                         This opinion will be unpublished and
                         may not be cited except as provided by
                         Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                              STATE OF MINNESOTA
                              IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                    A14-0524

                                 In re the Marriage of:
                              Sandra Sue Grazzini-Rucki,
                                   Petitioner Below,

                            Michelle L. MacDonald, et al.,
                                     Appellants,

                                          vs.

                                  David Victor Rucki,
                                     Respondent,

                                   Linda Olup, Esq.,
                                     Respondent,

                                Elizabeth Henry, Esq.,
                                     Respondent,

                                 Jennifer Evans, Esq.,
                                     Respondent.

                                Filed January 12, 2015
                                       Affirmed
                                  Rodenberg, Judge

                             Dakota County District Court
                             File No. 19AV-FA-11-1173

Michelle Lowney MacDonald Shimota, MacDonald Law Firm, LLC, West St. Paul,
Minnesota; and

Stephen Grigsby, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for appellants)

Lisa M. Elliott, Elliott Law Offices, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent David
Rucki)
Linda Olup, Olup & Associates, LLC, Edina, Minnesota (pro se respondent)

Gary K. Luloff, Chestnut & Cambronne, PA, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent
Elizabeth Henry)

Jennifer Evans, Eagan, Minnesota (pro se respondent)

      Considered and decided by Rodenberg, Presiding Judge; Cleary, Chief Judge; and

Kirk, Judge.

                        UNPUBLISHED OPINION

RODENBERG, Judge

      Appellants Michelle L. MacDonald and MacDonald Law firm, LLC challenge the

district court’s imposition of monetary sanctions against them pursuant to Minn. R. Civ.

P. 45.03. We affirm.

                                        FACTS

      On January 8, 2013, appellant Michelle MacDonald and her law firm began

representing petitioner-wife Sandra Grazzini-Rucki in an ongoing marriage dissolution

proceeding. A trial was scheduled for September 11 and 12 to determine custody,

parenting time, and child support.    In preparation for trial, appellant MacDonald’s

associate arranged for service of subpoenas seeking invoices and billing information from

wife’s three former attorneys regarding the total fees wife paid in the ongoing

dissolution.1 Specifically, appellant sought “[a]ny and all invoices and billing records,

payment record with respect to your representation of [wife]” and testimony in the

September trial from respondents Linda Olup, Elizabeth Henry, and Jennifer Evans.

1
 Respondent Olup was served on August 30, 2013 and respondents Henry and Evans
were served on September 3, 2013.

                                           2
         All three attorneys promptly responded to appellant MacDonald, in writing, and

included the requested documents.2 Olup requested that appellant MacDonald either

compensate her for her time to prepare for and testify at trial or to release her from her

obligation to testify based on the documents she had produced. She also informed

appellant MacDonald that she would seek to quash the subpoena the next day. Henry

requested compensation for her time in producing the records and noted “to the extent the

billing records are being produced . . . [wife is] waiving the Attorney Client Privilege as

well as the confidentiality of those documents” and that within “the next few days” she

would seek to quash the subpoena. Evans informed appellant MacDonald that she would

not appear without prepayment, was not available on the trial date, and that she had

scheduled a motion to quash the subpoena.

         On motion from Olup on September 5, the district court ordered that a hearing on

her motion to quash be held the next day, finding “good cause shown” to hear the motion

“earlier than 14 days after service of her Notice of Motion and Motion” because the trial

was scheduled to begin six days from the date of the motion. Henry and Evans also

moved to quash the subpoenas served on each of them. At the motion hearing, appellant

MacDonald introduced herself for the record and stated “that I object to all of these

proceedings. I just have a standing objection, as you know, that’s in the file . . . [to] the

entire divorce proceeding.”       After hearing arguments from the three subpoenaed

attorneys, husband’s attorney, and appellant MacDonald, the district court took the matter

under advisement and invited all attorneys to submit proposed orders.

2
    Henry was represented by counsel who drafted the letter on her behalf.

                                              3
       On September 9, the district court granted the motions to quash the subpoenas as

unduly burdensome and concluded that “[t]he subpoenaed non-party witness attorneys

are entitled to compensation for the time they spent and the expenses they incurred in

bringing this motion” and that the expenses “shall be assessed as sanctions against

Michelle MacDonald, Esq. and the MacDonald Law Firm, LLC.” The district court also

ordered the attorneys to “submit affidavits detailing the time they spent and the expenses

they incurred related to this motion and their respective hourly rates.” The district court’s

incorporated memorandum cited rule 45.03(a) of the rules of civil procedure as authority

for the sanctions, stating that the rules of evidence “provide[] for the admission of record

of regularly conducted business activity to be admitted into evidence without testimony

from the declarant if the records are relevant to the proceeding” and stated that “any

needed foundation for the bills could presumably be provided by [wife] as the recipient of

the bills.”3

       Each subpoenaed attorney submitted an affidavit stating the fees each incurred.

The district court subsequently ordered appellant to pay Olup and Associates, LLC

$4,415.00, the Law Office of Jennifer Evans $377.50, and Chestnut Cambronne, PA

$1,450.00, all payable within 30 days of the order. If unpaid, “[j]udgment shall be

entered against Michelle MacDonald individually in favor of the attorneys and law

firms.” Judgment was entered for Olup and Associates, LLC on December 19, 2013 for




3
  In hearing husband’s motions in limine prior to trial, the district court ruled that the
attorney fees were irrelevant.

                                             4
$4,415.00 and judgment was entered for Chestnut Cambronne, PA4 on February 6, 2014

for $1,450.00. To date, respondent Evans has not obtained a judgment for her $337.50

award. This appeal followed.

                                    DECISION

      We first address whether this appeal is properly before us. An appeal may be

taken from a “final order, decision or judgment affecting a substantial right” made in a

special proceeding. Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 103.03 (g). A special proceeding is “a remedy

that is not part of the underlying action and that is brought by motion or petition, upon

notice, for action by the court independent of the merits of the underlying action.” In re

Estate of Janacek, 610 N.W.2d 638, 642 (Minn. 2000). An appeal of an order awarding

attorney fees properly lies from the judgment entered on the order. T.A. Schifsky & Sons,

Inc. v. Bahr Constr., LLC, 773 N.W.2d 783, 789-90 (Minn. 2009).

      Appellants were ordered to pay fees to three separate attorneys and their respective

law firms, but only two of the three attorneys, Henry and Olup, have obtained judgments.

Appeal from those judgments is proper as a matter of right. The third appeal from the

order awarding fees to Evans, and not reduced to judgment, would ordinarily be

premature. Evans makes no appearance on appeal. However, we “may reverse, affirm,

or modify the judgment or order appealed from or take any other action as the interest of

justice may require.” Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 103.04 (emphasis added); see also Losen v.

Allina Health System, 767 N.W.2d 703, 707 (Minn. App. 2009) (granting review when

4
  The judgment contains a clerical error and identifies “Chestnut Camronne, PA” as
judgment creditor. No party to this appeal has raised any issues concerning this evident
clerical error.

                                            5
the claims involved the same narrow issue as other proper claims to avoid expense and

delay). We conclude that it is in the interests of justice and judicial economy to consider

this case on the merits concerning all three fee awards and that no party would be

prejudiced by our doing so. See Losen, 767 N.W.2d at 707.

       Appellants argue that the district court erred when it issued sanctions against them

for imposing an undue burden on respondents. We review a district court’s decision to

quash a subpoena for an abuse of discretion. In re Coleman, 793 N.W.2d 296, 303

(Minn. 2011).     We “must conclude that the district court erred by making findings

unsupported by the evidence or by improperly applying the law” to find an abuse of

discretion. State v. Underdahl, 767 N.W.2d 677, 684 (Minn. 2009).

       The rules of civil procedure provide that an attorney issuing subpoenas “shall take

reasonable steps to avoid imposing undue burden or expense on a person subject to that

subpoena” and that the district court “shall enforce this duty” and “impose upon the party

or attorney in breach of this duty an appropriate sanction.” Minn. R. Civ. P. 45.03(a).

The sanction may include reasonable attorney fees. Id. The rules also provide that on a

“timely motion, the [district] court on behalf of which a subpoena was issued shall quash

or modify the subpoena if it . . . subjects a person to undue burden.” Minn. R. Civ. P.

45.03(c)(1)(D).

       Appellant MacDonald had a duty to avoid imposing an undue burden on

respondents under rule 45.03(a). Aside from her “standing objection . . . [to] the entire

divorce proceeding,” the only reason appellant MacDonald gave in support of the

subpoenas was that she wanted to prove the amount of legal fees her client had paid. As


                                            6
the district court observed, there were a number of alternative and less-burdensome ways

for her to prove the amount of the fees wife had paid, including having wife testify to the

fees she had paid. It was not necessary to subpoena the attorneys.

       Appellants argue that it was proper and reasonable to issue subpoenas for

documents and testimony from the attorneys in this case. Appellants fail to provide

supporting authority from the record or legal authority to demonstrate that there were no

less burdensome methods available to introduce this evidence. Even assuming that the

payments for attorney fees were relevant, appellants fail to explain why their client could

not testify to the amount of attorney fees she paid throughout the course of litigation, an

obvious method of proving the issue that would have been less burdensome than

subpoenaing respondents.      Neither have appellants explained why the documents

produced by the attorneys in response to the subpoenas were insufficient. From the

record, it also appears that counsel for Mr. Rucki did not dispute foundation or the fact of

the amounts paid by appellants’ client.

       Appellants argue that the rules of evidence prohibit them from introducing the

invoices at trial without the testimony of the subpoenaed attorneys. Appellants cite

Palmer v. Hoffman, 318 U.S. 109, 113, 63 S. Ct. 477, 480 (1943), to support their theory

that attorney invoices are not business records made in the regular course of business and

therefore are inadmissible hearsay. Appellants do not cite any law other than Palmer,

which, they argue, makes “specific mention of lawyer’s office records and the general

complexity of whether something is a true business record” and they conduct no analysis




                                             7
                              5
of the case in their brief.       Even if appellants’ argument had merit, they provide no

reason why Palmer should be applied to the routine matter of an attorney’s bill that has

been paid.

       Appellants also argue that the subpoenas did not impose an undue burden on

respondents and that the district court improperly “confused ‘undue burden’ with any

legitimate burden.”   Appellants argue that their actions did not constitute an undue

burden because an undue burden is “one that imposes a gratuitous burden in excess of

what is necessary to satisfy the legitimate purpose of the subpoena.” Appellants provide

no legal support for this assertion. The rule requires an attorney to avoid using subpoenas

to create an “undue burden,” and it makes no reference to “gratuitous.” Minn. R. Civ. P.

45.03(a). Appellant MacDonald’s duty required her to use other and less burdensome

avenues to obtain and introduce evidence of legal fees paid by her client before issuing

subpoenas to nonparty attorneys. The record supports the district court’s conclusion that

appellant MacDonald breached her duty to avoid imposing an undue burden on

respondents.



5
 The cited excerpt from Palmer states:
              But the fact that a company makes a business out of recording
              its employees’ versions of their accidents does not put those
              statements in the class of records made ‘in the regular course’
              of the business within the meaning of the Act. If it did, then
              any law office in the land could follow the same course, since
              business as defined in the Act includes the professions. We
              would then have a real perversion of a rule designed to
              facilitate admission of records which experience has shown to
              be quite trustworthy.
318 U.S. at 113, 63 S. Ct. at 480 (emphasis added).

                                              8
      After concluding that appellant MacDonald breached the duty imposed by the

rules of civil procedure, the district court properly sanctioned appellants. Sanctioning a

breach of this duty “may include, but is not limited to, lost earnings and a reasonable

attorney’s fee” for the nonparty witness subjected to the subpoena. Minn. R. Civ. P.

45.03(a). The rule also provides that the subject of a subpoena “who is required to give

testimony or produce documents . . . is entitled to reasonable compensation for the time

and expense involved in preparing for and giving such testimony or producing such

documents.” Minn. R. Civ. P. 45.03(d). The district court “has a wide discretion as to

the means to be employed in protecting the parties and witnesses.”         Baskerville v.

Baskerville, 246 Minn. 496, 507, 75 N.W.2d 762, 769 (1956). The district court “shall

exercise its power with liberality in issuing orders which justice requires for the

protection of parties or witnesses from unreasonable annoyance, expense, embarrassment,

or oppression.” Id. at 506, 75 N.W.2d at 769.

      The district court issued what appears to us to have been a modest sanction against

appellants and showed restraint by awarding only fees actually incurred by the attorneys

in moving to quash the subpoenas. The district court specifically found that the sanctions

“would put [respondents] in the same position they would have been in but for the failure

of Ms. MacDonald to consider the various rules available to her to submit the Petitioner’s

attorney bills to the extent these are deemed relevant.” The district court did not impose

any sanction or monetary award unauthorized by rule 45.03.




                                            9
         Appellant MacDonald also argues that her due process rights were violated. We

review a claim of a denial of due process de novo. Zellman ex rel M.Z. v. Indep. Sch.

Dist. No. 2758, 594 N.W.2d 216, 220 (Minn. App. 1999). Appellant MacDonald argues:

               The only distinguishable process is that provide [sic] by Rule
               45. Following service, Appellant was essentially ambushed
               by Respondents with a barrage of pleadings, and was required
               by the court to appear the very next day. In the motions and
               pursuit of sanctions against the Appellant, there were no clear
               rules or distinguishable rules followed. Any court rules were
               either not followed or relaxed.

“In order to establish that a due process violation occurred, a party must ‘identify specific

facts that, if proven, would demonstrate that [the district court] deprived [the party] of a

constitutionally protected property or liberty interest.’ Here, appellant has failed to do

so.” Id. (citation omitted). Because appellant MacDonald failed to adequately brief this

issue and support her arguments with legal authority, we need not address her argument.

Dep’t of Labor and Industry v. Wintz Parcel Drivers, Inc., 558 N.W.2d 480, 480 (Minn.

1997).

         Moreover, and even if we were to address the merits of appellant MacDonald’s

due process claim, nothing in the record supports appellant MacDonald’s claim that her

due process rights were violated. Appellant MacDonald was provided notice of the

hearing on the motions, she attended the hearing, and at the hearing she was provided

ample opportunity to argue why respondents’ testimony was necessary and why issuing

subpoenas to them did not impose an undue burden. After initially objecting to “all of

these proceedings,” appellant MacDonald argued at some length that the subpoenas were

proper. The district court also invited all attorneys, including appellant MacDonald, to


                                             10
submit proposed orders after the hearing. We conclude that appellant MacDonald’s due

process claim is without merit.

       Appellants also argue that the district court abused its discretion by “allowing

attorneys to intervene” and become judgment creditors in the case to which they were not

parties. But there was no intervention by the nonparty attorneys in this case. The

subpoenaed attorneys moved to quash the subpoenas, as they were entitled to do. The

civil rules specifically provide that the subject of the subpoena may move the court to

quash the subpoena.      Minn. R. Civ. P. 45.03(c).       Appellants’ reliance on caselaw

concerning intervention into family court matters by nonparties is inapposite. The district

court did not err in hearing, and granting, the motions to quash and for sanctions.

       Appellant MacDonald further argues that she, herself, cannot be subject to the

district court’s jurisdiction because she was a nonparty, citing Ferlitto v. Ferlitto, 565

N.W.2d 35, 37 (Minn. App. 1997). In Ferlitto, we concluded that the attorney for wife

could not be responsible to pay the judgment to the husband because the attorney was not

a party to the case, and the district court therefore could not exercise jurisdiction over the

attorney. Id. However, Ferlitto is also inapposite as the judgment in that case was for a

party against the wife’s attorney for a portion of the ultimate judgment in the case. Id.

Here, the motion proceeding was a special proceeding, separate from the ultimate issue in

the case, and all parties to the judgment were nonparties to the underlying dissolution

case. See Janacek, 610 N.W.2d at 642. Ferlitto provides no support for appellant

MacDonald’s argument in this case. Moreover, appellant MacDonald fails to explain

how the civil rules, which allow for sanctions, can be interpreted to prohibit reducing


                                             11
such a sanction to judgment. Appellant MacDonald’s position, if adopted, would render

the rule permitting such sanctions meaningless.        The district court was explicitly

permitted, by rule, to award sanctions against appellants. The district court did not abuse

its discretion in permitting judgment to be entered to enforce the awards.

       The district court neither erred in applying the law nor abused its discretion in

sanctioning appellants for breach of an attorney’s duty under Minn. R. Civ. P. 45.03(a) to

take reasonable steps to avoid imposing undue burden or expense on subpoenaed former

attorneys of appellants’ client.

       Affirmed.




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