           Case: 16-14153   Date Filed: 08/25/2017   Page: 1 of 11


                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 16-14153
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                  D.C. Docket No. 2:15-cr-14047-RLR-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                               Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

ANDREW CUNNINGHAM, III,

                                                          Defendant-Appellant.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Florida
                      ________________________

                             (August 25, 2017)

Before TJOFLAT, WILLIAM PRYOR, and MARTIN, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      Andrew Cunningham III appeals his conviction for possession of a firearm

by a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). First, he

argues the district court erred by giving the jury a modified Allen1 charge. Next,

Cunningham contends the district court erred by denying his motion to suppress.

Last, he asserts the district court erred by denying his motion to subpoena a state

court judge under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 17(b). After careful review,

we affirm.

                                     I. BACKGROUND

      On May 4, 2015, Martin County Sheriff’s Office deputies received a report

of a broken window and gunshots in Indiantown, Florida. The deputies were told

that Cunningham had broken the window of a truck belonging to his cousin,

Olajide Gaston. There were also reports that Cunningham had been walking

around the neighborhood with a weapon wrapped in a shirt.

      The next day, the Sheriff’s Office received a call about a shooting victim

who had arrived at a fire station in Indiantown seeking medical attention. The

deputy who arrived at the fire station recognized Cunningham as the victim.

Cunningham was taken to a hospital for treatment while deputies went to his

mother’s home where he lived. Cunningham’s mother, Patricia Jackson, let the

deputies into her home. The deputies spoke with Jackson, as well as


      1
          Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492, 17 S. Ct. 154 (1896).
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Cunningham’s sister and several neighbors. Cunningham’s sister told the deputies

that Gaston shot Cunningham in the stomach then left in a red truck.

      The deputies told Jackson they were investigating her son’s shooting and

asked for her consent to search the home for evidence related to that shooting as

well as the complaints they had received the day before. One of the officers told

Jackson they were looking for a firearm in her son’s bedroom. Jackson said

“okay” and told them where Cunningham’s bedroom was located. She also signed

a written consent form.

      In Cunningham’s bedroom, the deputies saw a jacket on the floor. One of

the deputies picked up the jacket and felt it was “weighted.” The deputy then felt a

gun inside the jacket’s pocket. After the deputy felt the gun, a detective told the

deputy to stop searching so that the Sheriff’s Office could get a search warrant

before proceeding. Based on an affidavit from a detective in the Sheriff’s Office, a

Florida county judge issued a search warrant. After getting the warrant, the

deputies returned to Jackson’s house, showed Jackson the warrant, and found a

firearm in the jacket.

      Cunningham was then convicted by a jury of possession of a firearm by a

convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). The district

court sentenced him to 120-months imprisonment. This appeal followed.




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                                   II. ALLEN CHARGE

       An Allen charge instructs a deadlocked jury to take further efforts and

continue its deliberations to try to reach a verdict. United States v. Chigbo, 38

F.3d 543, 544 n.1 (11th Cir. 1994) (per curiam). Based on Allen, this circuit has

adopted a modified Allen charge that is part of our pattern jury instructions. See

Eleventh Cir. Pattern Jury Instrs. (Criminal Cases) T5. We have approved this

charge “on numerous occasions.” United States v. Bush, 727 F.3d 1308, 1320

(11th Cir. 2013) (per curiam) (quotation omitted). We review for an abuse of

discretion the district court’s decision to instruct the jury using a modified Allen

charge. See United States v. Woodard, 531 F.3d 1352, 1364 (11th Cir. 2008).

       The jury in Cunningham’s trial began its deliberations on April 6, 2016 at

3:30 p.m. The next day, at 2:55 p.m., the jury sent a note to the district judge

saying it was divided on a verdict. The jury’s note gave the court its exact

numerical split, despite written instructions not to do so.2 The district court

considered giving the jury a modified Allen charge at that time, but instead chose

to instruct the jury to “continue your deliberations in an effort to reach a

unanimous verdict, if you are able to do so.” After further deliberations, the jury

sent the district court another note the next morning saying it “hereby informs the

judge that we cannot reach a unanimous verdict.” Over Cunningham’s objection,

       2
         The exact split of the jury was placed, and remains, under seal by the district court. The
note did not reveal how the votes were allocated in terms of guilty and not guilty votes.
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the district court decided to give the jury this circuit’s modified Allen instruction.

The jury then reached a unanimous guilty verdict shortly thereafter.

      On appeal, Cunningham challenges the use of this charge as coercive to the

jury and therefore an abuse of discretion. An Allen charge can be coercive in two

ways relevant to this appeal: (1) if it is given prematurely; or (2) if it is “inherently

coercive, given the totality of the circumstances.” See Bush, 727 F.3d at 1320.

Cunningham concedes that under our binding precedent, the Allen charge in his

case was not premature. See id. at 1320–21 (holding that an Allen charge given

“only four hours after deliberations began” was not premature). He similarly raises

arguments about the wisdom of the use of an Allen charge altogether that he

concedes are foreclosed by our precedent. See id. at 1320 (noting that any

challenge to “the language of the given Allen charge” as coercive “would be

unavailing” under this circuit’s law). Instead, Cunningham wishes only to preserve

this argument for review by this Court sitting en banc or by the Supreme Court.

We agree his arguments are foreclosed and note his objections. See Horowitch v.

Diamond Aircraft Indus., Inc., 645 F.3d 1254, 1258 (11th Cir. 2011) (“Under the

prior panel precedent rule, we are bound by earlier panel holdings unless and until

they are overruled en banc or by the Supreme Court.” (quotation omitted and

alteration adopted)).




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      Next, Cunningham challenges the Allen charge as inherently coercive

because the district court gave it after learning the jury’s numerical split. He says

this “unduly influenced the minority jurors to join the majority.” Cunningham

points to caselaw from other circuits to support this argument. But under our

precedent, “[t]he fact that the jury contrary to the instructions of the court

volunteered to the court the extent of their division and which way they stood is no

reason why the court should be precluded from giving an otherwise proper Allen

charge.” Sanders v. United States, 415 F.2d 621, 631–32 (5th Cir. 1969).3 We

therefore conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion.

                            III. MOTION TO SUPPRESS

      The police found the firearm that Cunningham was charged with possessing

in his bedroom at his mother’s house. Cunningham filed a motion to suppress the

firearm. After an evidentiary hearing, the district court found that: Jackson’s oral

and written consent to search her home was valid; there was probable cause to

support the search warrant; and, in the alternative, even if the search warrant was not




      3
         In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), we adopted as
binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down before October 1, 1981.
Id. at 1209.
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valid, it was executed in good faith.4 Based on these findings, the motion to

suppress was denied.

       “A denial of a motion to suppress involves mixed questions of fact and law.”

United States v. Barber, 777 F.3d 1303, 1304 (11th Cir. 2015). We review for clear

error the district court’s factual findings, viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the prevailing party. Id. We review de novo the application of the law

to the facts. Id.

                                                   A.

       Cunningham first challenges whether Jackson’s consent was voluntary.5 The

Fourth Amendment generally prohibits officers from searching a person’s home

without a warrant. Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 586, 100 S. Ct. 1371, 1380

(1980) (“[S]earches and seizures inside a home without a warrant are

presumptively unreasonable.”). One exception to the warrant requirement arises

where the officers get valid consent to search. Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177,

181, 110 S. Ct. 2793, 2797 (1990). As Cunningham concedes, only Jackson’s

consent was needed to search the home because she owned it and had access to

Cunningham’s room. See United States v. Brazel, 102 F.3d 1120, 1148 (11th Cir.

       4
          The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s Report and Recommendation in full
and denied all of Cunningham’s objections. We therefore refer to the magistrate judge’s findings
as those of the district court.
        5
          Cunningham asserts that he has standing to challenge the search of Jackson’s home
because he also lived there. We agree. See Bumper v. North Carolina, 391 U.S. 543, 548 n.11,
88 S. Ct. 1788, 1791 n.11 (1968) (holding where the defendant lived in a home someone else
owned, “there can be no question of [his] standing to challenge the lawfulness of the search”).
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1997) (“A third party’s consent to search an area is valid if [s]he has mutual use of

it, with joint access to or control of the area for most purposes.”).

      Consent is voluntary “if it is the product of an essentially free and

unconstrained choice.” United States v. Purcell, 236 F.3d 1274, 1281 (11th Cir.

2001) (quotation omitted). We evaluate whether a consensual search was

voluntary by examining the “totality of the circumstances” in each case. United

States v. Yeary, 740 F.3d 569, 581 (11th Cir. 2014). In analyzing the totality of

the circumstances, no one factor controls. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S.

218, 226, 93 S. Ct. 2041, 2047. Instead this Court recognizes several important

factors to consider, “including the presence of coercive police procedures, the

extent of the defendant’s cooperation with the officer, the defendant’s awareness of

his right to refuse consent, the defendant’s education and intelligence, and the

defendant’s belief that no incriminating evidence will be found.” Purcell, 236 F.3d

at 1281. We also consider whether consent was “induced by deceit, trickery[,] or

misrepresentation” of a government agent. United States v. Tweel, 550 F.2d 297,

299 (5th Cir. 1977). It is the government’s burden to prove both that consent was

given and that it was “given freely and voluntarily.” Yeary, 740 F.3d at 581

(quotation omitted). Because Cunningham challenges the district court’s factual




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findings about voluntariness, we review these findings for clear error.6 Id. That

means “we will disturb the ruling only if we are left with the definite and firm

conviction that the trial judge erred.” United States v. Fernandez, 58 F.3d 593,

596–97 (11th Cir. 1995) (per curiam) (quotation omitted).

       Cunningham argues Jackson’s consent was not voluntary because it was

obtained through deceit. He says the officers claimed they were looking for

evidence related to his being the victim of a shooting, but were actually seeking

evidence that he unlawfully possessed a firearm. Our review of this record,

however, supports the district court’s finding. As the court noted, the officers here

testified that they told Jackson they were investigating both her son’s shooting and

the complaints from the previous day. One officer testified that he told Jackson

they were specifically “looking for a firearm in her son’s bedroom.” And Jackson

herself testified that she allowed the officers into her home and gave them her oral

and written consent to search. Indeed, she said she cooperated with the police

because she wanted evidence out of her house. On this record, we cannot say the

district court clearly erred in finding that Jackson’s consent was voluntary. See

Yeary, 740 F.3d at 581.




       6
         In cases where the parties do not dispute the facts and both rely solely on the testimony
of the government’s witnesses, our review of voluntariness is de novo. United States v. Valdez,
931 F.2d 1448, 1451–52 (11th Cir. 1991); United States v. Garcia, 890 F.2d 355, 359–60 (11th
Cir. 1989).
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                                           B.

         Cunningham also challenges the district court’s finding that the search

warrant was supported by probable cause. He argues that the affidavit in support of

the warrant contained information obtained from what he says was an unlawful

consent search. However, because we hold the district court did not clearly err in

its finding that Jackson’s consent was voluntary, Cunningham cannot prevail on this

argument. We therefore affirm the district court’s denial of Cunningham’s motion

to suppress.

                              IV. RULE 17(b) MOTION

         Last, Cunningham challenges the denial of his Rule 17(b) motion. Rule

17(b) allows indigent defendants to subpoena witnesses whose presence is a

“necessity” to an “adequate defense.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 17(b). Cunningham’s

motion sought to subpoena the Florida county judge who signed the search warrant

in this case. Cunningham believed one of the deputies forged the judge’s signature

on the search warrant, and wanted to subpoena the judge to confirm the signature’s

authenticity. The district court denied Cunningham’s motion before trial,

concluding the judge’s testimony was “not necessary for an adequate defense.”

Cunningham renewed his Rule 17(b) motion at trial, and the district court denied it

again.




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      We review for an abuse of discretion the district court’s decision to grant or

deny a Rule 17(b) motion. United States v. Rinschack, 820 F.2d 1557, 1566 (11th

Cir. 1987); see also Taylor v. United States, 329 F.2d 384, 386 (5th Cir. 1964)

(holding that we “will not disturb the exercise of that discretion unless exceptional

circumstances compel it”). It is the defendant’s burden to “articulat[e] specific

facts that show the relevancy and necessity of the requested witness’s testimony.”

Rinschack, 820 F.2d at 1566. Cunningham has not met this burden. His motion

was based purely on speculation that it was “possible” that the signature on the

search warrant was forged. As our precedent has noted, Rule 17(b) is “not a

discovery device” and “the trial court is justified in preventing abuse of process”

by denying a Rule 17 subpoena. United States v. Hegwood, 562 F.2d 946, 952

(5th Cir. 1977). The defendant must do more “than offer a feeling that a witness

could shed some light on a possible” defense. Id. at 953 (quotation omitted). On

this record, we conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying

Cunningham’s Rule 17(b) motion. See Rinschack, 820 F.2d at 1566.

      AFFIRMED.




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