












 
 
 
 
 
 
COURT
OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT
OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
 
 
NO. 2-07-162-CV
 
 
 
IN THE INTEREST
OF L.E.W., 
A CHILD                                                                                             
 
------------
 
FROM THE 323RD
DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
 
------------
 
MEMORANDUM OPINION[1]
 
------------
I.  Introduction




After a bench trial, the trial court entered a
judgment terminating Appellant Alisha Ford=s
parental rights to her son L.E.W.[2]  In two points, Alisha challenges the legal
and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court=s
findings that termination was justified under family code section 161.001(1)(D)
or section 161.001(1)(E) and was in L.E.W.=s best
interest.  We will affirm.
II.  Factual and Procedural Background
A.     Events Triggering CPS Involvement
Susan Rial, a former CPS investigator, testified
that on January 3, 2006, she received a referral regarding allegations of
physical abuse of four-month-old L.E.W. because doctors at USMD Hospital in Arlington
had determined that L.E.W.=s ribs
were fractured. 
Dr. Kerry Yancy, a specialist in pediatric
emergency medicine at Cook Children=s
Hospital, testified that USMD Hospital sent L.E.W. to Cook Children=s on
January 4, 2006, for further evaluation of his fractured ribs.  Dr. Yancy stated that L.E.W.=s fifth,
sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth ribs on his left side were fractured, as well
as the tenth rib on his right side.  Dr.
Yancy said that L.E.W=s fractured right rib was
healing but that the fractured left ribs were not healing, which Dr. Yancy
interpreted to mean that the injuries to L.E.W.=s right
side occurred at a different time than those to his left side. 




Alisha told Dr. Yancy that L.E.W. had fallen off
a low bed, but Dr. Yancy testified that a fall from a low bed would not
generate sufficient force to fracture a child=s
ribs.  Dr. Yancy testified that rib
fractures, like the ones she saw on L.E.W., often result from a squeezing force
applied to a baby=s chest.  Dr. Yancy said that x-rays taken while L.E.W.
was at Cook Children=s revealed that L.E.W. also had
a spiral fracture in his right tibia. 
Dr. Yancy said that she was concerned for L.E.W.=s safety
because no plausible explanation had been given for L.E.W.=s rib
fractures or the spiral fracture in his leg. 
That same dayCJanuary
4, 2006CRial
received a referral from Cook Children=s
Hospital stating that L.E.W. had multiple rib fractures.  Rial went to Cook Children=s with
Detective Hubbard from the Arlington Police Department.  Upon her arrival, Rial found L.E.W. sleeping
in the emergency room waiting area, so Rial joined the detective who was
interviewing L.E.W.=s mother, Alisha. 
Alisha initially told Rial and Detective Hubbard
that she did not know how L.E.W. had sustained the rib fractures.  Alisha later said that L.E.W. had fallen off
the bed several days prior to their trip to the hospital.  Detective Hubbard told Alisha that she had
seen the bed[3]
and that it was not high enough off the ground to cause L.E.W.=s
injuries.  Alisha did not provide any
alternate explanation for L.E.W.=s
injuries at that time. 




As Rial interviewed Alisha, she learned that
Alisha was sixteen years old, attending high school, living with her father and
brothers in Arlington, and spending a lot of time with L.E.W.=s
father, James, and with James=s
family.  Rial discovered that several
people had spent time alone with L.E.W., but Alisha did not indicate to Rial
that L.E.W. had been left in the care of anyone else. 
Alisha explained that she had noticed on Saturday
(December 31, 2005) that something was wrong with L.E.W., but she did not take
him to the doctor then because she was at James=s home
and did not have her Medicaid card. 
Alisha went to school on Tuesday (January 3, 2006) and received a call
from the daycare stating that L.E.W. was crying and could not be
comforted.  Alisha said that she took
L.E.W. to USMD Hospital in Arlington that night because he had been
exceptionally fussy, because his ribs Afelt
funny,@ and
because her aunt had told her to take him to the doctor. 




When Rial interviewed James, he initially said
that he had no idea how L.E.W.=s
injuries had occurred.  James then said
that L.E.W. had fallen off a toddler bed. 
When Detective Hubbard and Rial responded that a fall from a toddler bed
could not have caused L.E.W.=s
injuries, James did not immediately supply another explanation for L.E.W.=s
injuries.  Later, he said that he had
come home one night and found his brother Brian shaking L.E.W. and telling him
to be quiet.  James said that he Ahad
words@ with
his brother, told him to stop, and went and woke up his grandmother, who
whipped Brian and sent him away.  James
said that Alisha knew about this incident, but when questioned, Alisha denied
knowing of the incident and claimed that everyone had been asleep when she and
James had arrived home that particular evening.
L.E.W.=s x-rays
revealed that the spiral fracture of his right tibia and his various rib
fractures were in different stages of healing: 
the spiral fracture to the tibia was approximately fourteen days old,
and the rib fractures ranged from seven to ten days old.  When Rial received this additional
information about L.E.W.=s injuries and told Alisha and
James about it, both Alisha and James appeared surprised to learn about L.E.W.=s broken
leg and gave no explanation for the different time frames for the broken bones.

Rial later learned from Alisha=s father
that Alisha and James had argued during the holidays, that L.E.W. was involved,
and that Alisha and James Awere
rough@ on
L.E.W.  Rial questioned Alisha, and
Alisha said that James had jumped on the bed and on L.E.W. and that they had
argued.  
Based on the information that she gathered, Rial
performed a risk assessment and made the following findings.
Child Vulnerability C
Considerable risk.  L.E.W. was only four
months old and could not talk to let people know whether he was in danger.  Additionally, there were many people in
contact with him during the time that his injuries occurred. 




Caregiver CapabilityC
Considerable risk.  James admitted that
he had an anger problem, a history of school suspensions and tickets, and an
arrest for fighting and assault.  Both
Alisha and James admitted that they had smoked marijuana and that they had been
abused or neglected as children. 
Quality of Care C
Considerable risk.  Rial noted that it
was possible that L.E.W. had been left with someone who had injured him and
that neither parent had sought medical help after noticing the problems with
L.E.W.=s ribs
and his fussy behavior. 
Maltreatment Pattern C Considerable
risk.  L.E.W. had six rib fractures and a
spiral fracture of his tibia, which had occurred earlier than the rib
fractures. 
Home Environment C
Somewhat of a risk.  James admitted that
he has an anger management problem and frequently fights and that his siblings
have similar issues.  
Social Environment C
Somewhat of a risk.  James had a criminal
record. 
Response to Intervention C Somewhat
of a risk.  James gave what appeared to
be a dishonest account of how L.E.W. was injured, and neither parent came
forward with a plausible explanation for L.E.W.=s
injuries. 




Rial testified that the allegations against
Alisha and James regarding neglectful supervision and physical abuse of L.E.W.
were ruled Aunable to determine.@  However, the allegations against Alisha and James
regarding medical neglect of L.E.W. were ruled Areason
to believe,@ and the allegations of physical
abuse of L.E.W. by an unknown perpetrator were ruled Areason
to believe@ because Alisha and James failed
to give a plausible explanation for L.E.W.=s
injuries and said that he had been exposed to numerous individuals during the
time frame that his injuries were inflicted. 
Based on these findings, Rial decided to place L.E.W. in CPS custody.
When Rial told Alisha and James that L.E.W. was
being placed in CPS custody, they were cooperative.  Rial transported L.E.W. from the hospital to
his foster parent=s house and said that L.E.W.
appeared to be in a great deal of pain.  
Rial testified that L.E.W. cried a lot when he
was transported to the visits with Alisha and James.  During the visits, neither Alisha nor James
followed Rial=s instructions regarding how to
handle L.E.W.  They bounced him and tried
to walk around with him, even though Rial had told them that L.E.W. was hurt
and needed to be still.  Consequently,
L.E.W. screamed and cried during their visits. 

 
 
 




B.     Compliance with Service Plan
1.     From CPS=s
Viewpoint
a.      Julianne Sweeney
Julianne Sweeney testified that she was an ongoing
CPS caseworker in 2006 and that she received L.E.W.=s case
from Rial.  Sweeney met with Alisha and
explained the initial service plan, which required her to attend parenting
classes, submit to drug assessments through CATS, complete random urinalyses,
complete a psychological evaluation with Deer Oaks, participate in weekly
visitation, obtain and maintain appropriate housing, develop a positive support
system with adults, and maintain contact with her (Sweeney).  Alisha indicated that she understood what she
was being asked to do and that she was willing to follow through with the
services if Sweeney set them up.[4]





Alisha took the psychological evaluation at Deer
Oaks, and it revealed that she needed individual counseling.  Based on the results of her psychological
evaluation, Sweeney set up individual counseling for Alisha at Positive
Influences in Fort Worth.  Alisha
attended three sessions, missed the next six sessions, and was dropped from
Positive Influences, which meant that she could not attend the parenting
classes offered there.  Alisha explained
her absences to Sweeney by stating that she did not have transportation to
Positive Influences in Fort Worth. 
Sweeney admitted that it was not reasonable for her to schedule therapy
twenty miles from Alisha when she knew that Alisha did not have transportation,
but Sweeney stated that Positive Influences was the only alternative CPS had
because it was the closest contract. 
Sweeney also testified that Alisha=s
visitations with L.E.W. were in Fort Worth, so it was plausible to think that
she could attend counseling in Fort Worth as well.  Alisha ultimately completed the parenting
classes offered through her high school. 
Sweeney tried to set up a hair follicle test for
the drug assessment, but Alisha did not follow through with the test.  Alisha later told Sweeney that she had
misunderstood the drug testing facility=s hours
of operation and could not get transportation in time to make it to the
test.  Sweeney set up a second test for
Alisha, and she failed to show up a second time.  
For the most part, Alisha attended the weekly
visitations and only missed a handful due to transportation issues.  Sweeney attended three or four of the visits
and was concerned that Alisha fed L.E.W. junk food, which he threw up when he
returned to his foster home.  Based on
her observations during Alisha=s
visits, Sweeney concluded that Alisha had failed to demonstrate appropriate
parenting skills and did not understand the needs of a six-month-old baby. 




Because Sweeney was concerned that Alisha was not
making appropriate progress that would enable her to recommend that L.E.W. be
returned to her, Sweeney had a conversation with Alisha and her attorney
regarding what was required of Alisha under the service plan.  Sweeney relayed to Alisha that it was very
important for her to attend therapy and parenting classes, to take the
urinalyses, and to explain exactly what had happened to L.E.W.  Sweeney denied telling Alisha that she would
place L.E.W. with her in exchange for an affidavit describing how L.E.W.=s
injuries had occurred and for Alisha=s
participation in therapy; instead, Sweeney said that she had told Alisha that
doing these two things would give her an advantage in getting L.E.W. back. 
Consequently, on May 23, 2006, Alisha drafted an
affidavit that stated:
One night, [L.E.W.=s]
father James and I were having an argument. 
We were angry with each other and were screaming and pushing each
other.  James said he was going to leave
and he picked up [L.E.W.] and he then began packing his suitcase, so then I
picked up [L.E.W.] because James was going to take him away.  I was holding [L.E.W.] around his torso and
tried to hold him too tight to me.  Then
James tried to grab him.  We were
pulling, but I was crying and [L.E.W.] was, too, so I let go because I didn=t want
him to cry or be hurt.  We never meant to
hurt him, and we=re both really sorry.  I had no idea that we could hurt our baby so
easily.  We=re very
embarrassed that we hurt our baby while being selfish and immature, and we
promise to do whatever we can to get another chance to raise [L.E.W.].  I love him more than anything in the [world]
and will do anything and everything within my power to protect him forever. 




Alisha stated that she believed that L.E.W.=s
injuries occurred during that fight. 
Alisha also said that L.E.W. was taking a nap on James=s chest
while James was on the couch and that L.E.W. fell onto the floor.  Sweeney, however, did not believe that Alisha=s
affidavit or the fall from James=s chest
explained L.E.W.=s spiral leg fracture; medical
personnel and L.E.W.=s medical records indicated that
L.E.W. had been injured numerous times. 
Before Sweeney left CPS, she said that she could
not recommend that L.E.W. be returned to Alisha.  Sweeney testified that she was concerned that
Alisha had not participated in enough therapy classes to address the Texas
Department of Family and Protective Service=s
(TDFPS) concerns about her ability to care for L.E.W., that Alisha had called
and asked to come to Sweeney=s office
several times but never came, that there were conflicting stories about L.E.W.=s
injuries, and that Alisha appeared to be very Ahigh-functioning@ but did
not appear to understand the seriousness of the situation.  At the time that Sweeney transferred the case
to Courtney Garrison, Sweeney opined that Alisha was not in a position to
independently take care of herself, let alone a child. 
 
 
 




b.     Anna Lopez
Anna Lopez testified that she is employed by CPS
and was the case aide who supervised Alisha=s
visitations with L.E.W.  Lopez said that
Alisha missed approximately three visits during fifteen months of visitation. 
During the initial visitations, L.E.W. slept or
cried if he was awake.  As he got older,
he started to cry a distressed cry as soon as he saw Lopez=s car
because he did not want to leave his babysitter and come to the visits.  L.E.W. cried for at least part of each
visitation during the first twelve months of visits.  Lopez showed Alisha how to comfort L.E.W. by
swaddling him and holding him close.  At
times, Alisha followed Lopez=s instructions,
and other times she resented Lopez=s
telling her what to do.
During the most recent three visits, L.E.W.
walked over to Alisha and handled the visits well, but he still cried when
Lopez picked him up to drive him to the visitations.  Lopez noticed that Alisha=s
ability to interact with the child had improved over the past three weeks:  Alisha got down on the floor and played with
L.E.W. and read to him.  




Lopez testified that L.E.W. does not show any
separation anxiety; he holds Lopez=s hand,
tells Alisha goodbye, and runs down the hall. 
Lopez noticed, however, that L.E.W. interacts differently with his
foster mother versus Alisha.  L.E.W.
would run to his foster mother and hold out his arms so that she could pick him
up, indicating that he was ready to go with her.  Lopez did not observe L.E.W. exhibit any
distress when his foster mother was present. 

c.      Courtney Garrison
Courtney Garrison testified that she is the
current ongoing caseworker for L.E.W. and that she had received the case from
Sweeney.  At the time that Garrison
received the case, Alisha was not complying with the service plan. 
Garrison agreed that Alisha had completed
parenting classes and her psychological evaluation, had participated in
counseling, and had taken a random drug test that was negative.  Garrison testified, however, that Alisha did
not provide any information indicating that she is capable of supporting and
providing for herself.  At a previous
hearing, Alisha said that she was living with a friend, but she had not
disclosed the friend=s address to Garrison.  And although Garrison had learned in
March that Alisha had a new job, Alisha failed to provide information to
Garrison so that she could verify Alisha=s
employment. 
Garrison recommended that the trial court
terminate Alisha=s parental rights to L.E.W. and
asked that TDFPS be named as permanent managing conservator for L.E.W.  Garrison said that she believed termination
was in L.E.W.=s best interest because he is
not bonded to Alisha and would find it traumatic to be sent to live with
her.  
 




2.     From Alisha=s
Viewpoint
Alisha testified that she has tried to work her
service plan by submitting to a drug test, by taking the psychological
evaluation, by graduating from high school, by maintaining employment for the
previous five months, by completing parenting classes, and by arranging to meet
with a therapist.  She admitted, however,
that she had failed to attend some of her counseling sessions and had been
discharged from Positive Influences.  Alisha
also admitted that she had failed to provide her caseworker with the required
documentation to prove that she was employed. 
When Alisha was asked where L.E.W. would live if he went home with her,
she testified that he would live in her room at her cousin=s
house.  Alisha said that she provided her
cousin=s
address to her caseworker the week before trial but admitted that she had not
provided her caseworker with any information or documentation regarding the
type of home environment that she could provide. 




Alisha also testified that she loves her son very
much and is more than ready for him to come home.  She said that James is incarcerated, that she
no longer considers him her boyfriend, and that she has not talked to him since
he has been in jail.  Alisha said that
she has matured, that she has a job, and that she has succeeded with most of
her goals.  She testified that she will
be a great parent to L.E.W., that she will provide safety and Aeverything
he needs,@ and that she will help him
learn new things and be there to watch him. 
C.     L.E.W.=s Life
in Foster Care
Felicia Golston, L.E.W.=s foster
mother, testified that when L.E.W. was first placed in her home, he was in a
lot of pain and was running a fever.  She
took him to the doctor shortly thereafter, and the doctor told her that L.E.W.
possibly had pneumonia.  She said that
L.E.W. slept in his carrier because it appeared that his ribs hurt if he laid
on a bed. 
According to Golston, L.E.W. has continued to
grow and thrive while in foster care. 
Golston described L.E.W. as very playful, intelligent, exploratory,
athletic, and friendly.  His speech has
become very clear, he remembers things, he is able to get things for himself,
and he is able to feed himself.  He has
not had any other broken bones while in foster care.
After each visitation, Golston noticed that it
took L.E.W. a while to smile and coo again, which he had been doing prior to
the visitation.  Golston said that L.E.W.
had nightmares when he went to bed after a visitation and that he continued to
have nightmares after the visits in the weeks preceding the trial. 




Golston stated that she has become attached and
bonded with L.E.W. and that she believes that he has attached and bonded with
her family.  Golston testified that she
would adopt L.E.W. if his parents= parental
rights were terminated and that she believes she would be able to offer him the
safety, security, and stability that he would need. 
D.     Disposition
After hearing the above evidence, as well as
testimony from Alisha=s father, mother, and
step-father that Alisha is responsible and would provide for and protect
L.E.W., the trial court told Alisha:
I=m glad to hear that you
have made some progress in your life, and I hope you=ll continue working to
make progress in your life.  You have
great potential, and I hope that you=ll do that. 
But my decision today is not what=s best for you but what=s best for your child
[L.E.W.].
 
The Court has a number of concerns about this case and about the
injuries to your child, and based on the evidence the Court has heard today,
the Court=s going to grant the
State=s Petition and terminate
all the parental rights to this child and place the child in the
conservatorship of the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services
pending a hopeful adoption for your child. 

Thereafter, the trial court entered an order terminating Alisha=s
parental rights to L.E.W.  This appeal
followed.
III.  Burden of Proof and Standard of Review




A parent=s rights
to Athe
companionship, care, custody, and management@ of her
children are constitutional interests Afar more
precious than any property right.@  Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745,
758-59, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1397 (1982); In re M.S., 115 S.W.3d 534, 547
(Tex. 2003).  AWhile
parental rights are of constitutional magnitude, they are not absolute.  Just as it is imperative for courts to
recognize the constitutional underpinnings of the parent-child relationship, it
is also essential that emotional and physical interests of the child not be
sacrificed merely to preserve that right.@  In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 26 (Tex.
2002).  In a termination case, the State
seeks not just to limit parental rights but to end them permanentlyCto
divest the parent and child of all legal rights, privileges, duties, and powers
normally existing between them, except for the child=s right
to inherit.  TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. '
161.206(b) (Vernon Supp. 2007); Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex.
1985).  We strictly scrutinize
termination proceedings and strictly construe involuntary termination statutes
in favor of the parent.  Holick, 685
S.W.2d at 20-21; In re E.M.N., 221 S.W.3d 815, 820 (Tex. App.CFort
Worth 2007, no pet.).
In proceedings to terminate the parent‑child
relationship brought under section 161.001 of the family code, the petitioner
must establish one ground listed under subdivision (1) of the statute and must
also prove that termination is in the best interest of the child.  TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. ' 161.001
(Vernon Supp. 2007); In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2005).  Both elements must be established;
termination may not be based solely on the best interest of the child as
determined by the trier of fact.  Tex.
Dep=t of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727
S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987). 




Termination of parental rights is a drastic
remedy and is of such weight and gravity that due process requires the
petitioner to justify termination by clear and convincing evidence.  TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. ''
161.001, 161.206(a); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex. 2002).  This intermediate standard falls between the preponderance
standard of ordinary civil proceedings and the reasonable doubt standard of
criminal proceedings.  In re G.M.,
596 S.W.2d 846, 847 (Tex. 1980); In re C.S., 208 S.W.3d 77, 83 (Tex.
App.CFort
Worth 2006, pet. denied).  It is defined
as the Ameasure
or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm
belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be
established.@ 
Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 101.007
(Vernon 2002).




Accordingly, in reviewing the evidence for legal
sufficiency in parental termination cases, we must determine whether the
evidence is such that a fact-finder could reasonably form a firm belief or
conviction that the grounds for termination were proven.  In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573
(Tex. 2005).  We must review all the evidence
in the light most favorable to the finding and judgment.  Id. 
This means that we must assume that the fact-finder resolved any
disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable fact-finder could have
done so.  Id.  We must also disregard all evidence that a
reasonable fact-finder could have disbelieved. 
Id.  We must consider,
however, undisputed evidence even if it is contrary to the finding.  Id. 
That is, we must consider evidence favorable to termination if a
reasonable fact-finder could, and disregard contrary evidence unless a
reasonable fact-finder could not.  Id.
We must therefore consider all of the evidence,
not just that which favors the verdict. 
Id.  But we cannot weigh
witness credibility issues that depend on the appearance and demeanor of the
witnesses, for that is the fact-finder=s
province.  Id. at 573, 574.  And even when credibility issues appear in
the appellate record, we must defer to the fact-finder=s determinations
as long as they are not unreasonable.  Id.
at 573.
IV.  Legally Sufficient Evidence Regarding
Endangering Course of Conduct
 
In her first point, Alisha challenges the legal
sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court=s
findings under family code section 161.001(1)(D) and (E).  Specifically, Alisha contends that the
evidence is legally insufficient to prove that she knowingly placed or
knowingly allowed L.E.W. to remain in conditions or surroundings that
endangered his physical or emotional well-being or that she engaged in conduct
or knowingly placed L.E.W. with persons who engaged in conduct that endangered
L.E.W.=s
physical or emotional well-being.




Under section 161.001(1)(E), the relevant inquiry
is whether evidence exists that the endangerment of the child=s
physical or emotional well‑being was the direct result of the parent=s
conduct, including acts, omissions, or failures to act.  In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 117, 125
(Tex. App.CFort Worth 2003, no pet.); see Tex. Fam. Code Ann. '
161.001(1)(E).  Endangerment means to
expose to loss or injury, to jeopardize. 
Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533; J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d at 125; see
also In re M.C., 917 S.W.2d 268, 269 (Tex. 1996).  Additionally, termination under section
161.001(1)(E) must be based on more than a single act or omission; a voluntary,
deliberate, and conscious course of conduct by the parent is required.  J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d at 125; see Tex. Fam. Code Ann. '
161.001(1)(E).  
However, it is not necessary that the parent=s
conduct be directed at the child or that the child actually suffer injury.  Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533; J.T.G.,
121 S.W.3d at 125.  The specific danger
to the child=s well‑being may be
inferred from parental misconduct standing alone.  Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533; In re R.W.,
129 S.W.3d 732, 738 (Tex. App.CFort
Worth 2004, pet. denied).      Stability and permanence are paramount in
the upbringing of a child.  See In re
T.D.C., 91 S.W.3d 865, 873 (Tex. App.CFort
Worth 2002, pet. denied).  A fact‑finder
may infer from past conduct endangering the well‑being of the child that
similar conduct will recur if the child is returned to the parent.  See In re D.L.N., 958 S.W.2d 934, 941
(Tex. App.CWaco 1997, pet. denied), disapproved
on other grounds by J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 256, and C.H., 89
S.W.3d at 17.




Here, medical evidence revealed that
four-month-old L.E.W. had six fractured ribs and a spiral fracture in his right
leg.  His injuries varied in age from
seven to ten to fourteen days prior to his hospital visits.  The seven- to fourteen-day time frame of
L.E.W.=s
injuries would place them during the time that Alisha would have been on
Christmas break, meaning that she would have been the primary caregiver for
L.E.W. when his injuries occurred. 
Alisha testified that she and L.E.W. spent lots of time during the
holidays with James, who had admitted that he, as well as his brothers, had
anger management problems and that he had been involved in and arrested for
fighting.
Despite the symptoms that L.E.W. displayed as a
result of his injuries, Alisha failed to seek immediate medical treatment for
L.E.W.  Although Alisha noticed on
Saturday, December 31 that L.E.W. had been exceptionally fussy and that his
ribs Afelt
funny,@ she
waited three days before seeking medical attention for him.




Moreover, during the CPS investigation following
L.E.W.=s visits
to USMD and Cook Children=s, Alisha withheld information
from the doctors, the police detective, and the CPS caseworkers regarding how
L.E.W.=s
injuries were inflicted.  Alisha=s
failure to inform the doctors about how L.E.W. had been injured hindered them
in treating L.E.W.; L.E.W.=s spiral
leg fracture was not diagnosed until his second trip to the hospital.  When Alisha finally came forwardCover
five and a half months after L.E.W.=s trips
to the hospitalsCwith an affidavit describing how
she had tightly held L.E.W. around his torso during a tug-of-war with James, it
was still unclear how L.E.W.=s leg
and his right rib were broken because those fractures were in a later stage of
healing, indicating that they had been inflicted prior to the left-side broken
ribs.  L.E.W.=s young
age prevented him from explaining how he had been hurt and also prevented him
from defending himself and attempting to avoid the injuries.  Furthermore, although Alisha stated that she
never meant to hurt L.E.W., that she was Areally
sorry,@ and
that she Ahad no idea that [she] could
hurt [her] baby so easily,@ it was
within the fact-finder=s province to weigh her
credibility.




We have carefully reviewed the entire
record.  Looking at all the evidence in
the light most favorable to the trial court=s
finding, we hold that a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm
belief or conviction that Alisha engaged in conduct or knowingly placed L.E.W.
with people who engaged in conduct that endangered his physical or emotional
well‑being.  See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. '
161.001(1)(E); Castaneda v. Tex. Dep=t of
Protective & Regulatory Servs., 148 S.W.3d 509, 524-26 (Tex.
App.CEl Paso
2004, pet. denied) (holding evidence legally sufficient to support finding of
endangerment and to terminate both parents=
parental rights because father was found to have inflicted
four-and-a-half-month-old baby=s rib
fractures, leg fractures, and clavical fracture, and mother continued to leave
baby with father despite telling others that father was too rough with
baby).  Accordingly, we hold that the
evidence is legally sufficient to support the trial court=s
finding of endangerment under subsection (E), which includes both acts and
omissions.  We overrule Alisha=s first
point.
V.  Termination Was In L.E.W.=s Best
Interest
In her second point, Alisha argues that the
evidence is factually insufficient to support the trial court=s
finding that termination of her parental rights was in L.E.W.=s best
interest.  TDFPS argues that there is
ample evidence to support the trial court=s Abest
interest@
finding. 




In reviewing the evidence for factual
sufficiency, we must give due deference to the fact-finder=s findings
and not supplant the judgment with our own. 
In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006).  We must determine whether, on the entire
record, a fact-finder could reasonably form a firm conviction or belief that
the termination of the parent=s parental
rights would be in the best interest of the child.  C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28.  If, in light of the entire record, the
disputed evidence that a reasonable fact-finder could not have credited in
favor of the finding is so significant that a fact-finder could not reasonably
have formed a firm belief or conviction in the truth of its finding, then the
evidence is factually insufficient.  H.R.M.,
209 S.W.3d at 108.   Prompt and permanent
placement of the child in a safe environment is presumed to be in the child's
best interest.  Tex. Fam. Code Ann. '
263.307(a) (Vernon 2002).  There is also
a strong presumption that keeping a child with a parent is in the child=s best
interest.  In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d
112, 116 (Tex. 2006).  Nonexclusive
factors that the trier of fact in a termination case may use in determining the
best interest of the child include (1) the desires of the child,
(2) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the
future, (3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the
future, (4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody, (5) the
programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best interest of
the child, (6) the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency
seeking custody, (7) the stability of the home or proposed placement, (8) the
acts or omissions of the parent which may indicate that the existing parent‑child
relationship is not a proper one, and (9) any excuse for the acts or omissions
of the parent.  Holley v. Adams,
544 S.W.2d 367, 371B72 (Tex. 1976). 




These factors are not exhaustive; some listed
factors may be inapplicable to some cases; other factors not on the list may
also be considered when appropriate.  C.H.,
89 S.W.3d at 27.  Furthermore, undisputed
evidence of just one factor may be sufficient in a particular case to support a
finding that termination is in the best interest of the child.  Id. 
On the other hand, the presence of scant evidence relevant to each
factor will not support such a finding.  Id.
L.E.W. was only nineteen months old at the time
of trial and was unable to express his desires. 
However, testimony from Garrison revealed that L.E.W. is not bonded to
Alisha and that it would be traumatic for him to be sent to live with her.  For instance, the record revealed that L.E.W.
interacted differently with Alisha versus Golston; L.E.W. cried during visits
with Alisha and had nightmares after the visitations.  At the conclusion of the visits, L.E.W. had
no trouble leaving Alisha and would run over to Golston, hold out his arms, and
eagerly wait for her to pick him up. 
Garrison testified that there is a bond between Golston and L.E.W.
because he has grown up in her house, and Golston confirmed that L.E.W. has
bonded with her. 




The record did not reveal that L.E.W. had any
special physical and emotional needs. 
The evidence demonstrated that L.E.W. had healed from his injuries and
had not received any injuries while in foster care.  Sweeney indicated that L.E.W. had made a
great deal of progress and was thriving in his foster home.  Golston echoed Sweeney=s
testimony that L.E.W. was thriving in her home and described L.E.W. as very
playful, intelligent, exploratory, athletic, and friendly.  Golston said that L.E.W.=s speech
has become very clear, he remembers things, he is able to get things for
himself, and he is able to feed himself. 
The endangering course of conduct discussion
above addressed the present and future physical and emotional dangers to
L.E.W.  Additionally, the record
demonstrated that Alisha did not know how to care for L.E.W.  Alisha, in her affidavit, stated that she did
not know that the tug-of-war could hurt L.E.W. 
During the visitations, she failed to follow the caseworker=s
instructions and handled L.E.W. carelessly despite that it was obvious that he
was in pain and was continuing to heal from his rib fractures.  Also during the visits, Alisha fed L.E.W.
junk food, which made him throw up.  Moreover,
Alisha failed to present any evidence establishing the type of home environment
that she could provide for L.E.W.  She
also did not disclose where she was working or who would care for L.E.W. while
she was at work, which begged the question of whether she would leave him with
someone who may have harmed him in the past. 
The visits that Alisha did have with L.E.W. showed that she lacked
knowledge of what was appropriate to feed him and how to comfort him.  Therefore, TDFPS=s plan
for L.E.W. included terminating Alisha=s
parental rights and placing L.E.W. for adoption with his foster parent, which
would provide a safe environment and permanency. 




Giving due consideration to evidence that the
fact-finder could have found to be clear and convincing, and based on our
review of the entire record, we hold that a reasonable trier of fact could have
formed a firm belief or conviction that termination of Alisha=s
parental rights would be in L.E.W.=s best
interest.  See Castaneda, 148
S.W.3d at 524-26 (holding evidence factually sufficient to support finding that
terminating parental rights was in child=s best
interest where child had received numerous fractures, including rib fractures
and a tibia fracture, that were caused by physical abuse).  Accordingly, we hold that the evidence is
factually sufficient to support the trial court=s best
interest finding.  We overrule Alisha=s second
point.
VI.  Conclusion
Having overruled both of Alisha=s
points, we affirm the trial court=s order
terminating Alisha=s parental rights to L.E.W.                                                             
 
PER CURIAM
PANEL F:    WALKER, J.; CAYCE, C.J.; and MCCOY, J.
DELIVERED:
December 13, 2007




[1]See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.


[2]The trial court also
terminated the parental rights of L.E.W.=s father, James W., but he did not appeal. 


[3]Rial did not explain how
Detective Hubbard had previously observed the bed in question.


[4]Because James did not
appeal the termination of his parental rights, our analysis will focus on
Alisha=s compliance with the
service plan.


