      TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                        NO. 03-01-00480-CV



     Mickey Stowers d/b/a Stowers Air Craft and Aircraft Structures, Inc., Appellants

                                                   v.

       Leon Roberts, Individually, and as Independent Administrator of the Estate of
             Kevin Phillip Roberts, Deceased, and Patricia Roberts, Appellees



                 FROM THE PROBATE COURT NO. 1 OF TRAVIS COUNTY
                NO. 72,302A, HONORABLE GUY HERMAN, JUDGE PRESIDING



                This is an interlocutory, accelerated appeal from the trial court’s denial of special

appearances.     Mickey Stowers d/b/a Stowers Air Craft, an Oklahoma resident and sole

proprietorship, and Aircraft Structures, Inc., an Oklahoma corporation, appeal following the trial

court’s denial of their special appearances. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 51.014(a)(7)

(West Supp. 2002); Tex. R. Civ. P. 120a. The sole appellate issue is whether Texas courts can assert

personal jurisdiction over the nonresident appellants. We reverse the trial court’s order denying the

special appearances.


                                             Background

                In April 1999, Kevin Roberts died when the Cessna airplane he was flying crashed in

Oklahoma. Leon and Patricia Roberts, Kevin’s parents, in conjunction with probating Kevin’s estate,

filed a wrongful death action and alleged strict product liability claims and various negligence claims

against all prior owners of the airplane as well as all entities they were aware of that performed repairs
on the airplane. Mickey Stowers d/b/a Stowers Air Craft was among the defendants that had

previously owned the airplane and had performed repairs on it. Aircraft Structures, Inc., an

Oklahoma corporation created in 1991 by Mickey Stowers, was also named as a defendant in the suit.

                The appellants filed special appearances, arguing that their contacts with Texas did

not permit the trial court to exercise personal jurisdiction over them. Specifically, appellants

contended that they were not subject to the jurisdiction of Texas courts because they have not had

sufficient minimum contacts with Texas. See Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 471-72

(1985) (citing International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1947)). Additionally, they

contended that the trial court’s order offended the traditional notions of fair play and substantial

justice. Asahi Metal Indus. Co. v. Superior Court, 480 U.S. 102, 113 (1987).

                Mickey Stowers filed an affidavit supporting both parties’ special appearances.

According to his affidavit, since 1978, he has been in the business of purchasing damaged aircraft,

repairing them and then reselling them. In 1982, Stowers d/b/a Stowers Air Craft purchased the

Cessna airplane at issue from someplace other than Texas. At the time of purchase, the airplane was

damaged. Stowers repaired the plane and, in 1984, sold it to a buyer on the east coast. After selling

the plane, Stowers was unaware of the plane’s whereabouts until nineteen years later when he was

named as a defendant in the underlying lawsuit. Stowers stated that his ownership, repair and sale

of the airplane did not involve any contacts with Texas. Further, he stated that neither he nor Aircraft

Structures, Inc. had any significant contacts with Texas.

                Later, during a deposition, Stowers stated that he visited Texas once in the last nine

years but only on behalf of Aircraft Structures, Inc. to purchase an airplane part in Dallas.

Additionally, he stated that Aircraft Structures, Inc. had on five previous occasions performed

                                                   2
airplane repairs in Oklahoma for a single Texas corporate client within the year. He stated that

Aircraft Structures, Inc. placed advertisements in “Trade-A-Plane” magazine, a publication with a

national circulation that includes Texas. Since 1978, Stowers stated that he has sold as many as five

airplanes in one year and as few as zero planes in a year. He could not recall selling any airplanes to

Texas residents. Additionally, he stated that it is his standard business practice to destroy all business

records over two years old.

                Stowers then filed a second affidavit and acknowledged the contacts he referred to

in his deposition. Additionally, Stowers stated that it was “possible” that he may have done business

in Texas in 1982 through 1984 while he was a sole proprietor, but he could not recall anything. He

also stated that “he didn’t think” he had sold any airplanes to Texas residents but then stated that he

had “sold a lot of a airplanes in [his] lifetime.” He also stated that neither he, his family, nor his

company have property, bank accounts, or any other contacts with Texas.

                The Robertses responded to the special appearance and contended that Texas courts

could exercise personal jurisdiction over Stowers and Aircraft Structures, Inc. based on Stowers’s

statements in his second affidavit and his deposition. Following a hearing, at which no additional

evidence was offered, the trial court denied appellants’ special appearances. Additionally, the trial

court declined the appellants’ request to make findings of fact and conclusions of law.1




   1
     A trial court need not, but may—within thirty days after the interlocutory order is signed—file
findings of fact and conclusions of law. Tex. R. App. P. 28.1.

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                                             Discussion

Personal Jurisdiction

               A Texas court may exercise jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant if the Texas

long-arm statute authorizes the exercise of jurisdiction and the exercise of jurisdiction comports with

due process. Guardian Royal Exch. Assurance, Ltd. v. English China Clays, P.L.C., 815 S.W.2d

223, 226 (Tex. 1991); see Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 17.042 (West 1997). The broad

language of the Texas long-arm statute permits an expansive reach, limited only by the federal

constitutional requirements of due process. Schlobohm v. Schapiro, 784 S.W.2d 355, 357 (Tex.

1990). As a result, we consider only whether it is consistent with federal due process for Texas

courts to assert personal jurisdiction over Aircraft Structures, Inc. and Stowers. Guardian Royal,

815 S.W.2d at 226.

               The federal due process clause protects a person’s liberty interest in not being subject

to binding judgments of a forum with which that person has established no meaningful contacts, ties,

or relations. Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 471-72 (citing International Shoe Co., 326 U.S. at

319). Under the federal constitutional test of due process, a state may assert personal jurisdiction

over a nonresident defendant only if the defendant has purposefully established minimum contacts

with the forum state and the exercise of jurisdiction comports with traditional notions of fair play and

substantial justice. Id. at 476; CSR Ltd. v. Link, 925 S.W.2d 591, 594 (Tex 1996).


Minimum Contacts

                The test for minimum contacts is whether Stowers d/b/a Stowers Air Craft and

Aircraft Structures, Inc. purposefully availed themselves of the privilege of conducting activities in


                                                   4
Texas, thereby invoking the benefit and protection of Texas laws. See Schlobohm, 784 S.W.2d at

357-58. This requirement ensures that a nonresident defendant will be “haled” into court only as a

result of intentional activities, so that it is reasonable for the nonresident defendant to expect the call

of a Texas court. Guardian Royal, 815 S.W.2d at 226; Schlobohm, 784 S.W.2d at 357-58.

                The minimum contacts analysis has been refined into two types of

jurisdiction—specific and general jurisdiction. Specific jurisdiction exists when the cause of action

arises out of or relates directly to the nonresident defendant’s contacts with the forum state.

Guardian Royal, 815 S.W.2d at 230. In such an instance, the defendant’s specific activities must

have been purposefully directed toward the forum state. Id. at 228. Under specific jurisdiction, the

minimum contacts analysis focuses on the relationships among the defendant, the forum, and the

subject of the litigation. Id. Under the general jurisdiction analysis, when the cause of action does

not arise from or relate directly to activities conducted within the forum state, the defendant’s

contacts with the forum state must be continuous and systematic. Id. Contacts with the forum state

that are random, fortuitous, or attenuated are insufficient to support jurisdiction. CSR, Ltd., 925

S.W.2d at 594. For general jurisdiction, the minimum contacts analysis is more demanding and

requires a showing of substantial activities within the forum state. Schlobohm, 784 S.W.2d at 357.

                The parties agree that appellants had no contacts or activities directed at Texas that

related to the airplane at issue and that appellants’ contacts with Texas were not the type that would

support minimum contacts based on specific jurisdiction. Consequently, at issue is only whether

appellants’ contacts and activities directed at Texas were the type that would support minimum

contacts based on general jurisdiction. The issue in this appeal, therefore, is not whether appellants

have had any contacts with Texas; rather, the issue is whether their contacts rise to a level of

                                                    5
continuous and systematic contacts sufficient to permit a Texas court to exercise general jurisdiction

over them. See Guardian Royal, 815 S.W.2d at 230.

                The inquiry for determining whether minimum contacts exist to establish general

jurisdiction “demands . . . that all contacts be carefully investigated, compiled, sorted, and analyzed

for proof of a pattern of continuing and systematic activity.” Michel v. Rocket Eng’g Corp., 45

S.W.3d 658, 680 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, no pet.) (quoting Schlobohm, 784 S.W.2d at 359).

The focus of our inquiry must be on the nature and quality of the defendant’s contacts rather than

only on the sheer number of contacts. Id. (citing Guardian Royal, 815 S.W.2d at 230 n.11); see also

Helicopteros Nacionales de Columbia v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 413-14 (1984) (despite defendant’s

many contacts with forum state, these contacts were inadequate to constitute continuing and

systematic contacts).


Challenging Personal Jurisdiction

                Defendants who challenge a court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction through a special

appearance carry the burden of negating all bases for personal jurisdiction. Kawasaki Steel Corp. v.

Middleton, 699 S.W.2d 199, 203 (Tex. 1985); Siskind v. Villa Found. for Educ., Inc., 642 S.W.2d

434, 438 (Tex. 1982); Nikolai v. Strate, 922 S.W.2d 229, 236 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1996, writ

denied); Hayes v. Wissel, 882 S.W.2d 97, 99 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1994, no writ). The court in

deciding a special appearance motion shall consider the pleadings, any stipulations made by and

between the parties, affidavits and attachments filed by the parties, the results of discovery processes,

and any oral testimony presented at the hearing. Tex. R. Civ. P. 120a(3). In challenging the trial

court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over them, Stowers and Aircraft Structures, Inc. bore the


                                                   6
burden to prove that they did not have the necessary minimum contacts required to establish general

jurisdiction, that is, their activities directed toward and their contacts with Texas were not substantial

or of a continuous and systematic nature.


Standard of Review

                The existence of personal jurisdiction is a question of law, but proper exercise of that

jurisdiction must sometimes be preceded by the resolution of underlying factual disputes. We

determine the appropriateness of the trial court’s resolution of any factual disputes by an ordinary

sufficiency of the evidence review based on the entire record. Conner v. ContiCarriers & Terminals,

Inc., 944 S.W.2d 405, 411 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, no writ). If the trial court’s

order is based on undisputed or otherwise established facts, we conduct a de novo review of the

order. Id.

                In this instance, there are no disputed fact issues. Stowers’s two affidavits and a

portion of his deposition provide the only evidence regarding personal jurisdiction and there is no

challenge to the evidence submitted. The parties simply disagree about whether, based on the

evidence submitted, the court could exercise general jurisdiction over the nonresident appellants. We

will evaluate each appellant separately and determine whether either party successfully negated

general jurisdiction.


Aircraft Structures, Inc.

                Evidence of Aircraft Structures, Inc.’s activities and contacts with Texas include the

following: (1) Stowers traveled to Texas on behalf of Aircraft Structures, Inc. once within the last

nine years to purchase a part for an airplane unrelated to this litigation; (2) Aircraft Structures, Inc.

                                                    7
performed repair work in Oklahoma for an unrelated Texas company based in Dallas on five

occasions in the past year; and (3) Aircraft Structures, Inc. placed advertisements in “Trade-A-Plane”

magazine, a publication with a national circulation that includes Texas and did not advertise in any

other trade publications. Other than these contacts, Stowers stated that “Aircraft Structures, Inc. has

done no other business in the State of Texas” and has no “property, bank accounts or other contacts

in the State of Texas.”

               The Robertses contend that these contacts are sufficient to establish general

jurisdiction while Aircraft Structures, Inc. contends they are not. In reviewing the trial court’s

decision de novo, we must determine whether these activities and contacts, individually or when

considered as a whole, constitute “continuing and systematic” activities and contacts with Texas that

rose to the level of “substantial” contacts and created a business presence within Texas to support

general jurisdiction over Aircraft Structures, Inc. Michel, 45 S.W.3d at 672 (citing Fish v. Tandy

Corp., 948 S.W.2d 886, 891 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1997, writ denied); Hotel Partners v. Craig,

993 S.W.2d 116, 120 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1994, writ denied); Hotel Partners v. KPMG Peat

Marwick, 847 S.W.2d 630, 632 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1993, writ denied)).

               Routine sales and other profit-making activities in another state may subject a

corporation to general jurisdiction in that State. See World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444

U.S. 286, 297 (1980). The Robertses cite General Electric Company v. Brown & Ross International

Distributors, Inc., 804 S.W.2d 527, 530 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1990, writ denied), and

argue that Aircraft Structures, Inc.’s Texas-client contact is sufficient for general jurisdiction. In

General Electric, the nonresident defendant, Brown & Ross, had twenty Texas customers and was

engaged in “substantial” sales of counterfeit General Electric parts in Texas. Additionally, after

                                                  8
Brown & Ross set up an agent in Texas, it changed its letterhead to reflect Houston as one of its

business locations. Id. at 531. Also, Brown & Ross’s agent in Texas told many Texas companies

that Brown & Ross was distributing genuine General Electric parts. Id. at 532. The General Electric

court held that Brown & Ross had conducted substantial activities in Texas and its tortious acts—the

distribution of counterfeit General Electric parts and the subject of the lawsuit—were directly

targeted at Texas. Id.

               There is no allegation in the pleadings that Aircraft Structures, Inc. or its employees

during their employment committed any tortious acts in Texas. Stowers’s one trip to Texas on behalf

of Aircraft Structures, Inc., along with five repairs for one Texas client performed in Oklahoma, are

in stark contrast to Brown & Ross’s contacts and alleged deceptive activities targeted directly at

Texas. The acts of Aircraft Structures, Inc. in sending a representative to Texas to buy an airplane

part and having one client in Texas does not show that Aircraft Structures, Inc. purposefully availed

itself of the privileges of conducting business in Texas. See Schlobohm, 784 S.W.2d at 359. These

acts do not exhibit continuous and systematic contacts necessary for general, personal jurisdiction.

See Helicopteros, 466 U.S. at 408; Reyes v. Marine Drilling Co., 944 S.W.2d 401, 404-05 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, no writ) (Delaware corporation’s purchase of $183 million in

goods from 471 Texas vendors, and selling $851,511.88 worth of material to Texas companies were

not continuous and systematic contacts that warranted general jurisdiction over nonresident

defendant); cf. World-Wide Volkswagen, 444 U.S. at 297.

               Moreover, the existence of a contract between a nonresident defendant and a Texas

party does not by itself establish personal jurisdiction over the nonresident. See TeleVentures, Inc.

v. International Game Tech., 12 S.W.3d 900, 909 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, pet. denied). In

                                                 9
TeleVentures, the nonresident defendant executed letters of intent with the Texas plaintiff and had

numerous communications with entities in Texas, but these were not the type of continuous and

systematic contacts necessary for the court to exercise specific personal jurisdiction over the

nonresident defendant. Id. Consequently, it follows that Aircraft Structures, Inc.’s one customer for

whom the company performed five repairs in Oklahoma and made one trip to Texas to purchase a

part did not constitute continuous and systematic contacts for general jurisdiction.

                Finally, the Robertses contend that Aircraft Structures, Inc.’s advertisements in the

nationally circulated trade publication “Trade-A-Plane,” which was sold in Texas, constituted

continuous and systematic contacts that established general jurisdiction. We disagree. Advertising

in national media, as contrasted with state or local publications directed specifically at Texas

residents, is not evidence of systematic and continuous activities purposefully directed at Texas to

establish general jurisdiction. See Michel, 45 S.W.3d at 673 (citing Hayes, 882 S.W.2d at 98). We

hold that Aircraft Structures, Inc.’s advertisements in the nationally circulated trade publication

Trade-A-Plane was not an activity purposefully directed at Texas.

                Considering all of Aircraft Structures, Inc.’s activities and contacts with Texas in light

of the well-established principles for invoking general jurisdiction, we hold that Aircraft Structures,

Inc. negated the bases for general jurisdiction by establishing that its contacts with Texas were neither

continuous and systematic nor substantial as required for the trial court to exercise personal

jurisdiction.


Mickey Stowers d/b/a Stowers Air Craft




                                                   10
                Evidence of Mickey Stowers’s activities and contacts with Texas include the

following: (1) Stowers traveled to Texas on behalf of Aircraft Structures, Inc. once within the last

nine years to purchase a part for an airplane and (2) it is possible that Stowers traveled to Texas to

pick up wreckage, sent payment to Texas, and had repair customers in Texas, but he has no

recollection of this and there are no records from which he could recall because he destroys all

business records older than two years. In his second affidavit, Stowers stated that “during the time

[he] was a sole proprietor, [he] did not recall a single instance in which [he] did business in the State

of Texas or went to Texas for a business purpose, [he did] not recall a single customer in the State

of Texas, and [he did] not recall doing any business of any kind with Texas residents.”

                The Robertses contend that any alleged contacts with Texas by Stowers as an agent

of Aircraft Structures, Inc. can be construed for purposes of personal jurisdiction as contacts of

Stowers individually. In support of this contention, the Robertses cite the recent cases of Pessina v.

Rosson, No. 03-01-00204-CV, 2001 Tex. App. LEXIS 7631, at *8-9 (Tex. App.—Austin Nov. 15,

2001, no. pet. h.) (to be published), and Shapolsky v. Brewton, 56 S.W.3d 120, ___, 2001 Tex. App.

LEXIS 4329, at *24 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] June 28, 2001, no pet. h.) (to be published).

Further, they state that their contention necessarily follows from the general rule in Texas that

corporate agents are individually liable for tortious acts committed while in service to their

corporation. While we agree with the general rule, it has no application in the case before us. Unlike

in the Pessina and Shapolsky cases, Stowers’s alleged bad acts did not occur while he was serving

as a corporate agent for Aircraft Structures, Inc. Additionally, there is no allegation of fraud or any

allegation that Aircraft Structures, Inc. is Stowers’s alter ego. Absent these types of allegations, acts

taken by Stowers as an agent for Aircraft Structures, Inc. cannot be imputed to him individually. See

                                                   11
Cadle v. Graubart, 990 S.W.2d 469, 472 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1999, no pet.); Vosko v. Chase

Manhattan Bank, N.A., 909 S.W.2d 95, 99-100 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1995, writ

denied). In this case, any alleged contacts between Aircraft Structures, Inc. and Texas cannot be used

as a basis for asserting personal jurisdiction over Stowers.

                Finally, the Robertses contend that because Stowers stated in his deposition it was

“possible” that in the past twenty-five years he had gone to Texas to pick up airplane wreckage and

had possibly done so on more than one occasion, possibly delivered payment to Texas, and possibly

at some prior time had other repair customers located in Texas, this showed that Stowers

purposefully directed his business activities toward Texas and therefore he did not negate all bases

for general jurisdiction. We find no basis in law for the Robertses’ inference that Stowers’s statement

that he possibly had other contacts with Texas meant that he purposefully directed his business

toward Texas and we decline to draw such an inference from his deposition testimony. Additionally,

we note that while the record indeed reflects that Stowers stated he had “possibly” in the past twenty-

five years had other contacts with the State of Texas, he followed up these statements by stating that

he does not recall going to Texas to look at any other parts or aircraft other than the one trip in 1991

on behalf of Aircraft Structures, Inc., he never had any planes delivered to him by third parties from

Texas, when he sells planes he receives payment in Oklahoma, he does not take his planes outside

Oklahoma to show them, and he thought that he had never sold a plane to a Texas resident. We hold

that Stowers’s statements regarding possible contacts do not lead to the inference that he indeed had

substantial, continuous and systematic contacts with Texas necessary for general jurisdiction.

               When considering all of Mickey Stowers’s activities and contacts with Texas in light

of the well-established principles for invoking general jurisdiction, we hold that Stowers negated the

                                                  12
bases for general jurisdiction by establishing that his contacts with Texas were neither continuous and

systematic nor substantial as required for the trial court to exercise personal jurisdiction.


                                             Conclusion

                We sustain appellants’ first issue. Because we have determined that Stowers d/b/a

Stowers Air Craft and Aircraft Structures, Inc. negated the bases for general jurisdiction, we need

not address their remaining contention that to find Texas courts have personal jurisdiction over them

would offend the traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. Because appellants negated

the bases for general jurisdiction, the trial court’s order denying appellants’ special appearances is

reversed and the cause is remanded to the trial court with instructions to dismiss the claims for lack

of personal jurisdiction.




                                               Jan P. Patterson, Justice

Before Justices Kidd, Yeakel and Patterson

Reversed and Remanded

Filed: December 20, 2001

Do Not Publish




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