[Cite as Zoldan v. Chaffee, 2014-Ohio-5472.]


                                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                               ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                    TRUMBULL COUNTY, OHIO


STANLEY ZOLDAN,                                :      OPINION

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,           :
                                                      CASE NO. 2014-T-0002
        - vs -                                 :

VILLAGE OF LORDSTOWN,                          :

                 Defendant,                    :

MICHAEL CHAFFEE, AN INDIVIDUAL,                :

                 Defendant-Appellant.          :


Civil Appeal from the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2012 CV
2610.

Judgment: Reversed and remanded.


Martin S. Hume, Martin S. Hume Co., L.P.A., 6 Federal Plaza Central, #905,
Youngstown, OH 44503-1506 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).

Matthew M. Ries, Harrington, Hoppe & Mitchell, Ltd., 108 Main Avenue, S.W., Suite
500, Warren, OH 44481, and Neil D. Schor, Harrington, Hoppe & Mitchell, Ltd., 26
Market Street, #1200, Youngstown, OH 44503 (For Defendant-Appellant).



CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J.

        {¶1}     Appellant, Michael Chaffee, appeals from the judgment of the Trumbull

County Court of Common Pleas denying him immunity pursuant to R.C. Chapter 2744.

At issue is whether the trial court erred in concluding that there was a genuine issue of

material fact as to whether appellant was entitled to the general grant of immunity
afforded employees of political subdivisions. Because we hold appellant is entitled to

immunity as a matter of law, the judgment of the trial court is reversed and remanded.

      {¶2}   In late summer of 2010, a proposal was advanced to install wind turbines

to assist in the supply of electricity to the administrative building for the village of

Lordstown. When the matter was put to a vote, three councilpersons were in favor the

installation, and three councilpersons were against it. One of the three opposing the

proposal was appellee, Stanley Zoldan. When council was unable to pass on the issue

due to a tie, the mayor of the Village was required to cast a vote.         Accordingly,

appellant, the mayor at the time, voted for the installation of the turbines. The village

filed for grants, which they received, and the construction of the turbines commenced.

      {¶3}   By March 2011, the wind turbines were operational. At a council meeting

on April 4, 2011, however, council learned the turbines had not been given final building

and electrical inspections. Appellee, concerned that someone in the public could be

electrocuted, proposed that the turbines be shut down until the inspections occurred.

On April 5, 2011, appellee spoke with Dale Grimm, the Parks and Grounds

Superintendent for the Village, urging him to shut down the turbines.        Mr. Grimm

declined, stating he had to first speak with appellant, who was his boss. Mr. Grimm

contacted appellant and related appellee’s concerns. Appellant received information

from the Trumbull County Building Inspector’s Department that indicated the operation

of the turbines did not create a safety issue.   Accordingly, appellant told Mr. Grimm to

keep the turbines operating but “get an electrical inspection ASAP.”

      {¶4}   Once Grimm explained he would not shut down the turbines, appellee

contacted the Trumbull County Building Inspector himself. According to appellee, the




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building inspector explained that the reason why no inspection occurred is because no

permit was obtained. And because no permit was obtained, no permit could be pulled.

Appellee then advised the building inspector of his intention to shut the turbine down

himself.

       {¶5}   Appellee subsequently traveled to the office of the Warren Tribune

Chronicle where he informed a reporter, Raymond Smith, of his intentions. Mr. Smith

drove with appellee to the site and, when they reached the village administrative

building, appellee, posing for a photograph, shut down the turbine.          Because the

turbines functioned as a secondary source for the electricity in the administration

building, however, electrical power to the building did not cease.

       {¶6}   The record indicates Mr. Grimm; the Village’s Police Chief, Brent Milhoan;

and the Village Fire Chief had actual authority to cut power to the turbines. Appellee

acknowledged he was not given authority from one of these sources to shut the turbines

down. Appellee maintained, however, he nevertheless possessed authority to shut the

turbines down because he was a councilperson who took an oath to protect the citizens

of the Village of Lordstown.

       {¶7}   Later, on April 5, 2011, appellant learned of appellee’s actions, but was

unsure how to handle the matter given the unusual circumstances. He first contacted

Chief Milhoan to determine whether the officer could confirm that appellee had, in fact,

shut the turbines down. He could not. Appellant, however, ultimately received a call

from Mr. Smith, of the Tribune, seeking a comment regarding appellee’s actions.

Appellant, after receiving this confirmation, contacted the Village Solicitor, Paul Dutton,

to brief him on the incident.




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       {¶8}   On April 6, 2011, appellant contacted Chief Milhoan again and advised the

chief he was waiting for Solicitor Dutton to provide him with a legal opinion regarding

appellee’s actions. Appellant maintained he did not specifically desire to file a criminal

complaint, but felt it was necessary to seek legal advice to the extent Village property

had been tampered with. Appellant further noted that, even though appellee was a

member of council, he did not want to be perceived as giving him special treatment.

       {¶9}   After speaking with Chief Milhoan, appellant received an email from Mr.

Dutton stating, inter alia, that the turbines “should not have been accepted for public use

and made operational until such time as all final inspections (including electrical and

foundation inspection) were completed and submitted in proper form to the village.”

Appellant maintained that Mr. Dutton also advised him verbally to pursue the incident

with the police and file a police report. And, at 9:47 a.m., appellant contacted the police

department and reported, by telephone, that, on April 5, 2011, the Village of Lordstown

was a victim of the crime of Disrupting Public Services. Although appellee’s name is not

on the incident report, appellant did not contest that the report related to appellee’s act

of shutting down the turbines.

       {¶10} Later, on April 6, 2011, appellee was asked to come into the police

department. He gave police a voluntary statement in which he admitted to his actions.

He further stated he shut the turbines down based upon his concern that, if they were to

malfunction, the building could catch fire and/or firefighters or the public at large could

be injured. And, if any injury were sustained as a result of the malfunction, the village

could be held both civilly and criminally liable.




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      {¶11} Appellant also provided a voluntary statement to police on April 6, 2011.

In his statement, he recited the chain of events, as he was apprized of them. He noted

he had spoken with Chief Milhoan earlier in the day as well as Solicitor Dutton. The

former advising him he should make a written statement, the latter informing him he

should pursue the matter further with police.

      {¶12} Subsequently, Chief Milhoan contacted the City of Newton Falls

Prosecutor’s Office to determine whether the police department should take any action

on the matter.   Chief Milhoan explained the Village had no recommendation as to

whether criminal charges should be pursued. On April 8, 2011, appellee was charged

by complaint in the Newton Falls Municipal Court with Disruption of Public Services, in

violation of R.C. 2909.04(A)(2), a felony of the fourth degree. The formal complaint was

signed by “Captain Campbell for Ron Reed.”         Deputy Ron Reed, of the Village of

Lordstown Police Department, was the officer investigating the incident prior to the filing

of the complaint. Appellee was arrested and transported to the Trumbull County Jail.

      {¶13} The criminal proceedings were ultimately transferred to Niles Municipal

Court. Terry Swauger, the prosecutor who was handling the matter in Niles, stated no

one from the Village of Lordstown, including appellant, had given him any input

regarding the management of appellee’s case. On January 13, 2012, the charge was

dismissed in exchange for appellee’s agreement to pay court costs.

      {¶14} On November 19, 2012, appellee filed a complaint against the Village of

Lordstown and appellant.      The complaint alleged malicious prosecution, abuse of

process, defamation, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. The Village and

appellee subsequently filed a motion for summary judgment asserting they were entitled




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to immunity under R.C. Chapter 2744. They further asserted appellee’s defamation and

intentional infliction of emotional distress claims were time-barred by the applicable

statute of limitations. Appellee filed a memorandum in opposition, arguing genuine

issues of material fact remained to be litigated as to whether appellant was entitled to

sovereign immunity based upon statutory exceptions to the general grant of immunity.

      {¶15} On January 10, 2014, the trial court issued an order granting summary

judgment on the defamation and intentional-infliction claims ruling they were time-

barred.   The court also granted the village of Lordstown summary judgment on

appellee’s malicious prosecution and abuse of process claims, finding no exception to

general immunity. The trial court, however, denied appellee summary judgment on the

malicious prosecution and abuse of process claims. The court determined there were

genuine issues of material fact on these claims precluding summary judgment.

      {¶16} Appellant appealed the trial court’s judgment and appellee filed a cross-

appeal. Subsequent to briefing, however, this court dismissed appellee’s cross-appeal.

This court held appellee was attempting to appeal the award of summary judgment in

the Village’s favor, which is not a final appealable order because the claims against

appellee are still pending and the appealed judgment did not contain the requisite Civ.R.

54(B) language. See Zoldan v. Village of Lordstown, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2014-T-

0002, 2014-Ohio-3007, ¶10.

      {¶17} Appellant assigns one error for this court’s review. It asserts:

      {¶18} “The trial court erred in denying summary judgment on appellee’s

malicious prosecution and abuse of process claims against Mayor Chaffee because

Mayor Chaffee is entitled to immunity under R.C. 2744.03.”




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       {¶19} Pursuant to Civil Rule 56(C), summary judgment is proper when (1) the

evidence shows “that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact” to be litigated;

(2) “the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law;” and (3) “it appears from

the evidence * * * that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion and that

conclusion is adverse to the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is

made, that party being entitled to have the evidence * * * construed most strongly in the

party’s favor.” A trial court’s decision to grant summary judgment is reviewed by an

appellate court under a de novo standard of review. Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co., 77

Ohio St.3d 102, 105 (1996). “A de novo review requires the appellate court to conduct

an independent review of the evidence before the trial court without deference to the

trial court's decision.” (Citation omitted.) Peer v. Sayers, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2011-T-

0014, 2011-Ohio-5439, ¶27.

       {¶20} Political subdivisions are generally immune from civil liability. R.C.

2744.02(A). An employee of a political subdivision, while also entitled to a general grant

of immunity, may be held civilly liable if one of the circumstances outlined in R.C.

2744.03(A)(6) applies. In this matter, it is undisputed that appellant, as a former mayor

of the Village, is an employee of a political subdivision.

       {¶21} Under R.C. 2744.03(A)(6), an employee of a political subdivision is

immune from liability unless: (1) the employee’s acts or omissions are manifestly

outside the scope of the employee’s employment or official responsibilities;        (2) the

employee’s acts or omissions were malicious, in bad faith, or wanton or reckless; or (3)

liability is expressly imposed on the employee by a section of the Revised Code.




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      {¶22} Appellee does not allege Ohio law expressly imposes liability on appellant

for his actions.   Instead, he alleged appellant’s acts or omissions were manifestly

outside the scope of his employment or official responsibilities as well as that

appellant’s conduct in managing the incident was malicious, in bad faith, or wanton and

reckless pursuant to R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(b).

      {¶23} Malicious conduct is “the willful and intentional desire to harm another,

usually seriously, through conduct which is unlawful or unjustified.” Pierce v. Woyma,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97545, 2012-Ohio-3947, ¶15, citing Hicks v. Leffler, 119 Ohio

App.3d 424, 428-429 (10th Dist.1997). Further, “bad faith” is understood as more than

bad judgment or negligence.      Pierce, supra, citing Hicks.   Bad faith can also be

understood as that for which there is no “reasonable justification.” Id. at 429, citing

Zoppo v. Homestead Ins. Co., 71 Ohio St.3d 552, 554 (1994).

      {¶24} “Wanton misconduct is such conduct as manifests a disposition to

perversity, and it must be under such surrounding circumstances and existing

conditions that the party doing the act or failing to act must be conscious, from his

knowledge of such surrounding circumstances and existing conditions, that his conduct

will in all common probability result in injury.” Universal Concrete Pipe Co. v. Bassett,

130 Ohio St. 567 (1936), paragraph two of the syllabus.

      {¶25} “Reckless conduct is characterized by the conscious disregard of or

indifference to a known or obvious risk of harm to another that is unreasonable under

the circumstances and is substantially greater than negligent conduct. Thompson [v.

McNeill], 53 Ohio St.3d 102, [] 104-105, [(1990)], adopting 2 Restatement of the Law 2d,

Torts, at 587 (1965); see also Black’s Law Dictionary 1298-1299 (8th Ed.2004)




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(explaining that reckless conduct is characterized by a substantial and unjustifiable risk

of harm to others and a conscious disregard of or indifference to the risk, but the actor

does not desire harm).” Anderson v. Massillon, 134 Ohio St.3d 380, 2012-Ohio-5711,

¶34.

       {¶26} In his deposition, appellee asserted appellant initiated the criminal

proceedings against him in retaliation for contesting the turbine project. He stated his

belief that “somewhere along the line, the mayor did come up with, ‘Here, I will file

charges, file a complaint, take it from here.” Appellee asserted: “[i]t was a punishment.

It was a punishment because I raised hell about those windmills. I was right.” Appellee

conceded, however, his viewpoints were based upon personal speculation.

       {¶27} First of all, it is unclear how appellee’s opposition to the turbine installation

had any necessary bearing on appellant’s conduct subsequent to the incident. The

project properly passed through council; the turbines were erected; and the record fails

to establish that there was any meaningful or overt tension between the parties in the

interim. If anything, appellee’s admittedly strident opposition to the project supports a

conclusion opposite of the theory advanced in his deposition; namely, that his unilateral

act of shutting down the turbines was a form of protest for appellant, and other

councilpeople, not voting against the project.

       {¶28} This observation aside, appellee’s beliefs and speculations are the only

evidence that appellant was acting maliciously, in bad faith, or in a wanton and reckless

fashion. A party contesting a motion for summary judgment must set forth specific facts

showing there are genuine issues for trial.       See Civ.R. 56(E).     Because appellee’s

theory of liability as well as his argument that appellant is not immune from such liability




                                              9
is premised upon unconfirmed speculation, it does not meet the requirements of Civ.R.

56. Accordingly, appellee has failed to meet his reciprocal burden of establishing a

genuine issue of fact on the immunity issue. Thus, appellant was entitled to immunity

as a matter of law. Werman v. Green, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2000-L-033, 2001 Ohio App.

LEXIS 1555, *7 (Mar. 30, 2001) (claim based upon hunches or speculation does not

create a genuine issue for trial and must fail as a matter of law); Hansen v. Wal-Mart

Stores, Inc., 4th Dist. Ross No. 07CA2990, 2008-Ohio-2477, ¶8 (“Mere speculation and

unsupported conclusory assertions are not sufficient.”); Carroll v. Alliant Techsystems,

Inc., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 06AP-519, 2006-Ohio-5521, ¶17 (“Speculation and

conjecture * * * are not sufficient to overcome appellant’s burden of offering specific

facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.”). Viewing the record in a light most

favorable to appellee, we conclude his beliefs, which he conceded were speculative and

unsupported by any independent corroborative facts, are insufficient to create a genuine

issue of material fact as to whether appellant is excepted from immunity under R.C.

2744.03(A)(3).

       {¶29} Furthermore, absent appellant’s speculation, there are no facts indicating

appellant acted maliciously, in bad faith, or in a wanton and reckless manner. The

evidence indicates appellant called Chief Milhoan about the incident the day it occurred.

According to Chief Milhoan, appellant did not indicate an interest in pursuing charges,

but simply explained he had consulted with Solicitor Dutton for legal advice. Chief

Milhoan stated appellant did not ask him to take any specific action. In light of the

report, however, Chief Milhoan, on his own, called the prosecutor. They discussed the

incident, but nothing more occurred. The evidence further indicates that on April 6,




                                            10
2011, appellant telephoned the police department as a complainant on behalf of the

Village for the crime of disruption of public services. In his deposition, appellant stated,

Solicitor Dutton had advised him to file a report with the police. He further testified that

where Village property is tampered with, he would always seek legal advice from the

solicitor.   He stated he did not want to file a criminal complaint; under the

circumstances, however, he did not want it to appear he was treating a Village

Councilperson any differently than an ordinary citizen.

        {¶30} The foregoing facts simply indicate appellant facilitated an investigation

into the incident in his capacity as mayor. Conduct that, under the circumstances, was

within the scope of his employment and official responsibility. Further, the facts fail to

establish appellant’s actions were initiated to willfully harm appellee through conduct

that was unlawful or without basis.      Rather, appellant’s actions had an objectively

reasonable justification; namely, because Village property was tampered with and done

so with publicity, appellant determined a public investigation of the actions would be an

appropriate means of addressing the situation. The facts therefore fail to create a

genuine issue of material fact on the possibility appellant was acting maliciously or in

bad faith.

        {¶31} Furthermore, there is no suggestion that appellant’s conduct manifested a

“disposition to perversity” or a conscious indifference to an obvious risk of harm to

appellee that was unreasonable under the circumstances. Appellant reported what he

perceived to be a criminal act and appellee admitted to committing the act; appellant

subsequently pursued the investigation because he wanted to avoid the perception that

an elected official would be treated differently than an average citizen who acted in a




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similar fashion.    Accordingly, there is nothing in the record, save appellee’s

uncorroborated speculation, to indicate appellant had a motivation to punish or injure

appellee.   Hence, there is no basis to conclude appellant was wanton or reckless in

taking the course of action he chose.

      {¶32} Given the foregoing, we therefore hold, viewing the facts in a light most

favorable to appellee, that appellee has failed to establish a genuine issue of material

fact on the issue of appellant’s immunity under R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(a) and (b).

      {¶33} Appellant’s assignment of error is sustained.

      {¶34} For the reasons discussed in this opinion, the judgment of the Trumbull

County Court of Common Pleas is reversed and remanded.



THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J.,

COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J.,

concur.




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