J-A14003-17


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

KIM OLIVER P/N/G OF KATAYA                     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
HENDERSON, A MINOR,                                  PENNSYLVANIA

                         Appellant

                    v.

BOULEVARD VENTURES, LLC, D/B/A
ROLLING THUNDER,

                         Appellee                   No. 2796 EDA 2016


                Appeal from the Order Entered July 15, 2016
            In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
                     Civil Division at No(s): 150400824


BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., BOWES, J., and SHOGAN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.:                        FILED August 8, 2017

      Appellant, Kim Oliver, as parent and natural guardian of Kataya

Henderson, a minor, appeals from the trial court’s order entered July 15,

2016, granting Appellee’s, Boulevard Ventures, LLC, d/b/a Rolling Thunder,

motion for summary judgment. We affirm.

      The trial court summarized the procedural and factual background of

this case as follows:
      A. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
         On June 23, 2015, [Appellant] Kim Oliver and minor …
         Kataya Henderson filed their Third Amended Complaint
         setting forth a premises liability claim against [Rolling
         Thunder]. Discovery was completed in April 2016, and
         [Rolling Thunder] timely filed a Motion for Summary
         Judgment on April 20, 2016. [Ms. Oliver] filed a response
         to [Rolling Thunder’s] [m]otion on May 20, 2016, and this
         [c]ourt issued an order granting [Rolling Thunder’s]
         [m]otion and dismissing all of [Ms. Oliver’s] claims on July
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          12, 2015.[1] [Ms. Oliver] filed a Motion for Reconsideration
          on July 29, 2016, raising new arguments under the
          Restatement (Second) of Torts Sections 323 and 324. This
          [c]ourt issued an Order denying [Ms. Oliver’s] [m]otion on
          August 11, 2016. [Ms. Oliver] timely filed this appeal, and
          submitted a Statement of Matters pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
          1925(b) on September 2, 2016.
       B. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
          On December 20, 2013, [Ms.] Oliver took her daughter,
          [Ms.] Henderson, to Rolling Thunder Skating Center. [Ms.
          Henderson] was 7 years old at the time, and had never
          been to [Rolling Thunder’s] skating rink before. According
          to deposition testimony, [Ms. Henderson] was an
          inexperienced skater who had only used roller skates on a
          few occasions around her home.
          Upon arriving at the skating rink, Ms. Oliver rented [Ms.
          Henderson] a pair of traditional “quad skates,” or roller
          skates with four wheels. Because [Ms. Henderson] was
          not an experienced skater, Ms. Oliver also rented a rolling
          walker for her daughter. Rolling walkers are shaped like a
          triangle with the bottom side missing, and have a wheel at
          the front and a wheel on each side. The skater places the
          walker in front of herself and holds onto the bars at the top
          of the rolling walker in order to create more stability while
          skating. When Ms. Oliver rented the rolling walker, there
          were no signs instructing patrons on the use of the
          walkers, and no instructions or tutorials were offered by
          the skating center staff.
          Shortly after arriving at the skating center, [Ms.
          Henderson] attempted to exit the rink and enter a
          carpeted seating area. The rolling walker became stuck
          between the wood floor of the skating rink and the carpet
          of the seating area, causing [Ms. Henderson] to trip. As
          she fell to the ground, her leg became entangled in the
          roller, and [Ms. Henderson] suffered a distal tibia fracture.
          According to deposition testimony, Ms. Oliver did not
____________________________________________


1
  The trial court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of Rolling
Thunder was dated July 12, 2016, but it was not entered on the docket until
July 15, 2016.



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         notice anything defective about the rolling walker when
         she went to her daughter’s side after the fall.

Trial Court Opinion (TCO), 12/14/2016, at 1-2 (internal citations omitted).

      As mentioned supra, after the trial court granted Rolling Thunder’s

motion for summary judgment and denied Ms. Oliver’s subsequent motion

for reconsideration, she filed a timely notice of appeal on August 11, 2016.

She also timely complied with the trial court’s instruction to file a concise

statement of errors complained of on appeal.       Herein, she raises a single

issue for our review:
       I.   Whether the trial court abused its discretion and otherwise
            committed an error of law when it improperly granted
            [Rolling Thunder’s] Motion for Summary Judgment when a
            genuine issue of material fact exists as to [Rolling
            Thunder’s] duty to warn?

Ms. Oliver’s Brief at 6.

      Initially, we set forth our standard of review:
      Our standard of review of an appeal from an order granting
      summary judgment is well settled: “Summary judgment may be
      granted only in the clearest of cases where the record shows
      that there are no genuine issues of material fact and also
      demonstrates that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a
      matter of law.” Whether there is a genuine issue of material fact
      is a question of law, and therefore our standard of review is de
      novo and our scope of review is plenary. When reviewing a
      grant of summary judgment, we must examine the record in a
      light most favorable to the non-moving party.

Newell v. Montana West, Inc., 154 A.3d 819, 821-22 (Pa. Super. 2017)

(internal citations omitted).

      Referencing Section 343 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, Ms.

Oliver first contends that “Ms. Henderson was a business invitee on [Rolling



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Thunder’s] property as she was there to skate….” Ms. Oliver’s Brief at 10. 2

She argues that “[i]nexperienced skaters, particularly those at the age of

seven, cannot be expected to know to protect themselves against the

dangers of walkers that they were never instructed to use[,]” and,

consequently, “it’s reasonable to expect [Ms. Henderson] would not discover

the danger herself.”       Id. at 12.      Thus, “[i]f [Rolling Thunder] knows or

should know that the danger poses a risk[, it is] required to warn those

[who] may be in danger.”          Id.   Specifically, she asserts that personnel at

Rolling Thunder “could have posted signs around the facilities. They could

have handed out instruction sheets. They could have required patrons who

used the walker to watch an instructional video.         [They] could have given

patrons lessons before allowing them onto the rink with the walkers.”          Id.

Instead, Ms. Oliver claims that Rolling Thunder’s corporate “designee

testified repeatedly that [there] are no instructions, no warning[s], no signs,

etc. regarding the safe use of the walkers.” Id. We discern no merit in this

argument.

       Section 343 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts provides the

following:
       A possessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm
       caused to his invitees by a condition on the land if, but only if,
       he
____________________________________________


2
  We note that Ms. Oliver cites to the portion of Summers v. Giant Food
Stores, Inc., 743 A.2d 498, 506 (Pa. Super. 1999) (en banc), that sets
forth Section 343. See Ms. Oliver’s Brief at 10-11.



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           (a) knows or by the exercise of reasonable care would
           discover the condition, and should realize that it involves
           an unreasonable risk of harm to such invitees, and

           (b) should expect that they will not discover or realize the
           danger, or will fail to protect themselves against it, and

           (c) fails to exercise reasonable care to protect them
           against the danger.

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343.3            “Whether a duty exists under a

particular set of facts is a question of law.      The duty owed to a business

invitee is the highest duty owed to any entrant upon land.”         Campisi v.

Acme Markets, Inc., 915 A.2d 117, 119 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citations and

quotation marks omitted).          We note that “[a]n invitee must demonstrate

that the proprietor deviated from its duty of reasonable care owed under the

circumstances. Thus, the particular duty owed to a business invitee must be

determined on a case-by-case basis.” Id. at 119-20 (citations omitted).

        In granting Rolling Thunder’s motion for summary judgment, the trial

court explained:

____________________________________________


3
    Rolling Thunder points out that:
        [Ms. Oliver’s] negligence action sounds in premises liability and
        [Ms. Oliver] specifically den[ies] that [she is] pursuing a product
        liability claim. Nonetheless, [Ms. Oliver] do[es] not allege any
        defective condition of the property itself and instead argue[s]
        that [Ms. Henderson’s] injuries were caused by “the hazardous
        conditions of the walker.” However, for the purposes of this
        appeal, [Rolling Thunder] will assume, arguendo, that the
        applicable duty standards are those relating to premises liability.

Rolling Thunder’s Brief at 8 n.1 (internal citations omitted).




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     A plaintiff may put forward expert testimony to establish the
     duty that is owed. In negligence actions, “expert testimony is
     not required where the matter under investigation is so simple,
     and the lack of skill or want of care so obvious, as to be within
     the range of the ordinary experience and comprehension of even
     nonprofessional persons.” Ovitsky v. Capital City Econ. Dev.
     Corp., … 846 A.2d 124, 126 ([Pa. Super.] 2004) (internal
     quotations omitted). However, expert testimony is necessary
     “where formation of an opinion on a subject requires knowledge,
     information, or skill beyond what is possessed by the ordinary
     juror.” Id. Such testimony is generally mandated to establish
     negligent practice in a profession or industry, particularly when
     the practice relates to safety and warnings. See, e.g.¸Young v.
     Com., Dep’t of Transp., … 744 A.2d 1276, 1279 ([Pa.] 2000)
     (requiring expert testimony to determine if warning was
     adequate); Tennis v. Fedorwicz, … 592 A.2d 116, 117 ([Pa.
     Cmwlth.] 1991) (requiring expert testimony to aid jury in
     determining if highway was safe).

     In the instant case, it is undisputed that [Ms.] Oliver and [Ms.]
     Henderson were business invitees at the time [Ms. Henderson]
     was injured. [Rolling Thunder] therefore generally owed [Ms.
     Oliver and Ms. Henderson] a duty to warn against known
     dangers, as well as those that might be discovered with
     reasonable care. However, [Ms. Oliver] still bear[s] the burden
     of presenting evidence that establishes the extent of the duty in
     light of the facts and proves that this duty was breached.

     In response to [Rolling Thunder’s] Motion for Summary
     Judgment, and included in their own Motion for Reconsideration,
     [Ms. Oliver] attach[es] three pieces of evidence. First, [Ms.
     Oliver] provide[s] deposition testimony from Ms. Oliver and [Ms.
     Henderson], which establish that [Ms. Henderson] was an
     inexperienced skater, that the rink staff provided the walker to
     Ms. Oliver upon her request and without any additional
     instructions, and that Ms. Oliver did not see anything wrong with
     the walker when she looked at it after [Ms. Henderson] fell.
     Second, [Ms. Oliver] reference[s] the deposition testimony of Mr.
     Slaven, [Rolling Thunder’s] corporate designee, who confirmed
     that [Rolling Thunder’s] staff did not provide instructions to
     patrons who rented rolling walkers.          Finally, [Ms. Oliver]
     provide[s] a black and white photo of a rolling walker similar to
     the one used by [Ms. Henderson].



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      None of the aforementioned evidence establishes either the
      particular duty owed by [Rolling Thunder] under these specific
      circumstances, or the breach of that duty. For example, [Ms.
      Oliver] did not produce evidence that the rolling walker was, in
      itself, a dangerous instrumentality; that it is common practice in
      the roll[er] skating industry to provide instructions or warnings
      as to the use of rolling walkers; or that the use of rolling walkers
      is not within the “general risk” usually encountered by an
      individual at a skating rink. Moreover, these issues are beyond
      the ken of the average juror, as a lay person would be unlikely
      to know anything about the relative safeness of rolling walkers
      or standard practices within the skating industry. [Ms. Oliver]
      could have offered expert testimony as to these issues, but
      failed to do so. [She has] merely alleged that [Ms. Henderson]
      went to a skating rink, used an instrumentality often used by
      others under those circumstances, and then fell….

TCO at 5-6 (original brackets and some citations omitted; emphasis in

original).

      We observe no error of law or abuse of discretion in the trial court’s

analysis.      Moreover, Ms. Oliver proffers no authority to convince us

otherwise.     Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court properly granted

summary judgment to Rolling Thunder in light of Ms. Oliver’s failure to

demonstrate that Rolling Thunder breached a duty owed to Ms. Henderson.

      Next, Ms. Oliver avers that Rolling Thunder breached a duty imposed

under Section 323 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts. Ms. Oliver’s Brief

at 14.       She purports that “in providing the walker to [Ms. Henderson]

explicitly because she was an inexperienced skater, [Rolling Thunder]

undertook to ‘render services to another[,]’ which [Rolling Thunder] should

have recognized as ‘necessary for protection of the other’s person,’ in

accordance with the Restatement.” Id. at 13. She insists that “[i]t is clearly



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a jury question as to whether [Rolling Thunder’s] failure to exercise due care

in doing so (1) increased the risk of the harm which the assistance provided

was designed to prevent, or (2) the harm which was suffered occurred due

to Ms. Henderson[’s] reliance on [Rolling Thunder’s] properly providing such

assistance.” Id.

      At the outset, we agree with the trial court that this issue has been

waived by Ms. Oliver. See TCO at 7 n.2. Our cursory review of the record

confirms that Ms. Oliver raised her argument regarding Section 323 for the

first time in her motion for reconsideration. See Rabatin v. Allied Glove

Corp., 24 A.3d 388, 391 (Pa. Super. 2011) (“While the issue was included in

the subsequently filed motion for reconsideration, issues raised in motions

for reconsideration are beyond the jurisdiction of this Court and thus may

not   be   considered   by   this   Court   on   appeal.”)   (citations   omitted).

Additionally, Ms. Oliver does not direct us to anywhere in the record where

she had previously raised this issue relating to Section 323.                  See

Commonwealth v. Williams, 980 A.2d 667, 671 (Pa. Super. 2009)

(“Pursuant to the Rules of Appellate Procedure, [the a]ppellant must specify

where in the record this issue was preserved. In his brief, [the a]ppellant

does not indicate where the issue was preserved in the trial court….

Consequently, we are constrained to deem this issue waived.”) (citations

omitted). Thus, we determine that this issue is waived.




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      Notwithstanding, even if this issue were not waived, we would still

determine that this argument is meritless. Section 323 of the Restatement

(Second) of Torts sets forth:
      One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render
      services to another which he should recognize as necessary for
      the protection of the other’s person or things, is subject to
      liability to the other for physical harm resulting from his failure
      to exercise reasonable care to perform his undertaking, if

         (a) his failure to exercise such care increases the risk of
         such harm, or

         (b) the harm is suffered because of the other’s reliance
         upon the undertaking.

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 323.

      In support of her argument, Ms. Oliver relies almost exclusively on an

unpublished case, Xiaowu Li v. Beulah Presbyterian Church, 726 WDA

2014, unpublished memorandum (Pa. Super. filed Mar. 10, 2015). However,

with limited exceptions not applicable here, “[a]n unpublished memorandum

decision shall not be relied upon or cited by a Court or a party in any other

action or proceeding….” Pa. Super. IOP § 65.37. Consequently, we may not

consider Xiaowu Li.     In any event though, we would agree with the trial

court’s analysis, in which it finds Xiaowu Li easily distinguishable from the

matter at hand, in that Ms. Oliver provided her daughter with the rolling

walker, Ms. Henderson had no interaction with Rolling Thunder’s staff, and

the staff’s help had not been offered and then withdrawn. See TCO at 7 n.2.

Furthermore, in contrast to the trial court in Xiaowu Li, the trial court in the

case sub judice explained that it did not “reach its holding by applying the


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doctrine of assumption of the risk….” Id. As a result, Ms. Oliver would have

failed to convince us that Section 323 is applicable here.   Accordingly, we

affirm the trial court’s order granting summary judgment to Rolling Thunder.

     Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 8/8/2017




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