Filed 11/17/14 P. v. Barnett CA2/7
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION SEVEN


THE PEOPLE,                                                          B241357

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. BA370481)
         v.

TIMOTHY BARNETT,

         Defendant and Appellant.



         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Stephen A. Marcus, Judge. Reversed and remanded for a new trial.
         David L. Polsky, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Steven E. Mercer and Brendan
Sullivan, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                      ___________________________
       Timothy Barnett appeals from the judgment entered following his conviction by a
jury on multiple counts related to fraudulent purchases of home equity from homeowners
in default on loans secured by their property. Barnett challenges many aspects of the
evidence presented against him and has filed a companion petition for habeas corpus
relief asserting he received ineffective assistance of counsel. We address only his
contention the trial court violated his constitutional rights by denying his request for
appointed counsel to replace the retained lawyer he could no longer pay and who, as a
result, had failed to devote time to trial preparation. Because the deprivation of his right
to counsel constituted structural error (see People v. Ortiz (1990) 51 Cal.3d 975, 988), we
reverse.
                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       1. The Alleged Crimes
       Barnett was charged in an information on June 28, 2010 with five counts of illegal
purchase of equity in real property in violation of the Home Equity Sales Contract Act
(Civ. Code, § 1695.8) (HESCA),1 five counts of theft of real property (Pen. Code, § 487,
subd. (a)),2 six counts of procuring and offering false documents for recording (§ 115,
subd. (a)), two counts of theft from an elderly person (§ 368, subd. (d)), two counts of
forgery (§ 470, subd. (d)), one count of identity theft (§ 530.5, subd. (a)), and two counts


1
        HESCA was adopted in 1979 to protect homeowners whose residences were in
foreclosure from unfair dealings with investors seeking to purchase their properties; it was
intended to ensure a homeowner has adequate information to make informed decisions and
imposes a number of requirements to protect the homeowner. (See Civ. Code, §§ 1695.2-
1695.6; Spencer v. Marshall (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 783, 794.) Civil Code section 1695.8
criminalizes violations of HESCA involving fraud or deceit: “Any equity purchaser who
violates any subdivision of Section 1695.6 or who engages in any practice which would
operate as a fraud or deceit upon an equity seller shall, upon conviction, be punished by a
fine of not more than twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000), by imprisonment in the
county jail for not more than one year, . . . or by both that fine and imprisonment for each
violation.” (See People v. Shetty (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 1488, 1491.) A violation of Civil
Code section 1695.8 is punishable as either a felony or a misdemeanor. (Pen. Code, § 17,
subd. (b); see People v. Park (2013) 56 Cal.4th 782, 789.)
2
       Statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.

                                              2
of first degree residential burglary (§ 459). The information specially alleged the crimes
were related felonies involving the taking of more than $500,000 (§ 186.11, subd. (a))
and Barnett had suffered two prior serious or violent felony convictions within the
meaning of the three strikes law (§§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), 1170.12, subds. (a)-(d)). Barnett
pleaded not guilty and denied the special allegations.
       2. Barnett’s Attempt To Obtain Appointed Counsel Prior to Trial
       Barnett was represented by private attorney Winston McKesson from the time of
his arrest in April 2010 through June 2011 when McKesson was replaced by Amy
Konstantelos. In mid-November 2011 Barnett wrote two letters to the trial court
expressing his concern about his “lack of defense representation.” He told the court he
had no money to pay Konstantelos and was worried she did not have time to meet with
him to discuss the case. Konstantelos had told him that without financial resources she
could not represent him effectively.3 Barnett said he had asked both of his retained
attorneys if a “state-appointed attorney” would be better for all concerned, but they had
recommended against it. He emphasized he did not want to delay his trial but explained
in the five months he had been represented by Konstantelos he had yet to speak with her
about the case or receive any documents related to his case. Based on her lack of
preparation and the possibility he would spend the rest of his life in prison, he believed he
needed appointed counsel and asked the court to assign one.
       The court considered Barnett’s request at the December 1, 2011 pretrial
conference, which had been scheduled before Barnett wrote his letters. The court stated
it had not read the letters but understood there was a dispute about Konstantelos’s
compensation. Konstantelos told the court she had not spent “his allotted time” with
Barnett because she was not being paid (the cost of the case “is coming out of my own
pocket”) and had been forced to take on other matters to keep her practice afloat. She
stated, however, she understood her responsibility and thought she could still be ready for
trial. Barnett interrupted Konstantelos to say he did not want her to feel obligated when
3
      Barnett stated he had paid McKesson approximately $25,000 before McKesson
withdrew. Barnett had paid $2,500 to Konstantelos.

                                             3
she was not being paid but added, “I’m in custody. I don’t have the wherewithal to pay
her. . . . Based on her emails, there’s no communication with her and I. And with all due
respect, since June we have not discussed my case. So we’re now in December. . . .
They’re trying to give me life. I’m looking for an attorney that’s going to represent me,
that’s going to listen to what I have to say.”
       After expressing concern a change of attorney would result in a delay of the trial
date—which had not yet been set—and hardship for the elderly witnesses, the court asked
whether Barnett wanted to discharge his counsel. Barnett answered by referring the court
to the letters he had written. The court interjected, “I don’t usually read ex parte
communications from defendants unless there’s some absolute reason I should. You’re
represented by counsel. I’m not necessarily supposed to communicate with you.”
Barnett continued, “What I’m requesting, your honor, is . . . if I can get a state appointed
attorney to represent me. In the letter I indicated I’m not asking for a delay, but what I
am asking for is representation because I’m fighting for my life.”
       The court asked the prosecutor for a response; the prosecutor asked, if there were
to be a delay, the trial be set “within the 70 days or shortly thereafter.” The court then
observed, “The other thing that came to mind—but I think it’s dramatically frowned
upon; I don’t think I should do it—is to appoint the lawyer who takes the case privately
and then have her appointed as a public lawyer. . . . It’s rewarding a lawyer for taking a
case that they haven’t worked out the financial arrangements and then turning around and
then putting them on the public payroll. . . . I’m also just a tiny bit upset at you,
counsel . . . . You didn’t let me know there was this problem way before 70 days . . . .”
Konstantelos answered, “I did call over a month ago and spoke to the clerk . . . . I said
could you let the judge know, and if I need to come early before today, we can schedule a
court date.” When the court questioned Konstantelos’s failure to raise the issue earlier by
motion, she responded she was not asking to be relieved because she believed she was
responsible for the case. The court then stated, “That basically ends the story, then. If
he’s not . . . discharging you, and you’re not asking to be relieved[, . . .] [t]here’s nothing



                                                 4
else I can really do in this. You are the lawyer.” To allow time to research the question,
the court set a follow-up hearing for the following week.
       On December 9, 2011 the court reconvened the hearing and announced there was
no ground to appoint Konstantelos as Harris counsel.4 The court also stated it had
decided there were no grounds to remove Konstantelos on economic grounds, concluding,
“She’s going to be the counsel of record.” The court asked counsel if the trial could begin
on February 8, 2012 but realized that date would push the trial to the end of the 70-day
limitation. The court asked Barnett if he would waive his right to a speedy trial, and
Barnett agreed. The trial was set for February 8, 2012 and began on February 17, 2012.
       3. The Evidence at Trial
       Although our decision to reverse Barnett’s convictions turns on events that
occurred prior to trial, we summarize the evidence of the complex real estate transactions
to provide a context for understanding Barnett’s concern about his counsel’s lack of
preparation and his request to replace her with state-appointed counsel.5
       Barnett owned a real estate loan brokerage company known as Trusperity
Acquisition Corporation that also operated at times under the names Buyers Market Realty
Services (BMRS) and Dealpoint Investments. In 2005 Trusperity began processing home
equity sales transactions. Barnett oversaw those transactions and trained his staff to
identify homeowners in default on secured loans who might be interested in a home equity
sales contract. As his employees testified, Barnett, who is African-American, referred to
Hispanics and African-Americans as “his people” and instructed the employees to focus
on the Hispanic and Black populations in South Los Angeles and Compton because “they


4
        In Harris v. Superior Court (1977) 19 Cal.3d 786 the Supreme Court “held that a
trial court’s discretion in appointing counsel for an indigent defendant when the public
defender declares a conflict is not constrained by the defendant’s preference for a
particular attorney.” (People v. Lancaster (2007) 41 Cal.4th 50, 70, fn. 5.) Harris did
not address “the appointment of private counsel when the public defender is available to
represent the defendant.” (Lancaster, at p. 71, fn. 6.)
5
       The evidence at trial was introduced by the People. Barnett did not testify or
present any witnesses.

                                             5
don’t sue, and they don’t ask a lot of questions . . . .” Although Trusperity used templates
approved by an attorney for these transactions, when customers came into the office to
sign the printed forms, they rarely read what they were signing.
       The charges in this case arose from five home equity sales contracts solicited and
implemented by Barnett:
          a. The Baker transaction
       Eddie Baker bought his South Los Angeles home in 1969. In 2004 he borrowed
$206,000, an amount secured by a deed of trust on the property. By June 2005 he had
fallen behind in his payments, and the company holding the deed of trust filed a notice of
default. Barnett appeared at his house and told Baker he could help Baker pay his arrears
and repair his credit. After several meetings Baker signed an equity purchase agreement
providing Barnett would purchase Baker’s home for $226,000, subject to the existing
loan, and pay Baker $12,000. On July 6, 2005 Baker also signed a grant deed
transferring title to Barnett and a lease indicating he would pay a monthly rent of $1,000
to Barnett for the next three years. The lease contained an option clause, guaranteeing
Baker the right to buy back the house for $251,000 at any time during the second year of
the lease term. If he failed to exercise the option, however, it would terminate. Baker
later testified he did not understand he had sold his house to Barnett and did not read all
the papers because he trusted Barnett, who seemed professional, treated Baker well and
was a Christian.
       Barnett also had Baker sign escrow instructions reflecting a sale price of $440,000,
to be funded by a loan of $352,000. An amendment to the escrow instructions directed
the escrow company to wire the proceeds from the sale to BMRS. In mid-July 2005 this
escrow was cancelled and re-opened with new instructions indicating a sale price of
$218,852.47 (the amount owed on Baker’s existing secured loan). Trusperity deposited
funds to cover the costs specified in the new escrow instructions but, on the same day,
recorded the grant deed signed by Baker that reflected the price of $440,000, as specified
in the original escrow instructions. Barnett then opened a third escrow account. On
July 18, 2005 Barnett transferred Baker’s home to Trusperity; the deed was recorded

                                             6
three days later. That same day Trusperity (acting through its president, Barnett’s wife
Kimberly) obtained a loan from Anchor Mortgage (Anchor) for $285,000 secured by a
trust deed recorded against the house. After paying off Baker’s existing loan, as well as
escrow and title fees, Trusperity received $45,639.92 from the loan proceeds.
       In September 2005 Trusperity entered into an agreement to sell the home to Derry
Hood for $440,000. An escrow account was opened for the transaction with a different
company. The escrow instructions indicated the purchase price would be funded by a
$352,000 loan secured by a first deed of trust and an additional loan of $66,000 secured
by a second deed of trust. Barnett deposited $27,000 into escrow for the benefit of Hood.
When the escrow closed and the loans were funded, the Anchor loan of $285,000 was
paid off. After deducting closing costs, the escrow company wired Barnett the balance of
$136,975.94.
       After the sale to Hood, Baker began receiving mail at his house addressed to
Hood. Baker called Barnett and asked him about the letters. Barnett told Baker not to
worry and that he would take care of it. Barnett also told Baker Hood was a former
employee. When Hood appeared at Baker’s home and told Baker he owned it, Baker
sought legal assistance.
          b. The Iverson transaction
       Billie Mae Iverson bought her Compton home in 1967. In 1988 she borrowed
$88,000 from Aames Home Loan secured by a trust deed recorded against the property.
In 1997 she borrowed $25,000 from Wells Fargo similarly secured by a trust deed
recorded against the property. Iverson’s husband died in 2002, and by 2005 she was
behind on her payments to Wells Fargo. On September 14, 2005 a notice of default was
recorded against the property.
       On September 15, 2005 a man in his late 20’s came to Iverson’s home and said he
understood she was having financial problems with her house. He told Iverson he had a
brother in real estate who had helped many other people in the area. Barnett showed up
at the house an hour later. Iverson told Barnett she only wanted a reverse mortgage, and
Barnett replied he had a better program. Barnett explained the program, but Iverson

                                            7
testified at trial she did not understand any of the details. Iverson repeatedly told Barnett
she did not want to sell her home, and Barnett assured her she would not lose her home.
Iverson believed she would receive monthly income from her equity until her death. She
signed multiple documents while Barnett was at her home, later saying Barnett earned her
trust by saying he was a Christian and professing his desire to help people. Iverson,
Barnett said, reminded him of his mother.
       One of the documents Iverson signed was an equity purchase agreement providing
Barnett would purchase the home for $104,000, subject to the existing first and second
trust deeds. She also signed a lease under which Barnett became her landlord. The lease
contained an option provision, granting Iverson the right to buy the property back for
$100,000 during the second year of the lease. The lease required Iverson to pay Barnett
$1,470 each month. She also signed a consent for Barnett to sell or encumber the house
during the lease period.
       An escrow account for the transaction was opened, and Iverson signed instructions
providing Barnett would purchase the home for $250,000 (later amended to $266,500)
and finance the sale with a loan subject to a deed of trust. Barnett obtained a loan from
Anchor. On September 16, 2005 Iverson signed a grant deed transferring the property to
Barnett, which he recorded. Iverson also signed a consent for the escrow company to
disburse the proceeds from the sale of her home to Barnett with the exception of $6,000
to be paid directly to Iverson. After the escrow closed and the original trust deed holders
had been paid, the escrow company disbursed $6,000 to Iverson and $139,064.03 to
Barnett.
       In January 2006 an escrow account was opened with a different escrow company
for the sale of the property from Barnett to Robbie Odom for $400,000. Funding in the
amount of $378,793.50 was obtained from Silver State Financial, which was used to pay
the existing Anchor secured loan of $271,411.26. After deducting closing costs, the
escrow company disbursed $112,112.85 to Barnett and $284.78 to Odom. A grant deed
signed by Barnett transferred the property to Odom on January 23, 2006.



                                              8
       After the sale, mail addressed to Odom was delivered to Iverson’s house. Iverson
called Barnett, who told her Odom was a business associate. On August 21, 2007 a
notice of default indicating Odom was delinquent on his loan was recorded against the
house. On November 28, 2007 a notice of trustee’s sale was recorded. Iverson sought
legal assistance, and a lawsuit was filed on her behalf. As a result Odom quit-claimed the
property to Iverson.
          c. The Hitchens transaction
       Tohnnie Ray Hitchens and his elderly mother, Ruby Lee Harris, purchased their
home in South Los Angeles with a $65,000 loan from Wells Fargo. In 2005 Hitchens’s
income decreased, and he fell behind on payments. On October 7, 2005 a notice of
default was recorded against their home indicating a delinquency of $4,750.12. Several
days later Hitchens arrived home to find his mother missing. Soon Barnett drove up to
the home with Harris in the car. Barnett introduced himself, saying he understood their
property was in default and he was there to help them. Harris had documents in her
possession Barnett had given her. Barnett offered to purchase the property for $60,000.
Hitchens owed $65,000 on the house and did not want to sell. Barnett told Hitchens he
would have to make a quick decision and left.
       Hitchens met with Barnett and explained he wanted to save his home, not sell it.
Barnett agreed to help Hitchens refinance the house and pay off the existing loan.
Hitchens signed multiple documents provided by Barnett, still believing he was
refinancing his home. Hitchens trusted him because Barnett was a Christian, African-
American, as he was, and had stressed his ethical values.
       Escrow instructions created for the transaction indicated Hitchens would obtain a
loan for $90,000. Hitchens signed a note secured by a deed of trust on the property
stating he had borrowed $15,000 from BMRS and would repay it by November 21, 2005.
He also signed a deed of trust securing the loan with his house. At Barnett’s direction,
Harris signed a deed transferring her interest in the home to her son to facilitate the
search for a loan.



                                              9
       Several months later Barnett informed Hitchens he had been unable to find a
lender because Hitchens did not qualify for new financing. Barnett suggested instead he
purchase the home from Hitchens, qualify himself for a secured loan and then reconvey
the home to Hitchens in 45 days. Barnett told Hitchens this was a customary real estate
procedure. Hitchens agreed. New escrow instructions were prepared stating Hitchens
would sell his house to Barnett for $230,000. On February 13, 2006 Hitchens signed a
grant deed transferring the property to Barnett. Anchor agreed to fund the transaction
through a hard money loan with a one-year term. Hitchens was unaware of these terms.
       On February 15, 2006 the sale closed. After the original Wells Fargo loan was
repaid, $15,000 was also paid to BMRS. After closing costs were deducted, $7,000 was
disbursed to Hitchens, and $131,202.47 was disbursed to Barnett. Despite his promise to
reconvey the property to Hitchens, Barnett failed to do so. Hitchens sought legal
assistance when Barnett did not respond to him and eventually won his house back.
However, he was unable to pay off the debt, was forced into foreclosure, and the house
was sold.
            d. The King transaction
       Dorothy King bought her South Los Angeles home in 1964. While suffering from
dementia in 2004, she obtained several loans, including one for $235,000, secured by
trust deeds on the property. On December 5, 2005 a notice of default was recorded
stating King was delinquent on one of those loans. On December 7, 2005 King signed an
equity purchase agreement to sell her home to Barnett for $288,500. She also signed a
disclosure form indicating she understood she had equity in the home in excess of the
purchase price but that the offer was best suited to her needs and goals.
       An escrow account was opened to process the sale at a price of $300,000.
Amendments to the instructions indicated King would pay all closing costs and that all
proceeds were to be wired to Barnett. On December 31, 2005 Barnett borrowed
$301,000 from Anchor, again in the form of a hard money loan with a balloon payment at
the end of a year. King signed a deed transferring the property to Barnett and a lease
with a term of three years and a monthly rent of $1,000. The lease gave King the right to

                                            10
repurchase the home during the second year of the lease term for $396,000. After
closing, including repayment of the 2004 loans, the escrow company distributed the
balance of $34,186 to Barnett.
        In January 2006 another escrow account was opened to process sale of the home to
Odom at a price of $427,600, funded by loans of $360,000 and $67,500. The sale price
was subsequently adjusted to $450,000, and Odom deposited $27,296 to make up the
difference. On January 24, 2006 Barnett signed a deed transferring King’s home to
Odom. On March 1, 2006 Odom borrowed $315,000 secured by a first deed of trust and
an additional $112,500 secured by a second deed of trust. After closing, Barnett netted
$119,310.80 from the sale.
        By December 2006 the property was in foreclosure. King’s niece, Angenetta
Allen, a real estate professional, learned of the foreclosure and accompanied her aunt to
file a complaint with the Department of Consumer Affairs. Allen filed a lis pendens on
the property in January 2007; and, in response, Barnett filed an unlawful detainer against
King to evict her from her home. The parties mediated the dispute and reached an
agreement that required Barnett and Odom to make payments on the secured loans, but
the payments were never made. After a notice of default was recorded in August 2007,
King sued. The property was returned to her, but the encumbrances remained.
           e. The Sedwick/Lewis transaction
        Freddie Marie Sedwick purchased her South Los Angeles home in 1990. In 2005
she added her daughter Kimberly Lewis to the title. In December 2005 Sedwick and
Lewis refinanced the home with a $330,000 loan from Countrywide Home Loans. In
July 2006 they obtained a home equity line of credit of $24,000, also secured by a deed
of trust, from Orion Equity Credit to finance improvements to the home. By December
2006 they were in default on the Orion loan, and a foreclosure sale was set for April 24,
2007.
        A Trusperity employee came to the home and told Lewis Trusperity could help
resolve their financial issues. Lewis met with Barnett in his office. Barnett told her he
could help and could be trusted because he was a Christian. Although Barnett first told

                                            11
Lewis he would help her get a loan, he eventually told her to do so he would have to put
the house in someone else’s name. Lewis rejected the proposal at first but, faced with a
lack of options, ultimately agreed. She and Sedwick signed documents acknowledging
their property would be brought out of foreclosure by Barnett and sold as a regular
residential property; verifying Sedwick was of sound mind and competent to enter the
transaction; and affirming they had read the documents and were not under duress or
undue influence. They also signed an equity purchase agreement to sell the property to
Gregory Matta (at the same address as other equity purchasers identified by Barnett), who
would obtain loans totaling $570,000.
       An escrow account was opened in April 2007 identifying the sale price of the
property as $570,000. Lewis and Sedwick signed a document waiving their rights under
HESCA to rescind the sale within two years if the purchaser took unconscionable
advantage of them and a lease requiring them to pay rent of $1,395 for two years. The
lease contained a purchase option at the price of $525,000 to be exercised during the
second year of the lease term and notified them of the landlord’s right to sell or encumber
the property. Barnett told Lewis he would refinance the home and she would be able to
get the house back in her name.
       On May 9, 2007 Countrywide recorded a notice of default against the property,
and Lewis learned Barnett had failed to make the promised payments on the loan. When
confronted, Barnett told Lewis the original buyer did not have his finances together and
Barnett would proceed with a different buyer. He opened a new escrow account
identifying Dealpoint Investments as the buyer, and Sedwick and Lewis signed a grant
deed transferring their property to Dealpoint. They also signed amended escrow
instructions directing that all proceeds from the sale be disbursed to Dealpoint at the close
of escrow. The price of the property was reduced to $416,000, to be funded by a
$250,000 loan and a loan from Lewis and Sedwick to the buyers of $166,000. A
representative of Dealpoint executed a note promising to pay Lewis $166,000 by
December 1, 2007 and a deed of trust securing the note.



                                             12
       Anchor funded the $250,000 loan on July 5, 2007. Nearly $50,000 of that loan
went to pay the Orion loan (including penalties and interest), and the escrow company
disbursed the remaining $180,245.82 to Dealpoint. The Countrywide loan was not paid.
       In late 2007 Lewis learned Barnett had not been making payments to
Countrywide. He claimed he had no money and asked her to wire him $6,000. She then
learned her home was in foreclosure and confronted Barnett because her mother had
nowhere to go if forced out of the house. Barnett told her he did not want to hear it
because she had entered the transaction and knew what she was doing. Sedwick died in
March 2010, and Lewis was ultimately evicted from the property.
          f. The breakdown of profits on the equity sales
       Real estate expert Dean Cloud reviewed the transactions and determined the
homeowner victims received the following amounts for the sale of their homes: Baker—
$12,000; Hitchens—$7,000; Iverson—$6,000; King—$0; and Sedwick—$0. According
to Cloud, Barnett collected $182,615.86 for the Baker transaction; $131,202.47 for the
Hitchens transaction; $251,176.88 for the Iverson transaction; $153,496.80 for the King
transaction; and $180,245.82 for the Sedwick transaction. Cloud further opined none of
the homeowners would have lost their homes at foreclosure if they had not entered the
equity purchase agreements with Barnett because of the positive equity in their homes.
       4. The Verdicts and Sentencing
       The jury convicted Barnett of five counts of illegal purchase of equity in real
property, five counts of theft of real property, six counts of procuring and offering false
documents for recording, and one count of theft from an elderly person.6 It also found
the offenses were related fraudulent felonies involving the taking of more than $500,000.
       The trial court found Barnett had suffered two prior serious or violent felony
convictions within the meaning of the three strikes law but granted his motion to dismiss
one prior conviction with respect to all counts except count 13 for theft from an elderly
person. For that count the court sentenced Barnett to an indeterminate state prison term


6
       Barnett was acquitted on the forgery and burglary charges.

                                             13
of 25 years to life and imposed consecutive, determinate terms totaling 8 years 4 months
on four of the five counts of theft of real property, plus the enhancement for taking more
than $500,000 in related felonies.7 It stayed imposition of sentence on the remaining
counts under section 654.
                                       DISCUSSION
       1. The Right To Discharge Retained Counsel
       “The Sixth Amendment provides that ‘[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused
shall enjoy the right . . . to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.’ . . . [A]n
element of this right is the right of a defendant who does not require appointed counsel to
choose who will represent him.” (United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez (2006) 548 U.S. 140,
144 [126 S.Ct. 2557, 165 L.Ed.2d 409]; accord, People v. Ramirez (2006) 39 Cal.4th 398,
422 [quoting Gonzalez-Lopez]; People v. Gzikowski (1982) 32 Cal.3d 580, 587 [“[t]he
right to effective assistance of counsel [citations] encompasses the right to retain counsel
of one’s choice”].)
       A criminal defendant’s constitutional right to counsel of his or her choice includes
the right to discharge privately retained counsel at any time with or without cause—that
is, without the showing of irreconcilable conflict or inadequate representation required
before appointed counsel may be replaced under People v. Marsden (1970) 2 Cal.3d 118.
(People v. Ortiz, supra, 51 Cal.3d at p. 983; People v. Munoz (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th
860, 866.) When, as here, the request is to replace retained counsel with appointed
counsel, economic status does not dictate a different result: “[I]t is ordinarily appropriate

7
        In calculating this sentence the trial court erred in imposing consecutive
subordinate term sentences (one-third the middle term doubled) on all four counts subject
to determinate sentencing, rather than selecting one of those counts to serve as the
principal determinate term and imposing the full upper, middle or lower term (doubled)
on that count, with the remaining unstayed terms treated as subordinate terms under
section 1170.1. (See, e.g., People v. Rodriguez (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 204, 210-211
[trial court separately determines sentence to be imposed for indeterminate term crimes
and determinate term crimes]; see also People v. Garza (2003) 107 Cal.App.4th 1081,
1094 [when a defendant is sentenced to both a determinate and an indeterminate term,
“‘neither term is “principal” [n]or “subordinate.” They are both considered and
calculated independently of one another’”].)

                                              14
to require the defendant who is seeking to substitute one appointed counsel for another to
show cause, [i.e., a conflict or incompetency], because he is requesting duplicative
representation and repetitive investigation at taxpayer expense. That is not the case here:
defendant is requesting appointed counsel for the first time . . . . Accordingly, he should
be treated no differently from a defendant who qualifies for representation by, and seeks
appointment of, the public defender at the outset of the proceedings against him.” (Ortiz,
at p. 986; accord, Munoz, at p. 868.)
       The “right to discharge his retained counsel, however, is not absolute. The trial
court, in its discretion, may deny such a motion if discharge will result in ‘significant
prejudice’ to the defendant [citation], or if it is not timely, i.e., if it will result in
‘disruption of the orderly processes of justice.’” (People v. Ortiz, supra, 51 Cal.3d at
p. 983.) Specifically, the court may deny the request if it would require a continuance of
the trial or posttrial proceedings and the defendant has been “‘unjustifiably dilatory’ in
obtaining counsel, or ‘if he arbitrarily chooses to substitute counsel at the time of trial.’”
(People v. Courts (1985) 37 Cal.3d 784, 790-791; see United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez,
supra, 548 U.S. at p. 152 [trial court has “wide latitude in balancing the right to counsel
of choice against the needs of fairness” and “against the demands of its calendar”].)
Nonetheless, “[b]lanket generalizations about possible delay will not suffice. ‘To
exercise the power of judicial discretion [in ruling on motion to relieve retained counsel],
all material facts and evidence must be both known and considered, together with legal
principles essential to an informed, intelligent and just decision.’” (People v. Munoz,
supra, 138 Cal.App.4th at p. 870.) “‘[A] myopic insistence upon expeditiousness in the
face of a justifiable request for delay can render the right to defend with counsel an empty
formality.’” (Ortiz, at p. 984; accord, Munoz, at p. 870.) Instead, the court should
“balance the defendant’s interest in new counsel against the disruption, if any, flowing
from the substitution.” (People v. Lara (2001) 86 Cal.App.4th 139, 153 (Lara).)
       Denial of a defendant’s constitutional right to be represented by retained counsel
of his or her choice is “structural error” requiring reversal without any showing of
prejudice. (United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez, supra, 548 U.S. at p. 150 [“erroneous

                                                 15
deprivation of the right to counsel of choice, ‘with consequences that are necessarily
unquantifiable and indeterminate, unquestionably qualifies as “structural error”’”];
People v. Ortiz, supra, 51 Cal.3d at p. 988 [“[r]eversal is automatic, however, when a
defendant has been deprived of his right to defend with counsel of his choice”].)
       2. The Trial Court Improperly Denied Barnett’s Request for Appointed Counsel
       The People oppose Barnett’s claim he was improperly denied his right to
substitute counsel on two grounds: (1) Barnett did not clearly indicate he wished to
discharge his retained counsel; and (2) the trial court acted within its discretion because
Barnett’s request was untimely and would have resulted in the disruption of the orderly
processes of justice.
          a. Barnett made a cognizable request for appointment of new counsel
       The parties agree there is a relatively low threshold for finding a defendant has
requested replacement of his or her counsel. In the context of a Marsden motion to
replace appointed counsel, a “proper and legal motion” is not required; to the contrary, a
defendant need only give “some clear indication . . . he wants a substitute attorney.”
(People v. Lucky (1988) 45 Cal.3d 259, 281, fn. 8; accord, People v. Mendoza (2000)
24 Cal.4th 130, 157; see also People v. Sanchez (2011) 53 Cal.4th 80, 89-90 [trial court
is obligated to conduct Marsden hearing when there is “‘at least some clear indication’” a
substitute attorney is desired].) Once a defendant indicates he wants replacement
counsel—which typically occurs because the defendant is dissatisfied with his existing
counsel—“‘the trial court must permit the defendant to explain the basis of his contention
and to relate specific instances of the attorney’s inadequate performance.’” (Lara, supra,
86 Cal.App.4th at p. 150.) “The court’s duty to conduct the inquiry arises ‘only when the
defendant asserts directly or by implication that his counsel’s performance has been so
inadequate as to deny him his constitutional right to effective counsel.’” (Id. at p. 151.)
       In Lara the trial court applied these general principles, developed in the Marsden
context, to a defendant’s effort to replace his retained counsel. On the first day of trial
Lara’s retained counsel informed the court Lara had some complaints about his
representation. (Lara, supra, 86 Cal.App.4th at p. 157.) The trial court wrongly

                                              16
construed Lara’s request to discuss the performance of his counsel as a request for a
Marsden hearing. (Id. at p. 158.) Finding Lara’s complaints inadequate, the court denied
the motion. (Ibid.) The appellate court reversed. After pointing out the trial court had
improperly relied on Marsden to resolve Lara’s complaint about retained counsel, the
court rejected the People’s contention Lara had never expressly requested to discharge his
attorney: “While the trial court improperly conducted a Marsden-type hearing in this
case, we may rely on the court’s factual interpretation of the situation as involving a
request by [Lara] to discharge his defense attorney and obtain a new attorney to represent
him in this matter. We thus conclude that [Lara’s] complaints about his defense counsel
were sufficient to implicate his right to discharge his retained counsel, and either hire a
new attorney or request the appointment of counsel.” (Ibid.) Tellingly, the appellate
court observed, “the trial court never asked [Lara] if he was still willing to proceed to
trial despite his disagreements with [counsel]. Such an inquiry would have settled the
issue as to whether [Lara] was still unsatisfied with [his counsel’s] representation.”
(Ibid.)
          The same problem existed here. Barnett did not say he wanted to discharge
Konstantelos, even when asked directly by the trial court. However, the court’s inquiry
was inadequate. The letters that Barnett had sent, which initiated the discussion, clearly
stated Barnett’s concern his inability to pay counsel had jeopardized his defense, asserted
he was indigent, and requested appointment of replacement counsel. At the pretrial
conference the court asked Konstantelos about the dispute, and Konstantelos forthrightly
acknowledged she had not spent sufficient time on the case and explained Barnett’s
inability to pay had resulted in her taking other matters to “keep the business afloat.”
Barnett asked permission to speak and told the court he had had no contact with
Konstantelos and needed assistance to prepare his case. The court expressed its concern
about further delays and asked Barnett, “Are you saying you want to discharge
[Konstantelos]?” When Barnett answered by referring to the letters he had sent the court,
the court said it had only briefly looked at one of the letters. Barnett then stated
unequivocally, “What I’m requesting, your honor, is, with all due respect, if I can get a

                                              17
state-appointed attorney to represent me. . . . I’m not asking for a delay, but what I am
asking for is representation because I’m fighting for my life.”
       The remainder of this exchange confirms the court (and the prosecutor, for that
matter) understood Barnett sought to replace Konstantelos. Responding to Barnett’s
request, the court warned, “If I appoint a new lawyer and they have a box of evidence to
review, the first three words out of their mouth is ‘I’m going to need a continuance to be
prepared.’ So it’s not so simple as you’re putting it.” The court then asked for the
People’s position. The prosecutor stated, “[I]f there is a new attorney, could the court . . .
make sure somebody is ready within the 70 days? It’s zero of 70 now, which is not
impossible. . . .” The court answered, “I don’t know if that’s going to be the final result. I
know that’s what you want, but I have to make some determinations. . . .” The court
chastised Konstantelos for failing to raise the issue earlier. When Konstantelos stated she
had called the clerk more than a month earlier to pass on the information, the court
remonstrated that a call to the clerk is not an appropriate way to bring something before the
court. Konstantelos reminded the court she was not asking to be relieved. The court
responded: “That basically ends the story, then. If he’s not asking you to—he’s not
discharging you, and you’re not asking to be relieved. There’s nothing else I can really do
in this. You are the lawyer. . . . I’m going to do some other checking . . . [but] right now
I’m going to indicate you’re on. Get ready. And despite what [Barnett] indicates, you will
be the lawyer.”
       Including his letters to the court, Barnett repeated his request for appointment of
counsel on three occasions. He clearly believed he would receive a less-than-adequate
defense unless new counsel was appointed for him at the state’s expense, as was his right
as an indigent defendant. The court’s concern with timing was, of course, legitimate, but
the court appeared to seize upon the possibility of paying Konstantelos to continue as
counsel,8 a proposition it investigated but denied a week later without returning to


8
      As discussed, after listening to the prosecutor’s request that new counsel, if one
was appointed, be ready in 70 days, the court said, “The other thing that came to mind—

                                             18
Barnett’s original request. To paraphrase Lara, “the trial court never asked [Barnett] if he
was still willing to proceed to trial despite his disagreements with [Konstantelos]. Such an
inquiry would have settled the issue as to whether [Barnett] was still unsatisfied with
[Konstantelos’s] representation.” (Lara, supra, 86 Cal.App.4th at p. 158.) Whether
Konstantelos’s performance at trial was adequate—and Barnett contends it was not—his
situation mirrored the concerns articulated by the Supreme Court in People v. Ortiz, supra,
51 Cal.3d at page 985: “The risk in compelling a defendant to go to trial with unpaid
counsel against his wishes and those of his attorney, is that the defendant will ‘get what he
paid for.’” Konstantelos may have been willing to continue as Barnett’s counsel, in accord
with her ethical duty, but by her own admission she had been forced to spend time on other
matters precisely because she was not being paid.
          b. Barnett’s request was timely
       The People’s second contention—that the court did not abuse its discretion by
concluding Barnett’s request was untimely—lacks merit. We have found no case in which
a defendant’s request to discharge retained counsel more than two months before trial was
found to be untimely. (Cf. Lara, supra, 86 Cal.App.4th at pp. 162-163 [reversing denial of
request for appointed counsel made on first day of trial]; People v. Stevens (1984)
156 Cal.App.3d 1119, 1128 [reversing denial of defendant’s request for appointed counsel
made two weeks before trial].) Plainly the court was concerned about the impact of delay
on the elderly witnesses expected to testify against Barnett, but there was no indication
those witnesses would be unavailable were the trial to proceed a short time later. In fact,
the witnesses could hardly complain of undue inconvenience because the trial date had not
yet been set. Moreover, as the Stevens court observed, “[t]here is not the slightest
indication that [defendant’s] purpose in seeking substitution was a desire to delay the
proceedings.” (Stevens, at p. 1129.) Under these circumstances the court’s concern was
insufficient to justify denial of Barnett’s request for appointed counsel.



but I think it’s dramatically frowned upon; I don’t think I should do it— is to appoint the
lawyer who takes the case privately and then have her appointed as a public lawyer. . . .”

                                             19
                                    DISPOSITION
      The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial with appointed
counsel representing Barnett.



                                                       PERLUSS, P. J.


      We concur:



                    ZELON, J.



                    SEGAL, J.*




*
        Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

                                           20
