                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                            FILED
                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT                             MAR 27 2015

                                                                          MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                            U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No. 13-30241

              Plaintiff - Appellee,              D.C. No. 4:13-cr-00049-SEH-1

  v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
SUZETTE GULYAS GAL,

              Defendant - Appellant.



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No. 13-30242

              Plaintiff - Appellee,              D.C. No. 4:12-cr-00065-SEH-3

  v.

SUZETTE GULYAS GAL,

              Defendant - Appellant.



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No. 13-30244

              Plaintiff - Appellee,              D.C. No. 4:12-cr-00065-SEH-4

  v.


        *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
ANDRAS ZOLTAN GAL,

         Defendant - Appellant.



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,         No. 13-30246

         Plaintiff - Appellee,    D.C. No. 4:12-cr-00065-SEH-2

 v.

STEVEN WILLIAM CARPENTER,

         Defendant - Appellant.



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,         No. 13-30371

         Plaintiff - Appellee,    D.C. No. 4:12-cr-00065-SEH-5

 v.

KRISZTIAN ZOLTAN GEORGE GAL,

         Defendant - Appellant.



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,         No. 14-30012

         Plaintiff - Appellee,    D.C. No. 4:13-cr-00048-SEH-1

 v.

MIKE ALFONS CAMPA,

         Defendant - Appellant.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                      No. 14-30013

              Plaintiff - Appellee,            D.C. No. 4:12-cr-00065-SEH-1

  v.

MIKE ALFONS CAMPA, AKA Mike
Heretel,

              Defendant - Appellant.


                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                           for the District of Montana
                    Sam E. Haddon, District Judge, Presiding

                      Argued and Submitted February 2, 2015
                               Seattle, Washington

Before: BEA and MURGUIA, Circuit Judges, and KOBAYASHI, District Judge.**

                                        I

       Defendants/Appellants Suzette Gulyas Gal, Andras Zoltan Gal, Steven

William Carpenter, Krisztian Zoltan George Gal, and Mike Alfons Campa appeal

from their convictions and sentences in connection with a fraudulent investment

scheme. Suzette and Campa also appeal from their convictions of criminal

contempt.


       **
              The Honorable Leslie E. Kobayashi, United States District Judge for
the District of Hawaii, sitting by designation.

                                        3
                                          I

      Carpenter argues that the District of Montana was not a proper venue for the

charges against him of mail and wire fraud under 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 1343.

Carpenter waived this argument when he failed to raise it until after the jury

returned the verdict. See United States v. Marsh, 144 F.3d 1229, 1242 (9th Cir.

1988). Even on the merits, the argument fails. The proposed business agreement

that U.S. Oil and Gas sent to the Fort Peck Agency of the Bureau of Indian Affairs

(“BIA”) in Montana, and which Carpenter later emailed to potential investors, was

sufficient to make venue proper on the mail fraud count. Similarly, Carpenter’s

multiple telephone calls to the Fort Peck Agency were a sufficient connection to

Montana to render venue proper on the wire fraud count. See United States v.

Pace, 314 F.3d 344, 349–50 (9th Cir. 2002) (holding that “venue is established in

those locations where the wire transmission at issue originated, passed through, or

was received, or from which it was orchestrated” (internal quotation marks

omitted)); United States v. Garlick, 240 F.3d 789, 792 (9th Cir. 2001) (noting that

wire fraud and mail fraud have analogous elements).

      Carpenter also argues that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance in

failing to object on venue grounds. But Carpenter points to no evidence in the

record that would permit this Court to determine whether counsel had a tactical


                                          4
reason for declining to object, and any inadequacy in counsel’s performance is not

obvious. See United States v. Ross, 206 F.3d 896, 900 (9th Cir. 2000).

                                           II

      Suzette and Andras contend that the district court committed reversible error

in failing to sever their trials from Carpenter’s. The district court did not plainly

err. See United States v. Hernandez-Orellana, 539 F.3d 994, 1001 (9th Cir. 2008);

see also United States v. Sullivan, 522 F.3d 967, 981 (9th Cir. 2008). Rather than

being antagonistic, the Gals’ and Carpenter’s defenses were nearly identical: each

disclaimed any knowledge that the investment schemes were fraudulent and tried

to pin everything on Campa. See Hernandez-Orellana, 539 F.3d at 1002. Nor did

the evidence against Carpenter have an unfairly prejudicial “spillover” effect; the

record indicates that the jury could “reasonably be expected to compartmentalize

the evidence as it relate[d] to separate defendants.” See United States v. Stinson,

647 F.3d 1196, 1205 (9th Cir. 2011); United States v. Cuozzo, 962 F.2d 945, 950

(9th Cir. 1992) (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted); United States

v. DeRosa, 670 F.2d 889, 898–99 (9th Cir. 1982).

                                          III

      Suzette, Andras, and Krisztian each argue that the evidence introduced at

trial was insufficient to permit their convictions of the charges in the indictment.


                                           5
Suzette and Campa also argue that insufficient evidence supported their

convictions of criminal contempt.

                                         A

      Suzette argues that there was insufficient evidence that she intended to

defraud the investors in the oil and gas scheme. But Suzette signed for the BIA’s

notices that the oil and gas leases were cancelled. Suzette’s continued participation

in the scheme despite having notice that the leases were not valid permitted the

jury to infer that she intended to defraud the scheme’s investors. See United States

v. Peters, 962 F.2d 1410, 1414 (9th Cir. 1992).

      Andras argues that the evidence was insufficient to show that he intended to

defraud the investors in the oil and gas scheme. But Andras admitted to Krisztian

that he knew that Campa obtained investments through fraud, and bank records

from the account in which Andras permitted Campa to deposit the investment

money showed that none of the funds were used for oil and gas drilling. Andras’s

continued participation despite these facts demonstrate an intent to defraud the oil

and gas scheme’s victims. See Peters, 962 F.2d at 1414.

      Andras contends also that the evidence does not support his convictions of

mail and wire fraud because he did not personally send a mailing or a wire

transmission in furtherance of the oil and gas scheme. But Andras made at least


                                          6
one call to a potential investor in furtherance of the scheme. Further, the record

supports an inference that Andras acted as an aider and abettor. See Hernandez-

Orellana, 539 F.3d at 1006–07.

      Krisztian argues that the Government did not produce sufficient evidence to

permit an inference that he agreed to participate in the oil and gas scheme charged

in the indictment. We hold that the district court erred in failing to direct a

judgment of acquittal on the conspiracy count against Krisztian. No evidence

suggests that Krisztian knew of the oil and gas scheme charged in the indictment,

much less that he knew that the scheme was fraudulent. At best, the evidence

permits an inference that Krisztian knew of the fraudulent nature of the uncharged

Arizona gold mine scheme. If Krisztian did not know of the oil and gas scheme’s

unlawful objective, he cannot be found to have agreed to participate in it. See

United States v. Krasovich, 819 F.2d 253, 256 (9th Cir. 1987). We therefore

reverse Krisztian’s conviction of conspiracy under 18 U.S.C. § 371.1

                                           B

      Suzette argues that the district court’s order excluding witnesses from the

courtroom under Rule 615 was not sufficiently clear and definite to notify her that



      1
         Because we reverse Krisztian’s conviction for insufficient evidence, the
rest of his contentions are moot.

                                           7
she was not to discuss evidence presented at trial with witnesses yet to testify.

Suzette’s recorded telephone conversation with Campa established that Suzette

knew that she was not to discuss evidence with him, permitting the district court to

infer that its Rule 615 order was sufficiently “clear and definite.” See United

States v. Armstrong, 781 F.2d 700, 706 (9th Cir. 1986).

      Campa argues that the evidence was insufficient to show that he knew of the

district court’s Rule 615 order. First, Campa waived this argument by dedicating

only five lines to it in his brief, and by citing neither the record nor any cases in

support. See Acosta-Huerta v. Estelle, 7 F.3d 139, 144 (9th Cir. 1992). Second,

the argument fails on the merits. Though Campa was not in the courtroom when

the court issued the order, Tr. at 17, 21, United States v. Campa, No. 13-48 (D.

Mont. Jan. 16, 2015), ECF No. 48, he admitted that his attorney advised him not to

talk about the case with the other defendants. Moreover, Campa’s silence when

Suzette told him during the recorded telephone conversation that Campa may be

disqualified from the case for discussing testimony with Suzette supports the

conviction. If Campa were unaware of the district court’s order, one might expect

him to ask why discussing the case with Suzette would disqualify him and thereby

deny him the opportunity to exonerate his family. The district court could

reasonably infer from this evidence that Campa knew of the district court’s Rule


                                           8
615 order. See Armstrong, 781 F.2d at 706.

                                          IV

      Suzette, Andras, and Carpenter argue that the district court abused its

discretion in removing juror number one for cause. Andras also argues that the

district court abused its discretion in preventing the defendants from asking certain

questions of the venire. We review both assignments of error for abuse of

discretion. See United States v. Beard, 161 F.3d 1190, 1193 (9th Cir. 1998);

United States v. Jones, 722 F.2d 528, 529 (9th Cir. 1983).

                                           A

      Suzette, Andras, and Carpenter contend that the district court abused its

discretion in removing juror number one and replacing her with an alternate for

two reasons: (1) the district court failed to weigh all relevant factors; and (2) the

juror’s complaints were not sufficient to warrant removal for cause. Both

contentions lack merit. The district court remarked that it based its decision to

remove juror number one “on all factors considered.” See Beard, 161 F.3d at

1194. Further, the juror’s severe anxiety regarding her service—so severe, in fact,

that it prevented her from sleeping—justified the district court’s decision to

remove the juror. See id. at 1193–94. In any event, even if the district court

abused its discretion in replacing the juror with an alternate, the defendants have


                                           9
not shown that they were prejudiced by that decision. See United States v.

Alexander, 48 F.3d 1477, 1485 (9th Cir. 1995).

                                            B

       Andras argues that the district court abused its discretion in failing to ask the

venire whether any juror had been the victim of financial fraud, and refusing to

permit the defense to ask the venire “questions regarding financial fraud or starting

any new business.” Reversal is not warranted because Andras has not explained

why failure to explore the two topics was prejudicial. See Jones, 722 F.2d at 529

(holding that a district court’s refusal to ask questions posed by counsel is an abuse

of discretion only if, as a result, voir dire is “not reasonably sufficient to test the

jury for bias and partiality”).

                                            V

       Suzette, Andras, and Carpenter each take issue with one or more evidentiary

rulings at trial.

                                            A

       Suzette and Andras argue that evidence concerning the gold mine proceeds

Campa deposited in Krisztian’s bank accounts was irrelevant and unduly

prejudicial. Defendants first argue that the district court should not have admitted

testimony describing Krisztian’s $50,000 withdrawal from the bank accounts and


                                            10
the parties’ conduct afterward, including Campa and Suzette’s payment of $1,000

to Carpenter. However, that evidence was probative of Carpenter’s identity and

connection to Campa, the other defendants, and the conspiracy. See Fed. R. Evid.

401. Defendants next argue that the district court should not have admitted

evidence that the $50,000 in Krisztian’s account originated from the fraudulent

gold mine scheme. But it was the defendants, not the Government, who elicited

testimony concerning the source of the proceeds in Krisztian’s accounts after the

district court ruled that evidence irrelevant. The defendants therefore “opened the

door” to that evidence’s admission. See United States v. Mendoza-Prado, 314 F.3d

1099, 1105 (9th Cir. 2002). In any event, the fraudulent nature of the gold mine

funds, Krisztian’s knowledge that the funds in his bank accounts were obtained

through fraud, and Campa’s $1,000 payment to Carpenter from those funds was

probative that the defendants (aside from Krisztian) were engaged in a conspiracy

involving the oil leases. The district court therefore did not abuse its discretion in

admitting this evidence. See United States v. Mateo-Mendez, 215 F.3d 1039, 1042

(9th Cir. 2000).

                                           B

      Suzette and Andras next argue that photographs the Government presented

of family vacations in Hawaii, the Virgin Islands, and elsewhere were irrelevant


                                          11
and unfairly prejudicial. But the photographs tended to show that purported

investments in the oil and gas scheme were not spent on oil and gas development,

particularly where Campa, Suzette, Andras, and Krisztian had no significant

employment outside the scheme when the photographs were taken. See Fed. R.

Evid. 401. The district court’s determination that any risk of prejudice did not

outweigh the photographs’ probative value was within its discretion. See Fed. R.

Evid. 403; United States v. Paguio, 114 F.3d 928, 931 (9th Cir. 1997) (finding no

abuse of discretion in admitting a defendant’s application for a loan to buy a BMW

as evidence of knowledge of her borrowing capacity, notwithstanding risk that it

would paint her as “an extravagant person”).

                                          C

      Suzette argues that the district court abused its discretion in allowing

testimony regarding her telephone conversation with Campa while failing to admit

a recording of that conversation, in violation of the “rule of completeness” codified

in Rule 106 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. However, when introduced by

Suzette, the recording was hearsay and therefore inadmissible under Rule 106. See

United States v. Ortega, 203 F.3d 675, 682 (9th Cir. 2000).

                                          D

      Carpenter argues that an affidavit filed by Yahoo! Inc.’s custodian of records


                                         12
under Rule 902(11) of the Federal Rules of Evidence supplied insufficient

foundation to admit a number of emails as evidence that Carpenter sent the emails

to investors. However, the affiant did not attest that Carpenter sent the emails, but

only that Yahoo made a record of each email as it was sent or received from three

email addresses. See Fed. R. Evid. 803(6) (hearsay exception for records of a

regularly conducted activity); United States v. Linn, 880 F.2d 209, 216 (9th Cir.

1989) (holding that an automatically generated record of a telephone call was

admissible under Rule 803(6) as evidence of the call’s date and time, origin, and

destination), abrogated on other grounds by Florida v. White, 526 U.S. 559

(1999). Other evidence established that Carpenter sent the emails. Many victims

authenticated the emails, and the emails reflect on their faces that they were sent by

“Steve Carpenter.”

      Carpenter also argues that admitting the emails based on Yahoo’s affidavit

violated the Confrontation Clause. No violation occurred because an affidavit

offered only to authenticate a record is not testimonial. See Melendez-Diaz v.

Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 322–24 (2009); cf. United States v. Anekwu, 695

F.3d 967, 976–77 (9th Cir. 2012).

                                         VI

      Andras argues that the district court’s instruction that the jury regard


                                         13
Campa’s testimony with special skepticism contradicted its earlier admonitions

that the jury was to be the ultimate judge of credibility. The district court did not

abuse its discretion. See United States v. Hofus, 598 F.3d 1171, 1174 (9th Cir.

2010). Because Campa was an accomplice of Andras’s in the oil and gas scheme,

an accomplice witness instruction was permissible. See United States v. Tirouda,

394 F.3d 683, 687–88 (9th Cir. 2005). The instruction did not intrude upon the

jury’s province as arbiter of credibility; that an accomplice witness may have an

interest in exculpating the defendant is just one factor that the jury may consider in

weighing credibility. See id., 394 F.3d at 687.

                                          VII

      Suzette and Campa argue that the district court improperly included the $4.5

million loss resulting from the gold mine scheme in their relevant conduct for

sentencing purposes and in their restitution orders.

      We review “the district court’s interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines

de novo, the district court’s application of the Sentencing Guidelines to the facts of

a case for abuse of discretion, and the district court’s factual findings for clear

error.” United States v. Staten, 466 F.3d 708, 713 (9th Cir. 2006) (alteration

omitted) (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). Similarly, “[t]he

legality of an order of restitution is reviewed de novo, and factual findings


                                           14
supporting the order are reviewed for clear error.” United States v. Luis, 765 F.3d

1061, 1065 (9th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). If

the district court acted within statutory authority, “a restitution order is reviewed

for abuse of discretion.” Id. (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                           A

      Suzette and Campa argue that the district court improperly enhanced their

offense levels by twenty-two levels based on the $4.5 million investment in the

gold mine scheme. See U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2B1.1(b)(1). To the

contrary, the gold mine scheme and the oil and gas scheme were parts of a

“common scheme or plan” for sentencing purposes because they shared common

actors, a common purpose, and a similar mode of operation. See U.S. Sentencing

Guidelines Manual § 1B1.3(a)(2) & cmt. 9(A); United States v. Armstead, 552

F.3d 769, 779 (9th Cir. 2008).

      Suzette and Campa argue that the gold mine investment should not have

been included in their relevant conduct because the record did not contain evidence

that the gold mine scheme was a fraud. The Government presented evidence that

the principals of the gold mine scheme falsely represented that the mine was

operational and made implausible assertions about its profitability, permitting the

inference that the scheme was a fraud. The district court therefore did not abuse its


                                          15
discretion in including the gold mine investment in Suzette’s and Campa’s relevant

conduct.

                                          B

      Suzette and Campa each argue that the district court improperly included the

$4.5 million gold mine investment in their restitution orders because they were not

convicted of fraud based on the gold mine scheme. However, the gold mine

scheme was sufficiently related to the oil and gas scheme to permit its inclusion in

the restitution order because it was perpetrated in the same time period by at least

one common actor using similar means. See United States v. Brock-Davis, 504

F.3d 991, 998–99 (9th Cir. 2007).

                                         VIII

      Carpenter argues that the district court committed reversible error in failing

to conduct an inquiry into his requests for substitute trial counsel. The district

court did not abuse its discretion in denying the requests without further inquiry.

See United States v. McClendon, 782 F.2d 785, 789 (9th Cir. 1986). Carpenter

first requested substitution on the second day of trial, when appointing new counsel

would have required a continuance. See id. Further, the district court did inquire

into the reasons for Carpenter’s second request during the sentencing hearing, and

found it based on Carpenter’s desire to file a baseless motion.


                                          16
                                          IX

      Campa argues that the district court’s pretrial order restraining dissipation of

the funds Campa obtained from the gold mine scheme burdened his Sixth

Amendment right to counsel of his choice. No Sixth Amendment violation

occurred. The Government established probable cause to believe that the funds

were obtained through fraud and were therefore subject to forfeiture. See 18

U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(D)(v) & (vi). Accordingly, Campa had no right to use them to

pay for an attorney. See Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered v. United States, 491 U.S.

617, 632–33 (1989); United States v. Monsanto, 491 U.S. 600, 615 (1989).

      Campa also argues that the district court erred in refusing to release the

restrained funds so that his mother may use them to pay “living expenses.” Campa

presents no authority or argument for the proposition that a court may release funds

restrained as subject to forfeiture in order to meet the personal needs of the

defendant or his family. Accordingly, Campa has waived this issue. See Acosta-

Huerta, 7 F.3d at 144.

                                          X

      Campa argues that the district court should have granted his motion to

withdraw his guilty plea because he did not know when he entered the plea that the

gold mine investment would be included in his relevant conduct. The district court


                                          17
did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion. See United States v. Bonilla,

637 F.3d 980, 983 (9th Cir. 2011). That Campa’s recommended sentence was

higher than he expected is not a “fair and just reason” to permit him to withdraw

his plea. See United States v. Nostratis, 321 F.3d 1206, 1211–12 (9th Cir. 2003).

                                  CONCLUSION

      Krisztian Gal’s conviction of conspiracy under 18 U.S.C. § 371 is

REVERSED and the cause REMANDED for entry of a judgment of acquittal. In

all other respects, the judgments of the district court in the above-captioned case

are AFFIRMED.




                                         18
