                 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                       Docket No. 39258

STATE OF IDAHO,                                      )
                                                     )       Boise, September 2012 Term
       Plaintiff-Respondent,                         )
                                                     )       2012 Opinion No. 134
v.                                                   )
                                                     )       Filed: November 15, 2012
TODD JAMES SURINER,                                  )
                                                     )       Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk
       Defendant-Appellant.                          )
                                                     )

       Appeal from the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District of the State of
       Idaho, in and for Ada County. The Hon. Deborah A. Bail, District Judge.

       The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

       Diane M. Walker, Deputy State Appellate Public Defender, Boise, argued for
       appellant.

       Mark W. Olson, Deputy Attorney General, Boise, argued for respondent.




EISMANN, Justice.
       This is an appeal out of Ada County contending that there was not sufficient evidence
corroborating the defendant’s confession to support his conviction for sexually abusing his two
young daughters. We hold that the corroboration was sufficient and affirm the judgment of
conviction. We also overrule our prior decisions adopting the corpus delicti rule.


                                                I.
                                     Factual Background.
       Todd Suriner (Defendant) is the father of twin girls who, in December 2008, were about
three and one-half years of age. One of the daughters mentioned to her aunt that the Defendant
had hurt her “business,” which is the word she had been taught to use when referring to her
vagina. Law enforcement was contacted, and on December 18, 2008, a detective telephoned the
Defendant and asked to meet with him.           He went to the detective’s office, denied any
wrongdoing, and agreed to submit to a polygraph.
       After arriving at the sheriff’s office for the polygraph, but before it was administered, the
Defendant admitted that for the past year he had been sexually abusing his daughters by inserting
his finger into their vaginas and then masturbating. He stated that he abused them on Sundays
while his wife was at work. The Defendant confessed to sexually abusing them during two
separate interviews with detectives that were held five days apart.
       On December 30, 2008, the Defendant was charged with two counts of lewd conduct in
violation of Idaho Code section 18-1508 (one count for each daughter). He pled not guilty and
was tried before a jury.    During the trial, the State offered into evidence the Defendant’s
videotaped confessions and audiotapes of remorseful telephone calls he had made from jail. The
State also presented the testimony of a pediatrician who had conducted a physical examination of
the girls. His examination did not reveal any trauma or injury that is associated with sexual
abuse, but he testified that the lack of such physical evidence is not unusual and that from 66% to
95% of children who are seen for allegations of sexual abuse and penetration will have a normal
exam. The State also called the Defendant’s wife as a witness, and she testified that he was
alone with the girls on Sundays while she was at work.
       After the State rested, the Defendant moved for a judgment of acquittal based upon the
corpus delicti rule on the ground that the State had not produced evidence that a crime had
occurred independently from the Defendant’s confession. The district court denied the motion,
and the Defendant declined to testify or offer any evidence. The jury returned a verdict finding
the Defendant guilty of both counts of lewd conduct. The court later sentenced the Defendant on
both counts to twenty-five years in the custody of the Idaho Board of Correction, with five years
determinate and the remaining twenty years indeterminate, with the sentences to be concurrent.
The court retained jurisdiction for 180 days, but later declined to place the Defendant on
probation and remanded him into the custody of the Board of Correction to serve his sentence.
The Defendant timely appealed.
       The appeal was initially heard by the Idaho Court of Appeals, which reversed the
conviction on the ground that there was no evidence corroborating the Defendant’s confessions
as required by the corpus delicti rule. The State filed a petition for review, which we granted. In
cases that come before this Court on a petition for review of a Court of Appeals decision, we


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directly review the decision of the lower court as if the appeal came directly to this Court. Head
v. State, 137 Idaho 1, 2, 43 P.3d 760, 761 (2002).


                                                 II.
                           Did the District Court Err in Holding that
            There Was Sufficient Corroboration Under the Corpus Delicti Rule?
       The corpus delicti rule is “the fact that a crime has been committed cannot be proved by
the extrajudicial confessions or statements of the prisoner, and that there must be some evidence
or corroborating circumstances tending to show that a crime has been committed, aside from
such confessions or statements.” State v. Keller, 8 Idaho 699, 704, 70 P. 1051, 1052 (1902).
There was no common-law corpus delicti rule in England. “There the courts have been hesitant
to lay down a rule that an uncorroborated extrajudicial confession may not send an accused to
prison or to death,” Opper v. U.S., 348 U.S. 84, 89 (1954), although there were statutes that
prohibited a conviction for specific crimes on the uncorroborated extrajudicial confession of a
defendant, See 4 William Blackstone, Commentaries 357 (21st ed. 1844).
       In adopting a corpus delicti rule, the courts in this country have not been uniform in
applying the rule. Because the rule is court created, each jurisdiction has determined what can
constitute the necessary corroboration.      Some have required independent evidence of each
element of the crime, while others have required much less corroboration. See Opper, 348 U.S.
at 92-93, (wherein the Supreme Court reviewed the various ways in which federal courts had
applied the corroboration requirement); 29A Am. Jur. 2d Evidence § 777 (2008) (discussing
varying applications of the rule).
       In denying the motion for a judgment of acquittal, the district court held that there was
sufficient evidence corroborating the Defendant’s confession under the corpus delicti rule
adopted in Idaho. The court relied upon (a) the fact that the Defendant confessed twice, several
days apart; (b) the confessions were videotaped, allowing the jury to assess whether there were
any pressures that might cause a false confession; (c) the Defendant initiated telephone calls
from the jail in which he made incriminating statements; and (d) the pediatrician’s examination
of the girls could not rule out sexual abuse. The issue is whether the district court’s application
of the rule is consistent with our prior opinions. We hold that it is.




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       In 1902, this Court adopted the corpus delicti rule in State v. Keller. The defendant had
been convicted of violating a quarantine by bringing sheep through Box Elder County, Utah, into
Idaho. 8 Idaho at 703, 70 P. at 1051. The evidence produced by the State in its case-in-chief
consisted of the Governor’s quarantine proclamation and the testimony of one witness. Id. at
703-04, 70 P. at 1052. On March 19, 1901, the Governor of Idaho had issued a proclamation
pursuant to Idaho’s quarantine laws prohibiting the bringing of any sheep into Idaho for a period
of forty days from or through certain specified areas including Box Elder County. Id. at 703, 70
P. at 1052. The witness testified that on April 12, 1901, he went with the defendant to his sheep
camp in Oneida County, Idaho, where there was a band of the defendant’s sheep containing
about 2,000 head and the defendant stated that two or three days earlier he had driven the sheep
into Idaho through Box Elder County. Id. at 703-04, 70 P. at 1052. At the close of the State’s
case, the defendant asked the trial court to instruct the jury to return a verdict for the defendant
on the ground that there was insufficient evidence corroborating his out-of-court statement,
which the court refused to do. Id. at 704, 70 P. at 1052. This Court affirmed the trial court’s
denial of the motion. We held that only slight corroborating facts were required and that there
was sufficient corroboration, which we described as follows:
       We think the above evidence sufficiently corroborates the statement of the
       defendant that said sheep had been brought by him from Box Elder county, Utah,
       subsequent to the date of the governor’s proclamation, and prior to the twelfth day
       of April, 1901. The witness saw the sheep in Oneida county. Defendant claimed
       to own them, and stated that he had wintered them on the desert, and had brought
       them through Box Elder county, Utah, into Idaho, two or three days prior to the
       12th of that month.

Id.
       The only evidence corroborating the defendant’s out-of-court statement was the witness’s
testimony that on April 12, 1901, he was at the defendant’s sheep camp in Oneida County, Idaho,
where the defendant had about 2,000 head of sheep. Although the defendant having the sheep in
Idaho was a fact that the State was required to prove, it was not a crime for the defendant to have
had sheep in Idaho on that date. It was only a crime to have brought them through Box Elder
County within forty days after the Governor’s proclamation. The witness’s observation of the
sheep in Idaho would not in any way corroborate the truthfulness of the defendant’s statement
that he had brought those sheep through Box Elder County within the last two or three days.



                                                 4
Thus, there was no corroboration of that portion of the defendant’s statement that made having
the sheep in Idaho criminal, which was bringing them into Idaho through Box Elder County after
the Governor’s proclamation. Nevertheless, this Court held that the corroboration was sufficient.
       In State v. Urie, 92 Idaho 71, 437 P.2d 24 (1968), the defendant conspired with a man
named Fraley to obtain money from an insurance company for serious injuries that Fraley had
allegedly suffered, including alleged paralysis of his left leg, when he fell into an elevator pit on
the premises of the defendant’s employer. Id. at 72, 437 P.2d at 25. The defendant made
statements to the insurance company supporting Fraley’s claim, and the company ultimately
settled the claim by paying Fraley $25,000.          Id. When the defendant did not receive his
promised share of the settlement, he went to his employer’s counsel and confessed the scheme.
Id. The defendant’s statement was reduced to writing, and, about three months later, he again
went to that attorney where he signed the statement and reiterated the scheme with two
representatives of the insurance company being present. Id. at 72-73, 437 P.2d at 25-26.
       Fraley was charged with obtaining money under false pretenses, but the charge was
dismissed largely because the defendant refused to testify. Id. at 73, 437 P.2d at 26. The
defendant was also charged and convicted of obtaining money under false pretenses and was
convicted.    He appealed contending, among other things, that there was insufficient
corroboration of his extrajudicial confessions. Id. This Court held that there was sufficient
corroborating evidence, and, in listing such evidence, we included the defendant’s two
confessions. We stated:
               This court finds from its reading of the entire record that there is enough
       circumstantial evidence to corroborate appellant’s confession and establish the
       commission of the alleged crime. The medical testimony leaves no doubt that
       Fraley was not paralyzed as he had claimed. The basis of Fraley’s suit against the
       insurance company, for which he received $25,000 in settlement, was the fact that
       as a result of this alleged accident Fraley ‘sustained painful injuries to his back,
       spinal column, and legs, of such nature and severity that he has permanently lost
       the use of his left leg and is permanently crippled.’ (State’s Exhibit A)
       Furthermore, appellant’s course of conduct from the time of the alleged injury to
       the signing of the confession lends credibility to his statement. Appellant twice
       changed portions of his story with the result that the purported liability of the bean
       company and its carrier was irrefutably established for all intents and purposes.
       Thereafter, he voluntarily made statements admitting the fraudulent scheme
       before counsel for the bean company which he subsequently reiterated with
       further particularity and exactitude before two other agents of the insurance
       company at the time he signed his ‘confession.’


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Id. at 73-74, 437 P.2d at 26-27 (emphasis added). We then added that “a crime of this particular
nature would be difficult, if not well impossible, to prove with any degree of certainty in the
absence of a confession on the part of one or both parties involved.” Id. at 74, 437 P.2d at 27.
Justice McFadden wrote a concurring opinion, in which Chief Justice Taylor joined, stating that
corroboration of an extrajudicial confession should not be required in this type of case. Id. at 75,
437 P.2d at 28 (McFadden, J., specially concurring).
       In applying the rule, this Court in Urie stated, “Furthermore, appellant’s course of
conduct from the time of the alleged injury to the signing of the confession lends credibility to
his statement.” The course of conduct listed by the Court as lending credibility to the appellant’s
signed confession included that “he voluntarily made statements admitting the fraudulent scheme
before counsel for the bean company which he subsequently reiterated with further particularity
and exactitude before two other agents of the insurance company at the time he signed his
‘confession.’ ” Thus, this Court stated that extrajudicial statements that were consistent with the
signed confession could be used to corroborate that confession.
       Although it may seem inconsistent with the corpus delicti rule to permit a defendant’s
extrajudicial statements to corroborate his extrajudicial confession, the rule is court created.
Each court has defined and applied the rule as the court deemed best. As will be discussed
below, the rule as adopted and applied by this Court has not been designed to protect any
constitutional or statutory rights or even to prevent convictions based upon false confessions.
       The last case in which we have addressed the corpus delicti rule is State v. Tiffany, 139
Idaho 909, 88 P.3d 728 (2004). In that case, the defendant’s two-month-old son died while he
was allegedly taking a nap. Id. at 911, 88 P.3d at 730. An autopsy performed the next day did
not reveal any cause of death, so the pathologist listed the cause of death as sudden infant death
syndrome. Id. About eleven months later, the defendant admitted to her husband that she had
smothered their son in an attempt to stop his crying. Id. She and her husband decided to seek
marital counseling, and she admitted killing their son to the counselor. Id. The counselor
contacted the police, and two officers came to the counselor’s office where defendant admitted to
them that she had smothered the boy. Id. They arrested her, and the following day she admitted
the killing to a detective. Id. She was charged and convicted of involuntary manslaughter. Id. at
911-12, 88 P.3d at 730-31. On her appeal, she contended that there was insufficient evidence


                                                 6
corroborating her out-of-court confessions. We noted that only slight corroborating facts were
necessary, and held that there was sufficient corroboration in that case, stating:
       In a case involving the unlawful killing of a human being, the corpus delicti
       consists of two elements: (1) the death of the person named in the charge as dying
       or being dead, and (2) that the death was by the criminal action or means of the
       defendant. In this case, Tiffany’s extrajudicial statements that she had killed
       [infant] were corroborated by the facts that [infant] was dead, that he died while
       under the exclusive care of Tiffany, and that her statements about how she killed
       him were consistent with the autopsy results. The district court did not err in
       denying Tiffany’s motion for a judgment of acquittal.

Id. at 915, 88 P.3d at 734 (citation omitted).
       The corroborating evidence showed that the infant died while in the defendant’s
exclusive custody and that the autopsy did not rule out that she had killed him by smothering
him. There was no corroboration of the element of the crime that the child’s death was caused
by criminal means. Without bruising or other signs of trauma, the pathologist could not tell
whether the infant died from being smothered or from sudden infant death syndrome.
       Thus, in Urie this Court held that corroboration can include the defendant’s other
extrajudicial statements, and in Tiffany this court held that corroboration could include the results
of a medical exam of the victim that was consistent with the defendant’s extrajudicial statement.
Under those decisions, the district court did not err in holding that there was sufficient
corroboration in this case.


                                                 III.
                        Should the Corpus Delicti Rule Be Abandoned?
       The State presented the alternative argument on appeal that we should abandon the
corpus delicti rule. Both parties have briefed and argued that issue. We agree that the rule
should be abandoned.
       The Defendant argues that only the legislature can abandon the rule. He argues that in
1864 the Idaho Territorial Legislature enacted a statute adopting the common law of England;
that Article XXI, § 2, of the Idaho Constitution states that “[a]ll laws now in force in the territory
of Idaho which are not repugnant to this Constitution shall remain in force until they expire by
their own limitation or be altered or repealed by the legislature”; and that Idaho Code section 73-
116 states, “The common law of England, so far as it is not repugnant to, or inconsistent with,

                                                  7
the constitution or laws of the United States, in all cases not provided for in these compiled laws,
is the rule of decision in all courts of this state.” As stated above, the corpus delicti rule was not
part of the common law of England. Therefore, the corpus delicti rule was not adopted by either
our Constitution or by legislation.
           When this Court adopted the corpus delicti rule, it did not give a rationale for doing so.
The avowed major purpose of the rule is “the prevention of errors in conviction based upon
untrue confessions alone.” 29 Am. Jur. 2d Evidence § 765 (2008). As applied by this Court, the
rule does not protect against convictions based upon untrue, extrajudicial confessions. We have
never required that there be corroborating evidence of that part of the confession that establishes
the illegality of the conduct. The rule as adopted by this Court only requires that there be slight
corroboration, which could include an element of the crime that, in itself, is not criminal.
           As explained above, in Keller there was no corroboration of that portion of the
defendant’s statement that made having the sheep in Idaho criminal, which was bringing them
into Idaho through Box Elder County after the Governor’s proclamation. The defendant’s
statement that he had brought the sheep through Box Elder County could have been false or
mistaken. The witness had no knowledge of that fact, nor was there other evidence showing that
the defendant had done so. Likewise, in Tiffany there was no corroboration of the element of the
crime that the child’s death was caused by criminal means. Without bruising or other signs of
trauma, the pathologist could not tell whether the infant died from being smothered or from
sudden infant death syndrome. Thus, the corroborating evidence would not have shown the
truthfulness of the defendant’s statement that she had smothered him. He could have died from
sudden infant death syndrome, and she could have mistakenly believed that it was from her
efforts to prevent him from crying. Thus, as applied by this Court the corpus delicti rule does
not prevent an innocent defendant from being convicted based upon the defendant’s false or
inaccurate extrajudicial confession.
           An innocent defendant could be convicted not only upon his false, extrajudicial
confession, but also upon the false testimony of his accuser. There are many crimes in which the
only evidence against the defendant may be the accuser’s testimony. In such cases, we do not
require that there be corroboration of the accuser’s testimony, 1 although from 1899 to 1981 this


1
    By statute, the testimony of an accomplice must be corroborated. I.C. § 19-2117.



                                                          8
Court did require that a conviction of a sex crime could not be based upon the uncorroborated
testimony of the accuser. 2 In 1981, we ultimately recognized the fallacy of that court-created
rule and abandoned it. After reviewing and rejecting the asserted rationales for the rule, we held
that “the requirement of corroboration in sex crime cases is no longer the law in Idaho.” State v.
Byers, 102 Idaho 159, 165, 627 P.2d 788, 794 (1981). There is no logical reason why we should
create a rule to protect against the possibility that the defendant falsely confessed to the crime
any more than we should craft a rule to protect against the possibility that the defendant’s
accuser fabricated the charge or is mistaken (e.g., has incorrectly identified the defendant as the
wrongdoer).
           The corpus delicti rule does not protect any statutory or constitutional rights. Although
some argue that one rationale supporting the rule is that confessions may be unreliable because
they have been coerced or induced, Smith v. United States, 348 U.S. 147, 153 (1954), the rule
was not adopted in Idaho for that purpose because in Keller the defendant’s confession was
voluntarily made to a friend at the defendant’s sheep camp. When he made the statement, he
was not in law enforcement custody, he was not being subjected to any questioning, and there is
no indication that there was anything that induced him to make the statement.
           Since this Court adopted the rule of corpus delicti, there have been significant
developments in the law designed to protect against coerced confessions. The United States
Supreme Court has created Miranda rights to guard against the danger of coercion that may
result from custodial interrogation. In addition, illegal coercion does not require torture or
physical abuse. “If an individual’s ‘will was overborne’ or if his confession was not ‘the product
of a rational intellect and a free will,’ his confession is inadmissible because coerced. These


2
    In State v. Anderson, 6 Idaho 706, 59 P. 180 (1899), the Court held:
           Undoubtedly the rule is that a defendant may be convicted of the crime of rape upon the
           uncorroborated testimony of the prosecutrix; but this is only so when the character of the
           prosecutrix for chastity, as well as for truth, is unimpeached, and where the circumstances
           surrounding the commission of the offense are clearly corroborative of the statements of the
           prosecutrix.

Id. at 709-10, 59 P. at 181. The asserted reason for the rule was that the crime of rape “is ‘an accusation easy to
make, and hard to be proved, and harder still to be defended by the party accused.’ ” Id. at 710, 59 P. at 181. The
Court later held that even where the prosecutrix is chaste and there is no attempt to impeach her reputation for truth,
“the circumstances surrounding the commission of the offense [must be] clearly corroborative of the statements of
the prosecutrix.” State v. Hines, 43 Idaho 713, 718, 254 P. 217, 218 (1927).



                                                            9
standards are applicable whether a confession is the product of physical intimidation or
psychological pressure . . . .” Townsend v. Sain, 372 U.S. 293, 307 (1963) (footnotes omitted).
We believe that the adversary process provides a better mechanism for protecting against the
consequences of coerced confessions than does the court-created corpus delicti rule.             As
discussed above, that rule as applied in Idaho does not necessarily protect against false
confessions or admissions. A defendant who contends that he was coerced into making a false or
inaccurate statement can seek to have it excluded from evidence. If it is admitted, he can present
evidence to show the circumstances under which it was made and to explain why it should not be
believed or relied upon. We also note that the corpus delicti rule does not protect those who
falsely confess and then plead guilty.
       “While we are cognizant of the importance stare decisis plays in the judicial process, we
are not hesitant to reverse ourselves when a doctrine, a defense, or a holding in a case has proven
over time to be unjust or unwise.” State v. Maidwell, 137 Idaho 424, 426, 50 P.3d 439, 441
(2002). When this Court adopted the corpus delicti rule, it did not give any rationale for doing
so. It simply accepted the rule and then limited its application to the greatest extent possible.
The rule as applied does not protect against false confessions, but even its limited application can
be an impediment to convicting the guilty. Because the harm caused by the rule exceeds
whatever benefits there may be, we hold that the corpus delicti rule no longer applies in Idaho.
We see no reason to attempt to fashion another rule to take its place. Instead, the jury can give a
defendant’s extrajudicial confession or statement whatever weight it deems appropriate along
with all of the other evidence when deciding whether the State has proved guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt.


                                                IV.
                                           Conclusion.
       We affirm the judgment of the district court.


       Chief Justice BURDICK and Justices J. JONES, W. JONES and HORTON CONCUR.




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