     Case: 19-10755   Document: 00515488830        Page: 1   Date Filed: 07/14/2020




        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                      Fifth Circuit

                                                                     FILED
                                    No. 19-10755                   July 14, 2020
                                                                  Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                       Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

             Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

JAMES DAVID PERRYMAN,

             Defendant - Appellant




                Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of Texas


Before SMITH, HIGGINSON, and ENGELHARDT, Circuit Judges.
STEPHEN A. HIGGINSON, Circuit Judge:
      James David Perryman pleaded guilty to possession of a firearm by a
convicted felon. The district court sentenced him to 110 months of
imprisonment. He appeals, arguing that the district court erred by accepting a
constitutionally inadequate factual resume and applying a guideline
enhancement for obstruction of justice. We AFFIRM.
                                         I
      On December 29, 2018, agents with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,
Firearms, and Explosives observed a Facebook conversation between
Perryman and another individual in which Perryman sent a photograph of a
pistol with a visible serial number.
    Case: 19-10755     Document: 00515488830     Page: 2   Date Filed: 07/14/2020



                                  No. 19-10755
        On January 17, 2019, Texas police pulled Perryman over in Lubbock,
Texas for an expired vehicle registration. Perryman was arrested for driving
without a driver’s license. During an inventory search of the vehicle, officers
found a loaded pistol with a serial number matching the pistol in the Facebook
post.
        On March 20, 2019, Perryman pleaded guilty to one count of possession
of a firearm by a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and
924(a)(2). A probation officer prepared a presentence investigation report
(“PSR”) on May 17, 2019. It calculated Perryman’s base offense level as 20 and
recommended a three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility. It also
calculated Perryman’s criminal history category as V, resulting in a guideline
imprisonment range of 46 to 57 months.
        On May 22, 2019, Perryman testified as a witness for the defense in the
trial of United States v. Sean Paul Dalka, 5:19-CR-027-02-C. The same district
judge who presided over Perryman’s criminal proceedings also presided over
Dalka’s trial. Dalka was charged with firearm and controlled substance
offenses, and Perryman testified that certain firearms and methamphetamine
found at Dalka’s residence belonged to him rather than to Dalka. He testified
that he received the firearms in exchange for methamphetamine that he was
dealing, and he stored those firearms, along with methamphetamine, at
Dalka’s residence, which he and other drug dealers used as a stash house.
Perryman testified that he carried a pistol—presumably the one at issue in
this case—with him for protection when he dealt drugs.
        On June 7, 2019, the government filed objections to the PSR based on
Perryman’s testimony at Dalka’s trial. The government claimed that Perryman




                                       2
     Case: 19-10755       Document: 00515488830         Page: 3     Date Filed: 07/14/2020



                                       No. 19-10755
obstructed justice and demonstrated a lack of acceptance of responsibility 1 by
providing perjured testimony and that Perryman provided evidence that he
possessed the pistol in connection with another felony offense—drug
trafficking.
       On June 14, 2019, the probation officer filed an addendum to the PSR,
“concur[ring]” with the government’s objection, summarizing the evidence from
Dalka’s trial supporting a finding of perjury, and updating the relevant offense
levels. The new guideline imprisonment range was 110 to 120 months, capped
by the ten-year statutory maximum.
       On June 26, 2019, Perryman filed a response to the government’s
objection and an objection to the PSR addendum. In his own words, “Perryman
want[ed] the court to know that he testified truthfully at the trial of Sean
Dalka.” Perryman noted that his testimony was not contradicted by the
testimony of other witnesses, was against the “strongly worded advice of his
attorney,” was based on his “strong feeling that Dalka should not be held
responsible for Perryman’s drugs and guns,” and was “contrary to his penal
interests, as well as contrary to his interest as a gang member.”
       At the sentencing hearing on June 28, 2019, Perryman reiterated his
argument that he had not perjured himself at Dalka’s trial. He agreed that the
four-level enhancement for using or possessing a firearm in connection with
another felony was appropriate, but he argued that he should not receive an


       1 Comment note four to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, the acceptance of responsibility guideline,
instructs that conduct resulting in an obstruction of justice enhancement under § 3C1.1
“ordinarily indicates that the defendant has not accepted responsibility for his criminal
conduct. There may, however, be extraordinary cases in which adjustments under both
§§ 3C1.1 and 3E1.1 may apply.” U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 cmt. n.4. Perryman notes that the same
finding of perjury supported the obstruction of justice guideline enhancement and the denial
of a guideline reduction for acceptance of responsibility. But Perryman does not appeal the
denial of a guideline reduction for acceptance of responsibility, and he does not contend that
this case involves exceptional circumstances justifying application of both an enhancement
under § 3E1.1 and a reduction under § 3C1.1.
                                              3
    Case: 19-10755    Document: 00515488830     Page: 4   Date Filed: 07/14/2020



                                 No. 19-10755
enhancement for obstruction of justice and he should receive a reduction for
acceptance of responsibility. The district court sustained the government’s
objection to the PSR, adopted the PSR and PSR addendum, and sentenced
Perryman to 110 months of imprisonment. Perryman filed a timely notice of
appeal on July 3, 2019.
                                       II
      First, Perryman argues that the district court erred by accepting a
constitutionally inadequate factual resume. According to Perryman, 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1) “exceeds the power of the federal government” because in National
Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. 519 (2012), the
Supreme Court clarified that Congress can only regulate a person’s activity
under the Commerce Clause if that person is currently engaged in activity
affecting the relevant market, and § 922(g)(1) criminalizes all firearms
possession without reference to recent economic activity by the defendant.
      In Scarborough v. United States, 431 U.S. 563 (1977), the Supreme Court
interpreted 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) to require only that a firearm traveled in
interstate commerce at some previous time. Id. at 575. In United States v.
Alcantar, 733 F.3d 143 (5th Cir. 2013), we held that 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)
remains constitutional following Sebelius. Id. at 145–46. Therefore, as
Perryman acknowledges, this argument is foreclosed under our caselaw.
                                      III
      Next, Perryman argues that the district court erred by applying a
guideline enhancement for obstruction of justice based on its finding that he
gave false testimony at Dalka’s trial. According to Perryman, the district court
merely adopted the PSR addendum, which in turn adopted the government’s
objection to the PSR without independent review. The government’s objection
included only (1) a transcript of Perryman’s testimony and (2) the government’s
unsworn description of other, allegedly conflicting evidence presented at
                                       4
    Case: 19-10755     Document: 00515488830      Page: 5    Date Filed: 07/14/2020



                                  No. 19-10755
Dalka’s trial. Because the government’s unsworn assertions do not constitute
evidence and Perryman’s testimony without comparison to any contradictory
evidence is insufficient to support a perjury finding, Perryman argues that the
district court committed clear error by finding that he perjured himself at
Dalka’s trial.
      Generally, we review the district court’s interpretation and application
of the guidelines de novo and its “factual findings, such as a finding of
obstruction of justice, for clear error.” United States v. Huerta, 182 F.3d 361,
364 (5th Cir. 1999). However, if the defendant did not preserve his or her
specific objection by raising it before the district court, we review only for plain
error. See id. at 366. The parties disagree about whether Perryman adequately
preserved his challenge to the obstruction of justice enhancement. Because we
find no error under either standard of review, we need not resolve this dispute.
      At the sentencing hearing, the district court adopted the PSR and PSR
addendum. PSRs generally “bear[] sufficient indicia of reliability to be
considered as evidence by the sentencing judge in making factual
determinations.” United States v. Harris, 702 F.3d 226, 230 (5th Cir. 2012)
(quoting United States v. Nava, 624 F.3d 226, 231 (5th Cir. 2010)). A district
court “may adopt the facts contained in a [PSR] without further inquiry if those
facts have an adequate evidentiary basis with sufficient indicia of reliability
and the defendant does not present rebuttal evidence or otherwise demonstrate
that the information in the PSR is unreliable.” Id. (quoting United States v.
Trujillo, 502 F.3d 353, 357 (5th Cir. 2007)).
      We have previously found that “[t]estimony under oath observed by the
district court” bears sufficient indicia of reliability to support its probable
accuracy. United States v. Leonard, 61 F.3d 1181, 1184 (5th Cir. 1995).
Therefore, the district court had no need to rely on the government’s unsworn
assertions, as Perryman alleges. Instead, the district court could—and did—
                                         5
     Case: 19-10755         Document: 00515488830            Page: 6      Date Filed: 07/14/2020



                                          No. 19-10755
properly adopt the PSR addendum’s recommendation as to the enhancement
based on the summary of the evidence from Dalka’s trial contained in the PSR
addendum. Because Perryman does not argue that the evidence from Dalka’s
trial, summarized in the PSR addendum, is insufficient to support a finding of
perjury, we find no error. 2
                                                ***
       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.




       2  Importantly, Perryman does not argue that his alleged perjury does not constitute a
willful obstruction of justice “with respect to . . . the instant offense of conviction.” See U.S.S.G.
§ 3C1.1 (emphasis added). Perryman waived review of this issue by not raising it before the
district court or briefing it on appeal. Brinkmann v. Dallas Cty. Deputy Sheriff Abner, 813
F.2d 744, 748 (5th Cir. 1987) (“We will not raise and discuss legal issues [the parties have]
failed to assert.”). Therefore, we only note that, to our knowledge, we have not upheld
application of the obstruction of justice enhancement based on the defendant’s perjury at the
trial of a non-codefendant, and this opinion should not be read to express any opinion on the
appropriateness of such an application.
                                                  6
