J-S55006-18


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA             :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                          :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                          :
              v.                          :
                                          :
                                          :
 JABREE COOPER                            :
                                          :
                    Appellant             :   No. 3026 EDA 2017

          Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence August 22, 2017
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County Criminal Division at
                     No(s): CP-23-CR-0000942-2017


BEFORE: OLSON, J., STABILE, J., and FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.:                        FILED DECEMBER 04, 2018

      Appellant, Jabree Cooper, appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered on August 22, 2017. We affirm.

      The trial court ably summarized the evidence presented during

Appellant’s June 14, 2017 jury trial:

        On [the evening of] October [21,] 2016, . . . Officer Matthew
        Goldschmidt of the Chester City Police Department was
        working with the Pennsylvania State Police as part of a special
        task force patrolling the high-crime areas of the city. He was
        partnered that evening with Trooper Salerno of the
        Pennsylvania State Police. They were in a marked State
        Police cruiser[;] Trooper Salerno was driving and Officer
        Goldschmidt was in the front passenger seat. . . .

        [At approximately 10:40] that night, [the officers were
        traveling] north in the 700 block of Pennell Street [when]
        they observed a blue Kia Optima approaching them with its
        high beams on. As the Kia approached 8th Street, it made a
        left onto West 8th Street without using a turn signal. As the
        vehicle turned, the passenger looked at them, and Officer
J-S55006-18


       Goldschmidt could smell a very strong odor of burnt
       marijuana. . . .

       As a result of their observations, the officers decided to
       conduct a traffic stop. They activated the lights and the siren
       on the patrol vehicle. The Kia stopped for a second as it
       approached Pusey Street and then fled.             The driver
       accelerated the vehicle and made a left onto Pusey Street.
       The officers pursued. [Traveling at high speeds, t]he Kia
       went north to 9th Street, made a left onto 9th, went west on
       9th to Tilghman, south on Tilghman Street to 4th Street,
       proceeded on 4th Street to Jeffrey Street, then south on
       Jeffrey, made a right onto 2nd Street, went down 2nd Street
       to Highland Avenue, then north on Highland Avenue, where
       [it] smashed into several vehicles and then crashed on the
       front lawn of a house prior to 10th Street. There, the pursuit
       stopped and the two occupants were taken into custody. The
       driver was identified as [Appellant].

       The entire incident was video recorded by the State Police
       cruiser’s [mobile video recorder (“MVR”)] system.      The
       Commonwealth published the video to the jury with Officer
       Goldschmidt pausing the video at points during the pursuit
       and commenting []. One of the pauses was to show the jury
       a weapon being discarded out of the passenger window in the
       area of 2nd and Palmer Streets.

       [Officer Goldschmidt searched Appellant incident to the
       arrest; the officer discovered “a clear sandwich bag
       containing six clear zip-top bags of crack cocaine down
       [Appellant’s] pants[,] between his [] legs.”      N.T. Trial,
       6/14/17, at 46. The officers also searched the automobile
       Appellant was driving. The officers] . . . recovered a spent
       [cartridge] casing from a .40 caliber handgun [] on the floor
       of the rear seat area. . . .

       Early the next morning, [police officers] went to the area of
       2nd and Palmer Streets, the location [that the] MVR recording
       showed the gun being thrown from the vehicle, and retrieved
       a black firearm from the gutter. The weapon was identified
       as a .40 caliber Smith & Wesson M&P Shield.             Upon
       examination, it was discovered the weapon was loaded with
       live ammunition. [Appellant] stipulated that the recovered
       weapon was functional and capable of discharging the type

                                    -2-
J-S55006-18


         of ammunition for which it was manufactured, as indicated in
         the ballistics report entered into evidence. [Appellant] also
         stipulated the “spent cartridge” recovered from the vehicle
         was discharged from that same handgun. [Appellant] further
         stipulated the firearm was reported stolen, as run through
         NCIC[] and, also, that he was not licensed to carry a firearm.
         ...

         Detective Louis Grandizio is employed by the Delaware
         County Criminal Investigation Division of the District
         Attorney’s Office and was qualified as an expert firearms
         examiner. He opined that the spent casing recovered from
         [Appellant’s] vehicle was consistent with the firearm being
         discharged from inside that vehicle. . . .

         [Appellant] did not testify at trial and presented no evidence
         in rebuttal.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/20/17, at 2-4 (internal citations and some internal

capitalization omitted).

       The jury found Appellant guilty of possession of a controlled substance,

possession of drug paraphernalia, fleeing or attempting to elude a police

officer, criminal conspiracy to possess a firearm without a license, criminal

conspiracy to receive stolen property, possession of a firearm without a

license, and receiving stolen property.1 On August 22, 2017, the trial court

sentenced Appellant to serve an aggregate term of four-and-a-half to nine

years in prison, followed by five years of probation, for his convictions. See

N.T. Sentencing, 8/22/17, at 18.




____________________________________________


1 35 P.S. §§ 780-113(a)(16) and (32), 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3733(a), and 18
Pa.C.S.A. §§ 903, 6106(a)(1), and 3925(a), respectively.


                                           -3-
J-S55006-18



      Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal. Appellant raises one claim to

this Court:

        Whether the evidence was insufficient to find [Appellant]
        guilty of firearms not to be carried without a license,
        conspiracy to firearms not to be carried without a license,
        receiving stolen property[,] and conspiracy to receiving
        stolen property arising from a vehicle stop in which a firearm
        was discarded by the [passenger] from the passenger side
        door during pursuit by the local and State Police[?]

Appellant’s Brief at 7 (some internal capitalization omitted).

      We review Appellant’s sufficiency of the evidence challenges under the

following standard:

        The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the
        evidence is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial
        in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there is
        sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every
        element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In applying
        the above test, we may not weigh the evidence and substitute
        our judgment for [that of] the fact-finder. In addition, we
        note that the facts and circumstances established by the
        Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of
        innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt may be
        resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak
        and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact
        may be drawn from the combined circumstances. The
        Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every
        element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means
        of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying the
        above test, the entire record must be evaluated and all
        evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the
        trier of fact while passing upon the credibility of witnesses
        and the weight of the evidence produced, is free to believe
        all, part or none of the evidence.




                                     -4-
J-S55006-18



Commonwealth v. Brown, 23 A.3d 544, 559-560 (Pa. Super. 2011) (en

banc), quoting Commonwealth v. Hutchinson, 947 A.2d 800, 805-806 (Pa.

Super. 2008).

      Appellant claims that the evidence was insufficient to support the

convictions that arose out of his possession of the firearm, as there was

insufficient evidence to prove that he possessed the firearm.       Further, on

appeal, Appellant echoes the argument he made at trial and claims that his

flight only demonstrated his consciousness of guilt as to the cocaine that was

later found on his person. See Appellant’s Brief at 14. Appellant’s claims fail.

      “In [] possession cases, the Commonwealth may meet its burden by

showing actual, constructive, or joint constructive possession of the

contraband.” Commonwealth v. Thompson, 428 A.2d 223, 224 (Pa. Super.

1981). Actual possession is proven “by showing . . . [that the contraband

was] found on the [defendant’s] person.” Commonwealth v. Macolino, 469

A.2d 132, 134 (Pa. 1983).       If the contraband is not discovered on the

defendant’s person, the Commonwealth may satisfy its evidentiary burden by

proving that the defendant had constructive possession of the contraband.

Id.

        Constructive possession is a legal fiction, a pragmatic
        construct to deal with the realities of criminal law
        enforcement. Constructive possession is an inference arising
        from a set of facts that possession of the contraband was
        more likely than not. We have defined constructive
        possession as conscious dominion. We subsequently defined
        conscious dominion as the power to control the contraband
        and the intent to exercise that control. To aid application, we


                                     -5-
J-S55006-18


         have held that constructive possession may be established
         by the totality of the circumstances.

Commonwealth v. Kinard, 95 A.3d 279, 292 (Pa. Super. 2014) (internal

quotations and citations omitted); see also Macolino, 469 A.2d at 134

(“[c]onstructive possession has been defined as the ability to exercise a

conscious dominion over the illegal [contraband]: the power to control the

contraband and the intent to exercise that control”).

      With respect to the element of “knowledge” in possessory offenses, this

Court held:

         an awareness of the presence of the items which [the
         defendant] was accused of having [is] an essential element
         of his supposed intent to control. But this knowledge need
         not be proven by his admission of such knowledge, or by
         testimony of his associates that he saw these articles. The
         defendant’s knowledge of the presence of these articles may
         be inferred from all the surrounding circumstances.

Commonwealth v. Gladden, 311 A.2d 711, 712 (Pa. Super. 1973) (en banc)

(internal quotations and citations omitted) (some internal capitalization

omitted). “Mere ‘association,’ ‘suspicion’ or ‘conjecture,’ will not make out a

case of constructive possession.” Commonwealth v. Valette, 613 A.2d 548,

551 (Pa. 1992). However, “circumstantial evidence may be used to establish

constructive possession of the [contraband].” Commonwealth v. Johnson,

26 A.3d 1078, 1094 (Pa. 2011).      Moreover, “[t]wo actors may have joint

control and equal access and thus both may constructively possess the

contraband.” Commonwealth v. Haskins, 677 A.2d 328, 330 (Pa. Super.

1996).



                                     -6-
J-S55006-18



       Viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the totality of

the circumstances in this case is sufficient to establish that Appellant

constructively possessed the firearm. Indeed, the Commonwealth introduced

evidence demonstrating that: Appellant operated the vehicle on the night in

question; the illegal, stolen firearm had been fired from within the same

vehicle that Appellant was operating; when the officers initiated a traffic stop

of Appellant’s vehicle, Appellant fled and drove his vehicle recklessly and at

high speeds through the City of Chester, in an attempt to elude the officers

and avoid capture – thus demonstrating Appellant’s consciousness of guilt with

respect to his illegal possession of the stolen firearm;2,   3   and, during the

high-speed chase, the firearm was thrown out of the passenger-side window.




____________________________________________


2It is a “settled rule of law that when a defendant has reason to know that he
may be suspected in connection with a crime, the jury may infer a
consciousness of guilt from that person's flight or other evasive conduct.”
Commonwealth v. Jones, 570 A.2d 1338, 1349 (Pa. Super. 1990); see also
Commonwealth v. Spotz, 870 A.2d 822, 825 n.10 (Pa. 2005) (“[e]vidence
of a defendant's flight and/or concealment following a crime is admissible to
establish an inference of consciousness of guilt”).

3  During trial, Appellant’s counsel argued that Appellant’s flight only
demonstrated his consciousness of guilt as to the cocaine that was later found
on his person. See N.T. Trial, 6/14/17, at 108-113. Nevertheless, in finding
Appellant guilty of the firearm offenses, the jury apparently rejected this
argument, as was its province. See Commonwealth v. Shaver, 460 A.2d
742, 745 (Pa. 1983) (“[i]t is solely the province of the trier of fact to pass
upon the credibility of witnesses and to give it such weight as may be accorded
to the evidence therein produced. The factfinder is free to believe all, part or
none of the evidence”).


                                           -7-
J-S55006-18



      Contrary to Appellant’s argument during trial and on appeal, this

evidence is sufficient to prove far more than Appellant’s “association” with the

firearm. Indeed, the evidence is sufficient to prove that Appellant: knew the

firearm was present in the vehicle; had the power and the intent to control

the firearm while it was in the vehicle; and, acted in concert with his passenger

to dispose of the firearm during the high-speed chase. See Commonwealth

v. Cruz, 21 A.3d 1247, 1253 (Pa. Super. 2011) (holding that the evidence

was sufficient to establish that the defendant constructively possessed the

firearm where: “[defendant] was the only person found in the vehicle[; t]he

gun in question was found in a compartment on the passenger side of the

vehicle[; the defendant] . . . mov[ed] sideways toward the passenger side of

the vehicle immediately after [the officer] turned on his lights and siren[; and,

the defendant] . . . exhibit[ed] a consciousness of guilt”).

      Moreover, the fact that Appellant’s attempt to elude capture might

possibly be consistent with his cocaine possession – and not his possession of

the illegal, stolen firearm – “entirely neglects to consider the evidence in the

light most favorable to the Commonwealth.” Commonwealth v. Watley, 81

A.3d 108, 115 (Pa. Super. 2013). “This case is simply not one where the

evidence is so weak and inconclusive that there is no probability of fact that

Appellant” had the power to control the contraband and the intent to exercise

that control. See id. The evidence is thus sufficient to prove that Appellant

constructively possessed the firearm. Appellant’s sufficiency of the evidence

claims fail.

                                      -8-
J-S55006-18



     Judgment of sentence affirmed. Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 12/4/18




                                   -9-
