      Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the PACIFIC REPORTER. Readers are
      requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts, 303 K Street, Anchorage,
      Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email corrections@akcourts.us.



                THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

STEVEN C. LEVI,            )
                           )                              Supreme Court No. S-16876
              Appellant,   )
                           )                              Superior Court No. 3AN-17-05944 CI
    v.                     )
                           )                              OPINION
STATE OF ALASKA, DEPARTMENT)

OF LABOR AND WORKFORCE)                                   No. 7315 – November 16, 2018

DEVELOPMENT,               )

                           )

              Appellee.    )

                           )



               Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Third
               Judicial District, Anchorage, Frank A. Pfiffner, Judge.

               Appearances: Steven C. Levi, pro se, Anchorage, Appellant.
               Kimberly Rodgers, Assistant Attorney General, Anchorage,
               and Jahna Lindemuth, Attorney General, Juneau, for
               Appellee.

               Before: Bolger, Chief Justice, Winfree, Stowers, Maassen,
               and Carney, Justices.

               BOLGER, Chief Justice.

I.    INTRODUCTION
               Steven Levi appeals from a superior court decision affirming an order of
the Department of Labor and Workforce Development. The order required him to repay
several months of unemployment insurance benefits plus interest and penalties because
he under-reported his weekly income while receiving benefits. Based on a Department
handbook, Levi argues that he was not required to report his wages unless he earned
more than $50 per day. But Levi’s reading of the handbook is unreasonable; in any
event, the governing statute requires a reduction in benefits whenever a claimant’s wages
are more than $50 per week. Levi makes other arguments, but none of them have any
merit. We therefore affirm the superior court’s decision.
II.    FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
       A.     Facts
              Steven Levi received unemployment insurance benefits intermittently
between 2010 and 2014. At the same time he was receiving these benefits, Levi earned
wages through three different jobs. First Levi periodically worked part-time for
American Education Complex as an adjunct faculty member. He taught when there were
sufficient students enrolled to fill the class and was paid at the end of the class based on
the number of students enrolled. Second in 2011 Levi worked for Embry Riddle
Aeronautical University as an adjunct faculty member. He taught classes on an as-
needed basis and was paid twice per month. Finally in spring 2012 Levi worked as a
substitute teacher for the Anchorage School District on an as-needed basis.
              Levi filed a required biweekly certification form when he was receiving
unemployment benefits. The Department mailed Levi a handbook that contained
instructions for completing the certification form. The handbook in effect during the
relevant time period instructs that a claimant must report “all work and earnings . . . on
. . . certifications” even if the claimant was “only working part-time or temporarily.”
With regard to wages, the handbook specifically requires the claimant to report all
“wages earned each week, Sunday through Saturday, whether or not you have actually
been paid.” The handbook further advises that a claimant “can earn $50 without
reducing [the] benefit check,” but the claimant nevertheless “must report the wages.”
Benefits are “reduced 75 cents for each dollar . . . earn[ed] over $50.”

                                            -2-                                       7315

             In addition to these instructions, the handbook also contains information
regarding the consequences of being overpaid benefits. It states that a claimant would
be required to “repay all benefits that are overpaid.” It also lists “severe penalties for
attempting to collect benefits to which [the claimant] [is] not entitled,” including a
penalty of 50% of any overpaid benefits obtained through fraud, withholding of future
benefits, and criminal prosecution for fraud. It defines “fraud” as “knowingly making
a false statement, misrepresenting a material fact or withholding information to obtain
benefits.”
             Levi completed the required biweekly certification form online. Among
other questions, the form asks: “Did you work for any employers [during the weeks at
issue]?” If the claimant answers “yes,” another form appears prompting the claimant to
enter the number of hours worked and wages earned for each week in which the claimant
worked. Despite being employed part-time during some of the time he was collecting
benefits, Levi usually answered “no” to the question and therefore was not prompted to
report his wages. In total Levi reported having no employer and thus no wages for more
than 50 weeks in which he actually did work and did earn wages, and in nine of those
unreported weeks Levi earned over $50 per day.1
             In October 2011, in response to an automated report required of employers,
the Department mailed an audit form to American Education Complex and Embry Riddle



      1
              Levi did report wages from the Anchorage School District for five weeks
in 2012, and his benefits were either denied or reduced as a result. But for at least one
of those weeks, Levi under-reported his wages. Another week, Levi did not report his
Anchorage School District wages but was not overpaid because his benefits for that week
were denied on the basis that he reported starting work for the Anchorage School District
that week yet had not reported any wages. And for one week in 2011, Levi contacted the
Department (after submitting the form with no reported wages for the week) and reported
$1,000 in weekly earnings from an unspecified source.

                                           -3-                                      7315

requesting details about Levi’s hours and wages. On December 7, 2011, the Department
received American Education Complex’s completed form and inputted the information
into the Department’s database.2 The case was assigned that same day to the Department
investigator who input the information. However, shortly thereafter, the Department
changed its method of assigning cases to investigators, and for some unknown reason,
Levi’s case “just fell through the cracks.” There is no indication that the originally
assigned investigator took any further action with regard to Levi’s file after inputting the
information on December 7.
              The Department obtained additional audit forms from the Anchorage
School District in May 2012 and from American Education Complex in April 2013 and
September 2014, which also indicated potential overpayments to Levi. However,
because the first case had already been assigned to an investigator, these subsequent
cases were assigned to the same investigator, and no further action was taken.
       B.     Proceedings
              1.     Department determination
              The investigator assigned to Levi’s file retired in late 2016, and a new
investigator took over his assignments approximately a month later, in November. The
new investigator reviewed Levi’s file and discovered the four audit forms suggesting that
Levi had been overpaid benefits. On December 6 the investigator mailed a letter to Levi
notifying him that the audit forms indicated he had failed to report hours and earnings
and may have been improperly paid benefits. In response, Levi called the investigator
two times the next day. During those conversations Levi explained that even though he
worked part-time as a professor, he was often not sure whether or how much he would



       2
              Apparently though Embry Riddle also returned the audit form around this
time, the information was not entered into the Department’s system.
                                            -4-                                       7315
be paid for a course until several weeks after the course had started because his earnings
were based on the number of students enrolled. Levi asserted that he had previously
been told by a Department employee that he did not need to report wages he earned until
he was actually paid.      But Levi repeatedly expressed his agreement with the
Department’s records of his hours and earnings and acknowledged that he had
improperly failed to report some of those earnings and owed the Department money as
a result.
             Levi sent the Department a letter two days later that offered a different
account. In this letter he claimed that he had contacted the Department sometime in 2010
to ask how he should report his earnings on the certification form. He contended he was
told that he did not need to report earnings unless they exceeded $50 per day (i.e., $350
per week). Levi also quoted the portion of the handbook governing hour and wage
reporting and contended that this provision was ambiguous as to whether the time frame
for the allowable $50 earnings was daily or weekly. And in a final letter to the
Department, Levi questioned whether the Department’s audit of his claims was timely
given that the Department commenced its investigation in 2011.
             The Department sent Levi a notice of determination on December 21, 2016.
The determination concluded that Levi had failed to report or had “grossly under­
reported” his work and earnings for the weeks at issue spanning 2010-2014. It thus
required him to repay those benefits. The determination further found that fraud had
been established for those weeks, and as a result, Levi was barred from receiving future
benefits for 52 weeks and was required to pay a penalty. The investigator’s file notes
explain that she found fraud based on Levi’s mischaracterization of the handbook
provision on hour and wage reporting as well as his shifting explanations for his failure
to accurately report his hours and wages on the certification forms. In total the Division
claimed that Levi owed $25,122.

                                           -5-                                      7315

              2.     Department appeal
              Levi appealed3 the determination to the Department’s appeal tribunal; a
hearing at which Levi and the Department investigator testified was held before a hearing
officer. The hearing officer issued a decision affirming the investigator’s determination.
The decision first noted that overpayment of benefits was established because Levi “d[id]
not dispute any of the dates or hours of work or earnings information provided to the
Division by his employers.” And it disagreed with Levi’s interpretation of the reporting
requirements in the handbook, concluding that the only reasonable interpretation was that
the $50 figure was per week, not per day. Moreover, even under Levi’s interpretation,
he did not report wages for nine continuous weeks in which he earned more than $50 per
day (i.e., more than $350 per week).
              The decision next affirmed the Department’s fraud finding on the basis that
it was “implausible” that Levi had received incorrect instructions from a Department
employee and, even so, his reporting was inaccurate under his proffered interpretation
of the handbook requirements. Finally the decision rejected Levi’s timeliness argument,
concluding that the determination was issued within the applicable six-year statute of
limitations, although it was “unfortunate” it had been left unaddressed for several years.
              Levi appealed the hearing officer’s decision to the Department
commissioner. His appeal notice again disputed the Department’s interpretation of the
handbook reporting requirements and alleged that the determination fell outside the
statute of limitations. It also claimed that the hearing officer had a conflict of interest
based on an alleged mortgage fraud scheme perpetrated by Wells Fargo.4 Levi alleged

       3
              At all points in the proceedings — and on appeal — Levi has represented
himself.
       4
              In her decision on Levi’s subsequent motion to recuse, Superior Court
                                                                      (continued...)

                                            -6-                                      7315

that the hearing officer — along with the Attorney General — had obtained a mortgage
from Wells Fargo through the scheme, and thus Levi was entitled to another hearing
before a new officer. The commissioner exercised her discretion to deny the appeal.
             3.     Superior court appeal
             Levi next appealed the determination to the superior court. On April 12 the
court issued notice that the case was assigned to Superior Court Judge Frank A. Pfiffner.
On April 25 Levi moved for Judge Pfiffner to recuse himself based on the same conflict
of interest he alleged with regard to the hearing officer — the gift mortgage scheme.
Levi attached to the motion public records relating to Judge Pfiffner’s Wells Fargo
mortgage. He suggested that because Judge Pfiffner had been issued a deed of
reconveyance, he was a participant in the scheme.
             The superior court denied the motion on the basis that it “ha[d] no merit.”
Judge Pfiffner explained that his possession of a “deed[] of trust on real property where
the lender coincidentally happens to be Wells Fargo has no conceivable significance”
because Wells Fargo was not a party in the case and had no relationship to it. He
characterized Levi’s mortgage fraud contentions as “frivolous” and explained that there
was nothing nefarious about the deed of reconveyance that he had received — rather it

      4
              (...continued)
Judge Jennifer K. Wells cogently explained the alleged scheme as follows: “The scheme
involves what Mr. Levi refers to as ‘gift mortgages,’ in which a mortgage debt is entirely
forgiven by Wells Fargo but the tax benefits of making mortgage payments are somehow
retained. Therefore, Mr. Levi believes any person who has a Wells Fargo mortgage, that
he determines to be a gift mortgage, is aligned against him because he has become a
‘whistle-blower’ to the Internal Revenue Service regarding the gift mortgage scheme.”
Levi alleges that this scheme has been targeted at state employees “who had the power
to have [Levi] removed from positions of employment.” According to Levi, in total he
has discovered $100 million in mortgage gifts by Wells Fargo and has reported this
scheme to various federal agencies, including the FBI and the IRS, where he has “every
reason to believe that an investigation is ongoing.”

                                           -7-                                      7315

was necessary when he refinanced his home. Judge Pfiffner noted in conclusion that the
superior court had “an obligation not to disqualify itself where there is no valid reason
for doing so.” Because Levi had failed to allege any violation of the relevant ethical
rules by the superior court, the motion to recuse was denied.
             The chief justice issued an order assigning review of Judge Pfiffner’s denial
to Judge Wells, who affirmed the denial.5 She reasoned that the simple fact that Judge
Pfiffner had a Wells Fargo mortgage “is not enough” to show that he had a direct
financial interest in the case. Therefore there was no basis for recusal. Levi then moved
for reassignment of the review to another judge on the basis that Judge Wells also had
received a gift mortgage and thus had the same conflict of interest. The superior court
denied the motion.
             In addition to the motion for recusal and related filings, Levi also requested
discovery and admissions from the Department relating to the alleged mortgage scheme.
In two separate motions Levi sought, among other things, all state correspondence
referring to himself, Wells Fargo, or home mortgages involving a deed of reconveyance.
He also sought admissions from various superior court judges as well as individuals in
the attorney general’s office that they “paid income taxes on any, all or every Deed of
Reconveyance received.” The Department moved to strike both motions as outside of
the scope of the administrative appeal, which was limited to the agency record. The
superior court granted the motions to strike.
             Finally Levi moved for a jury trial in the superior court, which the State
opposed. The superior court denied the motion. Having resolved these procedural



      5
              See AS 22.20.020(c) (requiring that, in the event a judge denies a motion
to recuse, denial is reviewed by a judge assigned “by the presiding judge of the next
higher level of courts”).
                                           -8-                                       7315

issues, on October 9, 2017, the superior court issued an order affirming the Department’s
overpayment determination.
             Levi appeals the superior court’s decision. He also appeals the court’s
denial of the recusal motion, its granting of the Department’s motions to strike the two
discovery motions, and its denial of the motion for a jury trial.
III.     STANDARD OF REVIEW
             In administrative appeals “[w]here the superior court is acting as an
intermediate court of appeals, we directly review the agency decision” rather than the
superior court’s decision.6 As relevant here, we apply two standards of review when
reviewing decisions of an administrative agency, depending on the issue under review.
We apply reasonable basis review to questions of law involving agency expertise.7 In
doing so, “we ‘seek to determine whether the agency’s decision is supported by the facts
and has a reasonable basis in law, even if we may not agree with the agency’s ultimate
determination.’ ”8 And we exercise our independent judgement when reviewing
questions of law that do not involve agency expertise, adopting “the rule of law that is
most persuasive in light of precedent, reason, and policy.”9




         6
             Alaska Police Standards Council v. Parcell, 348 P.3d 882, 886 (Alaska
2015).
         7
             Pacifica Marine, Inc. v. Solomon Gold, Inc., 356 P.3d 780, 788 (Alaska
2015).
         8
            Id. (quoting Davis Wright Tremaine LLP v. State, Dep’t of Admin., 324
P.3d 293, 299 (Alaska 2014)).
         9
             Heller v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 314 P.3d 69, 72-73 (Alaska 2013).

                                           -9-                                     7315

               We review for abuse of discretion rulings on a discovery motion10 and a
motion to recuse.11 We will not overturn for abuse of discretion a trial court’s ruling on
such motions “unless it is plain that a fair-minded person could not rationally come to
[the court’s] conclusion on the basis of the known facts.”12 The “[d]enial of a motion for
a jury trial raises a question of law that we review de novo,”13 as does the proper
application of a statute of limitations.14
IV.	     DISCUSSION
         A.	   The Department’s Interpretation Of The Earnings Deduction Statute
               Is Reasonable.
               Levi argues on appeal that the handbook’s summary of the hour and wage
requirements for benefits is ambiguous, and he reasonably interpreted it to require
reporting only wages that exceeded $50 per day.15 He seems to concede that the earnings
deduction statute itself, AS 23.20.360, is clear that the figure is actually $50 per week,




         10
               Lindbo v. Colaska, Inc., 414 P.3d 646, 650 (Alaska 2018).
         11
               Timothy W. v. Julia M., 403 P.3d 1095, 1100 (Alaska 2017).
         12
               Id. (quoting Hanson v. Hanson, 36 P.3d 1181, 1183 (Alaska 2001)).
         13
               Alyssa B. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., 123 P.3d 646, 648 (Alaska
2005).
         14
               Jackson v. Municipality of Anchorage, 375 P.3d 1166, 1170 (Alaska 2016).
         15
              Levi does not challenge the accuracy of the Department’s hour and wage
data on appeal. He therefore does not appeal the superior court’s conclusion that the
Department’s determination that Levi failed to report hour and wages was supported by
substantial evidence. Nor does he challenge the Department’s determination that his
misreporting constituted fraud.

                                             -10-	                                   7315

but argues that the handbook should control because he was “not required” to read the
statute.16
              Alaska Statute 23.20.360 governs how wages affect a claimant’s
unemployment insurance benefits. It provides that a claimant’s weekly benefits are
reduced by 75% of the claimant’s weekly wages that exceed $50: “The amount of
benefits . . . payable to an insured worker for a week of unemployment shall be reduced
by 75 percent of the wages payable to the insured worker for that week that are in excess
of $50. However, the amount of benefits may not be reduced below zero.”17 The statute
is thus clear that the $50 figure is based on a claimant’s total weekly — not daily —
earnings.
              The Department’s unemployment benefits handbook includes a section
entitled “Work, Wages, Income” summarizing a claimant’s statutory obligation to report


       16
               The Department argues that Levi waived this argument by failing to raise
it before the Department or the superior court. While it is true that on appeal to this court
Levi first conceded that AS 23.20.360 requires claimants to report wages of more than
$50 per week, Levi consistently argued before both the Department and the superior
court that the handbook did not require reduction of his benefits unless he earned over
$50 a day. Keeping in mind this court’s “policy against finding unintended waiver of
claims in technically defective pleadings filed by” self-represented litigants, to the extent
that Levi’s argument on appeal is consistent with his arguments before the Department
and the superior court, we do not consider it waived. Mitchell v. Mitchell, 370 P.3d
1070, 1083 (Alaska 2016) (quoting DeNardo v. Calista Corp., 111 P.3d 326, 330
(Alaska 2005)). His briefings made evident to the court his position that the handbook
is the ultimate authority for unemployment benefit reporting requirements and provided
the Department with fair opportunity to reply to this argument. See id. (“[W]e consider
a claim to be raised when the ‘briefing was such that [the court] could discern [the
party’s] legal arguments and [the opposing party] could reply to them.’ ” (second and
third alterations in original) (quoting Peterson v. Ek, 93 P.3d 458, 464 n.9 (Alaska
2004))).
       17
              AS 23.20.360.

                                            -11-                                       7315

hours worked and wages. It first states that “all work and earnings must be reported” on
a claimant’s biweekly certification form. A claimant “must report . . . gross wages
earned each week, Sunday through Saturday. . . .” The handbook explains that a
claimant “can earn $50 without reducing [the] benefit check” but again emphasizes that
the claimant “must report the wages.” If a claimant earns “over $50,” the “benefit check
will be reduced by 75 cents for each dollar . . . over $50.” If a claimant has “gross wages
equal to or more than 1a times [the] weekly benefit amount, plus $50, [the claimant]
will not receive a benefit check for that week.”
              Even assuming there is a conflict between the handbook and the statute, the
handbook does not control over the statute. The handbook contains an introduction
explicitly stating that the information in the handbook “is based upon, but does not
replace, [AS 23.20 and associated regulations].” Levi was thus on notice that he should
consult the statute in order to interpret the reporting requirements. And we have
previously held that similar policy statements not promulgated as regulations do not
carry the force of law and are not binding.18 As Levi concedes, the statute clearly limits
unemployment benefits for claimants whose earnings “for that week . . . are in excess of
$50.”19
              Regardless, Levi’s interpretation of the handbook provision is
unreasonable. The entirety of the handbook’s reporting requirement section is framed
in terms of weekly hours and earning. A claimant files for benefits by the week,20 the




       18
              See State v. Weidner, 684 P.2d 103, 109 (Alaska 1984).
       19
              AS 23.20.360 (emphasis added).
       20
              AS 23.20.375.

                                           -12-                                      7315

benefit amount is a specified weekly amount,21 and a claimant’s unemployment status is
evaluated by the week.22 And the same section containing the $50 figure instructs
claimants to report all wages “earned each week, Sunday through Saturday,” and it refers
to the claimant’s “weekly benefit amount.” (Emphases added.) Nowhere does the
handbook refer to a daily time frame. The certification form additionally frames all
questions in terms of the week.
               In sum the statute controls over the handbook, and the statute is clear that
the $50 figure is a weekly figure. And nothing in the handbook conflicts with the
Department’s interpretation of the wage reporting provision as having a weekly time
frame.
         B.	   The Department’s Determination Falls Within The Statute Of
               Limitations And Is Not Otherwise Barred For Untimeliness.
               Levi argues next that even if he failed to comply with the hour and wage
reporting requirements, the statute of limitations expired before the Department issued
its determination of overpayment. Relatedly he also contends that the Department failed
to satisfy the separate statutory requirement of a prompt determination.
               If the Department’s determination of overpayment was a legal “action,”
then AS 09.10.120(a) provides the statute of limitations. It requires that “an action
brought in the name of or for the benefit of the state . . . may be commenced only within




         21
               AS 23.20.350(d).
         22
               AS 23.20.505(a), (d).

                                           -13-                                      7315
six years after the date of accrual of the cause of action.”23 In cases of fraud, the cause
of action accrues “from the time of discovery by the aggrieved party of the facts
constituting the fraud.”24
              The Department learned of the facts constituting Levi’s fraud no earlier
than December 7, 2011, when it received the first audit form from one of Levi’s
employers and input this information into its database. Before that date, the Department
had no basis for suspecting that Levi’s reported hour and wage information on his
certification forms did not match the information from his employers. And Levi does not
provide an alternative date of accrual; he appears to concede that the action accrued in
December 2011. In order to comply with the six-year statute of limitations, the
Department must have issued its determination by December 7, 2017. Here the
Department issued its determination on December 21, 2016. It was therefore not barred
by the statute of limitations.
              Arguing to the contrary, Levi relies on the statute of limitations set forth in
three other statutes. Levi first points to AS 09.10.053, which applies to “an action upon
a contract or liability” and sets a three-year statute of limitations. But this action does
not arise under a contract; rather it arises under the statutory unemployment benefits
scheme. Levi also relies on AS 45.04.111, which also sets a three-year statute of
limitations. But as the superior court noted, this provision is applicable only to actions
arising under the Uniform Commercial Code Bank Deposits and Collection Act.25
Finally Levi points to AS 09.10.040(a), which sets a ten-year statute of limitations. But
this provision applies only to “an action upon a judgment or decree of a court of the

       23
              AS 09.10.120(a).
       24
              Id.
       25
              AS 45.04.111.

                                            -14-                                       7315

United States, or of a state or territory within the United States.”26 The instant action is
not based on any such judgment, and regardless, ten years has not elapsed since the
Department’s cause of action against Levi accrued. The statute of limitations in
AS 09.10.120(a) is the applicable statute of limitations for a determination of
overpayment because such a determination benefits the State by recouping overpaid
benefits and collecting a penalty, which are deposited into the State’s unemployment
trust fund account.27
              Levi finally seems to argue that the statute governing unemployment
insurance benefits imposes a promptness requirement on the Department that is distinct
from the statute of limitations requirement. Alaska Statute 23.20.390(b) requires the
Department, when considering whether a claimant has been overpaid benefits and is
liable for repayment, to “promptly prepare and deliver or mail . . . a notice of
determination of liability.” Levi argues that, because the Department “waited five
. . . years” after receiving the first audit form to contact him regarding the discrepancies,
it did not comply with this requirement.
              This argument is unavailing because AS 23.20.390(b) does not apply to the
investigatory stage of the Department’s overpayment determination process, but rather
to the notification stage. In other words the provision does not limit the length of a
Department investigation into whether a claimant has been overpaid. Rather it requires
that once a determination of overpayment has been made, the Department must promptly
notify the claimant of the determination. Here the Department investigator began
reviewing the case no earlier than November 2016, first notified Levi of the possibility



       26
              AS 09.10.040(a).
       27
              AS 23.20.390(f).

                                            -15-                                       7315
of overpayment on December 6, and mailed the notice of determination on December 21.
This satisfies the prompt notification requirement in AS 23.20.390(b).
       C.	    The Superior Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion By Denying The
              Recusal Motion.
              Levi next argues that the superior court abused its discretion by denying his
motion for recusal. Levi moved for Judge Pfiffner to recuse himself based on a conflict
of interest arising from the alleged mortgage fraud scheme.
              As an initial matter, to the extent Levi relies on his peremptory challenge
right, this argument fails because Levi did not timely invoke this right.28 Alaska
Statute 22.20.022 grants each party in a superior court proceeding the ability to change
judges once as a matter of right. A party wishing to exercise this right must file a notice
of change of judge within five days of receiving notice of judicial assignment.29 But Levi
filed his motion nearly two weeks after he received notice that the case had been
assigned to Judge Pfiffner. Therefore he was not entitled to change judges as a matter
of right.
              Turning to recusal, Levi failed to provide any evidence indicating bias or
partiality on the part of Judge Pfiffner. The only evidence he offered with his motion to
recuse were public records showing that Judge Pfiffner had been issued a Wells Fargo
mortgage and deed of reconveyance. With other motions Levi provided copies of letters
to various federal agencies alleging a mortgage fraud scheme involving Wells Fargo.
But these routine financial transactions with Wells Fargo do not indicate participation


       28
            Levi’s brief cites “Court Rule 43” in support of his recusal argument.
Alaska Civil Rule 43 was rescinded in 1979. ALASKA RULES OF COURT: OFFICIAL
VERSION 103 (2018). We interpret Levi to be citing Civil Rule 42, which contains the
peremptory challenge right. Alaska R. Civ. P. 42(c).
       29
              AS 22.20.022(c); Alaska R. Civ. P. 42(c)(3).

                                           -16-	                                     7315

in any improper scheme.             As Judge Pfiffner explained, he received a deed of
reconveyance not as part of a free mortgage scheme but rather because he refinanced his
mortgage.         Levi does not rebut Judge Pfiffner’s wholly reasonable explanation.
Therefore Levi’s contentions of bias are entirely unsubstantiated by any specific
evidence, and the superior court did not abuse its discretion in denying his motion for
recusal.30
         D.	       The Superior Court Did Not Err By Denying The Motion For A Jury
                   Trial.
                   Levi challenges the superior court’s denial of his motion for a jury trial.31
The Alaska Constitution provides the right to a jury trial “[i]n civil cases . . . to the same
extent as [the right] existed at common law.”32 But this case is not a civil case; rather it
is an administrative appeal seeking review of the Department’s determination.33
Specifically here Levi’s appeal from the Department’s determination is authorized by
AS 23.20.445, which permits superior court review of the decision of the Department’s
appeal tribunal. We have recognized that there is no right to a jury trial in such an appeal
to the superior court because administrative appeals arise under statute, not common
law.34         Moreover the legislature has set forth procedures for such appeals in


         30	
                   See Wright v. Anding, 390 P.3d 1162, 1170 (Alaska 2017).
         31
             Levi also claims that the superior court never addressed this motion, but the
superior court issued an order clearly denying it.
         32
             Alaska Const. art. I, § 16. For this right to apply, “the amount in
controversy [must] exceed[] two hundred and fifty dollars.” Id.
         33
                   See Carlson v. Renkes, 113 P.3d 638, 641 (Alaska 2005).
         34
             See Diedrich v. City of Ketchikan, 805 P.2d 362, 366-67 (Alaska 1991)
(citing Benson v. City of Nenana, 725 P.2d 490, 491 (Alaska 1986)); see also Conoco,
                                                                        (continued...)
                                                -17-	                                     7315

AS 22.10.020(d),35 and they do not provide for a jury trial.
               Levi counters that this case is not an administrative appeal because the
administrative portion “ended when the case went to court.” But this argument
miscomprehends the administrative appeal scheme. “A claim is functionally an
administrative appeal if it requires the court to consider the propriety of an agency
determination.”36    Here Levi’s notice of appeal explicitly sought review of the
Department’s determination. Therefore Levi’s appeal is correctly characterized as an
administrative appeal, and the superior court did not err in denying the motion for a jury
trial.
         E.	   The Superior Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion By Striking The
               Discovery Motions.
               As his final argument,37 Levi contends that the superior court abused its


         34
               (...continued)
Inc. v. State, Dep’t of Nat. Res., No. S-4803, 1993 WL 13563632, at *3 (June 9, 1993)
(“Because an administrative appeal is the proper vehicle for [appellants’] claims . . . the
parties have no right to a jury trial.”).
         35	
               See also Alaska R. App. P. 601-12.
         36
           Carlson, 113 P.3d at 641 (quoting Haynes v. State, Commercial Fisheries
Entry Comm’n, 746 P.2d 892, 893 (Alaska 1987)).
         37
              Levi also includes in his points on appeal the following question: “Did the
[Department] take the alleged amount of overpayment out of [Levi’s] pr[e]ceeding two
(2) unemployment periods?” However Levi does not discuss this issue in the argument
section of his brief. Therefore we deem it waived and do not consider it on appeal.
Hymes v. DeRamus, 222 P.3d 874, 887 (Alaska 2010) (applying the “well-established
rule that issues not argued in opening appellate briefs are waived” equally to self-
represented litigants). Moreover Levi did not raise this issue in the agency or superior
court proceedings. See Mullins v. Oates, 179 P.3d 930, 941 n.31 (Alaska 2008) (“A
party may not raise an issue for the first time on appeal.” (alteration omitted) (quoting
Brandon v. Corr. Corp. of Am., 28 P.3d 269, 280 (Alaska 2001))).

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discretion by granting the State’s motion to strike his discovery motions. Levi filed two
discovery motions seeking a broad range of documents relating to the alleged gift
mortgage scheme, including state correspondence and admissions from various judges
and officials.
                 Levi’s argument on this issue is premised on his contention that this is a
civil case to which the broad rules of civil discovery apply.38 However, as noted above,
this action is not a civil case but rather an administrative appeal from the Department’s
determination. In such administrative appeals, the record generally consists solely of the
agency record.39 It was therefore not error to strike discovery motions that seek to
supplement this record.
V.     CONCLUSION
                 We AFFIRM the judgment of the superior court affirming the decision of
the Department of Labor and Workforce Development.




       38
                 See Alaska R. Civ. P. 26.
       39
                 AS 22.10.020(d); Alaska R. App. P. 604(b)(1)(A).

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