               ARMED SERVICES BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS

Appeal of --                                   )
                                               )
ECC International, LLC                         )      ASBCA No. 60484
                                               )
Under Contract No. W5J9LE-11-C-0045            )

APPEARANCES FOR THE APPELLANT:                        R. Dale Holmes, Esq.
                                                      Michael A. Richard, Esq.
                                                       Cohen Seglias Pallas Greenhall & Furman PC
                                                       Philadelphia, PA

APPEARANCES FOR THE GOVERNMENT:                       Michael P. Goodman, Esq.
                                                       Engineer Chief Trial Attorney
                                                      Sarah L. Hinkle, Esq.
                                                      Matthew S. Tilghman, Esq.
                                                       Engineer Trial Attorneys
                                                       U.S. Army Engineer District, Middle East
                                                       Winchester, VA

             OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE WOODROW
        ON THE PARTIES' CROSS-MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

       Pending before the Board are the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment
filed by appellant, ECC International, LLC (ECCI), and the United States Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE or government). ECCI seeks summary judgment on entitlement to its
monetary claim for costs arising out of the government's closure of the Friendship Gate,
an access route to ECCI's construction site on Camp Shorab in Afghanistan. The
government moves for summary judgment on the grounds that the government's closure
of Friendship Gate was a sovereign act and ECCI assumed the risk of any changes to base
access procedures or requirements.

        We hold that the plain language of the contract states that the contractor bears the
risk of changes to base access requirements and that the closure of Friendship Gate was
not a constructive change to the terms of the contract. We further hold that the
government did not create an implied warranty of access through Friendship Gate, and
that ECCI's previous contracts at Camp Shorab in Afghanistan did not create an implied
warranty of continued access to the project site through Friendship Gate.

       We do not reach the government's affirmative defense that the closure of the
Friendship Gate was a sovereign act, because we have concluded that there is no express
or implied contractual right of access through the Friendship Gate and that the closure of
Friendship Gate was not a constructive change.

       Therefore, we grant the government's motion for summary judgment and deny the
appeal.

       STATEMENT OF FACTS (SOF) FOR PURPOSES OF THE MOTIONS

       A. The Contract

        1. On June 29, 2011, USACE issued Solicitation No. W5J9LE-l l-B-0004
(solicitation) requesting proposals from prospective bidders for the site adapt, design and
construction of the 215th compound expansion, Camp Shorab, Helmand Province,
Afghanistan (R4, tab 3 at 1).

       2. The solicitation contained the following provision relating to compliance with
orders relating to force protection:                    ·

              C3 CLAUSE 952.225-0002 ARMED PERSONNEL
              INCIDENT REPORTS (SEP 2010)

              (a) All contractors and subcontractors in the United States
              Forces-Iraq (USF-I) or United States Forces-Afghanistan
              (USFOR-A) theater of operations shall comply with and shall
              ensure that their personnel supporting USF-I or USFOR-A
              forces are familiar with and comply with all applicable
              orders, directives, and instructions issued by the respective
              USF-I or USFOR-A Commanders relating to force protection
              and safety.

(R4, tab 3 at 50)

       3. Section 01040 of the solicitation contained the following provision relating to
security in a wartime contingency environment:

              1.0 SPECIFIC CONTRACT SECURITY ASSESSMENT

              The Contractor will construct the Project in an active war
              zone where International Security Assistance Forces (ISAF)
              may conduct offensive and defensive operations against a
              variety of hostile forces, to include members of the Taliban.
              The Contractor understands that it may not receive any

                                             2
              support whatsoever in securing the Project site and in
              securing the transportation of materials to the Project site.

(R4, tab 3 at 170)

        4. Section O1040 of the solicitation further stated that the contractor is responsible
for its own security and securing the transportation of materials to the project site.
"Neither U.S. Government nor other ISAF forces are available to provide exclusive
security for the Project. The Contractor is responsible for securing the Project site and in
securing the transportation of materials to the Project site." (R4, tab 3 at 170)

      5. The solicitation included the following language regarding the operations of
ISAF or hostile forces:

              The Contracting Officer possesses no ability to control the
              operations of either ISAF or hostile forces. The Government,
              acting in its sovereign capacity in its prosecution of its
              operations, may take actions which directly or indirectly
              affect the Contractor. These kinds of acts are general in
              application, not specifically directed at the Contractor. The
              Contractor recognizes that such actions may be taken, and
              that they will not entitle the Contractor to make claims for
              excusable or compensable delays.

(R4, tab 3 at 170)

       6. The solicitation required the contractor to formulate its own security plan,
taking into account the changing operational picture in the region.

              The Contractor possesses sufficient information about the
              specific security situation at the site to enable it to formulate
              an appropriate security plan. The Contractor understands that
              the security situation at the Project is subject to significant
              transformation in a short time span based on the changing
              operational picture in the region. The Contractor's security
              plan will take this factor into account.

(R4, tab 3 at 170)

      7. On July 30, 2011, ECCi submitted a proposal in response to the solicitation in
the amount of $29,904,252 (R4, tab 36). The proposal included the following statement:
"ECC International, LLC agrees with all terms, conditions, and provisions included in the

                                              3
solicitation and agrees to furnish any or all items upon which prices are offered at the
price set opposite each item" (id. at 1).

       8. On August 11, 2011, USACE awarded Contract No. W5J9LE-11-C-0045 to
appellant (R4, tab 37).

         9. The contract incorporated by reference the terms of the solicitation (R4, tab 5
at 2).

       10. Contract section 01010, Scope of Work, ,i 2.2, Security, provides that "[a]
detailed security plan in accordance with Section O1040 SECURITY shall be approved
by the Government before construction notice to proceed" (R4, tab 3 at 68, 71 ).

         11. Contract section O1040, ,i 5.0, Security Plan, states:

               The Security Officers will review and approve all current and
               future Contractor security plans prior to submittal approval by
               the authorized representative of the Contracting Officer. The
               Security Officers shall ensure that all Contractor security
               plans are in accordance with the Contract requirements. The
               security plans shall address movement of Contractor labor,
               material, and equipment. The Security Officers will lead the
               quality assurance program to ensure Contractors are
               executing their approved security plans. The Government
               will not allow the Contractor to start work on the Project site
               without an approved security plan.

(R4, tab 3 at 171)

        12. During performance of the contract, ECCI prepared both a Security Plan and
an Area Use Plan that contemplated use of the Friendship Gate for moving workers from
its existing Life Support Area (LSA) on Camp Leatherneck to the project site on
Camp Shorab (R4, tab 38).

       13. ECCI's Security Plan and Area Use Plan contemplated use of the Friendship
Gate for moving concrete from the concrete batch plants on Camp Leatherneck or
Camp Bastion to the project site (R4, tab 38; app. mot., Canon aff. ,i 16).

       14. ECCI's proposed Area Use Plan expressly stated that it "is a discussion
document for further evaluation in cooperation with USACE management" (R4, tab 38
at 7).



                                               4
       15. The government approved ECCI's Area Use Plan and Security Plan (R4,
tab 40).

       16. ECCI used the Friendship Gate to get workers and materials to the project site
without having to process Afghan workers through the Afghan National Army (ANA)
Entry Control Points (ECPs) onto Camp Shorab (Canon aff. ,i 17).

       17. From the beginning of contract performance, ECCI used Friendship Gate to
access the project site for materials and concrete from the batch plants on
Camp Leatherneck or Camp Bastion, and for personnel from ECCI's LSA at
Camp Leatherneck (Canon aff. ,i 18).

       B. ECCI's Prior History at ANA Shorabak

        18. At the time of the contract performance in 2011, the ANA Shorabak
installation consisted of three adjacent camps of NATO forces operating as the
International Security Assistance Forces (ISAF), and ANA forces operating on behalf of
the country of Afghanistan. All of these camps are enclosed by a wall or a fence, with
access through secure ECPs. (Canon aff. ,i 4)

       19. The three adjacent camps at ANA Shorabak consisted of: 1) Camp Bastion, a
walled compound that was run by British military personnel as a part of the ISAF forces;
2) Camp Leatherneck, a walled compound that was run by U.S. Marines as a part of the
ISAF forces; and 3) Camp Shorab, a walled compound controlled by ANA troops, with
ECPs that were run by the ANA troops which is where, as discussed above, the contract
was performed (Cannon aff. ,i,i 4-5; R4, tab 3 at 68).

       20. Prior to entering into the contract at issue in this appeal, ECCI had performed six
projects for ISAF forces at ANA Shorabak, including: 1) Contract No. FA8903-06-D-85,
Task Order 54, awarded by the Air Force, for construction of Forward Operating Base K
and AK, on Camp Tombstone (part of Camp Shorab); 2) Contract No. FA8903-06-D-851 l,
Task Order 68, awarded by the Air Force, for construction of the Medical Facility
Expansion, on Camp Bastion; 3) Contract No. W5K9FH-11-C-01012, awarded on
November 10, 2010, by the U.S. Army Regional Contracting Command, for construction of
classrooms at the Regional Military Training Center (RMTC) on Camp Shorab; 4) Contract
No. W5K9FH-1 l-C-0123, for construction of a power plant for the RMTC on Camp
Shorab; 5) Contract No. W5J9JE-10-D-0022, Task Order 003, awarded by USACE on
January 31, 2011, for design and construction of a firing range complex for the ANA on
Camp Shorab; and 6) Contract No. W5J9JE-10-D-0022, Task Order 4, awarded by USACE
on April 15, 2011, for design and construction of the ANA 31215th FSD on Camp Shorab.
(Canon aff. ,i 3)



                                             5
      21. For its previous projects at ANA Shorabak, ECCi had utilized an LSA located
on Camp Leatherneck (Canon aff. ,i 6).

       22. During performance of its previous projects, ECCi had used an ECP, called
Friendship Gate, between Camp Leatherneck and Camp Shorab, which allowed
contractors to have efficient access to projects on ANA Shorabak (Canon aff. ,i,r 7-8).

      23. Friendship Gate allowed ECCi to move workers and materials efficiently
between its LSA on Camp Leatherneck and projects sites located on Camp Shorab,
without going through any of the ECPs controlled by ANA troops for ANA Shorabak
(Canon aff. ,i 11).

      24. During performance of its previous projects, ECCi used Friendship Gate to
move airfreighted materials efficiently onto Camp Shorab (Canon aff. ,r,i 9-11).

       25. During performance of its previous projects, ECCi used concrete batch plants
operated by four Afghan subcontractors located on Camp Leatherneck and
Camp Bastion. ECCi used Friendship Gate to move its concrete from the batch plants
onto Camp Shorab. (Canon aff. ,r,i 9-11)

       26. The current contract was located on Camp Shorab, which had two access
points, an ECP controlled by the ANA forces, and Friendship Gate, controlled by ISAF
forces (Canon aff. ,i 12).

       C. The Closure of Friendship Gate

       27. In early December, 2012, due to a security incident and a reasonable threat of
attack on ANA Shorabak by hostile forces, the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) forces
controlling Camp Leatherneck closed the access to ANA Shorabak via the Friendship
Gate until further notice to all personnel, except for ISAF and the military. The
Camp Bastion Main Entry Point was similarly closed for two days. (R4, tab 102)

      28. Subsequently, the USMC closed the Friendship Gate permanently, except to
ISAF badge holders and "the military" (R4, tab 103).

        29. ECCi and its Afghan subcontractors were required to move concrete from
batch plants on Camp Bastion and Camp Leatherneck, and workers from ECCl's LSA on
Camp Leatherneck, off of the security controlled compound, to roads nearby, and then
through ANA's ECP onto Camp Shorab. Specifically, because ECCl's LSA was located
inside the perimeter of Camp Bastion, the closure of Friendship Gate resulted in a longer
access route to and from ANA Shorabak for ECCI's workers. (R4, tabs 102-03)



                                            6
       30. ECCi maintained its LSA on Camp Leatherneck and eventually established an
additional LSA on ANA Shorabak. Appellant received permission to pump concrete
over the fence from Camp Leatherneck into ANA Shorabak as an alternative to transport
the material through the available base access point. (R4, tab 132)

       D. Appellant's Claims

        31. On June 16, 2013, appellant submitted a request for equitable adjustment
(REA) to the USACE contracting officer seeking compensation for four issues. The only
issue relevant to this appeal was the closure of Friendship Gate, for which appellant
claimed 28 days of compensable delay at a cost incurred for both appellant and its
subcontractors of $1,652,958. (R4, tab 155)

       32. On August 29, 2013, USACE denied appellant's REA relating to the closure
of Friendship Gate. The contracting officer cited paragraph 1.0 of section O1040 of the
contract and stated: "The closures of the Friendship Gate were based on a decision made
by the U.S. Marines located on FOB Bastion. The closures of the Friendship Gate were
not a USACE decision; USACE did not sanction the decision, nor was USACE consulted
about the decision in advance." The letter further stated that there was not sufficient
documentation to evaluate the claim for time. (R4, tab 169 at 1-3)

        33. On September 12, 2013, ECCi provided additional documentation in support
of its REA for a 28-day time extension (R4, tab 172).

       34. On December 18, 2013, the contracting officer reiterated its position regarding
the closure of Friendship Gate issue: "I find that the Government's position in Serial
Letter C-0060, dated August 29, 2013 rem~ins unchanged. The closure ofFG was an act
of the USMC/U.S. Government acting in its sovereign capacity." (R4, tab 176 at 7)

       35. On December 10, 2015, ECCi submitted a certified claim in the amount of
$1,439,295.91 for costs to relocate its LSA to ANA Shorabak and for claims by ECCI's
subcontractors RECON and PROCON for the closure of Friendship Gate. The claims by
the subcontractors included delay costs. (R4, tab 184)
                    '                           ,
       36. USACE did not issue a contracting officer's final decision on ECCI's certified
claim, nor did USACE inform ECCi of a date by which a final decision would be issued
(answer 133).

       37. On March 2, 2016, ECCi appealed the deemed denial of ECCI's certified
claim for $1,439,295.91.




                                            7
                                        DECISION

       I. Standard of Review

       We will grant summary judgment only if there is no genuine issue as to any
material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Celotex
Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317,322 (1986). A material fact is one that may affect the
outcome of the decision. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248-A9 (1986).
The moving party bears the burden of establishing the absence of any genuine issue of
material fact, and all significant doubt over factual issues must be resolved in favor of the
party opposing summary judgment. Mingus Constructors, Inc. v. United States, 812 F.2d
1387, 1390-91 (Fed. Cir. 1987). Once the moving party has met its burden of
establishing the absence of disputed material facts, then the non-moving party must set
forth specific facts, not conclusory statements or bare assertions, to defeat the motion.
Pure Gold, Inc. v. Syntex (U.S.A.), Inc., 739 F.2d 624, 626-27 (Fed. Cir. 1984). The fact
that both ECCI and the government have moved for summary judgment does not require
us to grant summary judgment for one side or the other; both motions can be denied in
the event that there are material factual disputes regarding each motion. See, e.g.,
Mingus, 812 F.2d at 1391.

       II. Whether the Contract Warrants Continued Access through Friendship Gate

       Appellant contends that, by requiring ECCI to obtain government approval of its
security plan, "the Government impliedly warranted that no additional requirements
would be imposed" (app. resp. at 7-8). We hold that the government did not create an
implied warranty of access through the Friendship Gate.

        "[A] warranty is an assurance by one party to an agreement of the existence of a
fact upon which the other party may rely; it is intended precisely to relieve the promisee
of any duty to ascertain the facts for himself." Oman-Fischbach Int 'l (JV) v. Pirie, 276
F.3d 1380, 1383 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (citing Dale Constr. Co. v. United States, 168 Ct. Cl.
692, 699 ( 1964) ). To establish that an implied warranty of access through the Friendship
Gate, ECCI must demonstrate that: ( 1) USA CE assured ECCI that it could access the
construction site through the Friendship Gate; (2) that ECCI had no duty to determine
whether access would be available; and (3) access through the Friendship Gate became
unavailable. J.E. McAmis, Inc., ASBCA No. 54455 et al., 10-2 BCA ,-[ 34,607 at 170,570
(citing Oman-Fischbach, 276 F.3d at 1385).

       ECCI's argument draws inferences where none are warranted. The contract's
requirement that the government approve ECCI' s security plan prior to beginning
construction contains no language implying an exclusive right to use a particular access
route (SOF ,-[,-[ 10-11). Merely requiring government approval of the contractor's security
plan does not enshrine the elements of the plan as enforceable contract terms. As the
                                              8
government observes, the content of the contractor's security plan was not incorporated
into the terms of the solicitation or contract (gov't resp. at 7). Instead, the contract simply
required government approval of the plan prior to beginning construction (SOF 1 6).

        The plain language of the contract placed ECCI on notice that it was operating in a
wartime contingency environment (SOF 13). The contract expressly gave ECCI the
responsibility of complying with applicable installation access procedures and
requirements (SOF 1 2). In addition, the contract states that USACE had no control over
installation access decisions or procedures (SOF 1 5). Finally, the contract stated that
access procedures could change at any time in a wartime contingency environment
(SOF 13). The solicitation explicitly placed ECCI on notice that the security situation
could change in a contingency environment and that ECCI's security plan should take
that possibility into account (SOF 16). Taken together, these provisions fall well short of
the requirement of an implied warranty that ECCI could access the construction site
through the Friendship Gate.

       Moreover, ECCI's proposed Area Use Plan expressly states that it "is a discussion
document for further evaluation in cooperation with USACE management" (SOF 114).
This description undercuts ECCI's argument that the terms of its Area Use Plan became
binding contractual commitments.

       ECCI contends that, by accepting ECCI's proposed price premised on the use of
the Friendship Gate, the government impliedly warranted that ECCI would be able to
continue to use the access route (app. resp. at 7). This argument is premised on the
assumption that USA CE knew that ECCI' s price included a discount for the use of the
Friendship Gate. However, this fact is not set forth in either party's proposed findings of
fact and we are unwilling to infer that knowledge based on the record before us.

      III. Whether ECCI's Prior Contracts Give Rise to an Implied Warranty of
Continued Access through Friendship Gate

       Given that the language of the contract did not create an implied warranty of
continued access through Friendship Gate, we next address whether the parties' prior
course of dealing created an implied contractual right to use the gate.

       Our law regarding course of dealing relies upon the standards set forth in the
Second Restatement of Contracts. See, e.g., BAE Systems Technology Solutions &
Services, Inc., ASBCA No. 57581, 13 BCA 135,414 at 173,741-42; Comptech Corp.,
ASBCA No. 55526, 08-2 BCA 133,982 at 168,083-85. The binding law in our circuit
draws from the Restatement as well. See Sperry Flight Systems Div. ofSperry Rand
Corp. v. United States, 548 F .2d 915, 922-23 (Ct. Cl. 1977). A prior course of dealing, if



                                              9
established, can extinguish an otherwise explicit contractual requirement. Comptech,
08-2 BCA ,r 33,982 at 168,085. The Restatement provides that:

              § 223. Course of Dealing

               ( 1) A course of dealing is a sequence of previous conduct
              between the parties to an agreement which is fairly to be
              regarded as establishing a common basis of understanding for
              interpreting their expressions and other conduct.

               (2) Unless otherwise agreed, a course of dealing between the
              parties gives meaning to or supplements or qualifies their
              agreement.

RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS§ 223 (1981).

        With respect to the "parties to an agreement" requirement, the Board has held that
"[j]ustifiable reliance on a prior course of dealing requires proof of the same contracting
agency, the same contractor, and essentially the same contract provisions." Tekkon
Engineering Co., ASBCA No. 56831, 10-2 BCA ,r 34,563 at 170,441. To establish a
course of dealing, based upon conduct, appellant must show: "actual knowledge by both
parties of consistent conduct by one party in its contract dealings with the other over an
extended period of time regarding a particular contract provision upon which the other is
reasonably entitled to rely." Comptech, 08-2 BCA ,r 33,982 at 168,086 (emphasis
added).

        In this appeal, ECCI fails to establish a course of dealing with respect to access to
Camp Shorab through the Friendship Gate. First, only two ofECCI's six previous
contracts were with the "same contracting agency" as the contract with USACE
(SOF ,r 20). US. Flag & Signal Co., ASBCA No. 27049, 83-1 BCA ,r 16,196 at 80,468
(in "establishing a course of dealing ... the Government is not a monolithic body where the
activities of the separate agencies or departments are involved").

       Moreover, the record does not establish that USACE had actual knowledge of
ECCI's previous contracts with the Air Force and the Army Regional Contracting
Command, nor does it establish that USACE knew that ECCI exclusively would rely on
the use of Friendship Gate to move materials and works to the project. Transco
Contracting Co., ASBCA No. 25315, 82-1 BCA ,r 15,516 at 76,973 (holding that
reasoning underlying the prior course of dealing rule requires that both parties have an
actual knowledge of the prior course of dealing and of its significance to the contract).
ECCI's allegation that it "anticipated at the time of bidding the Contract that it would
continue to use Friendship Gate" is insufficient to demonstrate that USACE possessed


                                             10
actual knowledge that ECCI would exclusively rely on Friendship Gate for project access
(app. mot. at 5).

       Second, ECCI's two concurrent contracts with USACE fall short of establishing a
course of dealing.

              While there is no magic number of contracts that must be
              performed before this principle is applicable, the parties' prior
              dealings must be regular and/or numerous enough to cause a
              reasonable expectation that the conduct relied upon was not
              mere accident or mistake, but was the performance actually
              expected by the other party.

 Western States Constr. Co., ASBCA No. 37611, 92-1 BCA ,i 24,418 at 121,894;
C.R. Pittman Constr. Co., ASBCA No. 54901, 08-1 BCA ii 33,777 at 167,178. Here,
ECCI's two contracts with USACE ran concurrently with the instant contract although
they began some months before the award of the subject contract. ECCI cannot rely on
concurrent contracts to establ_ish a course of dealing "over an extended period of time" as
required in Comptech and in multiple other decisions. See, e.g., Davis Group, Inc.,
ASBCA No. 48431, 95-2 BCA ,i 27,702 at 138,092 (cases where a course of dealing has
been found have involved consistent government actions over the course of several
contracts between the same parties); L. W Foster Sportswear Co. v. United States, 405
F .2d 1285 (Ct. Cl. 1969) (200,000 jackets delivered over the performance of five or six
previous contracts sufficient to establish course of dealing). Finally, the contract term at
issue is not the sort amenable to change by prior course of dealing. No prior course of
dealing could change the fact that, in a war, security considerations could change over
time, leading to "actions which directly or indirectly affect the Contractor" (SOF ,i 5).
Put another way, the fact that Friendship Gate had not previously been closed did not
form a "basis of understanding" that it would never be closed as circumstances required.
See RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS § 223( 1). Therefore, we hold that ECCI' s
previous contracts fail to establish a course of dealing sufficient to imply a contractual
right to access through the Friendship Gate.

       IV. Whether the Closure of Friendship Gate Was a Constructive Change

       ECCI next argues that the closure of Friendship Gate was a constructive change to
the contract and that there was no expectation that ECCI's approved Area Use and
Security Plans would be changed as the need arose (app. resp. at 8). Specifically, ECCi
contends that the government's pre-construction approval ofECCI's Security and Area.
Use Plans "rendered ECCI's chosen access route a term of the contract" (id.).
Consequently, closing off the access route was a constructive change to the contract
terms.


                                             11
        In response, the government points to language in the contract placing ECCi on
notice that access procedures are subject to change depending on security concerns and
that ECCi is responsible for complying with all access and security procedures.
According to the government, the contract expressly states that the contractor bears the
risk of changes to base access requirements. (Gov't resp. at 9-10)

       According to ECCi, the contract's statement - that security procedures may
change - does not excuse the government from compensating ECCi for additional costs
associated with changes to those procedures (app. mot. at 16). ECCi relies on
Morrison-Knudsen Co. v. United States, 397 F .2d 826 (Ct. Cl. 1968), to support its
contention that providing a general warning that site conditions might change does not
write out the changes clause from the contract. Morrison-Knudsen, however, does not
apply to this case.

       Morrison-Knudsen resolves conflicts between a general changes clause and other
contract provisions in favor of the standard changes clause. 397 F.2d at 829. In
Morrison-Knudsen, the contract specified the location of borrow pits for road
construction. When the specified borrow pits did not produce proper materials, the
contractor sought to adjust the contract price to account for changing borrow pits. The
government's specifications had necessitated the change. Yet a specific contract
provision denied the contractor any compensation for changes unless the total cost of
contract adjustments exceeded 25% of the contract price. Because the borrow pit change
did not reach the 25% cutoff, the contract in Morrison-Knudsen shifted the entire cost of
the defective specifications to the contractor. Noting that these circumstances altered
"the entire contemplated basis for performance of the contract," 397 F.2d at 844, the
Court of Claims determined that the changes clause should override the 25% clause.

        This case is different, because it does not involve a change to a contract
specification. Unlike the contract in Morrison-Knudsen, which specified which borrow
pits to use, the contract here does not specify or require ECCi to use a particular access
point. As we established previously, the requirement that the government approve
ECCl's Security Plan and Area Use Plan does not create a contractual right of access
through Friendship Gate. To the contrary, the contract expressly requires ECCi to
change its security plan when conditions warrant: "The Contractor understands that the
security situation at the Project is subject to significant transformation in a short time
span based on the changing operational picture in the region. The Contractor's security
plan will take this factor into account." (SOF ,i 6)

       Because a change to access procedures, including closing Friendship Gate, does
not involve a change to any contractual term, there is no conflict with the changes clause
of the contract. Therefore, the closure of Friendship Gate is not a constructive change to
the contract.


                                             12
       V. The Sovereign Acts Defense

       The sovereign acts defense is simply that the government, when sued as a
contractor, cannot be held liable for its general and public acts as a sovereign. Horowitz
v. United States, 267 U.S. 458,461 (1925); Conner Bros. Constr. Co. v. Geren, 550 F.3d
 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2008). A sovereign act is one taken in the national interest and is public
and general in application. Altanmia Commercial Marketing Co., ASBCA No. 55393,
09-1 BCA, 34,095. The "sovereign acts" defense is an affirmative defense, see Orlando
Helicopter Airways, Inc. v. Widnall, 51 F.3d 258, 261 (Fed. Cir. 1995), for which the
defending party bears the burden of proof. DynCorp, ASBCA No. 49714, 97-2 BCA
, 29,233 at 145,430.

       The government contends that the decision to close Friendship Gate was a
sovereign act and that it is not liable for ECCI's costs associated with the gate's closure,
because the decision to close the gate was made by the USMC while participating in an
ISAF mission. USACE further contends that none of the recognized exceptions to the
sovereign acts doctrine apply in this appeal, because the closure did not economically
benefit the government or release the government from any of its contractual obligations.
(Gov't resp. at 13-14)

       ECCi, in response, contends that the decision to close Friendship Gate was not a
sovereign act of the U.S. Government, because the decision was made by the ISAF, a
NATO-based international organization (app. mot. at 18). According to ECCi, the
sovereign acts doctrine does not apply to acts of a foreign entity.

      In this appeal, we need not address whether the government's decision to close
Friendship Gate was a sovereign act. Because we have concluded that there is no express
or implied contractual right of access through the Friendship Gate, and that the closure of
Friendship Gate was not a constructive change, we need not address the government's
defense that the decision to close Friendship Gate was a sovereign act.




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                                     CONCLUSION

       The Board grants the respondent's motion for summary judgment and denies the
appeal.

      Dated: November 16, 2018




                                                  Administrative Judge
                                                  Armed Services Board
                                                  of Contract Appeals

 I concur                                          I concur




 Administrative Judge                              Administrative Judge
 Acting Chairman                                   Vice Chairman
 Armed Services Board                              Armed Services Board
 of Contract Appeals                               of Contract Appeals


       I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Opinion and Decision of the
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals in ASBCA No. 60484, Appeal ofECC
International, LLC, rendered in conformance with the Board's Charter.

       Dated:



                                                   JEFFREY D. GARDIN
                                                   Recorder, Armed Services
                                                   Board of Contract Appeals




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