                                                                       FILED
                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                   Tenth Circuit

                                      PUBLISH                    March 15, 2019
                                                              Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                 Clerk of Court

                               TENTH CIRCUIT



 KELVION, INC., a foreign
 corporation,

             Plaintiff - Appellant,
 v.                                                     No. 17-5097
 PETROCHINA CANADA LTD.,
 formerly known as BRION ENERGY
 CORPORATION, a foreign
 corporation,

             Defendant - Appellee.


        APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
          FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA
                (D.C. NO. 4:17-CV-00355-GKF-FHM)


Samanthia S. Marshall (W. Kirk Turner with her on the briefs), McAffee & Taft,
P.C., Tulsa, Oklahoma, for Appellant.

Richard D. Salgado, Dentons US LLP (Wade P. K. Carr, Dentons US LLP,
Kansas City, Missouri, with him on the brief), Dallas, Texas, for Appellee.


Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, McKAY and CARSON, Circuit Judges.


TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge.
      PetroChina Canada bought ten large heat-exchanger units from Kelvion’s

Oklahoma plant for use in PetroChina’s oil and gas operations. Their contract

included a mandatory forum-selection clause subjecting the parties to Canadian

jurisdiction. After a dispute over unanticipated delivery costs that PetroChina

refused to pay, Kelvion brought suit in Oklahoma. It asserted quantum meruit and

unjust enrichment claims, arguing the forum-selection clause did not apply to its

equitable claims.

      The district court disagreed, concluding the forum-selection clause applied,

and dismissed the suit under the doctrine of forum non conveniens. We agree—

the parties plainly intended any dispute arising from their contract would be heard

in Canadian courts. We affirm the district court’s dismissal for forum non

conveniens.

                                I. Background

      In August 2012, PetroChina Canada, a Canadian corporation, purchased ten

heat exchanger units from Kelvion’s principal place of business in Catoosa,

Oklahoma. 1 The parties agreed Kelvion would manufacture the exchangers “and

arrange for their shipment to [PetroChina’s] facility” in Alberta, Canada.

App. 158. The Purchase Order Agreement contained the following provision:



      1
          References to Kelvion and PetroChina include their predecessors-in-
interest, which were the signatories to the contract.

                                        -2-
         This Purchase Order shall be governed by and construed in accordance
         with the laws of the Province of Alberta and the Parties agree to accept
         and submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the Province of
         Alberta.

Id. 228, § 20.1. The Purchase Order also provided that “[c]ost changes . . . will

not be accepted unless official change order(s) have been issued by

[PetroChina].” Id. 202. Once approved, Change Orders became incorporated into

the Purchase Order as amendments.

         Kelvion provided PetroChina a shipping estimate and shipped the

exchangers from Oklahoma in February 2014. Because of unanticipated delays

and seasonal restrictions on shipping weights over Canadian roads in the winter,

delivery costs exceeded Kelvion’s original estimate by $671,324. Kelvion never

submitted nor did PetroChina approve any change order for the increased shipping

costs.

         After a long period of negotiation, Kelvion filed suit in Oklahoma state

court in May 2017 asserting breach of contract, quantum meruit, and unjust

enrichment claims. PetroChina promptly removed to federal court and filed a

motion to dismiss for forum non conveniens based on the Purchase Order’s

mandatory forum-selection clause. Kelvion dropped its breach of contract claim,

but insisted the forum-selection clause did not apply to its equitable claims

because they addressed matters outside the scope of the contract. The district



                                            -3-
court dismissed for forum non conveniens after determining the Purchase Order’s

forum-selection clause governed Kelvion’s claims.

                                   II. Analysis

      The doctrine of forum non conveniens permits a court to dismiss a case

when an adequate alternative forum exists in a different judicial system and there

is no mechanism by which the case may be transferred. See Charles Alan Wright

et al., 14D Fed. Prac. & Proc. Juris. § 3828 (4th ed., Nov. 2018 update).

Generally, forum non conveniens is proper when an adequate alternative forum is

available and public- and private-interest factors weigh in favor of dismissal. See

Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 255–61 (1981); Fireman’s Fund Ins.

Co. v. Thyssen Min. Const. of Canada, Ltd., 703 F.3d 488, 495 (10th Cir. 2012).

      The Supreme Court directs us to several considerations in analyzing

whether an action should be dismissed for forum non conveniens pursuant to a

forum-selection clause. See Atl. Marine Constr. Co. v. U.S. Dist. Court, 571 U.S.

49, 60 (2013). At the outset, a court must determine whether the forum-selection

clause controls. If the clause controls and points to a state or foreign forum, then

the court may apply the doctrine of forum non conveniens. See id. When

determining whether to dismiss for forum non conveniens, the court grants no

weight to the plaintiff’s choice of forum or the parties’ private interests, since

these are deemed to have been fully expressed in the contract and weigh in favor


                                         -4-
of dismissal. Id. at 63–64 & n.8. A “valid forum-selection clause should be

given controlling weight in all but the most exceptional cases.” Id. at 63

(alteration omitted).

      Nevertheless, Kelvion argues its equitable claims relate to expenses not

bargained for in the contract and thus the forum-selection clause does not control.

Kelvion also contends the forum-selection clause cannot apply because the

Purchase Order is not a basis for its legal claims.

      A. Standard of Review

      As an initial matter, we must determine the appropriate legal framework.

In the aftermath of Atlantic Marine, courts have considered several approaches to

reviewing a district court’s dismissal of an action for forum non conveniens when

a forum-selection clause applies. For example, the Fifth Circuit adopted a

bifurcated standard of review. Under this standard, the Fifth Circuit “review[s]

the district court’s interpretation of the [forum-selection clause] and its

assessment of that clause’s enforceability de novo, then . . . review[s] for abuse of

discretion the court’s balancing of the private- and public-interest factors.”

Weber v. PACT XPP Techs., A.G., 811 F.3d 758, 768 (5th Cir. 2016). The Fourth

Circuit traditionally applied a de novo standard of review, but acknowledged that

the abuse-of-discretion standard may be more appropriate post-Atlantic Marine.

See BAE Sys. Tech. Solution & Servs., Inc. v. Republic of Korea’s Defense


                                          -5-
Acquisition Program Admin., 884 F.3d 463 (4th Cir. 2018) (declining to resolve

the correct standard of review).

      We find the Fifth Circuit’s bifurcated standard sensible and adopt it as our

own. Indeed, this standard follows our existing practice for contract

interpretation and forum non conveniens: questions of contract interpretation are

reviewed de novo, In re: Motor Fuel Temperature Sales Practices Litig., 872 F.3d

1094, 1104 (10th Cir. 2017), and forum non conveniens dismissals are reviewed

for abuse of discretion, Archangel Diamond Corp. Liquidating Tr. v. Lukoil, 812

F.3d 799, 803 (10th Cir. 2016).

      Thus, we proceed de novo to interpret the forum-selection clause and

determine its applicability to this dispute. We then consider whether the district

court abused its discretion in dismissing the case.

      B. Applicability of the Forum-Selection Clause

      The scope of a forum-selection clause is evaluated according to ordinary

principles of contractual interpretation. See, e.g., Am. Soda, LLP v. U.S. Filter

Wastewater Grp., Inc., 428 F.3d 921, 925 (10th Cir. 2005); K & V Sci. Co. v.

BMW, 314 F.3d 494, 497 (10th Cir. 2002). 2 Other circuits have held a forum-


      2
        In this circuit, forum-selection clauses are also construed according to the
governing law selected in the contract. See Yavuz v. 61 MM, Ltd., 465 F.3d 418,
431 (10th Cir. 2006). Here, the Purchase Order’s choice-of-law clause adopts
“the laws of the Province of Alberta.” App. 228, § 20.1. PetroChina observes
                                                                       (continued...)

                                         -6-
selection clause will apply to claims that “ultimately depend on the existence of a

contractual relationship between the parties,” Coastal Steel Corp. v. Tilghman

Wheelabrator Ltd., 709 F.2d 190, 203 (3d Cir. 1983), overruled on other grounds

by Lauro Lines S.R.L., v. Chasser, 490 U.S. 495 (1989); where “resolution of the

claims relates to interpretation of the contract,” Manetti-Farrow, Inc. v. Gucci

Am., Inc., 858 F.2d 509, 514 (9th Cir. 1988); or when the claims “involv[e] the

same operative facts as a parallel claim for breach of contract,” Lambert v. Kysar,

983 F.2d 1110, 1122 (1st Cir. 1993).

      The provision here contains two independent clauses addressing choice of

law and forum selection. The choice-of-law clause governs interpretation of

“[t]his Purchase Order,” while the forum-selection clause commits “the Parties”

to the “exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the Province of Alberta.” App. 228,

§ 20.1. Although there is no explicit limit to the types of disputes the parties are

obligated to bring in the courts of Alberta under this clause, the conjunction

linking the two clauses suggests the claims must be sufficiently connected to




      2
       (...continued)
that Canadian law applies similar rules of basic contract interpretation and
encourages forum-selection clauses, citing Sabean v. Portage La Prairie Mutual
Insurance Co., [2017] 1 S.C.R. 121, 127 (Can.), and Z.I. Pompey Industrie v.
ECU Line N.V., [2003] 1 S.C.R. 450, 462–63 (Can.), respectively. Kelvion does
not contest these points and we assume without deciding that Canadian law would
apply similar contractual principles as our own.

                                          -7-
“[t]his Purchase Order.” 3 The provision does not contain potentially broadening

language, such as “related to,” “associated with,” or “arising in connection to.”

See Phillips v. Audio Active Ltd., 494 F.3d 378, 389 (2d Cir. 2007) (contrasting

these phrases with potentially narrower constructions such as “arising from”). 4

       Even without such broadening language, Kelvion’s equitable claims are

inextricably linked to the Purchase Order. Its claims arise directly from the

agreement, depend on the existence of the agreement, require the court to

interpret the agreement, and involve the same operative facts as a claim for

breach of the agreement. Kelvion’s claims are not merely collateral matters, as it

asserts.

       The Purchase Order provides PetroChina would pay a “fixed” price,

Kelvion would carry the “risk of loss” until the exchangers were delivered, and

any “changes that may have an effect on prices” would be approved through a


       3
           The relevant provision states

       This Purchase Order shall be governed by and construed in accordance
       with the laws of the Province of Alberta and the Parties agree to accept
       and submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the Province of
       Alberta.

App. 228, § 20.1 (emphasis added).
       4
         See also Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler–Plymouth, Inc., 473
U.S. 614, 644 (1985) (Stevens, J., dissenting); Coregis Ins. Co. v. Am. Health
Found., Inc., 241 F.3d 123, 128 (2d Cir. 2001); John Wyeth & Bro. Ltd. v. CIGNA
Int’l Corp., 119 F.3d 1070, 1074 (3d Cir. 1997).

                                           -8-
Change Order. See App. 225, § 9.1; id. 226, § 10.1; id. 202, § 5. If any of those

contractual terms apply to the disputed shipping charges, Kelvion’s equitable

claims are moot. See Member Servs. Life Ins. Co. v. Am. Nat’l Bank & Tr. Co. of

Sapulpa, 130 F.3d 950, 957–58 (10th Cir. 1997) (noting the “hornbook rule that

quasi-contractual remedies such as [unjust enrichment] are not to be created when

an enforceable express contract regulates the relations of the parties with respect

to the disputed issue”); see also McCurdy Grp. v. Am. Biomed. Grp., Inc., 9 F.

App’x 822, 827 (10th Cir. 2001) (unpublished) (collecting cases to establish that

a plaintiff can assert quantum meruit in the face of an express contract only when

the claim involves obligations outside its scope). As the district court correctly

concluded, the Purchase Order and its interpretation are central to adjudicating

Kelvion’s claims and must be subject to the forum-selection clause.

      Kelvion argues a forum-selection clause cannot apply if the contract

containing the clause is raised only as a defense, rather than on the face of the

complaint. But no such legal rule exists. See, e.g., MPVF Lexington Partners,

LLC v. W/P/V/C, LLC, 148 F. Supp. 3d 1169, 1179 (D. Colo. 2015) (A “forum

selection clause can apply even when the contract at issue is raised only as a

defense to the plaintiff’s claims.”). On the contrary, “a plaintiff cannot defeat a

forum-selection clause by its choice of provisions to sue on, of legal theories to




                                         -9-
press, and of defendants to name in the suit.” Kochert v. Adagen Med. Int’l, Inc.,

491 F.3d 674, 679–80 (7th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      Indeed, the rule Kelvion proposes would substantially impair the public

policy purpose of forum-selection clause enforcement. “If forum selection

clauses are to be enforced as a matter of public policy, that . . . policy requires

that they not be defeated by artful pleading of claims.” Coastal Steel, 709 F.2d at

203; see also Carlyle Inv. Mgmt. LLC v. Moonmouth Co. SA, 779 F.3d 214, 220

(3d Cir. 2015); Huffington v. T.C. Grp., LLC, 637 F.3d 18, 21 (1st Cir. 2011).

This public policy purpose is especially important where “claims grow out of the

contractual relationship or if ‘the gist’ of those claims is a breach of that

relationship.” BMR & Assocs., LLP v. SFW Capital Partners, LLC, 92 F. Supp.

3d 128, 136 (S.D.N.Y. 2015). That Kelvion originally brought a claim for breach

of contract and that its equitable claims effectively amount to the same is strong

evidence of artful pleading to avoid enforcement of the forum-selection clause.

      The parties anticipated claims arising directly from the Purchase Order and

its interpretation would be subject to the forum-selection clause. That expectation

should be given effect.

      C. Balancing of Public-Interest Factors

      Having determined the forum-selection clause applies, we will “not

consider arguments about the parties’ private interests” and “may consider


                                          -10-
arguments about public-interest factors only.” Atl. Marine, 571 U.S. at 64. The

district court’s weighing is entitled to substantial deference when it has

considered and reasonably balanced all relevant interest factors. See Yavuz v.

61 MM, Ltd., 576 F.3d 1166, 1171 (10th Cir. 2009). Kelvion does not contend the

district court incorrectly or improperly weighed any of the public-interest factors.

We therefore conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion when it

weighed the public-interest factors and dismissed the case for forum non

conveniens.

                                 III. Conclusion

      The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.




                                         -11-
