                                      In The
                                 Court of Appeals
                        Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo

                                       No. 07-13-00029-CR


                         RICHARD SARDANETA RIOS, APPELLANT

                                                 V.

                              THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE

                             On Appeal from the 19th District Court
                                    McLennan County, Texas
              Trial Court No. 2011-2484-C1, Honorable Ralph T. Strother, Presiding

                                          May 23, 2014

                                MEMORANDUM OPINION
                     Before QUINN, C.J., and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.


      Appellant, Richard Sardaneta Rios, entered a plea of guilty before a jury to the

offense of possessing, with intent to deliver, a controlled substance, methamphetamine,

in an amount of four grams or more but less than 200 grams.1 Additionally, appellant

entered pleas of true to punishment enhancement allegations contained in the

indictment alleging he had twice been convicted of a felony offense.2 The jury assessed


      1
          See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.112(a),(d) (West 2010).
      2
          See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(d) (West Supp.2013).
appellant’s punishment at confinement in the Institutional Division of the Texas

Department of Criminal Justice (ID-TDCJ) for 99 years. Appellant appeals contending

that the trial court erred in restricting appellant’s cross-examination of the investigating

officer. Appellant also contends that he suffered egregious harm when the trial court did

not answer the jury’s question during its deliberations. Disagreeing with appellant, we

will affirm.


                           Factual and Procedural Background


        Appellant entered a plea of guilty without the benefit of a plea bargain

agreement. He does not contest the sufficiency of the evidence or of the process that

led to the entry of his plea of guilty.     Accordingly, we will address only the facts

necessary to address the issues raised.


        After the entry of appellant’s plea of guilty to the primary offense and pleas of

true to the enhancement paragraphs, the State presented evidence for the jury’s

consideration on the issue of punishment. During this presentation, the testimony of

Jason Barnum of the Waco Police Department was presented. Barnum was the lead

investigating officer involved in the arrest of appellant.     Barnum testified on direct

examination that, prior to serving the search warrant on appellant’s apartment, he had,

through the use of a confidential informant (CI), made six controlled buys from

appellant. Barnum further explained that controlled buys mean that the CI made the

purchases directly from appellant. These purchases served as the probable cause for

the issuance of the search warrant that resulted in finding and seizing approximately 50

grams of methamphetamine.



                                             2
       During Barnum’s cross-examination, appellant’s trial counsel attempted to ask

specific questions about the date and place of the CI’s purchases. Barnum testified that

all of the purchases occurred at appellant’s apartment but stated that he did not have

the dates of the purchases with him. Further, the witness opined that to give the dates

of the purchases would allow someone to ascertain who the CI was. At that time, the

trial court advised counsel that he was not going to allow counsel to get further into that

area of questioning. Appellant’s counsel then moved on to another subject without

objection or comment.


       After the receipt of evidence concluded and while the jury was deliberating, the

jury sent out the following note:


       What is [V]oluntary [M]anslaugter?


              (1) Can we know the circumstances of this 1st offense?

              (2) Was it drug related?


The trial court answered the jury question as follows:


       Ladies and Gentlemen of the Jury:


       I have received your note. You have received all of the law and
       instructions necessary. Please continue your deliberations.



Thereafter, the jury completed its deliberations and returned a verdict of confinement in

the ID-TDCJ for a period of 99 years. This appeal followed.


       Appellant presents two issues to the Court. First, he contends the trial court

erroneously restricted his right of cross-examination of the lead investigating officer.

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Second, appellant contends that the trial court committed error in refusing to answer the

jury’s question. We disagree with each of appellant’s propositions and will affirm.


                           Cross-Examination of Investigator


Standard of Review


      As a reviewing court, we review the action of the trial court in admitting or

excluding evidence under an abuse of discretion standard. Casey v. State, 215 S.W.3d

870, 879 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).      A trial court does not abuse its discretion if its

decision is within the zone of reasonable disagreement. See Walters v. State, 247

S.W.3d 204, 217 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).


Analysis


      During appellant’s cross-examination of the lead investigator, Barnum, appellant

attempted to elicit answers to questions about the six instances where Barnum’s CI had

made purchases of drugs from appellant. Barnum admitted that all purchases occurred

at the apartment appellant lived at and where the search warrant was served. However,

when Barnum was asked when the buys occurred, he demurred to answer saying that

he did not have the information available off the top of his head. Barnum did admit he

had the dates in his case file, but would not want to give those dates out as they could

be used to identify the CI. At this point, the trial judge advised appellant’s counsel to

move to another subject because he was not going to allow him to go further into that

information.   Trial counsel began addressing another subject without objection or

comment.



                                            4
       Under these facts, we must initially determine if anything was preserved for

appellate review.         The Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure require that, as a

prerequisite for presenting a complaint on appeal, the record must show that:


   (1) the complaint was made to the trial court by a timely request, objection, or
       motion that:

       (A) stated the grounds for the ruling that the complaining party sought from
           the trial court with sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware of
           the complaint, unless the specific grounds were apparent from the
           context;
TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1). Here, appellant made no objection when the trial court

instructed trial counsel to move to another subject for purposes of cross-examination.

Accordingly, there is nothing preserved for appeal. See Clark v. State, 365 S.W.3d 333,

339 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).


       Appellant ignores the preservation issue and proceeds to an analysis of whether

the trial court erred in instructing trial counsel to move to another subject. In concluding

that the trial court did so err, appellant seems to pay little heed to the language of Rule

508 of the Texas Rules of Evidence. Rule 508 is part of Article V, entitled “Privileges,”

and specifically governs the privilege concerning “Identity of Informer.” See TEX. R.

EVID. 508.3 Rule 508, as applicable to this matter, grants a privilege to the State to

refuse to disclose the identity of a person who has furnished information relating to the

investigation of a violation of the law. Rule 508(a). There are exceptions to this general

grant of privilege and the one we deal with in this case is Rule 508(c)(2).                       This

exception, as applicable in a criminal case, provides:




       3
           Further reference to the Texas Rules of Evidence will be by reference to “Rule ___.”

                                                     5
      Testimony on Merits-If it appears from the evidence in the case or from
      other showing by a party that an informer may be able to give testimony
      necessary to a fair determination of a material issue . . . on guilt or
      innocence in a criminal case . . . .
Rule 508(c)(2).


      In the case before the Court, appellant entered a plea of guilty to the charges.

Therefore, there could be no showing that the informer could give testimony necessary

to a fair determination of guilt or innocence. See Bodin v. State, 807 S.W.2d 313, 318

(Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (en banc). Here, appellant could not meet the burden to show

that the disclosure of the CI’s identity was required because he/she could give

testimony necessary for a fair determination of guilt or innocence.     See Thomas v.

State, 417 S.W.3d 89, 91 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2013, no pet.). Simply put, the issue of

guilt or innocence was decided by the plea of guilty. Appellant has not cited this Court

to a case holding that the exception to the Rule 508 privilege extends to evidence heard

during punishment nor have we found such a case.


      To the extent appellant contends that Mendoza v. State so holds, we disagree.

See Mendoza v. State, 823 S.W.2d 752, 753 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1992, no pet.).

Mendoza was a trial on a charge of conspiracy to possess cocaine. Id. at 752. The

issue of the informant arose during the guilt-innocence portion of the trial. Id. at 753.

The only time the subject of punishment was even mentioned in the opinion was when

the court concluded its harm analysis with a statement that, “We cannot conclude

beyond a reasonable doubt that the error made no contribution to the conviction or to

the punishment.” Id. at 754. This latter statement appears to be a reference to the

standard for reversible error applicable at that time which required a determination



                                           6
whether the error contributed to the conviction or punishment. See id. at 753 (citing

former TEX. R. APP. P. 81(b)(2)). The Mendoza case does not stand for the proposition

that the exception to Rule 508 applies during the punishment phase of the trial.


       Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to allow

appellant to continue the cross-examination of Branum. See Casey, 215 S.W.3d at

879. Appellant’s first issue is overruled.


                                      Jury Questions


       After the jury retired to consider the issue of punishment, the jury sent the

questions enumerated in the factual and procedural background portion of this opinion

to the trial court. The trial court answered the jury in writing stating, “You have received

all of the law and instructions necessary. Please continue your deliberations.” The

record reflects that both counsel for the State and appellant were present and were

given the opportunity to object to the trial court’s answer to the jury’s questions. Trial

counsel voiced no objection to this communication.


       Article 36.27 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure governs the trial court’s

actions when answering questions from a jury. It provides, in relevant part:


       The court shall answer any such communication in writing, and before
       giving such answer to the jury shall use reasonable diligence to secure the
       presence of the defendant and his counsel, and shall first submit the
       question and also submit his answer to the same to the defendant or his
       counsel or objections or exceptions, in the same manner as any other
       written instructions are submitted to such counsel, before the court gives
       such answer to the jury, but if he is unable to secure the presence of the
       defendant and his counsel, then he shall proceed to answer the same as
       he deems proper. The written instruction or answer to the communication
       shall be read in open court unless expressly waived by the defendant.


                                             7
         All such proceedings in felony cases shall be a part of the record and
         recorded by the court reporter.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.27 (West 2006).


         On appeal, appellant now objects contending that the failure of the trial court to

answer the questions was reversible error. In analyzing this proposition, appellant fails

to mention the fact that trial counsel voiced no objection to the trial court’s answer. We

are again faced squarely with the question whether appellant preserved this issue for

appellate review. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has answered this question by

stating that, if the record does not explicitly reflect a timely objection to the trial court’s

answer to the jury’s questions, such objections have been procedurally defaulted. See

Word v. State, 206 S.W.3d 646, 651-52 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).


         Appellant admits that he did not object; however, he posits that we should review

the trial court’s decision for egregious harm. Although appellant does not cite the Court

to any authority for this proposition, under the circumstances, we assume that appellant

is asking the Court to review the trial court’s decision under the Almanza standard. See

Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (en banc). The State

contends that since nothing has been preserved for appeal, the Almanza standard for

review is inapplicable. See Green v. State, 912 S.W.2d 189, 193 (Tex. Crim. App.

1995).     We agree with the State.      However, even if we assume, for purposes of

argument, that we should apply the egregious harm standard, appellant has not been

harmed.


         Egregious harm requires error that affected the very basis of appellant’s case,

deprived appellant of a valuable right, or vitally affected appellant’s defensive theory.


                                              8
Cosio v. State, 353 S.W.3d 766, 777 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). We are instructed to

review an egregious harm claim by considering four factors: 1) the entire jury charge; 2)

the state of the evidence, including the contested issues and weight of probative

evidence; 3) arguments of counsel; and 4) any other relevant information revealed by

the record of the trial as a whole. Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.


      The charge sets forth the offense for which appellant entered his plea of guilty

and the appropriate range of punishment for that offense, in light of the enhancement

paragraphs. Further, the charge states that appellant entered pleas of “True” to the

allegations contained in the enhancement paragraphs.         Following this, the charge

instructs the jury to find the enhancement paragraphs allegations “True.” The charge

appropriately instructs the jury to consider all of the facts shown by the evidence before

them in arriving at a verdict. The appropriate jury verdict forms are attached to the

charge.


      A review of the evidence reflects that appellant entered a plea of guilty to the

indictment.   Additionally, appellant entered a plea of “True” to each enhancement

paragraph. The State produced evidence regarding the facts surrounding appellant’s

arrest for the indicted offense. Appellant, through three witnesses, presented testimony

regarding appellant’s relationship with his wife and other members of his family. This

testimony went to the only contested issue before the jury, the sentence of confinement

that would be appropriate.


      The arguments of counsel were, simply put, opposite sides of the same coin.

The State argued for a lengthy incarceration while appellant’s counsel argued that



                                            9
appellant’s testimony demonstrated there was more to appellant than drug dealing and,

accordingly, he was due consideration of a shorter sentence.


       As to any additional factor, the question of the legal definition of voluntary

manslaughter and the circumstances surrounding appellant’s conviction for the offense

were not issues then before the jury. This is so because appellant entered his plea of

“True” to that enhancement paragraph. As a result, there was no issue of fact for the

jury’s determination.


       After a review of all of the Almanza factors, we can say that appellant did not

suffer egregious harm. Therefore, appellant’s second issue is overruled because the

same was not preserved and, if the issue was preserved, appellant did not suffer

egregious harm.


                                           Conclusion


       Having overruled appellant’s issues, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.




                                                 Mackey K. Hancock
                                                     Justice

Do not publish.




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