     Case: 11-50385     Document: 00511882275         Page: 1     Date Filed: 06/11/2012




            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                     FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                                     Fifth Circuit

                                                                            FILED
                                                                           June 11, 2012

                                       No. 11-50385                        Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                                Clerk

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                  Plaintiff–Appellee,
v.

PHILIP LAWRENCE MARK,

                                                  Defendant–Appellant.



                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Western District of Texas
                             USDC No. 4:10-CR-359-1


Before REAVLEY, PRADO, and OWEN, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
        Suspecting that the pickup truck Philip Lawrence Mark was driving was
transporting illegal aliens or drugs, Border Patrol agents conducted a vehicular
stop. Mark consented to a search, and agents discovered 820.35 pounds of
marijuana in the auxiliary diesel tank of the vehicle. After the district court
denied Mark’s motion to suppress, Mark entered a conditional guilty plea,
preserving his right to appeal the denial of his motion. Because we conclude



        *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.
R. 47.5.4.
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                                   No. 11-50385

that the agents had reasonable suspicion that the vehicle was involved in illegal
activity, we affirm the conviction.
                                         I
         Mark owned a white Dodge Ram pickup truck. That truck first came to
the attention of undercover law enforcement authorities while it was being
driven southeast on farm-to-market road 170 (FM 170) from the direction of
Ruidosa, Texas, towards Presidio, Texas. Presidio is located on the Rio Grande
river, and FM 170 roughly parallels and runs within one mile of the border
between Texas and Mexico. Mark’s truck had Texas license plates and was
outfitted with an auxiliary diesel tank and tool box in the pickup bed.
Undercover agents followed the truck for more than seventy-two hours.
         During the surveillance, the truck stopped at a restaurant. While the
truck was parked, agents saw that its tires had been washed recently with
muddy water. However, the agents knew that no rain had fallen in that area for
some time. The agents also observed the truck as it was driven to a car wash
and the driver washed only the tires and undercarriage, removing the mud. The
truck was then driven to a hotel, and Mark lodged in that hotel overnight.
         Early the following morning, the undercover agents, who were part of
what is known as the Disrupt Unit, requested uniformed Border Patrol Agents
Alfonso Ramos and Rafael Cruz to stop the truck in Presidio, Texas. In making
this request for a vehicular stop, the Disrupt Unit relayed to the uniformed
agents the facts that they had observed while conducting surveillance of the
truck.
         The Disrupt Unit provided a description of the truck, which matched the
truck stopped by Agents Ramos and Cruz. Agent Cruz testified that, at the time
of the stop, he was aware that within the preceding six months other arrests had
been made in nearby regions after marijuana was found within auxiliary diesel



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                                  No. 11-50385

tanks. However, he also testified that he did not consider trucks with auxiliary
diesel tanks to be uncommon in the area because there were so few fuel stations.
      Cruz testified that members of the Disrupt Unit had told him that they
had observed that the truck’s tires had recently been washed with muddy water.
Cruz confirmed at the suppression hearing that it had not rained for several
weeks and that he interpreted the Disrupt Unit’s description of the tires to
indicate that the truck may have recently crossed the nearby Rio Grande River.
Cruz testified that he was personally familiar with illegal river crossings in the
area—some of which were located on FM 170 west of Presidio, the direction from
which the Disrupt Unit first observed the truck traveling—and he also testified
that he had seen signs that people making illegal river crossings would cross the
river and then wash their vehicles on the United States side of the border using
branches, rags, and their bare hands.
      At the time of the suppression hearing, Agent Cruz had been working for
over a year and a half in Presidio as a Border Patrol Agent. His duties involved
detecting illegal entries into the United States, and his area of operation
stretched from Ruidosa to Presidio. He was familiar with FM 170, the road on
which the Disrupt Unit first noticed Mark’s truck. He knew it to be a paved,
two-lane highway without shoulders starting in Candelaria, Texas, running
parallel to the Rio Grande River, through Ruidosa, eventually arriving in
Presidio. Agent Cruz testified that FM 170 was well known for alien and
narcotics smuggling and that very few people lived between Ruidosa and
Presidio. That region was dry, with little vegetation, and consisted largely of
ranch land.
      When Ramos and Cruz located the white pickup truck, but before stopping
it, they ran a check on the Texas license plates and learned that the vehicle was
registered in Arlington, Texas. They then activated their patrol vehicle’s lights
and stopped the truck between one and five miles from the United

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                                      No. 11-50385

States–Mexico border, as it was heading northbound on Highway 67 towards
Marfa, Texas. Mark consented to a search of the vehicle, which led to the
discovery of 820.35 pounds of marijuana hidden inside the auxiliary diesel tank.
Cruz had made thirty to forty vehicle stops in the past, but none of those stops
had resulted in the discovery of drugs or illegal aliens.
       Mark was arrested and charged with one count of aiding and abetting
possession with intent to distribute marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(a)(1) and 18 U.S.C. § 2. He moved to suppress evidence discovered as a
result of the stop of his truck, alleging that the evidence was obtained from an
illegal search and seizure. After a hearing, the district court denied the motion.
The district court held that “reasonable suspicion existed to conduct a vehicular
stop of the white Dodge Ram pickup” based on the totality of the circumstances.
After the denial of his motion to suppress, Mark entered a conditional guilty
plea, which preserved his right to appeal the denial of his motion to suppress.
The district court sentenced Mark to imprisonment for a term of forty-eight
months to be followed by five years of supervised release, and he was ordered to
pay the United States a special assessment of $100. This appeal followed.
                                             II
       The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees
“[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,”1 and “[t]he law is settled
that in Fourth Amendment terms a traffic stop entails a seizure of the driver.”2
“To temporarily detain a vehicle for investigatory purposes, a Border Patrol
agent on roving patrol must be aware of ‘specific articulable facts’ together with
rational inferences from those facts, that warrant a reasonable suspicion that

       1
           U.S. CONST. amend. IV.
       2
        Brendlin v. California, 551 U.S. 249, 255 (2007) (citing Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S.
648, 653 (1979)).

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                                         No. 11-50385

the vehicle is involved in illegal activities . . . .”3 We have previously set forth
pertinent factors in determining whether reasonable suspicion existed:
       Under the Supreme Court’s pronouncement in United States v.
       Brignoni-Ponce, factors that may be considered in determining
       reasonable suspicion include: (1) the area’s proximity to the border;
       (2) characteristics of the area; (3) usual traffic patterns; (4) the
       agents’ experience in detecting illegal activity; (5) behavior of the
       driver; (6) particular aspects or characteristics of the vehicle; (7)
       information about recent illegal trafficking of aliens or narcotics in
       the area; and (8) the number of passengers and their appearance
       and behavior.4
Although these factors were first identified in the context of a case involving
suspected alien smuggling, we have recognized that the Supreme Court, in
United States v. Cortez, expanded Brignoni-Ponce “to encompass vehicle stops
for any suspected criminal activity.”5
       We “must look at the ‘totality of the circumstances’ . . . to see whether the
detaining officer [had] a ‘particularized and objective basis’ for suspecting legal
wrongdoing.”6 No single factor is determinative.7 “Although an officer’s reliance
on a mere ‘hunch’ is insufficient to justify a stop, the likelihood of criminal
activity need not rise to the level required for probable cause, and it falls
considerably short of satisfying a preponderance of the evidence standard.”8


       3
           United States v. Chavez-Chavez, 205 F.3d 145, 147 (5th Cir. 2000).
       4
         United States v. Soto, 649 F.3d 406, 409 (5th Cir. 2011) (citations omitted) (citing
United States v. Jacquinot, 258 F.3d 423, 427 (5th Cir. 2001) (per curiam)); accord United
States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 884-85 (1975).
       5
         United States v. Inocencio, 40 F.3d 716, 722 (5th Cir. 1994) (citing United States v.
Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 421-22 (1981)).
       6
           United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002) (citing Cortez, 449 U.S. at 417-18).
       7
           Soto, 649 F.3d at 409.
       8
        Arvizu, 534 U.S. at 274 (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing
United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989); Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27 (1968)).

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                                        No. 11-50385

“[I]n assessing whether an agent had reasonable suspicion, we look to the
‘collective knowledge’ of all agents and officers.”9
      In reviewing the denial of Mark’s motion to suppress, we review the
district court’s factual findings for clear error and its conclusions of law de
novo.10 The district court’s determination that reasonable suspicion existed is
a conclusion of law.11 We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Government, the party that prevailed in the district court.12
      The question of whether there was reasonable suspicion to stop Mark’s
truck is admittedly a close call in this case. No one fact in the record before us,
standing alone, would establish reasonable suspicion. However, when the
totality of the circumstances is considered, the agents had reasonable suspicion.
      We first recognize that some factors weigh against the existence of
reasonable suspicion. Agent Cruz lacked experience in actually detecting illegal
transportation of drugs or aliens by a vehicle. Although he had made thirty to
forty stops during his year and a half as a Border Patrol Agent in Presidio, none
of those stops resulted in the discovery of drugs or illegal aliens. There is
nothing in the record regarding the experience of Agent Ramos or the Disrupt
Unit. Regarding Mark’s behavior, there is no evidence that he appeared nervous
while under surveillance or when being followed and then stopped by Agents
Ramos and Cruz. The fact that Mark washed only the undercarriage and tires
of his truck, standing alone, would not give rise to suspicion of illegal activity.




      9
          United States v. Hernandez, 477 F.3d 210, 215 n.13 (5th Cir. 2007).
      10
        United States v. Ochoa, 667 F.3d 643, 649 (5th Cir. 2012) (citing United States v.
Scroggins, 599 F.3d 433, 440 (5th Cir. 2010)).
      11
           United States v. Rodriguez, 564 F.3d 735, 740 (5th Cir. 2009).
      12
           United States v. Cavazos, 668 F.3d 190, 193 (5th Cir. 2012).

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                                         No. 11-50385

But when considered with other evidence, the removal of the muddy markings
on the truck becomes more suspicious.
       Mark was observed and stopped in close proximity to the United
States–Mexico border in an area the district court found to be “known for drug
and illegal alien smuggling.” “We have explained that proximity to the border
can be a ‘paramount factor’ in assessing reasonable suspicion.”13 Additionally,
“[i]t is well established that a road’s reputation as a smuggling route adds to the
reasonableness of the agents’ suspicion.”14 However, we have also explained that
proximity to the border and the fact that the stop was conducted in a high crime
area do not constitute reasonable suspicion on their own; additional factors must
support the conclusion that there was reasonable suspicion.15 When considered
as a whole and in context, the facts known to the agents at the time of the stop
supported reasonable suspicion.
       Cruz knew that arrests had been made in nearby regions within the six
months preceding the stop in which marijuana was found within auxiliary diesel
tanks. This “information about recent illegal trafficking of . . . narcotics in the
area”16 and the fact that Mark’s truck was configured with an auxiliary diesel
tank and a toolbox caused the Disrupt Unit to begin surveillance of the pickup
as it traveled on a well-known drug-trafficking route. Cruz indicated in his
testimony that trucks with auxiliary diesel tanks were not uncommon in the
area because there were so few fuel stations. However, before the stop was
executed, Cruz ascertained that this truck was registered in Arlington, Texas,



       13
         United States v. Soto, 649 F.3d 406, 409 (citing United States v. Orozco, 191 F.3d 578,
581 (5th Cir. 1999)).
       14
            United States v. Aldaco, 168 F.3d 148, 151-52 (5th Cir. 1999).
       15
            United States v. Rangel-Portillo, 586 F.3d 376, 380 & n.3 (5th Cir. 2009).
       16
            Soto, 649 F.3d at 409.

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                                           No. 11-50385
and the agents knew that Mark had spent the night in a Presidio hotel. This
indicated that the truck may not have been outfitted for use in the sparsely
populated border area. These facts also indicated that the truck was probably
not in use on one of the neighboring ranches, where it could have encountered
mud in the course of ranch-related use. The tires on Mark’s truck had recently
been washed with muddy water, and based on Cruz’s knowledge that it had not
rained for several weeks and his familiarity with illegal river crossings in the
area in which the Disrupt Unit first sighted Mark’s truck, Cruz interpreted the
Disrupt Unit’s description to indicate that the truck may have recently crossed
the Rio Grande River. Mark had washed the tires and undercarriage of the
truck, but not the rest of the vehicle, removing the muddy marks.
      Viewing the particular circumstances of this case in their totality, the facts
of which the agents were aware, together with the rational inferences from those
facts, warranted a reasonable suspicion that Mark’s vehicle was involved in
illegal activity. Some of the factors may be susceptible of innocent explanation,
and some are more probative than others, but taken together, we believe they
are sufficient to make the agents’ stop of Mark “reasonable within the meaning
of the Fourth Amendment.”17                “A determination that reasonable suspicion
exists . . . need not rule out the possibility of innocent conduct.”18
                                       *        *         *
      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.




      17
           See United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 277-78 (2002).
      18
           Id. at 277 (citing Illinois v. Wardlow, 527 U.S. 119, 125 (2000)).

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