                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        FEB 19 2019
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

CAROLYN C. RITCHIE,                              No.   17-15880

                Plaintiff-Appellant,             D.C. No.
                                                 1:14-cv-00046-LEK-KJM
 v.

STATE OF HAWAII, DEPARTMENT OF                   MEMORANDUM*
PUBLIC SAFETY and NEAL
WATGATSUMA, in his official capacity as
Warden of the Kauai Community
Correctional Center, Department of Public
Safety, State of Hawaii, and in his individual
capacity,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the District of Hawaii
                   Leslie E. Kobayashi, District Judge, Presiding

                      Argued and Submitted October 9, 2018
                               Honolulu, Hawaii

Before: WARDLAW, BERZON, and RAWLINSON, Circuit Judges.

      In 2014, Carolyn Ritchie brought suit against the Hawaii Department of

Public Safety (“Department”) and Neil Wagatsuma, the warden at the Kauai



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Community Correctional Center (“Correctional Center”). Ritchie, a psychiatric

social worker at the Correctional Center between 2009 and 2012, alleged that she

was retaliated against after she made complaints about Wagatsuma’s treatment of

Correctional Center inmates and a correctional program run by Wagatsuma called

the Life Time Stand. Ritchie’s operative complaint raised six claims: a retaliation

claim against the state under Title VII, a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging

that Wagatsuma violated Ritchie’s First Amendment rights, and state-law

defamation, retaliation, wrongful termination, and intentional infliction of

emotional distress claims against Wagatsuma.

      During trial, the district court granted judgment as a matter of law to

Wagatsuma on the § 1983 claim except to the extent it was based on the reports

Ritchie made to the Hawaii Disability Rights Commission and the Equal

Opportunity Commission. The district court reasoned that Ritchie’s First

Amendment rights were not violated because she was not acting as a private citizen

when she made internal reports regarding Wagatsuma’s conduct. But a jury,

following the law set forth by the Supreme Court and our circuit, could have

reasonably concluded that Ritchie spoke as a private citizen when she made

complaints to her supervisor and others in the Department. See Ninth Circuit

Comm. on Model Civil Jury Instrs., Manual of Model Civil Jury Instrs. for the Dist.

Courts of the Ninth Circuit § 9.10 (2017). Thus, we remand for a new trial on



                                          2
Ritchie’s § 1983 claim.1

      A public employee’s speech on a topic of public concern, including speech

made at work, is protected by the First Amendment unless that speech is “made

pursuant to official responsibilities.” Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410, 421, 424

(2006). “[B]ecause of the fact-intensive nature of the inquiry, no single

formulation of factors can encompass the full set of inquiries relevant to

determining the scope of a plaintiff’s job duties.” Dahlia v. Rodriguez, 735 F.3d

1060, 1074 (9th Cir. 2013) (en banc). Nonetheless, we have enumerated a number

of factors that a jury can consider during this inquiry.

      First, jurors should consider “whether or not the employee confined his

communications to his chain of command.” Id. Here, Ritchie did not confine her

complaints to her chain of command. In addition to reporting the suspected abuse

to her supervisor, the record evidence indicates that Ritchie spoke to the

investigators from the Department’s Internal Affairs division. She also reported

the suspected abuse to the Hawaii State Department of Health, the American Civil

Liberties Union, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Hawaii State Attorney

General, and the Hawaii Disability Rights Center.


      1
         Ritchie also has challenged a number of the evidentiary rulings made by
the district court. If any abuse of discretion occurred, it was harmless error with
respect to the Title VII and state law claims presented to the jury regarding these
rulings. As we are reversing for a new trial on Ritchie’s First Amendment claim,
we do not address the evidentiary rulings with respect to that claim.

                                           3
      Second, “when a public employee speaks in direct contravention to his

supervisor’s orders, that speech may often fall outside of the speaker’s professional

duties.” Id. at 1075. Stated in more general terms, a supervisor’s response to an

employee’s speech indicates whether that speech was as part of the employee’s job

duties. Here, Richie’s supervisor responded to one report by asking: “How much

of this do you want me to share with the warden[’]s supervisor?” This response

indicates that Ritchie was not required to make these complaints.

      Third, jurors are instructed that a “routine report, [prepared] pursuant to

normal departmental procedure, about a particular incident or occurrence” is more

likely to be part of an employee’s job than a report addressing “broad concerns

about corruption or systemic abuse.” Id. Here, a juror could understand Ritchie’s

reports as addressing systemic abuse.

      Although both our circuit and the Supreme Court have warned that

“employers cannot restrict employees’ rights by creating excessively broad job

descriptions,” id. at 1070 (quoting Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 424), the scope of a job

description remains a relevant consideration. Here, the job description for

psychiatric social workers at the Correctional Center does not state that social

workers were required to report suspected abuse occurring in the prison. Nor does

the description state that psychiatric social workers were supposed to assess the

efficacy of correctional programs such as Life Time Stand.


                                          4
      The state, on appeal, largely relies on the fact that Ritchie testified that as a

licensed social worker, she was a mandatory reporter. The jury may consider this

fact when assessing whether Ritchie’s internal reports were part of her official

duties. But the jury could also consider that Richie was not acting as a mandatory

reporter when she made reports to her supervisor. In Hawaii, mandatory reporters

are required to report suspected abuse of vulnerable adults to the State Department

of Human Services, not their superiors.2 Haw. Rev. Stat. §§ 346-222, 346-224.

      In sum, a juror reviewing the evidence in light of the factors set forth

in Dahlia and Garcetti could decide that Ritchie’s reports were not part of

her job. The district court erred in holding otherwise.3

      Each party shall bear its own costs.

      AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND

REMANDED.




      2
         Hawaii’s relevant mandatory reporter statute covers a broad swath of
government and private employees, including all “[e]mployees or officers of any
public or private agency or institution providing social, medical, hospital, or
mental health services, including financial assistance,” and “any law enforcement
agency, including the courts, police departments, correctional institutions, and
parole or probation offices.” Haw. Rev. Stat. §§ 346-224(a)(2)-(3) (for abuse of
vulnerable adults); see also id. § 350-1.1 (for child abuse). The statute also covers
licensed social workers and a number of medical professionals, including dentists
and optometrists.
       3
         Because we remand Ritchie’s § 1983 claim for a new trial, we reverse the
district court’s award of costs to the Department and Wagatsuma.

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