[Cite as Helton v. U.S. Restoration & Remodeling, Inc., 2016-Ohio-1232.]

                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                  TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


Manitou Helton,                                     :

                Plaintiff-Appellant,                :                      No. 14AP-899
                                                                   (C.P.C. No. 11CV-12873)
v.                                                  :
                                                                (REGULAR CALENDAR)
U.S. Restoration & Remodeling, Inc.                 :
c/o Joshua Kanode, SA et al.,
                                                    :
                Defendants-Appellees.
                                                    :




                                         D E C I S I O N

                                     Rendered on March 24, 2016


                On brief: Kevin O'Brien & Associates Co., L.P.A., Kevin J.
                O'Brien, and Jeffrey A. Catri, for appellant. Argued:
                Kevin J. O'Brien.

                On brief: Tyack, Blackmore, Liston & Nigh Co., L.P.A.,
                James P. Tyack, and Ryan L. Thomas, for appellees.
                Argued: James P. Tyack.

                  APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

BROWN, J.
        {¶ 1} This is an appeal by plaintiff-appellant, Manitou Helton, from a judgment of
the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas overruling his objections to a magistrate's
decision and adopting the magistrate's decision finding appellant was entitled to
judgment in the amount of $600 against defendant-appellee, U.S. Restoration and
Remodeling, Inc. ("U.S. Restoration"), and further granting judgment in favor of
No. 14AP-899                                                                              2

defendant-appellee, Daniel L. Sechriest ("Sechriest"), on appellant's claims against him
individually.
       {¶ 2} On October 14, 2011, appellant and his wife, Christy Helton, filed a
complaint, naming as defendants U.S. Restoration, Sechriest, Joshua Kanode, and
Karen T. Chumley. The complaint, which alleged that appellant and his wife had
contracted with U.S. Restoration for goods and services related to appellant's roof, set
forth causes of action for fraud, slander of title, and violations of the Home Solicitation
Sales Act ("HSSA") as well as the Ohio Consumer Sales Practices Act ("CSPA"). On
November 21, 2011, appellees filed an answer and counterclaim. In the counterclaim,
appellees alleged causes of action for breach of contract, unjust enrichment, and quantum
meruit.
       {¶ 3} On December 2, 2011, appellant and his wife filed a petition for Chapter 13
Bankruptcy in the United States Bankruptcy Court, Southern District of Ohio. The trial
court subsequently issued an order to stay the case. On October 16, 2012, the trial court
reactivated the case.
       {¶ 4} On March 15, 2013, appellees filed a motion for partial summary judgment,
which appellant opposed by memorandum contra. By decision and entry filed July 19,
2013, the trial court granted in part and denied in part appellees' motion for partial
summary judgment, and dismissed from the case Christy, as well as defendants Kanode
and Chumley.
       {¶ 5} The trial court referred the matter to a magistrate for a bench trial on the
claims. On July 24, 2013, appellees filed a motion in limine to exclude certain evidence,
including evidence as to any settlements or agreed consent judgments involving
Mastergard, Inc. ("Mastergard"), Sechriest and/or U.S. Restoration, and any
investigations or consumer complaints filed with the office of the Ohio Attorney General
("attorney general"). On July 30, 2013, the attorney general filed objections to, and a
motion to quash, a subpoena served by appellant on the custodian of records for the
attorney general. Prior to trial, the magistrate ruled that evidence as to an agreed consent
judgment entered between the attorney general and Mastergard in 2010 was not relevant
to the instant proceedings.
No. 14AP-899                                                                             3

       {¶ 6} The matter came for trial before the magistrate beginning July 31, 2013.
The following background facts are drawn from the magistrate's findings of fact as well as
the record of proceedings. Appellant and his wife reside in a home located at 1779
Rivermont Road, Columbus; appellant purchased the home in 2002 for $81,000. U.S.
Restoration is a corporation owned by Sechriest. Following a hail storm in April 2010,
U.S. Restoration contacted homeowners in appellant's neighborhood to determine
whether they had suffered hail damage to their roofs.
       {¶ 7} On May 8, 2010, appellant met with Andrew Turner, an independent
contractor who worked for U.S. Restoration; the parties scheduled the meeting to discuss
the possibility of installing a new roof on appellant's residence due to storm damage.
According to appellant, Turner "believed that they could give me a free roof and my
insurance would pay the entire amount." (Tr. Vol. II, 45.) During the meeting, appellant
and Turner discussed and agreed to a document, referred to as the "insurance allowance
agreement," which both Turner and appellant signed. (Tr. Vol. II, 56.) The insurance
allowance agreement provided for U.S. Restoration to assist the homeowner with the
insurance claim; the final contract price was to be the final price agreed to between the
homeowner's insurance company and U.S. Restoration, "at no cost to the homeowner."
Under the terms, U.S. Restoration agreed to install dimensional shingles on the roof. The
parties left blank a space on the document for designation of a shingle color.
       {¶ 8} Appellant testified that he was "very adamant" during discussions with
Turner that he wanted shingles in the "desert tan" color because the existing shingles were
that same color, and the new shingles would match the siding; further, appellant believed
this color was widely available, and that obtaining replacement shingles would be easy.
(Tr. Vol. II, 46.) Appellant testified that Turner indicated U.S. Restoration would be able
to obtain shingles in that color.
       {¶ 9} During that meeting, appellant and Turner contacted appellant's insurer,
American Family Insurance ("American Family" or "insurer"), to discuss opening a claim
and initiating the process of obtaining the insurer's approval for the work. Appellant
stated that the "main goal was for [Turner] to get with my insurance company to make
sure that we could get funding." (Tr. Vol. II, 50.) Appellant's insurer scheduled a date
and time for an adjustor to come to appellant's residence and inspect the roof.
No. 14AP-899                                                                               4

       {¶ 10} Appellant testified that Turner did not discuss with him the right to cancel
the agreement, nor did Turner provide him with written notice of a right to cancel during
the meeting on May 8. At trial, appellant identified "Exhibit E" as a written notice of right
to cancel form containing his signature dated May 8, 2010. Appellant denied having seen
exhibit E prior to his deposition; he acknowledged, however, that his signature was on the
exhibit document.     The notice of right to cancel provided that appellant had three
business days to cancel the transaction, and that he could exercise the right by sending
notice by May 12, 2010. Turner testified that it was his practice to explain the notice of
right to cancel form with the customer, and to provide the customer with two copies of the
document. The magistrate deemed Turner's testimony more credible on this issue, and
concluded that appellant received oral notice of the right to cancel as well as two copies of
the notice of cancellation form.
       {¶ 11} According to appellant's testimony, Turner represented that the company
would complete the work within two weeks; appellant acknowledged, however, that he
was aware insurance approval would take time. During his testimony, Turner stated that
he would not have made such a promise because U.S. Restoration could not perform any
work until the insurer gave approval.
       {¶ 12} Turner met with an insurance adjustor at appellant's residence several days
after the May 8 meeting, and the adjustor conducted an inspection of the roof; according
to Turner, the roof had significant damage from the recent hail storm, as well as older
damage. Appellant testified that Turner showed him areas on the roof that appeared to be
pitted and damaged, and appellant believed the roof was damaged.
       {¶ 13} The adjustor submitted a recommendation to American Family, and the
insurance company authorized payment in the amount of $6,678.70 toward replacement
of the roof. On May 16, 2010, American Family issued the first of two checks to appellant
for the roof work; the first check was in the amount of $2,108.84. On June 10, 2010,
Turner went to appellant's residence, and appellant and his wife both signed the check
over to U.S. Restoration.
       {¶ 14} On July 20, 2010, Turner called U.S. Restoration to inquire as to the time
frame for the roof work; he spoke with Chumley, the company's office manager. Chumley
subsequently phoned appellant and informed him that the insurer had not agreed to pay
No. 14AP-899                                                                                 5

for upgrades to comply with current building codes, including new sheathing and
snow/ice shields. Chumley also told appellant that U.S. Restoration was unable to obtain
desert tan shingles.
          {¶ 15} Following his conversation with Chumley, appellant spoke with his insurer
who informed him that the policy did cover building code upgrades. Appellant contacted
Sechriest with that information and, during this conversation, Sechriest informed
appellant that U.S. Restoration was having difficulty obtaining desert tan shingles.
According to appellant, Sechriest assured him they would "look into it and they should be
able to get what I need." (Tr. Vol. II, 86.) Appellant testified that Sechriest phoned him
on July 30, 2010, and informed him that U.S. Restoration had acquired the desert tan
shingles and would begin work the next day.
          {¶ 16} Sechriest testified that U.S. Restoration attempted to obtain desert tan
shingles and he identified exhibit K as his handwritten material order sheet. The supplier
contacted Sechriest and reported they did not have desert tan in stock, but that they had a
color "identical to desert tan." (Tr. Vol. III, 132.) Sechriest authorized the order and paid
for it on July 24, 2010.
          {¶ 17} On July 31, 2010, a subcontractor of U.S. Restoration performed the roofing
work. That evening, appellant returned home from work and noticed that the roof cap
was desert tan, but the rest of the roof was a darker color. Appellant phoned Sechriest,
who then drove to appellant's residence to inspect the roof. Appellant told Sechriest that
he was unhappy with the color.
          {¶ 18} On August 20, 2010, American Family issued a second check to appellant in
the amount of $4,569.86, but appellant made no further payment to U.S. Restoration at
that time. On August 30, 2010, appellant met with Sechriest to discuss a resolution of the
issues relating to the work. Appellant told Sechriest he was still not happy with the color;
appellant also told Sechriest he had learned the insurer paid for re-roofing of the shed and
a gutter downspout, but that this work was not completed.
          {¶ 19} Both appellant and Sechriest testified that they agreed to a resolution of the
issues.     Specifically, because of appellant's dissatisfaction with the color, the parties
agreed that appellant would receive a credit of $1,000 against the amount due and owing,
i.e., appellant would pay $3,569.86 rather than the full amount of proceeds ($4,569.86)
No. 14AP-899                                                                                6

from the second insurance check.          The magistrate cited testimony by appellant
acknowledging that he gave up on the issue of shingle color as part of the resolution.
       {¶ 20} The parties also agreed that U.S. Restoration would replace the roof cap to
match the shingles and would drop off shingles for the shed but would not perform the
gutter and downspout work. Accordingly, appellant and Sechriest executed a written
addendum, dated August 30, 2010, reflecting that U.S. Restoration would install only the
roof cap, drop off 2.66 square feet of shingles for the shed, and also provide the roof cap
for the shed. Appellant was obligated to pay for the project in full ($3,569.86) upon
completion and delivery.
       {¶ 21} Sechriest testified that U.S. Restoration replaced the roof cap and delivered
the shingles for the shed on October 7, 2010. Appellant and Sechriest met on that date;
during the meeting, appellant indicated he was still unhappy with the color of the roof
cap, and he refused to make payment.
       {¶ 22} According to Sechriest, the replacement roof cap and shingles were a closer
match to the roof, but not a perfect match; Sechriest testified that the dimensional
shingles have natural color variations as part of their design, making it difficult to find an
exact color match. After this meeting with appellant, Sechriest contacted a number of
suppliers in an effort to find shingles for the roof cap that were a closer match to the roof;
Sechriest subsequently found what he believed to be the closest match possible.
       {¶ 23} On December 29, 2010, appellant and Sechriest met again and negotiated
another resolution of the dispute. Appellant had already cashed the second insurance
check in the amount of $4,569.86, and the parties agreed that appellant would pay U.S.
Restoration $2,000 at that time; appellant would then make three payments of $250 each
on February 1, March 1, and April 1, 2011, respectively, reflecting an additional credit to
appellant of $819.86 against the amount due under the August 30, 2010 addendum.
Appellant gave Sechriest a check in the amount of $2,000 during the meeting on
December 29, 2010. Sechriest testified that the parties agreed the balance owed under the
August 30 addendum would be due if appellant failed to make the monthly payments.
The parties further agreed that U.S. Restoration would deliver the shingles Sechriest had
found for the roof cap, and that appellant would finish the work on the roof cap and the
shed himself.
No. 14AP-899                                                                              7

       {¶ 24} On January 5, 2011, Sechriest placed a telephone order for delivery of the
shingles for the roof cap. Sechriest stated that the cost of the shingles was $60, and the
supplier's practice was to make deliveries the same or next day. Appellant testified that
shingles were not delivered for the roof cap. Based on the evidence presented, the
magistrate found that U.S. Restoration delivered the shingles for the shed to appellant,
but that the evidence failed to establish delivery of the roof cap shingles.
       {¶ 25} In late January 2011, appellant made a $250 payment by check to U.S.
Restoration. On January 25, 2011, U.S. Restoration filed a mechanic's lien on appellant's
residence in the amount of $1,870.24. Sechriest testified that the mechanic's lien should
have been in the amount of $1,569.86 (instead of $1,870.24), reflecting the amount due
under the December 29, 2010 agreement in the event appellant failed to make the three
monthly payments.
       {¶ 26} Upon receiving notice of the mechanic's lien, appellant became upset and
did not make the two remaining monthly payments of $250 each. In December 2011,
appellant and his spouse filed for bankruptcy; the mechanic's lien was subsequently
removed during the bankruptcy proceedings.
       {¶ 27} At trial, appellant stated he was still dissatisfied with the color of the
shingles on the roof. He agreed that U.S. Restoration had performed "decent" work on
the roof, and that there were no leaks. (Tr. Vol. II, 220.) He also agreed that the new roof
was better than his former roof, that it included upgrades to comply with current building
codes, and that he received upgraded shingles as compared to the old roof.
       {¶ 28} The magistrate rendered a decision on September 12, 2013. With respect to
appellant's first cause of action for alleged violations of HSSA, the magistrate ruled in
favor of U.S. Restoration, finding that Turner provided appellant two copies of the three-
day notice of cancellation form and orally informed him of the right to cancel as required
by R.C. 1345.23.
       {¶ 29} The magistrate next addressed appellant's second cause of action, alleging
four violations of CSPA. The magistrate first determined that the evidence indicated U.S.
Restoration violated Ohio Adm.Code 109:4-3-05(A) by failing to provide appellant with a
form indicating the reasonably anticipated completion date and containing required
disclosure language notifying him of the right to an estimate. The magistrate also found
No. 14AP-899                                                                               8

that U.S. Restoration violated Ohio Adm.Code 109:4-3-05(B) by failing to orally inform
appellant of the right to an estimate prior to commencement of work.         The magistrate
found U.S. Restoration did not violate Ohio Adm.Code 109:4-3-05(D)(16), as the evidence
failed to show that U.S. Restoration disclaimed any warranty of the repair or service
performed by the subcontractor, or that appellant requested the identity of the
subcontractor. Finally, the magistrate determined that U.S. Restoration violated Ohio
Adm.Code 109:4-3-05(D)(12) by failing to provide appellant with a written itemized list of
repairs to be performed.
           {¶ 30} The magistrate next considered appellant's claim that he had been left with
a roof he did not want, and that he was entitled to recover damages in the amount of three
times the cost to replace the roof. The magistrate ruled that appellant, by entering into
the addendum agreements on August 30 and December 29, 2010, "expressly, knowingly,
and voluntarily waived any claim relating to the color of the shingles." Specifically, the
magistrate found that appellant, on August 30, 2010, "agreed to a resolution of the
dispute regarding the color of the roof in which he received a credit of $1,000.00 against
the amount due," and that appellant "expressly acknowledged in his testimony that he
gave up on the color issue as part of this resolution"; further, the parties entered into the
written addendum specifying the remaining work to be performed by U.S. Restoration "in
exchange for the reduced price, which work did not include changing the color of the roof
itself."
           {¶ 31} The magistrate noted that the parties negotiated a second resolution of the
dispute (on December 29, 2010) after U.S. Restoration changed the color of the roof cap
and appellant expressed dissatisfaction with the color. In exchange for an additional
credit against the amount owned, the parties agreed that U.S. Restoration would deliver
shingles for the roof cap and shed, and that appellant would finish the work himself.
           {¶ 32} The magistrate held that, despite evidence of several CSPA violations,
appellant failed to establish a proximate cause between those violations and the claimed
damages (i.e., the cost of replacement of the roof); the magistrate therefore found
appellant did not prove actual damages in connection with his CSPA claim.                The
magistrate further determined that appellant's "dissatisfaction with the roof color has no
relationship to his claims that [U.S. Restoration] failed to provide a written or oral
No. 14AP-899                                                                               9

estimate or an itemized list of repairs." Based on the evidence presented, the magistrate
concluded that appellant was entitled to recover statutory damages of $200 for each of
the three CSPA violations, for a total award of $600.
       {¶ 33} With respect to appellant's claim for personal liability against Sechriest, the
magistrate held that the evidence failed to establish Sechriest "dealt directly with the
consumer in, or directed, the activities found to be CSPA violations." The magistrate thus
concluded that appellant's "right to recover for the CSPA violations is only against [U.S.
Restoration]." The magistrate also denied appellant's request for an award of attorney
fees under CSPA.       Finally, the magistrate ruled that the evidence did not support
appellant's claims for fraud and slander of title.
       {¶ 34} Appellant filed seven objections to the magistrate's decision. By decision
and entry filed October 31, 2014, the trial court overruled all of appellant's objections and
adopted the magistrate's decision.
       {¶ 35} On appeal, appellant sets forth the following seven assignments of error for
this court's review:
              I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN REFUSING TO PERMIT
              THE PLAINTIFF TO PRESENT EVIDENCE REGARDING
              DAN SECHRIEST'S PAST CONSUMER SALES PRACTICES
              ACT VIOLATIONS.

              II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN REFUSING TO FIND
              THAT THE "INSURANCE ALLOWANCE AGREEMENT" IS
              NOT A CONTRACT.

              III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ONLY FINDING THREE
              CSPA VIOLATIONS WHEN MORE VIOLATIONS WERE
              APPARENT ON THE FACE OF THE INSURANCE
              ALLOWNCE AGREEMENT.

              IV. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THAT
              HELTON WAIVED THE ISSUE OF THE COLOR OF THE
              SHINGLES AS PART OF THE ATTEMPTED ACCORD AND
              SATISFACTION    OF   AUGUST  30,  2010,  AND
              DECEMBER 29, 2010.

              V. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO FIND THAT
              THE DEFENDANTS' CONDUCT IN FILING A LATE-FILED
              AND PERJURIOUS MECHANIC'S LIEN DOES NOT
              CONSTITUTE SLANDER OF TITLE.
No. 14AP-899                                                                            10

               VI. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN HOLDING THAT DAN
               SECHRIEST HAS NO PERSONAL LIABILITY IN THIS
               CASE.

               VII. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO AWARD
               THE PLAINTIFF HIS ATTORNEY FEES.

       {¶ 36} Under the first assignment of error, appellant contends the trial court erred
in failing to permit him to introduce evidence with respect to an agreed consent judgment
entry and order ("consent judgment") arising out of a 2007 action brought by the attorney
general against Mastergard, a company formerly operated by Sechriest. According to
appellant, the attorney general, in Franklin C.P. No. 07CV-9803, sought and secured a
permanent injunction against Sechriest enjoining him from soliciting and engaging in
consumer transactions in the home improvement business in the state until he met
certain conditions. On August 9, 2010, the trial court in that action approved an agreed
consent judgment which the attorney general and Mastergard proposed pursuant to R.C.
1345.07(F).
       {¶ 37} Appellant argues that the consent judgment arising out of the 2007 action
brought by the attorney general is critical to the issue of whether Sechriest knowingly
made CSPA violations in the instant case. According to appellant, Sechriest is in "gross
violation" of the consent judgment in case No. 07CV-9803.
       {¶ 38} As noted under the facts, appellees filed a motion in limine on July 24,
2013, seeking to exclude evidence regarding any settlements or agreed consent judgments
involving Mastergard, Sechriest, or U.S. Restoration, as well as any investigations by the
attorney general. Prior to trial, the magistrate heard oral arguments on the motion, and
the magistrate inquired of counsel for appellant as to the relevancy of the agreed consent
judgment in case No. 07CV-9803.            Counsel for appellant argued that the consent
judgment in that case was relevant because "Sechriest is involved in the very same
conduct * * * [h]e got busted for the first time," and "this goes to the issue of knowledge
and whether he knows that his conduct violates [CSPA] and [HSSA]." (Tr. Vol. I, 6.)
Counsel argued they were "not trying to submit this to show he's just generally a bad guy."
(Tr. Vol. I, 6.) Rather, counsel argued, "we have to show * * * he is aware that the things
he's doing now * * * are illegal." (Tr. Vol. I, 6.)
No. 14AP-899                                                                              11

        {¶ 39} The magistrate, in addressing counsel's argument, stated on the record:
"The requirement of knowledge * * * relevant to the CSPA claim is whether the person
knows of the activity. Not whether they know it[']s illegal. They're still bound by the law
whether they know what the law is or not." (Tr. Vol. I, 8.) Thus, the magistrate observed,
"whether they know it's illegal is not an issue * * * under the CSPA." (Tr. Vol. I, 8.)
        {¶ 40} Counsel for appellant also argued that the consent judgment was relevant
"to the issue of the punitive damages," asserting that "the conduct in this case is
particularly egregious." (Tr. Vol. I, 8-9.) The magistrate, however, noting that "[y]our
clients are not a party to that judgment," questioned "how would what happened in 2007
tell me whether punitive damages would be appropriate in this case?" (Tr. Vol. I, 9.)
Following argument on the motion, the magistrate determined that appellant had made
"no showing of the relevance of this consent judgment to the legal issues in this case." (Tr.
Vol. I, 16.)
        {¶ 41} In his objections to the magistrate's decision, appellant argued that the
ruling of the magistrate denied him the right to present relevant, admissible evidence
regarding past CSPA violations by Sechriest; according to appellant, the consent judgment
was relevant because it established Sechriest had knowledge that his actions violated
CSPA. The trial court overruled this objection, holding that the evidence appellant sought
to present "was not direct evidence relating to this case." The court, noting that appellant
had requested the magistrate to consider "outside matters relating to prior conduct" of
appellees, concluded that appellant failed to demonstrate an abuse of discretion by the
magistrate in declining to consider "such non-relevant testimony."
        {¶ 42} In reviewing an appeal from a trial court's adoption of a magistrate's
decision, "our role is to determine if the trial court abused its discretion in ruling on the
objections and by adopting that decision as its own." McCon v. Martini, 7th Dist. No. 97
CA 152 (Nov. 10, 1999). Further, "a trial court has broad discretion in the admission or
exclusion of evidence." In re G.C., 8th Dist. No. 83994, 2004-Ohio-5607, ¶ 27. Thus, "so
long as such discretion is exercised in line with the rules of procedure and evidence, its
judgment will not be reversed absent a clear showing of an abuse of discretion with
attendant material prejudice." Id.
No. 14AP-899                                                                                 12

       {¶ 43} As noted, the magistrate rejected appellant's argument that the agreed
consent judgment was relevant to show Sechriest knew his conduct was in violation of
CSPA. We agree. Under Ohio law, a defendant "need not know that his conduct violates
[CSPA]." Prince v. Campbell Roofing & Sheet Metal, 2d Dist. No. 19007, 2002-Ohio-
3809, ¶ 7.     Rather, "the knowledge requirement concerns a defendant's knowing
commission of an act, not knowledge that his act is contrary to law." Id., citing Einhorn v.
Ford Motor Co., 48 Ohio St.3d 27, 30 (1990).
       {¶ 44} As also noted by the magistrate, appellant was not a party to the earlier
consent judgment between the attorney general and Mastergard. Evid.R. 401 defines the
term "relevant evidence" to mean "evidence having any tendency to make the existence of
any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less
probable than it would be without the evidence." Here, the trial court could have
reasonably determined that evidence concerning the 2007 action, resulting in a consent
judgment between the attorney general and Mastergard (both non-parties to the instant
proceeding), was not relevant to the issue of punitive damages or the claims against U.S.
Restoration in the present case. On review, we find no error by the trial court in its
determination that the magistrate's exclusion of the evidence at issue was proper.
       {¶ 45} Accordingly, appellant's first assignment of error is without merit and is
overruled.
       {¶ 46} Appellant's second and fourth assignments of error are interrelated and will
be considered together. Under the second assignment of error, appellant contends the
trial court erred in failing to find, as a matter of law, that the insurance allowance
agreement was not a contract; under his fourth assignment of error, appellant asserts the
trial court erred in finding that he waived the issue as to the color of the shingles as part of
an accord and satisfaction.
       {¶ 47} In his objections to the magistrate's decision, appellant argued that the
insurance allowance agreement lacked key provisions of a binding contract, including a
price term. Appellant also asserted the agreement was unenforceable because it was
dependent on a third party (i.e., the insurance company) authorizing payment of the
claim, and amounted to merely an agreement to agree.               The trial court overruled
appellant's objection, finding that it "belies the conduct of the parties to the agreement."
No. 14AP-899                                                                                   13

The court noted that the insurance company "agreed that the roof replacement was
necessary and * * * agreed * * * it would pay to replace it for the benefit of its insured."
       {¶ 48} Under Ohio law, "[a] contract is generally defined as a promise, or a set of
promises, actionable upon breach," and the essential elements of a contract include "an
offer, acceptance, contractual capacity, consideration (the bargained for legal benefit
and/or detriment), a manifestation of mutual assent and legality of object and of
consideration." Kostelnik v. Helper, 96 Ohio St.3d 1, 3 (2001). Thus, "[a] meeting of the
minds as to the essential terms of the contract is a requirement to enforcing the contract."
Id. at 3-4.
       {¶ 49} In general, "[a] contract price must be definite and certain." Preston v. First
Bank of Marietta, 16 Ohio App.3d 4, 6 (4th Dist.1983). However, "[a]lthough a contract
must be definite as to price, it is just as well established that parties may make a binding
contract where the price is not stated exactly." Id. In addition, "the law may impose a
presumption of reasonableness or 'fair value' when services are performed pursuant to an
express contract that does not specify a price." Ameritech Publishing, Inc. v. Snyder Tire
Wintersville, Inc., 7th Dist. No. 09 JE 35, 2010-Ohio-4868, ¶ 32.
       {¶ 50} As noted under the facts, appellant and Turner met on May 8, 2010, at
which time they discussed the possibility of U.S. Restoration installing a new roof due to
hail storm damage. According to appellant, Turner "believed that they could give me a
free roof and my insurance would pay the entire amount." (Tr. Vol. II, 45.) During that
meeting, appellant and Turner both signed the "insurance allowance agreement," which
provided for U.S. Restoration to assist the homeowner with the insurance claim. Under
the terms, U.S. Restoration agreed to install dimensional shingles on the roof, with the
contract price to be the final price agreed on between the homeowner's insurance
company and U.S. Restoration, "at no cost to the homeowner."
       {¶ 51} Here, appellant testified that Turner represented U.S. Restoration would
install a new roof with zero out-of-pocket cost to him. Appellant further acknowledged
that an adjuster, acting on behalf of his insurer (American Family), met with Turner at the
residence to assess the roof damage; appellant subsequently learned that American
Family agreed to cover the hail damage claim, and appellant received two checks from his
insurer for a total amount of $6,678.70. On June 10, 2010, appellant and his wife signed
No. 14AP-899                                                                              14

over the first check in the amount of $2,108.84 to U.S. Restoration. On July 31, 2010, a
subcontractor of U.S. Restoration installed a new roof, and appellant acknowledged the
roofers did a "decent" job of roofing the house. (Tr. Vol. II, 220.)
       {¶ 52} Appellant's claim that the agreement was indefinite for lack of a specific
price term is not persuasive. Under Ohio law, "[a]n offer is not indefinite if the agreed
price, though not specifically stated, is easily ascertainable by reference to some extrinsic
standard." Preston at 6, citing 1 Williston on Contracts (3 Ed.1957) 153, Section 47. See
also Natl. Wholisticenter v. George E. Wilson Co., 9th Dist. No. 20928, 2002-Ohio-5039,
¶ 19, quoting Bailey v. Mills, 5th Dist. No. 1999 AP 07 0043 (Feb. 7, 2001) (" 'If the price
is not specified in the contract, it must be easily ascertainable by reference to some
extrinsic standard.' ").
       {¶ 53} The terms of the agreement at issue prescribe a method for ascertaining the
price based on an extrinsic standard, i.e., the parties agreed to be bound to a price term
reflecting the amount agreed on by the insurance company and U.S. Restoration, with the
provision that U.S. Restoration would perform such repairs at no cost to appellant. The
fact that the parties tied the determination of price to a third party (i.e., the insurance
company) does not render the agreement indefinite. See, e.g., Cobble Hill Nursing Home,
Inc. v. Henry & Warren Corp., 74 N.Y.2d 475, 483 (1989) (agreement manifesting the
parties' unmistakable intent that sales price for nursing home was to be fixed by a third
person provided "an objective standard without the need for further expressions by the
parties"). See also E. Allan Farnsworth, Contracts, Section 3.28, 198 (1982) ("provisions
delegating to a third party the power to fix a term – usually price – have generally been
held to meet the requirement of definiteness"). Accordingly, the price term in this case
was "certain enough to constitute an enforceable contract." Ameritech Publishing at ¶ 33.
       {¶ 54} We also find no merit to appellant's contention that the agreement was
unenforceable because there were no assurances the insurer would pay. Appellant points
to language in the agreement that U.S. Restoration reserved, "[f]or a period of 10 days
after all periods of rescission have expired," the right to cancel the agreement in the event
the insurer did not authorize necessary funds. However, when a contract as a whole is
supported by consideration, "a reservation of the right to cancel the contract on notice
does not make the contract unenforceable because the party reserving the right to cancel
No. 14AP-899                                                                             15

is bound to perform unless and until such notice is given." Driscoll v. Norprop, Inc., 129
Ohio App.3d 757, 764 (8th Dist.1998). See also Spacek v. Maritime Assn., 134 F.3d 283,
297 (5th Cir.1998), quoting Corbin on Contracts, Section 164 (1963) ("if a party reserves
the right to terminate upon a certain period of notice to the other party, the reserving
party's promise is not rendered illusory because 'the party in whom the power has been
reserved has made a real promise, one that in terms purports to control his action during
the specified period of notice' "); Azad v. MRCO, Inc., Tex.App. No. 14-12-00165-CV
(Nov. 7, 2013) (rejecting argument that contract could not exist between property owner
and contractor until insurer made a coverage determination where the insurance
authorization form was not subject to further negotiations between property owner and
contractor, and the form capped the sum to be paid by property owner for repairs at an
amount not to exceed the amount finalized with the insurance company).
       {¶ 55} As also noted by the trial court, and outlined under the facts above,
appellant's challenge as to the certainty of the terms overlooks the parties' course of
conduct. Specifically, after the parties signed the agreement, U.S. Restoration obtained
approval for the repairs, and the insurance company issued its first check to appellant in
May 2010. Appellant and his wife endorsed that check to U.S. Restoration, and the
company replaced the roof on July 31, 2010. The issue of "[w]hether the parties intended
to be bound * * * is a question of fact properly resolved by the trier of fact." Oglebay
Norton Co. v. Armco, 52 Ohio St.3d 232, 235 (1990). In the present case, the record
supports the trial court's determination that the parties' course of conduct belies
appellant's claim there was no contract.
       {¶ 56} Further, the record supports the magistrate's determination that appellant
waived, through accord and satisfaction, any claim relating to the color of shingle by
entering into the August 30 and December 29, 2010 agreements with U.S. Restoration. In
general, an accord is "a contract between a debtor and a creditor where the claim is settled
for a sum other than the amount allegedly due." Coburn v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 189
Ohio App.3d 322, 2010-Ohio-3327, ¶ 26 (10th Dist.). The elements necessary to have an
accord and satisfaction are " 'proper subject matter, competent parties, mutual assent,
and consideration.' " Id., quoting State ex rel. Shady Acres Nursing Home, Inc. v. Rhodes,
7 Ohio St.3d 7, 8 (1983). Under this doctrine, "[s]atisfaction takes place when the creditor
No. 14AP-899                                                                               16

accepts the accord." Stan Gertz & Assoc., Inc. v. Donald K. Gant Realty, 9th Dist. No.
14805 (June 12, 1991). Accordingly, "[a]n accord and satisfaction 'cannot be
consummated unless the creditor accepts the lesser amount with the intention that it
constitutes settlement of the claim.' " Coburn at ¶ 26, quoting Shady Acres at 8.
       {¶ 57} The record in this case indicates that, after workers for U.S. Restoration
completed the roofing work on July 31, 2010, appellant expressed his dissatisfaction to
Sechriest regarding the shingle color. Appellant testified that Sechriest came to his
residence on August 30, 2010, and they "discussed an actual resolve," and "signed an
addendum to the agreement" on that date. (Tr. Vol. II, 103.) During that meeting,
appellant again "expressed to him my disliking of the roof, the color." (Tr. Vol. II, 107.)
Appellant testified that he signed the addendum reflecting that U.S. Restoration would
"bring over the shed shingles, * * * they would bring over the cap that would at least
match the wrong color that was on my roof and * * * then they would take less." (Tr. Vol.
II, 113.) According to appellant, "they quoted it as about a thousand dollars they allowed
to me." (Tr. Vol. II, 113.)
       {¶ 58} Regarding the addendum, Sechriest testified that appellant was "displeased
still with the roofing shingle color," and that "[w]e tried to make an amends with him, a
discount, and we came up with $1,000 as a figure." (Tr. Vol. III, 138.) Sechriest stated
that he also agreed to install a new roof cap and provide shingles for appellant's shed.
       {¶ 59} The terms of the addendum provided that U.S. Restoration would "install
only the [roof] cap," provide the homeowner with "2.66 square of shingles" for the shed,
as well as provide a cap for the shed. The addendum further provided: "The homeowner
will pay $3,569.86 upon completion [and] delivery. The project will be paid in full at that
time." During cross-examination, appellant was asked whether he was "willing to give up
[U.S. Restoration] changing the color to desert tan for you as a part of this resolution?"
Appellant responded: "Yes." (Tr. Vol. III, 14.)
       {¶ 60} Sechriest testified that the new roof cap was installed in October 2010;
according to Sechriest, the color of the shingles for the new roof cap "was better looking
than the first one, but it wasn't exactly a perfect match" because of the "shading of the
dimensional shingle." (Tr. Vol. III, 143.)
No. 14AP-899                                                                             17

       {¶ 61} After U.S. Restoration changed the color of the roof cap, appellant was still
not pleased with the color of the shingles, leading to further negotiations between
appellant and Sechriest on December 29, 2010. Specifically, Sechriest testified that he
placed calls with suppliers in an attempt to "track down an exact match cap." (Tr. Vol. III,
144.) Sechriest was able to obtain some bundles of "Sunrise Cedar" three-tab shingles.
(Tr. Vol. III, 144.)   Sechriest learned that those cap shingles would be available in
December.
       {¶ 62} Sechriest spoke with appellant on December 29, 2010, at which time
Sechriest learned that appellant had cashed the second insurance check and "didn't have
all the money that he used to have." (Tr. Vol. III, 146.) Sechriest testified that "we were
offered $2,000. And it came about that he could make another * * * three payments of
$250, but he couldn't make it right away. He'd have to wait until the first of February and
then March and then April." (Tr. Vol. III, 146-47.) Sechriest then made an agreement
with appellant to accept a check for $2,000 at that time, and if appellant made three
subsequent payments of $250 each "we would waive the balance that he still owed after
that only if we received those payments." (Tr. Vol. III, 148.) Thus, U.S. Restoration
agreed to give appellant an additional credit of $819 as part of the resolution. According
to Sechriest, appellant understood that if he failed to make those subsequent payments
"the full balance would be owed." (Tr. Vol. III, 148.) Sechriest testified that he ordered
the cap shingles on January 5, 2011.
       {¶ 63} Appellant testified that "we negotiated down again to a different dollar
amount. I was going [to] give them a $2,000 check that day on December 29 of 2010 and
then I was going to make payments up to $750, which totals 250 each payment." (Tr. Vol.
II, 133.) Appellant acknowledged that he was to make equal payments of $250 each in
"February, March and April." (Tr. Vol. II, 133.) Appellant mailed the first $250 payment
at the end of January. Appellant refused to make the remaining payments after learning
that U.S. Restoration had placed a mechanic's lien on his property.
       {¶ 64} Based on the evidence presented, the magistrate concluded that appellant
expressly, knowingly, and voluntarily waived any claim relating to the color of the
shingles. In overruling appellant's objection, the trial court found that the evidence was
clear that appellant agreed to accept a compromise to resolve the color issue. On review
No. 14AP-899                                                                                 18

of the record, there was competent, credible evidence supporting the trial court's
determination that the parties compromised as to the issue of the color of shingles by
entering into the addendums on August 30 and December 29, 2010, under which
appellant agreed to credits of $1,000 and $819.86, respectively, in order to resolve the
impasse. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in overruling appellant's objection on this
issue.
         {¶ 65} Based on the foregoing, appellant's second and fourth assignments of error
are without merit and are overruled.
         {¶ 66} Under his third assignment of error, appellant argues the trial court erred in
finding only three CSPA violations. According to appellant, the insurance allowance
agreement contains various CSPA violations "apparent on the face" of the agreement,
including the failure to set forth: (1) a start and completion date; (2) the number of layers
of shingles to be torn off; (3) the name of the manufacturer supplying the shingles; (4) the
color of shingle; and (5) the number of ridge vents to be replaced. Appellant asserts
further CSPA violations because the document at issue contains blank spaces, and the
cancellation notice is not in 10-point, bold-face type.       Appellant also notes that the
agreement lists the duration of the manufacturer's limited warranty as "30 years," but he
argues that the evidence indicates no warranty was provided to him. Finally, appellant
argues that the request by appellees in their counterclaim for attorney fees constituted a
violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ("FDCPA").
         {¶ 67} As noted by appellees, appellant did not raise many of the above issues in
his objections before the trial court. Pursuant to Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(b)(iv), "[e]xcept for a
claim of plain error, a party shall not assign as error on appeal the court's adoption of any
factual finding or legal conclusion, whether or not specifically designated as a finding of
fact or conclusion of law under Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(a)(ii), unless the party has objected to that
finding or conclusion as required by Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(b)." See also State ex rel.
Muhammad v. State, 133 Ohio St.3d 508, 2012-Ohio-4767, ¶ 3 (party waives argument on
appeal if that party failed to specifically raise issue in objections to magistrate's decision).
Accordingly, we confine our review to those issues appellant raised in his objections to the
trial court from the magistrate's decision.
No. 14AP-899                                                                            19

       {¶ 68} In his objections to the magistrate's decision, appellant argued that
appellees' use of the insurance allowance agreement violated CSPA because: (1) the
agreement failed to include all material statements in a written contract; (2) the
agreement signed by the consumer contained blank spaces; and (3) appellees failed to
provide a 30-year warranty despite language to the contrary. Appellant also filed a
supplemental objection, in which he argued that appellees had violated FDCPA by
requesting, in their counterclaim, an award of attorney fees.
       {¶ 69} In addressing these objections, the trial court, noting that the magistrate
found "technical violations [of CSPA] and awarded $600.00 in statutory damages," found
that appellant presented "no evidence for this Court to alter the determinations of the
Magistrate." The court concluded that appellant "agreed to compromise his claims for
$1,000.00" and, "[h]aving so agreed, * * * is limited to the statutory damages mandated
by the CSPA."
       {¶ 70} Although appellant contends that various CSPA violations are apparent on
the face of the insurance allowance agreement, his essential argument is that the trial
court's failure to find these alleged violations was against the manifest weight of the
evidence. In this respect, judgments supported by some competent, credible evidence,
going to all the essential elements of the case will not be reversed as being against the
manifest weight of the evidence. C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley Constr. Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 279
(1978), syllabus.
       {¶ 71} The Supreme Court of Ohio has observed that "[t]he Consumer Sales
Practices Act, R.C. Chapter 1345, prohibits suppliers from committing either unfair or
deceptive consumer sales practices or unconscionable acts or practices as catalogued in
R.C. 1345.02 and 1345.03." Johnson v. Microsoft Corp., 106 Ohio St.3d 278, 2005-Ohio-
4985, ¶ 24. CSPA "[i]n general * * * defines 'unfair or deceptive consumer sales practices'
as those that mislead consumers about the nature of the product they are receiving, while
'unconscionable acts or practices' relate to a supplier manipulating a consumer's
understanding of the nature of the transaction at issue." Id.
       {¶ 72} As noted above, appellant contends the trial court should have found a
violation of CSPA for failure of the agreement to include all material terms. However, a
supplier's failure to put all the material aspects of an agreement in writing does not
No. 14AP-899                                                                               20

constitute a "per se violation of the CSPA." Warren v. Denes Concrete, Inc., 9th Dist. No.
08CA009414, 2009-Ohio-2784, ¶ 12 (observing that "neither the CSPA nor the Ohio
Administrative Code requires all suppliers, regardless of the circumstances, to place their
entire agreement with a consumer in writing"). We note that this court has declined to
adopt a strict liability standard for certain violations of CSPA. Conley v. Lindsay Acura,
123 Ohio App.3d 570, 575 (1oth Dist.1997) (supplier's omission of express limitations did
not amount to deceptive, unconscionable, or unfair conduct).
        {¶ 73} Here, both the magistrate and trial court found that the parties had a
meeting of the minds as to the essential terms of the insurance allowance agreement, as
well as the subsequently negotiated addendums entered on August 30 and December 29,
2010.    As discussed above, there was testimony by appellant indicating that he
understood the parties' respective obligations under the agreement, including the
obligation of U.S. Restoration to obtain approval from his insurer for the roof work, and
his obligation to forward checks to U.S. Restoration to cover the cost of the roof
replacement. The subsequent actions of the parties reflected that understanding, as the
insurer approved the work, U.S. Restoration performed the work, and appellant signed
over the first check to U.S. Restoration. As further discussed above, because of a dispute
over the shingle color, the parties entered into the addendums, and appellant testified as
to his understanding of his obligations under the terms of those agreements. On review,
the trial court's determination that the parties agreed to the essential terms of the
agreement was not against the manifest weight of the evidence, and the court did not err
in failing to find a CSPA violation as to that issue.
        {¶ 74} Appellant further argues that courts have found a violation of CSPA in cases
in which a customer executed a contract containing blank spaces. In support, appellant
cites Eagle v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 157 Ohio App.3d 150, 2004-Ohio-829 (9th Dist.), a
case dealing with an arbitration clause. We note that appellant does not contend there
was evidence in the instant case that appellees filled in blank spaces on the agreement
after he signed the document, and we find no error by the trial court in failing to find a per
se violation of CSPA based on the facts presented.
        {¶ 75} Appellant also contends the trial court erred in failing to find a CSPA
violation under Ohio Adm.Code 109:4-3-05(D)(16). In his objections, appellant argued
No. 14AP-899                                                                               21

that the insurance allowance agreement provided that the duration of the manufacturer's
limited warranty was 30 years, but that there was testimony U.S. Restoration did not
provide a warranty.
       {¶ 76} Ohio Adm.Code 109:4-3-05 states in part:

              (D) In any consumer transaction involving the performance of
              any repair or service it shall be a deceptive act or practice for a
              supplier to:

              ***

              (16) Fail to disclose to the consumer prior to the
              commencement of any repair or service, that any part of the
              repair or service will be performed by a person other than the
              supplier or the supplier's employees if the supplier disclaims
              any warranty of the repair or service performed by that
              person, the nature of the repair or service which that person
              will perform, and if requested by the consumer, the identity of
              that person.

       {¶ 77} Appellant's contention that the trial court erred in failing to find a violation
of Ohio Adm.Code 109:4-3-05(D)(16) is unpersuasive. Here, while the facts indicate
subcontractors performed the work, the evidence, as found by the magistrate, did not
show that U.S. Restoration disclaimed any warranty of the repair or service performed by
the subcontractors, nor was there evidence that appellant requested the identity of the
individuals performing the work.
       {¶ 78} Appellant also argued in his supplemental memorandum in support of
objections that appellees violated FDCPA by attempting to recover attorney fees on a
consumer debt, and in seeking attorney fees in their counterclaim. In support, appellant
cited two federal cases, Gionis v. Javitch, Block & Rathbone, 405 F.Supp.2d 856
(S.D.Ohio 2005), and Foster v. D.B.S. Collection Agency, 463 F.Supp.2d 783 (S.D.Ohio
2006), for the proposition that Ohio law does not permit creditors to request attorney fees
in certain debt collection actions.
       {¶ 79} The stated purpose of the FDCPA is to "eliminate abusive debt collection
practices by debt collectors, to insure that those debt collectors who refrain from using
abusive debt collection practices are not competitively disadvantaged, and to promote
consistent State action to protect consumers against debt collection abuses." 15 U.S.C.
No. 14AP-899                                                                                22

1692(e). In accordance with those goals, "[t]he Act makes it unlawful for debt collectors
to use abusive tactics while collecting debts for others," and "[i]t imposes civil liability
only upon 'debt collectors' as defined by the Act." Games v. Cavazos, 737 F.Supp. 1368,
1382 (D.C.Del.1990).
           {¶ 80} The term "debt collector" is defined to mean "any person who uses any
instrumentality of interstate commerce or the mails in any business the principal purpose
of which is the collection of any debts, or who regularly collects or attempts to collect,
directly or indirectly, debts owed or due or asserted to be owed or due another." 15 U.S.C.
1692a(6). Thus, it has been held " 'the statute does not apply to persons or businesses
collecting debts on their own behalf. * * * It is directed to those persons who are engaged
in business for the principal purpose of collecting debts.' " D.A.N. Joint Venture III, L.P.
v. Armstrong, 11th Dist. No. 2006-L-089, 2007-Ohio-898, ¶ 40, quoting Staub v. Harris,
626 F.2d 275, 277 (3d Cir.1980).
           {¶ 81} Appellees argue that appellant never alleged necessary operative facts
regarding claims under FDCPA in his pleadings, and further contend that he failed to
present any evidence that U.S. Restoration and/or counsel for appellees qualify as "debt
collectors" as defined under 15 U.S.C. 1692a(6). We agree. A review of the record
supports appellees' contention that appellant failed to plead a valid claim for FDCPA
violations, nor does the record show that appellant established at trial that either U.S.
Restoration or counsel for appellees are debt collectors as defined under FDCPA.
           {¶ 82} Based on the foregoing, appellant's third assignment of error is without
merit and is overruled.
           {¶ 83} Under his fifth assignment of error, appellant contends the trial court erred
in failing to find U.S. Restoration committed slander of title by filing the mechanic's lien
in January 2011. Appellant argues that the mechanic's lien filed by U.S. Restoration was
untimely and for the wrong amount, and appellant maintains the trial court should have
found the conduct of appellees was malicious or made with reckless disregard for its
falsity.
           {¶ 84} As noted by appellees, however, appellant did not raise the above objection
before the trial court. Rather, while appellant's fourth cause of action alleged slander of
title based on the filing of the mechanic's lien by U.S Restoration, his objection to the trial
No. 14AP-899                                                                                23

court raised a different argument. Specifically, under his objection, appellant argued that
U.S. Restoration's conduct in filing the mechanic's lien constituted a violation of CSPA.
       {¶ 85} The trial court addressed this new argument, noting that appellant "now
contends that there were violations of the CSPA as a result of the late filing." The court
overruled appellant's objection, finding that testimony at trial "established that the lien
with an incorrect amount was filed within the sixty (60) day window allowed by the
CSPA." The court thus concluded it could not find "any harm caused to Plaintiff by the
filing of the Mechanic's Lien and adopts the findings and conclusion of the Magistrate."
       {¶ 86} Because appellant's objection with respect to the filing of the mechanic's
lien did not challenge the magistrate's determination that the evidence failed to establish
U.S. Restoration committed slander of title by acting maliciously or recklessly in filing the
lien, appellant has waived any claimed error as to that issue. Appellant's fifth assignment
of error is therefore overruled.
       {¶ 87} Under his sixth assignment of error, appellant asserts the trial court erred in
failing to find Sechriest personally liable under a traditional theory of piercing the
corporate veil. According to appellant, the evidence reflects that Sechriest dealt directly
with him regarding the availability of the desert tan shingles, and appellant further
maintains that Sechriest directed and controlled every aspect of U.S. Restoration's
business.
       {¶ 88} Under Ohio law, "[t]he general rule is that corporations are legal entities
distinct from the natural persons who compose them; therefore, officers, directors, and
shareholders are not normally liable for the debts of their corporations." Stewart v. R.A.
Eberts Co., 4th Dist. No. 08CA10, 2009-Ohio-4418, ¶ 15, citing Belvedere Condominium
Unit Owners' Assn. v. R.E. Roark Cos., 67 Ohio St.3d 274, 287 (1993). Further,
" '[b]ecause "[o]ne of the purposes of incorporation is to limit the liability of individual
shareholders," the party seeking to have the corporate form disregarded bears the burden
of proof.' " Stewart at ¶ 15, quoting RCO Internatl. Corp. v. Clevenger, 180 Ohio App.3d
211, 2008-Ohio-6823, ¶ 10 (10th Dist.), quoting Univ. Circle Research Ctr. Corp. v.
Galbreath Co., 106 Ohio App.3d 835, 840 (8th Dist.1995).
       {¶ 89} In Belvedere at paragraph three of the syllabus, the Supreme Court set forth
a three-pronged test for piercing the corporate veil, holding that the corporate form may
No. 14AP-899                                                                              24

be disregarded and individual shareholders may be liable for wrongs committed by the
corporation when: "(1) control over the corporation by those to be held liable was so
complete that the corporation has no separate mind, will, or existence of its own,
(2) control over the corporation by those to be held liable was exercised in such a manner
as to commit fraud or an illegal act against the person seeking to disregard the corporate
entity, and (3) injury or unjust loss resulted to the plaintiff from such control and wrong."
With respect to the second prong, this court has noted that "[w]hile the court in Belvedere
employed the words 'fraud or illegal act,' Ohio courts, including this court, have held that
the second prong is satisfied when 'unjust or inequitable' consequences occur."
Sanderson Farms, Inc. v. Gasbarro, 10th Dist. No. 01AP-461, 2004-Ohio-1460, ¶ 38.
         {¶ 90} In addressing appellant's claim that Sechriest should be held personally
liable for CSPA violations, the magistrate determined that "[t]he evidence did not
establish that Mr. Sechriest dealt directly with the consumer in, or directed, the activities
found to be CSPA violations," and therefore appellant's right to recover for CSPA
violations "is only against [U.S. Restoration]." Further, in addressing appellant's third
cause of action for fraud, the magistrate found that the evidence failed to establish
Sechriest knowingly or recklessly made a false representation regarding the color of the
shingles; rather, the magistrate found, Sechriest "attempted, unsuccessfully, to find the
color of shingles Mr. Helton wanted." Finally, the magistrate determined that appellant's
fraud claim failed "for the additional reason that by entering into the August 30 and
December 29, 2010 agreements, Mr. Helton expressly, knowingly, and voluntarily waived
any claim relating to the color of the shingles in exchange for a credit against the amount
owed."
         {¶ 91} In his objections to the magistrate's decision, appellant argued, as he does
on appeal, that Sechriest directed and controlled each aspect of U.S. Restoration's
business, and that all of the elements for piercing the corporate veil were present. The
trial court overruled this objection, holding in part there was no evidence that Sechriest,
through control over U.S. Restoration, intentionally attempted to deceive or harm
appellant, and therefore appellant had not met his burden to demonstrate that Sechriest
should be personally liable.
No. 14AP-899                                                                                 25

       {¶ 92} Based on the record presented, we find no error with the trial court's failure
to hold Sechriest personally liable under a traditional theory of piercing the corporate veil.
As noted, the magistrate found no evidence that Sechriest dealt directly with the
consumer with respect to the activities found to be CSPA violations, i.e., the activities of
Turner in failing to provide an estimate, a written itemized list of repairs, etc. In this
respect, courts have held that "[i]n order to hold a corporate officer personally liable for
his actions in violation of [CSPA], the evidence must show the officer took part in the
commission of the act, specifically directed the particular act to be done, or participated or
cooperated therein." Grayson v. Cadillac Builders, 8th Dist. No. 68551 (Sept. 14, 1995).
       {¶ 93} Further, in addressing appellant's objections, the trial court noted that the
magistrate found three "technical" violations of CSPA by U.S. Restoration, including
failure to disclose to appellant his right to receive an estimate, but determined there was
no evidence Sechriest "intentionally attempted to deceive or harm" appellant. Rather, the
trial court held, the agreement by U.S. Restoration "to compromise in this case
demonstrates an effort to resolve the dispute for the benefit of all." On review, we find
that the trial court's failure to find that Sechriest used his control over U.S. Restoration to
commit an unjust or harmful act against appellant was not against the manifest weight of
the evidence. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in failing to pierce the corporate veil.
       {¶ 94} Appellant's sixth assignment of error is without merit and is overruled.
       {¶ 95} Under his seventh assignment of error, appellant contends the trial court
erred in failing to award attorney fees, arguing that the court should have awarded such
fees on the basis that U.S. Restoration knowingly committed acts or practices in violation
of CSPA. In support, appellant points to evidence regarding his dissatisfaction with the
color of the shingles, and he again argues that Sechriest engaged in conduct he knew
violated CSPA based on the 2010 consent judgment entered between the attorney general
and Mastergard.
       {¶ 96} R.C. 1345.09 states in part as follows:

              (F) The court may award to the prevailing party a reasonable
              attorney's fee limited to the work reasonably performed and
              limited pursuant to section 1345.092 of the Revised Code, if
              either of the following apply:

              ***
No. 14AP-899                                                                             26

              (2) The supplier has knowingly committed an act or practice
              that violates this chapter.

       {¶ 97} Thus, pursuant to the provisions of R.C. 1345.09(F)(2), "a trial court may
award a consumer reasonable attorney fees when the supplier in a consumer transaction
intentionally committed an act or practice which is deceptive, unfair or unconscionable."
Einhorn at syllabus. The Supreme Court has held that "the 'knowing' commission of an
act that violates R.C. Chapter 1345 does not mandate imposition of attorney fees."
Charvat v. Ryan, 116 Ohio St.3d 394, 2007-Ohio-6833, ¶ 27. Rather, "[t]he trial court
has the discretion to determine whether attorney fees are warranted under the facts of
each case." Id.
       {¶ 98} In the present case, the magistrate cited the following reasons for declining
to award attorney fees: (1) appellant's "only substantive complaint about the roofing work
was his dissatisfaction with the color of the shingles, and he knowingly gave up this issue
in exchange for a credit against the amount owed"; (2) the "only CSPA violations found
did not proximately cause any actual damages" to appellant; (3) U.S. Restoration "did not
intentionally deceive [appellant]"; and (4) U.S. Restoration "performed quality work, and
Mr. Helton received value."       In addressing appellant's objection to the magistrate's
findings, the trial court, noting that the award of attorney fees under CSPA is
discretionary, agreed with the magistrate's determination not to award attorney fees in
this case.
       {¶ 99} As noted, "[a]n award of attorney fees is discretionary, not mandatory," and
this court's standard of review is an "abuse of discretion." Hudson-Wobbecke Ents. v.
Burwell, 5th Dist. No. 06-CA-58, 2007-Ohio-1728, ¶ 58. We have previously addressed
appellant's argument with respect to the relevancy of the 2007 action leading to the 2010
consent judgment, as well as appellant's claim that he did not give up on the issue of
shingle color. On review of the decisions of the magistrate and trial court, we find no
abuse of discretion by the trial court in declining to award attorney fees under the facts
and circumstances of this case.
       {¶ 100} Appellant's seventh assignment of error is without merit and is overruled.
       {¶ 101} Based on the foregoing, the trial court did not err in overruling appellant's
objections and adopting the decision of the magistrate. Accordingly, appellant's seven
No. 14AP-899                                                                     27

assignments of error are overruled, and the judgment of the Franklin County Court of
Common Pleas is hereby affirmed.
                                                                 Judgment affirmed.

                          KLATT and SADLER, JJ., concur.

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