                             SECOND DIVISION
                               DOYLE, C. J.,
                         MILLER, P. J, and REESE, J.

                   NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                   physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                   days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                               http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                      May 24, 2017




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A17A0438. DUFF v. BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE DO-017
     UNIVERSITY SYSTEM OF GEORGIA.

      DOYLE, Chief Judge.

      In this slip-and-fall case, plaintiff Mollie Duff appeals from the grant of

summary judgment to defendant Board of Regents of the University System of

Georgia. Duff contends that the trial court erred by concluding that rainwater on the

floor where she slipped was not, as a matter of law, a hazardous condition. For the

reasons that follow, we reverse.

             Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue of
      material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
      A de novo standard of review applies to an appeal from a grant of
      summary judgment, and we view the evidence, and all reasonable
      conclusions and inferences drawn from it, in the light most favorable to
      the nonmovant.1


      So viewed, the record shows that Duff was a student at Georgia Perimeter

College. One morning, her father dropped her off at school at approximately 7:45

a.m.; it had not been raining, and the weather “was clear.” After her first class ended,

Duff went to her second class, U. S. history, in the same building from 10:00 to 11:15

a.m. Her classrooms did not have windows, so she was unable to see that it had begun

raining outside at some point after she arrived. When her history class ended, Duff

began her walk to her third class in another building. She first exited the history

classroom, walked down the hall, covering the length of her classroom and making

it half-way past the next classroom (a computer lab), when she slipped and fell on

rainwater that had been brought in by other students entering the building to go to

their classes. Duff did not see any water until she fell and noticed water on the floor.

      Duff suffered injuries from her fall and sued the Board on a premises liability

theory. The Board answered and, following discovery, moved for summary judgment.

The trial court granted the motion on the ground that Duff failed to meet her threshold

      1
       (Citation omitted.) Matjoulis v. Integon Gen. Ins. Corp., 226 Ga. App. 459 (1)
(486 SE2d 684) (1997).


                                           2
burden to show that the rainwater on the floor amounted to a hazardous condition, i.e.

an unusual or unreasonable amount. Duff challenges this ruling on appeal.

      In Robinson v. Kroger,2 the Supreme Court of Georgia clarified and

summarized Georgia premises liability law as follows:

      One who owns or occupies land and by express or implied invitation,
      induces or leads others to come upon his premise for any lawful
      purpose, . . . is liable in damages to such persons for injuries caused by
      his failure to exercise ordinary care in keeping the premises and
      approaches safe. While not an insurer of the invitee’s safety, the
      owner/occupier is required to exercise ordinary care to protect the
      invitee from unreasonable risks of harm of which the owner/occupier
      has superior knowledge. The owner/occupier owes persons invited to
      enter the premises a duty of ordinary care to have the premises in a
      reasonably safe condition and not to expose the invitees to unreasonable
      risk or to lead them into a dangerous trap. The owner/occupier is not
      required to warrant the safety of all persons from all things, but to
      exercise the diligence toward making the premises safe that a good
      business person is accustomed to use in such matters. This includes
      inspecting the premises to discover possible dangerous conditions of
      which the owner/occupier does not have actual knowledge, and taking
      reasonable precautions to protect invitees from dangers foreseeable
      from the arrangement or use of the premises.3

      2
          268 Ga. 735 (493 SE2d 403) (1997).
      3
          (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Id. at 740 (1).

                                            3
The Court also expressly

      remind[ed] members of the judiciary that the “routine” issues of
      premises liability, i.e., the negligence of the defendant and the plaintiff,
      and the plaintiff’s lack of ordinary care for personal safety are generally
      not susceptible of summary adjudication, and that summary judgment is
      granted only when the evidence is plain, palpable, and undisputed.4


      With this legal background in mind, we turn to the facts of this case. The trial

court relied on precedent stating that “[t]he risk of harm imposed by some

accumulation of water on the floor . . . during rainy days is not unusual or

unreasonable in itself, but is one to which all who go out on a rainy day may be

exposed and which all may expect or anticipate.”5 But this concept has been expressly

limited by the Supreme Court of Georgia: “[S]ince that concept is based on the

common knowledge that the ground outside gets wet on rainy days, it cannot properly




      4
          Id. at 748 (2) (b).
      5
        (Punctuation omitted.) Walker v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 278 Ga. App. 677,
680 (2) (629 SE2d 561) (2006), quoting Cook v. Arrington, 183 Ga. App. 384, 385
(358 SE2d 869) (1987).

                                           4
be applied to a portion of an interior space where an invitee has no reason to expect

water to accumulate on the floor.”6

      Here, it is undisputed that Duff lacked any actual knowledge that it was raining

and that she fell in an interior portion of the building while walking between

classrooms. A building diagram shows that the closest entrance was more than three

classrooms away from where she slipped and fell. These circumstances bring Duff’s

case outside the line of cases where our courts have held that invitees, as a matter of

law, must be charged with the knowledge that rainwater will accumulate on the floor

where they fell.7

      6
      (Emphasis supplied.) Dickerson v. Guest Svcs. Co., 282 Ga. 771, 772 (653
SE2d 699) (2007).
      7
         See, e.g., Walker, 278 Ga. App. at 680 (2) (holding that the risk of harm from
some water on the floor is not unusual or unreasonable on a rainy day). Compare
Dickerson, 282 Ga. at 772 (limiting Walker and stating that the facts do not support
a determination “as a matter of law that a reasonable person would have anticipated
that the stairs might get wet on a rainy day”); Parker v. All American Quality Foods,
Inc., 318 Ga. App. 689, 691 (734 SE2d 510) (2012) (physical precedent only)
(summary judgment not appropriate because plaintiff slipped in rainwater after
walking past six checkout stations). The Board’s reliance on Season All Flower Shop,
Inc. v. Rorie, 323 Ga. App. 529, 536 (1) (746 SE2d 634) (2013) is misplaced in the
present circumstance. In that case, the Court addressed a scenario in which an injured
plaintiff fell “several feet inside the lobby” and concluded that “‘in rainy day
slip-and-fall cases plaintiffs are charged with equal knowledge that water is apt to be
found in any area frequented by people coming in from the rain outside,’ and not just
at the ‘threshold’ of an entrance door.” Id. at 536 (1) (punctuation omitted). Contrary

                                          5
      Further, with respect to the amount of water that had accumulated, the record,

when construed in favor of Duff as required on summary judgment,8 contains

testimony that there was “standing water,” that Duff “felt the water after [she] hit the

floor,” and that the water made her skirt, leg, and hands wet when she tried to get up.

There is evidence that approximately 882 students had classes that were about to

begin in Duff’s building, and a professor who came to aid Duff testified that there

was “a lot” of water on the hallway floor from students waiting to enter their classes,

but the amount of water in the spot of the fall after Duff fell was comparable to taking

a wet paper towel and wiping it across the floor. In granting summary judgment, the

trial court relied on this testimony to conclude that there was no hazard presented by

the water, but this ignores the conflicting testimony from Duff that there was

“standing water.” Any conflict in the evidence is properly resolved by a jury, not by




to the plaintiff in Rorie, Duff did not fall near the threshold, and the interior hallway
was sufficiently far enough away such that the question of her knowledge is not a
plain and palpable one to be resolved at summary judgment.
      8
        See Smith v. Tenet HealthSystem Spalding, 327 Ga. App. 878, 879 (761 SE2d
409) (2014) (“[A]t the summary judgment stage, courts are required to construe the
evidence most favorably towards the nonmoving party, who is given the benefit of
all reasonable doubts and possible inferences.”) (punctuation omitted).

                                           6
a court,9 and viewed with the evidence that Duff’s denim skirt, leg, and hands had

become wet from contacting the floor where she fell, this evidence does not demand

a finding that no hazard existed.

      Based on this record, the absence of an unreasonable hazard is not “plain,

palpable, and undisputed.”10 “Where reasonable minds can differ as to the conclusion

to be reached with regard to questions of whether an owner/occupier breached the

duty of care to invitees and whether an invitee exercised reasonable care for personal

safety, summary adjudication is not appropriate.”11 Based on the location of Duff’s

fall and the evidence of “standing water” where she fell, the trial court erred by

granting summary judgment to the Board on the ground that such an amount of water

in an interior space of a building does not, as a matter of law, amount to a hazardous

condition for premises liability purposes.12

      Judgment reversed. Miller, P. J., and Reese, J., concur.




      9
          See id.
      10
           Robinson, 268 Ga. at 748 (2) (b).
      11
           Id. at 740 (1).
      12
           See Dickerson, 282 Ga. at 772.

                                            7
