                        NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

                                          No. 121,202

             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                       STATE OF KANSAS,
                                           Appellee,

                                                v.

                                   PEDRO DANIEL VASQUEZ,
                                         Appellant.

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION


       Appeal from Finney District Court; WENDEL W. WURST, judge. Opinion filed April 10, 2020.
Affirmed.


       Submitted for summary disposition pursuant to K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-6820(g) and (h).


Before MALONE, P.J., LEBEN AND POWELL, JJ.


       PER CURIAM: Pedro Vasquez received probation following his conviction for non-
residential burglary. The judge ordered Vasquez to pay $33,560 in restitution to the
victim of his crime, a shop owner. That figure included the replacement value of items
stolen from the shop and business the owner lost because of Vasquez' crime.


       On appeal, Vasquez says the restitution figure is unreliable because it was
calculated based solely on the shop owner's testimony. But Vasquez didn't raise that
objection at sentencing, so we cannot consider it for the first time on appeal. And even if
we could, we would find no abuse of discretion in relying on the shop owner's testimony
to calculate restitution.


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                       FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND


       Vasquez' burglary conviction was based on items he had stolen from Thomas
Miller's auto body and paint shop. At Vasquez' sentencing hearing, Miller testified about
the stolen items. When Miller discovered the break-in, he made a list of the missing
items. The police returned some of those items to Miller. For the remaining items, Miller
estimated the replacement value of each item. He based his estimates for some items on
his memory of how much he had paid for them. For others, he used receipts or prices
from stores in town. Based on these estimates, the total replacement cost of the
unreturned items was $18,560.


       Miller also testified that he lost business at his shop because of the burglary.
Miller used several of the stolen items to complete auto repairs for customers; without
them, he had to turn down clients seeking his shop's services. He named two customers
he turned down who needed repairs for significant hail damage to their cars. The cars had
about $7,500 and $5,000 in damage. He mentioned two other jobs that he turned down,
including a custom paint job for a Chevy Camaro driven by a roadie of country-singer
Toby Keith. In all, Miller estimated that he lost $15,000 in business because of the
burglary.


       Vasquez didn't object to Miller's calculations or present any evidence at the
sentencing hearing on restitution. The court ordered that Vasquez pay Miller $33,560 in
restitution: $18,560 for the stolen items and $15,000 for lost income.


                                         ANALYSIS


       On appeal, Vasquez argues that the district court abused its discretion in
calculating restitution based solely on Miller's testimony. Vasquez says Miller's lay
opinion about the value of the stolen items was not reliable evidence, so he asks us to

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vacate the restitution order and remand for the district court to set a more appropriate
figure.


          But Vasquez didn't raise this argument in the district court at his sentencing
hearing. Appellate courts like ours generally don't consider issues not raised in the trial
court, including those involving restitution. See State v. King, 288 Kan. 333, 353-54, 204
P.3d 585 (2009); State v. Hunziker, 274 Kan. 655, 669, 56 P.3d 202 (2002); State v.
Herron, 50 Kan. App. 2d 1058, 1061-62, 335 P.3d 1211 (2014). In other cases, we've
said that a defendant preserved an objection to the restitution amount by raising it in a
formal motion or at sentencing. Herron, 50 Kan. App. 2d at 1061-62. But Vasquez never
objected in the district court to the restitution figure or the evidence on which it was
based. So he has waived that objection and cannot raise it for the first time on appeal.


          Even if Vasquez had properly presented his argument to the district court, we
would still reject it under the straightforward rules that govern restitution. The district
court must base its decision on reliable evidence to calculate a defensible restitution
figure that reflects the victim's actual losses from the defendant's crime. The amount of
restitution awarded is within the district court's discretion. Unless the district court has
made a legal or factual error, we may find an abuse of discretion only when no
reasonable person would agree with the decision made by the district court. State v. Hall,
297 Kan. 709, 711-14, 304 P.3d 677 (2013); Hunziker, 274 Kan. 655, Syl. ¶¶ 2-3.


          We find no abuse of discretion in the district court's decision to rely on Miller's
testimony to calculate restitution. His testimony was reliable evidence because the owner
of property is presumed to be qualified to testify about its value. Ultimate Chemical Co.
v. Surface Transp. Intern., Inc., 232 Kan. 727, Syl. ¶ 4, 658 P.2d 1008 (1983). Vasquez
was free to dispute Miller's testimony with evidence that his estimates were inaccurate,
exaggerated, or unreliable. He didn't do so; he presented no evidence on restitution and
offers no other reason why the $33,560 figure was indefensible. Because the district court

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relied on reliable evidence to calculate a defensible restitution figure, we find no abuse of
discretion.


       On Vasquez' motion, we accepted this appeal for summary disposition under
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-6820(g) and (h) and Supreme Court Rule 7.041A (2019 Kan. S.
Ct. R. 47). We have reviewed the record available to the sentencing court, and we find no
error in its decision to revoke Vasquez' probation.


       We affirm the district court's judgment.




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