                    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                                   NO. 2003-CA-02640-SCT

CITY OF GREENVILLE, MISSISSIPPI

v.

JOHN H. JONES AND MONICA JONES


DATE OF JUDGMENT:                          10/13/2003
TRIAL JUDGE:                               HON. BETTY W. SANDERS
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                 WASHINGTON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                   TIMOTHY DALE CRAWLEY
                                           VATERRIA LASHAUNDA McQUITTER
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:                   WILLIE L. BAILEY
                                           WILLIE GRIFFIN
NATURE OF THE CASE:                        CIVIL - TORTS-OTHER THAN PERSONAL
                                           INJURY & PROPERTY DAMAGE
DISPOSITION:                               REVERSED AND RENDERED - 03/30/2006
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:




       EN BANC.

       CARLSON, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    In this Mississippi Tort Claims Act case, the City of Greenville appeals from the

circuit court’s final judgment entered for the plaintiffs subsequent to a bench trial. Finding

error by the Circuit Court of Washington County, we reverse and render judgment here in

favor of the City of Greenville.
             FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS IN THE CIRCUIT COURT

¶2.    On August 15-16, 1999, four bomb threat calls were placed to the E-911 dispatcher

at the Greenville Police Department (GPD). On August 15, an unidentified caller stated, in

two separate calls, that a bomb had been placed in the GPD. On August 16, an unidentified

caller stated, in two separate calls, that a bomb had been placed in Greenville’s T. L. Weston

High School. While law enforcement officials were concerned about the safety of the

personnel and citizens occupying the GPD building, their greater concern was understandably

focused on the high school due to the potential serious harm to the children. After the calls

of August 16, police officers and fire department personnel and vehicles were immediately

dispatched to Greenville-Weston High School, which was evacuated.

¶3.    The GPD utilized the CADS system which had the capability of tracing these 911

calls. A check of the CADS system revealed that all four threatening phone calls had been

made from a cellular telephone serviced by Cellular South, a division of Telepak, Inc. After

receiving a circuit court order directing Telepak to release certain phone records for the

relevant dates and times, the GPD in due course received a packet from Telepak which

purportedly contained the name of the person owning the cellular phone from which the

threatening calls had been placed. Five pages of this six-page packet were generated from

a search conducted by a Telepak employee. This search revealed that all four of the bomb

threat calls had been placed from a cellular phone bearing a particular phone number.

Unfortunately, when this same Telepak employee entered the phone number information into



                                              2
the Telepak system in order to determine the name of the owner of the cellular phone bearing

this phone number, he transposed two of the numbers and thus inadvertently entered into the

system the wrong phone number. When this incorrect information was entered into the

system, the resulting data revealed that the cellular phone bearing the transposed phone

number belonged to John H. Jones. Thus, page two of the packet revealed that Jones owned

the cellular phone bearing the transposed phone number; however, pages 3-6 of the packet

revealed that the four bomb threat calls had been placed from the cellular phone bearing the

untransposed phone number.1

¶4.    Upon receiving the Telepak packet the GPD officials, based on the information

contained on the second page regarding John H. Jones, sought and received a county court

order directing that a warrant be issued for Jones’s arrest. Jones was then arrested and

subsequently indicted for the felony offenses of falsely reporting that explosives had been

placed in the GPD and T. L. Weston High School. Jones’s public defender, Marie Wilson

(who has since become a Chancery Judge for the Ninth Chancery Court District for the State

of Mississippi), in reviewing the discovery materials produced in the criminal case,

discovered the transposed cell phone numbers. After Wilson brought this information to the

attention of the District Attorney, the circuit judge, at the request of the State of Mississippi,




       1
       In order to protect Jones’s privacy and security, instead of revealing his cellular
phone number, we will refer to Jones’s cellular phone number as the “transposed” phone
number and the cellular phone number from which the bomb threat calls were placed as the
“untransposed” phone number.

                                                3
entered an order of nolle prosequi, thus ending the criminal prosecution of Jones on these

charges.

¶5.    Approximately ten days after his criminal charges were nolle prossed, Jones and his

wife, Monica, commenced civil litigation against Telepak, doing business as Cellular South,

as well as Telepak employees who were named as “John Doe” defendants. This suit sought

compensatory and punitive damages for Jones and damages for Mrs. Jones on a loss of

consortium claim. The complaint was later amended to add the City of Greenville as a

defendant, thereby asserting a claim for damages against the City pursuant to the Mississippi

Tort Claims Act (MTCA). See Miss. Code Ann. §§ 11-46-1, et seq. (Rev. 2002). The

Joneses eventually settled with Telepak, which was dismissed with prejudice by way of a

circuit court order, and a second amended complaint was filed against the City of Greenville.

¶6.    In due course, a bench trial was conducted before the Circuit Court of Washington

County, Judge Betty W. Sanders, presiding. At the conclusion of the presentation of the

evidence, Judge Sanders took this matter under advisement, and subsequently entered a final

judgment finding “that the GPD acted in reckless disregard as to John Jones.” The final

judgment also provided for an award of damages in the amount of $95,000 to John Jones, and

$500 to Monica Jones. It is from this final judgment that the City of Greenville now appeals.

                                      DISCUSSION

¶7.    The City assigns only two errors for us to consider in today’s appeal. We reorder and

restate the City’s issues as follows: (1) Whether the circuit court erred in finding the GPD



                                             4
acted in reckless disregard of Jones’s safety and well-being; and, (2) whether the circuit court

erred in failing to apportion fault to the settling defendant, Telepak, pursuant to Miss. Code

Ann. § 85-5-7. Finding the first issue to be dispositive of this case, we address only this

issue.

         I.     WHETHER THE CIRCUIT COURT ERRED IN FINDING
                OFFICERS OF THE CITY OF GREENVILLE POLICE
                DEPARTMENT ACTED IN RECKLESS DISREGARD OF
                THE SAFETY AND WELL-BEING OF JOHN H. JONES.


¶8.      Whenever this Court considers on appeal a trial judge’s findings of fact, we

appropriately afford deferential treatment. Even though we quite often review circuit court

cases based upon judgments entered after a jury trial, whenever we are called upon to

consider the findings of fact of a circuit judge sitting without a jury, that circuit judge is

entitled to the same deference concerning his/her findings of fact as is afforded to a

chancellor, who almost always sits, without a jury. City of Jackson v. Perry, 764 So.2d 373,

376 (Miss. 2000) (citing Puckett v. Stuckey, 633 So.2d 978, 982 (Miss. 1993)).

¶9.      To say that John Jones and his family had to endure an extremely traumatic experience

because of the criminal charges brought against Jones is a gross understatement. Wilson’s

trial testimony describes her first encounter with Mr. and Mrs. Jones after being appointed

to represent Mr. Jones on the criminal charges:

         He came with his wife. And – and I was impressed by them because they were
         such a young couple. And I think during the interview, it came out that they
         had very young children. They seemed like a nice, sweet young couple, and



                                               5
       they were so upset. She was crying. He was crying. It was just a mess, you
       know, quite frankly.

Jones testified at trial that he and his wife had two young children, an eight-year old daughter

and a fifteen-year old son. One can only imagine how a father explains to his children that

he has been arrested, jailed and charged with criminal activity.

¶10.   Thus, that the Joneses are entitled to monetary damages for what has happened to

them should hardly be cause for debate. However, as with any civil tort suit for money

damages, before considering the issue of damages, the first hurdle a plaintiff must

successfully overcome with the trier-of-fact is proof of liability – duty, breach of duty, and

proximate causation. In this MTCA case, the plaintiffs have an additional hurdle. The

Legislature of this State has expressly declared its intent that as a matter of public policy, the

state and its political subdivisions, inter alia, are immune from suit due to any “tortious act

or omission” by any employee of the state or its political subdivisions even though such act

or omission “may be considered as the exercise or failure to exercise any duty, obligation or

function of a governmental, proprietary, discretionary or ministerial nature.” Miss. Code

Ann. § 11-46-3(1). However, there are exceptions. The MTCA provides, inter alia:

       (1) A governmental entity and its employees acting within the course and
       scope of their employment or duties shall not be liable for any claim:
                                         ************
              (c) Arising out of any act or omission of an employee of a
              governmental entity engaged in the performance or execution of
              duties or activities relating to police or fire protection unless the
              employee acted in reckless disregard of the safety and well-
              being of any person not engaged in criminal activity at the time
              of injury.

                                                6
Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9(1)(c). Thus in today’s case, notwithstanding any damages

suffered by John and Monica Jones, before they can recover damages against the City of

Greenville, they must prove the Greenville police officers in question, while engaged in the

performance of their duties relating to police protection, “acted in reckless disregard of the

safety and well-being of any person not engaged in criminal activity at the time of the

injury.” Id.

¶11.   Our cases are by now legion where we have defined the phrase “reckless disregard”

as it relates to MTCA cases. We have previously stated:

       In order to recover under the MTCA, a plaintiff must prove that the officer
       “acted in reckless disregard of the safety and well-being of any person not
       engaged in criminal activity at the time of the injury.” Miss. Code Ann. § 11-
       46-9(1)(c); see City of Ellisville v. Richardson, 913 So.2d 973, 977-79 (Miss.
       2005). “Reckless disregard” has been described by this Court as “a higher
       standard than gross negligence and `embraces willful or wanton conduct which
       requires knowingly and intentionally doing a thing or wrongful act.’” Collins
       v. Tallahatchie County, 876 So.2d 284, 287 (Miss. 2004) (quoting Turner v.
       City of Ruleville, 735 So.2d 226, 230 (Miss. 1999)).

City of Jackson v. Powell, 917 So.2d 59, 71 (Miss. 2005). There is no dispute that at all

relevant times, the Greenville police officers were lawfully engaged in the performance of

their duties relating to police protection and that John Jones was not engaged in criminal

activity at the time this cause of action accrued. This case obviously turns on whether the

actions and/or inactions of the Greenville police officers rose beyond the level of mere

negligence to that of reckless disregard for the safety and well-being of John Jones so as to

remove the City from the statutory exemption from liability which it otherwise enjoys. To



                                              7
make this determination, we must address the facts of this case in much more detail than the

brief factual summary we have thus far provided.

¶12.   Jones asserts, inter alia: (1) a careful review by the GPD officers of the Telepak

packet would have revealed that the cell phone number from which the bomb threat calls

were made was different from Jones’s cell phone number; (2) Jones and his father-in-law,

Reverend G. A. Johnson, continually protested to the GPD that an innocent man had been

arrested for these crimes, and the GPD refused to investigate Jones’s claims of innocence;

(3) the inaccurate information in the Telepak packet was the sole basis for Jones’s arrest; and,

(4) the grossly inadequate GPD investigation resulted in Jones being maliciously prosecuted

for felony charges which were later dismissed.

¶13.   In a very detailed and thorough 15-page Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, the

trial judge devoted only five paragraphs (approximately one page) to the “reckless disregard”

issue.2 For the sake of emphasis, we set out the trial judge’s entire discussion on this issue:

       Before the plaintiffs can recover under the Mississippi Tort Claims Act, Miss.
       Code Ann. § 11-46-9(1)(c), they must prove the GPD [Greenville Police
       Department] acted in reckless disregard of the safety and well-being of any
       person not engaged in criminal activity at the time of the injury. “In the
       context of the statute, reckless must connote “wanton or willful”, because




       2
        The trial judge addressed four issues: (1) whether the GPD had probable cause for
the issuance of an arrest warrant for Jones; (2) whether the GPD officers acted in reckless
disregard of Jones’s safety and well-being; (3) whether the plaintiffs sustained a cause of
action for false arrest, false imprisonment and malicious prosecution; and, (4) whether the
plaintiffs suffered injuries and damages which were recoverable from the City pursuant to
the MTCA.

                                               8
       immunity lies for negligence.” Turner v. Ruleville, 735 So.2d 226, 229 (Miss.
       1999).

       The GPD had inconsistent information in its possession for approximately five
       days prior to applying for the arrest warrant. They failed to investigate prior
       to executing an affidavit and presenting this affidavit to County Court Judge
       Vernita Johnson, who executed the arrest warrant. The Court notes the County
       Court Judge was not presented the entire document from Cellular South.

       On August 25, 1999, in addition to the denials and inconsistencies discussed
       previously,3 defendants admitted their investigation was inadequate. Under
       these circumstances, it can be concluded that Sgt. Franks did not objectively
       have a reasonable belief of who committed the crime prior to the filing of the
       affidavit for Jones’ arrest.

       The GPD failed to adequately investigate this case before obtaining an arrest
       warrant. They failed, at a minimum, to interview Jones to determine his
       whereabouts on the day and time of the 911 calls, to determine who had access
       to his phone on the day and time in question, to determine whether his cell
       phone had been stolen and whether his phone was operational on the day and
       time in question.4

       This Court finds ample evidence that the GPD acted in reckless disregard for
       Jones (sic) safety and well-being by failing to investigate before obtaining the
       search warrant.

¶14.   Major Stacy Hollis, the assistant police chief for the City of Greenville, was the chief

of the detective division, and he thus headed up the investigation in the bomb threats case.

Major Hollis instructed Lt. Danny Suber, also a member of the detective division: (1) to

retrieve copies of the 911 tapes; (2) to direct Detective Daniel Frank to interview the 911



       3
       Indeed, the trial judge had made detailed findings-of-fact which consumed thirty-five
paragraphs and eight pages of the 15-page opinion.
       4
       As will be hereinafter discussed, the issue of whether Jones’s cell phone was
“operational on the day and time in question,” is of no moment.

                                              9
dispatchers as to any description or voice identification of the bomb-threat caller, any

background noises, or other information to aid in the identification of the caller; and, (3) to

attempt to get a court order to retrieve the cellular phone records. Upon receiving a court

order from Circuit Judge Ashley Hines, Lt. Suber retrieved the phone records in order to

determine the identity of the Cellular South customer who owned the cell phone from which

the 911 calls had been made on August 15, 1999, and August 16, 1999, during the relevant

times.

¶15.     James A. Torrey, Jr., Judy Whitehead, Rob Mason, and Rebecca Posecai are all

employees of Telepak, Inc., which does business under the name Cellular South. Torrey, a

Meadville attorney, is general counsel for Telepak; Whitehead is the secretary for the CEO

of Telepak; Mason is in Telepak’s Information Technology Department; and, Posecai is

Telepak’s Greenville store manager. Torrey received a telephone call from Pam Miller, an

investigator with the District Attorney’s office in Greenville, concerning the retrieval of

certain cellular phone records to investigate the bomb threats. Torrey informed Miller that

a subpoena would be necessary. Upon receiving the court-ordered subpoena duces tecum,

Torrey contacted Whitehead, who in turn e-mailed Mason as to the requested information.

Mason was instructed to retrieve the necessary information concerning the Cellular South

customer whose phone was used to place the bomb threat calls to Greenville’s 911 on the

dates and during the time frames in question. Mason testified via a sworn affidavit, inter alia:

         After I located the four calls to 911, I entered the number in the billing system
         to identify the name and address of the customer. However, when I entered

                                                10
       the numbers into the system, I mistakenly transposed the numerals six and
       nine. The retrieved data revealed that John Jones was the owner of the cellular
       telephone with the [transposed] number.... I did not realize the mistake had
       been made until after this civil suit was filed.

       I delivered the raw computer data identifying ... the telephone number from
       which the four outgoing calls to 911 were made, and a Screen Print of the
       [transposed] mobile number ... which showed John Jones was the owner of the
       [transposed] ... to Judy Whitehead.

¶16.   Upon receiving this information from Mason, Whitehead transmitted to Torrey the

raw computer data showing four outgoing calls to 911 from the untransposed cell phone

number, and a Screen Print of the transposed cell phone number indicating John Jones to be

the owner of the cellular phone with the transposed number. Torrey then transmitted this

information to Posecai in Greenville with instructions to deliver this information directly to

Lt. Suber. As instructed, Posecai telephoned Lt. Suber who drove to the Greenville Cellular

South store and retrieved this information from Posecai.

¶17.   This packet of information, which was introduced into evidence at trial (twice) as

Exhibit No. P-8 and Exhibit No. D-15, consists of six pages. The first page is a telecopier

cover letter from Torrey to Posecai. The second page contains information as follows:5

       1.   MOBILE NO.....................................................[transposed no.]
       2.   ACTIVATION DATE.......................................05/12/1999
       3.   FIRST NAME...................................................JOHN
       4.   LAST NAME....................................................JONES


       5
        A review of the Telepak packet reveals that the font is actually much smaller than
depicted here. Also, for the sake of Jones’s privacy, certain personal information contained
in this packet is not revealed here. The deleted information is not relevant to today’s
discussion.

                                                     11
        5. HOME PHONE.................................................XXXXXXXXXX
        6. ADDRESS.........................................................XXXXXXXXXX
        7. CITY..................................................................GREENVILLE
        8. STATE...............................................................MS
        9. ZIP CODE.........................................................38701
        10. SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER.....................XXXXXXXXX
        11. SALESMAN NUMBER..................................58
        12. ESN..................................................................XXXXXXXXXXX
        13. STATUS...........................................................P
        14. SERIAL/RECEIPT NUMBER.........................XXXXXX
        15. INITIAL PAYMENT LESS SERVICE CONNECT/TA.. 50.00
        16. LOCATION.....................................................D1
        17. DEACTIVATE DATE..........................................

The third, fourth, fifth and sixth pages contain the following information at the top of each

page:

        RECCODE: F7                      CLNGNMB: [untransposed no.]              CALLTYP: 1

Here is but an example of what appears on unnumbered lines/columns 2-23 on pages 3, 4,

5, and 6 of this packet received from Telepak/Cellular South:

        ENTCODE:                         CREDITC:

        OFEATCD:00000000                 DIALDEM:911                      ACCNTCD:
        TFEATCD:00000000                 CALLEDN:911                      FILLER6:
                                         CLLDSER:                         FILLER7:
        CLNGSYS:01382                    BILLNUM:                         TREATCD:000
        ORGIMSA:002                      AUTHCOD:                         FILLER8:

And this goes on for another sixteen lines/columns. Lt. Suber testified about pages 3, 4, 5,

and 6 of this document at trial:

        Q. Do you have any idea what all those acronyms, abbreviations are?
        A. No, sir. I do not.
        Q. So you can’t tell anything from page two – excuse me, page three as to an
        individual, can you?

                                                    12
       A. No, sir, I cannot.
       Q. The same thing is true of page four?
       A. That’s correct, sir.
       Q. Same thing true of page five?
       A. Yes, sir.
       Q. Same thing true of page six?
       A. That’s correct, sir.
       Q. So on pages three, four, five, and six, all of this information is what I call
       computer language?
       A. That’s correct, sir.
       Q. And you have to be computer literate to understand it, don’t you?
       A. Yes, sir.
       Q. From your review of D-15 you concluded in your report that these records,
       D-15, indicate calls to 911 came from mobile [transposed no.]...?
       A. That’s correct, sir.
       Q. And this identifies John Jones?
       A. That’s correct, sir.

In fact, while testifying at trial, Lt. Suber, who admitted he was not completely familiar with

this packet, thumbed through the six pages and stated that the transposed number appeared

on page two, and that the same phone number appeared on pages three, four, five and six.

He later had to be corrected as to the fact that it was the untransposed number [and not the

transposed no.] which appeared on pages 3, 4, 5, and 6 of the Telepak packet.

¶18.   Upon receiving this packet from Posecai, Lt. Suber placed this information in

Investigator Frank’s case file. Lt. Suber also logged the 911 tapes on the evidence log sheet

and placed the tapes in the police department’s case file. A portion of Investigator Frank’s

deposition was read into the record at trial, and this evidence revealed that Investigator Frank

stated that Lt. Suber informed him that the phone records obtained from Cellular South




                                              13
revealed John Jones to be the owner of the cell phone from which the 911 bomb threat calls

had been placed.

¶19.   At trial, Jones no doubt focused on Major Hollis in his effort to convince the trial

judge that the City was not exempt from liability under the MTCA due to the police officers’

reckless disregard for the safety and well-being of Jones. Both Jones, and Rev. G. A.

Johnson, Monica Jones’s stepfather, testified that Major Hollis told them (on separate

occasions) that he (Hollis) knew that Jones did not commit the crimes but that he (Hollis)

believed that Jones knew who committed the crimes and Jones would be held in custody until

he revealed the name of the guilty person. Both Rev. Johnson and Jones also testified that

Hollis stated to them (again separately) that he (Hollis) did not believe the voice on the 911

tapes was that of Jones. However, at trial, Major Hollis vehemently denied these allegations:

       Q. But I take it you never told Rev. Johnson that you had listened to the tapes
       again, or a second time, and from listening to the tapes a second time, you had
       determined that the voice was not that of John Jones.
       A. No, sir.
       Q. Did you ever tell Rev. Johnson in either one of your meetings with him that
       the only reason you were holding John Jones was to get him to identify the
       other parties involved in the bomb threat calls?
       A. No, sir, I did not.

On several occasions during his testimony, Major Hollis attempted to explain about the 911

tapes. On direct examination, Major Hollis testified:

       Q. Did you ever tell Rev. Johnson in either of the meetings with him that you
       had listened to the tapes?
       A. Yes.
       Q. And did you tell him on either occasion, any occasion, that you had
       determined that it was not John Jones’s voice on the tapes?

                                             14
       A. I hadn’t talked to Mr. Jones enough to be able to make that determination.
       I did state to him that I did listen to the tapes, and it was a black male in my
       opinion and the opinion of the dispatchers. But I’d only – I think the only
       words he had stated to me was that I was a liar.
       Q. You’re talking about Mr. Jones?
       A. Mr. Jones, that’s correct, and I don’t – that really wasn’t enough
       conversation for me to say whether it was or wasn’t him.6

Admittedly, Major Hollis, in response to a question early on during the cross-examination

by Jones’s lawyer immediately after the 911 tapes were played during the trial, testified:

       Q. And is it your opinion that the voice on that tape is John Jones, our plaintiff
       in this case; is that right?
       A. No, sir.[ 7 ]
       Q. Was any determination ever made that this voice on this tape was John
       Jones?
       A. No, sir.

However, later during the cross-examination of Hollis, the following exchange occurred:

       Q. And your decision to apply for the search warrant was based solely on what
       Suber told you?

       6
        Major Hollis admitted that he attempted to engage Jones in conversation when Jones
was arrested and brought to the police station, and this was for the purpose of listening to
Jones’s voice long enough during the conversation to determine if the voice on the 911 tapes
was that of Jones. As Hollis testified at trial: “[T]here’s not anything wrong with lying to
someone that you’ve got charged with a crime. It is not against the law to lie. It’s not against
the law to say things to try to make them talk to you. To try to tell them, yes, I’ve got more
evidence on you than I really do. That’s the way a lot of investigations are done.” Hollis
was not trying to get Jones to confess to something he did not do – he was trying to engage
Jones in conversation long enough to determine in his mind if Jones’s voice was the voice
he had heard on the 911 tapes.
       7
        This was the conclusion reached by Major Hollis by the time of trial, and after again
listening to the 911 tapes during his testimony at the trial. As will be seen, however, this trial
conclusion by Major Hollis was reached with the benefit of hindsight, because the record
reveals that during the investigation, Major Hollis firmly believed that Jones’s voice was on
the 911 tapes and that Jones was the guilty party.

                                               15
       A. I didn’t apply for the search warrant, first of all. They told me what
       information they had involving the case. I felt that there was probable cause
       based on the information they told me. I told them to, in turn, apply for the
       search warrant based on what they told me, and also the warrant for the phone
       records, and to my knowledge, that’s what they did. They come back and said,
       yes, they had applied for the phone records. The judge had reviewed it, and
       signed it, and we applied for the records.
       Q. And did you review anything else before you told them to get a search
       warrant – to get an arrest warrant?
       A. I had listened to the tape. I had talked to the two dispatchers. I had looked
       over their statements.......What I was saying, Mr. Bailey, is I had looked at the
       two dispatchers’ statements. I had listened to the tape twice. I had seen Mr.
       Jones, but he wouldn’t talk to me basically. I would have liked to. And then
       we had the phone records. Based on those things, that’s what I had to go on.

As Hollis later explained during cross-examination, investigative work is basically “having

to put the pieces together like a puzzle.” Also, later, during cross-examination, Hollis further

tried to explain police work in the real world:

       If this was the only case that we had to work, but that would be an ideal world,
       but we – I may have assigned them [other officers] four or five cases a day.
       They would work one case to the point that they couldn’t really get no further
       at that point, and then they would go to the next case and work up until they
       could get to a stopping point on it. They didn’t just have this one case they
       were working. I know on TV that’s the way they portray it. They run out
       there and they grab one case, but it’s just not like that.
                                         ************
       If I could go and investigate every case, Mr. Bailey, and look at every piece of
       paper that comes through that police department, I would love to. But you and
       me both know it don’t happen that way. In a perfect world, yes sir.
                                         ************
       Q. You were not careful in your investigation, were you?
       A. Oh, I think the investigation was very careful. I wouldn’t go as far as
       saying it was careless. I just think there’s things that you could do better, and
       some things were out of our control. I mean, I don’t have the manpower to
       dedicate to cases 24 hours a day, but it really wouldn’t have made any
       difference on this one because we got to a point that you can’t just keep going.
       It was a dead end.

                                              16
¶20.   The trial judge in this case patiently considered extensive evidence offered over the

course of three days in this bench trial. The record reveals that during recesses, she would

“squeeze in” other court business unrelated to this matter, simply trying to keep a handle on

what was most assuredly a crowded docket. At the conclusion of the presentation of the

evidence on the third day, the trial judge took this matter under advisement and then made

a fairly common request:

       BY THE COURT: All right, Attorneys, it’s been a pretty lengthy trial, and
       what I want to do in order to go ahead and rule promptly – you, by now,
       having been together three days, you know what my schedule is tomorrow and
       next week. I would like – and you tell me how much time you need, each
       party, to do proposed findings and recommendations. I would like to have it
       Monday, proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law and –
                                        ************
       BY THE COURT: So I’d like to go ahead. Another reason I’d like to go
       ahead because the delay in receiving the proposed findings, as each of you can
       understand, is more difficult to remember. I know that they won’t be the same.
                                        ************
       BY THE COURT: Yes, sir. What I want is a printout, and I want it on a disk,
       and you know, send the disk so I can make my own changes.
                                        ************
       BY THE COURT: Both the hard copy and give me the disk, and that way I
       can speed along. You know, you’ve already got – each side already has it
       typed so I can speed along in getting the order back because we’re back over
       here next week.

¶21.   It is hardly uncommon and certainly altogether appropriate for our overworked and

understaffed trial judges to make a request similar to the one made by the trial judge in this

case – request that each party’s attorney send a proposed findings of fact and conclusions of

law (FOFCOL) to facilitate the trial judge’s ultimate entry of an opinion and order/judgment.

Certainly, with today’s computer technology, disks can also be sent (as was requested by the

                                             17
trial judge in this case). Upon receipt of these disks with the proposed FOFCOL, a trial

judge and the judge’s law clerk/staff attorney can then “cut and paste” into an opinion which

is indeed the original work product of the trial judge, albeit containing perhaps verbatim

portions of the proposed FOFCOL submitted by the respective attorneys. The only caveat

we have issued to our trial judges when utilizing this method of generating an opinion is that

if it appears to this Court on appeal that a trial judge has adopted verbatim the proposed

FOFCOL submitted by one of the parties, by and through counsel, we will stray from our

deferential treatment of a trial judge’s findings of fact and instead apply a heightened

scrutiny or de novo review. City of Belmont v. Miss. State Tax Comm’n, 860 So.2d 289,

293-95 (Miss. 2003).8 This having been said, we unhesitatingly conclude that there is no

reason to apply any other standard of review of the trial judge’s FOFCOL in this case than

that of deferential treatment.

¶22.   Notwithstanding our deferential treatment of the trial judge’s findings of fact in

today’s case, our concern here is that there is at least one major erroneous finding of fact by

the trial judge. We know not whether this finding of fact was included in the proposed

findings of fact submitted to the trial judge by Jones’s counsel, and then adopted by the trial

judge, or whether this finding of fact originated with the trial judge. Regardless, we find

these statements in the trial judge’s 15-page Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law:




       8
           See also City of Belmont, 860 So.2d at 293 n.6.

                                              18
       Moreover, Asst. Chief Hollis admitted he did not believe Jones committed the
       crime or was the voice on the telephone. Equipped with this information,
       defendant failed to establish prong 2: reasonable cause to believe that Jones is
       the person who placed the telephone calls.[ 9 ]
                                       ************
       Hollis admitted he knew Jones did not place the E/911 calls but believed Jones
       knew who did.[ 10 ]

¶23.   In discussing the “probable cause to arrest” issue, the trial court stated:

       The evidence further established that Jones, even prior to his arrest declared
       his cellular phone inoperable, alerted the booking clerk that the social security
       number and telephone number of the John Jones in the police record did not
       belong to him, his birth place was Charleston, MS not Chicago, IL, he was in
       Los Angeles, CA in 1993, not in Greenville, MS when the information in the
       record was complied [sic] and reiterated he had no prior arrest record.
       Moreover, Asst. Chief Hollis admitted he did not believe Jones committed the
       crime or was the voice on the telephone. Equipped with this information,
       defendant failed to establish prong 2: reasonable cause to believe that Jones is
       the person who placed the telephone calls. No other evidence supported John
       Jones ... [transposed] cellular telephone number ... as being the prankster.

We thus emphasize that the trial court made an erroneous finding of fact from the clear

evidence in the record. Asst. Chief Hollis never admitted that during the investigation, he

did not believe that Jones committed the crime or that Jones’s voice was not on the 911 tapes.

       9
        These statements relate to the trial judge’s discussion of whether the Greenville
Police Department had probable cause to seek the issuance of an arrest warrant for Jones.
Additionally, assuming arguendo that the trial judge made this finding of fact regarding
Hollis’s “admissions” based on the testimony of Rev. Johnson and/or Jones (which appears
to be the only evidence in the record from which she could make such a finding), this
finding is clearly erroneous since, according, to Rev. Johnson and Jones, these statements
were made by Hollis after Jones had been arrested. Thus, the trial judge clearly erroneously
used this Johnson/Jones testimony as a basis in determining lack of probable cause to seek
the issuance of the arrest warrant.
       10
        These statements relate to the trial judge’s discussion of whether the Greenville
Police Department was guilty of malicious prosecution.

                                              19
He only admitted at trial, in the cool light of after-developed facts, and with the benefit of

20-20 hindsight, that he had by the time of the trial come to the realistic conclusion that Jones

had not committed the crime. To his credit, Major Hollis, at trial, readily admitted that fact

because by the time of the trial, Hollis knew that Mason had transposed the numbers on the

Telepak packet submitted to the Greenville Police Department and that Jones’s criminal case

had been nolle prossed. However, contrary to the finding of the trial judge, Major Hollis

never admitted that during the course of the investigation, he knew or believed that Jones had

not committed the crime and that Jones’s voice was not on the 911 tapes, and yet, he still

allowed Jones to be arrested, indicted and prosecuted.

¶24.   On the other hand, it is true that both Rev. Johnson and John Jones testified that

Hollis, in separate conversations, informed them that he (Hollis) did not believe that Jones

committed the crimes, but he was holding Jones until he revealed the identity of the real

culprit, and that he (Hollis) did not believe the voice on the tape was that of Jones;11

however, at trial, Hollis vehemently denied that he ever made those statements to Rev.


       11
         Even assuming, arguendo, that the trial judge correctly concluded from the disputed
testimony that Hollis told Rev. Johnson and Jones, after Jones’s arrest, that he (Hollis) did
not believe that Jones committed the crimes or that the voice on the 911 tapes was that of
Jones; and, even assuming, arguendo, that Hollis did indeed make these statements, this
evidence would not support a finding of reckless disregard on the part of Hollis, or any other
officer of the Greenville Police Department. Such evidence could appropriately be deemed
to be exculpatory evidence which, upon indictment, and invoking of our discovery rules, law
enforcement officials, via the District Attorney’s office, would have been required to reveal.
See URCCC 9.04 A.6. Thus, we can conclude here that Hollis did more than required of
him. He revealed, pre-indictment, and without a formal invocation of our discovery rules,
this “exculpatory information” to, not only Jones, but also to Rev. Johnson.

                                               20
Johnson or John Jones. This clearly created a disputed fact issue to be resolved by the trier-

of-fact. See Culbreath v. Johnson, 427 So.2d 705, 708 (Miss. 1983). However, the trial

judge did not find from this disputed evidence that Major Hollis made these statements to

Rev. Johnson or Jones – the trial judge instead found as a matter of proven fact that Major

Hollis “admitted he did not believe Jones committed the crime or was the voice on the

telephone.” (Emphasis added). It is important, indeed critical, to emphasize here that the

trial judge made this finding in the context of discussing whether there existed at the time of

the issuance of the arrest warrant probable cause to believe that Jones had committed the

crimes of making the 911 bomb threat calls. Again, assuming arguendo that the trial judge

used the testimony of Rev. Johnson and/or John Jones as the basis for determining that Hollis

“admitted” that he did not believe Jones committed the crimes or that it was Jones’s voice

on the 911 tapes, these statements which were allegedly made by Hollis to Rev. Johnson

and/or Jones, would have been made after Jones’s arrest, and thus could not properly be used

by the trial judge in finding lack of reasonable cause to believe that Jones was the person who

placed the 911 calls, thus failing to establish probable cause for the issuance of the arrest

warrant. By the time these statements were allegedly made by Hollis to Jones and/or Rev.

Johnson, Jones had already been arrested. Because the totality of the record reveals that this

critical finding of fact is clearly erroneous and manifestly wrong, we are not required to

afford deferential review, and thus the reckless disregard issue fades to no more than a

negligence case against the City of Greenville.



                                              21
¶25.   A review of the record in its totality, causes us to conclude that, notwithstanding

Jones’s efforts at trial to convince the trial judge of the existence of an alleged vendetta by

Hollis against Jones in attempting to force Jones to reveal the identity of the real culprit by

keeping Jones in custody despite Hollis’s belief that Jones did not commit the crime, Jones’s

primary focus during the trial was on the failure of Hollis and the other police officers to

realize that, even though Jones’s name and cell phone number appeared on page 2 of the

Cellular South packet, a different cell phone number appeared on pages 3, 4, 5, and 6 of the

packet. We now know the reason for this mistake was a Telepak employee’s transposing of

the numbers.

¶26.   In her FOFCOL, the trial judge made several references to either an inadequate

investigation, or a failure to perform certain acts during the course of the investigation. This

is negligence, not reckless disregard. City of Jackson v. Powell, 917 So.2d at 71. Indeed

inadequacy and carelessness was the focus of the plaintiffs’ case. For example, Jones’s

attorney asked Major Hollis on cross-examination, “You were not careful in your

investigation, were you?” Jones also focuses on the fact that he repeatedly told the police

officers that his cell phone was inoperative and that he “did not do it.” First of all, the record

is replete with proof that a cell phone which is inoperative for any other types of calls is still

operative for 911 calls. This fact is acknowledged by the trial judge in her FOFCOL, thus

that Jones’s cell phone may have been inoperative is of no consequence since it still could

have been used to place 911 calls.         Secondly, law enforcement officials are hardly



                                               22
unaccustomed to hearing suspects claim that he/she “did not do it.” We determine from the

totality of the record in this case, that the failure of law enforcement officials to follow-up

on Jones’s proclamations of innocence might, arguendo, rise to the level of negligence, but

certainly these actions or inactions fall well short of conduct which could be described as

reckless disregard.

¶27.   In sum, and for the sake of emphasis, these are the relevant facts of this case. The

GPD 12 learned that the bomb threat calls to 911 were made from a Cellular South phone

during certain time frames on the dates of August 15, 1999, and August 16, 1999; the GPD

secured a circuit court order for the Telepak/Cellular South phone records in an effort to

learn the identity of the owner of the cellular phone from which these 911 calls had been

made; the chain of communication within the Telepak network went from Torrey to

Whitehead to Mason to Whitehead to Torrey to Posecai, who in turn contacted the GPD,

which promptly retrieved this 6-page Telepak packet generated by Mason; the second page

of the 6-page packet contained information which, inter alia, identified Jones and his cell

phone number; the two 911 dispatchers were interviewed; an arrest warrant for Jones was

applied for and issued by a county court judge and Jones was arrested; a search warrant for

Jones’s house was applied for and issued by a justice court judge; pursuant to this search

warrant, the GPD retrieved two cell phones, one of which contained the phone number as


       12
         Since we have already named the GPD officers involved, we will not attempt to
again specify what officer performed what act, but instead, we will simply refer to the police
officers collectively as the GPD.

                                              23
depicted on page two of the 6-page Telepak packet; the case was presented to the

Washington County grand jury, which returned an indictment against Jones; the cellular

phone records remained in the custody of the District Attorney’s office for approximately

five and one-half months (a fact found by the trial judge); a public defender was appointed

to represent Jones, but later Marie Wilson was assigned as the public defender to represent

Jones; and, Wilson was the first person to discover, after all of this time, that the cell phone

numbers had been transposed and that the bomb threat calls had been made, not from the

transposed number (Jones’s cell phone), but instead from the untransposed cell phone

number, which did not belong to Jones.

¶28.   A review of the record reveals, inter alia: (1) that these cellular phone records had

passed through the hands of at least four Telepak employees, various officers with the GPD,

the District Attorney’s office, the grand jury, and two public defenders, before the transposed

cell phone numbers were discovered; (2) that the GPD interviewed the 911 dispatchers; (3)

that at least one GPD officer listened to the 911 tapes at least twice; and, (4) that the GPD

appeared before three different judges during the course of the investigation for (a) a

subpoena duces tecum to retrieve the cell phone records, (b) an arrest warrant for Jones, and

(c) a search warrant for Jones’s home. Despite the existence of these facts, the trial judge

determined that the GPD was guilty of reckless disregard of the safety and well-being of John

Jones by conducting an “inadequate” and “careless” investigation. With the utmost respect

for the very learned and experienced trial judge, we are constrained to find that her finding,



                                              24
from the record before her, that the GPD officers’ actions amounted to reckless disregard of

the safety and well-being of John Jones is not supported by substantial, credible and

reasonable evidence, and was thus manifestly wrong.

¶29.   We again emphasize that the second page of the 6-page Telepak packet contains the

transposed numbers resulting in the identification of Jones and his cell phone number.

Again, as already noted, at the top of each of the remaining four pages, which set out the

information on the bomb threat calls, is the following information:

       RECCODE: F7                  CLNGNMB: [untransposed no.]          CALLTYP: 1

For the next twenty-two lines/columns on each of these four pages, there appears really

nothing more than computer language which is basically indiscernible. In fact, Lt. Suber

testified that he was clueless as to what this computer language meant. From the record

before us, we come to the inescapable conclusion that the GPD’s failure to realize that the

cell phone number appearing on pages 3-6 of the 6-page Telepak packet was different from

the cell phone number appearing on page 2 amounts to, at most, negligence. It simply does

not evidence reckless disregard within the meaning of the statute and our case law. As

pointed out by the trial judge, reckless disregard under the MTCA, is action which amounts

to “wanton and willful” conduct. Citing Turner v. City of Ruleville, 735 So.2d 226, 229-30

(Miss. 1999).

¶30.   We have respectfully determined that the MTCA cases cited by Jones which involve

vehicular accidents are of little benefit to the resolution of today’s case. See Miss. Dep’t of



                                              25
Public Safety v. Durn, 861 So.2d 990 (Miss. 2003); City of Jackson v. Brister, 838 So.2d

274 (Miss. 2003); City of Jackson v. Lipsey, 834 So.2d 687 (Miss. 2003); City of Jackson

v. Perry, 764 So.2d 373 (Miss. 2000); Maye v. Pearl River County, 758 So.2d 391 (Miss.

1999). Likewise, Jones cited as authority Foster v. Noel, 715 So.2d 174 (Miss. 1998). A

close reading of Foster reveals it is unquestionably factually distinguishable from today’s

case. In Foster, Kirby, the manager of the local Jitney Jungle grocery store, was carrying a

customer’s groceries to the car, and while in the parking lot, Kirby noticed a man with two

packages of rib-eye steaks under his shirt. Kirby confronted the shoplifter, who by that time

had placed the steaks under the driver’s seat of a truck, retrieved the steaks, and told the man

to remain there until the police arrived. Kirby identified the man as a black male and

confirmed that there was also a black male passenger in the truck. The men drove off, and

Kirby wrote down the tag number. Once the police officers arrived, Kirby gave the officers

the license plate information and also informed the officers that the truck was occupied by

two black males. Kirby also identified one of the truck’s occupants by name. Kirby later

arrived at the police station where he met with Officer Luckett and gave Luckett the details

of the shoplifting incident and the truck’s tag number. From this information, Luckett was

able to determine that the owner of the truck was a female named Jacqueline Noel. Even

though Luckett, by that time, knew that the suspects were two males, he filled out the

paperwork, including an affidavit for an arrest warrant, naming Jacqueline Noel, a female,

as the person who had stolen the steaks. This Court found:



                                              26
               Yazoo City, via Officer Luckett acting within the scope of his
       employment with the Yazoo City Police Department, was well aware that the
       Jitney Jungle manager had not accused Noel of being the shoplifter. Despite
       this information being presented to Luckett, an affidavit stating that Noel
       shoplifted and a warrant for her arrest based upon the erroneous affidavit were
       processed and executed. Obviously, there was a flagrant disregard of the
       information provided by the store manager to Officer Luckett. This flagrant
       disregard led to Noel (a woman already suffering from depression and taking
       Prozac) being falsely arrested, detained at the police station for approximately
       an hour and a half, having criminal shoplifting charges brought against her and
       having her name and address published in a newspaper as being a shoplifter.

              As the trial court noted in her findings and conclusions, the Yazoo City
       Police Department instigated the proceedings against Noel by failing to
       investigate her involvement in the shoplifting incident, although it was known
       she was not accused of being involved.

Id. at 183.

¶31.   The actions of the Greenville Police Department in the case sub judice pale in

comparison to the egregious actions of Officer Luckett in Noel. Unlike the police officer in

Noel, the GPD officers methodically went through an investigative process where they,

among other things, appeared before three different judges, obtained phone records, listened

to the 911 tapes containing the bomb threats, and conducted interviews, all in an effort to get

to the bottom of who had made these bomb threat calls to 911. Viewing the evidence in the

light most favorable to the Joneses, the most they proved was that one or more of the GPD

officers were negligent, thus causing the City of Greenville to be exempt from liability under

the MTCA. See Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9(1)(c).




                                              27
                                       CONCLUSION

¶32.   The record reveals immense suffering by John Jones and his wife and children due to

Jones’s arrest for a crime which he unquestionably did not commit. If an injured plaintiff can

prove liability in a court of law, the party proven to be at fault and legally liable should pay.

In this case, someone did pay – Telepak. The Greenville police officers were at the most,

negligent – they did not act in reckless disregard of the safety and well-being of Jones or any

other citizen. Thus pursuant to the provisions of the MTCA, the City of Greenville is exempt

from liability in this case.

¶33.   For these reasons, we are constrained as a matter of law to reverse the judgment as

entered in favor of John Jones and Monica Jones, and render judgment here in favor of the

City of Greenville.


¶34.   REVERSED AND RENDERED.

     SMITH, C.J., WALLER AND COBB, P.JJ., AND DICKINSON, J., CONCUR.
EASLEY AND GRAVES, JJ., DISSENT WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN
OPINION. DIAZ AND RANDOLPH, JJ., NOT PARTICIPATING.




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