                                    COURT OF APPEALS
                                 EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                      EL PASO, TEXAS
                                                  §

 IN RE: MARYANNE MITCHELL AND                     §
 PAMELA NORRIS,                                                   No. 08-10-00355-CV
                                                  §
                     Relators.                               AN ORIGINAL PROCEEDING
                                                  §
                                                                    IN MANDAMUS
                                                  §

                                                  §

                                                  §

                                           OPINION

       This original proceeding arises from a contested guardianship proceeding. The probate court

ordered the parties to deposit funds into the court registry to cover the fees of the attorney ad litem

and guardian ad litem. Relators seek a writ of mandamus directing the court to vacate this order.

We will conditionally grant the writ.

                                         BACKGROUND

       It is undisputed that Kathryn Jo Norris, who has Downs syndrome, is an “incapacitated

person” within the meaning of section 601(14)(B) of the Texas Probate Code. Until Kathryn’s

mother died in 2008, she served as the guardian of Kathryn’s person and estate. Kathryn’s sisters

now dispute which of them should be named as successor guardians. One sister, Pamela J. Norris,

seeks to be named guardian of Kathryn’s estate. Another sister, Maryanne Mitchell, seeks to be

named guardian of Kathryn’s person. A third sister, Patricia K. Norris, seeks to be named guardian

of both Kathryn’s person and her estate.

       The probate court appointed a guardian ad litem and an attorney ad litem to represent
Kathryn’s interests during the contested guardianship proceedings. As the result of an agreement

among the guardian ad litem, the attorney ad litem, and the attorneys for Patricia and Maryanne, the

probate court signed an order regarding attorney’s fees, which stated that each party would be

responsible for her own attorney’s fees and that those fees would not be paid from Kathryn’s estate.

The order further stated that if the court ultimately agreed with the report of the guardian ad litem

as to which party should serve as Kathryn’s guardian and yet the other parties continued to contest

the matter, “the court, at its discretion will entertain a motion from any party hereto for a cash

amount to be deposited into the Registry of the Court from which the Court may allocate all

payments for attorneys fees and costs associated with such contest.” Thereafter, the guardian ad

litem recommended that Patricia be appointed as successor guardian of Kathryn’s person and estate.

When Pamela and Maryanne continued to contest the matter, Patricia and the attorney ad litem

moved for an order requiring them to deposit money into the court registry to cover the fees of the

guardian ad litem and attorney ad litem.

        In October 2010, the probate court granted the attorney ad litem’s motion. The court ordered

each of the three sisters to deposit $17,500 into the court registry to cover the fees of the guardian

ad litem and attorney ad litem. On December 2, 2010, the court signed another order requiring all

of the sisters to deposit $17,500 into the court registry, but this order differed from the first one in

that it required the funds to be deposited by December 15, 2010. The order also added a final

paragraph stating:

                 Inasmuch as this Order will, from a financial standpoint, injuriously affect the
        ability of some or all of the parties to continue with the guardianship proceeding, and
        is therefore dispositive in nature, this Order, in the interest of justice, is designated
        as an order subject to appeal by any party by mandamus or otherwise, should any
        party desire to do so.

On the day that the deposits were due, the probate court filed a third order requiring the deposits for
costs. This order concluded by stating, “This is a Nunc Pro Tunc order, inasmuch as the last

paragraph of the order of December 2, 2010 should have been omitted.” In all other substantive

aspects, the third order was the same as the second order.

        Maryanne and Pamela filed a mandamus petition in this Court and an emergency motion for

temporary relief.    We granted the motion for temporary relief, staying enforcement of the

requirement that the Relators deposit funds into the court registry. We also set a deadline for the real

parties in interest to file responses to the mandamus petition. That deadline has passed, and none

of the real parties has filed a response.

                                            DISCUSSION

        A writ of mandamus will issue only if the trial court abused its discretion and if the relator

has no adequate remedy by appeal. In re Prudential Ins. Co. of America, 148 S.W.3d 124, 135-36

(Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding). We will first determine whether the trial court abused its discretion.

        In its first order granting the attorney ad litem’s motion, the probate court stated that “the

parties, without the involvement of the Court, entered into an agreement that the party(ies) that were

not chosen by the guardian ad litem would pay not only cost and fees but also for attorney’s fees

[sic]. The parties, after entering into the above-mentioned agreement, presented to the Court an

order.” After the order granting the attorney ad litem’s motion was entered, Patricia filed a motion

to enforce the previous order regarding fees, which she characterized as a Rule 11 agreement. The

court denied this motion, concluding that the order regarding fees was not a Rule 11 agreement

because it simply gave the court discretion to allocate attorney’s fees and costs. Nevertheless, the

probate court subsequently entered its second and third orders granting the attorney ad litem’s

motion and included the same language regarding the parties’ agreement in those orders.

        For several reasons, the parties’ agreement does not support the order requiring the sisters
to deposit funds. First, Pamela did not sign the order and there is no indication that she participated

in the agreement. No one has suggested any basis for binding Pamela to an agreement to which she

was not a party. See TEX . R. CIV . P. 11 (stating that no agreement between parties or attorneys will

be enforced unless it is written and signed or made in open court). Second, the parties to the

agreement merely agreed to pay “their own attorney’s fees,” and not those of the guardian ad litem

and attorney ad litem, who represent the ward. See TEX . PROB. CODE ANN . §§ 645(a), 646(a) (West

Supp. 2010). Third, the orders requiring the deposit of funds mischaracterized the previous order

regarding fees as reflecting “an agreement that the party(ies) that were not chosen by the guardian

ad litem would pay” costs. Actually, as the probate court also recognized, the agreement only gave

it discretion to consider a motion for deposit of funds; it did not instruct the court regarding how to

rule on such a motion, nor did it waive any party’s right to contest such a motion. Furthermore, this

discretion was not triggered by the guardian ad litem’s report, but by a determination by the probate

court that the report was correct. There is nothing in the record to indicate that the probate court ever

made this determination.1

         In addition to relying on the parties’ agreement, the probate court cited section 622 of the

Texas Probate Code as authority for requiring the parties to deposit funds to secure payment of the

guardian ad litem and attorney ad litem. That statute, which is found in the chapter of the Probate

Code that governs guardianship proceedings, addresses security for costs of the proceeding. It reads:

                (a) The laws regulating costs in ordinary civil cases apply to a guardianship
         matter unless otherwise expressly provided by this chapter.

                 (b) When a person other than the guardian, attorney ad litem, or guardian ad
         litem files an application, complaint, or opposition in relation to a guardianship
         matter, the clerk may require the person to give security for the probable costs of the


         1
           After the probate court entered the order regarding fees, one of the parties filed a jury demand. The probate
court apparently concluded that the jury demand obviated the need for it to review the guardian ad litem’s report.
        guardianship proceeding before filing. A person interested in the guardianship or in
        the welfare of the ward, or an officer of the court, at any time before the trial of an
        application, complaint, or opposition in relation to a guardianship matter, may obtain
        from the court, on written motion, an order requiring the person who filed the
        application, complaint, or opposition to give security for the probable costs of the
        proceeding. The rules governing civil suits in the county court relating to this subject
        control in these cases.

                (c) No security for costs shall be required of a guardian, attorney ad litem, or
        guardian ad litem appointed under this chapter by a court of this state in any suit
        brought by the guardian, attorney ad litem, or guardian ad litem in their respective
        fiduciary capacities.

TEX . PROB. CODE ANN . § 622 (West 2003).

        Other sections of the chapter governing guardianship proceedings address the ultimate

responsibility for paying costs — including fees of the attorney ad litem and guardian ad litem.

Section 665A pertains to the fees of attorneys ad litem. It provides:

                The court shall order the payment of a fee set by the court as compensation
        to the attorneys, mental health professionals, and interpreters appointed under this
        chapter, as applicable, to be taxed as costs in the case. If after examining the
        proposed ward’s assets the court determines the proposed ward is unable to pay for
        services provided by an attorney, a mental health professional, or an interpreter
        appointed under this chapter, as applicable, the county is responsible for the cost of
        those services.

Id. § 665A (West Supp. 2010). Section 669 pertains to costs in general and the guardian ad litem’s

fee in particular. It states:

                (a) Except as provided by Subsection (b), in a guardianship matter, the cost
        of the proceeding, including the cost of the guardian ad litem or court visitor, shall
        be paid out of the guardianship estate, or, if the estate is insufficient to pay for the
        cost of the proceeding, the cost of the proceeding shall be paid out of the county
        treasury, and the judgment of the court shall be issued accordingly.

                (b) If a court denies an application for the appointment of a guardian under
        this chapter based on the recommendation of a court investigator, the applicant shall
        pay the cost of the proceeding.

Id. § 669(a) (West 2003).
       Section 665A makes clear that either the ward’s estate or the county, not the contesting

parties, will bear the ultimate responsibility of paying the attorney ad litem. See Overman v. Baker,

26 S.W.3d 506, 512-13 (Tex. App. – Tyler 2000, no pet.) (holding that a probate court erred in

requiring a party to pay the attorney ad litem’s fee); accord In re Guardianship of Marburger, 329

S.W.3d 923, 931-32 (Tex. App. – Corpus Christi 2010, no pet. h.); In re Guardianship of Humphrey,

No. 12-06-00222-CV, 2008 WL 2445503, at *3-4 (Tex. App. – Tyler June 18, 2008, pet. denied)

(mem. op.); In re Guardianship of Soberanes, 100 S.W.3d 405, 408 (Tex. App. – San Antonio 2002,

no pet.). Similarly, section 669 generally requires the estate or the county to pay the guardian ad

litem and all of the other costs. The only exception is that an applicant for a guardianship must pay

the cost of the proceeding if the application for appointment of a guardian is denied on the basis of

a court investigator’s recommendation.

       Each statutory probate court has a court investigator. See TEX . GOV ’T CODE ANN .

§ 25.0025(a) (West 2004). When a party files an application for guardianship of a person who has

not been previously adjudged as incapacitated, the court investigator must “investigate the

circumstances alleged in the application to determine whether a less restrictive alternative than

guardianship is appropriate.” TEX . PROB. CODE ANN . § 648A(a) (West 2003); see also id. § 682

(West Supp. 2010) (setting out required contents of application for guardianship).

       We are concerned here with a proceeding to determine who should be Kathryn’s successor

guardian, not a proceeding to determine whether a guardian is necessary at all. It is undisputed that

Kathryn is an incapacitated person who needs a guardian. Consistent with the nature of this

proceeding, there is nothing in the record before us to indicate that a court investigator has been

involved in the case. Accordingly, either Kathryn’s estate or El Paso County will ultimately be

required to pay the fees of the guardian ad litem and attorney ad litem. See id. §§ 665A, 669. The
purpose of requiring a party to provide security for costs is to establish a fund from which costs can

be paid if the party loses. Cf. TEX . R. CIV . P. 131 (providing that the successful party generally

recovers costs from the losing party); TEX . R. CIV . P. 143 (providing that a party seeking affirmative

relief may be required to give security for costs). Because there is no authority for requiring any of

Kathryn’s sisters to pay the fees of the guardian ad litem or the attorney ad litem, it makes no sense

to require them to deposit funds to cover these fees.

        It has been noted that there is an “apparent conflict” between section 622, which seems to

allow the probate court to require any contesting party to post security for costs, and section 665A,

which defines the attorney ad litem’s fee as a cost but requires it to be paid by the ward’s estate or

the county. See In re Guardianship of Humphrey, No. 12-07-00118-CV, 2009 WL 388955, at *5

n.1 (Tex. App. – Tyler Feb. 18, 2009, pet. denied) (mem. op.). It could be said that a similar conflict

exists between section 622 and section 669, because section 669(a) generally requires the ward’s

estate or the county to pay all of the costs, including the guardian ad litem’s fee.

        When two statutes pertain to the same subject, we attempt to harmonize them rather than

embrace an interpretation of one that would render the other meaningless. See Mid-Century Ins. Co.

v. Ademaj, 243 S.W.3d 618, 622 (Tex. 2007); In re E.D.C., 88 S.W.3d 789, 791 (Tex. App. – El

Paso 2002, no pet.). The statutes at issue can be harmonized under the circumstances of this case.

Section 669 provides that costs must be paid by the ward’s estate or the county, unless the “court

denies an application for the appointment of a guardian . . . based on the recommendation of a court

investigator . . . .” Since there is no court investigator in this proceeding to appoint a successor

guardian for an undoubtedly incapacitated person, costs must be paid by Kathryn’s estate or El Paso

County. Thus, pursuant to section 669, it is clear that the sisters cannot ultimately be required to pay

the fees of the guardian ad litem and the attorney ad litem. This comports with section 665A, which
requires the ward’s estate or the county to pay the attorney ad litem’s fee. Because there is no

possibility that the sisters will bear the ultimate responsibility of paying the guardian ad litem and

attorney ad litem, section 622 simply has no application here. But this result does not necessarily

mean that section 622 is meaningless. In other cases, such as a proceeding to appoint a guardian for

the first time, it will not be clear from the outset that the applicant will not be responsible for costs.

It might then be appropriate to require the applicant to post security.

        Because the parties did not agree to pay the fees of the guardian ad litem and attorney ad

litem, and sections 665A and 669 require Kathryn’s estate or El Paso County to pay these fees, the

probate court abused its discretion by ordering the sisters to deposit funds into the court registry to

cover the fees. See In re Prudential, 148 S.W.3d at 135 (stating that a trial court has no discretion

in determining what the law is or applying the law to the facts, even when the law is unsettled). We

must next determine whether appeal is an adequate remedy.

        If a party has the right to an immediate appeal, the appellate remedy is adequate. See In re

H.D. Vest, Inc., 334 S.W.3d 333, 333 (Tex. App. – El Paso 2010, orig. proceeding). A party has the

right to appeal any “final order” in a guardianship proceeding. TEX . PROB. CODE ANN . § 4A(c)

(West Supp. 2010) (applying generally to probate orders); id. § 606(g) (West Supp. 2010) (applying

specifically to guardianship proceedings). A probate court order is final if it disposes “of all parties

or issues in a particular phase of the proceedings.” De Ayala v. Mackie, 193 S.W.3d 575, 579 (Tex.

2006). On the other hand, “if there is a proceeding of which the order in question may logically be

considered a part, but one or more pleadings also part of that proceeding raise issues or parties not

disposed of,” the order is not final. Id. at 578. An order requiring the deposit of funds as security

for costs is not a final order under this test. In re Guardianship of Olivares, No. 07-07-0275-CV,

2008 WL 5206169, at *3 (Tex. App. – Amarillo Dec. 12, 2008, pet. denied) (mem. op.); see also
Estate of Navar v. Fitzgerald, 14 S.W.3d 378, 379-80 (Tex. App. – El Paso 2000, no pet.) (holding

that order requiring executor to post a bond was not final); cf. In re Guardianship of Humphrey,

2008 WL 2445503, at *3 (holding that order awarding attorney ad litem fees was final and

appealable).

       The appellate remedy is also adequate if the benefits to mandamus review are outweighed

by the detriments. In re Prudential, 148 S.W.3d at 136. Mandamus review is appropriate “to

preserve important substantive and procedural rights from impairment or loss [and to] allow the

appellate courts to give needed and helpful direction to the law that would otherwise prove elusive

in appeals from final judgments . . . .” Id. In this case the Relators will be deprived of the use of a

substantial amount of money if they comply with the probate court’s order. Other appellate courts

have held that similar orders are reviewable by mandamus. See In re Reveille Res., ___ S.W.3d ___,

___, 2011 WL 149872, at *2-3 (Tex. App. – San Antonio Jan. 19, 2011, orig. proceeding) (granting

mandamus relief when the trial court erroneously required a party to deposit disputed funds into the

court’s registry); N. Cypress Med. Ctr. Operating Co. v. St. Laurent, 296 S.W.3d 171, 179-80 (Tex.

App. – Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (same); In re Deponte Inv., Inc., No. 05-04-01781-CV,

2005 WL 248664, at *2 (Tex. App. – Dallas Feb. 3, 2005, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.) (same);

TransAmerican Natural Gas Corp. v. Mancias, 877 S.W.2d 840, 844 (Tex. App. – Corpus Christi

1994, orig. proceeding [leave denied]) (granting mandamus relief when the trial court erroneously

required the posting of a fixed amount of security before final judgment); Johnson v. Smith, 857

S.W.2d 612, 615-16, 618 (Tex. App. – Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, orig. proceeding) (same).

                                          CONCLUSION

       We conditionally grant a writ of mandamus. The writ will issue only if the probate court fails

to vacate its orders requiring the Relators to deposit funds as security for costs into the court’s
registry.



                                              GUADALUPE RIVERA, Justice
May 11, 2011

Before Chew, C.J., McClure, and Rivera, JJ.
