                                                  This opinion was filed for record .
     FIETE
      IN CLERKS OFFICE                          at. ^'.QOAnn-^ onC!^^b^f'n.^1
SUPRBC COURT,ame OF WMStCNOTOM

     DATE   OCT 19
                                                                       Pe^o'^
                                                   -fer SUSAN L; CARLSON
       CHIEFousnce
                         f                          supReme^ourt clerk




 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

KIMMIKKELSEN,                                        NO. 93731-1


                         Petitioner,

V.                                                   EN BANC


PUBLIC UTILITY DISTRICT NO. 1 OF
KITTITAS COUNTY; JOHN HANSON;
PAUL ROGERS; ROGER SPARKS; and                       Filed            OCT 1 9 201?
CHARLES WARD,

                         Respondents.



        FAIRHURST, C.J.—The Public Utility District No. 1 of Kittitas County

(district) fired Kim Mikkelsen after 27 years of service. Mikkelsen sued the district,

alleging that, among other things, her dismissal violated the Washington Law Against

Discrimination (WLAD), RCW 49.60.180.             Specifically, Mikkelsen claims that

Charles Ward, the general manager, exhibited a bias against women and older

employees and that gender and age discrimination were substantial factors in his

decision to fire her. She also argues that her dismissal violates the progressive

correction action policy the district distributed to its employees.
Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


      First, we wish to clarify that under McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green,411 U.S.

792, 93 S. Ct. 1817, 36 L. Ed. 2d 668 (1973), a plaintiff need not prove that she was

replaced by a member outside her protected class in order to establish a prima facie

case of discrimination. We affirm summary judgment dismissal of Mikkelsen's age

discrimination claim because Mikkelsen presented almost no evidence of age

discrimination. But we reverse summary judgment dismissal of Mikkelsen's gender

discrimination claim because the facts taken in the light most favorable to her create a

material issue of fact about whether gender discrimination was a substantial factor in

Ward's decision to fire her. The corrective action policy is ambiguous and could

plausibly be read as establishing a for-cause standard for dismissal; we therefore

reverse and remand that issue.


                    I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      Mikkelsen began working for the district in 1984, when she was 30 years old.

Mikkelsen entered into an employment contract assigning her duties as manager of

accounting and finance for the district. She worked for the district part time to

accommodate her consulting business, which involved advising other utility businesses

on financing, administration, and accounting issues. The district has a three member

board of commissioners (Board) that directs operations. The Board hires a general

manager to oversee day-to-day operations. The general manager works with a three

member management team.


                                         -2-
Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


      From 1984 to 2009, Mikkelsen and the district thrived under three different

general managers. In 2009, however, Mikkelsen and three other employees became

concerned with the actions of then general manager Mark Kjelland. The employees

sent a letter to the Board expressing their concerns in compliance with the district's

whistleblower policy. Kjelland resigned from his position, and the Board did not

investigate the complaints. Following Kjelland's resignation, the Board asked

Mikkelsen to serve as an interim general manager. Mikkelsen accepted the position.

The Board later asked Mikkelsen to serve permanently as the general manager, but she

declined. The Board hired Ward as general manager in July 2010.

      During her time as interim general manager, Mikkelsen spearheaded the

adoption of a "Corrective Action Policy" for the district. Clerk's Papers(CP)at 317.

At the time, the district had no such policy, which led to confusion and uncertainty

when employees required discipline. Mikkelsen adapted a corrective action policy

from Chelan County Public Utility District. The district management team and the

Board held meetings discussing the proposed policy. The Board ultimately adopted

the policy. Mikkelsen used the policy while interim general manager, issuing a verbal
warning to a line worker and documenting the warning in the employee's personnel

file. Ward also used the policy as general manager, issuing a verbal warning to a

different employee while Mikkelsen assisted as a witness.




                                         -3 -
Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


      Once Ward began as general manager, Mikkelsen resumed her former position

as finance manager. Mikkelsen served on the management team under Ward along

with Matt Boast and Brian Vosburgh. Mikkelsen was the only female member of the

management team.

       Mikkelsen and Ward worked well together at first, but their relationship

eventually deteriorated. According to Mikkelsen, Ward exhibited a unilateral,'"my

way or the highway'" management style. CP at 334. Mikkelsen alleged that Ward

would make impulsive decisions without gathering information and considering the

various consequences to the district. Mikkelsen also claimed that Ward was sometimes

belligerent with her and would undermine her authority by calling her

'"untrustworthy"' during meetings with other employees. Id.

       Mikkelsen believed that Ward's conduct was due in part to gender bias.                 She

testified that Ward "had a difficult time with women in upper management." CP at 86.

For example. Ward often talked over Mikkelsen in meetings. Ward would also

regularly disregard Mikkelsen's input. The male members of the management team

did not experience this same treatment.'

       In December 2010, Ward began excluding Mikkelsen from communications in

which she typically participated. Ward discussed management issues over e-mail with


       ^ "What I'm saying is, if I suggested something, most likely it would not have been approved
by [Ward]. But if it was suggested by [Boast or Vosburgh] [the male members of the management
team], he would approve it." CP at 435-36.

                                              -4-
Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


the male members ofthe management team, but he would not include Mikkelsen. Ward

also held some meetings without including Mikkelsen. When Ward first began as

general manager, he would have Mikkelsen act as acting manager when he was away

from the office. But eventually, he stopped asking Mikkelsen to serve as acting

manager and asked only the male members of the management team. Boast and

Vosburgh.

       Mikkelsen testified that Ward would frequently refer to the women at the office

as the '"girls,"' '"gals,"' or '"ladies,"' but he never referred to the men as '"guys,"'

'"men,"' or "'boys.'" CP at 318. During union negotiations regarding uniforms. Ward

mentioned he would wear any uniform paid for by the district as long as it was not

pink. Mikkelsen also claims that Ward would regularly rearrange his genitals when he

was around her or sitting in front of her. Mikkelsen did not witness Ward engage in

this same behavior around male employees. Mikkelsen claims that when she asked

Vosburgh about Ward's behavior, Vosburgh told her that Ward has "got a guy/girl

thing with you." CP at 87.^

       In March 2011, Mikkelsen arranged a meeting with Ward to address their

communication breakdown and Ward's alleged gender bias. Ward told Mikkelsen that

he trusted her and that he would improve his behavior. Mikkelsen took notes during


       ^ However, Mikkelsen provided no testimony from Vosburgh supporting this statement to
oppose the district's motion for summary judgment. As the Court of Appeals noted, the statement is
inadmissible hearsay. Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, 195 Wn. App. 922,946
n.7, 380 P.3dl260 (2016).

                                              -5-
Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 bfKittitas County, No. 93731-1


the meeting, and shortly afterward she noted that she "did not feel that [Ward] took

ownership of any gender bias or going around me to avoid ideas that may not be in

agreement with his." CP at 335. According to Mikkelsen, Ward's behavior did not

improve after this meeting.

      In July 2011, communication between Mikkelsen and Ward had largely ceased.

John Hanson,the president ofthe Board, was apparently aware ofthe issue and called

Mikkelsen to see how things were going. After Mikkelsen told Hanson about Ward's

behavior,Hanson asked her what the Board could do. Mikkelsen suggested conducting

an anonymous survey to see if other employees shared her concerns. Hanson asked

Mikkelsen to create the survey. Although the survey does not mention Ward by name,

it contains many questions about the "General Manager," including a question that

asked whether "[t]he General Manager is biased on the basis of gender." CP at 265.

      Mikkelsen e-mailed the survey to the Board, but she did not send the survey to

Ward. Mikkelsen admitted that Ward might interpret this decision as "going behind

his back." CP at 96. Roger Sparks, a member of the Board, suggested no action

regarding the survey until Ward returned from vacation. When Ward returned. Sparks

notified him about the survey, and Ward promptly fired Mikkelsen. Ward testified the

survey proved Mikkelsen was "out to get [him] and make the [district] look bad." CP

at 152. In August 2011, Ward invited Mikkelsen into his office and informed her she

was fired because '"it's not working out.'" CP at 319. Ward read from a script and


                                        -6-
Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


did not provide Mikkelsen with any other reason for her termination. Mikkelsen asked

for a copy of her personnel file, which Ward provided. Mikkelsen's personnel file

contained no adverse history of being reprimanded, admonished, or disciplined while

employed at the district.

      Ward wrote a memo to the Board explaining the termination. In the memo. Ward

accuses Mikkelsen of disrupting the workplace and undermining his authority. He

describes the early months as positive, but claims that Mikkelsen became combative

and insubordinate as time went on. He claims that Mikkelsen disrespected him

regularly, disagreed with his management choices, made unreasonable requests, and

kept information about billing from him.

      In response to the Employment Security Department's inquiry after Mikkelsen

applied for unemployment benefits, the district explained Mikkelsen's termination by

writing that "Mikkelsen was an 'at will' employee and was terminated without cause."

CP at 402. The same form provides a series of boxes indicating the reasons for the

discharge, including insubordination, dishonesty, and the violation of company rules.

The district checked none ofthese boxes.

      Mikkelsen was 57 years old when Ward fired her. The district replaced

Mikkelsen with Genine Pratt, then 51 years old. In December 2011, the Board fired

Ward for reasons not in the record.




                                           -7-
Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


      On November 8, 2011, Mikkelsen sued the district, the Board, and Ward for

wrongful discharge. She alleged that she was terminated in violation of the district's

corrective action policy and in violation of WLAD. Specifically, she claimed that age

and gender discrimination were substantial factors in her dismissal. She also alleged

that the district had negligently hired Ward and that her discharge amounted to

intentionally inflected emotional distress. The trial court granted the defendants'

motion for summary judgment and dismissed all ofMikkelsen's claims with prejudice.

The Court of Appeals, Division Three, affirmed in a partially published opinion. See

Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, 195 Wn. App. 922, 380 P.3d

1260 (2016). Mikkelsen sought this court's review regarding the discrimination issue

and the corrective action policy issue. We granted her petition for review. Mikkelsen

V. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, 187 Wn.2d 1009, 388 P.3d 495 (2017).

                                     II. ISSUES


      A.     Is the replacement element required to establish a prima facie case of
discrimination under the McDonnell Douglas framework?

      B.     Can Mikkelsen show a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the
discrimination was a substantial factor in her dismissal?

      C.     Can Mikkelsen show a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the
corrective action policy modified her at-will employment status?




                                         -8-
Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


                                  III. ANALYSIS


A.    Standard ofreview


      We review a trial court's grant of summary judgment de novo. Camicia v.

Howards. Wright Constr. Co., 179 Wn.2d 684, 693, 317 P.3d 987(2014). Summary

judgment is proper only when there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the

moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. CR 56(c). We consider all

facts and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party—

here, Mikkelsen. Young v. Key Pharm., Inc., 112 Wn.2d 216, 226, 770 P.2d 182

(1989).

B.    The McDonnell Douglas framework

      WLAD prohibits employers from discharging any employee on the basis of a

protected characteristic, including age and gender. RCW 49.60.180(2). But "[djirect,

'smoking gun' evidence of discriminatory animus is rare, since '[tjhere will seldom be

"eyewitness" testimony as to the employer's mental processes.'" Hill v. BCTIIncome

Fund-I, 144 Wn.2d 172, 179, 23 P.3d 440 (2001) (second alteration in original)

(quoting U.S. Postal Serv. Bd. of Governors v. Aikens, 460 U.S. 711, 716, 103 S. Ct.

1478, 75 L. Ed. 2d 403 (1983)). Accordingly, we have repeatedly emphasized that

plaintiffs may rely on circumstantial, indirect, and inferential evidence to establish

discriminatory action. Id. at 180. '"Indeed, in discrimination cases it will seldom be




                                        -9
Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


otherwise.'" Id. (quoting deLisle v. FMC Corp., 57 Wn. App. 79, 83, 786 P.2d 839

(1990)).

      Because intentional discrimination is difficult to prove, we have adopted the

evidentiary burden-shifting scheme announced in McDonnell Douglas.See Grimwood

V. Univ. ofPugetSound,Inc., 110 Wn.2d 355,362,753 P.2d517(1988). '"The shifting

burdens of proof set forth in McDonnell Douglas are designed to assure that the

plaintiff[has] his [or her] day in court despite the unavailability of direct evidence.'"

Hill, 144 Wn.2d at 180 (alterations in original) (internal quotation marks omitted)

(quoting Sellsted v. Wash. Mut. Sav. Bank, 69 Wn. App. 852, 864, 851 P.2d 716

(1993)).

      The McDonnell Douglas framework has three steps:

      First, the plaintiff must make a prima facie case of discrimination by showing

that (1) she was within a statutorily protected class, (2) she was discharged by the

defendant,(3)she was doing satisfactory work, and(4)after her discharge,the position

remained open and the employer continued to seek applicants with qualifications

similar to the plaintiff. McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802; see also Grimwood, 110

Wn.2d at 362. If the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, it creates a rebuttable

presumption ofdiscrimination. Scrivener v. Clark Coll., 181 Wn.2d439,446,334P.3d

541 (2014).




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Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


      Second, the burden shifts to the defendant, who must "articulate a legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment action." Id.

      Third, if the defendant meets this burden, the plaintiff must produce sufficient

evidence showing that the defendant's alleged nondiscriminatory reason for the

adverse employment action was a pretext. Id. "An employee may satisfy the pretext

prong by offering sufficient evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact either

(1)that the defendant's reason is pretextual or (2)that although the employer's stated

reason is legitimate, discrimination nevertheless was a substantial factor motivating the

employer." Id. at 446-47.

      Summary judgment for an employer is seldom appropriate in employment

discrimination cases because ofthe difficulty ofproving discriminatory motivation. Id.

at 445. "When the record contains reasonable but competing inferences of both

discrimination and nondiscrimination, the trier of fact must determine the true

motivation." Id.(citing Rice v. Offshore Sys., Inc., 167 Wn. App. 77,90,272 P.3d 865

(2012)). To overcome summary judgment, the plaintiff needs to show only that a
reasonable jury could find that discrimination was a substantial factor in the employer's

adverse employment action. Mackay v. Acorn Custom Cabinetry, Inc., 127 Wn.2d 302,

310, 898 P.2d 284(1995).




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Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


C.    The replacement element is not essential to establishing a prima facie case of
      discrimination under McDonnell Douglas

      To establish a prima facie case of discrimination, Washington courts have held

that plaintiffs must prove that they were replaced by someone outside oftheir protected

group—^the replacement element. See, e.g., Domingo v. BoeingEmps. Credit Union,

124 Wn. App. 71, 80, 98 P.3d 1222 (2004)(requiring the plaintiff to prove that she

"was replaced by a person of the opposite sex or otherwise outside the protected

group"); see also Grimwood, 110 Wn.2d at 362. Despite this, the Court of Appeals

held that the plaintiff need not prove the replacement element to establish a prima facie

case. Mikkelsen, 195 Wn. App. at 942-43. The parties do not dispute this issue.

Instead,they disagree as to the second and third steps ofthe McDonnell Douglas test—

whether the district articulated a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for Mikkelsen's

dismissal and whether Mikkelsen demonstrated that reason was pretext. Regardless,

we address the issue in order to clarify that the replacement element is not required to

prove a prima facie case of discrimination under the first step of ihQ McDonnell

Douglas framework.

      A review of federal authority reveals that the replacement element may have

been erroneously included in Washington courts' application of the McDonnell

Douglas framework. Indeed, no United States Supreme Court authority, including
McDonnell Douglas, requires the replacement element. In McDonnell Douglas, a



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Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


failure-to-hire case, the court held that a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of

discrimination by showing

      (i) that he belongs to a racial minority; (ii) that he applied and was
      qualified for a job for which the employer was seeking applicants; (iii)
      that, despite his qualifications, he was rejected; and (iv) that, after his
      rejection, the position remained open and the employer continued to seek
      applicants from persons of complainant's qualifications.

411 U.S. at 802. Some courts, including this one, reformulated these requirements for

wrongful discharge and required that the plaintiff show he was replaced by someone

outside his protected class. See Roberts v. Atl. Richfield Co., 88 Wn.2d 887, 568 P.2d

764(1977). In Roberts, an age discrimination case, we relied on a Fifth Circuit Court

of Appeals case to hold that a prima facie case of discrimination required a showing

that the plaintiff'"was replaced by a younger person.'" Id. at 892(quoting Wilson v.

Sealtest Foods Div. ofKraftco Corp., 501 F.2d 84, 86(5th Cir. 1974)).

      Since Roberts, we have used the same formulation for age discrimination and

other contexts. See, e.g.. Hill, 144 Wn.2d at 188 (age discrimination); Riehl v.

Foodmaker, Inc., 152 Wn.2d 138, 150, 94 P.3d 930 (2004) (disabled plaintiff

demonstrated prima facie case by showing he was replaced by nondisabled person).

Relying on this authority, the Court ofAppeals has generally required that a discharged

plaintiff show replacement by a person from "outside the protected class." Kuest v.

Regent Assisted Living, Inc., Ill Wn. App. 36, 44,43 P.3d 23 (2002).




                                        - 13 -
Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


      The United States Supreme Court has not addressed whether the replacement

element is a necessary part ofthe McDonnell Douglas framework, but it did cast doubt

on the element in O'Connor v. Consolidated Coin Caterers Corp., 517 U.S. 308, 116

S. Ct. 1307, 134 L. Ed. 2d 433 (1996). There, the Court addressed whether the

petitioner was discharged in violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act

of 1967 (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. §§ 621-634. Id. at 309. The Fourth Circuit Court of

Appeals held that in order to establish a prima facie case of discrimination, the

petitioner needed to prove that "he was replaced by someone of comparable

qualifications outside the protected class." Id. at 310. The Court disagreed with this

element because the statute restricted the protected class to individuals aged 40 or older.

Id. at 311-12; 29 U.S.C. § 631(a). The Court concluded this limitation is irrelevant to

whether an employer discharged an employee for discriminatory reasons:

      This language [in the ADEA] does not ban discrimination against
      employees because they are aged 40 or older; it bans discrimination
      against employees because of their age, but limits the protected class to
      those who are 40 or older. Thefact that one person in the protected class
      has lost out to another person in the protected class is thus irrelevant, so
      long as he has lost out because of his age. ... Because it lacks probative
      value, the fact that an ADEA plaintiff was replaced by someone outside
      the protected class is not a proper element of the McDonnell Douglas
      prima facie case.

O'Connor, 517 U.S. at 312(emphasis added).

      Federal courts have relied on O'Connor to diminish and even dispense with the

replacement element in other discrimination contexts. See, e.g.,Pivirotto v. Innovative


                                          - 14-
Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


Sys., Inc., 191 F.3d 344, 354-55 (3d Cir. 1999). Nearly every federal court addressing

the issue has held that a discharged employee need not prove she was replaced by

someone outside her protected class in order to establish a prima facie case of

discrimination under McDonnell Douglas. Cumpiano v. Banco Santander P.R., 902

F.2d 148, 154-55 (1st Cir. 1990); Meiri v. Dacon,759 F.2d 989,995-96(2d Cir. 1985);

Pivirotto, 191 F.3d at 354-55; Nieto v. L&H Packing Co., 108 F.3d 621 (5th Cir.

1997); Jackson v. Richards Med. Co., 961 F.2d 575, 587 n.l2(6th Cir. 1992); Carson

V. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 82 F.3d 157 (7th Cir. 1996); Walker v. St. Anthony's Med.

Ctr., 881 F.2d 554, 558 (8th Cir. 1989); Perry v. Woodward, 199 F.3d 1126(10th Cir.

1999); Howard V. Roadway Express,Inc., 726 F.2d 1529,1534(11th Cir. 1984). These

courts generally recognize that rigid application of the replacement element could

result in dismissing meritorious claims. See, e.g., Pivirotto, 191 F.3d at 354("The fact

that a female plaintiff claiming gender discrimination was replaced by another woman

might have some evidentiary force .... But this fact does not, as a matter of law or

logic, foreclose the plaintiff from proving that the employer was motivated by her

gender ... when it discharged her.").

      But not all of these courts apply the McDonnell Douglas framework uniformly.

As the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals noted in Perry, although most federal courts "do

not preclude a plaintiff from meeting the prima facie burden when the replacement or

new hire shares the protected attribute," some still require an "additional fact" giving


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•Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


rise to "an inference of discrimination." Perry, 199 F.3d at 1138. The Perry court

rejected this approach because it leads to uncertainty in the trial courts. Id. Instead,

the First, Second, and Tenth Circuits have dispensed with the replacement element and

held that a plaintiff need only show that her position was not eliminated. Id.

      This approach embraces "the basic standard originally articulated in McDonnell

Douglas which only required a plaintiff to show that the employer continued to seek

applicants." Id. 1139; McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802. The purpose of

establishing the prima facie elements under McDonnell Douglas is to "eliminate[] the

most common nondiscriminatory reasons for the plaintiffs rejection," namely,that the

plaintiff is unqualified for the position or that the position no longer exists. Tex. Dep't

of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253-54, 101 S. Ct. 1089, 67 L. Ed. 2d 207

(1981). Therefore,"[a]n inference of discrimination is raised when an employer rejects

an otherwise qualified minority employment candidate and thereafter does not

eliminate the position for which the candidate was rejected." Perry, 199 F.3d at 1140.

       We agree with Perry and clarify that the McDonnell Douglas firamework does

not require a plaintiff to prove that she was replaced by a person outside her protected

group to establish a prima facie case of discrimination. We already expressed some

skepticism toward the replacement element in Grimwood. There, we emphasized that

the McDonnell Douglas elements "are not absolutes" and that they were not intended

to be "'rigid, mechanized, or ritualistic.'" 110 Wn.2d at 362-63 (internal quotation

                                          - 16-
Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


marks omitted)(quoting Loeb v. Textron, Inc., 600 F.2d 1003, 1017 (1st Cir. 1979)).

Relying on Loeb, we noted that "the element of replacement by a younger person or a

person outside the protected age group is not absolute; rather, the proofrequired is that

the employer 'sought a replacement with qualifications similar to his own, thus

demonstrating a continued need for the same services and skills.'" Id. at 363 (quoting

Loeb, 600 F.2d at 1013). This reasoning is consistent with the original framework

articulated in McDonnell Douglas and other federal authority that requires only that a

plaintiff prove membership in a protected class, termination from a job for which she

was qualified, and that the employer continued to seek candidates for the position.

      This does not mean that the discharged employee's replacement is irrelevant.

Indeed, "the attributes of a successor employee may have evidentiary force in a

particular case." Cumpiano, 902 F.2d at 155. We hold only that a plaintiff need not

prove the replacement element to establish a prima facie case of discrimination. After

establishing a prima facie case, the attributes of a successor employee may be relevant

to the second or third steps under the McDonnell Douglas framework.

 D.   Mikkelsen has demonstrated an issue of material fact as to whether gender
      discrimination was a substantial factor in her dismissal—^but not as to age
      discrimination


      The parties agree with the Court of Appeals' rejection of the replacement

element, and therefore they seem to agree that Mikkelsen satisfied her initial burden by

establishing a prima facie case of discrimination. They dispute the second and third


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Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


steps under McDonnell Douglas—^whether the district presented a legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reason for Mikkelsen's discharge and whether Mikkelsen presented

sufficient evidence showing that the district's proffered reason is pretext.

       Under McDonnell Douglas, after the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of

discrimination, the burden shifts to the employer, who must articulate a legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment action.^ Scrivener, 181 Wn.2d

at 446. The employer "need not persuade the court that it was actually motivated by

the proffered reasons." Burdine, 450 U.S. at 254. The employer's burden is merely

one of production, rather than persuasion. St. Mary's Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S.

502,510,113 S. Ct. 2742,125 L.Ed.2d 407(1993). The employer need only introduce

"evidence which, taken as true, would permit the conclusion that there was a

nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse action." Id. at 509.

       The district satisfied its burden here. When Ward fired Mikkelsen, he told her

that "'it's not working out.'" CP at 319. Ward wrote a memo to the Board, detailing

Mikkelsen's alleged history of disruptive and insubordinate behavior. Mikkelsen's

own testimony supports the inference that she and Ward had a dysfunctional

professional relationship.         This is a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for

Mikkelsen's discharge. See, e.g., Thornton v. Neiman Marcus, 850 F. Supp. 538, 543


       ^ Briefly, we note that because the replacement element need not be proved, Mikkelsen easily
carries her initial burden. It is undisputed that she is a member of a protected class, that she was
discharged, that she was qualified for the position, and that the district looked for and replaced her
with a candidate possessing similar qualifications.

                                               - 18-
Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


(N.D. Texas 1994) (employer articulated legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for

termination by demonstrating plaintiffs "insubordination, poor work habits, and

history of disciplinary problems").

      Under the final step of the McDonnell Douglas framework, the plaintiff must

produce sufficient evidence showing that the defendant's alleged nondiscriminatory

reason for the adverse employment action was a pretext. Scrivener, 181 Wn.2d at 446.

"An employee does not need to disprove each ofthe employer's articulated reasons to

satisfy the pretext burden of production." Id. at 447 (emphasis omitted). This is

because "[a]n employer may be motivated by multiple purposes, both legitimate and

illegitimate, when making employment decisions and still be liable." Id. To survive

summary judgment,the employee needs only to present evidence sufficient to create a

genuine issue of material fact whether "discrimination was a substantial factor in an

adverse employment action, not the only motivating factor." Id. at 447(citing Mackay,

127 Wn.2d at 309-11). Mikkelsen has met that showing.

      The record, when viewed in the light most favorable to Mikkelsen, shows that

she was an exemplary employee for over 27 years. Mikkelsen and Ward worked well

together at first, but the relationship quickly soured after Mikkelsen offered

constructive criticisms of Ward's management style. Ward started working solely with

the other male managers and excluded Mikkelsen from electronic management

communications even though she was a manager. Ward appointed the male managers


                                       - 19-
Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


as acting general manager in his stead whenever he was away from the office even

though Mikkelsen had a year of experience running the PUD as interim general

manager.


      In addition to excluding her from managerial communications, Ward spoke over

her during meetings, "denigrated [her] in front of contemporaries and subordinates,"

CP at 137, called her "untrustworthy," CP at 414, and described her decision to

implement new billing software as "real stupid" in front ofthem, CP at 100. Any time

Mikkelsen offered any suggestions during managerial meetings. Ward would flatly

dismiss them. To be heard, Mikkelsen had to filter her suggestions through her male

contemporaries because Ward would not take suggestions from her. Ward similarly

dismissed Mikkelsen's concerns of gender bias. When Mikkelsen suggested the labor

contract that they were negotiating should be more gender neutral. Ward dismissed her

suggestion and said that he would be willing to wear any uniform supplied by the

District "so long as it wasn't 'pink,'" presumably because the color is stereotypically

feminine. CP at 318.


      Mikkelsen believed Ward ascribed to patriarchal gender roles and preferred that

his female subordinates be submissive. According to Mikkelsen, Ward's misogynistic

beliefs were obvious given the way he accepted criticism from her male contemporaries

but not from her, and how he referred to his female clerical staff as "'girls,' 'gals,' or

'ladies'" but avoided calling his male maintenance crew "'guys' or 'men' or 'boys'"


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Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


or other gender specific terms. Id. Even the other male managers noticed how Ward
treated Mikkelsen differently and described this treatment as a "guy/girl" issue. CP at

115.   Additionally, whenever Ward entered Mikkelsen's office, he would "pretty
consistent[ly]," CP at 134, "reach into his pockets and rearrange his genitals" before
he would sit down, CP at 88. The fact that he did not adjust himself during staff

meetings or other times when males were present suggested that this adjustment was a

deliberate show of male dominance rather than a gesture of comfort.

       The evidence Mikkelsen presented, taken together, demonstrates a genuine

dispute of material fact as to whether the breakdown in communication between
Mikkelsen and Ward occurred because she is a woman. From this record, a reasonable

jury could believe that Ward fired Mikkelsen because she was an assertive woman who
challenged his gender stereotypes, or the jury could believe that Ward harbored no
gender bias and fired Mikkelsen simply because their personalities and management
styles clashed. Either inference is reasonable. Where there are '"'"reasonable but
competing inferences of both discrimination and nondiscrimination, 'it is the jury's
task to choose between such inferences,"'—not the court's. Hill, 144 Wn.2d at 186

(quoting Carle v. McChord Credit Union,65 Wn.App.93,102,827 P.2d 1070(1992)).
We therefore reverse summary judgment dismissal of Mikkelsen's gender

discrimination claim.




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Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


      We affirm summary judgment dismissal of Mikkelsen's age discrimination

claim because Mikkelsen presented almost no evidence of age discrimination.

Mikkelsen testified that Ward once referred to long term employees as "old and stale"

and that Ward had a "fixation" on a 72-year-old employee. CP at 90. But Mikkelsen's

testimony suggests that Ward was simply marveling that some employees had worked

for the same employer for so long. Mikkelsen presents no evidence that Ward treated

older employees differently or that her age played a role in Ward's decision to fire her.

The trial court properly concluded that age discrimination was not a substantial factor

in Ward's decision to fire Mikkelsen.

E.    Mikkelsen can show a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the corrective
      action policy modified her at-will employment status

      Mikkelsen also argues her discharge violated the district's corrective action

policy. The corrective action policy grants the district broad discretion to implement
any disciplinary action in any situation. But, when read as a whole, the policy is
ambiguous, and whether it constitutes a promise for specific treatment is a question of
fact sufficient to survive summary judgment. Therefore, we reverse the trial court's

order granting summary judgment on this issue.

       The district adopted the corrective action policy in November 2009, while

Mikkelsen was the interim general manager. Although the policy grants the district

discretion to implement various disciplinary actions, the policy emphasizes that
employees should be treated fairly. The policy states as a general principle:
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Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


      Corrective action should be fair. This means, while the District retains the
      discretion to determine what action is appropriate in any particular
      situation, the corrective action should be equal with the misconduct or
      performance deficiency at issue, and whenever possible, performance
      issues typically should be addressed, at least initially, with an eye to
      improvement.

CP at 343. The policy also considers "Employee Rights":

      Corrective action must be administered with due consideration of, and
      respect for, employee rights and expectations, whether those rights and
      expectations derive from employment policies, operation of law, or
      contract. . . .




      Supervisors will not fail first to review disciplinary actions on difficult
      issues with the General Manager, particularly when especially severe
      corrective action, such as suspension and/or discharge, is under
      consideration.


CP at 344. Under "Reasons for Corrective Action," the policy provides:

      Violations of the District's standards of conduct and/or the failure or
      refusal to meet work performance requirements are unacceptable and may
      result in corrective action. The acceptability ofcertain conduct often turns
      on the specific facts and circumstances involved. No organization can
      accurately anticipate and list every type of conduct or work performance
      that is unacceptable. The District does not try to do so here. Instead, the
      District provides some examples, which are intended to illustrate broadly,
      without limiting, the types of conduct and work performance it may
      consider unacceptable, and to what degree. These are only guidelines. To
      be able to respond appropriately to whatever particular circumstances may
      arise in the future, the District must, reserve the right to determine the
      categorization of, and response to, any conduct or performance concern,
      regardless of where it falls within the broad parameters set forth below.

Id.




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Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


      The policy lists three categories of offenses: minor, intermediate, and major.

For major offenses,the policy provides that"[mjajor offenses and performance-related

concerns are actions typically considered severe enough to call for prompt and severe

corrective action up to and including immediate discharge without prior warning or

counseling." CP at 345. The nonexclusive list ofexamples for major offenses includes

repetition of an intermediate offense, unauthorized use or release of confidential

information, insubordination or refusal to carry out instructions, misusing or damaging

district property, falsifying records, unlawful harassment or discrimination, abusive or

violent conduct, violating the alcohol policy, unauthorized possession offirearms, and

failure to follow safety and security procedures. Following this list, the policy

provides:

      This policy is not intended to be a complete list of all circumstances that
      may result in corrective action or discharge. The rules set out here are
      intended only as guidelines, and do not give any employee a right to
      continued employment or any particular level of corrective action.

CP at 346.


      The policy then provides goals for implementing corrective action:

      The general goal of the District's corrective action policy is to correct
      unsatisfactory behavior or performance. To that end, where appropriate
      in its judgment, the District will apply less severe corrective action
      initially, and more severe measures ifthe problem persists. However,this
      is only a guideline. The District does not promise employees a specific
      formula of corrective action will be followed in every instance. Different
      circumstances warrant different responses. Unless otherwise prohibited
      by law, when the District concludes an employee has not adhered to its
      standards or performance otherwise is unsatisfactory, the District may

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Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


      take the corrective action it decides is appropriate under the
      circumstances, which may involve any one or combination of the steps
      identified below, up to and including immediate discharge without prior
      corrective action or notice.


Id.


      Finally,the policy provides definitions and procedures for implementing specific

corrective actions in order of severity: verbal warning, written warning, probation,

suspension, and discharge. For discharge, the policy provides:

      This is generally used in cases of major offenses, repeated or uncorrected
      minor or intermediate offenses after at least one written warning,
      continued performance deficiencies (previously identified in a written
      warning), or unacceptable responses to corrective action taken by the
      employee. In general, discharges are to be reviewed by the General
      Manager before being communicated to the employee. In some cases,
      however, this may not occur. If an employee is discharged before the
      decision is reviewed by the General Manager, the discharge will still be
      effective immediately but the District may, at its discretion, reverse the
      discharge after it is reviewed. The discharge decision should be
      documented by the employee's direct supervisor in a memorandum,
      which identifies the reason(s)for the termination,the previous attempts to
      correct the situation, if any, and the terms of the termination. The
      termination letter must be placed in the employee's personnel file.

CP at 347.


      Generally, an employment contract indefinite in duration is terminable at will.

Thompson v. St. Regis Paper Co., 102 Wn.2d 219, 223, 685 P.2d 1081 (1984). But,

under certain circumstances, "employers may be obligated to act in accordance with

policies as announced in handbooks issued to their employees." Id. at 229. For

example, ifthe employer has made promises ofspecific treatment in specific situations


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Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


on which the employee justifiably relies, those promises are enforceable and may

modify an employee's at-will status. Id. at 230. Under this theory, Mikkelsen must

show "(1) that a statement (or statements) in an employee manual or handbook or

similar document amounts to a promise of specific treatment in specific situations,(2)

that the employee justifiably relied on the promise, and (3) that the promise was

breached." Korslund v. DynCorp Tri-Cities Servs., Inc., 156 Wn.2d 168, 184-85, 125

P.3d 119 (2005), overruled on other grounds by Rose v. Anderson Hay & Grain Co.,

184 Wn.2d 268, 358 P.3d 1139 (2015). "[T]he crucial question is whether the

employee has a reasonable expectation the employer will follow the discipline

procedure, based upon the language used in stating the procedure and the pattern of

practice in the workplace." Payne v. Sunnyside Cmty. Hosp., 78 Wn. App. 34,42, 894

P.2d 1379 (1995). "[Wjhether an employment policy manual issued by an employer

contains a promise of specific treatment in specific situations, whether the employee

justifiably relied on the promise, and whether the promise was breached are questions

offact." Burnside v. Simpson Paper Co., 123 Wn.2d 93, 104-05, 864 P.2d 937(1994).

Therefore, summary judgment is proper only if reasonable minds could not differ in

resolving these questions. Id. at 105.

      The corrective action policy here contains many provisions suggesting the

district has broad discretion in implementing disciplinary procedures. But these

provisions are at odds with other parts ofthe policy that seem to promise fair treatment


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Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


and arguably establish a for-cause requirement for discharge. Therefore, the policy is

ambiguous and could plausibly be read as modifying Mikkelsen's at-will status.

Because the question of whether the policy constitutes a promise for specific treatment

is a question offact, and because the summaryjudgment standard requires that we view

all factual inferences in the light most favorable to Mikkelsen, we think the ambiguity

in the policy creates a genuine issue of material fact sufficient to survive summary

judgment.

        The district contends the policy contains a disclaimer negating any inference that

the policy constitutes a promise for specific treatment in disciplinary proceedings.

Specifically, the policy provides that "[t]he rules set out here are intended only as

guidelines, and do not give any employee a right to continued employment or any

particular level of corrective action." CP at 346. Relying on Kuest, the Court of

Appeals held this provision prevented the policy from modifying Mikkelsen's at-will

status. But the disclaimer in Kuest was far more explicit than the alleged disclaimer

here:


        "I further understand that neither the policies and procedures of the
        Community, as described in the Handbook or as may otherwise exist, nor
        the Handbook, nor any custom or practice ofthe Community are intended
        to be nor do constitute a contractual arrangement or agreement between
        the Community and myself of any kind including but not limited to
        duration of my employment with the Community. I understand that my
        employment is 'at wilV and may he terminated, with or without cause, by
        me or by the Community, at any time and that no employee of the
        Community is authorized to make nor may I rely upon any oral or written


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Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


      assurance ofcontinued employment made to me,other than in writing, but
      the President of Regent Assisted Living."

111 Wn. App. at 49 (emphasis added). The alleged disclaimer here is much more

ambiguous. One could reasonably read the provision as stating that the district may,

within its discretion, apply any corrective action in a given situation, up to and

including discharge. But the provision does not suggest that corrective action may be

arbitrary, nor does it emphasize that employees subject to the policy remain at will.

      In addition to the alleged disclaimer, the policy repeatedly emphasizes the

district's discretion in determining corrective outcomes. See, e.g., CP at 346 ("[T]he

District may take the corrective action it decides is appropriate under the

circumstances, which may involve any one or combination of the steps identified

below, up to and including immediate discharge without prior corrective action or

notice."). Indeed, rather than promising "specific treatment in specific situations,"

Thompson, 102 Wn.2d at 230 (emphasis omitted), one provision seems to state the

exact opposite: "The District does not promise employees a specific formula of

corrective action will be followed in every instance." CP at 346; see also Thompson,

102 Wn.2d at 231 ("[Pjolicy statements as written may not amount to promises of

specific treatment and merely be general statements of company policy and, thus, not

binding. Moreover,the employer may... write them in a manner that retains discretion

to the employer.").



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Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


      But despite this discretionary language, other provisions suggest the district

promised to refrain from arbitrary corrective action. Taken as a whole,the policy could

plausibly be read as requiring fair treatment during disciplinary proceedings and

establishing a for-cause requirement for discharge.       For example, although the

provisions above suggest the district has broad discretion in taking any number of

corrective actions, they do not state that the district may impose corrective action

without cause. As a whole, the policy seems to suggest the opposite. Near the

beginning ofthe policy, under"Employee Rights," the policy provides that"Corrective

action must be administered with due consideration of, and respect for, employee rights

and expectations, whether those rights and expectations derive jhom employment

policies, operation oflaw, or contract." CP at 344(emphasis added). This compulsory

language indicates an obligation on the employer. See Stewart v. Chevron Chem. Co.,

111 Wn.2d 609, 613-14, 762 P.2d 1143 (1988)(discussing whether statements in an

employment policy were mandatory or discretionary). Discharge is included in the

policy's list ofthe different forms of corrective action. Therefore, taken together with

the "Employee Rights" section at the beginning ofthe policy, the policy indicates that

discharge may occur only "with due consideration of, and respect for, employee rights

and expectations, whether those rights and expectations derive from employment

policies, operation oflaw, or contract." CP at 344.




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Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


      The section describing the circumstances for discharge could establish an

expectation that employees may not be fired without cause. Discharge is permitted "in

cases of major offenses, repeated or uncorrected minor or intermediate offenses after

at least one written warning, continued performance deficiencies(previously identified

in a written warning), or unacceptable responses to corrective action by the employee."

CP at 347. Employees are entitled to union representation during any meeting related

to disciplinary action. Supervisors must review disciplinary action with the general

manager, "particularly when especially severe corrective action, such as suspension

and/or discharge, is under consideration." CP at 344. Discharge decisions "should be

documented by the employee's direct supervisor in a memorandum, which identifies

the reason(s) for the termination, the previous attempts to correct the situation, if any,

and the terms ofthe termination." CP at 347. Discharge may be subject to review by

the Board.


      These provisions suggest that dismissal may not occur arbitrarily or without

cause.   Combined with the policy's statement that corrective action "must" be

administered fairly and in light ofemployee's reasonable expectations,the policy could

plausibly be read as constituting a promise for specific treatment that modifies

Mikkelsen's at-will employment status.

      The Court of Appeals has held that ambiguous discipline policies create an issue

offact as to whether the employer made a binding promise to follow certain discipline


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Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


procedures. See Payne, 78 Wn. App. at 42(summary judgment was improper when

disclaimer permitting discharge '"without notice, for any reason or no reason'" was

inconsistent with the employer's "choice of terms" in other parts of the discipline

policy); Wlasiukv. Whirlpool Corp.,81 Wn.App. 163,172,914 P.2d 102(1996)("The

statement 'nothing contained herein shall be deemed . . . to confer or modify any

specific employee benefit' is ambiguous in a paragraph which also states that the

booklet is only a 'general outline' and that 'additional benefits and policies may

apply.'" (alteration in original)). Further, the presence of discretionary language may

not be sufficient for summary judgment when other representations negate that

language. See, e.g., Swanson v. Liquid Air Corp., 118 Wn.2d 512, 532, 826 P.2d 664

(1992)("We reject the premise that this disclaimer can, as a matter of law, effectively

serve as an eternal escape hatch for an employer who may then make whatever

unenforceable promises of working conditions it is to its benefit to make."). Likewise,

the policy here is ambiguous because the discretionary language is inconsistent with

other provisions in the policy that suggest employees may not be discharged without

cause.   Therefore, whether the policy, the history of its usage, or any other

representations from the district constitute a promise for specific treatment is a question

of fact sufficient to survive summary judgment.

      Finally, Ward contends that the court should nevertheless affirm dismissal of

Mikkelsen's claims as they relate to him. He claims that he was not a party to the


                                          -31 -
Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


implied contract created by the corrective action policy and that he is immune under

several statutory provisions. See RCW 4.24.470; RCW 54.12.110. We decline to

address these issues because neither the trial court nor the Court of Appeals reached

them. Ward will have an opportunity to raise these issues on remand.




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Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1


                                IV. CONCLUSION


      We affirm summary judgment dismissal of Mikkelsen's age discrimination

claim because she presented almost no evidence of age discrimination. However, we

reverse summary judgment dismissal of Mikkelsen's gender discrimination claim

because Mikkelsen presented evidence that,taken together, provides a reasonable basis

for a jury to find that Ward fired her because she was an assertive woman who did not

conform to patriarchal stereotypes.     Because the corrective action policy could

plausibly be read as establishing a for-cause standard for dismissal, we reverse and

remand to the trial court to determine whether the policy and any other representations

amounted to a promise for specific treatment in disciplinary proceedings.




                                        -33 -
Mikkelsen v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofKittitas County, No. 93731-1




                                                                     dO.


WE CONCUR:




                        y




                                         34
