MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be                                        FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any                               Feb 21 2020, 9:26 am

court except for the purpose of establishing                                 CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral                                  Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                            Court of Appeals
                                                                              and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.


ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                   ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Elizabeth A. Bellin                                      Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Elkhart, Indiana                                         Attorney General of Indiana

                                                         Justin F. Roebel
                                                         Deputy Attorney General
                                                         Indianapolis, Indiana



                                           IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Erik D. Flynn,                                           February 21, 2020
Appellant-Defendant,                                     Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                         19A-CR-1757
        v.                                               Appeal from the Elkhart Superior
                                                         Court
State of Indiana,                                        The Honorable Stephen R.
Appellee-Plaintiff                                       Bowers, Judge
                                                         Trial Court Cause No.
                                                         20D02-1812-F5-367



May, Judge.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1757 | February 21, 2020                Page 1 of 12
[1]   Erik D. Flynn appeals his conviction of Level 5 felony aiding trafficking in a

      controlled substance with an inmate. 1 He raises two issues for our review,

      which we restate as: (1) whether the charging information was so deficient it

      amounted to fundamental error, and (2) whether the State presented sufficient

      evidence Flynn committed Level 5 felony aiding trafficking in a controlled

      substance with an inmate. We affirm.



                                Facts and Procedural History
[2]   Investigator Fred Mock of the Elkhart County Sheriff’s Department learned

      contraband was being brought into the Elkhart County Jail and delivered to

      inmates working in the jail’s kitchen. On July 10, 2018, officers searched the

      inmate kitchen workers as they left the kitchen to return to their housing pod.

      The officers found a cylindrical package tightly wrapped in cellophane

      containing a green leafy substance and cigarette rolling papers on inmate James

      Woodard. The Indiana State Police tested the substance and determined that it

      contained Fluoro ADB, a chemical compound found in synthetic marijuana. 2

      Flynn was an inmate kitchen worker, but he was absent from work on July 10,

      2018, because he had an appointment in the jail’s medical ward.




      1
          Ind. Code §§ 35-44.1-3-5; 35-41-2-4.
      2
        The spelling of the substance varies throughout the record. The chemical name of the substance is methyl 2-
      (1-(5-fluroopentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanote [5F-ADB; 5F-MDMB-PINACA].
      (Tr. Vol. II at 113; State’s Ex. 6.) For the sake of simplicity and consistency, we refer to the substance as
      “Fluoro ADB.” (App. Vol. II at 16.)

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1757 | February 21, 2020                Page 2 of 12
[3]   The jail housed all the kitchen workers in the same pod at the jail, and on July

      11, 2018, jail officers searched their housing unit. The inmates were instructed

      to line up against the wall, and Corrections Officer Tim Lechlitner of the

      Elkhart County Sheriff’s Office ran his police dog past the inmates. The dog

      alerted that Flynn might be in possession of contraband. Officers then removed

      Flynn from the unit to strip search him. Officer Lechlitner then had his dog

      sniff all the bunks on the unit. The dog indicated that a few of the bunks,

      including Flynn’s bunk, might contain contraband. Officers searched Flynn’s

      possessions and found cigarettes.


[4]   Officers performed an initial strip search of Flynn and found a note in his shoe.

      The note stated:


              Yeah, we got popped off yesterday. Lost an ounce of Toon + 30
              strips. I hate rats. I was over at medical waitin to see the Dr.
              yesterday too, trying to see you, but I . . .was askin about you. I
              am trying to let you C who I am. Im also trying get ahold of my
              sis to get some pics, she ain’t answering her phone, Ill get em tho.
              So tell me, how you get involved in a robbery? How you get
              caught? Look, I got 2 □’s 4 you but, can you get a lite? Or you
              can sell em. Matter of fact, here they are, ma. I don’t want you
              2 think I just be talkin. I don’t play games. I’m tryin to get you
              somethin better. Its gonna be hard now tha my plug got popped
              off. But Ill keep tryin. Soon as I touch it, you got it, thats my
              word.


      (State’s Ex. 2) (errors in original). Investigator Mock then interviewed Flynn.

      During the interview with Investigator Mock, Flynn stated he knew a civilian

      jail employee was bringing contraband into the jail and delivering it to inmate


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1757 | February 21, 2020   Page 3 of 12
      Craig Green. Flynn acknowledged writing the note and said he planned to

      deliver it to a female inmate. Flynn told Investigator Mock that the

      “somethin[g] better” referred to in the note meant “tune.” 3 (State’s Ex. 4 at

      9:37:45-9:38:19.) 4 Flynn also said his reference in the note to a “plug” meant

      Green. (Id. at 9:38:25-9:38:39.) Following Investigator Mock’s interview with

      Flynn, Officer Lechlitner performed a second strip search. Before the second

      strip search, Flynn handed over tobacco to Officer Lechlitner that Flynn had

      hidden in his pants.


[5]   On December 26, 2018, the State filed an information charging Flynn with

      Level 5 felony aiding trafficking with an inmate. The information provided:


                 The affiant of the Probable Cause Affidavit filed herewith swears
                 that on or about July 10, 2018, at the County of Elkhart, State of
                 Indiana, one ERIK D. FLYNN . . . did knowingly, and without
                 prior authorization of the person in charge of the penal facility or
                 juvenile facility, to wit: Elkhart County Jail, deliver or carry into
                 the penal facility or juvenile facility with intent to deliver, a
                 controlled substance to an inmate or child of the facility; all of
                 which is contrary to the form of I.C. § 35-44.1-3-5(b)(1) and I.C.
                 § 35-41-2-4; contrary to the form of the statute in such cases made
                 and provided; and against the peace and dignity of the State of
                 Indiana.




      3
          Investigator Mock testified, “Tune is a common name for synthetic marijuana.” (Tr. Vol. II at 71.)
      4
        Citations to State’s Exhibit 4 refer to the time of day the interview was recorded as indicated on the
      timestamp present on the top left corner of the video display.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1757 | February 21, 2020                   Page 4 of 12
      (App. Vol. II at 14.) The probable cause affidavit stated that the suspected

      synthetic drugs recovered from inmate James Woodard contained Fluoro ADB.


[6]   The trial court held a bench trial on April 9, 2019. Melinda McNair, a forensic

      scientist with the Indiana State Police, testified that Fluoro ADB “was federally

      controlled on April 10th, 2017, and controlled in the state of Indiana on July 7th,

      2018.” (Tr. Vol. II at 112.) The court took judicial notice of the statute

      authorizing state agencies to adopt emergency rules and the Indiana Board of

      Pharmacy emergency rule classifying Fluoro ADB as a controlled substance.


[7]   Flynn testified at trial and admitted purchasing Suboxone and cigarettes from

      Craig Green. He denied giving “Tune” to anyone at the jail or asking anyone

      to bring “Tune” into the jail. (Id. at 123-24.) Flynn testified that Green asked

      Flynn to take a package back to the pod with him on July 10, 2018, but Flynn

      refused. Flynn admitted passing notes for Green. Flynn’s counsel asked Flynn

      about the note found in his shoe:


              [Flynn’s Counsel:] And uh, so who got popped off that day?


              [Flynn:] Uh, I said—I did say we, but I was—I—talking to her, I
              was talking as a whole, the whole kitchen popped off, so I
              couldn’t help her out.


      (Id. at 127.) Flynn also testified that the square in the note referred to tobacco

      cigarettes.




      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1757 | February 21, 2020   Page 5 of 12
              [Flynn’s counsel:] Okay. So uh, next you wrote, I’m trying to get
              you something better. It’s going to be hard now though, my plug
              got popped off. What were you trying to get her that was better?


              [Flynn:] Just like, if she didn’t smoke squares or uh, pretty much
              like, I asked her what she wanted and I could try to get it for her
              and that’s what I was going to do.


              [Flynn’s counsel:] So it could have been Tune, it could have
              been Suboxone strips, it could have been a number of things?


              [Flynn:] It could have been anything, but I mean, I just told her I
              would try to get her something better if she wanted it.


              [Flynn’s counsel:] But then you said, it’s going to be hard now,
              my plug got popped off. What does that mean?


              [Flynn:] Uhm, cause I was getting the, the, the—like the person
              I was getting the stuff from most of the time, when he got—Craig
              or Money would have stuff and everybody got caught, so I
              couldn’t—I couldn’t get her nothing.


      (Id. at 129-130.) The court found Flynn guilty, and imposed a seven-year

      sentence, with five years executed in the Indiana Department of Correction and

      the remaining two years suspended to probation.



                                 Discussion and Decision
               1. The Charging Information and Fundamental Error
[8]   Flynn argues the State’s failure to list the Indiana Board of Pharmacy

      emergency rule classifying Fluoro ADB as a controlled substance in either the
      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1757 | February 21, 2020   Page 6 of 12
       charging information or the probable cause affidavit amounts to fundamental

       error because it compromised his ability to prepare a defense. Indiana Code

       section 35-34-1-4 provides that a defendant may move to dismiss an inadequate

       charging information no later than twenty days before the omnibus date. Flynn

       did not move to dismiss the charging information, and he acknowledges that

       the failure to timely challenge a defective charging information results in waiver

       of the challenge, unless the defect amounts to fundamental error. Hayden v.

       State, 19 N.E.3d 831, 841 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), reh’g denied, trans. denied.


[9]    As our Indiana Supreme Court has explained, “[t]he fundamental error

       exception is extremely narrow, and applies only when the error constitutes a

       blatant violation of basic principles, the harm or potential for harm is

       substantial, and the resulting error denied the defendant fundamental due

       process.” Brown v. State, 929 N.E.2d 204, 207 (Ind. 2010) (internal quotation

       marks omitted). The claimed error must be so egregious it renders a fair trial

       impossible or constitutes a blatant violation of basic and elementary principles

       of due process. Id. An omission in the charging information constitutes

       fundamental error if it misleads the defendant or fails to give the defendant

       notice of the charges against him. Miller v. State, 634 N.E.2d 57, 61 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 1994).


[10]   Flynn likens his case to Tiplick v. State, 43 N.E.3d 1259 (Ind. 2015). In Tiplick,

       the defendant faced charges for possessing, selling, and dealing products

       containing the chemical compound XLR11 and moved to dismiss the charging

       information. Id. at 1260-61. Synthetic cannabinoids are difficult to regulate

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1757 | February 21, 2020   Page 7 of 12
       because “minor variants in chemical structure can place the substances beyond

       the reach of criminal statutes without diminishing their psychotropic effects.”

       Id. at 1261. In 2012, the Indiana legislature amended the criminal code to re-

       define the term “synthetic drug” to encompass a variety of compounds and

       chemical analogs, “including ‘any compound determined to be a synthetic drug

       by rule adopted under IC 25-26-13-4.1.’” Id. (quoting 2012 Ind. Acts 1795-99).

       Indiana Code section 25-26-13-4.1 authorized the Indiana Board of Pharmacy

       to declare additional compounds to be synthetic drugs via emergency rule. Id.

       At the time Tiplick was charged, XLR11 was classified as a synthetic drug via

       emergency rule. Id.


[11]   Tiplick argued “the information was required to reference the Emergency Rule

       rather than just the criminal statute, because without it, there is nothing to

       indicate with specificity the criminality of XLR11.” Id. at 1270. Our Indiana

       Supreme Court agreed and held that the charges related XLR11 must be

       dismissed, but the court noted the State could “re-file an amended information

       with proper reference to the Emergency Rule.” Id. at 1270 n.13. Initially, we

       note the different procedural posture between the case at bar and Tiplick. “The

       purpose of the charging information is to provide a defendant with notice of the

       crime of which he is charged so that he is able to prepare a defense.” State v.

       Laker, 939 N.E.2d 1111, 1113 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied. Tiplick

       challenged the adequacy of the charging information at the beginning of the

       litigation when he was still formulating a defense; whereas, Flynn challenges

       the charging information after he was tried and convicted.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1757 | February 21, 2020   Page 8 of 12
[12]   Flynn knew the substance that he was alleged to have aided in trafficking and

       never contested the criminality of the substance. The probable cause affidavit

       identified Fluoro ADB as a controlled substance, even though it did not specify

       any statute or Indiana Board of Pharmacy emergency rule listing Fluoro ADB

       as a prohibited substance. The Indiana State Police Certificate of Analysis also

       identified Fluoro ADB as a controlled substance, and it listed the dates it was

       federally controlled and controlled in Indiana. Further, when the State asked

       the trial court to take judicial notice of the emergency rule, the deputy

       prosecutor noted that he had spoken with Flynn’s counsel before offering the

       exhibit. Therefore, the failure of the charging information and the probable

       cause affidavit to list the emergency rule classifying Fluoro ADB as a controlled

       substance does not amount to fundamental error. See Leggs v. State, 966 N.E.2d

       204, 208 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (holding failure of charging information to allege

       defendant acted with intent that the victim be put in fear was not fundamental

       error).


                                    2. Sufficiency of the Evidence
[13]   When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we

       look only to the probative evidence and the reasonable inferences supporting

       the verdict. Drane v. State, 867 N.E.2d 144, 146 (Ind. 2007). The evidence does

       not need to overcome every hypothesis of innocence. Id. at 147. We do not

       reweigh the evidence; nor do we assess the credibility of the witnesses. Stokes v.

       State, 801 N.E.2d 1263, 1271 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. “The

       conviction will be affirmed if there is substantial evidence of probative value to

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1757 | February 21, 2020   Page 9 of 12
       support the conclusion of the trier of fact.” Id. “A verdict may be sustained

       based on circumstantial evidence alone if that circumstantial evidence supports

       a reasonable inference of guilt.” Maul v. State, 731 N.E.2d 438, 439 (Ind. 2000).

       Also, the testimony of a single eyewitness is enough to sustain a conviction.

       Emerson v. State, 724 N.E.2d 605, 609-10 (Ind. 2000), reh’g denied. “It is for the

       trier of fact to resolve conflicts in the evidence and to decide which witnesses to

       believe or disbelieve.” Ferrell v. State, 746 N.E.2d 48, 51 (Ind. 2001). We will

       reverse “only when no reasonable fact-finder could find the elements of the

       crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” McMiller v. State, 90 N.E.3d 672,

       675 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017).


[14]   A person who aids, induces, or causes another to commit an offense is also

       guilty of the offense. Ind. Code § 35-41-2-4. “Under the theory of accomplice

       liability, ‘an accomplice is criminally responsible for all acts committed by a

       confederate which are a probable and natural consequence’ of their concerted

       action.” Porter v. State, 715 N.E.2d 868, 870 (Ind. 1999) (quoting McGee v. State,

       699 N.E.2d 264, 265 (Ind. 1998)). The State does not need to prove “the

       accomplice personally participated in the commission of each element of the

       offense.” Anthony v. State, 56 N.E.3d 705, 714 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), trans.

       denied. Flynn argues the State presented insufficient evidence to support his

       conviction. He contends the State presented no evidence linking him to James

       Woodard or linking James Woodard to Craig Green. He argues he merely

       purchased tobacco and Suboxone but denies trafficking as charged.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1757 | February 21, 2020   Page 10 of 12
[15]   Nonetheless, trafficking into the jail did occur because officers found Woodard

       in possession of Fluoro ADB. Flynn knew about trafficking into the kitchen

       and identified the civilian kitchen worker involved. The jail did not authorize

       inmates to possess tobacco, and Flynn had tobacco on his person and in his

       possessions. He also acknowledged passing notes on behalf of Green because

       Green did not want to get caught passing notes to other inmates. Further,

       Flynn made incriminating statements in the note found in his shoe. For

       example, he said, “we got popped off yesterday. Lost an ounce of Toon + 30

       strips.” (State Ex. 2.) He promised the intended recipient of the note

       “somethin[g] better…Soon as I touch it[.]” (Id.) Flynn also stated his “plug got

       popped off.” (Id.)


[16]   Flynn offered explanations for these statements in his testimony. For example,

       he said the “we” referred to the kitchen staff. (Tr. Vol. II at 127.) He denied

       giving tune to anyone at the jail or asking anyone to bring tune into the jail. He

       said the note was his way of trying to get to know the intended recipient and

       impress her. However, the factfinder was not required to believe Flynn’s

       explanations. See Graves v. State, 472 N.E.2d 190, 191 (Ind. 1984) (“In a case of

       conflicting evidence, the trier of fact is not obliged to believe the testimony of

       the defendant or any other particular witness. It is the prerogative of the jury to

       weigh the evidence and to determine who, in fact, is telling the truth.”).


[17]   The trier of fact could easily infer that Flynn’s statements in the note

       demonstrate Flynn’s involvement in trafficking and an offer to supply the

       female inmate with tune when the substance became available. We will not

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1757 | February 21, 2020   Page 11 of 12
       second guess the credibility determinations of the trier of fact. McElfresh v. State,

       51 N.E.3d 103, 111 (Ind. 2016). Given the evidence linking Flynn to aiding in

       trafficking, a reasonable trier of fact could conclude Flynn was guilty beyond a

       reasonable doubt. See Crittendon v. State, 106 N.E.3d 1100, 1103 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2018) (holding sufficient evidence supported conviction for possession of

       narcotic drug when defendant admitted using heroin and showed signs of

       heroin overdose).



                                               Conclusion
[18]   While the charging information and the probable cause affidavit were flawed

       because they failed to reference the Indiana Board of Pharmacy’s emergency

       rule listing Fluoro ADB as a prohibited substance, such flaw does not amount

       to fundamental error. Further, there was sufficient evidence to affirm Flynn’s

       conviction. Accordingly, we affirm.


[19]   Affirmed.


       Crone, J., and Pyle, J., concur.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-1757 | February 21, 2020   Page 12 of 12
