              Case: 15-15785     Date Filed: 11/02/2016    Page: 1 of 13


                                                               [DO NOT PUBLISH]



                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                         FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                           ________________________

                                 No. 15-15785
                             Non-Argument Calendar
                           ________________________

                   D.C. Docket No. 1:13-cr-00292-RWS-CMS-4

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                   Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                        versus

WILLIAM ANGELO MARSH,

                                                                Defendant-Appellant.

                           ________________________

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Northern District of Georgia
                          ________________________

                                 (November 2, 2016)

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, JILL PRYOR and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      After a jury trial, William Marsh was convicted of one count of conspiracy

to possess with intent to distribute at least 500 grams of cocaine, in violation of 21
              Case: 15-15785     Date Filed: 11/02/2016   Page: 2 of 13


U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(B)(ii), and 846. He was sentenced to 86 months’

imprisonment. Marsh appeals his conviction and sentence, challenging the district

court’s denial of his motion to suppress a large quantity of cash found in his car, as

well as the court’s application of a two level sentencing enhancement for his

supervisory role in the offense. After careful review, we conclude that law

enforcement had probable cause to search the car and that the district court did not

err in finding that Marsh exercised influence or control over others involved in the

criminal activity. Thus, we affirm.

                                          I.

      As part of an ongoing drug trafficking investigation, Drug Enforcement

Agency (“DEA”) agents received authorization to intercept telephone calls of

Malachi Mutakabbir, known as Malley, and Wayne Jones, who had been

purchasing cocaine from Malley. While monitoring Malley’s calls, agents

intercepted a series of conversations between Malley and an individual later

identified as the defendant, William Marsh.

      The calls between Marsh and Malley concerned a drug transaction. On the

first recorded call, Marsh said to Malley, “I got a couple of things over that way we

could probably set up that you could smash out,” and “I got, uh . . . uh, some




                                          2
                Case: 15-15785       Date Filed: 11/02/2016       Page: 3 of 13


greenery coming your way.” Call Transcripts, Gov. Appx. Vol. 4 at 8-10.1

According to DEA Agent Terrance Woodard, in the context of the call, “greenery”

referred to marijuana and “smash out” referred to cocaine.

       Law enforcement learned from the intercepted phone calls that Marsh was

attempting to set up a drug deal with Malley in Atlanta. Based on the intercepted

calls, the DEA agents surmised that Marsh was planning to sell Malley kilograms

of cocaine for $33,000 each, which Malley planned to re-sell for $34,000 each.

The telephone conversations indicated that Marsh’s initial plan was to have Malley

pick up the drugs from one of Marsh’s associates at a hotel. Malley indicated that

he would prefer to pick up the package the next day.

       On a call the next day, Marsh told Malley, “all you got to do is go over to

my man, he at that hotel. . . . [S]natch that up.” Call Transcripts, Gov. Appx. Vol.

4 at 20-27. However, Malley balked at going to the hotel, explaining that he did

not want to drive a long distance and did not want to deal with people he had never

met before. Marsh pleaded with Malley, explaining: “I sent him on purpose . . .

specifically for you. That’s it. That’s the only reason why he’s there. . . . I said I

sent him specifically for you.” Call Transcripts, Gov. Appx. Vol. 4 at 20-27. In a




       1
        For convenience, we cite to transcripts of the intercepted phone calls. We have
compared the transcripts to the audio recordings of the phone calls entered into evidence at
Marsh’s trial and are satisfied the transcripts accurately reflect the audio recordings.
                                                3
              Case: 15-15785      Date Filed: 11/02/2016   Page: 4 of 13


further attempt to assuage Malley’s concerns, Marsh indicated that he could send

someone Malley previously had met:

      MARSH: Look, look. OK, listen to me, though, because he’s . . . he’s
      one of my runners, dude. You know what I’m saying? And I
      understand what you’re saying. The only other thing that I can
      suggest is I can send somebody to you that you know.

      MALLEY: Who?

      MARSH: Redge. Remember my man that was going to bring that
      green to you the last time?

Call Transcripts, Gov. Appx. Vol. 4 at 29-33. Malley, however, did not remember

Redge, and he continued to protest.

      Soon thereafter, Marsh informed Malley in another call that he would bring

the package himself. Law enforcement—including Woodard, Georgia Department

of Corrections agent Lerrod Freeman, Georgia Bureau of Investigation agent Reid

Montgomery, and DeKalb County police officer Ronnie Viar—set up surveillance

at the hotel Marsh referenced on the calls. Viar was given a radio, and he

remained in communication with the other agents. At the hotel, Montgomery

witnessed Marsh emerge from a black Nissan Altima. Marsh approached a hotel

room, and the door opened without Marsh using a key or knocking. Marsh left the

room after a few minutes, now carrying a black bag. Marsh then made a series of

unanswered phone calls to Malley. While the agents attempted to follow Marsh

after he left the hotel, they lost track of the Altima.


                                            4
                Case: 15-15785       Date Filed: 11/02/2016      Page: 5 of 13


         Later that day, on a series of intercepted calls, Malley provided Marsh with

directions to a condominium. The officers made their way toward the

condominium’s location in an attempt to locate Marsh and his vehicle. After a

while, Woodard and Viar spotted the Altima nearby. Viar followed the Altima,

which the officers believed had already stopped at the condominium and then

departed. Viar initiated a traffic stop after he witnessed the Altima’s driver

commit two infractions: windows darker than the legal limit and failure to

maintain lane. As Viar pulled the car over, he saw the driver, later identified as

Marsh, move an object from the front passenger area to the back passenger area.

After handcuffing Marsh and placing him in the back seat of the police car,2 Viar

proceeded to search the vehicle. 3 He found a black canvas bag containing $33,500,

consistent with the price of one kilogram of cocaine as discussed in the phone

calls.

         Marsh filed a motion to suppress the cash found during Viar’s search, which

the district court denied. After a jury trial, Marsh was convicted of conspiracy to

possess with intent to distribute at least 500 grams of cocaine, in violation of 21

U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(B)(ii), and 846. At sentencing, the district court


         2
         Although Marsh does not challenge his brief detention, it does not appear that he was
arrested on any charges during his encounter with Viar. After Viar searched the Altima, he
released Marsh, giving him two citations for the traffic infractions.
         3
         At trial—but not at the suppression hearing—Viar testified that he walked his narcotics
detection dog, Basa, around Marsh’s vehicle and that Basa alerted to the center console armrest.

                                               5
              Case: 15-15785     Date Filed: 11/02/2016     Page: 6 of 13


applied a two level enhancement for Marsh’s supervisory role in the offense,

pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c), noting that Marsh supervised “the runner at the

location, at the hotel.” Sent. Trans., Doc. 261 at 20. With the enhanced offense

level, and a criminal history category of I, Marsh’s resulting guidelines range was

78 to 97 months’ imprisonment. The district court sentenced Marsh to 86 months’

imprisonment. Marsh now appeals the district court’s denial of the motion to

suppress and its application of the sentencing enhancement.

                                           II.

      When reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we review the district

court’s findings of fact for clear error and its application of the law to those facts

de novo, construing the facts in the light most favorable to the prevailing party

below—here, the government. United States v. Jordan, 635 F.3d 1181, 1185 (11th

Cir. 2011). When reviewing the application of a sentencing enhancement, “[t]he

district court's determination of the defendant's role in the criminal offense is a

finding of fact we review for clear error.” United States v. Hill, 783 F.3d 842, 846

(11th Cir. 2015). “A factual finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is

evidence to support it, we are left with the definite and firm conviction, after

review of the entire evidence, that a mistake has been made.” Id. A district court’s

choice between two permissible views of the evidence cannot be clear error. See

United States v. Smith, 821 F.3d 1293, 1302 (11th Cir. 2016).


                                           6
              Case: 15-15785     Date Filed: 11/02/2016    Page: 7 of 13


                                         III.

                                          A.

      Marsh first contends that the district court erred in permitting the

government to introduce into evidence the cash found in the back seat of his

vehicle. Although the Fourth Amendment typically requires law enforcement

officers to obtain a warrant prior to conducting a search, “there is what has become

known as the automobile exception to the warrant requirement.” United States v.

Watts, 329 F.3d 1282, 1284 (11th Cir. 2003); see United States v. Ross, 456 U.S.

798, 809 (1982) (holding that, if there is probable cause to search a movable

vehicle, a warrantless search does not violate the Fourth Amendment). “The

automobile exception allows the police to conduct a search of a vehicle if (1) the

vehicle is readily mobile; and (2) the police have probable cause for the search.”

United States v. Lindsey, 482 F.3d 1285, 1293 (11th Cir. 2007). “The requirement

of mobility is satisfied merely if the automobile is operational.” Id. (internal

quotation marks omitted). “Probable cause, in turn, exists when under the totality

of the circumstances, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a

crime will be found in the vehicle.” United States v. Tamari, 454 F.3d 1259, 1264

(11th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      Marsh maintains that this case is governed not by the automobile exception,

but by the search-incident-to-arrest rule fashioned in Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332


                                           7
              Case: 15-15785     Date Filed: 11/02/2016    Page: 8 of 13


(2009). In Gant, the Supreme Court held that a law enforcement officer may

search a vehicle incident to the driver’s lawful arrest “when it is reasonable to

believe evidence relevant to the crime of arrest might be found in the vehicle” or

“when the arrestee is unsecured and within reaching distance of the passenger

compartment at the time of the search.” Gant, 556 U.S. at 343 (internal quotation

marks omitted). But Gant did not upend the automobile exception. It concerned

only a situation where law enforcement lacks probable cause to believe the vehicle

contains evidence of criminal activity. Irrespective of the Gant rule, “[i]f there is

probable cause to believe a vehicle contains evidence of criminal activity, United

States v. Ross authorizes a search of any area of the vehicle in which the evidence

might be found.” Gant, 556 U.S. at 347 (internal citations omitted).

      As before the district court, Marsh never grapples directly with the

automobile exception. In both the district court and on appeal, the government

responded to Marsh’s invocation of Gant by disavowing any reliance on the

search-incident-to-arrest exception, instead relying only on the automobile

exception. And in both instances, Marsh declined to address whether the

automobile exception applies.

      Nonetheless, the record firmly establishes that Viar’s search of Marsh’s

vehicle was permissible under the automobile exception to the warrant

requirement. As an initial matter, Viar witnessed Marsh’s vehicle in operation


                                           8
              Case: 15-15785    Date Filed: 11/02/2016    Page: 9 of 13


immediately prior to pulling Marsh over, satisfying the mobility element of the

automobile exception. Lindsey, 482 F.3d at 1293; Watts, 329 F.3d at 1285-86.

      As to the probable cause requirement, a litany of evidence establishes that

law enforcement had probable cause to search Marsh’s vehicle. First, while

monitoring Malley’s telephone communications, agents learned that Malley—a

known narcotics dealer—was arranging a transaction with Marsh. The use of code

words like “greenery” and “smash out,” as well as Malley’s reluctance to drive a

long distance and meet with people he did not know, indicated to law enforcement

that the intercepted phone calls concerned a drug transaction.

      Second, the surveillance conducted at the hotel Marsh referenced on the

calls provided confirmation that Marsh intended to sell narcotics to Malley. After

Marsh agreed to conduct the transaction himself, an agent witnessed Marsh emerge

from his car and enter a room in the hotel where Marsh had told Malley he could

pick up the goods he was purchasing. Shortly thereafter, Marsh exited the room

carrying a black bag, which he put into the car. Marsh then proceeded to make a

series of phone calls to Malley, though none of them was answered. Combined

with the intercepted phone calls, Marsh’s appearance at the hotel, retrieval of a

black bag, and subsequent calls to Malley provided strong indication that Marsh

was collecting the narcotics he had promised to deliver to Malley.




                                          9
             Case: 15-15785     Date Filed: 11/02/2016      Page: 10 of 13


      Third, the location of the traffic stop and Marsh’s behavior after Viar

stopped him was indicative of Marsh’s unlawful activity. After Marsh left the

hotel, the officers lost track of him until a phone call between Marsh and Malley

revealed that Marsh was heading to a condominium at Malley’s direction.

Surveilling the area around the condo, law enforcement agents spotted Marsh’s car.

Based on the timing of events, the officers surmised that by the time they spotted

the car, Marsh had already met with Malley and left the condominium. After

lawfully stopping Marsh’s vehicle, Viar witnessed Marsh moving an object from

the passenger floorboard to the back seat of the vehicle.

       All of this information—Marsh’s communications with known narcotics

dealer Malley, Marsh’s brief visit to the hotel to pick up the black bag, Marsh’s

subsequent communications with and visit to Malley, and Marsh’s behavior when

he was pulled over—“would cause a prudent person to believe, under the

circumstances shown, that the suspect has committed, is committing, or is about to

commit an offense.” Rankin v. Evans, 133 F.3d 1425, 1435 (11th Cir. 1998)

(internal quotation marks omitted). Although Viar, who conducted the stop and

the search, may not have possessed all of this knowledge, “when a group of

officers is conducting an operation and there exists at least minimal

communication between them, their collective knowledge is determinative of

probable cause.” United States v. Wilson, 894 F.2d 1245, 1254 (11th Cir. 1990).


                                         10
               Case: 15-15785       Date Filed: 11/02/2016       Page: 11 of 13


“Observations and other information supplied by officers involved in a common

investigation can, taken together, create probable cause for a search.” United

States v. Goddard, 312 F.3d 1360, 1363 (11th Cir. 2002). Here, law enforcement

agents working with Viar shared information with him, giving Viar a DEA radio

through which he could hear the other officers’ communications. Thus, the

officers collectively possessed the requisite knowledge to give rise to probable

cause for Viar to search Marsh’s car under the automobile exception to the warrant

requirement. For this reason, the district court did not err in denying Marsh’s

motion to suppress.4

                                               B.

       Next, Marsh argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his two

level sentencing enhancement for playing a supervisory role in the conspiracy. A

two level enhancement is appropriate “[i]f the defendant was an organizer, leader,

manager, or supervisor” in a criminal offense. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c). “[T]he

assertion of control or influence over only one individual is enough to support a §

3B1.1(c) enhancement.” United States v. Phillips, 287 F.3d 1053, 1058 (11th Cir.

2002) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c) cmt. n.2

(“To qualify for an adjustment under this section, the defendant must have been the

       4
         The government alternatively posits that a positive alert by Officer Viar’s narcotics
detection dog independently created probable cause to search Marsh’s vehicle. Because we
conclude that probable cause existed without considering the dog’s alert, we need not address
this argument.
                                               11
             Case: 15-15785     Date Filed: 11/02/2016   Page: 12 of 13


organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor of one or more other participants.”).

“The government must prove the facts supporting the enhancement by a

preponderance of the evidence.” United States v. Zitron, 810 F.3d 1253, 1261

(11th Cir. 2016).

      The district court did not clearly err in finding that Marsh supervised at least

one other participant in the conspiracy. On the intercepted phone calls between

Marsh and Malley, Marsh repeatedly referenced associates operating at his

direction. In two of the phone calls, Marsh and Malley discussed Marsh’s

associates, with Malley objecting to meeting with people he had not met

previously. On one of the calls, Marsh told Malley he would send “one of my

runners” to deliver the drugs the two had discussed. Call Transcripts, Gov. Appx.

Vol. 4 at 29-33. Responding to Malley’s concerns about meeting new people,

Marsh told Malley that he “can send somebody to you that you know,” suggesting

somebody named Redge. Call Transcripts, Gov. Appx. Vol. 4 at 29-33. On the

other call, Marsh told Malley, “all you got to do is go over to my man, he at the

hotel.” Call Transcripts, Gov. Appx. Vol. 4 at 20-27. When Marsh went to the

hotel to collect the drugs that his runner was supposed to sell Malley (after Malley

refused to go to meet the runner himself), Montgomery observed Marsh enter a

hotel room without knocking or using a key. Montgomery testified that the hotel




                                         12
             Case: 15-15785        Date Filed: 11/02/2016   Page: 13 of 13


room door “just opened for [Marsh].” Tr. Trans., Doc. 256 at 76:9-19. After a few

minutes, Marsh emerged from the hotel room with a black bag.

      Taken together, Marsh’s references to associates operating at his direction

on the intercepted phone calls and Montgomery’s observations at the hotel

permitted the district court to find, by a preponderance of the evidence, that Marsh

asserted influence or control over at least one person in the criminal activity.

Marsh’s position amounts to nothing more than a disagreement with the district

court’s view of the evidence, which is insufficient to demonstrate clear error.

Smith, 821 F.3d at 1302. Consequently, the district court did not err in applying a

two level sentencing enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c) for Marsh’s

supervisory role in the offense.

                                           IV.

      For these reasons, Marsh’s conviction and sentence are affirmed.

      AFFIRMED.




                                            13
