18-3338
United States v. Zobkiw (Hoey)



                                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                     FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                             SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT.
CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS
PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE
PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A
SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE
(WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY
ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY
COUNSEL.

      At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the
City of New York, on the 18th day of March, two thousand twenty.

PRESENT: PIERRE N. LEVAL,
           PETER W. HALL,
           GERARD E. LYNCH,
                      Circuit Judges.
_____________________________________

United States of America,

                                 Appellee,

                                 v.                          18-3338

Thomas Hoey, Jr.,

                                 Defendant-Appellant,
Nicole Zobkiw, AKA Sealed Defendant 1, Barry
Balaban, AKA Sealed Defendant 1, Alejandro
Noreiga,
                 Defendants. 1
_____________________________________

For Appellant:                             BRUCE R. BRYAN, Syracuse, New York.

For Appellee:                              IAN MCGINLEY (Michael D. Maimin on the
                                           brief) for Geoffrey S. Berman, United States
                                           Attorney for the Southern District of New
                                           York, New York, New York.

         Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern

District of New York (Castel, J.).

         UPON      DUE      CONSIDERATION,            IT   IS   HEREBY       ORDERED,

ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is

AFFIRMED.

         Thomas Hoey, Jr. appeals from a judgment of the United States District

Court for the Southern District of New York entered on October 25, 2018,

sentencing him to a term of 141 months’ imprisonment and three years of

supervised release. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts,

the record of prior proceedings, and the arguments on appeal, which we reference

only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.


1   The Clerk of Court is respectfully requested to amend the caption as stated above.
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                                         I.

      Hoey was convicted, following a guilty plea, of conspiracy to distribute and

possess with intent to distribute cocaine in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371, conspiracy

to suborn perjury in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1622, and obstruction of justice in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1503. The district court initially sentenced Hoey to a

within-Guidelines sentence of 151 months’ imprisonment and three years of

supervised release. The court also imposed a $250,000 fine which was later

vacated on appeal and not reimposed. Before his initial federal sentencing, Hoey

had been convicted for an unrelated matter in New York state court.             That

conviction increased the criminal history points used in calculating his federal

Guidelines range. Following his sentencing on the federal charges here, the New

York state conviction was vacated, and Hoey was thus entitled to resentencing. At

resentencing, after recalculating the Guidelines range based on a lower criminal

history score, the district court imposed an above-Guidelines sentence of 141

months’ imprisonment and three years of supervised release. Hoey now appeals,

arguing that his new sentence is both procedurally and substantively

unreasonable.




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                                         II.

      We review sentences for reasonableness, which amounts to a review for

abuse of discretion. See United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 187 (2d Cir. 2008) (en

banc). “A sentence is procedurally unreasonable if the district court fails to

calculate (or improperly calculates) the Sentencing Guidelines range, treats the

Sentencing Guidelines as mandatory, fails to consider the § 3553(a) factors, selects

a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or fails to adequately explain the

chosen sentence.” United States v. Singh, 877 F.3d 107, 115 (2d Cir. 2017) (citation

omitted).

      Hoey contends that his sentence is procedurally unreasonable for two main

reasons: (1) the district court insufficiently explained its decision to impose an

above-Guidelines sentence at resentencing, especially given that court’s

imposition of an initial sentence within the advisory Guidelines range, and (2) the

district court improperly calculated the Guidelines range by refusing to group the

perjury and obstruction of justice counts together.       Hoey, however, did not

challenge the procedural reasonableness of his sentence before the district court,

and defense counsel’s general statements that she was “comfortable” with a

calculation different than the one ultimately adopted and “mindful” of a plea



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agreement containing another calculation were insufficient to preserve an

objection for appellate review. App. at 508. We thus review Hoey’s challenges of

procedural unreasonableness for plain error. See United States v. McCrimon, 788

F.3d 75, 78 (2d Cir. 2015); United States v. Villafuerte, 502 F.3d 204, 208 (2d Cir. 2007).

      To demonstrate plain error, Hoey must show that “(1) there is an error; (2)

the error is clear or obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute; (3) the error

affected the appellant’s substantial rights, which in the ordinary case means it

affected the outcome of the district court proceedings; and (4) the error seriously

affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United

States v. Marcus, 560 U.S. 258, 262 (2010) (internal quotation marks and alterations

omitted). While we have said that “the plain error doctrine should not be applied

stringently in the sentencing context,” United States v. Gamez, 577 F.3d 394, 397 (2d

Cir. 2009), Hoey’s arguments fail even under a lowered plain error standard.

      Hoey’s first argument, that the district court did not sufficiently explain its

decision to diverge from the advisory Guidelines range, is not supported by the

record.   Not only did the district court deliver a long explanation at the

resentencing hearing for why it was imposing an above-Guidelines sentence, but

the court also issued a six-and-a-half-page Written Statement of Reasons



                                            5
explaining that the above-Guidelines sentence “more accurately accounts for the

extreme callousness of Hoey’s actions,” App. at 556, and outlining specific reasons

for imposing that sentence. Nor is Hoey’s argument aided by the fact that many

of the same circumstances that existed at the time of Hoey’s original sentencing—

and which resulted in a sentence within the then-applicable Guidelines—existed

at the time of his resentencing. Hoey offers no reason why his new sentence must

fall within the lower Guidelines range simply because his prior one fell within the

higher range. Contrary to his assertions, we find it eminently reasonable that the

district court could find a 151-month sentence appropriate under the

circumstances at Hoey’s initial sentencing and a 141-month sentence appropriate

under the circumstances at Hoey’s resentencing, notwithstanding the fact that one

fell inside of the Guidelines range and one did not.


      In calculating Hoey’s Guideline range, the district court grouped the perjury

and underlying drug count together under § 3D1.2(c), as provided for under

U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1 Application Note 8, and applied Application Note 5 to U.S.S.G. §

3D1.2 to limit the grouping to one count of obstructive conduct with one count of

the underlying offense. Application Note 5 explains that, for the purposes of

grouping under subsection (c):


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      Sometimes there may be several counts, each of which could be
      treated as an aggravating factor to another more serious count, but
      the guideline for the more serious count provides an adjustment for
      only one occurrence of that factor. In such cases, only the count
      representing the most serious of those factors is to be grouped with
      the other count.
On that basis, the district court grouped Hoey’s perjury and drug counts together

and treated the obstruction of justice count separately. The result was a slightly

higher offense level than if one of Hoey’s preferred approaches had been adopted.


      Hoey contends that the district court erred by not grouping his perjury and

obstruction counts together. He argues that the district court should have grouped

those counts together pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(b) because the counts were part

of a common scheme or plan and victimize the same societal interest. He argues,

alternatively, that they should be grouped together pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(c)

because each of the perjury and obstruction counts would qualify as an adjustment

to his drug count.


      How multiple obstruction counts should be grouped is an open question in

this Circuit. In United States v. Jones, 716 F.3d 851, 859 (4th Cir. 2013), the Fourth

Circuit followed the approach complained of here, explaining that “the proper

way to group multiple obstruction of justice convictions under the Sentencing

Guidelines” is to group only the “more serious” conviction for obstructive conduct

                                          7
with the underlying offense. While we see the logic in that approach, we need not

decide whether that is the correct method because, given the lack of contrary case

law from the Supreme Court or this Court, the district court did not plainly err in

its Guidelines calculation. See United States v. Whab, 355 F.3d 155, 158 (2d Cir. 2004)

(“For an error to be plain, it must, at a minimum, be clear under current law. We

typically will not find such error where the operative legal question is unsettled,

including where there is no binding precedent from the Supreme Court or this

Court.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). Hoey’s challenge to the procedural

reasonableness of his sentence thus fails.


                                         III.


      Hoey also challenges the substantive reasonableness of his 141-month term

of imprisonment. “Upon review for substantive unreasonableness, we take into

account the totality of the circumstances, giving due deference to the sentencing

judge’s exercise of discretion, and bearing in mind the institutional advantages of

district courts.” United States v. Brown, 843 F.3d 74, 80 (2d Cir. 2016) (citations and

quotation marks omitted). In giving this due deference, we “provide relief only in

the proverbial ‘rare case.’” United States v. Bonilla, 618 F.3d 102, 109 (2d Cir. 2010)

(quoting United States v. Rigas, 583 F.3d 108, 123 (2d Cir. 2009)). “A sentencing


                                          8
judge has very wide latitude to decide the proper degree of punishment for an

individual offender and a particular crime,” and “[w]e will . . . set aside a district

court’s substantive determination only in exceptional cases where the trial court’s

decision cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions.” Cavera, 550

F.3d at 188, 189 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).


      Hoey’s chief complaint is that the district court did not give appropriate

weight to mitigating factors, such as Hoey’s post-incarceration rehabilitation

efforts. But the district court was not required to weigh these factors in precisely

the way Hoey would have liked and, in reviewing the sentence imposed by the

district court, “we do not consider what weight we would ourselves have given a

particular factor.” Id. at 191. Rather we “consider whether a factor relied on by a

sentencing court can bear the weight assigned to it” under the totality of the

circumstances in a case. Id.


      Here the record of sentencing proceedings shows that the district court was

careful to consider the factors cited by Hoey as mitigation in the context of the case

as a whole. For example, the district court explained that Hoey’s “steps toward

rehabilitation are commendable but they are not extraordinary.” App. at 552. On

this record, we cannot say that the district court improperly weighed the factors


                                          9
presented to it for consideration.     Nor do we think a 141-month term of

imprisonment for distributing drugs to a woman who died after consuming them

and then attempting to impede an investigation into that conduct is so high that it

“cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions.” Cavera, 550 F.3d at

189. We therefore hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in

imposing the sentence it did.


                                       ***


      We have considered Hoey’s remaining arguments and find them to be

without merit. We hereby AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.




                                      FOR THE COURT:


                                      Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court




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