                REPORTED

  IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

              OF MARYLAND



                  No. 1204

            September Term, 2015


ACTION COMMITTEE FOR TRANSIT, INC.
             ET AL.

                      v.

        TOWN OF CHEVY CHASE




      Woodward,
      Kehoe,
      Zarnoch, Robert A.,
            (Retired, Specially Assigned),
                      JJ.


            Opinion by Kehoe, J.



Filed: September 1, 2016
    The Maryland Public Information Act (the “MPIA”)1 permits government agencies

to charge a reasonable fee for expenses incurred in the course of responding to a request

to inspect public records. See § 4-206 of the General Provisions Article (“GP”), Md.

Code Ann. (2014). The MPIA also allows an agency to waive fees upon the request of an

applicant if, “after considering the applicant’s ability to pay and other relevant factors,

the official custodian determines that the waiver would be in the public interest.” GP § 4-

206(e)(2). The dispositive issue in this appeal is whether an official custodian may take a

community organization’s past criticisms of the agency into account in deciding whether

granting the organization’s fee waiver request is in the public interest.

    The Action Committee for Transit (“ACT”) and Benjamin Ross appeal from a

judgment of the Circuit Court for Montgomery County in favor of the Town of Chevy

Chase.2 ACT and Ross assert that the Town violated the MPIA when it denied their

requests for waivers of fees that the Town proposed to charge them for responding to

requests for copies of certain Town records. The circuit court concluded that the Town

did not violate the Act and entered judgment accordingly. ACT and Ross present two

issues, which, for purposes of analysis, are best expressed in terms of whether the circuit


       1
       The MPIA is codified in Title 4 of the General Provisions Article, Md. Code
Ann. (2014).
       2
        The Town of Chevy Chase is not to be confused with any of the other similarly-
named municipalities located in Montgomery County: Chevy Chase Village, Section 3 of
the Village of Chevy Chase, The Village of Chevy Chase Section 5, the Village of North
Chevy Chase, and the Town of Chevy Chase View. Of these, Chevy Chase Village is the
oldest, having been incorporated by an act of the General Assembly in 1910. See ch. 382
of the Laws of 1910.
court erred in granting summary judgment to the Town as to the claims of ACT on the

one hand, and Ross on the other.3

    We will vacate the judgment of the circuit court and remand this case for further

proceedings.

                                         BACKGROUND

    “In cases interpreting an MPIA request, facts necessary to the determination of a

motion for summary judgment may be placed before the court by pleadings, affidavit,

deposition, answers to interrogatories, admission of facts, stipulations and concessions.”

Prince George’s County v. The Washington Post Co., 149 Md. App. 289, 304 (2003)

(internal quotation and citation omitted). Our summary of the facts is drawn from those

sources.

    ACT is a non-stock, non-profit organization that advocates for public transportation

in Montgomery County, Maryland. Ross is a published author who has written

extensively in print and electronic media about issues regarding the Purple Line. He lives


       3
           ACT and Ross filed a joint brief and present the following questions:
       1. Whether the Circuit Court erred in holding that the Town of Chevy
       Chase was permitted to use “past negative comments” by a public-interest
       group and a journalist as a basis for denying their requests for fee waivers
       under the MPIA.
       2. Whether the Circuit Court erred in holding that the Town of Chevy
       Chase was permitted to deny fee waiver requests based on “other relevant
       factors” it neither articulated nor explained.
  The problem with this articulation of the issues is that it blurs some factual differences
between ACT and Ross and their respective requests.
                                               2
in Bethesda. The Town is a Maryland municipal corporation and, as such, is subject to the

MPIA. Todd Hoffman, the Town Manager, is the official custodian of the Town’s public

records. See GP § 4-101(f).4

    The controversy between the parties concerns the Purple Line, a proposed light rail

public transit system that, if constructed, will extend from Bethesda to New Carrollton.

The Purple Line is a multi-billion dollar project that is proposed to be funded through a

combination of federal, State, local, and private sources.5 Current plans call for a portion

of the Purple Line to be located within in a former railroad right-of-way which is

currently used as a linear park known as the Georgetown Branch Trail or the Capital

Crescent Trail. Part of this trail is located within the Town. Town residents and property

owners will be directly affected by the construction and operation of the Purple Line. The

Town opposes the project.6

    ACT and Ross allege that, in 2008, and as part of its effort to oppose construction of

the Purple Line, the Town retained the law firm of Sidley Austin and a civil engineer to

review the Maryland Transit Administration’s Draft Environmental Impact Statement for


       4
        The MPIA defines “Custodian” in GP § 4-101(f) as:
       (1) the official custodian; or
       (2) any other authorized individual who has physical custody and control of
       a public record.
       5
         See
https://perma.cc/QUN6-ZCPU/, last visited July 15, 2016.
       6
        There has been other litigation in Maryland courts regarding the Capital Crescent
Trail. See Montgomery County v. Bhatt, 446 Md. 79 (2016).
                                              3
the Purple Line. ACT and Ross allege that the Town spent approximately $434,000 in

that effort. ACT and Ross further allege that in 2014, the Town retained the law firm, of

Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney (the “Buchanan Firm”), which in turn subcontracted with

two lobbying firms, Chambers, Conlon & Harwell, LLC (the “Chambers Firm”) and

Alexander & Cleaver, P.A. (the “Alexander Firm”). The Town also retained the public

relations firm Xenophon Strategies. All four firms were retained to represent the Town’s

interests in lobbying both the federal and state governments to deny funding for the

Purple Line. The Town paid the Buchanan Firm $20,000 monthly for its services.

    Early in 2014, the Washington Post and other news sources published several articles

detailing the Town’s relationship with the four firms, including some details on the

monthly fees the Town paid for the firms’ services. Additionally, an article in the

Washington Post reported that one of the partners in the Buchanan Firm was Robert L.

Shuster, whose brother, Bill Shuster, is the chair of the Transportation and Infrastructure

Committee of the United States House of Representatives.7 Spurred by the information

contained in these articles, ACT and Ross sought access to the Town’s records pertaining

to the Town’s relationship with these firms. To that end, both ACT and Ross filed a series

of MPIA requests with the Town.

    ACT’s first request was submitted in February, 2014. ACT sought documents


       7
        The record indicates that Mr. Shuster the lawyer made it clear to the Town
Council that he would not lobby Mr. Shuster the congressman before the Town Council
agreed to hire the Buchanan Firm.
                                              4
regarding the Town’s relationship with the Buchanan Firm; it did not request a fee

waiver. The Town provided copies of all non-privileged documents that were responsive

to the request without charge because the time spent by Town staff in responding was less

than two hours. See GP § 4-206(c) (“The official custodian may not charge a fee for the

first 2 hours that are needed” to respond to a request to inspect public records.).

    ACT filed two additional requests in April. The first sought documents pertaining to

the Town’s relationship with the Chambers and Alexander Firms, as well as any

additional documents pertaining to the Buchanan Firm. The second request sought access

to privileged documents relating to the Buchanan Firm and documents concerning the

Town’s relationship with Xenophon Strategies.

    In response to the first April request, Hoffman, the Town Manager, stated that the

Town staff would begin searching for documents responsive to the request upon ACT’s

deposit of $700, noting that it would not provide the two hours of free research because

ACT’s request was on the same general topic as its February request. As to the second

April request, Mr. Hoffman stated that it would provide two hours of free research, but

still required a deposit of $250 before it would begin research on the requested

documents.

    ACT then requested a fee waiver for both April requests. The Town denied the

waiver request on April 23, 2014. By way of explanation, Mr. Hoffman stated that “[i]t is

anticipated that the Town will expend a significant amount of time researching and


                                              5
processing [t]he requests.”8

    On May 21, 2014, ACT submitted another request for documents, asking for

substantially the same information sought in the April requests. Meriam Schoenbaum, a

part-time news blogger, submitted the request on ACT’s behalf, requesting a fee waiver

based upon ACT’s status as a non-profit and its intent to disseminate the information, and

her own status as a journalist.9 The Town denied Ms. Schoenbaum’s request for a fee

waiver on June 20, 2014 on both grounds. By way of explanation, the Town’s letter stated

that: “In your request, you outline your arguments in support of a waiver of all fees . . . .

Please be advised your request for a waiver has been considered and denied.” The Town

further stated that it would not provide the two hours of free research because the

previous request filed by ACT related to the same general topic.

    This brings us to the two MPIA requests that are at issue in this appeal: ACT’s

request dated October 15, 2014 (the “ACT Request”), and Ross’s request, which was one

of two filed by him on November 10, 2014.

    The ACT Request sought:

       copies of public records relating to contracts, agreements, and
       communications between [the Town] and the four firms the Town retained
       to provide services in relation to the Purple Line public transit project.

       8
        In Mayor and City Council of Baltimore v. Burke, 67 Md. App. 147, 157 (1986),
this Court stated that a custodian of records must consider relevant factors beyond the
cost that it will incur in responding to a request as a basis for denying a fee waiver
request.
       9
           Ms. Schoenbaum listed her journalistic credentials in her request.
                                                6
          ACT also seeks full minutes of closed sessions held by the Town
          Council . . . . ACT makes this request in order to promote the public’s
          understanding of the Town and the conduct of its public officials in
          conducting public business relating a major public infrastructure project.
          ACT intends to contribute significantly to the public’s understanding by
          making public the requested records and the information the records
          contain.

    As part of its request, ACT sought a waiver of fees on three grounds:

    (1) it was entitled to a fee waiver because “the information requested will serve the

public interest and contribute significantly to the public’s understanding of the business,

activities, and public-money expenditures of a government body related to a major public

infrastructure project”;

    (2) it was not seeking the information for any commercial purpose; and

    (3) ACT did not have the financial resources to pay any fee associated with its request

because it was a grassroots, public interest organization run by volunteers, and because its

charter requires that any assets to be donated to a 501(c)(3) charitable organization upon

dissolution. However, ACT did not attach any documentary support for these assertions.10

    On October 27, 2014, counsel for the Town responded to ACT. First, the Town

denied ACT’s request for a fee waiver. By way of explanation for the denial, counsel

stated:


          As you know, the [MPIA] authorizes the Town to charge a reasonable fee

          10
        The ACT Request was submitted by means of a letter from its counsel to the
Town Attorney. In the letter, ACT’s counsel stated that her firm was representing ACT on
a pro bono basis.
                                                7
       for making copies and a reasonable fee for researching its records. In your
       request, you outline your arguments in support of a waiver of all fees
       associated with the request. Please be advised the request for a waiver has
       been considered and is denied.

    Additionally, counsel explained that the Town would not provide two hours of free

research because the request related “to the same general topic” as ACT’s previous

request. Finally, counsel provided ACT with an estimate of $879 for the fee the Town

would charge to respond to the request and requested that amount as a deposit before the

Town processed ACT’s request.

    On November 10, 2014, Ross submitted two MPIA requests to the Town. The first

was titled: “Re: Maryland Public Information Act Request on behalf of Action

Committee for Transit[.]” Ross almost immediately withdrew this request and submitted

a second request titled “Re: Maryland Public Information Act Request[.]” Titles aside,

the two requests were largely identical, although Ross’s second request contained more

detail on his status as a member of the media. In both letters, he specified that he was

submitting the request as a member of the media:

       I am submitting the following request as a member of the media. I am a
       published author who writes on issues of public interest, such as chemical
       pollution and urban development. I have written extensively on issues
       regarding the Purple Line in both print and electronic media. For the last 14
       years, I have regularly contributed articles and (in more recent years) blog
       posts to Dissent magazine and I have written there on issues regarding the
       Purple Line. I also write at Greater Greater [sic] Washington blog. The
       purpose of this blog is to provide information about elected officials,
       development, traffic, and other matters impacting the Greater Washington
       area, including Montgomery County, Maryland.



                                              8
    Included in his letter were requests for fee waivers. He listed all of the same grounds

included in the ACT Request, but additionally listed several other grounds related to his

status as a member of the media, including that: (1) he frequently writes books and

articles concerning issues impacting the public, (2) that he has written before on

developments concerning the Purple Line, and (3) that providing him more information

on the Purple Line would be in the public interest because it, and the Town’s

expenditures, have garnered coverage in mainstream news outlets.

    On November 21, Hoffman denied Ross’s request for a fee waiver. He stated:

       In your request, you identify yourself as a member of the media as a basis
       for a waiver of all fees associated with the request. Please be advised that
       the request for a waiver has been considered and is denied. We do not
       believe this request is being made in your capacity as a member of the
       media. This belief is based on the first request you submitted and then
       immediately withdrew on November 10, 2014, which clearly indicated it
       was being submitted on behalf of [ACT], along with your known affiliation
       with ACT. Accordingly, the Town will expect payment in full for all fees
       associated with the request.


                             – The Circuit Court Proceedings –

    In January, 2015, ACT and Ross filed a joint complaint in the circuit court

challenging the Town’s denial of their fee waiver requests. The complaint alleged that

the Town violated the MPIA when it: (1) denied their requests for access to the minutes

of the closed meetings between the Town and the lobbying and public relation firms; (2)

denied their requests for waivers of the fees associated with the requests; (3) denied




                                             9
providing them with two hours of free research for the requests;11 and (4) denied ACT’s

and Ross’s requests to review the minutes of closed meetings in which the Town’s

relationship with the Buchanan Firm and the other lobbyists were discussed.

    In their prayer for relief, ACT and Ross requested that the Town provide access to all

of the requested documents, and that the fees associated with the requests be waived.

Additionally, ACT and Ross requested that the Town provide them with copies of

minutes of the closed meetings of the Town Council that pertained to the lobbyists.

Finally, they asked that the court award them attorneys’ fees pursuant to § 4-362(f) of the

MPIA.12

    In response, the Town filed a motion to dismiss, or, in the alternative, a motion for

summary judgment. In its motion, the Town took a two-fold approach:

    First, it argued that it denied ACT’s and Ross’s fee waiver requests based on the

grounds contained in ACT’s and Ross’s requests themselves; as the Town explains this

logic: “[T]he Town reviewed ACT’s arguments and all of the ‘relevant factors’ stated by

ACT in support of its fee waiver request, considered those factors, and nevertheless

decided that the request was denied.” (Emphasis deleted.) Notably, the Town did not

attach any affidavit from Hoffman, or from anyone else, describing the Town’s actual

      11
            ACT and Ross have pursued the two free hour issue on appeal.
       12
            GP § 4-362(f) states:
       If the court determines that the complainant has substantially prevailed, the
       court may assess against a defendant governmental unit reasonable counsel
       fees and other litigation costs that the complainant reasonably incurred.
                                             10
decision-making process or explaining what specific considerations entered into the

Town’s decision to deny the waiver request.13 The only evidence in the record concerning

the Town’s motives are the Town’s denial letters themselves.

    Second, the Town provided an explanation of its reasoning in its memorandum in

support of its motion. Among other reasons advanced by the Town was the following:

      The Town also did not agree that ACT or Ross’s fee waiver requests were
      made in the ‘public interest,’ or even that the documents requested were
      sought for a public purpose. Rather, the history of attacks on the Town by
      ACT/its members, and previous requests made by ACT and its Officers
      demonstrated that Plaintiffs sought the fee waiver for their own personal
      interests in retaliating against the Town for its opposition to the proposed
      Purple Line project. ACT had posted false accusations against the Town on
      ACT’s website and had repeatedly attacked the Town because of the
      Town’s opposition to the proposed Purple Line project, accusing the Town
      of acting illegally. The Town, like any private citizen, is entitled to take a
      position on the public issue. ACT and its members engaged in a smear
      campaign and utilized the Open Meetings Act Compliance Board[14] and,


      13
         The Town’s motion was supported by an affidavit from Hoffman, but it stated
only that a July 23, 2014 email from Schoenbaum to him, and Ross’s MPIA requests
were business records of the Town.
      14
           The Open Meetings Act is codified at GP § 3-101–501. The Open Meetings Act
      is based on the philosophy that public business should be performed in a
      public manner, which is accessible to interested citizens, and that this type
      of open government is essential to the maintenance of a democratic society.
      Such open government ensures the accountability of government to the
      citizens of the State[,] . . . increases the faith of the public in government
      and enhances the effectiveness of the public in fulfilling its role in a
      democratic society.
Tuzeer v. Yim, LLC, 201 Md. App. 443, 464 (2011) (quotation marks and citations
omitted).
 The Open Meetings Compliance Board is a State agency established by GP § 3-201. Its
                                                                      (continued...)
                                            11
       now this Court, to retaliate against the Town for its position on the
       proposed Purple Line project. Thus, the Town rightfully disbelieved ACT
       and Ross’s claims that the request for the fee waiver was in the ‘public
       interest.’ If anything, ACT and Ross appeared to desire the documents
       without paying the fee for the ‘commercial’ or proprietary purpose of
       attacking the Town for its opposition to a project supported by ACT. Thus,
       the Plaintiffs’ fee waiver requests were carefully considered and all factors
       militated against a finding by the Town that a fee waiver was in the ‘public
       interest’ or was warranted.

    (Emphasis added; citation deleted.)

    To buttress these assertions, the Town attached copies of press releases issued by

ACT in March of 2014 as exhibits to the memorandum. One release criticized the Town

Council for “misinforming” the public about the nature of the services that the Buchanan

Firm would provide to the Town. Another stated that the Town “broke the law when its

council met in secret to hire an anti-Purple Line lobbyist.”15 Additionally, in its


       14
         (...continued)
purpose is to provide advisory opinions regarding complaints that public bodies violate
the Act. GP § 3-204.
 The particulars of the parties’ Open Meetings Act dispute are beyond the scope of this
opinion but may be found in the Compliance Board’s ruling on the complaint. See 9
OMCB 99 (2014).
       15
        Although the Town takes great umbrage at this statement, the Open Meetings
Compliance Board did in fact conclude that the Town had violated public notice
provisions of the Open Meetings Act with regard to a meeting between the Town
Council and members of the Buchanan Firm. The Compliance Board stated:
       The Act’s disclosure measures serve partly to enable a public body to
       assure [its] constituents that when the public body is meeting behind closed
       doors, it is doing so legally and for a reason. The Council’s use of them for
       the November 26 meeting might have avoided this complaint and its
       neglect of them violated the Act.
                                                                               (continued...)
                                              12
memorandum, the Town asserted that it was entitled to deny Ross’s request because: a) it

was justified in not crediting Ross’s claim that he filed his request in his capacity as a

member of the media; b) in any event, Ross was not a member of the media because

contributing to a news blog did not qualify one as a member of the media; and c) the

records that ACT had sought did not pertain to a matter of public interest.

    After a hearing, the circuit court issued a bench opinion granting the Town’s motion

for summary judgment. The court denied ACT’s and Ross’s requests for access to

minutes of the closed sessions of Town Council meetings.16 The court concluded that,

since the MPIA does not state that an agency or government must name the factors it

relied on in deciding to deny the fee waiver, the Town’s statement that it considered

relevant factors was sufficient:

         The letters that the plaintiffs have cited cite reasons to grant the waiver in
       them, and the town has responded by saying that it’s considered those
       requests [sic] in the letters that were sent, and it has denied them. . . .
         So, the town considered the information that was presented to it, said in
       its response have [sic] considered that request, and, based on one of their
       factors being past negative comments and other relevant factors they were
       denying the request. There’s nowhere that it says that they have to report
       what those factors are. . . . Defendant maintains they were considered.

    This appeal followed.




       15
      (...continued)
9 OMCB at 101.
       16
            ACT and Ross do not challenge this aspect of the court’s judgment on appeal.
                                              13
                                           ANALYSIS

                                  I. The Statutory Framework

    The MPIA was enacted in 1970, four years after Congress enacted the federal

Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”),17 often referred to as the “archetype of public

information acts.” Blythe v. State, 161 Md. App. 492, 513 (2005). The public policies

advanced by the FOIA and the MPIA are virtually identical. Id.; see also Fioretti v.

Maryland State Bd. of Dental Examiners, 351 Md. 66, 76 (1998). The principal purpose

of the MPIA is to “provide the public the right to inspect the records of the State

government or of a political subdivision.” Fioretti, 351 Md. at 76. The provisions of the

MPIA “shall be construed in favor of allowing inspection of a public record, with the

least cost and least delay to the person . . . that requests the inspection.” GP § 4-103(b).

This right is a cornerstone of democratic government:

       The Maryland Public Information Act is based on the enduring principle
       that public knowledge of government activities is critical to the functioning
       of a democratic society; that a government of the people, by the people and
       for the people must be open to the people.

Office of the Attorney General, M ARYLAND PUBLIC INFORMATION ACT M ANUAL

(the “MPIA Manual”) Preface (14th ed., October 2015) (emphasis in original); see also

ACLU v. Leopold, 223 Md. App. 97, 109 (2015).




       17
            FOIA is codified at 5 U.S.C.A. § 552.
                                              14
    The MPIA provides that the official custodian of requested public records is

ordinarily entitled to charge an applicant a reasonable fee18 for: (1) “the search for,

preparation of, and reproduction of a public record prepared, on request of the applicant,

in a customized format;” and (2) “the actual costs of the search for, preparation of, and

reproduction of a public record in standard format, including media and mechanical

processing costs.” GP § 4-206(b). However, the custodian’s ability to charge a reasonable

fee is subject to certain limitations. For instance, the ability to collect a fee for the search

and preparation of the materials is limited by GP § 4-206(c), which states that: “The

official custodian may not charge a fee for the first 2 hours that are needed to search for a

public record and prepare it for inspection.” Furthermore, § 4-206(e) provides:

       (e) The official custodian may waive a fee under this section if:
       (1) the applicant asks for a waiver; and
       (2) (i) the applicant is indigent and files an affidavit of indigency; or
       (ii) after consideration of the ability of the applicant to pay the fee and other
       relevant factors, the official custodian determines that the waiver would be
       in the public interest.[19]


       18
         A “reasonable fee” is defined in GP § 4-206(a) as “a fee bearing a reasonable
relationship to the recovery of actual costs incurred by a governmental unit.”
       19
            The fee waiver provision under FOIA is similar, and reads:
       Documents shall be furnished without any charge or at a charge reduced
       below the fees established under clause [] if disclosure of the information is
       in the public interest because it is likely to contribute significantly to public
       understanding of the operations or activities of the government and is not
       primarily in the commercial interest of the requester. 5 U.S.C.A. §
       552(a)(4)(A)(iii).


                                               15
    Maryland’s appellate case law on MPIA fee waiver requests is limited to a single

decision, Mayor and City of Baltimore v. Burke, 67 Md. App. 147 (1986), which we will

discuss later. In addition to Burke, the parties cite to the MPIA Manual and a 1996

opinion of the Attorney General, 81 Op. Att’y Gen. 154 (1996).

    The MPIA Manual is a document written and updated by the Office of the Maryland

Attorney General. In its preface, it states that it is “designed to be a resource for a range

of users, from members of the public and the media who request information, to the

government officials who have the responsibility to implement the Act’s requirements.”

Chapter 7 of the Manual pertains to fees under the Act. It states:

       To determine whether a waiver is in the public interest, the official
       custodian must consider not only the ability of the applicant to pay, but also
       other relevant factors. A waiver may be appropriate, for example, when a
       requestor seeks information for a public purpose, rather than a narrow
       personal or commercial interest, because a public purpose justifies the
       expenditure of public funds to comply with the request. . . . In deciding
       whether to waive a fee, an official custodian may find it helpful to look at
       case law interpreting the comparable FOIA provision[.]

MPIA Manual at 7-3.

    The Manual goes on to identify several relevant factors identified in federal FOIA

decisions. These factors include “the potential that the requested disclosure would

contribute to public understanding and the significance of that understanding.” Id. at 7-4

(citing Project on Military Procurement v. Dept. of Navy, 710 F. Supp. 362 (D.D.C.

1989); and Larson v. CIA, 843 F.2d 1481 (D.C. Cir. 1988). Another factor identified in


                                              16
the Manual is whether the material sought pertains to “a matter of genuine public

concern[.]” Id. (citing Crooker v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, 882 F.

Supp 1158 (D. Mass. 1995)).

    The Attorney General issued an opinion discussing fee waivers in the context of the

MPIA. 81 Op. Att’y Gen. 154 (1996). In his opinion, the Attorney General stated that

“the broad term ‘public interest’ does not permit a precise listing of relevant factors.” Id.

at 157. However, the Opinion lists several examples of factors that may contribute to the

public interest determination, such as whether disclosure of records will shed light on “a

public controversy about official actions,” or on “an agency’s performance of its public

duties.” Id. at 157-58.20


       20
        Although Opinions of the Attorney General have a clearly established place in
the firmament of Maryland law, the MPIA Manual does not.
  The constitutionally-prescribed duties of the Attorney General included providing
written opinions “on any legal matter or subject” when required by the General
Assembly, the Governor, and certain other State officials. See Maryland Constitution
Article V, § 3(4). Opinions that address matters of significant public importance are
“compiled and published annually as the Opinions of the Attorney General.” Dan A.
Friedman THE MARYLAND STATE CONSTITUTION 190 (2006).
  Courts carefully consider, but are not bound by, the analyses and conclusions contained
in Opinions of the Attorney General. See, e.g., Fuller v. Republican Central Committee
of Carroll County, 444 Md. 613, 631 (2015); ACLU of Maryland v. Leopold, 223 Md.
App. 97, 109 (2015). Attorney General’s opinions are particularly helpful in discerning
legislative intent. Fuller, 444 Md. at 631. This is because “[t]he Legislature is presumed
to be aware of the Attorney General’s statutory interpretation and, in the absence of
enacting any change to the statutory language, to acquiesce in the Attorney General’s
construction.” Gomez v. Jackson Hewitt, Inc., 427 Md. 128, 170 n.36 (2012).
 No reported opinion has yet articulated what weight should be afforded to the MPIA
Manual even though the Manual has been referenced in several reported appellate
                                                                           (continued...)
                                              17
                                 II. The Standard of Review

    Judicial review of an agency’s decision on MPIA requests is authorized by GP § 4-

362, which permits a person who is denied inspection of a public record to challenge the

denial by filing a complaint in the circuit court. In their complaint, ACT and Ross alleged,

in effect, that the Town denied them access to public records by arbitrarily denying their

meritorious requests for fee waivers. The standard of review for a circuit court’s decision

on a government’s response to an MPIA request is “whether that court had an adequate

factual basis for the decision it rendered and whether the decision the court reached was

clearly erroneous.” Comptroller of Treasury v. Immanuel, 216 Md. App. 259, 266 (2014),

aff’d Immanuel v. Comptroller, ___ Md. ___, No. 87, September, 2015 Term (filed July

12, 2016) (citing Haigley v. Dep’t of Health & Mental Hygiene, 128 Md. App. 194, 210

(1999)). “We review de novo any purported errors in interpreting the Act itself.” Id.

Because the circuit court ruled on the issues on a motion for summary judgment, we will

review the circuit court’s decision “only [upon] the grounds which the lower court relied

in granting summary judgment.”



       20
        (...continued)
decisions. See Mayor & City Council of Baltimore v. Maryland Comm. Against the Gun
Ban, 329 Md. 78, 81 (1993); Leopold, 223 Md. App. at 117; Gallagher v. Office of the
Atty. Gen., 127 Md. App. 572, 578 (1999), rev’d on other grounds, 359 Md. 341 (2000).
  There is no constitutional or statutory mandate requiring the Attorney General to
publish the MPIA Manual. Although the Manual may not rise to the dignity of a formal
opinion by the Attorney General, it is nonetheless a useful, although not binding,
resource for courts.
                                             18
    The parties do not dispute that our review of the circuit court’s decision is de novo.

However, they part company as to how we should review the agency’s decision to deny

the request for fee waivers. The Town, citing Burke, 67 Md. App. at 157, argues that its

denial may be overturned only if its decision was arbitrary and capricious.

    ACT and Ross argue for a different standard. They note that under FOIA, courts

review an agency’s decision to deny a fee waiver de novo. See, e,g., Cause of Action v.

F.T.C., 799 F.3d 1108, 1113 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (“We review de novo both the district

court’s grant of summary judgment and the agency’s denial of the fee-waiver

applications.”). We don’t find this argument to be persuasive.

    The de novo review standard for FOIA fee waiver disputes is statutory. See 5

U.S.C.A. § 552(a)(4)(vii) (“In any action by a requester regarding the waiver of fees[,] . .

. the court shall determine the matter de novo.”). The same statute prescribes that “the

court’s review of the matter shall be limited to the record before the agency.” Id.

    In contrast, generally when a Maryland court addresses an MPIA dispute, the court

considers not only the agency record, but also facts generated “by pleadings, affidavit,

deposition, answers to interrogatories, admission of facts, stipulations and concessions.”

Prince George’s County v. The Washington Post Co., 149 Md. App. at 304. Were we to

limit our review solely to the record before the agency, we would burden government

units with the obligation of generating a record against the possibility that a dispute will

end up in court.



                                              19
                                   III. The Parties’ Contentions

    ACT and Ross argue that the circuit court erred in granting the Town summary

judgment on two bases. First, they contend that the Town’s letters of denial themselves

were legally deficient under the MPIA because neither letter cited any relevant factor that

justified denying the requests for fee waivers. Second, they note that the circuit court

cited as one of the factors considered by the Town in denying their requests was the “past

negative comments” made by ACT and Ross about the Town in the past. They assert that

this is not a permissible basis to deny a fee waiver request. In response, the Town raises a

variety of contentions.

    The Town’s primary contention is that its responses to ACT’s and Ross’s waiver

requests were adequate as a matter of law and constitute conclusive evidence that its

decisions to deny the requests were based upon valid reasons.

    From these premises, the Town further asserts that:

    (1) ACT’s and Ross’s claims to the contrary notwithstanding, the Town did not base

its decision in whole or in part upon past negative comments made by Ross and/or ACT

regarding the Town.21


       21
            To buttress this contention, the Town asserts that:
       the Circuit Court [did not] “hold” that the Town based its decision to deny
       the fee waiver request on “past negative comments” nor so-called
       “viewpoint discrimination.”
                                                                              (continued...)
                                                20
    (2) GP § 4-206(e) permits it to “consider the identity and purpose of the requester” as

one element of the “other relevant factors” in deciding whether to grant a fee waiver. The

Town cites the MPIA Manual:

       To determine whether a waiver is in the public interest, the official
       custodian must consider not only the ability of the applicant to pay, but also
       other relevant factors. A waiver may be appropriate, for example, when a
       requester seeks information for a public purpose, rather than a narrow
       personal or commercial interest, because a public purpose justifies the
       expenditure of public funds to comply with the request.

MPIA Manual, Chapter 7-3 (C).

    The Town concludes by asserting that “the Town reasonably concluded that waiver

of the fee was not in the public interest” because of:



       21
       (...continued)
We can dispose of this contention quickly. The relevant part of the court’s decision is
(emphasis added):
       So, the town considered the information that was presented to it, said in its
       response have considered that request, and, based on one of their factors
       being past negative comments and other relevant factors they were denying
       the request. There’s nowhere [in the MPIA] that it says that they have to
       report what those factors are. There’s no statute, and [Mayor and City of
       Baltimore v.] Burke doesn't speak to that. It says they have to consider
       them.
  A “holding” is a “court’s determination of a matter of law pivotal to its decision[.]”
Bryan A. Garner BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th Ed. 2014) 849. Thus, the Town is,
hyper-technically, correct—the circuit court did not hold as a matter of law that the
Town’s decision to deny the fee waiver requests was based on the Town’s perception
that ACT and Ross had commented negatively about the Town’s past handling of the
Purple Line issue. This is not because the circuit court didn’t address the issue but
because issue was a factual, as opposed to a legal, one. There can be no doubt that the
court concluded that the Town’s decision to deny the waiver requests was based in part
on ACT’s and Ross’s past statements about the Town Council.
                                             21
       Mr. Ross’s known affiliation with ACT. Because of the history and Mr.
       Ross’s apparent duplicity, the Town obviously questioned the purpose of
       the fee waiver request, and whether it was for a public purpose and would
       be in the ‘public interest.’ Upon consideration of ACT/Ross’s ability to pay
       and the ‘other relevant factors,’ the Town ultimately determined that the fee
       waiver would not be in the public interest and denied the request. As
       discussed, the Town was entitled to consider these circumstances in
       denying the fee waiver request and the decision was not ‘viewpoint
       discrimination.’

                                  IV. ACT’s Waiver Request

    Upon consideration of the parties’ contentions, we conclude that the circuit court

erred in granting summary judgment to the Town. The circuit court was correct that GP §

4-206 does not set out any requirement for a custodian’s response to a waiver request.

However, by stopping at that point, the court overlooked its own role in the process.

When presented with a waiver request, a custodian must consider the ability of the

applicant to pay the fee and other relevant factors to decide whether the waiver would be

in the public interest. See GP § 4-206(e)(2). When a custodian’s decision to deny a waiver

request is appealed, the court must have sufficient information before it to satisfy itself

that the custodian’s decision was not arbitrary or capricious. This point is illustrated by

our analysis in City of Baltimore v. Burke, 67 Md. App. 147 (1986).

    Burke was a reporter for the Baltimore News American who sought records from the

City of Baltimore pertaining to a malfunctioning sewer treatment plant owned by the City.

Id. at 149. The City responded that approximately 160,000 pages of documents were

responsive to Burke’s request “and that these documents would be released providing the



                                              22
appellee paid approximately $50,000 to cover copying at 25 cents per page and the cost of

the ‘City employee’s time based upon their [sic] salary to retrieve the documents and the

portion of an Assistant City Solicitor’s time to review each document to delete material

which is not subject to disclosure.’” Id. Burke challenged the City’s refusal to grant a fee

waiver. In affirming the circuit court’s conclusion that the City’s refusal to grant the fee

waiver was arbitrary and capricious, we stated:

       It is apparent from the record that [the relevant City officials] considered no
       more than the expense to the City of locating and duplicating the
       documents . . . and the perceived ability of the appellee, as an employee of a
       Baltimore newspaper, to pay the City’s projected fee. The appellants did not
       abide by 10-621(d)(2)[22] which mandates consideration of ‘other relevant
       factors’ and making a determination of whether the waiver would be in the
       public interest. Certainly those relevant considerations would include the
       health hazard created by the discharge of inadequately treated sewage into
       the Patapsco River, the importance of public exposure of the delayed and
       extremely costly improvements to the Patapsco Waste Water Treatment
       Plant, and the danger that imposing a fee for information upon a newspaper
       publisher might have a chilling effect on free exercise of freedom of the
       press.

    Returning to the present case, the Town’s response to ACT’s waiver request was:

       In your request, you outline your arguments in support of a waiver of all
       fees associated with the request. Please be advised the request for a waiver
       has been considered and is denied.

    This bald and conclusory statement provides no insight whatsoever as to the actual

considerations that motivated the Town to deny the request. As Burke makes clear, a

court must necessarily consider the actual decision-making process by the custodian in



       22
            Currently codified as GP § 4-206(e)(2).
                                              23
order to decide whether the custodian gave appropriate consideration to “other relevant

factors.” This necessarily calls for custodian to identify what relevant factors he or she

considered. The Town’s response to ACT fails comprehensively in this regard.

    The Town’s failure to explain the reasons for its decisions in its letter to ACT isn’t

necessarily fatal because the factual record can be further developed in the circuit court

“by pleadings, affidavit, deposition, answers to interrogatories, admission of facts,

stipulations and concessions.” Prince George’s County v. The Washington Post Co., 149

Md. App. at 304. The Town did this by setting out its reasoning in its memorandum in

support of its motion for summary judgment. We have set out a portion of that narrative

earlier in this opinion. Our reading of that memorandum leaves us satisfied that a

significant factor, if not the primary factor, in the Town’s decision to deny ACT’s request

for a waiver was that the organization had previously criticized the Town officials for

their opposition to the Purple Line.23 Without belaboring the issue, we agree with

appellants that the First Amendment’s guarantee of free expression of speech protects

persons from the imposition of financial burdens based upon the content of their speech.

See Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the U Va., 515 U.S. 819, 828 (1995) (“[T]he

government offends the First Amendment when it imposes financial burdens on certain

speakers based on the content of their expression.”); see also Reed v. Town of Gilbert,

       23
         Representations of fact in a memorandum of law are not evidence. But the
Town’s narrative was not challenged by ACT or Ross and was accepted by the circuit
court. In its brief to this Court, the Town seeks to downplay the significance of its
assertions, but these efforts are unconvincing.
                                             24
Ariz., 135 S. Ct. 2218, 2223 (2015) (“Government discrimination among viewpoints is a

‘more blatant’ and ‘egregious form of content discrimination . . . .”) (citing Rosenberger,

515 U.S. at 829.); Ridley v. Massachusetts Bay Transp. Auth., 390 F.3d 65, 82 (1st Cir.

2004) (“The bedrock principle of viewpoint neutrality demands that the state not suppress

speech where the real rationale for the restriction is disagreement with the underlying

ideology or perspective that the speech expresses.”). A decision based upon such

unconstitutional considerations is clearly arbitrary and capricious.

                                      V. Ross’s Request

    We turn to the Town’s denial of Ross’s fee waiver request. The letter from the

Town’s counsel to Ross stated in pertinent part:

       In your request, you identify yourself as a member of the media[24] as a basis
       for a waiver of all fees associated with the request. Please be advised that
       the request for a waiver has been considered and is denied. We do not
       believe this request is being made in your capacity as a member of the
       media. This belief is based on the first request you submitted and then
       immediately withdrew on November 10, 2014, which clearly indicated it
       was being submitted on behalf of [ACT], along with your known affiliation
       with ACT. Accordingly, the Town will expect payment in full for all fees
       associated with the request.

    Under different circumstances, we believe that Ross’s request on his own behalf,

coming within hours of Ross’s request on ACT’s behalf, might provide a basis for the



       24
         Based on the record before us, we are satisfied that Ross’s activities as a local
news blogger makes him a member of the “media” for MPIA purposes. See Courts and
Judicial Proceedings Article § 9-112(a) (defining “news media” as including “[a]ny
printed, photographic, mechanical, or electronic means of disseminating news and
information to the public.”)
                                             25
Town to conclude that Ross was acting as ACT’s proxy. Had the Town’s decision to deny

ACT’s request been based on legitimate concerns, the Town might have been justified in

denying Ross’s request as well. But, as we have just explained, the Town’s denial of

ACT’s request was arbitrary and capricious. Because the Town did not identify any

reason for denying Ross’s request other than his affiliation with ACT, we hold that the

Town’s decision to deny his waiver request was also arbitrary and capricious.

                                         VI. Conclusion

    We hold that the circuit court erred when it granted the Town’s motion for summary

judgment as to the fee waiver issue. What happens on remand is complicated by the fact

that the circuit court’s judgment addressed another issue, namely, the court concluded that

the Town was not required to disclose minutes of closed meetings. Neither ACT nor Ross

has asserted that the court erred in this regard.

    We will vacate the circuit court’s judgment and remand this case for it to enter a

judgment that the Town is not required to disclose minutes of its closed meetings in

response to the MPIA requests from ACT and Ross that are the subject of this appeal. The

judgment will further provide the Town is obligated to respond to Ross’s and ACT’s

requests without charge to the appellants. Finally, the court must consider ACT’s and

Ross’s request for attorneys’ fees pursuant to GP § 4-362(f). See Caffrey v. Dep't of

Liquor Control for Montgomery County, 370 Md. 272, 289 (2002) (“Generally, the

decision whether to award counsel fees to an eligible party under the MPIA rests within


                                              26
the sound exercise of discretion by the trial judge.”).25



              THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR
              MONTGOMERY COUNTY IS VACATED AND THIS CASE
              REMANDED TO IT FOR PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH
              THIS OPINION. APPELLEE TO PAY COSTS.




       25
          The General Assembly recently enacted amendments to the MPIA, effective
since October 1, 2015, that changed the process of reviewing issues arising under the Act.
The 2015 legislation added Subtitles 1A and 1B to the MPIA, and established two new
entities responsible for resolving MPIA disputes without resort to litigation.
       Subtitle 1A governs the newly-created State Public Information Act Compliance
Board, which, is responsible for reviewing claims that a custodian of records charged an
unreasonable fee for responding to a request. GP § 4-1A-04(a)(1). Subtitle 1B pertains to
the newly-created Public Access Ombudsman that, in part, is responsible for mediating
disputes concerning a custodian’s denial of a fee waiver request. GP § 4-1B-04(a)(6).
                                              27
