                                   In The
                             Court of Appeals
               Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana


                                      No. 06-14-00048-CV



                       HERITAGE CONSTRUCTORS, INC., Appellant

                                               V.

  CHRIETZBERG ELECTRIC, INC., AND RICHARD MARC CHRIETZBERG, Appellees



                            On Appeal from the 202nd District Court
                                    Bowie County, Texas
                                Trial Court No. 12C0591-202




                        Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Carter*, JJ.
                        Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss

______________________________
*Jack Carter, Justice, Retired, Sitting by Assignment
                                      MEMORANDUM OPINION
         The deadline was looming for aspiring prime contractors to submit their bids to

TexAmericas Center to build a wastewater treatment plant on its property in Bowie County. The

subcontract bid of Chrietzberg Electric, Inc. (Electric) submitted at the last minute by Richard

Marc Chrietzberg (Chrietzberg) to aspiring prime contractor Heritage Constructors, Inc.

(Heritage), for the electrical portion of that treatment plant never once mentioned Heritage’s

name. After Heritage was named the prime contractor for the project, Electric withdrew its

subcontract bid, requiring Heritage to use the next lowest subcontract bidder and resulting in this

lawsuit, which was submitted to a Bowie County jury. Few of the parties were entirely happy

with the result of that trial. 1

         On appeal, 2 we affirm the take-nothing judgment favoring Chrietzberg and the denial of

Heritage’s claims for negligent misrepresentation, but reverse the judgment favoring Heritage

and render a take-nothing judgment, because (1) the statute of frauds bars Heritage’s claim for

breach of contract, (2) there is no evidence of damages recoverable based on promissory

estoppel, (3) denying Heritage’s claims for negligent misrepresentation was proper, and

(4) Heritage’s recovery of attorney fees also fails.



1
 Based on a jury verdict and its own findings, the trial court entered judgment in favor of Heritage against Electric in
the amount of $50,000.00, attorney fees through trial of $58,041.00, and costs and interest. Earlier, the trial court
had entered judgment in favor of Chrietzberg, individually, on all claims asserted against him, also based on the
jury’s verdict.
2
 Heritage’s appeal challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the amount of damages and attorney fees
found and awarded and the judgment in favor of Chrietzberg. Electric challenges the legal sufficiency of the
evidence supporting the award of damages based on contract and promissory estoppel and the award of attorney fees
in favor of Heritage.

                                                           2
            Heritage is a general contractor that specializes in the construction of water and

wastewater treatment plants. In October 2011, Heritage was preparing a bid in an effort to

become general contractor for the TexAmericas Center-East wastewater treatment plant

improvement project (the Project) in Bowie County, Texas. The Project was contemplated to

take nineteen months, with a projected start date of December 31, 2011, and a completion date of

July 31, 2013. Although Heritage would perform eighty to eighty-five percent of the Project

itself, certain aspects of the Project, including the electrical work, necessitated the use of

subcontractors. TexAmericas required all bids from potential general contractors to be submitted

no later than 2:00 p.m. on October 20, 2011. On that day, Carl Smith, Heritage’s vice president,

was in his office receiving last minute bids and revised bids from suppliers and subcontractors.

The pricing was fluctuating, and Heritage’s initial bid calculation was revised by as much as one

million dollars within the last thirty minutes before the deadline. Meanwhile, Dennis Smith,

Heritage’s president, was in the TexAmericas parking lot waiting for Carl to telephone him with

the final bid numbers so he could hand deliver the bid by the deadline. Earlier that day, Carl had

received a telephone bid from Electrique Corporation in the amount of $886,400.00 to perform

the electrical work on the Project. Ten minutes before the deadline, Carl received a faxed bid

from Electric, quoting $704,857.00 3 to perform the electrical work on the Project, but excluding

any and all concrete work. After reviewing the bid, Carl had his assistant call Electric at

1:53 p.m. to confirm that the bid included all of the electric work in the Project plans. After

confirming the bid, Carl reviewed Electric’s bid again and realized the bid did not include money

3
    Electric’s base bid was $707,857.00, but provided for a deduction from the base bid of $3,000.00.

                                                            3
to bond the job. He then had his assistant call Electric again at 1:59 p.m., to obtain its bond

rates. Once he was confident that Electric could bond his bid, Carl decided to use Electric’s bid

in Heritage’s final bid to TexAmericas. He conveyed the final calculations to Dennis so Dennis

could finalize the bid and submit it to TexAmericas. 4

            Shortly thereafter, the project engineer notified Carl that Heritage was the low bidder for

the Project. He also told him the Project was above the owner’s budget and that he wanted to

work with Heritage on value engineering 5 ideas to help get the project cost down. Carl then

called Chrietzberg to let him know that Heritage was the low bidder and that, if Heritage got the

job, so would Electric. He also asked Chrietzberg to provide him with some value engineering

ideas on the electrical work.             Heritage worked with Electric over the next week on value

engineering and also asked Electric to give it a price for the duct bank concrete work, which had

been excluded from Electric’s bid. Electric gave Heritage a quote of $68,575.00 to perform all

duct bank concrete work, including all labor and materials. 6                       Heritage thought this was

excessive and decided to do the concrete work itself. On January 24, 2012, the TexAmericas

board of directors approved awarding the Project to Heritage, and Heritage emailed Electric to

notify it of the award. In the email, Heritage stated, “Look forward to working with you on this

project.” Electric responded, “Thank you, Carl. Same here.”


4
 The second page of Heritage’s final bid for item 1 (“For construction of all improvements at the TexAmericas
Center East Wastewater Treatment Plant site except as listed below, complete as shown on the Plans and specified
herein (except for all seal slabs and sidewalks shown) for a total lump sum amount of”) shows a strike-through
change from “$5,636,500” to “5,536,500.” There was no testimony explaining this strike-through change.
5
    Value engineering attempts to provide the same functionality at a lower cost.
6
    Electrique Corporation’s bid included performing all concrete work.
                                                             4
            On February 3, after receiving an executed contract from TexAmericas, Heritage sent

Electric a proposed subcontract for the electrical work on the Project. The subcontract terms did

not exclude the duct bank concrete work from the description of the work required of Electric

and did not include an amount to pay for the duct bank concrete work or to reimburse Electric for

its bond. 7 When Carl called Chrietzberg to let him know the subcontract was on its way,

Chrietzberg asked Carl about the difference between Electric’s bid and the next lowest bid. Carl

compared the two bids, adjusted for the duct bank concrete work, called Chrietzberg back, and

told him the difference was about $90,000.00–100,000.00. On February 7, Electric notified

Heritage that it was withdrawing its bid. That afternoon, Dennis called Electric to ask it to

reconsider, which Electric refused to do. Heritage then contacted Electrique Corporation, the

next lowest electrical bidder, and entered into a subcontract on March 2 with it to perform all of

the electrical work on the Project for $886,400.00. Electrique Corporation’s acceptance of the

subcontract was conditioned on Heritage accepting certain revisions to the subcontract.

            Heritage filed suit against Electric for breach of contract, promissory estoppel, and

negligent misrepresentation.                 It   also sued Chrietzberg, individually, for negligent

misrepresentation and negligence. The jury found in favor of Heritage and against Electric on

the breach of contract, promissory estoppel, and negligent misrepresentation claims and assessed

damages of $50,000.00 for breach of contract/promissory estoppel 8 and no damages for


7
 Carl testified that he told Chrietzberg in a telephone conversation that he would issue a change order to reimburse
Electric for the bond when it received an invoice and that they “could either handle the concrete duct bank in the
change order or [Carl] could write a modification to one of the paragraphs in the subcontract agreement.”
Chrietzberg denied that Carl told him he would either modify the subcontract or address it in a change order.
8
    A single damage issue was presented for any liability found for breach of contract or promissory estoppel.
                                                            5
negligent misrepresentation. The jury found no negligent misrepresentation or negligence by

Chrietzberg, individually. By agreement of the parties, the issue of attorney fees was submitted

to the trial court in a separate hearing. Heritage filed a motion to disregard the jury’s answers to

questions 4 (the contract/promissory estoppel damage question) and 7 (the negligent

misrepresentation damage question), asserting it had proven exact damages of $177,525.10 for

breach of contract/promissory estoppel and negligent misrepresentation and asking the trial court

to award the same. Electric filed a motion for judgment non obstante veridicto asserting that

there was no evidence of a contract between Heritage and Electric and that the statute of frauds

barred any recovery by Heritage.      The trial court signed and entered a judgment in favor of

Chrietzberg on Heritage’s claims on August 13, 2013. On February 11, 2014, the trial court

signed an order awarding Heritage attorney fees in the amount of $58,041.00—twenty-eight

percent of the attorney fees it requested, based on the jury awarding Heritage twenty-eight

percent of the damages it requested. The trial court also denied Electric’s motion for judgment

notwithstanding the verdict and Heritage’s motion to disregard. On February 26, 2014, a final

judgment was signed by the trial court, awarding Heritage judgment against Electric for

$50,000.00 in damages, together with $58,041.00 in attorney fees, conditional appellate attorney

fees, costs of court, and interest.

        On appeal, Heritage challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of evidence supporting

the amount of damages; the legal sufficiency of evidence supporting the amount of attorney fees;

the legal sufficiency of evidence supporting the jury’s finding of no damages for negligent

misrepresentation; and the legal sufficiency of evidence supporting the jury finding that

                                                 6
Chrietzberg has no liability for negligent misrepresentation. 9 In its cross-appeal, Electric asserts

that all of Heritage’s causes of action are barred by the statute of frauds, challenges the legal

sufficiency of evidence supporting any damages for breach of contract or promissory estoppel,

and asserts that the trial court erred in awarding attorney fees as a matter of law.

(1)      The Statute of Frauds Bars Heritage’s Claim for Breach of Contract

         We first address Electric’s assertion that the statute of frauds barred Heritage’s claim for

breach of contract. 10 Electric argues that the alleged agreement was within the statute of frauds

because it could not be performed within one year of its making and that there was not a written

agreement or memorandum sufficient to satisfy the statute. Heritage argues that the statute of

frauds does not apply since the agreement could be performed within one year.                                   In the

alternative, Heritage argues that a sufficient written agreement signed by Electric satisfied the

requirements of the statute. Because we find that the alleged agreement was within the statute of

frauds and there was not a writing that satisfied the statute of frauds, we sustain Electric’s point

of error.

         “Whether an agreement falls within the statute of frauds is a question of law.” Sterrett v.

Jacobs, 118 S.W.3d 877, 879 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, pet. denied); Frost Nat’l Bank v.

Burge, 29 S.W.3d 580, 594 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.). “A question of law

is subject to a de novo review.” Dixon v. Amoco Prods. Co., 150 S.W.3d 191, 194 (Tex. App.—


9
 Heritage does not appeal the jury finding Chrietzberg not liable for negligence or the portion of the judgment based
on that finding.
10
  Electric states that the trial court failed to submit its requested jury questions, since fact questions remained as to
the applicability of the statute of frauds. Because we find that the alleged agreement was within the statute of
frauds, we do not address this alternative issue.
                                                           7
Tyler 2004, pet. denied). The statute of frauds applies to “an agreement which is not to be

performed within one year from the date of making the agreement.” TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE

ANN. § 26.01(b)(6) (West 2009); Dobson v. Metro Label Corp., 786 S.W.2d 63, 66 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 1990, no writ). When an agreement is subject to the statute of frauds, it is not enforceable

unless the “agreement, or a memorandum of it is (1) in writing . . . and signed by the party to be

charged . . . or by someone lawfully authorized to sign for him.” TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN.

§ 26.01(a)(1), (2) (West 2009). Further, the “statute requires that . . . there must be a written

memorandum which is complete within itself in every material detail, and which contains all of

the essential elements of the agreement, so that the contract can be ascertained from the writings

without resorting to oral testimony.” Cohen v. McCutchin, 565 S.W.2d 230, 232 (Tex. 1978). If

more than one writing exists, it is not sufficient that they refer to the same transaction, there must

be an express reference to the agreement in the signed writing that incorporates the unsigned

writing. Owen v. Hendricks, 433 S.W.2d 164, 167 (Tex. 1968); Overton v. Bengel, 139 S.W.3d

754, 758 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.) Further, “the reference to the first document

contained in the second document must give sufficient details of the terms of the agreement

embraced in the first document to satisfy the statute of frauds.” Overton, 139 S.W.3d at 758. A

writing that merely alludes to the existence of another writing but does not give sufficient details

to determine the terms of that writing is insufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds. Id. Whether

the writings are sufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds is a question of law. See Bright & Co. v.

Holbein Family Mineral Trust, 995 S.W.2d 742 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, pet. denied).




                                                  8
        (a)       The Agreement Is Subject to the Statute of Frauds

        First, we must determine whether the alleged agreement is subject to the statute. The

general rule is that, if the parties do not fix the time of performance and the agreement itself does

not indicate that it cannot be performed within one year, the agreement is not subject to the

statute. Niday v. Niday, 643 S.W.2d 919, 920 (Tex. 1982). However, where the agreement by its

terms or by the nature of the required acts shows it cannot be completed within one year, it

comes within the statute and must therefore be in writing. Id. (citing Hall v. Hall, 308 S.W.2d 12

(Tex. 1957)); Metromarketing Servs., Inc. v. HTT Headwear, Ltd., 15 S.W.3d 190, 195 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2000, no pet.). If the agreement fixes a definite period longer than a year during

which performance shall continue, it indicates that the parties did not contemplate earlier

performance. Walker v. Tafralian, 107 S.W.3d 665, 669 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet.

denied); Mann v. NCNB Tex. Nat’l Bank, 854 S.W.2d 664, 668 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1992, no

writ). Further, if the agreement explicitly fixes a time for performance greater than one year, the

mere possibility that it may be performed within one year is not enough to satisfy the statute.

Walker, 107 S.W.3d at 669; SBC Operations, Inc. v. Bus. Equation, Inc., 75 S.W.3d 462, 466

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2001, pet. denied); Mann, 854 S.W.2d at 668.

        At trial, Heritage argued that the agreement between Heritage and Electric was made on

the day Electric submitted its written bid to Heritage. This was supported by the testimony of

Carl. Regarding an email sent by Electric in February 2012 in which Electric asked to withdraw,

Carl testified,

               Q      Given your dealings with Mr. Chrietzberg . . . up to that point in
        time, what was he asking Heritage for him to be able to withdraw from?
                                                  9
                 A        The agreement we made on October 20th (2011) when he bid the
        job.

                 Q        And again, what was that agreement?

              A       To do the electrical, instrumentation, and generator for the
        wastewater treatment plant at TexAmericas for $704,857.

Further, Heritage argues in its brief that Electric’s written bid sent to it October 20, 2011,

satisfies the requirements of the statute of frauds. Therefore, we must determine whether the

evidence conclusively shows the parties contemplated that the work was not to be completed

within one year of October 20, 2011.

        Heritage also asserts that Electric’s bid “incorporate[es] the detailed plans and

specifications, including six addenda, of the TexAmericas project, as well as the anticipated time

frame of the project.” 11 (Emphasis added). Heritage offered into evidence its completed bid

proposal. Carl testified that the form on which the proposal was submitted is a part of the

TexAmericas specifications for the Project. Thus, the blank form of this proposal would be part

of the TexAmericas plans and specifications that Heritage contends was incorporated by

Electric’s bid. This proposal shows that the Project had a substantial completion date of May 31,

2013, and a final completion date of July 31, 2013, based on a start date of December 31, 2011.

Thus, the explicit terms of the alleged agreement show that the parties contemplated that the

work would not be completed within one year. 12


11
  Indeed, for the Electric bid to even arguably be a memorandum of the agreement, it would necessarily have to
incorporate the TexAmericas plans and specifications to supply essential terms of the agreement. Since we find that
the agreement does not satisfy the statute of frauds, we need not decide whether the Electric bid did, in fact,
incorporate these plans and specifications.

                                                        10
         In addition, Carl testified as follows regarding the duration of performance under

Heritage’s agreement with Electric:

                Q       Now earlier you talked about and testified to the anticipated length
         of the project being in the project plans and specs. So with that testimony in
         mind, when [Electric] is referencing the plans and specs and the six addenda,
         what is that communicating to you about [its] quote and the scope or time
         duration of the project?

                A       Well, [it’s] bidding on the electrical portion of the same project
         that we’re bidding on, and that is a 19-month long wastewater treatment plant for
         TexAmericas.

                 Q      Well, in your mind, is [it] committing to Heritage in this quote that
         [it] will have personnel and have materials for a 19-month duration on the
         project?

                   A        Absolutely.[13]

                   ....

                 Q       [Mr. Lewis]     When you receive this kind of quote and
         specifications list with a 19-month duration of the project, and the quote lists and
         identifies the project plans and specs, what is that telling you about the
         commitment from the electrical subcontractor on the duration of the project?

                   ....

                 A     Yes, sir. We were bidding on 19-month wastewater treatment
         plant for TexAmericas. This quote is the electrical portion of that 19 month long
         project.

Chrietzberg also testified that it was a nineteen-month project with a completion date of July 31,

2013. He denied ever seeing anything indicating the parties could expect the project to be


12
  Although Heritage argues that the agreement may not have been finalized until as late as January 24, 2012, the
fixed time for performance still exceeds one year.
13
 Although Electric objected to this question after it had been answered and the trial court sustained the objection,
Electric did not request that it be stricken or that the jury be instructed to ignore it, and the trial court did not do so.
                                                            11
completed in less than a year. Further, when Heritage presented its proposed subcontract to

Electric on February 3, 2012, the subcontract contained a completion date of May 31, 2013.

Thus, whether the completion date is May 31, 2013, or July 31, 2013, the undisputed

documentary and testimonial evidence is that, at the time of making the agreement, the parties

contemplated that the duration of performance under the agreement would take more than one

year.

        Heritage asserts that Electric had the burden to conclusively establish that the agreement

could not be performed within one year and points to the testimony of Mike Lilly, president of

Electrique Corporation, as evidence that the electrical work could have been conceivably

performed in less than one year. However, the cases cited by Heritage involved agreements

where the performance was of indefinite duration, without an explicit time of performance. See

Niday, 643 S.W.2d at 920; Miller v. Riata Cadillac Co., 517 S.W.2d 773, 775 (Tex. 1974);

Monasco v. Gilmer Boating & Fishing Club, 339 S.W.3d 828, 839 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011,

no pet.). The requirement of conclusively showing that the agreement could not be performed

within one year applies in those cases where the time for performance is indefinite. Niday, 643

S.W.2d at 920. However, a different rule applies in those cases, as here, where the agreement

explicitly states a time for performance greater than one year.        In those cases, the mere

possibility that the agreement could be performed within one year is not enough to satisfy the




                                                12
statute. 14 Walker, 107 S.W.3d at 669; SBC Operations, Inc., 75 S.W.3d at 466; Mann, 854

S.W.2d at 668.

        (b)      The Agreement Is Unenforceable under the Statute of Frauds

        Since the agreement is subject to the statute of frauds, we must now determine whether

the written agreement or memorandum is sufficient to satisfy the statute. To satisfy the statute,

the writings must be complete in every material detail and contain all of the essential elements of

the agreement so that the contract can be ascertained from the writings without resorting to oral

testimony. Cohen, 565 S.W.2d at 232. One of the essential elements of the agreement is that it

identify the parties to the agreement. Id. at 232; Dobson, 786 S.W.2d at 65. In Cohen, the

administrator of the estate of Byron M. McKnight (Cohen) sued Jerry, Gene and Alma

McCutchins in a third-party action to recover certain drilling costs due pursuant to two written

agreements allegedly entered into by the McCutchinses with McKnight. Before his death,

McKnight had entered into an agreement with American Quasar Petroleum Co. to participate in

the drilling and completion of an exploratory well in Ward County, Texas. Although drilled and

completed, production of the well was not sufficient to pay the costs. After McKnight’s death,

American Quasar sued Cohen, as administrator of McKnight’s estate, to recover McKnight’s

share of the drilling costs. Cohen, in turn, filed a third-party action against the McCutchinses

seeking to recover their pro rata shares of the costs owed by them pursuant to two written

agreements they had allegedly entered into with McKnight. Under these agreements, McKnight

allegedly assigned portions of his working interest to each of the McCutchinses. Although the

14
 Although not relevant to our inquiry, we note that Lilly also testified that Electrique Corporation was still
performing electrical work on the Project at the time of trial and anticipated being on the job through July 2013.
                                                       13
letter agreements were signed by each McCutchins, they were not signed by McKnight and did

not identify him in any way. 15 Cohen, 565 S.W.2d at 231. Under these facts, the Supreme Court

held that, since there was no writing that identified McKnight as a party to the letter agreements,

the memoranda were insufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds. Id. at 232; see also Dobson, 786

S.W.2d at 66 (memorandum that requires oral testimony to supply identity of parties insufficient

to satisfy statute of frauds).

        This case presents a similar scenario. Heritage points to two writings as supplying the

essential terms of the agreement. First, it points to Electric’s written bid. Electric’s bid is

written on the letterhead of Chrietzberg Electric, Inc., and, after reciting that it is regulated by the

Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation and giving that department’s contact

information, reads as follows:

        10/20/2011

        East WWTP TexAmerica

        Gentlemen,

                 Here is our quote for the above project. It includes, but is not limited to,
                 the following:

                 1.      All electrical as specified on the plans and specs with the following
                 clarifications:
                 2.      All SCADA work as specified by the plans and specs.
                 3.      The generator, ATS, fuel, and related appurtenances.
                 4.      Reznor Unit heater.
                 5.      I am in receipt of 6 addenda.
                 6.      All labor, materials, no tax, and all else to complete the job.


15
 The full texts of the letters are set out in the Waco court of appeals opinion. Cohen v. McCutchin, 554 S.W.2d
844, 846–47 (Tex. Civ. App.—Waco 1977), aff’d, 565 S.W.2d 230 (Tex. 1978).
                                                        14
                     EXCLUSIONS:

                     1.       Robo-control actuators.
                     2.       Motorized dampers.
                     3.       Wall exhaust fans.
                     4.       Any and all concrete or cutting and patching of the same.
                     5.       Pump control panels.
                     6.       Utility company charges.
                     7.       Money to bond the job.
                     8.       Sales tax.

                     Base bid is $707,857

                     Deletion for Bid Item #9 is $3,000 to be deducted from the base bid.

                     Please call Gerald Reed with bid related questions at 903-567-4566 or
                     903-386-6164.

                     Thank you,

                     Marc Chrietzberg

                     /s/ Marc Chrietzberg[16]

Nowhere in the written bid is Heritage mentioned or identified as the recipient of the bid. Oral

testimony was necessary to identify Heritage as the recipient of the bid. Heritage also asserts

that the TexAmericas plans and specifications should be considered part of the agreement.

Heritage introduced the Notice to Bidders, the Table of Contents, Division 16 (electrical specs),

Section 13400, and Section 13420 of these plans. Again, in none of these documents is Heritage

mentioned or identified. Since none of the writings mention Heritage or identify Heritage as a

party to the agreement, and oral testimony was necessary to supply an essential term of the




16
     Although there were handwritten notes on the bid, it is undisputed that those were not added by Electric.
                                                            15
agreement, they are insufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds. See Cohen, 565 S.W.2d at 232;

Dobson, 786 S.W.2d at 66.

       Heritage argues that, even if there is not a sufficient writing to satisfy the statute, it

should be enforced under the partial performance exception to the statute. Although partial

performance may be an exception to the statute of frauds in some cases, Heritage has the burden

to establish the requisite performance. See Wiley v. Bertelsen, 770 S.W.2d 878, 882 (Tex.

App.—Texarkana 1989, no writ); see also Dynegy, Inc. v. Yates, 422 S.W.3d 638, 641 (Tex.

2013) (“Once [the party pleading the statute] meets its initial burden, the burden shifts to the

opposing party to establish an exception that would take the verbal contract out of the statute of

frauds.”). To overcome the operation of the statute, the performance “must be unequivocally

referable to the agreement and corroborative of the fact that a contract actually was made.”

Wiley, 770 S.W.2d at 882 (citing Chevalier v. Lane’s, Inc., 213 S.W.2d 530 (Tex. 1948)). In

addition, this exception is enforced only when “denial of enforcement would amount to a virtual

fraud in the sense that the party acting in reliance on the contract has suffered a substantial

detriment, for which he has no adequate remedy, and the other party, if permitted to plead the

statute, would reap an unearned benefit.” Carmack v. Beltway Dev. Co., 701 S.W.2d 37, 40

(Tex. App.—Dallas 1985, no writ) (citing Tex. Co. v. Burkett, 296 S.W. 273, 279 (Tex. 1927)).

Thus, Heritage must show that (1) it has performed acts unequivocally referable to the agreement

(2) in reliance on the agreement (3) to its substantial detriment (4) for which it has no adequate

remedy and (5) that Electric will reap an unearned benefit such that not enforcing the agreement

would amount to a virtual fraud.    For example, in Carmack, the parties entered into a written

                                               16
listing agreement whereby Beltway would secure a tenant to lease property owned by Carmack

in exchange for a six percent commission, one-half to be paid at execution of the lease and one-

half one year thereafter.    However, although reciting the address of the property, a legal

description was not attached to the listing agreement. After Beltway secured a tenant, the

agreement was modified to include additional property leased by the tenant, and Carmack paid

Beltway one-half of the commission. The tenant occupied the property for almost one year when

the property was destroyed by fire, after which Carmack terminated the lease and refused to pay

the other one-half of the commission to Beltway. Carmack, 701 S.W.2d at 38–39.            Beltway

sued for its commission, and Carmack asserted a statute of frauds defense based on the lack of a

legal description. Id. at 38. The court of appeals held that Beltway showed that it was entitled to

assert the partial performance exception to the statute of frauds since it had fully performed

under the agreement by securing the tenant, that it had suffered a substantial detriment by not

being fully compensated for its services, that it had no adequate remedy at law, and that Carmack

received the unearned benefit of receiving substantial rental income as a result of Beltway’s

services. Id. at 40–41. The court reasoned that Carmack’s “[r]etention of the benefits of the

commission agreement without payment of the agreed consideration amounts to a virtual fraud,

which justifies enforcement of the commission agreement under the doctrine of part-

performance.” Id. at 41.

       By contrast, Heritage points us only to actions Electric took and fails to point to any

actions it took that are unequivocally referable to its agreement with Electric or that could be

considered a partial performance by it of the agreement. In addition, Heritage fails to point out

                                                17
any unearned benefit that Electric will reap such that not enforcing the agreement would amount

to a virtual fraud. Therefore, Heritage has failed to establish that it is entitled to avoid the

operation of the statute under the partial performance exception.

         Therefore, there can be no recovery by Heritage based on a breach of contract.

(2)      There Is No Evidence of Damages Recoverable Based on Promissory Estoppel

         Electric also asserts that the trial court erred in rendering judgment against it under a

theory of promissory estoppel because (a) since the agreement is unenforceable under the statute

of frauds, a claim for promissory estoppel is also barred as a matter of law; (b) promissory

estoppel is not an affirmative cause of action; (c) there is no evidence that Heritage relied on

Electric’s bid; 17 and (d) there was no evidence of damages recoverable under promissory

estoppel. Since Heritage has failed to show any damages other than those it would recover under

the unenforceable contract, we find that there is no evidence of damages recoverable based on

promissory estoppel.

         Damages for the benefit of the bargain are not available for a claim of promissory

estoppel. Bechtel Corp. v. CITGO Prods. Pipeline Co., 271 S.W.3d 898, 927 (Tex. App.—

Austin 2008, no pet.). Damages for the benefit of the bargain, recoverable under breach of

contract, protect the non-breaching party’s expectation interest by placing him in the same

position he would have been in had the contract been performed. Id. Therefore, expectancy

damages such as lost profits are not recoverable under promissory estoppel, rather “only the
17
  Electric also asserts that there was factually insufficient evidence of reliance. However, to preserve a factual
insufficiency complaint on appeal, a party must have asserted the same in a motion for new trial. TEX. R. CIV. P.
324(b)(1); TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(B). Electric did not file a motion for new trial and failed to preserve this point
of error. Cecil v. Smith, 804 S.W.2d 509, 512 (Tex. 1991); In re O.M.H., No. 06-12-00013-CV, 2012 WL 2783502
(Tex. App.—Texarkana July 10, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.).
                                                          18
amount necessary to restore him to the position he would have been in had he not acted in

reliance on the promise” is recoverable for promissory estoppel. Fretz Const. Co. v. S. Nat’l

Bank of Houston, 626 S.W.2d 478, 483 (Tex. 1981) (citing Wheeler v. White, 398 S.W.2d 93

(Tex. 1965)). Reliance damages, recoverable under promissory estoppel, are “measured by the

detriment sustained.” Wheeler v. White, 398 S.W.2d 93, 97 (Tex. 1965). These damages

“‘includ[e] expenditures made in preparation for performance or in performance, less any loss

that the party in breach can prove with reasonable certainty the injured party would have suffered

had the contract been performed.’” Bechtel Corp., 271 S.W.3d at 926 (quoting RESTATEMENT

(SECOND) OF CONTRACTS § 349 (1981)). In Wheeler, the Supreme Court explained the reasoning

for limiting the available damages:

       Since the promisee in such cases is partially responsible for his failure to bind the
       promisor to a legally sufficient contract, it is reasonable to conclude that all that is
       required to achieve justice is to put the promisee in the position he would have
       been in had he not acted in reliance on the promise.

Wheeler, 398 S.W.2d at 97.

       In Nagle v. Nagle, the Supreme Court considered the effect of the statute of frauds on

claims of promissory estoppel and fraud. Nagle v. Nagle, 633 S.W.2d 796 (Tex. 1982). In that

case, Margie Nagle sought either specific performance or damages against her ex-husband,

Frank, when he defaulted on an oral promise to convey to her his one-half interest in her

residence. Id. at 797–98. In regard to promissory estoppel, the court held that she could not

recover because she did not show any injury other than the loss of the bargain injuries she

suffered from Frank’s failure to convey the property. Id. at 800. Regarding the fraud claim, the

Supreme Court held that the court of appeals erred in affirming the judgment in favor of Margie
                                                 19
by using the loss of bargain measure of damages, i.e., the value of Frank’s interest in the house.

“By affirming Margie’s award for such damages, the Court of Civil Appeals has enforced an oral

promise to convey land, despite the Statute of Frauds, merely because Frank did not perform that

promise. If we allowed that holding to stand, the Statute of Frauds would become meaningless.”

Id. at 801.

        In a subsequent opinion, the Supreme Court considered the effect of the statute of frauds

on a fraud claim based on an unenforceable agreement. Haase v. Glazner, 62 S.W.3d 795 (Tex.

2001). The court held that the statute of frauds would not bar a fraud claim to the extent a

plaintiff seeks reliance damages, i.e., the out-of-pocket expenditures made in reliance on the

misrepresentations. Id. at 799–800. The court reasoned that “[t]hese kinds of damages are not

part of the benefit of any alleged bargain between the parties.” Id. at 800. On the other hand, to

the extent a plaintiff seeks to recover damages for the benefit of a bargain that could not be

enforced because the agreement fails to comply with the statute, the court held that the statute of

frauds bars the fraud claim.

        If in the face of the Statute of Frauds we permit Glazner’s fraud claim to the
        extent he seeks to recover the benefit of the unenforceable bargain, we deprive the
        Statute of any effect. The Statute exists to prevent fraud and perjury in certain
        kinds of transactions by requiring agreements to be set out in a writing signed by
        the parties. But that purpose is frustrated and the Statute easily circumvented if a
        party can use a fraud claim essentially to enforce a contract the Statute makes
        unenforceable.

Id. at 799 (citations omitted); see also Baylor Univ. v. Sonnichsen, 221 S.W.3d 632, 637 (Tex.

2007) (“Thus, if the measure of damages Sonnichsen seeks for fraud are the benefit-of-the-

bargain damages he sought to recover for breach of contract, his fraud claim also fails. The

                                                20
viability of Sonnichsen’s fraud claim depends upon the nature of the damages he seeks to

recover.”). This same reasoning has been applied to bar other tort claims seeking to obtain the

benefit of an unenforceable contract, including claims for promissory estoppel. See Lam v.

Phuong Nguyen, 335 S.W.3d 786, 792 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, pet. denied) (affirming

summary judgment on negligent misrepresentation, fraud, and conspiracy claims since plaintiffs

sought benefit of their unenforceable bargain); Transcon. Realty Investors, Inc. v. John T. Lupton

Trust, 286 S.W.3d 635, 648 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.) (affirming summary judgment on

promissory estoppel claim since plaintiff sought benefit of bargain, not reliance, damages);

Barrand, Inc. v. Whataburger, Inc., 214 S.W.3d 122, 142 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2006, pet.

denied) (promissory estoppel, negligent misrepresentation, and intentional misrepresentation

claims barred when plaintiffs sought to recover the benefits of an unenforceable contract); 1001

McKinney Ltd. v. Credit Suisse First Boston Mortg. Capital, 192 S.W.3d 20, 29–30 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. denied) (affirming summary judgment on statutory fraud,

negligent misrepresentation and conspiracy claims that sought to recover benefit of

unenforceable contract, but reversing summary judgment on fraud claim to extent it sought out-

of-pocket damages). We conclude, under Haase and Sonnichsen, that Heritage may recover

under its promissory estoppel claim only if there is evidence of damages other than those it seeks

to recover as the benefit of its unenforceable contract.

            At trial, Heritage secured affirmative jury findings that Electric was liable for breach of

contract (Questions 1 and 2) 18 and promissory estoppel (Question 3). 19 In a single damage issue,


18
     Question 1 asked,
                                                    21
conditioned on an affirmative answer to either Question 2 or Question 3, the jury charge posed

Question 4:

                   What sum of money, if paid now in cash, would fairly and reasonably
            compensate Heritage Constructors, Inc., for its damages, if any, that resulted from
            the conduct you have found?

                    Consider the following element of damages, if any, and none other:

                   The difference between the amount contracted by Heritage Constructors,
            Inc., with Electrique Corporation for the electrical work on the TexAmericas
            Center’s wastewater improvement project (less the ductbank concrete work) and
            the amount Chrietzberg Electric, Inc., bid or quoted for that work which Heritage
            Constructors, Inc., had agreed to pay. You are instructed that any monetary
            recovery for this element of damage is subject to federal income taxes.

            Answer in dollars and cents for damages, if any.




                      Did Heritage Constructors, Inc., and Chrietzberg Electric, Inc., agree that Chrietzberg
            Electric, Inc., at an agreed-upon price of $704,857.00, would be the electrical subcontractor to
            Heritage and would perform the electrical work on the TexAmericas Center’s wastewater
            improvement project?

                             In deciding whether the parties reached an agreement, you may consider
                 what they said and did in light of the surrounding circumstances, including any earlier
                 course of dealing. You may not consider the parties’ unexpressed thoughts or
                 intentions.

Question 2 asked,

                    Did Chrietzberg Electric, Inc., fail to comply with the agreement you found in answer to
            Question 1?
19
     Question 3 asked,

                      Did Heritage Constructors, Inc., substantially rely to its detriment on Chrietzberg
            Electric, Inc.’s promise, if any, and was this reliance foreseeable by Chrietzberg Electric, Inc.?

                    You are instructed that a subcontractor’s bid is a promise to provide the work
                 described meeting the project specifications at the specified price.

                                                           22
This damage issue limits the jury’s consideration of damages to contractual, benefit of the

bargain damages. Further, the damage evidence offered by Heritage was through the testimony

of Carl, who testified as follows: 20

                  [Counsel for Heritage]

               Q       . . . What are the monetary damages Heritage seeks against the
         Defendants for the conduct that you’ve testified to today and yesterday?

                  [By Smith]

                  A        $177,765.10.

               Q           And explain to the jury why we have this math that gets to that
         number.

                 A       Well, it’s the difference between Electrique’s bid and
         Chrietzberg’s bid minus the duct bank concrete. So if you start off with $886,400
         and you subtract the duct bank concrete in Chrietzberg’s bid, then that’s the
         difference in the amount of money we had to pay.

                  ....

               Q           Is Heritage asking from this jury only an award for that exact
         amount?

                  A        Yes, sir.

                 Q      Is this the exact dollar amount of Heritage’s damages for the
         failure of Mr. Chrietzberg and his company to comply with the agreement, his
         promise, I should say, to do the electrical work on the TexAmericas project for
         $704,857?

                  A        Yes, sir.

               Q       Is this also Heritage’s loss that resulted from Heritage relying on
         Mr. Chrietzberg’s promise to do the electrical work for the $704,857 price?

20
 As already noted, Heritage also offered evidence of Electric’s bid, Electrique Corporation’s bid, and the cost of the
duct bank concrete work, as well as its bid to TexAmericas.
                                                         23
                 A       Yes, sir.

                Q      Is this also an economic loss to Heritage that Heritage suffered in
        reliance on the representations that you testified to that turned out not to be true?

                 A       Yes, sir.

It is apparent from both the testimony at trial and the single damage issue that the damages

Heritage sought under promissory estoppel are identical to the damages it claimed for breach of

contract. There was no evidence that distinguished any of the damages Heritage sought for

promissory estoppel from the damages it sought for breach of contract, i.e., for the benefit of its

unenforceable contract.

        Nevertheless, Heritage contends that, in bid construction cases, the measure of damages

for promissory estoppel is the difference between the cost the contractor must spend to obtain

another subcontractor and the original “subcontractor’s initial contract price,” citing Preload

Technology, Inc. v. A.B. & J. Construction Co., 696 F.2d 1080, 1084 (5th Cir. 1983) 21 and

Traco, Inc., a Three Rivers Aluminum Co. v. Arrow Glass Co., Inc., 814 S.W.2d 186 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 1991, writ denied). While we may consider the Fifth Circuit’s opinion in

Preload, it is not binding on this Court. Justice v. State Farm Lloyds Ins. Co., 246 S.W.3d 762,

768 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.) (Frost, J. concurring) (citing Penrod

Drilling Corp. v. Williams, 868 S.W.2d 294, 296 (Tex. 1993)). Further, in Preload, the Fifth

Circuit did not discuss the proper measure of damages under promissory estoppel since this

21
 Although Heritage claims the Texas Supreme Court has cited Preload with approval, it was cited for an unrelated
point and in no way expressed an approval of the entire opinion. Foreca, S.A. v. GRD Dev. Co., 758 S.W.2d 744,
746 (Tex. 1988).

                                                      24
question was not raised. Rather, A. B. & J. contended only that the scope of the work under its

bid was different than the work performed by the second subcontractor. Preload, 696 F.2d at

1091. Finally, Preload was decided before Haase and Sonnichsen, and its holding regarding the

damages recoverable under a promissory estoppel theory, as well as its comments on the effect

of the contract being unenforceable under the statute of frauds, 22 are questionable, at best. In

Traco, which was also decided before Haase and Sonnichsen, neither the statute of frauds nor the

proper measure of damage was an issue in the case. 23 Traco, 814 S.W.2d 186. 24

        In this case, there was no evidence that distinguished any of the damages Heritage sought

for promissory estoppel from the damages it sought for breach of contract, i.e., for the benefit of

its unenforceable contract.         Therefore, we sustain Electric’s point of error that there is no

evidence of damages recoverable under promissory estoppel.                        Since we have found that

Heritage’s breach of contract claim is barred by the statute of frauds and there is no evidence of

damages recoverable under its promissory estoppel claim, we hold that Heritage is not entitled to

judgment on these claims. Having sustained Electric’s error on these points, we need not address

its other points related to the breach of contract and promissory estoppel claims, or the damages




22
 Preload declined to rule on whether there was a contract and whether an implied promise is subject to the statute
of frauds. Preload , 696 F.2d at 1085 nn. 6 & 13.
23
 The only other Texas court of appeals case we have found recognizing an affirmative cause of action for
promissory estoppel employed a reliance measure of damages. See Frost Crushed Stone Co. v. Odell Geer Constr.
Co., 110 S.W.3d 41, 47 (Tex. App.—Waco 2002, no pet.).
24
 In its brief, Heritage argues, without citation to authority, that reliance damages in bid construction cases are
analogous to the UCC “cover” doctrine, referencing Section 2A.518 of the Texas Business and Commerce Code.
Damages available under Section 2A.518 are, by that section’s terms, contractual damages. See TEX. BUS. & COM.
CODE ANN. § 2A.518 (a) (West 2009) (“After default by a lessor under the lease contract . . . .) (emphasis added).
                                                        25
related to those claims. In addition, we need not address the points of error of Heritage related to

the damages awarded under these theories.

(3)         Denying Heritage’s Claims for Negligent Misrepresentation Was Proper

            On appeal, Heritage asserts that the trial court erred in denying its motion to disregard the

jury’s answer to Question 7 and to modify the judgment against Electric to award damages for

negligent misrepresentation and in rendering a take-nothing judgment in favor of Chrietzberg

based on the jury’s answer to Question 5. Question 5 asked the jury whether Electric or

Chrietzberg made negligent misrepresentations on which Heritage justifiably relied and that

proximately caused damage to Heritage. 25 The jury answered “Yes” as to Electric and “No” as

to Chrietzberg. Question 7 asked the jury the amount of damages caused by this conduct, was




25
     Question 5 asked,

                    Did any of those named below make a negligent misrepresentation on which Heritage
            Constructors, Inc., justifiably relied, which proximately caused damages to Heritage Constructors,
            Inc.?

                    Negligent misrepresentation occurs when --

                    1.      a party makes a representation in the course of his business or in a transaction in
                    which he has a pecuniary interest, and

                    2.       the representation supplies false information for the guidance of others in their
                    business, and

                    3.     the party making the representation did not exercise reasonable care or
                    competence in obtaining or communicating the information.

                    “Proximate cause” means a cause that was a substantial factor in bringing about an event,
                    and without which cause such event would not have occurred. In order to be a proximate
                    cause, the act or omission complained of must be such that a person using ordinary care
                    would have foreseen that the event, or some similar event, might reasonably result
                    therefrom. There may be more than one proximate cause of an event.

                                                           26
conditioned on an affirmative answer to either Question 5 or Question 6, 26 and contained this

instruction:

         Consider the following element of damages, if any, and none other.

                 The economic loss, if any, otherwise suffered in the past by Heritage
         Constructors, Inc., as a consequence of the conduct you have found. You are
         instructed that any monetary recovery for this element of damage is subject to
         federal income taxes.

The jury answered, “$0.00.”

         Heritage challenges the legal sufficiency27 of the evidence supporting the jury’s finding

that Chrietzberg did not make negligent misrepresentations to Heritage that proximately caused it

damage. Heritage’s argument, if we understand it correctly, is that, since Chrietzberg was the

only officer of Electric who made any representations to Heritage and the jury found that Electric

made negligent misrepresentations, the liability of Electric must be based on the

26
 The jury answered “No” to Question 6, which asked if Chrietzberg’s negligence proximately caused the
occurrence of injury in question.
27
  In determining legal sufficiency, the appellate court determines “whether the evidence at trial would enable
reasonable and fair-minded people to reach the verdict under review.” City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802,
827 (Tex. 2005); Williams v. Nationstar Mortg., LLC, 349 S.W.3d 90, 92–93 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, pet.
denied). In looking at the evidence, we credit favorable evidence if a reasonable jury could, and disregard contrary
evidence unless a reasonable jury could not. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d at 827. We consider the evidence in a light most
favorable to the verdict, indulging every reasonable inference that supports it, however we may not disregard
evidence that allows only one inference. Id. at 822. The evidence is legally insufficient if (1) there is a complete
absence of evidence of a vital fact, (2) the rules of law or of evidence bar the court from giving weight to the only
evidence offered to prove a vital fact, (3) there is no more than a mere scintilla of evidence offered to prove a vital
fact, or (4) the opposite of the vital fact is conclusively established by the evidence. Jelinek v. Casas, 328 S.W.3d
526, 532 (Tex. 2010); In re Estate of Boren, 268 S.W.3d 841, 848 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2008, pet. denied).
          The fact-finder, whether a jury or a judge, is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the
weight to give their testimony. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d at 819; Williams, 349 S.W.3d at 93. Further, it may believe one
witness and disbelieve another. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d at 819. When there is conflicting evidence, it is the province of
the fact-finder to resolve those conflicts. Id. at 820. Accordingly, in reviewing all the evidence in a light favorable
to the verdict, we must assume that jurors resolved all conflicts in accordance with that verdict. Id. If the evidence
falls within the zone of reasonable disagreement, we may not substitute our judgment for that of the jury. Id. at 822;
Williams, 349 S.W.3d at 93.

                                                         27
misrepresentations of Chrietzberg. Therefore, since Chrietzberg made misrepresentations and a

corporate officer may be personally liable for its own misrepresentations, then the jury must find

Chrietzberg liable as a matter of law. 28 We disagree that Chrietzberg’s individual liability has

been established as a matter of law.              Heritage is correct that a corporate officer may be

personally liable for his or her own misrepresentations, even when acting in the course and scope

of employment. Gore v. Scotland Golf, Inc., 136 S.W.3d 26, 32 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003,

pet. denied); see also Weitzel v. Barnes, 691 S.W.2d 598, 601 (Tex. 1985) (corporate officers

may be held personally liable under Deceptive Trade Practice Act (DTPA) for their own

misrepresentations). However, in order to hold an officer personally liable, the plaintiff must

still carry its burden of securing a jury finding of individual liability. See Light v. Wilson, 663

S.W.2d 813, 814 (Tex. 1983) (corporate agent exonerated from individual liability in DTPA case

when no finding he individually violated DTPA).                       When a jury fails to find from a

preponderance of the evidence that a fact exists which one party has the burden to prove, this

means in law that the party did not discharge its burden of proof. C. & R. Transp., Inc. v.

Campbell, 406 S.W.2d 191, 194 (Tex. 1966); Hill v. Winn Dixie Tex., Inc., 824 S.W.2d 311, 313

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 1992).




28
  Heritage also asserts, without citing authority, that Chrietzberg “judicially admitted his own responsibility when
proclaiming, ‘I am the corporation.’” However, a party’s testimonial declarations that may be contrary to his
position are generally “quasi-admissions” and are not conclusive on the admitting party. Mendoza v. Fid. & Guar.
Ins. Underwriters, Inc., 606 S.W.2d 692, 694 (Tex. 1980). Before a party’s testimony can be conclusive on him or
her, it must be shown, inter alia, that the statement “is deliberate, clear, and unequivocal, [and t]he hypothesis of
mere mistake or slip of the tongue must be eliminated.” Id.; United States Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Carr, 242 S.W.2d
224, 229 (Tex. Civ. App.—San Antonio 1951, writ refused). We do not believe the testimony cited by Heritage
meets this standard.
                                                         28
       There is sufficient evidence to support the jury’s negative answer regarding Chrietzberg.

Although Heritage argues that in answering “yes” in regard to Electric in Question 5, the jury

credited almost all of Carl’s testimony regarding the various representations allegedly made by

Chrietzberg, this is not necessarily true.    The jury may believe some parts of a witness’

testimony, while discrediting other parts. In answering “yes” in regard to Electric, the jury could

have reasonably concluded that the only negligent misrepresentation that proximately caused

damages to Heritage was the bid submitted by Electric, since Carl testified he relied on that bid

in his final calculations. The evidence in this case shows that Electric contracted with Gerald

Reed to estimate the electrical portion of the Project on its behalf. On October 20, Reed faxed

Electric its estimate, which coincided exactly with the bid Electric gave to Heritage. Reed

testified that there was a discrepancy between the Project plans and its accompanying drawings

in regard to lightning protection. Even though he realized there was a discrepancy before the bid

was submitted, Reed did not inquire of the project engineer regarding this or any other question

he may have had. He did not recall if his estimate included the cost of lightning protection. On

February 8, when Chrietzberg explained to Dennis why he was withdrawing his bid, he said he

felt there were things that his estimator did not pick up, such as lightning protection. At trial,

Chrietzberg testified that Electric’s bid did not include lightning protection because “we missed

it” since it was not in the drawings. Although the estimate Reed provided Electric itemized

several quotes from dealers to supply items required in the Project plans, it did not include any

quote from a dealer to supply the items required for lightning protection. From this evidence, a

reasonable jury could infer that any failure to exercise reasonable care or competence in

                                                29
formulating the bid was on the part of Reed. Since Reed was Electric’s agent, the jury could

reasonably impute his negligence to Electric and find it responsible for negligent

misrepresentation.    At the same time, the jury could reasonably find that Chrietzberg,

individually, exercised reasonable care in obtaining the information from Reed and incorporating

it into Electric’s bid. This is sufficient evidence to support the jury’s finding that Chrietzberg did

not make a negligent misrepresentation to Heritage. Therefore, the trial court did not err in

entering a take-nothing judgment in favor of Chrietzberg. We overrule this point of error.

       Heritage also challenges the legal sufficiency of the jury’s finding of no damages for

Electric’s negligent misrepresentation and alleges error in the trial court’s refusal to modify its

judgment to award damages for negligent misrepresentation. Since Heritage failed to provide

evidence of any injury independent of its alleged contractual damages, we find that its negligent

misrepresentation claim against Electric must fail. See D.S.A., Inc. v. Hillsboro Indep. Sch. Dist.,

973 S.W.2d 662, 663–64 (Tex. 1998) (when damages awarded for negligent misrepresentation

are identical to damages awarded for breach of contract and plaintiff did not offer proof of

economic injury independent of contract damages, negligent misrepresentation claim fails);

Plano Surgery Ctr. v. New You Weight Mgmt. Ctr., 265 S.W.3d 496, 502–03 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2008, no pet.) (“When a party’s claim could validly sound in both tort and contract, there must

be an injury independent of damages for breach of contract [for the party] to recover on its

negligent misrepresentation claim.”); Blue Star Operating Co. v. Tetra Techs., Inc., 119 S.W.3d

916, 922 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, pet. denied) (directed verdict on negligent misrepresentation




                                                 30
claim affirmed when appellant did not cite to evidence regarding any injury it suffered or

damages it sought that was independent from breach of contract claim).

           Heritage argues that its damages for negligent misrepresentation are not barred simply

because its damage is only an economic loss, citing Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio

Engineers & Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 47 (Tex. 1998). While the economic loss rule

does not bar Heritage’s recovery for its purely economic losses, see Sharyland Water Supply

Corp. v. City of Alton, 354 S.W.3d 407, 418 n.14 (Tex. 2011), its claim fails for lack of an

independent injury. D.S.A., Inc., 973 S.W.2d at 663. In D.S.A., the jury awarded identical

damages to HISD on its breach of contract and negligent misrepresentation claims. Id. The

Supreme Court held that “[t]he Formosa opinion’s rejection of the independent injury

requirement in fraudulent inducement claims does not extend to claims for negligent

misrepresentation or negligent inducement.” Id. After reaffirming its prior adoption of Section

552B of the Restatement (Second) of Torts 29 and its independent injury requirement, the court

stated the rationale for the narrower scope of liability in negligent misrepresentation compared to

fraudulent misrepresentation:

           Negligent misrepresentation implicates only the duty of care in supplying
           commercial information; honesty or good faith is no defense, as it is to a claim for
           fraudulent misrepresentation. Repudiating the independent injury requirement for
           negligent misrepresentation claims would potentially convert every contract
           interpretation dispute into a negligent misrepresentation claim.

Id. at 664. Whereas the benefit of the bargain measure of damages is available for breach of

contract, it is not available for negligent misrepresentation. Id. Since the damages for negligent


29
     RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 552B (1977).
                                                    31
misrepresentation were identical to the contractual damages and the plaintiff offered no evidence

of any economic injury independent of its contractual damages, the Supreme Court held that it

was not entitled to recover under a negligent misrepresentation theory. Id.; see also Plano

Surgery Ctr., 265 S.W.3d at 502–03; Blue Star Operating Co., 119 S.W.3d at 922.

       Similarly, in this case, Heritage points to no evidence it offered at trial of any economic

injury independent of its alleged contractual damages. As we have already seen, Carl Smith

testified that Heritage was seeking the same damages for negligent misrepresentation as it was

for breach of contract. Since Heritage has not shown any economic injury independent of its

contractual damages, it is not entitled to any recovery for negligent misrepresentation. We find

the trial court did not err in its judgment denying Heritage damages for negligent

misrepresentation. We overrule this point of error.

(4)    Heritage’s Recovery of Attorney Fees also Fails

       Electric also asserts that the trial court erred in awarding attorney fees since Heritage

should not prevail on its breach of contract claim and since attorney fees are not available for a

promissory estoppel claim. Our holdings herein are dispositive of this issue.

       “Attorney fees are recoverable from an opposing party only as authorized by statute or by

contract between the parties.”      Besteman v. Pitcock, 272 S.W.3d 777, 792 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2008, no pet.) (citing Travelers Indem. Co. of Conn. v. Mayfield, 923 S.W.2d 590,

593 (Tex. 1996)). Since there was no enforceable contract between the parties, Heritage must

show it is entitled to an award of attorney fees pursuant to a statute. Heritage claims it is entitled

to attorney fees under Section 38.001(8) of the Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code. This

                                                 32
section authorizes attorney fees to be awarded to a party “in addition to the amount of a valid

claim and costs, if the claim is for: . . . (8) an oral or written contract.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

CODE ANN. § 38.001(8) (West 2015). The most basic requirement of this section is that “the

party seeking attorney fees must first prevail on a valid contract claim.” Doctors Hosp. 1997,

L.P. v. Sambuca Houston, L.P., 154 S.W.3d 634, 636 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no

pet.) (citing Mustang Pipeline Co. v. Driver Pipeline Co., 134 S.W.3d 195, 201 (Tex. 2004)).

Since Heritage has not prevailed on any valid claim, it is not entitled to an award of attorney

fees. We sustain Electric’s point of error and hold that the trial court erred in awarding attorney

fees to Heritage.    Since we have sustained Electric’s point of error, we need not address

Heritage’s points of error relating to attorney fees.

       We affirm the trial court’s judgment in favor of Chrietzberg, individually, and its

judgment denying recovery to Heritage on its negligent misrepresentation claims. We reverse

the trial court’s judgment in favor of Heritage on its breach of contract and promissory estoppel

claims and for attorney fees, and render judgment that Heritage take nothing.




                                                        Josh R. Morriss, III
                                                        Chief Justice

Date Submitted:        December 9, 2014
Date Decided:          March 4, 2015




                                                  33
