                  IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                              NO. 2015-CA-01405-SCT

GROUND CONTROL, LLC d/b/a GROUND
CONTROL OF ALABAMA, LLC AND FRANK
BEATON

v.

CAPSCO INDUSTRIES, INC., W.G. YATES &
SONS CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, HARRAH’S
ENTERTAINMENT, INC., AND CHRISTOPHER
KILLION


DATE OF JUDGMENT:                       09/16/2015
TRIAL JUDGE:                            HON. ROGER T. CLARK
TRIAL COURT ATTORNEYS:                  BLEWETT W. THOMAS
                                        RODERICK MARK ALEXANDER, JR.
                                        MATTHEW WARD McDADE
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:              HARRISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS:                BLEWETT W. THOMAS
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:                RODERICK MARK ALEXANDER, JR.
                                        MATTHEW WARD McDADE
NATURE OF THE CASE:                     CIVIL - CONTRACT
DISPOSITION:                            ON DIRECT APPEAL: AFFIRMED; ON
                                        CROSS-APPEAL: REVERSED AND
                                        RENDERED IN PART AND REVERSED
                                        AND REMANDED IN PART - 03/09/2017
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:


      EN BANC.

      MAXWELL, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.   When this case was before this Court on interlocutory appeal, we reversed in part.

Ground Control, LLC v. Capsco Indus., Inc., 120 So. 3d 365, 367 (Miss. 2013) (Ground
Control I). Because it was undisputed that neither sub-subcontractor Ground Control, LLC,

(Ground Control) nor subcontractor Capsco Industries, Inc., (Capsco)—both Alabama

companies—had a statutorily required certificate of responsibility to work in this State, this

Court agreed that the subcontract was void. But we found, despite the void contract,

“Ground Control should not be precluded from having the opportunity to proceed in court

under a claim for the value of what it expended in labor and supplies on the project.” Id. at

371. So we remanded this case to the trial court so Ground Control could pursue the non-

barred “claims of unjust enrichment and quantum meruit.” Id. at 367.

¶2.    Despite this clear holding, Ground Control argues in this appeal that the trial court

erred by limiting its claims on remand to unjust enrichment and quantum meruit. But we find

no error. Instead, the trial court properly limited the issue at trial to Ground Control’s claim

for quantum meruit damages.

¶3.    We do, however, find W.G. Yates and Sons Construction Company (Yates) and

Capsco have raised reversible errors in their cross-appeals. Based on the evidence presented

at trial, we find Yates was entitled to a directed verdict because Ground Control failed to

prove Yates’s liability for quantum meruit damages. We also find the quantum meruit

damages award against Capsco was against the overwhelming weight of the evidence.

Consequently, Capsco is entitled to a remittitur.

¶4.    We affirm on Ground Control’s and Ground Control owner Frank Beaton’s direct

appeals. On cross-appeal, we reverse the $36,644.69 judgment against Yates and render a

judgment in Yates’s favor. We also reverse the $825,583.31 judgment against Capsco. We



                                               2
remand the quantum meruit claim against Capsco, instructing the trial court to conduct a new

trial on damages alone, unless a remittitur of $626,407.31, making the damage award

$199,096, is accepted by Ground Control and Capsco.

                       Background Facts and Procedural History

       I.     Interlocutory Appeal

¶5.    This is the second time this case has come before this Court on appeal.

¶6.    In 2009, sub-subcontractor Ground Control sued subcontractor Capsco over work

performed on the Margaritaville Hotel in Biloxi. Ground Control also sued the project’s

general contractor, Yates, and owner, Harrah’s Entertainment, Inc. (Harrah’s). But the trial

court discovered Ground Control’s subcontract with Capsco was void by statute, because

neither party had a certificate of responsibility. See Miss. Code Ann. § 31-3-15 (Rev. 2010).

So the trial court granted the defendants summary judgment on all of Ground Control’s

claims, because they stemmed from the void subcontract.

¶7.    On interlocutory appeal, we reversed in part. Ground Control I, 120 So. 3d at 367.

“Although we agree[d] with the trial court’s finding that the lack of certificates of

responsibility rendered the parties’ contract null and void, we f[ou]nd that Ground Control’s

claims for unjust enrichment and quantum meruit were not barred by Mississippi Code

Section 31-3-21.” Id. at 373. We also reversed the grant of summary judgment in favor of

Harrah’s and Yates on purely procedural grounds—namely, the “ failure to give proper notice

of the conversion of the Rule 12 motion to dismiss to a Rule 56 motion for summary

judgment.” Id. at 371 (citing M.R.C.P. 12 and M.R.C.P. 56).



                                             3
       II.    Supplemental Complaint

¶8.    On September 24, 2013, the mandate issued on the interlocutory appeal.

¶9.    Despite the clear directive in Ground Control I—remand for further proceedings on

the issue of unjust enrichment and quantum meruit—Ground Control immediately moved to

“supplement” its complaint with claims against Capsco and its principal, Christopher

Killion,1 based on a panoply of equity-based and nonequity-based theories, such as contract,

statutory rights, and tort.2 Against Yates and Harrah’s, Ground Control sought statutory

relief under Mississippi Code Section 85-7-131 or Section 85-7-181 (Rev. 2011),3 as well

as contract damages based on its claim that it was a “third-party beneficiary” to the contract

between Harrah’s and Yates. Ground Control also asserted a claim for quantum meruit—as

well as other unspecified “equitable claims”—seeking Yates and Harrah’s be jointly and

severally liable with Capsco. In total, Ground Control requested $1.16 million in damages.

¶10.   Operating under the assumption that its prior grant of summary judgment had been

reversed in full, the trial court granted Ground Control’s motion to supplement its complaint.


       1
         Ground Control also sought to hold Capsco officers Loye McIlveene and Jason
Dollar, as individuals, jointly and severally liable.
       2
         In addition to asserting “extra-contractual” claims against Capsco, Ground Control
added tort claims for fraud, failure to correct work, negligent supervision of employees,
interference with business relations, conversion, bad faith, and self-dealing. Ground Control
also alleged Capsco violated stop-pay notices and committed “other wrongs.” Ground
Control requested an accounting by Capsco and punitive damages.
       3
          Since the filing of this suit, Section 85-7-131 has been amended to restrict
application to water, oil, and gas wells and fixed machinery. Miss. Laws 2014, ch. 487,
§ 18, eff. from April 11, 2014. See Miss. Code Ann. § 85-7-131 (Supp. 2016). And Section
85-7-181 has been repealed in its entirety. Miss. Laws 2014, ch. 487, § 24, eff. from and
after April 11, 2014.

                                              4
Capsco responded with a third-party claim for fraud against Ground Control’s principal,

Frank Beaton. Beaton then asserted third-party counterclaims against Capsco and its officers

for abuse of process, tortious interference with business relations, and repayment of a

$75,000 construction loan, which Beaton had personally guaranteed.

       III.   Pretrial Motions

¶11.   Before trial, several parties moved for summary judgment. Harrah’s and Yates’s

motion was denied, as was Ground Control’s. But Beaton’s motion for summary judgment

on the claims against him personally was granted. So the trial court dismissed Beaton as a

third-party defendant.4 This left Killion as the only individual defendant.

¶12.   Also before trial, Capsco filed a motion in limine requesting Ground Control’s

damages claims be limited to the costs expended and materials purchased for the

Margaritaville project. The trial court granted this motion. Specifically, the trial court

ordered that Ground Control was limited to presenting evidence under a quantum meruit

theory, based on this Court’s mandate in Ground Control I. Consequently, the trial court

ordered that “[a]ny alleged tort claims are dismissed and will not be presented at trial.”

       IV.    Trial and Verdict

¶13.   A six-day trial was held in October 2014. Beaton testified Ground Control had

expended $920,252.80 in unpaid labor and materials. But on cross-examination, he admitted

some expenses were counted twice or did not apply to the Margaritaville project. He also

admitted that his company had been paid more than a half-million dollars before it stopped

       4
         By Ground Control’s ore tenus motion, McIlveene and Dollar also were dismissed
as individual defendants.

                                              5
working on the project. When pressed, Beaton conceded that, once the figures were added

up, Ground Control’s claim for unpaid labor and services was only $199,096.

¶14.   At the end of Ground Control’s case-in-chief, Killion moved for a directed verdict in

his favor individually. The trial court granted this motion, finding Ground Control had failed

to present any evidence supporting its claim Killion was individually liable. The trial court

also directed a verdict in Yates’s and Harrah’s favor on Ground Control’s statutory-based

claims, as well as its claim that it was a third-party beneficiary to the contract between Yates

and Harrah’s.

¶15.   At the end of trial, on October 21, 2014, the jury was instructed that any recovery by

Ground Control from Capsco, Yates, and/or Harrah’s would be based on quantum meruit

only and limited to the value of unpaid labor and services rendered. The jury found Ground

Control was entitled to $862,228. And using the agreed-to form supplied to it, the jury

apportioned 95.75% liability ($825,583.31) to Capsco, 4.25% liability ($36,644.69) to Yates,

and 0% liability ($0) to Harrah’s.

       V.       Post-trial Motions

¶16.   What should have signaled the end of this case at the trial level actually set off

protracted post-trial litigation. As the trial court noted in one of its many post-trial orders,

there were ninety-nine docket entries following trial.

¶17.   Among these voluminous motions were Ground Control’s motion to amend the

verdict to “remove surplusage” (i.e., the apportionment of liability), its motion for pre- and

post-judgment interest, and a motion for a new trial on the limited issue of Killion’s personal



                                               6
liability.5 All of Ground Control’s motions were denied,6 except that in its final order, the

trial court awarded post-judgment interest. This interest was set to accrue from the date of

the final order, which was entered eleven months after the jury’s verdict, due to Ground

Control’s multiple post-trial filings.

¶18.   Capsco, Yates, and Harrah’s filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict

(JNOV). Alternatively, Capsco requested remittitur. These motions were denied.

¶19.   Beaton, individually, also filed a post-trial motion. On September 9, 2015—the date

of the final judgment7—Beaton moved for entry of a scheduling order or, alternatively, for

a final judgment on his third-party claims. The trial court denied this motion, finding “no

further action is required . . . as all claims alleged by any Party in this Cause have been

adjudicated in the Final Judgment entered herein[.]”

       VI.    Appeal and Cross-Appeals

¶20.   With the final judgment being entered, finally, Ground Control and Beaton appealed.

Capsco and Yates cross-appealed.8 Harrah’s is part of this appeal as appellee only.


       5
        While those motions were pending, Ground Control also filed a motion to amend
the pleadings to conform to the evidence presented at trial, followed by an amended motion
to amend the pleadings. It also filed a motion for a trial setting of its tort claims.
       6
         When its motions were denied, Ground Control filed a motion for a correction of
the order denying a trial setting on the dismissed tort claims and denying pre-judgment
interest. When these motions were denied, Ground Control inexplicably filed a motion for
partial summary judgment on its “tort claims under Miss. Code Ann. § 85-7-183.”
       7
       A week later, on September 18, 2015, the trial court entered a corrected final
judgment, clarifying additional claims had also been dismissed on directed verdict.
       8
        In January 2016, Ground Control and Beaton moved to strike the notice of cross-
appeal as untimely. But a panel of this Court denied the motion. It seems that Ground

                                             7
                               Issues on Appeal / Cross-Appeal

¶21.   Ground Control raises six issues on appeal—primarily challenging the limitation of

its recovery to quantum meruit damages, the special verdict form apportioning liability, and

the denial of pre-judgment interest.9




Control and Beaton were trying to have it both ways—on the one hand arguing to this Court
that the judgment in this case had become final and appealable on September 9, 2015,
triggering the thirty-day window to appeal, but on the other hand arguing to the trial court
that the judgment was not final on September 9, 2015, because Beaton’s third-party claims
had not been disposed of.
       9
           Specifically, Ground Control argues:

       I.       The circuit court committed reversible error by denying Ground
                Control’s motion to delete surplusage from verdict.

       II.      Should the apportionment of the verdict not be stricken as surplusage,
                Ground Control submits that the circuit court committed reversible
                error concerning the claims alleged against Yates and Harrah’s.

       III.     The Corrected Final Judgment contains inaccurate statements of both
                the claims that were presented to the jury and dismissed by directed
                verdict.

       IV.      The circuit court committed reversible error by denying Ground
                Control’s motion for the assessment of pre-judgment interest. Further,
                the assessment of post-judgment interest should accrue from October
                21, 2014.

       V.       The circuit court committed reversible error by dismissing Ground
                Control’s claims alleging ultra vires acts by Capsco’s owner
                Christopher Killion.

       VI.      The circuit court committed reversible error by denying Ground Control
                a trial on its tort claims against Capsco and Killion that were pled in the
                Supplemental Complaint.

                                                8
¶22.   On cross-appeal, Capsco attacks the $825,583.31 judgment against it, arguing it was

entitled to a JNOV, alternatively, a remittitur. Yates also cross-appeals, similarly asserting

its motion for summary judgment, motion for directed verdict, and motion for JNOV should

have been granted.

¶23.   Finally, Beaton appeals in his capacity as third-party plaintiff. He claims his due-

process rights were violated when the trial court denied him a jury trial on his third-party

claims against Capsco and Capsco’s owner, Killion.

                                         Discussion

¶24.   Due to the multiple, often overlapping issues raised in the appeals and cross-appeals,

we approach the questions raised categorically, instead of going through each party’s

appellate issues one-by-one.

       I.     Did Ground Control forfeit its right to appeal when it seized
              $36,644.69 from Yates in satisfaction of the judgment?

¶25.   The first question concerns a preliminary matter. In its brief, Yates suggests that

Ground Control forfeited its right to appeal when it garnished $36,644.69 from Yates’s bank

account to satisfy Yates’s portion of the judgment.10 But this Court has long held that “when

the plaintiff accepted money paid, he may still appeal, where the object of the appeal is

simply to have a judgment modified by increasing his demand, as where sufficient damages

had not been allowed, or where proper interest had not been allowed.” Inv’rs Prop. Mgmt.,



       10
          In October 2015, after filing its notice of appeal, Ground Control filed a suggestion
of garnishment with Yates’s banks. After the $36,644.69 was garnished, Yates moved for
a satisfaction of judgment on November 6, 2015. This motion was granted on December
2, 2015.

                                              9
Ltd. v. Watkins, Pitts, Hill & Assocs., 511 So. 2d 1379, 1383 (Miss. 1987) (quoting Adams

v. Carter, 92 Miss. 579, 590-91, 47 So. 409, 410 (1908)). Here, the object of Ground

Control’s appeal is a larger judgment and pre-judgment interest. So we find it still may

appeal, despite accepting Yates’s payment. See Davis v. Noblitt & Capers Elec. Co., 594 So.

2d 610, 613 (Miss. 1992) (clarifying “that the acceptance of the fruits of a judgment at law

does not preclude appeal”). But because it accepted payment while its appeal was pending,

Ground Control “holds the funds subject to any judgment which is rendered on appeal or

possible cross appeal.” Id.

¶26.   The same is true for Yates. Its payment was not voluntary but instead made through

an execution of a writ of garnishment. So the payment does not render Yates’s cross-appeal

moot. See In re Estate of Pethan, 475 S.W.3d 722, 727-28 (Mo. 2015).

       II.    Was Ground Control’s potential recovery properly limited to
              quantum meruit damages?

¶27.   The next question is the most crucial to this appeal—Did the trial court properly limit

the trial to Ground Control’s claim for quantum meruit damages? Ground Control asserts

that the trial court “committed reversible error by denying Ground Control a trial on its tort

claims against Capsco and Killion that were pled in the Supplemental Complaint.” It also

“submits that the circuit court committed reversible error concerning the claims alleged

against Yates and Harrah’s.” But based on our clear mandate in Ground Control I, we find

no reversible error.

              A.       Claims Against Capsco and Killion




                                             10
¶28.   Ground Control I was not a blanket reversal of the grants of summary judgment.

Instead, we agreed with the trial court that the subcontract between Capsco and Ground

Control was void by statute. Ground Control I, 120 So. 3d at 368-69. Still, we reversed the

grant of summary judgment “in part.” Id. at 367 (emphasis added). Despite the void

contract, we found Ground Control could proceed with its lawsuit “under a claim for the

value of what it expended in labor and supplies on the project.” Id. at 372.

¶29.   Despite this clear, narrow holding, the trial court initially proceeded post-remand as

if its grants of summary judgment had been reversed in full. The court permitted Ground

Control, over the defendants’ objection, to supplement its complaint to add various theories

of recovery beyond unjust enrichment and quantum meruit. But before trial, the trial court

properly recognized the limited scope of Ground Control I’s mandate and granted Capsco’s

motion in limine, thereby dismissing the initially granted supplemental claims. The court

permitted Ground Control to proceed solely on its claim that it was entitled to recover

quantum meruit damages.

¶30.   Under the law-of-the-case doctrine, the trial court was bound to follow Ground

Control I’s mandate. See Moeller v. Am. Guar. & Liab. Ins., 812 So. 2d 953, 960-61 (Miss.

2002) (discussing the law-of-the-case doctrine). And that opinion found Ground Control’s

lawsuit based on the Margaritaville project survived summary judgment only as to its “claim

for the value of what it expended in labor and supplies on the project.” Ground Control I,

120 So. 3d at 371. Ground Control’s original complaint, like its supplemental complaint, had

brought more than just contract claims. Id. at 367. But in remanding this case, we did not



                                             11
authorize Ground Control to pursue those dismissed claims. Rather, we expressly remanded

for “proceedings on whether Ground Control [was] entitled to recover based on claims of

unjust enrichment and quantum meruit.” Id. at 367. Ground Control could not make an end

run around our clear mandate by filing a “supplemental complaint” based on the same facts

alleged in the original complaint.

¶31.   Nor could Ground Control rely on Ground Control I’s “other penalties” language to

support its argument it is entitled to recover more than unjust-enrichment and quantum

meruit damages. In Ground Control I, at the end of its discussion on Ground Control’s

ability to recover in light of its clear violation of Section 31-3-15, this Court stated, “We do

not address the issue of other penalties, if any, that may be appropriate for the trial court to

address.” Id. at 371. On appeal, Ground Control claims these “other penalties” include

finding the defendants liable in tort. But placed in its context, it is obvious that “other

penalties” refers to the statutory penalties imposed by Sections 31-3-15 and 31-3-21 in

addition to the penalty of voiding the contract. See Ground Control I, 120 So. 3d at 368

(noting the statutory “penalties that serve to deter parties from entering illegal

contracts—such as voiding the contract and imposing fines—apply to both parties”); see also

Ace Pipe Cleaning, Inc. v. Hemphill Constr. Co., Inc., 134 So. 3d 799, 806 (Miss. Ct. App.

2014) (citing Ground Control I, 120 So. 3d at 368) (finding the public policy behind Section

31-3-15 “was adequately protected by the statute’s provision for fines and penalties”). So

the reference to “other penalties” did not open the door for Ground Control to recover under

other theories beyond unjust enrichment and quantum meruit. Rather, it merely provided the



                                              12
trial court discretion to consider whether other statutory penalties applied. See Miss. Code

Ann. § 31-3-21.

¶32.   Based on Ground Control I, we find the trial court properly granted Capsco’s motion

in limine, which limited Ground Control’s evidence to quantum meruit damages only.

              B.     Claims against Harrah’s and Yates

¶33.   In Ground Control I, we also held that the trial court erroneously converted Harrah’s

and Yates’s motion to dismiss to a motion for summary judgment without first giving Ground

Control proper notice. Id. at 373. For this reason, the grant of summary judgment in

Harrah’s and Yates’s favor was dismissed. Following remand, Harrah’s and Yates renewed

their motion for summary judgment—this time ensuring proper notice. But the trial court

ruled Ground Control should be permitted to present its claims against these defendants at

trial. However, once Ground Control made its case-in-chief, the trial court granted Harrah’s

and Yates’s motion for a directed verdict on all but Ground Control’s quantum meruit claim.

Specifically, Ground Control’s contractual and statutory claims were dismissed.

¶34.   We find no error. Ground Control I’s holding about the void subcontract impacted

not only sub-subcontractor’s claims against Capsco, but also against Yates and Harrah’s. In

other words, the law of the case dictated that Ground Control was limited to unjust

enrichment and quantum meruit claims against Yates and Harrah’s as well.

¶35.   But even if Ground Control’s non-quantum meruit claims against Yates and Harrah’s

had survived Ground Control I, we find the trial court’s grant of a directed verdict at the

close of Ground Control’s evidence was still proper. We review the grant of a motion for



                                            13
a directed verdict de novo, viewing the evidence in the same light as the trial court—i.e., in

the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Fulton v. Robinson Indus., Inc., 664 So.

2d 170, 172 (Miss. 1995). A directed verdict is proper when “the plaintiff’s evidence is so

lacking that reasonable jurors would be unable to reach a verdict in favor of that party.” Id.

¶36.     Ground Control’s evidence against Yates and Harrah’s was clearly lacking. Ground

Control had contended it was a “third-party beneficiary” to the contract between Harrah’s

and Yates. But to be a third-party beneficiary, the rights of the third-party must spring forth

from the terms of the contract itself. Trammell v. State, 622 So. 2d 1257, 1260 (Miss. 1993).

And here, Ground Control failed to prove it had any right in the Harrah’s and Yates contract

placed there for its benefit. See id. Ground Control also asserted statutory rights under

Section 85-7-131 and Section 85-7-181 of the Mississippi Code. But recovery under Section

85-7-131 required Ground Control to prove it was in a contractual relationship with Harrah’s

or Yates—something Ground Control did not prove and further could not prove based on its

lack of a certificate of responsibility voiding any contract. See Miss. Code Ann. § 31-3-15.

And Section 85-7-181, which has since been repealed,11 had been declared unconstitutional

by the Fifth Circuit. Noatex Corp. v. King Constr. of Houston, L.L.C., 732 F.3d 479, 487

(5th Cir. 2013). So its statutory claims also failed as a matter of law.12


         11
              Miss. Laws 2014, ch. 487, § 24, eff. from and after passage (approved April 11,
2014).
         12
          In its appellant’s brief, Ground Control argues the trial court’s Corrected Final
Judgment does not “correctly represent the claims dismissed by directed verdict.” The final
judgment stated that Ground Control had brought statutory claims under Section 85-7-131,
-181, and -183. Because Ground Control never asserted Section 85-7-183 in its complaint,
it argues the trial court “could not have granted a directed verdict on an issue that was not

                                               14
¶37.   Thus, we affirm the grant of a partial directed verdict in Yates and Harrah’s favor.

       III.   Could Ground Control, the sub-subcontractor, bring a claim for
              quantum meruit damages against Yates, the primary contractor, or
              Harrah’s, the project owner?

¶38.   On cross-appeal, Yates asserts the trial court did not go far enough when granting the

directed verdict. Instead, Yates argues, the court should have dismissed the contractor

completely through summary judgment, directed verdict, or JNOV.

¶39.   Yates argues our opinion in Redd v. L & A Contracting Co., 246 Miss. 548, 556, 151

So. 2d 205, 208 (1963), controls. After review, we agree. In Redd, the contractor hired a

subcontractor, who in turn hired a sub-subcontractor. When the subcontractor, who became

insolvent, failed to pay for sub-subcontractor’s services, the sub-subcontractor sued the

general contractor. It reasoned that, because the general contractor had accepted the benefits

of its work, it should be able to recover from the contractor “under the common law on the

‘theorem of quantum meruit.’” Id. at 554, 151 So. 2d at 207.

¶40.   This Court rejected the sub-subcontractor’s claim. Because quantum meruit is an

implied contract theory, available only when there is no express contract, “[w]here there is

a contract, parties may not abandon same and resort to quantum meruit.” Id. at 556, 151 So.

2d at 208. In Redd, this Court extended this prohibition to find “that a sub-subcontractor

cannot sue on quantum meruit against a primary contractor for work done under an express

contract with another person.” So because the sub-subcontractor in Redd had an express




raised.” While that may be so, there is obviously nothing “reversible” about this error. So
we fail to comprehend why Ground Control raised this as a distinct issue on appeal.

                                             15
contract with the insolvent subcontractor, it could not sue the general contractor under a

quantum meruit theory. Id.

¶41.   Here, the facts are different—the express contract between Ground Control and

Capsco was void for public policy. But the principle is the same. Ground Control could not

sue general contractor Yates for quantum meruit for work done under the voided (i.e.,

implied) contract with Capsco.

¶42.   Redd reinforced the “general rule [that], in order to recover for work and labor on the

theory of an implied contract, it is ordinarily deemed essential to show that the services were

rendered under the reasonable expectation that they would be paid for by the person sought

to be charged, and the person sought to be charged knew that the services were being

performed with the expectation that he would pay for such work.” Id. at 558, 151 So. 2d at

209 (emphasis added). In Redd, it was undisputed that the aggrieved sub-subcontractor had

dealt with the subcontractor only. Id. at 555, 151 So. 2d at 208. Thus, it could only

reasonably expect to be paid by the subcontractor.

¶43.   Here, Beaton contended that Yates negotiated change orders directly with Ground

Control. In other words, Ground Control presented evidence Yates knew Ground Control

was performing the services under the change orders with the reasonable expectation it

would be paid for them. See id. at 558, 151 So. 2d at 209. But Ground Control presented

no evidence it reasonably expected Yates would be the one to pay Ground Control for these

services. See id. Instead, both in his deposition and at trial, Beaton testified that his

company looked solely to Capsco for payment for its services. Specifically, at trial, Beaton



                                              16
admitted Ground Control “worked for Capsco” and any payment for its services “was going

to come from” Capsco.

¶44.   Even when viewing Ground Control’s evidence favorably, it failed to support its claim

that Yates was liable under quantum meruit, because it admitted its “services were rendered

under the reasonable expectation that they would be paid for by” Capsco, and not “the person

sought to be charged,” Yates. Therefore, Yates’s motion for a directed verdict on the

quantum meruit claim should have been granted. See Fulton v. Robinson Indus., Inc., 664

So. 2d 170, 172 (Miss. 1995) (holding the grant of a directed verdict “is proper if the

plaintiff’s evidence is so lacking that reasonable jurors would be unable to reach a verdict

in favor of that party”). We reverse the damages award against Yates and render a judgment

in its favor. Consequently, Ground Control must repay Yates the $36,644.69 it seized prior

to the outcome of this appeal. See Davis, 594 So. 2d at 613.

¶45.   We are of the same view for the jury’s apportionment of zero liability to Harrah’s.

In its appeal, Ground Control challenges the jury’s finding as not being supported by the

evidence. But Ground Control offered no testimony that Harrah’s knew Ground Control was

working on the project or that Ground Control expected Harrah’s to pay for it. See Redd, 246

Miss. at 555-58, 151 So. 2d at 208. So the jury’s finding of zero liability was not against the

overwhelming weight of the evidence. And Ground Control’s motion for a new trial or

JNOV against Harrah’s was properly denied.

       IV.    Should subcontractor Capsco, contractor Yates, and owner
              Harrah’s have been jointly and severally liable?




                                              17
¶46.   Shifting from the legal basis for damages to the damages award itself, Ground

Control’s primary challenge on appeal is that the damages award should not have been

apportioned between Capsco (95.75%) and Yates (4.25%). Instead, it makes the bold

assertion that the jury intended Capsco, Yates, and Harrah’s to be jointly and severally liable.

It describes the special verdict form used by the jury as “surplusage.” And it argues the trial

court erred by not granting its motion to “remove” this surplusage from the verdict.

¶47.   This argument fails for three reasons.

¶48.   First, this argument is clearly waived. Ground Control made no objection to the

special verdict form during trial. Instead, it raised its “surplusage” argument for the first time

in a post-trial motion. And as this Court has said, “Objections to jury instructions made after

the jury has returned a verdict and been discharged [are] simply too late.” Barnett v. State,

725 So. 2d 797, 801 (Miss. 1998).

¶49.   Second, even if not waived, this argument fails as a matter of law. As discussed in

the previous section, this Court in Redd rejected Ground Control’s contention that every

entity involved in a construction project is jointly and severally liable to a sub-subcontractor

for quantum meruit damages. See Redd, 246 Miss. at 555-58, 151 So. 2d at 208. Instead,

a sub-subcontractor can recover only quantum meruit damages from the person to whom it

reasonably looked for payment. Id. So by instructing the jury to apportion liability based

on who was reasonably expected to pay Ground Control, the trial court provided the jury with

an accurate statement of the law.




                                               18
¶50.   Third, this argument is moot. Because we find Ground Control failed to present

evidence that it reasonably expected either Harrah’s or Yates to pay it for services it

performed on the Margaritaville project, neither owner nor general contractor could be liable

at all—let alone jointly and severally liable with Capsco.

       V.     Was the jury’s verdict against Capsco supported by the evidence?

¶51.   Capsco also challenges the jury’s verdict on cross-appeal. It argues damages awarded

to Ground Control should have been limited to restitution damages (the value of the labor and

supplies expended on the project) and not expectation damages (what Ground Control would

have earned if the subcontract had not been void). And despite the motion in limine

expressly limiting Ground Control’s evidence to restitution damages, Capsco contends

“Ground Control nevertheless proceeded to introduce its expectation damages at trial.”

              A.     Inapplicable Quasi-Estoppel Doctrine

¶52.   Capsco’s contention that Ground Control—in clear conflict with Ground Control I’s

mandate—was seeking breach-of-contract damages instead of quantum meruit damages is

bolstered by Ground Control’s own argument on appeal.

¶53.   In an effort to obtain pre-judgment interest, Ground Control insists its damages claim

was liquidated and based on quasi-estoppel, not quantum meruit. Ground Control claims this

case is just like T.C.B. Construction Co. v. W.C. Fore Trucking Co., 134 So. 3d 752 (Miss.

Ct. App. 2012) (reversed in part on other grounds), where the contractor was estopped from

denying the existence of a modified contract with the subcontractor based on the doctrine of

quasi-estoppel. There, because the contractor had clearly accepted the benefit of the



                                             19
subcontractor’s work outside the originally agreed-to geographical area, the Court of Appeals

held the contractor could not deny the contract had been modified. Thus, the subcontractor

was owed the contract price. Id. at 762-64. And because this price was fixed, or liquidated,

the subcontractor was also entitled to pre-judgment interest. Id. at 766-67.

¶54.   In an effort also to obtain pre-judgment interest, Ground Control insists that its

judgment, like that in T.C.B., was based on quasi-estoppel, and not quantum meruit. But

quasi-estoppel, as applied in T.C.B., is the doctrine that “[w]here one having the right to

accept or reject a transaction takes and retains benefits thereunder, he ratifies the transaction,

is bound by it, and cannot avoid its obligation or effect by taking a position inconsistent

therewith.” T.C.B., 134 So. 3d at 759 (quoting Wood Naval Stores Exp. Assen v. Latimer,

220 Miss. 652, 664, 71 So. 2d 425, 430 (1954)). And here, as matter of public policy,

Capsco “did not have the right to accept or reject the transaction, because the subcontract was

void and unlawful under [Section 31-3-15].” Ace Pipe Cleaning, Inc. v. Hemphill Constr.

Co., 134 So. 3d 799, 805 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014). So “the doctrine of quasi-estoppel does not

apply.” Id. Indeed, this Court has already held that the contract between Capsco and Ground

Control was void under Section 31-3-15. Ground Control I, 120 So. 3d at 367. So Ground

Control’s argument—that Capsco was estopped from denying the existence of a contract that

this Court found never existed—defies logic.

¶55.   It also defies the mandate of Ground Control I, which specifically found that the

applicable equitable doctrine for when a contract is void under Section 31-1-15 is “quantum

meruit or unjust enrichment,” and not quasi-estoppel. Ground Control I, 120 So. 3d at 369.



                                               20
See also T.C.B., 134 So. 3d at 760-61 (noting quantum meruit and unjust enrichment are not

synonymous with quasi-estoppel). This is because “[u]njust enrichment applies to situations”

like the one here “‘where there is no legal contract’ and ‘the person sought to be charge is

in possession of money or property which in good conscience and justice he should not retain

but should deliver to another.’” Ground Control I, 120 So. 3d at 371 (quoting Powell v.

Campbell, 912 So. 2d 978, 982 (Miss. 2005)).

              B.     Unsupported Quantum Meruit Damages Award

¶56.   Despite this Court’s clear pinpoint of unjust enrichment or quantum meruit as the

appropriate equitable doctrine, Ground Control goes so far as to argue “no evidence at trial

would substantiate an award of quantum meruit damages under Mississippi law.” Ground

Control then doubles down in its cross-appellee brief, reasserting that it “did not allege a

claim for quantum meruit recovery against Capsco in the Supplemental Complaint.”

¶57.   In response, Capsco requests on cross-appeal that we reverse the jury’s award and

render a judgment in its favor. Capsco points out that the sole claim presented to the jury

was damages based on quantum meruit. And since Ground Control insists there was no

evidence to support a quantum meruit award, then the judgment must be reversed entirely.

¶58.   Though we decline to impose such a harsh result, we do take Ground Control’s

argument of no evidence of quantum meruit damages into account when reviewing the record

evidence on damages. In other words, Ground Control’s assertion has prompted us to

consider carefully whether its damages evidence fell under the category of quantum meruit

damages or—as Capsco contends—actually reflects what it expected to earn under the



                                            21
contract. And having done so, we find, based on the evidence, no reasonable jury could have

awarded $825,583.31 in quantum meruit damages against Capsco.

¶59.   The jury had been instructed “that any recovery by Ground Control, LLC based in

quantum meruit, is limited to the value of the labor and services rendered by Ground Control,

LLC to the defendants for which payment has not been tendered yet.” And the jury heard

Beaton concede that, after subtracting the half-million dollars in payments Capsco had

already tendered to his company, Ground Control’s claim for unpaid labor and services was

only $199,096. Thus, the jury had no evidentiary basis for finding Capsco liable for more

than four times that amount.

¶60.   For this reason, we find the trial court abused its discretion when it denied Capsco’s

motion for remittitur. See Gatewood v. Sampson, 812 So. 2d 212, 222 (Miss. 2002)

(reviewing the denial of a motion for remittitur for abuse of discretion). While the amount

of damages is primarily a question for the jury, Mississippi Code Section 11-1-55 (Rev.

2014) authorizes a trial court to grant a remittitur when “the damages awarded were contrary

to the overwhelming weight of credible evidence.” Such is the case here—the damages

awarded went against the overwhelming weight of the evidence.

¶61.   Of course, Section 11-1-55 also provides, in the case where a remittitur is warranted,

the parties may accept the remittitur or proceed on a new trial on damages. See Dedeaux v.

Pellerin Laundry, Inc., 947 So. 2d 900, 908 (Miss. 2007) (clarifying that a “grant of an

additur or remittitur shall take effect only if accepted by all the parties,” so “[i]f all parties

do not agree to the additur or remittitur, then each party shall have the right to . . . demand



                                               22
a new trial on damages”).        So on remand, Ground Control and Capsco have two

options—agree to a $626,407.31 remittitur, making the damage award against Capsco

$199,096, or proceed to a new trial on quantum meruit damages against Capsco only.

       VI.      Was Ground Control entitled to pre-judgment interest?
                Alternatively, should post-judgment interest have accrued from an
                earlier date?

¶62.   Though we reverse the damages award against Yates and Capsco, we still find it

prudent to address Ground Control’s interest-based claims, lest Ground Control try to seek

on remand interest it is not entitled to.

                A.     Pre-judgment Interest

¶63.   As mentioned in the previous section, because pre-judgment interest may be awarded

in breach-of-contract cases, when the amount of damages is certain, i.e., liquidated,13 Ground

Control argues its damages claim was liquidated and based on breach of contract, not

quantum meruit. But as already discussed, this argument fails in light of Ground Control I’s

clear holding. The only damages available were for quantum meruit. As this Court has held,

where—as is the case here—there is a bona fide dispute as to whether the plaintiff is entitled

to a quantum meruit award and, if so, what amount, then pre-judgment interest is not

warranted. In re Estate of Gillies, 830 So. 2d 640, 647 (Miss. 2002).

                B.     Post-judgment Interest

¶64.   Alternatively, Ground Control claims the post-judgment interest it was awarded did

not start accruing early enough. The trial court awarded post-judgment interest in its final



       13
            See, e.g., Warwick v. Matheney, 603 So. 2d 330, 342 (Miss.1992).

                                               23
judgment, entered September 2015. Ground Control claims interest should have begun to

accrue in October 2014, when the jury entered its verdict. But we find the trial court did not

abuse its discretion.

¶65.   Because the judgment was not based on a contract with a set interest rate, the trial

court had discretion to set the rate of interest, as well as the date from which interest would

accrue. Miss. Code Ann. § 75-17-7 (Rev. 2016).14 See also U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Estate

of Francis ex rel. Francis, 825 So. 2d 38, 50 (Miss. 2002) (finding the trial court’s decision

about post-judgment interest fell “within the bounds of his discretionary authority”). The

trial court decided to impose an eight-percent rate from the date of the final judgment

(September 18, 2015). Considering the eleven-month delay between the jury’s verdict and

the final judgment was almost entirely attributable to Ground Control’s voluminous post-trial

motions, there was nothing unfair about the trial court’s judgment, so far as post-judgment

interest is concerned.

¶66.   Thus, if the parties accept the $626,407.31 remittitur, Ground Control is not entitled

to post-judgment interest before the final judgment date of September 18, 2015. If the parties

elect to have a new trial on damages, the issue of post-judgment interest, if any, will be

soundly within the trial court’s discretion.



       14
            Mississippi Code Section 75-17-7 provides—

       All judgments or decrees founded on any sale or contract shall bear interest at
       the same rate as the contract evidencing the debt on which the judgment or
       decree was rendered. All other judgments or decrees shall bear interest at a per
       annum rate set by the judge hearing the complaint from a date determined by
       such judge to be fair but in no event prior to the filing of the complaint.

                                               24
       VII.   Were the individual claims properly dismissed?

¶67.   There are two final matters to address.

              A.      Claims Against Killion Individually

¶68.   The first is the trial court’s dismissal of Capsco officer Killion as an individual

defendant. On appeal, Ground Control makes the broad assertion that Killion used Capsco

as his “alter ego” and, thus, should be personally liable for its debts. But Ground Control

fails to cite any applicable case law about piercing the corporate veil to find a corporate

officer personally liable. Instead, it cites irrelevant cases about undoing fraudulent transfers.

But that was not at issue. The issue concerning Killion was whether Ground Control could

reasonably look to Killion personally to recover quantum meruit damages. And Ground

Control failed to present evidence that his Alabama company’s separate corporate identity

should be disregarded. Ground Control presented no evidence that Killion incorporated

Capsco “solely to avoid personal liability of the owner while reserving to the owner the

benefits gained through use of the corporate name.” Bon Secour Fisheries, Inc. v.

Barrentine, 408 So. 2d 490, 491 (Ala. 1981). Nor did it show that Capsco was so organized

and controlled as to make it a mere instrumentality of Killion. See id. Based on this lack of

evidence, the trial court properly dismissed Killion as an individual defendant.

              B.      Claims by Beaton as a Third-party Plaintiff

¶69.   The second issue is the sole claim raised in the appeal brought by Beaton in his

capacity as third-party plaintiff. He claims his constitutional rights were violated when the

trial court denied him a jury trial on his pending third-party claims. But we find the trial



                                               25
court did not reversibly err by denying Beaton’s post-trial motion and declaring all

outstanding issues had been resolved in its final judgment.

¶70.   This is because, with the exception of his abuse-of-process claim, the claims asserted

in Beaton’s third-party complaint had been resolved. Prior to trial, Beaton had been

dismissed as a third-party defendant because the trial court agreed that he had acted solely

in his capacity as Ground Control’s owner, not individually. Consequently, he had no

personal claims related to the Margaritaville project. Instead, these claims belonged to his

company—Ground Control—which had been found to be the only “person” who dealt with

Capsco. So the trial court was right to hold that “no further action is required . . . as all

claims alleged by any Party in this Cause have been adjudicated in the Final Judgment

entered herein[.]”

¶71.   The only personal claim that arguably was not adjudicated was the abuse-of-process

claim. But we find the trial court did not reversibly err by dismissing this claim. The crucial

element of an abuse-of-process claim is “the intent to abuse the privileges of the legal

system.” McLain v. W. Side Bone & Joint Ctr., 656 So. 2d 119, 123 (Miss. 1995). But

here, in bringing claims against Beaton individually, Capsco was simply responding to

similar claims made by Ground Control against Capsco’s officers individually. So we fail

to see how the third-party complaint, in and of itself, was abusive.

¶72.   Moreover, it was Beaton who moved pretrial to sever all claims against individual

defendants due to his wanting to keep unsavory details about his and the officers of Capsco’s

behavior during their work on the Margaritaville project. Having successfully kept this



                                              26
evidence out of the trial, Beaton then waited eleven months after trial—until the final

judgment was entered on September 9, 2015—to request a trial on his third-party claims. At

this point, the trial court had the authority to deem abandoned any outstanding claims, thus

finally clearing this protracted litigation from its docket. See Cox v. Cox, 976 So. 2d 869,

874 (Miss. 2008) (“The power to dismiss for failure to prosecute is granted not only by Rule

41(b), but is part of a trial court’s inherent authority and is necessary for “the orderly

expedition of justice and the court’s control of its own docket.”).

                                        Conclusion

¶73.   On all issues raised on Ground Control’s appeal, we affirm. On the issue raised in

Beaton’s appeal, we also affirm. But on the issue of quantum meruit recovery raised in

Yates’s cross-appeal, we reverse the $36,644.69 judgment against Yates and render a

judgment in Yates’s favor. Thus, Yates is entitled to the $36,644.69 it involuntarily paid to

Ground Control through a writ of garnishment. Finally, on the issue of the amount of

quantum meruit damages against Capsco, raised in Capsco’s cross-appeal, we reverse the

$825,583.31 judgment against Capsco and remand the damages issue to the trial court. On

remand, we instruct the trial court to grant Capsco a $626,407.31 remittitur, making the

damages award $199,096. If Ground Control and Capsco do not agree to remittitur, then the

trial court should proceed with a new trial on damages against Capsco.

¶74.   Based on what transpired following our mandate in Ground Control I, we feel

compelled to make ourselves very clear. The only plaintiff on remand is Ground Control.

The only defendant is Capsco. The only issue is quantum meruit damages. And the only



                                             27
options available to Ground Control and Capsco are to agree to a $199,096 damages award

or proceed to a new trial on quantum meruit damages.

¶75. ON DIRECT APPEAL: AFFIRMED; ON CROSS-APPEAL: REVERSED AND
RENDERED IN PART AND REVERSED AND REMANDED IN PART.

    WALLER, C.J., DICKINSON AND RANDOLPH, P.JJ., KITCHENS, KING,
COLEMAN, BEAM AND CHAMBERLIN, JJ., CONCUR.




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