









In The

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana


______________________________


No. 06-06-00230-CR

______________________________



JAMES RENE HAYES, Appellant


V.


THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee





On Appeal from the 6th Judicial District Court

Lamar County, Texas

Trial Court No. 21254







Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Carter


MEMORANDUM OPINION


	In a single, three-day trial, James Rene Hayes was convicted of three charges of possession
of a controlled substance (cocaine), four or more grams, less than 200 grams. (1)  See Tex. Health &
Safety Code Ann. § 481.115(d) (Vernon 2003).  He has filed a consolidated appeal attacking all
three convictions.  Each case involved a separate date, and some of Hayes' appellate issues are case
specific.  We affirm each conviction and sentence. (2)
	The instant cause number concerns an allegation that, on or about November 15, 2004, 
Hayes possessed approximately fifteen to twenty rocks of crack cocaine.  Hayes contests that
conviction on the following grounds:  (1) the conviction was secured in part by the State's use of
perjured testimony; (2) the evidence was insufficient to sustain the conviction; (3) the State's law
enforcement witnesses gave expert testimony without adequate evidence of the opinions' reliability;
(4)  the aggregate effect of erroneous rulings and actions by the trial court deprived Hayes of due
process; and (5) his counsel was constitutionally ineffective.  We find no merit to these allegations
and affirm the trial court's judgment. 
I.	Facts 
	On November 15, 2004, law enforcement officers executed a search warrant at 221 8th N.E.,
Paris, Texas.  When they arrived, the officers saw Hayes leaning against an older-model, red, primed
pickup truck, and he appeared to be talking on a cell phone.  Hayes ignored officers' instructions to
get on the ground and had to be placed there by the officers.  A napkin wrapped around several rocks
of crack cocaine was found tucked inside a tear in the truck's seat.  On the toolbox in the back of the
truck, officers found mail addressed to Hayes at the house listed in the warrant.  A key to the truck's
ignition was found in Hayes' pocket. 
II.	Allegation of Perjured Testimony
	In Hayes' first point of error specific to this conviction, he attacks the credibility of State's
witness Terry Brunson, who testified as a confidential informant about the arrest made on
November 15, 2004.  Brunson said he had seen Hayes driving the pickup truck the day the warrant
was executed.  He also said he had seen Hayes driving the truck during the week before the warrant
was executed.  Brunson said that, during this period, he had been working various maintenance jobs. 
But later in his testimony, he said he had quit doing such work "four years ago, three years ago." 
Brunson gave this testimony on August 31, 2006.  Hayes claims that Brunson perjured himself and
that such perjury contributed to his conviction.  Thus, reasons Hayes, this conviction must be set
aside.
	The trial of this case took place August 31-September 2, 2006, and the arrest of Hayes for
this charge occurred in November 2004.  If it had been three or four years since Brunson ceased the
maintenance work, as he estimated, a conflict appeared in his testimony.  However, this does not
necessarily translate into perjury.  Brown v. State, 477 S.W.2d 617, 623 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972)
(conflicting testimony alone does not indicate perjury).  Hayes had the burden to show that the
testimony was perjured.  See Hawkins v. State, 660 S.W.2d 65, 75 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983); Salazar
v. State, 716 S.W.2d 733, 735 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1986, pet. ref'd).  Perjury requires, in part,
that one make a false statement under oath, with "intent to deceive and with knowledge of the
statement's meaning."  Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 37.02(a)(1) (Vernon 2003).  Hayes has not
attempted to demonstrate any evidence that would show this alleged conflicting testimony of
Brunson was made with an intent to deceive rather than being a mere misjudgment of the amount
of time (almost two years rather than three or four) that he had been unemployed.  In fact, he was not
even questioned further on this issue.  The jury is the judge of the credibility of the witnesses, and
Hayes did bring this alleged inconsistency to the jury's attention in his jury summation.  
	Hayes has not attempted to demonstrate that the State solicited false evidence or knowingly
failed to correct it.  See Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 269-70 (1959).  
	We overrule this point of error.  
III. Sufficiency of Evidence
	In his next point of error specific to this offense, Hayes says that the evidence is insufficient
to support his conviction for the November 2004 offense. (3)  As summarized above, law enforcement
officers were executing a search warrant, seeking narcotics, among other things, at a Paris residence. 
When they arrived, the officers found Hayes next to a pickup truck, talking on a cell phone.  Crack
cocaine was found within the cab of the truck.  A key to the truck was found in Hayes' pocket.  
	A conviction for possession of cocaine, a penalty group 1 controlled substance, (4) is supported
only when the defendant "knowingly or intentionally possesses" the cocaine.  See Tex. Health &
Safety Code Ann. § 481.115(a) (Vernon 2003).  Proof of possession requires evidence that the
accused exercised "actual care, custody, control, or management" over the substance.  Tex. Penal
Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(39) (Vernon Supp. 2007); see also Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann.
§ 481.002(38) (Vernon Supp. 2007).  Thus, the State must prove the accused (1) exercised "actual
care, custody, control or management over the [contraband]" and (2) knew that the matter
"possessed" was contraband.  Martin v. State, 753 S.W.2d 384, 387 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). 
	When an accused is not in exclusive possession of the place where contraband is found, it
cannot be concluded he or she had knowledge or control over the contraband unless there are
additional independent facts and circumstances that link the accused to the contraband. Poindexter
v. State, 153 S.W.3d 402 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).  The number of links present is not as important
as the degree to which they tend to link the defendant to the controlled substance. Taylor v. State,
106 S.W.3d 827, 831 (Tex. App.--Dallas 2003, no pet.); Williams v. State, 906 S.W.2d 58, 65 (Tex.
App.--Tyler 1995, pet. ref'd); Whitworth v. State, 808 S.W.2d 566, 569 (Tex. App.--Austin 1991,
pet. ref'd).  There is no set formula of facts that dictate a finding of links sufficient to support an
inference of knowing possession of contraband.  Porter v. State, 873 S.W.2d 729, 732 (Tex.
App.--Dallas 1994, pet. ref'd).  These "links" may be either direct or circumstantial and must
establish, to the requisite level of confidence, that the accused's connection with the drug was more
than just fortuitous.
	Among the "links" to the contraband we consider are whether:  (1) the contraband was in
plain view or recovered from an enclosed place; (2) the accused was the owner of the premises or
the place where the contraband was found; (3) the accused was found with a large amount of cash;
(4) the contraband was conveniently accessible to the accused; (5) the contraband was found in close
proximity to the accused; (6) a strong residual odor of the contraband was present; (7) the accused
possessed other contraband when arrested; (8) paraphernalia to use the contraband was in view, or
found on the accused; (9) the physical condition of the accused indicated recent consumption of the
contraband in question; (10) conduct by the accused indicated a consciousness of guilt; (11) the
accused attempted to flee; (12) the accused made furtive gestures; (13) the accused had a special
connection to the contraband; (14) the occupants of the premises gave conflicting statements about
relevant matters; (15) the accused made incriminating statements connecting himself or herself to
the contraband; (16) the quantity of the contraband; and (17) the accused was observed in a
suspicious area under suspicious circumstances.  Washington v. State, 215 S.W.3d 551, 554 (Tex.
App.--Texarkana 2007, no pet.).  "It is the logical force the factors have in establishing the elements
of the offense, not the number of them, that is important."  Id.
	The relevant facts that tend to link Hayes to the drugs found in the truck are:
	(1) The evidence had established probable cause for the issuance of a search warrant for the
home and the vehicles at a location where Hayes was standing by a truck.  The search was for drugs
and related materials.
	(2) Hayes was standing "almost touching" the vehicle when the police arrived to execute a
search warrant for the premises. 
	(3) The contraband was found in the vehicle and in close proximity to Hayes.
	(4) A witness had seen Hayes drive that vehicle on the day of the search and at previous
times.
	(5) A key to the vehicle was found on Hayes' person.
	(6) A large sum of money was found on Hayes' person. 
	(7) Hayes was located in a suspicious place (a location where probable cause existed for a
search for drugs).  As recently as a day before, a person had been seen leaving these premises with
twenty-eight grams of cocaine. 
	(8) Mail addressed to Hayes at the location of the house to be searched was found on the
vehicle Hayes was standing near. 
	(9) Department of Public Safety Trooper Bryan Perry testified that, from the window near
where Hayes had been standing, Perry could see a paper napkin tucked into a tear in the truck's seat. (5) 
The paper contained the drugs. 
	We find the evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to support the jury's verdict. 
IV.	Purported Expert Testimony
	Hayes complains that, throughout the trial, the State was able to offer testimony from law
enforcement officers that amounted to expert testimony and that this testimony did not meet the
reliability requirements for expert testimony.  See Tex. R. Evid. 702; see generally Daubert v.
Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993); Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d
706, 714 (Tex. 1997).  Hayes attacks several witnesses' testimony, covering all three alleged
offenses.  We address, in this opinion, only testimony pertaining to the alleged possession of cocaine
on November 15, 2004.  
	Hayes complains that Officer Shane Stone, of the Paris Police Department, offered testimony
which amounted to an opinion that Hayes was a drug dealer:  Stone said that, when he searched
Hayes, Hayes had about $1,238.00 in cash.  The State asked if Stone felt this fact significant; Hayes
objected that the answer would call for speculation.  The objection was overruled, and Stone
answered, "A lot of times drug dealers dealing crack have 5s, 10s and 20s because that's how they
purchase crack from them in the 5s, 10s and 20s.  If you're buying a 20 dollar rock cocaine, you're
going to have a lot of 5s, 10s and 20s and 1s, small bills."  Hayes' trial objection does not comport
with his appellate complaint.  He has not preserved this matter for our review.  See Tex. R. App. P.
33.1(a)(1)(A); Wilson v. State, 71 S.W.3d 346, 349 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). 
	Hayes also complains the "State . . . offered testimony suggesting that drug dealers leased
Cadillac Escalades from out of town."  Trooper Perry answered the State's questions about executing
search warrants and conducting seizure proceedings incident to drug arrests and explained the
inconsistency of driving a Cadillac automobile when one had no job.  Hayes offered no objection
to this testimony, and accordingly has failed to preserve this matter for appellate review.  We
overrule this point of error. 
V.	Multifarious Point of Error
	In a single point of error, Hayes says that the aggregate effect of the trial court's rulings and
conduct of the trial deprived Hayes of his due-process rights.  Hayes raises eight complaints:  some
re-argue his complaints about testifying officers' opinions; one complains of the court reporter not
transcribing bench conferences; and some complain of the trial court's rulings or statements.  A point
of error that embraces more than one specific ground of error is multifarious, and we may decline
to review it.  See Bell v. Tex. Dep't of Crim. Justice--Institutional Div., 962 S.W.2d 156, 157-58
(Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, pet. denied).  Additionally, Hayes offers little to no analysis
or authority to support his claims of due-process violation.  See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(h); Ex parte
Granger, 850 S.W.2d 513, 515 n.6 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).  Finding this point of error multifarious
and inadequately briefed, we overrule it.  
VI.	Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
	Hayes' final point of error complains that his counsel (who represented Hayes both at trial
and on appeal) was constitutionally ineffective for failing to request a hearing on the various officers'
qualifications to offer expert testimony.  We overrule this point of error.  
	Ineffective assistance of counsel claims are evaluated under the two-part test formulated by
the United States Supreme Court in Strickland v. Washington, requiring a showing of both deficient
performance and prejudice.  466 U.S. 668, 689 (1984).  A Strickland claim must be "firmly founded
in the record" and "the record must affirmatively demonstrate" the meritorious nature of the claim. 
Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d
808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
	Direct appeal is usually an inadequate vehicle for raising such a claim because the record is
generally undeveloped for the object of litigating or preserving the claim and thus often incomplete
or inadequate for this purpose.  See Goodspeed, 187 S.W.3d at 392; Freeman v. State, 125 S.W.3d
505, 506 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Fuller v. State, 224 S.W.3d 823, 828-29 (Tex. App.--Texarkana
2007, no pet.).  This is true with regard to the question of deficient performance--in which counsel's
conduct is reviewed with great deference, without the distorting effects of hindsight--where
counsel's reasons for failing to do something do not appear in the record.  Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at
813.  The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has said that "trial counsel should ordinarily be afforded
an opportunity to explain his actions" before a court finds that he or she rendered ineffective
assistance.  See Goodspeed, 187 S.W.3d at 392 n.14 (quoting Rylander v. State, 101 S.W.3d 107,
111 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)); Fox v. State, 175 S.W.3d 475, 485 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 2005, pet.
ref'd).
	Hayes' claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is predicated on his claim that law
enforcement witnesses improperly gave expert opinions during their testimony.   
	As it pertains to this case, Hayes complains that such expert testimony was offered by the
following:
	(1) Testimony by Stone that he found $1,238.00 on Hayes in denominations of 5s, 10s, and
20s, mainly.  When asked the significance of that, Stone responded, "A lot of times drug dealers
dealing crack have 5s, 10s and 20s because that's how they purchase crack from them in the 5s, 10s
and 20s.  If you're buying a 20 dollar rock cocaine, you're going to have a lot of 5s, 10s and 20s and
1s, small bills." 
		Q.	Is it kind of like a business, you have to have change?
		A.	Yes, ma'am.  	
	(2) Perry was explaining how property is sometimes seized as contraband when it appears
the defendant has no employment to be able to afford property.  He was then asked: 
		Q.	If someone is getting a disability check and driving a [sic] Escalade,
they don't go together.  
 
		A.	No, sir.

		Q.	If a person is renting a [sic] Escalade say from the State of Louisiana,
do those things go together?

		A.	No, sir.

		Q.	Why?

		A.	On a disability check you couldn't afford to rent a [sic] Escalade.  I
have a job, and I couldn't rent a [sic] Escalade. 
	Hayes claims these lines of testimony amounted to expert opinion testimony from the
officers, and his trial counsel was obligated to request a hearing, outside the jury's presence, on the
admissibility of these opinions.  See Tex. R. Evid. 705.  
	The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has provided the courts some guidelines to follow in
making a decision such as this.  In Osbourn v. State, 92 S.W.3d 531 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002), the
court discussed the admissibility of a police officer's identification of marihuana by its smell. 
Ultimately, the court held that such testimony was not of an expert nature and was admissible as a
lay opinion authorized by Tex. R. Evid. 701.  In explaining this, the court stated:  "When a witness
who is capable of being qualified as an expert testifies regarding events which he or she personally
perceived, the evidence may be admissible as both Rule 701 opinion testimony and Rule 702 expert
testimony."  Osbourn, 92 S.W.3d at 536.  The court found that, even though police officers have
training and experience, they are not precluded from offering testimony regarding events which they
have personally observed.  Id.  As a general rule, observations which do not require significant
expertise to interpret and which are not based on a scientific theory can be admitted as lay opinions
if the requirements of Rule 701 are met.  Id. at 537.  The court found that it did not take an expert
to identify the smell of marihuana smoke and that a witness who is familiar with the odor of
marihuana smoke through past experiences can identify the substance.  Id. 
	Section (a) of Rule 701, addressing lay opinions, has been said to have two elements. 
Harnett v. State, 38 S.W.3d 650, 657-59 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, pet. ref'd).  The first element
involves the personal knowledge of the witness as required by Rule 602.  See Tex. R. Evid. 602. 
The necessary personal knowledge may be gained by perception of fact by the senses of the witness. 
Harnett, 38 S.W.3d at 658.  The second element mandates that the opinion must be one a reasonable
person could draw from the underlying facts.  Id.  The requirements of Section (b) of Rule 701 are
clear.  Under Rule 701, much must be left to the discretion of the trial court.  Id. at 658; Austin v.
State, 794 S.W.2d 408, 410 (Tex. App.--Austin 1990, pet. ref'd).  If the witness perceived events
and formed an opinion that a reasonable person could draw from the facts, then the first part of the
rule is met.  If the opinion is also helpful to the trier of fact to understand the witness' testimony or
aids in the determination of a fact in issue, then the opinion is admissible under Rule 701.  It is
possible, and certainly within the trial court's discretion, that this testimony qualified as lay opinion. 
	Regarding the arrest incident to the search warrant, in November 2004, Trooper Perry
testified Hayes was found to have $1,238.00 on his person and some of it was in small denomination
bills ($5s, $10s, and $20s), which is used in buying small amounts of controlled substances.  He also
testified to the incongruity of an individual receiving disability benefits having the financial means
to rent an Escalade motor vehicle.  If this is opinion testimony, it certainly does not require 
significant expertise to interpret these facts and it does not involve a scientific theory.  Even if these
events are not normally encountered by most people in everyday life, it does not require expert
testimony to observe that drugs are dealt most commonly in small $20.00 increments and that one
involved in that endeavor would be required to be able to "make change."  
	Further stating that one who has no visible means of support is normally unable to afford to
drive a Cadillac Escalade is nothing more than the exercise of common sense.  If these statements
from these two witnesses were opinions, they were perceptions based on their personal knowledge
combined with the application of their experiences from their life, not from scientific theories.  No
expert testimony was involved, and counsel was not acting deficiently by failing to request a hearing
to determine the expert qualifications and reliability of the testimony of these two witnesses.
	Other cases have allowed the introduction of evidence of lay opinion testimony on numerous
matters.  See, e.g., Williams v. State, 191 S.W.3d 242, 253-54 (Tex. App.--Austin 2006, no pet.)
(police officer designated as a "mental health officer" after attending a forty-hour course was
permitted to testify that suspect did not exhibit signs characteristic of someone having a mental
health issue); Cortez v. State, No. 2-05-147-CR, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 4998 (Tex. App.--Fort
Worth June 8, 2006, pet. ref'd) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (officer testified from his
training and experience that, many times when police find surveillance cameras and scales around
a house, drugs are present); Livingston v. State, Nos. 01-04-00955-CR, 01-04-00956-CR,
01-04-00957-CR, 01-04-00958-CR, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 2234, at *3 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st
Dist.] Mar. 23, 2006, pets. dism'd [4 pets.], pets. ref'd [4 pets.]) (mem. op., not designated for
publication) (witness permitted to testify boat smelled "like cigarettes, stale beer, and like sweaty
sex"); In re J.A.M., No. 03-02-00610-CV, 2003 Tex. App. LEXIS 8662 (Tex. App.--Austin Oct.
9, 2003, no pet.) (witness allowed to testify of her interpretation of gestures describing drowning a
cat). 
	Counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to object to this testimony, and any
Strickland complaint necessarily fails.  Cf. Ex parte Thompson, 179 S.W.3d 549, 559-60 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2005) (defendant not entitled to jury charge on lesser-included offense; therefore, counsel not
ineffective for failing to request); McFarland v. State, 845 S.W.2d 824, 846 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)
(not ineffective assistance of counsel for attorney to fail to object to admissible evidence). 
	Failure to make the required showing of either deficient performance or sufficient prejudice
defeats the ineffectiveness claim.  Id.  Absent both showings, an appellate court cannot conclude the
conviction resulted from a breakdown in the adversarial process that renders the result unreliable. 
Ex parte Menchaca, 854 S.W.2d 128, 131 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).  The appellant bears the burden
of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that counsel was ineffective.  Thompson, 9 S.W.3d
at 813.  We find that, under these circumstances and based on the state of the record before us, Hayes
has not carried that burden.  This point of error is overruled.  
	We affirm the judgment of the trial court.  



						Jack Carter
						Justice

Date Submitted:	January 16, 2008
Date Decided:		February 1, 2008

Do Not Publish


1. All three indictments allege possession with intent to deliver; the State abandoned the
delivery allegations. 
2. Please see our opinions in cause numbers 06-06-00229-CR and 06-06-00231-CR, both
styled Hayes v. State, issued on even date with this opinion.
3. Hayes only alleges the evidence is insufficient without designating whether he is referring
to legal or factual sufficiency, or both.  We will use the usual standards of review.  In our review of
the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we employ the standards set forth in Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U.S. 307, 319 (1979).  This calls on the court to view the relevant evidence in the light most
favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.  Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2000).  In our review, we must evaluate all of the evidence in the record, both direct and
circumstantial, whether admissible or inadmissible.  Dewberry v. State, 4 S.W.3d 735, 740 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1999); Johnson v. State, 871 S.W.2d 183, 186 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).
	In a factual sufficiency review, we review all the evidence, but do so in a neutral light and
determine whether the evidence supporting the verdict is so weak or is so outweighed by the great
weight and preponderance of the evidence that the jury's verdict is clearly wrong or manifestly
unjust.  Roberts v. State, 220 S.W.3d 521, 524 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Marshall v. State, 210
S.W.3d 618, 625 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414-15 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2006); Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 134 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).  The difference between
the standards for legal and factual sufficiency is that legal sufficiency requires the reviewing court
to defer to the jury's credibility and weight determinations while factual sufficiency permits the
reviewing court to substitute its judgment for the jury's on these questions "albeit to a very limited
degree."  Marshall, 210 S.W.3d at 625.
4. See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.102(3)(D) (Vernon Supp. 2007).
5. Perry testified as follows:   

	I looked in the -- I looked inside the driver's side window and the seat was kind of
torn and I saw like a napkin stuck under the -- it would be the outer skin of the [seat]. 
I opened the door and pulled it out and opened it up and that's when I find another
napkin or paper towel inside that contained what I recognized as crack cocaine.  . . .
[looking at an exhibit / picture ] . . . These are the paper towels that the crack was
contained inside the Ford pickup that was underneath the skin of the seat, the cover
of the seat. 


BR2">
							Josh R. Morriss, III
						       Chief Justice

Date Submitted:	June 12, 2006
Date Decided:		October 20, 2006
1. The lawsuit was filed after July 1, 2003.  Although several of the statutes concerning
contribution were amended effective July 1, 2003, none of the amendments impact this discussion.
2. This is the calculation the trial court made and incorporated into the judgment.  Removing
one-third from Cernat's $120,000.00 in total damages yields a judgment for Cernat of $80,000.00,
while removing one-third from Ciupitu's $75,000.00 in total damages yields a judgment for Ciupitu
of $50,000.00.
3. Repealed by Act of June 16, 1985, 69th Leg., R.S.,  Ch. 959, § 9, 1985 Tex. Gen. Laws 3322
(effective Sept. 1, 1985)  (current version at Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 33.012, 33.013).
4. Since the jury found Cernat twenty-five percent responsible, Section 33.012 mandates that
his gross damages be reduced by that percentage--in other words, reduced to seventy-five percent
of Cernat's gross damages.
5. Since the jury found Ciupitu twenty-five percent responsible, Section 33.012 mandates that
his gross damages be reduced by that percentage--in other words, reduced to seventy-five percent
of Ciupitu's gross damages.
6. In our case, the effective, or constraining, limit is set by Section 33.013.  Since Sections
33.012 and 33.013 set independent limits, the effect is that variations in the number of plaintiffs, the
number of defendants, and the percentages of responsibility of the various parties can change which
of the two sections is the effective limit, that is, which one sets the lower limit in each particular case. 

