                              FOURTH DIVISION
                                DILLARD, C. J.,
                          DOYLE, P. J., and MERCIER, J.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration m us t be
                    physically re ceived in our clerk’s office within ten days
                    of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                    http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                        October 4, 2018




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A18A0895. LEE v. THE STATE.

      MERCIER, Judge.

      A jury found Richard Stephen Lee guilty of possession of methamphetamine,

possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, tampering with evidence, obstruction of

an officer, and possession of drug-related objects. The trial court denied Lee’s motion

for new trial, and he appeals, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the

tampering and obstruction charges. Lee also claims that the trial court erred in charging

the jury, that two of his convictions should have been merged for sentencing purposes,

and that he received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. For reasons that follow,

we affirm.

      1. On appeal from a criminal conviction, we construe the evidence in the light

most favorable to the verdict, and the defendant no longer enjoys a presumption of
innocence. See Reddick v. State, 298 Ga. App. 155 (679 SE2d 380) (2009). We do

not weigh the evidence or resolve issues of witness credibility, but merely determine

whether the evidence was sufficient for the jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a

reasonable doubt. See id.

       So viewed, the evidence shows that on February 10, 2015, officers went to

Lee’s home on Kincaid Avenue to serve him with an arrest warrant. When they arrived,

Lee’s truck was parked in the driveway. They knocked on the doors and windows of

the home, but received no response. Believing that Lee was inside, the officers asked

their supervisor to obtain a warrant to search the residence for Lee. Once the search

warrant was issued, Lee’s landlord unlocked the back door, and the police found Lee

on the bedroom floor, attempting to crawl under the bed. No one else was in the home

at the time.

       While apprehending Lee, officers observed in plain view a bullet, drug

paraphernalia, and suspected methamphetamine. The officers, who had received a tip

that Lee was selling methamphetamine out of the house, secured a second warrant to

search the residence and curtilage for contraband. Inside the bedroom where Lee was

arrested, police located a rifle scope, a box of nine millimeter bullets, a locked safe,

and a black bag containing suspected methamphetamine. When questioned about the

                                           2
safe, Lee responded that he owned it, but that it housed his roommate’s possessions

and he “didn’t want to be charged with anything inside of it.” The officers opened the

safe using a key from Lee’s key ring, discovering a digital scale, two plastic spoons,

and two clear pipes containing suspected methamphetamine.

          In a bathroom trash can, officers found a plastic zip-lock bag, a plastic carton,

and a pipe, all of which contained suspected methamphetamine. These items had been

soaked in bleach, and the bathroom surfaces and walls were dripping wet with bleach.

From Lee’s truck, police also seized a digital scale, a metal spoon covered with

suspected methamphetamine residue, and a nine millimeter handgun located inside of

a backpack. Although Lee insisted that the gun belonged to a friend, he admitted that

the backpack was his.

          An officer explained, based on his training and experience, that spoons and

scales such as those found during the search are typically used to weigh and prepare

methamphetamine for distribution. The police field-tested a sample of the suspected

methamphetamine recovered from the black bag in the bedroom. The field test was

positive for methamphetamine, and the state crime lab subsequently confirmed that

result.



                                              3
      In his defense, Lee offered testimony from his girl friend, who asserted that she

became angry with Lee, “planted” drugs and drug paraphernalia in his house, then

convinced her father to report Lee to the police. Evidently, however, the jury

disbelieved her and found Lee guilty of possession of methamphetamine, tampering

with evidence, obstruction of an officer, and possession of drug-related objects. In a

second phase of the trial, the State established that Lee had previously been convicted

of several felonies. Based on this evidence, the jury also found Lee guilty of

possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.

      (a) Lee first challenges the sufficiency of the proof supporting his conviction for

tampering with evidence. The indictment charged that Lee “did knowingly alter

physical evidence, to wit: methamphetamine, . . . with intent to prevent the

apprehension of said methamphetamine . . . and obstruct the prosecution of the

accused.” Lee contends the State failed to prove that he altered methamphetamine, as

alleged. We disagree.




                                           4
       Pursuant to OCGA § 16-10-94 (a) (2014),1 “[a] person commits the offense of

tampering with evidence when, with the intent to prevent the apprehension or cause the

wrongful apprehension of any person or to obstruct the prosecution or defense of any

person, he knowingly . . . alters . . . physical evidence.” The search of Lee’s home

revealed drug paraphernalia and suspected methamphetamine, a sample of which tested

positive for the drug. Officers also found additional drug-related objects and

suspected methamphetamine that had been covered in bleach. One officer testified that

pouring bleach on methamphetamine “would destroy the evidence.” And the officer

who performed the field test at the scene asserted that he could not test any bleach-

covered substance because “it is dangerous to mix chemicals like [bleach] with those

test kits. It can be explosive.”

       Given this evidence, as well as testimony that the bleach in the bathroom was

“actively dripping,” the jury was authorized to conclude that Lee, who was alone in the

house when the police entered, knowingly altered methamphetamine to obstruct the

prosecution. See OCGA § 16-10-94 (a) (2014); Kirchner v. State, 322 Ga. App. 275,



       1
       We rely on the version of the statute in effect at the time the crimes were
committed in February 2015. See Woodward v. State, 342 Ga. App. 499, n.1 (804
SE2d 153) (2017).

                                          5
284 (3) (a) (ii) (744 SE2d 802) (2013) (particularly given other marijuana found in the

home, tampering conviction supported by evidence that, as police waited for search

warrant, defendant washed plastic bags in dishwasher, leaving only a residue of what

officers believed to be marijuana). Compare King v. State, 317 Ga. App. 834, 840-841

(2) (c) (733 SE2d 21) (2012) (evidence of tampering insufficient where police saw

remnants of suspected marijuana in defendant’s mouth during traffic stop, but officers

did not see her place the substance in her mouth, did not test the substance, did not

test the defendant’s urine or blood for drugs, and did not recover any drugs or drug

paraphernalia at scene).



      (b) Lee also argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his

misdemeanor obstruction conviction. Generally, “a person who knowingly and

willfully obstructs or hinders any law enforcement officer in the lawful discharge of his

official duties is guilty of a misdemeanor.” OCGA § 16-10-24 (a) (2014). The State

alleged that Lee knowingly obstructed the officers “by failing to comply with the

officers’ request that [he] answer the door” at the Kincaid Avenue home when they

attempted to serve the arrest warrant. Without dispute, Lee did not open the door

when the officers knocked. He contends, however, that the jury could not have found

                                           6
that he knowingly hindered the officers because the State never proved that they

identified themselves as law enforcement personnel.2

      “To establish that the obstruction was done ‘knowingly and wilfully,’ there must

be proof that the defendant knew that the person he was obstructing was a law

enforcement officer.” Watson v. State, 328 Ga. App. 832, 835 (1) (763 SE2d 122)

(2014) (citations omitted). The record does not reveal whether the officers identified

themselves when they knocked, and we do not know if they were wearing police

uniforms or badges or driving a marked police vehicle. But the outside of the home

was equipped with video cameras. And when the officers entered, they found Lee

attempting to hide under the bed. The evidence further shows that Lee tampered with

drug-related contraband shortly before he was apprehended. Given the totality of these

circumstances, the jury was authorized to conclude that Lee knew the people knocking



      2
         Lee’s enumeration of error focuses exclusively on the knowledge element of
obstruction. He does not contend, and thus we do not address, whether his failure to
open the door for police obstructed or hindered the officers in the lawful discharge of
their duties. But see Beckom v. State, 286 Ga. App. 38, 42 (2) (648 SE2d 656) (2007)
(“The state has cited no authority, and we have found none, for the proposition that
an individual’s failure to answer the phone and failure to answer a knock on the door
constitutes obstruction under OCGA § 16-10-24 (a), where there is no evidence that
the individual knew of an on-going investigation, and certainly no evidence that the
individual was attempting ‘knowingly and willfully’ to impede such an investigation.”).

                                          7
at his door were police officers. See Reddick, supra at 156 (1) (“Although the

evidence at trial did not show that the officers identified themselves as police officers,

that they were wearing police uniforms or badges, or that the patrol car was clearly

marked as a police car or had a blue light on top, other evidence in the record

supports [the defendant’s] conviction” for obstruction).

       2. In three claims of error, Lee argues that the trial court improperly instructed

the jury. Lee, however, did not raise a particularized objection to the trial court’s jury

charge. Instead, he made a broad, generalized objection, stating: “[O]ut of formality,

the defense objects to each and every charge that is a misstatement of law or misread

or not applicable to the facts.” Our review of the court’s instructions, therefore, is

limited to plain error, which results in reversal only “if the jury instruction was

erroneous; the error was obvious; the instruction likely affected the outcome of the

proceedings; and the error seriously affects the failure, integrity, or public reputation

of judicial proceedings.” Lauderback v. State, 320 Ga. App. 649, 655 (5) (740 SE2d

377) (2013) (citation omitted). See also OCGA § 17-8-58 (b) (failure to raise specific

objection to jury charge precludes appellate review “unless such portion of the jury

charge constitutes plain error which affects substantial rights of the parties”).



                                             8
      (a) Lee asserts that the trial court’s instruction regarding possession of drug-

related objects included ways of committing the crime that were not alleged in the

indictment . According to Lee, this instruction improperly expanded the indictment,

allowing jurors to find him guilty of an uncharged offense. Even if the instruction was

overly broad, however, any such error was cured by the jury charge as a whole. See

Simpson v. State, 302 Ga. 875, 877 (2) (808 SE2d 718) (2017).

      The record shows that the trial court informed jurors that the State bore the

burden of proving “every material allegation of the indictment” beyond a reasonable

doubt. The indictment was sent out with the jury during deliberations. And after

defining the offense of possessing drug-related objects, the court immediately drew

jurors’ attention back to the indictment, instructing that the jury would be authorized

to return a guilty verdict only if it found “beyond a reasonable doubt, that [Lee] . . .

on the date alleged in the indictment, did then and there commit the offenses as

alleged.” The instructions as a whole properly limited the jury’s consideration to the

crimes charged in the indictment. Lee, therefore, “cannot establish reversible error,

plain or otherwise.” Id. See also Lauderback, supra at 653 (4) (b) (“[I]t is a

fundamental rule in Georgia that jury instructions must be read and considered as a

whole in determining whether the charge contained error.”).

                                           9
       (b) The defense stipulated at trial that it did not challenge the chain of custody

with respect to physical evidence presented by the State. The trial court notified jurors

of this stipulation in its jury charge, stating: “The parties have entered into a stipulation

that has been approved by the Court about the following fact: And that is that there is

no problem with the chain of custody of the evidence in the case.” The court then

explained that “[w]here parties stipulate facts, this is in the nature of evidence. You

may take that fact or those facts as given without any necessity of further proof.”

       Lee first argues that the trial court should not have informed jurors about the

stipulation because the court – not the jury – makes findings as to chain of custody.

A trial court, however, does not err in charging the jury on chain of custody. See

generally Coleman v. State, 317 Ga. App. 409, 409-411 (1) (731 SE2d 94) (2012).

Moreover, Lee affirmatively stated that he had no objection to “a stipulation charge as

to the chain of custody.” He thus waived any claim that the trial court improperly

referenced the stipulation in its jury charge. See Woodward v. State, 296 Ga. 803, 806

(2) (771 SE2d 362) (2015) (appellate court may not reverse for plain error in the trial

court’s jury charge if the defendant affirmatively waived the claimed error).

       Lee further complains that the language of the stipulation charge led the jury to

believe that “all of the contraband in the case was adequately connected to” him. The

                                             10
trial court’s instruction, however, did not tie the evidence to Lee. It merely recited the

stipulation reached by the parties. Although the trial court did not elaborate on the

meaning of “chain of custody,” Lee did not request additional explanation, and the

court fully instructed jurors on the burden of proof, reasonable doubt, and the

different types of evidence. Under these circumstances, we cannot find that any error

in the stipulation charge impacted the verdict or seriously affected “the failure,

integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Lauderback, supra at 655 (5).

Lee, therefore, cannot demonstrate plain error. See Kelly v. State, 290 Ga. 29, 33 (2)

(a) (718 SE2d 232) (2011) (establishing plain error “is difficult, as it should be”)

(citation and punctuation omitted).

      (c) Lee contends that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on the

State’s burden of proof under OCGA § 24-14-6, which provides: “[t]o warrant a

conviction on circumstantial evidence, the proved facts shall not only be consistent

with the hypothesis of guilt, but shall exclude every other reasonable hypothesis save

that of the guilt of the accused.” The record shows, however, that Lee did not submit

a written request to charge on OCGA § 24-14-6. And “[a]bsent a written request, a

trial court is required to charge on the law of circumstantial evidence as set forth in .

. . OCGA § 24-14-6 only if the State’s case against the defendant is wholly

                                           11
circumstantial.” Walker v. State, 295 Ga. 688, 691 (2) (763 SE2d 704) (2014) (citation

omitted; emphasis supplied).

         According to Lee, the evidence tying him to the contraband was circumstantial.

The State undoubtedly offered some circumstantial evidence at trial. But it also

presented direct evidence against Lee, including his admission that the safe and

backpack in which the police found contraband belonged to him. See Jones v. State,

243 Ga. 584, 585 (1) (255 SE2d 702) (1979) (statements by defendant and certain

police testimony constituted direct evidence). Because the State’s case was not wholly

circumstantial and Lee did not request a circumstantial evidence instruction in writing,

the trial court was not required to charge the jury on OCGA § 24-14-6. See Walker,

supra.

         3. Lee claims that the trial court should have merged his conviction for

possession of drug-related objects into his conviction for possession of

methamphetamine for purposes of sentencing. In determining whether one crime is

included in another, and thus merges as a matter of fact, we apply the “required

evidence” test and assess “whether conviction for one of the offenses is established

by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the other crime.”

Grissom v. State, 296 Ga. 406, 410 (1) (768 SE2d 494) (2015). In Lee’s view, these

                                           12
convictions merged because “the only evidence that [he] possessed the scales and

pipe for the purpose of weighing and inhaling a controlled substance . . . is the same

evidence relied upon by the State to prove that he knowingly possessed

methamphetamine.”

      This claim lacks merit. The black bag found in the bedroom contained a

substance that tested positive for methamphetamine, which supported the jury’s

verdict with respect to possession of methamphetamine. See OCGA § 16-13-30 (a)

(2014) (defining possession of a controlled substance). The verdict as to drug-related

objects was authorized by other evidence that scales typically used to weigh

methamphetamine for packaging were located in Lee’s home and vehicle. See OCGA

§ 16-13-32.2 (a) (2014) (defining possession of drug-related objects). Given that the

conviction for possession of methamphetamine did not require proof that Lee

possessed drug-related objects, and the conviction for possession of drug-related

objects did not require proof that he possessed methamphetamine, the convictions did

not merge. See Grissom, supra at 410; see also OCGA § 16-13-30 (a) (2014); OCGA

§ 16-13-32.2 (a) (2014).

      4. Finally, Lee argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial.

To prevail on this claim, Lee “must show both that his trial counsel provided deficient

                                          13
performance and that, but for the deficiency, there is a reasonable probability that the

outcome of the proceeding would have been different.” Prince v. State, 295 Ga. 788,

791 (2) (764 SE2d 362) (2014) (citation omitted). He has not made the required

showing here.

      (a) According to Lee, trial counsel should have moved to suppress evidence

obtained when police entered the Kincaid Avenue home pursuant to the first search

warrant, which authorized a search for Lee’s “person.” Lee contends that this search

warrant was invalid for several reasons, including that OCGA § 17-5-21 (a) generally

does not permit a search warrant for a “person.”

      The trial court rejected this claim, finding that while the first search warrant was

improper, officers were authorized to enter the home via the outstanding arrest warrant.

“For Fourth Amendment purposes, an arrest warrant founded on probable cause

implicitly carries with it the limited authority to enter a dwelling in which the suspect

lives when there is reason to believe the suspect is within.” Francis v. State, 345 Ga.

App. 586, 589 (1) (814 SE2d 571) (2018) (citations and punctuation omitted). Lee

does not challenge the validity of the arrest warrant or dispute that he lived in the

house. And given the presence of Lee’s car in front of the home, as well as

information received by police, officers had reason to believe he was inside when they

                                           14
arrived to serve the arrest warrant. See Jones v. State, 314 Ga. App. 247, 249 (1) (723

SE2d 697) (2012) (police reasonably believed subject of arrest warrant was in house

based upon information from neighbor and the fact that subject’s car was in front of

house).

       Under these circumstances, the officers “were entitled to enter and to search

anywhere in the house in which the subject of that warrant might be found.” Francis,

supra (citation and punctuation omitted). Once inside the home, they also were

authorized to seize any contraband in plain sight.3 See Wall v. State, 291 Ga. App.

278, 279 (661 SE2d 656) (2008) (“A police officer may seize what is in plain sight if,

as here, he is in a place where he is constitutionally entitled to be.”). Regardless of

whether the search warrant for Lee’s “person” was valid, trial counsel was not

ineffective in failing to file a motion to suppress. See Prince, supra at 791 (2) (a)

(“When trial counsel’s failure to file a motion to suppress is the basis for a claim of

ineffective assistance, Appellant must make a strong showing that the damaging




       3
          Lee’s appellate counsel conceded at the hearing on the motion for new trial
that “if [the officers were] executing an arrest warrant and they see this is in plain view,
which I think they did, then they didn’t violate the rules.”

                                            15
evidence would have been suppressed had counsel made the motion.”) (citation and

punctuation omitted).

       (b) Lee also argues that trial counsel should have moved to suppress evidence

seized pursuant to the second search warrant, which authorized a contraband search

of the residence and curtilage, because (1) the affidavit supporting that warrant did not

establish probable cause to search, and (2) the affidavit transposed his middle and last

names, referring to him as Richard Lee Stephens, rather than Richard Stephen Lee.

The trial court rejected this claim below, concluding that probable cause supported the

search and that the mistake in Lee’s name was a “scrivener’s error” that did not affect

the warrant’s validity.

       In determining whether a supporting affidavit provides sufficient probable cause

for a search warrant,

       a magistrate must simply make a practical, common-sense decision
       whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him,
       including the veracity and basis of knowledge of persons supplying
       hearsay information, there is a fair probability that contraband or
       evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place. And the duty of
       a reviewing court is simply to ensure that the magistrate had a substantial
       basis for concluding that probable cause existed. On appeal, we give
       substantial deference to the magistrate’s decision to issue the warrant,


                                           16
      and we construe the evidence in favor of the court’s decision that
      probable cause existed.


State v. Alvin, 296 Ga. App. 402, 403 (674 SE2d 348) (2009) (citation omitted).

      The affidavit in this case established that the testifying officer had assisted in

obtaining and executing over 150 search warrants relating to narcotics and other

criminal investigations. It described information that the officer had gleaned “[a]s a

result of [his] training and experience in criminal investigations and obtaining search

warrants.” It then stated:

      On February 10th, 2015, agents with Spalding County Special
      Operations executed a search warrant at [] Kincaid Ave for the person of
      Richard Lee Stephens. Stephens was found hiding in the master
      bedroom. In plain view there was a bullet located on the dresser to a
      small caliber handgun. Stephens is a convicted felon. Also in plain view
      there was packaging material associated with illegal drug distribution.
      There was a clear ziplock bag laying in plain view of the kitchen floor that
      contained a white powdery substance.


      Given the totality of these circumstances, the magistrate had a substantial basis

for finding a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime would be located

in the Kincaid Avenue home, particularly with respect to drug-packaging materials. See

Alvin, supra at 404 (“Probable cause does not demand the certainty we associate with

                                          17
formal trials.”) (citation and punctuation omitted). We likewise conclude that probable

cause existed for the second search warrant. Although Lee complains that the

testifying officer did not detail how he knew certain items were associated with illegal

drug distribution, the affidavit established his significant training and experience in

narcotics and other criminal investigations. See Cleveland v. State, 290 Ga. App. 835,

837 (1) (660 SE2d 77) (2008) (finding sufficient probable cause for search warrant

after reviewing supporting affidavit “as a whole”), aff’d, 285 Ga. 142 (674 SE2d 289)

(2009).

      We also agree with the trial court that the affidavit’s transposed name did not

invalidate the warrant. Notwithstanding the misnomer, the search warrant was fully

supported by the officers’ prior observations in the home. See generally Fuller v.

State, 295 Ga. App. 439, 446 (7) (a) (672 SE2d 438) (2009) (scrivener’s error in

physical description of address “was not so material as to destroy the integrity of the

affidavit or the validity of the search warrant”); Kelly v. State, 184 Ga. App. 337, 338

(1) (c) (361 SE2d 659) (1987) (although supporting affidavit contained misinformation,

search warrant valid where affidavit’s “remaining content [was] more than sufficient

to establish probable cause”). Accordingly, Lee has not shown that he received

ineffective assistance of counsel on this ground. See Fuller, supra.

                                           18
Judgment affirmed. Dillard, C. J., and Doyle, P. J., concur.




                                  19
