                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                          FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT



                                No. 01-40770

                              Summary Calendar


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                 Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                   versus

SALVADOR SOTO

                                                 Defendant-Appellant.



            Appeal from the United States District Court
                 For the Southern District of Texas
                            M-00-CR-564-1

                              January 2, 2002


Before HIGGINBOTHAM, WIENER, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

      In October, 2000, Salvador Soto drove a van from Mexico into

the United States, crossing the border at Hidalgo, Texas.             The van

contained approximately 108 pounds of marijuana. Soto pled guilty

to possession with intent to distribute less than 50 kilograms of

marijuana    in   violation   of   21   U.S.C.    §§   841(a)(1),(b)(1)(D).

Because the district court erroneously believed it was without



      *
       Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion
should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited
circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.
authority to grant a downward departure requested by Soto, we

vacate Soto’s sentence and remand for resentencing.

     We review the district court’s application of the guidelines

de novo and its findings of fact for clear error.1

     At sentencing, Soto argued that he was eligible for a downward

departure under U.S.S.G. § 5K2.20 for “aberrant behavior.”                   The

district court, unfamiliar with this new guideline, rejected Soto’s

argument because it interpreted the guideline’s application notes

as foreclosing a departure if the defendant had been convicted of

any violation of Title 21 of the United States Code other than

simple possession.

     This Court may review a challenge to a sentence only if (1) it

was imposed in violation of law, (2) imposed as a result of an

incorrect application of the guidelines, (3) resulted from an

upward departure, or (4) was unreasonably imposed for an offense

not covered by the guidelines.2            “A refusal to grant a downward

departure is a violation of law only if the court mistakenly

assumes that it lacks authority to depart.”3           We therefore may not

review a refusal to depart downward unless the district court made




     1
         United States v. Sharpe, 193 F.3d 852, 872 (5th Cir. 1999).
     2
         United States v. Yanez-Huerta, 207 F.3d 746, 748 (5th Cir. 2000).
     3
         Id.

                                       2
its decision under the mistaken belief that it lacked the power to

do so.4

     Soto      requested      a   departure   for   “aberrant   behavior”    as

described in § 5K2.20, which states

     A sentence below the applicable guideline range may be
     warranted in an extraordinary case if the defendant’s
     criminal conduct constituted aberrant behavior. However,
     the court may not depart below the guideline range on
     this basis if ... (3) the instant offense of conviction
     is a serious drug trafficking offense ....5

As a policy statement, § 5K2.20 is binding as to the meaning of the

departure guidelines.6

     The district court concluded, on the basis of application note

1 to § 5K2.20, that it could not depart downward because Soto’s

conviction was for a “serious drug trafficking offense.”                    That

note, in relevant part, defines “serious drug trafficking offense”

as

     any controlled substance offense under title 21, United
     States Code, other than simple possession under 21 U.S.C.
     § 844, that, because the defendant does not meet the
     criteria under § 5C1.2 (Limitation on the Application of
     Statutory Mandatory Minimum Sentences in Certain Cases),
     results in the imposition of a mandatory minimum term of
     imprisonment upon the defendant.7




     4
         Id.
     5
         U.S.S.G. § 5K2.20.

     6
         Stinson v. United States, 508 U.S. 36, 42 (1993).
     7
         U.S.S.G. § 5K2.20, comment n.1.

                                         3
It is undisputed that Soto’s offense does not carry a mandatory

minimum and therefore is not a “serious drug trafficking offense”

within the plain meaning of this application note.

      The Government, however, argues that since the district court

did not find Soto otherwise eligible for this downward departure,

that we should affirm the sentence.           While it is true that “we have

no jurisdiction if the court’s refusal [to depart downward] is

based on its determination that a departure is not warranted on the

facts of the        case,”8 there was no such determination by the

district court in this case.                The record reveals that after

erroneously determining that Soto was ineligible for a downward

departure under § 5K2.20 because he had committed a “serious drug

trafficking offense” the district court did not inquire further

into the suitability of Soto’s case for application of § 5K2.20,

though it might have been inclined to do so.9


      8
          United States v. Brace, 145 F.3d 247, 263 (5th Cir. 1998) (en banc).

      9
        After hearing the conditions under which a departure under § 5K2.20 could
not be granted, the district court engaged in this exchange with the probation
officer and Mr. Tiemann, then Soto’s counsel—

            THE COURT: Well, now, wait a minute. The third one is that it
      not be a serious drug trafficking offense?
            PROBATION OFFICER: That is correct, Your Honor.
            MR. TIEMANN: It is defined here, Your Honor. There are two
      parts of —
            THE COURT: How do they define serious drug trafficking?
            PROBATION OFFICER: It says here any controlled substance under
      Tile 21, U.S.C., other than simple possession, that because the
      defendant does not meet the criteria under the Safety Valve, it
      results in the imposition of a mandatory minimum term of
      imprisonment on the defendant.
            MR. TIEMANN: So a serious drug trafficking offense is defined
      as those that involve a mandatory minimum sentence, and this doesn’t
      result in a mandatory minimum sentence. So this is not a serious

                                        4
      We therefore VACATE Soto’s sentence and REMAND to the district

court for resentencing.




      drug trafficking crime under that definition.
            THE COURT: Where does it say that? Read that again to me,
      sir.
            PROBATION OFFICER: Says here “serious drug trafficking offense
      means any controlled substance under Title 21 of the U.S. Code,
      other than simple possession, that because the defendant does not
      meet the criteria under 5C1.2 results in the imposition of a
      mandatory minimum term of imprisonment upon the defendant.
            THE COURT: Other than simple possession. That’s what it says,
      doesn’t it?
            PROBATION OFFICER: That is correct, Your Honor.
            THE COURT: He doesn’t qualify. Record on Appeal 43-44.

While counsel for Soto argued further, the district court did not waver in its
opinion that Soto was ineligible because his offense was not simple possession.

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