                                                                                  FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                           April 21, 2020
                         _________________________________
                                                                         Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                             Clerk of Court
 DONNA WASHINGTON,

       Plaintiff - Appellant,

 v.                                                           No. 19-5077
                                                 (D.C. No. 4:18-CV-00674-CVE-FHM)
 OKLAHOMA STATE DEPARTMENT                                    (N.D. Okla.)
 OF HUMAN SERVICES,

       Defendant - Appellee,

 and

 LATRESSA AVERY; ASHLEY
 DUGGER; MARGARET EAGLER;
 NACISKA GILMORE; CHARENE
 NOWICKI; VANNESSA STINNETT;
 TRINA STROUT; SCOTT WOODSON,

       Defendants.
                         _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before MATHESON, BALDOCK, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________




       *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
      Donna Washington sued the Oklahoma Department of Human Services

(OKDHS)1 and a number of its employees under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging they had

violated her rights under the Fourth, Fifth, Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments during

child welfare proceedings. As relevant to this appeal, the district court dismissed the

claims against OKDHS, holding them barred by Eleventh Amendment immunity.2

Ms. Washington appeals from that dismissal.

      “[A]n assertion of Eleventh Amendment immunity concerns the subject matter

jurisdiction of the district court . . . .” Ruiz v. McDonnell, 299 F.3d 1173, 1180

(10th Cir. 2002). We review de novo a dismissal under the Eleventh Amendment.

Peterson v. Martinez, 707 F.3d 1197, 1205 (10th Cir. 2013). Because

Ms. Washington is representing herself, we construe her filings liberally and hold

them “to a less stringent standard” than attorney-drafted filings. Garrett v. Selby

Connor Maddux & Janer, 425 F.3d 836, 840 (10th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation

marks omitted).




      1
        Ms. Washington asserts that the district court mistakenly understood her
claims to be directed toward the District Court of Tulsa County, Oklahoma, rather
than OKDHS. Ms. Washington misunderstands the district court’s reference to the
state court. Both the district court and this court are aware that Ms. Washington
seeks to pursue claims against OKDHS.
      2
         Ms. Washington confuses Eleventh Amendment immunity, which is available
to the State and entities that qualify as an arm of the State, with qualified immunity,
which is available to individuals who are employees of the State. Because
Ms. Washington has appealed only from the judgment in favor of OKDHS, only
Eleventh Amendment immunity is involved in this appeal.
                                           2
      The Eleventh Amendment provides: “The Judicial power of the United States

shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or

prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by

Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.” U.S. Const. amend. XI. Although “[t]his

language expressly encompasses only suits brought against a State by citizens of

another state, . . . the Amendment bars suits against a State by citizens of that same

State as well.” Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 276 (1986). Eleventh Amendment

immunity applies not only to a State, but also to an entity that qualifies as an arm of

the State. See Ruiz, 299 F.3d at 1180; Ambus v. Granite Bd. of Educ., 995 F.2d 992,

994 (10th Cir. 1993) (en banc).

      The district court determined that OKDHS is an arm of the State of Oklahoma.

Ms. Washington does not challenge that decision on appeal, but in any event, this

court has recognized that OKDHS is entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity.

See McKinney v. Okla., Dep’t of Human Servs., 925 F.2d 363, 365 (10th Cir. 1991).

      As the district court noted, the Eleventh Amendment does not apply where

Congress has abrogated the State’s sovereign immunity or the State has waived its

immunity. See Ruiz, 299 F.3d at 1181; Ellis v. Univ. of Kan. Med. Ctr., 163 F.3d

1186, 1195 (10th Cir. 1998). To the extent that Ms. Washington argues for these

exceptions,3 neither applies here. It is well-established that Congress did not


      3
        Ms. Washington cites the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA), but the FTCA
waives sovereign immunity for the United States (the federal government), not for
individual States. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(b)(1), 2674. There is no support for
Ms. Washington’s assertion that OKDHS is a federal actor for purposes of the FTCA.
                                           3
abrogate the states’ Eleventh Amendment immunity when enacting § 1983. See Ellis,

163 F.3d at 1196; Ambus, 995 F.2d at 994. Nor has the State of Oklahoma waived its

Eleventh Amendment immunity. See Okla. Stat. tit. 51, § 152.1(B).

      Accordingly, the district court correctly held that in light of the Eleventh

Amendment, it lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to hear the claims against OKDHS.

But the district court erred in dismissing those claims with prejudice. “In cases

where the district court has determined that it lacks jurisdiction, dismissal of a claim

must be without prejudice.” Albert v. Smith’s Food & Drug Ctrs., Inc., 356 F.3d

1242, 1249 (10th Cir. 2004). Thus, we vacate the dismissal of the claims against

OKDHS and direct the district court to dismiss those claims without prejudice.


                                            Entered for the Court


                                            Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
                                            Circuit Judge




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