                               COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges Powell and Alston
Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia


JOHNNY EARL ARRINGTON
                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v.     Record No. 0938-09-1                                    JUDGE CLEO E. POWELL
                                                                   MARCH 9, 2010
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


              FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH
                             H. Thomas Padrick, Jr., Judge

                 T. Gregory Evans, Assistant Public Defender (Office of the Public
                 Defender, on brief), for appellant.

                 Eugene Murphy, Senior Assistant Attorney General (William C.
                 Mims, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


       Johnny Earl Arrington (“Arrington”) was convicted of statutory burglary, in violation of

Code § 18.2-91. 1 On appeal, Arrington contends that because the Commonwealth alleged in the

indictment that Ms. Wong’s home was permanently affixed to realty, an element required by

Code § 18.2-91, the Commonwealth was required to prove this element at trial and they

presented no evidence in support of this argument. For the reasons that follow, we disagree and

affirm Arrington’s conviction.

                                        I. BACKGROUND

       At approximately 8:45 a.m. on the morning of June 11, 2008, Wing Wong and her

daughter left their residence on Shore Drive to go walk at a park near her home. On the drive


       *
           Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
       1
        Arrington was also convicted of misdemeanor petit larceny, in violation of Code
§ 18.2-96, but that conviction is not before this Court.
home, Ms. Wong noticed a car that she did not recognize in her driveway. Ms. Wong then saw

Arrington exit her home. She had never met Arrington before and had not given him permission

to be in her home. Ms. Wong approached Arrington and asked him whether she could help him.

He told her that his car had broken down and that he entered her home to use the phone but left

when he found no one there. Ms. Wong then noticed that the door had been broken and that

something had been used to open the storm door. Ms. Wong confronted Arrington with an

accusation of trying to rob her, and he ran to his car. Ms. Wong recorded his license plate

number in a calendar she was holding before calling 911 from a cell phone she had in her car.

She provided the police with the license plate number and a description of Arrington’s car.

Ms. Wong’s MP4 player was missing from her home.

       At trial, Arrington took the stand in his own defense and explained that he had received

the stolen goods from someone else. He admitted on cross-examination that he had previously

been convicted of a felony and of a misdemeanor involving lying, stealing, or cheating. In

convicting Arrington, the trial court found that

               [Arrington’s] testimony is probably the biggest whopper I’ve heard
               in court in a long time . . . . But specifically as far as the exhibits
               are concerned, Commonwealth’s Exhibit 1, it’s clear based on the
               testimony of Ms. Wong, she left to go on a walk with her daughter.
               The house was intact. She returned a short time later and
               discovered [Arrington] in the house. And it’s clear that before she
               got there [Arrington] had gone through the house, and Exhibit
               Number 1, showing where these things had been moved around
               and the other changes that she had indicated. It’s clear that
               [Arrington] broke in and entered with the intent to commit larceny
               and did commit larceny.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

       “On appeal, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth and

grant to it all reasonable inferences therefrom.” Barlow v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 421,

428-29, 494 S.E.2d 901, 904 (1998). “When ruling upon the sufficiency of the evidence, we

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grant the judgment of the trial court sitting without a jury the same weight as a jury verdict and

will not disturb that judgment on appeal unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support

it.” Ellis v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 548, 554-55, 513 S.E.2d 453, 456 (1999) (citing

Myrick v. Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 333, 339, 412 S.E.2d 176, 179 (1991)). Whether

property “is affixed and part of the real estate is a factual question.” Rooney v. Commonwealth,

16 Va. App. 738, 740, 432 S.E.2d 525, 526-27 (1993). “The trial court’s determination of that

issue will not be reversed if it is supported by credible evidence.” Id. at 740, 432 S.E.2d at 527

(citing Crews v. Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 531, 537, 352 S.E.2d 1, 4 (1987)).

               If any person in the nighttime enters without breaking or in the
               daytime breaks and enters or enters and conceals himself in a
               dwelling house or an adjoining, occupied outhouse . . . or at any
               time breaks and enters or enters and conceals himself in any
               building permanently affixed to realty, or any ship, vessel or river
               craft or any railroad car, or any automobile, truck or trailer, if such
               automobile, truck or trailer is used as a dwelling or place of human
               habitation,

“with the intent to commit larceny[,]” he shall be guilty of burglary. Code §§ 18.2-90 and

18.2-91.

       It is well settled that

                “If the unnecessary word or words inserted in the indictment
                describe, limit or qualify the words which it was necessary to
                insert therein, then they are descriptive of the offense charged in
                the indictment and cannot be rejected as surplusage. The offense
                as charged must be proved.”

Commonwealth v. Nuckles, 266 Va. 519, 523, 587 S.E.2d 695, 697 (2003) (quoting Mitchell v.

Commonwealth, 141 Va. 541, 560, 127 S.E. 368, 374 (1925)). Where the Commonwealth elects

to use certain words in an indictment, they are then “bound to sustain the allegation by proof.”

Id. Here, Arrington’s indictment reads “[o]n or about Wednesday, June 11, 2008, did enter in

the nighttime, or did break and enter or enter and conceal himself in a building permanently

affixed to realty belonging to Wing Wong, with the intent to commit larceny, in violation of
                                                -3-
§§ 18.2-91 of the Code of Virginia (1950) as amended.” Because the Commonwealth worded

Arrington’s indictment to include the phrase, “permanently affixed to realty[,]” to sustain a

conviction, they were bound to prove that beyond a reasonable doubt.

       Arrington contends that the Commonwealth may have proven that he broke and entered

Ms. Wong’s residence but failed to prove that this residence was “affixed to realty.” We

disagree. Here, the property that Ms. Wong found Arrington leaving was repeatedly referred to

as her residence, house, and home. The ordinary meaning of the word “house” is a “building that

serves as one’s residence or domicile . . . .” 2 Webster’s Third New International Third

Dictionary 1096 (1981). A building is a

               constructed edifice designed to stand more or less permanently,
               covering a space of land usually covered by a roof and more or less
               completely enclosed by walls, and serving as a dwelling,
               storehouse, factory, shelter for animals, or other useful structure –
               distinguished from structures not designed for occupancy (as
               fences or monuments) and from structures not intended for use in
               one place (as boats or trailers) even though subject to occupancy.

Id. at 292. Moreover, in construing a prior version of this statute and addressing the definition of

a series of structures identified as “houses,” this Court stated “[a]lthough the statutory phrase

‘“other house” must look for its meaning to the specific items which precede it,’ the phrase

contemplates ‘improvements affixed to the ground, that is, they are realty’ . . . .” Griffin v.

Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 409, 411-12, 412 S.E.2d 709, 711 (1991) (quoting Graybeal v.

Commonwealth, 228 Va. 736, 740, 324 S.E.2d 698, 700 (1985)). Therefore, it is clear that the

phrase “house,” by definition, describes a building affixed to realty.

       The testimony at trial unequivocally demonstrated that the structure Arrington broke and

entered was the place in which Ms. Wong and her family dwelled. Photographs in the record


       2
         A “residence” is defined as “a building used as a home.” Webster’s Third New
International Dictionary 1931 (1981). The definition of “home” is “the house and grounds with
their appurtenances habitually occupied by a family.” Id. at 1082.
                                               -4-
support the trial court’s inference that the house that Arrington broke and entered was “affixed to

realty” within the ordinary meaning of the phrase. For example, the house had an address and a

circular driveway. It was clearly equipped with electricity. See Giles v. Commonwealth, 277

Va. 369, 376, 672 S.E.2d 879, 883 (2009) (considering the fact that a building had electricity as a

relevant factor in determining that the property was a “dwelling house”); Johns v.

Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 742, 749, 675 S.E.2d 211, 215 (2009). Thus, it cannot be said that

the trial court’s factual finding in this regard was plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Arrington’s conviction because the evidence, in the

light most favorable to the Commonwealth, proves that the house Arrington broke and entered

was affixed to realty.

                                                                                          Affirmed.




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