                            PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,              
                 Plaintiff-Appellee,
                  v.                              No. 02-4202
FERNANDO FREDERICK WILSON,
             Defendant-Appellant.
                                       
            Appeal from the United States District Court
           for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Norfolk.
                 Jerome B. Friedman, District Judge.
                            (CR-01-162)

                       Argued: October 31, 2002

                       Decided: January 16, 2003

       Before WILKINSON, Chief Judge, and LUTTIG and
                   MOTZ, Circuit Judges.



Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Luttig wrote the opinion, in
which Chief Judge Wilkinson joined. Judge Motz wrote an opinion
concurring in the judgment.


                              COUNSEL

ARGUED: Joseph Barry McCracken, COOK & MCCRACKEN,
Norfolk, Virginia, for Appellant. William Joseph Howard, Assistant
United States Attorney, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee. ON
BRIEF: Paul J. McNulty, United States Attorney, Stephen W. Hay-
nie, Assistant United States Attorney, Norfolk, Virginia, for Appellee.
2                      UNITED STATES v. WILSON
                              OPINION

LUTTIG, Circuit Judge:

   Fernando Frederick Wilson appeals his conviction under 8 U.S.C.
§§ 1326(a) and (b)(2) for unlawful reentry of a deported alien. On
appeal, he asserts that the district court erred by failing to grant his
motion to dismiss. Wilson moved to dismiss on the ground that a
defect in his original deportation proceedings, specifically the failure
of the Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA") to consider his applica-
tion for waiver of deportation, rendered the deportation order invalid
and thus not a proper basis on which to mount a section 1326 prose-
cution. He also challenges his sentence enhancement under United
States Sentencing Guideline ("U.S.S.G.") § 2L1.2(b)(1)(C), which
provides for an enhancement when an alien was previously deported
after conviction for an "aggravated felony." Wilson argues that his
state conviction for possession of cocaine does not constitute an
aggravated felony because it does not qualify as a "drug trafficking
crime." We conclude that Wilson’s collateral attack is itself defective
and, further, that the sentence enhancement was proper. Accordingly,
we affirm.

                                   I.

   The undisputed facts are as follows. Wilson, a native and citizen
of Panama, entered the United States without immigration inspection
in early 1977 and promptly joined the United States Marine Corps. In
1982, his immigration status was adjusted to that of a lawful perma-
nent resident. On September 3, 1986, while still serving in the mili-
tary, Wilson was indicted in Virginia for possession with intent to
distribute cocaine. He pled guilty to the lesser included offense of fel-
ony possession of cocaine. Two years later, Wilson tested positive for
drugs and was given a bad conduct discharge from the Marine Corps.

   On November 22, 1994, the Immigration and Naturalization Ser-
vice ("INS") ordered Wilson to show cause why it should not deport
him for having been convicted of a drug offense. At a hearing before
an immigration judge ("IJ"), Wilson conceded his deportability but,
as a lawful permanent resident, requested that the IJ grant him a
waiver of deportation pursuant to section 212(c) of the Immigration
                      UNITED STATES v. WILSON                       3
and Naturalization Act ("INA"). See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(c) (1994 &
Supp). Section 212(c) granted the Attorney General broad discretion
to admit aliens who would otherwise be excludable, and had been
interpreted by the BIA as authorizing any permanent resident alien
with seven consecutive years of lawful domicile, such as Wilson, to
apply for a discretionary waiver of deportation.

   Although charged prior to their enactment, Wilson’s case came
before the IJ following enactment of the Anti-Terrorism and Effective
Death Penalty Act of 1996 ("AEDPA"), enacted on April 24, 1996,
110 Stat. 1214, and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant
Responsibility Act of 1996 ("IIRIRA"), enacted on September 30,
1996, 110 Stat. 3009-546, which together comprehensively amended
the INA, 66 Stat. 163, as amended 8 U.S.C. § 1101 et seq. Of particu-
lar relevance to this appeal, AEDPA section 440(d) amended INA
section 212(c) to preclude section 212(c) discretionary relief for
aliens convicted of certain enumerated criminal offenses, including
drug offenses. The Attorney General subsequently interpreted the pro-
visions of AEDPA and IIRIRA as applying retroactively. See In re
Soriano, Interim Decision 3289, 1996 WL 426888 (Op. Att’y Gen.
Feb. 21, 1997).

   However, the matter was still unsettled when the IJ adjudicated
Wilson’s case. On July 19, 1996, the IJ found Wilson deportable. As
to Wilson’s section 212(c) waiver application, the IJ chose to apply
section 212(c) as the law stood when Wilson was charged in 1994,
and, accordingly, considered the merits of Wilson’s section 212(c)
application. The IJ denied Wilson’s section 212(c) application, ruling
that the unfavorable equities outweighed the favorable equities, and
ordered that Wilson be deported to Panama. J.A. 95-96.

  Wilson appealed the section 212(c) denial to the BIA. The BIA
sustained the order of deportation, relying on the Attorney General’s
opinion that AEDPA and IIRIRA applied retroactively to bar section
212(c) relief. As a result, the BIA did not review the merits of Wil-
son’s section 212(c) application.

   Wilson was deported on July 2, 1998. He was given written warn-
ing that if he returned to the United States without permission he was
subject to prosecution for unlawful reentry under 8 U.S.C. § 1326.
4                      UNITED STATES v. WILSON
After Wilson’s deportation, the Supreme Court ruled in INS v. St.
Cyr, 533 U.S. 289 (2001), that AEDPA did not apply retroactively to
bar the opportunity for section 212(c) relief for aliens who pled guilty
to an offense which would have left them eligible for section 212(c)
relief prior to the statute’s enactment.

   Sometime in 2000, Wilson reentered the United States without per-
mission. He was arrested by the INS on July 20, 2001, and indicted
for unlawful reentry in violation of 8 U.S.C. §§ 1326(a) and (b)(2).
He moved to dismiss on the ground that his original deportation order
was invalid because the BIA should have considered his section
212(c) application. The district court denied Wilson’s motion to dis-
miss, reasoning that, even assuming Wilson could show a violation of
his due process rights, because he would have had at most a fifty-fifty
chance of receiving 212(c) relief from the BIA, he could not show
actual prejudice. United States v. Wilson, No. 2:01cr162, Mem. Order
at 7 (E.D. Va. Nov. 6, 2001) [hereinafter the "Order"]. Wilson was
subsequently found guilty under section 1326(a) and (b)(2). At sen-
tencing, the district court calculated Wilson’s base offense level as 8
and, over Wilson’s objection, enhanced his offense level to 16 on the
ground that his 1986 conviction for felony possession of cocaine
amounted to an aggravated felony for purposes of U.S.S.G.
§ 2L1.2(b)(1)(C). The district court sentenced Wilson to 18 months’
imprisonment, a special assessment of $100.00, and a 2 year period
of supervised release. Wilson appealed.

                                  II.

   On appeal, Wilson reasserts his argument that his original deporta-
tion order is invalid because he was impermissibly denied the oppor-
tunity to apply for a section 212(c) waiver before the BIA. Because
it is defective, Wilson contends, that order cannot serve as the basis
for a conviction under section 1326.

   Under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(d), an alien may collaterally attack the
validity of his deportation order when prosecuted for illegal reentry
under section 1326(a). However, section 1326(d) contains three con-
ditions that a defendant must satisfy before he will be allowed to
mount a collateral attack. The alien must demonstrate that:
                       UNITED STATES v. WILSON                          5
     (1) the alien exhausted any administrative remedies that may
     have been available to seek relief against the order;

     (2) the deportation proceedings at which the order was
     issued improperly deprived the alien of the opportunity for
     judicial review; and

     (3) the entry of the order was fundamentally unfair.

8 U.S.C. § 1326(d). These requirements are listed in the conjunctive,
so a defendant must satisfy all three in order to prevail. See United
States v. Fernandez-Antonia, 278 F.3d 150, 157 (2d Cir. 2002). The
government concedes that Wilson exhausted his administrative reme-
dies, but contends that he can show neither of the other two require-
ments.

  This court reviews Wilson’s challenge to his conviction de novo.
See United States v. Hernandez-Avalos, 251 F.3d 505, 507 (5th Cir.
2001). For the reasons discussed below, we conclude that Wilson’s
collateral attack must fail.

                                   A.

   Wilson’s collateral attack fails because he cannot show that a
defect in the underlying deportation order rendered it fundamentally
unfair. See 8 U.S.C. § 1326(d)(3). In order to establish fundamental
unfairness, a defendant must show that (1) his due process rights were
violated by defects in his underlying deportation proceeding, and (2)
he suffered prejudice as a result of the defects. See, e.g., United States
v. Zarate-Martinez, 133 F.3d 1194, 1197 (9th Cir. 1998); United
States v. Encarnacion-Galvez, 964 F.2d 402, 407 (5th Cir. 1992).

   While the district court assumed that Wilson could show a due pro-
cess violation, in fact he cannot. In order to succeed on a due process
claim, Wilson "must first establish that he had a property or liberty
interest at stake." Smith v. Ashcroft, 295 F.3d 425, 429 (4th Cir.
2002). In Smith v. Ashcroft, the court considered whether there is a
due process right to section 212(c) relief. Like Wilson, Smith was
deported after enactment of AEDPA and IIRIRA and before the St.
6                       UNITED STATES v. WILSON
Cyr decision. Both the IJ and the BIA denied Smith the opportunity
to apply for a section 212(c) waiver. Id. at 427. Smith’s attempts to
get judicial review of the BIA ruling were unavailing, and he was
deported. Later, he illegally reentered the United States. When the
government learned of this, it immediately moved to reinstate the
deportation order. Smith brought a habeas corpus petition asserting
that "his Fifth Amendment right to due process was violated by the
1998 deportation proceedings because he was not given court review
of the BIA ruling that he was not entitled to discretionary relief." Id.
at 428. The Smith court denied the due process challenge, holding
unequivocally that there is "no protected liberty or property interest
in discretionary 212(c) relief." Id. at 430. The court reached this con-
clusion because section 212(c) does not create an entitlement, but is
rather completely discretionary in nature. Id. at 429-30.

   Wilson’s claim that his original deportation proceedings were fun-
damentally unfair is effectively the same as that advanced by the
habeas petitioner in Smith. And, under Smith, even if Wilson was enti-
tled to have the BIA consider his section 212(c) application, he cannot
show that the failure of the BIA to do so denied him due process
because he had no due process right in the section 212(c) relief.1
    1
    In Smith, the court also considered Smith’s claim that "without regard
to liberty or property interests, his due process rights were violated in
1998 by a lack of meaningful review in a judicial forum." Id. at 430.
Smith argued that United States v. Mendoza-Lopez, 481 U.S. 828 (1987),
supported his claim. The court disagreed and distinguished Mendoza-
Lopez on the ground that it involved a criminal prosecution and thus was
premised on the reasoning that "review is essential when the outcome of
the administrative proceedings is used as an element for a criminal con-
viction." Smith, 295 F.3d at 431. However, Mendoza-Lopez only required
the availability of judicial review in the form of a collateral attack on a
section 1326 prosecution when the original deportation proceedings were
both fundamentally unfair and resulted in a denial of judicial review.
Section 1326(d) codifies and maintains these separate requirements. See
8 U.S.C. §§ 1326(d)(2) and (3). Thus, the question whether Wilson was
denied judicial review in his original deportation proceedings is indepen-
dent from the question whether the proceedings were fundamentally
unfair, i.e., whether they impinged upon a cognizable due process right.
Smith’s holding that section 212(c) does not give rise to a due process
right is binding upon this court and requires the rejection of Wilson’s
collateral attack pursuant to section 1326(d)(3) regardless of whether he
is entitled to heightened judicial review requirements by virtue of being
subject to criminal prosecution.
                       UNITED STATES v. WILSON                        7
                                  B.

   Although Wilson’s claim could be denied solely on the basis of his
failure to identify a due process violation, Wilson has failed to show
prejudice, even assuming such a violation. In the district court, coun-
sel for Wilson speculated that, if Wilson had been able to get BIA
review of the IJ’s section 212(c) ruling, he would have had a fifty-
fifty chance of having the IJ’s decision overturned. J.A. 65-66. The
district court found that a fifty-fifty chance was not sufficient to
establish prejudice because it did not "show that but for the alleged
violation of his rights by the BIA . . . he would not have been
deported." Order at 7.

  The district court correctly found that Wilson failed to establish
prejudice. In order to demonstrate prejudice, a defendant must show
"a reasonable likelihood that but for the errors complained of, the
defendant would not have been deported." Encarnacion-Galvez, 964
F.2d at 407; see also United States v. Torres-Sanchez, 68 F.3d 227,
230 (8th Cir. 1995) ("Actual prejudice exists where defects in the
deportation proceedings ‘may well have resulted in a deportation that
would not otherwise have occurred.’").

   Even a cursory review of the equities in Wilson’s case demon-
strates that his actual chance of obtaining a reversal at the BIA level
were significantly lower than the fifty-fifty figure suggested by his
counsel. "[W]hen an alien has a record of serious criminal activity, he
must demonstrate ‘unusual or outstanding’ equities in order to be eli-
gible for a favorable exercise of discretion under section 212(c)."
Gandarillas-Zambrana v. Board of Immigration Appeals, 44 F.3d
1251, 1259 (4th Cir. 1995). Wilson’s conviction for felony possession
of cocaine was certainly a serious criminal act. In addition, he had
significant negative equities, including his bad conduct discharge
from the Marine Corps for a positive drug test, and his minimal
income which "suggest[s] that he and his family will be continued
burdens on the U.S. taxpayer in the future if they remain" in the
United States. J.A. 30 (quotation from the decision of the IJ on the
merits of Wilson’s section 212(c) application). In short, as the IJ rec-
ognized, Wilson demonstrated none of the "unusual or outstanding"
favorable equities that would make him likely to receive a section
212(c) waiver. Because he points to no evidence that would indicate
8                       UNITED STATES v. WILSON
           2
otherwise, other than his attorney’s optimistic fifty-fifty projection,
Wilson has failed to demonstrate a reasonable likelihood that but for
the alleged error, he would not have been deported.3

                                   III.

   Wilson also challenges the enhancement of his sentence pursuant
to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(C). The guideline provides for an 8-level
enhancement for illegal reentry when the defendant was previously
deported after "a conviction for an aggravated felony." U.S.S.G.
§ 2L1.2(b)(1)(C). We review the district court’s imposition of the sen-
tence enhancement de novo because it entails the interpretation of a
statute. See United States v. Campbell, 94 F.3d 125, 127 (4th Cir.
1996).

   The issue presented is whether a state conviction for possession of
an unknown quantity of cocaine can ultimately qualify as an aggra-
vated felony under section 2L1.2 if it is a felony under the applicable
state law but is punishable only as a misdemeanor under the Con-
trolled Substances Act (CSA), 21 U.S.C. § 801 et seq. This is a ques-
tion of first impression in this circuit. The district court concluded that
simple possession of drugs, if a felony under state law, can constitute
an aggravated felony. J.A. 116-17. We agree, and thereby join the
seven other circuits that have addressed the issue. See United States
v. Ibarra-Galindo, 206 F.3d 1337 (9th Cir. 2000); United States v.
    2
     In St. Cyr, the Supreme Court did note that many aliens have sought
section 212(c) relief and "a substantial percentage of their applications
for § 212(c) relief have been granted." St. Cyr, 533 U.S. at 296. But St.
Cyr was not referring specifically to cases in which an IJ denied the ini-
tial section 212(c) application, which is the case we have before us. At
oral argument, counsel for Wilson acknowledged that he had presented
no statistics bearing on that particular circumstance.
   3
     Our decision that Wilson has shown neither a due process violation
nor prejudice renders it unnecessary to consider whether Wilson has met
section 1326(d)(2)’s requirement of the denial of an opportunity for judi-
cial review. By the same token, we need not consider the government’s
argument that St. Cyr’s holding is inapplicable to Wilson’s original
deportation proceedings because the proceedings became final three
years before St. Cyr was decided.
                       UNITED STATES v. WILSON                         9
Pornes-Garcia, 171 F.3d 142 (2d Cir. 1999); United States v. Simon,
168 F.3d 1271 (11th Cir. 1999); United States v. Hinojosa-Lopez, 130
F.3d 691 (5th Cir. 1997); United States v. Briones-Mata, 116 F.3d
308 (8th Cir. 1997); United States v. Cabrera-Sosa, 81 F.3d 998 (10th
Cir. 1996); United States v. Restrepo-Aquilar, 74 F.3d 361 (1st Cir.
1996).

   Our analysis begins with the guideline itself. The term "aggravated
felony" is not defined in the text of section 2L1.2. However, the appli-
cation note for that subsection states that "‘aggravated felony’ has the
meaning given that term in 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)." U.S.S.G.
§ 2L1.2, Application Note 2. Section 1101(a)(43) of Title 8 provides
that "[t]he term ‘aggravated felony’ means— (B) illicit trafficking in
a controlled substance (as defined in section 802 of Title 21), includ-
ing a drug trafficking crime (as defined in section 924(c) of Title 18)."
8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(B) (emphasis added). Section 924(c)(2) of
Title 18, in turn, states that

    the term "drug trafficking crime" means any felony punish-
    able under the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 801 et
    seq.), the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act (21
    U.S.C. 951 et seq.), or the Maritime Drug Law Enforcement
    Act (46 U.S.C. App. 1901 et seq.).

18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(2) (emphasis added).

   The next step of the analysis is to determine what the elements of
a drug trafficking crime are under section 924(c)(2). As it is struc-
tured, section 924(c)(2) is plainly comprised of two separate ele-
ments. It speaks first of "any felony" and then goes on to list three
separate statutes under which the felony may be punishable. Thus, the
two elements of section 924(c)(2) are (1) any felony, that is (2) pun-
ishable under the CSA (or one of the other two enumerated statutes).
The other circuits have reached the same interpretive conclusion. See
Ibarra-Galindo, 206 F.3d at 1339; Pornes-Garcia, 171 F.3d at 145;
Simon, 168 F.3d at 1272; Hinojosa-Lopez, 130 F.3d at 694; Cabrera-
Sosa, 81 F.3d at 1000; Restrepo-Aquilar, 74 F.3d at 364.

   Turning to the first element — any felony — this court must con-
sider whether Wilson’s state conviction for possession of cocaine
10                      UNITED STATES v. WILSON
amounts to a felony within the meaning of section 924(c)(2). Simple
possession of an unknown quantity of cocaine is punished by the CSA
as a misdemeanor. See 21 U.S.C. § 844(a) (providing for a term of
imprisonment of not more than 1 year). But the inquiry does not stop
there. The CSA defines the term "felony" as "any Federal or State
offense classified by applicable Federal or State law as a felony." 21
U.S.C. § 802(13) (emphasis added). That definition, which is clear
and unambiguous, encompasses Wilson’s Virginia conviction because
simple possession of a controlled substance is a felony under Virginia
law. See Va. Code § 18.2-250(a). So, while the CSA would not pun-
ish Wilson’s conduct as a felony, it does define it as a felony given
the punishment it receives under Virginia law.

   The CSA definition of felony, while not itself a part of section
924(c)(2), is nevertheless relevant as an interpretive matter. Section
924(c)(2) does not contain any internal limitation on its broad refer-
ence to "any felony" other than that such felonies be punishable under
one of the enumerated statutes. It is therefore reasonable to interpret
those words as including within their scope felonies as defined by the
very acts that the statute references. For the foregoing reasons it is
clear, and we so hold, that a state conviction for possession of cocaine
can constitute a felony within the meaning of section 924(c)(2), if the
offense is classified as a felony under the law of the relevant state,
even though the same offense would only be punishable as a misde-
meanor under federal law.4

   Wilson also satisfies the second element of section 924(c)(2). Sim-
ple possession of an unknown quantity of cocaine is punishable under
the CSA. See 21 U.S.C. § 844(a). Thus, because Wilson’s conviction
for felony possession of cocaine satisfies both elements of section
924(c)(2) and thereby constitutes a drug trafficking crime, he has
committed an aggravated felony as that term is defined in Application
Note 2 of section 2L1.2. The district court therefore correctly applied
the 8-level enhancement.
  4
   This definition of felony is also consistent with the definition used in
the guideline at issue. Application Note 1 of section 2L1.2 defines "fel-
ony" as "any federal, state, or local offense punishable by imprisonment
for a term exceeding one year." U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, Application Note
1(B)(iv) (emphasis added).
                       UNITED STATES v. WILSON                         11
   Wilson would have us interpret the statute differently. He contends
that when 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(2) defines "drug trafficking crime" as
"any felony punishable under the" CSA, it means that the offense
must be punishable as a felony by the CSA, not simply punishable
under the CSA. We need look no further than the text of section
924(c)(2) to refute Wilson’s argument. The statute does not say that
the offense must be punishable as a felony by the CSA. Rather, the
statute merely says that the offense must be a felony, punishable
thereunder. See Restrepo-Aquilar, 74 F.3d at 364. In other words,
there is no suggestion from the text of the statute itself that only those
offenses that federal law punishes as felonies are eligible. Quite the
contrary, as noted above, federal law itself defines the crime Wilson
committed as a felony, even though it would not punish it as such.
Wilson invites us to, in effect, rewrite the statute, but that we cannot
do.

   Wilson also argues that our decision in United States v. Garnett,
243 F.3d 824 (4th Cir. 2001), demands the contrary result. In Garnett,
we considered whether a sentence enhancement under U.S.S.G.
§ 2K2.1(b)(5) for use of a machine gun in connection with a felony
offense was warranted. One potential felony upon which the sentence
enhancement could have been based was a drug trafficking crime as
defined by section 924(c)(2). We remanded the case for additional
fact finding because the findings below did not indicate whether the
amount of drugs at issue in the case rose to the level of a felony
offense. We noted that "possession of less than five grams of cocaine
base constitutes a misdemeanor only and cannot serve as . . . ‘a drug
trafficking offense,’ for purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1). . . ." Gar-
nett, 243 F.3d at 829.

   Wilson’s reliance upon Garnett is unavailing. In Garnett, there was
no state conviction for felony possession. A careful reading of Gar-
nett reveals that when Garnett contrasted misdemeanor drug offenses
with felony drug offenses, it was talking about the way in which the
various offenses were punished under the CSA. See id. at 830
("possession of less than five grams of cocaine base by a defendant
with no prior drug convictions is punishable by imprisonment for up
to one year only, and therefore is not a felony. 21 U.S.C. § 844.").
Garnett did not purport to answer the question of whether the pres-
ence of a state felony conviction for simple possession could qualify,
12                      UNITED STATES v. WILSON
as a definitional matter, as a drug trafficking offense because no such
felony conviction was present in that case. Garnett never cited CSA
section 802(13), and it is that provision, in conjunction with the state
conviction absent in Garnett, that renders Wilson’s conduct a felony
for purposes of section 924(c)(2).5

                             CONCLUSION

   Wilson’s collateral attack on his underlying deportation proceed-
ings fails for the fundamental reason that nothing in those deportation
proceedings deprived him of due process or otherwise prejudiced his
attempts to avoid deportation. His attack on his sentence enhancement
also fails because we conclude that a state conviction for felony pos-
session of cocaine can qualify as a drug trafficking crime and thereby
render a defendant eligible for an enhancement under U.S.S.G.
§ 2L1.2 for the commission of an aggravated felony. As Wilson
alleges no other defects in his underlying conviction or sentence, the
district court’s judgment is affirmed.

                                                             AFFIRMED

DIANA GRIBBON MOTZ, Circuit Judge, concurring in the
judgment:

  I concur in the judgment, but write separately to clarify that the
majority’s discussion in Section II. A. should not be misread to permit
government conduct that has long been held unconstitutional.

  More than fifteen years ago, in United States v. Mendoza-Lopez,
481 U.S. 828 (1987), eight of the nine Supreme Court Justices agreed
  5
   In a last ditch effort to avoid the enhancement, Wilson invokes the
rule of lenity. However, we conclude, as have the other circuits that have
considered the issue, that any ambiguity in the statute is minimal at best
and thus insufficient to render application of the rule of lenity appropri-
ate. See, e.g., Johnson v. United States, 529 U.S. 694, 713 n.13 (2000)
("Lenity applies only when the equipoise of competing reasons cannot
otherwise be resolved. . . ."); Smith v. United States, 508 U.S. 223, 239
(1993) ("The mere possibility of articulating a narrower construction . . .
does not by itself make the rule of lenity applicable.").
                       UNITED STATES v. WILSON                         13
that a defendant has a constitutional right to collaterally attack a fun-
damentally unfair deportation order. Thus, to the extent 8 U.S.C.A.
§ 1326 (West 1999) then permitted "a court . . . [to] impose a criminal
penalty for reentry after any deportation, regardless of how violative
of the rights of the alien the deportation proceeding may have been,"
the Court held "the statute does not comport with the constitutional
requirement of due process." Id. at 837 (emphasis in original).1 And
while Chief Justice Rehnquist dissented from the holding of the
Court, he "agree[d] with the view that there may be exceptional cir-
cumstances where the Due Process Clause prohibits the Government
from using an alien’s prior deportation as a basis for imposing crimi-
nal liability under § 1326." Id. at 842 (Rehnquist, C.J., dissenting).

   Obviously no lower federal court can overrule the Supreme Court,
and I do not believe the majority intends to do that, but I fear that its
holding in Section II. A. might be misinterpreted as attempting to do
so. In that section, the majority holds Wilson cannot collaterally
attack his deportation order because he had no due process liberty or
property interest in the § 212(c) discretionary waiver that should have
been available at the deportation proceeding. This may be true in Wil-
son’s case, but if so, it is not the discretionary nature of the relief
available at the deportation proceeding that defeats his claim.

   Rather, after Mendoza-Lopez, I take it to be quite clear that, regard-
less of the discretionary nature of relief available at a deportation pro-
ceeding, if a defendant’s initial deportation, for example, had been
ordered by a biased judge, relying on the knowing use of perjured tes-
timony, or garnered under threat of mob violence, the defendant could
  1
    In response to this ruling, Congress amended § 1326 to permit an
alien prosecuted for illegal reentry after deportation, who has exhausted
his administrative remedies, to collaterally attack the validity of the
deportation order as violative of his due process rights. See 8 U.S.C.A.
§ 1326(d) (West 1999); 140 Cong. Rec. S 14544 (daily ed. Oct. 6, 1994)
(statement of Sen. Smith) (stating that the language of § 1326(d) "which
is taken directly from the U.S. Supreme Court case of United States v.
Mendoza-Lopez, 481 U.S. 828 (1987), is intended to ensure that mini-
mum due process is followed in the original deportation proceeding
while preventing wholesale, time-consuming attack on underlying depor-
tation orders.").
14                       UNITED STATES v. WILSON
collaterally attack this deportation in any subsequent prosecution in
which deportation is an element of the crime. Cf. Mendoza-Lopez,
481 U.S. at 839 n.17 (declining to enumerate the precise contours of
fundamentally fair deportation hearings, but noting that Court had
recognized in the criminal context "some errors necessarily render a
trial fundamentally unfair," such as use of coerced confession, adjudi-
cation by a biased judge, mob violence, and knowing use of perjured
testimony, and stating that "[w]hile the procedures required in an
administrative proceeding are less stringent than those demanded in
a criminal trial, analogous abuses could operate, under some circum-
stances, to deny effective judicial review of administrative determina-
tions" (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). However, the
majority’s opinion could be misread to imply that even under these
circumstances, a defendant could not show that his original deporta-
tion proceeding had been fundamentally unfair because the relief that
he sought under § 212(c) was "completely discretionary in nature."
Ante at 6.

   The majority is, of course, correct, that "[i]n order to succeed on
a due process claim," a defendant "‘must first establish that he had a
property or liberty interest at stake.’" Ante at 5 (quoting Smith v. Ash-
croft, 295 F.3d 425, 429 (4th Cir. 2002)). But as the Court recognized
in Mendoza-Lopez, a defendant facing criminal prosecution under
§ 1326 does have a liberty interest at stake — the liberty interest in
not being imprisoned on the basis of a fundamentally unfair deporta-
tion proceeding that has never been subjected to judicial review. See
481 U.S. at 837.

     The majority states that

       Smith’s holding that section 212(c) does not give rise to a
       due process right . . . requires the rejection of Wilson’s col-
       lateral attack pursuant to section 1326 (d)(3) regardless of
       whether he is entitled to heightened judicial review require-
       ments by virtue of being subject to criminal prosecution.

Ante at 6, n.1.

   This is true when a defendant’s only claim is that he was deprived
of the opportunity for judicial review. Deprivation of judicial review
                         UNITED STATES v. WILSON                           15
does not equate to a fundamentally unfair administrative hearing.
Rather, as the majority correctly notes, fundamental fairness and judi-
cial review are separate elements under Mendoza-Lopez and
§ 1326(d). See id.

   However, when a criminal defendant seeks to collaterally attack his
deportation order based on the claim made in Smith — that he was
deprived of the opportunity for judicial review, see Smith, 295 F.3d
at 429, 430 — as well as on a claim not made in Smith — that his
initial deportation proceeding had been fundamentally unfair (e.g.,
because the judge was biased) — then Mendoza-Lopez, not Smith, con-
trols.2 In such cases, a court must analyze the question of whether the
initial deportation had been fundamentally unfair on its merits, even
if at his initial deportation hearing the defendant sought discretionary
relief such as a § 212(c) waiver.

   In this case, Wilson’s contention that the Board of Immigration
Appeals applied an incorrect legal interpretation arguably states a
claim of fundamental unfairness, albeit one of questionable merit.
However, because Wilson has failed to demonstrate any prejudice, we
need not reach that claim. See ante at 6-8.
  2
   The Smith court itself recognized the limits of its analysis in light of
Mendoza-Lopez and specifically distinguished the case before it, involv-
ing only an alien’s deportation, from cases such as Wilson’s, involving
only an alien’s prosecution for illegal re-entry after deportation. The
court in Smith explained:
      In Mendoza-Lopez, the question before the court was whether a
      defendant who was being criminally prosecuted for illegally
      reentering after lawful deportation could collaterally attack the
      prior deportation order. The Court concluded that since lawful
      deportation was a material element of the statutory offense, due
      process required, in this limited situation, a pretrial review of
      whether the prior deportation order was lawful. [Mendoza-Lopez,
      481 U.S.] at 837-38. . . .
         Thus, while the Mendoza-Lopez Court admittedly espoused
      judicial review of administrative actions, the Court reasoned that
      review is essential when the outcome of the administrative pro-
      ceeding is used as an element for criminal conviction. Id. at 839.
Smith, 295 F.3d at 430-31 (emphasis in original).
