[Cite as State v. Wilson, 2012-Ohio-3098.]




          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR MONTGOMERY COUNTY, OHIO

STATE OF OHIO                                        :

        Plaintiff-Appellee                           :             C.A. CASE NO.     24577

v.                                                   :             T.C. NO.    10CR1612

DEREK L. WILSON                                      :             (Criminal appeal from
                                                                   Common Pleas Court)
        Defendant-Appellant                          :

                                                     :

                                             ..........

                                             OPINION

                         Rendered on the       6th        day of        July      , 2012.

                                             ..........

R. LYNN NOTHSTINE, Atty. Reg. No. 0061560, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, 301 W.
Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, Ohio 45422
       Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

DANIEL R. ALLNUTT, Atty. Reg. No. 0085452, 614 East Second Street, Franklin, Ohio
45005
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                             ..........

FROELICH, J.

        {¶ 1}      Derek Lamont Wilson was convicted after a jury trial of murder, felonious
                                                                                              2

assault, and tampering with evidence.       The murder and felonious assault counts were

merged for sentencing, and the court imposed 15 years to life for the murder. The court

sentenced Wilson to an additional three years for tampering with evidence, to be served

consecutively to his murder sentence.

       {¶ 2}     Wilson appeals from his conviction, raising eight assignments of error.

We will address them in an order that facilitates our analysis. For the following reasons,

Wilson’s conviction will be affirmed.

                                        I. Speedy Trial

       {¶ 3}    In his second assignment of error, Wilson claims that the State violated his

constitutional and statutory right to a speedy trial when his trial began more than 90 days

after his waiver of extradition from Michigan to Ohio.

       {¶ 4}     The right to a speedy trial is guaranteed by the United States and Ohio

Constitutions. State v. Adams, 43 Ohio St.3d 67, 68, 538 N.E.2d 1025 (1989). Ohio’s

speedy trial statute, R.C. 2945.71, “was implemented to incorporate the constitutional

protection of the right to a speedy trial” provided in the United States and Ohio

Constitutions. Brecksville v. Cook, 75 Ohio St.3d 53, 55, 661 N.E.2d 706 (1996). As such,

that statute must be strictly construed against the State. Id.

       {¶ 5}     A defendant can establish a prima facie case for a speedy trial violation by

demonstrating that the trial was held past the time limit set by statute for the crime with

which the defendant is charged.         State v. Gray, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20980,

2007-Ohio-4549, ¶ 15. “If the defendant can make this showing, the burden shifts to the

State to establish that some exception[s] applied to toll the time and to make the trial timely.
                                                                                           3

 If the State does not meet its burden, the defendant must be discharged. R.C. 2945.73.”

Id.

          {¶ 6}    Under R.C. 2945.71(C)(2), the State must bring a felony defendant to trial

within 270 days of arrest. “Each day during which the accused is held in jail in lieu of bail

on the pending charge is counted as three, pursuant to the triple-count provision of R.C.

2945.71(E). This ‘triple-count’ provision would reduce to 90 days the time for bringing to

trial an accused who is incarcerated the entire time preceding trial.” (Citation omitted.)

State v. Dankworth, 172 Ohio App.3d 159, 2007-Ohio-2588, 873 N.E.2d 902, ¶ 31 (2d

Dist.).

          {¶ 7}    The time within which a defendant must be brought to trial may be

extended only for the reasons specifically enumerated in R.C. 2945.72. State v. Brewer, 2d

Dist. Montgomery Nos. 22159, 22160, 2008-Ohio-2715, ¶ 37, citing State v. Palmer, 84

Ohio St.3d 103, 1998-Ohio-507, 702 N.E.2d 72. Permissible reasons for extending the trial

date include:

                  (A) Any period during which the accused is unavailable for hearing or

          trial, by reason of other criminal proceedings against him, within or outside

          the state, by reason of his confinement in another state, or by reason of the

          pendency of extradition proceedings, provided that the prosecution exercises

          reasonable diligence to secure his availability; [and]

                  ***

                  (H) The period of any continuance granted on the accused’s own

          motion, and the period of any reasonable continuance granted other than upon
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        the accused’s own motion[.]

R.C. 2945.72.

        {¶ 8}       In this case, the relevant course of events is as follows:

Jan. 24, 2009 Wilson was arrested

Jan. 26. 2009 Wilson was released from jail without formal charges being filed; soon

                             thereafter, Wilson moved to Grand Rapids, MI

Oct. 13, 2010 Wilson was indicted on the instant charges and a warrant was issued for his

                             arrest

Nov. 24, 2010 Wilson waived extradition following his arrest in Michigan

Dec. 7, 2010                 Wilson was transported to the Montgomery County Jail in Ohio and

                             re-arrested

Dec. 27, 20101 Wilson moved for a continuance of the scheduling conference; the following

                             day, the trial court re-set the scheduling conference for January 10,

                             2011

Mar. 14, 2011                Wilson’s trial began

        {¶ 9}        On the morning of March 14, 2011, defense counsel moved for dismissal of

the charges on the ground that Wilson’s speedy trial rights had been violated. Counsel’s

primary contention was that Wilson’s post-indictment speedy trial time began to run on

November 24, 2010, the day that he waived extradition. Excluding the time between

December 27, 2010 and January 10, 2011, Wilson argued that he was in jail for 99 days,


            1
             In chambers before the trial, Wilson’s counsel stated that he moved for a continuance on December 27, 2010, the day
  of the ordered scheduling conference. No oral motion is reflected in the record, but a written motion was submitted on
  December 28, 2010.
                                                                                             5

which exceeded the 90-day limit under the speedy trial statute. The State responded the

time period did not begin to run again until December 7, 2010, when Wilson was returned to

Ohio, and that the State had until March 17, 2010, to bring Wilson to trial. The trial court

overruled Wilson’s motion.

       {¶ 10}    If the period between Wilson’s waiver of extradition and his return to Ohio

were not counted against the State, Wilson’s trial on March 14, 2011 would be timely. Two

days were charged against the State for the days in January 2009 that Wilson was in jail.

(The date of Wilson’s arrest is not counted as part of the speedy trial time. E.g., State v.

Stewart, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21462, 2006-Ohio-4164, ¶ 16.) Another 20 days elapsed

from December 8 (the day following his re-arrest in Ohio) until December 27, when Wilson

filed his motion for a continuance. Wilson agreed at the time of his motion to dismiss that

the period between December 27 and January 10, 2011, did not count against the State. The

time began again on January 10, 2011 and continued until March 14, 2011, which amounted

to 64 days. Thus, 86 days were charged against the State for speedy trial purposes.

       {¶ 11}    We agree with the State that Wilson’s post-indictment speedy trial time did

not begin to run until he was returned to Ohio. R.C. 2945.72(A) tolls the speedy trial time

during any period when a defendant is confined in another state, provided the State exercises

reasonable diligence to secure his availability.     “It does not appear that the statutory

requirement of ‘reasonable diligence’ imposes a particularly exacting duty, and what

constitutes the exercise of reasonable diligence, therefore, might vary substantially from case

to case.” State v. Bates, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18414, 2001 WL 173188, *1 (Feb. 23,

2001). Wilson waived extradition from Michigan on November 24, 2010, and he was
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transported to Ohio thirteen days later. Wilson has not articulated why this 13-day delay

(which included time over the Thanksgiving holiday) constituted a lack of reasonable

diligence, and it is not apparent that the State unreasonably extended Wilson’s confinement

in Michigan due to a failure of due diligence.

       {¶ 12}    Wilson’s second assignment of error is overruled.

                  II. Sufficiency and Manifest Weight of the Evidence

       {¶ 13}    In his fifth assignment of error, Wilson claims that his convictions were

based on insufficient evidence and were against the manifest weight of the evidence.

Wilson argues that the State presented unreliable witness testimony and forensic evidence,

that a detective’s testimony regarding Wilson’s statement to the police was unreliable, and

that the manifest weight of the evidence supported his version of events.

       {¶ 14}    An argument based on the sufficiency of the evidence challenges whether

the State presented adequate evidence on each element of the offense to allow the case to go

to the jury or to sustain the verdict as a matter of law. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d

380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1999). “An appellate court’s function when reviewing the

sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence

admitted at trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the

average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio

St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus.

       {¶ 15}    In contrast, “a weight of the evidence argument challenges the believability

of the evidence and asks which of the competing inferences suggested by the evidence is

more believable or persuasive.”       State v. Wilson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22581,
                                                                                              7

2009-Ohio-525, ¶ 12. When evaluating whether a conviction is contrary to the manifest

weight of the evidence, the appellate court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence

and all reasonable inferences, consider witness credibility, and determine whether, in

resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact “clearly lost its way and created such a

manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.”

 State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), quoting State v.

Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983); State v. Elmore, 111

Ohio St.3d 515, 2006-Ohio-6207, 857 N.E.2d 547, ¶ 44.

       {¶ 16}    Because the trier of fact sees and hears the witnesses at trial, we must defer

to the factfinder’s decisions whether, and to what extent, to credit the testimony of particular

witnesses. State v. Lawson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16288, 1997 WL 476684, *4 (Aug.

22, 1997). However, we may determine which of several competing inferences suggested

by the evidence should be preferred. Id.

       {¶ 17}    The fact that the evidence is subject to different interpretations does not

render the conviction against the manifest weight of the evidence. Wilson at ¶ 14. A

judgment of conviction should be reversed as being against the manifest weight of the

evidence only in exceptional circumstances. Martin at 175.

       {¶ 18}    The evidence, when construed in the light most favorable to the State,

established the following facts:

       {¶ 19}    Leanet McGee lived with Wilson, her boyfriend, in a two-story duplex at

2618 North Main Street in Dayton. On the morning of January 23, 2009, McGee took a cab

to work at Stillwater Center. McGee worked both the first shift from 6:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m.
                                                                                          8

and the second shift from 2:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. During the second shift, she made

arrangements to socialize after work with two co-workers, Livette Williams and Ruth Smith,

at Doc’s Tavern on North Main Street.

       {¶ 20}   Williams drove McGee to Doc’s Tavern, and they arrived shortly after

10:00 p.m.; Smith met them there.       The women socialized and had about two drinks.

While there, McGee spoke briefly at the bar area with Thuron Durden, whom she knew from

high school. Between 11:45 p.m. and midnight, the three women left. Williams dropped

McGee off in the alley behind McGee’s home. She saw McGee go to the back door and

look for her keys. Williams testified that she saw Wilson open the back door; McGee

turned and waved to her, and then went inside her home.

       {¶ 21}   Durden testified that, after completing work at 11:00 p.m., he went to Doc’s

Tavern with his co-worker, Ellen Candler, and Candler’s sister. When McGee’s group left

Doc’s Tavern shortly before midnight, Durden and his friends sat in their booth. Soon

thereafter, McGee came back alone and sat down with them. Doc’s Tavern closed around

12:30 a.m., and the group decided to go to Northtown Bar. McGee asked to ride with

Durden, because she had walked to Doc’s Tavern; Candler and her sister drove in Candler’s

car. When Northtown Bar closed around 2:00 a.m., Durden drove McGee home; Candler

and her sister followed them. Before getting out of the car, McGee exchanged phone

numbers with Durden by calling his cell phone from her cell phone. McGee’s cell phone

records confirmed that Durden’s cell phone number called McGee’s cell phone number at

2:22 a.m. on January 24, 2009. McGee’s cell phone records further indicated that, one

minute before, McGee had received a 10-second phone call from the pay phone at Parkwood
                                                                                        9

and Main, which Wilson often used to call McGee. (The pay phone records also indicate

that such a call was made to McGee’s phone.) McGee checked her voice mail, which

required her to enter a password, at 2:24 a.m.

       {¶ 22}    McGee stumbled as she tried to walk to the front door of her house.

Durden and Candler, who were watching from their cars, both believed that McGee was

intoxicated. Durden got out and helped her to the front door. McGee opened the front

door with her keys, and Durden went into the house with her. Durden waited in the front

room of the house while McGee went to use the bathroom; Durden was focused on his

phone, but the home appeared to be “in order” and he did not notice any signs of a prior

struggle in the house. When McGee returned from using the bathroom, Wilson came into

the front room with her and looked at Durden with “disdain.” McGee introduced Durden to

Wilson. Durden told Wilson that he “was just making sure she was home safely.” Wilson

responded, “She at home now.” Durden said, “See you later,” and turned to leave. Wilson

followed him to the front door, stepping on Durden’s heel in the process.

       {¶ 23}    Lois Dawson testified she had come home to 2616 North Main Street, the

other half the duplex, sometime between 11:30 p.m. and shortly after midnight and decided

to watch television in the front room of her house. At some point while she was sitting on

the couch, she saw the motion detector light go on in the back of the duplex and heard,

through the duplex wall, Wilson and McGee talking in the back kitchen area of their home.

Wilson repeatedly asked, “Where you’ve been?” Dawson stated that the voices became

raised, with Wilson again asking McGee where she had been and McGee responding that she

had been out with her friend. Dawson then heard a “commotion” and “fighting.” Wilson
                                                                                            10

stated, “You’re lying,” and Dawson heard the sound of “something hitting something” and

of McGee whimpering and crying. McGee repeatedly said, “I didn’t do nothing” and

denied being with someone else. Dawson testified that she heard more “hitting sounds.”

Dawson’s nephew, Windale, who was staying at her house that night, briefly awoke and also

heard McGee say, “I wasn’t with nobody” and “I didn’t do nothing.”

       {¶ 24}    Dawson decided to call the police and she attempted to find a working

telephone, but her home phone and her cell phone both had dead batteries. Dawson saw a

car coming down the street and ran outside, but the car passed by the house. Dawson then

went onto the stoop of McGee’s side of the duplex and looked through the window blinds.

She saw Wilson standing over and punch McGee, with McGee at his ankles. Dawson

became scared, went back to her home, sat down, and began to cry. She continued to hear

“the sound of pounding.” After a while, Dawson no longer heard McGee’s voice. Dawson

testified that it got “quiet for a minute,” and Wilson said, “Bitch, get your motherfucking leg

off of me.” It was quiet again, and then Wilson shouted, “Leanet!” Afterward, Dawson

heard the sound of furniture being moved, “things just thrown around or moving around, and

running and – a lot of commotion.” Dawson continued to cry in her home. At some point,

Dawson saw the motion detector light go on again outside, and she saw someone at the back

of the house. Dawson returned to a couch and “fell asleep for a minute;” when she awoke,

there were police cars in front of the house.

       {¶ 25}    At approximately 4:45 a.m., the Dayton police received a 911 call from

Wilson, who stated that someone had broken into his house and done something to his

“wife;” he reported that he had opened the door to his home and found her “lying down.”
                                                                                        11

Wilson started crying and said that he thought “they were trying to rob him.” Wilson

reported the address as “1628 North Main” and said that he had run to and called from a pay

phone because there was no phone at the house. (Phone records for the pay phone at

Parkwood and Main indicated that a 911 call was made from that phone at 4:45 a.m.)

       {¶ 26}    Officers were dispatched to the 1600 block of North Main Street and found

nothing there. Sergeant James Mullins, who had heard the call, then proceeded to North

Main and Parkwood, the location of the pay phone from which the 911 call was made.

Mullins saw an individual in the middle of the street approximately one and one-half blocks

away from the pay phone. The man, later identified as Wilson, flagged down the officer,

pointed to his house, and said, “She’s in there.”

       {¶ 27}    Mullins went into the home and found McGee lying on her back in the

middle room of the first floor. She was mostly naked; her sweater was pulled up above her

breasts, her panties were by her right ankle, and she was wearing a sock on her left foot.

McGee’s right eye was black, bloody, and swollen shut, her left eye was bruised, and a

trickle of blood ran down to the floor from her right eye area. Mullins heard Wilson say,

“They were coming to rob me and they got her.” Medics were unable to revive her.       The

coroner’s office and homicide detectives were called to the scene.

       {¶ 28}    Dr. Kent Harshbarger of the Montgomery County Coroner’s Office later

determined that McGee died from complications of blunt force injuries of the head. In

addition to the visible injuries, the autopsy revealed additional large contusions across

McGee’s forehead, temples, jaw muscles, neck, and tongue; some of the injuries were

consistent with strangulation, i.e., blunt force injuries of the neck. McGee had not been
                                                                                         12

sexually assaulted.

       {¶ 29}    Wilson was placed in a cruiser to keep him out of the way. He gave the

officer’s consent to search the house for evidence. A set of keys was removed from the

front door. Fingerprints were collected from several items on the first floor, and a double

pair of athletic socks (socks within socks) with possible blood was taken from the laundry

room. Furniture and a television set were knocked over, and the house was in disarray.

The officers noticed damage to the back and side doors to the home, but McGee’s landlord

testified that the damage predated January 23-24, 2009.

       {¶ 30}    Wilson was interviewed by detectives during the morning of January 24,

2009. He initially told Detective Engle that he had last seen McGee at 2:00 a.m on January

24. After another detective came into the room, Wilson stated that he had last seen McGee

at 5:30 a.m. on January 23, as she got ready for work. According to Engle, Wilson told the

detectives that he left his home around 9:30 p.m. to go to the American Legion or VFW with

his cousin, Clifton Brown, and when he returned home, he found McGee lying naked on the

floor. Wilson stated that he had told McGee to “quit playing” and nudged her with his toe,

and when she didn’t respond, he pulled out his gun, searched the house, and saw drawers

pulled out. Wilson told the detectives that he knew who had committed the crime and he

“would take care of it.” Wilson said that he owed money for drugs. Wilson told the

detectives that he was in the house no more than 15 minutes before calling the police.

Before the police arrived, he gave his gun to a “dope fiend,” because he (Wilson) was not

allowed to have one. Wilson stated that the stains on his pants were barbeque sauce.

When the officers pointed out that there appeared to be blood on his leg, Wilson stated that
                                                                                         13

he nudged McGee with his leg.

       {¶ 31}   Wilson was arrested following his interview with the detectives.        The

officers took photos of Wilson, including a photograph of a VFW stamp on his hand, and

collected Wilson’s clothing and shoes. Wilson was also wearing a chain with some boxing

gloves; Wilson stated to Engle that he had once been a golden gloves boxer. A forensic

scientist from the Miami Valley Regional Crime Lab testified that McGee’s blood was found

on the shoes, plaid shirt and blue jeans; McGee’s blood was also found on the double pair of

socks found in the house.

       {¶ 32}   At the conclusion of the State’s case, Wilson offered the testimony of his

cousin, Clifton Brown. Brown stated that he had spoken with Wilson on January 23, 2009,

and made plans for the evening. Between 9:00 and 10:00 p.m., Brown picked up Wilson at

his home, and the two drove to 8 Ball and Wings, a sports bar in Trotwood. They stayed at

the sports bar for approximately an hour. Afterward, the men went to the Upper Krust,

another bar/restaurant near the intersection of North Main Street and Santa Clara Avenue.

They remained there for approximately 45 minutes to an hour. They then went to the VFW

and stayed for an hour or more. Brown needed to be home by 2:30 a.m., and he testified

that he dropped Wilson off at his home between 2:00 and 2:10 a.m. Brown indicated that

he had reached his own house by about 2:15 a.m.

       {¶ 33}   Brown further testified that he and his wife received a phone call sometime

between 4:30 and 5:30 a.m. on January 24 and, in response, he returned to Wilson’s house.

When he arrived, he saw a van and yellow police tape around the house. Brown spoke with

Sergeant White at the scene. Later that day, Brown received a phone call from Wilson from
                                                                                         14

the Montgomery County Jail. On January 26, Brown learned that Wilson had been released,

and he went to pick up Wilson from downtown Dayton. Brown suggested that Wilson go to

Grand Rapids, Michigan, where more of their family resided. Within a few days, Brown

bought Wilson a bus ticket and took him to the bus station.

       {¶ 34}    After deliberating, the jury convicted Wilson of murder, felonious assault,

and tampering with evidence.

       {¶ 35}    The State’s evidence, if believed, was sufficient to prove that Wilson

committed felonious assault by inflicting serious physical harm to McGee and that McGee

died as a result of the felonious assault. A reasonable jury could have believed that Wilson

called McGee’s cell phone from the nearby pay phone at approximately 2:21 a.m., and then

viciously beat her after she came into the house a few minutes later. The deputy coroner’s

testimony supported the conclusion that McGee died as a result of the beating. Wilson’s

convictions for felonious assault and murder were based on sufficient evidence.

       {¶ 36} Wilson also claims that his convictions for felonious assault and murder

were against the manifest weight of the evidence. First, he argues that several witnesses

provided unreliable testimony. He emphasizes that Dawson’s original statement to the

police did not include that she had looked through McGee’s window blinds and seen Wilson

standing over McGee readying to punch her. Wilson further notes that Durden did not talk

to the police until September 2010, and that Dawson’s nephew testified that the noise from

the alleged fight did not prevent him from going back to sleep.    Wilson also claims that

his alleged statements to the police could not be believed, because he did not voluntarily

speak with the detectives.
                                                                                         15

       {¶ 37} Second, Wilson claims that the forensic evidence was unreliable, because

several of the biological samples from McGee’s autopsy were mislabeled with another

person’s name or with McGee’s name misspelled. Wilson also notes that not all of the

blood samples recovered from the crime scene were tested. Steven Wiechman, a serology

expert at the MVRCL, and Dr. Harshbarger both testified that several samples were

mislabeled.

       {¶ 38} Third, Wilson argues that the evidence supports the conclusion that he came

home from an evening with Brown and found McGee severely beaten on the floor of their

residence. He emphasizes that the evidence technician found a crowbar and butter knife

just inside the side door and that the rear door was open a couple of inches. He further

points out that he had a VFW stamp on his hand, which confirmed that he and Brown had

visited that establishment. During closing argument, Wilson’s counsel argued that McGee

died around 1:30 a.m., based on the degree of livor mortis and rigor mortis and McGee’s

body temperature, as recorded by the coroner’s office.

       {¶ 39} Upon considering all of the evidence at trial, we do not agree that Wilson’s

convictions for felonious assault and murder were against the manifest weight of the

evidence. There was evidence of damage to the rear and side doors, but McGee’s landlord

testified that the damage existed prior to January 23, 2009. In addition, the evidence

technician testified that he did not believe that a person could enter through the side door

with the way it was propped up from the inside. As noted by Wilson, several biological

samples from the autopsy were mislabeled; however, those samples were treated as “Jane

Doe” samples and were confirmed to be from McGee through DNA testing.
                                                                                             16

          {¶ 40}   The witnesses’ testimony varied to some extent and Dawson’s testimony

suggested that she believed that the assault on McGee occurred closer to midnight.

However, the evidence strongly supported the jury’s conclusion that Wilson beat McGee

following her return from Northtown Bar around 2:25 a.m. Brown’s testimony on Wilson’s

behalf, even if believed, indicated that Wilson had returned home just prior to McGee’s

return to their residence. Moreover, the jury did not lose its way in accepting Wiechman’s

testimony that McGee’s blood was found on Wilson’s clothing. As stated above, the

credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony were matters for the

jury, as the trier of fact, to determine. The jury’s decision to credit the State’s evidence did

not create a manifest injustice, and Wilson’s convictions for felonious assault and murder

were not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

          {¶ 41}   The tampering with evidence charge presents a closer question.          R.C.

2921.12(A)(1) provides that “[n]o person, knowing that an official proceeding or

investigation is in progress, or is about to be or likely to be instituted, shall * * * [a]lter,

destroy, conceal, or remove any record, document, or thing, with purpose to impair its value

or availability as evidence in such proceeding or investigation.” During closing argument,

the State argued that Wilson committed tampering with evidence when he “completely

changed the crime scene. He knocked items over, he flipped tables over, staged her body.

And he did all of that to throw off the police, to make it look like he didn’t commit the

crime.”

          {¶ 42}   At trial, the State presented evidence that the front and middle rooms of the

first floor were in disarray. Some of the couch cushions in the front room were on the floor,
                                                                                             17

the coffee table had been moved, and the television was pushed over; figurines were on the

floor. In the middle room, where McGee was found, chairs and tables were pushed over,

and a vase, some flowers, and various other items were on the floor. Upstairs, in the master

bedroom, the dresser drawers were pulled out, the television had been moved, a DVD player

was hanging by a wire, and CDs were scattered on the floor; it did not appear that anything

had been pulled out of the dresser drawers. Dawson testified that after she no longer heard

McGee and heard Wilson shout McGee’s name, she heard the sound of furniture being

moved, “things just thrown around or moving around, and running and – a lot of

commotion.” Finally, McGee was found nearly naked, wearing one sock, her panties by her

ankle, and her sweater pulled up, yet there was no sign of a sexual assault. Wilson called

the police, and repeatedly told officers that someone had broken into his home to rob him.

       {¶ 43}    Construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, a

reasonable jury could have concluded that Wilson ransacked the front and middle rooms of

the house and rearranged items in the master bedroom so that it would appear that someone

had broken into the house and searched it. In addition, the jury could have concluded from

Dawson’s auditory account of the events, combined with McGee’s appearance on the floor,

that Wilson undressed McGee so that it would appear she had been sexually assaulted.

Although there was no direct evidence of what Wilson did inside the home, we cannot say

that the jury’s conclusion to convict Wilson of tampering with evidence was unreasonable or

against the manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶ 44} Wilson’s fifth assignment of error is overruled.

                                   III. Court’s Witness
                                                                                            18

       {¶ 45}    In his first assignment of error, Wilson claims that the trial court “abuse[d]

its discretion when it prematurely sustained a Motion in Limine, improperly ruled against

calling a ‘Court’s Witness,’ failed to collect sufficient facts to make such a determination,

and overruled the Appellant’s Motion for a Continuance.”

       {¶ 46} Before the beginning of the second day of trial (after jury selection, but

before opening statements), the State filed a motion in limine to prevent defense counsel

from introducing the prior statements of Shawn Casey, a potential defense witness, through

Moses Kuhbander, another potential defense witness. While discussing that motion in

chambers, the prosecutors informed the court that Kuhbander had sent an affidavit to defense

counsel, which indicated that Casey had admitted to Kuhbander in jail that he (Casey) had

beaten and murdered McGee.         The State had also received a letter from Kuhbander

containing the same allegation. (In his letter to the prosecutor, Kuhbander also asked for a

deal in exchange for his information.) The prosecutor indicated that the police subsequently

talked with Casey, who denied any involvement in the crimes. The State informed the court

that it anticipated that Wilson would call Casey at trial and would request that the court call

him as a court’s witness, pursuant to Evid.R. 614. The State asked the court to deny any

request to treat Casey as a court’s witness and to prevent defense counsel from mentioning

Casey’s alleged confession to Kuhbander during opening statements.

       {¶ 47}    After an extensive discussion, the court ruled that it would deny an Evid.R.

614 motion to call Casey as a court’s witness. The court further agreed with the State that

defense counsel should not mention Kuhbander during his opening statement; counsel could

still mention Casey. Following the court’s ruling, defense counsel asked for a continuance
                                                                                                19

to “rework my opening.” Defense counsel indicated that the ruling precluded him “from

doing half of an opening.” The court overruled the request for a continuance, saying, “I

cannot say you get a continuance because you now have to take out something that was –

you could have reasonably foreseen would not be admissible anyway. * * * I think there

has to be some strong grounds for a continuance * * *.”

       {¶ 48}     A ruling on a motion in limine reflects the court’s “anticipatory treatment

of the evidentiary issue. In virtually all circumstances finality does not attach when the

motion is granted. Therefore, should circumstances subsequently develop at trial, the trial

court is certainly at liberty ‘to consider the admissibility of the disputed evidence in its actual

context.’” State v. Grubb, 28 Ohio St.3d 199, 201-202, 503 N.E.2d 142 (1986), quoting

State v. White, 6 Ohio App.3d 1, 4 , 451 N.E.2d 533 (8th Dist.1982). For those reasons, a

motion in limine generally does not preserve for purposes of appeal any error in the

disposition of the motion in limine.       The failure to object at trial to the exclusion of

evidence constitutes a waiver of the challenge. State v. Davis, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.

20709, 2005-Ohio-5783, ¶ 27.

       {¶ 49} The State’s motion in limine was directed to an anticipated request by

Wilson to call Casey as a court’s witness. Evid.R. 614(A) provides that “[t]he court may,

on its own motion or at the suggestion of a party, call witnesses, and all parties are entitled to

cross-examine witnesses thus called.” The rule “authorizes the court to call a witness

whom a party might otherwise call, on the party's ‘suggestion’ that the witness would then

recant another, prior statement favorable to that party.” (Internal quotations and citation

omitted.) State v. Arnold, 189 Ohio App.3d 507, 2010-Ohio-5379, 939 N.E.2d 218, ¶ 43
                                                                                            20

(2d Dist.), citing State v. Kiser, 6th Dist. Sandusky No. S-03-028, 2005-Ohio-2491. “When

the court calls a witness on its own motion, a party need not satisfy the surprise and

affirmative-damage requirements of Evid.R. 607(A) in order to impeach the witness.”

Arnold at ¶ 44, citing State v. Apanaovich, 33 Ohio St.3d 19, 514 N.E.2d 394 (1987).

       {¶ 50}    The purpose of calling a witness as a court’s witness is to allow for a proper

determination in a case where a witness is reluctant or unwilling to testify. State v. Curry,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 89075, 2007-Ohio-5721, ¶ 18. “A witness whose appearance is

important to the proper determination of the case, but who appears to be favorable to the

other party, is a principal candidate for application of Evid.R. 614(A).” Id., citing State v.

Brewer, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 84AP-854, 1986 WL 2652, *3 (Feb. 25, 1986). The prime

candidate is a victim and an eyewitness who will not otherwise cooperate with the party

originally planning to call him. Id.

       {¶ 51}    Defense counsel did not mention Casey or Kuhbander during his opening

statement. Although he asked Detective Engle a couple of questions regarding phone calls

between Casey and McGee’s phone, no other mention was made of Casey at trial. He was

not called as a witness and his testimony was not proffered. Because Wilson failed to

renew his request to call Casey as a court’s witness and failed to proffer his testimony at

trial, we cannot find that Wilson was prejudiced by the trial court’s preliminary ruling,

without a hearing, regarding Casey.

       {¶ 52} Wilson further argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a

continuance. The grant or denial of a continuance is a matter entrusted to the broad, sound

discretion of the trial judge, which will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion. State
                                                                                              21

v. Unger, 67 Ohio St.2d 65, 67, 423 N.E.2d 1078 (1981). An abuse of discretion requires a

finding that the decision was unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. State v. Anderson,

2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24657, 2012-Ohio-957, ¶ 6.

       {¶ 53} “In determining whether a trial court abused its discretion when ruling on a

motion for a continuance, a reviewing court must weigh any potential prejudice to the

defendant against the trial court’s ‘right to control its own docket and the public’s interest in

the prompt and efficient dispatch of justice.’” State v. Pattson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.

23785, 2010-Ohio-5755, ¶ 19, quoting Unger. The trial court should consider such factors

as: (1) the length of the delay requested; (2) whether other continuances have been requested

and received; (3) the inconvenience to litigants, witnesses, opposing counsel and the court;

(4) whether the requested delay is for legitimate reasons or whether it is dilatory, purposeful,

or contrived; (5) whether the defendant contributed to the circumstance which gives rise to

the request for a continuance; and (6) any other relevant factors, depending on the unique

facts of the case. Unger at 67-68.

       {¶ 54} Here, defense counsel requested a continuance immediately prior to opening

statements so that he could “rework” his opening. He did not request a particular period of

time. Although there is no suggestion that defense counsel requested the delay for any

improper purpose, it was reasonable for the court to require the trial to continue without

delay. Trial counsel could have reasonably anticipated that Kuhbander’s statements might

not be admitted at trial. And if defense counsel believed that a substantial reworking of his

opening statement was required, he could have opted to give his opening statement after the

State rested, as the trial court indicated he could do. Finally, we find no evidence that
                                                                                             22

Wilson was prejudiced by the denial of the continuance; defense counsel gave a lengthy,

clear statement of the facts that he anticipated would be presented at trial, with an emphasis

on Wilson’s alibi defense.

       {¶ 55} The first assignment of error is overruled.

                             IV. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       {¶ 56} In his third assignment of error, Wilson claims that his trial counsel provided

ineffective assistance by (1) failing to file a motion to suppress and (2) failing to call Casey

as a witness and to attempt to call Kuhbander as a witness.

       {¶ 57}    We review the alleged instances of ineffective assistance of trial counsel

under the two prong analysis set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct.

2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), and adopted by the Supreme Court of Ohio in State v. Bradley,

42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989). Pursuant to those cases, trial counsel is entitled

to a strong presumption that his or her conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable

assistance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. To reverse a conviction based on ineffective

assistance of counsel, it must be demonstrated that trial counsel’s conduct fell below an

objective standard of reasonableness and that his errors were serious enough to create a

reasonable probability that, but for the errors, the result of the trial would have been

different. Id. Hindsight is not permitted to distort the assessment of what was reasonable

in light of counsel’s perspective at the time, and a debatable decision concerning trial

strategy cannot form the basis of a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel. State v.

Cook, 65 Ohio St.3d 516, 524-525, 605 N.E.2d 70 (1992).

       {¶ 58}    First, Wilson claims that his trial counsel should have moved to suppress
                                                                                            23

the statements that he gave to Detective Engle on the morning following the murder.

Wilson notes that he did not sign a written Miranda waiver, and he argues that a suppression

hearing “could have evaluated whether the Appellant had voluntarily waived his rights.”

        {¶ 59}    The “failure to file a suppression motion does not constitute per se

ineffective assistance of counsel.” State v. Madrigal, 87 Ohio St.3d 378, 389, 721 N.E.2d

52 (2000), quoting Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 384, 106 S.Ct. 2574, 91 L.Ed.2d

305 (1986).      Rather, trial counsel’s failure to file a motion to suppress constitutes

ineffective assistance of counsel only if the failure to file the motion caused the defendant

prejudice; that is, when there is a reasonable probability that, had the motion to suppress

been filed, it would have been granted. State v. Howard, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23795,

2011-Ohio-27, ¶ 22, citing State v. Wilson, 2d Dist. Clark No. 08 CA 445, 2009-Ohio-2744,

¶ 11.

        {¶ 60}    According to Sergeant Mullins, Wilson was placed in a police cruiser at the

scene “to keep him out of our [and the medics’] way” and to “secure the scene.” Wilson

was not handcuffed when he was placed in the cruiser, and Mullins stated that he was not

under arrest.

        {¶ 61}    Detective Engle testified at trial that Wilson was seated, without handcuffs,

in the back of a cruiser when he (Engle) arrived at 2618 North Main Street at 5:45 a.m. He

obtained Wilson’s consent to search the house, and around 6:20 a.m., Engle asked for

Wilson to be transported to the Dayton police station for an interview.

        {¶ 62} Detective Engle began the interview at approximately 7:25 a.m. Wilson

was seated in a small interview room; he was not handcuffed. Wilson was coherent and
                                                                                           24

talkative, and Engle saw no signs that Wilson was under the influence of drugs or alcohol.

Engle asked Wilson some personal information, such as his name, address, birthdate, and

height and weight. Engle asked about the pendant around Wilson’s neck and the last time

he saw McGee. After Wilson answered, Engle left the room and got Detective Olinger, so

that they could both hear about his last contacts with McGee. During the course of the

interview, the detectives took photos of Wilson’s clothing.

       {¶ 63}    After observing what appeared to be blood, the detectives decided to advise

Wilson of his Miranda rights using a waiver of rights form. Wilson indicated that he

understood his rights, but he was not willing to sign the form. Engle testified that Wilson

said that “[h]e’d tell us what we wanted to know, but he did not want to sign anything.”

The detectives had Wilson “start over” and tell them what had occurred. Wilson again

described what happened. Afterward, the detectives gave him some water and left the

room. When they returned, Detective Engle accused Wilson of the crime to “see what his

reaction was.” Wilson became angry and decided not to talk anymore. Wilson was then

arrested.

       {¶ 64} In Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966),

the United States Supreme Court held that the State may not use statements stemming from a

defendant's custodial interrogation unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards to

secure the defendant’s privilege against self-incrimination. Id. at 444. Police are not

required to give Miranda warnings to every person that they question, even if the person

being questioned is a suspect. State v. Biros, 78 Ohio St.3d 426, 440, 678 N.E.2d 891

(1997). Instead, Miranda warnings are only required for custodial interrogations. Id.
                                                                                           25

       {¶ 65}    “Custodial interrogation” means questioning initiated by the police after the

person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom in any significant

way. State v. Wilson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22665, 2009-Ohio-1279, ¶ 18, citing State

v. Steers, 2d Dist. Greene No. 89-CA-38, 1991 WL 82974 (May 14, 1991). In order for a

defendant’s statements made during a custodial interrogation to be admissible, the State

must establish that the accused knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently waived his or her

rights. Miranda, supra; State v. Edwards, 49 Ohio St.2d 31, 38, 358 N.E.2d 1051 (1976),

overruled on other grounds, 438 U.S. 911, 98 S.Ct. 3147, 57 L.Ed.2d 1155 (1978).

       {¶ 66}    Based on the record before us, we see no indication that Wilson’s Miranda

rights were violated. Sergeant Mullins testified that Wilson was placed in the police cruiser

at the scene merely to preserve the crime scene and to prevent Wilson from interfering with

the officers’ and the paramedics’ duties. He was not handcuffed at his home, and there is

no evidence that the officers engaged in any behavior that would have led Wilson to believe

that he was under arrest at the scene.

       {¶ 67} Wilson was transported to the police station by the police and placed in a

small interview room; Wilson was not handcuffed during his statements.            Although a

suppression hearing might have fleshed out whether Wilson went to the police station

voluntarily, the record before us provides no basis for us to conclude that Wilson was in

custody when he was taken to the station. Once Wilson was informed of his Miranda

rights, he orally expressed that he understood them and was willing to continue to talk with

the detectives. Indeed, Engle described Wilson as “talkative” during the interview. The

fact that Wilson did not want to sign the waiver of rights form did not render his waiver
                                                                                             26

invalid.

       {¶ 68}    In short, a motion to suppress Wilson’s statement might have led to

evidence that Wilson was, in fact, in custody prior to his arrest at the conclusion of the

interview and that he did not validly waive his Miranda rights. However, based on the

testimony provided at trial, we see no indication that Wilson’s motion to suppress would

have been granted had one been filed. Accordingly, Wilson has not established that his trial

counsel was ineffective in failing to submit a motion to suppress his statements.

       {¶ 69} Second, Wilson claims that his trial counsel acted deficiently when he failed

to call Casey and, if necessary, Kuhbander, as witnesses at trial. Wilson argues: “This

decision is not merely trial strategy. If he admitted to the murder, then the Appellant would

have arguably been acquitted on the murder charge. If he denied committing the murder,

then trial counsel could have at least attempted to call Mr. Kuhbander. * * * There was no

strategic reason not to call Mr. Casey when the potential benefit was so great.”

       {¶ 70} Although counsel discussed Casey’s and Kuhbander’s statements prior to

opening statements, defense counsel did not proffer Casey’s testimony during the trial. And

because Casey was not called, we can only speculate as to his testimony. Given that

counsel expected Casey to deny any involvement with McGee’s murder, Wilson has not

established that counsel’s failure to call him as a witness at trial affected the outcome of his

trial. Moreover, Wilson has not demonstrated that Kuhbander would have been permitted

to testify to Casey’s alleged jailhouse confession, see Evid.R. 607(A) and Evid.R. 804(B)(3),

or that he would have testified similarly to his affidavit if called as a witness. Based on the

record, we cannot conclude that defense counsel acted unreasonably in failing to call Casey
                                                                                           27

and Kuhbander or that his failure to do so prejudiced Wilson.

       {¶ 71}    The third assignment of error is overruled.

                                 V. Evidentiary Rulings

       {¶ 72} In his fourth assignment of error, Wilson claims that the trial court

“mistakenly ruled on a number of critical matters of evidence.”

       {¶ 73}    Relevant evidence is generally admissible whereas irrelevant evidence is

not. Evid.R. 402. “Relevant evidence” is defined as “evidence having any tendency to

make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more

probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Evid.R. 401. Relevant

evidence is not admissible if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of

unfair prejudice, of confusion of the issues, or of misleading the jury. Evid.R. 402; Evid.R.

403(A). Decisions regarding the admissibility of evidence at trial are within the broad

discretion of the trial court and will be upheld absent an abuse of discretion and material

prejudice. State v. Lang, 129 Ohio St.3d 512, 2011-Ohio-4215, 954 N.E.2d 596, ¶ 86; State

v. Haines, 112 Ohio St.3d 393, 2006-Ohio-6711, 860 N.E.2d 91, ¶ 50.

       {¶ 74}    First, Wilson complains that the trial court, over defense counsel’s

objection, permitted the State to elicit testimony from Detective Engle that Wilson had been

incarcerated and then allowed the State to play a recorded telephone call that Wilson made to

Brown from jail on January 24, 2009. Specifically, the defense objected “because we’re not

supposed to be talking about whether he’s incarcerated or not. They’re going to be talking

about this phone call.” There was no objection to any other content of the recording.

       {¶ 75}    Wilson’s statements during the telephone conversation were admissible as
                                                                                               28

an admission of a party-opponent, pursuant to Evid.R. 801(D)(2). The court did not err in

permitting the phone call to be played. Moreover, the court did not act unreasonably when

it permitted the State to elicit foundational testimony that Wilson’s call was placed from jail

following his arrest.   The telephone call was made on the same day as his arrest; the jury

was told of this fact and that Wilson was released after two days. Accordingly, we do not

find that the prejudicial effect of Engle’s testimony outweighed its probative value.

       {¶ 76}    Later, in the State’s rebuttal closing argument, the prosecutor argued,

without objection, that during the recorded telephone conversation from the jail, Wilson

would not explain to his cousin what had happened. Specifically, when Brown asked

Wilson what had happened, Wilson had responded, “I can’t talk to you. I can’t talk to you

on the phone about it.” The prosecutor emphasized that Wilson had just spoken with the

detectives, and “if he’s got something to say, if he’s got the truth to say, if he was telling the

truth to the detectives, wouldn’t you think he’d be repeating that same story?” Although not

raised as an assignment of error in his brief, Wilson suggested at oral argument that this was

an improper comment in violation of his right to remain silent. See Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S.

610, 96 S.Ct. 2240, 49 L.Ed.2d 91 (1976).

       {¶ 77} The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects against

compelled self-incrimination, e.g., Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial Dist. Court of Nevada, Humboldt

Cty., 542 U.S. 177, 190, 124 S.Ct. 2451, 159 L.Ed.2d 292 (2004), and the case law is replete

with factual scenarios parsing whether pre-arrest and post-arrest silence constitutes a proper

subject for comment by the State. An appellate court reviews the trial court’s treatment of a

prosecutor’s comment on silence under a harmless error standard. State v. Forbus, 2d Dist.
                                                                                        29

Montgomery No. 24061, 2011-Ohio-4287, ¶ 20, citing State v. Thompson, 33 Ohio St.3d 1,

4, 514 N.E.2d 407 (1987).

       {¶ 78} Wilson’s statement – or lack of a statement – to Brown was not directed to

law enforcement personnel, but it was in a conversation which he knew was being recorded

by law enforcement.    Even assuming that the conversation involved Wilson’s right to

remain silent, Brown, a defense witness, testified on direct examination that he had spoken

with Wilson during a telephone call from the jail. Defense counsel specifically asked

Brown what Wilson had said to him during that conversation:

       Q He described to you what had happen – or he described to you what he

       was arrested for?

       A Yes.

       Q And there was no other information given to you at that time?

       A No.

The prosecutor, on cross-examination, asked Brown, without objection:

       Q * * * And is it your testimony that he called you from jail and thereafter

       never discussed what happened that night?

       A Correct.

       Q Never?

       A Correct.

       {¶ 79} Upon review of the entirety of the record, we cannot conclude that the

prosecutor’s comment during rebuttal closing argument was unduly prejudicial to Wilson.

The prosecutor’s comment about Wilson’s unwillingness to talk about the crime over the jail
                                                                                              30

telephone was a small portion of the prosecutor’s lengthy rebuttal argument.                The

prosecutor discussed several ways – in addition to Wilson’s unwillingness to talk over the

jail phone – in which Wilson’s behavior was indicative of guilt, including that, after getting

out of jail, Wilson left Dayton for Grand Rapids, which was also inconsistent with Wilson’s

statement to the detectives that he knew who had committed the murder and that he would

take care of it. And at the behest of the defense, Brown had also testified that Wilson did

not provide any information, other than what he had been arrested for, over the jail

telephone. As detailed above, there was substantial evidence from which the jury could

have found that Wilson committed the offenses of felonious assault and murder. In short,

even if the prosecutor’s comments were improper, they were harmless beyond a reasonable

doubt.

         {¶ 80}   Second, Wilson argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it

sustained the State’s objections to Wilson’s questions to Detective Engle regarding the time

line of the murder. Wilson argues that his trial counsel should have been able to show

inconsistencies between the detective’s time line and the “expert pathologist’s time line.”

         {¶ 81}   During cross-examination, Wilson’s counsel asked Detective Engle if he

had created a time line of the case. After Engle responded affirmatively, counsel attempted

to ask about the details of the time line.       The prosecutor objected and the following

discussion occurred.

         [PROSECUTOR]: Anything the Detective can testify as to timeline for the

         most part, unless he has a phone records, it’s all hearsay. It’s from talking to

         witnesses and he couldn’t – he wants to get in information from discussions
                                                                                           31

        with witnesses as to what time they were with the decedent and then use that.

         And to establish the timeline, you need the witnesses themselves. Any

        understanding that he has, any timeline that he’s developed, is based on

        interview of witnesses.

        [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Well, he’s a detective, he does investigation. He

        can create his own timeline based on whatever information he has.

        [PROSECUTOR]: But it’s based on hearsay.

        [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: He can make a determination of what he thinks is

        appropriate.

        ***

        THE COURT: Sustain the objection.

        {¶ 82}   The trial court could have reasonably concluded that any time line

developed by Detective Engle was based on out-of-court witness statements and, thus,

hearsay, and that it was the province of the jury to determine the time line of the case based

on the testimony of witnesses at trial.     The trial court did not abuse its discretion in

sustaining the State’s objection to further questions by Wilson regarding the detective’s time

line.

        {¶ 83} Third, Wilson claims that the testimony from Dawson and her nephew,

Windale, as to statements made by McGee during her argument with Wilson should have

been excluded as hearsay.

        {¶ 84}   As stated above, Windale testified that he awoke during the night and heard

McGee screaming, “I wasn’t with nobody” and “I didn’t do nothing.” After that, Windale
                                                                                            32

heard “a loud glass breaking,” and he soon went back to sleep The trial court permitted

Windale to testify to McGee’s statements, over defense counsel’s objections, as excited

utterances.

       {¶ 85}    Dawson testified that she initially heard Wilson ask McGee, in a

conversational voice, where she had been. The trial court did not allow Dawson to say

McGee’s response to Wilson. Dawson then testified that Wilson and McGee began to argue

in loud, raised voices, and Wilson continued to ask McGee where she had been. Dawson

testified, without objection, that McGee responded that she was out with her friend. After

hearing a commotion, Wilson accused McGee of lying and Dawson heard the sound of

hitting. Dawson testified, over objection, that she heard McGee say Wilson’s name or

nickname (Shorty) and “I didn’t do nothing.” At the time, Dawson also heard the sound of

“hitting” and of McGee crying and whimpering.

       {¶ 86}    “Hearsay” is defined as “a statement, other than one made by the declarant

while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter

asserted.” Evid.R. 801(C). In general, hearsay is not admissible. Evid.R. 802.

       {¶ 87} Evid.R. 803 excludes several types of statements from the hearsay rule,

including excited utterances, which are “statement[s] relating to a startling event or

condition made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or

condition.” Evid.R. 803(2). “The rationale for admitting hearsay statements pursuant to

the excited utterance exception is that the declarant is unable, due to the startling event, to

reflect on the statement sufficiently to fabricate it.” State v. Florence, 2d Dist. Montgomery

No. 20439, 2005-Ohio-4508, ¶ 32.
                                                                                             33

         {¶ 88}   The State argues that any statements that were overheard before the beating

began were not hearsay, because they were not offered for the truth of the matter asserted.

It further asserts that, once the beating started, McGee was under the stress of the assault and

her statements fell under the excited utterance exception, even if they were hearsay. We

agree.

         {¶ 89} McGee’s initial statements that she had been out with her friends were not

offered for the truth of those statements, that is, that she was actually out with her friends.

Rather, they were offered to show that Wilson and McGee argued after she returned home

from Northtown Bar. Accordingly, McGee’s initial statements to Wilson were not hearsay.

         {¶ 90}   It is not clear whether Windale overheard statements during the beating or

prior to the beating; he testified prior to Dawson, and his testimony could not establish

whether McGee was being hit when he overheard her say, “I didn’t do nothing” and “I

wasn’t with nobody.”     (Dawson’s subsequent testimony suggests that McGee was, in fact,

being hit by Wilson when these statements were made.) Assuming that these statements

were made before McGee was physically assaulted, they again were not offered to prove the

truth of those statements but rather that the statements, true or false, were made; they

demonstrated that Wilson was angry and jealous and that the two were arguing about her

activities that night.

         {¶ 91} Even if the statements overheard by Dawson and Windale were hearsay,

Dawson’s testimony made clear that McGee repeatedly denied that she had been with

another man while Wilson was physically assaulting her; McGee referred to Wilson by name

or nickname while making these denials. Dawson heard sounds of hitting, crying, and
                                                                                            34

whimpering while McGee made these statements. The record supports the trial court’s

conclusion that McGee’s statements were made while under the stress of a physical assault.

The trial court did not err in allowing these statements as excited utterances. (We further

note that McGee’s references to Wilson by name were cumulative of Dawson’s testimony

that she recognized both Wilson’s and McGee’s voices during the argument.)

          {¶ 92} Wilson’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.

                                    VI. Biased Jury Pool

          {¶ 93}   In his sixth assignment of error, Wilson claims that the jury pool was

biased.     He argues that six of the twelve empaneled jurors were, “without question,

exceptionally biased against [him],” because they had connections with law enforcement or

were either crime victims themselves or had family members who had been victims of

crimes.

          {¶ 94}   “The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees a

defendant the right to a trial by fair and impartial jurors. Irvin v. Dowd (1961), 366 U.S.

717, 81 S.Ct. 1639, 6 L.Ed.2d 751. In order to protect this fundamental right, the court

conducts voir dire with the purpose of empaneling a fair and impartial jury, free from

prejudice or bias. State v. Twyford (2002), 94 Ohio St.3d 340, 346, 763 N.E.2d 122; State

v. Crago (1994), 93 Ohio App.3d 621, 641, 639 N.E.2d 801.” State v. Oliver, 11th Dist.

Portage No. 2010-P-17, 2012-Ohio-122, ¶ 37.

          {¶ 95}   After the prospective jurors were questioned during voir dire, two

prospective jurors were dismissed by the agreement of the parties; two others were dismissed

for cause, one at the request of the State and one at Wilson’s request, both without objection.
                                                                                            35

 Wilson moved to dismiss three other individuals for cause; the State objected and the court

denied the motions. Of those three, Wilson exercised a peremptory challenge to dismiss

one of those individuals; the other two were seated as Jurors #2 and #7. Wilson exercised

two peremptory challenges on other prospective jurors; he passed on his final peremptory

challenge. The State and Wilson each exercised a peremptory challenge as to an alternate

juror.

         {¶ 96} “[W]here the defense exhausts its peremptory challenges before the full jury

is seated, the erroneous denial of a challenge for cause in a criminal case may be

prejudicial.”   State v. Cornwell, 86 Ohio St.3d 560, 564, 715 N.E.2d 1144 (1999).

“However, ‘[a] defendant in a criminal case cannot complain of prejudicial error in the

overruling of a challenge for cause if such ruling does not force him to exhaust his

peremptory challenges.’”       (Emphasis sic.) State v. Hale, 119 Ohio St.3d 118,

2008-Ohio-3426, 892 N.E.2d 864, ¶ 87, quoting State v. Eaton, 19 Ohio St.2d 145, 48

O.O.2d 188, 249 N.E.2d 897 (1969), paragraph one of the syllabus. Thus, a defendant is

prejudiced by the trial court’s failure to grant a challenge for cause only if the defendant

exercises a peremptory challenge to remove that prospective juror and the defendant

exhausts his peremptory challenges before the jury is seated. Id.; see also State v. Trimble,

122 Ohio St.3d 297, 2009-Ohio-2961, 911 N.E.2d 242, ¶ 61 (defendant’s failure to use all of

his peremptory challenges waived claim that the jury was tainted by pre-trial publicity); State

v. Carter, 21 Ohio St.2d 212, 214, 256 N.E.2d 714 (1970) (by failing to exercise all

peremptory challenges, defendant “acquiesced in the jury that was finally selected”),

vacated, in part, on other grounds, 408 U.S. 936, 92 S.Ct. 2859, 33 L.Ed.2d 752 (1972).
                                                                                            36

        {¶ 97}    Wilson did not exercise peremptory challenges to remove Jurors # 2 and

#7, whom he believed to be biased, and he waived his final peremptory challenge.

Accordingly, he cannot claim that the selected jurors were biased.

        {¶ 98} Regardless, there is no evidence in the record that any of the jurors about

whom Wilson complains was biased against him. “A prospective juror is not automatically

disqualified by the fact that a close relative has been the victim of a crime similar to the

crime on trial.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Murphy, 91 Ohio St.3d 516, 525, 747 N.E.2d

765 (2001). Similarly, a prospective juror need not be disqualified merely because the

prospective juror is a former police officer or a close friend or relative of a police officer.

See State v. Wolfe, 4th Dist. Gallia No. 95CA04, 1996 WL 344092 (June 17, 1996). Rather,

the trial judge must determine, on a case-by-case basis, whether the juror can be fair and

impartial. See Murphy, supra.

        {¶ 99}    Four of the seated jurors stated during voir dire that they or a family

member had been a victim of a crime. Juror #2 stated during voir dire that her husband’s

nephew was shot and killed in Dayton five or six years ago. The perpetrator had been

caught and convicted; Juror #2 did not attend the trial. Juror #2 stated that she understood

the instant case was a homicide case. When asked if she could be fair and impartial, she

indicated that her husband’s nephew was involved with drugs and she had no concerns about

her ability to be fair and impartial.

        {¶ 100}           Juror #11 stated that a cousin was a victim of vehicular homicide;

the perpetrator was prosecuted and convicted. Juror #11 also indicated that, about eight or

nine years before, a man had broken into a female cousin’s home in Riverside and had tried
                                                                                           37

to rape her. Her cousin’s assailant was tried and convicted. When asked if she had any

feelings about how the case was charged or prosecuted that would cause her concern about

being a juror in this case, Juror #11 responded, “No.” She stated that she could put her

feelings aside for this case.

        {¶ 101}           Juror #7 stated that she was the victim of a sexual assault when she

was a child; the perpetrator was prosecuted and convicted. Juror #7 told the prosecutor that

she did not have any concerns about that process and that she could put that event aside for

this case. Defense counsel later asked her, “Based on your experiences as well and your

involvement with the criminal justice system, you believe you can be fair and impartial on

this particular jury?” Juror #7 responded, “Yes.”

        {¶ 102}           Juror #4 stated that his car had been stolen and the police later

recovered “a shell” of the car; no one was prosecuted for the offense. He also indicated that

his car had been vandalized a couple of times – broken mirrors and a “busted” steering

wheel. Again, no one was charged. The prosecutor then asked:

        [PROSECUTOR]: Okay. And do you have any feelings about that, that you

        know, you’ve been a victim twice and nobody’s been charged?

        [JUROR #4]: Yeah. It feels bad. But I mean, you know, they didn’t catch

        them and –

        [PROSECUTOR]: And following up on your bad feeling. Do you – would

        you be able to keep that separate from what you do here if you’re selected as

        a juror?

        [JUROR #4]: Absolutely.
                                                                                          38

       {¶ 103}          Four prospective jurors also indicated that they had connections to

law enforcement officers. Juror #4 stated that Judge Michael Hall, a former police officer,

was his brother-in-law. Juror #4 denied that there was anything about his relationship with

Judge Hall that gave him any concerns about being a juror. He stated that he “absolutely”

could be fair and impartial.

       {¶ 104}           Juror #3 indicated that she lived next door to an ex-policeman. The

prosecutor told her that she would have to “put that aside and take the facts as you see them

without any – putting anything in about, you know this person.” Juror #3 responded that

she could do that.

       {¶ 105}           Juror #8 stated that she had a cousin who was a park ranger in

Colorado. Juror #8 also did not have any concerns about being juror as a result of that

relationship.

       {¶ 106}          Finally, Alternate Juror #2 stated that her husband was a Dayton

firefighter, that her brother-in-law was a Dayton police officer, and her husband had two

cousins who worked for the Montgomery County Sheriff’s Office, one of whom was Sheriff

Phil Plummer. She further indicated that she did not see her husband’s cousins and saw her

brother-in-law “not that often” but at “family things.” Alternate Juror #2 stated that she

could be fair and impartial.

       {¶ 107}           Based on the jurors’ responses to counsels’ inquiries, we find no

evidence that any of the jurors were biased against Wilson. Jurors #2, #4, #7, and #11 each

indicated that they could put their feelings aside and be fair and impartial. There is no

indication that they were biased due to their or a family member’s experience as a victim of
                                                                                          39

a crime. Moreover, there is no indication that Jurors #3, #4, and #8 and Alternate Juror #2

were biased based on their knowing law enforcement officers. Again, each indicated that he

or she could be impartial. Additionally, with respect to Alternate Juror #2, the alternate

jurors were excused prior to deliberations, and Alternate Juror #2 had no role in Wilson’s

conviction.

       {¶ 108}          Wilson’s sixth assignment of error is overruled.

                             VII. Prosecutorial Misconduct

       {¶ 109}          In his seventh assignment of error, Wilson claims that the

prosecutor engaged in misconduct by improperly shifting the burden of proof on Wilson’s

alibi defense.

       {¶ 110}          In reviewing claims of prosecutorial misconduct, the test is whether

the prosecutor’s remarks were improper and, if so, whether those comments prejudicially

affected the substantial rights of the defendant. State v. Jones, 90 Ohio St.3d 403, 420, 739

N.E.2d 300 (2000).     “The touchstone of analysis ‘is the fairness of the trial, not the

culpability of the prosecutor.’” Id., quoting Smith v. Phillips, 455 U.S. 209, 219, 102

S.Ct.940, 71 L.Ed.2d 78 (1982). Where it is clear beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury

would have found the defendant guilty, even absent the alleged misconduct, the defendant

has not been prejudiced, and his conviction will not be reversed. See State v. Underwood,

2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24186, 2011-Ohio-5418, ¶ 21.             We review allegations of

prosecutorial misconduct in the context of the entire trial. State v. Stevenson, 2d Dist.

Greene No. 2007-CA-51, 2008-Ohio-2900, ¶ 42, citing Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S.

168, 106 S.Ct. 2464, 91 L.Ed.2d 144 (1986).
                                                                                         40

         {¶ 111}          During closing argument, the prosecutor argued to the jury that

Wilson’s alibi covered the wrong period of time, that Wilson’s statements to Detective

Engle differed from Brown’s testimony on his behalf, and that Wilson’s version of events

was unbelievable. The prosecutor began his discussion of Wilson’s alibi defense with the

following statements:

                Now the defendant has come forward with this alibi defense. And

         that’s his burden to prove to you that he was somewhere else when they do an

         alibi defense. He has to prove to you that he was somewhere else for an alibi

         defense. And there are several problems with the defendant’s alibi defense.

         I want to talk about those.

After discussing Wilson’s alibi, the State reviewed the elements of each offense and argued

that “the State has proven each and every one of those elements to you with clear,

convincing and consistent evidence, which proves beyond a reasonable doubt that this

defendant committed the crime of murder, felonious assault, and tampering with evidence

when he beat and killed his girlfriend Leanet McGee.”

         {¶ 112}         Defense counsel responded to the prosecutor’s argument. Counsel

began,

                [T]he State will get up after I complete my closing argument and they

         will attack any of the theories that I’ve put out for you. That’s how our

         system works. They have the burden of proof. And you’re going to hear it.

         The judge has already talked about it in voir dire.       Still at this point

         presumption of innocence is there. Remember that question, they have to
                                                                                         41

        prove stuff.

                We did put an alibi defense out there, so I do have the burden of

        demonstrating what our alibi is or where we were, sure, but the proof – the

        burden of proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt lies on the State to each

        and one – every one of those elements, that’s still on the State. It does not

        get shifted.

        {¶ 113}          The trial court subsequently instructed the jury on burden of proof

and alibi. It stated, in part:

                The defendant is presumed innocent until his guilt is established

        beyond a reasonable doubt. The defendant must be acquitted unless the state

        produces evidence which convinces you beyond a reasonable doubt of every

        essential element of the offense or offenses charged in the Indictment.

                ***

                The defendant claims that he was at some other place at the time the

        offense occurred.        This is known as an alibi.   The word “alibi” means

        elsewhere or a different place. If the evidence fails to establish that the

        defendant was elsewhere, such failure does not create an inference that the

        defendant was present at the time when and at the place where an offense

        may have been committed. If, after a consideration of the evidence of alibi

        along with all the evidence, you are not convinced beyond a reasonable doubt

        that the defendant was present at the time in question, you must return a

        verdict of not guilty.
                                                                                        42

               If you find that the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt all the

       essential elements of any one or all of the offenses charged in the separate

       counts in the Indictment, your verdict must be guilty as to such offense or

       offenses according to your findings.

               If you find that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt

       any one of the essential elements of one or all of the offenses charged in the

       separate counts in the Indictment, then your verdict must be not guilty

       according to your findings.

       {¶ 114}         Wilson did not object to the prosecutor’s closing argument. As a

result, he has waived all but plain error.         State v. Bryan, 101 Ohio St.3d 272,

2004-Ohio-971, 804 N.E.2d 433, ¶ 175; State v. Ballew, 76 Ohio St.3d 244, 254, 667 N.E.2d

369 (1996). The plain error rule is to be invoked only under exceptional circumstances in

order to avoid a manifest miscarriage of justice. State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 95, 372

N.E.2d 804 (1978). Plain error does not occur unless, but for the error, the outcome of the

trial clearly would have been different. Id. at 97; Crim.R. 52(B).

       {¶ 115}          “Alibi is not an affirmative defense. Even with an alibi defense,

the burden of proof remains with the state.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Goetz, 1st Dist.

Hamilton No. C-970503, 1998 WL 735358, *2 (Oct. 23, 1998). By telling the jury that

Wilson had a “burden to prove to you that he was somewhere else” as part of his alibi

defense, the prosecutor improperly implied that burden had shifted to Wilson to establish

that he was not at the residence when McGee was beaten and killed.

       {¶ 116}         Nevertheless, the State later acknowledged that it had to prove each
                                                                                             43

element of the charged offenses beyond a reasonable doubt, and it argued that it had met that

burden.   During defense counsel’s closing argument, counsel directly challenged any

implication by the prosecutor that the burden of proving Wilson’s guilt had shifted, and he

emphasized that Wilson was still presumed innocent and that the State had the burden to

establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The trial court properly instructed the jury that

the State bore the burden to prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt and that the jury could

not infer that Wilson was at his home when McGee was beaten and killed based solely on a

decision not to believe Wilson’s alibi defense. Given defense counsel’s direct refutation of

the prosecutor’s implication that Wilson bore the burden to prove his alibi defense, the trial

court’s proper instructions on the burden of proof and alibi, and the substantial evidence

supporting Wilson’s conviction, we cannot conclude that the prosecutor’s closing argument

affected the outcome of Wilson’s trial.

       {¶ 117}          Wilson’s seventh assignment of error is overruled.

                                  VIII. Cumulative Error

       {¶ 118}           In his eighth assignment of error, Wilson claims that all of the

alleged errors at trial cumulatively resulted in prejudicial error, warranting a reversal of his

conviction and a new trial.

       {¶ 119}           The Supreme Court of Ohio has stated that numerous harmless

errors may cumulatively deprive a defendant of a fair trial and thus may warrant the reversal

of his conviction. (Emphasis added.) State v. Garner, 74 Ohio St.3d 49, 64, 656 N.E.2d

623 (1995). The doctrine of cumulative error does not apply in this case because Wilson

has not identified multiple instances of harmless error. Id. Although Wilson’s trial was
                                                                                             44

not without error, he is not entitled to a reversal of his conviction on the basis of cumulative

prejudicial error.

        {¶ 120}         The eighth assignment of error is overruled.

                                      IX. Conclusion

        {¶ 121}         The trial court’s judgment will be affirmed.

                                         ..........



FAIN, J. and WILLAMOWSKI, J., concur.

(Hon. John R. Willamowski, Third District Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment of the
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio).

Copies mailed to:

R. Lynn Nothstine
Daniel R. Allnutt
Hon. Timothy N. O’Connell
