                     In the Missouri Court of Appeals
                             Eastern District
                                        DIVISION ONE

STATE OF MISSOURI,                           )      No. ED102013
                                             )
       Respondent,                           )      Appeal from the Circuit Court
                                             )      of St. Louis County
                                             )      13SL-CR10246
vs.                                          )
                                             )
PHIL ATKINS                                  )      Honorable Mary B. Schroeder
                                             )      Honorable Dennis Smith
       Defendant,                            )
                                             )
and,                                         )
                                             )
BRUCE TEMEN BAIL BONDS                       )
                                             )
       Appellant.                            )      FILED: September 22, 2015


                                           OPINION

       In this consolidated appeal, Bruce Temen Bail Bonds (Surety) appeals from the trial

court’s entry of default judgment on a bond forfeiture and from the final judgment denying

Surety’s motion to set aside the default judgment. We reverse and remand.

                              Factual and Procedural Background

       In October 2013, the State charged Philip Atkins (Atkins) with two counts of felony

possession of a controlled substance, namely heroin and cocaine, in violation of Section
195.202 1. The trial court set Atkins’ bond for conditional release at $10,000. Atkins, as

principal, and Surety, as surety, posted the bond. However, Atkins failed to appear at his

scheduled preliminary hearing, so the court issued a warrant for Atkins’ arrest.

         The State subsequently filed its motion requesting the court to enter judgment against

Surety for the amount of the bond (motion for bond forfeiture). The court scheduled a hearing

on the motion for bond forfeiture. At the hearing, Surety entered its appearance though counsel

and requested the court to allow Surety 60 days to apprehend and surrender Atkins. On August

1, 2014, Judge Shroeder denied Surety’s request and entered a default judgment against Surety in

the amount of the bond. In its order of default judgment, the court stated that both Atkins and

Surety had failed to appear even though Surety’s attorney had appeared on behalf of Surety and

had entered a written entry of appearance.

         On August 10, 2014, ten days following the entry of default judgment, Surety

apprehended Atkins and surrendered him to the St. Louis County Department of Justice Services.

Surety thereafter filed its motion to set aside the default judgment on the grounds that Surety had

made a continuing diligent effort to locate and surrender Atkins as quickly as possible; thus,

Surety had shown good cause for setting aside the default judgment and that it was no longer

equitable for the default judgment to remain in force. Following a hearing in which Surety

testified, Judge Smith denied Surety’s motion to set aside the default judgment.

         Surety later filed its motion to reconsider the denial of Surety’s motion to set aside the

default judgment, arguing that: (1) Surety’s attorney had appeared on Surety’s behalf at the

initial hearing, had filed a written entry of appearance and had requested an additional 60 days to

apprehend and surrender Atkins; (2) Surety’s request was denied and the default judgment was



1
    All statutory citations are to RSMo 2000, as amended.


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entered; (3) Surety apprehended and surrendered Atkins only 10 days after the entry of default

judgment; and (4) there was no equitable reason not to set aside the default judgment against

Surety because it had surrendered Atkins prior to judgment becoming final, i.e., 30 days

following the entry of the default judgment. Judge Schroeder denied Surety’s motion to

reconsider.

       Surety subsequently filed two notices of appeal: one pertained to the default judgment

and one pertained to the denial of Surety’s motion to set aside the default judgment. This Court

consolidated the appeals in this case.

                                            Discussion

       Surety presents four points on appeal.

       In its first point, Surety claims the trial court erred in entering a default judgment on the

bond forfeiture because Surety was not in default. In its Brief, however, Surety concedes and

withdraws its first point concerning the default judgment because direct appeal of a default

judgment is not permitted. Leonard v. Leonard, 112 S.W.3d 30, 37 (Mo. App. W.D. 2003).

       In its remaining points, Surety claims the trial court erred in denying Surety’s motion to

set aside the default judgment because Surety made an adequate showing of good cause for the

trial court to grant the motion and presented sufficient evidence that it was no longer equitable

for the default judgment to remain in force. Surety argues that it appeared by counsel and filed a

written entry of appearance on the date the default judgment was entered. Surety further argues

that it located, apprehended, and surrendered Atkins to the St. Louis County Department of

Justice Services within days of the default judgment and before the default judgment became

final. Surety requests this Court to reverse the trial court’s judgment denying the motion to set




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aside the default judgment and remand with instructions to the trial court to set aside the bond

forfeiture.

        In response, the State has filed its Memorandum Confessing the Appeal, which states:

        Comes now Respondent, and states that it is confessing the Appeal without argument.

Thus, as we understand it, the State concedes that the trial court erred in denying Surety’s motion

to set aside the default judgment and that remand for the setting aside of the bond forfeiture is

appropriate.

        “A motion to set aside a judgment is governed by the sound discretion of the trial court.”

State v. Michael R. Thomas Bail Bond Co., 367 S.W.3d 632, 633 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012). This

Court will affirm an order denying a motion to set aside a judgment unless there is no substantial

evidence to support it, it is against the weight of the evidence, or it erroneously declares or

applies the law. Thomas Bail Bond Co., 367 S.W.3d at 633-34 (quotation omitted).

        Under Missouri law, the bailor at any time before final judgment against him upon a

forfeited recognizance, may surrender his principal in open court or to the sheriff; and upon the

payment of all costs occasioned by the forfeiture, and all costs that may accrue at the term to

which the prisoner was recognized to appear, may thereupon be discharged from any further

liability upon the recognizance. Section 544.610; see also Rule 33.13.

        Missouri Supreme Court Rule 33.14 provides, in relevant part:

                 If there is a breach of a condition of a bond, the court in which the
        criminal case is pending may declare a forfeiture of the bond. The court may
        direct that a forfeiture be set aside, upon such conditions as the court may impose,
        if it appears that justice does not require the enforcement of the forfeiture. When
        a forfeiture has not been set aside, the court shall on motion enter a judgment of
        default and execution may issue thereon.

        “The distinction between bond forfeiture and judgment on the forfeiture is a long

observed one under Missouri law.” Yount, 813 S.W.2d at 87 (quotation omitted). The court’s



                                                  4
mere noting of the forfeiture is not the final determination of the liability of the defendant and his

surety; rather, it is the preliminary step to the issuance of the judgment on the forfeiture. Id.

       Bond forfeiture is a two-step process. First, the court enters an order of forfeiture when

the bond is breached. Thomas Bail Bond Co. at 634. Breach of the bond occurs when the

defendant fails to report in court as required and the court enters that fact of record. Id.; State v.

Yount, 813 S.W.2d 85, 87 (Mo. App. E.D. 1991). Second, after the breach of the bond, the court

must give notice to the parties and allow the surety an opportunity to show good cause why

judgment should not be entered on the forfeiture. Thomas Bail Bond Co., 367 S.W.3d at 634;

Yount, 813 S.W.2d at 87. “It has long been recognized that an action to enforce a forfeiture on a

bond is in the nature of a civil action.” Yount, 813 S.W.2d at 87 (quotation omitted). Therefore,

the trial court under Rule 75.01, retains control over the forfeiture for 30 days and may vacate,

reopen, correct, amend, or modify the forfeiture within that time upon a showing of good cause.

Id. Where a surety brings a defendant’s surrender and incarceration to the attention of the court

within 30 days after it entered its judgment, unless appeal is taken or the court is otherwise

deprived of jurisdiction earlier, the court has the authority to modify its earlier judgment and set

aside a portion of the forfeiture. State v. Goodrich, 12 S.W.3d 770, 776, fn.2 (Mo. App. W.D.

2000). However, where the court completes the bond forfeiture process by entering a final

judgment of bond forfeiture before the principal is apprehended, the bailor is obligated to satisfy

the judgment. Thomas Bail Bond Co., 367 S.W.3d at 634.

       Here, we view the entry of default judgment as the first step in the forfeiture process in

this case. The “default judgment” should have been denominated an “order of forfeiture.” See

Thomas Bail Bond Co. at 634. During the second step of the process, Surety was allowed an

opportunity at a hearing to show cause why final judgment should not be entered on the




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forfeiture. Surety testified that it had appeared through counsel before the court on August 1,

2014, and had requested an additional 60 days to locate Atkins. Surety testified that the court

denied its request for additional time; nevertheless, Surety expended resources and contacted

several law enforcement agencies in an effort to find Atkins. Surety testified that it apprehended

Atkins on August 10, 2014, and surrendered him to the St. Louis County Department of Justice

Services. Consequently, as the State concedes, the trial court erred and abused its discretion in

denying Surety’s motion to set aside the default judgment given that Surety presented sufficient

evidence that it located, apprehended, and surrendered Atkins within 30 days of the trial court’s

entry of the forfeiture and before the entry of final judgment of forfeiture. Surety’s first, second,

and third points on appeal are granted.

                                            Conclusion

       Appeal granted. The case is reversed and remanded to the trial court with instructions to

vacate the default judgment and for entry of judgment consistent with these findings.




                                               ____________________________



Robert G. Dowd, Jr., Presiding Judge and Roy L. Richter, Judge, concur.




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