                                                                                       06/19/2020
       IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                        AT KNOXVILLE
                         Assigned on Briefs March 24, 2020

        STATE OF TENNESSEE v. CHARLES BERNARD GRIFFIN

                 Appeal from the Criminal Court for Knox County
                        No. 114209 G. Scott Green, Judge
                    ___________________________________

                          No. E2019-00969-CCA-R3-CD
                      ___________________________________


The Defendant, Charles Bernard Griffin, appeals his convictions for especially
aggravated robbery and possession of a firearm while having a prior felony conviction
involving the use or attempted use of force, violence, or a deadly weapon, for which he
received an effective sentence of seventy-five years as a career offender. On appeal, the
Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence and the trial court’s denial of his
motion to bifurcate the trial. We affirm the judgments of the trial court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, P.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS T.
WOODALL and ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., JJ., joined.

J. Liddell Kirk (on appeal) and Daniel Morrell (at trial), Knoxville, Tennessee, for the
appellant, Charles Bernard Griffin.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Katherine C. Redding, Assistant
Attorney General; Charme Allen, District Attorney General; and Phillip Morton and
Ashley McDermott, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of
Tennessee.


                                       OPINION

                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       According to the evidence presented at trial, on June 8, 2017, the Defendant
entered a Dollar General store in Knoxville, Tennessee, while wearing a hoodie, covering
the lower portion of his face with a shirt, and holding a gun. He pointed the gun at Mr.
Ahmad Elasmar, the victim and the store’s manager, and motioned for the victim to open
the cash register. The Defendant beat the victim on his head and face with the gun,
causing multiple injuries. The Defendant then grabbed the cash drawer from the register
and fled. He was arrested approximately one year later.

       The victim testified that he was serving as the cashier on the morning of the
robbery. He was ringing up purchases for two young men when the Defendant entered
the store with his mouth covered and holding a gun. The victim believed the Defendant
was going to shoot him. The Defendant used his gun to motion the victim to move to one
of the cash registers and open it. The victim told the Defendant that there was not any
money in that particular cash register, and the victim walked to another cash register and
began opening it. The Defendant walked to the other side of the counter and stood next
to the victim. As the victim was opening the cash register, the Defendant struck him in
his eye with the gun. The victim described the Defendant’s striking him as “very
painful” and similar to the level of pain felt when experiencing a kidney stone. The
victim stated that he tried to stay on his feet and give money to the Defendant so that the
Defendant would leave. The victim was scared because children were in the store. The
victim told the Defendant that he was opening the cash register to get the money for the
Defendant. The Defendant struck the victim a second time, and the victim did not recall
anything else that occurred after the second strike. The victim did not know what
happened to the cash drawer from the register.

       The robbery was captured on the store’s video surveillance system, and the
recording was played for the jury. The recording showed the victim at a cash register
with two younger men on the other side of the counter. A man who was covering his
head with a hoodie and the lower portion of his face with a shirt and was holding a gun
came into view. The man used his gun to motion the victim to a cash register. As the
victim was opening the cash register, the man approached the victim from behind and
stood extremely close to the victim. The victim turned and looked at the man multiple
times. The man hit the victim around his face and head with the gun, knocking the victim
down. The victim got up and was attempting to open the cash register when the man
struck the victim again on his head and face with the gun. The victim fell and got up, but
the man hit him with the gun multiple times around his head and face. As the victim was
lying on the floor, the man grabbed the drawer from the register and fled. The victim
then got up and ran down one of the aisles, which the victim testified led to a back room
where an exit was located. He stated that he was trying to hide because he believed that
the Defendant was going to shoot him. According to the recording, the encounter lasted
approximately two minutes.

       The victim recalled calling 911 but could only vaguely recall speaking to the
operator. The recording of the victim’s call was played to the jury. The victim reported
                                           -2-
that he had been robbed and that he was struck with a gun, was bleeding, was having
trouble speaking, and needed an ambulance. Another recording of a 911 call placed by
someone who identified himself as “Jerry” was played to the jury. The caller reported
that the Dollar General was being robbed by a man wearing a gray hoodie and holding a
black handgun. The caller described the perpetrator as an African-American male, who
was approximately five feet, eight inches tall, was in his late twenties or early thirties,
and had either very short hair or no hair. The caller reported that the perpetrator “pistol
whipped” an employee.

       The victim testified that he sustained painful injuries to his eye, mouth, and jaw.
He lost a few teeth, and his upper jaw was broken. He remained hospitalized for three
days and underwent surgery to install a metal plate and screws in his cheek and a wire
across his mouth. The wire remained for approximately one month during which the
victim was unable to eat solid food. He was unable to work for two months. A bridge
and crowns had to be inserted to replace his missing teeth. Following his release from
the hospital, he had follow-up appointments with a doctor for approximately one year.
The victim continued to experience pain as a result of his injuries. He had to chew food
on the left side of his mouth, and he could not do activities that he enjoyed prior to his
injuries, such as gardening and yard work.

        On June 14, 2017, eight days after the robbery, an investigator came to the
victim’s home and showed him a photographic line-up. Because the perpetrator’s mouth
was covered during the robbery, the victim covered the mouth of each person depicted in
the line-up in an effort to identify the perpetrator by his eyes and nose. The victim
identified the Defendant as the perpetrator in the photographic line-up and at trial. The
victim explained that he was able to identify the Defendant at trial by his eyes and by the
way that he walked. The victim noted that he had watched the Defendant while in court
for the trial.

        On cross-examination, the victim testified that he was approximately ten feet away
from the Defendant when the Defendant first entered the store. Approximately twenty
seconds later, the Defendant came around the counter. Although the Defendant was
covering part of his face and wearing a hoodie, the victim was able to see his eyes. When
the Defendant approached the victim from behind, the victim turned around to see what
he wanted and looked at him. The victim stated that he looked at the Defendant before
the Defendant hit him and that the victim was “very close” to the Defendant. After the
Defendant struck the victim the first time, blood went into the victim’s eyes, and he could
not see what the Defendant was doing with the cash register. The victim testified that he
identified the Defendant as the perpetrator in the photographic line-up based upon the
Defendant’s eyes and nose. The victim explained, “I was confident when I looked at the

                                           -3-
picture and covered the mouth….But, again, … the picture is not exactly what you see in
real life. So I was hesitant but not hesitant enough to say, no, it’s not him. It is him.”

       On redirect examination, the victim testified that he had no doubt that the
Defendant was the person who attacked him. In response to questioning by the trial
court, the victim stated that the drawer that the Defendant took as depicted in the
recording contained money.

       Mr. Ronald Smith, an employee at Dollar General, testified that on the day of the
robbery, he was in the restroom when he heard a noise as if someone was crying out. He
ran out of the restroom to investigate and saw a man pointing a gun at the victim. The
man demanded money and pointed the gun at Mr. Smith. Mr. Smith fell to the floor, ran
to the back of the store, and exited through the back door. As he was leaving, he saw a
woman calling the police. Mr. Smith returned to the store once officers arrived.

      Mr. Smith testified that he recognized the perpetrator as someone whom he had
seen walking near his apartment on multiple occasions. Mr. Smith provided this
information to police officers. He identified the Defendant as the perpetrator in a
photographic line-up and at trial. On cross-examination, Mr. Smith stated that he saw the
Defendant in the area of his apartment talking to someone “a couple of times.” Mr.
Smith last saw the Defendant either a few weeks or a few months prior to the robbery.

       Officer Jason Cunningham with the Knoxville Police Department responded to the
scene and interviewed witnesses. He spoke to two younger customers who were in the
store at the time of the robbery. Once the perpetrator entered the store and brandished a
weapon, the customers ran to the back of the store and did not see anything. Ms. Delores
Williams, an employee, was working when she heard the commotion. She ran to the
front of the store, saw someone with a gun, and immediately retreated. Mr. Smith,
another employee, was able to provide a description of the perpetrator. Officer
Cunningham recalled that the description that he was given was a short, African-
American man with dark skin.

        Officer Russell Whitfield with the forensic unit of the Knoxville Police
Department was dispatched to the Dollar General Store where he took photographs of a
broken portion of a cash register located in an alleyway behind the store. Change was
scattered on the ground and eight one-dollar bills were inside the register. Officer
Whitfield lifted smears and smudges of fingerprints from the register, but they were not
identifiable prints.

       Officer Whitfield entered the store where the sales counter was in disarray and had
blood in the area. Blood was on the floor, the keyboard, and some change scattered in the
                                          -4-
area. He took a photograph of a bloody footprint on the floor. He later photographed the
bottom of the victim’s shoes and determined that the impression was not made by the
victim’s shoes. A blood trail led from the front of the store to the back of the store.
Officer Whitfield attempted to lift fingerprints from the sales counter and the store’s glass
doors. While he was able to lift some fingerprints from the doors, he was unable to
determine to whom they belonged.

       Investigator Jeff Day with the violent crimes unit of the Knoxville Police
Department responded to the scene and spoke to the victim, who was in an ambulance.
The victim reported that while he was working, a short, stocky African-American man
entered the store and pointed a gun at him. The man then “pistol whipped” the victim,
took the drawer of the cash register, and fled. Investigator Day was unable to conduct an
extensive interview of the victim due to the victim’s condition, and the victim was
transported to the hospital.

        Investigator Day reviewed the recording of the robbery from the video
surveillance camera and interviewed two employees, Ms. Williams and Mr. Smith. Ms.
Williams ran to the back of the store at the time of the robbery and was unable to identify
the perpetrator. Mr. Smith told Investigator Day that he knew the perpetrator’s identity
but did not want to talk in front of everyone. Mr. Smith asked Investigator Day to return
later that day, and Investigator Day agreed to do so. However, Investigator Day was
unable to return to the store that day because he began investigating an unrelated
homicide. He returned to the store four days later and spoke to Mr. Smith. Mr. Smith did
not know the perpetrator’s name but stated that he had seen the perpetrator multiple times
in the housing development near Mr. Smith’s apartment and in the store on a previous
occasion. Investigator Day noted that Mr. Smith’s apartment was located near the Dollar
General store. Mr. Smith stated that a few nights before the robbery, the perpetrator was
involved in an incident during which the police were called, and Mr. Smith identified the
officer who responded to the incident.

       Investigator Day researched police reports in the area and found a police report of
a call on June 6, 2017, at 10:54 p.m. The reported listed the address of Mr. Smith’s
apartment, and the responding officer identified by Mr. Smith. The report concerned one
woman and three men, including the Defendant, loitering at the edge of the parking lot in
front of the apartment complex and drinking alcohol. One of the men was arrested on the
night of the call and was in jail at the time of the robbery, so Investigator Day eliminated
him as the perpetrator. A second man was six feet, four inches tall, had gray hair, and
was sixty years old, so he did not fit the description of the perpetrator from the video
recording of the robbery. The third man was the Defendant, who matched the description
of the perpetrator.

                                            -5-
       Two days after speaking to Mr. Smith, Investigator Day prepared a photographic
line-up that included the Defendant’s photograph and showed it to Mr. Smith.
Investigator Day testified that Mr. Smith identified the Defendant in the line-up as the
perpetrator and did not hesitate in doing so. Later that night, Investigator Day showed
the photographic line-up to the victim. The victim told Investigator Day that he primarily
recalled the perpetrator’s eyes and the top portion of his face, so the victim covered the
mouth of each person depicted in the photographic line-up and identified the Defendant
as the perpetrator. Investigator Day prepared a warrant for Defendant’s arrest. Officers
conducted surveillance of the addresses where the Defendant was known to stay but were
unable to locate him. The Defendant was arrested approximately one year later.

        On cross-examination, Investigator Day testified that the young customers were
gone by the time that he arrived at the scene and that he did not have any contact
information for them. He never attempted to contact “Jerry,” who called 911.
Investigator Day agreed that when he showed the photographic line-up to the victim, he
indicated to the victim that he believed the perpetrator was in the line-up. Investigator
Day acknowledged that when the victim was reviewing the line-up, the victim focused on
two different photographs, going back and forth between the two. Investigator Day
agreed that he told the victim multiple times that if he believed the photograph that he
was viewing was that of the perpetrator, the victim should place an “X” beside the
photograph. Investigator Day testified that no weapon was ever recovered and agreed
that it usually was difficult to determine from a video recording whether a firearm is an
actual firearm or a BB gun.

      For purposes of the firearm charge, the parties stipulated that prior to June 8, 2017,
the Defendant “had been convicted of a prior felony as described in TCA 39-17-
1307(b)(1)(A).” After the stipulation was announced, the trial court instructed the jury,
“I want to remind you once again, the fact that [the Defendant] has been previously
convicted of another crime in no way impairs his presumption of innocence in this case.”

       The Defendant was charged with especially aggravated robbery, possession of a
firearm while having a prior felony conviction involving the use or attempted use of
force, violence, or a deadly weapon, and two counts based on the gang offense
enhancement. The gang offense enhancement charges were dismissed, and the jury
convicted the Defendant of especially aggravated robbery and the firearm offense.
Following a sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced the Defendant to sixty years as a
career offender for especially aggravated robbery, and the trial court ordered the
Defendant to serve one hundred percent of the sentence because he previously had been
convicted of aggravated robbery. The trial court sentenced the Defendant to fifteen years
as a career offender for the firearm charge to be served consecutively to his sentence for
especially aggravated robbery, resulting in an effective sentence of seventy-five years.
                                           -6-
The Defendant filed a motion for new trial, which the trial court denied. He then filed a
timely notice of appeal.

                                       ANALYSIS

                                      I. Sufficiency

        The Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his
convictions. When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, the relevant
question for this court is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable
to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). On
appeal, “‘the State is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and to all
reasonable and legitimate inferences that may be drawn therefrom.’” State v. Elkins, 102
S.W.3d 578, 581 (Tenn. 2003) (quoting State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 279 (Tenn.
2000)). Therefore, this court will not re-weigh or reevaluate the evidence. State v.
Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990). Instead, it is the trier of fact,
not this court, who resolves any questions concerning “the credibility of witnesses, the
weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the
evidence.” State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997).

       A guilty verdict removes the presumption of innocence and replaces it with a
presumption of guilt. State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 191 (Tenn. 1992). The burden is
then shifted to the defendant on appeal to demonstrate why the evidence is insufficient to
support the conviction. State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). This court
applies the same standard of review regardless of whether the conviction was predicated
on direct or circumstantial evidence. State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 381 (Tenn.
2011). “Circumstantial evidence alone is sufficient to support a conviction, and the
circumstantial evidence need not exclude every reasonable hypothesis except that of
guilt.” State v. Wagner, 382 S.W.3d 289, 297 (Tenn. 2012).

        Especially aggravated robbery is robbery accomplished with a deadly weapon and
where the victim suffers serious bodily injury. T.C.A. § 39-13-403(a). Robbery is “the
intentional or knowing theft of property from the person of another by violence or putting
the person in fear.” T.C.A. § 39-13-401(a). “A person commits theft of property if, with
intent to deprive the owner of property, the person knowingly obtains or exercises control
over the property without the owner’s effective consent.” T.C.A. § 39-14-103(a).
Regarding the firearm conviction, Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-17-
1307(b)(1)(A) (2014) provides that a person commits an offense “who unlawfully
possesses a firearm” and “[h]as been convicted of a felony involving the use or attempted
use of force, violence, or a deadly weapon.”
                                            -7-
        On appeal, the Defendant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence as it
relates to the elements of the offenses. Rather, he maintains that the evidence is
insufficient to establish his identity as the perpetrator. “The identity of the perpetrator is
an essential element of any crime.” State v. Rice, 184 S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn. 2006).
“The credible testimony of one identification witness is sufficient to support a conviction
if the witness viewed the accused under such circumstances as would permit a positive
identification to be made.” State v. Radley, 29 S.W.3d 532, 537 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999)
(citing State v. Strickland, 885 S.W.2d 85, 87-88 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993)). The issue of
identity is a question of fact left to the jury as the trier of fact to resolve. State v.
Crawford, 635 S.W.2d 704, 705 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1982).

       The victim and Mr. Smith identified the Defendant as the perpetrator in a
photographic line-up and at trial. The victim recognized the Defendant based upon the
Defendant’s eyes and nose. The video recording of the robbery showed the Defendant
standing very close to the victim and the victim turning multiple times to look at the
Defendant’s face. Mr. Smith recognized the Defendant because Mr. Smith had
previously seen the Defendant near his apartment on multiple occasions. Although Mr.
Smith did not know the Defendant’s name at the time of the robbery, Mr. Smith told
Investigator Day that the perpetrator had been involved in an incident near Mr. Smith’s
apartment requiring police response two days prior to the robbery. Investigator Day
located the corresponding police report and noted that the Defendant was involved and
that he matched the description of the perpetrator as depicted in the video of the robbery.
On appeal, the Defendant challenges the credibility of the testimony of the victim and
Mr. Smith and the reliability of their identifications. However, issues regarding the
credibility of a witness’s testimony are resolved by the jury as the trier of fact. See
Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659. We conclude that the evidence, when viewed in a light most
favorable to the State, is sufficient to establish the Defendant’s identity as the perpetrator.

                                       II. Bifurcation

        The Defendant asserts that the trial court erred in denying his motion to bifurcate
the trial and to require that the firearm charge be tried after the jury rendered a verdict on
the charge of especially aggravated robbery. The Defendant argues that a bifurcated trial
was necessary to prevent the jury from learning that he had prior violent felony
convictions and from considering those prior convictions in rendering a verdict on the
charge of especially aggravated robbery.

      According to the firearm charge in the indictment, the Defendant had two prior
convictions for robbery, as well as prior convictions for aggravated assault, aggravated
robbery, armed robbery, and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Prior to trial,
the Defendant filed a motion to bifurcate the trial, arguing that trying the firearm charge
                                             -8-
with the especially aggravated robbery charge would be “extremely prejudicial” because
it would result in the presentation of evidence of prior convictions that would otherwise
be excluded under Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(b) if the Defendant was only tried for
especially aggravated robbery. The Defendant also noted that this court had recognized
that

      the better procedure where, as here, the defendant is charged with offenses
      involving the use of violence and force and also charged with the status
      offense of unlawful possession of a firearm for having a similar prior felony
      conviction would be to bifurcate the proceedings and address the unlawful
      possession of a firearm charge separately.

State v. Foust, 482 S.W.3d 20, 46-47 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2015) (“Foust I”) (citations
omitted).

       The trial court addressed the Defendant’s motion on the morning of trial. The
prosecutor objected to bifurcation, argued that bifurcation was not required, and offered
to enter into a stipulation. The following exchange occurred:

              [PROSECUTOR]: … And I’m not clear how the Court has couched
      that stipulation, but I believe it to be in terms of being convicted of a felony
      as related to the specific—

              THE COURT: Well, the cleanest way to do it is just everybody
      agree that he qualifies for a conviction—or his prior qualifying conviction
      fits the statutory criteria, and then you just set out that particular subsection
      of the statute and then that’s put in the verdict form. They either find him
      guilty or not guilty of violating that subsection of the statute. And that’s
      been upheld on appeal multiple times.

      ….

             THE COURT: That’s the way I’ve always done it. The other option
      that I’ve always given … is that if a defendant such as someone in [the
      Defendant’s] position wishes to plead guilty without a recommendation to
      the gun charge, I’ll sever that and we’ll just try the especially aggravated
      robbery. I don’t know if you’ve had the discussion with him.

             I don’t know how the facts are intertwined. I don’t know if this is an
      identity defense. I don’t know what the facts of this case are. So I don’t
      know if that’s even something that’s a viable option for him.
                                            -9-
       Defense counsel again argued that this court had stated in multiple cases that
bifurcation is the “better procedure.” The trial court denied the Defendant’s motion
during the following exchange:

             THE COURT: I’m going to leave them together. I’m going to leave
      them together because that’s what the status of the law is. You know, this
      may be the case that they change their minds and say, no, we told you that
      the better way to do this is to bifurcate them, and you didn’t do it, so—

             [THE PROSECUTOR]: We’re offering to stipulate.

             THE COURT: All right. You need to speak with [the Defendant]
      and see—he’s got two options. If he wishes to plead guilty to just the gun
      charge, I will permit a severance of that offense and allow his plea and the
      jury will never know that he admitted his guilt to that.

             However, obviously, if this is an identity question, it may be that he
      can’t do that without locking himself into being the perpetrator. So I don’t
      know. I don’t know anything about the facts of this case.

              Secondly, if he doesn’t want do to that, the other option is to do a
      stipulation and we’ll just set out the statutory numbers, 1307 subpart
      whatever, whatever, that talks about crimes of violence, and they will never
      hear the words violence or know exactly what his prior conviction is. All
      they’ll know is that he has a felony conviction that meets the criteria of that
      subsection of the statute. So if you would discuss that with him and we’ll
      see where we are.

             [THE PROSECUTOR]: If I could just read the proposed stipulation
      and see if that satisfies the Court. “For purposes of count two of the
      indictment, the parties stipulate that the defendant, Charles Griffin, prior to
      June 8, 2017, had been convicted of a prior felony as described in TCA 39-
      17-1307.”

             THE COURT: That’s the way I’ve done it—

             [THE PROSECUTOR]: That’s straight out of [State v.] Richardson,
      actually, Judge.

             THE COURT: That’s the way I’ve done it multiple times in this—in
      this type situation. It’s been upheld on appeal every single time. So that
                                          - 10 -
       way they never find out what the nature, or even that it’s a crime of
       violence, all they know is that it’s a felony conviction that meets the criteria
       of that subsection.

             So talk to [the Defendant], and let us know what you’re going to do,
       and we’ll start picking a jury. I’ve still got to do some pleas, so it’s
       probably going to be about another half hour before we start picking a jury.

              [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Thank you, your Honor.

        During the trial, the parties entered into a stipulation that provided, “For purposes
of count two of the indictment, the parties stipulate that the defendant, Charles Griffin,
prior to June 8th, 2017, had been convicted of a prior felony as described in TCA 39-17-
1307(b)(1)(A).” The stipulation was signed by the prosecutor, defense counsel, and the
Defendant. After the stipulation was read to the jury, the trial court instructed the jury
that “the fact that Mr. Griffin has been previously convicted of another crime in no way
impairs his presumption of innocence in this case.”

       This court has noted that bifurcation is “the better procedure” when “the defendant
is charged with offenses involving the use of violence and force and also charged with
the status offense of unlawful possession of a firearm for having a similar prior felony
conviction.” Foust I, 482 S.W.3d at 46-47. Furthermore, this court has recognized that a
trial court may order bifurcation upon concluding that a bifurcated proceeding is
“necessary ‘in order to avoid undue prejudice.’” State v. Brandon Johnson, No. W018-
01222-CCA-R3-CD, 2019 WL 6045569, at *13 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 14, 2019), perm.
app. denied (Tenn. Apr. 1, 2020) (quoting State v. Nash, 294 S.W.3d 541, 546 (Tenn.
2009)). Nevertheless, this court has continued to hold that bifurcation is not mandated.
See id; State v. Tavares Dewayne Buchanan, No. M2017-02268-CCA-R3-CD, 2019 WL
852192, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 21, 2019), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Apr. 11,
2019); State v. Stephan Richardson, No. W2016-02227-CCA-R3-CD, 2018 WL 821775,
at *16 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 9, 2018); State v. Timothy Damon Carter, No. M2014-
01532-CCA-R3-CD, 2016 WL 7799281, at *27 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 8, 2016),
overruled on other grounds by State v. Menke, 590 S.W.3d 455, 468 (Tenn. 2019).

       Furthermore, the parties entered into a stipulation at trial. “[S]tipulating to prior
felonies and requesting bifurcated proceedings are both valid avenues for a defendant
charged with possession of a firearm as a convicted felon.” Brandon Johnson, 2019 WL
6045569, at *14 (citing State v. Carlos Smith, No. W2012-01931-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL
12182606, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 29, 2013)); see Stephan Richardson, 2018 WL
821775, at *16.

                                            - 11 -
       The Defendant contends that the stipulation was the result of duress and relies
upon this court’s recent opinion in State v. Benjamin Foust (“Foust II”), E2017-02420-
CCA-R3-CD, 2019 WL 3824028, at *11-15 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 15, 2019), no perm.
app. filed. In Foust II, the trial court denied the defendant’s request to bifurcate the
proceedings when the defendant was charged with both offenses involving the use of
violence and force and with the status offense of unlawful possession of a firearm while
having a similar prior felony conviction. Id. at *13-14. The trial court informed the
defendant that he could either plead guilty to the firearm offenses, enter into a stipulation,
or permit the State to introduce evidence of the defendant’s prior violent felony
convictions in its case-in-chief. Id. at *14. The defendant objected to entering into a
stipulation and to entering into a guilty plea. Id. Thereafter, the trial court instructed the
parties to enter into a stipulation and provided them with the language to use. In
concluding that the stipulation was not a valid agreement entered into mutually and
voluntarily by the parties, this court reasoned:

              The trial court did not merely suggest that the parties enter into a
       stipulation and then allow the parties to reach an agreement regarding the
       wording of the stipulation. Rather, the trial court’s actions were tantamount
       to an order of the court, and the stipulation was not a result of a mutual
       agreement reached by the parties. The lack of mutuality to the stipulation
       was illustrated by the prosecutor’s confusion and request for clarification
       from the trial court regarding its instruction, as well as defense counsel’s
       continued objection to the procedure.

Id.

        In the present case, the prosecutor was the first person to mention a stipulation
while arguing against bifurcation and offered to enter into a stipulation. In denying the
Defendant’s motion, the trial court stated that the Defendant’s other options included
pleading guilty to the firearm offense or entering into a stipulation. The trial court stated
that it was unaware of the facts of the case and, thus, did not know whether a guilty plea
was a viable option. Based upon discussions with the trial court, the prosecutor drafted
the language of the stipulation in the event that the Defendant agreed to enter into one.
The trial court made it clear that it was the Defendant’s decision regarding what option to
use and instructed defense counsel to talk to the Defendant about what he wanted to do in
light of the trial court’s denial of the bifurcation request. The hearing ended with the trial
court allowing defense counsel the opportunity to confer with the Defendant in order to
make a decision. The Defendant never objected to entering into a stipulation, and the
stipulation entered into evidence at trial was signed by the prosecutor, defense counsel,
and the Defendant. Unlike the trial court in Foust II, the trial court in this case never
ordered the parties to enter into a stipulation. Rather, the record reflects that the
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stipulation was entered into mutually and voluntarily by the parties. See Overstreet v.
Shoney’s, Inc., 4 S.W.3d 694, 701 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999) (defining a stipulation as an
agreement “which is entered into mutually and voluntarily by the parties”).

       The stipulation entered into by the parties provided that the Defendant had a prior
felony conviction “as described in TCA 39-17-1307(b)(1)(A).” The jury never heard that
the Defendant had prior convictions for aggravated assault, aggravated robbery, robbery,
armed robbery, and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. The stipulation did not
describe the prior felony convictions as involving force, violence, or a deadly weapon,
and the language of the trial court’s jury instructions on the firearm charge were
consistent with the language in the stipulation. Finally, after the stipulation was read to
the jury, the trial court instructed the jury that the fact that the Defendant had a prior
criminal conviction did not impair his presumption of innocence. Accordingly, we
conclude that the Defendant is not entitled to relief regarding this issue.

                                    CONCLUSION

       Upon reviewing the record, the parties’ briefs, and the applicable law, we affirm
the judgments of the trial court.




                                    ___________________________________________
                                    JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, PRESIDING JUDGE




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