                                     COURT OF APPEALS
                                  EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                       EL PASO, TEXAS

 EL PASO COUNTY,                                   §
                                                                    No. 08-16-00081-CV
                               Appellant,          §
                                                                      Appeal from the
 v.                                                §
                                                                    346th District Court
 SUNLIGHT ENTERPRISES CO., INC.,                   §
                                                                 of El Paso County, Texas
                               Appellee.           §
                                                                   (TC# 2014DCV3555)
                                                   §

                                            OPINION

        Since 1891, Texas law has provided that a contract stipulation requiring a claimant to give

notice of a claim for damages as a condition precedent to the right to sue on the contract is not valid

unless it is reasonable, and that a stipulation requiring notification within less than 90 days is void.

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 16.071(a) (West 2015). The construction contract between

Sunlight Enterprises Co., Inc. and El Paso County provides that any contractor claims for

additional compensation and extension of time are waived unless submitted to the County within

seven calendar days. The controlling issue in this permissive appeal is whether Section 16.071(a)

of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code applies and renders the seven-day notice

provisions void.    We conclude Section 16.071(a) does not apply and does not render the

seven-day notice provisions void. Accordingly, we reverse and remand this case to the trial court
for further proceedings in light of this opinion.

                                              BACKGROUND

        The County and Sunlight executed a fixed-price construction contract for the renovation of

the El Paso County Sports Park. After the County imposed liquidated damages on Sunlight for

lack of performance and then terminated the contract, Sunlight sued the County for breach of

contract, alleging in part that it had incurred additional costs due to delay and hindrance by the

County.1 The County alleged that Sunlight had waived any claims for additional compensation

and additional time to complete the project because it had failed to timely submit those claims as

required by Paragraph 13 of the construction contract.

        Subparagraph 13(A) of the construction contract requires that all contractor claims be

submitted within seven calendar days:

        (A) All Contractor claims against the Owner shall be initiated by a written claim
        submitted to the Owner and the Architect. Such claim shall be received by the
        Owner and the Architect no later than seven (7) calendar days after the event, or the
        first appearance of the circumstances, causing the claim, and same shall set forth in
        detail all known facts and circumstances supporting the claim[.]

Subparagraph 13(D) provides that in making a claim for an increase in the contract price, the

contractor must strictly comply with the seven-day notice provision in 13(A) as a condition

precedent to any liability of the owner and that failure to comply constitutes a waiver by the

contractor of any claim for additional damages:

        (D) In the event the Contractor seeks to make a claim for an increase in the
        Contract Price, as a condition precedent to any liability of the Owner therefore, the
        Contractor shall strictly comply with the requirements of Subparagraph 13(A)
        above and such claim shall be made by the Contractor before proceeding to execute
        any additional or changed work. Failure of the condition precedent to occur shall

1
  The Local Government Code waives immunity and allows suits against a county for breach of a construction
contract to recover, among other things, the increased cost to perform the work as a direct result of owner-caused
delays or acceleration. TEX. LOCAL GOV’T CODE ANN. § 262.007(a, b) (West 2016).
                                                        2
       constitute a waiver by the Contractor of any claim for additional compensation[.]

Subparagraph 13(F) similarly provides that in making any claim for an extension of time, the

contractor must strictly comply with the seven-day notice provision in 13(A) and that failure to do

so results in waiver of any claim for an extension of time:

       (F) In the event the Contractor should be delayed in performing any task which at
       the time of the delay is then critical, or which during the delay becomes critical, as
       the sole result of any act or omission by the Owner or someone acting in the
       Owner’s behalf, or by Owner-authorized Change Orders, . . . the date for achieving
       Substantial Completion, or, as applicable, final completion, shall be appropriately
       adjusted by the Owner upon the written claim of the Contractor to the Owner and
       the Architect. . . . Any claim for an extension of time by the Contractor shall
       strictly comply with the requirements of Subparagraph 13(A) above. If the
       Contractor fails to make such claim as required in this Subparagraph 13(F), any
       claim for an extension of time shall be waived.

       Both parties filed motions for partial summary judgment.          Sunlight argued that the

seven-day notice deadlines imposed by Subparagraphs 13(A), (D), and (F) were rendered void by

Section 16.071(a) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, which provides:

       (a) A contract stipulation that requires a claimant to give notice of a claim for
       damages as a condition precedent to the right to sue on the contract is not valid
       unless the stipulation is reasonable. A stipulation that requires notification within
       less than 90 days is void.

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 16.071(a). The County argued that Section 16.071(a) was

inapplicable because it applies only when the contract requires a claimant to give “notice of a

claim for damages” as a condition precedent to the right to sue on the contract, and the provisions

in the construction contract required notice only as to particular contract rights, not “notice of a

claim for damages.”

       The trial court concluded that Section 16.071(a) was applicable and that the seven-day

notice provisions of Subparagraphs 13(A), (D), and (F) were void, preventing the County from


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relying on those provisions to bar Sunlight’s claims for additional compensation and additional

time. Accordingly, the trial court granted Sunlight’s motion for partial summary judgment and

denied the County’s motion for partial summary judgment. Both the trial court and this Court

granted the County permission to pursue a permissive interlocutory appeal. See TEX. CIV. PRAC.

& REM. CODE ANN. § 51.014(d)(1) (West Supp. 2016) (permissive appeal allowed from order

involving controlling question of law on which there is a substantial ground for difference of

opinion); see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 168; TEX. R. APP. P. 28.3.

                                          DISCUSSION

       The controlling question of law in this permissive appeal is whether Section 16.071(a)

renders Subparagraphs 13(A), (D), and (F) void and unenforceable by the County. In Issue One,

the County contends that Section 16.071(a) does not apply because Subparagraphs 13(A), (D), and

(F) did not require Sunlight to give “notice of a claim for damages” as a condition precedent to the

right to sue on the contract. We agree.

                                       Standard of Review

       A statute’s meaning is a question of law we review de novo. LTTS Charter Sch., Inc. v.

C2 Constr., Inc., 342 S.W.3d 73, 75 (Tex. 2011). Likewise, whether a contract comes within a

statute is a question of law that we review de novo. See Dynegy, Inc. v. Yates, 422 S.W.3d 638,

642 (Tex. 2013). In construing a statute, we look for the Legislature’s expressed intent, which

ordinarily is found in the words used in the statute. LTTS Charter Sch., Inc., 342 S.W.3d at 75.

We give unambiguous text its ordinary meaning, aided by the interpretive context provided by “the

surrounding statutory landscape.” Id. (quoting Presidio Ind. Sch. Dist. v. Scott, 309 S.W.3d 927,

929 (Tex. 2010)).


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                                             Analysis

       We start with the language the Legislature chose in Section 16.071(a). By its terms, the

90-day minimum notice requirement contained in Section 16.071(a) applies to a contract

stipulation that requires a claimant to give a “notice of a claim for damages” as a condition

precedent to the right to sue on the contract. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 16.071(a).

The specific legal issue before us is whether Subparagraphs 13(A), (D), and (F), which impose a

seven-day submission deadline on a “claim for an increase in the Contract Price” and a “claim for

an extension of time,” constitute contract stipulations that require a claimant “to give notice of a

claim for damages” as a condition precedent to the right to sue on the contract. Sunlight argues

that Section 16.071(a) applies because the contract provisions effectively bar its right to sue for

damages for additional compensation and additional time. The County argues that Section

16.071(a) is not applicable because, as interpreted by the Texas Supreme Court, a claim for

additional compensation or additional time is not “a claim for damages” under the statute.

       The statutory language used in Section 16.071(a) has existed in its present form since 1891.

See Greene v. Farmers Ins. Exch., 446 S.W.3d 761, 774 (Tex. 2014) (“In 1891, the Legislature

enacted a statute that invalidated any policy provision ‘requiring notice to be given of any claim

for damages as a condition precedent to the right to sue thereon,’ unless the provision was

‘reasonable’ and allowed at least ninety days for notice.”); Taber v. W. Union Tel. Co., 104 Tex.

272, 137 S.W. 106, 107 (1911) (noting that the first statute was enacted in March 1891). And yet,

as both parties recognize, no court has specifically addressed whether Section 16.071(a) applies to

notice-of-claim provisions contained in construction contracts, despite their prevalence in the

industry.


                                                 5
       Despite the lack of cases addressing the application of Section 16.071(a) in the

construction-contract context, we conclude that Texas case law supports the County’s contention

that Section 16.071(a) does not apply to Subparagraphs 13(A), (D), and (F). First, we agree that

Section 16.071(a) must be strictly construed because it is restrictive and in derogation of the

common-law right to freely contract. Travelers’ Ins. Co. of Hartford, Conn. v. Scott, 218 S.W.

53, 57 (Tex.Civ.App. – Fort Worth 1919, writ ref’d) (Section 16.071(a) “is restrictive and in

derogation of the common-law right to freely contract, and therefore, under well-settled rules [it is]

to be construed strictly”). We also agree that consistent with this policy, the Texas Supreme

Court has narrowly construed the statutory language “notice of a claim for damages” to mean

“notice of a cause of action.” See Komatsu v. U.S. Fire Ins. Co., 806 S.W.2d 603, 606 (Tex.App.

– Fort Worth 1991, writ denied) (finding it “abundantly clear” that the Supreme Court has

construed the statutory language “claim for damages” in Section 16.071(a) to mean “cause of

action”).

       This narrow construction is consistent with the surrounding statutory language that the

“notice of a claim for damages” must be “a condition precedent to the right to sue on the

contract[.]” It is also consistent with the surrounding statutory landscape, since Section 16.071 is

contained in Chapter 16 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code, which sets out the limitations

periods for various causes of action. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 16.001 - .072

(West 2002, West 2015, West Supp. 2016).

       The Supreme Court first alluded to this narrow construction in Taber in 1911, when it

discussed the applicability of article 3379 (an earlier predecessor to Section 16.071(a)) and stated

that the 90-day minimum notice period should be computed from the time the cause of action


                                                  6
arose:

         [W]e are of the opinion the 90–day period should be computed from the time the
         cause of action arose, and that such period was intended by the Legislature to be
         designated. The purpose of the act was to fix a minimum period of 90 days from the
         time the cause of action arose, in which notice of any claim for damages might be
         required by stipulation, as a condition precedent to the right to sue[.]

137 S.W. at 108 (emphasis added). More recently, the Supreme Court has reaffirmed its narrow

construction when it held that a deposit agreement requiring customers to give notice of any

unauthorized transactions within 60 days of the mailing of the account statement, or waive any

objections, does not violate Section 16.071(a), because “by its terms” the statute does not apply

“when the notice to be given is not notice of a claim for damages, but rather notice of unauthorized

transactions.” Am. Airlines Employees Fed. Credit Union v. Martin, 29 S.W.3d 86, 89, 97 (Tex.

2000). In so holding, the Court explained that the purpose of the notice requirement was to

prevent unauthorized transactions, and that if the customer gives prompt notice, the funds might be

recovered “and the customer may not even have a claim for damages.” Id. at 98.

         The Court reaffirmed its holding in Martin two years later when it specifically disavowed a

court of appeals’ holding that a 14-day notice provision for unauthorized transactions in a deposit

account was a “notice of a claim for damages” and void under Section 16.071(a). See Cmty. Bank

& Trust v. Fleck, 107 S.W.3d 541, 542 (Tex. 2002) (per curiam); see also Cardinal Health

Solutions, Inc. v. Valley Baptist Med. Ctr., No. 1:07-CV-00111, 2008 WL 5047673, at *4 (S.D.

Tex. Nov. 21, 2008) (mem. op.) (following Martin in holding that a contract provision, providing

that an invoice not objected to in writing within thirty 30 calendar days after receipt was

conclusively presumed to be correct in all respects, was not void under Section 16.071(a) because

it was not a “notice of a claim for damages”).


                                                  7
       Indeed, the Supreme Court’s decision in Martin is consistent with its prior decisions under

the nearly-identical predecessor statutes. For example, in St. Paul Mercury Ins. Co. v. Tri-State

Cattle Feeders, Inc., the Court explicitly disagreed with the court of appeals’ holding that a

24-hour notice of loss provision in a theft insurance policy, which required the insured to report

within 24 hours “every loss which may become a claim under this policy,” was void because it was

a “notice of claim for damages” under the statute. 638 S.W.2d 868, 869 (Tex. 1982) (per curiam).

The Court noted that it had held that the same statutory language was not applicable to an

automobile theft policy requiring immediate notice of theft in Commercial Standard Ins. Co. v.

Harper, 129 Tex. 249, 103 S.W.2d 143, 144-45 (1937) (declining to apply statutory predecessor to

insurance policy requiring immediate notice of an event of loss or damage). 638 S.W.2d at 869.

The Court explained that in Harper, “we characterized such provisions in theft policies as

requiring notice of the happening of an event upon which coverage may or may not result. The

purpose of the notice is to give the insurer an opportunity to attempt recovery of the stolen

objects.” Id. (citing Harper, 103 S.W.2d at 145). “Likewise, the 24-hour notice provision in the

present theft policy is not a ‘notice of claim for damages’ under [the statute].” Id.

       We discern from these cases that contractual notice provisions do not fall within Section

16.071(a) when they require notice of the happening of some event that is antecedent to the accrual

of a cause of action and from which a cause of action may or may not arise. In other words, a

contractual provision requiring notice of an event on which a right to sue for breach of contract

“may or may not result,” is not a contract stipulation that requires “notice of a claim for damages”

under the statute.

       Under the terms of the construction contact, the submission of a notice of a claim for


                                                 8
additional compensation or time under Subparagraphs 13(A), (D), and (F) is only a precursor to a

possible cause of action for damages, which “may or may not result.” Subparagraphs 13(A), (D),

and (F) do not mention a “claim for damages,” and the construction contract does not contain such

a notice provision.2 Rather, the contract specifically provides that both the contractor and the

owner must continue their performance of the contract “regardless of the existence of any claims

submitted by the Contractor[.]” Further, after submission of a claim, the contract contemplates

that the owner will investigate the claim and, in the event of the discovery of certain concealed and

unknown site conditions, the contract price “shall be modified, either upward or downward[.]”

Likewise, if a claim for additional time shows the contractor has suffered a critical delay resulting

from the owner’s actions or change order, the completion date “shall be appropriately adjusted by

the Owner[.]” It is only when the owner “repeatedly fails to perform its material obligations”

under the contract that the contractor may terminate the contract. We note in this regard that a

claim for breach of a construction contract does not normally accrue until the work is completed or

the contract is terminated according to its terms, whichever occurs first. See Hubble v. Lone Star

Contracting Corp., 883 S.W.2d 379, 381-82 (Tex.App. – Fort Worth 1994, writ denied); Godde v.

Wood, 509 S.W.2d 435, 441 (Tex.Civ.App. – Corpus Christi 1974, writ ref’d n.r.e.).

         This case involves only the initial step on the way to a possible cause of action for breach of

contract, i.e., the notice of an event possibly supporting additional compensation or time that could

possibly lead to a claim for damages. Thus, the notice provisions in the construction contract, like

the notice provisions in Martin, Community Bank, St. Paul, and Harper, do not constitute a “notice

of a claim for damages” under Section 16.071(a).

2
  We note that notice of a claim for damages is required by statute. A party may not sue a county for any claim before
the 60th day after the date the party presents its claim to the commissioners court and the court neglects or refuses to
pay the claim. TEX. LOCAL GOV’T CODE ANN. § 89.004(a) (West 2008).
                                                           9
       We also discern from these cases that there is good reason for the Supreme Court to so limit

the scope of Section 16.071(a). The Supreme Court has recognized the important function

contractual notice provisions serve—they provide an opportunity to investigate the claim while the

facts are fresh in order to properly assess and then possibly resolve the complaint and thereby

avoid any possible future claim for breach of contract. Similarly, the purpose of the notice

provisions in the construction contract is to give the County an opportunity, while the facts are

fresh, to evaluate any contractor claims for additional compensation and time, and if the claims are

found to be valid, to pay or approve those claims. As the Supreme Court noted in Martin, with

prompt notice, a party may not have a claim for damages since notice provides the opportunity to

possibly rectify the situation. See Martin, 29 S.W.3d at 97-98.

       Likewise, the seven-day notice provisions in the construction contract simply require

“notice of the happening of an event” ultimately upon which a breach of contract claim “may or

may not result.” If met, the provisions would have allowed the parties to investigate, evaluate,

and possibly approve and settle the claims regarding adjustments in contract time or price without

breaching the contract, thereby avoiding any ultimate claim for damages. In other words, if the

notice provisions had been followed, adjustments to contract time or price could have been made

during the course of the project without either party having to establish a breach of contract to

recover damages. As such, the contractual notice provisions do not constitute a “notice of a claim

for damages” under Section 16.071(a) and are not void under that statutory provision.

       The County notes that contractual provisions requiring notice for adjustments in time and

price are standard in the form construction contracts promulgated by various entities such as the

American Institute of Architects.     Sunlight points out, however, that generally these form


                                                10
construction contracts provide for alternate dispute resolution, while the present construction

contract does not, and argues this shows the “meager seven days” time frame and “draconian”

waiver requirement “is designed to serve as a trap for the unwary contractor.” However, we note

that application of the 60-day notice provision in Martin, and in particular the 24-hour notice

provision in St. Paul and immediate notice provision in Harper, would have ultimately resulted in

waiver of any possible breach of contract claim, but that did not transform those notice provisions

into contract stipulations subject to Section 16.071(a).       Likewise, neither does the alleged

draconian nature of the seven-day notice provisions here. Nor do we consider the lack of ADR

provisions in the construction contract significant.

       What we do consider significant is that by entering into the construction contract, Sunlight

agreed to the seven-day notice requirement, and had actual knowledge that failure to provide

timely notice would result in waiver of a claim. In re Border Steel, Inc., 229 S.W.3d 825, 834

(Tex.App. – El Paso 2007, orig. proceeding) (“One who signs a contract is legally held to have

known what words were used in the contract, to have understood their meaning, and to have

comprehended the legal effect of the contract.”); see In re Bank One, N.A., 216 S.W.3d 825, 826

(Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding) (a presumption exists that a party who signs a contract knows its

contents). Thus, like the plaintiffs in Martin, Community Bank, St. Paul, and Harper, Sunlight

was on notice going into its performance of the construction contract that if events arose justifying

a claim for additional compensation or additional time, it would be required to submit its claim

within seven calendar days or face a waiver of those claims.

       Texas strongly favors parties’ freedom of contract, which allows parties to bargain for

mutually agreeable terms and allocate risks as they see fit. Gym-N-I Playgrounds, Inc. v. Snider,


                                                 11
220 S.W.3d 905, 912 (Tex. 2007). “As a rule, parties have the right to contract as they see fit as

long as their agreement does not violate the law or public policy.” In re Prudential Ins. Co. of

Am., 148 S.W.3d 124, 129 (Tex. 2004). We have determined that the seven-day notice provisions

in Subparagraphs 13(A), (D), and (F) do not violate Texas law because Section 16.071(a) does not

apply to declare them void. And, “public policy requires” that contracts freely and voluntarily

entered into “shall be enforced by Courts of justice.” BMG Direct Mktg., Inc. v. Peake, 178

S.W.3d 763, 767 (Tex. 2005) (quoting Wood Motor Co. v. Nebel, 150 Tex. 86, 238 S.W.2d 181,

185 (1951)). Under this “paramount public policy,” we “are not lightly to interfere with this

freedom of contract.” Id. We thus decline any invitation to hold that Section 16.071(a) applies

because in hindsight the notice provisions appear to be unfavorable to Sunlight.

         In sum, we conclude that, although the notice provisions in the construction contract

address events that could lead to a claim for damages, they fail to constitute notice requirements

encompassed by Section 16.071(a) because they are not stipulations requiring “notice of a claim

for damages” as a condition precedent to the right to sue on the contract. Issue One is sustained.3

                                                 CONCLUSION

         Because Section 16.071(a) is inapplicable and does not invalidate the notice provisions in

Subparagraphs 13(A), (D), or (F) of the construction contract, we reverse the trial court’s order

granting Sunlight’s motion for partial summary judgment and denying the County’s motion for

partial summary judgment. We enter judgment in favor of the County that Section 16.071(a) is



3
  In light of our holding, we do not reach the County’s second issue, in which it contends in the alternative that if
Section 16.071(a) does apply, it is immune from its application under Section 16.061(a). See TEX. CIV. PRAC. &
REM. CODE ANN. § 16.061(a) (West 2015) (providing that a “right of action of . . . a county . . . is not barred by any of
the following sections: . . . 16.071”). Resolution of that issue is unnecessary to the final disposition of this appeal.
See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1 (the court of appeals’ opinion need only address issues “necessary to final disposition of the
appeal”).
                                                          12
inapplicable and does not render the seven-day notice provisions of Subparagraphs 13(A), (D) (F)

void, and that it does not prevent the County from relying on those provisions in connection with

Sunlight’s claims for additional compensation and additional time. We remand this case to the

trial court for further proceedings in light of this opinion.


                                                STEVEN L. HUGHES, Justice
December 9, 2016

Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, and Hughes, JJ.




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