                                                                                        12/14/2017
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                        Assigned on Briefs February 15, 2017

           STATE OF TENNESSEE v. SANDRA DARLENE WOOD

                 Appeal from the Circuit Court for Marshall County
                  No. 15-CR-112      Forest A. Durard, Jr., Judge
                     ___________________________________

                           No. M2016-01225-CCA-R3-CD
                       ___________________________________


Defendant, Sandra Darlene Wood, was convicted following a jury trial in Marshall
County Circuit Court of one count of cruelty to animals. Following a sentencing hearing,
the trial court sentenced Defendant to 11 months, 29 days suspended on probation after
45 days’ incarceration and ordered Defendant to pay $4,134 in restitution to Volunteer
Equine Advocates. Defendant raises three issues on appeal: (1) whether the evidence is
sufficient to sustain her conviction for cruelty to animals; (2) whether the sentence
imposed is excessive and contrary to the law; and (3) whether the trial court properly
admitted testimony regarding a prior visit by a Sheriff’s Department Detective to her
farm in June, 2014. After a careful review of the record and the briefs of the parties, we
affirm the judgment of the trial court.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

THOMAS T. WOODALL, P.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ROBERT W.
WEDEMEYER and TIMOTHY L. EASTER, JJ., joined.

Donna Orr Hargrove, District Public Defender; William J. Harold and Michael J. Collins,
Assistant District Public Defenders, for the appellant, Sandra Darlene Wood.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Alexander C. Vey, Assistant
Attorney General; Robert James Carter, District Attorney General; Felicia Walkup and
Weakley E. Barnard, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of
Tennessee.
                                       OPINION

Facts

       On June 27, 2014, Detective Drew Binkley, of the Marshall County Sheriff’s
Department, responded to a call regarding the condition of several horses at Defendant’s
farm. Defendant told Detective Binkley that she had been out of state and that her
husband and son had failed to properly care for the horses. Detective Binkley was
concerned about the condition of the horses. He testified, “you could see hip bones, rib
bones, [and] the spine of the back.” He observed that the horses had very little grass to
eat, and the grass available to the horses was short and mostly weeds. Detective Binkley
took several photos of the horses and relayed his concerns to Defendant.

       Detective Binkley and Defendant discussed her plan to get weight back on the
horses and what would happen if the horses’ condition did not improve. Detective
Binkley advised Defendant and her husband that they needed to provide more hay for the
horses. Detective Binkley told Defendant that her horses were being underfed. Detective
Binkley saw some hay at the farm when he drove back by a few days later, but he did not
visit Defendant again until April 2015, when he responded to another complaint about the
horses. He testified that he saw multiple malnourished horses, including the same
underweight horses that he had observed on his prior visit. Detective Binkley was
accompanied by Detective Tony Nichols when he responded to the second call to
Defendant’s farm. Detective Binkley did not see any hay or food in the horses’ pasture,
and he testified that the pasture “appeared to be more mud than anything.”

       Detective Tony Nichols also testified that several of the horses were underweight
and had protruding bones and minimal fat or muscle. Detective Nichols observed that the
horses’ pasture was rocky, covered in weeds, and had no grass that was appropriate for
the horses. He testified that he saw no signs of hay or other feed on the farm. Detective
Nichols informed Defendant that he intended to contact the county extension agent,
Ricky Skillington, to begin a removal procedure to take the horses out of Defendant’s
care. Defendant told Detective Nichols that she owned the horses and she called them
“her babies.”

       On the following day, Detective Nichols returned to Defendant’s farm with
Detective Binkley and Agent Skillington. In assessing the horses’ condition, they
determined that the horses needed to be removed from the property. Agent Skillington
examined the horses and found “very little evidence of feed,” and the horses were quickly
consuming whatever grass was growing. Agent Skillington also examined the horses’
manure to check for signs of concentrated feed that sometimes survives the horses’

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digestive tract, but he found no signs of feed whatsoever. He found no hay in the feed
pans and no signs of any recently used feed bags.

        Agent Skillington used a metric called the Henneke body condition score (BCS) to
assess and examine the horses. According to Agent Skillington, as a general rule, the
agricultural industry uses the Henneke BCS, developed at Texas A&M University, which
consists of a 1 to 9 scale used specifically for horses. The optimum score is 5, while 1
indicates the horse is critically underweight and 9 indicates it is severely overweight. Mr.
Skillington testified that a score of 4 to 6 is the industry standard and an indication that
the horse is healthy. The BCS was developed to get as close as possible to a uniform
system. Skillington declined to score any of the horses any higher than a 3, with two
horses rating only a 1.5. According to Skillington, at a body condition score of 1.5, “you
could count every individual vertebrae that they had along their backbone.” Skillington
testified that the horses’ level of malnutrition was the cause for him to make his
determination. He testified that for a horse to lose weight in that manner, it would have
to have taken place over an extended period of time.

        Dr. Emily McDonald, a veterinarian with the Gallatin Animal Hospital, testified as
an expert witness in the field of veterinary science. Dr. McDonald also examines and
treats animals for the Volunteer Equine Advocates (VEA), a non-profit organization
which takes in rescued horses. Dr. McDonald also used the Henneke BCS to evaluate
Defendant’s horses. Dr. McDonald examined Defendant’s horses, and she agreed that a
healthy horse should have a body condition score between a 4 and 6. She found that all
of Defendant’s horses had a body condition score between 1 and 2, and that underfeeding
was the best explanation for such a condition. She also testified that this kind of
malnutrition required a progression of six to eight months and could not have taken place
just recently. She believed there were signs of long term starvation.

       Each of the eight horses on Defendant’s farm was designated by name. Mary, a
pregnant mare, was given a BCS of 1, based on a lack of food, and she had visible bones
in her ribs, spine, neck, and hips. Mary was the horse elected by the State as the subject
animal in the single count of animal cruelty. Dr. McDonald testified that it would take a
horse five to six months to get in the shape that Mary was in. VEA removed the horses
on April 6, 2015. Mary gave birth to an undersized foal soon after her removal. The foal
was determined to have low weight due to mare malnutrition.

       Agent Skillington and Dr. McDonald both testified about the effect a harsh winter
can have on a horse’s weight. They testified that a horse is unlikely to drop more than
one body condition score over the course of a hard winter. Even if a horse had a
substantial winter coat, indicators of malnourishment would be visible, such as

                                           -3-
protruding bones. Dr. McDonald testified that after their removal, all of the horses
properly regained their weight and had body condition scores of 4.5 and higher.

       Defendant’s proof consisted of the testimony of two witnesses. Defendant’s
neighbor, Bert Smith, testified that he sold hay to Defendant in January 2015. In late
January, he delivered two 1600-pound bales of hay. Defendant returned for more hay
about one week later, and he provided Defendant two more bales of hay. Mr. Smith
continued providing hay for Defendant until the horses were removed in April 2015. Mr.
Smith testified that he did not know whether Defendant fed the hay to the horses. Mr.
Smith had delivered hay to Defendant in prior years, but it was not consistently, and
Defendant purchased hay from other people as well.

       Defendant’s husband, Paul Wood, testified that Detective Binkley warned him and
Defendant in June 2014 that the horses needed to be fed more. Mr. Wood testified that
he and Defendant bought 20 large bales of hay in the summer of 2014, as well as several
scoops of grain. Mr. Wood testified that in December, 2014, and January, 2015, he
noticed that his hay supply “had more sticks in it than it had hay.” Mr. Wood testified
that he began purchasing hay from Mr. Smith and that Smith provided a steady supply of
“decent” quality hay. Mr. Wood believed the horses were healthy and were gaining
weight before the winter came. Mr. Wood agreed that the “horses were light,” but he
denied that it was from a lack of feeding. He testified that the horses were healthy before
the winter season came.

Sentencing hearing

       At the sentencing hearing, Alisha Rupp from the VEA testified concerning the
expenses involved in removing the horses from the defendant’s property and the
maintenance in getting the horses back on a healthy track. The removal involved
multiple vehicles from VEA, and the horses had to be picked up and transported to the
VEA facilities. The horses were also given medical care including a veterinarian
examination and vaccinations. VEA also provided boarding and additional feed to get
the horses’ weight back up. In total, VEA incurred $4,134 in expenses caring for
Defendant’s horses.

       Defendant testified that she was the primary caregiver for her grandson.
Defendant’s daughter-in-law testified that the grandson’s behavior had improved since
being in Defendant’s care. Defendant further testified that she was unemployed, and she
paid $2,500 in attorney’s fees to enforce a child support order against her son, the child’s
father. Defendant acknowledged prior convictions in Arkansas and Oklahoma, and that
she had violated the conditions of probation in the past.

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       The trial court noted Defendant’s history of criminal conduct, finding at least three
prior felonies. The court also found that Defendant had twice failed to comply with the
conditions of alternative sentencing. The trial court considered one mitigating factor, that
Defendant’s conduct did not cause or threaten serious bodily injury. However, the court
declined to give any weight to this factor since the horses were nearly starved to death,
and there were eight horses, but only one count of animal cruelty in Defendant’s case.

Analysis

Sufficiency of the Evidence

       On appeal, Defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to support her
conviction. When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged, the relevant question for
the appellate court is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to
the [State], any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (emphasis in
original); see also Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). Moreover, the State is entitled to the strongest
legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences which may be drawn
therefrom. State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 75 (Tenn. 1992). All questions involving the
credibility of witnesses, the weight and value to be given the evidence, and all factual
issues are resolved by the trier of fact. State v. Harvell, 415 S.W.3d 853, 857 (Tenn.
2003); State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997). This court will not reweigh or
reevaluate the evidence presented. Harvell, 415 S.W.3d at 857; State v. Cabbage, 571
S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978).

       Furthermore, “a guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial judge, accredits
the testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the
theory of the State.” Harvell, 415 S.W.3d at 858 (quoting State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d
474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). A jury conviction removes the presumption of innocence with
which a defendant is initially covered and replaces it with one of guilt, so that on appeal,
a convicted defendant has the burden of demonstrating that the evidence is insufficient.
State v. Wilson, 211 S.W.3d 714, 718 (Tenn. 2007); State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914
(Tenn. 1982). These rules are applicable to findings of guilt predicated upon direct
evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of both. State v. Dorantes, 331
S.W.3d 370, 379-81 (Tenn. 2011); see also State v. Sutton, 166 S.W.3d 686, 691 (Tenn.
2005). The standard of review “‘is the same whether the conviction is based upon direct
or circumstantial evidence.’” Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 379 (quoting State v. Hanson, 279
S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009)).

       Defendant was convicted of cruelty to animals under Tennessee Code Annotated
section 39-14-202(a)(2), which provides that “[a] person commits an offense who
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intentionally or knowingly . . . [f]ails unreasonably to provide necessary food, water, care
or shelter for an animal in the person’s custody.” A person acts knowingly when he or
she is aware of the nature of the conduct or aware that the relevant circumstances exist.
T.C.A. § 39-11-106(a)(20). Defendant argues that the proof is insufficient to establish
that she engaged in conduct that would lead a rational trier of fact to believe that she
intentionally or knowingly failed unreasonably to provide food to the horses.

       At trial, several witnesses testified as to the condition of the horses and the lack of
grass or hay available to the horses. In June 2014 Detective Binkley warned Defendant
that her horses were being underfed and that she needed to provide more hay to the
horses. Several months later, Defendant had failed to remedy the situation. When
Detective Binkley returned to Defendant’s farm in April 2015 he observed a lack of food
available to the horses. Detective Nichols and Agent Skillington also found no evidence
of adequate food.

        Mary, a pregnant mare and the horse elected as the victim of a single count of
animal cruelty, had a body condition score of 1, the lowest possible on the scale. A
healthy horse’s body condition score is between 4 and 6, and anything below 4 indicates
that a horse is “being underfed and not receiving the nutrients that it needs.” Properly-fed
horses have “moderate fat cover everywhere” and “no bony prominences that are
visible.” Mary’s spine, ribs, and hip bones were all visible, and her foal was undersized
due to mare malnutrition.

       Dr. McDonald testified that horses with a body condition score of 2 begin burning
muscle mass for energy due to underfeeding. At a score of 1.5, horses start burning the
fat that protects their vital organs. When a horse declines to this point, its life is in
danger. Dr. McDonald examined Mary and determined that the mare did not have a
medical condition that would prevent her from eating properly. She also opined that the
change in the horse’s condition could not have been sudden.

       The condition of Defendant’s other horses further supports the explanation that
Mary’s condition was due to underfeeding. Several other horses fell short of the healthy
range. Agent Skillington assessed the horses at body condition scores of between 1.5 and
3, and Dr. McDonald gave the horses scores of between 1 and 2. All of the horses had
visible ribs, spines, hips, and shoulder and tail bones. Dr. McDonald testified, “[y]ou
don’t see an entire group of thin animals that are being fed appropriately.”

       Our cruelty to animals statute imposes an affirmative duty of care for animals
within one’s custody whether or not they are owned by the actor, and whether or not the
custodian is actually physically present. State v. Roy Edward Tolliver, Jr., No. E2003-
02886-CCA-R3-CD, 2005 WL 737090, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 1. 2005), no perm.
                                            -6-
app. filed. Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, a rational trier of fact could
find that Defendant knowingly and unreasonably failed to provide necessary food for the
horses. Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

Sentencing

       Defendant asserts that her sentence is excessive, that the trial court abused its
discretion in weighing the applicable enhancement and mitigating factors, that the trial
court erred by imposing a sentence which includes confinement, and that the trial court
erred by failing to make a finding regarding Defendant’s ability to pay restitution.

       Defendant was convicted of one Class A misdemeanor offense. The trial court
imposed a sentence of 11 months and 29 days to be suspended on probation after 45
days’ incarceration, and the trial court ordered Defendant to pay $4,134 in restitution.

        A trial court’s sentencing decisions are generally reviewed for abuse of discretion,
with a presumption of reasonableness granted to within-range sentences in felony cases
that reflect a proper application of the purposes and principles of sentencing. State v.
Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682, 707 (Tenn. 2012). A trial court abuses its discretion when it
applies an incorrect legal standard, reaches an illogical conclusion, bases its decision on a
clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or employs reasoning that causes an
injustice to the party complaining. State v. Herron, 461 S.W.3d 890, 904 (Tenn. 2015).

        This standard applies to misdemeanor sentences as well, and trial courts are
entitled to considerable latitude in misdemeanor sentencing. State v. Kavonda Renee
Waters, No. M2015-00324-CCA-R3-CD, 2016 WL 3094313, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App.
May 25, 2016), no perm. app. filed; State v. Troutman, 979 S.W.2d 271, 273 (Tenn.
1998). The appealing party bears the burden of proving that the sentence was improper.
State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991); see T.C.A. § 40-35-401(d),
Sentencing Comm’n Cmts.

        Decisions to deny probation are also reviewed for an abuse of discretion. State v.
Caudle, 388 S.W.3d 273, 278-79 (Tenn. 2012). A defendant bears the burden of proving
suitability for full probation, including showing that full probation will serve the ends of
justice and the best interest of the public and the defendant. State v. Carter, 254 S.W.3d
335, 347 (Tenn. 2008). In determining whether to grant probation, a trial court should
consider whether: 1) “confinement is necessary to protect society by restraining a
defendant who has a long history of criminal conduct;” 2) “confinement is necessary to
avoid depreciating the seriousness of the offense or confinement is particularly suited to
provide an effective deterrence;” and 3) “measures less restrictive than confinement have

                                            -7-
frequently or recently been applied unsuccessfully to the defendant.” T.C.A. § 40-35-
103(1)(A)-(C).

       Here, the trial court found two applicable enhancement factors: 1) Defendant had a
previous history of criminal conduct; and 2) Defendant had previously struggled to
comply with the conditions of alternative sentencing. See T.C.A. § 40-35-114. The trial
court gave little, “if any, weight” to the mitigating factor that Defendant’s conduct neither
caused nor threatened serious bodily injury, finding that animals are “living, breathing
being[s] that obviously ha[ve] senses and feel[ ] pain.”

        We must disagree with the trial court’s implicit conclusion that the statutory
mitigating factor in T.C.A. §40-35-113(1), “[t]he defendant’s criminal conduct neither
caused nor threatened serious bodily injury,” did not apply in this case because of the
bodily injury to the horses. A plain language reading of the applicable statutes
concerning mitigating and enhancement factors leads to the conclusion that references to
serious bodily injury or bodily injury refer only to humans. Other panels of this court
have previously determined that this mitigating factor is inapplicable to reduce a sentence
in cases involving animal cruelty where the animal(s) suffered bodily injury, thus
implicitly concluding that the statutory definition of bodily injury and serious bodily
injury does not include such injuries to animals. See Tolliver, Jr., No. E2003-02886-
CCA-R3-CD, 2005 WL 737090 (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 1, 2005); see also State v. Judy
Johnson and Stanley Johnson, No. W2001-01272-CCA-R3-CD, 2002 WL 1426547, at
*17 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 26, 2002). The majority opinion in State v. Noah Keith
Tipton, No. E2014-02531-CCA-R3-CD, 2015 WL 9015989 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 15,
2015), stated, “[t]he definition of serious bodily injury in section 39-11-106 applies to all
of title 39, including, if relevant, to the aggravated cruelty to animal statute.” We
respectfully disagree. We conclude it is up to the legislature to expand the references to
“bodily injury” or “serious bodily injury” in sentencing statutes to mammals, fish, fowl,
reptiles, and other forms of life.

        By reaching this conclusion, we do not minimize at all what the evidence showed
of the horrific treatment of these horses. It is puzzling why Defendant was charged in
only one count. Nevertheless, we totally agree with the trial court’s ultimate conclusion
that the mitigating factor is entitled to no weight. Since “serious bodily injury” would not
apply to horses, and the crime of conviction solely pertained to horses and not to persons,
the mitigating factor is not applicable.

       The court noted that there were eight horses, but Defendant was charged with only
one count, and that “these horses were near starved to death when they were received by
the rescue facility.” The court further noted that Defendant was given an opportunity to

                                            -8-
correct the situation and failed to do so. Considering those factors, the trial court denied
full probation and ordered Defendant to serve 45 days of her sentence in confinement.

       We conclude that the trial court acted within its discretion in sentencing
Defendant. Defendant argues that the trial court “applied the wrong weight to the factors
it considered in setting her sentence.” However, the weighing of enhancement and
mitigating factors is left to the trial court’s discretion. Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 706.

        Defendant also contends that the trial court erred by ordering her to pay $4,134 in
restitution to the VEA for their removal and care for the horses. We review a trial court’s
order of restitution under an abuse of discretion standard, with a presumption that the trial
court’s ruling was reasonable. See State v. John N. Moffit, No. W2014-02388-CCA-R3-
CD, 2016 WL 369379, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 29, 2016), perm. app. denied (Tenn.
June 24, 2016) (citing Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 708). There is generally no formula for
awarding restitution, and the sentencing court need not determine restitution in
accordance with the strict rules of damages applied in civil cases. State v. Johnson, 968
S.W.2d 883, 886 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997).

       In setting restitution, the trial court “must ascertain both the amount of the victim’s
loss and the amount which the defendant can reasonably be expected to pay.” State v.
Bottoms, 87 S.W.3d 95, 108 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001). Considering the defendant’s
resources and ability to pay in setting restitution “‘is a judicial duty that the trial judge
cannot delegate to another.’” State v. Darren Eugene Fleshman, No. E2013-00557-
CCA-R3-CD, 2014 WL 2804183, at *9 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 18, 2014), perm. app.
denied (Tenn. Nov. 21, 2014) (quoting State v. Donna Harvey, No. E2009-01945-CCA-
R3-CD, 2010 WL 4527013, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 9, 2010)).

        Here, the trial court ordered restitution in the exact amount testified to by an
employee of the VEA. Alisha Rupp testified that the VEA’s expenses in removing the
horses and providing care for the horses totaled $4,134. The testimony provided a
sufficient basis for the particular amount of restitution. Defendant asserts that the trial
court did not consider her ability to pay restitution. Defendant testified at the sentencing
hearing as to her household income and living expenses. The trial court considered
Defendant’s testimony and determined “I think, based upon what I’m hearing here, I
think there should be some money to start some restitution in this case.” The trial court
declined to impose any fine and offered to extend Defendant’s probation period or
reevaluate her monthly payment amount with her probation officer. We conclude that
the trial court considered Defendant’s financial resources and ability to pay restitution.
Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.



                                            -9-
Rules 403 and 404(b) Evidence

       Defendant argues that the trial court should have excluded Detective Binkley’s
testimony about his June 2014 visit to Defendant’s farm as improper character evidence
under Rule 404(b) and as unfairly prejudicial under Rule 403. The State responds that
the testimony was not character evidence, that it was relevant to show Defendant’s
knowledge, and that any risk of unfair prejudice was outweighed by its probative value.

       Evidence of a defendant’s other wrongs, crimes, or acts may not be offered to
show that the defendant acted in conformity with a character trait. Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b).
To be admissible, the evidence must be relevant to an issue the jury must decide. State v.
Clark, 452 S.W.3d 268, 288 (Tenn. 2014). Relevant evidence is “evidence having any
tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of
the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Tenn.
R. Evid. 401. However, relevant evidence “may be excluded if its probative value is
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or
misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless
presentation of cumulative evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 403.

        “[E]vidence of prior bad acts cannot be used to prove that a person has a
propensity to commit a crime.” State v. Adams, 405 S.W.3d 641, 659 (Tenn. 2013).
Such evidence is admissible for “other purposes,” however, such as identity, motive,
intent, or guilty knowledge. Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b); State v. Berry, 141 S.W.3d 549, 582
(Tenn. 2004). In order for evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts to be admissible
under Rule 404(b) for “other purposes,” the following must be satisfied:

              (1) The court upon request must hold a hearing outside the jury’s
        presence;

               (2) The court must determine that a material issue exists other
        than conduct conforming with a character trait and must upon request
        state on the record the material issue, the ruling, and the reasons for
        admitting the evidence;

               (3) The court must find proof of the other crime, wrong, or act to
        be clear and convincing; and

              (4) The court must exclude the evidence if its probative value is
        outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.



                                          - 10 -
Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b). As long as the trial court substantially complies with these
conditions, the determinations made are entitled to deference. State v. Thacker, 164
S.W.3d 208, 240 (Tenn. 2005). We review a trial court’s decision to admit Rule 404(b)
evidence under an abuse of discretion standard. Id.; State v. DuBose, 953 S.W.2d 649,
652 (Tenn. 1997); State v. Gilley, 297 S.W.3d 739, 758 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2008).

        In this case, the trial court substantially complied with the procedural requirements
of Rule 404(b). The court conducted a hearing prior to trial, at which Detective Binkley
testified about his June 2014 visit. The trial court concluded that the testimony was
relevant to show “Defendant’s knowledge of the alleged malnourished condition of the
horses,” and that the testimony was relevant to “tell[ ] the entire story.” The trial court
further concluded that the prejudicial effect of the evidence did not substantially
outweigh the probative value.

       Defendant argues that “the testimony by Binkley that [Defendant] reported being
out of town for the previous month prevents the proof from rising to meet the level of
‘clear and convincing.’” The clear and convincing evidence standard applies to proof
that Detective Binkley visited Defendant in June, 2014, found the horses in poor
condition, and warned Defendant to provide better care for the horses, not whether
Defendant committed cruelty to animals in June, 2014. Defense counsel acknowledged
at the hearing, “[w]e know that Detective Binkley went out there because he’d had a
report. He spoke with [Defendant].” We conclude that the evidence was sufficient to
find that the prior act occurred.

       The testimony of Detective Binkley, concerning his June 2014 visit to Defendant’s
farm, is not character evidence and it completes the narrative for the jury and proves that
Defendant was put on notice. See State v. Gilliland, 22 S.W.3d 266, 271 n.6 (Tenn.
2000). The testimony shows that Defendant was aware that the horses were being
underfed in June 2014. The testimony also provides context for the return visit in April
2015. Knowledge is a necessary element of a cruelty to animals charge. T.C.A. § 39-14-
202(a)(2). Detective Binkley’s testimony is highly probative since it establishes a
necessary element of the offense.

       Defendant argues that the gap in time between the first visit in June 2014 and the
charged offense is unfairly prejudicial. However, an “objection based on remoteness
affects only the weight, not the admissibility of the evidence.” State v. Smith, 868
S.W.2d 561, 575 (Tenn. 1993). The trial court actually mitigated any risk of unfair
prejudice by giving the jury a limited instruction regarding the prior visit. The instruction
told the jury that such evidence “may only be considered . . . for the limited purpose of
determining whether it provides” the complete story of the crime, Defendant’s intent, or
guilty knowledge. Absent contrary evidence, jurors are presumed to follow the judge’s
                                           - 11 -
instructions. State v. Jordan, 116 S.W.3d 8, 18 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003). Furthermore,
such instructions minimize any risk of unfair prejudice from Rule 404(b) evidence.
Gilley, 297 S.W.3d at 758-59.

        The trial court did not abuse its discretion by allowing Detective Binkley’s
testimony about the prior visit to Defendant’s farm. Defendant is not entitled to relief on
this issue.

                                        CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.


                                   ________________________________________
                                   THOMAS T. WOODALL, PRESIDING JUDGE




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