          United States Court of Appeals
                      For the First Circuit

No. 14-1739

  NEW ENGLAND CARPENTERS CENTRAL COLLECTION AGENCY; TRUSTEES OF
   NEW ENGLAND CARPENTERS PENSION FUND; TRUSTEES OF NEW ENGLAND
    CARPENTERS GUARANTEED ANNUITY FUND; TRUSTEES OF NEW ENGLAND
      CARPENTERS HEALTH BENEFITS FUND; TRUSTEES OF NEW ENGLAND
     CARPENTERS VACATION SAVINGS FUND; TRUSTEES OF NEW ENGLAND
       CARPENTERS TRAINING FUND; BOSTON TRUSTEES OF CARPENTERS
     APPRENTICESHIP & TRAINING FUND; TRUSTEES OF MASSACHUSETTS
              CARPENTERS APPRENTICESHIP & TRAINING FUND,

                     Plaintiffs, Appellants,

                                v.

                  LABONTE DRYWALL COMPANY, INC.,

                       Defendant, Appellee.



          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
               FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSSETTS

         [Hon. Richard G. Stearns, U.S. District Judge]



                              Before

                      Barron, Circuit Judge,
                   Souter,* Associate Justice,
                    and Lipez, Circuit Judge.



     Thomas R. Landry, with whom Krakow & Souris LLC was on brief,
for appellants.
     Mark J. Ventola, with whom David L. Hansen and Sheehan Phinney

     * Hon. David H. Souter, Associate Justice (Ret.) of the
Supreme Court of the United States, sitting by designation.
Bass + Green were on brief, for appellee.



                          July 31, 2015
           LIPEZ,     Circuit   Judge.   Plaintiffs-Appellants,   the

trustees for a group of union-related benefits funds and their

collection agency,1 filed this action against Defendant-Appellee

Labonte Drywall Company ("Labonte Drywall") seeking enforcement of

an agreement that required the company to allow an audit of its

records.   After a one-day bench trial, the district court found

that Labonte Drywall had terminated the pertinent agreement, and,

hence, plaintiffs had no legal right to conduct the requested

audit.   We affirm.

                                    I.

           We set forth the facts based on the record and findings

of the district court.      See McDermott v. Marcus, Errico, Emmer &

Brooks, P.C., 775 F.3d 109, 113 (1st Cir. 2014).     Labonte Drywall

was a New Hampshire corporation engaged in commercial drywall work

until May 2007, when it converted to a limited liability company.

Clermont Labonte is, and was at all relevant times, the sole member

and owner of Labonte Drywall.

           On January 31, 1996, Labonte, on behalf of Labonte

Drywall, signed a statewide agreement with local Massachusetts

unions affiliated with the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and



     1 The trustee plaintiffs, identified in the caption of this
case, have designated plaintiff New England Carpenters Central
Collection Agency (the "Agency") to collect all monies owed to the
funds by employers.
                              - 3 -
Joiners of America (collectively referred to as the "Union").2          The

agreement allowed Labonte Drywall to hire Union carpenters for its

business.    Paragraph 1 of the statewide agreement provided that:

"[Labonte Drywall] accepts and agrees to abide by the collective

bargaining agreements between the various contractor associations

and the [Union] wherever those contracts shall apply. [Labonte

Drywall] agrees that it shall abide by any amendments or successor

agreements   negotiated   by   the   contractor   associations    and   the

[Union]."3   The agreement added that its duration "shall be co-

extensive with the terms set out in the collective bargaining

agreements referred to in paragraph 1 unless either party to this

statewide agreement gives notice of termination of this agreement

in   accordance   with   the   applicable   notice   provisions   in    the

collective bargaining agreement referred to in paragraph 1."




      2The local Massachusetts unions are members of the New
England Regional Council of Carpenters, which represents
carpenters unions in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The New England Regional
Council of Carpenters, in turn, is a part of the national United
Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America.

      3The "various contractor associations" which are parties to
the collective bargaining agreement at issue in this appeal include
the Labor Relations Division of the Associated General Contractors
of Massachusetts, Inc., the Building Trades Employers' Association
of Boston and Eastern Massachusetts, Inc., and the Labor Relations
Division of the Construction Industries of Massachusetts.
                               - 4 -
            Article 31 of the collective bargaining agreement in

effect from September 1, 2005 through August 31, 2009, provided as

follows:

            This agreement will expire on August 31, 2009
            except that if neither party to this Agreement
            gives notice in writing to the other party on
            or before July 1, 2009 that it desires a change
            after August 31, 2009, then this Agreement
            will continue in effect until August 31, 2010
            and so on each year thereafter unless on or
            before July 1 of each year thereafter, a
            notice is given by either party.

            The collective bargaining agreement required employers

to   make   contributions       to     various     pension,   annuity,   health

benefits, vacation, and training funds in accordance with its

terms.      The   funds   are   "employee        pension   benefit   plans"   and

"employee welfare benefit plans" within the meaning of § 3(1) and

(2) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA"), 29

U.S.C. §§ 1002(1) and (2).           The contributions to the funds were to

be made on a weekly basis on behalf of all employees covered by

the collective bargaining agreement.               The collective bargaining

agreement also required employers to comply with the terms of the

trust agreements for each fund.            The trust agreements permitted

the trustees, or their authorized representatives, to audit the

pertinent payroll records of any employer whenever such audit is

deemed necessary by the trustees.



                                       - 5 -
             Employers are generally audited on a three-year audit

cycle.    The audits are overseen by the Agency, which conducts

approximately 150 to 200 audits per year.           The purpose of the

audits is to determine, among other things, whether any covered

employees have worked hours for which contributions to the funds

have not been remitted.

             In January 2007, the Agency notified Labonte Drywall by

letter that an audit would be conducted for the period from January

1, 2004 through the end of 2006 (the "2007 audit").           Leo Donohue,

a payroll auditor for the Agency, conducted the audit.                  Dany

Labonte, the son of owner Clermont, was authorized to act as

Labonte Drywall's agent when responding to audit requests. Labonte

Drywall provided materials requested during the audit.            However,

in a letter dated April 3, 2007, Dany Labonte informed Donohue

that "Labonte Drywall has not had work or done work in the union

now since December of 2005.      The last job we did was Manchester

Place for Moriarty in Manchester, NH.        We lost so much money again

on another union job that we are no longer bidding or doing any

more   union   work."   The   letter   was   addressed   to   Donohue    and

contained Dany Labonte's name in type, but without a corresponding

signature.     At trial, Donohue did not recall receiving the April

3, 2007 letter.



                                 - 6 -
            At the conclusion of the 2007 audit, Donohue prepared a

report claiming that Labonte Drywall had underreported a total of

24 hours of work by 38 employees in 2004, 4,765 hours of work by

74 employees in 2005, and 40 hours of work by one employee in 2006.

There was no evidence in the record that any steps were taken by

the   Agency   to   enforce   the    collection    of    payments     on   the

underreported hours.

            In February 2010, the Agency informed Labonte Drywall

that an audit would be conducted for the period from January 1,

2007 through December 31, 2009 (the "2010 audit").                 Two months

later, in April, the Agency's counsel, Christopher Souris, sent

Clermont Labonte a letter demanding that Labonte Drywall cooperate

with the 2010 audit.    The same day, Souris, on behalf of the Union,

sent Clermont a second letter, stating that Labonte Drywall "is

operating   nonunion   companies"     in    violation   of   the   collective

bargaining agreement.    That letter enclosed a questionnaire asking

for 79 categories of information covering a six-year period, from

January 1, 2004 through April 6, 2010.          In particular, the Union

expressed concern that Labonte Drywall was performing payroll

services for other drywall companies, including C-D-Bee Drywall,

LLC, and Progress Drywall, LLC.

            In an e-mail dated July 1, 2010, Labonte Drywall's

counsel Diana Wieland informed Souris that, while Labonte Drywall

                                    - 7 -
would provide the information requested in the questionnaire, the

company believed that it had no existing bargaining relationship

with the Union.    Wieland followed up with a letter to Souris

responding to the questionnaire.        The letter repeated Labonte

Drywall's claim that it had ceased performing drywall installation

work in December 2005 and that the funds were aware that Labonte

Drywall "no longer has a bargaining relationship with the Union."

           More than a year later, in a letter dated August 31,

2011, the Agency expanded the 2010 audit request and asked Labonte

Drywall to produce its payroll records through the date of the

letter.    Labonte Drywall did not respond to either the 2010 or

2011 audit requests.

           Plaintiffs   subsequently    filed   this   action   in   the

district court under ERISA and the Labor Management Relations Act

("LMRA"), 29 U.S.C. §§ 141-87, seeking to enforce Labonte Drywall's

compliance with an audit of its payroll and employment records for

the period January 1, 2007 through August 31, 2011.      After holding

a one-day bench trial, the district court found in favor of Labonte

Drywall.    See New Eng. Carpenters Cent. Collection Agency v.

Labonte Drywall Co., No. 12-10734-RGS, 2014 WL 2566136, at *5 (D.

Mass. June 5, 2014).    The court credited Dany Labonte's testimony

that "the April 3, 2007 letter to Donohue was mailed and was

intended as a written termination of the [agreement] between the

                                - 8 -
Union and Labonte [Drywall]."             Id. at *4.      The court stated that

"Dany Labonte's layman's choice of words [in the letter] was

sufficiently clear to require, at least, some responsive inquiry

from the Union or the [f]unds. However, nothing ensued from either

entity on the subject."          Id.   Although the letter was directed to

Agency employee Donohue, the district court ruled that the Union

had actual notice of the letter.            See id.      Because the collective

bargaining relationship had been terminated, the court concluded

that "plaintiffs had no legal right to conduct an audit of Labonte

[Drywall]'s payroll for the period from January 1, 2007, through

August 31, 2011."          Id. at *5.            Judgment entered for Labonte

Drywall, and plaintiffs timely appealed.

                                        II.

              Plaintiffs contend that the district court erred when it

concluded     that   (1)   the    April    3,     2007   letter    terminated     the

collective bargaining relationship between Labonte Drywall and the

Union, and (2) plaintiffs were not entitled to audit Labonte

Drywall's records, at least through August 31, 2009.

              We review the district court's findings of fact for clear

error and its conclusions of law de novo.                  See Walgreen Co. v.

Rullan, 405 F.3d 50, 55 (1st Cir. 2005).                  A factual finding is

"clearly erroneous" only if, "on the whole of the record, we form

a   strong,    unyielding    belief       that    a   mistake     has   been   made."

                                       - 9 -
Cumpiano v. Banco Santander Puerto Rico, 902 F.2d 148, 152 (1st

Cir. 1990); see also United States v. 15 Bosworth St., 236 F.3d

50, 53 (1st Cir. 2001) ("[T]he court's factual findings are

entitled to considerable deference.").

             Plaintiffs' arguments require us to interpret the terms

of   the     statewide   agreement     and     the   collective   bargaining

agreement.     Under the LMRA, "[i]nterpretation of labor contracts

. . . is a matter of federal common law."             Senior v. NSTAR Elec.

& Gas Corp., 449 F.3d 206, 216 (1st Cir. 2006); see also Sweeney

v. Westvaco Co., 926 F.2d 29, 36 (1st Cir. 1991) (noting that

"federal common law . . .         applies to disputes arising out of

collective bargaining agreements").            "[A] court should resort to

traditional principles of contract interpretation to the extent

such principles are consistent with federal labor law."             Senior,

449 F.3d at 216; see also Dist. Lodge 26, Int'l Ass'n of Machinists

& Aerospace Workers, AFL-CIO v. United Techs. Corp., 610 F.3d 44,

51 (2d Cir. 2010) ("While it is true that traditional contract

rules   do    not   always   rigidly   apply    to   collective   bargaining

agreements, courts must look to traditional state contract law,

when it is not inconsistent with federal labor policy, to form the

content of the federal common law governing labor agreements."

(internal quotation marks omitted)).



                                   - 10 -
A. The April 3, 2007 Letter

           Pursuant   to   the   statewide     agreement's    termination

provision, Labonte Drywall was required to "give[] notice of

termination of this agreement in accordance with the applicable

notice provisions in the collective bargaining agreement."              The

notice provision of the collective bargaining agreement in effect

from September 1, 2005 through August 31, 2009 required that

"either party to this Agreement give[] notice in writing to the

other party" to terminate the agreement.        Therefore, to terminate

its   statewide   agreement   with   the   Union,   Labonte   Drywall   was

required to provide a "notice of termination" "in writing to the

other party."

           Plaintiffs contend that the April 3, 2007 letter could

not have terminated the statewide agreement because it was not a

"notice of termination" and was not provided to "the other party."

We address each issue in turn.

           1. Notice of Termination

           A party's "stated intent to withdraw from [a collective

bargaining relationship] is effective only if it is both timely

and unequivocal."4    Haas Elec., Inc. v. NLRB, 299 F.3d 23, 27 (1st


      4Relying on cases from the Sixth Circuit, plaintiffs contend
that a notice of termination must be "clear and unambiguous" to be
effective.   Pls.' Br. at 25 (citing Office & Prof'l Emp. Int'l
Union, Local 42, AFL-CIO v. United Auto., Aerospace & Agr.
Implement Workers of Am., Westside Local No. 174, UAW, 524 F.2d
                              - 11 -
Cir. 2002) (Stahl, J., concurring) (citing Retail Assocs., Inc.,

120 N.L.R.B. 388, 393-95 (1958)).        "The decision to withdraw must

contemplate a sincere abandonment, with relative permanency, of

the multiemployer unit."       See Retail Assocs., Inc., 120 N.L.R.B.

at 394.

            Plaintiffs contend that the April 3, 2007 letter did not

communicate an unequivocal intent to terminate Labonte Drywall's

agreement    with   the   Union     because    it   "makes   no    mention   of

'termination'   and   does    not    mention    either   the      [s]tate[w]ide

[a]greement or the collective bargaining agreement."               Pls.' Br. at

28.

            Plaintiffs' argument implicates two legal questions.

The first question is whether the terms of the statewide agreement

required Labonte Drywall to use any particular language in its

notice of termination.       See OfficeMax, Inc. v. Levesque, 658 F.3d

94, 97 (1st Cir. 2011) ("Contract interpretation, when based on

contractual language without resort to extrinsic evidence, is a



1316, 1317 (6th Cir. 1975); Int'l Union of Operating Eng'rs, Local
No. 181 v. Dahlem Constr. Co., 193 F.2d 470, 475 (6th Cir. 1951)).
Yet, plaintiffs never explain how this "clear and unambiguous"
standard is different from the "timely and unequivocal" standard
that the National Labor Relations Board articulated in Retail
Assocs., Inc., 120 N.L.R.B. at 393, which we applied in Haas Elec.,
Inc.   See 299 F.3d at 27 (Stahl, J., concurring); id. at 36
(Torruella, J., dissenting). To the extent there is a difference
between the legal standards, we are bound by the "timely and
unequivocal" standard.
                              - 12 -
'question of law' that is reviewed de novo."). The second question

is   whether    Labonte      Drywall's   letter   expressed    an   unequivocal

intent to withdraw from the collective bargaining relationship so

as to be a legally effective termination.5                   See, e.g., Univ.

Emergency Med. Found. v. Rapier Investments, Ltd., 197 F.3d 18, 20

(1st Cir. 1999).       We address each in turn.

                          a. What the Termination Provision Requires

            Regarding the first question, we agree with the district

court's conclusion that the statewide agreement's termination

provision      "does   not    require    any   specific    terminology     to   be

effective."     Labonte Drywall Co., 2014 WL 2566136, at *4.              Nothing

in the four corners of the statewide agreement requires a party's

notice    of     termination       to    explicitly       include   the     words

"termination," "statewide agreement," or "collective bargaining

agreement."      The termination provision simply requires a "notice

of termination" in writing.         See ITT Corp. v. LTX Corp., 926 F.2d

1258, 1265 (1st Cir. 1991) (rejecting party's attempt to insert

condition into agreement "since no such clause or statement appears

within the contract's four corners").




      5 Although a party's stated intent to terminate its
obligations under a collective bargaining agreement must be both
"timely and unequivocal," Haas Elec., Inc., 299 F.3d at 27 (Stahl,
J., concurring), the parties do not dispute that the letter was
timely.
                              - 13 -
                         b. Labonte Drywall's Stated Intent to Withdraw

             Regarding the second question, we also agree with the

district court's determination that the April 3, 2007 letter

expressed an unequivocal intent to terminate Labonte Drywall's

collective bargaining relationship with the Union.                    See Labonte

Drywall Co., 2014 WL 2566136, at *4.

             The April 3, 2007 letter clearly states that "Labonte

Drywall has not . . . done work in the union now since December of

2005" and is "no longer bidding or doing any more union work."

The letter, on its face, contained no language suggesting that

Labonte Drywall was equivocal in its desire to no longer work with

the Union.      See Haas Elec., Inc., 299 F.3d at 29 (Stahl, J.,

concurring)      (finding     that   employer's         letter      expressed     an

unequivocal intent to terminate collective bargaining relationship

even   though    it    "admittedly   did   not    use     precise    language     in

articulating its intent to withdraw"); cf. Louisiana Bricklayers

& Trowel Trades Pension Fund & Welfare Fund v. Alfred Miller Gen.

Masonry Contracting Co., 157 F.3d 404, 409 n.12 (5th Cir. 1998)

(finding termination letter ineffective when it "equivocated by

agreeing to abide by the terms of the [collective bargaining

agreement]      'for    the   immediate    future.'").            Moreover,      the

collective    bargaining      agreement    in    effect    from     2005   to   2009

provided that all workers hired by an employer, who worked more

                                     - 14 -
than seven days, had to become (or seek to become) members of the

Union, as long as the employer was engaged in the kind of work

covered   by   this    agreement.        Since   the     collective     bargaining

agreement, by its terms, does not allow an employer to perform

drywall work without hiring Union workers, the letter's statement

that Labonte Drywall was "no longer bidding or doing any more union

work"    clearly   indicated     its    intent   to    terminate       the   ongoing

relationship with the Union.

             The parties' conduct after Dany Labonte sent the April

3, 2007 letter confirms that they understood that the letter had

terminated the collective bargaining relationship between Labonte

Drywall and the Union.       Cf. Haas Elec., 299 F.3d at 29 (Stahl, J.,

concurring) (finding that employer's letter to union terminated

collective     bargaining    relationship        where    the       union    did   not

"question[]    the     meaning   of    the   letter"     at   the    time    and   the

employer's subsequent conduct was consistent with its "stated

intent to withdraw").       Labonte Drywall last employed Union workers

in December 2005, and there is no evidence in the record that the

company solicited Union work or performed any other Union-related

activity after that time.         Importantly, between the end of 2007

and the beginning of 2010, Union representatives visited Labonte

Drywall multiple times to request that the company rejoin the

Union.       Besides    these    visits,     Labonte     Drywall       received     no

                                       - 15 -
communication from the Union or the Agency until the February 2010

letter requesting an audit of Labonte Drywall's records.    Labonte

Drywall was no longer receiving copies of the collective bargaining

agreements from the Union.       Labonte Drywall also had stopped

receiving copies of the Union's wage and benefit packages.      The

Union's director of contractor relations testified that the Agency

"stop[s] sending these wage and benefit packages to signatory

employers if they are no longer members of the Union" and "had

terminated" their collective bargaining relationship with the

Union.   In short, the parties' actions demonstrate that both

understood that the April 3, 2007 letter had ended their agreement.

             2. Notice to the Other Party

             Plaintiffs also argue that the April 3, 2007 letter was

not a valid termination because Labonte Drywall did not send the

letter to the Union, which is "the other party" to the statewide

agreement.     Dany Labonte sent the letter to Donohue, an employee

of the Agency, not the Union.     Plaintiffs contend that the Union

and the Agency are separate legal entities, and that Donohue was

not a de facto agent of the Union.    Thus, they insist that Labonte

Drywall did not provide notice of termination to the Union.

             Labonte Drywall does not contest that the Union and the

Agency are separate entities as a matter of law.   Nor does it argue

that Donohue was an agent for the Union.    Instead, Labonte Drywall

                                - 16 -
contends, and the district court found, that the Union received

actual notice of Labonte Drywall's termination of the collective

bargaining relationship. See Labonte Drywall Co., 2014 WL 2566136,

at *4.

             The district court's finding implicates both legal and

factual questions.     The legal question, which we review de novo,

is whether actual notice is sufficient to terminate the collective

bargaining     relationship   under   the   terms   of   the   statewide

agreement.    The factual question, which we review for clear error,

is whether the Union received actual notice of the April 3, 2007

letter.   We address each in turn.

                       a. Whether Actual Notice Is Sufficient

             Although the statewide agreement's termination provision

states that written notice should be given "to the other party,"

the agreement must be read "in a reasonable and practical way,

consistent with its language, background, and purpose."         Bukuras

v. Mueller Grp., LLC, 592 F.3d 255, 262 (1st Cir. 2010) (internal

quotation marks omitted).     The primary purpose of the termination

provision is to ensure that "the other party" to the agreement

receives the notice of termination in a timely fashion.          Actual

notice that is timely achieves that purpose.         See In re Redondo

Constr. Corp., 678 F.3d 115, 123 (1st Cir. 2012) ("[S]trict

conformity with a contract's written notice provision is not

                                - 17 -
required as long as the counterparty receives substantially the

same information through timely actual notice and suffers no

prejudice             from    the    non-conformity."        (emphasis    added));     Univ.

Emergency Med. Found. v. Rapier Investments, Ltd., No. CIV.A. 97-

549-T, 1998 WL 34100601, at *2 (D.R.I. Oct. 16, 1998) aff'd, 197

F.3d        18   (1st        Cir.   1999)     ("Even    where   a   contract    requires    a

particular method of giving notice, notice given by a different

method is effective if it is actually received unless the method

by    which           notice    is    given     is     an   essential    element      of   the

transaction." (citing 1 Maurice H. Merrill, Merrill on Notice

§    603,        at    662–63       (1952))    (emphasis     added));    see    also   Univ.

Emergency Med. Found., 197 F.3d at 22 (finding termination notice

valid        although         party    failed    to     strictly    comply     with    notice

provision because that provision did not "itself, confer any

benefit upon either party" and was "merely a collateral term

intended to enhance the probability that mailed notice will arrive

promptly in the proper hands").6


       Courts have consistently found termination notices valid
        6

when the other party actually received the notice in a timely
fashion. See, e.g., Univ. Emergency Med. Found., 197 F.3d at 22;
(noting that a "mailed termination notice is valid so long as it
is actually received by the noticee, even where it is mailed to an
incorrect address" (emphasis added)); Mason Tenders Dist. Council
Welfare Fund v. All Union, Inc., No. 01 CIV. 0152(AGS), 2002 WL
31115181, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 23, 2002) (finding termination
letter valid because evidence "shows that the Union actually
received the [letter]" even though it may not have been sent by
certified mail in accordance with the terms of the collective
                              - 18 -
           In this case, plaintiffs make no argument that actual

notice, if received by the Union, would be untimely, prejudicial,

or somehow undermine an essential element of Labonte Drywall's

collective bargaining relationship with the Union.   We, therefore,

hold that if the Union received actual notice of the April 3, 2007

letter, Labonte Drywall's termination of the collective bargaining

relationship would be valid.

                     b. Whether the Union Received Actual Notice

           At trial, plaintiffs argued that the Agency and the Union

"operated as wholly separate entities," and, therefore, a notice

sent to Donohue would not be received by the Union.         Labonte

Drywall Co., 2014 WL 2566136, at *4.    However, the district court

did not find this blanket assertion credible as a description of

their communications regarding Labonte Drywall, in part because

"the same attorney (Souris) represented both entities and pursued

their interests" together in their dealings with Labonte Drywall.

Id.   For example, the record demonstrates that, on the same day in

April 2010, Attorney Souris sent Labonte Drywall two letters: one

on behalf of the Agency requesting compliance with the 2010 audit,


bargaining agreement (emphasis added)); U.S. Broad. Co. v.
National Broad. Co., 439 F. Supp. 8, 10 (D. Mass. 1977) (finding
termination notices valid because "it would be hypertechnical in
the extreme to hold that notice actually received was ineffective"
where "it is clear that plaintiff and plaintiff's counsel timely
received both notices" (internal quotation marks omitted)
(emphasis added)).
                              - 19 -
and another on behalf of the Union requesting compliance with the

collective    bargaining       agreement.    These   seemingly    concerted

actions, through the same attorney, indicate that there was actual

communication between the Union and Agency about Labonte Drywall.

As   the   district    court    reasonably   concluded,   the   plaintiffs'

rebuttal -- that the Agency and Union were operating as wholly

separate entities -- was not credible in light of their cooperation

on matters involving Labonte Drywall.

             Moreover, the court credited plaintiffs' testimony that

"the Union is in regular communication with the Agency regarding

the status of employers who are no longer active in the Union or

who request to terminate the collective bargaining relationship."

Id. at *4 n.6.        The record demonstrates that the Union and the

Agency regularly communicate when "an employer is removed from the

list" of signatory employers and is "no longer active" with the

Union, which supports the district court's reasonable inference

that the two entities communicated regarding Labonte Drywall's

notice of termination.

             The Union's actions after the April 3, 2007 letter was

sent also demonstrate that the Union received Labonte Drywall's

notice of termination.         As explained above, besides visits from

Union representatives asking Labonte Drywall to rejoin the Union,

Labonte Drywall received no communication from the Union or the

                                    - 20 -
Agency.    The company no longer received copies of the collective

bargaining agreements or the Union's wage and benefit packages.

            We, therefore, find no clear error with the district

court's    finding   that   the   Union    --   "the    other    party"   to   the

statewide agreement -- had actual notice of Labonte Drywall's April

3, 2007 termination letter.7

B. Labonte Drywall's Audit Obligations

            Plaintiffs argue that even if the April 3, 2007 letter

did terminate Labonte Drywall's obligations under the collective

bargaining agreement, they are still entitled to audit Labonte

Drywall's records through August 31, 2009.                     This argument is

premised    on   plaintiffs'      belief    that,      under    the   collective

bargaining agreement, Labonte Drywall's notice of termination was

not effective until that date.

            The termination provision of the collective bargaining

agreement in effect from September 1, 2005 through August 31, 2009,


     7 Plaintiffs' reliance on Construction Industry Laborers
Pension Fund v. Augers Unlimited, Inc., No. 05-4058-CV-C-NKL, 2006
WL 1236063 (W.D. Mo. May 4, 2006), is inapposite.       In Augers
Unlimited, the court held that an employer's letter to terminate
its collective bargaining relationship with the union was not
effective because the employer had sent the letter to trustees of
various employee benefit funds and not the union itself. Id. at
*6. In so ruling, the court found that "there is no evidence that
[the trustees] notified the [u]nion of the termination letter" or
"that the [u]nion did in fact know of the termination letter."
Id. at *1 n.2, *6. As explained above, there is ample evidence in
this case that the Union knew of Labonte Drywall's letter to
terminate its agreement.
                              - 21 -
states:    "This agreement will expire on August 31, 2009 except

that if neither party to this Agreement gives notice in writing to

the other party on or before July 1, 2009 that it desires a change

after August 31, 2009, then this Agreement will continue in effect

until August 31, 2010 . . . ."          Because this provision does not

permit a party to terminate the agreement before August 31, 2009,

plaintiffs contend that Labonte Drywall should be bound by its

audit obligations through that date.

           Labonte Drywall counters that this termination provision

does not apply because Labonte Drywall was not a signatory to the

collective bargaining agreement.             The company only signed its

statewide agreement with the Union, and, Labonte Drywall contends,

its termination of the statewide agreement was effective on April

3, 2007.   Reviewing this issue of contract interpretation de novo,

see   OfficeMax,   Inc.,   658   F.3d   at    97,   we   agree   with   Labonte

Drywall's understanding of the statewide agreement.

           The termination provision of the statewide agreement

states:    "The duration of this statewide agreement shall be co-

extensive with the terms set out in the collective bargaining

agreements . . . unless either party to this statewide agreement

gives notice of termination of this agreement . . . ." (emphasis

added).    Therefore, the statewide agreement would terminate on

August 31, 2009 (coextensive with the terms of the collective

                                  - 22 -
bargaining agreement) unless either party had given notice of

termination.       Labonte Drywall gave notice of termination on April

3, 2007, and, therefore, it terminated the statewide agreement on

that       date.   Plaintiffs'   contention   that   both   the   statewide

agreement and the collective bargaining agreement did not expire

until August 31, 2009 would render the "unless" clause of the

statewide agreement superfluous and contravene the well-recognized

"canon of construction that every word and phrase of an instrument

is if possible to be given meaning, and none is to be rejected as

surplusage if any other course is rationally possible."8           FDIC v.



       Plaintiffs' reliance on Orrand v. Scassa Asphalt, Inc. is
       8

misplaced. See No. 14-3954, 2015 WL 4430447 (6th Cir. July 21,
2015). In that case, the applicable termination provision stated
that the parties' agreement "shall remain in full force and effect
. . . until expressly terminated by notice in writing from one
party to the other party at least sixty (60) days prior to its
anniversary date." Id. at *1. The employer argued that it had
received a notice letter from the union terminating the agreement.
Id. at *6. However, the Sixth Circuit upheld the district court's
determination construing the letter as "a notice of contract
modification, not a notice of termination, because the Union
expressly stated its 'desire to modify, amend, and/or negotiate a
new agreement' and 'to open negotiations for a new agreement
covering wages, hours and conditions of employment.' The language
of the Union's letter also indicated a desire on the part of the
Union to continue the relationship between the parties, not to
terminate it." Id. at *7 (internal citation omitted). For this
reason, the court found that the parties' collective bargaining
relationship "remained in force because neither the Union nor [the
employer] gave timely written notice to the other party of an
intent to terminate." Id. at *8. As demonstrated above, Labonte
Drywall gave timely written notice of termination to the Union
through the April 3, 2007 letter.

                                   - 23 -
Singh, 977 F.2d 18, 22 (1st Cir. 1992) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

            Plaintiffs     argue     that     interpreting      the   statewide

agreement    in   this     way     would     permit   Labonte     Drywall    "to

spontaneously     cancel   the     collective    bargaining     agreement"   in

violation of federal labor law.            Pls.' Br. at 31.   Pursuant to the

National Labor Relations Board's decision in John Deklewa & Sons,

Inc., plaintiffs contend that Labonte Drywall was not free to

"unilaterally repudiate" its agreement with the Union before the

August 31, 2009 expiration of the collective bargaining agreement.

See 282 N.L.R.B. 1375, 1385 (1987); see also C.E.K. Indus. Mech.

Contractors, Inc. v. NLRB, 921 F.2d 350, 357 (1st Cir. 1990)

(adopting Deklewa "as the law in this circuit").

            Assuming that Deklewa applies to the agreement between

Labonte Drywall and the Union,9 plaintiffs' argument fails because


     9 The rule in Deklewa that employers cannot unilaterally
repudiate their agreements with unions applies only to agreements
made pursuant to § 8(f) of the National Labor Relations Act. See
Deklewa, 282 N.L.R.B. at 1385 (1987) ("Neither employers nor unions
who are party to [§] 8(f) agreements will be free unilaterally to
repudiate such agreements."). Although "[a] union must usually
demonstrate majority support among an employer's employees in
order to enter a collective bargaining agreement with an employer,"
NLRB v. Goodless Bros. Elec. Co., Inc., 285 F.3d 102, 104 (1st
Cir. 2002), § 8(f) agreements permit "unions and employers in the
construction industry [to] enter into collective bargaining
agreements in the absence of a demonstration of majority
representation by the union."     Haas Elec., 299 F.3d at 27 n.3
(Stahl, J., concurring) (citing Goodless Bros. Elec. Co., 285 F.3d
at 104-05).    The parties do not dispute that Labonte Drywall
                               - 24 -
Labonte Drywall did not "unilaterally repudiate" its obligations

under        the    collective   bargaining    agreement.     Instead,   Labonte

Drywall terminated its collective bargaining relationship with the

Union pursuant to the agreed-upon termination provision of the

statewide agreement.             The Union was a signatory to the statewide

agreement and subject to its terms and conditions, which provided

Labonte Drywall authority to terminate the agreement before the

collective bargaining agreement's August 31, 2009 expiration date.

Therefore, Labonte Drywall's termination cannot be considered

"unilateral."

                   Because Labonte Drywall's agreement to abide by the

terms and obligations of the collective bargaining agreement was

only incorporated by reference in the statewide agreement, and

Labonte        Drywall's    termination   of     the   statewide   agreement   was

effective on April 3, 2007, the company had no duty to submit to

plaintiffs' audit requests through August 31, 2009.10                 Plaintiffs



entered into a § 8(f) agreement with the Union, and we therefore
assume that the statute covers Labonte Drywall's agreement with
the Union.

        Plaintiffs make no argument in their brief that Labonte
        10

Drywall must still submit to an audit request for the period
between January 1, 2007 to April 3, 2007. We, therefore, consider
any such argument waived. See Rodríguez v. Municipality of San
Juan, 659 F.3d 168, 175 (1st Cir. 2011) ("[W]e deem waived claims
not made or claims adverted to in a cursory fashion, unaccompanied
by developed argument.").

                                        - 25 -
"'are     not   entitled   to   enforce   a   nonexistent   contractual

obligation.'"11    DeVito v. Hempstead China Shop, Inc., 38 F.3d 651,

654 (2d Cir. 1994) (quoting Teamsters Indus. Emps. Welfare Fund v.

Rolls-Royce Motor Cars, Inc., 989 F.2d 132, 138 (3d Cir. 1993)).12

            Affirmed.




     11 As they did in the district court, plaintiffs devote much
of their briefing to explain the important obligation that benefit
funds have in collecting contributions from employers under ERISA.
However, as the district court stated, "[n]one of this . . . is a
matter of dispute." Labonte Drywall Co., 2014 WL 2566136, at *4
n.4.   Plaintiffs are not asserting an ERISA contribution claim
against Labonte Drywall. Instead, plaintiffs contend that they
have a right to conduct an audit of Labonte Drywall's records, a
contractual obligation that is derived from Labonte Drywall's
statewide agreement to abide by the terms of the collective
bargaining agreement.

     12Because we conclude that Labonte Drywall had no obligation
to submit to plaintiffs' audit requests, we do not need to reach
the issue of whether the defense of laches is available to Labonte
Drywall in this action.
                              - 26 -
