                 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                         FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                  _______________________________

                              No. 01-10543
                  _______________________________


DANETTE HOPE GROS; EDITH D. SIKES,

                                                 Plaintiffs-Appellants,

versus



CITY OF GRAND PRAIRIE, TEXAS; HARRY L. CRUM; RICHARD L. BENDER

                                                  Defendants-Appellees.

         _________________________________________________

             Appeals from the United States District Court
         for the Northern District of Texas - Dallas Division
                            (3:96-CV-2897-D)
         _________________________________________________
                             March 12, 2002


Before JONES, WIENER, and PARKER, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

     Plaintiffs-Appellants Danette Hope Gros and Edith D. Sikes

(collectively,    “Appellants”)   brought   42   U.S.C.   §   1983   claims

against the City of Grand Prairie, Texas, Harry Crum, the Chief of

the City of Grand Prairie Police Department, and Lt. Bender, the

officer in charge of the Grand Prairie Police Department’s Internal


     *
       Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that
this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except
under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.

                                   1
Affairs Department (collectively, “Appellees”) for the alleged

violation of Appellants’ constitutional rights by one Officer

Rogers    of   the   Grand    Prairie   Police   Department.1      The   action

followed a circuitous course through the district and appellate

courts, the net result of which was summary judgment dismissal with

prejudice of all of Appellants’ claims against Appellees, and an

assessment of Appellees’ costs against Appellants pursuant to

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d).           Appellants now appeal the

award of costs to Appellees, and seek costs and attorneys’ fees for

themselves.      We affirm the award of costs to Appellees and the

denial of Appellants’ request for costs and attorneys’ fees.



                                I.   Proceedings

     In    January    2001,    the   district    court   entered   its   order

dismissing with prejudice all of Appellants’ remaining claims

against   Appellees     not    previously   dismissed,    and   “ordered   and

adjudged that...defendants’ taxable costs of court...are assessed

against plaintiffs.” After Appellants filed their first motion for

reconsideration of the court’s award of costs and objections to

Appellees’ bill of costs in February 2001, the district court

denied the request for reconsideration but referred Appellants’

bill-of-costs objections to a magistrate judge for determination,

     1
       Appellants also brought claims against Officer Rogers, but
he is not an Appellee in this appeal. For a full recitation of the
facts of the underlying § 1983 action, see Gros v. City of Grand
Prairie, 209 F.3d 431, 432-33 (5th Cir. 2000).

                                        2
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A). After briefing was complete,

the magistrate judge issued a March 2001 Memorandum Opinion and

Order2 reducing the bill of costs by some $2,100, and leaving

approximately $13,600 assessed against Appellants. Appellants next

filed a supplemental request for reconsideration of the award of

costs, coupled with their first motion for attorneys’ fees and

costs.    Both the supplemental request for reconsideration and the

first motion for attorneys’ fees and costs were denied by the

magistrate judge in April 2001.            Appellants now appeal those

denials.



                              II.   Analysis

A. Standard of Review

     A district court’s denial or award of costs,3 and such court’s

award of attorneys’ fees in a § 1983 suit,4 are reviewed for abuse

of discretion.    Appellees contend, as a threshold matter, that we

should review the award of costs in this case for plain error

because    Appellants   did   not   file   written   objections   to   the

magistrate judge’s orders, as required under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b).

We conclude that we need not resolve this dispute, however:            Our

     2
       Gros v. City of Grand Prairie, 2001 WL 276899 (N.D. Tex.
Mar. 19, 2001).
     3
         Dickerson v. United States, 2002 WL 58866, at *4 (5th Cir.
2002).
     4
         Myers v. City of West Monroe, 211 F.3d 289, 292 (5th Cir.
2000).

                                     3
review satisfies us that the result would be the same under either

standard.



B. Discussion

     1.     Award of Costs

     Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d)(1) (“FRCP 54(d)(1)”)

provides, in relevant part:

            Except when express provision therefor is made either in
            a statute of the United States or in these rules, costs
            other than attorneys’ fees shall be allowed as of course
            to the prevailing party unless the court otherwise
            directs....

Although there is such an express statutory provision regarding §

1983 claims,5 that provision pertains to attorneys’ fees, not

“costs other than attorneys’ fees.”          The general rule of FRCP

54(d)(1) applies to this case.

     Appellants argue that in § 1983 cases, attorneys’ fees are

awarded     to   prevailing    defendants   “only   when   a   plaintiff’s

underlying claim is frivolous, unreasonable, or groundless,”6 and

that the award of costs to defendants in the instant case is a “de

facto award of [attorneys’] fees to a prevailing defendant in a

meritorious lawsuit.”         Although there is ample support in our

jurisprudence for Appellants’ initial proposition (that prevailing


     5
         42 U.S.C. § 1988.
     6
       Myers v. City of West Monroe, 211 F.3d 289, 292 (5th Cir.
2000) (quoting Walker v. City of Bogalusa, 168 F.3d 237, 239 (5th
Cir. 1999)).

                                     4
defendants in a § 1983 case will be awarded attorneys’ fees

pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1988 only when the plaintiff’s underlying

claim is frivolous, unreasonable, or groundless), we are cited to

none to support their novel “de facto award of attorneys’ fees”

theory, and we are independently aware of no such support. Without

the underlying premise establishing a congruence between this award

of costs and an award of attorneys’ fees, Appellants’ arguments

borrowing from attorneys’ fees jurisprudence must fail.7

      Reviewing the award of costs for reversible error, then, we

find none.    FRCP 54(d)(1) authorizes the court to award costs to

the prevailing party; Appellees prevailed at the summary judgment

phase of this action, and the district court assessed their costs

against Appellants accordingly.           Appellees presented an itemized

bill of costs, which Appellants had the opportunity to review and

to   which   Appellants   submitted   their    objections.    Appellants’

objections were given thorough consideration, as evidenced by the

magistrate judge’s substantial Memorandum Opinion and Order, in

which many of Appellants’ objections were actually ratified.          The

only thing that Appellants can complain of, then, is that the court

awarded costs to defendants at all.         Aside from their unsuccessful

      7
       Appellants argue, for example, that their claims were not
frivolous, unreasonable, or groundless.        They also rely on
jurisprudence in support of the proposition that attorneys’ fees
are not generally awarded to defendants in § 1983 claims, lest they
“chill the efforts of future plaintiffs to redress civil rights
violations.” These arguments would be relevant if attorneys’ fees
were at issue, but, lacking the valid analogy between costs and
attorneys’ fees, the arguments fail here.

                                      5
attempt to recast this award of costs as an award of attorneys’

fees, Appellants offer no valid reason why the court should have

deviated from the general rule in this case.                In any event, the

court certainly did not err reversibly by adhering to the general

rule.     We therefore affirm the district court’s award of costs to

the Appellees,     as    well   as   the    magistrate   judge’s    refusal    to

consider Appellants’ supplemental request for reconsideration of

that award.



     2.      Appellants’ Request for Costs and Attorneys’ Fees

     Appellants    argue    that     the    magistrate   judge     “abused    her

discretion by not awarding [them] all costs, including attorneys’

fees,” because their § 1983 action was “the catalyst for change and

correction of the egregious civil rights violations prevalent

within the city’s police department.” As such, contend Appellants,

they should be classified as the “prevailing party” under FRCP

54(d)(1) (for costs) and under 28 U.S.C. § 1988 (for attorneys’

fees).    In particular, Appellants argue that their lawsuit was the

catalyst for “the removal of Officer Rogers [the officer who

allegedly violated their constitutional rights] and the resignation

of [Police Chief] Crum [Rogers’s supervisor].”                   These events,

assert     Appellants,    “likely     set     the   stage    for   significant

departmental changes.”




                                       6
       In Farrar v. Hobby,8 the U.S. Supreme Court explained:

                 [T]o qualify as a prevailing party, a civil rights
                 plaintiff must obtain at least some relief on the merits
                 of his claim. The plaintiff must obtain an enforceable
                 judgment against the defendant from whom fees are sought,
                 or comparable relief through a consent decree or
                 settlement. Whatever relief the plaintiff secures must
                 directly benefit him at the time of the judgment or
                 settlement. Otherwise the judgment or settlement cannot
                 be said to affec[t] the behavior of the defendant toward
                 the plaintiff. Only under these circumstances can civil
                 rights litigation effect the material alteration of the
                 legal relationship of the parties and thereby transform
                 the plaintiff into a prevailing party.       In short, a
                 plaintiff “prevails” when actual relief on the merits of
                 his claim materially alters the legal relationship
                 between the parties by modifying the defendant’s behavior
                 in a way that directly benefits the plaintiff.9

Despite this clear pronouncement by the Court, Appellants press

their “catalyst theory,” and urge that we consider them to be

“prevailing parties.” Appellants pursue this path despite the fact

that       all   their   claims   against       Appellees   were   dismissed   with

prejudice at the summary judgment stage.               Appellants presumably do

so because they “(1) ... obtained the relief [that they] sought,

and (2) ... the suit itself caused the [Appellees] to alter [their]

conduct.”10 Appellants point to other cases in which the plaintiffs

were deemed prevailing parties because they had achieved the

objective of their suit despite their lack of success in the



       8
            506 U.S. 103 (1992).
       9
       Farrar, 506 U.S. 111-12 (internal citations and quotation
marks omitted) (emphasis added).
       10
       For these elements, Appellants cite Pembroke v. Wood County,
Tex., 981 F.2d 225, 231 n.27 (5th Cir. 1993).

                                            7
courtroom.11

       Appellees raise several valid objections to these arguments:

(1) Appellants offer nothing more than conclusional statements that

this lawsuit was the catalyst for any changes implemented by the

Grand Prairie Police Department (in fact, the alleged perpetrator,

Officer Rogers, was terminated before the suit was filed, and,

according to Appellees, Appellants know that Chief Crum retired

from his position of his own volition for reasons not connected to

this    lawsuit);    (2)   there   is   no    indication    that     Appellants’

objective in filing suit was to improve the police department’s

policies for the good of the community (Appellants’ complaint asked

only    for   compensatory     damages,     punitive   damages,      costs,   and

attorneys’ fees for themselves alone); and (3), perhaps most

compellingly,     the   U.S.    Supreme      Court   has   recently    expressed

disapproval     of   the   “catalyst-theory”         approach   to     according

“prevailing party” status to a party, when the Court considered

claims brought under the Fair Housing Amendments Act (“FHAA”) and

the American with Disabilities Act (“ADA”).12

       We need not settle today how or whether the Supreme Court’s

recent pronouncement in the context of FHAA and ADA claims applies

to the instant case.           It suffices for present purposes that


       11
       See, e.g., Hopwood v. Texas, 236 F.3d 256 (5th Cir. 2000);
Nadeau v. Helgemoe, 581 F.2d 275 (1st Cir. 1978).
       12
       Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc. v. West Va. Dept. of Health
& Human Resources, 121 S.Ct. 1835 (2001).

                                        8
Appellants have not produced sufficient evidence that they obtained

the results that they sought when bringing this suit, to persuade

us that the district court committed any reversible error in not

treating    them     as   the   prevailing     parties   and   awarding     them

attorneys’ fees or costs as such.            We therefore hold that neither

the magistrate judge nor the district court committed reversible

error in refusing to award the Appellants attorneys’ fees.



                                 III. Summary

       It was not reversible error to award the prevailing Appellees

costs pursuant to FRCP 54(d)(1).           Neither was it error to refuse to

deem    Appellants    the   prevailing      parties   and   award   costs   and

attorneys’ fees to them, under either FRCP 54(d)(1) or 28 U.S.C. §

1988:    As a matter of law, they did not prevail.              The award of

costs to Appellees and the denial of the Appellants’ motion for

costs and attorneys’ fees are

AFFIRMED.




                                       9
