08-4908-cv
Banco Central De Par v. Paraguay Humanitarian


                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                     SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUM M ARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUM M ARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERM ITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN
CITING A SUM M ARY O RDER IN A DOCUM ENT FILED W ITH THIS COURT, A PARTY M UST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (W ITH THE NOTATION
“SUM M ARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUM M ARY ORDER M UST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY
PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.


       At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Daniel Patrick Moynihan Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New York, on the 18th
day of February, two thousand ten.

Present:
            ROBERT D. SACK,
            ROBERT A. KATZMANN,
                        Circuit Judges,
            RICHARD J. SULLIVAN,
                        District Judge.*
________________________________________________

DEF,

               Defendant,

RONALD L. WOLFSON, JORGE GALLO QUINTERO,

               Defendants-Appellants,

PARAGUAY HUMANITARIAN FOUNDATION, INC., formerly known as CQZ
HUMANITARIAN FOUNDATION, INC., CQZ HOLDING CORP., AVIJOS, INC., and JOSE
M. AVILA,

               Defendants-Counterclaimants-Third Party Plaintiffs-Appellants,



       *
           The Honorable Richard J. Sullivan, United States District Judge for the Southern
District of New York, sitting by designation.
                      v.                                   No. 08-4908-cv

ABC,

              Plaintiff,

BANCO CENTRAL DEL PARAGUAY, on behalf and as assignee of BANCO UNION
S.A.E.C.A. in liquidation and BANCO ORIENTAL S.A.I.F.E.C.A. in liquidation,

              Plaintiffs-Counter-Defendants-Third Party Defendants-Appellees,

JOHN W. TULAC,

              Nominal Defendant,

CITIBANK, N.A.,

            Garnishee.
________________________________________________

For Defendants-Appellants            STEPHANIE F. BRADLEY (Clifford Y. Chen, Adam Francois
and Defendants-Couter                Watkins, on the brief), Watkins, Bradley & Chen LLP,
claimants-Third Party                New York, NY; H. Dale Cubitt, Cubitt & Cubitt, Bad Axe,
Plaintiffs-Appellants:               MI

For Plaintiffs-Counter-
Defendants-Third Party               DANIEL H. WEINER (Nicolas Swerdloff, on the brief),
Defendants-Appellees:                Hughes Hubbard & Reed LLP, New York, NY

For Nominal Defendant:               H. DALE CUBITT , Cubitt & Cubitt, Bad Axe, MI


      Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
(Keenan, J.).

       ON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and

DECREED that the judgment of the district court be and hereby is AFFIRMED.

       This case arises out of the transfer of sixteen million dollars from two Paraguayan banks

in liquidation to bank accounts in the United States. Plaintiff Banco Central Del Paraguay



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(“Banco Central”) brings an action for conversion as assignee of Banco Union and Banco

Oriental, the two Paraguayan banks in liquidation. The district court granted summary judgment

in favor of Banco Central on its conversion claim and dismissed defendants’ counterclaims and

third party complaint. Defendants Ronald L. Wolfson, Jorge Ralph Gallo Quintero, Paraguayan

Humanitarian Foundation, CQZ Holding Corp., Avijos, Inc., and Jose M. Avila now appeal. We

assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and procedural history of the case.

        Defendants challenge Banco Central’s standing to bring this action. Defendants argue

that the assignments through which Banco Union and Banco Oriental assigned their claim are

invalid under Paraguayan law. Therefore, according to defendants, Banco Central does not have

a legal interest in the claim and does not have standing to bring suit. See W.R. Huff Asset Mgmt.

Co. v. Deloitte & Touche LLP, 549 F.3d 100, 108 (2d Cir. 2008) (“[T]he minimum requirement

for an injury-in-fact is that the plaintiff have legal title to, or a proprietary interest in, the claim.”).

Defendants point to the declaration of Alfredo Enrique Kronawetter, a Paraguayan lawyer, for the

proposition that the assignments are invalid. The district court did not consider the Kronawetter

declaration because it was submitted four months after the close of briefing.

        We have reviewed the Kronawetter declaration and conclude that it is insufficient to raise

a genuine issue of material fact in dispute that would preclude summary judgment. As evidence

of the assignments, Banco Central submitted the actual assignments, Joint Appendix (“JA”) at

265-68, as well as subsequent ratifications of the assignments by the liquidators and declarations

of the liquidators expressing support for the lawsuit. JA 385-87, 435-51, 453-54. The

Kronawetter declaration states that the assignments “do not combine the necessary formalities

and conditions so that such means are effective, for not having had it carried out under the decree


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of article 389 of the Paraguayan Civil Code.” JA 676. This statement is entirely conclusory and

defendants do not even provide the Court with a copy of article 389 or any explanation of why

the assignments do not comply with Paraguayan legal formalities. Defendants therefore fail to

raise a genuine issue of material fact in dispute precluding summary judgment.

       Defendants argue that the district court erred when it granted summary judgment on

Banco Central’s conversion claim because a conversion claim may not be predicated on a mere

breach of contract. But Banco Central’s claim is not predicated on a mere breach of contract.

Instead, it “spring[s] from circumstances extraneous to, and not constituting elements of, the

[alleged] contract . . . .” See Clark-Fitzpatrick, Inc. v. Long Island R.R. Co., 70 N.Y.2d 382, 389

(1987); see also In re September 11 Litig., 640 F. Supp. 2d 323, 338 (S.D.N.Y. 2009)

(“[C]ontract and tort claims for relief may coexist in limited circumstances . . . when a

defendant’s tortious conduct is separate and apart from its failure to fulfill its contractual

obligations.”) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). Here, Banco Central’s claim is

not predicated on the alleged contract. Banco Central does not ask for the “profits of the

investment,” nor does it ask for the return of its money because the investment plan was not

carried out. JA 206. Instead, Banco Central demands the return of the sixteen million dollars

because the money was unlawfully transferred out of Paraguay.

       Defendants further contend that the district court erred when it dismissed defendants’

counterclaims and third party complaint. Defendants brought counterclaims against Banco

Central for interference with a contract and against the banks-in-liquidation for breach of

contract. The district court correctly dismissed these claims pursuant to the “opposing party”

requirement of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 13. Banco Central is not an “opposing party”


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because the interference with a contract claim is brought against Banco Central in its regulatory

capacity and not in its capacity as assignee of the two banks-in-liquidation. See Banco Nacional

de Cuba v. Chase Manhattan Bank, 658 F.2d 875, 885 (2d Cir. 1981) (holding that generally,

under the “opposing party” requirement, “when a plaintiff has brought suit in one capacity, the

defendant may not counterclaim against [the plaintiff] in another capacity”). The banks-in-

liquidation, which are not named parties, are not “opposing part[ies]” because they have assigned

their claims and so they are not the real parties in interest in the litigation nor the parties

controlling the litigation. See Banco Nacional de Cuba v. First Nat’l City Bank of N.Y., 478 F.2d

191, 193 (2d Cir. 1973) (concluding that a counterclaim could be brought against the Republic of

Cuba, though unnamed, because the Republic of Cuba and Banco Nacional de Cuba, the

plaintiff, acted as a single entity); see also Transamerica Occidental Life Ins. Co. v. Aviation

Office of Am., Inc., 292 F.3d 384, 392 (3d Cir. 2002) (concluding that an assignee was an

“opposing party,” stating that “[i]t is significant that the [assignee] . . . was actually the party

controlling the litigation in both actions . . . . This is an essential component of our analysis.”).

        Defendants’ third-party complaint against the banks-in-liquidation was also correctly

dismissed. Defendants waited two years before attempting to serve process on the banks-in-

liquidation and never successfully served process on them. We have previously held inapplicable

the foreign country exception to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m)’s 120-day time limit for

service where a party did not attempt service within the 120-day limit and “ha[d] not exactly bent

over backward to effect service.” Montalbano v. Easco Hand Tools, Inc., 766 F.2d 737, 740 (2d

Cir. 1985). Likewise we do not find that the district court abused its discretion here where

defendants waited two and a half years to attempt service, never effected service, and did not


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explain why they had not been able to effect service. See Nagy v. Dwyer, 507 F.3d 161, 163 (2d

Cir. 2007) (“We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s dismissal of an action for failure

to timely serve the defendant.”).

       We have considered the remainder of defendants’ arguments and conclude that they lack

merit. Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is hereby

AFFIRMED.


                                              FOR THE COURT:
                                              CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, CLERK




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