                  REPORTED

  IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

               OF MARYLAND

                     No. 72

            September Term, 2015

        _________________________


   CUMBERLAND INSURANCE GROUP

                       v.

      DELMARVA POWER, D/B/A
    DELMARVA POWER & LIGHT CO.

        _________________________

      Hotten,
      Berger,
      Nazarian,

                   JJ.
        _________________________

           Opinion by Nazarian, J.
        _________________________

      Filed: February 1, 2016

*Michele D. Hotten, while still a member of this
Court, participated in the hearing of this appeal
and approved the contents of this opinion but did
not participate in the decision to publish the
opinion.
       David Wickwire’s house in Hurlock, Maryland sustained major damage from a fire.

His homeowner’s insurer, Cumberland Insurance Group (“Cumberland”), paid his claim,

and came to believe that the fire was caused by faulty wiring in the house’s electric meter

box. Cumberland seeks subrogation from Delmarva Power (“Delmarva”), Mr. Wickwire’s

electric company, but the Circuit Court for Dorchester County granted Delmarva’s motion

for summary judgment on the ground that Cumberland destroyed the fire scene, which

deprived Delmarva of the opportunity to investigate or defend the claim. Cumberland

appeals, and we affirm.

                                    I. BACKGROUND

       Mr. Wickwire insured his home with Cumberland, and Delmarva provided his

electric service. A fire broke out at the house on the morning of May 5, 2013, and local fire

department personnel responded and put out the fire. Delmarva also responded by sending

a lineman, Jeff Willoughby, to disconnect the power supply to the house, evidently at the

request of the fire department. Mr. Willoughby did not serve in any investigative capacity

that day1; his job was to “make things safe”—i.e., to “[m]ake sure the wire was dead going

to the house”—so he “[w]ent to the transformer, figured out which wire went to that house,

[and] disconnected it in the transformer . . .”




1
 He testified at his deposition to that effect: “I’m not a professional in fires. I don’t know
where the fire started, how it started.”
       Thomas Harr, a Senior Deputy State Fire Marshal, investigated the fire, and noted

significant smoke and water damage throughout the interior of the house. The worst fire

damage was in the utility room: “[t]he ceiling was down and the remains of the rafters were

exposed. The roof was consumed above this room extending up to the peak. The wires in

this are[a] suffered heavy fire damage.” The Fire Marshal concluded that the fire originated

in the meter box. He based his conclusion on burn patterns, witness statements, and the

heavy fire damage to the meter box (which showed that the contact lugs in the box were

loose at the point where they connected with the wire). He removed the meter and meter

box from the scene.

       Cumberland retained a fire cause and origin expert, Timothy Hattwick, who

inspected the property on May 8, 2013, three days after the fire. He walked through the

house and took pictures, but he did not take any evidence from the scene.2 He reasoned

from what he saw “that the fire had moved in from the exterior[, and at] that point

combining that knowledge or that observation with what I observed on the exterior, I

refocused my examination on the exterior as the area of origin.” Mr. Hattwick concluded

that the fire “originated in the area of the meter.” He contacted Fire Marshal Harr and

asked him to return to the scene to bring with him the remains of the meter. The Fire

Marshal was unavailable, but the two spoke about the investigation. On May 24, 2013,




2
 Ironically, he noted why he did not take the electrical distribution panel away: “That
would have been premature at that point in time. It would have spoliated the scene.”
                                            2
Cumberland’s electrical engineering expert, Michael Wald, also inspected the house and

examined the remains of the meter and meter box (or, as he put it, a “paper bag with remains

of electrical devices in it”).

       As the Cumberland investigation proceeded, it does not appear that Delmarva sent

any personnel to inspect the property. Nonetheless Cumberland got an estimate for

demolition of the property and issued a check to Mr. Wickwire on May 30, 2013, that

appeared to include the cost of demolition. The house and its contents were demolished

on July 3, 2013. We will discuss in greater detail below what Delmarva knew, and when

Delmarva knew anything, about its potential liability and the eventual destruction of the

scene. Delmarva concedes in its brief that “Delmarva knew about the fire on May 5, 2013,

and knew as early as May 29, 2013 that a claim may at some point be made against it.”

Beyond that, though, the parties dispute when, if at all, Cumberland notified Delmarva

about the fact that the house was to be demolished, and that question underlay Delmarva’s

motion for summary judgment (the “Motion”).

       Delmarva filed the Motion in December 2014. Delmarva argued, among other

things, that Cumberland destroyed the fire scene and irreversibly crippled Delmarva’s

ability to mount a meaningful defense. The trial court held a hearing on January 22, 2015;

we will detail the dialogue below, but it will suffice for now that the court ruled from the

bench after argument and granted the Motion:

               We’re here on a motion in limine and a motion to compel and
               a motion for summary judgment. After reviewing the motions,
               the exhibits attached thereto and the—considering the

                                             3
             arguments of Counsel there is—the Court is going to grant the
             motion for summary judgment. Specifically without
             addressing all of the various arguments the argument that the
             Court is going to grant summary judgment on . . . the
             destruction of the house.

             The Court finds that based on the factors in Clumpt v.
             Krongberg, [sic 3 ] which talk[s] about an act of destruction,
             discoverability of the evidence, an intent to destroy the
             evidence an occurrence of the act at a time when the filing of a
             lawsuit is fairly perceived as imminent that [Delmarva] in this
             case will not have the opportunity or did not have the
             opportunity to adequately prepare a defense. Their experts did
             not have an opportunity to review or to examine the house.
             [Cumberland’s] position of we preserved what we thought
             caused the fire and took a bunch of pictures I’m not persuaded
             that that actually is fair to [Delmarva] in the preparation and
             their experts’ preparation of their case.

             Further I don't find that there was—that in effect what was a
             constructive notice argument to [Delmarva] carries weight
             especially in light of the fact that the demolition had
             commenced not even sixty days after the fire. If we were six
             months out maybe my feelings would be different, but I think
             due to the close nature I think due to the fact that there was no
             correspondence provided that actually in effect what I would
             say put [Delmarva] on the clock as to the fact that demolition
             was contemplated within a soon to be time period. And that,
             you know, there was correspondence that put them on notice I
             guess in effect that at some point litigation was being
             contemplated or that liability was contemplated which is one
             of the factors. So there was the idea that a lawsuit was
             imminent but no effort to preserve the evidence that the other
             side would need to be able to review to have a fair trial and a
             fair proceeding.




3
 Everyone agrees that the trial court was referring to Klupt v. Krongard, 126 Md. App.
179 (1999).
                                            4
              So for those reasons the Court grants the motion for summary
              judgment in favor of Delmarva Power.

(Emphasis added.)

       The court entered a written order on January 22, 2015. Cumberland moved for

reconsideration on January 30, 2015, and the trial court denied the motion on March 6,

2013. Cumberland filed a timely notice of appeal.

                                     II. DISCUSSION

       The doctrine of spoliation4 is grounded in fairness and symmetry. Stated simply, a

party should not be allowed to support its claims or defenses with physical evidence that it




4
 Cumberland presented the issues—all revolving around the issue of spoliation—in its
brief as follows:

       1.     Did the lower Court err by granting appellee's motion for
              summary judgment based on Klupt v. Krongard, 126 Md. App.
              179 (1999) for the alleged “spoliation” of evidence?

       2.     Did the lower Court abuse its discretion by granting appellee’s
              motion for summary judgment based on Klupt v. Krongard,
              126 Md. App. 179 (1999) for the alleged “spoliation” of
              evidence?

       3.     Did the lower Court abuse its discretion in determining that
              “spoliation” occurred, where, as here: (1) appellee had
              knowledge of the existence of the evidence; (2) the evidence
              was a badly damaged building that could not be preserved
              indefinitely; (3) appellee inspected the evidence; (4) appellee
              was on notice of the potential claims against it; (5) appellee had
              a statutory duty to investigate and report the on the evidence to
              the PSC; (6) appellee was notified that the evidence (a fire
              damaged building) would be demolished; (7) certain evidence
              was removed from the fire scene and preserved by the Fire
                                               5
has destroyed to the detriment of its opponent. In this case, Cumberland controlled the fire

scene and informed Delmarva for the purpose of pursuing its subrogation claim, but never

told Delmarva of the fire scene’s impending destruction. And as a practical matter, this

prevented Delmarva (and, perhaps more to the point, its experts) from assessing the causes

of the fire first-hand. Cumberland says, correctly, that it preserved the meter box, which

was the culprit in its view. But this case is not just about the meter box—it’s about the

cause of the fire, and specifically whether the cause, whatever it was, was attributable to

Delmarva. And the destruction of the scene deprived Delmarva of the opportunity to test

Cumberland’s hypothesis or establish the possibility that the fire was caused by anything

else.5




              Marshal as part of the investigation, and subsequently
              preserved by appellant for use in this litigation; (7) [sic] the
              evidence was not destroyed by appellant; (8) appellant’s
              subrogor notified appellee before demolition work began at the
              subject property; and (9) there is no showing of bad faith and/or
              intentional destruction of evidence by appellant?

         4.   Did the lower Court abuse its discretion by granting summary
              judgment rather than imposing some lesser sanction, if any,
              under the circumstances presented by this case?
5
  In addition to responding to the substance of Cumberland’s brief, Delmarva filed a motion
to strike portions of Cumberland’s brief. Delmarva cites Md. Rule 8-504 and argues that
Cumberland failed to cite to any part of the record or record extract in its Statement of the
Case. We agree that the brief is non-compliant, but opt not to reach this question in light
of the outcome on the merits, and we deny the Motion to Strike as moot.
                                              6
       A.     Standard Of Review.

       Delmarva moved for summary judgment on a variety of grounds, and the circuit

court granted the motion as a discovery sanction, so we review its decision through that

lens. See Erie Insurance Exch. v. Davenport Insulation, Inc., 659 F. Supp. 2d 701, 702 (D.

Md. 2009) (granting summary judgment based on spoliation and dismissing case). We are

bound by a trial court’s factual findings in the context of discovery sanctions unless we

find them to be “clearly erroneous,” Md. Rule 8-131(c); see also Klupt, 126 Md. App. at

192-93. The trial court has broad discretion to impose sanctions for discovery violations,

“and the decision whether to invoke the ‘ultimate sanction’ [of dismissal] is left to the

discretion of the trial court.” Valentine-Bowers v. Retina Grp. of Washington, P.C., 217

Md. App. 366, 378 (2014).

       Sanctions may be justified even without “‘willful or contumacious behavior’” by a

party. Warehime v. Dell, 124 Md. App. 31, 44 (1998) (quoting Beck v. Beck, 112 Md. App.

197, 210 (1996)). We explained in Sindler v. Litman that “[o]ur review of the trial court’s

resolution of a discovery dispute is quite narrow; appellate courts are reluctant to second-

guess the decision of a trial judge to impose sanctions for a failure of discovery.” 166 Md.

App. 90, 123 (2005).

       B.     The Spoliation Doctrine.

       The spoliation doctrine is well-established in Maryland. See Klupt v. Krongard, 126

Md. App. 179 (1999). Klupt lays out the elements of spoliation (and we look at those

elements next), albeit in the context of a willful destruction of documents and recordings

                                             7
unlike anything that occurred here. We have concluded in other contexts that destruction

of evidence is not an independent tort that itself gives rise to a cause of action. See Goin v.

Shoppers Food Warehouse Corp., 166 Md. App. 611, 613, 619 (2006) (affirming dismissal

of plaintiff’s claim and declining to recognize a separate cause of action for “[n]egligent

and/or reckless spoliation” by the defendant’s employee). And we have affirmed a

spoliation instruction that permits an adverse inference even without a showing of bad

faith. See Anderson v. Litzenberg, 115 Md. App. 549, 560 (1997) (permitting a jury

instruction stating that “‘destruction of evidence by a person gives rise to an inference or

presumption unfavorable to [the] spoiler, and . . . if the intent was to conceal the nature of

the defect the destruction must be inferred to indicate a weakness in the case’”).

       But Maryland appellate courts have not established how to apply the spoliation

doctrine in the context of a situation, like this one, where the physical object (or in this

case, the building) that was destroyed is itself the subject of the case. We look below at

how other jurisdictions have applied the doctrine in that context, and we conclude that it is

appropriate to balance the degree of fault (or, in some instances, intent) on the part of the

spoliator, on the one hand, with the level of prejudice that inures to the defense because the

evidence has been destroyed, on the other. If a trial court finds that this balance favors

imposing some sort of sanction, the question then becomes what remedy is appropriate and

whether a remedy less drastic than dismissal can cure the prejudice to the defendant. See

Adkins v. Wolever, 554 F.3d 650, 652 (6th Cir. 2009) (“[A] proper spoliation sanction

should serve both fairness and punitive functions.”); Vodusek v. Bayliner Marine Corp., 71

                                              8
F.3d 148, 156 (4th Cir. 1995) (fashioning a sanction to serve the “purpose[s] of leveling

the evidentiary playing field and . . . sanctioning the improper conduct”). It also recognizes

the common-sense principle that “one does not ordinarily withhold evidence that is

beneficial to one’s case.” Anderson, 115 Md. App. at 562.

              1.      Klupt—Establishing when spoliation takes place.

       There is no suggestion in this case that Cumberland behaved anything like Mr. Klupt

in Klupt v. Krongard. That case related to Mr. Klupt’s invention of a disposable

videocassette and its licensing and production by other companies. 126 Md. App. at 184.

A number of corporations and counsel became embroiled in the litigation, and several of

Mr. Klupt’s one-time business partners sought a declaratory judgment against him and his

corporation, claiming that they were defrauded into investing in the manufacture and

distribution of his product. Id. at 184-85. Mr. Klupt filed a separate action claiming that

the plaintiffs and others had conspired to deprive him of the value of the invention, and the

actions were consolidated, with Mr. Klupt’s claim designated as a counterclaim. Id. at 185.

       In the course of discovery, the plaintiffs sought all documents between the parties,

including any records of phone conversations. It was discovered later that Mr. Klupt had

recorded a number of conversations with some of the plaintiffs, but destroyed the tapes—

along with memoranda he had written to memorialize their contents—early on in the

litigation and after the plaintiffs had sought them in discovery. Id. at 188. To make matters

worse, he did not admit to the destruction until his deposition three years into the litigation,



                                               9
and after he attempted on numerous occasions to obstruct discovery and evade answering

questions seeking such information. Id. at 189-90.

       The plaintiffs moved to dismiss Mr. Klupt’s counterclaim based on “discovery

abuse and contempt of court”:

              The motion alleged [that] Klupt made surreptitious recordings
              of telephone conversations from which he made memoranda;
              he intentionally destroyed the tape recordings; he created
              dummy versions from the original memoranda; he withheld
              both the original and dummy memoranda; he falsely affirmed
              in his deposition that he had produced all documents.

Id. at 190. The trial court granted the motion and Mr. Klupt appealed. We began our review

of the law by noting that Maryland’s discovery rules do not deal separately with the

destruction of evidence, but do permit dismissal based on failure to respond to discovery

requests. We pointed out that destruction of evidence would render meaningless a

discovery request, or render moot an order to compel:

              If dismissal is permissible in those cases, it would seem to be
              a fortiori permissible in a case of destruction of discoverable
              evidence. Cf. White v. Office of the Public Defender for the
              State of Md., 170 F.R.D. 138, 148 n. 8 (D. Md. 1997) (“A party
              who has removed any possibility of warnings by destroying
              evidence before a court order can be issued cannot in fairness
              thereby immunize herself from the ultimate sanction of
              dismissal.”).

Id. at 194. We concluded first that the Maryland discovery rules would permit sanctions

for destruction of evidence. Id. at 195-96. But we also looked to cases interpreting

analogous federal rules, and found “inherent authority” for the court to regulate discovery.



                                            10
Id. at 196-97 (citing Turner v. Hudson Transit Lines, Inc., 142 F.R.D. 68, 72 (S.D.N.Y.

1991)).

       From there, Klupt looked at whether the court could impose the sanction of

dismissal or was limited to the less severe sanction of permitting the fact-finder to “draw a

negative evidentiary inference or presumption against the spoliator.” Id. at 197. We opted

for the former for two reasons. First, we pointed out that the court (as opposed to a

subsequent trier of fact) was in charge of the discovery process, and therefore best suited

to fashion a remedy to address a discovery violation, rather than leaving it for a jury at trial.

Second, we noted that the spoliation doctrine was “flexible and versatile,” so it could be

perfectly appropriate to permit a sanction of dismissal when such an issue was addressed

during discovery, “while the same offense may raise only an evidentiary presumption when

dealt with during trial.” Id. at 198.

       We ultimately adopted the test laid out in White v. Office of the Public Defender,

170 F.R.D. 138, 147-48 (D. Md. 1997), for determining whether spoliation had occurred:

              (1) An act of destruction;

              (2) Discoverability of the evidence;

              (3) An intent to destroy the evidence;

              (4) Occurrence of the act at a time after suit has been filed, or,
              if before, at a time when the filing is fairly perceived as
              imminent.

Id. at 199 (quoting White, 170 F.R.D. at 147). We approved the trial court’s finding that

Mr. Klupt had destroyed the tapes, which were discoverable. The trial court found that Mr.

                                               11
Klupt had destroyed them intentionally, although we pointed out that constructive

knowledge could also suffice to satisfy this element. Id. at 200. Mr. Klupt also destroyed

the tapes not just after suit was filed, but possibly months after they had been requested in

the course of discovery. We concluded that the trial court’s findings were not clearly

erroneous, and then addressed the sanction of dismissal. Given that Mr. Klupt acted not

just willfully but “contumaciously,” deliberately concealing the existence of the tapes, and

given the timing of the destruction, we found no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s

decision to dismiss Mr. Klupt’s counterclaims. Id. at 203.

              2.     Fault on the part of the spoliating party.

       From there, Klupt moved on to analyze the appropriate remedy, and held that

dismissal was appropriate given Mr. Klupt’s behavior, which fell at the far end of the

spectrum, where he wasn’t just at fault but acted intentionally, with bad faith and ill-will.

Id. Most plaintiffs probably aren’t as brazen as he was—he concealed and lied about the

tapes, then destroyed them with a hammer. But intent to destroy isn’t a prerequisite to a

finding of spoliation—courts look as often to fault. So, for example, in Silvestri v. Gen.

Motors Corp., 271 F.3d 583 (4th Cir. 2001), the United States Court of Appeals for the

Fourth Circuit affirmed the District Court’s dismissal of a plaintiff’s claim against General

Motors, noting that “a court must find some degree of fault to impose sanctions.” Id. at

590. The court noted that bad faith need not be present, and that “even when conduct is

less culpable, dismissal may be necessary if the prejudice to the defendant is extraordinary,



                                             12
denying it the ability to adequately defend its case.” Id. (emphasis added). As the court

explained,

              sometimes even the inadvertent, albeit negligent, loss of
              evidence will justify dismissal because of the resulting
              unfairness: “The expansion of sanctions for the inadvertent
              loss of evidence recognizes that such physical evidence often
              is the most eloquent impartial ‘witness’ to what really
              occurred, and further recognizes the resulting unfairness
              inherent in allowing a party to destroy evidence and then to
              benefit from that conduct or omission.”

Id. at 593 (quoting Kirkland v. New York City Housing Auth., 666 N.Y.S.2d 609, 611 (App.

Div. 1997)). Silvestri balanced the nature of the conduct and the effect of that conduct—a

lack of intent could yet be trumped by a high degree of prejudice and still support

dismissal. And in the specific context of preservation of a fire scene, the second half of that

balancing test becomes more important, i.e., where the defendant’s ability to mount a

defense can be obliterated by the spoliation of the scene.

       Indeed, in Erie Insurance Exchange v. Davenport Insulation, Inc., 659 F. Supp. 2d

701 (D. Md. 2009), the United States District Court for the District of Maryland applied

Silvestri in a situation similar to this case. After a house fire, the insurer of the home, Erie

Insurance Exchange, sued the homebuilder, Builder Services Group (“BSG”), for

negligently installing a fireplace. Erie destroyed all physical evidence three months after

the fire took place—fully seventeen months before it notified BSG of its subrogation claim.

Id. at 706. The court read Silvestri to impose a two-part “either/or test” that warrants

dismissal if (1) “the spoliator’s conduct was so egregious as to make forfeiture of its claim
                                              13
an apt remedy” or (2) “if the loss of the evidence is so prejudicial that it substantially denies

the defendant the ability to defend the claim,” id. at 707, and the court found both prongs

satisfied. First, it noted that Erie’s conduct justified forfeiture of its claim because it had

reports about a viable subrogation claim within weeks of the incident, saw the fireplace as

the likely cause, and still did not try to preserve the scene or notify the targets, decisions

that could “only be characterized as negligent.” Id. Second, the court noted that BSG would

have conducted a different, and more exhaustive, search of the scene to identify the safety

strip that allegedly was responsible for the fire, and that it also was deprived of the chance

to investigate other potential defenses either within the fireplace or outside of it, such that

BSG “can neither rule out nor advance an electrical theory of causation.” Id. at 708.

       The court also concluded that there was no appropriate sanction short of dismissal.

It reasoned that permitting a jury instruction on spoliation still wouldn’t “level the playing

field,” because the record was compiled almost exclusively by Erie. And limiting Erie only

to the evidence that survived the fire was “tantamount to a dismissal,” because Erie would

be left with no expert to support its claim. Id.

              3.      Prejudice to the defendant.

       Erie raises a good question—what puts a case in the dismissal-as-remedy camp

versus the jury-instruction-as-remedy camp? The courts that have affirmed dismissals have

zeroed in either on a high degree of fault that carries with it intent (Mr. Klupt, for example,

bashing the evidence with a hammer and then lying about it) or on a high degree of

prejudice (the legal impossibility of mounting a defense where the evidence that has been

                                               14
destroyed lies at the core of the case). See, e.g., In re Wechsler, 121 F. Supp. 2d 404, 428

(D. Del. 2000) (“[T]he spoliation inference cannot serve as a substitute for actual

evidence.” (citations omitted)). In this context, the party seeking sanctions must be able to

demonstrate that the destroyed information is truly relevant to its case. See, e.g., Sampson

v. City of Cambridge, 251 F.R.D. 172, 183 (D. Md. 2008) (denying motion for sanctions

because the movant couldn’t show that the emails in question “would have produced

evidence which a reasonable factfinder could conclude supported her claims”). And

prejudice has degrees, ranging “along a continuum from an inability to prove claims or

defenses to little or no impact on the presentation of proof.” Rimkus Consulting Grp., Inc.

v. Cammarata, 688 F. Supp. 2d 598, 613 (S.D. Tex. 2010).

              4.     The remedy of dismissal.

       As Wechsler pointed out, the sanction of imposing an adverse inference at trial

“possesses no punitive or deterrent value.” 121 F. Supp. 2d at 428. And while the sanction

of an adverse inference or jury instruction is an alternative, Klupt never suggested that it

was an exclusive remedy in any particular factual circumstance. The trial court is vested

with broad discretion, and Klupt tells us that dismissal is available as a sanction. Courts

have not hesitated to dismiss a case when nothing less will do, see, e.g., Robertet Flavors,

Inc. v. Tri-Form Const., Inc., 1 A.3d 658 (N.J. 2010); Ihli v. Lazzaretto, 864 N.W.2d 483

(N.D. 2015), even when the destruction was simply neglectful, without bad faith. Fines v.

Ressler Enters., Inc., 820 N.W.2d 688 (N.D. 2012); but see Wechsler, 121 F.2d 404 (D.

Del. 2000) (entering “interlocutory finding of liability” against spoliating party attempting

                                             15
to defend a claim, due to prejudice that stemmed from destruction of boat that caused

marina fire).

       C.       The Trial Court Properly Applied Klupt And Did Not Abuse Its
                Discretion By Granting Summary Judgment.

                1.    Cumberland “destroyed discoverable evidence.”

       Although the factual circumstances of this case differ from Klupt, we look there first

to determine whether Cumberland’s actions led to the destruction of discoverable evidence.

First, there’s no doubt that there was an act of destruction. Second, the evidence was

unquestionably discoverable. Third, there was an “intent to destroy the evidence,” Klupt,

126 Md. App. at 199—we’ll talk below about who intended it, but no one mistakenly

demolished the fire scene. And finally, the destruction took place “when the filing [of suit

was] fairly perceived as imminent.” Id. On that point, the trial court pointed to several

factors, most obviously the fact that this suit involved an experienced insurance company

that had an expert appear on the scene within days of the fire. See Allstate Insurance Co.

v. Sunbeam Corp., 865 F. Supp. 1267, 1278 (N.D. Ill. 1994), aff’d, 53 F.3d 804 (7th Cir.

1995) (noting that the doctrine was “especially applicable” to a subrogee insurance

company “since it all along intended to proceed in a subrogation suit”). The parties

obviously disagree about the degree of discoverability of the “fire scene,” and the trial court

framed the issue well in the following exchange with counsel for Cumberland:

                [Counsel for Cumberland]: Your Honor, the really major and
                sole piece of evidence in this case is the meter and the meter
                box. And that’s preserved. And—


                                              16
               THE COURT: Well, as it relates to your case.

(Emphasis added.)

       So although Cumberland sees its case as centering on the meter and the meter box,

the destruction of the scene deprived Delmarva of any opportunity to look to other possible

causes.6 See Hoffman v. Ford Motor Co., 587 N.W.2d 66, 71 (Minn. App. 1998) (“[A] fire

scene itself is the best evidence of the origin and the cause of a fire,” and the fire scene is

of “unquestionable relevancy.”). That comes up shortly, when we look at the degree of

prejudice to Delmarva. But first, we examine the degree of fault on the part of Cumberland.

               2.     Cumberland was at fault for allowing demolition to go
                      forward.

       Cumberland was at fault for the destruction of the fire scene, and it cannot defend

on the basis that Delmarva had notice. Cumberland points to what were really no more than

notices of the loss and a potential claim, and it attempts to transform them into notices

about destruction of the property. And an important preliminary point came out at oral

argument—counsel for Delmarva explained that the notice it first received, through the

employee it dispatched to the fire, informed the company that the Fire Marshal believed

the fire to have started in the meter box. As counsel explained, and as nobody disputes, the




6
  Cumberland might say the evidence goes merely to the box, but its own pretrial motions
suggest that there were other theories at play. It filed motions in limine to bar information
to the effect that a firefighter told a witness that the fire started in the attic, and also to bar
testimony that Mr. Wickwire had run all the electricity to the house on his own.

                                                17
meter box is the customer’s property and is installed by the customer (presumably through

the services of a private electrician). This is distinct from the meter itself, which plugs into

the meter box and is the only property of Delmarva’s at the home or element that Delmarva

controlled. See COMAR 20.50.01.03 (defining “electric distribution plant” as “all electric

company plant used to distribute electricity to its customers, including covers and

protective structures and excluding customer meters and meter enclosures”). This

distinction matters, because it means that Delmarva had no reason to believe that it faced

liability for the fire based on that report from the scene.

       But even putting aside the meter v. meter box distinction, there is no evidence to

suggest that Delmarva had reason to think that the property was at risk of destruction until

it was too late. Cumberland points to two letters it sent notifying Delmarva of its intention

to assert a claim, but these miss an important point: these notices said nothing about the

fire scene’s impending demolition, nor did any of the evidence to which Cumberland

pointed in the circuit court. The Fire Marshal, Mr. Wickwire, and Cumberland had

identified Delmarva as a potential target of liability—Delmarva doesn’t dispute that it

knew of the possibility of a claim as early as May 29, 2013. But knowing that a claim could

potentially be filed didn’t give Delmarva any reason to think anything one way or the other

about the (non)preservation of the scene. And the only Delmarva employee at the scene,

Mr. Willoughby, simply turned off the electrical supply to the house.

       Cumberland also pointed to notes memorializing some conversation between the

homeowner and Delmarva, but these also are silent about the imminent demolition of the

                                              18
property. While Delmarva does have one record suggesting that Mr. Wickwire asked about

demolition—that he “needed info on demo”—the circuit court correctly declined to

surmise anything from this about the schedule for the demolition. And although another

Delmarva note says that “claimant wants to turn garage into new living space but with no

cost due to our fault,” it would take a tremendous inferential leap for Delmarva to conclude

from there that destruction of the property was imminent.

       Cumberland’s counsel’s written correspondence did not even hint at destruction of

the scene. The primary purpose of the June 4, 2013 letter7 appears to have been to put

Delmarva on notice that it could be responsible for the fire and, ironically, to ensure that

Delmarva not destroy any items relating to the scene:

              We wish to cooperate with your company in the investigation
              of this loss, and especially regarding preserving and inspecting
              all items retained from the scene. It is in this connection that I
              am contacting you, and looking for your company and/or its
              insurance company to likewise cooperate in the investigation
              process. Furthermore, to the extent that your company is in
              possession of, or is otherwise aware of, any items retained
              from this scene, or otherwise potentially relevant to this matter
              (including physical materials as well as electronic and
              hardcopy documents), I must insist that such items/
              materials/documents be preserved unaltered so that my client's
              representatives may examine and/or test them.

(Emphasis added.)




7
 The fact that Cumberland sent the June 4 letter to five different corporate addresses
doesn’t cure the problem, i.e., that the letters never mention the possibility or timing of the
demolition.
                                               19
      If anything, Cumberland knew that demolition was imminent—the check it issued

to Mr. Wickwire covered an estimate for demolition. And then, once demolition had begun,

Cumberland sent a second letter on July 3, 2013, in which it casually mentioned that

demolition had begun:

             We advised that we intended to pursue recovery from the
             parties responsible for the subject fire. We believe that your
             company is responsible for the subject fire and the resultant
             damages. You failed to respond to our prior correspondence,
             in which we offered to make the subject premises available for
             your inspection. While you waived your rights to inspect the
             premises (demolition has begun) we have preserved those
             items identified as the cause and origin of the subject fire. If
             we do not receive a response to this letter within fourteen (14)
             days of the above date, then we will be left with no choice but
             to take appropriate action without further notice.

(Emphasis added.) And while it’s true that Cumberland did not directly engineer the

demolition, it was heavily involved in, aware of, and financed the process that Mr.

Wickwire put into place.8 The circuit court did not resolve a dispute of fact—it found,

from the undisputed paper trail, that Delmarva did not have an opportunity to prepare a

defense.

             3.     Delmarva’s defenses were fatally prejudiced, and dismissal
                    was the appropriate remedy.

      Delmarva’s two defense experts, Christoph Flaherty and Walter Rothfuss, prepared

a report dated October 5, 2014, that opined that the fire “originated in the attic and was




8
 We don’t address here whether fault would still be imputed to Cumberland had it not been
so closely involved in that process.
                                          20
electrical.” When Cumberland’s expert, Michael Wald, responded to the October 5 Report

in his deposition, he attacked their opinions as “speculation and conjecture,” thereby (if

unwittingly) highlighting the prejudice to Delmarva:

             Q. What opinions do you have in response to the defense
             report?

             A. Where do I . . . start? That report appears to be a fire report,
             a fire origin and cause report. It opines at the end on the area
             of origin and the cause. In no place in that report does it state
             that either Mr. Rothfuss or Mr. Flaherty examined any of the
             site, examined any of the components other than the ones that
             are in the possession of Mr. Wald.

             It opines that there was a circuit, a branch circuitry failure in
             the attic. Yet it does not say what branch circuit or where it
             failed. The attic is pretty big on that house in those terms. It
             doesn’t say what caused the failure. It doesn’t list a specific
             point of origin. Because they did not get an opportunity or did
             not examine the area below the meter outside the house, their
             theory of drop down is just a hypothesis. It does not stand up
             to questioning.

             So there are many factors in that report that are speculation or
             conjecture. Therefore, they cannot make a definitive origin and
             cause determination. They can certainly offer one idea as to
             what happened, but that would not be a definitive origin and
             cause report that met the [applicable] standards.

             Q. And why is that?

             A. For everything I just said. They did not examine the physical
             evidence, except for the meter. They did not go to the scene.
             They have a theory that the fire damage on the exterior was
             caused by drop down, yet they did not examine the area
             beneath the soffit, which I did; and as I characterized earlier, it
             did not have a fuel load or a fuel package that was consistent
             with the damage that we saw on the exterior or with the ability


                                             21
             to set that fire at the back of the house—or I’m sorry, to have
             done that damage to the meter.

             At the same time, they did not examine, to my knowledge, the
             branch circuits, with the exception of looking at photographs.
             In one particular area I think Mr. Rothfuss, if I’m correct,
             makes the statement that the wires are pulled, which is the
             result of resistance heating. I don’t know how he can make that
             statement because the wires could have done that from heating
             from the fire as well. So it could be external fire. Again, they
             do not offer succinct facts for their conclusions. They offer
             speculation and conjecture.

             Q. In your experience if an expert doesn’t review the physical
             evidence but only photographs, is his opinion not compliant
             with 921?

             A. That’s not always the case. There are times when a—the
             body of physical evidence may be such that a case review could
             allow an investigator to render an opinion. In this particular
             instance, I don’t believe that is the case.

             Q. Why is that?

             A. They simply do not have enough to review. They would have
             had to have been at the site. They would have had to have
             looked at the ground, the damage to the rear.

             In addition to examining the interior of the panel box, he makes
             the statement that the breakers tripped because of short
             circuiting. You can’t know that without examining the
             breakers. Heat can cause the breakers to trip as well, which is
             most likely what happened in this instance.

(Emphasis added.)

      Mr. Hattwick’s testimony proves the point. Delmarva’s experts’ theory was flawed

because they did not perform a thorough investigation of the fire scene. But they didn’t

perform a thorough investigation because they couldn’t do so once the house had been

                                           22
demolished. On the other hand, Mr. Hattwick had the opportunity to take in the full scene

and draw his own independent conclusions about the area of origin. The defense, and

especially its experts, never had the opportunity affirmatively to rule in or rule out the other

parts of the house as the area of origin, which irreparably prejudiced their ability to defend,

and which made dismissal altogether appropriate.

       We disagree that Charter Oak Fire Insurance Co. v. Marlow Liquors, LLC, 908 F.

Supp. 2d 673 (D. Md. 2012), compels a different result. There, the insurer-subrogee filed

suit against an electrician (among many others) claiming that his installation of undersized

meter conductors caused a fire in several businesses in a shopping center. Id. at 677. The

electrician sought summary judgment based on various parties’ failure to preserve circuit

breaker panels from the fire. The trial court denied the motion, applied the Silvestri

analysis, and found that certain parties had “willfully discarded” relevant evidence. Id. at

683-84. But when it came to the electrician’s ability to prepare a defense, his spoliation

motion broke down:

              [The electrician] can defend this case without the missing
              evidence. As noted, his expert . . . opined that the most likely
              cause of the fire was an electrical failure in [the power
              company’s] metering equipment. [The expert] does not rely on
              the [destroyed evidence]. [A second expert] also points to an
              electrical fault within the meter base and cabinet [and]
              identified multiple potential sources of this electrical fault, all
              of which exculpate [the electrician], and none of which
              requires the [destroyed evidence] in order to be persuasive.




                                              23
Id. at 685 (emphasis added). The same can’t be said here, where the experts were left with

no evidence to rule out or rebut any of Cumberland’s theories.9 And importantly, that the

trial court in Charter Oak reached a different, more lenient result does not mean that the

trial court abused its discretion for deciding not to fashion that same result.

                                    JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR
                                    DORCHESTER COUNTY AFFIRMED. COSTS
                                    TO BE PAID BY APPELLANT.




9
  While barring the testimony of a plaintiff’s expert could conceivably be considered a
“more lenient” sanction than dismissal, it would have the same result here. Barring
Cumberland’s experts would have left it with nothing to establish the elements of its claim
in any event, and would be “tantamount to a dismissal” of Cumberland’s case. See Erie,
659 F. Supp. 2d at 708; Unigard Sec. Insurance Co. v. Lakewood Eng’g & Mfg. Corp., 982
F.2d 363, 369 (9th Cir. 1992) (granting summary judgment following exclusion of experts
given spoliation of relevant evidence); see also Schmid v. Milwaukee Elec. Tool Corp., 13
F.3d 76, 79 (3d Cir. 1994) (where circular saw case involved allegation of a design defect—
which would have been inherent in all saws of a particular model—rather than a
manufacturing defect—which would have been present only in the saw at issue—the
prejudice to defendant was not extreme because the “need for immediate access to the
particular saw involved in the accident was greatly diminished”).
                                             24
