            U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
           C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
                      ________________________

                          No. ACM S32544
                      ________________________

                         UNITED STATES
                             Appellee
                                 v.
                   Justice S. WINN DE LEON
            Airman Basic (E-1), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
                      ________________________

       Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
                       Decided 9 October 2019
                      ________________________

Military Judge: Shelly W. Schools (arraignment); Matthew D. Talcott
(trial).
Approved sentence: Bad-conduct discharge, confinement for 3 months,
forfeiture of $1,092.00 pay per month for 6 months, and a reprimand.
Sentence adjudged 13 March 2018 by SpCM convened at Tinker Air
Force Base, Oklahoma.
For Appellant: Major Kirk W. Albertson, USAF.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. Kubler, USAF; Major Anne
M. Delmare, USAF; Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before MAYBERRY, J. JOHNSON, and POSCH, Appellate Military
Judges.
Chief Judge MAYBERRY delivered the opinion of the court, in which
Senior Judge J. JOHNSON and Judge POSCH joined.
                      ________________________

   This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
   precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4.
                      ________________________
                   United States v. Winn de Leon, No. ACM S32544


      MAYBERRY, Chief Judge:
    Appellant was found guilty by a military judge, in accordance with his pleas
and pursuant to a pretrial agreement (PTA), of one charge and two specifica-
tions of wrongful use of marijuana, three specifications of wrongful distribution
of marijuana, and two specifications of wrongful introduction of a controlled
substance (marijuana) onto a military installation, all in violation of Article
112a, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 912a. 1 The mili-
tary judge sentenced Appellant to a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for
five months, forfeiture of $1,092 pay per month for six months, and a repri-
mand. In accordance with the PTA, the convening authority (CA) only ap-
proved three months of confinement but approved all other elements of the
sentence as adjudged.
   Appellant raises one issue for our consideration on appeal: whether he is
entitled to relief due to post-trial processing delay. We find no prejudicial error
and we affirm the findings and sentence.

                                    I. BACKGROUND
    Between 1 July and 1 September 2017, Appellant smoked marijuana from
a pipe with another Airman, sitting in his car in an Oklahoma City Walmart
parking lot. In November 2017, Appellant again smoked marijuana from a pipe
on Tinker Air Force Base (AFB). On 3 November 2017, Appellant brought ap-
proximately nine grams of marijuana onto Tinker AFB with the intent to dis-
tribute it, and distributed 2 all of it to another Airman. On 22 November 2017,
Appellant distributed approximately six grams of marijuana to a second Air-
man. Both of the Airmen Appellant sold marijuana to were later identified as
confidential informants and their true identities were not revealed. On 1 De-
cember 2017, Appellant again brought marijuana onto Tinker AFB with the
intent to distribute it, this time approximately 30 grams, and in fact distrib-
uted approximately 9 grams to the same Airman he sold marijuana to on 3
November 2017. When Appellant was apprehended shortly after this sale, he
still possessed approximately 20 grams of marijuana. Appellant was placed in
pre-trial confinement and remained there until his court-martial.
   Appellant was arraigned on 14 February 2018. The transcript of that pro-
ceeding was authenticated by the presiding military judge on 5 March 2018.
Appellant’s court-martial resumed on 13 March 2018, with a different military
judge, and concluded the same day. Tinker AFB did not have an in-house court


1All references to the Uniform Code of Military Justice and Rules for Courts-Martial
are to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.).
2   Appellant was paid cash for all of the charged distributions.


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                United States v. Winn de Leon, No. ACM S32544


reporter at that time, requiring the transcription to be tasked to an off-base
reporter. The first draft transcript of the 13 March 2018 proceeding was re-
ceived by the legal office on 13 April 2018. The transcript was provided to the
trial counsel for review, which was completed on 2 May 2018. The transcript
was then sent to the trial defense counsel for review. Trial defense counsel
requested the audio of the proceedings on two separate occasions because of
the numerous discrepancies he noted in the draft transcript. Trial defense
counsel received the audio files on 17 May 2018 and provided his suggested
edits on 21 May 2018. Trial counsel authenticated the transcript on 22 May
2018 and trial defense counsel authenticated the transcript on 23 May 2018.
The military judge authenticated the transcript on 30 May 2018.
    Appellant and his trial defense counsel were served with the record of trial
(ROT) and staff judge advocate recommendation (SJAR) 3 on 28 June 2018.
Clemency was submitted on 6 July 2018, and the CA signed the action on 10
July 2018—119 days after the court-martial concluded. The ROT was for-
warded for docketing with this court, however the Military Justice Division of
the Air Force Legal Operations Agency (AFLOA/JAJM) discovered that the
ROT was missing the transcript from the 14 February 2018 arraignment and
returned it for correction. There was confusion as to whether or not a Certifi-
cate of Correction was required, and the CA did not direct one until 6 Septem-
ber 2018. The military judge completed the Certificate of Correction on 9 Sep-
tember 2018, and it was served on trial counsel, trial defense counsel, and Ap-
pellant on 13, 16, and 19 September 2018, respectively. The case was docketed
with this court on 26 September 2018—78 days after action.

                                   II. DISCUSSION
A. Law
    In United States v. Moreno, 63 M.J. 129, 142 (C.A.A.F. 2006), the United
States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF) established a presump-
tion of a facially unreasonable delay “where the action of the convening author-
ity is not taken within 120 days of the completion of trial,” when “the record of
trial is not docketed by the service Court of Criminal Appeals within thirty


3 We note the SJAR erroneously advised the CA that the maximum sentence that could
be imposed by this special court-martial included, inter alia, a fine in addition to for-
feiture of two-thirds pay per month for 12 months. See Rule for Courts-Martial
(R.C.M.) 201(f)(2)(B)(i); R.C.M. 1003(b)(3); United States v. Books, No. ACM S32369,
2017 CCA LEXIS 226 at *7 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 31 Mar. 2017) (unpub. op.). However,
under the facts of this case we find no colorable showing of possible prejudice and,
therefore, it does not affect this court’s conclusion. See United States v. Scalo, 60 M.J.
435, 436–37 (C.A.A.F. 2005).


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               United States v. Winn de Leon, No. ACM S32544


days of the convening authority’s action,” and when “appellate review is not
completed and a decision is not rendered within eighteen months of docketing
the case before the Court of Criminal Appeals.”
    Where there is such a delay, we examine the four factors set forth in Barker
v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530 (1972): “(1) the length of the delay; (2) the reasons
for the delay; (3) the appellant’s assertion of the right to a timely review and
appeal; and (4) prejudice.” Moreno, 63 M.J. at 135 (citations omitted). “No sin-
gle factor is required for finding a due process violation and the absence of a
given factor will not prevent such a finding.” Id. at 136 (citing Barker, 407 U.S.
at 533).
   In Moreno, the CAAF identified three types of cognizable prejudice arising
from post-trial processing delay: (1) oppressive incarceration; (2) anxiety and
concern; and (3) impairment of the appellant’s ability to present a defense at a
rehearing. 63 M.J. at 138–40 (citations omitted).
    Failure to meet the action to docketing deadline is “the least defensible of
all [post-trial processing delays] and worthy of the least patience.” United
States v. Dunbar, 31 M.J. 70, 73 (C.M.A. 1990).
    In United States v. Tardif, 57 M.J. 219, 224 (C.A.A.F. 2002), the CAAF rec-
ognized this court has the de novo power and responsibility to disapprove any
portion of a sentence that it determines, on the basis of the entire record,
should not be approved, even absent any actual prejudice. In United States v.
Gay, 74 M.J. 736, 744 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2015), aff’d, 75 M.J. 264 (C.A.A.F.
2016), we identified a list of factors to consider in evaluating whether Article
66(c), UCMJ, relief should be granted for post-trial delay. Those factors include
how long the delay exceeded appellate review standards, the reasons for the
delay, whether the Government acted with bad faith or gross indifference, ev-
idence of institutional neglect, harm to the appellant or to the institution,
whether relief is consistent with the goals of both justice and good order and
discipline, and whether this court can provide any meaningful relief. Id. No
single factor is dispositive and we may consider other factors as appropriate.
Id.
B. Analysis
    Appellant asserts that the Government’s reason for the delay between an-
nouncement of sentence to action “appears to have been purposefully calcu-
lated to maximize the period [Appellant] was subject to forfeitures” and asserts
that while this may be permissible, it should subject the inexplicable delay af-
ter action to “heightened scrutiny.” Appellant requests that we disapprove his
bad-conduct discharge.
   Appellant requested deferral of the adjudged forfeitures on 22 March 2018
and the CA’s decision to deny the request was not made until 14 May 2018.

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               United States v. Winn de Leon, No. ACM S32544


The written decision to deny the request does not comply with Rule for Courts-
Martial 1101(c)(3) as it does not provide any reason for the denial—rather it
states that any questions should be referred to the staff judge advocate. This
is error. See United States v. Sloan, 35 M.J. 4, 6–7 (C.M.A. 1992), overruled on
other grounds by United States v. Dinger, 77 M.J. 447, 453 (C.A.A.F. 2018).
Here, Appellant does not explicitly raise the fact that there is no stated reason
for the denial on appeal, but in light of the fact that Appellant asserts the post-
trial processing was delayed for the purpose of maximizing the duration of his
forfeitures, the absence of a reason for the denial is an issue we will consider.
    The CA’s error in not providing a reason for his denial does not entitle Ap-
pellant to relief unless it materially prejudices his substantial rights. Article
59(a), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 859(a). We agree with the position held by our sister
service court, “[a]bsent credible evidence that a convening authority denied a
request to defer punishment for an unlawful or improper reason, an erroneous
omission of reasons in a convening authority’s denial of a deferment request
does not entitle an appellant to relief.” United States v. Zimmer, 56 M.J. 869,
874 (A. Ct. Crim. App. 2002).
    Here, Appellant does not know for certain that his request for deferral of
forfeitures was in fact denied for the purpose of maximizing the adjudged pun-
ishment, nor does Appellant assert that even if that was the basis for the de-
nial, such a purpose constitutes an unlawful or improper reason. Appellant has
neither claimed an unlawful or improper purpose for the CA’s denial of his
request for deferment nor alleged that he was prejudiced in any specific way
by the CA’s denial. As such, Appellant has failed to demonstrate a material
prejudice to his substantial rights.
    While it is true that there was no presumptive unreasonable delay from
announcement of sentence to action, we will look at the totality of the post-trial
processing. Based on the presumptive unreasonable delay from action to dock-
eting, we analyze the Barker factors. The first Barker factor, length of delay,
was 48 days beyond the Moreno standard of 30 days. This is not overly egre-
gious, but it weighs somewhat in favor of Appellant.
   As to the second factor, the reason for the delay, 37 of the 48 days beyond
the Moreno standard were due to the base legal office awaiting guidance from
AFLOA/JAJM as to whether or not a certificate of correction was necessary
because of the failure to include the transcript of the initial arraignment pro-
ceeding in the ROT. There are no specifics as to when the legal office first
reached out to AFLOA/JAJM, or how often they followed up on their inquiry.
Based on the evidence available to us, the ROT was initially stamped received
by JAJM on 25 July 2018 and returned to the base by 30 July 2018. By that
point in time, 20 days of the 30-day Moreno standard had elapsed. The missing
11-page transcript had been transcribed and authenticated by the presiding

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               United States v. Winn de Leon, No. ACM S32544


judge eight days before the trial resumed. The record before us provides cir-
cumstantial evidence that those 11 pages were neither provided to trial and
trial defense counsel, nor included in the ROT. The staff judge advocate’s dec-
laration provided on appeal indicates that those pages were omitted due to an
administrative oversight.
    After taking 79 days to obtain the authenticated transcript of the 13 March
2018 session, it took the legal office another 30 days to compile the 92 page,
two volume (incomplete) ROT and SJAR. This weighs in favor of Appellant
(however we note that Appellant did not raise the fact that the ROT was in-
complete when he submitted matters to the CA on 6 July 2018). Appellant’s
trial defense counsel did point out to the CA how long it had taken to get to
that point, specifically indicating that the Moreno standard for taking action
was less than a week away, and requested that the forfeitures be disapproved
as a result.
    For the third Barker factor, the Appellant’s assertion of the right to a timely
review and appeal, Appellant relies on his clemency submission as the asser-
tion of his right to timely review. The Government acknowledges the content
of Appellant’s clemency submission, but disagrees that it constitutes a demand
for speedy review. In support of its position the Government refers to the
length of time it took Appellant to submit his brief to this court. We are not
persuaded by the Government’s attempt to focus on the appellate review in-
stead of the claim of delayed post-trial processing review. This factor weighs in
favor of Appellant.
    Finally, we consider the fourth Barker factor, whether Appellant has made
a colorable showing of prejudice. During both sentencing and his clemency sub-
mission, Appellant characterized his conditions of confinement as unduly rig-
orous. However, he also asked the military judge to impose additional confine-
ment in lieu of a bad-conduct discharge. At the time of clemency, he was no
longer in confinement and was not suffering oppressive incarceration. Appel-
lant asserts that he was prejudiced by his inability to secure employment while
awaiting action and his continuous uncertainty and stress as he prepared to
transition out of the military. While we acknowledge that Appellant faced le-
gitimate concerns about his future, they are no different than any other Air-
man who has been convicted of a crime and is awaiting action on their case.
We find Appellant was not prejudiced by the undue delay in completing post-
trial processing.
   Where, as here, there is no qualifying prejudice from the delay, there is no
due process violation unless the delay is so egregious as to “adversely affect the
public’s perception of the fairness and integrity of the military justice sys-
tem.” United States v. Toohey, 63 M.J. 353, 362 (C.A.A.F. 2006). Considering
the reasons for the delay, we recognize the Government was required to send

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               United States v. Winn de Leon, No. ACM S32544


the case to another court reporter for transcription and both trial and trial
defense counsel identified discrepancies in the initial draft which required cor-
rection. As a result, the transcript was not completed until 23 May 2018, and
the military judge authenticated the record seven days later, on 30 May
2018. Once the record was authenticated, it took another 30 days to serve the
ROT and SJAR on Appellant and his counsel. There is circumstantial evidence
of an undermanned, inexperienced staff whose decisions regarding the post-
trial processing are by no means a model for others to emulate. We find no
evidence that the delays in Appellant’s case were due to neglect or indifference,
and were not of a nature to impugn the perceived fairness and integrity of the
military justice system. Accordingly, we find no due process violation.
    We now consider whether we should invoke our authority to grant relief in
the absence of prejudice pursuant to Tardif and Gay. Appellant’s argument
that the delay “appears to have been purposely calculated to maximize forfei-
tures” is his opinion, and not supported by any direct facts. The delayed denial
of Appellant’s request for deferment of forfeitures did not improperly increase
the amount of forfeitures imposed. To the extent that Appellant remained in a
pay status and was not placed on required excess leave at an earlier date is not
punishment – he continued to be entitled to pay (albeit reduced) and military
benefits throughout the duration of post-trial processing. Appellant was not
further punished by the length of time it took to complete post-trial processing,
he was simply subjected to the punishment adjudged by the military judge.
Applying the factors articulated in Gay, we find relief for Appellant unwar-
ranted.

                               III. CONCLUSION
    The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no er-
ror materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred. Arti-
cles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c). Accordingly, the find-
ings and sentence are AFFIRMED.


                 FOR THE COURT



                 CAROL K. JOYCE
                 Clerk of the Court




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