NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal
revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter
of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@vermont.gov or by mail at: Vermont Supreme Court, 109
State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may be made
before this opinion goes to press.


                                          2018 VT 71

                                         No. 2017-375

Bank of America, N.A.                                         Supreme Court

   v.                                                         On Appeal from
                                                              Superior Court, Washington Unit,
Seamus P. O’Kelly, Jennifer S. O’Kelly and                    Civil Division
State of Vermont Department of Taxes
                                                              March Term, 2018
  and

Sandra J. Lockerby

Mary Miles Teachout, J.

William R. Dziedzic and Rachel K. Ljunggren of Bendett and McHugh, P.C., Farmington,
 Connecticut, and Connie Flores Jones of Winston & Strawn LLP, Houston, Texas, for
 Plaintiff-Appellant.

John P. Riley of Rice & Riley, PLLC, Montpelier, for Intervenor-Appellee Sandra J. Lockerby.


PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Skoglund, Robinson, Eaton and Carroll, JJ.


        ¶ 1.   CARROLL, J. Bank of America appeals a trial court order confirming the sale

of a foreclosed property in favor of Sandra Lockerby. For the reasons below, we reverse and

remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

        ¶ 2.   The property at issue was foreclosed by judicial order in December 2015. The

foreclosure order included a six-month redemption period, permitting Seamus and Jennifer

O’Kelly and the Vermont Department of Taxes to redeem the property before or during June 2016.1

The foreclosure order further provided that if the property was not redeemed, it would be sold to


        1
           Neither Seamus O’Kelly, Jennifer O’Kelly, nor the Vermont Department of Taxes is a
party in this appeal.
the highest bidder at a public sale. A year later, six months after the redemption period expired,

Bank of America held a foreclosure sale of the property. The Bank retained an auctioneer for the

sale. The Bank’s bid package, which was emailed to the auctioneer on the morning of the sale,

included a blank report of sale and a purchase and sale agreement. The bid package also included

the amount that the Bank planned to bid for the property at the foreclosure sale. In addition to the

auctioneer, the Bank also retained a representative to appear in person at the sale on behalf of the

Bank and enter the Bank’s bid.

       ¶ 3.    The Bank’s representative had difficulty locating the property on the day of the

foreclosure sale and did not arrive at the sale in time to enter the Bank’s bid. The auctioneer

entered the Bank’s bid on behalf of the Bank. Sandra Lockerby, the only bidder who appeared in

person at the foreclosure sale, entered a bid approximately one-third the amount of the Bank’s bid.

       ¶ 4.    The Bank subsequently filed a motion to void the foreclosure sale, noting that the

Bank’s representative was not able to find the property in time for the sale and therefore could not

enter the Bank’s bid.2 The Bank requested that the trial court grant it sixty days in which to hold

a new foreclosure sale. The trial court held a hearing on the Bank’s motion in April 2017. The

court issued an order after the hearing stating that the auctioneer’s bid on behalf of the Bank would

not be confirmed because it was “improper” under Bank of New York Mellon v. Campbell, a

nonprecedential decision issued by the same trial court in 2013. Nos. 229-4-10 Wrcv, 78-2-12

Wrcv, 568-10-11 Wrcv, 319-5-12 Wrcv, 2013 WL 6631044 (Vt. Sup. Ct. Dec. 2, 2013),

https://www.vermontjudiciary.org/sites/default/files/documents/2013-12-5-7.pdf [https://perma.

cc/N3U4-TH8J]. The court further stated that it had learned during the hearing that a bidder was

present at the foreclosure sale and “may be entitled to have his or her bid declared as the successful


       2
           It is not clear from the record whether the auctioneer completed a report of sale after the
auction, though it does not appear that the auctioneer filed any report of sale with the trial court.
The trial court docket entries show that on September 16, 2016, the trial court issued an entry order
permitting the Bank to cancel an auction that had been scheduled for September 19, 2016. The
next docket entry is dated February 3, 2017 and records the Bank’s motion to void the foreclosure
sale held on December 8, 2016, which is at issue in this case.
                                                   2
bid.” The court ordered that a second hearing be held on the Bank’s motion to void the foreclosure

sale and that the Bank serve the bidder with the court’s order and notice of the hearing on the

Bank’s motion. Shortly thereafter, Sandra Lockerby, the bidder described in the trial court’s order,

filed a motion to intervene in the proceedings, which the trial court granted.

        ¶ 5.    The trial court held a second hearing on the Bank’s motion to void the foreclosure

sale in May 2017. The auctioneer, the Bank’s representative, and Sandra Lockerby testified at the

hearing. The Bank argued that the trial court had the discretion to deny confirmation of the

foreclosure sale to Sandra Lockerby, and that it should do so for two reasons—first, because the

Bank representative’s failure to appear at the foreclosure sale was due to excusable neglect, and

second, because Sandra Lockerby’s bid was significantly lower than both the Bank’s bid and the

foreclosure judgment and, therefore, not commercially reasonable. The Bank specifically stated

that it was not arguing that a bank could simply bid through an auctioneer without sending a

representative to be present at the sale and place a bid. Rather, the Bank’s argument focused on

asking the trial court to exercise its discretion to decline confirmation of the foreclosure sale where,

the Bank argued, excusable neglect in the failure to appear and the commercial reasonableness of

bids received supported voiding the foreclosure sale. The court questioned the Bank regarding its

discretion to void a foreclosure sale because the bids received were not commercially reasonable

in the following exchange:

                THE COURT: And where are you saying that I have discretion?
                Just by the fact that it’s an equitable proceeding?

                THE BANK: Right. I mean, if you don’t have discretion, then
                you’d have to, I mean, approve every sale.

                THE COURT: Which we do. We have lots and lots and lots of
                cases where the judgment might have climbed up to 120,000 dollars
                but the property goes for fifteen, thirty, twenty. There are some
                pretty good deals available out there.

                THE BANK: I’ll have to defer to Your Honor.



                                                   3
Ultimately, the trial court confirmed the foreclosure sale in Sandra Lockerby’s favor. The court

issued an order from the bench, concluding as an initial matter that the auction was duly noticed.

In agreement with the earlier order described above, the court also ruled that the auctioneer’s bid

on behalf of the Bank would not be accepted and that the bid of Sandra Lockerby, the only bidder

who appeared in person at the sale, would be confirmed. The court noted that the bidder hired by

the Bank attempted to appear but did not. The court issued a written order in July 2017, confirming

the sale in Sandra Lockerby’s favor. The Bank appealed.

       ¶ 6.    The Bank raises two primary arguments on appeal. As it did in the trial court, the

Bank argues that the trial court had the discretion to decline to confirm the foreclosure sale in this

case because first, the representative’s failure to appear at the sale was due to excusable neglect

and second, the bid received was not commercially reasonable. The Bank also challenges the trial

court’s reliance on Bank of New York Mellon v. Campbell, and that decision’s requirement that a

bidder place their bid in person at a foreclosure sale.

       ¶ 7.    The latter argument was not presented to the trial court, and we will not address it

on appeal. O’Rourke v. Lunde, 2014 VT 88, ¶¶ 17, 21, 197 Vt. 360, 104 A.3d 92 (explaining that

“[g]enerally, issues that are not presented to the trial court cannot be raised on appeal” and

declining to address argument not raised with “specificity and clarity” in trial court (quotation

omitted)). At the court’s second hearing on the Bank’s motion to void the foreclosure sale, the

Bank specifically stated that it was not making any argument concerning the trial court’s in-person

bidding requirement. The Bank stated:

               I just first want to start with what I’m not arguing today, Your
               Honor. I am not arguing that a bank can simply bid through the
               auctioneer, not send anybody and tender a bid and that bid should
               trump an in-person bid from a third party. I’m not arguing that.

The Bank suggests on appeal that its argument to the trial court was that the court should exercise

its discretion and decline to confirm the foreclosure sale in Sandra Lockerby’s favor and,



                                                  4
moreover, that the statement above was directed to the argument that binding Vermont authority—

caselaw and statute—did not require confirmation of an in-person bid as a matter of course.

        ¶ 8.    To the extent that the Bank’s argument addressed the court’s discretion to consider

multiple factors as part of the confirmation equation, we consider the Bank’s argument preserved.

But to the extent that the Bank suggests on appeal that it argued before the trial court that binding

authority did not mandate an in-person bidding requirement, and accordingly that requirement

should not factor into, or control, the trial court’s confirmation decision, we do not consider the

Bank’s argument preserved. Not only did the Bank not challenge the nonprecedential Campbell

decision below, but the argument that is preserved on appeal essentially acknowledges that the

trial court in this case would consider the presence of an in-person bidder as part of the court’s

confirmation decision. The Bank’s argument thus does not challenge the court’s reasoning in

requiring in-person bidding and we will not address it in the absence of an argument on this point

before the trial court.

        ¶ 9.    Moreover, even assuming the Bank’s argument could be considered preserved, it is

not clear that the Bank presented evidence in the trial court that could serve as a factual predicate

to an argument that an in-person bidder should not be required. In its motion to void the

foreclosure sale, the Bank argued that the auctioneer proceeded to hold the auction without the

Bank’s representative and placed a bid on behalf of the Bank. This statement was supported by

an affidavit in which the auctioneer stated that he placed a bid on the Bank’s behalf “without

contacting [the Bank’s] counsel’s office.” The auctioneer testified that he thought he was

authorized to bid on the Bank’s behalf, but also that he had not often worked with the Bank’s

counsel and was unfamiliar with the shorthand notations used on the bid package. The auctioneer

testified further that he was “uncertain” whether a Bank representative would attend the auction,

and that he thought that an in-person bidder was required in the county where the auction took

place. There was no evidence presented tending to show that the Bank specifically authorized the

auctioneer to bid on the Bank’s behalf. Indeed, the auctioneer stated that the Bank had not
                                            5
contacted him directly to authorize him to bid. On appeal, the Bank states that “the auctioneer was

presented with a firm bid by [the Bank],” but the Bank does not provide support for the evidentiary

bridge between the auctioneer’s notice of the Bank’s bid in the bid package and the Bank’s

assertion that the auctioneer was actually authorized to place that bid on the Bank’s behalf.

Without evidence as to this argument, coupled with the absence of clear preservation of the Bank’s

legal argument, we will not address the Bank’s argument relative to the trial court’s application of

Campbell.

       ¶ 10.   We turn now to the Bank’s remaining argument—that the trial court should have

considered the reasons for the Bank representative’s failure to appear at the foreclosure sale and

the commercial reasonableness of the received bids in its confirmation decision. The Bank

specifically argues that the trial court abused its discretion by, in essence, accepting a bid

approximately one-third the value of the Bank’s own bid “on the sole basis that the other lower

bidder was present—even where it was clear that [the Bank] made every effort to have a

representative appear in person.”

       ¶ 11.   We recently explained that “[c]onfirmation of a foreclosure sale is a discretionary

judicial action, the purpose of which is to ensure fairness in the foreclosure process.” HSBC Bank

USA N.A. v. McAllister, 2018 VT 9, ¶ 7, __ Vt. __, 182 A.3d 593. As such, we review a trial

court’s decision to confirm a foreclosure sale for an abuse of discretion. We will find an abuse of

discretion where a court has either “withheld its discretion entirely” or exercised its discretion “for

clearly untenable reasons or to a clearly untenable extent.” Quenneville v. Buttolph, 2003 VT 82,

¶ 11, 175 Vt. 444, 833 A.2d 1263 (quotation omitted). We will “consider the entirety of the

reasoning behind the superior court’s decision to determine if it abused its discretion.” HSBC

Bank USA N.A., 2018 VT 9, ¶ 8. We agree with the Bank that the trial court in this case effectively

withheld its discretion by declining to weigh the equities implicated by the sale to be confirmed

and instead confirming the sale in Sandra Lockerby’s favor based on the court’s own interpretation

of the statutory framework as requiring in-person bidding.
                                                6
       ¶ 12.   Vermont statute provides that a “court may issue an order of confirmation of [a]

sale without hearing, unless the court in its discretion determines that a hearing is necessary.” 12

V.S.A. § 4954(a). In HSBC Bank, we explained:

               Regardless of whether the superior court holds a hearing, if it finds
               that the sale was not conducted according to statutory requirements
               or the foreclosure judgment’s requirements—or if it finds that there
               is another reason to be concerned with the integrity of the sale—it
               has the authority, in its discretion, to refuse to confirm the sale and
               order another one.

2018 VT 9, ¶ 7. There, the bank did not send a representative but placed a bid on the property

through the auctioneer. A bidder, present in person at the foreclosure sale, placed a significantly

lower bid on the property, and the auctioneer issued a report of sale in the bank’s favor at the

auction’s close. The in-person bidder then filed a motion in the trial court seeking confirmation

of the foreclosure sale in his favor, and essentially arguing that, as the sole in-person bidder, his

was the only legitimate bid on the property. The trial court denied the motion for confirmation of

the foreclosure sale, instead ordering a new sale. We explained that the trial court “had concerns

regarding the lack of an in-person bidding requirement in the foreclosure judgment” but also that

the trial court’s order noted that the bank had not waived a deficiency judgment, and the in-person

bidder’s low bid would thus leave the mortgagor of the property with a substantial deficiency

judgment. Id. ¶ 4.

       ¶ 13.   We affirmed, noting that the trial court decision was based generally on the court’s

concerns regarding the integrity of the foreclosure sale. We did not discuss the necessity of any

specific factor in this discretionary decision but did list lack of an in-person bidding requirement

in the foreclosure judgment, uncertainty about the bank’s bid, and the effect that confirmation in

favor of the in-person bidder would potentially have on the mortgagor as the factors considered by

the trial court. Id. ¶ 9. We concluded that “[i]t is within the superior court’s discretion to consider

all factors that it finds relevant and necessary to fulfill the purpose of confirmation orders—



                                                  7
ensuring a court reviews the sale and finds it was conducted with fairness and in accordance with

the legal requirements.” Id. ¶ 10.

       ¶ 14.   HSBC Bank dictates that a trial court fails to exercise its discretion where it does

not consider factors relevant to the statutorily mandated procedural requirements of a foreclosure

sale, any requirements set out in the foreclosure judgment, and other factors implicating the

fairness or integrity of the foreclosure sale. HSBC Bank also stands for the proposition that a trial

court may consider the commercial reasonableness of a bid as part of the court’s consideration of

whether to confirm a foreclosure sale when other evidence calls into question the integrity of the

sale. The trial court’s decision in HSBC Bank rested, in part, on inequity to the mortgagor as a

result of the low bid placed on the foreclosed property, which would, because the bank in that case

had not waived the deficiency judgement, result in a large remaining debt for the mortgagor. The

HSBC Bank trial court, like the trial court in this case, followed the reasoning of Campbell. The

court’s decision, then, was based on the presence of several factors that the court found potentially

inequitable, including the effect of the low bid on the parties.

       ¶ 15.   As explained above, we are not directly confronted with Campbell’s reasoning here,

and thus we do not consider whether the presence of an in-person bidder is among the factors the

trial court should consider in its confirmation decision. But we are directly confronted with

whether the commercial reasonableness of a bid is among those factors, and we now make explicit

what was implicit in HSBC Bank—commercial reasonableness may be a factor where there is

other evidence that suggests that a sale “was [not] conducted with fairness and in accordance with

the legal requirements.” Id. ¶ 10. “A foreclosure action, even when by sale, remains an equity

action, and the court has the power to refuse to confirm a sale where the result would be

inequitable.” Reporter’s Notes—1982 Amendment, V.R.C.P. 80.1. Accordingly, where evidence

suggest that the integrity of a sale may be undermined, commercial reasonableness may be an

appropriate factor for the trial court’s consideration.


                                                  8
       ¶ 16.   HSBC Bank controls the outcome in this case. Here, it appears that the trial court

declined to exercise its discretion—instead confirming the foreclosure sale in favor of the in-

person bidder without considering whether circumstances of the auction compromised its fairness.

It is not clear from the record that the trial court believed it had discretion with respect to the

confirmation of the sale. We accordingly remand for the trial court to exercise its discretion in

confirming, or not confirming, the sale, including consideration of whether the foreclosure sale

satisfied statutory requirements and other factors relevant to the integrity and fairness of the sale.

       Reversed and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.


                                                 FOR THE COURT:



                                                 Associate Justice




                                                  9
