[Cite as State v. Sekulic, 2017-Ohio-4259.]


                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                       STARK COUNTY, OHIO
                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                       JUDGES:
STATE OF OHIO                                  :       Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J.
                                               :       Hon. William B. Hoffman, J.
                          Plaintiff-Appellee   :       Hon. John W. Wise, J.
                                               :
-vs-                                           :
                                               :       Case No. 2016CA00135
DRAGAN SEKULIC                                 :
                                               :
                     Defendant-Appellant       :       OPINION




CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                           Criminal appeal from the Stark County
                                                   Court of Common Pleas, Case No.
                                                   2015CR1884


JUDGMENT:                                          Affirmed


DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                            June 12, 2017

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee                             For Defendant-Appellant

JOHN D. FERRERO                                    AARON KOVALCHIK
STARK COUNTY PROSECUTOR                            116 Cleveland Avenue N.W.
BY: RENEE WATSON                                   808 Courtyard Centre
110 Central Plaza S., Ste. 510                     Canton, OH 44702
Canton, OH 44702
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                     2

Gwin, P.J.

      {¶1}    Defendant-appellant Dragan Sekulic [“Sekulic”] appeals from the July 6,

2016 judgment entry of the Stark County Court of Common Pleas convicting and

sentencing him for one count of Aggravated Murder in violation of R.C. 2903.01(A) with

a firearm specification in violation of R.C. 2941.145, one count of Attempted Murder in

violation of R.C. 2923.02(A), and one count of Felonious Assault in violation of R.C.

2903.11(A)(2).

                                 Facts and Procedural History

      {¶2}    Sekulic came to the U.S. from Croatia with his parents around 1980. In

2001, he was introduced to Zeljka through family members. Zeljka was living in Serbia

at the time. The two talked over the phone for a period before Sekulic traveled to Serbia

with the intention of marrying Zeljka. They married in Serbia in September 2001, and

Zeljka came to the United States shortly thereafter. The two settled in Stark County and

had two daughters.

      {¶3}    During the course of her marriage, Zeljka pursued an STNA nursing

degree. Eventually she took jobs at various nursing homes, working full time at the

Astoria Nursing Home and part-time at three other nursing homes.

      {¶4}    In December 2014, Zeljka and Sekulic separated and began divorce

proceedings. Zeljka and her two daughters moved in with Zeljka’s sister, Stanislava

"Stan" and her two children. The divorce became final in August 2015.

      {¶5}    On November 22, 2015, Sekulic had the children for visitation.

Subsequent to the divorce, Sekulic wished to retrieve the cell phone that was in his name

from Zeljka. He asked his youngest daughter to bring him Zeljka’s old cell phone.
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                       3


       {¶6}     Later, Sekulic accessed Zeljka's Facebook account, went through her

messages, and discovered that she was intimately involved with an African-American co-

worker. Believing the relationship began before they divorced, Sekulic immediately told

his daughters, age 9 and 13, "mommy cheated on me.” He then let them read the

intimate, graphic messages.

       {¶7}     When the children went home the next day and Zeljka learned what Sekulic

had done, she was furious.        She told Sekulic he would not see the children for

Thanksgiving.

               November 24, 2015 – Attempted murder and Felonious assault.

       {¶8}     On November 24, Sekulic phoned Zeljka 40-50 times. When she blocked his

number, he decided he would follow her to work. When Zeljka pulled into the Astoria

parking lot, Sekulic pulled in next to her. She was on the phone. He got out of his half-

ton Chevy pickup and attempted to break the passenger side window of Zeljka's

Chrysler 2000 with his cell phone charger or adapter. Terrified, Zeljka drove off. Sekulic

jumped back into his truck and followed.

       {¶9}     Zeljka began driving in circles around the perimeter of the Astoria parking

lot at a high rate of speed with Sekulic in pursuit. At the same time, she was on the

phone with 9-1-1, for help. Zeljka told the dispatcher her husband had followed her to

work, was chasing her in her car with his Chevy Silverado, she believed that he had a gun,

and was going to kill her.

       {¶10}    At the same time, Lindsay Conant, an employee at a memory care facility

situated next door to the Astoria, had just stepped outside with two clients for a smoke
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                        4


break. She had a clear view of the Astoria parking lot. Shonna Keys was also present in

the Astoria parking lot, having arrived to visit a patient.

       {¶11}   Conant watched as the two vehicles sped around the lot. Both the women

watched as Sekulic charged toward the back of Zeljka's car at "highway speed" and

rammed the back end. The car was pushed through the parking lot, out into the street

and into a utility pole. The pole snapped in half. Zeljka's car then continued across the

street, struck a building, and landed upside down, trapping her inside. Conant watched

Sekulic ram the car a few more times, and then speed away.

       {¶12}   Sekulic fled to a friend's house and called his brother, Gligo. He told Gligo

what he had done, told him he had disposed of the gun in a lake, and asked him to come

and pick him up. Gligo refused and told Sekulic to turn himself in to the police.

       {¶13}   Sekulic also called his friend James Lamtman. He told Lamtman he had

rammed Zeljka's car and disposed of the gun he had used to try to break her car window.

He further shared he had been drinking and was going to wait until he sobered up to turn

himself in to the police. Lamtman told Sekulic not to wait. Sekulic took his advice.

       {¶14}   Sekulic was taken into custody, but then released on bond.           For the

following fifteen days, Gligo saw his brother every day. Gligo noted that his brother

remained angry with Zeljka and obsessed with her new relationship. Gligo encouraged

Sekulic to put it behind him and move on with his life. On the evening of December 8,

2015, Sekulic helped Gligo at his landscaping shop. Gligo expected Sekulic back the

following morning to work.

       {¶15}   During the same time, Zeljka lived in fear of Sekulic. She suffered a

concussion in the car wreck and could not return to work right away. While at home
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                        5


recovering, she kept the blinds drawn and was too afraid to walk past any windows that

did not have blinds. She purchased a gun for personal protection, but did not want to

carry the weapon until she completed her concealed carry class. She scheduled the class

for January 8, 2016.

                           December 8, 2015 – Aggravated Murder.

       {¶16}    The evening of December 8, 2015 was Zeljka's first night back to work at

the Astoria. She finished her shift around 7:00 a.m. the following morning. A co-worker,

Christine Truman, volunteered to walk Zeljka to her car, but Zeljka declined the offer and

left the building. Sekulic had been in the parking lot most of the night, drinking and

watching her through the windows of the nursing home. Sekulic was in a rental vehicle

— a white GMC Terrain.

       {¶17}    When Zeljka entered the parking lot, Sekulic exited the Terrain with a .45

caliber Ruger handgun he had stolen from his brother's shop the night before.

       {¶18}    At the same time, Anthony Olivieri, IV was driving himself and his sister to

school. His route took him down a road behind the Astoria, which provided a clear view

of the Astoria parking lot. Olivieri heard a popping noise, which caused him to look in the

direction of the Astoria parking lot. When he did, he witnessed Zeljka lying in the parking

lot and Sekulic standing over her. He watched Sekulic shoot Zeljka twice. Olivieri's sister

called 9-1-1.

       {¶19}    Meanwhile, inside the nursing home, Truman also heard popping noises

that she initially thought was maintenance people working on the air conditioner. Curious,

she went to the window to investigate. When she pulled back the blinds, she saw Zeljka

outside alone, lying in the parking lot about 15 feet away from the window. Truman
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                        6


gabbed another nurse and raced outside. When they reached Zeljka, they found her lying

in a pool of blood, gasping for air. Truman called 9-1-1.

       {¶20}   Sergeant Cline, Deputy Stauffer, and Deputy VanCamp of the Stark

County Sheriff’s Office arrived on the scene. They found Zeljka lying in a massive

amount of blood and could see she had numerous bullet wounds. She appeared to be

deceased, but Cline did what he could to help her. Before EMS arrived and took Zeljka,

VanCamp secured the scene and Stauffer photographed the scene. Cline summoned

the Bureau of Criminal Investigations crime scene unit to process the scene. The

deputies determined that Sekulic was the suspect and was driving a white GMC Terrain.

Surrounding law enforcement agencies were alerted and Sekulic's brother and father

were contacted.

       {¶21}   Deputy Quentin Robinson and a Massillon police officer went to the home

of Sekulic's father, Jovan. As they walked toward the house, Jovan exited the house,

walked toward the men and asked, "What did he do?” The officers told Jovan they needed

to speak to Sekulic. Jovan called Gligo, who arrived at Jovan's house 10 minutes later.

       {¶22}   As Sekulic fled towards his Akron home, the officers had Gligo call him.

Gligo asked where he was, and said he and Jovan were waiting on him to start work for

the day. Sekulic, playing dumb, said he had just woke up, but was on his way. Instead,

Sekulic went to the Akron-Canton Airport. He dumped the rental vehicle in the long-term

parking lot and retrieved his beige Chevy Malibu. He then began driving south on I-77.

       {¶23}   When Sekulic failed to appear at Jovan's home, Robinson had Gligo call

him again and put the call on speakerphone. Gligo asked where Sekulic was and he

replied, "I killed her. Shot her twice in the head.” When Gligo expressed disbelief, Sekulic
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                        7


explained, "I couldn't take it no more. I couldn't sleep, I just can't handle this.” He then

advised Gligo he was not coming to meet them.

       {¶24}   Robinson took the phone and advised Sekulic he had heard everything,

and that a peaceful resolve was desired. He asked Sekulic to come to Jovan's house

and turn himself in. Sekulic replied, "You have no idea what I'm going through — you

don't know how I feel.” He eventually agreed to come to his father's home, but then never

appeared.

       {¶25}   Robinson asked Gligo if Sekulic had any weapons. Gligo said he did not.

However, Gligo recalled that he, Gligo, kept a handgun at his shop. Sekulic was aware

this gun was kept at the shop. Gligo called the shop and had someone check to see if

the weapon was still at the shop. The gun was missing.

       {¶26}   Trooper Stephen Roe of the Ohio State Highway Patrol Cambridge Post

was working the afternoon shift on December 9, 2015. At the beginning of his shift, Roe

was advised that a Stark County murder suspect was at large and believed to be driving

a white GMC Terrain.      Later Roe was advised that officers had found the Terrain

abandoned at the Akron Canton Airport. A photo of Sekulic was provided to troopers.

       {¶27}   Around 12:20 p.m., as Trooper Roe sat in a crossover on I-77, he noticed

the driver of a small beige car began to pass a semi-truck. The driver saw Trooper Roe

and slowed significantly. As the driver went past, he looked directly at Roe. Roe thought

the driver looked like Sekulic, so he pulled out and followed.

       {¶28}   As he followed, Trooper Roe ran the plate on the car. It came back as

registered to Sekulic. He alerted other officers and formulated a plan to pull Sekulic over.
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                         8


After the other officers joined, Roe activated his lights. Sekulic pulled over, and was taken

into custody without incident.

       {¶29}   Trooper Roe took Sekulic to the Cambridge jail and Sergeant Mike Warner

of the State Highway Patrol processed Sekulic’s vehicle for impound. On the backseat

of the car was the Ruger .45 caliber semiautomatic pistol stolen from Gligo's shop. The

magazine of the gun was empty, but there was a round in the chamber. Also in the back

seat were a backpack, an expired passport, various food items, and beer. A rifle with

ammunition was found in the trunk.

       {¶30}   Dr. Renee Robinson of the Stark County Coroner's Office performed

Zeljka's autopsy. She observed three gunshot wounds to Zeljka's head. These fatal

wounds caused massive brain and skull damage. She further observed non-fatal gunshot

wounds to Zeljka's left hand, left forearm, and two wounds to her right thigh. One of the

wounds to Zeljka's thigh shattered her femur. Robinson ruled Zeljka's cause of death as

gunshot wounds to the head, and the manner of death as homicide.

       {¶31}   The shell casings and bullets recovered from the scene and Zeljka's body

were fired from the Ruger.

       {¶32}   At trial, Sekulic testified on his own behalf. As for the November incident,

he claimed he only struck Zeljka's car once and that it was unintentional. He additionally

claimed he stopped and got out of his truck to see if she was all right, but then panicked

and fled the scene. He further denied that he had a gun that day, and denied telling his

brother and Lamtman that he had a gun or disposed of a gun.

       {¶33} Sekulic testified that late on December 8, 2015 he bought two six packs of

Bud Light Platinum and parked at the Astoria. Sekulic consumed the alcohol and went to
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                         9


purchase more alcohol from a gas station. Sekulic testified that he intended to kill

himself, but he saw Zeljka and became overwhelmed with emotions and he shot her.

Sekulic claimed, "I just blacked out.”      He admitted shooting her, but claimed he

remembered only getting out of and then back into the GMC. He then once again

"panicked" and fled the scene.

       {¶34}   After hearing all the evidence and deliberating, the jury found Sekulic guilty

of aggravated murder and further found Sekulic used a firearm during the commission of

the offense. The jury also found Sekulic guilty of attempted murder and felonious assault,

but found he did not possess a firearm during the commission of either crime.

       {¶35}   The trial court proceeded immediately to sentencing.          The state and

counsel for Sekulic agreed that the attempted murder conviction and the felonious assault

conviction should merge for sentencing. The state elected to proceed to sentencing on

the attempted murder charge.

       {¶36}   For aggravated murder, Sekulic was sentenced to life without the

possibility of parole, and an additional 3 years to be served prior to and consecutive with

the life sentence for the firearm specification. For attempted murder, Sekulic received 11

years. The trial court ordered Sekulic to serve this sentence consecutive to his sentence

for aggravated murder.

                                      Assignments of Error

       {¶37}   Sekulic assigns four assignments of error for our review,

       {¶38}   “I. APPELLANT'S CONVICTIONS WERE AGAINST THE MANIFEST

WEIGHT AND SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE.
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                        10


       {¶39}   “II. APPELLANT WAS DENIED HIS RIGHTS TO DUE PROCESS AND OF

ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL AS GUARANTEED BY THE SIXTH AND FOURTEENTH

AMENDMENTS OF THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE I,

SECTIONS 10 AND 16 OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION, BECAUSE HIS TRIAL

COUNSEL PROVIDED INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE.

       {¶40}   “III. THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION WHEN IT

OVERRULED APPELLANT'S MOTION FOR SEPARATE TRIALS.

       {¶41}   “IV. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY ORDERING APPELLANT TO SERVE

CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES.”

                                                 I.

       {¶42}   In his first assignment of error, Sekulic argues that his convictions are

against the manifest weight of the evidence produced by the state at trial and further,

Sekulic challenges the sufficiency of the evidence.

       {¶43}   Our review of the constitutional sufficiency of evidence to support a criminal

conviction is governed by Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61

L.Ed.2d 560 (1979), which requires a court of appeals to determine whether “after viewing

the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could

have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.; see also

McDaniel v. Brown, 558 U.S. 120, 130 S.Ct. 665, 673, 175 L.Ed.2d 582(2010) (reaffirming

this standard); State v. Fry, 125 Ohio St.3d 163, 926 N.E.2d 1239, 2010–Ohio–1017, ¶

146; State v. Clay, 187 Ohio App.3d 633, 933 N.E.2d 296, 2010–Ohio–2720, ¶ 68.

       {¶44}   Weight of the evidence addresses the evidence's effect of inducing belief.

State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386-387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), superseded by
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                           11

constitutional amendment on other grounds as stated by State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d

89, 684 N.E.2d 668, 1997-Ohio–355. Weight of the evidence concerns “the inclination of

the greater amount of credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue

rather than the other. It indicates clearly to the jury that the party having the burden of

proof will be entitled to their verdict, if, on weighing the evidence in their minds, they shall

find the greater amount of credible evidence sustains the issue which is to be established

before them. Weight is not a question of mathematics, but depends on its effect in

inducing belief.” (Emphasis sic.) Id. at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting Black's Law

Dictionary (6th Ed. 1990) at 1594.

       {¶45}   When a court of appeals reverses a judgment of a trial court on the basis

that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence, the appellate court sits as a

“’thirteenth juror’” and disagrees with the fact finder’s resolution of the conflicting

testimony. Id. at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 42, 102

S.Ct. 2211, 72 L.Ed.2d 652 (1982).          However, an appellate court may not merely

substitute its view for that of the jury, but must find that “‘the jury clearly lost its way and

created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and

a new trial ordered.’” State v. Thompkins, supra, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, quoting State v.

Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717, 720–721(1st Dist. 1983). Accordingly,

reversal on manifest weight grounds is reserved for “‘the exceptional case in which the

evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’” Id.

               “[I]n determining whether the judgment below is manifestly against

       the weight of the evidence, every reasonable intendment and every
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                        12


       reasonable presumption must be made in favor of the judgment and the

       finding of facts. * * *

                “If the evidence is susceptible of more than one construction, the

       reviewing court is bound to give it that interpretation which is consistent with

       the verdict and judgment, most favorable to sustaining the verdict and

       judgment.”

Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984), fn.

3, quoting 5 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Appellate Review, Section 60, at 191–192 (1978).

                                       Aggravated Murder

       {¶46}    Sekulic contends that his conviction for Aggravated murder is against the

weight and sufficiency of the evidence because the state failed to prove beyond a

reasonable doubt he acted with prior calculation and design. Sekulic contends that he

instead was acting under the influence of a sudden passion or rage.

       {¶47}    R.C. 2903.01 defines the crime of aggravated murder, “(A) No person shall

purposely, and with prior calculation and design, cause the death of another or the

unlawful termination of another's pregnancy…” Pursuant to R.C. 2901.22(A), “[a] person

acts purposely when it is his specific intention to cause a certain result, or, when the gist

of the offense is a prohibition against conduct of a certain nature, regardless of what the

offender intends to accomplish thereby, it is his specific intention to engage in conduct of

that nature.”

       {¶48}    There is no bright-line test to determine whether prior calculation and

design are present. Rather, each case must be decided on a case-by-case basis. State

v. Taylor, 78 Ohio St.3d 15, 18-20, 676 N.E.2d 82(1997). The Ohio Supreme Court has
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                         13


held, “Where evidence adduced at trial reveals the presence of sufficient time and

opportunity for the planning of an act of homicide to constitute prior calculation, and the

circumstances surrounding the homicide show a scheme designed to implement the

calculated decision to kill, a finding by the trier of fact of prior calculation and design is

justified.”   State v. Cotton, 56 Ohio St.2d 8, 10 O.O.3d 4, 381 N.E.2d 190(1978),

paragraph three of the syllabus. Accord, State v. Braden, 98 Ohio St.3d 354, 785 N.E.2d

439, 2003-Ohio-325 at ¶ 61.

        {¶49}   Accordingly, to sustain Sekulic’s aggravated murder conviction, the state

had the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that, under the facts and

circumstances of this case, appellant had sufficient time and opportunity to plan Zeljka’s

death, and that, under the surrounding circumstances, appellant had a scheme designed

to implement a calculated decision to kill Zeljka.

        {¶50}   “[P]rior calculation and design can be found even when the killer quickly

conceived and executed the plan to kill within a few minutes.” State v. Coley, 93 Ohio

St.3d 253, 264, 2001-Ohio-1340, 754 N.E.2d 1129. In State v. Conway, 108 Ohio St.3d

214, 2006-Ohio-791, 842 N.E.2d 996, the Ohio Supreme Court held that one's actions

could display a plan to kill. In Conway, upon hearing that his brother had been stabbed,

Conway retrieved a gun from his car and began shooting at the alleged perpetrator. The

Court held that “[a]lthough they took only a few minutes, Conway's actions went beyond

a momentary impulse and show that he was determined to complete a specific course of

action. Such facts show that he had adopted a plan to kill.” Id. at ¶ 46, 842 N.E.2d 996.

In the instant case, the evidence established that Sekulic conceived a plan to kill and

acted on that plan.
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                        14


       {¶51}   Gligo testified that the handgun Sekulic used to kill Zeljka was stolen from

his shop. Sekulic, in his own testimony, confirmed that he stole the weapon the night

before the murder.

       {¶52}   Sekulic rented a vehicle in which to arrive at the scene of the murder.

Although it was not unusual for Sekulic to rent vehicles, in this instance, a vehicle

unfamiliar to Zeljka allowed Sekulic to lie in wait in the Astoria parking lot and ambush

Zeljka when she exited the building. It further allowed Sekulic a getaway plan while police

were looking for a white Chevy GMC Terrain, Sekulic dumped the Terrain at the airport's

long-term parking lot, and then fled in his own vehicle.

       {¶53}   Immediately after the murder, when Sekulic talked to Gligo with Deputy

Robinson listening, he said, "I shot her. I couldn't take it no more. I can't sleep. I just

can't handle this.” Asked by Robinson to turn himself in Sekulic responded, "You have

no idea what I'm going through. You don't know how I feel."

       {¶54}   If the victim is killed in a cold-blooded, execution-style manner, the killing

bespeaks aforethought, and a jury may infer prior calculation and design. See State v.

Campbell (2000), 90 Ohio St.3d 320, 330, 738 N.E.2d 1178; State v. Palmer, 80 Ohio

St.3d 543, 570, 687 N.E.2d 685(1997); State v. Taylor, 78 Ohio St.3d 15, 21, 676 N.E.2d

82(1997); State v. Mardis, 134 Ohio App.3d 6, 19, 729 N.E.2d 1272 (10th Dist. 1999).

       {¶55}   Anthony Olivieri, IV testified he witnessed Sekulic shoot Zeljka two times

at close range while she lay helplessly on the ground.

       {¶56}   It is undisputed that Sekulic used a handgun in the commission of the

aggravated murder of Zeljka. A lack of capacity to form an intent to commit a crime due

to self-induced intoxication is no longer a defense to a crime where a mental state is an
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                       15

element of the crime. R.C. 2901.21(E). See, State v. Koballa, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

100664, 2014-Ohio-3592, ¶23-24.

       {¶57} Viewing the evidence in the case at bar in a light most favorable to the

prosecution, we conclude that a reasonable person could have found beyond a

reasonable doubt that Sekulic purposely, and with prior calculation and design, caused

the death of Zeljka through the use of a firearm. We hold, therefore, that the state met its

burden of production regarding aggravated murder with a firearm specification and,

accordingly, there was sufficient evidence to support Sekulic’s conviction.

       Felonious Assault and Attempted Murder.

       {¶58} R.C. 2923.02(A) provides a definition of attempt: “No person, purposely or

knowingly, and when purpose or knowledge is sufficient culpability for the commission of

an offense, shall engage in conduct that, if successful, would constitute or result in the

offense.”

       {¶59} The Ohio Supreme Court has held that a criminal attempt occurs when the

offender commits an act constituting a substantial step towards the commission of an

offense. State v. Woods, 48 Ohio St.2d 127, 357 N.E.2d 1059(1976), paragraph one of

the syllabus, overruled in part by State v. Downs, 51 Ohio St.2d 47, 364 N.E.2d

1140(1977). In defining substantial step, the Woods Court indicated that the act need not

be the last proximate act prior to the commission of the offense. Woods at 131-32, 357

N.E.2d 1059. However, the act “must be strongly corroborative of the actor's criminal

purpose.” Id. at paragraph one of the syllabus. Rather this test “properly directs attention

to overt acts of the defendant which convincingly demonstrate a firm purpose to commit

a crime, while allowing police intervention, based upon observation of such incriminating
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                        16


conduct, in order to prevent the crime when the criminal intent becomes apparent.”

Woods, supra at 132, 357 N.E.2d at 1063. In other words, a substantive crime would

have been committed had it not been interrupted.

       {¶60} R.C. 2903.02(A), Murder, provides, “No person shall purposely cause the

death of another.” Thus, a person is guilty of attempted murder when he or she “purposely

* * * engage[s] in conduct that, if successful, would constitute or result in” the purposeful

killing of another. R.C. 2923.02(A); see, also, State v. Kidder, 32 Ohio St.3d 279, 283,

513 N.E.2d 311, 316(1987).

       {¶61} To prove felonious assault, the state was required to show Sekulic

knowingly caused or attempted to cause physical harm to Zeljka with a deadly weapon,

here the weapon being his Chevy Silverado. Physical harm is any injury or illness,

regardless of gravity or duration. R.C. 2901.01(A)(3).

       {¶62} Two witnesses testified to the events of November 24, 2015.                Both

witnesses described Sekulic "ramming" Zeljka's car with his truck.         Lindsay Conant

observed the incident from the time Sekulic began chasing Zeljka's car around the parking

lot. She saw Sekulic not just ram the car, but also push it across the street. She further

saw him ram Zeljka's car several more times before taking off. She testified the incident

appeared intentional, not accidental.

       {¶63} What is more, shortly after the incident, Sekulic called his brother Gligo.

Sekulic told him he had rammed Zeljka's car, causing it to flip upside down. He informed

Gligo that he took off before police arrived.

       {¶64} Zeljka's sister Stan testified that Zeljka sustained a concussion in the crash

and was off work for nearly two weeks recovering.
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                       17


       {¶65} Viewing the evidence in the case at bar in a light most favorable to the

prosecution, we conclude that a reasonable person could have found beyond a

reasonable doubt that Sekulic purposely engaged in conduct, which if successful, would

constitute murder, i.e., purposely cause the death of Zeljka, and further Sekulic knowingly

caused or attempted to cause physical harm to Zeljka with a deadly weapon. We hold,

therefore, that the state met its burden of production regarding attempted murder and

felonious assault and, accordingly, there was sufficient evidence to support Sekulic’s

conviction.

       {¶66} As an appellate court, we are not fact finders; we neither weigh the evidence

nor judge the credibility of witnesses. Our role is to determine whether there is relevant,

competent and credible evidence, upon which the fact finder could base his or her

judgment. Cross Truck v. Jeffries, 5th Dist. Stark No. CA–5758, 1982 WL 2911(Feb. 10,

1982). Accordingly, judgments supported by some competent, credible evidence going

to all the essential elements of the case will not be reversed as being against the manifest

weight of the evidence. C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley Construction, 54 Ohio St.2d 279, 376

N.E.2d 578(1978). The Ohio Supreme Court has emphasized: “‘[I]n determining whether

the judgment below is manifestly against the weight of the evidence, every reasonable

intendment and every reasonable presumption must be made in favor of the judgment

and the finding of facts. * * *.’” Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 334, 972 N.E.

2d 517, 2012-Ohio-2179, quoting Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77,

80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984), fn. 3, quoting 5 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Appellate Review,

Section 603, at 191–192 (1978). Furthermore, it is well established that the trial court is

in the best position to determine the credibility of witnesses. See, e.g., In re Brown, 9th
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                        18

Dist. No. 21004, 2002–Ohio–3405, ¶ 9, citing State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227

N.E.2d 212(1967).

       {¶67} Ultimately, “the reviewing court must determine whether the appellant or the

appellee provided the more believable evidence, but must not completely substitute its

judgment for that of the original trier of fact ‘unless it is patently apparent that the fact

finder lost its way.’” State v. Pallai, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 07 MA 198, 2008-Ohio-6635,

¶31, quoting State v. Woullard, 158 Ohio App.3d 31, 2004-Ohio-3395, 813 N.E.2d 964

(2nd Dist. 2004), ¶ 81. In other words, “[w]hen there exist two fairly reasonable views of

the evidence or two conflicting versions of events, neither of which is unbelievable, it is

not our province to choose which one we believe.” State v. Dyke, 7th Dist. Mahoning No.

99 CA 149, 2002-Ohio-1152, at ¶ 13, citing State v. Gore, 131 Ohio App.3d 197, 201, 722

N.E.2d 125(7th Dist. 1999).

       {¶68} The weight to be given to the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses

are issues for the trier of fact. State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212(1967),

paragraph one of the syllabus; State v. Hunter, 131 Ohio St.3d 67, 2011-Ohio-6524, 960

N.E.2d 955, ¶118. Accord, Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80, 62 S.Ct. 457, 86

L.Ed. 680 (1942); Marshall v. Lonberger, 459 U.S. 422, 434, 103 S.Ct. 843, 74 L.Ed.2d

646 (1983).

       {¶69} The jury as the trier of fact was free to accept or reject any and all of the

evidence offered by the parties and assess the witness’s credibility. "While the jury may

take note of the inconsistencies and resolve or discount them accordingly * * * such

inconsistencies do not render defendant's conviction against the manifest weight or

sufficiency of the evidence.” State v. Craig, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 99AP-739, 1999 WL
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                      19

29752 (Mar 23, 2000) citing State v. Nivens, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 95APA09-1236, 1996

WL 284714 (May 28, 1996). Indeed, the jury need not believe all of a witness' testimony,

but may accept only portions of it as true. State v. Raver, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 02AP-

604, 2003-Ohio-958, ¶21, citing State v. Antill, 176 Ohio St. 61, 67, 197 N.E.2d 548

(1964); State v. Burke, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 02AP-1238, 2003-Ohio-2889, citing State

v. Caldwell, 79 Ohio App.3d 667, 607 N.E.2d 1096 (4th Dist. 1992).           Although the

evidence may have been circumstantial, we note that circumstantial evidence has the

same probative value as direct evidence. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 272, 574

N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph one of the syllabus, superseded by State constitutional

amendment on other grounds as stated in State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d 89, 102 at n.4,

684 N.E.2d 668 (1997).

      {¶70} In the case at bar, the jury heard the witnesses, viewed the evidence and

heard Sekulic’s arguments and explanations about his lack of intent to kill Zeljka on

November 24, 2015 and December 8, 2015.

      {¶71} We find that this is not an “‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs

heavily against the conviction.’” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386-387, 678

N.E.2d 541 (1997), quoting Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d at 175, 485 N.E.2d 717. The jury

neither lost his way nor created a miscarriage of justice in convicting Sekulic of the

charges.

      {¶72} Based upon the foregoing and the entire record in this matter, we find

Sekulic’s convictions are not against the sufficiency or the manifest weight of the

evidence. To the contrary, the jury appears to have fairly and impartially decided the

matters before them. The jury as a trier of fact can reach different conclusions concerning
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                       20


the credibility of the testimony of the state’s witnesses and Sekulic and his arguments.

This court will not disturb the jury's finding so long as competent evidence was present to

support it. State v. Walker, 55 Ohio St.2d 208, 378 N.E.2d 1049 (1978). The jury heard

the witnesses, evaluated the evidence, and was convinced of Sekulic’s guilt.

      {¶73} Finally, upon careful consideration of the record in its entirety, we find that

there is substantial evidence presented which if believed, proves all the elements of the

crimes for which Sekulic was convicted.

      {¶74} Sekulic’s first assignment of error is overruled.

                                                II.

      {¶75} In his second assignment of error, Sekulic argues that he received

ineffective assistance of counsel because his trial counsel failed to request a jury

instruction for voluntary manslaughter as an alternative to aggravated murder.

      {¶76} A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel requires a two-prong analysis.

The first inquiry is whether counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of

reasonable representation involving a substantial violation of any of defense counsel's

essential duties to appellant. The second prong is whether the appellant was prejudiced

by counsel's ineffectiveness. Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 113 S.Ct. 838, 122

L.Ed.2d 180(1993); Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d

674(1984); State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373(1989).

      {¶77} In order to warrant a finding that trial counsel was ineffective, the petitioner

must meet both the deficient performance and prejudice prongs of Strickland and Bradley.

Knowles v. Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111, 129 S.Ct. 1411, 1419, 173 L.Ed.2d 251(2009);
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                     21

Accord, Buck v. Davis, __U.S. ___, 137 S.Ct. 759, 775, ___L.Ed.2d ___ (U.S. Feb. 22,

2017).

         {¶78} Voluntary manslaughter is defined in R.C. 2903.03(A):

               No person, while under the influence of sudden passion or in a

         sudden fit of rage, either of which is brought on by serious provocation

         occasioned by the victim that is reasonably sufficient to incite the person

         into using deadly force, shall knowingly cause the death of another.

         {¶79} Voluntary manslaughter is not a lesser-included offense of murder, but

rather is an inferior degree of murder.       Nonetheless, when determining whether an

instruction on voluntary manslaughter should have been given, we apply the same test

utilized when determining whether an instruction on a lesser-included offense should

have been given. State v. Shane, 63 Ohio St.3d 630, 632, 590 N.E.2d 272(1992). An

instruction on voluntary manslaughter is appropriate when “the evidence presented at trial

would reasonably support both an acquittal on the charged crime of murder and a

conviction for voluntary manslaughter.” Id.

         {¶80} “Before giving a jury instruction on voluntary manslaughter in a murder

case, the trial judge must determine whether evidence of reasonably sufficient

provocation occasioned by the victim has been presented to warrant such an instruction.”

Shane, at paragraph one of the syllabus. “The trial judge is required to decide this issue

as a matter of law, in view of the specific facts of the individual case. The trial judge

should evaluate the evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant, without

weighing the persuasiveness of the evidence.” Id. at 637, citing State v. Wilkins, 64 Ohio

St.2d 382, 388, 415 N.E.2d 303(1980). “An inquiry into the mitigating circumstances of
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                        22


provocation must be broken down into both objective and subjective components.”

Shane, at 634.

       {¶81} When determining whether provocation was reasonably sufficient to induce

sudden passion or sudden fit of rage, an objective standard must be applied. Id. “For

provocation to be reasonably sufficient, it must be sufficient to arouse the passions of an

ordinary person beyond the power of his or her control.” Shane 63 Ohio St.3d at 635,

415 N.E.2d 303. Thus, the court must furnish “the standard of what constitutes adequate

provocation, i.e., that provocation which would cause a reasonable person to act out of

passion rather than reason.” (Citations omitted.) Shane at 634, fn. 2. “If insufficient

evidence of provocation is presented, so that no reasonable jury would decide that an

actor was reasonably provoked by the victim, the trial judge must, as a matter of law,

refuse to give a voluntary manslaughter instruction.” Shane at 364. The subjective

component of the analysis requires an assessment of “whether this actor, in this particular

case, actually was under the influence of sudden passion or in a sudden fit of rage.” Id.

“Fear alone is insufficient to demonstrate the kind of emotional state necessary to

constitute sudden passion or fit of rage.” State v. Mack, 82 Ohio St.3d 198, 201, 694

N.E.2d 1328(1998).

       {¶82} In Shane, supra, the Supreme Court of Ohio identified several situations

that are particularly appropriate for voluntary manslaughter instructions, including “assault

and battery, mutual combat, illegal arrest and discovering a spouse in the act of adultery

[.]” Id. at 635. The Shane Court then declined to state a bright-line rule under which

words alone could never cause sufficient provocation but wrote that they would not

reasonably provoke deadly force in most situations. Id. at 637.
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                        23

       {¶83} The Shane Court further examined the effect of Shane's fiancée telling him

of her sexual infidelity. Id. at 638. At the time of the crime, Shane awakened his fiancée

and repeatedly asked her questions in an attempt to gain a confession. Id. at 637. She

denied his accusations and he accused her of lying. Id. Eventually she admitted her

infidelity and he lost control. Id. He murdered her via strangulation, a process that expert

testimony described as requiring between one and five minutes to complete. Id. The

Court distinguished this from a gunshot that could occur quickly and be immediately

regretted. Id.

       {¶84} In Shane, the Supreme Court of Ohio held “[w]e disapprove of a rule which

does not allow ‘mere words' to be sufficient provocation to reduce murder to manslaughter

generally, but which makes a specific exception where the provocation consists of mere

words by one spouse informing the other spouse of infidelity .” Id. at 637, 590 N.E.2d

272. The Court stated “[t]his exception to the general rule has its foundation in the ancient

common-law concept that the wife is the property of the husband. * * * ‘When a man is

taken in adultery with another man's wife, if the husband shall stab the adulterer, or knock

out his brains, that is bare manslaughter: for jealousy is the rage of a man, and adultery

is the highest invasion of property * * *.” ’ (Citation omitted.) Id. at 637, 590 N.E.2d 272.

       {¶85} The court concluded: “[t]his archaic rule has no place in modern society.

Words informing another of infidelity should not be given special treatment by courts trying

to determine what provocation is reasonably sufficient provocation.” Id.

       {¶86} Unlike Shane, Sekulic knew of Zeljka’s relationship before November 24,

2015. The parties were divorced and living apart at the time.
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                           24


       {¶87} He killed her on December 8, 2015. Zeljka did not die as the result of a

sudden, quick, impulsive, regrettable act. She was shot three times at close range after

Sekulic had sat in a rental car in wait for her to get off work. The evidence strongly

indicates that Zeljka was not mortally wounded by Sekulic’s first shot. Thus, after firing

his first shot, Sekulic had every opportunity to appreciate the gravity of his actions and to

abandon his course without taking Zeljka’s life. Instead, he advanced on the victim and

fired two more times, as she lay helplessly on the ground. See, State v. Rawlings, 4th

Dist., Scioto No. 97CA2539, 1998 WL 961056 (Dec. 24, 1998).

       {¶88} In addition, the evidence suggests that Sekulic created his own anger by

spying on Zeljka and going through her cell phone and computer. See, State v. Terrion,

9th Dist. Summit No. 25368, 2011-Ohio-3800, ¶17.

       {¶89} Finally, in the case at bar, the jury was instructed on the lesser offense of

murder, and chose to convict Sekulic of the greater offense of aggravated murder. The

jury obviously found that he purposely killed Zeljka with prior calculation and design as

the jury rejected the lesser offense of murder. Accordingly, there is little, if any, likelihood

the jury would have acquitted on aggravated murder and murder and convicted Sekulic

of voluntary manslaughter. State v. Eubanks, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 73421, 1999 WL

236686 (Apr. 22, 1999).

       {¶90} In light of these circumstances, trial counsel was not ineffective. There was

no evidence presented to support a sudden fit of passion or rage brought on by any

provocation occasioned by Zeljka. Counsel was therefore not ineffective for failing to request

a jury instruction for voluntary manslaughter.

       {¶91} Sekulic’s second assignment of error is overruled.
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                        25


                                                III.

       {¶92} In his third assignment of error, Sekulic challenges the trial court's denial of

his pre-trial motion for separate trials.   Sekulic argues that because the November

attempted murder was tried at the same time as the December aggravated murder, the

jury was permitted to hear evidence of inadmissible prior bad acts.

       {¶93} “The law favors joining multiple offenses in a single trial under Crim.R. 8(A)

if the offenses charged ‘are of the same or similar character.’” State v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d

160, 163, 555 N.E.2d 293, 298(1990), quoting State v. Torres, 66 Ohio St.2d 340, 343,

20 O.O.3d 313, 315, 421 N.E.2d 1288, 1290(1981). Under Crim.R. 8(A), offenses that

are based on acts “connected together or constituting parts of a common scheme or plan,

or are part of a course of criminal conduct” may be joined together.

       {¶94} Nonetheless, “[i]f it appears that a defendant * * * is prejudiced by a joinder”

a court may grant a severance under Crim.R. 14. The defendant bears the burden to

prove prejudice and that the trial court abused its discretion in denying severance. State

v. Torres, 66 Ohio St.2d 340, 20 O.O.3d 313, 421 N.E.2d 1288, syllabus.

       {¶95} When a defendant claims that he or she was prejudiced by the joinder of

multiple offenses, the court must determine (1) whether evidence of the other crimes

would be admissible even if the counts were severed; and (2) if not, whether the evidence

of each crime is simple and distinct. State v. Schaim, 65 Ohio St.3d 51, 59, 600 N.E.2d

661(1992), citing State v. Hamblin, 37 Ohio St.3d 153, 158-159, 524 N.E.2d 476(1988)

and Drew v. United States 331 F.2d 85(D.C., 1964). "If the evidence of other crimes

would be admissible at separate trials, any 'prejudice that might result from the jury's

hearing the evidence of the other crime in a joint trial would be no different from that
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                          26

possible in separate trials,' and a court need not inquire further.” Id., citing Drew v. United

States, 331 F.2d at 90 and United States v. Riley, 530 F.2d 767(8th Cir. 1986).

       {¶96} In the case at bar, the two offenses occurred on different dates and at

different locations.

       {¶97} We recognize the admission of other-acts evidence is limited because of the

substantial danger a jury will convict the defendant solely because it assumes the

defendant has a propensity to commit criminal acts, or deserves punishment regardless

of whether he or she committed the crime charged in the indictment. Schaim, supra, 65

Ohio St.3d at 59, 600 N.E.2d 661, citing State v. Curry, 43 Ohio St.2d 66, 68, 330 N.E.2d

720 (1975). However, “[a]s long as used for purposes other than proving that the accused

acted in conformity with a particular character trait, Evid.R. 404(B) permits the admission

of ‘other acts' evidence if it is ‘related to and share [s] common features with the crime in

question.’” State v. Markwell, 5th Dist. Muskingum No. CT2011-0054, 2012-Ohio-3096,

¶ 45, citing State v. Lowe, 69 Ohio St.3d 527, 634 N.E.2d 616 (1994), paragraph one of

the syllabus.

       {¶98} The November and December incidents were clearly related, and

constituted a continuing course of conduct culminating in Zeljka's death. Sekulic failed in

his first attempt to kill Zeljka. Gligo testified that thereafter, his brother remained enraged

and obsessed with Zeljka's new relationship. On December 9, 2015, after formulating a

plan to finish what he started, Sekulic went to the Astoria and killed Zeljka. He then fled

the county. Evidence of the November incident related to Sekulic’s absence of mistake

or accident, as well as his intent in lying in wait with a handgun while waiting for Zeljka.
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                       27


       {¶99} Thus, evidence of the November incident would have been relevant and

admissible in the trial of the December incident.

       {¶100} Assuming, arguendo, that the evidence did not fit the "other acts"

exception, it nevertheless fits the second prong of the Schaim test, which requires the

evidence of the crime under each indictment to be simple and distinct. 65 Ohio St.3d at

59.

       {¶101} Evidence is "simple and direct" if the jury is capable of readily separating

the proof required for each offense, if the evidence is unlikely to confuse jurors, if the

evidence is straightforward, and if there is little danger that the jury would "improperly

consider testimony on one offense as corroborative of the other.” State v. Skatzes, 104

Ohio St.3d 195, 2004-Ohio-6391, 819 N.E.2d 215, 1 54.

       {¶102} In the case at bar, separate witnesses testified to the specific incidents and

the prosecution introduced evidence of each distinct crime. Sekulic did not deny his

participation in either the November of December incident.

       {¶103} In addition, at the conclusion of the evidence, the trial court specifically

instructed the jury:

              The charges set forth in each count in the indictment constitute a

       separate and distinct matter.     You must consider each count and the

       evidence applicable to each count separately and you must state your

       findings as to each count uninfluenced by your verdict as to any other count.

       The Defendant may be found guilty or not guilty of any one or more of the

       offenses charged in the indictment.

4T. at 745.
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                        28


       {¶104} Finally, the jury found Sekulic not guilty of the firearm specification for the

November incident.

       {¶105} Accordingly, Sekulic was not able to demonstrate that he was prejudiced

by the joinder of claims.

       {¶106} Sekulic’s third assignment of error is overruled.

                                                IV.

       {¶107} In his fourth assignment of error, Sekulic contends the trial court erred in

ordering his sentences be served consecutively. Specifically, Sekulic argues that the

sentence imposed by the trial court is contrary to law under R.C. 2953.08(A)(4) because

the court did not properly weigh the sentencing factors.

       {¶108} We review felony sentences using the standard of review set forth in R.C.

2953.08. State v. Marcum, 146 Ohio St.3d 516, 2016–Ohio–1002, 59 N.E.3d 1231, ¶22;

State v. Howell, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2015CA00004, 2015-Ohio-4049, ¶31.                  R.C.

2953.08(G)(2) provides we may either increase, reduce, modify, or vacate a sentence

and remand for resentencing where we clearly and convincingly find that either the record

does not support the sentencing court’s findings under R.C. 2929.13(B) or (D),

2929.14(B)(2)(e) or (C)(4), or 2929.20(I), or the sentence is otherwise contrary to law.

See, also, State v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209, 2014–Ohio–3177, 16 N.E.2d 659, ¶28.

       {¶109} Accordingly, pursuant to Marcum this Court may vacate or modify a felony

sentence on appeal only if it determines by clear and convincing evidence that: (1) the

record does not support the trial court's findings under relevant statutes, or (2) the

sentence is otherwise contrary to law.

       {¶110} Clear and convincing evidence is that evidence “which will provide in the
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                            29


mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be established.”

Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118(1954), paragraph three of the

syllabus. See also, In re Adoption of Holcomb, 18 Ohio St.3d 361 (1985). “Where the

degree of proof required to sustain an issue must be clear and convincing, a reviewing

court will examine the record to determine whether the trier of facts had sufficient

evidence before it to satisfy the requisite degree of proof.” Cross, 161 Ohio St. at 477

120 N.E.2d 118.

       R.C. 2929.14 (C)(4) Consecutive Sentences.

       {¶111} R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) concerns the imposition of consecutive sentences.

       {¶112} In Ohio, there is a statutory presumption in favor of concurrent sentences

for most felony offenses.       R.C. 2929.41(A).       The trial court may overcome this

presumption by making the statutory, enumerated findings set forth in R.C. 2929.14(C)

(4). State v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209, 2014-Ohio-3177, 16 N.E.3d 659, ¶23. This

statute requires the trial court to undertake a three-part analysis. State v. Alexander, 1st

Dist. Hamilton Nos. C–110828 and C–110829, 2012-Ohio-3349, 2012 WL 3055158, ¶ 15.

       {¶113} R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) provides,

              If multiple prison terms are imposed on an offender for convictions of

       multiple offenses, the court may require the offender to serve the prison

       terms consecutively if the court finds that the consecutive service is

       necessary to protect the public from future crime or to punish the offender

       and that consecutive sentences are not disproportionate to the seriousness

       of the offender’s conduct and to the danger the offender poses to the public,

       and if the court also finds any of the following:
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                          30


              (a) The offender committed one or more of the multiple offenses

       while the offender was awaiting trial or sentencing, was under a sanction

       imposed pursuant to section 2929.16, 2929.17, or 2929.18 of the Revised

       Code, or was under post-release control for a prior offense.

              (b) At least two of the multiple offenses were committed as part of

       one or more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or more of

       the multiple offenses so committed was so great or unusual that no single

       prison term for any of the offenses committed as part of any of the courses

       of conduct adequately reflects the seriousness of the offender’s conduct.

              (c) The offender’s history of criminal conduct demonstrates that

       consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime

       by the offender.

       {¶114} Thus, in order for a trial court to impose consecutive sentences the court

must find that consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime

or to punish the offender. The court must also find that consecutive sentences are not

disproportionate to the offender’s conduct and to the danger the offender poses to the

public. Finally, the court must make at least one of three additional findings, which include

that (a) the offender committed one or more of the offenses while awaiting trial or

sentencing, while under a sanction imposed under R.C. 2929.16, 2929.17, or 2929.18, or

while under post release control for a prior offense; (b) at least two of the multiple offenses

were committed as part of one or more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two

or more of the offenses was so great or unusual that no single prison term for any of the

offenses committed as part of any of the courses of conduct would adequately reflect the
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                      31


seriousness of the offender’s conduct; or (c) the offender’s criminal history demonstrates

that consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime by the

offender. See, State v. White, 5th Dist. Perry No. 12-CA-00018, 2013-Ohio-2058, ¶36.

       {¶115} Recently, in State v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209, 2014–Ohio–3177, 16

N.E.2d 659, syllabus, the Supreme Court of Ohio stated that:

               In order to impose consecutive terms of imprisonment, a trial court

       is required to make the findings mandated by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) at the

       sentencing hearing and incorporate its findings into its sentencing entry,

       but it has no obligation to state reasons to support its findings.

       {¶116} Furthermore, the sentencing court is not required to recite “a word-for-word

recitation of the language of the statute.” Bonnell, ¶29. “[A]s long as the reviewing court

can discern that the trial court engaged in the correct analysis and can determine that the

record contains evidence to support the findings, consecutive sentences should be

upheld.” Id. A failure to make the findings required by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) renders a

consecutive sentence contrary to law. Bonnell, ¶34. The findings required by R.C.

2929.14(C)(4) must be made at the sentencing hearing and included in the sentencing

entry. Id. at the syllabus. However, a trial court’s inadvertent failure to incorporate the

statutory findings in the sentencing entry after properly making those findings at the

sentencing hearing does not render the sentence contrary to law; rather, such a clerical

mistake may be corrected by the court through a nunc pro tunc entry to reflect what

actually occurred in open court. Bonnell, ¶30.
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                    32


      {¶117} In this case, the record does support a conclusion that the trial court made

all of the findings required by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) at the time it imposed consecutive

sentences.

      {¶118} R.C. 2929.14(C)(4): [T]he court may require the offender to serve the

prison terms consecutively if the court finds that the consecutive service is

necessary to protect the public from future crime or to punish the offender and that

consecutive sentences are not disproportionate to the seriousness of the

offender’s conduct and to the danger the offender poses to the public.

      {¶119} At sentencing the trial court found,

             The Court finds that consecutive sentences are necessary to protect

      the public from future crime, that they are necessary to punish the

      Defendant, and that they are not disproportionate of the seriousness of the

      Defendant’s conduct and the danger that the Defendant poses to the public.

5T. at 872. The findings are reflecting in the court’s sentencing entry. Judgment Entry

Found Guilty by Jury and Sentenced Imposed, filed June 6, 2016.

      {¶120} R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(a): The offender committed one or more of the

multiple offenses while the offender was awaiting trial or sentencing, was under a

sanction imposed pursuant to section 2929.16, 2929.17, or 2929.18 of the Revised

Code, or was under post-release control for a prior offense.

      {¶121} In the case at bar, the trial court found,

             The Court further finds consecutive sentences are warranted

      because the aggravated murder was committed while the Defendant was

      on bond. The Defendant had a right, guaranteed by the Constitution of the
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                     33


      United States of America, to be on bond, he abused that right for his own

      purpose, warranting a sentence greater than his life.

5T. at 873. The findings are reflected in the court’s sentencing entry. Judgment Entry

Found Guilty by Jury and Sentenced Imposed, filed June 6, 2016.

      {¶122} R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(b): At least two of the multiple offenses were

committed as part of one or more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two

or more of the multiple offenses so committed was so great or unusual that no

single prison term for any of the offenses committed as part of any of the courses

of conduct adequately reflects the seriousness of the offender’s conduct.

      {¶123} In the case at bar, the trial court found,

             The Court further finds that the offenses were committed as a course

      of conduct and that the harm by those offenses was so great that no single

      prison term for any offense is adequate to reflect the seriousness of the

      Defendant’s conduct.

      {¶124} 5T. at 873. The findings are reflected in the court’s sentencing entry.

Judgment Entry Found Guilty by Jury and Sentenced Imposed, filed June 6, 2016.

      {¶125} R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(c): The offender’s history of criminal conduct

demonstrates that consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from

future crime by the offender.

      {¶126} The Court specifically considered this a mitigating factor. 5T. at 871.

      {¶127} We find that the record in the case at bar clearly and convincingly supports

the trial court’s findings under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4).

      {¶128} R.C. 2929.11(A) governs the purposes and principles of felony sentencing
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                       34


and provides that a sentence imposed for a felony shall be reasonably calculated to

achieve the two overriding purposes of felony sentencing, which are (1) to protect the

public from future crime by the offender and others, and (2) to punish the offender using

the minimum sanctions that the court determines will accomplish those purposes.

Further, the sentence imposed shall be “commensurate with and not demeaning to the

seriousness of the offender's conduct and its impact on the victim, and consistent with

sentences imposed for similar crimes by similar offenders.” R.C. 2929.11(B).

       {¶129} R.C. 2929.12 sets forth the seriousness and recidivism factors for the

sentencing court to consider in determining the most effective way to comply with the

purposes and principles of sentencing set forth in R.C. 2929.11. The statute provides a

non-exhaustive list of factors a trial court must consider when determining the

seriousness of the offense and the likelihood that the offender will commit future offenses.

       {¶130} In State v. Kalish, 120 Ohio St.3d 23, 2008-Ohio-4912, 896 N.E.2d 124, the

court discussed the effect of the State v. Foster, 109 Ohio St.3d 1, 2006-Ohio-856, 845

N.E.2d 470 decision on felony sentencing. The court stated that in Foster the Court

severed the judicial-fact-finding portions of R.C. 2929.14, holding that “trial courts have

full discretion to impose a prison sentence within the statutory range and are no longer

required to make findings or give their reasons for imposing maximum, consecutive, or

more than the minimum sentences.” Kalish at ¶ 1 and ¶11, citing Foster at ¶100, See

also, State v. Payne, 114 Ohio St.3d 502, 2007-Ohio-4642, 873 N.E.2d 306; State v.

Firouzmandi, 5th Dist. Licking No. 2006-CA-41, 2006-Ohio-5823.

       {¶131} “Thus, a record after Foster may be silent as to the judicial findings that

appellate courts were originally meant to review under 2953.08(G)(2).” Kalish at ¶ 12.
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                       35

However, although Foster eliminated mandatory judicial fact-finding, it left intact R.C.

2929.11 and 2929.12, and the trial court must still consider these statutes. Kalish at ¶13,

see also State v. Mathis, 109 Ohio St.3d 54, 2006-Ohio-855, 846 N.E.2d 1; State v.

Firouzmandi supra at ¶ 29.

       {¶132} Thus, post-Foster, “there is no mandate for judicial fact-finding in the

general guidance statutes. The court is merely to ‘consider’ the statutory factors.” Foster

at ¶ 42. State v. Rutter, 5th Dist. No. 2006-CA-0025, 2006-Ohio-4061; State v. Delong,

4th Dist. No. 05CA815, 2006-Ohio-2753 at ¶ 7-8. Therefore, post-Foster, trial courts are

still required to consider the general guidance factors in their sentencing decisions.

       {¶133} There is no requirement in R.C. 2929.12 that the trial court states on the

record that it has considered the statutory criteria concerning seriousness and recidivism

or even discussed them. State v. Polick, 101 Ohio App.3d 428, 431(4th Dist. 1995); State

v. Gant, 7th Dist. No. 04 MA 252, 2006-Ohio-1469, at ¶60 (nothing in R.C. 2929.12 or the

decisions of the Ohio Supreme Court imposes any duty on the trial court to set forth its

findings), citing State v. Cyrus, 63 Ohio St.3d 164, 166, 586 N.E.2d 94(1992); State v.

Hughes, 6th Dist. No. WD-05-024, 2005-Ohio-6405, ¶10 (trial court was not required to

address each R.C. 2929.12 factor individually and make a finding as to whether it was

applicable in this case), State v. Woods, 5th Dist. No. 05 CA 46, 2006-Ohio-1342, ¶19

(“... R.C. 2929.12 does not require specific language or specific findings on the record in

order to show that the trial court considered the applicable seriousness and recidivism

factors”). (Citations omitted).

       {¶134} Prior to sentencing, the Court received evidence from the victim’s sister

Stanislava Vranesevic, the victim’s sister who resides in Croatia, Markija (Maria) Trkulja,
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                        36


and from the victim’s two children. The trial court considered statements from Sekulic

and his attorney.

       {¶135} Accordingly, the trial court considered the purposes and principles of

sentencing [R.C. 2929.11] as well as the factors that the court must consider when

determining an appropriate sentence. [R.C. 2929.12]. The trial court has no obligation

to state reasons to support its findings. Nor is it required to give a talismanic incantation

of the words of the statute, provided that the necessary findings can be found in the record

and are incorporated into the sentencing entry.

       {¶136} Upon review, we find that the trial court's sentencing on the charges

complies with applicable rules and sentencing statutes. The sentence was within the

statutory sentencing range.      Furthermore, the record reflects that the trial court

considered the purposes and principles of sentencing and the seriousness and recidivism

factors as required in Sections 2929.11 and 2929.12 of the Ohio Revised Code and

advised Sekulic regarding post release control. Upon a thorough review, we find the

record clearly and convincingly supports the sentence imposed by the trial court.

       {¶137} We find the trial court properly considered the purposes and principles of

sentencing set forth in R.C. 2929.11, as well as the applicable factors set forth in R.C.

2929.12, along with all other relevant factors and circumstances. While Sekulic may

disagree with the weight given to these factors by the trial judge, Sekulic’s sentence was

within the applicable statutory range, and therefore, we have no basis for concluding that

it is contrary to law.

       {¶138} Sekulic’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.
Stark County, Case No. 2016CA00135                                                 37


      {¶139} The judgment of the Stark County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.


By Gwin, P.J.,

Hoffman, J., and

Wise, John, J., concur
