                                                NOT PRECEDENTIAL

         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
              FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                   _____________

                       No. 19-2157
                      _____________

JAMES J. BINNS, as sole shareholder of James J. Binns, P.C.,
                                  Appellant

                             v.

                  *TRUIST BANK,
             AKA Branch Banking & Trust Co

                             v.

                      John Does 1-22

    (*Amended Per Court Order dated January 24, 2020)
                   _______________

      On Appeal from the United States District Court
          for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                  (D.C. No. 2-18-cv-01166)
       District Judge: Honorable Gerald A. McHugh
                     _______________

        Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                    January 23, 2020

   Before: AMBRO, MATEY, and ROTH, Circuit Judges.

                   (Filed: March 9, 2020)
                                    _______________

                                       OPINION†
                                    _______________

MATEY, Circuit Judge.

       James Binns alleges Truist Bank allowed unauthorized electronic withdrawals from

his account, and wants the money returned. But his claims are barred under his agreement

with the bank, so we will affirm the District Court’s decisions.

                                     I. BACKGROUND

       This dispute stretches back to 2013, involves banks, two accounts, and an argument

between a father and a daughter over money. First, the banks: Binns was a customer of

National Penn Bank until 2016, when BB&T Bank acquired National, and Binns’s

business. BB&T has since changed its name to Truist Bank (“Truist”).

       Next, the accounts: Binns maintained the James J. Binns, P.C. account for business

purposes (the “Commercial Account”), and a separate account for his personal banking

(the “Personal Account”). Sometimes, he may have used the Commercial Account for

personal matters. Both National and BB&T sent Binns monthly statements detailing his

transactions. Binns, unfortunately, never reconciled the charges.

       And finally, the family: Binns alleges that from 2013, through 2017, his daughter

used the routing and account number for the Commercial Account to request hundreds of




       †
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7.,
does not constitute binding precedent.
                                             2
electronic Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) transactions to pay her bills. As Binns

maintains those transactions were not authorized, he asks Truist for reimbursement.

A.    The Withdrawals

      When the unauthorized withdrawals from the Commercial Account began, National

held the money. Binns first noticed an unauthorized transaction in his January 2013

statement. So Binns reached out to National saying he didn’t recognize the payment.

National explained it could simply be a check converted into an electronic withdrawal.

Binns suspected otherwise, but dropped the matter. Four years later, with the account now

held by BB&T, he placed a call to the bank asking about another unfamiliar payment.

BB&T asked for additional information, and Binns said he would call back. He never did.

      But later that year, a BB&T employee advised Binns that his daughter had visited

the bank to make several withdrawals from Binns’s Personal Account. Now, Binns set

about reconciling his Commercial Account statements and discovered questionable

withdrawals. At BB&T’s request, Binns submitted various affidavits, beginning on

February 10, 2017, which listed several unauthorized transactions dating to 2016. BB&T

refunded all but one. And, critically, Binns acknowledges his affidavits were the first

written notice of unauthorized transactions he submitted to either National or BB&T.

B.    The Lawsuit

      Binns proceeded to court, filing a complaint against BB&T, seeking recovery from

unauthorized transactions based on Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) Article 3. 13 Pa.

Cons. Stat. § 3406(b). Discovery began, leading Binns to claim 267 unauthorized

transactions. Truist responded with a motion for summary judgment, arguing the terms of
                                            3
the bank’s customer agreements precluded relief. The District Court agreed with Truist,

granting the bank’s motion for summary judgment. Ten days later, the District Court denied

Binns’s motion for reconsideration. This timely appeal followed.1

           II. BINNS’S CLAIMS ARE BARRED BY THE BANKING AGREEMENTS

       The Pennsylvania version of the UCC allows even a negligent banking customer to

recover a loss if the bank “fails to exercise ordinary care in paying or taking [an] instrument

and that failure substantially contributes to loss.” 13 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 3406(b). Thus, if

applicable, the UCC might offer Binns a theory to recover additional improper

withdrawals. Truist argues that the UCC does not apply to this action, and that the terms

promulgated by BB&T, and accepted by Binns (the “Customer Agreements”), control. The

District Court agreed with Truist that the Customer Agreements control, and that they bar

Binns’s claims. As we agree with the District Court, we will affirm that decision.

A.     The UCC

       We begin by considering whether the UCC applies. Binns brought his claims under

Article 3 of the UCC, 13 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 3406(b), and Truist raised defenses under Article




       1
          The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). We have
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 to review the District Court’s final order granting
Truist summary judgment and denying Binns’s motion for reconsideration. Our review of
the summary judgment order is de novo, examining whether “there is no genuine issue as
to any material fact” making the movant “entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Am.
Eagle Outfitters v. Lyle & Scott Ltd., 584 F.3d 575, 581 (3d Cir. 2009). We review the
denied motion for reconsideration for an abuse of discretion. Max’s Seafood Cafe ex rel.
Lou-Ann, Inc. v. Quinteros, 176 F.3d 669, 673 (3d Cir. 1999).
                                              4
4 of the UCC. Id. §§ 4111, 4406. But neither Article controls the electronic transactions in

dispute.

       Start with Article 3, governing negotiable instruments. Id. § 3102(a). A “‘negotiable

instrument’ is limited to a signed writing that orders or promises payment of money.” Id.

§ 3104, cmt. 1 (emphasis added). Here, of course, the electronic transactions occur with

the use of routing and account numbers, rather than a signed writing. So, as ordinarily

understood, the ACH withdrawals are not signed writings, making Article 3 inapplicable.

       Similarly, “Pennsylvania’s adoption of Article 4 does not contemplate electronic

withdrawals” and “was meant to apply only to traditional written instruments, rather than

electronic means of transferring and withdrawing funds.” Hopsicomm, Inc. v. Fleet Bank

N.A., 338 F. Supp. 2d 578, 586 (E.D. Pa. 2004). As a result, we agree that Article 4 does

not govern the ACH transactions.2 That takes this dispute out of the UCC and into the terms

of the Customer Agreements. And under those terms, Binns’s claims are barred.

B.     The Customer Agreements

       The District Court concisely stated the issue: “No single provision in the Banking

Agreements precludes all 267 transactions, but when considered together, the Agreements

bar all of Mr. Binns’s claims.” (App. at 15.)

       First, the Customer Agreements disclaim liability for transactions by the same

unauthorized party if the customer does not provide timely written notice (sixty days for



       2
         Though Article 4A covers credit wire transfers, 13 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 4A104, cmt.
4, that does not aid Binns. As the District Court rightly noted, the parties waived any
argument that Article 4A applies.
                                                5
National, thirty days for BB&T). Thus, under the National Customer Agreement, Binns

had until April 1, 2013, to file his claim based on the unauthorized withdrawals in the

January 31, 2013 statement. Yet, by his own admission, he did not report any unauthorized

transactions until 2017. Second, the BB&T Customer Agreement limits the bank’s liability

to one year.3 Third, the BB&T Customer Agreement obligates customers to provide prompt

notice of any problems based on a reconciliation of the posted transactions, steps Binns

concedes he did not take.

       And finally, the BB&T Customer Agreement limits the bank's maximum liability

for an unauthorized transaction to the amount of the transaction. Because BB&T already

refunded a portion of Binns’s claims, double recovery on those transactions is prohibited.

Taken together, the Customer Agreements bar Binns’s claims.

C.     Immaterial Factual Disputes

       But Binns argues that facts surrounding the parties’ performance of the Customer

Agreements make summary judgment improper. None are genuinely in dispute.

       First, there is no disagreement about when Binns provided notice. In his deposition,

he explained that he first “expressed to [bank employees] that [he] thought these

transactions were unauthorized” in February 2017. (App. at 62.) True, he twice called about

unfamiliar transactions on his monthly statements. But he stopped short of notifying the



       3
          We reach the same conclusion under the Pennsylvania UCC. Assuming, without
deciding, that the UCC applies, the Code provides defenses against all Binns’s claims. As
with the Customer Agreements, the “same wrongdoer” limitation bars all but the first few
transactions. See 13 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 4406(d)(2). And a one-year statute of limitations bars
the rest. See id. § 4406(f).
                                             6
bank that these transactions were not his. That leaves the February 10, 2017 affidavit as

the initial notice, which was sent too late.4 Nor does equitable tolling assist, as the doctrine

applies to deadlines imposed by law, not in private agreements. See, e.g., Seitzinger v.

Reading Hosp. & Med. Ctr., 165 F.3d 236, 240 (3d Cir. 1999) (“Under equitable tolling,

plaintiffs may sue after the statutory time period . . . has expired[.]”) (emphasis added);

Equitable Tolling, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (“The doctrine that the statute

of limitations will not bar a claim” in certain circumstances.) (emphasis added).5

         Binns also argues that because BB&T permitted his daughter to make withdrawals

from his Personal Account, it is responsible for the alleged fraudulent withdrawals from

his Commercial Account. But no authority supports his position that his daughter’s

transactions imposed a duty on BB&T to investigate. Indeed, the Customer Agreements

place that burden on Binns. Nor does he explain why this purported “bad faith” prevented

him from giving timely notice of the hundreds of transactions he ultimately flagged as

fraud.

         Finally, Binns criticizes BB&T for waiving the required notice when it provided a

refund. Yet, the Customer Agreements state that the bank could pardon deficient


         4
          Binns suggests that the District Court should have considered whether his calls
about two of the transactions provided “reasonable notice.” But that “reasonable” standard
comes from the UCC, see 13 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 1202(d), not the Customer Agreements. And
as we have explained, the Customer Agreements, not the UCC, control.
        5
          Equitable tolling could apply to the UCC but, even if the UCC governed, it would
make no difference to the outcome. The UCC provides that the parties are free to modify
the standard terms of the statute by private agreement. Binns and the banks exercised that
latitude to craft a specific and limited notice provision. And under the UCC, that agreement
controls. 13 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 4103(a).
                                               7
performance without sacrificing the right to insist on the terms of the contract in other

transactions. In all, the factual quarrels Binns raises are immaterial, and summary judgment

for Truist was proper.

          III. THE MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION WAS PROPERLY DENIED

       For largely the same reasons, we also discern no abuse of discretion in the District

Court’s decision to deny Binns’s motion for reconsideration. See Max’s Seafood Cafe, 176

F.3d at 673. A motion for reconsideration is granted only if it “rel[ies] on one of three

major grounds: (1) an intervening change in controlling law; (2) the availability of new

evidence not available previously; or (3) the need to correct clear error of law or prevent

manifest injustice.” N. River Ins. Co. v. CIGNA Reinsurance Co., 52 F.3d 1194, 1218 (3d

Cir. 1995) (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). None of the issues Binns raises

meet those standards.

       First, Binns contends that the disputed transactions are checks instead of electronic

transfers. No intervening law bolsters that point, and the evidence he cites—his own

deposition and a letter from Truist—is not new. And, of course, even if some transactions

were checks, all that would mean is that Article 3 of the UCC applies. That is no help to

Binns because, as noted, the terms of the Customer Agreements prevail.

       Next, Binns points to the same Truist letter suggesting Truist believed the UCC

should govern this dispute. That is not an intervening legal development, nor a newly




                                             8
developed matter of fact. And, again, it is the superseding terms of the Customer

Agreements that control.6

       Finally, Binns reiterates the same issues raised in his appeal from summary

judgment. For the same reasons he does not prevail on those arguments, he cannot succeed

under the more burdensome abuse of discretion standard. Max’s Seafood Cafe, 176 F.3d at

673. Therefore, the District Court did not abuse its discretion when denying Binns’s motion

for reconsideration.

                                     IV. CONCLUSION

       For these reasons, we will affirm the decision of the District Court.




       6
           His argument about the application of UCC Article 4A fails for the same reasons.
                                              9
