                                                              [PUBLISH]


              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                      FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT                       FILED
                       ________________________           U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                            ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                MAY 18, 2001
                              No. 00-14729
                                                             THOMAS K. KAHN
                          Non-Argument Calendar                   CLERK
                        ________________________

                  D.C. Docket No. 97-00011-CR-2-WLS-6

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                        Plaintiff-Appellee,

     versus

DENNY GAY,

                                                        Defendant-Appellant.

                       __________________________

              Appeal from the United States District Court for the
                          Middle District of Georgia
                        _________________________
                               (May 18, 2001)


Before ANDERSON, Chief Judge, HULL and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:

         Denny Gay appeals his 162-month sentence resulting from his plea of guilty

to possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§ 841(a)(1). On appeal, Gay argues that the district court erred in refusing to hold

an evidentiary hearing regarding the factual circumstances of his prior escape

conviction. Gay also argues that the district court erred in treating him as a career

offender using his prior escape conviction as one of the qualifying criteria. We

affirm.

         We review a district court’s denial of an evidentiary hearing for abuse of

discretion. United States v. Dynalectric Co., 859 F.2d 1559, 1580 (11th Cir. 1988),

cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1006 (1989). We review a district court’s factual findings

for clear error and its application of the guidelines to those facts de novo. United

States v. Trujillo, 146 F.3d 838, 847 (11th Cir. 1998).

         Upon review of the presentence investigation report and the sentencing

transcript, and upon consideration of the briefs of the parties, we find no reversible

error.

         Denny Gay pled guilty to a superseding information that charged him with

possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§ 841(a)(1). According to the Presentence Investigation, an investigation was



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conducted by several state and federal drug enforcement agencies, targeting a

methamphetamine trafficking organization responsible for the distribution of the

drug from Florida to Georgia. The investigation revealed that Denny Gay, among

other individuals, served as a distributor of the drug. In this position, Gay

obtained quantities of the drug, used some of the drug personally, and sold a

portion of the drugs to other people. While no contraband was seized as a result of

this investigation, Gay and the government stipulated that Gay was accountable for

at least 20 grams but less than 40 grams of a mixture containing methamphetamine.



      Prior to Gay’s sentencing hearing, the probation department prepared a PSI,

recommending that he be classified as a career offender with an elevated base

offense level of 32, rather than his original base offense level of 18. Gay objected

to this classification and argued that, because the underlying facts of his prior

escape conviction involved walking away from a non-secure community

corrections facility, the offense did not constitute a violent crime. Gay also

requested an evidentiary hearing to present evidence regarding the nature and

circumstances of the escape.

      After considering cases from other circuits as well as looking at the language

of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(2), the district court found that the escape was a “technical”



                                           3
one in that Gay had not “busted out in the sense with blazed guns and fighting

people . . . or . . . even threatened or did anything to anyone.” Nevertheless, the

court determined that an escape conviction is an offense that “otherwise involves

conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another,” and, as

such, overruled Gay’s objection. The court also concluded that, because the

government was not contesting the fact that the escape charge was based upon Gay

leaving a community corrections center without authorization, and because the law

does not support a broad review of the circumstances of the escape, it would not

grant Gay’s motion for an evidentiary hearing.

      Gay argues that the district court erred in refusing to hold an evidentiary

hearing regarding the factual circumstances of his prior escape conviction. Gay

asserts that the court mistakenly believed that it was precluded from holding such a

hearing and believing that a hearing would be futile because all escapes inherently

possess the “serious potential risk of physical injury to another” as contemplated

by U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(2). Gay states that the court should not have relied on the

holdings of other circuit courts in deciding whether escape constitutes a crime of

violence because the courts did not have the same access to the underlying facts.

Citing to a footnote in Walker v. Mortham, 158 F.3d 1177 (11th Cir. 1998), cert.

denied, 528 U.S. 809 (1999), which examined the presumption existing in civil



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rights cases, Gay also asserts that the court should have treated his case like an

employment discrimination claim and allowed him to rebut the presumption that

escape constitutes a crime of violence.

      In response, the government argues that no factual dispute existed, as the

government did not challenge the PSI’s description of the escape as a “walk-away”

from a diversion center without authority, and, as such, that Gay has not shown

how he was harmed by the court’s refusal to conduct an evidentiary hearing. The

government also asserts that, because this Court has held that courts should only

look at the elements of an offense in determining whether an underlying conviction

qualifies as a crime of violence for purposes of classifying a defendant as a career

offender, the district court was prohibited from reviewing the underlying facts of

the escape conviction.

      As we have stated, a district court may only inquire into the conduct

surrounding a conviction if ambiguities in the judgment make the crime of violence

determination impossible from the face of the judgment, and then may only

examine easily produced and evaluated court documents, including the judgment

of conviction, charging papers, plea agreement, presentence report, and findings of

the sentencing judge. United States v. Spell, 44 F.3d 936, 939 (11th Cir. 1995). If

no ambiguities exist, the guidelines prohibit the district court from reviewing the



                                           5
underlying facts of a conviction to determine whether it is a crime of violence for

career offender purposes. United States v. Rucker, 171 F.3d 1359, 1362 (11th Cir.),

cert. denied, 528 U.S. 976 (1999).

      Gay was convicted of felony escape, in violation of O.C.G.A. § 16-10-52,

which provides that a person commits the offense of escape when he or she is

confined for a variety of reasons and “intentionally escapes from lawful custody or

from any lawful place of lawful confinement,” or “intentionally fails to return as

instructed to lawful custody.” O.C.G.A. § 16-10-52(a) (1982-2000). As this statute

is not ambiguous on its face, the district court did not abuse its discretion when it

declined to hold an evidentiary hearing on the underlying facts of the escape

conviction. Regardless, the court and both parties agreed that the underlying facts

involved a situation where Gay walked away from a diversion facility in a non-

violent manner, and Gay failed to establish how any further review of “easily

produced and evaluated court documents” would produce a different ruling. As

such, the court did not abuse its discretion when it refused to conduct an

evidentiary hearing on the prior escape conviction.

      Gay also argues that the district court erred in treating him as a career

offender by using his escape conviction as one of the qualifying criteria. Citing to

no authority, Gay asserts that the district court unjustly decided that the offense of



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escape creates the potential risk of injury when so many other offenses also may

possess an equal degree of danger, and that the court unfairly placed all escape

situations into the same category. Gay points to the separate treatment of different

types of escapes in U.S.S.G. § 2P1.1(b), as evidence that the guidelines

acknowledge a difference between various types of escape. Gay admits that other

circuits have found that the offense of escape presents a potential risk of injury to

others, but argues that these opinions are distinguishable because the courts either

looked at the offense of escape in the abstract or the offenses involved escapes

from secure federal facilities. Finally, Gay argues that his escape did not fit within

the “heartland” of the guidelines’ intent.

        In response, the government agrees that this Court has not yet considered

whether an escape is a crime of violence as defined by U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(ii). The

government also acknowledges that the crime of escape for which Gay was

convicted did not have the use of force or threatened use of force as an element of

the offense. It argues, however, that the reasoning of all of the other circuits,

which have addressed this issue and concluded that escape does present the risk of

physical injury to others and falls within the definition of a violent offense, is

sound and should be followed by this Court.




                                             7
      Pursuant to § 4B1.1, a defendant qualifies as a career offender if (1) he is at

least 18 years old, (2) the instant offense is a felony that is either a crime of

violence or a controlled substance offense, and (3) he has at least two prior felony

convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense.

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. This provision is interpreted strictly, and the government must

demonstrate all three elements by a preponderance of the evidence. Spell, 44 F.3d

at 938.

      As both parties agree that Gay was over age 18 when convicted and that the

instant offense and Gay’s prior burglary conviction are qualified felonies, the issue

before this Court is whether Gay’s prior escape conviction constitutes a crime of

violence justifying career offender status. A crime of violence, as used in § 4B1.1,

is defined by the guidelines as an offense punishable by imprisonment exceeding

one year that involves the use or threatened use of physical force against another

person or an offense that is “burglary of a dwelling, arson, or extortion, involves

use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential

risk of physical injury to another.” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a).

      While this Court has not decided whether escape is a crime of violence

under § 4B1.2(a), every other circuit that has applied this analysis has determined

that escape does involve conduct that “presents a serious potential risk of physical



                                            8
injury to another.” The Fourth Circuit, in United States v. Dickerson, 77 F.3d 774,

776-77 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 843 (1996), in looking at whether an

attempted escape from a federal maximum security prison constituted a crime of

violence under the career offender provision, determined that it did not involve the

use of physical force and did not constitute one of the specifically named crimes of

violence in § 4B1.2 or its accompanying commentary, but that, by its nature, the

offense presented a potential risk of violence. Id. Looking at escape in the

“abstract,” the court reasoned that even an escape by stealth presented this risk

because, “the escapee, intent on his goal of escaping, faces the decision of whether

to dispel the interference or yield to it.” Id. at 777.

       Similarly, the Tenth Circuit in United States v. Mitchell, 113 F.3d 1528,

1532-33 (10th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1063 (1998), in looking at prior

escapes that were “nonviolent walk-aways” from unsecured correctional facilities,

reaffirmed its holding in United States v. Gosling, 39 F.3d 1140, 1142 (10th Cir.

1994), that regardless of the facts underlying a particular escape, a defendant’s

escape conviction “by its nature present[s] a serious potential risk of physical

injury to another.” In reaching its holding, the court clarified that it did not look to

the underlying facts of the conviction, but rather at the “expressly charged

conduct.” The court in Mitchell, citing to Gosling, 39 F.3d at 1142, reasoned that:



                                             9
      [E]very escape scenario is a powder keg, which may or may not
      explode into violence and result in physical injury to someone at any
      given time, but which always has the serious potential to do so . . .
      Indeed, even in a case where a defendant escapes from a jail by stealth
      and injures no one in the process, there is still a serious potential risk
      that injury will result when officers find the defendant and attempt to
      place him in custody.

Mitchell, 113 F.3d at 1533.

      Following this line of cases, the Sixth Circuit, in United States v. Harris, 165

F.3d 1062, 1068 (6th Cir. 1999), and the Fifth Circuit, in United States v. Ruiz,

180 F.3d 675, 676-77 (5th Cir. 1999), have held that the crime of escape, by its

nature, presents a serious potential risk of physical injury. In Ruiz, the Fifth

Circuit also looked at a defendant who walked away from a prison camp where no

physical barriers prevented the escape and no guards were armed, and who asked

the court to look at the underlying facts. The court, nevertheless, found the

reasoning of the Fourth, Sixth, and Tenth Circuits to be persuasive and concluded

that the conduct constituted a crime of violence under § 4B1.2. Ruiz, 180 F.3d at

676-77.

      Most recently, the Eighth Circuit followed this reasoning and held in United

States v. Nation, Nos. 00-1931, 00-1941 (8th Cir. March 16, 2001), that every

escape, even a so-called “walkaway” escape, involves a potential risk of injury to

others, and that escape categorically is a crime of violence as defined in U.S.S.G.



                                          10
§ 4B1.2. While the court acknowledged that the term “conduct” in § 4B1.2(a)(2)

could suggest an examination of the underlying facts of a particular offense, the

court determined that the guidelines’ first application note, which directs the court

to look at the “nature” of an offense, was controlling and reasoned that “[e]ven the

most peaceful escape cannot eliminate the potential for violent conflict when the

authorities attempt to recapture the escapee.” Id.

      We agree with the reasoning of these courts and now hold that a prior escape

conviction qualifies as a “crime of violence” under the career offender guideline.

While Gay is correct in stating that U.S.S.G. § 2P1.1(b), recognizes specific

characteristics of escape, this distinction is not applicable to the separate and

distinct definition of “crime of violence” in U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a). In addition,

while this Court has determined that the commentary to the guidelines precludes a

purely categorical approach to determining whether a prior conviction is a crime of

violence within the § 4B1.2 career criminal guideline, we have held that “a district

court only may inquire into the conduct surrounding a conviction if ambiguities in

the judgment make the crime of violence determination impossible from the face of

the judgment itself.” Spell, 44 F.3d at 939. Because the offense of escape does not

contain such ambiguities and does present the potential risk of violence, even when

it involves a “walk-away” from unsecured correctional facilities, the district court



                                           11
did not err in holding that the escape conviction qualified as a “crime of violence”

under the career offender guideline.

      AFFIRMED.




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