                    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                                NO. 2013-CT-00058-SCT

CHARLES BESTER

v.

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI


                              ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                           09/26/2012
TRIAL JUDGE:                                HON. BILLY JOE LANDRUM
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                  JONES COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                     CHARLES BESTER (PRO SE)
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:                      OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
                                            BY: SCOTT STUART
NATURE OF THE CASE:                         CIVIL - POST-CONVICTION RELIEF
DISPOSITION:                                AFFIRMED - 04/14/2016
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:


       EN BANC.

       LAMAR, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    Charles Bester pleaded guilty to forcible rape, and the trial judge sentenced him to life

imprisonment. Bester petitioned for post-conviction relief (PCR), arguing that the forcible-

rape statute allows only a jury to impose a life sentence, and absent a recommendation from

a jury, a trial judge is powerless to impose such a sentence. The trial court and the Court of

Appeals rejected this argument and denied Bester’s PCR motion. We agree with both courts

and affirm.
                        FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2.    The following facts are adopted from the Court of Appeals’ decision:

       During the January 1992 Jones County term, a grand jury indicted Bester in
       cause number 7791 on two counts: Count I was the forcible rape of [name
       deleted] in violation of Mississippi Code annotated section 97-3-65 (Rev.
       1985); Count II was the Robbery of [name deleted] in violation of Mississippi
       Code Annotated section 97-3-73 (1972).

       On August 31, 1992, and pursuant to a plea agreement, Bester pled guilty to
       both counts. According to the sentencing order filed the same day, the circuit
       court accepted Bester’s pleas as “entered freely, voluntarily, and intelligently.”
       The sentencing order also states: “The circuit court is further advised by
       Bester, Bester’s counsel, and the State’s attorneys that plea negotiations have
       been conducted and that the recommendation of the State is mutually
       acceptable to all parties.”       The circuit court accepted the State’s
       recommendation that Bester be sentenced to life in the custody of the MDOC
       for the charge of rape and to seven years in the custody of the MDOC for the
       charge of robbery, with both sentences to run concurrently to each other. It
       was so ordered.

       On September 14, 2012, Bester filed a “motion to correct an illegal
       sentence,”[1] alleging that a life sentence for the crime of forcible rape must
       only be imposed by a jury. And because a jury did not impose his life
       sentence, he claimed he was “laboring under a sentence, of which the circuit
       judge had no authority to impose. Thus making his current sentence of life .
       . . an illegal sentence.” Additionally, Bester claimed that because his sentence
       is illegal, he has presented an exception to the time-bar. Analyzing Bester’s
       motion as a PCR motion, the circuit court summarily dismissed the motion as
       time-barred, and found “the merits of Bester’s PCR motion entitled him to no
       relief and no hearing . . . .”

Bester v. State, 2014 WL 3720550, at *1 (Miss. Ct. App. July 29, 2014) (alterations omitted).

¶3.    The Court of Appeals rejected both of Bester’s arguments and affirmed the trial

court’s judgment. We granted Bester’s petition for certiorari. After reviewing Bester’s pro

se arguments, we invited the Appellate Practice Section of the Mississippi Bar to designate

       1
       This was Bester’s second PCR; he filed his first in 2006.

                                               2
one or more of its members to brief several additional issues on Bester’s behalf, as pro bono

amici curiae. We have carefully reviewed the supplemental briefs filed by Bester, the State

and the amici curiae, and we now affirm the judgments of the Court of Appeals and the trial

court.

                                   STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶4.      “When reviewing a trial court’s decision to deny a petition for post-conviction relief,

this Court will not disturb the trial court’s factual findings unless they are found to be clearly

erroneous.” Twillie v. State, 892 So. 2d 187, 189 (Miss. 2004) (citation omitted). But we

review questions of law de novo. Id.

                                         DISCUSSION

¶5.      The sole issue before us is whether the trial judge had the authority to sentence Bester

to life imprisonment, absent a recommendation from the jury. We hold that he did.

¶6.      Bester pleaded guilty and was sentenced under Mississippi Code Section 97-3-65(2)2

which states, in pertinent part:

         [U]pon conviction, [the defendant] shall be imprisoned for life in the State
         Penitentiary if the jury by its verdict so prescribes; and in cases where the jury
         fails to fix the penalty at life imprisonment the court shall fix the penalty at
         imprisonment in the State Penitentiary for any term[3] as the court, in its
         discretion, may determine.



         2
       Presently, the forcible-rape statute is codified as Mississippi Code Section 97-3-
65(4)(a) (Rev. 2014).
         3
        We emphasize that our statute allows the court to fix the penalty of imprisonment
“for any term,” rather than for “a term of years” or “any term of years.” And despite the
protestations of the dissenters, we note that this Court and the Court of Appeals have used
the phrase “term of life imprisonment” in at least 233 opinions.

                                                 3
(Emphasis added.) The statute’s plain language authorizes a trial judge to sentence a

defendant to imprisonment “for any term as the court, in its discretion, may determine.”

Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-65(4)(a) (Rev. 2014) (emphasis added). “Any term” includes life

imprisonment. “Our law has long provided that the imposition of sentence following a

criminal conviction is a matter within the discretion of the Circuit Court, subject only to

statutory and constitutional limitations.” Jackson v. State, 551 So. 2d 132, 149 (Miss. 1989)

(emphasis added). Bester’s sentence violates neither. And “[s]o long as these are not

offended, we rarely interfere.” Id. As such, Bester’s sentence is not illegal.

¶7.    Bester argues, and we acknowledge, that this Court previously has interpreted this

statute to prohibit a trial judge from sentencing a defendant to life imprisonment without a

jury recommendation.4 We also are cognizant of the principle of stare decisis: “[e]ven

though this Court’s previous interpretation of a statute was (in the current Court’s view)

erroneous, we must continue to apply the incorrect interpretation.” Bell v. State, 160 So. 3d

188, 195 (Miss. 2015).

¶8.    But “stare decisis is not an inexorable command.” Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808,

828, 111 S. Ct. 2597, 115 L. Ed. 2d. 720 (1991). And this Court has declined to continue

applying an incorrect interpretation when we find that it is “‘pernicious,’ ‘impractical,’ or

‘mischievous in . . . effect, and resulting in detriment to the public.’” Id. (citations omitted).

“‘Pernicious’ is defined as ‘having a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way.’”

Hye v. State, 162 So. 3d 750, 765 n.6 (Miss. 2015) (Kitchens, J., dissenting). We think it

       4
      See, e.g., Luckett v. State, 582 So. 2d 428 (Miss. 1991); Friday v. State, 462 So. 2d
336 (Miss. 1985); and Lee v. State, 322 So. 2d 751 (Miss. 1975).

                                                4
pernicious, i.e., harmful, for this Court to continue to exceed its constitutional authority by

judicially amending Section 97-3-65(4)(a) and limiting a judge’s sentencing authority as

established by the Legislature.

¶9.    Sentencing is solely within the Legislature’s purview, and for a conviction of forcible

rape, the Legislature has chosen to give a trial judge the authority to sentence a defendant to

any term he or she deems appropriate, if a jury fails to fix the term at life. And in other

contexts when the Legislature has chosen to restrict a trial judge’s sentencing options to a

term of years, it has clearly and specifically done so. For example, the kidnapping statute

contains almost identical language regarding the jury’s “fixing” of the penalty and states that

one convicted of kidnapping

       upon conviction, shall be imprisoned for life in the custody of the Department
       of Corrections if the punishment is so fixed by the jury in its verdict. If the jury
       fails to agree on fixing the penalty at imprisonment for life, the court shall fix
       the penalty at not less than one (1) year nor more than thirty (30) years in the
       custody of the Department of Corrections.

Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-53 (Rev. 2014) (emphasis added). These minimum and maximum

sentencing guidelines are noticeably absent from Section 97-3-65(4)(a).

¶10.   In short, we simply cannot continue to ignore the plain language of Section 97-3-

65(4)(a). The Legislature chose not to limit a trial judge’s sentencing options, and today we

return to a faithful application of Section 97-3-65(4)(a)’s plain language. We do so because

of our “constitutional mandate to faithfully apply the provisions of constitutionally enacted

legislation.” Univ. of Miss. Med. Ctr. v. Easterling, 928 So. 2d 815, 820 (Miss. 2006). To




                                                5
the extent that Luckett v. State, Friday v. State, and Lee v. State hold otherwise, they are

hereby expressly overruled.

¶11.   As a final note, because Bester’s sentence is not illegal, we agree with the Court of

Appeals that Bester’s motion is barred as a successive writ and is time-barred as well.

Bester, 2014 WL 3720550, at *4. See also Rowland v. State, 98 So. 3d 1032, 1035-36

(Miss. 2012).

                                     CONCLUSION

¶12.   The trial judge had statutory authority to sentence Bester to life imprisonment, absent

a recommendation from the jury. We therefore affirm the trial court’s and the Court of

Appeals’ denial of his PCR motion.

¶13.   AFFIRMED.

     DICKINSON AND RANDOLPH, P.JJ., COLEMAN AND BEAM, JJ.,
CONCUR. KITCHENS, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION
JOINED BY WALLER, C.J., AND KING, J. KING, J., DISSENTS WITH
SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY WALLER, C.J., AND KITCHENS,
J. MAXWELL, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.

       KITCHENS, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:

¶14.   I fully concur with the well-reasoned dissent authored by Justice King. Nevertheless,

the gravity of the majority’s decision today constrains me to write, inasmuch as Charles

Bester was sentenced to, and is serving, an illegal sentence that the trial court lacked the

authority to impose upon him. I, therefore, respectfully dissent.

¶15.   Mississippi Code Section 97-3-65(4)(a) (Rev. 2014) provides that:

       Every person who shall have forcible sexual intercourse with any person . . .
       upon conviction, shall be imprisoned for life in the State Penitentiary if the

                                              6
       jury by its verdict so prescribes; and in cases where the jury fails to fix the
       penalty at life imprisonment, the court shall fix the penalty at imprisonment in
       the State Penitentiary for any term as the court, in its discretion, may
       determine.

Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-65(4)(a) (Rev. 2014) (emphasis added).

¶16.   Today’s majority, which purportedly returns this Court’s jurisprudence to a “plain

language” interpretation of Section 97-3-65(4)(a), omits from consideration the clauses

which qualify the trial court’s discretion to fix the penalty “for any term.” Here, no jury

prescribed a sentence of life imprisonment for Bester. In truth, no jury prescribed, or failed

to prescribe, any penalty, as Bester pled guilty to forcible rape. The statute’s plain language

predicates the trial court’s consideration of a life sentence upon a jury’s failure “to fix the

penalty at life imprisonment.” This Court specifically has held that “[a] defendant convicted

under this statute may not be sentenced to life imprisonment unless the jury fixes the penalty

at life imprisonment.” Luckett v. State, 582 So. 2d 428, 430 (Miss. 1991), overruled on other

grounds by Rowland v. State, 42 So. 3d 503 (Miss. 2010). The majority’s statement that

“[t]he Legislature chose not to limit a trial judge’s sentencing options,” is not a faithful

representation of the totality of the statutory language, which explicitly limits the trial court’s

consideration of imprisonment “for any term” to “cases where the jury fails to fix the penalty

at life imprisonment.” Maj. Op. ¶10. The trial court lacked authority to sentence Bester to

imprisonment “for any term” because no jury had failed “to fix the penalty at life

imprisonment.” In fact, no jury had done or failed to do anything at all concerning Bester’s

sentence.




                                                7
¶17.   Additionally, a life sentence is not a “term.” A “term” has an easily defined beginning

and ending. A life sentence has an indeterminate ending not capable of human calculation.

Only God can tell how long a life sentence will be. It is not a term, for a term must terminate

at some predetermined point in time. “The statute presupposes, absent a jury recommendation

of life imprisonment, that the judge will sentence the defendant to a definite term reasonably

expected to be less than life.” Lee v. State, 322 So. 2d 751, 753 (Miss. 1975) (emphasis

added); Stewart v. State, 372 So. 2d 257, 259 (Miss. 1979) (In context of armed-robbery

statute, the sentencing authority of the trial judge limited to a “definite term reasonably

expected to be less than life.”) This Court consistently has distinguished “life imprisonment”

from “term” for nearly forty years:

       The standard established in Stewart and Lee has been consistently applied for
       almost four decades to both armed-robbery and forcible-rape statutes. See
       Johnson v. State, 29 So. 3d 738, 744 (Miss. 2009); Cannon v. State, 919 So.
       2d 913, 916 (Miss. 2005); Foley v. State, 914 So. 2d 677, 692 (Miss. 2005);
       Cox v. State, 793 So. 2d 591, 599 (Miss. 2001); Lawson v. State, 748 So. 2d
       96, 99 (Miss. 1999); Lindsay v. State, 720 So. 2d 182, 185 (Miss. 1998);
       Kennedy v. State, 626 So. 2d 103, 105 (Miss. 1993); Luckett v. State, 582 So.
       2d 428, 430 (Miss. 1991) (overruled on other grounds); Mitchell v. State, 561
       So. 2d 1037, 1038 (Miss. 1990); Erwin v. State, 557 So. 2d 799, 801 (Miss.
       1990); Evans v. State, 547 So. 2d 38, 40 (Miss. 1989); Watkins v. State, 500
       So. 2d 462, 463 (Miss. 1987); Davis v. State, 477 So. 2d 223, 224 (Miss.
       1985); Cunningham v. State, 467 So. 2d 902, 906 (Miss. 1985); Harper v.
       State, 463 So. 2d 1036, 1041 (Miss. 1985); Friday v. State, 462 So. 2d 336,
       339 (Miss. 1985); Warren v. State, 456 So. 2d 735, 738–39 (Miss. 1984);
       Ware v. State, 410 So. 2d 1330, 1332 (Miss. 1982); Hickombottom v. State,
       409 So. 2d 1337, 1340 (Miss. 1982); Henderson v. State, 402 So. 2d 325, 328
       (Miss. 1981); Wilson v. State, 390 So. 2d 575, 580 (Miss.1980); Parker v.
       State, 367 So. 2d 456, 458 (Miss. 1979).

Hampton v. State, 148 So. 3d 992, 1010-11 (Miss. 2014) (Chandler, J., dissenting).

¶18.   Many federal courts take a similar approach:

                                              8
       Multiple circuits . . . consistently have concluded in various similar contexts
       that only a jury has the authority to impose a life sentence and that the judge
       can impose a sentence for a term of years less than life. See United States v.
       Tocco, 135 F.3d 116 (2d Cir.1998), cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1096, 118 S.Ct.
       1581, 140 L. Ed. 2d 795 (1998); United States v. Gullett, 75 F.3d 941 (4th
       Cir.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 847, 117 S. Ct. 134, 136 L. Ed. 2d 83 (1996);
       United States v. Hansen, 755 F.2d 629 (8th Cir.1985); U.S. v. Grimes, 142
       F.3d 1342, 1352 (11th Cir.1998).

Hampton, 148 So. 3d at 1012 (Chandler, J., dissenting). See U.S. v. Williams, 775 F.2d

1295, 1299 (5th Cir. 1985) (Pursuant to the “clear meaning” of the federal statute fixing the

punishment for malicious destruction of a building used in interstate commerce, “Williams

may be sentenced by the district court only to ‘any term of years’ and not to life

imprisonment in the absence of a jury recommendation . . . . To include life imprisonment

within the phrase ‘any term of years’ is contrary to the unambiguous statutory language.

Absent the recommendation of the jury, this sentence was improper and must be vacated and

the cause remanded to the district court for resentencing.”)

¶19.   In dispensing with four decades of this Court’s interpretation of the phrase “for any

term,” the majority attempts to circumvent the doctrine of stare decisis: “[w]e think it

pernicious, i.e., harmful, for this Court to continue to exceed its constitutional authority by

judicially amending Section 97-3-65(4)(a) and limiting a judge’s sentencing authority as

established by the legislature.” Maj. Op. ¶8. Again, the statute predicates the trial court’s

consideration of the sentence, which the statute limits to a “term,” upon the jury’s rejection

of a life sentence. As troubled as this Court may be by the statute’s perceived

unconstitutional lenience in sentencing rapists and armed robbers, today the Court itself acts

unconstitutionally by overruling an interpretation of the statute that has been as consistently

                                              9
ratified by the legislature as it has been consistently applied by this Court. See Caves v.

Yarbrough, 991 So. 2d 142, 153 (Miss. 2008).

¶20.   I cannot sanction such a departure from decades of this Court’s well-established

jurisprudence and I join Justice King in repudiating the majority’s decision.

       WALLER, C.J., AND KING, J., JOIN THIS OPINION.

       KING, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:

¶21.   As is consistent with decades of this Court’s precedent, I believe that the trial court

was without authority to impose a life sentence in this case; therefore, I dissent. I also

believe that the sua sponte manner in which the majority makes this significant change in the

law is improper given that the State did not ask for nearly forty years of precedent to be

overruled. Such action on the part of this Court is surely to be an unpleasant shock to the

criminal defense bar of this state.5

¶22.   The forcible rape statute states that persons convicted of forcible rape “shall be

imprisoned for life in the State Penitentiary if the jury by its verdict so prescribes; and in

cases where the jury fails to fix the penalty at life imprisonment, the court shall fix the

penalty at imprisonment in the State Penitentiary for any term as the court, in its discretion,

may determine.” Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-65(4)(a) (Rev. 2014) (emphasis added). This

Court has specifically held that a sentence of life imprisonment may be imposed only by a

jury. Lee v. State, 322 So. 2d 751, 753 (Miss. 1975) (interpreting the forcible rape statute

       5
        See M.R.A.P. 28(a), (c) (“No issue not distinctly identified shall be argued by
counsel, except upon request of the court, but the court may, at its option, notice a plain error
not identified or distinctly specified.”). Given that the precedent at issue has been the law
for nearly forty years, it can hardly be classified as “plain error” that this Court may “notice.”

                                               10
and holding that the statute “places the imposition of a life sentence within the sole province

of the jury, and, in our opinion, no such sentence can be imposed by a judge unless he has

the authority from the jury so to do”) (emphasis added) (“The statute presupposes, absent a

jury recommendation of life imprisonment, that the judge will sentence the defendant to a

definite term reasonably expected to be less than life.”) (emphasis added). This applies even

in cases in which a defendant pleads guilty. Luckett v. State, 582 So. 2d 428 (Miss. 1991),

overruled on other grounds by Rowland v. State, 42 So. 3d 503 (Miss. 2010) (analyzing the

forcible rape statute in a case in which defendant entered a guilty plea and was sentenced to

life imprisonment and finding that, because a jury did not fix the penalty at life

imprisonment, “the judge must sentence the defendant to a definite term reasonably expected

to be less than life”). Thus, the only sentence that a judge has the authority to impose for

forcible rape is one of a term of years. More specifically, this Court’s precedent makes clear

that “any term” does not include life imprisonment; yet today the Court overrules that

precedent, finding that “‘[a]ny term’ includes life imprisonment.” Maj. Op. ¶ 6.

¶23.   In Lee, the Court examined the forcible rape statute, which provided, and to this day

provides, that the defendant

       upon conviction shall be imprisoned for life in the state penitentiary if the jury
       by its verdict so prescribes; and in cases where the jury fails to fix the penalty
       at life imprisonment the court shall fix the penalty in the state penitentiary for
       any term as the court, in its discretion, may determine.

Lee, 322 So. 2d at 753 (quoting Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-65 (Supp. 1974)). The Court found

that under Section 97-3-65, a trial judge may not impose a sentence of life when the jury has

failed to do so. Lee, 322 So. 2d at 753. It held that

                                              11
       The statute before us places the imposition of a life sentence within the sole
       province of the jury and, in our opinion, no such sentence can be imposed by
       a judge unless he has the authority from the jury so to do. The statute
       presupposes, absent a jury recommendation of life imprisonment, that the
       judge will sentence the defendant to a definite term reasonably expected to be
       less than life.

Id.

¶24.   The majority, however, believes that the “plain language” of the forcible rape statute

mandates that “any term” includes life imprisonment. Maj. Op. ¶ 6. Yet, the plain language

of the statute affirmatively states that a defendant “shall be imprisoned for life in the State

Penitentiary if the jury by its verdict so prescribes.” Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-65(4)(a) (Rev.

2014) (emphasis added). First, to interpret “any term” that the court may prescribe as

including “life,” as the majority does, renders the distinction carefully placed in the statute

by the Legislature utterly meaningless.6 If the court may sentence a defendant to life

imprisonment, why then, would it be necessary for the Legislature to specify that a jury must

recommend life imprisonment in its verdict? Such a provision is not necessary if the court

may also sentence the defendant to life. Second, the plain meaning of the terms used by the

Legislature belies the majority’s interpretation. “Life imprisonment” means “[c]onfinement

of a person in prison for the remaining years of his or her natural life.” Life imprisonment,



       6
         In interpreting a similar statute, federal courts have held that only a jury may impose
a life sentence. See United States v. Gullett, 75 F.3d 941, 950 (4th Cir. 1996) (the absence
of a jury recommendation for a life sentence “disempowered the sentencing judge to choose
between a life term and a term of years, so if he used a term of years to impose a life sentence
he was evading a limitation on his authority” (quoting United States v. Prevatte, 66 F.3d 840,
843 (7th Cir. 1995) (Posner, J., concurring))); United States v. Williams, 775 F.2d 1295,
1299 (5th Cir. 1985); United States v. Hansen, 755 F.2d 629, 631 (8th Cir. 1985),
abrogated on other grounds by United States v. Boss, 787 F.2d 393 (8th Cir. 1986).

                                              12
Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014). Conversely, a “term” means “[a] fixed period of

time.”2 Term, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014). To clarify that definition, “fixed”

means “not fluctuating or varying; definite” and “period” means “any specified division or

portion of time.” Fixed, Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary 727, 1440 (2d ed. 2001). Thus,

a “term” means a definite period of time, in the case of sentences, that usually means a period

of months or years. The length of a person’s natural life is not fixed or definite; it is an

unknown, and not quantifiable. A term is quantifiable, and is fixed and definite. It is clear

from the plain language of the statute that “any term” does not include “life imprisonment.”

¶25.   The majority attempts to bolster its argument by way of the kidnapping statute,

arguing that “in other contexts when the Legislature has chosen to restrict a trial judge’s

sentencing options to a term of years, it has clearly and specifically done so,” citing the

kidnapping statute as capping the sentence that the court is allowed to fix at thirty years.

Maj. Op. ¶ 9. Yet, by that same token, when the Legislature chooses to allow a trial judge

to have the sentencing option of life imprisonment, it has done so clearly and unequivocably.




       2
          The majority affirmatively states that “this Court and the Court of Appeals have used
the phrase ‘term of life imprisonment’ in at least 233 opinions.” Maj. Op. ¶ 6 n.3. While
it is true that a Westlaw search in Mississippi law for “term of life imprisonment” yields 233
results (opinions and orders), in some of these results, the phrase is found only in the
Westlaw synopsis or in quoting the trial court, defendant, or other cases, and thus is not
really “used” by the Courts. And while the term may appear in some opinions in which it
is used improperly, the improper use of the word does not change the proper usage of the
word “term.” Moreover, it is noteworthy that when discussing life sentences, this Court and
the Court of Appeals appear to use the word “term” relatively rarely. A Westlaw search of
“life imprisonment” yields 2,182 results, “life sentence” yields 1,121 results, “life in prison”
yields 537 results, and “sentence of life” yields 1,355 results.

                                              13
For example, another subsection of the exact same statutory provision providing for the

sentences for statutory rape provides that

       Upon conviction for statutory rape, the defendant shall be sentenced as
       follows:
       ...
       (c) If eighteen (18) years of age or older and convicted under subsection (1)(b)
       of this section, to imprisonment for life in the State Penitentiary or such lesser
       term of imprisonment as the court may determine, but not less than twenty (20)
       years.

Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-65(3)(c) (Rev. 2014). Thus, had the Legislature intended for a court

to have the authority to sentence a defendant convicted of forcible rape to life, it could and

would have simply so provided. Instead, it specifically provided that a jury must fix a life

sentence, otherwise the judge must fix the sentence at a term of years.3 Thus, Lee was clearly

correctly decided and we should today follow its mandate that when a court, rather than a

jury, fixes the sentence of a defendant under the forcible rape statute, the sentence must be

“a definite term.” Lee, 322 So. 2d at 753. To hold otherwise allows the sentencing judge to

evade the clear, legislatively imposed limit on his authority.

¶26.   However, even assuming the Court’s interpretation in Lee of Section 97-3-65 was

incorrect, we should still decline to overrule the Court’s unanimous decision in Lee, a

decision that has stood for almost forty years. The doctrine of stare decisis “proceeds from

that first principle of justice, that, absent powerful countervailing considerations, like cases

ought to be decided alike.” State ex rel. Moore v. Molpus, 578 So. 2d 624, 634 (Miss.

       3
        Not only does the majority’s holding contravene the statute itself, it contravenes the
notion that “criminal statutes must be strictly construed in favor of the accused.” Lewis v.
State, 765 So. 2d 493, 499 (Miss. 2000). If there is any ambiguity in the statute, it should
be resolved in Bester’s favor.

                                              14
1991). It stands for the proposition “that long established legal interpretations ought not

lightly be disturbed.” Id.

       The doctrine of stare decisis is the bedrock of our system of jurisprudence. It
       has given direction and stability to the common law whose precepts constitute
       the larger part of the rules by which we live and are governed. It demands
       definiteness in the law, and that its rules be consistent so that they may be
       known. It has been said to be the most fundamental characteristic of the
       common law as distinguished from other systems.

Id. (quoting Laurel Daily Leader, Inc. v. James, 80 So. 2d 770, 780-81 (Miss. 1955)

(Gillespie, J., Special Opinion)). Because of the importance of stare decisis, overturning

settled caselaw requires more than a mere academic or historical demonstration of error.

Molpus, 578 So. 2d at 635. In finding error, this Court must “look largely in the area of

public or widespread disadvantage[,]” and will not overrule longstanding “precedent unless

it is ‘pernicious,’ ‘impracticable,’ or is ‘mischievous in its effect, and resulting in detriment

to the public.’” Id. (internal citations omitted). Thus, when a holding has produced “great

and substantial harm,” i.e., “over time the precedent has repeatedly had a substantial adverse

or significantly harmful effect upon the people,” overruling that precedent may be

appropriate. Id. In this case, the majority has not described how Lee “has repeatedly had

a substantial adverse or significantly harmful effect upon the people.” Its bare assertion that

“[w]e think it pernicious, i.e., harmful, for this Court to continue to exceed its constitutional

authority” does not describe how Lee has had an substantial adverse or significantly harmful

effect upon the public. Rather, such a cerebral justification would allow courts to disregard

stare decisis whenever they merely disagreed with precedent.




                                               15
¶27.   Furthermore, weighty factors in a challenge to precedent are whether people have

“justifiably placed their faith” in the prior precedent, and the fact that there exists a “the need

to have [the] law settled so that [the people] may rely upon it.” Id. at 637. “[P]ublic

confidence in the law requires substantial stability in the face of” changes with the times and

judicial personnel. Id. at 638. “Popular and professional confidence in the judiciary rests

on the impersonality of decisions and their reasoned foundation, which in turn are built upon

the respect accorded them by successor justices and by their staying power.” Id. “Principled

consistency and respect for precedent promote acceptance. They reflect a consensus about

law. They contribute to the notion that law binds judges as well as litigants, and not just

when we agree. Good judges know this and will change legal interpretations only for the

most persuasive reasons.” Id. at 638-39.

¶28.   Moreover, since the decision in Lee, the Legislature has amended Section 97-3-65 five

times. 1977 Miss. Laws Ch. 458, § 7; 1985 Miss. Laws Ch. 389, § 3; 1993 Miss. Laws Ch.

497, § 1; 1998 Miss. Laws Ch. 549, § 2; 2007 Miss. Laws Ch. 335, § 1. These amendments

have included changes to both sentencing provisions in Section 97-3-65 and changes to the

forcible rape subsection of the statute, illustrating the Legislature’s willingness to change

each if it felt it necessary.4 None of the five amendments that have occurred in the nearly

       4
        For example, the 1977 amendment changed the penalty for statutory rape from death
to death or life imprisonment. See Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-65(1) (Supp. 1974); 1977 Miss.
Laws Ch. 458, § 7. The 1985 amendment raised the age of the victim for statutory rape, and
thereby raised the age to which forcible rape applies, and it also eliminated the gender
requirement, allowing victims to be male or female, thus changing the elements of the crime
of forcible rape. See 1977 Miss. Laws Ch. 458, § 7; 1985 Miss. Laws Ch. 389, § 3. The
1998 amendment changed the entire statutory rape scheme, including sentencing. It also
changed the elements of forcible rape, eliminating the age requirement, and changing the

                                                16
forty years since Lee was decided has changed the sentence for forcible rape. When this

Court finds that a statute was incorrectly interpreted in a previous case, it

       will nevertheless continue to apply the previous interpretation, pursuant to the
       doctrine of stare decisis, upon finding the Legislature amended or reenacted
       the statute without correcting the prior interpretation. In our view, such action
       on the part of the Legislature amounts to incorporation of our previous
       interpretation into the reenacted or amended statute. The Legislature is, of
       course, free to preclude our incorrect interpretation by specific provision,
       failing which, we must conclude that the legislative silence amounts to
       acquiescence. Stated another way, the incorrect interpretation becomes a
       correct interpretation because of the Legislature’s tacit adoption of the prior
       interpretation into the amended or reenacted statute.

Porter v. Porter, 23 So. 3d 438, 448 (Miss. 2009) (quoting Caves v. Yarbrough, 991 So. 2d

142, 153-54 (Miss. 2008)). The Legislature has tacitly adopted the interpretation in Lee not

once, not twice, but five times, thus incorporating the interpretation into the statute.

       It would be a great evil if questions once settled on full argument and mature
       deliberation were subject to be reopened and decided differently upon every
       change in the members of this court, and consequent changes in the temper and
       mental organism of the judges. . . . It is safe . . . to say that the rule of stare
       decisis, so far as it relates to decisions of this court, should not be disregarded,
       except on the fullest conviction that the law has been settled wrong; and even
       then it is better to leave the correction to the legislature in all cases where a
       departure from it would have the effect to disturb vested rights . . . . In such
       cases, a departure from former rulings should never take place except upon the
       clearest necessity and the most assured conviction that the former ruling was
       erroneous.

Lombard v. Lombard, 57 Miss. 171 (1879).

¶29.   Even if Lee was wrongly decided, which it was not, any alleged error was certainly

not pernicious, impracticable, or mischievous in its effect. Nor has any alleged error cause


language of “ravish” and “carnal knowledge” to “forcible sexual intercourse” and “sexual
intercourse not constituting forcible sexual intercourse or statutory rape.” See 1993 Miss.
Laws Ch. 497, § 1; 1998 Miss. Laws Ch. 549, § 2.

                                               17
any harm or detriment to the public, much less any significant harm. Furthermore, the bench,

bar, and defendants have come to rely on the interpretation of Section 97-3-65(4)(a) as

provided by Lee. Lastly, the Legislature has tacitly adopted the interpretations in Lee, and

thus they are incorporated into the statute. For these reasons, Lee should not be disturbed

even upon a finding of error in its interpretation of Section 97-3-65(4)(a).5

¶30.   Because the plain language of Section 97-3-65(4)(a) belies the majority’s

interpretation that “any term” includes “life imprisonment,” because, to the extent the statute

is ambiguous, it must be construed in favor of the defendant, and because, even if the

interpretation in Lee is incorrect, the doctrine of stare decisis should apply in this case, I

cannot join the majority’s opinion, and therefore dissent.

       WALLER, C.J., AND KITCHENS, J., JOIN THIS OPINION.




       5
       I note that the majority does not bother to address the argument made by amicus that
applying any new interpretation of the sentencing provision of the forcible rape statute
would violate the prohibition against ex post facto law, notwithstanding the fact that the
Court requested this briefing.

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