                                                                                            May 28 2008


                                          DA 07-0050

                  IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

                                          2008 MT 182



CAROLYN MCCORMACK,

              Plaintiff and Appellee,

         v.

ANDREA ANDRES,

               Defendant and Appellant.



APPEAL FROM:            District Court of the Eighteenth Judicial District,
                        In and For the County of Gallatin, Cause No. DV 05-569
                        Honorable Holly Brown, Presiding Judge


COUNSEL OF RECORD:

                For Appellant:

                        Lyman H. Bennett, III, Attorney at Law, Bozeman, Montana

                        William Conklin, Conklin, Nybo & Lanning, Great Falls, Montana


                For Appellee:

                        Michael E. Wheat and Travis W. Kinzler, Cok, Wheat & Kinzler, Bozeman,
                        Montana


                                                    Submitted on Briefs: February 6, 2008

                                                               Decided: May 28, 2008


Filed:

                        __________________________________________
                                          Clerk

Justice Brian Morris delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1     Andrea Andres (Andres) appeals from orders of the Eighteenth Judicial District Court,

Gallatin County, granting motions in limine filed by Carolyn McCormack (McCormack) to

exclude certain testimony and documentary evidence at trial. She also appeals the District

Court’s failure to continue the trial and the court’s admission of certain evidence concerning

McCormack’s medical expenses. We affirm.

¶2     We review the following issues on appeal:

¶3     Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it prevented Andres from cross-

examining McCormack and her medical providers about McCormack’s previous injuries and

impairment ratings?

¶4     Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it prevented Andres from soliciting

statements made by McCormack’s orthopedic physician concerning McCormack’s brain

injury?

¶5     Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it did not continue the trial date?

¶6     Did the District Court abuse its discretion by admitting into evidence McCormack’s

summary of medical expenses?

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶7     Andres’s Ford F-350 pickup collided with McCormack’s Chevrolet Corsica on the

stretch of Interstate 90 (I-90) that lies between Belgrade and Bozeman. McCormack had

slowed her vehicle to approximately 55 miles per hour as she passed a vehicle fire on the

shoulder of I-90.     Andres’s pickup struck McCormack’s vehicle while traveling at

approximately 75 miles per hour. Andres’s pickup crushed the back end of McCormack’s

car and completely eliminated the rear passenger compartment. Andres admitted that her
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negligence caused the collision. McCormack sustained injuries to her brain, neck, and back

as a result of the collision.

¶8     Andres deposed McCormack in December of 2005. McCormack revealed that in

1993 she had sustained a whiplash injury in a car accident. McCormack said that she had

applied for Social Security disability compensation following the 1993 car accident.

McCormack also informed Andres that she had injured her neck and upper back while lifting

a computer at work in 1996. McCormack had filed a worker’s compensation claim for the

1996 work injury. McCormack further revealed that she had sustained head, neck, and back

injuries in a car accident in 1999. Andres requested the medical records, attorney’s files, and

settlement documents related to McCormack’s prior incidents in January of 2006.

¶9     The District Court ordered the parties to complete discovery by September 1, 2006.

Andres deposed Dr. Sherry Reid, a neurologist treating McCormack, in January of 2006.

Andres deposed McCormack’s orthopedic physician, Dr. John Vallin, in May of 2006. Dr.

Vallin made several statements concerning McCormack’s brain injury in response to

questions posed by Andres’s counsel. McCormack’s counsel later asked if Dr. Vallin had

treated McCormack “for her back pain and not her head injury; is that correct?” Dr. Vallin

responded, “That’s correct.”

¶10    Andres deposed Dr. Jeff Cory, a neuropsychologist treating McCormack, in July of

2006. Dr. Cory testified that he had discussed with McCormack her 1993 car accident in

assessing her current brain injury. He stated that the 1993 incident did not affect his

diagnosis. Andres’s counsel asked Dr. Cory whether McCormack had informed him of her

involvement in the 1999 car accident. Dr. Cory responded that McCormack had not told him
                                              3
of the accident. Andres’s counsel then asked if that would “have been a significant history

for you to consider . . . ?” Dr. Cory responded “Yes.”

¶11       McCormack provided the medical records relating to her 1999 car accident in March

of 2006. McCormack provided records pertaining to her 1993 car accident, her application

and denial for Social Security disability compensation, and her 1996 work injury on August

31, 2006--one day before the close of discovery.

¶12       The documents provided by McCormack on the last day of discovery included a

medical report issued by Dr. Bruce Johnson (the Johnson Report) concerning her 1996 work

injury.     The Johnson Report concluded that McCormack had suffered a permanent

neurologic impairment of 30% of her normal total function. The Johnson Report also stated

that McCormack had suffered a permanent psychiatric impairment of 22.5% of her normal

total function.

¶13       McCormack filed a motion in limine to preclude Andres from presenting at trial

certain statements regarding her brain injury, as well as evidence relating to her 1993 car

accident and 1996 work injury. The District Court responded with an order prohibiting

Andres from soliciting testimony from McCormack’s orthopedic physician regarding

McCormack’s brain injury.        The District Court’s order also precluded Andres from

introducing evidence relating to McCormack’s 1993 car accident, her corresponding Social

Security disability claim, and her 1996 work injury and corresponding worker’s

compensation claim. Andres filed a motion for reconsideration of the court’s order granting

McCormack’s motion in limine.



                                              4
¶14    The District Court held a hearing approximately two weeks before trial on Andres’s

motion for reconsideration. Andres asserted at the hearing that she did not receive the

Johnson Report until after she had deposed Dr. Cory and Dr. Reid. The court asked

Andres’s counsel how he would hope to proceed in light of these circumstances. Andres’s

counsel said that he “would be glad if the Court were to vacate trial and I would be glad to

travel . . . .” The court stated “Well, I don’t want to vacate the trial. Can you fit it in?”

Andres’s counsel then asserted that he would have tried to depose Dr. Johnson if he had

received the Johnson Report with more time. He stated, “But with the close of discovery the

day after, and probably the day I received [the Johnson Report], my hands were tied as far as

that. So I said, fine, I will live with that. I’ll just cross-examine Dr. Cory, Dr. Reid, or any

of the other experts saying, how would this--would this affect your opinion . . . .”

¶15    Andres also argued at the hearing on the motion for reconsideration that the District

Court should allow her to question Margot Hart (Hart), McCormack’s vocational expert,

about statements made by McCormack’s orthopedic physician, Dr. Vallin, regarding

McCormack’s brain injury. Hart had conducted a rehabilitation assessment and had made a

life care plan for McCormack. Hart filed an addendum to the assessment after Andres had

taken Hart’s deposition. The addendum referenced Dr. Vallin and included statements that

he had made concerning McCormack’s brain injury.

¶16    The District Court agreed at the hearing on the motion for reconsideration to reopen

discovery for the limited purpose of determining whether the Johnson Report would have

had any effect on the diagnoses or opinions of Dr. Cory or Dr. Reid. The District Court also

agreed that Andres could cross-examine Hart about McCormack’s brain injury if Hart “opens
                                               5
the door to either [Dr. Vallin’s] correspondence or any opinion that she may have attributed

to [Dr. Vallin] in regard to the brain injury . . .” during direct examination.

¶17    Andres deposed Dr. Cory a second time after the hearing on the motion for

reconsideration. Andres’s counsel asked Dr. Cory if the permanent impairment ratings from

the Johnson Report indicated that McCormack’s symptoms from the 1996 injury “would

continue being an impairment for the rest of Ms. McCormack’s life . . . ?” Dr. Cory stated

that he “would disagree with that . . . [and] if you read the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

of Mental Disorders No. IV, you won’t find . . . that either of these disorders are lifelong or

permanent by nature . . . .”

¶18    Andres also deposed Dr. Reid a second time after the hearing on the motion for

reconsideration. Andres’s counsel confirmed that McCormack previously had failed to

inform Dr. Reid of having suffered the symptoms listed in the Johnson Report at any time

before the most recent accident. Andres’s counsel asked Dr. Reid if such a history “is

important for you not only for treatment but in formulating an opinion or diagnosis [as to]

what was causing those symptoms?” Dr. Reid responded that “It would be important to

know that.” McCormack’s counsel asked Dr. Reid if there is “anything in [the Johnson

Report] that would change any of your opinions . . . ?” Dr. Reid responded “No.”

¶19    The District Court issued an order the day before trial denying Andres’s motion for

reconsideration. The court also granted a motion filed one day earlier by McCormack to

preclude evidence at trial regarding the 1999 car accident. The case proceeded to trial.

¶20    McCormack testified at trial. McCormack identified a one-page document as a

summary of all of her medical expenses up to the date of trial related to the recent car
                                               6
accident. Andres objected. Andres asserted that McCormack could not testify to the

necessity and reasonableness of the expenses. Andres argued that McCormack’s medical

providers had to establish the necessary foundation for admitting the summary. The court

overruled the objection and admitted the summary into evidence.

¶21    The jury awarded McCormack $361,684 in compensatory damages. Andres appeals

the District Court’s orders granting McCormack’s motions in limine. Andres also appeals

the District Court’s failure to continue the date of trial and the court’s admission of the

medical expense summary.

                               STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶22    District courts possess broad discretion when determining the admissibility of

evidence. Seltzer v. Morton, 2007 MT 62, ¶ 65, 336 Mont. 225, ¶ 65, 154 P.3d 561, ¶ 65. A

court may exclude relevant evidence if the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the

issues, needless presentation of cumulative evidence, waste of time, undue delay, or

misleading of the jury substantially outweighs the evidence’s probative value. Henricksen v.

State, 2004 MT 20, ¶ 64, 319 Mont. 307, ¶ 64, 84 P.3d 38, ¶ 64. We review a district court’s

evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion. Seltzer, ¶ 65. A district court abuses its

discretion when it acts arbitrarily without employment of conscientious judgment or so

exceeds the bounds of reason as to work a substantial injustice. Peterson v. Doctors’ Co.,

2007 MT 264, ¶ 31, 339 Mont. 354, ¶ 31, 170 P.3d 459, ¶ 31.

¶23    We review a district court’s decision to continue a trial for an abuse of discretion.

State v. Ibarra-Salas, 2007 MT 173, ¶ 13, 338 Mont. 191, ¶ 13, 164 P.3d 898, ¶ 13. We will



                                             7
not overturn a court’s decision to deny a motion for a continuance absent a showing of both

an abuse of discretion and prejudice to the complaining party. Ibarra-Salas, ¶ 13.

                                       DISCUSSION

                                        ISSUE ONE

¶24    Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it prevented Andres from cross-

examining McCormack and her medical providers about McCormack’s previous injuries and

impairment ratings?

¶25    Andres asserts that the District Court should have allowed her to cross-examine

McCormack and her medical providers about the injuries that McCormack previously had

suffered from the car accidents in 1993 and 1999 and the work related incident in 1996.

Andres also faults the District Court for precluding evidence that McCormack had submitted

a claim for Social Security disability benefits as a result of the 1993 car accident. Andres

argues that the jury would have apportioned the damages for the injuries stemming from this

accident after learning of McCormack’s previous injuries.

¶26    A defendant must establish a “more probable than not causal link . . .” before a court

will allow it to present alternate causation evidence. Henricksen, ¶ 70. The party seeking to

introduce alternate causation evidence must demonstrate a causal connection between the

present symptoms complained of and a prior accident. Henricksen, ¶ 70. Mere speculation

constitutes an insufficient basis for admitting alternate causation evidence. Henricksen, ¶ 63.

¶27    The District Court determined that Andres had failed to present any evidence

connecting McCormack’s present injuries and the 1993 car wreck and the related Social

Security claim. The court cited Dr. Cory’s statements that the 1993 accident did not affect
                                              8
his diagnosis of McCormack’s present injuries. The District Court also determined that

Andres had failed to question McCormack or other pertinent witnesses as to the relevance of

the Social Security claim that stemmed from the 1993 accident. The court determined that

Andres had failed to affirmatively demonstrate a causal connection between these incidents

and McCormack’s present injuries.

¶28    The hearing on the motion for reconsideration revealed that Andres did not have

access to the Johnson Report, which detailed McCormack’s 1996 work incident injuries,

until after Andres had deposed McCormack’s medical providers. The District Court

provided Andres with the opportunity to depose for a second time both Dr. Cory and Dr.

Reid. Dr. Cory testified that the injuries listed in the Johnson Report were not permanent by

nature. Dr. Reid specifically testified that nothing in the Johnson Report changed her

opinions and diagnosis of McCormack’s present injuries.

¶29    The District Court noted that Andres likely had established the fact that McCormack’s

medical providers deemed important the Johnson Report. The District Court concluded that

demonstrating the importance of the report, however, did not equate to a demonstration that a

“more probable than not” causal connection existed between the 1996 work incident and

McCormack’s present injuries.

¶30    Finally, the District Court determined that Andres had failed to establish a causal

connection between McCormack’s present injuries and the 1999 car accident. The District

Court made a conscientious decision to exclude evidence of McCormack’s previous

accidents after providing to Andres the opportunity to establish a probable alternate cause of

McCormack’s claimed injuries. The court’s decision to prohibit Andres from soliciting
                                              9
alternate causation evidence did not constitute an abuse of discretion under these

circumstances. Peterson, ¶ 31.

¶31    Andres also argues that the District Court should have allowed her to use evidence of

the prior accidents on cross-examination to impeach McCormack. Andres cites the fact that

McCormack initially did not disclose all of her past medical information to her doctors as a

basis for attacking McCormack’s credibility.

¶32    The District Court determined in its initial order that Andres had failed to provide any

evidence demonstrating dishonest conduct committed by McCormack. Andres did not raise

the issue of McCormack’s credibility in its motion to reconsider. Andres also failed to raise

McCormack’s credibility at the hearing on the motion to reconsider. Accordingly, the

District Court did not address the issue of McCormack’s credibility in its final order granting

McCormack’s motions. Andres abandoned her argument regarding McCormack’s credibility

before the District Court and we need not consider it on appeal. See e.g. State v. Minez, 2004

MT 115, ¶ 31, 321 Mont. 148, ¶ 31, 89 P.3d 966, ¶ 31.

                                        ISSUE TWO

¶33    Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it prevented Andres from soliciting

statements made by McCormack’s orthopedic physician concerning McCormack’s brain

injury?

¶34    Andres asserts that the District Court improperly precluded evidence concerning

McCormack’s brain injury. She argues that the District Court should have allowed her to

explore statements made by McCormack’s orthopedic doctor, Dr. Vallin, concerning the

brain injury. Andres further asserts that the vocational expert, Hart, made assessments based
                                              10
in part on Dr. Vallin’s statements about the brain injury. Andres argues that the District

Court should have allowed her to cross-examine Hart about Dr. Vallin’s statements.

¶35    District courts possess broad discretion when determining the boundaries of

admissible evidence. Seltzer, ¶ 65. McCormack’s counsel asked Dr. Vallin during his

deposition if he had seen McCormack “for her back pain and not her head injury; is that

correct?” Dr. Vallin responded, “That’s correct.” The District Court noted that Dr. Vallin

“did not evaluate [McCormack] for treatment of any brain injuries . . . .”

¶36    The District Court learned at the hearing on the motion for reconsideration that the

vocational expert, Hart, had filed an addendum to her initial rehabilitation assessment. The

court learned that the addendum referenced Dr. Vallin and statements that Dr. Vallin had

made concerning McCormack’s brain injury. The District Court acknowledged the potential

relevance of the references in the addendum. The court gave permission to Andres to elicit

these statements from Hart during cross-examining if Hart “opens the door to either [Dr.

Vallin’s] correspondence or any opinion that [Hart] may have attributed to [Dr. Vallin] in

regard to the brain injury . . . .”

¶37    McCormack affirmatively demonstrated that Dr. Vallin treated her only for back pain.

McCormack established that Dr. Vallin made only incidental and secondary observations

concerning her brain injury. The District Court, in light of the scope of treatment provided

by Dr. Vallin, set forth reasoned restrictions concerning both direct and indirect evidence of

the doctor’s statements regarding McCormack’s brain injury. The record reveals that the

District Court did not abuse its discretion in granting McCormack’s motions in limine with

regard to Dr. Vallin’s statements. Peterson, ¶ 31.
                                             11
                                       ISSUE THREE

¶38    Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it did not continue the trial date?

¶39    Andres argues that the District Court improperly refused to continue the trial date in

light of McCormack’s last-minute disclosures. Andres contends that McCormack’s last-

minute disclosures and the day-before-trial ruling by the court to preclude certain evidence

prejudiced Andres’s ability to prepare adequately for trial. McCormack asserts that the

District Court properly maintained the original trial date in light of Andres’ failure to make a

formal motion for a continuance and her failure to provide an affidavit in support of a motion

to continue.

¶40    McCormack supplied evidence of her previous car accidents early in discovery.

McCormack supplied the Johnson Report and other materials on the last day of discovery.

The hearing on Andres’s motion for reconsideration took place two weeks before trial began.

¶41    The court asked Andres’s counsel at the hearing for his proposed course of action in

light of the fact that Andres had received some discovery materials after she had deposed a

number of McCormack’s medical providers. Andres’s counsel stated, “I would be glad if the

Court were to vacate trial and I would be glad to travel . . . .” The court responded “Well, I

don’t want to vacate the trial. Can you fit it in?”

¶42    Andres asserts that her counsel’s statements constituted a motion for a continuance.

Andres further contends that the court’s response rendered futile a formal motion for a

continuance. The exchange between Andres’s counsel and the court fails to rise to the level

of an affirmative motion. The statement “I would be glad if the Court were to vacate trial . .

.” does not constitute a motion for a continuance. See M. R. Civ. P. 7(b)(1); see also
                                              12
Luppold v. Lewis, 172 Mont. 280, 294-95, 563 P.2d 538, 546 (1977) (citing State ex rel.

McVay v. District Court, 126 Mont. 382, 393, 251 P.2d 840, 846 (1953) for the proposition

that a motion must provide both notice to a party interested in opposing the motion and an

opportunity to oppose intelligently the motion). The court’s indication that it “[did not] want

to vacate the trial” similarly does not demonstrate that the court held a predetermined

position with regard to a formal motion for a continuance. We generally decline to consider

on appeal arguments that the District Court did not have an opportunity to consider. Prosser

v. Kennedy Enterprises, Inc., 2008 MT 87, ¶ 35, 342 Mont. 209, ¶ 35, 179 P.3d 1178, ¶ 35.

Andres failed to provide the District Court with the opportunity to rule on a motion for a

continuance. We decline to review a decision that the District Court did not make.



                                       ISSUE FOUR

¶43    Did the District Court abuse its discretion by admitting into evidence McCormack’s

summary of medical expenses?

¶44    Andres faults the District Court for admitting into evidence McCormack’s summary

of medical expenses. Andres asserts that McCormack’s medical providers had to lay the

foundation for the admission of the one-page summary.

¶45    We do not require a plaintiff to establish with certainty the causal connection between

her accident and her injuries. Moralli v. Lake County, 255 Mont. 23, 30, 839 P.2d 1287,

1291 (1992). We confirmed in Moralli that a plaintiff need not provide medical expert

testimony where the nature of an injury allows a layperson to see plainly or infer the cause of

the injury. Moralli, 255 Mont. at 29, 839 P.2d at 1291 (citing Cain v. Stevenson, 218 Mont.
                                              13
101, 706 P.2d 128 (1985)). We determined in Moralli that a plaintiff suffering from injuries

caused by a slip and fall in a public facility could testify competently to her past and present

conditions. Moralli, 255 Mont. at 30, 839 P.2d at 1291.

¶46    The one-page exhibit introduced by McCormack comprised a summary of the medical

expenses that she had incurred as of the date of trial. McCormack testified that the summary

reflected accurately her medical expenses stemming from the accident. Like the plaintiff’s

injuries in Moralli, the back and brain injuries that McCormack sustained comprised the type

of injuries that a layperson could infer had occurred as a result of a car accident.

McCormack could testify competently to these injuries. McCormack also could testify

competently to the past expenses that she had incurred as a result of her injuries. We

conclude that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the one-page

summary of medical expenses. Peterson, ¶ 31.

¶47    Affirmed.

                                                   /S/ BRIAN MORRIS


We Concur:

/S/ KARLA M. GRAY
/S/ JOHN WARNER
/S/ PATRICIA COTTER
/S/ JIM RICE




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