                               FIFTH DIVISION
                               DILLARD, P. J.,
                            REESE and BETHEL, JJ.

                   NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                   physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                   days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                               http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                    March 10, 2017




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A16A1650. DAVIS v. THE STATE.

      DILLARD, Presiding Judge.

      This appeal concerns the breadth of the “power of executive clemency”

exercised by the Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles (“Board”), especially the

power to grant pardons and remove disabilities imposed by law.1 Specifically, we are

called upon to determine whether the Board’s “unconditional” pardon of Barry

Davis’s aggravated sodomy conviction obviates his duty to register as a convicted sex

offender. Because the separation-of-powers doctrine requires us to adhere to the

decision of the Board to issue Davis a pardon, and the plain meaning of the sweeping

      1
        See Ga. Const. Art. IV, § II, ¶ II (a) (“Except as otherwise provided in this
Paragraph, the State Board of Pardons and Paroles shall be vested with the power of
executive clemency, including the powers to grant reprieves, pardons, and paroles;
to commute penalties; to remove disabilities imposed by law; and to remit any part
of a sentence for any offense against the state after conviction.”).
language used by the Board in that pardon removes the duty of Davis to register as

a sex offender, we are constrained to reverse the trial court’s denial of Davis’s motion

for a general demurrer.

      On August 21, 1995, Davis was convicted of the aggravated sodomy of his

minor (six-year old) biological daughter after entering a non-negotiated guilty plea

to that charge in the Superior Court of Chatham County, which resulted in a sentence

of ten years with two to serve in confinement. Approximately one year after Davis’s

conviction, OCGA § 42-1-12 was enacted, which required him to register as a sex

offender.2 Following his release from prison, Davis served the remainder of his

sentence on probation until it terminated on July 15, 2005.

      At some point thereafter, Davis applied to the Board for a pardon, and on

February 13, 2013, the Board granted his application. Specifically, the pardon

provided:




      2
         See former OCGA § 42-1-12 (b) (ii); Ga. L. 1996, p. 1520, § 1; see also
Frazier v. State, 284 Ga. 638, 638 (668 SE2d 646) (2008) (noting that sex-offender-
registration law first became effective on July 1, 1996, and, in pertinent part, requires
registration by any individual who “[h]as previously been convicted of a criminal
offense against a minor . . . and may be released from prison or placed on parole,
supervised release, or probation on or after July 1, 1996. . . .”).

                                           2
      Whereas, having investigated the facts material to the pardon
      application, which investigation has established to the satisfaction of the
      Board that [Davis] is a law-abiding citizen and is fully rehabilitated;
      THEREFORE, pursuant to Article IV, Section II, Paragraph II (a), of the
      Constitution of the State of Georgia, the Board, without implying
      innocence, hereby unconditionally pardons said individual, and it is
      hereby ORDERED that all disabilities under Georgia law resulting from
      the above stated conviction and sentence . . . are hereby removed; and
      ORDERED FURTHER that all civil and political rights, except the right
      to receive, possess, or transport in commerce a firearm . . . are hereby
      restored.


      Approximately one month after receiving the pardon, Davis moved to North

Carolina, but he did not provide notice to the Chatham County Sheriff’s Office that

he was doing so. When the sheriff’s office informed Davis of this failure, Davis

asserted that his pardon obviated the previous requirement for him to register as a sex

offender. Nevertheless, the sheriff’s office obtained a warrant for Davis’s arrest, and

on February 26, 2014, the State charged Davis, via indictment, with failing to register

as a sex offender as required by OCGA § 42-1-12.

      Subsequently, Davis filed a motion for a general demurrer, arguing that the

indictment failed to charge an offense under Georgia law because, as he asserted

previously, the requirement to register as a sex offender constituted a legal disability,


                                           3
which the Board’s pardon had removed. Shortly thereafter, the State filed a response,

and a few months later, the trial court held a hearing on Davis’s motion,3 which

concluded with the court taking the matter under advisement. Then, on January 14,

2016, the trial court denied Davis’s motion for a general demurrer, specifically

finding that the requirement that Davis register as a sex offender was not a legal

disability and, therefore, was not removed by the pardon. Davis then filed an

application for interlocutory review, which we granted. This appeal follows.4



      3
         As the State notes in its brief, a separate issue was considered by the trial
court at this hearing: whether Davis’s file with the Board should be unsealed. The
State maintained that the Board was fraudulent and negligent in its handling of
Davis’s pardon, and that access to Davis’s pardon file would reveal that the Board
never intended to remove him from the sex-offender registry. The Office of the
Attorney General of Georgia entered a special appearance in the case, objecting to the
motion to unseal Davis’s pardon file with the Board. Specifically, the Attorney
General argued that “a pardon decision is not subject to judicial review, so it doesn’t
matter what was said. It doesn’t matter what [the Board] reviewed. It doesn’t matter
if there’s fraud or . . . [an] allegation of incompetence, none of that matters.”
Ultimately, the trial court, citing state secrecy laws, declined to unseal Davis’s pardon
file with the Board.
      4
        Because the effect of Davis’s pardon on his duty to register as a sex offender
presents an issue of first impression in Georgia, we invited the Office of the Attorney
General of the State of Georgia and the Georgia Association of Criminal Defense
Lawyers (“GACDL”), as well as other interested organizations, the opportunity to file
amicus curiae briefs in this case. GACDL and The District Attorneys’ Association
of Georgia (“DAAG”) both did so, and we express our sincere appreciation to both
associations for their thoughtful and scholarly submissions.

                                           4
      At the outset, we note that an accused may challenge the sufficiency of an

indictment by filing a general or special demurrer.5 Specifically, a general demurrer,

“challenges the sufficiency of the substance of the indictment, whereas a special

demurrer challenges the sufficiency of the form of the indictment.”6 An indictment

shall be deemed sufficiently technical and correct to withstand a general demurrer if

it “states the offense in the terms and language of this Code or so plainly that the

nature of the offense charged may easily be understood by the jury.”7 However, a

demurrer to an indictment “does not reach matters not appearing on its face.”8 Indeed,

a demurrer may “properly attack only defects which appear on the face of the

indictment and a demurrer which seeks to add facts not so apparent but supply

extrinsic matters must fail as a speaking demurrer.”9


      5
          See State v. Corhen, 306 Ga. App. 495, 496 (700 SE2d 912) (2010).
      6
        Id. at 496-97 (punctuation omitted); accord State v. Harlacher, 336 Ga. App.
9, 10 (783 SE2d 411) (2016).
      7
          OCGA § 17-7-54 (a); see also Harlacher, 336 Ga. App. at 10.
      8
       State v. Horsley, 310 Ga. App. 324, 325 (2) (714 SE2d 1) (2011) (punctuation
omitted).
      9
          Id. (punctuation omitted).

                                          5
      In this matter, the indictment makes no reference to Davis’s pardon. And in

fact, Davis introduced the pardon as an exhibit during the hearing on his demurrer.

Thus, Davis arguably challenged the indictment via a speaking demurrer.

Nevertheless, the State did not object to the introduction of Davis’s pardon during the

hearing and likewise did not object generally to the method by which Davis

challenged the indictment. Consequently, we find that the parties consented to the

trial court’s determination of whether Davis’s pardon rendered insufficient the facts

supporting the charge in the indictment, notwithstanding the general prohibition

against speaking demurrers in criminal cases.10 Indeed, essentially, Davis’s challenge

to the indictment could more accurately be characterized as a plea in bar, “which goes

to bar the [S]tate’s action; that is to defeat it absolutely and entirely.”11 Regardless,

      10
         See State v. Brannan, 267 Ga. 315, 317 n.4 (477 SE2d 575) (1996) (holding
that the parties consented to defendant’s use of facts outside the indictment to
challenge same, notwithstanding the general prohibition against speaking demurrers
in criminal cases); Schuman v. State, 264 Ga. 526 (448 SE2d 694) (1994) (holding
that as there is no statutory proscription against such procedure, the State was
precluded from challenging procedure under which trial court dismissed indictment,
even though such constituted a speaking demurrer by defendant given that State also
presented evidence and made no objections to procedure).
      11
         State v. Land-O-Sun Dairies, Inc., 204 Ga. App. 485, 486 (419 SE2d 743)
(1992) (punctuation omitted); see Dominick v. Bowdoin, 44 Ga. 357, 363 (1871 WL
2695) (1871) (noting that arguing that a pardon prevents prosecution should be
treated as a plea in bar).

                                           6
as is the case with a trial court’s ruling on a general or special demurrer,12 on appeal,

we review the trial court’s application of the law to the undisputed facts in a plea in

bar de novo.13 With these guiding principles in mind, we will now address Davis’s

claim of error.14

      Davis contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a general

demurrer, arguing that the requirement to register as a sex offender constitutes a legal




      12
         See Harlacher, 336 Ga. App. at 10 (noting that “this Court reviews a trial
court’s ruling on a general or special demurrer de novo in order to determine
“whether the allegations in the indictment are legally sufficient” (punctuation
omitted)).
      13
         See State v. Garlepp, 338 Ga. App. 788, 788 (790 SE2d 839) (2016) (noting
that when the evidence is uncontroverted and witness credibility is not an issue, “our
review of the trial court’s application of the law to the undisputed facts regarding a
plea in bar of double jeopardy is de novo).
      14
         In its amicus curiae brief, GACDL argues that because Davis’s challenge to
the indictment is more properly characterized as a plea in bar, it was a directly
appealable collateral order and Davis’s application for interlocutory review was
unnecessary. See Patterson v. State, 248 Ga. 875, (287 SE2d 7) (1982) (holding that
denial of timely filed plea of double jeopardy is appealable without resort to
interlocutory appeal procedures). But see Sosniak v. State, 292 Ga. 35, 40 (2) (734
SE2d 362) (2012) (holding that a defendant must follow the interlocutory appeal
procedures when pursuing the appeal of the denial of a plea in bar based on an
alleged violation of the constitutional right to a speedy trial). Nevertheless, because
a review on the merits of Davis’s appeal is properly before this Court, at this time, we
need not address whether the denial of Davis’s challenge was directly appealable.

                                           7
disability, which the Board’s pardon of him removed, and thus, he committed no

offense under Georgia law. We agree.

      As noted supra, the State charged Davis with failure to register as a sex

offender in violation of OCGA § 42-1-12, specifically alleging that, having been

convicted of aggravated sodomy, Davis was required to update the Sheriff of

Chatham County regarding any change of residence within 72 hours prior to such

change but that Davis moved from his Savannah residence without doing so. And

indeed, OCGA § 42-1-12 (f) (5), in relevant part, provides that registered sex

offenders shall

      [u]pdate the required registration information with the sheriff of the
      county in which the sexual offender resides within 72 hours of any
      change to the required registration information. . . . If the information is
      the sexual offender’s new address, the sexual offender shall give the
      information regarding the sexual offender’s new address to the sheriff
      of the county in which the sexual offender last registered within 72
      hours prior to any change of address[.]


Here, Davis does not dispute that he moved without informing the sheriff but, rather,

argues that the pardon he received from the Board obviated the previous requirement

to register as a sex offender. Accordingly, we shift our focus to the Board’s powers

and the language of the pardon that it chose to grant Davis.

                                           8
      The Constitution of the State of Georgia provides that “[t]here shall be a State

Board of Pardons and Paroles which shall consist of five members appointed by the

Governor, subject to confirmation by the Senate.”15 And our Constitution further

provides that the Board “shall be vested with the power of executive clemency,

including the powers to grant reprieves, pardons, and paroles; to commute penalties;

to remove disabilities imposed by law; and to remit any part of a sentence for any

offense against the state after conviction.”16 Recognizing the importance of separation

of powers and the Board’s independence in order to effectively wield its clemency

power, OCGA § 42-9-1 provides that




      15
           Ga. Const. Art. IV, § II, ¶ I.
      16
          Ga. Const. Art. IV, § II, ¶ II (a); see Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. r. 475-2-.01 (1)
(“The Board shall have the power to grant reprieves, pardons and paroles, to commute
penalties, remove disabilities imposed by law and may remit any part of sentence(s)
for any offenses against the State, after conviction.”); see also Harrison v.
Wiggington, 269 Ga. 388, 389 (1) (497 SE2d 568) (1998) (recognizing that the
Board’s powers to pardon and its authority to remove disabilities are separate and
distinct from one another); Ex parte Wells, 59 U.S. 307, 311 (18 How. 307, 151 LEd
421) (1855) (citing 3 Edward Coke, Institutes of the Lawes of England 233) (noting
that a pardon may forgive “any crime, offence, punishment, execution, right, title,
debt, or duty”); Joseph Story, 3 Commentaries on the Constitution of the United
States, § 1494, 351-52 (1st ed. 1833) (“In point of fact, the power [to pardon] has
always been found safe in the hands of state executives in treason, as well as other
cases . . . .”).

                                            9
      it is declared to be the policy of the General Assembly that the duties,
      powers, and functions of the State Board of Pardons and Paroles are
      executive in character and that, in the performance of its duties under
      this chapter, no other body is authorized to usurp or substitute its
      functions for the functions imposed by this chapter upon the board.


And indeed, recognizing that the Board’s independence similarly prohibited

interference from the courts, we have held that

      [a]ny attempt by a court to impose its will over the Executive Branch by
      attempting to impose as a part of a criminal sentence conditions
      operating as a prerequisite of or becoming automatically effective in the
      event of a subsequent parole of defendant by the State Board of Pardons
      and Paroles would be a nullity and constitute an exercise of power
      granted exclusively to the Executive Branch.17


Given this constitutional mandate, our review in this matter does not—and cannot—

concern the propriety of the pardon the Board granted Davis but rather only the scope

of that pardon.

      The relevant regulation defines a pardon as “a declaration of record that a

person is relieved from the legal consequences of a particular conviction,” which

      17
        Pate v. State, 318 Ga. App. 526, 531 (3) (734 SE2d 255) (2012) (punctuation
omitted); see Stephens v. State, 305 Ga. App. 339, 346-47 (5) (a) (699 SE2d 558)
(2010) (holding that trial court’s sentence purporting to impose restrictions on
defendant’s parole usurped an exclusive power of the Board and was, thus, a nullity).

                                         10
“restores civil and political rights and removes all legal disabilities resulting from the

conviction.”18 And here, the pardon that the Board granted Davis—after “having

investigated the facts material to the pardon application”—declares that he has

“established to the satisfaction of the Board” that he is “a law-abiding citizen and is

fully rehabilitated.” The pardon then, “without implying innocence” of Davis’s

conviction for aggravated sodomy, “unconditionally pardons” him of that conviction,

and orders that “all disabilities under Georgia law resulting from the above stated

conviction and sentence . . . are hereby removed; and . . . all civil and political rights,

except the right to receive, possess, or transport in commerce a firearm . . . are hereby

restored.” Nevertheless, in denying Davis’s motion for a general demurrer, the trial

court found that the requirement that Davis register as sex offender was merely

regulatory and did not constitute a disability under the law that could be removed by

the pardon. But although the trial court is correct that “sexual offender registry

requirements such as those contained in OCGA § 42-1-12 are regulatory, and not

punitive, in nature[,]”19 that does not end our inquiry unless one assumes that such

       18
            See Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. r. 475-3-.10 (3).
       19
          Rainer v. State, 286 Ga. 675, 675-76 (1) (690 SE2d 827) (2010); see Smith
v. Doe, 538 U.S. 84, 93 (II) (A) (123 SCt 1140, 155 LE2d 164) (2003) (noting that
restrictive post-incarceration measures on sex offenders is a legitimate nonpunitive

                                            11
regulatory requirements cannot also constitute legal disabilities. We can make no

such assumption here.

      The term disability is defined, inter alia, as an “incapacity in the eye of the law,

or created by law; a restriction framed to prevent any person or class of persons from

sharing in duties or privileges which would otherwise be open to them; legal

disqualification.”20 And in contrast to regulations such as requiring tavern owners to

obtain operating licenses21 or even weekend anglers to obtain fishing licenses,22

“registration as a sex offender is intimately related to the criminal process in that it




governmental objective); Rogers v. State, 297 Ga. App. 655, 657 (678 SE2d 125)
(2009) (noting that “[t]he designation of a person as a sexual offender is neither a
sentence nor a punishment but simply a regulatory mechanism and status resulting
from the conviction of certain crimes” (punctuation omitted).
      20
           The Compact Oxford English Dictionary 440 (2d ed. 1991); see Black’s Law
Dictionary 474 (7th ed. 1999) (defining “disability” as, inter alia, an “[i]ncapacity in
the eye of the law”); id. (defining “civil disability” as “[t]he condition of a person
who has had a legal right or privilege revoked as a result of a criminal conviction .
. . .”); see also Ferguson v. Perry, 292 Ga. 666, 673 (2) (c) (740 SE2d 598) (2013)
(noting that The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 682 (1993) defines
disability to include an incapacity created by law).
      21
           See Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. r. 560-2-13-.01 (1).
      22
           See Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. r. 391-4-3-.09.

                                           12
is an automatic result following certain criminal convictions.”23 Under OCGA § 42-1-

12 (e), “[r]egistration shall be required by any individual who is convicted of certain

designated criminal offenses, and we have emphasized that Georgia law makes

registration mandatory for specified categories of convicted criminals.”24 Thus, unlike

the majority of regulations, “our law has enmeshed criminal convictions and sex

offender registration such that it is most difficult to divorce the requirement of

registration from the underlying criminal conviction.”25

      Indeed, comparing registration as a sex offender to deportation, this Court has

held that it “is a drastic measure (albeit a totally understandable one) with severe

ramifications for a convicted criminal.”26 A person who falls within the ambit of the

sex-offender registry is “subject to lifetime registration and to the public

dissemination of his name and other information identifying him as a registered sex

offender.”27 A registrant must also provide—to the sheriff of the county in which the

      23
         Taylor v. State, 304 Ga. App. 878, 883 (1) (698 SE2d 384) (2010)
(punctuation omitted).
      24
           Id. (punctuation omitted); see OCGA § 42-1-12 (e).
      25
           Taylor, 304 Ga. App. at 883 (1) (punctuation omitted).
      26
           Id. (punctuation omitted).
      27
           Id. at 884 (1); see OCGA § 42-1-12 (f) (6).

                                          13
registrant resides—a significant amount of personal information, including social-

security number, finger prints, address, place of employment, address of employer,

and vehicle make, model, and license tag number,28 as well as updates to that

information within 72 hours of any change.29 And the failure of a registrant to

“comply with the requirements of the statute constitutes a felony offense.”30 Given

that the registration statute requires one to provide law enforcement with significant

details as to where one lives, where one works, and where one travels, it strains

credulity to characterize compulsory registration as a sex offender as merely

regulatory but not as an “incapacity” in the eyes of the law. Indeed, the ability of an

American citizen to live freely without reporting to the government his or her every

movement is a defining characteristic of our constitutional republic.31 In this case, the


      28
           See OCGA § 42-1-12 (a) (16).
      29
           See OCGA § 42-1-12 (f) (5).
      30
         Taylor, 304 Ga. App. at 884 (1); see OCGA § 42-1-12 (n) (1) (“Any
individual who: [i]s required under this Code section and who fails to comply with
the requirements of this Code section . . . shall be guilty of a felony and shall be
punished by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than 30 years. . . .”).
      31
        See Kent v. Dulles, 357 U.S. 116, 125-26 (78 SCt 1113, 2 LE2d 1204) (1958)
(noting that the right to travel and freedom of movement is a “deeply engrained”
constitutional and historical liberty interest enjoyed by Americans, and that “freedom
of movement is basic in our scheme of values”); Williams v. Fears, 179 U.S. 270, 274

                                           14
question before us is not whether Davis is deserving of such freedom (that has already

been answered by the Board), but only whether the requirement that Davis register

as sex offender constitutes a legal disability that the Board’s pardon obviated, and we

are constrained to conclude that it is a disability and that the trial court erred in

holding otherwise.32


(21 SCt 128, 45 LEd 186) (1900) (noting that “the right of locomotion, the right to
remove from one place to another according to inclination, is an attribute of personal
liberty . . . to be free in the enjoyment of all his faculties; to be free to use them in
lawful ways; to live and work where he will; to earn his livelihood by an lawful
calling; to pursue any livelihood or avocation . . . .”); 1 W. Blackstone, Commentaries
on the Law of England 130 (1765) (noting the right to move “to whatsoever place
one’s inclination may direct.”).
      32
         See Ferguson, 292 Ga. at 672-73 (2) (c) (holding that the prohibition against
felon obtaining a permit to carry a firearm was a legal disability that the Board’s
commutation order, which removed “all disabilities” and restored “all civil and
political rights lost” as a result of felon’s past conviction, removed). Cf. Gregory v.
Sexual Offender Registration Review Bd., 298 Ga. 675, 685-86 (784 SE2d 392)
(2016) (holding that the “opprobrium and reputational harm” associated with being
classified as a sexually dangerous predator, as well as reporting, employment, and
monitoring restrictions, rise to the level of a “liberty interest” within the meaning of
the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution); Smith v. State, 287 Ga. 391, 397-98 (697 SE2d 177) (2010) (noting that
“[o]ther consequences that are also the result (sometimes even the automatic result)
of guilty pleas can also be of enormous concern to certain defendants . . . [including,
but not limited to] the impact of the criminal conviction on . . . sex offender
registration . . . .”); Taylor, 304 Ga. App. at 883-84 (1) (holding that counsel’s alleged
failure to advise defendant that if he pleaded guilty to child molestation he would be
required to register as a sex offender constituted deficient performance even if such
registration requirements are characterized as collateral consequences rather than a

                                           15
      In addition to the erroneous reasoning posited by the trial court to support its

denial of Davis’s motion for a general demurrer, i.e., that the registration requirement

does not constitute a legal disability, the State appears to also contend33 that the

Board’s pardon did not absolve Davis of the responsibility to register as a sex

offender because it did not explicitly state that the requirement was being removed.

But this contention lacks merit unless we construe the Board’s use of the phrase “all

disabilities under Georgia law”34 as meaningless. We are not at liberty to do so here.35


criminal sanction);
      33
         The State suggests that because the requirement to register as a sex offender
is not a legal disability, the Board, which can only remove legal disabilities and
restore civil and political rights, lacked the power to absolve Davis of the duty to
register and that such can only be accomplished under the procedures outlined in
OCGA § 42-1-19. But given our holding that the registration requirement does, in
fact, constitute a legal disability, we need not address this argument other than to note
that any implication that a statutory route is the exclusive means by which a felon
may be relieved of the registration requirement rests on a faulty premise. See
Ferguson, 292 Ga. at 669-70 (2) (a) (holding that “while the General Assembly had
the authority to enact OCGA § 16-11-131 (c) and (d) as additional means by which
convicted felons may obtain relief from State laws prohibiting them from possessing
firearms, the Constitution would not authorize the General Assembly to preclude the
Board’s power to grant similar relief”).
      34
         (Emphasis supplied). See The Compact Oxford English Dictionary 440 (2d
ed. 1991) (defining “all” as, inter alia, “1. The entire or unabated amount or quantity
of; the whole extent, substance or compass of; the whole . . . 2. The entire number of;
the individual components of, without exception. . . .”); see Black’s Law Dictionary
36 (7th ed. 1999) (defining “all” as “[t]he entire or unabated amount of quantity of;

                                           16
Furthermore, given that the Board explicitly stated in its pardon that it was not

restoring Davis’s “right to receive, possess, or transport in commerce a firearm,” if

the Board had wished to except the sex-offender registration requirement from the

legal disabilities it was removing, it certainly knew how to do so.36 The State also

fails to appreciate that even a “conditional pardon” is to be “construed most favorably

to the grantee.”37


the whole extent, substance, or compass of; the whole . . .”).
      35
        See Ferguson, 292 Ga. at 672 (2) (b) (“We are loath to read an order issued
by a constitutional board to be a meaningless piece of paper.”).
      36
         See generally Patterson v. State, 299 Ga. 491, 495 (789 SE2d 175) (2016)
(holding that OCGA § 16-5-20 (a) (2) does not require that a defendant intend to
place a victim in reasonable apprehension of receiving a violent injury, and noting
that the General Assembly certainly knew how to phrase a statute to include such a
requirement as shown by its simultaneous enactment of another criminal statute,
which included an intent requirement); Fair v. State, 284 Ga. 165, 168 (2) (b) (664
SE2d 227) (2008) (noting that if the General Assembly had intended to require
knowledge of the victim’s status as a peace officer in order for the aggravated
circumstance under OCGA § 17-10-30 (b) (8) to apply, it knew how to do so); Avila
v. State, 333 Ga. App. 66, 69-70 (775 SE2d 552) (2015) (noting that the General
Assembly’s use of the phrase “during the commission of crime” in certain subsections
of a criminal statute made clear that it knew how to specify that a disqualifying event
must occur while the crime was in process, and that the subsection at issue did not
include such a limitation).
      37
        Muckle v. Clarke, 191 Ga. 202, 204 (12 SE2d 339) (1940), citing Crooks v.
Sanders, 115 SE 760, 762 (S.C. 1922) (“While the object of the courts in construing
instruments of this character is to carry out the intention of the parties, wherever that

                                           17
       Additionally, the State’s assertion that State Board of Pardons and Paroles Rule

475-3-.10 limits the definition of disability to include only restrictions on the rights

to vote, hold public office, and serve on a jury, is without merit. Rule 475-3-.10 (6),

entitled “Removal of Disabilities,” merely notes that, inter alia, “[u]nder Georgia law

a person convicted of a felony involving moral turpitude loses his civil and political

rights, including the right to vote, the right to hold public office, and the right to serve

on a jury . . . .” Suffice it to say, our Supreme Court has previously noted that such

regulatory text hardly supports the State’s sweeping claim that the meaning of

“disability,” as used by the Board in issuing its pardons, is limited solely to these

three specific disabilities.38


is doubtful the grant is construed for the citizen and most strongly against the
sovereign power. As a pardon is an act of grace, it is a universal rule of interpretation
that limitations upon the operation of such a grant of clemency should be strictly
construed.”) (emphasis supplied); accord State v. Rand, 32 NW2d 79, 84 (Iowa
1948); see also Biddle v. Perovich, 274 U.S. 480, 486 (47 SCt 664, 71 LEd 1161)
(1927) (Holmes, J.) (“We will not go into history, but we will say a word about the
principles of pardons in the law of the United States. A pardon in our days is not a
private act of grace from an individual happening to possess power. It is a part of the
Constitutional scheme. When granted it is the determination of the ultimate authority
that the public welfare will be better served by inflicting less than what the judgment
fixed.”).
       38
         See Ferguson, 292 Ga. at 672-73 (2) (c) (holding that order by Board, which
by its plain language removed “all disabilities” and restored “all civil and political
rights lost” as a result of federal conviction for felony for moonshining, was not

                                            18
      Finally, the State claims that language from the Board’s website and the

Georgia Innocence Project’s website should be considered by this Court to assist us

in determining the meaning of the language contained in the pardon issued by the

Board to Davis.39 We decline to do so. Here, our concern is with the actual text used

in Davis’s pardon, not unattributable statements or pronouncements contained on one

or more websites (even if one of those websites does belong to the Board). If

legislative history is “the equivalent of entering a crowded cocktail party and looking

over the heads of the guests for one’s friends,”40 then using unattributable language


limited in scope to restoration of rights to vote, to serve on jury, and to hold public
office).
      39
         According to the State, “at the time of [Davis’s] pardon,” the Board’s website
contained the following language: “A pardon . . . does not relieve a convicted sex
offender of the requirement to register on the Sex Offender Registry.” As we explain
in this opinion, unattributable language on a website may not be used to inform the
meaning of the language used in a pardon. But even if we were inclined to consider
such extratexual materials, we would not do so here. Davis’s pardon was granted on
February 13, 2013, and the copy of the website page contained in the record is dated
over one year later (February 23, 2014). To be sure, the copy indicated that the
process outlined therein was effective as of January 1, 2013; but we have no way of
knowing, without going outside of the appellate record, whether the language in
question actually appeared on the Board’s website at the time of the pardon. Thus,
while we have no reason to doubt the sincerity of the State’s averment that this was
indeed the case, the appellate record contains no evidence to support it.
      40
         Conroy v. Aniskoff, 507 U.S. 511, 519 (113 SCt 1562, 123 LE2d 229) (1993)
(Scalia, J., concurring); see also Day v. Floyd Cty. Bd. of Ed., 333 Ga. App. 144, 151

                                          19
on a website to inform the meaning of a statute, regulation, or pardon is the

equivalent of leaving the cocktail party altogether, driving past establishments not to

your liking, and going straight to the pub “where everybody knows your name”41 and

they always tell you what you want to hear. If the former is cherry picking, then the

latter is an endless orchard full of interpretive possibilities.

      For all the foregoing reasons, we are constrained to reverse the trial court’s

denial of Davis’s motion for a general demurrer.

      That said, before concluding, we take this opportunity to express our sympathy

with many of the concerns raised by the State and DAAG in this proceeding.42 Like

the State and DAAG, this Court is deeply troubled by the fact that neither the victim

nor the District Attorney’s Office were ever notified that the Board was considering




(775 SE2d 622) (2015) (Dillard, J., concurring fully and specially).
      41
        GARY PORTNOY, Where Everybody Knows Your Name, theme from
Cheers (Charles Burrows/Charles Productions & Paramount Network Television,
1982-93).
      42
        We also agree with DAAG that the issues raised in this appeal have statewide
implications and will undoubtedly be of interest to our Supreme Court in the
inevitable certiorari petition that follows this decision.

                                           20
a pardon of Davis’s aggravated sodomy conviction.43 Indeed, while the Board resisted

the State’s attempts at every turn to unseal Davis’s pardon file, one of its members did

agree to speak with the District Attorney’s Office about the pardon process in general.

And in doing so, this board member indicated that (1) the Board has no policy of

contacting the District Attorney’s Office from the convicting circuit or the victim

before granting a pardon,44 (2) no real criteria exists for granting a pardon (“It’s very

subjective”), and (3) 99% of all pardon requests are granted. Suffice it to say, these

averments, if true, are shocking—especially the assertion that 99% of all pardon

requests are granted. To be sure, these revelations about the Board’s pardon process

have no bearing on this appeal. As previously noted, the separation-of-powers

doctrine does not permit this Court to overturn or any way disturb the Board’s pardon

of Davis. We are bound by the Board’s exercise of that exclusive executive power.



      43
        As DAAG aptly notes in its amicus curiae brief, the Board’s current process
for handling pardon applications does not provide district attorneys or victims with
the opportunity to be heard and express their concerns to the Board before it
considers the merits of those applications.
      44
          Compare OCGA § 42-1-19 (b) (2) (requiring petition for release from
registration requirements to be “served on the district attorney of the jurisdiction
where the petition is filed . . . .”); OCGA § 42-1-19 (d) (2) (noting that, in considering
a petition for release from registration requirements, a court may consider “[a]ny
evidence introduced by the district attorney . . . .”).

                                           21
Nevertheless, the General Assembly may very well wish to investigate the manner in

which the Board is currently exercising its pardon power, and then take any remedial

measures that it deems necessary. And while perhaps some or even all of the Board’s

members genuinely believed that their pardon of Davis did not relieve him of his duty

to continue his registration as a sex offender, this Court is not at liberty to disregard

the plain meaning of the words used by the Board in issuing that pardon or the

applicable law detailed supra. Instead, we are duty bound to abide by the plain

language used by the Board in its pardon of Davis, not the unexpressed intentions of

one or more board members.

      Judgment reversed. Reese, J., concurs. Bethel, J., concurs fully and specially.




                                           22
 A16A1650. DAVIS v. THE STATE.

      BETHEL, Judge, concurring fully and specially.

“If you're going to be a good and faithful judge, you have to resign yourself to the fact

that you’re not always going to like the conclusions you reach. If you like them all the

time, you're probably doing something wrong.”1 With a new appreciation for the

sentiment expressed above, I concur and join fully in Presiding Judge Dillard’s

opinion.




      1
          Justice Antonin Scalia in public remarks at Chapman Law School (2005).
