                               ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS
                                           GREG        ABBOTT




                                               March 27,2003



The Honorable Ken Arrnbrister                                Opinion No. GA-0048
Chair, Senate Committee on Natural Resources
Texas State Senate                                           Re: Authority of a judge or magistrate to
P.O. Box 12068                                               attach a financial condition to a personal bond
Austin, Texas 78711                                          or to permit a cash deposit of less than the full
                                                             bail amount (RQ-06 18-JC)

Dear Senator Arrnbrister:

        You ask whether a judge or magistrate may permit or require a defendant to deposit cash with
the court in less than the full amount of bail set by the court, or to attach a financial condition to a
personal bond.

         Your question is prompted by what you characterize as the apparent “practice in some
counties for judges to approve the release of criminal defendants upon the deposit with the county
of 10% of the face amount of the bond.“’ The manner in which this is generally done “is to authorize
the defendant’s release on a personal bond with an additional condition that the defendant make this
financial deposit.” Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1. You characterize this practice as “some hybrid
form of personal bond and cash bond.” Id.

         “Bail” is defined by article 17.01 of the Code of Criminal Procedure as “the security given
by the accused that he will appear and answer before the proper court the accusation brought against
him, and includes a bail bond or a personal bond.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 17.01 (Vernon
1977). “Bail bond” is defined by article 17.02 as “a written undertaking entered into by the
defendant and his sureties for the appearance of the principal therein before some court or magistrate
to answer a criminal accusation.” Id. art. 17.02. Article 17.03 provides in pertinent part that “a
magistrate may, in the magistrate’s discretion, release the defendant on his personal bond without
sureties or other security.” Id. art. 17.03 (Vernon Supp. 2003) (emphasis added).

        Article 17.02 also provides that in lieu of sureties a defendant “may deposit with the
custodian of funds of the court in which the prosecution is pending current money of the United




       ‘Letter from Honorable Ken Armbrister, Chair, Senate Committee on Natural Resources, to Honorable John
Comyn, Texas Attorney General at 1 (Sept. 27,2002) (on file with Opinion Committee) [hereinafter Request Letter].
The Honorable        Ken Armbrister     - Page 2     (GA-0048)




States in the amount of the bond.” Id. art. 17.02 (Vernon 1977). As you point out, this language
does not authorize a deposit of anything less than the face amount of the bond. Request Letter, supra
note 1, at 1. Nor does the language of article 17.03 permit the attachment of a financial condition
to a personal bond, which specifically excludes “sureties or other security.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.
ANN. art. 17.03 (Vernon Supp. 2003). Given the language of articles 17.02 and 17.03, therefore, you
suggest that there is no statutory authority for the kind of “hybrid . . . bond” you describe. Request
Letter, supra note 1, at l-2.

         Two prior opinions of this office address similar practices and find them unwarranted.
Attorney General Opinion JM-363 (1985) rejected the suggestion that a court might “set the amount
of bail but agree to accept a cash percentage in lieu of that amount” on the ground that such a
practice was not “authorized by [article] 17.02” of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Tex. Att’y Gen.
Op. No. JM-363 (1985) at 2. Attorney General Opinion JC-0215 (2000) considered a similar
practice, requiring what was referred to as a “split bond” - a bond designated in part as a personal
bond and in part as a surety bond. That opinion concluded that “a magistrate may not order a
bailable defendant to satisfy a split bond. A personal bond is, by definition, incompatible with a bail
bond.” Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-02 15 (2000) at 3.

            It has been suggested,
                                in a brief presented to this office, that authority for a bond of this sort
may be found in the discretionary power over bail provided by article 17.15 of the Code, which
states, “The amount of bail to be required in any case is to be regulated by the court, judge,
magistrate, or officer taking the bail; . . .” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 17.15 (Vernon Supp.
2003). The brief argues that the court can regulate the amount of bail “by setting one amount for a
cash bond and another amount for a surety bond. There is no statutory prohibition anywhere in CCP
Chapter 17 to prevent the court from setting one bond amount to be posted in cash and another
amount to be posted by surety bond.“2 The brief also suggests that Attorney General Opinion JM-
363 (1985) was wrongly decided. This argument, however, is answered by Professional Bondsmen
of Texas v. Carey, 762 S.W.2d 691 (Tex. App.-Amarillo         1988, no writ), which specifically affirms
JM-363 (1985), and Exparte Tucker, 977 S.W.2d 713 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 1998),pet. dism’d,
3 S.W.3d 576 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (per curiam).

       In Professional Bondsmen, the Amarillo Court of Appeals considered whether article 17.15
vested a magistrate with sufficient discretion to establish a policy setting lower amounts for cash
bonds than for surety bonds. The court rejected this argument:

                    The Texas Attorney General has determined that courts have no
                    discretion to set differential bail bond amounts depending upon
                    whether the accused posts a cash bond or a surety bond. Tex. Att’y
                    Gen. Op. No. JM-363 (1985). We agree.




            *Brief from Honorable Ken Sparks, County Attorney, Colorado   County, to Opinion   Committee,   Attorney
General’s    Office (Nov. 20,2002) (on file with Opinion Committee).
The Honorable Ken Armbrister       - Page 3      (GA-0048)




                Articles 17.01, 17.02, and 17.15 confer upon the court, judge,
                magistrate, or officer taking a bail bond broad discretion in setting the
                amount of bail, provided that that discretion is reasonably exercised.
                The authority granted under these statutes does not, however, vest the
                court with discretion to require a cash bond or surety bond to the
                exclusion of the other. Ex parte Rodriguez, 583 S. W.2d 792 (Tex.
                Crim. App. 1979); Exparte Deaton, 582 S.W.2d 151 (Tex. Crim.
                App. 1979). It follows that the court does not have the discretion to
                set a differential bail bond amount depending upon whether a cash
                bond or a surety bond is used.

Prof’l Bondsmen of Tex., 762 S.W.2d at 693.

       In Exparte Tucker, the Fort Worth Court of Appeals considered the argument that article
17.15 “is an implicit grant of authority to the trial court to set reasonable conditions on bond.” Ex
parte Tucker, 977 S.W.2d at 716. The court rejected this contention:

                [W]e find that the Legislature’s express enumeration of the specific
                bond conditions included in Chapter 17 are an exclusive grant of
                authority to the trial court to condition a defendant’s pre-trial release.
                Accordingly, we hold that the trial court does not have inherent
                authority to impose conditions on a defendant’s pre-trial bond that are
                not authorized by statute and further, that article 17.15 does not
                implicitly authorize other conditions not expressly stated.

Id. at 717.

         In light of the statutory language of articles 17.02 and 17.03 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, as well as the holdings in Professional Bondsmen and Exparte Tucker and of Attorney
General Opinions JM-363 (1985) and JC-0215 (2000), we conclude that a court does not have the
authority to attach a financial condition to a personal bond, or to permit or require a cash deposit of
less than the full amount of the bail set. Article 17.15 of the Code of Criminal Procedure grants a
court discretionary authority to set the amount of bail, but not to require that bail be secured in a
particular manner, or to impose conditions not contemplated by chapter 17.
The Honorable Ken Armbrister       - Page 4   (GA-0048)




                                        SUMMARY

                       A judge or magistrate may not attach a financial condition to
               a personal bond, or authorize the deposit of less than the full cash
               amount of bail.




BARRY R. MCBEE
First Assistant Attorney General

DON R. WILLETT
Deputy Attorney General - General Counsel

NANCY S. FULLER
Chair, Opinion Committee

James E. Tourtelott
Assistant Attorney General, Opinion Committee
