                              NOT FOR PUBLICATION                        FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MAR 21 2019
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JUAN P. SANTOS, AKA Juan Pablo                  No.    17-73466
Santos,
                                                Agency No. A029-213-038
                Petitioner,

 v.                                             MEMORANDUM*

WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,

                Respondent.

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                      Argued and Submitted March 12, 2019
                           San Francisco, California

Before: W. FLETCHER, WATFORD, and HURWITZ, Circuit Judges.

      Juan Pablo Santos, a native and citizen of El Salvador, petitions for review

of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (BIA) order dismissing his appeal from an

immigration judge’s (IJ) decision denying his application for special rule

cancellation of removal under the Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American

Relief Act, 8 C.F.R. § 1240.66(a), and cancellation of removal under the



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
                                                                            Page 2 of 3

Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1229b. We deny the petition for

review because substantial evidence supports the agency’s determination that

Santos “assisted, or otherwise participated in” the persecution of others and is

therefore ineligible for relief. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(i).

      Santos does not dispute, and we therefore assume, that the legal standard

adopted by the BIA in Matter of D-R-, 27 I. & N. Dec. 105 (BIA 2017), applies.

Under that standard, we determine whether an individual “assisted, or otherwise

participated in” the persecution of others by considering: (1) the nexus between the

individual’s acts and the persecution; and (2) his scienter, “meaning his prior or

contemporaneous knowledge” of the persecution. Id. at 119–20.

      Santos testified that although he was not present for the interrogation,

killing, or torture of any suspected guerrillas, he arrested individuals and sorted

them based on their political affiliation—“common criminals” were turned over to

civilian authorities, while “suspected guerrillas” were turned over to an

interrogation unit, which reportedly tortured and killed them. Santos further

testified that although he did not actually know what happened to the guerrillas, he

heard gunshots coming from the interrogation unit’s building on five or six

occasions and suspected that members of the unit might be torturing or killing the

guerrillas. When asked during an interview with the Department of Homeland

Security whether he thought that guerrillas who did not cooperate “might be
                                                                        Page 3 of 3

tortured or killed,” Santos responded: “Yes. That is the way it had to be.”

       Under the deferential substantial-evidence standard of review, the BIA’s

determination that the persecutor bar applies was not unreasonable. Santos’ “role

was material or integral” to the persecution, and he had “sufficient knowledge that

the consequences of his actions may assist in acts” of persecution. Id. at 120–21.

Both the nexus and scienter requirements of the persecutor bar were therefore

satisfied.

       PETITION FOR REVIEW DENIED.
                                                                       FILED
                                                                       MAR 21 2019
Santos v. Barr, No. 17-73466
                                                                    MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                     U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
WATFORD, Circuit Judge, joined by W. FLETCHER, Circuit Judge, concurring:

      Although we are compelled by the law to deny Juan Santos’ petition for

review, we urge the Department of Homeland Security, in the exercise of its

prosecutorial discretion, to consider refraining from executing the order of removal

in this case. Santos arrived in the United States in 1989 as a young man and

immediately filed an application for asylum. He has been in removal proceedings

for nearly 30 years. In the meantime, he has lived and worked productively in this

country. He and his wife of 24 years have raised three U.S.-citizen children, all of

whom at the time of the merits hearing were in school and financially dependent

upon Santos. He engaged in conduct more than three decades ago that

undoubtedly warrants condemnation. But because Santos’ culpability for this

conduct is low, removing him from this country, and thereby breaking up his

family, appears to impose an unnecessarily harsh sanction.
