                              Fourth Court of Appeals
                                       San Antonio, Texas
                                              OPINION
                                         No. 04-16-00821-CR

                                        The STATE of Texas,
                                             Appellant

                                                 v.

                                  Dai’Vonte E’Shaun Titus ROSS,
                                             Appellee

                    From the County Court at Law No. 15, Bexar County, Texas
                                     Trial Court No. 519657
                         The Honorable Robert Behrens, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:      Irene Rios, Justice

Sitting:         Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice
                 Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
                 Irene Rios, Justice

Delivered and Filed: August 2, 2017

AFFIRMED

           Dai’Vonte E’Shaun Titus Ross was charged with disorderly conduct for displaying a

firearm in a public place in a manner calculated to alarm. The State of Texas appeals the trial

court’s order granting Ross’s motion to quash. The State contends the trial court erred in granting

the motion because the information provided sufficient notice by tracking the language of the

statute. We affirm the trial court’s order.
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                                          BACKGROUND

       The information charging Ross with disorderly conduct stated:

               on or about the 8th Day of June, 2016, DAI’VONTE E’SHAUN TITUS
       ROSS did intentionally and knowingly IN A MANNER CALCULATED TO
       ALARM, DISPLAY A FIREARM IN A PUBLIC PLACE, to wit: the 300 block of
       Ferris Avenue

Ross filed a motion to quash the information asserting his constitutional right to be fairly informed

of the charge was denied “by the failure of the Information to allege an essential element of the

offense, namely the manner and means by which the offense was allegedly committed.”

       At the hearing on the motion, Ross’s attorney argued tracking the language of the statute

is only sufficient when the statute is completely descriptive of the offense and asserted tracking

the language of the statute was not sufficient in this case because Texas is an open-carry state. The

State responded that Ross was requesting the State to plead facts that are evidentiary in nature.

Ross’s attorney replied, “In an open-carry state at what point is it now in a manner calculated to

alarm?” At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court announced it would give the State an

opportunity to amend, but if the State chose not to amend, the motion would be granted. The trial

court explained, “it seems to me, by specifying a manner calculated to cause alarm, that a person

should at least have some basis to determine their defense and, you know, what it is that I’m

particularly having to defend against, what was that manner.” After the State chose not to amend

the information, the trial court signed an order granting the motion, and the State appeals.

                        SUFFICIENT NOTICE AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

       “The Texas and United States Constitutions grant a criminal defendant the right to fair

notice of the specific charged offense.” State v. Barbernell, 257 S.W.3d 248, 250 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2008); see also State v. Castorena, 486 S.W.3d 630, 632 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2016, no

pet.). To provide fair notice, “‘[t]he charging instrument must convey sufficient notice to allow


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the accused to prepare a defense.’” Barbernell, 257 S.W.3d at 250 (quoting Curry v. State, 30

S.W.3d 394, 398 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)); see also Castorena, 486 S.W.3d at 632. An information

is deemed to provide sufficient notice if it “charges the commission of an offense in ordinary and

concise language in such a manner as to enable a person of common understanding to know what

is meant, and with that degree of certainty that will give the defendant notice of the particular

offense with which he is charged.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 21.11 (West 2009); see id.

at art. 21.23 (providing that rules regarding allegations in an indictment and the certainty required

also apply to an information).

       In most cases, an information that tracks the statutory text of an offense provides sufficient

notice. Barbernell, 257 S.W.3d at 251; Curry, 30 S.W.3d at 398. Tracking the statutory language

will be insufficient, however, if the statute defines the manner or means of commission in several

alternative ways. Curry, 30 S.W.3d at 398. In such a case, the information must identify which

of the alternative statutory manner or means is charged. Curry, 30 S.W.3d at 398; State v. Mays,

967 S.W.2d 404, 407 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). Similarly, “[a] statute which uses an undefined

term of indeterminate or variable meaning requires more specific pleading in order to notify the

defendant of the nature of the charges against him.” Mays, 967 S.W.2d at 407. Stated differently,

more specificity is necessary when a term “is so vague or indefinite as to deny the defendant

effective notice of the acts he allegedly committed.” Daniels v. State, 754 S.W.2d 214, 220 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1988); Thomas v. State, 621 S.W.2d 158, 163 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1980).

Otherwise, definitions of terms are generally regarded as evidentiary matters, and the State is not

required to allege facts in an information that are merely evidentiary in nature. Smith v. State, 309

S.W.3d 10, 14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Barbernell, 257 S.W.3d at 251; Curry, 30 S.W.3d at 398.

       Whether an information provides sufficient notice is a question of law. Smith, 309 at 13;

Barbernell, 257 S.W.3d at 251; Castorena, 486 S.W.3d at 632. Therefore, we review a trial court’s
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decision to quash an information for failure to provide sufficient notice de novo. Smith, 309

S.W.3d at 13-14; Barbernell, 257 S.W.3d at 251-52; Castorena, 486 S.W.3d at 632.

                                            DISCUSSION

       Section 42.01(a)(8) of the Texas Penal Code provides that a person commits the offense of

disorderly conduct “if he intentionally or knowingly displays a firearm or other deadly weapon in

a public place in a manner calculated to alarm.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 42.01(a)(8) (West

2016). The information in this case tracked the statutory language by providing:

               on or about the 8th Day of June, 2016, DAI’VONTE E’SHAUN TITUS
       ROSS did intentionally and knowingly IN A MANNER CALCULATED TO
       ALARM, DISPLAY A FIREARM IN A PUBLIC PLACE, to wit: the 300 block of
       Ferris Avenue

As clarified at the hearing on Ross’s motion to quash, Ross asserted the information did not provide

sufficient notice because the term “alarm” is vague or indeterminate; therefore, the information

needed to contain more specificity to provide Ross with notice of how the manner in which he

displayed the firearm was “calculated to alarm.”

       The State contends the trial court erred in granting the motion to quash because the

information tracked the language of the statute. In addition, the State contends the term “alarm”

did not require further specificity based on the holdings of our sister courts in Roberts v. State, No.

01-16-00059-CR, 2016 WL 6962308 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Nov. 29, 2016, pet. ref’d)

(not designated for publication), and Ex parte Poe, 491 S.W.3d 348 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2016,

pet. ref’d). Ross cites May v. State, 765 S.W.2d 438 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989), as support for the

trial court’s determination that the term “alarm” was vague, thereby requiring greater specificity

in the information.




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       A.      May v. State

       In May v. State, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals addressed whether the provision of

the Texas Penal Code defining the offense of harassment was unconstitutionally vague. 765

S.W.2d at 439.       The offense was defined to include telephone communications which

“intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly annoy[] or alarm[] the recipient.” Id. The court held the

statute was inherently vague “in attempting to define what annoys and alarms people” and by

failing “to specify whose sensitivities are relevant.” Id. at 440. As support for its holding, the

court cited the Fifth Circuit’s decision in Kramer v. Price, 712 F.2d 174 (5th Cir. 1983).

       In Kramer, the Fifth Circuit addressed whether Texas’s harassment statute was

unconstitutionally vague because of its use of the terms “annoy” and “alarm.” 712 F.2d at 176.

The court noted a statute is unconstitutionally vague “if it fails to draw reasonably clear lines

between lawful conduct and unlawful conduct” and fails “to provide citizens with fair notice or

warning of statutory prohibitions so that they may act in a lawful manner.” Id. The court then

noted the United States Supreme Court struck down a statute using the word “annoy” in Coates v.

City of Cincinnati, 402 U.S. 611 (1971). Id. at 177. In Coates, the ordinance at issue “made it a

criminal offense for three or more individuals to assemble on public sidewalks and conduct

themselves in a manner that might annoy passersby.” Kramer, 712 F.2d at 177. In holding the

ordinance to be unconstitutionally vague, the United States Supreme Court first recognized the

term “annoy” was vague because “[c]onduct that annoys some people does not annoy others.” Id.

(quoting Coates, 402 U.S. at 614). In addition, the Court held the ordinance failed to specify

whose sensitivities were relevant, i.e., “‘the sensitivity of the judge or jury, the sensitivity of the

arresting officer, or the sensitivity of a hypothetical reasonable man.’” Id. at 177-78. The Fifth

Circuit then concluded Texas’s harassment statute “suffer[ed] from the same infirmities as the

ordinance in Coates,” reasoning:
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        The Texas courts have made no attempt to construe the terms “annoy” and “alarm”
        in a manner which lessens their inherent vagueness. Of greater importance, the
        Texas courts have refused to construe the statute to indicate whose sensibilities
        must be offended. Coates recognized that a statute is unconstitutionally vague
        when the standard of conduct it specifies is dependent on each complainant’s
        sensitivity. Whereas Coates specified that a passerby’s sensitivity must be
        offended, the statute in this case makes no attempt at all to specify whose sensitivity
        must be offended. In the absence of judicial clarification, enforcement officials, as
        well as the citizens of Texas, are unable to determine what conduct is prohibited by
        the statute.

Id. at 178 (internal citations omitted).

        B.      Roberts v. State

        In Roberts v. State, Walter Lee Roberts was charged by information with disorderly

conduct, “[s]pecifically, the information alleged ‘that in Harris County, Texas, Walter Lee Roberts,

hereafter styled the Defendant, heretofore on or about March 5, 2015, did then and there unlawfully

intentionally and knowingly display a deadly weapon, namely, a firearm, in a public place and in

a manner calculated to alarm.’” 2016 WL 6962308, at *1. Similar to the argument made in Ross’s

motion to quash, Roberts argued the information was void because it failed to allege the manner

and means of the offense. Id. at *4. Specifically, Roberts argued the information should have

alleged he “displayed a deadly weapon in a manner calculated to alarm, ‘namely by pointing a

shotgun at Etoinne Ternoir.’” Id.

        The Houston court first noted section 42.01(a)(8) does not require that the offense be

committed against a specific person; therefore, the information did not have to identify the

complainant. Id. at *5. Furthermore, the court held “specifically alleging that Appellant pointed

a shotgun at the complainant is evidentiary in nature” and was not required to be included in the

information. Id. We read this holding to mean how the deadly weapon was displayed such that

its manner was “calculated to alarm” is evidentiary in nature and not required to be included in an

information.


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       C.      Ex parte Poe

       In Ex parte Poe, Derek Ty Poe was charged by information with disorderly conduct by

intentionally and knowingly displaying a deadly weapon, namely a firearm, in a public place and

in a manner calculated to alarm. 491 S.W.3d at 350-51. Poe filed an application for pretrial writ

of habeas corpus asserting section 42.01(a)(8) is unconstitutionally vague, arguing, among other

issues, that the terms “displaying,” “manner,” “calculated,” and “alarm” are undefined. Id. at 351.

Specifically, Poe argued, “the statute ‘provides no guidance or explanation as to what facts or

circumstance[s] must exist in order to determine if a defendant’s conduct was done with the

specific intent showing that he calculated his display of a firearm to be alarming.’” Id. Poe further

argued “the word ‘alarm’ is ‘inherently subjective[.]’ and … ‘there is a great degree of variance of

human perception of which conduct is alarming[.]’” Id.. at 354.

       The Beaumont court rejected Poe’s argument, noting the term “alarm” has a commonly

known and accepted usage and meaning as ‘fear or terror resulting from a sudden sense of

danger.’” Id. (quoting Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary 48 (2002)). Therefore, the court held

Poe had not met his burden to prove the statute is unconstitutionally vague. Id. at 355.

       D.      Analysis

       To the extent our sister courts’ opinions in Roberts and Poe are read to hold the term

“alarm” as used in section 42.01(a)(8) is not an undefined term of indeterminate or variable

meaning, we disagree. In Coates, the United States Supreme Court held the term “annoy” was

vague because “[c]onduct that annoys some people does not annoy others.” Coates, 402 U.S. at

614. Similarly, the term “alarm” is vague because “[c]onduct that [alarms] some people does not

[alarm] others.” Id.

       In May, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals recognized the term “alarm” is inherently

vague. 765 S.W.2d at 440 (quoting Kramer, 712 F.2d at 178). Absent further guidance from the
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Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, we hold tracking the language of section 42.01(a)(8) in an

information is not sufficient notice because the statute “uses an undefined term of indeterminate

or variable meaning,” thereby requiring “more specific pleading in order to notify the defendant

of the nature of the charges against him.” Mays, 967 S.W.2d at 407. Stated differently, more

specificity is necessary because the term “alarm” “is so vague or indefinite as to deny the defendant

effective notice of the acts he allegedly committed.” Daniels, 754 S.W.2d at 220; Thomas, 621

S.W.3d at 163. Because Texas is an open-carry state, an individual is entitled to openly display a

firearm in public. Therefore, when a defendant is charged with disorderly conduct under section

42.01(a)(8), he is entitled to notice of how the manner in which he displayed a firearm was

calculated to “alarm” because absent such notice the defendant would be unable to prepare a

defense. See Barbernell, 257 S.W.3d at 250 (noting “charging instrument must convey sufficient

notice to allow the accused to prepare a defense”); cf. Lovett v. State, Nos. 02-16-00094-CR & 02-

16-00095-CR, 2017 WL 2590221, at *4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth June 15, 2017, pet. filed) (noting

“the mere presence of a firearm or deadly weapon in public cannot possibly supply the requisite

mens rea for a disorderly-conduct conviction, or else anyone participating in Texas’s embrace of

lawful open carry would be guilty the moment he stepped outside his home visibly armed”).

                                           CONCLUSION

       The trial court’s order granting Ross’s motion to quash is affirmed.

                                                  Irene Rios, Justice

PUBLISH




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