
106 U.S. 260 (____)
WALLACE
v.
PENFIELD.
Supreme Court of United States.

*261 Mr. Eppa Hunton and Mr. W.H. Hatch for the appellants.
Mr. John D.S. Dryden, contra.
*262 MR. JUSTICE HARLAN, after stating the facts, delivered the opinion of the court.
A very careful scrutiny of the record has brought our minds to the conclusion that the decree below cannot be sustained. The evidence clearly establishes that Williams, with his own means, purchased the land in question with the intention of immediately improving it and making it the permanent residence of himself and family. Indeed, the fact is substantially admitted in the answer of himself and wife. But fraud is not shown upon his part, either in causing the conveyance to be made to her, or in using his means, to the extent that he did, in improving the land. The facts are entirely consistent with an honest purpose to deal fairly with any creditors he then had, or might thereafter have in the ordinary course of his business. It is true that he was somewhat indebted at the time of this voluntary settlement upon his wife, but his indebtedness was not such in amount or character as, taking into consideration the value of his other property interests, rendered it unjust to creditors, existing or future, that he should, out of his income or estate, provide a home for his family by improving this tract. When it was conveyed to her, as well as during all the period when he improved it by the erection of a dwelling and other houses thereon, he had, according to the weight of the evidence, property which his creditors could reach, exceeding, in value, all his existing indebtedness by several thousand dollars. He was engaged in active business, with fair prospects, good credit, and, as we may infer from the record, unsullied reputation. His indebtedness existing at the time of the settlement upon the wife, as well as that which arose during the period of the improvements, was subsequently, and without unreasonable delay, fully discharged by him. Commenced in 1868, they were all, with trifling exceptions, completed and paid for before the close of the summer of 1869. So far as the record discloses, no creditor, who was such when the settlement was made or the improvements were going on, was materially hindered by the withdrawal by Williams, from his means or business, of the sums necessary to pay for the land and improvements. Those who seek, in this suit, to impeach the original settlement, or to reach the means he invested in improving his wife's land, *263 became his creditors some time after the improvements (with slight exceptions not worth mentioning) had been made and paid for. If they trusted him in the belief that he owned the land, it was negligent in them so to do, for the conveyance of Feb. 11, 1868, duly acknowledged, was filed for record within a few days after its execution. The circumstance that the original deed did not give an accurate description of the land intended to be conveyed ought not to defeat the original settlement upon her, inasmuch as the description could leave no one in serious doubt that the land intended to be conveyed was that now in dispute. There is no intimation in the pleadings that the banks supposed, when contracting with him, or accepting from others commercial paper upon which his name appeared, that the deed of Feb. 11, 1868, described land other than that upon which he, after that date, resided. On the contrary, the amended bill proceeds, in part, upon the ground, distinctly stated, that the land intended to be conveyed by that deed is that now in dispute, and that the only purpose of the deed of Dec. 13, 1871, was to correct the erroneous description in the deed of 1868.
An effort is made to show that some of the debts, evidenced by the notes upon which the banks obtained judgment, existed when the conveyance of 1868 was executed or the improvements in question were made. But the evidence furnishes no basis for such a contention, except as to the note for $1,635.25, executed Aug. 14, 1871, held by the La Grange Savings Bank. As to that note, the president of the bank states that in it was merged a prior note for $800 or $1,000, given by the parties last named in 1866 or 1867. But his evidence shows that he is not at all clear or positive in his recollections upon the subject; and, according to the decided preponderance of testimony, Williams was not a party to the note, which, it is claimed, was merged in that of Aug. 14, 1871. The proof, upon this point, renders it quite certain that no part of the debt evidenced by that note existed against Williams, until, as surety for Simpson, he signed that note.
The principles of law which must determine the rights of the parties are well established by the decisions of the Supreme Court of Missouri. In Pepper v. Carter, 11 Mo. 540, that court, *264 after remarking that the question as to what would render a voluntary conveyance void as to creditors under the statute of Elizabeth, from which the Missouri statute was borrowed, had undergone much discussion, and been the subject of contradictory opinions, said: "Some would make an indebtedness per se evidence of fraud against existing creditors. Others would leave every conveyance of the kind to be judged by its own circumstances, and from them infer the existence or non-existence of fraud in each particular transaction. Without determining the question as to existing creditors, we may safely affirm that all the cases will warrant the opinion that a voluntary conveyance as to subsequent creditors, although the party be embarrassed at the time of its execution, is not fraudulent per se as to them; but the fact, whether it is fraudulent or not, is to be determined from all the circumstances. I do not say that the fact of indebtedness is not to weigh in the consideration of the question of fraud in such cases, but that it is not conclusive." In the later case of Payne v. Stanton, 59 Mo. 158, the same court, while quoting approvingly the language just cited from Pepper v. Carter, said that the "doctrine is well settled that a voluntary conveyance by a person in debt is not, as to subsequent creditors, fraudulent per se. To make it fraudulent, as to subsequent creditors, there must be proof of actual or intentional fraud. As to creditors existing at the time, if the effect and operation of the conveyance are to hinder or defraud them, it may, as to them, be justly regarded as invalid; but no such reason can be urged in behalf of those who become creditors afterwards."
These decisions control the present case. Neither the conveyance to the wife nor the withdrawal of the husband's means from his business for the purpose of improving the land settled upon her, had the effect and operation to hinder or defraud his then existing creditors. Nor does the evidence justify the conclusion that the conveyance was executed, or the improvements made, with an intent to hinder or defraud either existing or subsequent creditors. Giving full weight to all the circumstances, there is no reason to impute fraud to the husband.
Decree reversed with directions to dismiss the bill.
