                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


 JULIAN C. WHITE,

    Plaintiff,
                                                           Civil Action No. 11-279 (CKK)
      v.

 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
 JUSTICE,

    Defendant.


                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                    (January 5, 2012)

       Plaintiff Julian C. White seeks documents regarding a criminal case purportedly

prosecuted by the United States Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of New York in 1998.

Plaintiff brought this suit against the United States Department of Justice (“DOJ”) under the

Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552. The parties filed cross motions for

summary judgment.1 Because the Defendant conducted an adequate search for responsive

records, Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment shall be GRANTED, and Plaintiff’s Motion

for Summary Judgment shall be DENIED.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

       A.        Procedural History

       Although not at issue in this case, one of Plaintiff’s previous FOIA requests provides

useful context to suit. In 2007, Plaintiff filed an FOIA request with the FBI seeking records



       1
         Since some of the documents entered on the Court’s Docket are duplicative, for ease of
reference, the Court refers to the following pleadings: [12] Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J., [14] Pl.’s
Opp’n, [16] Def.’s Reply; and [18] Pl.’s Reply.
pertaining to Plaintiff’s missing brother, Moses White III. White Decl. ¶ 3; White v. FBI, Case

No. 1:09-cv-421 (N.D. Ga. Filed Feb. 18, 2009). In response to this request, the FBI produced

redacted records concerning the investigation into Moses White’s disappearance. See Pl.’s Ex.

A. The records indicate Moses White was assisting the FBI New Orleans and New York Field

Divisions with an investigation associated with file number 26B-NY-264824. Id. at 1. The

records further indicate that in early 1998, in connection with that investigation, at least one

defendant was arrested for violating 18 U.S.C. § 2312 (Interstate Transportation of Stolen Motor

Vehicles), and either pled guilty or was convicted. Id. at 1, 2.

       Plaintiff, through counsel, submitted a FOIA request to the Executive Office for United

States Attorneys on June 16, 2010. Def.’s Ex. A. Plaintiff requested “[a]ll court filings from the

federal court criminal case cross referenced as/involving FBI File No. 26B-NY-264824, a case

that was prosecuted by AUSA Dolan M. Garrett (approximate date 1998), and which led to the

defendant’s conviction for violation of 18 U.S.C. 2312 [sic] (Interstate Transportation of Stolen

Motor Vehicles).” Id. at 1. The letter requested all responsive records “in the possession or

control of your office, as well as any responsive records in the possession or control of the U.S.

Attorney [sic] Office for the Eastern District of New York.” Id. The letter did not indicate

whether Mr. White was the “defendant” in the referenced case. See id. The EOUSA received

the request on June 25, 2010 (id.) and notified Mr. White on July 22, 2010 that his request had

been received, the EOUSA had assigned a tracking number to the request, and that the request

would be processed in the order in which it was received (Def.’s Ex. B).

       Having received no further correspondence, Mr. White wrote to the EOUSA on August

19, 2010 asking for “the date by which we can anticipate a final response” to the request. Def.’s


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Ex. C. The EOUSA responded that due to the large number of FOIA requests received, Mr.

White’s request had not yet been processed as of September 16, 2010. Def.’s Ex. D. On

September 29, 2010, the EOUSA issued a response to the request, indicating a search for records

in the United States Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of New York (“USAO”) revealed

no responsive records. Def.’s Ex. E. Mr. White appealed to the DOJ Office of Information

Policy, arguing “there must clearly be some responsive records for [sic] copies of the federal

court criminal action that was identified in this FOIA request.” Def.’s Ex. F. The appeal was

received on October 18, 2010, and denied on December 29, 2010. Def.’s Exs. G, H. Plaintiff

filed suit on January 31, 2011.

       B.      Defendant’s Search for Responsive Records

       On September 13, 2010, Thomas P. Lowenthal, the Paralegal Specialist serving as the

FOIA liaison with the EOUSA assigned to the USAO, received Plaintiff’s FOIA request.

Lowenthal Decl. ¶¶ 1, 5. Mr. Lowenthal used the Legal Information Office Network System

(“LIONS”) to search for documents responsive to Mr. White’s request. Id. at ¶ 7. The LIONS

database tracks civil, criminal, and appellate investigations and cases. Id. The database can be

searched using a variety of criteria, including the USAO staff assigned to the case,

victim/witness names, “scheduled events,” participants, and various numbers associated with the

case or investigation. Def.’s Reply Ex. A. Participant searches allow queries composed of all or

part of the name of a person associated with the case, or a number associated with the

participant, such as their social security number. Id. A search for a participant’s name will

return results for both exact matches and similar sounding names. Lowenthal Decl. ¶ 8. Number

or “case” searches allow the user to search for a matter or case based on “a variety of numbers in


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LIONS associated with the matter or case (Agency File Number, Court Number, Grand Jury

Number, etc),” including the FBI file number. Def.’s Reply Ex. A.

        Mr. Lowenthal, believing the “defendant” in the case referenced in Plaintiff’s request to

be Mr. White, searched for Mr. White’s name in the LIONS database.2 Lowenthal Decl. ¶ 8.

This search did not return any responsive records. Id. Plaintiff did not identify who the

“defendant” might be. The only names provided in the request were Mr. White’s, and the

prosecutor’s. Mr. Lowenthal also performed a search using the FBI file number provided in

Plaintiff’s request. Id. at ¶ 9. This search likewise failed to return any responsive records. Id.

Finally, Mr. Lowenthal searched the EDNY PACER court docket number database for Mr.

White’s name, but did not locate any cases involving the United States Attorney’s Office. Id. at

¶ 10.

                                     II. LEGAL STANDARD

        FOIA cases are typically and appropriately decided on motions for summary judgment.

Miscavige v. IRS, 2 F.3d 366, 368 (11th Cir. 1993); Rushford v. Civiletti, 485 F. Supp. 477, 481

n.13 (D.D.C. 1980). Under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, summary judgment

must be granted when “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on

file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material


        2
          Plaintiff initially took issue with Defendant’s search for responsive documents because
several of the queries assumed Mr. White was the defendant in the case referenced in the request.
Plaintiff vigorously argues that his request “does not ever state, imply, nor in any respect
suggest,” that Mr. White was the defendant in the referenced case. Pl.’s Reply at 10. Defendant
explains in detail why its assumption that Mr. White’s request dealt with a case in which he was
a defendant was reasonable. Def.’s Reply at 2-4. Although the Court is inclined to agree that
Defendant’s interpretation of the request was reasonable, the Court need not reach the issue. As
explained below, Defendant’s search using the FBI file number provided in the request was
adequate.

                                                  4
fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(c); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986). Moreover, summary judgment

is properly granted against a party who “after adequate time for discovery and upon motion . . .

fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s

case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,

477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the court must draw all

justifiable inferences in the nonmoving party’s favor and accept the nonmoving party’s evidence

as true. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 255. A nonmoving party, however, must establish more than

“the mere existence of a scintilla of evidence” in support of its position. Id. at 252.

                                        III. DISCUSSION

       The FOIA requires agencies of the federal government to release records to the public

upon request, unless one of nine statutory exemptions applies. See NLRB v. Sears, Roebuck &

Co., 421 U.S. 132, 136 (1975); 5 U.S.C. § 552(b). In this case, Defendant’s search revealed no

responsive records, thus resolution of the parties’ motions turns entirely on the adequacy of the

agency’s search.3 The adequacy of a search is measured by a standard of reasonableness and

depends on the individual circumstances of each case. Truitt v. Dep’t of State, 897 F.2d 540, 542

(D.C. Cir. 1990). The question is not whether responsive documents may exist, but whether the

search itself was adequate. Steinberg v. Dep’t of Justice, 23 F.3d 548, 551 (D.C. Cir. 1994)

(citations omitted). Before it can obtain summary judgment in a FOIA case, “the agency must


       3
         Plaintiff’s Reply emphasizes that Defendant did not refute Plaintiff’s claim “that
Defendant has unlawfully withheld responsive records, by failing to provide Plaintiff with any
responsive record.” Pl.’s Reply at 1. Plaintiff’s argument is misplaced. At the point Defendant
shows it performed an adequate search that returned no responsive records, Defendant’s failure
to produce “any responsive record” is excused and the statutory exemptions are irrelevant.

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show, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the requester, that . . . it has conducted a

‘search reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents.’” Id. (quoting Weisberg v.

Dep’t of Justice, 745 F.2d 1476, 1485 (D.C. Cir. 1984)). There is no requirement that an agency

search every record system, but the agency must conduct a good faith, reasonable search of those

systems of records likely to possess the requested information. Oglesby v. Dep’t of Army, 920

F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990).

       To establish that an adequate search was conducted, agencies may and often do rely on

affidavits in support of their motions for summary judgment. Weisberg, 745 F.2d at 1485. An

agency’s declarations are accorded “a presumption of good faith, which cannot be rebutted by

purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of other documents.” SafeCard

Servs. Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (internal citation and quotation

omitted). To be sufficiently detailed, the agency’s affidavits must at a minimum describe “what

records were searched, by whom, and through what process.” Steinberg, 23 F.3d at 552.

Plaintiff challenges both the adequacy of the USAO’s affidavit, and the adequacy of the

underlying search itself. None of Plaintiff’s arguments are persuasive, and therefore the

Defendant is entitled to summary judgment.

       A.      Adequacy of Defendant’s Affidavit

       For the first time in his reply in support of his own motion, Plaintiff contests the

sufficiency of the affidavit Defendant submitted to show the adequacy of the agency’s search for

responsive documents. Specifically, Plaintiff argues Mr. Lowenthal’s Declaration fails to

indicate (1) the particular search methodology used; (3) the particular search terms used, and (3)

whether the LIONS system “would be expected to include a listing of the requested court


                                                  6
records” for the relevant time period. Pl.’s Reply at 6. Defendant further claims that Defendant

failed to aver that “all systems of records that are likely to contain responsive materials for this

FOIA request.” Id. at 7.

       Defendant submitted the declaration of Mr. Lowenthal, the USAO’s liaison for FOIA

requests, and performed the searches in response to Plaintiff’s request. Lowenthal Decl. ¶ 1, 5;

see SafeCard, 926 F.2d at 1201 (noting that the individual coordinating the search “is the most

appropriate person to provide a comprehensive affidavit”). Mr. Lowenthal explained that the

LIONS database tracks “civil, criminal, and appellate investigations and cases.” Lowenthal

Decl. ¶ 7. Defendant further explained that the “Case Search” inquiry in LIONS allows users to

search by agency file numbers, including FBI file numbers. Def.’s Reply Exs. B-C. If the FBI

was the investigating agency, the FBI file number should be in the database, and thus any case

relating to a particular FBI file number should be retrieved by a search for the FBI file number.

See id. In relevant part, Mr. Lowenthal’s Declaration indicates he searched for the FBI file

number as provided in the FOIA request, but the search returned no responsive records. Id. at ¶

9. Mr. Lowenthal stated that he was aware of “no other methods of searching which would lead

to locate responsive records.” Lowenthal Decl. ¶ 7.

       Ultimately Plaintiff fails to “offer evidence of circumstances sufficient to overcome an

adequate agency affidavit.” Iturralde v. Comptroller of Currency, 315 F.3d 311, 315 (D.C. Cir.

2003). Plaintiff fails to explain what additional information could be provided, or why it would

be relevant to determining the adequacy of Defendant’s search. Mr. White does not allege the

USAO failed to “search particular offices or files where the document[s] might well have been

found.” Id. Nor does Mr. White argue the USAO failed to interview employees who might have


                                                  7
been helpful in locating the case file in question. See id.; cf. Ancient Coin Collectors Guild v.

U.S. Dep’t of State, 641 F.3d 504, 514-15 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (reversing summary judgment as to

the adequacy of the State Department’s search where agency’s affidavit failed to address the

potential relevance of emails stored on backup tapes, and issue specifically raised by the

plaintiff). Defendant’s affidavit explains what system was searched, the terms used, why it was

likely to contain responsive documents, and that no other search method would reveal responsive

documents. Although the affidavit could in theory be more detailed, that fact alone does not

warrant denying summary judgment in favor of Defendant. See Perry v. Block, 684 F.2d 121,

127 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (“To be sure, the descriptions of the searches could have been more

detailed. . . . The arguable inadequacy of the search descriptions here is, however, no more than

marginal and does not render the grant of summary judgment inappropriate.”). Nor was

Defendant required to search every system of records maintained by the USAO as Plaintiff

suggests when the reference to the criminal case was limited to the FBI file number, the name of

Mr. White, and the name of the prosecutor. Campbell v. U.S. Dept. of Justice, 164 F.3d 20, 28

(D.C. Cir. 1998) (“When a request does not specify the locations in which an agency should

search, the agency has discretion to confine its inquiry to a central filing system if additional

searches are unlikely to produce any marginal return; in other words, the agency generally need

not ‘search every record system.’”) (quoting Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68). Having failed to provide

any evidence to overcome the presumption of good faith afforded to Defendant’s affidavit,

Plaintiff’s challenge to Mr. Lowenthal’s Declaration fails.

       B.      Adequacy of Defendant’s Search

       Plaintiff also contends the USAO’s search itself was deficient because: (1) the USAO


                                                  8
was required to contact the FBI to obtain the relevant docket number; and (2) there must be

records responsive to Plaintiff’s request. Both of Plaintiff’s arguments fail. First, the USAO

was under no obligation to seek out additional information from the FBI in order to process

Plaintiff’s FOIA request. Second, the adequacy of a search is determined by the search

parameters, not the outcome. Thus despite Plaintiff’s speculation that responsive documents

must exist, the Defendant’s search was adequate and Defendant is entitled to summary judgment.

               1.     Obligation to Contact the FBI

       The only specific deficiency Plaintiff has identified in Defendant’s search is to claim that

Defendant should have contacted the FBI to obtain the Court docket number associated with the

FBI file number provided in Plaintiff’s request, and then performed a search using the docket

number. Plaintiff argues the Defendant had “a clear legal duty to follow up on known leads that

are presented in a FOIA request.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 3-4. However, none of the cases relied on by

Plaintiff support requiring the USAO to obtain additional information from other agencies in

order to perform an adequate search for responsive documents in their own record system.

       For this argument, Plaintiff primarily relies on Valencia-Lucena v. U.S. Coast Guard, 180

F.3d 321 (D.C. Cir. 1999). In Valencia, the court found the Coast Guard’s search for records

was inadequate because the agency failed to (1) search the federal records center in Georgia,

which the agency noted likely housed responsive records; and (2) failed to contact the Coast

Guard employee who previously brought certain requested records to the plaintiff’s criminal

trial. Id. at 327-28. However, the Valencia-Lucena court concluded that interviewing the Coast

Guard employee was a necessary step because the Coast Guard had “no responsibility under

FOIA to make inquiries of other law enforcement agencies . . . for documents no longer within


                                                9
its control or possession.” Id. at 328. Contrary to Plaintiff’s assertion, Valencia-Lucena

supports the conclusion that the USAO was under no obligation to seek additional information

from the FBI in order to perform an adequate search in the USAO record system in response to

Plaintiff’s request.

        The Campbell case is also unhelpful to Plaintiff. The court in Campbell concluded that

the FBI was required to search its ELSUR database once the search of the FBI’s central records

system “suggested the existence of documents that it could not locate without expanding the

scope of its search.” 164 F.3d at 28. Similarly, Judge Gladys Kessler in Center for National

Security Studies v. United States Department of Justice, 215 F. Supp. 2d 94 (D.D.C. 2002), held

that the defendant failed to perform an adequate search in part because “the other document

disclosed to [p]laintiffs clearly indicates the existence of earlier relevant documents, none of

which were disclosed.” Id. at 110. Judge Kessler noted that the defendant had an obligation to

search its agency records for the additional responsive information referenced in the documents

uncovered by the agency’s initial search. Id. In this case, the USAO’s initial search revealed no

responsive documents, and therefore did not provide any “leads” for the agency to follow up on.

        In National Resources Defense Council v. United States Department of Defense, 388 F.

Supp. 2d 1086 (C.D. Cal. 2005), the plaintiff sought documents relating to the use of perchlorate

in rocket fuel. Id. at 1090-91. The Department of Defense had designated the Air Force as

responsible for coordinating all DOD efforts regarding perchlorate, but had not made that

information public. Id. at 1102. The Court concluded that the DOD was obligated to either

forward the plaintiff’s FOIA request to the Air Force, or inform the plaintiff that the request

should be resubmitted to the Air Force. Id. The conclusion was based on the fact that the DOD


                                                 10
had information the agency knew the plaintiff did not know, but was necessary to processing

plaintiff’s request. See id. By contrast here, the USAO did not have any information unknown

to Plaintiff that would have re-directed Plaintiff’s search to the proper agency. Rather both the

Plaintiff and the agency lacked additional information other than the FBI file number, the name

of the requestor and the prosecutor, and Plaintiff seeks to place the burden of investigation on the

agency. National Resources provides no support for the notion that the responding agency is

required to request additional information from another agency in order to process a FOIA

request that was directed towards the proper agency.

       In effect, Plaintiff seeks to require the USAO to create a document linking the FBI file

number provided in his request with a Court docket number, and then search for responsive

documents using the Court docket number. Defendant is correct that the agency is under no such

obligation. E.g., Kissinger v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 445 U.S. 136, 152

(1980) (“The Act does not obligate agencies to create or retain documents; it only obligates them

to provide access to those which it in fact has created and retained.”). As Judge Thomas Jackson

noted “[t]he FOIA was not intended to compel agencies to become ad hoc investigators for

requesters whose requests are not compatible with their own information retrieval systems.”

Blakey v. Dep’t of Justice, 549 F. Supp. 362 (D.D.C. 1982). “Rather, the proper inquiry is

whether the Government has made reasonable use of the information readily available to it, and

whether there exist reasonable alternative methods that the Government failed to employ.”

Schrecker v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 349 F.3d 657, 662 (D.C. Cir. 2003). Defendant searched the

only relevant system using the most relevant information provided, and Plaintiff provides no

evidence that “reasonable alternative methods” (besides contacting the FBI) existed. Therefore,


                                                11
Defendant is entitled to summary judgment based on the search performed using the FBI file

number.

               2.      Existence of Responsive Records

       Plaintiff’s final argument is that Defendant’s search must be considered inadequate

because responsive records must exist, but the USAO’s search did not return any responsive

documents. Plaintiff contends that since the documents produced by the FBI refer to a criminal

case relating to the FBI file number provided in the request, the USAO must have the court

filings in that case in its possession. While the Court appreciates the basic logic of Plaintiff’s

contention, “the fact that responsive documents once existed does not mean that they remain in

the [agency’s] custody today or that the [agency] had a duty under FOIA to retain the records.”

Wilbur v. CIA, 355 F.3d 675, 678 (D.C. Cir. 2004). Even where it “strains credulity” to think

that the requested documents do not exist, that alone is not a sufficient basis to “undermine the

determination that the agency conducted an “adequate search for the requested records.” Morley

v. CIA, 508 F.3d 1108, 1120 (D.C. Cir. 2007)(quoting Wilbur, 355 F.3d at 678); e.g., Baker &

Hostetler LLP v. U.S. Dep’t of Commerce, 473 F.3d 312, 318 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (finding the

agency performed an adequate search despite failing to identify any responsive documents from

certain high level officials). “[T]he adequacy of a FOIA search is generally determined not by

the fruits of the search, but by the appropriateness of the methods used to carry out the search.”

Iturralde, 315 F.3d at 315. Given the adequacy of the search analyzed supra, Plaintiff’s

speculation that responsive records must exist does not amount to “countervailing evidence”

sufficient to raise a “substantial doubt” as to the adequacy of the USAO’s search. Id. at 314.




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                                      IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds the Defendant performed an adequate search

for responsive records in responding to Plaintiff’s FOIA request. The affidavit submitted by the

individual who performed the actual search for records in response to Plaintiff’s request provides

adequate detail as to the searches performed, and Plaintiff provided no evidence to overcome the

presumption of good faith the Court accords to Defendant’s affidavit. The Defendant was not

required to seek additional information from the FBI before processing Plaintiff’s request for

documents. Finally, Plaintiff’s speculation that responsive documents must exist, without more,

does not undermine the determination that Defendant’s search was adequate. Having performed

an adequate search for but ultimately finding no responsive documents, Defendant’s Motion for

Summary Judgment is GRANTED, and Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment is DENIED.

       An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

Date: January 5, 2012

                                                          /s/
                                                    COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
                                                    United States District Judge




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