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03/22/2019 09:07 AM CDT




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                                  Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                                          302 Nebraska R eports
                                         HASSAN v. TRIDENT SEAFOODS
                                              Cite as 302 Neb. 44




                          A bdi H assan, appellant, v. Trident Seafoods and
                               Liberty Mutual Insurance, its workers’
                                   compensation insurer, appellees.
                                                   ___ N.W.2d ___

                                        Filed January 11, 2019.   No. S-18-255.

                1.	 Workers’ Compensation: Appeal and Error. An appellate court is
                    obligated in workers’ compensation cases to make its own determina-
                    tions as to questions of law.
                2.	____: ____. Determinations by a trial judge of the Workers’
                    Compensation Court will not be disturbed on appeal unless they are
                    contrary to law or depend on findings of fact that are clearly wrong in
                    light of the evidence.
                3.	 Workers’ Compensation: Jurisdiction: Statutes. As a statutorily cre-
                    ated court, the Workers’ Compensation Court is a tribunal of limited and
                    special jurisdiction and has only such authority as has been conferred on
                    it by statute.
                4.	 Workers’ Compensation: Employer and Employee: Statutes. Under
                    the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act, in most compensation cases,
                    there must be at least one statutory employer and one statutory employee
                    for the compensation court to acquire jurisdiction.
                5.	 Workers’ Compensation: Employer and Employee: Statutes: Words
                    and Phrases. For the purpose of the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation
                    Act, the terms “employer” and “employee” are not words of common
                    understanding, but, rather, of statutory definition.

                 Appeal from the Workers’ Compensation Court: Thomas E.
               Stine, Judge. Affirmed.

                 Travis Allan Spier, of Atwood, Holsten, Brown, Deaver &
               Spier Law Firm, P.C., L.L.O., for appellant.
                             - 45 -
          Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                  302 Nebraska R eports
                  HASSAN v. TRIDENT SEAFOODS
                       Cite as 302 Neb. 44

   Robert Kinney-Walker, of Law Office of James W. Nubel,
for appellees.
  Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
Papik, and Freudenberg JJ.
  Miller-Lerman, J.
                       NATURE OF CASE
   On July 21, 2015, appellant Abdi Hassan sustained a work-
related injury in the course of his employment with appellee
Trident Seafoods at Trident Seafoods’ Alaska plant. Hassan was
a Nebraska resident when he was hired by Trident Seafoods, a
State of Washington corporation without a permanent pres-
ence in Nebraska. Although Hassan received certain benefits
in Alaska, he later filed a petition in the Nebraska Workers’
Compensation Court. The sole issue before us is whether the
Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Court correctly determined
that it lacked jurisdiction and dismissed his claim. Because we
agree with the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Court that
Trident Seafoods was not a statutory employer subject to the
Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act, we affirm.
                  STATEMENT OF FACTS
   Hassan resided in Lexington, Nebraska, and worked as a
meat trimmer at a meat processing plant. In 2015, Hassan
learned from a friend that Trident Seafoods was hiring and,
with the friend’s help, he completed an online application.
He then attended an in-person recruitment event hosted by
Trident Seafoods at a hotel conference facility in Omaha,
Nebraska. Trident Seafoods rented conference space for the
event, and Hassan met and interviewed with several of Trident
Seafoods’ employees. Trident Seafoods did not employ work-
ers in Nebraska year round, but it sent a recruitment team to
Nebraska to recruit seasonal workers one or two times each
year from 2013 through 2016. Trident Seafoods hires employ-
ees from all over the country to staff its operations in the
Pacific Northwest and Alaska.
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   302 Nebraska R eports
                  HASSAN v. TRIDENT SEAFOODS
                       Cite as 302 Neb. 44

   At the event in Omaha, Hassan completed an onsite drug test
administered by Trident Seafoods employees. Hassan recalled
observing around six Trident Seafoods employees at the
recruitment event. However, Trident Seafoods maintains that
the number of recruiters was fewer than six. After he returned
home from the recruitment event, Hassan remained in contact
with Trident Seafoods and continued to move forward with
the online employment application process. On June 8, 2015,
Hassan executed a contract for hire in Seattle, Washington, and
was hired as a seafood processor for the upcoming season.
   While working in Alaska, Hassan suffered a low-back injury.
Alaska’s Department of Labor and Workforce Development
(Alaska Department) established a case file for Hassan’s inju-
ries. Trident Seafoods’ Alaska workers’ compensation insurer,
Liberty Mutual Insurance, accepted Hassan’s claim and paid
over $30,000 in medical expenses and indemnity to Hassan,
based on Alaska law.
   Hassan’s work injuries resulted in permanent physical
restrictions which prevent him from returning to his preacci-
dent work capacity level. Following his injury, Hassan returned
to Lexington.
   The Alaska Department referred Hassan to a rehabilitation
specialist in Nebraska who evaluated him and determined that
Hassan met the requirements necessary to receive reemploy-
ment benefits under Alaska workers’ compensation law. On
December 1, 2016, the Alaska Department sent Hassan a letter
to inform him he was eligible for reemployment benefits. The
letter indicated that he could elect to receive reemployment
benefits. The letter noted that if Hassan failed to complete the
required form within 30 days after receipt of the letter, the
reemployment benefits would terminate. Hassan did not com-
plete the required form, and the Alaska Department deemed
him noncooperative.
   On March 16, 2017, Hassan filed a petition in the Nebraska
Workers’ Compensation Court and claimed benefits under the
Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act. Trident Seafoods and
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   302 Nebraska R eports
                  HASSAN v. TRIDENT SEAFOODS
                       Cite as 302 Neb. 44

Liberty Mutual Insurance denied that the Nebraska Workers’
Compensation Court had jurisdiction and moved to dismiss.
   The compensation court held a hearing and admitted evi-
dence including personnel records, email records, indemnity
payment summaries, employment policies, discovery responses,
and transcripts of depositions taken of Hassan and of a senior
recruiter at Trident Seafoods. In a written order, filed February
14, 2018, the compensation court dismissed Hassan’s petition
for lack of jurisdiction.
   The compensation court found that Trident Seafoods was
not a statutory employer under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-106(1)
(Reissue 2010), because Trident Seafoods was not perform-
ing work in Nebraska. The written order noted that Trident
Seafoods’ primary business operation is the manufacturing and
production of seafood and that recruiting workers in Nebraska
is not “performing work” as understood under § 48-106(1).
   The compensation court also concluded that Hassan was
not a statutory employee under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-115(2)(c)
(Reissue 2010). The compensation court noted that the online
correspondence between Hassan and Trident Seafoods was
preliminary to the contract of hire executed on June 8, 2015, in
Seattle and that thus, Hassan’s contract for hire was not made
in Nebraska.
   Hassan appeals.
                 ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   Hassan claims, summarized and restated, that the compen-
sation court erred when it concluded that it did not have juris-
diction and dismissed the case.
                 STANDARDS OF REVIEW
   Under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-185 (Cum. Supp. 2016), the
judgment made by the compensation court shall have the same
force and effect as a jury verdict in a civil case and may be
modified, reversed, or set aside only upon the grounds that (1)
the compensation court acted without or in excess of its pow-
ers; (2) the judgment, order, or award was procured by fraud;
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          Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                  302 Nebraska R eports
                  HASSAN v. TRIDENT SEAFOODS
                       Cite as 302 Neb. 44

(3) there is not sufficient competent evidence in the record to
warrant the making of the order, judgment, or award; or (4)
the findings of fact by the compensation court do not support
the order or award. Bower v. Eaton Corp., 301 Neb. 311, 918
N.W.2d 249 (2018).
   [1] An appellate court is obligated in workers’ compensa-
tion cases to make its own determinations as to questions of
law. Id.
   [2] Determinations by a trial judge of the Workers’
Compensation Court will not be disturbed on appeal unless
they are contrary to law or depend on findings of fact that are
clearly wrong in light of the evidence. Id.
                            ANALYSIS
   [3-5] As a statutorily created court, the Workers’
Compensation Court is a tribunal of limited and special juris-
diction and has only such authority as has been conferred on
it by statute. Id. Under the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation
Act, in most compensation cases, including the one before us,
there must be at least one statutory employer and one statutory
employee for the compensation court to acquire jurisdiction.
Jensen v. Floair, Inc., 212 Neb. 740, 326 N.W.2d 19 (1982).
For the purpose of the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act,
the terms “employer” and “employee” are not words of com-
mon understanding, but, rather, of statutory definition. Id.
Because the record supports the determination that Trident
Seafoods is not a statutory employer under § 48-106(1), the
Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act does not apply and the
Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Court correctly concluded
that it lacked jurisdiction.
   Section 48-106(1) states that the Nebraska Workers’
Compensation Act applies to “every resident employer in this
state” and the “nonresident employer performing work in this
state who employs one or more employees in the regular trade,
business, profession, or vocation of such employer.”
   Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-114(2) (Reissue 2010) defines
“employer” to include, in relevant part, “every person, firm,
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   302 Nebraska R eports
                  HASSAN v. TRIDENT SEAFOODS
                       Cite as 302 Neb. 44

or corporation, including any public service corporation, who
is engaged in any trade, occupation, business, or profession
as described in section 48-106, and who has any person in
service under any contract of hire, express or implied, oral
or written.”
   This statutory definition of employer found at § 48-114(2)
by its terms incorporates § 48-106. Synthesizing these stat-
utes, we therefore understand that to be a statutory employer
subject to the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act, the “non-
resident employer [must be] performing work in this state,”
§ 48-106(1), and the nature of that work must be “in the regular
trade,” § 48-106(1), of such employer. We do not believe that
in the ordinary case, performing occasional tasks in Nebraska
amount to a presence in Nebraska subjecting the employer to
the coverage of the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act.
However, we do believe that the employer is subject to the
Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act where workers, includ-
ing support staff, are regularly performing work in Nebraska.
See § 48-106.
   As noted above, Trident Seafoods is incorporated in the
State of Washington and is a “nonresident employer.” Given
the facts recited above and not repeated here, the evidence
shows that Trident Seafoods manufactures and produces sea-
food; was not performing such work in this state; and did
not frequently have employees either as support personnel
or directly engaged in Nebraska “in the regular trade, busi-
ness, profession, or vocation of such employer,” § 48-106(1).
Therefore, the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act did not
apply to Trident Seafoods.
   Hassan contends that Trident Seafoods’ recruiting activity
subjected it to the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act. We
do not agree. Although Hassan showed that Trident Seafoods
sent several of its recruiters to Nebraska to host occasional
recruiting events, its presence in the state was incidental. And
there is no claim that Trident Seafoods was a labor broker,
which the appellate courts of this state have recognized as an
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   302 Nebraska R eports
                  HASSAN v. TRIDENT SEAFOODS
                       Cite as 302 Neb. 44

employer under the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act.
Compare Morin v. Industrial Manpower, 13 Neb. App. 1, 687
N.W.2d 704 (2004) (concluding that labor broker was employer
under Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act).
   The record shows that Trident Seafoods’ contacts with the
State of Nebraska were scant as compared with the activities
identified in § 48-106(1), which establish jurisdiction over an
employer. For completeness, we note our analysis undertaken
pursuant to the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act is con-
sistent with the national trend which favors finding that state
workers’ compensation laws primarily cover the employee in
the location of the employment relationship rather than other
factors. See, e.g., 13 Arthur Larson & Lex K. Larson, Larson’s
Workers’ Compensation Law § 143.04[1] (2017).
   Having determined that Trident Seafoods is not a statu-
tory employer, and as a result, that the Nebraska Workers’
Compensation Act does not apply, we need not address
Hassan’s other arguments, including his assertion that he is a
covered employee under § 48-115(2). In the circumstances of
this case, without a statutory employer, Hassan’s status as an
employee is of no legal significance. See Jensen v. Floair, Inc.,
212 Neb. 740, 326 N.W.2d 19 (1982).
                        CONCLUSION
   Because Trident Seafoods is a nonresident and its lim-
ited activities in Nebraska are not within the definition of
“employer” described by the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation
Act, the compensation court correctly determined it lacked
jurisdiction and dismissed Hassan’s petition for injuries sus-
tained on the job in Alaska.
                                                  A ffirmed.
