[Cite as Arnholt v. Carlisle, 2011-Ohio-2948.]


                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                      LICKING COUNTY, OHIO
                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT



WILLIAM ARNHOLT, et al.                             JUDGES:
                                                    Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P. J.
        Plaintiffs-Appellees                        Hon. William B. Hoffman, J.
                                                    Hon. John W. Wise, J.
-vs-
                                                    Case No. 10 CA 91
JOHN CARLISLE

        Defendant-Appellant                         OPINION




CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                         Civil Appeal from the Court of Common
                                                 Pleas, Case No. 08 CV 1045


JUDGMENT:                                        Affirmed



DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                          June 6, 2011



APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiffs-Appellees                         For Defendant-Appellant

J. ANDREW CRAWFORD                               DAVID Q. WIGGINTON
REESE, PYLE, DRAKE & MEYER                       SCHALLER, CAMPBELL & UNTIED
Post Office Box 919                              Post Office Box 309
36 North 2nd Street                              32 North Park Place
Newark, Ohio 43058-0919                          Newark, Ohio 43055
Licking County, Case No. 10 CA 91                                                       2

Wise, J.

         {¶1}   Defendant-Appellant John Carlisle appeals from the decision of the

Licking County Court of Common Pleas, granting a claim of adverse possession over

part of his real property in favor of Plaintiffs-Appellees William Arnholt, et al. The

relevant facts leading to this appeal are as follows.

         {¶2}   In 1973, Appellee William Arnholt and his then-wife, Marie K. Arnholt,

purchased approximately 5.8 acres of land at 6961 Palmer Road in a rural area of Etna

Township, Licking County, for the purpose of building their marital residence. The

residence was completed in the summer of 1976, at which time appellee and Marie

moved in. The couple remained there until 1993, when they were divorced. Pursuant to

their divorce decree, Marie continued to reside in the home until 1995, at which time the

youngest child became emancipated. In 1995, appellee and his present wife, Gail

Arnholt, took possession of the home.

         {¶3}   The record reveals the existence of a natural stream running at the south-

southeastern rear edge of appellees’ Palmer Road property. South of the stream is an

old barbed-wire farm fence that appellee began treating as the southern boundary line

of the property after he purchased his acreage.1 At that time, the area around the

stream had only a few trees; appellee over the years planted as many as 150 saplings

near the sides of the stream. He also buttressed the stream banks with old bricks and

tiles.   Appellee additionally began mowing the area behind the house south to the

aforesaid farm fence on the far side of the stream. Appellee also stored construction

materials and automobiles not far from the stream. Essentially, the present disputed

1
  We will herein refer to William Arnholt as “appellee” or “Appellee Arnholt,” in the
singular.
Licking County, Case No. 10 CA 91                                                          3


area is (1) a wedge-shaped extension of appellees’ back yard, due south of the original

southern boundary of appellees’ parcel and north and west of said farm fence, and (2) a

strip of land extending therefrom along the creek in roughly a southwest to northeast

fashion, also north and west of the farm fence.

       {¶4}   Appellant Carlisle is the owner of an adjoining parcel upon which sits the

disputed area. The parcel was previously owned by Donald Householder; after a

foreclosure action in 2008, the Householder property was sold to appellant. In the spring

of that year, appellant considered building a small bridge over the stream and clearing

some brush from that area. Appellant contracted for the services of a surveyor in May

2008, and several arguments thereafter broke out between appellant and appellees.

       {¶5}   On May 21, 2008, appellees filed a complaint in the Licking County Court

of Common Pleas alleging civil trespass and seeking title to the disputed property area

on the grounds of adverse possession. On July 1, 2008, appellees filed their first

amended complaint. On July 8, 2008, appellant filed an answer and counterclaim, and

an amended answer and counterclaim the next day. Appellees filed a second amended

complaint on September 21, 2009. Appellant filed an answer and counterclaim thereto

on September 28, 2009.

       {¶6}   Both sides filed motions for summary judgment on February 16, 2010.

Both motions were denied on April 12, 2010.

       {¶7}   The matter proceeded to a trial commencing on June 29, 2010. Pursuant

to a motion in limine filed by appellees, the trial court limited the testimony of appellee’s

former wife Marie K. Arnholt to her personal knowledge concerning the property

boundaries. Appellant’s counsel proffered Marie’s testimony, outside of the jury’s
Licking County, Case No. 10 CA 91                                                       4


presence, regarding her asserted lack of intent to claim the adverse possession

property.

       {¶8}   At the close of appellees’ evidence, appellant moved for a directed verdict,

which the trial court denied.

       {¶9}   At the conclusion of the evidence, the jury found, inter alia, in favor of

appellees on their claim for adverse possession. The court thereupon issued an order

directing appellees to obtain a legal description of the property and to prepare a final

judgment entry.

       {¶10} On August 12, 2010, appellant filed a notice of appeal. He herein raises

the following four Assignments of Error:

       {¶11} “I. THE JURY’S CONCLUSION THAT THE APPELLEES ADVERSELY

POSSESSED THE PROPERTY OF THE APPELLANT SUCH THAT THEY RECEIVED

TITLE TO THE PROPERTY WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE

EVIDENCE.

       {¶12} “II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ITS TREATMENT OF THE

TESTIMONY OF MARIE K. ARNHOLT BY GRANTING [APPELLEES’] MOTION IN

LIMINE PROHIBITING THE TESTIMONY OF KATHY ARNHOLT REGARDING HER

INTENTIONS WITH REGARD TO THE PROPERTY, LIMITING HER TESTIMONY AT

TRIAL, AND FAILING TO FIND THAT [APPELLANT] WAS ENTITLED TO SUMMARY

JUDGMENT.

       {¶13} “III. THE JURY’S CONCLUSION THAT THE [APPELLEES] ‘ADVERSELY

POSSESSED’ THE PROPERTY SOUTH AND EAST OF THE STREAM WAS

AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.
Licking County, Case No. 10 CA 91                                                      5


      {¶14} “VI.    THE COURT ERRED BY FAILING TO GRANT APPELLANT’S

MOTION FOR DIRECTED VERDICT AT THE CLOSE OF ALL THE EVIDENCE

BASED UPON THE APPELLEE’S FAILURE TO SUBMIT SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE

REGARDING THE BOUNDARY OF THE ADVERSELY POSSESSED PROPERTY.

ALTERNATIVELY, THE DECISION OF THE JURY REGARDING THE BOUNDARIES

OF THE PROPERTY WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.”

                                           I.

      {¶15} In his First Assignment of Error, appellant argues the jury’s finding that

appellees had proven their claim of adverse possession was against the manifest

weight of the evidence. We disagree.

      {¶16} As a general rule, we neither weigh the evidence nor judge the credibility

of the witnesses in analyzing manifest weight arguments in civil cases. Our role is to

determine whether there is relevant, competent and credible evidence upon which the

fact finder could base his or her judgment. Witt v. Watson, Stark App.No. 2004 CA

00297, 2005-Ohio-3290, ¶ 18, citing Cross Truck v. Jeffries (February 10, 1982), Stark

App.No. CA-5758. See, also, C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley Constr. Co. (1978), 54 Ohio St.2d

279, 280, 376, 376 N.E.2d 578.

      {¶17} To acquire title by adverse possession, a party must prove, by clear and

convincing evidence, exclusive possession and open, notorious, continuous, and

adverse use for a period of twenty-one years. Grace v. Koch (1998), 81 Ohio St.3d 577,

692 N.E.2d 1009. Failure of proof as to any of the elements results in failure to acquire

title by adverse possession. Id. at 579, citing Pennsylvania Rd. Co. v. Donovan, 111

Ohio St. 341, 349-350, 145 N.E. 479. Furthermore, “[a] successful adverse possession
Licking County, Case No. 10 CA 91                                                          6


action results in a legal titleholder forfeiting ownership to an adverse holder without

compensation. Such a doctrine should be disfavored, and that is why the elements of

adverse possession are stringent.” Id. at 580.

       {¶18} In the case sub judice, appellees presented evidence of their following

activities on the disputed property:

              Use                                        Dates of use
              Tree planting and growth of trees          1976-2008
              Mowing to stream                           1976-2008
              Reinforce stream bank                      Late 70’s-2008
              Store Volkswagen vehicles                  1978-1988
              Store construction materials               1981-1998
              Construct and maintain grape arbor         1984-2008
              Construct encroaching barn                 1996-2008
              Construct levy and creek pond              1997-2008

       {¶19} Appellant presents two basic challenges to the jury’s finding of adverse

possession in the case sub judice: First, appellant contends that Appellee Arnholt did

not occupy the residence and property in question from May 1993 until October 1995, a

period of approximately thirty months, and thus the continuousness requirement of

adverse possession was not met. Secondly, appellant maintains that appellees did not

demonstrate when Arnholt’s actions of tree planting first became adverse for purposes

of meeting the twenty-one-year requirement.

       {¶20} In regard to appellant’s first challenge, it is well-established that in seeking

to establish the necessary twenty-one year period, a party may add his own term of

adverse use to any period of adverse use by a prior succeeding owner in privity with the

current owner. See Wetzler v. Eagleson's, Inc., Guernsey App. No. 01 CA14, 2002-

Ohio-1838, citing Zipf v. Dalgarn (1926), 114 Ohio St. 291, 151 N.E. 174. The chain of

adverse use by succeeding owners is known as tacking, and the chain may not be
Licking County, Case No. 10 CA 91                                                       7


broken. Id. In addition, “[a]n adverse possessor need only establish an occupation or

use of the land that would be made by an owner of the same type of land, taking into

account the uses for which the land is suited.” King v. Hazen, Ashtabula App.No. 2005-

A-0031, 2006-Ohio-4823, ¶ 61, citing Allison v. Shepherd (1979), 285 Ore. 447, 451-

452, 591 P.2d 735, 738.

      {¶21} As noted in our recitation of facts, Appellee Arnholt was dispossessed of

the Palmer Road house and property for thirty months in the period of 1993 to 1995,

pursuant to the terms of his divorce from Marie Arnholt. During that time, he ceased his

tree-planting activities, did not mow the grass, and did not add construction materials to

the disputed outside storage area. However, upon our review of the record,

photographic exhibits, and transcript, we find the jury could have at least properly

concluded that tacking was proven during the thirty months in question. The large

numbers of trees planted by Appellee Arnholt continued to thrive on areas then owned

by Householder, appellant’s predecessor in interest, and even though Arnholt did not

access the construction materials stored on the adverse possession property, there is

no demonstration in the record that he abandoned these materials during the thirty

month period. Furthermore, Marie and the children continued to mow the now-disputed

area down to the creek bank, and the burn pit continued to be used. During Marie’s

possession of the property, additional items such as a truck cap and some animal

kennels were added to the area in question. We thus find no basis to disturb the jury’s

conclusion on this basis.

      {¶22} In regard to appellant’s second “manifest weight” challenge, we have

recognized that “[i]n order for possession to be considered open, the use of the disputed
Licking County, Case No. 10 CA 91                                                        8


property must be without attempted concealment. * * * To be notorious, a use must be

known to some who might reasonably be expected to communicate their knowledge to

the owner * * * [or] so patent that the true owner of the property could not be deceived

as to the property's use.” Franklin v. Massillon Homes II, L.L.C. 184 Ohio App.3d 455,

461, 921 N.E.2d 314, 2009-Ohio-5487, citing Kaufman v. Geisken Ents., Ltd., Putnam

App. No. 12-02-04, 2003-Ohio-1027, ¶ 31 (internal quotations omitted). Appellant

essentially urges that Appellee Arnholt’s hardwood tree planting, particularly during the

first few years, was not significant enough to demonstrate a commencement of open

and notorious adverse use, taking into consideration the rural residential environs of

Palmer Road. However, appellees presented testimony from Arnholt’s sister and

brother-in-law that the area in question was originally mostly open, with a smattering of

large mature trees, allowing the jury to conclude that the ongoing sapling planting would

have been visible to Householder and other interested observers. Furthermore,

because the action was not filed until 2008, the jury could have utilized any date

between 1976 and 1987 as the starting point for the commencement of Arnholt’s open

and notorious tree planting to meet the prerequisites for appellees’ adverse possession

claim.

         {¶23} Accordingly, appellant’s First Assignment of Error is overruled.

                                             II.

         {¶24} In his Second Assignment of Error, appellant argues the trial court erred in

its treatment of the testimony of Appellee’s former spouse, Marie K. Arnholt, by granting

appellees’ motion in limine prohibiting the testimony of Marie regarding her intentions
Licking County, Case No. 10 CA 91                                                       9


with regard to the property, limiting her testimony at trial, and failing to find that

appellant was entitled to summary judgment. We disagree.

      {¶25} This Court has recognized that Ohio law does not require proof of

subjective purpose in a claim of adverse possession. See, e.g., Goodin v. Sforza (Dec.

6, 1989), Licking App. No. CA-3444, 1989 WL 154646, citing Yetzer v. Thoman (1866),

17 Ohio St. 130. Also, when a boundary line is in dispute, it is not necessary to show

knowledge or wrongful intent on the part of the adverse claimant. See Keller v. Russell

(June 9, 2000), Scioto App.No. 99 CA 2659, citing Coburn v. Gebauer (Jan. 11, 1996),

Seneca App. No. 13-95-14; Goetz v. Miller (Apr. 24, 1981), Ottawa App. No. OT-80-26.

In Evanich v. Bridge, 119 Ohio St.3d 260, 893 N.E.2d 481, the Ohio Supreme Court

held, at the syllabus: “In a claim for adverse possession, the intent to possess another's

property is objective rather than subjective, and the legal requirement that possession

be adverse is satisfied by clear and convincing evidence that for 21 years the claimant

possessed property and treated it as the claimant's own.” (Emphasis added).

      {¶26} As discussed in appellant’s first assigned error, the record provides

competent, credible evidence of Appellee Arnholt’s tacking and continued in absentia

use of the adverse possession property during the 1993 through 1995 period. We thus

find additional discussion of the issue of Marie’s testimony to be merely academic. In

other words, the jury’s finding of adverse possession was supported by evidence of

continuous use regardless of Marie’s claimed lack of subjective intent to claim

ownership of the property in question.

      {¶27} Appellant nonetheless argues that Evanich, supra, addresses only the

issue of the claimant’s intent in a case of mutual mistake of boundary, and does not
Licking County, Case No. 10 CA 91                                                         10


apply to the present situation wherein Marie Arnholt was a temporary possessor.

Appellant also theorizes that allowing tacking via a temporary possessor who lacks

subjective intent would invite cases of “involuntary” adverse possession. However, we

find these arguments unpersuasive.

       {¶28} We thus turn to the question of the denial of summary judgment. Such

proceedings present an appellate court with the opportunity of reviewing the evidence in

the same manner as the trial court. Smiddy v. The Wedding Party, Inc. (1987), 30 Ohio

St.3d 35, 36, 506 N.E.2d 212. We refer to Civ.R. 56, which provides, in pertinent part:

“Summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers

to interrogatories, written admissions, affidavits, transcripts of evidence in the pending

case and written stipulations of fact, if any, timely filed in the action, show that there is

no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. * * * A summary judgment shall not be rendered unless it

appears from the evidence or stipulation, and only from the evidence or stipulation, that

reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to the

party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made, that party being entitled

to have the evidence or stipulation construed most strongly in the party's favor.”

       {¶29} Appellant maintains that Marie Arnholt’s summary judgment affidavit

unequivocally shows she did not intend to possess the adverse possession property

during the time she possessed the Palmer Road property. However, based on our

above conclusions regarding the issue of the motion in limine and the fact that the case

proceeded to a full jury trial and verdict, we find further redress of summary judgment to

be unnecessary. See Sanders v. Mt. Sinai Hospital (1985), 21 Ohio App.3d 249, 256.
Licking County, Case No. 10 CA 91                                                     11


      {¶30} Accordingly, appellant’s Second Assignment of Error is overruled.

                                           III.

      {¶31} In his Third Assignment of Error, appellant challenges the jury’s finding

that appellees proved their claim of adverse possession regarding the portion of land

south and east of the stream, i.e., the strip between the stream and the old fence.

      {¶32} We reiterate that as a general rule, we neither weigh the evidence nor

judge the credibility of the witnesses in analyzing manifest weight arguments in civil

cases. Our role is to determine whether there is relevant, competent and credible

evidence upon which the fact finder could base his or her judgment. Witt, supra, at ¶ 18.

      {¶33} It is well-established that an adverse possessor’s claim is limited to the

property actually occupied or possessed. See, e.g., Oeltjen v. Akron Associated Inv. Co.

(1958), 106 Ohio App. 128. In the case sub judice, the judgment entry describes the

adverse possession property as “being bounded *** on the south by an old barbed wire

occupation fence which runs along the south side of the small creek, and the jury was

so instructed.” Judgment Entry, August 11, 2010, at 1.

      {¶34} Appellant asserts that the only use of the land area on the south and east

side of the stream, on the opposite side from appellees’ house, was Arnholt’s tree

planting. We have indeed recognized that “[m]ere maintenance of land, such as mowing

grass, cutting weeds, and minor landscaping, is generally not sufficient to constitute

adverse possession.” See Nixon v. Parker, Licking App.No. 04 CA 84, 2005-Ohio-2375,

¶ 22, citing Murphy v. Cromwell, Muskingum App. No. CT2004-0003, 2004-Ohio-6279,

¶ 55 (additional citations omitted). However, the record reveals testimony that Arnholt

planted approximately one-hundred trees in the south-of-the-stream area, particularly
Licking County, Case No. 10 CA 91                                                     12


during the mid-seventies through the mid-eighties. See Tr. at 194-195, 381-382. See,

also, the map admitted as Plaintiffs’ Exh. 14. This effectively turned the area from a

fallow open field space into a wooded one. See Tr. at 307-308. Arnholt noted that he

had always been interested in arborist pursuits, and he specifically planted a variety of

hardwood species. See Tr. at 157-158, 191-192. Accordingly, we find the evidence in

this instance supported the conclusion that Arnholt’s planting and subsequent

caretaking actions regarding the trees to the south of the stream went beyond “mere

maintenance” and minor landscaping, such that the finding of adverse possession in

that area was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

      {¶35} Appellant’s Third Assignment of Error is overruled.

                                           IV.

      {¶36} In his Fourth Assignment of Error, appellant argues that the trial court

erred in denying his motion for directed verdict, or, in the alternative, that the jury’s

findings as to property boundaries were against the manifest weight of the evidence.

We disagree.

      {¶37} Based on the structure of appellant’s assigned error, we must herein recite

two standards of review. The standard of review for the grant or denial of a motion for a

directed verdict is whether there is probative evidence which, if believed, would permit

reasonable minds to come to different conclusions as to the essential elements of the

case, construing the evidence most strongly in favor of the non-movant. Brown v.

Guarantee Title & Trust/Arta (Aug. 28, 1996), Fairfield App.No. 94-41, citing Sanek v.

Duracote Corp. (1989), 43 Ohio St .3d 169, 172, 539 N.E.2d 1114. A motion for a

directed verdict therefore presents a question of law, and an appellate court conducts a
Licking County, Case No. 10 CA 91                                                          13

de novo review of the lower court's judgment. Howell v. Dayton Power & Light Co.

(1995), 102 Ohio App.3d 6, 13, 656 N.E.2d 957, 961. However, in analyzing manifest

weight arguments in civil cases, our role is to determine whether there is relevant,

competent and credible evidence upon which the fact finder could base his or her

judgment. Witt, supra, at ¶ 18.

       {¶38} Appellant claims that appellees relied upon “scant evidence” regarding the

locations of the southern and western boundaries of the adverse possession property.

Appellant’s Brief at 23. He maintains this is confirmed by the court’s order, after the trial,

that appellees obtain a land survey and legal description to formally establish the new

boundaries of appellees’ property.

       {¶39} The record reveals that the jury in this matter was given the following

instruction, without objection by either side:

       {¶40} “The adverse possession property is bounded on the north by the south

and southeast deeded property lines contained in the Arnholts’ deed, on the east and

west by an extension south of the east and west deeded property lines contained in the

Arnholts’ deed, and on the south by an old barbed wire occupation fence which runs

along the south side of a small creek.” Tr. at 696.

       {¶41} Both sides direct us to Galehouse v. Geiser, Wayne App.No. 05CA0037,

2006-Ohio-766, in which the Ninth District Court of Appeals approved a trial court’s

directive to obtain a post-judgment survey of the adverse possession area. Although

appellant seeks to distinguish Galehouse on its facts, we agree with appellees that the

case supports the trial court’s decision in the case sub judice. Upon review of the

substantial photographic, video, and testimonial evidence in the present record of the
Licking County, Case No. 10 CA 91                                                    14


location of the old fence and any other challenged boundaries, we find there was

evidence presented which would at least permit reasonable minds to come to different

conclusions as to the element of the lower boundaries of the property. Therefore, the

trial court properly denied appellant’s motion for directed verdict. We further hold the

jury’s subsequent conclusions regarding the adverse possession boundaries were not

against the manifest weight of the evidence.

      {¶42} Appellant’s Fourth Assignment of Error is overruled.

      {¶43} For the reasons stated in the foregoing opinion, the judgment of the Court

of Common Pleas, Licking County, Ohio, is hereby affirmed.


By: Wise, J.

Gwin, P. J., and

Hoffman, J., concur.



                                               ___________________________________


                                               ___________________________________


                                               ___________________________________

                                                               JUDGES
JWW/d 0512
Licking County, Case No. 10 CA 91                                             15


            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR LICKING COUNTY, OHIO
                        FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT




WILLIAM ARNHOLT, et al.                    :
                                           :
       Plaintiffs-Appellees                :
                                           :
-vs-                                       :         JUDGMENT ENTRY
                                           :
JOHN CARLISLE                              :
                                           :

       Defendant-Appellant                 :         Case No. 10 CA 91




       For the reasons stated in our accompanying Memorandum-Opinion, the

judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Licking County, Ohio, is affirmed.

       Costs assessed to appellant.




                                           ___________________________________


                                           ___________________________________


                                           ___________________________________

                                                              JUDGES
