Filed 11/26/13 P. v. Mearns CA3
                                          NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.




           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                     THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                     (El Dorado)
                                                            ----



THE PEOPLE,                                                                             C072920

                   Plaintiff and Respondent,                             (Super. Ct. No. P11CRF0557)

         v.

ROBERT BROWN MEARNS,

                   Defendant and Appellant.




         A jury found defendant Robert Brown Mearns guilty of possessing marijuana for
sale and transporting marijuana; it acquitted him of possessing concentrated cannabis.
Defendant subsequently admitted a recidivist allegation. Denying defendant’s request to
exercise its discretion to strike the recidivist finding, the trial court sentenced defendant to
six years in state prison.

         On appeal, defendant argues the trial court erred in admitting evidence that he had
a prior felony conviction. He also contends the trial court erred in failing to instruct the
jury, in connection with possession for sale, that he had the right to reimbursement of his
out-of-pocket expenses incurred as a primary caregiver of qualified medical marijuana

                                                             1
patients. He claims trial counsel provided ineffective assistance in failing to ask the trial
court to reconsider its tentative ruling restricting the scope of the testimony of a defense
witness. Finally, defendant asserts the trial court abused its discretion in declining to
strike the recidivist finding. We shall affirm the judgment.

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Prosecution case

       In October 2011, a game warden was checking for after-hours hunters at about
7:00 p.m. He received a report about a car parked at a gate of a nearby private ranch,
which was posted for no hunting or trespassing. When he arrived at the car, he observed
a flashlight coming down the path and could discern the figures of two men coming
toward him.

       When they reached him, the warden asked for identification. One was defendant.
They said they had been walking on the property, and denied having any firearms.
Defendant acknowledged being the owner of the car. The game warden asked if he could
inspect the car for firearms; defendant assented. As the game warden approached the car,
he could detect a strong smell of unburned marijuana and asked defendant if he had any
on his person or in the car. Defendant mentioned smoking marijuana earlier in the day,
and began to search through paperwork inside the car. At this point, the game warden
noticed the handle of what he thought was a handgun inside defendant’s sweatshirt.
Securing it, the game warden found it was a replica that was actually a pellet gun.

       The game warden asked to search the trunk. Defendant first asserted the lock was
broken, but then opened it with a key. The game warden had to handcuff defendant to
prevent him from interfering with the search. Inside the trunk was a large garbage bag
filled with pound-size packages of marijuana, and a briefcase. The briefcase contained
smaller quantities of marijuana with various indicia of sales, including daily “menus” of
types and prices of marijuana (one of them dated that day); at the bottom of the menu was

                                              2
the notation that “Larger quantities available at amazingly low prices.” There was also a
list of medications for “Sam,” and expired and current medical marijuana physician
recommendations for defendant that limited him to five pounds or 50 plants. The total
amount of marijuana seized was almost eight pounds, along with 7.1 grams of
concentrated cannabis.

       Defendant told the game warden that he worked at a dispensary in Sacramento.
He did not mention anything about being a primary caretaker for qualified medical
marijuana patients. He said he had a “215” card,1 because he had various medical issues
(mentioning cancer). The marijuana in the trunk represented his life savings, which he
was afraid to leave at home because he was concerned his roommates would steal it, and
he asked if he could be released with a warning. The game warden arrested him. On his
person, defendant had nearly $450, mostly in $20’s, and a check for $40.

       A narcotics detective testified as a prosecution expert. He reviewed the game
warden’s arrest report. Based on those facts, he believed defendant possessed the
marijuana for sale, particularly because defendant had been evasive about the presence of
the contraband and described it as his life savings. The presence of various sizes of
packaged marijuana, a scale, empty packaging, price lists, and a large amount of cash on
defendant’s person were also indicia of sales. He also noted people who possess
contraband “in general” carry real or replica weapons to protect it. Eight pounds is also
four times the amount typical of personal use.
Defense case

       Defendant testified. He had been unemployed since mid-2011. He spent $4,000
from a retirement account to grow 50 plants, harvesting the crop in September 2011. He


1 This is the proposition number (Prop. 215) of the successful Compassionate Use Act of
1996 (CUA) authorizing the use of medicinal marijuana. (Health & Saf. Code,
§ 11362.5; undesignated statutory references are to this code.)

                                             3
did most of the trimming himself, but also paid “several” people about 45 cents per gram
to assist. The marijuana in his trunk was “mostly” his crop, which he supplemented with
other varieties from dispensaries. He had been using marijuana for about seven years to
relieve chronic pain that was the result of several serious accidents, to elevate his mood,
and to sleep better. He intended to use most of the marijuana personally, and to sell some
of it to four individuals who are qualified medical marijuana patients with whom
defendant had written agreements to be their primary caregiver. In this role, he also
provided meals, transportation, clothing, small loans, and (at times) housing.2 (Sam,
whose medication list was in defendant’s briefcase, was one of these patients.)
Defendant drafted the “menus” to facilitate the process of familiarizing these qualified
patients with his inventory.

       Defendant claimed to have been hiking on the property with the permission of its
owner. There had been a series of burglaries of marijuana at his home, so he had put it in
the car to protect it. He brought along the cash for the same reason (and in case his 1991
car broke down). The check was a repayment of a loan, and did not involve a marijuana
purchase. He had the pellet gun to protect himself during the hike from mountain lions or
people, not the marijuana. In connection with the pellet gun, he admitted that he had a
1988 felony conviction, which is why he was carrying a pellet gun rather than a firearm.
(The court limited the jury’s consideration of the prior conviction specifically to this
explanation.) He did not have cancer, but may have told the game warden that he
believed marijuana would help protect him from his extensive family history of cancer.




2 The four patients also testified, confirming the arrangements with defendant. At
the end of trial, the parties stipulated that defendant was the caregiver for four qualified
patients (as well as being a qualified patient himself), for which reason we do not need to
elaborate the details of the testimony on the subject further.


                                              4
       Based on his estimate of $4,000 in growing costs, defendant agreed the out-of-
pocket cost per pound was $500, but queried, “Doesn’t my time count for anything?” He
also testified that once his costs of providing transportation in connection with the
qualified patients were taken into account, he did not think he was realizing any profit on
the sales, even though he conceded that selling the marijuana for $25 per one-eighth of an
ounce would amount to $3,200 per pound. This was all hypothetical in any event
because he never sold any of the marijuana before its confiscation.

                                      DISCUSSION

              I. Testimony About the Prior Conviction Was Not Prejudicial

       The trial court excluded use of defendant’s 1988 felony molestation conviction for
purposes of impeachment because it was too remote. After the testimony of the game
warden about finding the pellet gun, and the testimony of the expert that carrying a pellet
gun was consistent with the general practice of sellers of contraband to carry weapons to
protect their wares, the prosecution asked at bench to be allowed to ask defendant about
the prior conviction to the end of showing (in essence) that a pellet gun was the best
defendant could do in terms of arming himself without violating the law as a convicted
felon. The trial court agreed, as long as the prosecutor “sanitized” the query about the
conviction.

       Defendant asserts that the reason he carried a pellet gun instead of a firearm was
irrelevant to any issue at trial, as opposed to the reason he brought it. Trumpeting the
prejudice inherent in evidence of a prior conviction, defendant asserts this was “a close
case” and we must reverse as a result, because the limiting instruction could not have
been effective under these circumstances.3



3 The latter contention—that the limiting instruction was ineffective—is an extremely
dubious proposition. (Richardson v. Marsh (1987) 481 U.S. 200, 211 [95 L.Ed.2d 176];

                                             5
       Although we tend to agree that the evidence of the prior conviction was irrelevant
to any material issue at trial, we conclude it was manifestly harmless. Prejudice in the
context of erroneously admitted evidence is the “intolerable risk to the fairness of the
proceedings” (People v. Booker (2011) 51 Cal.4th 141, 188) that the evidence will rouse
the emotions of a jury and result in a verdict based not on logical evaluation of an issue
but on a desire to punish a defendant (People v. Doolin (2009) 45 Cal.4th 390, 439). We
do not find a 24-year-old unspecified felony conviction to be in that category. Had the
exposure to information about defendant’s past conviction in fact aroused a desire in the
jury to punish him, it would not have acquitted him of possessing concentrated cannabis,
given the uncontroverted evidence of defendant’s guilt on that count. We therefore reject
this argument.

              II. “Reimbursement” Defense Instruction Not Warranted

       In connection with the pattern instruction on the elements of possession for sale of
marijuana, defense counsel proposed the following addition: “Under the Compassionate
Use Act [(CUA)],[4] a primary caregiver who consistently grows and supplies physician-
approved . . . medicinal marijuana for qualified patients is serving the health needs of
those patients, and may seek reimbursement for such services. Such reimbursement must
be for out-of-pocket expenses incurred in providing those services. Assuming
responsibility for housing, health, or safety of . . . patients does not preclude a primary
caregiver from charging . . . patient[s] for those services. [¶] If you have a reasonable




Francis v. Franklin (1985) 471 U.S. 307, 324, fn. 9 [85 L.Ed.2d 344]; Parker v. Randolph
(1979) 442 U.S. 62, 74-75 & fn. 7 [60 L.Ed.2d 713] (plur. opn. of Rehnquist, J.); People v.
Gonzales and Soliz (2011) 52 Cal.4th 254, 292; People v. Anderson (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1104,
1120-1121.) However, we do not need to consider its merits.
4 Actually, it is the Medical Marijuana Program Act (MMP Act; § 11362.7 et seq.) from
which this defense derives, as we will discuss.


                                              6
doubt about w[h]ether defendant’s possession of marijuana for sale was unlawful under
the [CUA], you must find the defendant not guilty.”

       The court noted, “there’s been testimony that he has sold marijuana. There’s
testimony that he has provided transportation, he’s provided food, and he’s provided
housing, but no testimony at all as to what the value of any of these things are.” The
court also expressed its reluctance to modify pattern instructions because “it[] come[s]
back in [a court’s] lap” with an admonition not to modify them. The court ultimately
concluded “there is no evidence that has been presented to this jury that [defendant] was
simply seeking reimbursement for his expenses,” and it would be inappropriate for
defense counsel to make that argument because “[t]here’s no evidence of that that was
presented to the jury. You’re asking this jury to speculate on the facts, and they clearly
can’t do that.” Later, when the jury asked whether the CUA (to adhere to the misnomer)
applied only to the charge of transportation or whether it applied to possession for sale as
well, the trial court (after hearing argument from counsel) told the jury explicitly that the
CUA did not apply to possession for sale.

       Defendant contends the trial court should have instructed the jury generally that
the MMP Act applied to the charge of possession for sale, and specifically that he could
not be found guilty of possession for sale if he was a primary caregiver being reimbursed
for actual expenses (which include reasonable compensation for services provided to a
qualified patient to enable the use of marijuana, or out-of-pocket expenses incurred in
providing the services).5 (§ 11362.765, subd. (c); see People ex rel. Trutanich v. Joseph

5 Although defendant suggests this defense should also apply to the charge of
transportation, he does not explain how the defense of a right to receive reimbursement
would add anything to the instruction on his defense under subdivision (b)(2) of section
11362.765 of the MMP Act, which told the jury “transportation of marijuana is lawful if
authorized by the [CUA] [sic]. The [CUA] [sic] allows a person to . . . transport
marijuana (for personal medical purposes or as the primary caregiver of a patient with a
medical need) . . . .” (See fn. 4, ante.) The jury was not instructed that defendant was

                                              7
(2012) 204 Cal.App.4th 1512, 1523 [noting defense, but finding it inapplicable]; People
v. Hochanadel (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 997, 1011 [noting guidelines from the Attorney
General that allow collectives to receive monetary reimbursement in an amount necessary
to cover overhead costs and expenses]; People v. Urziceanu (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 747,
784-785 [sufficient evidence in support of this defense to warrant remand for new trial].)
He asserts the evidence we have included above was sufficient to warrant an instruction
on this defense.

       We agree with the trial court. Even assuming evidence of other expenses incurred
as a primary caregiver can be included in the “overhead” of the price of the marijuana,
there is a paucity of evidence of defendant’s actual costs (as opposed to his testimony
about the various categories of costs) other than his specification of $4,000 in costs to
grow his crop, or how these actual costs compared with his intended sales prices—which,
even at $25 per eighth-ounce, would yield $3,200 in revenue for each of the eight pounds.
It is thus pure speculation that defendant’s reasonable compensation for services and out-
of-pocket expenses would equal over $25,000. The trial court accordingly was correct in
declining to instruct on this theory in connection with possession for sale.6 (People v.

charged in the second count with selling the marijuana, only with transporting it (or
giving it away). Indeed, defendant may have received a windfall in this regard. (People
v. Wayman (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 215, 223 [defense limited to transporting marijuana
for current medical needs; “it is quite another [thing] to say that qualified users have an
unfettered right to take their marijuana with them wherever they go”].) Presumably, this
holding extends to caregivers driving around with marijuana in excess of a qualified
patient’s needs.
6 After focusing entirely on subdivision (c) of section 11362.765 as the basis for the trial
court’s duty to instruct (as he did in the trial court), defendant belatedly asserts in his
reply brief that he also is entitled to an instruction pursuant to subdivision (b), in response
to the People’s unexplained inclusion of subdivision (b) in their analysis. It is too late to
raise this as an alternate basis for the trial court’s duty to instruct. In any event, as we
note, the jury necessarily concluded in connection with the transportation count that he
was not acting as a primary caregiver or making personal medical use of the marijuana,
so the error is still harmless.

                                              8
Watson (2000) 22 Cal.4th 220, 222 [must be substantial evidence to support defense in
order to entitle defendant to instruction].)

       In any event, the failure to grant defendant’s request for the instruction is harmless
because the jury necessarily resolved the issue adversely to him under proper instructions
in finding him guilty of transportation. (People v. Wright (2006) 40 Cal.4th 81, 98.) As
mentioned in footnote 5, ante, if the jury believed defendant was acting as a caregiver of
qualified patients (or in connection with his own medical needs), it was instructed that
this transportation was lawful. As part of the evidence under consideration, the jury had
before it the stipulation to the status of defendant as caregiver and the four young men as
qualified patients. Therefore, the jury necessarily rejected defendant’s claim that he was
acting exclusively in that capacity in transporting the marijuana, and would not have any
factual basis for coming to a different conclusion in connection with possession for sale.
Defendant’s cavalier claim that the jury disregarded this instruction in favor of the
prosecutor’s argument (that even if a primary caregiver, defendant was still guilty of
transportation), even if an accurate characterization of that argument, runs afoul of the
authority cited in footnote 3, ante. We therefore reject his claim of reversible error.

                III. Defendant Cannot Establish Ineffective Assistance
                            of Counsel on Direct Appeal

       At the conclusion of a foundational hearing on the proposed testimony of a well-
known defense expert witness,7 the trial court ruled that his areas of expert testimony be
limited to yield and cultivation, but it agreed to revisit its ruling in light of the testimony
of the prosecution expert to determine whether other areas of testimony became relevant


7 Christopher Conrad has testified in proceedings in People v. Kelly (2010) 47 Cal.4th
1008, 1020 and People v. Hughes (2012) 202 Cal.App.4th 1473, 1476 (as well as in
several no longer officially published opinions, People v. Archer (Nov. 17, 2009,
D052978), People v. Phomphakdy (July 31, 2008, C056881), and People v. Arbacauskas
(Oct. 25, 2004, C044110)).


                                               9
as a result. At that time, defense counsel noted the need for the defense expert was tied to
the substance of the prosecution expert’s testimony. Defense counsel never sought to
revisit the ruling, nor called Conrad as a witness.

       Defendant contends the trial court’s ruling was erroneous. In defendant’s view,
Conrad’s expertise would have been invaluable on “numerous” questions, and thus trial
counsel could not have had any “proper, justifiable tactical reason” for not revisiting the
issue of the limitations on the testimony after the testimony of the prosecution expert. As
a result, defendant asserts that trial counsel was ineffective.

       Under the first element of a claim of ineffective assistance, a defendant must
demonstrate that trial counsel's omission fell below a standard of reasonableness under
prevailing professional norms. (People v. Ledesma (1987) 43 Cal.3d 171, 215.) On a silent
record, we will not find a breach of professional standards unless a reasonable attorney
would not have failed to act. (People v. Pope (1979) 23 Cal.3d 412, 426.) “Whether to
call certain witnesses is . . . a matter of trial tactics, unless the decision results from
unreasonable failure to investigate.” (People v. Bolin (1998) 18 Cal.4th 297, 334.)

       Defendant fails to refute this presumption of a reasonable tactical decision in the
present case. The prosecution expert rested his opinion in part on defendant’s evasive
conduct during his encounter with the game warden, which is not a subject to which the
defense expert could be responsive in any fashion. Nor would the defense expert have
anything to contribute on the subject of whether sellers of contraband arm themselves.
This leaves the question of whether the quantities and other indicia indicated defendant
was selling the marijuana rather than serving only the needs of his qualified patients. But
defendant did not dispute that he was selling marijuana; his explanation was that the price
was simply recouping expenses from his qualified patients. The defense expert could not
offer any opinion on that subject other than to corroborate defendant’s recoupment claim
as being consistent with industry practice. Therefore, trial counsel reasonably could have


                                               10
concluded (after hearing the prosecution expert and determining that defendant would
testify) that ultimately the defense would not even need expert testimony because he
believed his client’s testimony of itself would be persuasive, so there would not be any
point in asking the court to reconsider its ruling. We therefore reject this claim. (As a
result, we do not need to address defendant’s arguments that the trial court’s ruling was
erroneous.)

        IV. No Abuse of Discretion in Declining to Strike Recidivist Finding

       Before sentencing, defense counsel filed a “Romero motion”8 to dismiss the
recidivist finding. It discussed the circumstances of defendant’s prior conviction: Over a
two-year period, defendant plied a boy (12 to 13 years old) with alcohol, marijuana, and
pornography in order to induce him into mutual masturbation and allowing defendant to
fellate him on a weekly basis. He may have also molested a 14-year-old boy after
providing him with enough alcohol to pass out. These boys were two of a larger group
with whom defendant provided alcohol, marijuana, and pornography. It also noted that
he was paroled in 1991, discharged from parole in 1994 without any violations, and had
not incurred any other arrests or convictions before the present offense. Finally, it
pointed out that defendant had good job prospects and had been a productive member of
society. It asserted defendant had been acting under a good faith belief in the legality of
his present conduct under the CUA and MMP Act, continuing to claim that there was an
absence of any evidence that defendant sought to profit from his sales of marijuana. The



8 This is an irksome popular misnomer. People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996)
13 Cal.4th 497, 530 held that the trial court has the power (under Pen. Code, § 1385) sua
sponte (or on motion of the prosecution) to dismiss a recidivist finding in the interests of
justice (a specific qualification echoed in later decisions). A defendant therefore invites
the trial court to exercise its power sua sponte, but cannot move the court to act sua
sponte. (People v. Carmony (2004) 33 Cal.4th 367, 375-376 (Carmony) [may “invite,”
which obligates court to review any proffered evidence, and allows appellate review].)


                                             11
filing mentioned the absence of any aggravating factors in the present offense, including
the quantity of marijuana (given that he was authorized to possess up to five pounds for
personal use).

       The trial court, which had not previously encountered a Romero request, “spent a
lot of time going over this.” After entertaining the argument of counsel, the court made a
thoughtful ruling. It was concerned with defendant’s associating with young men in their
early 20’s, providing them with marijuana, and allowing them to stay in his home. It was
also concerned that in a burglary defendant reported in 2008, two of the witnesses were
boys (about 14 and 15 years old) who were staying over at defendant’s house to use his
computer. It found defendant to have been less than candid in the present case, having
failed to mention the existence of qualified patients to the game warden and having lied
to the warden about recently smoked marijuana being the source of the smell, the lack of
a key to the trunk, and being employed at a marijuana dispensary. The trial court found
this willingness to deceive undercut other evidence of defendant’s good character. It
believed the evidence at trial clearly indicated defendant intended to sell marijuana for
profit regardless of whether he had qualified patients, both from the indicia of sales and
the evidence that his monthly expenses were greatly in excess of his stated income.
Reaching the conclusion that defendant was not in any respect remorseful because he was
not willing to accept the illegality of his conduct (regardless of his willingness and ability
to comply with terms of probation), the court declined to exercise its power to strike the
recidivist finding.

       A trial court may exercise its discretion to strike a recidivist finding if, and only
if, a defendant can be “deemed outside the . . . spirit” of the statute, giving “preponderant
weight” to inherent statutory factors (such as the background, character, and prospects of
a defendant, as well as the nature and circumstances of the present and previous felony




                                              12
convictions) and ignoring any factors extrinsic to the statute. (People v. Williams (1998)
17 Cal.4th 148, 159, 161.)

       The burden is on defendant to demonstrate that the trial court’s decision was
unreasonable, rather than being one of alternative reasonable readings of the facts before
the court. This requires a defendant to overcome a “strong” presumption on appeal that a
court’s denial of the request to exercise discretion is proper. (Carmony, supra, 33 Cal.4th
at pp. 377, 378.) Only where the criteria undisputedly favor a defendant (i.e., where the
facts essentially as a matter of law establish entitlement to relief) would the denial of a
request to exercise its power to strike be an abuse of a court’s discretion. (Id. at p. 375.)

       Defendant takes the tack of reiterating the arguments he made in the trial court and
declaring the result to be an abuse of discretion without any demonstration of the
irrationality or arbitrary nature of the trial court’s exercise of its informed discretion. The
remoteness of the prior conviction is but “a” factor, not a controlling factor. It is true
defendant has not incurred arrests or convictions before the present offense, and would
appear otherwise to be a productive member of society. We also agree that defendant’s
provision of marijuana to men in their younger 20’s and allowing them to live in his
home is neither criminal nor represents a threat to society, which undermines the court’s
ruling in this single respect.

       On the other hand, that defendant as late as 2008 had boys in their teens staying
over at his home—even if not illegal of itself and even if nothing untoward occurred—
raises flags about whether defendant’s law-abiding nature might be overcome by the near
occasion of sin. As for defendant’s mendacity with the game warden, he attempts to
justify it as a natural response to avoid inevitable arrest despite his self-professed belief in
the legality of his conduct. However, both the jury and the trial court have determined
that defendant was not acting solely in the role of a primary caregiver, and thus his
dissemblings demonstrate his inability to conform his conduct to society’s dictates. It is


                                              13
immaterial that this transgression was not violent, or involved a quantity of marijuana
“only” three pounds in excess of his recommendation. Society, in the person of the trial
judge, is not compelled to define deviancy downward through the toleration of violations
of even its lesser mandates. As the trial court’s resolution is not unreasonable, we reject
defendant’s claim.

                                     DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed.




                                                        BUTZ                  , Acting P. J.


We concur:



      MAURO                 , J.



      MURRAY                , J.




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