                           PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


ROBERT J. FOX,                          
                  Plaintiff-Appellee,
                 v.
GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION,
             Defendant-Appellant,               No. 00-1589
                 and
ROBERT TRUMBLE, Bankruptcy
Trustee,
                         Trustee.
                                        
           Appeal from the United States District Court
    for the Northern District of West Virginia, at Martinsburg.
              W. Craig Broadwater, District Judge.
                           (CA-97-14-3)

                       Argued: March 1, 2001

                       Decided: April 13, 2001

    Before WILKINS, MOTZ, and TRAXLER, Circuit Judges.



Affirmed in part and reversed in part by published opinion. Judge
Motz wrote the opinion, in which Judge Wilkins and Judge Traxler
joined.


                            COUNSEL

ARGUED: Susan Renee Snowden, MARTIN & SEIBERT, L.C.,
Martinsburg, West Virginia, for Appellant. Terry Lane Armentrout,
2                   FOX v. GENERAL MOTORS CORP.
ARMENTROUT & ARMENTROUT, P.L.C., Harrisonburg, Virginia,
for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Ronald S. Rossi, Michele L. Dearing,
MARTIN & SEIBERT, L.C., Martinsburg, West Virginia, for Appel-
lant.


                              OPINION

DIANA GRIBBON MOTZ, Circuit Judge:

  This case requires us to resolve an issue of first impression in the
appellate courts: is a hostile work environment claim cognizable
under the Americans with Disabilities Act? We conclude that it is,
and that the plaintiff here presented sufficient evidence to establish
such a claim. Accordingly, we affirm the jury verdict for the plaintiff,
but vacate, as without basis, a portion of the damages awarded to him.

                                   I.

   Robert Fox began working for General Motors in Wilmington, Del-
aware in 1968. Shortly thereafter, Fox moved to GM’s newly-opened
Martinsburg, West Virginia plant. For the next twelve years, from
1968 until 1980, Fox worked at the Martinsburg plant as a tool han-
dler, stock attendant, and finally truck driver.

   In 1980, Fox suffered a non-work related injury to his back and
became unable to work. Fox remained employed at GM, but was on
disability leave until September 1991, at which time Fox returned to
the plant to work in the unitizing department. In August 1992, Fox re-
injured his back and was forced to take disability leave again. He was
able to return to work, with light duty restrictions in October 1992.
In November 1993, Fox aggravated his back again and took disability
leave, this time for nearly a year. Fox returned to work in the unitiz-
ing department in October 1994 and remained there until August
1995, when he again went on disability leave. It is the period of
employment preceding this leave — from October 1994 until August
1995 — that is at issue in this case.1 When Fox returned to work in
    1
   Fox returned to work at the Martinsburg GM plant in May 1998 and,
supervised by different personnel, has continued to work there since that
time.
                    FOX v. GENERAL MOTORS CORP.                        3
October 1994, his doctor restricted him to light-duty work. Fox testi-
fied that because of his disability his supervisors and co-workers sub-
jected him to a barrage of harassment and his supervisors often
ordered him to perform jobs beyond his physical abilities.

   Specifically, Fox testified that when his immediate supervisor, Jim
Pearrell, attempted to accommodate Fox’s restrictions, some of Fox’s
co-workers resented this accommodation; they complained to another
supervisor, Tom Dame, and the general foreman, Bill Okal. Dame and
Okal then sought to prevent Pearrell from accommodating Fox; they
took pictures of the tasks that Fox performed and asserted that those
tasks were no different, in terms of the effect on Fox’s back, than the
tasks Fox refused to perform because of his disability. Okal then
insisted that Pearrell require Fox to perform the tasks that Fox main-
tained aggravated his back.

   In December 1994, Dame directly supervised Fox for a period of
two days. On the second day, Dame approached Fox, who was work-
ing at the light-duty table, and, in a loud voice, using profane lan-
guage, asked Fox to perform a task that was beyond his physical
ability. When Fox responded that he could not perform the requested
task, Dame asked "Why the F--- can’t you do it?" Fox explained that
his abilities were medically limited because of his back. Dame then
stated "I don’t need any of you handicapped M-----F-----’s. As far as
I am concerned you can go the H--- home."2

   On another occasion, when a supervisor again assigned Fox a spe-
cific task that would likely hurt his back, he requested a meeting with
Pearrell, Okal, several management officials, and his union represen-
tative. At the meeting, Okal began by telling Fox that he knew how
Fox felt because he too had back problems. Fox responded, "Mr.
Okal, you do not know how I feel. My back don’t speak to yours . . . .
I have back problems and I can’t go by your feelings." Okal became
upset and then told Fox that he would like to know "[h]ow in the F----
do you take a S-H-I-T with these restrictions?" At this point, some of
  2
   At trial, Fox and many of the other witnesses were reluctant to repeat
some of the language that their supervisors had used and so instead they
just said the first letter of, or spelled out, the word in question.
4                   FOX v. GENERAL MOTORS CORP.
the other officials at the meeting began making fun of the disabled
workers.

   After that meeting, Fox continued to be able to perform, and did
perform, numerous jobs in the unitizing department, but Okal none-
theless "kept putting [Fox] in jobs [he] couldn’t do." Fox then con-
sulted his neurologist, Dr. Liberman, who issued new medical
restrictions for Fox, under which Fox was limited to working at the
light-duty table. Prior to that time, workers with medical restrictions
performed light-duty tasks at a large group table, but after Dr. Liber-
man restricted Fox to tasks at the light-duty table, Okal assigned Fox
to a small individual table and chair directly in front of his office. Not
only were the table and chair located in a hazardous area, but they
were also too low for Fox, who testified that he was six feet seven
inches tall. As a result, he re-aggravated his back injury.

   Because of Okal’s harassment, Fox decided to apply for a truck
driver position, which met his medical restrictions and for which he
was otherwise qualified. Okal, however, refused to allow Fox to take
the physical examination that was a prerequisite for obtaining the
truck driver position.

   In addition to these incidents, Fox testified to constant verbal
harassment and insults directed at him and other disabled workers;
indeed, Fox testified that "it was brought up all the time." For exam-
ple, at safety meetings, held each week, Okal referred to the disabled
workers as "handicapped people" and "hospital people." Okal and
Dame also frequently called Fox and other disabled workers "handi-
capped MFs" and "911 hospital people." Fox also testified that Okal
instructed the other employees not to talk to the disabled employees.
Perhaps because of this, Fox’s co-workers ostracized the disabled
employees and refused to bring needed materials to the light-duty
table where they worked. Fox also testified that Okal refused to per-
mit disabled employees to work overtime.

   Several other employees at the GM plant similarly testified that
they themselves had been harassed because of their disabilities or had
witnessed harassment of Fox and other disabled workers. Andrew
Young explained that he heard Okal and Dame make disparaging
comments about the disabled employees at the light-duty table, call-
                    FOX v. GENERAL MOTORS CORP.                         5
ing them "hospital people." Vince Largent recalled that both Dame
and Okal directed profanity and insults at the disabled workers and
that Okal instructed the other employees not to talk to the disabled
workers at the light-duty table. Lewis Washington testified that Dame
and Okal used profanity and insulted the employees who had medical
restrictions and that other workers treated those employees "like they
had a disease." Finally, John Green recalled that Okal supervised the
disabled workers at the light-duty table more closely than other
employees and segregated them from other employees.

  Fox testified that the harassment he experienced at GM caused him
both physical and emotional injury. Additionally, Fox offered testi-
mony from his psychiatrist, Dr. Soule, and his neurologist, Dr. Liber-
man.

   Dr. Soule, who had been treating Fox since January 1994 for
depression caused by his back pain, his divorce, and the death of his
daughter, testified that in April 1995 Fox came to him complaining
of harassment at work.3 Fox told the psychiatrist that he was being
"openly joked about" because of his disability, and was being asked
to perform tasks that aggravated his back injury. Fox reported that he
"fe[lt] ready to explode." For these reasons, Dr. Soule ordered that
Fox be placed on medical leave from work for a few weeks in the
Spring.

   Dr. Liberman testified that Fox came to him in July 1995, com-
plaining that he was being forced to work at a chair and table that hurt
his back, and that he was being harassed at work and "deliberately
given things to do" that aggravated his back injury. On August 14,
1995, Fox returned to Dr. Liberman complaining of worsening back
pain, anxiety, and severe depression, including some suicidal
thoughts. Dr. Liberman concluded that, although Fox was physically
capable of performing light-duty work, the constant harassment pre-
cluded Fox from continuing to work at the GM plant. Dr. Liberman
explained that the harassment caused depression and anxiety, which
in turn led to a worsening of Fox’s physical condition. At that time,
  3
  Dr. Soule was unavailable at the time of the second trial, so his testi-
mony from the first trial was read into the record.
6                   FOX v. GENERAL MOTORS CORP.
then, Dr. Liberman recommended that Fox be placed on disability
leave.

   Fox went on disability leave as recommended by Dr. Liberman in
August 1995 and remained on leave until May 1998. Fox sought
workers’ compensation benefits from the state of West Virginia for
that period of leave. Although his request was initially denied, he
eventually received temporary total disability benefits for the period
August 15, 1995 through October 11, 1997. Dr. Liberman completed
Fox’s workers’ compensation forms. On those forms, he indicated
that Fox was totally disabled and could not do any work. In 1997, Fox
initiated this action against GM. Fox alleged that, after his return to
work in October 1994, GM discriminated against him and subjected
him to a hostile work environment in violation of the Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. (1994). After the
first trial resulted in a hung jury, the case was retried and the jury
returned a verdict for Fox on his hostile environment claim, but found
for GM on Fox’s claim of discriminatory treatment. The jury awarded
Fox $200,000 in compensatory damages, $3,000 for medical
expenses, and $4,000 for lost overtime. The district court denied
GM’s post-trial motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, to
alter or amend the judgment, and for a new trial. GM now appeals on
several grounds.

                                   II.

   Initially (and somewhat summarily), GM contends that a claim for
hostile work environment is not actionable under the ADA. The com-
pany maintains that this is so because the Supreme Court and the fed-
eral appellate courts have not yet expressly upheld such a claim.
However, GM has not cited and we have not found any case holding
that the ADA does not allow such a claim. Accord Walton v. Mental
Health Ass’n, 168 F.3d 661, 666-67 n.2 (3d Cir. 1999) ("[W]e have
not discovered any case holding that [a hostile environment] claim
cannot be asserted under the ADA."). Moreover, GM points to no
statutory language that would assertedly foreclose such a claim.

  In fact, the ADA mandates that "[n]o covered entity shall discrimi-
nate against a qualified individual with a disability because of the dis-
ability of such individual in regard to job application procedures, the
                   FOX v. GENERAL MOTORS CORP.                      7
hiring, advancement, or discharge of employees, employee compensa-
tion, job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of
employment." 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a) (emphasis added). The Supreme
Court has expressly held that very similar language creates a cause of
action for hostile work environment under Title VII. See Harris v.
Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21 (1993); Patterson v. McLean
Credit Union, 491 U.S. 164, 180 (1989); Meritor Sav. Bank v. Vinson,
477 U.S. 57, 64-66 (1986).

   Title VII provides in pertinent part: "It shall be an unlawful
employment practice for an employer . . . to discriminate against any
individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or
privileges of employment . . . ." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a) (1994)
(emphasis added). In Patterson, the Court explained that, "harassment
in the course of employment is actionable under Title VII’s prohibi-
tion against discrimination in the terms, conditions, or privileges of
employment." Patterson, 491 U.S. at 180 (internal quotation marks
omitted).

   Congress enacted the ADA after the Supreme Court’s holding in
Patterson. Thus, we can presume that Congress was aware of the
Court’s interpretation of "terms, conditions, or privileges of employ-
ment" when it chose to use parallel language in the ADA. See Cannon
v. Univ. of Chicago, 441 U.S. 677, 696-97 (1979) (holding that it is
appropriate to assume that Congress is aware of the federal courts’
interpretation of statutory language and that use of similar language
in a subsequent statute reflects an intent to have that statute inter-
preted similarly). Here, this presumption appears particularly valid.
For in the ADA itself Congress evidenced its knowledge of, and reli-
ance on, the parallel nature of the two statutes, providing that "the
powers, remedies, and procedures set forth in [Title VII] shall be the
powers, remedies, and procedures [the ADA] provides." 42 U.S.C.
§ 12117(a).

   Because the ADA echoes and expressly refers to Title VII, and
because the two statutes have the same purpose — the prohibition of
illegal discrimination in employment — courts have routinely used
Title VII precedent in ADA cases. See Miranda v. Wisconsin Power
& Light Co., 91 F.3d 1011, 1017 (7th Cir. 1996) ("[I]n analyzing
claims under the ADA, it is appropriate to borrow from our approach
8                   FOX v. GENERAL MOTORS CORP.
to the respective analog under Title VII."); Newman v. GHS Osteo-
pathic, Inc., 60 F.3d 153, 157 (3d Cir. 1995) ("[I]t follows that the
methods and manner of proof under one statute should inform the
standards under the other[ ] as well."). See also Baird v. Rose, 192
F.3d 462, 470 (4th Cir. 1999) (holding that Title VII causation stan-
dards apply in ADA cases); Ennis v. Nat’l Ass’n of Bus. and Educ.
Radio, Inc., 53 F.3d 55, 58 (4th Cir. 1995) (holding Title VII burden
shifting rules apply in ADA cases).

   For these reasons, we have little difficulty in concluding that the
ADA, like Title VII, creates a cause of action for hostile work envi-
ronment harassment. Cf. Crawford v. Medina Gen. Hosp., 96 F.3d
830, 834 (6th Cir. 1996) (concluding that a hostile work environment
claim is actionable under the ADEA because of the use of the "terms,
conditions, or privileges of employment" language and "the general
similarity of purpose shared by Title VII and the ADEA"). This view
appears to be sanctioned by the EEOC, whose regulations implement-
ing the ADA state that "[i]t is unlawful to coerce, intimidate, threaten,
harass or interfere with any individual in the exercise or enjoyment
of . . . any right granted or protected by" the employment provisions
of the ADA. 29 C.F.R. § 1630.12(b) (emphasis added). We further
note that several of our sister circuits have assumed that the ADA
includes a cause of action for hostile environment harassment mod-
eled after the Title VII cause of action. See Silk v. City of Chicago,
194 F.3d 788, 804 (7th Cir. 1999) (proceeding on the assumption that
a hostile environment claim is cognizable under the ADA); Walton,
168 F.3d at 666-67 (assuming without deciding that cause of action
exists); Wallin v. Minn. Dep’t. of Corr., 153 F.3d 681, 688 (8th Cir.
1998) (same); McConathy v. Dr. Pepper/Seven Up Corp., 131 F.3d
558, 563 (5th Cir. 1998) (same). In addition, many district courts
faced with resolving the question have recognized the existence of an
ADA hostile environment claim. See, e.g., Gray v. Ameritech Corp.,
937 F. Supp. 762, 771 (N.D. Ill. 1996); Henry v. Guest Servs., Inc.,
902 F. Supp. 245, 251-52 & n.9 (D.D.C. 1995); Mannell v. Am.
Tobacco Co., 871 F. Supp. 854, 860 (E.D. Va. 1994). Today, we too,
expressly so hold.

                                  III.

  GM maintains that even if the ADA does create a cause of action
based on a hostile work environment, we must reverse the jury verdict
                     FOX v. GENERAL MOTORS CORP.                         9
because Fox did not offer evidence sufficient to prove such a claim.
Appropriately modifying the parallel Title VII methodology, an ADA
plaintiff must prove the following to establish a hostile work environ-
ment claim: (1) he is a qualified individual with a disability; (2) he
was subjected to unwelcome harassment; (3) the harassment was
based on his disability; (4) the harassment was sufficiently severe or
pervasive to alter a term, condition, or privilege of employment; and
(5) some factual basis exists to impute liability for the harassment to
the employer. See Brown v. Perry, 184 F.3d 388, 393 (4th Cir. 1999)
(stating elements of a sexual harassment hostile work environment
claim). GM maintains that Fox has failed to satisfy the first and fourth
elements because he did not prove that he was a qualified individual
with a disability or that he suffered severe or pervasive harassment.
We consider each contention in turn.

                                    A.

   The ADA prohibits discrimination only against a "qualified indi-
vidual with a disability," 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a), and defines such a
person as "an individual with a disability who, with or without rea-
sonable accommodation, can perform the essential functions" of his
job. 42 U.S.C. § 12111(8). GM contends that because Fox claimed
total temporary disability when applying for workers’ compensation
benefits for the period after August 15, 1995, he could not have been
able, even with accommodation, to perform the essential functions of
his job at GM for the period prior to August 15, 1995 at issue in his
ADA claim.

   The mere act of applying for disability benefits does not estop a
plaintiff from making a subsequent ADA claim. See EEOC v. Stowe-
Pharr Mills, Inc., 216 F.3d 373, 378 (4th Cir. 2000). In an analogous
case, in which the plaintiff in an ADA action had applied for, and
received, Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), the Supreme
Court recently held that "despite the appearance of conflict that arises
from the language of the two statutes, the two claims do not inher-
ently conflict to the point where courts should" presume that "the
claimant or recipient of . . . benefits is judicially estopped from assert-
ing that he is a qualified individual with a disability." Cleveland v.
Policy Mgmt. Sys. Corp., 526 U.S. 795, 800-02 (1999) (internal quo-
tation marks omitted). This is so because the two statutes "pursue dif-
10                  FOX v. GENERAL MOTORS CORP.
ferent statutory purposes and require different, though related,
inquiries into an individual’s disability." Feldman v. Am. Mem’l Life
Ins. Co., 196 F.3d 783, 790 (7th Cir. 1999). For example, the ADA
considers a plaintiff to be a qualified individual with a disability if he
is able to perform the job in question with reasonable accommoda-
tion, whereas other statutes, like the Social Security Act, do not con-
sider the possibility of reasonable accommodation when determining
whether a claimant is disabled. See Cleveland, 526 U.S. at 803.

   However, because of the possibility of inconsistency, to avoid sum-
mary judgment, an ADA plaintiff who is shown to have claimed total
disability in the context of another statutory scheme "is required to
proffer a sufficient explanation for any apparent contradiction
between the two claims." Stowe-Pharr, 216 F.3d at 378. "[T]hat
explanation must be sufficient to warrant a reasonable juror’s con-
cluding that, assuming the truth of, or the plaintiff’s good faith belief
in, the earlier statement, the plaintiff could nonetheless perform the
essential functions of her job, with or without reasonable accommoda-
tion." Cleveland, 526 U.S. at 807 (internal quotation marks omitted).

   In this case, Fox has offered two explanations as to why he was
both totally disabled, and so entitled to workers’ compensation bene-
fits, and a qualified individual with a disability entitled to bring a
claim under the ADA. Each reason satisfactorily reconciles any
apparent contradiction between the two claims.

   First, as Fox notes, his two claims do not overlap temporally. Fox’s
ADA claim concerns the period from October 1994 to mid-August
1995. Fox sought workers’ compensation from the state of West Vir-
ginia for the period of disability leave beginning in mid-August 1995
after he left the plant. Thus, application for and receipt of workers’
compensation benefits for total temporary disability for the period
after mid-August 1995 does not preclude the damages Fox seeks
under the ADA for the harassment that he experienced prior to mid-
August 1995.

  Furthermore, as Fox also points out, he produced evidence that he
could have, and would have, continued to work (with reasonable
accommodation) at the GM plant in August 1995 but for the hostile
work environment to which he was subjected at the plant. Fox so tes-
                    FOX v. GENERAL MOTORS CORP.                      11
tified and his treating physician, Dr. Liberman, corroborated this
explanation. Dr. Liberman explained that had Fox’s supervisors not
required him to perform tasks that aggravated his back and not sub-
jected him to constant harassment — which increased his anxiety
level, thereby aggravating his back injury — Fox could have contin-
ued to work at the GM plant in August 1995. However, Dr. Liberman
concluded that the harassment rendered Fox unable to work even with
accommodation. In other words, when Fox returned to work in Octo-
ber 1994, he was able to perform the essential functions of his job,
with reasonable accommodation for his disability, and he would have
continued to be able to do so had he not been harassed on the job.
This harassment caused total, albeit temporary, disability.

   In sum, Fox has proffered a "sufficient explanation for any appar-
ent contradiction" between his ADA and workers’ compensation
claims. Stowe-Pharr, 216 F.3d at 378.

                                  B.

  Even so, GM contends that we must reverse the jury verdict
because Fox assertedly failed to demonstrate that the harassment he
experienced was sufficiently severe or pervasive to create a hostile
work environment.

   To recover on a hostile environment claim, a plaintiff must demon-
strate not only that he subjectively perceived his workplace environ-
ment as hostile, but also that a reasonable person would so perceive
it, i.e., that it was objectively hostile. See Silk, 194 F.3d at 804.
Although GM makes no claim as to Fox’s subjective beliefs, the com-
pany does contend that, in this case, no reasonable person could find
the workplace hostile. Factors to be considered with respect to the
objective component include "the frequency of the discriminatory
conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliat-
ing, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably inter-
feres with an employee’s work performance." Walton, 168 F.3d at
667 (quoting Harris, 510 U.S. at 23). The district court instructed the
jury as to the elements of a hostile work environment claim, including
the "severe or pervasive" element, and the jury concluded that Fox
had been subjected to a hostile work environment at the Martinsburg
plant. We will not disturb a jury finding unless, drawing all reason-
12                  FOX v. GENERAL MOTORS CORP.
able inferences in favor of the plaintiff, there was "no legally suffi-
cient evidentiary basis for a reasonable jury" to so find. Fed. R. Civ.
P. 50(a)(1); Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133,
149-50 (2000).

   Review of the record reveals that Fox offered a good deal of evi-
dence that supervisors Okal and Dame, in vulgar and profane lan-
guage, constantly berated and harassed him and the other disabled
workers; indeed, Fox presented evidence that such harassment
occurred at least weekly. He also proffered evidence that Okal and
Dame encouraged other employees to ostracize the disabled workers
and prevent them from doing their assigned tasks by refusing to give
them necessary materials. Moreover, according to Fox’s testimony,
his supervisors’ harassment exposed him to some physical harm, i.e.,
aggravation of his back injury when they required him to perform
tasks that were too physically demanding and to sit at a too-small
work table in a hazardous area. A fact finder could conclude from this
evidence that the harassment Fox experienced was frequent, severe,
physically harmful, and interfered with his ability to perform his job.
In other words, Fox presented evidence of a workplace environment
that a reasonable person could easily find hostile. Consequently, we
cannot hold that there was "no legally sufficient evidentiary basis" for
the jury to find for Fox on his hostile work environment claim.

   Nor are the cases on which GM relies to the contrary. In many of
those cases, the court rejected the plaintiff’s claim because the plain-
tiff failed to demonstrate that the harassment was sufficiently related
to the plaintiff’s disability. See, e.g., Cannice v. Norwest Bank Iowa,
189 F.3d 723, 726 (8th Cir. 1999); Walton, 168 F.3d at 667; Wallin,
153 F.3d at 688. That was plainly not the situation here; all of the ver-
bal harassment directed at Fox and the other disabled workers, terms
such as "handicapped MF," and "hospital people," expressly refer-
enced their disabilities and resulting medical restrictions. Further,
requiring Fox to perform tasks beyond his medical restrictions, as
Okal and Dame did, certainly targeted that disability. Thus, the
harassment at issue in this case was not mere "workplace friction"
unrelated to Fox’s disability, Wallin, 153 F.3d at 688, but rather abuse
directly attributable to Fox’s medical condition.

  Moreover, the harassment Fox suffered was far more severe and
pervasive than the harassment experienced by the plaintiffs in the
                    FOX v. GENERAL MOTORS CORP.                        13
cases cited by GM. In each of those cases, the court noted that the
incidents relied on by the plaintiffs to create a hostile work environ-
ment were too "isolated," Wallin, 153 F.3d at 688, or amounted to no
more than "a few harsh words." McConathy, 131 F.3d at 564; see also
Cannice, 189 F.3d at 726 (harassment not severe or pervasive where
only two incidents "could even colorably be connected" to plaintiff’s
disability). Here, we are presented with evidence not of a few isolated
incidents of harsh language, teasing, or insensitivity, but rather of reg-
ular verbal harassment and occasional physical harassment over a
period of nearly ten months directed at Fox because of his disability.

   In sum, Fox presented evidence of objectively severe and pervasive
workplace harassment. We, therefore, cannot disturb the jury’s find-
ing in his favor.

                                   IV.

   GM also challenges the jury award to Fox of $200,000 in compen-
satory damages, $3,000 in medical expenses, and $4,000 in lost over-
time.

                                   A.

  Under the ADA, compensatory damages are available for "future
pecuniary losses, emotional pain, suffering, inconvenience, mental
anguish, loss of enjoyment of life, and other nonpecuniary losses." 42
U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3). GM contends, however, that the evidence
adduced at trial does not support the jury’s award of $200,000 in
compensatory damages.

   "A jury’s award of damages stands unless it is grossly excessive or
shocking to the conscience." O’Rourke v. City of Providence, 235
F.3d 713, 733 (1st Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted); see
also Hetzel v. County of Prince William, 89 F.3d 169, 171 (4th Cir.
1996) (holding that a jury’s award of compensatory damages will be
set aside on the grounds of excessiveness only if the verdict is against
the clear weight of the evidence or will result in a miscarriage of jus-
tice). Courts defer to a jury’s award of damages for intangible harms,
such as emotional distress, "because the harm is subjective and evalu-
14                  FOX v. GENERAL MOTORS CORP.
ating it depends considerably on the demeanor of the witnesses."
Giles v. Gen. Elec. Co., ___ F.3d ___, 2001 WL 184579, at *9 (5th
Cir. Feb. 26, 2001) (upholding award of $100,000 in compensatory
damages for ADA plaintiff who suffered sleeplessness, headaches,
marital difficulties and lost "the prestige and social connections asso-
ciated with his position" as a result of employer’s actions).

   Fox testified that he suffered anxiety, severe depression, and a
worsening of his already fragile physical condition as a result of the
constant harassment and humiliation he experienced at the hands of
his supervisors at GM. Both Fox’s neurologist, Dr. Liberman, and his
psychiatrist, Dr. Soule, offered testimony that supported these claims.
Although Fox’s depression admittedly had other causes, such as his
health and personal problems, there can be no doubt that it was at
least in part attributable to the hostile work environment at GM. Fur-
thermore, the worsening of Fox’s back injury, which led to increased
pain and suffering, appears to have been triggered solely by the
harassment Fox experienced at work.

   Given Fox’s testimony as to the specific nature of his "emotional
pain, suffering, inconvenience, mental anguish, [and] loss of enjoy-
ment of life," 42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3), and the corroboration of his
claim by medical professionals, we cannot conclude that the $200,000
award was "grossly excessive or shocking to the conscience".
O’Rourke, 235 F.3d at 733. See also Hogan v. Bangor & Aroostook
R.R. Co., 61 F.3d 1034, 1037-38 (1st Cir. 1995) (upholding $200,000
compensatory damages award to ADA plaintiff who "became
depressed, withdrawn, and gave up his usual activities" due to
employer’s refusal to allow him to return to work after work-related
injury).4
  4
   GM also contends that we should reduce the compensatory damages
award to reflect the fact that Fox received workers’ compensation after
he left work on disability leave in mid-August 1995. However, the com-
pensatory damages award and the workers’ compensation benefits did
not serve the same purpose or compensate for the same period. The com-
pensatory damages award was designed to compensate Fox for his non-
pecuniary losses, such as pain and suffering, because of harassment from
October 1994 to mid-August 1995, whereas the workers’ compensation
benefits Fox received compensated him for the wages he lost due to his
inability to work after mid-August 1995.
                    FOX v. GENERAL MOTORS CORP.                       15
                                   B.

   GM maintains that the jury’s award of $3,000 for medical expenses
— specifically Fox’s psychiatric expenses related to treatment for
depression — should be overturned because the evidence assertedly
demonstrated that Fox’s personal problems, rather than any work-
place harassment, necessitated depression counseling. As indicated
above, Dr. Soule testified that multiple factors, some of which were
personal in nature, caused Fox’s depression. But Dr. Soule also con-
firmed that the harassment Fox experienced at work caused some of
Fox’s depression. Obviously, the jury carefully considered all of this
testimony; although Dr. Soule testified that Fox’s medical expenses
for his psychiatric treatment totaled approximately $6,000, the jury
awarded Fox only $3,000 in medical expenses. Thus, the jurors
decided that some portion, but not all, of the expenses, should be
charged to GM, and they calculated the award accordingly. We can
find no error in this award.

                                   C.

   GM’s final contention — that the jury’s award of $4,000 for unpaid
overtime is unjustified — is more persuasive. In support of his claim
that GM discriminated against him because of his disability, Fox testi-
fied that Okal denied him the opportunity to work overtime because
of his disability. The jurors found, however, that GM had not inten-
tionally discriminated against Fox; rather, they only found for Fox on
his hostile work environment claim.

   We cannot reconcile the jury’s verdict for GM on the discrimina-
tion claim with its award to Fox of unpaid overtime. If GM prevented
Fox from working overtime because of his disability, then it inten-
tionally discriminated against him based on disability. But, in this
case, the jury concluded that GM did not intentionally discriminate
against Fox. The finding of no intentional discrimination precludes a
finding that GM denied Fox overtime because of his disability.
Accordingly, we vacate the award for lost overtime pay.5
  5
   GM also raises several challenges to the district court’s instructions
on damages. We review challenges to jury instructions for abuse of dis-
16                    FOX v. GENERAL MOTORS CORP.
                                    V.

     For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is

                    AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN PART.

cretion. See United States v. Helem, 186 F.3d 449, 454 (4th Cir. 1999).
"A judgment will be reversed for error in jury instructions only if the
error is determined to have been prejudicial, based on a review of the
record as a whole." Abraham v. County of Greenville, 237 F.3d 386, 393
(4th Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). We have examined
GM’s contentions and the record, and conclude that the district court did
not abuse its discretion in instructing the jury, nor did the instructions
cause any discernible prejudice to GM.
