         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT JACKSON
                           Assigned on Briefs December 6, 2005

                 STATE OF TENNESSEE v. RAYMOND GRIGGS

                   Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Fayette County
                           No. 5320 Jon Kerry Blackwood, Judge


                     No. W2005-00198-CCA-R3-CD - Filed April 17, 2006


Following a search of his residence, Defendant, Raymond Griggs, was indicted on two counts.
Count one charged possession of a schedule II controlled substance (cocaine) with intent to deliver
.5 grams or more, and count two charged Defendant with being a convicted felon in possession of
a handgun. Prior to trial, Defendant filed a motion to suppress all evidence obtained as a result of
the search warrant. The trial court denied the motion. A jury trial was held and Defendant was
convicted of count two, convicted felon in possession of a handgun. A mistrial was declared as to
count one, presumably because the jury could not reach a unanimous verdict. Defendant filed a
motion for new trial which the trial court subsequently denied. On appeal, Defendant argues that (1)
the evidence presented at trial was insufficient as a matter of law to sustain the conviction of being
a convicted felon in possession of a handgun, and (2) the trial court erred in failing to suppress the
evidence obtained as a result of the search warrant. After a thorough review of the record, we affirm
the judgment of the trial court.

       Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

THOMAS T. WOODALL, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ALAN E. GLENN and ROBERT
W. WEDEMEYER , JJ., joined.

Richard G. Rosser, Somerville, Tennessee (on appeal); Gary F. Antrican, District Public Defender;
and Shana McCoy-Johnson, Assistant Public Defender (at trial), for the appellant, Raymond Griggs.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Seth P. Kestner, Assistant Attorney General;
Elizabeth T. Rice, District Attorney General; and Terry Dycus, Assistant District Attorney General,
for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                             OPINION

                                I. Proof at Suppression Hearing

         George Allan Freeman, a narcotics investigator with the Fayette County Sheriff's Department,
testified that on September 5, 2002, he executed a search warrant at Defendant's residence, 110
Griggs Way, Fayette County. The affidavit for the search warrant contained detailed directions to
locate 110 Griggs Way, and the search warrant itself indicated the address to be searched. Officer
Freeman said that he was familiar with the address because he had previously been involved in a case
against Defendant wherein Defendant was charged with possession of a Schedule II drug with intent
to deliver. Officer Freeman said that in his dealings with Defendant, he had not known Defendant
to live at any address other than 110 Griggs Way. At the time of the arrest at issue, Defendant had
personal property and possessions at the residence.

         Officer Freeman stated that undercover officers had conducted “approximately five buys”
of cocaine at Defendant's house. Defendant was present at the house during each of these buys.
These buys provided the basis for obtaining the warrant to search Defendant’s house. Defendant was
not charged with a crime pursuant to any of these buys. At the time the warrant was executed,
Defendant was alone inside the residence, and another individual was outside the residence. The
officers found 14.7 grams of crack cocaine inside a hole in the “exterior wall of the front porch in
a little covered porch area on the entrance to the house.” The officers also found a loaded Glock,
Model 23, 40 caliber, semi-automatic pistol and a day planner containing Defendant’s personal
information and two-thousand dollars in cash. The gun was found in a laundry hamper containing
clean, folded clothes, underneath some of Defendant’s jeans. Defendant told the officers that the
pistol was in the laundry basket before they actually uncovered it. Defendant told the officers that
the weapon belonged to a female who also lived in the house. A gun trace conducted on the pistol
revealed that it was purchased by Catina Bonds. At trial, Ms. Bonds said it was purchased twenty-
nine (29) days earlier.

        Officer Freeman explained that the exterior of the house was “old, clabbered siding,”and that
he believed some of it had been taken off. It was his opinion that the insulation was “silver board
insulation,” which is essentially “a foam board that had holes throughout it that were knocked out
with wall insulation behind them.” There were several holes in the exterior of the home. Defendant
requested that the officers leave the door open as they searched the porch, while he sat in a chair
“directly through the front door” and looked at the porch. A drug dog from the Galloway Police
Department alerted to the location of the drugs. As the officers removed the drugs from their hiding
spot, Defendant “slumped over in his chair and . . . teared up a little bit.” Defendant stated that “he
had to sell drugs to make a living for his family” because no one would hire him due to his obesity.

        On cross-examination, Officer Freeman stated that the drug buys which provided the basis
for the search warrant were conducted by two different informants in the three weeks preceding
September 5, 2002. The last buy occurred within seventy-two hours of obtaining the search warrant
at issue. The money the informants used to purchase the drugs was photocopied so that the officers
could track the money using the serial numbers. None of the photocopied money was found in the
two thousand dollars taken from the day planner, nor was it found elsewhere in Defendant’s
residence.

       Officer Freeman did not know if Defendant owned the residence. He thought the property
belonged to Defendant’s mother. He acknowledged that Catina Lashea Bonds also lived in the


                                                 -2-
house, as well as Defendant’s mother. He admitted that at the time of the search, there was a man
outside the residence, James Beasley, but he was unaware of Defendant’s relationship to this man
and denied any knowledge that Mr. Beasley was Defendant’s uncle. A second man arrived during
the search, and the officers handcuffed him and placed him in the house.

        A marked patrol car with two uniformed deputies made the initial entry into Defendant’s
house. Officer Freeman had the search warrant and gave Defendant a copy. No drugs, weapons,
money, or paraphernalia were found on Defendant’s person. The officers searched the residence for
approximately two hours, but did not recover any drugs. At this point, the drug dog from Galloway
Police Department was brought to the residence to assist in the search. Officer Freeman stated that
one of the informants indicated that the drugs were hidden on the front side of the house based on
Defendant’s behavior during the buys. The informant did not indicate that the drugs were in the
exterior wall of the house.

                                             II. Trial

        At trial, Jeff Barker of the Fayette County Sheriff’s Department testified that he worked
undercover in narcotics related cases. At the time of trial, he had worked in that capacity for
approximately six months. Prior thereto he was a uniformed patrol deputy. On September 5, 2002,
Officer Barker participated in the execution of a search warrant at Defendant’s residence. He arrived
at the scene with Deputy Vance in an unmarked patrol car. The unmarked patrol car was the only
one arriving at the scene at that time. Al Freeman was the lead officer in charge of the search.
Officer Barker’s duty was to arrive at the residence, secure the safety of the house, and execute the
search warrant. There was a man in the front yard who took off running as the officers approached.
Deputy Vance apprehended the man as he was running away. On cross-examination, Officer Barker
said that the man was an African-American male named James Beasley. Mr. Beasley told Officer
Barker that he did not live at the residence. Officer Barker did not question anyone at the residence
about whether this was true.

       Officer Barker knocked on the door of the residence and announced the police presence. He
waited five seconds before entering the house. The front door was open and when he received no
response, he opened the storm door and proceeded into the house. He walked through the living
room and found Defendant in one of the bedrooms. Defendant was sitting on the bed. He did not
say anything to Officer Barker, he just put his hands up and was handcuffed immediately. At this
point, Officer Freeman entered the room, gave Defendant a copy of the search warrant, and
Mirandized him.

        Officer Freeman asked Defendant if he had any weapons or contraband in the house.
Defendant responded that he had a pistol and indicated that it was in his bedroom. He stated that the
handgun belonged to his girlfriend. Deputy Vance retrieved the weapon from the bedroom. The
officers searched the house for approximately an hour and a half without finding any drugs. They
eventually called Galloway Police Department’s canine unit. When the drug dog arrived, he alerted
to an area on the front porch, indicating that he detected narcotics. Officer Freeman searched the


                                                -3-
area where the dog had alerted. He found a hole in the wall and pulled out a bag containing a
substance which resembled crack cocaine. Defendant was sitting in the living room observing the
officers through the front door. Defendant stated that he could not find a job because he was obese,
so he sold drugs to support his family.

        Al Freeman identified himself as a narcotics investigator with the Fayette County Sheriff’s
Department. He has been at the Sheriff’s Department for seven years and was the lead deputy for
narcotics investigations in Fayette County at the time of trial. On September 5, 2002, Officer
Freeman was operating in the capacity of narcotics officer for Fayette County Sheriff’s Department
when he executed a search warrant at Defendant’s residence. The search warrant authorized a search
of the premises, vehicles, persons, and outbuildings at Defendant’s residence, 110 Griggs Way,
Moscow, Tennessee. Defendant was present at the residence when Officer Freeman arrived to
execute the warrant. Defendant’s girlfriend and mother also resided at the residence, but neither of
the women were present at the time of the search.

        Officer Freeman corroborated Officer Barker’s account of what took place prior to and during
the search. He stated that he arrived at the residence around five o’clock p.m., “approximately 30
seconds” after Officer Barker. When he arrived, Officer Barker had already entered the residence
and together they placed Mr. Griggs and Mr. Beasley in custody. Officer Freeman then gave
Defendant a copy of the warrant and Mirandized him. He asked Defendant if he had any weapons
or contraband in the house. Defendant indicated that there was a weapon in a clothes basket in the
bedroom. Deputy Vance retrieved the gun, a Smith and Wesson, semi-automatic, 40 caliber, Glock,
Model 2340 pistol. The gun was inside a Glock plastic box. It was loaded with ammunition, and
there was an additional spare clip in the plastic box. A gun trace confirmed the pistol was purchased
by Defendant’s girlfriend, Catina Bonds. The gun was legally purchased twenty-nine (29) days prior
to the search warrant. Defendant offered no explanation as to why the gun was with his clothing in
his bedroom.

        Officer Freeman explained that the house was large with numerous areas to search outside
the residence. He said that after an hour and a half of searching, he decided to call the drug dog
because the nature of crack cocaine makes it easy to hide and the drug dog would minimize the
search time. Prior to the dog’s arrival, the officers found a set of mechanical metallic hand scales
in a vehicle in the front yard. They also found a day planner in Defendant’s bedroom which
contained about two-thousand dollars. Once the dog arrived, he alerted to an area of the porch near
a freezer. The officers searched the area and eventually uncovered a sandwich baggie containing
approximately half of an ounce of crack cocaine. When Officer Freeman confronted Defendant
about the drugs, Defendant “immediately slumped in his chair and put his head between his legs and
he was sobbing and he said something to the effect that he was obese . . . and he couldn’t find a job
and that [selling drugs] was the only way he could support his family.” Officer Freeman said he did
not specifically ask Defendant if he had any drugs on the exterior of the house.

      Kay Sherriff testified that she was the Regional Crime Laboratory Supervisor for the
Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (T.B.I.) crime laboratory in Memphis, as well as a Special Agent


                                                -4-
Forensic Scientist specializing in drug identification. She has been employed by the T.B.I. for over
fourteen years, and has a total of twenty-five years of experience in the field of chemistry. She
explained that the T.B.I. crime lab analyzes evidence submitted by law enforcement officers. In her
capacity with the T.B.I., Agent Sherriff acts as custodian of records at the crime laboratory. The
recorded analysis of the drugs found at Defendant’s residence indicated the substance was cocaine,
a schedule II narcotic, in the amount of 14.7 grams. Agent Sherriff explained the process for testing
and identifying the substance as cocaine, and the method for measuring the accuracy of these results.

        Fannie Mae Griggs testified that her son, Defendant, and his girlfriend, Catina Bonds, lived
with her in September 2002. Ms. Griggs’ brother, John, also lived in the home at that time and
stayed in a little room on the front of the house. She stated that on September 5, 2002, she came
home and the police were searching her house. She was never shown a search warrant or given a
copy of a search warrant.

        On cross-examination, Ms. Griggs said that she did not know who the owned the drugs. She
said that there were a lot people coming and going from the house when Defendant was living there.
Defendant and his girlfriend have two children and those children were also living in the home at
the time of the search. She said that she did not know there was a loaded gun in the house.

       Catina Bonds testified that she was living at 110 Griggs Way in September 2002. She lived
there with Raymond Griggs, Fannie Mae Griggs, Raymesha Griggs, Raymond Griggs, II, and John
Griggs. John Griggs stayed in a little room on the porch. Ms. Bonds purchased a handgun in August
or September of 2002. She purchased a 40 caliber Glock pistol because she was planning to get a
job with Guardsmark, a security company. She purchased the gun at Guns and Ammo on Summer
Avenue in Memphis. Ms. Bonds stored the gun in a closet, but on the day of the search it had been
moved to the clothes hamper because she was cleaning out the closet. She said she was going to
move the gun from the hamper before she left the house but she forgot.

        Ms. Bonds identified the day planner found at the house as her “organizer.” She said the
organizer belonged to her, not Defendant. She said that the organizer was kept in her kids’ drawer,
which was the second or third drawer in the chest-of-drawers. The organizer contained two thousand
dollars, all of which belonged to Ms. Bonds. She did not have any drugs hidden at the residence.

        On cross-examination, Ms. Bonds said that she did not tell Defendant that she had taken the
gun from the closet and put it in the hamper. She said that he probably knew where it was because
it was in the hamper under his clothes. She placed the gun in the hamper before one o’clock p.m.
Ms. Bonds was at work during the search, but she did not think Defendant would have claimed the
organizer as his own since it had her name in it.

       With respect to the gun, Ms. Bonds said that she bought the gun, purchased the bullets, and
loaded the gun. She said that the gun had remained loaded since she purchased it. She said that she
thought she had taken the clip out of the gun when she moved it, but she could not remember. She
also could not remember whether she had left the gun with a bullet in the chamber.


                                                -5-
         On appeal, Defendant argues that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to support
a conviction for convicted felon in possession of a handgun. Specifically, he asserts that the State
failed to present evidence to the jury that Defendant was a convicted felon. Without this material
element of the offense, Defendant argues that the conviction cannot be upheld. He also argues that
possession of a gun at one’s house does not violate the statute prohibiting a felon from possessing
a gun. He further argues that the statute is not violated when the convicted felon is in a house where
there is a gun belonging to someone other than the convicted felon. Defendant next argues that the
search warrant was defective and the trial court erred in failing to grant Defendant’s motion to
suppress evidence obtained pursuant to the search warrant. He argues that the search warrant was
invalid because it did not specifically mention a “firearm” and other items to be seized in the search.

                                  III. Sufficiency of the Evidence

        In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, this court does not re-weigh or re-evaluate the
evidence. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). Nor may this court substitute its
inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact from the evidence. Liakas v. State, 199 Tenn. 298,
305, 286 S.W.2d 856, 859 (Tenn. 1956). To the contrary, this court is required to afford the State
the strongest legitimate view of the evidence contained in the record as well as all reasonable and
legitimate inferences which may be drawn from the evidence. State v. Tuttle, 914 S.W.2d 926, 932
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). The trier of fact, not this court, resolves questions concerning the
credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value to be given the evidence as well as all factual issues
raised by the evidence. Id. “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial judge, accredits the
testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory of the State.”
State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973).

A. Proof of Prior Conviction of Felony Drug Offense

        Defendant was found guilty of being a convicted felon in possession of a handgun.
Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-1307 states in pertinent part, “A person commits an
offense who possesses a handgun and . . . [h]as been convicted of a felony drug offense.” T.C.A.
§ 39-17-1307(b)(1)(A)-(B) (2003). As pointed out in the State’s brief, for Defendant’s conviction
to be upheld, the State must prove the Defendant possessed a handgun, and that he was previously
“convicted of a felony drug offense.” Id.

        As previously stated, Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence by first arguing
that the State failed to present the jury with evidence that he was a convicted felon, a necessary
element of the offense. The State responds that “[t]here is no dispute that the defendant was
convicted of intent to deliver schedule II (cocaine) controlled substance on December 16, 1999, in
the circuit court of Fayette county docket No. 48055 (I. 3; II. 75). The sole issue is whether the
defendant was in possession of the handgun.” The State cites to two different portions of the record
in support of its assertions.




                                                  -6-
       The first citation to the record is to page 3 of Volume I, which is Count Two of the
indictment, which states as follows:

       COUNT TWO

       And the Grand Jurors on their oath aforesaid further present that in Fayette County
       on or about September 5, 2002, before the finding of this indictment, the said
       RAYMOND GRIGGS AKA “RAY RAY” did unlawfully, feloniously and recklessly
       possess a handgun after being convicted of Intent to Deliver Schedule II (cocaine)
       Controlled Substance on December 16, 1999 in the Circuit Court of Fayette County,
       Docket # 4805, in violation of T.C.A. 39-17-1307, against the peace and dignity of
       the State of Tennessee.

        It is a well settled principle that “indictments are not evidence of the commission of a prior
crime.” State v. Miller, 674 S.W.2d. 279, 284 (Tenn. 1984). They are merely “accusations made
by the . . . indicting authority upon such information as that authority had at the time.” Id.
Therefore, an indictment cannot serve as evidence upon which Defendant may be found guilty of a
prior felony offense.

       The second reference to the record is to page 75, Volume II of the record:

       Volume II, page 74 line 22 thru page 75 line 18 reflects the following:

       GENERAL DYCUS:                  Your Honor, if I may, I have one matter, if I could
                                       have this marked as Exhibit No. 4, please.

       (TRIAL EXHIBIT NO. 4 MARKED AND FILED FOR IDENTIFICATION
       PURPOSES ONLY).

       GENERAL DYCUS:                  Your Honor, I’m going to pass the Court Exhibit 4
                                       and ask the Court to take judicial notice of a
                                       conviction that would prohibit the defendant from
                                       possessing in any way a handgun or a firearm. I’m
                                       not going to ask that that be published.

       THE COURT:                      Be made for identification.

       GENERAL DYCUS:                  I’d ask the Court to take judicial notice of it and
                                       accept it into evidence.

       THE COURT:                      All right, sir.

       GENERAL DYCUS:                  That’s the State’s case, Your Honor.

(emphasis added).

                                                 -7-
       Tennessee Rule of Evidence 201 provides as follows:

       Rule 201. Judicial notice of adjudicative facts. ----

       (a)     Scope of Rule. ---- This rule governs only judicial notice of adjudicative
               facts.

       (b)     Kinds of Facts. ---- A judicially noticed fact must be one not subject to
               reasonable dispute, in that it is either (1) generally known within the
               territorial jurisdiction of the trial court or (2) capable of accurate and ready
               determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be
               questioned.

       (c)     When Discretionary. ---- A court may take judicial notice whether requested
               or not.

       (d)     When Mandatory. ---- A court shall take judicial notice if requested by a
               party and supplied with the necessary information.

       (e)     Opportunity to Be Heard. ---- A party is entitled upon timely request to an
               opportunity to be heard as to the propriety of taking judicial notice and the
               tenor of the matter noticed. In the absence of prior notification, the request
               may be made after judicial notice is taken.

       (f)     Time of Taking Notice. ---- Judicial notice may be taken at any stage of the
               proceeding.

       (g)     Instructing the Jury. ---- In a civil action or proceeding, the court shall instruct
               the jury to accept as conclusive any fact judicially noticed. In a criminal case,
               the court shall instruct the jury that it may, but is not required to, accept as
               conclusive any fact judicially noticed.

        The exhibit submitted to the court for it to take judicial notice as indicated above, is a
judgment of conviction of Raymond Griggs for the Class B felony offense of possession of 0.5 grams
or more of cocaine with intent to deliver. The judgment was signed by the same trial judge who
presided over the trial which is the subject of this appeal. The copy was also certified by the circuit
court clerk as a true and correct copy of the judgment entered in the previous case.

       According to of the Tennessee Rule of Evidence 201(b)(2), a fact subject to judicial notice
must be one “not subject to reasonable dispute,” which includes a fact “capable of accurate and ready
determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Tenn. R. Evid.
201(b)(2). Court records, such as judgments, are included within this category. See State v. Nunley,
22 S.W.3d 282, 288 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999).


                                                   -8-
         Pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Evidence 201(e), a party objecting to the court taking judicial
notice of a fact has the opportunity to be heard as to his or her objection. Defendant made no
objection to the court taking judicial notice of the fact of Defendant’s prior conviction for a felony
drug offense. Finally, section (g) of Rule 201 provides in part that “[i]n a criminal case, the Court
shall instruct the jury that it may, but is not required to, accept as conclusive any fact judicially
noticed.” Tenn. R. Evid. 201(g). Furthermore, Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 30.1 states
that the jury “shall” take to the jury room all exhibits when it retires to consider its verdict, with the
exception of depositions, unless the trial court determines that an exhibit should not be taken to the
jury room. Neither the jury instructions that the Court gave the jury at the conclusion of the trial, nor
any proceedings immediately prior to the jury retiring to reach a verdict, are included in the record.
In his request for a transcript for appeal, Defendant included a request that the jury charge be
transcribed. On March 7, 2005, the trial court entered an order amending the designation of the
record to be transcribed, limiting it only to pre-trial motions and trial testimony. Defendant
mentioned this in his brief which was submitted for filing on May 31, 2005, and therefore was aware
of the limited record at the time he filed his brief. However, he did not file a motion to supplement
the record to include any portion that would reflect any proceedings specifically related to this issue
on appeal.

        It is the duty of the accused to provide a record which conveys a fair, accurate and complete
account of what transpired with regard to the issues which form the basis of the appeal. Tenn. R.
App. P. 24(b); see State v. Taylor, 992 S.W.2d 941, 944 (Tenn. 1999). In the absence of a complete
record, we must presume that the trial court properly instructed the jury and submitted the exhibit
consisting of the judgment for the prior convictions to the jury during its deliberation. Defendant
is not entitled to relief on this issue.

B. Challenge to the Evidence that Defendant Possessed the Handgun.

        Possession of a handgun may be actual or constructive possession. See State v. Brown, 823
S.W.2d 576, 579 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991). “Actual possession” has been defined as “when a
tangible object is in the immediate possession or control of the party.” United States v. Craven, 478
F.2d 1329, 1333 (6th Cir. 1973). “Constructive possession requires that a person knowingly have the
power and intention at a given time to exercise dominion and control over an object, either directly
or through others.” State v. Copeland, 677 S.W.2d 471, 476 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1984). Constructive
possession has been recognized as “the ability to reduce an object to actual possession.” State v.
Williams, 623 S.W.2d 121, 125 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1981) (quoting United States v. Martinez, 588
F.2d 495, 498 (5th Cir. 1979)).

        The proof in this case, taken in the light most favorable to the prosecution, as we must do,
shows that Defendant was well aware that a loaded 40 caliber Glock semi-automatic pistol was
located in his bedroom, and specifically, amongst his clean, folded clothes in a laundry hamper. The
State was not required to prove that Defendant was the registered owner of a handgun in order to
show that he was in possession of same. The proof showed Defendant was in constructive
possession of the handgun, beyond a reasonable doubt. Defendant argues in his brief as follows:


                                                   -9-
“Possession of a gun at one’s house is not a violation of the statute. Moreover, being in a house
where a gun belonging to another person is located is also not a violation of the statute.” Defendant
fails to cite any case law or other authority in support of these assertions. The statute in question
does not make an exception for Defendant’s first assertion, that possession of a handgun in one’s
own house is not a violation of the statute. Defendant’s second assertion may be literally correct if
one assumes a defendant is not in possession of the handgun. We have concluded that the proof was
that Defendant was in constructive possession of the handgun.

        Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                      IV. Motion to Suppress

       Defendant next argues that the trial court erred in failing to grant his motion to suppress all
evidence seized from his house during execution of the search warrant. In his motion to suppress,
Defendant argues that the search warrant “failed to satisfy the specificity requirements of the law,
was without legal authorization, and was a violation of Defendant’s constitutional rights guaranteed
under the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States and Article I, section 7 of the
Constitution of the State of Tennessee.” Defendant also asserts that “he is not the owner of said
property [to be searched] and that he was unaware that contraband was “contained in this hole in the
wall of the house.” This is the extent of Defendant’s argument as presented in his motion to
suppress.

         When a defendant seeks to suppress evidence allegedly seized in violation of the state and
federal constitutions, the defendant must first file a motion to suppress, prior to trial, and notify the
trial court so that the court can rule on the motion. See State v. Burtis, 664 S.W.2d 305, 310 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1983); Tenn. R. Crim. P. 12(b)(3). A motion to suppress is required to “state with
particularity the grounds upon which it is made.” Tenn. R. Crim. P. 47. As such, before an accused
is entitled to an evidentiary hearing, the motion “must be sufficiently definite, specific, detailed and
nonconjectural, to enable the court to conclude that a substantial claim [was] presented.” State v.
Davidson, 606 S.W.2d 293, 297 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1980) (citing United States v. Cranson, 453 F.2d
123, 126 (4th Cir. 1971), cert. denied, 406 U.S. 909, 92 S. Ct. 1607, 31 L. Ed. 2d 821 (1972) (quoting
Cohen v. United States, 378 F.2d 751, 761 (9th Cir. 1967), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 897, 88 S. Ct. 217,
19 L. Ed. 2d 215 (1967)). Without such detail, it would be difficult, if not impossible, for a trial
court to review the motion to determine whether a legitimate issue existed which entitled the
defendant to an evidentiary hearing. State v. Jefferson, 938 S.W.2d 1, 9 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996).

        In the present case, the motion to suppress, in its entirety, states as follows:

                Comes now the defendant, Raymond Griggs, Jr. by and through his attorney
        of record, Shana Johnson, and moves this Honorable Court to suppress all evidence
        procured by the State of Tennessee as a result of law enforcement officers executing
        a search warrant on a residence at 110 Griggs Way, Moscow, TN when said affidavit
        requested a “warrant be issued to search the person(s) and premises of the said


                                                  -10-
        Raymond Griggs” and then a search warrant issued for the search of “a residence,
        110 Griggs Way, all vehicles and outbuildings on said property.” Defendant
        contends that although he was at said residence, he is not the owner of said property
        and that he was unaware that contraband was “contained in this hole in the wall of
        the house.” Further Defendant contends the search of this residence failed to satisfy
        the specificity requirements of the law, was without legal authorization and was a
        violation of Defendant’s constitutional rights guaranteed under the Fourth
        Amendment of the Constitution of the United States and [a]rticle 1, [s]ec. 7 of the
        Constitution of the State of Tennessee both of which prohibit unreasonable search
        and seizures.

       At the conclusion of Officer Freeman’s testimony, defense counsel’s entire argument in
support of the motion to suppress is as follows:

        [DEFENSE COUNSEL:]              Your Honor, I would just submit that this search
                                        violated my client’s Fourth Amendment right[s], his
                                        due process rights, and his rights to his privacy in his
                                        home. Also, I think there’s a genuine issue there are
                                        other people present, and I would submit it.

        The motion filed by Defendant contained bare allegations of law and little or no factual
allegations. The motion did not identify the manner or circumstances in which Defendant’s rights
were violated, who violated his rights, or what items were seized or searched in violation of his
rights. This minimal content does not meet the requisite standards as set forth in Rule 47 of the
Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure and this Court’s decision in Davidson. Davidson, 606
S.W.2d at 297. Because Defendant’s motion did not meet these requirements, as a matter of law,
Defendant was not entitled to an evidentiary hearing. However, a trial court may conduct an
evidentiary hearing incident to a motion to suppress notwithstanding the deficiency in the pleadings.
Jefferson, 938 S.W.2d at 9.

         The findings of fact made by the trial court at the hearing on a motion to suppress are binding
upon this Court unless the evidence contained in the record preponderates against them. State v.
Ross, 49 S.W.3d 833, 839 (Tenn. 2001). The trial court, as the trier of fact, is able to assess the
credibility of the witnesses, determine the weight and value to be afforded the evidence, and resolve
any conflicts in the evidence. State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996). The prevailing party
is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences drawn from
that evidence. State v. Hicks, 55 S.W.3d 515, 521 (Tenn. 2001). However, this Court is not bound
by the trial court's conclusions of law. State v. Randolph, 74 S.W.3d 330, 333 (Tenn. 2002). The
application of the law to the facts found by the trial court are questions of law that this Court reviews
de novo. State v. Daniel, 12 S.W.3d 420, 423 (Tenn. 2000). The defendant has the burden of
establishing that the evidence contained in the record preponderates against the findings of fact made
by the trial court. Odom, 928 S.W.2d at 22-23.



                                                  -11-
        In his brief on appeal, Defendant asserts that the evidence seized as a result of the search
warrant should have been suppressed because the warrant did not mention that a firearm should be
seized, and therefore it did not properly describe the item to be searched and seized. U.S. Const.
amend. IV; Tenn. Const. art. I, § 7; T.C.A. § 40-6-103. Defendant also argues that the search
warrant was likewise deficient because it did not state the quantity or packaging of the drugs to be
seized or that a “book” or money were objects of the search.

        Applying the above stated principles, we conclude that the trial court properly denied
Defendant’s motion to suppress. Defendant’s motion stated that his Fourth Amendment rights were
violated, but failed to assert any facts or circumstances regarding the manner in which this violation
occurred. At the suppression hearing, he briefly argued that the warrant lacked specificity and legal
authorization, but did not indicate what caused this deficiency. The evidence presented at the
hearing was not within the scope of the issues raised in Defendant’s motion to suppress, thus the
shortcomings of the motion itself were not remedied at the hearing. Nor do the issues raised at the
hearing preponderate against the trial court’s denial of the motion to suppress. On appeal, Defendant
again seeks to suppress evidence from the search by making arguments not raised in the trial court.
However, Defendant is precluded from raising this issue on appeal because he failed to properly raise
the issue in his motion to suppress or at the evidentiary hearing. Tenn. R. Crim. P. 12(f). Defendant
is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                          CONCLUSION

       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.


                                                       ___________________________________
                                                       THOMAS T. WOODALL, JUDGE




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