 

Filed 6/10/15 Biro v. Keyes CA2/7

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION SEVEN


JAN C. BIRO,                                                         B247927

         Plaintiff and Appellant,                                    (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. BC490652)
         v.

GEOFFREY R. KEYES,

         Defendant and Respondent.




                   APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Robert L. Hess, Judge. Reversed and remanded.


                   Jan C. Biro, in pro. per.; Carter Sands & Ehrenreich and Richard D. Carter
for Plaintiff and Appellant. [Retained.]


                   Cole Pedroza, Curtis Cole, Kenneth R. Pedroza and Cassidy C. Davenport;
Patterson Lockwood Hillyer and Kevin P. Hillyer for Defendant and Respondent.




 
 



                                    INTRODUCTION
       After undergoing cosmetic surgery, plaintiff-appellant Jan Biro sued the operating
doctor, defendant-respondent Geoffrey Keyes, in small claims court, alleging a claim for
breach of contract. In that case, Biro alleged Keyes conducted only part of the surgery
for which he contracted. The small claims court entered judgment in Keyes’s favor.
Biro, acting in pro. per., then filed a complaint in the superior court, alleging claims for,
among other things, medical malpractice and breach of contract. In the superior court
case (the subject of this appeal), Biro alleged he suffered unexpected medical
complications as a result of the surgery. Keyes demurred to Biro’s complaint, arguing
the action was barred by res judicata after the small claims court entered judgment in his
favor. The trial court sustained the demurrer without leave to amend, and Biro appealed.
We reverse.
                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       In 2011, Biro contracted with Keyes, a plastic surgeon, who agreed to perform a
series of cosmetic procedures on Biro’s face, ears, and neck. Keyes performed the
surgery, but Biro was dissatisfied with the results. He sued Keyes in small claims court,
claiming Keyes owed him $7,000 for portions of the agreed-upon operation that were
never performed. The small claims court entered judgment in Keyes’s favor.
       While his small claims case was pending, Biro filed a complaint against Keyes
with the Medical Board of California. In that complaint, he alleged Keyes failed to
perform the entire agreed-upon operation, likely because of a “bleeding complication”
that arose during the surgery. He also alleged Keyes allowed a third party to perform
portions of the surgery without his informed consent. He further alleged Keyes failed to
maintain adequate medical records pertaining to the surgery. The Medical Board
apparently found in Keyes’s favor as well.
       In 2012, Biro filed a lawsuit against Keyes in the superior court. Biro’s complaint
suffers from many formal and procedural problems, including no explicit identification of
causes of action, and little more than a conclusory label of “gross medical malpractice,”

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plus five other opaque claims: “falsifying medical records,” “providing false information
to the small claims court and the Medical Board,” “violating contract and causing
economical damage,” and “obstruction of justice.” Biro alleged the cosmetic surgery
contributed to his “medical conditions” because Keyes “changed the operation plan
without consulting [Biro] and performed operations that diverged significantly from the
agreed plan, as well as from the operations mentioned in the informed consent, and failed
to achieve the objective of the cosmetic surgery.” Biro further alleged, “[Keyes] declined
to perform the necessary corrections and [Biro] had to ask for a second, corrective
surgery, which was performed in the office of another cosmetic surgeon.” According to
Biro, “A professional review of the medical records indicate[d] a series a mistakes in the
management of [Biro,] including absence of the initial record and physical examination,
insufficient record of the operation, changes in the operation record, incorrect statements
and untoward consequences.” In his prayer for relief, Biro requested monetary damages
for economic loss and pain and suffering, as well as disciplinary action against Keyes.
             Keyes filed a demurrer to Biro’s complaint, arguing all of the claims, with the
exception of the claims for providing false information to the small claims court and
obstructing justice, were barred by res judicata. Keyes argued that Biro’s claims for
medical malpractice, breach of contract, falsifying medical records, and providing false
information to the Medical Board should be dismissed because they sought redress for
the same injury and stemmed from the same conduct giving rise to his small claims
action, and they were fully litigated to final judgment before the small claims court.
Keyes also argued all of the claims, with the exception of the medical malpractice claim,
were not sufficiently pled to state causes of action.1




                                                       
1
       The court’s ruling sustaining Keyes’s demurrer without leave to amend as to those
claims is not challenged on appeal.

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             Biro did not file a formal opposition to the demurrer, but he attempted to submit
an informal response, and he presented oral argument at the hearing on the demurrer.2
Biro argued the court should overrule the demurrer because his small claims action
involved only a claim for breach of contract and did not encompass his claim for medical
malpractice. Keyes argued the two claims constituted the same cause of action for res
judicata purposes because they “arose from the alleged acts or omissions by [Keyes]
during a single surgery [in 2011].” The court sustained the demurrer without leave to
amend and entered judgment in Keyes’s favor. Biro timely appealed.3
                                                          DISCUSSION
I.           Standard of Review


                                                       
2
      In his reply filed with the trial court, Keyes acknowledged that he received Biro’s
informal response on October 10, 2012, approximately one month before the hearing on
the demurrer.
3
        Keyes contends Biro waived his challenge on appeal of the court’s order
sustaining Keyes’s demurrer without leave to amend because he did not file a formal
opposition. Keyes relies on Bell v. American Title Ins. Co (1991) 226 Cal.App.3d 1589
(Bell) and Cummings v. Cummings (1929) 97 Cal.App. 144 (Cummings), neither of which
supports his argument. In Bell, the court of appeal held that the appellant waived its right
to challenge the trial court’s order precluding class members from opting out of the class
settlement because it did not file a timely opposition to the respondent’s motion seeking
to preclude opt outs and it did not appear at the hearing to contest the opt-out issue.
(Supra, 226 Cal.App.3d at p. 1602.) In Cummings, on the first day of trial, the defendant
informed the court that he was not ready to proceed with certain defenses he intended to
raise. (Supra, 97 Cal.App. at pp. 148-149.) The plaintiff moved to preclude defendant
from raising those defenses at trial because he failed to comply with the court’s prior
order governing how those defenses could be presented at trial. (Ibid.) When asked at
the hearing whether he wished to oppose the plaintiff’s motion, the defendant declined.
(Ibid.) The trial court granted the motion. (Ibid.) On appeal, the court of appeal held the
defendant waived his challenge to that ruling because he failed to oppose it at trial.
(Ibid.)

       The instant case is distinguishable from Bell and Cummings. Although Biro did
not properly file a formal opposition to Keyes’s demurrer, he did appear at the hearing on
the demurrer and he did argue in opposition to that motion. Accordingly, he preserved
his challenge on appeal.
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        We apply a de novo standard of review to a trial court’s order of dismissal
following an order sustaining a demurrer. (Los Altos El Granada Investors v. City of
Capitola (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 629, 650.) In other words, we exercise our
“independent judgment about whether the complaint states a cause of action as a matter
of law.” (Ibid.) “In reviewing a judgment of dismissal after a demurrer is sustained
without leave to amend, we must assume the truth of all facts properly pleaded by the
plaintiffs, as well as those that are judicially noticeable.” (Howard Jarvis Taxpayers
Assn. v. City of LaHabra (2001) 25 Cal.4th 809, 814.)
        When a demurrer “is sustained without leave to amend, we decide whether there is
a reasonable possibility that the defect can be cured by amendment: if it can be, the trial
court has abused its discretion and we reverse; if not, there has been no abuse of
discretion and we affirm.” (Blank v. Kirwan (1985) 39 Cal.3d 311, 318 (Blank).) Such a
showing can be made for the first time before the reviewing court. (Smith v. State Farm
Mutual Automobile Ins. Co. (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 700, 711.) “The burden of proving
such reasonable possibility is squarely on the plaintiff.” (Blank, supra, 39 Cal.3d at p.
318.)
        A demurrer may be sustained without leave to amend where, “ ‘the facts are not in
dispute, and the nature of the plaintiff’s claim is clear, but, under the substantive law, no
liability exists.’ [Citation.]” (Seidler v. Municipal Court (1993) 12 Cal.App.4th 1229,
1233.) “A judgment of dismissal after a demurrer has been sustained without leave to
amend will be affirmed if proper on any grounds stated in the demurrer, whether or not
the court acted on that ground.” (Gomes v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc. (2011) 192
Cal.App.4th 1149, 1153.)


II.     Biro’s Medical Malpractice Claim Is Not Precluded Because of Dismissal of
        his Breach of Contract Action in Small Claims Court
        A.     Relevant law
        “Res judicata, or claim preclusion, prevents relitigation of the same cause of action
in a second suit between the same parties or parties in privity with them. Collateral

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estoppel, or issue preclusion, ‘precludes relitigation of issues argued and decided in prior
proceedings.’ [Citation.] Under the doctrine of res judicata, if a plaintiff prevails in an
action, the cause of action is merged into the judgment and may not be asserted in a
subsequent lawsuit; a judgment for the defendant serves as a bar to further litigation of
the same cause of action.” (Mycogen Corp. v. Monsanto Co. (2002) 28 Cal.4th 888, 896-
897.) Res judicata bars not only matters that were actually litigated but also those that
could have been litigated in a prior suit, so long as they are part of the same cause of
action finally resolved in that suit. (Busick v. Workmen’s Comp. Appeals Bd. (1972) 7
Cal.3d 967, 975.) The claim preclusion aspect of res judicata applies to small claims
judgments. (Pitzen v. Superior Court (2004) 120 Cal.App.4th 1374, 1381 (Pitzen).)
Collateral estoppel applies to claims litigated and decided against plaintiffs in a small
claims action; it does not apply to claims litigated and decided against a small claims
defendant. (Id. at pp. 1385-1386.)
       In California, what constitutes a “cause of action” for purposes of res judicata is
determined by application of the primary right theory. “[A] ‘cause of action’ is
comprised of a ‘primary right’ of the plaintiff, a corresponding ‘primary duty’ of the
defendant, and a wrongful act by the defendant constituting a breach of that duty.
[Citation.] The most salient characteristic of a primary right is that it is indivisible: the
violation of a single primary right gives rise to but a single cause of action. [Citation.] A
pleading that states the violation of one primary right in two causes of action contravenes
the rule against ‘splitting’ a cause of action. [Citation.]” (Crowley v. Katleman (1994) 8
Cal.4th 666, 681 (Crowley).)
       Simply put, a primary right is the plaintiff’s “right to be free from the particular
injury suffered.” (Crowley, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 681.) The injury suffered is
distinguishable from both the legal theory upon which liability is premised and the relief
sought as a remedy for that injury. (Id. at pp. 681-682.) Accordingly, “‘[e]ven where
there are multiple legal theories upon which recovery might be predicated, one injury
gives rise to only one clam for relief.’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.) Likewise, “[t]he violation of
one primary right constitutes a single cause of action, though it may entitle the injured

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party to many forms of relief . . . .’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 682.) But different primary
rights, or injuries, may be suffered by the same wrongful conduct. (Le Parc Community
Assn. v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 1161, 1170 (Le Parc); see
also Agarwal v. Johnson (1979) 25 Cal.3d 932, 954-955 [“[T]he significant factor is the
harm suffered; that the same facts are involved in both suits is not conclusive.”].)
         B. Biro’s medical malpractice claim is not barred by res judicata
         Biro asserts he suffered two distinct injuries when Keyes performed the cosmetic
surgery: first, he suffered a contractual injury as a result of Keyes’s alleged failure to
perform the entire surgery he bargained for; second, he suffered a bodily injury as a result
of Keyes’s allegedly negligent performance of the cosmetic surgery. He contends the
two injuries give rise to two separate causes of action (i.e., breach of contract versus
medical malpractice). He argues the small claims court’s entry of judgment on his breach
of contract claim does not preclude litigation of his malpractice claim in the superior
court.
         Keyes contends the two claims involve the same primary right, precluding
litigation of Biro’s medical malpractice claim in the superior court action. Keyes argues,
“[p]laintiff has only one cause of action because only one of his primary rights was
alleged to have been invaded – his right to be free from bodily injury and monetary loss
resulting from the November 2011 cosmetic surgery.” Keyes incorrectly conflates the
two injuries Biro allegedly suffered.
         Because breaching a contract causes a different legally cognizable harm than
negligently inflicting bodily injury while performing under that contract, two primary
rights arise out of Keyes’s conduct. On the one hand, Keyes’s failure to perform the
entire surgery Biro bargained for gives rise to a specific form of harm – i.e., a violation of
the right to have contractual obligations performed. (See Fujifilm Corp. v. Yang (2014)
223 Cal.App.4th 326, 332; see also Brenelli Amedeo, S.P.A. v. Bakara Furniture, Inc.
(1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 1828, 1837-1838 [primary right violated by company’s breach of
contract is distinct from primary right violated by company’s shareholders’ tortious
conduct preventing plaintiff from collecting on judgment in breach of contract action].)

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On the other hand, Keyes’s allegedly negligent performance of the surgery, which caused
unexpected physical injuries, gives rise to a form of harm distinct from a breach of
contract – i.e., a violation of the right to be free from negligent conduct during a medical
operation. (See Friedman Prof. Management Co., Inc. v. Norcal Mutual Ins. Co. (2004)
120 Cal.App.4th 17, 29 [distinguishing between primary right to be free from negligent
conduct during medical operation and primary right to be free from invasion of privacy
and dignitary interests as a result of a battery, or nonconsensual touching, committed
during the same operation].) Although Biro’s claims arose out of the same conduct, they
seek to vindicate two different primary rights: (1) the right to obtain what one bargains
for in a contractual relationship (the small claims action); and (2) the right to be free from
the negligent infliction of bodily harm (the superior court action). Accordingly, the small
claims court’s entry of judgment against Biro on his breach of contract claim does not bar
litigation of his medical malpractice claim in the superior court. (See Le Parc, supra, 110
Cal.App.4th at p. 1171.)
       C. Biro’s medical malpractice claim is not barred by collateral estoppel
       Biro’s medical malpractice claim is also not barred by collateral estoppel.
Collateral estoppel bars a small-claims plaintiff from relitigating an issue that was
decided in the defendant’s favor where the record from the small claims court makes
clear that the issue was actually litigated and decided in that court. (Pitzen, supra, 120
Cal.App.4th at pp. 1386-1387.)
       Here, the record from the small claims case is spare. The complaint alleges that
“[h]alf of a work order haven’t [sic] been delivered,” and it seeks a “[r]efund for
undelivered part of a prepayed [sic] work order.” The judgment simply states, “[Keyes]
does not owe plaintiff any money on [Biro’s] claim.” (Italics in original.)
       The record does not show that the small claims court considered or decided the
issue of whether Keyes was negligent in performing Biro’s cosmetic surgery. Biro’s
claim is phrased as one for breach of contract, not negligence or medical malpractice.
Although Keyes states in his declaration filed in support of his demurrer that Biro argued
the issue of negligence before the small claims court, there is nothing in the record to

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indicate that the small claims court actually decided whether Keyes was negligent. As
noted, the small claims court found that Keyes owed no money on Biro’s claim, which
was for breach of contract, not negligence or medical malpractice. Nowhere in the small
claims record does the court state that it made a finding as to whether Keyes was
negligent in performing Biro’s cosmetic surgery.
       Although we question the viability of Biro’s claim for medical malpractice going
forward because it is vaguely pled in Biro’s complaint, Keyes did not challenge the
medical malpractice claim on any grounds other than res judicata. In other words, aside
from challenging Biro’s claim for medical malpractice on res judicata grounds, Keyes did
not raise before the trial court any concerns about the sufficiency of the allegations
underlying that claim. Accordingly, with respect to Biro’s medical malpractice claim, we
have limited our review to the demurrer’s res judicata arguments. (See Tracfone
Wireless, Inc. v. County of Los Angeles (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1359, 1363 [a reviewing
court may affirm the judgment of dismissal only on grounds raised in the demurrer],
citing Carman v. Alvord (1982 31 Cal.3d 318, 324.)
III.   Biro’s Other Claims
       As noted, Biro’s complaint filed in the superior court raised additional claims,
including falsifying medical records, providing false information to the small claims
court and the Medical Board, breach of contract, and obstruction of justice. Biro does not
address the trial court’s order sustaining Keyes’s demurrer without leave to amend as it
relates to these claims; rather, he limits his discussion to the distinctions between his
small claims breach of contract claim and his superior court medical malpractice claim.
We presume the trial court properly sustained Keyes’s demurrer without leave to amend
as to the claims Biro does not address in his appeal. (See Badie v. Bank of America
(1998) 67 Cal.App.4th 779, 784-785 [“When an appellant fails to raise a point, or asserts
it but fails to support it with reasoned argument and citations to authority, we treat the
point as waived.”]; Paterno v. State of California (1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 68, 106 [“An
appellate court is not required to examine undeveloped claims, nor to make arguments for
parties.”]; see also Park Place Estates Homeowners Assn. v. Naber (1994) 29

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Cal.App.4th 427, 433 [“Because an appellant must affirmatively show error by an
adequate record, ‘“‘[a]ll intendments and presumptions are indulged to support [the
judgment] on matters as to which the record is silent.’ [Citation.]”’”].)




                                                          DISPOSITION


             The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded to the trial court with directions
to set aside its order sustaining Keyes’s demurrer without leave to amend as to Biro’s
claim for medical malpractice and enter a new order overruling Keyes’s demurrer as to
that claim. The parties are to bear their own costs on appeal.




                                                                           IWASAKI, J.*

We concur:




                           PERLUSS, P. J.                                  ZELON, J.




                                                       
*
 Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

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