                                              COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Kelsey, Beales and Senior Judge Clements
UNPUBLISHED



              KERRY O’BRIEN SMITH
                                                                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION *
              v.      Record No. 2069-11-2                                              PER CURIAM
                                                                                       OCTOBER 2, 2012
              JAMES BROWN SMITH, III


                                 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CHESTERFIELD COUNTY
                                             Harold W. Burgess, Jr., Judge

                                (Kerry O’Brien Smith, pro se, on brief).

                                (Lawrence D. Diehl; Brandy M. Poss; Barnes & Diehl, P.C., on
                                brief), for appellee. 1


                      Appellant appeals from a final decree of divorce. She contends the trial court erred in its

              rulings regarding grounds for divorce, custody, visitation, equitable distribution, spousal support,

              child support, attorney’s fees, and the guardian ad litem’s (GAL) fees. Appellant includes

              sixteen assignments of error in her opening brief. 2 For the following reasons, we summarily

              affirm the trial court’s rulings. 3




                      *
                          Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                      1
                       The Court denies appellant’s motion to object to the guardian ad litem’s notice of her
              position in this appeal, as the guardian ad litem’s letter to this Court was timely filed after this
              Court granted appellant’s motion to reinstate the appeal.
                      2
                        Appellant previously designated twenty-four assignments of error. Those issues not
              raised in appellant’s opening brief are waived. Rule 5A:20(c).
                      3
                       We dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately
              presented in the materials before the Court and argument would not aid the decisional process.
              Therefore, both parties’ requests for oral argument are denied.
                                         BACKGROUND

       “When reviewing a trial court’s decision on appeal, we view the evidence in the light

most favorable to the prevailing party, granting it the benefit of any reasonable inferences.”

Congdon v. Congdon, 40 Va. App. 255, 258, 578 S.E.2d 833, 834 (2003) (citations omitted).

       The parties married on September 22, 2005, separated on August 6, 2009, and divorced

on September 30, 2011. They have three minor children.

       On August 9, 2010, appellee filed a complaint for divorce, to which appellant filed an

answer and cross-bill. Appellee filed an answer to the cross-bill.

       The parties previously filed petitions for custody and visitation in the Chesterfield County

Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court (the J&DR court). On March 18, 2011, the

J&DR court awarded sole legal and physical custody of the children to appellee. Appellant

appealed the J&DR court’s ruling to the circuit court, and the appeal was consolidated with the

divorce matter.

       On July 28, 2011, the parties presented evidence and argument to the trial court on the

issues of the grounds for divorce, custody, visitation, equitable distribution, spousal support,

child support, and attorney’s fees.

       Upon the conclusion of the parties’ evidence and argument, the trial court issued its

ruling from the bench. After considering the factors in Code § 20-124.3 regarding the best

interests of the child and the GAL’s comments and recommendations, the trial court awarded

sole legal and physical custody of the minor children to appellee with visitation to appellant.

The trial court granted appellee a divorce based on living separate and apart for more than one

year. The trial court considered the equitable distribution factors in Code § 20-107.3(E) and

adopted appellee’s proposed scheme of distribution, with the exception of an E*TRADE account

that was determined to be appellant’s separate property. The trial court considered the spousal

                                                -2-
support factors in Code § 20-107.1(E) and the testimony from the vocational evaluator and held

that appellee’s spousal support obligation would cease as of August 1, 2011. 4 The trial court

found that appellant was voluntarily unemployed and imputed income to her. Using appellant’s

imputed income, appellee’s monthly income, the children’s day care costs and health insurance

costs, the trial court computed child support based on the statutory guidelines and ordered

appellant to pay child support to appellee beginning September 1, 2011. The trial court awarded

$3,600 in attorney’s fees and costs to appellee and ordered appellant to pay $909.35 toward the

GAL’s fees. The trial court entered the final decree of divorce on September 30, 2011. This

appeal followed.

                                           ANALYSIS

              I. Appellee’s Motions to Dismiss and Motion for Summary Disposition

       On April 9, 2012, appellee filed a motion to dismiss, to which appellant responded. On

April 30, 2012, appellee filed a supplemental motion to dismiss, to which appellant responded.

In his brief, appellee included a motion to dismiss and motion for summary disposition.

Throughout his motions, appellee argues that appellant failed to comply with numerous

procedural rules of this Court. We agree and, pursuant to Rule 5A:27, summarily affirm the trial

court. Accordingly, we deny appellee’s motions to dismiss.

           A. Rules 5A:25 and 5A:20 - Assignments of Error 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, and 16

       Rule 5A:25(d) states that if the parties do not file an agreed designation of the contents of

the appendix, then the appellant shall file “a statement of the assignments of error and a

designation of the contents to be included in the appendix.” The appellee then has an




       4
          The trial court previously awarded temporary spousal support to appellant at a pendente
lite hearing.

                                               -3-
opportunity to file a designation of any additional documents to be included in the appendix.

The appellant shall include all of the documents in the appendix.

       Here, appellant filed her designation and listed twenty-four assignments of error and the

contents of the appendix. Appellee filed a designation listing additional documents that he

wanted included in the appendix. Appellant failed to include all of appellee’s documents in the

appendix, as required by Rule 5A:25(d). In addition, appellant failed to comply with Rule

5A:25(e), which requires that the documents in the appendix be in chronological order.

       Rule 5A:20 sets forth the requirements for appellant’s opening brief, including the

assignments of error. Appellant’s opening brief includes sixteen assignments of error; however,

the fifth, seventh, tenth, eleventh, thirteenth, and fourteenth assignments of error raise new issues

not previously designated by appellant. Therefore, we will not consider them.

         B. Rules 5A:18 and 5A:20 – Assignments of Error 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, and 15

       Rule 5A:18 states, “No ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for

reversal unless an objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except

for good cause shown or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the ends of justice.” During the

hearing when appellee presented the final decree, appellant stated, “I’m going to object to it all.”

Appellant did not sign the final decree; instead, the trial court noted that she objected to the entry

of the final decree. Appellant did not file any specific written objections, but she did file a letter

that stated, “I also object to the entirety of the divorce decree, and plan to appeal to the Court of

Appeals.”

       A statement of “seen and objected to” is insufficient to preserve an issue for appeal. Lee

v. Lee, 12 Va. App. 512, 515, 404 S.E.2d 736, 738 (1991) (en banc). An endorsement of “seen

and objected to,” however, is sufficient “if ‘the ruling made by the trial court was narrow enough

to make obvious the basis of appellant’s objection.’” Herring v. Herring, 33 Va. App. 281, 286,

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532 S.E.2d 923, 927 (2000) (quoting Mackie v. Hill, 16 Va. App. 229, 231, 429 S.E.2d 37, 38

(1993)). The trial court’s rulings encompassed issues regarding custody, visitation, child

support, spousal support, equitable distribution, attorney’s fees, and the GAL’s fees. The rulings

were not “narrow enough to make obvious the basis” of appellant’s general objection to the

entire decree. Id.

       However, in a bench trial, an appellant can preserve her issues for appeal in a motion to

strike, in closing argument, in a motion to set aside the verdict, or in a motion to reconsider. Lee,

12 Va. App. at 515, 404 S.E.2d at 738. Appellant did not file a motion to set aside the verdict or

a motion to reconsider. In her closing argument, she argued for sole legal and physical custody,

but did not mention appellee’s alleged abusive behavior and alleged drinking issues, which were

the subjects of her first three assignments of error. Therefore, the first, second, and third

assignments of error were not preserved.

       Appellant stated in her sixth assignment of error that the trial court erred in failing to

consider her proposed scheme of equitable distribution. In her closing argument, appellant made

several requests for equitable distribution, including a blanket request for $43,175. Appellee’s

counsel objected to appellant’s request and argued that she did not submit documentation to

support her request. The trial court asked appellant to respond, and appellant stated that she

provided evidence of her debts in discovery. The trial court noted that there was no evidence

submitted during the hearing. Therefore, appellant’s sixth assignment of error was not preserved

since she did not submit the necessary documentation to the trial court to support her argument.

       In her eighth assignment of error, appellant asserts the trial court erred in its distribution

of the vehicles, and specifically the distribution of the 2003 Honda Accord that appellee traded

for a newer car. However, appellant did not mention the 2003 Honda Accord in her closing




                                                -5-
argument. Her only reference to the vehicles was that she be allowed to keep her car, a 2006

Honda Pilot, which the trial court awarded to her.

        In her twelfth assignment of error, appellant contends the trial court erred in its

calculation of child support, termination of spousal support, and awards of attorney’s fees and

the GAL’s fees. Although appellant requested child support and spousal support, the arguments

that she makes on appeal differ from the arguments she made in the trial court. On appeal, she

contends the trial court did not consider the factors in Code § 20-107.1 before terminating her

spousal support. Appellant did not make this argument in the lower court. In her brief, appellant

argued that the trial court’s award of child support was erroneous because she was not working at

the time of the hearing. 5 However, when appellee presented the final decree for entry, appellant

argued that the trial court erred in its calculation of child support because she was not earning the

amount imputed to her. As with the argument for spousal support, the argument on appeal

regarding child support differs from what was presented to the trial court. Appellant also raises

arguments regarding the awards of attorney’s fees and the GAL’s fees for the first time on

appeal. Since we “will not consider an argument on appeal which was not presented to the trial

court,” we will not consider appellant’s twelfth assignment of error. Ohree v. Commonwealth,

26 Va. App. 299, 308, 494 S.E.2d 484, 488 (1998).

        Furthermore, appellant did not state where any of her assignments of error were

preserved in the trial court as required by Rule 5A:20(c), which states that the opening brief shall

contain a “statement of the assignments of error with a clear and exact reference to the page(s) of

the transcript, written statement, record, or appendix where each assignment of error was

preserved in the trial court.”




        5
            The trial court imputed income to her when it calculated child support.
                                                 -6-
                     C. Rule 5A:20(e) – Assignments of Error 4, 6, 9, and 15

       In addition to the procedural defaults above, appellant also failed to comply with Rule

5A:20(e), which provides that the appellant shall include the “standard of review and the

argument (including principles of law and authorities) relating to each assignment of error.”

       Appellant has the burden of showing that reversible error was committed. See Lutes v.

Alexander, 14 Va. App. 1075, 1077, 421 S.E.2d 857, 859 (1992). Unsupported assertions of

error “do not merit appellate consideration.” Buchanan v. Buchanan, 14 Va. App. 53, 56, 415

S.E.2d 237, 239 (1992).

       For her fourth and fifteenth assignments of error, appellant failed to include the standard

of review and legal authority to support her arguments that the trial court erred in granting

appellee a divorce based on living separate and apart for more than one year. She argues that she

should have been granted a divorce based on adultery, cruelty, desertion, and abandonment. She

cites several cases regarding the necessity of corroboration to prove fault grounds for divorce,

but these citations are not relevant to her assignments of error. She cites one case regarding

cruelty and then states that appellee allegedly threw her and caused her to have “severe head

trauma.” However, appellant fails to cite to the record to show where she presented this

testimony and argument to the trial court about this alleged act of cruelty. This Court “will not

search the record for errors in order to interpret the appellant’s contention and correct

deficiencies in a brief.” Buchanan, 14 Va. App. at 56, 415 S.E.2d at 239.

       For her sixth and ninth assignments of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred in

its equitable distribution award. However, appellant did not cite any legal authority to support

her arguments. “If the parties believed that the circuit court erred, it was their duty to present

that error to us with legal authority to support their contention.” Fadness v. Fadness, 52




                                                -7-
Va. App. 833, 851, 667 S.E.2d 857, 866 (2008); see also Parks v. Parks, 52 Va. App. 663, 664,

666 S.E.2d 547, 548 (2008).

                                      D. Procedural defaults

       As stated above, appellant failed to comply with numerous rules of this Court. A pro se

litigant appearing “is no less bound by the rules of procedure and substantive law than a

defendant represented by counsel.” Townes v. Commonwealth, 234 Va. 307, 319, 362 S.E.2d

650, 657 (1987); see also Francis v. Francis, 30 Va. App. 584, 591, 518 S.E.2d 842, 846 (1999)

(“Even pro se litigants must comply with the rules of court.”).

       We find that these failures to comply with Rules 5A:18, 5A:20, and 5A:25 are

significant. Jay v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 510, 520, 659 S.E.2d 311, 317 (2008). Considering

the cumulative effect of the procedural defaults, the trial court’s ruling is summarily affirmed.

Rule 5A:27.

                                   II. Attorney’s fees and costs

       Appellee asks this Court to award him attorney’s fees and costs incurred on appeal. See

O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695, 479 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1996). Having reviewed

and considered the entire record in this case, we hold that appellee is entitled to a reasonable

amount of attorney’s fees and costs, and we remand for the trial court to set a reasonable award

of attorney’s fees and costs incurred by appellee in this appeal.

       Appellant’s request for reimbursement of costs associated with the appeal is denied.

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s ruling is summarily affirmed. Rule 5A:27.

We remand this case to the trial court for determination and award of the appropriate appellate

attorney’s fees and costs.

                                                                           Affirmed and remanded.

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