         Case: 13-13900   Date Filed: 11/17/2014   Page: 1 of 25


                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]



           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                  FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                    ________________________

                           No. 13-13900
                     ________________________

              D.C. Docket No. 8:11-cv-01468-VMC-TBM



AXIOM WORLDWIDE, INC.,
a Florida corporation,

                                            Plaintiff - Counter
                                            Defendant - Appellee,

versus

EXCITE MEDICAL CORP.,
SALEEM N. MUSALLAM,

                                            Defendants - Counter
                                            Claimants - Appellants.

                     ________________________

             Appeals from the United States District Court
                  for the Middle District of Florida
                    ________________________

                          (November 17, 2014)
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Before WILSON and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges, and SCHLESINGER, *
District Judge.

ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judge:

       Billy Preston and Bruce Fisher could have been talking about Appellants

Excite Medical Corporation (“EMC”) and Saleem N. Musallam’s trademark rights

for Axiom Worldwide, Inc.’s DRX9000, DRX9000C, and DRX9500 medical

products when they wrote the lyric, “Nothin’ from nothin’ leaves nothin’.” 1 EMC

and Musallam claim their trademark rights in the products at issue based on their

relationship with HTRD Group Hong Kong Limited, which, in turn, claims its

trademark rights from Michael Leutgert and Associates, which, in turn, succeeded

to all of the interests of Axiom Worldwide, LLC (“Axiom, LLC”).

       The problem is, Axiom, LLC, never owned trademark rights in the medical

products.     Instead, Appellee, the separate company Axiom Worldwide, Inc.

(“Axiom, Inc.”), owns and has always owned the trademarks. So Axiom, LLC,

started with nothing in the trademark department and passed that same nothing

down, all the way to Appellants. As a result, when Axiom, Inc., filed suit against

Appellants and HTRD for, among other claims, trademark infringement, the

district court decided against Appellants and ordered Appellants to pay Axiom,



* Honorable Harvey E.    Schlesinger, United States District Judge for the Middle District of
Florida, sitting by designation.
1
  Billy Preston & Bruce Fisher, “Nothing from Nothing,” recorded by Preston on The Kids and
Me (A&M Record 1974).
                                               2
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Inc., $1.32 million in lost-profit damages stemming from Appellants’ infringement

of Axiom, Inc.’s trademarks.

          Also, during the course of the proceedings, the district court sanctioned

Appellants for discovery misconduct by striking their pleadings and entering

default judgments on several claims. On appeal, EMC and Musallam contest the

determination that they do not enjoy trademark rights, the awarding of and amount

of damages, and the discovery sanctions. Because we agree with the district court

(and Billy Preston and Bruce Fisher, for that matter) that nothin’ from nothin’

leaves nothin’, 2 and because we find no error in any of the district court’s other

challenged rulings, we affirm.

                                                  I.

A. History of the Prior Litigation

          In order to address the parties’ issue-preclusion dispute, it is first necessary

to review the circumstances that gave rise to and were considered during the prior

litigation involving the trademark-ownership issue.                 Axiom, Inc., is a Florida

corporation that develops, manufactures, and sells medical products around the

world. Axiom, Inc.’s “flagship” product is the DRX9000, a device that treats back

pain. Axiom, Inc., also developed and marketed a similar device for treating neck

pain called the DRX9000C or DRX9500. Between 2003 and 2005, Axiom, Inc.,


2
    See also Walter Int’l Prods., Inc. v. Salinas, 650 F.3d 1402, 1420 & n.14 (11th Cir. 2011).
                                                   3
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registered five trademarks related to these devices with the U.S. Patent and

Trademark Office (“USPTO”).

      In December 2005, Axiom, LLC, was established in connection with a

proposed sale of assets to a group of investors. Axiom, Inc., executed a Warranty

Bill of Sale on February 19, 2007, transferring to Axiom, LLC, its “right, title and

interest in and to all of [Axiom, Inc.’s] raw materials inventory, finished goods

inventory, computer equipment, leasehold improvements, machinery, equipment,

furniture, fixtures and goodwill.” The Bill of Sale was made retroactive to January

3, 2006.

      Following the creation of Axiom, LLC, both that company and Axiom, Inc.,

“became embroiled in a myriad of litigation fronts from competitors and regulatory

bodies alike.”   In one suit, styled North American Medical Corp. v. Axiom

Worldwide, Inc., No. 1:06-cv-01678-CCH (N.D. Ga. July 14, 2006) (the “Atlanta

Case”), North American Medical Corporation (“North American”), a competing

manufacturer of spinal-pain medical devices, sued Axiom, Inc., for, among other

things, trademark infringement. North American’s suit was filed on July 14,

2006—prior to the execution of the bill of sale, but after its effective date.

Eventually, North American amended its complaint to add Axiom, LLC, as a party,

and on January 27, 2009, Axiom, LLC, answered, asserting a variety of

counterclaims—including a claim for infringement of its trademarks—against


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North American. While Axiom, Inc., was a co-defendant in North American’s

original claims, it was not a party to Axiom, LLC’s counterclaim against North

American.

      North American moved for partial summary judgment, arguing on the

trademark issue that Axiom, LLC, lacked standing because Axiom, Inc., never

transferred the trademarks to the LLC.        Axiom, LLC, responded by arguing,

among other things, that the bill of sale was intended to convey all of Axiom,

Inc.’s assets to the LLC, including the trademarks. On June 25, 2010, the district

court in Atlanta ruled in favor of North American, noting both that the USPTO

records current at the time indicated Axiom, Inc., was the owner of the trademarks,

and that “the 2007 Warranty Bill of Sale did not, by its terms, transfer Axiom

Inc.’s trademarks, or any intellectual property rights, to Axiom LLC.” N. Am.

Med. Corp. v. Axiom Worldwide, Inc., No. 1:06-cv-01678-CCH, slip op. at 8-9

(N.D. Ga. June 25, 2010) (ECF No. 846). Eventually, the parties voluntarily

dismissed the Atlanta Case, but in doing so, the parties explicitly stipulated (and

the court adopted) that the summary judgment order against Axiom, LLC, would

remain binding. Id., slip op. at 2 (N.D. Ga. Apr. 13, 2012) (ECF No. 974). In sum,

at the conclusion of the Atlanta Case, Axiom, Inc., was the recognized owner of

the trademarks at issue here.

B. The Succession of Interests


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      In September 2008, Axiom, LLC, borrowed money from Progress Bank,

N.A., and, in exchange, granted Progress Bank a security interest in all of Axiom,

LLC’s assets. Progress Bank eventually sued Axiom, LLC, in Florida state court,

seeking to foreclose on the assets after Axiom, LLC, defaulted on the loan.

Progress Bank obtained a judgment in its favor, but that judgment was reversed on

jurisdictional grounds. Axiom, LLC, then filed a petition for the “Assignment for

Benefit of Creditors to Michael Luetgert and Associates,” seeking assignment of

all of Axiom, LLC’s assets to Luetgert. Leutgert was then authorized to sell

Axiom, LLC’s assets to Progress Bank.

      On July 2, 2010, Luetgert executed a bill of sale to transfer all assets in his

possession—that is, all of the assets formerly belonging to Axiom, LLC—to

Progress Bank. Axiom, Inc., was not involved in connection with any of these

proceedings. Two weeks later, Progress Bank sold all of the assets it acquired

from Luetgert to HTRD Group Hong Kong Limited (“HTRD”), a foreign

corporation authorized to do business in Florida, via an “as is” and “where is”

“Quit Claim Bill of Sale and Assignment.” HTRD, a co-defendant with EMC and

Musallam below, admits that it was aware of the Atlanta Case and the summary-

judgment order regarding trademark ownership at the time it executed the

quitclaim bill of sale. HTRD nevertheless filed paperwork with the USPTO to

transfer the trademarks to its name.


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      Although the full scope of the commercial relationship between HTRD and

the two Appellants, EMC and Musallam, is not entirely clear, it is undisputed that

HTRD and EMC jointly filed paperwork with the Food and Drug Administration

allowing EMC to become a “contract manufacturer” for the DRX devices. EMC is

an authorized distributor of the DRX devices for HTRD. Musallam also testified

that he gets his rights to sell the DRX machines from HTRD.               In addition,

Musallam is the United States-based agent for HTRD, the owner of EMC, and a

former employee of Axiom, Inc.

C. The Current Lawsuit

      Axiom, Inc., filed the lawsuit giving rise to this appeal in July 2011, suing

multiple defendants, including the two Appellants—EMC and Musallam—and

HTRD. Axiom, Inc., seeks a declaration that it is the owner of the trademarks and

also alleges that the defendants infringed its trademarks and copyrights, engaged in

unfair competition, perpetrated fraud on the USPTO, interfered with business

relationships, and misappropriated trade secrets.        Axiom, Inc., also accuses

Musallam and others of breaching confidentiality agreements.          HTRD filed a

counterclaim asserting that the disputed trademarks belonged to it via the chain of

succeeding interests described above.




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       During the course of the proceedings below, the district court found that

EMC and Musallam had engaged in egregious discovery misconduct 3 that had

seriously prejudiced Axiom, Inc.’s ability to prosecute its lawsuit.                      As a

consequence, on June 1, 2013, the district court imposed sanctions against EMC

and Musallam under Rule 37 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure by striking

their pleadings. In the same order, the district court instructed the clerk to enter

defaults against EMC and Musallam on June 3, 2013, and ordered Axiom, Inc., to

thereafter file a proper motion for entry of default judgment.

       The same day that the district court entered its sanctions order, it also

entered an order granting summary judgment in favor of Axiom, Inc., on the issue

of trademark ownership. The district court found that “[t]he identical issue that is

central to this case—whether Axiom Inc. transferred the intellectual property to

Axiom LLC via the 2007 Warranty Bill of Sale—was actually litigated in the

[Atlanta Case] when Axiom LLC attempted to assert a trademark infringement

counterclaim against the plaintiff in that case.” Axiom Worldwide, Inc. v. HTRD

Grp. H.K. Ltd., No. 8:11-cv-1468-T-33TBM, 2013 WL 2406260, at *6 (M.D. Fla.

June 1, 2013). The district court determined that all of the elements of issue


3
 This misconduct included repeatedly disobeying the court’s discovery orders, turning over
massive amounts of totally nonresponsive documents, destroying a computer server, and
potentially altering financial records. Clearly, the defendants’ misconduct warranted some
degree of sanctions. Nevertheless, a full recounting of the defendants’ misdeeds is unnecessary
because, as explained below, we find that, ultimately, defendants were effectively never
sanctioned in the manner they challenge on appeal.
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preclusion were met by the prior litigation and that, consequently, Axiom, Inc.,

was entitled to summary judgment on the ownership issue.

      Of note, while Musallam and EMC’s cross-motion for summary judgment

was stricken from the record by virtue of the discovery sanctions, the district court

did consider their defenses to Axiom, Inc.’s motion for summary judgment, noting

that “the Court will still analyze Axiom Inc.’s Motion for Summary [sic] as it

applies to these Defendants.” Axiom Worldwide, 2013 WL 2406260, at *1. Thus,

the district court considered and rejected on the merits the defenses of Musallam

and EMC (and the other defendants) to Axiom, Inc.’s issue-preclusion arguments

in evaluating Axiom, Inc.’s summary-judgment motion.

      Having granted summary judgment to Axiom, Inc., on the ownership issue,

the district court then went on to analyze the effect of this holding on Axiom, Inc.’s

various claims against all the defendants. With respect to Musallam and EMC, the

district court noted that a default judgment would be evaluated at a later time with

respect to claims for fraud on the USPTO, misappropriation of trade secrets, and

interference with a business relationship.     But the district court analyzed the

trademark-infringement, copyright-infringement, and unfair-competition claims on

the merits with respect to Musallam and EMC, and found them liable on these

claims. See Axiom Worldwide, 2013 WL 2406260, at *15 n.7 (“As noted above,

the Court has stricken [EMC] and Musallam’s pleadings and directed the entry of


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default against them . . . . However, even without considering the entry of default,

the Court finds that Axiom Inc. has established trademark infringement and

copyright infringement by [EMC] and Musallam, and, thus, takes this opportunity

to address the merits of Axiom Inc.’s Motion for Summary Judgment as to [EMC]

and Musallam on these issues.”); id. at *15-17, *20. The district court never

entered a default judgment against EMC and Musallam on the trademark-

infringement, copyright-infringement, and unfair-competition claims.

         The district court then held a two-day bench trial on the issue of damages.

In its order following the trial, the district court confirmed that it had granted

summary judgment against EMC and Musallam on the trademark, copyright, and

unfair-competition claims, leaving only the USPTO fraud, misappropriation,

interference, and confidentiality-agreement claims for resolution on default

judgment. With respect to Musallam (and all of the other defendants except

EMC), the district court awarded statutory damages for the trademark, copyright,

and unfair-competition claims. In deciding the amount of statutory damages, the

district court noted that the defendants “subjectively believed” that they had a right

to use the trademarks and did not willfully intend to infringe Axiom, Inc.’s marks.

The district court awarded $85,000 in statutory damages against Musallam

individually for these claims. 4


4
    Musallam does not appeal the award of these damages.
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      With respect to EMC, the district court awarded actual damages under the

Lanham Act. The district court pointed to Musallam’s testimony that he sold

twenty-four machines for a profit of $25,000 to $85,000 per machine and

calculated the range of possible profits to be $600,000 to $2,040,000. Then the

district court concluded that EMC had not met its burden of proving that any

reduction in the profits was warranted, but also determined that Axiom, Inc., had

not proven profits with any more specificity than the noted range. Accordingly,

the district court exercised its discretion and set EMC’s damages liability at

$1,320,000, the midpoint of the profits range.

      No separate damages were awarded against EMC and Musallam on the

defaulted claims. Axiom, Inc., dismissed its claim for fraud on the USPTO, and,

with respect to the remaining defaulted claims, the district court found that the

damages suffered by Axiom, Inc., on those claims were “part and parcel” of the

damages suffered due to the trademark claims, thereby declining to award any

damages on the defaulted claims.

                                        II.

      This Court reviews a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo,

considering all the evidence and viewing facts in the light most favorable to the

non-moving party. Morales v. Zenith Ins. Co., 714 F.3d 1220, 1226 (11th Cir.

2013). “Summary judgment is appropriate only when ‘there is no genuine dispute


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as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’”

Id. (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)). The preclusive effect of prior litigation is a

question of law subject to de novo review. See Aldana v. Del Monte Fresh

Produce, N.A., Inc., 578 F.3d 1283, 1288 (11th Cir. 2009) (citing Far Out Prods.,

Inc. v. Oskar, 247 F.3d 986, 993 (9th Cir. 2001)).

      The preclusive effect of a prior litigation encompasses both claim preclusion

and issue preclusion, terms that are sometimes lumped together under the rubric of

“res judicata.” Taylor v. Sturgell, 553 U.S. 880, 892, 128 S. Ct. 2161, 2171

(2008). Issue preclusion “bars ‘successive litigation of an issue of fact or law

actually litigated and resolved in a valid court determination essential to the prior

judgment,’ even if the issue recurs in the context of a different claim.” Id. (quoting

New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 748-49, 121 S. Ct. 1808, 1814 (2001)). In

this Circuit, issue preclusion applies

             when (1) the issue at stake is identical to the one involved
             in the prior litigation; (2) the issue was actually litigated
             in the prior suit; (3) the determination of the issue in the
             prior litigation was a critical and necessary part of the
             judgment in that action; and (4) the party against whom
             the earlier decision is asserted had a full and fair
             opportunity to litigate the issue in the earlier proceeding.

Miller’s Ale House, Inc. v. Boynton Carolina Ale House, LLC, 702 F.3d 1312,

1318 (11th Cir. 2012). On appeal, EMC and Musallam attack only the fourth




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element: whether the party against whom the earlier decision is asserted had a full

and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in the earlier proceeding

      Ordinarily, issue preclusion is inapplicable against an entity that was not a

party to the first suit because that party has not had a full and fair opportunity to

litigate the issues settled in that suit. Taylor, 553 U.S. at 892-93, 128 S. Ct. at

2171. Applying issue preclusion to nonparties would offend the “deep-rooted

historic tradition that everyone should have his own day in court.” Id. (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted).

      At least six exceptions to this rule against nonparty preclusion exist, though,

the most relevant here being that “nonparty preclusion may be justified based on a

variety of pre-existing ‘substantive legal relationships’ between the person to be

bound and a party to the judgment.” Id. at 894, 128 S. Ct. at 2172. These

“relationships include, but are not limited to, preceding and succeeding owners of

property, bailee and bailor, and assignee and assignor,” and are sometimes

described as “privity.” Id. at 894 & n.8, 128 S. Ct. at 2172 & n.8 (emphasis

added).

      EMC and Musallam argue here that HTRD, EMC, and Musallam were not

parties to the Atlanta Case and therefore cannot be bound by that court’s




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determination of the trademark issue. 5 EMC and Musallam also assert that none of

the exceptions identified in Taylor, including the exception based on substantive

legal relationships, applies here. But Appellants offer no legal authority supporting

their assertion that successors to an interest in property are not bound by the

predecessor’s prior litigation of the same property issue, regardless of how many

links exist in the chain of succession.

       The Supreme Court has noted that substantive legal relationships, such as a

preceding and succeeding interest in property, are an exception to the rule against

nonparty preclusion. See Taylor, 553 U.S. at 894, 128 S. Ct. at 2172. Here, HTRD

is the successor in interest to the assets conveyed (or not conveyed) to Axiom,

LLC, by the 2007 Warranty Bill of Sale. The prior litigation of the issue of

whether the trademarks were included in that sale is just as preclusive against

HTRD as it would be against Axiom, LLC. Moreover, since EMC and Musallam’s

use of the trademarks was necessarily a result of an assignment or license by

HTRD, they similarly fall into the substantive-legal-relationship exception. See

Miller’s Ale House, 702 F.3d at 1317 n.6 (“For purposes of issue preclusion, an

5
 Axiom, Inc., urges this Court not to consider the nonparty-preclusion argument because they
assert that EMC and Musallam did not raise the argument in the district court. Generally, this
Court does not consider arguments raised for the first time on appeal. See Ramirez v. Sec’y, U.S.
Dep’t of Transp., 686 F.3d 1239, 1249 (11th Cir. 2012) (citing FDIC v. 232, Inc., 920 F.2d 815,
817 (11th Cir. 1991) (per curiam)). However, the decision to consider an argument not raised
below is within the discretion of the appellate court, particularly when the argument involves a
question of law that requires no further factual development. See id. at 1250 (citations omitted).
Thus, while Axiom, Inc., is arguably correct in its assertion that this argument was not raised
below, we will nevertheless exercise our discretion and dispose of the issue, anyway.
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assignee of a trademark ‘steps into the shoes’ of the assignor.” (citation omitted)).

Accordingly, as successors-in-interest to Axiom, LLC, EMC and Musallam were

properly precluded from re-litigating the trademark-ownership issue in this case.

      Appellants may also be renewing the argument made below that issue

preclusion does not apply because Axiom, LLC, and Axiom, Inc., did not litigate

the trademark-ownership issue against each other. That argument fails. While

courts do find that issue preclusion is inappropriate when parties were aligned on

the same side in the previous litigation, see, e.g., Penda Corp. v United States, 44

F.3d 967, 972-73 (Fed. Cir. 1994), that reasoning is not applicable here. First, and

most obviously, while Axiom, Inc., and Axiom, LLC, were co-defendants with

respect to North American’s claims in the Atlanta case, the relevant claim here

(concerning Axiom, Inc.’s trademarks) is Axiom, LLC’s counterclaim against

North American—a claim to which Axiom, Inc., was never a party, either aligned

or adversarial.

      Second, the concern about aligned parties goes to the need to preserve a full

and fair opportunity to litigate the issue, which may not exist when parties are

allied against a common adversary. See Penda Corp., 44 F.3d at 972; Franklin

Stainless Corp. v. Marlo Transp. Corp., 748 F.2d 865, 867 (4th Cir. 1984); see

also Allen v. McCurry, 449 U.S. 90, 95, 101 S. Ct. 411, 415 (1980) (“But one

general limitation the Court has repeatedly recognized is that the concept of


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collateral estoppel cannot apply when the party against whom the earlier decision

is asserted did not have a ‘full and fair opportunity’ to litigate that issue in the

earlier case.”). But here, EMC and Musallam advance no serious argument that

Axiom, LLC, did not fully and fairly litigate the issue of its trademark ownership

in the Atlanta Case. In fact, Axiom, LLC’s entire counterclaim in the Atlanta Case

depended on its (and not Axiom, Inc.’s) owning of the trademarks.

      And finally, to the extent that EMC and Musallam are advancing a mutuality

argument—that is, that issue preclusion can apply only if Axiom, Inc., litigated the

issue against Axiom, LLC, in the Atlanta suit, and they are the parties re-litigating

the issue here—that argument is without merit. The Supreme Court has expressly

done away with the mutuality requirement for issue preclusion. See Allen, 449

U.S. at 94-95, 101 S. Ct. at 415 (citing Blonder-Tongue Labs., Inc. v. Univ. of Ill.

Found., 402 U.S. 313, 91 S. Ct. 1434 (1971) and Parklane Hosiery Co. v. Shore,

439 U.S. 322, 99 S. Ct. 645 (1979)) (“Thus, the Court has eliminated the

requirement of mutuality in applying collateral estoppel to bar relitigation of issues

decided earlier in federal-court suits, . . . and has allowed a litigant who was not a

party to a federal case to use collateral estoppel ‘offensively’ in a new federal suit

against the party who lost on the decided issue in the first case . . . .”).

Accordingly, Axiom, Inc., a nonparty to the counterclaim in the Atlanta Case, can




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assert issue preclusion against the successors and assigns of Axiom, LLC, the party

that lost on the issue in the Atlanta Case.

      For all of these reasons, we find that the district court properly applied the

doctrine of issue preclusion to bar EMC and Musallam from re-litigating the issue

of trademark ownership. Axiom, LLC, had a full and fair opportunity to litigate

the issue of trademark ownership in the Atlanta Case. EMC and Musallam, while

not themselves parties to the Atlanta Case, are sufficiently in “privity” with

Axiom, LLC, through a chain of succeeding interests to make them fall within the

well-established substantive-legal-relationship exception to the general rule against

nonparty preclusion. EMC and Musallam are bound by the decision that the

trademarks belong to Axiom, Inc.

                                          III.

      This Court reviews a district court’s order imposing discovery sanctions

under Rule 37, Fed. R. Civ. P., for abuse of discretion. Serra Chevrolet, Inc. v.

Gen. Motors Corp., 446 F.3d 1137, 1146-47 (11th Cir. 2006). The sanctions must

be fully supported by the record; an abuse of discretion occurs when the district

court “misconstrues its proper role, ignores or misunderstands the relevant

evidence, and bases its decision upon considerations having little factual support.”

Id. at 1147 (quoting Arlook v. S. Lichtenberg & Co., 952 F.2d 367, 374 (11th Cir.

1992)) (internal quotation marks omitted). However, this Court reviews de novo


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an argument that sanctions violated a party’s due-process rights.        Id. (citing

BankAtlantic v. Blythe Eastman Paine Webber, Inc., 12 F.3d 1045, 1050 (11th Cir.

1994).

      Rule 37 permits a district court to impose sanctions on a party that “fails to

obey an order to provide or permit discovery.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2)(A). Such

sanctions include “striking pleadings in whole or in part” or “rendering a default

judgment against the disobedient party.” Id. 37(b)(2)(A)(iii), (vi). Entering a

default judgment as a discovery sanction “is appropriate only as a last resort” and

requires a finding of willfulness or bad faith on the part of the offending party.

Malautea v. Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd., 987 F.2d 1536, 1542 (11th Cir. 1993).

Furthermore, imposing a discovery sanction that is not “specifically related to the

particular claim which was at issue in the order to provide discovery” violates a

party’s due-process rights. Serra Chevrolet, 446 F.3d at 1151 (quoting Ins. Corp.

of Ir., Ltd. v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee, 456 U.S. 694, 707, 102 S. Ct.

2099, 2107 (1982)) (internal quotation marks omitted). EMC and Musallam claim

that the district court’s sanctions violated their due-process rights because the

pertinent discovery orders related to only sales and financial documents relevant to

the issue of damages and did not relate to their stricken defenses against issue

preclusion.




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      Although the district court completely struck all of their pleadings from the

docket, EMC and Musallam challenge the sanctions as violative of due process on

only a single, narrow ground: the district court’s striking of Appellants’ issue-

preclusion defenses. EMC and Musallam’s argument necessarily fails, though,

because the district court never entered a default judgment against them on their

issue-preclusion defenses, and, by considering the merits of the issue-preclusion

defenses, effectively never even struck these defenses from the record. The district

court granted default judgments against Appellants on only Axiom, Inc.’s claims

for misappropriation of trade secrets, intentional interference with business

relationships, and breach of the confidentiality agreement. See Axiom Worldwide,

Inc. v. HTRD Grp. H.K. Ltd., No. 8:11-cv-1468-T-33TBM, 2013 WL 3975675, at

*15 (M.D. Fla. July 31, 2013). And as noted above, while the district court struck

EMC and Musallam’s pleadings, including their motion for summary judgment,

the court expressly analyzed on the merits Axiom, Inc.’s motion for summary

judgment invoking issue preclusion with respect to EMC and Musallam (and the

other defendants). Axiom Worldwide, 2013 WL 2406260, at *1, *6-9. Because the

district court did not grant a default judgment against EMC and Musallam on the

issue-preclusion issue, and, by considering the merits, effectively did not strike

Appellants’ issue-preclusion defenses as a sanction, the due-process claim here

lacks any basis.


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                                        IV.

      The Lanham Act permits a party whose trademark was infringed to recover

actual damages, as measured by “(1) defendant's profits, (2) any damages sustained

by the plaintiff, and (3) the costs of the action.” 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a). Such an

award is “subject to the principles of equity.” Id. Accordingly, we have held that

courts have “a wide scope of discretion to determine the proper relief due an

injured party.” Burger King Corp. v. Mason, 855 F.2d 779, 781 (11th Cir. 1988)

(per curiam). Our review of an award of actual damages under the Lanham Act “is

under the abuse of discretion standard, wherein the decision will not be disturbed,

unless, upon a weighing of relevant factors, there is a definite and firm conviction

that the court below committed a clear error of judgment.” Id.

                                        A.

      EMC and Musallam argue first that the district court erred by awarding

profits as damages because the district court found that the defendants did not

willfully infringe Axiom, Inc.’s trademarks. See Axiom Worldwide, 2013 WL

3975675, at *8; Axiom Worldwide, 2013 WL 2406260, at *11-12. According to

EMC and Musallam, a lack of willfulness precludes an award of profits as

damages. In support of this proposition, they cite two cases and a treatise on

trademark law. But none of the cited authorities support Appellants’ proposition.




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       Appellants first cite Champion Spark Plug Co. v. Sanders, 331 U.S. 125, 67

S. Ct. 1136 (1947), and argue that injunctive relief is sufficient, and that an

accounting of profits is unnecessary, when there has been no showing of fraud or

palming off. While Champion stands for the proposition that an award of profits is

not required to remedy the infringement when the equities of the case dictate that

injunctive relief is adequate, id. at 130-31, 67 S. Ct. 1139-40, nothing in Champion

requires a showing of willfulness or fraud as a prerequisite to awarding profits as

damages.

       Appellants also cite Burger King’s language stating that “it is the character

of the conduct surrounding the infringement that is relevant,” 855 F.2d at 782, to

support their assertion that willful infringing conduct is a prerequisite to awarding

profits.   This portion of the Burger King opinion emphasized the “broad

discretion” committed to the district court in fashioning relief, however, and

actually stated that awards under the Lanham Act “are subject to the principles of

equity, and . . . no hard and fast rules dictate the form or quantum of relief.” Id. at

782-83 (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In any

event, the Burger King opinion definitively states the law of this Circuit, which

holds that an award of profits is not “dependent upon a higher showing of

culpability on the part of defendant, who is purposely using the trademark.” Id. at

781 (citing with approval cases that had “rejected good faith as a defense to an


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accounting of profits”). Thus, not only does Burger King not support Appellants’

position, that opinion directly contradicts it.

      Finally, Appellants cite a chapter of a leading treatise on trademarks for the

proposition that “courts almost always require that defendant's infringement imply

some connotation of ‘intent’” to infringe as a prerequisite to obtaining an

accounting of profits. See 5 J. Thomas McCarthy, McCarthy on Trademarks &

Unfair Competition § 30:62 (4th ed. 2014) (Westlaw). But EMC and Musallam

have apparently overlooked the remainder of that section where McCarthy

identifies this Circuit as among those circuits that hold “that while relevant,

willfulness [is] not essential or indispensable to a recovery of profits.” Id. (citing

our decision in Burger King).

      In sum, the law in this Circuit does not require a showing of willfulness

before awarding profits as actual damages under the Lanham Act.              Thus, in

awarding profits despite also finding a lack of willfulness, the district court did not

abuse its discretion because it did not commit a clear error of law or judgment in

this respect.

                                           B.

      EMC and Musallam next attack the amount of damages awarded by the

district court as unsupported by the evidence.            EMC and Musallam argue,

essentially, that the district court erred by not crediting the version of the


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Quickbooks financial records they submitted as evidence. In Appellants’ view,

their Quickbooks version, compiled by their expert Bartley Herrington,

“established beyond any doubt that [EMC’s] sales of new medical devices resulted

in a loss of $157,104.35 during the period in question.” Appellants contend the

district court clearly erred by disregarding this “abundant expert evidence.”

      The Lanham Act requires a plaintiff to prove the infringing defendant’s sales

only; the burden then shifts to a defendant to prove “all elements of cost or

deduction claimed.” 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a). Given the district court’s wide latitude

and discretion in awarding relief under the Lanham Act, the district court may

award damages “even when they are not susceptible to precise calculations.”

Ramada Inns, Inc. v. Gadsden Motel Co., 804 F.2d 1562, 1565 (11th Cir. 1986).

      In determining that Axiom, Inc., met its burden to prove gross sales revenue,

the district court credited and relied upon Musallam’s own testimony. Musallam

testified that he purchased the devices for approximately $30,000 and then sold

twenty-four new devices at between $55,000 and $115,000 a piece, resulting in a

profit of $25,000 to $85,000 per device. Based on this testimony, the district court

found that Axiom, Inc., had carried its burden and established a profit range of

between $600,000 and $2,040,000. As the district court calculated Axiom, Inc.’s

damages based on Musallam’s own testimony, we cannot say the district court




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abused its discretion in finding the range of profits to be from $600,000 to

$2,040,000.

      The burden then shifted to EMC and Musallam to prove any reduction to

this amount. In their attempt to do so, they submitted the Quickbooks records

prepared by their expert.      These records purported to show no profit for the

relevant period. Axiom, Inc., disputed the authenticity of EMC and Musallam’s

records, though, and submitted a different version of the Quickbooks. Sitting as

trier of fact during the bench trial, the district court weighed the evidence and

concluded that because of the “unexplained inconsistencies” in the financial

records, EMC had failed to meet “its burden of proving that any portion of its sales

were not attributable to its wrongful acts or that its sales included deductible costs

and expenses.” Axiom Worldwide, 2013 WL 3975675, at *12. The district court

then exercised its discretion and set damages at the midpoint of the profit range,

$1,320,000.

      It is, of course, “the exclusive province of the judge in non-jury trials to

assess the credibility of witnesses and to assign weight to their testimony.”

Childrey v. Bennett, 997 F.2d 830, 834 (11th Cir. 1993). Here, the district court

did just that. It weighed the conflicting evidence and concluded that EMC had

failed to prove that any reduction in profits was warranted. We are not left with

the “definite and firm conviction” that the district court erred in reaching this


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conclusion. See Crystal Entm’t & Filmworks, Inc. v. Jurado, 643 F.3d 1313, 1319-

20 (11th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). Nor are

we convinced that the district court abused its discretion in setting a damages

award within the range of proven profits, particularly given the latitude afforded to

courts in fashioning remedies under the Lanham Act. Accordingly, we find no

reversible error in the district court’s award of damages in this case.

                                          V.

      For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the judgments against EMC

and Musallam.




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