                                                  NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                         FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                             _______________

                                 No. 13-1191
                               _______________

                        KIRUBANESAM ANANDARAJAH,

                                                  Petitioner

                                       v.

        ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

                                                  Respondent
                               _______________

                   On Petition for Review from an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals
                             (BIA-1 : A097-304-239)
                    Immigration Judge: Hon. Annie S. Garcy
                                _______________

                 Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                October 11, 2013

           BEFORE: FUENTES, COWEN, and BARRY, Circuit Judges

                            (Filed: October 23, 2013)
                               _______________

                                  OPINION
                               _______________


COWEN, Circuit Judge.
       Kirubanesam Anandarajah petitions for review of a decision of the Board of

Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) dismissing her appeal from the decision of the Immigration

Judge (“IJ”), which, in turn, denied her application for asylum, withholding of removal,

and protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). We will deny the petition

for review.

                                             I.

       Anandarajah is a native and citizen of Sri Lanka and an ethnic Tamil. She applied

for asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT relief, claiming persecution by the Sri

Lankan government as well as the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (“LTTE”).

       The IJ rejected the application. According to the IJ, Anandarajah lacked

credibility because she “has changed her testimony on a matter that goes to the heart of

her claim—her eligibility for relief or whether she is barred under the material support bar

that renders ineligible for asylum or withholding those who provided material support to

terrorists.” (AR119.) The BIA adopted and affirmed the IJ‟s decision, explaining that the

IJ appropriately relied on material inconsistencies and discrepancies in making an adverse

credibility determination against Anandarajah.

                                             II.

       The adverse credibility determination at issue in this matter was based on

inconsistencies regarding who paid money to the LTTE, i.e., either Anandarajah (and her

husband, Julian Rajanayagan Anandarajah) or Anandarajah‟s father-in-law. 1 There was


       1
           We have jurisdiction over this petition for review pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252.
                                             2
substantial evidence in the record to support the specific administrative findings of

inconsistencies regarding these LTTE payments as well as the rejection by the BIA and

the IJ of Anandarajah‟s attempts to explain or otherwise reconcile such discrepancies. In

short, Anandarajah testified at her asylum hearing that her father-in-law was the one who

actually paid the LTTE. However, she previously indicated in her own case, in her

husband‟s unsuccessful asylum proceeding, and in her failed attempt to obtain asylum in

Canada that it was her own husband—and Anandarajah herself—who made the

payments. The IJ likewise did not commit any reversible error by tailoring the hearing to

Anandarajah‟s own claims of persecution rather than her husband‟s claims. After all, this

Court denied the husband‟s petition for review because, among other things, “the IJ had

substantial evidence to determine that [the various inconsistencies in the husband‟s

testimony at his asylum hearing as well as the applications he filed in Canada and the

United States], taken together, suggest [his] testimony was not credible and that they go to

the heart of his claim.” Anandarajah v. Attorney General, 258 F. App‟x 495, 497 (3d


We review the BIA decision as well as the decision by the IJ to the extent that the BIA
adopted it. See, e.g., Jarbough v. Attorney General, 483 F.3d 184, 191 (3d Cir. 2007).
Agency credibility determinations are reviewed for substantial evidence. See, e.g.,
Yusupov v. Attorney General, 650 F.3d 968, 989 (3d Cir. 2011). Under that deferential
standard of review, this Court must uphold the agency‟s finding “„unless any reasonable
adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.‟” Chukwu v. Attorney
General, 484 F.3d 185, 189 (3d Cir. 2007) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B); Dia v.
Ashcroft, 353 F.3d 228, 249 (3d Cir. 2003) (en banc)). “In making an adverse credibility
finding, the IJ must supply specific, cogent reasons why the applicant is not credible.” Id.
(citing Gabuniya v. Attorney General, 463 F.3d 316, 321 (3d Cir. 2006)). For asylum
applications filed prior to May 11, 2005, the inconsistencies also must be “related to facts
at the heart of the claim.” Id. (citing Gabuniya, 463 F.3d at 322). Anandarajah‟s
application was filed in 2004.
                                             3
Cir. 2007) (citations omitted). As we observed, the husband stated at his hearing that “he

gave the LTTE money because the LTTE asked him for money.” Id. “However, he also

testified that he personally never gave the LTTE any money; his father was the only one

who did as the head of the family.” Id. With respect to Anandarajah‟s contention that

this prior adverse credibility determination improperly influenced the decision-making

process in her own case, the BIA appropriately noted that the IJ‟s decision referred only

once to the husband‟s testimony in its actual credibility discussion and that this reference

could have been removed from the decision without affecting the outcome.

       Anandarajah contends that any discrepancy as to who paid the money to the LTTE

did not go to the heart of her claim because the payments were made under duress and the

material support bar is subject to a duress exception. Aliens who have engaged in

terrorist activity are ineligible for asylum and withholding of removal. 8 U.S.C. §§

1158(b)(2)(A)(v), 1182(a)(3)(B)(i)(I), 1231(b)(3)(B), 1227(a)(4)(B). The term “engage

in terrorist activity” includes the commission of “an act that the actor knows, or

reasonably should know, affords material support, including . . . funds, transfer of funds

or other material financial benefit,” 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv)(VI), and it is

uncontested that the LTTE was a terrorist organization. We need not—and do not—

decide at this time whether there is a duress exception to this material support bar

because, in any event, the inconsistencies went to the heart of Anandarajah‟s claim for

relief. As the BIA noted, the IJ considered Anandarajah‟s statements about her father-in-

law paying the LTTE as “attempts to distance herself from having provided money to the


                                              4
LTTE in the past.” (AR120.) In other words, she evidently minimized statements she

made in the past that either could have triggered a statutory bar or could have made her

look less sympathetic and deserving of relief as an individual who actually provided

financial support to terrorists (whether under duress or not).2 See Lin v. Attorney

General, 543 F.3d 114, 127 (3d Cir. 2008) (“Courts have recognized that „attempts by the

applicant to enhance his claims of persecution‟ go to the heart of a petitioner‟s claim for

relief.” (quoting Sarr v. Gonzales, 485 F.3d 354, 360 (6th Cir. 2007); Damaize-Job v.

INS, 787 F.2d 1332, 1337 (9th Cir. 1986))).

                                            III.

       For the foregoing reasons, we will deny Anandarajah‟s petition for review.




       2
         Because we conclude that the BIA and the IJ committed no reversible error with
respect to the adverse credibility determination, we do not consider their alternative
determination that Anandarajah failed to establish that the harm she may have suffered
was sufficiently severe to constitute persecution. Furthermore, Anandarajah has waived
her CAT claim as well as any claim of a pattern or practice of persecution by failing to
address such theories of relief in a meaningful fashion in her appellate brief. See, e.g.,
Khan v. Attorney General, 691 F.3d 488, 495 n.4 (3d Cir. 2012) (noting that issue is
waived if not raised in opening brief and that passing reference to issue is insufficient).

                                              5
