                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA



VITTORIO AMUSO,

               Plaintiff,

       v.                                                   Civil Action No. 07-1935 (RJL)

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT
OF JUSTICE, et al.,

               Defendants.




                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       This matter is before the Court on defendants' motion for summary judgment. For the

reasons discussed below, the motion will be granted in part and denied in part.

                                      1. BACKGROUND

       In April 2007, plaintiff submitted to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Washington,

D.C. headquarters ("FBI") a request for information under the Freedom of Information Act

("FOIA"), see 5 U.S.C. § 552.1 CompI. at 2 & Ex. A (April 10,2007 Freedom of

Information/Privacy Acts Request). In relevant part, the request stated:

               In this case Amuso is requesting any and all documents, records,
               memoranda, notes, statements and other information or data in what
               ever form maintained by your agency that relates to and/or makes


               Plaintiff submitted identical FOIA requests to the FBI's Washington, D.C.
Headquarters and to its Albany, New York field office. Mem. ofP. & A. in Supp. ofDefs.' Mot.
for Summ. J., Hardy DecI. ~ 7. Staff at the Albany field office forwarded plaintiffs FOIA
request to FBI Headquarters for processing. CompI., Ex. B (May 3, 2007 letter from D.M.
Hardy).

                                                1
               reference to Amuso directly or indirectly. More specifically, any data
               or information in the possession or control of your agency related to
               and/or generated by the criminal investigation and prosecution of
               Amuso by federal authorities in and around the U.S. Federal Districts
               of New York.

Id., Ex. A at 1. Plaintiff sought "[a]ny 'main' and/or 'references' to Amuso by his known name .

. . [and] any reference to [him] as the 'Boss' of the Lucchese 'Crime Family', or 'soldier', or

'Captain', or 'Member' of the 'La Cosa Nostra[.]''' Id. The relevant time period, plaintiff

explained, was from January 1980 to the time of his request, noting that criminal trials involving

two former New York City police officers employed by the Lucchese crime family and the

prosecution of members of La Cosa Nostra in 2005 and 2006 would be responsive to his request.

Id. In addition, plaintiff asked that the FBI search its "Central Records System (CRS),

Automated Case Support System (ACS), Electronic Case Files (ECF), Universal Index (UI),

Legal Attaches (Legats), Investigative Case Management [S]ystem (ICMS), Confidential Source

System (CSS), and the 'I-Drive' system." Id.

       FBI staff acknowledged receipt of the request to which was assigned Request No.

1076768-000. CompI. at 2 & Ex. B (May 3, 2007 letter from D.M. Hardy, Section Chief,

Record/Information Dissemination Section, Records Management Division, FBI). FBI staff

initially determined that potentially responsive records at the Albany field office had been

destroyed on an unspecified date, see id., Ex. C (May 21,2007 letter from D.M. Hardy), and

later determined that FBI Headquarters maintained records responsive to the request. Mem.ofP.

& A. in Supp. ofDefs.' Mot. for Summ. J. ("Defs.' Mot."), Declaration of David M. Hardy

("Hardy DecI.") ~ 23. The agency "released 147 pages with redactions pursuant to FOIA




                                                 2
Exemptions 2, 6, 7(C), 7(D), 7(E), and 7(F)." Id.        ~   82. In addition, it referred four pages of

records to the Federal Bureau of Prisons ("BOP"). Id.           ~   81.

        Plaintiff is serving a sentence of life imprisonment after his conviction "in 1992 of fifty-

four (54) counts of murder, extortion and labor racketeering." Hardy Decl. ~ 5; see United States

v. Amuso, 21 F.3d 1251, 1253 (2d Cir. 1994). He alleges that prosecution witnesses "provided

perjured testimony against [him] to cover-up their own criminal culpability," Compl. at 3, and he

believes that information in the FBI records he requests will support his claims of innocence and

his assertion that witnesses testified falsely at trial. Id. at 3-4.

                                           II. DISCUSSION

                                   A. Summary Judgment Standard

        The court grants a motion for summary judgment when the pleadings, depositions,

answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affidavits or declarations, show

that there is no genuine issue of material fact in dispute and that the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). The moving party bears the burden of

demonstrating an absence ofa genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S.

317, 322 (1986). Factual assertions in the moving party's affidavits may be accepted as true

unless the opposing party submits his own affidavits or declarations or documentary evidence to

the contrary. Neal v. Kelly, 963 F.2d 453,456 (D.C. Cir. 1992).

        In a FOIA case, the court grants summary judgment based on the information provided in

affidavits or declarations when they describe "the documents and the justifications for

nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information withheld logically

falls within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary evidence in the


                                                     3
record nor by evidence of agency bad faith." Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738

(D.C. Cir. 1981); see also Hertzberg v. Veneman, 273 F. Supp. 2d 67, 74 (D.D.C. 2003). Such

affidavits or declarations are accorded "a presumption of good faith, which cannot be rebutted by

'purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of other documents. ,,,

SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. Sec. & Exch. Comm 'n, 926 F.2d 1197,1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (quoting

Ground Saucer Watch, Inc. v. Central Intelligence Agency, 692 F.2d 770,771 (D.C. Cir. 1981)).

                           B. FBI's Searches for Responsive Records

       "An agency fulfills its obligations under FOIA if it can demonstrate beyond material

doubt that its search was 'reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents. '" Valencia-

Lucena v. United States Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321,325 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (quoting Truitt v.

Dep't of State , 897 F.2d 540,542 (D.C. Cir. 1990»); see Steinberg v. United States Dep't of

Justice, 23 F.3d 548,551 (D.C. Cir. 1994) (placing the burden on the agency to show that its

search was calculated to uncover all relevant documents). To meet its burden, the agency may

submit affidavits or declarations that explain in reasonable detail the scope and method of the

agency's search. Perry v. Block, 684 F.2d 121, 126 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (per curiam). In the

absence of contrary evidence, such affidavits or declarations are sufficient to demonstrate an

agency's compliance with FOIA. Id. at 127. If the record "leaves substantial doubt as to the

sufficiency ofthe search, summary judgment for the agency is not proper." Truitt, 897 F.2d at

542.

                                1. FBI's Central Records System

       In its Central Records System ("CRS"), the FBI maintains its "administrative, applicant,

criminal, personnel, and other files compiled for law enforcement purposes." Hardy Decl. -,r 15.


                                                 4
It is "organized into a numerical sequence of files called FBI 'classifications,' which are broken

down according to subject matter." Id. A file's subject matter may relate to an individual,

organization, company, publication, activity, or foreign intelligence matter. Id. In order to

search the CRS, one uses a mechanism known as the Automated Case Support System ("ACS"),

id., which is "described as an internal computerized subsystem of the CRS." Id.          ~   16. General

indices, which consist of index cards arranged in alphabetical order, are the means by which CRS

records are retrieved through the ACS. Id.     ~   17. Entries in the general indices are either "main"

entries or "reference" entries. Id. The former "carr[y] the name corresponding with a subject of

a file contained in the CRS;" the latter "are generally only a mere mention or reference to an

individual, organization, etc., contained in a document located in another 'main' file." Id.       ~


17(a), (b). In order to search the general indices for records pertaining to an individual, such as

Vittorio Amuso, one searches the subject in the index. Id.       ~   18.

       "The ACS consists of three integrated ... applications that support case management

functions for all FBI investigative and administrative cases." Hardy Dec1. ~ 19. The

Investigative Case Management ("ICM") system enables an office "to open, assign, and close

investigative and administrative cases as well as set, assign, and track leads." Id.     ~   19(a). The

field office originating an investigation (the "00" or Office of Origin) opens a case and assigns it

a Universal Case File Number ("UCFN"). Id.          ~   19. The Electronic Case File ("ECF") is a

"central electronic repository for the FBI's official text-based documents." Id.     ~   19(b). The

Universal Index ("UNI") provides "a complete subject/case index to all investigative and

administrative cases" and "functions to index names to cases, and to search names and cases for

use in FBI investigations." Id.   ~   19(c). "Names of individuals or organizations are recorded with


                                                        5
identifying applicable infonnation such as date or place of birth, race, sex, locality, Social

Security number, address, and/or date of event." Id.

            The decision to index names other than subjects, suspects, and victims is left to the

discretion of the assigned Special Agent, the Supervisory Special Agent at the field office

conducting the investigation, and the Supervisory Special Agent at FBI Headquarters. Hardy

Decl.   ~   20. Without an index, "infonnation essential to ongoing investigations could not be

readily retrieved. The FBI files would be merely archival in nature and could not be effectively

used to serve the mandated mission of the FBI." Id. Thus, general indices to the CRS files "are

the means by which the FBI can detennine what retrievable infonnation, if any," its files may

contain on a particular subject or individual. Id.

            The "I" drive mentioned in plaintiffs FOIA request "is simply a shared drive in a

computer network." Hardy Decl. ~ 21. The FBI shared drive in many field offices are now

identified with other letters, and are used "to hold preliminary work product investigative

documents drafted by FBI [Special Agents] in order to allow [Supervisory Special Agents] to

review and approve them before they are finalized, uploaded, and serialized in the official

investigative file." Id.

            FBI staff initially "conducted a search of the automated indices" for responsive records

maintained at FBI Headquarters "using the name[] 'Amuso, Vittorio Benito '" and a phonetic

breakdown thereof, as well as plaintiffs date of birth and social security number "to facilitate the

identification of requested records." Hardy Decl.        ~   22. After plaintiff filed this civil action, FBI

staff conducted a "de novo search of the CRS indices." Id.           ~   23. Staff identified "the following

cross-references ... as being responsive: 66F-HQ-A 1074181-63; 92A-HQ-I020655-CI-5; 183-


                                                     6
11597-271; 12-0-8733; 91-61044-4; 92A-HQ-1043395-I-1, 12, 13x2, 28 and 29; 89-6289-4; and

183-8533-2107X6, 4932, 4955, 4970, 5008, 5062, 5608, 5611, and 5664." Id. A search of the

indices at the Albany Field Office "revealed that records which may be responsive to plaintiff's

[FOIA] request were destroyed" on an unknown date. Id.          ~   24.

                          2. Plaintiff's Challenge to the Adequacy of the Search

            With respect to the destruction of Albany Field Office records, plaintiff argues that the

FBI "never advised [him] as to the nature of the records which were destroyed, and [plaintiff]

was simply advised that they were, in fact, destroyed." PI.' s Resp. to Defs.' Mot. for Summ. J.

("PI.'s Opp'n") at 4. In his view, the FBI "act[s] in bad faith by failing to divulge the nature of

the records and by failing to search other available indices and records which might have

contained the destroyed records." Id. at 4-5. He is unable to "suggest other ways in which the

matter might have been searched" as he is without information "as to the nature of the records."

Id. at 5.

            An agency's search is adequate ifits methods are reasonably calculated to locate records

responsive to a FOIA request, see Oglesby v. United States Dep 't of the Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68

(D.C. Cir. 1990), and an agency is not obligated to expand the scope of its search or to search all

of its systems of records when it has searched the systems of records most likely to contain

responsive records. See Campbell v. United States Dep 't of Justice, 164 F.3d 20, 28 (D.C. Cir.

1998) (stating that an agency generally need not search every records system as long as it

conducts "a reasonable search tailored to the nature of a particular request") (citing Oglesby, 920

F.2d at 68). The results of a search do not determine whether the search is adequate. See

Hornbostel v. United States Dep 't of the Interior, 305 F. Supp. 2d 21,28 (D.D.C. 2003) (stating


                                                     7
that "[t]he focus of the adequacy inquiry is not on the results" of the search). "[T]he issue to be

resolved is not whether there might exist any other documents possibly responsive to the request,

but rather whether the search for those documents was adequate." Weisberg v. Dep't ofJustice,

705 F.2d 1344, 1351 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (citing Perry v. Block, 684 F.2d at 128).

         The FBI's explanation of its automated system of records makes clear that a search for

records pertaining to an individual such as plaintiff is accomplished by means of the general

indices to the CRS files. See Hardy Decl.   ~~   16-20. Plaintiffs speculation as to the existence of

additional records, absent support for his allegations of agency bad faith, does not render the

search inadequate. See, e.g., Judicial Watch, Inc. v. United States Dep 't of Health and Human

Servs., 27 F. Supp. 2d 240,244 (D.D.C. 1998) (finding that "plaintiffs unsubstantiated

suspicions ... therefore, are insufficient to call into question the adequacy of [the agency's]

search and the truthfulness of its affidavit"). Even if the FBI's Albany Field Office once

maintained records that may have been responsive to plaintiffs FOIA request, the FBI's failure

to locate them now does not weaken the FBI's position. See Allen v. United States Secret Serv.,

335 F. Supp. 2d 95,98-100 (D.D.C. 2004) (concluding that adequacy of search not undermined

where responsive records were destroyed pursuant to agency's document retention policy).

"Nothing in the law requires the agency to document the fate of documents it cannot find."

Roberts v. United States Dep 't ofJustice, No. 92-1707, 1995 WL 356320, at *2 (D.D.C. Jan. 28,

1993).

         On this record, the Court concludes that the methods by which FBI staff searched for

records responsive to plaintiffs FOIA request were reasonable under the circumstances.




                                                   8
                                          C.   Segregabili~y


        Before it discusses the FBI's claimed exemptions, the Court first addresses plaintiffs

recurring assertion of agency bad faith with respect to the redaction of records actually released

to him. Generally, plaintiff alleges that the FBI "acted in clear-cut bad faith by tendering

documents to the plaintiff with no information on them." PI. 's Opp'n at 5. For example, he

states that the FBI "provided 147 pages of documents, mostly FBI 302' s," including "a few

newspaper articles [but] no information whatsoever that had not been redacted and withheld."

!d. at 24. In other words, plaintiff states that most of the records are so heavily redacted that he

"has been given nothing of any substance or benefit." Id. at 25; see id. at 6 (stating that "FBI

302's with all information redacted does nothing to help the plaintiff and simply led to an

expense of copying for the government"), 16, 21. With so little information, plaintiff asserts that

he is unable to evaluate whether the FBI properly withholds information under the claimed

exemptions. See id. at 6-9,15-21,24-25.

        If a record contains information that is exempt from disclosure, any reasonably segregable

information must be released after deleting the exempt portions, unless the non-exempt portions

are inextricably intertwined with exempt portions. Trans-Pacific Policing Agreement v. United

States Customs Serv., 177 F.3d 1022 (D.C. Cir. 1999); 5 U.S.C. § 552(b). FBI's declaration

states that the agency "has processed and released all segregable information from the documents

responsive to plaintiff s request" after having "reviewed [each document] page by page,

paragraph by paragraph and line by line to ensure maximum disclosure." Hardy DecI.        ~   82.

Attached to the FBI's motion are copies of the pages as released to plaintiff in full or in part, see

Def. 's Mot., Ex. I ("Vaughn Index"), on which are written "coded categories of exemptions"


                                                  9
indicating "the nature of the infonnation withheld." Hardy Decl.   ~   26; see id.   ~   27 (Summary of

Justification Categories).

       Review of the records as released to plaintiff reveals that several pages are so heavily

redacted that, aside from preprinted infonnation on standard fonns, little infonnation remains.

Notwithstanding the dearth of infonnation remaining on such pages, the Court is satisfied that

only the exempt records or portions of records have been withheld, and that all reasonably

segregable material has been released to plaintiff. The FBI's declaration and Vaughn index

adequately specify "which portions of the document[s] are disclosable and which are allegedly

exempt."2 Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820,827 (D.C. Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 415 U.S. 977

(1974). Plaintiffs level of satisfaction with the content of redacted records does not undennine

the FBI's decisions to redact or withhold infonnation under the claimed exemptions.

                                         D. Exemptions

                                         1. Exemption 23

       Exemption 2 shields from disclosure infonnation that is "related solely to the internal

personnel rules and practices of an agency." 5 U.S.C. § 552(b )(2). The phrase "personnel rules

and practices" is interpreted to include not only "minor employment matters" but also "other

rules and practices governing agency personnel." Crooker v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and

Firearms, 670 F.2d 1051, 1056 (D.C. Cir. 1981) (en banc). The "infonnation need not actually



       2
                The Court makes no segregability finding at this time with respect to the records
referred to the BOP on May 2,2008 and August 14,2008.

       3       Discussion of the FBI's decision to withhold infonnation pertaining to law
enforcement techniques and procedures under both Exemptions 2 and 7(E) appears in the
discussion of Exemption 7(E).

                                                10
be 'rules and practices' to qualify under [E]xemption 2, as the statute provides that matter

'related' to rules and practices is also exempt." Schwaner v. Dep 't of the Air Force, 898 F.2d

793, 795 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (emphasis in original).

        Exemption 2 applies if the information that is sought meets two criteria. First, such

information must be "used for predominantly internal purposes." Crooker, 670 F.2d at 1074; see

Nat 'I Treasury Employees Union v. United States Customs Serv., 802 F.2d 525, 528 (D.C. Cir.

1985). Second, the agency must show either that "disclosure may risk circumvention of agency

regulation," or that "the material relates to trivial administrative matters of no genuine public

interest." Schwaner, 898 F.2d at 794 (citations omitted). "Predominantly internal documents the

disclosure of which would risk circumvention of agency statutes are protected by the so-called

'high 2' exemption." Schiller v. Nat 'I Labor Relations Bd., 964 F.2d 1205, 1207 (D.C. Cir.

1992). If the material at issue merely relates to trivial administrative matters of no genuine

public interest, it is deemed "low 2" exempt material. See Founding Church of Scientology of

Washington, D.C., Inc. v. Smith, 721 F.2d 828, 830-31 nA (D.C. Cir. 1983). "Low 2" exempt

materials include such items as "file numbers, initials, signature and mail routing stamps,

references to interagency transfers, and data processing references," Scherer v. Kelley, 584 F.2d

170, 175-76 (7th Cir. 1978), cert. denied sub nom. Scherer v. Webster, 440 U.S. 964 (1979), and

other "trivial administrative data such as ... data processing notations[] and other administrative

markings." Coleman v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 13 F. Supp. 2d 75, 78 (D.D.C. 1998)

(citation omitted).

       In conjunction with Exemption 7(D), the FBI withholds under Exemption 2 two types of

information: informant file numbers of permanent confidential symbol number sources and the


                                                 11
permanent source symbol numbers themselves. Hardy Decl. '11'1133, 37. In this section, the Court

addresses only the internal administrative purposes of this information and its status as "high 2"

exempt information. The use of informant file numbers and permanent source symbol numbers

in connection with the FBI's use of confidential sources appears in the discussion of Exemption

7(D).

                                         a. Source File Numbers

        "[C]onfidential source file numbers are ... assigned in sequential order to confidential

informants who report information to the FBI on a regular basis pursuant to an express assurance

of confidentiality." Hardy Decl. '1133. The file number is "unique to the particular confidential

informant and is used only in documentation relating to that particular informant." Id. Here,

instead of the source's names, "confidential source file numbers were used to document

information provided by various sources." !d.; see Vaughn Index at 53,56,60,64,67, 71, 72,

77, 117, and 126. Disclosure of these informant file numbers "would have a chilling effect on

the activities and cooperation of other FBI confidential informants" whose cooperation is enlisted

"only with the understanding of complete confidentiality." Id. '1135. Because disclosure of

informant file numbers "could reasonably be expected to identify a permanent confidential

source of the FBI," the file numbers are withheld under Exemption 2. Id.

                                       b. Source Symbol Numbers

        "Permanent source symbol numbers are assigned to confidential informants who report

information to the FBI on a regular basis pursuant to an 'express' grant of confidentiality."

Hardy Decl.   'II 36.   The FBI uses a source symbol number "as an administrative reporting tool to

protect the actual, sensitive identity of an informant in documents generated by the FBI." Id. A


                                                    12
source symbol number consists of a two-letter abbreviation of the field office from which the

source operates or has operated, followed by a sequentially assigned number. Id. "The symbol

number [appears] in all written reports in which [the source] provided information to the FBI.

Id.; see Vaughn Index at 56, 117, 126, 135, and 136. Disclosure of these permanent source

symbol numbers "would indicate both the scope and location of FBI informant coverage within a

particular geographic area," as the information in context "reveals [the informants'] connections

to dates, times, places, events and names from which the source's identity could be deduced." Id.

~   37.

          The FBI's declaration establishes that both informant file numbers and permanent source

symbol numbers are used predominantly for internal administrative or recordkeeping purposes.

Each informant file number and source symbol number is unique to a particular informant, and

the number assigned to that informant appears in FBI records instead of the informant's name.

The declaration also establishes that disclosure of informant file numbers and source symbol

numbers would risk circumvention of statutes or agency regulations. Release of information

from which confidential sources' identities may be deduced could hamper FBI operations by

dissuading these and other informants from cooperating with FBI investigations or by revealing

FBI informant coverage in a geographic area. The Court concludes that the FBI properly

withholds informant file numbers and confidential source symbol numbers under Exemption 2 as

"high 2" exempt information.




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                                          2. Exemption 64

       Exemption 6 protects from disclosure "personnel and medical files and similar files the

disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy." 5

U.S.C. § 552(b )(6). Information that applies to a particular individual meets the threshold

requirement for Exemption 6 protection. See United States Dep 't of State v. Washington Post

Co., 456 U.S. 595,602 (1982). The exemption requires "a balancing of the individual's right of

privacy against the preservation of the basic purpose of the Freedom of Information Act 'to open

agency action to the light of public scrutiny.'" Dep 't of the Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 372

(1976); see United States Dep 't ofJustice v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 489

U.S. 749, 756 (1989). The privacy interest at stake belongs to the individual, not the agency.

Reporters Comm.for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. at 763-65; Nat 'I Ass'n of Retired Fed.

Employees v. Horner, 879 F.2d 873,875 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (noting individual's significant privacy

interest "in avoiding the unlimited disclosure of his or her name and address"), cert. denied, 494

U.S. 1078 (1990). It is the requester's obligation to articulate a public interest sufficient to


        4       It appears that the FBI withholds information under Exemption 6 only with
respect to "the names and/or identifying data of individuals who assisted the FBI by providing
information within the records responsive to plaintiff's request." Hardy Decl. ~ 45. Although
the FBI's declaration does not so state, review of the Vaughn index suggests that the FBI invokes
both Exemptions 6 and 7(C) to protect the same information. See id. ~ 58. The Court errs on the
side of caution and proceeds with its analysis under Exemption 6 only with respect to
information coded "(b)(6)-2." See Vaughn Index at 1,10,49-55,59-77,79-116 and 137.

         Even if Exemption 6 were not applicable, for the reasons stated in the discussion of
Exemption 7(C), all the information coded "(b )(6)-2" would be withheld properly under
Exemption 7(C), as would all the information coded "(b)(6)-1," "(b)(6)-3," "(b)(6)-4" and
"(b)( 6)-5." Because the Court concludes that the information withheld under Exemption 6
properly is withheld under Exemption 7(C), there is no need to consider the applicability of
Exemption 6 further with respect to the infom1ation coded "(b)(6)-1," "(b)(6)-3," "(b)(6)-4" and
"(b )(6)-5." See Simon v. Dep't of Justice, 980 F.2d 782, 785 (D.C. Cir. 1994).

                                                  14
outweigh an individual's privacy interest, and the public interest must be significant. See Nat '[

Archives and Records Admin. v, Favish, 541 U.S. 157, 172 (2004).

        Under Exemption 6, the FBI withholds "the names and/or identifying data of individuals

who assisted the FBI by providing information ... during an interview." Hardy Deci. ~ 45;

Vaughn Index at 1,10,49-55,59-77,79-116, and 137. The declaration explains that interviews

are among the most productive tools in law enforcement, and "[t]he largest roadblock in

successfully obtaining ... desired information through an interview is the fear by an interviewee

that his ... identity could possibly be exposed." Id. Disclosure of the interviewee's identity

could result in harassment, intimidation, or threats of reprisal or physical harm to the interviewee,

id., and the agency surmounts these obstacles by assuring interviewees "that their identities will

be held in the strictest confidence." Id. The FBI identifies no legitimate public interest in release

of the interviewees' identities because such release sheds no light on the FBI's activities or

operations. Id. The declaration further asserts that "continued access to persons willing to

provide pertinent facts bearing on a particular investigation outweighs any benefits derived from

releasing the identities of these individuals." Id.

        Plaintiff disputes the FBI's rationale for withholding information pertaining to

interviewees under Exemption 6. See PI.' s Opp'n at 8. He claims "that the names of third

parties have already been released in different parts of the proceedings, and [plaintiff] merely

seeks documentation of the information provided." Id.

       The release of information to plaintiff about third parties in any other context is not

relevant to this FOIA action. Cf Schiffer v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 78 F.3d 1405, 1411

(9th Cir. 1996) (treating requester's personal knowledge as irrelevant in assessing privacy


                                                  15
interests). The sole rationale supporting release ofinfonnation otherwise protected under

Exemption 6 is a legitimate public interest. Plaintiff articulates no public interest, and instead,

suggest that his personal interest in this infonnation is sufficient. See Pl.'s Opp'n at 8. Plaintiff

is mistaken. Any interest in the infonnation for purposes of proving his innocence or proving

that government witnesses perjured testimony at his criminal trial does not overcome the

individuals' privacy interest. See Oguaju v. United States, 288 F.3d 448,450 (D.C. Cir. 2002)

(finding that requester's "personal stake in using the requested records to attack his convictions

does not count in the calculation of the public interest"), vacated and remanded, 541 US. 970

(2004), on remand, 378 F.3d 115 (D.C. Cir.) (reaffinning prior decision), reh 'g denied, 386 F.3d

273 (D.C. Cir. 2004), cert. denied, 544 US. 983 (2005); see also Reporters Comm. for Freedom

of the Press, 489 US. at 771 (stating that the requester's identity has "no bearing on the merits of

his ... FOIA request").

       The Court concludes that the FBI properly withheld the names and identifying data

pertaining to these interviewees under Exemption 6.

                                          3. Exemption 7

                                   a. Law Enforcement Records

       Exemption 7 protects from disclosure "records or infonnation compiled for law

enforcement purposes," but only to the extent that disclosure of such records would cause an

enumerated hann. 5 US.C. § 552(b)(7); see Fed. Bureau of Investigation v. Abramson, 456 US.

615,622 (1982). In order to withhold materials properly under Exemption 7, an agency must

establish that the records at issue were compiled for law enforcement purposes, and that the

material satisfies the requirements of one of the subparts of Exemption 7. See Pratt v. Webster,


                                                 16
673 F.2d 408,413 (D.C. Cir. 1982). In assessing whether records are compiled for law

enforcement purposes, the "focus is on how and under what circumstances the requested files

were compiled, and whether the files sought relate to anything that can fairly be characterized as

an enforcement proceeding." Jefferson v. Dep 't of Justice, 284 F.3d 172, 176-77 (D.C. Cir.

2002) (citations and internal quotations omitted).

        The FBI's declaration describes plaintiff as "a ruling figure of the Luchese LCN Family"

whose "organized crime involvement includes narcotics, labor racketeering, murder, and

extorting kickbacks." Hardy Decl.    ~   5. Plaintiff is serving a sentence of life imprisonment after

his conviction "in 1992 of fifty-four (54) counts of murder, extortion and labor racketeering."

Jd.; see United States v. Amuso, 21 F.3d 1251, 1253 (2d Cir. 1994). According to the

declaration, the records at issue in this case "were compiled for criminal law enforcement

purposes during the course of the FBI's performance of its law enforcement mission, including

the investigation of criminal activities." Hardy Decl.   ~   51.

        Plaintiff disputes the assertion that the responsive records were compiled for law

enforcement purposes. In his view, the records released to him are so heavily redacted that "one

cannot deduce whether the documents were compiled by a government agency," leaving the

Court "to simply take the defendants' word that the documents related to the enforcement of

federal laws and that the enforcement activity is within the law enforcement duty of the agency."

PI. 's Opp'n at 12.

        It is true that the FBI's supporting declaration offers little detail as to its law enforcement

function. There can be no dispute, however, that the FBI is a law enforcement agency. See 28

U.S.c. § 531 et seq. (establishing the FBI within the United States Department of Justice and its


                                                   17
jurisdiction to detect and investigate crimes). Furthermore, it is clear from the supporting

declaration and from the language ofplaintiffs FOIA request itself that the relevant records were

compiled for law enforcement purposes. The request specifically refers to "the criminal

investigation and prosecution of Amuso by federal authorities," and mentions the criminal case

by number and by federal district court. CompI., Ex. A at 2-3.

       The Court concludes that the records at issue were compiled for law enforcement

purposes within the scope of Exemption 7.

                                        b. Exemption 7(C)

       Exemption 7(C) protects from disclosure information in law enforcement records that

"could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy." 5

U.S.C. § 552 (b )(7)(C). In determining whether this exemption applies to particular material, the

Court must balance the interest in privacy of the individuals mentioned in the records against the

public interest in disclosure. Beck v. Dep't ofJustice, 997 F.2d 1489, 1491 (D.C. Cir. 1993).

"[T]he only public interest relevant for purposes of Exemption 7(C) is one that focuses on 'the

citizens' right to be informed about what their government is up to. ,,, Davis v. United States

Dep't of Justice, 968 F.2d 1276, 1282 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (quoting Reporters Comm.for Freedom

of the Press, 489 U.S. at 773). The public interest "sought to be advanced [must be] a

significant one[,] more specific than having the information for [one's] own sake." Favish,541

U.S. at 172.




                                                18
                            FBI Special Agents, FBI Support Personnel
                              and Local Law Enforcement Personnel

        The FBI withholds "the names and/or identifying information about FBI [Special Agents]

and support personnel responsible for conducting, assisting with and/or supervising the

investigative activities reported in the documents concerning plaintiff and others." Hardy Decl. ,-r

55. Among the Special Agents' responsibilities are interviewing witnesses and reviewing

materials gathered in the course of the investigation of plaintiff and others. Id. Special Agents

are not assigned to conduct investigations or to perform administrative duties by choice. Id. Any

"[p ]ublicity (adverse or otherwise) regarding [a] particular investigation to which they are

assigned may seriously prejudice their effectiveness in conducting other investigations." !d.

Further, these Special Agents "conduct official inquiries into various criminal and national

security cases," putting them "into contact with all strata of society." Id. ,-r 56. In this capacity,

they conduct searches and make arrests, "both of which constitute reasonable, but nonetheless

serious[,] intrusions into peoples' lives," and some of these people "carry grudges which last for

years." Id. These people may find an opportunity "to harass the [Special Agent] responsible for

these intrusions," and release of their identities "in connection with a particular law enforcement

investigation could trigger hostility toward the [Special Agent]." Id. Special Agents, then,

"maintain a substantial privacy interest in not having their identities disclosed." Id. For these

same reasons, the FBI withholds "the names and ranks oflaw enforcement officers of the New

Jersey and New York City Police Departments" who "assisted in the investigation of plaintiff and

others." Id. ,-r 61. Release of their identities may subject them to "unnecessary, unwarranted

harassment." Id.



                                                   19
            Based on a similar rationale, the FBI withholds "the names of FBI support employees"

assigned to "handle tasks relating to the investigation concerning plaintiff and others." Hardy

Dec!.   ~   56. These individuals are or were "in a position to access information regarding official

law enforcement investigations, and therefore could become the target[ s] of harassing inquiries

for unauthorized access to investigations if their identities were disclosed." Id.

            Against the recognized privacy interests of FBI Special Agents, support personnel, and

local law enforcement officers, the FBI weighs the public interest in disclosure. Hardy Dec!.      ~


57. Its declaration explains that, absent allegations of misconduct on their part, disclosure of

their identities would shed no light on the agency's performance. !d.

                           Third Parties Who Provided Information to the FBI

            Under Exemption 7(C), the FBI withholds "the names and/or identifying data of

individuals who assisted the FBI by providing information within the records responsive to the

plaintiffs request." Hardy Dec!.     ~   58. These individuals provided information in interviews,

and their cooperation can be obtained by assuring them "that their identities will be held in the

strictest confidence." Id. Release of their identities may result in their "being harassed,

intimidated or threatened with legal or economic reprisal, or possible physical harm." Id. The

FBI identifies "no legitimate public interest to be served by releasing the identities" of these

private citizens interviewed by FBI agents. Id.

                              Third Parties Merely Mention in FBI Records

            The FBI also withholds "the names and personal identifying information" about third

parties "who were merely mentioned in the documents responsive to plaintiffs request." Hardy

Dec1.   ~   59. Recognizing the "strong negative connotation" in releasing these third parties'


                                                    20
identities in connection with an investigation of plaintiff, the FBI asserts that such disclosure

"could subject them to possible harassment and could focus derogatory inferences and suspicion

on them." Id.   ~   60. The FBI determines that there is no public interest in the disclosure of these

third parties' identities to outweigh their interest in personal privacy. Id.

                            Third Parties ofInvestigative Interest to the FBI
                                  or Other Law Enforcement Agencies

       Lastly, the FBI withholds under Exemption 7(C) the "names of and identifying

information of third party individuals who were of investigative interest to the FBI and/or other

law enforcement agencies." Hardy Decl.       ~   63. According to the FBI's declaration, "[b]eing

linked with any law enforcement investigation carries a strong negative connotation and a

stigma," such that releasing these individuals' identities "could subject them to harassment or

embarrassment, as well as undue public attention." Id. The FBI determines that these

individuals "maintain a substantial privacy interest in not having their identities disclosed," and

that disclosure of their identities "would not enlighten the public on how the FBI conducts its

internal operations and investigations." Id.

       In his opposition, plaintiff generally argues that the FBI "has not performed the proper

balancing function required for this exemption" because "the public interest in disclosure, in this

case, overrides the privacy interests of the individuals mentioned in [the] records." Pl.'s Opp'n

at 13-14. With respect to the FBI's argument that these third parties may face harassment or risk

of harm, plaintiff finds such allegations "ridiculous" because he "is incarcerated in a maximum

security prison some 18 years after the fact." Id. at 14. He opines that "the [Special Agents]

concerned have probably retired long ago," Id. at 15. Similarly, he argues that the third parties'



                                                    21
identities already "were disclosed to the public many years ago" and that the "public policy

interest in withholding their identities has eroded over time." Id. at 11. Further, he explains that

his sole purpose is "to collect information of a legal nature, and he has no intent to harass

anybody involved in his investigation." Id. at 18. None of these points undermines the FBI's

decision to withhold this third party information.

       Law enforcement personnel "have a legitimate interest in preserving the secrecy of

matters that conceivably could subject them to annoyance or harassment in either their official or

private lives" Lesar v. United States Dep 't ofJustice, 636 F.2d 472, 487 (D.C. Cir. 1980).

Similarly, "third parties who may be mentioned in investigatory files" and "witnesses and

informants who provide information during the course of an investigation" have an "obvious"

and "substantial" privacy interest in their personal information. Nation Magazine v. United

States Customs Serv., 71 F.3d 885, 894 (D.C. Cir. 1995); see Rugiero v. United States Dep 't of

Justice, 257 F.3d 534,552 (6th Cir. 2000) (concluding that agency properly withheld "identifying

information on agents, personnel, and third parties after balancing the privacy interests against

public disclosure), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 1134 (2002).

       Individuals involved in law enforcement investigations, "even if they are not the subject

of the investigation[,] have a substantial interest in seeing that their participation remains secret."

Willis v. United States Dep 't of Justice, 581 F. Supp. 2d 57, 76 (D.D.C. 2008) (citations and

internal quotation marks omitted). Suspects, too, maintain a "substantial interest" in the

nondisclosure of their identities and connection to a particular investigation. See Neely v. Fed.

Bureau of Investigation, 208 F.3d 461,464-66 (4th Cir. 2000). Privacy interests do not diminish

with the passage of time, see, e.g., Halpern v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 181 F.3d 279, 297


                                                  22
(2d Cir. 1999), and plaintiff cannot argue that the passage of 18 years since the investigation took

place diminishes these individuals' privacy interests in any way.

        Individuals have a "strong interest in not being associated unwarrantedly with alleged

criminal activity." Stern v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation , 737 F.2d 84, 91-92 (D.C. Cir. 1984).

Exemption 7(C) recognizes that the stigma of being associated with any law enforcement

investigation affords broad privacy rights to those who are connected in any way with such an

investigation unless a significant public interest exists for disclosure. Reporters Comm. for

Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. at 773-775; SafeCard Servs., Inc., 926 F.2d at 1205-06. Plaintiff

articulates no public interest in disclosure of the names of and identifying information about FBI

Special Agents and support personnel, local law enforcement officers, third parties who provided

assistance to the FBI, third parties mentioned in the records, or third parties of investigatory

interest. His intention to use information in these FBI records to prove his claim of innocence is

not a public interest, as "an individual's personal interest in challenging his criminal conviction

is not a public interest under FOIA because it 'reveals little or nothing about an agency's own

conduct.'" Willis v. United States Dep 'f of Justice, 581 F. Supp. 2d 57, 76 (D.D.C. 2008)

(quoting Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. at 773).

       The FBI's position is amply supported, see, e.g., Fischer v. United States Dep 't of Justice,

_   F. Supp. 2d _, No. 07-2037, 2009 WL 162688, at *7 (D.D.C. Jan. 26,2009) (concluding

that the FBI properly withheld the names and identifying information of FBI Special Agents and

support personnel, the names and identifying information of third parties merely mentioned, third

parties of investigative interest to the FBI or other law enforcement agencies, and the identities of




                                                 23
and information provided by Cooperative Witnesses under Exemption 7(C)), and the Court

concludes that the FBI properly withholds this information under Exemption 7(C).

                                        c. Exemption 7(D)

        Exemption 7(D) protects from disclosure those records or information compiled for law

enforcement purposes that:

               could reasonably be expected to disclose the identity of a confidential
               source ... [who] furnished information on a confidential basis, and,
               in the case of a record or information compiled by a criminal law
               enforcement authority in the course of a criminal investigation ... ,
               information furnished by a confidential source.

5 US.C. § 552(b )(7)(D). There is no assumption that a source is confidential for purposes of

Exemption 7(D) whenever a source provides information to a law enforcement agency in the

course of a criminal investigation. See United States Dep 't ofJustice v. Landano, 508 US. 165,

181 (1993). Rather, a source's confidentiality must be determined on a case-by-case basis. !d. at

179-80. "A source is confidential within the meaning of [Exemption] 7(D) if the source

provided information under an express assurance of confidentiality or in circumstances from

which such an assurance could reasonably be inferred." Williams v. Fed. Bureau of

Investigation, 69 F.3d 1155, 1159 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (citing Landano, 508 US. at 170-74).

                             i. Express Assurance of Confidentiality

                 Confidential Source File Numbers and Source Symbol Numbers

       The FBI withholds confidential source file numbers and permanent source symbol

numbers under both Exemptions 2 and 7(D). Hardy Dec!. ~~ 33,36, 70, 73. The former are

assigned "in sequential order to confidential informants who report information to the FBI on a

regular basis pursuant to an express assurance of confidentiality." Id.   ~   70. The latter are


                                                24
"assigned to confidential sources who have been developed, instructed, closely monitored and in

may cases paid for [their] services ... under an express grant of confidentiality." Id.              ~   73.

        The FBI's declaration explains that disclosure of confidential source file numbers "at

various times and in various documents could ultimately identify these sources since it would

reveal the connections of confidential informants to the information provided by them." Hardy

Dec!. ~ 71. Because a "source file number is assigned to only one confidential informant,"

release of the numbers together with information these informants have provided "would narrow

the possibilities of their true identities." Id.; see id.   ~   34. Disclosure of confidential sources'

identities "would have a chilling effect on the activities and cooperation of both current and

future FBI confidential informants," as it is "only with the understanding of complete

confidentiality that the aid of such informants can be enlisted." Id.        ~   72; see id.   ~   35. Because

disclosure of the confidential source file numbers "could reasonably be expected to identify a

permanent confidential source of the FBI," the FBI argues that the file numbers properly are

withheld under Exemption 7(D). Id.

        Similarly, the FBI argues that disclosure of informants' source symbol numbers and the

information provided by these symbol numbered sources, Hardy Dec!.                ~~   74-75, could result in

"[c]onsiderable harm to the informants and to ongoing FBI operations." Id.               ~   74. Informants to

whom source symbol numbers are assigned have provided "detailed and singular" information

"concerning criminal activity," and the sources' identities "could be ascertained by a person

knowledgeable of the events that gave rise to the FBI's investigation of plaintiff and other

subjects." Id. Release of the sources' identities means that both the sources and their families

"could be subjected to embarrassment, humiliation, and physical [or] mental harm." !d. On a


                                                     25
wider scale, release of the identities of confidential sources "could have a chilling effect on the

activities and cooperation of other FBI confidential sources" because it is "only through

assurances of [confidentiality] that these sources can be persuaded to continue providing valuable

assistance in the future." Id. For these reasons, the FBI asserts that source symbol numbers

properly are withheld under Exemption 7(D). Id.

       "As a matter of policy and practice, all symbol numbered sources are given an express

grant of confidentiality." Hardy Dec!.   ~   75. Their identities are known only to "very few FBI

employees ... on a 'need to know' basis," and FBI documents to not refer to these sources by

name. Id. The FBI receives information from these sources "only under conditions which

guarantee the contact will not be jeopardized." Id. The FBI secures these sources' assistance

"only with the understanding of complete confidentiality," and, for this reason, the FBI argues

that "identifying data and information received from symbol numbered sources is withheld

properly under Exemption 7(D). Id.

        The FBI establishes that the confidential sources to whom the agency has assigned file

numbers and permanent source symbol numbers, and the information provided by these symbol

numbered sources, properly are withheld under Exemption 7(D). Its declaration explains that

these sources provided information under an express grant of confidentiality, and that disclosure

of this information could reasonably be expected to disclose their identities.

                             Foreign Government Agency Information

       In file 92A-HQ-I020655-CI-5 there is "information provided to the FBI from a foreign

agency or authority with an explicit understanding of confidentiality." Hardy Dec!.    ~   76.

Although the declaration asserts that the FBI "solicits and receives information regularly from ..


                                                   26
· foreign agencies and authorities," id., the Court has before it only the declarant's bare assertion

that such information is shared under a "mutual understanding that the identity of such a source

and the information provided by it will be held in confidence by the FBI, and not relased

pursuant to FOIA ... requests." Id. Absent a more substantive description of the nature or scope

of the agreement with this foreign source, the FBI does not establish that this information

properly is withheld under Exemption 7(D) on the ground that the foreign source provided

information under an express grant of confidentiality.

                                  ii. Implied Assurance of Confidentiality

        The declaration explains that third parties with "knowledge of the activities that gave rise

to the investigation of the plaintiff and others" were interviewed, and that these individuals

"provided valuable information that is detailed and singular in nature." Hardy Dec!.               ~   69. The

FBI withholds under Exemption 7(D) "the names, identifying information, and information

provided by third parties to the FBI under an implied grant of confidentiality during the course of

the FBI's investigation of the plaintiff and others ... but only to the extent that the information

could identify the interviewee." !d.           ~   68. The agency justifies its decision based on "the violent

nature of the crimes reportedly committed by plaintiff," id.            ~   69, including murder, extortion and

labor racketeering, id.   ~   5, and on the fact that the interviewees reported on the "activities of

organized crime families." Id.       ~   68.

       The declaration states that release of the interviewees' names or other identifying

information "could have disastrous consequences," particularly by subjecting these individuals

"to violent reprisals." Hardy Dec!. ~ 69. "The FBI has found that only with the understanding of

complete confidentiality that the aid of such sources can be enlisted, and only through this


                                                            27
confidence that these sources can be persuaded to continue providing valuable assistance in the

future." Id.

        In detennining whether the sources provided infonnation under an implied assurance of

confidentiality, the Court considers "whether the violence and risk of retaliation that attend this

type of crime warrant an implied grant of confidentiality for such a source." Mays v. Drug

Enforcement Admin., 234 F.3d 1324, 1329 (D.C. Cir. 2000). The nature of the crime

investigated and infonnant's relation to it are the most important factors in detennining whether

implied confidentiality exists. Landano, 508 U.S. at 179-80; Quiiion v. FBI, 86 F.3d 1222, 1231

(D.C. Cir. 1996). The question has been answered in the affinnative with respect to "the

violence and danger that accompany the cocaine trade," id., gang-related murder, Landano, 508

U.S. at 179, and other violent acts committed in retaliation for witnesses' cooperation with law

enforcement. See Shores v. Fed. Bureau ofInvestigation, No. 98-2728, 2002 WL 230756, at *4

(D.D.C. Feb. 2, 2002) (withholding identities and identifying infonnation of three cooperating

witnesses with knowledge of the murder of which plaintiff was convicted, where plaintiff

"subsequently attempted to procure the murder of a family member of one of the witnesses");

Coleman, 13 F. Supp. 2d at 82 (finding that plaintiffs conviction "of numerous violent crimes

including rape and kidnaping," as well as the nature of the crimes and "the relation of the

witnesses thereto is precisely the type that the implied confidentiality exemption expressed in

Landano is designed to encompass"). In this case, where plaintiff is a member of an organized

crime family who has been convicted of racketeering, extortion and murder, it is reasonable for

these sources to fear retaliation if the FBI were to release their names or any other infonnation

that might reveal their identities.


                                                 28
       The Court concludes that these interviewees provided infonnation to the FBI with an

expectation that their identities would not be disclosed. This infonnation properly is withheld

under Exemption 7(D).

                                       c. Exemption 7(E)

       Exemption 7(E) protects from disclosure law enforcement records "to the extent that the

production of such law enforcement records or infonnation ... would disclose techniques and

procedures for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for

law enforcement investigations or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected

to risk circumvention of the law." 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E). Courts have held that infonnation

pertaining to law enforcement techniques and procedures properly is withheld under Exemption

7(E) where disclosure reasonably could lead to circumvention of laws or regulations. See, e.g.,

Piper v. United States Dep 'to ofJustice, 294 F. Supp. 2d 16,30 (D.D.C. 2003) (withholding

polygraph test infonnation on the ground that disclosure "has the potential to allow a cunning

criminal to extrapolate a pattern or method to the FBI's questioning technique," and anticipate or

thwart FBI's strategy); Fisher v. United States Dep 't of Justice, 772 F. Supp. 7,12 (D.D.C. 1991)

(upholding FBI's decision to withhold infonnation about law enforcement techniques where

disclosure would impair effectiveness and, within context of documents, "could alert subjects in

drug investigations about techniques used to aid the FBI"), aff'd, 968 F.2d 92 (D.C. Cir. 1992).

       In conjunction with Exemption 2, the FBI withholds "procedures and techniques used by

FBI Special Agents during the investigation of plaintiff." Hardy Decl. ~ 78. With respect to

Exemption 2, the FBI's declaration explains that "infonnation [such] as instructions to

cooperating witnesses, the amount of money used to purchase evidence, and specific


                                                29
investigatory techniques used during the investigation ... relate[] solely to the FBI's internal

practices." Id. ,-r 3S. In addition, the FBI withholds infonnation regarding "the logistical details

of an FBI undercover operation" under Exemption 2 on the ground that disclosure of such

"internal administrative infonnation ... could provide insight into how the FBI conducts

undercover operations." Id. If this infonnation were publicly available, it could be used "to

predict how the FBI will conduct similar operations in the future" or "to exhaust the FBI's

funding of a particular investigation," thus "imped[ing] the effectiveness of the FBI's internal

law enforcement procedures." Id. Insofar as "[r]elease of these techniques could reasonably be

expected to alert the subjects in other criminal investigations to how the FBI conducts

undercover operations," potential subjects could circumvent the law or otherwise jeopardize

future investigations or undercover operations. Id.,-r 7S. For this reason, the FBI invokes

Exemption 7(E). Id.

       Plaintiff counters that "the blank 302 fonns released to the plaintiff give no evidence that

any techniques and procedures used in law enforcement investigations or prosecutions were

involved." Pl.'s Opp'n at 22. Rather, to plaintiff, "the fonns appear to be documentations of

somewhat ordinary interviews," such that the FBI has "no basis for withholding anything that

would disclose any techniques or procedures employed by the FBI." Id.

       An agency may withhold infonnation from disclosure where, as here, it would provide

insight into its investigatory or procedural techniques. See Morley v. Central Intelligence

Agency, 50S F.3d 1107, 1129 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (concluding that the CIA properly withheld

infonnation revealing security clearance procedures because release "could render those

procedures vulnerable and weaken their effectiveness at uncovering background infonnation on


                                                 30
potential candidates"). Based on the FBI's representations and absent evidence from plaintiff to

rebut the presumption of good faith afforded to the FBI's declaration, the Court concludes that

the FBI properly withholds information pertaining to procedures and techniques used by FBI

Special Agents during the investigation of plaintiff under Exemptions 2 and 7(E).

                                          d. Exemption 7(F)

        Exemption 7(F) protects from disclosure information contained in law enforcement

records that "could reasonably be expected to endanger the life or physical safety of any

individual." 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(F). "While courts generally have applied Exemption 7(F) to

protect law enforcement personnel or other specified third parties, by its terms, the exemption is

not so limited; it may be invoked to protect 'any individual' reasonably at risk of harm." Long v.

United States Dep 't ofJustice, 450 F. Supp. 2d 42, 79 (D.D.C. 2006) (quoting 5 U.S.c. §

552(b)(7)(F)), order amended on recons., 457 F. Supp. 2d 30 (D.D.C.), and order amended, 479

F. Supp. 2d 23 (D.D.C. 2007) (same). In reviewing matters under Exemption 7(F), courts may

inquire "whether there is some nexus between disclosure and possible harm." Linn v. United

States Dep't of Justice, No. 92-1406,1995 WL 631847, at *8 (D.D.C. Aug. 22,1995). Within

limits, the Court defers to the agency's assessment of danger. See Garcia v. United States Dep 't

ofJustice, 181 F. Supp. 2d 356,378 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (quoting Linn, 1995 WL 631847, at *9).

        The FBI withholds "source symbol number informants and the names and identifying

information concerning cooperating witnesses who provided information to the FBI concerning

the criminal activities of plaintiff and/or other individuals of investigative interest in the records

responsive to plaintiffs request." Hardy I Decl. ~ 80. Because the crimes "reportedly committed

by plaintiff and other members of organized crime families," the FBI asserts that release of


                                                  31
infonnation about these infonnants and witnesses "could reasonably be expected to endanger the

life and/or physical safety of these cooperating individuals." Id.

        Plaintiff counters that the FBI incorrectly "assumes that the plaintiff is a member of an

organized crime family" and is without a "basis for making such an assumption." PI. 's Opp'n at

23. Rather, he asserts that the "only evidence that the plaintiff is a member of an organized crime

family is derived from the testimony of murderers and sewer dwellers who have never spent a

day in prison." PI.' s Aff.   ~   30. He argues that there "would not be a great risk to release the

identities of cooperating witnesses because the plaintiff is merely seeking infonnation for his

own legal purposes." PI. 's Opp'n at 23.

        According to the Second Circuit's opinion, plaintiff indeed is associated with an

organized crime family. See United States v. Amuso, 21 F.3d at 1254 (summarizing witness

testimony as to "the extensive nature of organized crime's control over the window replacement

industry in New York and Amuso's involvement in the enterprise" and "a murderous campaign

by Amuso between 1988 and 1991 to eliminate anyone he suspected of disloyalty, including an

entire faction of the Luchese family"). The FBI's declaration, the assertions of which are

accorded "a presumption of good faith, which cannot be rebutted by purely speculative claims

about the existence and discoverability of other documents," SafeCard Servs., Inc., 926 F.2d at

1200 (internal quotation marks omitted), establish that plaintiff was "a ruling figure of the

Luchese LCN Family" whose "organized crime involvement includes narcotics, labor

racketeering, murder, and extorting kickbacks." Hardy DecI.         ~   5.

       Based on the FBI's declaration, including its statements regarding plaintiffs criminal

background, the Court concludes that the FBI properly withholds source symbol number


                                                      32
informants and the names and identifying information concerning cooperating witnesses under

Exemption 7(F). It is reasonable in these circumstances to conclude that disclosure of this

information could threaten the lives of or otherwise endanger their safety.

                                          £. Referral to the BOP

        On May 2,2008, the FBI referred three pages of records to the BOP. Hardy Decl.,          ~~   3-4,

81 & Ex. A (Referral re: FOIA Request Number 2008-06852), Ex. J ("Moorer Decl."). The FBI

sent a second referral package to the BOP on August 14, 2008. Hardy Decl.        ~   81. It included the

three pages referred on May 2,2008, see Vaughn Index at 46-48, and one additional page. See

Vaughn Index at 45. As of the filing of the instant motion, the outcome of the August 14,2008

referral, that is, the decision to withhold or to release the one additional page, was unknown.

Moorer Dec!.   ~   5 n.1.

        The records referred on May 2, 2008 "contained the names, register numbers, locations,

FBI numbers, Social Security numbers, dates of birth, and organized crime affiliation of inmates

incarcerated in the [BOP]," Moorer Decl.       ~   7, and the BOP withheld them under Exemptions

7(C) and 7(F). Id.    ~   5. According to the BOP's declaration, release of this information not only

would confirm each individual's status as "a significant organized crime member" but also

would endanger his life or physical safety. Id. The agency declined to offer a "more detailed

description ofthe information withheld" because it "could identify the protected material." Id.        ~


6. Because non-exempt material "was so intertwined with protected material," the BOP released

no segregable material and, instead, withheld these records in their entirety. Id.

       Plaintiff opposes the BOP's decision, arguing that the BOP "made an improper, unilateral

decision to withhold the three pages of information which it had relevant to the plaintiffs


                                                      33
inquiry," Pl.'s Statement of Material Facts in Genuine Dispute ~ 2, without any "evidence ... as

to the nature of the information withheld and the legal basis therefor." Id.   ~   21; Pl.'s Aff.   ~   32.

Absent additional information from the BOP as to its rationale for withholding in full the three

pages of records referred on May 2, 2008, the Court cannot determine whether its decision is

proper. Nor can the Court determine whether the BOP withheld or released the additional page

referred by the FBI on August 14, 2008

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       The Court finds that the FBI conducted an adequate search for records responsive to

plaintiffs FOIA request and that it properly withheld information under Exemptions 2,6, 7(C),

7(E), and 7(F). Under Exemption 7(D), the FBI properly withholds confidential source file

numbers, permanent source symbol numbers, information provided by symbol numbered

informants under an express grant of confidentiality, and the names of and identifying

information about interviewees who provided information in circumstances under which

confidentiality is implied. In these respects the FBI's summary judgment motion will be granted.

       The FBI does not establish that it received foreign government agency information under

an express assurance of confidentiality, and the Court cannot determine whether it properly

withheld this information under Exemption 7(D). Nor can the Court determine whether the BOP

properly withheld the three pages referred on May 2,2008, and the results of the August 14, 2008

referral are unknown. In these respects the motion will be denied.

       An Order consistent with this Memorandum Opin'


                                                      RI
                                                      United States District JudgeDDate:


                                                34
