                ARMED SERVICES BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS

Appeal of --                                   )
                                               )
Binghamton Simulator Company                   )      ASBCA No. 59117
                                               )
Under Contract No. W900KK-09-D-0323            )

APPEARANCE FOR THE APPELLANT:                         Albert J. Millus, Jr., Esq.
                                                       Hinman, Howard & Kattell, LLP
                                                       Binghamton, NY

APPEARANCE FOR LEIDOS, INC.,                          Louis D. Victorino, Esq.
 f/k/a SCIENCE APPLICATIONS                            Sheppard Mullin Richter & Hampton LLP
 INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION:                            Washington, DC

APPEARANCES FOR THE GOVERNMENT:                       Raymond M. Saunders, Esq.
                                                       Army Chief Trial Attorney
                                                      MAJ Cameron R. Edlefsen, JA
                                                       Trial Attorney

                 OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE MELNICK
                       ON THE BOARD'S JURISDICTION

        Subcontractor Binghamton Simulator Company (BSC) attempts to appeal
directly from a contracting officer's decision issued to the prime contractor, Leidos,
Inc., f/k/a Science Applications International Corporation (Leidos ). 1 Leidos does not
sponsor BSC's appeal. Accordingly, we dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.

                 STATEMENT OF FACTS (SOF) FOR THE PURPOSE
                      OF DETERMINING JURISDICTION

       1. The United States Army, through its Program Executive Office for
Simulation, Training and Instrumentation (Army or government), awarded Contract
No. W900KK-09-D-0323 (the contract), an indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity
delivery order contract, to Science Applications International Corporation (now known
as Leidos, Inc.) (R4, tab 1). The contract called for "procurement and/or services
support of training and testing simulators, simulations, systems/devices,
instrumentation systems, telecommunications systems, experimentation, targets,

1
    This appeal was originally docketed in Science Applications International
         Corporation's name, prior to the Board being informed that it did not sponsor
         the appeal.
gaming, advanced simulation concepts, and open architecture, and common part and
component solutions" (R4, tab 1 at 109).

       2. The contract is subject to the Contract Disputes Act (CDA), 41 U.S.C.
§§ 7101-7109, and includes a standard Disputes clause, FAR 52.233-1, DISPUTES
(JUL 2002)-ALTERNATE I (DEC 1991) (R4, tab 1at97). The contract also includes
DFARS 252.227-7014, RIGHTS IN NONCOMMERCIAL COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND
NONCOMMERCIAL COMPUTER SOFTWARE DOCUMENTATION (JUN 1995); and
DF ARS 252.227-7019, VALIDATION OF ASSERTED RESTRICTIONS - COMPUTER
SOFTWARE (JUN 1995) (R4, tab 1 at 98-99).

        3. Three delivery orders issued under the contract are relevant to this appeal, all
of which involve the Non-Rated Crew Member Manned Module (NCM3), a
component of the Aviation Combined Arms Tactical Trainer (AVCA TT) (R4, tab 2
at 180, 274, tab 3 at 554, 610, tab 4 at 686, 792). The AVCATT is an advanced
helicopter simulator, a "virtual simulation training system designed to provide aviation
the capability to conduct realistic, high intensity, task-loaded collective and combined
arms training exercises and mission rehearsals." The NCM3 is a "functional crew
station position for the current.. .and future inventory of Army lift helicopters,"
providing simulation training for "individual, crew, and collective tasks associated
with door gunnery and crew coordination." (R4, tab 2 at 278, tab 3 at 612, tab 4
at 794) BSC was Leidos' subcontractor for the NCM3 effort and provided, among
other things, software programs to simulate "sling load operation" and "hoist
operation" (R4, tab 2 at 370).

        4. The first relevant delivery order, Delivery Order No. 000316 (D0003), was
issued on 27 January 2010 (R4, tab 2 at 179). Following the issuance ofD0003, a
dispute arose regarding the government's rights to use and distribute BSC's "sling
loads" and "hoist" software programs. The government asserted that it had
government purpose rights (see DFARS 252.227-7014(b)(l l)), while BSC maintained
that the government only had Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) rights (see
DFARS 252.227-7018). (Notice of appeal, attach. B)

       5. The second delivery order, Delivery Order No. 000503 (D0005), was issued
on 18 May 2012 (R4, tab 3 at 553). The third, Delivery Order No. 000905 (D0009),
was issued on 25 September 2012 (R4, tab 4 at 685).

         6. In November 2012, BSC challenged the government's asserted rights to the
"sling loads" and "hoist" programs (Bd. corr. ltr. dtd. 28 February 2014 at 2; Bd. corr.
ltr. dtd. 27 March 2014, attach. 1). The government responded in April 2013, formally
challenging BSC's assertion of SBIR rights and demanding additional information
from BSC to support its asserted rights. The government addressed its April 2013



                                            2
letter to Leidos, however, asserting it "had no privity of contract with BSC." 2 (Notice
of appeal, attach. B at 2)

       7. On 20 August 2013, the contracting officer issued a final decision to Leidos
denying the validity of BSC's asserted SBIR rights (Bd. corr. ltr. dated 28 February
2014; notice of appeal, attach. B).

       8. On 7 January 2014, the Board received a notice of appeal, dated
14 November 2014, from BSC appealing the contracting officer's 20 August final
decision. The Board docketed the appeal as ASBCA No. 59117. In the notice of
docketing, the Board directed Leidos to provide proof that it sponsored BSC's appeal.

        9. By letter dated 27 January 2014, Leidos responded to the Board's inquiry,
stating that it "was not requested to sponsor the [appeal] and has not sponsored the
[appeal]."

       10. BSC contended, in its 28 February 2014 response to the Board's inquiry,
that Lei dos had sponsored the appeal under the terms of their subcontract agreement.
BSC cited the following language from the Disputes clause of its subcontract as
evidence ofLeidos' sponsorship:

              [I]f Seller [i.e., BSC] disagrees with any such decision
              made by the Contracting Officer and Buyer [i.e., Leidos]
              elects not to appeal such decision, Seller shall have the
              right reserved to Buyer under the Prime Contract with the
              Government to prosecute a timely appeal in the name of
              Buyer....

(Bd. corr. ltr. dated 28 February 2014 at 2-3) BSC also noted in its response that the
software underlying the parties' dispute was owned by BSC Partners, LLC, rather than
Binghamton Simulator Company (id. at 1 n.l ). 3


2
  Pursuant to DF ARS 252.227-7019( c), no such "privity" was required for direct
         contact at this stage of the process for validating BSC's asserted restrictions:
         "the Contracting Officer may transact matters under this clause directly with
         subcontractor or suppliers at any tier who assert restrictions on the
         Government's right to use, modify, reproduce, release, perform, display, or
         disclose computer software." Paragraph (c) adds that such direct interaction
         neither "creates [n]or implies privity of contract between the Government and
         the Contractor's subcontractors or suppliers."
3
  In its final submission to the Board on the question of sponsorship, BSC indicated
         that those of its assets that had been purchased by BSC Partners, LLC,

                                             3
       11. Leidos responded to BSC's submission by letter dated 27 March 2014,
arguing that the language of the Disputes clause in the subcontract did not constitute
sponsorship. Additionally, Leidos reiterated that BSC had never requested
sponsorship of an appeal.

                                      DECISION

         Under the CDA, only a contractor may appeal to the Board from a contracting
officer's final decision. Rahil Exports, ASBCA No. 56832, 10-1 BCA ~ 34,355 at
169,646; 41 U.S.C. § 7104(a). The CDA defines "contractor" as "a party to a Federal
Government contract other than the Federal Government." 41 U.S.C. § 7101(7). The
CDA is a waiver of sovereign immunity, and as such it must be strictly construed.
Winter v. FloorPro, Inc., 570 F.3d 1367, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2009).

         Parties that are not in privity of contract with the government may not avail
themselves of the CDA's appeal provisions. See FloorPro, 570 F.3d at 1371;
Admiralty Construction, Inc., by National American Insurance Co. v. Dalton, 156 F .3d
1217, 1220-21 (Fed. Cir. 1998); United States v. Johnson Controls, Inc., 713 F.2d
1541, 1550-51 (Fed. Cir. 1983); CareFirst BlueCross BlueShield, ASBCA No. 52849
et al., 05-2 BCA ~ 32,998 at 163,578. "[T]he no-privity rule is synonymous with a
finding that there is no express or implied contract between the government and a
subcontractor." Johnson Controls, 713 F.2d at 1550. "[R]are, exceptional"
circumstances must exist to either create privity of contract between the subcontractor
and the government or to establish some other-than-privity basis allowing the
subcontractor to appeal directly to the Board. Johnson Controls, 712 F.2d at 1556;
see, e.g., Johnson Controls, 713 F.2d at 1551-52 (privity where prime contractor acts
as mere government agent), at 1552-56 (direct subcontractor appeals pursuant to terms
of prime contract); Rahil Exports, 10-1 BCA ~ 34,355 at 169,647 (implied-in-fact
contracts). However, no such "rare, exceptional" circumstances are presented here.
BSC does not allege, and nothing in the record indicates to us, that BSC was in privity
with the government or that the terms of the contract somehow provided for BSC to be
able to appeal directly to the Board.

       For the Board to consider the claim of a subcontractor not in privity with the
government, the appeal must be sponsored by the party that is in privity, the prime
contractor. JE. McAmis, Inc., ASBCA No. 54455 et al., 04-2 BCA ~ 32,746 at
161,953. Sponsorship allows a subcontractor to prosecute its claims "through, and
with the consent and cooperation of, the prime, and in the prime's name." Erickson


       including its software and all causes of action, were subsequently sold to BSC
       Associates, LLC (Bd. corr. ltr. dated 15 April 2014 at 4).

                                           4
Air Crane Co. of Washington, Inc. v. United States, 731F.2d810, 814 (Fed. Cir.
1984).

       In this case, Leidos has clearly and consistently represented that it does not
sponsor BSC's appeal (SOF ~~ 9, 11). BSC argues that the appeal is sponsored
regardless, because pursuant to the Disputes clause of its subcontract, Leidos cannot
refuse sponsorship (SOF ~ 10). It is irrelevant to our jurisdiction whether the terms of
the contract between BSC and Leidos might, under certain circumstances, require
Leidos to sponsor an appeal by BSC. We lack jurisdiction under the CDA to resolve a
dispute between a prime contractor and its subcontractor regarding interpretation of
the terms of their subcontract. See 41 U.S.C. § 7105(e)(l)(A). All that is relevant to
our consideration is that Leidos does not sponsor this appeal.

        As the party invoking the Board's jurisdiction, BSC has the burden of
establishing the Board's jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence. See Alpine
Computers, Inc., ASBCA No. 54659, 05-2 BCA ~ 32,997 at 163,559; A. Montano
Electrical Contractor, ASBCA No. 56951, 10-2 BCA ~ 34,587 at 170,500. BSC fails
to carry that burden because Leidos does not sponsor the appeal and BSC has shown
neither privity nor the existence of some "rare, exceptional" basis that would allow a
direct appeal.

                                     CONCLUSION

        Because Leidos does not sponsor BSC's appeal and BSC has not indicated the
existence of any basis allowing it to appeal directly to the Board, the Board lacks
jurisdiction and the appeal is dismissed. 4

         Dated: 21 August 2014



                                                  MARK A. MELNICK
                                                  Administrative Judge
                                                  Armed Services Board
                                                  of Contract Appeals
(Signatures continued)


4
    Because we lack jurisdiction over BSC's appeal, we do not need to determine
        whether BSC's appeal was timely filed. Additionally, Leidos questions
        whether, given the sale of its assets, BSC would be the proper party to bring a
        sponsored appeal before the Board (Bd. corr. ltr. dated 27 March 2014). We do
        not need answer that question, either, to determine that we lack jurisdiction.

                                            5
I concur                                       I concur


 ff~tf¥_
MARK N. STEMPLER
Administrative Judge
                                              -ru~EFORD
                                               Administrative Judge
Acting Chairman                                Vice Chairman
Armed Services Board                           Armed Services Board
of Contract Appeals                            of Contract Appeals


      I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Opinion and Decision of the
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals in ASBCA No. 59117, Appeal of
Binghamton Simulator Company, rendered in conformance with the Board's Charter.

      Dated:


                                               JEFFREY D. GARDIN
                                               Recorder, Armed Services
                                               Board of Contract Appeals




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