               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                               No. 08–0729

                          Filed October 16, 2009


JOSHUA RICHARD BRAUNSCHWEIG,

      Appellee,

vs.

SUMMER RAE FAHRENKROG,
f/k/a SUMMER RAE FRANK,

      Appellant.



      On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.



      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Buena Vista County,

John P. Duffy, Judge.



      Plaintiff seeks further review of the court of appeals decision

reversing the district court’s grant of plaintiff’s application to change the

surname of the parties’ minor child.          DECISION OF COURT OF

APPEALS AFFIRMED; DISTRICT COURT JUDGMENT REVERSED.



      James R. Van Dyke, Van Dyke & Werden, P.L.C., Carroll, for

appellant.



      Joshua J. Walsh, Gailey and Walsh Law Office, Newell, for

appellee.
                                    2

BAKER, Justice.

      Appellee, Joshua Braunschweig, seeks further review of the court

of appeals decision reversing the district court’s grant of his application

to change the surname of the parties’ minor child. The court of appeals

determined the matter was governed by the name change procedures

under Iowa Code chapter 674 instead of the procedures for initial name

determinations under Iowa Code chapter 598. We determine this case is

a name change governed by Iowa Code chapter 674, and the

requirements therein were not met to allow the district court’s grant of

the name change. The decision of the court of appeals is affirmed.

      I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

      On April 5, 2003, Summer Frank gave birth to a baby boy, who she

named Carter James Frank. At the time of Carter’s birth, there was a

question of his paternity.     Fahrenkrog 1 obtained a birth certificate

showing she was the mother of the child, and the father of the child was

unknown. In May 2004, paternity testing revealed Joshua Braunschweig

as Carter’s natural father.

      Braunschweig filed a petition to determine paternity, custody and

visitation rights, and child support obligations in July 2004. The case
was settled by stipulation and agreement in April 2005 and approved by

the court by decree. The agreement determined the parties would have

joint custody of Carter, with Fahrenkrog having primary physical care of

Carter and Braunschweig liberal visitation rights. The decree confirmed

Braunschweig as the natural father of Carter James Frank. There is no

mention in the petition, decree, or agreement of Braunschweig’s desire to




      1Since Carter’s birth, Summer has married, and her surname is now

Fahrenkrog.
                                              3

change Carter’s surname; instead, the action proceeded as if the child’s

last name was Frank.

       Braunschweig filed another petition in 2007, requesting the court

to place his name on Carter’s birth certificate and change Carter’s

surname to Braunschweig.                 Fahrenkrog resisted changing Carter’s

surname but did not challenge Braunschweig’s request to be named as

the child’s father on Carter’s birth certificate. 2

       After a hearing on Braunschweig’s petition, the district court

concluded the petition to change Carter’s surname sought an initial

determination under Iowa Code chapter 598. The district court applied

the best interest of the child standard and decided it was in the best

interest of Carter to have his surname changed to Braunschweig.

       Fahrenkrog appealed the district court decision, which we routed

to the court of appeals. The court of appeals reversed the district court,

holding Braunschweig’s petition was a legal action for a name change

rather than an initial determination of Carter’s name. The Iowa name

change statute, Iowa Code section 674.6 (2005), requires that any parent

listed on the birth certificate consent to the name change. Fahrenkrog

did not consent to the proposed name change.                     The court of appeals,

therefore, found the requirements for a name change were not met, and

Carter’s last name could not be changed.

       Braunschweig filed an application with this court for further

review.




       2Braunschweig’s     action to place his name on the birth certificate was
unnecessary as the decree established his paternity and, upon his request with a
certified copy of the decree, the state registrar is required to issue a new birth certificate
reflecting his status as the father. Iowa Code § 144.40 (2005).
                                     4

      II. Scope of Review.

      Our scope of review in a surname dispute is de novo. See In re

Marriage of Gulsvig, 498 N.W.2d 725, 727–28 (Iowa 1993). This case also

requires our interpretation of statutory language. On issues of statutory

construction, our review is for correction of errors at law. In re G.J.A.,

547 N.W.2d 3, 5 (Iowa 1996).

      III. Discussion and Analysis.

      The issue we must address is whether the court of appeals erred in

determining Braunschweig’s petition was an application for a name

change, and therefore governed by Iowa Code section 674.6, rather than

an initial determination of the child’s name. Braunschweig claims it is

an initial determination under Iowa Code section 598.41. This section

requires the court determine the best interest of the child at issue, and

Braunschweig contends it would be in Carter’s best interest to have his

last name. Fahrenkrog asserts the court of appeals’ ruling was correct,

as this proceeding is the second action between the parties concerning

Carter. She claims Braunschweig failed to request a name change in his

first action, and, therefore, this second action must proceed under

chapter 674.

      A. Nature of the Action. The distinction between a name change

under Iowa Code section 674.6 and an initial name determination under

Iowa Code section 598.41 is critical. Under Iowa Code section 674.6, if

the child is under the age of fourteen, the consent of both parents is a

prerequisite to the child’s name change unless certain other conditions

are met.   Because Fahrenkrog refuses to consent to Braunschweig’s

petition, and none of the statute’s other conditions were met, under Code

section 674.6, Braunschweig’s request for a name change would be

denied. If, conversely, this is an initial determination of the child’s name,
                                      5

we must decide what would be in Carter’s best interests. Montgomery v.

Wells, 708 N.W.2d 704, 708 (Iowa Ct. App. 2005).

         We have addressed this issue in several past cases. In Gulsvig, the

mother of the child had a surname other than her husband’s entered on

the child’s birth certificate.   Gulsvig, 498 N.W.2d at 726.    The couple,

who had been married for less than a year, sought a dissolution not long

after the child was born. Id. The dissolution was granted, and the father

was awarded visitation, but the court refused to change the surname of

the child. Id. The father appealed the district court’s determination of

child support, visitation schedule, and refusal to change the child’s

surname. Id. After reviewing the case, we determined “the mother does

not have the absolute right to name the child because of custody due to

birth.     Consequently, [the mother] should gain no advantage from her

unilateral act in naming [the child].” Id. at 729 (citations omitted). When

the action is a challenge to the legitimacy of a child’s name unilaterally

chosen by one parent, the action is not governed by chapter 674 as it “is

simply not a name change case.”           In re Name Change of Quirk, 504

N.W.2d 879, 882 (Iowa 1993) (Carter, J., concurring specially).

         Previously, this court derived authority to change a child’s name

from the state’s custody statute, Iowa Code section 598.41. Gulsvig, 498

N.W.2d at 728.      This section, labeled “Custody of children,” gives the

court discretion to determine custody and physical care arrangements for

the best interest of the child. Iowa Code § 598.41(1)(a). The court has

stated that “an infant child’s name is an incident of ‘the child’s legal

status.’ ”    Gulsvig, 498 N.W.2d at 728 (quoting Iowa Code § 598.4(2)

(1991)).     The court, therefore, may change a child’s name pursuant to
                                          6

custody determinations under this section.                   Id.    This section’s

counterpart for unmarried parents is Iowa Code section 600B.40. 3

       Under Iowa law, Braunschweig clearly had the right to contest the

surname on Carter’s birth certificate at some point, because Fahrenkrog

unilaterally chose that name.         Braunschweig’s right to adjudicate his

parental rights and Carter’s legal status, including his name, does not,

however, answer the question presented here.              The question we must

answer is at what point must the name issue be addressed to qualify as

an initial name determination. Iowa Code section 600B.40 provides that

“[i]f a judgment of paternity is entered, the father may petition for rights

of visitation or custody in the same paternity action or in an equity

proceeding separate from any action to establish paternity.” According to

this statute, Braunschweig could, but was not required to, determine his

parental rights and Carter’s legal status in the paternity action.

Braunschweig chose to do so.

       In April 2005, by stipulation and agreement, both parents decided

they would have joint custody of Carter, with Fahrenkrog having primary

physical custody of Carter and Braunschweig liberal visitation rights. In

this petition, settlement and decree, Carter is referred to as Carter James

Frank.      There is no mention in this petition or agreement of

Braunschweig’s desire to change Carter’s surname.

       It is helpful to explain Iowa’s statutory process for issuing birth

certificates to children with unmarried parents.               Iowa Code section

144.13(3) provides that when the mother is unmarried, the name of the


       3IowaCode section 600B.40 addresses custody and visitation actions between
unmarried parents. Under this section, if a judgment of paternity has been entered and
the mother has not been awarded sole custody of the child, section 598.41, addressing
custody and visitation actions between divorcing or separating parents, is applied by
the court.
                                          7

father shall not be entered on a birth certificate “unless a determination

of paternity has been made pursuant to section 252A.3.”                   Iowa Code

section 252A.3(8)(a) provides that paternity may be established by an

order of a court of competent jurisdiction. Both of these steps occurred

in this case. Upon entry of the decree establishing paternity, two things

should have occurred. First, the clerk of court is required to transmit

this information to the state registrar of vital statistics.           Iowa Code §

600B.36 (“Upon the entry of a judgment determining the paternity of a

child the clerk of the district court shall notify in writing the state

registrar of vital statistics of the name of the person against whom such

judgment has been entered, together with such other facts disclosed by

the records as may assist in identifying the record of the birth of the

child as the same may appear in the office of said registrar.” (Emphasis

added.)).     Second, upon notification by the clerk, the state registrar is

required to amend the birth certificate to reflect the identity of the father.

Iowa Code § 144.40 (“Upon . . . notification by the clerk of court of a

court or administrative order establishing paternity, the state registrar

shall amend a certificate of birth to show paternity if paternity is not

shown on the birth certificate.”); see also Iowa Code § 144.13(3). 4 Iowa

Code section 144.40 also provides: “Upon written request of the parents,

the surname of the child may be changed on the certificate to that of the

father.” A new or amended birth certificate is then created listing both

the father and the mother, as well as the child’s legal name.                     See




       4The   record does not reflect if this was done. It should also be noted that in
2005, Iowa Code section 144.40 was amended to provide that “the state registrar shall
establish a new certificate of birth to show paternity if paternity is not shown on the
birth certificate.” Iowa Code § 144.40 (Supp. 2005) (emphasis added).
                                     8

generally Iowa Code § 595.5(2) (“An individual shall have only one legal

name at any one time.”).

      The court of appeals found this action was a name change under

chapter 674, as opposed to an initial name determination, stating:

      [W]e conclude Braunschweig sought a name change rather
      than an initial determination of the child’s last name.
      Braunschweig petitioned for an initial determination of his
      rights vis-à-vis his son in a separate action filed two years
      earlier. At that time, he could have asked the court to review
      the last name on the child’s birth certificate. Braunschweig
      did not ask the court to make that determination but instead
      proceeded as if the child’s last name was Frank.

             When Braunschweig petitioned the court two years
      later, his petition was styled a petition “to change child’s
      surname.” The caption accurately described the nature of
      the action. The child’s legal status and his parents’ rights to
      him were determined in the custody action. The second
      petition sought to change a component of the child’s legal
      status. That petition was governed by the standards of the
      name change statute, Iowa Code chapter 674.

Braunschweig v. Fahrenkrog, No. 08–0729, 2009 WL 606252, at *1–2

(Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 11, 2009) (citations omitted).

      The court of appeals relied on language in Montgomery to hold that

Braunschweig was required to seek a name change when he initially

petitioned the court to establish paternity and determine his rights.

Montgomery, 708 N.W.2d at 706. The basis for this requirement is not

apparent in Montgomery, nor the cases cited therein, but in this case, the

court of appeals noted that “[t]o hold otherwise would allow multiple

filings, effectively removing minors from the ambit of the name change

statute.” Braunschweig, No. 08–0729, 2009 WL 606252 at 2. We believe

that this reference to multiple filings is an expression of the doctrine of

res judicata.

      We have noted that res judicata embraces two concepts:            claim

preclusion and issue preclusion. Spiker v. Spiker, 708 N.W.2d 347, 353
                                     9

(Iowa 2006). Issue preclusion requires the issue actually be litigated. Id.

It does not apply in this case, as the issue of Carter’s name was not

litigated in the initial paternity action.   Claim preclusion (sometimes

called the rule against splitting of actions), however, has no such

requirement. See Noel v. Noel, 334 N.W.2d 146, 148 (Iowa 1983).

              The general rule of claim preclusion provides a valid
      and final judgment on a claim precludes a second action on
      that claim or any part of it. The rule applies not only as to
      every matter which was offered and received to sustain or
      defeat the claim or demand, but also as to any other
      admissible matter which could have been offered for that
      purpose. Claim preclusion, as opposed to issue preclusion,
      may foreclose litigation of matters that have never been
      litigated. It does not, however, apply unless the party
      against whom preclusion is asserted had a “full and fair
      opportunity” to litigate the claim or issue in the first action.
      A second claim is likely to be barred by claim preclusion
      where the “acts complained of, and the recovery demanded
      are the same or where the same evidence will support both
      actions.” A plaintiff is not entitled to a second day in court
      by alleging a new ground of recovery for the same wrong.

Arnevik v. Univ. of Minn. Bd. of Regents, 642 N.W.2d 315, 319 (Iowa

2002) (emphasis added) (quoting Whalen v. Connelly, 621 N.W.2d 681,

685 (Iowa 2000)) (citations omitted).    To invoke the doctrine of claim

preclusion, three elements must be established:      (1) the parties in the

first and second action must be the same, (2) the claim made in the

second action could have been “fully and fairly adjudicated in the prior

case,” and (3) a final judgment on the merits was issued in the first

action. Id.; accord Spiker, 708 N.W.2d at 353.

      The elements of claim preclusion are clearly met in this case.

Braunschweig and Fahrenkrog were the parties in both the first and

second actions.   As noted above, the right to have Carter’s surname

changed is one of the rights provided under Iowa Code sections 600B.40

and 144.40. The issue of Carter’s surname could have been fairly and
                                    10

fully adjudicated in Braunschweig’s original paternity action where he

sought to establish his parental rights.      Finally, there was a final

judgment on the merits in the first paternity action, establishing Carter’s

legal status and Braunschweig’s parental rights and responsibilities. We

find that because the elements of claim preclusion are established,

Braunschweig may not have a second bite at the apple by bringing a

second action to seek an amended birth certificate and initial name

determination.

      The application of claim preclusion to this action is consistent with

the statutory scheme for establishing parental rights and our prior cases

addressing this issue. Braunschweig brought the original action in 2004

seeking to establish his parental rights and responsibilities. Pursuant to

Iowa Code section 144.40, one of the consequences of a decree of

paternity is that a new or amended birth certificate is to be issued. Iowa

Code § 144.40.    As noted above, a mother does not have an absolute

right to name a child due to custody at birth. Gulsvig, 498 N.W.2d at

729. Therefore, a father who is not consulted in naming the child has a

right to contest the name and the mother’s unilateral act is given no

effect. Id. Although Fahrenkrog clearly chose Carter’s surname without

Braunschweig’s input or consent, a paternity action was brought by

Braunschweig, and one of the consequences of a decree of paternity is

that a new or amended birth certificate is issued. Iowa Code § 144.40.

The creation of this new or amended birth certificate was no longer a

unilateral act by Fahrenkrog, as Braunschweig chose to bring the action

adjudicating his parental rights. He had the option of contesting Carter’s

surname at that time but did not. Where a father brings an action to

establish paternity and adjudicate his parental rights, the time and place

to contest the child’s surname is when the new or amended birth
                                           11

certificate is created.     Anything after that time is a name change and

governed under chapter 674. 5 Braunschweig chose to have his parental

rights adjudicated in 2004. He did not contest Carter’s surname at that

time; therefore, this action is governed by Iowa Code chapter 674.

       B.    Name Change Requirements.                Because a new or amended

birth certificate was or should have been created in 2004, Carter’s name

was established and this controversy must be determined under chapter

674. “Iowa Code section 674.6 limits the authority of the district court to

change the name of a minor child except upon the consent of both

parents.” Quirk, 504 N.W.2d at 881. If only one parent consents, the

court is required to set the matter for hearing and give notice to the

nonconsenting parent. Iowa Code § 674.6. The court may only waive the

consent requirement if it finds:

            1. That the [nonconsenting] parent has abandoned the
            child;

            2. That the [nonconsenting] parent has been ordered to
            contribute to the support of the child or to financially aid
            in the child’s birth and has failed to do so without good
            cause; or

            3. That the [nonconsenting] parent does not object to the
            name change after having been given due and proper
            notice.

Id.

       In this case, the district court made no findings regarding the

requirements of section 674.6 because it believed this action was an

initial name determination.          Our de novo review of the record makes

plain, however, that Fahrenkrog should prevail on the merits.                      First,

there is no abandonment as Carter has been in Fahrenkrog’s physical

       5We   express no opinion whether the result may be different where the paternity
action is brought against the father and the father does not choose to petition for rights
of visitation and custody under Iowa Code section 600B.40.
                                    12

custody at all times since his birth. Second, there has been no showing

that Fahrenkrog has failed to financially support Carter.        Finally,

Fahrenkrog objected to the proposed name change, both in her written

resistance to Braunschweig’s petition and in her arguments before the

district court and the court of appeals.     In summary, had the court

considered the factors precedent to the entry of a name change under

section 674.6, it would have found itself without statutory authority to

make the change Braunschweig requested.

      IV. Disposition.

      We hold that Braunschweig’s petition seeks a name change

governed by Iowa Code section 674.6. Because the requirements under

Code section 674.6 were not met, the district court was without authority

to change Carter’s surname.     The decision of the court of appeals is

affirmed, and the judgment of the district court reversed.

      DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS AFFIRMED; DISTRICT

COURT JUDGMENT REVERSED.
