
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN



NO. 03-99-00713-CR


Frank Tello, Appellant


v.


The State of Texas, Appellee




FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF CALDWELL COUNTY, 274TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. 98-203, HONORABLE CHARLES R. RAMSAY, JUDGE PRESIDING


A jury found appellant Frank Tello guilty of one count of murder and two counts
of aggravated assault.  See Tex. Penal Code Ann. §§ 19.02, 22.02 (West 1994).  The jury
assessed punishment for the murder at imprisonment for twenty-five years and a $7500 fine, and
for each assault at imprisonment for ten years and a $5000 fine.  We will affirm.

Tello and several friends, including Roger Lerma, Carlos Cantu, and Cisco Garcia,
were gathered at Cantu's residence in Lockhart on the night of February 20, 1998.  There is
evidence that each of the named individuals was a member of La Rosa Negra, or LRN, a local
gang.  During the course of the evening, vehicles occupied by persons not affiliated with LRN
drove past Cantu's house several times.  The two groups, those in the house and those in the
vehicles, shouted taunts and insults at each other.  There was testimony that bottles and rocks were
thrown at the house.  On the last of these confrontations, the vehicles stopped and several
occupants got out, among them Henry Silva, Ronnie Valdez, and Chris Baltierra.  More insults
and challenges to fight were exchanged.  Then shots were fired from the general direction of
Cantu's house.  A ricocheting bullet struck Silva, who later died.

Tello was convicted for the murder of Silva, and for the aggravated assaults of
Valdez and Baltierra.  In three points of error, Tello urges that the evidence is legally insufficient
to sustain the convictions.  We must decide whether, after viewing all the evidence in the light
most favorable to the verdicts, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements
of the offenses beyond a reasonable doubt.  See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 324 (1979);
Griffin v. State, 614 S.W.2d 155, 158-59 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981).  Numerous witnesses were
called by the State and the defense.  Several were obviously reluctant to testify.  The testimony
was sometimes vague and confusing, and there were conflicts among the witnesses' accounts.  It
was the jury's role to decide the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to give their testimony. 
See Bonham v. State, 680 S.W.2d 815, 819 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984); Castellano v. State, 810
S.W.2d 800, 807 (Tex. App.--Austin 1991, no pet.); see also Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art.
38.04 (West 1979). We will summarize the evidence supporting the verdicts.

When the rival group approached Cantu's residence for the final time, Lerma armed
himself with a .45 caliber pistol and told Tello and the others in the house that he was going "to
go down the block and start it."  Tello, who had a .380 caliber pistol, replied, "Well, if you go,
I'm going to have your back."  Lerma then left the house and walked across the street.  Tello,
Cantu (who was carrying a .38 caliber pistol), and Garcia (armed with a shotgun) followed and
took up positions in front of the house.  As they went outside, Cantu asked Tello if they should
shoot.  Tello told him, "Go ahead.  Go for it."

Most witnesses agreed that the persons in the vehicles were unarmed.  The taunts
and insults continued as Silva, Valdez, and Baltierra approached Cantu's residence on foot.  It
appears that the shooting began when someone threw bottles at the LRN members. Cantu testified
that he fired two shots in the air after a bottle flew past him.  Tello testified that he also fired into
the air, as a warning, when the rival group began throwing things.  A witness to the shooting,
however, gave a statement to the police saying he saw Tello aiming his pistol directly at the rival
group before firing.  Lerma also fired from his location across the street, and it is undisputed that
Lerma fired the fatal bullet.(1)
The court's charge to the jury included instructions on the law of parties.  See Tex.
Penal Code Ann. § 7.02 (West 1994).  The court authorized Tello's conviction for murder if the
jury found that Lerma shot Silva, either intentionally or while committing an act clearly dangerous
to human life with the intent to cause serious bodily injury, and that Tello encouraged, directed,
aided, or attempted to aid Lerma with the intent to promote or assist the commission of the
offense.  Tello does not question the sufficiency of the evidence to support the finding that Lerma
murdered Silva.  He argues only that the State failed to prove he was criminally responsible for
Lerma's conduct.

To establish culpability as a party, the evidence must show that the alleged parties
were acting together, each doing some part in the execution of a common design.  Rivera v. State,
990 S.W.2d 882, 887 (Tex. App.--Austin 1999, pet. ref'd).  The agreement to act in a common
design may be proved either by direct or circumstantial evidence.  Id.  In determining whether a
person participated as a party to the commission of an offense, the fact finder may look to events
occurring before, during, and after the offense, and may place reliance on acts showing an
understanding and common design to commit the culpable act.  Id. at 887-88.  The evidence is
sufficient where the accused is present and encourages the commission of the offense by words
or other agreement.  Id. at 888.

When Lerma armed himself with a .45 caliber pistol and told Tello and the others
in the house that he was going "to go down the block and start it" with the rival group,  Tello
assured him that he, Tello, would watch his back.  Tello, Cantu, and Garcia, each carrying a
firearm, followed Lerma outside.  When Cantu asked Tello if they should shoot, Tello encouraged
him to "go for it."  Tello admitted that he took part in the shooting, and there is evidence from
which the jury could infer that he fired in the direction of the rival group.  From this evidence,
a rational trier of fact could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Lerma and Tello acted
together pursuant to a common understanding or design to shoot at the rival group.  A rational
trier of fact could further find beyond a reasonable doubt that Tello encouraged Lerma to commit
an act clearly dangerous to human life, and that he did so with the intent to promote the
commission of the offense.  Finding the evidence legally sufficient to sustain appellant's conviction
as a party to the murder, we overrule point of error one.

The jury also found that Tello, acting alone or as a party with Lerma or Cantu,
intentionally or knowingly threatened Valdez and Baltierra with imminent bodily injury while
using or exhibiting a firearm.  To support his contention that the evidence does not support these
verdicts, Tello refers us to the testimony of Valdez and Baltierra, neither of whom said that he
heard anyone threaten to kill him.  A threat can be conveyed by conduct as well as by words. 
McGowan v. State, 664 S.W.2d 355, 357 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984).  From the evidence previously
summarized, a rational trier of fact could find beyond a reasonable doubt that Tello threatened
Valdez and Baltierra with imminent bodily injury by shooting at them.  Under the circumstances
shown in this record, even shooting into the air, as Tello admitted he did, could reasonably be
deemed a threat of imminent bodily injury.  Points of error two and three are overruled.

The district court's punishment charge instructed the jury to treat Silva's murder
as a second degree felony if Tello proved by a preponderance of the evidence that he acted under
the influence of sudden passion arising from an adequate cause.  See Tex. Penal Code Ann.
§ 19.02(d) (West 1994).  In his final point of error, Tello contends the jury's failure to find in his
favor on the sudden passion issue was so against the great weight and preponderance of the
evidence as to be manifestly unjust.  See Meraz v. State, 785 S.W.2d 146, 154-55 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1990); Rainey v. State, 949 S.W.2d 537, 542 (Tex. App.--Austin 1997, pet. ref'd).

When conducting a factual sufficiency review, the evidence is not viewed in the
light most favorable to the verdict.  Instead, all the evidence is considered equally, including the
testimony of defense witnesses and the existence of alternative hypotheses.  See Orona v. State,
836 S.W.2d 319, 321 (Tex. App.--Austin 1992, no pet.).  A factual sufficiency review asks
whether a neutral review of all the evidence, both for and against the challenged finding,
demonstrates that the proof in support of the finding is so obviously weak or so greatly outweighed
by contrary proof as to undermine confidence in the jury's determination.  See Johnson v. State,
23 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).

Tello and other defense witnesses testified that the LRN members and their friends
were not looking for trouble on the night of the shooting, but had gathered at Cantu's residence
for a party.  According to the defense account, trouble found them in the form of Silva and his
companions, who repeatedly drove past Cantu's house, shouting insults and hurling rocks and
bottles.  Tello said he believed that he and his friends were under attack by an armed mob, and
that he fired into the air to deter the attack.  We find little or no evidence, however, to support a
finding that Tello was acting under the influence of anger, rage, or terror of a degree that would
render a person of ordinary temper incapable of cool reflection.  See Tex. Penal Code Ann.
§ 19.02(a)(1) (West 1994).  To the contrary, the evidence reflects that Tello and the other LRN
members deliberately armed themselves and went outside to confront Silva and his companions,
fully intending to use their weapons.  Having considered all the evidence, we cannot say that the
jury's failure to find that Tello acted under the influence of sudden passion arising from an
adequate cause was manifestly unjust.  Point of error four is overruled.

The judgment of conviction is affirmed



  
				Bea Ann Smith, Justice

Before Chief Justice Aboussie, Justices B. A. Smith and Patterson

Affirmed

Filed:   February 28, 2001

Do Not Publish

1.        Lerma's conviction for murder and aggravated assault was recently affirmed by this Court. 
See Lerma v. State, No. 03-99-00827-CR (Tex. App.--Austin Feb. 15, 2001, no pet. hist.) (not
designated for publication).


o "go for it."  Tello admitted that he took part in the shooting, and there is evidence from
which the jury could infer that he fired in the direction of the rival group.  From this evidence,
a rational trier of fact could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Lerma and Tello acted
together pursuant to a common understanding or design to shoot at the rival group.  A rational
trier of fact could further find beyond a reasonable doubt that Tello encouraged Lerma to commit
an act clearly dangerous to human life, and that he did so with the intent to promote the
commission of the offense.  Finding the evidence legally sufficient to sustain appellant's conviction
as a party to the murder, we overrule point of error one.

The jury also found that Tello, acting alone or as a party with Lerma or Cantu,
intentionally or knowingly threatened Valdez and Baltierra with imminent bodily injury while
using or exhibiting a firearm.  To support his contention that the evidence does not support these
verdicts, Tello refers us to the testimony of Valdez and Baltierra, neither of whom said that he
heard anyone threaten to kill him.  A threat can be conveyed by conduct as well as by words. 
McGowan v. State, 664 S.W.2d 355, 357 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984).  From the evidence previously
summarized, a rational trier of fact could find beyond a reasonable doubt that Tello threatened
Valdez and Baltierra with imminent bodily injury by shooting at them.  Under the circumstances
shown in this record, even shooting into the air, as Tello admitted he did, could reasonably be
deemed a threat of imminent bodily injury.  Points of error two and three are overruled.

The district court's punishment charge instructed the jury to treat Silva's murder
as a second degree felony if Tello proved by a preponderance of the evidence that he acted under
the influence of sudden passion arising from an adequate cause.  See Tex. Penal Code Ann.
§ 19.02(d) (West 1994).  In his final point of error, Tello contends the jury's failure to find in his
favor on the sudden passion issue was so against the great weight and preponderance of the
evidence as to be manifestly unjust.  See Meraz v. State, 785 S.W.2d 146, 154-55 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1990); Rainey v. State, 949 S.W.2d 537, 542 (Tex. App.--Austin 1997, pet. ref'd).

When conducting a factual sufficiency review, the evidence is not viewed in the
light most favorable to the verdict.  Instead, all the evidence is considered equally, including the
testimony of defense witnesses and the existence of alternative hypotheses.  See Orona v. State,
836 S.W.2d 319, 321 (Tex. App.--Austin 1992, no pet.).  A factual sufficiency review asks
whether a neutral review of all the evidence, both for and against the challenged finding,
demonstrates that the proof in support of the finding is so obviously weak or so greatly outweighed
by contrary proof as to undermine confidence in the jury's determination.  See Johnson v. State,
23 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).

Tello and 