           In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                          No. 13-523C
                                    (Filed: October 21, 2015)

*************************************                Motion to Dismiss; Mootness; Failure to
RONALD C. COOK,                     *                State a Claim; Motion for Judgment on the
                                    *                Administrative Record; Waiver; Application
                  Plaintiff,        *                of Sections 4.129 and 4.130 of the Veterans
                                    *                Affairs Schedule for Rating Disabilities to
 v.                                 *                Soldiers Discharged With PTSD Prior to the
                                    *                Enactment of the Wounded Warrior Act in
THE UNITED STATES,                  *                2008; 10 U.S.C. Chapter 61; Authority of
                                    *                the Physical Disability Board of Review
                  Defendant.        *                Under 10 U.S.C. § 1554a; Army Acted
*************************************                Contrary to Law

Lee F. Berger, Washington, DC, for plaintiff.

Douglas G. Edelschick, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for defendant.

                                    OPINION AND ORDER

SWEENEY, Judge

        Plaintiff Ronald C. Cook was medically separated from the United States Army (“Army”)
for posttraumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”) resulting from his service in Iraq during Operation
Iraqi Freedom. Because the Army determined that plaintiff suffered from mild PTSD, it assigned
him a 10% disability rating, which is below the threshold to qualify for disability retirement.
Plaintiff now seeks the correction of his military records to reflect a higher disability rating and
entitlement to disability retirement. Defendant moves to dismiss one of plaintiff’s claims, and
the parties cross-move for judgment on the administrative record on both of plaintiff’s claims.
Defendant further moves to strike a document attached to one of plaintiff’s briefs. For the
reasons set forth below, the court denies defendant’s motion to dismiss, grants in part and denies
in part defendant’s motion for judgment on the administrative record, grants in part and denies in
part plaintiff’s cross-motion for judgment on the administrative record, and denies defendant’s
motion to strike as moot. This case is remanded to the Army for the correction of plaintiff’s
military records.
                                       I. BACKGROUND

                         A. The Army’s Disability Evaluation System

        When a physical disability renders a member of the military unfit to perform his or her
duties, the member may be separated or retired from service. 10 U.S.C. ch. 61 (2006). A
member’s fitness for duty and eligibility for separation or retirement is governed by regulations
promulgated by the Secretary of the military department to which the member belongs.1 Id.
§ 1216. Relevant here is Army Regulation 635-40, “Physical Evaluation for Retention,
Retirement, or Separation” (Feb. 8, 2006) (“Army Regulation 635-40”).

       The Army’s disability evaluation process begins with a soldier’s referral to a medical
treatment facility for evaluation. Army Regulation 635-40, ¶¶ 4-6 to 4-8. If the commander of
the medical treatment facility determines that the soldier may not be “medically qualified to
perform duty,” the commander will refer the soldier to a Medical Evaluation Board (“MEB”). Id.
¶ 4-9. The MEB documents the soldier’s medical condition and duty limitations, and then
evaluates the solider’s medical condition against specified retention criteria. Id. ¶ 4-10. If it
determines that the soldier does not meet the retention standards, the MEB refers the soldier to a
Physical Evaluation Board (“PEB”). Id. ¶¶ 4-10, 4-13(a).

         PEBs are fact-finding boards charged with “[i]nvestigating the nature, cause, degree of
severity, and probable permanency” of a soldier’s disability; “[e]valuating the physical condition
of the Soldier against the physical requirements of the Soldier’s particular office, grade, rank, or
rating”; “[p]roviding a full and fair hearing for the Soldier as required by” 10 U.S.C. § 1214; and
“[m]aking findings and recommendations required by law to establish the eligibility of a Soldier
to be separated or retired because of physical disability.” Id. ¶ 4-17(a). In making the required
findings and recommendations, the PEB must first determine whether the solider is “physically
fit or unfit to perform” his or her duties. Id. ¶ 4-19(a)(1), (d)(1). If the PEB determines that the
soldier is unfit for duty, it must also determine, among other things, “[w]hether the disability is of
a permanent nature,” id. ¶ 4-19(a)(2), (h), and “the rating for each compensable disability,” id.
¶ 4-19(f)(5), (i); accord id. ¶ B-3(a). The PEB assigns disability ratings, which reflect the
severity of the disabilities, using the United States Department of Veterans Affairs Schedule for
Rating Disabilities (“VASRD”). Id. ¶¶ 4-19(f)(5), (i), B-3(a).




       1
          Under 10 U.S.C. § 1216, the “Secretary concerned” is responsible for promulgating the
regulations for his or her military department. See 10 U.S.C. § 101(a)(9) (defining “Secretary
concerned” as either the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the United States Navy, the
Secretary of the United States Air Force, or the Secretary of the United States Department of
Homeland Security). However, the United States Department of Defense (“Department of
Defense”) has also promulgated relevant regulations. Those regulations are discussed in later
sections of this Opinion and Order.

                                                 -2-
        A case referred by an MEB is considered first by an informal PEB. Id. ¶ 4-20(a).
Informal PEBs record their findings and recommendations on a DA Form 199, “Physical
Evaluation Board (PEB) Proceedings,” which is then forwarded to, among others, the soldier and
the soldier’s PEB liaison officer. Id. ¶ 4-20(b). Upon receipt of the DA Form 199, the solider
may elect to (1) concur with the findings and recommendations and waive a formal hearing; (2)
disagree with the findings and recommendations, submit a rebuttal statement, and waive a formal
hearing; (3) demand a formal hearing; and/or (4) have representation by counsel if a hearing is
demanded. Id. ¶ 4-20(c)(1). The soldier’s PEB liaison officer must counsel the soldier regarding
his or her options, the processing procedures, and the benefits that would flow from the informal
PEB’s findings and recommendations. Id. ¶ 4-20(d)(1). After the soldier makes an election on
the DA Form 199, the PEB liaison officer must sign the form and then forward it to the PEB. Id.
¶ 4-20(d)(2). If, as happened in this case, the soldier concurs with the informal PEB’s findings
and recommendations and waives a formal hearing, “the proceedings will be approved for the
[Secretary of the Army] and forwarded to [the Army’s Human Resources Command] for final
disposition.” Id. ¶ 4-20(e)(1). Final dispositions include permanent retirement, placement on the
temporary disability retirement list (“TDRL”), and separation. Id. ¶ 4-24(b) (citing 10 U.S.C.
§§ 1201-1206). Of particular relevance in this case, a soldier with a permanent and stable
disability and at least a 30% disability rating may be retired with retired pay, 10 U.S.C. § 1201, a
soldier who has been assigned at least a 30% disability rating but whose disability is not
permanent and stable may be placed on the TDRL with retired pay, id. § 1202, and a soldier with
a permanent and stable disability and a disability rating of less than 30% may be separated from
service with severance pay, id. § 1203.

                                 B. Plaintiff’s Military Service

        Plaintiff enlisted in the Army on May 1, 2000. Admin. R. Vol. I 194. He served two
tours of duty overseas during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Id. During his first deployment–from
April 2003 to February 2004–plaintiff served at Camp Victory in Kuwait and Al Asad Airbase in
Iraq. Id. at 88. Upon his return, plaintiff underwent a health assessment in which he reported
that during his deployment, he saw an enemy combatant “wounded, killed or dead”; did not
engage in direct combat where he discharged his weapon; felt that he was “in great danger of
being killed”; and had seen a “destroyed military vehicle.” Id. at 89-90. Nevertheless, he
indicated that he did not have any mental health concerns. Id. Indeed, he represented that he was
not “interested in receiving help for a stress, emotional, alcohol, or family problem” and that he
had not sought and did not intend to seek “counseling or care for [his] mental health.” Id. at 90;
accord id. at 141 (indicating that plaintiff had not sought mental health counseling or care during
2004), 170 (same).

        During his second deployment–from February 2005 to February 2006–plaintiff served in
Baghdad, Iraq. Id. at 160. During his February 16, 2006 postdeployment health assessment,
plaintiff indicated that he did not see anyone wounded, killed, or dead; did not discharge his
weapon in direct combat; and did not feel in danger of being killed. Id. He did, however, see a



                                                -3-
military vehicle that had been destroyed. Id. Despite reporting fewer exposures to potentially
traumatic events, plaintiff reported some mental health issues. Id. Specifically, he reported
having an experience that “was so frightening, horrible, or upsetting” that, in the past month, he
had nightmares or unwanted thoughts about the experience; “[t]ried hard not to think about” the
experience or “went out of [his] way to avoid situations that remind[ed]” him of the experience;
and “[f]elt numb or detached from others, activities, or [his] surroundings.” Id. Nevertheless, he
indicated that he was not “interested in receiving help for a stress, emotional, alcohol, or family
problem” and that he had not sought and did not intend to seek “counseling or care for [his]
mental health.” Id.

        Eventually, in June 2006, plaintiff underwent a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation. Id.
at 15, 134. Over the following eight months, plaintiff attended a number of individual
psychiatric therapy sessions and underwent a second comprehensive psychiatric evaluation. Id.
During these evaluations and therapy sessions, plaintiff was diagnosed with the following
“chronic illnesses”: obsessive compulsive disorder (“OCD”), chronic PTSD, depression,
insomnia related to a mental disorder, and an anxiety disorder. Id.

        Plaintiff was ultimately referred to an MEB. In considering whether plaintiff met the
relevant retention standards, the MEB considered, among other documents, the results of a
mental health examination, the results of a physical examination, and letters from three of
plaintiff’s commanding officers. Id. at 8, 15-24, 26-28.

      With respect to plaintiff’s mental health, plaintiff’s psychologist provided a report to the
MEB that described the development of plaintiff’s mental health issues:

               In the past, [plaintiff (“SM” or “PT”)] has been diagnosed with PTSD,
       Anxiety Disorder [Not Otherwise Specified], OCD and Major Depressive
       Disorder. It is clear that SM suffers from both anxiety and depression. . . . SM
       reported the following symptoms of PTSD: A-on 23 JUN 05 SM was told that
       SGT Phelps got blown up and he lost one arm, both legs and he suffered greatly;
       on 25 JUL 05 his friend PFC Swany was blown up and killed by the shrapnel
       from the explosion and on 5 JUL 05 SGT Bright and PFC Cambridge [were]
       killed by an [improvised explosive device] and PT saw their bodies. B-repeated
       disturbing memories, thoughts or images of stressful events; nightmares; feeling
       upset when something reminds him of the stressful military experience and having
       physical reactions when something reminds him of the stressful military
       experience; C-avoidance of thoughts, conversations activities or situations that
       remind him of the stressful military event, anhedonia and feeling distant from
       other people; D-difficulty sleeping, irritability, [hypervigilance] and startle
       response. SM reported the following symptoms of depression: feelings of
       depression, anhedonia, and loss of energy, decreased appetite and difficulty
       sleeping.



                                                -4-
Id. at 15. She also found that plaintiff “was not an imminent danger to himself or others,” was
“competent for pay purposes,” and had “the mental capacity to understand and participate in
administrative proceedings.” Id. at 16. Finally, she provided the following relevant diagnoses:

       309.81 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
       [Existed prior to service] - No
       Impairment for military duty - marked
       Impairment for social and industrial adaptability - mild

       296.32 Major Depressive Episode Recurrent
       [Existed prior to service] - No
       Impairment for military duty - marked
       Impairment for social and industrial adaptability - mild

Id.

        Plaintiff underwent the MEB physical examination on May 10, 2007. Id. at 80-82. In
advance of this examination, plaintiff completed a medical history report on which he indicated
that he had or has “[n]ervous trouble,” “[f]requent trouble sleeping,” and “[d]epression or
excessive worry.” Id. at 84. He also indicated that he had received counseling and had “[b]een
evaluated or treated for a mental condition.” Id. He denied having “[h]abitual stammering or
stuttering,” “[l]oss of memory or amnesia, or other neurological symptoms,” “[a]ttempted
suicide,” or “[u]sed illegal drugs or abused prescription drugs.” Id. During the examination, the
physician assistant who evaluated plaintiff noted the following diagnoses: PTSD, OCD, and
major depression. Id. at 82. He further noted that plaintiff was “not qualified for service.” Id.

     The final information considered by the MEB was letters from three of plaintiff’s
commanding officers. One letter was from retired Staff Sergeant Steven D. Gain, who
commanded plaintiff during both of his deployments to Iraq. Id. at 28. He wrote:

               SPC Cook was exposed to small arms and indirect fire during both tours to
       Iraq. Spc Cook was exposed to wounded and deceased enemy and friendly during
       [Operation Iraqi Freedom] 1. He was sent on raids with his unit and special forces
       troops. He was not [exposed] to any downed aircraft that I know of. SPC Cook
       did take part in raids and clearing houses and was [exposed] to wounded bodies.
       He didn’t injure or kill anyone that [I] know of. SPC Cook did render first
       response care to wounded friendly. After deployment SPC Cook has had trouble
       [controlling] his anger.

Id. A second letter was prepared by First Lieutenant Lyndsey R. Nott. Id. at 27. She noted:




                                               -5-
       SPC Cook requests and receives parts, manages registered documents, turn in of
       recoverable items [sic], and also manages the document reconciliation register.
       SPC Cook works approximately 30 hours per week. SPC Cook performs his
       duties to standard. SPC Cook best performs his duties when he works alone.
       When SPC Cook works with others, he easily becomes distracted. SPC Cook
       maintains a fairly strong working relationship with his peers. While maintaining a
       strong working relationship with his peers, his superiors recognize that SPC Cook
       is prone to mood swings.

Id. The third letter was submitted by Captain James W. Otis. Id. at 26. He wrote:

       l. SPC Cook’[s] Duty performance has been exemplary. His work ethic and
       adherence to standards are in compliance with Army regulations. He has been
       known as a technically proficient soldier.

       2. SPC Cook was diagnosed as having Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD),
       Chronic Depression, and anxiety. SPC Cook’[s] visits to Evans Army Hospital
       range from one to two times a week for follow up treatments and therapy. SPC
       Cook’[s] Doctors have been unable to develop acceptable forms of treatment. His
       doctor[s] have recommended that he be sent to the medical board.

       3. The duty restrictions placed on SPC Cook, due to his condition, limit him in
       the types of duties in the Company and in his [primary Military Occupational
       Specialty (“MOS”)]. It also limits his ability to lead and interact with others. He
       currently spends two hours per week attending appointments. He currently works
       a 40 hour work week. It does not appear that his condition is in any way faked or
       exaggerated. SPC Cook participates in therapy and it was deemed that little to no
       progress is being made. The severity of the conditions has placed great
       difficulties and stresses on the soldier, severely limiting his ability to work.

Id.

       The MEB issued its report on May 25, 2007. Id. at 9. In its narrative summary, the MEB
described plaintiff’s then-current status in the following manner:

       The Soldier is not taking any psychiatric medications currently. . . . He is still
       attending regular psychotherapy visits. Overall he does not feel that he has made
       any significant improvement. He is sleeping on average “4 to 5 hours per night
       and a maximum of 5 to 6 hours per night.” He has a recurring dream about
       experiences in Iraq. He is easily startled. He has not required any psychiatric
       hospitalizations. He denies any current suicidal or homicidal thoughts, plans or
       ideations. He denies having any previous history of mental health problems. In
       regards to what he feels is the most significant stressor during his tours in Iraq, he


                                                -6-
       stated “It was a 5-week period in 2005 where I lost seven of my friends.” He did
       view a few of the friends[’] bodies and recalls vividly “SGT Bright, who was
       killed when a 500 bomb went off and his head was like putty.”

Id. at 12. The MEB then described plaintiff’s “functional status and prognosis”:

       This Soldier reports that he is still working in his MOS and he reports that his
       duties consist of inventory and ordering parts for the motor pool and working on
       the administrative side of vehicles. When asked how his medical condition
       affects his ability to perform the duties of his MOS, he stated that “Sometimes I
       have recurring thoughts of my experiences in Iraq and when this occurs it will
       interfere with my concentration at work. Sometimes things at work just remind
       me of Iraq.” Other military training and duties affected: He cannot carry and fire
       an individual assigned weapon, perform 3 to 5 second rushes under direct or
       indirect fire, or be deployed.

               ....

               When the Soldier was asked if he wanted to continue on active duty, he
       stated “No.”

Id. at 13. And, the MEB summarized Captain Otis’s statement as follows:

              . . . CPT Otis confirms the Soldier can no longer do the duties of his
       [primary MOS].

              The prognosis can best be estimated as stable to possible improvement if
       he were to be separated from the service and out of the military environment
       where he currently notes reminders that trigger thoughts of past experiences in
       Iraq.

               There have been no real compliance issues. He has attended his
       appointments and the issue with medications is not so much compliance, as his
       desire not to take medications in general.

Id.

        Ultimately, the MEB concluded that plaintiff failed to meet retention standards due to his
PTSD and recurrent major depressive episodes, both of which originated in 2006. Id. at 9, 13,
16. It therefore referred plaintiff to a PEB. Id. at 9, 14, 16. Plaintiff indicated his agreement
with the MEB’s findings and recommendations on May 31, 2007. Id. at 10.




                                               -7-
       An informal PEB convened on June 12, 2007, to consider plaintiff’s case. Id. at 1-3. Its
report–set forth on a DA Form 199–contained the following description of plaintiff’s disability:

              Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), onset following 2nd combat tour in
     Iraq, Feb 05 - Feb 06 . . . . Symptoms include nightmares, anxiety, depression and
     flashbacks. Symptoms of major depressive disorder are interrelated and included in
     this rating. Competent for pay and records. Treated with medication and
     counseling. Profile restrictions against weapons prevent further military service.
     Soldier works 40 hours per week with acceptable duty performance. Rated as mild
     industrial impairment.

Id. at 1; see also id. (indicating that the relevant United States Department of Veterans Affairs
(“VA”) code for PTSD was 9411). Based on this disability, the informal PEB deemed plaintiff
“medically unfit” for duty. Id. The informal PEB further indicated that plaintiff’s disability was
not the result of “[i]ntentional misconduct, willful neglect or unauthorized absence” by plaintiff;
was incurred or aggravated while plaintiff was entitled to basic pay; was incurred in the line of
duty; and was the “[p]roximate result” of plaintiff performing his duty. Id.; see also id. at 2
(noting that plaintiff’s disability resulted from a combat-related injury and was incurred “in the
line of duty as a direct result of armed conflict or caused by an instrumentality of war” and
“during a period of war”). It assigned plaintiff a 10% disability rating for his PTSD and
explained that such a rating, combined with plaintiff’s less than twenty years of active duty
service, would result in plaintiff’s separation from the Army with severance pay. Id. at 1-2. The
informal PEB did not cite the VASRD in its report. See id.

         On June 13, 2007, plaintiff reviewed the DA Form 199 with his PEB liaison officer,
Michelle H. Harris. Id. at 6-7. As required by Army regulation, plaintiff and Ms. Harris
completed DA Form 5893-R, “Acknowledgment of Notification of Formal Physical Evaluation
Board Hearing.” Section II of the form contained the following instructions: “The Physical
Evaluation Board Liaison Officer is responsible for counseling soldiers throughout all phases of
disability evaluation. The [PEB liaison officer] will use this form[, which] will be forwarded to
the PEB with the soldier’s final election for inclusion in the case file. [The PEB liaison officer]
will mark each item completed.” Id. at 6. Section III of the form contained five subsections that
each contained a checklist of tasks that were to be performed by the PEB liaison officer; most of
the tasks involved providing plaintiff with information regarding the disability evaluation
process, his rights under that process, the consequences of exercising those rights, his various
options, and the consequences of electing a particular option. Id. at 6-7. Ms. Harris did not mark
each item completed on the form. Id. Rather, plaintiff signed his name (or, in one instance,
initialed) across the check mark boxes in each subsection. Id. Plaintiff then signed his name at
the end of the form to signify that he “was counseled on the above marked items as they
pertained to my disability evaluation,” and Ms. Harris signed her name to signify that she
“counseled [plaintiff] on those items listed in the above checklist as they pertained to this case.”
Id. at 7.



                                                -8-
        After Ms. Harris had counseled plaintiff, plaintiff elected–the same day–to accept the
informal PEB’s findings and recommendations and waive a formal hearing. Id. at 5. He
signified his election by initialing the appropriate option on the DA Form 199. Id. He then
signed the form, representing that he had “been advised of the findings and recommendations of
the physical evaluation board, and [had] received a full explanation of the results of the findings
and recommendations and legal rights pertaining thereto . . . .” Id. Ms. Harris also signed the
form, representing that she had “informed [plaintiff] of the findings and recommendations of the
Physical Evaluation Board and explained to him[] the result of the findings and
recommendations and his[] legal rights pertaining thereto.” Id.

        In accordance with the informal PEB’s recommendation, plaintiff was honorably
discharged from the Army on July 30, 2007, with a 10% disability rating. Id. at 194, 197. Upon
his separation he was entitled to severance pay. Id.

C. Plaintiff’s Claims for Veterans Disability Benefits and Continuing Mental Health Issues

        On July 2, 2007, plaintiff submitted a claim to the VA for disability benefits. Admin. R.
Vol. II (“ARII”) 362. In evaluating plaintiff’s claim, the VA considered, among other
documents, plaintiff’s military service treatment records, the results of an October 15, 2007 VA
medical examination, and a notification that plaintiff had not reported for a mental disorders/
PTSD examination. Id. at 363-64; cf. id. at 599-600 (indicating that plaintiff reported, during the
October 15, 2007 medical examination, a history of the following psychiatric symptoms:
“interpersonal relationship difficulties,” “depression,” “loss of control/violence potential,”
“anxiety,” and “sleep impairment”). In its November 26, 2007 rating decision, the VA
determined that plaintiff had several service-connected disabilities: PTSD with insomnia and
depression, tinnitus, a sebaceous cyst on his neck, and a left shoulder labral tear. Id. at 363, 371.
It assigned disability ratings of 50% for the PTSD (VA code 9411) and 10% for each of the other
impairments, with a combined disability rating of 60%. Id. With respect to its PTSD decision,
the VA explained:

               Your service treatment records show a diagnosis of PTSD with insomnia
       and depression due to your experiences in Iraq including the loss of seven friends.
       Your Medical Evaluation Board (MEB) shows that you were discharged from
       service due to PTSD and received severance disability pay for this condition.

               Our letter to you requested you tell us about any evidence or information
       that would show continuity of symptoms or treatment since discharge from active
       duty for the claimed condition. To date, no such evidence has been received.

               You failed to report for a VA examination. Evidence expected from this
       examination which might have been material to the outcome of your claim could
       not be considered.



                                                 -9-
               According to [VASRD §] 4.129: When a mental disorder that develops in
       service as a result of a highly stressful event is severe enough to bring about the
       veteran’s release from active military service, the rating agency shall assign an
       evaluation of not less than 50 percent and schedule an examination within the six
       month period following the veteran’s discharge to determine whether a change in
       evaluation is warranted. Service connection for PTSD with insomnia and
       depression (also claimed as neurosis, anxiety disorder) has been established as
       directly related to military service. An evaluation of 50 percent is assigned from
       July 31, 2007 based on [VASRD §] 4.129.

                 ....

              Since there is a likelihood of improvement, the assigned evaluation is not
       considered permanent and is subject to a future review examination.

Id. at 364-65.

         Between February and October 2008, plaintiff had four outpatient “face-to-face”
appointments at the VA Medical Center in Reno, Nevada, for PTSD treatment. Id. at 583; accord
id. at 226 (“Veteran had [PTSD Clinical Team] intake 3/24/2008 with Dr. Boardman.”), 282
(“Vet started w/PTSD Clinical Team 10/08. . . . Vet did attend 2 individual therapy sessions.”).

        The VA issued a second rating decision for plaintiff on January 8, 2009, proposing to
decrease plaintiff’s disability rating for his PTSD from 50% to 0% due to plaintiff’s failure to
report for scheduled VA examinations. Id. at 358-59. The VA explained:

              The evaluation of PTSD with insomnia and depression (also claimed as
       neurosis, anxiety disorder) is proposed to be decreased to 0 percent disabling
       because you failed to report for a scheduled VA reexamination without good
       cause (38 CFR 3.65 (c)(2)).

               You failed to report for two scheduled medical examinations to evaluate
       the current level of your service connected PTSD. We sent letters dated August
       14, 2008; October 22, 2008; and November 4, 2008. A VA employee informed
       you via telephone conversation on November 4, 2008 that you were going to be
       scheduled for a VA examination. The evidence does not provide documentation
       of a just cause for missing your examinations.

               A noncompensable evaluation is assigned whenever there are symptoms
       that are not severe enough either to interfere with occupational and social
       functioning or to require continuous medication. A higher evaluation of 10
       percent is not warranted unless there are mild or transient symptoms which



                                               -10-
       decrease work efficiency and ability to perform occupational tasks only during
       periods of significant stress; or symptoms controlled by continuous medication.

Id. at 359; see also id. (noting that the VA’s August 14, 2008 letter to plaintiff was returned due
to an incorrect address). The VA sent a letter to plaintiff describing its proposed action on
January 14, 2009. Id. at 353. That letter was returned due to an incorrect address for plaintiff.
Id. The VA sent a second letter to plaintiff on March 10, 2009, and contacted plaintiff on April
27, 2009. Id.

      Plaintiff eventually underwent a VA PTSD review examination on May 21, 2009. Id. at
353. The examiner summarized plaintiff’s PTSD symptoms as follows:

       PERSISTENT RE-EXPERIENCING THE TRAUMATIC EVENT BY:

               Recurrent and intrusive distressing recollections of the event, including
               images, thoughts, or perceptions, Recurrent distressing dreams of the
               event, Acting or feeling as if the traumatic event were recurring, Intense
               psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues that
               symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event, Physiological
               reactivity on exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or
               resemble an aspect of the traumatic event

       PERSISTENT AVOIDANCE OF STIMULI ASSOCIATED WITH THE
       TRAUMA AND NUMBING OF GENERAL RESPONSIVENESS:

               Efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations associated with the
               trauma, Efforts to avoid activities, places, or people that arouse
               recollections of the trauma, Markedly diminished interest or participation
               in significant activities, Feeling of detachment or estrangement from
               others, Restricted range of affect (e.g., unable to have loving feelings),
               Sense of a foreshortened future (e.g., does not expect to have a career,
               marriage, children, or normal life span)

       PERSISTENT SYMPTOMS OF INCREASED AROUSAL:

               Difficulty falling or staying asleep, Irritability or outbursts of anger,
               Difficulty concentrating, Hypervigilance, Exaggerated startle response

       DESCRIPTION OF THE ONSET OF SYMPTOMS: Chronic

       FREQUENCY, SEVERITY AND DURATION OF PTSD SYMPTOMS
       FOUND:



                                                -11-
              “It has become my life. I don’t know what it would be like without this.”
       Veteran described reexperiencing phenomena, avoidance, and hyperarousal daily,
       with high intensity, and variable duration. He explained that he is extremely
       bothered by his symptoms of PTSD.

       LENGTH OF REMISSIONS AND CAPACITY FOR ADJUSTMENT DURING
       REMISSION:

               Veteran denied any remissions. He indicated that these symptoms started
               while he was stationed in Iraq and have continued since his discharge. He
               explained that the symptoms have become worse since discharge that he
               feels like he is spiraling downhill.

       IDENTIFIED BEHAVIORAL, COGNITIVE, SOCIAL, AFFECTIVE, OR
       SOMATIC CHANGE THE VETERAN ATTRIBUTES TO STRESS
       EXPOSURE:

               Veteran described isolating from others and avoiding activities to the point
               where he is “almost reclusive” and introverted, which is a significant
               change from his outgoing and sociable personality prior to Iraq. He is
               prone to outbursts of anger toward co-workers, family, and others. He
               experiences “extreme[] mood swings” that are “very intense,” which he
               explained as being easily angered/enraged. He experiences physiological
               arousal on a daily basis and is distressed by this. He feels sad, angry, and
               moody each day and has difficulty caring about others or forming
               relationships. He feels emotionally and psychologically distanced from
               others, “like an outcast. Like I don’t belong.” He has lost interest in
               things that used to matter to him. He explained that he has pushed most of
               the people out of his life without really knowing why and asked, “What is
               wrong with me that makes me think this way? Why are people running
               away from me?”

Id. at 588-90. The examiner also noted that plaintiff was taking college classes, id. at 583, and
was employed full time in casino security, id. at 591. With respect to plaintiff’s employment, the
examiner noted that plaintiff had missed less than one week of work, for medical reasons
unrelated to his PTSD. Id. The examiner further noted the following problems related to
plaintiff’s “occupational functioning”: “Decreased concentration, Difficulty following
instructions, Inappropriate behavior, Memory loss, Poor social interaction.” Id.

      In an August 6, 2009 rating decision, the VA increased plaintiff’s disability rating for his
PTSD from 50% to 70%. Id. It explained:




                                               -12-
               [During your PTSD review examination, y]ou described your relationship
       with your family as spiraling downhill since your military discharge. You
       reported that you are argumentative with you[r] father and have ha[d] thoughts of
       harming your father and his wife. Then you have associate[d] feelings of guilt.
       You described a turbulent relationship with your live-in girlfriend characterized
       with verbal and physical abuse. You noted that the two of you engage in physical
       violence toward one another and you noted that you don’t hit one another in the
       face but mainly exchange “body shots.” Your girlfriend was recently arrested
       during a domestic violence episode for striking you in the face. You also detailed
       the use of excessive force at work. You have found it difficult to control your
       anger while at your job and have been aggressive/assaultive toward others. You
       described yelling/arguing with others, but explained that you believed that they
       deserved it. You said that you slammed a person against the wall. You also
       reported to the examiner that you have engaged in physical altercations with your
       girlfriend’s father. During the examination you[r] affect was described as
       constricted and flat. Your mood was anxious and depressed. You were shown to
       understand the outcomes of your behavior. You reported intermittent auditory and
       visual hallucinations. You reported experiencing “extreme mood swings” that are
       “very intense,” which you explained as being easily angered/enraged. You
       experience physiological arousal on a daily basis and are distressed by this. You
       feel sad, angry, and moody each day and have difficulty caring about others or
       forming relationships.

               You feel emotionally and psychologically distanced from others, “like an
       outcast.” The examiner assigned a Global Assessment of Function (GAF) score
       of 53 due to your PTSD symptoms. You reported you are so distressed by how
       your life has changed that you have considered suicide and have described some
       plans, but denied specific intent at the time of the interview.

               While the evidence demonstrates that you[r] PTSD symptoms have
       increased in severity beyond your 50 percent evaluation, there is no evidence of
       record suggesting you warrant a[] total evaluation of 100 percent.

              ....

              Since there is a likelihood of improvement, the assigned evaluation is not
       considered permanent and is subject to a future review examination.

Id. at 354-55; accord id. at 583-95 (containing the results of the May 21, 2009 PTSD review
examination). In conjunction with the increased PTSD disability rating, the VA increased
plaintiff’s combined disability rating to 80%. Id. at 356.




                                              -13-
        On November 29, 2010, after two years without mental health treatment, id. at 282,
plaintiff contacted the VA Medical Center in Reno:

       Veteran phoned [an] RN yesterday and was having suicidal thoughts, depression,
       physical and emotional abuse towards wife (x 2 yrs ‘on and off’), arguing w/wife,
       unhappy w/job @ [redacted] doing security (12am-8am).2 Veteran endorsed the
       following chief complaints: ‘Suicidal thoughts’, ‘Mood swings’, and ‘Depressed
       mood’.3

Id. at 282 (footnotes added); accord id. at 303. He had an intake appointment the following day,
and sporadically attended appointments and therapy sessions through March 2011. See id. at
143, 210-12, 226, 244-46, 253, 256-58, 265-68, 273-79.

        Then, in both March 2011 and April 2011, plaintiff was hospitalized for PTSD treatment.
Id. at 110, 345. Shortly after his April 2011 hospitalization, he submitted a claim to the VA for
an increased disability rating. Id. at 344. He then underwent another PTSD review examination
on April 27, 2011. Id. at 577-81. The examiner reported:

       Veteran’s previous [Compensation and Pension (“C&P”)] exam was on 5/21/09
       . . . . He was diagnosed with PTSD at that time and is currently 70% service-
       connected for this condition. Since his previous C&P exam, veteran has had 2
       psychiatric admissions at the Reno[] VA. He reported that about a month ago, he
       and his wife of one year got into an argument in their home and he began choking
       her. He said that she started bleeding from her nose and mouth and at that time he
       stopped choking her and went into the bathroom where he got the belt from a robe
       and was going to strangle himself. His wife called the police. He was on suicide
       watch in jail for two days, and transferred to the Reno VA. His wife left him at
       that time and went to [redacted] to stay with a friend. Veteran became suicidal
       again several weeks later due to the separation from his wife and was again on
       Ward 5C for a night. He was charged with a felony and 2 misdemeanors. He has
       a lawyer. Veteran said that he has lost 30 pounds in the past month due to the
       stress of these incidents. . . .

              Veteran reported that the day before this exam, he brought his wife home
       from [redacted]. He expressed a lot of anger toward the friend that she was


       2
          Defendant redacted certain information in the administrative record prior to filing it
with the court. The court indicates these redactions with a “[redacted]” notation.
       3
         A later medical record, dated February 2, 2011, indicates the reason that plaintiff
“entered care” was because he called the VA Medical Center in November 2008. Id. at 226.
Given that the record of the telephone call reflects that it occurred on November 29, 2010, it is
reasonable to conclude that the “November 2008” date is a typographical error.

                                                -14-
staying with, and said that if her or another friend (“a faggot”) of his wife came to
his house he would kill them. He said that as long as they stay away, he will not
go after them. He said that he has had all the firearms removed from his home
because he does not trust himself with them. I asked what he would do if his wife
left again and went to [redacted] to stay with this friend, and his reply was that
“she won’t.” Veteran reported a history of many physical altercations, including
one in [redacted] in late 2009 where he beat an ex of his wife “within an inch of
his life.” He said that he contemplated killing him, but did not. He said that he
has also got into other physical altercations, but he has not been arrested for them.
His impulse control is very poor. He said that the biggest difference between his
previous C&P exam and the exam today is that back then he “had the restraint to
control myself.” He has threatened his manager at work which has resulted in his
shift time being changed.

        Veteran reported that he is 6 classes away from a degree in criminal justice
through the University of Phoenix. He had to drop out of his classes this semester
due to his psychiatric and legal problems. He does not drink or use drugs. He
works full time in security at [redacted] Casino. He said that he often calls in sick
because he does not want to work with his co-workers. He worked at [redacted]
in security until the summer, when he was fired due to personality conflicts.

        Veteran reported some benefit with his psychotherapy with Dr. Golden in
late 2010. He said that he connected well with Dr. Golden. Dr. Golden moved so
this was terminated. Veteran currently takes prazosin, citalopram, mirtazapine,
and valproic acid. He reported that the prazosin helps his nightmares, and the rest
of medications help to bring him to a “calmer state.”

       Veteran reported that he speaks with his mother, stepfather, and
grandmother on occasion, but he has been avoiding them lately because he does
not want to talk. He said that he has a “handful of friends.”

        Veteran was on time for the appointment. He was dressed casually. His
affect was constricted, and his mood was irritable. He answered all questions
presented. He used chew and texted during the interview. He reported that he
was not having suicidal ideation today. He reported that he has homicidal
ideation toward friends of his wife, but he is not planning to go after them in any
way; however, if they come to his home he said that he would kill them (“slit their
throats, cut their face off.”)[.] He endorsed paranoia and auditory hallucinations
of someone saying his name. Veteran reported a very quick temper and has a
history of violent behavior. There was no obvious impairment in his cognitive




                                        -15-
       functioning, although he reported that his short-term memory is not as good as it
       once was.

Id. at 578-79.

      Upon reviewing plaintiff’s treatment records and the results of the PTSD review
examination, the VA denied plaintiff’s claim. Id. at 344. In an August 10, 2011 rating decision,
the VA explained:

       VA records show hospitaliz[ation] for posttraumatic stress disorder treatment
       from March 21, 2011 to April 4, 2011, which is a period of less than 21 days.
       This admission does not meet the 21 day criterion for a temporary total evaluation
       for hospitalization. Treatment records show complaints of violent behavior
       including domestic violence, anger control issues, depressed mood, irritability,
       startle reaction, and intrusive thoughts. VA examination noted history of
       domestic violence, serious anger control issues, nightmares, poor impulse control,
       avoidance of relatives in recent months, with ongoing therapy and medication
       management, as well as two recent hospital admissions. Veteran had been able to
       obtain and maintain employment in security. On examination, veteran had
       adequate dress and grooming. Affect was constricted and mood was irritable.
       Cognition appeared intact. Veteran did report homicidal ideation and paranoia.
       Cognitive functioning was good. Memory was indicated as somewhat impaired.
       Veteran also endorsed sleep impairment and panic attacks less than weekly.
       Diagnosis was posttraumatic stress disorder. Intermittent explosive disorder and
       psychotic disorder were ruled out. Examiner indicated occupational and social
       impairment with deficiencies in most areas, with assessment of functioning
       indicated as 48. Findings meet the criteria for a 70 percent evaluation, but not
       higher, so we have continued the existing 70 percent evaluation.

Id. at 345-46.

      D. Proceedings Before This Court and the Physical Disability Board of Review

        Plaintiff filed suit in this court on July 29, 2013,4 seeking the correction of his military
records to reflect the assignment of a 50% disability rating effective July 30, 2007–the date of his
discharge from the Army–and the receipt of the benefits that would follow from such a
correction. More specifically, plaintiff contended that the PEB should have assigned him a
disability rating of at least 50% and recommended that he be permanently retired. Compl. ¶¶ 55-
57. He relied upon VASRD § 4.129, “Mental disorders due to traumatic stress,” which provides:



       4
         The administrative record does not contain any medical records or other documents
dated between August 2011 and July 2013.

                                                -16-
       When a mental disorder that develops in service as a result of a highly stressful
       event is severe enough to bring about the veteran’s release from active military
       service, the rating agency shall assign an evaluation of not less than 50 percent
       and schedule an examination within the six month period following the veteran’s
       discharge to determine whether a change in evaluation is warranted.

38 C.F.R. § 4.129 (2006).5

        Proceedings in this case were subsequently stayed to permit plaintiff to seek relief before
the Physical Disability Board of Review (“PDBR”). Created by Congress in January 2008, the
PDBR is charged with reviewing the findings and decisions of PEBs for former service members,
like plaintiff, who were medically separated from service between September 11, 2001, and
December 31, 2009, with a disability rating of 20% or less. 10 U.S.C. § 1554a(a)-(b) (2012).
Upon such a review, the PDBR may make the following recommendations to the Secretary of the
pertinent military department:

       (1) No recharacterization of the separation of such individual or modification of
       the disability rating previously assigned such individual.

       (2) The recharacterization of the separation of such individual to retirement for
       disability.

       (3) The modification of the disability rating previously assigned such individual
       by the Physical Evaluation Board concerned, which modified disability rating may
       not be a reduction of the disability rating previously assigned such individual by
       that Physical Evaluation Board.

       (4) The issuance of a new disability rating for such individual.

Id. § 1554a(d). The Secretary concerned is authorized to correct the military records of the
former service member in accordance with the PDBR’s recommendation. Id. § 1554a(e)(1).

        Plaintiff submitted his application to the PDBR on November 4, 2013, along with a
supporting brief, the records described above, his declaration, and a declaration submitted in a
related case by another individual. See generally ARII 12-340. In his supporting brief, plaintiff
advanced two main arguments. See id. at 24-33. First, he contended that he was entitled, as a
matter of law, to a 50% disability rating for his PTSD beginning on the date of his discharge in
2007, and continuing until the Army provided him with a follow-up PTSD examination and
subsequent PEB. Id. at 24-29. Second, he contended that he was entitled to a 50% disability


       5
           The court cites to the 2006 version of the VASRD–the version in effect at the time of
plaintiff’s discharge. However, the sections of the VASRD discussed in this Opinion and Order
were not substantively amended between 2006 and the date that plaintiff filed his complaint.

                                               -17-
rating for his PTSD based on the degree of his social and occupational impairment, as reflected
in his VA records. Id. at 29-32.

         In his declaration, plaintiff described his exposure to three dead enemy combatants and
close proximity to an improvised explosive device detonation during his first deployment to Iraq,
id. at 37-39, and the death of seven of his friends and fellow soldiers over a five-week period
during his second deployment to Iraq, id. at 39. He also described the effects that PTSD had on
his life after he was separated from the Army:

               18. Following my discharge from the Army and even during and after the
       second VA Rating Decision in August 2009, I noticed that my PTSD and
       depression got worse and my relationships with family members, co-workers and
       friends continued to deteriorate.

               19. After my discharge from the Army, I initially found employment as a
       member of the security team at [redacted] casino. However, I found myself
       frequently angry or annoyed at co-workers and even customers at work, and was
       informed by my supervisors that I was at times too aggressive at my job, which
       they did not like. In July 2010, I was dismissed from this job due to “personality
       conflicts.”

               ....

                 22. After my return from Iraq and subsequent discharge from the Army,
       my personal relationships with friends and family members deteriorated
       significantly, and I started to notice that I was the common denominator in all
       these failed relationships. Where I once enjoyed going out with friends and being
       social, I became introverted and did not like going out anymore. I did not feel like
       I fit in, and felt like an outcast. My quality of life suffered greatly. I could not
       sleep for more than a couple hours at a time, waking frequently and feeling
       anxious. I often had nightmares when asleep and was anxious and angry when
       awake. Suicide had crossed my mind during this time. I remembered the violent
       deaths of my friends in the Army.

               23. Following my return from Iraq and discharge, I had particular
       difficulty in managing and keeping my close relationships. I had anger control
       issues and was often in a depressed mood, and was easily irritated.

               24. A critical point during my marriage, which was a wake up call for me,
       was in March 2011, when I got into a physical fight with my wife. I tried to
       strangle her. During the fight, I saw blood on her, which made me stop and put a
       robe belt around my neck in an attempt to suffocate and kill myself. I knew I was
       wrong and specifically asked the police to arrest me and take me to jail.


                                              -18-
               25. The March 2011 incident was the first time I had ever been arrested,
       and the experience of going to jail was very tough for me. In jail, I was placed in
       isolation and on suicide watch.

               ....

              27. Also following the March 2011 incident with my wife, I was admitted
       to a VA hospital two times within the span of two weeks between March and
       April 2011, for treatment of mental issues relating to my PTSD.

               28. Following my return from Iraq and subsequent discharge from the
       Army, another relationship that was important to me, my relationship with my
       father, also deteriorated. Specifically, I had a generally good relationship with my
       father while growing up; however, after returning from Iraq and being discharged
       from the Army in 2007, my relationship with my father suffered to a point where I
       became estranged from my father and his wife. During that time, I found myself
       at times contemplating physical violence against my father, which was strange
       because I had not had those kinds of thoughts before. We stopped speaking on
       January 11, 2008, and did not speak again until more than four years later.

               29. I feel responsible for the deterioration of the relationship with my
       father because I purposefully said hurtful things to him. I also feel responsible for
       the other failed relationships that I have had since returning from Iraq and being
       discharged from the Army.

Id. at 41-44. Plaintiff also provided an explanation for why he did not show up for two
scheduled PTSD review examinations in 2008, after the VA issued its first rating decision:

       I don’t specifically recall the circumstances surrounding why I missed those
       appointments, however I recall there was a lot of uncertainty and instability going
       on in my life at that time, which may have had something to do with my PTSD.
       In particular, during the time between the [November 2007 and August 2009
       disability] ratings, I was staying with my cousin, who I was not getting along with
       very well at the time. Therefore, I only stayed with him intermittently, and
       otherwise spent most of my time at my girlfriend’s home. Therefore, I did not get
       most of my mail on a timely basis, if at all.

Id. at 41. The remaining information contained in plaintiff’s declaration was consistent with the
contents of his VA medical records, as described above.

        The PDBR convened on March 20, 2014, to review plaintiff’s case. Id. at 5-6. In its
April 4, 2014 report, the members of the PDBR unanimously agreed to recommend the
correction of plaintiff’s military records to reflect a 50% disability rating and placement on the


                                                -19-
TDRL for six months. Id. at 8. After summarizing the evidence before it, id. at 7-8, the PDBR
explained:

                The Board . . . directed its attention to the question of §4.129 applicability
       and the rating recommendations based on the evidence just described. The PEB
       rated the [mental health] condition(s) at 10% . . . (likely [in accordance with
       Department of Defense Instruction (“DoDI”) 1332.39, “Application of the
       Veterans Administration Schedule for Rating Disabilities” (Nov. 14, 1996)]
       [rescinded] and/or [Army Regulation] 635-40 in effect at the time). The VA . . .
       assigned a 50% rating based on §4.129. . . . The PEB rating . . . preceded the
       promulgation of the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) 2008 mandate
       for Department of Defense (DoD) adherence to Veterans Administration Schedule
       for Rating Disabilities (VASRD) §4.129. The Board, [in accordance with] DoDI
       6040.44 and DoD guidance (which applies current VASRD §4.129 to all Board
       cases as appropriate), accepts the §4.129 specification that it is applicable to any
       “mental disorder that develops in service as a result of a highly stressful event
       [that] is severe enough to bring about the veteran’s release from active military
       service”; and[] the Board unanimously agreed that the operant definition was met
       by the psychiatric conditions evidenced in this case.

              . . . . All members agreed that the §4.130 criteria for a rating higher than
       50% were not met at the time of separation and therefore the minimum Temporary
       Disability Retired List (TDRL) rating is applicable[, and] will thus recommend a
       50% PTSD rating for a retroactive six-month period on the TDRL.

Id. at 8-9 (“[rescinded]” notation in the original); see also 38 C.F.R. § 4.130 (containing VASRD
§ 4.130, “Schedule of ratings–mental disorders,” which sets forth the “general rating formula for
mental disorders,” in other words, guidance for assigning 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%
disability ratings).

      However, the members of the PDBR were unable to arrive at a unanimous
recommendation regarding the disability rating that should have been assigned to plaintiff six
months after his separation. See ARII at 8-11. The majority of the PDBR members
recommended that plaintiff’s disability rating be set at 30%, explaining:

              Regarding the rating at the beginning of a constructive TDRL period, the
       mental health addendum evaluation performed 3 months prior to separation
       recorded a completely normal [mental status evaluation] and a GAF of 60
       (borderline moderate to mild). There were no recorded visits to the emergency
       room, no suicidal or homicidal ideations, no panic attacks, and no psychiatric
       hospitalizations. There was no evidence of impairment in thinking or judgment.
       The Board considered the commander’s statement that “the severity of the
       conditions has placed great difficulties and stresses on the soldier, severely


                                                -20-
       limiting his ability to work” in his primary MOS, but when reassigned the
       [covered individual’s (“CI’s”)] duty performance had “been exemplary”; he
       worked a 40-hour work week and attended therapy appointments. As previously
       noted, the VA psychiatric C&P examination was approximately 2 years after
       separation and was assigned less probative value as related to the CI’s functional
       status at the start of the constructive [TDRL] period. The Board majority felt that
       the [MEB narrative summary (“NARSUM”)] examination and record of evidence
       was most consistent with the general description for a §4.130 rating of 30% for
       “occupational and social impairment with occasional decrease in work efficiency
       and intermittent periods of inability to perform occupational tasks,” as
       demonstrated by such symptoms as depressed mood, suspiciousness, mild
       memory impairment and anxiety . . . .

                Regarding the rating at the end of a constructive six month TDRL period
       (30 January 2008), the Board placed higher probative value to the NARSUM and
       less to the delayed VA C&P mental examination (completed approximately 16
       months after the rating timeframe)[] in deliberating the permanent disability
       rating. The Board noted that at the time of the NARSUM and within 12 months
       of separation, the CI had no history of psychiatric hospitalizations, had minimally
       engaged in therapy, was not taking psychotropic medications, made no suicidal or
       homicidal attempts and had no visits to the emergency room for suicidal,
       homicidal ideations, or panic attacks. While noting the VA C&P examination
       indicated increasing violence (history indicated that police were called in the Fall
       of 2008 resulting in the arrest of his girlfriend) and deficiencies in family relations
       beginning in early 2008 (proximate to the end of TDRL rating timeframe), there
       was no evidence of legal charges or legal consequences to the CI, he was working
       full-time, and had been a student. The Board adjudged that the CI’s condition at
       the remote VA exam was post-separation worsening and not indicative of the CI’s
       level of impairment at the 6-month post-separation timeframe for permanent
       rating determination following constructive TDRL. After due deliberation, and in
       consideration of all the evidence and VASRD §4.3 (reasonable doubt), the Board
       majority recommends a 30% permanent disability rating.

Id. at 8-9. A minority of the PDBR members disagreed, finding that a 10% disability rating for
plaintiff’s PTSD after six months was appropriate:

       The Board correctly placed the applicant on the TDRL using §4.129 at 50%;
       however, there were no evaluations at or near the 6 month time period that could
       be effectively used to rate the applicant. The applicant failed to report for his
       initially scheduled VA C&P Mental Disorders Exam following separation;
       therefore, the VA invoked §4.129 at 50% citing service treatment records
       identifying a diagnosis of PTSD. The applicant also failed to report for a second
       Mental Disorders exam in late 2008, approximately 14 months after separation.


                                                -21-
        Based on this second missed exam, the VA proposed reducing the PTSD award
        from 50% to 0%. The applicant responded to this proposed reduction and a C&P
        review for PTSD was conducted in May 2009, 22 months after separation.

                Review of the PEB’s discussion for the applicant’s PTSD indicates that he
        was working a full 40 hour week with acceptable duty performance. That
        comment most likely came from the commander’s statement, written one month
        prior to the PEB in which he wrote, “SPC Cook’s duty performance has been
        exemplary. His work ethic and adherence to standards are in compliance with
        Army regulations. He has been known as a technically proficient soldier.” The
        commander further stated that he was working a 40-hour work week.

                The mental health addendum to the narrative summary (NARSUM),
        written 2 months prior to the PEB was difficult to follow with respect to
        definitively categorizing the applicant at either the 10% or 30% rating category.
        The NARSUM, written a month later, states that the applicant was not taking any
        psychiatric medications, had not required any psychiatric hospitalizations, and
        denied any current suicidal or homicidal thoughts, plans or ideations.

                The PEB adjudicated the PTSD as unfitting, rating the condition at 10%
        and having mild industrial impairment. Given the documentation available, the
        minority voter believes that 10% was a fair and equitable rating at the time of
        separation. However, there is no documentation [that] can be used at the end of
        the 6-month TDRL period to adequately, effectively, and fairly rate the applicant
        as the first evidence we have of continued problems with PTSD are not
        documented until 22 months after separation.

               Once a service member is [medically] separated or retired from the
        Military because of an unfitting condition(s), the current system is designed to
        support any deterioration of the unfitting condition(s) via the VA. The initial VA
        award was based on the Army’s unfitting diagnosis of PTSD and §4.129.
        However, we do not know what that award would have been if the applicant had
        reported for his initial C&P exam. To compound matters, the applicant missed a
        second C&P exam and did not get a “true” VA rating until he was examined 22
        months after separation. The minority voter opines that there are no probative
        exams at 6, 12, or 18 months after separation time period upon which to rate the
        applicant at the end of the TDRL period. Therefore, minority voter believes that
        the PEB’s rating of 10% would be the fairest adjudication of the applicant’s
        condition at the end of the 6-month TDRL period.

Id. at 11.




                                               -22-
        The president of the PDBR forwarded the PDBR’s findings and recommendations to the
Director of the Army Review Boards Agency, the Secretary of the Army’s designee for acting on
the recommendations of the PDBR. Id. at 3-5. In an April 14, 2014 memorandum, the Director
wrote:

       I have reviewed the enclosed Department of Defense Physical Disability Board of
       Review . . . recommendation and record of proceedings pertaining to the subject
       individual. Under the authority of Title 10, United States Code, section 1554a, I
       reject the Board’s recommendation and accept the Board’s minority opinion as
       accurate that the individual be constructively placed on the Temporary Disability
       Retired List . . . at 50% disability for six months effective the date of the
       individual’s original medical separation for disability with severance pay and then
       following this six month period no recharacterization of the individual’s
       separation or modification of the permanent disability rating of 10%. There is
       insufficient justification to support the Board’s recommendation in accordance
       with Army and Department of Defense regulations.

Id. at 3. She then directed that plaintiff’s military records be corrected in accordance with her
decision. Id.

        Plaintiff was not satisfied with the relief provided by the Army. Accordingly, he filed an
amended complaint in this action on May 9, 2014, setting forth two claims for relief. First,
plaintiff alleges that the Army’s failure in 2007 to (1) assign him a 50% disability rating for his
PTSD upon his discharge, (2) place him on the TDRL, (3) schedule a reexamination within six
months after his discharge, and (4) “afford him a subsequent PEB with all the associated
procedural rights required for a full and fair hearing” was “arbitrary, capricious, and contrary to
law.” Am. Compl. ¶ 83; see also id. ¶ 82 (alleging that the Army acted in contravention of 10
U.S.C. § 1201, 10 U.S.C. § 1203, and the VASRD). Second, plaintiff alleges that the Army’s
decision in 2014 “to reject the PDBR’s majority recommendation to recharacterize Plaintiff’s
separation as a permanent retirement by assigning Plaintiff a PTSD disability rating of 30% at the
six month mark following Plaintiff’s discharge, despite substantial evidence in the record
warranting such rating, was arbitrary, capricious, and contrary to law.” Id. ¶ 88. Plaintiff
accordingly requests that his military records be corrected to reflect that he was assigned (1) “a
50% permanent disability rating for unfitting PTSD effective at discharge from the military and
awarded monetary benefits associated with this records correction” or (2) “a 50% temporary
disability rating for his unfitting PTSD at discharge and a 30% permanent disability rating for his
unfitting PTSD effective at the six month mark following [his] discharge from the military and
awarded monetary benefits associated with this records correction.” Id. at 24-25.

        Defendant moves to dismiss plaintiff’s first claim for relief, and the parties cross-move
for judgment on the administrative record with respect to both of plaintiff’s claims for relief.
Defendant also moves to strike a declaration attached to plaintiff’s reply brief. All motions have
been fully briefed and the court deems oral argument unnecessary.


                                                -23-
                         II. DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS

        Defendant initially moves, pursuant to Rule 12(b) of the Rules of the United States Court
of Federal Claims (“RCFC”), to dismiss plaintiff’s first claim for relief as moot or, in the
alternative, for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. In ruling on such a
motion, the court assumes that the allegations in the complaint are true and construes those
allegations in the plaintiff’s favor. Henke v. United States, 60 F.3d 795, 797 (Fed. Cir. 1995).

                       A. Plaintiff’s First Claim for Relief Is Not Moot

        Defendant raises its mootness argument in a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction
pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(1). “[A] case is moot when the issues presented are no longer ‘live’ or
the parties lack a legally cognizable interest in the outcome.” Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S.
486, 496 (1969). When a case is moot, there are no justiciable issues upon which the court can
render a decision.6 Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83, 95 (1968); see also Fisher v. United States, 402
F.3d 1167, 1176 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (panel portion) (noting that justiciability “encompasses a


       6
           The “lack of jurisdiction to review moot cases derives from the requirement of Article
III of the Constitution under which the exercise of judicial power depends upon the existence of a
case or controversy.” Liner v. Jafco, Inc., 375 U.S. 301, 306 n.3 (1964); see also U.S. Const. art.
III, § 2 (“The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this
Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties . . . [and] to Controversies to which the
United States shall be a Party . . . .”). But see Honig v. Doe, 484 U.S. 305, 329-32 (1988)
(Rehnquist, C.J., concurring) (questioning the constitutional origins of the mootness doctrine by
arguing that despite federal courts’ recognition of exceptions to mootness, such exceptions
cannot be read into Article III’s “case or controversy” requirement); Winzler v. Toyota Motor
Sales U.S.A., Inc., 681 F.3d 1208, 1209 (10th Cir. 2012) (“Mootness has many moods. . . . In
some cases mootness bears a constitutional countenance, acting as a jurisdictional bar against
even entertaining a case. Other times mootness carries a more prudential complexion, permitting
us to withhold relief we have the authority to grant. Other times still, a case finds itself mooted
by a tangle of constitutional and prudential considerations. . . . Whether, when, and to what
degree mootness can boast of being a constitutional command, a true jurisdictional limit on the
federal courts, has taxed great minds.”); Matthew I. Hall, The Partially Prudential Doctrine of
Mootness, 77 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 562, 575 (2009) (arguing “that if the mootness bar were truly a
mandatory, jurisdictional rule imposed by the Constitution, then the exceptions . . . could not
exist”). The United States Court of Federal Claims (“Court of Federal Claims”), as a court
established under Article I of the United States Constitution, 28 U.S.C. § 171(a) (2012), is not
bound by the “case or controversy” requirement of Article III, Zevalkink v. Brown, 102 F.3d
1236, 1243 (Fed. Cir. 1996). Nevertheless, the Court of Federal Claims and other Article I courts
traditionally have applied the “case or controversy” justiciability doctrines. See id.; Anderson v.
United States, 344 F.3d 1343, 1350 n.1 (Fed. Cir. 2003); CW Gov’t Travel, Inc. v. United States,
46 Fed. Cl. 554, 558 (2000); cf. 28 U.S.C. § 2519 (using the phrase “case or controversy” in
describing the finality of judgments of the Court of Federal Claims).

                                               -24-
number of doctrines under which courts will decline to hear and decide a cause,” including the
“doctrines of standing, mootness, ripeness, and political question”). The court’s inquiry into the
justiciability of a case is distinct from its inquiry into whether it has jurisdiction over the case’s
subject matter. Powell, 395 U.S. at 512; Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 198 (1962); Prasco, LLC
v. Medicis Pharm. Corp., 537 F.3d 1329, 1335 n.3 (Fed. Cir. 2008); Murphy v. United States,
993 F.2d 871, 872 (Fed. Cir. 1993). In other words, the court may find that it possesses
jurisdiction over the subject matter of a case but conclude that the dispute is nevertheless
nonjusticiable. Thus, while mootness is jurisdictional in that it triggers the court’s inquiry as to
whether it has the ability to adjudicate a case,7 an RCFC 12(b)(1) motion has not been universally
accepted by federal courts as the appropriate vehicle by which to dismiss a case as moot.8
Ultimately, however, the court need not determine whether defendant should have asserted, in its
motion to dismiss plaintiff’s first claim for relief as moot, that plaintiff failed to state a claim
upon which relief can be granted, that plaintiff failed to state a nonjusticiable claim, or that



       7
          See, e.g., Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 102-10 (1988)
(characterizing the justiciability issue of standing as a jurisdictional issue); North Carolina v.
Rice, 404 U.S. 244, 246 (1971) (per curiam) (“Mootness is a jurisdictional question because the
Court is not empowered to decide moot questions or abstract propositions . . . .” (internal
quotation marks omitted)); Myers Investigative & Sec. Servs., Inc. v. United States, 275 F.3d
1366, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“[M]ootness . . . is a threshold jurisdictional issue.”); White v. Lee,
227 F.3d 1214, 1242 (9th Cir. 2000) (“Because standing and mootness both pertain to a federal
court’s subject-matter jurisdiction under Article III, they are properly raised in a motion to
dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), not Rule 12(b)(6).”); CBY Design
Builders v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl. 303, 328 (2012) (“The mootness of a case is properly the
subject of an RCFC 12(b)(1) motion.”).
       8
          See, e.g., Baker, 369 U.S. at 196 (holding that a case that is “unsuited to judicial inquiry
or adjustment” should be dismissed for “a failure to state a justiciable cause of action” and not
for “a lack of jurisdiction of the subject matter”); Oryszak v. Sullivan, 576 F.3d 522, 526-27
(D.C. Cir. 2009) (Ginsburg, J., concurring) (noting that when “a plaintiff makes a claim that is
not justiciable . . . a court should dismiss the case for failure to state a claim” and that “it is
important to distinguish among failure to state a claim, a claim that is not justiciable, and a claim
over which the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction”); F. Alderete Gen. Contractors, Inc. v.
United States, 715 F.2d 1476, 1480 (Fed. Cir. 1983) (reciting “the long-standing rule in the
Federal courts that jurisdiction is determined at the time the suit is filed and, after vesting, cannot
be ousted by subsequent events, including action by the parties” (emphasis added)); see also
Kontrick v. Ryan, 540 U.S. 443, 455 (2004) (“Clarity would be facilitated if courts and litigants
used the label ‘jurisdictional’ . . . only for prescriptions delineating the classes of cases (subject-
matter jurisdiction) and the persons (personal jurisdiction) falling within a court’s adjudicatory
authority.”); Sierra Club v. Jackson, 648 F.3d 848, 853 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (“The distinction
between a claim that is not justiciable because relief cannot be granted upon it and a claim over
which the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction is important.”).

                                                 -25-
plaintiff asserted a claim outside the court’s subject matter jurisdiction because plaintiff’s first
claim for relief is not moot.

        In his first claim for relief, plaintiff challenges the informal PEB’s failure to apply
VASRD § 4.129 to his circumstances, depriving him of a 50% disability rating for his PTSD, a
reexamination within six months to determine whether the disability rating should be adjusted,
and a second PEB to address his disability rating.9 Defendant contends that this claim for relief
is moot because the Army, relying on the PDBR’s minority opinion, has retroactively corrected
plaintiff’s military records to provide plaintiff with the relief contemplated by VASRD § 4.129.
As such, defendant argues, there is no longer a live controversy regarding the application of
VASRD § 4.129 to plaintiff. Plaintiff disagrees, arguing that a live controversy remains because
notwithstanding the Army’s correction of his military records, the Army has not fully complied
with the relevant statutes and regulations. In particular, plaintiff asserts that the Army has not
provided him with the postdischarge reexamination required by VASRD § 4.129 or followed the
proper procedures for reviewing and/or changing plaintiff’s disability rating following the
required postdischarge reexamination. In a nutshell, plaintiff contends that the Army’s correction
of his records did not provide him with the full relief to which he was entitled.

        A court “will determine only actual matters in controversy essential to the decision of the
particular case before it.” United States v. Alaska S.S. Co., 253 U.S. 113, 115 (1920). The
controversy must exist at all stages of the litigation; it is not enough that the controversy was
alive when the complaint was filed. Steffel v. Thompson, 415 U.S. 452, 459 n.10 (1974). A
party’s subsequent acts will render a case moot if those acts make it impossible for the court to
grant “‘effectual relief.’” Church of Scientology of Cal. v. United States, 506 U.S. 9, 12 (1992)
(quoting Mills v. Green, 159 U.S. 651, 653 (1895)). However, because the “[m]ootness of an
action relates to the basic dispute between the parties” and “not merely the relief requested,” a
case will not be rendered moot by subsequent acts if some of the requested relief remains


       9
          Soldiers placed on the TDRL must undergo a physical examination at least once every
eighteen months “to determine whether there has been a change in the disability for which he was
temporarily retired.” 10 U.S.C. § 1210(a); Army Regulation 635-40, ¶ 7-4. The physical
examination is conducted at a medical treatment facility. Army Regulation 635-40, ¶ 7-13. The
results of the examination are forwarded to the PEB, id. ¶ 7-19(c), which determines whether the
soldier’s condition has changed since being placed on the TDRL, id. ¶ 7-20(b) to (c). The PEB
may only change a soldier’s disability rating upon the soldier’s removal from the TDRL. Id. ¶ 7-
20(b). If the PEB recommends a soldier’s removal from the TDRL, the soldier is entitled to
counseling from a PEB liaison officer and may make any of the elections set forth on DA Form
199. Id. ¶ 7-20(e)(1), (3); see also id. ¶ 4-20(c)(1) (describing the available options on DA Form
199 as (1) concurring with the findings and recommendations and waiving a formal hearing; (2)
disagreeing with the findings and recommendations, submitting a rebuttal statement, and waiving
a formal hearing; (3) demanding a formal hearing; and/or (4) having representation by counsel if
a hearing is demanded). Removal of a soldier from the TDRL upon the PEB’s recommendation
is done by the Army’s Human Resources Command. Id. ¶ 7-11(a).

                                                 -26-
available. Intrepid v. Pollock, 907 F.2d 1125, 1131 (Fed. Cir. 1990); accord Church of
Scientology of Cal., 506 U.S. at 12 (holding that a case is not moot so long as the “court can
fashion some form of meaningful relief” for the injured party).

        The subsequent act at issue here is the Army’s correction of plaintiff’s military records.
With this act, the Army provided plaintiff with some of his requested relief–it retroactively
assigned him a 50% disability rating for his PTSD and constructively placed him on the TDRL
for six months. However, the Army’s correction of plaintiff’s military records did not affect the
remaining relief that plaintiff requests–a reexamination of his mental health condition pursuant to
VASRD § 4.129, and the convening of a PEB to review and, if necessary, change the 50%
disability rating for his PTSD. If plaintiff prevails on his claim that the Army’s failure to order a
reexamination of his mental health and convene another PEB was “arbitrary, capricious, and
contrary to law,” the court has the authority to remand plaintiff’s case to the Army to correct the
defect. 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(2). Moreover, if the court concludes that the Army violated the
relevant statutes and regulations by not requiring a physical examination and convening a PEB,
and that, as a result, plaintiff is entitled to be permanently retired under 10 U.S.C. § 1201, then it
is authorized to issue an order directing the Army to place plaintiff in the appropriate retirement
status and correct plaintiff’s miliary records accordingly. Id. In sum, because relief remains
available for plaintiff’s first claim for relief, that claim is not moot.

  B. Plaintiff’s First Claim for Relief States a Claim Upon Which Relief Can Be Granted

         Defendant moves, in the alternative, to dismiss plaintiff’s first claim for relief for failure
to state a claim upon which relief can be granted pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(6). To survive such a
motion, a plaintiff must include in his complaint “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is
plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). In other words, a
plaintiff must “plead[] factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that
the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)
(citing Bell Atl., 550 U.S. at 556). Indeed, “[t]he issue is not whether a plaintiff will ultimately
prevail but whether the claimant is entitled to offer evidence to support the claims.” Scheuer v.
Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974), overruled on other grounds by Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S.
800, 814-19 (1982).

        As previously noted, plaintiff’s first claim for relief concerns the actions taken, and not
taken, by the Army in 2007 when it assigned plaintiff a 10% disability rating for his PTSD and
separated him with severance pay. Defendant argues that plaintiff fails to state a claim upon
which relief can be granted because the Army was not required, prior to 2008, to apply VASRD
§ 4.129 to soldiers deemed unfit for duty due to PTSD. Defendant is mistaken.

                    1. The Pre-2008 Statutory and Regulatory Framework

        In 2007, when plaintiff was discharged from the Army, a soldier with at least thirty days
of active duty service who was deemed unfit for duty could either be permanently retired


                                                 -27-
pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 1201, placed on the TDRL pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 1202, or separated
pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 1203. If the Secretary of the Army determined that the soldier’s
“disability [was] at least 30 percent under the standard schedule of rating disabilities in use by the
Department of Veterans Affairs at the time of the determination,” the soldier could be
permanently retired, 10 U.S.C. § 1201(b)(3)(B) (2006), or placed on the TDRL, id. § 1202
(incorporating the standards set forth in 10 U.S.C. § 1201). If the Secretary of the Army
determined that the soldier’s “disability [was] less than 30 percent under the standard schedule of
rating disabilities in use by the Department of Veterans Affairs at the time of the determination,”
the soldier could be separated. Id. § 1203(b)(4)(A)-(B); see also id. § 1203(b)(4)(C) (noting that
separation was possible in certain circumstances if a soldier’s “disability [was] at least 30 percent
under the standard schedule of rating disabilities in use by the Department of Veterans Affairs at
the time of the determination”). In other words, the Army was statutorily required to utilize the
VASRD to determine the disability rating of a soldier with an unfitting medical condition.10
Accord Army Regulation 635-40, ¶ B-1 (“Congress established the VASRD as the standard
under which percentage rating decisions are to be made for disabled military personnel.”); DoDI
1332.39, ¶ 4.2 (“Chapter 61 of [title 10 of the United States Code] establishes the [VASRD] as
the standard for assigning percentage ratings.”).

        The Secretary of the Army is charged with promulgating regulations to carry out the
provisions of chapter 61 of title 10 of the United States Code. 10 U.S.C. § 1216(a). Moreover,
except in circumstances not relevant in this case, the Secretary of the Army has “all powers,
functions, and duties incident to the determination” of:

       (1) the fitness for active duty of any member of an armed force under his
       jurisdiction;

       (2) the percentage of disability of any such member at the time of his separation
       from active duty;

       (3) the suitability of any member for reappointment, reenlistment, or reentry upon
       active duty in an armed force under his jurisdiction; and

       (4) the entitlement to, and payment of, disability severance pay to any member of
       an armed force under his jurisdiction.

Id. § 1216(b). Pursuant to this authority, the Secretary of the Army promulgated Army
Regulation 635-40. That regulation provided:



       10
            Other sections of the pre-2008 version of chapter 61 of title 10 of the United States
Code contain language similar to that appearing in sections 1201 and 1203 directing the military
to utilize the VASRD to determine disability ratings. See, e.g., 10 U.S.C. §§ 1204(4)(B),
1206(5), 1210(c)-(e).

                                                -28-
       a. The percentage assigned to a medical defect or condition is the disability
       rating. A rating is not assigned until the PEB determines the Soldier is physically
       unfit for duty. Under the provisions of 10 USC [ch.] 61 these ratings are assigned
       from the Department of Veterans Affairs Schedule for rating disabilities
       (VASRD).

       b. Special guidance concerning Army use of the VASRD, as well as
       modifications and exceptions to it as prescribed by [Department of Defense
       Directive (“DoDD”) 1332.18, “Separation or Retirement for Physical Disability”
       (Nov. 4, 1996)],11 are set forth in appendix B of this regulation.

Army Regulation 635-40, ¶ 3-5 (footnote added); accord id. ¶ 4-19(f)(5) (“If the Soldier is
entitled to disability benefits, the PEB decides the rating for each compensable disability from
the VASRD, as modified by Appendix B.”); DoDI 1332.38, ¶ E3.P4.6 (“When a disability is
established as compensable, the disability shall be rated according to the VASRD, as
implemented by DoD Instruction 1332.29 . . . and federal law.”). Another paragraph of the
regulation contained additional guidance regarding the Army’s modifications and exceptions to
the use of the VASRD:

       The VASRD, as modified by appendix B of this regulation, is used in deriving
       percentage ratings. The first 31 paragraphs of the VASRD, which provide general
       policies, do not apply and have been replaced by section I and II of appendix B of
       this regulation. [PEB liaison officers], raters, and reviewers must be familiar with
       the VASRD, including introductory paragraphs to sections and italicized
       footnotes. Appendix B sets forth Army policies (including modifications) on use
       of the VASRD when rules or ratings provided by the VA schedule are improper
       for Army use or do not provide a rating basis.

Army Regulation 635-40, ¶ 4-19(i); accord id. ¶ B-2 (noting that section I of appendix B
“replace[d] or modifie[d] paragraph[s] 1-31 of the VASRD”); DoDI 1332.39, ¶ 4.2 (“[N]ot all
the general policy provisions in Sections 4.1 - 4.31 of the VASRD are applicable to the Military
Departments. . . . This Instruction replaces these sections of the VASRD. The remainder of the
VASRD is applicable except those portions that pertain to [VA] determinations of Service
connection, refer to internal [VA] procedures or practices, or are otherwise specifically identified
in Enclosure 2 as being inapplicable.”12).


       11
           Paragraph 3.8 of DoDD 1332.18 provided that “[t]he assignment of disability ratings
shall be based on the Veterans Administration Schedule for Rating Disabilities (VASRD) . . . as
implemented by” DoDI 1332.38, “Physical Disability Evaluation” (Nov. 14, 1996), and DoDI
1332.39, “Application of the Veterans Administration Schedule for Rating Disabilities.”
       12
         The portions of the VASRD pertaining to PTSD and other mental disorders were not
mentioned in Enclosure 2.

                                                -29-
        One of the policies set forth in the first thirty-one paragraphs of the VASRD that was
rejected by the Army concerned convalescent ratings. VASRD § 4.30 provides:

       Convalescent ratings.

                A total disability rating (100 percent) will be assigned without regard to
       other provisions of the rating schedule when it is established by report at hospital
       discharge (regular discharge or release to non-bed care) or outpatient release that
       entitlement is warranted under paragraph (a) (1), (2) or (3) of this section effective
       the date of hospital admission or outpatient treatment and continuing for a period
       of 1, 2, or 3 months from the first day of the month following such hospital
       discharge or outpatient release. . . .

       (a) Total ratings will be assigned under this section if treatment of a service-
       connected disability resulted in:

               (1) Surgery necessitating at least one month of convalescence. . . .

               (2) Surgery with severe postoperative residuals such as incompletely
               healed surgical wounds, stumps of recent amputations, therapeutic
               immobilization of one major joint or more, application of a body cast, or
               the necessity for house confinement, or the necessity for continued use of a
               wheelchair or crutches (regular weight-bearing prohibited). . . .

               (3) Immobilization by cast, without surgery, of one major joint or more.
               ...

38 C.F.R. § 4.30. And, with respect to mental disorders, VASRD § 4.128 further provides:

       Convalescence ratings following extended hospitalization.

               If a mental disorder has been assigned a total evaluation due to a
       continuous period of hospitalization lasting six months or more, the rating agency
       shall continue the total evaluation indefinitely and schedule a mandatory
       examination six months after the veteran is discharged or released to nonbed care.

Id. § 4.128. The Army rejected the VASRD’s use of convalescent ratings in appendix B of Army
Regulation 635-40:

       Convalescent ratings

               Under certain diagnostic codes, the VASRD provides for convalescent
       ratings to be awarded for specified periods of time without regard to the actual


                                               -30-
       degree of impairment of function. Such ratings do not apply to the Military
       Departments since the purpose of convalescent ratings is accomplished by other
       means under disability laws. Convalescence will ordinarily have been completed
       by the time optimum hospital improvement (for disposition purposes) has been
       attained.

Army Regulation 635-40, ¶ B-7; accord DoDI 1332.39, ¶¶ 6.7-6.8. Of particular importance in
this case, the Army issued substantially identical policy memoranda to the presidents of its PEBs
in 2002 and 2005 in which it declared that the 50% disability rating set forth in VASRD § 4.129
was a convalescent rating, and that, therefore, it would not use VASRD § 4.129 when assigning
disability ratings to soldiers deemed unfit for duty due to PTSD. See United States Army
Physical Disability Agency, Memorandum for Physical Evaluation Board Presidents, “Policy/
Guidance Memorandum #7: The Department of Veterans Affairs Schedule for Rating
Disabilities (VASRD) Ratings for Mental Disorders, Narcolepsy, and Sleep Apnea Syndrome,”
Enclosure 1, ¶ 1(e) (Feb. 25, 2005) (“The Army does not use convalescent ratings. Paragraph
4.129 . . . is essentially a convalescent rating and will not be used.”); United States Army
Physical Disability Agency, Memorandum for Physical Evaluation Board Presidents, “Policy/
Guidance Memorandum #7: The Department of Veterans Affairs Schedule for Rating
Disabilities (VASRD) Ratings for Mental Disorders, Narcolepsy, and Sleep Apnea Syndrome,”
¶ 4(a)(5) (Apr. 8, 2002) (same). It further bears noting that the Army distinguished convalescent
ratings from observation ratings and minimum ratings, both of which it would apply in the
appropriate circumstances. See Army Regulation 635-40, ¶¶ B-7 (“The ratings for observation
periods, as distinguished from convalescence, such as those “for one year” following treatment
. . . , are not affected by this policy.”), B-15(b) (“In some instances the VASRD provides a
‘minimum rating’ without qualification as to residuals or impairment. . . . Diagnosis alone is
sufficient to justify the minimum rating providing the condition is unfitting. Higher ratings may
be awarded in consonance with degree of severity. No rating lower than the ‘minimum may be
used if the diagnosis is satisfactorily established unless specifically exempted by this regulation
or by higher authority.’”); accord DoDI 1332.39, ¶¶ 6.8 (indicating that observation ratings apply
to the military departments), 6.10.2 (“In some instances the VASRD provides a ‘minimum
rating’ without qualifications as to residuals or impairment. Diagnosis alone is sufficient to
justify the minimum rating. . . . Although higher ratings may be awarded in consonance with
degree of severity, no rating lower than the ‘minimum’ may be used if the diagnosis is
satisfactorily established.”).

 2. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 and Related Regulations

        On January 28, 2008, Congress enacted the National Defense Authorization Act for
Fiscal Year 2008, Pub. L. No. 110-181, 122 Stat. 3. Title XVI of that Act was the Wounded
Warrior Act, id. § 1601, 122 Stat. at 431, in which Congress, among other things, directed the
Secretaries of the VA and the Department of Defense to “develop a policy on improvements to
the processes, procedures, and standards for the conduct of physical disability evaluations of
recovering service members by the military departments and by the Department of Veterans


                                               -31-
Affairs,” id. § 1612(b)(1), 122 Stat. at 422. The policy was to be developed by July 1, 2008, id.,
and to include the following:

       [P]rocedures to eliminate unacceptable discrepancies and improve consistency
       among disability ratings assigned by the military departments and the Department
       of Veterans Affairs, particularly in the disability evaluation of recovering service
       members, which procedures shall be subject to the following requirements and
       limitations:

               ....

               (ii) Under such procedures, each Secretary of a military department shall,
               to the extent feasible, utilize the standard schedule for rating disabilities in
               use by the Department of Veterans Affairs . . . .

Id. § 1612(b)(2)(B), 122 Stat. at 422. In conjunction with this provision, Congress added a new
section to chapter 61 of title 10 of the United States Code–10 U.S.C. § 1216a. Id. § 1642, 122
Stat. at 465. The new section provided:

       Utilization of VA Schedule for Rating Disabilities in Determinations of
       Disability.–

       (1) In making a determination of disability of a member of the armed forces for
       purposes of this chapter, the Secretary concerned–

               (A) shall, to the extent feasible, utilize the schedule for rating disabilities
               in use by the Department of Veterans Affairs, including any applicable
               interpretation of the schedule by the United States Court of Appeals for
               Veterans Claims; and

               (B) except as provided in paragraph (2), may not deviate from the
               schedule or any such interpretation of the schedule.

10 U.S.C. § 1216a(a) (2012). Finally, Congress created the PDBR, which, as noted above, was
charged with reviewing the findings and decisions of PEBs for former service members, like
plaintiff, who were medically separated from service between September 11, 2001, and
December 31, 2009, with a disability rating of 20% or less. Pub. L. No. 110-181, § 1643, 122
Stat. at 465-67 (codified at 10 U.S.C. § 1554a).

      On October 14, 2008, the Department of Defense issued a policy memorandum regarding
implementation of the Wounded Warrior Act. See Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and
Readiness, Memorandum for Secretaries of the Military Departments et al., “Policy
Memorandum on Implementing Disability-Related Provisions of the National Defense


                                                 -32-
Authorization Act of 2008 (Pub. L. 110-181)” (Oct. 14, 2008). By this memorandum, the
Department of Defense rescinded DoDI 1332.39, “Application of the Veterans Administration
Schedule for Rating Disabilities,” and directed the military departments to follow the guidance
attached to the memorandum. Id. Of particular note, the guidance attached thereto amended
DoDD 1332.18, “Separation or Retirement for Physical Disability,” to remove references to
DoDI 1332.39 and to add a new enclosure, Enclosure 7, “Application of the Veterans Affairs
Schedule for Rating Disabilities.” Id. Enclosure 7 provided:

       The Secretaries of the Military Departments may not deviate from the schedule or
       any interpretation of the schedule, including any applicable interpretation of the
       VASRD by the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims. . . .

       E7.1. GENERAL

               ....

               E7.1.2. The Department of Veterans Affairs Schedule for Rating
               Disabilities (VASRD) shall be used in making ratings determinations for
               each of the medical conditions determined to be unfitting independently or
               due to combined effect, to include in combination with an independently
               unfitting condition. . . . For purposes of establishing a rating, the VASRD
               will be used in relation to the Service member’s physical disability at the
               time of the evaluation. If use of convalescent ratings and/or other interim
               ratings (i.e[.] prestabilization ratings) applies, the Service member may be
               placed on the Temporary Disability Retired List (TDRL) for reevaluation
               purposes.

               E7.1.3. Use of the VASRD is statutorily required, “to the extent feasible.”
               In applying the VASRD, any determination of infeasibility would have to
               be based on statutory differences between the DoD and VA disability
               systems, compelling differences in mission grounded in statute, or some
               other major difference in the 2 systems. A policy disagreement or
               different medical opinion would not constitute infeasibility.

Id. Enclosure 7 also provided:

       E7.2. Mental Disorders Due to Traumatic Stress[.] The Military Department
       Secretary concerned will abide by 10 USC 1216a and 38 CFR 4.129, VASRD for
       disposition of Service members found unfit because of a mental disorder due to
       traumatic stress. When a mental disorder that develops on active duty as a result
       of a highly stressful event is severe enough to bring about release from active
       military service, the rating agency shall assign an evaluation of not less than 50
       percent and schedule an examination within the 6 month period following


                                               -33-
       discharge to determine whether a change in rating and disposition is warranted.
       The disposition of Service members diagnosed with a mental disorder due to
       traumatic stress found to be an unfitting condition in the [disability evaluation
       system] process will be as follows:

              E7.2.1. For members found unfit with a rating of 80% or greater for a
              permanent and stable condition (or conditions) not related to diagnosis of
              the mental disorder due to traumatic stress, the member will be
              permanently retired.

              E7.2.2. All other such members must be placed on the Temporary
              Disability Retirement List (TDRL) and re-evaluated within a timeframe
              that is not less than 90 days, but within 6 months, from the date of
              placement on the TDRL[.]

Id.

        The Department of Defense issued another memorandum on July 17, 2009, to clarify how
the PDBR should apply VASRD § 4.129 to former service members seeking a review of their
disability ratings. See Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness,
Memorandum for Secretary of the Army et al., “Requests for Correction of Military Records
Relating to Disability Ratings for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder” (July 17, 2009) (“July 2009
Memorandum”). That memorandum provided:

               DoD Instruction 6040.44, “Lead DoD Component for the Physical
       Disability Board of Review,” June 27, 2008 (incorporating change 1, June 2,
       2009), directs the PDBR in reviewing prior disability ratings to disregard any
       Military Department guidelines that were inconsistent with the VASRD. While
       reliance on section 4.130, rather than section 4.129, was arguably consistent with
       the VASRD,13 the PDBR has concluded that equity favors giving applicants the
       benefit of section 4.129. Consultations with the [boards for correction of military
       records (“BCMRs”)] indicate recognition of the desirability of consistency among
       the BCMRs and PDBR in adjudicating these cases.

              Therefore, as a matter of policy, the PDBR and all three BCMRs will
       apply VASRD Section 4.129 to PTSD unfitting conditions for applicants
       discharged after September 11, 2001, and in such cases, where a grant of relief is
       appropriate, assign a disability rating of not less than 50% for PTSD unfitting


       13
          The Department of Defense’s use of the word “arguably” strongly suggests that it
recognized the lack of statutory and regulatory support for the pre-2008 application of VASRD
§ 4.130 over VASRD § 4.129, and, consequently, that the military departments’ prior disability
ratings were–at their members’ expense–contrary to statute and regulation.

                                               -34-
       conditions for an initial period of six months following separation, with
       subsequent fitness and PTSD ratings based on the applicable evidence.

Id. at 1-2 (footnote added).

             3. The Army Was Required to Apply VASRD § 4.129 Prior to 2008

       Defendant concedes that prior to 2007, the Army was generally required to apply the
VASRD when assigning disability ratings to soldiers deemed unfit for duty. However, defendant
contends that 10 U.S.C. § 1201, the statute regarding disability retirement determinations, does
not address whether the Army “should utilize the VASRD for purposes of convalescent or
temporary ratings.” Def.’s Mot. 23. As a result, defendant asserts, the Department of Defense
and the Army issued regulations rejecting the use of convalescent ratings, and the Army issued
two substantially identical policy memoranda specifically identifying VASRD § 4.129 as a
convalescent rating that its PEBs should not apply.14 Accordingly, defendant argues, the Army’s
decision not to apply VASRD § 4.129 to plaintiff was permissible.

        There are several flaws with defendant’s position. First, the Army’s interpretation of
VASRD § 4.129 as a convalescent rating was not contained in a statute or an Army regulation,
but instead appeared in two substantially identical policy memoranda that were sent to the
presidents of the Army’s PEBs. Such internal memoranda lack the force of law and are therefore
not entitled to deference. See Christensen v. Harris Cnty., 529 U.S. 576, 587 (2000). Instead,
the interpretations contained in the policy memoranda “are ‘entitled to respect’ . . . , but only to
the extent that those interpretations have the ‘power to persuade.’” Id. (citation omitted).

        The court does not find the Army’s interpretation of VASRD § 4.129 as a convalescent
rating to be persuasive because that interpretation is belied by the plain language of the VASRD.
As described in VASRD § 4.30, a convalescent rating is a 100% total disability rating assigned
without regard to other provisions of the VASRD when treatment for a disability resulted in (1)
“[s]urgery necessitating at least one month of convalescence”; (2) “[s]urgery with severe
postoperative residual[]” effects; or (3) “[i]mmobilization by cast, without surgery,” of at least
one major joint. 38 C.F.R. § 4.30. VASRD § 4.129 neither requires a 100% total disability
rating nor concerns a disability that requires treatment with surgery or a cast. Further, the portion
of the VASRD related to mental disorders includes a section expressly dealing with convalescent


       14
           In its July 2009 Memorandum, the Department of Defense noted: “Historically, the
practice of the Military Departments[’] disability agencies was to complete the comprehensive
section 4.130 mental health assessment prior to the member’s separation, and therefore dispense
with section 4.129.” Defendant did not provide the court with documentation from the other
military departments specifically indicating their decisions not to apply VASRD § 4.129.
Indeed, plaintiff reports that–aside from the Army policy memoranda from 2002 and 2005–he
was unable to locate any military regulation or policy memorandum in which a military
department interpreted VASRD § 4.129 as a convalescent rating.

                                                -35-
ratings, separate and distinct from VASRD § 4.129, which describes a convalescent rating for a
mental disorder as a 100% total disability rating “due to a continuous period of hospitalization
lasting six months or more . . . .” See id. § 4.128. As previously noted, VASRD § 4.129 does
not require a 100% total disability rating. Nor does VASRD § 4.129 contain a hospitalization
requirement. And finally, unlike VASRD § 4.30 and VASRD § 4.128, VASRD § 4.129 does not
refer to either convalescent ratings in particular or convalescence more generally. In fact,
VASRD § 4.129 appears to be a minimum rating–a type of VASRD disability rating that the
Army has embraced–rather than a convalescent rating. See Army Regulation 635-40, ¶ B-15(b);
DoDI 1332.39, ¶ 6.10.2. In short, the Army mischaracterized and misinterpreted VASRD
§ 4.129 as a convalescent rating in its 2002 and 2005 policy memoranda.

        Second, neither federal statute nor the specific binding regulation promulgated by the
Army to govern its disability evaluation system classified VASRD § 4.129 as a convalescent
rating or prevented a PEB from applying VASRD § 4.129 to soldiers deemed unfit for duty due
to PTSD. See generally 10 U.S.C. ch. 61 (2006); Army Regulation 635-40. The relevant
Department of Defense regulations also lack such provisions. See generally DoDD 1332.18;
DoDI 1332.38; DoDI 1332.39. Thus, there were no statutory or regulatory prohibitions to
applying VASRD § 4.129 to those soldiers deemed unfit for duty due to PTSD at the time of
plaintiff’s discharge.

        Third, the decision relied upon by defendant in support of its position, Petri v. United
States, 104 Fed. Cl. 537 (2012), is neither binding on this court nor persuasive. In Petri, the court
remarked:

       [I]t appears that in 2006, the Air Force was not required, by regulation, to place
       plaintiff on the Temporary Disability Retired List pursuant to Veterans
       Administration Schedule for Rating Disabilities § 4.129, before separating him
       from the Air Force in 2006. The VA regulation, Veterans Administration
       Schedule for Rating Disabilities § 4.129, was not applied to the Department of
       Defense until 2008. See Policy Memorandum on Implementing Disability–
       Related Provision[s] of the National Defense Authorization Act of 2008, Oct. 14,
       2008 (2008 Memorandum).

Id. at 553. The court further explained in a footnote:

               The 2008 Memorandum provided: “The Military Department Secretary
       concerned will abide by 10 USC 1216a and 38 CFR § 4.129, VASRD [Veterans
       Administration Schedule for Rating Disabilities] for disposition of Service
       members found unfit because of a mental disorder due to traumatic distress.” [sic]
       A subsequent memorandum, DoDI Memorandum, July 17, 2009, “Requests for
       Correction of Military Records Relating to Disability Ratings for Post Traumatic
       Stress Disorder” (2009 Memorandum), stated: “Policy Memorandum on
       Implementing Disability–Related Provisions of the National Defense


                                                -36-
       Authorization Act for 2008 (Pub. L. 110–181), October 14, 2008, directed the
       application of VASRD [Veterans Administration Schedule for Rating Disabilities]
       section 4.129 to PTSD unfitting conditions, effective as of the date of enactment
       of that law, January 28, 2008.” Therefore, prior to the enactment of the 2008 law,
       Veterans Administration Schedule for Rating Disabilities § 4.129 was not
       required to be applied.

Id. at 553 n.22. Thus, the court in Petri relied solely upon the Department of Defense’s
statements that VASRD § 4.129 did not apply to the Department of Defense until the enactment
of the Wounded Warrior Act on January 28, 2008. However, the mere fact that the Department
of Defense stated that it was not required to apply VASRD § 4.129 until January 28, 2008, does
not mean that the military departments were not obligated by statute and regulation to apply
VASRD § 4.129 before that date. Accordingly, the court declines to follow Petri.

       In sum, when plaintiff was discharged from the Army in 2007, the Army was required to
apply VASRD § 4.129 to soldiers, like plaintiff, who met its criteria. Defendant’s motion to
dismiss must therefore be denied.

           III. THE PARTIES’ CROSS-MOTIONS FOR JUDGMENT ON THE
                          ADMINISTRATIVE RECORD

        Having denied defendant’s motion to dismiss, the court turns to the parties’ cross-motions
for judgment on the administrative record, filed pursuant to RCFC 52.1(c). In ruling on such
motions, the court must decide whether the moving party is entitled to judgment based on the
evidence in the administrative record. See Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1356
(Fed. Cir. 2005) (“[J]udgment on the administrative record is properly understood as intending to
provide for an expedited trial on the administrative record.”).

                              A. Plaintiff’s First Claim for Relief

         As discussed above, plaintiff’s first claim for relief concerns the Army’s conduct in 2007
when it assigned plaintiff a 10% disability rating for his PTSD and separated him with severance
pay. In his motion for judgment on the administrative record, plaintiff contends that the Army’s
failure to apply VASRD § 4.129 to him when he was diagnosed with PTSD and deemed unfit for
duty was contrary to law. In response, defendant contends that plaintiff has waived his challenge
to the Army’s 2007 disability determination and, in the alternative, that the Army’s decision to
assign plaintiff a 10% disability rating for his PTSD was supported by substantial evidence. The
court first addresses defendant’s threshold waiver argument.

        Defendant contends that the Army’s assignment of a 10% disability rating for plaintiff’s
PTSD is not reviewable by this court because plaintiff voluntarily accepted the recommendation
of the informal PEB and waived his right to a hearing before a formal PEB. As defendant notes,
it is well settled in this court that a former service member’s knowing and voluntary decision to


                                               -37-
waive a hearing before a formal PEB precludes judicial review of the informal PEB’s
recommendation. See, e.g., Watson v. United States, 113 Fed. Cl. 615, 632 (2013) (“Courts have
indeed consistently held that a service member’s waiver of the right to challenge an informal
PEB’s findings before a formal PEB is also a waiver of the service member’s right to judicial
review of the informal PEB decision.”), clarified, 118 Fed. Cl. 266 (2014), modified, No.
12-785C, 2015 WL 4914966 (Fed. Cl. Aug. 17, 2015); Warner v. United States, 103 Fed. Cl.
408, 413 (2012) (“[T]he waiver of a formal PEB review also acts as a waiver of judicial review
of the [informal PEB].”); Williams v. United States, 100 Fed. Cl. 263, 277 (2011) (“Having
voluntarily accepted his thirty percent disability ratings by concurring with the informal PEBs’
determinations and waiving his right to formal PEB hearings, [the plaintiff] agreed to be bound
by the informal PEBs’ decisions.”); Stine v. United States, 92 Fed. Cl. 776, 791-94 (2010), aff’d
per curiam, 417 F. App’x 979 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (mem.); Van Cleave v. United States, 66 Fed. Cl.
133, 136 (2005) (“Plaintiff’s voluntary waiver of a formal PEB precludes judicial review of the
informal PEB’s determination.”); Gant v. United States, 63 Fed. Cl. 311, 316-19 (2004), aff’d
per curiam, 417 F.3d 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2005). When addressing a claim of waiver, the court must
first determine whether the former service member actually waived his right to a hearing before a
formal PEB. See Van Cleave v. United States, 402 F.3d 1341, 1343-44 (Fed. Cir. 2005)
(recognizing that the plaintiff’s signing of the Election of Options form amounted to a waiver).
If such a waiver exists, then the court must make two additional determinations: the scope of the
waiver, id. at 1344, and whether the waiver was knowing and voluntary, id.; Gant, 417 F.3d at
1332.

        Defendant argues, and the court agrees, that plaintiff did waive a hearing before the
formal PEB. That waiver is evidenced by plaintiff’s initials and signatures on the DA Form
5893-R, “Acknowledgment of Notification of Formal Physical Evaluation Board Hearing,” and
the DA Form 199, “Physical Evaluation Board (PEB) Proceedings.” Moreover, plaintiff’s
signatures and initials on those forms reflect that his waiver was knowing and voluntary; he
indicated that he received counseling and understood all of his options and the consequences of
choosing each of those options.15 The remaining issue–the scope of plaintiff’s waiver–is not as
straightforward.

       Plaintiff argues that even if the evidence in the administrative record reflects a knowing
and voluntary waiver of a hearing before a formal PEB, that waiver does not preclude judicial
review of the informal PEB’s recommendation. Specifically, he contends that it would have
been futile to demand a hearing before a formal PEB because the Army had a blanket policy of


       15
           In his reply brief, plaintiff argues, for the first time, that his waiver was not voluntary.
Because plaintiff did not raise this argument in his opening brief, he has waived it. See
SmithKline Beecham Corp. v. Apotex Corp., 439 F.3d 1312, 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2006)
(“[A]rguments not raised in the opening brief are waived.”); Novosteel SA v. United States, 284
F.3d 1261, 1274 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“Raising the issue for the first time in a reply brief does not
suffice; reply briefs reply to arguments made in the response brief–they do not provide the
moving party with a new opportunity to present yet another issue for the court’s consideration.”).

                                                 -38-
not applying VASRD § 4.129 to soldiers deemed unfit for duty due to PTSD; in other words, it
would have been useless to ask a formal PEB to apply VASRD § 4.129 to him.

        Plaintiff premises his futility argument on the fact that in nearly all of the decisions in
which this court stated that a knowing and voluntary waiver of a hearing before a formal PEB
precludes judicial review of the informal PEB’s recommendation, the court relied upon the
decision of the United States Supreme Court (“Supreme Court”) in United States v. L.A. Tucker
Truck Lines, Inc., 344 U.S. 33 (1952), or another decision that itself relied upon L.A. Tucker
Truck Lines, Inc. In L.A. Tucker Truck Lines, Inc., the Supreme Court held: “Simple fairness to
those who are engaged in the tasks of administration, and to litigants, requires as a general rule
that courts should not topple over administrative decisions unless the administrative body not
only has erred but has erred against objection made at the time appropriate under its practice.”
Id. at 37; see also id. (remarking that “orderly procedure and good administration require that
objections to the proceedings of an administrative agency be made while it has opportunity for
correction in order to raise issues reviewable by the courts”).

        However, as plaintiff notes, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, in
applying the administrative exhaustion requirement set forth in L.A. Tucker Truck Lines, Inc.,
has recognized an exception to that requirement for futility. See Mittal Steel Point Lisas Ltd. v.
United States, 548 F.3d 1375, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (citing Corus Staal BV v. United States, 502
F.3d 1370, 1378-79 & n.4 (Fed. Cir. 2007)). “To show futility, a party must demonstrate that it
‘would be required to go through obviously useless motions in order to preserve [its] rights.’”
Mittal Steel Point Lisas Ltd., 548 F.3d at 1384 (quoting Corus Staal BV, 502 F.3d at 1379).
Courts apply the futility exception narrowly. Id.; Corus Staal BV, 502 F.3d at 1379. “The mere
fact that an adverse decision may have been likely does not excuse a party from a statutory or
regulatory requirement that it exhaust administrative remedies.” Corus Staal BV, 502 F.3d at
1379.

        Plaintiff’s futility argument does not survive close scrutiny. First, there is no allegation or
evidence that plaintiff was aware at the time of his discharge that the Army had a policy of not
applying VASRD § 4.129 to soldiers deemed unfit for duty due to PTSD. Thus, when he was
discharged, plaintiff had no reason not to challenge the Army’s application of VASRD § 4.130,
rather than VASRD § 4.129, to him. Stated differently, plaintiff could not have understood that
such a challenge would be futile.

        Second, even had plaintiff been aware of the Army’s policy, binding precedent reflects
that the futility exception should not be applied merely because an adverse decision from the
relevant agency is expected. To the extent that plaintiff expected an adverse decision from a
formal PEB due to the Army’s policy and therefore opted not to seek a hearing before a formal
PEB, that expectation is insufficient to satisfy the narrowly applied futility exception to the
exhaustion requirement. Indeed, in L.A. Tucker Truck Lines, Inc., the Supreme Court
specifically rejected the contention that administrative exhaustion can be excused if an agency
has “a predetermined policy . . . which would have required it to overrule the objection if made,”


                                                 -39-
because the agency “deal[t] with a large number of like cases” and “[r]epetition of the objection
in [those cases] might [have] lead to a change of policy, or, if it did not, the [agency] would at
least [have been] put on notice of the accumulating risk of wholesale reversals being incurred by
its persistence.” 344 U.S. at 37. Plaintiff never put the Army on notice that he believed that it
was misapplying the VASRD, an action that may have provided the Army with the impetus to
change its policy.

        In sum, plaintiff knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to a hearing before a formal
PEB. As a result, he is precluded from challenging, in this court, the Army’s 2007 assignment of
a 10% disability rating for his PTSD, which was based on the findings and recommendations of
an informal PEB.16 Accordingly, with respect to plaintiff’s first claim for relief, the court grants
defendant’s motion for judgment on the administrative record and denies plaintiff’s cross-motion
for judgment on the administrative record.

                              B. Plaintiff’s Second Claim for Relief

       In his second claim for relief, plaintiff challenges the Army’s 2014 decision to reject the
PDBR majority’s recommendation that plaintiff be retired with a 30% PTSD disability rating.
Defendant argues that the Army’s decision was supported by substantial evidence. Plaintiff
responds that the Army acted contrary to law by failing to resolve reasonable doubt in his favor
and that the Army failed to consider relevant evidence. Upon reviewing the pertinent statutes
and regulations, the court concludes that the Army acted contrary to law.

                                       1. Standard of Review

         The Secretary of the Army’s decision to reject the PDBR’s recommendation was
authorized by 10 U.S.C. § 1554a(e)(1), and is entitled to deference. See Bray v. United States,
515 F.2d 1383, 1391 (Ct. Cl. 1975) (per curiam) (noting that in a “trial de novo, deference is
accorded the judgment and expertise of the administrative decision-maker”); see also Heisig v.
United States, 719 F.2d 1153, 1156 (Fed. Cir. 1983) (noting that a court is not to substitute its
judgment for that of a military department “when reasonable minds could reach differing
conclusions on the same evidence”). Accordingly, the court may only “review the rationale
underlying the Secretary’s decision to determine if the decision was arbitrary, capricious,
unsupported by substantial evidence, or in violation of law.” Strickland v. United States, 423
F.3d 1335, 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2005); accord Boyd v. United States, 207 Ct. Cl. 1, 4 (1975) (“The
court . . . may reject the decision of a Secretary only if he has exercised his discretion arbitrarily,
capriciously, in bad faith, contrary to substantial evidence, or where he has gone outside the
board record, or fails to explain his actions, or violates applicable law or regulations.”); see also
Silbaugh v. United States, 107 Fed. Cl. 143, 149 (2012) (“The court reviews the PDBR decision


        16
           As a result of this conclusion, the court need not address whether the Army’s
assignment of a 10% disability rating for plaintiff’s PTSD was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of
discretion, or contrary to law.

                                                 -40-
under a standard that is no more strict than the baseline deferential standard governing the
decision of a correction board–the court “will not disturb the decision of the [board] unless it is
arbitrary, capricious, contrary to law, or unsupported by substantial evidence.” (quoting Barnick
v. United States, 591 F.3d 1372, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2010))).

2. The Army’s Decision to Assign Plaintiff a 10% Disability Rating for His PTSD After Six
         Months of Constructive Placement on the TDRL Was Contrary to Law

         In the brief that he submitted in support of his application to the PDBR, plaintiff
argued–correctly, as discussed above–that the Army should have applied VASRD § 4.129 to him
at the time of his discharge in 2007. However, the PDBR’s recommendations, and the Army’s
final decision rejecting these recommendations, were not premised on plaintiff’s argument that
the Army should have applied VASRD § 4.129 to him in 2007. Rather, the PDBR and the Army
were proceeding pursuant to the Department of Defense’s July 2009 Memorandum, in which the
Department of Defense instructed the PDBR to

       apply VASRD Section 4.129 to PTSD unfitting conditions for applicants
       discharged after September 11, 2001, and in such cases, where a grant of relief is
       appropriate, assign a disability rating of not less than 50% for PTSD unfitting
       conditions for an initial period of six months following separation, with
       subsequent fitness and PTSD ratings based on the applicable evidence.

July 2009 Memorandum 2. The final portion of this instruction is contrary to law.

        When plaintiff was referred to the PEB in 2007, the PEB was required to assess whether
plaintiff was unfit for duty and, if so, assign an appropriate disability rating. The informal PEB
determined that plaintiff was unfit for duty due to his PTSD. Consequently, as noted above, the
informal PEB should have used VASRD § 4.129 to assign plaintiff a disability rating of 50%.
Based on the mandatory 50% disability rating, the Army then had two options: retire plaintiff
pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 1201 or place plaintiff on the TDRL pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 1202. If the
Army chose the latter option, then it was required, pursuant to VASRD § 4.129 and/or 10 U.S.C.
§ 1210, to schedule one or more follow-up examinations to determine whether plaintiff’s
condition had changed since being placed on the TDRL. Accord Army Regulation 635-40, ¶ 7-
17(a). The results of those follow-up examinations would have been forwarded to a PEB for
review. Id. ¶¶ 7-19(c), 7-20(b) to (c). If, at any point, the PEB recommended that plaintiff be
removed from the TDRL, then plaintiff would have been entitled to the same procedural
protections available to him when the informal PEB initially found him unfit for duty due to his
PTSD. Id. ¶ 7-20(e)(1), (3). Depending upon the final disability rating assigned by the Army,
plaintiff would have either been separated with severance pay, 10 U.S.C. § 1210(e), or
permanently retired, id. § 1210(c). If plaintiff was not removed from the TDRL after five years
and his disability still existed, then the Army would have been required to deem the disability
permanent and stable, effectively requiring plaintiff’s removal from the TDRL. Id. § 1210(b).



                                               -41-
        Upon reviewing plaintiff’s application in 2014, the PDBR recommended, and the Army
agreed, that plaintiff should be constructively placed on the TDRL for six months with a 50%
disability rating for his PTSD in accordance with VASRD § 4.129. Notwithstanding its
constructive nature, the Army’s placement of plaintiff on the TDRL triggered the statutory and
regulatory requirements that flow from a soldier’s placement on the TDRL. These requirements
include arranging a follow-up examination and convening a new PEB to reassess plaintiff’s 50%
disability rating. Of course, these are impossible tasks. The Army constructively placed plaintiff
on the TDRL for six months effective July 30, 2007; it cannot go back in time to January 2008
(six months) or January 2009 (eighteen months) to schedule a follow-up examination and
convene a new PEB. But the fact that it is impossible for the Army to schedule a follow-up
examination and convene a new PEB within the time required by statute and/or regulation does
not authorize the Army to disregard the statutory and regulatory requirements that govern the
administration of the TDRL. Just as the Army required a legal basis for constructively placing
plaintiff on the TDRL, it required a legal basis for constructively removing plaintiff from the
TDRL. Accordingly, because the Army failed to schedule a follow-up examination and convene
a new PEB for plaintiff–the statutory and regulatory prerequisites for removing a soldier from the
TDRL–it was required to retain plaintiff on the TDRL for as long as was legally authorized. In
other words, the Army was not permitted to constructively remove plaintiff from the TDRL after
six months. Indeed, allowing the Army to remove plaintiff from the TDRL–even constructively–
due to its failure to comply with the law would reward the Army for its own errors.

        Moreover, it was improper for the PDBR to recommend, and the Army to assign, a new
disability rating to plaintiff based on the mental health examination that lead to plaintiff’s
constructive placement on the TDRL in the first instance. The purpose of the periodic
examinations that follow a soldier’s placement on the TDRL is to determine whether the
soldier’s condition had changed since the previous examination and diagnosis. Id. § 1210(a)
(2012); Army Regulation 635-40, ¶ 7-20(b) to (c). Logically, the Army could not have
determined whether plaintiff’s condition had changed based solely on the examination that
preceded his discharge and the absence of an examination six months after his discharge.
Allowing the Army to make a determination with such evidence (and lack of evidence) is, once
again, tantamount to rewarding the Army for its own error–its failure to schedule the follow-up
examination for plaintiff pursuant to statute and regulation.

         In sum, plaintiff did not obtain the relief to which he was entitled from the PDBR or the
Army under the controlling statutes and regulations. Once the Army constructively placed
plaintiff on the TDRL effective July 30, 2007, it could not constructively remove plaintiff from
the TDRL in the absence of a follow-up examination and a new PEB. Moreover, the fact that
plaintiff underwent VA PTSD review examinations on May 21, 2009, and April 27, 2011, is not
sufficient to satisfy the statutory and regulatory requirements, for two reasons. First, the Army
did not convene PEBs following the VA’s examinations. Second, the PDBR is not empowered
to sit as a PEB; it is only authorized to review the preexisting findings and decisions of a PEB.
See 10 U.S.C. § 1554a(a)(1), (c)(1). Thus, because a PEB did not review the VA PTSD review



                                               -42-
examinations and issue findings and recommendations based on its review, the PDBR could not
have issued a new or modified disability rating based on those examinations.

        Because the Army failed to schedule a follow-up examination and convene a new PEB
for plaintiff, it was legally required to constructively retain plaintiff on the TDRL for the five-
year maximum period provided by 10 U.S.C. § 1210(b)–in other words, until July 30, 2012.
And, again, because the Army failed to schedule a follow-up examination and convene a new
PEB at the end of plaintiff’s constructive five-year term on the TDRL, the Army, upon
considering plaintiff’s application to the PDBR, should have constructively removed plaintiff
from the TDRL with his original 50% PTSD disability rating. See 10 U.S.C. § 1554a(d)(3)
(indicating that the PDBR cannot recommend a reduction of the disability rating assigned by the
PEB).

        The court concludes that the Army acted contrary to law when it assigned plaintiff a 10%
disability rating for his PTSD after six months of constructive placement on the TDRL.17
Consequently, with respect to plaintiff’s second claim for relief, the court denies defendant’s
motion for judgment on the administrative record and grants plaintiff’s cross-motion for
judgment on the administrative record.

                                       IV. CONCLUSION

        For the reasons set forth above, the court DENIES defendant’s motion to dismiss,
GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART defendant’s motion for judgment on the
administrative record, and GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART plaintiff’s cross-motion
for judgment on the administrative record. Further, because the court did not consider the
declaration attached to plaintiff’s reply brief in reaching its decision, the court DENIES
defendant’s motion to strike as MOOT.

       This case is REMANDED to the Army for the correction of plaintiff’s military records in
accordance with the following instructions:

       •    The Army shall correct plaintiff’s military records to reflect the following:

            •   Plaintiff was constructively placed on the TDRL beginning on the date of
                his discharge–July 30, 2007–and ending five years from that date, in
                accordance with 10 U.S.C. § 1210(b).

            •   At the time of plaintiff’s constructive removal from the TDRL, plaintiff
                was assigned a 50% disability rating for his PTSD.

       17
          Due to this conclusion, the court need not address whether the Army’s decision was
supported by substantial evidence, whether the Army disregarded relevant evidence, or whether
the Army failed to resolve reasonable doubt in plaintiff’s favor.

                                                -43-
    •   Plaintiff was permanently retired upon his removal from the TDRL
        pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 1210(c) and 10 U.S.C. § 1201 (so long as plaintiff
        met the remaining criteria set forth in 10 U.S.C. § 1201 on the date of his
        constructive removal from the TDRL).

•   The Army may make any other corrections that are required to carry out the
    court’s instructions.

•   The Army shall issue any orders required to ensure that plaintiff receives the
    retired pay and other benefits to which he is entitled.

•   The remand period shall terminate on Thursday, April 21, 2016. The court
    STAYS proceedings in the instant case during that time. If the Army has not
    corrected plaintiff’s records and provided the relief to which plaintiff is
    entitled in accordance with those corrections by April 21, 2016, the parties
    shall follow the procedures set forth in RCFC 52.2(d).

•   Pursuant to RCFC 52.2(b)(1)(D), defendant shall file a status report every
    ninety days, with the first one due no later than Tuesday, January 19, 2016,
    indicating the status of the proceedings at the Army.

•   When the Army has corrected plaintiff’s military records and awarded plaintiff
    the retired pay and other benefits to which he is entitled due to those
    corrections, it shall forward two copies of its documentation that those tasks
    have been completed to the clerk of the Court of Federal Claims pursuant to
    RCFC 52.2(e). The parties shall then file, within thirty days of the filing of
    the Army’s documentation, the notices required by RCFC 52.2(f)(1).

IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                               s/ Margaret M. Sweeney
                                               MARGARET M. SWEENEY
                                               Judge




                                        -44-
