                 NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            File Name: 09a0683n.06

                                           No. 09-1033

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                       FILED
COMPASS GROUP USA, INC., d.b.a.                  )                                  Oct 14, 2009
Chartwells,                                      )                            LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                                                 )
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                      )
                                                 )
v.                                               )   ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                 )   STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
EATON RAPIDS PUBLIC SCHOOLS,                     )   WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                                 )
        Defendant-Appellant,                     )
                                                 )
WAVERLY COMMUNITY SCHOOLS,                       )
                                                 )
        Defendant.                               )


        Before: SUTTON, KETHLEDGE and WHITE, Circuit Judges.


        SUTTON, Circuit Judge. Eaton Rapids Public Schools appeals the district court’s grant of

summary judgment to Chartwells in this contract dispute. Because the record supports a single

conclusion—that Eaton Rapids breached a binding non-compete clause—we affirm the judgment

of the district court.


                                                I.


        In early 2002, Eaton Rapids published a Request For Proposal (RFP), soliciting bids for the

operation of its food services. Chartwells won the bidding process, and on June 26, 2002, the Eaton

Rapids school board authorized the superintendent to contract with Chartwells. The superintendent
No. 09-1033
Compass Group USA, Inc. v. Eaton Rapids Public Schools

and Chartwells executed an agreement that expressly “incorporated” all of the “terms and conditions

within the [RFP].” R.85 Ex. 2 at 19. Three months later, on September 30, 2002, the superintendent

signed a final agreement with Chartwells, that purported to be “the agreement” of the parties and to

“supersede[]” any other arrangement. R.30 Ex. A at 13. The final agreement included a non-

compete clause that provides: “Neither party shall during the term of this Agreement or for one year

thereafter solicit to hire, hire or contract with either party’s employees . . . .” Id. at 3. Should either

party violate this clause, it adds, the breaching party would owe liquidated damages to the injured

party “equal to the annual salary of the relevant employee.” Id.


        Eaton Rapids’ superintendent renewed the one-year agreement with Chartwells four times,

until Eaton Rapids decided to manage its food services operation in-house for the 2007–08 school

year. In the spring of 2007, as Eaton Rapids was considering this change, it received several

unsolicited resumes from food services professionals, including Linda Vainner, then Chartwells’

director of dining services for the nearby Waverly and Williamston school districts. After several

rounds of interviews, Eaton Rapids offered to hire Vainner as food services director, starting July

1, 2007. The school board authorized the hire on May 9, 2007, and Vainner notified Chartwells of

her decision to accept Eaton Rapids’ offer that day. She continued to work for Chartwells until June

28, 2007.


        Chartwells sued Eaton Rapids, claiming that the school district breached the non-compete

clause when it hired Vainner and committed several related torts. The district court granted

summary judgment in favor of Eaton Rapids on the tort claims and in favor of Chartwells on the

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Compass Group USA, Inc. v. Eaton Rapids Public Schools

contract claim. The court ordered Eaton Rapids to pay $61,243.53 in liquidated damages plus pre-

judgment interest. Eaton Rapids, but not Chartwells, appealed.


                                                 II.


       Eaton Rapids first contends that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over this

dispute. Chartwells, it says, did not satisfy the amount-in-controversy requirement, see 28 U.S.C.

§ 1332(a), because it “appear[s] to a legal certainty,” St. Paul Mercury Indem. Co. v. Red Cab Co.,

303 U.S. 283, 289 (1938), that Chartwells could not recover any more than $61,243.53—the

liquidated damages authorized for breaching the non-compete clause. In determining whether

Chartwells reached the $75,000 jurisdictional threshold, the school district acknowledges, we may

aggregate its tort and contract claims. See Klepper v. First Am. Bank, 916 F.2d 337, 341 (6th Cir.

1990). But it maintains that this principle does not help Chartwells because Mich. Comp. Laws §

691.1407, which gives Michigan governmental entities immunity from tort liability, barred

Chartwells’ tort claims.


       Courts assess the amount in controversy based on the face of the complaint, not the

subsequent application of affirmative defenses, such as statutory governmental immunity. See St.

Paul, 303 U.S. at 288–89; Worthams v. Atlanta Life Ins. Co., 533 F.2d 994, 998 (6th Cir. 1976).

Eaton Rapids may be right that the district court correctly rejected Chartwells’ tort claims based on

the Michigan immunity statute. But the ultimate success of that affirmative defense is just

that—success on an affirmative defense—not a theory by which the value of the tort claims must be


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Compass Group USA, Inc. v. Eaton Rapids Public Schools

ignored in determining the amount in controversy. The district court had subject matter jurisdiction

over this diversity case.


                                                III.


       Eaton Rapids attacks the merits of the district court’s contract ruling on two fronts: (1)

Eaton Rapids did not breach the non-compete clause, and (2) the final agreement did not bind the

school district. We give fresh review to the district court’s summary judgment decision, drawing

all reasonable factual inferences in Eaton Rapids’ favor. See Med. Mut. of Ohio v. k. Amalia Enters.,

Inc., 548 F.3d 383, 389 (6th Cir. 2008). And we will affirm the judgment if the record reveals “no

genuine issue as to any material fact” and Chartwells “is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).


                                                 A.


       The court correctly determined that Eaton Rapids breached the non-compete clause as a

matter of law. By any reasonable construction of the contract, Eaton Rapids “solicit[ed] to hire,

hire[d] or contract[ed] with” a Chartwells employee “during the term of [the] Agreement or for one

year thereafter.” R.30 Ex. A at 3. Neither party disputes the following: on May 9, 2007, while

Chartwells remained Eaton Rapids’ food services provider, the school district offered to hire

Vainner; Chartwells employed Vainner until June 28, 2007; and Vainner began working for Eaton

Rapids on July 1, 2007. These facts alone demonstrate that Eaton Rapids breached the clause in at

least three ways. First, Eaton Rapids “solicit[ed] to hire” Vainner by interviewing her and offering

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her a job, all while she was still in Chartwells’ employ. Second, Eaton Rapids “hire[d]” Vainner on

May 9 when the school board approved Vainner’s employment contract, Vainner accepted the

position and she submitted her resignation to Chartwells. Third, Vainner’s employment contract

with Eaton Rapids was effective July 1, less than “one year” after the termination of the final

agreement.


       That Vainner was no longer a Chartwells employee when she started working for Eaton

Rapids is beside the point. Eaton Rapids had already breached the clause months earlier when it

“solicit[ed] to hire” a current Chartwells employee. Even if we accept that Eaton Rapids did not

solicit Vainner’s resume, it assuredly solicited her—“request[ed]” to hire her, see Black’s Law

Dictionary 1427 (8th ed. 2004)—when it offered her a job on May 9. And once Vainner accepted

the offer, Eaton Rapids had “hire[d]” her. The ordinary use of “hire” refers to the offer and

acceptance of employment, not the first day of work. Chartwells’ alternative construction of the non-

compete clause—which would exclude “former employees” like Vainner—would destroy the force

of the clause unless the employee somehow worked simultaneously for both parties, an improbably

narrow construction of a non-compete clause.


       Because the RFP already obligated Chartwells to provide food services to the school district,

Eaton Rapids adds, the final agreement amounted to an impermissible “modification of an existing

contractual relationship,” which lacked consideration because it was supported only by a “promise

to perform that which [Chartwells] was already required to do.” Eaton Rapids’ Br. at 19 (quotation

marks omitted). Yet the exchange of mutual promises constitutes consideration, see Garlock v. Motz

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Tire & Rubber Co., 159 N.W. 344, 346 (Mich. 1916), and the non-compete clause amounts to a

mutual promise: Each party promised not to hire the other’s employees. Chartwells, then, provided

the requisite consideration—in the form of a promise not to hire Eaton Rapids personnel—to support

the final agreement.


                                                  B.


       Eaton Rapids separately makes an ultra vires argument—that the superintendent had no

authority to sign the final agreement and thus he could not bind the school district. The school

district’s legal premise is correct: An agent cannot bind its principal when it exceeds the limits of

its authority. See Mich. Comp. Laws § 380.1201(1); Mich. Paytel Joint Venture v. City of Detroit,

287 F.3d 527, 539–40 (6th Cir. 2002). But its conclusion is not: On June 26, 2002, the board

authorized “the superintendent . . . to enter into a contract with Chartwells Corporation to provide

management services for the district’s food service department . . . with an option to renew for up

to four additional years, in strict accordance with their submitted proposal . . . .” R.85 Ex. 19 at 88.

That is just what the superintendent did, all within his actual authority.


       Not so, Eaton Rapids responds. The authorization extended only to the RFP, not to the final

agreement. But the language of the authorization and Eaton Rapids’ bylaws contradict the point.

The board authorized the superintendent to sign “a contract,” not “the RFP,” not “the attached

contract” and not any other similarly limited grant of authority. The board’s qualification that the

contract be “in strict accordance with [Chartwells’] submitted proposal,” R.85 Ex.19 at 88, set a


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baseline for the contract, but it did not prohibit filling in the details of the final agreement, as the

steps from an RFP to a final contract necessarily require.


       Eaton Rapids’ bylaws confirm this conclusion. The superintendent, they say, is designated

“the chief executive officer of the School District,” Eaton Rapids’ Appx. at 20, and has “the latitude

to determine the best method of implementing the policies of the Board,” id. at 21. The board

approves the “broad purpose and function,” id. at 20, of the district’s programs, but the

superintendent “administer[s]” the details, id. at 21. Eaton Rapids’ June 26 contract authorization

followed this approach: The board approved the parameters of the food service agreement and left

it to the superintendent to sign “a contract” in accordance with them. That is just what the

superintendent did, and the inclusion of a non-compete clause along with other standard contract

provisions fell within these parameters. The superintendent did not exceed the scope of his

authority.


       The same is true of the four one-year extensions of the contract. Even if the school board did

not independently authorize each extension, the superintendent did, and he had the discretion to do

so. The board “authorized [the superintendent] to enter into a contract with Chartwells . . . with an

option to renew for up to four additional years.” R.85 Ex. 19 at 88. And, leaving no doubt about

the point, the school board ratified the extensions by permitting Chartwells to continue to perform

in reliance on the agreement. See McLaughlin v. Bd. of Educ., 239 N.W. 374, 376 (Mich. 1939).




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Compass Group USA, Inc. v. Eaton Rapids Public Schools

                                                 IV.


       Eaton Rapids also challenges the damages award. Although it does not dispute the

computation of the liquidated damages, it maintains that we should reduce or strike the award

because (1) Chartwells failed to mitigate its damages, and (2) the award amounted to a “double

recovery,” Eaton Rapids’ Br. at 52.


       As Eaton Rapids sees it, Chartwells knew the school district intended to breach the non-

compete clause and, instead of warning the superintendent, “[lay] in the weeds” and waited for the

breach and the anticipated liquidated damages. Id. at 46. The common law of contracts, to be sure,

imposes on injured parties a duty to mitigate the damages caused by a breach of contract. See

Harrington-Wiard Co. v. Blomstrom Mfg. Co., 131 N.W. 559, 564 (Mich. 1911). But this duty

attaches only “when there has been a breach of contract,” not before, and thus requires the injured

party only “to diminish the damages,” not affirmatively to prevent the breach itself. Id. Chartwells

had no duty to do what Eaton Rapids should have done: prevent the contract from being breached.

That Chartwells may have known of the breach in advance does nothing to reduce the damages

owed. Section 2.3 of the final agreement gives no comfort for the school district either, as it

concerns the termination of the contract upon breach, not the duty to prevent breach or the measure

of damages upon breach.


       The double-recovery argument fares no better. Waverly School District, which was a party

to a similar contract, hired Vainner as its food services director soon after Eaton Rapids did, on the


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Compass Group USA, Inc. v. Eaton Rapids Public Schools

understanding that Vainner would split her time between the districts. According to Eaton Rapids,

Waverly has already settled its contract dispute with Chartwells out of court, to the tune of $30,000.

Because Chartwells has already received this settlement, the school district argues, any recovery

from this case greater than $31,243.53 would result in compensation greater than the liquidated

damages benchmark.


       To prevail on this point, however, Eaton Rapids must demonstrate that the two breaches

caused a “single injury,” Great N. Packaging, Inc. v. Gen. Tire & Rubber Co., 399 N.W.2d 408, 410

(Mich. Ct. App. 1986), namely the loss of Vainner as an employee. Yet that possibility overlooks

a key point: The clause protects Chartwells from more than just the loss of an employee. A vendor

such as Chartwells has an interest in preventing trained employees from helping school districts

operate their food service operations in-house, which results in the loss of both an employee and an

account—and which is precisely what happened to Chartwells’ Eaton Rapids and Waverly accounts.

Here, although the underlying conduct was similar, Eaton Rapids and Waverly each breached a

different contract and each triggered a distinct liquidated damages liability. The district court’s

judgment did not amount to an impermissible double recovery.


                                                 V.


       For these reasons, we affirm.




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