
517 F.Supp.2d 606 (2007)
James NEARY, individually and on behalf of other similarly situated individuals, Plaintiffs,
v.
METROPOLITAN PROPERTY AND CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant.
No. 3:06cv536 (JBA).
United States District Court, D. Connecticut.
September 27, 2007.
*607 *608 *609 Daniel S. Blinn, Consumer Law Group, Rocky Hill, CT, Richard Eugene Hayber, Hayber Law Firm LLC, Hartford, CT, Anthony J. Pantuso, III, Pantuso Law Firm LLC, Milford, CT, for Plaintiffs.
Carrie Gonell, Christopher A. Parlo, Debra S. Morway, Morgan, Lewis & Bockius, New York City, Douglas W. Bartinik, Stacy Smith Walsh, Victoria Woodin Chavey, Day Pitney LLP, Hartford, CT, for Defendant.
RULING ON DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT [DOC. # 88] AND PLAINTIFF'S MOTION TO PROCEED AS A COLLECTIVE ACTION AND FOR RELATED RELIEF [DOC. # 33/35]
JANET BOND ARTERTON, District Judge.
Plaintiff James Neary instituted this action on behalf of himself and other similarly situated individuals, "i.e., Field Adjusters, Field Appraisers, and/or Outside Adjusters," against his employer, Metropolitan Property and Casualty Insurance Company ("Metropolitan"), alleging failure to pay overtime compensation in violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA"), 29 U.S.C. § 216(b), and asserting, inter alia, an individual claim and a collective action claim under the FLSA.
Neary was employed by Metropolitan in Rocky Hill, Connecticut, during the relevant period of April 6, 2003 to January 23, 2006. Neary claims that he "frequently" worked more than forty hours per week and that Metropolitan failed to pay him for overtime in violation of the FLSA. (3d Am. Compl. [Doc. # 54] ¶¶ 16-17.) Metropolitan contends that Neary was exempt under the FLSA as an administrative employee and is therefore not entitled to overtime pay.
Neary moved to proceed as a collective action under the FLSA and for related relief, adjudication of which was stayed pending determination of defendant's motion for summary judgment, in which Metropolitan contends that Neary is exempt from overtime pay as a matter of law. For the reasons that follow, defendant's motion is denied, and plaintiffs motion is granted.
I. Factual Background
Neary was employed by Metropolitan as either an automobile damage appraiser or *610 adjuster during the relevant period of April 6, 2003 to January 23, 2006. (3d Am.Compl. ¶ 13.) His duties included inspecting damaged automobiles visually, writing estimates, and reaching agreements with auto body shops regarding repair costs. (Id. ¶ 12.) But beyond these basic descriptions, there is significant disagreement as to what Neary's specific duties entailed and other tasks he may or may not have performed.
Metropolitan is an insurance company that sells insurance policies and pays claims made on those policies. (Pl.56(a)(2) Statement [Doc. # 95-2] ¶ 4.) The defendant describes, its business as "designing and creating insurance policies." (Def.56(a)1 Statement [Doc. # 90] ¶ 3.) Neary argues that Metropolitan's business is not limited to these activities, and that Metropolitan is also in the business of "receiving, investigating, and handling claims." (Scarpace Dep. at 13-16.)
The parties agree on some aspects of Neary's work. He would typically receive the initial information about a claim from either "direct dispatch" (which did not allow him to schedule his own appointments) or by another means that allowed him to make his own schedule. (Pl. Dep. at 222-23; Scarpace Dep. at 83-84.) If necessary, Neary then contacted the claimant and made an appointment to view the damage. (Pl. Dep. at 87.) After inspecting and photographing the vehicle, Neary wrote an estimate of the cost of repairing the vehicle. (Pl. Dep. at 88-91; Scarpace Dep. at 84; Pl. 56(a)(2) Statement ¶ 20.)
One of Neary's primary duties was negotiating the repair costs with auto body shops. (Pl.56(a)(2) Statement ¶ 14.) Neary testified that he would show the shop his estimate, which differed from the shop's estimate some "80, 85 percent" of the time. (Pl. Dep. at 69.) If the estimates were different, he would possibly make a concession, meaning that "the company [wa]s agreeing to the body shop's additional charges" for "labor rates, painting materials, and occasionally labor time." (Id. at 70-71). Neary would then reach an "agreed-upon" price with the auto body shop, and he would pay either the claimant or the shop. (Pl. Dep. at 77-78.)
At this point, the parties' views diverge. Neary asserts that the estimate was essentially prepared by computer software on his laptop, and that he simply entered data into the fields as prompted. (Pl. Dep. at 179-180.) He testified at his deposition that he entered "the VIN, options, condition, any old damage, [and] mileage" into the computer program, which would then compute "the approximate value on that vehicle." (Pl. Dep. at 86.) He also testified that he entered the amount of time that he believed the repair would take and then the "computer system would calculate" whether a particular part was to be repaired or replaced. (Pl. Dep. at 250.) It is undisputed that the computer program determined whether it was cheaper to replace or repair a part if he chose to hit the "compare" button on his computer. (Pl.56(a)(2) Statement ¶ 23.) However, Plaintiff also testified that whether he decided to hit the "compare" button in the first place was "a judgment call." (Pl. Dep. at 179-180.) The defendant cites this testimony and that of Mr. Scarpace to argue that Plaintiff used his own judgment to complete estimates. (Scarpace Dep. at 139-140.)
Neary also contends that he did not participate in the decision whether to pay a claim. He received the claims with the pay codes, which indicated whether the claim was to be paid, already entered. (Gallagher Dep. at 85, Pl. Dep. at 84.) Metropolitan emphasizes that there was one way in which Neary could influence whether the claim was to be paid: if he *611 determined that the claimant might be lying about the cause of the damage, he would refer the claim to the fraud investigation department. (Pl. Dep. at 98-100.)
The parties disagree whether Neary negotiated with insureds. (Pl.56(a)(2) Statement ¶ 39.) Neary testified that he made a concession on at least one occasion by giving an allowance in the settlement cheek to a claimant for a car stereo, which the defendant characterizes as negotiation. (Pl. Dep. at 277; Def. 56(a)1 Statement ¶ 39.) Such concessions, according to Neary's testimony, were infrequent and generally required supervisor approval: he testified that there "wasn't really [any] negotiation." (Pl. Dep. at 76, 253.) Neary also routinely deducted money from and granted allowances to claimants' settlement checks for "betterment" and "appearance." (Pl.56(a)(2) Statement ¶ 42.) According to Neary, this involved calculating an appropriate deduction or payment based on the "wear and tear" of, or superficial damage to, a vehicle part. (Pl. Dep. at 254, 257.) Metropolitan points to this as showing that Neary negotiated with claimants.
Further, the parties dispute whether Neary had discretion in assessing whether a vehicle was a "total loss." (Pl.56(a)(2) Statement ¶ 24, 48.) The plaintiff admits that he would determine whether a vehicle was an "obvious total loss," such as a "burned out shell" (Pl. Dep. at 249), but that otherwise the ultimate determination whether the vehicle was a total loss was made using the company-issued computer system and then referred to a total loss specialist. (Scarpace Dep. at 157-158.) Specifically, Neary testified that after entering the nature of the vehicle damage, the software would classify it as a total loss if the damage exceeded 80% of the total value of the vehicle. (Pl. Dep. at 86.) However, Metropolitan's description of the auto appraiser position provides that such employees are responsible for "identifying total loss and coordinating the claim with Total Loss Specialist." (Pl. Mem. in Opp., Ex. B.) This would conflict with Neary's assertion that the total loss determination was essentially made by the computer software that he used, unless the identification was the utilization of the software. (Pl. Dep. at 85-86, 246-247.) His supervisor testified that Neary did not handle total loss claims beyond entering his estimate into the company system. (Scarpace Dep. at 200.)
The parties also disagree whether the plaintiff dealt with legal counsel. (Pl.56(a)(2) Statement ¶ 41.) Neary testified that he "very rarely" interacted with claimants' attorneys, and that such dealings were substantially the same as with the claimants themselves. (Pl. Dep. at 258.) Metropolitan contends that because Neary testified on behalf of Metropolitan on two occasions, he therefore "had interaction with the Company's legal department." (Pl.56(a)(2) Statement ¶ 53.)
Neary had the authority to write checks to claimants and body shops for, at one point in the period of April 2004 to January 2006, up to $20,000. (Pl.56(a)(2) Statement ¶ 50.) He testified that he had authority to write checks up to that amount without obtaining permission and to appraise claims for up to $35,000 with recommendations which were almost always accepted. (Pl. Dep. at 96, 155.) A supervisor in the Rocky Hill office testified that "[Neary] has the ability to write whatever he wants, anything, and the only way it might be possibly be looked at is if someone did a reinspection on it, myself or someone else." (Scarpace Dep. at 190.)
Neary generally had the ability to schedule his day and make his own appointments, though he denies that he worked "independently" or with "minimal *612 supervision." (Pl.56(a)(2) Statement ¶ 15, 26-27.) Neary testified that his paperwork was "inspected as it came in," and that he was accompanied by a supervisor on a "ride-along" day every "couple of months." (Pl. Dep. at 107.) As evidence of close supervision, Neary offers his evaluations and disciplinary records, including a disciplinary letter stating why he was placed on probation and instructing him to adhere to the attached list of "Adjuster's Responsibilities." (Pl. Mem. in Opp., Exs. K-L.) Yet, Neary was not specifically aware of any manual to which he referred to on a regular basis regarding the scope of his supervision. (Pl. Dep. at 284-87.)
Metropolitan contends that Neary worked alone on the basis of his testimony describing how many claims he inspected and completed (Pl. Dep. at 103-05), in contrast to Neary's position that he collaborated on claims with others (id. at 83-84), but this disagreement appears merely semantic. Metropolitan defines "alone" as physically alone during the day, while Neary characterizes "alone" as not consulting or discussing the claim with anyone else. The plaintiff does not argue that he was regularly accompanied by anyone in completing his daily duties, and Metropolitan does not contend that Neary was the only Metropolitan employee to handle an insured's claim.
The parties further contest whether Neary negotiated and settled claims. (Pl.56(a)(2) Statement ¶ 50.) Metropolitan asserts that this was one of his "primary duties." (Def.56(a)(1) Statement ¶ 50.) But, according to Neary, that an inside claims adjuster actually determined whether to pay a claim establishes the fact that he did not settle claims. (See Scarpace Dep. 82-86.) Neary also references the fact that he did not provide any customer service regarding "coverages," "deductibles," or "fault" as confirming his role to merely appraise the value of the damage once the claim had been settled by the inside adjuster. (Pl. Dep. at 83-84.) Although the evidence shows that Neary provided customer service to claimants, Neary denies Metropolitan's contention that he represented the company "in all of its dealings with customers." (Pl.56(a)(2) Statement ¶ 14.)
Following his termination for crashing a company car and not following proper reporting procedures (Pl. Dep. at 135-36), Neary brought this action pursuant to the FLSA challenging Metropolitan's classification of his position as exempt from overtime compensation.
II. Discussion
A. Standard
Summary judgment is appropriate "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affidavits . . . show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). A party seeking summary judgment "bears the burden of establishing that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that the undisputed facts establish [its] right to judgment as a matter of law." Rodriguez v. City of New York, 72 F.3d 1051, 1060-1061 (2d Cir. 1995) (citing Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970)). "The duty of the court is to determine whether there are issues to be tried; in making that determination, the court is to draw all factual inferences in favor of the party against whom summary judgment is sought, viewing the factual assertions in materials such as affidavits, exhibits, and depositions in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion." Id. (citations omitted). "If reasonable minds could differ as to the import of the evidence . . . and if there is any evidence in the record from *613 any source from which a reasonable inference in the nonmoving party's favor may be drawn, the moving party simply cannot obtain [] summary judgment." R.B. Ventures, Ltd. v. Shane, 112 F.3d 54, 59 (2d Cir.1997) (internal citations, alterations and quotations omitted).
B. The FLSA framework
The FLSA generally requires employers to pay their nonexempt employees overtime compensation for any hours worked in excess of forty per week. 29 U.S.C. §§ 207(a). But the Act specifically exempts from this requirement "any employee employed in a bona fide . . . administrative . . . capacity." § 213(a)(1). The regulations promulgated pursuant to the FLSA define this "administrative exemption" as encompassing any employee paid a salary of "not less than $455 per week," "[w]hose primary duty is the performance of office or non-manual work directly related to the management or general business operations of the employer or the employer's customers," and "[w]hose primary duty includes the exercise of discretion and independent judgment with respect to matters of significance." 29 C.F.R. § 541.200(a)(1)-(3).
With the minimum salary provision not in dispute (see Pl. 56(a)(2) Statement ¶¶ 12-13), the issue is whether Neary's position with Metropolitan satisfied these "directly related" and "discretion and independent judgment" elements, thereby falling within the administrative exemption to the FLSA's overtime requirements.
C. Elements of the administrative exemption
1. "Directly related"
The Department of Labor regulations offer further guidance on this element:
To meet this ["directly related"] requirement, an employee must perform work directly related to assisting with the running or servicing of the business, as distinguished, for example, from working on a manufacturing production line or selling a product in a retail or service establishment.
29 C.F.R. § 541.201(a). Section 541.201(b) enumerates several examples of such work, including "work in functional areas such as tax," "auditing," "insurance," "purchasing," and "research."
Most cases that have dealt with the issue have held that insurance adjusters satisfy the "directly related" test.[1]See, e.g., In re Farmers Ins. Exchange, 481 F.3d 1119, 1132 (9th Cir.2007); Robinson-Smith v. Gov't Employees Ins. Co., 323 F.Supp.2d 12, 23 (D.D.C.2004); Jastremski v. Safeco Insurance Cos., 243 F.Supp.2d 743, 752-55 (N.D.Ohio 2003); Palacio v. Progressive Ins. Co., 244 F.Supp.2d 1040, 1046-47 (C.D.Cal.2002). In Palacio, in light of the findings that an insurance claims agent "assessed liability, weighed evidence, determined credibility, reviewed insurance policies, negotiated with attorneys and claimants, and made recommendations to management based on skills, knowledge, and training," and that servicing the business generally includes "advising the management, planning, negotiating, and representing the company," the plaintiff satisfied the "directly related" test. 244 F.Supp.2d at 1045-47 (quotation marks omitted). Similarly, the court in Robinson-Smith found that an adjuster who inspected damaged vehicles, entered a description of the damage into a computer, offered payment in the amount generated *614 by the computer, filled out appraisal forms, and photographed damage satisfied the "directly related" test because such adjusters were "engaged in servicing the insurance policies of [the] customers and in carrying out the policies formulated by [the employer]." 323 F.Supp.2d at 14, 23.
Not all courts have agreed that claims appraisers satisfy this requirement. For example, in Reich v. American International Adjustment Co., the auto appraisers at issue were responsible for receiving case assignments, making appointments to travel to a vehicle's location, inspecting the vehicle, determining which parts were to be replaced or repaired, estimating the cost of repair with the assistance of company manuals, and negotiating such cost with a body shop. 902 F.Supp. 321, 322 (D.Conn.1994). In finding that these employees did not satisfy the second prong of the test, Judge Covello reasoned that the "[a]ppraisers gather facts and determine the cost of repair to damaged automobiles," but "[r]ather than administratively running the business, they carry out the daily affairs of AIAC." Id. at 325.
Courts have also considered the "administrative/production" dichotomy described in 29 C.F.R. § 541.201(a) setting exempt administrative employees apart from nonexempt production workers. Robinson-Smith, 323 F.Supp.2d at 23; Palacio, 244 F.Supp.2d at 1047; AIAC, 902 F.Supp. at 325. But while this distinction is relevant, it is not dispositive: the Department of Labor stated that "the dichotomy has [n]ever been [n]or should be a dispositive test for exemption." 69 Fed.Reg. 22,122, 22,141 (April 23, 2004) (codified at 29 C.F.R. pt. 541); see also AIAC, 902 F.Supp. at 325.
Here, Metropolitan claims that the undisputed facts lead to the conclusion that Neary's duties satisfied the "directly related" test. (Def. Mem. in Supp. at 11.) However, only certain aspects of Neary's job duties are undisputed: inspecting damaged automobiles visually, writing estimates, and reaching agreements with auto body shops regarding repair costs. The parties disagree whether Neary determined when vehicles were a total loss, whether he negotiated with anyone other than body shops, and whether he actually settled claims. The undisputed duties in this case more closely mirror the duties which failed to meet the "directly related" test in AIAC rather than Robinson-Smith and Palacio, as Metropolitan has not shown that the plaintiff settled claims, negotiated with anyone other than auto body shops, or set reserves.
Turning to the examples of employees meeting the "directly related" test provided in 29 C.F.R. § 541.201(b), these are all duties clearly related to servicing the business itself: it could not function properly without employees to maintain it; a business must pay its taxes and keep up its insurance. Such are not activities that involve what the day-to-day business specifically sells or provides, rather these are tasks that every business must undertake in order to function.
Defendants contend that because the claims department at Metropolitan does not bring in any revenue and is "simply a cost of doing business," claims departments must be administrative in nature. (Def. Mem. in Supp. at 18.) This argument is based on the assumption that only revenue-making operations may be considered day-to-day operations, and is further flawed in the sense that settling claims efficiently  to which Neary's work at least contributed  does generate revenue by controlling the losses anticipated by Metropolitan as a result of being in the insurance business. But another problem with this inquiry is that whether an employee is to be exempt from the FLSA's overtime *615 requirement is determined by the "type of work performed by the employee," not the business that the employer is in. 29 C.F.R. § 541.201(a). Therefore, it would be of no consequence even if Neary did not produce revenue for Metropolitan.[2]
The Ninth Circuit reasoned in a case involving parole officers that the type of employees that the Department of Labor intended to exempt from overtime pay were employees engaged in the "running of the business itself or determining the overall course of its policies." Bratt v. County of Los Angeles, 912 F.2d 1066, 1069 (9th Cir.1990). The court further explained that advising management is a crucially important part of an exempt worker's duties, such as making "policy determinations, i.e., how a business should be run or run more efficiently, not merely providing information in the course of the [employer's] daily business operation." Id. at 1070.
It is clear that Neary had no role in advising management or effecting policies that would make the business run more efficiently. With only the undisputed facts to consider, his job duties included visually inspecting damaged automobiles, writing estimates, and reaching agreements with auto body shops regarding repair costs. Standing alone, this does not constitute servicing the business in the manner intended by the regulations. Thus, Metropolitan has not met its burden of showing that Neary was engaged in activities "directly related to the management or general business operations" of Metropolitan.
2. "Discretion and independent judgment"
This third element of the administrative exemption is also supplemented by additional explanation in the regulations. Several provisions are relevant to the classification of Neary's position. "In general, the exercise of discretion and independent judgment involves the comparison and the evaluation of possible courses of conduct, and acting or making a decision after the various possibilities have been considered." 29 C.F.R. § 541.202(a). This language
must be applied in the light of all the facts involved in the particular employment situation [including] whether the employee has authority to commit the employer in matters that have significant financial impact; whether the employee has authority to waive or deviate from established policies and procedures without prior approval; whether the employee has authority to negotiate and bind the company on significant matters; whether the employee provides consultation or expert advice to management; . . . whether the employee investigates and resolves matters of significance on behalf of management; and whether the employee represents the company in handling complaints, arbitrating disputes or resolving grievances.
§ 541.202(b). Such an employee must have the "authority to make an independent choice, free from immediate direction or supervision . . . even if their decisions or recommendations are reviewed at a higher level," and "must be more than the use of skill in applying well-established techniques, procedures or specific standards described in manuals or other sources," but "does not include . . . recording or tabulating data, or performing other mechanical, repetitive, recurrent or routine *616 work." § 541.202(c), (e). Finally, an employee does not meet this requirement
merely because the employer will experience financial losses if the employee fails to perform the job properly [e.g.,] a messenger who is entrusted with carrying large sums of money [or] an employee who operates very expensive equipment. . . .
§ 541.202(f).
In Robinson-Smith, the court held that the decision-making process used to determine whether a part was to be repaired or replaced and negotiating the cost of repairs with body shops did not constitute "discretion and independent judgment" but rather was an example of using skill in applying established techniques. 323 F.Supp.2d at 24-25. In AIAC, distinguishing between appraisers and adjusters, the district court concluded,
the appraisers' duties involve fact finding to determine the cost of repair. They are guided in those duties by skill and experience and by manuals which provide established labor and material costs. While the adjusters negotiate and settle claims with the insured and deal with issues of coverage or liability, the appraisers are the fact finders.
902 F.Supp. at 324. The Ninth Circuit held in In re Farmers that the duties of an "adjuster" and an "appraiser" were distinct with regard to this requirement, concluding that the plaintiffs were not appraisers but adjusters who "investigate[d] the validity and the extent of liability of a claim and negotiate[d] settlement," thereby exercising the discretion contemplated by the FLSA regulations. 481 F.3d at 1129 (quotation marks omitted); cf. 29 C.F.R. § 541.203(a) (noting that "[i]nsurance claims adjusters generally meet the duties requirements for the administrative exemption . . . if their duties include activities such as interviewing insureds; witnesses and physicians; inspecting property damage; reviewing factual information to prepare damage estimates; evaluating and making recommendations regarding coverage of claims; determining liability and total value of a claim; negotiating settlements; and making recommendations regarding litigation").
In this case, the undisputed facts do not establish that no reasonable factfinder could disagree with Metropolitan that Neary exercised discretion and independent judgment. Negotiation with auto body shops and estimation of the cost of repair are simply not the kind of tasks that require the type of independent judgment envisioned by the regulations. Without more, Metropolitan has not shown that Neary "evaluat[ed] possible courses of conduct," 29 C.F.R. § 541.202(a), and then decided what to do; instead, he used his knowledge and skill to make a simple decision as to whether it would be cheaper to replace or repair a part, for example. The evidence does not show that Neary was making "independent choice[s]" going beyond just following procedures set out by Metropolitan: Neary testified that he merely entered numbers into his laptop computer and the software more or less did the work of valuing the claim and deciding whether the claim was to be characterized as a total loss. See § 541.202(c), (e). In addition, the list of representative duties provided in the regulations go far beyond what the evidence establishes that Neary did at Metropolitan. See § 541.202(e). Metropolitan has not shown that Plaintiff, for example, had authority to negotiate and bind the company financially to an extent beyond the bounds described in § 541.202(f).
Therefore, there is a genuine issue of material fact as to this element, namely, whether Neary exercised the requisite degree of "discretion and independent judgment" *617 contemplated by the FLSA regulations. Consequently, Metropolitan has not met its burden, and summary judgment is inappropriate.
III. Motion to Proceed as a Collective Action
Neary seeks to certify a collective action pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 216 consisting of "all current and former automobile damage appraisers in Metropolitan's Claims Department at any time after April 6, 2003, who worked at least one hour of overtime and who were subject to Metropolitan's conduct of having designated them as exempt from overtime and thereby denying them overtime premiums for their overtime work." (Pl. Mem. [Doc. # 36] at 1.) Plaintiff claims that this class would encompass individuals in three different positions at Metropolitan, all who fill the role of appraiser for damaged automobiles with respect to claims under Metropolitan's insurance policies: Associate Appraiser-Auto, Appraiser-Auto, and Senior Appraiser-Auto. (Id. at 2 (citing Ex. A, Job Description of Auto Appraiser positions; Ex. B, Gallagher Dep. at 36-37, 39).) Neary, citing defendant's written job descriptions of the positions and excerpts from the Rule 30(b)(6) deposition transcript of James Gallagher, contends that persons in all three of these positions "perform essentially the same primary duties," including "receiving claim assignments from Dispatch Specialist;" "contacting customer; setting appointment to inspect vehicle damage;" "writing cost estimate for repair of damage; identifying total loss and coordinating claim handling with Total Loss Specialist;" "documenting damages through photographs;" "reviewing and applying coverages, deductibles and exclusions;" "negotiating settlement; issuing payments to claimants for repair;" "negotiating with body shops to reach agreed repair costs;" and "providing supplementary estimates when necessary."[3] (Id. at 2.) Plaintiff represents, citing Gallagher's testimony and a 2003 Metropolitan "FLSA Job Analysis" of the position of "Appraiser," that Metropolitan employs approximately 220-230 persons in these positions at any one time, that they work out of the "auto units" of Metropolitan's Field Claims Offices ("FCOs"), of which there are nine total, and that defendant has classified all of these individuals, at least within the temporal scope of the proposed collective action class, as exempt from the overtime requirements of the FLSA.
Defendant opposes plaintiff's motion, contending that his showing is insufficient to justify sending notice of an FLSA collective action, that the testimony of Metropolitan witnesses and individuals who are putative collective action members demonstrates that these individuals are not similarly situated, and that the highly individualized nature of the administrative exemption from the FLSA overtime requirements at issue precludes proceeding on a collective basis. As will be explained infra the Court finds that the defendant advocates far too high a burden to be imposed on plaintiff at this stage of the case.
A. Legal framework
The FLSA provides employees such as Neary with a right to sue on behalf of themselves as well as on behalf of "other employees similarly situated" for *618 claimed violations of the FLSA; such a joint, or "collective," action requires potential plaintiffs to "opt in" to the suit in order to benefit from any judgment. 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). It is also "well settled that district courts have the discretionary power to authorize the sending of notice to potential class members in a collective action brought pursuant to § 216(b) of the FLSA." Hoffmann v. Sbarro, Inc., 982 F.Supp. 249, 261 (S.D.N.Y.1997) (citing Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc. v. Sperling, 493 U.S. 165, 110 S.Ct. 482, 107 L.Ed.2d 480 (1989)).
As both parties recognize, confronted with a purported collective action alleging an FLSA violation, "[c]ourts typically undertake a two-stage review in determining whether a suit may proceed as a collective action under the FLSA. As a first step the court examines pleadings and affidavits, and if the court finds that proposed class members are similarly situated, the class is conditionally certified; potential class members are then notified and given an opportunity to opt-in to the action." Cuzco v. Orion Builders, Inc., 477 F.Supp.2d 628, 632 (S.D.N.Y.2007); accord Scott v. Aetna Servs., Inc., 210 F.R.D. 261, 264 (D.Conn.2002). "The second step of the certification analysis occurs upon completion of discovery. A court, often prompted by a motion for decertification by the defendant, will examine all evidence then in the record to determine whether there is a sufficient basis to conclude that the proposed class members are similarly situated." Id. If it is determined that they are, the case will proceed to trial; if it is determined they are not, the class is decertified and only the individual claims of the purported class representative (here, Mr. Neary) would proceed. At the initial collective action assessment, before discovery is completed, a class representative has only a "minimal burden to show that he is similarly situated to the potential class," which requires "a modest factual showing sufficient to demonstrate that [he] and potential plaintiffs together were victims of a common policy or plan that violated the law." Cuzco, 477 F.Supp.2d at 632-33; accord Gjurovich v. Emmanuel's Marketplace, Inc., 282 F.Supp.2d 101, 104 (S.D.N.Y.2003); Hoffmann, 982 F.Supp. at 261; Heagney v. European American Bank, 122 F.R.D. 125, 127 (E.D.N.Y.1988) ("The plaintiffs need not be identically situated to potential class members. Nevertheless, there must be a demonstrated similarity among the individual situations . . . some identifiable factual nexus which binds the named plaintiffs and the potential class members together as victims of a particular alleged discrimination.") (internal quotation omitted).
Defendant here contends that, notwithstanding that this is the initial collective action assessment and discovery has not yet concluded, because some discovery has taken place, the more stringent second tier standard is applicable. The cases cited by defendant, however, are distinguishable because they concern circumstances where the action, including discovery progression, was decidedly further along than here, warranting application of the higher standard.[4] Indeed, at least one *619 recent case from the Southern District of New York has explicitly rejected the notion that just because discovery is underway a FLSA collective action plaintiff should be held to a higher standard. See Cuzco, 477 F.Supp.2d at 632 ("Plaintiff's motion here seeks only a first-step certification, and even though discovery is underway, it would be inappropriate to make more than the first-step certification decision.") (citing cases).
Metropolitan also contends that Neary has not met even the more minimal burden requiring reliance on pleadings and affidavits as Neary did not submit his own affidavit with his moving papers (though he did attach a personal affidavit to his reply memorandum). However, plaintiff did much more than rely on just the allegations in his pleadings and his own affidavit: he submitted Metropolitan's own documents and testimony concerning the similarly situated-ness of him to the other putative class members; the cases cited by defendant in support of its claim that plaintiff's showing here is per se insufficient are distinguishable or do not support its position as they do not require particular, forms of evidence (e.g., affidavits) and/or the plaintiff in question submitted no affidavit or any other evidence.[5] Accordingly, the Court will rely on the testimony, affidavits, and documentary evidence submitted by both parties. See Cuzco, 477 F.Supp.2d at 632 n. 3 ("Some courts rely exclusively on pleadings and affidavits for this first-stage analysis, because this review is often completed before the beginning of discovery. Since discovery is ongoing here and both parties have submitted evidence gathered in discover in support of their positions, this Court will consider the additional information in making the first-step determination."); Holt v. Rite Aid Corp., 333 F.Supp.2d 1265, 1274 (M.D.Ala.2004) (finding *620 it "appropriate to examine all of the relevant evidence," not "merely [] the evidence presented by the [p]laintiffs," although emphasizing that "it [wa]s not weighing evidence, or accepting the substance of the Declarations submitted by the [d]efendant over the substance of any testimony submitted by the [p]laintiffs").
Thus, the Court does not find plaintiff's evidentiary showing per se insufficient, and it will apply the first tier "modest factual showing" standard in deciding plaintiffs' Motion.
B. Discussion
As detailed above, Neary has made at least a modest showing, citing documentary evidence and defendant's representative (Gallagher)'s own testimony, that he and the putative collective action members are similarly situated in that they all held the same or similar position and had the same or similar responsibilities and daily tasks. Defendant's argument that in determining whether its claim of applicability of the administrative exemption is valid, individualized inquiry is necessary, does not preclude certification at this first stage. See, e.g., White v. MPW Industrial Servs., Inc., 236 F.R.D. 363, 373 (E.D.Tenn.2006) ("The notice stage of analysis is centered on whether the plaintiff has demonstrated, through allegations and factual support, that he and the putative class members were similarly situated  that is, victims of a common policy or plan of the defendant. Defendants have the burden of proving any exemptions from the FLSA. The Court believes that, at this stage, a defendant's assertion of the potential applicability of an exemption should not be permitted to overcome an otherwise adequate threshold showing by the plaintiff. . . . Several courts have stated . . . that disparate factual and employment settings of the individual plaintiffs should be considered at the second stage of analysis.") (internal citations omitted); Austin v. CUNA Mut. Ins. Soc., 232 F.R.D. 601, 606 (W.D.Wis.2006) (rejecting defendant's claim that the "fact-specific examinations of each individual's employment" necessary to determine the claimed applicability of the "white collar exemption" to FLSA precluded collective action certification, finding that "defendant should have reserved [its arguments] for a later stage in the proceedings under the FLSA. . . . Defendant's arguments about the predominance of individualized inquiries and the dissimilarities between plaintiff and other employees are properly raised after the parties have conducted discovery and can present a more detailed factual record for the court to review."); Goldman v. RadioShack Corp., 2003 WL 21250571, at *8 (E.D.Pa.2003) (granting conditional motion for certification finding the required "lax showing of similarly situated" where the potential members "were all subjected to the same employment contract with RadioShack. They were all required to work at least 54 hours per week and all were denied overtime pay," rejecting defendant's claim of potential differences in responsibilities and training, explaining "we will not delve into a factspecific `similarly situated' inquiry at this time. . . . [C]onditional certification requires a lax showing of `similarly situated.' During this first-tier inquiry, we ask only whether the plaintiff and the proposed representative class members alleged suffered from the same scheme. A fact-specific inquiry is conducted only after discovery and a formal motion to decertify the class is brought by the defendant").
Defendant cites, inter alia, Mike v. Safeco Insurance Company of America, 274 F.Supp.2d 216, 220 (D.Conn.2003), denying a motion to proceed as a collective action on finding that determination of whether the administrative exception applied *621 to a plaintiff automobile insurance appraiser would be "extremely individual and fact-intensive" and thus the plaintiff had "not provided evidence of a common thread binding his proposed class of employees." Judge Squatrito found that the fact that the defendant had decided to reclassify all claims representatives, including all "Field Claims Representatives," of which Mike was one, as exempt did "not provide the necessary common thread" even though "Field Claims Representatives shared a common job description and were expected to perform the tasks enumerated in that specific job description." The representative plaintiff did not rely on the defendant's job description and had "expressly disavow[ed] this job description," claiming that "on a task-to-task, day-to-day, basis, he spent the balance of his time performing non-administrative functions despite the fact that his job description call[ed] for him to perform some administrative functions." Id. at 221. While Metropolitan cites to Neary's deposition testimony discussing the accuracy of Metropolitan's job descriptions, and claims that Mike is applicable, plaintiff's testimony does not amount to the "disavowal" in Mike. While plaintiff explained the meaning of various terms and stated that Metropolitan's job description was not "a 100 percent accurate and complete description of the duties that [he] performed at Metropolitan" (Pl. Dep. at 75-77, 287-88), he did not completely disavow the description  his testimony was more to clarify the tasks and responsibilities listed and the time he spent performing each. Moreover, there is no evidence that plaintiff's clarifications do not similarly apply to the other proposed class members. Cf. White, 236 F.R.D. at 372 n. 4 (distinguishing Mike on the basis that in Mike "[t]he court refused to certify the class . . . because the plaintiff did not challenge a companywide policy, but instead asserted that his employer treated him in a certain way"). Here, notwithstanding his testimony, Neary claims that he and all putative class members were injured by the same Metropolitan policy  designation as exempt from the FLSA of automobile appraisers  which is sufficient to meet the lenient first-tier collective action standard.[6] To hold to the contrary would preclude certification *622 of a collective action in any FLSA case where the defendant was asserting an administrative exemption defense.
Further, defendant's insistence on the need for an "indisputably homogenous group" imposes too high a standard on plaintiff at this stage, where he need only make a "modest factual showing sufficient to demonstrate that [he] and potential plaintiffs together were victims of a common policy or plan that violated the law"  i.e., a "factual nexus that supports a finding that potential plaintiffs were subjected to a common discriminatory scheme." Realite v. Ark Restaurants Corp., 7 F.Supp.2d 303, 306 (S.D.N.Y.1998) (citation omitted). The evidence submitted by plaintiff constitutes a preliminary showing that all putative class members held the same or similar positions, had the same or similar duties, and were all designated, as a class, as exempt from the overtime provisions of the FLSA. The nature and scope of the differences listed by defendant with respect to the tasks and responsibilities of the proposed class members (see Def. Opp. at 24-26), are as yet unknown, and these types of differences may or may not make any difference with respect to the ultimate determination of whether the administrative exemption is applicable to these individuals. Courts are not to evaluate the merits of potential plaintiffs' claims when determining whether a putative class meets the similarly situated standard. See, Gjurovich, 282 F.Supp.2d at 105 ("Whether the positions the Plaintiff held were exempt is not an issue when deciding whether to authorize notice in an FLSA action. . . . The Court need not evaluate the merits of a plaintiffs claims in order to determine that a definable group of similarly situated plaintiffs exist."); Hoffmann, 982 F.Supp. at 262 ("[T]he Court need not evaluate the merits of plaintiffs' claims in order to determine that a definable group of `similarly situated' plaintiffs can exist here. . . . Nor must this Court wait for defendant to complete its discovery before authorizing class notice. To the contrary, courts have endorsed the sending of notice early in the proceeding, as a means of facilitating the FLSA's broad remedial purpose and promoting efficient case management."). Moreover, if defendant is able to demonstrate, after conclusion of discovery on a motion for decertification, that meaningful differences preclude a finding of similarly situated, the Court can decertify the class at that stage.
As to defendant's claim that plaintiff has not identified other potential class members who would want to participate in this action, such identification, at this preliminary stage, is not required in the Second Circuit.[7] Indeed, identification of potential *623 class members is part of the purpose of authorizing and notice.
Additionally, the prejudice to Metropolitan claimed  related to public relations, human resources, and financial injury  does not suffice to preclude certification at this stage; such preclusion would run contrary to the broad remedial purpose of the FLSA. See Hoffmann, 982 F.Supp. at 262. Moreover, Jackson v. Motel 6 Multipurpose, Inc., 130 F.3d 999, 1002 (11th Cir. 1997), a Rule 23 case cited by defendant in support of its prejudice argument, concerned circumstances much more likely to cause substantial prejudice to the defendant: the plaintiffs were allowed to publish notice nationwide, engage in mass mailings, set up a toll-free telephone number, and were permitted to have ex parte communications with "any persons who may have knowledge of" the alleged discrimination, except for current defendant supervisory or managerial employees.
As to defendant's contentions regarding the proper geographic and temporal scope of any notice to be sent, Neary has agreed to confer with Metropolitan (and the Court, if consensus cannot be reached) on the form of the notice. In any event, however, the Court concludes that the geographic limits proposed by defendant (limited to individuals who worked in the same Rocky Hill Connecticut office as plaintiff) are not appropriate, as plaintiff's evidence of the similarly situated nature of the proposed class suggests that geography does not matter; the documentary evidence of the job duties and positions, and testimony offered, does not provide any basis on which to impose geographic restrictions.[8] Any categorical differences in job positions/duties can be explored on discovery and provide a basis for a decertification or class limitation motion by defendant after discovery has concluded. As to the temporal limits proposed by defendant on the basis of the applicable statute of limitations, defendant's proposal does not take into account the fact that the statute of limitations is extended from two years to three in the event of a willful violation of the FLSA, see 29 U.S.C. § 255(a). Plaintiffs allegations of willful violation (3d Am.Compl. ¶ 16) are sufficient, at this preliminary notice stage where merits are not considered, to support defining the class on the basis of the three-year statute of limitations. See, e.g., Romero v. Producers Dairy Foods, Inc., 235 F.R.D. 474, 484 (E.D.Cal.2006) (finding "allegations of willful conduct in the Complaint, combined with the declarations evidencing FLSA violations" were sufficient "for the purpose of conditional certification" to apply the three-year statute of limitations); Patton v. Thomson Corp., 364 F.Supp.2d 263, 268 n. 2 (E.D.N.Y.2005) (finding allegation of willful violation justified notice based on a three-year statute of limitations period).
IV. Conclusion
Accordingly, defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment [Doc. # 88] is DENIED. Plaintiffs Motion to Proceed as a Collective Action Under the FLSA, to Compel Expedited Disclosure of the Names and Addresses of the Putative *624 Class, and for Permission to Send a Notice and Consent Document to All Similarly Situated Individuals [Doc. # 33/35] is GRANTED. As noted supra, the parties shall confer regarding the proper form of the notice to be sent, in light of this Court's Ruling, and shall submit to the Court their agreed-upon notice, or if no agreement, their respective proposed forms of notice.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
NOTES
[1]  The Department of Labor regulations were revised in 2004, but were not intended to cause a substantive change in the law nor affect the cases decided under the pre-2004 regulations. See 29 C.F.R. pt. 541 (2004).
[2]  Additionally, Metropolitan's contention that the claims department produced no revenue and was just a "cost of doing business" seems at odds with its argument elsewhere that Neary was an administrative employee engaged in advising the management and servicing the business itself in a meaningful way.
[3]  Weary notes that "Nile Associate Appraiser's duties vary only in that they operate `under the general direction of a Claim Supervisor or designee'" and "Wile Senior Appraiser's duties vary only in that they `may be assigned to lead special projects or initiatives [and][m]ay be designated to supervise unit during supervisory absence.'" (Id. at 2-3 (citing Gallagher Tr. at 92-93; Job Description at 5).)
[4]  See, e.g., Davis v. Charoen Pokphand (USA), Inc., 303 F.Supp.2d 1272, 1276 (M.D.Ala. 2004) (finding that "a more searching standard of review [wa]s appropriate" where plaintiffs "had time to conduct discovery and indeed [] filed supplemental evidence in support of their motion"); Holt v. Rite Aid Corp., 333 F.Supp.2d 1265, 1273-74 (M.D.Ala.2004) (applying higher standard where the court was "presented with fairly extensive evidence on the issue of whether putative class members are similarly situated"); Pfohl v. Farmers Ins. Group, No. cv03-3080 DT (RCX), 2004 WL 554834, at *2-3 (C.D.Cal. Mar. 1, 2004) (discovery had "been undertaken relating to the issues of certification of th[e] action as a collective action"); Moriksy v. Public Serv. Elec. & Gas Co., Ill F.Supp.2d 493, 497-98 (D.N.J.2000) (discovery completed "well before" the motion for certification was filed). At least one case cited by defendant does not support its position because the court applied the conditional certification first-tier standard. See Hunter v. Sprint Corp., 346 F.Supp.2d 113, 119 (D.D.C.2004).
[5]  Prizmic v. Armour, Inc., No. 05cv2503 (DLI)(MDG), 2006 WL 1662614, at *2-3 (E.D.N.Y. June 12, 2006) (denying motion where plaintiff did not submit "any evidence by affidavit or otherwise to demonstrate that he and other potential plaintiffs were victims of a common policy or plan that violated the law") (emphasis in original); Morales v. Plantworks, Inc., No. 05cv2349 (DC), 2006 WL 278154, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 2, 2006) (conclusory allegations in complaint insufficient); Dreyer v. Altchem Env. Servs., Inc., No. 06-2393(RBK), 2006 WL 3676013, at *3 (D.N.J. Dec. 12, 2006) (denying motion where plaintiff attached no affidavits or any other evidence in support); Home v. United Servs. Auto. Ass'n, 279 F.Supp.2d 1231, 1234 (M.D.Ala.2003) (burden is not heavy and "may" be met by detailed allegations supported by affidavits); Hall v. Burk, No. 01cv2487H, 2002 WL 413901, at *3 (N.D.Tex. Mar. 11, 2002) (noting "[u]nsupported assertions of widespread violations are not sufficient to meet [p]laintiff's burden" and denying plaintiff's motion where she did not submit affidavits or any other evidence); Thiebes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., No. 98-802-KI, 1999 WL 1081357, at *3 (D.Or. Dec. 1, 1999) (affidavit and deposition testimony sufficient to meet "lenient burden"); Hoffmann v. Sbarro, Inc., 982 F.Supp. 249, 261-62 (S.D.N.Y.1997) (affidavits submitted, but no statement that they were necessary); D'Anna v. MIA-COM, Inc., 903 F.Supp. 889, 894 (D.Md.1995) (ADEA case, follows FLSA collective action provision) ("The plaintiff has not pointed to any company plan or policy to target older employees for termination. Plaintiff has done nothing more than identify eleven individuals who are over forty years of age and who may have been terminated during [supervisor's] tenure. The mere listing of names, without more, is insufficient absent a factual showing that the potential plaintiffs are `similarly situated.'").
[6]  Other cases cited by defendant do not counsel otherwise and/or are distinguishable. See King v. West Corp., 2006 WL 118577, at *13 (D.Neb.2006) (parties had agreed to send initial notice, discovery was nearing completion, and court therefore conducted second-tier similarly situated analysis); Freeman v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 256 F.Supp.2d 941, 945 (W.D.Ark.2003) (denying motion for conditional certification finding plaintiff had not "propose[d] a class that [wa]s sufficiently defined and manageable" where the proposed class "include[d] more than 7,000 current and former employees and [] there [we]re material differences in the duties and responsibilities of those employees" and where plaintiff's view appeared to be "that all salaried Wal-Mart employees below officer level [were] similarly situated no matter what the nature of their duties"); Sheffield v. Orius Corp., 211 F.R.D. 411, 413 (D.Or.2002) (class members "held different job titles, enjoyed different payment structures (piece-rate, hourly, and salaried), and worked at nine different job sites" and "much of the [alleged] unlawful conduct was committed by small, individual companies who were later acquired by defendant" such that "'plaintiffs who worked for these separate entities [were] not related as victims of a uniform, national policy"); Dean v. Priceline.com, Inc., 2001 WL 35961086, at *2 (D.Conn.2001) (denying motion for conditional certification, finding "[t]he proposed class consists of a group of individuals with different jobs and different job responsibilities"); Morisky v. Public Serv. Elec. & Gas Co., 111 F.Supp.2d 493, 498-99 (D.N.J.2000) (plaintiffs referenced only "an extremely broad `general connection' all plaintiffs have to the production of electricity" and defendant submitted evidence that the plaintiffs held "a wide variety of positions and perform[ed] a wide variety of job duties").
[7]  The only case from within the Second Circuit identified by the parties' research to mention identities of other potential plaintiffs states that "[p]laintiff is not required to indicate specifically how many potential opt-in plaintiffs may join the suit, nor must an FLSA plaintiff join with other potential plaintiffs at the time a suit is filed in order for a representative action to be pre-certified." Cuzco, 477 F.Supp.2d at 634. As plaintiff observes, all of the cases cited by defendant are from outside this Circuit, not all impose such a requirement, and those that do rely on Dybach v. State of Florida Department of Corrections, 942 F.2d 1562 (11th Cir.1991), which decision never discussed the issue but remanded to the district court with instructions to consider whether there were other similarly situated plaintiffs who sought to opt-in. See Reab v. Elec. Arts, Inc., 214 F.R.D. 623, 629 (D.Colo.2002) ("The cited language in Dybach is dicta. Research fails to reveal any court that has applied this requirement. Moreover, the instruction appears to conflict with United States Supreme Court's position that the Act should be liberally applied to the furthest reaches consistent with congressional direction.") (internal quotation omitted).

Further, Neary has identified at least one individual who would opt-in to a certified collective action: Howard Temple, who the plaintiff has sought to join in this action. (Mot. to Amend/Join [Doc. # 97/99].)
[8]  The cases cited by defendant to the contrary are either distinguishable or do not support defendant's position. See Felix De Asencio v. Tyson Foods, Inc. 130 F.Supp.2d 660, 661 (E.D.Pa.2001) (plaintiff sought certification for employees at only one of defendant's business locations); Realite, 7 F.Supp.2d at 305 (S.D.N.Y.1998) (certification sought only for defendant's New York City-area restaurants and court rejected defendant's contention that the class should, be limited to only plaintiffs at the "same exact restaurant").
