                                                                               FILED
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                               MAR 30 2020
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                             U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


GREGORY GARMONG,                                 No.    18-17282

              Plaintiff-Appellant,               D.C. No.
                                                 3:17-cv-00701-RCJ-CBC
 v.

COUNTY OF LYON; et al.,                          MEMORANDUM*

              Defendants-Appellees.


                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of Nevada
                    Robert Clive Jones, District Judge, Presiding

                            Submitted March 26, 2020**
                               Las Vegas, Nevada

Before: W. FLETCHER, BYBEE, and WATFORD, Circuit Judges.

      Plaintiff Gregory Garmong filed this action in district court, challenging

defendant Lyon County’s approval of a special use permit for construction of a

cellular facility on land also used by the Smith Valley Fire Protection District


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
(“SVFPD”). The district court dismissed Garmong’s complaint due to his failure

to establish Article III standing to bring his claims but granted him leave to amend.

Garmong filed a first amended complaint, and the district court again dismissed for

lack of Article III standing. Defendants SVFPD and its Board of Directors

President Michael Boudreau (together the “fee defendants”) subsequently moved

for attorney’s fees, which the district court granted in part. Garmong argues that

the district court’s dismissal was error, and that in any event the district court

abused its discretion in awarding attorney’s fees. We have jurisdiction under 28

U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

      1. We review de novo the district court’s dismissal of Garmong’s

complaint. See Lake Wash. Sch. Dist. No. 414 v. Office of Superintendent of Pub.

Instruction, 634 F.3d 1065, 1067 (9th Cir. 2011). While the district court

dismissed Garmong’s complaint for lack of Article III standing, we may affirm on

any basis fairly supported by the record. Id. We conclude that dismissal was

appropriate.

      Garmong alleged violations of due process (both substantive and procedural)

and equal protection via 42 U.S.C. § 1983, as well as state-law claims. Garmong’s

substantive due process claim fails because he has not alleged an injury in fact.

See Bernhardt v. County of Los Angeles, 279 F.3d 862, 868–69 (9th Cir. 2002)


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(articulating the Article III standing requirements). One of his alleged injuries—a

constitutionally protected property interest in the denial of the permit—is not

particularized. The others— future harm to his life and liberty and “stress and

anxiety”—rest on a “highly attenuated chain of possibilities,” including that

firefighting and emergency medical services would be impaired, and that Garmong

would ever need them. Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 568 U.S. 398, 410 (2013).

Even assuming that Garmong has Article III standing to bring his procedural due

process cause of action, he failed to state a claim because his amended complaint

does not plausibly allege that Lyon County’s notice-and-hearing procedures were

constitutionally inadequate. See Foss v. Nat’l Marine Fisheries Serv., 161 F.3d

584, 588 (9th Cir. 1998).

      Again, even assuming Article III standing, Garmong’s equal protection

claim, premised on the idea that he was singled out by Lyon County, likewise fails

because he did not allege that he was treated differently from others who were

similarly situated. See N. Pacifica LLC v. City of Pacifica, 526 F.3d 478, 486 (9th

Cir. 2008) (describing the “class of one” equal protection theory and its associated

elements). Garmong’s claim alleging a scheme to deny his civil rights therefore

fails for lack of any underlying constitutional violations. As there are no federal

claims remaining, we infer that the district court’s dismissal included a refusal to


                                           3
exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Garmong’s state-law claims. See

Carnegie-Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350 (1988) (“[W]hen the

federal-law claims have dropped out of the lawsuit in its early stages and only

state-law claims remain, the federal court should decline the exercise of

jurisdiction by dismissing the case without prejudice.” (footnote omitted)).

      2. Garmong offers a smattering of arguments supporting his contention that

the district court’s award of attorney’s fees was error. None is persuasive. We

review for abuse of discretion an award of attorney’s fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988.

See Braunstein v. Ariz. Dep’t of Transp., 683 F.3d 1177, 1184 (9th Cir. 2012).

Section 1988 permits a court to award the “prevailing party” in a § 1983 case

reasonable attorney’s fees as part of costs. 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b). But the statute

operates asymmetrically, and prevailing defendants may only receive attorney’s

fees when “the plaintiff’s civil rights claim is frivolous, unreasonable, or

groundless, or [if] the plaintiff continued to litigate after it clearly became so.”

Thomas v. City of Tacoma, 410 F.3d 644, 647 (9th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation

marks omitted).

      Contrary to Garmong’s assertion, the district court had jurisdiction to award

attorney’s fees under this provision, even though it dismissed his case for lack of

subject-matter jurisdiction. See CRST Van Expedited, Inc. v. EEOC, 136 S. Ct.


                                            4
1642, 1646, 1652 (2016) (“It would make little sense if Congress’ policy of sparing

defendants from the costs of frivolous litigation depended on the distinction

between merits-based and non-merits-based frivolity.” (internal quotation marks

and citation omitted)); see also Alaska Right to Life Political Action Comm. v.

Feldman, 504 F.3d 840, 852 (9th Cir. 2007) (noting that “a court may award

attorney[’s] fees and costs even after dismissing for lack of jurisdiction”).

Moreover, the fee defendants can be prevailing parties under § 1988, even if their

favorable judgment was not based on the merits. See CRST, 136 S. Ct. at 1651;

Amphastar Pharm. Inc. v. Aventis Pharma SA, 856 F.3d 696, 710 (9th Cir. 2017).

We further hold that the district court was not precluded from deciding that

Garmong’s claims were frivolous even though it had earlier given him leave to

amend his initial complaint. Cf. Pioneer Lumber Treating, Inc. v. Cox, 5 F.3d 539,

at *4 (9th Cir. 1993) (unpublished table decision) (upholding an imposition of

sanctions under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 where the district court

ultimately concluded that the plaintiffs’ complaint was frivolous but had earlier

granted leave to amend).

      We agree with the district court that Garmong’s claims are frivolous. “A

case may be deemed frivolous only when the result is obvious or the arguments of

error are wholly without merit.” Karam v. City of Burbank, 352 F.3d 1188, 1195


                                           5
(9th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks and ellipsis omitted). Here, the result

was just that. Garmong either alleged only generalized, speculative injuries, or,

even assuming he had Article III standing, failed to articulate or plausibly allege

necessary elements of his constitutional claims.

      Garmong also lists a number of other mistakes he contends the district court

made in issuing its fee order. But the goal of fee-shifting “is to do rough justice,

not to achieve auditing perfection.” Fox v. Vice, 563 U.S. 826, 838 (2011). While

we ensure that the district court provided “some indication or explanation of how

[it] arrived at the amount of fees awarded,” Benton v. Or. Student Assistance

Comm’n, 421 F.3d 901, 904 (9th Cir. 2005) (alteration in original), we nonetheless

give “substantial deference” to the district court’s determinations, Fox, 563 U.S. at

838. The district court’s reduction of the fee defendants’ requested hours was

reasoned, and the record shows that Garmong’s allegations regarding the adequacy

of the fee motion and billing entries are baseless.

      AFFIRMED. Costs are taxed against Garmong. See FED. R. APP. P.

39(a)(2).




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