                                                        FILED
 1                          ORDERED PUBLISHED            DEC 08 2014
                                                     SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
 2                                                     U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                       OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5
 6   In re:                        )       BAP No.     AZ-14-1106-DJuKi
                                   )
 7   STUART M. STARKY and CHERYL   )       Bk. No.     2:12-bk-22121-PS
     M. STARKY,                    )
 8                                 )
                    Debtors.       )
 9   ______________________________)
                                   )
10   STUART M. STARKY; CHERYL M.   )
     STARKY,                       )
11                                 )
                    Appellants,    )
12                                 )
     v.                            )       O P I N I O N
13                                 )
     DAVID A. BIRDSELL, Chapter 7 )
14   Trustee,                      )
                                   )
15                  Appellee.      )
     ______________________________)
16
17                  Argued and Submitted on November 20, 2014
                               at Phoenix, Arizona
18
                            Filed - December 8, 2014
19
               Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
20                       for the District of Arizona
21      Honorable Sarah Sharer Curley, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
22
23   Appearances:      Christopher J. Piekarski of Piekarski & Brelsford,
                       P.C for appellants Stuart and Cheryl Starky;
24                     Patrick T. Derksen of Witthoft Derksen, P.C. for
                       appellee David A. Birdsell.
25
26
27   Before:   DUNN, JURY, and KIRSCHER, Bankruptcy Judges.
28
 1   DUNN, Bankruptcy Judge:
 2
 3        Chapter 71 debtors Stuart and Cheryl Starky (“Debtors”)
 4   appeal the bankruptcy court’s order awarding reasonable
 5   attorneys’ fees and co7sts to the chapter 7 trustee (“Trustee”)
 6   after extended proceedings relating to the Debtors’ exemption
 7   claims, the protracted nature of which resulted in large part
 8   from the actions, or more appropriately, the inaction, of Debtors
 9   and their counsel.   We perceive no abuse of discretion in the
10   bankruptcy court’s award of fees and costs to Trustee’s counsel.
11   Accordingly, we AFFIRM.
12                          I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
13        The relevant facts in this appeal are essentially
14   undisputed.   The Debtors filed their chapter 7 petition on
15   October 8, 2012.   They filed their schedules contemporaneously
16   with their bankruptcy petition, and on their Schedule B, the
17   Debtors identified two Fidelity Advisor 529 Plans (the “529
18   Plans”), valued at $4,115.76 and $5,672.60 respectively, and two
19   Educational Savings Accounts with SunAmerica (the “SunAmerica
20   Accounts”), valued at $2,607.37 and $1,719.46 respectively.    The
21   Debtors claimed exemptions in both 529 Plans and in both
22   SunAmerica Accounts in their original Schedule C.
23        In their original schedules, the Debtors also listed two
24   bank accounts, a checking account and a savings account, at JP
25
          1
             Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter and section
26
     references are to the federal Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-
27   1532, and all “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of
     Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037. All “Civil Rule”
28   references are to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

                                     -2-
 1   Morgan Chase Bank (“Chase Bank”).      However, in fact, the Debtors
 2   had eight accounts at Chase Bank on the petition date, six of
 3   which were undisclosed in their schedules.
 4        The § 341(a) meeting in the Debtors’ bankruptcy case was
 5   held on November 13, 2012, at which the Debtors were examined by
 6   the Trustee.   Thereafter, on December 4, 2012, the Trustee filed
 7   an objection (“Exemption Objection”) to the Debtors’ claimed
 8   exemptions in the two 529 Plans and the two SunAmerica Accounts
 9   on the precautionary basis that the Debtors had not provided the
10   Trustee with copies of documentation for the 529 Plans and
11   SunAmerica Accounts that would allow the Trustee to determine if
12   they were “correctly set up and funded within the time limits to
13   allow the exemptions.”   Contemporaneously, the Trustee filed a
14   Notice of Bar Date (“Notice”) setting a deadline of twenty-one
15   days following service of the Notice for any party to respond and
16   request a hearing on the Exemption Objection.     The Notice
17   provided that, “If no objections are filed, the Court may deny
18   the Debtor’s [sic] exemption.”   Both the Exemption Objection and
19   the Notice were served on the Debtors and their counsel.
20        The Debtors did not respond or request a hearing in
21   opposition to the Exemption Objection.
22        In the meantime, the Trustee filed an application to employ
23   counsel on December 13, 2012, that was granted the following day.
24   See Docket Nos. 18 and 22.2
25
26        2
             The parties did not include the application and order to
27   employ Trustee’s counsel in their excerpts of record. We have
     exercised our discretion to review the bankruptcy court’s main
28                                                      (continued...)

                                      -3-
 1        The bankruptcy court entered an order (“Exemptions Order”)
 2   sustaining the Exemption Objection and “ordering turnover of the
 3   assets to the Trustee” on February 20, 2013.
 4        On or about April 11, 2013, counsel for the Trustee wrote a
 5   demand letter (“Demand Letter”) to Debtors’ counsel.   At some
 6   point in time, the Trustee apparently had been made aware of the
 7   Debtors’ undisclosed Chase Bank accounts.   In the Demand Letter,
 8   Trustee’s counsel demanded turnover of the two 529 Plans and the
 9   two SunAmerica Accounts and turnover
10        of all funds in Chase [Bank] Accounts -5358, -0691,
          -2774, -6083, -9559 and -1257 as of the Petition Date
11        . . . of the balance in Chase [Bank] Accounts -2858 and
          -4040 (over $150) as of the Petition Date [and] copies
12        of the bank statements for the Chase [Bank] Accounts as
          of the Petition Date.
13
14        The Debtors apparently did not respond to the Demand Letter;
15   so, on April 24, 2013, Trustee’s counsel filed a Motion for
16   Turnover and Accounting of Bankruptcy Estate property, pursuant
17   to 11 U.S.C. § 542 (“Turnover Motion”).   In the Turnover Motion,
18   the Trustee sought bank statements and an accounting as to each
19   of the Debtors’ Chase Bank accounts on the petition date;
20   turnover of all funds demanded in the Demand Letter; and an award
21   of the Trustee’s attorneys fees and costs incurred.
22        At this point, Debtors and their counsel finally woke up to
23   their peril.   On May 17, 2013, the Debtors filed amended
24
25        2
           (...continued)
     case docket and the documents on record therein to assist us in
26
     our consideration of this appeal. See O’Rourke v. Seaboard Sur.
27   Co. (In re E.R. Fegert, Inc.), 887 F.2d 955, 957-58 (9th Cir.
     1989); Atwood v. Chase Manhattan Mortg. Co. (In re Atwood), 293
28   B.R. 227, 233 n.9 (9th Cir. BAP 2003).

                                     -4-
 1   Schedules B and C: The Debtors listed seven Chase Bank accounts
 2   on their amended Schedule B; and they renewed their exemption
 3   claims to the 529 Plans and SunAmerica Accounts in their amended
 4   Schedule C.    In their amended Schedule C, the Debtors explicitly
 5   asserted that the two 529 Plans and one of the SunAmerica
 6   Accounts were not property of their bankruptcy estate, but
 7   anomalously, they did not make the same statement as to the
 8   second SunAmerica Account.    On the same date, the Debtors filed a
 9   response (“Response”) to the Turnover Motion.
10        In their Response, the Debtors argued that the two
11   SunAmerica Accounts were set up under the Uniform Transfer to
12   Minors Act (“UTMA”), as adopted in Arizona.    The Debtors
13   accordingly argued that they had no legal ownership interests in
14   the SunAmerica Accounts, and there was no estate interest in the
15   SunAmerica Accounts.    As to the 529 Plans, the Debtors argued
16   that they qualified as 529 College Savings Plans under 26 U.S.C.
17   § 529 and, consequently, were not property of the estate to the
18   extent of funds paid into the 529 Plans more than 720 days prior
19   to the Debtors’ bankruptcy filing and up to $5,475 paid into each
20   529 Plan between 365 and 720 days prior to the petition date.
21   According to the Debtors, under those standards, none of the
22   funds in the 529 Plans on the petition date belonged to the
23   estate.    Finally, as to the Chase Bank accounts, the Debtors
24   argued that the account ending -1257 was a closed savings
25   account.    As to the rest of the accounts, the Debtors
26   acknowledged nonexempt funds totaling $273.72, which the Debtors
27   agreed to turn over “upon the request of the Trustee.”
28        On May 30, 2013, the Trustee filed a reply (“Reply”).    In

                                      -5-
 1   his Reply, the Trustee argued that the prior Exemption Order was
 2   final, and the Debtors had not provided any authority justifying
 3   relief under Civil Rule 59 or 60(b), applicable in bankruptcy
 4   proceedings under Rules 9023 and 9024.    In any event, the Debtors
 5   still had not provided adequate documentation to establish that
 6   the SunAmerica Accounts were validly created under UTMA.     In
 7   addition, the Trustee argued that the Debtors had not presented
 8   adequate authority or evidence that the 529 Plans were not
 9   property of the estate.    Finally, the Trustee argued that the
10   Debtors had presented no evidence to establish that any of the
11   funds in any of the Chase Bank accounts could be traced to a
12   nondebtor.   Other than $300 in Chase Bank account -5358, the
13   Trustee argued that the balance of funds in the Chase Bank
14   accounts on the petition date were subject to turnover.      On June
15   12, 2013, the Trustee filed a renewed objection (“2d Exemption
16   Objection”) to the Debtors’ exemption claims in the SunAmerica
17   Accounts and the 529 Plans, relying on some of the same arguments
18   asserted in the Reply.
19        The Debtors responded (“2d Response”) to the 2d Exemption
20   Objection on July 3, 2013.    In the 2d Response, the Debtors
21   argued that in the absence of bad faith or prejudice, under Rule
22   1009(a), they could amend their exemption schedule at any time
23   before their bankruptcy case was closed.    Since they had
24   disclosed the 529 Plans and the SunAmerica Accounts from the
25   beginning in their schedules, neither prejudice nor bad faith
26   could be imputed to the Debtors.    In addition, they argued that
27   the Exemption Order had no preclusive effect under applicable
28   Ninth Circuit authority.    Finally, they argued that the Turnover

                                      -6-
 1   Motion was inappropriate procedurally.   Since the issues to be
 2   determined focused on whether the 529 Plans and the SunAmerica
 3   Accounts were property of the Debtors’ bankruptcy estate, the
 4   Debtors argued that Rule 7001(2) required the Trustee to initiate
 5   an adversary proceeding rather than pursue turnover by motion as
 6   a contested matter.
 7        The Trustee filed a reply (“2d Reply”) on July 22, 2013.         In
 8   the 2d Reply, the Trustee argued that the Debtors’ right to amend
 9   their schedules was not absolute, and in this case, allowing the
10   Debtors to amend their Schedule C was precluded because the
11   Exemption Order was final, and the estate had been prejudiced by
12   the costs incurred in reliance on the Debtors original schedules
13   and Statement of Financial Affairs.   The Trustee reiterated his
14   request for reimbursement of attorneys’ fees and costs.     The
15   Trustee further argued that the Debtors had waived any
16   requirement that an adversary proceeding be filed in lieu of the
17   Turnover Motion by failing to file a response to the Exemption
18   Objection.   In any event, the Debtors had been afforded all of
19   the essential due process protections through the procedures
20   followed by the Trustee.
21        The bankruptcy court held a hearing on the Turnover Motion
22   on July 23, 2013, and after hearing argument from counsel,
23   granted the Turnover Motion as to the Chase Bank accounts and
24   continued the Turnover Motion as to the 529 Plans and the
25   SunAmerica Accounts.   An order approving turnover of all
26   nonexempt funds in the Chase Bank accounts, totaling $1,005.73,
27   was entered on July 25, 2013.   That order was not appealed.      A
28   further hearing on the remaining open issues regarding the

                                     -7-
 1   Turnover Motion was continued to November 20, 2013, and
 2   ultimately, to February 5, 2014.
 3        The Trustee conducted Rule 2004 examinations of the Debtors
 4   to obtain documents and information regarding the 529 Plans and
 5   the SunAmerica Accounts.
 6        On July 25, 2013, the Debtors finally filed a motion to set
 7   aside (“Motion to Vacate”) the Exemption Order, based on their
 8   argument that the subject assets were not property of their
 9   estate.    The Trustee responded on August 8, 2013, arguing that
10   the Debtors did not establish grounds for such relief under any
11   applicable subsection of Civil Rule 60(b).    Initially, the
12   bankruptcy court scheduled a hearing on the Motion to Vacate for
13   January 8, 2014, but ultimately continued the hearing to
14   February 5, 2014, in conjunction with the final hearing on the
15   Turnover Motion.
16        At a preliminary hearing on November 20, 2013, the
17   bankruptcy court required the Trustee to file a further position
18   statement on the Turnover Motion and the Motion to Vacate by
19   December 20, 2013, and gave the Debtors until January 2, 2014, to
20   respond.
21        The Trustee filed his memorandum (“Trustee Position”) on
22   December 20, 2013.    In the Trustee Position, after summarizing
23   the background of the parties’ continuing disputes, the Trustee
24   reargued that relief was not available to the Debtors under Civil
25   Rule 60(b), and that the Motion to Vacate should be denied based
26   on the Debtors’ culpable conduct in failing to respond to the
27   Exemption Objection after being duly noticed.    The Trustee
28   further argued that in these circumstances, the Trustee’s

                                      -8-
 1   attorneys’ fees and expenses should be reimbursed by the Debtors,
 2   and the Trustee provided an itemization of the fees and expenses
 3   incurred.   Finally, the Trustee argued, with supporting evidence,
 4   that $1,000 contributed to one of the 529 Plans during the year
 5   prior to the Debtors’ bankruptcy filing date was not exempt in
 6   any circumstances.
 7        The Debtors filed their memorandum (“Debtors’ Position”) on
 8   January 2, 2014.   In Debtors’ Position, the Debtors argued that
 9   they did not need relief under Civil Rule 60(b) because Rule
10   7001(2) still required that the Trustee pursue turnover through
11   an adversary proceeding, and in any event, the Trustee had not
12   met his burden of proof to establish that the subject assets were
13   property of the estate.   In addition, the Debtors argued that the
14   Trustee was not entitled to an award of fees and costs because
15   the Trustee had not filed the required adversary proceeding and
16   laid the blame for the extensive proceedings on the Trustee, for
17   “[h]ad the [Trustee] followed the required procedure or made
18   requests for additional documentation at an earlier stage, this
19   issue could have been resolved long ago.”   The Debtors conceded
20   in their prayer for relief that the estate was entitled to an
21   order directing the Debtors “to turn over contributions to the
22   [529 Plans] within 365 [days] of their bankruptcy filing,” but
23   asserted that the estate was entitled to nothing more.
24        The bankruptcy court conducted the final hearing (“Hearing”)
25   on the Turnover Motion and the Motion to Vacate on February 5,
26   2014.   After colloquy with the Trustee’s counsel, during which
27   Trustee’s counsel conceded that upon review of the documentation
28   for the 529 Plans and the SunAmerica Accounts, as a substantive

                                     -9-
 1   matter, the estate only had a claim to $1,000 total from the
 2   accounts, the bankruptcy court concluded that it only would
 3   require turnover of $1,000.   The bankruptcy court then confirmed
 4   with Trustee’s counsel the itemized fees and costs for the estate
 5   and that the estate would have only about $2,000 to pay them.
 6        The bankruptcy court then turned to counsel for the Debtors,
 7   who admitted that both he and the Debtors were aware that any
 8   contributions to the 529 Plans within one year prior to the
 9   petition date would have to be turned over to the Trustee, as he
10   and the Debtors had discussed that obligation before their
11   bankruptcy filing.   The bankruptcy court then stated:
12        You also – because you have dragged this out for too
          long – haven’t responded forthrightly to the Trustee.
13        Have caused – let’s put it extensive pleading. So, I
          have a lot before me now where this could have been
14        resolved very quickly. So, from my standpoint the
          Debtor[s] need[] to take responsibility for the
15        attorney’s fees and costs incurred by the Trustee. It
          should never have happened this way. It should not
16        have been this prolonged, the process.
17   Tr. of Feb. 5, 2014 hr’g, at 12:23-25 to 13:1-5.   Debtors’
18   counsel responded that he did not disagree that the Debtors
19   should pay “part of it.”   See Tr. of Feb. 5, 2014 hr’g, at 13, 14
20   and 16.   The bankruptcy court further pointed out that the
21   Trustee’s fees and costs did “not appear unreasonable.”   Tr. of
22   Feb. 5, 2014 hr’g, at 13:6-9.   Debtors’ counsel then suggested
23   that under the circumstances, a partial award of fees and costs
24   to the estate might be appropriate.
25        Mr. Piekarski: There were – there were a couple errors,
          but at the same time the estate is also not faultless
26        here either. It cuts both ways. So, if there was some
          kind of, you know, splitting the difference I’m not
27        sure that we would object. I think that would be a
          fair outcome.
28

                                     -10-
 1   Tr. of Feb. 5, 2014 hr’g, at 16:12-16.     Trustee’s counsel
 2   responded that he did not have authority to engage in that kind
 3   of bargaining at the Hearing.    Tr. of Feb. 5, 2014 hr’g, at
 4   16:19-20.   Debtors’ counsel did not object to the Trustee’s fees
 5   and costs on reasonableness grounds at the Hearing.
 6        Ultimately, the bankruptcy court ruled that the Debtors
 7   would only be required to turn over $1,000 from the 529 Plans and
 8   could retain the other disputed assets, but it further ruled that
 9   the Debtors would be required to pay the Trustee’s attorneys’
10   fees and costs incurred.    An order consistent with the bankruptcy
11   court’s oral rulings (“Final Order”) was entered on February 26,
12   2014.
13        The Debtors filed a timely notice of appeal of the Final
14   Order.
15                              II. JURISDICTION
16        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
17   §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(A), (B) and (E).     We have jurisdiction
18   under 28 U.S.C. § 158.
19                                 III. ISSUE
20        Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion in awarding
21   the Trustee’s reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses against the
22   Debtors?
23                         IV. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
24        We review a bankruptcy court’s decision to award attorney’s
25   fees and costs for abuse of discretion.       See, e.g., Cal. Emp.
26   Dev. Dep’t v. Taxel (In re Del Mission Ltd.), 98 F.3d 1147, 1152
27   (9th Cir. 1996).   A bankruptcy court abuses its discretion if it
28   applies the incorrect legal standard or misapplies the correct

                                      -11-
 1   legal standard, or if its fact findings are illogical,
 2   implausible or without support from evidence in the record.
 3   TrafficSchool.com, Inc. v. Edriver Inc., 653 F.3d 820, 832 (9th
 4   Cir. 2011) (citing United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1262
 5   (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc)).
 6        We may affirm the bankruptcy court’s decision on any basis
 7   supported by the record.   Shanks v. Dressel, 540 F.3d 1082, 1086
 8   (9th Cir. 2008).
 9                              V. DISCUSSION
10        This appeal shines a spotlight on a persistent problem that
11   arises in some consumer bankruptcy cases: failures of debtors
12   and/or their counsel to respond timely, or at all, to the
13   trustee’s requests for information and documentation on behalf of
14   the estate.   Based on our experience as bankruptcy judges, such
15   failures generally result from one or more of the following three
16   causes: First, some consumer bankruptcy attorneys, already
17   carrying a heavy case load, seek further volume at the expense of
18   service on behalf of their existing clients.   They simply do not
19   have enough time to respond timely to trustee requests for
20   information and documentation that require follow-up with their
21   clients, particularly if the clients themselves are not
22   responsive, as the attorneys pursue further fee-paying work.
23        Second, some consumer bankruptcy attorneys, on occasion or
24   unfortunately, chronically, are simply inattentive to the details
25   that are the essence of a consumer bankruptcy law practice.    They
26   do not return telephone calls and do not respond to letter
27   requests for information or documents, generating unnecessary and
28   costly motions to get a court order to deal with the collection

                                    -12-
 1   of information that should have been provided promptly and
 2   informally.
 3        Finally, we suspect that on some occasions, debtors and
 4   their counsel drag their feet on requests for documents and
 5   information in the hope that with the passage of time, the
 6   trustee may abandon the pursuit as not worth the effort and leave
 7   some assets that otherwise would be available for estate
 8   administration in the hands of the debtors.
 9        The record in this appeal reflects that both of the latter
10   two causes may be in play in this case, as discussed in more
11   detail infra.   The Debtors advance three arguments as to why the
12   bankruptcy court abused its discretion in awarding the Trustee
13   fees and costs against them for their failure to cooperate.
14   A. Trustee’s Duty to Investigate
15        As the Debtors correctly point out in their opening brief,
16   under § 704, the chapter 7 trustee has the duty to “investigate
17   the financial affairs of the debtor” and the duty to “collect and
18   reduce to money the property of the estate . . . and close such
19   estate as expeditiously as is compatible with the best interests
20   of parties in interest.”   See § 704(a)(1) and (4).   The Debtors
21   identified and claimed exemptions in the 529 Plans and the
22   SunAmerica Accounts in their schedules filed with their
23   bankruptcy petition on October 8, 2012.   They complain that the
24   Trustee “did not request documents from the debtors to determine
25   whether the accounts were assets of the estate until . . .
26   July 29, 2013.”   Appellants’ Opening Brief, at 12.   However,
27   their complaint is disingenuous.
28        Debtors also have duties under the Bankruptcy Code.    Section

                                    -13-
 1   521(a)(3) provides that debtors shall “cooperate with the trustee
 2   as necessary to enable the trustee to perform the trustee’s
 3   duties under this title,” and § 521(a)(4) provides that debtors
 4   shall “surrender to the trustee all property of the estate and
 5   any recorded information, including books, documents, records,
 6   and papers, relating to property of the estate.”   Rule 4002(a)(4)
 7   underlines those responsibilities by requiring that debtors
 8   “cooperate with the trustee in . . . the administration of the
 9   estate.”
10        We recognize that chapter 7 trustees have the affirmative
11   statutory duty to investigate the financial affairs and assets of
12   debtors whose estates they administer.   However, information
13   about a debtor’s assets, of necessity, must come primarily if not
14   entirely from the debtor.   The trustee cannot conjure it out of
15   thin air.
16        “When a debtor files a Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition, all of
17   the debtor’s assets become property of the bankruptcy estate, see
18   11 U.S.C. § 541, subject to the debtor’s right to reclaim certain
19   property as ‘exempt.’” Schwab v. Reilly 560 U.S. 770, 774 (2010).
20   Section 522(l) provides that if a chapter 7 debtor claims assets
21   as exempt in his or her schedules, “[u]nless a party in interest
22   objects, the property claimed as exempt . . . is exempt.”   The
23   deadline for filing objections to claimed exemptions is short.
24   Rule 4003(b)(1) generally requires that a party in interest,
25   including the chapter 7 trustee, must file an objection to an
26   exemption claim within thirty days following the conclusion of
27   the § 341(a) meeting or the right to object is waived.   Taylor v.
28   Freeland & Kronz, 503 U.S. 638, 642-44 (1992) (“Deadlines may

                                    -14-
 1   lead to unwelcome results, but they prompt parties to act and
 2   they produce finality.”).
 3        Since the Supreme Court’s decision in Taylor v. Freeland &
 4   Kronz, chapter 7 trustees have taken the admonition to prompt
 5   action to heart.   In many cases where trustees do not receive
 6   documentation required to confirm debtors’ exemption claims by
 7   the § 341(a) meeting or shortly thereafter, we see precautionary
 8   objections to exemptions, such as the Exemption Objection in this
 9   case, filed to preserve potential and actual objections to
10   claimed exemptions before the Rule 4003(b)(1) deadline runs.
11   Typically, such objections are resolved promptly without any
12   extensive proceedings before the bankruptcy court when debtors or
13   their counsel respond to the trustee with information and
14   documentation supporting the claimed exemption, and the objection
15   is withdrawn.   This case is not typical in that neither the
16   Debtors nor their counsel ever responded to the Trustee’s
17   Exemption Objection, let alone by the noticed deadline.
18        In the Exemption Objection, the Trustee objected to the
19   Debtors’ claimed exemptions in the 529 Plans and the SunAmerica
20   Accounts solely because the Debtors did not provide documentation
21   that the subject accounts were “correctly set up and funded
22   within the time limits to allow the exemptions.”   The Exemption
23   Objection, which was served both on the Debtors and their counsel
24   by first class mail on December 4, 2012, clearly advised Debtors
25   and their counsel that the Trustee needed documentation to verify
26   the appropriateness of the Debtors’ claimed exemptions in the 529
27   Plans and the SunAmerica Accounts.    On this record, the Debtors’
28   assertion that the “estate did not request documents from the

                                    -15-
 1   [D]ebtors to determine whether the accounts were assets of the
 2   estate until . . . July 29, 2013” (Appellants’ Opening Brief,
 3   at 12) is not credible.   The argument that the Trustee violated
 4   his duties under § 704(a)(1) and (4) in pursuing turnover of the
 5   529 Plans and the SunAmerica Accounts is meritless, bordering on
 6   the frivolous.
 7   B. Motion v. Adversary Proceeding
 8        The Debtors next argue that the procedural path taken by the
 9   Trustee and his counsel was incorrect in that Rule 7001(2)
10   requires an adversary proceeding when a party seeks a
11   determination as to “the validity, priority, or extent of a lien
12   or other interest in property.”   Emphasis added.   See, e.g.,
13   Cogliano v. Anderson (In re Cogliano), 355 B.R. 792, 804 (9th
14   Cir. BAP 2006).   Here, Debtors argue that the Trustee needed to
15   secure an initial determination through an adversary proceeding
16   that the 529 Plans and the SunAmerica Accounts were property of
17   their bankruptcy estate and thus subject to turnover.
18        However, the Debtors did not raise any issue as to whether
19   the 529 Plans and the SunAmerica Accounts were estate property
20   until they filed their amended Schedules B and C and their
21   Response to the Turnover Motion on May 17, 2013.    Section
22   521(a)(1)(B)(i) provides, among a chapter 7 debtor’s duties, the
23   obligation to file schedules of their assets and liabilities.    In
24   their initial schedules filed on October 8, 2012, the Debtors
25   listed the 529 Plans and the SunAmerica Accounts along with their
26   other assets on their Schedule B and claimed exemptions in those
27   assets on their Schedule C.   In neither schedule did they claim
28   that any of the 529 Plans or the SunAmerica Accounts were not

                                    -16-
 1   property of their bankruptcy estate.     That claim only belatedly
 2   was made as to the 529 Plans and one of the SunAmerica Accounts
 3   in their amended Schedule C.   A lot had happened before they made
 4   that claim.
 5        The Trustee had filed the Exemption Objection, and no
 6   response was filed by the deadline.     Accordingly, the Trustee
 7   submitted the Exemptions Order, and it was entered on
 8   February 20, 2013.   The Exemptions Order sustained the Trustee’s
 9   objections to the subject exemption claims and ordered “turnover
10   of the assets to the Trustee.”    No appeal was taken from the
11   Exemptions Order, and it became final.     The Trustee subsequently
12   filed the Turnover Motion, and as noted by the bankruptcy court
13   at the Hearing, “Rule 7001 clearly gives the estate the ability
14   to file a motion against the Debtor.”     Rule 7001(1) generally
15   requires that an adversary proceeding be filed to recover money
16   or property, but it provides a specific exception for “a
17   proceeding to compel the debtor to deliver property to the
18   trustee.”   Since the Debtors from the outset of the case had
19   scheduled the 529 Plans and the SunAmerica Accounts as their
20   assets, and the Trustee had obtained an uncontested order
21   requiring the turnover of those assets that became final, we see
22   nothing procedurally improper in the Trustee pursuing the
23   Turnover Motion as a contested matter.
24        However, even assuming that at some point in this process
25   the “property of the estate” issue became preeminent, “the
26   bankruptcy court’s decision not to require an adversary
27   proceeding is subject to a harmless error analysis.”     Korneff v.
28   Downey Reg’l Med. Ctr.–Hosp., Inc. (In re Downey Reg’l Med.

                                      -17-
 1   Ctr.–Hosp., Inc.), 441 B.R. 120, 127 (9th Cir. BAP 2010) (citing
 2   Austein v. Schwartz (In re Gerwer), 898 F.2d 730, 734 (9th Cir.
 3   1990)); In re Cogliano, 355 B.R. at 806 (“Rule 7001(2) requires
 4   an adversary proceeding, absent waiver or harmless error . . .
 5   .”) (emphasis added); and USA/Internal Revenue Serv. v. Valley
 6   Nat’l Bank (In re Decker), 199 B.R. 684, 689 (9th Cir. BAP 1996).
 7   The issue then becomes whether some procedural difference between
 8   contested matters and adversary proceedings prejudiced the
 9   Debtors in any meaningful way.    See Korneff, 441 B.R. at 127.
10        At the outset, we note that the Debtors did not assert any
11   argument that the Trustee needed to proceed by adversary
12   proceeding rather than by motion until they filed the 2d Response
13   on July 3, 2013, and while making the procedural point, the
14   Debtors did not claim any prejudice to them resulting from the
15   Turnover Motion or the 2d Exemption Objection being considered as
16   contested matters.   In their Motion to Vacate, the Debtors did
17   not renew their procedural objection.    In Debtors’ Position, the
18   Debtors again argued that property interests had to be determined
19   in an adversary proceeding, but again did not assert any
20   prejudice resulting to them from determining the Turnover Motion
21   and the Motion to Vacate as contested matters.
22        In the meantime, the parties had multiple opportunities to
23   brief their respective positions and conduct discovery for many
24   months before the final Hearing.    During that period, both of the
25   Debtors had their Rule 2004 examinations taken.    Debtors never
26   argued to the bankruptcy court that they were not properly served
27   with the Trustee’s papers or did not receive notice of scheduled
28   proceedings.   The bankruptcy court’s decisions at the Hearing

                                      -18-
 1   were based on undisputed facts.   Ultimately, the Debtors retained
 2   all of the assets to which they were entitled against the estate,
 3   and they do not argue otherwise in this appeal.
 4        In these circumstances, we agree with the bankruptcy court’s
 5   conclusion, consistent with Rule 7001(1), that an adversary
 6   proceeding was not required.   But, even if at some point Rule
 7   7001(2) could be interpreted as requiring the filing of an
 8   adversary proceeding by the Trustee to resolve “property of the
 9   estate” issues, the bankruptcy court’s determination to proceed
10   to decide the Turnover Motion and the Motion to Vacate as
11   contested matters did not prejudice the Debtors and was no more
12   than harmless error.
13   C. Reasonableness of Fees
14        Finally, the Debtors challenge the reasonableness of the
15   attorneys’ fees and costs awarded to the Trustee by the
16   bankruptcy court.   The bankruptcy court awarded attorneys’ fees
17   and costs to the Trustee based on its determinations that the
18   Debtors had “dragged this out for too long,” had not “responded
19   forthrightly to the Trustee” and had caused “extensive pleadings”
20   – in other words, had not cooperated with the Trustee as required
21   by § 521(a)(3) and (4) and Rule 4002(a)(4).   We presume that in
22   making the award, the bankruptcy court relied on § 105(a)’s
23   provision that the bankruptcy court “may issue any order . . .
24   that is necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of
25   this title.”   Cf. Arnold v. Gill (In re Arnold), 252 B.R. 778,
26   789 (9th Cir. BAP 2000):
27        A number of courts have recognized the possibility of
          prejudice to the trustee, and the possible prejudice
28        from litigation costs. [citations omitted] However, as

                                    -19-
 1        all but the earliest of these five cases suggest, any
          such prejudice can be mitigated or eliminated by
 2        conditioning allowance of the amended exemption on
          payment of the trustee’s and counsel’s fees and costs
 3        from assets not otherwise available to the estate.
 4        The Debtors did not contest the bankruptcy court’s authority
 5   to award the Trustee fees and costs at any point in the
 6   proceedings.   Debtors did not argue otherwise in their opening
 7   brief to this Panel, and at oral argument, Debtors’ counsel
 8   conceded that a failure to cooperate finding against debtors in a
 9   chapter 7 case would justify an award of attorneys’ fees and
10   costs to the trustee.   At the Hearing, Debtors’ counsel
11   repeatedly stated that he would not object to an order that
12   required the Debtors to pay a portion of the Trustee’s attorneys’
13   fees and costs and conceded that a split of the attorneys’ fees
14   and costs would be “fair.”   In these circumstances, we conclude
15   that any issue Debtors might have raised as to the bankruptcy
16   court’s general authority to award the Trustee’s fees and costs
17   against them has been waived.   See Beverly Cmty. Hosp. Ass’n v.
18   Belshe, 132 F.3d 1259, 1267 (9th Cir. 1997); and Greenwood v.
19   FAA, 28 F.3d 971, 977 (9th Cir. 1994).
20        What Debtors did argue is that the award of fees and costs
21   against them was not reasonable in this case.   Under § 330(a)(1),
22   after notice and an opportunity for a hearing, the bankruptcy
23   court can award to the trustee reasonable compensation for the
24   “actual, necessary services” of the trustee’s counsel and
25   reimbursement for trustee’s counsel’s “actual necessary
26   expenses.”
27        The Trustee first requested an award of reasonable fees and
28   costs against the Debtors in the Turnover Motion and reiterated

                                     -20-
 1   that request in various pleadings thereafter.    The Trustee
 2   provided a detailed, itemized listing of attorneys’ fees and
 3   costs (“Itemization”) as Exhibit A to Trustee Position.
 4        In Debtors’ Position, the Debtors argued the fault/mistakes
 5   prolonging the subject matters before the bankruptcy court lay
 6   primarily with the Trustee and his counsel, and therefore, “it
 7   would be unfair for the debtors to incur additional fees for the
 8   mistakes made by the estate.”    However, the Debtors did not
 9   challenge the reasonableness of Trustee’s counsel’s billing rates
10   or of any of the particular time entries or costs incurred by
11   Trustee’s counsel as set forth in the Itemization.
12        At the Hearing, the bankruptcy court determined that the
13   Trustee’s attorneys’ fees and costs did “not appear
14   unreasonable.”   Debtors’ counsel never contested the
15   reasonableness of the amount of Trustee’s attorneys’ fees and
16   costs at the Hearing.    In fact, as noted above, Debtors’ counsel
17   suggested that an award of “at least a portion” of the Trustee’s
18   attorneys’ fees and costs would be fair.
19        Mr. Piekarski: There were – there were a couple errors,
          but at the same time the estate is also not faultless
20        here either. It cuts both ways. So, if there was some
          kind of, you know, splitting the difference I’m not
21        sure that we would object. I think that would be a
          fair outcome.
22
23   Tr. of Feb. 5, 2014 hr’g, 16:12-16 (emphasis added).
24        “Ordinarily, if an issue is not raised before the trial
25   court, it will not be considered on appeal and will be deemed
26   waived.”   Levesque v. Shapiro (In re Levesque), 473 B.R. 331, 335
27   (9th Cir. BAP 2012).    See Beverly Cmty. Hosp. Ass’n v. Belshe,
28   132 F.3d at 1267.   “We review only issues which are argued

                                     -21-
 1   specifically and distinctly in a party’s opening brief.”
 2   Greenwood v. FAA, 28 F.3d at 977, citing Miller v. Fairchild
 3   Indus., Inc., 797 F.2d 727, 738 (9th Cir. 1986).   Since the
 4   Debtors did not raise before the bankruptcy court and did not
 5   argue in their opening brief to this Panel any specifics as to
 6   the reasonableness of the billing rates charged by Trustee’s
 7   counsel or the reasonableness of the amount of the Trustee’s
 8   attorneys’ fees and costs awarded by the bankruptcy court, any
 9   such arguments are waived.
10        However, if we review generally whether the Trustee’s
11   retention of counsel and counsel’s work on behalf of the estate
12   in this case were reasonable and beneficial (see, e.g.,
13   § 330(a)(3)(C) and (a)(4)(A)(ii)(I); Leichty v. Neary (In re
14   Strand), 375 F.3d 854, 860 (9th Cir. 2004)), we consider the
15   following: Debtors did not disclose six bank accounts in their
16   original schedules, and with regard to the two accounts they did
17   disclose, they claimed all funds on deposit as exempt.    Only
18   after investigation by the Trustee and the filing and pursuit of
19   the Turnover Motion did the estate recover $1,005.73 nonexempt
20   funds from the Debtors’ bank accounts.   As late as May 2013, the
21   Debtors were asserting only $273.72 of their bank deposits was
22   not exempt, and they would turn over even that much only “upon
23   the request of the Trustee.”   At oral argument, Debtors’ counsel
24   conceded that the Trustee needed the assistance of counsel in
25   investigating and recovering the nonexempt portions of the
26   deposits in the Chase Bank accounts.
27        As to the 529 Plans, as Debtors’ counsel admitted at the
28   Hearing,

                                    -22-
 1         Mr. Piekarski: We have never disputed that the monies
           the Debtors paid into the 529 accounts within the
 2         preceding – one year before the filing date is subject
           to turnover. That’s never been an issue. They’re
 3         ready to turn that money over once there is a firm
           number given to them. They knew that. We discussed
 4         that before the case was ever filed.
 5   Tr. of Feb. 5, 2014 hr’g, 11:9-16 (emphasis added).    Of course,
 6   if those statements were accurate, when Debtors and their counsel
 7   were served with the Exemption Objection, they could have
 8   responded with the necessary documentation and disclosed the
 9   nonexempt amount to be turned over to the Trustee.    Only the
10   Debtors, and certainly not the Trustee, knew at that point in
11   time what contributions they had made to the 529 Plans during the
12   year preceding their bankruptcy filing.   Instead, the Debtors did
13   not respond to the Exemption Objection at all and set in motion
14   the lengthy and expensive process leading through the filing of
15   the Turnover Motion and the Motion to Vacate and culminating in
16   the Hearing.
17         In these circumstances, the Trustee needed the services of
18   counsel to perform his duties of investigating the Debtors’
19   assets and maximizing the recovery for the estate through
20   liquidating nonexempt assets.   Contrary to Debtors’ argument, we
21   find no error in the bankruptcy court’s conclusion that it was
22   Debtors and their counsel who were not forthright with the
23   Trustee and unnecessarily prolonged proceedings.   We conclude
24   that the bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in
25   awarding the Trustee’s reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs
26   against the Debtors.
27   ///
28   ///

                                     -23-
 1                       VI. CONCLUSION
 2   For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.
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