                                  PUBLISHED

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                         FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                   No. 17-2406


SIERRA CLUB; APPALACHIAN VOICES; CHESAPEAKE CLIMATE
ACTION NETWORK; WILD VIRGINIA,

           Petitioners,

v.

STATE WATER CONTROL BOARD; ROBERT DUNN, Chair of the State
Water Control Board; HEATHER WOOD, Vice-Chair of the State Water Control
Board; LOU ANN JESSE-WALLACE, Member of the State Water Control
Board; TIMOTHY G. HAYES, Member of the State Water Control Board;
ROBERTA A. KELLAM, Member of the State Water Control Board; G. NISSA
DEAN, Member of the State Water Control Board; ROBERT WAYLAND, III,
Member of the State Water Control Board; DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY; DAVID K. PAYLOR, Director, Department of
Environmental Quality; MELANIE D. DAVENPORT, Director, Water Permitting
Division, Department of Environmental Quality,

           Respondents,


MOUNTAIN VALLEY PIPELINE, LLC,

           Intervenor.

_________________

CHESAPEAKE BAY FOUNDATION, INC.,

           Amicus Supporting Petitioner.


                                   No. 17-2433
DEL. SAM RASOUL; PRESERVE CRAIG, INC.; DOE CREEK FARM, INC.;
GEORGIA HAVERTY; FOUR CORNERS FARM, LLC; DAVID J. WERNER;
BETTY B. WERNER; IAN ELLIOTT REILLY; CAROLYN ELIZABETH
REILLY; ROBERT M. JONES; DONNA T. JONES; BLUE RIDGE
ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE LEAGUE; PRESERVE BENT MOUNTAIN;
PRESERVE FLOYD; PRESERVE FRANKLIN; PITTSYLVANIA PRIDE,

           Petitioners,

v.

STATE WATER CONTROL BOARD; ROBERT DUNN, Chair of the State
Water Control Board; HEATHER WOOD, Vice-Chair of the State Water Control
Board; LOU ANN JESSE-WALLACE, Member of the State Water Control
Board; TIMOTHY GEORGE HAYES, Member of the State Water Control Board;
ROBERTA A. KELLAM, Member of the State Water Control Board; G. NISSA
DEAN, Member of the State Water Control Board; ROBERT WAYLAND, III,
Member of the State Water Control Board; DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY; DAVID K. PAYLOR, Director, Department of
Environmental Quality; MELANIE D. DAVENPORT, Director, Water Permitting
Division, Department of Environmental Quality,

           Respondents,


MOUNTAIN VALLEY PIPELINE, LLC,

           Intervenor.

_________________

CHESAPEAKE BAY FOUNDATION, INCORPORATED,

           Amicus Supporting Petitioner.



On Petition for Review of a Decision of the Virginia Department of Environmental
Quality. (FERC Docket No. CP16-10-000)


Argued: May 8, 2018                                      Decided: August 1, 2018

                                           2
Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, TRAXLER, and THACKER, Circuit Judges.


Petition for review denied by published opinion. Judge Traxler wrote the opinion, in
which Chief Judge Gregory and Judge Thacker joined.


ARGUED: Benjamin Alan Luckett, APPALACHIAN MOUNTAIN ADVOCATES,
INC., Lewisburg, West Virginia, for Petitioners. Toby Jay Heytens, OFFICE OF THE
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF VIRGINIA, Richmond, Virginia, for Respondents. George
Peter Sibley, III, HUNTON ANDREWS KURTH LLP, Richmond, Virginia, for
Intervenor. ON BRIEF: Joseph M. Lovett, Derek O. Teaney, APPALACHIAN
MOUNTAIN ADVOCATES, INC., Lewisburg, West Virginia, for Petitioner Sierra
Club, et al. Tammy L. Belinsky, Copper Hill, Virginia, for Petitioner Del. Sam Rasoul,
et al. Mark R. Herring, Attorney General, J. Duncan Pitchford, Assistant Attorney
General, David C. Grandis, Assistant Attorney General, Matthew R. McGuire, Deputy
Solicitor General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF VIRGINIA,
Richmond, Virginia, for Respondents. Kevin S. Elliker, Richmond, Virginia, Deidre G.
Duncan, HUNTON ANDREWS KURTH LLP, Washington, D.C.; Christopher D.
Pomeroy, Justin Curtis, AQUALAW PLC, Richmond, Virginia, for Intervenor. Jon
Mueller, CHESAPEAKE BAY FOUNDATION, INC., Annapolis, Maryland, for Amicus
Curiae.




                                          3
TRAXLER, Circuit Judge:

       Virginia certified under Section 401 of the Clean Water Act that it had reasonable

assurance that certain activities regarding the construction of a natural gas pipeline would

not degrade the state’s water. Several environmental groups, individuals, and other

entities petition for review. Concluding that Virginia’s issuance of the certification was

not arbitrary and capricious, we deny the petition for review.

                                             I.

A.     The Project

       The Mountain Valley Pipeline Project (the “Project”) is a proposed interstate

natural gas transmission pipeline that will be approximately 303 miles long and 42 inches

in diameter and will transport natural gas from Wetzel County, West Virginia, to

Pittsylvania County, Virginia. Much of the Project crosses topography with steep slopes

and areas that are susceptible to landslides. Approximately 106 miles of the pipeline will

be located in Virginia, and constructing the pipeline requires 385 stream crossings and

144 wetland crossings in the Commonwealth.

       Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC (“MVP”) proposes to construct and operate the

pipeline in Virginia and West Virginia. 1 MVP generally would use a 125-foot-wide

construction right-of-way in uplands and a 75-foot-wide right-of-way through wetlands.

MVP would retain a 50-foot right-of-way permanently to operate the pipeline. For

       1
               Equitrans, L.P. also applied to construct and operate a portion of the
pipeline that would provide service from western Pennsylvania and interconnect with the
Project in Wetzel County, West Virginia. That portion of the pipeline is not a subject of
the petition for review before us.

                                             4
overland construction, MVP would generally need to clear the land of trees and

vegetation, then dig a trench of up to nine feet in depth, fracturing and blasting rock

where necessary. Waterbody crossings would be dry open-cut crossings; MVP would

temporarily divert the water from the construction area and bury the pipeline two to four

feet below the streambed.

B.    Federal Statutes and Agencies

      The Natural Gas Act (“NGA”) requires that a party seeking to build or operate a

natural gas pipeline must obtain authorization from the Federal Energy Regulatory

Commission (“FERC”) in the form of a “certificate of public convenience and necessity.”

The NGA and its implementing regulations set out the process for obtaining such a

certificate. See 15 U.S.C. § 717 et seq.; 18 C.F.R. § 157.1 et seq.; see generally East

Tenn. Nat. Gas. Co. v. Sage, 361 F.3d 808, 818 (4th Cir. 2004).

      When FERC receives an application for a certificate of public convenience and

necessity, it undertakes review of the environmental impacts of the proposed project

under the NGA and under the National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”), 42 U.S.C.

§§ 4321 et seq., usually by accepting input from the public and producing an

environmental impact statement (“EIS”).         FERC serves as the “lead agency,”

coordinating the needed governmental authorizations, see 15 U.S.C. § 717n(b), including

the one central to this case, Virginia’s state water-quality certification under the Clean

Water Act (“CWA”).

      NEPA sets out the procedures FERC must employ in considering the

environmental impacts of agency actions. See Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens

                                            5
Council, 490 U.S. 332, 350 (1989).       Council on Environmental Quality regulations

require FERC to draft an EIS in stages, first preparing a draft and inviting public

comment thereon, then considering the comments and responding to them, possibly by

modifying its analysis. See 40 C.F.R. §§ 1503.1(a), 1503.4(a). In this way, the draft and

the receipt of comments serve as a “springboard for public comment.” National Comm.

for the New River, Inc. v. FERC, 373 F.3d 1323, 1328 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

       Because construction of the Project would involve discharge of dredged and fill

materials into wetlands and waterways, MVP needed not only a certificate of public

convenience and necessity from FERC, but also approval from the U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers (the “Corps”) under Section 404 of the CWA. See 33 U.S.C. § 1344(a); AES

Sparrows Point LNG, LLC v. Wilson, 589 F.3d 721, 724 (4th Cir. 2009). Section 404

approval from the Corps may come in the form of an issuance of individual permits or the

Corps’ verification of the coverage “within the scope of an existing general permit, which

acts as a standing authorization for developers to undertake an entire category of

activities deemed to create only minimal environmental impact.” Crutchfield v. County

of Hanover, Va., 325 F.3d 211, 214 (4th Cir. 2003) (citing 33 U.S.C. § 1344(e); 33 C.F.R.

§§ 320.1, 330.1(b)-(c)). 2


       2
               “Activities falling within the scope of [a nationwide permit] are
automatically authorized without any individualized inquiry, although preconstruction
notification of the Corps is required in some cases.” Crutchfield v. County of Hanover,
Va., 325 F.3d 211, 214 (4th Cir. 2003) (citing 33 C.F.R. § 330.1(e)). “In cases where
preconstruction notification is required, the Corps will verify the applicability of the
(Continued)
                                            6
       The NGA largely preempts environmental regulation of interstate natural gas

pipelines by states. See AES Sparrows Point LNG, LLC v. Smith, 527 F.3d 120, 125-26

(4th Cir. 2008).    However, it does “allow[] states to participate in environmental

regulation of [pipelines] under three federal statutes: the Clean Air Act, the Coastal Zone

Management Act, and the Clean Water Act.”            Delaware Riverkeeper Network v.

Secretary Pa. Dep’t of Envtl. Prot., 833 F.3d 360, 368 (3d Cir. 2016) (citing 15 U.S.C. §

717b(d)).

       The state action challenged in the petition before us was taken pursuant to Section

401 of the Clean Water Act. The relevant language provides that “[a]ny applicant for a

Federal license or permit to conduct any activity . . . which may result in any discharge

into the navigable waters” must seek “a certification from the State in which the

discharge originates . . . that any such discharge will comply with the applicable

provisions” of the CWA. 33 U.S.C. § 1341(a)(1). It provides that “[n]o license or permit

shall be granted if certification has been denied by the State,” but, if a state “fails or

refuses to act on a request for certification, within a reasonable period of time (which

shall not exceed one year) after receipt of such request, the certification requirements of

this subsection shall be waived.” Id. (emphasis added). Under the CWA’s implementing

regulations, the State also has the option of granting the certification based on certain

conditions. See 33 U.S.C. § 1341(d); 40 C.F.R. § 121.2(a)(4); PUD No. 1 of Jefferson




[nationwide permit] to the proposed activity.”         Id. at 214-15 (citing 33 C.F.R.
§ 330.1(e)(2)).

                                            7
Cty. v. Washington Dep’t of Ecology, 511 U.S. 700, 712 (1994). Accordingly, a state

receiving a Section 401 application has four options in total: it may grant a certificate

without imposing any additional conditions; grant it with additional conditions; deny it;

or waive its right to participate in the process. See Delaware Riverkeeper Network, 833

F.3d at 376 (noting states’ options to deny certificate or to waive right to participate); see

also S.D. Warren Co. v. Maine Bd. of Envtl. Prot., 547 U.S. 370, 380 (2006) (“Section

401 . . . was meant to continue the authority of the State to act to deny a permit and

thereby prevent a Federal license or permit from issuing to a discharge source within such

State.” (alterations and internal quotation marks omitted)).        If the state grants the

certificate – whether with or without conditions – the certification must contain “[a]

statement that there is a reasonable assurance that the activity will be conducted in a

manner which will not violate applicable water quality standards.”                40 C.F.R.

§ 121.2(a)(3) (emphasis added); see PUD No. 1 of Jefferson Cty., 511 U.S. at 712.

       As for appellate review of such a state certificate, § 717r of the NGA provides:

       The United States Court of Appeals for the circuit in which a facility
       subject to . . . [15 U.S.C. § 717f] is proposed to be constructed, expanded,
       or operated shall have original and exclusive jurisdiction over any civil
       action for the review of an order or action of a . . . State administrative
       agency acting pursuant to Federal law to issue, condition, or deny any
       permit, license, concurrence, or approval . . . required under Federal law.

15 U.S.C. § 717r(d)(1). It is undisputed here that the Project is subject to 15 U.S.C.

§ 717f.

C.     Virginia Agencies and Virginia Law Regarding Issuance of Section 401
       Certificates



                                              8
      Under Virginia law, the State Water Control Board (the “Board”) possesses broad

authority concerning permitting and regulatory matters that affect water quality in

Virginia, including authority over Section 401 certifications. See Va. Code § 62.1-44.15.

During the events in question, Virginia law provided that, “[i]ssuance of a Virginia Water

Protection Permit shall constitute the certification required under § 401 of the Clean

Water Act.” Va. Code § 62.1-44.15:20(D). 3 Pursuant to the Virginia Water Protection

Program (the “VWP Program”), the Board, after consulting with appropriate agencies

and accepting and considering public comment, may issue a VWP permit “if it has

determined that the proposed activity is consistent with the provisions of the Clean Water

Act and the State Water Control Law and will protect instream beneficial uses.” Va.

Code § 62.1-44.15:20(B). And the Board may certify a nationwide Corps permit as




      3
             On March 30, 2018, the Virginia legislature amended the statute, adding the
emphasized language:

      Issuance of a Virginia Water Protection Permit shall constitute the
      certification required under § 401 of the Clean Water Act, except for any
      applicant to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission for a certificate of
      public convenience and necessity pursuant to § 7c of the federal Natural
      Gas Act (15 U.S.C. § 717f(c)) to construct any natural gas transmission
      pipeline greater than 36 inches inside diameter, in which case issuance of a
      Virginia Water Protection Permit pursuant to this article and a
      certification issued pursuant to Article 2.6 (§ 62.1–44.15:80 et seq.) shall
      together constitute the certification required under § 401 of the federal
      Clean Water Act.

Natural Gas—Pipes and Pipelines—Construction, 2018 Virginia Laws Ch. 636 (S.B.
950).

                                            9
meeting these requirements so long as the permit meets specified criteria. 4 See 9 Va.

Admin. Code 25-210-130(H).

      The Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (“DEQ”) serves as the Board’s

staff, and the Board may assign DEQ tasks and delegate DEQ the authority to make

decisions. See Va. Code § 62.1-44.14. We will refer to the Board and DEQ together as

“the State Agencies.”

D.    2017 Guidance Document

      Until recently, it was only through the above-described process that DEQ issued

its water-quality certificates for linear utility projects, including pipeline projects.

However, in May 2017, as a result of comments from interested parties concerning the

      4
              Those criteria are met when the nationwide certificate and certification
conditions:

      1.    Require that wetland or stream impacts be avoided and minimized to
      the maximum extent practicable;

      2.      Prohibit impacts that cause or contribute to a significant impairment
      of state waters or fish and wildlife resources;

      3.     Require compensatory mitigation sufficient to achieve no net loss of
      existing wetland acreage and functions or stream functions and water
      quality benefits; and

      4.    Require that compensatory mitigation for unavoidable wetland
      impacts be provided in accordance with 9 [Va. Admin. Code] § 25-210-
      116.

      5.     Require that compensatory mitigation for unavoidable stream
      impacts be provided in accordance with 9 [Va. Admin. Code] § 25-210-
      116, including but not limited to an analysis of stream impacts utilizing a
      stream impact assessment methodology approved by the board.

9 Va. Admin. Code § 25-210-130(H).

                                           10
Project, DEQ came to the conclusion that there was an analytical gap in the Rule 401

certification process. Namely, while VWP Permit coverage addresses the impacts caused

to wetlands and streams by activities conducted in wetlands and streams, see Ohio Valley

Envtl. Coal. v. Aracoma Coal Co., 556 F.3d 177, 194 (4th Cir. 2009), it does not account

for activities occurring in upland areas that could also result in discharges into state

waters or otherwise affect Virginia’s water quality. See J.A. 100 (“The permits issued by

the VWP program and the permits issued by the Corps only address the impacts caused to

wetlands and streams by excavating in a wetland, draining or significantly altering

wetland acreage or function, filling or dumping in a stream or wetland, or permanently

flooding or impounding a wetland area or stream.          However, the conditions and

requirements of these permits do not cover activities in upland areas, outside of wetlands

and streams, which may result in a discharge to state waters or otherwise cause or

contribute to an exceedance of Virginia’s Water Quality Standards.”).

      In recognition of this gap, DEQ recently issued its “2017 Guidance Document,”

establishing a process by which, as part of the 401 certification process, DEQ can review

these potential effects from upland activities involved in a natural gas infrastructure

project. See Va. Dep’t of Envtl. Quality, Guidance Memo No. GM17-2003, Interstate

Natural Gas Infrastructure Projects – Procedures for Evaluating and Developing

Additional Conditions for Section 401 Water Quality Certification Pursuant to 33 USC

§ 1341 (May 19, 2017). It provides that DEQ may decide to seek additional information

from pipeline applicants concerning upland activity that “may have the potential to affect

water quality.” Id. at 3. And it states that DEQ may recommend to the Board the

                                           11
imposition of conditions on upland activities that are in addition to the conditions already

imposed by or through the VWP Permit Program, the Corps, or FERC. See id.

E.     Virginia’s Water Quality Standards and Water-Protection Laws

       “Under the CWA, states have the primary role in promulgating water quality

standards.” Piney Run Preservation Ass’n v. County Comm’rs of Carroll Cty., 268 F.3d

255, 265 n.9 (4th Cir. 2001). To do so, a state begins by identifying the uses for which

the water will be protected; then, the state determines the level of water quality needed to

protect the water for those uses. See NRDC v. EPA, 16 F.3d 1395, 1400 (4th Cir. 1993).

Two aspects of Virginia’s water-quality policy are relevant here: its general narrative

water-quality criterion and its antidegradation policy.

       Virginia’s water-quality criterion requires that “State waters . . . shall be free from

substances attributable to . . . waste in concentrations, amounts, or combinations which

contravene established standards or interfere directly or indirectly with designated uses of

such water or which are inimical or harmful to human, animal, plant, or aquatic life.” 9

Va. Admin. Code § 25-260-20(A).           The criteria specify that any substance “that

produce[s] . . . turbidity” is a substance to be controlled. Id. “Turbidity” refers to a

measure of suspended solids in a water body, such as sediment.

       By its terms, Virginia’s antidegradation policy “shall be applied whenever any

activity is proposed that has the potential to affect existing surface water quality.” 5 9 Va.



       5
              As the Supreme Court explained in PUD No. 1 of Jefferson County:

(Continued)
                                             12
Admin. Code § 25-260-30(A). The policy divides the state’s waters into three tiers and

provides different levels of protection for each tier. See 9 Va. Admin. Code § 25-260-

30(A). Tier 3 encompasses waters designated as “exceptional”; these waters “shall be

maintained and protected to prevent permanent or long-term degradation or impairment.”

9 Va. Admin. Code § 25-260-30(A)(3)(b)(1). The policy specifically provides that “[n]o

new, additional, or increased discharge of sewage, industrial wastes or other pollution

into [Tier 3 waters] shall be allowed.” 9 Va. Admin. Code § 25-260-30(A)(3)(b)(2).

However, “[a]ctivities causing temporary sources of pollution may be allowed in [Tier 3

waters] even if degradation may be expected to temporarily occur provided that after a

minimal period of time the waters are returned or restored to conditions equal to or better

than those existing just prior to the temporary source of pollution.” 9 Va. Admin. Code §

25-260-30(A)(3)(b)(3).

      Tier 2 encompasses waters that “exceed water quality standards.” 9 Va. Admin.

Code § 25-260-30(A)(2). The quality of such waters “shall be maintained and protected




       When the Clean Water Act was enacted in 1972, the water quality standards
       of all 50 States had antidegradation provisions. These provisions were
       required by federal law. By providing in 1972 that existing state water
       quality standards would remain in force until revised, the Clean Water Act
       ensured that the States would continue their antidegradation programs.
       EPA has consistently required that revised state standards incorporate an
       antidegradation policy. And, in 1987, Congress explicitly recognized the
       existence of an “antidegradation policy established under [§ 303].” §
       1313(d)(4)(B).

PUD No. 1 of Jefferson Cty. v. Washington Dep’t of Ecology, 511 U.S. 700, 718 (1994)
(citations omitted).

                                            13
unless the board finds . . . that allowing lower water quality is necessary to accommodate

important economic or social development in the area in which the waters are located.” 9

Va. Admin. Code § 25-260-30(A)(2).

       Finally, Tier 1 encompasses all waters that do not qualify as Tier 3 or Tier 2. For

those waters, “existing instream water uses and the level of water quality necessary to

protect the existing uses shall be maintained and protected.” 9 Va. Admin. Code § 25-

260-30(A)(1).

       Virginia generally protects its water from impacts from upland construction-

related activities through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

(“NPDES”) permits issued by Virginia under CWA section 402. See 33 U.S.C. § 1342.

In particular, it utilizes its Virginia Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (“VPDES”)

Program and, more specifically, its General VPDES Permit for Discharges of Stormwater

from Construction Activities (the “Construction General Permit”). 9 Va. Admin. Code

§ 25-880-70 Part II. That permit, in turn, incorporates the requirements of two other state

laws, the Virginia Stormwater Management (“VSM”) Law, Va. Code § 62.1-44.15:24 et

seq., and the Virginia Erosion and Sediment Control (“VESC”) Law, Va. Code § 62.1-

44.15:51, et seq., which we will discuss in more detail ahead.

       Virginia’s regulatory scheme is a little different when the construction project in

question is a natural gas pipeline. That is because the CWA exempts natural gas pipeline

construction projects from regulation. See 33 U.S.C. § 1342(l)(2). Still, Virginia is able

to impose the same substantive requirements on natural gas pipeline projects through its

Annual Standards and Specifications (“AS&S”) Program.             See Va. Code § 62.1-

                                            14
44.15:55(D). That program requires the project developer to submit annual standards and

specifications for DEQ’s review and approval, thereby ensuring that projects will meet

the same requirements that would apply were they covered by the Virginia Construction

General Permit. See 9 Va. Admin. Code § 25-870-170(A). However, once DEQ has

approved a developer’s annual standards and specifications as satisfying the requirements

of the VSM and VESC, the entity generally need not submit site-specific VSM and

VESC plans to DEQ for approval. See Va. Code § 62.1-44.15:55(D). In this way,

projects become more self-regulating.

                                            II.

       MVP filed its application for a certificate of public convenience and necessity with

FERC on October 23, 2015.

A.     FERC

       As the NGA required, see 15 U.S.C. § 717n(b), FERC acted as the lead agency in

preparing an EIS for the Project. FERC first issued a draft EIS in September 2016. Then

during the 90-day period that followed, FERC conducted seven public meetings and

received 1,237 written comments (many of which were from DEQ). Some of DEQ’s

suggestions included adjusting the Project route, requiring a revised Karst Mitigation

Plan, creating an Acid Soil Mitigation Plan, revising the Blasting Plan, and adopting

various measures to reduce erosion and the introduction of sediment into the water.

FERC’s final EIS, issued in June 2017, incorporated many of the suggestions DEQ had

offered.



                                            15
      The EIS recognized that many aspects of the Project created the potential to

negatively impact affected waters. With regard to upland construction activities, the EIS

observed:

             The clearing and grading of stream banks could expose soil to
      erosional forces and would reduce riparian vegetation along the cleared
      section of the waterbody. The use of heavy equipment for construction
      could cause compaction of near-surface soils, an effect that could result in
      increased runoff into surface waters in the immediate vicinity of the
      proposed construction right-of-way. Increased surface runoff could
      transport sediment into surface waters, resulting in increased turbidity
      levels and increased sedimentation rates in the receiving waterbody.
      Disturbances to stream channels and stream banks could also increase the
      likelihood of scour after construction.

J.A. 771.   The EIS stated that “[i]n order to limit impacts on riparian zones, the

Applicants would follow measures outlined in its Procedures.” 6 J.A. 771.

      The EIS also recognized that flooding during construction was a potential concern.

The EIS stated:

             To minimize or prevent impacts resulting from flash flooding during
      construction, the Applicants would remove any equipment or loose material
      from the affected area prior to any anticipated significant rain event.
      Additionally, the Applicants would implement erosion and sedimentation

      6
             The EIS explained:

      These measures allow a riparian strip at least 25 feet wide to permanently
      revegetate with native plant species across the entire construction right-of-
      way. A corridor centered on the pipeline and up to 10 feet wide may be
      cleared at a frequency necessary to maintain the 10-foot corridor in an
      herbaceous state; and trees that are located within 15 feet of the pipeline
      may be cut and removed from the permanent right-of-way. In addition, the
      riparian areas that are between HDD entry and exit point are not cleared
      during construction or mowed during operations.

J.A. 771.

                                           16
      control measures, such as installing trench breakers and water bars to
      inhibit water flow along the trench and right-of-way. Upon completion of
      construction, the Applicants would restore the ground surface as closely as
      practicable to original contours and re-establish vegetation to facilitate
      restoration of pre-construction overland flow.

J.A. 772. In the end, however, regarding construction of the Project that implementation

of the various recommendations FERC had made and the plans MVP had agreed to

follow, the EIS concluded:

             No long-term or significant impacts on surface waters are anticipated
      as a result of the projects, because Mountain Valley and Equitrans would
      not permanently affect the designated water uses, they would bury the
      pipeline beneath the bed of all waterbodies, implement erosion and
      sedimentation controls, adhere to crossing guidelines in their Procedures,
      and restore the streambanks and streambed contours as close as practical to
      pre-construction conditions. Temporary impacts would be avoided or
      minimized through the implementation of our recommendations . . . and
      various plans.

J.A. 775.

      In October 2017, FERC issued a certificate of public convenience and necessity

for the construction of the Project.      The certificate includes 37 “Environmental

Conditions,” many of which reflect DEQ’s input. 7 FERC noted that MVP “committed to

use specialized construction techniques on steep slopes, including cut-and-fill and two-

tone grading, to minimize adverse effects.” J.A. 558. FERC also noted that MVP had

developed a Landslide Mitigation Plan and FERC required that MVP revise the plan “to

outline construction measures to be used when crossing steep slopes at angles

      7
               FERC’s issuance of the certificate is the subject of a petition for review
pending in the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. FERC’s issuance of the certificate
is not a subject of the petition before us.


                                           17
perpendicular to contours and to include a more robust monitoring program.” J.A. 558.

As for the concern that “slope failures will cause instream sedimentation,” FERC also

noted that MVP had “agreed to follow the measures outlined in [FERC’s] Upland

Erosion Control, Revegetation, and Maintenance Plan . . . and its Wetland and

Waterbody Construction and Mitigation Procedures, which include erosion controls to

prevent sedimentation into waterbodies.” J.A. 558. FERC acknowledged that “these

plans cannot fully prevent sedimentation, but would provide adequate protections by

reducing sedimentation into streams and reducing the potential for slope failures.” J.A.

558.

       Also, “[t]o minimize potential impacts on karst related groundwater through

construction associated sedimentation and runoff, [MVP] will implement the erosion

control measures outlined in [FERC’s] Plan and its Karst-specific Erosion and Sediment

Control Plan.”    J.A. 566.    Additionally, “to minimize the potential for hazardous

materials leaking from construction equipment to contaminate groundwater, [MVP] will

implement the measures outlined in its Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPP

Plan); Spill, Prevention, Control, and Countermeasures Plan (SPCC Plan); and

Unanticipated Discovery of Contamination Plan for Construction Activities in West

Virginia and Virginia.” J.A. 566.

       FERC’s certificate noted that, with regard to streams crossed by the Project, FERC

was taking into consideration not only the sedimentation that would be produced from the

crossing itself, but also the sedimentation that would result from runoff from construction

workplaces. FERC noted that the stream crossings would “result in temporary (less than

                                            18
4 days) and localized (for a distance of only a few hundred feet of the crossing) increases

in turbidity downstream of construction, but the magnitude of this increase is minimal

compared to increased turbidity associated with natural runoff events.” J.A. 569. FERC

added that “[o]nce construction is complete, [MVP] will stabilize and restore streambeds

and banks consistent with the Wetland and Waterbody Construction and Mitigation

Procedures.” J.A. 569.

       In addition to all the measures FERC specifically required, FERC noted that the

Corps and various state agencies “have the opportunity to impose conditions to protect

water quality pursuant to sections 401 and 404 of the Clean Water Act.” J.A. 570. FERC

emphasized that “[t]he applicants must obtain all necessary federal and state permits and

authorizations, including the water quality certifications, prior to receiving [FERC]

authorization to commence construction.” J.A. 570. FERC specifically concluded:

       Based on [FERC] staff’s experience with pipeline construction, and
       [MVP’s] commitment to cross waterbodies via dry-ditch methods,
       adherence to the measures in [FERC’s] Plan and Procedures, [MVP’s]
       proposal to conduct a stream monitoring plan, and use of [FERC’s] third-
       party compliance program, we determine that impacts on waterbodies due
       to sedimentation will be effectively minimized.

J.A. 567.

       FERC’s certificate provided that MVP “must receive written authorization from

the Director of OEP [Office of Energy Projects] before commencing construction of any

project facilities.” J.A. 628 (emphasis omitted). Finally, as is relevant here, the face of

the certificate explained FERC’s flexibility to deal with unforeseen contingencies with

the potential to affect the environment:


                                            19
       The Director of OEP, or the Director’s designee, has delegated authority to
       address any requests for approvals or authorizations necessary to carry out
       the conditions of the order, and take whatever steps are necessary to ensure
       the protection of all environmental resources during construction and
       operation of the project and activities associated with abandonment. The
       authority shall allow:

       a.     the modification of conditions of the order;

       b.     stop work authority; and

       c.     the imposition of any additional measures deemed necessary to
       ensure continued compliance with the intent of the conditions of the order
       as well as the avoidance or mitigation of unforeseen adverse environmental
       impacts resulting from project construction and operation and
       abandonment.

J.A. 624-25 (Appendix C to the Certificate).

B.     Corps’ Section 404 Review and Virginia’s Related Section 401 Review

       MVP requested its Section 404 permit from the Corps by filing a “Joint Permit

Application” in February 2016. See 33 U.S.C. § 1344(a). The application served as a

preconstruction notification under “Nationwide Permit 12” (“NWP 12”), which concerns

“activities required for the construction, maintenance, repair, and removal of utilities

lines and associated facilities in waters of the United States.” J.A. 100. See 33 U.S.C.

1344(e)(1) (allowing the Secretary of the Army to issue permits on a “nationwide basis

for any category of activities involving discharges of dredged or fill material if the

Secretary determines that the activities in such category are similar in nature, will cause

only minimal adverse environmental effects when performed separately, and will have

only minimal cumulative adverse effect on the environment”).          Applicants seeking

coverage under that permit must provide information that the Corps can use “to

determine that the adverse environmental effects of the activity will be no more than
                                            20
minimal and to determine the need for compensatory mitigation or other mitigation

measures.” J.A. 430. A project can be covered by NWP 12 only if it satisfies numerous

conditions that apply generally to each nationwide permit. One such condition requires

that construction include appropriate soil erosion and sediment controls. In this way,

NWP 12 “ties in the requirements and practices of the VESC program and regulations.”

J.A. 112. Additionally, although NWP 12 authorizes disturbance of streams temporarily

during construction, the permit requires that streams be restored to pre-construction

condition once construction is complete.

       In 2017, the Corps revised the requirements for NWP 12, see Issuance and

Reissuance of Nationwide Permits, 82 Fed. Reg. 1860-01, 1985-86 (Jan. 6, 2017), which

prompted MVP to revise its earlier-filed application. In MVP’s revised application, MVP

discussed in detail the Project’s potential impacts on wetland, stream, and river crossings

and the steps MVP would take to address them. In March 2017, the Corps added several

Regional conditions specific to Virginia for the NWP 12.

       As per Virginia law, the State Agencies then considered whether NWP 12 and the

certification conditions satisfied the criteria necessary for Section 401 certification. 9 Va.

Admin. Code 25-210-130(H). Following its consideration of public comment, the Board

issued its certification on April 7, 2017, concluding that the requisite criteria had been

satisfied (the “April 401 Certificate”). The certification stated that “the Board finds that

there is a reasonable assurance that the activities permitted under the Corps’ NWP

program . . . will be conducted in a manner which will not violate applicable water



                                             21
quality standards, provided permittees comply with all applicable Section 401

conditions.” J.A. 452.

C.     Virginia’s Approval of MVP’s Annual Standards and Specifications

       MVP first submitted its standards and specifications to DEQ in February 2016.

Over the course of more than a year, DEQ engaged in several written and in-person

exchanges with MVP representatives before finally approving the standards and

specifications for the Project in June 2017 (“MVP’s Standards and Specifications”).

They identify the measures MVP will take to meet the substantive requirements of the

VESC and VSM Laws. They also outline how MVP will meet FERC’s requirements

regarding its Upland Erosion Control, Revegetation, and Maintenance Plan and Wetland

and Waterbody Construction and Mitigation Procedures.

       The approved standards and specifications include, among other things, plans to

protect against impacts from landslides and blasting, requirements for addressing acidic

silt, and assessing karst hazards. They also require MVP to monitor land-disturbing

activities, conduct regular inspections, and report the results to DEQ. The technical

requirements in MVP’s Standards and Specifications in fact exceed in several respects

the requirements that the Virginia Construction General Permit imposes generally on

large-scale construction projects. 8


       8
              For example, the standards and specifications require MVP to (1) install
permanent waterbars and slope breakers in some locations 25 feet from waterbody
boundaries, (2) install temporary berms and trench breakers to slow stormwater flowing
along a right-of-way or trench, (3) reduce the width of the construction area for the 50
feet on each side of a waterbody where possible, (4) restrict the undertaking of equipment
(Continued)
                                           22
       In addition to these requirements, DEQ also informed MVP that it needed to

submit site-specific plans to DEQ for its approval before commencing land-disturbing

activities. These plans would “address every foot of land disturbance related to pipeline

construction, including the path of the proposed pipeline right of way . . . , access roads,

construction lay-down areas and construction activities that will occur in streams and

wetlands.” J.A. 108. Additionally, DEQ required MVP to post these plans on its website

so that the public could comment on them.

D.     Virginia’s Section 401 “Supplemental Proceedings”

       On May 19, 2017, the same day DEQ issued the 2017 Guidance Document, it also

issued an information request to MVP pursuant to the new policy. The request stated that

it was “for the purpose of evaluating whether additional 401 certification conditions are

necessary to ensure protection of water quality.” J.A. 7. Included in the many categories

of information requested were “[a] complete listing of all type of project-related upland

ground-disturbing activities that would occur within 50 feet of” surface waters; a list of

sensitive waterbodies located within 50 feet of the land-disturbing activities; and

information concerning various measures MVP would be taking to protect water quality,

including a water-quality monitoring plan. J.A. 8. DEQ’s request marked the beginning

of a supplemental process that involved many detailed exchanges of information between




maintenance, storage, and refueling activities within 100 feet of any waterbody, and (5)
disc and de-compact topsoil in disturbed areas during restoration of rights-of-way.

                                            23
DEQ and MVP, as well as in-person work sessions involving representatives of various

other state agencies.

        On July 3, 2017, DEQ issued a draft 401 certification that included 14 conditions

that had not been included in the April 401 Certification (for the Corps’ 404 permit). The

draft was shared with the public subject to DEQ’s notice and comment procedures,

generating more than 8,000 comments. DEQ also held two public hearings regarding the

certification. As this process continued, DEQ and MVP continued to discuss more water-

quality related concerns, what measures would be employed to address the concerns, and

how effective those measures would be. DEQ also entered into a contract with the

United States Geological Service to monitor water quality during construction.

        As a result of this continued review, DEQ substantially revised its draft 401

certificate, adding several new requirements. The revised draft included 15 conditions

that were in addition to the many other requirements imposed by the various other

governmental entities and laws. Those conditions included “specific requirements for

best work practices emphasizing hazard assessment, frequent inspection requirements,

monitoring    activities,   preventative   measures,   riparian   buffer   protections,   and

comprehensive mitigation plans.” J.A. 130.

        In addition to preparing the revised draft certification, DEQ prepared other

documents explaining its analysis, including a “Basis for Certification” and detailed

responses to the public’s comments. DEQ also further explained its analysis when it

presented its recommendation to the Board during a two-day public meeting in December

2017.

                                             24
       As noted, the certification process required Virginia to determine that it had

“reasonable assurance” that the Project would “not violate applicable water quality

standards.”   40 C.F.R. § 121.2(a)(3).    DEQ recognized that “[t]he term ‘reasonable

assurance’ is not defined in the [CWA] or applicable federal regulations.” J.A. 124. It

reasoned that the standard “addresses future events” and thus is “inherently predictive in

nature and absolute certainty is not required.” J.A. 103 n.4, 125. Still, DEQ reasoned

that the term requires “more than a probability or mere speculation. J.A. 103 n.4, 125.

DEQ concluded that, with all of the additional conditions imposed in the proposed

Section 401 certification, that standard was met.

       DEQ noted that application of the VESC and VSM Laws through the annual

standards and specification program would serve “to protect surface water quality during

and after construction completion.”       J.A. 107.    DEQ also emphasized that the

supplemental 401 review was only one of many programs and processes protecting

Virginia’s water quality, each of which DEQ participated in.        These programs and

processes included FERC’s environmental review; the CWA section 404 certification and

related VWP permitting programs; DEQ’s review of stormwater and erosion control

measures through the VESC and VSM Laws; DEQ’s supplemental Section 401 review of

impacts of upland activities; and DEQ’s participation in the development of project-

specific water-quality monitoring requirements. DEQ concluded that these programs,

“[w]hen considered as a unified approach, . . . provide a thorough technical evaluation




                                            25
and process that is designed to ensure that Virginia’s water quality is protected.” J.A.

113. 9

         DEQ noted that in the process that culminated with issuance of the April 401

Certification, DEQ had “already established reasonable assurance that activities in

streams and wetlands” would “be conducted in a manner that [would] not violate

applicable water quality standards.” J.A. 126. Reviewing the potential impact of the

stream-crossing activities that were covered by NWP 12, DEQ emphasized that the

permit requires the use of appropriate erosion and sediment controls.         DEQ also

emphasized that NWP 12 requires, with regard to any stream crossing, that any

disturbance will only be temporary and that the impact area must be restored to pre-

construction condition once construction is complete. DEQ also noted that “[t]he VWP

program and prior certification of the Corps’ Nationwide Permits has proven to be

sufficient to evaluate and, when necessary, mitigate potential water quality impacts for

linear construction projects, such as roads and pipelines.” J.A. 100.

         DEQ acknowledged that its review of the project-specific stormwater management

and erosion and sediment control plans – the description of exactly how the annual

standards and specifications would be applied foot-by-foot within the Project – would not

be completed until after completion of Virginia’s Section 401 process. Nevertheless,

DEQ’s reasonable-assurance determination of the upland activities depended in part on

         9
               The document explained that the earlier-issued 401 certification for the
Corps’ Nationwide Permit and the additional proposed 401 certification “together would
constitute the Commonwealth of Virginia’s 401 Certification for the MVP Project.” J.A.
103 (emphasis in original).

                                            26
the facts (1) that no land-disturbing activity could begin until those plans had been

approved, and (2) that the plans would not be approved unless they satisfied MVP’s

Standards and Specifications, which DEQ had already determined complied with the

applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. DEQ also noted that Virginia’s AS&S

Program “incorporates the same engineering, erosion and sediment control,

recordkeeping, monitoring, inspecting and post construction stormwater management

requirements that are otherwise implemented in the . . . Construction General Permit (9

Va. Admin. Code § 25-880-1 et seq.).” J.A. 126. DEQ drew assurance from the fact that

a Richmond Circuit Court had recently upheld the Construction General Permit on the

basis that “substantial evidence in the record [supported] the Board’s determination that

proper implementation of permit conditions, including inspections and corrective action,

would protect water quality.” J.A. 127; see Order, Kelble v. Commonwealth, Case No.

CL14-762, at 4-5 (Richmond Cir. Ct. Apr. 10, 2017) (concluding in appeal challenging

whether Construction General Permit adequately protected water quality that substantial

evidence supported Board’s determination that proper implementation of the conditions

of the permit, including inspections and adaptive actions, would protect water quality).

And DEQ placed strong reliance on the EPA’s conclusion that its own construction

general permit was sufficient to prevent projects from negatively affecting water quality.

DEQ emphasized that it “traditionally rel[ies] on the technical studies and analysis of

[the] EPA” because DEQ lacks the money or manpower to do the “in-depth analyses”

that the EPA does. J.A. 305.

      DEQ concluded,

                                           27
       In the absence of information demonstrating otherwise, compliance with
       the requirements under the [AS&S] Program will result in stormwater
       discharges being controlled as necessary to meet applicable water quality
       standards and antidegradation requirements.          More specifically, by
       imposing requirements that discharges to impaired, TMDL [Total
       Maximum Daily Load], and exceptional waters comply with additional
       requirements, to stabilize exposed areas faster and to conduct site
       inspections more frequently than other sites (in addition to meeting
       [stormwater and erosion] requirements), authorizing these discharges will
       not result in a lowering of water quality. Thus, DEQ has determined that
       compliance with the [AS&S] approval generally is sufficient to satisfy Tier
       2 and Tier 3 antidegradation requirements because the controls will not
       result in a lowering of water quality, making individualized Tier 2 or Tier 3
       review unnecessary.

J.A. 128-29. The DEQ added that its determination that the AS&S Program would

ensure compliance with water quality standards and antidegradation requirements was

supported by the fact that the requirements under that program met the technical

requirements of the Construction General Permit and that the EPA had stated in its 2017

Construction General Permit fact sheet that compliance with that permit was generally

sufficient to prevent any lowering of water quality. See J.A. 1075 (“EPA has determined

that compliance with the [Construction General Permit] generally will be sufficient to

satisfy Tier 2 (or 2.5) and Tier 3 antidegradation requirements because the controls will

not result in a lowering of water quality, making individualized Tier 2 or Tier 3 review

unnecessary.”).

       DEQ also noted that FERC had concluded – prior to Virginia’s adding any

conditions in the Section 401 process – that impacts on water resources were “expected to

return to baseline levels over a period of days or weeks following construction given the

requirement to restore water bodies to their original contours.” J.A. 132. Given that fact,


                                            28
and the fact that the Corps’ approval would be necessary regarding any stream or

wetlands crossings, “FERC [had] concluded that the cumulative effect on surface

waterbody resources would be minor.” J.A. 132. Similarly, DEQ took notice of the fact

that the Corps would be assessing in detail “geographic areas that are determined to be

potentially subject to more than minimal cumulative adverse environmental effects,” and

the Corps will have authority to add conditions to NWP 12 “to require mitigation

measures to ensure that the cumulative adverse environmental effects of these activities

are no more than minimal.” J.A. 133-34.

       Finally, DEQ emphasized that the proposed 401 certification required MVP to

develop a limited water-quality monitoring plan to monitor and evaluate potential

impacts from activities not subject to the Corps’ Section 404 permit. DEQ noted that the

plan MVP submitted included in-stream monitoring of water quality in proximate upland

areas. The monitoring would occur before, during, and after construction, and would

evaluate temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and pH. Elevated sample results “that

exceed the applicable water quality criteria” would require consultation between MVP

and DEQ so that they could respond appropriately.           J.A. 92.   In addition to this

monitoring, DEQ noted it would be conducting “project-specific water quality

monitoring at a number of proposed . . . stream crossings near sensitive and/or critical

areas” that also “will be conducted before, during and after . . . construction activities.”

J.A. 139. DEQ noted that the monitoring had already begun in the fall of 2017 in order

“[t]o establish a baseline of water quality conditions,” and that it would continue if the

project were approved until “at least one year after completion of construction.” J.A.

                                            29
140. DEQ stated that “[t]he monitoring is intended to provide reasonable assurance that

erosion and sediment control measures are effective” and that “[i]f necessary, changes

will be made to approved erosion and sediment control plans based on conditions

encountered in the field during construction.” J.A. 140.

       During the two-day meeting held by the Board to consider DEQ’s

recommendation, the Board further amended the draft certificate, including adding one

additional condition. The Board approved the certificate as amended, and on December

8, 2017, DEQ issued a final certification (the “December 401 Certification”).         The

certification stated that it “addresses Project activities in upland areas outside of the

Corps jurisdictional areas under 33 U.S.C. § 1344 and water withdrawal activities that are

exempt from coverage under the Virginia Water Protection Permit Program Regulation (9

[Va. Admin. Code] § 25-210-10, et seq.).” 10 J.A. 48. The certification declared that

“[t]he additional conditions contained in . . . this Certification along with the

requirements imposed by the VWP regulation, the Corps Section 404 permitting

requirements, and prior regulatory actions associated with the approval and requirements


       10
             The certificate continued:

       In the manner and to the extent described herein, this includes all proposed
       upland activities associated with the construction, operation, maintenance,
       and repair of the pipeline, any components thereof or appurtenances
       thereto, and related access roads and rights-of-way as well as certain
       project-related surface water withdrawals. This Certification covers all
       relevant upland Project activities within the route identified in the
       Environmental Impact Statement.

J.A. 48.

                                           30
of the June 2017 Annual Standards and Specifications, and the April 7, 2017 Section 401

Water Quality Certification of the Corps Nationwide Permit 12 provide reasonable

assurance that water quality standards will not be violated.” J.A. 53.

E.     Petitions For Review and Subsequent Events

       On December 8, 2017, and December 18, 2017, separate petitions for review were

filed by various entities challenging the December 401 Certification. Both petitions

named the Board, the Board’s members, DEQ, DEQ’s Director, and DEQ’s Director of

its Water Permitting Division as respondents (“Respondents”).            We subsequently

consolidated the petitions and granted MVP’s motion to intervene.

       On December 26, 2017, the Corps’ Norfolk District verified that MVP could rely

on NWP 12 for its stream crossings. FERC began issuing notices to proceed with

construction on January 22, 2018.

                                            III.

       As noted earlier, section 717r of the NGA provides appellate jurisdiction over a

state administrative agency’s grant of a Section 401 certificate, in “[t]he United States

Court of Appeals for the circuit in which a facility subject to [15 U.S.C. §717f] is

proposed to be constructed, expanded, or operated.” 15 U.S.C. § 717r(d)(1). And it is

undisputed here that the Project is subject to 15 U.S.C. § 717f.            Nevertheless,

Respondents and MVP both argue that Petitioners lack standing to litigate this petition

for review. We disagree.

       Article III   gives federal courts jurisdiction only over           “[c]ases” and

“[c]ontroversies.”   U.S. Const. art. III, § 2, cl. 1.     “One essential aspect of this

                                            31
requirement is that any person invoking the power of a federal court must demonstrate

standing to do so.” Hollingsworth v. Perry, 570 U.S. 693, 704 (2013). To establish

Article III standing, Petitioners must allege that (1) they suffered an actual or threatened

injury that is concrete, particularized, and not conjectural; (2) the injury is fairly traceable

to the challenged conduct; and (3) the injury is likely to be redressed by a favorable court

decision. See Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1547-48 (2016).

       Petitioners are individuals and other entities who allege the construction of the

pipeline would cause them (or their members) injuries related to their various interests in

the affected waters. Although Respondents and MVP do not dispute that Petitioners

sufficiently allege that they will be harmed by construction of the Project, they

nevertheless contend that Petitioners cannot establish any of the three standing prongs.

Respondents and MVP contend it was FERC’s granting of its permit that caused any

injuries that Petitioners are suffering insofar as it was FERC’s permit that allowed the

Project to proceed. MVP also argues that even were Petitioners to prevail on the merits

and we were to vacate the December 401 Certificate and remand for further proceedings,

Petitioners would need to clear several additional hurdles to eventually obtain the

ultimate relief that they seek, namely, more stringent certificate conditions or complete

discontinuation of the Project.

       The standing principles that control here are those we applied in Townes v. Jarvis,

577 F.3d 543, 547 (4th Cir. 2009). In that case, the Virginia Parole Board found prisoner

Townes ineligible for discretionary parole pursuant to a three-strikes statute. See id. at

545-46. After he was denied state habeas relief, he filed a federal habeas petition,

                                              32
claiming that the parole-ineligibility determination violated his due process and equal

protection rights. See id. at 546. The district court dismissed the petition. See id. We

granted a certificate of appealability on both claims. See id. A threshold question in the

appeal was whether Townes’s case was mooted by his release from prison on mandatory

parole while his appeal was pending. We concluded that the case was not moot because

each standing element remained satisfied. See id. at 546-49.

      We concluded that Townes properly asserted injury-in-fact insofar as the parole-

ineligibility decision cost him the opportunity to receive a shorter period of parole. See

id. at 547. We reasoned that were he found to be eligible for parole, he would receive a

discretionary parole hearing, which would be the opportunity for a shorter parole period.

See id. Because it was the parole board’s parole-ineligibility decision that deprived

Townes of a discretionary hearing, we concluded his injury was fairly traceable to the

parole-ineligibility decision. See id. Furthermore, Towne’s lost-opportunity injury was

redressable insofar as a favorable decision on the merits could result in him receiving a

discretionary parole hearing. See id.

       We noted that to establish redressability, Townes did not need to show that his

obtaining a discretionary parole hearing would likely result in a shortened parole period.

See id. We explained,

       In some cases, like the one at hand, a plaintiff will seek immediate relief
       from a federal court as a necessary antecedent to the ultimate relief he seeks
       from a different entity, like an administrative agency. In these situations, to
       meet the redressability prong, a party must demonstrate that a favorable
       decision from the federal court likely would provide him immediate relief,
       but need not demonstrate that it likely would provide him the ultimate,
       discretionary relief sought from the agency.

                                             33
Id. (emphasis in original) (citing FEC v. Akins, 524 U.S. 11, 25 (1998)). We explained

that “to require a showing of likelihood of ultimate relief in this situation would involve

courts in the speculative (if not impossible) task of predicting how an agency will

exercise its discretion.” Id. at 548. Still, we noted that the prospect of the plaintiff’s

achieving the ultimate relief he seeks is not altogether irrelevant to the issue of

redressability: “[I]f no realistic possibility exists that a plaintiff can obtain the ultimate

relief,” then he cannot show redressability. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

       The facts of the present case are closely analogous to those of Townes. As in

Townes, Petitioners challenge what they claim is an improper administrative decision that

they had hoped and expected would yield a more favorable result. Also as in Townes,

they seek “immediate relief from a federal court as a necessary antecedent to the ultimate

relief [they] seek[] from a different entity, like an administrative agency.” Id. at 547

(emphasis in original). We therefore analyze the standing issue here applying the same

principles we used in Townes.

       Applying these principles, we conclude Petitioners have standing. Just as the

board’s parole-ineligibility decision ended Townes’s opportunity to receive a

discretionary parole hearing (and the shorter parole period he would have hoped to

receive from that hearing), the December 401 Certification ended Petitioners’ opportunity

to have more stringent requirements imposed (or the Project vetoed entirely). Thus, like

Townes, Petitioners have properly asserted injury-in-fact fairly traceable to the decision

they challenge. And also like Townes, were Petitioners to prevail on the merits of their

claims in federal court, the court could immediately undo the administrative decision that

                                             34
caused their injury. As was true in Townes, analyzing redressability does not require us

to predict whether, if we rule for Petitioners on the merits, they will eventually obtain the

ultimate relief that they seek. 11     Rather, to show redressability, they need only

demonstrate a “realistic possibility” that they will obtain that ultimate relief. Id. at 548

(internal quotation marks omitted).

       As MVP points out, in order to obtain the relief Petitioners ultimately seek –

tighter restrictions or a complete discontinuation of the Project – Petitioners would need

to clear several hurdles even after prevailing on the merits before us. At the very least,

they would need the State Agencies to decide on remand not to elect to waive any further

review. See 33 U.S.C. § 1341(a). Then they would need the State Agencies to decide to

deny reissuance of the 401 certification or at least to impose stricter conditions. And as

MVP points out, even if the State Agencies decided to take that course, FERC

theoretically could resist their efforts by arguing, for example, that it is too late in the




       11
               Citing Doe v. Virginia Department of State Police, 713 F.3d 745, 755 (4th
Cir. 2013), MVP suggests that to show redressability, Petitioners must show it is likely
they would obtain their ultimate relief should we rule for them on the merits of their
petition. But Doe does not apply here. In Doe we explicitly concluded that the
redressability rule of Townes did not apply because the plaintiff did not meet the criteria
for applying the rule, namely she was not “seek[ing] immediate relief from a federal
court as a necessary antecedent to the ultimate relief [s]he seeks from a different entity,
like an administrative agency.” 713 F.3d at 756 n.7 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Because Petitioners here are seeking such relief, they are entitled to the benefit of the
Townes rule and thus do not need to show they will likely eventually obtain the ultimate
relief in order to show redressability.




                                             35
process for the State Agencies to make such a decision or that further restrictions would

be preempted.

       In our view, however, none of these potentialities are sufficient to negate the

“realistic possibility” that if Petitioners prevailed on the merits of this petition, they

would obtain at least more stringent requirements on remand. Petitioners argue that

FERC would be legally required to add any conditions requested by the State Agencies

on remand or to honor a decision by the State Agencies to deny 401 re-certification. But

even assuming Petitioners are incorrect, and FERC had some discretion on the subject,

there is good reason to believe FERC would be amenable to the State Agencies’ attempts

to re-issue its 401 certification with more stringent restrictions.    FERC’s certificate

plainly gave the OEP Director discretion to stop construction or to impose additional

conditions for protection of the environment. 12 And, FERC has general authority to issue

supplemental orders in any event. See 18 C.F.R. § 153.11 (FERC “may make, at any

time subsequent to the original order of authorization, after opportunity for hearing, such

supplemental orders implementing its authority under section 3 of the Natural Gas Act as

it may find necessary or appropriate.”).

       If the State Agencies determined on remand that additional conditions would be

needed to give them reasonable assurance that their water quality would be protected,

they would have strong arguments to make that FERC could not, or at least should not,

       12
            Moreover, Virginia’s certificate expressly recognized that it could be
revoked, even though judicial vacatur was not specifically referenced as a basis for
revocation.


                                            36
stand in their way. It is undisputed, after all, that so long as the state does not waive the

right to participate, a state’s grant of a Section 401 certificate is a precondition for

FERC’s ability to issue its certificate.      See 33 U.S.C. § 1341(a)(1) (providing that

applicant for a FERC permit “shall provide” FERC with a Section 401 Certificate, and

“[n]o license or permit shall be granted until the certification required by this section has

been obtained or has been waived”); see also 33 U.S.C. § 1341(d) (“Any [Section 401]

certification . . . shall become a condition on any Federal license or permit subject to the

provisions of this section.” (emphasis added)); American Rivers, Inc. v. FERC, 129 F.3d

99, 107 (2d Cir. 1997) (explaining that Section 401’s language “leav[es] little room for

FERC to argue that it has authority to reject state conditions it finds to be ultra vires”).

       MVP is no doubt correct that, were FERC inclined to resist the State Agencies’

efforts, it would have colorable arguments it could assert as well. And for that reason, we

cannot say with certainty how FERC would react. Fortunately, however, it is not our role

to engage “in the speculative (if not impossible) task of predicting how an agency will

exercise its discretion.” Townes, 577 F.3d at 548. Rather, it is sufficient for us to

conclude, as we do here, that there is at least a realistic possibility that the State Agencies

would successfully impose more restrictive conditions (or deny re-certification) were we

to vacate the December 401 Certification. We therefore determine that the possibility

Petitioners could prevail on the petition before us and yet still not obtain the relief they

ultimately seek does not preclude them from showing redressability. Rather, we hold that

Petitioners have demonstrated standing to assert the claims contained in their petition for

review, and it is to those claims that we now turn.

                                              37
                                            IV.

                                            A.

       We review Virginia’s Section 401 certification under the arbitrary-and-

capriciousness standard. 13 See AES Sparrows Point LNG, LLC, 589 F.3d at 733. “[T]he

scope of our review under [that] standard is narrow and highly deferential.”            Id.

“Especially in matters involving not just simple findings of fact but complex predictions

based on special expertise, ‘a reviewing court must generally be at its most deferential.’”

Ohio Valley Envtl. Coal., 556 F.3d at 192 (quoting Baltimore Gas & Elec. Co. v. NRDC,

462 U.S. 87, 103 (1983)).

              In determining whether agency action was arbitrary or capricious,
       the court must consider whether the agency considered the relevant factors
       and whether a clear error of judgment was made. Although this inquiry
       into the facts is to be searching and careful, the ultimate standard of review
       is a narrow one. The court is not empowered to substitute its judgment for
       that of the agency. Deference is due where the agency has examined the
       relevant data and provided an explanation of its decision that includes a
       rational connection between the facts found and the choice made.

Id. at 192 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

                                             B.


       13
              Petitioners argue for application of this standard. And Respondents
acknowledge that “courts reviewing challenges under Section 401 – including this Court
– have often looked to the APA [Administrative Procedure Act, see 5 U.S.C.
§ 706(2)(A)]” and applied the arbitrary-and-capricious standard of review. Respondents’
brief at 27. Nevertheless, they question whether this approach is correct given that the
APA “does not cover state agencies.” Delaware Riverkeeper Network v. Secretary of Pa.
Dep’t of Envtl. Prot., 870 F.3d 171, 179 n.8 (3d Cir. 2017); see 5 U.S.C. § 701(b)(1).
They suggest that Virginia law should supply the standard, which they maintain would
require application of the substantial-evidence standard of review. We need not resolve
this issue, however, because Petitioners’ claims fail even under their preferred standard.

                                            38
       Petitioners argue, for two reasons, that the State Agencies acted arbitrarily and

capriciously in issuing the December 401 Certificate.

                                            1.

       First, they contend that DEQ did not have a sufficient basis to find reasonable

assurance that the types of measures, restrictions, and programs in place to prevent excess

sediment from entering state waters would be effective to satisfy the requirements of

Virginia’s antidegradation policy. We disagree.

       The construction of the Project was exactly that, a large construction project, and

the State Agencies very reasonably undertook to protect their waters with the “tried and

true” methods developed for just this purpose.           Indeed, MVP’s Standards and

Specifications incorporate the very same substantive protections as are contained in the

Virginia Construction General Permit. The State Agencies justifiably drew confidence in

these protections from the EPA’s judgment regarding the effectiveness of these same

protections in preventing construction from negatively impacting water quality. And a

Richmond Circuit Court concluded as well that the Virginia Construction General Permit

was sufficient to prevent any negative impacts on water quality. See Order, Kelble v.

Commonwealth, Case No. CL14-762, at 4-5 (Richmond Cir. Ct. Apr. 10, 2017).

       Petitioners nonetheless contend, for several reasons, that the State Agencies acted

arbitrarily in relying on the EPA’s judgment regarding the general effectiveness of these

protections. They argue, for example, that interstate gas pipelines “can have significantly

greater impacts than the smaller projects authorized by EPA’s General Permit.”

Petitioners’ Reply brief at 19. But Petitioners do not suggest any reason why it was

                                            39
arbitrary for the State Agencies to assume that those same methods used for years to

prevent large construction projects from harming water quality would not continue to be

effective on an even larger scale.

       Petitioners also argue that the federal General Permit has an element that is not

present with regard to the Project here because, “[u]nlike the NPDES program, the

[VESC] Law under which the [AS&S] are approved does not mandate compliance with

water quality standards.” Petitioners’ Reply brief at 19-20. However, while MVP’s

Standards and Specifications do not directly incorporate Virginia’s water quality

standards, the December 401 Certification incorporates MVP’s water-quality monitoring

plan. That plan in turn requires MVP to promptly report any sampling results “that

exceed the applicable water quality criteria,” so that DEQ and MVP can quickly engage

in consultation and make appropriate adjustments. J.A. 92. As DEQ explained to the

Board, it is of course true that Section 401 certifications are “inherently predictive in

nature.” J.A. 103 n.4, 125. See Port of Seattle v. Pollution Control Hearings Bd., 90

P.3d 659, 679 (Wash. 2004) (“[A] finding of ‘reasonable assurance’ is predictive in

nature.”). Cf. Ohio Valley Envtl. Coal. v. Bulen, 429 F.3d 493, 501 (4th Cir. 2005)

(noting in context of section 404 that “it is impossible for the Corps’ ex ante

determinations of minimal impact to be anything more than reasoned predictions”).

Nonetheless, it was reasonable for the State Agencies to conclude that DEQ, like the

EPA, would be able to use the tools at its disposal to adjust to any unexpected

contingencies that may lead to a short-term exceedance. We note that § 1341(d) plainly

contemplates a state requiring water monitoring as a basis for its reasonable assurance

                                           40
certification. See 33 U.S.C. § 1341(d) (“Any certification provided under this section

shall set forth any . . . monitoring requirements necessary to assure that any applicant for

a Federal license or permit will comply with any applicable . . . limitations . . . and with

any other appropriate requirement of State law set forth in such certification.”). We see

no reason why reliance on such monitoring would be arbitrary or capricious. See Port of

Seattle, 90 P.3d at 678. 14

       In their opening brief, Petitioners argue that even quick adjustments by DEQ to

minor exceedances would necessarily be insufficient to “maintain[] and protect[]” Tier 2

water quality, as Virginia’s antidegradation policy requires. 9 Va. Admin. Code 25-260-

30(A)(2). Petitioners argue that allowing any additional discharge of sediment to Tier 2

waters, no matter how small in quantity or temporary in duration the exceedance is,

would violate DEQ’s duty to “maintain[] and protect[]” water quality in these waters. Id.

       As Respondents and MVP both noted in their response briefs, however, the State

Agencies do not construe their antidegradation policy so rigidly. Rather, they take the

       14
               For similar reasons, we conclude it was not arbitrary for the State Agencies
to issue the December 401 Certificate before the site-specific erosion and stormwater
management plans were finalized. Just as the existence of the plan to monitor water
quality during construction was an important part of its reasonable assurance even though
construction had not yet begun, the requirement that DEQ approve the site-specific plans
was important even though the plans had not been finalized. See Port of Seattle v.
Pollution Control Hearings Bd., 90 P.3d 659, 677 (Wash. 2004) (holding regulators did
not act arbitrarily or capriciously by basing reasonable assurance “on future submissions
of revised plans, reports, and studies, so long as their implementation and anticipated
outcome meet the reasonable assurance test”). Although the significance of both of these
protections depended upon DEQ’s future responses to future events, we do not believe it
was arbitrary for the State Agencies to trust that DEQ officials would respond
appropriately.


                                            41
view that they can still “maintain[] and protect[]” water quality despite momentary

exceedances so long as they can quickly detect such exceedances and promptly respond

with appropriate changes in to prevent any significant degradation. See Va. Dep’t of

Envtl. Quality, Guidance Memo No. 00-2011, Guidance on Preparing VPDES Permit

Limits (Aug. 24, 2000), at 9 (“Since the quality of tier 2 waters is better than required by

standards, no significant degradation of the existing quality will be allowed.” (emphasis

added)). We defer to the agencies’ reasonable construction of their own regulations. See

Delaware Riverkeeper Network v. Secretary of Pa. Dep’t of Envtl. Prot., 870 F.3d 171,

181 (3d Cir. 2017); Clark v. Alexander, 85 F.3d 146, 152 (4th Cir. 1996).              And

Petitioners do not challenge the reasonableness of DEQ’s construction here.             Cf.

Petitioners’ Reply brief at 17-18 (acknowledging DEQ’s construction).

       Certainly, it must be anticipated with large construction projects, that unexpected

problems will arise, leading at least to minor, short-term issues. Were Virginia’s policy

interpreted as rigidly as Petitioners suggest, no project affecting Tier 2 waters could ever

be approved without an economic/social development need analysis. See 9 Va. Admin.

Code § 25-260-30(A)(2) (providing that the quality of Tier 2 waters “shall be maintained

and protected unless the board finds . . . that allowing lower water quality is necessary to

accommodate important economic or social development in the area in which the waters




                                            42
are located”). Especially given this reality, we find nothing unreasonable in DEQ’s

interpretation of the policy. 15

       Petitioners also maintain that the State Agencies acted arbitrarily by relying on

EPA’s judgment regarding the general effectiveness of the type of protections in place for

the Project rather than taking a more site-specific approach. Petitioners point to evidence

in the record supporting their view that the protections in place here would not be

effective in preventing construction impacts from lowering water quality given the

specific characteristics of the Project, particularly the steep topography of the land at

issue. 16 But we conclude that the State Agencies’ approach appropriately blended site-

specific and non-site specific analyses. The December 401 Certification incorporates a

Landslide Mitigation Plan. For example, as DEQ explained in its response to public

comments to its draft certification,



       15
               Respondents also point out that Tier 3 waters receive the “highest level of
protection,” 63 Fed. Reg. 36742-01, at 36786 (July 7, 1998), and even in those waters,
“[a]ctivities causing temporary sources of pollution may be allowed . . . even if
degradation may be expected to temporarily occur provided that after a minimal period of
time the waters are returned or restored to conditions equal to or better than those existing
just prior to the temporary source of pollution.”        9 Va. Admin. Code § 25-260-
30(A)(3)(b)(3).
       16
              For example, they point to one particular study that concluded that
sedimentation at one crossing affected by the Project would increase by 1,536 percent
during construction even with best management practices and would permanently
increase sedimentation by 15% even after reclamation and revegetation. They also cite
several analyses from a hydrologist who concludes that MVP’s best management
practices would not in fact be sufficient to prevent significant adverse impacts to the
state’s water quality. And they point to evidence that other pipelines built in less
challenging terrain that have caused substantial water quality impacts.

                                             43
      Plan development included field observations for these sites including:
      slope characteristics, GPS mapping of observed slides, slumps, rockfalls,
      scarp locations, the presence of geotropically affected trees, drainage
      features, and gullying. The Plan includes mitigation strategies such as
      excavation and/or regarding of upgradient head soils, dewatering, rock
      embedment as well as construction operations including buttressing and
      reinforced soil slope.

      Landslide mitigation also will depend on the installation of appropriate
      drainage and erosion control measures during construction and proper
      right-of-way reclamation. Certain site-specific measures have already been
      identified for certain high risk areas and others will be applied as field
      conditions indicate the need.

J.A. 138.

      Moreover, DEQ has emphasized that it “traditionally rel[ies] on the technical

studies and analysis of the EPA” because DEQ lacks the money or manpower to do the

“in-depth analyses” that the EPA does. J.A. 305. While it is always true that government

agencies could undertake analysis that is more in-depth and more specific to a particular

project, we do not believe the State Agencies acted arbitrarily in placing significant

reliance on the effectiveness of its “tried and true” methods here.      In making this

judgment, we cannot ignore the fact that the State Agencies vigorously participated at

every stage of the decision-making process and did not issue their final 401 certificate

until they had added all of the protections that they concluded were needed to give them

reasonable assurance that state water quality would be protected. This is exactly how the

system was designed to work.

      At its essence, Petitioners’ position is that, having chosen to participate in the

process, Virginia was foreclosed from placing significant reliance on the judgment of

federal agencies regarding the general effectiveness of the types of protections in place

                                           44
here and was limited in the types of evidence on which it could base its reasonable-

assurance certification. We see no reason why Virginia should be so hamstrung. And we

see no purpose we would serve by stepping in and second-guessing the analytical

methods Virginia deemed appropriate to provide it with reasonable assurance that its

water quality would be protected.

                                           2.

      Petitioners (and amicus Chesapeake Bay Foundation) also challenge the State

Agencies’ decision to analyze the impacts from activities covered by NWP 12 separately

from the impacts from upland activities related to construction.        In light of this

segmentation, Petitioners maintain that issuance of the December 401 Certification was

arbitrary and capricious because the State Agencies “fail[ed] to consider the combined

effect of the upland activities and the stream and wetland crossings.”       Petitioners’

Opening brief at 35. We disagree.

      We note initially that the petition for review here challenges only the December

401 Certification.   There is thus no argument before us that the State Agencies

improperly limited the scope of their April 401 Certification to the impact of activities

covered by NWP 12. What we do consider today is Petitioners’ argument that the State

Agencies erred by not including the impact of activities covered by NWP 12 within the

scope of their supplemental 401 process.

      We find this criticism to be unfounded. Contrary to Petitioners’ suggestion, DEQ

“did not review the Project’s potential upland impacts in a vacuum.” MVP’s brief at 51.

Rather, DEQ “fully integrated [its earlier] analysis into its review of upland impacts.”

                                           45
MVP’s brief at 50. Indeed, DEQ explained in its “Basis for Certification” that it was its

intention that the April 401 Certification for the activities covered by NWP 12 and the

additional proposed 401 certification “together would constitute the Commonwealth of

Virginia’s 401 Certification for the MVP Project.” 17 J.A. 103 (emphasis in original).

DEQ’s analysis in the supplemental process included consideration of the impacts the

activities covered by NWP 12 were expected to have. Thus, although the December 401

Certification “addresse[d] only activities in upland areas,” J.A. 48, and determined that

there was reasonable assurance that allowing these activities would not reduce water

quality, DEQ made this determination with full awareness and consideration of the fact

that the NWP 12-covered activities would also be occurring. And in the end, DEQ made

clear that it was only “[t]he additional conditions contained in Section V of the draft

certification along with the requirements imposed by the VWP regulation, the Corps

Section 404 permitting requirements, and prior regulatory actions associated with the

approval and requirements of the June 2017 [Annual Standards and Specifications],” that

“provide[d] reasonable assurance that water quality standards will not be violated.” J.A.

113 (emphasis added). Finally, as we have discussed, a significant basis for the State

Agencies’ reasonable-assurance certification was the existence of monitoring


      17
              The April 2017 Certification concerned only “activities permitted under the
Corps’ NWP program.” J.A. 452. As the Board was considering whether to approve the
issuance of a Section 401 certification for upland activities, several Board members made
clear that they wanted to ensure that the language of that certificate would not foreclose
the Board from participating in any future Section 401 process if the Corps decided to
issue individual permits as opposed to relying entirely on coverage under NWP 12.


                                           46
requirements that would allow DEQ to make prompt adjustments if samples revealed

exceedances of pre-construction sedimentation levels. In this way, the monitoring plan

protected against any degradation of water quality from the Project, without regard to

what particular activities (or combination of activities) was the cause.   For all of these

reasons, we conclude that the State Agencies’ segmented approach to the December 401

Certification, even if unorthodox, was not arbitrary and capricious.

                                            V.

       In sum, because we conclude that the State Agencies did not act arbitrarily and

capriciously in issuing the December 401 Certification, we deny the petition for review.

                                                       PETITION FOR REVIEW DENIED




                                            47
