                   COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Judges Willis, Bray and Clements
Argued at Alexandria, Virginia


GREGORY R. BANKS
                                         MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v.   Record No. 0414-00-4             JUDGE JEAN HARRISON CLEMENTS
                                              JULY 31, 2001
SHARON E. BANKS


             FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
                      Leslie M. Alden, Judge

          John M. DiJoseph (Ted Kavrukov; Kavrukov &
          DiJoseph, L.L.P., on briefs), for appellant.

          Edward V. O'Connor, Jr. (Byrd Mische P.C., on
          brief), for appellee.


     Gregory R. Banks (husband) appeals from the final decree of

divorce entered by the trial court on January 28, 2000.   In that

decree, the trial court made equitable distribution and spousal

support awards to Sharon E. Banks (wife).   On appeal, husband

contends the trial court erred in (1) classifying the business as

marital property, (2) denying him credit for the $50,000 in

separate funds used to purchase stocks in a marital account, (3)

denying him credit for his post-separation mortgage payments on

the marital home, (4) awarding wife $2,600 per month in spousal

support and making the award permanent, and (5) awarding wife



     * Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not
designated for publication.
attorney's fees.   For the reasons that follow, we affirm the

judgment of the trial court.

     As the parties are fully conversant with the record in this

case and because this memorandum opinion carries no precedential

value, this opinion recites only those facts and incidents of the

proceedings as necessary to the parties' understanding of the

disposition of this appeal.    On appeal, we view the evidence and

all reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to

wife, the prevailing party below.   See McGuire v. McGuire, 10 Va.

App. 248, 250, 391 S.E.2d 344, 346 (1990).

                    I.   EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION

     "Fashioning an equitable distribution award lies within the

sound discretion of the trial judge and that award will not be

set aside unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to

support it."   Srinivasan v. Srinivasan, 10 Va. App. 728, 732,

396 S.E.2d 675, 678 (1990).    Furthermore, we will not disturb an

award "unless it appears from the record that the [trial court]

. . . has not considered or has misapplied one of the statutory

mandates, or that the evidence fails to support the finding of

fact underlying resolution of the conflict in the equities."

Smoot v. Smoot, 233 Va. 435, 443, 357 S.E.2d 728, 732 (1987).

     A.   Classification of the Business as Marital Property

     Husband first contends the trial court erred in ruling that

the business, Bio-Prosthetic Orthotic Laboratory, Inc., which

was created by husband prior to the marriage, was marital

                                - 2 -
property.   Husband argues that wife's routine, insignificant,

non-managerial contributions to the business "did not add to the

intrinsic value of [the business]."     According to husband, his

"personal, individual artistic skill" was the "essence" of the

business.

     In fashioning an equitable distribution award, the trial

court is required to consider the statutory factors set forth in

Code § 20-107.3(E).    See Marion v. Marion, 11 Va. App. 659, 665,

401 S.E.2d 432, 436 (1991).   Code § 20-107.3(E)(1) provides, in

pertinent part:

            The increase in value of separate property
            during the marriage is separate property,
            unless . . . the personal efforts of either
            party have contributed to such increases and
            then only to the extent of the increases in
            value attributable to such contribution.
            The personal efforts of either party must be
            significant and result in substantial
            appreciation of the separate property if any
            increase in value attributable thereto is to
            be considered marital property.

            *     *      *      *        *      *      *

            "Personal effort" of a party shall be deemed
            labor, effort, inventiveness, physical or
            intellectual skill, creativity, or
            managerial, promotional or marketing
            activity applied directly to the separate
            property of either party.

     The trial court found that the business was marital

property

            based upon the evidence presented   that
            shortly after the marriage began,   the
            business had a negative value and   that, from
            that time on, both parties worked   and

                                - 3 -
          contributed to the building and increasing
          the value of the business, and that at the
          time that [wife] began contributing to the
          business, it otherwise would have fallen
          apart, and that she performed office work,
          bookkeeping, and managerial work, and that
          she made substantial efforts which
          contributed to the increase and the value of
          the business over the years.

     The evidence amply supports the trial court's finding.      The

record discloses that the parties were married in 1984.   Husband

established the business prior to the marriage; however, in

1985, shortly after the birth of their first child, the parties

learned during an extended leave of absence by the business'

secretary that the bookkeeping and other business records were

in "total chaos."   The parties also learned at the time, when

contacted by the IRS and other creditors, that the business,

with few assets of any value, was over $50,000 in debt.

     The parties had to take out a personal loan for $50,000

against their house and the business to cover the debt.

Moreover, wife, who originally had intended, with husband's

consent and encouragement, to be strictly a full-time mother,

took over the administration of the business.   She set up a home

office where she reviewed and organized the business'

bookkeeping records.   She then devised and implemented a new

system to coordinate the business' billing and manufacturing

procedures.   She also handled the business' banking, managed its

payroll and patient billing, and established a list to keep

track of the delivery of ordered supplies.   She additionally

                               - 4 -
developed new patient forms, maintained and improved the office,

initiated and oversaw activities to improve office morale,

processed the mail, ordered supplies, met with patients, worked

with the business' attorney and accountant, and performed the

responsibilities of absent employees.

     In 1989, the business, having recovered financially and

"really grown," expanded into a new office.    Wife set up the new

office and continued to supervise the administration of the

business.   She acted in that capacity until husband fired her in

1998 after she filed for divorce.    In the years of wife's

service, the business flourished and afforded the parties a

sizeable income.    Clearly, while husband's talents may have been

the "essence" of the business, wife's considerable

administrative and organizational skills and efforts salvaged

the business when it was in debt and disorder and caused it to

increase in value.

     We hold, therefore, that the trial court did not err in

concluding that the entire value of the business was marital

property on the basis that the business had a negative value

when wife began contributing to it and wife's significant

personal efforts applied directly to the business contributed to

the substantial appreciation of the business.

            B.   Credit for the Sale of Separate Property

     Husband next contends the trial court erroneously

classified the Paine Webber Resource Management Account as

                                - 5 -
entirely marital property.    He argues that he was entitled to

receive as his separate property that percentage of the value of

the account corresponding to the $50,000 in his separate funds

the parties used, along with marital funds, to purchase the

securities in that account.

     The trial court found that the entirety of the Paine Webber

Resource Management Account was marital property because

husband's separate funds were commingled with marital funds and

transmuted to marital property and were not retraced by a

preponderance of the evidence.

     Code § 20-107.3(A)(3)(e) provides that,

          [w]hen marital property and separate
          property are commingled into newly acquired
          property resulting in the loss of identity
          of the contributing properties, the
          commingled property shall be deemed
          transmuted to marital property. However, to
          the extent the contributed property is
          retraceable by a preponderance of the
          evidence and was not a gift, the contributed
          property shall retain its original
          classification.

     We have explained the requirements of tracing relative to

commingled property under Code § 20-107.3(A)(3)(e) as follows:

               In order to trace the separate portion
          of hybrid property, a party must prove that
          the claimed separate portion is identifiably
          derived from a separate asset. This process
          involves two steps: a party must (1)
          establish the identity of a portion of
          hybrid property and (2) directly trace that
          portion to a separate asset.




                                 - 6 -
Rahbaran v. Rahbaran, 26 Va. App. 195, 208, 494 S.E.2d 135, 141

(1997) (citing Code § 20-107.3(A)(d)-(f)).

     Hence,

           [i]f . . . separate property is . . .
           contributed to the acquisition of new
           property, . . . and suffers a "loss of
           identity," the commingled separate property
           is transmuted to marital property. In other
           words, if a party "chooses to commingle
           marital and non-marital funds to the point
           that direct tracing is impossible," the
           claimed separate property loses its separate
           status. Even if a party can prove that some
           part of an asset is separate, if the court
           cannot determine the separate amount, the
           "unknown amount contributed from the
           separate source transmutes by commingling
           and becomes marital property."

Id. at 208-09, 494 S.E.2d at 141 (citations omitted).     "The

party claiming a separate interest in transmuted property bears

the burden of proving retraceability."    von Raab v. von Raab, 26

Va. App. 239, 248, 494 S.E.2d 156, 160 (1997).

     Assuming without deciding that husband's $50,000 from the

sale of the house he purchased prior to the marriage was

separate property, we hold that the trial court did not err in

finding that husband failed to present sufficient evidence to

retrace his separate property.    Viewed in the light most

favorable to wife, the evidence neither directly traced the

claimed separate portion of the hybrid property to a separate

asset nor established the identity of the claimed separate

portion.



                                 - 7 -
     While it is incontroverted that husband contributed the

proceeds of the sale of his separate house to the purchase of

$300,000 worth of jointly owned stocks, 1 there is no evidence

directly connecting the $50,000 to the purchase of the stocks in

the parties' Paine Webber Resource Management Account.   Neither

party testified that any of the stocks purchased with the

separate $50,000 were in that account.   Nor did either party

testify that any, much less all, of the $300,000 worth of stocks

purchased by the parties were in that account.   Likewise, the

sole exhibit in the record relating to the Paine Webber Resource

Management Account, an account statement from December 1999,

shows that all of the 12,628 shares of stocks in the account

were purchased between the months of March 1996 and October

1997, inclusive, at a total cost of approximately $220,000, not

$300,000.   Thus, the record discloses no direct tracing of the

claimed separate portion of the commingled assets in the Paine

Webber Resource Management Account to husband's separate

$50,000.

     Furthermore, even if some part of the Paine Webber Resource

Management Account were traceable to a separate asset, the

identity of the separate part cannot be accurately established.

Husband provided no evidence that allowed the trial court to


     1
       Wife conceded at trial that the proceeds from the sale of
the house husband bought prior to the marriage were a part of
the $300,000 the parties spent to purchase stocks.


                               - 8 -
identify that portion of the account that corresponds to

husband's separate $50,000 contribution.

        For example, husband produced no evidence indicating when

the parties used the $50,000 to purchase a portion of the

$300,000 worth of stocks.    As noted above, the stocks in the

Paine Webber Resource Management Account were purchased on

different dates over at least an eighteen-month period.

Obviously, the ratio between the value of the respective marital

and separate contributions to the hybrid account would vary

depending on when the contribution of the separate property was

made.    For instance, assuming a healthy stock market, husband's

share would likely be less than the one sixth he suggests he is

entitled to if the proceeds from the sale of husband's separate

house were not available to purchase stocks until October 1997,

eighteen months after a portion of the $250,000 marital

contribution had been made.    Other factors, including the actual

stocks purchased with the $50,000, the respective rates of

growth of the stocks in the account, and the amount and nature

of any withdrawals from the account might also need to be

considered in establishing the identity of the separate portion

of the hybrid property.    No such evidence was presented here,

however.

        Accordingly, the trial court did not err in finding that

husband failed to meet his burden of proving retraceability of



                                 - 9 -
the claimed separate portion of the Paine Webber Resource

Management Account.

        C.     Credit for Post-Separation Mortgage Payments

     Husband also contends that the trial court erred in not

awarding him credit for his post-separation mortgage payments on

the marital home.    We disagree.

     We have stated that,

             [a]lthough the separate contribution of one
             party to the acquisition, care, and
             maintenance of marital property is a factor
             that the trial court must consider when
             making its award of equitable distribution,
             Code § 20-107.3 does not mandate that the
             trial court award a corresponding
             dollar-for-dollar credit for such
             contributions.

von Raab, 26 Va. App. at 249-50, 494 S.E.2d at 161.       Here, the

record indicates the trial court considered husband's

post-separation mortgage payments.       The record also discloses

that husband was the primary wage earner during the marriage and

retained exclusive use of the property after the parties

separated.    The continued mortgage payments on the marital home

benefited both parties.    Furthermore, husband presented no

evidence showing that the funds used to make the post-separation

mortgage payments were his separate property.      Likewise, husband

provided no evidence establishing the amount by which the equity

in the marital home increased due to the post-separation

payments.    Under these circumstances, we find no abuse of



                                - 10 -
discretion in the trial court's decision not to award husband

credit for his post-separation mortgage payments.

                       II.   SPOUSAL SUPPORT

     Husband contends the trial court erred in awarding wife

$2,600 per month in spousal support and in making the support

permanent.   He argues the amount of the award is excessive and

unwarranted because the trial court failed to make express

findings of facts and to discuss how every factor in Code

§ 20-107.1(E) upon which the court relied in making the award

supported the award, as required by Code § 20-107.1(F).    He

further argues that, given husband's poor health and plan to

retire soon, the trial court erred in making the spousal support

award "permanent" rather than for a defined duration.

     These arguments were not raised at trial.   In his

exceptions to the trial court's final decree of divorce, husband

objected to the court's spousal support award to wife solely on

the grounds that the award was "unreasonable and would require

that [husband] deplete his award of assets in order to pay

spousal support."

     Pursuant to Rule 5A:18, we will not consider on appeal an

argument that was not presented to the trial court.     Ohree v.

Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 299, 308, 494 S.E.2d 484, 488 (1998).

Furthermore, "Rule 5A:18 requires that objections to a trial

court's action or ruling be made with specificity in order to

preserve an issue for appeal."   Collado v. Commonwealth, 33 Va.

                               - 11 -
App. 356, 367, 533 S.E.2d 625, 631 (2000).        The purpose of Rule

5A:18 is to ensure that the trial court and opposing party are

given the opportunity to intelligently address, examine, and

resolve issues in the trial court, thus avoiding unnecessary

appeals and reversals.     Kaufman v. Kaufman, 12 Va. App. 1200,

1204, 409 S.E.2d 1, 3-4 (1991); Lee v. Lee, 12 Va. App. 512,

514, 404 S.E.2d 736, 737 (1991) (en banc).

     Accordingly, Rule 5A:18 bars our consideration of this

assignment of error on appeal.     Moreover, we find no reason in

the record to invoke the "good cause" or "ends of justice"

exceptions to Rule 5A:18.

                         III.   ATTORNEY'S FEES

     Husband lastly contends the trial court erred in awarding

attorney's fees to wife.    He argues that, in light of wife's

having obtained $30,000 from marital assets prior to trial for her

attorney's fees and considering her large equitable distribution

award, she had no need for an award of attorney's fees.      Moreover,

husband argues, his due process rights were violated when the

trial court awarded wife's attorney's fees based on the unsworn

written statement of wife's counsel.      According to husband, such a

process did not allow him the "opportunity to contest his

adversary's claim."

     These arguments, like husband's spousal support arguments

discussed above, were not raised before the trial court.

Husband's sole objection to the final decree of divorce regarding

                                 - 12 -
the award made therein of attorney's fees to wife reads:

"[Husband] also objects to the award of attorney's fees."

     Thus, husband is barred from raising these arguments for

the first time on appeal.   See Rule 5A:18; Collado, 33 Va. App.

at 367, 533 S.E.2d at 631; Ohree, 26 Va. App. at 308, 494 S.E.2d

at 488; see also Cottrell v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 570, 574,

405 S.E.2d 438, 441 (1991) (holding that Rule 5A:18 bars

consideration of even constitutional claims not raised in the

trial court).   Furthermore, the record reflects no reason to

invoke the "good cause" or "ends of justice" exceptions to Rule

5A:18.

     For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial

court.

                                                           Affirmed.




                              - 13 -
