J-S33034-18


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    JELANI SONDARI                             :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 2939 EDA 2017

            Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence August 10, 2017
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                       No(s): CP-51-CR-0007327-2013


BEFORE:      OTT, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and STEVENS*, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.:                            FILED JUNE 05, 2018

        Appellant Jelani Sondari appeals from the judgment of sentence of two

years’ probation entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County

on August 10, 2017, following his conviction of resisting arrest.1 We affirm.

        The trial court set forth the relevant procedural and factual history

herein as follows:

        Procedural History

               On August 10, 2017, Appellant [ ] proceeded to trial before
        this [c]ourt, sitting without a jury. The [c]ourt found Appellant
        guilty of resisting arrest, only. Appellant was sentenced
        that same date to two years probation[.]
               A timely Notice of Appeal was filed on September 8, 2017[.]
               On September 31, 2017, the [c]ourt entered an order
        directing the filing of a Statement of Matters Complained of on
        Appeal, pursuant to Pa. R. A. P. 1925(b)[.]
               A timely Statement pursuant to Pa.R A P 1925(b) was filed
        on October 6, 2017.
____________________________________________


1   18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5104.
____________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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     Factual History

            The evidence adduced at trial, viewed in the light most
     favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict winner, established
     the following:
            On the afternoon of Wednesday, November 23, 2012, police
     officers were in the vicinity of 4100 Germantown Avenue
     investigating a narcotics transaction, involving entry into a parked
     white van[.] N.T. 8/10/17, pp 8-9[.] As the officers attempted to
     stop the two men, they fled and the officers gave chase. Crack
     cocaine was recovered from one male, while the second discarded
     several dozen Percocets and Xanax pills. N T 8/10/17, pp. 9-11[.]
            Because of the possible involvement of the van, the officers
     sought to secure it for investigation[.] N.T. 8/10/17, pp. 10, 12.
     Upon returning to the van, the officers observed Appellant enter
     the van and sit in the driver's seat[.] [T]here was a three-year-
     old child, identified as Appellant's son, [ ] in the back seat[.] N T
     8/10/17, pp 13, 39[.]
            Officer Strubinger explained to Appellant that the van was
     being held for investigation, then requested that Appellant exit the
     van[.] N.T 8/10/17, pp 12, 40, 51. Appellant refused to exit the
     vehicle. N.T. 8/10/17, pp. 12-13[.] Officer Russel[] drew his taser
     and directed Appellant to exit the vehicle, which he refused to
     do[.] N T 8/10/17. pp. 40, 42, 46. Instead Appellant pulled the
     child into his lap. N T. 8/10/17, pp. 14-15, 26, 40, 45.
            After a few minutes of Officer Strubinger attempting to
     convince Appellant to leave the vehicle, Officer Waltman stepped
     up and open[ed] the passenger door to pull Appellant from the
     vehicle as Officer Russel attempted to get Appellant's attention[.]
     N.T. 8/10/17, pp 13-14, 33-34, 42. As Officer Waltman grabbed
     Appellant, Appellant turned and punched Officer Waltman in the
     jaw, snapping his head back. N T. 8/10/17, pp. 13-14, 48[.]
     Officer Waltman suffered a laceration to his chin from being
     punched[.] N.T. 8/10/17, pp 30-32, 41, 49, 53; Exhibit D -2(a)
     and (b)[.] At that point, Officer Russell, who was standing at the
     open front passenger window of the van, discharged his taser at
     Appellant. N T 8/10/17, pp. 14-15[.] Appellant fell from the
     vehicle, [was] handcuffed and transported to the hospital. N.T.
     8/10/17, pp 15. 28, 32-33.


Trial Court Opinion, filed 10/19/17, at 1-2.



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J-S33034-18



      In his brief, Appellant presents the following “Statement of the

Questions Involved”:


      Did the lower court violate Appellant’s state and federal
      constitutional rights to confront his accuser by improperly
      curtailing   trial   counsel’s  cross-examination     of    both
      Commonwealth witnesses while attempting to show that the
      witnesses had a bias, motive to lie and were offering inaccurate
      and deceitful testimony[?]

Brief for Appellant at 3.

      The Sixth Amendment guarantees a criminal defendant the right
      to confront witnesses against him, which includes the right to
      cross-examine witnesses. However, it is well settled that it is
      within the discretion of the trial court to determine the scope and
      limits of cross-examination and that an appellate court cannot
      reverse those findings absent a clear abuse of discretion or an
      error of law.

Commonwealth v. Whiting, 668 A.2d 151, 157 (Pa.Super. 1995) (citations

and internal quotations omitted), appeal denied, 544 Pa. 629, 675A.2d 1247

(1995).   Although “the allowance or disallowance of questions on cross-

examination is normally left to the sound discretion of the trial judge[,] where

limitations imposed by the court upon cross-examination are such as plainly

inhibit the ability of the accused to obtain a fair trial, the general rule is

manifestly inapplicable.” Commonwealth v. Spiewak, 533 Pa. 1, 13, 617

A.2d 696, 702 (1992).

      Appellant maintains that the trial court’s act of curtailing defense

counsel’s cross-examination violated his right to confront witnesses against

him secured by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States


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Constitution and Article 1, Section 9 of the Pennsylvania Constitution in that

it prohibited counsel from “assessing the officers’ bias, motivation to lie,

imperfections of perception, memory and narration.” Brief for Appellant at

11. Appellant highlights the following exchanges to support his argument:

            During cross-examination, trial counsel attempted to elicit
     from the testifying officers that their conduct-and in particular
     Officer Russel's conduct-ran directly counter to the Philadelphia
     Police Department's directives regarding the use of tasers. As
     soon as trial counsel mentioned the directives-and without
     objection from the Commonwealth-the lower court stated: "I just
     want to make sure we're going to try this like a criminal case and
     not a civil rights case-which I would love to hear one day-but
     that's not where we are." (id. at 18-23).
            After trial counsel elucidated from Officer Strubinger that it
     was counter to the department's directives to draw a taser on a
     suspect who is merely passively resisting, counsel asked, "[i]f
     somebody had pulled out their taser ahead of time, before the
     punch, that would not be appropriate, correct?" Again, without
     objection from the Commonwealth, the lower court jumped in
     prior to the officer answering the question and the following
     exchange occurred:

          THE COURT: We're going to stop it here, see, because
          this is what happens when we get into directives, we get
          into speculation of how they should be applied. How they
          should be applied is really up to the fact finder, whether
          it be a panel or a CP judge in a criminal trial. I've heard
          the facts from his perspective, and I'm happy to hear
          anything else. Just, I'm done with the directives.

          TRIAL COUNSEL: Well, Your Honor, that's what we're
          -- when they're allowed to use this force and when they
          are not. If an officer breaks a directive, it's reasonable
          to think that he may not be honest down the road to
          cover up, especially in a situation like that where there
          were multiple officers who have since been promoted.

          THE    COURT:     Again,   you've     established    his
          understanding of what the directives are. He's told you
          what happened in his mind.

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           TRIAL COUNSEL: Fair enough.

            THE COURT: Let's move on.
      (id. at 23). Later, when trial counsel began cross-examining
      Officer Waltman along the same lines, counsel was again shut
      down (id. at 46).
             During cross-examination of the same witness, trial counsel
      asked whether any officer documented who the toddler was
      released to or anything else about the child. The lower court
      indicated "[t]hat might be the subject of a discovery motion in
      which case I would rule as to whether or not you need that. We're
      at trial. This is not a discovery dep[osition] or anything like
      that[.]" (id. at 35).
             In addition, during cross-examination of Officer Waltman,
      trial counsel asked, "I'm assuming, given what's going on, the
      child was pretty hysterical, pretty upset?" Again without a
      Commonwealth objection, the lower court prohibited that line of
      questioning and stated, "I'm done talking about that" (id. at 51).
      Prior to that question, there had been no questions or discussion
      regarding the child's demeanor throughout the trial.

Brief for Appellant at 7-9.

      A review of the record reveals that Appellant did not request a sidebar

or otherwise act to preserve his claim that his right to confrontation under

both the state and federal constitutions was violated when the trial court made

its rulings. Rather, the record reflects that Appellant continued cross-

examination by pursuing other lines of questioning. Additionally, Appellant

failed to preserve the issue he now attempts to raise in a post-trial motion. In

fact, Appellant stated in his notice of appeal filed on September 8, 2017, that

“[n]o post-sentence motions were filed.” Therefore, Appellant has waived this

issue on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (issues not raised in the lower court

are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal); see also


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Commonwealth v. Sanchez, 623 Pa. 253, 297, 82 A.3d 943, 969 (2013)

(same).

         Even assuming arguendo that Appellant properly preserved this claim

for appellate review, he fails to demonstrate how the trial court’s controlling

the scope of the officers’ cross-examination plainly inhibited Appellant's ability

to obtain a fair trial. Contrary to Appellant’s assertions, the trial court did not

forbid counsel from exploring the question of whether the officers violated the

police     department’s    regulations.    Indeed,    Appellant    admits     “the

Commonwealth’s case showed that Officer Russel violated Philadelphia Police

Department Directive 10.3.” Brief for Appellant at 15.       Moreover, Appellant

acknowledges “the Commonwealth and Appellant presented incompatible

accounts through competent evidence. The primary question to be resolved

by the finder of fact was a question of credibility- who to believe.” Id. at 19.

         The trial court acted as fact finder, and the record supports its

conclusions that it had provided Appellant’s counsel significant leeway to

cross-examine police officers on police department directives and policy. The

trial court stressed that Officer Geoffrey Strubinger was examined regarding

taser training and procedures, and Officer Ryan Waltman answered similar

questions as well as discussed his familiarity with taser use. The trial court

explained it limited Officer Strubinger’s testimony only after defense counsel

had posed sixteen questions pertaining to taser training and even thereafter

permitted an additional five interrogatories on this point before counsel


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“drifted off point.”2 The court further stated it did not permit examination

regarding the use of an ASP3 or other type of baton, because no such

instrument was involved in the instant matter. Trial Court Opinion, 10/19/17,

at 3-5 (citing N.T., 8/10/17, at 18-25, 46, 53).

       In addition, the trial court pointed out it allowed defense counsel to

cross-examine      officers   regarding        documentation   and   paperwork   they

prepared during the course of their investigation. The court noted it sustained

the Commonwealth’s objection to defense counsel’s questioning of Officer

Strubinger concerning who picked up Appellant’s son after Appellant’s arrest

as it deemed it to be irrelevant to the charge of resisting arrest.       Trial Court

Opinion, 10/19/17, at 5 (citing N.T., 8/10/17, at 35). The trial court added

that despite Appellant’s claims to the contrary, it permitted defense counsel

ample leeway in questioning the officers about their treatment of the child at

the time of Appellant’s arrest. While defense counsel asked twenty-one

questions in this regard, the only objection the trial court sustained was that




____________________________________________


2 The trial court indicated it would allow questions concerning the procedure
followed in this case “with limitations” and maintained that in its view
“someone can act wrongfully even if they’re [sic] in compliance with directives
and vice versa.” N.T., 8/10/17, at 20.

3An ASP collapsible baton is a metal weapon that extends to approximately
30 inches in length and is used by law enforcement and marketed to the public
as a self-defense weapon.



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J-S33034-18


which followed the query regarding the child’s demeanor. Id. at 6 (citing N.T.,

8/10/17, 18, 26, 27, 29, 43, 35, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51-52).

       Following our review of the record and in light of the foregoing, had

Appellant’s issue not been waived on appeal, we would find that it lacks merit,

because he has entirely failed to demonstrate how the trial court abused its

discretion or otherwise inhibited his ability to obtain a fair trial by restricting

his cross-examination of the officers.           Therefore, we affirm Appellant’s

judgment of sentence.4

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 6/5/18




____________________________________________


4 This Court is not bound by the rationale of the lower court, and we may
affirm it on any basis. Commonwealth v. Williams, 73 A.3d 609, 617
(Pa.Super. 2013), appeal denied, 624 Pa. 690, 87 A.3d 320 (2014).



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