02-4992(L)
Iouri v. Ashcroft


                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
                                     _____________________

                                         August Term, 2004

              (Argued: March 22, 2005         Decided: September 11, 2006;
    Amended: September 13, 2006       On Petition for Rehearing: Decided: May 24, 2007
                                      Amended: May 24, 2007)

              Docket Nos. 02-4992(L), 02-4998(CON), 03-40132(CON), 03-40134(CON)

                                     _____________________

                              VLADIMIR IOURI and VERA YURIY,
                                                          Petitioners,

                                               – v. –

                     JOHN ASHCROFT, Attorney General of the United States,
                                                              Respondent.
                               _______________________

BEFORE:                        SOTOMAYOR, RAGGI, and HALL, Circuit Judges.
                                  _______________________

          Petition for review from a November 27, 2002 decision of the Board of Immigration

Appeals summarily affirming an Immigration Judge’s order denying Petitioners’ application for

asylum, withholding of return, and relief under the Convention Against Torture. Petitioners also

seek review of a May 29, 2003 order of the Board of Immigration Appeals denying their motion

to reopen proceedings for purposes of adjusting their status to lawful permanent residents.

          Petition for review DENIED.

                                   ________________________

                                        IRINA KOGAN, Brooklyn, New York,
                                      DAN M. KAHAN, Yale Law School Supreme Court
                                           Advocacy Clinic, New Haven, CT; Charles A.
                                           Rothfeld and Andrew Pincus, Mayer, Brown, Rowe
                                           & Maw LLP, Washington, D.C., for Petitioners.


                                      JOHN C. CUNNINGHAM, Senior Litigation Counsel
                                           (Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, Linda
                                            S. Wendtland, Assistant Director, on the brief),
                                           Office of Immigration Litigation, Washington, D.C.,
                                           for Respondent.

                                 __________________________
HALL, Circuit Judge:

       Vladimir Iouri and Vera Yuriy (“Petitioners”), natives of the former Soviet Union and

citizens of the now independent Ukraine, petition for review from a November 27, 2002 decision

of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) summarily affirming an Immigration Judge’s (”IJ”)

order finding Petitioners incredible and denying their application for asylum, withholding of

return, and relief under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). Petitioners also seek review of

a May 29, 2003 order of the BIA denying their motion to reopen immigration proceedings. The

purpose of the motion to reopen was to adjust their status to that of lawful permanent residents

on the basis of approved “immediate relative” petitions filed on Petitioners’ behalf by their

daughter, a United States citizen. The BIA denied the motion because by the time it was filed,

Petitioners had remained in the United States beyond the period granted for voluntary departure

and were, therefore, statutorily barred from seeking adjustment of status.

       On petition for review, Petitioners raise two issues. First, whether the BIA erred by

failing to take into account their advanced age in assessing their credibility. Second, whether

their voluntary departure period should be deemed stayed, tolled, or otherwise extended by their



                                                 2
having timely filed for a petition for review and moved for a stay of deportation in their

underlying asylum case.

                                           I. Background

        Petitioners—husband and wife—are natives of the former Soviet Union and citizens of

the now independent Ukraine. Iouri entered the United States on or about April 4, 1993 as a non-

immigrant visitor. Yuriy followed on or about August 3, 1993, also as a non-immigrant visitor.

Soon after his wife’s arrival, Iouri sought asylum claiming that as a member of the Ukraine

Orthodox Church, he was persecuted and has a well-founded fear of future persecution due to his

religious beliefs and affiliation.1

        In his asylum application, Iouri claims that he has long been mistreated due to his

religious beliefs. In particular, he asserts that under Communist rule, his family was unable to

practice their religion openly, and as a child, he was punished in school for attending Easter

services. His application also recounts alleged mistreatment while he served in the army. In

Hungary, for example, Iouri asserts he refused to shoot protestors due to his moral and religious

convictions, and as a result, he was mistreated and threatened with punishment. Iouri claims his

commanding officer arrested him while he was praying.2 Beyond that, Iouri contends he was

generally mocked, threatened, and forced to serve in an “atmosphere of general hostility.”




        1
            Yuriy is claimed as a dependent.
        2
          After leaving the army, Iouri claims he studied to be a merchant mariner but was unable
to get a job because he refused to fight in Hungary. He states that he eventually found a job in a
toy factory where he met his wife. He alleges that the KGB warned his managers about his and
his wife’s “political unreliability.”

                                                 3
       According to Petitioners, conditions did not improve with perestroika and independence.

They report receiving threatening letters and phone calls; letters they sent were opened and

inspected; and the Russian Orthodox and Ukranian Catholic churches, backed by the

government, did “their best to declare [Petitioner’s] religion out-of-law.”

       Iouri’s asylum application, however, made no mention of any specific incidents of abuse

or violence against him or his wife. Indeed, Iouri mentioned specific incidents for the first time

during an asylum interview and in an addendum to his application submitted to the IJ in June

1999. In the addendum, Iouri claimed that (1) he was attacked in December of 1991 and

threatened with death if he did not stop attending religious services; (2) his apartment was

vandalized in March of 1992; and (3) in February of 1993, his apartment was again broken into

and vandalized, and he was beaten and admitted to the hospital with a ruptured kidney.

       A hearing was held on July 6, 2000 at which both Petitioners testified. With regard to the

1991 incident, Iouri claimed for the first time that he was knocked unconscious, suffered injuries

to his head and chest, and was hospitalized for seven days. As to the 1992 vandalism incident,

he testified that graffiti with death threats was painted on the wall, and when he attempted to

report the incident, police informed him the case was closed and advised him to stop practicing

his religion. When Yuriy testified, she could not remember the date of the third incident, stating

that it occurred either in December of 1992 or February of 1993. She also testified that her

husband was attacked on the street, not in the apartment. When brought to her attention that

submitted documents indicated the attack occurred in her home, she changed her testimony and

stated that a fourth incident in which her husband was beaten occurred sometime in December of




                                                 4
1992. Her husband, however, did not testify to that effect, and there is no mention in any of the

documents of a December 1992 attack.

        The IJ denied Petitioners’ application finding that Iouri’s testimony was not credible.

Specifically, the IJ found his testimony to be “generally halting and vague with regards to some

significant events.” As to the 1991 incident, the IJ noted that this had not been mentioned

anywhere else and there were no documents corroborating that he had been hospitalized. The IJ

also noted inconsistencies in the testimony between Iouri and his wife—i.e., she claimed he was

attacked in 1993 on the street, not in the apartment, and she testified to a fourth incident never

once mentioned by Iouri. Finally, the IJ explained that Iouri was vague in describing the tenets

of his faith.3

        Although the IJ denied Petitioners’ application for asylum, he granted their request to

voluntarily depart pursuant to former Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) § 244(e)(1), 8

U.S.C. § 1254(e) (repealed 1996). Petitioners were warned that if they failed to depart

voluntarily, the order granting voluntary departure would be withdrawn and they would be

ordered deported to the Ukraine. They were also warned, by written order, of the statutory

consequences of failing to depart; specifically, they would be ineligible for certain immigration

relief, including adjustment of status, for a term of five years. Id. §§ 1252b(e)(2) & (5).

Petitioners filed a timely appeal which tolled the first thirty days of their voluntary departure




        3
         In this regard, the IJ noted that Petitioners submitted a letter in support of their asylum
application from a rector at a Russian Orthodox Church that Petitioners attend in the United
States which, according to other materials is, in fact, the church that caused them problems in the
Ukraine.

                                                  5
period. On November 27, 2002, the BIA summarily affirmed the IJ’s decision and granted

Petitioners a new period of voluntary departure lasting until December 27, 2002.

       Petitioners filed their petitions for review with this court on December 26, 2002 and

December 27, 2002. Along with the petitions for review, Petitioners also requested that we grant

them a stay of deportation. They did not, however, specifically request a stay of their voluntary

departure period or seek an extension of the departure period from the Immigration and

Naturalization Service’s (“INS”) District Director. Nor did they depart. Instead, they filed a

motion before the BIA to reopen proceedings in order to apply for adjustment of status on the

basis of approved “immediate relative” petitions filed on their behalf by their daughter, now a

United States citizen. The BIA denied their motion because they had overstayed their departure

period and were, therefore, statutorily barred from applying for adjustment of status. This appeal

followed.

                                           II. Discussion

       A. Asylum Application

       Because the BIA summarily affirmed the IJ’s decision to deny Petitioners’ application for

asylum, we review the IJ’s decision directly. Twum v. INS, 411 F.3d 54, 58 (2d Cir. 2005). In

turn, our scope of review is “exceedingly narrow.” Wu Biao Chen v. INS, 344 F.3d 272, 275 (2d

Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). In reviewing a denial of an application for asylum,

we “defer to the immigration court’s factual findings as long as they are supported by ‘substantial

evidence,’” and “we will not disturb a factual finding if it is supported by ‘reasonable, substantial

and probative’ evidence in the record when considered as a whole.” Id. (quoting Diallo v. INS,




                                                  6
232 F.3d 279, 287 (2d Cir. 2000)). Factual findings “are conclusive unless any reasonable

adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).

        When it comes to credibility determinations, we afford “particular deference” to the IJ in

applying the substantial evidence test. Zhou Yun Zhang v. INS, 386 F.3d 66, 73 (2d Cir. 2004)

(internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, we look to see whether the IJ has provided “specific,

cogent” reasons for her findings and whether those findings bear a “legitimate nexus” to the

credibility determinations. Id. at 74 (internal quotation marks omitted). Where a credibility

determination is based on specific examples of “inconsistent statements” or “contradictory

evidence,” a “reviewing court will generally not be able to conclude that a reasonable adjudicator

was compelled to find otherwise.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

        Here, the IJ clearly set forth specific and cogent reasons for his adverse credibility

finding, stating:

        Again, for all the reasons: the internal discrepancies, the external inconsistencies
        with information on documents and the addendum to the I-589 request for asylum,
        the general vagueness of the testimony, the lack of key details and specifics with
        regard to the most critical portions of the claim, and the significant discrepancies
        between the testimony of the two respondents; for all these reasons, I find that the
        testimony does not rise to the level of believability and consistency in detail to
        provide us with a plausible and coherent account of the basis for the fear, and for
        that reason a negative credibility finding is made for each respondent.

Tr. 14-15.

        These findings are supported by substantial evidence. As noted above, there were

significant discrepancies between Iouri’s initial asylum application, the addendum, and his

testimony. For example, the addendum did not note his hospitalization following the first

incident and nowhere in the initial asylum application did he mention any of these incidents.



                                                  7
More telling are the discrepencies between the testimony of the two Petitioners. Not only did

Yuriy testify that the February 1993 incident occurred while her husband was on the street,

whereas he testified that it occurred in the couple’s home, a fact his spouse would be unlikely to

mistake, but she also testified to a fourth incident occurring in December of 1992 which is

mentioned nowhere in her husband’s testimony, the supporting asylum application, or even the

addendum. These inconsistencies are sufficient to support the IJ’s adverse credibility findings.

See Gao v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 400 F.3d 963, 964 (2d Cir. 2005) (holding adverse credibility

supported by substantial evidence where “numerous discrepancies as to dates and surrounding

details [and petitioner’s] testimony at his asylum hearing differed substantially from his initial

written asylum application and first asylum interview. . . ”).

       Nevertheless, Petitioners argue that the IJ and BIA should have considered the passage of

time and their advanced age in assessing their credibility. As the government correctly points out

and as Petitioners acknowledge, however, this particular argument was not raised before the BIA

and Petitioners therefore failed to exhaust their administrative remedies. Accordingly, this

argument has been waived. See Foster v. INS, 376 F.3d 75, 78 (2d Cir. 2004) (“To preserve a

claim, we require ‘[p]etitioner to raise issues to the BIA in order to preserve them for judicial

review.’” (quoting Cervantes-Ascencio v. INS, 326 F.3d 83, 87 (2d Cir. 2003))).4 We therefore


       4
          Even if we did consider Petitioners’ argument, it is without merit. Neither the passage
of time nor Petitioners’ advanced age adequately explains the inconsistencies here. With the
passage of time and age, one expects memory to fade. Details such as dates may be forgotten or
inaccurately recalled, but here Iouri totally failed to mention in his initial asylum application—an
application filed shortly after his arrival in the United States—several grave incidents which go
to the heart of his claim. It was more than five years later that he mentioned them, first in the
addendum and then while testifying before the IJ. Similarly, his wife testified to an incident
never before mentioned. The severity of these incidents, coupled with the fact that they were not
mentioned until sometime later, suggests this is more than a case of mere forgetfulness due to

                                                  8
deny the petitions for review of the underlying asylum application and petition for withholding of

return.5

           B. Voluntary Departure

           As noted, Petitioners were granted—both by the IJ and the BIA—discretionary relief of

voluntary departure in lieu of deportation pursuant to former INA § 244(e)(1).6 “If adhered to,

voluntary departure produces a win-win situation.” Bocova v. Gonzales, 412 F.3d 257, 265 (1st

Cir. 2005). “For aliens, voluntary departure is desirable because it allows them to choose their

own destination points, to put their affairs in order without fear of being taken into custody at any

time, to avoid stigma and various penalties associated with forced removals . . . and it facilitates

the possibility of return to the United States . . . .” Lopez-Chavez v. Ashcroft, 383 F.3d 650, 651

(7th Cir. 2004). For the government, it expedites departures and reduces the costs that are

typically associated with deporting individuals from the United States. See Thapa v. Gonzales,

No. 06-1973, 2006 WL 2361248, at *4 (2d Cir. Aug. 19, 2006) Azarte v. Ashcroft, 394 F.3d

1278, 1284 (9th Cir. 2005).

           Following the BIA’s decision to affirm the IJ, Petitioners were required to depart the

United States by December 27, 2002. They did not. Instead, on January 23, 2003, they moved



either age or passage of time. Accordingly, the IJ cannot be faulted for failing to excuse the
inconsistencies or improved recollections on these grounds.
           5
               Petitioners have not sought review of their CAT claim.
           6
         Section 244(e)(1) provides that “the Attorney General may, in his discretion, permit any
alien under deportation proceedings . . . to depart voluntarily from the United States at his own
expense in lieu of deportation if such alien shall establish . . . that he is, and has been, a person of
good moral character for at least five years immediately preceding his application for voluntary
departure . . . .” 8 U.S.C. § 1254(e)(1).

                                                     9
before the BIA to have their proceedings reopened in order to adjust their status based on

“immediate relative” petitions filed on Petitioners’ behalf by their daughter and approved by the

INS on November 25, 2002. Because they had overstayed their time for voluntary departure,

however, the BIA denied the motion. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252b(e)(2)(A) (repealed 1996) (aliens who

fail to depart within the period for voluntary departure, “other than because of exceptional

circumstances, shall not be eligible for [adjustment or change of status under section 245] for a

period of 5 years after the scheduled date of departure . . . .”).

          The BIA’s conclusions of law are reviewed de novo but where the BIA has applied the

correct law, we review its decision to deny reopening for abuse of discretion. Guan v. BIA, 345

F.3d 47, 48 (2d Cir. 2003). To get around the otherwise clear statutory bar to their seeking

adjustment of status, Petitioners contend that either (1) their period for voluntary departure does

not commence until this Court issues the mandate in the underlying asylum case or (2) because

they sought a stay of deportation, we should enter a nunc pro tunc order staying their voluntary

departure period. Either way, Petitioners argue the BIA erred in not granting their motion to

reopen.

          i. When does Petitioners’ time to depart voluntarily begin to run?

          Citing the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Contreras-Aragon v. INS, 852 F.2d 1088, 1092 (9th

Cir. 1988), Petitioners first argue that their period for voluntary departure does not begin to run

until we issue a mandate denying their petition for review in their underlying asylum case.

Contreras-Aragon, however, is an “old law” case. At the time of Contreras-Aragaon, the INA

provided for automatic stays of deportation upon the filing of a petition for review. 8 U.S.C. §

1105a(a)(3) (repealed 1996). The Contrares-Aragon court reasoned that it was inconceivable


                                                   10
“that Congress made such provision but intended to require aliens granted voluntary departure to

seek repeated extensions of the voluntary departure period from the district director, in order to

preserve the award of voluntary departure until our final determination . . . .” 852 F.2d at 1092.

Thus, the court concluded that the right of voluntary departure should remain in effect throughout

the period of appellate review and for whatever additional time the BIA afforded the petitioner in

its decision. Id. In adopting this rule, the court rejected an alternative rule which would have

preserved voluntary departure only where the alien petitions for review within the period

specified for voluntary departure. Such a rule was unacceptable because, in the court’s view, it

would “shorten the statutory six month period” provided for under “old law” for filing a petition

for review. Id. at 1096 (citing 8 U.S.C. 1252(c) (repealed 1996)).

       Petitioners here, however, are subject to the rule of IIRIRA, as amended by the REAL ID

Act of 2005, because a final deportation order was entered after October 30, 1996. Pub.L. No.

104-208, § 309(c)(4), 110 Stat. 3009, 3009-546, 3009-625; REAL ID Act of 2005, Pub. L. 109-

13, § 106(d), 119 Stat. 231, 311. Two changes made applicable by IIRIRA are relevant here.

First, automatic stays are no longer granted; an alien must petition the court for a stay of

deportation. Id. § 309(c)(4)(F). Second, petitions for review must be filed within 30 days of the

final order of deportation. Id. § 309(c)(4)(C).

       These changes have so undercut the rationale of Contrares-Aragon that Petitioners

reliance on that decision is misplaced. Indeed, these very same changes prompted the Ninth

Circuit several years later in Zazueta-Carrillo v. Ashcroft, 322 F.3d 1166 (9th Cir. 2003), to

reconsider Contrares-Aragon and hold that the period for voluntary departure begins to run from




                                                  11
the time the BIA enters its order.7 Id. at 1170-72; see also Rife v. Ashcroft, 374 F.3d 606, 614-15

(8th Cir. 2004). Petitioners’ period for voluntary departure, therefore, began to run upon

issuance of the BIA’s order denying their application for asylum and withholding of return. They

are therefore barred from adjusting their status unless the period for voluntary departure was

stayed, tolled, or otherwise extended by their having filed for a stay of deportation. We now turn

to that issue.

        ii. Whether the period for voluntary departure may be stayed, tolled, or otherwise
        extended

        In Thapa, 2006 WL 2361248, following the position adopted by the majority of the

Circuits, compare Bocova, 412 F.3d at 265-67 (holding that IIRIRA does not limit a court’s

authority to issue a stay of departure suspending the running of a voluntary departure period);

and El Himri v. Aschcroft, 344 F.3d 1261, 1262 (9th Cir. 2003) (“the District Director’s authority

to extend voluntary departure time periods does not limit this court’s equitable authority to grant

a stay of the voluntary departure period”); and Rife, 374 F.3d at 616 (holding that since IIRIRA

permits stays of removal, voluntary departure can also be stayed); and Lopez-Chavez, 383 F.3d at

654 (concluding that under the permanent IIRIRA rules, a stay tolling the time for voluntary

departure may be entered); and Nwakanma v. Ashcroft, 352 F.3d 325, 327 (6th Cir. 2003); with

Ngarurih v. Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 182, 194 (4th Cir. 2004) (holding that voluntary departure may



        7
          In Elian v. Ashcroft, 370 F.3d 897, 901 (9th Cir. 2004), however, the court held that
Contrares-Aragon still applied to cases governed by then-applicable transitional rules under
IIRIRA due to the fact that under those rules the court loses jurisdiction to hear a petition for
review if the alien leaves the United States. That we are deprived of jurisdiction under these
circumstances may very well be a reason why voluntary departure might appropriately be stayed,
tolled, or otherwise extended. It does not, however, provide a reason for automatically imposing
such a stay until such time as we decide the merits of the underlying petition for review.

                                                12
not be stayed), we recently held that “we have the authority . . . to stay an agency order [of

voluntary departure] pending . . . consideration of a petition for review on the merits.” Thapa,

2006 WL 2361248, at *1. We did not address, however, our power to issue such a stay where, as

here, the petitioners (1) moved only for a stay of removal and failed to make a motion expressly

requesting a stay of voluntary departure, and (2) have now sought such relief well after the time

for voluntary departure has expired.

       iii. Whether Petitioners must have expressly requested a stay of the voluntary departure
       order

       In Thapa, and most cases where other courts have held the period for voluntary departure

may be stayed, the petitioner expressly moved for a stay of voluntary departure. See id. at *3;

see, e.g., Nwakanma, 352 F.3d at 327; Lopez-Chavez, 383 F.3d at 651. In contrast, Petitioners

here sought a stay of deportation, but not a stay of voluntary departure. That said, two

circuits—the Ninth Circuit in Desta v. Ashcroft, 365 F.3d 741, 743 (9th Cir. 2004), and the

Eighth Circuit in Rife, 374 F.3d at 616—have held that where an alien files a motion to stay

removal before the period for voluntary departure expires, such a motion should be construed as

including a motion to stay the voluntary departure period. According to both courts, this is so

because, a motion seeking a stay of voluntary departure is “ancillary,” Desta, 365 F.3d at 748, or

“complementary,” Rife, 374 F.3d at 616, to a stay of deportation. We disagree. For the reasons

that follow, we join the First and Seventh Circuits, both of which have held that an alien who

wishes to stay the period for voluntary departure must explicitly ask for such a stay. Bocova, 412

F.3d at 268; Alimi v. Ashcroft, 391 F.3d 888, 892-93 (7th Cir. 2004)




                                                 13
       When an alien is ordered deported, a warrant by the INS District Director is issued

authorizing the officer to take the alien into custody and deport him or her. Gordon, Mailman &

Yale-Loehr, Immigration Law and Procedure § 72.08[1][a] (rev. ed. 2005). When this Court

grants a stay of deportation, we are preventing the forced removal of an alien from the country.

Such stays are particularly important in cases governed by IIRIRA’s transitional rules because

removal of an alien strips this Court of jurisdiction to hear their petition for review. See Elian,

370 F.3d at 900. Thus, if we deny a stay of deportation, we deprive ourselves of the opportunity

to review a claim, and as a result, we may end up returning an alien to the very persecution he or

she was fleeing in the first place.

       Voluntary departure, in contrast, is a privilege granted an alien in lieu of deportation. See

Ballenilla-Gonzalez v. INS, 546 F.2d 515, 521 (2d Cir. 1976). Although it carries with it

significant restrictions barring an alien’s readmission to the United States, see Thapa, 2006 WL

2361248, at *4, voluntary departure affords an alien certain benefits: “[I]t allows [him] to choose

[his] own destination points, to put [his] affairs in order without fear of being taken into custody

at any time, to avoid the stigma and various penalties associated with forced removals (including

extended detention while the government procures the necessary travel documents and

ineligibility for readmission for a period of five or ten years, see 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(A)), and it

facilitates the possibility of return to the United States, for example, by adjustment of status.” Id.

An “immigration judge’s order granting voluntary departure usually withholds the entry of a

deportation order, permitting the respondent to depart within a specified period, and directs that

the deportation order shall become effective automatically if respondent does not depart.”

Gordon, Mailman and Yale-Loehr, supra, at § 74.02[4][c]. Where an alien departs within the


                                                  14
specified time period, the alien is not regarded as having been deported and thus obtains the

benefits of departure without deportation. Id.

        In contrast to a stay of deportation, which stops the physical removal of an alien from the

country, a stay of voluntary departure stops the clock on the period within which an alien is

required to depart and, if granted, effectively extends the time during which an alien is allowed to

leave voluntarily. An alien “‘does not lose something when offered the additional opportunity to

depart voluntarily. On the contrary, he retains precisely the same right to judicial review he

would otherwise have had; it is only that his alternative to continued litigation has been made

more attractive.’” Harchenko v. INS, 379 F.3d 405, 412-413 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting Castaneda

v. INS, 23 F.3d 1576, 1582 (10th Cir. 1994)). In other words, an alien granted voluntary

departure has a choice—leave within the specified time period and retain the benefits afforded, or

remain, litigate the claim to the very end, but bear the consequences of having decided not to

depart. See Ngarurih, 371 F.3d at 194 (“[A]n alien considering voluntary departure must decide

whether an exemption from the ordinary bars on subsequent relief is worth the cost of returning

to the home country within the period specified. Having made his election, however, the alien

takes all the benefits and all the burdens of the statute together.”).

        The relief sought by a stay of deportation, therefore, is different from that sought by a stay

of voluntary departure.8 Whereas a stay of deportation is aimed at preventing forcible removal, a


        8
          Under IIRIRA’s transitional rules, the relief sought by stays of deportation was
particularly significant because removal of an alien under those rules stripped this Court of
jurisdiction to hear their petition for review. See Elian, 370 F.3d at 900. During the course of
this appeal, Congress repealed the IIRIRA transitional rules, reestablishing our jurisdiction to
hear the appeals of aliens in spite of their departure. See Obale v. Att’y Gen., 453 F.3d 151, 160
n.9 (3d Cir. 2006) (“Congress enacted 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(3)(B) in order to permit judicial
review of a removal order even if the alien has departed the United States.”). This enactment did

                                                  15
stay of the voluntary departure period is a way for the alien to extend the benefits of the privilege

of voluntary departure beyond the date the alien was initially afforded. In addition, the equities

involved in the two types of stays may also differ. See Rife, 374 F.3d at 616 (“[W]e do not hold

that every alien who warrants a stay of removal also warrants a stay of voluntary departure . . .

because there may be cases where the equities relevant to the two types of stay will balance

differently.”). Accordingly, we will not construe a stay of deportation automatically to include a

stay of the period for voluntary departure. See Bocova, 412 F.3d at 268-69 (noting that while the

same test for granting a stay of removal applies to a stay of voluntary departure, “that test may

play out differently as to each type of relief” so that the alien should be required to “be precise

about the relief requested”); Alimi, 391 F.3d at 893 (noting that the differences between a stay of

removal and a stay tolling the period for voluntary departure “require[] attention by both the




not, however, render a stay of deportation and a stay of voluntary departure functionally the
same. Notwithstanding the repeal of the IIRIRA transitional rules, these two forms of relief
continue to differ in both their practical and equitable respects. Consequently, the Government
deserves prompt notice of precisely what relief a petitioner seeks. Indeed, it is a petitioner’s
responsibility. Under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 18, which governs stays pending
review of an agency decision, a motion for a stay must include “the reasons for granting the relief
requested and the facts relied on.” Fed. R. App. P. 18(a)(2)(B)(i). In this case, Petitioners styled
their motion as a “stay of deportation” and, in support, noted that because stays are no longer
automatically issued they are “subject to being physically deported from the United States at any
time” and that a “denial of a Stay of Deportation will allow the INS to act to deport them and
render [the] Petition for Review moot.” It is clear, then, that the reasons offered by Petitioners
for granting their stay were aimed at deportation rather than their period for voluntary departure.
Petitioners thus failed to give appropriate notice that they sought relief in the form of a stay of
voluntary departure. As a result, they are now not entitled to that relief. See Thapa, 2006 WL
2361248, at *13 (stating that the equities relevant to a stay of a voluntary departure order and a
stay of an order of removal may balance differently and concluding that granting Thapa’s motion
for a stay of the voluntary departure order did not necessitate granting his motion for a stay of the
order of removal).

                                                  16
parties and the court, attention that is possible only if a stay of removal and extra time for

voluntary departure are treated as distinct subjects that must be separately addressed”).

       iv. Whether Petitioners are entitled to nunc pro tunc relief

       Petitioners would have us now adjudicate their request for a stay of voluntary departure

nunc pro tunc.9 Nunc pro tunc, Latin for “now for then,” refers to a court’s inherent power to

enter an order having retroactive effect. Black’s Law Dictionary 1100 (8th ed. 2004). “When a

matter is adjudicated nunc pro tunc, it is as if it were done as of the time that it should have been

done.” Edwards v. INS, 393 F.3d 299, 308 (2d Cir. 2004). It is a “far-reaching equitable

remedy” applied in “certain exceptional cases,” Iavorski v. INS, 232 F.3d 124, 130 n.4 (2d Cir.

2000), typically aimed at “rectify[ing] any injustice [to the parties] suffered by them on account

of judicial delay.” Weil v. Markowtiz, 829 F.2d 166, 175 (D.C. Cir. 1987). In the context of

agency action, we have held that an award of “nunc pro tunc relief [should] be available where

agency error would otherwise result in an alien being deprived of the opportunity to seek a

particular form of . . . relief.” Edwards, 393 F.3d at 310-11. See also Ethyl Corp. v. Browner, 67

F.3d 941, 945 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (noting that nunc pro tunc relief has been applied to embrace

agency action “where necessary to put the victim of agency error in the economic position it

would have occupied but for the error” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

       While we are sympathetic to the position Petitioners find themselves in, this is simply not

a case in which nunc pro tunc relief is warranted. As of November 25, 2002, Petitioners’

immediate relative petitions were approved. Two days later, the BIA issued its decision in the

underlying asylum case, affirming the IJ’s order. The BIA, however, granted Petitioners an




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additional 30 days within which to depart. Petitioners then had several options. First, they could

have filed a motion to reopen to adjust their status sooner. Indeed, the record discloses that

Petitioners did not move to reopen until January 2003, well after their period for voluntary

departure had expired. Second, they could have sought an extension of their period for voluntary

departure from the INS District Director. Finally, they could have moved in this Court for a stay

of voluntary departure. By exercising any of these options, Petitioners might have preserved

their privilege to depart voluntarily. In other words, this is not a case in which error on the part

of the court or the INS put Petitioners in a worse position. An order, nunc pro tunc, granting a

stay of voluntary departure is therefore inappropriate. Cf. Edwards, 393 F.3d at 312 (granting

nunc pro tunc relief to aliens who were erroneously denied the opportunity to apply for INA §

212(c) relief); Batanic v. INS, 12 F.3d 662, 667-68 (7th Cir. 1993) (ordering BIA to allow

petitioner to apply for asylum nunc pro tunc to remedy IJ’s error in proceeding with hearing

without petitioner’s attorney present); see also Weil v. Markowitz, 898 F.2d 198, 201 (D.C. Cir.

1990) (“The paradigm case [for nunc pro tunc relief] involves a party who has died after his case

has been submitted to the court, but before the court has entered judgment. Cases in which a

party would otherwise be prejudiced by the clerk’s delay in entering judgment stand upon the

same footing.” (citations omitted)).

       Finally, we note one other factor that distinguishes Desta and Rife from this case. In each

of those cases, our sister circuits were concerned that their prior case law had given petitioners

reason to believe that they need not file a motion for a stay of voluntary departure. Desta, 365

F.3d at 749 (“Based on the prior state of the law, [petitioner] (and his counsel) would have been

justified in thinking that the period of voluntary departure would be automatically stayed, just as


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it had been prior to IIRIRA.”); Rife, 374 F.3d at 616 (“[O]ur past practice gave [petitioners]

reason to believe that the stay of removal included a stay of their voluntary departure period as

well.”). This concern is notably absent here.

       This Court has never held that aliens who file a petition for review are automatically

entitled to a stay of voluntary departure. To the contrary, in Ballenilla-Gonzalez, we highlighted

the fact that the petitioner there had not filed for a petition of review within the thirty days fixed

by the period for voluntary departure nor had she requested a stay of the voluntary departure

period pending appeal. 546 F.2d at 521. We noted that “[t]hese procedures enable the [BIA] or

this court, in cases where a prima facie meritorious basis for appeal is shown, to permit its being

pursued without prejudice to voluntary departure.” Id. Thus, in contrast to the Eighth and Ninth

Circuits, both of which had expressly criticized then existing law, in Ballenilla-Gonzalez we

expressed approval for procedures already in place prior to the passage of IIRIRA. For that

reason, we are not concerned, as the courts were in Rife and Desta, that Petitioners here may have

been misled that they did not have to file a motion specifically seeking a stay of voluntary

departure. If anything, our decision in Ballenilla-Gonzalez should have put them and their

counsel on notice that a motion seeking such relief was necessary.

       Although we decide that the stay of deportation should not be read so as to encompass a

stay of voluntary departure, Petitioners may not be without a remedy. Under pre-IIRIRA

regulatory authority, the INS District Director (now the appropriate Field Office Director, U.S.

Immigration Customs Enforcement, Department of Homeland Security) may grant a nunc pro

tunc extension of voluntary departure. See 8 C.F.R. § 1240.57 (“Authority to reinstate or extend

the time within which to depart voluntarily specified initially by an immigration judge or the


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Board is within the sole jurisdiction of the district director.”); see also 6 Gordon, Mailman &

Yale-Loehr, Immigration Law and Procedure § 74.02[4][f] (rev. ed. 2005) (“Even after the

expiration of the time for voluntary departure fixed by the immigration judge or the Board, a

nunc pro tunc extension of the voluntary departure time may be granted by the district director if

the [alien] presents a valid travel document and a confirmed reservation. In such cases the

district director may cancel the warrant of deportation and may place in the [alien’s] file an

explanatory memorandum and a copy of the letter authorizing the extension of voluntary

departure time.”).

       Petitioners are both in their mid-to-late 60’s and have been in the United States for more

than a decade, without event. Their only child is a United States citizen, and the “immediate

relative” petitions she submitted on her parents’ behalf have already been approved.

Furthermore, it appears that any delay on Petitioners’ part may be attributable to counsel’s failure

to recommend that they seek to extend their voluntary departure period before overstaying that

period, an omission that thereby made them ineligible for adjustment of their status based on

approved “immediate relative” petitions. In this case, the INS District Director might well

consider exercising his or her discretion to grant an extension so that Petitioners may adjust their

status to lawful permanent residents. The law does not, however, support this Court granting the

relief sought in the pending petitions.

       The petitions for review are DENIED.




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