                          This opinion will be unpublished and
                          may not be cited except as provided by
                          Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                               STATE OF MINNESOTA
                               IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                     A15-1683

                                   State of Minnesota,
                                      Respondent,

                                           vs.

                                 Albert William Brown,
                                       Appellant.

                                Filed December 12, 2016
                                       Affirmed
                                    Connolly, Judge

                             Hennepin County District Court
                               File No. 27-CR-14-13125


Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Linda M. Freyer, Assistant County
Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, St. Paul, Michael M. Sawers,
Special Assistant Public Defender, Briggs and Morgan, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota (for
appellant)


         Considered and decided by Connolly, Presiding Judge; Kirk, Judge; and Reilly,

Judge.
                          UNPUBLISHED OPINION

CONNOLLY, Judge

       In this appeal following his conviction after a jury trial, appellant argues that the

search warrants for himself and his home were not supported by probable cause because

the district court erred in concluding that the confidential informant was reliable. Because

we conclude that the confidential informant was reliable and the search warrants were

supported by probable cause, we affirm.

                                           FACTS

       On May 6, 2014, a deputy sheriff applied for one search warrant for a house located

at 3620 Penn Avenue North (3620 Penn) in Minneapolis and another for the person of

appellant Albert William Brown (the warrants).1 In the applications for the warrants, the

deputy stated that, in April 2014, he received information from a confidential reliable

informant (CRI) that a man named “Mo” was selling narcotics from 3620 Penn; that

persons in the residence had at least one handgun; and that another male lived with “Mo”

at 3620 Penn and went by the street name “Butter.” The applications for the warrants stated

that the CRI

               provided names and addresses of parties known to the CRI to
               be involved in the distribution of narcotics to [the deputy and]
               . . . provided information to local law enforcement officers
               regarding narcotics traffickers in the twin cities metro areas in
               the past [that] was independently corroborated by [the deputy]
               and other law enforcement officers and found to be true and


1
  The application for the search warrant of 3620 Penn and for the search warrant of
appellant’s person are substantially similar, detailing nearly identical allegations and
supporting circumstances.

                                              2
              correct. Furthermore, [the] CRI has provided information that
              has led to the seizure of narcotics and weapons.

The deputy was able to identify “Mo” and showed the CRI a photo of him. The CRI

positively identified “Mo” as one of the men living at 3620 Penn that sells cocaine. The

deputy did computer checks for 3620 Penn and learned that appellant was associated with

the address. The CRI positively identified appellant as the other male, “Butter,” living at

3620 Penn and selling cocaine. The applications for the warrants also noted that Violent

Offender Task Force (VOTF) officers executed a search warrant at 3620 Penn in the past

and recovered a large amount of cocaine.

       The applications for the warrants also stated that within 72 hours of applying for the

warrants, the deputy met with the CRI, checked him for money and contraband, found

none, and “[u]nder the direction and control of [the deputy] and other VOTF officers, the

CRI conducted a controlled purchase of crack cocaine from [appellant] from the residence

at 3620 Penn.” (Emphasis added). After meeting with appellant, the CRI returned to the

deputy with crack cocaine. The deputy checked the criminal-history records for appellant

and learned that he had been arrested numerous times for narcotics crimes; specifically he

was found with narcotics and a loaded .223 assault rifle in 2010. Based on “the information

received from the [CRI], previous police contact history, [and] the controlled buy of crack

cocaine from [3620 Penn, the deputy] believe[d] that narcotics and firearms [were] located

at [3620 Penn].”

       On May 6, 2014, the district court judge issued warrants for the search of 3620 Penn

and for appellant’s person. The warrants were executed on May 8. On appellant’s person



                                             3
the police found: (1) 3.5 grams of crack cocaine; (2) approximately 11 crushed pills of

suspected ecstasy; and (3) $2,056 in U.S. currency. At 3620 Penn the police found: (1) two

digital scales; (2) a soda bottle with 12.03 grams of suspected cocaine; (3) a bag containing

150.82 grams of marijuana; and (4) $2,205 in U.S. currency.

       During his interview with police, appellant admitted that (1) everything in the house

was his; (2) he lived in the basement while “Mo” lived upstairs, and (3) he and “Mo” were

the only ones who lived at the house. On May 9, 2014, a complaint was filed, charging

appellant with one count each of (1) first-degree sale of ten grams or more of a controlled

substance (cocaine); (2) third-degree possession of three grams or more of a controlled

substance (cocaine); and (3) fifth-degree sale of a controlled substance (marijuana).

       On July 9, 2014, appellant filed a motion to suppress evidence arguing that the

warrants were not supported by probable cause because the CRI was not reliable, the

officers failed to independently corroborate the CRI’s tip, and the controlled purchase did

not follow the reliable procedure for conducting controlled purchases. The district court

denied the motion, concluding that the judge issuing the warrants had a substantial basis to

conclude that probable cause existed that contraband would be found at 3620 Penn and on

appellant’s person. Appellant was subsequently tried by a jury and convicted on all three

counts.

                                     DECISION

       An appellate court reviewing a district court’s probable-cause determination made

upon issuing a search warrant applies a deferential, substantial-basis standard of review.

State v. Rochefort, 631 N.W.2d 802, 804 n.1 (Minn. 2001).


                                             4
              The task of the issuing magistrate is simply to make a practical,
              common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances
              set forth in the affidavit before him, including the “veracity”
              and “basis of knowledge” of persons supplying hearsay
              information, there is a fair probability that contraband or
              evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.

State v. Souto, 578 N.W.2d 744, 747 (Minn. 1998) (quotation omitted).

       Appellant argues that the warrants for 3620 Penn and his person were not supported

by probable cause because the district court erred in concluding the CRI was reliable.

Courts consider six factors to assess the reliability of a confidential, but not anonymous,

informant:

              (1) [A] first-time citizen informant is presumably reliable;
              (2) an informant who has given reliable information in the past
              is likely also currently reliable; (3) an informant’s reliability
              can be established if the police can corroborate the
              information; (4) the informant is presumably more reliable if
              the informant voluntarily comes forward; (5) in narcotics
              cases, “controlled purchase” is a term of art that indicates
              reliability; and (6) an informant is minimally more reliable if
              the informant makes a statement against the informant’s
              interests.

State v. Ross, 676 N.W.2d 301, 304 (Minn. App. 2004). The first, fourth, and sixth factors

are not relevant to this case because this was not a first-time citizen informant, it is unclear

whether or not the informant voluntarily came forward, and it is unclear that the CRI’s

statements were against his own interests.

       “The second factor is fulfilled by a simple statement that the informant has been

reliable in the past because this language indicates that the informant had provided accurate

information to the police in the past and thus gives the magistrate . . . reason to credit the




                                               5
informant’s story.” Id. (quotation omitted). In the application for the search warrant, the

deputy stated:

                     The CRI has provided names and addresses of parties
              known to the CRI to be involved in the distribution of narcotics
              to [the deputy]. The CRI provided information to local law
              enforcement officers regarding narcotics traffickers in the twin
              cities metro areas in the past. This information was
              independently corroborated by [the deputy] and other local law
              enforcement officers and found to be true and correct.
              Furthermore, this CRI has provided information that has led to
              the seizure of narcotics and weapons.

Appellant argues that this statement is inadequate to allow the district court to make an

independent and informed decision regarding the reliability of the informant. But Ross

specifically states that “specific details of the past veracity of the CRI” do not need to be

alleged. Id. We conclude that the second factor favors affirming the district court’s denial

of the motion to suppress.

       Appellant also argues that the police did not corroborate any of the facts provided

by the CRI to establish reliability. The district court concluded that “officers investigated

and corroborated the identities of ‘Mo’ and ‘Butter’ by conducting computer checks and

obtaining a positive identification for [Mo] and [appellant] from the CRI prior to applying

for a search warrant.” Additionally, the district court found that “the controlled buy adds

to the reliability and establishes the CRI’s basis of knowledge in this case.”

       But in narcotics cases, “controlled purchase” is a term of art and indicates reliability.

Id. In this case, the applications for the warrants clearly state: “[T]he CRI conducted a

controlled purchase of crack cocaine from [appellant] from the residence at 3620 Penn.”

(Emphasis added). Because “controlled purchase” is an accepted term of art, we assume


                                               6
that when an experienced drug enforcement officer identifies a controlled purchase as such,

it is a proper controlled purchase. See State v. Ward, 580 N.W.2d 67, 73 (Minn. App.

1998) (concluding that when “controlled purchase” is not used in an affidavit by an

experienced drug enforcement officer, it was not a proper controlled purchase).

       The controlled purchase supplied corroboration for the informant’s tip.             The

applications for the warrants state that in April 2014 the CRI told the police that “Mo” was

selling narcotics from 3620 Penn and that there was another individual living there that

goes by the street name “Butter.” The CRI also stated that “Mo” drives a gold-colored

Suburban that is parked behind the residence.          The police observed a gold-colored

Suburban parked behind 3620 Penn. Then, after receiving the confidential tip and within

72 hours of the issuance of the warrant, at least six days after originally getting the tip from

the CRI, the police conducted a controlled purchase from appellant at 3620 Penn. All of

this information was included in the four corners of the applications for the warrants.

Unless the controlled purchase was improper, the controlled purchase corroborated the

CRI’s tip that cocaine was being sold out of 3620 Penn by “Mo” and appellant.

       Appellant alleges that the controlled purchase was unreliable and thus cannot be

relied upon by the magistrate in issuing the warrants. Appellant argues that the applications

for the warrants (1) do not indicate whether the deputy “simply asked the informant to turn

out his pockets or whether [the deputy] conducted an actual search of the informant;”

(2) “fail to disclose the amount of money supplied to the informant;” (3) do not indicate

whether the CRI had any other drugs or contraband or the prerecorded funds after the buy;

and (4) “[did] not indicate whether the police completed a post-buy search of the [CRI] to


                                               7
determine whether he actually purchased the crack cocaine from [appellant].”

Additionally, appellant argues that the controlled purchase is not proper because it was not

audio recorded by the police.

       “[W]here the affidavit refers to a ‘controlled purchase,’ the magistrate may accept

this as a term of art and presume that police searched the informant immediately before

and after the alleged drug purchase and conducted surveillance of the purchase to the extent

feasible.” Id. at 71. Thus when “controlled purchase” is used as a term of art, as it was in

the applications for the warrants, the police need not detail how they conducted the search

of the CRI, how much money was given to the CRI to purchase cocaine from appellant, or

whether they did a post-buy search of the CRI. The applications for the warrants indicate

that at the end of the controlled purchase, the CRI returned and “produced a quantity of

white rock like substance that [appellant] represented as crack cocaine in exchange for

cash” which is more than is required. Additionally, audio recording is not required. The

only requirement is that the police “conduct[] surveillance of the purchase to the extent

feasible.” Id. Because the police were not specifically required to do so, the lack of an

audio recording does not make the controlled purchase unreliable.

       The cases cited by appellant are inapposite because they do not involve a “controlled

purchase” as a term of art to establish reliability for probable cause. State v. McIntosh held

that the use of evidence of drug transactions on other dates pertaining to separate charged

offenses cannot support a finding of three or more separate transactions to justify a

sentencing departure. 641 N.W.2d 3, 9 (Minn. 2002). In that case, a CRI conducted five




                                              8
controlled purchases but whether the controlled purchases were reliable was not even

mentioned or analyzed. Id. at 5.

        State v. DeShay involved a paid CRI who testified that the defendant had sold him

cocaine one time. 645 N.W.2d 185, 188 (Minn. App. 2002), review granted (Minn.

Aug. 20, 2002). The appellant in DeShay argued that the only direct evidence presented

showed that he sold 0.01 grams of crack cocaine to a CRI during a controlled purchase and

that was not sufficient to prove that he conspired to sell ten or more grams of cocaine. Id.

at 190. The court concluded that circumstantial evidence and rational inferences drawn

from the controlled purchase and other testimony elicited at trial supported the jury’s

finding that a conspiracy to sell ten grams or more of cocaine within a 90-day period

existed. Id. at 191. The court in DeShay did not express any displeasure with the reliability

of the controlled purchase.

        Finally, appellant cites to State v. Ascheman to support his argument that the

controlled purchase was unreliable. Ascheman involved an undercover police officer who

wore a “body wire” to record a conversation when she purchased marijuana from the

appellant. State v. Ascheman, 589 N.W.2d 486, 488 (Minn. App. 1999). The issue in the

case was whether the district court abused its discretion in instructing the jury. Id. at 489.

Ascheman was not a controlled purchase with a CRI and the court did not discuss a proper

protocol for conducting a controlled purchase. It was merely a case where an undercover

police officer wore a wire. Neither McIntosh, DeShay, nor Ascheman discuss or mention

any safeguards required to establish a reliable controlled purchase and are not controlling

here.


                                              9
       Because the CRI and the controlled purchase were reliable, the district court did not

err in determining that there was a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime

would be found at 3620 Penn and on appellant’s person. We conclude that the district court

did not err in denying appellant’s motion to suppress the evidence found when the warrants

were executed.

       Affirmed.




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