                     United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

                                  ___________

                                  No. 05-2070
                                  ___________

United States of America,              *
                                       *
              Appellee,                *
                                       * Appeal from the United States
         v.                            * District Court for the
                                       * District of South Dakota.
Mike Chase,                            *
                                       *
              Appellant.               *
                                  ___________

                             Submitted: January 9, 2006
                                Filed: July 3, 2006
                                 ___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, WOLLMAN, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.
                             ___________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

      Mike Chase appeals from the judgment and sentence entered by the district
     1
court on the jury’s finding that Chase was guilty of voluntary manslaughter. We
affirm.




         1
        The Honorable Karen E. Schreier, Chief Judge, United States District Court
for the District of South Dakota.
                                          I.

       At about 6:00 p.m. on August 23, 2004, Chase and several of his family
members and friends gathered at Chase’s mother’s home in the Eastridge housing
development on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota. Clay Gibbons
was also present. Chase and Gibbons argued, whereupon Gibbons threatened Chase
with a knife, which incorporated brass knuckles as part of its handle. Chase disarmed
Gibbons, and Gibbons was asked to leave, which he did.

      About ten or fifteen minutes later, a group of approximately fifteen or twenty
people—armed with metal bars, boards, commodity cans, and rocks—gathered in a
nearby yard. Witnesses offered differing testimony as to whether Winston Bad Bear
was part of this group or was instead a peacemaker separate from the armed group.
One witness testified that Bad Bear had earlier stated that he had seen a gang at
Chase’s home and that he was going to go up there to handle it.

       Chase saw the group form in the nearby lot. A witness testified that Chase said
that they should confront the group. Armed with the knife that he had earlier taken
from Gibbons, Chase left his mother’s house and moved toward the group. Three or
four of his friends, who were also armed, followed him. People were yelling and
throwing objects at each other. One group member threw a crowbar, which hit
Chase’s friend in the head and injured him.

      Witness testimony differs as to whether Chase first approached Bad Bear or
vice versa. In any event, the two men scuffled, and Chase stabbed Bad Bear several
times. Chase also kicked Bad Bear, as the latter lay on the ground, either to prevent
Bad Bear from getting up or to free Chase’s leg. Chase, uninjured, then fled to his
mother’s house. Bad Bear later died from the knife wounds. Chase was indicted on
a count of second degree murder.



                                         -2-
      Chase testified that he believed that the rival group was going to attack him
because he had a history of violence with this group. Chase admitted, however, that
Bad Bear was unarmed. He sought to present under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b)
evidence of prior attacks on himself and his family by members of the rival group.
These acts included: (1) an assault on Chase by a member of the rival group in the
summer of 2003, (2) an assault on Chase’s cousin by members of the rival group in
January 2004 that required the cousin to be hospitalized for several days, (3) an
attempted armed assault on Chase by members of the rival group in the spring of
2004, and (4) an attempted stabbing of Chase by members of the rival group in April
2004. The district court sustained the government’s objection and excluded the
proffered evidence.

       As part of his defense, Chase subpoenaed Dana Fast Horse to testify at trial.
Fast Horse had driven her car into the crowd on the evening in question, resulting in
a serious injury to a member of the group, for which Fast Horse was later indicted.
Fast Horse indicated that she would exercise her Fifth Amendment right against self-
incrimination, and the district court released her from the subpoena. Chase then
sought to offer into evidence, pursuant to Federal Rules of Evidence 804(b)(3) and
807, Fast Horse’s statement that she had driven her car into the rival group and was
thereupon attacked by the mob. The district court sustained the government’s
objection and excluded the statement.

       During his rebuttal closing argument, the prosecutor asked the jury, “Did
Winston Bad Bear need to die? Did he deserve to die that night? Did he deserve to
be bludgeoned that many times? Based on what we have learned here today that’s
what you got to ask yourself.” Tr. at 695-96. The district court sustained Chase’s
objection to these comments and told the members of the jury that “you need to look
at the jury instruction that I gave you on the elements of the crime and determine
whether or not guilty or not guilty.” Tr. at 696.



                                         -3-
       The jury found Chase guilty of voluntary manslaughter and acquitted him on
the second degree murder count. Sentencing occurred on April 5, 2005. Pursuant to
the Presentence Investigation Report, the district court applied the 2003 version of the
U.S. Sentencing Guidelines and determined that Chase had a base offense level of 25.
Because Chase had no criminal history points, the district court determined that the
applicable guidelines range was fifty-seven to seventy-one months. The district court
determined, however, that Chase’s use of a dangerous weapon and his extreme
conduct warranted an upward departure, raising the applicable guidelines range to 87
to 108 months. The district court then sentenced Chase to ninety-six months in prison.

                                          II.

       Chase first argues that the district court erred in denying his motion for a
judgment of acquittal. We review de novo the denial of a motion for judgment of
acquittal. United States v. Water, 413 F.3d 812, 816 (8th Cir. 2005). Our review,
however, is narrow. United States v. Sadler, 234 F.3d 368, 372 (8th Cir. 2000). We
view “the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, resolving
evidentiary conflicts in favor of the government, and accepting all reasonable
inferences drawn from the evidence that support the jury’s verdict.” United States v.
Claybourne, 415 F.3d 790, 795 (8th Cir. 2005). We will reverse only if we determine
that no reasonable jury could have found the defendant guilty. Id.

       For Chase to be convicted of voluntary manslaughter, the government had to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Chase: (1) voluntarily, intentionally, and
unlawfully killed Bad Bear; (2) acted in the heat of passion caused by adequate
provocation; and (3) was not acting in self defense.2 Jury Instructions, Tr. at 636-37;
see 18 U.S.C. §§ 1112, 1153. As set forth above, the government presented evidence


      2
        The parties stipulated that Chase is an Indian and that the offense took place
in Indian country.

                                          -4-
that Chase approached Bad Bear, who was unarmed, and stabbed him numerous times.
It also offered testimony that Bad Bear was not part of the rival group but was instead
a peacemaker. Finally, the government offered evidence that Chase had approached
the rival group and could have avoided encountering it. On the basis of this evidence,
a reasonable jury could have found Chase guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of
voluntary manslaughter, and thus the district court did not err in denying his motion
for judgment of acquittal.

                                           III.

       Chase next argues that the district court erred in excluding exculpatory evidence
probative of his claim of self defense. We review for clear abuse of discretion a
district court’s evidentiary rulings. United States v. Pirani, 406 F.3d 543, 555 (8th
Cir. 2005) (en banc).3

       Rule 404 provides that evidence of a person’s character is generally not
admissible for the purpose of proving action in conformity therewith. Fed. R. Evid.
404. Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts may, however, be admissible for other
purposes, such as to prove motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,
identity, or absence of mistake or accident. Fed. R. Evid. 404(b). When evidence is
offered to prove state of mind, we presume that the evidence is admissible for that
purpose. United States v. Smith, 383 F.3d 700, 706 (8th Cir. 2004). Such evidence
is admissible if it is: (1) relevant to a material issue, (2) similar in kind and close in
time to the event at issue, and (3) supported by sufficient evidence to support a finding
by the jury that the act occurred. See United States v. Johnson, 439 F.3d 947, 952 (8th
Cir. 2006). If, however, the probative value of the evidence is substantially


      3
        We note that Pirani’s holding on this issue implicitly overruled our holding in
United States v. Blue Bird, 372 F.3d 989, 991 (8th Cir. 2004), that we review de novo
a district court’s admission of evidence.

                                           -5-
outweighed by the dangers of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, misleading the
jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of
cumulative issues, the evidence may be excluded under Rule 403. Fed. R. Evid. 403;
Johnson, 439 F.3d at 952. In making this determination, we give great deference to
the district court’s judgment. United States v. Ruiz-Estrada, 312 F.3d 398, 403 (8th
Cir. 2002).

       As set forth above, Chase proposed to introduce evidence of prior attacks on
himself and a family member by members of the rival group that he allegedly feared
would attack him. The district court excluded this evidence, pointing to the absence
of any authority that would support the admission of evidence of an assault against a
defendant by a party who was not the victim. The district court also expressed its
concern that the proffered evidence would involve “collateral mini trial[s]” on the four
incidents and would be prejudicial, confusing, and misleading. Tr. of Pretrial
Conference at 16. Accordingly, the district court excluded the evidence under Rule
403. Chase challenges this ruling, arguing that the evidence would have assisted the
jury in evaluating his state of mind at the time he was confronted by the rival group.

       According the district court the deference to which it is entitled in making Rule
403 determinations, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in
excluding this evidence. Whatever probative value the evidence may have had in
bearing upon Chase’s state of mind, it was properly determined by the district court
to be outweighed by its potential to confuse and distract the jury. In any event, Chase
was allowed to testify generally about his history of violence with the rival group and
thus was able to develop his claim that he acted out of fear for his life in stabbing Bad
Bear. Cf. United States v. Milk, 447 F.3d 593, 600-01(8th Cir. 2006); United States
v. Waloke, 962 F.2d 824, 830 (8th Cir. 1992).




                                          -6-
                                           IV.

      Chase contends that the district court erred in excluding Dana Fast Horse’s
statement, arguing that the statement should have been admitted under Rule 804(b)(3)
or 807.

       Rule 804(b)(3) provides that a statement against a declarant’s own interests is
not excluded by the hearsay rule if the declarant is unavailable as a witness. A
statement tending to expose the declarant to criminal liability and offered to exculpate
the accused is not admissible, however, “unless corroborating circumstances clearly
indicate the trustworthiness of the statement.” Fed. R. Evid. 804(b)(3). Only the
portions of an unavailable witness’s statement that genuinely inculpate her are
admissible. See Williamson v. United States, 512 U.S. 594, 600-01 (1994). In
determining whether a statement is genuinely inculpatory, a court must examine the
circumstances under which the statement was given. Id. at 603-04. A statement is not
truly self-inculpatory if it merely attempts to shift blame or curry favor. See id. at
603; United States v. Roach, 164 F.3d 403, 411 (8th Cir. 1998). The determination
of a declarant’s credibility and motivation in making a statement is generally within
the discretion of the district court. Roach, 164 F.3d at 411.

       The district court determined that the only part of Fast Horse’s statement that
inculpated her was her admission that she was the driver of the vehicle that plowed
into the crowd. We agree with the district court’s assessment. Further, we agree that
this fact was irrelevant to any of the issues in Chase’s trial, and thus the district court
properly excluded it.

      Rule 807 provides that a “statement not specifically covered by [the hearsay
exceptions of the Federal Rules of Evidence] but having equivalent circumstantial
guarantees of trustworthiness, is not excluded by the hearsay rule, if the court
determines that”: (1) “the statement is offered as evidence of a material fact,” (2) “the

                                           -7-
statement is more probative on the point for which it is offered than any other
evidence which the proponent can procure through reasonable efforts,” and (3) “the
general purposes of [the Rules] and the interests of justice will be best served by
admission of the statement into evidence.” Fed. R. Evid. 807.

      We agree with the district court that Fast Horse’s statement lacked
circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness equivalent to the hearsay exceptions
provided for in Rules 803 and 804. At the time Fast Horse made the statement, she
was a suspect in an assault case as the result of her use of an automobile to run down
an individual of the rival group, and thus she had motive to implicate others and
downplay her role in the incident. Accordingly, the district court did not err in
excluding the statement.

                                           V.

       Chase next argues that the prosecutor’s rebuttal closing argument, set forth
earlier in this opinion, improperly appealed to the emotions and prejudices of the jury
and denied Chase his Fifth Amendment right to a fair trial. We afford the district
court broad discretion in controlling closing arguments, and we will overturn a
conviction on this basis only when prosecutorial misconduct could reasonably have
affected the jury’s verdict. See, e.g., United States v. Holmes, 413 F.3d 770, 774 (8th
Cir. 2005); Devine v. United States, 403 F.2d 93, 96 (10th Cir. 1968).

       In examining whether prosecutorial misconduct warrants reversal, we determine
whether the prosecutor’s remarks or conduct were in fact improper and whether such
remarks or conduct prejudicially affected the defendant’s substantial rights so as to
deprive him of a fair trial. United States v. Frokjer, 415 F.3d 865, 873 (8th Cir. 2005).
We assess the prejudicial effect of misconduct by considering: (1) the cumulative
effect of the misconduct, (2) the strength of the properly admitted evidence of the



                                          -8-
defendant’s guilt, and (3) the curative actions taken by the trial court. Holmes, 413
F.3d at 774-75.

       Even if the prosecutor’s comments were improper in this case, we conclude that
they did not prejudicially affect Chase’s substantial rights so as to deprive him of a
fair trial. Although the comments were made during the prosecutor’s rebuttal
argument, leaving Chase with no opportunity to respond to them, the district court
immediately gave a curative instruction. Chase has failed to demonstrate that this
instruction was inadequate, and he did not request further instruction by the court.
The comments constituted an isolated event during the course of the trial and were not
so inflammatory or egregious as to warrant reversal. See United States v. Franklin,
250 F.3d 653, 662 (8th Cir. 2001).

                                         VI.

      Chase also argues that the district court erred in departing upward from the
guidelines range of fifty-seven to seventy-one months pursuant to guidelines §§ 5K2.6
and 5K2.8. We review for abuse of discretion the district court’s decision to depart
from the applicable guidelines range. United States v. Hawkman, 438 F.3d 879, 882-
83 (8th Cir. 2006).

                                         A.

      Chase contends that the district court erred in imposing an upward departure
under § 5K2.6 of the guidelines for Chase’s use of a weapon or dangerous
instrumentality in his offense. Although Chase concedes that he used a weapon in
stabbing Bad Bear, he argues that the guideline provision for voluntary manslaughter
already takes into account the use of a weapon or dangerous instrumentality, rendering
a § 5K2.6 departure inappropriate.



                                         -9-
       Departures are appropriate if the sentencing court finds that there exists an
aggravating or mitigating circumstance “of a kind, or to a degree, not adequately taken
into consideration by the Sentencing Commission in formulating the guidelines that,
in order to advance the objectives set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2), should result in
a sentence different from that described.” U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0. The guidelines provide
that

      sentencing courts [are] to treat each guideline as carving out a
      ‘heartland,’ a set of typical cases embodying the conduct that each
      guideline describes. When a court finds an atypical case, one to which
      a particular guideline linguistically applies but where conduct
      significantly differs from the norm, a court may consider whether a
      departure is warranted.

U.S.S.G. § 1A1.1, cmt. n.4(b). The guidelines identify some of the circumstances that
the Sentencing Commission may not have adequately taken into account in
determining the applicable guidelines range. U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0. If one of these
circumstances is present in the case and the specific offense guideline has not taken
it into account or it is present to an exceptional degree, a departure may be appropriate
on this ground. See U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0.

      Other circuits disagree as to whether a § 5K2.6 departure is appropriate in
offenses similar to voluntary manslaughter. Both the Seventh and the Ninth Circuits
have determined that such a departure may be appropriate when the underlying
offense is solicitation of murder.4 United States v. Cook, 102 F.3d 249, 250 (7th Cir.


      4
        The defendant in the Ninth Circuit case had pleaded guilty to use of a facility
of interstate commerce with intent to commit murder and causing others to travel in
interstate commerce with the intent that murder be committed in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 1952(a), as well as to conspiracy in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. United
States v. Carpenter, 914 F.2d 1131, 1133 (9th Cir. 1990), superseded on other
grounds, United States v. Caperna, 251 F.3d 827, 830 (9th Cir. 2001).

                                          -10-
1996); United States v. Carpenter, 914 F.2d 1131, 1134 (9th Cir. 1990), superseded
on other grounds, United States v. Caperna, 251 F.3d 827, 830 (9th Cir. 2001). These
Circuits reasoned that the applicable offense guidelines did not take into account the
use or possession of weapons. Cook, 102 F.3d at 250; Carpenter, 914 F.2d at 1134.
The Fourth and Tenth Circuits, however, have determined that a § 5K2.6 departure is
inappropriate when the underlying offense is murder. United States v. Barber, 119
F.3d 276, 285 (4th Cir. 1997) (en banc); United States v. Kelly, 1 F.3d 1137, 1142
(10th Cir. 1993). The Fourth Circuit reasoned that although the applicable offense
guideline did not take into account the use of a weapon or dangerous instrumentality,
the use of a weapon to commit a second-degree murder was within the heartland of
conduct encompassed by the offense guideline. Barber, 119 F.3d at 285. It
acknowledged that murder could be committed without a weapon or dangerous
instrumentality, but concluded that the typical murder case involves the use of a
dangerous weapon. Id. In contrast, the Tenth Circuit has explained that the “fact that
the end result of a defendant’s conduct is murder necessarily implies that the
instrumentality effectuating the death of the victim was dangerous in the manner it
was used. Therefore, murder must subsume the use of a dangerous instrumentality.”
Kelly, 1 F.3d at 1142.

       We agree with the Seventh and Ninth Circuits’ analyses and conclude that a §
5K2.6 departure may be appropriate when the underlying offense is voluntary
manslaughter. The voluntary manslaughter guideline has not already accounted for
the use of a weapon or dangerous instrumentality; it does not mention the use of
weapons or dangerous instrumentalities, nor are weapons or dangerous
instrumentalities inherent in the offense of voluntary manslaughter. See U.S.S.G. §
2A1.3. Voluntary manslaughter can be committed without the use of a weapon or
dangerous instrumentality. Because the use of weapons or dangerous instrumentalities
is identified by the guidelines as a factor for departure, we need not go further to
determine whether their use is typical in voluntary manslaughter cases. Cf. United
States v. Lighthall, 389 F.3d 791, 796 (8th Cir. 2004) (stating that “because

                                        -11-
diminished capacity is not taken into account under [the offense guideline], the district
court did not . . . have to find ‘the factor is present to an exceptional degree’”).
Accordingly, in light of Chase’s use of a weapon in killing Bad Bear, the district court
did not err in granting an upward departure pursuant to § 5K2.6.

                                           B.

       Chase also argues that the district court erred in granting an upward departure
pursuant to § 5K2.8 of the guidelines. This section provides that if “the defendant’s
conduct was unusually heinous, cruel, brutal, or degrading to the victim, the court may
increase the sentence above the guidelines range to reflect the nature of the conduct.
Examples of extreme conduct include torture of a victim, gratuitous infliction of
injury, or prolonging of pain or humiliation.” U.S.S.G. § 5K2.8. Although this
departure is most often imposed for exceptionally egregious behavior, we affirmed a
§ 5K2.8 departure in a case in which the defendant had a history of domestic abuse
and failed to seek prompt medical attention for the victim. United States v. Keester,
70 F.3d 1026, 1027-28 (8th Cir. 1995) (per curiam). Chase’s conduct, however, was
relatively egregious. He stabbed the unarmed Bad Bear at least five times, puncturing
Bad Bear’s organs. Chase then proceeded to kick his prostrate, immobilized victim,
a gratuitous infliction of injury. Chase thereupon fled the scene, leaving Bad Bear to
bleed from the wounds that resulted in his death. Finally, Chase admitted that he had
a history of violence with the rival group. Given these circumstances, the district
court did not abuse its discretion in granting the upward departure.

                                          VII.

      Finally, Chase argues that the ninety-six month sentence imposed is
unreasonable. We review for abuse of discretion the reasonableness of the sentence
imposed by the district court. United States v. Dieken, 432 F.3d 906, 909 (8th Cir.
2006); see also United States v. Gatewood, 438 F.3d 894, 896 (8th Cir. 2006).

                                          -12-
Sentences varying from the guidelines range are reasonable so long as the district
court offers appropriate justification under the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors that is
proportional to the extent of the departure. See United States v. Claiborne, 439 F.3d
479, 481 (8th Cir. 2006).

       Chase’s sentence of ninety-six months’ imprisonment represents only an
eighteen percent variance from the guidelines range of fifty-seven to seventy-one
months. This departure is not extraordinary, and we conclude that the sentence is
reasonable in light of the nature and circumstances of the offense and Chase’s history
of violence.

      The judgment is affirmed.
                      ______________________________




                                        -13-
