[Cite as In re C.A., 2014-Ohio-1550.]


                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                              FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   HOCKING COUNTY

IN THE MATTER OF:                :       Case No. 13CA24
                                 :
     C.T.L.A.                    :
                                 :       DECISION AND JUDGMENT
                                 :       ENTRY
                                 :
                                 :
                                 :       Released: 04/08/14
__________________________________________________________________
                          APPEARANCES:

Alisa Turner, Logan, Ohio, for Appellant.

Laina Fetherolf, Hocking County Prosecuting Attorney, and Ann Allen
McDonough, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Logan, Ohio, for Appellee.

Larry E. Beal, Logan, Ohio, Guardian Ad Litem.
__________________________________________________________________

McFarland, J.

        {¶1} Appellant, J.N., appeals the trial court’s decision that awarded

permanent custody of her biological child, C.T.L.A., to appellee, South Central

Ohio Job and Family Services, formerly known as Hocking County Children

Services. Appellant asserts that the trial court erred by failing to appoint the

guardian ad litem as counsel for the child and by failing to appoint independent

counsel for the child. However, appellant failed to object to either alleged error

and, thus, we review these two errors for plain error. Because neither alleged error

affected the outcome of the proceedings, appellant cannot show that the case at bar
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                               2


is one of the extremely rare cases that warrants application of the plain error

doctrine.

      {¶2} Appellant also contends that the guardian ad litem failed to comply

with his duties and, thus, was ineffective. None of the guardian ad litem’s alleged

failures affected the outcome of the proceeding. Consequently, appellant cannot

demonstrate that the guardian ad litem’s alleged failures require us to reverse the

trial court’s judgment.

      {¶3} Appellant next argues that some of the trial court’s factual findings are

against the manifest weight of the evidence. She asserts that the court failed to

consider the child’s wishes. However, the court did consider the child’s wishes as

expressed through the guardian ad litem. Furthermore, the court found that the

child was not competent.

      {¶4} Appellant additionally argues that the trial court’s finding that the

child needs a legally secure permanent placement that cannot be achieved without

a grant of permanent custody is against the manifest weight of the evidence. The

evidence shows that Appellant is unable to provide the child with a legally secure

permanent placement. Appellee was unable to locate any other appropriate legally

secure permanent placements for the child. Thus, the court’s finding is not against

the manifest weight of the evidence.
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                              3


      {¶5} Appellant further contends that the court’s findings under R.C.

2151.414(E)(9) and (E)(15) are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Even

if they are, ample other evidence supports the trial court’s permanent custody

decision. Consequently, any error in considering these two factors was harmless.

Accordingly, we overrule Appellant’s assignments of error and affirm the trial

court’s judgment.

                                      I. FACTS

      {¶ 6} On November 2, 2011, the trial court placed the then one-year-old

child in Appellee’s temporary custody. On November 3, 2011, Appellee filed a

complaint alleging that the child is an abused, neglected, and dependent child. On

January 4, 2012, the court found the child to be a dependent child and placed the

child in Appellee’s temporary custody.

      {¶7} On August 3, 2012, Appellant was incarcerated for committing

burglary, and she is a registered sex offender. Her scheduled release date is in

November 2015.

      {¶8} On May 29, 2013, Appellee filed a permanent custody motion.

Appellant subsequently filed a motion for visitation and requested the court to

deny Appellee’s request for permanent custody. Appellant requested the court to

keep the child in foster care and to not terminate her parental rights so that she

could seek custody of the child upon her release from prison.
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                               4


      {¶9} On October 17, 2013, the court held a permanent custody hearing.

Caseworker Stephanie McDaniel testified that Appellant initially complied with

the case plan goals, until her parole was revoked for failing to check in with her

parole officer and then failing to attend her drug and alcohol appointments.

McDaniel stated that since August 2012, when Appellant began her term of

incarceration, Appellant has not visited with the child due to difficulty in arranging

visitation while she is incarcerated. McDaniel testified that the child has been in

the same foster home for nearly two years and is bonded with the foster family.

She agreed that “the only barrier to reunification” is that Appellant is in prison.

She stated that permanent custody is in the child’s best interest because Appellant

and the child’s father are incarcerated and there are no other appropriate family

placement options. McDaniel explained that permanency was the best option

because when Appellant is released from prison “there is no guarantee * * * that

she could [regain custody] because there is always that chance where she could get

out and do great or she could get out and have more issues.”

      {¶10} Appellant testified that when she is released from prison, she would

like the opportunity to regain custody of her child but admitted that she would not

want him placed with her immediately upon her release because she “would make

sure that [she] was completely stable so [she] wouldn’t fall apart again.”
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                                 5


      {¶11} The guardian ad litem did not file a written report but, instead, orally

recommended that the trial court award Appellee permanent custody of the child.

The guardian ad litem observed that there is no guarantee that Appellant will be

able to regain custody upon her release from prison and that in the interim, the

child would lack the stability of a permanent home. The guardian explained that

the child, who was nearly three years old at the time of the permanent custody

hearing, needs stability.

      {¶12} On October 31, 2013, the court granted Appellee permanent custody

of the child. The trial court found that the child had been in Appellee’s temporary

custody since November 2, 2011 and that the child cannot be placed with either

parent within a reasonable time because both parents are incarcerated. The court

noted that Appellant has not visited or maintained contact with the child since

being incarcerated in August 2012. The court observed that the guardian ad litem

believed granting Appellee permanent custody would serve the child’s best

interests and determined that the child “is not competent to express his wishes.”

The court further found that “[t]he child has not experienced secure placement with

mother.” The court additionally found relevant the following factors specified in

R.C. 2151.414(E): (1) appellant cannot take custody of the child; (2) appellant has

not been able to adequately care for the child; (3) appellant has a history of

substance abuse and addiction; (4) appellant has failed to visit the child due to her
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                               6


incarceration; (5) appellant is incarcerated and is expected to remain incarcerated

for at least another eighteen months after the date appellee filed the permanent

custody motion; and (6) “[b]ased on past history of it [sic] is foreseeable that

reunification with [appellant] would result in continued dependency of the child.”

                          II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

      {¶13} Appellant timely appealed the trial court’s judgment and raises three

assignments of error:

      First Assignment of Error:

      The trial court erred by failing to appoint legal counsel to represent
      the minor child.

      Second Assignment of Error:

      The Guardian ad litem (GAL) rendered ineffective assistance by
      failing to file a written report pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(C), and
      failing to inform the trial court of the express wishes of the child.

      Third Assignment of Error:

      The trial court erred in interpreting and applying the factors of ORC
      2151.414 (D and E) to the facts of this case to determine the best
      interest of the minor child.

                                   III. ANALYSIS

                     A. FAILURE TO APPOINT COUNSEL

      {¶13} In her first assignment of error, Appellant argues that the trial court

violated the child’s due process rights by failing to appoint the guardian ad litem as
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                                  7


counsel for the child. In her second assignment of error, Appellant asserts that the

trial court erred by failing to appoint independent counsel for the child.

         {¶14} Because appellant did not request the trial court to appoint the

guardian ad litem as counsel for the child, she forfeited her ability to claim error on

appeal. E.g., State v. Clinkscale, 122 Ohio St.3d 351, 2009-Ohio-2746, 911

N.E.2d 862, ¶31 (stating that a party must timely object to preserve error for

appeal); Stores Realty Co. v. City of Cleveland, Bd. of Bldg. Standards and Bldg.

Appeals, 41 Ohio St.2d 41, 43, 322 N.E.2d 629 (1975) (“Ordinarily, errors which

arise during the course of a trial, which are not brought to the attention of the court

by objection or otherwise, are waived and may not be raised upon appeal.”).

However, we may recognize the alleged error if it constitutes plain error.

E.g., Clinkscale at ¶31; Goldfuss v. Davidson, 79 Ohio St.3d 116, 679 N.E.2d 1099

(1997), syllabus; In re Etter, 134 Ohio App.3d 484, 492, 731 N.E.2d 694 (1998).

To find plain error, (1) there must be an error (i.e., a deviation from a legal rule),

(2) the error must be obvious, and (3) the error must have affected the outcome of

the trial. E.g., State v. Payne, 114 Ohio St.3d 502, 2007-Ohio-4642, 873 N.E.2d

306, ¶16.

         {¶15} The plain error doctrine is not favored in civil cases, and thus, the

Ohio Supreme Court has set forth a strict standard for finding plain error in civil

cases:
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                                 8


      “[R]eviewing courts should proceed with the utmost caution, limiting the
      doctrine strictly to those extremely rare where exceptional circumstances
      require its application to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice, and
      where the error complained of, if left uncorrected, would have a material
      adverse effect on the character of, and public confidence in, judicial
      proceedings.”

Goldfuss, 79 Ohio St.3d at 121; accord Gable v. Gates Mills, 103 Ohio St.3d 449,

2004-Ohio-5719, 816 N.E.2d 1049, ¶43.

      {¶16} In the case at bar, we do not believe that the trial court plainly erred

by failing to appoint the guardian ad litem as counsel for the child, and even if it

did, the case at bar is not one of those extremely rare cases that requires application

of the plain error doctrine. Appellant has not set forth any prejudice that she

suffered as a result of the trial court not appointing the guardian ad litem to serve

in a dual capacity or explained what manifest miscarriage of justice occurred due

to the lack of a dual appointment.

      {¶17} We also do not believe that the trial court plainly erred by failing to

appoint independent counsel for the child. “[A] child who is the subject of a

juvenile court proceeding to terminate parental rights is a party to that proceeding

and, therefore, is entitled to independent counsel in certain circumstances.” In re

Williams, 101 Ohio St.3d 398, 2004-Ohio-1500, 805 N.E.2d 1100, syllabus, citing

R.C. 2151.352, Juv.R. 4(A), and Juv.R. 2(Y); accord In re C.B., 129 Ohio St.3d

231, 2011-Ohio-2899, 951 N.E.2d 398. Thus, a child is not entitled to independent

counsel in all juvenile court proceedings involving the termination of parental
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                              9


rights. Instead, a child is entitled to independent counsel in a termination of

parental rights proceeding only when “certain circumstances” exist. The Williams

court did not explicitly state what those “circumstances” are, but it offered the

following guidance for juvenile courts to follow when ascertaining if “certain

circumstances” exist: “[C]ourts should make a determination, on a case-by-case

basis, whether the child actually needs independent counsel, taking into account

the maturity of the child and the possibility of the guardian ad litem being

appointed to represent the child.” Id. at ¶17. Furthermore, a juvenile court must

appoint independent counsel for a child “when a guardian ad litem who is also

appointed as the juvenile’s attorney recommends a disposition that conflicts with

the juvenile’s wishes.” Id. at ¶18; accord C.B. at ¶17. “Generally, the appointment

of independent counsel is warranted when a child has ‘repeatedly expressed a

desire’ to remain or be reunited with a parent but the child's guardian ad litem

believes it is in the child’s best interest that permanent custody of the child be

granted to the state.” In re Hilyard, 4th Dist. Vinton Nos. 05CA600 through

05CA609, 2006-Ohio-1965, ¶36 (footnotes omitted) (emphasis sic). When a child

lacks the maturity to express his or her wishes and nothing otherwise indicates that

the child’s wishes conflict with the guardian ad litem, then a juvenile court need

not appoint counsel for the child. In re L.W., 9th Dist. Summit Nos. 26861 and
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                               10


26871, 2013-Ohio-5556, ¶20 (child two years old when children services agency

initiated proceedings and unable to communicate wishes).

      {¶18} In the case at bar, nothing in the record indicates that the child ever

expressed any desire that conflicted with the guardian ad litem’s recommendation.

The child was under three years old at the time of the permanent custody hearing,

and the trial court correctly determined that the child lacked competency to express

his wishes. Appellant nevertheless appears to assert that the trial court should have

presumed that the child wished to remain with Appellant because some evidence

exists that the child was bonded to Appellant during the times when they visited

each other. Even if Appellant’s assertions that the child displayed affection for her

and was bonded to her are true, simply because a child is bonded to a parent,

misses a parent when a parent does not attend visitations, or even expects to be

returned to a parent does not mean that the child has “an affirmative desire to

return to [the parent’s] home and live with [the parent] on a permanent basis.” In

re A.T., 9th Dist. Summit No. 23065, 2006-Ohio-3919, ¶61. “The desire to see

one’s parent does not equate to a desire to remain in the parent’s household,” and

“’the presence of parent/child bonding is not the same thing as making a knowing

choice to remain with one parent.’” Id., quoting In re M.W., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 83390, 2005-Ohio-1302, ¶12. Thus, even if the child’s actions indicate parent-

child bonding, those actions are not sufficient to demonstrate that the child desires
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                             11


to remain in appellant’s custody. Consequently, those actions are likewise

insufficient to demonstrate a conflict between the guardian ad litem’s and the

child’s wishes, and the court was not required to appoint independent counsel for

the child.

      {¶19} Appellant nonetheless argues that “certain circumstances”

necessitating independent counsel exist in this case because the guardian ad litem

did not present evidence of the child’s wishes, did not “assert an inability to

determine” the child’s wishes, and did not submit a written report. Appellant

claims that under these circumstances, the guardian ad litem could not have

effectively recommended what was in the child’s best interests and thus, the child

was entitled to independent counsel.

      {¶20} Here, the guardian ad litem testified at the permanent custody hearing

that awarding Appellee permanent custody would be in the child’s best interest.

He explained that awarding permanent custody to Appellee would provide the

stability the child needs now, rather than waiting for Appellant to be released from

prison in two years and then waiting for her to prove her ability to properly care for

the child.

      {¶21} Moreover, as another court recognized, when a child is “unable to

express a position regarding custody or to assist an attorney in pursuing a particular

course of action,” an attorney would be able to advocate only what the attorney
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                               12


believed to be in the child’s best interests. In re T.J., 2nd Dist. Montgomery No.

23032, 2009-Ohio-1290, ¶10. However, a guardian ad litem also recommends

what he or she believes is in the child’s best interests. Thus, an attorney appointed

for a child unable to express his or her wishes would fulfill the same duty that the

guardian ad litem already fulfills. Consequently, in this situation, any error in

failing to appoint counsel for the child would be harmless. Id., citing In re A.S.,

10th Dist. Franklin No. 05AP–351, 05AP–352, 2005–Ohio–5492, ¶10. (“A.S. is

low-functioning, has limited communication abilities, and is unable to express her

wishes as to custody. Under these circumstances, separate counsel would be of no

assistance, as counsel would be unable to determine the desires of the child in

order to represent her interests.”).

      {¶22} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule

Appellant’s first assignment of error.

         B. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE BY GUARDIAN AD LITEM

      {¶23} In her second assignment of error, Appellant contends that the

guardian ad litem rendered ineffective assistance by failing to file a written report

and by failing to inform the court of the child’s wishes. Appellant argues that the

guardian ad litem failed to comply with R.C. 2151.414(C) and Sup.R. 48, and that

this failure left the trial court unable to properly determine the child’s wishes.
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                                13


      {¶24} We first observe that Appellant never objected to the guardian ad

litem’s failure to file a written report or to any of his other alleged failings. Thus,

Appellant forfeited all but plain error. Additionally, while Appellant asserts that

the guardian ad litem was ineffective, we observe that the guardian ad litem was

not appointed to act as an attorney and thus we question whether an ineffective

assistance claim is proper in this context. But, see, In re T.B., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 92781, 2009-Ohio-3878, ¶29 (applying Strickland standard to ineffective

assistance claim against guardian ad litem appointed for incompetent parent).

However, assuming that it is, any deficient performance that the guardian ad litem

rendered did not affect the outcome of the proceedings.

      {¶25} The purpose of a guardian ad litem “is to protect the interest of the

child and ‘assist a court in its determination of a child’s best interest.’” In re C.B.,

129 Ohio St.3d 231, 2011-Ohio-2899, 951 N.E.2d 398, ¶14, quoting Sup.R.

48(B)(1) and citing R.C. 2151.281(B). “[T]he guardian’s role is to ‘perform

whatever functions are necessary to protect the best interest of the child, including,

but not limited to * * * monitoring the services provided the child by the public

children services agency * * * [and filing] any motions and other court papers that

are in the best interest of the child.’” Id. at ¶14, quoting R.C. 2151.281(I). The

guardian ad litem has “the unique role” to ensure that the trial court considers the

child’s best interests before reaching a custody decision. Id. Due to this unique
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                               14


role, “the guardian ad litem has a statutory right to ensure that the best interests of

the child are enforced and protected in the permanent-custody proceeding.” Id.

      {¶26} R.C. 2151.414(C) requires the guardian ad litem to submit a written

report to the court before the permanent custody hearing in order “to give the court

information, in addition to that elicited at the hearing, to assist it in making sound

decisions concerning permanent custody placements.” In re Hoffman, 97 Ohio

St.3d 92, 2002-Ohio-5368, 776 N.E.2d 485, ¶13. Moreover, filing the report

before the permanent custody hearing gives “the parties an opportunity to rebut

any assertion contained in the report.” In re A.D., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2011-

06-100, 2011-Ohio-5979, ¶65, citing In re James, 10th Dist. Franklin No 03AP–33,

2003–Ohio–5208; In re Salsgiver, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2002–G–2478, 2003–

Ohio–1203, ¶22.

      {¶27} Sup.R. 48(D) outlines the minimum duties that a guardian ad litem

shall perform “unless impracticable or inadvisable to do so.” According to the

rule, the guardian ad litem shall (1) represent the best interest of the child for

whom the guardian is appointed, (2) maintain independence, objectivity and

fairness as well as the appearance of fairness in dealings with parties and

professionals, both in and out of the courtroom and shall have no ex parte

communications with the court regarding the merits of the case, (3) appear and

participate in any hearing for which the duties of a guardian ad litem or any issues
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                           15


substantially within a guardian ad litem’s duties and scope of appointment are to be

addressed, and (4) shall make reasonable efforts to become informed about the

facts of the case and to contact all parties.

      {¶28} “In order to provide the court with relevant information and an

informed recommendation as to the child’s best interest,” Sup.R. 48(D)(13)

requires the guardian ad litem to perform the following minimum duties “unless

impracticable or inadvisable because of the age of the child or the specific

circumstances of a particular case:”

             (a) Meet with and interview the child and observe the child with each
      parent, foster parent, guardian or physical custodian and conduct at least one
      interview with the child where none of these individuals is present;
             (b) Visit the child at his or her residence in accordance with any
      standards established by the court in which the guardian ad litem is
      appointed;
             (c) Ascertain the wishes of the child;
             (d) Meet with and interview the parties, foster parents and other
      significant individuals who may have relevant knowledge regarding the
      issues of the case;
             (e) Review pleadings and other relevant court documents in the case
      in which the guardian ad litem is appointed;
             (f) Review criminal, civil, educational and administrative records
      pertaining to the child and, if appropriate, to the child's family or to other
      parties in the case;
             (g) Interview school personnel, medical and mental health providers,
      child protective services workers and relevant court personnel and obtain
      copies of relevant records;
             (h) Recommend that the court order psychological evaluations, mental
      health and/or substance abuse assessments, or other evaluations or tests of
      the parties as the guardian ad litem deems necessary or helpful to the court;
      and
             (i) Perform any other investigation necessary to make an informed
      recommendation regarding the best interest of the child.
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                                16



       {¶29} In the case at bar, even if the guardian ad litem failed to comply with

Sup.R. 48, we previously held that Sup.R. 48 does not create substantive rights. In

re E.W., 4th Dist. Washington No. 10CA18, 10CA19, 10CA20, 2011-Ohio-2123,

¶12; accord In re J.A.W., 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2013-T-0009, 2013-Ohio-2614,

¶47; In re K.V., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-11-1087, 2012-Ohio-190, ¶30 (stating that

the Rules of Superintendence do not give rise to substantive rights, and so the

filing of a guardian ad litem’s report is not mandatory.). “’They are not the

equivalent of rules of procedure and have no force equivalent to a statute. They

are purely internal housekeeping rules which are of concern to the judges of the

several courts but create no rights in individual defendants.’” Id., quoting State v.

Gettys (1976), 49 Ohio App.2d 241, 243, 360 N.E.2d 735. Consequently,

“appellant does not have any substantive right to enforce under Sup.R. 48.” Id. at

¶15.

       {¶30} Additionally, even if the guardian ad litem did not comply with the

R.C. 2151.414(C) requirement to file a written report, Appellant has not pointed to

anything in the record to show that the guardian ad litem failed to enforce and

protect the child’s best interests or that the guardian’s failure to file a written report

affected the outcome of the proceedings. The guardian ad litem explained at the

permanent custody hearing that he believed awarding Appellee permanent custody

of the child would be in the child’s best interests. He noted that Appellant would
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                             17


be unable to have custody of the child until her release from prison—which was

not scheduled to occur until November 2015—and asserted that keeping the child

in limbo would not be in his best interests, especially at his young age. Appellant

has not explained how the guardian ad litem’s failure to file a written report

affected her ability to defend against Appellee’s permanent custody motion or how

the failure impacted the trial court’s decision. Appellant could have cross-

examined the guardian ad litem regarding his recommendation but chose not to do

so. Consequently, Appellant cannot show that any deficiency in the guardian ad

litem’s performance affected the outcome of the proceedings. In re West, 4th Dist.

Athens No. 05CA4, 2005-Ohio-2977, ¶27 (concluding that mother could not

establish prejudice when mother did not show what other evidence the guardian ad

litem could have discovered that may have affected the guardian’s

recommendation); In re Seitz, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2002–T–97, 2003–Ohio–

5218, ¶29 (“[I]t is not immediately apparent that a custodial disposition should be

reversed on the basis of arguably ineffective service by the guardian ad litem.”); In

re E.M., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 79249 (Nov. 8, 2001) (“’ * * * [W]hen parents

cannot establish prejudice arising from the misfeasance, or nonfeasance, of a

guardian ad litem, it is harmless error.’”), quoting In re Breslav, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 75468 (Apr. 13, 2000); In re J.C., 4th Dist. Adams No. 07CA833, 2007-Ohio-

3781 (determining that any error associated with guardian ad litem’s failure to
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                              18


interview children of tender years did not affect the outcome of the proceeding); In

re R.C., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82453, 2003-Ohio-7062, ¶22 (concluding that

appellant failed to show that trial court’s decision would have been different if

guardian ad litem had filed a written report).

      {¶31} Furthermore, Appellant cannot demonstrate that any error relating to

the guardian ad litem’s failure to advise the court of the child’s wishes affected the

outcome of the proceedings. All parties were well-aware that the child was barely

three years old as of the October 17, 2013 permanent custody hearing. The trial

court specifically determined that the child was not competent to state his wishes,

and we have previously recognized that “interviews with children of tender years

will generally yield information of very little or no benefit.” J.C. at ¶14. Thus,

even if the guardian ad litem had been able to ascertain the young child’s wishes

and had advised the trial court of the child’s wishes, the trial court most likely

would have given little or no weight to the child’s wishes due to its incompetency

determination.

      {¶32} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule

Appellant’s second assignment of error.

                           C. R.C. 2151.414(D) AND (E)
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                              19


      {¶33} In her third assignment of error, Appellant argues that the trial court’s

findings under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b), (D)(1)(d), (E)(9), and (E)(15) are against

the manifest weight of the evidence.

                               1. Standard of Review

      {¶34} A reviewing court generally will not disturb a trial court’s permanent

custody decision unless the decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence.

In re R.S., 4th Dist. Highland No. 13CA22, 2013–Ohio–5569, ¶29.

      “‘Weight of the evidence concerns “the inclination of the greater amount of
      credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue rather
      than the other. It indicates clearly to the jury that the party having the burden
      of proof will be entitled to their verdict, if, on weighing the evidence in their
      minds, they shall find the greater amount of credible evidence sustains the
      issue which is to be established before them. Weight is not a question of
      mathematics, but depends on its effect in inducing belief.”’”

      Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012–Ohio–2179, 972 N.E.2d 517,
      ¶12, quoting State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541
      (1997), quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1594 (6th ed.1990).

      {¶35} When an appellate court reviews whether a trial court’s permanent

custody decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence, the court

“‘“weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of

witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [finder

of fact] clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that

the [judgment] must be reversed and a new trial ordered.”’” Eastley at ¶20,

quoting Tewarson v. Simon, 141 Ohio App.3d 103, 115, 750 N.E.2d 176 (9th
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                                 20


Dist.2001), quoting Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting

State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). Accord

In re Pittman, 9th Dist. No. 20894, 2002–Ohio–2208, 2002 WL 987852, ¶¶23–24.

      {¶36} The essential question that we must resolve when reviewing a

permanent custody decision under the manifest weight of the evidence standard is

“whether the juvenile court's findings * * * were supported by clear and

convincing evidence.” In re K.H., 119 Ohio St.3d 538, 2008–Ohio–4825, 895

N.E.2d 809, ¶43. “Clear and convincing evidence” is:

       “The measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of
       fact a firm belief or conviction as to the allegations sought to be established.
       It is intermediate, being more than a mere preponderance, but not to the
       extent of such certainty as required beyond a reasonable doubt as in criminal
       cases. It does not mean clear and unequivocal.”
In re Estate of Haynes, 25 Ohio St.3d 101, 103–04, 495 N.E.2d 23 (1986).

      {¶37} In determining whether a trial court based its decision upon clear and

convincing evidence, “a reviewing court will examine the record to determine

whether the trier of facts had sufficient evidence before it to satisfy the requisite

degree of proof.” State v. Schiebel, 55 Ohio St.3d 71, 74, 564 N.E.2d 54 (1990).

Accord In re Holcomb, 18 Ohio St.3d 361, 368, 481 N.E.2d 613 (1985), citing

Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954) (“Once the clear and

convincing standard has been met to the satisfaction of the [trial] court, the

reviewing court must examine the record and determine if the trier of fact had

sufficient evidence before it to satisfy this burden of proof.”); In re Adoption of
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                               21


Lay, 25 Ohio St.3d 41, 42–43, 495 N.E.2d 9 (1986). Cf. In re Adoption of Masa,

23 Ohio St.3d 163, 165, 492 N.E.2d 140 (1986) (stating that whether a fact has

been “proven by clear and convincing evidence in a particular case is a

determination for the [trial] court and will not be disturbed on appeal unless such

determination is against the manifest weight of the evidence”). Thus, if the

children services agency presented competent and credible evidence upon which

the trier of fact reasonably could have formed a firm belief that permanent custody

is warranted, then the court’s decision is not against the manifest weight of the

evidence. In re R.M., 4th Dist. Nos. 12CA43 and 12CA44, 2013–Ohio–3588, ¶62.

      {¶38} Once the reviewing court finishes its examination, the court may

reverse the judgment only if it appears that the fact-finder, when resolving the

conflicts in evidence, “‘clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage

of justice that the [judgment] must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’”

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting State v. Martin, 20

Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). A reviewing court should

find a trial court’s permanent custody decision against the manifest weight of the

evidence only in the “‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily

against the [decision].’” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting

Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d at 175, 485 N.E.2d 717; accord State v. Lindsey, 87 Ohio

St.3d 479, 483, 721 N.E.2d 995 (2000).
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                               22


      {¶39} Additionally, deferring to the trial court on matters of credibility is

“crucial in a child custody case, where there may be much evident in the parties’

demeanor and attitude that does not translate to the record well (Emphasis sic).”

Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 419, 674 N.E.2d 1159 (1997). Accord In

re Christian, 4th Dist. No. 04CA 10, 2004–Ohio–3146, 2004 WL 1367399, ¶7. As

the Ohio Supreme Court long-ago explained: “In proceedings involving the

custody and welfare of children the power of the trial court to exercise discretion is

peculiarly important. The knowledge obtained through contact with and

observation of the parties and through independent investigation can not be

conveyed to a reviewing court by printed record.” Trickey v. Trickey, 158 Ohio St.

9, 13, 106 N.E.2d 772 (1952).

                          2. Permanent Custody Principles

      {¶40} A parent has a “fundamental liberty interest” in the care, custody, and

management of his or her child and an “essential” and “basic civil right” to raise

his or her children. Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71

L.Ed .2d 599 (1982); In re Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d 155, 156, 556 N.E.2d 1169

(1990); accord In re D.A., 113 Ohio St.3d 88, 2007–Ohio–1105, 862 N.E.2d 829.

A parent’s rights, however, are not absolute. D.A. at ¶11. Rather, “‘it is plain that

the natural rights of a parent * * * are always subject to the ultimate welfare of the

child, which is the pole star or controlling principle to be observed.’” In re
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                           23


Cunningham, 59 Ohio St.2d 100, 106, 391 N.E.2d 1034 (1979), quoting In re

R.J.C., 300 So.2d 54, 58 (Fla.App.1974). Thus, the state may terminate parental

rights when a child’s best interest demands such termination. D.A . at ¶11.

      {¶41} Before a court may award a children services agency permanent

custody of a child, R.C. 2151.414(A)(1) requires the court to hold a hearing. The

primary purpose of the hearing is to allow the court to determine whether the

child's best interests would be served by permanently terminating the parental

relationship and by awarding permanent custody to the agency. R.C.

2151.414(A)(1). Additionally, when considering whether to grant a children

services agency permanent custody, a trial court should consider the underlying

principles of R.C. Chapter 2151:

            (A) To provide for the care, protection, and mental and physical
      development of children * * *;
            ***
            (B) To achieve the foregoing purpose[ ], whenever possible, in a
      family environment, separating the child from its parents only when
      necessary for his welfare or in the interests of public safety.

                          3. Permanent Custody Framework

      {¶42} R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) permits a trial court to grant permanent custody

of a child to a children services agency if the court determines, by clear and

convincing evidence, that the child’s best interest would be served by the award of

permanent custody and that:
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                               24


             (a) The child is not abandoned or orphaned or has not been in the
      temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies or
      private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive
      twenty-two month period ending on or after March 18, 1999, and the child
      cannot be placed with either of the child’s parents within a reasonable time
      or should not be placed with the child’s parents.
             (b) The child is abandoned.
             (c) The child is orphaned, and there are no relatives of the child who
      are able to take permanent custody.
             (d) The child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public
      children services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or
      more months of a consecutive twenty-two month period ending on or after
      March 18, 1999.

      {¶43} Thus, before a trial court may award a children services agency

permanent custody, it must find (1) that one of the circumstances described in R.C.

2151.414(B)(1) applies, and (2) that awarding the children services agency

permanent custody would further the child’s best interest.

      {¶44} In the case at bar, appellant does not challenge the trial court’s R.C.

2151.414(B)(1)(d) finding. Thus, we do not address it.

                                   4. Best Interest

      {¶45} R.C. 2151.414(D) requires a trial court to consider specific factors to

determine whether a child’s best interest will be served by granting a children

services agency permanent custody. The factors include: (1) the child’s interaction

and interrelationship with the child’s parents, siblings, relatives, foster parents and

out-of-home providers, and any other person who may significantly affect the

child; (2) the child’s wishes, as expressed directly by the child or through the
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                                25


child's guardian ad litem, with due regard for the child's maturity; (3) the child’s

custodial history; (4) the child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement and

whether that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of permanent

custody to the agency; and (5) whether any factors listed under R.C.

2151.414(E)(7) to (11) apply.

      {¶46} Here, Appellant challenges the trial court’s lack of findings regarding

the child’s wishes and its finding regarding the child’s need for a legally secure

permanent placement.

                                  a. Child’s Wishes

      {¶47} R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b) states that the trial court shall consider the

child’s wishes “as expressed directly by the child or through the child’s guardian

ad litem, with due regard for the maturity of the child.” The statute thus does not

require the trial court to consider the child’s wishes as expressed directly by the

child in all circumstances. Instead, the statute recognizes that the trial court may

consider the child’s wishes as expressed through the child’s guardian ad litem.

Additionally, the statute requires the court to consider the child’s maturity when

examining the child’s wishes.

      {¶48} In the case at bar, the trial court considered the child’s wishes as

expressed through the guardian ad litem. Moreover, the court found that the child

was not competent to express his wishes. Thus, although the court did not consider
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                                  26


the child’s direct wishes, it did consider his wishes as expressed through the

guardian ad litem. Furthermore, the court explicitly noted that the child was not

competent to express his wishes. Consequently, we do not agree with Appellant

that the trial court failed to consider the child’s wishes. In re B.D., 4th Dist. Ross

No. 08CA3016, 2008 WL 5044641, ¶32.

                      b. Legally Secure Permanent Placement

      {¶49} R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(d) requires the trial court to consider “[t]he

child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement and whether that placement

can be achieved without a grant of permanent custody to the [children services]

agency.” Appellant argues that the evidence fails to support the trial court’s

finding that the child cannot achieve a legally secure permanent placement without

granting appellee permanent custody. We do not agree.

      {¶50} The child has been in Appellee’s temporary custody since he was one

year old, and at the time of the permanent custody hearing, he was almost three

years old. During the two years in between, Appellant was unable to provide the

child with a legally secure permanent placement, mainly due to her criminal

conduct and incarceration. At the time of the permanent custody hearing,

Appellant’s expected prison release date was November 2015. Thus, Appellant

would not be able to provide the child with a legally secure permanent placement

for at least two years following the date of the permanent custody hearing. Even
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                             27


after her release from prison, Appellant recognized that she would not be able to

immediately take custody of the child. When, if ever, Appellant would be able to

provide a legally secure permanent placement for the child is unknown. The trial

court was not required to deny the child the permanency that he needs, especially

at a young age, in order to provide Appellant the chance to prove, upon her release

from prison, that she can provide a legally secure permanent placement for the

child. To deny Appellee permanent custody would only prolong the child’s

uncertainty. Even though the child has remained in the same foster home since

Appellee acquired temporary custody, there is no guarantee that the child would

remain in this same foster home until Appellant demonstrates that she can provide

the child with a legally secure permanent placement. Instead, continuing the child

in Appellee’s temporary custody would place the child in limbo with no guarantee

of a legally secure permanent placement. We do not believe that the trial court was

required to experiment with the child’s best interest in order to permit appellant to

prove that she will be able to regain custody of the child.

      “‘ * * * [A] child should not have to endure the inevitable to its great
      detriment and harm in order to give the * * * [parent] an opportunity to
      prove her suitability. To anticipate the future, however, is at most, a difficult
      basis for a judicial determination. The child’s present condition and
      environment is the subject for decision not the expected or anticipated
      behavior of unsuitability or unfitness of the * * * [parent]. * * * The law
      does not require the court to experiment with the child’s welfare to see if he
      will suffer great detriment or harm.’”
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                             28


In re Bishop (1987), 36 Ohio App.3d 123, 126, 521 N.E.2d 838 (quoting In re East

(1972), 32 Ohio Misc. 65, 69, 288 N.E.2d 343, 346). We therefore disagree with

Appellant’s suggestion that the court should have considered alternate placements

for the child pending Appellant’s unpredictable ability to regain custody of the

child.

         {¶51} Moreover, while a court that is considering a permanent custody

motion possesses the discretion to award legal custody to either parent or to any

other person who files a motion requesting legal custody, R.C. 2151.353(A)(3), the

statute does not require a juvenile court to consider relative placement before

granting the motion for permanent custody. A juvenile court need not determine

by clear and convincing evidence that “termination of appellant's parental rights

was not only a necessary option, but also the only option.” In re Schaefer, 111

Ohio St.3d 498, 2006-Ohio-5513, 857 N.E.2d 532, ¶64. Nor must “the juvenile

court find by clear and convincing evidence that no suitable relative was available

for placement.” R.C. 2151.414 “does not make the availability of a placement that

would not require a termination of parental rights an all-controlling factor. The

statute does not even require the court to weigh that factor more heavily than other

factors.” Id.; In re J.K., 4th Dist. Ross No. 11CA3269, 2012-Ohio-214, ¶27; In re

Dyal, Hocking App. No. 01CA11 (Aug. 9, 2001). Rather, a juvenile court is

vested with discretion to determine what placement option is in the child’s best
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                                      29


interest. In re A.C.H., 4th Dist. Gallia No. 11CA2, 2011-Ohio-5595, ¶44. The

child’s best interest is served by placing the child in a permanent situation that

fosters growth, stability, and security. In re Adoption of Ridenour, 61 Ohio St.3d

319, 324, 574 N.E.2d 1055 (1991). Therefore, courts are not required to favor a

relative if, after considering all the factors, it is in the child’s best interest for the

agency to be granted permanent custody. Schaefer at ¶64. Consequently, the trial

court had no duty to first consider placing the child with Appellant’s relatives or a

family friend before granting Appellee permanent custody. Thus, we reject

Appellant’s assertion that the court’s finding that the child needed a legally secure

permanent placement that could not be achieved without granting Appellee

permanent custody is against the manifest weight of the evidence.

                                   c. R.C. 2151.414(E)

       {¶52} Appellant also argues that the trial court’s findings under R.C.

2151.414(E)(9) and (E)(15) are against the manifest weight of the evidence. R.C.

2151.414(D)(5) requires a trial court to consider whether any R.C. 2151.414(E)(7)

to (11) factors apply when it evaluates the child’s best interest. Of relevance here,

R.C. 2151.414(E)(9) specifies the court shall consider whether

              [t]he parent has placed the child at substantial risk of harm two or
       more times due to alcohol or drug abuse and has rejected treatment two or
       more times or refused to participate in further treatment two or more times
       after a case plan issued pursuant to section 2151.412 of the Revised
       Code requiring treatment of the parent was journalized as part of a
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                              30


      dispositional order issued with respect to the child or an order was issued by
      any other court requiring treatment of the parent.

      {¶53} R.C. 2151.414(E)(15) states that a court shall consider the following

circumstance when reviewing whether the child cannot or should not be returned to

either parent within a reasonable time:

             (15) The parent has committed abuse as described in section 2151.031
      of the Revised Code against the child or caused or allowed the child to suffer
      neglect as described in section 2151.03 of the Revised Code, and the court
      determines that the seriousness, nature, or likelihood of recurrence of the
      abuse or neglect makes the child's placement with the child’s parent a threat
      to the child’s safety.

      {¶54} Appellant asserts that the court’s finding that R.C. 2151.414(E)(9)

applies is against the manifest weight of the evidence because nothing in the record

shows that she ever placed the child at substantial risk of harm. She likewise

argues that the court’s R.C. 2151.414(E)(15) finding is against the manifest weight

of the evidence because nothing in the record shows that she ever abused or

neglected the child. Even if these two findings are against the manifest weight of

the evidence, the trial court’s overall decision to award Appellee permanent

custody is not. The record contains ample, competent and credible evidence to

support the court’s findings under R.C. 2151.414(D) that awarding Appellee

permanent custody of the child would serve the child’s best interest. Its findings

under R.C. 2151.414(E)(9) and (15) are superfluous.
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                        31


      {¶55} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule

Appellant’s third assignment of error and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                       JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Hocking App. No. 13CA24                                                                               32


                                       JUDGMENT ENTRY

        It is ordered that the JUDGMENT BE AFFIRMED and costs be assessed to Appellant.

        The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

     It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Hocking County
Common Pleas Court, Juvenile Division, to carry this judgment into execution.

        IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE UPON BAIL HAS
BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL COURT OR THIS COURT, it is
temporarily continued for a period not to exceed sixty days upon the bail previously posted. The
purpose of a continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme Court of Ohio an
application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court. If a stay is continued by
this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the sixty day period, or the failure of
the Appellant to file a notice of appeal with the Supreme Court of Ohio in the forty-five day
appeal period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of the Supreme Court of Ohio.
Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio dismisses the appeal prior to expiration of sixty days,
the stay will terminate as of the date of such dismissal.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the
Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Abele, P.J.:    Concurs in Judgment and Opinion.
Harsha, J.:     Concurs in Judgment and Opinion as to Assignments of Error I and
                III; Concurs in Judgment Only as to Assignment of Error II.


                                                For the Court,


                                        BY: ___________________________________
                                            Matthew W. McFarland, Judge



                                   NOTICE TO COUNSEL

      Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final
judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the
date of filing with the clerk.
