              U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
             C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
                          ________________________

                             No. ACM S32534
                          ________________________

                            UNITED STATES
                                Appellee
                                      v.
                      Kevin S. CHANDLER
             Airman Basic (E-1), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
                          ________________________

        Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
                         Decided 13 January 2020
                          ________________________

Military Judge: Brian D. Teter.
Approved sentence: Bad-conduct discharge, confinement for 5 months,
and forfeiture of $1,000.00 pay per month for 5 months. Sentence ad-
judged 22 March 2018 by SpCM convened at Tinker Air Force Base, Ok-
lahoma.
For Appellant: Major Mark C. Bruegger, USAF.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. Kubler, USAF; Lieutenant
Colonel G. Matt Osborn, USAF; Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before J. JOHNSON, POSCH, and KEY, Appellate Military Judges.
Senior Judge J. JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the court, in which
Judge POSCH joined. Judge KEY filed a separate opinion concurring in
part and dissenting in part and in the result.
                         ________________________

    This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
    precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4.
                         ________________________

J. JOHNSON, Senior Judge:
   A special court-martial composed of a military judge alone convicted Appel-
lant, in accordance with his pleas pursuant to a pretrial agreement (PTA), of
                  United States v. Chandler, No. ACM S32534


two specifications of wrongfully using marijuana, two specifications of wrong-
fully using cocaine, one specification of wrongfully distributing marijuana, and
one specification of wrongfully distributing cocaine, all in violation of Article
112a, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 912a. 1 The mili-
tary judge sentenced Appellant to a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for
five months, and forfeiture of $1,000.00 pay per month for five months. The
convening authority approved the adjudged sentence.
    Appellant raises four issues on appeal: (1) whether the staff judge advo-
cate’s (SJA’s) personal involvement in negotiating the content of the stipula-
tion of fact disqualified him from providing post-trial advice to the convening
authority; (2) whether the military judge abused his discretion by admitting a
deferred plea agreement as evidence of a prior conviction; (3) whether the Gov-
ernment impermissibly failed to disclose information favorable to the Defense;
and (4) whether trial counsel abused her discretion by failing to recognize Ap-
pellant’s substantial assistance to law enforcement. 2 We have carefully consid-
ered issues (3) and (4) and find they warrant neither relief nor further discus-
sion. See United States v. Matias, 25 M.J. 356, 361 (C.M.A. 1987). As to issues
(1) and (2), we find no prejudicial error and we affirm the findings and sen-
tence.

                                  I. BACKGROUND
    Appellant enlisted in the Air Force on 3 November 2015. He arrived at his
first permanent duty station at Andersen Air Force Base (AFB), Guam, on 9
April 2016. In November 2016 Appellant relocated to Tinker AFB, Oklahoma,
for medical reasons.
    While stationed at Tinker AFB, Appellant used controlled substances ex-
tensively, and his illegal drug use was eventually discovered by the Air Force
Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI). AFOSI agents interviewed Appellant
on 13 October 2017. Appellant admitted to the AFOSI that between 8 Novem-
ber 2016 and 13 October 2017 he knowingly and wrongfully used cocaine ap-
proximately 150 times and smoked marijuana approximately 40 times. Urine
samples Appellant provided on 13 and 17 October 2017 tested positive for both
cocaine and marijuana metabolites. In addition, between 8 November 2016 and
13 October 2017, on separate occasions Appellant distributed marijuana to two
civilian acquaintances in exchange for money. During the same time frame

1 All references in this opinion to the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) and
Rules for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) are to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States
(2016 ed.).
2Appellant personally asserts issues (3) and (4) pursuant to United States v. Grostefon,
12 M.J. 431 (C.M.A. 1982).


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                     United States v. Chandler, No. ACM S32534


Appellant also twice distributed cocaine to another Airman who was an AFOSI
informant—once by mail without payment, and once in person in exchange for
money.
   After Appellant disclosed his drug abuse to the AFOSI, he began to attend
counseling for his substance abuse. However, at a counseling appointment on
13 February 2018, Appellant reported that he had relapsed. He consented to
provide a urine sample, which again tested positive for the presence of both
cocaine and marijuana metabolites.

                                     II. DISCUSSION
A. SJA Disqualification
      1. Additional Background
    Before trial, negotiations took place regarding a potential PTA. The pro-
spective PTA required Appellant to, inter alia, “[e]nter into a reasonable stip-
ulation of fact with the government.” Initial discussions regarding a potential
stipulation of fact were conducted by the trial counsel and the Appellant’s trial
defense counsel, Captain (Capt) CC. 3 However, on 12 or 13 March 2018, the
SJA, Lieutenant Colonel (Lt Col) AM, spoke with Capt CC by telephone about
the stipulation of fact. Specifically, Lt Col AM expressed that the stipulation of
fact should include Appellant’s admission to the AFOSI that he used cocaine
approximately 150 times. Capt CC was reluctant to agree because stipulating
to 150 uses was unnecessary in order for Appellant to providently plead to
wrongfully using cocaine “on divers occasions,” and because he did not believe
the Government could corroborate more than two or three uses of cocaine dur-
ing the charged time frame. Other than this single telephone call, Lt Col AM
did not directly participate in negotiating the stipulation of fact.
   On 13 March 2018, Appellant and Capt CC signed a PTA offer in which
Appellant did agree to, inter alia, enter a reasonable stipulation of fact. In re-
turn, the convening authority agreed not to approve any sentence to confine-
ment in excess of six months. On 15 March 2018, Lt Col AM signed the offer
and recommended acceptance. On 16 March 2018, the convening authority ac-
cepted and approved the PTA.
    At trial, the Government introduced a stipulation of fact dated 13 March
2018 and signed by trial counsel, assistant trial counsel, Capt CC, and Appel-
lant. With regard to divers use of marijuana and cocaine, the stipulation
stated, inter alia:



3   Maj CC was a captain at the time of Appellant’s trial.


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                 United States v. Chandler, No. ACM S32534


       [B]etween on or about 8 November 2016 and on or about 17 Oc-
       tober 2017, [Appellant] used marijuana approximately 40 times
       by smoking it. The Air Force may not have evidence to corrobo-
       rate all of the 40 uses individually, but [Appellant] wants to ad-
       mit what he did and take accountability for those uses. . . .
       ....
       . . . [B]etween on or about 8 November 2016 and on or about 17
       October 2017, [Appellant] used cocaine on approximately 150
       different occasions. Although the government may not be able to
       corroborate all 150 specific uses [Appellant] admitted to AFOSI,
       [Appellant] agreed to admit to this fact because he believes it is
       the right thing to do. . . .
   In her sentencing argument, assistant trial counsel repeatedly referred to
the stipulated number of times Appellant used marijuana and cocaine.
   After Appellant’s trial, on 8 June 2018, Lt Col AM signed a staff judge ad-
vocate recommendation (SJAR) for the convening authority. In the SJAR,
Lt Col AM opined that the adjudged sentence was appropriate and recom-
mended the convening authority approve it. Copies of the SJAR were served
on Appellant and Capt CC on 8 June 2018.
    The Defense submitted Appellant’s clemency matters on 21 June 2018.
These included, inter alia, a memorandum signed by Capt CC which alleged
multiple legal errors related to Appellant’s trial. Among other errors, Capt CC
asserted Lt Col AM had “disqualified himself from . . . advising the convening
authority on clemency through the staff judge advocate review [sic] (SJAR).”
Capt CC explained, “[d]uring the negotiation of the stipulation of fact, the SJA
personally called defense counsel to discuss specific terms and to argue for the
inclusion of certain aggravating factors.” He continued:
       The negotiation of a stipulation of fact belongs to the role of the
       prosecutor, not of the detached individual that will advise the
       convening authority on post-trial issues. Due to the fact that the
       SJA elected to take on the role of prosecutor in this case, he
       should have been disqualified under Article 6(c), UCMJ, and
       [Rule for Courts-Martial] 1106(b) from participating in post-trial
       review. Defense counsel alerted the legal office of this concern
       through the Chief of Military Justice to allow the prosecution to
       find another person to write the SJAR, but the SJA elected to
       write the SJAR anyway. The SJA’s willingness to call defense
       counsel to negotiate specific provisions of the pretrial agreement
       goes beyond the appropriate involvement of an SJA advising the
       convening authority.


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                  United States v. Chandler, No. ACM S32534


For this alleged error and other reasons, Capt CC requested that the convening
authority release Appellant from confinement immediately and reduce his
term of adjudged forfeitures to match his term of confinement.
    On 2 July 2018, Lt Col AM signed an addendum to the SJAR in which, inter
alia, he repeated his recommendation that the convening authority approve
the findings and adjudged sentence. Lt Col AM advised the convening author-
ity that Capt CC’s complaint regarding Lt Col AM’s involvement in negotiating
the stipulation of fact was “without merit.” Lt Col AM explained that Rule for
Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 705(d)(1) expressly permitted an SJA to initiate PTA
negotiations, and the stipulation of fact that Capt CC referred to was part of
the Defense’s PTA offer. Lt Col AM concluded that apart from that single con-
versation he had no active part in preparing the case, and he had only an offi-
cial interest in the case as the convening authority’s legal advisor. On 6 July
2018, the convening authority approved the adjudged sentence.
    2. Law
    “Whether a staff judge advocate . . . is disqualified from participating in the
post-trial review is a question of law that we review de novo. . . . [T]he defense
‘has the initial burden of making a prima facie case’ for disqualification.”
United States v. Taylor, 60 M.J. 190, 194 (C.A.A.F. 2004) (quoting United
States v. Wansley, 46 M.J. 335, 337 (C.A.A.F. 1997)).
    “Before acting under [10 U.S.C. § 860] on . . . any special court-martial that
includes a bad-conduct discharge, the convening authority . . . shall obtain and
consider the written recommendation of his staff judge advocate or legal of-
ficer.” 10 U.S.C. § 860(e); 4 see also R.C.M. 1106 (requiring SJA to prepare writ-
ten SJAR for convening authority prior to action on, inter alia, a special court-
martial that includes a sentence to a bad-conduct discharge); R.C.M. 1107(b)(3)
(requiring convening authority to consider the SJAR, if any, before taking ac-
tion on a court-martial).
    Article 6(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 806(c), provides, “No person who has acted
as member, military judge, trial counsel, assistant trial counsel, defense coun-
sel, assistant defense counsel, or investigating officer in any case may later act
as a staff judge advocate or legal officer to any reviewing authority upon the
same case.” See also R.C.M. 1106(b) (disqualifying members, military judge,


4 This requirement for a written SJAR has been removed from the version of Article
60, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 860, in the Manual for Court-Martial, United States (2019 ed.)
(2019 MCM); however, the 2019 MCM version of R.C.M. 1109(d)(2) retains a require-
ment that the convening authority “consult with the staff judge advocate or legal ad-
visor” in determining whether to take action on the results of a court-martial under
R.C.M. 1109.


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                 United States v. Chandler, No. ACM S32534


trial counsel, assistant trial counsel, defense counsel, assistant defense coun-
sel, and preliminary hearing officer from acting as SJA or legal officer in the
same case). A person need not be detailed as trial counsel in order to “act” as
trial counsel for purposes of Article 6(c), UCMJ. United States v. Stefan, 69
M.J. 256, 258 (C.A.A.F. 2010). Additionally, “[t]he staff judge advocate or legal
officer may also be ineligible when, for example, [he or she] . . . has other than
an official interest in the same case; or must review [his or her] own pretrial
action . . . when the sufficiency or correctness of the earlier action has been
placed in issue.” R.C.M. 1106(b), Discussion.
    An SJA who advises a convening authority on action on the result of a
court-martial needs to “be, and appear to be, objective.” United States v.
Dresen, 47 M.J. 122, 124 (C.A.A.F. 1997) (citations omitted). Our superior court
has “broadly applied” Article 6(c), UCMJ, “in light of its well-established pur-
pose ‘to assure the accused a thoroughly fair and impartial review.’” United
States v. Lynch, 39 M.J. 223, 227–28 (C.M.A. 1994)) (quoting United States v.
Crunk, 15 C.M.R. 290, 293 (C.M.A. 1954)). Conduct by an SJA other than per-
forming one of the disqualifying roles specified in Article 6(c), UCMJ, and
R.C.M. 1106(b) “‘may be so antithetical to the integrity of the military justice
system as to disqualify him from participation’ in the post-trial review.” Id. at
228 (quoting United States v. Engle, 1 M.J. 387, 389 (C.M.A. 1976)) (additional
citation omitted). For example, an SJA “must disqualify himself from partici-
pating in the post-trial recommendation” when “a legitimate factual contro-
versy exists between the [SJA] and the defense counsel.” Id. (citing United
States v. Caritativo, 37 M.J. 175, 183 (C.M.A. 1993)).
    R.C.M. 705(d)(1) provides, inter alia, that “[p]retrial agreement negotia-
tions may be initiated by the accused, defense counsel, trial counsel, the staff
judge advocate, convening authority, or their duly authorized representatives.”
    An SJAR provided by a disqualified SJA is not void; an appellant is entitled
to relief due to such an error only if the appellant makes a colorable showing
of possible prejudice. See Stefan, 69 M.J. at 259; United States v. Edwards, 45
M.J. 114, 115 (C.A.A.F. 1996).
   3. Analysis
   By design, an SJA performs multiple roles within the military justice sys-
tem. Many years ago, our superior court explained:
       Whatever one may think of the wisdom of multiple investiture,
       military law constitutes the staff legal officer the advisor to the
       convening authority in regard to his court-martial functions, and
       the advisor to others involved in a court-martial in regard to
       their respective rights and obligations. Thus, [for example,] the
       staff legal officer can supply general advice to trial counsel as to


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                 United States v. Chandler, No. ACM S32534


       the proof required to establish the charges against an accused,
       without having such advice transform him into a prosecutor so
       as to make him ineligible thereafter to advise the convening au-
       thority . . . .
United States v. Willis, 46 C.M.R. 112, 114 (C.M.A. 1973). This case requires
us to consider whether Lt Col AM crossed the line that separates the role of an
SJA from the role of a trial counsel, such that he was disqualified from serving
as the SJA for purposes of post-trial advice to the convening authority under
Article 6(c), UCMJ, and R.C.M. 1106(b). Appellant contends Lt Col AM’s par-
ticipation in negotiating the content of the stipulation of fact crossed that line.
However, for the following reasons, Appellant has failed to persuade us.
    First, we note the narrow factual basis for the asserted disqualification.
Appellant relies on a single telephone conversation between Lt Col AM and
Capt CC as the disqualifying event. Moreover, Appellant further focuses on a
single point of contention addressed during the call, whether the stipulation of
fact would include a reference to the number of times Appellant admitted to
the AFOSI that he used controlled substances during the charged time frame.
Appellant has not asserted, and the record does not disclose, that Lt Col AM
“acted” as trial counsel in any other respect.
    Second, we find there was no material factual controversy in dispute be-
tween Lt Col AM and Capt CC that would have required the convening author-
ity to obtain advice from an uninvolved judge advocate. See Lynch, 39 M.J. at
228. In addressing the asserted disqualification in the addendum to the SJAR,
Lt Col AM did not dispute that the conversation in question “centered on”
whether certain information would be included in the stipulation of fact. In-
stead, the controversy involved the significance of the undisputed fact that
Lt Col AM directly discussed the content of the stipulation with Capt CC, re-
sulting in the inclusion of the number of times Appellant used cocaine and ma-
rijuana during the charged time frame, as he admitted to the AFOSI. Whether
Lt Col AM’s position is characterized as “insistence” or as “explaining options”
is not the material point. Capt CC’s post-trial objection to Lt Col AM’s involve-
ment was a question of law, not a factual dispute. SJAs routinely advise con-
vening authorities with respect to allegations of legal error raised during clem-
ency; in fact, they are required to do so. See R.C.M. 1106(d)(4).
    Third, there is no indication Lt Col AM had anything other than an official
interest in the case. See R.C.M. 1106(b), Discussion. Appellant does not allege
any unlawfulness or legal deficiency with either the stipulation of fact or the
PTA itself. Furthermore, we do not consider Lt Col AM’s evaluation of the as-
serted issue of his own disqualification to be itself disqualifying. We find this
situation akin to a military judge’s ruling on a motion that the military judge



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                 United States v. Chandler, No. ACM S32534


should recuse himself—in such situations, the motion is not per se disqualify-
ing; rather, the military judge has discretion to decide the matter, subject to
appellate review. See United States v. Butcher, 56 M.J. 87, 90–91 (C.A.A.F.
2001).
    Fourth, the context of the conversation in question is highly significant.
Specifically, this conversation regarding the stipulation of fact was closely-re-
lated, in substance and in time, to the negotiation of the PTA—a negotiation
an SJA is expressly authorized to participate in. See R.C.M. 705(d)(1). We rec-
ognize the PTA and stipulation are distinct agreements, and that the SJA is a
signatory to the former and not to the latter. Nevertheless, the content of the
stipulation was directly related to the terms of the PTA, which committed Ap-
pellant to enter a “reasonable” stipulation of fact. Where a reasonable stipula-
tion of fact is an explicit term of a PTA between the accused and the convening
authority, the content of that stipulation directly concerned the SJA in his role
as legal advisor to the convening authority. Moreover, the record indicates the
conversation between Lt Col AM and Capt CC occurred either on the same day
the PTA was signed or the day prior, further confirming the content of the
stipulation had immediate significance to the creation of the PTA.
    Fifth, we do not find Lt Col AM’s limited pretrial involvement with the stip-
ulation of fact comparable to those cases where our superior court has found
that SJAs or legal officers engaged in disqualifying conduct, either as trial
counsel or otherwise. See, e.g., Stefan, 69 M.J. at 257–58 (acting SJA signed
both charge sheets as the “trial counsel” who caused the referred charges to be
served on the appellant in accordance with R.C.M. 602); United States v.
Gutierrez, 57 M.J. 148, 149 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (chief of military justice whose pre-
trial testimony on speedy trial motion was contradicted by subsequent stipu-
lation of fact prepared SJAR and addendum as SJA); United States v. Johnson-
Saunders, 48 M.J. 74, 74–75 (C.A.A.F. 1998) (per curiam) (assistant trial coun-
sel who delivered sentencing argument drafted and signed SJAR); Lynch, 39
M.J. at 228 (material factual dispute between SJA and defense counsel regard-
ing appellant’s purported pretrial waiver of conflict-free counsel); Edwards, 45
M.J. at 115–16 (legal officer who prepared post-trial advice actively partici-
pated in investigation and signed charge sheet as accuser); United States v.
Rice, 33 M.J. 451, 452–53 (C.M.A. 1991) (legal officer who signed legal advice
for convening authority had testified against appellant as sentencing witness
for Government); Engle, 1 M.J. at 389–90 (appellant’s post-trial challenges to
SJA’s pretrial decisions required SJA to review the factual sufficiency and legal
soundness of his own previous legal opinions). Neither Appellant nor our dis-
senting colleague has cited any decision by our superior court, this court, or
our sister courts in which an SJA’s participation in the creation of a stipulation
of fact required by a PTA resulted in the SJA’s disqualification, and we are
aware of none.

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                 United States v. Chandler, No. ACM S32534


    For the foregoing reasons, we conclude Appellant has not met his burden
to show Lt Col AM was disqualified from advising the convening authority.
However, we do not indorse Lt Col AM’s direct participation in negotiating the
content of the stipulation of fact. It is not clear from the record why Lt Col AM
felt the need to do so, as opposed to participating by communicating with trial
counsel; but in doing so he created a risk the conversation might have blos-
somed into a material factual dispute or legal controversy with the Defense
that would have been disqualifying.
    Finally, assuming arguendo Lt Col AM was disqualified, Appellant has
failed to demonstrate a colorable showing of possible prejudice. See Stefan, 69
M.J. at 259. We are not persuaded that Lt Col AM had an inappropriate inter-
est in Appellant’s case that motivated him to oppose the Defense’s clemency
request. We find nothing untoward in Lt Col AM’s position, in his role as legal
advisor to the convening authority, that an accused who admitted to wrong-
fully using cocaine and marijuana approximately 150 and 40 times, respec-
tively, be sentenced on the basis of those criminal acts. Significantly, the cor-
roboration requirement in Mil. R. Evid. 304(c) explicitly applies during find-
ings, not during presentencing proceedings. Thus, even if Appellant’s admis-
sion was not included in the stipulation, presumably the Government could
have introduced it through the AFOSI agents who received that admission. See
generally R.C.M. 1001(b)(4) (authorizing trial counsel to present in presentenc-
ing proceedings “evidence as to any aggravating circumstances directly relat-
ing to or resulting from the offenses of which the accused has been found
guilty”). This reality suggests why the Defense ultimately agreed to include
these admissions, and to have Appellant take credit for them in the stipulation.
Therefore, we are not persuaded Lt Col AM’s involvement dramatically altered
the sentencing landscape presented to the military judge to Appellant’s detri-
ment.
    Similarly, we find no basis to conclude another SJA would have viewed dif-
ferently the significance of Appellant’s admission that he used cocaine approx-
imately 150 times and marijuana approximately 40 times. To omit this pro-
found evidence of the extent of Appellant’s crimes would have been beyond
magnanimous. By ensuring the military judge was informed of the scope of the
offenses Appellant had admitted to, and for which he was convicted and was to
be sentenced, the SJA was competently performing his duty to promote justice.
Because we perceive nothing unusual about Lt Col AM’s position regarding the
evidence, we perceive no colorable showing that another SJA would have pro-
vided different advice to the convening authority.
   Furthermore, the other legal errors Capt CC asserted during clemency
were essentially the same two errors Appellant has personally asserted on ap-
peal, which we have found to be without merit. Unlike our dissenting colleague,


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                    United States v. Chandler, No. ACM S32534


we perceive no basis to believe another SJA would have viewed them any more
favorably to Appellant.
   In summary, viewing the circumstances as a whole, we find “nothing that
would suggest that another SJA would have made a different recommendation
on Appellant’s clemency request.” Stefan, 69 M.J. at 259.
B. Deferred Plea Agreement as Prior Conviction
      1. Additional Background
     During sentencing proceedings, trial counsel sought to introduce Prosecu-
tion Exhibit 13, consisting of a “Deferred Plea Agreement” and an “Order After
Hearing” from the Superior Court of Guam. Under the terms of the agreement,
which was accepted by the Superior Court judge on 26 June 2017, Appellant
agreed to enter a deferred plea of guilty to assault, 5 which involved “verbally
admit[ting] the factual circumstances underlying the offense at the time of the
plea.” Appellant and the Attorney General further agreed, inter alia, to the
following additional terms: the court would defer acceptance and entry of Ap-
pellant’s plea for two years; Appellant would receive a suspended sentence to
incarceration for one year; Appellant would pay a fine of $1,000.00 plus court
costs; Appellant would pay restitution to the victim in an amount to be deter-
mined by the court; Appellant would be placed on supervised probation for two
years; and the court would dismiss and expunge the case after two years if it
found Appellant had faithfully complied with the terms of his probation.
   The attached order, signed by the judge on 20 October 2017, indicated that
on 15 June 2017 Appellant appeared before the court and changed his plea
from “Not Guilty” to “Guilty.” The judge found Appellant’s guilty plea was
made “knowingly and voluntarily,” and was “supported by a sufficient factual
basis containing each of the essential elements of the offense and that [Appel-
lant] understands and admits the facts necessary to prove the offense.” In ac-
cordance with the agreement, the court deferred acceptance of the guilty plea
and would “dismiss the case and expunge [Appellant’s] record” if he completed
the terms of the agreement.
    Trial defense counsel objected to Prosecution Exhibit 13 on the grounds
that it did not qualify as a “conviction” for purposes of R.C.M. 1001(b)(3)(A)
because there was no finding of guilt. Trial counsel maintained the exhibit did
qualify as a conviction because Appellant had pleaded guilty. The military
judge overruled the objection. He explained, “I do not find this to be a diversion
without a finding or admission of guilt. I find this document does have a finding
-- an admission of guilt. I do not find it has been expunged . . . .”


5   See 9 GUAM CODE ANN. § 19.30 (2019).


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                  United States v. Chandler, No. ACM S32534


   2. Law
    We review a military judge’s decision to admit sentencing evidence for an
abuse of discretion. United States v. Stephens, 67 M.J. 233, 235 (C.A.A.F. 2009)
(citing United States v. Manns, 54 M.J. 164, 166 (C.A.A.F. 2000)). “A military
judge abuses his discretion when: (1) the findings of fact upon which he predi-
cates his ruling are not supported by the evidence of record; (2) if incorrect legal
principles were used; or (3) if his application of the correct legal principles to
the facts is clearly unreasonable.” United States v. Ellis, 68 M.J. 341, 344
(C.A.A.F. 2010) (citing United States v. Mackie, 66 M.J. 198, 199 (C.A.A.F.
2008)).
   R.C.M. 1001(b)(3)(A) provides, in pertinent part:
       The trial counsel may introduce evidence of military or civilian
       convictions of the accused. . . . In a civilian case, a “conviction”
       includes any disposition following an initial judicial determina-
       tion or assumption of guilt, such as when guilt has been estab-
       lished by guilty plea, trial, or plea of nolo contendere, regardless
       of the subsequent disposition, sentencing procedure, or final
       judgment. However, a “civilian conviction” does not include a di-
       version from the judicial process without a finding or admission
       of guilt; expunged convictions; juvenile adjudications; minor
       traffic violations; foreign convictions; tribal court convictions; or
       convictions reversed, vacated, invalidated or pardoned because
       of errors of law or because of subsequently discovered evidence
       exonerating the accused.
“[C]onvictions may be admissible regardless of whether a court ultimately sus-
pended judgment upon discharge of the accused following probation [or] per-
mitted withdrawal of the guilty plea . . . . Additionally, the term ‘conviction’
need not be taken to mean a final judgment of conviction and sentence.” R.C.M.
1001(b)(3)(A), Discussion; see generally Manual for Courts-Martial, United
States (2016 ed.), App. 21, at A21–71–72 (describing the evolution of R.C.M.
1001(b)(3) in order to avoid dependence on state law and “give the sentencing
authority as much information as the military judge determines is relevant in
order to craft an appropriate sentence for the accused”).
   3. Analysis
    On appeal, Appellant renews trial defense counsel’s objection that the de-
ferred plea agreement was not a prior conviction under R.C.M. 1001(b)(3)(A).
He contends the deferred guilty plea was “essentially a diversion from the ju-
dicial process with neither a finding nor court-accepted assumption of guilt.”
In addition, he refers to the Guamanian statute that defines “previous convic-
tion,” for purposes of Guamanian law, to mean “[a]n adjudication by a court of


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                  United States v. Chandler, No. ACM S32534


competent jurisdiction that the defendant committed a crime . . . .” 9 GUAM
CODE ANN. § 80.44 (2019). Because the military judge “clearly erred,” Appel-
lant requests his sentence be set aside.
    We find no abuse of discretion. The admissibility in a court-martial of the
record a prior civilian conviction is governed by R.C.M. 1001(b)(3)(A) rather
than the law of the civilian jurisdiction. Under that rule, a civilian conviction
includes “any disposition following an initial judicial determination or assump-
tion of guilt . . . regardless of the subsequent disposition, sentencing procedure,
or final judgment.” R.C.M. 1001(b)(3)(A) (emphasis added). By that definition,
the military judge’s ruling to admit Prosecution Exhibit 13 was eminently rea-
sonable. It is clear from the exhibit that Appellant appeared in the Superior
Court of Guam and entered a plea of guilty, which the judge found to be know-
ing, voluntary, and supported by a sufficient factual basis which Appellant ad-
mitted. This was evidently an initial “assumption of guilt,” and therefore ad-
missible as a civilian conviction regardless of the court’s deferment of the ac-
ceptance of the plea pending Appellant’s completion of his supervised proba-
tion and other terms of the agreement.

                                 III. CONCLUSION
    The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no er-
ror materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred. 6 Ar-
ticles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c). Accordingly, the find-
ings and sentence are AFFIRMED.


KEY, Judge (concurring in part and dissenting in part):
   I agree with my colleagues in the majority on the resolution of Appellant’s
second, third, and fourth assigned errors, however, I respectfully dissent with
regard to the majority’s conclusion that the staff judge advocate was not dis-
qualified from providing post-trial advice to the convening authority.
   In this case, the staff judge advocate, who authored both the staff judge
advocate’s recommendation (SJAR) and the addendum to the SJAR, directly
participated in the negotiation of specific terms of a stipulation of fact. The


6We note one error not raised by Appellant. The SJAR erroneously indicates the max-
imum imposable punishment included, inter alia, forfeiture of two-thirds of Appellant’s
pay per month for 12 months and a fine. See Rules for Courts-Martial 201(f)(2)(B)(i),
1003(b)(3); United States v. Books, No. ACM S32369, 2017 CCA LEXIS 226 at *7 (A.F.
Ct. Crim. App. 31 Mar. 2017). However, Appellant has not asserted and we do not find
any colorable showing of possible prejudice from the error under the facts of this case.
See United States v. Kho, 54 M.J. 63, 65 (C.A.A.F. 2000).


                                          12
                 United States v. Chandler, No. ACM S32534


staff judge advocate, Lieutenant Colonel (Lt Col) AM sought, and ultimately
secured, Appellant’s confessional stipulation to 150 uses of cocaine and 40 uses
of marijuana, a dramatic departure from the “more than once” term Appellant’s
trial defense counsel sought for each drug. He did so by directly telephoning
Appellant’s trial defense counsel, Captain (Capt) CC, who described Lt Col AM
as both leading the discussions for the Government on the call and insisting
the stipulation include the elevated number of uses. When Capt CC argued the
Government lacked corroboration to prove more than two or three cocaine uses,
Lt Col AM told Capt CC the “more than once” language was “insufficient and
that the [stipulation] must reference the 150 uses of cocaine and 40 uses of
marijuana without qualification.” Capt CC later said he was surprised to be
called by Lt Col AM, explaining that “Lt Col [AM] was the only [staff judge
advocate] who ever personally discussed with me what details to include in a
stipulation of fact.”
    Lt Col AM admitted he inserted himself in the ongoing negotiations be-
tween trial counsel and trial defense counsel “due to the inability of counsel to
agree to terms of the [stipulation].” He described his efforts as motivated by
his desire “to ensure there was a reasonable [pretrial agreement (PTA)] for the
convening authority to agree to, and that the PTA captured appropriately the
nature of the misconduct.” Even though Lt Col AM claimed he “did not neces-
sarily care whether there was a PTA or a litigated trial,” he justified his per-
sonal entry into the negotiations “to avoid any potential delays/costs to the
government/negative mission impact.” Lt Col AM has taken issue with trial
defense counsel’s claim that he insisted the larger number of drug uses be in-
cluded in the stipulation, saying, “It is also asserted that I ‘insisted’ that cer-
tain terms be included in the [stipulation]. This is a mischaracterization. As
stated, I highlighted options.”
   After Lt Col AM’s phone call to the Defense, Capt CC discussed Lt Col AM’s
position with Appellant who then agreed to stipulate to the number of uses
sought by Lt Col AM.
   Three months after being sentenced, Appellant submitted a request for
clemency which included a memorandum from Capt CC who argued Lt Col AM
was disqualified from preparing the SJAR by virtue of his negotiating specific
terms of the stipulation of fact. Lt Col AM responded to this argument in his
addendum to the SJAR, describing Capt CC’s position as being “without merit.”
Lt Col AM argued his power to negotiate the terms of the stipulation derived
from his authority to initiate negotiations on a pretrial agreement under




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                  United States v. Chandler, No. ACM S32534


R.C.M. 705(d)(1). 1 He asserted he had not actively participated in the prepara-
tion of Appellant’s case, “[a]side from that one telephonic conversation,” and
that he had “only an official interest in the case.”
    Article 6(c), Uniform Code of Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. §
806(c), prohibits any person “who has acted as . . . trial counsel [or] assistant
trial counsel” from later acting “as a staff judge advocate or legal officer to any
reviewing authority upon the same case.” This provision was enacted “to as-
sure the accused a thoroughly fair and impartial review.” United States v.
Lynch, 39 M.J. 223, 228 (C.M.A. 1994) (internal quotation marks omitted);
United States v. Coulter, 14 C.M.R. 75, 77 (C.M.A. 1954). The foundational
right to have the commander taking action on a case be “free from any connec-
tion with the controversy” has been recognized since the earliest days of mod-
ern court-martial practice. See United States v. Gordon, 2 C.M.R. 161, 168
(1952). This requirement extends to legal professionals providing guidance on
such action. They “must occupy a similarly uncolored vantage point from which
to assess the pertinent facts and circumstances.” United States v. Mallicote, 32
C.M.R. 374, 376–77 (C.M.A. 1962). 2
    Staff judge advocates have long been admonished to avoid becoming so per-
sonally involved in the outcome of a court-martial that they become barred
from participating in later stages. See e.g., United States v. Gunnels, 23 C.M.R.
354, 358 (C.M.A. 1957). A staff judge advocate may be disqualified if he or she
“has other than an official interest in a case” or when the staff judge advocate
“must review [his or her] own pretrial action . . . when the sufficiency or cor-
rectness of the earlier action has been placed in issue.” R.C.M. 1106(b) Discus-
sion. The language “other than an official interest” means having “a personal
interest or feeling in the outcome of a particular case.” United States v. Sorrell,
47 M.J. 432, 433 (C.A.A.F. 1998).
    Although providing pretrial advice to a convening authority will not dis-
qualify a staff judge advocate from preparing the SJAR, “where a legitimate
factual controversy exists between the staff judge advocate and the defense
counsel, the staff judge advocate must disqualify himself from participating in
the post-trial recommendation.” United States v. Lynch, 39 M.J. 223, 228
(C.M.A. 1994) (citing United States v. Caritativo, 37 M.J. 175, 183 (C.M.A.



1Unless otherwise noted, all references in this opinion to the Uniform Code of Military
Justice (UCMJ) and Rules for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) are to the Manual for Courts-
Martial, United States (2016 ed.).
2 See also United States v. Metz, 36 C.M.R. 296, 297 (C.M.A. 1966); United States v.
Hardy, 29 C.M.R. 337, 338 (C.M.A. 1960); United States v. Clisson, 17 C.M.R. 277, 280
(C.M.A. 1954).


                                          14
                 United States v. Chandler, No. ACM S32534


1993)); see also United States v. Engle, 1 M.J. 387, 389–90 (C.M.A. 1976) (find-
ing the staff judge advocate disqualified when he was called upon to review the
accused’s challenge to the ruling on a motion for new pretrial advice, which
meant he “had to deal not just with his previous legal opinions, but with the
factual sufficiency of his own earlier work”). “Human nature being what it
is, . . . the very fact of being called upon to condemn or countenance one’s own
workmanship cannot create a healthy outcome and less so when the outcome
concerns the accused’s denial of substantial rights.” Engle, 1 M.J. at 390 (quot-
ing United States v. Renton, 25 C.M.R. 201, 205 (C.M.A. 1958)) (internal quo-
tation marks omitted).
    In determining whether or not Article 6(c), UCMJ, has been violated by a
staff judge advocate who acted as trial counsel, the fact the staff judge advocate
was not detailed as trial counsel is not dispositive. United States v. Stefan, 69
M.J. 256, 258 (C.A.A.F. 2010). Rather, the question is whether the staff judge
advocate has previously performed the duties of trial counsel, which involves
such considerations as “the action taken, the position of the person that would
normally take that action, and the capacity in which the action is claimed to
have been taken.” Id. Giving general advice to trial counsel has not served to
disqualify staff judge advocates from providing post-trial recommendations,
but when a staff judge advocate engages in actions bearing “the earmarks of
advocacy and zealous prosecution” or otherwise becomes involved in the case
to the degree he or she shifts from the role of advisor to the role of participant,
the staff judge advocate is disqualified. United States v. Willis, 46 C.M.R. 112,
114 (C.M.A. 1973); United States v. Albright, 26 C.M.R. 408, 413 (C.M.A. 1958).
    Prior to taking action on any general court-martial or any special court-
martial including a bad-conduct discharge, the convening authority must ob-
tain and consider a staff judge advocate’s written recommendation. Article
60(e), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §860(e). The purpose of the SJAR is to advise the con-
vening authority as to what action to take on the court-martial sentence.
R.C.M. 1106(d). The convening authority is an appellant’s “best hope for sen-
tence relief.” United States v. Lee, 50 M.J. 296, 297 (C.A.A.F. 1999) (quoting
United States v. Bono, 26 M.J. 240, 243 n.3 (C.M.A. 1998)). Thus, in providing
his or her advice, the staff judge advocate “plays a pivotal role in an accused’s
chances for relief.” United States v. Edwards, 45 M.J. 114, 116 (C.A.A.F. 1996).
    Here, Lt Col AM personally took over trial counsel’s task of negotiating the
specific terms that would be included in the stipulation of fact, directly shaping
the evidence presented to the military judge at trial. Lt Col AM admits he only
became involved “due to the inability of counsel to agree” on terms to be in-
cluded in the stipulation. In other words, trial counsel had been unable to se-
cure the inclusion of terms Lt Col AM felt should be included, and he therefore
decided to bring his own powers of persuasion to the negotiation to change the


                                        15
                   United States v. Chandler, No. ACM S32534


course of those discussions. By doing so, Lt Col AM effectively communicated
that if Appellant refused to include particular terms, Lt Col AM would oppose
the pretrial agreement, dooming its chances before the convening authority.
Also by doing so, Lt Col AM stepped into the shoes of trial counsel in determin-
ing what evidence would be included in the stipulation, a prosecution exhibit
at trial. Calling for the inclusion of specific terms in a stipulation is analogous
to making a decision as to what evidence to offer at trial—a function of trial
counsel. See R.C.M. 502(d)(5) Discussion.
    A staff judge advocate may initiate pretrial agreement negotiations under
R.C.M. 705(d)(1). In this case, the pretrial agreement did not require specific
terms in the stipulation, rather it required Appellant to enter a “reasonable”
stipulation of fact, a common provision in written pretrial agreements. What
are not common features of pretrial agreements are provisions requiring the
admission of certain items of evidence supporting the Government’s case. 3 This
is not mere happenstance, as an agreement specifically calling for the admis-
sion of evidence designed to enhance an accused’s punishment at trial could
demonstrate “a personal interest or feeling in the outcome of a particular case”
that could not only undercut a convening authority’s assertions of impartiality,
but potentially disqualify a convening authority from taking action on the case.
Rather than attempt to specifically define evidence to be admitted at trial, pre-
trial agreements—such as the one Appellant signed—typically call only for
“reasonable” stipulations, the specifics of which are left to be negotiated by the
trial counsel in the same manner as which trial counsel determines what evi-
dence to introduce at trial. Convening authorities acting upon the advice of
their staff judge advocates may very well determine a pretrial agreement
should not be entered into because the stipulation offered by the accused is not
reasonable or for some other reason. What is prohibited is convening authori-
ties and their advising staff judge advocates taking a personal stake in the
matter.
    The provisions sought by Lt Col AM were not minor adjustments to the
stipulation. Instead, the increase in the number of drug uses from the single
digits to nearly 200 dramatically changed the scope of the misconduct that
would be presented to the military judge for use in determining an appropriate
sentence. This reinforces my conclusion that Lt Col AM’s engagement was not



3 But cf. United States v. Rogers, 78 M.J. 736, 737 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2019) (pretrial
agreement “provided Appellant would not object to the admissibility of several specific
items of evidence ‘to be considered by the fact finder during the findings and sentencing
portions of trial.’”).




                                           16
                   United States v. Chandler, No. ACM S32534


merely to give general guidance to the trial participants, but rather a deter-
mined effort to increase Appellant’s sentence. 4 By so doing, Lt Col AM not only
acted as trial counsel—by advocating for specific evidence to be admitted at
trial—but also had a personal interest in the outcome of the case, that is, “other
than an official interest.”
    Beyond Lt Col AM having shown a personal investment in presenting a
larger scope of misconduct to the military judge, a legitimate factual contro-
versy existed between him and trial defense counsel. In the memorandum sub-
mitted with Appellant’s clemency request, trial defense counsel asserted Lt Col
AM “insisted that the specific facts be included.” Lt Col AM has disputed that
assertion, describing it as a “mischaracterization,” claiming he just “high-
lighted options.” This is not a trivial distinction or matter of semantics—the
degree and nature of Lt Col AM’s involvement in his negotiation of specific
terms to be included in the stipulation go to the heart of whether he had other
than an official interest in the case. His attempt to downplay his role in the
negotiations in the face of his admission he inserted himself in the process to
secure the very concessions he ultimately obtained further indicates a personal
interest in the case’s outcome. In the face of this factual dispute, Lt Col AM
should not have participated in the preparation of the SJAR, as he was put in
the untenable position of having to review both the factual circumstances of
his own actions and legal questions arising from the same.
    The validity of the military justice system rests on the premise of the fair
and impartial treatment of each case by the officers authorized to convene
courts-martial, and this extends to the legal professionals who advise them.
We have seven decades of jurisprudence underscoring this critical principle.
Even as Congress has circumscribed the post-trial powers of convening author-
ities and reduced the transparency of the post-trial process to a degree by elim-
inating the written-SJAR requirement, convening authorities are still required
to obtain legal advice in deciding whether to take post-trial action, and counsel
who have acted in the case are still disqualified from giving that advice. 5 In
light of the singular importance of fairness and impartiality in our command-
driven justice system, and considering the facts of this case, I would find Lt Col

4 Appellant had confessed the scope of his drug use to law enforcement agents during
his investigation. Whether due to evidentiary shortcomings regarding the confession
or for a tactical advantage, the Government focused its efforts on securing Appellant’s
stipulation to the information rather than offering the confession at trial. Lt Col AM’s
successful negotiation with trial defense counsel ultimately put the larger number of
drug uses before the military judge, relieving trial counsel of the need to resort to the
confession.
5R.C.M. 1109(d)(2), Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2019 ed.) (2019 MCM);
10 U.S.C. § 806(c)(2)(B) (2019 MCM).


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                  United States v. Chandler, No. ACM S32534


AM disqualified from preparing the SJAR on three bases: he acted as trial
counsel, he had other than an official interest in the case, and there was a
legitimate factual controversy between himself and trial defense counsel.
    In addition, I cannot conclude Appellant was not prejudiced by Lt Col AM’s
preparation of the SJAR. Trial defense counsel admitted evidence that Appel-
lant had provided significant assistance to civilian law enforcement agents in
their pursuit of a drug-trafficking organization, taking “exceptional risk for his
safety and well-being.” Lt Col AM made no reference to this assistance in either
his SJAR or his addendum, other than to say trial counsel could not be com-
pelled to provide a written statement about Appellant’s assistance. Appellant’s
request for clemency was also measured in that he asked to be released from
confinement early. At the time of the request, he had served three months of
his five-month sentence. At the most, he had about eight weeks of confinement
remaining. Considering the availability of various credits in the confinement
system, he likely had significantly less time to serve. 6 Given my assessment
that Lt Col AM had developed a personal stake in maximizing Appellant’s pun-
ishment, I cannot confidently conclude an impartial staff judge advocate would
have made the same recommendation or that a convening authority advised by
such an impartial staff judge advocate would not have granted Appellant some
degree of sentence relief. I would return this record for new post-trial pro-
cessing with advice provided by a conflict-free legal advisor.


                  FOR THE COURT



                  CAROL K. JOYCE
                  Clerk of the Court




6According to trial defense counsel, Appellant was scheduled to be released two weeks
after the date he submitted his clemency request.


                                         18
