                             SECOND DIVISION
                              ANDREWS, P. J.,
                        MILLER, P. J., and BRANCH, J.

                   NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                   physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                   days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                               http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                    March 30, 2016




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A15A2375. AGSOUTH FARM CREDIT, ACA v. GOWEN
     TIMBER COMPANY, INC.

      BRANCH, Judge.

      On appeal from a jury verdict for defendant Gowen Timber Company (Gowen

Timber) in this action for timber conversion, plaintiff AgSouth Farm Credit, ACA

(AgSouth) argues that the trial court erred when it denied AgSouth’s motion for

judgment notwithstanding the verdict because no evidence showed that Gowen

Timber received written consent to cut the timber at issue. AgSouth also argues that

the trial court erred when it denied its motions in limine to exclude parol evidence

concerning AgSouth’s alleged consent to Gowen Timber’s cutting and other topics.

We agree that the trial court erred when it admitted parol evidence as to AgSouth’s

alleged consent, which the jury apparently considered in reaching a verdict for Gowen
Timber. We therefore reverse the trial court’s denials of AgSouth’s motions in limine

and for judgment notwithstanding the verdict as to liability, but we order a new trial

as to damages, interest, and attorney fees.

      “The jury is the final arbiter of the facts, and the verdict must be construed by

the trial and appellate courts in the light most favorable to upholding [that] verdict.”

Wilmock, Inc. v. French, 185 Ga. App. 259, 261 (1) (363 SE2d 789) (1987) (citation

and punctuation omitted). So viewed, the record shows that in November 2012,

AgSouth sued Gowen Timber for timber conversion pursuant to OCGA § 51-12-51

(a), which provides that a holder of “legal title” to “an interest in land as security for

debt” may recover “the unpaid portion of the secured indebtedness, interest thereon,

and a reasonable attorney’s fee” from any person who converts “trees growing or

grown on such land” to his own uses “without the written consent” of the secured

party. The “unpaid portion of the secured indebtedness” at issue in this case arose

after George Gowen and Shirley Bluff, LLC defaulted on the residue of a $2 million

loan first extended by AgSouth on July 29, 2009. In exchange for the loan, George

Gowen and Shirley Bluff provided AgSouth with a promissory note, a deed to secure

the debt in favor of AgSouth, and a security agreement. By means of the deed to

secure debt, which was signed by the members of Shirley Bluff, LLC and George

                                            2
Gowen individually, Shirley Bluff, LLC conveyed a 1,057-acre parcel of land in

Charlton County, known as the Shirley Bluff tract, as collateral for the loan. The deed

provided in relevant part that the borrowers “will not, except with the written consent

of [AgSouth,] cut, use or remove, or permit the cutting, use or removal of, any timber

or trees on [the parcel] for sawmill, turpentine or other purposes, except for firewood

and other ordinary farm purposes.” (Emphasis supplied.) The deed also contained a

so-called “dragnet”1 provision to secure AgSouth’s lien as to “all renewals, . . .

extensions, refinances, modifications, or other rearrangements thereof”; that any

agreement by the lender to such modifications “shall not discharge the lien of this

security deed[,] which is to remain in full force and effect until the total indebtedness

secured hereby has been paid in full”; and that in the event of default, the borrowers

agreed “to pay reasonable attorney[ ] fees of not less than 10% of the amount

secured,” as well as costs. The security agreement, which was also signed by the

members of Shirley Bluff, LLC and George Gowen individually, identified the

collateral securing the loan as “[a]ll merchantable or pre-merchantable standing,

felled and harvested pine, hardwood, or other timber growing or to be planted” on the


      1
       See Martin v. Fairburn Banking Co., 218 Ga. App. 803, 804 (3) (463 SE2d
507) (1995) (describing and enforcing dragnet provision in original security deed).

                                           3
property. Also on July 29, 2009, Gowen Oil Company, Inc., executed a promissory

note in favor of Shirley Bluff, which Shirley Bluff assigned to AgSouth with the

understanding that Gowen Oil would make the payments on the loan from AgSouth

based on the recovery Gowen Oil anticipated in certain lawsuits.

      Although George Gowen, the longtime owner of the Shirley Bluff tract, died

before the trial in this case, AgSouth’s loan officer Dan Good testified that George

Gowen knew at the July 2009 closing that he needed written consent to harvest timber

from the Shirley Bluff property. Good acknowledged, however, that at the same

closing, given George Gowen’s and his family’s longstanding ownership of the

Shirley Bluff tract, and “despite it being [AgSouth’s] collateral,” George Gowen

claimed “basically exclusive rights to cut and do what he wanted to with” the

property. Some evidence thus shows that at the 2009 closing, George Gowen and

Good agreed that George Gowen could “cut[ ] [his] trees so long as [he did] it in

accordance with good timber management practices.” George Gowen did not request

or obtain a written modification of the terms of the loan documents before signing

them, however. On July 30, 2009, the day after the closing, the deed to secure debt

and the security agreement were recorded in Charlton County, with Uniform

Commercial Code financing statements also recorded the same day.

                                         4
         Good visited the property twice between the original August 2009 closing and

the loan’s first renewal in August 2010. On the first of these visits, which occurred

on or around February 1, 2010, Good walked two or three hundred yards on the

property. On the second visit, which occurred on or around the original loan

maturation date of August 1, 2010, George Gowen and Good drove through the

property with George’s son Curtis in the back seat. Although Good testified at trial

that he did not notice any evidence of timber cutting or thinning on either of these

visits, he admitted that the parties “talked about timber” on the second occasion.

Curtis Gowen testified that his father told Good about his thinning of the Shirley

Bluff property on Good’s second visit and that Good approved of the thinning.

Documentary evidence showed that 297 loads of timber had been harvested from the

property by August 2010. George Gowen’s son Doug e-mailed Good that month that

the family “had only cut a small amount of timber” and that his father was “adamant”

that “he wanted the leniency to cut some timber without having to apply it to the bank

note.”




                                           5
      As the parties prepared for a second renewal in the summer of 2011, AgSouth’s

review of the Shirley Bluff 2010 tax return showed that Gowen Timber2 had

harvested and had paid Shirley Bluff, LLC for $144,500 worth of Shirley Bluff timber

during 2010.3 At trial, Gowen Timber’s managing officer and co-owner, Alvin

Hopkins, confirmed that the 2010 harvest was done without AgSouth’s written

consent. Before AgSouth renewed the loan for a second time on August 31, 2011,

AgSouth therefore required Shirley Bluff and George Gowen to make a principal

reduction of $150,000 “to make good on th[e] timber harvest” already taken, as

reflected in the second, 2011 renewal of the note and deed.

      In an e-mail written on August 26, 2011, five days before the second renewal,

Good told Doug Gowen that he “need[ed] to get” documents “in[to] [AgSouth’s] loan

committee[‘]s hands” on the following Monday “so that we can close Tuesday or

Wed[nesday] AM.” Good wrote that his goal was to provide “[j]ust a little bit of

something to make [the] loan committee feel confident that [the] loan will pay off

soon[,] or at least pay down – below $1 million at least.” Good’s email went on:

      2
       Gowen Timber was not a party to the 2009 loan documents or any of the
renewals.
      3
       Shirley Bluff’s 2009 tax return confirmed that more than $80,000 in timber
was harvested in that year.

                                         6
      I’m going to try and justify the [timber] harvest to say it was used to
      make last year[‘s] payments and interest and hope it flys [sic]. When we
      first closed [the] loan [in 2009,] I expected it would pay off with[in] 12-
      months. I told your Dad tha[t] thinning, etc. would be OK, [but] I had no
      idea he would clear-cut 80 acres.


The 2011 renewal documents, which were signed by George Gowen, Shirley Bluff

LLC, and Gowen Oil a few days later, specified that the debtors would provide “a

complete accounting of all timber removed from the property within seven days of

the renewal,” that “no timber [could] be removed without prior written consent” of

AgSouth, and that AgSouth reserved the right to pursue defendants “for conversion

of the collateral” should they not comply with the terms and conditions of the

renewal. Although Good and George Gowen again discussed thinning procedures at

closing, Good again did not provide any written consent to harvest timber, and there

is no indication that George Gowen provided any accounting to AgSouth after the

2011 closing.

      As the parties negotiated for a third renewal in August 2012, AgSouth

reviewed a 2011 tax return from Shirley Bluff, LLC indicating that Gowen Timber

had again harvested timber that year, for which it paid Shirley Bluff, LLC

$276,523.40. Alvin Hopkins testified that by the end of 2011, Gowen Timber had

                                          7
harvested timber from and clear-cut approximately 200 acres of the Shirley Bluff

property without AgSouth’s written consent. Two AgSouth officers, including Good,

testified that AgSouth never received any accounting of the 2011 harvest other than

the tax returns later received in the course of the August 2012 renewal negotiations.

      The parties were unable to agree to a third renewal, and the loan went into

default in August 2012. AgSouth gave George Gowen, Shirley Bluff, LLC, and

Gowen Oil notice of the default as well as its intention to collect attorney fees under

OCGA § 13-1-11. AgSouth also obtained an appraisal valuing the property at

$2,000,000. In anticipation of a foreclosure sale, AgSouth also prepared a “Bid

Rationale” that valued the outstanding principal balance at $1,876,150.80, interest at

$62,851.04, late charges at $10,000, appraisal costs at $6,500, and attorney fees at

$193,925.18, for an estimated total claim of $2,149,427.02. AgSouth subtracted

$421,023.63, or the amount paid by Gowen Timber to Shirley Bluff, LLC for the

timber harvested in 2010 and 2011, from this estimate to reach AgSouth’s planned

“net bid” of $1,728,403.29. AgSouth’s counsel recommended this strategy to his

client as “leav[ing] the amount of the actual unauthorized timber sale as the amount

owing assuming AgSouth acquires at this bid” and “the best method to preserve the

maximum amount of [timber conversion] claim against” Gowen Timber. AgSouth

                                          8
then acquired the Shirley Bluff property as planned by non-judicial foreclosure in

November 2012 for $1,728,403.29. Shortly afterward, AgSouth sold the property to

a third party for $1,730,000, or slightly more than its successful foreclosure bid.

      AgSouth did not pursue a deficiency judgment against Shirley Bluff, LLC

because that entity’s only asset was the Shirley Bluff property. Instead, on November

26, 2012, AgSouth filed this timber conversion action against Gowen Timber for

$421,023.63, or the amount paid by Gowen Timber to Shirley Bluff, LLC for the

value of the 2010 and 2011 timber. Gowen Timber answered and filed a third-party

complaint against Shirley Bluff, five members of the Gowen family, and the estate of

George Gowen. The trial court denied both parties’ motions for summary judgment,

finding that “an issue of fact remain[ed] as to the amount owed, if any, of the unpaid

portion of the secured indebtedness held by” AgSouth. AgSouth then filed motions

in limine to exclude evidence on topics including the value of the Shirley Bluff

property and AgSouth’s oral consent to harvest timber. In a detailed order, the trial

court initially granted AgSouth’s motions on the ground that any “alleged oral

consent” was not relevant “to show compliance with the timber conversion statute”

or “to show an oral modification of the written loan contract.” On Gowen Timber’s

motion for reconsideration, however, the trial court reversed itself and authorized the

                                          9
admission of evidence showing “any alleged oral consent given by AgSouth to

harvest timber[.]”

      After the trial court denied both parties’ motions for directed verdict, a jury

considered whether Gowen Timber was liable for the conversion of the Shirley Bluff

timber. In the course of its deliberations, the jury asked the trial court whether “the

testimony of [a] witness” could “override the [terms of the] signed legal document.”

The trial court answered the jury’s question in the affirmative. The jury later returned

a verdict in favor of Gowen Timber. The trial court denied AgSouth’s motions for

judgment notwithstanding the verdict, entered judgment on the verdict, and denied

AgSouth’s motion for new trial. This appeal followed.

      1. AgSouth first argues that the trial court erred when it denied AgSouth’s

motion for summary judgment as to Gowen Timber’s liability for converting the

Shirley Bluff timber. But “‘it is well settled that after verdict and judgment, it is too

late to review a judgment denying a summary judgment [because] that judgment

becomes moot when the court reviews the evidence upon the trial of the case.’”

Malcom v. Morgan County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 308 Ga. App. 61 (706 SE2d 583)

(2011), quoting Self v. Hall, 233 Ga. App. 330, 331 (503 SE2d 918) (1998). The only

exception to the rule is that

                                           10
       if the legal issues raised and resolved in denying the motion for
       summary judgment were not considered at trial, then the denial of the
       motion is not rendered moot by the verdict and judgment. Under such
       circumstances, a party may appeal the denial of summary judgment as
       part of the party’s direct appeal from the final judgment, and the denial
       will be reviewed and determined by this Court.


Coregis Ins. Co. v. Nelson, 282 Ga. App. 488, 489 (1) (639 SE2d 365) (2006)

(citations and punctuation omitted). The exception does not apply here. AgSouth’s

case went to trial with the issue of AgSouth’s consent squarely before the jury, which

entered a verdict that was accepted by the trial court. “[B]ecause the legal issue raised

and resolved in denying the motion for summary judgment was considered at trial,”

AgSouth’s motion for summary judgment is moot. One Bluff Drive, LLC v. K.A.P.,

Inc., 330 Ga. App. 45, 51 (2) (766 SE2d 508) (2014).

       2. AgSouth’s principal argument on appeal is that the trial court erred when it

denied its motions in limine and for judgment notwithstanding the verdict because (a)

undisputed evidence showed that Gowen Timber cut timber to which AgSouth held

legal title by virtue of its security interest in the Shirley Bluff property and (b) it did

not give Gowen Timber written consent to cut timber, which was required under both




                                            11
the timber conversion statute and the original loan documents. We agree with these

contentions.

      In order to prevail on its motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict,

AgSouth is obliged to show “that there was no conflict in the evidence as to any

material issue and [that] the evidence introduced, with all reasonable deductions

therefrom, demanded the verdict sought.” Harrouk v. Fierman, 291 Ga. App. 818,

820 (1) (662 SE2d 892) (2008) (citation and punctuation omitted). See also OCGA

§ 9-11-50 (a); South Fulton Med. Center v. Poe, 224 Ga. App. 107, 108 (1) (480

SE2d 40) (1996) (standards of review for directed verdict and judgment

notwithstanding the verdict are the same). “We review a trial court’s ruling on a

motion in limine for abuse of discretion. A motion in limine is properly granted when

there is no circumstance under which the evidence under scrutiny is likely to be

admissible at trial.” Hankla v. Jackson, 305 Ga. App. 391, 392 (1) (699 SE2d 610)

(2010) (punctuation and footnote omitted). “[M]otions in limine should only be

granted with great care and when there is no circumstance under which the evidence

at issue could be admissible at trial.” One Bluff Drive, 330 Ga. App. at 51 (3), citing

Andrews v. Wilbanks, 265 Ga. 555, 556 (458 SE2d 817) (1995).



                                          12
      (a) AgSouth brought this timber conversion action against Gowen Timber

pursuant to OCGA § 51-12-51, which provides in relevant part:

             (a) Every person, firm, or corporation who, without the written
      consent of the person holding legal title to land or to an interest in land
      as security for debt, as shown by the public records of the county where
      such land is located, buys, sells, cuts, removes, holds, disposes of,
      changes the form of, or otherwise converts to the use of himself, itself,
      or another any trees growing or grown on such land shall be liable to
      the holder of the legal title for such trees, in any form, bought, sold, cut,
      removed, held, disposed of, changed in form, or otherwise converted by
      him or it, or for the value of such trees, provided that recovery may not
      be for more than the unpaid portion of the secured indebtedness,
      interest thereon, and a reasonable attorney’s fee. Recovery may be had
      by action at law from one who purchases, without the consent of the
      holder of the legal title, such interest in the trees, mineral or other rights,
      or interest in the encumbered real estate, either jointly or severally, with
      the holder of the equitable title.
             (b) The equitable owner of the land shall be allowed to use the
      timber for his own use, such as for firewood or other necessary uses of
      timber in and around his farm.




                                            13
(Emphasis supplied.) A legal owner4 of land seeking to recover for the cutting or

other conversion of timber on that land is not required to show that the converter

acted fraudulently or in bad faith. See Thakkar v. St. Ives Country Club, 250 Ga. App.

893, 896 (5) (553 SE2d 181) (2001) (unauthorized removal of trees from plaintiff’s

land justified award of damages and attorney fees under OCGA § 51-12-51; “[t]o

what specific ‘use’ the trees are then put after the unauthorized removal” was

irrelevant) (emphasis in original).

      Undisputed evidence showed that Gowen Timber cut timber as to which

AgSouth held legal title. The trial testimony of Gowen Timber’s manager and co-

owner, Alvin Hopkins, showed that in the course of 2010 and 2011, Gowen Timber

clear cut up to 200 acres from the Shirley Bluff tract; that Gowen Timber did so

without checking public records for any security interest in the timber because of its

longstanding business relationship with George Gowen; that Gowen Timber sold the



      4
         See Wells Fargo Bank v. Twenty-Six Properties, LLC, 325 Ga. App. 662, 665,
n. 5 (1) (754 SE2d 630) (2014) (“[W]hen a borrower gives a lender a deed to secure
debt, the borrower grants and conveys outright legal title in the subject real property
to the lender (the grantee) and ‘takes a bond for title back to the grantor upon the
payment of the debt[.]’ OCGA § 44-14-60. . . . Thus, the borrower retains an
equitable title and the right to regain or redeem legal title by payment of the secured
indebtedness; the borrower also retains the right of possession.”).

                                          14
harvested timber on the open market; and that Gowen Timber paid Shirley Bluff, LLC

$421,023.63 for the timber thus harvested.

      (b) Given the undisputed facts showing that Gowen Timber cut timber on the

Shirley Bluff tract, to which AgSouth held legal title by virtue of the deed to secure

debt, the only question before this jury was whether AgSouth ever granted its “written

consent” to any such removal efforts, as required by both OCGA § 51-12-51 (a) and

the unambiguous terms of the deed to secure debt and the renewals of that deed.

Gowen Timber asserts that the jury was authorized to determine that (i) verbal

consent to cut timber was given at the 2009 closing sufficient to vary the explicit

terms of the deed signed the same day; (ii) the parties mutually departed from the

explicit terms of the closing documents; and (ii) Good gave written consent in his

August 2011 email. We disagree.

      (i) Verbal Consent. In Martin, supra, our discussion of the timber conversion

statute began with the observation that

      [w]hen interpreting a statute, all its words must be given due weight; we
      are forbidden to ‘read out’ any words in the statute unless a clear reason
      appears for doing so. Further, if a statute is plain and unambiguous, its
      words (except for terms of art or those with a particular meaning in
      connection with a specific trade or subject matter) must be assigned their
      common and ordinary meaning.

                                          15
218 Ga. App. at 803-804 (1) (citations omitted). We went on to hold that because

OCGA § 51-12-51 (a) “clearly and unambiguously requires written consent” by the

legal owner to any timber harvest, and because “verbal consent [was] inadequate to

satisfy the statute,” a trial court did not err when it granted the legal owner summary

judgment on its timber conversion claim. Id. at 804 (1). Here, likewise, Don Good’s

verbal consent to George Gowen’s expressions of intent to cut timber on the property,

whether expressed at the original closing, at visits to the property, or at the 2010 or

2011 renewals, was inadequate as a matter of law to grant Shirley Bluff, LLC or

Gowen Timber the right to harvest any timber on the Shirley Bluff property. See id.

      Gowen Timber seeks to forestall this conclusion by citing this Court’s recent

decision in Dobson v. Matt Owens Logging Co., 326 Ga. App. 879 (755 SE2d 374)

(2014), in which we held that parol evidence was admissible to show that two parties

had orally modified a loan agreement’s terms on harvesting timber. Dobson was

decided, however, under longstanding law to the effect that “an oral modification to

a written contract subject to the Statute of Frauds may be effective if the contract as

so modified has been acted or performed by one of the parties.” Id. at 882 (citation

and punctuation omitted). But Dobson, which enforced a well-settled rule of contract

law in the context of a claim for breach of contract, has no bearing on the statutory

                                          16
tort of timber conversion. Here, by contrast, OCGA § 51-12-51 (a) imposes a

requirement on any person or entity seeking to cut timber to obtain “written consent”

from the legal owner of that timber, and there is nothing in the statute or our caselaw

to suggest that this requirement may be waived.

      Further, the general rule is that “parol contemporaneous evidence shall be

generally inadmissible to contradict or vary the terms of a valid written instrument.”

OCGA § 24-3-1; see also OCGA § 13-2-2 (1) (“Parol evidence is inadmissible to add

to, take from, or vary a written contract” unless there is “an ambiguity, latent or

patent”). As our Supreme Court has often repeated,

      there is no rule of law better settled or more salutary in its application,
      than that which refuses to admit oral testimony to contradict, vary, or
      materially affect, written agreements. It would be extremely dangerous
      and inconsistent with those general rules of evidence, by which we
      proceed in courts of justice, to allow a party, after giving an instrument,
      in which he says, “I promise to pay on demand,” to say by parol
      evidence, “You know I did not mean to pay on demand.”


Weintraub v. Cobb Bank & Trust Co., 249 Ga. 148, 148-149 (1) (1982) (affirming

exclusion of parol evidence of an alleged oral agreement to vary the terms of a written

agreement), quoting Rogers v. Atkinson, 1 Ga. 12 (1846). Any oral agreement that

these parties reached at the 2009 closing as to timber thinning flatly contradicted the

                                          17
unambiguous terms of the security deed signed by both parties at that closing, and

thus could not have amounted to a “separate and distinct, collateral oral agreement

that is consistent with and forms part of the consideration or inducement for a written

agreement.” Great American Builders v. Howard, 207 Ga. App. 236, 240 (2) (427

SE2d 588) (1993) (citation omitted) (rejecting parol evidence as to oral agreement

that contradicted the parties’ written contracts, which also barred any verbal

agreement).

      (ii) Mutual Departure or Subsequent Agreement. We must also reject Gowen

Timber’s assertion that after the execution of the 2009 loan documents, as in the

drives across the property in 2010, the parties mutually departed from the deed’s

explicit and unambiguous requirement that AgSouth give written consent to cut

timber. The deed to secure debt contained a dragnet clause that ensured that the deed

remained in full force and effect even in the event of a modification. Accordingly, the

provision requiring written consent to cut trees was unchanged. Martin, 218 Ga. App.

at 804 (3) (parties’ execution of renewal notes did not abrogate the secured party’s

security interest in timber when the original security deed contained a dragnet

provision that it was intended to secure any renewals of the loan; “because debt

continued to exist between [the borrower and the lender], the original security deed

                                          18
remained effective”) (emphasis in original). Further, even when parties to a written

contract reach some “mere understanding” as to the meaning of the “clear and express

terms” of that contract after its execution, parol evidence of that understanding is

inadmissible and its admission error. Choice Hotels Intern. v. Ocmulgee Fields, 222

Ga. App. 185, 187 (474 SE2d 56) (1996). Again, parol evidence that George Gowen

and Don Good reached some “understanding” at or even after the closing was

inadmissible because it could be taken to contradict the plain terms of the loan

documents, which barred cutting without “written consent.” Id. (reversing jury verdict

when trial court erred in admitting parol evidence to show that parties mutually

departed from the terms of a clearly written contract).

      (iii) Purported Written Consent before the 2011 Renewal. Gowen Timber also

points to Good’s email of August 26, 2011 to Doug Gowen, characterizing it as

written consent to cut timber on the Shirley Bluff tract. But at least 80 acres of the

timber was cut in 2010, months before Good composed his August 2011 email for the

purpose of explaining or asking AgSouth to excuse the previous harvesting by Gowen

Timber as the loan committee considered whether to renew the $2 million loan for the

third time and whether to require George Gowen and Shirley Bluff, LLC to make a

$150,000 reduction in principal: “I’m going to try and justify the [timber] harvest to

                                         19
say it was used to make last year[‘s] payments and interest and hope it flys [sic].”

Good also noted that he had expected the borrowers to pay off the loan in the first

year, and that although he had told George Gowen that “thinning, etc. would be ok,”

Good “had no idea” that George Gowen would “clear-cut 80 acres.” This last

statement cannot be interpreted as written consent to cutting, either past or future;

rather, it merely confirmed that Good had previously given verbal consent, which we

have held above to be inadequate as a matter of law for the purpose of granting

harvesting rights in the property to Gowen Timber, and also expressed Good’s

surprise that such consent had been relied upon to clear-cut a portion of the property.

      In sum, the record provides no evidence of a prior or contemporaneous oral

agreement to vary the explicit terms of the original loan documents or of any

subsequent agreement so to vary those terms. The record shows, however, that the

admission of evidence as to AgSouth’s purported consent to timber harvesting likely

had an impact on the jury’s verdict in favor of Gowen Timber, as when the jury asked

the trial court whether it could consider “the testimony of [a] witness” such that “the

testimony [could] override the [terms of the] signed legal document.” The trial court

answered the jury’s question in the affirmative. Given that, as discussed above, parol

evidence had no probative value on the issue whether Gowen Timber obtained the

                                          20
written consent required by OCGA § 51-12-51 (a) (or even the 2009 security deed to

cut timber from the Shirley Bluff tract), and that the jury apparently considered such

parol evidence in the course of reaching its verdict for Gowen Timber, the trial court

committed harmful error when it denied AgSouth’s motion in limine to exclude this

parol evidence and when it responded affirmatively to the jury’s question as to this

evidence’s probative value. See Martin, 218 Ga. App. at 804 (2) (affirming trial

court’s exclusion of parol evidence as “inadmissible to contradict or vary the terms

of the written documents” requiring written consent to harvest timber); Lee v. White,

249 Ga. 99, 101 (1) (b) (286 SE2d 723) (1982) (affirming grant of motion in limine

to exclude parol evidence when such evidence was not admissible to modify the terms

of an unambiguous written contract and when party offering parol evidence had

unclean hands).

      For the same reasons, the trial court also erred when it denied AgSouth’s

motions for directed verdict and for judgment notwithstanding the verdict as to

Gowen Timber’s liability for converting the Shirley Bluff timber. Martin, 218 Ga.

App. at 804 (1) (affirming grant of summary judgment to bank which had purportedly

given verbal consent to timber cutting); Cordele Sash, Door & Lumber Co. v.

Prudential Ins. Co., 86 Ga. App. 738, 742 (2) (72 SE2d 497) (1952) (where evidence

                                         21
showed that plaintiff held a recorded security deed in land and that defendant had cut

and removed timber from that land without plaintiff’s consent, “a verdict was

demanded for the plaintiff”).

      3. Given that Gowen Timber’s liability for timber conversion is established as

a matter of law, the only question remaining is the proper scope of a new trial.5

      (a) “The issue of damages is a matter for the jury, and a reviewing court should

not interfere with the jury’s damages award unless it is so small or excessive that it

justifies an inference of gross mistake or undue bias.” Lou Robustelli Marketing Svcs.

v. Robustelli, 286 Ga. App. 816, 820 (4) (650 SE2d 326) (2007) (citation and

punctuation omitted). Here, we cannot know whether, had the jury been directed that

Gowen Timber was liable for timber conversion as a matter of law, that jury would

have awarded AgSouth any or all of the $421,023.63 claimed as “the unpaid portion

of the secured indebtedness” as well as “interest” and “a reasonable attorney fee.”

OCGA § 51-12-51 (a). Because the issues of damages, interest, and fees are properly

left to a jury, we order a new trial only as to them. Cordele Sash, Door & Lumber Co.,

86 Ga. App. at 742 (2) (affirming trial court’s submission of “the amount of the value

      5
        Our grant of a new trial moots AgSouth’s contentions, made without citation
to authority, that the trial court erred in overruling AgSouth’s objections to charges
on promissory estoppel, mutual departure, and a subsequent oral agreement.

                                         22
of the timber cut and removed” as well as “the issue as to the recovery of reasonable

attorney fees” to a jury); see also Robustelli, 286 Ga. App. at 821 (4) (remanding for

a new trial limited to damages arising from breach of fiduciary duty when the

appellate court could not determine whether the jury’s award was based on proper or

improper claims of such breach); Douglas v. Bigley, 278 Ga. App. 117, 124-125 (1)

(e) (628 SE2d 199) (2006) (granting a new trial on issues of breach of fiduciary duty

and fees where trial court improperly denied defendants’ motion for directed verdict

on other issues).

      (b) We now consider AgSouth’s contentions that the trial court erred when it

denied other portions of AgSouth’s motions in limine because some of these matters

are likely to recur at a new trial as to damages. AgSouth asserts that the trial court

erred when it admitted evidence as to (a) the appraisal of Shirley Bluff as having a

value of $2 million; (b) the profits made by Gowen Timber on its sale of the timber

at issue; (c) AgSouth’s alleged violations of Gowen Timber’s rights under the Farm

Credit Act, 12 U.S.C. § 2001 et seq.; and (d) the reasonableness of AgSouth’s

attorney fees, which it sought pursuant to OCGA § 13-1-11.

      (a), (b) “Evidence having a tendency to establish facts in issue is relevant and

admissible, and no matter how slight the probative value, our law favors admission

                                         23
of relevant evidence.” Martin v. Williams, 215 Ga. App. 649, 651 (3) (451 SE2d 822)

(1994) (citations and punctuation omitted). Although AgSouth asserts that the value

of the Shirley Bluff tract is “not an issue” in its timber conversion case against Gowen

Timber, a jury would be authorized to consider a variety of evidence, including any

appraisals of the property, in determining whether AgSouth’s purchase price for the

property at foreclosure was artificially low as part of a strategy to increase the value

of its timber conversion action to recover the “unpaid portion of [AgSouth’s] secured

indebtedness.” OCGA § 51-12-51 (a). A jury might also find the profit Gowen

Timber made on the sale of the converted timber on the market relevant to the extent

of Gowen Timber’s liability under the statute. Because both of these topics might

have some bearing on the calculation of damages, the trial court should allow the

admission of evidence concerning the Shirley Bluff property’s appraised value and

Gowen Timber’s profits from the sale of the converted timber. See One Bluff Drive,

330 Ga. App. at 51 (3) (trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied motion

in limine and authorized the admission of evidence as to damages).

      (c) Our determination in Division 1 that Gowen Timber is liable as a matter of

law for its conversion of the Shirley Bluff timber moots AgSouth’s contention that



                                          24
the trial court erred in denying its motion in limine to exclude evidence of AgSouth’s

conduct under the Farm Credit Act.

      (d) AgSouth also argues that because the deed to secure debt gave it the right

to recover “reasonable attorney[] fees of not less than 10% of the amount secured,”

and because the computation of such fees is a question of law,6 the trial court erred


      6
          OCGA § 13-1-11 provides in relevant part:

      (a) Obligations to pay attorney’s fees upon any note or other evidence
      of indebtedness, in addition to the rate of interest specified therein, shall
      be valid and enforceable and collectable as a part of such debt if such
      note or other evidence of indebtedness is collected by or through an
      attorney after maturity, subject to . . . the following provisions: (1) If
      such note or other evidence of indebtedness provides for attorney’s fees
      in some specific percent of the principal and interest owing thereon,
      such provision and obligation shall be valid and enforceable up to but
      not in excess of 15 percent of the principal and interest owing on said
      note or other evidence of indebtedness; (2) If such note or other
      evidence of indebtedness provides for the payment of reasonable
      attorney’s fees without specifying any specific percent, such provision
      shall be construed to mean 15 percent of the first $500.00 of principal
      and interest owing on such note or other evidence of indebtedness and
      10 percent of the amount of principal and interest owing thereon in
      excess of $500.00 . . . .


                                           25
when it allowed the jury to consider whether AgSouth was entitled to reasonable

attorney fees. We agree in part.

      It is true that because a party’s entitlement to reasonable attorney fees under

OCGA § 13-1-11 “is one of contract construction and the application of mathematical

computation to uncontroverted amounts, it is a question of law for the Court.”

Toombs v. Meyer M. Cardin Living Trust # 2, 279 Ga. App. 682, 685 (2) (632 SE2d

410) (2006). AgSouth’s timber conversion claim sounds in tort, however, and OCGA

§ 13-1-11 itself specifies that “[t]he provisions of this code section shall not authorize

the recovery of attorney’s fees in any tort claim.” OCGA § 13-1-11 (d). Further, and

as Gowen Timber noted when it objected to the trial court’s charge on OCGA § 13-1-

11, Gowen Timber was not a party to and did not sign either the deed to secure debt,

the original promissory note from Gowen Oil, or any of the subsequent loan

agreements. It follows that the trial court erred when it instructed the jury as to the

provisions of OCGA § 13-1-11, but not when it instructed that jury to consider

whether to award AgSouth reasonable attorney fees, to which AgSouth was entitled



      (d) The provisions of this code section shall not authorize the recovery of
      attorney’s fees in any tort claim. (Emphasis supplied.)



                                           26
under the timber conversion statute. OCGA § 51-12-51 (a) (plaintiff in timber

conversion “may not [recover] more than the unpaid portion of the secured

indebtedness, interest thereon, and a reasonable attorney’s fee”).

      Judgment reversed and case remanded with direction. Andrews, P. J., and

Miller, P. J., concur.




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