PRESENT: Lemons, C.J., Goodwyn, Millette, Mims, and Powell,
JJ., and Russell and Koontz, S.JJ.

DEBARA D. BROWN, EXECUTOR OF THE
ESTATE OF ARTHUR GREGORY BROWN
                                             OPINION BY
v.     Record No. 140270             JUSTICE S. BERNARD GOODWYN
                                          February 26, 2015
SHERWIN JOHN JACOBS


           FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ROCKINGHAM COUNTY
                       Jane M. Roush, Judge

     In this appeal, we consider whether there is a special

relationship between an attorney and a private investigator

hired by that attorney to serve process, which imposes a duty

upon the attorney to warn the private investigator of potential

danger from criminal assault by a third party.

                            Background

     On September 1, 2011, Debara D. Brown (Brown) filed a

complaint as executor of the estate of her husband Arthur

Gregory Brown (the decedent) in the Circuit Court of Rockingham

County.   In her complaint, Brown asserted a cause of action for

wrongful death, pursuant to Code § 8.01-50, against Ali Al-

Ibrahim Abid (Abid), alleging that Abid shot and killed the

decedent, a private investigator, while the decedent was
attempting to serve “divorce papers” on Abid in Harrisonburg,

Virginia.

     Brown was granted leave to file an amended complaint that

added a wrongful death claim against Sherwin John Jacobs

(Jacobs), the attorney who hired the decedent to serve Abid.

Brown claimed that Jacobs was negligent because he did not warn

the decedent “of the danger of personally serving . . . Abid or

of the danger that . . . Abid would cause [the decedent] harm

or was a risk to cause him harm.”

     The circuit court sustained Jacobs’ demurrer to the

amended complaint.   Brown filed a motion for reconsideration

and motion for leave to amend along with her proposed second

amended complaint, which proffered additional allegations in

support of her claim.   After considering Brown’s motions and

the proffered second amended complaint, the circuit court

denied both motions and dismissed the case against Jacobs with

prejudice.   Brown appeals. 1




     1
       A default judgment was entered against Abid. The circuit
court subsequently held an evidentiary hearing and awarded
damages against Abid. Brown does not appeal that judgment.



                                2
                              Facts 2

     The amended complaint asserts that the decedent was a

private investigator in Harrisonburg, who owned Argus

Investigative Services.   Jacobs is an attorney who hired the

decedent to personally serve “divorce papers” on Abid and

instructed the decedent regarding where and when to serve Abid.

The amended complaint also alleges that when Jacobs hired the

decedent, Jacobs knew Abid owned a gun, but Jacobs did not warn

the decedent that Abid had a gun or of the possibility of

danger upon serving Abid.

     On March 3, 2011, while the decedent was trying to serve

process on Abid, Abid shot and killed him.   Three days later,

police found the decedent’s body in the trunk of his car in

Harrisonburg.

     In the proffered second amended complaint lodged with the

circuit court, Brown amplified her allegations against Jacobs.

In the second amended complaint, Brown asserted that Jacobs



     2
       For purposes of evaluating a demurrer, a court assumes
that all material facts, implied facts and reasonable
inferences from those facts that are properly alleged in the
complaint are true. Assurance Data, Inc. v. Malyevac, 286 Va.
137, 143, 747 S.E.2d 804, 807 (2013). However, it does not
admit the correctness of conclusions of law. See Thompson v.
Skate Am., Inc., 261 Va. 121, 128, 540 S.E.2d 123, 126 (2001).
Also, it is not bound by “conclusory allegations in a review of
a demurrer.” Ogunde v. Prison Health Servs., Inc., 274 Va. 55,
66, 645 S.E.2d 520, 527 (2007).



                                3
represented Abid’s wife, Margot Kons (Kons), in a divorce

proceeding and that Jacobs knew “that Abid wished to be the

dominant partner in his marriage with Kons, and that [he] was

greatly upset by [her] unwillingness to be more subservient to

[him],” and that Abid had “developed a relationship with

another woman outside of his marriage with Kons.”    Brown

alleged that Abid carried his gun with him everywhere and

exhibited paranoid behavior.   She further alleged that “Kons

had informed [Jacobs] that Abid was behaving strangely.”     The

second amended complaint alleged that “Jacobs was concerned

. . . Abid would become violent.”   Prior to the divorce papers

being served, Jacobs investigated “whether he could have Abid’s

gun removed” but was unable to find any authority “that would

require Abid to turn over his gun.”

     The decedent attempted to serve process on Abid several

times throughout the course of two or three weeks.    Thereafter,

Jacobs advised the decedent to quickly serve process on Abid

however and whenever he could because Abid planned to leave the

United States “very soon.”

     In sustaining Jacobs’ demurrer and denying Brown’s motion

for reconsideration and motion for leave to amend, the circuit

court ruled that Brown had failed to allege facts sufficient to

show that there was a special relationship between Jacobs and

the decedent and that “the facts alleged and the additional


                                4
facts proffered . . . were insufficient to establish that the

alleged criminal assault upon [the] decedent by Defendant Abid

[was] reasonably foreseeable by Jacobs as an imminent

probability of harm.”

     This Court granted an appeal on the following assignments

of error:

          1.   The trial court erred in sustaining the
     defendant’s demurrer and in dismissing the action
     against him when the facts alleged in the [a]mended
     [c]omplaint were sufficient to show a special
     relationship between the defendant and the
     plaintiff’s decedent giving rise to a duty to warn
     the decedent of the risk of an assault by a third-
     party.

          2.   The trial court erred in ruling that
     plaintiff had to allege facts establishing an
     “imminent probability of harm,” or heightened degree
     of foreseeability, before it could find any duty to
     warn, as the facts alleged in the [a]mended
     [c]omplaint were adequate to establish a relationship
     between the decedent and the defendant creating a
     duty to warn of a “reasonably foreseeable” danger.

          3.   The trial court erred in sustaining the
     defendant’s demurrer and dismissing the action
     against him when the facts alleged in the [a]mended
     [c]omplaint were sufficient to establish that the
     assault upon the plaintiff’s decedent was reasonably
     foreseeable by the defendant as an imminent
     probability of harm.

          4.   The trial court erred in denying
     plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration and motion for
     leave to amend when the allegations in the [s]econd
     [a]mended [c]omplaint proffered to the trial court
     were sufficient to state a cause of action against
     the defendant.




                               5
                             Analysis

     Brown argues that the circuit court erred in sustaining

Jacobs’ demurrer because she alleged sufficient facts in the

amended complaint to show that a special relationship giving

rise to a duty to warn existed between the decedent and Jacobs.

She claims that the decedent was an independent contractor and

that this Court recognized the special relationship of

employer/independent contractor as a matter of law in A.H. v.

Rockingham Publishing Co., 255 Va. 216, 495 S.E.2d 482 (1998).

Alternatively, Brown contends that the particular facts alleged

in her amended complaint independently support the finding of a

special relationship between the decedent and Jacobs.    We

disagree.

     “The purpose of a demurrer is to determine whether a

complaint states a cause of action upon which the requested

relief may be granted.”   Assurance Data, Inc. v. Malyevac, 286

Va. 137, 143, 747 S.E.2d 804, 807 (2013).   Hence, a demurrer

tests the legal sufficiency of the plaintiff’s claims.

Thompson v. Skate Am., Inc., 261 Va. 121, 128, 540 S.E.2d 123,

126 (2001).   This Court performs de novo review of a trial

court’s sustaining of a demurrer.   Assurance Data, 286 Va. at

143, 747 S.E.2d at 808.

     To plead a cause of action for negligence, a plaintiff

must allege a legal duty, “a violation of that duty” and


                                6
“resulting damage.”   See Burdette v. Marks, 244 Va. 309, 311,

421 S.E.2d 419, 420 (1992).    “[W]hether a legal duty in tort

exists is a pure question of law to be reviewed de novo.”

Commonwealth v. Peterson, 286 Va. 349, 356, 749 S.E.2d 307, 311

(2013) (alteration in original) (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted).    In this case, Brown alleges that

Jacobs had a duty to warn the decedent regarding Abid’s

potential criminal behavior.

     Generally, “a person does not have a duty to warn or

protect another from the criminal acts of a third person.”      Id.

For a court to impose a duty to warn of third-party criminal

acts on a defendant, “a special relation [must] exist[] (1)

between the defendant and the third person which imposes a duty

upon the defendant to control the third person’s conduct, or

(2) between the defendant and the plaintiff which gives a right

to protection to the plaintiff.”     Burns v. Gagnon, 283 Va. 657,

668-69, 727 S.E.2d 634, 641-42 (2012) (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted).    The finding of a special

relationship is a “threshold requirement.”    Peterson, 286 Va.

at 356, 749 S.E.2d at 311.    Brown claims that there was a

special relationship between the decedent and Jacobs.

     “The necessary special relationship may be one that has

been recognized as a matter of law, . . . or it may arise from

the factual circumstances of a particular case.”    Yuzefovsky v.


                                 7
St. John’s Wood Apts., 261 Va. 97, 107, 540 S.E.2d 134, 139

(2001); see also Thompson, 261 Va. at 129, 540 S.E.2d at 127

(citing cases in which there were de jure special relationships

and de facto special relationships).    Some of the special

relationships recognized by this Court include common

carrier/passenger; innkeeper/guest; employer/employee; business

owner/invitee; and hospital/patient.     Kellermann v. McDonough,

278 Va. 478, 492, 684 S.E.2d 786, 793 (2009); Delk v.

Columbia/HCA Healthcare Corp., 259 Va. 125, 132, 523 S.E.2d

826, 831 (2000) (holding that a psychiatric patient pled

sufficient facts to establish a special relationship between

herself and a psychiatric hospital).    This list of special

relationships is not exhaustive, but “we have exercised caution

in expanding it to include new relationships.”     Burns, 283 Va.

at 669, 727 S.E.2d at 642.

     This Court has never recognized as a special relationship

that of attorney/private investigator.    Moreover, an

examination of our case law reveals that this Court has not

categorically recognized the relationship of

employer/independent contractor, as asserted by Brown.    Brown

bases her argument that employer/independent contractor is a

recognized legal category of special relationships on this

Court’s decision in A.H.     However, rather than recognizing a

categorical special relationship between an employer and an


                                  8
independent contractor, A.H. is a case in which our Court found

that a special relationship arose from the factual

circumstances of that particular case.

     In A.H., this Court considered whether a newspaper

publisher owed a duty to warn a thirteen-year-old newspaper

carrier “of the danger of being attacked” while delivering

newspapers.   255 Va. at 219-20, 495 S.E.2d at 485.    The carrier

had been working for the publishing company for eighteen months

when he was sexually assaulted while delivering papers on his

assigned route.   Id. at 219, 495 S.E.2d at 484.   During the

five years preceding A.H.’s assault, there had been “three

prior sexual assaults on Rockingham carriers in various

locations in the City of Harrisonburg.”   Id. at 222, 495 S.E.2d

at 486.   Although the newspaper publisher knew of these

assaults, it did not inform A.H. or his parents.      Id. at 219,

495 S.E.2d at 486.

     This Court determined that a special relationship existed

between the publishing company and the carrier because the

publishing company “assigned a fixed route and time for A.H. to

distribute its newspapers.”   Id. at 220, 495 S.E.2d at 485.

While recognizing that the minor was an independent contractor,

we concluded, “Under the circumstances of this case . . .

Rockingham owed the same degree of care to A.H. that it would

have owed if A.H. had been employed by Rockingham.”     Id.


                                9
(emphasis added).   The Court also observed that “the

plaintiff’s age may have imposed a greater degree of care upon

Rockingham than it would have owed an adult in the plaintiff’s

circumstances.”   Id. at 221, 495 S.E.2d at 486.

     We recognized a special relationship due to the unusual

nature of the employer/independent contractor relationship in

A.H., which involved a minor in need of protection in a job he

had been performing regularly for more than a year and a work

environment under the employer’s control.   However, the facts

of A.H. are not typical of employer/independent contractor

relationships generally, and we decline to accept the doctrine

that all employer/independent contractor arrangements should

categorically be recognized as “special relationships” in

Virginia law.

     In the alternative, Brown asserts that the facts alleged

in her amended complaint warrant finding a special relationship

based on the unique circumstances of this case.    However,

unlike the thirteen-year-old newspaper carrier who had been

delivering papers on a route assigned by the publishing company

for more than a year, the decedent in this case was an adult

who had been hired for one assignment.   The employer in A.H.

was required by law to restrict the times during which the

carrier could deliver newspapers, whereas there is no such

restriction placed on process servers.   See 255 Va. at 219, 495


                                10
S.E.2d at 484.    Moreover, the decedent owned a private

investigation business.    Although Brown alleges that Jacobs

initially gave the decedent specific instructions on when and

how to serve Abid, he was free to personally serve Abid in the

way he saw fit.    Indeed, at the time service of process was

attempted, Jacobs had instructed him to serve Abid “however and

whenever” he could.    There is no reason to presume that the

decedent would be less experienced in serving process and

handling tense situations than an attorney.    Unlike the young

newspaper carrier, the decedent did not require supervision,

nor was he inherently vulnerable.     The imbalance of knowledge

and exercise of control factors compelling the conclusion that

a special relationship existed in A.H. are not present in the

instant case.

     Because Brown failed to allege facts sufficient to

establish a special relationship in the amended complaint, she

failed to establish the “threshold requirement” necessary to

show that Jacobs had a duty to warn the decedent.    For this

reason, the circuit court did not err in sustaining Jacobs’

demurrer to the amended complaint.    Thus, we need not reach

Brown’s second and third assignments of error relating to

foreseeability.    See Peterson, 286 Va. at 357, 749 S.E.2d at

311; see also Taboada v. Daly Seven, Inc., 271 Va. 313, 323,

626 S.E.2d 428, 432 (2006) (“[B]efore an exception to the


                                 11
general rule can apply so as to impose a potential duty[,]

. . . the facts must establish that there is a special

relationship . . . .”) (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted).

     Finally, Brown argues that the circuit court erred in

denying her motion for reconsideration and motion for leave to

amend.   She maintains that she had not yet amended her claim

against Jacobs.   Brown claims that the allegations in her

proffered second amended complaint “amplif[ied] and

strengthen[ed] the allegations against Jacobs.”   According to

Brown, allowing her to amend her amended complaint would not

have prejudiced Jacobs because “there was no trial calendar”

and “Jacobs had engaged in no discovery.”

     Jacobs replies that the circuit court did not abuse its

discretion in denying Brown’s motions.   He points out that the

circuit court granted Brown leave to file her amended complaint

more than one year after she originally filed her lawsuit and

after he was deposed.   Jacobs further maintains that the court

considered Brown’s additional proffered facts before sustaining

his demurrer.   Finally, Jacobs contends that Brown did not

assert any new legal arguments, legal theories or previously

undiscovered facts which would justify the court in granting

her motion for reconsideration.




                                  12
      “The decision whether to grant leave to amend a complaint

rests within the sound discretion of the trial court.”     Kimble

v. Carey, 279 Va. 652, 662, 691 S.E.2d 790, 795 (2010).     Rule

1:8 states in relevant part: “No amendments shall be made to

any pleading after it is filed save by leave of court.    Leave

to amend shall be liberally granted in furtherance of the ends

of justice.”

     In this case, we cannot say that the circuit court abused

its discretion in denying Brown leave to amend her amended

complaint.   The court had already given Brown leave to amend

her original complaint more than one year after she initiated

her lawsuit.   When Brown asked for leave to amend again and to

file her second amended complaint, almost two years had passed

since her lawsuit had been filed.

     Moreover, the circuit court considered the additional

allegations in Brown’s proffered second amended complaint

before denying her motion for leave to amend, and it found that

her allegations were “insufficient as a matter of law to

establish that a special relationship existed between Jacobs

and [the] decedent.”   We hold that the circuit court did not

err in doing so.

                            Conclusion

     We hold that the circuit court did not err in sustaining

Jacobs’ demurrer to Brown’s amended complaint because Brown


                                13
failed to allege facts sufficient to establish that a special

relationship existed between Jacobs and the decedent.   We also

hold that the court did not abuse its discretion in denying

Brown’s motion for leave to amend her amended complaint, and it

did not err in denying Brown’s motion for reconsideration.

Accordingly, we will affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

                                                        Affirmed.




                               14
