   IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

IN THE MATTER OF TAX PARCEL      )
NO. 09-008.00-001, ALSO KNOWN AS )
                                 )
1035 CREEK ROAD, NEWARK,
                                 )
DELAWARE 19711                   )
                                 )
SARA W.P. KRAPF,                 )
                                 )
               Petitioner,       )
                                 )
     v.                          ) C.A. No. 6611-VCG
                                 )
JAMES P. KRAPF, SR.              )
AND SUZANNE J. KRAPF,            )
                                 )
and THE STATE OF DELAWARE
                                 )
and THE ESTATE OF JUNE B. KRAPF, )
                                 )
               Respondents.      )

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

                     Date Submitted: November 24, 2014
                      Date Decided: January 16, 2015

William P. Brady and William L. O’Day, of WOLOSHIN, LYNCH, NATALIE &
GAGNE, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for Petitioner Sara W.P. Krapf.

David H. Williams, of MORRIS JAMES LLP, Wilmington, Delaware, Attorney for
Respondents James P. Krapf, Sr., and Suzanne J. Krapf.

Ralph K. Durstein III, STATE OF DELAWARE, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,
Dover, Delaware, Attorney for Respondent State of Delaware.




GLASSCOCK, Vice Chancellor
       This matter involves a melancholy family dispute over real property

originally part of the homestead of the parents of the current litigants.                   The

property was conveyed by deed to two of the Respondents, and was later, as a

result of the failure of the family business, sold to the Respondent State of

Delaware. The Petitioner contends that the parents’ signatures in execution of the

deed to the Respondents—Petitioner’s brother-1 and sister-in-law—were forged.

She seeks the aid of equity to rescind this deed, as well as the subsequent deed out

to the State. The State is currently using the property, located near Newark, as

park land. Under the Petitioner’s conception, this property would then pass under

the estate of her mother-in-law. The estate is also a party respondent.2

       The determinative issue before me is whether the deed from the parents to

the Respondents is invalid as a product of forgery. That limited issue was the

subject of an evidentiary hearing on October 30, 2014. The following decision is

based upon my findings of fact resulting from that hearing. Because I find that the

Petitioner has failed to prove forgery by evidence that is clear and convincing, the

Petition to Set Aside Conveyance of Real Property is denied.

                               I. BACKGROUND FACTS

       The following are the facts as I find them after the evidentiary hearing.


1
 The Petitioner is the widow of Thomas Krapf, the brother of Respondent James Krapf.
2
 The administrator of the estate, another sibling, was one of the Respondents until a stipulation
of dismissal as to him was filed in September 2011.
                                               1
       A. The Disputed Land

       The land in dispute in this case once belonged to Frederic G. Krapf, Jr.

(“Frederic”) and his wife June Krapf (“June”). It is located on Creek Road in New

Castle County near Newark (the “Creek Road Property”). Frederic and June had

three children: Frederic III (“Mickey”), James (“Jimmy”), and Thomas

(“Tommy.”)3

       In 1976, Frederic and June transferred to Tommy and his wife, Sara

(“Sally”), the Petitioner, a portion of the Creek Road Property;4 that portion is now

identified as Tax Parcel 09-008.00-005 (“Parcel 5”). Tommy and Sally took out a

loan to allow Tommy, with Jimmy’s help, to build a house on the land. It was

Frederic and June’s intent that the other half of the Creek Road Property, now

identified as Tax Parcel 09-008.00-001 (“Parcel 1”), go to Jimmy.5 In fact, Jimmy

“paid” his father for the property by allowing Frederic to retain $25,000, which

otherwise would have been distributed to Jimmy in or around 1975 under the trust




3
  I refer to the parties by their preferred first names to prevent confusion. No disrespect is
intended.
4
  See JX 10.
5
  There was testimony and other evidence that Frederic and June found it important to treat their
children fairly. See Evidentiary Hr’g Tr. at 45:11–13 (Sally Krapf); id. 152:15–19 (Jimmy
Krapf). There was also testimony that it was long-known in the family that Frederic and June’s
property was to go partially to Tommy and partially to Jimmy. Mickey, the eldest son, testified
at his deposition that he was not interested in living on the Creek Road Property and ultimately
received something of comparable value. See Mickey Krapf Dep. at 13:16–14:3.
                                               2
of Frederic Krapf, Sr., Jimmy’s grandfather.6              Instead of contemporaneously

transferring title to Jimmy, however, Frederic held the deed because of concerns

that Jimmy would lose the land in a divorce or an unfortunate business deal.7 Over

the years, Jimmy, eventually with his wife Suzanne, lived in a house on the

questioned land, made a number of improvements to the property, and paid

property taxes, although they did not have the deed in hand.8

       Frederic ultimately gave Jimmy the deed to Parcel 1 in 1996, naming Jimmy

and Suzanne as transferees, handing it to him one day at the family’s place of

business, where both worked. The deed was executed, purportedly, by Frederic

and June. Mickey Krapf testified at his deposition9 that he acted as a witness to his

parents’ signatures on that deed, and that those signatures were genuine. As a

beneficiary of a one-third interest in the residue of his mother’s estate, Mickey’s




6
  See Evidentiary Hr’g Tr. 142:20–143:12 (Jimmy Krapf); see also JX 7, JX 8, JX 9 (letters from
counsel describing meetings regarding the sale of Frederic and June’s property to Jimmy and
Tommy). Frederic also apparently made a loan to Jimmy to finance the transfer of the property.
See JX 9 at R-9. It was never repaid, and credible testimony elicited at the hearing suggested
that Frederic and June made similar loans to their other sons with no expectation of repayment.
See, e.g., Evidentiary Hr’g Tr. 150:8–151:14 (Jimmy Krapf); id. 191:3–192:11 (Jimmy Krapf).
7
  See Evidentiary Hr’g Tr. 41:8–42:7 (Sally Krapf); id. 147:13–23 (Jimmy Krapf) (testifying that
his father did not give him the deed in conjunction with the transfer of $25,000 because of his
pending divorce); Mickey Krapf Dep. Tr. 18:12–19:23.
8
  Evidentiary Hr’g Tr. 153:8–154:4 (Jimmy Krapf).
9
  Mickey is a resident of Maryland and not subject to process. He chose not to testify at the
hearing, and his deposition was admitted in evidence.
                                               3
testimony was against his interest; if not for the transfer of the property to Jimmy,

Mickey would have inherited a one-third interest in Parcel 1.10

       Jimmy put the deed in his office, where it remained for approximately two

years, until he sent it to a cousin and lawyer, Robert Krapf, to be recorded. Robert

sent it back upon noticing the deed had not been notarized; Frederic and June then

had the deed notarized and sent back to Robert to be filed. The deed to Jimmy and

Suzanne was recorded in 1998 (“1998 Deed”).

       In testimony I find to be credible, Jimmy testified that he was not initially

aware of the need to record the deed.11 However, in 1998, Frederic was in need of

surgery, and in anticipation of that surgery, scheduled for early July of that year,

Tommy met with his father to discuss the latter’s affairs. A note in Tommy’s

handwriting,12 dated March 9, 1998, indicates that Frederic instructed Tommy to

remind Jimmy to “get paper work so you get the farm.”13 Tommy, after speaking

with his father and creating the note, spoke to Jimmy, who then sent the deed to

Robert for recording. Sally disputes that this handwritten note can be interpreted

to mean that Jimmy was to record the deed because it says “get the paper work,”


10
   Notwithstanding testimony by Tommy and Sally’s son, Thomas, Jr., that Mickey had no desire
to own the property, as a legal matter, Mickey’s sworn testimony was against his interest, and I
find it to be credible. See JX 26 at 3 (devising the residue of the estate to Mickey, Jimmy, and
Sally, in equal shares). If the Petitioner is correct that Parcel 1 is an asset under June’s estate,
Mickey is a one-third owner of that property.
11
   See Evidentiary Hr’g Tr. 164:10–14 (Jimmy Krapf).
12
   Tommy is deceased.
13
   JX 18; see also Evidentiary Hr’g Tr. 164:15–165:2 (Jimmy Krapf).
                                                 4
not “record the paper work;” instead, she suggests, it must have meant that the

deed to Jimmy was not in existence at the time the note was written in March

1998.14 I find, however, based on Jimmy’s credible testimony, that he had the deed

in hand at the time Tommy created the note, which referred to the recordation of

the deed.

       B. Mortgages on Parcels 1 & 5

       Frederic and June, and Jimmy, Tommy, and their spouses all were active in

the family construction business. In connection with that business (a well-known

local construction firm, Krapfcandoit, founded by Frederic’s parents) Frederic and

June, as well as Jimmy and Tommy, made it a practice to encumber their own real

and personal property to support lines of credit needed for various projects. This

included encumbering both Parcel 1 and Parcel 5 with a $2.7 million mortgage in

1991,15 with a subsequent $4 million mortgage,16 used in part to satisfy the first,

and with a $14 million mortgage in November 1997 that was also used in part to

satisfy the $4 million mortgage.17 The mortgages on Parcel 1 were executed by




14
   See Pet’r’s Closing Arg. Mem. at 10.
15
   See JX 11 ($2.7 million mortgage on Parcel 1); JX 14 ($2.7 million mortgage on Parcel 5).
16
   See JX 20 ($4 million mortgage on Parcel 1); JX 21 ($4 million mortgage on Parcel 5).
17
   See JX 20 ($14 million mortgage on Parcel 1); JX 21 ($14 million mortgage on Parcel 5);
Evidentiary Hr’g Tr. 159:12–160:17 (Jimmy Krapf).
                                             5
Frederic and June, and the mortgages on Parcel 5 were executed by Tommy and

Sally.18

        When the business began to fail in the late 1990s, it became clear that the

bank would foreclose upon encumbered property in partial satisfaction of its $14

million mortgage. Jimmy testified that because his brother Tommy was terminally

ill at that time, Jimmy asked the bank not to take Tommy’s house, a request with

which it apparently complied.19 Instead, the bank orchestrated the sale of other

collateral, including Jimmy’s home on Parcel 1 and his car.20                   The State of

Delaware, one of the Respondents here, purchased the land in or around the year

2000.

        Frederic died in July 1998, shortly after the surgery referred to above. Any

interest he had in Parcel 1 then passed to June. June passed away on May 1, 2005,

nearly seven years after the 1998 Deed was recorded, and four and a half years

after the foreclosure that ultimately resulted in the sale of Parcel 1 to the State.21

There is no evidence that, at any time prior to her death, June made any assertion




18
   See JX 11; JX 14; JX 21; JX 22. I note here that the latest mortgage, signed by Frederic and
June in 1997, was entered after Frederic handed the deed over to Jimmy. But, as discussed
above, it is clear that Frederic recognized that despite handing over the deed, the property was
not yet in Jimmy’s name, hence his instruction to Jimmy, via Tommy, to record the deed in
1998.
19
   See Evidentiary Hr’g Tr. 173:7–174:7 (Jimmy Krapf); Mickey Krapf Dep. at 39:13–21.
20
   See JX 25; see also Evidentiary Hr’g Tr. 171:18–172:15 (Jimmy Krapf).
21
   See JX 25 (showing “Jimmy Krapf’s personal residence” as “sold 12/00”).
                                               6
that the property did not belong to Jimmy and Suzanne.22                    Mickey was the

appointed personal representative under June’s will and also received a one-third

interest in any property included in the estate.23 June’s inventory of estate assets

did not include Parcel 1.24

       C. Procedural History

       Petitioner Sally Krapf commenced this action in June 2011. Discovery was

underway in the spring of 2012, but progress faltered; in July 2014, Respondents

Jimmy and Suzanne Krapf filed a Motion to Dismiss for Failure to Prosecute. I

heard oral argument on that Motion on August 25, 2014, and declined to dismiss at

that time, instead putting the matter on a short path to resolution on the merits.

Sally’s Amended Verified Petition was filed on September 8, and the evidentiary

hearing was held on October 30, with closing memoranda filed in the weeks

thereafter.

       Because the Petitioner’s three counts—fraud, conversion of property, and

conversion of equity—all rely upon a finding that the 1998 Deed was forged, I held

an evidentiary hearing on that single issue. Because I find, as set forth below, that

the 1998 Deed is valid, I deny the Petition to Set Aside the Conveyance.



22
   See Mickey Krapf Dep. Tr. 31:21–23. (“She was aware of the fact of the plan of dad’s that the
property was going to be Jimmy’s.”).
23
   See JX 26 at 12 (appointing Mickey as personal representative); id. at 3 (devising the residue
of the estate to Mickey, Jimmy, and Sally, in equal shares).
24
   See JX 27.
                                               7
                            II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       The parties agree that the Petitioner has the burden of demonstrating forgery

of the 1998 Deed by “evidence which is clear, direct, precise and convincing.”25

                                     III. ANALYSIS

       Both the Petitioner and the Respondents provided expert testimony as to the

validity of the signatures on the 1998 Deed. While expert testimony can prove

helpful, such testimony regarding forgery is not conclusive, and “cannot prevail

against positive evidence of actual facts by [credible] witnesses.”26

       Both experts agreed that Frederic’s signature was not likely to be genuine.

The Respondents’ expert opined that June’s signature was valid.                   Once the

Petitioner’s expert had the opportunity to review the original 1998 Deed, the day of

the evidentiary hearing, his grounds for doubting the validity of her signature,

though not totally eliminated, were reduced. The Respondents’ expert also opined

that Mickey’s witness signature was valid, and the Petitioner did not rebut this. In

sum, I am left with two expert opinions that agree that Frederic’s signature was

probably not genuine, differ somewhat as to June’s signature, and do not contest

the validity of the signature of the witness. In light of the other evidence from




25
   Estate of Tinley, 2001 WL 765177, at *2 (Del. Ch. June 26, 2001); see also Resp’t’s Closing
Arg. (Nov. 17, 2014) at 2; Pet’r’s Reply Mem. and Closing Arg. (Nov. 24, 2014) at 1.
26
   Will of Goldberg, 1978 WL 22003, at *5 (Del. Ch. Feb. 9, 1978).
                                              8
credible witnesses, discussed below, however, I need not rely conclusively on the

experts’ opinions.

      First, the Respondents presented evidence that, later in his life, Frederic

suffered from carpal tunnel syndrome, which necessitated he wear two supportive

braces on his wrists and otherwise hampered his daily activities.27              He also

underwent surgery for this condition at some point, though the record does not

establish when.28     At any rate, Frederic’s condition could have altered his

signature.

      Second, I found Mickey’s testimony regarding witnessing his parents’

signatures on the 1998 Deed to be credible.29 Mickey testified that Frederic as well

as June executed the 1998 Deed. Notably, Sally’s sons, Thomas, Jr. (“T”) and

John, testified that Mickey stated, upon seeing the deed, that the signatures did not

appear genuine. These statements, of course, unlike Mickey’s testimony, are self-

interested.   To the extent that John and T’s testimony is inconsistent with

Mickey’s, I find Mickey more credible. Next, Sally points to actions by Mickey

which she contends were inconsistent with this testimony. First, she emphasizes

that Mickey failed to announce to her that he had witnessed the signatures until his

deposition in 2013, even though he knew that T was alleging the inauthenticity of
27
   Evidentiary Hr’g Tr. 175:11–176:16, 177:18–179:8 (Jimmy Krapf); see also JX 28.
28
   Evidentiary Hr’g Tr. 176:2–16 (Jimmy Krapf).
29
   See Mickey Krapf Dep. Tr. 24:9–16 (“Q. Now, did your father sign it in your presence? A.
Yes. Q. Do you recognize this to be his signature? A. Yes, I do. Q. How about your mother?
A. That’s absolutely her signature.”).
                                            9
those signatures as early as 2008. Similarly, she points out that Mickey assisted T

by providing handwriting exemplars for June and Frederic at T’s request, despite

knowing that T wanted them because he thought the signatures on the 1998 Deed

were forged. I find the Petitioner’s argument that these actions impeach Mickey’s

testimony unpersuasive.30 Mickey’s testimony was that he wished to remain aloof

from the dispute between T and Jimmy; I find this credible and sufficient to

explain his actions here. In short, Mickey’s testimony, against self-interest, is

persuasive.

       Third, the Petitioner presented no evidence to suggest that the notarization

was false or otherwise invalid.31 This Court has held that:

       An acknowledgment of a signature by a notary gives rise to a
       presumption of the genuineness of that signature. This presumption
       flows from a notary public's duty, in making an acknowledgment, to
       determine that the person who signs the document is the person whose
       signature appears on the document.32




30
   I also find it incongruous for the Petitioner to argue that Mickey should have spoken up sooner
about his role as a witness of the 1998 Deed, in light of the fact that the questioned deed was
recorded in 1998 and the Petitioner did not file this suit until 2011, even though there was at
least occasion to consider the status of the property upon the administration of June’s estate in
2005, when the property was not included in the inventory.
31
   The Amended Petition stated that the notarial officer was an employee of Jimmy’s. See Am.
Petition ¶ 25; Answer of Resp’ts James P. Krapf, Sr. and Suzanne J. Krapf ¶ 25. If the Petitioner
meant to imply that this relationship made the notarization defective, such a theory was not
developed, and I do not so find.
32
   City Investing Co. Liquidating Trust v. Cont'l Cas. Co., 1992 WL 65411, at *6 (Del. Ch. Mar.
30, 1992) (citation omitted), aff'd, 624 A.2d 1191 (Del. 1993).
                                               10
The duties of a notary public of this State are set forth by statute.33 Relevant here,

a notarial officer is tasked with “determin[ing], either from personal knowledge of

identity or from satisfactory evidence of identity, that the person appearing before

the officer and making the acknowledgment is the person whose true signature is

on the instrument.”34 An “acknowledgment” is:

       a statement by a person that the person has executed an instrument for
       the purposes stated therein. If the instrument is executed in a
       representative capacity, an acknowledgement certifies that the person
       who signed the instrument did so with proper authority and executed
       the instrument as the act of the person or entity stated therein.35
       I presume, therefore, that Frederic and June both acknowledged, before the

notary in 1998, that they had placed their signatures on the Deed in execution of

that instrument in 1996. Accordingly, even if Frederic’s signature on the 1998

Deed was not his own—which, in light of the evidence, including Mickey’s

testimony, and despite the expert testimony, I do not find to have been proved—I

find that he ratified that signature when he caused the deed to be notarized in 1998

and thereby acknowledged it to a notarial officer whose statutory duties allow for a

presumption of genuineness of an acknowledged signature. Finally, I note that

Jimmy and Mickey’s testimony that Frederic and June intended for Jimmy to

receive Parcel 1, together with Jimmy’s credible testimony that he paid for the

parcel when he forwent his inheritance from his grandfather in favor of his father
33
   See 29 Del. C. § 4322.
34
   Id.
35
   Id. § 4321.
                                         11
and that he paid the taxes on and improved Parcel 1 at his own expense, are

consistent with a transfer of the property from Frederic and June to Jimmy and

Suzanne.

         Because I find the 1998 Deed valid, I need not consider any of the

Respondents’ affirmative defenses, including whether the Petitioner’s delay in

seeking relief implicates the doctrine of laches, whether the State of Delaware’s

status as a good faith purchaser for value prevents the remedy the Petitioner seeks,

and whether the alternative remedy of money damages is unavailable in light of the

fact that the encumbrances on the land at the time of June’s death exceeded its

value.

                                   IV. CONCLUSION

         For the foregoing reasons, I find that the Petitioner has not established by

evidence that is clear, direct, precise, and convincing that the signatures in

execution of the 1998 Deed were forged, or that the Deed is otherwise invalid.

Consequently, the Petition to Set Aside Conveyance of Real Property is denied.36

         An appropriate order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.




36
  In written closing argument, Jimmy and Suzanne sought an award of attorney’s fees from the
Petitioner. That request is denied.
                                             12
   IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

IN THE MATTER OF TAX PARCEL      )
NO. 09-008.00-001, ALSO KNOWN AS )
                                 )
1035 CREEK ROAD, NEWARK,
                                 )
DELAWARE 19711                   )
                                 )
SARA W.P. KRAPF,                 )
                                 )
               Petitioner,       )
                                 )
     v.                          ) C.A. No. 6611-VCG
                                 )
JAMES P. KRAPF, SR.              )
AND SUZANNE J. KRAPF,            )
                                 )
and THE STATE OF DELAWARE
                                 )
and THE ESTATE OF JUNE B. KRAPF, )
                                 )
               Respondents.      )

                                 ORDER

     AND NOW, this 16th day of January, 2015,

     The Court having considered the Amended Verified Petition to Set Aside

Conveyance of Real Property, and for the reasons set forth in the Memorandum

Opinion dated January 16, 2015, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Petition is

DENIED.

SO ORDERED:



                                         /s/ Sam Glasscock III
                                         Vice Chancellor



                                    13
