                                                COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Alston, McCullough and Senior Judge Clements
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued at Richmond, Virginia


              DREW JOSEPH HARRISON
                                                                              MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.        Record No. 1244-14-2                                JUDGE STEPHEN R. McCULLOUGH
                                                                                   OCTOBER 13, 2015
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                   FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CHESTERFIELD COUNTY
                                                Steven C. McCallum, Judge

                                  Craig S. Cooley (Jennifer M. Newman, on brief), for appellant.

                                  Robert H. Anderson, III, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                                  Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                        Drew Joseph Harrison challenges his convictions for object sexual penetration and

              forcible sodomy. He argues that the evidence at trial failed to prove that his actions were against

              the will of the complaining witness by force, threat or intimidation. He also contends that he was

              denied due process when the Commonwealth reneged on its representations that it would not

              prosecute these cases. We find no error and affirm.

                                                           BACKGROUND

                                                        I. THE TRIAL EVIDENCE

                        J.R. and appellant have known each other since the fourth grade. They were in school

              together through high school. In high school, the two dated for several months. They attempted

              sexual intercourse once during that time. They maintained an “off and on” friendship after high

              school.


                        *
                            Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
       They eventually reconnected through Facebook. J.R. came to the conclusion that

appellant was distressed because he talked about wanting to kill himself and he had mentioned

having a drug habit. He asked her to help him overcome his drug habit. She invited him to

dinner on occasion, where he would join her and some of her friends. J.R. thought these friends

would be “good influences.” At the time, J.R. was involved in a romantic relationship with

another person and appellant knew about this relationship.

       Both J.R. and appellant were interested in writing erotic stories, and they shared such

stories with each other. In one of the stories, set in the Middle Ages, the heroine, a young girl,

steals a horse and is sold into sexual slavery. J.R. knew that appellant was romantically

interested in her. She considered conversations with appellant about his interest in her

“awkward.” While she found his romantic interest “flattering” because he is an “attractive

gentleman,” she told appellant that she was with somebody else. She testified that “when I’m

with someone, I’m with somebody.” She said she may have talked with appellant about her

boyfriend’s sexual interest in her. She also sent appellant a comment that she was a “BDSM

sub”1 and she acknowledged talking about that with appellant, although “[n]ot in super great

detail.” “Sub” means “submissive.”

       J.R. did some modeling “on the side.” She shared some of her modeling photographs

with appellant via text message. She explained that she wanted feedback from her friends about

the photos and that she wanted him to feel “included in [her] inner circle and . . . to be part of the

things [she] was doing.” At one point he became upset and told her she was “leading him on”

with the photos. They argued, and she said she would not show him any more photos. She

testified that “[y]ou would see the same amount [of clothing on her] as a girl on the beach” in the


       1
        “BDSM” is an acronym that is generally understood to stand for Bondage, Domination
and Sadism and Masochism.

                                                 -2-
photos she sent him. She acknowledged posing for nude photographs but said she did not send

him those photographs. According to J.R., nude or partially nude photographs of her were

available to members of a certain modeling website, and were publicly available on

photographers’ websites.

         Sometime between the end of February and early March 2012, J.R. met with appellant at

a bookstore. They talked. He did not seem happy. She invited him to come to her apartment.

She mentioned that she was in the process of packing up her apartment for an upcoming move,

but that they could “watch a movie or hang out.”

         When they arrived at her apartment, she put on a program for them to watch and placed a

blanket on the floor. For a time, they were both lying down on the blanket. After a while,

appellant started “rubbing on” or massaging her “for a few seconds” on her feet and shoulders.

J.R. testified that while she did not want to encourage anything, she has friends who are male and

“[t]hem touching [her] doesn’t make [her] uncomfortable.” She got up and started moving

around. He followed her down the hallway leading to her bedroom.

         As she was walking down the hallway, he pushed her toward the wall, kissed her, and

pushed back on her shoulders. She firmly said “no” and “I don’t really want to do this.” In

response, he told her that he liked her. She replied, “Look, just go hang out. I’m going to go

pack.”

         Appellant followed her into the bedroom. He pushed her on the bed and removed her

clothing. Her bra was torn. She pushed him, but not too hard out of fear of making him angry.

She said “stop” and “no.” She also mentioned her boyfriend and said this was not something she

wanted. At first, appellant began by sucking on her toes and thighs and kissing her stomach and

hips. He then repeatedly performed oral sex and penetrated her vaginal area with his fingers.

J.R. attempted to push him away with her feet, although not forcefully, and telling him this was

                                               -3-
not something that she was interested in doing. She also tried to scoot and roll away and to pull

up her pants but she could not because he was pinning down her wrists, torso, and ankles. When

he kissed her, she bit his lip. She also punched him “a couple times” although not very hard.

She explained that she “was taught that when you’re attacked, you don’t forcefully hit [the

attacker] if you don’t think you can really get away.” Once he relaxed his hold on her, she was

able to scoot off of the bed and stand up. Appellant sat there briefly and said he was sorry. She

told him that “he needed to leave right now.” Appellant left.

       J.R. texted a friend after appellant left. When the friend met J.R. a few hours later, he

could tell that she was “very upset.” Soon after, J.R. sought post-sexual-assault counseling at the

YWCA. J.R. decided she needed closure. To that end she met with appellant at a bookstore

several weeks after the incident. At her request, a friend drove J.R. there and he stayed nearby.

J.R. told appellant that she had not wanted to instigate anything with him and that what occurred

was not what she wanted to happen. Appellant said he thought she wanted those things to

happen. He apologized.

       They also exchanged text messages after the incident. Appellant texted her, “I honestly

thought you wanted me to do that, then I wasn’t sure.” She responded, “What part of please stop

and hitting you made you think that I wanted that?” He answered, “I guess when you told me

about some of your fantasies, I wasn’t sure if you fighting me was playful or not. I really didn’t

know, so I stopped.” In response, J.R. texted, “I told you I didn’t want it. I told you I’m with [a

boyfriend] and that’s it. I told you to leave and to stop and I was serious. I punched you. You

destroyed a brand new bra that I got for my birthday.” In an exchange over Facebook, appellant

told J.R., “I honestly thought you wanted me to rape you.” She answered, “No.” He also sent

her what she perceived as a threatening message, something to the effect that “I’d love the




                                               -4-
thought of bearing witness to your corpse.” J.R. did not contact the police about either the sexual

assault or the threatening message.

       On cross-examination, the defense pointed to the answers J.R. had provided as part of a

web-based dating profile. She stated that she was attracted to dangerous situations, that she

enjoyed rough or gentle sex equally, and that she liked biting. J.R. admitted as much at trial,

with the important qualifier that situations must be truly consensual.

       The prosecution also adduced evidence from a Benjamin Gray, who knew both appellant

and J.R. from high school. He previously dated J.R. Through Facebook, appellant sent Gray a

message that stated in relevant part “Hey Ben, did [J.R.] ever tell you about the time I pinned her

down and ate her bloody vagina? She was all like, no. Please stop. Please.” Appellant later

deleted the Facebook profile that he sent the messages from, leaving them without a sender

record, but Gray testified that appellant was the sender of record when he received the messages.

       The police became involved when appellant’s therapist became concerned about

appellant, after he expressed homicidal fantasies about harming J.R. and killing her. Appellant

sent her messages along those lines. Appellant confirmed to the police that he had sent such

messages to her. Appellant also told the police that he went online to look up J.R.’s photographs

and that it made him even angrier at her, but that he could not stop doing it. Appellant further

told the police that he did not, in fact, have a drug problem at any point and that he told J.R. he

did as a pretext to spend more time with her. At trial, he acknowledged knowing that J.R. was

“notoriously anti-drug whether it’s prescription or otherwise,” and he “thought that could be a

way for [himself and J.R.] to get closer together.”

       Appellant’s therapist, Dr. David Dameron, diagnosed appellant with “an autistic

spectrum disorder known as Asperger[’]s.” He explained that “Asperger[’]s is a disorder that

makes it difficult, sometimes impossible for [appellant] to read body language, to read

                                                -5-
expressions, to understand certain abstract concepts.” Dameron said that appellant would miss

social cues and experience “tremendous anxiety in social situations.”

       Dameron also spoke with J.R. She relayed to him that appellant had tried to sexually

assault her. He inquired why she did not call the police. According to Dameron’s notes, she

answered that “when I asked [him] to stop, he stopped.” Dameron also testified that J.R. stated

that she only asked appellant “to stop once and he stopped.”

       Appellant testified in his own defense. He told J.R. that he “was interested in her, that

[he] liked her” and, further, that he expressed a “sexual interest in her.” He said that “she started

sharing sexual fantasies with [him] as well as details of her own sexual life.” He said she told

him about “being a BDSM, being a submissive.” She also showed him some stories she had

written, including one about being a sex slave in medieval times. According to him, she

complained to him about her current boyfriend, and, specifically, his lack of sexual drive and

“that he wasn’t satisfying her.”

       In the days before he met her at the bookstore, appellant testified that the main topic of

conversation was sex and her sexual partners. When they met at a bookstore and talked some,

she invited him to her apartment. Appellant said, contrary to J.R.’s testimony, that she did not

mention anything about packing.

       Once at her apartment, he testified, she showed him nude modeling photos—a fact J.R.

denied.2 When he started to rub her hair, back, arms, and, according to him, feet, he said she was

compliant and did not tell him to stop. He stated that when he first tried to kiss her in the hall,

she turned to the side and moved her lips away, but that she would let him kiss her cheeks,

forehead, and neck. He denied that when she went into the bedroom that she stated that she was


       2
         A police report contains a notation that on the night in question, J.R. had shown
appellant “modeling photos with the intent of getting his feedback.” The report does not disclose
whether those photos depicted J.R. nude or partially nude.
                                               -6-
going in there to pack. He stated that he gently pulled her down onto the bed but she did not

fight or struggle. She said “no, no, no,” but according to him she did so “with a smile and a

smirk on her face.” According to appellant’s account, J.R. was being “playful.” He said she

helped him take her clothes off and there was no struggle and no use of force. He also testified

that if someone says, “Stop” or “I don’t want to do this,” that is a clear signal that he can

understand. But, he testified, she “didn’t do that at all.” He said she “would throw these very

gentle punches about my arms” which he considered playful. According to him, when she said

stop, he stopped. He acknowledged performing oral sex and trying to stimulate her with his

fingers. He testified that he thought it was with her consent.

       When asked about his Facebook message to Gray, appellant stated that J.R. actually

broke up with him for Gray when they were in high school, and he harbored resentment toward

Gray because of that fact. He said it “was just vulgarity” that was meant to be “inflammatory,”

and “get a rise out of” Gray.

       At the conclusion of the evidence and argument, the trial court noted that the sole

contested issue was whether the sexual contact was consensual. The court provided a detailed

explanation for why it believed the victim’s account was more credible than appellant’s. The

court found appellant guilty.

                                   II. POST-TRIAL DUE PROCESS MOTION

       Counsel filed a post-trial motion to set aside the verdict, alleging a violation of his due

process rights. The gravamen of his claim was that the prosecutor assigned to the case, Susanne

Bielaski, agreed to nolle prosequi or dismiss the charges if the defendant received treatment. In

reliance on these representations, the family decided to forego retrieving recently deleted

electronic communications from the complainant to the defendant. These communications, the

defense argued, “demonstrated the consensual nature of the encounter she now claims to have

                                                -7-
been unconsented to.” Months later, when the prosecution announced its change in position, it

was too late to retrieve the data. He also argued the evidence was insufficient for conviction.

       In its opposition to the motion, the Commonwealth contested the factual assertions made

by the defense, asserting that

               the Attorney for the Commonwealth indicated at that time that she
               was hopeful that the Defendant engaging in such treatment would
               place the parties in a posture at a later date to resolve the case
               without trial, not that it would be dismissed or nolle prosequi. No
               such promise would have ever been made by this Attorney for the
               Commonwealth without being able to consult with the complainant
               first.

The Commonwealth also asserted that it did nothing to prevent the defendant from obtaining

evidence for trial and that it was not even aware of electronic evidence.

       A hearing on the motion revealed the following. Appellant’s family retained William

Dinkin to represent appellant. When appellant described to him that there were significant

communications between himself and the complainant, Dinkin thought some of those items

would be useful to the defense. He recommended to appellant’s family to promptly send the

telephone and computer to a computer forensics company. He explained that time was of the

essence to avoid loss of the data. The analysis would cost between $4,000 to $5,000.

       Richmond A. Wollstein, an attorney who represented appellant at his bond hearing,

testified that the prosecutor assigned to the case was instrumental in obtaining a pre-trial bond

for appellant. She commented to him that appellant needed treatment, not jail. When appellant

was accepted into a treatment program in California, Bielaski assisted counsel in obtaining a

bond so appellant could travel out of state and attend the program. Wollstein recalled that

Bielaski answered in the affirmative when he asked Bielaski whether she would be prepared to

either dismiss or nolle prosequi the charges upon appellant’s completion of the treatment

program. Wollstein testified that appellant’s parents were in the room when she made those

                                                -8-
statements. Wollstein felt confident advising appellant’s parents to pay for the treatment because

he believed there was an agreement. He expected that upon completion of the program, the

charges would be nolle prosequied or dismissed. He stated that there was no question in his

mind about the existence of an agreement to nolle prosequi or dismiss the felonies provided that

appellant completed treatment. His understanding was that that would take care of the felonies

but that a misdemeanor charge might involve some punishment. Nothing, however, was reduced

to writing. Wollstein acknowledged that he held Bielaski in “the highest regard in terms of

upholding agreements.” He also noted that dismissing three felony counts of this gravity was

“an extremely generous offer.”

       Wollstein also explained that “[t]here was a possibility that [appellant’s family] could

spend a good sum of money having computer systems analyzed to see if there was information

that might be of assistance to Mr. Harrison.” This analysis would cost approximately $5,000.

However, based on his belief that there was an agreement, Wollstein did not think that further

trial preparations were necessary. He did not raise the question of having electronic devices

analyzed with the prosecution. After the Commonwealth announced its intention to proceed to

trial, a computer forensics company examined appellant’s telephone and the computer but no

data could be retrieved.

       Appellant’s father’s and mother’s recollection was substantially the same as Wollstein’s.

Appellant’s father testified that Bielaski stated that she was not sure a crime had been committed,

other than a misdemeanor, and that J.R. did not want to see appellant go to prison. His mother

offered similar testimony. She remembers that Bielaski mentioned the words “nol pros.”

Appellant’s mother and father were certain that an agreement had been struck and that the

charges would be dropped if he successfully completed the treatment program. Based on their

understanding of the agreement, appellant’s parents decided to forego any forensic analysis of

                                               -9-
the phone or computer, opting instead to pay for their son’s expensive treatments – for a total

cost of $50,000.

       Bielaski recalled conveying J.R.’s sentiment that appellant needed treatment and that she

did not want him to go to jail, or words to that effect. Bielaski was confident, however, that she

did not say that she would nolle prosequi the felony charges. She explained that her practice in

sexual crime cases is to consult with the victim first.

       The trial court denied the motion, noting that the evidence was in conflict and that this

was a classic case of “parties hearing what they want to hear.” The court also noted the absence

of any contemporaneous writing of what transpired. In the alternative, the court held that the

evidence did not establish “that any electronic communications were rendered irretrievable in the

interval of time between the period when the defense believed it had an agreement and the time it

learned that it did not . . . .” Finally, the court concluded that there was no conduct of the

Commonwealth that led to any loss of evidence. The Commonwealth was not involved in the

decision to collect, secure, and maintain data on the devices. The court found that “the defense

. . . simply made their own decisions and can’t lay them at the Commonwealth’s door.”

       The court ultimately imposed a total sentence of 50 years, with 47 of those years

suspended.

                                            ANALYSIS

              I. APPLYING THE STANDARD OF REVIEW, THE EVIDENCE WAS SUFFICIENT TO
                 ESTABLISH THE APPELLANT’S GUILT.

       The standard by which we review the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal is a rigorous

one, and it is often outcome determinative. On appeal, we examine trial court factfinding “with

the highest degree of appellate deference.” Thomas v. Commownealth, 48 Va. App. 605, 608,

633 S.E.2d 229, 231 (2006). We neither “reweigh the evidence,” Nusbaum v. Berlin, 273 Va.

385, 408, 641 S.E.2d 494, 507 (2007), nor “preside de novo over a second trial” on appeal,
                                                - 10 -
Haskins v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 1, 11, 602 S.E.2d 402, 407 (2004). Furthermore,

credibility determinations are within the fact finder’s exclusive purview. Zirkle v.

Commonwealth, 189 Va. 862, 870, 55 S.E.2d 24, 29 (1949). “[T]he relevant question is, after

reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, whether any rational trier

of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”

Sullivan v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 672, 676, 701 S.E.2d 61, 63 (2010) (citing Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). “This deferential standard of review applies not only to the

historical facts themselves, but the inferences from those facts as well. Thus, a factfinder may

draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts, unless doing so would push into

the realm of non sequitur.” McEachern v. Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 679, 684 n.2, 667

S.E.2d 343, 345 n.2 (2008) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

       A conviction for forcible sodomy under Code § 18.2-67.1(A)(2) requires the

Commonwealth to prove that the act was done against that victim’s will by means of force, threat

or intimidation. The same requirement exists for a conviction under the statute prohibiting

animate object sexual penetration, Code § 18.2-67.2(A)(2).

       The evidence, particularly when viewed in the light most favorable to the prevailing

party, supports the trial court’s conclusion that appellant acted against the will of the victim.

First is the victim’s testimony. She testified that she rejected his attempts to kiss her in the hall.

When he threw her on the bed, she resisted, trying to push him away, repeatedly saying “no,”

stating that she had a boyfriend, that she did not want this, biting his lip, and repeatedly punching

him. Her language and her behavior all signaled that appellant was forcing himself upon her

against her will. Immediately after the incident, she called a friend who described her as “very

upset.” She promptly sought counseling for sexual assault from the YWCA. Her text messages




                                                 - 11 -
shortly after the fact also support her trial testimony. In these texts, she made plain that appellant

acted against her will.

       Appellant offered a different account. Where the victim depicted a physical struggle,

appellant stated that “[t]here was no struggle,” and testified that J.R. helped him undress her.

The trial court resolved those credibility determinations against appellant. The text messages

mention a torn bra, which appellant did not dispute at the time. A torn bra is not consistent with

compliance by the victim in helping appellant remove her clothing. Appellant’s own message to

a high school acquaintance, in which he stated that he “pinned [J.R.] down” and “She was all

like, no. Please stop. Please,” corroborate the victim’s account that this was not a consensual

situation. Appellant tried to explain this message away, but the trial court was not required to

accept this self-serving explanation.

       Appellant’s Asperger’s may impede his ability to read subtle social cues, but according to

both his therapist and appellant, clear communicative signals were not a problem. Dr. Dameron

stated that clear communication required being “very concrete” with appellant. Appellant

testified, “[I]f someone says to me, [‘]What are you doing? Stop. I don’t want to do this.

Stop.[’] That’s clear. I can clearly understand that.” He contended that J.R. did not do that, but

her testimony proved otherwise. She testified that she said “stop” and “no.” She mentioned her

boyfriend, and told appellant that she did not want this and that this was not the purpose for

which she invited him over.

       It is true that the victim did not contact the police after the incident. This is readily

explained by their longstanding friendship spanning back to the fourth grade, her sympathy with

his mental health problems, and, at least initially, her preference that he obtain treatment and stay

away from her rather than face punishment in the criminal justice system.




                                                - 12 -
         The victim’s actions of sending appellant photographs of herself, discussing sexual

matters, sharing erotic stories, and inviting him alone to her apartment when she knew he was

romantically interested in her certainly proved in hindsight to have been imprudent, particularly

when combined with his knowledge of her interest in being a “sub.” These actions, however,

hardly constituted an invitation for appellant to force himself onto her when she told him both by

her words and physical resistance that she did not want him to do what he was doing to her.

         Appellant also points to Dr. Dameron’s testimony that J.R. told him that she only asked

him to stop once and he stopped. First, the trial court heard the totality of the evidence to assess

the strength of Dr. Dameron’s recollection on that point. Such credibility determinations, when

they find support in the evidence, are not to be second-guessed on appeal. In addition,

Dr. Dameron’s testimony was mixed at best, because he also noted that J.R. told him that

appellant had tried to sexually assault her—not that they had engaged in a consensual encounter.

         Applying, as we must, the demanding standard of review that governs challenges to the

sufficiency of the evidence, we conclude that the evidence supports the judgment of the trial

court.

         II. THE RECORD DOES NOT SUPPORT THE CLAIM OF A DUE PROCESS VIOLATION.

         The defense presented evidence that there was an agreement to dismiss or nolle prosequi

the felony charges against appellant, provided that he successfully completed a therapy program.

The prosecution contested the existence of such an agreement. The trial court found, among

other things, that appellant had not carried his burden of proving the existence of such an

agreement.

         As the party alleging a breach of a plea agreement, appellant bore the burden of showing

by a preponderance of the evidence that a breach occurred. See United States v. Snow, 234 F.3d

187, 189 (4th Cir. 2000). We review the trial court’s findings regarding ‘“what the parties said

                                               - 13 -
or did’” with the same deferential standard as for all other factual findings. United States v.

Martin, 25 F.3d 211, 217 (4th Cir. 1994) (quoting L.K. Comstock & Co. v. United Eng’rs &

Constructors, 880 F.2d 219, 221 (9th Cir. 1989)).

       Mr. Wollstein, a very experienced and highly regarded attorney, testified to the existence

of an agreement. His testimony was corroborated by the testimony of appellant’s parents. The

prosecutor, while acknowledging that she supported therapy for appellant and supported his bond

motion, testified that she was confident that she did not promise to nolle prosequi the case,

because she had not consulted the victim and she always does so in sex crime cases. Wollstein,

to his credit, acknowledged that he held Bielaski “in the highest regard” including “in terms of

upholding agreements.” Unfortunately, there is nothing in writing either initially or in later

correspondence that supports either version.

       The trial court saw and heard the testimony. The appellant bore the burden of proving

the existence of an agreement. The trial court made a factual finding that he did not prove the

existence of an agreement, noting the conflict in testimony, the absence of corroborating

contemporaneous written confirmation, and the natural tendency of parties to “hear[] what they

want to hear.” We cannot say on this record that the trial court’s conclusion is plainly wrong or

without evidence to support it. Consequently, we must affirm the trial court’s decision.3

                                          CONCLUSION

       We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                                                          Affirmed.



       3
         Based on our disposition, we do not reach the trial court’s alternate grounds for denying
the motion, namely, that appellant failed to prove that any exculpatory evidence was actually lost
and, in addition, that the prosecutor was not even aware of the existence of electronic devices
that might need forensic testing and, therefore, the defense must accept the consequence of its
choice to delay the analysis of these devices.

                                               - 14 -
