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           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                         United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                  Fifth Circuit

                                                                                FILED
                                      No. 17-41192                        March 19, 2019
                                                                           Lyle W. Cayce
MARK ANTHONY DOLPH,                                                             Clerk


              Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

LORIE DAVIS, DIRECTOR, TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL
JUSTICE, CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS DIVISION,

              Respondent-Appellee.




                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of Texas
                             USDC No. 5:14-CV-163


Before CLEMENT, GRAVES, and OLDHAM, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       A Texas jury convicted Mark Anthony Dolph of unlawful possession of a
firearm by a convicted felon. The question presented is whether Dolph can
overcome the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act by showing, on
the facts, the police violated Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). He
cannot. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.




       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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                                      No. 17-41192
                                             I.
       On April 9, 2011, Officer Kelly Dial was patrolling an area known for
drug activity when he saw a suspicious transaction in a parking lot. Three
individuals drove into a convenience store parking lot, quickly exchanged
something with an individual in that lot, and drove away without ever entering
the store. Observing the individuals’ car had expired tags, Officer Dial made
a traffic stop.
       Officer Dial observed the car had three occupants—the driver, a front
seat passenger, and Mark Dolph, the only passenger in the back seat. Officer
Dial asked the driver if narcotics or anything illegal were in the car. The driver
responded that some crack cocaine might be in a towel on the back seat and
consented to a search. Officer Dial accordingly asked the driver to step out of
the car and asked Officer Scott Eudy, who was providing backup, to keep an
eye on the towel.
       Because the officers were outnumbered—three to two—Officer Dial
believed the driver, along with the other car occupants, needed to be secured
for the officers’ safety. 1 Officer Dial handcuffed the driver after he exited the
car and explained that he was not under arrest. Officer Dial then asked Dolph
to step out of the car so that the back seat, including the towel, could be
searched. When Dolph complied, Officer Dial handcuffed him and stated he
was also not under arrest “yet.” Officer Dial asked Dolph if there was anything
illegal or dangerous in the backseat prior to searching the back seat. Dolph




       1  In its brief, the State alleges all three car occupants were handcuffed. In his
supplemental reply brief, Dolph claims the front seat passenger was not handcuffed, but cites
no trial testimony or record evidence to support that claim. Based on the trial testimony, it
appears that Officer Dial handcuffed the driver and Dolph. Trial testimony also indicates
the front seat passenger was secured during the search, but it is unclear whether she was
secured with handcuffs or by another method. This dispute is ultimately immaterial to our
resolution of Dolph’s claim.
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                                  No. 17-41192
replied that a pistol was in the backseat. Officer Dial peered in the backseat
but did not immediately see a gun. He asked Dolph where it was. Dolph said
the gun was was next to the towel and that he was holding it for a friend. He
also admitted he had previously been convicted of burglary and forgery.
      Officer Dial searched the car and found the gun, a loaded .380 semi-
automatic pistol, under the towel on the backseat. He also ran a limited
criminal history search, which confirmed Dolph had a felony conviction. Based
on Dolph’s felony conviction and his admitted possession of a gun he was
“holding [ ] for a friend,” Officer Dial arrested Dolph. Once he was back at the
police station, Officer Dial ran a more complete criminal history. It revealed
that Dolph was convicted of forgery on April 24, 2006, for which he was
sentenced to eighteen months’ imprisonment. Consequently, he was charged
with violating a Texas statute that prohibits a convicted felon from possessing
a firearm “before the fifth anniversary of the person’s release from confinement
following conviction of the felony or the person’s release from supervision
under community supervision, parole, or mandatory supervision, whichever
date is later.” TEX. PENAL CODE § 46.04(a)(1).
      During the subsequent trial, the jury was shown a video of the traffic
stop, which included some of Dolph’s statements. Officer Dial also testified
about the traffic stop. He testified that Dolph said: (1) there was a gun under
the towel in the back seat; (2) he was holding the gun for a friend; and (3) he
was a convicted felon. Officer Eudy testified to the same effect.
      Dolph decided to represent himself for most of the trial. Dolph did not
object to the admission of the video or Officer Dial’s testimony during the direct
examination. And during his cross-examination of Officer Dial, Dolph asked
Officer Dial about some of the statements in the video. During his re-cross of
Officer Dial, however, Dolph approached the bench to ask the district court
how his statements were admissible when he was not under arrest prior to the
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                                 No. 17-41192
search and was not given Miranda warnings. The trial court told Dolph that
his “argument that the statement should not be admissible has come after the
statement’s already been admitted, so any issue with respect to Miranda would
have been waived because the videotape has already been admitted to the jury
and the jury’s already seen it.” The trial court further concluded that “because

under the law the officer has a right to secure a person during . . . a search, a
brief detention for officer safety—and the Supreme Court has affirmed that
power on many occasions, as has [Texas’s] Court of Criminal Appeals—it would
not have been a meritorious argument anyway had [Dolph] raised it.”
      Accordingly, the trial proceeded, and the Texas jury convicted Dolph of
unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon on February 7, 2013. The judge
sentenced him to 696 months of prison time and imposed a $10,000 fine.
      Dolph appealed.     He argued his waiver of counsel and election to
represent himself was not knowing and voluntary. A Texas court of appeals
modified the judgment to remove the fine assessment but otherwise affirmed
the conviction and sentence. Dolph v. State, 440 S.W.3d 898, 901 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 2013, pet. ref’d). Dolph subsequently filed two state applications
for writ of habeas corpus, asserting several grounds for relief. One ground was
that the trial court erred by admitting Officer Dial’s testimony regarding the
statements Dolph made prior to receiving Miranda warnings. The Texas Court
of Criminal Appeals denied both applications without written order.
      After his lack of success in state court, Dolph petitioned for a writ of
habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 in federal court. He asserted six grounds
for relief. One ground was that the trial court should have excluded Officer
Dial’s testimony regarding Dolph’s statements because they were obtained in
violation of his Miranda rights. Dolph argued the trial court erred when it
concluded he forfeited his Miranda claim by not objecting to the video’s
admission because the incriminating statement—that he was holding the gun
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                                      No. 17-41192
for a friend—was not on the video. The video of the traffic stop, however, was
not part of the federal habeas record. The district court therefore could not
fully assess which of Dolph’s statements were played to the jury on the video. 2
It concluded, however, it was immaterial whether Dolph’s characterization of
the video was accurate because Dolph was not in custody when he gave the
statements. The district court accordingly denied the habeas petition and
refused to issue a certificate of appealability (COA).
       Dolph applied for a COA from this Court. We granted the application
but limited the COA to one issue—namely, whether Dolph’s statements were
obtained and admitted in violation of Miranda.
                                            II.
                                            A.
       Our authority to issue habeas relief for Dolph is constrained by the
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”), Pub. L. No. 104-
132, 110 Stat. 1214 (1996). AEDPA “stop[s] just short of imposing a complete
bar to federal court relitigation of claims already rejected in state court
proceedings, allowing for federal habeas relief only where there have been
‘extreme malfunctions in the state criminal justice systems.’ ” Wilson v. Cain,
641 F.3d 96, 100 (5th Cir. 2011) (quoting Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86,
102 (2011)). Accordingly, we cannot grant Dolph habeas relief unless he shows
the state court’s adjudication of his Miranda claim “ ‘was contrary to’ federal
law then clearly established in the holdings of [the Supreme] Court, or . . .
‘involved an unreasonable application of ’ such law, or that it ‘was based on an
unreasonable determination of the facts’ in light of the record before the state
court.”    Richter, 562 U.S. at 100 (citations omitted) (quoting 28 U.S.C.


       2 The video of the traffic stop is also not in our record. Although the record
demonstrates that the video clip played to the jury contained some of Dolph’s statements, we
cannot say with certainty which statements it contained.
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§ 2254(d)). Although we presume a state court’s determination of a factual
issue is correct, a determination of whether a person is in custody for Miranda
purposes is a “mixed question of law and fact.” Thompson v. Keohane, 516 U.S.
99, 108, 112–13 (1995). Therefore, “state-court ‘in custody’ determination[ ]
warrant[s] independent review by a federal habeas court.” Id. at 116.
      But to be contrary to clearly established federal law, the state court
decision must “reach[ ] a legal conclusion in direct conflict with a prior decision
of the Supreme Court or . . . a different conclusion than the Supreme Court
based on materially indistinguishable facts.” Gray v. Epps, 616 F.3d 436, 439
(5th Cir. 2010). And to be an unreasonable application of clearly established
law, it must be “so obvious that a clearly established rule applies to a given set
of facts that there could be no fairminded disagreement on the question.”
White v. Woodall, 572 U.S. 415, 427, 698 (2014) (quotation omitted); see also
Schriro v. Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465, 473 (2007) (“The question under AEDPA
is not whether a federal court believes the state court’s determination was
incorrect but whether that determination was unreasonable—a substantially
higher threshold.”).
                                        B.
      Our analysis begins “by determining the relevant clearly established
law.” Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 660 (2004). In Miranda, the
Supreme Court held that “when an individual is taken into custody or
otherwise deprived of his freedom by the authorities in any significant way,”
he must receive warnings to inform him of his right to remain silent to protect
“the privilege against self-incrimination” in the Fifth Amendment. Miranda,
384 U.S. at 478–79. Accordingly, “Miranda warnings are required only where
there has been such a restriction on a person’s freedom as to render him ‘in
custody,’ ” meaning a person is in “that sort of coercive environment to which


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Miranda by its terms was made applicable, and to which it is limited.” Oregon
v. Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492, 495 (1977).
      To determine “whether a person is in custody [for Miranda purposes],” a
court must “ascertain whether, in light of ‘the objective circumstances of the
interrogation,’ a ‘reasonable person [would] have felt he or she was not at
liberty to terminate the interrogation and leave.’ ” Howes v. Fields, 565 U.S.
499, 509 (2012) (second alteration in original) (quoting Stansbury v. California,
511 U.S. 318, 322–323, 325 (1994) (per curiam), and Thompson, 516 U.S. at
112). And to determine how a reasonable person would feel, “courts must
examine all of the circumstances surrounding the interrogation,” including
“the location of the questioning, its duration, statements made during the
interview, the presence or absence of physical restraints during the
questioning, and the release of the interviewee at the end of the questioning.”
Id. (citations omitted). The “custody test” courts must apply is therefore not a
specific rule, but a general one, which gives courts “more leeway . . . in reaching
outcomes in case-by-case determinations.” Alvarado, 541 U.S. at 664–65.
      The Supreme Court has made clear that a restraint on an individual’s
“freedom of movement” is “only a necessary and not a sufficient condition for
Miranda custody.”      Fields, 565 U.S. at 509 (quotation omitted).           That is
illustrated in Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420 (1984).             In that case, a
motorist was detained during a traffic stop, asked to perform a field sobriety
test, and asked questions about whether he had been drinking. Id. at 423.
After he failed the field sobriety test and admitted he had drunk two beers and
smoked some marijuana, the officer formally arrested him. Id. The Court
recognized “a traffic stop significantly curtails the ‘freedom of action’ of the
driver and the passengers, if any, of the detained vehicle.” Id. at 436. It further
noted a traffic stop was a Fourth Amendment seizure and “few motorists would
feel free either to disobey a directive to pull over or to leave the scene of a traffic
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stop without being told they might do so.” Id. at 436–37. But the Court also
acknowledged the “noncoercive aspect[s]” of a traffic stop, such as the fact they
occur in the public’s view and are usually brief. Id. at 438–40. Accordingly, it
held the motorist was not in custody until after he was formally arrested—
after he had failed the field sobriety test and answered the officer’s question
about what intoxicants he had consumed. Id. at 423, 442.
                                              C.
       Dolph’s claim fails under these standards. At least three of the five
relevant factors identified in Fields—the location of the questioning, its
duration, and the statements made during it—could indicate Dolph was not in
custody for Miranda purposes when he told Officer Dial he was holding the
gun for a friend. 565 U.S. at 509. Dolph was not questioned in private or in
isolation where he might be more vulnerable to coercion. See McCarty, 468
U.S. at 438 (explaining “importantly, the typical traffic stop is public”). Nor
did Dolph experience threats or a “police dominated” atmosphere. Id. at 439;
see Alvarado, 541 U.S. at 665 (noting the defendant was not threatened during
the questioning); United States v. Bengivenga, 845 F.2d 593, 599–600 (5th Cir.
1988) (en banc) (concluding a woman was not in custody when she was “not
completely isolate[d]” and there were only two agents in a room with five
people). And Dolph was questioned only briefly during the stop and specifically
told he was not under arrest. 3 Thus, based on the Fields “custody test,” the
state court’s decision fits “within the matrix of [the Supreme Court’s] prior
decisions.” See Alvarado, 541 U.S. at 665. At a minimum, a fairminded jurist
of reason could so hold—which mandates denial of relief under AEDPA. See


       3 Although a reasonable person does not feel free to leave a traffic stop, see McCarty,
468 U.S. at 436, he might be more inclined to think he can refuse to answer questions and
ask to leave when he is told he is not under arrest, see Mathiason, 429 U.S. at 495 (concluding
it was “clear” a defendant was not in Miranda custody, in part, because he was “immediately
informed that he was not under arrest”).
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id. at 664 (explaining a state court’s decision is reasonable if “fairminded
jurists could disagree over whether [the defendant] was in custody”).
       One factor—that Dolph was handcuffed—obviously cuts the other way.
But as far as the briefs and our research reveals, there is no clearly established
law that Miranda warnings must be given whenever an individual is
handcuffed. See Fields, 565 U.S. at 509 (“Not all restraints on freedom of
movement amount to custody for purposes of Miranda.”); United States v.
Davis, 773 F.3d 334, 340 (1st Cir. 2014) (noting the Supreme Court has never
held “the use of handcuffs necessarily renders a [defendant] in custody for
[Miranda] purposes”); Wilson, 641 F.3d at 103–04 (denying Miranda claim
under AEDPA where prisoner “was handcuffed, isolated from the rest of the
prison population and questioned in an office, from which he was not free to go
at any point during the interview”). That too is sufficient to deny relief under
AEDPA. 4
       At the very least, a state court could conclude these four Fields factors
go in both directions. 5 We therefore cannot conclude the state court’s decision



       4 Dolph correctly observes that one circuit held to the contrary in a direct criminal
appeal. See United States v. Newton, 369 F.3d 659, 677 (2d Cir. 2004). But that is no help to
Dolph because this is not a direct criminal appeal. This case arises under AEDPA. And
under AEDPA and Alvarado, see 541 U.S. at 664, the state court could reasonably side with
the numerous other courts that have held otherwise in a (lopsided) split. See Davis, 773 F.3d
at 337, 340–41 (concluding it was not plain error for a district court to conclude a defendant
was not in custody when he was handcuffed but informed “he was not under arrest”); United
States v. Leshuk, 65 F.3d 1105, 1109–10 (4th Cir. 1995) (“[W]e have concluded that drawing
weapons, handcuffing a suspect, placing a suspect in a patrol car for questioning, or using or
threatening to use force does not necessarily elevate a lawful stop into a custodial arrest for
Miranda purposes.”); United States v. Bautista, 684 F.2d 1286, 1289, 1292 (9th Cir. 1982)
(concluding police officers “may take precautionary measures,” such as using handcuffs, if
“reasonably necessary” and “[h]andcuffing a suspect does not necessarily dictate a finding of
custody”).
       5 The fifth and final Fields factor is indeterminate. Dolph was arrested, not released,

at the end of the traffic stop. See Fields, 565 U.S. at 509. But so was McCarty, and the
Supreme Court nonetheless concluded he was not in custody prior to his formal arrest. See
McCarty, 468 U.S. at 423, 442.
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to deny habeas relief on Dolph’s Miranda claim was unreasonable.             See
Alvarado, 541 U.S. at 665 (“These differing indications lead us to hold that the
state court’s application of our custody standard was reasonable.”).
      The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.




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