                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MAR 12 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

BARUCH YEHUDA ZIV BRILL, et al.,                No.    18-16862

                Plaintiffs-Appellants,          D.C. No. 3:15-cv-04916-JD

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
CHEVRON CORPORATION, a Delaware
Corporation,

                Defendant-Appellee.

                      Appeal from the United States District
                    Court for the Northern District of California
                     James Donato, District Judge, Presiding

                          Submitted February 14, 2020**
                            San Francisco, California

Before: RAWLINSON and CALLAHAN, Circuit Judges, and S. MURPHY,***
District Judge.




      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

      ***
             The Honorable Stephen J. Murphy, III, United States District Judge
for the Eastern District of Michigan, sitting by designation.
                                          1
      Appellants, 18 United States nationals and 298 foreign nationals, brought the

present action against Chevron and claimed that surcharges from Chevron’s

purchase of Iraqi crude oil were remitted to Saddam Hussein, who used the funds

to finance terrorist activity in Israel from 2000 to 2002. That activity allegedly

harmed Appellants and their family members who now appeal the district court’s

order dismissing the second amended complaint for failing to state a cognizable

claim. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and review de novo. Carlin v.

DairyAmerica, Inc., 705 F.3d 856, 866 (9th Cir. 2013).

      1.     Chevron’s purchases of crude oil from a third-party seller, as alleged,

do not constitute acts of international terrorism as defined by 18 U.S.C. § 2333(a).

The mere fact that oil purchases allegedly included kickbacks that violated United

Nations-imposed sanctions did not make the purchases terrorist acts. Appellants

failed to plausibly allege that their injuries were “by reason of” Chevron’s oil

purchases, which requires a proximate causation showing and “a showing of at

least some direct relationship between [Chevron’s] acts and [Appellants’] injuries.”

Fields v. Twitter, Inc., 881 F.3d 739, 744, 748 (9th Cir. 2018).

      2.     To state an ATA secondary liability claim, Appellants must plausibly

allege that Chevron aided and abetted persons who committed an act of

international terrorism. 18 U.S.C. § 2333(d). Here, the nature of the terrorist acts

had no connection to Chevron’s independent purchase of crude oil, and there is no

                                           2
allegation that Chevron encouraged the acts. There is no allegation that Chevron

had any relation to the terrorist organization that executed the attacks in Israel. At

most, Chevron had a contractual relationship with a third party that sold Iraqi crude

oil on the open market. Chevron’s actions, as pleaded, did not amount to providing

substantial assistance to the foreign terrorist organization that perpetrated the Israel

attacks.

       If Chevron’s purchases of crude oil constituted “substantial assistance” to

the terrorist activity in Israel, Appellants did not sufficiently plead “actual

knowledge by the alleged aider and abettor of the wrong and of his or her role in

furthering it.” Harmsen v. Smith, 693 F.2d 932, 943 (9th Cir. 1982) (collecting

cases). Appellants’ allegations at most indicate that Chevron knew that a portion of

its purchase price of Iraqi crude oil would be remitted to Iraq as a kickback. But

they fail to allege any facts that indicate that Chevron knew its kickbacks would be

used to provide financial support to the terrorist organization perpetrating the

terrorist activity in Israel.

       3.     To state an aiding and abetting ATS claim, Appellants must allege the

requisite mens rea and actus reus—i.e., purposefully (or knowingly) providing

substantial assistance to an international crime. See generally Doe I v. Nestle USA,

Inc. ("Nestle I"), 766 F.3d 1013, 1023, 1026 (9th Cir. 2014). We have yet to




                                           3
determine whether knowledge or purpose is the proper mens rea standard under the

ATS. But Appellants’ claims fail even under the less stringent knowledge standard.

       The allegations in the second amended complaint at most suggest that

Chevron knew that a kickback from its purchase of crude oil from a third party

would be remitted to Iraq. But the allegation that Chevron knew this does not

logically lead to the inference that Chevron knew that those funds were then

provided to a terrorist organization and that those same funds were specifically

used to finance the terrorist activity in Israel that resulted in the injuries to

Appellants and their family members. The district court properly found that

Appellants failed to sufficiently plead allegations to sustain their ATA and ATS

claims against Chevron.

       Accordingly, we AFFIRM.




                                             4
