                                                             [DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                  FILED
                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                      ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                               JULY 2, 2009
                            No. 08-15087                     THOMAS K. KAHN
                        Non-Argument Calendar                    CLERK
                      ________________________

                Agency Nos. A078-584-998, A078-584-999

AUGUSTO GARCIA VALDERRAMA,
MARIA ELVIRA MATIZ,

                                                                    Petitioners,

                                  versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                   Respondent.


                      ________________________

                  Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                       Board of Immigration Appeals
                       _________________________

                               (July 2, 2009)

Before TJOFLAT, CARNES and WILSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
       On September 10, 2002, petitioners Augusto Garcia Valderrama and his

wife, Maria Elvira Matiz, natives and citizens of Colombia, S.A., appeared before

an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) on a Notice to Appear, which charged them with

removability under the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) as

nonimmigrants who had remained in the United States for longer than authorized

by law. Petitioners conceded their removability and sought asylum 1 on the

grounds that (1) the FARC, a leftist guerilla group in Colombia, had persecuted

them with violence and attacked Matiz2 because Valderrama belonged to the

Conservative Party and had engaged in political activity and made speeches in

opposition to FARC tactics, and (2) they feared further persecution if returned to

Colombia. On March 10, 2003, the IJ held a hearing on their application. After

receiving Valderrama’s testimony and documentary evidence, the IJ found that

       [petitioners were] statutorily eligible for asylum and [Valderrama] had
       offered credible . . . testimony. . . [but] failed to establish a nexus to a
       protected ground under the [INA]. Furthermore, . . . [Valderrama’s]
       testimony regarding his political activities was not specific and was
       insufficient to meet the burden of demonstrating past persecution
       and/or a well-founded fear of future persecution.

The IJ therefore denied petitioners’ application.


       1
          Matiz is a derivative asylum applicant on Valderrama’s application. Petitioners also
applied for withholding of removal under the INA and the Convention Against Torture. Those
applications were denied in decisions that are not before us here.
       2
         The FARC attacked and beat Matiz at petitioners’ home. She was four months
pregnant and, in consequence of the attack, lost the fetus.
                                                 2
      Petitioners appealed the decision to the Board of Immigration Appeals

(“BIA”), challenging the IJ’s lack-of-nexus finding and the IJ’s determination that

they failed to demonstrate persecution. The BIA dismissed the appeal on August

13, 2004, agreeing with the IJ that petitioners failed to establish a nexus between

FARC’s threats and violence and Valderrama’s political activity. Petitioners then

petitioned this court for review.

      We granted the petition for review and remanded the case to the BIA for

further proceedings with this statement:

      The record in this case compels the conclusion that the FARC targeted
      Valderrama, in part, because of his political opinion. The IJ’s holding
      that he failed to show that his harm was linked to his political opinion
      was therefore erroneous. Additionally, because the IJ failed to
      determine whether the petitioners suffered past persecution or
      established that they have a well-founded fear of future persecution,
      we must remand the case to allow the agency to decide the issue in the
      first instance.

Garcia-Valderrama v. U.S. Attorney General, 130 Fed.Appx. 434, 437 PIN (11 th
Cir. 2005).

      On receipt of our mandate, the BIA, on September 9, 2005, remanded the

case to the IJ for further proceedings. The IJ construed our mandate as requiring

him “to determine if [petitioners] suffered past persecution or had a well-founded

fear of future persecution.” As it turned out, the IJ decided to do this on the basis

of the record of the March 10, 2003 hearing on petitioners’ asylum application

augmented with documents portraying Colombia’s “current country conditions.”
                                           3
Accordingly, at a master calendar hearing on October 14, 2005, the IJ ordered

petitioners to submit such documentation.3

       The IJ scheduled a hearing for January 24, 2006, in Miami, Florida, to

consider the merits of petitioners’ application, then sua sponte rescheduled the

hearing for April 17, 2006. Petitioners, who were living in Texas, traveled to

Miami for the hearing, but were notified after they arrived, on April 17, that the IJ

would not be able to hold the hearing. On April 24, the IJ rescheduled the hearing

for July 20, 2006. Petitioners appeared with counsel. The IJ announced that the

hearing was limited to what was already in the record – the record of the March 10,

2003 hearing and the documentation that had been submitted pursuant to his

October 14, 2005 order. Petitioners’ attorney asked the IJ for permission to present

the testimony of petitioner Matiz, since she had not testified at the March 10, 2003

hearing, but the IJ denied counsel’s request. The IJ adjourned the hearing with the

statement that he would issue a written decision in due course.

       On August 15, 2006, the IJ issued his decision, denying petitioners asylum

and ordering their removal. The IJ found that the harm Valderrama and his wife

sustained at the hands of the FARC did not constitute past persecution. Assuming,



       3
         The documentation admitted into evidence in accordance with the IJ’s instructions
consisted of a U.S. Department of State 2004 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in
Colombia; a U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Colombia
and February 2006 Background Note; and various documents submitted by the respondent.
                                               4
however, that they had suffered past persecution, the IJ held that “the regulatory

presumption of future persecution would be rebutted due to the change in country

conditions.” On that score, he “determined that [petitioners’] past suffering did not

constitute persecution, and, therefore, any fears of similar sufferings in the future

d[id] not constitute persecution . . . [and] that [petitioners’] well-founded fear of

future persecution has not been established.”     But, assuming that they had,

Colombian country conditions had changed dramatically since 2000, with FARC’s

strength declining and incidents of FARC’s kidnaping and other violent crimes

decreasing. Further, and that assuming that petitioners had shown past

persecution, the presumption that they would suffer future persecution had been

rebutted due to the change in country conditions. In addition, petitioners had not

established a reasonably objective fear of returning to Colombia.

      Petitioners appealed the IJ’s decision to the BIA. In their brief to the BIA,

petitioners argued that the IJ failed to follow the mandate of this court and the BIA

to conduct “further proceedings” on their asylum application for the purpose of

determining whether they suffered past persecution or had a well-founded fear of

future persecution on account of their political opinion; that the IJ denied them

procedural due process by denying them the right to present the testimony of

Matiz. As the BIA recited in its decision dismissing the appeal,



                                            5
      [petitioners] argue[d] that the [IJ] disregarded the remand issued by
      this Board and by the Eleventh Circuit, and violated their
      constitutional right to due process, as he did not allow [them] to
      present any testimony on remand. They also complain[ed] that the
      [IJ] erred and violated their rights by requiring them, and not the
      Department of Homeland Security, to present the evidence of changed
      country conditions.4

      In dismissing the appeal, the BIA noted the IJ’s findings that petitioners

failed to establish past persecution and that, assuming they had established it, “the

regulatory presumption of future persecution would be rebutted due to the change

in country conditions in Colombia. . . .” The BIA agreed “with the [IJ’s] finding of

changed country conditions,” but said nothing in its decision in response to

petitioners’ argument that the IJ had denied them due process in refusing to allow

them to present any testimony.

      Petitioners now seek review of the BIA’s latest decision. Two issues are

presented: (1) whether substantial evidence supports the agency’s conclusion that

Valderrama’s proof failed to establish a well-founded fear of future persecution;




      4
          Regarding this point, we note that 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b) states, in relevant part:

      An [asylum] applicant who has been found to have established . . . past
      persecution shall also be presumed to have a well-founded fear of persecution . . .
      . That presumption may be rebutted if an . . . [IJ] [finds] by a preponderance of
      the evidence . . . [t]hat there has been a fundamental change in circumstances
      such that the applicant no longer has a well-founded fear of persecution in the
      applicant’s country. . . .
                                                  6
(2) whether the IJ denied petitioners due process of law by failing to conduct a full

and fair hearing on remand.

      When the BIA issues a decision, we review only that decision, except to the

extent that it expressly adopts the IJ’s decision. Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d

1262, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001). Here, the BIA agreed with some of the IJ’s findings

but also made additional observations, so we will review both the IJ’s and the

BIA’s decisions.

      To the extent that the BIA’s decision was based on a legal determination, our

review is de novo. Mohammed v. Ashcroft, 261 F.3d 1244, 1247-48 (11th Cir.

2001). The BIA and IJ’s findings of fact are reviewed under the substantial-

evidence test, and we must affirm if the findings are “‘supported by reasonable,

substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.’” Al

Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1283-84 (citation omitted). The substantial evidence test is

“deferential” and does not allow “re-weigh[ing] the evidence from scratch.”

Mazariegos v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 241 F.3d 1320, 1323 (11th Cir. 2001). “To reverse

the . . . fact findings, we must find that the record not only supports reversal, but

compels it.” Mendoza v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 327 F.3d 1283, 1287 (11th Cir. 2003).

That evidence in the record may also support a conclusion contrary to the

administrative findings is not enough to justify a reversal. Adefemi v. Ashcroft,

386 F.3d 1022, 1027 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc).
                                            7
      Valderrama argues that the BIA erred in dismissing his appeal because it is

established and well-known that the FARC targets people like him, who speak out

against the FARC and have some financial resources. He contends that his

unrebutted testimony was both credible and detailed regarding his fear of returning

to Colombia as well as the past persecution he endured there. As such, his

testimony was sufficient to meet the burden of proving eligibility for asylum.

Valderrama claims that the events he described, specifically (1) being stopped on

the road and told to cease his political activities; (2) his wife’s being beaten and

left for dead, which resulted in her losing her baby and having to have an ovary

removed; and (3) being shot at while driving, when taken together, indicate past

persecution. Moreover, the IJ erred in finding that the shooting incident was not

politically motivated, since this court had already ruled in his favor on that issue.

According to Valderrama, he produced voluminous documentary evidence that

corroborated the facts set forth in his application and testimony and supported his

claim for asylum, but, of all that documentary evidence, the IJ only pointed out

those articles favoring the proposition of changed country conditions without

mentioning or explaining the articles discussing Colombia’s ongoing violence and

the FARC’s refusal to negotiate peace with the Uribe administration.




                                            8
      The Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland Security has discretion

to grant asylum if an alien meets the INA’s definition of a “refugee.” See INA

§ 208(b)(1)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A). A “refugee” is:

      any person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality
      . . . and who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or
      unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country
      because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on
      account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular
      social group, or political opinion.

INA § 101(a)(42)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). The asylum applicant carries the

burden of proving statutory “refugee” status. Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1284. To

carry this burden, the alien must, with specific and credible evidence, establish

(1) past persecution on account of a statutorily listed factor, or (2) a “well-founded

fear” that the statutorily listed factor will cause future persecution. 8 C.F.R.

§ 208.13(a), (b); Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 440 F.3d 1247, 1257 (11th Cir. 2006). If

an alien demonstrates past persecution, which creates a presumption of future

persecution, the burden then shifts to the government to show by a preponderance

of the evidence that (1) there is a fundamental change in circumstance such that the

alien no longer has a well-founded fear of persecution; or (2) the alien could avoid

future persecution by relocating to another part of the country and under the

circumstances it would be reasonable to expect the alien to do so. 8 C.F.R.

§ 208.13(b)(1)(i)(A) and (B).

                                            9
      In the absence of past persecution, the alien “must demonstrate a

well-founded fear of future persecution that is both subjectively genuine and

objectively reasonable.” Ruiz, 440 F.3d at 1257. “The subjective component can

be proved ‘by the applicant’s credible testimony that he or she genuinely fears

persecution,’ while the objective component ‘can be fulfilled either by establishing

past persecution or that he or she has a good reason to fear future persecution.’”

Id. (citation omitted). We require the applicant to present “specific, detailed facts

showing a good reason to fear that he or she will be singled out for persecution on

account of” a protected ground. Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1287 (quotation marks and

citation omitted) (emphasis in original).

      Where the BIA fails to consider an issue, the proper course of action is to

remand except in rare circumstances. I.N.S. v. Orlando Ventura, 537 U.S. 12, 16,

123 S.Ct. 353, 355, 154 L.Ed.2d. 272 (2002); Calle v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 504 F.3d

1324, 1330 (11th Cir. 2007) (describing a rare circumstance as one raising legal

and not factual issues).

      We conclude that the evidence on the record of Colombia’s country

conditions compels reversal of the IJ and the BIA’s determination that country

conditions have changed such that Valderrama no longer has a well-founded fear

of future persecution. We remand the case, however, so the BIA can consider



                                            10
whether Valderrama made a showing of past persecution and whether relocation

within Colombia is a reasonable option.

      Valderrama argues that the IJ disregarded our remand order and, in so doing,

violated his constitutional right to due process. We remanded the case for further

proceedings, but, except for instructing Valderrama to submit documentary

evidence about Colombia’s country conditions, he held no further proceedings.

Valderrama claims that such instruction indicated the IJ’s intent to deny his asylum

application and improperly placed the burden of proving country conditions on

him. The IJ’s refusal to allow Matiz to testify and his statement that our remand

order only directed him to “make a finding” is evidence of such intent. If the IJ

was right, and all we directed him to do was to make a finding without taking

further testimony, he should have made his finding on the basis of the record of the

original asylum hearing.

      “A court of appeals is not generally empowered to conduct a de novo inquiry

into the matter being reviewed and to reach its own conclusions based on such an

inquiry . . . . [r]ather, the proper course, except in rare circumstances, is to remand

to the agency for additional investigation or explanation.” Gonzales v. Thomas,

547 U.S. 183, 186, 126 S.Ct. 1613, 1615, 164 L.Ed.2d 358 (2006) (quotations and

citations omitted). Exhaustion is specifically required where a petitioner alleges a

due process violation in being denied a full and fair hearing. See
                                           11
Amaya-Artunduaga v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 463 F.3d 1247, 1251 (11th Cir. 2006).

Accordingly, where, as in this case, the BIA fails to consider an issue, the proper

course of action is to remand. Orlando Ventura, 537 U.S. at 16, 123 S.Ct. at 355.

      Because the BIA failed to address Valderrama’s argument that the IJ denied

petitioners due process of law in depriving them of a full and fair hearing on

remand, we remand the case to the BIA with the instruction that it address the

argument.

      PETITION GRANTED.




                                          12
