                                               COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Russell, AtLee and Senior Judge Frank
UNPUBLISHED




              MELISSA LEPHEW
                                                                                MEMORANDUM OPINION*
              v.       Record No. 1822-18-3                                         PER CURIAM
                                                                                    JULY 30, 2019
              ROANOKE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF
               SOCIAL SERVICES


                                     FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF SALEM
                                                  David B. Carson, Judge

                                 (Suzanne Moushegian; Moushegian Law, P.L.L.C., on brief), for
                                 appellant. Appellant submitting on brief.

                                 (Rachel W. Lower, Assistant County Attorney; Joseph F. Vannoy,
                                 Guardian ad litem for the minor children, on brief), for appellee.
                                 Appellee and Guardian ad litem submitting on brief.


                       Melissa Lephew (mother) appeals the order terminating her parental rights to her children

              and approving the foster care goal of adoption. Mother argues that the circuit court erred by

              (1) terminating her parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(B) and (C)(2) because she had

              substantially remedied the conditions that led to the children being placed in foster care and

              termination of her parental rights was not in the children’s best interests; and (2) approving the

              foster care goal of adoption because the Roanoke County Department of Social Services (the

              Department) did not prove that she failed to complete the recommended services and adoption was

              not in the children’s best interests. Upon reviewing the record and briefs of the parties, we

              conclude that the circuit court did not err. Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the circuit

              court.



                       *
                           Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                                         BACKGROUND1

       “On appeal from the termination of parental rights, this Court is required to review the

evidence in the light most favorable to the party prevailing in the circuit court.” Yafi v. Stafford

Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 69 Va. App. 539, 550-51 (2018) (quoting Thach v. Arlington Cty. Dep’t of

Human Servs., 63 Va. App. 157, 168 (2014)).

       Mother and Marvin Lephew (father) are the biological parents of three children. The

Department had been involved with the family since 2014 because of allegations of neglect, lack

of supervision, the children’s developmental delays, and recurring lice problems with the

children.2 On September 21, 2016, the Department received a report that the two youngest

children, who were five years old (the “middle child”) and nine months old (the “youngest

child”) at the time, were frequently left in their cribs all day. The middle child was not toilet

trained and could barely walk. The Department learned that mother would not change the

youngest child’s diaper and sometimes placed Tylenol in his bottle to make him sleepy. The

oldest child, who was thirteen years old at the time, frequently had to take care of the younger

children. The oldest child struggled with school, and since mother and father had no

transportation, she could not go to school early for tutoring. The family’s residence was infested

with lice, bed bugs, and roaches. At one point, the middle child had over one hundred nits and

twenty-five bugs removed from her head. The middle child had never been to the dentist, and



       1
         The record in this case was sealed. Nevertheless, the appeal necessitates unsealing
relevant portions of the record to resolve the issues appellant has raised. Evidence and factual
findings below that are necessary to address the assignments of error are included in this opinion.
Consequently, “[t]o the extent that this opinion mentions facts found in the sealed record, we
unseal only those specific facts, finding them relevant to the decision in this case. The remainder
of the previously sealed record remains sealed.” Levick v. MacDougall, 294 Va. 283, 288 n.1
(2017).
       2
        In 2003, the oldest child was in foster care for approximately one year due to physical
and medical neglect.
                                               -2-
the oldest child had fifteen cavities as of February 2017. Mother and father had cognitive

limitations, and father had mental health issues.

       Beginning in November 2016, the Department provided ongoing services, including

financial assistance, family support services, bus passes, and mental health services. Mother

divided her time between staying with father and the children and her own mother in Roanoke

City because she was helping care for her own mother. The oldest child was hospitalized in

February 2017 for suicidal thoughts. The Department arranged for counseling and medication

management for the oldest child, as well as tutoring services during the school day. The

Department provided clothing for the children, paid for repeated lice treatments for the family

members, and paid for heat extermination to treat the bedbugs and roaches in the home. The

Department referred the youngest child for early intervention services to work on his gross motor

skills, but the parents continued to leave him in his crib all of the time. Father frequently

requested financial assistance from the Department to purchase cleaning supplies, detergent, and

food for the family.

       On May 8, 2017, the Department removed the children from the home because “the

family’s level of need [was] still so high . . . [and] no significant gains had been achieved.” On

June 12, 2017, the City of Salem Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court (the JDR court)

adjudicated that the children were abused or neglected, and on July 10, 2017, the JDR court

entered the dispositional orders. Mother did not appeal the dispositional orders.

       The Department continued to provide services to the family. In addition to bus passes

and food stamps for the parents, the Department initially arranged weekly supervised visitation

between the parents and the children. When the foster care goal of return home was changed to

relative placement in December 2017, the oldest child opted not to participate in any further

visitation with her parents; visitation with the two younger children was changed to biweekly. In

                                                -3-
April 2018, after the JDR court terminated the parents’ parental rights, the parents’ visitation

with the two younger children became monthly. Since December 2017, the parents canceled six

out of fourteen visits. During the visits, the parents focused their attention on the youngest child,

often leaving the middle child to play by herself. The social worker testified that she never saw

an improvement in the parents’ parenting skills or demeanor while the children were in foster

care.

        In addition to providing visitation, the Department referred mother and father for

parenting classes and parental capacity evaluations. In the fall of 2017, at the direction of the

Department, Cheryl Henry, MA, QMHP, conducted the eight-week parenting class for mother

and father. Henry explained that although mother and father were “cooperative and willing to

participate, they struggle[d] cognitively with the concepts discussed.” Henry was concerned that

mother and father lacked “parental skill sets” and did not “possess sufficient cognitive abilities to

gain such parental competences.”

        Jeannie Berger, a licensed clinical psychologist, completed the parental capacity

evaluations in August 2017. Mother’s responses to the psychological tests revealed that she was

“functioning almost three standard deviations below the mean compared to others her age, at the

0.3%, and almost one standard deviation below the cut off for Intellectual Disabilities.”

Mother’s cognitive limitations were “too significant” to allow her to “meet the minimal

requirements of caregiving.” Berger further explained that “[b]ecause of [mother’s] cognitive

limitations there was nothing that [Berger] could come up with that might help [mother’s]

parenting.” Berger concluded that “although possessing great love for their children, [mother

and father] did not have [the] cognitive capacity to safely care for them, to respond to their

changing needs, [and] to parent three children at different developmental stages . . . .”




                                                -4-
       On April 9, 2018, the JDR court terminated mother and father’s parental rights and

approved the foster care goal of adoption. The parents appealed to the circuit court.

       On October 10, 2018, the parties appeared before the circuit court. The Department

presented evidence about the children’s condition after they entered foster care. Three days after

the youngest child entered foster care, he started crawling. A few days after entering foster care,

the middle child was hospitalized for dehydration because “she was getting good nutrition and

her body was in shock.” The oldest child appeared “happier” and “relieved.”

       The Department reported that the children were doing “phenomenal” in foster care. The

three children had been in the same foster home since they were removed from the family home.

The oldest child was doing very well in school and was involved in several extracurricular

activities. The middle child initially struggled with walking, but at the time of the hearing, she

was active in cheerleading and baton dance classes. She was meeting all of her developmental

milestones. Although he could not crawl when he entered foster care, the youngest child was

walking and running at the time of the circuit court hearing. He was struggling developmentally

with his vocabulary and attended a developmentally delayed preschool. The foster family

expressed a desire to adopt the children.

       Father testified that he and mother had been in a relationship since 1997, and married

since 2001. In December 2017 or January 2018, father moved to a three-bedroom apartment,

where mother often stayed with him. Father testified that he would be willing to assist mother at

home with the children.

       After hearing all of the evidence and argument, the circuit court found that it was in the

children’s best interests to terminate mother and father’s parental rights under Code

§ 16.1-283(B) and (C)(2). The circuit court also approved the foster care goal of adoption.

Mother appealed the rulings to this Court.

                                                -5-
                                             ANALYSIS

         Mother argues that the circuit court erred in terminating her parental rights under Code

§ 16.1-283(B) and (C)(2) and approving the foster care goal of adoption. She asserts that she

had substantially complied with the Department’s required services and “had effectively

remedied the issues that had caused her children to come into care to the best of her cognitive

ability.”

         “On review, ‘[a] trial court is presumed to have thoroughly weighed all the evidence,

considered the statutory requirements, and made its determination based on the child’s best

interests.’” Castillo v. Loudoun Cty. Dep’t of Family Servs., 68 Va. App. 547, 558 (2018)

(quoting Logan v. Fairfax Cty. Dep’t of Human Dev., 13 Va. App. 123, 128 (1991)). “Where, as

here, the court hears the evidence ore tenus, its finding is entitled to great weight and will not be

disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Fauquier Cty. Dep’t

of Soc. Servs. v. Ridgeway, 59 Va. App. 185, 190 (2011) (quoting Martin v. Pittsylvania Cty.

Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 3 Va. App. 15, 20 (1986)).

         The circuit court found that it was in the children’s best interests to terminate mother’s

parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2), which states that a court may terminate parental

rights if:

                The parent or parents, without good cause, have been unwilling or
                unable within a reasonable period of time not to exceed 12 months
                from the date the child was placed in foster care to remedy
                substantially the conditions which led to or required continuation
                of the child’s foster care placement, notwithstanding the
                reasonable and appropriate efforts of social, medical, mental health
                or other rehabilitative agencies to such end.

         “[S]ubsection C termination decisions hinge not so much on the magnitude of the

problem that created the original danger to the child, but on the demonstrated failure of the

parent to make reasonable changes.” Toms v. Hanover Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 46 Va. App. 257,

                                                 -6-
271 (2005). “Considerably more ‘retrospective in nature,’ subsection C requires the court to

determine whether the parent has been unwilling or unable to remedy the problems during the

period in which [s]he has been offered rehabilitation services.” Id. (quoting City of Newport

News Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Winslow, 40 Va. App. 556, 562-63 (2003)).

       The Department presented evidence that mother completed many of the Department’s

requirements, including a relative identifier, a background check, parenting classes, and the

parental capacity evaluation. She attended some of the family partnership meetings and

visitations. Although mother completed many of the services, her parenting skills did not

improve. Berger explained that mother had significant cognitive limitations and lacked “insight

into how to provide for [the children’s] needs.” Mother was “unable to live independently or

function without supervision and structure” and had “never cared for her children

independently.” Berger noted that mother’s limitations could not be “remediated through parent

training or in-home services or medication.”

       The circuit court found that mother loved her children and had “done the absolute best

that [she could] do.” Considering all of the evidence, especially Berger’s report and testimony,

the circuit court, however, found that mother was unable to remedy the conditions that led to the

children being placed in foster care.

       At the time of the circuit court hearing, the children had been in foster care for seventeen

months. The circuit court heard evidence that the children had improved significantly while in

foster care and were in a potentially adoptive home. “It is clearly not in the best interests of a

child to spend a lengthy period of time waiting to find out when, or even if, a parent will be

capable of resuming his [or her] responsibilities.” Tackett v. Arlington Cty. Dep’t of Human

Servs., 62 Va. App. 296, 322 (2013) (quoting Kaywood v. Halifax Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 10

Va. App. 535, 540 (1990)).

                                                -7-
       Based on the totality of the circumstances, the circuit court did not err in finding that it

was in the children’s best interests to terminate mother’s parental rights under Code

§ 16.1-283(C)(2). “When a trial court’s judgment is made on alternative grounds, we need only

consider whether any one of the alternatives is sufficient to sustain the judgment of the trial

court, and if so, we need not address the other grounds.” Kilby v. Culpeper Cty. Dep’t of Soc.

Servs., 55 Va. App. 106, 108 n.1 (2009); see also Fields v. Dinwiddie Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs.,

46 Va. App. 1, 8 (2005) (the Court affirmed termination of parental rights under one subsection

of Code § 16.1-283 and did not need to address termination of parental rights pursuant to another

subsection). Therefore, we will not consider whether the circuit court erred in terminating

mother’s parental rights pursuant to Code § 16.1-283(B).

       With respect to mother’s challenge of the foster care goal of adoption, “[o]ur decision to

affirm the termination order necessarily subsumes this aspect of [her] appeal because a

preponderance-of-the-evidence standard governs judicial modifications of foster care plans.”

Toms, 46 Va. App. at 265 n.3.

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court’s ruling is affirmed.

                                                                                           Affirmed.




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