                                                                           FILED
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION                             OCT 21 2010

                                                                        MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS




                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT



RUPINDER KAUR,                                   No. 05-73118

             Petitioner,                         Agency No. A075-256-023

  v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM *
ERIC H. HOLDER JR., United States
Attorney General,

             Respondent.



                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                            Submitted October 8, 2010 **
                             San Francisco, California

Before: BEEZER and GRABER, Circuit Judges, and CARNEY,*** District Judge.

       Petitioner Rupinder Kaur, a native and citizen of India, seeks review of the

Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) decision affirming the immigration

       *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36–3.

       **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
       ***
             The Honorable Cormac J. Carney, United States District Judge for the
Central District of California, sitting by designation.
judge’s (“IJ”) denial of Ms. Kaur’s application for asylum and withholding of

removal. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we deny the petition.

      Ms. Kaur argues on appeal that the BIA erred by affirming the IJ’s adverse

credibility determination, considering or requiring corroborating evidence, and

finding that Ms. Kaur’s supplemental evidence was insufficient to support

eligibility for asylum. We review for substantial evidence the factual findings

underlying denials of asylum, Samayoa-Martinez v. Holder, 558 F.3d 897, 899

(9th Cir. 2009), denials of withholding of removal, Del Carmen Molina v. INS, 170

F.3d 1247, 1249 (9th Cir. 1999), and adverse credibility findings, Soto-Olarte v.

Holder, 555 F.3d 1089, 1091 (9th Cir. 2009). We reverse only if the evidence

would compel any reasonable factfinder to reach a contrary conclusion. Singh v.

Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 1139, 1143 (9th Cir. 2004) (citing INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502

U.S. 478, 481 & n.1 (1992)); see also Kumar v. Gonzales, 444 F.3d 1043, 1056

(9th Cir. 2006) (Kozinski, J., dissenting in part) (“Our role is not to substitute our

own judgment regarding an asylum applicant’s credibility for that of the IJ . . . .”).

Questions of law are reviewed de novo. Samayoa-Martinez, 558 F.3d at 899.

      Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s decision to affirm the IJ’s adverse

credibility determination. The BIA relied upon a material inconsistency in Ms.

Kaur’s testimony. She testified that she was singled out for arrest in December


                                           2
1995 because of her father’s political activity, but she also testified that

interrogators repeatedly demanded that she identify herself. The BIA gave specific

and cogent reasons for finding this testimony inconsistent. And this inconsistency

went to the heart of Ms. Kaur’s asylum claim because it related to the credibility of

her account of her alleged December 1995 arrest and assault—the primary basis for

her asylum claim. See Singh, 367 F.3d at 1143; Cortez-Pineda v. Holder, 610 F.3d

1118, 1124 & n.7 (9th Cir. 2010) (inconsistencies must go “to the heart of the

claim” in pre-REAL ID Act cases). The BIA also reasonably concluded that Ms.

Kaur failed to clarify or explain this inconsistency satisfactorily despite numerous

questions from the IJ and Ms. Kaur’s counsel on this point.

      The BIA also did not err by affirming the IJ’s determination that the

evidence Ms. Kaur submitted was insufficient to establish eligibility for asylum.

See Shrestha v. Holder, 590 F.3d 1034, 1047 (9th Cir. 2010) (IJ may require

corroborating evidence after adverse credibility determination); Sidhu v. INS, 220

F.3d 1085, 1090, 1092 (9th Cir. 2000) (failure to corroborate can be fatal to asylum

application). The most notable evidence that Ms. Kaur provided was the affidavit

of her mother and the materials from Dr. Aggarwal. As the BIA properly noted,

the affidavit from Ms. Kaur’s mother merely provided Ms. Kaur’s birth date and

birth location and identified her father. Her mother’s complete failure to


                                            3
corroborate Ms. Kaur’s allegations of wrongful incarceration and physical and

sexual assault arguably undermined rather than bolstered the credibility of Ms.

Kaur’s testimony.

      Similarly, the materials from Dr. Aggarwal provided minimal corroboration

for Ms. Kaur’s testimony. She testified that officers severely beat her and that she

was raped once each day for four days, resulting in significant bleeding, swelling,

and other internal injuries. Despite that testimony, none of Dr. Aggarwal’s

materials documented that Ms. Kaur suffered any bruising, swelling, bleeding,

vaginal tearing, or other indicia of rape. Although the prescription letter from

January 1996 supports Ms. Kaur’s claim that she received medical treatment

shortly after her alleged incarceration and rape, it states only that Ms. Kaur had

acute gastroenteritis and related symptoms.

      Dr. Aggarwal’s letters from August 1999 and May 2000 do assert that he

recalled Ms. Kaur complaining that the police raped her and that she appeared to be

in shock when he treated her. At most, these letters show that, as early as January

1996, Ms. Kaur alleged that the officers raped her and that she presented symptoms

possibly associated with rape. These letters, however, fail to provide any detail as

to any examination Dr. Aggarwal performed, his specific findings, or his diagnosis.

It is also concerning that Dr. Aggarwal did not document any recollection of


                                           4
swelling, bruising, bleeding, vaginal tearing, or other indicia of rape that would be

present after repeated sexual assaults of the severity Ms. Kaur alleges.

         The IJ must give the applicant the opportunity “to explain [her] failure to

produce material corroborating evidence.” Sidhu, 220 F.3d at 1091. Here, the

record shows that the IJ specifically provided Ms. Kaur opportunities to resolve

defects in the supplemental evidence she provided as well as explain her failure to

provide additional evidence. In particular, Ms. Kaur had several chances to

explain her failure to provide a critical piece of corroborating evidence: an

affidavit from her uncle, Harpal Singh. Ms. Kaur testified that Mr. Singh was the

individual that obtained her release both times she was incarcerated, and she

confided in him that she had been assaulted and raped during her December 1995

incarceration. Ms. Kaur’s failure to obtain his affidavit, or explain her inability to

do so, raises additional questions about the credibility of her claim. The fact that

he lives in India does not excuse this failure because he was a close relative with

whom Ms. Kaur was in contact during her case. See Shrestha, 590 F.3d at 1047-48

& n.5.

         Finally, having found Ms. Kaur ineligible for asylum, the BIA did not err in

affirming the IJ’s decision that Ms. Kaur was not entitled to withholding of




                                             5
removal. The standard for withholding of removal is more stringent than for

asylum. Shire v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 1288, 1295 n.5 (9th Cir. 2004).

      Petition DENIED.




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