                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                 FILED
                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                       ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                            MAY 5, 2005
                             No. 04-15054                 THOMAS K. KAHN
                         Non-Argument Calendar                CLERK
                       ________________________

                   D. C. Docket No. 99-00227-CV-1-CG

BONITA PERRY,

                                                       Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                  versus

ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
RICHARD N. MEADOWS,
in his individual and official capacity as
Administrative Law Judge
of Alabama State Personnel Department, et al.

                                                       Defendants-Appellees,

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Southern District of Alabama
                      _________________________

                              (May 5, 2005)


Before TJOFLAT, DUBINA and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:

       Bonita Perry, an African-American woman, appeals the district court’s grant

of summary judgment on her Title VII action alleging retaliation for engaging in

statutorily protected activity. Perry argues on appeal that the district court erred by

finding that she had failed to rebut the defendants’ legitimate non-discriminatory

reason for not rehiring her, and, therefore, by finding that no reasonable juror

would believe that she was not rehired in retaliation for engaging in statutorily

protected activities. For the reasons stated more fully below, we affirm.

       Perry, a former Drug Program Specialist, sued her former employer, the

Alabama Department of Corrections (“ADOC”), the Alabama State Personnel

Department (“SPD”), Administrative Law Judge Richard Meadows, in both his

individual and official capacities, and SPD Director Thomas G. Flowers in his

official capacity, (collectively “defendants”) alleging, inter alia, that her name was

removed from a list of eligible applicants for employment within the ADOC in

retaliation for filing complaints with the Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission (“EEOC”) and a lawsuit in federal court, all in violation of Title VII,

42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3.1


       1
          Perry’s amended complaint also alleged that she was terminated, suspended, and
restricted from pursuing grievances in retaliation for a 1997 lawsuit alleging discrimination by
the ADOC. The district court dismissed these claims on grounds of res judicata and collateral
estoppel, and they are not appealed. Perry further alleged wrongful discharge claims under the

                                                2
       Specifically, Perry alleged that she filed a complaint against the ADOC with

the EEOC on March 22, 1996, for gender and disability harassment and

discrimination. After she filed her complaint, Perry alleged that the ADOC

reprimanded and suspended her from work in retaliation. Perry also filed a

complaint in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama on

July 7, 1997. Less than two weeks later, on July 18, 1997, Perry was terminated,

and alleged that the termination was in reprisal for pursuing relief in federal court.

On September 11, 1998, a jury returned a verdict in favor of the ADOC and

judgment was entered against Perry. Relevant to her present appeal, Perry alleged

that, in July 1999, the ADOC asked that her name be removed from a list of

eligible applicants for employment with the ADOC, a request that was granted by

the SPD, all in retaliation for her prior EEOC charges and lawsuit.

       The ADOC filed its answer, generally denying that Perry was entitled to

relief, and asserting that her claims were barred by res judicata and collateral

estoppel because they had already been adjudicated and further arguing that it was

entitled to immunity from suit. The remaining defendants also argued that Perry



Americans with Disabilities Act and the Family Medical Leave Act, one of which was
dismissed, the other of which was not pursued, and neither of which was appealed. Per the
district court’s rulings, the only issue before us is whether summary judgment was properly
granted as to Perry’s retaliation claims arising after July 1999, and, therefore, all other arguments
made below and not raised on appeal are abandoned. See Access Now, Inc. v. Southwestern
Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1224, 1330 (11th Cir. 2004).

                                                  3
was not entitled to relief and raised defenses of immunity, res judicata, and

collateral estoppel. The defendants then filed separate “limited” motions for

summary judgment, limited to the argument that Perry’s claims were barred by the

doctrines of either res judicata or collateral estoppel because they had previously

been adjudicated in a civil action Perry filed in the United States District Court for

the Middle District of Alabama. The evidence showed that Perry, in an April 3,

1998, amended complaint, sued the ADOC and several of its agents alleging, inter

alia, that she had been discriminated against, sexually harassed, and wrongfully

terminated in retaliation for filing charges with EEOC. In that case, the ADOC

claimed that it had terminated Perry for failure to “maintain reasonable standards

of conduct,” based on a 10-day suspension for failing to follow instructions and

two unexcused absences. A jury returned a verdict in favor of the ADOC and

judgment was entered against Perry.

      The district court granted a partial summary judgment to the ADOC on res

judicata grounds, but found that Perry’s claim that the ADOC failed to rehire

her/requested she be removed as an eligible candidate for employment in July of

1999 could move forward. The other defendants’ motion for summary judgment

was denied for failing to make a prima facie case that res judicata barred Perry’s

claims against them, although the court later ruled that the other defendants were



                                           4
also protected from suit by the doctrine of res judicata with the exception of the

July 1999 retaliation claim.

      The ADOC, SPD, and remaining defendants later filed second and separate

motions for summary judgment. Relevant to the present appeal, the ADOC argued

that, with respect to Perry’s retaliation claim based on events occurring in July

1999, Perry had failed to state a prima facie case, but in any event, Perry had no

evidence to suggest that the ADOC’s refusal to rehire her because of her past work

problems, failing to maintain reasonable standards of conduct based upon one

incident of failing to follow instructions, which resulted in a 10-day suspension,

and two unexcused absences, was pretextual.

      Perry responded and argued that she could establish a prima facie case of

retaliation, but never addressed whether the defendants had a legitimate

nondiscriminatory reason for terminating her or whether any such reason was

pretextual. Both parties submitted evidence in support of their arguments.

Relevant to Perry’s retaliation claim, the evidence showed that (1) on July 7, 1997,

Perry filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Middle District of

Alabama claiming she was subject to gender discrimination by the ADOC and

several individual ADOC employees and supervisors; (2) on July 11, 1997, Perry

was terminated from her position at the ADOC for failing to maintain reasonable



                                          5
standards of conduct, including a 10-day suspension for failing to follow

instructions and two unexcused absences; (3) Perry amended her complaint to

include retaliatory discharge; (4) on September 11, 1998, a jury found in favor of

the ADOC; (5) on November 6, 2002, an Alabama circuit court affirmed the

ADOC’s decision to terminate her, and that decision was affirmed on appeal.

      The evidence also showed that, at some point before June 8, 1999, Perry

applied for a position in the ADOC. In response, the ADOC wrote the SPD

requesting permission to “passover” Perry because she had been previously

dismissed from her employment with the ADOC and the ADOC was not interested

in reemploying her. The SPD granted the ADOC’s request, and wrote a letter to

Perry to inform her that the SPD was granting the ADOC’s request to remove

Perry’s name from the list of eligible candidates for employment based on her past

work history effective July 22, 1999. Perry’s attorney responded to that letter and

stated that the decision to pass Perry over was further evidence of retaliation.

      Finally, and most importantly, on July 23, 1999, the SPD responded to

Perry’s attorney with a letter stating that the Board had found just cause for Perry’s

dismissal, a decision that was being appealed in circuit court. The letter further

stated that the SPD understood that Perry had filed a complaint in a federal court

claiming discrimination surrounding the circumstances that had resulted in her



                                           6
termination, and that a jury had returned a verdict in favor of the ADOC. “Based

upon these facts,” the SPD believed the ADOC was “justified in its request to

remove Ms. Perry from the register of eligibles” for employment.

      The district court granted summary judgment to the defendants after finding

that Perry had failed to address whether the defendants’ reason for not wanting to

rehire her was pretextual, and therefore, failed to carry her burden. However,

drawing all inferences in Perry’s favor, the court went on to assume that Perry

nevertheless believed that the defendants’ asserted reason for failing to rehire her

was a pretext. Looking at the entire case, the court found that Perry’s prima facie

case was “weak and entitled to minimal weight given the strength of [the

defendants’] legitimate non-discriminatory reasons for not wanting to rehire [her].”

It further found that Perry had not made any showing that the defendants’ reasons

for not rehiring her were false, “and there is thus no proof.” After considering all

the evidence presented, the court found that no reasonable jury could infer that the

defendants’ decision to “pass over” Perry was retaliatory in nature, and summary

judgment was granted to the defendants.

      On appeal, Perry argues that the district court, without explanation or

evidentiary support, mistakenly found that her prima facie case was weak and

incorrectly ruled that the defendants’ reason for refusing to rehire Perry was



                                           7
legitimate or nondiscriminatory. Instead, Perry argues that the SPD relied on

Perry’s litigation efforts to justify its decision not to rehire her, which is sufficient

to rebut the defendants’ purported and pretextual rationale, i.e., that Perry was fired

for poor work performance, justifying passing her over for further employment.

       We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment. Burton

v. Tampa Housing Authority, 271 F.3d 1274, 1276-77 (11th Cir. 2001). Summary

judgment is appropriate if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories,

and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show there is no

genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56; Celotex v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317,

323-24, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2553, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). We view the evidence and

all factual inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the party opposing

the motion, and all reasonable doubts about the facts are resolved in favor of the

non-movant. Burton v. City of Belle Glade, 178 F.3d 1175, 1187 (11th Cir. 1999).

There is a genuine issue of material fact only if the nonmoving party has produced

evidence that a reasonable fact-finder could return a verdict in its favor. Waddell

v. Valley Forge Dental Assocs., Inc., 276 F.3d 1275, 1279 (11th Cir. 2001).

       Title VII of the Civil Rights Act makes it illegal “to discriminate against . . .

employees or applicants for employment . . . because [they have] opposed any



                                             8
practice made an unlawful employment practice by this subchapter, or because

[they have] made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an

investigation, proceeding, or hearing.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). In order to

establish a prima facie case for retaliation under Title VII, “a plaintiff must show

that (1) [she] engaged in . . . statutorily protected expression; (2) [she] suffered an

adverse employment action; and (3) there is a causal [connection] between the two

events.” Shannon v. Bellsouth Telecommunications Inc., 292 F.3d 712, 715 (11th

Cir. 2002) (citation omitted). Once “a plaintiff makes out a prima facie case of

retaliation, the burden shifts to the defendant to produce legitimate reasons for the

adverse employment action.” Id. (citation omitted). “If the defendant does so, the

plaintiff must show that the reasons the defendant gave were pretextual.” Id.

      The United States Supreme Court has held that, in attempting to prove

pretext, the plaintiff must “prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the

legitimate reasons offered by the defendant were not its true reasons.” Reeves v.

Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 143, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 2106,

147L.Ed.2d 105 (2000). However, the trier of fact is permitted to “consider the

evidence establishing the plaintiff’s prima facie case” in determining whether the

defendant’s explanation is pretextual. Reeves, 530 U.S. at 143, 120 S.Ct. at 2106.

Furthermore, the trier of fact is permitted to infer retaliation from the falsity of the



                                            9
employer’s explanation as, in appropriate circumstances, “the trier of fact can

reasonably infer from the falsity of the explanation that the employer is

dissembling to cover up a discriminatory purpose.” Reeves, 530 U.S. at 147, 120

S.Ct. at 2108. “Thus, a plaintiff’s prima facie case, combined with sufficient

evidence to find that the employer’s asserted justification is false, may permit the

trier of fact to conclude that the employer unlawfully discriminated.” Reeves, 530

U.S. at 148, 120 S.Ct. at 2109.

      The Supreme Court ultimately instructed, however, that “[w]hether

judgment as a matter of law is appropriate in any particular case will depend on a

number of factors,” namely: “the strength of the plaintiff’s prima facie case, the

probative value of the proof that the employer’s explanation is false, and any other

evidence that supports the employer’s case and that properly may be considered on

a motion for judgment as a matter of law.” Reeves, 530 U.S. at 148-49, 120 S.Ct.

at 2109. Moreover, as we have said, “[i]f the proffered reason is one that might

motivate a reasonable employer, a plaintiff cannot recast the reason but must meet

it head on and rebut it.” Wilson v. B/E Aerospace, Inc., 376 F.3d 1079, 1088 (11th

Cir. 2004).

      As a preliminary matter, Perry hints at an argument that the defendants

failed to articulate a legitimate non-discriminatory reason for not rehiring her. This



                                          10
argument is wholly without merit. We have held that an employer need only

produce a neutral reason, which the defendants clearly did, arguing as they have

that they chose not to rehire Perry because her past work performance was

sufficiently deficient to warrant her termination. See, e.g., Smith v. State of Ga.,

749 F.2d 683, 687 (11th Cir. 1985). Furthermore, as the district court noted, the

defendants’ reason for not hiring Perry is fairly persuasive, as she was dismissed

for failing to “maintain reasonable standards of conduct.” Perry believed that she

had been a victim of discrimination, and filed grievances in both Alabama state

court and federal court, where a jury found her claims of discrimination and

retaliatory discharge in violation of Title VII unconvincing. Therefore, it was

Perry’s burden to rebut the defendants’ reason. Wilson, 376 F.3d at 388.

      The only evidence Perry cites to rebut the defendants’ assertion that Perry

was not rehired because she had been previously dismissed for poor work

performance is the July 23, 1999, letter written by an attorney for the SPD. That

letter, written in response to Perry’s assertion that the ADOC’s decision to remove

her from a list of eligible employment candidates was more evidence of retaliation,

stated that (1) the SPD had determined that there was just cause for Perry’s

termination, a decision that Perry was challenging in Alabama state court; (2) the

SPD was aware that Perry had filed a complaint in federal court, claiming



                                          11
discrimination regarding the circumstances leading to her termination, and a jury

had returned a verdict in favor of the ADOC and against Perry; and (3) “based

upon these facts,” the SPD believed that the ADOC was justified in its request to

remove Perry from the register of eligible employment candidates.

      Contrary to Perry’s assertion, the substance of that letter does not indicate

that the SPD relied heavily on Perry’s litigation efforts to justify the ADOC’s

failure to rehire her. If anything, the letter seems to indicate that, at the time the

letter was written, the SPD and ADOC believed they had just cause when they

terminated Perry, and that a jury had found that her claims of retaliation and

discrimination did not have merit. Thus, since her dismissal was just, there would

be no reason for the ADOC to want to rehire her two years later. The only

ambiguity in the letter is the clause “based upon these facts,” which does not refer

specifically to whether the letter is referencing the “fact” that Perry had filed

lawsuits or to the “fact” that the SPD’s and ADOC’s decision to terminate Perry

had never been found unlawful.

      “[I]n deciding whether an inference is reasonable, the court does not

compare that inference to others that might be drawn from the facts, but rather

must ‘cull the universe of possible inferences from the facts established by

weighing each against the abstract standard of reasonableness, casting aside those



                                            12
which do not meet it and focusing solely on those which do.’” Carlin

Communication, Inc. v. Southern Bell Tel & Tel. Co., 802 F.2d 1352, 1356 (11th

Cir. 1986). Placed in context, the July 23, 1999, letter does not permit a reasonable

inference that the SPD and ADOC refused to rehire her because of her pursuit of

litigation. The jury in her first federal lawsuit returned a verdict, finding that the

defendants had neither discriminated against nor retaliated against Perry by

dismissing her on September 11, 1998, well in advance of the July 23, 1999, letter.

In that July 23, 1999, letter, the SPD pointed out that Perry’s dismissal had been

reviewed by the SPD, which had found just cause supporting the dismissal. It

further pointed out that Perry had filed for review of that decision, as was her right,

in Alabama Circuit Court. The SPD explained that Perry’s claim of discrimination

surrounding her dismissal, filed in federal district court, had been decided against

her. Therefore, the SPD explained that it believed the DOC was justified in its

request to remove Perry from the register of eligible candidates for hire.

      While her present litigation was pending, both an Alabama Circuit Court and

the Alabama Court of Appeals rejected her claim that the SPD’s decision

upholding her dismissal was arbitrary or capricious. Thus, at the time Perry was

removed as an eligible candidate for hire, the SPD and the ADOC had no reason to

believe that it had committed any wrongdoing regarding Perry’s dismissal, and had



                                           13
every reason to believe that it could refuse to rehire her because of her past work

performance, which had failed to meet reasonable standards of conduct.

      Presently, and at the time the case was reviewed by the district court, any

possible claim that Perry’s dismissal was improper had been resolved in favor of

the ADOC and SPD. Thus, the July 23, 1999, letter, read in context with the

preceding and successive events, does not permit a reasonable inference that,

because the letter truthfully referenced the fact that Perry had pursued legal redress

for her dismissal, notably losing in federal and state courts, the defendants were

retaliating against her by failing to rehire her. To the contrary, it supports the

defendants’ continued assertion that Perry failed to maintain reasonable standards

of conduct, leading to her termination, that the failure to maintain reasonable

standards of conduct was not a pretext for firing her, and that her past,

unacceptable work performance was the reason she was taken off the list of

eligible candidates for hire.

      We have held that “[a]n employer may fire an employee for a good reason, a

bad reason, a reason based on erroneous facts, or for no reason at all, as long as its

action is not for a discriminatory reason.” Silvera v. Orange County School Bd.,

244 F.3d 1253, 1262 (11th Cir. 2001) (citations omitted). By analogy, the failure

to rehire an employee can be for any reason at all, so long as it was not retaliation



                                           14
for the person’s statutorily protected activity. Here, the defendants have proffered

a non-retaliatory reason for not hiring Perry (her previous failure to maintain

reasonable standards of conduct), and Perry has failed to provide any evidence

permitting a reasonable inference that the defendants’ reason was false.

      Thus, while the district court did not specifically reference or address the

July 23, 1999, letter in its order, the court correctly found that Perry had failed to

meet her burden with respect to showing that the defendants’ legitimate

nondiscriminatory reason for not hiring her was pretextual. Therefore, we

conclude that the district court did not err by finding that no reasonable juror

would be able to find that the defendants’ refusal to rehire her constituted

retaliation under Title VII and properly granted summary judgment to the

defendants. We, therefore, affirm.

      AFFIRMED.




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