             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                 No. COA16-1179

                              Filed: 6 February 2018

Mecklenburg County, No. 15 CVD 2156

KIMBERLY G. RAYMOND, Plaintiff,

            v.

CHARLES G. RAYMOND, Defendant.


      Appeal by plaintiff from orders entered 28 January 2016 and 5 May 2016 by

Judge Matthew J. Osman in District Court, Mecklenburg County. Heard in the Court

of Appeals 18 April 2017.


      Dozier Miller Law Group, by Adam S. Hocutt and Robert P. Hanner, II, for
      plaintiff-appellant.

      Hamilton Stephens Steele & Martin, PLLC, by Amy Simpson Fiorenza, for
      defendant-appellee.


      STROUD, Judge.


      Plaintiff Kimberly G. Raymond (“Wife”) appeals from the trial court’s orders

granting summary judgment, a declaratory judgment, and attorney fees to Defendant

Charles G. Raymond (“Husband”). These orders are based upon the trial court’s

conclusion that the parties had entered an enforceable separation agreement and

property settlement agreement. Because the same version of the agreement was

never signed and acknowledged by both parties, as required by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 52-

10.1, the trial court erred in concluding that the agreement is enforceable, and we

reverse both orders and remand for further proceedings.
                                RAYMOND V. RAYMOND

                                  Opinion of the Court



                         I.     Facts and Procedural Background

      The parties were married on April 3, 1999, and separated on some date prior

to November 2014. Husband contends that the parties separated in December 2013,

while Wife contends that the parties initially separated in December 2013, reconciled

in May of 2014, and finally separated in September of 2014.

      Wife engaged the services of attorney Carolyn Woodruff, who drafted a

separation agreement which she presented to Husband on 13 December 2013. The

parties thereafter continued to negotiate the terms of their separation.      On 21

January 2014, Wife signed and notarized a document captioned “Separation and

Property Settlement Agreement” and forwarded it to Husband.

      The parties then had the following exchange by email. On 22 January 2014,

Wife sent the following to Husband:

             I mailed the papers to you today. 3 copies. Please get all 3
             notarized and send 2 back to me. You can give to Darlene
             and she can bring them to me on Friday as she will be here
             then.

On 23 January 2014, Husband emailed the following to Wife:

                     I have gone over the agreement and it is correct and
             acceptable with one exception. Your attorney slipped in a
             requirement to divide the Carlyle investment. This has
             never been raised and is inappropriate. Your choices are
             to rewrite the agreement, deleting clause Article II
             Property Settlement, Para 1 C i (Carlisle Funds), or I will
             line it out and initial it. You would then return an initialed
             copy to me. Your choice. You told me you were playing no
             games. . . . That’s why I suspect your attorney put that in


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            in error. Please advise.

On 23 January 2014, Wife emailed the following to Husband:

                  Cross out that part and initial it on all 3 copies.
            Darlene will wait in [sic] you. Sorry for that!

On the same day, Wife also emailed the following to Husband:

            Had to make certain contract would still be legit and it will
            as long as you mark thru, initial lines and initial bottom
            and then sign docs. You can also next day air to me today
            if you don’t want to bother Darlene.

Husband made the requested changes to the document, initialed the changes,

notarized the document and then sent it to Wife. Wife received the document but

never signed or initialed the revised document.

      On 4 February 2015, Wife filed a complaint for post-separation support,

alimony, equitable distribution, an interim distribution of marital assets, and

attorney’s fees. Husband filed an answer, motions to dismiss, affirmative defenses,

and counterclaims on 17 April 2015. In his answer, Husband moved for, among other

things: dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6), declaratory judgment, breach of contract, and

attorney’s fees based on the argument that the couple had a valid and enforceable

separation agreement and that Wife had waived her rights to pursue the claims.

Husband also sought an award of reasonable attorney’s fees because of Wife’s breach

of their separation agreement.    On 5 October 2015, Wife moved for summary




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judgment and declaratory judgment because the parties had no legally enforceable

separation agreement.

      After considering evidence, affidavits, and depositions by the parties, on 28

January 2016, the trial court entered an order granting summary judgment and a

declaratory judgment in favor of Husband because the parties had entered into a

legally enforceable separation agreement.

      Wife moved to set aside the judgment and filed a motion for relief from

judgment on 4 February 2016. Husband, on 8 March 2016, moved to dismiss Wife’s

motion to set aside judgment and filed a motion for relief from judgment; a motion for

attorney’s fees because her motion raised no justiciable issue, and a motion for a

transfer of property under Rule 70 of the Rules of Civil Procedure of North Carolina

regarding the Linville property owned by the parties which Wife had refused to deed

to Husband under the Separation Agreement. The trial court found for Husband on

all claims in an order entered on 5 May 2016. This order has no certificate of service

to show service upon Wife. Wife filed notice of appeal on 8 June 2016, appealing the

trial court’s 28 January 2016 and 5 May 2016 orders.

                        II.    Timeliness of Appeal and Jurisdiction

      A timely notice of appeal is required to confer jurisdiction upon this Court. See,

e.g., Bailey v. State, 353 N.C. 142, 156, 540 S.E.2d 313, 321 (2000) (“In order to confer

jurisdiction on the state’s appellate courts, appellants of lower court orders must



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comply with the requirements of Rule 3 of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate

Procedure.”).

A.    5 May 2016 Order

      Although neither party has addressed whether Wife’s notice of appeal was

timely filed for either order to confer jurisdiction upon this Court under N.C. R. App.

P. Rule 3 to consider her appeal, we must raise issues of jurisdiction sua sponte. See,

e.g., Kor Xiong v. Marks, 193 N.C. App. 644, 652, 668 S.E.2d 594, 599 (2008) (“[A]n

appellate court has the power to inquire into jurisdiction in a case before it at any

time, even sua sponte.”).

                       Under our North Carolina Rules of Appellate
                Procedure, Rule 3(c), “Time for Taking Appeal,” states, in
                pertinent part, the following: In civil actions and special
                proceedings, a party must file and serve a notice of appeal:
                (1) within 30 days after entry of judgment if the party has
                been served with a copy of the judgment within the three-
                day period prescribed by Rule 58 of the Rules of Civil
                Procedure; or (2) within 30 days after service upon the
                party of a copy of the judgment if service was not made
                within that three-day period. The provisions of Rule 3 are
                jurisdictional, and failure to follow the requirements
                thereof requires dismissal of an appeal. Motions entered
                pursuant to Rule 60 do not toll the time for filing a notice
                of appeal.

Wallis v. Cambron, 194 N.C. App. 190, 192-93, 670 S.E.2d 239, 241 (2008) (citations,

quotation marks, and ellipses omitted).

      The order granting summary judgment and a declaratory judgment was

entered on 28 January 2016, but Wife did not file her notice of appeal until 8 June


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2016, far more than 30 days after entry of that order. In addition, the notice of appeal

was filed more than 30 days after entry of the 5 May 2016 Order. We will address

the timeliness of the appeal of the 5 May 2016 order first.

                       Rule 3(c)(1) of the Rules of Appellate Procedure
                provides that a party must file and serve notice of appeal
                within thirty days after entry of judgment if the party has
                been served a copy of the judgment within the three day
                period prescribed by Rule 58 of the Rules of Civil
                Procedure. Rule 58 provides that service and proof of
                service shall be in accordance with Rule 5. Rule 5(b)
                provides: “[a] certificate of service shall accompany every
                pleading and every paper required to be served and shall
                show the date and method of service or the date of
                acceptance of service and shall show the name and service
                address of each person upon whom the paper has been
                served.

Frank v. Savage, 205 N.C. App. 183, 186-87, 695 S.E.2d 509, 511 (2010) (citations,

quotation marks, emphasis, ellipses, and brackets omitted).

      The 5 May 2016 order has no certificate of service and our record does not

indicate when Wife was served. Under N.C. R. App. P. 3(c)(2), “a party must file and

serve a notice of appeal . . . (2) within thirty days after service upon the party of a

copy of the judgment if service was not made within that three-day period[.]” Under

Rule 3, if Wife was properly served with the 5 May 2016 order, her notice of appeal

would have been due on 6 June 2016.1 Husband has not moved to dismiss the appeal,




      1   June 4 2016 fell on a Saturday, so the notice would have been due on the following Monday.

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and neither party has addressed any concern regarding the timeliness of Wife’s

appeal.

      In Frank, the order on appeal had a certificate of service but it did “not show

the name or service address of any person upon whom the order was served.” Frank,

205 N.C. App. at 187, 695 S.E.2d at 511. The appellees moved to dismiss the appeal

because appellants’ notice of appeal was filed 31 days after entry of the order;

appellants contended that they actually received the order 4 days after its entry and

the appeal was timely by their calculation. Id. at 186, 695 S.E.2d at 511. This Court

placed the burden of showing that the order was properly served within three days

upon the appellee who sought dismissal of the appeal, and since the certificate of

service did not show the name or address of the parties served, held the appeal to be

timely and denied the motion to dismiss the appeal. Id. at 187, 695 S.E.2d at 512.

                    We faced a similar situation in Davis v. Kelly, 147
             N.C. App. 102, 554 S.E.2d 402 (2001). Appellee in Davis
             argued that appellant “filed the notice of appeal more than
             30 days after the judgment was entered and that her
             appeal should therefore be dismissed.” Id. at 105, 554
             S.E.2d at 404. The Court noted however that appellee “did
             not fully comply with the service requirements of Rule 58
             of the Rules of Civil Procedure.” Id. Under the applicable
             provisions of Rule 3, appellant had thirty days from the
             date she was properly served with the judgment. Id. The
             Court therefore denied appellee’s Motion to Dismiss the
             appeal.
                    We believe that Defendants’ failure to comply with
             the service requirements of Rule 58 of the Rules of Civil
             Procedure in the present case requires us to apply Rule
             3(c)(2) and not Rule 3(c)(1). We therefore hold that


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             Plaintiffs’ appeal is timely. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss
             Plaintiffs’ appeal is denied.

Frank, 205 N.C. App. at 187, 695 S.E.2d at 511-12 (footnotes omitted).

      Here, the record includes no certificate of service. Husband has not moved to

dismiss the appeal. We will not assume that Husband served the 5 May 2016 Order

on Wife within three days as required by Rule 3(c)(1), and thus her time to appeal did

not begin to run until she received it, under Rule 3(c)(2). Her notice of appeal of the

5 May 2016 order is therefore timely, and this Court has jurisdiction to consider her

appeal of that order.

B.    28 January 2016 Order

       Neither party has addressed the timeliness of Wife’s appeal of the 28 January

2016 order either, but again, we have no jurisdiction to consider her appeal of this

order without a proper notice of appeal. Wife apparently assumed that her Motion to

Set Aside Judgment and for Relief from Judgment under Rules 52, 59, and 60 tolled

the time for her notice of appeal, since she appealed both orders after entry of the

trial court’s order denying her motions. As the substance of her motion determines

whether the time for appeal was tolled, we must consider the grounds for her motion.

See N.C. R. App. P. Rule 3(c)(3) (“[I]f a timely motion is made by any party for relief

under Rules 50(b), 52(b), or 59 of the Rules of Civil Procedure, the thirty-day period

for taking appeal is tolled as to all parties until entry of an order disposing of the

motion and then runs as to each party from the date of entry of the order or its


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untimely service upon the party, as provided in subdivisions (1) and (2) of this

subsection (c).”).

       Wife’s motion requested under Rule 52 that the trial court “amend its findings

or make additional findings[,]” and under Rule 59(a)(7), she alleged that the order

was “contrary to law.”      Under Rule 60(b)(1) and (6), Wife alleges “mistake” --

specifically, the trial court’s legal error -- and “any other reason justifying relief from

the operation of the judgment” -- also the trial court’s legal error. The substance of

Wife’s motion alleges the trial court made a “legal error” by determining the

separation agreement was valid.         The motion also makes various allegations

regarding cases addressing the validity of the separation agreement and argues that

the trial court’s ruling was contrary to those cases.

       As noted above, a motion under Rule 60 does not toll the time for filing notice

of appeal. See Wallis, 194 N.C. App. at 193, 670 S.E.2d at 241. But a motion under

Rule 52(b) or 59 will toll the time for notice of appeal, if the motion actually presents

a rationale for relief under one of these rules and is not simply “ ‘used as a means to

reargue matters already argued[.]’ ” Batlle v. Sabates, 198 N.C. App. 407, 414, 681

S.E.2d 788, 794 (2009) (quoting Smith v. Johnson, 125 N.C. App. 603, 606, 481 S.E.2d

415, 417 (1997)).

              If a timely motion is made by any party for relief under
              Rules 50(b), 52(b) or 59 of the Rules of Civil Procedure, the
              30-day period for taking appeal is tolled as to all parties
              until entry of an order disposing of the motion and then


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             runs as to each party from the date of entry of the order.
             As a result, the timeliness of Plaintiff’s appeal from the 21
             September 2007 order hinges upon whether Plaintiff’s 5
             October 2007 motion sufficiently invoked the provisions of
             N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rules 50(b), 52(b), or 59.

             . . . . [W]hile a request that the trial court reconsider its
             earlier decision granting the sanction may properly be
             treated as a Rule 59(e) motion, a motion made pursuant to
             N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 59, cannot be used as a means
             to reargue matters already argued or to put forward
             arguments which were not made but could have been
             made. Thus, in order to properly address the issues raised
             by Defendant’s dismissal motion, we must examine the
             allegations in Plaintiff’s motion to ascertain whether
             Plaintiff stated a valid basis for seeking to obtain relief
             pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 59.

Batlle, 198 N.C. App. at 413-14, 681 S.E.2d at 793-94 (citations, quotation marks,

brackets, and footnote omitted).

      The January 2016 order is entitled “Order Re: Cross-Motions for

Declaratory/Summary Judgment.” Although summary judgment orders should not

include findings of fact, see, e.g., Tuwamo v. Tuwamo, __ N.C. App. __, __, 790 S.E.2d

331, 336 (2016) (“Of course, neither an order for dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) nor a

summary judgment order should include findings of fact.”), this order has extensive

findings of fact. In addition, Wife filed a motion under Rule 52 requesting amended

or additional findings of fact.    But this Court has held that because summary

judgment orders should not have findings of fact, and on appeal we may disregard

any such findings, Rule 52 does not apply to summary judgment orders. See, e.g.,



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Mosley v. Finance Co., 36 N.C. App. 109, 111, 243 S.E.2d 145, 147 (1978) (“The named

plaintiffs requested that the trial court, in rendering summary judgment, find facts

specifically and express its conclusions of law pursuant to G.S. 1A-1, Rule 52. A trial

judge is not required to make finding[s] of fact and conclusions of law in determining

a motion for summary judgment, and if he does make some, they are disregarded on

appeal. Rule 52(a)(2) does not apply to the decision on a summary judgment motion

because, if findings of fact are necessary to resolve an issue, summary judgment is

improper.      However, such findings and conclusions do not render a summary

judgment void or voidable and may be helpful, if the facts are not at issue and support

the judgment.” (citations omitted)), overruled in part on other grounds as stated in

Crow v. Citicorp Acceptance Co., 319 N.C. 274, 280, 354 S.E.2d 459, 464 (1987).

        But this analysis assumes that the January 2016 order is in fact a summary

judgment order, although it does not look much like one.                          This jurisdictional

discussion has perhaps gone on too long primarily as a result of the way the parties

and trial court dealt with the hearing of the matter and the extensive findings and

conclusions in the trial court’s order.2                  Instead of continuing to attempt to

characterize the order, we dismiss Wife’s appeal from the 28 January 2016 order as

untimely, but then exercise our discretion to treat Wife’s brief as a petition for



        2 We have also reviewed the entire transcript of the hearing to determine if the parties and
trial court treated this hearing as a bench trial, and although they did not refer to it as such, from the
arguments and discussion, it could likely be considered a bench trial.

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certiorari, allow the petition, and review the 28 January 2016 order. See N.C. R. App.

P. Rule 21(a)(1) (“The writ of certiorari may be issued in appropriate circumstances

by either appellate court to permit review of the judgments and orders of trial

tribunals when the right to prosecute an appeal has been lost by failure to take timely

action[.]”); In re Will of Durham, 206 N.C. App. 67, 74, 698 S.E.2d 112, 119 (2010)

(“Given the complete absence of any showing in the record on appeal that Caveator

appealed the sanctions order in a timely manner, we have no alternative except to

dismiss Caveator’s appeal from the sanctions order as untimely. We do, however,

have the authority, in the exercise of our discretion, to treat the record on appeal and

briefs as a petition for writ of certiorari pursuant to N.C. R. App. P. 21(a)(1), to grant

the petition, and to then review Caveator’s challenge to the sanctions order on the

merits.”).

                                  III.   Standard of Review

       “Our standard of review of an appeal from summary judgment is de novo; such

judgment is appropriate only when the record shows that there is no genuine issue

as to any material fact and that any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of

law.” In Re Will of Jones, 362 N.C. 569, 573, 669 S.E.2d 572, 576 (2008) (citation and

quotation marks omitted).




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      As noted above, the trial court’s summary judgment order includes “findings of

fact.” Since summary judgment is proper only where there is no genuine issue of

material fact, summary judgment orders should not include findings of fact.

             The purpose of the entry of findings of fact by a trial court
             is to resolve contested issues of fact. This is not appropriate
             when granting a motion for summary judgment, where the
             basis of the judgment is that there is no genuine issue as
             to any material fact and that any party is entitled to a
             judgment as a matter of law.

War Eagle, Inc. v. Belair, 204 N.C. App. 548, 551, 694 S.E.2d 497, 500 (2010) (citations

and quotation marks omitted).        It is not uncommon for trial judges to recite

uncontested facts upon which they base their summary judgment order, however

when this is done “any findings should clearly be denominated as ‘uncontested facts’

and not as a resolution of contested facts.” Id. In this case, all the material facts are

uncontested so we will treat the “findings of fact” in the January 2016 order as

“uncontested facts” for the purpose of evaluating the trial court’s order for summary

judgment.

              [I]n a declaratory judgment action where the trial court
             decides questions of fact, we review the challenged findings
             of fact and determine whether they are supported by
             competent evidence. If we determine that the challenged
             findings are supported by competent evidence, they are
             conclusive on appeal.        We review the trial court’s
             conclusions of law de novo.




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Calhoun v. WHA Med. Clinic, PLLC, 178 N.C. App. 585, 596-97, 632 S.E.2d 563, 571

(2006) (citations omitted). We will therefore review the order’s legal conclusion of the

enforceability of the agreement de novo.

                                       IV.     Analysis

      Wife contends that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment and

declaratory judgment for Husband. We agree.

A.    Validity of Separation Agreements under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 52-10.1

      The law of North Carolina has long been that a married couple, upon deciding

to separate, may memorialize their decisions governing their separation and property

settlement in a legally enforceable separation agreement. A separation agreement is

a contract, but unlike other types of contract, separation agreements must meet

several statutory requirements. Specifically, under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 52-10.1 (2015),

a married couple may execute a legally binding separation agreement if that

agreement is 1) not against public policy, 2) in writing and 3) acknowledged by both

parties before a certifying officer. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 52-10.1. Such a certifying officer

may include a notary public. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 52-10(b) (2015). The courts of North

Carolina have routinely held that a separation agreement is void and unenforceable

unless it was “executed in the manner and form required by [N.C.G.S. § 52-10.1].”

Daughtry v. Daughtry, 225 N.C. 358, 360, 34 S.E.2d 435, 437 (1945).                 Any

modification of a separation agreement must also “be in writing and acknowledged,



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in accordance with the statute.” Jones v. Jones, 162 N.C. App. 134, 137, 590 S.E.2d

308, 310 (2004). An attempt to orally modify a separation agreement is insufficient

as a matter of law and fails to meet the standards of the statute. See Greene v. Greene,

77 N.C. App. 821, 823, 336 S.E.2d 430, 432 (1985).

      Here, Wife contends there is no legally enforceable separation agreement

between the parties because the statutory requirements were never met. There is no

factual dispute that the parties each signed and acknowledged different versions of

the agreement. Wife signed and notarized the original version of the couple’s

separation agreement and sent it to Husband. Husband then modified, signed, and

acknowledged the revised separation agreement. Wife never signed or acknowledged

the revised separation agreement after it was modified by Husband, and there is no

evidence in the record that Wife and Husband ever signed and notarized the same

separation agreement.

      Husband “acknowledges        the    historical      respect   afforded   the   formal

requirements given to separation agreements[,]” but argues that “the parties’ legal

right should not hang up on a technicality that can be fixed[.]” He contends that

Wife’s email from 23 January 2014 is sufficient to modify the separation agreement

under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 52-10.1 and create a separation agreement binding on both

parties. He also contends that his change to the agreement was merely the correction

of “what amounts to a clerical error in the Agreement” so it should not be “fatal to the



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enforceability.” He cites no law to support his contention this was a “clerical error,”

most likely because his revision was not the correction of a typographical error or

transposed letters or numbers.

      This Court is not simply giving “historical respect” to the formal requirements

of separation agreements. We must enforce the law as established by the General

Assembly in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 52-10.1 and as interpreted consistently by our courts.

And Husband’s revision to the agreement was far more than correction of a clerical

error. Husband’s revision changed the distribution of the Carlisle Funds account

from an equal division between the parties to a distribution solely to Husband.

Husband concedes that Wife never signed or acknowledged the separation agreement

after his modifications on 23 January 2014.               Given the lack of signature or

acknowledgment, Husband’s argument is without merit.

B.    Equitable Argument

      Husband raises the argument that even if this Court should find the

agreement void, Wife should not be allowed to avoid its effect based upon “equitable

principles.” The trial court’s order also addressed this issue. The trial court found:

                    12.   The Court finds that, given Plaintiff/Wife’s
             direction to Defendant/Husband that he should strike the
             relevant paragraph and have it executed, that the
             Agreement is not void and valid.

                   13.    Additionally, even if the Court would have
             found the Agreement was not executed in accordance with
             relevant statutory authority (which it does not), the Court


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             does find that Plaintiff/Wife made the voluntary choice to
             recognize the Agreement by treating it as valid for more
             than a year without complaint and that she has been
             permitted to enjoy and has enjoyed all of the benefits of the
             Agreement.

                     14.   Plaintiff/Wife has ratified the Agreement and
             she is estopped from making the legal argument that it was
             not validly executed and therefore unenforceable. See
             Moore v. Moore, 108 N.C. App. 656 (1993).

(Emphasis added).

       Husband’s argument mentions words such as “estoppel,” “equitable estoppel,”

and “quasi-estoppel,” although we are not entirely sure how these principles may

apply to this case. The trial court’s order cited to Moore v. Moore, 108 N.C. App. 656,

424 S.E.2d 673, aff’d per curiam, 334 N.C. 684, 435 S.E.2d 71 (1993), and Husband

has addressed this case in his brief, so we will address it.

      In Moore, the husband and wife signed the same agreement and the agreement

was notarized. Id. at 657-58, 424 S.E.2d at 674-75. Both signed during a meeting at

the wife’s attorney’s office and Ms. King, an employee in the office, was the notary.

Id. at 658, 424 S.E.2d at 674-75. The couple signed several documents that day, and

Ms. King was “in and out” of the room where they met “preparing additional

paperwork” to be signed. Id. In seeking to avoid the agreement, the husband claimed

that Ms. King was not actually present in the room at the moment when he signed

the agreement, so she did not witness his signing. Id., at 658, 424 S.E.2d at 675. Ms.

King averred that she did witness both parties’ signatures. Id. The trial court


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granted summary judgment to the wife, finding the agreement enforceable, and the

husband appealed. Id. at 657, 424 S.E.2d at 674. On appeal, this Court affirmed the

trial court. Id. at 658, 424 S.E.2d at 675. This Court stated that even if there was

some factual issue regarding the notarization of the agreement, there was no genuine

issue of material fact which would prevent summary judgment:

                     Plaintiff’s evidence does not overcome the
             presumption of legality of execution created by the
             notarization of the separation agreement. North Carolina
             recognizes a presumption in favor of the legality of an
             acknowledgment of a written instrument by a certifying
             officer. To impeach a notary’s certification, there must be
             more than a bare allegation that no acknowledgment
             occurred.

Id. at 659, 424 S.E.2d at 675 (citation omitted).

      In other words, the holding of Moore is entirely inapposite to this case, since

the issue here is entirely different.      In Moore, both parties signed the same

agreement. Id. at 657, 424 S.E.2d at 674. Here, Husband and Wife each signed

different versions of the agreement. Even under basic contract law -- N.C. Gen. Stat.

§ 52-10-1 notwithstanding -- where there is no meeting of minds on the essential

terms of the agreement, there is no contract. See, e.g., Chappell v. Roth, 353 N.C.

690, 692, 548 S.E.2d 499, 500 (2001) (“For an agreement to constitute a valid contract,

the parties’ minds must meet as to all the terms. If any portion of the proposed terms

is not settled, or no mode agreed on by which they may be settled, there is no

agreement. . . . [G]iven the consensual nature of any settlement, a court cannot


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compel compliance with terms not agreed upon or expressed by the parties in the

settlement agreement.”     (citations and quotation marks omitted)).         Therefore,

Husband’s argument must be based primarily upon the Moore Court’s concluding

comments:

             [E]ven if the notarization could be deemed invalid due to
             the technical statutory violation, plaintiff is estopped from
             asserting its invalidity. The doctrine of estoppel rests upon
             principles of equity and is designed to aid the law in the
             administration of justice when without its intervention
             injustice would result. The rule is grounded in the premise
             that it offends every principle of equity and morality to
             permit a party to enjoy the benefits of a transaction and at
             the same time deny its terms or qualifications. Having
             chosen to recognize the agreement by treating it as valid
             for two years without complaint, plaintiff has been
             permitted to enjoy the benefits of the agreement. He now
             pursues a course to overturn it. Equity dictates the result
             consistent with the trial court’s judgment.

Moore, 108 N.C. App. at 659, 424 S.E.2d at 675-76 (citation omitted).

      This portion of Moore is arguably dicta, since it was unnecessary for the

decision. “Language in an opinion not necessary to the decision is obiter dictum and

later decisions are not bound thereby.” Trustees of Rowan Tech. Coll. v. J. Hyatt

Hammond Assocs., Inc., 313 N.C. 230, 242, 328 S.E.2d 274, 281 (1985). In addition,

this Court has recently held otherwise, in a case involving enforcement of an alleged

amendment to a separation agreement which was not notarized:

                    Plaintiff argues that, even if the 2003 Amendment is
             void, she may still recover based upon equitable theories,
             including estoppel and ratification, because Defendant had


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                                  Opinion of the Court



             performed for eleven years under the terms of the 2003
             Amendment with knowledge it had not been notarized. We
             disagree.
                    It is well settled that a void contract cannot be the
             basis for ratification or estoppel. See Bolin v. Bolin, 246
             N.C. 666, 669, 99 S.E.2d 920, 923 (1957) (“A void contract
             will not work as an estoppel.”); see also Jenkins v. Gastonia
             Mfg. Co., 115 N.C. 535, 537, 20 S.E. 724, 724 (1894) (“[W]e
             have held that such contract, not being ... in compliance
             with the statute, and being executory in its nature, was
             void and incapable of ratification.”).

Kelley v. Kelley, __ N.C. App. __, __, 798 S.E.2d 771, 777-78 (2017).

      And in any event, even considering equitable principles, we see no “unfairness”

to Husband based upon the record before us.          He complains that he paid Wife

$7,000.00 per month as post-separation support under the agreement until 4

February 2015, so she should not now be allowed to pursue her claims for post-

separation support, alimony, and equitable distribution. But should the trial court

ultimately grant the relief Wife seeks, the trial court can consider these payments in

the final calculations. Husband may receive a credit for any payments he made under

the void agreement toward any amount he may become obligated to pay based on

Wife’s claims -- or Wife may have to repay to Husband any amount he paid in excess

of his obligations as ultimately determined by the trial court.

      V.     Conclusion

      For the reasons stated above, we reverse and remand this matter to the trial

court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.



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                    RAYMOND V. RAYMOND

                      Opinion of the Court



REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Judges BRYANT and DAVIS concur.




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