[Cite as Snapp v. Castlebrook Builders, Inc., 2014-Ohio-163.]




                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                           THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                SHELBY COUNTY




SCOTT A. SNAPP,

        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,                                     CASE NO. 17-12-22

        v.

CASTLEBROOK BUILDERS, INC,
ET AL.,                                                         OPINION

        DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS.




                  Appeal from Shelby County Common Pleas Court
                            Trial Court No. 10CV000052

                                      Judgment Affirmed

                           Date of Decision: January 21, 2014




APPEARANCES:

        Jon Paul Rion and Nicole Rutter-Hirth for Appellants

        Timothy S. Sell for Appellee
Case No. 17-12-22


WILLAMOWSKI, P.J.

       {¶1} Defendants-appellants,     Stephen     Kappeler      (“Kappeler”)    and

Castlebrook Builders, Inc. (“Castlebrook”), appeal the judgment rendered on

October 5, 2012, by the Court of Common Pleas in Shelby County, Ohio, after a

jury trial. On appeal, Appellants raise three assignments of error. First, they argue

that Defendant Kappeler was improperly held to be personally liable for the Co-

defendant corporation Castlebrook’s actions. Second, Appellants assert that the

trial court abused its discretion in awarding treble damages and attorney’s fees

against them. Third, Appellants challenge the jury verdicts as inconsistent and

claim that the damages awards were against manifest weight of the evidence. For

the reasons that follow, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       {¶2} The facts of this matter involve construction of home improvements

and additions to a property located in Shelby County, Ohio, belonging to Plaintiff-

appellee Scott Snapp (“Snapp”). The construction services at issue were provided

by Castlebrook, an Ohio corporation involved in a construction business in Ohio

and owned by Kappeler. In February 2010, Snapp filed his Complaint alleging

that, in connection with the construction, Defendants Kappeler and Castlebrook

violated the Ohio Consumer Sales Practices Act (“CSPA”), committed fraud,

breached their contract, and were unjustly enriched. (See R. at 1, Compl; R. at 81,


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Am. Compl.) The Complaint further alleged that Kappeler was individually liable

for the acts of the corporation Castlebrook, on an alter ego theory.1                              Snapp

demanded damages against both Defendants, jointly and severally. The matter

proceeded to jury trial.

                                               The Trial

        {¶3} Because one of Appellants’ challenges concerns the trial court’s denial

of their motion for directed verdict made after Snapp’s case-in-chief, we review

the testimony offered prior to the motion separately.

                                           Plaintiff’s Case

        {¶4} Kappeler testified that he had started the corporation around 2002, by

himself, without an attorney’s assistance, but his accountant helped him with

corporate records and tax matters. (Tr. at 365-366.) He admitted that no shares

had been issued for Castlebrook and that he had always been Castlebrook’s sole

employee. (Tr. at 380.) He did not receive a salary from Castlebrook or take

draws from his corporation, but instead he used the company money to pay for his

credit cards and other expenses, in lieu of salary. (Tr. at 367-368.) He used his

corporate checking account to pay for his daughter’s apartment in Columbus,

personal medical treatment, gasoline, and his truck. (Tr. at 368-370.)


1
  The Amended Complaint included additional parties as well as a claim for mechanics liens. (Am.
Compl.) These other parties and the claim for mechanics liens are not related to this appeal and we will not
discuss them herein. Likewise, we will not address the merits of Appellants’ Counterclaim and their Third
Party Complaint, as they are not challenged here.

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       {¶5} When Kappeler was presented with the minutes from 2003-2011

yearly corporate meetings of shareholders and directors of Castlebrook, he

admitted that none of the minutes were signed and all looked exactly the same,

apart from the date. (Tr. at 360-362.) As of the time of the trial, the corporation

was headquartered in Kappeler’s home. (Tr. at 366.)

       {¶6} According to Snapp’s testimony, he first came in contact with

Kappeler in January or February 2008, when he was looking for a local contractor

to fulfill his dream of restoring his family property. (Tr. at 120-126, 202-203.)

Snapp testified that he had found Kappeler’s business in a phonebook and because

he lived in Los Angeles at the time, this initial contact was over the phone. (Id.)

After initial phone discussions, Snapp, Kappeler, and a person introduced as

Kappeler’s “partner” Gary Meyer, met at Kappeler’s residence in Ohio to discuss

the project. (Tr. at 127.) At that meeting, Snapp was told that he was dealing with

Kappeler’s business, Castlebrook and not with Kappeler personally. (Tr. at 213.)

       {¶7} Snapp testified that Kappeler had asked him for an initial payment of

$2,000 to secure permits and architect’s services for the project. (Tr. at 128.)

Upon payment, Kappeler obtained architectural drawings, which he sent to Snapp

together with a rough blueprint. (Tr. at 128-129.) The parties did not meet face-

to-face anymore until the beginning of the project in May 2008, but they remained

in phone contact, discussing details of the project. (Tr. at 129-130.)


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       {¶8} Snapp testified that the project involved remodeling an old house and

constructing a new addition. (Tr. at 130-133.) He stated that before the work on

the project started, he and Kappeler had discussed the details of the construction,

including what work needed to be performed on the old house and certain

specifications for the addition, as well as details about flooring, tile, marble, and

cabinets in the house. (Tr. at 131-132, 260.) Yet, Snapp never provided anything

in writing to Kappeler or Castlebrook about the details on the finishings of the

interior of the project; there were merely talks about “how things would be done

and finished.” (Tr. at 218.)

       {¶9} According to Snapp, the price of the project was discussed on three

different occasions prior to starting the construction. (Tr. at 133.) Upon seeing

the first plans and the first drawings, Kappeler estimated the project to cost

“anywhere from 360 to 500, but he wasn’t sure at that point.” (Tr. at 133.) As the

discussions progressed, Kappeler said it “might be a little over” $500,000. (Tr. at

133-134.) The parties eventually agreed that the price was going to be “a time and

material plus 10 percent for a management fee.”          (Tr. at 134-135.)    Snapp

understood the ten percent management fee was to be included in the $500,000

estimate. (Tr. at 135.) Snapp claimed that the estimate given to him by Kappeler

was based on the entire project, not just the initial drawings. (Tr. at 207.) These

estimates were never put in writing. (Tr. at 135.) Snapp clarified that he was


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never refused a written estimate; he just never asked for it. (Tr. at 217, 227.) He

was also never offered a written estimate and was never told by Kappeler that he

had a right to a written estimate. (Tr. at 258.)

       {¶10} Snapp stated that during the discussions with Kappeler he was not

advised that certain services, such as rent of equipment owned by Kappeler,

Kappeler’s wife’s clerical work, Kappeler’s own clerical work, and his

management services, would be billed separately, in addition to the ten percent fee

agreed upon. (Tr. at 178-179.) Likewise, the initial discussions did not mention

payment for Kappeler’s letterhead and business cards, his utilities, or his

children’s personal credit cards. (Tr. at 179-180.) Snapp was not aware of these

billing practices until after the initiation of this suit. (Tr. at 178-179)

       {¶11} Snapp never demanded a contract but he did ask Kappeler whether

they needed one. (Tr. at 135, 208.) Kappeler responded “Trust me, we’ll be fine,

I’ll take care of you.” (Tr. at 208.) Snapp believed, however, that he had an oral

contract with Kappeler as of February or March 2008 and the price for the contract

was “time and material plus 10 percent.” (Tr. at 209.) He admitted that in his

answers to interrogatories submitted prior to trial he had claimed that the agreed

upon contract price was $450,000. (Tr. at 211.) In spite of this inconsistency, he

claimed that the numbers discussed before, such as $500,000 or $450,000, were

estimations rather than the contract and that the only contract that existed was for


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time and material plus ten percent. (Tr. at 211-212). Kappeler promised him the

project would be completed in November at the latest. (Tr. at 134.)

       {¶12} Snapp testified that at the time of the oral agreement, the blueprints

representing the architectural design of the construction were available to both

parties, although some of the things changed later because of necessity. (Tr. at

136-137.) He admitted that there were some details about interior that could

influence the price, which were not initially discussed with Kappeler. (Tr. at 219.)

He admitted there were jobs not initially contemplated that Castlebrook

performed, including demolition work on properties purchased after the initial

discussions with Kappeler. (144-145.) Some of the changes to the project were

requested by Snapp, while others were recommended by Kappeler. (Tr. at 159.)

Snapp claimed that there were some changes he never authorized, such as

enlarging the garage. (Tr. at 161.) Many changes were made as the project went

on and Snapp realized those changes would require more material and labor. (Tr.

at 223-228.) He was prepared to pay a higher price based on the changes to the

original design. (Tr. at 263.)

       {¶13} According to Snapp, with an exception of the change to the pitch of

the roof, Kappeler never quoted a price for the modifications and Snapp never

asked how much they would cost, although he was always asking for accountings.

(Tr. at. 158-160, 226.) Snapp was not aware of whether he was ever charged for


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the unanticipated changes that he did not authorize, because he was not provided

with an accounting. (Tr. at 223, 261.) Any changes to the project that were

requested by Snapp were completed by November and, after that time, there

should have been no more modifications. (Tr. at 263.)

       {¶14} The entire project lasted from May 2008 to July 2009 and Snapp

visited the site about eight times during that time to observe the progress. (Tr. at

275.) There were other people that Snapp considered involved in the project; for

example, Terry Waters, whom he considered to be the managing part of the

project. (Tr. at 229.) Snapp denied considering himself to be a managing person

for the project, but he admitted to testifying differently at his deposition when he

answered in the affirmative to a question whether he “had a role in managing this

project.” (Tr. at 229-230.) He explained that his role involved selecting tiles or

cabinets. (Tr. at 265.)

       {¶15} Snapp did not know much any of the subcontractors were paid or

how much the materials for the project cost. (Tr. at 164.) He was never provided

with invoices for any materials or for the work subcontractors did. (Tr. at 264.)

Although Snapp claimed he had never received an accounting from Kappeler, he

admitted having received spreadsheets with items broken down by categories,

which he did not consider to be a proper accounting. (Tr. at 274-276.) He never




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asked for an accounting in writing. (Tr. at 276.) Nevertheless, he submitted

payments to Kappeler.

      {¶16} As far as Snapp was aware, all the payments made on the project

were made out to Castlebrook and not to Kappeler, personally. (Tr. at 214.) The

payments were submitted from various sources on behalf of Snapp. (Tr. at 215-

216, 258-259.) In early September of 2008, after having paid $372,000, Snapp

was asked for another $195,000. (Tr. at 146, 148.) Because it would have taken

him over the $500,000 of initial projections, and he saw that the work was not

“anywhere close to a finished house,” Snapp started questioning the costs. (Tr. at

146, 148.) He became very concerned, started asking how much more it was

going to cost, and requested an accounting. (Tr. at 146-147.) No accounting was

provided to him, but he was given a number of $350,000, which he understood to

be enough to finish the project. (Tr. at 147, 150-151.) He made the payment of

$195,000 and, after that point, additional sums of money were requested and

submitted. (Tr. at 151-152.)

      {¶17} Snapp testified that while he was concerned about the costs, the lack

of accounting, and the project not coming to an end, Kappeler kept asking for

trust. (Tr. at 152.) He remembered that around November or December 2008 the

cost of the project was coming close to $900,000, but by March or April, Kappeler

asked for more money. (Tr. at 152-153.) Snapp expressed concerns about the


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additional expenses at that point and he was getting frustrated; yet, by May 2009,

he paid another $107,000. (Id.)

       {¶18} Snapp testified that in May 2009, he had been notified that the work

on the project had stopped due the lack of money. (Tr. at 154.) Snapp decided to

seek a legal remedy. (Tr. at 154.) After a teleconference with his attorney and

Kappeler, the parties agreed that Snapp would pay another $150,000, conditioned

upon being provided with a full accounting and being able to move in by June 17,

2009. (Tr. at 155.) Although he submitted the payment, he was never provided

with the accounting. (Tr. at 155, 243.) Snapp was asked about a written letter

memorializing the agreement, pursuant to which he was obligated to pay any

balance of money owed to Castlebrook “in conjunction with a full accounting

being provided to Mr. Snapp regarding labor, materials, and all money spent on

the project.” (Tr. at 243.) Snapp testified that he did not write or sign that letter,

however, and he did not commit to it. (Tr. at 243.) He denied that the letter

represented an agreement between him and Kappeler or Castlebrook, but claimed

that it was merely a confirmation that $150,000 was sent by him in order to be

able to move into his house. (Tr. at 244.)

       {¶19} According to Snapp, at one point, and due to a mistake, Kappeler

was sent an additional $13,800. (Tr. at 156.) Snapp repeatedly asked for the

money back but never received it because Kappeler claimed that this money was


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owed to him. (Id.) The project did not get completed until mid-July of 2009, in

spite of the payment of $150,000 agreed upon in May 2009 and the mistaken

payment of $13,800, which took the costs to $1.3 million. (Tr. at 162-163.) As of

June 2009, based on what he was told, Snapp believed that he still owed $53,000

to Castlebrook. (Tr. at 247-248.) He never made that payment. (Tr. at 248.)

       {¶20} Snapp testified that upon moving in, in July 2009, the house was

unfinished and some things were defective, including gaping holes in the

baseboard, excessive peeling of the plaster, flaking and bubbling of the paint. (Tr.

at 164, 167-168.) Neither Kappeler nor his business Castlebrook ever fixed those

deficiencies and Snapp became responsible for the cost of the repair. (Tr. at 178.)

He did not have a calculated number, however, for how much the alleged defects

cost him. (Tr. at 236-240.)

       {¶21} Snapp testified that the total amount of money paid for the project

was $1,314,218, a number of which he had never been advised prior to hiring

Castlebrook.    (Tr. at 138, 157.)    Upon completion, the new addition itself

measured about 6,000 total square feet and Snapp claimed that he would be

willing to pay for the value of what he had received, assuming that it, in fact, was

the value. (Tr. at 198, 267.)




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       {¶22} Snapp testified that throughout the entire project he had dealt with

Kappeler only.     (Tr. at 213.)    He did not think that Kappeler had created

Castlebrook just for the sole purpose of defrauding him. (Tr. at 214.)

       {¶23} Snapp admitted that before hiring Castlebrook, there was another

contractor, Wayne Garber, hired to perform work on the old house. (Tr. at 200-

201.) Garber was hired just prior to the construction starting, “just to kind of help

things out,” and remained on the construction for about ten to twelve weeks,

before Castlebrook came on. (Tr. at 258.) Snapp did not have a written contract

with Garber or an estimate from him. (Tr. at 201.) Garber was paid on the time

and material basis, but did not receive an additional ten percent fee. (Tr. at 202.)

       {¶24} During his case-in-chief, Snapp offered testimony of Mr. Robert

Melvin (“Melvin”), an expert in the cost and draw analysis, as well as construction

workmanship. (Tr. at 297-298.) Melvin spent over 200 hours reviewing this case,

which included invoices, statements, bank records, as well as additional

documents related to this litigation. (Tr. at 298-299.) He also looked at the

blueprints of the project and approximately 600 photographs showing the progress

of the job from start to finish. (Tr. at 300-301.) Melvin testified that the project is

less than 2,000 square feet. (Tr. at 301.)

       {¶25} Melvin testified to what Kappeler’s role as a project manager should

have been and criticized his performance of this function. (Tr. at 304.) For


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example, the initial documents did not include anything establishing the quality of

the materials, allowances for specialties like the kitchen, the tile work, the

countertops, all of which he usually expected to see in projects; there was nothing

besides the blueprints. (Tr. at 302.) He stated that providing this kind of estimates

and allowances is the contractor’s responsibility. (Tr. at 303.)

       {¶26} Melvin commented that there was a lot of chaos on this project. (Tr.

at 303.)   Several contracts with subcontractors were missing and he had to

establish some values based on the drawings. (Tr. at 304-305.) He noticed that

there were “extensive areas where there was an over amount of hours charged,”

and substantial discrepancies in records that he reviewed.         (Tr. at 306, 308.)

Melvin pointed out that the value given to him for the foundation work was nearly

double of what his estimates were. (Tr. at 305.) He found four separate invoices

from three separate contractors for the foundation work, one indicating that

excavation for the foundation was performed “a week after the actual foundations

were dug,” and another one indicating that a contractor did the foundation

excavation work twice. (Tr. at 308-309.) He also noticed that the same charge of

$36,000 for the foundation was billed twice. (Tr. at 313.)

       {¶27} Melvin noticed double charges for the lumber materials and

calculated that out of $130,000 charged in lumber materials there was only

legitimately about $30,000 worth of materials in this project. (Tr. at 311-312.) He


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also noticed that some of the materials on the invoices from the lumber company

were not for this project. (Tr. at 311.) He estimated that out of the $85,000 worth

of materials there was only $25,000 that was actually related to the framing. (Tr.

at 311.) He noticed charges for cabinets totaling almost $30,000, which was

suspicious because this project had $50,000 worth of custom cabinets in it and did

not have any store cabinets. (Tr. at 312.) He noticed that Snapp was charged for

enough material to build approximately a mile of road, but no such road was built

on his property. (Tr. at 315.) The invoices also included at least four kitchen

stoves, three refrigerators, and five dishwashing machines; the house did not have

this amount of appliances in it. (Tr. at 318-319.)

       {¶28} According to Melvin, Snapp was charged for a down payment on the

purchase of a Bobcat and for the purchase of an auger, neither of which were

given to Snapp; Snapp was then charged for the rental of the Bobcat in addition to

being charged toward the purchase of it. (Tr. at 317, 320.) Melvin also pointed

out charges for tools for which the consumers should not be responsible, in the

amount of almost $2,000. (Tr. at 311.) Some other equipment rental was charged

to Snapp, even though it was not used at the construction site during the time. (Tr.

at 317-318.) Throughout the billing, Melvin found at least one invoice that had

the name of a different project on it and other invoices that obviously did not

belong to this project. (Tr. at 315-316.)


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      {¶29} Melvin ascertained that, in addition to charging Snapp for the ten

percent management fee on top of time and material, Castlebrook charged for

about forty hours a week of work provided by Kappeler, which was unsupported

by any evidence of any work performed by him apart from the management of the

project. (Tr. at 320-321.) Melvin commented that the documentation did not

support any such labor provided on the project by Castlebrook since everything

was subcontracted. (Tr. at 342.) The invoices also indicated charges for work

provided by Kappeler’s business associate, Gary Meyer, in the amount of forty

hours each week during the duration of project; while other documentation

showed that Meyer was working on different projects during some of that time and

that he did not start the actual work on Snapp’s residence until May or June. (Tr.

at 321-322.)

      {¶30} Melvin calculated the actual value of the project and came up with a

number between $540,000 and $580,000. (Tr. at 322-323.) He further criticized

the workmanship of the project and estimated that approximately $11,000-$12,000

would have to be spent to remedy various issues. (Tr. at 324-332.)

      {¶31} Kappeler was called to testify in Snapp’s case-in-chief. He claimed

that, initially, his company was not supposed to work on the old house and was

only hired to construct the addition. (Tr. at 424.) He denied estimating the project

at $500,000, stating that he “may have said” the number of $520,000 based on the


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“chicken scratch piece of paper that he had.” (Tr. at 395-396.) Kappeler claimed

that, even after the blueprints were prepared, it was impossible to determine what

the cost of the project would be because none of the details were decided. (Tr. at

396.) He testified that Snapp told him “as long as you treat me right, just keep her

goin.’” (Tr. at 396.) Kappeler admitted that, although he normally uses a contract

for his construction work, this project was different and a contract for it would not

be convenient due to the nature of the project. (Tr. at 627-628.) At the same time,

he agreed to charge Snapp a lower fee of ten percent for profit on top of the costs,

although his regular fee would be fifteen percent, which made Snapp “elated.”

(Tr. at 469.)

       {¶32} Kappeler testified that, in addition to receiving ten percent of the cost

of the project, he also charged Snapp for his own labor, which included, for

example, getting measurements for the architect. (Tr. at 445-446.) He did not,

however, inform Snapp that he incurred over $79,000 for his own labor, charging

forty dollars an hour. (Tr. at 446.) Kappeler did not have any documentation to

prove that he had spent 1,983 hours working on the project between March and

December 2008, as he claimed. (Tr. at 447-448.) In 2009, his work resulted in a

charge of $53,120. (Tr. at 448.) He also paid his wife over $8,000 for her help

with clerical work. (Tr. at 448, 567.) He admitted charging Snapp for rental of

construction equipment that his company owned. (Tr. at 464-465, 473.) The ten


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percent fee was calculated off of the costs of the project, which included

Kappeler’s own labor and rental equipment from Castlebrook.            (Tr. at 476.)

Furthermore, although Kappeler had received discounts on some products or

services, he charged Snapp full price for those products or services. (Tr. at 532-

533, 538.)

       {¶33} Kappeler testified that Gary Meyer was a subcontractor with whom

he had been working for the past eight years, “day-to-day.” (Tr. at 499.) Meyer

had submitted some invoices for this project, which were paid by Castlebrook and

then charged to Snapp at the rate of forty dollars an hour, or sixty dollars an hour

for work on a Bobcat. (Tr. at 499-505.) Kappeler explained that he did not

require Meyer to provide any documentation as to the time actually spent working

on the project because he trusted him absolutely. (Tr. at 500.)

       {¶34} Kappeler testified that, throughout the transaction, in order to receive

a payment from Snapp he would call Snapp and ask for money, without specifying

what it was for, and Snapp would submit the payment. (Tr. at 633-635.) No

writings were exchanged; payments were made based on oral conversations. (Tr.

at 633-634.) These conversations were not documented. (Tr. at 634.)

       {¶35} Kappeler denied being asked for an accounting by Snapp but he

stated that Castlebrook kept providing Snapp with accountings, which were

broken down by the type of job and the amount incurred by Castlebrook on those


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jobs. (Tr. at 381.) The accounting statements were printed off from the program

used by Kappeler called QuickBooks Pro, but they did not include dates, names of

contractors, or amounts paid to each of them. (Tr. at 381-383.) Kappeler testified

that Snapp never asked him for invoices related to Castlebrook’s labor on the

project. (Tr. at 446.) The first time a detailed accounting was requested was in

May 2009. (Tr. at 384.)

       {¶36} Kappeler testified about a list representing checks and expenses

related to this project, stating that it was given to Plaintiff for the purposes of this

trial. (Tr. at 372-378.) He explained that some of the checks given to Plaintiff

were not actually related to the project but ended up in discovery “because this is a

block of checks.” (Tr. at 374-378.) He confirmed that over $59,000 represented

by these checks should not have been charged to Snapp because those payments

did not relate to the project. (Tr. at 379.)

       {¶37} There were invoices and charges that Kappeler could not explain.

(Tr. at 474-475, 551, 581-582.) Among other things, he could not explain why a

charge from 2006 for excavation work on the foundation was billed to Snapp even

though his project did not start until 2008. (Tr. at 493.) Kappeler could not

explain charges on his credit card that were assigned and billed to Snapp. (Tr. at

416-426.) He had no receipts showing that those charges were actually related to

the project. (Id.) He lacked proof and was unable to explain many other charges


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and payments on the project. (See Tr. at 425-426, 463, 479-480, 482, 497, 514.)

He admitted to some inconsistencies between his exhibit that represented charges

to Snapp and what was actually paid (for example a check for $1,000 was

represented on his statement as a check for $9,000). (Tr. at 426-427.) Some

charges represented payments that were for other projects and some invoices were

mistakenly charged to Snapp. (Tr. at 428-430, 494-495, 515, 602, 603, 608-610.)

Kappeler confirmed that the $3,000 charge for auger, the charge for the Bobcat, or

the multiple-times billed $7,305 charge for fencing that was for Kappeler’s

personal use, should not have been included in the billing to Snapp. (Tr. at 439,

486-487, 517-518.) Kappeler admitted that out of the total amount of $281,535.56

that he had charged to Snapp for invoices from Piqua Lumber, only $83,718.13

were actually legitimate charges. (Tr. at 545-547.)

      {¶38} Kappeler admitted billing Snapp twice for Gary Meyer’s services at

$26,541. (Tr. at 510.) He admitted to double charging separate amounts of

$7,372.30, $4,016.72, $14,448.37, $24,487.73, $2,538.24, $7,396.79, $1,606.36,

$36,834, and multiple other individual amounts. (Tr. at 534, 535, 539, 543, 589-

590, 594, 596, 625-627.) There was a sum of $14,518.45 that was triple accounted

for on Kappeler’s spreadsheet. (Tr. at 543.) Kappeler admitted that those charges

should not have been billed to Snapp. (Tr. at 438.)




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       {¶39} Kappeler testified that after May 2009, Snapp requested a few

additional items added to the project, which resulted in more charges that were not

previously contemplated. (Tr. at 411.) He calculated that, after the completion of

the job in August 2009, Snapp owed him $64,000. (Tr. at 413.) At the time of the

trial, Kappeler was asking for more, however, as a result of going through “every

single invoice.” (Tr. at 413.)

       {¶40} At the end of the project, Kappeler’s calculations indicated that its

entire cost was $1,557,000. (Tr. at 403-404.) He admitted that this calculation

included some mistakes and the number was later corrected to $1,349,000. (Tr. at

404.) When asked for confirmation of the final accounting, Kappeler testified that

the actual number would be around $1,475,000. (Tr. at 405-406.) As explained

throughout his testimony, however, this number included the mistaken charges and

multiple billing for the same invoices.        (Tr. at 488.)   When confronted by

Plaintiff’s attorney, Kappeler admitted that these numbers were inaccurate. (Tr. at

535.) Towards the end of his testimony, Kappeler acknowledged that the amount

of money he claimed he had spent on the job was incorrect and he realized it while

on the stand being questioned by Plaintiff’s attorney. (Tr. at 540-541, 635.)

       {¶41} Throughout his testimony, Kappeler denied fabricating any of the

numbers intentionally, claiming that the examples of double billing or charging for

services and material not related to the Snapp project resulted from mistakes or


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oversight. (Tr. at 540-541, 630-635.) Kappeler admitted that he probably had

created some of the invoices at the end of the job although they reflected actual

charges from dates before. (Tr. at 459-460.)

                                         Directed Verdict

        {¶42} At the end of Plaintiff’s case, Appellants moved for a directed

verdict with respect to fraud, unjust enrichment, and piercing the corporate veil.

(Tr. at 639-650.) Regarding the issue of piercing the corporate veil, defense

counsel argued that the standard set forth by the Ohio Supreme Court in

Belvedere2 was not satisfied with respect to the second prong. (Tr. at 648-650.) In

particular, he argued that there was no evidence that Kappeler’s control over

Castlebrook was exercised “in any kind of a manner to commit fraud or any kind

of an illegal act.” (Tr. at 648-651.) In his opinion, there had been no evidence

offered up to that point that the legal entity of Castlebrook was used that way or

that it was formed “for the express purpose of perpetuating a fraud.” (Tr. at 649-

650.) Defense counsel also suggested that the trial court use the LeRoux standard

for piercing, which required the corporation to be formed for the purpose of

perpetuating a fraud.3 (Tr. at 648-651.) The trial court rejected that standard as


2
  Belvedere Condominium Unit Owners' Assn. v. R.E. Roark Cos., Inc., 67 Ohio St.3d 274, 287, 617 N.E.2d
1075 (1993).
3
  LeRoux's Billyle Supper Club v. Ma, 77 Ohio App.3d 417, 602 N.E.2d 685 (6th Dist.1991), quoting North
v. Higbee Co., 131 Ohio St. 507, 3 N.E.2d 391 (1936), at syllabus. We note that Appellants’ reliance on
that case was misplaced as the LeRoux court merely quoted the standard announced previously in North v.
Higbee and refused to follow it. See LeRoux, 77 Ohio App.3d at 421, 423. Furthermore, the Ohio Supreme
Court expressly overruled that standard as “too strict.” Belvedere, 67 Ohio St.3d at 287-288 (1993).

                                                -21-
Case No. 17-12-22


inconsistent with Belvedere, which was decided by the Ohio Supreme Court after

LeRoux. (Tr. at 657.) The trial court found that, looking at the evidence in the

light most favorable to the nonmoving party, Plaintiff, there was sufficient

evidence presented from which the jury could find that Kappeler exercised control

over Castlebrook to commit fraud. (Tr. at 657-658.) Accordingly, the trial court

denied Appellants’ motion for a directed verdict and the trial continued with

Appellants presenting their case-in-chief.

                                 Defendants’ Case

       {¶43} Michael Lochard, who was a subcontractor involved in installation of

heating and cooling, testified that he had been involved in the project from its

early stages until the end. (Tr. at 665-668, 671.) Lochard testified that he saw

Kappeler involved in work on the project almost every time he was there, doing a

variety of jobs. (Id.) He also observed Snapp being involved in the project,

requesting changes that required additional labor or material. (Tr. at 665-668.)

Lochard did not submit an invoice for his work on the project until June 2009.

(Tr. at 668-670.)

       {¶44} James Meyer, who was another subcontractor involved in the project

over several months (mid-June until the end of September, 2008), testified that he

saw Kappeler work on the construction daily doing “a lot of different things,” that

included scheduling, changes, and getting materials. (Tr. at 678-680.) He also


                                        -22-
Case No. 17-12-22


observed Gary Meyer on the project daily. (Tr. at 680.) He saw Snapp when he

visited the project. (Tr. at 681.) James Meyer testified that there were numerous

changes made to the project, which included moving door openings three times,

changing soffits in the bedrooms, changes to window layouts, changes to the

breezeway, changes to the old house, and other “little things bein’ moved around.”

(Tr. at 682.) The changes took additional time and required a lot of extra material.

(Tr. at 682.) James Meyer worked on the project on the time and material basis,

which was his common practice. (Tr. at 683.)

       {¶45} Brad Brubaker, who was in the business of making custom cabinetry,

performed a project for Snapp’s house. (Tr. at 700-706.) He admitted that there

were changes to the project, including adding cabinets and “all these fancy things

put in different locations,” all of which involved extra labor and additional

material.   (Tr. at 706-707.)   These changes were communicated to Brubaker

mostly by Terry Waters, who was a designer hired by Snapp. (Tr. at 706.)

       {¶46} Wayne Garber, who was in the business of remodeling and

construction, testified that he had been hired directly by Snapp for this project.

(Tr. at 713-715.) He worked from May until September 2008. (Tr. at 715.) He

was not connected to or involved with Castlebrook. (Tr. at 715-716.) His job

encompassed the work on the old house and preserving its original condition, but

he had no involvement with the new addition. (Tr. at 716-715.) He was the only


                                       -23-
Case No. 17-12-22


person working on the old part of the house until he was “pushed off the job” in

September 2008. (Tr. at 718-719.)

       {¶47} Ken Luebke, a local contractor who had been in business for thirty-

two years, testified as a defense expert witness. (Tr. at 720-731.) His testimony

was based on his experience and he had not reviewed any evidence related to this

project. (Tr. at 760-761.) He worked on the new addition on the Snapp project,

but he never personally interacted with Snapp. (Tr. at 731.) He testified that a

time and material contract plus a ten percent profit fee is not out of line in the

general contracting field and that for this particular type of project, it was not out

of ordinary to use the time and material type of contract. (Tr. at 735-736.) He

testified that subcontractors may work on the time and material basis as well. (Tr.

at 746.) Luebke himself typically worked on a contract when constructing a

house. (Tr. at 762.) He testified that he probably would not have taken a project

of this magnitude without a contract because, in his opinion, it would put

somebody at risk. (Tr. at 765.) In his business dealings, Luebke did not charge

the customer extra for time spent paying the bills or for other clerical work. (Tr. at

767, 783.)

       {¶48} Luebke testified that changes to a project usually increase the price

of the entire project. (Tr. at 738.) He also stated that forty dollars an hour charge

for a general contractor is not out of line. (Tr. at 739-740.) He estimated Snapp’s


                                        -24-
Case No. 17-12-22


home to be about 6,000 square feet. (Tr. at 741.) According to him, an average

construction cost of a home in Shelby County is between $120 and $150 per

square foot, and it would be impossible to build a 6,000-square-foot addition at

$500,000, as that would result in a price of $62.50 per square foot. (Tr. at 742-

743.)

        {¶49} When questioned by the defense counsel, Snapp was asked about the

discrepancies between the number he claimed to have paid for the project, which

was $1,318,000 and the number that was actually supported by his documentation,

$1,011,333. (Tr. at 801.) He could not explain the discrepancy. (Id.) He testified

that the higher number was supported by the documentation prepared by Kappeler.

(Tr. at 802-803.)

        {¶50} Kappeler testified in his defense stating that he had been in the

construction business for thirty-five years and that his business had never been

sued before and never had any complaints. (Tr. at 806, 999.) Kappeler explained

the method in which he had prepared Castlebrook’s corporate minutes, claiming

that the reason they all looked the same was because his attorney just “printed off

the paper” every year because nothing was changing. (Tr. at 811.) Kappeler

admitted that he had mixed personal purchases with business spending on his

business credit cards. (Tr. at 838-839.)




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Case No. 17-12-22


       {¶51} Kappeler claimed that he never advertised in the Yellow Pages. (Tr.

at 808.) To his knowledge, Snapp first approached Gary Meyer, who later told

Kappeler about a possible job from Snapp. (Tr. at 817-818.) Kappeler and Snapp

first met face-to-face at the beginning of 2008, when Snapp visited from

California. (Tr. at 818.) At that initial meeting, Kappeler did not see the original

house and was only approached with a sketch that had very little detail on it. (Tr.

at 818-819.) At the time, they did not know what kind of materials were going to

be used for the project. (Tr. at 829-830.) Kappeler testified that he was not asked

for an estimate, but they did discuss some round figures.        (Tr. at 821-823.)

According to Kappeler, “The only time we ever gave him an estimate was, I

testified, is when he first brought that little sheet in. But then after he had the

prints made, you know, the house was twice as big.” (Tr. at 1169.)

       {¶52} Kappeler testified that, during the initial discussions, the parties

agreed on a contract that included time plus material, and ten percent profit, even

though he usually charged fifteen percent for profit. (Tr. at 828.) He admitted that

this was the first time he had worked on a time and material contract but he

thought it would be the best way to handle this project because of the unknown

specifications.   (Tr. at 832.)   Kappeler was told that Snapp had just filed

bankruptcy and therefore he would pay for the project “as he goes” instead of




                                       -26-
Case No. 17-12-22


financing it. (Tr. at 823-824.) Kappeler thus informed Snapp that money would

have to be paid in advance. (Tr. at 824.)

       {¶53} Kappeler asserted that his business had not been hired to work on the

old part of the house initially and that Wayne Garber was the person involved in

work on the old house. (Tr. at 826.) Therefore, they closed off the old section

with plywood prior to starting work on the addition. (Tr. at 826-827.) Kappeler

did not get involved in the work on the old house until about early September or

October 2008. (Tr. at 849, 911.) He claimed that the original drawings and

discussions did not include the old house. (Tr. at 849-850.) After Castlebrook

started work on the old house, however, the same agreement as to price applied,

time and material plus ten percent. (Tr. at 912.)

       {¶54} Kappeler recalled that when the initial excavation work on the

project started, they discovered some water problems. (Tr. at 825.) There were

three springs running underneath the house of which Kappeler had not been aware

prior to commencing the construction, and which required additional work. (Tr. at

874-875.) Snapp was present at the project when the discovery was made. (Tr. at

825.) Kappeler discussed other changes made to the project and denied making

any of them without Snapp’s authorization, arguing that Snapp “was a busy fellow

and probably just forgot” that he had requested a change. (Tr. at 887-890, 900-

902.) Each change increased the cost of the project, and there were many of them.


                                        -27-
Case No. 17-12-22


(Tr. at 902-903; see, e.g., 912-913, 919, 925-926, 931, 945, 949-950, 952.) Some

of the changes required tearing down parts of the construction. (Tr. at 986.)

Although Kappeler would ask Snapp whether he was sure he wanted to implement

the changes, he did not inform Snapp that it would cost more because “we were

time and material so it didn’t matter, we just did it.” (Tr. at 987.)

       {¶55} In his testimony, Kappeler described the details of the project.

Testifying about the photographs of various rooms in the house, he explained the

amount of work, listing persons or subcontractors performing the work and

materials that were used. (Tr. at 866-987.) During the project, there were two

occurrences when the payments from Snapp stopped and Kappeler’s company left

the construction site for short times. (Tr. at 855-857.) Even then, they kept

working at the shop preparing trim and other things for the job. (Tr. at 857.)

       {¶56} Kappeler testified about a meeting with Snapp’s attorney, Heath

Hegemann, which occurred towards the end of the project, sometime around May

2009. The meeting resulted from work stoppage, which was due to running out of

money.     (Tr. at 988-989.)      Kappeler, Gary Meyer, and Snapp’s attorney,

Hegemann, were physically present at the meeting and Snapp participated over the

phone. (Tr. at 989-992.) The parties agreed upon a deadline to finish the project

and for a payment of $150,000 from Snapp. (Tr. at 989-992.) They further agreed

that “the balance of any monies owed would be paid in conjunction with a full


                                         -28-
Case No. 17-12-22


accounting being provided to Mr. Snapp regarding labor, materials, and all money

spent on this project.” (Tr. at 995.) Kappeler failed to send the accounting to

Snapp; yet, after the meeting, he believed he was still owed approximately around

$60,000 or $62,000. (Tr. at 995, 997.)

      {¶57} Kappeler also testified about finances and explained some of the

disputed charges. He claimed that he had kept track of the payments made by

Snapp through his QuickBooks Pro program. (Tr. at 834-835.) He added that he

did not work well with the computers and was not good at keeping track of

everything at QuickBooks Pro. (Tr. at 860-864.) He acknowledged the existence

of improperly filed invoices. (Tr. at 1058.) There were bills that he could not

explain, even though he presumed they were related to the Snapp project because

of the timeframe and his certainty that the company was not involved in any other

project at the time. (Tr. at 1060-1072, 1082-1093.) He referred to situations when

Terry Waters and Snapp would purchase materials for the house and have invoices

sent to Kappeler without his authorization.      (Tr. at 856.)    He claimed that

throughout the project, he was never asked for any receipts. (Tr. at 835-836.)

      {¶58} Kappeler explained that some of the invoices for the project came at

a later date, after the job was completed. (See, e.g., Tr. at 1026-1029.) For

example, about a month and a half after Snapp moved in, Castlebrook was

requested to do “a couple little things.” (Tr. at 992-993.) Additionally, after the


                                         -29-
Case No. 17-12-22


project was over, Kappeler spent about ten hours a week working on paying the

bills and going over invoices, charging Snapp for this clerical work at forty dollars

an hour. (Tr. at 1029-1030.) He testified that he had not been paid on some of the

invoices issued after the project had been completed. (Tr. at 1035.)

       {¶59} The addition Castlebrook built for Snapp consisted of 6,000 square

feet and the whole project totaled 8,000 square feet. (Tr. at 813.) Kappeler

testified that it would be impossible to build an 8,000-square-foot project at the

price of $62.50 per square foot.      (Tr. at 847.)   For that reason it would be

impossible to have a contract for the construction of this project at $500,000, as

claimed by Snapp. (Tr. at 848.) He disagreed with price estimations by Plaintiff’s

expert, Melvin. (Tr. at 848.) He also disagreed with Melvin’s measurements of

the house at 2,000 square feet. (Tr. at 848.)

       {¶60} Discussing the final accounting for the construction, Kappeler

explained that the number at one of the exhibits, $1,000,602, was incorrect. (Tr. at

863-864.)    He did admit that some documents were prepared improperly,

including the document indicating double billings. (1098-1099.) He denied,

however, ever sending a double or triple bill to Snapp. (Tr. at 1098-1099.) He

explained that the incorrect numbers on documents he provided to Snapp during

the discovery in this case resulted from human errors rather than his intent to

defraud Snapp. (Tr. at 864.) Kappeler explained that the allegations of the double


                                        -30-
Case No. 17-12-22


and triple billing came from a financial statement, which he called a “ledger

sheet,” used by Snapp’s counsel in evidence, which was not prepared by Kappeler

personally; although he reviewed it, he did not catch the mistakes. (Tr. at 1099-

1100.) Kappeler admitted that this document was “fatally flawed.” (Tr. at 1107.)

       {¶61} Nevertheless, although the “ledger sheet” had mistakes, his most

recent calculations still indicated a figure of $1,330,000 as an amount that labor

and materials added up to. (Tr. at 1100-1106.) He testified that when he came up

with the number of $1,314,218, he was “just tryin’ to be the best [he] could on it.”

(Tr. at 865.) Towards the end of his testimony, Kappeler testified that after going

through the statements a few times, his calculations indicated that this project cost

“somewhere around 1.3 to 1.4 million.” (Tr. at 1097-1098.)

       {¶62} Kappeler testified about a new “worksheet” that he had prepared

during the trial together with his wife and his counsel, which outlined the time and

materials for the job. (Tr. at 1108-1114.) When preparing this new worksheet,

Kappeler removed the inaccuracies that were contained in the original disputed

“ledger sheet,” on which Snapp’s counsel relied. (Tr. at 1117.) He did not add up

the numbers on the new worksheet and did not contradict a number calculated by

Plaintiff’s counsel, totaling $1,190,623.41.    (Tr. at 1114-1115.)     He insisted,

however, that the time and material he expended on this case were between $1.34

million and $1.33 million.     (Tr. at 1117.)   This number was based on what


                                        -31-
Case No. 17-12-22


Kappeler believed his counsel had added up properly. (Tr. at 1117-1118.) He

could not explain an amount of $32,920 that showed up twice on the new

worksheet and that referred to two identical invoices. (Tr. at 1119-1122, 1127-

1128.) He admitted that he could not prove everything that was spent on this job.

(Tr. at 1149.)

                              Conclusion of the Trial

       {¶63} The jury found that Castlebrook violated the CSPA and that the

violation was committed knowingly, awarding Snapp $10,000 in damages on that

claim. (Tr. at 1266.) The jury further found that Castlebrook was liable to Snapp

for unjust enrichment and fraud, but was not liable for the breach of contract. (Tr.

at 1267.) As to the claim of piercing the corporate veil on an alter ego theory, the

jury found that

       1) The individual Defendant Steven [sic] Kappeler’s control over
       Castlebrook Builders, Inc. was so complete that the corporation had
       no mind, will, or existence of its own, and

       2) * * * Defendant Steven [sic] Kappeler’s control of the
       corporation was exercised in a manner as to commit fraud or illegal
       act against the Plaintiff, and

       3)   Injury occurred due to such control and wrongdoing.

(Tr. at 1265.)

       {¶64} The general verdict form indicated that the jury found “for Plaintiff

Scott A. Snapp and against Defendants Castlebrook Builders, Inc[.] and Stephen


                                       -32-
Case No. 17-12-22


Kappeler for $332,000.” (R. at 253, General Verdict, July 12, 2012; Tr. at 1268.)

The trial court issued its Judgment Entry on August 10, 2012, ordering that “the

Plaintiff recover of Defendant Castlebrook Builders, Incorporated and Defendant

Stephen Kappeler, joint [sic] and severally, the sum of Three Hundred and Thirty-

Two Thousand and 0/100 Dollars ($332,000.00) * * *.” (R. at 261.)

                     Post-Trial Proceedings Concerning Treble
                           Damages and Attorney’s Fees

       {¶65} Following the trial, Snapp filed a “Motion for Hearing on Attorney

Fees Costs & Treble Damages” pursuant to an Ohio Revised Code section

allowing such damages for any violation of the CSPA, R.C. 1345.09(B). (R. at

259, 274.) Therefore, the trial court’s judgment entry also included a clause

scheduling the matter “for a hearing on attorney fees, costs, and treble damages”

for a later date. (R. at 261.)

       {¶66} On October 5, 2012, following a hearing on the issue, the trial court

issued its decision, finding “that the specific acts of the defendants are prohibited

by the administrative regulations of the Ohio Attorney General,” as required by

R.C. 1345.09(B). (R. at 279, at 2.) As a result, it awarded “judgment to plaintiff

and against defendants, jointly and severally,” for an additional amount of $20,000

“to triple the damages found by the jury for violation of the Consumer Sales

Practices Act,” and an amount of $63,750.55 for Snapp’s attorney’s fees. (R. at

279, at 3.)

                                        -33-
Case No. 17-12-22


      {¶67} Defendants, Kappeler and Castlebrook, filed a timely appeal from

this judgment alleging the following three assignments of error.

                            First assignment of error

      Appellant Stephen Kappeler was improperly held to be
      personally liable for the corporation’s liability.

                           Second assignment of error

      The trial court abused its discretion in awarding treble damages
      and attorney fees pursuant to R.C. 1345.09.

                           Third assignment of error

      The jury verdicts were inconsistent and against the manifest
      weight of the evidence.

                                   ANALYSIS

      {¶68} Before considering the merits of Appellants’ assignments of error,

we address Snapp’s argument that this appeal was improperly filed with respect to

assignments of error one and three. Snapp asserts that because the “Notice of

Appeal addresses only the October 5, 2012 Decision/Judgment Entry of the trial

court,” which dealt with treble damages and attorney’s fees, this court should

confine its review to those issues only.      (App’t Br. at 12.)   He urges us to

“summarily deny” the assignments of error challenging the August 10, 2012

Judgment Entry, which was not attached to the Notice of Appeal. (Id. at 13.)




                                       -34-
Case No. 17-12-22


         {¶69} We refuse to so limit Appellants’ appeal. See Beatley v. Knisley, 183

Ohio App.3d 356, 2009-Ohio-2229, 917 N.E.2d 280, ¶ 8 (10th Dist.) (rejecting an

identical argument).

         Pursuant to App.R. 3(D), a notice of appeal “shall designate the
         judgment, order or part thereof appealed from.” However, this rule
         does not require an appellant to separately identify each
         interlocutory order issued prior to a final judgment. Interlocutory
         orders merge into the final judgment, and thus an appeal from a final
         judgment allows an appellant to challenge both the final judgment
         and any interlocutory orders merged with it.

(Citations omitted.) Id. at ¶ 9; see also Mtge. Electronic Registrations Sys. v.

Mullins, 161 Ohio App.3d 12, 2005-Ohio-2303, 829 N.E.2d 326, ¶ 21 (4th Dist.);

Horner v. Toledo Hosp., 94 Ohio App.3d 282, 289, 640 N.E.2d 857 (6th

Dist.1993).

         {¶70} The Judgment Entry issued by the trial court on August 10, 2012,

was an interlocutory order, in which the judge expressly preserved the issue of

attorney’s fees, costs, and treble damages for a hearing and determination at a later

time. That judgment entry, and all issues addressed within it, merged with the

final judgment issued on October 5, 2012. Accordingly, Appellants did not need

to separately designate and attach the August 10, 2012 Judgment Entry in their

Notice of Appeal and therefore, all assignments of error are properly before this

Court.




                                         -35-
Case No. 17-12-22


   1.     Personal Liability of Defendant Kappeler for the Corporation’s Acts

        {¶71} Appellants contend that personal liability was improperly attached to

Stephen Kappeler under the theory of piercing the corporate veil for two reasons.

First, they argue that the trial court should have granted their motion for directed

verdict on this issue because there was no evidence to satisfy the elements of the

claim. Here, they argue both that the trial court applied an improper legal standard

and that, even if the standard was proper, the evidence did not support it. Second,

Appellants allege that the jury’s verdict piercing the corporate veil was against the

manifest weight of the evidence.

                    a. Standard for Piercing the Corporate Veil

        {¶72} Appellants argue that the trial court improperly found that, in order

to pierce the corporate veil, “the corporation must simply be used in committing a

fraud” and not that “the corporation must be formed to perpetuate a fraud.” (App’t

Br. at 10, 11.) Appellants argue that the policy of limiting shareholder liability to

“instances of extreme shareholder misconduct” mandates the latter to be “the

proper interpretation of the law.” (Id. at 10, 12, quoting Dombroski v. WellPoint,

Inc., 119 Ohio St.3d 506, 2008-Ohio-4827, 895 N.E.2d 538, ¶ 29.)

        {¶73} Generally, “shareholders are not subject to personal liability for

claims against the corporation.” O'Neill v. United States, 281 F.Supp. 359, 361

(N.D.Ohio 1968), aff’d, 410 F.2d 888 (6th Cir.1969).              This principle of


                                        -36-
Case No. 17-12-22


shareholder, officer, or director’s limited liability for the debts of the corporation

“is ingrained in Ohio law.” Dombroski, 2008-Ohio-4827, at ¶ 16, citing Section 3,

Article XIII, Ohio Constitution and Belvedere Condominium Unit Owners' Assn.

v. R.E. Roark Cos., Inc., 67 Ohio St.3d 274, 287, 617 N.E.2d 1075 (1993). This

rule applies to small corporations because of the legal fiction that “[a] corporation

is a separate legal entity from its shareholders, even where there is but one

shareholder.” Stuffleben v. Cowden, 8th Dist. No. 82537, 2003-Ohio-6334, ¶ 25,

quoting LeRoux’s Billyle Supper Club v. Ma, 77 Ohio App.3d 417, 420, 602

N.E.2d 685 (6th Dist.1991); see also Belvedere, 67 Ohio St.3d at 287. Therefore,

in general, only the corporation can be liable for corporate misdeeds. LeRoux, 77

Ohio App.3d at 420. Under this general standard, Kappeler, as a sole shareholder

of Castlebrook, would be immune from the claims made by Snapp against the

corporation.

       {¶74} “However, shareholders are not absolutely immune from liability for

the actions of their corporations.” Dombroski, 2008-Ohio-4827, at ¶ 17. The

fiction of the corporate entity separate from its shareholders “may be disregarded”

when it is abused. Belvedere, 67 Ohio St.3d at 287; First Nat. Bank of Chicago v.

F.C. Trebein Co., 59 Ohio St. 316, 52 N.E. 834 (1898). “The ‘veil’ of the

corporation can be ‘pierced’ and individual shareholders held liable for corporate

misdeeds” in exceptional circumstances when the shareholders use the corporation


                                        -37-
Case No. 17-12-22


“‘for criminal or fraudulent purposes’ to the detriment of a third party.”

Dombroski, 2008-Ohio-4827, at ¶ 17; Belvedere, 67 Ohio St.3d at 287, 289. In

those exceptional circumstances, the courts treat the corporation as a mere “‘alter

ego’ of the shareholder thereby rendering the shareholder liable for the obligations

of the corporation.” LeRoux, 77 Ohio App.3d at 420-421; see also Minno v. Pro-

Fab, Inc., 121 Ohio St.3d 464, 2009-Ohio-1247, 905 N.E.2d 613, ¶ 11 (“When a

shareholder exercises such control over a corporation that the corporation becomes

the shareholder’s alter ego, and when the shareholder misuses his control of a

corporation to commit specific, egregious acts that injure a third party, then it is

unjust to allow the shareholder to use the corporate form as a shield to escape the

consequences of those wrongful acts.”), citing Belvedere, 67 Ohio St.3d at 289.

According to this standard, Kappeler may be held liable for Castlebrook’s

wrongful acts notwithstanding the immunity normally afforded corporate

shareholders. See Minno, 2009-Ohio-1247, at ¶ 25.

       {¶75} The courts warn, however, that piercing the corporate veil is a “rare

exception.” Dombroski, 2008-Ohio-4827, at ¶¶ 17, 26. In order to preserve the

limited liability and restrict piercing to only the exceptional cases, the Ohio

Supreme Court established a three-pronged test that ensures that the proper

balance is maintained “between the guiding principles of limited shareholder

liability and the fact that shareholders occasionally misuse the corporate form as a


                                       -38-
Case No. 17-12-22


shield from liability for their own misdeeds.” Id. at ¶¶ 26-27, citing Belvedere, 67

Ohio St.3d at 287, 289. Therefore, in order to disregard the corporate form and

hold an individual shareholder “liable for wrongs committed by the corporation,”

the plaintiff must demonstrate all three of the following:

       (1) control over the corporation by those to be held liable was so
       complete that the corporation has no separate mind, will, or
       existence of its own, (2) [“defendant shareholder exercised control
       over the corporation in such a manner as to commit fraud, an illegal
       act, or a similarly unlawful act”] against the person seeking to
       disregard the corporate entity, and (3) injury or unjust loss resulted
       to the plaintiff from such control and wrong.

Id. at ¶¶ 18, 29, quoting and modifying Belvedere, 67 Ohio St.3d 274, at paragraph

three of the syllabus. Clarifying the standard for piercing the corporate veil, the

Dombroski court held that piercing cannot be applied to a mere “unjust or

inequitable act,” otherwise “virtually every close corporation could be pierced

when sued, as nearly every lawsuit sets forth a form of unjust or inequitable action

and close corporations are by definition controlled by an individual or small group

of shareholders.” Id. at ¶ 27. Instead, piercing is limited to extreme circumstances

that amount to fraud, crime, “or a similarly unlawful act.” Id. at ¶ 29.

       {¶76} By following the Ohio Supreme Court’s standard for piercing the

corporate veil, we reject Appellants’ contention that the trial court should have

applied the abrogated standard of North v. Higbee Co., 131 Ohio St. 507, 3 N.E.2d

391 (1936), which required that the corporation be “formed for the purpose of


                                        -39-
Case No. 17-12-22


perpetrating a fraud.” See LeRoux, 77 Ohio App.3d at 421, 423 (quoting the North

v. Higbee standard and refusing to follow it); Belvedere, 67 Ohio St.3d at 287-288

(abrogating the standard because “[t]he requirement that a corporation be formed

in order to perpetrate a fraud is simply too strict.”) (Emphasis sic.).

       {¶77} In this case, the trial court followed the standard established by the

Ohio Supreme Court in Belvedere, quoting it nearly directly on page 657 of the

Trial Transcript. Contrary to Appellants’ contention, the trial court did not find

“that the corporation must simply be used in committing a fraud,” but properly

held that “control of the corporation by those to be held liable [must be] exercised

in a manner to commit fraud or an illegal act against the person seeking to

disregard corporate entity.” (Tr. at 657.) Relying on the Belvedere case, the trial

court rejected the standard offered by Appellants. We find no error in the standard

applied by the trial court to the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil.

             b. Trial Court’s Denial of the Motion for Directed Verdict

       {¶78} Appellants argue that the issue of piercing the corporate veil should

not have gone to the jury because there were no facts in evidence to support the

elements of the claim. Therefore, according to Appellants, the trial court should

have granted their motion for directed verdict.

       {¶79} A motion for directed verdict presents a question of law and

therefore, it requires a de novo review. White v. Leimbach, 131 Ohio St.3d 21,


                                         -40-
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2011-Ohio-6238, 959 N.E.2d 1033, ¶ 22. Although a motion for directed verdict

does not present a question of fact, in deciding such a motion, the trial court must

review and consider the evidence and “determine whether any evidence exists on

every element of each claim or defense for which the party has the burden to go

forward.” Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d

517, ¶ 25. Under this standard the court does not weigh the evidence or try “the

credibility of witnesses,” but instead, the court

       assumes the truth of the evidence supporting the facts essential to the
       claim of the party against whom the motion is directed, and gives to
       that party the benefit of all reasonable inferences from that evidence.
       The evidence is granted its most favorable interpretation and is
       considered as establishing every material fact it tends to prove.

Ruta v. Breckenridge-Remy Co., 69 Ohio St.2d 66, 68-69, 430 N.E.2d 935 (1982).

       According to Civ.R. 50(A)(4), a motion for directed verdict is
       granted if, after construing the evidence most strongly in favor of the
       party against whom the motion is directed, “reasonable minds could
       come to but one conclusion upon the evidence submitted and that
       conclusion is adverse to such party.” The “reasonable minds” test
       mandated by Civ.R. 50(A)(4) requires the court to discern only
       whether there exists any evidence of substantive probative value that
       favors the position of the nonmoving party.

Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 95 Ohio St.3d 512, 2002-

Ohio-2842, 769 N.E.2d 835, ¶ 3, quoting Civ.R. 50(A)(4), and Ruta, 69 Ohio St. 2d

at 69. Therefore, if evidence for each element of the claim exists, it is sufficient “to

take the case to the jury” and the motion for directed verdict must be denied. Ruta,

69 Ohio St.2d at 68. We will thus review de novo whether Snapp presented

                                         -41-
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sufficient evidence for each element of the Belvedere standard for piercing the

corporate veil in his case-in-chief.

       {¶80} As to the first prong of the Belvedere test, the courts look at the

following nonexclusive list of factors to determine whether an individual’s

complete control over the corporation warrants treating the corporation as the

individual’s alter ego:    “(1) whether corporate formalities were observed, (2)

whether corporate records were kept, (3) whether corporate funds were

commingled with personal funds, and (4) whether corporate property was used for

a personal purpose.” My Father's House No. 1 v. McCardle, 2013-Ohio-420, 986

N.E.2d 1081, ¶ 28 (3d Dist.), quoting Pottschmidt v. Thomas J. Klosterman, M.D.,

Inc., 169 Ohio App.3d 824, 2006-Ohio-6964, 865 N.E.2d 111, ¶ 37 (9th Dist.).

Here, there was undisputed evidence that Kappeler failed to issue shares for the

corporation and did not carefully evidence his yearly corporate meetings in the

minutes. There was undisputed evidence that he co-mingled corporate funds with

his personal finances and used the corporation’s money to pay for his personal

credit cards, personal medical treatment, his truck, and his daughter’s apartment.

Therefore, there was evidence “of substantive probative value” that Kappeler’s

control over Castlebrook was so complete that Castlebrook had “no separate mind,

will, or existence of its own.” See Goodyear, 2002-Ohio-2842, at ¶ 3; Belvedere,

67 Ohio St.3d 274 at paragraph three of the syllabus.


                                       -42-
Case No. 17-12-22


      {¶81} As to the second part of the Belvedere standard, Snapp argued that

Kappeler used his control over Castlebrook to commit fraud, which is one of the

acts for which the corporate veil can be pierced. The elements of fraud in Ohio

require

      (a) a representation or, where there is a duty to disclose,
      concealment of a fact, (b) which is material to the transaction at
      hand, (c) made falsely, with knowledge of its falsity, or with such
      utter disregard and recklessness as to whether it is true or false that
      knowledge may be inferred, (d) with the intent of misleading another
      into relying upon it, (e) justifiable reliance upon the representation or
      concealment, and (f) a resulting injury proximately caused by the
      reliance.

Groob v. KeyBank, 108 Ohio St.3d 348, 2006-Ohio-1189, 843 N.E.2d 1170, ¶ 47,

quoting Gaines v. Preterm-Cleveland Inc., 33 Ohio St.3d 54, 55, 514 N.E.2d 709

(1987).   Snapp presented evidence that Kappeler made multiple statements

regarding the estimated or promised costs of the transaction and the evidence that

the actual costs were significantly higher than the estimates. There was evidence

of billing statements that included charges not actually owed by Snapp. Snapp

presented proof that these statements were material to him in that he based his

decisions to hire and to make payments to Castlebrook in reliance upon them.

Although Kappeler denied knowledge that the statements were false and denied

any intent to mislead, Snapp argued that those elements could be inferred from his

actions, such as the fact that although Kappeler normally handled his transactions

through a contract, he intentionally did not provide a written agreement in this

                                        -43-
Case No. 17-12-22


case so that he could overcharge Snapp. Finally, the money damages were shown

through the calculations provided by Snapp and by his expert witness.

Considering the general elements for fraud, there was sufficient evidence to

support the second prong of the Belvedere standard.

       {¶82} The third prong of the Belvedere standard required proof that

Snapp’s damages resulted from Kappeler’s complete control over Castlebrook.

The testimony provided during Snapp’s case-in-chief could show that Snapp

sustained his economic damages due to Kappeler’s actions, which included giving

estimates, performing the work on the project, and submitting billing statements,

over which Kappeler had such complete control.

       {¶83} Assuming the truth of all the evidence presented by Snapp during his

case in chief and giving it the most favorable interpretation, we conclude that there

was sufficient evidence of substantive probative value to support each element of

Snapp’s claim for piercing the corporate veil. Accordingly, the trial court did not

err in denying Appellants’ motion for directed verdict.

                        c. Manifest Weight of the Evidence

       {¶84} Appellants argue that, even if the evidence was sufficient to send the

issue to the jury, the jury’s verdict piercing the corporate veil and finding Kappeler

personally liable was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Among other

things, they argue that the jury pierced the veil relying on an improper standard


                                        -44-
Case No. 17-12-22


discussed by Snapp’s counsel in his closing statement, requiring only “a finding

that the corporation is an alter ego of the individual.” (App’t Br. at 17, quoting Tr.

at 1175.) Nevertheless, the record discloses that the jury instructions read into the

record by the trial judge, as well as the jury interrogatories, included the proper

three-prong Belvedere standard.4 (See Tr. at 1240; R. at 246.)

         {¶85} The “‘manifest weight of the evidence’ refers to a greater amount of

credible evidence and relates to persuasion.” Eastley, 2012-Ohio-2179, at ¶ 19.

Under this standard, the reviewing court “does not reweigh the evidence” but it

applies the presumption that the jury’s findings of fact are correct. Southeast Land

Dev., Ltd. v. Primrose Mgt. L.L.C., 193 Ohio App.3d 465, 2011-Ohio-2341, 952

N.E.2d 563, ¶ 7 (3d Dist.); Drummer v. Drummer, 3d Dist. Putnam No. 12-11-10,

2012-Ohio-3064, ¶ 7. “Mere disagreement over the credibility of witnesses or

evidence is not sufficient reason to reverse a judgment.” Drummer, 2012-Ohio-

3064, at ¶ 7; citing State v. Wilson, 113 Ohio St.3d 382, 865 N.E.2d 1264, 2007-

Ohio-2202, ¶ 40. Because “piercing the corporate veil is primarily a matter for the

trier of fact,” the verdict will be upheld if competent, credible evidence supports

the jury’s decision. State ex rel. DeWine v. S & R Recycling, Inc., 195 Ohio

App.3d 744, 2011-Ohio-3371, 961 N.E.2d 1153, ¶ 29 (7th Dist.), quoting Clinical

Components, Inc. v. Leffler Industries, Inc., 9th Dist. No. 95CA0085, 1997 WL


4
 We note that while the jury interrogatory on this claim was entitled “Interrogatory for Plaintiff's Claim on
Alter Ego Theory,” it nevertheless included the proper three-prong Belvedere standard.

                                                   -45-
Case No. 17-12-22


28246, *3 (Jan. 22, 1997); see also C. E. Morris Co. v. Foley Const. Co., 54 Ohio

St.2d 279, 376 N.E.2d 578 (1978), at syllabus (“Judgments supported by some

competent, credible evidence going to all the essential elements of the case will

not be reversed by a reviewing court as being against the manifest weight of the

evidence.”).

      {¶86} As discussed in the previous section of this opinion, Snapp provided

evidence in support of each of the elements of the Belvedere test. A lot of the

evidence was undisputed: Kappeler admitted that there were no shares for the

corporation, that he co-mingled funds, and that he did not follow many of the

corporate formalities. Although there was evidence that Castlebrook was created

many years prior to the Snapp project and had operated without any allegations of

improprieties, this did not contradict the jury’s finding that his control over the

corporation was exercised to commit fraud. While Kappeler disputed his intent to

defraud Snapp, he could not explain the double and triple charges appearing in his

calculations related to the project and he was unable to provide a complete

accounting for the project. Kappeler denied that Snapp suffered financial damages

as a result of his actions, but he admitted being unable to prove whether the

amount paid by Snapp was actually spent on the project.

      {¶87} Accordingly, a review of the record indicates that all the essential

elements of the Belvedere test are supported by some competent and credible


                                       -46-
Case No. 17-12-22


evidence. Given the fact that there was some contradicting testimony, the facts at

trial presented an issue for the jury to resolve as to whether the corporate veil of

Castlebrook should be pierced. Following the legal standards, we presume that the

jury’s assessment of credibility and findings of fact are correct and hold that its

verdict is not against the manifest weight of the evidence. See Southeast Land

Dev., Ltd., 2011-Ohio-2341, at ¶ 7; Drummer, 2012-Ohio-3064, at ¶ 7.

         {¶88} Because the trial court applied the correct standard for piercing the

corporate veil and properly sent the case to the jury, and because the jury’s finding

piercing the corporate veil was not against the manifest weight of the evidence, we

overrule Appellants’ first assignment of error.5


5
          We further note that in this matter, Kappeler was sued personally for his own actions in addition to
being sued as an alter ego of his corporation Castlebrook for the corporation’s actions. Snapp’s Complaint
alleged that both Defendants, Kappeler and Castlebrook, committed unfair deceptive or unconscionable
acts and practices in violation of the Ohio Consumer Sales Practices Act; both Defendants committed fraud
upon him; and both Defendants were unjustly enriched. (R. at 81, Am. Compl.) The Complaint demanded
damages from both Defendants, jointly and severally. (Id.) Throughout the trial, the parties referred to
Kappeler and Castlebrook interchangeably and Snapp consistently argued that the actions of Kappeler
caused the alleged damages. In his closing remarks, Plaintiff’s counsel argued that Kappeler defrauded and
scammed Snapp and asked the jury to find both Kappeler and Castlebrook liable on each of the claims. (Tr.
at 1173, 1178, 1184, 1186.) The proposed jury instructions contemplated findings of liability by both
Defendants on each of the claims. (R. at 229-232, Pl.’s Proposed Jury Instructions on Fraud, Unjust
Enrichment, Breach of Contract, and Violations of Ohio CSPA, June 22, 2012.) The actual jury
instructions, read by the judge to the jury during trial, again referred to “Defendants” for the claims of
CSPA violation, fraud, and unjust enrichment. (Tr. at 1231-1238.)
          Pursuant to the specific interrogatories, the jury found that Castlebrook violated CSPA, committed
fraud, and was unjustly enriched. (Tr. at 1249-1259.) It did not make any express finding of whether
Kappeler personally violated CSPA, committed fraud, or was unjustly enriched, but it did find that
Castlebrook had no separate mind or existence on its own and all its actions were the actions of Kappeler.
Accordingly, this finding implies a conclusion that the jury found Kappeler liable for the above acts.
Further, the general verdict is consistent with the specific interrogatories in its finding “for Plaintiff, Scott
A. Snapp, and against Castlebrook Builders, Inc. and Steve Kappeler.” (Tr. at 1268; R. at 253, General
Verdict, July 12, 2012.)
          Therefore, we note that Kappeler’s personal liability was not based solely on the theory of piercing
the corporate veil. Rather, he was liable for his own actions of violating the CSPA, committing fraud, and
being unjustly enriched, and he was additionally found liable for the actions of his corporation,

                                                     -47-
Case No. 17-12-22


                      2. Award of Treble Damages and Attorney Fees

         {¶89} In their second assignment of error, Appellants argue that the trial

court improperly awarded Snapp treble damages for Appellants’ violation of

CSPA. They also claim that the award of full amount of attorney fees to Snapp

was unjustified under the Act.

                                          a. Treble Damages

         {¶90} The jury found that Appellants violated CSPA and, based upon that

finding, the jury awarded Snapp $10,000 in damages. The trial court trebled

damages pursuant to CSPA, which “allows consumers to recover treble damages

and attorney fees from sellers for deceptive or unconscionable acts.” Reagans v.

MountainHigh Coachworks, Inc., 117 Ohio St.3d 22, 2008-Ohio-271, 881 N.E.2d

245, ¶ 34, citing R.C. 1345.09(B). Appellants claim that the trial court erred in

awarding treble damages without making a separate finding that their actions were

deceptive or unconscionable. (App’t Br. at 18-19.)

         {¶91} In order to treble the damages, the R.C. 1345.09(B) provides:



Castlebrook, on the alter ego—piercing the corporate veil theory. It follows that even if Kappeler were
successful on his first assignment of error, he would not avoid being held personally liable in this action.
See Stewart v. R.A. Eberts Co., Inc., 4th Dist. No. 08CA10, 2009-Ohio-4418, ¶ 30 (“Each of the individual
defendants is also subject to potential liability for any of his individual wrongful conduct against Stewart
because neither the corporate shield nor a shield of limited liability insulates a wrongdoer from liability for
his or her own tortious acts.”); Gator Dev. Corp. v. VHH, Ltd., 1st Dist. No. C-080193, 2009-Ohio-1802, ¶
38; Yo-Can, Inc. v. The Yogurt Exchange, Inc., 149 Ohio App.3d 513, 2002-Ohio-5194, 778 N.E.2d 80, ¶
47, 49 (7th Dist.) (“‘Directors and corporate officers generally may be personally liable for fraud even
though the corporation may be liable also.’ * * * plaintiffs need not pierce the corporate veil to hold
individuals liable who allegedly personally committed fraud.”), quoting Centennial Ins. Co. of N.Y. v. Vic
Tanny Internatl. of Toledo, Inc., 46 Ohio App.2d 137, 141, 346 N.E.2d 330 (6th Dist.1975).

                                                    -48-
Case No. 17-12-22


        (B) Where the violation was an act or practice declared to be
        deceptive or unconscionable by rule adopted under division (B)(2) of
        section 1345.056 of the Revised Code before the consumer
        transaction on which the action is based, or an act or practice
        determined by a court of this state to violate section 1345.02,7
        1345.03,8 or 1345.0319 of the Revised Code and committed after the
        decision containing the determination has been made available for
        public inspection under division (A)(3) of section 1345.05 of the
        Revised Code, the consumer may rescind the transaction or recover,
        but not in a class action, three times the amount of the consumer's
        actual economic damages or two hundred dollars, whichever is
        greater, plus an amount not exceeding five thousand dollars in
        noneconomic damages or recover damages or other appropriate
        relief in a class action under Civil Rule 23, as amended.

R.C. 1345.09.

        {¶92} Thus, in order for treble damages to be awarded, R.C. 1345.09(B)

requires one of the following: (1) the Attorney General has promulgated and made

available for public inspection a rule that declares the specific act or practice

committed by the defendant to be unfair, deceptive, or unconscionable such as

violating sections 1345.02, 1345.03, or 1345.031 of the Revised Code, and the rule

was adopted “before the consumer transaction on which the action is based”; or

(2) an Ohio court has issued a decision, made available for public inspection, that

determines that the specific act or practice committed by the defendant was unfair,

deceptive, or unconscionable, such as violating sections 1345.02, 1345.03, or

6
  R.C. 1345.05(B)(2) grants the Attorney General the power to “[a]dopt, amend, and repeal substantive
rules defining with reasonable specificity acts or practices that violate sections 1345.02, 1345.03, and
1345.031 of the Revised Code”
7
  R.C. 1345.02 defines unfair or deceptive acts or practices in connection with consumer transactions.
8
  R.C. 1345.03 defines unconscionable acts or practices in connection with consumer transactions.
9
  R.C. 1345.031 defines unconscionable act or practice “concerning a consumer transaction in connection
with a residential mortgage.”

                                                 -49-
Case No. 17-12-22


1345.031 of the Revised Code, and the decision “has been made available for

public inspection under R.C. 1345.05(A)(3)” before the allegedly unfair,

deceptive, or unconscionable act or practice was committed. R.C. 1345.09(B);

1345.05; 1345.02-1345.031; Fleischer v. George, 9th Dist. Medina No.

09CA0057-M, 2010-Ohio-3941, ¶ 17; Warren v. Denes Concrete, Inc., 9th Dist.

Lorain No. 08CA009414, 2009-Ohio-2784, ¶ 23.

       {¶93} Contrary to Appellants’ assertion, the statutory language does not

require a factual finding by the jury or the trial court that the specific acts of the

defendant in each case were committed in a manner that was unfair, deceptive, or

unconscionable. See Snider v. Conley's Serv., 5th Dist. Stark No. 1999CA00153,

2000 WL 873780, *2-3 (June 12, 2000) (holding that the trial court erred in

requiring the jury to be instructed on the treble damages statute in order to make a

determination that the plaintiff is entitled to treble damages). Rather, the decision

of whether treble damages should be awarded is a legal issue for the trial court.

Fleischer, 2010-Ohio-3941, at ¶ 18; Snider, 2000 WL 873780, at *2. If the

plaintiff makes a showing that a decision of the Attorney General or a trial court

has previously determined the actions of which the defendant has been found

liable to be unfair, deceptive, or unconscionable, the court is required to treble the

damages. Warren, 2009-Ohio-2784, at ¶ 23, Snider, 2000 WL 873780, at *3.




                                        -50-
Case No. 17-12-22


       {¶94} “Questions of law are reviewed de novo, with no deference to the

trial court’s determination.” Fleischer, 2010-Ohio-3941, at ¶ 18; State v. Brown,

3d Dist. Marion No. 9-10-12, 2010-Ohio-4546, ¶ 8. We will thus review de novo

whether there was sufficient basis for trebling the damages in the instant case.

       {¶95} In his “Memorandum in Support of Plaintiff’s Request for Attorney

Fees, Costs, and Treble Damages,” Snapp cited the Ohio Administrative Code

Section that defines acts and practices determined by the Attorney General to be

deceptive in violation of R.C. 1345.02. (See R. at 274, citing Ohio Adm.Code

109:4-3-05 (defining “deceptive act or practice in connection with a consumer

transaction involving the performance of either repairs or any service where the

anticipated cost exceeds twenty-five dollars”); Ohio Adm.Code 109:4-3-01

(stating that the purpose of the rules is to “[d]efine with reasonable specificity acts

and practices which violate section 1345.02 or 1345.03, or 1345.031 of the

Revised Code”)).

       {¶96} Based on the instructions that used the same language of the Ohio

Administrative Code, the jury found Appellants guilty of CSPA violations. (Tr. at

1231-1233, 1266; R. at 247.) There were no specific interrogatories asking the

jury to explain which particular acts by Appellants violated CSPA. But because

the instructions followed the language of the Ohio Administrative Code defining

deceptive acts and practices, it implies that the acts of which the jury found


                                         -51-
Case No. 17-12-22


Appellants liable have previously been determined to be deceptive by the Attorney

General.   (See Tr. at 1231-1233, 1266; R. at 247.)        Further, the cited Ohio

Administrative Code Section was effective as of March 14, 2005.                Ohio

Adm.Code 109:4-3-05. Therefore it was before the consumer transaction between

Snapp and Appellants. Accordingly, we hold that Snapp has made the necessary

showing to satisfy R.C. 1345.09(B) and therefore, the trial court was required to

treble the damages.

                                 b. Attorney’s Fees

       {¶97} The second contention under this assignment of error is that the trial

court improperly awarded attorney’s fees for all claims, even those unrelated to

the violation of the CSPA.      R.C. 1345.09(F)(2) permits a trial court, in its

discretion, to award reasonable attorney’s fees against suppliers who intentionally

commit unfair or deceptive sales practices. Reagans, 2008-Ohio-271, at ¶ 34.

Appellants do not dispute the trial court’s finding that Snapp should have been

awarded attorney’s fees, but they argue that the award was excessive and that it

was an abuse of discretion, because it amounted to “nearly seven times the amount

of the CSPA violation.” (App’t Br. at 19-21.) Appellants contend that the trial

court “failed to provide a proper basis for its award of attorney fees” and failed to

find that the total fees were reasonable. (Id.) They demand a reduction in the




                                        -52-
Case No. 17-12-22


judgment, which would reflect an award of attorney’s fees for the CSPA claims

only.

        {¶98} The Ohio Supreme Court held that “the amount of attorney fees

awarded pursuant to R.C. 1345.09(F) [does not have to] bear a direct relationship

to the dollar amount of the settlement, between the consumer and the supplier.”

Bittner v. Tri-Cty. Toyota, Inc., 58 Ohio St.3d 143, 144, 569 N.E.2d 464 (1991).

Therefore, the fact that the award exceeded the amount calculated by the jury to

compensate for the CSPA violation does not make the attorney’s fees

unreasonable. See id., quoting Riverside v. Rivera, 477 U.S. 561, 578, 106 S.Ct.

2686, 91 L.Ed.2d 466 (1986) (“A rule of proportionality would make it difficult, if

not impossible, for individuals with meritorious * * * claims but relatively small

potential damages to obtain redress from the courts.”).

        {¶99} The statute does limit the damages “to the work reasonably

performed.” R.C. 1345.09(F). Thus, the amount of reasonable attorney’s fees is

calculated by multiplying the number of hours reasonably spent on the litigation

by a reasonable hourly rate, but the court may “adjust the fee upward or

downward” based on the factors permitted by the Rules of Professional Conduct.

Bittner at 145, citing DR 2-106(B), superseded by Prof.Cond.R. 1.5. Furthermore,

under the statute, a defendant is only entitled to recover fees “associated with” the




                                        -53-
Case No. 17-12-22


claim for a CSPA violation. Fleischer, 2010-Ohio-3941, at ¶ 32, citing Bittner, 58

Ohio St.3d at 145.

       {¶100} Nevertheless, in certain situations, the claims are not separable

because they stem from “a common core of facts and related legal theories.” Id.

quoting Parker v. I & F Insulation Co., Inc., 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-960602,

1998 WL 144510, *6 (Mar. 27, 1998), and citing Moore v. Vandemark Co., Inc.,

12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2003-07-063, 2004-Ohio-4313, ¶ 30; Luft v. Perry

Cty. Lumber & Supply Co., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 02AP-559, 2003-Ohio-2305, ¶

34; Budner v. Lake Erie Homes, 11th Dist. Portage No.2000-P-0108, 2001 WL

1149547, *2 (Sept. 28, 2001). Therefore, “[t]he trial court is only required to

separate the fees if the claims for which fees are allowable are distinct from claims

for which fees are not awarded.” Id.

       {¶101} Appellants argue that the trial court erred when it failed to calculate

the amount of fees by multiplying the number of hours reasonably expended by a

reasonable hourly rate. We note that a calculation of the number of hours spent on

litigating this case multiplied by the hourly rate was provided in exhibits to the

hearing that took place on August 29, 2012, and the accuracy of the calculations

was not disputed. (See Hearing Tr. at 30-31, Ex. 1-1P, Aug. 29, 2012.) Based

upon the testimony, which, among others, indicated that the fees were discounted

prior to being submitted to the client, the trial court determined that the fees and


                                        -54-
Case No. 17-12-22


the hours expended were reasonable. (See Hearing Tr. at 10-11, 27.) We do not

believe that the trial court’s failure to single-handedly add up and multiply the

numbers amounts to a reversible error. Likewise, the fact that the trial court did

not consider additional factors to adjust the fee is not an error, as the trial court is

not required but rather, is given discretion to adjust the fees “upward or

downward.” Bittner, 58 Ohio St.3d at 145; accord Demming v. Smith, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 94106, 2010-Ohio-4134, ¶ 51, quoting Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461

U.S. 424, 433, 435-436, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983); Turner v.

Progessive Cas. Ins. Co., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 78862, 2001 WL 406232, *1

(Apr. 19, 2001).

       {¶102} Appellants assert that, in the instant case, the CSPA claim was

distinct from the claims of fraud, breach of contract, unjust enrichment, and

piercing the corporate veil. Nonetheless, the trial court found that “the facts of all

of the claims for relief were so intertwined that all of the evidence during the trial

was related to the Consumer Sales Practices Act violation” and that it was

reasonable to award the entirety of the attorney’s fees based upon the evidence

properly documenting the work performed and expert testimony that the fees were

reasonable. (R. at 279, at 3.)




                                         -55-
Case No. 17-12-22


       {¶103} The trial court’s determination in this respect should not be reversed

absent an abuse of discretion. Shellhorn v. Kohler Chrysler-Plymouth, 3d Dist.

Wyandot No. 16-92-29, 1993 WL 264613, *2 (July 15, 1993).

       Unless the amount of fees determined is so high or so low as to
       shock the conscience, an appellate court will not interfere. The trial
       judge [who] participated not only in the trial but also in many of the
       preliminary proceedings leading up to the trial has an infinitely
       better opportunity to determine the value of services rendered by
       lawyers who have tried a case before him than does an appellate
       court.

Bittner, 58 Ohio St.3d at 146, quoting Brooks v. Hurst Buick-Pontiac-Olds-GMC,

Inc., 23 Ohio App.3d 85, 91, 491 N.E.2d 345 (12th Dist.1985). Accordingly, we

will not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court unless the trial court’s

attitude was “unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable.” Fleischer, 2010-Ohio-

3941, at ¶ 30.

       {¶104} As the trial court noted, this case is factually similar to Fleischer,

where the plaintiff asserted claims for fraud, breach of contract, and CSPA

violations arising out of the defendant’s undertaking to complete construction and

renovations at the plaintiff’s residence. Fleischer, 2010-Ohio-3941, ¶ 33. In that

case, the court noted that all of the claims stemmed from the same set of facts:

misrepresentations by the defendant regarding the progress of the construction and

improper billing practices. Id. The Court of Appeals upheld the trial court’s

award of the entirety of the attorney’s fees under the “common core of facts”


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theory. Id. Similarly, here, there were no separate facts at issue that gave rise to

the CSPA violation. The same actions by Appellants that were alleged to be

fraudulent and to result in breach of contract and unjust enrichment were also

actions that purportedly violated CSPA: representations as to price and billing,

lack of estimate, failure to provide accounting for services rendered, and excessive

billing that included double and triple charges. Appellants admit that some claims

“yielded overlapping testimony.” (App’t Br. at 21.) Furthermore, the claim for

piercing the corporate veil was not at any point separately litigated. Even though

Appellants allege that “a large part of the discovery process and trial was devoted

to the alter ego theory” (id.), we note that the majority of the exhibits submitted

for our review related to the charges and billing disputes.

       {¶105} Having reviewed the record in the case, we hold that the trial

court’s attitude in awarding attorney’s fees for all of the claims together at the rate

established by the evidence was not unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable.

Therefore, we cannot substitute our judgment for that of the trial court and reduce

the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees.

       {¶106} For the above reasons, Appellants’ second assignment of error is

overruled.




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                 3. Consistency of the Verdicts and Damages Awards

          {¶107} In their final assignment of error, Appellants claim that the jury

verdicts as to the breach of contract and unjust enrichment were inconsistent and

the amounts awarded in damages were against the manifest weight of the

evidence. This, according to Appellants, illustrates that the jury “lost its way” and

therefore, the verdicts should be set aside. (App’t Br. at 22-23.)

                             a. Verdict Form Consistency

          {¶108} The trial court educated the jury through its instructions that they

could not find Castlebrook liable for both breach of contract and unjust

enrichment. (Tr. at 1243-1244.) Appellants point out that the jury interrogatory

form on Snapp’s claim for breach of contract included signatures of seven jurors

who found Castlebrook not liable, while the interrogatory form on Snapp’s claim

for unjust enrichment included signatures of eight jurors who found Castlebrook

liable.     (R. at 250-251.)     Hence, Appellants assert that one juror created

inconsistency by finding Castlebrook liable on both claims in spite of the

instructions expressly prohibiting such finding.

          {¶109} In our review of the interrogatory forms submitted with the record,

we are unable to specify whether the eighth juror found against Castlebrook on

this claim or whether the lack of signature is a result of an oversight, confusion, or

an error. Unlike Appellants, we will not speculate about the facts behind the


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missing signature because they have no bearing on our resolution of this issue. As

Snapp properly points out in his Brief, this “inconsistency” by one juror is

harmless because under Civ.R. 48, only six out of eight jurors were needed for the

verdict to stand. “In all civil actions, a jury shall render a verdict upon the

concurrence of three-fourths or more of their number. * * * For juries with less

than four members, the verdict must be unanimous.” Civ.R. 48. Here, the jury

consisted of eight members and, as such, the minimum required for a valid verdict

was six jurors. Even were we to disqualify one juror who created the alleged

inconsistency, there still remain seven valid signatures under the jury’s findings as

to both, the breach of contract and the unjust enrichment claims.

       {¶110} Furthermore, Appellants failed to show how the specific findings in

the jury interrogatories are inconsistent and irreconcilable with the general verdict

so as to become successful in challenging the verdict. See Becker v. BancOhio

Nat. Bank, 17 Ohio St.3d 158, 162-63, 478 N.E.2d 776 (1985), quoting

Prendergast v. Ginsburg, 7 Ohio Law Abs. 12, 119 Ohio St. 360, 164 N.E. 345

(1928) (“the law makes it incumbent upon a party challenging a general verdict to

show that the ‘special findings, when considered together, are inconsistent and

irreconcilable with the general verdict.’”).

       {¶111} Accordingly, we reject Appellants’ contention that the jury verdicts

were inconsistent.


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                        b. Jury’s Calculations of Damages

       {¶112} Appellants challenge the jury’s damages awards as against the

manifest weight of evidence. They aver that the amount of $10,000 to “reasonably

compensate [Snapp] for the actual loss that he sustained as the natural and

probable consequence” of Castlebrook’s violations of the CSPA was “inconsistent

with all testimony presented and cannot be calculated under any reasonable

configuration based upon the testimony.” (App’t Br. at 22-23, quoting R. 247,

Interrogatory for Pl’s Claim on CSPA.) In a similar manner, Appellants dispute

an award of $332,000 in damages for the remaining claims, stating that “[n]o

calculation of costs creates an overpayment of $332,000.” (Id. at 23.)

       {¶113} The standard for the manifest weight of the evidence, as delineated

in part 1.c. of this opinion, refers to persuasion and requires the reviewing court to

presume that the jury’s findings of fact are correct. Eastley, 2012-Ohio-2179, at ¶

19; Southeast Land Dev., Ltd., 2011-Ohio-2341, at ¶ 7; Drummer, 2012-Ohio-

3064, at ¶ 7.

       In order to set aside a damage award as inadequate and against the
       manifest weight of the evidence, a reviewing court must determine
       that the verdict is so gross as to shock the sense of justice and
       fairness, cannot be reconciled with the undisputed evidence in the
       case, or is the result of an apparent failure by the jury to include all
       the items of damage making up the plaintiff's claim.

Elwer v. Carrol’s Corp., 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-06-33, 2006-Ohio-6085, ¶ 18, citing

Iames v. Murphy, 106 Ohio App.3d 627, 631, 666 N.E.2d 1147 (1st Dist.1995).

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Therefore, unless the jury’s award of damages is “so contrary to the evidence that

it results in a complete violation of substantial justice,” we will not reverse its

determination. Iames, 106 Ohio App.3d at 635.

      {¶114} In the present case, the record indicates that a lot of testimony and

evidence was presented at the trial regarding costs involved in Snapp’s project. It

included estimated and actual costs of the construction, as well as fees charged and

paid by Snapp.      Kappeler testified about several different numbers as to the

amount of money he expended in working on the project, the amount that he billed

for his own services, and the amounts billed by other subcontractors. His total

calculations of the project’s cost ranged from around $1,000,602 to $1,557,000.

He was unable, however, to provide evidence to support all of his expenses. In

addition, Kappeler admitted to multiple instances of double and triple billing

evidenced in his calculations of charges submitted to the Snapp account.

      {¶115} Snapp testified about an amount of over $1.3 million and provided

evidence of over $1 million in payments submitted to Castlebrook. He provided

testimony of an expert who calculated that the value of the project was between

$540,000 and $580,000. He further provided expert testimony about expenses that

were required to complete the project or fix the alleged deficiencies, which

exceeded $10,000.




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         {¶116} In face of the multitude of disputed calculations, lack of evidence

supporting some of the testimony, as well as contradicting evidence and

testimony, the jury was charged with sorting the facts. Many factors could have

contributed to the jury’s decision, including their determination of credibility of

witnesses and the evidence.       Since neither party submitted an interrogatory

requesting the jury to itemize the damages, we cannot speculate how each number

was calculated. We cannot conclude, however, that the number of $10,000 for the

CSPA violation and the number of $332,000 for fraud and unjust enrichment were

so contrary to the evidence that they result in a “complete violation of substantial

justice.” Iames, 106 Ohio App.3d at 631. The jury was presented with enough

competent, credible evidence to support each of the above numbers. Therefore,

after carefully considering the record, we hold that the jury verdicts with respect to

damages are not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

         {¶117} Because the jury’s verdicts were not inconsistent and against the

manifest weight of the evidence, we overrule Appellants’ third assignment of

error.

                                  CONCLUSION

         {¶118} Having reviewed the arguments, the briefs, and the record in this

case, we find no error prejudicial to Appellants, in the particulars assigned and




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argued. The judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Shelby County, Ohio is

thereby affirmed.

                                                        Judgment Affirmed

PRESTON and SHAW, J.J., concur.

/jlr




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