                                                            FILED
                                                             DEC 17 2013
 1
                                                        SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
 2                                                         U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                           OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 3
                    UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4
                              OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5
 6   In re:                        )       BAP No.   CC-13-1297-DPaTa
                                   )
 7   TAHSEENA KHAN,                )       Bk. No.   11-57609-BB
                                   )
 8                  Debtor.        )
     ______________________________)
 9                                 )
     TAHSEENA KHAN,                )
10                                 )
                    Appellant.     )
11                                 )       M E M O R A N D U M1
     ______________________________)
12
                         Submitted without Oral Argument
13                             on November 22, 2013
14                          Filed - December 17, 2013
15               Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                     for the Central District of California
16
              Honorable Sheri Bluebond, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
17
18   Appearance:      Appellant Tahseena Khan pro se on brief.
19
20   Before:    DUNN, PAPPAS and TAYLOR, Bankruptcy Judges.
21
22
23
24
25
26        1
            This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
27   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
     have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value.
28   See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8013-1.
 1        The pro se debtor, Tahseena Khan, appeals the bankruptcy
 2   court’s order denying her request to expunge her bankruptcy
 3   filing or to place her bankruptcy documents under seal.     We
 4   AFFIRM.
 5
 6                                  FACTS
 7        The debtor filed a chapter 72 bankruptcy petition on
 8   November 18, 2011.   She filed her petition, her Schedule I and
 9   Schedule J, her statement of financial affairs and Form B22A.
10   The debtor did not file her remaining schedules or her
11   certificate of credit counseling briefing (“credit counseling
12   certificate”).
13        On the same day, the bankruptcy court issued two orders, one
14   titled, “Order to Comply with Bankruptcy Rule 1007 and Notice of
15   Intent to Dismiss Case” (“Missing Schedules Order”), and the
16   other titled, “Case Commencement Deficiency Notice” (“Credit
17   Counseling Certificate Order”)(collectively, “Document Deficiency
18   Orders”).   The Missing Schedules Order required the debtor to
19   file Schedule A through Schedule G.    The Credit Counseling
20   Certificate Order required the debtor to file a credit counseling
21   certificate as required under §§ 109(h)(1) and 521(b)(1).      The
22   Document Deficiency Orders required the debtor to file the
23   missing bankruptcy documents within fourteen days of the petition
24
25
26        2
            Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter and section
27   references are to the federal Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C.
     §§ 101-1532, and all “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules
28   of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037.

                                      2
 1   date; otherwise her bankruptcy case would be dismissed.3
 2        The debtor filed her missing schedules on November 23, 2011.
 3   She did not file the credit counseling certificate, however.
 4        On January 4, 2012, the bankruptcy court entered an order to
 5   show cause why the debtor’s bankruptcy case should not be
 6   dismissed (“OSC”) based on her failure to file her credit
 7   counseling certificate.    Docket no. 20.   The bankruptcy court
 8   ordered her to appear at a hearing on the OSC set for January 30,
 9   2012 (“OSC hearing”).
10        A few days before the OSC hearing, the debtor filed a
11   document titled, “Declaration of Inability to Take Pre-Filing
12   Credit Counseling” (“OSC Response”).    Docket no. 22.   She
13   explained that she “tried to find a credit counseling class for
14   free, but that free class was not for California and asked for a
15   $5 fee for the certification.”    Id.   She managed to obtain a
16   waiver of the fee.    The debtor also stated that she assumed that
17   she did not have to file the credit counseling certificate
18   because it was not mentioned in “the list of deficiencies”4 given
19   to her when she filed her bankruptcy petition in person at the
20   bankruptcy court’s intake office.
21        The debtor attached to her OSC Response a copy of her credit
22   counseling certificate, dated November 30, 2011.5    She also
23
          3
24          The deadline to file the missing bankruptcy documents fell
     on December 3, 2012.
25
          4
            We presume the debtor was referring to the Missing
26   Schedules Order.
27        5
              We note that the debtor was required to obtain credit
28                                                        (continued...)

                                       3
 1   attached copies of various emails between her and the credit
 2   counseling agency, dated between November 27, 2011 and
 3   November 30, 2011.
 4        The bankruptcy court held the hearing on January 30, 2012,
 5   but continued it to February 20, 2012 (“OSC hearing”).   Two weeks
 6   after the continued OSC hearing, it entered an order dismissing
 7   the debtor’s bankruptcy case.   The bankruptcy court entered an
 8   order closing her bankruptcy case on May 3, 2012.
 9        Three days later, the debtor filed a document titled,
10   “Application to Remove Debtor’s Name from the Bankruptcy Database
11   and the Credit Report” (“Motion to Expunge Bankruptcy Filing”).6
12   She urged the bankruptcy court to expunge her bankruptcy filing
13   so that it would no longer appear on her credit reports.
14   According to the debtor, these negative credit reports impacted
15   her employment prospects in the field of energy efficiency.
16   Specifically, she needed “clean” credit reports because federal
17   and state agencies required project managers to have excellent
18   credit before employing them.
19        The bankruptcy court held a hearing on June 5, 2013 on the
20   debtor’s Motion to Expunge (“Motion to Expunge Hearing”).    Two
21   days later, the bankruptcy court entered an order denying the
22   Motion to Expunge.   Docket no. 30.
23        The debtor timely appealed.
24
          5
25         (...continued)
     counseling by the chapter 7 petition date, November 18, 2011.
26   See § 109(h)(1).
27        6
            The debtor did not move to reopen her case, nor did the
28   bankruptcy court enter an order sua sponte reopening her case.

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 1                                JURISDICTION
 2        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
 3   §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(A).    We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
 4   § 158.
 5
 6                                   ISSUE
 7        Did the bankruptcy court err in declining the debtor’s
 8   request to expunge her bankruptcy filing or to place her
 9   bankruptcy documents under seal?
10
11                          STANDARDS OF REVIEW
12        “We review issues of statutory construction and conclusions
13   of law, including the bankruptcy court’s interpretation of the
14   Bankruptcy Code, de novo.”    Samson v. W. Capital Partners
15   (In re Blixseth), 684 F.3d 865, 869 (9th Cir. 2012)(citations
16   omitted).
17        We may affirm on any ground supported by the record.       Shanks
18   v. Dressel, 540 F.3d 1082, 1086 (9th Cir. 2008).
19
20                                 DISCUSSION
21        On appeal, the debtor asks us to expunge the bankruptcy
22   filing from PACER and to place all records of her bankruptcy case
23   under seal because the bankruptcy filing has been prejudicial to
24   her employment prospects.    She avers that she cannot obtain
25   senior management positions in her field because such positions
26   require a “clean” credit report.
27        The debtor further asserts that the bankruptcy filing has
28   been “defamatory to her reputation as a young female leader in a

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 1   male-dominant field.”    Appellant’s Opening Brief at 5.   She also
 2   worries about possible identity theft as her social security
 3   number and other personal information “are accessible through the
 4   electronic database [i.e., PACER].”    Id. at 5.
 5        Before we begin our analysis, we note that the debtor did
 6   not provide an appendix containing excerpts of the record as
 7   required under Rule 8009(b).    We waived this requirement,
 8   however, under an order filed on September 5, 2013.    BAP docket
 9   no. 24.   Although we required the debtor to provide transcripts
10   of the relevant hearing(s) under this order, she did not do so.
11        Because we lack excerpts of record, we have exercised our
12   discretion to reach the merits on appeal by independently
13   reviewing the bankruptcy case’s electronic docket and the imaged
14   documents attached thereto.    See O’Rourke v. Seaboard Sur. Co.
15   (In re E.R. Fegert, Inc.), 887 F.2d 955, 957-58 (9th Cir. 1989).
16   We also have done our best to reconstruct what happened at the
17   relevant hearings without the benefit of the missing transcripts.
18   See Ehrenberg v. Cal. State Fullerton (In re Beachport Entm’t),
19   396 F.3d 1083, 1087-88 (9th Cir. 2005).    Even without the aid of
20   transcripts, we conclude that the bankruptcy court did not err in
21   declining to expunge records relating to the debtor’s bankruptcy
22   filing.
23   A.   Section 107
24        The debtor relies on § 107(b)(2) and (c)(1) in support of
25   her arguments.7    Unfortunately, § 107(b)(2) and (c)(1) do not
26
          7
27          The debtor does not cite these particular subsections. We
     infer her reliance on these subsections from her arguments in her
28                                                      (continued...)

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 1   help her here.
 2        Section 107(a) provides that papers filed in a bankruptcy
 3   case and the bankruptcy court’s docket are public records and
 4   open to an entity’s examination at reasonable times without
 5   charge.   Section 107(a) is broad as it covers “all papers filed
 6   in a bankruptcy case.”    In re Roman Catholic Archbishop of
 7   Portland in Oregon, 661 F.3d 417, 430 (9th Cir. 2011)(“Portland
 8   Roman Catholic Archbishop”).
 9        Section 107(a) “establishes a general right of public access
10   to bankruptcy filings.”   Id. at 429.   It is “rooted in the right
11   of public access to judicial proceedings, a principle long-
12   recognized in the common law and buttressed by the First
13   Amendment.”    Ferm v. U.S. Tr. (In re Crawford), 194 F.3d 954, 960
14   (9th Cir. 1999)(citations omitted).
15        This general rule is subject to very limited exceptions.
16   See Portland Roman Catholic Archbishop, 661 F.3d at 429.
17   Section 107 “has only three exceptions: confidential business
18   information, 11 U.S.C. § 107(b)(1), ‘scandalous or defamatory
19   matter,’ id. § 107(b)(2), and ‘means of identification,’ id.
20   § 107(c)(1)(A).”   Id. at 430.   We construe these exceptions
21   narrowly.   See Crawford, 194 F.3d at 960 n.8.
22        1.     Section 107(b)(2)
23        Section 107(b) “[makes] it mandatory for a [bankruptcy]
24   court to protect documents falling into one of the enumerated
25   exceptions.”   Portland Roman Catholic Archbishop, 661 F.3d at
26
27        7
           (...continued)
28   opening brief.

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 1   430.       See also 2 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 107.03 (Alan N. Resnick
 2   & Henry J. Sommer, eds., 17th ed. rev. 2013)(hereinafter cited as
 3   Collier on Bankruptcy).       Section 107(b) lists two exceptions,
 4   only one of which the debtor raises here:      § 107(b)(2).
 5          Section 107(b)(2) provides, in relevant part, that on the
 6   request of a party in interest, the bankruptcy court must protect
 7   a person with respect to defamatory matter contained in a paper
 8   filed in a bankruptcy case.8      Within the Ninth Circuit, we
 9   interpret the term, “defamatory,” according to its common
10   meaning.      See Portland Roman Catholic Archbishop, 661 F.3d at
11   432.
12          For matter in a document to be considered “defamatory,” it
13   must “damage the reputation, character, or good name of by
14   slander or libel.”      The American Heritage Dictionary of the
15   English Language 476 (4th ed. 2000).      “Libel” is “[a] false
16   publication, as in writing, print, signs, or pictures, that
17   damages a person’s reputation” or “[t]he act of presenting such
18   material to the public.”      Id. at 1008.   “Slander” is an “oral
19   communication of false statements injurious to a person’s
20   reputation” or “[a] false and malicious statement or report about
21   someone.”      Id. at 1633.
22          The debtor claims that the bankruptcy filing has been
23   “defamatory to her reputation,” but she fails to explain how it
24   has damaged her reputation by slander or libel.      She also fails
25   to specify any documents in her bankruptcy filing that contain
26
            8
27          The debtor does not contend that the papers in her
     bankruptcy filing were “scandalous,” so we will not address that
28   standard here.

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 1   any “defamatory” matter.
 2        Because the debtor fails to show that the bankruptcy filing
 3   documents are defamatory within the meaning of § 107(b)(2), we
 4   determine the bankruptcy court did not err in declining to
 5   expunge the bankruptcy filing records.
 6        2.   Section 107(c)(1)
 7        Section 107(c) provides, in relevant part:
 8        (1) The bankruptcy court, for cause, may protect an
          individual, with respect to the following types of
 9        information to the extent the court finds that
          disclosure of such information would create undue risk
10        of identity theft or other unlawful injury to the
          individual or the individual’s property:
11             (A) Any means of identification (as defined in
               section 1028(d) of title 18) contained in a paper
12             filed, or to be filed, in a case under this title.
               (B) Other information contained in a paper
13             described in subparagraph (A).
14        Unlike § 107(b), § 107(c) gives the bankruptcy court broad
15   discretion to protect an individual facing the subject
16   circumstances.    2 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 107.04[1].   Moreover,
17   “[t]he types of information that can be protected by the court
18   are unlimited.”   Id. (citing § 107(c)(1)(B)).
19        The debtor frets that her social security number, bank
20   account number and other personal information have been exposed
21   to the public through her bankruptcy filing.     But after reviewing
22   the bankruptcy court’s electronic docket, the debtor’s petition,
23   her original and amended schedules, her statement of financial
24   affairs and her Form B22A, we discovered no such information,
25   other than the last four digits of her social security number.
26   None of her bankruptcy documents contained any identifying
27   information that could create an undue risk of identity theft or
28   other unlawful injury to the debtor.

                                       9
 1        The debtor failed to show that the bankruptcy filing
 2   contained identifying information that would place her at risk of
 3   identity theft, as she has claimed.   We therefore determine that
 4   the bankruptcy court did not err in declining to expunge the
 5   debtor’s bankruptcy filing records.
 6   B.   Rule 9037
 7        The debtor apparently invokes Rule 9037(c) and (d)(2) in one
 8   last attempt to convince us to expunge her bankruptcy filing.
 9   Based on the record before us, we are not persuaded to do so.
10        Section 107(b) “provides that certain information filed in a
11   bankruptcy case may, pursuant to court order, be exempt from the
12   general rule that all such papers are public records.”
13   10 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 9037.04.   Rule 9037(c) supplements
14   § 107(b) by allowing the bankruptcy court to order certain
15   documents filed in a bankruptcy case to be filed “under seal” –
16   that is, no longer available on the public record.   See id.
17        Here, the debtor has not shown that the documents in her
18   bankruptcy filing contained any information that warrants placing
19   them under seal.   She merely complains that the bankruptcy filing
20   has negatively affected her employment prospects.    While we
21   sympathize with the debtor, recognizing that the bankruptcy
22   filing likely hampers her efforts in obtaining employment, such
23   information is not sensitive enough to convince us that it should
24   be placed under seal.
25        We also determine that Rule 9037(d)(2) does not apply.
26   Under Rule 9037(d), a bankruptcy court may limit or prohibit a
27   nonparty’s remote electronic access to a document filed with it.
28   “Rule 9037(d) recognizes the [bankruptcy] court’s inherent

                                     10
 1   authority to go beyond the limits set out in Rule 9037(a)
 2   regarding the information that must be redacted from a filing
 3   made with the court.”    Id. ¶ 9037.05.    Again, the debtor fails to
 4   demonstrate that the documents in her bankruptcy filing contain
 5   sensitive information that warrants limiting electronic access to
 6   them.
 7           Given the foregoing, we conclude that the bankruptcy court
 8   did not err in refusing to place the documents in the debtor’s
 9   bankruptcy case under seal.
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11                                 CONCLUSION
12           For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.
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