J-A10037-19


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellee                :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
    KHALID M. HARTH                            :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :       No. 683 EDA 2017

            Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence February 3, 2017
             In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
             Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0002122-2015


BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J.E., LAZARUS, J., and OTT, J.

MEMORANDUM BY GANTMAN, P.J.E.:                        FILED OCTOBER 16, 2019

        Appellant, Khalid M. Harth, appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered in the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas, following his jury

trial conviction for robbery, burglary, conspiracy to commit robbery, and

conspiracy to commit burglary.1          For the following reasons, we vacate the

February 3, 2017 judgment of sentence as well as the amended judgment of

sentence imposed on February 17, 2017, and remand for further proceedings.

        The relevant facts and procedural history of this appeal are as follows.

On January 11, 2015, a group of individuals, including Appellant and co-

defendant, Darren Brown, participated in a home invasion and armed robbery

of several victims. The Commonwealth filed a complaint against Appellant


____________________________________________


1   18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3701(a)(1)(ii), 3502(a)(1), and 903, respectively.
J-A10037-19


and co-defendant on January 22, 2015. On February 24, 2015, a grand jury

indicted Appellant on multiple counts of, inter alia, robbery, burglary,

conspiracy to commit robbery, and conspiracy to commit burglary, stemming

from the January 11th incident.

        On April 7, 2015, the court conducted a scheduling conference, ordered

the Commonwealth to pass discovery by June 22, 2015, and scheduled trial

for September 28, 2015. The relevant docket entry for the April 7 th scheduling

conference provides, in part: “Defense needs videos, FBI extract, 2010 videos,

discovery for DC-14-15-05913 and color photos[.]       Commonwealth has no

medical records. List for status of discovery on 6/22/15.” (Criminal Docket

at 7, unpaginated). The docket entry for June 22, 2015, reads in relevant

part as follows: “Commonwealth not ready—IGJ discovery is not ready to be

passed today. List for status on 7/28/15. … Jury trial on 9/28/15.”2 (Id.).

On July 28, 2015, the Commonwealth requested a continuance to pass

discovery, which the court granted. A July 28, 2015 docket entry titled “Order

Granting Motion for Continuance” states, in relevant part: “Commonwealth

request—Commonwealth to pass IGJ discovery by 7/30/15.” (Id.). On July

30, 2015, the court rescheduled trial for December 14, 2015, in light of the

Pope’s visit to Philadelphia in September 2015. The relevant docket entry

provides, in part: “09/24/15 date blocked, POPE’S VISIT. Had to give this



____________________________________________


2   “IGJ” stands for “indicting grand jury.”

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new date.” (Id. at 8, unpaginated).

      On August 21, 2015, the court rescheduled trial for January 11, 2016.

There is no explanation in the record for the continuance. An August 21, 2015

docket entry titled “Order Granting Motion for Continuance” states, however,

in relevant part: “IGJ discovery to be passed. … Jury trial on 1/11/16.” (Id.

at 9, unpaginated).   On December 29, 2015, the court entered an order

rescheduling trial for January 25, 2016. Again, there is no explanation in the

record for this continuance. Co-defendant’s counsel, however, was on trial in

an unrelated matter on January 25, 2016, and the Commonwealth refused to

sever the case. Also on January 25, 2016, the court rescheduled trial for May

23, 2016.    The relevant docket entry, tilted “Commonwealth Refuses to

Sever—Codefendant Unable to Proceed” provides, in part, as follows:

“Defense attorney on co-defendant case is on [t]rial in Delaware County. …

List for 3-day [j]ury [t]rial—5/23/16[.]” (Id. at 11, unpaginated).

      On May 23, 2016, the scheduled trial date, Appellant filed a motion to

dismiss pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 600.       In his Rule 600 motion, Appellant

asserted the Commonwealth had not exercised due diligence as it had failed

to turn over discovery, which remained outstanding as of May 23, 2016.

Meanwhile, on May 23 and 24, 2016, the court continued trial, because the

court was sitting on an unrelated trial. Each day, the court set the next court

date for the subsequent day, May 24 and May 25, 2016, respectively. Docket

entries for May 23 and 24, 2016, indicate additional discovery remained


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outstanding. On May 25, 2016, the court remained on another trial. That

same day, the court set a Rule 600 hearing for June 2, 2016, and noted it

would reschedule trial following the hearing. A docket entry for May 25, 2016,

states: “Audio discovery passed at the bar of the [c]ourt.” (Id. at 12-13,

unpaginated).

      On June 2, 2016, the court rescheduled trial for November 28, 2016,

and conducted a Rule 600 hearing. During the Rule 600 hearing, Appellant

asserted that throughout the case the Commonwealth had failed to pass

discovery, including voluminous police records defense counsel had only

recently learned existed after counsel happened to have a conversation with

a detective in the courthouse. The Commonwealth offered no explanation for

its failure to turn over discovery and instead claimed Appellant had not

requested the outstanding discovery. (N.T. Rule 600 Hearing, 6/2/16, at 3-

8).

      On June 22, 2016, the court denied Appellant’s Rule 600 motion on the

record. The court stated its conclusion, as follows:

         [THE COURT]:                … The period from when the first
         complaint was filed on or about January 22, 2015, and the
         current date is a total of approximately 516 or [5]17 days
         and subtracting—or roughly speaking 369 days of excusable
         or extendable time, there are a total of 147 days attributable
         to the Commonwealth, more or less, and this is within the
         limit of 365 days, and [Appellant] has not shown that
         the Commonwealth did not exercise due diligence,
         and therefore the motion to dismiss is denied.

(N.T. Rule 600 Disposition Hearing, 6/22/16, at 6) (emphasis added). When


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Appellant subsequently asked the court for clarification regarding the impact

of the Commonwealth’s failure to turn over discovery, the following exchange

took place:

         [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:          Thank you, Your Honor. Just for
         the record, so it’s my understanding that…that you are
         considering the fact that the [c]ourt was on trial and not
         considering the fact that discovery was not complete?

         [THE COURT]:                  Well, it doesn’t matter to me. If
         the [c]ourt’s on trial, the [c]ourt’s on trial. I can’t hold that
         against the Commonwealth. That’s considered extendable
         time.

         [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:        Right, but discovery wasn’t
         complete, and you’re saying that that’s not included?

         [THE COURT]:                Well, I took it into consideration,
         but like I said, what’s just as dispositive to me is the fact
         that I—I’m not going to get into—locked into a response.
         I’m taking that into consideration, the fact that I couldn’t
         have done the case if I wanted to. So, that’s a big factor
         I’m looking at.

                                   *     *   *

         [THE COURT]:             Said   differently,  even     if
         discovery were complete and the [c]ourt were not able to
         do the case, that would not have been held against the
         Commonwealth, right? Do you agree?

         [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:    If discovery had been complete
         and—yes—and the [c]ourt was on trial, that’s excusable
         time.

         [THE COURT]:                  Right, extendable.

(Id. at 6-8).

      The parties proceeded to trial on November 28, 2016, and the

Commonwealth passed to Appellant 15 intended trial exhibits, which the

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defense claimed it had not previously received.3 As a result, Appellant made

an oral motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 600. The court and parties briefly

discussed on the record the outstanding discovery, in part, as follows:

          [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:        And I understand that this was
          not the [prosecutor] that was previously assigned. It was
          Marcus Washington up till April 16 of 2015, when he left
          their office.

          [THE COURT]:                    Okay.

          [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:          However, here’s—the issue is
          due diligence. They’ve had this in their pos[session] since
          the beginning of this case, which was in January of 2015.

          [THE COURT]:               Did you have it in         your
          possession since then, [c]ounsel? Or do you know?

          [COMMONWEALTH]:                 I don’t know.

          [THE COURT]:                    All right.

          [COMMONWEALTH]:          I had to review the file with the
          detective where I had him e-mail me some things. So, I
          don’t know what—what was in—what necessarily should
          have been passed or not complete, to be completely candid
          with Your Honor.

          I know that Mr. Washington sent a letter to both attorneys
          stating that, you know, this is the discovery that will be
          passed. Any further requests need to be handled by—by an
          IGJ judge.

          [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:              Right.

          And if I may just respond to that, Judge. That’s always the
          case. But that means that’s all the discovery they’re going
____________________________________________


3Also on November 28, 2016, co-defendant entered a guilty plea to robbery,
conspiracy to commit robbery, and VUFA offenses. Thus, co-defendant did
not proceed to trial with Appellant.

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        to use at trial.

        [THE COURT]:                Right.

                                *        *     *

        [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:         … And now I’m in court, and I
        have—I mean, that is not an insignificant amount of
        discovery that I’m seeing the morning I’m supposed to pick
        a jury on this case.

(N.T. Jury Trial, 11/28/16, at 12-13).              When the court asked the

Commonwealth if it planned to use at trial most of the 15 exhibits at issue,

the Commonwealth responded that it did not plan to use 10 of the exhibits.

Subsequently, the following exchange took place:

        [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:      And Your Honor, that doesn’t
        excuse that maybe I would need to use these exhibits at
        trial.

                                *        *     *

        [THE COURT]:                 All right. But that’s a separate
        issue from whether or not—if he’s saying he can proceed
        without it and is willing to do it—

        [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:          Judge, that’s not due diligence.

        [THE COURT]:             —that certainly does address
        some of your concerns. It’s up to you whether or not you
        want to use it or not.

        [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:          No.       It doesn’t remedy it, Your
        Honor.

        [THE COURT]:                It       does   remedy   it   to   some
        degree.

                                *        *     *

        [THE COURT]:                … It has less relevance if

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J-A10037-19


           they’re not using it.

(Id. at 16-17). The trial court then announced it would take the Rule 600

motion under advisement so the parties could conduct voir dire that day.

When the court asked if the Commonwealth had a final response to Appellant’s

Rule 600 motion, the Commonwealth responded: “I mean, Your Honor,

frankly, you already denied the motion.         There hasn’t been a change of

circumstance. The last continuance was not on the Commonwealth. So, it

was denied.”       (Id. at 24).    The Commonwealth, however, offered no

explanation for why it had failed throughout the case to turn over discovery

or why it had failed to pass to Appellant the 15 exhibits at issue prior to

November 28, 2016.

      On November 29, 2016, the next day, the court denied Appellant’s

second Rule 600 motion on the record, and explained its rationale in part as

follows:

           [THE COURT]:               …

           … Although the [c]ourt realizes that the defense didn’t have
           the discovery information on or about May of 2016, the
           continuances from then until today were due to the—due to
           the [c]ourt hearing the [Rule] 600(A) motion filed on May
           23, 2016, and also because of a [c]ourt continuance up until
           the current time.       So, all that time really should be
           extendable time. Even if I wanted to do the matter, I wasn’t
           in a position to do it back then because of the other matters.
           So, obviously, that time should not be attributable to the—
           to the Commonwealth.

           The period from when the first complaint was filed on
           January 22, 2015, to the current date of November 2[9],
           2016, is a total of approximately 676 days. Subtracting the

                                       -8-
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         529 days of excusable or extendable time, there are a total
         of 147 days attributable to the Commonwealth, and this is
         within the time limit of 365 days, and [Appellant] has not
         shown that the Commonwealth did not exercise due
         diligence. And therefore the motion to dismiss is denied.

                                     *    *    *

         [THE COURT]:                …I’m incorporating by reference
         some of the findings that I stated previously. I already gave
         findings prior to today’s hearing.

                                 *        *        *

         [THE COURT]:              The    [c]ourt    continued     the
         matter, and its extendable time. All right?

         So, even if the Commonwealth isn’t ready, I’m not
         going to hold the Commonwealth responsible if I’m
         doing other matters. …

(N.T. Trial, 11/29/16, at 22-24) (emphasis added).

      The parties then completed jury selection and proceeded with trial,

during which the jury heard testimony from two Victims and several police

officers who investigated the January 11, 2015 incident.         The trial court

summarized the trial evidence, in relevant part, as follows:

         [Victim 1] testified that he went to the 2200 block of 7 th
         Street and Jackson Street on January 11, 2015, to visit
         three friends for dinner between 6:00 p.m. and 7:00 p.m.
         After a brief stay within the apartment, [Victim 1] said he
         left to get some items from his car parked on the corner of
         7th Street and Jackson Street approximately 30 feet from
         the apartment building’s entrance. As he was returning to
         the apartment entrance, one of the home invaders placed a
         gun at his neck. Although [Victim 1] did not get a clear look
         at the assailant, he described the individual as wearing a
         mask that covered his entire face except for the eyes. The
         man led [Victim 1] to the third floor apartment where his
         friends resided.

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       According to [Victim 1], as they ascended the stairs, the
       man used a cell phone to communicate with his cohorts.
       [Victim 1] then heard two or three individuals running up
       the stairs behind them. Once inside the apartment, the
       gunman instructed [Victim 1] to go to the kitchen, place his
       hands on the wall, and not look behind him. The gunman
       kept his weapon on [Victim 1] and instructed [Victim 1]’s
       friends ([Victim 4] and [Victim 5]) to remain seated at the
       kitchen table—“otherwise they would get shot.” Other men
       then entered the apartment and took…[V]ictims’ cell
       phones.10

          10… The victims were [Victim 1], [Victim 2], [Victim
          3], [Victim 4], [Victim 5], and an unidentified woman.

       [Victim 1] further testified that he overheard the gunman
       instruct a cohort to search one of the other [V]ictims’ car[s]
       for cash. Meanwhile, [Victim 1] heard “somebody trying to
       get out of the house.” Another [V]ictim was taken outside.
       The gunman then forced [Victim 1] down the apartment
       stairs after the other home invaders had left. When the
       gunman shoved [Victim 1], [Victim 1] did not look back out
       of fear for his safety. However, [Victim 1] later told a friend
       what had occurred.

       [Victim 2] testified he was in his apartment at 2227 South
       7th Street with a friend ([Victim 3])13 on January 11, 2015,
       when three masked men entered his room. [Victim 2]
       testified that one of the men pointed a gun at them, while
       the other two demanded money from [Victim 2]. [Victim 2]
       gave them $130.00. The men also took [Victim 2]’s cell
       phone from his bed, demanded more money, and forced him
       to lay down with his face to the floor. The gunman then
       forced [Victim 3] to give them money. One of the men
       subsequently struck [Victim 3] in the head with an object.

          13 [Victim
                   3]…was unavailable to testify during the trial
          as he was out of the country at the time.

       When there was silence, [Victim 2] saw three intruders,
       [Victim 3], and [Victims 1, 4, and 5] standing in the hallway.
       [Victim 2] then locked the door, jumped out of the bedroom
       window to the second floor landing, and borrowed a tenant’s

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J-A10037-19


       phone to call 9-1-1. He remained in the tenant’s apartment
       until the police arrived. When [Victim 2] left the building,
       he saw [Victim 3] being treated in an ambulance for head
       injuries.

       Police Officer Chanta Ung testified that [Victim 3] told him
       during his January 11, 2015 investigation that the intruders
       demanded $25,000. [Victim 3] also confirmed that one of
       the intruders struck him in the head and dragged him to his
       silver Toyota Avalon. Although [Victim 3] later escaped, the
       intruders took his car keys.

       Police Officer Mark Davis testified he stopped a silver Infiniti
       I30 with the license plate number JPY3440 at approximately
       7:00 p.m. on January 21, 2015. The occupants of the
       vehicle included [co-defendant], …Appellant, and Zyfir
       Dorsey. Davis also testified that he recovered a holstered
       [handgun] beneath the driver’s seat.

       Detective Mark McAndrews testified that he was assigned to
       the case on January 12, 2015. McAndrews testified that he,
       Detective Spadaccini, and Detective Eric Johnson canvassed
       the area at 2333 South 7th Street for surveillance video on
       January 12 and 13 of January 2015.           The detectives
       retrieved surveillance videos from three locations.
       However, most of the surveillance depicting the incident was
       retrieved from Mekong Video located at 2218 South 7 th
       Street. The detective watched this video to determine what
       type of vehicle the perpetrators were driving when they fled
       the scene of the incident. After consulting with Major
       Crimes Auto Squad, McAndrews believed the car was most
       likely a silver, four-door 2001 or 2003 Infiniti with a moon
       roof.

       McAndrews later testified that he was travelling westbound
       on the Schuylkill Expressway in his personal vehicle on
       January 16, 2015, when he observed a silver I30 Infiniti
       resembling the vehicle used by the home invaders.
       McAndrews took a picture of the vehicle’s tags with his cell
       phone and relayed it to Detective Vega. McAndrews and
       Vega then reviewed the footage from Mekong Video and
       concluded that the car used by the home invaders on
       January 11, 2015, was the same car McAndrews observed
       on the Expressway. McAndrews also learned that the

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       vehicle had recently been stopped by the police in South
       Philadelphia on December 15, 2014, and on January 5,
       2015. On these dates, [co-defendant] was the driver
       and…Appellant was a passenger.

       McAndrews later instructed Officer Mark Davis and Officer
       Joe Caruso to investigate whether the I30 Infiniti was
       involved in the January 11, 2015 robbery. On January 21,
       2015, Davis and Caruso informed McAndrews that they had
       stopped the vehicle. At the time, there were several
       occupants (including…Appellant) in the vehicle.

       On January 22, 2015, McAndrews showed…Appellant the
       video after reading his Miranda rights. While watching the
       video, …Appellant identified [co-defendant] and himself as
       two of three individuals who were exiting the Infiniti at 2218
       South 7th Street around 8:00 p.m. on the night of the
       robbery. The video showed…Appellant extending his head
       out of the rear driver-side door and looking southbound on
       7th Street. It also showed…Appellant exiting the vehicle,
       walking around the corner and onto Tree Street, and
       returning to the car. It further showed…Appellant stepping
       out of the car (arguably as a “lookout”) before getting back
       in the vehicle when the home invaders exited the apartment
       with [Victim 3]. Lastly, it showed [co-defendant] driving
       down Tree Street after the intruders returned to the Infiniti.

       On January 23, 2015, Detectives McAndrews and Spadaccini
       searched the silver 2001 I30 Infiniti and recovered:
       [handgun ammunition], [co-defendant]’s wallet, a key fob
       to a Toyota automobile, and a set of house keys.
       McAndrews testified that the keys were the same ones taken
       from [Victim 3] on the night of the robbery. McAndrews
       further testified that a search warrant was executed
       at…Appellant’s residence on January 22, 2015.           When
       executing     the   warrant,      the      police   recovered
       from…Appellant’s      bedroom         one…handgun[        and
       ammunition].      Ammunition recovered from…Appellant’s
       residence also matched the ammunition and handgun
       recovered from the silver I30 Infiniti stopped on January 21,
       2015.

       Detective McAndrews later testified that [co-defendant]’s
       and…Appellant’s cell phones were searched on or about

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         January 27, 2015, and January 29, 2015. According to
         McAndrews, photos recovered from the cell phones
         showed…Appellant and [co-defendant] posing with various
         firearms. According to McAndrews, one of the firearms
         resembled the…handgun recovered from…Appellant’s
         residence.    Another firearm matched the…handgun
         recovered from the I30 Infiniti.

                                  *     *      *

(Trial Court Opinion, filed December 31, 2017, at 3-8) (internal citations to

record and most internal footnotes omitted). On December 2, 2016, the jury

convicted Appellant of three counts each of robbery and burglary, and one

count each of conspiracy to commit robbery and conspiracy to commit

burglary.

      The court conducted a sentencing hearing on February 3, 2017. During

the hearing, the Commonwealth requested restitution in the amount of

$2,000.00, in light of the value of the property Appellant stole from Victim 3.

Victim 3, however, did not testify at trial and was unavailable to testify at the

February 3rd sentencing hearing. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court

sentenced Appellant to an aggregate term of eight (8) to sixteen (16) years’

incarceration, plus six (6) years’ probation, and restitution in the nominal

amount of $10.00. By agreement of the parties, the court imposed restitution

in a nominal amount at sentencing and scheduled a second restitution hearing

for February 17, 2017, to hear Victim 3’s testimony and amend the amount of

restitution. Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal on February 13, 2017.

      On February 17, 2017, the court conducted a restitution hearing.


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Following the hearing, the court entered an amended sentencing order,

increasing the amount of restitution to $1,500.00; Appellant’s incarceration

and probationary terms remained the same. The court ordered Appellant on

March 27, 2017, to file a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal

per Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). On April 7, 2017, Appellant filed a motion for extension

of time to file a concise statement. Appellant filed on August 22, 2017, a Rule

1925(b) statement and contemporaneous application to file the Rule 1925(b)

statement nunc pro tunc.       On September 8, 2017, the court granted

Appellant’s petition to file his concise statement nunc pro tunc.

      On August 15, 2018, Appellant filed in this Court an application to

remand so that Appellant could have an opportunity to amend his Rule

1925(b) statement nunc pro tunc to include a claim regarding jury

instructions.   This Court denied Appellant’s application on September 17,

2018, without prejudice to Appellant to raise it again before the assigned

merits panel.

      Appellant raises three issues for our review:

         DID NOT THE TRIAL COURT ERR AND ABUSE ITS
         DISCRETION IN DENYING THE MOTION TO DISMISS
         PURSUANT TO PA.R.CRIM.P. 600(A)?

         WAS NOT THE EVIDENCE INSUFFICIENT FOR CONVICTION
         ON ALL CHARGES HERE, AS THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE OF
         [APPELLANT] BEING THE DOER OR ACCOMPLICE OF ANY
         ROBBERY OR BURGLARY NOR ANY EVIDENCE OF A
         CONSPIRATORIAL AGREEMENT OR OF [APPELLANT]’S
         INTENT TO AID THE DOERS?

         DID NOT     THE TRIAL     COURT     ERR AND      ABUSE ITS

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         DISCRETION   IN   DENYING    DEFENSE  COUNSEL’S
         REQUESTED JURY INSTRUCTION, WHICH CLARIFIED THAT
         [APPELLANT] COULD NOT BE FOUND GUILTY OF THE
         SUBSTANTIVE    CRIMES   AT    ISSUE  UNDER     A
         CONSPIRATORIAL THEORY OF LIABILITY?

(Appellant’s Brief at 5).

      As a prefatory matter, in criminal proceedings, an order of restitution is

a sentence (even when imposed as a condition of probation); it is not an award

of damages.    Commonwealth v. Mariani, 869 A.2d 484, 486 (Pa.Super.

2005). Issues concerning a court’s statutory authority to impose restitution

implicate the legality of the sentence, which we can review sua sponte.

Commonwealth v. Deshong, 850 A.2d 712, 713 (Pa.Super. 2004) (stating

timeliness of court’s imposition of restitution concerns legality of sentence).

See also Commonwealth v. Oree, 911 A.2d 169, 172 (Pa.Super. 2006),

appeal denied, 591 Pa. 699, 918 A.2d 744 (2007) (maintaining legality of

sentence claims cannot be waived, given proper jurisdiction, and Superior

Court can review illegal sentences sua sponte). “Issues relating to the legality

of a sentence are questions of law….” Commonwealth v. Diamond, 945

A.2d 252, 256 (Pa.Super. 2008), appeal denied, 598 Pa. 755, 955 A.2d 356

(2008). When the legality of a sentence is at issue, our “standard of review

over such questions is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.” Id. “If

no statutory authorization exists for a particular sentence, that sentence is

illegal and subject to correction.   An illegal sentence must be vacated….”

Commonwealth v. Pombo, 26 A.3d 1155, 1157 (Pa.Super. 2011) (quoting


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Commonwealth v. Bowers, 25 A.3d 349, 352 (Pa.Super. 2011), appeal

denied, 616 Pa. 666, 51 A.3d 837 (2012)).

     The Crimes Code governs the imposition of restitution as follows:

        § 1106. Restitution for injuries to person or property

           (a) General rule.―Upon conviction for any crime
        wherein property has been stolen, converted or otherwise
        unlawfully obtained, or its value substantially decreased as
        a direct result of the crime, or wherein the victim suffered
        personal injury directly resulting from the crime, the
        offender shall be sentenced to make restitution in addition
        to the punishment prescribed therefor.

                               *       *       *

           (c)   Mandatory restitution.—

                 (1)   The court shall order full restitution:

                                   *       *       *

                 (2) At the time of sentencing the court shall
           specify the amount and method of restitution. In
           determining the amount and method of restitution, the
           court:

                        (i) Shall consider the extent of injury
                 suffered by the victim, the victim’s request for
                 restitution as presented to the district attorney in
                 accordance with paragraph (4) and such other
                 matters as it deems appropriate.

                                   *       *       *

                 (3) The court may, at any time or upon the
           recommendation of the district attorney that is based on
           information received from the victim and the probation
           section of the county or other agent designated by the
           county commissioners of the county with the approval of
           the president judge to collect restitution, alter or amend
           any order of restitution made pursuant to paragraph (2),

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            provided, however, that the court states its reasons and
            conclusions as a matter of record for any change or
            amendment to any previous order.

                   (4)(i) It shall be the responsibility of the district
            attorneys of the respective counties to make a
            recommendation to the court at or prior to the time of
            sentencing as to the amount of restitution to be ordered.
            This recommendation shall be based upon information
            solicited by the district attorney and received from the
            victim.

                                  *      *      *

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 1106(a), (c)(1), (c)(2)(i), (c)(3)-(4)(i) (emphasis added).

Section 1106(c)(2) includes “the requirement that if restitution is ordered, the

amount    must    be      determined     at     the   time   of   sentencing….”

Commonwealth v. Dinoia, 801 A.2d 1254, 1257 (Pa.Super. 2002)

(emphasis in original).

         It also placed upon the Commonwealth the requirement that
         it provide the court with its recommendation of the
         restitution amount at or prior to the time of sentencing.
         Although the statute provides for amendment or
         modification of restitution “at any time,” 18 Pa.C.S.A. §
         1106(c)(3), the modification refers to an order “made
         pursuant to paragraph (2)….” Thus, the statute mandates
         an initial determination of the amount of restitution at
         sentencing. This provides the defendant with certainty as
         to his sentence, and at the same time allows for subsequent
         modification, if necessary.

Id. (internal citations and footnote omitted).

      Generally, a court “may modify or rescind any order within 30 days after

its entry, notwithstanding the prior termination of any term of court, if no

appeal from such order has been taken or allowed.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5505


                                       - 17 -
J-A10037-19


(emphasis added). In the context of a restitution order, however, a trial court

is divested of jurisdiction to modify the amount of restitution after the

defendant has filed a timely notice of appeal from the judgment of sentence.

Commonwealth v. Weathers, 95 A.3d 908, 912 (Pa.Super. 2014), appeal

denied, 630 Pa. 736, 106 A.3d 726 (2015). The Weathers court reasoned:

         Despite the “at any time” language of section 1106(c)(3),
         we are compelled to conclude that in this case the trial court
         did not have jurisdiction to modify the order of restitution
         due to Appellant’s timely filing of a notice of appeal. [I]t is
         well established that “questions of jurisdiction may be raised
         sua sponte.” See Commonwealth v. Coolbaugh, 770
         A.2d 788, 791 (Pa.Super. 2001) (internal citation omitted).
         After the trial court denied Appellant’s post-sentence
         motion, Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal…. At that
         point, the trial court no longer had jurisdiction to proceed in
         this matter. See Pa.R.A.P. 1701(a) (“Except as otherwise
         prescribed by these rules, after an appeal is taken or review
         of a quasijudicial order is sought, the trial court or other
         government unit may no longer proceed further in the
         matter.”); Commonwealth v. Ledoux, 768 A.2d 1124,
         1125 (Pa.Super. 2001) (“Jurisdiction is vested in the
         Superior Court upon the filing of a timely notice of appeal.”).
         Nevertheless, the trial court entered an order amending the
         amount of restitution [after Appellant had timely filed a
         notice of appeal]. Despite the flexibility granted to the court
         to amend orders of restitution under section 1106(c)(3),
         here the court could not modify the order of restitution
         during a period when it did not have jurisdiction over the
         case.

         … [W]e must vacate the court’s…order amending the
         amount of restitution. Under section 1106(c)(3), the trial
         court may subsequently amend the order of restitution
         when it regains jurisdiction, following the conclusion of this
         appeal, provided that the court states its reasons for doing
         so as a matter of record.

Weathers, supra at 912-13 (internal footnotes and some citations omitted).


                                     - 18 -
J-A10037-19


      Here, the trial court imposed restitution in the amount of $10.00 when

it sentenced Appellant on February 3, 2017, and amended the amount of

restitution on February 17, 2017, following a restitution hearing. Appellant’s

timely filed February 13, 2017 notice of appeal, however, deprived the trial

court of jurisdiction to modify restitution after February 13, 2017. See id.

Therefore, we vacate the February 17, 2017 amended sentencing order,

without prejudice to the Commonwealth to seek modification and the trial

court to modify the order of restitution in compliance with Section 1106(c)(3)

upon restoration of jurisdiction in the trial court. See id.

      As a second prefatory matter, issues not raised in a Rule 1925(b)

concise statement of errors will be deemed waived.           Commonwealth v.

Castillo,   585   Pa.   395,   403,   888   A.2d   775,   780   (2005)   (quoting

Commonwealth v. Lord, 553 Pa. 415, 420, 719 A.2d 306, 309 (1998)).

“Rule 1925(b) waivers may be raised by the appellate court sua sponte.”

Commonwealth v. Hill, 609 Pa. 410, 427, 16 A.3d 484, 494 (2011). The

Rule 1925(b) statement must be “specific enough for the trial court to identify

and address the issue [an appellant] wishe[s] to raise on appeal.”

Commonwealth v. Reeves, 907 A.2d 1, 2 (Pa.Super. 2006), appeal denied,

591 Pa. 712, 919 A.2d 956 (2007).

      Instantly, Appellant failed to raise in his Rule 1925(b) statement any

issue regarding the trial court’s jury instructions.      Accordingly, Appellant’s

third issue is waived for purposes of appellate review. See Castillo, supra.


                                      - 19 -
J-A10037-19


     In his first issue, Appellant argues his speedy trial rights were violated,

because trial commenced over a year after the Commonwealth filed its

criminal complaint. Appellant contends the trial court incorrectly calculated

the number of days that constitute excusable time.        Appellant avers the

Commonwealth’s delay in turning over discovery was not excusable.

Appellant submits discovery was outstanding in May 2016, as of a scheduled

trial date, and again November 2016, immediately before trial commenced.

Appellant concludes the trial court should vacate his convictions and judgment

of sentence and discharge him. We agree some relief is due.

     “In evaluating Rule 600 issues, our standard of review of a trial court’s

decision is whether the trial court abused its discretion.” Commonwealth v.

Hunt, 858 A.2d 1234, 1238 (Pa.Super. 2004) (en banc), appeal denied, 583

Pa. 659, 875 A.2d 1073 (2005).

        The proper scope of review…is limited to the evidence
        on the record of the Rule 600 evidentiary hearing, and
        the findings of the trial court. An appellate court must
        view the facts in the light most favorable to the prevailing
        party.

           Additionally, when considering the trial court’s ruling,
           this Court is not permitted to ignore the dual purpose
           behind Rule 600.      Rule 600 serves two equally
           important functions: (1) the protection of the
           accused’s speedy trial rights, and (2) the protection of
           society. In determining whether an accused’s right to
           a speedy trial has been violated, consideration must
           be given to society’s right to effective prosecution of
           criminal cases, both to restrain those guilty of crime
           and to deter those contemplating it. However, the
           administrative mandate of Rule 600 was not designed
           to insulate the criminally accused from good faith

                                    - 20 -
J-A10037-19


            prosecution delayed       through      no   fault   of   the
            Commonwealth.


                                  *     *      *

            So long as there has been no misconduct on the part
            of the Commonwealth in an effort to evade the
            fundamental speedy trial rights of an accused, Rule
            600 must be construed in a manner consistent with
            society’s right to punish and deter crime.

Id. at 1238-39 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted) (emphasis

added).

      Rule 600 provides, in pertinent part:

          Rule 600. Prompt Trial

          (A)   Commencement of Trial; Time for Trial

                                  *     *      *

          (2)      Trial shall commence within the following time
          periods.

            (a) Trial in a court case in which a written complaint is
            filed against the defendant shall commence within 365
            days from the date on which the complaint is filed.

Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(A)(2)(a). “Rule 600 generally requires the Commonwealth

to bring a defendant…to trial within 365 days of the date the complaint was

filed.” Hunt, supra at 1240. To obtain relief, a defendant must have a valid

Rule 600 claim at the time he files his motion for relief. Id. at 1243.

      “The mechanical run date is the date by which the trial must commence

under Rule 600.” Commonwealth v. McNear, 852 A.2d 401, 406 (Pa.Super.

2004).


                                      - 21 -
J-A10037-19


        It is calculated by adding 365 days (the time for
        commencing trial under Rule 600) to the date on which the
        criminal complaint is filed. The mechanical run date can be
        modified or extended by adding to the date any periods of
        time in which delay is caused by the defendant. Once the
        mechanical run date is modified accordingly, it then
        becomes an adjusted run date.

Id.

      In the context of Rule 600, “excludable time” is differentiated from

“excusable delay” as follows:

        “Excludable time” is defined in Rule 600(C) as the period of
        time between the filing of the written complaint and the
        defendant’s arrest, provided that the defendant could not be
        apprehended because his whereabouts were unknown and
        could not be determined by due diligence; any period of time
        for which the defendant expressly waives Rule 600; and/or
        such period of delay at any stage of the proceedings as
        results from: (a) the unavailability of the defendant or the
        defendant’s attorney; (b) any continuance granted at the
        request of the defendant or the defendant’s attorney.
        “Excusable delay” is not expressly defined in Rule 600, but
        the legal construct takes into account delays which occur as
        a result of circumstances beyond the Commonwealth’s
        control and despite its due diligence.

Hunt, supra at 1241 (internal citations and footnote omitted).          See also

Commonwealth v. Burno, 638 Pa. 264, 313-14, 154 A.3d 764, 793-94

(2017) (explaining excusable delay is not calculated against Commonwealth

in Rule 600 analysis, as long as Commonwealth acted with due diligence at all

relevant times).

      Rule   600   requires   the   trial   court   to   determine   whether   the

Commonwealth exercised due diligence. Commonwealth v. Selenski, 606

Pa. 51, 59, 994 A.2d 1083, 1088 (2010); Pa.R.Crim.P. 600, Comment. “The

                                      - 22 -
J-A10037-19


Commonwealth bears the burden of proving due diligence by a preponderance

of the evidence.” Burno, supra, at 314, 154 A.3d at 794.

          Due diligence is a fact-specific concept that must be
          determined on a case-by-case basis. Due diligence does not
          require perfect vigilance and punctilious care, but rather a
          showing by the Commonwealth that a reasonable effort
          has been put forth.

Commonwealth v. Brown, 875 A.2d 1128, 1138 (Pa.Super. 2005), appeal

denied, 586 Pa. 734, 891 A.2d 729 (2005) (quoting Hunt, supra at 1241-42)

(emphasis in original). “Due diligence includes, among other things, listing a

case for trial prior to the run date, preparedness for trial within the run date,

and keeping adequate records to ensure compliance with Rule 600.”

Commonwealth v. Ramos, 936 A.3d 1097, 1102 (Pa.Super. 2007) (en

banc), appeal denied, 597 Pa. 705, 948 A.2d 803 (2008) (citing Hunt, supra

at 1242).

          Failure to provide mandatory discovery is not a per se basis
          for “excusable delay” of trial. Failure to provide mandatory
          discovery, without more, does not toll the running of the
          adjusted run date. Moreover, if the delay in providing
          discovery is due to either intentional or negligent acts, or
          merely stems from the prosecutor’s inaction, the
          Commonwealth cannot claim that its default was
          “excusable.”

Commonwealth v. Preston, 904 A.2d 1, 12 (Pa.Super. 2006) (en banc),

appeal denied, 591 Pa. 663, 916 A.2d 632 (2007) (internal citations omitted).4

____________________________________________


4Although the Preston Court applied Rule 1013, governing promptness of
municipal court trials, the Court acknowledged Rules 1013 and 600 have



                                          - 23 -
J-A10037-19


       Where the court enters a continuance:

          If the defense does indicate approval or acceptance of the
          continuance, the time associated with the continuance is
          excludable under Rule 600 as a defense request.
          Significantly,   when     the    defendant     signs   the
          Commonwealth’s motion for postponement and registers no
          objection to the postponement…the signed consent without
          objection can be interpreted as consent to the new date….

Hunt, supra at 1241 (internal citations omitted). See also Commonwealth

v. Peterson, 19 A.3d 1131, 1137 (Pa.Super. 2011) (en banc), affirmed, 615

Pa. 587, 44 A.3d 655 (2012) (stating: “A joint continuance is excludable”).

“[T]ime attributable to the normal progression of a case simply is not ‘delay’

for purposes of Rule 600.” Commonwealth v. Mills, 640 Pa. 118, 122, 162

A.3d 323, 325 (2017). “[W]here a trial-ready prosecutor must wait…due to

a court calendar, the time should be treated as ‘delay’ for which the

Commonwealth is not accountable.” Id. (emphasis added). It is “inconsistent

with both the letter and spirt of Rule 600” to state “time during which no one

is prepared for trial—or even possibly could be ready—is ‘delay.’” Id.

       Delay caused by a co-defendant does not constitute excludable time.

Commonwealth v. Hill, 558 Pa. 238, 261-62, 736 A.2d 578, 590-91 (1999).

Delay associated with a co-defendant may be excusable, however, if the

Commonwealth acted with due diligence and the delay was beyond its control.

Id. at 263, 736 A.2d at 591 (stating: “Even where a [speedy trial]


____________________________________________


similar purposes; and case law interpreting the rules applies equally to both.
Preston, supra at 9.

                                          - 24 -
J-A10037-19


violation…has occurred, the motion to dismiss the charges should be denied if

the   Commonwealth      exercised   due   diligence   and…the   circumstances

occasioning   the   postponement     were    beyond    the   control     of   the

Commonwealth”) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      Generally, “delays caused by pretrial motions constitute excludable time

where the pretrial motion renders the defendant unavailable.” Hill, supra at

250, 736 A.2d at 585.

         However, the mere filing of a pretrial motion by a defendant
         does not automatically render him unavailable. Rather, a
         defendant is only unavailable for trial if a delay in the
         commencement of trial is caused by the filing of the pretrial
         motion. If a delay is created, in order to establish that the
         delay is excludable, the Commonwealth must demonstrate,
         by a preponderance of the evidence, that it exercised due
         diligence in opposing or responding to the pretrial motion.

Id. at 254-55, 736 A.2d at 587 (internal citations and footnote omitted).

      Instantly, the Commonwealth filed the complaint against Appellant and

co-defendant on January 22, 2015. Therefore, the initial Rule 600 mechanical

run date was January 22, 2016. On June 22, 2015, the original discovery due

date, the court granted the Commonwealth an extension to pass discovery till

July 28, 2018.   On July 28, 2015, the court granted the Commonwealth’s

request for a continuance for additional time to pass discovery and set a new

discovery date of July 30, 2015. The record indicates the Commonwealth was

not ready to pass discovery on June 22, 2015, and July 28, 2015, and

requested the July 28, 2015 continuance. Thus, the delay between June 22,

2015, and July 30, 2015, did not constitute excludable or excusable delay,

                                    - 25 -
J-A10037-19


and the run date remained January 22, 2016. See Hunt, supra.

     Due to the Pope’s visit to Philadelphia in late September 2015, the court

rescheduled trial from the original trial date of September 28, 2015, to

December    14,    2015.       While    this    rescheduling   was   beyond   the

Commonwealth’s control, the record indicates the Commonwealth had still not

passed discovery to Appellant in September 2015 and throughout this delay

period, and the court made no finding of due diligence regarding the

Commonwealth’s efforts to comply with its discovery obligations.              See

Selenski, supra; Preston, supra; Hunt, supra. Thus, the record is unclear

whether the 77-day delay from September 28, 2015, to December 14, 2015,

constitutes excusable delay.

     On August 21, 2015, the court rescheduled trial from December 14,

2015, to January 11, 2016, a 28-day delay. The court then rescheduled trial

again on December 29, 2015, from January 11, 2016, to January 25, 2016, a

14-day delay.     In both instances, the record is silent on why the court

rescheduled trial and whether the Commonwealth was ready to proceed to

trial during these periods.    See Mills, supra; Hunt, supra.         The record

demonstrates, however, the Commonwealth had still not passed discovery to

Appellant as of December 2015 and January 2016; and the trial court made

no determination whether the Commonwealth had exercised due diligence in

meeting its discovery obligations. See Selenski, supra; Preston, supra.

Thus, we cannot say whether the 42-day delay from December 14, 2015, to


                                       - 26 -
J-A10037-19


January 25, 2016, constitutes excusable delay.

     Co-defendant’s counsel was on trial in an unrelated matter and unable

to proceed to trial on January 25, 2016, and the Commonwealth refused to

sever Appellant’s case. As a result, the court rescheduled trial from January

25, 2016, to May 23, 2016. This 118-day delay stems from co-defendant’s

unavailability. See Hill, supra. The record also indicates the Commonwealth

had still not passed discovery to Appellant during this period; and the court

made no due diligence determination with regard to the Commonwealth’s

failure to provide discovery.    See Selenski, supra; Preston, supra.

Additionally, the record fails to show whether the Commonwealth was ready

to proceed to trial on January 25, 2016. See Mills, supra; Hunt, supra.

Thus, we cannot tell whether the 118-day delay from January 25, 2016, to

May 23, 2016, constitutes excusable delay.

     On May 23, 2016, a rescheduled trial date, Appellant filed his first Rule

600 motion.   That same day, the court was presiding over a trial in an

unrelated matter, so the court set the next court date for May 24, 2016. On

May 24, 2016, the court remained on trial, and listed May 25, 2016, as the

next court date. While the two-day delay from May 23, 2016, to May 25,

2016, was beyond the Commonwealth’s control, the record shows the

Commonwealth had still not turned discovery over to Appellant on both dates,

and the court made no finding regarding the Commonwealth’s due diligence.

See Selenski, supra; Preston, supra; Hunt, supra. Thus, we cannot say


                                   - 27 -
J-A10037-19


whether the 2-day delay from May 23, 2016, to May 25, 2016, constitutes

excusable delay.

     On May 25, 2016, the court remained on another trial and scheduled a

hearing on Appellant’s Rule 600 motion for June 2, 2016. Also on May 25,

2016, the record indicates the Commonwealth passed “audio discovery” to

Appellant.   Following a Rule 600 hearing on June 2, 2016, the court held

Appellant’s motion under advisement until June 22, 2016, when it denied

Appellant relief and rescheduled trial for November 28, 2016. The record does

not illustrate: (i) if the Commonwealth was ready for trial on May 25, 2016,

June 2, 2016, or June 22, 2016; and (ii) why the court rescheduled trial for

November 28, 2016, more than 5 months later.             See Mills, supra.

Additionally, while the 187-day delay from May 25, 2016, to November 28,

2016, was beyond the Commonwealth’s control and/or caused by Appellant’s

Rule 600 motion, whether the Commonwealth fully satisfied its discovery

obligation on May 25, 2016, remained an open issue. See Preston, supra.

Rather, it appears the Commonwealth had not turned over all discovery in

May 2016, in light of Appellant’s second Rule 600 motion on November 28,

2016, when the Commonwealth passed to Appellant 15 allegedly new

documents.    See id.   Further, the court failed to determine whether the

Commonwealth exercised due diligence in its efforts to provide Appellant

discovery. See Selenski, supra; Hunt, supra. Therefore, we cannot tell if

the 187 days between May 25, 2016, and November 28, 2016, amounts to


                                   - 28 -
   J-A10037-19


   excusable delay.

           The following chart summarizes the delays prior to trial:

 DATES                  ACTIVITY                  DAYS    EXCLUDABLE OR          ADJUSTED
                                                  DELAY     EXCUSABLE            RUN DATE

6/22/15-    Commonwealth not ready to 36                  No;                   1/22/16
7/28/15     pass discovery; court relisted                Commonwealth
            discovery date for 7/28/15                    not ready
7/28/15-    Commonwealth        requested 2               No;               1/22/16
7/30/15     continuance to pass discovery;                Commonwealth
            court granted continuance till                requested
            7/30/15                                       continuance    to
                                                          pass discovery
9/28/15-    Court rescheduled trial on 77                 Excusable?;           4/8/16?
12/14/15    7/30/15 in light of Pope’s visit to           court made no
            Philadelphia in late September                due diligence
            2015;       record      indicates             determination;
            Commonwealth had still not                    no indication of
            passed discovery                              Commonwealth’s
                                                          trial readiness
12/14/15    Court rescheduled trial on 28                 Excusable?;           5/6/16?
-1/11/16    8/21/15; record silent as to                  court made no
            reason for rescheduling; record               due       diligence
            indicates Commonwealth had                    determination;
            yet to pass discovery                         no indication of
                                                          Commonwealth’s
                                                          trial readiness
1/11/16-    Court rescheduled trial on 14                 Excusable?;           5/20/16?
1/25/16     12/29/15; record silent as to                 court made no
            reason for rescheduling; record               due       diligence
            indicates Commonwealth still                  determination;
            had not passed discovery                      no indication of
                                                          Commonwealth’s
                                                          trial readiness
1/25/16-    Co-defendant’s            counsel 118         Excusable?;           9/15/16?
5/23/16     unavailable        for      trial;            court made no
            Commonwealth        refused     to            due       diligence
            sever; court rescheduled trial for            determination;
            5/23/16;      record    indicates             no indication of
            Commonwealth still had not                    Commonwealth’s
            passed discovery                              trial readiness


                                         - 29 -
   J-A10037-19


5/23/16-    Court was on another trial and 1          Excusable?;           9/16/16?
5/24/16     set next court date for 5/24/16;          court made no
            record indicates Commonwealth             due       diligence
            still had not passed discovery            determination;
                                                      no indication of
                                                      Commonwealth’s
                                                      trial readiness
5/24/16-    Court was on another trial and 1          Excusable?;           9/17/16?
5/25/16     set next court date for 5/25/16;          court made no
            record indicates Commonwealth             due       diligence
            still had not passed discovery            determination;
                                                      no indication of
                                                      Commonwealth’s
                                                      trial readiness
5/25/16-    Court was on another trial and 8          Excusable?;           9/25/16?
6/2/16      set hearing on Appellant’s 1st            court made no
            Rule 600 motion for 6/2/16;               due       diligence
            Commonwealth passed “audio                determination;
            discovery”                                no indication of
                                                      Commonwealth’s
                                                      trial readiness
6/2/16-     Court held Appellant’s Rule 600 20        Excusable?;           10/15/16?
6/22/16     motion     under    advisement,           court made no
            following 6/2/16 hearing                  due       diligence
                                                      determination;
                                                      no indication of
                                                      Commonwealth’s
                                                      trial readiness
6/22/16-    Court rescheduled trial upon 159          Excusable?;           3/23/17?
11/28/16    disposition of Appellant’s 1st Rule       court made no
            600 motion; Commonwealth                  due       diligence
            passed allegedly new discovery            determination;
            on day trial began, 11/28/16              no indication of
                                                      Commonwealth’s
                                                      trial readiness

           Based upon the foregoing, we are unable to calculate the adjusted run

   date for Appellant’s trial. Despite viewing the facts of record in a light most

   favorable to the Commonwealth, the record is inconsistent, at best, and the

   trial court failed to account for the cause of several continuances or if the


                                       - 30 -
J-A10037-19


Commonwealth was: (i) duly diligent in preparing the case for trial, including

in its efforts to procure and pass discovery to Appellant; and (ii) ready for trial

before the court continued trial. The trial court conducted no due diligence

analysis with respect to whether the Commonwealth had met its discovery

obligations throughout the case. Additionally, the record does not show if and

when the Commonwealth was ready for trial until November 28, 2016, when

trial began. Accordingly, we remand the case for the trial court to conduct a

hearing to clarify the record on: (1) the cause for all continuances; (2) if and

when the Commonwealth was ready to proceed to trial; and (3) whether the

Commonwealth exercised due diligence bringing Appellant to trial.             See

Selenski, supra (stating proper action for Superior Court was to remand for

trial court to determine whether Commonwealth exercised due diligence

pursuant to Rule 600, where trial court failed to conduct proper due diligence

analysis in first instance). Upon remand, and contrary to what the court stated

several times on the record, the Commonwealth bears the burden to establish

due diligence throughout the case, e.g., it was prepared for trial, it kept

adequate records to ensure compliance with Rule 600, and its failure to

provide discovery did not stem from intentional or negligent conduct or

inactivity. See Burno, supra; Ramos, supra; Preston, supra.

      In his second and remaining issue, Appellant argues he did not enter

the burglarized residence but was merely present outside the residence when

other individuals conducted the home invasion robbery. Appellant submits


                                      - 31 -
J-A10037-19


the trial evidence showed only that he was in the backseat of the getaway car,

stepped out briefly to stretch his legs, and returned to the car while the

burglary occurred.       Appellant submits the evidence did not show he

communicated with the perpetrators in furtherance of a conspiracy to

burglarize the residence. Appellant contends the evidence was insufficient to

demonstrate he participated in the home invasion robbery or conspired to

burglarize the residence. Appellant concludes this Court should vacate his

convictions, or, alternatively, remand for a new trial. We disagree on these

grounds.

      A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence implicates the following

legal principles:

           The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the
           evidence is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at
           trial in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there
           is sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every
           element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In
           applying [the above] test, we may not weigh the evidence
           and substitute our judgment for the fact-finder. In addition,
           we note that the facts and circumstances established by the
           Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of
           innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt may
           be resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak
           and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of
           fact may be drawn from the combined circumstances. The
           Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every
           element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means
           of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying the
           above test, the entire record must be evaluated and all
           evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the
           [finder] of fact while passing upon the credibility of
           witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced, is free
           to believe all, part or none of the evidence.


                                       - 32 -
J-A10037-19


Commonwealth v. Jones, 874 A.2d 108, 120-21 (Pa.Super. 2005) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Bullick, 830 A.2d 998, 1000 (Pa.Super. 2003)).

     The Crimes Code defines robbery, in relevant part, as follows:

        § 3701. Robbery

        (a) Offense defined.—

           (1) A person is guilty of robbery if, in the course of
           committing a theft, he:

                                  *     *      *

              (ii) threatens another with or intentionally puts him in
              fear of immediate serious bodily injury[.]

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3701(a)(1)(ii). See also Commonwealth v. Robinson, 936

A.2d 107 (Pa.Super. 2007), appeal denied, 597 Pa. 705, 948 A.2d 804 (2008)

(stating crime of robbery does not require completion of predicate offense of

theft); Commonwealth v. Everett, 443 A.2d 1142 (Pa.Super. 1982)

(holding defendant’s robbery conviction was supported by sufficient evidence

where defendant aided and abetted cohort in robbery, even though defendant

himself did not carry weapon, employ threats, or cause personal injury).

     The Crimes Code defines burglary in relevant part as follows:

        § 3502. Burglary

        (a) Offense defined.—A person commits the offense of
        burglary if, with the intent to commit a crime therein, the
        person:


           (1) enters a building or occupied structure, or
           separately secured or occupied portion thereof that is
           adapted for overnight accommodations in which at the

                                      - 33 -
J-A10037-19


            time of the offense any person is present[.]

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3502(a)(1). “A person is guilty of theft if he unlawfully takes,

or exercises unlawful control over, movable property of another with intent to

deprive him thereof.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3921(a).

      The Crimes Code defines conspiracy, in part, as follows:

         § 903. Criminal conspiracy

         (a) Definition of conspiracy.―A person is guilty of
         conspiracy with another person or persons to commit a
         crime if with the intent of promoting or facilitating its
         commission he:

            (1) agrees with such other person or persons that they
            or one or more of them will engage in conduct which
            constitutes such crime or an attempt or solicitation to
            commit such crime; or

            (2) agrees to aid such other person or persons in the
            planning or commission of such crime or of an attempt
            or solicitation to commit such crime.

                                   *     *      *

         (e) Overt act.―No person may be convicted of
         conspiracy to commit a crime unless an overt act in
         pursuance of such conspiracy is alleged and proved to have
         been done by him or by a person with whom he conspired.

                                   *     *      *

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 903(a), (e). To sustain a conviction for criminal conspiracy,

the Commonwealth must establish the defendant: (i) entered into an

agreement to commit or aid in an unlawful act with another person or persons;

(ii) with a shared criminal intent; and (iii) an overt act was done in furtherance

of the conspiracy. Jones, supra at 121. Additionally:

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           Circumstantial evidence may provide proof of the
           conspiracy.      The conduct of the parties and the
           circumstances surrounding such conduct may create a web
           of evidence linking the accused to the alleged conspiracy
           beyond a reasonable doubt.

                                    *     *      *

           An agreement can be inferred from a variety of
           circumstances including, but not limited to, the relation
           between the parties, knowledge of and participation in the
           crime, and the circumstances and conduct of the parties
           surrounding the criminal episode.       These factors may
           coalesce to establish a conspiratorial agreement beyond a
           reasonable doubt where one factor alone might fail.

Id. at 121-22 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted) (emphasis

added). Nevertheless, circumstances such as an association between alleged

conspirators, knowledge of the commission of the crime, presence at the scene

of the crime, and/or participation in the object of the conspiracy, are relevant

to prove a conspiracy, when “viewed in conjunction with each other and in the

context in which they occurred.”        Commonwealth v. Lambert, 795 A.2d

1010, 1016 (Pa.Super. 2002) (en banc), appeal denied, 569 Pa. 701, 805 A.2d

521 (2002).

      Instantly, in its opinion, the trial court examined the trial evidence as

follows:

           The Commonwealth established that…Appellant, as a co-
           conspirator, was jointly and severally liable for robbery. The
           evidence showed that at least one of several co-defendants
           used a weapon to hold…[V]ictims hostage while taking their
           cellular phones and looking for cash and other items inside
           [Victim 2]’s apartment. [Victim 3], who was struck in the
           back of the head during the crime spree, required medical
           attention.    Although…Appellant was outside of the

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        apartment during the robbery, he was in [co-defendant]’s
        vehicle acting as a “lookout.” The trial surveillance video
        showed…Appellant extend his head out of the rear driver-
        side door and look southbound on 7th Street. This video also
        showed…Appellant exit the vehicle to walk around the
        corner onto Tree Street before returning to the car. When
        the home invaders exited the apartment with one of the
        [V]ictims, …Appellant stepped out of the car as a “lookout”
        before getting back in the vehicle.        Finally, once the
        intruders returned to the Infiniti, [co-defendant] drove his
        co-conspirators down 7th Street.       Although it was not
        established that…Appellant was inside the apartment, the
        jury still believed that he was a conspirator to the robbery.
        …

                                  *     *      *

        [T]he evidence supports that…Appellant conspired with [co-
        defendant]    and    others    to  burglarize,  rob,   and
        assault…[V]ictims. Their intentions and conduct were clear.
        [A]ppellant was recorded casing the area of the home
        invasion and acting as a “lookout” for the home invaders
        before fleeing the scene with the perpetrators. …

                                  *     *      *

        [A]ppellant was a co-conspirator to a burglary. [A]ppellant
        and other perpetrators waited for [V]ictims to arrive at
        [Victim 2]’s residence.      When [Victim 1] arrived, the
        perpetrators forced him to take them to the apartment
        where…[V]ictims were robbed.         When the perpetrators
        forced their way into the apartment, [Victim 2] and his
        guests were inside the premises. The perpetrators then held
        [Victim 1], [Victim 2], [Victim 3], and other visitors at gun
        point before taking their cash and cell phones. They later
        hit [Victim 3] in the head, dragged him outside, and stole
        his car keys.

(Trial Court Opinion at 17-19).   Viewed in the light most favorable to the

Commonwealth, the trial evidence was sufficient to support Appellant’s

convictions for robbery, burglary, conspiracy to commit robbery, and


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conspiracy to commit burglary. See Jones, supra. Thus, Appellant’s second

and remaining appellate issue merits no relief.5

       Accordingly, the cleanest resolution of this case is to vacate the February

3, 2017 judgment of sentence as well as the February 17, 2017 amended

judgment of sentence and remand for a new hearing on the Commonwealth’s

Rule 600 due diligence throughout its prosecution of this case. Depending on

the outcome of that Rule 600 hearing, the Commonwealth shall have the

opportunity to move to modify the restitution amount in compliance with

Section 1106(c)(3); and the court can resentence Appellant.

       Judgment of sentence and amended judgment of sentence vacated;

case remanded with instructions. Jurisdiction is relinquished.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 10/16/19




____________________________________________


5The trial court mistakenly addressed Appellant’s issue as a challenge to the
weight of the evidence. In his Rule 1925(b) statement and brief on appeal,
Appellant raised a sufficiency of the evidence claim, not a weight issue.

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