                              UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

_________________________________________
                                          )
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA                  )
                                          )
      v.                                  )                    Criminal No. 98-0431 (PLF)
                                          )
FUTURE TECH INTERNATIONAL, INC.,          )
                                          )
            Defendant.                    )
_________________________________________ )


                                      OPINION AND ORDER

               On February 23, 1999, after pleading guilty to two counts of tax evasion,

defendant Future Tech International, Inc. was sentenced to probation, restitution, a $500 special

assessment, and a $1,000,000 fine. Fourteen years later, during a routine audit, the Clerk of the

Court observed that $1,000,200 remained in the Court Registry in connection with this case, and

that this sum had accumulated over $300,000 in interest. The Clerk notified the parties, who

subsequently filed papers regarding the disposition of these funds and presented their arguments

at a status conference on June 12, 2014. Upon consideration of the arguments made in the

parties’ papers and in open court, the relevant legal authorities, and the entire record in this case,

the Court will direct the Clerk of the Court to disburse the postjudgment interest and $1,000,000

of the principal to the Crime Victims Fund and the prejudgment interest to Future Tech

Liquidating Corporation. The remaining $200 will be applied to the special assessment. 1



       1
                The papers reviewed in connection with the pending motion include the
following: the government’s motion to correct the Amended Judgment (“Gov’t Mot.”) [Dkt. No.
31]; the plea agreement (“Plea Agreement”) [Dkt. No. 3], attached as Exhibit A to Gov’t Mot.;
Order of December 21, 1998 directing defendant to deposit $1,000,200 into the Registry of the
Court (“Dec. 21, 1998 Order”) [Dkt. No. 7], attached as Exhibit B to Gov’t Mot.; the Judgment
entered on February 25, 1999 (“Judgment”) [Dkt. No. 9]; the sentencing transcript (“Feb. 23,
                                        I. BACKGROUND

               On December 17, 1998, Future Tech International, Inc. (“FTI”) and the United

States entered into a Plea Agreement in this case. Under the terms of the Agreement, FTI was to

plead guilty to two counts of tax evasion and to pay $1,000,200 in fines and costs to the United

States. Plea Agreement at 1, 5. On December 21, 1998, FTI entered its guilty plea before this

Court. See Minute Entry dated December 21, 1998. That same day, the Court ordered FTI to

deposit $1,000,200 into the Court Registry as security for any fines or costs imposed at

sentencing, with instructions that the Clerk of the Court “hold said funds until their disposition is

further ordered by the Court.” See Dec. 21, 1998 Order. Accordingly, FTI deposited a check for

$1,000,200 payable to the United States District Court Clerk into the Court Registry. See FTI

Payment Ledger, Gov’t Mot., Ex. D.

               Sentencing took place on February 23, 1999. During those proceedings, the Court

stated that the maximum fine that it could impose was $1,000,000, and observed that FTI “has

already paid that fine of $1,000,000.” Feb. 23, 1999 Tr. at 15. The Court also ordered FTI to

pay a special assessment of $500. Id. Noting that $200 of this sum “ha[d] already been paid,”

the Court ordered FTI to pay the remaining $300 immediately. Id. This Court entered a




1999 Tr.”) [Dkt. No. 10], attached in part as Exhibit C to Gov’t Mot.; the Amended Judgment
entered on April 9, 1999 (“Am. Judgment”) [Dkt. No. 13], attached as Exhibit E to Gov’t Mot.;
defendant’s motion to modify terms of probation (“FTLC Probation Mot.”) [Dkt. No. 15];
defendant’s response to the Court’s show cause order of January 30, 2002 (“Show Cause
Response”) [Dkt. No. 19]; defendant’s response to government’s motion to correct the Amended
Judgment [Dkt. No. 34]; defendant’s memorandum concerning proper disposition of funds
(“FTLC Mem.”) [Dkt. No. 37]; the government’s memorandum in support of disposition of
undisbursed funds (“Gov’t Mem.”) [Dkt. No. 38]; the government’s reply in support of its
motion to correct the Amended Judgment [“Dkt. No. 39]; the government’s supplemental
memorandum (“Gov’t Supp. Mem.”) [Dkt. No. 41]; and the parties’ joint notice of proposed
order and amended judgment [Dkt. No. 42] (“Joint Notice”).
                                                  2
Judgment on February 25, 1999, and an Amended Judgment on April 9, 1999. See Judgment;

Am. Judgment.

               Around the same time, and 900 miles away from Washington, D.C., FTI filed for

Chapter 11 bankruptcy in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of

Florida. See FTLC Probation Mot. at 1. Most of FTI’s assets were sold to Bell Microproducts,

Inc., and FTI became FT Liquidating Corporation (“FT Liquidating”), a six-employee entity

tasked with winding down the company’s affairs. Id. FT Liquidating informed the Court of this

transition on August 13, 1999, id., and subsequently acted as FTI’s successor in a small matter

that arose in this case in 2002. See Show Cause Response.

               The case remained quiet until June 2013, when the Clerk undertook a routine

review of the funds in the Court Registry. Finding that FTI’s December 21, 1998 deposit of

$1,000,200 remained in the Registry – along with over $300,000 in accrued interest – the Clerk

notified the parties of the unclaimed funds. On July 15, 2013, the government filed a motion to

correct the Amended Judgment in order to effect the transfer of $1,000,000 from the Court

Registry to the government. FT Liquidating opposed the motion. The parties further presented

their arguments in cross memoranda and during a status conference held on June 12, 2014.

               The government argues that the deposited funds were clearly intended to cover

the $1,000,000 fine and a portion of the $500 special assessment imposed at sentencing, and that

the United States therefore is entitled to $1,000,000 of the principal and any interest accrued on

that amount. Gov’t Mem. at 6-10; see generally Gov’t Mot.; Gov’t Supp. Mem. The

government also questions whether there is sufficient continuity of operations or structure

between FTI and FT Liquidating to warrant FT Liquidating stepping in as FTI’s successor in this

matter. Gov’t Mem. at 10-14.



                                                 3
                FT Liquidating concedes that if FTI never paid the $1,000,000 fine, then that

principal amount belongs to the government. See FTLC Mem. at 5. FT Liquidating asserts,

however, that the burden is on the government and it has not adequately established that FTI

failed to pay the fine through some other mechanism. Id. at 5-7. FT Liquidating also argues that

it is entitled to all accrued interest. Id. at 9-11.


                                            II. DISCUSSION

                            A. FT Liquidating is the Proper Successor to FTI

                As a threshold matter, the Court finds that FT Liquidating is the proper successor

to FTI for the purpose of this litigation. FT Liquidating expressly agreed to become responsible

“for resolving and paying claims” against FTI in its May 19, 1999 agreement with the Internal

Revenue Service, see Motion to Approve Stipulation of Settlement at 1, FTLC Mem., Ex. 1;

Bankruptcy Court Order Approving IRS Settlement, FTLC Mem., Ex. 1, and has been tasked

with winding down FTI’s affairs. See FTLC Probation Mot. at 1; Bankruptcy Court Order

Approving FTI’s Amended Chapter 11 Plan at 11-18, FTLC Probation Mot., Ex. 1. In addition,

FT Liquidating acted as FTI’s successor in another matter in this case, without any objection

from the government. See Show Cause Response. Under these circumstances, the Court finds

that FT Liquidating is the appropriate successor to FTI.


                     B. The Government is Entitled to $1,000,000 of the Principal

                FT Liquidating asserts that because the principal has remained unclaimed in the

Court Registry for over five years, the government may obtain an order directing payment to it




                                                       4
only if the government offers “full proof of the right” to the principal under 28 U.S.C. § 2042. 2

Courts interpreting Section 2042 have held that the burden of proof under the statute is a

preponderance of the evidence standard. See United States v. Beach, 113 F.3d 188, 191 (11th

Cir. 1997); United States v. Kim, 870 F.2d 81, 84 (2d Cir. 1989). The government does not

challenge FT Liquidating’s assertion that 28 U.S.C. § 2042 applies to this matter, and the Court

assumes that it does.

               After carefully reviewing the record, the Court is convinced that the government

has met its burden and has shown, well beyond a preponderance of the evidence, that it is

entitled to $1,000,000 of the principal. As the government points out, the Court stated at the

time of sentencing that $1,000,000 of the $1,000,200 deposited by FTI in the Court Registry in

December 1998 was to be used to pay the fine. Feb. 23, 1999 Tr. at 15; see also Dec. 21, 1998

Order (specifying that $1,000,000 was to be deposited “as security for any fine and costs ordered

by the Court at sentencing”). In its Amended Judgment, the Court stated, in reference to the

funds deposited in the Registry: “A fine of $1 million has been assessed and already paid.” Am.

Judgment at 4. Although FT Liquidating suggests that FTI might have paid the fine through

some other mechanism, and that the Court might have been alluding to something other than the

money in the Court Registry, this theory is illogical and has no support in the record.

       2
               28 U.S.C. § 2042 provides:

       No money deposited under section 2041 of this title shall be withdrawn except by
       order of court.

       In every case in which the right to withdraw money deposited in court under
       section 2041 has been adjudicated or is not in dispute and such money has
       remained so deposited for at least five years unclaimed by the person entitled
       thereto, such court shall cause such money to be deposited in the Treasury in the
       name and to the credit of the United States. Any claimant entitled to any such
       money may, on petition to the court and upon notice to the United States attorney
       and full proof of the right thereto, obtain an order directing payment to him.
                                                 5
               The funds remained in the Registry due to a clerical error in the Amended

Judgment, which omitted instructions to the Clerk to transfer the $1,000,000 to the government

or, more specifically, to the Crime Victims Fund. 3 Because this is merely a clerical error, the

Court has authority under Rule 36 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure or, in the

alternative, under Rule 60 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, to correct the Amended

Judgment. FED. R. CRIM. P. 36 (“After giving any notice it considers appropriate, the court may

at any time correct a clerical error in a judgment, order, or other part of the record, or correct an

error in the record arising from oversight or omission.”); FED. R. CIV. P. 60(a) (“The court may

correct a clerical mistake or a mistake arising from oversight or omission whenever one is found

in a judgment, order, or other part of the record.”). The Court therefore will issue an Amended

Judgment and Order directing the Clerk to disburse $1,000,000 of the principal amount to the

government, and specifically, to the Crime Victims Fund. See 42 U.S.C. § 10601(a).


                        C. FT Liquidating is Entitled to Prejudgment Interest

               As explained supra at 2, the Court ordered defendant FTI to deposit the

anticipated fine and assessment into the Court Registry on December 21, 1998, two months prior

to the date of judgment, as security for fines and costs to be imposed at sentencing. Until

February 23, 1999 – when the Court sentenced FTI and imposed a $1,000,000 fine and a $500

special assessment – FTI remained the rightful owner of these deposited funds. Under the rule

that “the interest follows the principal,” Pigford v. Vilsack, 2013 WL 1629204, at *1 (D.D.C.

Apr. 16, 2013), FTI also was the rightful owner of any interest accrued before February 23,


       3
                Typically, such order is not required, as most criminal fines will automatically be
transferred from the Court Registry to the Crime Victims Fund. See United States v. Sun
Growers of California, 212 F.3d 603, 605-06 (D.C. Cir. 2000). In this case, however, the funds
remained in the Registry pursuant to the Court’s instructions to the Clerk to “hold said funds
until their disposition is further ordered by the Court.” See Dec. 21, 1998 Order.
                                                  6
1999. The Court did not order the payment of prejudgment interest at the sentencing, as would

be required to transfer entitlement to this interest from FTI to the government. See Cont’l

Transfert Technique Ltd. v. Fed. Gov’t of Nigeria, 850 F. Supp.2d 277, 287 (D.D.C. 2012)

(noting that prejudgment interest must be ordered as part of the judgment itself). The Court

therefore will order the Clerk to disburse $5,792.09, representing the prejudgment interest

accrued between December 21, 1998 and February 23, 1999, to FT Liquidating, as successor to

FTI.

                       D. The Government is Entitled to Postjudgment Interest

               A party entitled to a principal amount following a monetary judgment is entitled

to collect any interest the principal accrues after the judgment is issued. See Cont’l Transfert

Technique Ltd. v. Fed. Gov’t of Nigeria, 850 F. Supp.2d at 287 (noting that a party who receives

a monetary judgment in a civil case is entitled to interest until the judgment is paid); United

States v. Sleight, 808 F.2d 1012, 1020 (3d Cir. 1987) (observing that a criminal fine “does not

differ in essence from a judgment arising out of civil proceedings,” and “is considered to be a

debt to the sovereign”); 18 U.S.C. § 3612(f) (requiring postjudgment interest on criminal fines).

This accords with the general rule, cited above, that interest follows the principal. See Pigford v.

Vilsack, 2013 WL 1629204, at *2; see also Phillips v. Washington Legal Found., 524 U.S. 156,

169 (1998); Webb’s Fabulous Pharmacies, Inc. v. Beckwith, 449 U.S. 155, 162 (1980). Because

the government – and specifically, the Crime Victims Fund – became entitled to $1,000,000 of

the principal on February 23, 1999, the Fund is entitled also to the interest accrued since that

date. 4



          4
                The Court notes that a small amount of postjudgment interest has accrued on the
$200 deposited for the special assessment. As this sum is de minimis, the Court will not direct
the Clerk to isolate this interest from the postjudgment interest earned on the $1,000,000 fine.
                                                 7
               FT Liquidating contends, however, that the interest accumulated in the Court

Registry represents an undeserved windfall to the government. FT Liquidating argues that the

government should not reap the benefit of this windfall, as it was the government that should

have discerned that the fine remained in the Registry. This argument has no merit.

               First, the Court rejects the notion that the interest accrued on the principal would

be a windfall to the government. $1,000,000 in 1999 – the year when the fine was imposed – is

roughly equivalent to (i.e., has the same purchasing power as) $1,427,971.19 today. See CPI

Inflation Calculator, Bureau of Labor Statistics, http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_

calculator.htm. If the Crime Victims Fund receives the principal and postjudgment interest,

which total approximately $1,332,500, the Fund will be in a slightly worse position than if the

principal had been timely disbursed. Although FTI points out that the Crime Victims Fund is not

an interest bearing account, see United States v. Sun Growers of California, 212 F.3d at 604, this

fact is irrelevant. Presumably, the fine would not have remained in the Fund, but rather would

have been put to some use years ago. Moreover, the rule that interest follows the principal

applies even where the owner of the principal would have been unable to capture that interest

itself. See Phillips v. Washington Legal Found., 524 U.S. at 169-170.

               Second, the Court is not persuaded that the government acted negligently in this

case. FT Liquidating draws the Court’s attention to 18 U.S.C. § 3612, which provides that when

a court enters a judgment or order imposing a criminal fine, the clerk of that court must transmit

a certified copy of the judgment or order to the Attorney General, 18 U.S.C. § 3612(b)(2), and

notify the Attorney General once payment is made. Id. § 3612(a). Assuming that the procedures

outlined in 18 U.S.C. § 3612 were followed, the Clerk of this Court would have sent to the

Attorney General a judgment that stated: “A fine of $1 million has been assessed and already



                                                 8
paid.” Am. Judgment at 4. A Department of Justice official receiving such information would

not be on notice that a fine remained outstanding. The government is no more at fault, in failing

to recognize that the funds remained in the Court Registry, than is the plaintiff or the Court.


                                      E. The Special Assessment

                As noted supra at 2, the Court also ordered FTI to pay a special assessment of

$500. Feb. 23, 1999 Tr. at 15. Noting that FTI had already deposited $200 in the Registry as

security for a special assessment, the Court directed FTI to pay the remaining $300. Id. 5 There

is no question that the $200 of the principal was intended to cover the special assessment in part,

and the Court will direct the Clerk to apply these funds to that assessment now.

                For the reasons discussed above, it is hereby

                ORDERED that [Dkt. No. 13] the Court’s Amended Judgment of April 9, 1999 is

amended, as reflected in a new Amended Judgment filed within five days of this Order, to reflect

the following further orders of the Court; it is

                FURTHER ORDERED that the new Amended Judgment filed in this matter shall

 in all respects retain the entries of the Amended Judgment of April 9, 1999, except that on page

 4 of the new Amended Judgment, the criminal monetary penalties section shall now reflect a

 total fine payment of $1,000,000.00, in addition to the $500.00 special assessment already

 noted; it is

                FURTHER ORDERED that on page 5, in the Schedule of Payments section, on

 line “A,” the new Amended Judgment should read: “Lump sum payment of $300.00 due

        5
                As the government points out, there is no evidence that FTI ever paid the $300
balance. See Gov’t Mem. 4 n.2. FT Liquidating does not dispute this fact, and both parties
propose that the Amended Judgment reflect this outstanding balance. See Joint Proposed Order
at 2, Joint Notice, Ex. 1. The Court agrees and will specify in the Amended Judgment that the
lump sum payment of $300 is due immediately.
                                                   9
 immediately, balance due.” On line “F,” which includes special instructions regarding the

 payment of criminal monetary penalties, the new Amended Judgment should read:

               The Monetary Penalties are imposed as follows:

               Count I        Special Assessment: $100.00 Fine: $500,000.00

               Count II       Special Assessment: $400.00 Fine: $500,000.00

               FUTURE TECH INTERNATIONAL, INC. has paid $1,000,200
               into the Court Registry, $1 million of which should be
               disbursed, per the Court’s Order, to the Crime Victims Fund
               to pay the fine, and $200 for the special assessment.

It is

               FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court, within five days of the entry

of this Order, shall file this new Amended Judgment in this case and, within ten days of the

entry of this Order, execute the new Amended Judgment by disbursing $1,000,000.00 from the

Court Registry escrow account in this case to the Crime Victims Fund to pay the ordered fine; it

is

               FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court shall, within ten days of

 the entry of this Order, execute the new Amended Judgment by disbursing $200.00 from the

 Court Registry escrow account in this case toward payment of the $500.00 special assessment;

 it is

               FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court shall, within ten days of the

 entry of this Order, disburse $5,792.09, representing the interest earned on the December

 1998 payment of $1,000,200.00 through and to February 23, 1999, to Weissman & Dervishi,

 P.A. Trust Account on behalf of F.T. Liquidating Corp., c/o Brian S. Dervishi, Esq.,

 Weissman & Dervishi, P.A., SunTrust International Center, One Southeast Third Avenue,

 Suite 1700, Miami, Florida 33131; it is

                                               10
             FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court shall, within ten days of

the entry of this Order, disburse all interest earned after February 23, 1999 on the

December 1998 payment of $1,000,200.00 into the Court Registry escrow account in this

case, which interest now totals in excess of $332,000.00, to the Crime Victims Fund; and it is

             FURTHER ORDERED that with the disbursements of the funds from the Clerk

pursuant to the above, all the parties’ obligations under the Amended Judgment, as further

amended, will be satisfied.

             SO ORDERED.




                                                   /s/_______________________________
                                                   PAUL L. FRIEDMAN
DATE: July 18, 2014                                United States District Judge




                                              11
