Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before                         FILED
any court except for the purpose of                         Dec 28 2012, 11:26 am
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.                       CLERK
                                                                 of the supreme court,
                                                                 court of appeals and
                                                                        tax court




ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                            ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:

TOBY D. SHAW, II                                   ALLYSON R. BREEDEN
Evansville, Indiana                                Ziemer, Stayman, Weitzel & Shoulders, LLP
                                                   Evansville, Indiana



                               IN THE
                     COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

IN THE MATTER OF THE ADOPTION                      )
OF H.V. and D.M., Jr.,                             )
                                                   )
       M.P.,                                       )
                                                   )
       Appellant,                                  )
                                                   )
               vs.                                 )        No. 82A01-1204-AD-316
                                                   )
       J.H. and D.H.,                              )
                                                   )
       Appellees.                                  )


                 APPEAL FROM THE VANDERBURGH SUPERIOR COURT
                       The Honorable Renee A. Ferguson, Magistrate
                    Cause Nos. 82D07-1105-AD-86, 82D07-1105-AD-87,
                        82D07-0707-GU-104, 82D07-0509-GU-166


                                        December 28, 2012

                 MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

BRADFORD, Judge
       M.P. is the mother of two minor children, H.V. and D.M., Jr. The children were

removed from Mother’s care on May 10, 2007, after the Department of Child Services

received allegations that Mother was abusing drugs and neglecting the children. Mother’s

aunt, J.H., subsequently became the children’s guardian and has remained in that role since

August 22, 2007. Mother’s last meaningful communication and visit with the children

occurred in October of 2008.

       On April 18, 2011, Mother filed petitions seeking to terminate J.H.’s guardianship of

the children. Shortly thereafter, on May 27, 2011, J.H. and her husband, D.H., filed petitions

seeking to adopt the children. In their petitions, J.H. and D.H. alleged that the adoption

would be in the children’s best interests and that Mother’s consent was not necessary

pursuant to Indiana Code section 31-19-9-8(a)(2) because Mother had failed to engage in

significant communication with and provide support for the children. Following a two-day

trial, the trial court denied Mother’s petitions, determined that Mother’s consent to the

adoption was not necessary because J.H. and D.H. had proved that the conditions dispensing

with the consent requirement had been met, and granted J.H. and D.H.’s petitions to adopt

the children. Concluding that Mother’s consent to the adoption of the children was not

necessary, we affirm.

                        FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       Mother has two minor children at issue in this appeal, H.V. and D.M., Jr. (collectively,

“the children”). H.V. was born on December 9, 2002. D.M., Jr. was born on November 26,

2006. The children were removed from Mother’s care on May 10, 2007, due to drug abuse



                                              2
and neglect by Mother.1 On May 14, 2007, DCS filed petitions alleging that the children

were children in need of services (“CHINS”). In these petitions, DCS alleged that the

children were living in an environment that endangered their health, safety, and well-being.2

On July 10, 2007, the children were placed in the care of their maternal great aunt, J.H. J.H.

subsequently became the children’s legal guardian and has remained in that role since August

22, 2007.

        After the children were removed from Mother’s care, Mother entered a drug

rehabilitation program. Upon entering the rehabilitation program, Mother tested positive for

a variety of drugs. At the advice of DCS Family Case Manager Trish Brown, J.H. created a

list of goals that she believed Mother should meet before J.H. would support an attempt to

terminate her guardianship over the children.                These goals included obtaining and

maintaining stable housing and employment, participating in anger management classes,

remaining drug and alcohol free, attending a long-term substance abuse program, financially

supporting the children when she obtained employment, and getting her driver’s license back.

        During the course of the guardianship, Mother was free to visit with the children

whenever she chose so long as she passed a drug screen before the visit commenced. Mother

tested negative for drugs and visited with the children three times during September, October,

and November of 2007. However, in late November of 2007, Mother tested positive for




        1
          H.V. was previously removed from Mother’s care in August of 2005 after DCS determined that
Mother was abusing drugs and that H.V. was living in an environment that endangered her health, safety, and
well-being.
        2
            The CHINS proceedings were terminated after J.H. became the children’s legal guardian.

                                                     3
drugs. Mother provided negative drug screens and visited the children twice in December of

2007, once in February of 2008, and once in March of 2008.

       Mother did not visit the children again until October 25, 2008. According to the

children’s maternal grandmother, Mother did not visit the children from April 2008 through

October 2008 because Mother was doing drugs and drinking. Mother was scheduled to visit

the children on November 22, 2008, but did not arrive. After missing the November 22,

2008 visit, D.H. told Mother, “Don’t ever call us again, don’t ever try to call again, don’t

ever try to see the kids again until I hear from your attorney.” Tr. p. 133. D.H. seemingly

made this statement in the hopes that the statement would cause Mother to “put her feet to the

fire” and “get on the bandwagon.” Tr. p. 134.

       Mother did not inquire about or attempt to contact or visit with the children after

November 22, 2008. Despite being employed, Mother has not paid any support for the

children since November of 2007. J.H. and D.H. have not moved and have had the same

contact information throughout the guardianship and adoption proceedings. Maternal

grandmother testified that she did not believe that Mother should be granted custody of the

children for fear that she would relapse or that Mother or her current husband would

physically abuse the children.

       Mother has a history of engaging in abusive relationships. Her current husband has a

prior conviction for hitting Mother in the face. Mother and her husband, both of whom have

struggled with drug and alcohol abuse, also have a history of drinking together. The children

have only met Mother’s husband on one occasion. Mother and her husband were evicted



                                              4
from the home they lived in prior to their current home for failure to make payments on the

home loan. In addition, Mother has been diagnosed with epilepsy and an anxiety disorder but

is not currently treating either condition.

       On April 18, 2011, Mother filed petitions seeking to terminate J.H.’s guardianship of

the children. In her petitions, Mother claimed that the need for the guardianship had “been

abated” because she had complied with all of J.H.’s requests and “it would be appropriate

and in the [children’s] best interest[s] to be returned to [Mother’s] custody.” Appellant’s

App. pp. 25-28. Shortly thereafter, on May 27, 2011, J.H. and D.H. filed petitions seeking to

adopt the children. In their petitions, J.H. and D.H. alleged that the adoption would be in the

children’s best interests and that Mother’s consent was not necessary pursuant to Indiana

Code section 31-19-9-8(a)(2) because Mother had failed to engage in significant

communication with and provide support for the children.

       The trial court conducted a two-day trial during which it heard evidence relating to

both Mother’s petitions to terminate the guardianships and J.H. and D.H.’s petitions to adopt

the children. The trial court allowed the Guardian Ad Litem (“GAL”), LaShay W. Newton,

to submit her report and testify on the second day of trial over Mother’s objection. The GAL

testified that the children are happy and well-adjusted to living with J.H. and D.H. and

expressed concern about Mother’s history of abusive relationships and the emotional harm

that would be suffered by the children if they were removed from J.H. and D.H.’s care. In

addition, the GAL questioned why it took Mother approximately two and a half or three years




                                              5
to hire an attorney to assist her in dealing with visitation and guardianship issues if the

children were truly her top priority.

       Following trial, the trial court denied Mother’s petitions to terminate J.H.’s

guardianship of the children and award her custody of the children. The trial court

determined that Mother’s consent to the adoption was not necessary because J.H. and D.H.

had proved that the conditions set forth in Indiana Code section 31-19-9-8(a)(2) dispensing

with the consent requirement had been met, and granted J.H. and D.H.’s petitions to adopt

the children. This appeal follows.

                             DISCUSSION AND DECISION

       Mother raises four challenges to the trial court’s order granting J.H. and D.H.’s

petitions to adopt the children. Specifically, Mother contends that the trial court erred by

allowing the guardianship and adoption proceedings to be tried together, allowing the GAL

to submit her report and testify on the second day of trial, failing to terminate the

guardianship and award Mother custody of the children, and granting the adoption of the

children by J.H. and D.H.

           I. Whether the Trial Court Erred in Allowing the Guardianship
                  and Adoption Proceedings to be Tried Together

       Mother contends that the trial court erred in allowing the guardianship and adoption

proceedings to be tried together. With respect to this claim, Mother’s appellate brief does not

contain a cognizable argument but rather, what can be considered, at most, a summary of her

argument as to why the trial court should have conducted separate guardianship and adoption

proceedings. The summary of Mother’s argument is presented in the section of the brief


                                              6
dedicated to the facts of the instant matter and is not supported by cogent reasoning or

citation to any supporting authority.3 It includes a transcription of a pre-trial discussion

between the trial court and counsel about whether the guardianship and adoption proceedings

should be tried together followed by a conclusory statement that “[t]he Trial Court abused its

discretion in combining the two matters into one trial and by summarily refusing the

Appellant’s Motion for an Interlocutory Appeal.” Appellant’s Br. p. 4. Because Mother has

failed to develop a cognizable argument or cite to any relevant supporting authority, Mother

has waived this claim on appeal. See Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a); Hartley v. Hartley,

862 N.E.2d 274, 284 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (providing that a party generally waives any issue

for which it fails to develop a cognizable argument or support with adequate citation to

authority and portions of the record); Cammack v. State, 254 Ind. 637, 638-39, 261 N.E.2d

862, 863 (1970) (providing that “without an argument section in appellant’s brief, there is in

reality no appeal,” and that the requirement that appellant present a cogent argument is not

met by inclusion of a summary of the argument that does not include citation to relevant

supporting authorities).

    II. Whether the Trial Court Erred in Allowing the GAL to Submit her Report
                       and Testify on the Second Day of Trial

        In addition, Mother contends that the trial court erred in allowing the GAL to submit

her report and testify on the second day of trial. Similar to the contention discussed in


        3
           We note that Mother’s appellate brief lacks a statement of the facts that complies with the appellate
rules. See Ind. App. R. 46(A)(6)(b) & (c) (providing that the statement of facts shall describe the facts relevant
to the issues presented for appeal, shall be stated in accordance with the standard of review appropriate to the
judgment or order being appealed, and shall be in narrative form and shall not be a witness by witness
summary of the testimony).

                                                        7
Section I of this decision, with respect to this contention, Mother’s appellate brief contains

what can be considered, at most, a summary of her argument as to why the GAL should not

have been permitted to submit her report or testify. The summary of Mother’s argument is

again presented in the section of the brief dedicated to the facts of the instant matter and is

not supported by cogent reasoning or citation to any supporting authority. Similar to the

summary of the argument described in Section I of this decision, the summary of this

argument includes a transcription of a discussion between the trial court and counsel about

whether the GAL should be permitted to submit her report and testify, followed by the

conclusory statements that “[t]he above and foregoing clearly demonstrates that the Trial

Court abused its discretion by allowing the G.A.L. report into evidence and allowing the

G.A.L. to testify. The G.A.L. report was prejudicial against the appellant herein and was not

filed timely.” Appellant’s Br. p. 8. Again, because Mother has failed to develop a

cognizable argument or cite to any relevant supporting authority, Mother has waived this

claim on appeal. See Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a); Hartley, 862 N.E.2d at 284;

Cammack, 254 Ind. at 638-39, 261 N.E.2d at 863.

   III. Whether the Trial Court Erred in Failing to Terminate the Guardianship
                  and Award Custody of the Children to Mother

       Mother next contends that the trial court erred in failing to terminate J.H.’s

guardianship of the children. Specifically, Mother argues that the guardianship should have

been terminated because she had met the terms of an alleged agreement between the parties

regarding the conditions which Mother must meet in order to terminate the guardianship. In

support of this contention, Mother points to a statement attributed to J.H. and D.H. by Case


                                              8
Manager Brown wherein J.H. and D.H. stated that they believed that Mother would need to

attend and complete long term substance abuse treatment, obtain and maintain employment to

support the children, and obtain and maintain a stable home environment for one year before

regaining custody of the children.4 Mother claims that this statement is evidence of an

agreement between the parties that if Mother completed the above-stated steps, the

guardianship would be terminated. However, nothing in the record indicates that the

statement reflected any agreement between the parties. Instead, the record indicates that the

statement reflects the minimum goals that J.H. and D.H. believed Mother would need to meet

before they would consider voluntarily relinquishing J.H.’s guardianship over the children.

Mother points to no other evidence suggesting that any such agreement existed between the

parties. As such, we cannot say that the trial court erred in rejecting Mother’s attempt to

construe the statement attributed to J.H. and D.H. by Case Manager Brown as an alleged

agreement by the parties when denying Mother’s request to terminate the guardianship.

        Furthermore, even if the statement that was attributed to J.H. and D.H. by Case

Manager Brown could possibly be construed as an agreement between the parties, Mother

does not dispute the trial court’s findings regarding her history of substance abuse, her prior

neglect of the children, a substantiated incident of domestic abuse by Mother’s current

husband against Mother, and Mother’s employment history, which included periods of

voluntary unemployment. Mother instead claims that the record contained evidence which

showed that she completed substance abuse treatment, obtained stable employment, and


        4
            This statement was attributed to J.H. and D.H. in the report that appears to have been submitted to
the trial court by Case Manager Brown during the original guardianship proceedings in 2007.

                                                      9
maintained a stable home environment with her husband for a year. Mother’s claim,

however, amounts to an invitation for this court to reweigh the evidence, which we will not

do. See In re S.P.H., 806 N.E.2d 874, 879 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). The record contains

sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s determination that Mother did not satisfy the

requirements of the alleged agreement by the parties concerning the termination of J.H.’s

guardianship of the children.

           IV. Whether the Trial Court Erred in Granting J.H. and D.H.’s
                          Petition to Adopt the Children

       Mother also contends that the evidence was insufficient to show that her consent to the

adoption of the children was not required. Specifically, Mother asserts that J.H. and D.H.

failed to present clear and convincing evidence that she failed to communicate significantly

with the children or knowingly failed to provide care and support for the children.

       When reviewing the trial court’s ruling in an adoption proceeding, we will not
       disturb that ruling unless the evidence leads to but one conclusion, and the trial
       court reached the opposite conclusion. Rust v. Lawson, 714 N.E.2d 769, 771
       (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied. We will not reweigh the evidence, but
       instead will examine the evidence most favorable to the trial court’s decision
       together with reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, to determine whether
       sufficient evidence exists to sustain the decision. Id.

In re Adoption of C.E.N., 847 N.E.2d 267, 271 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006).

       “Indiana Code Section 31-19-11-1 provides that the trial court ‘shall grant the petition

for adoption and enter an adoption decree’ if the court hears evidence and finds, in part, that

‘the adoption requested is in the best interest of the child’ and ‘proper consent, if consent is

necessary, to the adoption has been given.’” In re Adoption of T.W., 859 N.E.2d 1215, 1217

(Ind. Ct. App. 2006). However, pursuant to Indiana Code section 31-19-9-8, a parent’s


                                              10
consent to adopt a child is not required if the potential adoptive parent can demonstrate that

certain conditions exist. In re Adoption of J.P., 713 N.E.2d 873, 875 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999).

Indiana Code section 31-19-9-8 provides, in relevant part, that:

       (a) Consent to adoption is not required from any of the following:
                                               ***
               (2) A parent of a child in the custody of another person if for a period
               of at least one (1) year the parent:
                       (A) fails without justifiable cause to communicate significantly
                       with the child when able to do so; or
                       (B) knowingly fails to provide for the care and support of the
                       child when able to do so as required by law or judicial decree.
                                               ***
       (b) If a parent has made only token efforts to support or to communicate with
       the child, the court may declare the child abandoned by the parent.

A petitioner seeking to adopt without parental consent bears the burden of proving the

statutory criteria for dispensing with such consent in Indiana Code section 31-19-9-8(a)(2) by

“clear, cogent and indubitable evidence.” In re Adoption of C.E.N., 847 N.E.2d at 271. If the

evidence most favorable to the judgment clearly, cogently, and indubitably establishes one of

the criteria for granting adoption without parental consent, we will affirm the judgment. Id.

Finally, the decision of the trial court is presumed to be correct, and it is the appellant’s

burden to overcome that presumption. Id.

       In the instant matter, the trial court concluded that J.H. and D.H. had proven that

Mother’s consent was not necessary because she had failed to engage in significant

communication with the children and had failed to provide support for the children. We note,

however, that because Indiana Code section 31-19-9-8(a)(2) is written in the disjunctive, we

will affirm the judgment of the trial court if the evidence is sufficient to prove either that



                                             11
Mother failed to significantly communicate with or provide support for the children. See In

re Adoption of T.W., 859 N.E.2d at 1218 (providing that because the provisions of Indiana

Code section 31-19-9-8 are written in the disjunctive, either provides independent grounds

for dispensing with parental consent).

       Upon review, the record demonstrates that Mother has failed to provide for the care

and support of the child during periods when she able to do so. The evidence shows that

Mother has paid only $100 in support of the children since they were removed from her care

in May of 2007. Mother does not dispute that she has paid only $100 in support of her

children since 2007 or claim that she was unable to provide financial resources for the care

and support of the children during the intervening years. Rather, Mother argues that the

requirement that she consent to the adoption of the children by J.H. and D.H. should not be

excused because she was under no court ordered obligation to provide financial support for

the children. However, in Indiana, “[i]t is well-settled that parents have a common law duty

to support their children.” Boone v. Boone, 924 N.E.2d 649, 652 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010).

       The record demonstrates that Mother has been employed in various capacities since

the children were removed from her care in May of 2007, including working at a hospital, a

nursing home, and Wal-Mart, and that she earned between $7.00 and $9.45 an hour at each of

these jobs. The record also demonstrates that Mother has had short periods of voluntary

unemployment, during which times she was capable of working but chose not to. Despite

these short periods of voluntary unemployment, nothing in the record indicates that Mother

was unable to provide support for the children. Mother had no significant debt and little to



                                            12
no living expenses. Instead of using her earnings to support her children, Mother used her

earnings to buy alcohol and recently to complete certain improvements on her current home.

Because we conclude that the $100 paid in support of the children since their removal from

Mother’s care in 2007 amounts to nothing more than a token attempt to support the children,

we conclude that J.H. and D.H. met their burden of proving that Mother had abandoned the

children, and, as a result, Mother’s consent to the adoption was not necessary. See Ind. Code

§ 31-19-9-8.

       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

NAJAM, J., and FRIEDLANDER, J., concur.




                                             13
