        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                 Assigned on Briefs November 15, 2011 at Knoxville

        STATE OF TENNESSEE v. BRIAN KENNETH HENNEBERG

                 Appeal from the Circuit Court for Williamson County
                      No. I-CR033303      Jeffrey Bivins, Judge




                No. M2011-00171-CCA-R3-CD - Filed January 20, 2012


The defendant, Brian Kenneth Henneberg, appeals his Williamson County Circuit Court jury
conviction of first degree premeditated murder, claiming that the evidence was insufficient
to support his conviction, that the trial court erred by permitting a police officer to offer
expert testimony, that the trial court erred by denying his request for a curative instruction,
and that the cumulative effect of the errors deprived him of his constitutional right to a fair
trial. Discerning no error, we affirm.

             Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

J AMES C URWOOD W ITT, J R., J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D. K ELLY
T HOMAS, J R., and C AMILLE R. M CM ULLEN, JJ., joined.

James O. Martin, III, Nashville, Tennessee (on appeal); Vanessa Bryan, District Public
Defender (on appeal); and Thomas T. Overton, Nashville, Tennessee (at trial), for the
appellant, Brian Kenneth Henneberg.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Rachel West Harmon, Assistant
Attorney General; Kim R. Helper, District Attorney General; and Tammy Rettig, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                         OPINION

              On October 12, 2007, the defendant telephoned the non-emergency line of the
Spring Hill Police Department (“SHPD”) to report that his wife, Megan Henneberg, had been
murdered. The defendant told civilian dispatcher Roger Peters that two men of “Middle
Eastern descent” carrying “hand-held guns” had broken into the couple’s residence, tied him
up in a separate room, and murdered his wife. The defendant told Mr. Peters that the men
went to his church but that he did not know their names. The defendant did not provide a
physical description of the alleged perpetrators other than a generalization regarding their
ethnic origin and did not provide any description of a vehicle they might be traveling in.
Given the lack of a detailed description, the victim’s welfare taking priority, and the fact that
he was not a police officer, Mr. Peters did not give an order for officers to be on the lookout
(“BOLO”) for the alleged assailants.

                SHPD Sergeant David Kloke was one of the first officers to respond to the call
of a stabbing at the Henneberg residence. He and another officer knocked at both the front
and back doors, but when they received no answer, they entered the house through the
unlocked front door. Inside, they heard a television on at a very high volume. Sergeant
Kloke announced their presence and asked for all present to come out with their hands in the
air. At that point, Sergeant Kloke heard someone running up the stairs. The officers went
to the stairs and observed the defendant coming down with his hands raised. Sergeant Kloke
recalled that the defendant was wearing blue pajama bottoms, house slippers, and no shirt.
The defendant had “dry blood on his right shoulder . . . a scratch on his left side of his chest,
. . . a small cut on the palm of his left hand, . . . one scratch on the left side lower back, and
also one scratch on the right side also on the lower back.” Sergeant Kloke said that he
handcuffed the defendant immediately because he “didn’t know at that time exactly who he
was or what had occurred. There w[ere] many unknown variables at that time.”

              Sergeant Kloke left the defendant with the other officer and began a protective
sweep of the house. In the master bedroom, he saw a woman lying face down in a pool of
blood on the bed. A kitchen knife was protruding from her back, a small knife lay on her
neck, and a bloody two-by-four lay next to the bed. Sergeant Kloke said that he got as close
to the body as he could without disturbing the scene to look for signs of life but discerned
none. At that point, he called for detectives. When he returned downstairs, he had the other
officer provide the defendant with Miranda warnings and secure him in a patrol car. Before
being placed in the car, the defendant told the officers that the perpetrators “were after
Mike’s kids, they were going to hurt Mike’s kids, . . . they were after Mike’s money.”
Sergeant Kloke transported the defendant to the Williamson County Sheriff’s Department,
where he was photographed and his clothing was confiscated.

              During cross-examination, Sergeant Kloke acknowledged that he did not
question the defendant, explaining that the defendant “stated he did not wish to speak to
anybody.” Sergeant Kloke said that he did not issue a BOLO for two Middle-Eastern men
because he “had no knowledge of that” information until “[l]ater on that evening.”

               Michael Harms, the victim’s father, testified that neither he nor any member
of his family had ever been threatened by any person of Middle-Eastern descent and that no

                                               -2-
person had attempted to extort money from him either before or after the victim’s death.

               Paramedic Dana Neely responded to the scene and immediately checked the
victim for signs of life. Finding none, she declared the victim clinically dead at the scene.
Ms. Neely said that the victim had a knife in her back and a “robe belt” near her neck. The
victim’s hands were raised as though she had been tugging at the “robe belt.” The victim
was also wearing earplugs. A bloody two-by-four was next to the bed. Ms. Neely opined
that the victim had been dead for 15 to 30 minutes prior to her arrival. Ms. Neely said that
the bedroom appeared disheveled and smelled strongly of acetone and that the television was
“cranked up real loud.”

                 SHPD Lieutenant Justin Whitwell, who responded to the call after learning that
the victim was dead, testified that upon his arrival, he attempted to obtain the defendant’s
consent to search the residence. When the defendant refused, Lieutenant Whitwell obtained
a search warrant and began a systematic, video-taped search of the exterior of the residence.
Officers then went inside the residence and began their search by looking for signs of forced
entry at all the windows and doors. They found none. As he descended the stairs, Lieutenant
Whitwell observed a cat coming out of the master bedroom. He closed the cat in the “spare
room” and continued toward the master bedroom, where the television was so loud, “you
could hear it from the front door” and “could barely hear anybody else talking.” There was
no blood evidence in any room except the master bedroom, which “was in disarray,” with
clothes on the floor and a copious amount of blood on the bed and three of the bedroom
walls. The victim was lying face down on the bed with her arms “up at her neck . . . like as
if she was trying to pull something as she was lying there in the bed.” There was a “robe
belt” from “a bath robe wrapped around her neck.” The victim had a large kitchen knife in
her back and a “small folding knife, which was lying loose on the neck.” She was also
wearing earplugs. The “top portion” of a two-by-four lying next to the bed “was soaked in
. . . blood.” Officers matched the knife in the victim’s back with a set of knives in a block
in the kitchen. They found no guns in the house or near the victim.

               Officers searched the adjacent bedroom, and the only evidence that someone
had been tied up in that bedroom “was a gray robe belt that was lying around the bottom of
a bed frame.” Lieutenant Whitwell said that even if the defendant had been tied to that
particular bedframe with the robe belt, the defendant could easily had freed himself by
“rolling the tie across the robe belt” or by cutting the robe belt with “the corner of the bed
frame.”

              Lieutenant Whitwell said there was no evidence of a theft, noting that officers
found wallets containing money and credit cards, a digital camera, a cellular telephone, and
other expensive items in the house. Officers searched a detached garage behind the house

                                              -3-
and found it to be “exceptionally clean.” Lieutenant Whitwell said that “you could tell
somebody does woodworking back there” given the tools and amount of wood present.

              They took fingerprints from the house, focusing particularly upon the weapons
used on the victim. Other items sent for fingerprinting included

              “the cordless telephone from the dining room floor, the
              butcher’s block from the counter, the cellular phone from the
              counter near the sink, mail from the counter near [the] sink,
              DVD from [the] counter near [the] sink, knife from [the] sink.
              . . . Gloves from the master bedroom, the DVD from the DVD
              player, the piece of two-by-four from the master bedroom . . . .
              [T]he folding knife from the victim’s neck . . . and a prescription
              bottle . . . and the money clip . . . from the office desk.”

              At some point, Lieutenant Whitwell learned that the defendant claimed two
Middle-Eastern men from his church had broken into the residence. He went to the church
and spoke to the pastor, who told Lieutenant Whitwell that he did not know anyone in his
congregation that fit the description. The lieutenant made no further investigation through
the church but did speak to neighbors.

              Lieutenant Whitwell testified that he listened to five hours of recorded
telephone calls placed by the defendant from jail. The defendant talked about the victim only
one time and “never once asked about the Middle Eastern men, or inquired if anybody is still
looking for those people.” The recordings were played for the jury.

               During cross-examination, Lieutenant Whitwell testified that the SHPD did not
ask the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (“TBI”) for assistance because they felt qualified
to handle the investigation. Lieutenant Whitwell said that he did not send officers to look
for the Middle-Eastern men because there was no physical evidence indicating that two men
had actually been in the home. He explained that he could not verify what the defendant had
said regarding the alleged perpetrators because “when we asked to speak with [the defendant]
in regards to this situation and everything, he said he was not going to speak with us, . . . he
wanted his attorney there, so we were unable to get any further information to investigate this
crime scene.” He added, “He wouldn’t give us any information in the back of the car, . . .
no clothing description, when he was in the same room with these subjects . . . no direction
of travel or vehicle information.” Lieutenant Whitwell said that, although the defendant had
dried blood on his shoulder and on his pants, he did not have any other “smear marks on his
body that would say that he was leaned up against [the victim’s] body trying to resuscitate
her.” He later attempted to speak with the defendant after the preliminary hearing about the

                                              -4-
Middle-Eastern men “to follow up on everything . . . to try to make a thorough investigation.”

               Lieutenant Whitwell admitted that the master bedroom was in disarray, but he
stated that the room appeared “staged” to him because of “the way the items were spread
about the room.” In addition, he thought it odd that the master bedroom was in disarray
while no signs of a struggle existed in any other part of the house, including the spare
bedroom where the defendant claimed to have been bound to the bed.

              Lieutenant Whitwell said that he called animal control personnel to collect the
cat Sergeant Kloke had shut into the spare bedroom and that both he and animal control
personnel had examined the cat for blood but found none. He noted that no bloody paw
prints appeared anywhere in the house.

               Metropolitan Nashville Police Department Officer and crime scene specialist
Johnny Lawrence testified that he visited the crime scene on October 26, 2007, at the request
of Detective Caleb Utterback. He noted the presence of a large amount of blood in the
master bedroom and stated that “[i]t was unusual” that “all of the blood was isolated to the
room.” He said that in a “stranger homicide,” the perpetrator “usually” would not take the
time to “clean up their tracks before leaving the scene.” Officer Lawrence, testifying as an
expert in blood pattern evidence, said that the bed had “two large passive stains,” indicating
“a saturation of the blood on that object.” He said that “[t]he blood on the wall appeared to
be impact stains,” meaning they came “from an object striking liquid blood.” Officer
Lawrence testified that the blood stain on the defendant’s shoulder, which he examined via
photograph, was neither a transfer stain nor a “high velocity impact stain.” He also said it
did not appear to be aspirated blood. Officer Lawrence said that it was possible that the
small, freckle-sized stains were the result of blood having soaked through the shirt the
defendant had been wearing but concluded that “it’s really unknown how these particular
stains could have got here.” Noting that the stains were “distorted,” he said that the blood
did not show “a perfect cast-off” pattern either. Officer Lawrence said that there was no way
the blood on the defendant’s shoulder could have come from the cat.

              TBI Special Agent Caleb Utterback testified that at the time of the victim’s
murder he was a detective with the SHPD. He recalled that his first task in the investigation
of the victim’s murder was to conduct outside interviews, which started with the patrol
officers who first responded to the scene. He removed the defendant from the patrol car and
removed the handcuffs and asked for permission to process the crime scene. The defendant
declined to speak to him or to sign the consent form. At that point, Detective Utterback
obtained a search warrant and a warrant for the defendant’s arrest. He had the defendant
brought to the police station, photographed his injuries, fingerprinted him, and collected his
clothing. According to Detective Utterback, the defendant had a scratch on his chest, a cut

                                             -5-
to the palm of his hand, blood on his right index finger, blood on his right shoulder, and
blood on his fleece pants. He described the defendant’s demeanor at the police station as
“very docile.”

               After the defendant was booked into the jail, Detective Utterback returned to
the scene, where seven of the victim’s friends had arrived. Detective Utterback interviewed
each of them but did not develop any other suspects or persons of interest based upon the
information they provided. He made contact with the victim’s family on the following
morning and later traveled to Morton, Illinois, where they lived “to develop background on
the case, to get a feel for how they lived their lives; to investigate the possibility that there
might have been a threat on Mr. Harms’ life; . . . to talk to the local PD up there to see what
they thought about it; [and to] get some background on the families.” Upon his return,
Detective Utterback conducted more interviews, including the defendant’s current and
former employers. He said that he never developed any further suspects based upon
information gleaned from those interviews.

               Based upon his investigation, Detective Utterback obtained a second warrant
to search the Henneberg residence, this time for computers, financial records, and journals.
In addition, Detective Utterback subpoenaed the couple’s financial records and discovered
that they were having “financial difficulties.” The victim’s checking account had a balance
of $ 0.77, and a checking account in the name of Henneberg Holdings, a company started by
the defendant, had a balance of zero. The balance of the defendant’s personal checking
account was also zero. A joint savings account had a balance of $ 0.87, and a joint checking
account had a negative balance. A Discover Card was within $ 100 of the credit limit, and
the payment was past due. Detective Utterback also learned that the defendant had
previously been a student at Middle Tennessee State University but had dropped all but one
online course on September 11, 2007. Nevertheless, a copy of the defendant’s purported
school schedule still hung on the refrigerator at the time of the victim’s murder.

               Doctor Adele Lewis, the forensic pathologist who performed the autopsy of the
victim, testified that when the victim’s body first arrived “she was face down, wearing
bloody clothing, with a red terrycloth . . . belt off of a bath robe tied around her neck, and
with a large kitchen knife still sticking out of her back.” She also had “numerous cuts to the
back of her head.” The victim was wearing orange earplugs. Doctor Lewis said that the
victim suffered nine stab wounds to her back, two of which pierced her left lung, one of
which injured the diaphragm and liver, and one of which pierced her right lung and severed
“a large vein . . . in the upper part of the chest on the right side.” Some of the stab wounds
were between six and ten inches deep, which would have required “a very significant amount
of force.” According to Doctor Lewis, the victim would have died from the stab wounds
alone.

                                               -6-
               Doctor Lewis testified that the presence of the robe-belt around the victim’s
neck, pinpoint hemorrhages in the victim’s face and eyes, and hemorrhages in the muscles
of the victim’s neck led her to conclude that “a strangulation had taken place.” She said that
the strangulation injury was significant enough, on its own, to have caused the victim’s death.

               Doctor Lewis testified that the victim also suffered blunt force trauma injuries
to her head, specifically “three large lacerations . . . along with a great deal of hemorrhaging
into the deep tissues of the scalp.” There was also bruising of the brain and “bleeding over
the surfaces of her brain.” All of the blunt force injuries were confined to the back of the
victim’s head. Doctor Lewis said that the amount of force required to inflict such injuries
would be roughly equal to “hitting a baseball with a baseball bat.” The blunt force injuries
were sufficient, on their own, to have caused the victim’s death.

                The cause of death was “multimodality trauma, which means that [the victim]
had several different kinds of the injuries that could have accounted for her death,” because
Doctor Lewis could not “separate out which one of the three causes of death; all three of
these separate things, the strangulation, the beating, and the stabbing, worked together to
cause her death.” It was her opinion that none “of the injuries would have been survivable
. . . even had she received medical care.”

               Patrick Ihrie, a former TBI forensic scientist in the deoxyribonucleic acid
(“DNA”) and serology unit, testified that the blood on the pants the defendant was wearing
matched the victim. A green shirt found in the master bedroom had the defendant’s skin cells
on the collar and the victim’s blood on the shoulder. Blood and skin cells on a pair of gloves
found in the master bedroom matched the victim. Blood on the tip of the two-by-four
matched the victim while blood on the “handle” end was a mixture of the victim’s and the
defendant’s DNA “on the smaller stains.” He noted that these particular stains were “more
diffused and possibly a little smeared.” Profiles from blood on both knives belonged to the
victim. He tested only the items delivered to him that he “thought would be most probative”
and noted that he would have performed further testing upon request from either the State
or the defendant.

               Mr. Ihrie said that although it was theoretically possible that the defendant
could have left DNA on the two-by-four when he went to aid the victim, it would not “be
very likely” given the amount of blood on the weapon and the mixture of DNA he found.
He explained that “if you have a lot of DNA from one person and a very small amount of
DNA from a second person,” the small amount doesn’t show up in testing. The majority of
the victim’s blood on the defendant’s pants was “near the waistband and the pocket” on the
right side, but there were “other smaller stains” on the left pant leg.



                                              -7-
              At the conclusion of this testimony, the State rested, and the defendant offered
the testimony of Brett Randall, the defendant’s best friend. Mr. Randall said that when he
was interviewed by the police, they “indicated to [him] that they were looking for the why,
not the who.” He recalled that he saw the defendant the day before the murder and that the
defendant seemed normal. Mr. Randall testified that since the murder, the defendant had
asked Mr. Randall to provide him with information on how to file for bankruptcy.

               During cross-examination, Mr. Randall conceded that the defendant had never
told him that two Middle-Eastern men had killed the victim in an attempt to extort money
from the victim’s father.

            Based upon this evidence, the jury convicted the defendant as charged of first
degree premeditated murder. The trial court imposed a sentence of life with the possibility
of parole.

                                     I. Expert Testimony

               The defendant contends that the trial court erred by declaring Officer Johnny
Lawrence an expert in blood stain analysis and by permitting the detective to offer an expert
opinion in this area. He claims that the State failed to establish that Officer Lawrence was
qualified to render such an opinion. He also claims that the detective’s testimony amounted
to “nothing more than . . . speculation” and, as such, was not of substantial assistance to the
jury. The State asserts that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the
testimony.

                 The admissibility of expert testimony is governed by Rules 702 and 703 of the
Tennessee Rules of Evidence. See generally McDaniel v. CSX Transp., Inc., 955 S.W.2d 257
(Tenn. 1997). Rule 702 addresses the need for expert testimony and the qualifications of the
expert: “If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will substantially assist the
trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as
an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify in the form of
an opinion or otherwise.” Tenn. R. Evid. 702. Rule 703 focuses on the reliability of expert
opinion testimony. Generally, the admissibility of expert testimony is a matter entrusted to
the sound discretion of the trial court, and there can be no reversal on appeal absent clear
abuse of that discretion. See State v. Scott, 275 S.W.3d 395, 404 (Tenn. 2010); State v.
Copeland, 226 S.W.3d 287, 301 (Tenn. 2007). “A trial court abuses its discretion when it
applies incorrect legal standards, reaches an illogical conclusion, bases its decision on a
clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or employs reasoning that causes an injustice
to the complaining party.”            Scott, 275 S.W.3d at 404 (citing Konvalinka v.
Chattanooga-Hamilton County Hosp. Auth., 249 S.W.3d 346, 358 (Tenn. 2008)).


                                              -8-
               During a hearing outside the presence of the jury, Officer Lawrence testified
that he had served as a police officer since 1981, first as a patrol officer from 1981 to 1989,
then as a homicide detective from 1989 to 1998, then as a crime scene specialist since 1998.
He said that his training consisted of “basic in-service classes,” “Williams Homicide
Seminar” in 1990, a 40-hour “basic blood stain pattern class from Jerry Finley with the TBI”
in 2002, and an “IAI” class on blood stain patterns in 2005. In 2003, Officer Lawrence was
certified as a member of the “International Association of Blood Stain Pattern.” Officer
Lawrence said that he had also taught in-service classes on basic crime scene analysis as well
as “blood stain pattern interpretation.” He said that he had been previously certified as an
expert in blood stain analysis in Davidson County Criminal Court.

              The trial court permitted Officer Lawrence to testify as an expert, concluding:

                      Well, it seems to the [c]ourt that, in fact, Officer
              Lawrence has had substantial training in the specific area of
              blood stain patterns; again, . . . there’s certainly no question
              about his qualifications as a crime scene specialist generally.
              The more specific question is, and how he’s being tendered here
              today, is for purposes of blood stain - - testifying as an expert on
              blood stain patterns. He has had the basic classes, he has been
              certified as a member of a recognized national organization, he’s
              also taught classes along those lines, his testimony also indicates
              that while he may not have taken additional formal education, he
              has continued to educate himself through textbooks and through
              recognized leaders in this specific area.

                     And, as such, when the [c]ourt considers the appropriate
              factors for admissibility of expert testimony, the [c]ourt finds
              that the issues regarding Officer Lawrence go more to the
              weight of his testimony, as opposed to whether he actually is
              qualified to testify as an expert.

                        So based upon the [c]ourt’s consideration of the evidence
              before it, the [c]ourt will recognize Mr. Lawrence as an expert
              . . . in the area of blood stain patterns, and allow him to testify
              as to such, but certainly the defense is entitled to question the
              weight of that testimony, given the issues that remain.”

             In our view, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by certifying Officer
Lawrence as an expert in the field of blood pattern analysis. Officer Lawrence’s testimony

                                              -9-
established that he had both training and experience in the field and had been previously
declared an expert in this area. Moreover, the State established that his testimony would help
the jury understand the various blood stains depicted in the photographs. Finally, even had
the trial court erred by admitting this evidence, we do not find it nearly so crucial as the
defendant has deemed it. In consequence, any error was harmless.

                                     II. Jury Instruction

               The defendant next contends that the trial court erred by denying his request
for a curative instruction regarding testimony about his invoking his right to remain silent.
He claims that repeated references to his invoking his right to remain silent violated his
constitutional rights and that the failure to issue a curative instruction entitles him to a new
trial. The State argues that the defendant cannot complain of error because he elicited the
offending references during cross-examination. The State also points out that no witness
ever specifically stated that the defendant had invoked his constitutional rights to remain
silent and have the assistance of counsel and that counsel failed to contemporaneously
request an instruction.

              We need not tarry long over the defendant’s claim because the only testimony
that could arguably be seen as a comment on the defendant’s failure to answer police
questions was directly solicited by the defense during cross-examination and because the
defendant failed to make a contemporaneous objection to the testimony. See Tenn. R. Evid.
103(a)(1); Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a) (“Nothing in this rule shall be construed as requiring relief
be granted to a party responsible for an error or who failed to take whatever action was
reasonably available to prevent or nullify the harmful effect of an error.”); see State v.
Killebrew, 760 S.W.2d 228, 235 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988) (waiver applies when the
defendant fails to make a contemporaneous objection). Moreover, the record establishes that
the challenged testimony, which came from Lieutenant Whitwell, was not actually an
improper comment on the defendant’s constitutional rights. When pressed by defense
counsel as to why he did not do more to investigate the defendant’s claim regarding the two
alleged perpetrators, Lieutenant Whitwell responded, “[W]hen we asked to speak with [the
defendant] in regards to this situation and everything, he said he was not going to speak with
us, he was going – he wanted his attorney there, so we were unable to get any further
information to investigate this crime scene.” This testimony was a reasonable and responsive
answer to defense counsel’s question.

                                       III. Sufficiency

                The defendant challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence, claiming
that the State failed to exclude every reasonable hypothesis other than the defendant’s having

                                              -10-
murdered the victim. In addition, he claims that even if the State established that he killed
the victim, it failed to prove premeditation. The State contends that the evidence was
sufficient to support the defendant’s conviction.

                We review the defendant’s claim mindful that our standard of review is
whether, after considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 324 (1979); State v.
Winters, 137 S.W.3d 641, 654 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003). “[D]irect and circumstantial
evidence should be treated the same when weighing the sufficiency of such evidence.” State
v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 381 (Tenn. 2011).

               When examining the sufficiency of the evidence, this court should neither
re-weigh the evidence nor substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact.
Winters, 137 S.W.3d at 655. Questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses, the
weight and value of the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the evidence are
resolved by the trier of fact. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978).
Significantly, this court must afford the State the strongest legitimate view of the evidence
contained in the record as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences which may be
drawn from the evidence. Id.

               As is applicable in this case, “[f]irst degree murder is . . . [a] premeditated and
intentional killing of another.” T.C.A. § 39-13-202(a)(1) (2006). As used in the statute,

               “premeditation” is an act done after the exercise of reflection
               and judgment. “Premeditation” means that the intent to kill
               must have been formed prior to the act itself. It is not necessary
               that the purpose to kill pre-exist in the mind of the accused for
               any definite period of time. The mental state of the accused at
               the time the accused allegedly decided to kill must be carefully
               considered in order to determine whether the accused was
               sufficiently free from excitement and passion as to be capable of
               premeditation.

Id. § 39-13-202(d).

              Noting that “[p]roof of premeditation is inherently circumstantial,” this court
has observed that “[t]he trier of fact cannot speculate what was in the killer’s mind, so the
existence of premeditation must be determined from the defendant’s conduct in light of the
circumstances surrounding the crime.” State v. Gann, 251 S.W.3d 446, 455 (Tenn. Crim.

                                               -11-
App. 2007); see also State v. Johnny Wright, No. 01C01-9503-CC-00093 (Tenn. Crim. App.,
Nashville, Jan. 5, 1996) (citing LaFave and Scott, Substantive Criminal Law § 7.7 (2d ed.
1986)). Thus, in evaluating the sufficiency of proof of premeditation, the appellate court may
look to the circumstances surrounding the killing. See, e.g., State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651,
660 (Tenn. 1997); State v. Coulter, 67 S.W.3d 3, 72 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001). Such
circumstances may include “the use of a deadly weapon upon an unarmed victim; the
particular cruelty of the killing; declarations by the defendant of an intent to kill; evidence
of procurement of a weapon; preparations before the killing for concealment of the crime[;]
and calmness immediately after the killing.” Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 660.

                The evidence adduced at trial sufficiently established the defendant’s guilt of
the charged offense. Proof showed that the defendant telephoned the non-emergency line of
the SHPD to report that his wife had been murdered. Upon officers’ arrival at the couple’s
residence, the defendant did not answer the door or respond to their commands. Indeed,
when they announced their presence, the defendant ran up the stairs. After he finally
surrendered to police, the defendant offered no information regarding the circumstances of
the victim’s death. Police found the victim face down on the bed with a knife in her back,
a ligature around her neck, and earplugs in her ears. A bloody two-by-four nearby had a
mixture of the defendant’s and the victim’s DNA on the “handle” end. The medical
examiner testified that the victim suffered blunt force trauma to her head sufficient to cause
her death, stab wounds to her back sufficient to cause her death, and ligature strangulation
sufficient to cause her death. All of the victim’s injuries were inflicted from behind.
Although the defendant’s theory was that two unknown, Middle-Eastern men had murdered
the victim to extort money from her father, no evidence supports his theory. That the
defendant was alone at the scene, had blood on his clothing, and that his DNA was found on
one of the murder weapons supports the conclusion that he murdered the victim. The
infliction of multiple, “multimodality” blows on the unarmed victim, the particular cruelty
of the killing, and the defendant’s calmness after the killing support a finding that he did so
intentionally and premeditatedly.

                                     IV. Cumulative Error

              Finally, the defendant complains that the cumulative effect of the errors at trial
deprived him of the right to a fair trial. Because we discern no error in the rulings of the trial
court, no errors accumulate to yield a constitutionally defective trial.

                                         V. Conclusion

              The trial court did not err by permitting Officer Lawrence to provide expert
opinion testimony on the issue of blood stain interpretation or by denying the defendant’s

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request for a curative instruction. The evidence is sufficient to support the defendant’s
conviction, and no error exists to contribute to cumulative error. Accordingly, the judgment
of the trial court is affirmed.




                                                   _________________________________
                                                   JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., JUDGE




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