                                RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                     Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                             File Name: 05a0165p.06

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                        FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                          _________________


                                                  X
                                     Petitioners, -
 EDISON GISHTA; MANJOLA GISHTA; ENEA GISHTA,
                                                   -
                                                   -
                                                   -
                                                       No. 03-4101
           v.
                                                   ,
                                                    >
 ALBERTO GONZALES, Attorney General,               -
                                     Respondent. -
                                                  N
                   On Appeal from the Board of Immigration Appeals.
                    Nos. A79 287 256; A77 340 484; A77 340 485.
                                         Argued: December 9, 2004
                                   Decided and Filed: January 19, 2005*
                   Before: MERRITT, GIBBONS, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.
                                            _________________
                                                  COUNSEL
ARGUED: Richard A. Kulics, IMMIGRATION LAW CENTER, Birmingham, Michigan, for
Petitioners. Daniel E. Goldman, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington,
D.C., for Respondent. ON BRIEF: Richard A. Kulics, IMMIGRATION LAW CENTER,
Birmingham, Michigan, for Petitioners. M. Jocelyn Lopez Wright, David V. Bernal, UNITED
STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Respondent.
                                            _________________
                                                OPINION
                                            _________________
        JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Petitioners in this immigration case, Edison,
Manjola, and Enea Gishta, are citizens and natives of Albania.1 The adult petitioners, Edison and
Manjola, came to the United States approximately nine months apart and were placed in removal
proceedings separately. The family had a shared evidentiary hearing at which they were represented
by the same attorney, but the judge maintained separate records of the proceedings for Edison and
Manjola and issued separate orders of removal. They filed a combined notice of appeal with the
Board of Immigration Appeals (“the board”). The board issued separate decisions affirming the

        *
          This decision was originally issued as an “unpublished decision” filed on January 19, 2005. On March 15,
2005, the court designated the opinion as one recommended for full-text publication.
        1
          Edison and Manjola Gishta are married and are the parents of Enea Gishta, who was sixteen months old when
he entered the United States.


                                                        1
No. 03-4101               Gishta, et al. v. Gonzales                                                            Page 2


decisions of the immigration judge. The Gishtas filed this petition seeking review of the removal
orders. For the following reasons, we affirm the Board of Immigration Appeals.
                                                           I.
        Edison Gishta was admitted to the United States on March 30, 2000.2 His wife, Manjola
Gishta, and son, Enea Gishta, attempted to enter the United States on January 16, 2001, by
presenting photo-substituted passports to immigration officials at the Los Angeles International
Airport. Mrs. Gishta admitted using a passport issued to an individual named Gitjana Duka in order
to gain entry to the United States and told the Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”) that
she paid $17,000 for the 3passport. Her initial stated reason for coming to the United States was “[t]o
be with [her] husband.” She also said that she planned to stay in the United States for as long as
possible, but realized that Albania would “get better” and that she would eventually return home to
Albania with her family. Mrs. Gishta also stated during the initial interview that she did not fear
harm, imprisonment, or persecution upon returning to Albania, but wanted the chance of a better
future that America provided.
        The following day, Mrs. Gishta refused to board a plane to Italy and, after a phone call to
the residence where Mr. Gishta was staying, a credible fear interview was conducted during which
Mrs. Gishta indicated a fear of persecution if she returned to Albania.4 The INS refused to admit
Mrs. Gishta and her son, but ultimately referred her case for an asylum hearing and placed her in
expedited removal proceedings by serving her with a Notice to Appear (“NTA”) before an
immigration judge.
        The NTA charged Mrs. Gishta and Enea as arriving aliens who  5
                                                                        are inadmissible and subject
to removal under INA § 212(a)(6)(C)(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(C)(i),   and INA § 212(a)(7)(A)(i)(I),
8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I).6 After Mrs. Gishta was apprehended by immigration officials in
January 2001, Mr. and Mrs. Gishta worked with an immigration attorney in Los Angeles to assemble
an asylum application. Mr. Gishta submitted an affirmative application for asylum on May 7, 2001.
The INS conducted an interview with Mr.    Gishta on June 13, 2001, and subsequently rejected his
asylum application as untimely filed7 and initiated removal proceedings by filing with the
immigration court an NTA charging him with removability under INA § 237(a)(1)(A), 8 U.S.C.

         2
          The petitioners claim that the record is unclear as to when Mr. Gishta arrived in the United States. Mr.
Gishta’s Notice to Appear states that he was admitted to the United States on or about March 30, 2000. Mr. Gishta
himself testified that he arrived on March 30, 2000. Nevertheless, the immigration judge mistakenly stated in the oral
decision and order that Mr. Gishta was admitted to the United States on or about December 30, 2000, in Miami, Florida.
         3
         In the interview Mrs. Gishta claimed that her husband’s name was Beni and that he was mayor of the town
where they lived in Albania.
         4
         She stated that her “life [would] be in danger” if she was sent home, that her family “had been persecuted for
being democrats,” and that communists had beaten her and threatened to kill her son.
         5
          The statute renders a person removable for seeking to procure a visa, other documentation, or entry into the
United States by fraud or by willfully misrepresenting a material fact. 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(C)(i).
         6
         The statute renders a person inadmissible for lacking valid entry documents at the time he or she sought
admission. 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I).
         7
          The applicable statute requires an applicant seeking asylum to file his or her application within one year from
the date of his arrival in the United States. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B). Late filing is excusable if the applicant
“demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Attorney General” either “changed circumstances which materially affect the
applicant’s eligibility for asylum” or “extraordinary circumstances relating to the delay.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D).
No. 03-4101               Gishta, et al. v. Gonzales                                                              Page 3


§ 1227(a)(1)(A).8 Mr. Gishta admitted the factual allegations in the NTA and conceded
removability. The immigration judge ruled that Mr. Gishta’s asylum application was pretermitted
as untimely. The judge also denied the Gishtas’ request to consolidate their cases.
         Mr. and Mrs. Gishta, along with Behar Lumani, Mr. Gishta’s brother-in-law, testified at the
evidentiary hearing held on January 23, 2002, in Detroit, Michigan. Mrs. Gishta admitted that she
gave inconsistent and inaccurate information to the INS during her airport and credible fear
interviews, including an incorrect name for her husband, wrong birth dates, and different reasons
as to why she did not want to return to Albania. She stated that she gave inconsistent and inaccurate
information because she was scared, not thinking clearly due to the fact that her son was ill, and
unaware of what she was saying to INS officials. Her testimony was that she did not realize what
she had told INS officials until she arrived in Michigan and had the opportunity to read the
documents relating to her interviews. Mrs. Gishta also testified, contrary to what she said at the time
of her second interview, that she did not speak with her husband on the telephone          before the
interview took place, but rather spoke only to her sister-in-law and brother-in-law.9 Mr. Lumani
testified that he remembered Mrs. Gishta’s phone call in detail, that he repeatedly told her to tell the
truth, and that Mr. Gishta was not in the house when the call came.
        The immigration judge gave the Gishtas the opportunity to make corrections to their asylum
applications at the evidentiary hearing, but the Gishtas confirmed the truth and accuracy of the
applications without making any changes to their applications. Mrs. Gishta testified that her family
members were all democrats and that she decided to become a member of the Democratic Party in
1996, when Behar Lumani was chosen as a leader. As a member of the party, Mrs. Gishta testified
that she attended meetings and demonstrations. Likewise, Mr. Gishta testified that he began
participating in democratic demonstrations in 1990 and joined the party in 1996.
        The Gishtas were married in January 1998. On September 14, 1998, Mrs. Gishta participated
in a demonstration protesting the death of a democratic youth leader.10 She testified that thirty to
forty police officers tortured the demonstrators by beating them with rubber sticks, punching and
kicking them, and shooting them. Her specific testimony was that police stopped the car she was
riding in, beat her with a rubber stick, and shot the driver. The immigration judge asked Mrs. Gishta
why she failed to mention this incident in her written statement in support of her application to
which she responded, “a lot of things I didn’t say in the application, but it’s the truth and it happened
to me and I am here to say that and to declare that it happened to me and it’s in my mind and in my
heart and I lived that moment.”
        Mr. Gishta testified that he became Behar Lumani’s chauffeur and bodyguard in 1997 or
1998, a position paid for by the democratic party. He further testified that, because of his position,
the socialist government issued a gun and ammunition to him. He held the position until November
1999, when Mr. Lumani resigned his political position and emigrated with his family to the United
States. Mr. Gishta testified that at the end of November 1999, when he was stopped for driving too
fast, Albanian police officers beat him and hit him in the back of the head with a pistol. He further


         8
          The applicable statute states that an alien who at the time of entry was inadmissible for lack of a valid visa or
other entry document is removable. 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(A); 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(7).
         9
          Mr. Gishta also testified that he did not speak to his wife when the phone call came but was in the room with
his brother-in-law and sister.
         10
           Mr. Gishta’s written asylum application asserts that he also participated in a protest on September 14, 1998,
in which police officers used “leather strips and other batons” against the demonstrators. It is not clear if Mr. and Mrs.
Gishta attended the same protest. Mr. Gishta did not mention the demonstration in his testimony nor allege any harm
from the protest.
No. 03-4101             Gishta, et al. v. Gonzales                                                        Page 4


testified that the officers came to his house a few days later and took him to the police station where
they held and beat him for three days.
         Mr. Gishta testified that a day after he was released from the police station, he received a
letter informing him that the police intended to arrest him and instructing him not to leave. His
uncle took the letter to the police station to inquire into the reason for the impending arrest; the
police kept the letter. Mr. Gishta testified that hours after he received the letter his friends took him
to the city of Tirana. His written application states that he fled along with his mother, wife, and son
to stay with a friend in Tirana, but his written statement asserts that he separated from his mother,
wife, and son to stay with a friend in Tirana. Mr. Gishta testified at the hearing that he went to
Tirana alone, leaving his family in Malij because he did not believe they would be in danger of being
beaten by the police because they were not men. Mr. Gishta stayed in Tirana until he left Albania
to join his sister and brother-in-law in the United States in March 2000.
         Mrs. Gishta testified that she was arrested by Albanian police on March 31, 2000, after going
to a neighbor’s home at a prearranged time to receive a phone call from her sister-in-law in the
United States letting her know that her husband had arrived safely. The police allegedly arrested
her at home and took her to an isolated room in the police station, holding her for three days. She
claims that over the three days the police questioned her about her husband, touched her
inappropriately, knocked her unconscious, punched her, and hit her with a rubber stick. Mrs. Gishta
testified that when she was released, she was warned that she would be arrested again if she did not
stop her political activities.
        Mrs. Gishta claims that she was arrested two additional times in September and December
of 2000. She claims to have been held for a week and a half when she was arrested in September
and that she was tortured five or six times. In December she alleges that she was held for three days
and questioned by the same man who had questioned her during her previous two stays at the jail.
She testified that the man who questioned her threatened to kill her son if she did not stop speaking
out against communists. Her father gathered the money to pay for her to leave Albania, which she
did three weeks later, in January 2001.
        Mrs. Gishta was questioned about the fact that none of her arrests in 2000 were mentioned
in the written 11
               asylum application originally submitted by Mr. Gishta in May 2001 on behalf of the
entire family. Both Mr. and Mrs. Gishta responded that the arrests were not included because it
was Mr. Gishta’s application, not Mrs. Gishta’s. Mr. Gishta also testified that he was not aware of
his wife’s arrests because he was already in the United States when they allegedly occurred. Mr.
Lumani testified that he saw Mrs. Gishta in Albania shortly after her release from her first alleged
detention but that she did not mention the arrest at all nor have any visible injuries consistent with
being kicked, punched in the face, or beaten with a rubber stick.
        The immigration judge found the Gishtas subject to removal from the United States as
charged, holding that they failed to meet their burden of proving eligibility for asylum and
withholding of removal. Mr. Gishta’s asylum application was denied on the ground that it was filed
beyond the one-year deadline and no exception to that requirement was met. The judge also entered
an alternative finding that, even assuming Mr. Gishta’s application was timely, it would still fail on
the merits. In addition, the immigration judge found that Mr. and Mrs. Gishta were not credible




        11
           There is a specific question on Form I-589 asking whether any member of the applicant’s family has ever
been arrested.
No. 03-4101               Gishta, et al. v. Gonzales                                                           Page 5


witnesses12 and that even if Mr. Gishta’s testimony was credible, the incidents of mistreatment he
described did not rise to the level of persecution and the application would still be denied. The
judge ordered the Gishtas removed to Albania. The Gishtas appealed to the board, challenging the
denials based on untimely filing and credibility grounds. The Gishtas argued that the interpretation
provided at the hearing was inadequate. The board affirmed the immigration judge’s decision on
August 5, 2003. The board found that the Gishtas failed to demonstrate that they were prejudiced
by any errors in interpretation. The case comes before this court on a petition for review of the
board’s final order.
                                                          II.
        We must consider whether the board correctly determined that the Gishtas failed to sustain
their burden of establishing eligibility for asylum. The board’s decision will be upheld if it is
“supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.”
Mikhailevitch v. INS, 146 F.3d 384, 388 (6th Cir. 1998) (internal quotation omitted). This circuit
has noted that this is a deferential standard under which the court cannot reverse the board’s
determination simply because it would have decided the matter differently. The relevant inquiry is
whether the applicable evidence “was such that a reasonable factfinder would have to conclude that
the requisite fear of persecution existed.” Id. (quoting INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481
(1992)).
                                                          A.
         The Gishtas argue that the interpretation provided at their removal hearings was a “cruel
sham.” The petitioners list six examples of “egregious” unintelligible translations that they argue
impacted the immigration judge’s credibility findings. The Gishtas rely on Amadou v. INS, 226 F.3d
724 (6th Cir. 2000), and Gonzales v. Zurbrick, 45 F.2d 934 (6th Cir. 1930), to argue that the
interpretation problems violated their due process rights. In Amadou, this court held that the
petitioner was deprived of his due process right to a full and fair hearing due to the incompetence
of the interpreter. Amadou, 226 F.3d at 726 (citing Perez-Lastor v. INS, 208 F.3d 773, 777 (9th Cir.
2000)). In Gonzales, the court held that an alien was not afforded a full and fair opportunity to be
heard because of the alien’s failure to understand the proceedings, noting that “[t]he function of an
interpreter is an important one . . . affect[ing] a constitutional right.” Gonzales, 45 F.2d at 937.
        The instant case is factually distinguishable from Amadou and Gonzales. The immigration
judges were on notice that there were problems with the interpreters in Amadou and Gonzales. In
Amadou, the interpreter stated that he or she did not understand what the petitioner was saying and
was “having some problems . . . with some semantics” because the interpreter spoke a different
dialect of Fulani than the petitioner. Amadou, 226 F.3d at 725, 727. In the instant case there was
no indication that the interpreter was having a difficult time understanding the Gishtas or vice versa.
Likewise in Gonzales, Ms. Gonzales complained during the proceedings that she could not
understand the interpreter, which resulted in two successive interpreters being substituted.


         12
            The immigration judge based his lack of credibility findings on the following inconsistencies: the admitted
inconsistencies in Mrs. Gishta’s statements to the INS during her airport interviews; the discrepancies between the
Gishtas’ testimony and their written asylum applications; discrepancies between the written applications and the written
statements they submitted in support; false statements regarding the death of a democratic leader in Albania in Mr.
Gishta’s application and written statement; the omission of Mrs. Gishta’s arrests in Mr. Gishta’s original asylum
application despite the question asking if any family members had ever been arrested; the testimony from Mr. Gishta
that he was present in the room when Mrs. Gishta called the Lumani residence with the testimony of Mr. Lumani that
Mr. Gishta was not in the house at that time; Mr. Lumani’s testimony that he did not notice anything unusual in Mrs.
Gishta’s appearance when he saw her shortly after she alleges to have been released from detention during which she
sustained punches to her face; and the contradictions between the Gishtas’ claims concerning Albania and the State
Department’s reports on the country.
No. 03-4101            Gishta, et al. v. Gonzales                                                  Page 6


Gonzales, 45 F.2d at 935. In contrast, the Gishtas never complained about the interpreter during the
proceedings; they raised the issue for the first time in their administrative appeal. Therefore, unlike
Amadou and Gonzales, the immigration judge was never on notice of any alleged problem with the
interpreter and the board specifically determined that Mrs. Gishta “failed to demonstrate that she
suffered any harm that deprived her of due process, as she failed to demonstrate that there were any
defects in the proceedings below which resulted in prejudice to her.”
        This case is also distinguishable from Amadou because the record does not indicate “that the
interpreter’s faulty translation directly prejudiced [the petitioner] because the judge and Board
denied his application based on the testimony at the hearing.” Amadou, 226 F.3d at 727. “To
prevail on a due process challenge to deportation proceedings, [an alien] must show error and
substantial prejudice. A showing of prejudice is essentially a demonstration that the alleged
violation affected the outcome of the proceedings; we will not simply presume prejudice.” Larita-
Martinez v. INS, 220 F.3d 1092, 1095 (9th Cir. 2000) (quoting Lata v. INS, 204 F.3d 1241, 1246 (9th
Cir. 2000)). As the respondent points out:
        Here, petitioners have declined to demonstrate how the alleged inadequate
        interpretation at the hearing could have changed the inconsistencies in Mrs. Gishta’s
        statements to the INS – indeed, nowhere do they challenge the adequacy of
        interpretation provided to Mrs. Gishta during the airport and credible fear interviews
        when the inconsistent statements were made. Nor do they explain how the
        inconsistencies between their written applications, their testimonies, and the
        testimony [of] Mr. Lumani are attributable to the quality of interpretation.
         The factors cited by the immigration judge in support of his credibility conclusions do not
relate to the translation errors listed in the Gishtas’ brief. The transcript of the evidentiary hearing
makes it clear that the Gishtas were responsive to the questions asked and that any isolated
interpretation problems did not prejudice the petitioners. Therefore, unlike Amadou, it is unlikely
that the “the interpreter’s faulty translation [ ] played a significant part in the judge’s credibility
determination.” 226 F.3d at 727. The transcript of the evidentiary hearing makes it clear that there
is no truth to the Gishtas’ assertion that it was “extremely difficult for [p]etitioner to understand
what was being asked of him and fully and accurately respond.”
        Furthermore, the Gishtas argue that because the interpreter had been placed in removal
proceedings herself for being in the United States illegally, she was not qualified or competent to
serve as an interpreter. This information should be disregarded because it comes from editorial
statements and extra-record allegations. See INA §242(b)(4)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(A) (“the
court of appeals shall decide the petition only on the administrative record on which the order of
removal is based”). The Gishtas’ inadequate interpretation argument provides no basis for reversing
the denial of relief on the ground that they were not credible.
        The Gishtas also allege that the immigration judge and the board abused their discretion in
relying on the interpretation of a fraudulent and incompetent interpreter in denying the asylum claim.
The petitioners argue that they “have no idea what the rationale is behind the BIA’s decision” and
that the immigration judge’s decision “appears more irrational than rational.” “The Board’s
discretion is broad but it is not unlimited. It may not exercise its discretion in a way that is arbitrary,
irrational or contrary to law.” Daneshvar v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 615, 625-26 (6th Cir. 2004). There
is no indication in the record, contrary to petitioners’ assertions, that either the immigration judge
or the board acted arbitrarily, irrationally, or in a manner contrary to law. The Gishtas are simply
rehashing arguments raised elsewhere in their brief, none of which have merit. The abuse of
discretion claim is therefore rejected.
No. 03-4101           Gishta, et al. v. Gonzales                                               Page 7


       We conclude that the Gishtas’ interpretation claim has no merit and that the immigration
judge’s credibility finding is supported by the record.
                                                   B.
        The Gishtas argue that their due process rights were violated because the board failed to
conduct a meaningful review of their claims on appeal. The board did not invoke its authority to
affirm without opinion, but rather exercised the authority under 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(5) to “issue
a brief order affirming, modifying, or remanding the decision under review . . .” See 8 C.F.R.
§ 1003.1(e)(4) (authorizing the board to affirm without an opinion). The board’s independent
review of the case is demonstrated by its citation of In re Burbano, 20 I. & N. Dec. 872 (BIA 1994),
which states that a brief decision affirming the immigration judge’s decision does not mean that the
board did not exercise its independent review authority over the case, but rather the board adopts
or affirms the immigration judge’s decision when it is “in agreement with the reasoning and result
of that decision.” Id. at 874. As the respondent points out, the board’s specific finding that the
Gishtas’ inadequate interpretation argument failed for lack of prejudice and provided no basis for
reversing the immigration judge’s decision also demonstrates that the board independently reviewed
the case. Therefore there is no merit to the Gishtas’ claim that the board did not engage in a
meaningful review of their case.
                                                   C.
         Although the immigration judge stated that Mr. Gishta arrived in the United States on
December 30, 2000, the evidence is conclusive that Mr. Gishta in fact arrived on March 30, 2000.
It is clear that the immigration judge erred in stating that Mr. Gishta arrived on or about December
30, 2000. The Gishtas make much of this mistake because if Mr. Gishta had in fact arrived in
December 2000, then his asylum application would have been filed within the one year time limit
set forth in INA § 208(a)(2)(B), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B).
        We affirm the board’s decision on the ground that Mr. Gishta’s application was untimely
filed. In addition to the fact the fact the record is clear that Mr. Gishta arrived in March 2000, more
than a year before he filed his asylum application, the board’s finding that the application was
untimely is not subject to judicial review. Castellano-Chacon v. INS, 341 F.3d 533, 544 (6th Cir.
2003) (holding that the court is “barred from reviewing the BIA’s decision denying Castellano’s
application on the basis that it was untimely and must therefore affirm the BIA’s decision on this
point”).
                                                   III.
       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals.
