                                          COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


            Present: Judges Humphreys, O’Brien and AtLee
            Argued at Norfolk, Virginia
PUBLISHED




            LAMBERTO MALDONADO, A/K/A
             LAMBERTO MOLDANADO
                                                                                OPINION BY
            v.      Record No. 0254-18-1                                 JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS
                                                                                JULY 16, 2019
            COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                            FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY
                                         W. Revell Lewis, III, Judge

                           Brandon L. Wilder (Bush & Taylor, P.C., on brief), for appellant.

                           Robert H. Anderson, III, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                           Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                    Following a bench trial on December 28, 2017, the Circuit Court of Northampton County

            (“circuit court”) found appellant Lamberto Maldonado (“Maldonado”) guilty of misdemeanor

            obstruction of justice, in violation of Code § 18.2-460(A).1 The circuit court later sentenced

            Maldonado to twelve months in jail, with nine months suspended. On appeal, Maldonado argues

            that “[t]he [circuit] court erred in denying [his] motion to strike and finding him guilty of

            obstruction when the evidence was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that [he]

            either hindered the authorities’ ability to perform their job or made the authorities’ job more

            difficult.”




                    1
                     The circuit court also convicted Maldonado’s daughter, Sonia Maldonado, of
            obstruction of justice in a joint bench trial. This Court dismissed her appeal by order dated
            August 17, 2018, for failure to timely file a petition for appeal.
                                       I. BACKGROUND

       The evidence reflects that on the evening and early morning hours of December 29-30,

2016, Maldonado’s son, Everardo, was at Kelly’s Pub in Cape Charles. Before arriving at

Kelly’s Pub, Everardo picked up a friend, Justin Travis (“Travis”), in a Nissan pickup truck

registered to Maldonado. Everardo and Travis then traveled to Kelly’s Pub and proceeded to

consume alcoholic beverages.

       Raven Brady (“Brady”), an acquaintance of both Everardo and Travis, was at Kelly’s Pub

that same evening. Brady and Everardo exchanged phone numbers that night. According to

Brady, both Everardo and Travis were drinking alcohol at Kelly’s Pub. She also described

Travis as “extremely intoxicated—basically sleeping at the bar, and Everardo wasn’t as

intoxicated, but there were indications that they were tipsy.” Brady left Kelly’s Pub about the

same time as Everardo and Travis. As Everardo and Travis left, Brady witnessed Everardo in the

driver’s seat of the pickup truck and Travis in the passenger seat.

       Brady received a telephone call from Everardo at approximately 2:33 a.m. According to

Everardo, “there had been some type of accident.” Everardo also asked Brady to “come and get

him.” Though Brady told Everardo that she would come and get him, she did not do so.

       At approximately 3:10 a.m., Deputy Roger Pike (“Deputy Pike”) of the Northampton

County Sheriff’s Office was dispatched to investigate a car accident off of northbound Route 184

in Northampton County. When Deputy Pike arrived at the scene of the accident, he saw that a

Nissan pickup truck had lost control on the right side of the highway, rolled over, hit a ditch, and

made several turns. The pickup truck came to rest approximately 100-200 feet off the highway.

Deputy Pike stated that the pickup truck was not easily visible from the highway. Additionally,

while Deputy Pike did not see anyone inside or around the scene of the accident upon his arrival,

he found a cell phone inside of the pickup truck.

                                                -2-
       During Deputy Pike’s investigation, Maldonado’s daughter, Sonia, approached the scene

of the accident and identified herself. Deputy Pike noted that Sonia arrived at the scene of the

accident approximately ten minutes after he did. During this initial encounter, Deputy Pike

explained to Sonia that he was attempting to find the driver of the pickup truck. Sonia told

Deputy Pike that the pickup truck was registered to her father, Maldonado, but “that someone

took the truck from her dad’s.” Sonia also stated that she “didn’t know who had taken [the

pickup truck], and then she started asking questions later on about how to report it stolen.”

Before leaving the scene of the accident, Sonia provided Deputy Pike with her cell phone

number.

       Deputy Pike spoke with Maldonado at approximately 3:47 a.m. at Maldonado’s home—

the registered address for the pickup truck. Deputy Pike asked Maldonado if he knew where the

pickup truck was or if anyone had taken it. Maldonado, however, only answered Deputy Pike’s

questions with the assistance of Sonia as a translator. Further, Deputy Pike indicated that he did

not know if Maldonado understood the questions that he asked. The record does not reflect any

substance of the conversation between Deputy Pike and Maldonado.

       Virginia State Trooper Daniel Wallace (“Trooper Wallace”) also investigated the pickup

truck accident. Similar to Deputy Pike, Trooper Wallace stated that the accident was not easily

visible from the highway. Trooper Wallace called Sonia with the phone number that she

provided to Deputy Pike. During the conversation, Sonia informed Trooper Wallace that the

pickup truck was stolen from her father’s home and that she did not know who took the vehicle.

Trooper Wallace also informed Sonia that she could be charged with obstruction of justice if she

made any false statements to the police. Sonia subsequently became what Trooper Wallace

“consider[ed] aggressive . . . and insisted that the vehicle had been stolen.”




                                                -3-
       At some point during the investigation, Trooper Wallace traced the cell phone discovered

by Deputy Pike to Travis. When Trooper Wallace called Sonia a second time and asked if she

knew Travis, Sonia denied knowing Travis “or why he would be inside of the vehicle.”

       Around 8:30 a.m. that morning, Trooper Wallace visited Maldonado’s home with Deputy

William Lewis (“Deputy Lewis”) of the Northampton County Sheriff’s Office. Trooper Wallace

hoped to learn more about the pickup truck accident and locate the driver. At the time, it was

Trooper Wallace’s understanding that Maldonado’s son, Everardo, also resided at the home.

Upon arriving at Maldonado’s home, Trooper Wallace identified himself to Maldonado and

spoke with him in English. When Trooper Wallace asked Maldonado if he knew the reason for

the visit, Maldonado replied in “clear and precise” English that “[m]y truck was stolen.”

Maldonado also “made a gesture to a parking space that would be at the end of the [residence].”

Additionally, when Trooper Wallace questioned Maldonado about his son Everardo and if

Everardo was home, Maldonado responded by stating that he had not seen Everardo and that

Everardo was not home.

       Trooper Wallace stated that he “felt very confident that [Maldonado] understood that we

were trying to speak to his son.” Similarly, Deputy Lewis noted that he and Maldonado

conversed in English and stated that he could understand Maldonado’s responses to his questions

“perfectly.”

       After speaking with Maldonado “for a good ten to fifteen minutes,” Trooper Wallace and

Deputy Lewis asked Maldonado to see if Everardo was inside the house. Maldonado then

“pulled his phone from out of his pocket” and stated “[w]e need to call my daughter Sonia.”

Maldonado subsequently held an extended, fifteen to twenty-minute conversation with Sonia in

Spanish. Trooper Wallace also spoke to Sonia on Maldonado’s phone. Trooper Wallace

explained to Sonia that he believed that Everardo was the driver of the pickup truck and that he

                                               -4-
wanted to speak with Everardo. After ending his phone call with Sonia, Maldonado went inside

his home and spoke with someone out of the officers’ view for approximately ten minutes.

Trooper Wallace and Deputy Lewis later identified the individual that Maldonado was speaking

with as Everardo.

       Maldonado eventually allowed Trooper Wallace and Deputy Lewis inside his home,

where the officers immediately encountered Everardo. When Trooper Wallace and Deputy

Lewis asked Everardo about his knowledge of the pickup truck accident, Everardo denied any

involvement and explained that he never left home the night of the accident. According to

Trooper Wallace, Everardo “was very shortcoming with us where he wouldn’t answer us directly

on a lot of questions that we asked . . . . He’d just say, I don’t know.” At one point during the

conversation, Deputy Lewis noticed abrasions on one of Everardo’s hands and asked about the

injury. Everardo quickly replied that he was “a water man” who “gets cuts all the time.”

       Later that same morning, Deputy Lewis learned from Travis’s employer that Travis was

at Sentara Norfolk Hospital. Deputy Lewis subsequently spoke with Travis on the phone. He

also met with Travis after Travis was discharged from the hospital. According to Deputy Lewis,

Travis told him “what had happened” the night of the pickup truck accident.

       On July 10, 2017, Maldonado was directly indicted on one count of providing a false

report to a law enforcement official, in violation of Code § 18.2-461, and one count of

obstruction of justice, in violation of Code § 18.2-460. During the subsequent bench trial, which

took place on December 28, 2017, the Commonwealth called Brady, Deputy Pike, Trooper

Wallace, Deputy Lewis, and Travis as witnesses, among others. During their testimony, both

Trooper Wallace and Deputy Lewis noted Maldonado’s initial reluctance to aid the police with

their investigation. Additionally, Travis confirmed that Everardo had been driving the truck on

the night of the crash. Although he had very little recollection of the accident or the immediate

                                               -5-
aftermath, Travis recalled Maldonado telling him to wake up because there had been an accident.

Travis was also certain that Maldonado had been at the accident scene, stating that Maldonado’s

face was the only thing he recognized “at the whole scene.”

        After the Commonwealth rested, the circuit court granted Maldonado’s motion to strike

the false report charge but denied it as to the remaining obstruction of justice offense. At the

conclusion of all the evidence, the circuit court convicted Maldonado of misdemeanor

obstruction of justice. This appeal follows.

                                            II. ANALYSIS

                                        A. Standard of Review

        “In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, ‘the

relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime

beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Melick v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 122, 144 (2018) (quoting

Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 257 (2003) (en banc)). “This familiar standard gives

full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to

weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.”

Burrous v. Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 275, 279 (2017) (quoting Kelly, 41 Va. App. at

257-58). In conducting our analysis, we are mindful that “determining the credibility of the

witnesses and the weight afforded the testimony of those witnesses are matters left to the trier of

fact, who has the ability to hear and see them as they testify.” Miller v. Commonwealth, 64

Va. App. 527, 536 (2015) (citing Commonwealth v. Taylor, 256 Va. 514, 518 (1998)).

                                       B. Obstruction of Justice

        Maldonado argues that the evidence adduced at trial was insufficient to support his

obstruction of justice conviction. Maldonado contends that he “never resisted” the law

                                                  -6-
enforcement investigation of the accident. Maldonado admits that he initially told law

enforcement officials that his truck was stolen and falsely denied knowledge of Everardo’s

whereabouts. He adds, however, that “soon thereafter” he “advised [law enforcement] that

Everardo was at home and let them speak with Everardo.” Accordingly, Maldonado argues that

while his “initial report may have frustrated law-enforcement’s investigation, the statements did

not prevent, or impede their efforts to conduct an investigation.”

        Maldonado was indicted and convicted under Code § 18.2-460(A).2 That statute

provides, in pertinent part, that

                [i]f any person without just cause knowingly obstructs . . . any
                law-enforcement officer . . . in the performance of his duties as
                such or fails or refuses without just cause to cease such obstruction
                when requested to do so by such . . . law-enforcement officer . . . ,
                he is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.

“To constitute an obstruction of an officer in the performance of his duty, it is not necessary that

there be an actual or technical assault upon the officer[.]” Jordan v. Commonwealth, 273 Va.

639, 648 (2007) (quoting Jones v. Commonwealth, 141 Va. 471, 478-79 (1925)). Rather, our

Supreme Court has consistently explained that

                there must be acts clearly indicating an intention on the part of the
                accused to prevent the officer from performing his duty, as to
                “obstruct” ordinarily implies opposition or resistance by direct
                action . . . . It means to obstruct the officer himself not merely to
                oppose or impede the process with which the officer is armed.

Id. (quoting Jones, 141 Va. at 478-79). Acts sufficient for an obstruction conviction “may be

either active or passive.” Thorne v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 248, 255 (2016).

        We also recognize, however, that “obstruction of justice does not occur when a person

fails to cooperate fully with an officer or when the person’s conduct merely renders the officer’s




        Subsection (A) prohibits obstruction of justice without “threats or force.” Compare
        2

Code § 18.2-460(A), with Code § 18.2-460(B).
                                             -7-
task more difficult but does not impede or prevent the officer from performing that task.”

Ruckman v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 428, 429 (1998). “Consequently, actions that make an

officer’s discharge of his or her duty simply more difficult, but achievable, do not constitute

obstruction of justice without force.” Thorne, 66 Va. App. at 255 (citing Jones, 141 Va. at

477-80).

       Here, Maldonado relies upon Ruckman and argues that because he did not prevent

Trooper Wallace and Deputy Lewis from ultimately interviewing Everardo, his actions and

behavior merely inconvenienced them. The Attorney General, in turn, relies upon Thorne to

assert that the approximately forty-minute delay in interviewing Everardo was a sufficient

impediment to the law enforcement investigation to amount to obstruction of justice. However,

neither party addresses an ancillary point we think important to resolving the issue before us:

under these circumstances, did Maldonado owe any legal duty to cooperate with the law

enforcement officers in the conduct of their investigation?

       Our Supreme Court has never explicitly addressed the elements of the offense set forth in

Code § 18.2-460(A). It has, however, addressed the elements of the similar offense in subsection

C of that statute. See Washington v. Commonwealth, 273 Va. 619, 625 (2007) (characterizing

the elements of the offenses set forth in subsections A and B as “straightforward”). Pursuant to

such guidance and other precedent from our Supreme Court, we have previously applied a

two-step analysis to determine whether the evidence was sufficient to prove obstruction of

justice under that statute. See Molinet v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 572, 578 (2015). First,

the evidence must be sufficient for a rational fact finder to conclude that the accused’s “actions

did, in fact, prevent a law-enforcement officer from performing his duties.” Id. Second, the

evidence must be sufficient for a rational fact finder to conclude that the accused acted with an

intent to obstruct—i.e., prevent—an officer from performing his or her duty. Id. at 580-81; see

                                                -8-
also Thorne, 66 Va. App. at 256 (“As long as the obstructive behavior ‘clearly indicat[es] an

intention on the part of the accused to prevent the officer from performing his duty,’ the evidence

proves the offense.” (citation omitted)).

       As a preliminary matter, Maldonado’s assignment of error does not challenge the

sufficiency of the evidence to prove his intent to prevent law enforcement officers from

questioning Everardo—and we assume without deciding that the second element required for an

obstruction conviction under Code § 18.2-460(A) is satisfied. See Rule 5A:12(c)(1)(i) (“Only

assignments of error assigned in the petition for appeal will be noticed by this Court.”). Instead,

Maldonado’s assignment of error only addresses whether his actions prevented a law

enforcement officer from performing his duty. Accordingly, we limit our appellate review to

that issue. It then follows that our analysis of Maldonado’s assignment of error necessarily

begins with a determination of what sort of acts the General Assembly intended to criminalize

when it prohibited “[o]bstruct[ing] any law enforcement officer . . . in the performance of his

duties.” Code § 18.2-460(A).

       Ascertaining the General Assembly’s intent in promulgating Code § 18.2-460(A) must

begin with a review of the common law, since we trace the modern crime of obstruction of

justice to a common law category of offenses related to the fair and orderly administration of

justice. The common law remains the law of the Commonwealth unless modified by the General

Assembly. See Code § 1-200. Sir William Blackstone noted that the common law considered

some twenty-two different intentional acts as “Offenses Against Public Justice.”3 Most of the


       3
         In summary, Blackstone lists the following as examples of offenses against public
justice: embezzling; vacating or falsifying court records; subornation of perjury or
manufacturing false evidence by a public officer; obstructing the execution of a lawful process;
escape by a person from custody; escape from jail or prison; assisting another to escape from
custody or imprisonment; accepting a reward under false pretenses; receiving stolen goods;
bribery of a witness; bribery or attempting to corruptly influence public officers, witnesses, and

                                               -9-
offenses categorized by Blackstone have been codified in the Commonwealth as separate

offenses such as perjury, bribery, escape, and barratry. See generally Code §§ 18.2-434 to

-480.1 (listing “crimes against the administration of justice” in the Commonwealth).

Significantly, we note that the common law did not, without more, criminalize either lying to a

law enforcement officer or a failure to cooperate fully with an investigation, as sufficient to

constitute an offense against the administration of justice. Indeed, the common law analogue to

Code § 18.2-460(A) was, as Blackstone phrased it, “obstructing the execution of lawful process.”

4 William Blackstone, Commentaries *129.

       We further note that the General Assembly did create other statutory offenses, separate

from obstruction of justice, that criminalized both lying to, and the failure to assist, law

enforcement officers, provided that certain additional conditions were met. For example, Code

§ 18.2-462 makes it a criminal offense to “delay, impede, obstruct, prevent, or hinder the

investigation, apprehension, prosecution, conviction or punishment of any person.” However,

that statute specifically exempts members of a suspect’s immediate family—including a parent

such as Maldonado—from its application. Likewise, Code § 18.2-461 punishes lying to a law

enforcement officer, but only in the context of making a false report—a separate offense from

obstruction of justice that Maldonado was indicted for but acquitted of. Similarly, Code

§ 18.2-463 criminalizes the failure to assist a law enforcement officer in a criminal case provided

one is expressly told by a law enforcement officer that they are required to provide specific

assistance in the execution of a specific duty. Thus, we conclude that in creating such separate




jurors; compounding a felony; barratry; champerty or intermeddling in a lawsuit to which one is
not a party; commencing a prosecution for personal gain; conspiracy to indict an innocent
person; perjury; gross negligence or corruption of judges, magistrates, and law enforcement
officers; and extortion through the abuse of the office of a judge, magistrate, or law enforcement
officer. See generally 4 William Blackstone, Commentaries *127-41.

                                                - 10 -
offenses, the General Assembly did not consider that either the common law or Code

§ 18.2-460(A) already criminalized either lying to a law enforcement officer, without more, or

refusing to admit law enforcement officers who lack either an arrest warrant or search warrant to

one’s home to further an investigation.4

       We are unpersuaded by the Attorney General’s counter-argument that the circuit court

must have impliedly concluded that Maldonado “conspired” with Sonia to “cover up the criminal

operation of [Maldonado’s] pickup truck by Everardo[.]”5 We also must reject the Attorney

General’s argument that Maldonado’s actions during his earlier encounter with law enforcement

officers—Deputy Pike’s first visit to Maldonado’s home the night of the accident—standing

alone amounted to obstruction of justice under Code § 18.2-460(A). We reach this conclusion

because the record is insufficient to permit us to evaluate the Commonwealth’s argument. The

evidence reflects only that Deputy Pike spoke with Maldonado at approximately 3:47 a.m. the

night of the pickup truck accident. This conversation took place on Maldonado’s property, with

Sonia acting as an interpreter for Deputy Pike and Maldonado. Aside from describing the timing

and circumstances of the conversation, however, the record does not reflect its substance. At no

point did Deputy Pike testify about the questions that he asked Maldonado or Maldonado’s



       4
         Other jurisdictions have reached similar conclusions by either making it a separate
crime to lie to a law enforcement officer concerning an investigation or by affirmatively
recognizing inherent limits to the crime of obstructing justice. See, e.g., 18 U.S.C. § 1001
(making it a felony to “knowingly and willfully . . . make[] any materially false, fictitious, or
fraudulent statement or representation” in the course of “any matter within the jurisdiction of the
executive, legislative, or judicial branch” of the federal government). But see United States v.
Surasky, 976 F.2d 242, 246 (5th Cir. 1992) (“[A] false statement made by a defendant to law
enforcement officers cannot constitute an obstruction of justice unless the statement obstructs or
impedes the investigation at issue significantly.” (emphasis added)).
       5
        We note that a conspiracy is a separate offense defined as “an agreement between two
or more persons by some concerted action to commit an offense.” Carr v. Commonwealth, 69
Va. App. 106, 117 (2018) (quoting Wright v. Commonwealth, 224 Va. 502, 505 (1982)).
Maldonado was not convicted or even charged with conspiracy.
                                             - 11 -
responses to his questions. Therefore, without speculating, we cannot discern what effect

Maldonado’s actions or answers had on the conduct of Deputy Pike’s investigation.

       Reviewing the record and considering binding precedent from this Court and our

Supreme Court, we conclude that the evidence adduced at trial requires us to reach a similar

conclusion regarding Maldonado’s subsequent conversation with Trooper Wallace and Deputy

Lewis the next morning.

       The Commonwealth principally relies upon Thorne, essentially arguing that if causing a

nine-minute delay in the investigation amounted to obstruction of justice in that case, surely the

approximately forty-minute delay in Trooper Wallace and Deputy Lewis’s ability to pursue the

investigation in this case must also constitute obstruction of justice.6

       A cursory reading of Thorne may suggest an apparent conflict with our holding in

Ruckman. However, unlike the situation here, Thorne involved a proper detention based upon

reasonable suspicion of the commission of a traffic offense pursuant to Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1

(1968), and its progeny. Thus, while the defendant in Thorne was not required to assist the

officer with his investigation, she was required to allow him to conduct it. Indeed, Thorne was

properly detained and not free to go about her business until the officer’s reasonable suspicions

concerning the window tint on her vehicle were either confirmed or dispelled—including by



       6
          In Thorne, we affirmed the obstruction of justice conviction of a defendant who, for
some nine minutes, refused a police officer’s repeated commands to lower her car windows for a
“window tint” inspection. Thorne, 66 Va. App. at 250. The evidence in that case reflected that a
police officer conducted a traffic stop of a vehicle suspected of having illegally tinted windows.
Id. at 250-51. After approaching the vehicle, the officer asked Thorne—the driver of the
vehicle—to roll down her window so that he could test the legality of the window tint. Id. at
251. The officer also asked the defendant to allow him to see into the back seat for officer
safety. Id. The defendant, however, refused to roll down her window, despite being asked by
the officer “at least five times.” Id. The defendant told the officer that he had no reason to stop
her, and yelled repeatedly, “I know my rights! You don’t know my rights.” Id. It was not until
backup officers arrived nine minutes later that the defendant complied with the police officer’s
request and allowed him to test the window tint. Id.
                                                - 12 -
removing her from the vehicle if necessary in order to do so. Thus, Thorne was not “merely

making the officer’s job more difficult.” Thorne, 66 Va. App. at 259. Rather, because of her

conduct, the officer “was entirely unable to perform his duties related to the basis for the traffic

stop.” Id.

       Here, Maldonado’s conduct did not prevent or impede Trooper Wallace and Deputy

Lewis from performing their duty since their “duty” to investigate any criminal offense was

necessarily circumscribed by the Fourth Amendment’s constitutional prohibition against a

warrantless entry to a private home without consent or a judicially authorized warrant. As noted

above, this conversation took place on Maldonado’s property at the door to his home. Neither

Trooper Wallace nor Deputy Lewis were armed with either a search warrant or an arrest warrant

for Maldonado’s son, Everardo. Unlike the case in Thorne, neither law enforcement officer

detained or seized Maldonado at any point during the conversation, and Maldonado never

refused a lawful command from either officer. Maldonado simply initially declined Trooper

Wallace and Deputy Lewis’s request to enter his home to see if Everardo was inside the house

and to question Everardo if Everardo was inside. Maldonado also initially falsely denied that

Everardo was present in the home. While Maldonado’s actions resulted in a delay in the

interview of Everardo of approximately forty minutes, the record does not reflect how this delay

constituted a significant impediment to the investigation. Additionally, the evidence reflects that

neither Trooper Wallace nor Deputy Lewis informed Maldonado that they suspected Everardo

was the driver of the pickup truck the night of the accident or otherwise a suspect in a crime.

Instead, the record only indicates that Trooper Wallace and Deputy Lewis asked Maldonado if he

knew the reason for their visit. In response, Maldonado stated that his pickup truck was stolen

and gestured to a parking space near his home. No further information was apparently provided

to Maldonado before Wallace and Lewis requested entry to speak to Everardo.

                                                - 13 -
       Based upon our decision in Ruckman and the overall statutory scheme that requires more

than this record contains to criminalize Maldonado’s actions, we hold that the evidence here was

insufficient to constitute obstruction of justice. In Ruckman, we explained that actions that

merely frustrate a police officer’s investigation, but do not “oppose, impede, or resist” an

officer’s lawful efforts to conduct an investigation, do not constitute obstruction of justice as

contemplated by Code § 18.2-460(A). Ruckman, 28 Va. App. at 431. We conclude that

admonition of Ruckman is applicable here. Undeniably, Maldonado’s evasive answers and

behavior frustrated Trooper Wallace and Deputy Lewis’s investigation for a period of time,

although the record does not reflect if or how this delay impacted the investigation. It is also

clear that Maldonado lied to law enforcement officers concerning Everardo’s presence in his

home delaying his interview by Trooper Wallace and Deputy Lewis for approximately forty

minutes. Lying is broadly prohibited by a far higher power than this Court, and we certainly do

not condone it. However, there is no statute or case law that stands for the proposition that lying

to law enforcement officers during a consensual encounter, or failing to admit them to one’s

home on request, constitutes an obstruction of justice offense in the Commonwealth and as

noted, to the extent similar actions have been criminalized, it has been done via other statutory

offenses that have additional requirements and with which Maldonado was not charged.

       In conclusion, for the reasons stated, we hold that the circuit court erred in denying

Maldonado’s motion to strike the evidence as legally insufficient to support a conviction of

misdemeanor obstruction of justice. Accordingly, we reverse Maldonado’s conviction for that

offense and dismiss Count 2 of the indictment.

                                                                            Reversed and dismissed.




                                                - 14 -
