                     United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                     ___________

                                     No. 09-1950
                                     ___________

United States of America,                 *
                                          *
             Plaintiff – Appellee,        *
                                          *   Appeal from the United States
      v.                                  *   District Court for the
                                          *   Southern District of Iowa
Jacob Benjamin Estey,                     *
                                          *
             Defendant – Appellant.       *

                                     ___________

                             Submitted: January 14, 2010
                                Filed: February 19, 2010
                                 ___________

Before MURPHY and BYE, Circuit Judges, and GOLDBERG,1 Judge.
                                     ___________

GOLDBERG, Judge.

      Defendant-Appellant Jacob Estey (“Estey” or “defendant”) was convicted of
one count of receipt of visual depictions of minors engaging in sexually explicit
conduct, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2), and one count of possession of visual
depictions of minors engaging in sexually explicit conduct, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 2252(a)(4)(B). He was sentenced to 210 months imprisonment. On appeal, Estey

      1
       The Honorable Richard W. Goldberg, Judge, United States Court of
International Trade, sitting by designation.
argues the district court2 erred in declining his motions to suppress, and abused its
discretion in denying his motion for a new trial. He also contests the sentence
imposed. We affirm.

                                    I. Background

       A computer crime investigation unit in Spain informed the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (“FBI”) of computer IP addresses in the United States that were sharing
child pornography using eDonkey and eMule peer-to-peer file-sharing software. One
of the addresses matched the Des Moines residence of Estey. FBI Special Agent
David Larson (“Larson”) was assigned to work the suspected child pornography
investigation in Des Moines. Larson obtained and executed a search warrant of
Estey’s residence.

       During questioning, Estey admitted to FBI agents that he had copied programs
containing child pornography onto disks when he disposed of his brother’s computer
and loaded the contents of the disks onto his own computer. Larson testified that
Estey also admitted to going online and using the file-sharing software to collect child
pornography. Images were found in the shared folder of the file-sharing software,
allowing others to access the images on the internet. Photographs on Estey’s
computer corresponded to images discovered by the Spanish investigation unit. Hard
drives and computer disks seized during the search of the residence revealed images
of child pornography.




      2
        The Honorable James E. Gritzner, United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Iowa.

                                          -2-
                                   II. Discussion

        A. The district court did not err in denying the motions to suppress.

      Estey moved to suppress evidence on two grounds. First, he argued that his
confession was elicited in violation of the Fifth Amendment; and, second, that the
probable cause for the search warrant for his residence was stale, in violation of the
Fourth Amendment. The district court did not err in denying both motions to
suppress.

       Estey contends that his confession was involuntary because it was obtained by
a promise of leniency from law enforcement officers. Whether a confession was
voluntary is a question of law subject to de novo review, but factual findings
underlying a district court’s decision are reviewed under a clearly erroneous standard.
United States v. Kilgore, 58 F.3d 350, 353 (8th Cir. 1995). “The test for determining
the voluntariness of a confession is whether the police extracted the confession by
threats, violence, or direct or implied promises, such that the defendant's will was
overborne and his capacity for self-determination critically impaired.” United States
v. Gannon, 531 F.3d 657, 661 (8th Cir. 2008) (internal quotations omitted). Courts
examine the totality of the circumstances in making this assessment. Id.

       The record indicates that Estey’s interview, including his confession, was
voluntary. FBI agents appropriately advised Estey of his rights prior to a noncustodial
interview. Estey was told that he did not have to speak with the FBI if he chose not
to do so, that he had the right to refuse to answer all or any particular question, and
that he was free to leave. The practice of agents providing such advice is a proper
method to ensure that a noncustodial interview is not misinterpreted as a custodial
interrogation and to avoid Miranda problems. See United States v. Bordeaux, 400
F.3d 548, 559-60 (8th Cir. 2005).



                                         -3-
       Estey’s claim appears based on the notion that he misunderstood the assurance
of FBI agents that he was not under arrest at that time, nor would he be under arrest
at the end of the interview, to be an offer of total immunity. However, these
statements were clearly not a promise of total immunity nor were they an assurance
precluding future prosecution. In fact, during the interview, Estey asked the FBI how
much prison time he could expect to serve, indicating that he did not understand the
statement as a promise of total immunity. Estey does not cite to any other conduct,
expressed or implied, suggesting his will was overborne and he was coerced to
confess. In short, the totality of the circumstances do not indicate that Estey’s will
was overborne by the conduct of the law enforcement agents. Therefore, the district
court properly denied the motion to suppress the confession.

        Estey also challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress
evidence seized during the search of his residence. In a suppression hearing, the
district court ruled that the five-month delay prior to executing the warrant did not
render the warrant invalid. The district court based its ruling on prior court decisions
and FBI testimony explaining that child pornographers commonly retain pornography
for a lengthy period of time. As further justification for its decision, the court added
that individuals in a one-story house are unlikely to either move or replace computers
within such a short span; there was, therefore, only a minuscule possibility that no
illicit images would be found on the computer. On appeal, Estey argues that the
district court erred because the search warrant was based on stale information and
therefore lacked probable cause. “We examine the factual findings underlying the
district court's denial of the motion to suppress for clear error and review de novo the
ultimate question of whether the Fourth Amendment has been violated.” United
States v. Williams, 577 F.3d 878, 880 (8th Cir. 2009), citing United States v. Walsh,
299 F.3d 729, 730 (8th Cir. 2002).

      Probable cause for a warrant search “exists if there is a fair probability that
contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.” United States
v. Hartje, 251 F.3d 771, 774 (8th Cir. 2001). “A warrant becomes stale if the

                                          -4-
information supporting is not sufficiently close in time to the issuance of the warrant
and the subsequent search conducted so that probable cause can be said to exist as of
the time of the search.” United States v. Brewer, 588 F.3d 1165, 1173 (8th Cir. 2008 ) (internal
quotations omitted). “There is no bright-line test for determining when information
is stale…time factors must be examined in the context of a specific case and the nature
of the crime under investigation.” United States v. Summage, 481 F.3d 1075, 1078
(8th Cir. 2007). The factors in determining whether probable cause has dissipated,
rendering the warrant fatally stale, “include the lapse of time since the warrant was
issued, the nature of the criminal activity, and the kind of property subject to the
search.” United States v. Gibson, 123 F.3d 1121, 1124 (8th Cir. 1997).


       We agree with the district court’s determination that the information in the
search warrant was not stale. While Estey is correct to note there are outer limits to
the use of such evidence, this case involves a search warrant issued five months after
discovering information linking the defendant’s residence with child pornography.
This Court, and others, have held that evidence developed within several months of
an application for a search warrant for a child pornography collection and related
evidence is not stale. See, e.g., United States v. Horn, 187 F.3d 781, 786-787 (8th Cir
1999) (warrant not stale three or four months after child pornography information was
developed); United States v. Davis, 313 Fed. Appx. 672, 674, (4th Cir. 2009) (holding
that information a year old is not stale as a matter of law in child pornography cases);
United States v. Hay, 231 F.3d 630, 636 (9th Cir. 2000) (warrant not stale for child
pornography based on six-month old information); United States v. Lacy, 119 F.3d
742, 745-46 (9th Cir. 1997) (warrant upheld for child pornography based on ten
month old information). Furthermore, in denying Estey’s motion, the district court
noted that this Court has acknowledged similar observations to the FBI agent’s
statements about the habits of child pornography collectors. See United States v.
Chrobak, 289 F.3d 1043, 1046 (8th Cir. 2002). Meanwhile, Estey does not offer
evidence contrary to the FBI statements regarding the habits of child pornography
collectors. Given the circumstances of the case and the nature of the crime, the

                                              -5-
execution of the warrant five months after the development of the information did not
render the warrant deficient in any respect based on stale information. Estey’s motion
to suppress was properly denied.

 B. The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Estey’s motion for a
                                      new trial.

        Estey also contests the district court’s denial of his motion for a new trial.
Estey’s motion relates to the conduct of a juror during voir dire. The juror in question
was a frequent contributor to the website ratemybody.com. The website positions
itself as a dating website and allows people to rate people’s attractiveness. It does not
mention or allude to pornography or obscenity. The website contains a public bulletin
board where members can discuss a variety of topics of general interest.

       To obtain a new trial due to juror dishonesty during voir dire, “a party must first
demonstrate that a juror failed to answer honestly a material question on voir dire and
then further show that a correct response would have provided a valid basis for
challenge for cause.” McDonough Power Equip., Inc. v. Greenwood, 464 U.S. 548,
556, 104 S. Ct. 845 (1984). Under this standard, “only those reasons that affect a
juror’s impartiality can truly be said to affect the fairness of a trial.” Id. Estey’s
argument that the district court abused its discretion in denying his motion for a new
trial because a juror lied about a material matter during voir dire is unpersuasive.

        Estey fails to establish that the juror at issue answered a question dishonestly.
During voir dire, the defendant’s counsel asked the venire jury panel the following:
“[a]nybody here ever written [sic] a letter to the editor, anybody else or called into a
radio program or made a public speech or anything on any subject related to
this?...Does anybody belong to any groups that have a position on this type of subject
matter?” The district court correctly found that there was no evidence that the juror
answered dishonestly since there is no evidence that the juror ever wrote publicly
about child pornography or obscenity or that he belonged to a group with a position

                                           -6-
on this subject matter. In essence, Estey is accusing the juror of lying in response to
a question that was not asked. Estey attempts to frame the subject as the exchange of
materials of a sexual nature on the internet. However, Estey’s charges clearly relate
to child pornography, not the exchange of materials of a sexual nature, which is not
a federal crime. In fact, there is no indication that the juror wrote or exchanged
materials of a sexual nature. Furthermore, a defendant is not entitled to a new trial
when any problem with a juror’s answer during voir dire was caused by the poor
quality of the question asked. See United States v. Williams, 77 F.3d 1098, 1100-01
(8th Cir. 1996). Thus, had Estey’s counsel intended to ask broader questions about
sexuality in general, the counsel could have done so.

       Nor has Estey established that the juror was motivated by actual partiality. See
United States v. Tucker, 137 F.3d 1016, 1029 (8th Cir. 1998) (to challenge a juror for
cause, a party must show actual partiality growing out of the nature and circumstances
of the specific case). The juror’s contributions to the website do not establish bias and
nothing in the record establishes that the juror had any impressions or opinions
impacting his ability to be impartial. See Moran v. Clarke, 443 F.3d 646, 650-51 (8th
Cir. 2006) (“Essentially, to fail this standard, a juror must profess his inability to be
impartial and resist any attempt to rehabilitate his position.”).

       Estey fails to prove that the juror’s contributions to the website, if known,
would have supported striking him for cause. See Tucker, 137 F.3d at 1029. Here,
the juror made comments on the bulletin board of the website after the petit jury was
empaneled but before the jury verdict. The juror stated that he had jury duty for a
federal case. The juror did not post comments about the substance of the trial until
after the verdict. The juror’s failure to disclose his website postings during the trial
do not amount to concealing a material fact. Immaterial statements by a juror about
the trial, such as about scheduling, are neither prohibited nor prejudicial. United
States v. Tucker, 243 F.3d 499, 510 (8th Cir. 2001). While Estey argues that the juror
may have spoken privately with forum members about the trial, there is no evidence
of this, and the allegation is purely speculative. See United States v. Whiting, 538
                                          -7-
F.2d 220, 223 (8th Cir. 1976) (“Where an attack is made upon the integrity of the trial
by reason of alleged misconduct on the part of a juror in failing to disclose
information pertinent to the issue of prejudice, the defendant’s burden of proof must
be sustained not as a matter of speculation, but as a demonstrable reality.”).

       Estey cannot show that the juror answered a question dishonestly, that the juror
was motivated by partiality, and that the facts, if known, would have supported
striking the juror for cause. Consequently, the district court did not abuse its
discretion in overruling Estey’s motion for a new trial.

        Estey further argues that the district court should have recused itself from ruling
on his motion for a new trial. Estey’s claim that the presiding judge should have
recused himself pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 455 (b)(1) also relates to the alleged
misconduct by the juror in question. On December 5, 2008, the presiding judge
learned of the juror’s internet activity and spoke with both counsel with the
understanding that a motion would be filed on Estey’s behalf. The following day, the
judge had a dinner party with current staff and former clerks. The judge briefly
mentioned that he had the unusual experience of a juror engaging in an online chat
during and immediately after the trial. No other details were provided. At some
subsequent point, the Court learned that one of the individuals present at that
conversation apparently was a co-worker of the juror. The individual knew that his
co-worker had been a juror in a federal case the prior week. On Monday, December
8, the juror’s online profile and information at ratemybody.com had been deleted. The
judge then sent a letter to both counsel disclosing this information and stating that he
was personally aware of circumstances that may have contributed to the deletion of
online material.

       A district court’s denial of a motion for recusal is reviewed for abuse of
discretion. See, e.g., United States v. Tucker, 82 F.3d 1423, 1425 (8th Cir. 1996);
Pope v. Fed. Express Corp., 974 F.2d 982, 985 (8th Cir. 1992). A federal judge must
recuse himself from a case if he has “a personal bias or prejudice concerning a party,
                                           -8-
or personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts concerning the proceeding.” 28
U.S.C. § 455 (b)(1).

        Estey’s claim that the presiding judge had personal knowledge of disputed
evidentiary facts concerning the proceeding is completely without merit. The central
issue in Estey’s motion, which Estey admits, is the credibility of the juror and whether
the juror belongs to groups dealing with the type of subject matter that was the focus
of the trial. Nothing in the record suggests that the judge had any personal knowledge
about the juror’s affiliation with groups involved with pornography or obscenity nor
does the record indicate any knowledge by the court about the juror ever expressing
public opinions on this subject matter.

        Although Estey does not suggest the district court acted improperly, he claims
the judge inadvertently became a material witness because the judge was the only
person with knowledge that the defendant’s counsel had communicated the basis of
the motion for a new trial to the court. The judge then mentioned the basis of the
motion for a new trial to a co-worker of the juror in question before defense counsel
had filed the motion. However, the judge never suggested that a post trial motion was
expected nor did he discuss any confidential information. More fundamentally, the
judge did not have any more information about the juror’s acts and opinions than the
information obtained by the parties themselves after reviewing the voir dire questions
and reading the juror’s website postings. The judge took practical steps by disclosing
fully to the parties the rather unusual circumstances that may have contributed to the
deletion of online material. The judge promptly informed the parties that it appeared
that a comment was made to the juror that may have prompted him to delete his online
profile. The judge clearly stated that no confidential information was imparted at the
dinner.

       Nothing in the record establishes that the district court had any insight into the
juror who was the focus of the new trial motion. Since the district court did not have
personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts, the court did not abuse its discretion
in denying the motion to recuse.
                                          -9-
  C. The two-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(3)(F) was properly
                                 applied.

       Estey also objects to the two-level sentencing enhancement imposed by the
district court under U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(3)(F)3 for distributing child pornography.
We review de novo whether the district court correctly interpreted and applied the
sentencing guidelines while district court factual findings are reviewed for clear error.
United States v. Mashek, 406 F.3d 1012, 1016-1017 (8th Cir. 2005). Application note
1 following § 2G2.2 defines “distribute” as:



             “any act, including possession with intent to distribute,
             production, transmission, advertisement, and transportation,
             related to the transfer of material involving the sexual
             exploitation of a minor. Accordingly, distribution includes
             posting material involving the sexual exploitation of a
             minor on a website for public viewing but does not include
             the mere solicitation of such material by a defendant.”



       At sentencing, the district court relied upon this Court’s decision in United
States v. Griffin, 482 F.3d 1008 (8th Cir. 2007). In Griffin, the Court found that
distribution occurred when a defendant “used a file-sharing network [Kazaa] to
distribute and access child pornography.” Id. at 1013. The defendant’s “use of the
peer-to-peer file-sharing network made the child pornography files in his shared folder
available to be searched and downloaded by other Kazaa users.” Id. at 1012; see also
United States v. Sewell, 457 F.3d 841, 842 (8th Cir. 2006) (by using Kazaa to

      3
        Section 2G2.2(b)(3)(F) applies to “distribution other than distributions
described in subdivisions (A) through (E).” The Government argues that
subdivision (B) is relevant here which provides for a five-level enhancement for
distribution child pornography to another person “for the receipt, or expectation of
receipt, of a thing of value, but not for pecuniary gain. U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(3)(B).
                                           -10-
download images of child pornography, the defendant “made these images available
to be searched and downloaded by other Kazaa users by failing to disable the Kazaa
feature that automatically places the files in a user's My Shared Folder.”).


       Estey’s efforts to distinguish his case from Griffin are unconvincing. Estey
notes that Griffin involved a five-level enhancement for distribution of child
pornography for “the receipt of, expectation of receipt, or thing of value, but not for
pecuniary gain” under U.S.S.G. 2G2.2(b)(3)(B). Estey, meanwhile, was charged with
the catchall two-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(3)(F). However, this
distinction merely suggests that Estey’s use of the filing sharing program could have
amounted to distribution under either of these subparts of U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(3).


       Second, Estey’s argument that he inadvertently shared images with other
network users is undermined by the record. Estey attempts to claim that, unlike
Griffin, where the defendant admitted to knowingly using a file-sharing program,
Estey took steps to disable the file-sharing feature of the program. He argues that
inadvertent file-sharing is not analogous to “posting material” under Application note
1 to U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(3). However, like the defendants in both Griffin and Sewell,
Estey knowingly placed an internet peer-to-peer file-sharing program on his computer,
knew how the program operated, and shared images with other network users.
Distribution under section U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b) occurs where a defendant “downloads
and shares child pornography files via an internet peer-to-peer file-sharing network,
as these networks exist-as the name “file-sharing” suggests-for users to share, swap,
barter, or trade files between one another.” Griffin, 482 F.3d at 1013. The record
indicates Estey collected images from program searches and that other users were able
to receive these images because Estey had child pornography in his file-sharing folder
when the images were discovered by law enforcement authorities. Moreover, Estey
admitted that he would place pictures in the file sharing folder because by sharing
with others, it allowed him to download faster. Therefore, the district court properly
applied the two-level enhancement for distribution under U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(3).

                                         -11-
                           IV. Conclusion


For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
                ______________________________




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