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                      REVISED August 28, 2018

        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT   United States Court of Appeals
                                                                      Fifth Circuit

                                                                     FILED
                                 No. 16-30104                    August 24, 2018
                                                                  Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                       Clerk

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

             Plaintiff - Appellee Cross-Appellant

v.

PETER M. HOFFMAN

             Defendant - Cross-Appellee

MICHAEL P. ARATA; SUSAN HOFFMAN,

            Defendants - Appellants Cross-Appellees
______________________________________________________________________

cons. w/ 16-30226

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

             Plaintiff - Appellee-Cross- Appellant

v.

PETER M. HOFFMAN,

            Defendant - Appellant-Cross- Appellee
______________________________________________________________________
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                      c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527




cons. w/ 16-30013

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

              Plaintiff - Appellant

v.

PETER M. HOFFMAN; MICHAEL P. ARATA,

              Defendants – Appellees

______________________________________________________________________

cons. w/ 16-30527

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

              Plaintiff - Appellee Cross-Appellant

v.

PETER M. HOFFMAN,

                Defendant - Appellant Cross-Appellee

MICHAEL P. ARATA; SUSAN HOFFMAN,

                Defendants - Cross Appellees



                Appeals from the United States District Court
                    for the Eastern District of Louisiana




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Before KING, DENNIS, and COSTA, Circuit Judges.
GREGG COSTA, Circuit Judge:
      We withdraw the prior panel opinion and substitute the following:
      With its colorful history and rich cultural stew, Louisiana has long been
a popular setting for works of fiction, including movies. In recent years the
state has also tried to become a place where films are made. That effort
enjoyed considerable success. The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, Django
Unchained, Twelve Years a Slave, The Dallas Buyer’s Club, and Dawn of the
Planet of the Apes are some recent films of note shot in New Orleans. Believe
it or not, in one recent year (2013) Louisiana surpassed even California as the
most popular locale for filming major-studio productions.           Mike Scott,
Louisiana Outpaces Los Angeles, New York, and All Others in 2013 Film
Production, Study Shows, TIMES-PICAYUNE (Mar. 10, 2014). This development
led some to call New Orleans “Hollywood South.” Id.
      State tax credits for the film industry spurred much of this growth. Id.
(“[M]ake no mistake: The state’s tax-credit program . . . is largely responsible
for the surge in local productions.”). They also provided an incentive for fraud.
A jury found that to be the case for Peter Hoffman, Michael Arata, and Susan
Hoffman.    It credited the government’s allegations that they submitted
fraudulent claims for tax credits, mostly by (1) submitting false invoices for
construction work and film equipment or (2) using “circular transactions” that
made transfers of money between bank accounts look like expenditures related
to movie production.    Their principal challenge to those convictions is an
argument that the tax credits are not property within the meaning of the mail
and wire fraud statutes but are instead akin to the video poker licenses the
Supreme Court rejected as a basis for federal prosecution in Cleveland v.
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United States, 531 U.S. 12 (2000). If we conclude that the credits are property
subject to the federal fraud statutes, defendants also contend that the evidence
was insufficient to convict because they made a good-faith effort to comply with
a state program riddled with gray areas.
      While the defendants seek to undo their convictions, the government is
unhappy with the sentences of probation that all three received. So it too
appeals, arguing that the substantial downward variances exceeded the
district court’s discretion. The government also contends that the district court
improperly vacated a number of the jury’s guilty verdicts.
                                       I.
      The Hoffmans and Arata owned and jointly operated Seven Arts Pictures
Louisiana, LLC (Seven Arts). Each of them was also involved in several other
film-related ventures.   Through their companies, defendants purchased a
“dilapidated mansion” at 807 Esplanade in New Orleans, intending to renovate
the structure and turn it into a postproduction facility where films are edited
and prepared for final release. To offset the cost of this project, Seven Arts
applied for film infrastructure tax credits with the state.
                                       A.
      Louisiana enacted the Motion Picture Incentive Tax Credit in 1992 to
encourage local development of the movie and television industry. La. Rev.
Stat. § 47:6007. In its initial form, the law authorized investors to claim a
credit for 50% to 70% of losses sustained during in-state film production. In
other words, it was a “safety net” for bad film investments. John Grand,
Motion Picture Tax Incentives: There’s No Business Like Show Business, STATE
TAX NOTES at 791 (Mar. 13, 2006). The state legislature extended the program
in 2002, permitting investors to claim tax credits for money spent on profitable
projects. La. Rev. Stat. § 47:6007(C)(1) (2002). The next year saw further
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amendment, this time allowing investors to sell or transfer the tax credits. Id.
§ 47:6007(C)(4) (2003).        This was an important innovation because many
investors—those like Peter Hoffman who resided in California—did not
themselves owe Louisiana taxes. Nontransferable credits had been of little
value to these numerous out-of-state producers.
       The program was again amended in 2005 (and extended in 2007), when
the legislature authorized income tax credits for state-certified infrastructure
and production projects. 1 See generally La. Rev. Stat. § 47:6007(C) (2005).
Projects with total base investment exceeding $300,000 could qualify for tax
credits worth up to 40% of in-state expenditures. Id. § 47:6007(C)(1)(b)(i), (iii);
see also Dep’t of Revenue, Policy Servs. Div., 2005 Regular Legislative Session:
Legislative    Summaries        5   (Jan.    13,    2006),    http://www.rev.state.la.us/
publications/lsls(2005).pdf.
       Louisiana’s Office of Entertainment Industry Development, a component
of the Department of Economic Development, administered the program.
Issuance of film tax credits was a two-step process. First, the applicant had to
file an initial application for tax credits and obtain a precertification letter from
the state agencies. See Red Stick Studio Dev., L.L.C. v. Louisiana, 56 So. 3d
181, 183–84 (La. 2011). After receiving that authorization, the applicant still
had to submit a cost report tallying its expenditures, accompanied by an audit
from an independent accountant. Id. at 183 n.4. After a review of those



       1  The film infrastructure tax credits central to this case lapsed in 2009, though
investors can still obtain credits for film production. See Loren C. Scott & Assocs., Inc., The
Economic Impact of Louisiana’s Entertainment Tax Credit Programs ii, 1–2 (Apr. 2013),
https://louisianaentertainment.gov/assets/ENT/docs/2013_OEID_Program_Impact_Report%
20_FINAL.pdf. But in June 2017 Louisiana lawmakers placed a long-term spending cap “on
the tax breaks for Hollywood South” and imposed a 2025 sunset provision on the entire
program. Associated Press, Louisiana’s Film Tax Credit Program to Continue, with a Cap,
TIMES-PICAYUNE (June 2, 2017).
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materials, the same state agencies determined whether the expenditures
should be certified and tax credits issued.
      For infrastructure projects, qualifying expenditures could include the
purchase, construction, and use of tangible items directly related to Louisiana
film production. The law defined “base investment” as the “actual investment
made and expended,” while “expended in the state” meant “property which is
acquired from a source within the state and . . . services procured and
performed in the state.” La. Rev. Stat. § 47:6007(B)(1), (3) (2007). And the
state could recapture tax credits if it found that “monies for which an investor
received tax credits . . . [we]re not invested in and expended with respect to a
state-certified production . . . and with respect to a state-certified
infrastructure project.” Id. § 47:6007(E)–(F) (2007).
                                             B.
      Such was the statutory and administrative landscape facing Peter,
Arata, and Susan as they sought to develop 807 Esplanade. 2 A bank loaned
them $3.7 million for the project, $1.7 million of which was earmarked to
purchase the property while the remainder was placed in an account that could
be drawn on to make payments for construction and renovation. From its
inception, Seven Arts sought to lower the cost of the 807 Esplanade project via
various tax credits. Beyond the film credits, for example, it sought “historic
rehabilitation tax credits.” In October 2007, Arata submitted the company’s
initial film credit application to the state, which included a cost estimate of $9
million, a business plan, and a contractor’s agreement.
      The state issued a precertification letter in May 2008.                  The letter
contained a caveat that it did not guarantee any tax credits would be issued.


      2   We refer to Peter and Susan Hoffman by their first names to avoid confusion.
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But it did note that the project as described “appear[ed] to meet the criteria of
a State-Certified Infrastructure Project,” subject to administrative rules that
may be released at a future date. The letter also placed certain restrictions on
the tax credit certification. Namely, Seven Arts had until the end of 2008 to
earn credits on the project, unless it spent $4.5 million prior to that date (in
which case future credits might be possible). It also mentioned that before any
credits could be “certified and released” at least $2.25 million (25%) in base
investment must have been spent on film-related infrastructure. That 25%
had to be used for “the creation of infrastructure specifically designed for
motion picture production,” not on the purchase of land or preexisting facilities.
But tax credits could be earned on so-called “multiple-use facilities” once the
production facility was complete.
                                       C.
         As the precertification letter emphasized, it did not authorize the
issuance of tax credits. That could only occur based on the “actual amount
expended by the project,” verification of that amount by an independent
auditor, and final approval by state authorities. To satisfy those critical final
steps,     the   defendants   submitted       three    cost     reports   and   audits.
Misrepresentations in those reports, the ones mentioned earlier that involved
fake invoices and circular transactions, are what led to this prosecution.
         In October 2008, two months prior to the expenditure deadline, Peter
and Arata hired an auditing firm to review project expenditures. Katherine
Dodge, the auditor, requested additional information, like bank transactions
showing the company’s transfers to vendors. Arata emailed Regions Bank with
a request to forward withdrawal and deposit slips to Dodge. But it was too
late. The next day Dodge’s firm withdrew based on her concerns.


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      Seven Arts soon replaced her with auditor Katie Davis of the Malcom
Dienes firm. Peter and Arata provided Davis with the company’s general
ledger, which noted a $7.42 million capital contribution from the parent
company—Seven Arts Pictures, Inc.—along with vendor invoices and receipt
of payment confirmations signed by Damon Martin and Leo Duvernay. These
documents made it appear as though the company had made payments out of
the capital contribution to Martin, owner of Departure Studios, for film
equipment and to Duvernay, the project’s general contractor, for construction.
But bank statements, which were not included just as they had not been sent
to the first auditor, revealed that those transactions were in reality
withdrawals and deposits of the same funds. They were, in other words,
“circular transactions” that the government argued were intended to trick
state authorities into believing that Martin and Duvernay had been paid when
they had not.
      In February 2009, Arata sent the first cost report, which claimed
$6,531,202 in qualifying expenditures through October 2008, along with the
auditor’s statement verifying that amount, to the state. Lacking access to the
bank records, the audit verified that $1,027,090 had been paid to Martin and
$1,749,257 to Duvernay. The report also listed a $3.7 million payment to
purchase and renovate 807 Esplanade, nearly the entire balance of the
remaining expenditures claimed.
      Louisiana authorities certified and “paid out” tax credits worth
$1,132,480.80 in June 2009. That amount was substantially below 40% of the
claimed expenditures because the $3.7 million building purchase was “deemed
multiuse” and therefore ineligible for credits until the project was complete.
After certification, Seven Arts “cashed in,” to use the district court’s words, by
selling the credits to third-party taxpayers.
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                      c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

      About two months after Louisiana issued the credits, concerns about
Peter fabricating invoices led Arata to send a letter terminating his day-to-day
participation in Seven Arts and other projects in which he acted as Peter’s
lawyer. Arata also reported his concerns about the invoices to the President
and CFO of the Seven Arts parent company. He did not, however, report this
to state authorities in accordance with ethics advice he received from a lawyer.
Nor did he mention his concerns in his letter to Peter. Instead, he invoked the
time-honored excuse of needing to devote more time to his family (his son), as
well as to his other business interests. Because Arata retained an ownership
stake in Seven Arts through his interest in Voodoo Studios, LLC, he stated in
the letter to Peter that he would still “assist with the renovation and
completion of 807 Esplanade as my time permits.”
      So Peter on his own submitted the company’s second cost report to state
authorities in January 2010. That report, audited by the Dienes firm, claimed
almost $6 million in expenditures related to 807 Esplanade from November
2008 to September 2009, an amount in addition to that already certified in
June 2009. The purported expenditures included $2,302,860 in construction
costs paid to Duvernay, $807,202 for audio equipment, $705,587 for interest
payments on a $10 million loan from Seven Arts Filmed Entertainment LA,
LLC (SAFELA), $400,000 in project management fees to Leeway Properties,
Inc. (a Susan Hoffman entity), $350,000 in legal and notary fees for Peter and
Arata, $250,000 for construction finance supervision, and $150,000 for Leeway
office space. For differing reasons, the government at trial challenged the
legitimacy of these expenditures. For example, Seven Arts had supported the
construction payments with a Duvernay-signed invoice that the company
created only in anticipation of the Dienes audit. Duvernay testified that the
fees were not actually paid to his company but that he signed the invoice
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                                 No. 16-30104
                       c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

anyway because Susan told him that the document “was just for [Peter’s] own
records.” The request for legal fees shows that Arata was not completely out
of the loop despite sending the letter. After receiving an invoice for the legal
fees relating to 807 Esplanade, Arata sent one of his business partners an
email saying, “[Peter] wants to submit this for tax credits. Ha!” He continued,
“And since I was not his lawyer for the deal, it makes it even better. What he
could submit and what is actual are the bills he got from Guy Smith, even the
Jones Walker bills. But instead, he . . . puts me down as receiving $150K in
fees! Love it.”
      After Peter submitted the second cost report, state officials asked
forensic accountant Michael Daigle to analyze both rounds. As part of his
investigation, Daigle contacted the Dienes firm about concerns he had
developed. As a result of that interaction, the firm took the “very unique” step
of recalling its audits associated with both cost reports. It recalled the first
audit over Peter’s objection. Withdrawing the first audit, he thought, would be
“extremely damaging to the purchasers for value of the credits already
certified.” Those fears were not unfounded. After the Dienes firm withdrew
its audits, the state revoked the previously issued credits, declined to issue new
credits for the second cost report, and conveyed the problems unearthed during
Daigle’s investigation to the state inspector general.
      The company’s attempts to earn film tax credits on 807 Esplanade were
thus battered by the waves of the Daigle investigation, the audit withdrawal,
and the tax credit revocation. Nevertheless, Seven Arts persisted. By June
2012, 807 Esplanade was complete and the site functioned as a film production
and postproduction facility. The company retained a new firm, Silva Gurtner
& Abney LLC, to conduct an audit for a third cost report, this one covering
October 2007 to June 2012. In other words, Seven Arts wanted to claim tax
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                                    No. 16-30104
                          c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

credits not only for the period after September 2009 but also for the time
covered in the first two (rejected) cost reports. Of the $11,945,184 in claimed
expenditures, the Silva firm deemed $11,785,934 “qualified.” It even certified
a number of expenditures that were similar or identical to those the state had
rejected in the second cost report.
       At the state’s request, Daigle also conducted a forensic review of the
company’s third cost report. After reviewing the Silva audit, Daigle concluded
that the company’s qualifying expenditures totaled $2,743,319.18 by the end
of 2008, which would mean maximum allowable project expenditures of
$5,486,638.36 for tax credit purposes, per the limitations outlined in the state’s
precertification letter. Daigle cast doubt on the $3,842,355 in related party
transactions contained in the Silva audit.              Even excluding that amount,
however, the company’s total qualifying infrastructure expenditures—based
on the acquisition and construction costs for 807 Esplanade—exceeded that
maximum allowable amount, making it eligible for up to $2,194,655.34 in tax
credits. 3 Having apparently never faced a similar situation and relying on
Daigle, the state decided to “reestablish” the tax credits issued after
submission of the first cost report, thereby avoiding punishment of third-party
purchasers of Seven Arts credits.
       The state inspector general enlisted the help of the FBI and began
investigating the company’s tax credits. This led the Silva firm to withdraw,
revise, and then reissue its July 2012 audit in order to disclose uncertainties
about the legitimacy of certain expenditures.




       3 At trial, however, Daigle testified that his best estimate of qualifying expenditures
for Seven Arts was roughly $4.2 million, which equates to allowable tax credits of about $1.6
million.
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                                No. 16-30104
                      c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

                                      D.
      The joint state and federal investigation led to the filing of criminal
charges. No model of restraint, the indictment contains 25 counts. It charges
Peter with one count of conspiracy to commit mail and wire fraud, nineteen
counts of wire fraud, and one count of mail fraud. It charges Arata with one
count of conspiracy, nineteen counts of wire fraud, one count of mail fraud, and
four counts of making false statements to the FBI. And it charges Susan with
one count of conspiracy, fifteen counts of wire fraud, and one count of mail
fraud.
      During the two-week trial, the government sought to prove that the
defendants fabricated invoices and shifted money in and out of accounts to
make it appear as though Seven Arts had actually spent money on film
infrastructure when it had not. The defendants countered that in the face of a
difficult-to-interpret statutory regime they had made efforts to comply with
state custom and practice as established by the acceptance of prior tax credit
applications.
      The jury did not buy that defense. It convicted Peter on all 21 counts. It
convicted Arata of 13 counts—conspiracy, seven counts of wire fraud, one count
of mail fraud, and four counts of making a false statement. Reflecting that
Susan’s name was “scarcely mentioned” during the trial, the jury found her
guilty only of one count each of conspiracy, wire fraud, and mail fraud.
      The defendants moved for judgments of acquittal. In a lengthy opinion,
the district court granted Peter’s motion with respect to five counts of wire
fraud (Counts 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7) but denied the remainder; granted Arata’s
motion with respect to all but the conspiracy count (Count 1) and one count of
wire fraud (Count 6); and denied Susan’s motion. The district court then
denied defendants’ motions for new trial, both with respect to their remaining
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convictions and for all counts in the event that this court were to reverse the
acquittals.
       The district court imposed sentences far below those suggested by the
Sentencing Guidelines. The Guidelines recommended sentences of roughly 14
to 17 years for Peter, 9 to 11 years for Arata, and 4 to 5 years for Susan. But
the district court placed all of them on probation—five years for Peter, 4 four
for Arata, and three for Susan.
       The government also sought forfeiture of the issued tax credits and
restitution on behalf of the state. The district court ordered forfeiture in the
amount of $223,434.25. But in a ruling not challenged on appeal, it denied the
government’s motion for restitution because the state, in its view, ended up
suffering no “actual, pecuniary loss.” Even if it had initially suffered a loss in
issuing tax credits due to fraud, the court concluded the state did not
ultimately lose money because Seven Arts eventually made infrastructure
expenditures on 807 Esplanade entitling the company to an amount of credits
at least equal to those issued.
                                             II.
       The parties raise numerous issues in their cross appeals. We begin with
the one that would wipe away all the conspiracy and fraud counts: defendants’
contention that the Louisiana tax credits are not “property” covered by the
federal fraud statutes. Their vehicle for raising this issue was a motion to
dismiss the indictment, see FED. R. CRIM. P. 12(b)(3), the denial of which we
review de novo, United States v. Cooper, 714 F.3d 873, 876–77 (5th Cir. 2013).




       4At the sentencing hearing, the district court sentenced Peter to six years’ probation.
The judgment shows a sentence of five years, which is the statutory maximum. 18 U.S.C.
§ 3561(c)(1).
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        The mail and wire fraud statutes, which have the same elements other
than the jurisdictional hook of the mailing or interstate wire, criminalize
schemes “to defraud, or for obtaining money or property by means of false or
fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises.” 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341, 1343.
Property, as ordinarily understood, extends to every kind of valuable right and
interest. See Pasquantino v. United States, 544 U.S. 349, 356 (2005) (citing
Leocal v. Ashcroft, 543 U.S. 1, 9 (2004)). Under the common law of fraud, and
the even more venerable law of common sense, “[t]he right to be paid money
has long been thought to be a species of property.”         Id. at 356 (citing
BLACKSTONE, COMMENTARIES ON THE LAWS OF ENGLAND 153–55 (1768)).
Common law fraud encompassed both defrauding a victim of money and of her
entitlement to that money because of the “economic equivalence between
money in hand and money legally due.” Id. That the victim happened to be
the government, instead of a private party, did not negate that economic injury.
Id.
        The Supreme Court set forth these principles in considering whether a
scheme to defraud Canada of excise tax revenue by smuggling liquor into the
country violated the wire fraud statute. Id. at 353. By evading taxes that
would have been due had the liquor imports been declared, the defendants
inflicted a “straightforward” economic injury akin to “embezzl[ing] funds from
the Canadian treasury.” Id. at 356–57. Indeed, a country “could hardly have
a more ‘economic’ interest than in the receipt of tax revenue.” Id. at 357.
Smuggling goods to deprive a government of tax revenue via a fraudulent
scheme that used interstate wires was thus held to constitute wire fraud. Id.
at 357. Although Pasquantino involved depriving a foreign government of tax
revenue, prosecutors have also successfully used the mail and wire fraud
statutes against schemes to defraud state and local governments of tax
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revenue. See Fountain v. United States, 357 F.3d 250, 260 (2d Cir. 2004)
(deeming taxes owed to states and the federal government property within the
meaning of the mail and wire fraud statutes); see also United States v. Louper-
Morris, 672 F.3d 539, 557 (8th Cir. 2012); United States v. Frederick, 422 F.
App’x 404, 405 (6th Cir. 2011) (both involving schemes to defraud states of tax
revenue); Matthew D. Lee, Chicago Restaurant Tax Case Highlights Broad
DOJ Authority, LAW360 (May 25, 2016), https://www.law360.com/articles/
800503/chicago-restaurant-tax-case-highlights-broad-doj-authority
(discussing case in which restaurant owner pleaded guilty to wire fraud for
failing to pay state taxes on cash transactions); cf. Hemi Grp., LLC v. City of
New York, 559 U.S. 1, 4 (2010) (evaluating a suit in which New York City
brought RICO charges, based on predicate acts of mail and wire fraud, because
defendant allegedly caused the loss of “tens of millions of dollars in
unrecovered cigarette taxes”).
      From Pasquantino’s holding that tax revenue is property under the fraud
statutes, it follows that Louisiana’s tax credits can also be the object of a
scheme to defraud. As tax credits reduce the dollars otherwise owed to the
state, lying to obtain them has the same effect as lying to evade taxes: the state
collects less money. Indeed, the drain on Louisiana finances caused by the film
tax credit regime—$282.6 million in just one year (2016)—led the state to
curtail the program. Tyler Bridges, New Study of Louisiana Film Tax Credit
Program Again Finds Expensive, “Significant Hit” to Budget, ADVOCATE (Apr.
10, 2017). 5 Fraud in connection with obtaining those tax credits can affect the



      5  Tax breaks on three projects alone—The Green Lantern, The Twilight Saga:
Breaking Dawn, and HBO’s True Detective—cost the state nearly $85 million. Louisiana’s
Film Tax Credit Program to Continue, with a Cap, supra note 1. At least the Louisiana
season of True Detective was the good one.
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                                 No. 16-30104
                       c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

state’s books as much as fraud used to evade paying Louisiana income taxes.
Either situation implicates the state’s interest in taxes owed that Pasquantino
recognizes as property.
      Tax credits are also the functional equivalent of government spending
programs. See Drew Desilver, The Biggest U.S. Tax Breaks, PEW RES. CTR.
(Apr. 6, 2016), http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/04/06/the-biggest-
u-s-tax-breaks/ (“[S]uch special-purpose breaks are effectively the same as
directing spending”). That is why economists treat tax deductions and credits
as “tax expenditures.” See Tax Policy Center, Briefing Book: A Citizen’s Guide
to the Fascinating (Though Often Complex) Elements of the Federal Tax
System, BROOKINGS INSTITUTION, http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-
book/what-are-tax-expenditures-and-how-are-they-structured.          Viewing tax
credits in this light further highlights their economic impact. Consider one of
the largest tax expenditures in the federal tax code, the home mortgage
interest deduction which totaled $77 billion in 2016. Desilver, supra. The
impact on the government’s coffers would be the same if, instead of offering
that deduction, it sent taxpayers $77 billion in grants to help them pay their
home loans. As defendants conceded at oral argument, fraud in connection
with obtaining a state government grant is undoubtedly subject to wire fraud
prosecution. Because there is no bottom-line difference between a government
spending program and a tax credit, there is no economic rationale for treating
the former as property but not the latter. When it comes to depriving the
government of revenue—property under Pasquantino—there thus is no
meaningful    distinction   between   fraudulently    claiming   a   tax   credit,
fraudulently obtaining a public grant, or fraudulently failing to report income.
      The congruity of these three situations involving the public fisc is further
evident from looking to an example from the private sector. Everyone would
                                       16
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                                 No. 16-30104
                       c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

recognize that plane tickets are property of an airline. That means obtaining
them via deceit is fraud. See United States v. Morris, 348 F. App’x 2, 3–4 (5th
Cir. 2009) (discussing wire fraud conviction of an airline employee who
fraudulently issued 1,011 tickets and sold them for her benefit). But so too, we
have recognized, is swindling reward miles that can be redeemed for free
flights. United States v. Loney, 959 F.2d 1332, 1336 (5th Cir. 1992); see also
United States v. James, 616 F. App’x 753, 755 (5th Cir. 2015) (affirming wire
fraud conviction for “discount fraud” that allowed defendant to purchase less
expensive computers). The reason is that revenue lawfully owed the airline is
taken in both situations. Loney, 959 F.2d at 1336–37; cf. Felder’s Collision
Parts, Inc. v. All Star Advertising Agency, Inc., 777 F.3d 756, 763 (5th Cir.
2015) (reducing a seller’s revenue by the amount of a rebate in a predatory
pricing case). A tax credit is the public sector equivalent of a coupon; it reduces
the amount that is otherwise owed.
      In an attempt to avoid these basic economic principles, the defendants
invoke Cleveland v. United States, 531 U.S. 12 (2000). It does not give us much
pause. Another federal fraud prosecution out of Louisiana, Cleveland involved
misrepresentations on applications for state video poker licenses. The Court
held that the license was not property in the regulator’s hand. Id. at 20. It
rejected the argument that a state’s “intangible rights” to decide who is eligible
to operate poker machines created a property interest; that interest
“amount[ed] to no more and no less than Louisiana’s sovereign power to
regulate.” Id. at 23. As for the government’s attempt to fit the licenses into
the traditional category of an economic property interest, it could not show any
financial harm resulting from the effort to trick the state into issuing a license.
Id. at 22 (“Tellingly . . . the Government nowhere alleges that Cleveland
defrauded the State of any money to which the State was entitled by law.”).
                                        17
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                                No. 16-30104
                      c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

Quite the opposite in fact: the company that misrepresented its eligibility for
the license paid the state more than $1.2 million. Id. So unlike lies to obtain
tax credits, Cleveland’s lies to establish eligibility for the poker license
generated revenue for Louisiana even though they resulted in the regulatory
harm of allowing those deemed unworthy to operate the machines. Cleveland’s
rejection of that regulatory harm as property does not undermine the
conclusion that the drain on a state’s treasury resulting from schemes to
unlawfully obtain tax credits deprives the state of a classic property interest.
See, e.g., Louper-Morris, 672 F.3d at 557 (affirming mail and wire fraud
convictions involving scheme to defraud Minnesota of education tax credits);
United States v. Lefkowitz, 125 F.3d 608, 614, 617 (8th Cir. 1997) (affirming
mail and wire fraud convictions for a scheme to falsely obtain tax credits for
low-income housing); Frederick, 422 F. App’x at 405 (addressing mail fraud
prosecution for scheme to obtain Michigan Homestead Property Tax Credits).
      A case we decided after Cleveland does seem closer to this one at first
blush because it involves tax credits. See United States v. Griffin, 324 F.3d
330, 354 (5th Cir. 2003). Griffin held that “unissued” federal tax credits were
not property of a state agency under the mail and wire fraud statutes. Id. at
355. But the unique nature of the program it considered, in which the state
merely allocated federal tax credits, means no state property was at risk. The
state agency, the Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs, did
not have a property interest in the tax credits that offset federal income tax
obligations. Id. at 338. Under that program, the federal government allotted
a certain amount of tax credits to Texas; the state housing agency’s job was to
then assign those credits to low-income housing developments within the state.
Id. at 338, 354. The fraud arose in connection with a preapplication to the
state agency seeking an allocation of some of the credits. Id. at 352–54. The
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                                    No. 16-30104
                          c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

credits would not actually issue until years later, if and when the project was
completed. Id. at 355. We emphasized this feature of the Griffin fraud—that
it did not result in the issuance of any tax credits, only an allocation of them.
Id. at 354–55. We also noted the more fundamental point that even if the
credits had issued, their fraudulent issuance would not have caused economic
harm to Texas because the credits “offset [] federal income tax obligations.” Id.
at 355.
       Unraveling the cooperative federalism arrangement in Griffin shows
that it follows directly from Cleveland. The state’s role as an allocator of
federal tax credits meant it was acting much like the licensor in Cleveland:
deciding which applicants would best serve the state’s regulatory interests,
decisions that did not directly implicate the state’s finances. If anything, as in
Cleveland the fraud in Griffin netted money for the state because the company
receiving the allocation had to pay an application fee and a $40,000
commitment fee. 6 Id. at 340, 355. Griffin thus rightly recognized that the
fraud to obtain an allocation of federal tax credits could not have deprived
Texas of property. 7




       6  As in Cleveland, prosecutors argued that Texas had a property interest because the
conduct it was approving would provide economic benefits, such as the application fees, to
the state. Compare Griffin, 324 F.3d at 355, with Cleveland, 531 U.S. at 21–22. This missed
the fundamental point that the fraudulent conduct must deprive the victim of property, not
provide it with property.
        7 Griffin addressed only whether the state housing agency had a property interest in

the credits. 324 F.3d at 354–55. The better argument would have been that the federal
government had a property interest in those credits. Indeed, Griffin did not disturb the
conviction for conspiracy to steal federal funds under 18 U.S.C. § 666, which applies to theft
of federal “property.” Id. at 345–46. The indictment had also listed the United States as one
of the victims of the mail fraud, see id. at 352, but for whatever reason the government only
defended that conviction in our court on the ground that Texas had a property interest in the
credits, id. at 353–55.
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                                    No. 16-30104
                          c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

       Griffin does not provide a defense against this prosecution because the
film tax credits do reduce state coffers. And the scheme alleged here did not
end with misrepresentations in connection with obtaining precertification for
the credits. It continued with falsehoods in the three Seven Arts cost reports,
which caused Louisiana authorities to certify and actually issue transferable
credits.    Because Louisiana was administering its own tax credits, the
fraudulent issuance of those credits would deplete the state treasury. 8 That
means Louisiana has a property interest in the tax credits. Stealing them via
fraud has the same economic effect on the state as “embezzle[ing] funds from
the [] treasury.” Pasquantino, 544 U.S. at 356.
       We also reject the defendants’ argument that application of the wire and
mail fraud statutes to Louisiana’s film tax credit program raises
unprecedented federalism or due process concerns. As to the federalism issue,
defendants concede that these federal statutes can combat fraud in connection
with evading state taxes or obtaining state benefits. We do not see how state
tax credits raise any greater concerns about federal intrusion in state
policymaking than those far more prevalent traditional state tax and spending
programs. Regulatory complexity is not limited to tax credits. And recourse
to federalism is not a great fit with this case. The state did not indicate that it
thought the defendants’ creation of false invoices and use of circular
transactions was allowed under state law. To the contrary, it sought the
assistance of federal law enforcement to investigate potential crimes, which



       8 That Seven Arts completed the infrastructure work at a later date and might have
been entitled to the credits then—the basis for awarding no restitution—does not provide a
defense to mail fraud. The scheme to defraud need not result in loss to the victim. United
States v. McMillan, 600 F.3d 434, 450 (5th Cir. 2010). That is because what is unlawful is
engaging in the scheme to defraud, even if it turns out to “be absolutely ineffective.” Durland
v. United States, 161 U.S. 306, 315 (1896).
                                             20
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                                No. 16-30104
                      c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

made sense as complex interstate schemes (the Hoffmans resided in California)
are one of the more strongly rooted bases for federal criminal law.
      This prosecution also does not raise notice concerns under the Due
Process Clause. The honest services aspect of mail fraud has given rise to
vagueness challenges. See, e.g., Skilling v. United States, 561 U.S. 358, 367
(2010) (construing the honest-services statute beyond its “core meaning . . .
would encounter a vagueness shoal”). But the classic property conception of
fraud has not. See Daniel W. Hurson, Comment, Mail Fraud, the Intangible
Rights Doctrine, and the Infusion of State Law: A Bermuda Triangle of Sorts,
38 HOUS. L. REV. 297, 303–10 (2001) (contrasting prosecutions for schemes
“whose purpose was to deprive another of money or property,” a “basic
purpose[]” of the mail fraud statute since its inception, with courts’ long
struggle to define schemes that deprive another of intangible rights); cf.
Skilling, 561 U.S. at 412 (“As to fair notice, whatever the school of thought
concerning the scope and meaning of [scheme or artifice to defraud], it has
always been as plain as a pikestaff that bribes and kickbacks constitute honest-
services fraud.” (quoting Williams v. United States, 341 U.S. 97, 101 (1951))
(cleaned up)). That is because lying to cheat another party of money has been
a crime since long before Congress passed the first mail fraud statute making
it a federal offense in 1872. Courtney Chetty Genco, Note, What Happened to
Durland?: Mail Fraud, RICO, and Justifiable Reliance, 68 NOTRE DAME L.
REV. 333, 337, 345–47 (1992) (identifying the common law crime of “cheating”
as a precursor to mail fraud). Although defendants focus on a lack of clarity in
the administration of Louisiana’s tax credit program, vagueness challenges
look to whether the elements of the offense provide sufficient notice. See
Connally v. Gen. Constr. Co., 269 U.S. 385, 391 (1926). The government did
not have to prove violations of state law. United States v. Foshee, 606 F.2d 111,
                                       21
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                                     No. 16-30104
                           c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

113 (5th Cir. 1979). The elements the jury had to find included terms like
misrepresentations and property that have deep roots in both criminal and
civil law. As we once stated, fraud “needs no definition; it is as old as falsehood
and as versable as human ingenuity.” Weiss v. United States, 122 F.2d 675,
681 (5th Cir. 1941). Defendants point to no court that has held that the
elements of property-based mail fraud are vague, and we see no basis for being
the first to do so.
       The district court correctly found the tax credits are property subject to
prosecution under the mail and wire fraud statutes. This prosecution alleging
the use of fabricated invoices and misleading bank transactions to obtain a
financial benefit lies at the historic core of the federal fraud statutes and
neither offends due process nor exceeds federal power.
                                             III.
       Having rejected the defendants’ global challenge to the prosecution’s
theory, we consider their fact-based challenges to the specific counts of
conviction. But our sufficiency review does not just entail the usual posture of
a defendant seeking to set aside convictions. Because the district court granted
judgment of acquittals on a number of counts—five for Peter and eleven for
Arata—the government also appeals, seeking reinstatement of those
convictions that it believes the evidence supported. 9 Whether we are looking


       9  We perform our duty and review all of the acquitted counts the government appeals.
We note, however, that a successful appeal will have no practical effect for most of the counts.
This is especially true when it comes to Peter. Because his Guidelines range already captured
the full amount of intended loss in this scheme and any other conceivable enhancements,
reinstating some convictions would not change Peter’s range. So what is the point of trying
to convict him of 21 counts? Doing so is inconsistent with DOJ policy. The U.S. Attorneys’
Manual counsels that to “promote the fair administration of justice, as well as the perception
of justice” prosecutors should charge “as few separate counts as are reasonably necessary”—
it sets a default ceiling of 15—so long as that does not jeopardize a successful prosecution or
prevent the court from fully capturing a defendant’s sentencing exposure. U.S. DEP’T OF
                                              22
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                                    No. 16-30104
                          c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

at the verdicts the district court sustained or those it threw out, our standard
of review is the same.         We conduct a de novo review of the evidence in
determining whether it was sufficient to convict.                 See United States v.
Danhach, 815 F.3d 228, 235 (5th Cir. 2016). In conducting that review, we
weigh the evidence “in a light most deferential” to the jury verdict and give the
party that convinced the jury the benefit of all reasonable inferences. United
States v. Lucio, 428 F.3d 519, 522 (5th Cir. 2005); see United States v. Ingles,
445 F.3d 830, 834–35 (5th Cir. 2006). Consequently, we “must affirm the
verdict unless no rational juror could have found guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.” United States v. Sanjar, 876 F.3d 725, 744 (5th Cir. 2017).
                                             A.
       In assessing the sufficiency of the evidence, we first discuss conspiracy,
then mail and wire fraud, and finally false statements.
       Count 1: The jury convicted all three defendants of conspiracy to commit
mail and wire fraud. As this offense was charged under the general conspiracy
statute (18 U.S.C. § 371) rather than the one specific to fraud offenses (18
U.S.C. § 1349), 10 the government had to prove an agreement to commit the
fraud offense, the defendants’ knowledge of the unlawful objective and willful
agreement to join the conspiracy, and an overt act by a member of that
conspiracy to further the unlawful goal. United States v. Mauskar, 557 F.3d
219, 229 (5th Cir. 2009). The district court upheld the conspiracy convictions.




JUSTICE, UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS’ MANUAL: CRIMINAL RESOURCE MANUAL § 215 (1997).
A single count of wire fraud encompasses Peter’s Guideline range in allowing a sentence up
to 20 years in prison. 18 U.S.C. § 1343.
        10 The substantive difference is that the section 1349 conspiracy does not require an

overt act. Sanjar, 876 F.3d at 737. It also carries a punishment of twenty years as opposed
to the five years of the general conspiracy statute. Compare 18 U.S.C. § 1343, with 18 U.S.C.
§ 371.
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                                No. 16-30104
                      c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

We too are of the opinion that the direct and circumstantial evidence was
sufficient to prove the existence of an agreement to defraud the state of film
infrastructure tax credits, the commission of overt acts meant to further that
scheme, and the willful involvement of each defendant.
      Peter’s contribution is the most straightforward as he was involved in
the creation and dissemination of all three Seven Arts cost reports.
Emblematic of that involvement is his role in substantiating Seven Arts’
expenditures related to construction and equipment. As one example, Peter
and Arata opened bank accounts for Duvernay (construction) and Martin
(equipment) into which Seven Arts supposedly made “payments.” But bank
records indicate that those payments were almost immediately returned to
Seven Arts—that is, they were not really payments at all. To memorialize the
“payments,” Peter created invoices showing about $2 million in construction
and just over $1 million in equipment costs, and he convinced Duvernay and
Martin to sign them even though they had not been paid anything close to the
listed amounts. Duvernay signed the invoice because Peter “convinced [him]
to sign it, saying it was just for his records,” while Martin testified that the
equipment described in his invoice was just a “dream list” created at the behest
of Seven Arts. Another example of Peter’s steering of the scheme comes from
the confusion over legal fees during the preparation of the second cost report.
The company’s auditor, after conferring with Arata, told Peter that she was
removing over $200,000 in unsupported legal fees. Peter objected and sent
Arata an email urging him to send the auditor the SAFELA operating
agreement as proof of the fees so she would not “get any more suspicious.” The
agreement supposedly showed that Arata was paid for his legal work by giving
his company Voodoo an equity interest in SAFELA. But as the jury knew and
we have already mentioned, Arata told his business partner that he “was not
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                                  No. 16-30104
                        c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

the lawyer for the deal” and laughed at the notion that Peter wanted to submit
his legal fees for tax credits. This is just a sampling of the abundant evidence
that allowed the jury to conclude that Peter was part of, indeed the leader of,
the fraud conspiracy.
      Arata’s case is more complicated, in part because as we discuss below the
district court concluded he withdrew from the conspiracy after the submission
of the company’s first cost report. But as support for the jury’s conclusion that
he joined the conspiracy, Arata’s fingerprints are all over that first report. In
anticipation of the submission, Arata and Peter opened the Duvernay and
Martin bank accounts. To facilitate circular transactions using those accounts,
Arata took out a $400,000 loan through another of his businesses and put that
money into the Seven Arts account; that money then was bounced between the
Seven Arts and Duvernay/Martin accounts to make it appear as though the
company had made payments for construction and equipment costs when it
had not. The Seven Arts bank statements make clear that these circular
transactions constituted “both withdrawals and deposits,” but that was not
reflected in the company’s general ledger, which would form “the building block
of an audit.” The ledger instead showed the deposits as capital contributions
from the parent company of Seven Arts. Arata and Peter provided that ledger,
along with Seven Arts-generated invoices and confirmation of the supposed
capital contribution, to an auditor. This is enough—and there is more—to
support the jury’s view that Arata was part of the conspiracy.
      As suggested by her conviction on just one count of wire fraud and one of
mail fraud, Susan’s involvement in the tax credit scheme is less apparent.
Although witnesses did not focus on her, some evidence of her knowing
participation comes from a December 2009 certification she signed in her
capacity as president of Leeway Properties. It says that Seven Arts paid her
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                                  No. 16-30104
                        c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

company $700,000 for, among other things, management fees and office space.
The jury was entitled to view the $400,000 of that labelled a project
management fee as a fiction. The state’s forensic auditor Michael Daigle asked
Susan a series of questions about her scheduling and budgeting responsibilities
on the project—responsibilities that could justify the management fee—but
she could not provide answers. As far as he could tell, her duties were limited
to “interior design decisions on painting and carpeting and things like that.”
Though Daigle acknowledged that $400,000 may under some circumstances be
a reasonable management fee “that was clearly not the case here.” Yet Susan
signed an affidavit in 2009 in which she claimed to have spent in excess of
1,000 hours supervising construction at 807 Esplanade. 11 The same inflated
billing can be seen for the $150,000 that Seven Arts supposedly paid Leeway
for office space. Peter said that the space, which rented for $4,250 a month,
included an office for Duvernay and a courtyard that was roughly three times
the size of the office, where construction materials were kept. But Duvernay
testified that he worked for Susan on her 900 Royal Street property, renovating
its upper levels, and used a space at that location as an office. He described it
as a “12-by-12 room. That was it.” By the time of his testimony, Duvernay had
rented a 300 or 350 square foot office—as opposed to the roughly 150 square
foot office at 900 Royal—from Susan at 906 Royal Street for $600 per month.
Daigle thought the office space rental “transaction lacked economic substance.”
And given her later rental arrangement with Duvernay, Susan should have
recognized that as well.       A rational juror could infer that $400,000 and




      11  Even that affidavit somewhat contradicted a 2011 email in which Susan listed,
albeit from memory, a “very rough account” of time spent on the project that amounted to
about 500 hours.
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                                 No. 16-30104
                       c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

$150,000 were not reasonable sums for management fees and office space,
respectively, and that Susan knew as much when she certified these expenses.
      We therefore uphold defendants’ conspiracy convictions. This decision
has ramifications for the fraud counts we are about to discuss. As the district
court recognized, this evidence showing willful participation in the conspiracy
to commit wire and mail fraud also establishes the intent to defraud necessary
for the substantive fraud offenses. That intent does not evaporate because the
project might have later spent money that made it eligible for the tax credits
at a subsequent point in time. If the defendants intended to submit false cost
reports to obtain property they were not then entitled to—and they did—then
they engaged in fraud. To illustrate this point, consider a teller who embezzles
from the bank. If the teller plans to pay the money back a year later, that does
not mean there was not intent in the first place to deprive the bank of its
property. Contingencies are just that; future plans to make a victim whole do
not mean a crime was not committed (later conduct that makes the victim
whole can be a mitigating factor at sentencing as we later discuss).
      An even more significant consequence of upholding the conspiracy
convictions is Pinkerton liability. Because the court gave a co-conspirator
liability instruction, any of the three conspirators is liable for any acts of mail
and wire fraud committed during the conspiracy that were foreseeable and that
furthered the agreement. Sanjar, 876 F.3d at 743 (citing Pinkerton v. United
States, 328 U.S. 640 (1946)). Those two conditions of Pinkerton liability do not
add much if anything to what the conspiracy and fraud offenses already
require. With an established agreement to commit mail and wire fraud, it is
going to be foreseeable that mail and wire fraud might occur. Id. at 743–44
(explaining that foreseeability is usually not disputed when “Pinkerton liability
is extending only to the substantive offense that is the object of the
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                                 No. 16-30104
                       c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

conspiracy”). As for the requirement that the substantive offense further the
conspiracy, mail and wire fraud have a built-in element requiring that the
specific act charged furthered the scheme. 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341, 1343.
      The district court relied on this co-conspirator liability to uphold some of
the fraud convictions. But it relied on another principle of conspiracy law—
that a conspirator can withdraw from the enterprise—in refusing to do so for
Arata on the counts occurring in the later stages of the conspiracy. This ruling
arose in an unusual, perhaps even novel, posture.           Withdrawal from a
conspiracy is an affirmative defense on which the defendant bears the burden
of proof (by a preponderance). Smith v. United States, 568 U.S. 106, 112–13 &
n.5 (2013); United States v. Heard, 709 F.3d 413, 427–28 (5th Cir. 2013). The
defendant typically, if not always, puts this issue before the jury by requesting
an instruction on withdrawal. This is done often enough to warrant a pattern
charge in our circuit. FIFTH CIRCUIT PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS (CRIMINAL)
§ 2.18. Arata did not request that instruction or otherwise argue withdrawal
at trial. He did not even argue it in his post-trial motion for acquittal. There
was a suggestion of withdrawal by Arata’s counsel at the hearing on that
motion, but even that was not an express claim of withdrawal. Despite the
argument not being raised at trial or in post-trial motions, the district court
ruled that Arata withdrew when he sent the August 6, 2009 letter to Peter
ending his day-to-day involvement in the project. Notably, the district court
treated itself as the factfinder on withdrawal, framing the issue as whether
“[t]he preponderance at trial proved that Mr. Arata terminated his relationship
with Mr. Hoffman after suspecting him of fabricating invoices in July or
August 2009.”
      At a minimum, the district court should have evaluated the withdrawal
defense with the deference that would have been required had the jury rejected
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                                 No. 16-30104
                       c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

it, which its verdict implicitly did. There is an argument that Arata’s failure
to seek a withdrawal instruction or otherwise raise the issue at trial forfeited
his ability to use the theory to limit his conspiracy offense found by the jury.
That is what typically happens when an affirmative defense is not timely
asserted. See Biddinger v. Comm’r of Police of New York, 245 U.S. 128, 135
(1917) (“The statute of limitations is a defense and must be asserted on the
trial by the defendant in criminal cases . . . .”); United States v. Bey, 725 F.3d
643, 646 (7th Cir. 2013) (finding that defendant waived entrapment for
appellate review after he withdrew his proposed jury instruction on it); United
States v. Haney, 318 F.3d 1161, 1163 (10th Cir. 2003) (finding that defendant
waived any claim that his conviction should be overturned for lack of a duress
instruction because, in part, he did not raise that defense during trial). As
withdrawal from a conspiracy is an affirmative defense, it is typically governed
by the procedural rules governing such defenses. Smith, 568 U.S. at 113
(relying in the withdrawal context on the common-law rule that the defendant
bears the burden of proving an affirmative defense). But we need not decide
whether Arata forfeited the withdrawal defense. Even if he did not, his failure
to ask for a withdrawal instruction cannot put him in a better position to undo
the jury’s verdict than he would be in had he requested it. Given the absence
of any jury determination that Arata left the conspiracy, we can overrule part
of the verdict and find withdrawal only if Arata can show that is the only
reasonable view of the evidence. Cf. United States v. Barton, 992 F.2d 66, 70
(5th Cir. 1993) (emphasizing, for a case in which insanity was raised as a
defense, the deference a reviewing court gives “where the jury has found
against a party having the burden of proof by clear and convincing evidence”).
      It is not. Withdrawal requires a deliberate attempt to disassociate from
the unlawful enterprise. Heard, 709 F.3d at 428. Perhaps a factfinder could
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                                No. 16-30104
                      c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

have found that intent and action in the letter Arata sent Peter. But that is
not the only reasonable way to view it. Although Arata sent the letter and
reduced his participation after that point, he did not completely abandon ship.
He did not even cease all direct involvement in the fraudulent aspects of the
business. Sending the letter did not stop Arata five months later from helping
Peter at a critical stage. Arata complied with Peter’s request and sent an email
to the auditor attaching the SAFELA operating agreement showing Voodoo’s
40% stake to verify the supposed fees he had been paid for legal work. From
this a factfinder was free to conclude that Arata had not left the conspiracy by
“disavow[ing] or defeat[ing]” its purpose but was instead continuing to help it
along even if only from the sidelines. Smith, 568 U.S. at 113 (quoting Hyde v.
United States, 225 U.S. 347, 369 (1912)); see also id. at 112–13 (noting that
even “[p]assive participation in the continuing scheme is not enough to sever
the meeting of the minds that constitutes conspiracy”). Because the evidence
did not compel a finding that Arata withdrew, there was no basis to disrupt
the jury’s verdict that he was a full-fledged conspirator. The jury verdicts
against him on the fraud counts can thus be sustained under Pinkerton if one
conspirator committed the individual offense.
                                      B.
      To prove those fraud offenses, the government had to show (1) a scheme
to defraud that employed false material representations, (2) the use of mail or
interstate wires in furtherance of the scheme, and (3) the specific intent to
defraud. See United States v. Kuhrt, 788 F.3d 403, 413–14 (5th Cir. 2015);
United States v. Brooks, 681 F.3d 678, 700 (5th Cir. 2012). One aspect of these
elements is the basis for a number of our rulings below, so it is worth
explaining now. The mailing or wire need not contain a falsehood. That act,


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                                    No. 16-30104
                          c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

which serves as the unit of prosecution, just needs to further the fraudulent
scheme. Judge Brown explained the point this way six decades ago:
       The thing sent through the mails need not, as impliedly urged, be
       a cunning deceptive appeal which causes another to give up money
       or property. It can be, and frequently is, a wholly innocent thing
       or innocuous in itself, such as the deposit of a check, transmission
       of a check from a collecting to a drawee bank, or the like. The thing
       which is condemned is (1) the forming of the scheme to defraud,
       however and in whatever form it may take, and (2) a use of the
       mails in its furtherance. If that is satisfied, more is not required.
Gregory v. United States, 253 F.2d 104, 109 (5th Cir. 1958); accord United
States v. Martin, 228 F.3d 1, 16 (1st Cir. 2000); United States v. Green, 786
F.2d 247, 249 (7th Cir. 1986). So while the mailing or wire must promote the
scheme in some manner, it need not contain a falsehood. See United States v.
Tencer, 107 F.3d 1120, 1125 (5th Cir. 1997) (“Even a routine or innocent
mailing may supply the mailing element as long as it contributes to the
execution of the scheme.”). An interstate email that says “Meet me at the
bowling alley tonight” can serve as the necessary wire if the parties planned
the fraud while bowling a few frames that evening. 12
       With this understanding of the limited role of the “in furtherance”
requirement, we consider the specific counts.
       Counts 2, 4, and 7 (wire fraud): The jury convicted Peter and Arata of
wire fraud on Counts 2, 4, and 7. Each count concerns an email Arata sent
from a Yahoo account either to auditors at the Dienes firm or to state officials



       12 This principle means not much is needed to multiply wire fraud counts once the
government has proven the scheme to defraud with its requisite intent. With today’s
rampant use of email and other technology that often crosses state lines, it will usually not
be hard to identify scores of wires that further a scheme. Then again, adding all these counts
packs little additional punishment punch—one count of wire fraud already allows a sentence
up to 20 years—so there will rarely be a reason to go overboard. See supra note 9.
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                                No. 16-30104
                      c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

in support of the company’s first cost report. Both the senders and recipients
resided in Louisiana. The district court overturned these convictions because
it did not believe there was evidence to establish that the emails travelled
outside the state. We disagree.
      To prove that the email crossed state lines, the government called Yahoo
paralegal Sherry Hoyt. When Hoyt was asked whether Yahoo had any email
servers in Louisiana between 2008 and the present, she responded “No.” When
asked whether an email would have to leave the state if it was sent from
someone in Louisiana using a Yahoo account to someone else in Louisiana, she
responded “Yes.” Defense counsel did an effective job on cross of showing the
limits of Hoyt’s technical knowledge. For example, when Peter’s counsel asked
whether Hoyt had any training in email message routing, she responded “No.”
And when Arata’s counsel asked whether an email from a Yahoo account to a
non-Yahoo account could be routed through a non-Yahoo server located in
Louisiana, Hoyt responded “I don’t know.”
      This impeachment could have led jurors to conclude the government did
not prove the interstate nexus.    But that did not happen, and we cannot
displace the jury’s contrary credibility determination. That is what the finding
of an interstate email amounted to. The jury heard direct testimony that
Yahoo emails had to leave the state. If they believed Hoyt, the wire element
was established because the testimony of a single witness is sufficient proof of
a fact. United States v. Bowen, 818 F.3d 179, 186 (5th Cir. 2016). That is true
even when that testimony is from an accomplice testifying in exchange for a
benefit, testimony the jury is told must be viewed with “caution” and “great
care.” Id.; see FIFTH CIRCUIT PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS (CRIMINAL) § 1.14.
Hoyt had no comparable incentive to lie, and the gaps in her knowledge did not
make it “incredible” to believe her testimony, especially when no contrary
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                                    No. 16-30104
                          c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

evidence was presented at trial (an attorney’s unadopted question is not
evidence, so there was no evidence that the email could have been routed
intrastate). Bowen, 818 F.3d at 186 (explaining that a jury’s acceptance of a
cooperator’s testimony should be rejected only if it was “incredible”). The
verdicts on these three counts will be reinstated. 13
       Count 3 (wire fraud): The jury convicted Peter and Arata of wire fraud
on Count 3, which is a February 25, 2009 email sent by Arata to Peter
attaching the Seven Arts general ledger. There was no interstate problem with
this wire; it was sent from Arata in Louisiana to Peter in California. The
district court instead saw a problem with the “in furtherance” requirement.
Because the ledger had previously been sent to the Dienes firm and Peter
already had it in his possession, it concluded the email “in no way sought to
further the scheme.” Review of this count thus involves the “in furtherance of”
requirement that we have already explained is what connects the jurisdictional
act of sending a wire to the fraud. The use of the wires “need not be an essential
element” of the scheme; it can further the fraud as long as it is “incident to an
essential part of the scheme, or a step in the plot.” United States v. Dowl, 619
F.3d 494, 499 (5th Cir. 2010) (quoting Schmuck v. United States, 489 U.S. 705,
710–11 (1989)).
       To achieve this scheme’s goal of swindling the tax credits, the defendants
had to submit cost reports, audit information, and supporting documents to
state authorities. Those submissions were thus an essential part of the scheme
even though that is not what the law requires for the wire. The email that is



       13These emails also clearly furthered the scheme to defraud Louisiana. Count 2 is an
email to the company’s auditor containing a payment certification related to construction
costs, Count 4 sent the company’s first cost report to Louisiana, and Count 7 is the subsequent
tender to the state of documentation supporting claimed equipment expenditures.
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                                No. 16-30104
                      c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

the subject of Count 3 was a step in verifying those critical submissions before
they were sent. In it, Arata wrote Peter, “We should go through [the Seven
Arts ledger] carefully and make sure they are capturing all of the expenses.”
Of course, the more expenses that were captured, the larger the tax credit. The
cost report was not submitted until the next day, February 26. Because this
email was sent to guarantee that Arata and Peter maximized the expenditures
that would be submitted to the state, the jury’s finding of guilt on Count 3 was
proper.
      Count 5 (wire fraud): Count 5 concerns an email Arata sent to auditor
Davis and Peter, attaching the “executed SAFELA Operating Agreement
evidencing Voodoo’s 40% interest in this entity.” Arata closed the email by
saying he hoped the operating agreement “helps you and Peter wrap up the
[Seven Arts] audit” for the second cost report. The district court acquitted
Arata of this count on the ground that there was no actual evidence, only
speculation, of his intent to defraud in sending the operating agreement.
Regarding Peter, it held that the government produced no evidence that the
legal fees were actually improper, which implies there was no “material
falsehood.”
      The district court again put more weight on the “in furtherance”
requirement than it has to carry.      There need not be intent to defraud
particular to each wire but only with respect to the overall scheme. See Tencer,
107 F.3d at 1125; Gregory, 253 F.2d at 109. The district court found that
required intent for both Arata and Peter in refusing to acquit them on at least
some of the fraud counts as well as the conspiracy count. But it imposed an
unnecessary element in requiring that the particular attachment to the email
evince fraud. To illustrate this point, an email with no attachment that only
said “Please finish your review of the operating agreement so we can wrap up
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                                    No. 16-30104
                          c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

the audit” would be one that furthered the scheme, as it would be a step toward
filing the cost report. As this is all that the law requires for the wire, this email
that also had an attachment was a step in the successful execution of the
scheme because it put the conspirators one step closer to completing the audit.
The government did not have to prove that the legal fees standing alone were
false or fraudulent. 14      Because the email in Count 5 furthered the fraud
scheme, we reverse the postverdict acquittal.
       Count 6 (wire fraud): We now arrive at a fraud count on which the district
court upheld a guilty verdict. It is an email from Seven Arts employee Mark
Halvorson to a state official that contained construction and film equipment
invoices related to the company’s first cost report. 15                The district court
concluded that the expenditures claimed in the email revealed an intent to
defraud. We agree as there was evidence of circular transactions between
accounts that had no legitimate business purpose yet made it look like
“payments” for construction work had been made. But the bigger point is the
one we are repeating: the wire need not be independently fraudulent to further
the overall fraud. We affirm the district court’s refusal to acquit Peter and
Arata on this count.
       Counts 8, 10, & 12 (wire fraud): The jury convicted only Peter on these
counts. Each concerns emails either he or Seven Arts Vice President Marcia



       14 In any event, we note there was evidence to that effect. See supra page 10 and infra
page 39–40.
       15 Another part of the law on mailings and wires is that the government need not prove

that defendants personally used or intended the use of those communications. It is enough
that they knew the use would follow in the “ordinary course of business” or could reasonably
be foreseen. United States v. Ingles, 445 F.3d 830, 835 (5th Cir. 2006). The attachments in
Halvorson’s email supported the company’s position on the first cost report, which was the
subject of a chain of earlier emails between Peter and Stelly (with Arata carbon copied). Peter
and Arata knew or at the very least could reasonably foresee that this email would be sent.
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                                No. 16-30104
                      c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

Matthew sent to auditor Davis, with attachments showing proof of
expenditures related to the second cost report. The district court upheld the
convictions. Peter again argues a lack of fraud specific to these expenditures
but, as we have explained, that showing is not necessary. As long as the
scheme to defraud employed misrepresentations, a truthful email that helped
advance the scheme can be the basis for a wire fraud conviction. It turns out
the jury could have viewed these claimed expenditures as fraudulent—for
example, the invoice that is the subject of Count 12 was supposedly for
construction expenses yet includes $350,000 in legal and notary fees and
$250,000 for auditors—but that was not necessary. We affirm these three
convictions.
      Count 9 (wire fraud): The wire in Peter’s Count 9 conviction is an email
Davis sent to Peter about payment confirmation letters and film equipment
purchases that were necessary to complete the Dienes firm audit for the second
cost report. Peter argued below that his communication with Davis was part
of the normal “give and take” of the audit, that he made no material falsehoods,
and that the email was not in furtherance of a scheme to defraud. The district
court disagreed, finding the jury entitled to determine that he employed false
representations to the auditors so that fake equipment purchases would be
included in the report. Again, this finding was not necessary though it is
supportable as there was testimony from two witnesses—Richard Conway and
Simon Ellson—that the claimed purchase of film equipment from a British
company never happened. Regardless, the email was a step in completing the
audit, which was itself a step in gaining approval for the second cost report.
Because the email furthered the scheme to fraudulently obtain tax credits, the
conviction will be upheld.


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                                 No. 16-30104
                       c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

      Count 11 (wire fraud): The jury convicted both Peter and Susan on Count
11. This count concerns a December 2009 certification, created by Seven Arts
and signed by Susan. It lists payments for office space, consulting fees, and
project management fees totaling $700,000.         Matthew sent the payment
confirmation to Davis. The district court upheld the conviction. As is the case
with the communications we have already discussed, sending this certification
to the company’s auditor furthered the scheme to obtain tax credits. We will
not disturb the district court’s denial of the motions for acquittal on this count.
      Count 13 (wire fraud): The jury convicted Peter and Arata on Count 13.
It is a December 2009 email from Matthew to Davis that included invoices for
roughly $350,000 in legal work allegedly done by Peter and Arata on 807
Esplanade as well as a loan agreement between Seven Arts and Susan’s New
Moon Pictures. The district court overturned Arata’s conviction on this count
but upheld Peter’s.
      The district court found that Peter was not entitled to acquittal because
a rational juror could have concluded that the evidence supported a finding
that he created a nonexistent $10 million loan from New Moon and fake draws
on that loan, supported by circular transactions, in order to claim interest
expenditures. But that finding of fraud specific to this email was not necessary
for the reasons we have discussed. Emailing the invoices and loan agreement
furthered the scheme to obtain tax credits. Peter’s conviction will stand. The
district court granted an acquittal as to Arata because (1) the evidence was
insufficient to show he provided support for the legal fees and (2) he withdrew
from the conspiracy before the loan agreement was sent to the auditor. Our
earlier rejection of the withdrawal rationale takes care of both of these
concerns. As Peter caused those documents to be sent in furtherance of the


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                                No. 16-30104
                      c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

scheme, Pinkerton means Arata is also liable for that foreseeable act that
furthered the conspiracy he was still part of.
      Counts 14–20 (wire fraud): The jury convicted Peter of wire fraud on
these seven counts.      They are emails discussing material related to the
company’s second or third cost reports.          Counts 14 through 18 concern
documentation for expenditures eventually included in the second cost report
submission. Counts 19 and 20 relate to the same for the third cost report. The
district court, noting that Peter merely raised factual disputes that the jury
was entitled to resolve in the government’s favor, denied his motion for
acquittal on these counts. As finalizing the expenditures submitted to the state
was a core part of the fraud, these wires easily furthered Peter’s efforts to
defraud Louisiana of tax credits. We affirm the district court’s denial of the
motions to acquit on these counts.
      Count 21 (mail fraud): The jury convicted all three defendants on Count
21. The mailing was a package Peter sent to forensic auditor Michael Daigle
containing materials supporting the second cost report. The district court
upheld the convictions of Peter and Susan, and so do we.            As should be
apparent by now, this type of communication furthered the fraud because it
was an attempt to convince the auditor to approve the expenses. Because
Arata was still a member of the conspiracy at this time, the verdict against
him should also stand.
                                       C.
      In Counts 22 through 25, the jury convicted Arata of making false
statements to the FBI during an interview in January 2014. The district court
disagreed with those verdicts and acquitted Arata on all of them. The findings
of guilt should be reinstated if there was sufficient evidence to show that Arata
(1) knowingly and willfully (2) made a statement (3) that was false, (4)
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                                No. 16-30104
                      c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

material, (5) and within the jurisdiction of the FBI. United States v. Hoover,
467 F.3d 496, 499 (5th Cir. 2006). The viability of these jury verdicts turns
largely on the “knowing” and “falsity” elements.
      Count 22: Essentially for the reasons the district court provided in
granting the Rule 29 motion, we affirm its ruling on this count. The jury found
Arata lied when he said he “terminated his relationship” with Peter in the
summer of 2009.       Arata had sent a letter ending the attorney-client
relationship and his day-to-day involvement in 807 Esplanade, so to support
the verdict the government has to advance a broad theory of “relationship” that
includes Arata’s limited involvement in the second cost report and other
business ventures that continued after that point. But the termination letter,
which Arata provided to the FBI, contemplates a number of ways in which his
relationship with Peter would continue outside the attorney-client context. In
light of these circumstances, there was not evidence to support a finding that
Arata knowingly provided a false statement in saying he terminated his
relationship with Peter.
      Count 23: The jury convicted Arata on this count for saying he was “not
aware” of the legal fee expenses the company claimed in the second cost report.
The district court’s acquittal relied heavily on the FBI agent’s acknowledgment
that there was no evidence Arata saw the second cost report before its
submission. But the government correctly points out that one need not see a
document to be aware of it. There was certainly evidence that Arata knew
Peter intended to submit the legal fees in the second report. As we noted, Arata
told his business partner that “[Peter] wants to submit [the legal fees] for tax
credits. Ha! . . . [S]ince I was not his lawyer for the deal, it makes it even
better. What he could submit and what is actual are the bills he got from [other
attorneys]. But instead, he . . . puts me down as receiving $150K in fees! Love
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                                No. 16-30104
                      c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

it.” And there is evidence to show that Arata knew Peter went through with it
as he helped conceal this fraud. The auditor Davis testified that Arata sent
her the operating agreement showing his company Voodoo received a stake in
SAFELA; that verified the fees as Voodoo’s equity interest was how Arata was
paid for the supposed legal work. How can a person verify something they are
not aware of? This evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s view that Arata
lied when he said he was not aware of the legal fees claimed in the second
report.
      Counts 24: This count concerned Arata’s statement that the film
equipment listed in the company’s first cost report “had been ‘acquired’ in that
[it] would be contributed to 807 Esplanade by the vendor as a business
partner.” The equipment had neither been acquired nor contributed. Yet the
district court determined no evidence existed to support a finding that Arata
lied in voicing his belief that the Departure equipment deal “would be”
completed.
      There is evidence to support the district court’s negative view of this
count. The equipment-for-ownership deal with Martin’s Departure Studios fell
through only after the first cost report was submitted. Departure sent Seven
Arts a list of film equipment valued at over $1 million in September 2008.
Peter signed an affidavit in November of that year attesting to the fact that
Seven Arts “acquired” film equipment that “w[ould] be delivered” upon
completion of 807 Esplanade. Martin also testified to his understanding that
equipment would be delivered to 807 Esplanade and that Departure would be
paid for it. In fact, Martin was under the impression that he would be a 25%
partner in the business, though he admitted that the arrangement “was not
formalized.” When asked at trial whether he believed the film equipment
transaction was “a real deal,” Martin responded “Yes.”
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                                No. 16-30104
                      c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

      But there is also evidence in the other direction, and that is enough to
require deference to the jury’s finding the inculpatory evidence more
compelling. Most powerfully, evidence showed that Arata was a party to the
creation of fake equipment purchase invoices and payment certifications that
he then forwarded to the company’s auditors. Why engage in this fraud if
Arata believed that Department Studios would in fact contribute the
equipment and that Seven Arts had already “acquired” it? If that were the
case, legitimate documentation would exist. Further support for the jury’s
finding is found in Arata’s indication in January 2009, before the first cost
report submission, that Seven Arts was already storing in its California office
sound mixing and editing equipment purchased from Departure Studios. That
was not true. We reverse the acquittal on Count 24.
      Count 25: The final alleged false statement is Arata’s saying that he
“thought he fully disclosed both sides of the transactions for construction and
equipment expenditures to the auditors.” The government argued, and the
jury agreed, that Arata instead had purposely concealed those transactions.
The district court vacated the conviction because of its view that there was
insufficient evidence to support Arata’s intentional concealment of the circular
transactions.
      There was sufficient support for the jury’s contrary view that Arata fully
disclosed only part of the transactions—the “first half” consisting of the
outgoing payments but not the money coming back into the accounts. In an
email to himself, for example, Arata attached invoices documenting both sides
of multiple circular transactions between Seven Arts and Departure, which
were routed through Regions Bank.          He did the same for the Duvernay
transactions. But documentation showing credits to the company’s account, as
opposed to debits from it, was stripped from the emails provided to auditor
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                                 No. 16-30104
                       c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

Katherine Dodge. The government admits that Arata did disclose the “second
halves” of these transactions to the auditor, albeit in the illegible form of
carbon copies of handwritten bank tickets. This stark contrast between the
clean documents showing the outgoing money and the barely discernible ones
showing that money coming back is not consistent with “fully disclos[ing]” the
circular transactions. And Arata never stated in the body of the emails to the
auditor that the money cycled through the accounts. This is enough to get the
government past the low hurdle of sufficiency review, with “fully” doing a lot
of the work to show the falsity of the statement.            We also reinstate this
conviction.
                                       ***
      This is how things stand after the sufficiency review. Peter is convicted
of all 21 counts, which includes one count of conspiracy (Count 1), nineteen
counts of wire fraud (Counts 2–20), and one count of mail fraud (Count 21).
Arata is convicted of one count of conspiracy (Count 1), seven counts of wire
fraud (Counts 2–7, 13), one count of mail fraud (Count 21), and three counts of
making a false statement (Counts 23–25). Susan is convicted of one count of
conspiracy (Count 1), one count of wire fraud (Count 11), and one count of mail
fraud (Count 21).
                                        IV.
      We next address defendants’ motions for a new trial. The district court
denied defendants the “exceptional remedy of a new trial,” even on the
contingency—now realized—that we were to reverse its acquittals.
      Unlike the sufficiency review we just conducted, which evaluates a jury’s
findings and thus gives no deference to the trial judge, the decision on a new
trial motion is entrusted to the discretion of the district court so we will reverse
it only on an abuse of that leeway. United States v. Piazza, 647 F.3d 559, 564
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                                     No. 16-30104
                           c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

(5th Cir. 2011). The trial court may grant a new trial “if the interest of justice
so requires.” FED. R. CRIM. P. 33(a). New trial requests generally take two
forms. The first, like sufficiency review, focuses on the evidentiary support for
the verdict, with the movant having to show that the verdict is so strongly
against the weight of the evidence that it affects the defendant’s substantial
rights. United States v. Wright, 634 F.3d 770, 775 (5th Cir. 2011). A new trial
request can also be based on procedural problems with the trial if they caused
a miscarriage of justice. Id. The defendants pursued both avenues in the trial
court but only appeal the ruling as to the alleged procedural defects.
                                              A.
       Defendants raise four grounds for a new trial. Arata argues that the
government repeatedly used improper trial tactics, leading to an unjust
verdict. 16   When a new trial is sought for prosecutorial misconduct, any
improper remark must impact the defendant’s substantial rights.                        United
States v. Rice, 607 F.3d 133, 138 (5th Cir. 2010).
       In its opening statement, the government said the defendants “utterly
abused the Louisiana film tax credit program, and in the process they took
advantage of and exploited every human being that they could.” The district
court called this “[f]alse theater.” But such theater was not so far afield from


       16  In their reply, Peter and Susan advanced arguments of retroactive misjoinder,
admission of privileged communications, and prosecutorial misconduct that were only
“noticed” in the table of contents of their opening brief. Failure on appeal to adequately brief
an issue waives it. Procter & Gamble Co. v. Amway Corp., 376 F.3d 496, 499 n.1 (5th Cir.
2004). Citing an issue in the table of contents but then not addressing it in the body of the
brief obviously does not constitute adequate briefing. See FED. R. APP. P. 28(a)(8)(A) (noting
that an appellant’s argument must contain “contentions and the reasons for them, with
citations to the authorities and parts of the record on which the appellant relies”). The reason
we do not allow new arguments in a reply is that the other side does not have a chance to
respond. That problem exists when all the opening brief does is provide one sentence on an
issue in the table of contents. Trying to raise an argument only by listing it in the table of
contents is also an end run around page limits.
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                                 No. 16-30104
                       c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

the theory and evidence the government presented throughout trial; evidence
that it turns out was sufficient to sustain multiple convictions against Arata.
As such, the district court acted within its discretion in deciding that any
hyperbole did not require a new trial. The same is true for Arata’s complaints
about how the government framed questions to witnesses. For example, it
asked Arata’s business partner whether Arata said he “called Katie Davis and
told her that the operating agreement was substantiation for the legal fees?”
Davis had not testified to that fact, though she speculated that Arata
submitted the operating agreement to support payment of the disputed legal
fees. Though the district court deemed these questions “utterly inappropriate,”
it determined that Arata could not show that they “caused any prejudice” in
the scope of a trial that lasted two weeks. We agree.
                                       B.
      The Hoffmans point to three trial court rulings in seeking a new trial.
They first contend that the instruction telling the jury it is “not necessary that
the government prove that the defendants violated, or intended to violate a
Louisiana state legal duty, law rule or regulation” amended the indictment.
Improper constructive amendment occurs when the jury is allowed “to convict
the defendant upon a factual basis that effectively modifies an essential
element of the offense charged.” United States v. Cooper, 714 F.3d 873, 878
(5th Cir. 2013) (quoting United States v. Gonzalez, 436 F.3d 560, 577 (5th Cir.
2006)).   That did not happen.     Contrary to the Hoffmans’ contention, the
indictment did not charge them with violating state law. It charged them with
making various misrepresentations—lies about the company’s expenditures,
the creation of purchase invoices, and the purpose of circular transactions.
Using such lies in furtherance of a scheme to defraud violates federal law


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                                 No. 16-30104
                       c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

regardless whether they independently violate state law. See United States v.
Dotson, 407 F.3d 387, 393 (5th Cir. 2005).
                                        C.
      The Hoffmans also argue they are entitled to a new trial because the
district court rejected their proposed jury instructions, including one on the
meaning of the tax credit statute.       As long as the instructions it gives
accurately state the law, a district court is given “substantial latitude” in the
particulars of how it instructs the jury. United States v. Richardson, 676 F.3d
491, 506–07 (5th Cir. 2012). On top of that is the discretion it receives here
because this issue is being raised in a challenge to the denial of a new trial
motion. That deference is not pierced by the failure to instruct on details about
the tax credit law given that the instruction accurately informed the jury of
the elements of mail and wire fraud. United States v. Cessa, 856 F.3d 370, 376
(5th Cir. 2017) (finding no abuse of discretion when the court gave the correct
instruction even if defendant’s requested addition was also legally accurate).
                                        D.
      The Hoffmans’ final basis for a new trial is the district court’s decision to
exclude expert testimony about the film tax credits.           They contend the
testimony would have highlighted the confusing nature of the regulations and
thus shed light on their intent to defraud (that is, their lack thereof). Deference
to trial court rulings in this area again poses a significant hurdle. Cf. United
States v. Guerrero, 768 F.3d 351, 365 (5th Cir. 2014) (acknowledging that
Daubert decisions are reviewed for abuse of discretion and should not be
disturbed unless “manifestly erroneous” (quoting United States v. Norris, 217
F.3d 262, 268 (5th Cir. 2000))). It appears the district court could have allowed
this testimony so long as it was focused on descriptions of the tax credit regime
and not opinions about the defendants’ mindsets. Compare United States v.
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                                No. 16-30104
                      c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

Calvin, 39 F.3d 1299, 1309 (5th Cir. 1994) (“By disallowing that testimony the
district court deprived [the defendant] of an opportunity to present critical
evidence that he lacked fraudulent intent in assisting with the transactions.”),
and United States v. Davis, 471 F.3d 783, 789 (7th Cir. 2006) (“Experts are
permitted to testify regarding how their government agency applies rules as
long as the testimony does not incorrectly state the law or opine on certain
ultimate legal issues in the case.”), with FED. R. EVID. 704 (noting that an
expert witness testifying in a criminal case “must not state an opinion about
whether the defendant did or did not have a mental state . . . that constitutes
an element of the crime charged or of a defense,” even though opinion
testimony embracing “an ultimate issue” is not generally objectionable).
      But we need not determine whether the district court exceeded the
bounds of its discretion in excluding the testimony because the byzantine
nature of the tax credit program was otherwise conveyed to the jury. As the
district court noted, “evidence at trial showed that [the] then-newly passed film
infrastructure tax law was implemented haphazardly and in a manner rife
with disorder.” Plenty of witnesses involved in the creation and evaluation of
the cost reports—including Seven Arts employees, auditors, state officials, and
business partners (actual and contemplated)—made this point that the
Hoffmans contend undermines a finding of fraudulent intent. What is more,
Peter, a self-professed tax lawyer, testified at length about his understanding
of the statute’s language and purpose. So did Arata, also a lawyer, who noted
that the state did not even pass rules interpreting the statute until 2010. Thus
any error in not allowing the expert to testify did not cause substantial
prejudice.




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                                  No. 16-30104
                        c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

                                      ***
      No ruling during the trial caused a miscarriage of justice. There is no
basis for redoing it.
                                       V.
      Having upheld the jury’s verdict in large part, we now consider
sentencing. The government argues the probation sentences are unreasonable
in light of the much greater sentences recommended by the Guidelines.
Appellate review of the substantive reasonableness of a sentence is “highly
deferential.” United States v. Campos-Maldonado, 531 F.3d 337, 339 (5th Cir.
2008).   It is not enough that “the appellate court might reasonably have
concluded that a different sentence was appropriate.” Gall v. United States,
552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). An abuse of discretion must be shown to undo the
decision of the trial judge who is in the best position to weigh the sentencing
factors. Id. at 51–53. Even sentences like these that are outside the Guidelines
range are reviewed with deference, though they are not entitled to the
presumption of reasonableness that a within-Guidelines sentence may be
afforded on appellate review. Id. at 51.
      The dissenting opinion emphasizes this discretion.             But while
considerable deference is due the sentencing court given the bespoke nature of
criminal punishment, the Supreme Court preserved a role for appellate review
when it ruled that the Guidelines were only advisory. See United States v.
Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 261–265 (2005).       Rather than reverting to the pre-
Guidelines situation when there was essentially no reasonableness review of a
sentence, Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81, 96 (1996), the Court concluded
that appellate review would assist in “avoid[ing] excessive sentencing
disparities while maintaining flexibility sufficient to individualize sentences
where necessary,” Booker, 543 U.S. at 264–65. Consistent with that concern
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                                     No. 16-30104
                           c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

about disparities, appellate courts “may consider the extent of the deviation”
from the Guidelines when performing their limited function as a check on
extreme ones. Gall, 552 U.S. at 51.
                                               A.
       For Peter, the gap is colossal between the custodial sentence the
Guidelines recommended, a range 168 to 210 months, 17 and the 60 months of
probation he received. 18 His counsel acknowledged that he was not aware of
our court’s considering any challenge to a sentence in which the downward
variance was so great.          This chasm between the Guidelines’ view of the
appropriate sentence and the district court’s, with its ramifications for the
sentencing disparities that Congress instructs courts to avoid, see 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a)(6), is an important factor in considering whether the district court
exceeded its discretion. Gall, 552 U.S. at 49–50 (noting it is “uncontroversial
that a major departure should be supported by a more significant justification
than a minor one”). But what ultimately matters is whether its assessment of
the statutory sentencing factors was reasonable, so we consider both the


       17  There is some suggestion that the district court did not determine a final Guidelines
range. But the Statement of Reasons it signed after the sentencing hearing confirms that
the district court adopted the Presentence Report’s recommended range of 168 to 210 months.
        18 Our reinstatement of five guilty verdicts on which the district court had acquitted

Peter does not pose an obstacle to our review of the sentences for the counts on which the
court did enter judgment. The reversals turned on issues like whether there was sufficient
evidence that particular emails crossed state lines or furthered the scheme. None of these
questions affect Peter’s overall culpability. His Guidelines calculation captured the loss
attributable to the entire scheme, so the reinstated counts will not affect that. It is for this
reason that we voiced skepticism about the need to charge and convict Peter of all 21 counts.
See supra note 9. As the reinstatement of the additional counts does not alter the Guidelines
or change any other sentencing consideration, we will review the reasonableness of the
sentences that were entered. Cf. United States v. Weingarten, 713 F.3d 704, 712 (2d Cir.
2013) (“[I]f the vacatur of a count of conviction has altered the ‘factual mosaic related to’ the
remaining counts, on remand ‘the court must reconsider the sentence imposed on the count
or counts affected by the vacatur . . . as well as on the aggregate sentence.’” (quoting United
States v. Rigas, 583 F.3d 108, 118–19 (2d Cir. 2009))).
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                                   No. 16-30104
                         c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

reasons why the district court thought probation was warranted and the
reasons why the Guidelines and government think prison time is necessary.
      Why was Peter’s Guidelines range so high? To the base offense level for
fraud offenses, the Guidelines added enhancements because the intended loss
exceeded $3.5 million, the scheme was sophisticated, Peter led it, he abused
his position of trust as a lawyer to facilitate the fraud, and he obstructed justice
by lying at trial. These facts are relevant to numerous statutory factors courts
must consider, including the “nature and circumstances of the offense,”
“history and characteristics of the defendant,” and “need for the sentence
imposed to reflect the seriousness of the offense.”           18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1),
(a)(2)(A). It is also noteworthy that this was not Peter’s first brush with the
law as is often true in white-collar cases; 19 he has a 1997 federal conviction,
albeit a misdemeanor, for delivering a false tax return.
      So why did the district court believe probation was appropriate? The
main reason seems to have been what it described as a “serious dispute” that
the project may have eventually been entitled to even more tax credits than
were fraudulently obtained with the first cost report.            When pronouncing
sentence it also noted a related concern about inconsistency in the state’s view
about how much it lost, as well as Peter’s “health issues,” the fact that his prior
federal conviction was a misdemeanor, and its view that a sentence of
probation “is sufficient to deter other criminal conduct.”
      We disagree with that final assessment about the deterrent value of
Peter’s sentence.       Giving probation to the leader of a sophisticated,
multimillion dollar fraud scheme—particularly a defendant undeterred by a


      19 Federal fraud defendants are less likely to have criminal history than any other
category of offenders except those convicted of child pornography. UNITED STATES
SENTENCING COMMISSION, THE CRIMINAL HISTORY OF FEDERAL OFFENDERS 4–6 (2018).
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                                         No. 16-30104
                               c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

previous term of probation for a federal economic crime and who also lied at
trial—perpetuates one of the problems Congress sought to eliminate in
creating the Sentencing Commission: that sentencing white-collar criminals to
“little or no imprisonment . . . creates the impression that certain offenses are
punishable only by a small fine that can be written off as a cost of doing
business.” United States v. Martin, 455 F.3d 1227, 1240 (11th Cir. 2006)
(quoting S. Rep. No. 98-225, at 76 (1983)); see also Mistretta v. United States,
488 U.S. 361, 375 n.9 (1989) (noting the Senate Report’s view that sentencing
had been too lenient for white-collar criminals); Brent E. Newton, The Story of
Federal Probation, 53 AM. CRIM. L. REV. 311, 315 & n.29 (2016) (reciting the
extensive legislative history showing that Congress intended for many white-
collar defendants to receive prison time). 20           This ineffective deterrence is
especially concerning given that scholars believe there is a greater connection
in white collar cases between sentencing and future as financial crimes are
“more rational, cool, and calculated than sudden crimes of passion or
opportunity.” Martin, 455 F.3d at 1240 (quoting Stephanos Bibas, White-


       20   The Guidelines recognize this history:
       Under pre-guidelines sentencing practice, courts sentenced to probation an
       inappropriately high percentage of offenders guilty of certain economic crimes,
       such as theft, tax evasion, antitrust offenses, insider trading, fraud, and
       embezzlement, that in the Commission’s view are “serious.”
       The Commission’s solution to this problem has been to write guidelines that
       classify as serious many offenses for which probation previously was frequently
       given and provide for at least a short period of imprisonment in such cases.
       The Commission concluded that the definite prospect of prison, even though
       the term may be short, will serve as a significant deterrent, particularly when
       compared with pre-guidelines practice where probation, not prison, was the
       norm.
U.S.S.G. ch. 1, pt. A(4)(d).



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                                    No. 16-30104
                          c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

Collar Plea Bargaining and Sentencing After Booker, 47 WM. & MARY L. REV.
721, 724 (2005)). Another problem with probation in multimillion dollar fraud
cases is that it undermines public confidence in whether the justice system is
“do[ing] equal right to the poor and to the rich” as our oath requires. 28 U.S.C.
§ 453.      For these reasons, we have repeatedly expressed a “distaste for
sentencing that reflects different standards of justice being applied to white
and blue collar criminals,” United States v. Saleh, 257 F. App’x 740, 745 (5th
Cir. 2007) (citing United States v. Andrews, 390 F.3d 840, 848 (5th Cir. 2004));
see also United States v. Mueffelman, 470 F.3d 33, 40 (1st Cir. 2006) (noting
the need to minimize “discrepancies between white- and blue-collar offenses”).
       Peter’s second sentence of probation in the federal system does not deter
large-scale fraud or reflect the serious nature of either this offense or economic
crimes generally.      18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), (a)(2)(A)–(B).         It also results in
significant and unwarranted sentencing disparities with others engaged in
frauds of similar magnitude who receive sentences at least in the ballpark of
what the Guidelines recommend. Id. § 3553(a)(6). Some of the reasons the
district court gave for its sentence, especially the uncertainty about whether
Louisiana ultimately suffered any loss, are sound reasons for a downward
variance, even a substantial one. But this is not a case in which the court went
50%, or even 75%, below the Guidelines range. 21 It went from roughly 15 years
in prison to zero. In reviewing the reasonableness of a Booker sentence, the



       21 The dissenting opinion treats the sentence as a 72% variance. Dissenting Op. at 7.
It does this by equating 60 months of probation with 60 months in custody (so 60 is a 72%
reduction from the 168 low end of the Guidelines). That notion is easily dispelled almost
every day in this circuit when defendants plea for probation at sentencing hearings. And as
discussed above, treating sentences of probation and custody as equivalent is also at odds
with the views of Congress and the Supreme Court. Finally, even ignoring the qualitative
differences, a 72% variance is much more substantial than many cases in which courts have
found downward variances in white-collar cases to be unreasonable. See infra note 22.
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                                     No. 16-30104
                           c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

Supreme Court recognized that “custodial sentences are qualitatively more
severe than probationary sentences of equivalent terms.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 43,
48, 59–60. Here the substantial qualitative difference between custody and
probation is combined with a drastic reduction in the length of the
punishment—168 months to 60 months. Other courts of appeals have vacated
variances of much lesser degree that benefitted white-collar defendants. 22
What is more, none of those defendants had a prior white-collar conviction and
most of them accepted responsibility by pleading guilty. See supra note 22.
       The dissenting opinion ignores Peter’s criminal history as well as other
factors favoring a meaningful sentence such as Peter’s lying in court, using his
position as a lawyer to facilitate the fraud, and leading a sophisticated
conspiracy. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1) (listing “history and characteristics of the
defendant” and “nature and circumstances of the offense” as factors to consider



       22  See, e.g., United States v. Morgan, 635 F. App’x 423, 448–52 (10th Cir. 2015) (finding
that the case “cries out for appellate intervention” and requiring resentencing because a
noncustodial sentence, in the face of a 41 to 51 month guidelines range, would not deter public
officials from soliciting bribes); United States v. Hayes, 762 F.3d 1300, 1307–10 (11th Cir.
2014) (finding sentence of three years of probation unreasonable when Guidelines range was
41 to 51 months even though defendant had cooperated); United States v. Musgrave, 761 F.3d
602, 609 (6th Cir. 2014) (noting, in vacating the district court’s one-day prison sentence in
the face of a 57 to 71 months guidelines range, that “Congress understood white-collar
criminals to be deserving of some period of incarceration, as evidenced by its prohibition on
probationary sentences in this context”); United States v. Kuhlman, 711 F.3d 1321, 1325,
1328–29 (11th Cir. 2013) (finding probation sentence unreasonable when Guidelines range
was 57 to 71 months); United States v. Peppel, 707 F.3d 627, 635 (6th Cir. 2013) (finding
seven days plus three years supervised release unreasonable when Guidelines range was 97
to 121 months); United States v. Engle, 592 F.3d 495, 497–98, 501–04 (4th Cir. 2010)
(vacating a sentence of 48 months’ probation for tax evasion when the Guidelines range was
24 to 30 months in prison); United States v. Livesay, 587 F.3d 1274, 1279 (11th Cir. 2009)
(vacating a sentence of 60 months’ probation in light of defendant’s 78 to 97 months
Guidelines range and holding that “any sentence of probation would be unreasonable given
the magnitude and seriousness” of his conduct); Martin, 455 F.3d at 1230, 1241–42 (vacating,
when defendant’s Guidelines range was 108 to 135 months imprisonment, a seven-day
sentence after the court of appeals had previously rejected a sentence of 60 months’
probation).
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                                 No. 16-30104
                       c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

in imposing a sentence).     It instead focuses on the district court’s later
conclusion in its restitution order that Louisiana did not end up suffering a
loss as a justification for the extreme variance. No doubt loss is a key—often
the key—factor in sentencing a fraud defendant. But it is not the exclusive
concern. Congress and the Sentencing Commission have commanded that
courts conduct a holistic evaluation that includes the troubling features of
Peter’s conduct and history we have just mentioned. Id. § 3553(a); U.S.S.G.
§ 2B1.1.
      Even just considering loss, Peter is not the Chamber of Commerce hero
the dissenting opinion makes him out to be. In talking only about the state’s
actual loss, it neglects that Peter would have stolen millions from the state if
it had not detected his scheme. Dissenting Op. at 3–5. The Guidelines say to
use intended loss when that is greater than actual loss, U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 app.
note 3(A) & 3(A)(ii), the reason being that a fraudster’s intent reflects his
culpability, ROGER W. HAINES, JR. ET AL., FEDERAL SENTENCING GUIDELINES
HANDBOOK 275 (2002) (explaining that “intended loss is a direct measurement
of culpable mental state”); Frank O. Bowman, Coping With “Loss”: A Re-
examination of Sentencing Federal Economic Crimes Under the Guidelines, 51
VAND. L. REV. 461, 558–60 (1998) (explaining that a focus on intended loss
makes sense for “moral and utilitarian considerations”). Indeed, that is why it
has long been against the law to attempt a crime even if one does not succeed.
Id. at 559 (“The Sentencing Commission provided an increase in offense level
for ‘intended loss’ for the same reasons that substantive criminal liability is
imposed for inchoate crimes like attempt and conspiracy.”); see also Francis
Bowes Sayre, Criminal Attempts, 41 HARV. L. REV. 821, 822–837 (1928)
(tracing the criminalization of attempts back to the Star Chamber and treatise
of Sir Edward Coke).
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                                      No. 16-30104
                            c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

       Judged by this telling measure of culpability, Peter tried to steal $2
million from Louisiana beyond what his project earned when all was said and
done. The district court credited testimony from a state auditor indicating that
expenditures on the project would have ended up qualifying Seven Arts for
about $1.6 million in tax credits even though the claims were false when
submitted. That figure exceeds the roughly $1.1 million issued and later
revoked, which is what the dissenting opinion emphasizes. 23 But it neglects
that Peter submitted false claims totaling more than $9.1 million, 40% of which
would have resulted in over $3.6 million in credits. Only the state’s vigilance
in discovering the circular transactions and phony expenditures kept it from
being cheated out of the additional millions. 24
       That this fortuity of having been caught should not fully excuse Peter’s
complex scheme can be shown with an analogy to a “blue collar” theft. Consider
a thief who steals $2 million dollars of jewelry from a store. If police catch him
leaving the store and recover the stolen goods, is it likely that a no-harm-no-
foul argument would result in a sentence of probation? Of course not. Looking


       23  Notably, for the first application which is the only one the state approved, the project
did not end up earning the all the credits it received. It was entitled to only $860,000
according to the state auditor the district court credited. That is why in calculating forfeiture
the court used $272,480.80 as the amount Seven Arts received above what it ended up
earning on the first application. So looking just at the first application, the state did lose
money.
        The district court found that state did not ultimately lose money on the entire project
because it would have qualified for $1.6 million in credits. As discussed above, however, that
is far less than the $3.6 million in credits that Peter sought and would have fraudulently
received had the state not detected his fraud.
        24 Even if the project ended up receiving all the credits that Peter sought, submitting

false claims to obtain the credits before they were earned ran a significant risk that Louisiana
would not be made whole. As is the case for any business enterprise, it was far from a
guarantee that the facility would end up being built. Any number of economic, personal,
regulatory, or—this being New Orleans—weather-related hardships could have prevented
the completion of the project. Part of why intended loss is relevant to a sentencing court is
that it captures “the degree of risk the defendant’s behavior posed.” Bowman, supra, at 560.
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                                No. 16-30104
                      c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

only at actual loss in fraud cases where the fraudster is caught in the act is
thus another implicit way in which “different standards of justice [may be]
applied to white and blue collar criminals.” Saleh, 257 F. App’x at 745. The
victim being made whole can certainly be a mitigating factor at sentencing, but
it does not justify the degree of leniency afforded Peter given his attempt to
receive millions more in tax credits than the project ever earned. See Bowman,
supra, at 559 (explaining that the law punishes attempts in part because luck
plays a role in whether people engaging in equally blameworthy conduct
succeeds).
      Determining the outer boundaries of a sentencing judge’s discretion is
admittedly a judgment call. But looking at the entire sentencing landscape,
we readily conclude that this sentence exceeded those bounds. Peter’s scheme
was a serious one that involved creating bogus financial transactions in an
effort to mislead a state agency into issuing almost $4 million in tax credits.
One only needs to have read this opinion to see the tangled web of financial
maneuvers Peter wove. Add to that his criminal history, perjury, and use of
his position as a lawyer to further the crime. The result is that giving Peter
probation was a variance too far.
      We vacate the sentences of probation and remand for resentencing on
those counts, along with the ones we reinstated, consistent with the principles
we have just discussed.
                                       B.
      If our review of Peter’s sentence shows the limits of a district court’s
sentencing discretion, our review of Susan’s demonstrates its extent. She too
received a sentence of probation (three years). But her Guidelines range was
much lower than Peter’s; it recommended a prison term of 46 to 57 months.
This reflects her far less substantial role in the offense. As the district court
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                                 No. 16-30104
                       c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

observed, witnesses “scarcely mentioned” her during the trial. Whereas Peter
dove head first into the fraud, Susan just dipped her toes in it. That is enough
to sustain her convictions for the reasons we have explained. But a person’s
role in the offense is a critical factor in sentencing. In addition to not being a
leader of the fraud, Susan does not have any criminal history, did not commit
perjury, and did not abuse a position of trust. To be sure, even if not nearly as
great as Peter’s, the downward variance she received was substantial. It is of
similar scope to some we just cited that other courts have vacated. See Engle,
592 F.3d at 495. But the extent of a variance is just one consideration in
reviewing the substantive reasonableness of a sentence. That review is highly
factbound, so one can also find decisions affirming downward variances similar
to the one Susan received. See, e.g., United States v. Rowan, 530 F.3d 379,
380–81 (5th Cir. 2008) (affirming a sentence of 60 months supervised release
on child pornography charges despite a guidelines range of 46 to 57 months).
And on the flip side, we have upheld a number of upward variances of similar
and sometimes much greater magnitude. See, e.g., United States v. Hebert, 813
F.3d 551, 561–63 (5th Cir. 2015) (upholding a variance of 1214% from the high
end of the Guidelines range); United States v. Urbina, 542 F. App’x 398, 398–
99 (5th Cir. 2013) (affirming a 60-month sentence that was 329% higher than
the Guidelines range maximum); United States v. Brantley, 537 F.3d 347, 349–
50 (5th Cir. 2008) (upholding a 180-month sentence that was 253% higher than
the maximum end of the Guidelines range); United States v. Mejia-Huerta, 480
F.3d 713, 717–18, 723 (5th Cir. 2007) (affirming a 120-month sentence that
exceeded the high end of the Guidelines range by 344%). Booker discretion is
not a one-way street. We defer to both upward and downward variances so
long as the district court provides an explanation tailored to the statutory


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                                    No. 16-30104
                          c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

sentencing factors that is not outside the bounds of reasonableness. It did so
in sentencing Susan to probation. 25
                                             C.
       Arata’s Guidelines range was, at 108 to 135 months, higher than Susan’s
but lower than Peter’s. That is consistent with his relative role in the scheme.
We do not address the substantive reasonableness of his probation sentence,
however, because the reinstatement of certain counts may influence
sentencing.     Cf. Weingarten, 713 F.3d at 712 (explaining how an altered
“factual mosaic” may affect resentencing). For at least one thing, our reversal
of some of the false statement counts means that Arata lied to the FBI in
connection with the investigation.             Obstruction of justice is a relevant
sentencing consideration. We thus vacate his probation sentences without
opining on their propriety to allow the district court to sentence him in the first
instance under the new landscape resulting from our sufficiency review.
                                             VI.
       The final issue is forfeiture. Arata and the government challenge the
district court’s $223,434.25 award. 26             As opposed to restitution which is
remedial, forfeiture is punitive. The aim of a forfeiture award is to take any




       25 The government also alleges the district court committed procedural error in
deciding Susan’s sentence, but we reject that claim.
       26 The Hoffmans brief forfeiture only in their reply, when they challenge the amount

awarded and also a couple procedural aspects of the order. As with some of their new trial
arguments, see supra note 16, they only include these issues in the table of contents of their
opening brief. That is not sufficient. Id. In any event, we note that there is no problem with
the timing of the forfeiture, and the Hoffmans cannot establish plain error with respect to
the district court’s failure to ask whether the parties wanted a jury to decide forfeiture.
United States v. Valdez, 726 F.3d 684, 699 (5th Cir. 2013) (noting that the failure to inquire
whether parties wanted the jury to decide forfeiture did not meet the third and fourth
requirements for plain-error correction when evidence supported the court’s award).
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                                   No. 16-30104
                         c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

ill-gotten gains from a defendant. See United States v. Taylor, 582 F.3d 558,
566 (5th Cir. 2009).
      Arata contends no forfeiture should have been awarded based on his
view that the project ultimately qualified for more tax credits than it received.
The government argues the award should have reflected the full $1,132,480.80
in issued credits without any reduction for amounts the project ultimately
earned or the street value of the credits. In calculating forfeiture, the district
court started with that $1,132.480.80 in issued credits. It then subtracted the
$860,000 in tax credits a state accountant testified Seven Arts was entitled to.
This put the amount at $272,480.80. The court then valued the tax credits in
light of the 82 cents on the dollar the company received when it sold them.
Applying that ratio to the illegal credits received resulted in the award of
$223,434.25 (272,480.80 x .82).
      We find no clear error in this calculation. The district court was entitled
to offset the forfeiture with the amount of credits Seven Arts ultimately earned
according to the state accountant, a number Arata says was too low and the
government too high. Using that figure and the adjustment for the market
value of the credits was a reasonable means of ascertaining what the
defendants gained from their fraud, which is the measure of forfeiture. 27 We
affirm the forfeiture award.




      27  Honeycutt v. United States held that defendants could not be held jointly and
severally liable for proceeds derived from narcotics offenses that the defendants did not
themselves acquire. 137 S. Ct. 1626, 1630 (2017). We have since applied that holding to
forfeiture for health care fraud. See Sanjar, 876 F.3d at 748–50. The defendants do not
invoke Honeycutt, however, perhaps because all three were Seven Arts co-owners and
therefore “acquired” the ill-gotten tax credits.
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                               No. 16-30104
                     c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

                                    ***
     To recap our many rulings: We AFFIRM the district court’s denial of
defendants’ motions to dismiss the indictment. We AFFIRM the district court’s
denial of defendants’ motions for judgment of acquittal, and AFFIRM in part
and REVERSE in part the district court’s grant of defendants’ motions for
judgment of acquittal. We AFFIRM the district court’s denial of defendants’
motions for new trial.   We AFFIRM the district court’s forfeiture award.
Finally, we VACATE Peter         Hoffman’s sentence and REMAND for
resentencing. We AFFIRM Susan Hoffman’s sentence. And we VACATE
Arata’s sentence and REMAND for resentencing.




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                                 No. 16-30104
                       c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

JAMES L. DENNIS, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
      Though I concur in most of the majority’s opinion, I respectfully disagree
with the conclusion that the district court abused its discretion by sentencing
Peter Hoffman to five years of probation and a $40,000 fine. Because I would
affirm Peter’s sentence, I respectfully dissent as to part V(A).
        1.     The Importance of Sentencing Judges’ Discretion
      As the Supreme Court explained in Gall v. United States: “the sentencing
judge is in a superior position to find facts and judge their import under [18
U.S.C.] § 3553(a) in the individual case. The judge sees and hears the evidence,
makes credibility determinations, has full knowledge of the facts, and gains
insights not conveyed by the record.” 552 U.S. 38, 51–52 (2007) (citations and
quotation marks omitted). “It has been uniform and constant in the federal
judicial tradition for the sentencing judge to consider every convicted person
as an individual and every case as a unique study in the human failings that
sometimes mitigate, sometimes magnify, the crime and the punishment to
ensue.” Id. at 52 (citations and quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, “the
Court of Appeals should . . . give[] due deference to [a] District Court’s reasoned
and reasonable decision that the § 3553(a) factors, on the whole, justified the
sentence.” Id. at 59–60. These § 3553(a) factors include “the nature and
circumstances of the offense” and “the history and characteristics of the
defendant,” as well as the need “to reflect the seriousness of the offense” and
“provide just punishment.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). The statute prescribes that
district courts “shall impose a sentence sufficient, but not greater than
necessary, to comply with [these] purposes.” Id.




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                                 No. 16-30104
                       c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

           2.    The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion
        As the majority acknowledges, the district court in this case committed
no procedural error: it correctly calculated the applicable Guidelines range,
allowed both parties to present argument on what they believed to be an
appropriate sentence, considered the § 3553(a) factors, and explained its
reasoning before issuing Peter’s sentence. The remaining question for this
Court is thus whether the resulting sentence was substantively reasonable—
i.e., whether the district court abused its discretion in determining that the
§ 3553(a) factors supported a sentence of probation and a considerable variance
from the Guidelines range. After only briefly addressing the uniquely unusual
facts of this case (which I detail below), the majority decrees that the sentence
of five years of probation and a fine of $40,000 effectively reduced the sentence
to “zero” and was “a variance too far.” Maj. Op. at 51, 55. Respectfully, I must
conclude the majority is mistaken, as its analysis fails to apply the requisite
deference to the district court’s decision.     Notably, we “must review all
sentences—whether inside, just outside, or significantly outside the Guidelines
range—under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.” Gall, 552 U.S. at
41.
        This case features all the hallmarks the Supreme Court has indicated
require appellate courts to grant considerable deference to district courts’
determination of sentences. As the district court explicitly stated at Peter’s
sentencing, it was “intimately familiar” with the circumstances of this case: it
oversaw a lengthy jury trial and subsequently issued a detailed, 124-page
ruling on defendants’ motions for acquittal. In this order, the district court
noted that the defendants “spent more than $5 million turning the dilapidated
mansion at 807 Esplanade Avenue into a state-of-the-art post-production film
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                                    No. 16-30104
                          c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

studio (a studio that is in operation today and has serviced post-production
needs for movies and television series).” Not only did this studio ultimately
earn the tax credits the defendants received, the credits received were
ultimately less than what the defendants were entitled to. 1 At sentencing, the
district court appeared to accept the defense’s related assertion that the state
was not a victim, and instead “got exactly what [it] asked for:” a completed,
multimillion-dollar post-production studio.               Recognizing these unusual
circumstances, the district court reached a critical conclusion: “This is not an
ordinary fraud case.”
       The majority, in contrast, gives short shrift to these unique extenuating
circumstances.      The majority acknowledges in its brief introduction that,
thanks to newly developed post-production infrastructure funded through its
tax credit incentive program, Louisiana has “enjoyed considerable success” in
its efforts to “become a place where films are made.” Maj. Op. at 3. However,
when evaluating the seriousness of Peter’s conduct, it then fails to take into
account how Louisiana has benefited, and continues to benefit from, completed
film infrastructure projects like this one. Completed post-production studios
like 807 Esplanade were precisely what Louisiana elected to invest in when it
codified its intention “to encourage development in Louisiana of a strong
capital and infrastructure base for motion pictures[s] . . . in order to achieve an
independent, self-supporting [film post-production] industry.” LA. REV. STAT.
§ 47:6007. Ultimately, in Peter’s case, the state not only got what it bargained


       1 These determinations were further supported in Peter’s PSR, which stated that a
downward variance may be appropriate because, among other reasons, “The infrastructure
project involved in the instant offense was actually completed and audits confirmed the tax
credits released to the project were ultimately earned and were in fact less than the credits
the project actually earned when it was later completed.”
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                                  No. 16-30104
                        c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

for: it got it at a discount. The majority glosses over these critical, mitigating
facts, instead reweighing Peter’s sentencing factors to emphasize aggravating
circumstances. See United States v. McElwee, 646 F.3d 328, 343 (5th Cir. 2011)
(appellate court not entitled to reweigh sentencing factors (citing Gall, 552 U.S.
at 51)); see also Gall, 552 U.S. at 51, 59 (“The fact that the appellate court
might reasonably have concluded that a different sentence was appropriate is
insufficient to justify reversal of the district court. . . . [I]t is not for the Court
of Appeals to decide de novo whether the justification for a variance is
sufficient or the sentence reasonable.”).
      That the state ultimately suffered no loss is all the more significant
because Peter’s Guidelines range was only as high as it was because of an 18-
level enhancement for the $3.6 million “intended loss” calculated in the PSR, a
loss the state did not actually incur. In arriving at this figure, however, the
PSR did not acknowledge that it included in this loss amount expenditures the
defendants had not timely made, but did ultimately make, in order to complete
the promised post-production studio. The district court was entitled to, and
did, consider that the economic reality differed greatly from the PSR’s high loss
calculation. Indeed, the district court relied on the PSR itself in doing so. The
PSR cautioned that the loss figure it proposed “does not accurately reflect, and
appears to over-estimate, the damage caused to the victim in the instant
offense.” Consistent with the PSR’s suggestion that this lack of actual harm
could reasonably warrant a downward variance, the district court determined
that a Guidelines range based in part on this questionably relevant “intended
loss” figure significantly overstated the seriousness of Peter’s conduct. Cf.
United States v. Huber, 462 F.3d 945, 950–51 (8th Cir. 2006) (holding, where
district court departed downward in light of defendant’s small “net profit,” that
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                                 No. 16-30104
                       c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

“[t]he district court did not clearly err in its factual determination that the high
value of the laundered funds led to a base offense level that substantially
overstated the seriousness of the offense”).
      Therefore, though I share the majority’s concerns about preferential
treatment for white-collar criminals, I disagree with its implication that this
is a classic example of letting a white-collar criminal off easy. I conclude
instead, that in light of these extenuating circumstances that rendered this a
no-loss, victimless crime, the district court was within its discretion to treat
Peter differently than it ordinarily would the leader of a large-scale fraud
scheme. See United States v. Williams, 517 F.3d 801, 810 (5th Cir. 2008)
(noting that a variance deserves “greatest respect” when the facts of a case are
out of the ordinary). This case, in which neither the state nor any other
institutions or individuals suffered any loss, but in fact received the benefit of
a completed, state-of-the-art post-production facility, is not at all like a case
such as United States v. Martin, in which the Eleventh Circuit found a
downward departure unreasonable because the defendant’s crimes “resulted
in over a billion dollars of loss harming thousands of victims;” were “major
economic crimes that harmed not only individual victims but also many
institutions and companies;” and were “peculiarly corrosive to the economic life
of the community, as demonstrated by the deleterious effects the large-scale
fraud in this case had on the healthcare industries and securities markets.”
455 F.3d 1227, 1239 (11th Cir. 2006).
      Finally, though the majority does acknowledge that this case presents
“sound reasons for a downward variance, even a substantial one,” it then
proceeds to imply that any non-custodial sentence is a “variance too far” that
effectively reduces the sentence to “zero.” Maj. Op. at 51, 55. However, Gall
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                                     No. 16-30104
                           c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

specifically rejected this argument, declaring that viewing a probation
sentence as a “100% departure” inappropriately “gives no weight to the
substantial restriction of freedom involved in a term of supervised release or
probation.” 552 U.S. at 48. As Gall further notes:
       Offenders on probation are nonetheless subject to several standard
       conditions that substantially restrict their liberty. . . . Probationers
       may not leave the judicial district, move, or change jobs without
       notifying, or in some cases receiving permission from, their
       probation officer or the court. They must report regularly to their
       probation officer, permit unannounced visits to their homes,
       refrain from associating with any person convicted of a felony, and
       refrain from excessive drinking.
       Id. Accordingly, I reject the majority’s implication that Peter’s five-year
probation sentence is insubstantial.
       The unusual circumstances of this no-loss, victimless case, combined
with Peter’s age, health conditions, and non-felonious criminal history,
justified the court’s decision to impose the variance that it did. 2 Without
reweighing the sentencing factors, which it is well-established we may not do,
I cannot conclude that the district court abused its discretion.
3.         The Majority Fails to Give Downward Variances the Deference
              Our Circuit Consistently Gives Upward Variances
       As a final but not insignificant note: this court consistently upholds
sentences that vary upwardly from defendants’ Guidelines ranges, citing
district courts’ considerable discretion in weighing the 18 U.S.C. § 3553 factors
and determining appropriate sentences. See, e.g., United States v. Nguyen, 854



       2 The PSR also noted that Peter’s personal characteristics could justify a downward
variance: “The defendant is 66 years old and has never been convicted of any felonious
criminal conduct and has a significant history of gainful employment . . . . The likelihood that
he will commit further crimes is minimal.”
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                                   No. 16-30104
                         c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

F.3d 276, 284 (5th Cir. 2017) (noting our court’s “‘highly deferential’ review for
substantive reasonableness”); United States v. Brantley, 537 F.3d 347, 349–50
(5th Cir. 2008); United States v. Williams, 517 F.3d 801, 808–13 (5th Cir. 2008);
see also United States v. Guadian, 724 F. App’x 329 (5th Cir. 2018) (upholding
a 180-month sentence imposed for a non-violent, no weapons involved
marijuana trafficking offense with a Guidelines calculation of 63–78 months).
The majority states that we should accord equal deference to downward
variances, noting correctly that “Booker discretion is not a one-way street.”
Maj. Op. at 56. Consistent with this principle, the majority affirms Susan
Hoffman’s downward variance, reasoning that “we have upheld a number of
upward variances of similar and sometimes much greater magnitude.” Maj.
Op. at 56 (citing United States v. Hebert, 813 F.3d 551, 561–63 (5th Cir. 2015)
(affirming 1214% upward variance); United States v. Urbina, 542 F. App’x 398,
398–99 (5th Cir. 2013) (329% upward variance); Brantley, 537 F.3d at 349–50
(253% upwards); United States v. Mejia-Huerta, 480 F.3d 713, 717–18 (5th Cir.
2007) (344% upwards)). However, applying the same formula to determine the
percentage decrease here as the majority used to determine the percentage
increase in the cases that it cites, it becomes clear that each upward variance
also significantly outstrips the 72% decrease the district court applied when
sentencing Peter to five years of probation with a $40,000 fine. 3 Though Peter’s
variance was admittedly more considerable than Susan’s, the majority’s own



      3  To calculate the percentage increase or decrease between two numbers, as the
majority does, the numerical increase or decrease is divided by the original number, then
multiplied by 100. Thus: Percentage Increase = (New Number - Original Number) / Original
Number x 100; Percentage Decrease = (Original Number - New Number) / Original Number
x 100.    Relative change and difference, WIKIPEDIA,         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Relative_change_and_difference (last updated Apr. 14, 2018).
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                                 No. 16-30104
                       c/w 16-30226, 16-30013, 16-30527

calculations demonstrate that it is still considerably less extreme than the
upward variances we have consistently upheld.
      The fact is, it is only the exceptionally rare case in which this court finds
an upward variance substantively unreasonable.              See United States v.
Gerezano-Rosales, 692 F.3d 393, 401 (5th Cir. 2012) (finding a 108-month
sentence substantively unreasonable because the district court increased the
within-Guidelines sentence it had just imposed by three years based on its
belief that defendant responded “disrespectfully” to the sentence). If our court
is to continue to accord great deference to district courts’ decisions to impose
upward variances, we must certainly also do so when reviewing downward
variances.
                                       ***
      For these reasons, though I agree with most of the majority’s diligent
and well-thought opinion, I respectfully dissent as to Part V(A) vacating Peter
Hoffman’s sentence as unreasonable.




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