                IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
                                         ══════════
                                           No. 18-0656
                                         ══════════

                          CREATIVE OIL & GAS, LLC AND
                 CREATIVE OIL & GAS OPERATING, LLC, PETITIONERS,
                                                 v.


                          LONA HILLS RANCH, LLC, RESPONDENT
            ══════════════════════════════════════════
                        ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE
                 COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD DISTRICT OF TEXAS
            ══════════════════════════════════════════


                                   Argued September 19, 2019


       JUSTICE BLACKLOCK delivered the opinion of the Court.

       The 86th Legislature recently amended the Texas Citizens Participation Act (TCPA). Act

of May 17, 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., ch. 378, 2019 Tex. Gen. Laws 684. The prior version of the

statute continues, however, to control cases filed before September 1, 2019. Id. §§ 11–12, 2019

Tex. Gen. Laws at 687. This is one such case. It requires consideration of statutory text that has

been repealed but remains operative, though for a limited time only. The question is whether the

erstwhile version of the TCPA applies to certain counterclaims alleged in a dispute over an oil and

gas lease. The answer to that question depends on whether each counterclaim is “based on, relates

to, or is in response to” the “exercise of the right of free speech” or the “exercise of the right to

petition,” as the governing statutory text defines those concepts. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

§ 27.003(a). As explained below, we conclude that the court of appeals properly dismissed one
counterclaim but that the others should have been allowed to proceed. The judgment of the court

of appeals is affirmed in part and reversed in part, and the case is remanded to the trial court for

further proceedings.

                                                I. Background

        Respondent Lona Hills Ranch, LLC (Ranch) entered into an oil and gas lease with

Petitioner-lessee Creative Oil & Gas, LLC (Lessee). Petitioner Creative Oil & Gas Operating,

LLC (Operator) was the operator of the only producing well on the lease. 1 The Ranch sued the

Operator in a trespass and trespass to try title action, seeking a ruling that the lease was terminated

due to cessation of production. The Lessee intervened, and the Ranch later filed an amended

petition dropping its claims against the Operator and instead asserting them against the Lessee.

The Lessee and the Operator brought various counterclaims that essentially amounted to two

claims. The first claim was that the Ranch falsely told third-party purchasers of production from

the lease that the lease was expired and that payments on the purchases should stop. The second

claim was that the Ranch breached the lease by filing this suit and by bringing an administrative

action in the Railroad Commission seeking a ruling that the lease had terminated. 2 The second

claim asserted that these adversarial actions breached section 11 of the lease, which required Lona




        1
            The Lessee is the sole member and owner of the Operator.
        2
           The Railroad Commission ultimately dismissed the Ranch’s complaint. As the court of appeals explained,
“the Railroad Commission issued a final order concluding that the Operator had presented a ‘good faith claim’ to
operate the Lease and dismissing the complaint. This conclusion was based, in part, on the Railroad Commission’s
finding that the Operator’s operations during the time the well was not producing had been ‘adequate to extend the
term of the lease.’” Lona Hills Ranch, LLC v. Creative Oil & Gas Operating, LLC, 549 S.W.3d 839, 842 (Tex. App.—
Austin 2018, pet. granted).

                                                         2
Hills to give the Lessee notice of a breach and an opportunity to cure prior to commencing

litigation.

        The Ranch filed a TCPA motion to dismiss the counterclaims. As to the first claim, it

argued its statements to third parties about the lease were an “exercise of the right of free speech,”

which the TCPA defines as “a communication made in connection with a matter of public

concern.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.001(3). As to the second claim, the Ranch argued

that the filing of this suit and the Railroad Commission action were both an “exercise of the right

to petition,” as the TCPA defines it. See id. § 27.001(4).

        The motion was denied by operation of law, and the Ranch appealed. The court of appeals

agreed with the Ranch that the communications to third parties were an “exercise of the right of

free speech” covered by the TCPA. Lona Hills Ranch, LLC v. Creative Oil & Gas Operating,

LLC, 549 S.W.3d 839 (Tex. App.—Austin 2018, pet. granted). The court of appeals construed the

appellees’ briefing as failing to take direct issue with the Ranch’s contention that its

communications with third parties involved a “matter of public concern.” Id. at 845–46. The court

viewed appellees’ briefing as focused on the argument that their counterclaims were premised on

the breach of the notice and cure provision, not on the communications to third parties. As a result,

the court of appeals did not address the matter-of-public-concern questions explored below. The

court rejected the appellees’ contention that the counterclaims were premised solely on the alleged

breach of the lease. The court concluded that the counterclaims related to communications with

third parties were premised on the Ranch’s “exercise of the right of free speech” under the TCPA.

Id. at 846–47. Proceeding to whether the counterclaimants had established a prima facie case

under the TCPA, the court of appeals held that the claims failed and should have been dismissed


                                                  3
because (1) the Operator was not a party to the lease and could not assert a breach of that contract,

and (2) the Lessee failed to identify a provision of the lease that was violated. Id. at 847.

        Regarding the Operator’s counterclaim concerning the filing of this suit and the Railroad

Commission action, the court of appeals concluded that this claim was in response to the exercise

of the right to petition. Id. at 848. After determining the TCPA applied, the court held the Operator

could not make out a prima facie breach-of-contract case because it was not a party to the lease

containing the notice and cure provision. Id. As to the Lessee, the court of appeals held that this

claim did not fall under the TCPA because it was not “factually predicated” on the Ranch’s right

to petition. Id. According to the court of appeals, the Lessee’s claim was not predicated on the

right to petition because the Ranch had contractually agreed to limit its right to petition under the

notice and cure provision of the lease. Id. Consistent with these rulings, the court of appeals

dismissed all the Operator’s counterclaims and dismissed the Lessee’s counterclaim premised on

communications with third parties.

                                                II. Discussion

                                                A. The TCPA

        Under the TCPA, 3 a party may file a motion to dismiss a “legal action” that is “based on,

relates to, or is in response to a party’s exercise of the right of free speech [or the] right to petition.”

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.003(a). A “legal action” can consist of an entire lawsuit or a

subsidiary action such as a counterclaim. Id. § 27.001(6).



        3
          All references to the TCPA are to the version that applies to this dispute. As noted above, the TCPA was
amended in 2019. Act of May 17, 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., ch. 378, 2019 Tex. Gen. Laws 684. Indeed, section 27.001(7)
was completely rewritten. These amendments do not apply to this case. See id. §§ 11–12, 2019 Tex. Gen. Laws at
687 (providing that amendments apply to actions filed on or after September 1, 2019).

                                                        4
        As the TCPA uses it, the phrase “‘exercise of the right of free speech’ means a

communication made in connection with a matter of public concern.”                    Id. § 27.001(3).

“‘Communication’ includes the making or submitting of a statement or document in any form or

medium, including oral, visual, written, audiovisual, or electronic.” Id. § 27.001(1). Under section

27.001(7),

        “Matter of public concern” includes an issue related to:
        (A) health or safety;
        (B) environmental, economic, or community well-being;
        (C) the government;
        (D) a public official or public figure; or
        (E) a good, product, or service in the marketplace.

Id. § 27.001(7).

        “Exercise of the right to petition” includes “a communication in or pertaining to” “a judicial

proceeding,” “an official proceeding, other than a judicial proceeding, to administer the law,” and

“an executive or other proceeding before a department of the state or federal government or a

subdivision of the state or federal government.” Id. § 27.001(4)(A)(i)–(iii).

        The TCPA mandates that a trial court deciding a motion to dismiss “shall consider the

pleadings and supporting and opposing affidavits” filed by the parties. Id. § 27.006(a). The statute

requires a three-step decisional process. Under the first step, the trial court must dismiss the action

“if the moving party shows by a preponderance of the evidence that the legal action is based on,

relates to, or is in response to the party’s exercise of . . . the right of free speech [or] the right to

petition.” Id. § 27.005(b). But under the second step, the court may not dismiss the action if the

non-moving party “establishes by clear and specific evidence a prima facie case for each essential

element of the claim.” Id. § 27.005(c). Under the third step, the movant can still win dismissal if

he establishes “by a preponderance of the evidence each essential element of a valid defense to the
                                                   5
nonmovant’s claim.” Id. § 27.005(d). If the court orders dismissal, it shall award to the moving

party reasonable attorney’s fees and other costs and expenses, as well as sanctions. Id. § 27.009(a).

The court may also award costs and fees to the non-moving party if it finds that the motion to

dismiss was frivolous or solely intended for delay. Id. § 27.009(b). Section 27.009 was also

amended in 2019. See supra note 3.

         An order denying a TCPA motion to dismiss is subject to interlocutory appeal. Id.

§ 51.014(a)(12). If, as occurred here, the trial court does not rule on a motion to dismiss within a

prescribed time, the motion is deemed overruled as a matter of law and the moving party may

thereafter pursue an appeal. Id. § 27.008(a).

         The text of the TCPA dictates the outcome of this case. We consider issues of statutory

construction de novo. Adams v. Starside Custom Builders, LLC, 547 S.W.3d 890, 894 (Tex. 2018).

“In TCPA appeals, we have decided whether communications are matters of public concern under

a de novo standard of review, suggesting that the determination is one of law.” Id. at 897.

             B. The Counterclaims Regarding Communications with Third Parties

         Some of the Lessee’s and the Operator’s counterclaims alleged they were damaged when

the Ranch communicated to third parties that the lease expired. Under the first step of the TCPA

analysis, the court of appeals concluded that these counterclaims were based on, related to, or in

response to the Ranch’s exercise of the right of free speech. 4 Proceeding to the second step, the

court of appeals concluded that the counterclaims should be dismissed because the Lessee and the




         4
          549 S.W.3d at 847 (“As such, the Ranch established by a preponderance of the evidence that the Operator
and the Lessee’s counterclaims are ‘based on, relate[] to, or [are] in response to’ the Ranch’s ‘exercise of the right of
free speech.’”).

                                                           6
Operator failed to establish by clear and specific evidence a prima facie case for each essential

element of the counterclaims. 549 S.W.3d at 847.

         The Lessee and the Operator contend that their counterclaims were not based on, related

to, or in response to “a communication made in connection with a matter of public concern.” At

the outset, we are satisfied that these “matter-of-public-concern” arguments are properly before

us. The Lessee and the Operator have contended in the trial court, the court of appeals, and this

Court that their counterclaims did not involve an exercise of the right of free speech under the

TCPA. They emphasize the matter-of-public-concern arguments in this Court, whereas they did

not do so in the court of appeals. The Ranch’s briefing, however, does not contend that the Lessee

and the Operator somehow waived or failed to preserve their right to argue in this Court that the

communications at issue did not involve matters of public concern. While the court of appeals

should not be faulted for declining to directly address the matter-of-public-concern question based

on how the case was presented in that court, both parties in this Court briefed the question as if it

is properly presented. That is at least arguably the case. 5 Rather than finding waiver sua sponte,

we will decide the dispositive legal question the parties ask us to decide.




         5
           As we read their brief in the court of appeals, the Lessee and the Operator repeatedly argued that their
counterclaims were not based on an exercise of the right of free speech under the TCPA but were instead based
exclusively on an alleged breach of a contract with the Ranch. The initial burden was on the Ranch as appellant to
establish that the trial court erred in denying the Ranch’s TCPA motion to dismiss. To the extent the Lessee and the
Operator as appellees had any burden to establish that their counterclaims did not involve an exercise of the right of
free speech, they raised that issue, although it certainly could have been argued more expansively, as it has been in
this Court. See Adams, 547 S.W.3d at 896 (“[Petitioner] was not required on appeal or at trial to rely on precisely the
same case law or statutory subpart that we now find persuasive.”); Greene v. Farmers Ins. Exchange, 446 S.W.3d
761, 764 n.4 (Tex. 2014) (“Greene contends that Farmers should be precluded from raising any arguments about
premium charges, form policies, and endorsements because they were not mentioned in the trial court or the court of
appeals. We disagree. We do not consider issues that were not raised in the courts below, but parties are free to
construct new arguments in support of issues properly before the Court.”).

                                                          7
       For the reasons explained below, the Ranch’s communications to third parties about an oil

and gas lease, on which some of the counterclaims are based, did not involve matters of public

concern under the TCPA.       Well-recognized principles of statutory construction inform this

conclusion. As with any statute, courts must apply the TCPA “as written” and “refrain from

rewriting text that lawmakers chose.” Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433, 443

(Tex. 2009). This means enforcing “the plain meaning of the text unless a different meaning is

supplied by statutory definition, is apparent from the context, or the plain meaning would lead to

an absurd or nonsensical result.” Beeman v. Livingston, 468 S.W.3d 534, 538 (Tex. 2015). The

TCPA “assigns detailed definitions to many of the terms it employs, and we must adhere to

statutory definitions.” Adams, 547 S.W.3d at 894. This “text-based approach to statutory

construction requires us to study the language of the specific provision at issue, within the context

of the statute as a whole, endeavoring to give effect to every word, clause, and sentence.” Ritchie

v. Rupe, 443 S.W.3d 856, 867 (Tex. 2014).

       “It is not the Court’s task to choose between competing policies addressed by legislative

drafting. We apply the mandates in the statute as written.” In re Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective

Servs., 210 S.W.3d 609, 614 (Tex. 2006) (orig. proceeding) (citation omitted). As written, the

TCPA applies to a wide variety of claims, Adams, 547 S.W.3d at 894, including any claim that is

“based on, relates to, or is in response to” a party’s “exercise of the right of free speech.” TEX.

CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 27.003(a), 27.005(b). “The TCPA provides its own definition of

‘exercise of the right of free speech’” that “is not fully coextensive with the constitutional free-

speech right protected by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and article I, section 8 of

the Texas Constitution.” Adams, 547 S.W.3d at 892. The TCPA professes a purpose to “encourage


                                                 8
and safeguard . . . constitutional rights,” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.002, but the statute’s

scope is dictated by its text, not by our understanding of the constitution. See Youngkin v. Hines,

546 S.W.3d 675, 681 (Tex. 2018) (“It does not follow from the fact that the TCPA professes to

safeguard the exercise of certain First Amendment rights that it should only apply to

constitutionally guaranteed activities.”).

       The TCPA defines “exercise of the right of free speech” to mean “a communication made

in connection with a matter of public concern.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.001(3). The

question presented is whether the Ranch’s communications to third parties regarding the alleged

termination of the lease were “in connection with a matter of public concern.” The statute provides

that “‘[m]atter of public concern’ includes an issue related to” “environmental, economic, or

community well-being,” “the government,” or “a good, product, or service in the marketplace.”

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.001(7)(B), (C), (E).

       The Ranch contends that its communications regarding the lease’s alleged termination are

covered by the TCPA because they involve the lease and its products, both of which are “a good,

product, or service in the marketplace.” Of course, nearly all contracts involve “a good, product,

or service.” But the statute refers to a “good, product, or service in the marketplace.” TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.001(7)(E) (emphasis added). Section 27.001(7)(E) does not encompass

every “good, product, or service,” but only those “in the marketplace.” Id. If possible, the words

“in the marketplace” must not be treated as surplusage. ExxonMobil Pipeline Co. v. Coleman, 512

S.W.3d 895, 899 (Tex. 2017) (per curiam); Cont’l Cas. Ins. Co. v. Functional Restoration Assocs.,

19 S.W.3d 393, 402 (Tex. 2000). Every word in a statute is presumed to have a purpose and should

be given effect if reasonable and possible. Texas Workers’ Comp. Ins. Fund v. Del Indus., Inc.,


                                                9
35 S.W.3d 591, 593 (Tex. 2000).          Black’s Law defines “marketplace” as “[t]he business

environment in which goods and services are sold in competition with other suppliers.”

Marketplace, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (11th ed. 2019) (emphasis added).                    The “in the

marketplace” modifier suggests that the communication about goods or services must have some

relevance to a wider audience of potential buyers or sellers in the marketplace, as opposed to

communications of relevance only to the parties to a particular transaction.

       Given the “in the marketplace” modifier, the TCPA’s reference to “a good, product, or

service” does not swallow up every contract dispute arising from a communication about the

contract. By referring to communications made in connection with goods, products, or services

“in the marketplace,” the definition confirms that the right of free speech involves communications

connected to “a matter of public concern.” Moreover, section 27.001(7) states only that a matter

of public concern “includes” certain enumerated topics, such as “a good, product, or service in the

marketplace.” The words following “includes” are illustrative of what is meant by “matter of

public concern,” but they do not purport to supply a comprehensive definition of that phrase. The

legislature is of course free to define “matter of public concern” to include matters of purely private

concern. For that matter, the legislature could declare that its use of “dogs” includes cats. We are

bound by the TCPA’s instruction that “matter of public concern” must be interpreted to include

issues related to a good, product, or service in the marketplace. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §

27.001(7)(E). The words “good, product, or service in the marketplace,” however, do not

paradoxically enlarge the concept of “matters of public concern” to include matters of purely

private concern.    As explained above, the “in the marketplace” modifier suggests that the

communication must have some relevance to a public audience of potential buyers or sellers.


                                                  10
       To the extent any doubt remains about the meaning of “good, product, or service in the

marketplace,” our understanding of those words is further confirmed by their context. They appear

not in isolation but as part of the statute’s explanation of what is meant by “matter of public

concern.” Even when a statute provides its own definition or explanation of a term—here the

phrase “matter of public concern”—in applying that definition, we should not ignore altogether

the common meaning of the words being defined, unless the statutory text compels otherwise.

       Statutory definitions must be interpreted in light of the ordinary meaning of the
       word being defined. A legislature can define terms however it wants. However,
       when seeking to understand statutory definitions, “the word being defined is the
       most significant element of the definition’s context.” Courts should not consider
       the meaning of the term to be defined in total isolation from its common usage. We
       presume that a definition of a common word accords with and does not conflict
       with the ordinary meaning unless the language clearly indicates otherwise.

In re Ford Motor Co., 442 S.W.3d 265, 271 (Tex. 2014) (orig. proceeding) (footnotes omitted)

(quoting ANTONIN SCALIA & BRYAN GARNER, READING LAW 232 (2012)).

       Thus, when construing the TCPA’s list of the kinds of things meant by “matter of public

concern,” we should not ignore the common meaning of the words being defined. The phrase

“matter of public concern” commonly refers to matters “of political, social, or other concern to the

community,” as opposed to purely private matters. Brady v. Klentzman, 515 S.W.3d 878, 884

(Tex. 2017) (citations omitted). In seeking to understand the meaning of “good, product, or service

in the marketplace,” we must not ignore altogether this ordinary meaning of “matter of public

concern.”

       Imagine a statute applicable to “dogs.” The statute says “dogs” include “wild dogs, stuffed

animals, or pets.” One literal, grammatically permissible reading of this text would be that “dogs”

means cats (or fish or snakes) as long as they are stuffed animals or pets. But courts would be


                                                11
reluctant to adopt that reading of the text because of the context in which it appears. The context

is a definition of the word “dogs,” and in that context there is little doubt the explanatory list refers

to stuffed dogs and pet dogs, not to their feline counterparts. Similarly, the words “good, product,

or service in the marketplace” may in isolation be amenable to two textually permissible

interpretations—one that includes many purely private economic matters and one that does not.

As explained above, the latter reading of the text is superior because it gives meaning to the words

“in the marketplace.” That reading is also preferable because it comports with the text’s context

within the statute’s explanation of the well-worn phrase “matter of public concern.”

        Applying this understanding of the TCPA’s use of the phrase “good, product, or service in

the marketplace,” the Lessee’s and the Operator’s counterclaims allegedly involving the exercise

of free speech are not covered by the TCPA. The counterclaims are based on private business

communications to third-party purchasers of a single well’s production. These communications

allegedly caused the third-party purchasers to refuse to pay the Lessee and the Operator their share

of the proceeds from this production. The counterclaims alleged that the Ranch’s “wrongful

actions” prevented the Lessee “from receiving the proceeds of sales of oil and gas from the Lease

and from producing and selling oil and gas from the Lease and receiving its portions of the

proceeds of such sales.” They alleged that the Ranch “wrongfully prevent[ed] the purchasers of

oil and gas production from the Lease from paying [the Operator] for the proceeds of sales of

production.” In support of these claims, David Pawelek, the CEO of the Lessee and the Operator,

submitted an affidavit stating the Lessee and the Operator had been denied their share of the

proceeds of sales under the lease because two third-party purchasers of the production refused to

disburse funds. The refusal allegedly occurred because the Ranch “has written these oil and gas


                                                   12
purchasers claiming that the lease has terminated and threatening to sue them if they pay these

sales proceeds or any future sales proceeds they receive from this lease to” the Lessee or the

Operator. The record is devoid of allegations or evidence that the dispute had any relevance to the

broader marketplace or otherwise could reasonably be characterized as involving public concerns.

On the contrary, the alleged communications were made to two private parties concerning modest

production at a single well. 6 These communications, with a limited business audience concerning

a private contract dispute, do not relate to a matter of public concern under the TCPA.

       We have previously held that private communications are sometimes covered by the

TCPA. E.g., ExxonMobil Pipeline Co., 512 S.W.3d 895; Lippincott v. Whisenhunt, 462 S.W.3d

507 (Tex. 2015) (per curiam). These prior cases involved environmental, health, or safety concerns

that had public relevance beyond the pecuniary interests of the private parties involved. See

ExxonMobil Pipeline Co., 512 S.W.3d at 898, 901 (concluding that private statements by movants

concerning plaintiff’s alleged failure to gauge a storage tank related to a matter of public concern

due to “serious safety and environmental risks”); Lippincott, 462 S.W.3d at 509–10 (concluding

that alleged improper provision of medical services by a health care professional are matters of

public concern). Moreover, the statutory definition expressly includes issues related to “health or



       6
           The Pawelek affidavit stated:

       The purchasers of the oil and gas production from this lease have refused to pay [the Lessee and the
       Operator] any of their part or the part of any of the other owners of interests in this lease of these
       sales proceeds that they presently hold and that exceed $10,000 as to [the Lessee’s] part alone. There
       are around 800 barrels of oil in the tanks on the lease that the actions in breach of the lease by [the
       Ranch and its owner] have prevented [the Lessee and the Operator] from selling and receiving the
       proceeds of such sales. The oil and gas purchasers Texican and DCP have refused to [] disburse
       these funds to [the Lessee and the Operator] because [the Ranch] has written these oil and gas
       purchasers claiming that the lease has terminated and threatening to sue them if they pay these sales
       proceeds or any future sales proceeds they receive from this lease to [the Lessee or the Operator].

                                                        13
safety,” and “environmental, economic, or community well-being,” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

§ 27.001(7)(A)–(B), concerns that are not implicated on this record. 7

         The Ranch argues the counterclaims implicate economic well-being under section

27.001(7)(B) because the claims affect the economic interest of the parties and others with an

interest in the well. But as noted, not every communication related somehow to one of the broad

categories set out in section 27.001(7) always regards a matter of public concern. A private

contract dispute affecting only the fortunes of the private parties involved is simply not a “matter

of public concern” under any tenable understanding of those words.

         In sum, the counterclaims relating to the Ranch’s communications with third parties were

not covered by the TCPA. Accordingly, the portion of the court of appeals’ judgment dismissing

these counterclaims is reversed.

                                 C. The “Right to Petition” Counterclaims

         In addition to claiming damages resulting from communications with third parties, the

counterclaims alleged that the Ranch breached section 11 of the lease by commencing litigation in

the Railroad Commission and in this case. Section 11 provided for written notice of any alleged

breach and an opportunity to cure prior to litigation.




         7
            The Ranch’s managing member C.V. Sheffield, III submitted an affidavit in support of the Ranch’s motion
to dismiss stating there was a leak on a heater vessel at the well “resulting in a constant drip” of an unidentified liquid.
This de minimis reference to some sort of drip does not rise to the level of an issue related to “health or safety” or
“environmental well-being” under section 27.001(7) of the Act. See ExxonMobil Pipeline Co., 512 S.W.3d at 898,
901 (concluding that defamation claim concerning an alleged failure to gauge storage tanks related to a matter of
public concern given testimony that such failures “create serious safety and environmental risks” because “tanks could
overfill, causing noxious and flammable fluid to spill onto the ground,” and because tanks are gauged “to reduce the
potential environmental, health, safety and economic risks associated with” such a negative outcome).

                                                            14
        The court of appeals concluded that the Operator’s counterclaim regarding the alleged

breach of the lease’s notice-and-cure provision fell within the TCPA because it was in response to

the Ranch’s exercise of the right to petition. 549 S.W.3d at 848. The court then reasoned that the

claim should be dismissed because the Operator, as a non-party to the lease, cannot recover for

breach of it. 549 S.W.3d at 848.

        The court of appeals correctly disposed of this claim. The TCPA permits a motion to

dismiss a counterclaim if it “is based on, relates to, or is in response to a party’s exercise of the . . .

right to petition.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.003(a). The Act defines “exercise of the

right to petition” to include “a communication in or pertaining to: (i) a judicial proceeding; (ii) an

official proceeding, other than a judicial proceeding, to administer the law; [or] (iii) an executive

or other proceeding before a department of the state or federal government or a subdivision of the

state or federal government.” Id. § 27.001(4)(A). The filings by the Ranch in this lawsuit and in

the administrative proceeding before the Railroad Commission were an exercise of the right to

petition as defined by the TCPA. The Operator’s counterclaim premised on those filings is

therefore based on, related to, or in response to the Ranch’s exercise of the right to petition. The

court of appeals correctly determined that the Operator’s counterclaim alleging violation of section

11 of the lease failed because the Operator was not a party to the lease and did not present clear

and convincing evidence as to why is should benefit from that lease. 8 Accordingly, the portion of

the court of appeals’ judgment dismissing this counterclaim is affirmed.



        8
           The Operator concedes in its petition for review that its “counterclaim might be legally deficient because
Operator does not own an interest in the lease and as such is not in privity of contract with [the Ranch].” It again
concedes in its main brief that it “does not own an interest in the lease” and its “counterclaim might be legally
deficient.” Further, the Operator makes no attempt to establish that it was a third-party beneficiary to the lease.

                                                        15
       The Lessee, who was a party to the lease, also asserted a counterclaim alleging violations

of section 11. The court of appeals held that this counterclaim was not covered by the TCPA and

that the trial court did not err in declining to dismiss it. 549 S.W.3d at 848. The Ranch did not

timely file a cross-petition challenging this adverse ruling, so we do not consider it.

                                 III. Conclusion and Disposition

       The judgment of the court of appeals is affirmed in part and reversed in part. The case is

remanded to the trial court for further proceedings.




                                                       ____________________________________
                                                       James D. Blacklock
                                                       Justice


OPINION DELIVERED: December 20, 2019




                                                 16
