                                                                            FILED
                                                                       Sep 28 2018, 8:58 am

                                                                            CLERK
                                                                        Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                           Court of Appeals
                                                                             and Tax Court




ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT                                    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Jay P. Lefkowitz                                           Peter J. Rusthoven
Kirkland & Ellis, LLP                                      John R. Maley
New York, New York                                         J. Curtis Greene
                                                           Meredith Thornburgh White
Paul D. Clement
                                                           Barnes & Thornburg, LLP
Kirkland & Ellis, LLP
                                                           Indianapolis, Indiana
Washington, D.C.
Andrew W. Hull
Laurie E. Martin
Hoover Hull Turner, LLP
Indianapolis, Indiana



                                            IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

International Business Machines                            September 28, 2018
Corporation,                                               Court of Appeals Case No.
Appellant/Cross Appellee-                                  49A02-1709-PL-2006
Defendant/Plaintiff,                                       Appeal from the Marion Superior
       v.                                                  Court
                                                           The Honorable Heather A. Welch,
State of Indiana, acting on behalf                         Judge
of the Indiana Family & Social                             Trial Court Cause No.
Services Administration,                                   49D01-1005-PL-21451
Appellee/Cross Appellant-
Plaintiff/Defendant.



Riley, Judge.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018                   Page 1 of 32
                                 STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1]   Appellant/Cross-Appellee-Defendant/Plaintiff, International Business

      Machines Corporation (IBM), appeals the trial court’s calculation of damages

      after materially breaching the Master Services Agreement which IBM had

      entered into with Appellee/Cross-Appellant- Plaintiff/Defendant, the State of

      Indiana, Acting on Behalf of the Indiana Family & Social Services

      Administration (State). 1


[2]   We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand with instructions.


                                                    ISSUES
[3]   IBM raises three issues on appeal, which we restate as:


          (1) Whether the trial court, on remand for calculation of damages, erred in

              concluding that the findings of fact issued by the previous trial court,

              presided over by Judge Dreyer after a six-week bench trial, are not part of

              the law of the case and therefore not binding on the trial court;

          (2) Whether the trial court erred in awarding damages to the State that arose

              from the implementation of the Hybrid system, which was purported to

              be different from the system contracted for under the Master Services

              Agreement; and




      1
        We held oral argument on August 21, 2018, in the Supreme Court courtroom at Indianapolis, Indiana. We
      thank counsel for their eloquent oral advocacy and civil professionalism during the argument.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018               Page 2 of 32
          (3) Whether IBM is entitled to post-judgment interest on its $49.5 million

              damages award.


[4]   The State raises two issues on Cross-Appeal, which we restate as:


          (1) Whether the trial court correctly applied the direct damages cap specified

              in the Master Services Agreement; and

          (2) Whether the trial court properly rejected the State’s request to include the

              salaries for new state employees as part of its direct damages.


                       FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[5]   The latest installment in the seemingly never-ending saga between the State and

      IBM comes before us as an appeal from the trial court’s Order upon remand

      from the supreme court to calculate the parties’ damages. As this cause has an

      intricate factual matrix, we will rely extensively on the recitations issued in

      previous opinions in this matter.


[6]   During his first term, Governor Mitch Daniels announced that Indiana’s

      welfare system was “broken” and “plagued by high error rates, fraud, wasted

      dollars, poor conditions for its employees, and very poor service to its clients.”

      State v. IBM, 51 N.E.3d 150, 153 (Ind. 2016). Governor Daniels called it

      “America’s worst welfare system.” Id. The seeds of an overhaul and

      modernization of the system were sown shortly after Governor Daniels and

      senior officials began developing the concept of a welfare eligibility upgrade

      based on a remote eligibility model similar to the one previously instituted in

      Texas. This new system would allow Indiana citizens to apply for welfare
      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 3 of 32
      benefits “via web and call center” without the need for face-to-face meetings

      with a case worker, and eligibility determinations would be done on a

      centralized, statewide basis rather than in local county welfare offices. Id.


[7]   The State commenced the outsourcing process by publishing a Request for

      Information 6-C (RFI) in 2005, followed by a Request for Proposal 6-58 (RFP)

      in early 2006, seeking input and recommendations from vendors to improve the

      distribution of welfare resources. IBM submitted proposals as requested by the

      RFP, which designated IBM as the prime contractor while working with several

      subcontractors for operational and subject matter expertise, known as the IBM

      Coalition.


[8]   On December 27, 2006, after months of negotiations, the State and IBM

      entered into a ten-year, $1.3 billion Master Services Agreement (MSA) in an

      effort to modernize and improve Indiana’s welfare eligibility system. The MSA

      is detailed, comprehensive, and contains more than 160 pages plus extensive

      attachments, including 10 exhibits, 24 schedules, and 10 appendices,

      encompassing all aspects of the parties’ working relationship. “[T]he MSA

      intended to establish centralized service and call centers for the processing of

      welfare applications, enable remote electronic access to the system, provide the

      State a paperless document system, create systems to combat fraud and improve

      Indiana’s poor welfare-to-work record and lower administrative costs.” Id. To

      that end, the MSA set forth the various overarching “Policy Objectives” for the

      modernization effort, which include, in pertinent part:



      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 4 of 32
              (i) to provide efficient, accurate and timely eligibility
              determinations for individuals and families who qualify for
              public assistance, (ii) to improve the availability, quality and
              reliability of the services being provided to Clients by expanding
              access to such services, decreasing inconvenience and improving
              response time, among other improvements, (iii) to assist and
              support Clients through programs that foster personal
              responsibility, independence and social and economic self-
              sufficiency, (iv) to assure compliance with all relevant Laws, (v)
              to assure the protection and integrity of Personal Information
              gathered in connection with eligibility determination, and (vi) to
              foster the development of policies and procedures that underscore
              the importance of accuracy in eligibility determinations, caseload
              integrity across all areas of public assistance and work and work-
              related experience for Clients in the Programs.


      (Appellant’s App. Vol. V, p. 21). The MSA also provides that when construing

      and interpreting contractual provisions and terms, “[i]n the event of any

      uncertainties” or in the event of any “ambiguity, vagueness, or inconsistency”

      the “provisions and terms shall be read in a manner consistent with the Policy

      Objectives.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. V, p. 24). However, the MSA cautions

      that:


              [n]otwithstanding the foregoing, in no event shall the Policy
              Objectives change or expand [IBM]’s obligations hereunder
              unless expressly agreed to by the Parties pursuant to a Change.


      (Appellant’s App. Vol. V, p. 25).


[9]   Pursuant to the terms of the MSA, IBM’s first obligation was to assist the State

      in processing applications under the State’s existing procedures in all Indiana

      counties. Then, the Modernized system was to be rolled out in phases on a
      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 5 of 32
       region-by-region basis according to a “preliminary,” “initial Transition

       Timeline.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. V, p. 29). Finally, once Modernization was

       in place in all counties, the project would reach the final stage, “Steady State.”

       IBM, 51 N.E.3d at 154. The MSA set forth various standards and

       measurements to assess IBM’s performance through the different project stages.

       Throughout Modernization, the State retained the right to make operational

       decisions and kept control over all policy-making authority.


[10]   Once IBM began to roll out the Modernized version to the 12-county pilot area,

       the parties immediately noticed implementation issues. Despite these

       challenges, the State approved rolling out the project to additional Indiana

       counties. Other disasters also impacted the rollout of Modernization. First,

       after the rollout to the pilot region, Indiana was faced with the Great Recession,

       and the State unemployment rate more than doubled. Because of this, benefit

       applications increased dramatically. Second, Indiana was hit with a series of

       natural disasters beginning in 2008. As a result, the parties mutually agreed to

       suspend rollout of Modernization to accommodate disaster relief efforts. The

       State expanded the scope of IBM’s work 11 times during the course of the

       project. As such, in 2007, the State added a Healthy Indiana Plan (HIP) to

       provide insurance to uninsured Hoosiers below a certain income level. The

       volume of HIP applications far exceeded the State’s initial projections, causing

       IBM to fall further behind in application processing.


[11]   Despite the State’s initial positive feedback of IBM’s implementation of

       Modernization, in March 2009, Family and Social Services Administration

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 6 of 32
       (FSSA) Secretary, Anne Murphy (Secretary Murphy), requested a formal

       corrective action plan from IBM to address 36 enumerated issues. After IBM

       conducted its own assessment, both parties agreed on a corrective action plan

       which included both short and long-term goals. Even though IBM made some

       improvements in technology and staffing requirements, the overall scope and

       services of Modernization did not improve. In September of 2009, the State

       decided to change its approach and adopted a Hybrid version to welfare

       Modernization, referred to as “Plan B.” IBM, 51 N.E.3d at 157. Plan B called

       for a move away from the Centralized Call Center and brought eligibility

       determinations back to the local office, as well as an increase of face-to-face

       contact between clients and staff. While the State initially sought IBM’s

       services to implement Plan B, the parties did not reach an agreement regarding

       the price of the services and no change order was executed.


[12]   On October 15, 2009, Secretary Murphy notified IBM that the State was

       terminating the MSA for cause, effective December 14, 2009, and asserted that

       IBM’s series of breaches were material considering the MSA as a whole and

       were not curable within 30 days. Following the termination, the State

       implemented the Hybrid approach that retained the majority of the Coalition’s

       subcontractors, but replaced IBM with the State as the general contractor.


[13]   On May 13, 2010, the State filed a Complaint for damages and declaratory

       relief against IBM, seeking over $170 million in damages. The same day, IBM

       filed a Complaint against the State, demanding damages in excess of $52

       million. Although the two filings initially proceeded under different Cause

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 7 of 32
       Numbers, the trial court consolidated both Causes. After filing and deciding

       numerous motions for summary judgment, the matter proceeded to a six-week

       bench trial, Judge Dreyer presiding. In its 65-page findings of fact and

       conclusions thereon, the trial court determined, among other items, that the

       State had failed to prove that IBM materially breached the MSA and found that

       IBM had substantially performed the MSA. The trial court awarded $49.5

       million to IBM in past-due fees that the State was required to pay pursuant to

       the MSA. This award included $9.5 million in equipment fees for the IBM-

       owned computer equipment the State kept after terminating the MSA and $40

       million in subcontractor assignment fees, which were contractually required

       payments owed to IBM as a result of the State’s decision to purchase IBM’s

       interest in its contracts with certain IBM subcontractors.


[14]   On appeal, this court’s majority opinion reversed the trial court on the material

       breach issue, finding that IBM had materially breached the MSA. See State ex

       rel. Indiana Family & Soc. Servs. Admin. v. Int’l Bus. Machines Corp., 4 N.E.3d 696,

       702 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), vacated in part. The appellate majority looked to the

       Policy Objectives to define the essence of the contract and found that the MSA

       intended “to provide and expand access to services for welfare recipients in a

       timely, reliable and efficient manner” while remaining within federal

       guidelines, reducing fraud and increasing work-participation rates. Id. at 718.

       It concluded that IBM had failed to do so. Id. at 728. However, the court of

       appeals unanimously affirmed the trial court’s award of $49.5 million to IBM

       for equipment fees and subcontractor assignment fees. Id. at 747.


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 8 of 32
[15]   The parties each filed cross-petitions to transfer on several issues, including

       whether IBM materially breached the MSA, whether IBM was entitled to

       deferred fees for costs incurred during the project, and whether IBM was

       entitled to assignment fees for the State assuming IBM’s subcontracts. The

       Indiana Supreme Court granted transfer on those petitions. Addressing the

       question of the material breach, our supreme court held that IBM materially

       breached the MSA. See IBM, 51 N.E.3d at 158. However, like the court of

       appeals before it, the supreme court affirmed the trial court’s $49.5 million

       award to IBM. It then remanded to the trial court to determine the amount of

       fees IBM would be entitled to for Change Orders 119 and 133 and for

       calculation of the parties’ damages, including any appropriate offsets to the

       State as a result of IBM’s material breach of the MSA. See id at 168-69. Shortly

       thereafter, the State and IBM stipulated to the entry of a judgment on Change

       Orders 119 and 133 in favor of IBM and against the State in the amount of

       $311,096 with post-judgment interest to be determined by the trial court under

       Indiana law. The parties agreed that the amount of the Change Orders would

       be entered by the trial court at the time the court ruled on IBM’s request for

       post-judgment interest and the State’s claim for damages.


[16]   Upon remand, the trial court, presided over by Judge Dreyer, considered the

       issue of the State’s claimed damages and, on May 6, 2016, found that the State

       was not entitled to any damages from IBM’s material breach. That same day,

       the State moved for a change of judge under Indiana Trial Rule 76(C)(3) and

       sought a writ with the supreme court, compelling the trial court to vacate all


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 9 of 32
       orders issued in the case since certification of the supreme court’s decision. On

       July 5, 2016, the supreme court ordered the trial court to grant the State’s

       petition for a new judge and “to vacate all orders issued in the underlying case

       on or after May 6, 2016.” State v. Marion Superior Court, 54 N.E.2d 995, 995

       (Ind. 2016).


[17]   Revisiting the issue of damages, the trial court, presided over by Judge Welch,

       found that it was not bound by the prior trial court’s findings of fact and

       conclusions thereon issued after the six-week bench trial. After extensive

       review, a full-day hearing, and post-hearing submissions, the trial court entered

       its very detailed and extensive Order, covering 83 pages and including 387

       findings of fact and conclusions thereon. The trial court awarded the State $125

       million in direct damages on its breach of contract claim, based largely on the

       costs the State incurred by implementing Hybrid after terminating

       Modernization pursuant to the MSA, and $3 million in consequential damages.

       The court denied IBM’s request for post-judgment interest on its $49.5 million

       award. Offsetting the State’s pre-interest liability to IBM, the trial court entered

       a final judgment, ordering IBM to pay the State more than $78 million.


                                DISCUSSION AND DECISION
                                                 I. Law of the Case


[18]   As a first and overarching procedural argument, IBM posits that the trial court,

       presided over by J. Welch, erred in setting aside the factual findings in Judge

       Dreyer’s extensive 65-page opinion in which Judge Dreyer found no material

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 10 of 32
       breach after the original six-week trial. IBM maintains that the supreme court

       accepted these findings and only held that the trial court had applied the wrong

       legal test to those facts. Accordingly, IBM contends that the supreme court’s

       holding, including its affirmance of the $49.5 million award to IBM, and its

       subsequent limited remand to calculate damages did not nullify Judge Dreyer’s

       factual findings that Modernization and Hybrid were materially different. As

       Judge Dreyer’s initial findings must stand, and the trial court could not set aside

       these factual findings, the entire damages award “requires vacatur.”

       (Appellant’s Br. p. 24).


[19]   In support of its argument, IBM relies on Greater Clark Cty. Sch. Corp. v. Myers,

       493 N.E.2d 1267 (Ind. Ct. App. 1986). In Greater Clark, the school board

       terminated Myer’s employment without first obtaining the statutorily required

       recommendation of the school superintendent. Id. at 1268. On appeal, we

       concluded that Myers had been wrongfully terminated, reversed the trial court’s

       judgment, and remanded to the trial court for determination of damages. Id.

       During the hearing on remand, Greater Clark argued that because the judgment

       was reversed on appeal, “the judgment was voided and the parties were

       returned to their original positions. Thus, Greater Clark opine[d], the merits of

       Myers’s termination were relevant to the issue of damages.” Id. at 1270. The

       court of appeals disagreed. Noting that “[t]he reversal and remand for

       determination of Myers’s damages necessarily implied the entry of judgment in

       favor of Myers by the [c]ourt of [a]ppeals, an action within its inherent

       authority,” this court affirmed the trial court’s decision that the only issue


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 11 of 32
       before it on remand was the amount of damages. Id. IBM asserts that Greater

       Clark stands for the proposition that “while a complete reversal typically

       nullifies the trial court’s opinion, a reversal coupled with a limited remand for

       calculation of damages implies that the reviewing court decided certain facts

       that bind the parties as law of the case.” (Appellant’s Br. p. 30). Accordingly,

       IBM maintains that because the supreme court embraced Judge Dreyer’s

       factual findings, the decision below must be vacated and remanded with

       instructions to adhere to the factual findings entered after the bench trial. We

       disagree.


[20]   Facts determined at one stage of a proceeding, which were part of an issue on

       which judgment was entered and appeal taken, are unalterably and finally

       established as part of the law of the case and may not be relitigated at a

       subsequent stage. St. Margaret Mercy Healthcare Ctr., Inc. v. Ho, 663 N.E.2d 1220,

       1222 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996). Even if the judgment is erroneous, it nevertheless

       becomes the law of the case and thereafter binds the parties unless successfully

       challenged on appeal. Certain Northeast Annexation Area Landowners v. City of Fort

       Wayne, 622 N.E.2d 548, 549 (Ind. Ct. App. 1993), reh’g denied, trans. denied. All

       issues decided directly or by implication in a prior decision are binding in all

       further portions of the same case. Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Federated Mut. Ins.

       Co., 800 N.E.2d 1015, 1019 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (American Family II). The

       doctrine does not foreclose legitimate appeals of issues not previously decided,

       but is invoked in the interests of judicial economy and prompt dispensation of




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 12 of 32
       justice to preclude the promotion of potentially endless litigation and appeals.

       Id. at 1019.


[21]   In Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Federated Mut. Ins. Co., 775 N.E.2d 1198, 1206

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (American Family I), we specifically found that

       “Federated’s policy attempting to exclude the Browns from uninsured motorist

       coverage because they are not directors, officers, partners, and owners of the

       named insured is void[,]” and that “Federated failed to produce evidence that

       Allied expressly waived this statutory requirement in writing.” We also stated

       that failure to obtain written rejection of uninsured motorist coverage will

       require an insurer to provide uninsured motorist coverage equal to bodily injury

       liability limits, and there had been no written rejection of full-liability limits of

       uninsured motorist coverage by Allied. Id. Therefore, we unequivocally

       ordered Federated to provide uninsured motorist coverage. Id. at 1207.


[22]   On remand, Federated filed an amended exhibit list, including a document

       which indicated that there had been a waiver. American Family II, 800 N.E.2d

       at 1018. This document had not been included in the material on which

       Federated relied for summary judgment in the first appeal, but American

       Family had raised the lack of a written waiver as an issue in its cross-motion for

       summary judgment in the first appeal. Id. at 1019. The trial court denied

       American Family’s motion to strike the exhibit and granted Federated’s motion

       for summary judgment. Id. On appeal after remand, we distinguished

       decisions where we declined to invoke the law of the case doctrine when

       additional or new evidence was presented after remand “where the evidence

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 13 of 32
       after remand was in accordance with our instructions or did not alter a matter

       that had already been finally determined.” Id. at 1021. Contrasting this case

       law with American Family I, we noted that “[o]ur multifaceted approach—on

       statutory, public policy, contract, and evidentiary grounds to the broad issue

       [of] whether Federated was required to provide uninsured motorist coverage for

       the Browns, left no gap to be filled by the presentation of additional evidence on

       remand.” Id. Even if one aspect “was arguably wrongly decided due to

       Federated’s failure to present all the evidence on the issue, that issue was

       nonetheless finally determined on the merits.” Id. Accordingly, as the issue

       had been “decided directly” on the merits, we reversed the trial court’s decision.

       Id. at 1022.


[23]   Deciding whether the factual determination on Modernization and Hybrid are

       part of the law of the case and binding upon us, we note that although the

       supreme court mentioned and explained Modernization versus Hybrid in its

       Facts section, in its Discussion section, the supreme court was silent on Hybrid

       and merely analyzed how the problems with Modernization led to the

       termination of the MSA and to the determination of a material breach. See

       IBM, 51 N.E.2d 150. The court held in its Conclusion, in pertinent part, as

       follows:


               Because IBM failed to perform satisfactorily as determined by the
               State (and by its own admission), consistently failed to meet
               certain timeliness metrics, and failed to assist the State in
               achieving its Policy Objectives, we hold that IBM did materially
               breach the MSA through its collective breaches in light of the
               MSA as a whole. We therefore reverse the trial court’s finding
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 14 of 32
        that IBM did not materially breach the MSA. We summarily
        affirm the [c]ourt of [a]ppeals on all other issues including:
        affirming the trial court’s award of $40 million in assignment fees
        and $9,510,795 in equipment fees to IBM, affirming the trial
        court’s denial of deferred fees to IBM, and reversing the trial
        court’s award of $2,570,621 in early termination close out
        payments and $10,632,333 in prejudgment interest to IBM. We
        also remand the case to the trial court to determine the amount of
        fees IBM is entitled to for Change Orders 119 and 133, and for
        calculation of the parties’ damages consistent with this opinion,
        including any appropriate offsets to the State as a result of IBM’s
        material breach of the MSA.


Id. at 168-69. Accordingly, as the supreme court ultimately and decidedly

established the issue of material breach, it remanded for the calculation of the

parties’ damages. In reaching its conclusion that IBM had breached the MSA,

the supreme court did not touch on whether Hybrid was a continuance of

Modernization or a completely different system. As such, a gap needed to be

filled by the presentation of additional evidence on damages before the trial

court on remand. See American Family II, 800 N.E.2d at 1021. Because the

evidence after remand was in accordance with the supreme court’s instructions

and did not alter the issue of material breach that became quintessentially the

law of the case, the parties were free to litigate the possible distinction between

Modernization and Hybrid as it related to the calculation of the State’s

damages. See id. at 1021.


                              II. Damages Resulting From Hybrid




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 15 of 32
[24]   Acknowledging that the State is entitled to obtain damages for the benefit of its

       bargain under the MSA, IBM limits the State’s scope of damages to damages

       resulting from Modernization. However, as the overwhelming majority of

       damages awarded by the trial court were costs derived from the implementation

       of Hybrid, IBM maintains that those costs are not recoverable under the MSA

       because Hybrid differs in material and critical respects from the contracted-for

       Modernization.


                                              A. Standard of Review


[25]   Our review of a damages reward is limited. Hooker v. Norbu, 899 N.E.2d 366,

       658 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). We neither reweigh the evidence nor judge the

       credibility of witnesses, and will reverse an award only when it is not within the

       scope of the evidence for the factfinder. Id. We review questions of law de novo.

       Id.


[26]   Furthermore, the trial court issued findings of fact and conclusions of law

       pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 52. Trial Rule 52(A) provides that on appeal of

       claims tried to the bench, “the court on appeal shall not set aside the findings or

       judgment unless clearly erroneous, and due regard shall be given to the

       opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses.”

       Woodsmall v. Lost Creek Tp. Conservation Club, Inc., 933 N.E.2d 899, 902 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2010), trans. denied.


                                           B. Hybrid vs Modernization



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 16 of 32
[27]   IBM’s main substantive contention revolves around the trial court’s

       determination that the costs derived from Hybrid, which was implemented by

       the State after terminating the MSA, was not a fundamental departure from

       Modernization and thus could be recovered as direct damages.


[28]   The measure of damages in a breach of contract case is the loss actually suffered

       by the breach. Dana Companies, LLC v. Chaffee Rentals, 1 N.E.3d 738, 748 (Ind.

       Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. To recover under a breach of contract claim, the

       State must show that its damages flowed directly and naturally from the breach.

       See id. Although no particular degree of certainty is required in awarding

       damages, the award must be within the scope of the evidence. Id. Damages

       may not be awarded on guess or speculation, but must be ascertainable with

       reasonable certainty. Id. “Consequential damages may be awarded on a

       breach of contract claim when the non-breaching party’s loss flows naturally

       and probably from the breach and was contemplated by the parties when the

       contract was made and are generally limited to reasonably foreseeable

       economic losses.” Berkel & Co. Contractors, Inc. v. Palm & Associates, Inc., 814

       N.E.2d 649, 658-59 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004).


[29]   In support of its argument that Modernization and Hybrid are two distinct

       systems, IBM focuses on what it characterizes as the three core features: (1)

       Hybrid moved away from the Central Call Center envisioned by Modernization

       and moved eligibility determinations back to the local office, while renewing

       the focus on face-to-face contact; (2) Hybrid abandoned the task-based

       processing of Modernization and returned to the case-based model; and (3) in

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 17 of 32
       its renegotiation with subcontractors, the State changed their scope of work to

       fit the scope of work required to implement Hybrid.


[30]   When the State first sought to modernize its welfare services delivery system, it

       published in its RFI that the FSAA “is not specific how Respondents might

       propose to build and manage a solution to realize a vision. The process is

       designed to take best advantage of Respondent’s [sic] expertise in realizing

       similar visions in other states and related challenges in the commercial section.”

       (Appellant’s App. Vol. IV, p. 32). Accordingly, “while this RFI mentions

       potential solution components in several areas, none is offered as a

       requirement. FSSA is looking to Respondents to describe how they would

       provide the scope of services.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. IV, p. 31).


[31]   What IBM now characterizes as unique, Hybrid features were promised from

       the outset in IBM’s Response to the State’s RFI. In both narrative form and

       diagram, IBM assured the State that face-to-face assistance for welfare

       applications was part of IBM’s proposed solution. IBM clarified that “[w]hile

       their frequency may decrease with these additional access venues, face-to-face

       contact is still an important need for some clients. Local offices provide a

       setting for those clients who simply want to sit down with someone for one-on-

       one guidance and support.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 154). Prior to

       entering the MSA, the inter-agency Review Committee, appointed by the State

       to review IBM’s Response to the RFI, suggested some revisions to

       Modernization to foster its success. One of these revisions was the requirement

       that Modernization maintain at least one office in every county to “allow

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 18 of 32
       clients to apply for benefits in person as they have always done.” (Appellant’s

       App. Vol. IV, p. 89).


[32]   Turning to the Policy Objectives of the MSA, we note that the contract fails to

       refer to the core features now relied upon by IBM. Instead, the Objectives

       require that IBM’s Modernization “improve the availability, quality, and

       reliability of the services being provided to Clients by expanding access to such

       services.” (Appellant’s App. III, p. 152). Schedule 3, incorporated into the

       MSA and detailing the Vendor Services Environment, confirms that the Hybrid

       features which IBM describes as a departure from Modernization were part of

       IBM’s initially defined obligation. Specifically, Schedule 3 included in IBM’s

       service delivery model “the use of face-to-face customer service with enabling

       technologies to allow the Client the freedom to choose the initial and

       continuing methods of access which best meets their needs.” (Appellant’s App.

       Vol. VI, p. 5). It elaborates that IBM will establish a “Help Center” in each

       county where Clients can meet directly with a service provider.” (Appellant’s

       App. Vol. VI, p. 6). Schedule 3 does not advance a Centralized Call Center as a

       Modernization requirement, but a different solution accomplishing the same

       objectives was not precluded by the Schedule.


[33]   Based on the substantial evidence before us, IBM’s attempt to immunize itself

       from the consequences of its material breach by claiming a fundamental

       distinction between Modernization and Hybrid is unpersuasive. It is evident

       that face-to-face client services were envisioned from the inception of

       Modernization and have always been available from the beginning of the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 19 of 32
       State’s modernization of its welfare services. Only after the system of in-person

       services was found to be inefficient during Modernization did the State request

       IBM to review and rework it for Hybrid. The State’s decision to eliminate the

       Centralized Call Center instituted during Modernization does not remove

       Hybrid from the scope and objectives of the MSA. Nowhere does Schedule 3

       mention that a Centralized Call Center was a Modernization requirement or

       that a different solution accomplishing the same objective is prohibited. Even

       though the Centralized Call Center as run by IBM was eliminated due to its

       inefficient performance, its original structure and purpose continue in Hybrid,

       and are now combined with a remote eligibility application process.

       Furthermore, evidence reflects that the State still processes applications through

       tasks, Hybrid just routes these tasks differently. Most telling is the testimony in

       the record of Deputy Director Roger Zimmerman, the State’s architect of

       Hybrid, during the six-week bench trial, reiterating that Hybrid “required going

       through [M]odernization to get there.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 42).

       Accordingly, we conclude that Hybrid fits the scope, objectives, and

       requirements of the MSA and implements a working version of Modernization.

       Therefore, costs incurred to implement Hybrid are recoverable as damages due

       to IBM’s material breach of the MSA.

                                                    C. Damages


[34]   In addition to the overall statement that costs incurred as a result of Hybrid are

       not recoverable as damages under the MSA, IBM also contends that certain



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 20 of 32
       specific categories of Hybrid-related damages should not have been awarded to

       the State.


[35]   The trial court characterized the State’s costs derived from the implementation

       of Hybrid as Reprocurement Costs (and thus direct damages) based on its

       definition in the MSA. Reprocurement Costs are recoverable under the MSA,

       when:


               In the event of a Termination pursuant to Section 16.3.1
               (Termination for Cause) . . ., reasonable costs and expenses
               incurred by the State to bring the applicable terminated Services
               in-house or to procure services similar to the applicable
               terminated Services from an alternate source to the extent such
               costs and expenses would not have otherwise been incurred by
               the State but for the Termination, including:


               (i)      The cost differential between the Fees paid under this
                        Agreement and the replacement costs of such Services
                        from another contractor,


               (ii)     Administrative costs and expenses reasonably necessary to
                        replace the applicable terminated portion of this
                        Agreement, including the costs and expenses of
                        competitive bidding, mailing, advertising, applicable fees,
                        charges, staff time costs and costs and expenses of external
                        advisors, consultants and attorneys to assist with such
                        procurement, and


               (iii)    Other reasonable costs necessary to such procurement or
                        insourcing.


       (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 137).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 21 of 32
[36]   Contending that the trial court erred by awarding the State over $103 million

       for the increased cost of subcontractors, IBM asserts that this damage award

       would place the State in a better position than before the breach because it is

       charging IBM for a different and more expensive system than the parties

       contracted for. First, we already determined that Modernization and Hybrid

       are essentially the same systems, albeit under a different name. The State

       contracted with IBM to build a Modernized welfare system, which it failed to

       do. The State stepped in, contracted with the same subcontractors IBM had

       previously entered into subcontracts with, and built its system in accordance

       with the Hybrid specifics. Because these costs “flowed directly and naturally”

       from IBM’s breach of the MSA, and the services procured by the State were

       similar to the applicable terminated services, IBM is responsible for this

       increased cost. See Dana Companies, LLC, 1 N.E.3d at 748.


[37]   In a similar vein, IBM disputes the trial court’s award of $22.5 million damages,

       including the $9.7 million for hardware and software maintenance costs, $4.1

       million in overtime pay, $3.7 million in new lease costs, and “millions more in

       consulting fees.” (Appellant’s Br. p. 47). IBM contends that these damages do

       not result from losses caused by its own conduct. Again, we disagree. The

       renewed attention on the face-to-face customer service in Hybrid caused the

       State to reallocate more resources to the local offices to alleviate the problems

       resulting from the previously understaffed local offices under Modernization.

       These numbers merely represent “reasonable costs associated with bringing a

       similar service in-house” and are included in the “administrative costs and


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 22 of 32
       expenses reasonably necessary to replace the applicable terminated portion of”

       the MSA. (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 137). Consequently, we affirm the trial

       court’s damage award.


                                           III. Post-Judgment Interest


[38]   In its final argument, IBM contends that the trial court erred by not awarding it

       post-judgment interest on its $49.5 million damages award entered by Judge

       Dreyer in its July 18, 2012 Order.


[39]   The right to post-judgment interest arises as a matter of statutory law. Tincher v.

       Davidson, 784 N.E.2d 551, 553 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). Under Indiana law, a

       person awarded a monetary judgment against the State is entitled to post-

       judgment interest that accrues until the judgment is paid. I.C. § 34-13-1-6.

       However, “an execution shall not issue but the judgment shall draw interest at

       an annual rate of six percent (6%) from the date of the adjournment of the next

       ensuing session of the general assembly until an appropriation is made by law

       for the payment and the judgment is paid.” I.C. § 34-13-1-6.


[40]   “If a judgment is reversed on appeal and remanded to the trial court for the

       entry of a new judgment, post-judgment interest accrues from the date the trial

       court enters the new judgment.” Beam, 765 N.E.2d at 534. In Beam, the parties

       stipulated at trial that the jury would assess liability for an automobile accident

       and determine the damages, while the trial court would calculate the propriety

       of setoffs that Beam received from other sources. Id. at 527. After the jury

       returned its verdict, the trial court reduced the damages by the entire amount of

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 23 of 32
       Beam’s worker’s compensation benefits, even though he had only been assessed

       45% at fault. Id. On appeal, our supreme court determined that the trial court

       should have only reduced the jury verdict by 55%, and not 100%, of the

       worker’s compensation benefits amount that Beam already received. Id. at 533-

       34. In doing so, the supreme court determined that it was not reversing the trial

       court’s judgment but rather modifying the jury’s verdict. Id. at 534. Citing I.C.

       § 24-4.6-1-101, our supreme court concluded that post-judgment interest on a

       modified award should run from the date of the original verdict and not from

       the date that the verdict was modified. Id. at 534-35. The supreme court added

       that when a judgment has been reversed on appeal and remanded for entry of a

       new judgment, then the post-judgment interest on the new judgment would

       begin to accrue from the date the trial court enters the new judgment. Id. at

       534.


[41]   Judge Dreyer’s first Order, issued on July 18, 2012, decided:


               148. Trial judgment entered for IBM and against the State on
               IBM’s Complaint in the amount of [$12,081,416]. Previous
               summary judgment is reiterated in the amount of [$40] million.
               Final judgment amount totals [$50,081,416] plus prejudgment
               interest and costs.


               149. Judgment entered for IBM and against the State on the
               State’s Complaint, and the State takes nothing.


       (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 66).


[42]   On February 13, 2014, this court

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 24 of 32
               Affirm[ed] the trial court’s award of $40 million in assignment
               fees and $9,510,795 in Equipment fees to IBM, affirm[ed] the
               trial court’s denial of Deferred Fees to IBM, reverse[d] the trial
               court’s award of $2,570,621 in Early Termination Close Out
               Payments and $10,632,333 in prejudgment interest to IBM, and
               remand[ed] the case to the trial court to determine the amount of
               fees IBM is entitled to for Change Orders 119 and 133 and to
               determine the State’s damages and offset any damages awarded
               to IBM as a result of IBM’s material breach of the contract.


       State v. IBM, 4 N.E.3d 696, 747 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), vacated in part.


[43]   After granting transfer, our supreme court concluded on March 22, 2016,


               We therefore reverse the trial court’s finding that IBM did not
               materially breach the MSA. We summarily affirm the [c]ourt of
               [a]ppeals on all other issues including: affirming the trial court’s
               award of $40 million in assignment fees and $9,510,795 in
               equipment fees to IBM, affirming the trial court’s denial of
               deferred fees to IBM, and reversing the trial court’s award of
               $2,570,621 in early termination close out payments and
               $10,632,333 in prejudgment interest to IBM. We also remand
               the case to the trial court to determine the amount of fees IBM is
               entitled to for Change Orders 119 and 133, and for calculation of
               the parties’ damages consistent with this opinion, including any
               appropriate offsets to the State as a result of IBM’s material
               breach of the MSA.


       State v. IBM, 51 N.E.3d at 168-69.


[44]   Judge Dreyer, upon remand from the supreme court, issued his “Order upon

       Remand Regarding State’s Damages,” on May 6, 2016, and ruled that “the

       evidence shows that all of the costs for which the State seeks reimbursement


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 25 of 32
were not adequately proven and thus cannot be recovered as damages.”

(Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 98) (footnotes omitted). The court held that “the

State fail[ed] to prove damages to a reasonable certainty.” (Appellant’s App.

Vol. III, p. 98). In response to Judge Dreyer’s damages award, the supreme

court, on July 5, 2016, decided that “[t]he Respondents, the Marion Superior

Court and [Judge Dreyer] are ordered to vacate all orders issued in the

underlying case on or after May 6, 2016, and to grant the change of judge.”

State v. Marion Superior Court, 54 N.E.3d 995 (Ind. 2016). After that, the current

trial court, presided over by Judge Welch, issued the contested Order which is

now before us. In her order, Judge Welch ruled:


        384. In this case, the plain language of the prior trial court’s
        [order] stated that ‘judgment was entered for IBM and against the
        State.’ The Indiana Supreme Court reversed the trial court’s []
        judgment on the State’s breach of contract claim by holding that
        IBM materially breached the MSA. In conclusion, the [s]upreme
        [c]ourt ordered this [c]ourt to calculate the parties’ damages and
        any appropriate offsets which are contained in the MSA, which
        this [c]ourt takes to mean the equipment, assignment fees, and
        change order damages owed to IBM.


        385. Therefore, this [c]ourt finds that the trial court judgment in
        favor of IBM was reversed, and thus, under Indiana law, IBM is
        not entitled to post-judgment interest from the date of the prior
        trial court’s judgment entry for IBM in 2012 but rather is only
        entitled to post-judgment interest from the date of this judgment
        after this [c]ourt has conducted the offset as required by the MSA
        and as instructed by the Indiana Supreme Court.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 26 of 32
       (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 176). Judge Welch again awarded IBM $40

       million in assignment fees and $9,510,795 in equipment fees.


[45]   This review of the convoluted proceedings clearly indicates that since Judge

       Dreyer’s first Order of July 18, 2012, the one constant in this case has been

       IBM’s award of assignment and equipment fees upon IBM’s Complaint 2 against

       the State. Although the State challenged those awards on appeal, both this

       court and the supreme court expressly affirmed that portion of the judgment on

       the combined Complaints. More specifically, unlike Judge Welch’s opinion

       that interpreted the supreme court’s opinion of March 22, 2016, as a complete

       reversal of the lower court, we find that the Indiana Supreme Court

       unequivocally “summarily affirmed the [c]ourt of [a]ppeals [on] the trial court’s

       award of $40 million in assignment fees and $9,510,795 in equipment fees to

       IBM.” IBM, 51 N.E.3d at 168. Accordingly, as no appellate decision reversed

       IBM’s judgment on its Complaint, IBM is entitled to post-judgment interest

       “from the date of the original verdict.” See Beam, 765 N.E.2d at 534. We

       therefore reverse the trial court and remand for calculation of the post-judgment

       interest award entered on July 18, 2012.


                                                CROSS-APPEAL




       2
         IBM’s Complaint originally proceeded under its own cause number and separate from the State’s
       Complaint. In its Complaint, IBM demanded damages in excess of $52 million, which included damages for
       assignment and equipment fees. Although the two filings initially proceeded under different Cause Numbers,
       the trial court consolidated both Causes and issued one single opinion, ruling on both the State’s and IBM’s
       Complaint.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018                 Page 27 of 32
                                              I. Direct Damages Cap


[46]   On Cross-Appeal, the State contends that the trial court incorrectly applied the

       direct damages cap of the MSA. In its Order, the trial court noted that “the

       MSA caps damages to the State at $125 million for direct damages and $3

       million for consequential damages.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 170).


[47]   Referencing the MSA, the State nevertheless contends that §17.4.1(2)(A)

       provides


               As to direct damages, which shall include Reprocurement Costs,
               an amount equal to the greater of (i) [$125,000,000] and (ii) the
               Fees paid by State to Vendor hereunder during the [12] months
               prior to the most recent Claim [], provided nothing herein shall
               relieve the State of its obligation to mitigate Reprocurement
               Costs[.]


       (Appellant’s App. Vol. V, p. 162). ‘Claim’ is contractually defined as a “claim,

       demand, cause of action, debt or liability of any kind, including a claim for

       expenses and attorney fees.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. VI, p. 38). Equating

       ‘Claim’ to the date of terminating the MSA, the State asserts that evidence was

       submitted indicating that during the 12-months preceding the October 15, 2009

       termination of the MSA, the State paid IBM at least $158 million. Accordingly,

       focusing on the second prong of §17.4.1(2)(A), the State requests us to increase

       the applicable direct damages cap to $158 million.


[48]   At the time of termination of the MSA, the State notified IBM that its series of

       breaches would be considered material under the contract and stopped IBM’s


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 28 of 32
       services under the MSA. The State failed to submit any evidence supporting

       that a “demand, cause of action, [or] debt or liability of any kind” was made at

       that point in time. (Appellant’s App. Vol. VI, p. 38). Rather, the evidence

       supports that the earliest demand for damages was made on May 13, 2010,

       when the State filed its cause of action against IBM. Accordingly, as the State

       does not dispute that the fees paid to IBM in the 12-months preceding the date

       of termination were substantially less than $125 million, the trial court properly

       limited the direct damages cap at the greater number of $125 million.


                                     II. Salaries for New State Employees


[49]   As part of its damages request, the State demanded an additional $36.5 million

       to cover the salaries of 48 new State eligibility consultants and 50 new

       management personnel. Denying the State’s request, the trial court concluded,

       in pertinent part:


               268. This presents an issue of whether these damages are
               consistent and arising from the breach. The State’s position is
               that had Modernization worked properly, then the staffing
               reduction would not have caused problems. Because
               Modernization did not work properly, the State suffered damages
               by having to rehire Staff.


               269. This [c]ourt finds that such an award would be putting the
               State in a better position than it was prior to the MSA. The State
               would essentially receive a windfall from IBM by being paid to
               return to pre-MSA staffing levels.


               270. While the State was insourcing the program, hiring forty-
               five new managers falls outside of “reasonable costs associated
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 29 of 32
               with bringing a similar service in-house,” and because they are
               new staff, their costs cannot be considered Reprocurement Costs
               as the additional hires do not support that the State was installing
               a new regime “similar to the applicable terminated Services.”


               271. These workers do not constitute a differential in between
               the fees paid under the previous Modernization regime and those
               now under Hybrid because these workers were not around under
               Modernization.


               272. These worker expenses are not reasonable costs to replace a
               terminated portion of the MSA, and they are not external
               advisors, consultants, or attorneys assisting with the
               Reprocurement. While their efforts can loosely be attributed to
               MSA § 15 “staff time costs,” hiring forty-eight full-time
               employees and additional managers goes well beyond the aims of
               in-sourcing a program previously provided by IBM and instead
               constitutes putting the State in a better position than it was prior
               to the MSA.


       (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 157).


[50]   The State contends that to make the State whole, it did not have to return to the

       system prior to Modernization; rather, it meant giving “the State the benefit of

       the MSA bargain—i.e., a Modernized system that worked[.]” (Appellee’s Br. p.

       48). Claiming to be entitled to be placed in a better position than it was prior to

       the MSA, the State maintains that this better position was the reason it entered

       into the MSA; it did not seek a windfall, merely it sought the cost of post-MSA

       staff required to make Modernization work.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 30 of 32
[51]   Generally, the computation of damages for a breach of contract is a matter

       within the sound discretion of the trial court. City of Jeffersonville v. Envtl. Mgmt.

       Corp., 954 N.E.2d 1000, 1015 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). We will not reverse a

       damage award upon appeal unless it is based on insufficient evidence or is

       contrary to law. Id. In determining whether an award is within the scope of the

       evidence, we may not reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of witnesses.

       Id. However, we recognize that the appropriate measure of damages in a

       breach of contract case is the loss actually suffered as a result of the breach. Id.

       The non-breaching party is not entitled to be placed in a better position than it

       would have been if the contract had not been broken. Id.


[52]   The record contains evidence that the 48 new eligibility employees were hired

       in the spring of 2009, prior to the termination of the MSA. This additional staff

       was retained to serve Hoosiers in need in local offices in an effort to make

       Modernization work and to salvage the project. The State failed to submit any

       evidence that these costs were incurred due to IBM’s breach.


[53]   Unlike the eligibility personnel, the 50 new management positions were created

       and filled after the termination of the MSA. The State’s damages expert

       explained that the purpose of this hire was to satisfy the State’s intent to place

       “more focus at the local county level, which required more people.” (Suppl.

       App. Vol. II, pp. 7-8). However, the goal of both Modernization and Hybrid

       was a move away from an increasing face-to face contact by the

       implementation of technology. While the State recognized that a more efficient

       level of personal contact between clients and staff had to be retained in its

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 31 of 32
       Hybrid system, the trial court found that—and we agree—the 50 new

       management positions essentially returned the State to “pre-MSA staffing

       levels.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 157). As these new positions did not

       exist under Modernization, their costs cannot constitute a “differential”

       between the fees paid under the MSA and the replacement cost. (Appellant’s

       App. Vol. III, p. 137). Therefore, the costs of these new positions do not fall

       within the scope of Reprocurement Costs because they never constituted a

       “terminated Service[]” that the State needed to substitute from an alternative

       source after termination of the MSA. (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 137).

       Accordingly, as the State is not entitled to be placed in a better position than it

       would have been if the MSA had not been breached, we affirm the trial court’s

       conclusion that the salaries for these new State employees cannot be attributed

       to IBM’s breach.


                                              CONCLUSION
[54]   Based on the foregoing, we hold that the trial court did not err in its award of

       the State’s damages. However, we conclude that IBM is entitled to post-

       judgment interest on its $49.5 million damages award, and we remand to the

       trial court for calculation of the post-judgment interest.


[55]   Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.


[56]   May, J. and Altice, J. concur




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1709-PL-2006 | September 28, 2018   Page 32 of 32
