                                                                                        03/01/2019
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                         Assigned on Briefs January 17, 2019

             STATE OF TENNESSEE v. LARRY JOE CARROLL,
                       AKA LARRIE CARROLL

                Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
                  No. 2017-B-1319 Cheryl A. Blackburn, Judge
                     ___________________________________

                           No. M2017-02508-CCA-R3-CD
                       ___________________________________


Following a bench trial, Larry Joe Carroll (“Defendant”) was convicted of criminal
trespass, criminal simulation valued at $1,000 or less, and criminal impersonation, for
which he received an effective sentence of two years to serve in the Tennessee
Department of Correction. On appeal, Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence as it relates to his convictions for criminal simulation valued at $1,000 or less
and criminal impersonation. Following a thorough review, we affirm the judgments of
the trial court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS T.
WOODALL and TIMOTHY L. EASTER, JJ., joined.

Martesha L. Johnson, District Public Defender; and Emma Rae Tennent (on appeal) and
Julia Bigsby (at trial), Assistant District Public Defenders, for the appellant, Larry Joe
Carroll.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Courtney N. Orr, Assistant
Attorney General; Glenn Funk, District Attorney General; and Doug Thurman, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
                                        OPINION

       At trial, Shane Lunenschloss testified that he was the operations manager for
Premier Parking (“Premier”) in downtown Nashville. Mr. Lunenschloss explained that
Premier owned a parking lot that covered four parcels of land in the area of 2nd Avenue
and Broadway. He stated that parking at those locations was sold only through a digital
parking meter and that Premier never staffed the lot with employees taking cash for
parking. He explained that patrons of the lot would receive a ticket from the digital meter
but that it was not necessary for patrons to display their tickets in parked vehicles.
Premier utilized an “enforcement team” to check the parking lots to make sure people
that are parking there have paid and to write parking violations. Mr. Lunenschloss stated
that parking at the 2nd Avenue and Broadway location cost “$12 and up” and that the
parking lot had posted signage that read, “[N]o trespassing, no loitering, no free parking,
no in and outs.”

       On April 5, 2017, Mr. Lunenschloss and his supervisor, Owen Sanford, pulled into
the 2nd Avenue and Broadway parking lot to check the location and saw Defendant
standing in another Premier lot referred to as the “Pesca lot,” located across 2nd Avenue,
holding a booklet of tickets. They attempted to get a photograph of Defendant with the
ticket booklet and parked in the lot. Before they could get out of the car, Defendant
approached them with the ticket booklet. The ticket booklet was a PMC valet ticket
booklet. Ms. Sanford took a photograph of Defendant, and Defendant “took off.” Mr.
Lunenschloss testified that PMC did not have permission to be issuing valet tickets in
Premier’s parking lots that day. Ms. Sanford went around and took photographs of “at
least one vehicle” that had a claim ticket displayed in the dashboard while Mr.
Lunenschloss called police. The State introduced a photograph of Defendant in the
parking lot holding the valet ticket booklet and a photograph of a vehicle parked in the lot
with a valet claim ticket displayed on the dashboard.

        Officer Charles Embry with the Metro-Nashville Police Department testified that
he was patrolling downtown Nashville on April 6, 2017. Another officer informed
Officer Embry that there was a warrant that needed to be served on Defendant. As
Officer Embry was coming down 1st Avenue, he saw Defendant walking from 2nd
Avenue towards 1st Avenue. Officer Embry stopped Defendant, asked for his
identification, and confirmed Defendant’s identity. Officer Embry estimated that
Defendant was 200 to 300 feet away from the 2nd Avenue and Broadway parking lot.
Officer Embry took Defendant into custody. Upon searching Defendant, Officer Embry
found a PMC valet ticket booklet, which he seized. Officer Embry estimated that the
valet ticket booklet had twenty to twenty-five tickets missing from it. Defendant also had
“some money on him[,]” but Officer Embry did not seize the money.

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       Upon deliberation, the trial court found Defendant guilty as charged. The trial
court determined:

              We have three different crimes here. And the testimony I heard,
      most particularly from the witness from Premier Parking, is they have lots
      downtown on 2nd Avenue, several of them, and that they’re very specific
      about how that works. You have to put your money in a meter kind of
      thing. But it’s controlled electronically, and then they check on those
      things pretty easily. But in those particular lots they do not allow the valet
      parking. They do have a contract or at least this PMC does do that in some
      of their other lots so that all they do is if it’s valet parking, they give them a
      ticket and they put it in the windshield. But those lots are not covered by
      that because they don’t do it on those particular lots I think his testimony
      was. He very specifically said he’s familiar with the employment, he saw a
      PMC valet booklet of tickets that he’s very familiar with. But they do not
      have permission on those two locations where he was. He saw [Defendant]
      with a PMC valet booklet. And they pull into the lot, according to him,
      [Defendant] comes over to them, and he has this booklet in his hand. And
      they, of course, happen to know -- they take a picture of him, and they
      happen to know that there’s no valet parking. And then they discover there
      is a valet kind of sticker in one of their cars.

             So let’s look at -- though it is circumstantial[,] [Defendant] clearly
      didn’t work for Premier, and PMC [] didn’t have any business to be on
      those lots in the first place.

             So we’ll first take up criminal trespass. A person who commits
      criminal trespass is a person enters or remains on property or any portion of
      the property without the consent of the owner. And then it says consent
      may be inferred in the case of property that is used for commercial activity
      available to the general public or in the case of other property when the
      owner has communicated his intent to be open to the public. However the
      defenses to that would be that the conduct did not substantially interfere
      with the owner’s use of the property and he immediately left the premises.
      But then there’s this other little section that says, the defenses shall not be
      applicable to someone if the property owner posts the property with signs
      that are visible at all major points of egress on the property and posted and
      the signs are reasonably and likely to come to the attention of the person
      entering the property. So you don’t have the defense when these signs are
      clearly posted, which we saw pictures that they are, and he testified that

                                            -3-
       these are posted about trespass. So I’m going to find [Defendant] guilty of
       criminal trespass.

              Now, criminal simulation is what we’ve been discussing. It commits
       the crime with intent to defraud if you either make or alter the object, you
       possess an object so made or altered with the intent to pass or sell. And
       then there’s another section for which you have knowledge of its character,
       possesses any instrument adapted or used for the commission of any theft
       of property or services by fraudulent means. So under that section
       [Defendant] possessed an instrument which it was adapted or used to
       commit a theft. And what he did was he used it as a valet ticket to give to
       somebody to let them think they could park there. And ultimately the theft
       of property or services would be from Premier because they couldn’t then
       use that parking lot for legitimate -- that parking space. So I’m going to
       find him guilty of that. I think the State has proven that.

              Then we have the criminal impersonation, with intent to injure or
       fraud another, assumes a false identity, pretends to be a representative of
       some other person or organization, . . . so he pretended to be a
       representative of some other person or organization. And that is from the
       fact that they have a picture of [Defendant] representing -- having in his
       hand this ticket booklet and then they see a ticket on their car. So I think
       the State has carried its burden beyond a reasonable doubt on all three of
       those crimes. So I’m going to find [Defendant] guilty.

        Following a sentencing hearing, the trial court ordered Defendant to serve thirty
days for criminal trespass, six months for criminal impersonation, and two years with a
thirty-percent release eligibility for criminal simulation valued at $1,000 or less. The trial
court ordered all sentences to run concurrently. Defendant filed a timely motion for new
trial, which the trial court denied. This timely appeal follows.

                                          Analysis

       Defendant contends that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to support
convictions for criminal simulation valued at $1,000 or less and criminal impersonation.
He argues that the State presented no testimony from the driver of the vehicle with the
displayed claim ticket concerning when and under what circumstances the driver
acquired the ticket. He further asserts that the State presented no proof that he sold a
ticket from the booklet to any patron in the lot, that he “stated a false identity to
anyone[,]” or that he “wore a badge, shirt, hat, or other item indicating that he worked for
Premier Parking.” Defendant contends that his convictions are based upon a series of
                                            -4-
inferences and cannot stand. The State responds that the evidence is sufficient to support
Defendant’s convictions. We agree with the State.

        Our standard of review for a sufficiency of the evidence challenge is “whether,
after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier
of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (emphasis in original); see also Tenn. R.
App. P. 13(e). Questions of fact, the credibility of witnesses, and weight of the evidence
are resolved by the fact finder. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997). This
court will not reweigh the evidence. Id. Our standard of review “is the same whether the
conviction is based upon direct or circumstantial evidence.” State v. Dorantes, 331
S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn.
2009)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       A guilty verdict removes the presumption of innocence, replacing it with a
presumption of guilt. Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659; State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914
(Tenn. 1982). The defendant bears the burden of proving why the evidence was
insufficient to support the conviction. Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659; Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d at
914. On appeal, the “State must be afforded the strongest legitimate view of the evidence
and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn therefrom.” State v. Vasques, 221
S.W.3d 514, 521 (Tenn. 2007).

       As relevant here, “[a] person commits the offense of criminal simulation who,
with knowledge of its character, possesses . . . [a]ny instrument, apparatus or contrivance
designed, adapted or used for commission of any theft of property or services by
fraudulent means.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-14-115(a)(2)(B) (2017). “Criminal simulation
is punishable as theft pursuant to [Tennessee Code Annotated section] 39-14-105, but in
no event shall criminal simulation be less than a Class E felony.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-
14-115(b) (2017). “A person commits criminal impersonation who, with intent to injure
or defraud another person[] . . . [p]retends to be a representative of some person or
organization[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-16-301(a)(2) (2017).

       When viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence established that
Defendant possessed the PMC valet ticket booklet, which he used to fraudulently sell
parking to a patron of the Premier parking lot, thereby committing a theft of services.
Mr. Lunenschloss testified that, on April 5, 2017, he saw Defendant standing in a parking
lot owned by Premier with a PMC valet ticket booklet in his hand. Mr. Lunenschloss
stated that Premier charged “$12 and up” for parking at that location. As soon as Mr.
Lunenschloss and Ms. Sanford pulled into the parking lot, Defendant approached them
with the ticket booklet. Mr. Lunenschloss was familiar with PMC valet ticket booklets
and knew that PMC did not have permission to be operating in the parking lot that day.
                                            -5-
Ms. Sanford photographed Defendant holding the ticket booklet, and as Mr.
Lunenschloss called police, Defendant fled the scene. Ms. Sanford then photographed
“at least one vehicle” in the parking lot that had a PMC valet ticket displayed on its
dashboard. The following day, Officer Embry arrested Defendant and found him in
possession of a booklet of PMC valet tickets. He also had cash in his possession. Officer
Embry stated that the valet ticket booklet had twenty to twenty-five tickets missing from
it. The evidence is sufficient for a rational fact finder to conclude that Defendant was
guilty of criminal simulation valued at $1,000 or less when he possessed the PMC valet
ticket booklet in order to collect money from patrons of Premier’s parking lot without
paying Premier for the use of the lot.

        We further conclude that the evidence is sufficient to support Defendant’s
conviction for criminal impersonation. Defendant held himself out as a representative of
a valet parking company that had authority to operate in the Premier’s parking lot that
day when Defendant had no such authority. Mr. Lunenschloss testified that when he and
Ms. Sanford parked in Premier’s lot, Defendant approached them holding a PMC valet
ticket booklet. Ms. Sanford photographed “at least one” of the vehicles parked in the lot
with the same valet ticket displayed on its dashboard, and Defendant was later found in
possession of the valet ticket booklet and money by Officer Embry. Mr. Lunenschloss
testified that Defendant did not have permission to be in Premier’s parking lot or to sell
parking to patrons of the lot.

        Finally, we agree with the State that the trial court did not improperly draw an
inference from an inference. Any inferences drawn regarding whether patrons paid
Defendant and whether they had not paid Premier were properly drawn from the
evidence. Patrons of Premier’s parking lot were supposed to pay for their parking at a
digital kiosk. Premier never staffed its lots to allow people to pay with cash, and neither
Defendant nor PMC had permission to operate in Premier’s lot that day. Defendant fled
from the lot when confronted by Mr. Lunenschloss and Ms. Sanford, and he had cash and
the valet ticket booklet in his possession when he was arrested. From these facts, the trial
court could conclude that Defendant sold valet tickets to patrons without paying Premier
for the use of its parking lot. Defendant is not entitled to relief.

                                       Conclusion

       For the aforementioned reasons, the judgments of the trial court are affirmed.



                                              ____________________________________
                                              ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., JUDGE
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