          Supreme Court of Florida
                                    ____________

                                   No. SC14-2404
                                   ____________

                   FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE,
                               Appellant,

                                          vs.

                      AMERICAN BUSINESS USA CORP.,
                                Appellee.

                                   [May 26, 2016]

LABARGA, C.J.

      This case is before the Court for review of the decision of the Fourth District

Court of Appeal in American Business USA Corp. v. Department of Revenue, 151

So. 3d 67 (Fla. 4th DCA 2014). Because the district court expressly declared

invalid a state statute, section 212.05(1)(l), Florida Statutes (2012), this Court has

jurisdiction to review the decision. See art. V, § 3(b)(1), Fla. Const. For the

reasons we explain, we quash the decision of the Fourth District and hold section

212.05(1)(l) constitutional.
                    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      This case commenced when the Florida Department of Revenue (“the

Department”) issued a proposed tax assessment on American Business USA Corp.

(“American Business”), doing business as 1Vende.com in Wellington, Florida, for

taxes and interest on the company’s internet sales transactions between April 1,

2008, and March 31, 2011. American Business is a for-profit business

incorporated in Florida and having its physical location and principal address in

Florida. All the company’s sales of flowers, gift baskets, and other items of

tangible personal property were initiated online. The company did not maintain

any inventory of these items but would use florists that were local to the location of

the delivery to fill the order. The company charged its customers tax on flowers

and other items delivered in Florida by local florists, but did not charge its

customers sales tax on flowers and other items delivered outside of Florida.

      The tax assessment was issued by the Department to American Business

pursuant to section 212.05(1)(l), Florida Statutes (2012), which provides in

pertinent part:

      Florists located in this state are liable for sales tax on sales to retail
      customers regardless of where or by whom the items are to be
      delivered. Florists located in this state are not liable for sales tax on
      payments received from other florists for items delivered to customers
      in this state.




                                         -2-
Under Florida Administrative Code Rule 12A-1.047(1), “[f]lorists are engaged in

the business of selling tangible personal property at retail and their sales of

flowers, wreaths, bouquets, potted plants and other such items of tangible personal

property are taxable.” The statute and rule were relied on by the Department in

this case.

      After American Business filed a timely protest, a hearing was set before the

Division of Administrative Hearings. The administrative law judge issued a pre-

hearing order requiring the parties to stipulate to as many facts as possible.

Accordingly, the parties filed a joint pre-hearing stipulation setting forth pertinent

stipulated facts.1 After the administrative hearing, at which the co-owners of the

business testified and the Department offered exhibits, the administrative law judge

issued an order recommending that the Department uphold the tax assessment.

The Department subsequently entered a final order adopting the administrative law



       1. The parties stipulated as follows: American Business USA Corp. is a
Florida corporation doing business as 1Vende.com; American Business’s principal
place of business and mailing address is in Wellington, Florida; all of American
Business’s sales were initiated online; American Business specialized in the sale of
flowers, gift baskets, and other items of tangible personal property; American
Business did not maintain any inventory of flowers, gift baskets, and other items of
tangible personal property; American Business used local florists to fill the orders
it received for flowers, gift baskets, and other items of tangible personal property;
American Business charged its customers sales tax on sales of flowers, gift
baskets, and other items of tangible personal property delivered in Florida;
American Business did not charge its customers sales tax on sales of flowers, gift
baskets, and other items of tangible personal property delivered outside of Florida.


                                         -3-
judge’s recommended order in full. The order concluded that the tax required by

section 212.05 is a tax on the privilege of engaging in business in Florida and is not

a tax on the property sold. The order also noted that American Business

“stipulated that it specializes in selling flowers and markets itself to the public as a

company that sells flowers,” rejecting the claim of American Business that,

because of the manner in which it fills the orders, it is not a “florist” within the

meaning of and subject to section 212.05(1)(l) or rule 12A-1.047.

      American Business appealed the Department’s final order to the Fourth

District Court of Appeal where the company contended that the imposition of taxes

on American Business for sales of flowers and other items of tangible personal

property to be delivered out of state violated the due process clause of the

Fourteenth Amendment and the “dormant Commerce Clause” emanating from

article 1, section 8, of the United States Constitution.2

      As to the challenge to section 212.05(1)(l) imposing a tax on florists, the

Fourth District held that the imposition of taxes on sales to out-of-state customers




      2. “[T]he Constitution’s express grant to Congress of the power ‘to regulate
Commerce . . . among the several states,’ Art. I, § 8, cl. 3, contains a ‘further
negative command, known as the dormant Commerce Clause,’ . . . . This negative
command prevents a State from ‘jeopardizing the welfare of the Nation as a whole’
by ‘plac[ing] burdens on the flow of commerce across its borders that commerce
wholly within those borders would not bear.’ ” Am. Trucking Ass’ns, Inc. v. Mich.
Pub. Serv. Comm’n, 545 U.S. 429, 433 (2005) (citations omitted).

                                          -4-
for out-of-state flower and gift deliveries violates the dormant Commerce Clause;

and that the tax is thus “unconstitutional as applied to [American Business’s] sales

to out-of-state customers for out-of-state delivery.” Am. Bus. USA, 151 So. 3d at

70. In so holding, the Fourth District recognized the factors necessary to evaluate

whether a tax complies with the commerce clause:

         “The Commerce Clause and the Due Process Clause impose
      distinct but parallel limitations on a State’s power to tax out-of-state
      activities.” MeadWestvaco Corp. ex rel. Mead Corp. v. Ill. Dep’t of
      Revenue, 553 U.S. 16, 24 (2008). When it comes to evaluating a tax
      regarding its compliance with the commerce clause, the decisions of
      the United States Supreme Court
             have considered not the formal language of the tax statute
             but rather its practical effect, and have sustained a tax
             against Commerce Clause challenge when the tax is
             applied to an [1] activity with a substantial nexus with
             the taxing State, [2] is fairly apportioned, [3] does not
             discriminate against interstate commerce, and [4] is fairly
             related to the services provided by the State.
      Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady, 430 U.S. 274, 279 (1977). This
      has come to be known as the Complete Auto test. If the state tax fails
      any prong of the four-part test, then the tax violates the dormant
      commerce clause. Thus, if the taxing state is able to show only three
      of the four prongs under Complete Auto, the tax will not be sustained
      under a commerce clause challenge.

Am. Bus. USA, 151 So. 3d at 71. After applying the Complete Auto test to the

facts of the case, and concluding the tax at issue here was an undue burden on

interstate commerce, the district court stated, “Merely registering in a state does

not give the taxing state the right to assess sales taxes on transactions without any

other facts to constitute ‘substantial nexus.’ ” Am. Bus. USA, 151 So. 3d at 73.


                                         -5-
      As to the Due Process Clause claim, the Fourth District, relying on the

United States Supreme Court decision in Quill Corp. v. North Dakota, 504 U.S.

298 (1992), noted that a tax on a vendor may violate the Commerce Clause but not

the Due Process Clause

      because “the two, the Due Process clause and the Commerce Clause
      are analytically distinct.” [Quill Corp., 504 U.S. at 305]. “[A]
      corporation may have the ‘minimum contacts’ with a taxing State as
      required by the Due Process Clause, and yet lack the ‘substantial
      nexus’ with that State as required by the Commerce Clause.”

Am. Bus. USA, 151 So. 3d at 74 (quoting Quill Corp., 504 U.S. at 313). In finding

that due process was not violated in this case because minimum contacts were

present, the Fourth District explained that “traditional notions of fair play and

substantial justice were not offended because the taxpayer’s company was

registered in Florida and had a mailing address in Florida.” Id. at 73. In

distinguishing claims under the Commerce Clause from Due Process claims, the

Fourth District noted that “the Commerce Clause and its nexus requirement are

informed not so much by concerns about fairness for the individual defendant as by

structural concerns about the effects of state regulation on the national economy.”

Id. at 74 (quoting Quill Corp., 504 U.S. at 312).

      In sum, the Fourth District concluded that American Business had minimum

contacts with the State of Florida such that no due process violation occurred, but

that the business activities lacked a “substantial nexus” to Florida to allow tax on


                                         -6-
sales involving out-of-state customers and out-of-state delivery of flowers, gift

baskets, and tangible property that were never located in Florida. For the reasons

discussed below, we disagree that the tax on American Business violates the

dormant Commerce Clause.

                                       ANALYSIS

       The issue before this Court is whether section 212.05(1)(l), Florida Statutes,

is unconstitutional as applied to certain activities of American Business. The

constitutionality of a state statute is a pure question of law subject to de novo

review. City of Miami v. McGrath, 824 So. 2d 143, 146 (Fla. 2002). This applies

to a review of the constitutionality of a tax statute. See Fla. Dep’t of Revenue v.

New Sea Escape Cruises, Ltd., 894 So. 2d 954, 957 (Fla. 2005) (“[T]he

interpretation of . . . [a] tax statute . . . [is] subject to a de novo standard of

review.”). In this case, American Business brought a challenge to section

212.05(1)(l), which, because it is an as-applied challenge, involves both a

determination of law and a determination of the facts to which the law will be

applied. “[M]ixed questions of law and fact that ultimately determine

constitutional rights should be reviewed by appellate courts using a two-step

approach, deferring to the trial court on questions of historical fact but conducting

a de novo review of the constitutional issue.” Davis v. State, 142 So. 3d 867,

871 (Fla. 2014) (quoting Henry v. State, 134 So. 3d 938, 946 (Fla. 2014)).


                                           -7-
However, where, as here, “the facts are not in dispute, the only issue before the

court is a reconciliation of the statutory provisions on which the parties

respectively rely . . . . [and the] standard of review is de novo.” Boca Airport, Inc.

v. Fla. Dept. of Revenue, 56 So. 3d 140, 141-42 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011). Because the

issue in this case is whether the tax statute is unconstitutional as applied to

American Business, and because the operative facts are stipulated by the parties,

the review by this Court remains de novo.

      As in all constitutional challenges, the statute comes to this Court clothed

with the presumption of correctness and all reasonable doubts about the statute’s

validity are to be resolved in favor of constitutionality. “While we review

decisions striking state statutes de novo, we are obligated to accord legislative acts

a presumption of constitutionality and to construe challenged legislation to effect a

constitutional outcome whenever possible.” Crist v. Ervin, 56 So. 3d 745, 747

(Fla. 2010) (quoting Fla. Dep’t of Revenue v. City of Gainesville, 918 So. 2d 250,

256 (Fla. 2005) (quoting Fla. Dep’t of Revenue v. Howard, 916 So. 2d 640, 642

(Fla. 2005))). With these standards in mind, we turn to the statute at issue.

      Section 212.05, Florida Statutes (2012), provides in pertinent part that

“every person is exercising a taxable privilege who engages in the business of

selling tangible personal property at retail in this state, including the business of

making mail order sales, . . .” The statute further provides that “[f]or the exercise


                                          -8-
of such privilege, a tax is levied on each taxable transaction or incident.”

§ 212.05(1), Fla. Stat. (2012) (emphasis added). Thus, the administrative law

judge and the Department are correct that the statute does not place a tax on the

items sold, but on the sales transaction itself. Subsection (1)(l) then makes clear

that “[f]lorists located in this state are liable for sales tax on sales to retail

customers regardless of where or by whom the items are to be delivered.”

§ 212.05(1)(l), Fla. Stat. (2012) We turn first to the issue of whether section

212.05(1)(l) violates the dormant Commerce Clause as applied to American

Business’s internet sales of flowers, gift baskets, and other tangible personal

property.

                           The Dormant Commerce Clause

       The relevant inquiry into a claim of violation of the dormant Commerce

Clause begins with the Complete Auto test. In Complete Auto, the United States

Supreme Court addressed “ ‘the perennial problem of the validity of a state tax for

the privilege of carrying on within a state, certain activities’ related to a

corporation’s operation of an interstate business.” 430 U.S. at 274 (quoting

Colonial Pipeline Co. v. Traigle, 421 U.S. 100, 101 (1975)). The Mississippi tax

was to be levied on gross sales of any business within the state, and the law

required that anyone liable for the tax is required to add it to the gross sales price

and collect it at the time the sales price is collected. Id. at 276. The Supreme


                                            -9-
Court upheld the tax, which was imposed on a motor carrier transporting vehicles

manufactured outside the state and shipped into the state by a company that did

business within the state. The basis for affirmance announced in Complete Auto is

the four-prong test that has come to be applied to determine if a taxing statute

violates the dormant Commerce Clause. The Supreme Court in Complete Auto

upheld that tax because no claim or showing was “made that the activity is not

sufficiently connected to the State to justify a tax, or that the tax is not fairly

related to benefits provided the taxpayer, or that the tax discriminates against

interstate commerce, or that the tax is not fairly apportioned.” Id. at 287.

       The Supreme Court in Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Jefferson Lines, Inc.,

514 U.S. 175 (1995), later explained that the Court has “often applied, and

somewhat refined, what has come to be known as Complete Auto’s four-part test.”

Jefferson Lines, 514 U.S. at 183. As noted above, the Court explained the test as

requiring in its first prong that “a sale of tangible goods has a sufficient nexus to

the State in which the sale is consummated to be treated as a local transaction

taxable by that State.” Id. at 184.

       The second prong of the Complete Auto test, as interpreted in Jefferson

Lines, looks at whether the tax is properly apportioned to ensure that each state

taxes only its fair share of an interstate transaction. Jefferson Lines, 514 U.S. at

184. The Court explained that “[f]or over a decade now, we have assessed any


                                          - 10 -
threat of malapportionment by asking whether the tax is ‘internally consistent’ and,

if so, whether it is ‘externally consistent’ as well.” Id. at 185 (quoting Goldberg v,

Sweet, 488 U.S. 252, 261 (1989)). The first component of prong two, internal

consistency, “is preserved when the imposition of a tax identical to the one in

question by every other State would add no burden to interstate commerce that

intrastate commerce would not also bear.” Id. The Supreme Court in Jefferson

Lines concluded that the tax at issue was internally consistent because “[i]f every

State were to impose a tax identical to Oklahoma’s, that is, a tax on ticket sales

within the State for travel originating there, no sale would be subject to more than

one State’s tax.” Id. The second component of prong two is external consistency,

which looks “to the economic justification for the State’s claim upon the value

taxed, to discover whether a State’s tax reaches beyond that portion of value that is

fairly attributable to economic activity within the taxing State.” Id. “[T]he threat

of real multiple taxation (though not by literally identical statutes) may indicate a

State’s impermissible overreaching.” Id.

      The third prong of the Complete Auto test, whether the tax discriminates

against interstate commerce, looks at whether the tax provides a direct commercial

advantage to local business. Jefferson Lines, 514 U.S. at 197. As the Supreme

Court in Jefferson Lines noted, such a discriminatory advantage was found in

American Trucking Ass’ns, Inc. v. Scheiner, 483 U.S. 266, 285-86 (1987), where


                                        - 11 -
the tax imposed a cost per mile on trucks operated by an interstate motor carrier

that was five times as heavy as the cost per mile borne by local trucks. Jefferson

Lines, 514 U.S. at 197 (citing Am. Trucking, 483 U.S. at 269).

      Finally, the fourth prong of the Complete Auto test looks at whether the tax

is fairly related to the services provided by the State. Id. The Supreme Court in

Jefferson Lines explained that “the Commerce Clause demands a fair relation

between a tax and the benefits conferred upon the taxpayer by the State.” Id. at

199. However, “[t]he fair relation prong of Complete Auto requires no detailed

accounting of the services provided to the taxpayer on account of the activity being

taxed, nor, indeed, is a State limited to offsetting the public costs created by the

taxed activity.” Id. The Court further noted that “police and fire protection, along

with the usual and usually forgotten advantages conferred by the State’s

maintenance of a civilized society, are justifications enough for the imposition of

the tax.” 514 U.S. at 200 (citing Goldberg, 488 U.S. at 267). The test “asks only

that the measure of the tax be reasonably related to the taxpayer’s presence or

activities in the State.” Id. at 200.

      The Department of Revenue in this case contends that only prong one of the

Complete Auto test—substantial nexus—is at issue because prongs two through

four were not contested by American Business. Even though American Business




                                         - 12 -
does not dispute that contention, we review whether all four prongs of the test have

been met, and discuss each in turn.

                (1) There must be a “substantial nexus” with the State.

      The facts establish that American Business had more than a slight presence

in Florida. Its economic activities and transactions transpired from its principal

place of business in Florida, in taking internet orders for flowers, gift baskets, and

other tangible personal property and arranging for those items to be located and

delivered out of state. The Supreme Court in National Bellas Hess, Inc. v.

Department of Revenue, 386 U.S. 753 (1967), held that the use tax in that case

violated the dormant Commerce Clause because the taxing state lacked the

required nexus to tax an out-of-state vendor under these circumstances. That case

presented the question of taxation on an out-of-state seller whose only connection

with customers in the taxing state was by common carrier or mail. Bellas Hess

owned no tangible property in the taxing state, and had no representatives or

solicitors there. Orders were sent to a plant outside the taxing state. In holding

taxation was improper in that case, the Supreme Court in Bellas Hess distinguished

between sellers with retail outlets, solicitors, or property in the taxing state. Id. at

758. Ten years later, in National Geographic Society v. California Board of

Equalization, 430 U.S. 551 (1977), the Supreme Court affirmed the continuing

vitality of Bellas Hess’s “sharp distinction . . . between mail order sellers with


                                          - 13 -
retail outlets, solicitors, or property within [the taxing] State, and those [like Bellas

Hess] who do no more than communicate with customers in the State by mail or

common carrier as part of a general interstate business.” Nat’l Geographic Soc’y,

430 U.S. at 559 (quoting Bellas Hess, 386 U.S. at 758). In 1992, the Supreme

Court reaffirmed the Bellas Hess distinction, for purposes of the Commerce

Clause, between businesses that have a physical presence in the state and those

whose only contacts with the state are by mail or common carrier. See Quill Corp.,

504 U.S. at 314. American Business falls into the first category, having a business

location, business property, and business activities in Florida.

      This Court has applied the principle set forth in National Geographic, and

the distinction discussed there concerning companies that only make sales in a

state by mail or common carrier and have no physical presence in the state. In

Department of Revenue v. Share International, Inc., 676 So. 2d 1362 (Fla. 1996),

we held that a “slight[] presence” of a company in Florida by way of attending a

chiropractic seminar for several days each year would be an insufficient nexus to

enforce a use tax against the company that sold products by direct mail order to

residents in Florida. The Court cautioned, however, that “[i]f such a company has

additional connections to the taxing state, then those connections must be analyzed

under the ‘substantial nexus’ test.” Id. at 1363 (emphasis omitted). This Court

reaffirmed the principle “that out-of-state mail order sales companies . . . which


                                         - 14 -
have no physical presence in the taxing state, are immune from state sales or use

tax liability.” Dep’t of Banking & Fin., State of Fla. v. Credicorp, Inc., 684 So. 2d

746, 751 (Fla. 1996) (citing Quill Corp., Nat’l Bellas Hess, and Share Int’l).

      Thus, the law is established that without any physical presence in Florida,

the sales tax imposed on American Business in this case for its out-of-state sales to

out-of-state customers would clearly be in violation of the dormant Commerce

Clause. However, the record shows that American Business does have a physical

presence in Florida—it is headquartered in Wellington, Florida, and has been doing

business in Florida since 2001. From its Florida location, American Business

accepts internet orders and arranges for delivery of out-of-state flowers and

tangible personal property. Based on the facts of this case, we find that the

“substantial nexus” test is met. We turn next to the second prong of the Complete

Auto test.

                        (2) The tax must be fairly apportioned.

      The internal consistency test, one component of prong two of the Complete

Auto test, helps courts identify tax schemes that, in operation and application,

would discriminate against interstate commerce. The test “looks to the structure of

the tax at issue to see whether its identical application by every State in the Union

would place interstate commerce at a disadvantage as compared with commerce

intrastate.” Comptroller of the Treasury of Md. v. Wynne, 135 S. Ct. 1787, 1802


                                        - 15 -
(2015) (quoting Jefferson Lines, 514 U.S. at 185). “By hypothetically assuming

that every State has the same tax structure, the internal consistency test allows

courts to isolate the effect of a defendant State’s tax scheme.” Id. “[T]ax schemes

that inherently discriminate against interstate commerce without regard to the tax

policies of other States” are “typically unconstitutional.” Id. “[T]ax schemes that

create disparate incentives to engage in interstate commerce (and sometimes result

in double taxation) only as a result of the interaction of two different but

nondiscriminatory and internally consistent schemes” are not typically

unconstitutional.3 Id.

      In the present case, if all states taxed only the entity initially receiving the

order for flowers, and not the florist to whom the flower order and delivery is

referred, then no florist would be taxed twice. Jefferson Lines also explained that a

“failure of internal consistency shows as a matter of law that a State is attempting

to take more than its fair share of taxes from the interstate transaction, since

allowing such a tax in one State would place interstate commerce at the mercy of

those remaining States that might impose an identical tax.” 514 U.S. at 185. But,

“[i]f every state were to impose [an identical tax] . . . no sale would be subject to




     3. However, the Supreme Court also noted, “Our cases have held that tax
schemes may be invalid under the dormant Commerce Clause even absent a
showing of actual double taxation.” Wynne, 135 S. Ct. at 1802 n.5.


                                         - 16 -
more than one State’s tax.” Id. That principle applies equally to the tax at issue in

this case.4

       We are also mindful of the principle discussed in Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.,

397 U.S. 137 (1970), that “[w]here the statute regulates even-handedly to

effectuate a legitimate local public interest, and its effects on interstate commerce

are only incidental, it will be upheld unless the burden imposed on such commerce

is clearly excessive.” Id. at 142. Thus, the Supreme Court has allowed some

incidental effect on interstate commerce if the statute generally operates in an

even-handed and non-discriminatory manner and the state is not attempting to take




       4. The tax, if enacted by all states in substantially the same form as
Florida’s, would not present a serious risk of multiple taxation. Amici cite the rare
case where an out-of-state florist may travel into Florida to deliver the flower order
it received in its home state and is determined under the statute to also be a florist
“located in” Florida; or where a florist that has an out-of-state branch and a Florida
branch, and is a registered dealer in both states, refers its out-of-state order to its
Florida branch. We do not consider arguments raised by amici curiae that were not
raised by the parties. See, e.g., Riechmann v. State, 966 So. 2d 298, 304 n.8 (Fla.
2007). Even if we consider such argument, instances of possible multiple taxation
due only to the specific business model of certain businesses, which may subject
those businesses to multiple taxation in rare circumstances, do not demonstrate that
the Florida tax is placing interstate commerce at the mercy of states that might
impose the same tax; and these examples do not show that Florida is attempting to
garner more than its fair share of taxes. Moreover, the facts upon which the as-
applied challenge operates do not fall into either of the two examples of possible
multiple taxation cited by the amici.




                                        - 17 -
more than its fair share of taxes. We conclude the same can be said of the tax at

issue in this case.

       As to the second component of prong two—external consistency—the

Supreme Court explained in Jefferson Lines that “[e]xternal consistency . . . looks

not to the logical consequences of cloning [the statute], but to the economic

justification for the State’s claim upon the value taxed, to discover whether a

State’s tax reaches beyond that portion of value that is fairly attributable to

economic activity within the taxing State.” 514 U.S. at 185.

       American Business contends in this case—albeit in its argument concerning

prong one of the Complete Auto test and not prong two—that it is being taxed on

out-of-state sales that are not consummated until delivery is effected out of state,

thus the Florida tax should not apply. The Department responds that it is the

transaction occurring in Florida that is being taxed in Florida, and that the

transaction occurs in Florida where the business facilitated every stage of the

transaction from advertising for customers, accepting their orders, receiving

payment, and locating and transmitting the orders to third-party florists. We agree

with the Department that because the statute taxes the transaction that occurs in

Florida by the business engaging in business here, and not on the items sold or the

activities occurring out of state, prong two of the Complete Auto test is met.




                                         - 18 -
        (3) The tax must not discriminate against interstate commerce.

       The Supreme Court in Jefferson Lines described a tax that discriminates

against interstate commerce as one that provides a direct commercial advantage to

local business. 514 U.S. at 197. “States are barred from discriminating against

foreign enterprises competing with local businesses . . . and from discriminating

against commercial activity occurring outside the taxing State.” Id. (internal

citations omitted). Section 212.05(1)(l), Florida Statutes, contains no provision

that affords preferential treatment or any commercial advantage to a Florida

business over an out-of-state business. It simply requires that florists located in

Florida are liable for sales taxes on sales transactions regardless of where or by

whom the items are to be delivered. The statute exempts from the tax florists

located in Florida that receive payments from other florists for items delivered to

customers in this state. Thus, where a Florida florist receives an order and

payment from another florist for delivery of flowers to customers in Florida, the

Florida “delivering” florist will not pay the tax; and, if the other state has a statute

similar to Florida’s, the “referring” florist in that other state will be the one that is

liable to remit the tax in that state if similar tax provisions apply. Similarly, where

a Florida florist such as American Business sends an order for flowers or other

items to an out-of-state florist to be delivered out of state, then the Florida florist is

responsible for collecting and remitting the sales tax to the State of Florida.


                                          - 19 -
Therefore, the statute does not discriminate against interstate commerce or provide

a direct commercial advantage to local business. Finally, we examine prong four

of the Complete Auto test.

    (4) The tax must be fairly related to the services provided by the state.

      The Department of Revenue contends that the tax in this case is fairly related

to the services provided by the State because American Business, like other Florida

residents or businesses, benefits from the state’s resources and services. This

inquiry is closely connected to the nexus prong and serves to ensure that a state’s

tax burden is not placed on persons who do not benefit from services provided by

the State. See Quill Corp., 504 U.S. at 313 (“The first and fourth prongs, which

require a substantial nexus and a relationship between the tax and state-provided

services, limit the reach of state taxing authority so as to ensure that state taxation

does not unduly burden interstate commerce.”). As noted earlier, the Supreme

Court in Jefferson Lines explained that “the Commerce Clause demands a fair

relation between a tax and the benefits conferred upon the taxpayer by the State,”

but “[t]he fair relation prong of Complete Auto requires no detailed accounting of

the services provided to the taxpayer on account of the activity being taxed, nor,

indeed, is a State limited to offsetting the public costs created by the taxed

activity.” 514 U.S. at 199. Also as we noted earlier, and as the Supreme Court

explained in Jefferson Lines, “police and fire protection, along with the usual and


                                         - 20 -
usually forgotten advantages conferred by the State’s maintenance of a civilized

society, are justifications enough for the imposition of the tax.” Id. at 200 (citing

Goldberg, 488 U.S. at 267). The test “asks only that the measure of the tax be

reasonably related to the taxpayer’s presence or activities in the State.” Id. “[T]he

constitutional power of a state to tax does not depend upon the enjoyment of the

taxpayer of any special benefit from the use of the funds raised by taxation.” Delta

Air Lines, Inc. v. Dep’t of Revenue, 455 So. 2d 317, 323 (Fla. 1984). The

“practical operation” of the tax allows the State of Florida to exert powers relative

to “opportunities which it has given, to protection which it has afforded, to benefits

which it has conferred by the fact of being an orderly, civilized society.” Id.

(quoting Wisconsin v. J.C. Penney Co., 311 U.S. 435, 444 (1940)).

      American Business is physically located in Wellington, Florida, and operates

its business from that location. It benefits from the public safety agencies of the

state, as well as other infrastructure and public amenities paid for by state taxes. It

benefits from the orderly, civilized society that is afforded it by the State of

Florida. American Business has by its presence and transactions in Florida availed

itself of the opportunities and protections made possible in part by the taxes

imposed on its sales transactions. Thus, there is a reasonable relationship between

the company’s presence and activities in the state and the tax at issue.




                                         - 21 -
      For all the foregoing reasons, we find that all four prongs of the Complete

Auto test have been satisfied and section 212.05(1)(l) does not violate the dormant

Commerce Clause.

                                 Due Process Claim

      American Business also claims that the tax at issue is a violation of the Due

Process Clause of the United States Constitution. The district court found no

violation of due process and we agree. Due process requires only that there be

some minimal connection between the State and the transaction it seeks to tax.

The Supreme Court in Quill Corp., citing Bellas Hess, essentially found that “some

sort of physical presence within the State” is sufficient, and necessary, for

jurisdiction under the Due Process Clause. Quill Corp., 504 U.S. at 307.

      In the present case, American Business has a physical presence and does

business within the state. We have concluded that American Business’s activities

have a substantial nexus to Florida. Thus, the minimum connection required to

satisfy due process is also met. No due process violation is present on the facts of

this case.

                                   CONCLUSION

      Based on the foregoing analysis, we quash the decision of the Fourth District

Court of Appeal in American Business USA Corp. v. Department of Revenue to

the extent that it holds that the assessment of sales tax on sales of flowers, gift


                                         - 22 -
baskets, and other items of tangible personal property ordered by out-of-state

customers for out-of-state delivery violates the dormant Commerce Clause of the

United States Constitution.

      It is so ordered.

PARIENTE, QUINCE, and PERRY, JJ., concur.
LEWIS, CANADY, and POLSTON, JJ., concur in result.

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND
IF FILED, DETERMINED.

An Appeal from the District Court of Appeal – Statutory or Constitutional
Invalidity

      Fourth District - Case No. 4D13-1472

      (Broward County)

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Jeffrey M. Dikman, Senior Assistant Attorney
General, and Rachel Erin Nordby, Deputy Solicitor General, Tallahassee, Florida,

      for Appellant

Michael David Sloan, David Bedford Esau, and Dean Angelo Morande of Carlton
Fields Jorden Burt, P.A., West Palm Beach, Florida,

      for Appellee

James H. Sutton, Jr. of Moffa, Gainor, & Sutton, PA, Tampa, Florida, and Sydney
S. Traum of the Law Offices of Sydney S. Traum, P.A., Miami Beach, Florida,

      for Amici Curiae American Association of Attorney – Certified Public
      Accountants, Inc. and Florida Association of Attorney – Certified Public
      Accountants, Inc.




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