                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Beales, McCullough and Senior Judge Clements
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued at Alexandria, Virginia


              CAPITAL AREA PEDIATRICS, INC. AND
               TWIN CITY FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY
                                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
              v.     Record No. 1557-12-4                                    JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES
                                                                                    MAY 7, 2013
              SHARON DEANN EKEN


                            FROM THE VIRGINIA WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION

                               Richard L. Butler (Law Office of Jonathan P. Jester, on briefs), for
                               appellants.

                               W. Geovanni Munoz (W. David Falcon, Jr.; Chasen Boscolo, on
                               brief), for appellee.


                     Capital Area Pediatrics (employer) and its workers’ compensation insurance carrier

              appeal the August 10, 2012 decision of the Virginia Workers’ Compensation Commission (the

              commission), in which the commission unanimously awarded Sharon Deann Eken (appellee and

              claimant) compensation for her injuries that arose out of or in the course of her employment

              under the extended premises doctrine. Employer argues that claimant failed to present sufficient

              evidence to prove that she suffered a compensable accidental injury which arose out of or in the

              course of her employment, and argues that the commission applied the incorrect legal analysis to

              the facts of this case. We disagree, and for the following reasons, affirm the commission’s

              award to claimant.




                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                                          I. BACKGROUND

        On May 12, 2011, claimant filed a claim for benefits in the commission alleging injuries

to her left shoulder, left hip, and both knees resulting from a workplace accident on January 28,

2011. 1 She sought temporary total disability benefits, permanent partial disability benefits, and

medical benefits. Claimant asserted in her claim that she “[f]ell on unseen ice on the untreated

concrete at the main entrance to my work building on my way to work.”

        At the evidentiary hearing before the deputy commissioner on October 25, 2011,

employer raised two main defenses: (1) that claimant did not sustain a compensable injury by

accident arising out of and in the course of her employment, and (2) that she failed to adequately

market her residual capacity during periods of partial incapacity.

        Claimant testified at the hearing that she had worked for employer for more than 15 years

as a registered nurse. On January 28, 2011, the day of the accident at issue, she parked on the

side of her office building, exited her vehicle, and walked to the front of the building.

Claimant’s Exhibit Nos. 3-5 show photographs of the sidewalk, parking lot, and building

exterior. At the hearing, claimant marked an “x” on Claimant’s Exhibit No. 4, showing the exact

location on the sidewalk leading to the front of the building where she fell. Claimant testified, “I

fell towards the building on the sidewalk. As I attempted to stand, but I could not use the entire

left side of my body.” Claimant said that, if she had not fallen, “I would have proceeded through

the doors and gone through the lobby” of the building and “t[aken] the elevators up to the second

floor where I worked.” Claimant testified that, after she fell, “I did see an indented uh, area of

ice in front of the bushes . . . .” She testified that the ice caused her to fall.




        1
         In an amendment to her claim filed on May 17, 2011, claimant alleged that she had also
suffered a left ankle injury as a result of the January 28, 2011 incident.

                                                   -2-
       Claimant acknowledged that public parking was available on all sides of the building and

that she could park anywhere she wanted to park in the parking lot. She testified that the

sidewalk “goes from white concrete to some type of brick” and that she fell on the white

concrete just before the brick section. 2 Claimant also acknowledged that there were several

tenants in the building, that employer was on the second floor, and that she had to “punch in” to

begin work. She testified that she took the most direct route from her vehicle to the front door.

       Suzanne Crossley, employer’s office manager, testified that employer leased space in the

building and that the terms of the lease included the use of the parking lot for patients and

employees. She acknowledged that the photographs claimant presented at the hearing showed

the outside of the building, including the front of the building. Crossley testified that someone

who parked on the side of the building could use the sidewalk to access the front door.

       The deputy commissioner found that claimant injured her left shoulder, left hip, right

knee, and left knee – but not her ankle – and proved total disability from January 29 through




       2
          At oral argument in this appeal, employer argued that the claim was not compensable
because claimant fell on the concrete sidewalk (which employer contends is an extension of the
parking lot) – and not on the brick sidewalk (which led to the building’s entrance). However,
employer did not make this specific argument to the commission, and the commission did not
make a ruling on it. “As a result, on appeal to this Court, we have no commission ruling to
review on the issue” of whether the claim was compensable because claimant fell on the concrete
sidewalk as opposed to the brick sidewalk. Hodnett v. Stanco Masonry, Inc., 58 Va. App. 244,
253, 708 S.E.2d 429, 434 (2011). Accordingly, appellate review of this issue is barred by Rule
5A:18. Furthermore, employer has not asked this Court to invoke the good cause or ends of
justice exceptions to Rule 5A:18 to permit appellate review of this issue, “and we decline to do
so sua sponte.” Hampton Inn & Selective Ins. Co. of Am. v. King, 58 Va. App. 286, 301, 708
S.E.2d 450, 457 (2011). Moreover, the commission had before it in evidence photographs of the
sidewalk, parking lot, and building exterior (including Claimant’s Exhibit No. 4, on which
claimant marked an “x” at the hearing, showing the precise location on the sidewalk leading to
the front of the building where she fell). The commission was able to make any reasonable
inferences when reviewing these photographs.

                                                -3-
May 12, 2011, and beginning again on June 17, 2011, and continuing. 3 However, the deputy

commissioner also found that the sidewalk where the accident occurred was not an extension of

employer’s premises. Thus, the deputy commissioner concluded that claimant’s injuries were

not compensable because “claimant failed to carry her burden of proving that her injur[ies]

occurred in the course of her employment.”

           The full commission affirmed in part and reversed in part. Pertinent to this appeal, the

commission’s unanimous review opinion of August 10, 2012 reversed the deputy

commissioner’s finding that claimant’s injury did not occur in the course of her employment,

stating,

               [w]e find that the fact that the claimant fell on the sidewalk of the office
               building makes this case different than those in which an employee fell
               or was injured in a parking lot, but the basic legal analysis is the same.
               We must decide whether the sidewalk at issue is an extension of the
               employer’s premises.

The commission found that the facts here are “almost identical to those in Prince [v. Pan

American World Airways, 6 Va. App. 268, 368 S.E.2d 96 (1988)].” The commission concluded

that “[j]ust as the employee in Prince was injured on the employer’s extended premises, we find

that the claimant in this matter was injured on the grounds immediately surrounding the building

and that the sidewalk was provided as an easement, and therefore, was an extension of the

employer’s premises.”

           Accordingly, the commission entered an award of benefits for claimant. Employer now

appeals that award.




           3
          The full commission in its August 10, 2012 review opinion noted that employer did not
appeal these findings, which the commission held were final. Thus, the commission indicated in
its review opinion that it would “not summarize or address the medical evidence.”
                                               -4-
                                          II. ANALYSIS

       On appeal, employer argues that claimant failed to present sufficient evidence to prove

she suffered a compensable accidental injury which arose out of or in the course of claimant’s

employment. In a related argument, employer contends that the commission applied an incorrect

legal analysis to the facts of this case. However, we disagree with employer’s arguments.

                      A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES APPLICABLE TO THIS APPEAL

       “Whether an injury arises out of the employment is a mixed question of law and fact and

is reviewable by the appellate court.” Plumb Rite Plumbing Service v. Barbour, 8 Va. App. 482,

483, 382 S.E.2d 305, 306 (1989). “On appeal, we view the evidence before the commission in

the light most favorable to the prevailing party,” i.e., the claimant in this case. Pruden v. Plasser

Am. Corp., 45 Va. App. 566, 571, 612 S.E.2d 738, 740 (2005). “[T]he function of the appellate

court, when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, is to determine whether there was credible

evidence presented such that a reasonable mind could conclude that the fact in issue was

proved.” Westmoreland Coal Co. v. Campbell, 7 Va. App. 217, 222, 372 S.E.2d 411, 415 (1988)

(emphasis in original). This Court “must defer to the commission’s findings of fact if supported

by credible evidence in the record.” Diaz v. Wilderness Resort Ass’n, 56 Va. App. 104, 114, 691

S.E.2d 517, 522 (2010).

       Certainly, “[i]n order for an injured worker to recover under the Act, he must prove an

injury by accident ‘arising out of and in the course of the employment.’” County of Chesterfield

v. Johnson, 237 Va. 180, 183, 376 S.E.2d 73, 74 (1989) (quoting then Code § 65.1-7).

            As a general rule, “an employee going to or from the place where his
            work is to be performed is not engaged in performing any service
            growing out of and incidental to his employment.” Boyd’s Roofing Co.
            v. Lewis, 1 Va. App. 93, 94, 335 S.E.2d 281, 282 (1985) (quoting Kent
            v. Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co., 143 Va. 62, 66, 129 S.E. 330, 332
            (1925)). Therefore, any injury received while going to or from work
            generally is not compensable.

                                                -5-
Kendrick v. Nationwide Homes, Inc., 4 Va. App. 189, 190-91, 355 S.E.2d 347, 347 (1987)

(emphasis added). However, under case law that is controlling on this Court, the extended

premises doctrine permits compensation where an injury occurs in a location that, even though it

“was not on property owned or maintained by plaintiff's employer, nevertheless it was on

premises of another that were in such proximity and relation to the space leased by the employer

as to be in practical effect the employer’s premises.” See Barnes v. Stokes, 233 Va. 249, 252-53,

355 S.E.2d 330, 332 (1987).

              B. CREDIBLE EVIDENCE SUPPORTED THE COMMISSION’S CONCLUSION

       Employer argues that the sidewalk where claimant testified that she fell was not an

extension of the employer’s premises. Rather, they contend that the sidewalk was a “parking lot

sidewalk” and was in practical effect part of a parking lot – where the extended premises

doctrine generally is not considered to be applicable under Virginia’s appellate case law. Based

on the evidence in the record on appeal, however, this is not a parking lot case. The commission

clearly found that claimant fell on ice on a sidewalk – not in a parking lot. That sidewalk led

directly to the entrance of the building where claimant worked. For purposes of our analysis, the

fact that the sidewalk connected the parking lot to the office building is not a dispositive fact in

employer’s favor.

       Viewing the evidence here in the light most favorable to claimant (since she prevailed

below), the commission properly relied on this Court’s decision in Prince, 6 Va. App. at 270, 368

S.E.2d at 96, which applied the extended premises doctrine based on evidence that Prince slipped

and fell on an icy walkway leading to the building where her employer leased its office space.

       In that case, Prince fell approximately five feet from the building’s entrance. Id. at 270,

368 S.E.2d at 97. Prince was returning from lunch when she walked on the walkway which

“extends from the public sidewalk onto the grounds surrounding the building. At a point on the

                                                 -6-
grounds the walkway divides and leads to two entrances, which are located on opposite sides of

the building.” Id. at 270, 368 S.E.2d at 96. This Court held that

                the walkway was a common avenue of passage over the grounds
                and an essential means of ingress and egress from the public
                right-of-way to Pan Am’s place of business. As such, it
                constituted the premises “of another in such proximity and relation
                as to be in practical effect a part of the employer’s premises.”

Id. at 274, 368 S.E.2d at 98 (quoting Barnes, 233 Va. at 252, 355 S.E.2d at 331). This Court

explained:

             According to Professor Larson, when the workplace is located in an
             office building, an injury sustained by an employee in that building or on
             the grounds immediately surrounding the building is generally
             considered to have taken place on the employer’s premises, even if the
             employer did not own or lease the particular place where the injury
             occurred, provided the employer “has some kind of right of passage, as
             in the case of common stairs, elevators, lobbies, vestibules, concourses,
             hallways, walkways, ramps, footbridges, driveways, or passageways
             through which the employer has something equivalent to an easement.”

Id. at 273-74, 368 S.E.2d at 98 (emphasis added) (quoting 1 A. Larson, Workmen’s

Compensation Law § 15.43 (1985)).

       This Court further found that “[b]ecause the injury occurred on property that we deem ‘to

be in practical effect’ a part of Pan Am’s premises, it is irrelevant that there were two entrances

to the building and that the walkway on which Prince fell was not the exclusive means of

entering the building.” Id. at 274, 368 S.E.2d at 99. Consistent with this Court’s decision in

Prince, it is irrelevant that claimant here could have accessed the building through another

entrance, especially given claimant’s testimony that she took the most direct route in the

direction of the building.




                                                -7-
       Although there may be some minor factual distinctions between this case and Prince, 4

this Court’s decision in Prince controls our analysis in light of the factual findings made by the

commission in this case. Furthermore, contrary to employer’s suggestion on appeal, the holding

in Prince is not applicable just to the facts of that case – i.e., where claimant fell approximately

five feet from the entrance to the office building. This point did not comprise the basis for this

Court’s decision in Prince. The commission reasonably applied the legal principles stated in

Prince when it found “the facts here to be almost identical to those in Prince.” Specifically, the

commission found:

            The claimant in this matter was injured on the sidewalk leading to the
            entrance of the building, which was leased by the employer, and she was
            not in the parking lot. The employee in Prince was injured on a walkway
            five feet away from the entrance to the employer’s office building. The
            lease in this matter included the use of the parking lot and the sidewalk
            for patients and employees. The employer in Prince did not own or
            maintain the walkway, but it was provided as a convenience to the
            tenants. The claimant here was using the sidewalk to gain access to her
            workplace, and this was a reasonable place for her to be. The employee
            in Prince used one of two available paths to gain entrance to the building.

(Emphasis added). The findings by the commission in this case were not plainly wrong or

unsupported by credible evidence. In Prince and the case at bar, the claimants were injured on

walkways that were used as “common avenue[s] of passage over the grounds and [were]

essential means [of] ingress and egress . . . such [that they] constituted the premises ‘of another




       4
          Claimant here was walking to work when she fell, but Prince was returning from lunch
when she fell (and her employer paid her during her lunch period). There was no evidence here
that the other sidewalk was hazardous such that claimant was prevented from taking it, but in
Prince, the claimant had an indication that there was a hazard on the other walkway leading to
the employer’s entrance. Here, there is no evidence of the precise distance that claimant was
from the building when she fell, but Prince fell five feet from her office building. None of these
factual distinctions are dispositive of the outcome in Prince and its applicability here.
Accordingly, these minor distinctions do not change the fact that credible evidence supports the
commission’s reliance on the legal principles espoused in Prince.

                                                 -8-
in such proximity and relation as to be in practical effect a part of the employer’s premises.” Id.

at 274, 368 S.E.2d at 98 (quoting Barnes, 233 Va. at 252, 355 S.E.2d at 331).

       Moreover, this Court’s opinion in Wetzel’s Painting & Wallpapering v. Price, 19

Va. App. 158, 449 S.E.2d 500 (1994), also controls the analysis here. In Wetzel’s Painting, Price

exited his car on a public street and intended to walk on a gravel driveway that had a concrete

apron connecting it to the street. Id. at 159, 449 S.E.2d at 500. The concrete apron was

ultimately to be a part of the sidewalk crossing the driveway. Id. Prince slipped and fell on the

concrete apron, which was covered in ice. Id. The area of the fall was within the 50-foot

right-of-way for the public street. Id. at 159, 449 S.E.2d at 501. This Court stated, “[a]s in

Prince, the fact that claimant’s employer did not own or maintain the concrete apron is not

dispositive.” Id. at 161, 449 S.E.2d at 501. This Court held that,

            [t]he concrete apron leading to the driveway provided a common means
            of passage over the grounds to the house and an essential means of
            ingress and egress from the public street to the house where the work
            was to be performed. As such, the commission, in following the
            reasoning in Prince, correctly found that the concrete apron constituted a
            part of the employer’s premises.

Id. at 161, 449 S.E.2d at 502. Similar to Wetzel’s Painting, claimant here fell on a walkway that

“provided a common means of passage . . . and an essential means of ingress and egress” to the

claimant’s place of work. Id.

       The decisions in Prince and Wetzel’s Painting are binding authority under the interpanel

accord doctrine. As the Supreme Court has explained, “a decision of a panel of the Court of

Appeals becomes a predicate for application of the doctrine of stare decisis until overruled by a

decision of the Court of Appeals sitting en banc or by a decision of this Court.” Johnson v.

Commonwealth, 252 Va. 425, 430, 478 S.E.2d 539, 541 (1996). In light of this Court’s

decisions applying the extended premises doctrine in Prince and Wetzel’s Painting, we hold that



                                                -9-
the commission did not err in this case in finding that claimant’s injury arose out of and in the

course of her employment.

                  C. THE COMMISSION APPLIED THE CORRECT LEGAL ANALYSIS

       Given our holding here, we also disagree with employer’s argument that the full

commission should have affirmed the reasoning of the deputy commissioner, who relied on this

Court’s opinion in Hunton & Williams v. Gilmer, 20 Va. App. 603, 460 S.E.2d 235 (1995), to

conclude that the extended premises doctrine did not apply to the facts of this case.

       This case involves a set of factual circumstances that are readily distinguishable from

those in Gilmer. There, Gilmer “slipped on ice and fell while walking from her parking space”

in a parking garage “to her place of employment.” Id. at 604, 460 S.E.2d at 235. Gilmer was “a

legal secretary for Hunton & Williams, which had offices in Crestar Bank’s downtown Norfolk

building.” Id. “As Gilmer walked down a ramp from the level on which her car was parked to

the next level, she slipped on ice and fell.” Id. The parking garage was located across the street

from claimant’s place of employment, and it was not owned or maintained by Hunton &

Williams. Gilmer had a regular parking space in the garage, which she paid for herself via a

payroll deduction, and she was not required to park in the garage. Id. at 604-05, 460 S.E.2d at

235-36. This Court held that Gilmer’s situation was distinguishable from that in Barnes 5


       5
          In Barnes, the claimant was injured (by being struck by a motor vehicle) while leaving
work at the end of the day, and walking through a parking lot, where employees were required to
park, and which was located next to the building in which employer was located on the second
floor. 233 Va. at 251, 355 S.E.2d at 330. The Supreme Court held that while the parking lot
“was not on property owned or maintained by plaintiff's employer, nevertheless it was on
premises of another that were in such proximity and relation to the space leased by the employer
as to be in practical effect the employer’s premises.” Id. at 252, 355 S.E.2d at 332. The
Supreme Court stated that,

            consistent with the philosophy of workers’ compensation, industry
            properly should be charged with the expense of injury which, as here,
            occurs at a place furnished as an incident to the employment and happens
            at a time when employees reasonably can be expected to use the
                                               - 10 -
because “no evidence disclosed any control or authority by Hunton & Williams over the area in

which Gilmer parked.” Id. at 608, 460 S.E.2d at 237. Accordingly, this Court held that “the

‘going and coming’ rule barred a determination by the commission that Gilmer suffered an injury

by accident arising out of and in the course of employment.” Id. at 604, 460 S.E.2d at 235.

       In this case, unlike in Gilmer, claimant was no longer in the parking lot when she fell.

She was clearly walking on a sidewalk leading directly to the front of the building (which, unlike

in Gilmer, was not located across the street from the parking lot). Accordingly, the commission

did not err in finding that Gilmer was inapplicable to the facts here.

       Moreover, “[i]n determining whether credible evidence exists, the appellate court does

not retry the facts, reweigh the preponderance of the evidence, or make its own determination of

the credibility of the witnesses.” Wagner Enterprises, Inc. v. Brooks, 12 Va. App. 890, 894, 407

S.E.2d 32, 35 (1991). Here, claimant fell on the sidewalk leading to the front of the building.

The route claimant took was the most direct route she could have taken, and the commission

found that claimant fell on the sidewalk – not in the parking lot. Employer’s argument that

claimant was, in effect, still in the parking lot is simply inaccurate, given the commission’s

factual finding here. In addition, employer’s argument is essentially a request that this Court

reweigh the evidence – which this Court, as an appellate court, clearly cannot do on appeal.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       This Court’s decisions in Prince and Wetzel’s Painting control the legal analysis in this

case and the legal determination that the extended premises doctrine applies here. Given that the

commission found that claimant fell on the sidewalk leading directly to the entrance of the



            designated area, even though the specific location is not owned or
            maintained by the employer.

Id. at 253, 355 S.E.2d at 332. Accordingly, the Supreme Court held that the injury arose out of
and in the course of the claimant’s employment. Id.
                                              - 11 -
employer’s office building, the commission also appropriately concluded that this Court’s

decision in Gilmer does not control this case because it is not a case dealing with an injury

occurring in a parking lot. Thus, we find that there is credible evidence supporting the

commission’s unanimous award of benefits to claimant, and we affirm the commission.



                                                                                    Affirmed.




                                               - 12 -
