                                                                       Aug 21 2014, 9:24 am
FOR PUBLICATION


ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                      ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

CARLOS I. CARILLO                            GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Lafayette, Indiana                           Attorney General of Indiana

                                             JUSTIN F. ROEBEL
                                             Deputy Attorney General
                                             Indianapolis, Indiana


                            IN THE
                  COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

JAMES S. LITTRELL,                           )
                                             )
     Appellant-Defendant,                    )
                                             )
            vs.                              )   No. 79A02-1401-CR-24
                                             )
STATE OF INDIANA,                            )
                                             )
     Appellee-Plaintiff.                     )


                  APPEAL FROM THE TIPPECANOE CIRCUIT COURT
                        The Honorable Donald L. Daniel, Judge
                            Cause No. 79C01-1307-FB-8



                                  August 21, 2014

                            OPINION–FOR PUBLICATION

BAKER, Judge
      James Littrell appeals his conviction for possession of cocaine as a class B felony,1

claiming that the trial court violated his right to a fast and speedy trial when his trial was

scheduled 112 days after the State’s petition for an extension under Criminal Rule 4(D)

was granted. Littrell also contends that the State’s evidence is insufficient to show

possession because the cocaine was found inside the shorts of another passenger.

Finally, Littrell argues that his aggregate sentence of twenty-five years is inappropriate in

light of the nature of the offense and his character. Finding that his right to a fast and

speedy trial was not violated, that the evidence is sufficient to support his conviction for

possession of cocaine, and that his sentence is not inappropriate, we affirm the judgment

of the trial court; however, we remand to the trial court for the sole purpose of correcting

a typographical error in the guilty plea and sentencing orders.

                                          FACTS

      On June 25, 2013, Officer James Knogge of the Dayton Police Department was

patrolling State Road 38 when he observed a white minivan traveling above the speed

limit. The officer followed the vehicle, intending to make a traffic stop, when he saw the

vehicle make a wide turn and almost hit a stop sign. Office Knogge then observed an

“abundance of movement” between the driver of the vehicle and the passenger in the

front seat. Tr. p. 153-54. The minivan drove another block and then turned without

coming to a complete stop. Officer Knogge turned on his lights and siren to perform a




1
    Ind. Code § 35-48-4-6(b)(2)(B)(i).
                                              2
traffic stop. He also radioed for backup, and Officer Robert Hainje was dispatched to the

scene.

   During the stop, Officer Knogge determined that the driver of the vehicle, Littrell,

was driving with a suspended license. He observed that Littrell’s pupils were dilated and

his responses were slow and sluggish. The front seat passenger, Jackie Rumler, appeared

“fidgety” and “very hysterical.” Tr. p. 99, 153-54, 156. The officers separated Littrell

and Rumler. Littrell informed Officer Knogge that Rumler had drugs in her shorts.

When questioned, Rumler produced a bag containing an off-white substance from her

waistband. The bag was later confirmed to weigh 1.48 grams and contain cocaine.

   After the drugs were discovered, Littrell informed the officers that Rumler had

purchased the drugs. Littrell claimed that Rumler always had the drugs and that he “told

her [to] stick [the drugs] in [her] fucking bra or [her] pussy, don’t get caught, I’m

driving.” Ex. 8. Littrell admitted to using the drugs a day earlier, but claimed that he was

not intoxicated other than by prescription medication. After his arrest, Littrell submitted

to a drug test, which indicated the presence of cocaine. The State’s intention was to get a

DNA sample from Littrell and compare it with any substances found on the baggy

containing the recovered drugs. However, Littrell stated that his DNA would be on the

baggy because he had shared it with Rumler, handled it, and “used some of the substance

from it.” Tr. p. 137.

   The State charged Littrell with possession of cocaine within 1,000 feet of a school,

battery, resisting law enforcement, operating a vehicle while having a schedule I or II

                                             3
controlled substance in the body, driving while suspended, and two counts of

intimidation. The State also alleged he was an habitual offender.

   On July 8, 2013, the trial court received a letter from Littrell requesting a speedy trial.

The trial court did not set a trial date at that time, and on July 15 and August 9, 2013,

Littrell reaffirmed his request for a speedy trial. On August 13, 2013, the State filed a

motion applying for an extension of a speedy trial pursuant to Indiana Criminal Rule 4(D)

in order to have the results of a blood test available for trial. The trial court granted the

State’s motion, and a jury trial was set for December 3, 2013. Thus, the trial date was set

for 112 days after the extension was granted and 152 days after Littrell’s original request

for a speedy trial. The trial court observed that the trial setting was “within the ninety

days” allowed by the Criminal Rule 4(D) extension. Tr. p. 11.

   On November 27, 2013, Littrell pleaded guilty to all the allegations except possession

of cocaine within 1,000 feet of a school and being an habitual offender. On December 3,

2013, a jury found Littrell guilty of these two offenses as well.

   At sentencing, Littrell stated that he was “very intoxicated” at the time of the arrest.

Tr. p. 259. Officers Hainje and Knogge submitted letters to be considered at sentencing

describing the extent of the threats made by Littrell on the night of his arrest, and the

lasting effects those threats had on the officers and their families. Officer Hainje wrote

that Littrell knew where Hainje’s daughter attended school and indicated that he would

“rape and kill” her. Appellee’s App. p. 1. Officer Knogge also explained Littrell’s

threats to kill his wife, rape his daughter, and spit on the grave of his mother. Knogge

                                              4
believed these threats and lived in fear that Littrell would hire someone to cause this

harm, as Littrell had indicated he had the money to do so. Additionally, the probable

cause affidavit indicates that Littrell bit Officer Hainje and damaged Officer Knogge’s

computer during the arrest.

   During the sentencing hearing, the trial court found as mitigating factors that Littrell

has children who are dependent on him and that he accepted responsibility on some of the

charges. However, it found that the aggravating circumstances—particularly Littrell’s

extensive criminal history, which includes five prior felony convictions, and his

“staggering” number of probation revocations—outweighed the mitigating factors. Tr. p.

274-77. The trial judge added, “I do not believe that at this point that [Littrell is] likely to

respond to either short term incarceration or probation.” Tr. p. 276. Additionally, Littrell

has a significant history of drug abuse.        Littrell failed to complete drug treatment

programs in 2007 and 2010 and continued to use drugs even after treatment was

administered during his prior incarceration. The trial court did not find this drug problem

as either a mitigating or aggravating factor.

   The trial court sentenced Littrell to fifteen years for possession of cocaine within

1,000 feet of a school. Additionally, the trial court imposed consecutive three-year

sentences for the counts of intimidation, consecutive one-year sentences for battery and

resisting law enforcement, and concurrent one year and sixty day sentences for driving

while suspended and operating a vehicle with a controlled substance in the body.

Littrell’s sentence was enhanced by three years for being an habitual offender. Thus, the

                                                5
trial court imposed an aggregate sentence of twenty-five years executed in the Indiana

Department of Correction.

   Littrell now appeals.

                             DISCUSSION AND DECISION

                                      I. Speedy Trial

   Littrell first argues that his right to a fast and speedy trial was violated because his

trial date was set for 112 days after the ninety-date extension was granted. Littrell argues

that because the “State’s motion for continuance was made before the seventy (70) days

expired under Criminal Rule 4(B), the State’s extension of ninety (90) days began to

accrue when the trial court granted State’s motion for continuance and not when the

seventy (70) days expired.” Appellant’s Br. p. 7. He adds that if the rule is found to be

ambiguous, it must be construed in favor of Littrell. Id.

   At the outset, we note that Littrell has waived his claim regarding the calculation of

the ninety-day extension period because this specific issue was not raised at trial. In the

present appeal, Littrell claims that the extension was calculated from the wrong starting

date, but he did not object to the trial court’s calculation of the ninety-day extension when

the trial court chose December 3, 2013 as the date for trial. Tr. p. 9-13.

   Waiver notwithstanding, we conclude that the trial court properly calculated the

ninety-day extension when it concluded that the ninety days attached to the original

seventy-day time period. As a result, Littrell’s right to a fast and speedy trial was not

violated because the trial was set within the ninety-day extension.

                                              6
   The right to a speedy trial is guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the United States

Constitution and by Article I, Section 12 of the Indiana Constitution. Clark v. State, 659

N.E.2d 548, 551. Indiana Criminal Rule 4 helps implement these rights. Rule 4(B)

provides in part:

   If any defendant held in jail on an indictment or an affidavit shall move for an
   early trial, he shall be discharged if not brought to trial within seventy (70)
   calendar days from the date of such a motion, except where a continuance within
   said period is had on his motion, or the delay is otherwise caused by his act, or
   where there was not sufficient time to try him during such seventy (70) calendar
   days because of the congestion of the court calendar . . .

   Here, Littrell filed a motion requesting a speedy trial within seventy days. The State

then sought an extension due to the drug laboratory’s inability to provide an analysis of

Littrell’s blood sample within the seventy-day period.      Appellant’s App. p. 20-22.

Criminal Rule 4(D) allows for a ninety-day extension where evidence is unavailable:

   If when application is made for discharge of a defendant under this rule, the court
   be satisfied that there is evidence for the state, which cannot then be had, that
   reasonable effort has been made to procure the same and there is just ground to
   believe that such evidence can be had within ninety (90) days, the cause may be
   continued, and the prisoner remanded or admitted to bail; and if he be not brought
   to trial by the state within such additional ninety (90) days, he shall then be
   discharged.

   The question posed to us here is whether the ninety-day extension begins on the date

it is granted or at the expiration of the original seventy-day time period. Criminal Rule

4(D) provides that the date for trial can be extended an “additional ninety (90) days.”

The inclusion of the word “additional” clearly indicates that the ninety days are to be

granted in addition to the original seventy days, allowing for a total of 160 days to


                                            7
schedule the trial date. We do not find this language to be ambiguous. Because Littrell’s

trial was conducted 152 days after Littrell’s motion for a speedy trial, we conclude that

his right to a speedy trial was not violated.

                               I. Sufficiency of the Evidence

    Next, Littrell contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for

possession of cocaine. Specifically, Littrell maintains that the State cannot prove he was

in possession of cocaine that was found in the pants of another passenger.

   When reviewing challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence, we do not reweigh the

evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses. Bond v. State, 925 N.E.2d 773, 781

(Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied.        Rather, we consider only the evidence most

favorable to the verdict and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, and we will

affirm if the evidence and those inferences constitute substantial evidence of probative

value to support the verdict. Id. Reversal is appropriate only when a reasonable trier of

fact would not be able to form inferences as to each material element of the offense. Id.

   We note that possession of contraband may either be actual or constructive. Gee v.

State, 810 N.E.2d 338, 340 (Ind. 2004). Actual possession occurs when a person has

direct physical control over the item. Id. To establish constructive possession, the State

must show that the defendant had both the intent and the capability to maintain dominion

and control over the contraband. Id. When possession of the premises is non-exclusive,

the inference of intent to maintain dominion and control over the drugs must be supported

by additional circumstances pointing to the defendant’s knowledge of the nature of the

                                                8
controlled substances and their presence. The additional circumstances have been shown

by various means, including: (1) incriminating statements made by the defendant, (2)

attempted flight or furtive gestures, (3) location of substances like drugs in settings that

suggest manufacturing, (4) proximity of the contraband to the defendant, (5) location of

the contraband within the defendant’s plain view, and (6) the mingling of the contraband

and other items owned by the defendant. Id. at 341.

   Here, Littrell’s actions and statements lead to a reasonable inference that he jointly

possessed the cocaine. Littrell admitted that he had “shared the baggy” with Rumler, had

handled the baggy, and had “used some substance from it.” Tr. p. 137-38. Even though

the drugs were found on Rumler, Littrell was the one who told Rumler to “stick [the

drugs] in [her] fucking bra or [her] pussy, don’t get caught, I’m driving.” Ex. 8. Littrell

clearly had knowledge of the drugs’ location because he told the officers about the

cocaine. Ex. 8. Based on this evidence, a reasonable fact-finder could conclude that

Littrell was in constructive possession of the cocaine.

   The State also asserts that a reasonable inference could be made that the “abundance

of movement” the officer observed just prior to the stop was the exchange of cocaine.

Appellee’s Br. p. 10; Tr. p. 153-154. However, this conviction is sustainable based on

Littrell’s acknowledgement that he had both handled the drugs and told Rumler where to

place them; therefore, it is not necessary to determine what the “abundance of

movement” was in order to sustain a conviction for possession of cocaine.



                                             9
                                III. Inappropriate Sentence

   Further, Littrell contends that his aggregate sentence of twenty-five years is

inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and his character under Appellate Rule

7(B).

   On appeal, this Court “may revise a sentence authorized by statute if, after due

consideration of the trial court’s decision, the Court finds that the sentence is

inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the character of the offender.” Ind.

Appellate Rule 7(B). However, this court does not substitute its judgment for that of the

trial court.   Foster v. State, 795 N.E.2d 1078, 1092 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003).          Under

Appellate Rule 7(B), the question is not whether it is more appropriate to impose a

different sentence upon the defendant, but whether the defendant’s sentence is

appropriate.   Steinberg v. State, 941 N.E.2d 515, 535 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011).            The

defendant bears the burden of persuasion on appeal that the sentence he received is

inappropriate. Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 1080 (Ind. 2006).

   Littrell argues that the nature of the offense does not justify the sentence imposed by

the trial court because the cocaine was in another person’s shorts. We note that the trial

court took this into consideration during sentencing and did not give Littrell the

maximum sentence for possession of cocaine as a result:

   I do however agree with your attorney that the maximum sentence on—in
   particularly on count 1, possession of a controlled substance within a thousand feet
   of a school should be reserved by Indiana Law according to Indiana Law for the

                                            10
   worst offenders and the worst situations . . . So I do agree that it’s not the wors[t]
   of the wors[t] and I don’t think 20 years is appropriate for count 1. That same
   analysis does not apply to the other counts in my mind.

Tr. p. 276-77. However, Littrell knowingly brought cocaine within 1,000 feet of a school

and was driving erratically before his arrest. Tr. p. 152-53. He admitted to being “very

intoxicated” at the time of the incident. Tr. p. 259. In addition, Littrell made particularly

egregious threats to the arresting officers, threatening to rape and kill their family

members. Appellee’s App. p. 1-3. Thus, Littrell has not persuaded this Court that his

sentence is inappropriate based on the nature of the offense.

   Further, Littrell contends that his sentence is inappropriate in light of his character.

He explains that he was employed and supporting his three children before the arrest, and

his criminal record is a result of his self-reported drug abuse problem. Appellant’s Br. p.

11-12. However, the trial court found that Littrell’s sentence was appropriate given

Littrell’s criminal history, which includes five prior felony convictions, and a

“staggering” number of petitions to revoke his probation.         App. p. 56; Tr. p. 275.

Additionally, Littrell has a significant history of drug abuse. Littrell claims that his

criminal record is the result of a drug problem, but he failed to complete drug treatment

programs in 2007 and 2010 and continued to use drugs even after treatment was

administered during his prior incarceration. Tr. p. 254; App. p. 59. As criminal history

alone is sufficient to sustain an enhanced sentence, we find that the twenty-five year

aggregate sentence is not inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and Littrell’s



                                             11
character. Sherwood v. State, 702 N.E.2d 694, 699 (Ind. 1998); Ind. Code § 35-38-1-

7.1(a)(2).

                                    IV. Typographical Error

   Finally, Littrell requests that the sentencing order be amended to show that Littrell’s

conviction on Count VII, operating a vehicle while having a schedule I or schedule II

controlled substance in the body, was a Class C misdemeanor, not a felony as indicated in

the guilty plea and sentencing orders. The State acknowledges that the offense was

indeed a misdemeanor, not a felony. Therefore, we remand this matter to the trial court

with instructions to correct this error in the guilty plea and sentencing orders.

   Based on the foregoing, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed and remanded for

the sole purpose of correcting a typographical error in the guilty plea and sentencing

orders, which mistakenly lists one of Littrell’s misdemeanors as a felony.

KIRSCH, J., and BAILEY, J., concur.




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