                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-0270-18T1

EMILY MANUEL,

          Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

RWJ BARNABAS HEALTH,

     Respondent-Respondent.
_____________________________

                    Argued October 2, 2019 – Decided October 16, 2019

                    Before Judges Yannotti and Firko.

                    On appeal from the New Jersey Department of Labor
                    and Workforce Development, Division of Workers'
                    Compensation, Claim Petition Nos. 2016-2307 and
                    2016-8112.

                    Benjamin D. Lockspeiser argued the cause for appellant
                    Emily Manuel (Wysoker Glassner Weingartner
                    Gonzalez & Lockspeiser, PA, attorneys; Benjamin D.
                    Lockspeiser, on the brief).

                    Joseph G. Racioppi argued the cause for intervenor
                    High Point Property and Casualty (Jasieniecki &
                    Racioppi LLC, attorneys; John J. Jasieniecki, of
                    counsel and on the brief).
            Christina M. Adinolfi Shea argued the cause for
            respondent (Capehart & Scatchard PA, attorneys;
            Christina M. Adinolfi Shea, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      Petitioner Emily Manuel appeals from an August 24, 2018 order entered

by a judge of compensation concluding that her injuries did not arise out of and

in the course of her employment.       Manuel and High Point Property and

Casualty's (High Point) claims petitions were dismissed. We affirm.

                                       I.

      On December 30, 2015, Manuel worked as a nurse at Jersey City Medical

Center/RWJ Barnabas Health (RWJ). That day, Manuel reported to work and

parked her car in a lot across the street from the hospital known as the Marina

Lot. After completing her shift at 7:00 p.m., Manuel was crossing Jers ey

Avenue, using the public crosswalk, when she was struck by an oncoming

vehicle and thrown several feet. She sustained hip and pelvic fractures, a

concussion, and other injuries.

      Manuel began working at RWJ in 2004 and she parked free of charge in a

lot situated on hospital property.      In 2010, RWJ made on-site parking

unavailable to non-essential employees, such as Manuel, and offered these

employees parking in the Marina Lot situated across the street from the hospital.


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                                       2
The Marina Lot is owned and managed by Assured Resource Management, LLC

(Assured).

      RWJ rented 158 parking spots in the 450-space Marina Lot, and RWJ paid

Assured $13,000 monthly to rent them. Employees were free to park in any of

the 158 spots. The remaining spots are leased by residential tenants living in

nearby buildings. RWJ provided an optional shuttle service to transport hospital

employees from the Marina Lot to the hospital's entrance. Employees who did

not use the shuttle could cross Jersey Avenue using the public crosswalk

between the hospital and Marina Lot. RWJ did not control the means of ingress

and egress from the Marina Lot to the hospital.

      The lease with Marina Lot requires RWJ to issue parking passes to its

employees; designate the employees who are permitted to park in the lot; collect

parking fees if it chose to; provide an on-site traffic director during morning and

evening rush hours; obtain liability insurance insuring Assured against liability

claims; and remove unauthorized vehicles in conjunction with the owner of the

lot. RWJ did not have a traffic director on site, but the Marina Lot's owner had

a parking attendant.    RWJ had no control over snow removal, repairs, or

maintenance of the Marina Lot.




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                                        3
      RWJ employees had the option to park elsewhere, including but not

limited to: the street; in another lot, known as the ED lot, owned by RWJ; or in

the hospital visitors' spots for a fee. RWJ makes a biweekly payroll deduction

from the employees who are authorized to park in the Marina Lot, such as

Manuel, to pay for the lease.       Employees must submit an application for

permission to park in the lot.

      The judge of compensation found Manuel's injury was not compensable.

In his oral opinion, the judge stated:

            Number one, [] although there were paragraphs within
            the lease agreement that allowed [RWJ] to exercise
            limited control of the parking garage, the garage owners
            actually exercised daily control and maintenance of the
            garage.

            Number two, [Manuel] was injured on a public street
            not within the control of [RWJ], . . . nor was [Manuel]
            directed to cross there. Number three, [RWJ] provided
            an alternate means to get to the garage, this being the
            shuttle bus, but [Manuel] chose to not use it, but to walk
            across Jersey Avenue.

            For these reasons the [c]ourt is compelled to find the
            injuries sustained by [Manuel] did not arise out of or in
            the course of her employment, and are therefore not
            compensable.

      The judge also found that High Point was not entitled to reimbursement

of Personal Injury Protection (PIP) expenditures made on behalf of Manuel.


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                                         4
High Point asserted a subrogation claim and also argued Manuel's injury was

compensable.

      On appeal, Manuel and High Point argue that the judge of compensation

erred by concluding her claim was not compensable.

                                         II.

      This   court   generally   gives        "substantial   deference"   to   agency

determinations. Lindquist v. City of Jersey City Fire Dep't, 175 N.J. 244, 262

(2003) (citations omitted).   "In workers' compensation cases, the scope of

appellate review is limited to 'whether the findings made could reasonably have

been reached on sufficient credible evidence present in the record, considering

the proofs as a whole, with due regard to the opportunity of the one who heard

the witnesses to judge of their credibility.'" Ibid. (quoting Close v. Kordulak

Bros., 44 N.J. 589, 599 (1965)).         This court must defer to the judge of

compensation's factual findings and legal determinations "unless they are

manifestly unsupported by or inconsistent with competent[,] relevant [,] and

reasonably credible evidence as to offend the interests of justice." Ibid.

      This court will not substitute its judgment for that of the judge of

compensation, even it if would reach a different result when considering the

facts anew. Lombardo v. Revlon, Inc., 328 N.J. Super. 484, 488 (App. Div.


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                                          5
2000); see also Perez v. Capitol Ornamental, Concrete Specialties, Inc., 288 N.J.

Super. 359, 367 (App. Div. 1996) (stating that the appellate review should

consider whether the judge of compensation's decision "could reasonably have

been reached on sufficient credible evidence in the record, considering the

proofs as a whole, giving due regard to his expertise in the field of workers'

compensation and his opportunity of seeing the witnesses and evaluating their

credibility.").

             However, where the focus of the dispute is not on
             credibility but, rather, alleged error in the trial judge's
             evaluation of the underlying facts and the implications
             to be drawn therefrom, our function broadens
             somewhat. Where our review of the record "leaves us
             with the definite conviction that the judge went so wide
             of the mark that a mistake must have been made," we
             may "appraise the record as if we were deciding the
             matter at inception and make our own findings and
             conclusions."

             [Manzo v. Amalgamated Indus. Union Local 76B, 241
             N.J. Super. 604, 609 (App. Div. 1990) (quoting C.B.
             Snyder Realty v. BMW of N. Am., 233 N.J. Super. 65,
             69 (App. Div. 1989)).]

      We conclude Manuel did not suffer a compensable injury and is not

entitled to workers' compensation benefits because she was not injured during

the course of her employment.




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                                         6
                                       III.

      Under the New Jersey Workers' Compensation Act (the Act), employees

have a right to workers' compensation benefits if they were acting in the course

of their employment at the time the injury occurred. N.J.S.A. 34:15-7. The law

previously provided that an injury sustained during routine travel to and from

work was not compensable (the "going and coming rule"), but there were many

exceptions to the rule and the Legislature decided to amend the statute in 1979.

See White v. Atl. City Press, 64 N.J. 128, 134 (1973) (citation omitted) (stating

"exceptions to the rule have been so numerous that they have almost swa llowed

the rule."); see also Hersh v. Cty. of Morris, 217 N.J. 236, 244 (2014) (discussing

the 1979 amendment).

      Accordingly, the going and coming rule evolved to the premises rule.

Hersh, 217 N.J. at 244. The statute currently defines employment as beginning

"when an employee arrives at the employer's place of employment to report for

work and shall terminate when the employee leaves the employer's place of

employment, excluding areas not under the control of the employer[.]" N.J.S.A.

34:15-36.

      "[T]he pivotal questions under the premises rule are (1) where was the

situs of the accident, and (2) did the employer have control of the property on


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                                        7
which the accident occurred." Hersh, 217 N.J. at 244 (quoting Kristiansen v.

Morgan, 153 N.J. 298, 316-17 (1998)).

      We have also discussed the issue of control when applying the premises

rule. In Bradley, we addressed the issue of employer-provided parking garages

and employer control over ingress and egress routes. Bradley v. State, 344 N.J.

Super. 568 (App. Div. 2001). After leaving work for the day, at the Mercer

County courthouse, the plaintiff in Bradley was walking to her vehicle using a

back door of the building, accessible only by court employees, near the

Livingston Street entrance. The plaintiff was required to cross Livingston Street

to access the entrance. In Bradley, we stated, "where the employer has the right

to control its employees' use of property for ingress or egress to its place of

employment, and an accident occurs on that property, the accident is

compensable." Id. at 581 (emphasis omitted) (quoting Brower v. ICT Group,

164 N.J. 367, 373 (2000)).

      We also noted in Bradley the employer gave the employees permission to

park in specific designated sections of the parking garage, even though they

were not reserved spots. Id. at 579. The employer had 350 out of 600 permits

to park in the garage. Ibid. We concluded the employer exercised sufficient

control over the areas so that the injuries were compensable even though "the


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                                        8
situs here were not actually owned, maintained or exclusively used by the

[employer]." Id. at 580.

        Hersh further clarified employer control under the premises rule, holding

that an employee injured walking two blocks between her employer-provided

parking garage and her office building would not be compensated under the Act.

Hersh, 217 N.J. at 238. Our Supreme Court reversed an award of benefits to the

petitioner and found that the employer did not have control over the garage or

over the public street where the injury occurred when a car ran a red light as

petitioner crossed the street. Ibid.

        The Court stated the employer in Hersh "only rented a small portion of the

spots in the lot[,]" did "not own[] or maintain[]" the garage, "derived no direct

business interest from paying for employees to park in the [garage,]" did not

control the public street the injury occurred on, did not add "any special or

additional hazards" to the employee's ingress or egress to work, and did not

control the employee's ingress or egress route. Id. at 249-50. Additionally,

employees were not required to enter and exit the building in specific areas and

no additional hazards were created when employees crossed the public street.

Ibid.




                                                                          A-0270-18T1
                                         9
      The Court has addressed the premises rule in other cases. In Livingstone,

the Court found that an employee's injuries that were sustained walking from an

employee parking area in a mall parking lot are compensable. Livingstone v.

Abraham & Straus, Inc., 111 N.J. 89, 90 (1988). The Court noted that the

employer required employees to park in the far part of the parking lot so that

customers could park closer to the employer's place of business and thus that

designated employee parking area was "entirely for its benefit." Id. at 91.

      Furthermore, the Court noted that requiring the employees to park far

away in the parking lot exposed them to an "added hazard." Id. at 105-06. The

Court stated that "lots owned, maintained, or used by employers for employee

parking are part of the employer's premises" for the purposes of the premises

rule. Id. at 102; but see Novis v. Rosenbluth Travel, 138 N.J. 92, (1994) (holding

that an employee who slipped on the sidewalk between the parking lot and office

building did not have a compensable injury because the employer did not control

the lot). Unlike the circumstances in Livingstone, Manuel was not required to

park in the Marina Lot and RWJ did not dictate where she parked.

      Here, there are sufficient credible facts to show that RWJ lacked control

over the crosswalk used by Manuel, and the Marina Lot, and therefore, her

injuries are not compensable under the premises rule. Furthermore, Manuel's


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                                       10
injuries resulted from a vehicular accident that occurred on a public roadway

over which RWJ had no control.

      The judge of compensation correctly found that Hersh applies, because

"[m]ost importantly, the accident occurred on a public street not under the

control of the [employer]." RWJ did not require its employees to park in the

Marina Lot. Manuel declined to use the shuttle service, and had other parking

options available to her. Employees opting out of using Marina Lot still had to

cross Jersey Avenue to enter the hospital.

      High Point argues that the compensation judge erred by finding it is not

entitled to reimbursement of PIP expenditures made on behalf of Manuel. This

argument is without sufficient merit to warrant discussion in this opinion. R.

2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

      Affirmed.




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                                      11
