[Cite as State v. Coleman, 2017-Ohio-2826.]


                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                         FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               ROSS COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,                  :   Case Nos. 16CA3555
                                :             16CA3556
     Plaintiff-Appellee,        :             16CA3557
                                :             16CA3558
     vs.                        :
                                :   DECISION AND JUDGMENT
WALLACE L. COLEMAN,             :   ENTRY
                                :
     Defendant-Appellant.       :   Released: 05/11/17
_____________________________________________________________
                          APPEARANCES:

Angela Miller, Jupiter, Florida, for Appellant.

Matthew S. Schmidt, Ross County Prosecuting Attorney, and Pamela C.
Wells, Assistant Ross County Prosecuting Attorney, Chillicothe, Ohio, for
Appellee.
_____________________________________________________________

McFarland, J.

        {¶ 1} This is an appeal from a Ross County Court of Common Pleas

judgment entry sentencing Appellant, Wallace Coleman, after he entered

pleas of guilt to one count of bribery, a third degree felony in violation of

R.C. 2921.02, one count of complicity to bribery, a third degree felony in

violation of R.C. 2923.03, one count of kidnapping, a first degree felony in

violation of R.C. 2905.01, one count of felonious assault, a second degree

felony in violation of R.C. 2903.12, and one count of possession of cocaine,

a fifth degree felony in violation of R.C. 2925.11. On appeal, Appellant
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                                                        2


contends that 1) his plea was obtained in violation of the Fifth and

Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, Article I, Section

10 of the Ohio Constitution and Crim.R. 11(C); and 2) the trial court abused

its discretion and committed reversible error in overruling his motion to

withdraw his guilty pleas.

        {¶ 2} Because we conclude that the trial court did not err in accepting

Appellant’s guilty pleas, which were knowingly, voluntarily and

intelligently given, his first assignment of error is overruled. Because we

conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying

Appellant’s motion to withdraw his guilty pleas, his second assignment of

error is overruled. Accordingly, having found no merit in the assignments of

error raised by Appellant, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

                                                FACTS

        {¶ 3} On August 18, 2015, Appellant, Wallace Coleman, was charged

with one count of possession of cocaine, which stemmed from the execution

of a search warrant at his residence. On August 28, 2015, Appellant was

charged with one count of kidnapping and one count of felonious assault.1

After a review of the record, the circumstances that led to the filing of the

charges are unclear; however, it appears the victim of the crimes was an

1
 A supersedeas indictment was later filed as to both of these charges, which added repeat violent offender
specifications to each charge.
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                            3


adult male, Arthur Hamlin, Jr. Appellant was later charged with one count

of bribery on November 20, 2015 and then was charged with complicity to

bribery on December 11, 2015. It appears the latter two charges involved

calls made by Appellant from a recorded telephone line in the jail to two

different individuals. All of these charges were brought by way of secret

indictment. Appellant pleaded not guilty to the charges at each of his

arraignments and the matter proceeded to trial, though they were not

consolidated at the trial court level.

      {¶ 4} On January 4, 2016, a change of plea hearing was held in which

Appellant entered pleas of guilt to all of the charges. Of note, the State did

not make a presentation of evidence regarding the basis for the charges and

the trial court did not make any factual determinations before accepting

Appellant’s guilty pleas. As such, this Court has a limited understanding of

the facts that form the basis of the charges to which Appellant pleaded

guilty. Appellant’s counsel subsequently withdrew from representation and

on March 28, 2016, with the aid of newly appointed counsel, Appellant filed

a motion to withdraw his guilty pleas. A hearing was held on Appellant’s

motion on April 21, 2016, at which Appellant was present and testified

regarding his reasons for seeking withdrawal of his pleas. At the conclusion

of the hearing, the trial court found Appellant’s testimony not credible and
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                          4


that Appellant's motion was based upon nothing more than a case of

“buyer’s remorse.” The trial court then denied the motion and the matter

proceeded to sentencing on May 6, 2016. It is from the final sentencing

order that Appellant now brings his timely appeal, setting forth two

assignments of error for our review.

                       ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

“I.   APPELLANT’S GUILTY PLEA WAS OBTAINED IN VIOLATION
      OF THE FIFTH AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS TO THE
      UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION; ARTICLE I, SECTION 10 OF
      THE OHIO CONSTITUTION AND CRIM.R. 11(C).

II.   THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION AND
      COMMITTED REVERSIBLE ERROR IN OVERRULING
      COLEMAN’S MOTION TO WITHDRAW HIS GUILTY PLEA.”

                       ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I

      {¶ 5} In his first assignment of error, Appellant contends that his

guilty plea was obtained in violation of the Fifth and Fourteenth

Amendments to the United States and Ohio Constitutions and Crim.R.

11(C). Appellant specifically argues that the trial court did not adequately

advise him of his right to compulsory process to obtain witnesses in his

favor. The State contends that the trial court's advisement regarding the

waiver of his right to compulsory process was adequate, and also notes that

Appellant signed a written plea agreement that contained a more detailed

advisement. The State further notes that when questioned by the trial court
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                         5


as to his understanding of the written agreement and the oral advisement,

Appellant indicated he understood.

      {¶ 6} The ultimate inquiry when reviewing a trial court's acceptance

of a guilty plea is whether the defendant entered the plea in a knowing,

intelligent, and voluntary manner. See State v. Veney, 120 Ohio St.3d 176,

2008-Ohio-5200, 897 N.E.2d 621, ¶ 7; citing State v. Engle, 74 Ohio St.3d

525, 527, 660 N.E.2d 450 (1996). A defendant enters a plea in a knowing,

intelligent, and voluntary manner when the trial court fully advises the

defendant of all the constitutional and procedural protections set forth in

Crim.R. 11(C) that a guilty plea waives. See State v. Clark, 119 Ohio St.3d

239, 2008-Ohio-3748, 893 N.E.2d 462, ¶ 25; citing Engle at 527; State v.

Eckler, 4th Dist. Adams No. 09CA878, 2009-Ohio-7064, ¶ 48. Thus, when

a court reviews a trial court's acceptance of a guilty plea, it must

independently review the record to ensure that the trial court followed the

dictates of Crim.R. 11(C). See State v. Kelley, 57 Ohio St.3d 127, 128, 566

N.E.2d 658 (1991) (“When a trial court or appellate court is reviewing a plea

submitted by a defendant, its focus should be on whether the dictates of

Crim.R. 11(C) have been followed.”); Eckler at ¶ 48 (noting that standard of

review is de novo); State v. Hamilton, 4th Dist. Hocking No. 05CA4, 2005-
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                             6


Ohio-5450, ¶ 9; see also State v. Gilmore, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 92106,

92107, 92108, and 92109, 2009-Ohio-4230, ¶ 12.

      {¶ 7} Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a)-(c) sets forth the process a trial court must

follow before accepting a guilty plea. The rule prohibits a trial court from

accepting a guilty plea unless the court personally addresses the defendant

and (1) determines “that the defendant is making the plea voluntarily, with

understanding of the nature of the charges and of the maximum penalty

involved, and if applicable, that the defendant is not eligible for probation or

for the imposition of community control sanctions at the sentencing

hearing”; (2) informs “the defendant of and determin[es] that the defendant

understands the effect of the plea of guilty or no contest, and that the court,

upon acceptance of the plea, may proceed with judgment and sentence”; and

(3) informs “the defendant and determin[es] that the defendant understands

that by the plea the defendant is waiving the rights to jury trial, to confront

witnesses against him or her, to have compulsory process for obtaining

witnesses in the defendant's favor, and to require the state to prove the

defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt at a trial at which the defendant

cannot be compelled to testify against himself or herself.”

      {¶ 8} When a trial court engages in a plea colloquy with the

defendant, it must strictly comply with Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c), which sets forth
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                               7


the constitutional rights a guilty plea waives. Thus, the trial court must

explain to the defendant, either literally or in a reasonably intelligible

manner, that a guilty plea waives (1) the right to a jury trial, (2) the right to

confront one's accusers, (3) the right to compulsory process to obtain

witnesses, (4) the right to require the state to prove guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt, and (5) the privilege against compulsory self-incrimination. Veney at

syllabus and ¶¶ 18, 27 (stating that trial court must literally comply with

Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c), but its failure to do so will not invalidate a plea when

the trial court adequately conveys the information to the defendant in a

reasonably intelligible manner). Failure to do so renders the plea invalid. Id.

at syllabus.

      {¶ 9} “The best way to ensure that pleas are entered knowingly and

voluntarily is to simply follow the requirements of Crim.R. 11 when

deciding whether to accept a plea * * *.” Clark at ¶ 29; State v. Ballard, 66

Ohio St.2d 473, 479, 423 N.E.2d 115 (1981) (stating that “the best method

of informing a defendant of his constitutional rights is to use the language

contained in Crim.R. 11(C), stopping after each right and asking the

defendant whether he understands the right and knows that he is waiving it

by pleading guilty”). Thus, “ ‘[l]iteral compliance with Crim.R. 11, in all

respects, remains preferable to inexact plea hearing recitations.’ ” Clark at
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                             8


¶ 29; quoting State v. Griggs, 103 Ohio St.3d 85, 2004-Ohio-4415, 814

N.E.2d 51, ¶ 19, fn. 2. However, “a rote recitation of Crim.R. 11(C) is not

required, and failure to use the exact language of the rule is not fatal to the

plea.” Ballard at 480. Instead, the trial court need only “explain[ ] or refer[

]” to the Crim.R. 11(C) protections “in a manner reasonably intelligible to

that defendant.” Id.; see also Veney at ¶ 27 (stating that “a trial court can still

convey the requisite information on constitutional rights to the defendant

even when the court does not provide a word-for-word recitation of the

criminal rule, so long as the trial court actually explains the rights to the

defendant”). Thus, a reviewing court should not invalidate a plea merely

because a trial court did not engage in a “formalistic litany of constitutional

rights.” Ballard at 480.

      {¶ 10} A trial court “may not relieve itself of the requirement of

Crim.R. 11(C) by exacting comments or answers by defense counsel as to

the defendant's knowledge of his rights.” Id. at 481. However, a reviewing

court may consider “such a colloquy * * * in the totality of the matter.” Id.

Thus, if the record shows that the trial court ascertained that defense counsel

advised the defendant of his rights, a reviewing court may consider this as a

factor in determining whether the totality of the circumstances supports the

trial court's finding that the defendant knowingly, intelligently, and
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                             9


voluntarily entered the plea. Id. (noting that “the record shows that the trial

judge initially ascertained from the defense counsel that the defendant had

been advised of his rights”); State v. McKenna, 11th Dist. Trumbull No.

2009-T-0034, 2009-Ohio-6154, ¶ 67; State v. DeArmond, 108 Ohio App.3d

239, 245, 670 N.E.2d 531 (1995); quoting Riggins v. McMackin (C.A.6,

1991), 935 F.2d 790, 795 (construing Ohio Crim.R. 11), and citing North

Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 91 S.Ct. 160, fn.3 (1970) (stating that

inquiry into whether the trial court properly advised a defendant of the

constitutional rights “is not limited solely to the information provided to the

defendant by the trial court. We examine the totality of the circumstances

surrounding the plea. ‘A defendant may learn of information not relayed to

him by the trial court from other sources, such as his attorney’ ”); State v.

Diaz, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 92CA5499, 1993 WL 186716, (June 2, 1993).

      {¶ 11} In State v. Saaty, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 96APA06-777, 1997

WL 101654 (Mar. 4, 1997) the court applied this principle and concluded

that although a defense counsel's representation that counsel advised the

defendant of his rights may constitute additional evidence that the court

explained the right in a manner reasonably intelligible to the defendant, it

cannot substitute for the court's compliance with the rule when the court

utterly fails to mention one of the constitutional rights. The court stated:
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                                                     10


         “ * * * [W]hile defense counsel advised the trial court he read
         aloud the plea forms to defendant and in his opinion defendant
         understood them, counsel's actions cannot excuse the trial
         court's failure to specifically inform defendant he was waiving
         his right to a jury trial. In response to questioning from the trial
         court, defense counsel in Ballard stated he had explained to
         defendant his constitutional rights, and he believed defendant
         understood them. The Ballard court considered defense
         counsel's representations as additional proof that the trial court
         had meaningfully informed defendant of his right to a jury trial,
         stating, ‘[a]lthough the trial court may not relieve itself of the
         requirement of Crim.R. 11(C) by exacting comments or
         answers by defense counsel as to the defendant's knowledge of
         his rights, such a colloquy may be looked to in the totality of
         the matter.’ Ballard, supra, at 481.

         Thus, where the trial court makes only an indirect or ‘glancing’
         reference to a constitutional right, a defense counsel's
         representation that he informed a defendant of his constitutional
         rights can be ‘looked to in the totality of the matter’ in
         determining whether the trial court explained or referred to a
         constitutional right in a manner reasonably intelligible to that
         defendant. However, where the trial court has completely
         omitted mentioning a right specified in Boykin and Ballard,
         defendant's counsel's representation is not sufficient;
         defendant's plea is invalid and must be vacated. See [State v.]
         Sturm [66 Ohio St.2d 483, 422 N.E.2d 853 (1981)]. Here, the
         trial court did not refer to the right to a jury trial in any manner.
         As Ballard dictates, the trial court's exacting comments or
         answers from defendant's attorney did not relieve it from the
         mandate of Crim.R. 11(C). Id.”2



2
  In State v. Strawther, 56 Ohio St.2d 298, 301, 383 N.E.2d 900, the Supreme Court of Ohio noted that "the
right to compulsory process is not declared by Boykin to be a constitutional right requiring waiver to appear
upon the record." However, three years later, the Supreme Court of Ohio, in State v. Ballard, supra, at FN.
4 noted that although Boykin did not mention the right of a defendant to have compulsory process of
witnesses to testify on his behalf, because the right is guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the United
States Constitution and is like the other rights mentioned in Boykin, and therefore held "that the defendant
must also be informed of his right to compulsory process." Thus, Strawther has been expanded to include
the right to compulsory process.
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                           11


      {¶ 12} With the foregoing principles in mind, we turn to Appellant's

specific argument that the trial court failed to adequately advise him of his

constitutional right to compulsory process. In the case at bar, the trial court

engaged in the following colloquy with Appellant regarding the waiver of

his constitutional right to compulsory process:

      "THE COURT: Alright. I've been given a two page plea
      agreements [sic] in each of these case [sic] that appears to have
      been signed by you and your attorney. Is that in fact your
      signature?

      COLEMAN: Yes sir.

      THE COURT: Did you read these agreements?

      COLEMAN: Yes sir.

      THE COURT: Did you understand them?

      COLEMAN: Yes sir.

      THE COURT: Are you satisfied with the advice and counsel of
      your attorney?

      COLEMAN: Yes sir.

      ***

      THE COURT: Do you understand that you have the right to
      compulsory process?

      COLEMAN: Yes sir.

      ***
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                          12


      THE COURT: Do you have any questions for me before we
      proceed?

      COLEMAN: No sir."

The record further reflects that each written plea agreement Appellant signed

stated as follows with the respect to Appellant's right to compulsory process:

      "I understand by pleading guilty I give up my right to a jury
      trial where I could see and have my attorney question witnesses
      against me, and where I could use the power of the Court to call
      witnesses to testify for me. * * *"

Thus, it appears the trial court orally advised Appellant he was waiving his

right to "compulsory process," but did not further state "for obtaining

witnesses in the defendant's favor." Additionally, the written plea agreement

utilizes the phrase "power of the Court," but does not use the phrase

"compulsory process" or "subpoena."

      {¶ 13} This Court has recently considered the adequacy of a trial

court's explanation of the defendant's right to compulsory process in State v.

McDaniel, 4th Dist. Vinton No. 09CA677, 2010-Ohio-5215, and also State

v. Pigge, 4th Dist. Ross No. 09CA3136, 2010-Ohio-6541. In McDaniel, the

trial court did not use the phrase "compulsory process" but rather explained

to the defendant as follows with regard to his right to compulsory process:

“you're waiving your right to bring in your own witnesses to subpoena those

witnesses if necessary, to come in as a part of your defense. Do you
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                          13


understand you are waiving that right?” Id. at ¶ 16. McDaniel argued that

the trial court's explanation “did not sufficiently inform him that he could

compel witnesses to testify.” Id. at ¶ 17. We rejected McDaniel’s argument

and noted that other Ohio courts have found similar statements sufficient to

explain a defendant's right to compulsory process. Id.; citing State v. Ward,

2nd Dist. Montgomery No. 21044, 2006-Ohio-832, ¶ 12 (court's statement

that the defendant was giving up his right to have his own witnesses come

and testify was “adequate, if less than ideal” when informing him of

compulsory process right); State v. Anderson , 108 Ohio App.3d 5, 11-12,

669 N.E.2d 865 (1995) (finding that “[y]ou are giving up your right to call

witnesses on your own behalf” informed the defendant of compulsory

process right in a reasonably intelligible manner); State v. Thomas, 10th

Dist. Franklin No. 04AP-866, 2005-Ohio-2389, ¶ 9 (finding that “right to

have your witnesses, should you have any, subpoenaed to the courtroom”

informed the defendant of compulsory process right in a reasonably

intelligible manner).

      {¶ 14} In Pigge, the trial court orally advised the appellant as follows

regarding the waiver of his right to compulsory process:

      "The Court: You also have the right to compulsory process.
      That means you have the right to have subpoena's [sic] issued
      for any witness that you want to appear on your behalf in court.
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                                                 14


        B[y] pleading guilty you are giving up that right. Do you
        understand that?" Pigge at ¶ 7.

The trial court then asked the appellant if he had reviewed and understood

the guilty plea petition, which stated that he had "the right to use the power

and process of the Court to compel the production of any evidence,

including the attendance of any witnesses in [his] favor." Id. at ¶ 8.

        {¶ 15} Thus, like the case sub judice, the trial court in Pigge utilized

the phrase "compulsory process," but did not further state the exact wording

contained in Crim.R. 11 (C)(2)(c) "for obtaining witnesses in the defendant's

favor." Nonetheless, we found the language used in Pigge, during the oral

advisement as well as the written plea form, adequately advised the

appellant of the waiver of his right to compulsory process in a reasonably

intelligent manner, especially where the trial court questioned the appellant

as to his understanding and he claimed he understood.3 Id. at ¶¶ 22, 24-25.

More specifically, we found that the trial court's use of the phrase

"compulsory process" constituted both literal and strict compliance with

Crim.R. 11, and that the use of that phrase "mirrors the language used in

Crim.R. 11.” Id. at ¶ 22; quoting State v. Senich, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

82581, 2003-Ohio-5082; citing State v. Strawther, supra (stating that the use


3
 In Pigge, we noted the appellant was mentally impaired but nevertheless found the advisement to be
satisfactory. There is no such element present sub judice.
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                        15


of the term "compulsory process" was sufficient to explain the right.). We

essentially reasoned that such reference was enough, and that the trial court

went a "step further" by explaining the right in a manner reasonably

intelligible to the defendant. Id. at ¶ 23.

       {¶ 16} Prior to reaching our decision in Pigge, we noted our prior

observation in McDaniel that:

       "We further observed that some Ohio courts 'have required the
       trial court to specifically inform the defendant of the power to
       compel the attendance of witnesses.' Id. at ¶ 18, citing State v.
       Gardner, Lorain App. No. 08CA009520, 2009-Ohio-6505, at
       ¶ 9 (court failed to reasonably apprise defendant of compulsory
       process right because it did not inform him that he could use the
       court's subpoena power to compel witnesses' attendance); State
       v. Parks, Cuyahoga App. No. 86312, 2006-Ohio-1352, at ¶ 17
       (stating that trial court 'clearly informed' defendant of
       compulsory process right by stating that defendant had a right
       to subpoena witnesses); State v. Wilson, Cuyahoga App. No.
       82770, 2004-Ohio-499, at ¶ 16 ('The trial court must inform a
       defendant that it has the power to force, compel, subpoena, or
       otherwise cause a witness to appear and testify on the
       defendant's behalf. Otherwise, the logical import of the court's
       notice is that the defendant could present such witnesses as he
       could only secure through his own efforts.') (emphasis sic); see,
       also, State v. Rosenberg, Cuyahoga App. No. 84457, 2005-
       Ohio-101, at ¶ 14 (stating that 'strict compliance with Crim.R.
       11(C) requires the trial court to inform the defendant that
       witnesses could be "forced," "subpoenaed," "compelled,"
       "summoned," or "required" to appear' and that '[m]erely
       advising a defendant that he has "the right to bring in witnesses
       to this courtroom to testify for your defense' is insufficient to
       apprise a defendant of this constitutional right to compulsory
       process" '); State v. Cummings, Cuyahoga App. No. 83759,
       2004-Ohio-4470 (holding that informing defendant he had a
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                          16


      right to 'call witnesses' did not sufficiently advise him of
      compulsory process right)." Pigge at ¶ 20.

      {¶ 17} Here, however, we conclude that the trial court's oral

advisement during the plea colloquy that Appellant was waiving his right to

"compulsory process," coupled with the fact that Appellant signed, with the

benefit of counsel, a written plea agreement which further stated "I

understand by pleading guilty I give up my right to a jury trial where I could

see and have my attorney question witnesses against me, and where I could

use the power of the Court to call witnesses to testify for me. * * *[,]"

adequately advised Appellant he was waiving his right to compulsory

process for obtaining witnesses in his favor. Pigge at ¶ 25 ("the plea petition

may be used as additional evidence that the defendant understood what the

court meant by the terms 'compulsory process' and 'subpoena.' "); citing

Ballard, supra. In our view, the trial court's use of the phrase in the plea

agreement "power of the Court to call witnesses" more clearly conveys the

meaning of "compulsory process" than the use of the word "subpoena" to a

layperson.

      {¶ 18} Further as set forth above, when determining whether a trial

court strictly complied with Crim.R. 11 with regard to constitutional

advisements, a reviewing court must examine the totality of the

circumstances surrounding the plea, and is not limited to the information
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                        17


provided by the trial court during the oral colloquy. Pigge at ¶ 17. This

standard was recently reaffirmed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in State v.

Montgomery, 148 Ohio St.3d 347, 2016-Ohio-5487, 71 N.E.3d 180, ¶ 43

("where a trial court engages in a full Crim.R. 11 plea colloquy with the

defendant and addresses all of the constitutional rights waived by the plea, a

'reviewing court should be permitted to consider additional record evidence

to reconcile any alleged ambiguity [in the colloquy].' "); citing State v.

Barker, 129 Ohio St.3d 472, 2011-Ohio-4130, 953 N.E.2d 826, ¶ 24.

      {¶ 19} Moreover, and similar to the facts before us in Pigge,

Appellant, when questioned by the trial court as to whether he had read and

understood the plea agreement he had signed, advised he did. Appellant

again advised the trial court he understood the oral plea colloquy that

occurred thereafter. Here, the trial court literally complied with Crim.R. 11

by using the exact phrase "compulsory process" and also provided a

reasonably intelligent explanation of that term through the written plea

agreement, which explained the "power of the Court to call witnesses." As

reasoned in Pigge, " 'if the defendant receives the proper information, then [a

court] can ordinarily assume that [the defendant] understands that

information.' " Pigge at ¶ 24; quoting State v. Carter, 60 Ohio St.2d 34, 38,

396 N.E.2d 757. Further, as we also reasoned in Pigge, if Appellant did not
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                          18


understand what the court meant by use of the term "compulsory process" or

"power of the Court," he should have advised the trial court when asked.

Finally, we note that in Pigge, we reasoned that "allowing a defendant to

state in open court that he understood a Crim.R. 11(C) right, but then argue

on appeal that he did not, would contravene the general principle that guilty

pleas should be final." Pigge at ¶ 33; citing Ballard at 479.

      {¶ 20} Thus, in light of the foregoing and considering the totality of

the circumstances, we find no error in the trial court's acceptance of

Appellant's guilty plea, and find that Appellant voluntarily, knowingly and

intelligently pleaded guilty to the offenses of which he was charged.

Accordingly, Appellant's first assignment of error is overruled.

                        ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II

      {¶ 21} Appellant contends in his second assignment of error that the

trial court committed reversible error in overruling his motion to withdraw

his guilty plea. In particular, he argues that he received ineffective

assistance of counsel prior to entering the plea, felt pressured to plead guilty

rather than take his case to trial, and is actually innocent of the charges. The

State contends that Appellant has failed to prove his counsel provided

deficient representation, and notes that the court conducted a lengthy

colloquy with Appellant before accepting his guilty pleas. It is the State’s
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                         19


position that Appellant’s desire to withdraw his guilty pleas is nothing more

than a change of heart.

      {¶ 22} Initially, we note that trial courts possess discretion when

deciding whether to grant or to deny a presentence motion to withdraw a

guilty plea. E.g., State v. Xie, 62 Ohio St.3d 521, 584 N.E.2d 715 (1992),

paragraph two of the syllabus. Thus, absent an abuse of discretion, appellate

courts will not disturb a trial court's ruling concerning a motion to withdraw

a guilty plea. Id. at 527. “ ‘A trial court abuses its discretion when it makes

a decision that is unreasonable, unconscionable, or arbitrary.’ ” State v.

Keenan, 143 Ohio St.3d 397, 38 N.E.3d 870, 2015-Ohio-2484, 38 N.E.3d

870, ¶ 7; quoting State v. Darmond, 135 Ohio St.3d 343, 2013-Ohio-966,

986 N.E.2d 971, ¶ 34. An abuse of discretion includes a situation in which a

trial court did not engage in a “ ‘sound reasoning process.’ ” State v. Morris,

132 Ohio St.3d 337, 2012-Ohio-2407, 972 N.E.2d 528, ¶ 14; quoting AAAA

Ents., Inc. v. River Place Community Urban Redevelopment Corp., 50 Ohio

St.3d 157, 161, 553 N.E.2d 597 (1990). Moreover, “[a]buse-of-discretion

review is deferential and does not permit an appellate court to simply

substitute its judgment for that of the trial court.” Darmond at ¶ 34.

      {¶ 23} Crim.R. 32.1 states: “A motion to withdraw a plea of guilty or

no contest may be made only before sentence is imposed; but to correct
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                            20


manifest injustice the court after sentence may set aside the judgment of

conviction and permit the defendant to withdraw his or her plea.” Thus,

Crim.R. 32.1 permits a defendant to file a motion to withdraw a guilty plea

before sentence is imposed. “ ‘[A] presentence motion to withdraw a guilty

plea should be freely and liberally granted.’ ” State v. Ketterer, 126 Ohio

St.3d 448, 2010-Ohio-3831, 935 N.E.2d 9, ¶ 57; quoting State v. Xie at 527.

      {¶ 24} While trial courts should “freely and liberally” grant a

presentence motion to withdraw a guilty plea, a defendant does not “have an

absolute right to withdraw a guilty plea prior to sentencing.” State v. Xie at

527; accord State v. Ketterer at ¶ 57; State v. Spivey, 81 Ohio St.3d 405,

415, 692 N.E.2d 151 (1998); State v. Wolfson, 4th Dist. Lawrence No.

02CA28, 2003-Ohio-4440, ¶ 14. Instead, “[a] trial court must conduct a

hearing to determine whether there is a reasonable and legitimate basis for

the withdrawal of the plea.” Xie at paragraph one of the syllabus; accord

State v. Boswell, 121 Ohio St.3d 575, 906 N.E.2d 422, 2009-Ohio-1577,

¶ 10, superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in State v. Singleton,

124 Ohio St.3d 173, 2009-Ohio-6434, 920 N.E.2d 958. While a trial court

possesses discretion to determine whether to grant or to deny a presentence

motion to withdraw a guilty plea, it does not have discretion to determine if

a hearing is required. See Wolfson at ¶ 15. Here, the trial court held a
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                            21


hearing and Appellant raises no argument with respect to the provision of

the hearing.

      {¶ 25} We have previously set forth a list of factors that we consider

when determining whether a trial court abused its discretion by denying a

presentence motion to withdraw a plea: “ ‘(1) whether the accused was

represented by highly competent counsel, (2) whether the accused was given

a full Crim.R. 11 hearing before entering the plea, (3) whether a full hearing

was held on the withdrawal motion, and (4) whether the trial court gave full

and fair consideration to the motion.’ ” State v. Campbell, 4th Dist. Athens

No. 08CA31, 2009-Ohio-4992, ¶ 7; quoting State v. McNeil, 146 Ohio

App.3d 173, 176, 765 N.E.2d 884 (1st Dist.2001). Other considerations

include: “ ‘(1) whether the motion was made within a reasonable time; (2)

whether the motion set out specific reasons for the withdrawal; (3) whether

the accused understood the nature of the charges and the possible penalties;

and (4) whether the accused was perhaps not guilty or had a complete

defense to the charges.’ ” Id.; quoting McNeil at 176. However, a change of

heart or mistaken belief about the plea is not a reasonable basis requiring a

trial court to permit the defendant to withdraw the plea. Id.; citing State v.

Lambros, 44 Ohio App.3d 102, 103, 541 N.E.2d 632 (8th Dist.1988).
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                         22


      {¶ 26} Further, with respect to Appellant’s ineffective assistance of

counsel claim raised within this assignment of error, we note that criminal

defendants have a right to counsel, including a right to the effective

assistance from counsel. McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771, 90

S.Ct. 1441, (1970), fn.14; State v. Stout, 4th Dist. Gallia No. 07CA5, 2008-

Ohio-1366, ¶ 21. To establish constitutionally ineffective assistance of

counsel, a criminal defendant must show (1) that his counsel's performance

was deficient, and (2) that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense

and deprived him of a fair trial. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,

687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, (1984); State v. Issa, 93 Ohio St.3d 49, 67, 752 N.E.2d

904 (2001); State v. Goff, 82 Ohio St.3d 123, 139, 694 N.E.2d 916 (1998).

In addition, in Xie, the Ohio Supreme Court stated as follows at 524:

      “The Strickland test was applied to guilty pleas in Hill v.
      Lockhart (1985), 474 U.S. 52, 106 S.Ct. 366, 88 L.Ed.2d 203.
      ‘First, the defendant must show that counsel's performance was
      deficient.’ Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064, 80
      L.Ed.2d at 693; Hill, 474 U.S. at 57, 106 S.Ct. at 369, 88
      L.Ed.2d at 209. Second, ‘the defendant must show that there is
      a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's errors, he would
      not have pleaded guilty * * *.’ Hill, 474 U.S. at 59, 106 S.Ct. at
      370, 88 L.Ed.2d at 210; see Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104
      S.Ct. at 2064, 80 L.Ed.2d at 693.”

      {¶ 27} “When considering whether trial counsel's representation

amounts to deficient performance, ‘a court must indulge a strong

presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                          23


professional assistance.’ ” State v. Walters, 4th Dist. Washington Nos.

13CA33, 13CA36, 2014-Ohio-4966, ¶ 23; quoting Strickland at 689. “Thus,

‘the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the

circumstances, the challenged action might be considered sound trial

strategy.’ ” Id.; quoting Strickland at 689. “ ‘A properly licensed attorney is

presumed to execute his duties in an ethical and competent manner.’ ” Id.;

quoting State v. Taylor, 4th Dist. Washington No. 07CA1, 2008-Ohio-482,

¶ 10. “Therefore, a defendant bears the burden to show ineffectiveness by

demonstrating that counsel's errors were so serious that he or she failed to

function as the counsel guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment.” Id.

      {¶ 28} We first address Appellant’s claim of ineffective assistance of

counsel with respect to his decision to enter pleas of guilt to all five charges.

Appellant contends that but for counsel’s advice, he would not have entered

the guilty pleas and would have taken his cases to trial. He argues that he

received ineffective assistance of counsel in that he felt pressured by counsel

to enter guilty pleas, his attorney failed to thoroughly interview important

witnesses, and disregarded evidence that would show his innocence.

Appellant argues that instead of preparing a defense, his attorney pressured

him into “accepting an unappealing plea by informing him he would get
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                            24


thirty-five years in prison if he did not accept the state’s offer quickly and

plead guilty to all charges.”

      {¶ 29} A review of the record indicates that Appellant’s trial counsel

withdrew from the case just after Appellant entered pleas of guilty.

Appellant thereafter, with benefit of new counsel, filed a motion to withdraw

his guilty pleas. Appellant was afforded a full hearing on his motion where

he was permitted to testify regarding his reasons for seeking to withdraw his

pleas. Although Appellant claims that his trial counsel pressured him into

pleading guilty, the transcript from the hearing indicates that Appellant

conceded as follows on cross examination:

      “MARKS: Now when Chase [Appellant’s trial counsel] had
      told you that if you didn’t take the plea for the fourteen years
      you could get up to thirty-five, that was actually a possible
      sentence that you could have received based upon crimes you
      were charged with, correct?

      COLEMAN: Yes, sir.

      MARKS: So he didn’t inflate the numbers or anything like to
      you to be dramatic and to make you change your plea?

      COLEMAN: He basically said take this fourteen or you can go
      to trial and that (inaudible) and get fourteen [sic], so I would
      advise you to take this fourteen years, he kept pressuring me to
      take it, and he had came over to the jail and talk to me and then
      came back to the court and they let me get a phone call, my
      mother, let her know what was going on…and just pressure.

      MARKS: So you did talk to your mother before you entered.
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                         25


      COLEMAN: Yes.”

Thus, the record reflects by Appellant’s own admission that his trial counsel

simply advised him of the alternative if he did not plead guilty. Further,

Appellant was permitted to call and consult with his mother before deciding

whether to change his plea. We have no doubt Appellant was under

pressure. However, there is nothing before us that indicates Appellant’s

counsel pressured him into entering a plea. Appellant’s counsel would have

been remiss not to warn Appellant of the potential consequences if he chose

not plead guilty, with respect to length of the possible sentence.

      {¶ 30} We next consider Appellant’s argument that his trial counsel

failed to thoroughly interview important witnesses and disregarded evidence

that would show his innocence. In particular, Appellant argues that an

individual by the name of Laken Woods would have testified Appellant was

with her on the evening in question and was not involved in the crimes

against the victim, Hamlin. However, we find this argument disingenuous

as the record reflects that Appellant initially made this argument at the

hearing, but then later admitted he was present and part of the events that

occurred on the night of the kidnapping and felonious assault, albeit

allegedly against his will. Appellant also conceded that his counsel initially

spoke with Woods, but as the time for trial approached her story changed.
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                         26


With regard to the other potential witnesses, Appellant conceded on cross

examination the same was true as to two other potential witnesses, Rhetta

Pierce and Lori Shaw. Appellant also argued he should be able to withdraw

his guilty pleas because two witnesses had died since the incident occurred.

However, he admitted on cross examination that he knew that one of the

witnesses had died at the time he entered his pleas. Further, the State

introduced testimony by Detective Roarke which indicated the other witness,

Lori Shaw, was in fact, still alive.

      {¶ 31} Based upon the foregoing, we cannot conclude that Appellant’s

trial counsel was deficient in his representation of Appellant. The record

refutes Appellant’s claims that he was pressured by his counsel to enter

guilty pleas. Advising Appellant of the worst possible alternative to not

taking a plea does not constitute deficient performance. Further, Appellant

himself admitted during his hearing that although it initially appeared

several individuals would testify on his behalf at trial, their stories changed

as trial approached. Additionally, Appellant’s argument that counsel failed

to obtain alibi testimony through Laken Woods is not credible given the fact

that Appellant has admitted to being present on the night in question.

Accordingly, Appellant has not demonstrated he received ineffective

assistance of counsel which led to the entry of his guilty pleas.
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                             27


      {¶ 32} We next consider the factors relevant to a determination as to

whether the trial court erred in denying Appellant’s motion to withdraw his

guilty plea. First, we have already determined that Appellant’s counsel was

not ineffective and there is nothing in the record to suggest his counsel was

not highly competent. Further, at the change of plea hearing, Appellant

advised the trial court that he was satisfied with the advice of his counsel.

Second, we consider whether Appellant was given a full Crim.R. 11 hearing

before entering his plea. We already determined that he was, and that the

trial court did not err in accepting his guilty pleas under Appellant’s first

assignment of error. Third, the record reflects that Appellant was given a

full hearing on his withdrawal motion, where he was afforded the

opportunity to be heard on his reasons for seeking to withdraw his pleas.

Fourth, the record reflects the trial court gave full and fair consideration of

Appellant’s motion, but ultimately issued a denial, reasoning that:

      “The court has considered the evidence, the testimony
      presented in this matter, as well as all of the factors put forth in
      the defendant’s motion to withdraw the plea. The court finds
      simply that the defendant’s testimony not to be credible in this
      case. This appears to me to be nothing more than a simple case
      of buyer’s remorse, and as such I will overrule the motions to
      withdraw the pleas.”

These factors clearly weigh against granting Appellant’s motion to withdraw

his pleas.
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                          28


      {¶ 33} With respect to the additional factors to be considered, we note

that Appellant’s motion was made within a reasonable time and before

sentencing and did set out specific reasons for the withdrawal. These factors

weigh in Appellant’s favor. Further, the record reflects Appellant had a full

understanding of the nature of the charges and the possible penalties. This

factor weighs in favor of denying Appellant’s motion. Finally, with respect

to the final factor, Appellant claimed in his motion to withdraw his pleas,

and also claims now on appeal, that he is actually innocent of the charges.

      {¶ 34} As noted above, the State did not present evidence regarding

the charges to which Appellant pled during the plea change hearing and the

trial court did not make a factual determination before accepting Appellant’s

plea. Thus, this Court is at somewhat of a loss as to the actual facts that

form the basis of the charges to which Appellant pleaded guilty. While less

than ideal from a reviewing standpoint, we must note that “ ‘ where a

defendant pleads guilty, with no claim of factual innocence, neither Crim.R.

11 nor the Constitutions of Ohio or the United States require the court to

determine if there is a factual basis for the plea.’ ” State v. Campanaro, 4th

Dist. Highland No. 97CA942, 1998 WL 961067, *4 (internal citations

omitted). Appellant made no claim of factual innocence at the time he

entered his pleas. As such, the trial court was not required to determine if
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                          29


there was a factual basis for his plea. That being said, we are still rather

limited in understanding and analyzing Appellant’s claims of actual

innocence when we have no point of reference for the details related to the

crimes he pled guilty to committing.

      {¶ 35} At the hearing on the motion to withdraw, Appellant did not

argue he was actually innocent of the possession of cocaine charge, nor does

he make any argument regarding that charge on appeal. With respect to the

complicity to bribery and bribery charges, Appellant argued at the hearing

that he did not do what he was accused of doing, and denied making calls on

the recorded jail line to Rhetta Pierce where he offered her money to testify

on his behalf. As to the other bribery charge, he claimed it was Lori Shaw

or Ashley Lewis who offered not to testify against him if he would pay

them, and not the other way around. However, the trial court heard these

arguments made by Appellant at the hearing and simply found Appellant’s

testimony not to be credible. This Court cannot conclude that the trial

court’s determinations regarding such factual and credibility issues were not

based upon a sound reasoning process or were an abuse of discretion.

      {¶ 36} Finally, with regard to the kidnapping and felonious assault

charges, Appellant initially seemed to argue at his hearing that he believed

he was innocent because there was no eye witness that placed him at the
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                         30


scene, the victim did not identify him in a line-up, and there were

inconsistencies in the discovery provided by the State. In our view, this

argument seems to fall short of claiming Appellant was actually innocent

because he didn’t commit the crimes. Rather, it seems to be a general

challenge to the evidence after the fact. Also, as referenced above,

Appellant argued he had an alibi witness, but then stated he was actually

present during the kidnapping and felonious assault. He argued he was

simply at the wrong place at the wrong time and was held there against his

will. Appellant’s claims of actual innocence with respect to these charges

are inconsistent at best, and the trial court determined they were not credible.

We cannot conclude the trial court erred or abused its discretion in making

this finding.

      {¶ 37} Based upon the record before us and taking into consideration

the above factors, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its

discretion in denying Appellant’s motion to withdraw his guilty pleas.

Instead, a review of the record indicates Appellant changed his mind after, in

his own words, he had time to “reflect” on the discovery provided to him

and his situation. Thus, we agree with the trial court that Appellant’s desire

to withdraw his guilty pleas is based upon a change of heart, which does not
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                      31


constitute grounds to permit his guilty pleas to be withdrawn. Accordingly,

Appellant’s second assignment of error is overruled.

      {¶ 38} Having found no merit in the assignments of error raised by

Appellant, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

                                              JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Ross App. Nos. 16CA3555, 16CA3556, 16CA3557, 16CA3558                            32


                            JUDGMENT ENTRY

      It is ordered that the JUDGMENT BE AFFIRMED and costs be
assessed to Appellant.

      The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing
the Ross County Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.

       IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE
UPON BAIL HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL
COURT OR THIS COURT, it is temporarily continued for a period not to
exceed sixty days upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of a
continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme Court of Ohio
an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court. If
a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the
expiration of the sixty day period, or the failure of the Appellant to file a
notice of appeal with the Supreme Court of Ohio in the forty-five day appeal
period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of the Supreme
Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio dismisses the
appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date
of such dismissal.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to
Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Hoover, J.: Concurs in Judgment and Opinion as to Assignment of Error I;
            Concurs in Judgment Only as to Assignment of Error II.
Harsha, J.: Concurs in Judgment Only.

                                         For the Court,

                                  BY: ______________________________
                                      Matthew W. McFarland, Judge

                              NOTICE TO COUNSEL
        Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment
entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with
the clerk.
