19                                 The Trial Court’s Judgment

¶ 20   The trial court rendered its decision in a written memorandum.         The court found Saif to

be not credible.      The court commented that he was “evasive and disruptive,” and the court

found that he was impeached on material issues.          The court also found that plaintiff “literally

had no records in relation to any work done” on the Bluff Townhomes.             The court found that

plaintiff had admitted owing Dukane a balance under the contract, which the court determined

was $50,395.       The court found that the disputed extras had come about after the controversy



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2014 IL App (2d) 131131


between Dukane and plaintiff arose. The court denied any recovery on plaintiff’s claim against

Dukane for the cost of repairs, finding that plaintiff did not sustain its burden of proof as to the

cost of materials and labor.    The court reasoned that a set fee was contrary to Awad’s opinion

that different “materials and amounts were need[ed] for each fix.” The court further found that

“there was no evidence that Dukane was not [sic] given an opportunity to cure its defective

performance.” The court stated that the evidence established that, if given a chance, Dukane

would have been able to cure its defective performance.

¶ 21    With respect to the issues between plaintiff and the Bank, the court found that plaintiff

was entitled to a mechanic’s lien because Aldairi and the Bank waived the requirement of section

5 of the Mechanics Lien Act (Act) (770 ILCS 60/5 (West 2008)) that the contractor provide

sworn affidavits listing the names of all subcontractors and the amounts due or to become due.

The court adjudicated plaintiff’s mechanic’s lien at $35,340.47.       The court then found that the

Bank was entitled to a setoff in the amount of $145,000 for the cost of repairing the retaining

wall, based on Williams’ testimony. The court ruled that, because the Bank’s setoff exceeded

the amount of plaintiff’s lien, the lien was extinguished.       Following the court’s denial of its

posttrial motion, plaintiff filed a timely appeal.

¶ 22                                       II. ANALYSIS

¶ 23                Whether the Trial Court Correctly Granted the Bank a Setoff

¶ 24    Plaintiff first contends that the Bank was not entitled to a setoff.   Plaintiff argues that (1)

the Bank did not plead a right to a setoff; (2) the Bank had no right to a setoff under the Act; and

(3) if the Bank were entitled to a setoff, the trial court incorrectly calculated the amount of

plaintiff’s lien.   The Bank argues that plaintiff’s lien was invalid because of its failure to

comply with section 5 of the Act.     We are concerned here with the contractor’s duty to give the



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2014 IL App (2d) 131131


owner a section 5 sworn affidavit and what happens when the owner pays the contractor despite

the owner’s notice of the falsity of the affidavit.    The trial court believed that the owner waives

the requirements of section 5, leaving the contractor’s lien intact.    On the other hand, the Bank

argues that the failure to comply with section 5 defeats the contractor’s lien. Only after we

address this issue will we address plaintiff’s arguments regarding the setoff, because if the Bank

is correct, the issues surrounding the setoff will be moot.    However, we note that plaintiff’s first

two arguments, which could have been raised earlier, were raised for the first time in plaintiff’s

posttrial motion.    Issues raised for the first time in a posttrial motion will not be considered on

review.     Zdeb v. Baxter International, Inc., 297 Ill. App. 3d 622, 630 (1998).

¶ 25      The primary rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to the

legislature’s intent.   Cityline Construction Fire & Water Restoration, Inc. v. Roberts, 2014 IL

App (1st) 130730, ¶ 9.      The best evidence of legislative intent is the language of the statute,

which is given its plain and ordinary meaning.        Cityline, 2014 IL App (1st) 130730, ¶ 9.   It is

well settled that the Act must be strictly construed with respect to all of the statutory

requirements upon which the right to a lien depends. Cityline, 2014 IL App (1st) 130730, ¶ 10.

A mechanic’s lien is valid only if each of the statutory requirements is scrupulously observed by

the party invoking the benefits of the Act.      Cityline, 2014 IL App (1st) 130730, ¶ 10.       The

statute must be read as a whole and construed so that no part is rendered meaningless or

superfluous.    Weather-Tite, Inc. v. University of St. Francis, 233 Ill. 2d 385, 390 (2009).     The

court will not depart from the statute’s plain language by reading into it exceptions, limitations,

or conditions that conflict with the legislative intent.    Weather-Tite, 233 Ill. 2d at 390.    This

appeal requires us to construe the Act, which we review de novo.          People ex rel. Madigan v.

Bertrand, 2012 IL App (1st) 111419, ¶ 20.



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¶ 26   The purpose of the Act is to protect contractors and subcontractors who furnish labor and

materials that benefit the property, by permitting a lien on the premises.   Weather-Tite, 233 Ill.

2d at 391.    The Act is comprehensive and defines the rights and responsibilities of parties

involved in construction contracts. Sanaghan v. Lawndale National Bank, 90 Ill. App. 2d 254,

257-58 (1967). The purpose of the contractor’s section 5 sworn affidavit is to put the owner on

notice of subcontractors’ claims. Weather-Tite, 233 Ill. 2d at 393. The owner has the right to

rely and act upon the contractor’s section 5 sworn affidavit unless the owner has any reason to

suspect that it was false or knows that it was false. Knickerbocker Ice Co. v. Halsey Bros. Co.,

262 Ill. 241, 245 (1914); Krack Corp. v. Sky Valley Foods, Inc., 133 Ill. App. 2d 469, 472 (1971).

The owner is protected against subcontractors that were not listed on the contractor’s sworn

affidavit unless the owner knows of the omissions or has colluded in their omission, in which case

the subcontractor can enforce its lien against the owner. Gerdau Ameristeel US, Inc. v. Broeren

Russo Construction, Inc., 2013 IL App (4th) 120547, ¶ 29.

¶ 27   Section 5 of the Act provides in pertinent part:

       “It shall be the duty of the contractor to give the owner, and the duty of the owner to

       require of the contractor, before the owner or his agent *** shall pay or cause to be paid

       to the contractor *** any moneys ***, a statement in writing, under oath or verified by

       affidavit, of the names and addresses of all parties furnishing labor, services, material,

       fixtures, apparatus or machinery, forms or form work and of the amounts due or to

       become due to each.” (Emphasis added.) 770 ILCS 60/5 (West 2008).

The purpose of section 5 is to protect owners from the claims of unknown subcontractors.

Gerdau, 2013 IL App (4th) 120547, ¶ 29.     The owner does this by requesting of the contractor a

section 5 sworn affidavit listing the subcontractors and the amounts owed them or to become due



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to them.   Abbott Electrical Construction Co. v. Ladin, 144 Ill. App. 3d 974, 977 (1986).     Then,

pursuant to section 24 of the Act, the owner must retain funds sufficient to pay the

subcontractors.   Weather-Tite, 233 Ill. 2d at 392.     However, if the owner does not request a

section 5 sworn affidavit, the contractor is under no duty to give it (Abbott, 144 Ill. App. 3d at

977), and the owner is unprotected against having to pay twice for the same work.            Lazar

Brothers Trucking, Inc. v. A&B Excavating, Inc., 365 Ill. App. 3d 559, 563 (2006). Where the

owner requests a section 5 sworn affidavit, the contractor must give the owner the names of all

parties furnishing labor or materials and the amounts due each of them, or to become due each of

them, under oath or verified by affidavit, and the necessary names cannot be supplied by

reference to lien waivers or other documents. Deerfield Electric Co. v. Herbert W. Jaeger &

Associates, Inc., 74 Ill. App. 3d 380, 385 (1979).

¶ 28   Here, it is undisputed that Aldairi requested that plaintiff give him section 5 sworn

affidavits with each draw. It then became plaintiff’s duty to furnish sworn affidavits that

complied with the technical requirements of section 5. See Abbott, 144 Ill. App. 3d at 979 (if the

owner requires that the contractor supply a list of subcontractors as described in section 5, the

contractor must comply). It is also undisputed that plaintiff’s sworn affidavits were not only

noncompliant, but false. The falsity was apparent on the face of the sworn affidavits where

plaintiff was listed, when plaintiff clearly was not a subcontractor and did not itself furnish any

labor or materials. Because of Aldairi’s long association with plaintiff over seven different

projects, Aldairi must have been aware that plaintiff did none of the work. However, Aldairi

approved, and the Bank paid, five draws pursuant to facially noncompliant sworn affidavits.

¶ 29   Contrary to the trial court’s ruling, Aldairi’s knowledge could not affect plaintiff’s duties

under the Act. The plain language of section 5 provides that an owner waives the requirement



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2014 IL App (2d) 131131


that a contractor furnish a compliant sworn affidavit only by not requesting it. 770 ILCS 60/5

(West 2008). Therefore, an owner cannot, consistent with section 5, excuse a contractor’s duty to

provide a compliant sworn affidavit once the owner has requested the affidavit. In other words,

there is no correlation between the owner’s acceptance of a sworn affidavit and the contractor’s

right to a lien. Otherwise, courts would effectively be able to read the requirements of section 5

out of the Act.

¶ 30   In Kiefer v. Reis, 331 Ill. 38 (1928), cited by plaintiff, the contractor provided the owner

with a section 5 statement that was not sworn under oath. Kiefer, 331 Ill. at 46-47. However,

both the owner and the contractor accepted that the amounts due the subcontractors were accurate.

Kiefer, 331 Ill. at 47. Accordingly, the owner retained funds sufficient to pay the subcontractors

the amounts due as shown on the unsworn statement. Kiefer, 331 Ill. at 47. Plaintiff cites Kiefer

for the proposition that an owner can accept a noncompliant sworn affidavit. However, plaintiff

ignores that, even though the owner in Kiefer accepted a deficient section 5 affidavit, that

acceptance affected only the owner’s relationship with the subcontractors. Kiefer, 331 Ill. at 47.

The issue of whether the deficient affidavit defeated the contractor’s lien was not raised.

¶ 31   Later cases interpreting the Act hold that a contractor that furnishes a noncompliant sworn

affidavit does not have a valid lien. The plain language of section 5 states that it “shall be the

duty” of the contractor to give the owner, upon demand, an affidavit as described in section 5.

770 ILCS 60/5 (West 2008); Cityline, 2014 IL App (1st) 130730, ¶ 13. In Deerfield, this court

held that the contractor was not entitled to a mechanic’s lien where it failed to furnish a sworn

affidavit that complied with section 5. Deerfield, 74 Ill. App. 3d at 386. In Weydert Homes, Inc.

v. Kammes, 395 Ill. App. 3d 512 (2009), this court held that the lack of a notary certificate on the

section 5 affidavit defeated the contractor’s lien. Weydert, 395 Ill. App. 3d at 519. The First



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District followed Deerfield and Weydert in Cityline, even though the subcontractors had been paid,

reasoning that courts cannot look past a contractor’s failure to comply with section 5. Cityline,

2014 IL App (1st) 130730, ¶ 18 (“[W]e cannot look beyond Cityline’s failure to comply with

section 5 based upon equitable considerations such as whether the Owners were prejudiced by the

lack of a sworn contractor’s statement.”). Accordingly, we agree with the trial court that plaintiff

was not entitled to recover on its lien, but for the reason that plaintiff’s failure to comply with

section 5 defeated the lien. We may affirm for any reason supported by the record regardless of

the basis relied upon by the trial court. Goldberg v. Michael, 328 Ill. App. 3d 593, 597 (2002).

Having determined that plaintiff was not entitled to a mechanic’s lien, we have no reason to

address the issue of the Bank’s setoff. We next address the issues relating to Dukane.

¶ 32    Whether the Trial Court Correctly Found in Dukane’s Favor and Against Plaintiff

¶ 33    Plaintiff contends that the trial court (1) incorrectly assessed the amount of damages on

Dukane’s breach-of-contract action against plaintiff; (2) incorrectly ruled that plaintiff was not

entitled to a setoff against any amount due to Dukane; and (3) improperly denied plaintiff the right

to present rebuttal testimony in support of its right to a setoff.

¶ 34    Plaintiff filed a claim against Dukane for breach of contract, alleging numerous

deficiencies in Dukane’s prefabricated concrete slabs. Dukane, in turn, filed a breach-of-contract

action against plaintiff, alleging a balance due of $70,545 under the contract. Plaintiff then

pleaded its alleged damages as a setoff against any amount found to be due to Dukane. However,

in closing argument, plaintiff conceded that it owed Dukane $50,395, which was Dukane’s

demand less contested extras. The trial court found that Dukane was due a minimum of $50,395;

that Dukane was not entitled to the disputed extras of $10,150; and that plaintiff had not proved its

damages for repairing Dukane’s defective work.



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¶ 35   Regarding Dukane’s breach-of-contract claim, plaintiff argues that Dukane did not

substantially complete its contract with plaintiff in a workmanlike manner and should not have

been awarded any damages. The elements of a breach-of-contract action are: (1) a valid and

enforceable contract; (2) performance by the plaintiff; (3) breach by the defendant; and (4) injury

to the plaintiff.   Timan v. Ourada, 2012 IL App (2d) 100834, ¶ 24.           The general rule in

construction contract cases is that a party is held to a duty of substantial performance in a

workmanlike manner and that the failure to perform in a workmanlike manner constitutes a breach

of contract. Meyers v. Woods, 374 Ill. App. 3d 440, 453 (2007). We will not disturb the trial

court’s determination unless it was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Meyers, 374 Ill.

App. 3d at 453.

¶ 36   The trial court found that Dukane was entitled to recover $50,395 as the balance due on its

contract with plaintiff, pursuant to plaintiff’s concession in closing argument.        On appeal,

plaintiff maintains that a party cannot stipulate to damages in closing argument, citing Williams v.

Cahill, 258 Ill. App. 3d 822 (1994). However, Williams was a personal injury case in which the

plaintiff suggested to the jury in closing argument an amount that would reasonably compensate

her for economic and noneconomic damages. Williams, 258 Ill. App. 3d at 824. In Williams, the

plaintiff’s suggestion as to damages was not a judicial admission but merely an opinion.

Williams, 258 Ill. App. 3d at 826. Here, plaintiff’s stipulation was that it owed Dukane a sum of

money as payment on the contract price. The sum of $50,395 was calculated by subtracting the

disputed extras from the full amount Dukane sought. The trial court found that Dukane was not

entitled to the disputed extras, because they represented charges made after the controversy arose.

By arguing on appeal that Dukane was due nothing on its contract, plaintiff is changing its theory.

Plaintiff submitted to the trial court that it owed Dukane $50,395, and it cannot change its theory



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on review. See Hall v. Humphrey-Lake Corp., 29 Ill. App. 3d 956, 962 (1975) (the theory upon

which a case is tried cannot be changed on appeal). Consequently, the trial court’s finding that

plaintiff owed Dukane $50,395 was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 37   Regarding its claim for a setoff, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in finding that it

failed to prove its cost to repair Dukane’s defective workmanship. Damages need not be proven

with mathematical certainty, and a plaintiff need only present evidence that allows the court to

compute damages within a fair degree of probability. Doornbos Heating & Air Conditioning,

Inc. v. Schlenker, 403 Ill. App. 3d 468, 487 (2010). The issue of damages is a question of fact,

and we will not reverse the trial court’s determination unless it was against the manifest weight of

the evidence. Doornbos, 403 Ill. App. 3d at 485.

¶ 38   The trial court found Saif to be not credible, because of his demeanor while testifying and

also because he kept no records to substantiate plaintiff’s damages claims. Saif admitted during

Dukane’s cross-examination that plaintiff does not keep accurate invoices or records of what jobs

the subcontractors do. Saif also admitted that plaintiff does not have contracts or lien waivers that

document subcontractors’ work. Saif further admitted that “lots of people do the same work,”

and he had a hard time keeping track of who performed specific jobs.

¶ 39   Plaintiff argues that its claim of $240,000 to correct Dukane’s deficiencies is supported by

an itemized invoice, which was the second page of plaintiff’s exhibit number 18; Gleason’s

testimony; Saif’s testimony; and canceled checks, which were part of plaintiff’s exhibit number

32A. However, the documents cannot be reconciled. The itemized invoice totaled $240,000 for

“framing and material of 8 town house units,” but it did not break down the number by listing the

subcontractors that furnished the labor and materials. Plaintiff’s exhibit 40, entitled “Dukane

Repairs,” listed the subcontractors, the checks paid to them, and the dates they were paid. Exhibit



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40 totaled repairs at $228,351.30. While the itemized invoice listed materials at $104,000,

exhibit 40 listed materials at $22,462.25. The canceled checks that Saif attributed to Dukane

repairs in exhibit 32A were Saif’s best effort at reconstructing who was paid what amounts.

According to Saif, plaintiff had one checkbook from which it paid everyone on every job, and

plaintiff did not keep track of which amounts applied to which job.                During Dukane’s

cross-examination, Saif admitted that none of the figures he supplied on any of the documents

were accurate. Gleason submitted to Saif a cost estimate based on the 2009 RS Means guide,

which is used in bidding construction jobs, so Gleason’s testimony did not reflect plaintiff’s actual

payments for repairs.     Basic contract law requires that the plaintiff prove damages with

reasonable certainty and precludes damages based on conjecture or speculation.              Razor v.

Hyundai Motor America, 222 Ill. 2d 75, 106-07 (2006). The evidence must afford a reasonable

basis for the computation of damages. Razor, 222 Ill. 2d at 107. Here, the record did not afford

the trial court with a reasonable basis upon which it could compute damages. Accordingly, its

finding in favor of Dukane and against plaintiff was not against the manifest weight of the

evidence.

¶ 40   Plaintiff argues that plaintiff and Dukane agreed to a set fee of $240,000 for the repairs.

The trial court found that a set fee was contrary to Awad’s opinion that different materials and

amounts were needed for each repair. Plaintiff contends that this finding was against the manifest

weight of the evidence. However, Awad testified on cross-examination that the material costs

would vary from room to room and unit to unit. Moreover, Dukane contested the $240,000

invoice and demanded signed work sheets with labor hours and material invoices for each item.

During Dukane’s cross-examination, Saif testified that he “thought” he and Dukane had an

agreement. It is the trial court’s role to assess the credibility of the witnesses, and where findings



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2014 IL App (2d) 131131


of fact are based upon credibility determinations, we will generally defer to the trial court. In re

Commitment of Sandry, 367 Ill. App. 3d 949, 979-80 (2006). The trial court found Saif to be not

credible. Nothing in the record persuades us that this finding was against the manifest weight of

the evidence. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in finding in favor of Dukane and against

plaintiff on plaintiff’s claim.

¶ 41    Plaintiff next contends that the trial court improperly denied it the right to present rebuttal

testimony to support its setoff claim against Dukane. During plaintiff’s case-in-chief, Dukane

elicited testimony pertinent to its counterclaim against plaintiff.        Plaintiff then rested but

indicated that it would respond to Dukane’s counterclaim during rebuttal testimony. Plaintiff

called Saif in rebuttal but neglected to address Dukane’s case before it released the witness for

cross-examination. The Bank cross-examined Saif, but Dukane did not. Plaintiff then attempted

to explore the Dukane matter on redirect, but the trial court sustained Dukane’s objection that the

matter was beyond the scope of cross-examination. Plaintiff’s attorney stated, “All right. So

we’re done.” It is within the trial court’s discretion whether to allow rebuttal testimony, and the

court’s determination will not be disturbed absent a clear abuse of that discretion. People v.

Dresher, 364 Ill. App. 3d 847, 862 (2006). Plaintiff has not alleged prejudice as a result of the

trial court’s ruling, and we are unable to review the issue because plaintiff did not preserve it by

making an offer of proof. The key to preserving an error in the exclusion of evidence is an

adequate offer of proof as to the nature of the proferred evidence. Turgeon v. Commonwealth

Edison Co., 258 Ill. App. 3d 234, 240 (1994). The failure to make an adequate offer of proof

forfeits the issue on appeal. Turgeon, 258 Ill. App. 3d at 241.




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2014 IL App (2d) 131131


¶ 42   Plaintiff’s final contention is that the cumulative errors denied it a fair trial. Because we

have determined that the trial court committed no error, this argument is without merit.

Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Du Page County.

¶ 43   Affirmed.




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