                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                     EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                          EL PASO, TEXAS

    JACOB O’BRIEN,                                      §
                                                                           No. 08-14-00222-CR
                                  Appellant,            §
                                                                              Appeal from the
    v.                                                  §
                                                                           County Court at Law
    THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                 §
                                                                         of Terrell County, Texas
                                  Appellee.             §
                                                                                 (TC# 1878)
                                                        §


                                                OPINION

         Appellant Jacob O’Brien, his brother Christopher O’Brien, and their friends Seth Winkler

and Tyler Bumpers went on a successful hunting trip and returned home with the heads of two

aoudad sheep. They posted pictures of their bounty on Facebook. Unfortunately, their hunting

trip occurred on the property of Nathan Pickett, who, Appellant admitted, had not given them

permission to hunt. Appellant claimed he had been informed that Seth Winkler’s father owned

the property. The jury disbelieved Appellant’s assertion and found him guilty of criminal

trespass.1 The trial court sentenced Appellant to 60 days’ in jail and imposed a $500 fine.

         Appellant contends on appeal that that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence two

photographs from a game camera showing Appellant, his brother, and his friends on Pickett’s

1
  Christopher O’Brien was also charged with the same offenses as Appellant, and the cases against the brothers were
prosecuted in a single trial.
property. He also contends the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s verdict. We

conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the photographs into evidence and

that the evidence is sufficient to support the verdict. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                        BACKGROUND

       Nathan Pickett purchased a 300-acre parcel of land in Terrell County from Joan Winkler in

April 2011. The property included a cabin, running water, multiple deer blinds, and motorized

game feeders. Aoudad sheep had been found on the property since 2012. The property lies more

than 20 miles from the nearest highway. The final 10 miles is across a private road, which is

guarded by a closed gate marked with a “no trespassing” sign. Pickett’s property in particular is

guarded by fencing and a locked front gate bearing a “no trespassing” sign that is marked with the

name “Pickett.” Numerous other signs also warn against trespassing or hunting on the property,

some of which also colorfully warn:       “Trespassing may induce lead poisoning,” “Security

provided by Ruger,” and “Trespassers will be shot; Survivors will be shot again.”

       Pickett visited his property about once a month. During a Memorial Day weekend trip in

2013, Pickett installed a game camera. During a subsequent visit in August, Pickett discovered

the lock on the entry gate had been shot and was inoperable. Pickett found tire tracks heading

around the gate and that someone had moved the tire spikes and boulders that had been installed to

prevent vehicles from driving around the gate. Because it was impossible to open the gate,

Pickett was forced to drive around the gate, following the newly-discovered tire tracks, in order to

travel the remaining quarter mile to his cabin. As soon as his cabin came into view, Pickett

discovered the carport gate and gatepost had been knocked down. He also discovered that a

striped retractable sun awning had been crudely cut away with a knife. Pickett found drink bottles


                                                 2
and empty food cans on the patio and saw that the patio furniture had been moved and firewood

had been used. In the fire pit, Pickett located spent shell casings from a 30.06 rifle and a .45

caliber automatic colt pistol, which are not guns he owns.

       Pickett had his son retrieve the data card from the game camera and began reviewing the

captured images. Pickett found two images depicting four unknown men. Both photographs

were date-stamped July 6, 2013, and were admitted into evidence as State’s Exhibits 1 and 2,

respectively.   Pickett testified he did not know Jacob O’Brien, Christopher O’Brien, Seth

Winkler, or Tyler Bumpers, and that he had not given them permission to be on his property or to

hunt exotic animals or aoudad sheep on his property.          Pickett shared the game camera

photographs with Joan Winkler, Seth’s mother, in the hope that she may recognize the men in the

images. Joan Winkler informed Pickett that her son Seth was among the men in the photographs,

and according to Pickett, told him that Seth knew that the property had been sold.

       Pickett provided the photographs from the game camera to Texas Parks and Wildlife Game

Warden Arnold Pinales and informed him that the photographs depicted trespassers who had been

poaching on his property without his consent. Warden Pinales testified that aoudad sheep are

considered exotic game, and that a regular hunting license is required to legally hunt an exotic

animal. In an effort to identify the offenders, the photographs were posted online in various

hunting and fishing forums and on Facebook. Pickett gave Warden Pinales the name of Seth

Winkler as a possible suspect. Warden Pinales eventually determined that Appellant, Christopher

O’Brien, Seth Winkler, and Tyler Bumpers were the four men depicted in the photographs from

Pickett’s game camera.

       Appellant testified briefly at trial, following his brother Christopher’s testimony.


                                                3
Appellant stated that the events happened exactly (“100 percent”) as Christopher had testified.

He testified that right before the hunting trip, Christopher invited him along as their “pack rat.” In

a written statement, Appellant stated he had been informed that the property they were going to

“was Seth’s father’s cabin,” that he had no idea “we were trespassing,” and that if he had known it

“wasn’t Seth’s property, I would not have gone on that trip.” Appellant claimed he had no reason

to believe the property was not owned by Seth Winkler’s father. He trusted his brother, and if

Christopher “was going and saying it was okay,” he was “okay with that.”

         Before Appellant testified, Christopher O’Brien had taken the stand and admitted that he

had hunted and killed an aoudad on Pickett’s property without his consent. He also admitted that

he was one of the individuals in the game camera photos and that everything shown in the

photographs was “completely true.” But Christopher asserted Seth Winkler had informed him

that the property belonged to Seth’s father.2 Like Appellant, Christopher also claimed that if Seth

had informed him that his father did not own the property, he would have never gone hunting on

the property.

         Christopher testified that after driving six or seven hours, they arrived at the property late at

night. Christopher claimed they accessed the property from its southeast corner along the rugged

“back drive,” which Seth said was the original drive used when they were building the cabin.

Christopher denied that there were any fences or gates, or that he saw any “no trespassing” signs,

on the south side of the property and claimed that he never saw any signs bearing Pickett’s name.

Christopher said he was convinced from the moment he set foot on the property that it was Seth’s

father’s property, because it was exactly as Seth had described. Christopher admitted, however,


2
  Appellant’s mother testified that she was present when Seth and Christopher were planning the hunting trip and Seth
informed her that the property belonged to Seth’s father and that he had permission to hunt on the property at any time.
                                                           4
that “I was a little uncertain because, you know, a story could be too – you know, too good to be

true at times.”

       According to Christopher, the following day after the hunt, they drove out of the property

the opposite way toward the front gate. When they reached the front gate, Christopher for the first

time noticed a “no trespassing” sign, but he did not believe it had Pickett’s name on it.

Christopher testified that Seth Winkler had told him before they left on the hunting trip that he had

a set of keys to the front gate. But when they arrived at the front gate to leave, Seth informed him

they would have to drive around it because he didn’t have the keys to open the gate. Christopher

concluded “after the fact” that “there were never any keys.” Christopher claimed that to get out,

he drove his truck around and over the boulders by the front gate and did not move them, noting

that his truck had a six-inch lift kit that allowed him to drive right over the boulders.

       Christopher admitted that they left trash on the property. He also admitted that the carport

gate had been moved. He also stated that when they were loading the aoudad heads into the back

of his truck, Seth pulled or cut down the striped sun awning because, according to Seth, his father

was going to replace it anyway. He denied that they used the striped sun awning to cover the

aoudad heads so that they would not be detected on the return trip, but rather Seth did not want

Christopher’s truck bed to get bloody. Christopher acknowledged that an exotic aoudad hunt

would normally cost approximately $1,500 or more, but he did not see any problem with hunting at

no cost on what he believed was the property of Seth’s father. Christopher admitted that he had

posted a photograph on Facebook of himself and Seth holding two aoudad heads with the caption,

“Got ‘em.”

       Pickett testified on rebuttal that there is a gate on the southeast side of his property that is


                                                  5
always locked. He also explained that it would have been impossible for a vehicle to reach his

cabin from the southeast due to a massive, 200-foot deep canyon located between the southeast

gate and the cabin.

                                          DISCUSSION

                                  Admission of the Photographs

       In Issue One, Appellant contends the trial court erred in admitting the two game camera

photographs showing his presence on the property (State’s Exhibits 1 and 2) because they were not

properly authenticated and because their admission violated his Sixth Amendment right to

confrontation. We conclude that later-admitted evidence authenticated the photographs and

rendered any error in their admission harmless, and that Appellant failed to preserve his argument

that their admission violated his right to confrontation.

                             Applicable Law and Standard of Review

       Authentication is a condition precedent to admissibility of evidence. Tienda v. State, 358

S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex.Crim.App. 2012). To properly authenticate evidence, “the proponent must

produce evidence sufficient to support a finding that the item is what the proponent claims it is.”

TEX. R. EVID. 901(a). The trial court decides the threshold question whether the proponent has

supplied sufficient evidence to support a reasonable jury determination that the proffered evidence

is authentic. Tienda, 358 S.W.3d at 638; TEX. R. EVID. 104(a) (whether to admit evidence is a

preliminary question to be decided by the court). In performing its gate-keeping function, the

trial court need not be persuaded that the proffered item of evidence is authentic. Tienda, 358

S.W.3d at 638. The trial court must only decide that the proponent has supplied facts sufficient to

support a reasonable jury determination that the evidence is authentic. Id. The ultimate question


                                                  6
whether an item of evidence is what its proponent claims it is a question for the jury. Id.

       We review a trial court’s ruling on the preliminary question of admissibility for abuse of

discretion. Id. We will not interfere with a trial court’s ruling that a jury could reasonably find

the proffered evidence to be authentic if the ruling is within the zone of reasonable disagreement.

Id.

                                             Analysis

       Appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion because the photographs were not

properly authenticated prior to admission.     The photographs were offered through Warden

Pinales who admitted that Pickett had retrieved the images from the game camera and provided

them to him and that he was not present when the photographs were taken or subsequently

developed.   Appellant argues that Warden Pinales had no personal knowledge of how the

photographs were taken, what equipment was used to take them, whether that equipment was in

good-working order, whether the photographs were a true and correct depiction of what came from

the camera’s digital information card, or whether the photographs had been manipulated in any

manner. There is no requirement, however, that the witness who authenticates a photograph have

been the photographer or present when the photograph was taken or developed. Pena v. State,

467 S.W.3d 71, 75 (Tex.App. – San Antonio 2015, no pet.). All that is required for authentication

is testimony that the photograph accurately represents the person, object, or scene depicted in the

photograph. See Delacerda v. State, 425 S.W.3d 367, 393 (Tex. App. –Houston [1st Dist.] 2011,

pet. ref’d); see also Huffman v. State, 746 S.W.2d 212, 221-22 (Tex.Crim.App. 1988).

       Appellant correctly points out that Warden Pinales did not testify that the photographs

accurately represented the persons, objects, or scene depicted before the photographs were


                                                 7
admitted into evidence.          Evidence prematurely admitted in error, however, may become

admissible or be rendered harmless by subsequent evidence. James v. State, 102 S.W.3d 162, 175

(Tex.App. – Fort Worth 2003, pet. ref’d). “A conviction will not be reversed for error in

receiving evidence that was not admissible when received but which became admissible at a

subsequent stage.” Romo v. State, 700 S.W.2d 633, 634 (Tex.App. – Houston [14th Dist.] 1985,

no pet.). Any error in admitting photograph into evidence without proper authentication is cured

when a witness later testifies that he was present when photograph was taken. Davis v. State, 687

S.W.2d 78, 82 (Tex.App. – Dallas 1985, pet. ref’d). After the trial court had admitted the

photographs depicting Appellant’s presence on Pickett’s property, Appellant admitted that he had

been present on Pickett’s property, rendering any error in their admission harmless. Christopher

also admitted that he was present on Pickett’s property in July 2013 and that everything shown in

the photographs was “completely true,” establishing that the photographs accurately represented

the persons depicted therein.          These subsequent admissions by Appellant and Christopher

provided the necessary evidence to authenticate the photographs and rendered any error in their

admission harmless.3

        Appellant also contends, for the first time on appeal, that the Sixth Amendment’s

Confrontation Clause barred admission of the photographs. The Confrontation Clause bars the

admission of out-of-court testimonial statements by a declarant whom the criminal defendant has

been unable to confront. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 50-51, 68, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 1364,

1374, 158L.Ed.2d 177 (2004). Appellant argues the photographs are testimonial because Warden

3
  There was also other circumstantial evidence showing that State’s Exhibits 1 and 2 accurately depicted Appellant
and the property. Pickett testified that State’s Exhibits 1 and 2 were taken by the game camera he had installed and
showed a date stamp of July 6, 2013. Also Warden Pinales testified that he had had taken his own photographs of
Pickett’s property from the same vantage point as State’s Exhibits 1 and 2 and that his photographs fairly and
accurately depicted Pickett’s property.
                                                         8
Pinales’s knowledge of the photographs was based solely on information supplied by Pickett.

Both Warden Pinales and Pickett testified at trial, however. They were therefore available to be

confronted at trial, and were in fact cross-examined by defense counsel.                    In any event, a

photograph is not an out-of-court testimonial statement, and thus its admission cannot violate the

Confrontation Clause. Herrera v. State, 367 S.W.3d 762, 773 (Tex.App. – Houston [14th Dist.]

2012, no pet.) (autopsy photograph is not a testimonial statement); Wood v. State, 299 S.W.3d 200,

214-15 (Tex.App. – Austin 2009, pet. ref'd); TEX. R. EVID. 801(a) (a “statement” is an oral or

written verbal expression, or nonverbal conduct intended by the person as a substitute for verbal

expression).     More importantly, Appellant has waived any error by failing to raise a

Confrontation Clause objection at trial. Appellant objected to admission of the photographs

solely based on the lack of proper authentication under the rules of evidence. An objection based

on the rules of evidence does not preserve error on Confrontation Clause grounds. Reyna v. State,

168 S.W.3d 173, 179 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005). When the legal basis of a trial objection differs

from that on appeal, the issue is not preserved for our consideration. See Lovill v. State, 319

S.W.3d 687, 691 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009); see Clark v. State, 365 S.W.3d 333, 339 (Tex.Crim.App.

2012); see also Yazdchi v. State, 428 S.W.3d 831, 844 (Tex.Crim.App. 2014) (failure to object at

trial may waive even errors of constitutional magnitude). We overrule Issue One.

                                       Sufficiency of the Evidence

        In his second issue, Appellant contends the trial court erred in failing to grant his motion

for directed verdict because the State failed to prove the elements necessary to support his

conviction for criminal trespass.4 A challenge to a trial court’s ruling on a motion for directed


4
  The information also charged Appellant with hunting an exotic animal on Pickett’s property without consent and
criminal trespass while carrying a deadly weapon. The jury found Appellant guilty of only criminal trespass.
                                                       9
verdict is actually a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the conviction.

Madden v. State, 799 S.W.2d 683, 686 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990).

                                        Standard of Review

        We review sufficiency complaints under the legal-sufficiency standard enunciated in

Jackson v. Virginia. Fernandez v. State, 479 S.W.3d 835, 837 (Tex.Crim.App. 2016); Brooks v.

State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010). The relevant inquiry is “whether, after

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could

have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Fernandez, 479

S.W.3d at 837–38 (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789. 61 L.Ed.2d

560 (1979)). If a rational fact finder could have so found, we will not disturb the verdict on

appeal. Id. at 838; see also Temple v. State, 390 S.W.3d 341, 363 (Tex.Crim.App. 2013).

        Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing guilt, and

circumstantial evidence alone may be sufficient to establish guilt. Dobbs v. State, 434 S.W.3d

166, 170 (Tex.Crim.App. 2014). The jury is the sole judge of credibility and weight to be

attached to the testimony of witnesses. Id. at 170 (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S.Ct. at

2789). When the record supports conflicting inferences, we presume that the jury resolved the

conflicts in favor of the verdict, and we defer to that determination. Id.; see also Clayton v. State,

235 S.W.3d 772, 778 n.12 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007) (observing that it is the fact finder’s duty “to

resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from

basic facts to ultimate facts”).

                                        The State’s Burden




                                                 10
       We measure the sufficiency of the evidence by the elements of the offense as defined by a

hypothetically correct jury charge. Miles v. State, 357 S.W.3d 629, 631 (Tex.Crim.App. 2011)

(citing Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997)). A hypothetically correct

jury charge “accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment, does not unnecessarily

increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State's theories of liability, and

adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was tried.” Id. The Texas

Penal Code provides that a person commits criminal trespass if the person enters or remains on or

in property of another without effective consent, and the person had notice that the entry was

forbidden. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 30.05 (a)(1) (West Supp. 2016). Notice that the entry was

forbidden can be given by fencing or other enclosure obviously designed to exclude intruders or to

contain livestock, or a sign or signs posted on the property indicating that entry is forbidden that

are reasonably likely to come to the attention of intruders.          TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §

30.05(b)(2)(B, C) (West Supp. 2016). The information alleged that Appellant “did then and there

intentionally and knowingly enter on property of another, to-wit: Nathan Pickett, without the

effective consent the owner, Nathan Pickett, and the said Defendant had notice that the entry was

forbidden[.]” Under a hypothetically correct charge, the State was required to prove beyond a

reasonable doubt that Appellant intentionally and knowingly entered Pickett’s property without

his consent and with notice that the entry was forbidden.

                                              Analysis

       Appellant’s argument in his brief on sufficiency of the evidence simply sets out verbatim

what he argued to the trial court in his motion for directed verdict. Appellant’s brief fails to




                                                 11
present any analysis of exactly how the evidence was insufficient. 5 Although the briefing is

deficient, we will liberally construe Appellant’s brief as attacking the sufficiency of all the

elements of criminal trespass.

         Pickett’s testimony established that he owned the property and that he had not given

Appellant and the others permission to enter his property. And Appellant admitted at trial that he

had entered Pickett’s property without his permission. Appellant’s position at trial was that he

did not intentionally or knowingly6 enter Pickett’s property without his consent because he had

been misinformed that the property belonged to Seth Winkler’s father, and that he did not have

notice that his entry was forbidden.

         Appellant’s position on intent was buttressed by the testimony of Christopher and his

mother that Seth told them the property belonged to his father that Seth had permission to hunt on

the property at any time. Appellant claimed that if he had known it was not Seth’s property, he

would never have gone on the trip.                   While this testimony constitutes some evidence that

Appellant may have lacked the necessary intent or knowledge, the mere existence of a reasonable

alternative hypothesis does not render the evidence factually insufficient. Goodman v. State, 66

S.W.3d 283, 287 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001). Here, the jury heard other circumstantial evidence of

mens rea from which they could reasonably conclude that Appellant knew that the property was

not owned by Seth Winkler’s father and had knowingly and intentionally entered Pickett’s

property without his consent.


5
   As to criminal trespass, Appellant argued broadly to the trial court only that the State failed to prove that he
intentionally or knowingly entered the property without Pickett’s consent.
6
   A person acts intentionally, or with intent, with respect to the nature of his conduct or to a result of his conduct, when
it is his conscious objective or desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.03(a)
(West 2011). A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to the nature of his conduct or to
circumstances surrounding his conduct when he is aware of the nature of his conduct or that the circumstances exist.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.03(b) (West 2011).
                                                            12
       Christopher claimed that they entered the property at night from the southeast corner and

did not encounter any fences, locked gates, or “no trespassing” signs that would have alerted him

that Pickett owned the property. But Pickett testified that entry and access to his cabin was

impossible from the southeast and that his property was protected by fencing, locked gates, and

numerous no trespassing signs, some of which—like the front gate—were marked with the name

“Pickett.” Pickett testified not only that access was impossible from the southeast corner but also

that the lock on the front gate had been shot in an attempt to gain entry and that the rock barriers

had been moved to gain access around the gate. The jury could have reasonably inferred from this

evidence that the entire hunting party entered not from the southeast, but from the front gate, and

knowing the property did not belong to Seth’s father, attempted to destroy the lock to gain access,

and then moved the barriers in order to drive around the front gate. Christopher also admitted that

he and his companions left trash around the cabin, knocked down the carport gate and gatepost,

and cut down the distinctive sun awning—actions the jury could have reasonably concluded were

inconsistent with a claimed belief that the property was owned by Seth Winkler’s father. The jury

could have also concluded that the awning was used to cover up the aoudad heads from detection

on the return trip, showing knowledge that the aoudad had been illegally hunted. From all this

evidence, the jury could have rejected Appellant’s assertion that he thought they had permission to

enter the property and reasonably concluded that Appellant intentionally and knowingly entered

the property knowing it was not owned by Seth Winkler’s father.

       Proof of a culpable mental state generally relies upon circumstantial evidence. Dillon v.

State, 574 S.W.2d 92, 94 (Tex.Crim.App. 1978); Knight v. State, 457 S.W.3d 192, 199 (Tex.App.

– El Paso 2015, pet. ref’d). Ordinarily, proof of a culpable mental state must be inferred from the


                                                13
acts, words, and conduct of the accused and the surrounding circumstances. Ledesma v. State,

677 S.W.2d 529, 531 (Tex.Crim.App.1984); Knight, 457 S.W.3d at 199. The jury was not

required to believe Appellant’s claims that he mistakenly believed that the property was owned by

Seth’s father and not by Pickett. The jury was free to believe some, all, or none of the testimony

and other evidence presented. See McFarland v. State, 928 S.W.2d 482, 496 (Tex.Crim.App.

1996). In sum, the evidence was sufficient to allow the jury to reject Appellant’s defensive theory

of mistake and to conclude that Appellant both knowingly and intentionally entered Pickett’s

property without his consent.

       Likewise the evidence was sufficient to establish that Appellant entered the property with

notice that the entry was forbidden. First, the property was protected by fencing and a locked

front gate, giving notice that entry was forbidden, and the jury could have reasonably concluded

that Appellant and his companions entered the property through the front-gate and not from the

southeast as claimed, and that after unsuccessfully attempting to shoot the lock off the front gate,

they moved the rock barricades to gain entry. Second, the evidence also demonstrated that the

property was protected by numerous “no trespassing” signs that were reasonably likely to come to

the attention of intruders, some of which were marked with the “Pickett” name. Under the

criminal trespass statute, either was sufficient to demonstrate that entry was forbidden. See

Jackson v. State, 3 S.W.3d 58, 62 (Tex.App. – Dallas 1999, no pet.) (fencing around house was

sufficient to provide notice that entry was forbidden); Matter of D.L.K., 690 S.W.2d 654, 655

(Tex.App. – Eastland 1985, no pet.) (fencing and locked gates were sufficient to provide notice

that entry was forbidden); Leal v. State, 736 S.W.2d 907, 913 (Tex.App. – Corpus Christi 1987),

pet. dism’d, 773 S.W.2d 296 (Tex.Crim.App. 1989) (per curiam) (entry on ranch through locked


                                                14
gate bearing a “No Trespassing” sign, by cutting chain securing the gate, “was a clear violation of

Texas’ criminal trespass statute”).

       Having considered all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude a

rational juror could have found the essential elements of the offense of criminal trespass beyond a

reasonable doubt. We overrule Appellant’s second issue.

                                        CONCLUSION

       We affirm the trial court’s judgment.


                                               YVONNE T. RODRIGUEZ, Justice
January 25, 2017

Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, and Hughes, JJ.
Hughes, J., not participating

(Do Not Publish)




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