                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                 FILED
                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                      ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                               JAN 07 2008
                            No. 07-12733                     THOMAS K. KAHN
                        Non-Argument Calendar                    CLERK
                      ________________________

                        Agency Nos. A95-899-944
                             A95-899-945

JOHN JAIRO BETANCUR,
MARTHA INES VELEZ SANCHEZ,
ERIKA BETANCUR VELEZ,

                                                                   Petitioners,

                                  versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                  Respondent.

                      ________________________

                  Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                       Board of Immigration Appeals
                       _________________________

                            (January 7, 2008)

Before TJOFLAT, BLACK and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
       John Jairo Betancur, his wife Martha Ines Velez Sanchez, and his daughter

Erika Betancur Velez (collectively “the petitioners’), all natives and citizens of

Colombia, petition this court for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’s

(“BIA”) affirmance of the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) order of removal. After a

thorough review of the record, we dismiss the petition in part and deny in part.

       I. Background

       The petitioners arrived in the United States in 1999 on non-immigrant visas,

remained beyond the expiration period, and were issued notices to appear charging

them with removability under INA § 237(a)(1)(B); 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B).

Betancur, as lead respondent, filed an application for withholding of removal in

2002, alleging that he had been persecuted by members of the Revolutionary

Armed Forces of Colombia (“FARC”) on account of his political opinion.1

       At the removal hearing, Betancur reported the following difficulties: In

October 1997, a member of FARC came to Betancur’s auto shop and warned

Betancur to cease his support of the New Political Generation of Antioquia party,

of which Betancur was a member. In April 1998, Betancur received threatening


       1
          Betancur also requested relief under asylum and the United Nations Convention Against
Torture (“CAT”). Betancur does not challenge the decision that his asylum petition was untimely,
or the denial of CAT relief. Therefore, he has abandoned these issues. Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y
Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1228 (11th Cir. 2005). Importantly, withholding of removal does not provide
for derivative benefits. Therefore, even if the record compelled withholding of removal, only
Betancur, and not his wife or daughter, would be entitled to relief. See Delgado v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
487 F.3d 855, 862 (11th Cir. 2007).
                                                 2
phone calls after he made a speech at a local youth soccer game. Although

Betancur stopped his work with the party after this incident, a man came to the

shop in July 1998 to welcome Betancur to FARC. Betancur reported this to the

police, who did not investigate. In September 1998, as he and his wife walked to

church, Betancur was attacked and beaten by two men from FARC. Betancur was

treated at the area hospital, he filed a police report, and he went to stay with his

father in another city. In April 1999, FARC members burned down his auto shop

and placed a threatening phone call to Betancur’s father. Betancur then arranged to

leave Colombia.

      During the hearing, the government tried to clarify the dates of the police

reports submitted in support of the asylum application. One report was dated April

1997 and referred to a beating. Betancur stated that there was a mistake in the

date; he had not filed a report in 1997 and he could not explain why the 1997

report made reference to the 1998 beating. Betancur also stated that he filed a

police report about the beating in April 1998, but then stated that the beating was

in September 1998. He explained that he filed two reports in September 1998, but

neither report was in the record. The government also questioned why the

September 1998 threatening phone call was not listed in the asylum application.

      In support of his application, Betancur submitted copies of the police

reports, letters from friends and party members, hospital records, and the State
                                            3
Department 2004 Country Report. The police report dated September 11, 1998,

involved the incident with FARC in Betancur’s shop in October 1997 in which

FARC attempted to recruit Betancur to work for them. The second report, dated

April 17, 1997 mentioned a beating by FARC members as Betancur was on his

way to church. The hospital records submitted showed that Betancur was treated

and released on September 14, 1998 for pain, bruising, and multiple lesions

“caused by violent aggression.”

      The IJ denied relief, calling the case “troublesome” because the documents

submitted were inconsistent with the testimony. Although the IJ expressed

concern over Betancur’s credibility given the inconsistencies in the testimony and

the supporting documents, the IJ did not make an explicit adverse credibility

finding. The IJ then explained that even if Betancur was credible, there was no

well founded fear of persecution, as FARC was trying to recruit Betancur rather

than punish him. The IJ noted that Betancur had left Colombia six years earlier,

and there was no evidence FARC continued to look for him.

      Betancur appealed to the BIA, arguing that the IJ erred by finding he lacked

credibility. The BIA affirmed, concluding that the IJ’s adverse credibility

determination was not clearly erroneous in light of the inconsistencies. The BIA

also upheld the IJ’s finding as to the lack of evidence of a well founded fear of

future persecution. Betancur now petitions this court for review.
                                          4
      II. Discussion

      We review “only the decision of the BIA, except to the extent that it

expressly adopts the IJ’s opinion.” Nreka v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 408 F.3d 1361, 1368

(11th Cir. 2005) (internal quotations and citation omitted). To the extent that the

BIA’s or IJ’s decision was based on a legal determination, review is de novo. Id.

The IJ’s and BIA’s factual determinations are reviewed under the substantial

evidence test, and we will “affirm the [IJ’s] decision if it is supported by

reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a

whole.” Forgue v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1282, 1286 (11th Cir. 2005)

(alteration in original) (internal quotations and citations omitted); Al Najjar v.

Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1283-84 (11th Cir. 2001) (quotation and internal marks

omitted).

      To obtain withholding of removal, an applicant must establish that his “life

or freedom would be threatened in that country because of his race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1231(b)(3)(A). “The alien bears the burden of demonstrating that it is ‘more

likely than not’ []he will be persecuted or tortured upon being returned to [his]

country.” Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1232 (11th Cir. 2005)

(quoting Fahim v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 278 F.3d 1216, 1218 (11th Cir. 2002)).



                                           5
      An applicant for withholding of removal may satisfy his burden of proof in

either of two ways. First, an alien may establish “past persecution in his country

based on a protected ground.” Mendoza v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 327 F.3d 1283, 1287

(11th Cir. 2003). If the applicant can show that the persecution was, at least in

part, motivated by a protected ground, then the applicant can establish eligibility

for withholding of removal. Tan v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 446 F.3d 1369, 1375 (11th

Cir. 2006). If an alien establishes “past persecution,” a rebuttable presumption

arises that he has a “well-founded fear of future persecution,” and the burden then

shifts to the Department of Homeland Security to show that the conditions in the

country have changed or the alien could avoid a future threat through relocation.

Mendoza, 327 F.3d at 1287.

      Second, an alien is entitled to withholding of removal if he establishes “that

it is more likely than not that [ ]he would be persecuted on account of race,

religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion

upon removal to that country.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b)(2).

      In considering a petitioner’s claim for withholding of removal, the IJ must

determine credibility in the same manner as in asylum cases. See 8 U.S.C.

§ 1231(b)(3)(C); 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii)-(iii). Thus, to establish entitlement

to relief, the applicant must establish past persecution with “specific and credible

evidence.” Yang v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 418 F.3d 1198, 1202 (11th Cir. 2005); see
                                           6
also 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b) (“The testimony of the applicant, if credible, may be

sufficient to sustain the burden of proof [in a withholding of removal case] without

corroboration.”). IJs must make “clean determinations of credibility.” Mejia v.

U.S. Att’y Gen., 498 F.3d 1253, 1257 (11th Cir. 2007); Yang, 418 F.3d at 1201

(“Though the IJ made a reference to Yang’s claims as a ‘ridiculous fabrication’ and

stated that her testimony was ‘extremely inconsistent and [made] absolutely no

sense whatsoever,’ we are not persuaded that this was an explicit finding that

Yang’s testimony was not credible.”).

       In his appeal to the BIA, Betancur alleged that the IJ’s adverse credibility

finding was in error. He now asserts that the IJ did not make an explicit adverse

credibility finding. The government responds that in light of his arguments before

the BIA, Betancur cannot argue now that the finding was not explicit.

       We decline to apply the doctrine of judicial estoppel as the government

suggests.2 Nevertheless, Betancur has not exhausted the issue of whether the

finding was explicit, and it is not properly before us. Fernandez-Bernal v. U.S.

Att’y Gen., 257 F.3d 1304, 1317 n.13 (11th Cir. 2001). Moreover, because

Betancur no longer asserts that the IJ improperly concluded that he lacked


       2
          Under the equitable doctrine of judicial estoppel, a party is prevented from “‘asserting a
claim in a legal proceeding that is inconsistent with a claim taken by that party in a previous
proceeding.’” Burnes v. Pemco Aeroplex, Inc., 291 F.3d 1282, 1285 (11th Cir. 2002) (citation
omitted); see also Palmer & Cay, Inc. v. Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc., 404 F.3d 1297, 1307
n.16 (11th Cir. 2005).
                                                 7
credibility, he has waived this issue. Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1228. Accordingly,

we dismiss the petition on these grounds.

      Thus, the only issue before this court is whether the IJ and BIA properly

denied withholding of removal. Both the BIA and the IJ denied relief because

Betancur was not persecuted on account of a protected ground. Because Betancur

can no longer argue that his testimony was credible for the reasons discussed

above, we consider the remaining evidence to determine if the record compels

reversal. See Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1287 (“[A]n adverse credibility determination

does not alleviate the IJ’s duty to consider other evidence produced by an asylum

applicant. That is, the IJ must still consider all evidence introduced by the

applicant.”).

      Here, Betancur submitted the police reports, medical records, and letters

from other party members to support his claims. These documents, however, also

go to the IJ’s and BIA’s credibility concerns because they were inconsistent with

the testimony. As such, they do not support, much less compel, the conclusion that

Betancur suffered past persecution on account of a protected ground or that he

more likely than not would be persecuted if he returned to Colombia. The only

other evidence submitted was the State Department Country Reports. And

although this report confirms that FARC often threatens its political opponents,



                                            8
there is nothing in the record to support Betancur’s allegations. Accordingly, in

light of the lack of other evidence, we deny the petition on this ground.

      DISMISSED IN PART; DENIED IN PART.




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