                                                              NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                ___________

                                     No. 10-1014
                                     ___________

                                 JHI PAI CHEN-ZHU,
                                                 Petitioner

                                           v.

                ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,
                                                   Respondent

                     ____________________________________

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                           Board of Immigration Appeals
                            (Agency No. A094 924 065)
               Immigration Judge: Honorable Margaret R. Reichenberg
                    ____________________________________

                   Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                 February 16, 2011

           Before: FUENTES, VANASKIE and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges

                          (Opinion filed: February 23, 2011 )
                                     ___________

                                      OPINION
                                     ___________

PER CURIAM

      Jhi Pai Chen-Zhu, a native and citizen of China, petitions for review of an order of

the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”), which dismissed his appeal from an

Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) final order of removal, and denied his motion to remand. We

                                            1
will deny the petition for review.

                                              II.

       Chen-Zhu entered the United States without inspection in March 2007. He

applied for asylum and related relief based on persecution related to China’s population

policies. He first claimed eligibility for relief based on the July 3, 2007 forced

sterilization of his wife following the birth of a non-allowed second child, but case law

changed during the pendency of proceedings,1 so he attempted to show he was eligible

for relief because he would be fined and would be persecuted for leaving illegally. Chen-

Zhu first testified that he had been threatened in January 2007 with a 26,000 RMB fine if

his wife did not appear for a checkup (this was when his wife was pregnant with the

second child), but when the IJ tried to clarify the issue, Chen-Zhu stated he had never

actually been fined. A.R. 146-50. He later stated that he feared if he returned to China,

he would have to pay a fine because he had prevented officials from collecting the 26,000

RMB fine. A.R. 151. Chen-Zhu gave some conflicting testimony about whether he

knew for a fact that the fine still existed. He stated that he had never received notice of a

fine, nor had his wife. A.R. 158, 160-61. On the other hand, he testified that his wife

told him that if the fine was not paid, the children would not get a certificate to attend


       1
         See Matter of J-S-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 520 (A.G. 2008) (spouse of person subjected
to forced sterilization procedure not per se entitled to refugee status). Soon thereafter,
this Court similarly held that an alien is not eligible for asylum based on the persecution
of his spouse, but “an applicant can claim refugee status if he/she can demonstrate actual
persecution for resisting a country’s coercive family planning policy, or a well-founded
fear of future persecution for doing so.” Lin-Zheng v. Attorney General, 557 F.3d 147,
157 (3d Cir. 2009) (en banc).

                                              2
school when they were older. A.R. 171. He also testified that he feared being jailed for

having left China illegally. A.R. 173.

       The IJ found Chen-Zhu’s testimony regarding the fine to be confusing, and noted

that he “had a great difficulty testifying about the circumstances of that fine.” The IJ

found Chen-Zhu was not “a credible and persuasive witness regarding whether a fine has

indeed been assessed to him for violating the family policy, how that fine was assessed or

the likely penalties that could be placed upon him for failing to pay it.” The IJ also found

that Chen-Zhu had not established that he would be persecuted (as opposed to

prosecuted) for leaving China illegally. The IJ also found no evidence that Chen-Zhu

would be tortured in China.

       In his notice of appeal to the BIA, Chen-Zhu stated that the IJ “abused her

discretion in making a negative finding for the respondent despite the fact that the

respondent presented internally consistent testimony during his merits hearing and that

the respondent was credible, specific, and persuasive; the [IJ’s] negative credibility

finding was not supported by the substantial evidence in the record.” A.R. 81 In his brief

to the BIA, he argued that the IJ failed to consider that imposition of a substantial fine

constituted persecution, and that the IJ erred by requiring him to produce evidence of the

fine that was not available. A.R. 9-19. Chen-Zhu also sought a remand for consideration

of additional evidence with regards to the fine.

       The BIA found no clear error in the IJ’s adverse credibility finding with regard to




                                              3
Chen-Zhu’s testimony about the fine.2 The BIA stated that although the adverse

credibility finding would be dispositive, it would also address Chen-Zhu’s other

arguments. The BIA noted that the IJ had indeed considered that a fine could constitute

persecution, and had not unreasonably sought some corroborating evidence regarding the

fine, specifically, a statement from Chen-Zhu’s wife. The BIA addressed Chen-Zhu’s

motion for a remand, and noted that only three of the documents submitted were new.

The BIA noted that one document, the statement from Chen-Zhu’s wife, post-dated the

IJ’s decision, but that Chen-Zhu had not explained why he could not have obtained it

earlier. The BIA also noted that Chen-Zhu did not explain why the notice of a fine could

not have been obtained for the hearing below, and noted that a receipt showing the fine

had been paid did not aid his case, as it appeared his “wife was able to pay the fine in full

without difficulty within three days of receiving a notice to pay.” The BIA dismissed the

appeal and denied the motion for a remand. Chen-Zhu filed a timely, counseled petition

for review.

                                             II.

       We first consider the scope of our review. We have jurisdiction pursuant to

section 242 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) [8 U.S.C. § 1252]. Because

the BIA independently assessed the record, we review only the BIA’s decision. See

Ezeagwuna v. Ashcroft, 325 F.3d 396, 405 (3d Cir. 2003). An alien must “raise and


       2
          Although Chen-Zhu did not discuss the IJ’s adverse credibility finding in his
brief to the BIA, the BIA generously noted that the issue had been raised in the notice of
appeal, and addressed the issue.

                                              4
exhaust his or her remedies as to each claim or ground for relief if he or she is to preserve

the right of judicial review of that claim.” Abdulrahman v. Ashcroft, 330 F.3d 587, 594-

95 (3d Cir. 2003); INA § 242(d)(1) [8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1)]. However, where the alien’s

notice of appeal to the BIA sets forth sufficient facts and law to inform the BIA of the

basis of an issue on appeal, failure to address the issue in the alien’s brief on appeal to the

BIA does not strip this Court of jurisdiction to review the claim. Hoxha v. Holder, 559

F.3d 157, 163 (3d Cir. 2009). We may thus review the adverse credibility finding,

despite Chen-Zhu’s failure to address the issue in his brief to the BIA. See also Lin v.

Att’y Gen., 543 F.3d 114, 123 (3d Cir. 2008) (where BIA raises claim sua sponte, claim

is considered exhausted for purposes of review in court of appeals).

       We agree with the Government that Chen-Zhu has waived review of the BIA’s

decision denying his motion to remand. Chen-Zhu’s sole mention of the remand issue is

a passing reference at the beginning of his brief stating that he seeks to challenge the

BIA’s denial of his motion to remand, and a mention at the very end of the brief asking

the Court to reverse the BIA’s decision denying a remand. Petitioner’s Brief at 11, 39.

Such passing references are not sufficient to bring the issue before this Court. Voci v.

Gonzales, 409 F.3d 607, 610 n.1 (3d Cir. 2005); see also Vallejo Piedrahita v. Mukasey,

524 F.3d 142, 144-45 (1st Cir. 2008) (“it is not enough merely to mention a possible

argument in the most skeletal way, leaving the court to do counsel’s work, create the

ossature for the argument, and put flesh on its bones”) (internal quotation and citation

omitted). The Government similarly argues that Chen-Zhu has waived review of the

BIA’s corroboration finding because he failed to present any meaningful arguments

                                               5
regarding the issue in his opening brief here. We need not reach the question of whether

this argument is waived, because, as we explain, we find the adverse credibility finding

dispositive of Chen-Zhu’s claims.3

                                            III.

       An applicant may demonstrate eligibility for asylum by showing either past

persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. See INA

§ 101(a)(42)(A) [8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A)]. The spouses of those who have been

persecuted by coercive population control policies are not automatically eligible for

asylum. Lin-Zheng, 557 F.3d at 157 (holding that there is no automatic refugee status for

spouses of individuals subjected to coercive population control policies). Based on the

statutory definition of “refugee” under INA § 101(a)(42) [8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)], we

concluded in Lin-Zheng that refugee status extends only to the individual who had been

subjected to an involuntary abortion or sterilization procedure, had been persecuted for

failing or refusing to undergo such a procedure, or had a well-founded fear of such

persecution in the future. See id. at 156. Chen-Zhu does not acknowledge this holding in

his brief. Nevertheless, he could still establish past persecution based on his own

resistance to China’s family planning policy. See id. at 157 (noting that spouses remain

eligible for relief if they qualify as a refugee under INA § 101(a)(42) based upon their

own persecution, or well-founded fear of persecution, for “other resistance” to a coercive


       3
         Although Chen-Zhu argued to this Court in his motion for a stay of removal that
he will be persecuted and fined for leaving China illegally, he did not raise the issue in
                                             6
population control program). Chen-Zhu could potentially establish that his refusal to pay

a fine imposed for the illegal birth of his second child constituted “other resistance,” and

could then prove that he was, or would be, persecuted as a result of that resistance.

“Deliberate imposition of severe economic disadvantage which threatens a petitioner’s

life or freedom may constitute persecution.” Li v. Att’y Gen., 400 F.3d 157, 168 (3d Cir.

2005). However, as noted, the IJ found that Chen-Zhu’s testimony regarding a fine was

not credible, and the BIA upheld that finding.

       An adverse credibility finding is reviewed under the substantial evidence test, and

must be upheld unless “any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to

the contrary.” Gao v. Ashcroft, 299 F.3d 266, 272 (3d Cir. 2002) (quoting 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(b)(4)(B)). To reverse an adverse credibility finding, the evidence of credibility

must be so strong “that in a civil trial [the alien] would be entitled to judgment on the

credibility issue as a matter of law.” Chen v. Ashcroft, 376 F.3d 215, 222 (3d Cir. 2004).

Chen-Zhu states throughout his brief that he provided “consistent” testimony, and states

that he “did not ever contradict his own answers nor . . . become unresponsive in any of

the line of questioning posed by the IJ or the Government’s attorney.” Petitioner’s Brief

at 30. His statement is belied by the record. His testimony concerning the issue of

whether a fine was imposed or threatened, when (if at all) it was imposed, and whether

the Chinese government still expected him to pay it, was very confusing and

contradictory. A.R. 146-71. We are not compelled to conclude that Chen-Zhu testified

credibly. Because Chen-Zhu did not have corroborative evidence at the time of his


his brief; the issue is thus waived.
                                              7
hearing, his failure to provide credible testimony regarding the fine is dispositive.

       Because Chen-Zhu cannot satisfy the asylum standard, he cannot satisfy the more

difficult withholding of removal standard. See Zubeda v. Ashcroft, 333 F.3d 463, 469-70

(3d Cir. 2003). We further find no evidence in the record that he is likely to be tortured if

he is returned to China. For the above reasons, we will deny the petition for review.




                                              8
