     The summaries of the Colorado Court of Appeals published opinions
  constitute no part of the opinion of the division but have been prepared by
  the division for the convenience of the reader. The summaries may not be
    cited or relied upon as they are not the official language of the division.
  Any discrepancy between the language in the summary and in the opinion
           should be resolved in favor of the language in the opinion.


                                                                 SUMMARY
                                                         September 12, 2019

                               2019COA146

No. 18CA2308, Packard v. Industrial Claim Appeals Office —
Limitation of Actions; Labor and Industry — Workers’
Compensation — Notices and Procedures — Notice of Injury

     A division of the court of appeals holds that section 8-43-

103(2), C.R.S. 2018, is a statute of limitations applicable to the

Workers’ Compensation Act of Colorado. It requires a claimant

seeking disability or indemnity benefits to file a “notice claiming

compensation” within two years of discovering the work-related

nature of the claimant’s injuries, or within three years if the

claimant can establish a reasonable excuse for late filing and the

employer suffered no prejudice as a result. Id. To satisfy the

statutory requirement, the “notice claiming compensation” must

notify the Division of Workers’ Compensation and the opposing

party of a claimant’s intent to seek compensatory benefits. Id.
Consequently, documents which do not provide this information —

including an employer’s first report of injury or notice of contest, a

claimant’s service of interrogatories or claimant’s counsel’s entry of

appearance, or the Division’s assignment of a claim number — do

not satisfy the Act’s statute of limitations for claiming

compensation.
COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS                                         2019COA146


Court of Appeals No. 18CA2308
Industrial Claim Appeals Office of the State of Colorado
WC No. 4-925-466


Joseph Packard,

Petitioner,

v.

Industrial Claim Appeals Office of the State of Colorado and City and County of
Denver, Colorado,

Respondents.


                              ORDER AFFIRMED

                                  Division IV
                          Opinion by JUDGE ROMÁN
                      J. Jones and Martinez*, JJ., concur

                        Announced September 12, 2019


Law Office of O’Toole and Sbarbaro, P.C., Neil D. O’Toole, Denver, Colorado, for
Petitioner

Philip J. Weiser, Attorney General, Evan P. Brennan, Assistant Attorney
General, Denver, Colorado, for Respondent Industrial Claim Appeals Office

Kristin M. Bronson, City Attorney, J.P. Moon, Assistant City Attorney, Stephen
J. Abbott, Assistant City Attorney, Denver, Colorado, for Respondent City and
County of Denver


*Sitting by assignment of the Chief Justice under provisions of Colo. Const. art.
VI, § 5(3), and § 24-51-1105, C.R.S. 2019.
¶1    In this workers’ compensation action, we are asked to address

 whether certain documents constitute a “notice of injury” such that

 claimant, Joseph Packard, beat the statute of limitations of the

 Workers’ Compensation Act of Colorado (Act), set forth in section 8-

 43-103(2), C.R.S. 2018. We agree with the Industrial Claim Appeals

 Office (Panel) that neither a notice of contest nor a first report of

 injury satisfies the statute of limitations and that to satisfy the

 statutory mandate a document must notify the Division of Workers’

 Compensation (Division) and the opposing party that a claimant is

 “claiming compensation” within the meaning of the statute. We

 therefore affirm the Panel’s final order.

                              I. Background

¶2    Claimant is a firefighter for the City and County of Denver. In

 July 2013, he was diagnosed with melanoma of the trunk. On July

 24, 2013, he advised the City of his cancer diagnosis and asserted

 his belief that the melanoma was related to or caused by his work

 as a firefighter for the City. The City filed its first report of injury

 with the Division on August 5, 2013. The next day, the City filed a

 notice of contest indicating it needed to further review the claim and

 claimant’s medical records.


                                      1
¶3    On August 7, 2013, the Division notified claimant that a notice

 of contest had been filed. The Division’s form letter to claimant

 included the following language:

           Because your claim for benefits has been
           denied, you may file for an expedited hearing
           and have an Administrative Law Judge decide
           if benefits should be awarded. You must file
           an Application for Expedited Hearing within
           forty-five (45) days from the date on the Notice
           of Contest form. If you request a hearing after
           this date, your hearing will be held between 80
           and 100 days after a hearing date is set.

                                *****

           If you have not filed a Workers’ Claim for
           Compensation, you may wish to do so.

¶4    One year after claimant’s diagnosis, Dr. Annyce Mayer, a

 physician with National Jewish Health Medical, concluded that

 claimant was at maximum medical improvement (MMI) “with a 10%

 whole person impairment.” She opined that there is “increasing

 epidemiologic evidence for increased risk of melanoma in

 firefighters, particularly in [claimant’s] age group.” Weighing

 claimant’s occupational and nonoccupational risk factors for

 developing melanoma, Dr. Mayer concluded that “his increased risk

 for melanoma due to non-occupational risk factors does not



                                    2
 establish the ‘cause’ for his developing malignant melanoma on a

 medically probable basis.”

¶5    In May 2017, Dr. Mayer followed up her initial opinion with a

 supplemental report. She concluded that claimant’s “melanoma

 meets the medical requirements of the Colorado Firefighter

 Presumption Statute, [section] 8-41-209, C.R.S. [2018,] . . . and

 that his underlying risk factors do not render it more probable that

 his melanoma arose from a source outside of the workplace, to a

 reasonable degree of medical probability.” She also opined that

 claimant’s melanoma remained in remission.

¶6    Claimant filed an application for hearing on October 6, 2017,

 seeking medical and temporary total disability benefits. The City

 eventually admitted compensability, but asserted a statute of

 limitations defense, arguing that the claim was barred because

 claimant filed his application more than four years after learning of

 his melanoma and reporting it to the City.

¶7    An administrative law judge (ALJ) concluded that the

 Division’s assignment of a claim number to the claim, along with

 the City’s filing of the first report of injury and a notice of contest,




                                     3
 demonstrated that the City was on notice of the claim before the

 running of the statute of limitations.

¶8    But the Panel rejected this conclusion and set aside the ALJ’s

 order. The Panel instead held that neither the first report of injury

 nor the notice of contest satisfied claimant’s statutory obligation to

 file a “notice claiming compensation.” Likewise, the Panel held, the

 Division’s assignment of a claim number to the case could not

 “substitute for the filing of a workers’ claim for compensation.” The

 Panel observed that none of these actions — the filing of the first

 report of injury, the filing of the notice of contest, or the assignment

 of a claim number — indicated whether “the claimant had missed

 any time from work, was alleging any permanent impairment, or

 was seeking medical treatment.” In short, the Panel held, the forms

 did not put the City or the Division on notice that claimant was

 claiming compensation for his occupational disease.

                       II. Statute of Limitations

¶9    Claimant contends that the Panel misinterpreted the

 applicable statute of limitations, section 8-43-103(2). He argues

 that the City had adequate notice of his intent to pursue

 compensation through the Division’s assignment of a claim number


                                    4
  to the case, the City’s filing of the first report of injury and notice of

  contest, and his filing of several documents. He identifies several

  documents his counsel filed on his behalf on February 4, 2015,

  which, he asserts, fulfilled his notice obligation: (1) a notice

  pursuant to section 8-41-203(4), C.R.S. 2018,1 stating that his

  injuries arose “from an injury and/or occupational disease

  occurring on 7/24/2013”; (2) a notice of objection to verbal

  communications with claimant, treating physicians, or healthcare

  providers; (3) combined ongoing production requests and

  interrogatories; (4) an objection to admissions; and (5) his counsel’s

  entry of appearance. We are not persuaded that the Panel

  misinterpreted or misapplied the statute.

                  A. Applicable Statute: C.R.S. 8-43-103

¶ 10   The Act imposes notice requirements and a general statute of

  limitations which applies to nearly all requests for compensation

  and benefits pursued thereunder. See § 8-43-103. The relevant

  portions of the statute provide as follows:


  1Section 8-41-203(4), C.R.S. 2018, requires a claimant who
  believes another party may be liable for any claimed injuries to
  notify the affected employer of such belief and identify any third
  party who may be so liable.

                                      5
(1) Notice of an injury, for which compensation
and benefits are payable, shall be given by the
employer to the division and insurance carrier,
unless the employer is self-insured, within ten
days after the injury . . . . If no such notice is
given by the employer, as required by articles
40 to 47 of this title, such notice may be given
by any person. Any notice required to be filed
by an injured employee . . . may be made and
filed by anyone on behalf of such claimant and
shall be considered as done by such claimant
if not specifically disclaimed or objected to by
such claimant in writing filed with the division
within a reasonable time. Such notice shall be
in writing and upon forms prescribed by the
division for that purpose and served upon the
division by delivering to, or by mailing by
registered mail two copies thereof addressed
to, the division at its office in Denver,
Colorado. Upon receipt of such notice from a
claimant, the division shall immediately mail
one copy thereof to said employer or said
employer’s agent or insurance carrier.

(2) The director and administrative law judges
employed by the office of administrative courts
shall have jurisdiction at all times to hear and
determine and make findings and awards on
all cases of injury for which compensation or
benefits are provided by articles 40 to 47 of
this title. . . . [T]he right to compensation and
benefits provided by said articles shall be
barred unless, within two years after the injury
. . . a notice claiming compensation is filed with
the division. This limitation shall not apply to
any claimant to whom compensation has been
paid or if it is established to the satisfaction of
the director within three years after the injury
or death that a reasonable excuse exists for


                         6
             the failure to file such notice claiming
             compensation and if the employer’s rights have
             not been prejudiced thereby, and the
             furnishing of medical, surgical, or hospital
             treatment by the employer shall not be
             considered payment of compensation or
             benefits within the meaning of this section;
             but, in all cases in which the employer has
             been given notice of an injury and fails,
             neglects, or refuses to report said injury to the
             division as required by the provisions of said
             articles, this statute of limitations shall not
             begin to run against the claim of the injured
             employee . . . until the required report has
             been filed with the division.

  Id. (emphasis added).

       B. Rules of Statutory Construction and Standard of Review

¶ 11   When we analyze a provision of the Act, “we interpret the

  statute according to its plain and ordinary meaning” if its language

  is clear. Davison v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 84 P.3d 1023, 1029

  (Colo. 2004). “[W]e give effect to every word and render none

  superfluous because we ‘do not presume that the legislature used

  language idly and with no intent that meaning should be given to

  its language.’” Lombard v. Colo. Outdoor Educ. Ctr., Inc., 187 P.3d

  565, 571 (Colo. 2008) (quoting Colo. Water Conservation Bd. v.

  Upper Gunnison River Water Conservancy Dist., 109 P.3d 585, 597

  (Colo. 2005)).


                                     7
¶ 12   We review an issue of statutory construction de novo. Ray v.

  Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 124 P.3d 891, 893 (Colo. App. 2005),

  aff’d, 145 P.3d 661 (Colo. 2006). Although we defer to the Panel’s

  reasonable interpretations of the statute it administers, Sanco

  Indus. v. Stefanski, 147 P.3d 5, 8 (Colo. 2006), we are “not bound

  by the Panel’s interpretation” or its earlier decisions, United Airlines

  v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 2013 COA 48, ¶ 7; Olivas-Soto v.

  Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 143 P.3d 1178, 1180 (Colo. App. 2006).

  “[T]he Panel’s interpretation will be set aside only if it is inconsistent

  with the clear language of the statute or with the legislative intent.”

  Support, Inc. v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 968 P.2d 174, 175

  (Colo. App. 1998).

           C. Law Governing the Act’s Statute of Limitations

¶ 13   To be timely under the Act, section 8-43-103(2) mandates that

  a claim for workers’ compensation must be filed within two years of

  the alleged injury by filing a “notice claiming compensation.” A

  “notice claiming compensation” is commenced when a claimant

  notifies the division of his or her alleged injuries and intent to

  pursue compensation. See Pinkard Constr. Co. v. Schroer, 487 P.2d

  610, 612 (Colo. App. 1971) (not published pursuant to C.A.R. 35(f))


                                      8
  (supplemental report of injury prepared, signed, and filed by the

  claimant with Industrial Commission was sufficient to constitute a

  notice claiming compensation even though the claimant did not use

  prescribed form). Accordingly, to timely commence his action,

  claimant had to file a notice with the Division advising it of the

  nature of his claim and his intent to seek compensation.

¶ 14   “[T]he limitation period commences when the claimant, as a

  reasonable person, should recognize the nature, seriousness, and

  probable compensable character of the injury.” City of Durango v.

  Dunagan, 939 P.2d 496, 498 (Colo. App. 1997); see also City of

  Boulder v. Payne, 162 Colo. 345, 351, 426 P.2d 194, 197 (1967);

  City of Colorado Springs v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 89 P.3d 504,

  506 (Colo. App. 2004).

¶ 15   In other words, section 8-43-103(2) requires that claims for

  workers’ compensation be filed within two years of a claimant’s

  discovery of a work-related injury. The two-year statute of

  limitations deadline may be extended for one additional year, but

  only if the claimant establishes a reasonable excuse for failing to

  timely file and that the employer was not prejudiced by the

  claimant’s late filing. See Silsby v. Tops Drive In Rest.-Dutton


                                     9
  Enters., Inc., 160 Colo. 549, 551, 418 P.2d 525, 526 (1966) (“A

  ‘legally justifiable’ excuse is one which the Commission . . . finds to

  be reasonably sufficient to excuse the delay.”).

   D. The Statute of Limitations Applies and Bars Claimant’s Claim

¶ 16   Claimant informed the City that there was a connection

  between his work fighting fires and his melanoma shortly after his

  2013 diagnosis. Dr. Mayer strongly suggested such a connection in

  her 2014 report. As Dunagan and Payne make clear and the

  parties do not dispute, the statute of limitations commenced

  running in 2013 because claimant knew then the nature of his

  illness and its connection to his work. See Payne, 162 Colo. at 351,

  426 P.2d at 197; Dunagan, 939 P.2d at 498. Based on claimant’s

  admission that he knew in 2013 that his firefighting duties may

  have caused his melanoma, he needed to file his claim by 2015 to

  comply with the two-year statute of limitations, or by 2016 if he

  could establish a reasonable excuse for failing to file within two

  years. Because he did not file his application for a hearing with the

  Division until October 2017, section 8-43-103(2) barred his claim.

¶ 17   Claimant argues, however, that the City’s filing of a first report

  of injury and a notice of contest, as well as the Division’s


                                    10
  assignment of a claim number, satisfied his obligation to file a

  notice claiming compensation. He also points to the documents his

  counsel filed on his behalf on February 4, 2015, as evidence that

  the City and the Division were on notice of his intent to litigate his

  claim and pursue compensation. He asserts that because Colorado

  is a “notice pleading” state, no further notice was required of him.

  We are not persuaded, for three reasons.

¶ 18   First, none of the documents to which claimant points — not

  the notice of contest, the first report of injury, nor any of the

  documents his counsel filed — indicated that claimant was

  “claiming compensation” within the meaning of section 8-43-103(2).

  Nor did any of the identified documents provide an impairment

  rating or indicate that claimant had sustained a permanent

  impairment. Section 8-43-103(2) expressly excludes from the

  definition of “compensation” “the furnishing of medical, surgical, or

  hospital treatment by the employer.” It is therefore limited to

  claims for disability (also known as indemnity) benefits based on

  partial or total impairment. See Hussion v. Indus. Claim Appeals

  Office, 991 P.2d 346, 347 (Colo. App. 1999) (“[T]he term

  ‘compensation,’ as used in the Act, may refer to benefits paid for


                                     11
  both temporary and permanent disabilities or impairments.”).

  Disability and medical benefits are thus treated differently by the

  legislature in this section, a distinction evident in other sections of

  the Act, as well, which often “treat medical benefits separately from

  indemnity benefits.” Support, Inc., 968 P.2d at 176 (use of the term

  “compensation” in the forfeiture clause of section 8-43-402, C.R.S.

  2018, did not apply to medical benefits so claimant did not forfeit

  her right to ongoing medical benefits because of a felony

  conviction); see also Wild W. Radio, Inc. v. Indus. Claim Appeals

  Office, 905 P.2d 6, 9 (Colo. App. 1995) (rejecting the employer’s

  contention that reduction in “compensation” under section 8-42-

  112, C.R.S. 2018, for a safety violation or intoxication applies to

  medical benefits). None of the documents claimant points to

  specifies that claimant was seeking compensation as that term is

  defined in section 8-43-103. Consequently, none satisfied section

  8-43-103(2)’s requirement of providing notice that claimant was

  “claiming compensation.”

¶ 19   The Panel reached this same conclusion. In reaching its

  decision, the Panel followed a decades-old decision issued by this

  court. In that decision, a division of this court held that an


                                     12
  employer’s first report of injury was insufficient “to constitute a

  notice of claim.” Martin v. Indus. Comm’n, 43 Colo. App. 521, 524,

  608 P.2d 366, 369 (1979). The division observed that the

  employer’s notice of injury filed with the Industrial Commission

  “was merely a report of the accident, and, while it may contain

  information such as the name of the worker and the date and

  details of the accident, it [did] not assert that a compensable injury

  ha[d] occurred nor give notice that compensation [wa]s expected.”

  Id.

¶ 20    Since Martin, the Panel has consistently ruled that a first

  report of injury form filed by an employer does not satisfy the

  statutory requirement that claimants file a notice claiming

  compensation.

¶ 21    We agree with the Panel that neither a first report of injury nor

  a notice of contest constitutes a “notice claiming compensation”

  within the meaning of section 8-43-103(2). The Act requires

  employers to file a report — not a claim — containing information

  mandated by the director of the Division “upon forms prescribed by

  the division for that purpose.” § 8-43-101(1), C.R.S. 2018. If an

  employer “fails, neglects, or refuses to report said injury to the


                                     13
  division” by providing the mandated information on the prescribed

  division form, “this statute of limitations shall not begin to run

  against the claim of the injured employee.” § 8-43-103(2) (emphasis

  added). “‘Claim’ is a term of art which is defined broadly as ‘the

  aggregate of operative facts which give rise to a right enforceable in

  the courts.’” Kieckhafer v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 2012 COA

  124, ¶ 15 (quoting Dinosaur Park Invs., L.L.C. v. Tello, 192 P.3d 513,

  516 (Colo. App. 2008)). Under the express statutory language,

  then, the statute of limitations continues to run even when an

  employer files a first report of injury form.

¶ 22   Similarly, a notice of contest contains no information about a

  claimant’s claim for indemnity or disability benefits. It simply

  advises the Division and the claimant that an employer or insurer

  believes a claim may not be covered for any number of reasons.

  Thus, nothing in section 8-43-103 suggests that an employer’s

  filing of a first report of injury or notice of contest absolves a

  claimant’s burden to file a “notice claiming compensation.”

¶ 23   Because the Panel’s interpretation is consistent with the clear

  language of the statute, we perceive no basis for straying from it

  here. See Kilpatrick v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 2015 COA 30, ¶


                                      14
  31 (“[W]e defer to the Panel’s ‘reasonable interpretations’ of its own

  regulations, and only set aside the Panel’s interpretation ‘if it is

  inconsistent with the clear language of the statute or with the

  legislative intent.’” (quoting Zerba v. Dillon Cos., 2012 COA 78,

  ¶ 37)).

¶ 24   We also reject claimant’s assertion that the assignment of a

  claim number constituted a notice of claim. Contrary to claimant’s

  suggestion, we see nothing in the assigning of a claim number by

  the Division that satisfies a claimant’s obligation to notify the

  Division and the employer of his intent to seek compensation.

  Neither party receives or provides any information concerning

  benefits, impairment, or disability through the assignment of a

  claim number. Thus, the critical information conveyed when “a

  notice claiming compensation is filed with the division” is not

  provided by the assignment of a claim number. See § 8-43-103(2).

¶ 25   Second, claimant’s proposed construction would render the

  statute of limitations meaningless, a result which is also prohibited.

  See Pineda-Liberato v. People, 2017 CO 95, ¶ 39 (“We cannot,

  however, interpret statutory provisions so as to render any of their

  words or phrases meaningless or superfluous.”); Berthold v. Indus.


                                     15
  Claim Appeals Office, 2017 COA 145, ¶ 32. As the City points out,

  claimant’s proposed construction would completely vitiate the

  statute of limitations because the statute would not commence

  running if an employer failed to file a first report of injury but would

  stop running as soon as an employer filed a first report of injury. In

  other words, if the statutorily required first report of injury served

  to satisfy the statute of limitations, a claimant would have

  unlimited time within which to file an application for hearing

  because the statute would never be triggered — if the employer filed

  a first report of injury — or would always be tolled — if the

  employer failed to file the required report. Permitting a first report

  of injury to satisfy the statute of limitations would thus improperly

  render the statute of limitations meaningless and without effect.

  Pineda-Liberato, ¶ 39; Berthold, ¶ 32.

¶ 26   And, third, we agree with the City and the Panel that section

  8-43-103(1) imposes filing obligations on employers, while section

  8-43-103(2) applies to claimants. As we read the statute,

  subsection (1) requires employers to file a first report of injury,

  providing the timeline within which employers must take that

  action. In contrast, subsection (2) — the statute of limitations


                                     16
  subsection — states that it “shall not apply to any claimant to

  whom compensation has been paid,” suggesting that the converse is

  also true: the subsection applies to any claimant who has not

  received compensation. See § 8-43-103(1), (2). Because the

  legislature put the parties’ obligations in separate subsections of

  the statute, we conclude that the legislature did not intend for a

  document that subsection (1) requires an employer to file — the

  first report of injury — to satisfy a claimant’s obligation under

  subsection (2).

¶ 27   The case on which claimant relies in support of his position,

  Colorado Auto Body, Inc. v. Newton, 160 Colo. 113, 414 P.2d 480

  (1966), is distinguishable. Claimant cites Newton for the

  proposition that a “mere irregularity” in a filing form does not

  prevent a claim from proceeding. Id. at 122, 414 P.2d at 485.

  When the deficiency is only as to form, there can be a waiver of a

  statute of limitations defense based on inadequate notice of a claim.

  Id. However, in Newton, the notice, albeit “irregular,” and the

  hearing both occurred before the expiration of the statute of

  limitations. Because the hearing had been held within the

  statutory time limit, the supreme court held that the employer had


                                    17
  waived any objection to the “technical deficiencies” in the notice.

  Id.

¶ 28    Accordingly, we conclude that although employer filed a first

  report of injury and a notice of contest, claimant nonetheless had to

  file a timely claim for compensation — such as an application for

  hearing — with the Division to ensure that his claim was not barred

  by the statute of limitations. It is undisputed that claimant did not

  file his application for hearing until more than four years after his

  melanoma diagnosis and his notice to the City and the Division that

  he believed his cancer was work related. By then, both the

  applicable two-year statute of limitations, as well as the additional

  year permitted for a reasonable excuse, had lapsed. See § 8-43-

  103(2). We therefore agree with the Panel’s conclusion that

  claimant’s claim is barred by the statute of limitations.

                  III. Claimant’s Remaining Arguments

¶ 29    In addition to his primary contention that the Panel

  misinterpreted and misapplied the statute, claimant raises several

  other contentions. They are as follows:

        (1) The Panel’s order disregarded the Act’s mandate “to assure

           the quick and efficient delivery of disability and medical


                                    18
          benefits to injured workers.” See § 8-40-102(1), C.R.S.

          2018. He points out that the firefighter cancer

          presumption statute, section 8-41-209, does not contain a

          statute of limitations, and that, by imposing a limit on

          firefighters, the Panel frustrated the legislature’s intent.

       (2) The City should have been required to show prejudice

          before the statute of limitations was applied.

       (3) The City’s notice of contest form should have estopped it

          “from asserting a violation of [section] 8-43-103 because it

          informed [claimant] that the only requirement for moving

          forward with his claim was to apply for hearing.”

  None of these arguments persuade us to reach a different result.

                    A. Effectuating the Act’s Purpose

¶ 30   The stated goal of the Act is “to assure the quick and efficient

  delivery of disability and medical benefits to injured workers at a

  reasonable cost to employers, without the necessity of any

  litigation.” § 8-40-102(1). “In construing the language of the [Act],

  we have previously held that the Act is ‘intended to be remedial and

  beneficent in purpose, and should be liberally construed in order to




                                    19
  accomplish these goals.’” Ray, 145 P.3d at 668 (quoting Davison,

  84 P.3d at 1029).

¶ 31   Claimant contends that the Panel violated these principles

  when it barred his claim on statute of limitations grounds. He

  argues that barring his claim thwarts the legislature’s intent that

  firefighters be compensated for their work-related cancers. Further,

  he contends, the firefighter cancer presumption statute under

  which he asserted his claim, section 8-41-209, contains no specific

  statute of limitations.

¶ 32   Although claimant correctly distills the Act’s stated purpose

  and goal, that purpose does not negate the specific statute of

  limitations set out in section 8-43-103(2). A declaration of

  legislative intent “cannot override a statute’s elements.” People in

  Interest of T.B., 2016 COA 151M, ¶ 42, aff’d, 2019 CO 53. As to

  claimant’s contention that section 8-41-209 does not expressly set

  forth a statute of limitations, claimant does not point us to any

  provision in the Act that includes its own statute of limitations, and

  we know of none. Rather, section 8-43-103(2) makes clear that,

  with the exception of certain injuries caused by radioactive

  materials, it applies to all claims for “compensation and benefits


                                    20
  provided by . . . articles [40 to 47 of this title].” Thus, by its express

  language, section 8-43-103(2) applies to section 8-41-209.

¶ 33   For these reasons, we conclude that the Panel did not violate

  the Act’s legislative declaration.

                                B. Prejudice

¶ 34   Claimant next contends that the City should have been

  required to show prejudice before his claim was dismissed as time

  barred. He argues that the prejudice provision in section 8-43-

  103(2) applied and cites to Newton and Colorado Fuel & Iron Corp. v.

  Industrial Commission, 129 Colo. 287, 269 P.2d 696 (1954), in

  support of his position. Claimant is mistaken.

¶ 35   Section 8-43-103(2) does require an employer to show

  prejudice if a claimant is seeking to file a claim for compensation

  within a year of the expiration of the two-year statute of limitations.

  It states that the two-year statute of limitations “shall not apply . . .

  if it is established to the satisfaction of the director within three

  years after the injury . . . that a reasonable excuse exists for the

  failure to file such notice claiming compensation and if the

  employer’s rights have not been prejudiced thereby.” § 8-43-103(2)

  (emphasis added). Contrary to claimant’s assertion, this provision


                                       21
  only applies when a claimant files a claim after the two-year statute

  of limitations has expired but before a third year has elapsed. It

  does not apply to claims filed outside that three-year limit.

¶ 36   Nor do the cases claimant cites support his position. Colorado

  Fuel & Iron concerned a claim filed outside the then-applicable

  one-year statute of limitations, but before the expiration of the

  additional grace year which, like the current version of the statute,

  granted claimants one additional year within which to file a claim

  for compensation if they showed “that a reasonable excuse exists

  for the failure to file such notice claiming compensation, and the

  employer’s rights have not been prejudiced thereby.” 129 Colo. at

  290, 269 P.2d at 697. It therefore did not involve the assertion of a

  claim for compensation beyond the extra one-year window.

¶ 37   Newton is likewise distinguishable. It held that the statute of

  limitations did not bar a claim because the referee’s order joining

  the employer to the workers’ compensation action sufficiently

  notified the employer and its insurer of the claim for compensation.

  Because that order was issued only five months after the accident

  at issue occurred, the employer and insurer were notified that the

  claimant was “claiming compensation” well within the statute of


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  limitations. Newton, 160 Colo. at 116-17, 414 P.2d at 482.

  Therefore, it, too, does not support claimant’s contention.

¶ 38   Prejudice is not a statutorily required factor for application of

  the statute of limitations after the time period has fully expired, and

  we decline to read such a provision into section 8-43-103(2). See

  Kraus v. Artcraft Sign Co., 710 P.2d 480, 482 (Colo. 1985) (The

  appellate courts of this state have “uniformly held that a court

  should not read nonexistent provisions into the . . . Act.”); see also

  Kieckhafer, ¶ 16.

                               C. Estoppel

¶ 39   Last, claimant contends that the City should have been

  estopped from asserting a statute of limitations defense because the

  notice of contest form it filed “informed [claimant] that the only

  requirement for his moving forward with his claim was to apply for

  hearing.” Claimant points to language on the form which advises

  claimants that they “may request an expedited hearing on the issue

  of compensability by filing an Application for Hearing and Notice to

  Set and a Request for Expedited Hearing with the Office of

  Administrative Courts.” We are not persuaded that this language

  estopped the City from raising the statute of limitations.


                                    23
¶ 40   True, a party may be equitably estopped from asserting the

  statute of limitations. See Thurman v. Tafoya, 895 P.2d 1050, 1058

  (Colo. 1995). But claimant had to establish several factors to

  successfully invoke the doctrine.

             To invoke the doctrine of equitable estoppel, a
             party who relies to his detriment on an
             affirmative promise must show that the
             promisor may have reasonably expected to
             induce action or forbearance of a material
             character. Moreover, the claimant must show
             that reasonable reliance on these assertions
             discouraged the claimant from bringing suit
             within the applicable time period. A party,
             however, may not rely on the mere
             non-committal acts of another in order to
             establish equitable estoppel.

  Id. at 1058 (citations omitted).

¶ 41   As both the City and the Panel point out, claimant has not

  established these elements. In particular, claimant has not shown

  that (1) the City made any “affirmative promise” to him; (2) the City

  “reasonably expected” him to rely on its (undisclosed) promise; (3)

  he was discouraged from pursuing his claim because he relied on

  the City’s unidentified promises; or (4) he relied on that language

  when he delayed filing his claim. See id. The City’s notice of

  contest was filed on a Division-prepared form. The City did not



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  draft any of the boilerplate language contained therein, including

  the instructions for requesting an expedited hearing. Because the

  City never expressly directed the boilerplate language to claimant,

  he cannot now claim it constituted a promise from the City to him

  or that the City had any expectation that he would rely on it to his

  detriment.

¶ 42   More importantly, claimant admits that he filed his claim for

  compensation late because “the filing of an Application for Hearing

  awaited the decisions of the Colorado Supreme Court concerning

  burdens of proof under [section] 8-41-209.” He thus implicitly

  concedes that his decision to file his application for hearing after

  the statute of limitations had expired was unrelated to the

  advisement addressing expedited hearings in the City’s notice of

  contest form, and he cannot now claim that language in the notice

  of contest induced him to delay filing his claim. In the absence of

  any detrimental reliance, claimant cannot establish equitable

  estoppel.

¶ 43   Accordingly, we reject this contention, as well.

                             IV. Conclusion

¶ 44   The order is affirmed.


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JUDGE J. JONES and JUSTICE MARTINEZ concur.




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