                                                                        FILED
                                                             United States Court of Appeals
                                                                     Tenth Circuit

                       UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS           November 2, 2007
                                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                             FO R TH E TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                     Clerk of Court


    SEC URITIES A N D EX CH A N GE
    C OM M ISSIO N ,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                        No. 06-4085
                                                (D.C. No. 2:03-CV-914-DAK)
    A LLEN Z. WO L FSO N ,                                (D. Utah)

               Appellant,

      v.

    R ICHA RD D . C LA Y TO N ,

               Receiver-Appellee.



                              OR D ER AND JUDGM ENT *


Before TA CH A, Chief Judge, KELLY and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.




           The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) commenced this civil

enforcement action in October 2003, charging numerous individual and corporate




*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is
not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent w ith Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
defendants with violating the federal securities laws by fraudulently raising funds

from investors located primarily in the United Kingdom. The SEC’s complaint

sought injunctive, statutory, and equitable relief against the defendants, including

disgorgement of their wrongful gains. On October 31, 2003, the SEC moved for

appointm ent of a receiver to marshal and preserve the defendants’ assets. On

January 12, 2004, the district court appointed appellee Richard D. Clayton

receiver for this purpose, giving him broad powers to preserve, take control of,

and liquidate the defendants’ property for the benefit of the defrauded investors.

The receiver proceeded to discharge his duties, while the SEC obtained consent

judgments from many of the defendants, including an individual defendant, David

W olfson.

      A year and a half later, on June 10, 2005, appellant Allen Z. W olfson, who

was not a defendant or otherwise a party to the action, filed a M otion for

Appointment of Attorney with the district court. In this pleading, he identified

himself as the father of defendant David W olfson and explained that he was

currently jailed at the M etropolitan Detention Center in New York City.

Asserting that he had been “stripped of all my assets illegally and fraudulently by

[the receiver],” R., Vol. XIX, doc. 478, at 1, M r. W olfson requested that the

district court appoint counsel for him to assist him in regaining his assets. He did

not formally request to intervene in the action.




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         The SEC opposed the motion, arguing that M r. W olfson was not entitled to

court-appointed counsel; that he was not entitled to intervene in the action; and

that properties in which he asserted ownership were subject to a power of attorney

and control by his son, David W olfson, and had been used in furtherance of the

illegal stock fraud scheme. A magistrate judge struck M r. W olfson’s motion by

minute entry on July 25, 2005, for the reasons stated by the SEC in its opposition

brief.

         M r. W olfson thereafter filed a number of pro se pleadings with the district

court. Although none of these pleadings w as expressly entitled a motion to

intervene, two of them did discuss intervention under Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(a) in

some detail. On November 29, 2005, M r. W olfson filed his “Response to Richard

Clayton Receiver and the Securities Exchange Commission to Disregard Allen

W olfson Notice of Lien and Violation of His Constitutional Rights.” R., Vol.

XXI, doc. 545. In his motion, M r. W olfson stated that it was “brought pursuant

to Federal Rule of Civil [P]rocedure 24(A)(2) (Intervention of Right).” Id. at 2.

He then argued that he met the requirements for intervention under Rule 24(a).

On February 3, 2006, M r. W olfson filed a “M otion for District Court Judge To

Rule.” R., Vol. XXI, doc. 580. He again recited that he met all the requirements

for intervention under Rule 24(a), and set forth an argument concerning how each

of the requirements was met.




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      On M arch 9, 2006, the district court entered an order striking

M r. W olfson’s outstanding motions and other pleadings. Id., Vol. XXII, doc. 592.

The district court stated that M r. W olfson’s motions “are all denied because

M r. W olfson is not a party to this action.” Id. at 1. It further found that “he has

never moved to intervene in this action, nor has he demonstrated that he should be

permitted to intervene.” Id. Finally, the court noted that “[a]t this point in the

litigation” it “would not permit his intervention in any event.” Id. M r. W olfson

filed a timely notice of appeal from this order.

      1. Jurisdictional Issue

      The receiver and the SEC contend that we lack jurisdiction over this

appeal, because the case is ongoing and there is no final order denying

intervention which could form the basis for an interlocutory appeal. “An order

denying intervention is final and subject to immediate review if it prevents the

applicant from becoming a party to an action.” Hutchinson v. Pfeil, 211 F.3d 515,

518 (10th Cir. 2000) (quotation omitted). In support of their contention, the

receiver and the SEC argue that M r. W olfson has never moved to intervene and

therefore is not entitled to an appeal from a denial of intervention. They further

argue that the district court did not enter an appealable order denying a motion to

intervene, because it concluded it had no such motion before it.

      If M r. W olfson did in fact move to intervene, however, our jurisdiction

would not be defeated merely because the district court failed to recognize and

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rule on his motion. “[F]ailure to rule on a motion to intervene can be interpreted

as an implicit denial” of the motion. Toronto-Dominion Bank v. Central Nat’l

Bank & Trust Co., 753 F.2d 66, 68 (8th Cir. 1985). This is particularly true

where the district court’s delay in ruling or failure to rule may, as a practical

matter, impair the assertion of the intervenor’s interest in the subject matter of the

suit. See Americans United for Separation of Church & State v. City of Grand

Rapids, 922 F.2d 303, 306 (6th Cir. 1990). Here, M r. W olfson claimed that he

was entitled to intervene to prevent his property from being liquidated by the

receiver. If he in fact filed a colorable motion to intervene, the district court’s

failure to rule on it was the practical equivalent of an appealable denial.

      W e must determine, then, whether the district court should have treated

M r. W olfson’s pleadings (nos. 545, 580) as Rule 24 motions to intervene. The

question is not whether these motions had merit or were procedurally adequate,

but rather whether they were intervention motions at all. Rule 24(c) provides that

      A person desiring to intervene shall serve a motion to intervene upon
      the parties as provided in Rule 5. The motion shall state the grounds
      therefor and shall be accompanied by a pleading setting forth the
      claim or defense for which intervention is sought. The same
      procedure shall be followed when a statute of the United States gives
      a right to intervene.

      Documents 545 and 580 were served on the parties. Although neither was

formally titled “motion to intervene,” each did state the grounds on which

M r. W olfson sought to intervene in the action. Neither was “accompanied by a



                                          -5-
pleading setting forth the claim or defense for which intervention is sought” as

required by Rule 24(c). W hile this might have provided grounds for denial of the

motions as procedurally inadequate, it hardly disqualified them as m otions to

intervene. C.f., e.g., Providence Baptist Church v. Hillandale Comm., Ltd.,

425 F.3d 309, 313-14 (6th Cir. 2005) (collecting cases analyzing procedural

compliance with Rule 24(c) separate pleading requirement under “lenient” and

“strict” approaches). W e therefore conclude that the district court did have a

motion or motions to intervene before it, and, for purposes of appellate finality,

essentially denied the motions. A district court order “denying a motion to

intervene” therefore exists, and we have jurisdiction to consider this appeal.

      2. M erits of Intervention M otion

      The pleadings filed by M r. W olfson appear to be procedurally deficient

under Rule 24(c), and the district court indicated “[a]t this point in the litigation,

the court would not permit [M r. W olfson’s] intervention in any event.” R., Vol.

XXII, doc. 592, at 1. W e have therefore carefully considered whether to affirm

the denial of intervention based on the procedural inadequacy or untimeliness of

M r. W olfson’s motions.

      Issues involving the procedural adequacy of a Rule 24 motion are reviewed

for an abuse of discretion, as an issue involving the “supervision of litigation.”

Providence Baptist Church, 425 F.3d at 313. This includes determination of

whether such a motion should be denied as untimely. See Coalition of

                                          -6-
Arizona/New M exico Counties v. Dep’t of the Interior, 100 F.3d 837, 840

(10th Cir. 1996). Since the district court did not exercise its discretion, it left us

no reviewable decision on the procedural adequacy of the motion. The district

court’s dictum concerning timeliness of the motion also falls short of an express

ruling on a motion to intervene. It supplies no reviewable reasoning for denying

the motion as untimely. W e therefore decline to affirm on the grounds that the

motion was either untimely or procedurally inadequate.

      W e also decline to follow the appellees’ suggestion that we affirm the

denial of M r. W olfson’s motions on the merits, reaching the Rule 24 factors for

the first time on appeal. W hile there is some authority that intervention as of

right is to be reviewed de novo, see, e.g., City of Stilwell v. Ozarks Rural Elec.

Coop. Corp., 79 F.3d 1038, 1042 (10th Cir. 1996), the issues involved in

determining whether M r. W olfson actually has an interest requiring protection

and whether intervention is required to protect that interest require fact-finding

that would be inappropriate for resolution by an appellate court, particularly given

the voluminous record.

      In sum, M r. W olfson presented the district court with a colorable attempt to

intervene in this action. W hile not explicitly titled “motion to intervene,” his

attempts to intervene addressed the relevant factors under Rule 24. Under the

Rules, “[n]o technical forms of pleading or motions are required.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

8(e)(1). W hile it may be that his motions should have been denied for procedural

                                           -7-
or substantive deficiencies, the district court did not exercise its discretion to rule

on them, treating them instead as something other than motions to intervene.

W e must therefore vacate its decision and remand for appropriate consideration

and any necessary fact-finding concerning the motions.

      The judgment of the district court is therefore VACATED to the extent it

denied M r. W olfson’s attempts to intervene in this action without treating them as

motions to intervene, and the case is REM ANDED for further proceedings in

accordance with this order and judgment.


                                                      Entered for the Court


                                                      Deanell R. Tacha
                                                      Chief Circuit Judge




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