                                         Slip Op. 07-16


                 UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE


CELANESE CHEMICALS LTD.,                           :

                            Plaintiff,             :

                      v.                           :

UNITED STATES,                                     :       Court No. 04-00594
                            Defendant,                     PUBLIC VERSION
                                                   :
                      and
                                                   :
E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. and
CHANG CHUN PETROCHEMICAL CO., LTD., :

                            Defendant-Intervenors. :


[Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment Upon Agency Record granted in part; Negative Preliminary
Determination remanded to International Trade Commission.]

                                                                     Dated: January 29, 2007

       Greenberg Traurig, LLP (Philippe M. Bruno, Jeffrey S. Neely, Eric Aronson, and Rosa S.
Jeong), for Plaintiff.

       James M. Lyons, General Counsel, U.S. International Trade Commission (Mark B. Rees);
for Defendant.

        Crowell & Moring LLP (Matthew P. Jaffe, Jeffrey L. Snyder, Alexander H. Schaefer, and
Erin E. Mikita), for Defendant-Intervenors.


                                          OPINION

RIDGWAY, Judge:

       In this action, plaintiff Celanese Chemicals Ltd. contests the negative preliminary

determination reached by the U.S. International Trade Commission in an antidumping duty
Court No. 04-00594                                                                         Page 2



investigation of polyvinyl alcohol imports from Taiwan. See Polyvinyl Alcohol From Taiwan, 69

Fed. Reg. 63,177 (Oct. 29, 2004) (notice of preliminary determination).1 Pending before the Court

are Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment Upon the Agency Record and supporting briefs, in which

Celanese contends that the Commission’s determination in this matter was “arbitrary, capricious, an

abuse of discretion and not in accordance with law,” and which requests that the matter be remanded

to the agency. See generally Brief in Support of Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment Upon the Agency

Record (“Pl.’s Brief”); Reply Brief in Further Support of Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment Upon the

Agency Record (“Pl.’s Reply Brief”).

       The Commission and Defendant-Intervenors – E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. and Chang

Chun PetroChemical Co., Ltd. – oppose Celanese’s motion, and maintain that the Commission’s

determination should be sustained in all respects. See generally Memorandum of Defendant United

States International Trade Commission in Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment on the



       1
        The Commission’s determination, public versions of the views (majority and dissenting),
and the staff report in this investigation are published, with business proprietary information
redacted, in Polyvinyl Alcohol from Taiwan, Inv. No. 731-TA-1088 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 3732
(Oct. 2004) (“Preliminary Determination”) (available at https://eofpub.usitc.gov/edis-efile/app as
document number 217696). The administrative record consists of three sections, designated
“Public” (P.D. ___ ), “Confidential” (C.D. ___ ), and “Privileged,” respectively. The “Public”
section includes copies of documents from the “Confidential” section with all confidential
information redacted.

       The publicly available version of the Commission’s views included in the preliminary
determination is cited as the “Preliminary Determination.” The confidential version of the
Commission’s views included in the administrative record as C.D. 65 is cited as “Conf. Comm.
Views.” And the confidential staff report that accompanied the Commission’s findings, which is
included in the administrative record as C.D. 34 (original), as amended by C.D. 35 (Mem. INV-BB-
127 (Oct. 18, 2004)) and C.D. 43 (Mem. INV-BB-130 (Oct. 21, 2004)), is cited as the “Staff
Report.”
Court No. 04-00594                                                                          Page 3



Agency Record (“Def.’s Brief”); Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Opposition to Motion

for Judgment on Agency Record (“Def.-Ints.’ Brief”).

       For the reasons set forth below, Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment Upon the Agency Record

is granted in part, and this action is remanded to the Commission for further proceedings not

inconsistent with this opinion.

                                    I. The Facts of The Case

       As the Commission now sees it, the antidumping investigation of imports of polyvinyl

alcohol (“PVA”)2 from Taiwan at issue here “pitted . . . two . . . [leading] domestic producers –

indeed the only producers that supply to the U.S. commercial market – against one another.” Def.’s

Brief at 2. In its September 2004 petition triggering that investigation, Celanese alleged that the

domestic industry – which Celanese sought to define to include only itself – was materially injured

or threatened with material injury by reason of imports of PVA from Taiwan.

                              A. Prior Antidumping Investigations

       PVA had been the subject of antidumping investigations before. The first antidumping

petitions against PVA imports were filed in 1995, by Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (the

predecessor of Celanese). The Commerce Department subsequently published antidumping duty

orders against PVA imports from China, Japan, and Taiwan, in late March 1996. However, those



       2
         Polyvinyl alcohol (“PVA”) is a water-soluble synthetic polymer. As the Commission staff
explains: “PVA is used primarily as an intermediate product in the production of PVB [polyvinyl
butyral], which is an adhesive used in the manufacture of automotive safety glass and load-resistant
architectural glass. PVA is also used in the textile and paper industries in sizing formulations; as
a binder in adhesive and soil binding formulations; and as an emulsion or polymerization aid in
colloidal suspensions, water-soluble films, cosmetics, and joint compounds.” Staff Report at I-6.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                             Page 4



orders were revoked effective May 14, 2001, due to domestic producers’ failure to participate in the

five-year sunset reviews. Staff Report at I-3.

       In early September 2002, Celanese and DuPont filed a second series of antidumping petitions

– this time, against PVA imports from China, Germany, Japan, and Korea. The 2002 petitions

resulted in the issuance of an antidumping duty order against PVA imports from Japan in early July

2003. Antidumping duty orders against PVA imports from China and Korea followed three months

later. Staff Report at I-3 to I-4. The Commission incorporated “certain public factual findings and

analysis from these previous investigations . . . including information about the product, purchasing

behavior, the domestic and foreign producers, and other conditions of competition . . . into the record

of this investigation.” Preliminary Determination at 7; Conf. Comm. Views at 10.

       In this action, Celanese makes much of the fact that the Period of Investigation (“POI”) for

the proceeding here at issue (full calendar years 2001, 2002, and 2003, and the first half of 2004)

overlaps for two years with the 2003 investigations (which covered full calendar years 2000, 2001,

and 2002). Pl.’s Brief at 6. The Commission and Defendant-Intervenors, in turn, emphasize the

differences between the two investigations – the year and a half that do not overlap, as well as the

different subject countries. Def.’s Brief at 61-64; Def.-Ints.’ Brief at 45-49.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                          Page 5



                                  B. The Investigation At Issue

       The instant action involves an antidumping petition against PVA3 imports from Taiwan,

which Celanese filed in early September 2004, and which fellow domestic producer DuPont

opposed. As the initial step in a preliminary injury investigation, the Commission first defines the

“domestic like product” and the “industry.” The Commission declared a “single domestic like

product defined coextensively with [the] scope of the investigation” to consist of “all PVA

hydrolized in excess of 80 percent, whether or not mixed or diluted with commercial levels of

defoamer or boric acid, but not including PVA in fiber form.” Preliminary Determination at 7-8, 11;

Conf. Comm. Views at 10-11, 15.

       The Commission defined the domestic industry as all producers of the domestic like product:

petitioner Celanese; E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. (DuPont); and a third producer, Solutia Inc.

(Solutia). Preliminary Determination at 11; Conf. Comm. Views at 10, 16. Only one firm,

defendant-intervenor Chang Chun PetroChemical Co., Ltd. (“CCPC”), is known to have produced

PVA in Taiwan during the period of investigation. Preliminary Determination at 8; Conf. Comm.

Views at 10-11.




       3
        Commerce identified the imported merchandise within the scope of the investigation as
consisting of all PVA products “hydrolized in excess of 80 percent, whether or not mixed or diluted
with commercial levels of defoamer or boric acid. PVA in fiber form is not included. . . . The
merchandise under investigation is currently classifiable under subheading 3905.30.00 of the
Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (“HTSUS”). Although the HTSUS subheading is
provided for convenience and customs purposes, the written description of the merchandise under
investigation is dispositive.” Initiation of Antidumping Duty Investigation: Polyvinyl Alcohol from
Taiwan, 69 Fed. Reg. 59,204 (Oct. 4, 2004).
Court No. 04-00594                                                                           Page 6



        The Commission did not exclude any party under the related parties provision of the Act,

19 U.S.C. § 1677(4)(B) (2000). Preliminary Determination at 12-14; Conf. Comm. Views at 17-20.

The Commission considered whether to exclude DuPont who, in addition to producing PVA

domestically, also imported subject PVA from Taiwan during the period of investigation. Celanese

argued that DuPont should be considered a related party due to its imports of PVA from Taiwan and

its relationship with CCPC. However, while the Commission found DuPont was a related party by

virtue of its imports of PVA from Taiwan, it did not find any direct or indirect control relationship

between DuPont and CCPC. Preliminary Determination at 13; Conf. Comm. Views at 18. In the

end, the Commission concluded it was not appropriate to define the domestic industry to exclude

DuPont, based on, inter alia, the company’s “share of domestic production, the ratio of its imports

to such production, and the impact of its importing on its domestic production operations.” Def.’s

Brief at 11 (citing Conf. Comm. Views at 17-20).

       Of the three known producers of PVA in the United States, plaintiff Celanese is the [          ]

domestic producer of PVA; defendant-intervenor DuPont is the [                 ] U.S. producer; and

Solutia produces PVA as part of a vertically integrated production process of PVB, a downstream

product of PVA. Pl.’s Brief at 9 (citing Conf. Comm. Views at 20 n.85); see also Preliminary

Determination at 14 n.85.

       In the course of its investigation, the Commission staff collected questionnaire responses

from all the domestic producers. Preliminary Determination at 7; Conf. Comm. Views at 10. The

staff also collected data from importer questionnaire responses (which they estimate covered more

than 90% of PVA imports from Taiwan), as well as from questionnaire responses from CCPC, the
Court No. 04-00594                                                                           Page 7



Taiwanese producer. Staff Report at I-2, Tables C-1 and C-2. Indeed, the only information the

Commission claims it was unable to obtain is certain financial information from Celanese,

notwithstanding repeated requests. Preliminary Determination at 4; Conf. Comm. Views at 5; Staff

Report at VI-4 to VI-7. Celanese disputes that claim, asserting that it responded to all requests for

information. Pl.’s Reply Brief at 24 n.71. In any case, Celanese says its quarrel is with the

Commission’s analysis of the information it has on record, and that it has never claimed the lack of

any cost information as a reason to continue the investigation. Id.

       In brief, the Commission found that the record as a whole contained clear and convincing

evidence that the domestic PVA industry was not materially injured or threatened with material

injury. Of the three domestic producers, only two supply the commercial market: Celanese, the

plaintiff; and Defendant-Intervenor DuPont, who opposes the petition and imports certain PVA from

Taiwan. Preliminary Determination at 4-5; Conf. Comm. Views at 5-7.

       The Commission found that the volume of subjects imports was significant, but found no

evidence to support significant price effects, adverse impact, or threat. Although subject imports

increased over the POI, so did domestic consumption. The Commission also found that the domestic

industry’s share of the merchant and total U.S. PVA markets increased, and – throughout most of

the POI – non-subject imports accounted for a larger market share than subject imports. According

to the Commission, the record also indicated no significant price underselling by subject imports;

nor was any significant price depression evident.4 Moreover, despite evidence of an industry cost-


       4
         The Commission based its depression finding on the fact that the domestic industry had been
able to raise prices in the more recent period despite increases in the volume of subject imports.
Conf. Comm. Views at 6.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                             Page 8



price squeeze, the Commission found no significant price suppression. Preliminary Determination

at 4-5; Conf. Comm. Views at 5-7.

       In finding no evidence of adverse impact, the Commission noted that there had been declines

and improvements in the domestic industry’s performance factors. “Between 2002 and 2003, when

subject imports . . . experienced their largest relative volume increases, domestic producers gained

some market share, increased production, increased their capacity utilization, increased U.S.

shipments, continued to experience declining inventories, and experienced increased domestic unit

sales values.” Preliminary Determination at 5; Conf. Comm. Views at 6-7.

       After antidumping duty orders were imposed on PVA imports from China, Korea, and Japan

in mid to late 2003, “the domestic industry’s performance for interim 2004 was at levels that were

better than or similar to levels in interim 2003 for many of these same factors” despite the increasing

subject imports from Taiwan. Preliminary Determination at 5; Conf. Comm. Views at 6-7.

       Celanese charges that the Commission “miscalculated the subject and non-subject import

volumes” in such a way as to overstate the volume of non-subject imports, while understating the

volume of subject imports. Pl.’s Brief at 12. Celanese also takes issue with the data the Commission

relied on to find: a) no significant pattern of underselling; b) attenuated competition between subject

imports and domestically produced PVA; and c) no price effects. Id. Celanese asserts that a) the

data for underselling was not credible; b) the attenuated competition finding was based on a

misreading of customer questionnaire responses; and c) the price effects finding was based on the

above mentioned faulty volume calculations and flawed pricing information. Id.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                           Page 9



       Further, Celanese argues that the Commission applied an improperly high threshold of

causation in its injury analysis. And, finally, Celanese argues that the Commission “improperly

relied on, inter alia, self-contradictory and unexplained evidence” from the Taiwanese producer,

CCPC, to find no threat of material injury. Pl.’s Brief at 13.

       The Commission and Defendant-Intervenors, in turn, vigorously dispute Celanese’s

allegations, characterizing them as an attempt to get the Court to reweigh the evidence in a manner

more favorable to Celanese. See Def.-Ints.’ Brief at 17-19; Def.’s Brief at 3 (describing Celanese’s

claims as “largely factual in nature, raising the sort of evidence-weighing questions appropriate for

consideration by the Commission in its capacity as fact-finder but not for this Court in its review

function”), 47, 72.

                            II. The Procedural History of The Case

       In its petition filed with the U.S. Department of Commerce and with the Commission,

Celanese alleged that an industry in the United States was materially injured and threatened with

further material injury by reason of less than fair value imports of polyvinyl alcohol (“PVA”) from

Taiwan. Complaint ¶ 5; see also Polyvinyl Alcohol from Taiwan, 69 Fed. Reg. 55,653 (Sept. 15,

2004) (notice of receipt of petition and initiation of investigation); Polyvinyl Alcohol from Taiwan,

USITC Pub. 3732, Inv. No. 731-TA-1088 (Prelim.) (Oct. 2004) (“Preliminary Determination”).

       Upon receipt of Celanese’s petition, the Commission initiated its investigation, Polyvinyl

Alcohol From Taiwan, Inv. No. 731-TA-1088 (Preliminary). See Polyvinyl Alcohol from Taiwan,

69 Fed. Reg. 55,653 (Sept. 15, 2004). Within a matter of weeks, the Commission held a preliminary
Court No. 04-00594                                                                               Page 10



conference, after which parties to the proceeding filed post-conference briefs with the Commission.

Pl.’s Brief at 4.

        Upon completion of the preliminary investigation, the Commission determined by a 3-2 vote

that there was no reasonable indication that an industry was being materially injured or was

threatened with material injury within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1673b(a) by reason of subject

imports of PVA from Taiwan. See Polyvinyl Alcohol from Taiwan, 69 Fed. Reg. 63,177 (Oct. 29,

2004) (notice of preliminary determination).         Accordingly, the agency investigations were

terminated. See 19 U.S.C. § 1673b(a)(1) (“If the Commission finds that imports of the subject

merchandise are negligible or otherwise makes a negative determination under this paragraph, the

investigation shall be terminated.”).

                                        III. Standard of Review

        In reviewing a challenge to a negative preliminary injury determination by the Commission

in an antidumping case, “[t]he court shall hold unlawful any determination, finding, or conclusion

found . . . to be arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law

. . . .” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(A); see also Co-Steel Raritan, Inc. v. United States, 357 F.3d 1294,

1309 (Fed. Cir. 2004). The “arbitrary and capricious” standard requires that the Commission

“examine the relevant data and articulate a satisfactory explanation for its action including a ‘rational

connection between the facts found and the choice made.’” Mot. Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm

Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983) (citing Burlington Truck Lines, Inc. v. United States,

371 U.S. 156, 168 (1962)).
Court No. 04-00594                                                                              Page 11



                                            IV. Analysis

Clear and Convincing Evidence Standard

       In a preliminary injury determination, the Commission “has consistently viewed the statutory

‘reasonable indication’ standard as one requiring that it issue a negative determination . . . only when

(1) the record as a whole contains clear and convincing evidence that there is no material injury or

threat of such injury; and (2) no likelihood exists that contrary evidence will arise in a final

investigation.” Am. Lamb Co. v. United States, 785 F.2d 994, 1001 (Fed. Cir. 1986). Material

injury is defined as “harm which is not inconsequential, immaterial, or unimportant.” 19 U.S.C. §

1677(7)(A) (1996).

       Celanese disputes a number of the Commission’s individual findings as not supported by

clear and convincing evidence. See Pl.’s Brief at 28 (arguing that Commission’s findings on pricing

for certain products “are not supported by clear and convincing evidence on the record as a whole”);

see also Pl.’s Brief at 27, 59, 63; Pl.’s Reply Brief at 2-5, 17, 19, 20-23, 28-29. However, Celanese

misstates the standard for a negative preliminary determination. It is not that each piece of evidence

must be based upon clear and convincing evidence, but – rather – that “the record as a whole contain

clear and convincing evidence that there is no material injury.” Conn. Steel Corp. v. United States,

18 CIT 313, 315-316, 852 F. Supp. 1061, 1064 (1994) (citing Am. Lamb Co., 785 F.2d at 1001).

       Celanese also identifies numerous findings which it asserts are based on less than

comprehensive evidence or for which contradictory evidence exists, and argues that those findings

inherently fail to meet the clear and convincing evidence standard and, thus, require further

investigation. See Pl.’s Brief at 27-28, 34, 67; Pl.’s Reply Brief at 17 (arguing that any finding based
Court No. 04-00594                                                                                Page 12



on evidence “twice contradicted ... cannot meet the clear and convincing standard);5 see also id. at

3-5, 7, 11-13, 28-30. Leaving aside the fact that not every piece of evidence must meet the clear and

convincing standard, it is assuredly within the Commission’s authority to “weigh all the evidence

and resolve conflicts in the evidence.” Conn. Steel Corp., 18 CIT at 315, 852 F. Supp. at 1064; see

also Am. Lamb Co., 785 F.2d at 1002-04.

Causation

        In a preliminary injury determination, the Commission is required to determine, based on the

information available to it at the time of the determination, whether there is a reasonable indication

that an industry in the United States is (i) materially injured or (ii) threatened with material injury,

by reason of imports of the subject merchandise. 19 U.S.C. § 1773b(a). Celanese would argue that

this means that unless the effect of subject imports is found to be tangential, incidental or trivial, the

Commission must find causation. Pl.’s Brief at 60 (citing Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 345


        5
         Celanese is referring to information about lost sales/lost revenue described by the
Commission as “consistent with other evidence offered by DuPont.” Pl.’s Brief at 17 (citing Def.’s
Brief at 47, quoting Conf. Comm. Views at 12). Celanese claims that it is unclear to what evidence
the Defendant’s Brief is referring, and suggests the reference may be to either testimony by Kathy
McCord at the preliminary conference (which it claims would then be contradicted by her testimony
in 2003) or to the transaction report offered by DuPont as an appendix to its Post-Conference Brief
(which Celanese claims supports its contention that price is “the major competitive factor and thus
thoroughly contradicts McCord’s conference testimony”). Id.

        A closer reading suggests that it is not so difficult as Celanese suggests to determine the
evidence to which the Commission is referring. Defendant’s Brief cites this comment to the Conf.
Comm.’s Views at 40 which lists examples of such evidence offered by DuPont regarding non-price
factors including its questionnaire responses and specific Post-Conference Brief Exhibits which
include its transactions reports among other sources. Def.’s Brief at 47 (citing Conf. Comm. Views
at 40 n.179 (citing Staff Report at II-13 to II-14, V-12 to V-14; Preliminary Determination at II-8 to
II-9; DuPont Post-Conference Brief, C.D. 19, at Exhibits 5, 6, 7)). This issue is addressed more fully
below.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                                Page 13



F.3d 1379, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (“{D}umping need not be the sole or principal cause of injury. As

long as its effects are not merely incidental, tangential, or trivial, the foreign like product meets the

causation requirement.”)).

          Celanese adds that the legal standards applied by the Commission are “directly contrary” to

the Statement of Administrative Action (“SAA”) accompanying the Trade Agreements Act of 1979,

which specifically states that “the Commission is not to ‘weigh causes.’” Pl.’s Brief at 61 (citing

Statement of Administrative Action, Trade Agreements Act of 1979, S. Rep. 96-249 at 75 (July

1979)).

          Celanese is correct that it does not need to show that the subject imports are the sole, or even

the major, cause of injury. However, its selective quotations from the Commission’s Preliminary

Determination – for example, “‘while price is an important factor, other factors were important’ .

. . ‘factors other than price were relevant’ . . . factors other than subject imports ‘contributed

materially’”– do not show that the Commission failed to apply the proper standard of causation,

much less that the Commission “raised the threshold for finding material injury . . . far beyond that

required by law” by “improperly attributing too much importance to factors other than the substantial

volumes of subject imports that were being sold at less-than-fair-value.” Pl.’s Brief at 60 (quoting

Preliminary Determination at 32, 39, 47).

          Moreover, Celanese’s reliance on Nippon is misplaced. Nippon itself cites Gerald Metals,

Inc. v. United States, 132 F.3d 716, 721-23 (Fed. Cir.1997), which points out that the Federal Circuit

has never adopted the SAA “non-de minimus” methodology and that, in fact, by-reason-of analysis

may require the weighing of factors. See Gerald Metals, 132 F.3d at 722 (finding that “evidence of
Court No. 04-00594                                                                            Page 14



de minimis causation of injury does not reach the causation level required under the statute”).

Contrary to Celanese’s assertion, the Commission does not have to state outright that it found subject

imports to be “incidental, tangential, or trivial.” See Pl.’s Reply Brief at 28.

                                       A. Volume of Imports

       Under the statutory regime, the Commission must determine the significance of the volume

of subject imports from Taiwan, including any increase in that volume, both in absolute terms and

relative to production and consumption in the United States. 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(i). Although

the Commission did find the actual volume of subject imports and the increase in that volume over

the period of investigation to be significant, it nonetheless found volume did not have a significant

impact on the domestic market. Preliminary Determination at 22; Conf. Comm. Views at 33. In

summary, the Commission found 1) U.S. market consumption increased over the POI; 2) the

domestic industry’s share of the market increased; and 3) non-subject imports of PVA held a larger

market share than subject imports from Taiwan for most of the POI but lost market share after

becoming subject to the 2003 antidumping orders. Preliminary Determination at 22; Conf. Comm.

Views at 33-34. Moreover, the Commission found that despite the decline in non-subject imports

towards the end of the POI, “subject imports did not seem to take advantage of this opportunity.”

Preliminary Determination at 23; Conf. Comm. Views at 34. To support this statement, the

Commission explained that market share levels for subject imports in interim 2004 and interim 2003

were similar and not much higher than their market share in 2001, “when they were covered by an

antidumping duty order for the first five months of the year.” Preliminary Determination at 23; Conf.

Comm. Views at 34.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                               Page 15



        Celanese disputes the data on which the Commission relied to calculate the volume of subject

and non-subject imports and their respective market shares, as well as the domestic industry’s market

share performance, asserting that the Commission both understates the volume of subject imports

and overstates the volume of non-subject imports. See generally Pl.’s Brief at 16-24. Celanese

argues that properly calculated the data indicates subject imports overtook non-subjects imports

toward the end of the investigation (after the antidumping duty order was imposed on China, Korea

and Japan in mid to late 2003) and that U.S. producer share did not increase but in fact remained

static. In the view of Celanese the “corrected” data, discussed infra, indicates subject imports did

in fact take advantage of the opportunity presented by the antidumping orders for China, Japan, and

Korea in mid to late 2003 and the U.S. producer share remained static – a very different trend than

that cited by the Commission to support its finding that volume of subject imports did not have a

significant effect on the domestic industry. Pl.’s Brief at 16-24.

                                          1. Subject Imports

        To determine the volume of subject imports, the Commission used importer questionnaire

data. Celanese claims that the Commission erred by calculating the volume of subject imports (that

is, imports from Taiwan) using importer questionnaire data that was “less than complete.” See

generally Pl.’s Brief at 2, 12, 18-19; Pl.’s Reply Brief at 5-6, 9-10. Celanese asserts that the importer

questionnaire data “understated [subject imports] by about 10 percent,” and contends that the
Court No. 04-00594                                                                           Page 16



Commission should have used official Census statistics or data from CCPC’s foreign producer

questionnaire response instead.6 Pl.’s Brief at 18-19; Pl.’s Reply Brief at 9-10.

       According to Celanese, the Commission’s use of the importer questionnaire data to calculate

the volume of subject imports – together with the agency’s use of unadjusted data to calculate the

volume of non-subject imports (discussed in section A.2, below) – had a decisive impact on some

of the Commission’s key findings. See generally Pl.’s Brief at 2-3, 12, 19-24, 48, 64-65; Pl.’s Reply

Brief at 5-6, 9-10, 30.

       As a threshold matter, there is no presumption favoring the use of official government import

statistics such as Census data, or – for that matter – any other set of data. The use of importer

questionnaire data to calculate subject import volumes is a well-established and accepted practice.

See, e.g., Allura Red Coloring from India, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-433 (Preliminary) and 731-TA-1029

(Preliminary), Pub. No. 3595 at 10 (April 2003), aff’d, Sensient Techs. Corp. v. United States, 28

CIT __, 2004 WL 2030258 (2004) (noting Commission reliance on importer questionnaire data in

import volume calculations); Blast Furnace Coke from China and Japan, Inv. Nos. 731-TA-951-952

(Preliminary) (Remand), Pub. No. 3619 at 19-20 (Aug. 2003) (citing Blast Furnace Coke from China

and Japan, Inv. Nos. 731-TA-951-952 (Preliminary), Pub. No. 3444, Tables IV-2, IV-6, and C-1

(Aug. 2002), aff’d, Comm. for Fair Coke Trade v. United States, 28 CIT __, __, 2004 WL 1615600

at * 16 (2004) (sustaining Commission reliance on importer questionnaire data in import volume

calculations). There is thus nothing inherently wrong with the Commission’s reliance on importer



       6
       Celanese reasons that, because CCPC is the only known Taiwanese producer of subject
merchandise, CCPC’s shipment data represented 100% of subject imports. See Pl.’s Brief at 19.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                               Page 17



questionnaire data in its subject import volume calculations in this case. See generally Def.-Ints.’

Brief at 26-27; see also Def.’s Brief at 25.

       Moreover, Celanese overstates its case when it claims that the importer questionnaire data

“understated [subject imports] by about 10 percent.” See Pl.’s Brief at 19. In fact, the Staff Report

is clear that the importer questionnaire data actually “account[ed] for well over 90 percent” of the

imports from Taiwan. See Staff Report at IV-1 (emphasis added); see also id. at I-2. Thus, the gap

is not as great as Celanese tries to suggest. See generally Def.-Ints.’ Brief at 25-26; Def.’s Brief at

26.7

       Even so, Celanese correctly notes that the coverage varied from [        ] in 2001 to [      ] in

interim 2004 and thus the understatement was most pronounced in the period after imposition of the

2003 antidumping duty on imports from China, Korea, and Japan. Pl.’s Reply Br. at 9-10 (citing

Def.’s Brief at 26). Moreover, Celanese asserts that this fact, together with the asserted error in

calculating non-subject imports discussed in section A.2 below, is significant enough to reverse some

of the Commission’s key findings. Id.

       Even if it were no greater than 90% (as Celanese has claimed), the questionnaire data’s scope

of coverage might well be sufficiently comprehensive. See, e.g., Comm. for Fair Coke Trade, 28

CIT at __ n.24, ___, 2004 WL 1615600 at * 14 n.24, ** 15-16 (sustaining Commission’s negative



       7
        The Government finds it telling that “Celanese opts not to show the Court the actual scope
of coverage” for the importer questionnaire data as compared to the official Census Bureau statistics.
The Government emphasizes that the questionnaire data overstated official Census statistics in some
years and understated them in others, and that – over the relevant Period of Investigation – “[t]he
average for coverage of official statistics by questionnaire data” was much closer to 100% than to
90%. See Def.’s Brief at 26.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                           Page 18



preliminary determination where import volume findings were based on importer questionnaire

responses accounting for approximately 80% of imports from China and virtually all imports from

Japan); Torrington Co. v. United States, 16 CIT 220, 222-23, 790 F. Supp. 1161, 1166 (1992), aff’d,

991 F.2d 809 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (sustaining Commission’s negative preliminary determination where

impact findings were based on responses of 25 of 51 firms, which accounted for 74% of total

shipments by quantity and 68% by value). See generally Def.’s Brief at 26-27; Def.-Ints.’ Brief at

27-28.

         At bottom, Celanese’s challenge to the Commission’s calculation of the volume of subject

imports is predicated on the premise that, confronted with three somewhat different sets of data, the

Commission irrationally ignored two perfect sets of data and instead chose to use the one set of data

that was flawed. However, the record indicates that the Commission found none of the three sets

of data to be perfect. As Celanese emphasizes, the Commission candidly acknowledged that the

scope of coverage of the importer questionnaire data was less than 100%. The Commission

nevertheless used those data in calculating subject import volume, based on its determination that

the importer questionnaire data were more reliable than the other data that were available (and which

Celanese favors). See Staff Report at I-2 & n.5, IV-1 & n.2; see generally Def.’s Brief at 3-4, 27;

Def.-Ints.’ Brief at 25.

         For example, in its opening brief, Celanese contends that – in lieu of the importer

questionnaire data – the Commission should have used data from CCPC’s foreign producer

questionnaire. See generally Pl.’s Brief at 19. But, contrary to Celanese’s implication, there were

problems with that data as well. Unlike other import data sets, foreign producer questionnaire data
Court No. 04-00594                                                                              Page 19



do not account for volume in terms of value. And, in terms of quantity, there were only

“comparatively minor variances” between the importer questionnaire data that the Commission used

and the foreign producer questionnaire data that Celanese advocates. See Def.’s Brief at 27-28. It

is therefore perhaps no surprise that Celanese’s reply brief appears to abandon its advocacy for use

of the foreign producer questionnaire data.

       Celanese’s principal contention is that the Commission should have calculated subject import

volume using Census import statistics, rather than importer questionnaire data. See generally Pl.’s

Brief at 19; Pl.’s Reply Brief at 9-10. But the Census statistics, too, were not without problems. As

the Staff Report explained, Celanese itself specifically cautioned against using Census data to

measure subject import volume in value terms; and DuPont had warned that the Census data

reflected clerical errors by its Customs broker (which it was taking steps to correct). See Staff

Report at I-2 n.5, IV-1 n.2; see generally Def.’s Brief at 27 (citing Petition, C.D. 1, at 27, 37 n.104;

DuPont’s Post-Conference Brief, C.D. 19, at 18-20).

       Celanese does not dispute the existence of the problems cited by the Commission. Instead,

Celanese asserts that, to the extent relevant, those problems had been cured by the time that post-

conference briefs had been filed with the agency. See Pl.’s Brief at 19 n.45; Pl.’s Reply Brief at 10.

       To be sure, the Commission has broad statutory discretion to choose the data on which it

bases its determinations. See, e.g., Comm. for Fair Coke Trade, 28 CIT at __, 2004 WL 1615600

at * 16 (noting discretion accorded to Commission in choosing data sets); American Bearing Mfrs.

Ass’n v. United States, 28 CIT __, __, 350 F. Supp. 2d 1100, 1108-09 (2004) (“[W]hether to rely

primarily on quantity data, value data, or both, to measure the significance of import volume is
Court No. 04-00594                                                                            Page 20



precisely the type of decision that Congress has entrusted the ITC to make in light of the facts and

circumstances of each particular case.”). And the Court generally is not at liberty to substitute its

judgment for that of the Commission. See, e.g., Torrington Co., 16 CIT at 226, 790 F. Supp. at 1167

(“[I]t is not the Court’s function to decide that it would have made another decision on the basis of

the evidence.”); Comm. for Fair Coke Trade, 28 CIT at __, 2004 WL 1615600 at * 3-4; Sensient

Techs. Corp., 28 CIT at __, 2004 WL 2030258 at * 8; Ranchers-Cattlemen Action Legal Found. v.

United States, 23 CIT 861, 878, 74 F. Supp. 2d 1353, 1368-69 (1999) (court “cannot substitute its

judgment . . . for that of the Commission,” but only “ascertain[s] whether there was a rational basis

for the [Commission’s] determination”).

       Here, however, there has been no proffer to respond to Celanese’s assertion that corrected

Census data were available to the Commission at the time it made its preliminary determination, and

should have been used to calculate subject import volume. Nowhere, for example, has the

Government (much less the agency itself) disputed Celanese’s assertion that the errors in the Census

data were corrected before the Commission reached its determination. Nor has there been any

attempt to justify the Commission’s continued reliance on the importer questionnaire data, if indeed

corrected Census data were available for use. Cf. Calabrian Corp. v. United States, 16 CIT 342, 351,

794 F. Supp. 377, 386 (1992) (Commission must consider “the ‘best information available’

contained in the record at the time of its determination”) (cited in Def.’s Brief at 21).

       Generally, the Commission’s use of importer questionnaire data to calculate volume of

subject imports would be well within agency’s discretion. See Def.’s Brief at 25-28; Def.-Ints.’ Brief

at 26-28. However, it is not clear that the Commission here relied on the best information available.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                          Page 21



Calabrian Corp., 16 CIT at 351, 794 F. Supp. at 386 (the “best information available” standard

includes all information, even information not in the staff report, in the record at the time of

Commission’s determination). The Commission has not denied it had the corrected Census data at

the time of its decision. On remand the Commission shall explain why the questionnaire responses

remained the best information available in light of the apparent corrections to the errors cited as

reasons for not using Census data in the first instance.

                                      2. Non-subject Imports

       The Commission used official import data reported by the U.S. Census Bureau (Census) for

Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS) subheading 3905.30.00 to determine the

volume of non-subject imports, i.e., imports from countries other than Taiwan. Staff Report at II-9.

See generally Pl.’s Brief at 16-17. That subheading includes PVA of all hydrolysis levels, however,

while the scope of the current investigation includes only PVA with a hydrolysis level of 80% or

higher. Pl.’s Brief at 16. Based on the unadjusted Census data, the Commission found non-subject

imports were the second largest source of supply for the U.S. domestic PVA market in 2003 after

domestic producers. Preliminary Determination at 17.

       Celanese argues that by using data that included out-of-scope products the Commission

overstated the volume of non-subject imports which contributed to understating the impact of subject

imports from Taiwan on the domestic market. Pl.’s Brief at 16-18. Celanese points out that in 2003,

while conducting investigations into PVA from China, Japan and Korea, the Commission adjusted

the Census data to exclude non-subject PVA from its calculation of non-subject import volumes.

Pl.’s Brief at 17. The Commission did not make any such adjustment in the instant case which
Court No. 04-00594                                                                          Page 22



Celanese claims distorts the data relied on by the Commission for its negative preliminary injury

determination. Id.

        The Commission contends that “the total volume of out-of-scope PVA for all non-subject

countries was relatively small” and would not have changed its determination. Def.’s Brief at 32.

Moreover, it contends that differences in the respective scopes of the investigations justified the

adjustment in the 2003 investigations but do not require the adjustment here. Def.’s Brief at 29-31.

The Commission notes that the scope of the 2003 investigations included a list of 14 additional

specific exclusions making it much narrower. Id. at 29.

       Celanese argues that the Commission’s reliance on the difference in the scope of the

investigations fails on two counts. First, Celanese asserts that the argument is a post hoc

rationalization, not mentioned in the Commission’s Views. Pl.’s Reply Brief at 9. Second, Celanese

claims that the distinctions drawn by the Commission are largely illusory. Celanese points out that

the list of 14 specific exclusions consisted entirely of products hydrolized in excess of 80 percent

while the adjustment for “out-of-scope” PVA excluded PVA hydrolized at less than 80 percent.

Pl.’s Reply Brief at 8. While the Court can imagine reasons why narrowing the scope of an

investigation might justify excluding additional out-of-scope products which would otherwise be

lumped under an HTSUS subheading, as in the earlier investigation in question, the Commission did

not go that extra step and articulate its reasoning here. Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Ark.-Best Freight

Sys., 419 U.S. 281, 285-86 (1974) (court may not “supply a reasoned basis for the agency’s action

that the agency itself has not given”) (citations omitted).
Court No. 04-00594                                                                             Page 23



       Celanese similarly challenges the Commission’s claim that the out-of-scope product was

negligible and excluding it would not have affected its determination. Pl.’s Brief at 16-18.

Comparing the adjusted data for 2001 and 2002 (the overlapping years of the investigation) indicates,

according to Celanese, that the volume of non-subject imports for PVA is overstated by

approximately [ ] percent and [ ] percent respectively. Pl.’s Brief at 17. Celanese also takes issue

with the Commission’s contention that it did in fact consider the issue, noting that the only evidence

the Commission points to in support of this contention is a single sentence in the Staff Report.8 Pl.’s

Reply Brief at 6 (citing Def.’s Brief at 32). The Staff Report does not in fact elaborate on how the

quantity of out-of-scope merchandise included in the Census data was estimated. Celanese similarly

emphasizes that, in the 2003 investigations, the Commission excluded out-of-scope product from

two countries, and argues that out-of-scope product should have been excluded here as well. See

Pl.’s Brief at 19-20; Pl.’s Reply Brief at 6. The Commission notes that the relevant data from the

2003 investigations was business proprietary information, and has since been destroyed. See Def.’s

Brief at 32. But, logically, that fact has no bearing on whether the out-of-scope product at issue here

was negligible, as the Commission claims.

       Celanese argues that excluding the out-of-scope product would show that subject imports had

replaced non-subject imports in 2003 and, thus, “undermine the Commission’s finding that non-

subject imports were the second largest source of supply in 2003.” Pl.’s Reply Brief at 7.




       8
        The Staff Report states: “An undetermined but relatively small share of imports from all
other sources consists of PVA with a hydrolysis level of 80 percent or lower.” Staff Report at Table
IV-1 n.1.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                              Page 24



       The Commission asserts that Celanese conceded in the 2003 investigations that its injuries

were not caused by dumped imports from Taiwan. See Def.’s Brief at 46, 52. In actuality, what

Celanese said was that it had “no evidence PVA from Taiwan was being dumped in the U.S.

market.” Conf. Comm. Views at 25 n.113; see also Pl.’s Reply Brief at 5 n.14. Such a statement

is different from a positive assertion that it was not being injured. More importantly, one of

Celanese’s main claims is that subject imports from Taiwan were taking advantage of the

antidumping order of 2003 to expand their market in the United States at the expense of the domestic

industry’s ability to raise prices. Pl.’s Brief at 20 (citing Celanese Post-Conference Brief, C.D. 24,

at 3-9; Petition, C.D. 1, at 38-39). It would seem then that a careful analysis of the volume of subject

imports compared to non-subject imports would be essential.

       Whether the exclusion of out-of-scope non-subject imports would have ultimately affected

the Commission’s analysis is not clear, but the Commission failed to provide a satisfactory

explanation for its decision to exclude them. On remand the Commission will a) demonstrate

precisely how the exclusion of certain products hydrolyzed in excess of 80 percent from the

investigation’s original scope is related to adjusting for products hydrolyzed at less than 80 percent,

already out of the original scope by definition, in such a way as to preclude it in the present

investigation; and b) provide support for its conclusion that the volume of out-of-scope, non-subject

imports included in the Census data is negligible and would not affect the outcome of the

determination.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                            Page 25



                                          B. Price Effects

       In addition to analyzing volume, the statute also mandates that the Commission consider the

“effect of imports . . . on prices in the United States for domestic like products.” 19 U.S.C. §

1677(7)(B)(i)(II). In evaluating the price effects9 of subject imports as part of a preliminary injury

determination, the Commission is required to consider whether there has been significant price

underselling by the subject imports, and whether such imports have the effect of depressing or

suppressing domestic prices to a significant degree. 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(ii).10 Notably,

“{u}nderselling alone is legally insufficient to support an affirmative injury determination.” Bic

Corp. v. United States, 21 CIT 448, 458, 964 F. Supp. 391, 401 (1997).

       In the determination under review here, the Commission found generally that there was no

pattern of significant underselling of subject imports, and that subject imports had no significant

price depressing or suppressing effects. Conf. Comm. Views at 35-44; Preliminary Determination

at 23-27. The quarterly weighted-average unit prices for domestic and imported PVA showed no

pattern of significant underselling during the POI, and there was “attenuated competition” between




       9
         Price effects are the degree to which subject imports have been able to depress or suppress
prices in the domestic market.
       10
          Specifically, “{i}n evaluating the effect of imports of such merchandise on prices, the
Commission shall consider whether – (I) there has been significant price underselling by the
imported merchandise as compared with the price of domestic like products of the United States, and
(II) the effect of imports of such merchandise otherwise depresses prices to a significant degree or
prevents price increases, which otherwise would have occurred, to a significant degree.” 19 U.S.C.
§ 1677(7)(C)(ii).
Court No. 04-00594                                                                          Page 26



domestically-produced and imported PVA. Preliminary Determination at 23-27; Conf. Comm.

Views at 35-44.11

       Celanese contests the Commission’s negative findings on underselling, price depression and

price suppression. Celanese first argues that the Commission’s finding of no significant price

underselling contradicts other Commission findings, and is not based on clear and convincing

evidence.12   Specifically, in regards to pricing information data,13 Celanese asserts that the

Commission erred in (a) using quarterly weighted-average unit prices for products 1 through 3 to

examine instances of underselling despite “inconsistencies” in pricing data; and (b) affording less

weight to evidence of underselling for products 4 and 5. Pl.’s Brief at 25-35.




       11
          While the Commission does not clearly define “attenuated competition,” it appears to refer
to a lack of overlap in major purchasers of subject imports and of domestically produced PVA, and,
thus, a lack of head-to-head competition between subject imports and domestically-produced PVA.
See Preliminary Determination at 23-27; Conf. Comm. Views at 35-44.
       12
         The Commission concluded that underselling was not significant due to three main
findings: (1) underselling by subject imports from Taiwan was not at times or for products that were
significant; (2) there was no meaningful overlap in the larger customers served by both the domestic
industry and subject imports from Taiwan, nor was there evidence of significant underselling where
there was overlap; and (3) the importance of factors other than price. Conf. Comm. Views at 40;
Preliminary Determination at 25.
       13
          To evaluate the price effects of subject imports, the Commission requested U.S. producers
and importers of PVA to provide quarterly net U.S. f.o.b. selling value and quantity data for sales
to unrelated U.S. customers for five non-specialty PVA products (products 1 through 5) suggested
by petitioner that are produced in the United States and imported from Taiwan. Preliminary
Determination at 23. Both Celanese (who recommended the pricing products) and DuPont agreed
that the products were representative of both the domestic and subject imported PVA products. Id.
The Commission calculated quarterly weighted average unit prices for the largest importers and
compared them to weighted-average unit prices of commercial sales of U.S. producers for the same
quarters. Preliminary Determination at 23.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                               Page 27



        Celanese also challenges the Commission’s attenuated competition finding, on which the

Commission relied as further support for its conclusion that underselling was not significant.

According to Celanese, that finding was based on an incomplete inquiry. Celanese further argues

that the inquiry represented an arbitrary switch from traditional practice, with results directly at odds

with lost sales and lost revenue evidence. Pl.’s Brief at 37-38.

                                            1. Underselling

        The Commission enjoys great discretion in its selection of a methodology to analyze and

assess the evidence of underselling, as long as the choice is supported by substantial evidence. U.S.

Steel Group v. United States, 18 CIT 1190, 1218, 873 F. Supp. 673, 699 (1994); see also Hynix

Semiconductor, Inc. v. United States, 30 CIT __, __, 431 F. Supp. 2d 1302, 1311 (2006) (“{T}he

U.S. Court of International Trade . . . has specifically held that the {Commission} possesses broad

discretion in selecting methodologies to analyze price effects in particular.”) (citations omitted).

Specifically, while the statute requires the Commission to analyze underselling, the statute does not

stipulate how the Commission is to calculate the price of the imported merchandise or the domestic

like product. The Commission thus has broad discretion to choose the manner in which it calculates

the prices, and how it compares them. Nitrogen Solutions Fair Trade Comm. v. United States, 29

CIT __, __, 358 F. Supp. 2d 1314, 1324 (2005) (citing Nucor Corp. v. United States, 28 CIT __, __,

318 F. Supp. 2d 1207, 1257 (2004)); see also Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 19 CIT 450, 466

(1995) (noting the Commission’s broad discretion to analyze underselling).

        The statute further requires that the Commission consider the domestic market as a whole.

Calabrian Corp., 16 CIT at 350, 794 F. Supp. at 386 (“Congress intended the ITC determine whether
Court No. 04-00594                                                                           Page 28



or not the domestic industry (as a whole) has experienced material injury due to the imports. This

language defies the suggestion that the ITC must make a disaggregated analysis of material injury.”).

The Commission asserts that using weighted-average pricing analysis allowed it to consider the

market as a whole.14 Def.’s Brief at 39. Moreover, the Commission contends that it actually

considered disaggregated price data for products 1 through 3. Def.’s Brief at 39. The investigation

included measuring “all statutory factors based on any permutation in argument raised by the

parties.” Def.’s Brief at 40 (citing Staff Report at Tables E-1 to E-3).

       As even Celanese concedes, the substantial deference accorded the Commission in its

selection of methodologies to analyze price effects is even greater when, in regards to weighted-

average price analysis, the methodology selected by the Commission represents its normal practice.

See Hynix Semiconductor, 30 CIT at __, 431 F. Supp. 2d at 1311; Def.’s Brief at 37-40; Pl.’s Brief

at 29 (Commission’s reliance on “quarterly weighted-average unit prices . . . was consistent with the

Commission’s normal practice”).

       Further, the Commission’s use of weighted-average price has been previously sustained by

the court. Def.’s Brief at 39 (citing Nippon Steel Corp., 19 CIT at 466). Celanese nevertheless


       14
          The Commission explains weighted-average price as “a measure of a single market price
that takes account of differing sales volumes of two or more firms reporting price data for the same
product and period. The weighted-average price is construed for a particular product and time period
(calendar quarter) from price and quantity data reported by two or more firms in response to
questionnaire requests. Arithmetically, it is calculated by summing the reported sales value (price
X quantity) of each responding firm for a particular product and quarter, and dividing this aggregate
sales value by the sum of the reported quantity of each responding firm for this product and quarter.
Conceptually, the calculation averages prices of several reporting firms weighed by the quantities
reported by each firm, such that the price associated with a higher-quantity sale will have a greater
weight (influence) in the resulting weighted-average price than the price of a lower-quantity sale.”
Def.’s Brief at 38.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                             Page 29



contends that – normal practice or not – the Commission erred in its use of weighted-average unit

prices in the case at bar, because of anomalies in the data. Pl.’s Brief at 25-34; Pl.’s Reply Brief at

11-14.

         Comparing domestic and subject import pricing data, using a weighted-average price

analysis, the Commission found a “mixed pattern of underselling and overselling by subject imports”

during the POI, with an “even number of instances of under- and overselling.” Conf. Comm. Views

at 36; Preliminary Determination at 23-24. The Commission found that underselling was not

significant, noting, among other findings, that the pattern was one of underselling in the earlier part

of the period, giving way to overselling in the more recent portion.15 Conf. Comm. Views at 36;

Preliminary Determination at 23-24.

                                    a. Weighted-Average Prices

                                           i. Products 1-3

         Celanese claims that, in calculating quarterly weighted-average unit prices of imported PVA

for products 1 through 3, the Commission relied on importer data that was inconsistent with the

Commission’s own finding that PVA is a fungible product, as well as the importer’s admission that



         15
         Based on a price comparison for five non-specialty PVA products (products 1 through 5),
the Commission found that, for products 1 through 3, there were actually more instances of
overselling than underselling. Conf. Comm. Views at 36-37 (citing Staff Report at Tables V-1 to
V-6); Preliminary Determination at 24. In addition, for product 1, the Commission noted that early
underselling gave way to overselling at the same time that the volume of subject imports was
increasing. Products 2 and 3 both had more incidences of overselling than underselling as well.
However, while most of the underselling was during the earlier portion of the period of investigation,
product 2 was [
                                                  ]. Conf. Comm. Views at 36-37; Preliminary
Determination at 24.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                                Page 30



prices generally do not vary significantly. Pl.’s Brief at 32. Celanese claims such inconsistencies

should have led the Commission to use disaggregated data or, “at a minimum,” to conduct further

inquiry. Pl.’s Brief at 33.

          As an initial matter, it is worth noting – in the context of Celanese’s challenge to the

reliability of information provided by another party – that the credibility of sources is largely a matter

within the province of the Commission, as the trier of fact. Al Tech Specialty Steel Corp. v. United

States, 27 CIT 1791, 1802 (2003); see also Cleo Inc. v. United States, 30 CIT __, __, 2006 WL

2685080 at * 12 (2006) (citing Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 458 F.3d 1345, 1357 (Fed. Cir.

2006)).

          It is true the Commission is to use “the best information available” when applying the

reasonable indication standard. Am. Lamb Co., 785 F.2d at 1002. That means that the Commission

is to “investigate the allegations in as thorough a manner as possible using the information available

within that time period, and . . . provide interested parties a reasonable opportunity to present their

views.” Id. (citing H.R. Rep. No. 317, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. 61 (1979)).

          Here, the Commission did take steps to confirm the data that Celanese questions. What

Celanese discounts as a “routine check,” the Commission describes as a “careful review” conducted

“per its normal procedure,” where it specifically questioned the importer about the points raised by

Celanese, in addition to inquiries on several points where the Commission had its own pricing

concerns. Staff Report at V-16 n.53.

          The Commission is charged with determining whether there is a reasonable indication of

material injury, “not a reasonable indication of the need for further inquiry.” Am. Lamb Co., 785
Court No. 04-00594                                                                             Page 31



F.2d at 1001. The purpose of the preliminary injury determination is to “eliminate unnecessary and

costly investigations which are an administrative burden and an impediment to trade.” Am. Lamb

Co., 785 F.2d at 1002-03 (citing S. Rep. No. 1298, reprinted in 1974 U.S.C.C.A.N. 7186, 7308).

       There is no reason to assume that the Commission’s normal procedures are cursory.

Determining whether certain data are “inconsistent” is a factual analysis well-suited for the expertise

of the Commission. In the circumstances of this case, Celanese’s request that the Court remand on

the grounds that data are inconsistent is, in effect, a request that the Court reweigh the evidence,

which is decidedly beyond the Court's domain. Timken Co. v. United States, 12 CIT 955, 962, 699

F. Supp. 300, 306 (1988).

       Further, the finding that PVA is a fungible commodity is not inherently inconsistent with

price differentiations. See Preliminary Determination at 29; Def.-Ints.’ Brief at 35. The analysis of

interchangeability for like product substitutability may be different from that used in price effects

analysis. See Ranchers-Cattlemen Action Legal Found., 23 CIT at 881, 74 F. Supp. 2d at 1371

(upholding, based on the importance of context, Commission decision to treat interchangeability

differently in its cumulation analysis than in its like product analysis).

                                          ii. Products 4 & 5

       Celanese contends that the Commission failed to articulate a rational basis for its decision

to afford less weight to evidence of underselling for products 4 and 5, and that its decision is

therefore arbitrary and capricious, an abuse of discretion and not in accordance with the law. The

Commission found that, [

                  ], product 4 was in the paper sector (which involved less marketing overlap), and
Court No. 04-00594                                                                             Page 32



the [                ] of product 4 sold was less significant than the products where there was more

overselling. Def.’s Brief at 42-43. Celanese further asserts that the Commission wrongfully relied

on the “fact” that DuPont had not complained of any adverse price effects to determine that

underselling was not significant with respect to product 5. Pl.’s Brief at 34-37; Pl.’s Reply Brief at

14.

          Celanese’s challenges to the Commission’s pricing analysis are without merit. Generally,

the Commission has the discretion to weigh evidence, resolve contradictory evidence, and analyze

prior findings in light of new circumstances. Comm. for Fair Beam Imports v. United States, 27 CIT

932, 955 (2003). Further, the Commission is presumed to have considered all evidence in the record

in making its determination, absent some showing to the contrary. Ranchers-Cattlemen Action Legal

Found., 23 CIT at 891, 74 F. Supp. 2d at 1379 (citing Conn. Steel Corp., 18 CIT at 316, 852 F. Supp.

at 1065) (citations omitted).

          In this case, in reaching its conclusions as to product 5, the Commission did not rely solely

on DuPont’s statements, but also specifically considered the “undisputed fact that prices for product

5 were rising in the most recent period.” Def.’s Brief at 44 (citing Conf. Comm. Views at 38-40).

Finally, Congress intended that the Commission determine whether or not the domestic industry as

a whole has experienced material injury due to the imports. Nucor Corp. v. United States, 414 F.3d

1331, 1336 (Fed. Cir. 2005). The Commission is not required to focus on one portion of the industry

by making a disaggregated analysis of material injury. Calabrian Corp., 16 CIT at 350, 794 F. Supp.

at 385.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                           Page 33



                                          iii. Conclusion

       It is worth noting that industry views may be considered as an economic factor. Allegheny

Ludlum Corp. v. United States, 287 F.3d 1365, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“{T}he industry best knows

its own economic interests and, therefore, its views can be considered an economic factor.”) (quoting

Suramerica de Aleaciones Laminadas, C.A. v. United States, 44 F.3d 978, 984 (Fed. Cir. 1994)).

The statute “authorizes broad evaluation of any relevant factors.” Allegheny Ludlum, 287 F.3d at

1375 (quoting 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(B)(ii), the Commission “may consider such other economic

factors as are relevant to the determination regarding whether there is material injury by reason of

imports”). The Commission therefore was well within its discretion to consider the views of

DuPont.

       Moreover, “a finding of material injury requires a causal, not merely temporal, connection”

between underselling and material injury. Comm. for Fair Coke Trade, 28 CIT at __, 2004 WL

1615600 at * 20 (citing Gerald Metals, 132 F.3d at 720). The Commission acknowledged that, “in

isolation,” the underselling could be viewed as significant. Conf. Comm. Views at 36; Preliminary

Determination at 24. However, the Commission found underselling not significant based on the

record as a whole, including consideration of non-price factors and the lack of underselling in areas

of significant competition overlap. Conf. Comm. Views at 40. Finally, the significance of price

effects is not based solely on evidence of underselling. Comm. for Fair Beam Imports, 27 CIT at

952.

       In the instant case, the Commission’s choice of a weighted-average pricing methodology was

reasonable and deserves deference because, inter alia, the Commission routinely uses weighted-
Court No. 04-00594                                                                            Page 34



average pricing; the Commission’s use of weighted-average pricing has been previously sustained

on judicial review; and the Commission considered and rejected the use of disaggregated data. On

the record before the Court, it cannot be said that the Commission has failed to articulate a rational

basis for its pricing analysis.

                                  b. Attenuated Competition Finding

        Celanese next asserts that the Commission’s finding of attenuated competition between

domestic and imported PVA was based on a departure from normal practice, is contradicted by other

Commission findings, and is not corroborated by evidence on the record. Specifically, Celanese

claims that the finding was based on an incomplete inquiry into customer overlap, and is contradicted

by the lost sales and lost revenue evidence. Pl.’s Brief at 37-38.

                                          i. Normal Practice

        Celanese first objects that the Commission “inexplicably departed” from its traditional

practice of examining evidence of lost sales and revenues to determine the extent of competition, and

focused instead on the extent to which imported PVA from Taiwan was sold to the same major

customers to which the domestic industry sells. Based on a comparison of the top ten customers

reported by domestic producers and subject importers, the Commission found attenuated competition

between the domestic market and subject imports.16 The Commission then relied on that finding as

support for its determination that underselling by subject imports was not significant. Celanese



        16
          The Commission found that evidence showed that, of Celanese’s top ten customers, [
      ] bought imported PVA from Taiwan, indicating “attenuated competition” and supporting the
Commission’s finding of a lack of any significant underselling. Preliminary Determination at V-5;
Staff Report at V-6.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                           Page 35



argues that, besides reflecting an abrupt departure from routine, the Commission’s finding is (a)

directly at odds with the lost sales and lost revenue evidence, and (b) based on insufficient

representation. Pl.’s Brief at 37-38.

       There is a general rule that an “agency must either conform itself to its prior decisions or

explain the reasons for its departure.” Citrosuco Paulista, S.A. v. United States, 12 CIT 1196, 1209,

704 F. Supp. 1075, 1088 (1988) (citing Sec’y of Agric. v. United States, 347 U.S. 645 (1954))

(additional citations omitted). An action by the Commission “becomes ‘agency practice’ when a

uniform and established procedure exists that would lead a party, in the absence of notification of

change, reasonably to expect adherence to the established practice or procedure.” Ranchers-

Cattlemen Action Legal Found., 23 CIT at 885, 74 F. Supp. 2d at 1374.

       Celanese offers no direct support for the proposition that the Commission’s analysis in this

case represented an abrupt departure from routine. However, the Commission likewise offers no

support for its contention that it “routinely solicits information respecting the major customers of

suppliers of products under investigation.” Def.’s Brief at 45.

       The Commission points to language in the Preliminary Determination indicating that

“{c}ompetition among PVA suppliers and its impact on their selling prices can also be affected by

the extent to which they sell to the same customers.” Id. But it is not clear how that constitutes

evidence of routine. The Commission fails to point to any language analyzing customer overlap

information for the 10 largest customers of domestic producers and importers in the 2003

investigations, but admits that in 2003 it did consider lost sales and lost revenue evidence in

conjunction with evidence of widespread underselling and other factors. Here, the Commission
Court No. 04-00594                                                                              Page 36



discounts lost sales and revenue allegations as non-dispositive anecdotal evidence. Id. at 45 n.73,

47-48. But it was precisely such evidence of lost sales and revenue that the Commission relied on

in 2003 as “evidence of direct head-to-head price competition.” Pl.’s Brief at 42-43 (citing

Preliminary Determination at 40).

       While the scope of judicial review of a preliminary injury determination by the Commission

is narrow, the agency must nonetheless explain the reasons behind its determination. See Bowman

Transp., 419 U.S. at 285-86; Mot. Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n, 463 U.S. at 43 (citations omitted). In the

case at bar, it is impossible to determine from the briefing and the existing record whether the

Commission in fact has a normal practice, much less whether it departed from that practice in the

proceeding at issue (and, if so, whether the departure was warranted). Remand is warranted to afford

the Commission an opportunity to amplify its rationale to further address Celanese’s claim.

                                            ii. Lost Sales

       Celanese argues that it did in fact lose sales due to price effects of subject imports. See Pl.’s

Brief at 41-43. The Commission, however, discounts these instances as attributable to other factors.

See Def.’s Brief at 46-50. According to the Commission, in one instance, the purchaser indicated

that there were reasons other than price for its decision to buy from a different supplier; and a lost

sale to a second purchaser occurred in [                 ], when (according to the Commission) the

volume of subject imports from Taiwan was declining. Def.’s Brief at 46.

       The Commission is affirmatively obligated to undertake a “thorough” investigation based on

the information available to it prior to making its preliminary determination. Am. Lamb Co., 785

F.2d at 1003. The requirement to use the best information available obliges the Commission to
Court No. 04-00594                                                                              Page 37



reasonably seek all information that is accessible or obtainable from whatever source. Id. However,

there is no statutory provision requiring the Commission to analyze lost sales in a particular manner.

The Commission “may make such an evaluation on whatever rational basis it chooses.” Maine

Potato Council v. United States, 9 CIT 293, 302, 613 F. Supp. 1237, 1245 (1985).

       Nonetheless, a review of the record shows that the first purchaser specifically replied “yes”

on the questionnaire when asked whether price was the reason for switching. Pl.’s Brief at 39 (citing

Staff Report at V-38). It is difficult to reconcile that fact with the Commission’s assertion that price

was not the relevant factor in that lost sale. As for the second lost sale, Celanese asserts that,

although subject import volume might have declined for [              ], it did not decrease during [

         ] when the sale at issue was lost. Pl.’s Brief at 40. The Commission does not address this

charge in its brief; the cited section of the Commission’s Views does not break down the data by

quarters. Def.’s Brief at 46; see Staff Report at IV-1.

                                        iii. Customer Overlap

       Celanese asserts that the Commission’s finding of attenuated competition – based on lack

of extensive overlap among the top ten customers – was non-representative, and is similarly at odds

with the record as a whole. According to Celanese, the Commission’s methodology masked the

significant competition in the remaining commercial transactions which constituted a substantial

portion of Celanese’s customer base. Pl.’s Reply Brief at 16. Celanese points out that the survey

data show significant competition between domestic and imported PVA beyond the top ten

customers focused on by the Commission. Pl.’s Brief at 40. Four of the 17 purchasers surveyed
Court No. 04-00594                                                                              Page 38



stated they had shifted for price reasons, and 10 reported that their U.S. source had reduced its price

to compete with lower priced subject imports. Pl.’s Brief at 40.

                                           iv. Conclusion

        Remand is appropriate where an agency has not articulated a rational connection between the

facts found and the choices made. See Burlington Truck Lines, 371 U.S. at 168. Here, the

Commission has not adequately articulated its reasons for finding that competition between the

subject imports from Taiwan and domestic PVA is attenuated; indeed, as noted above, it is not

entirely clear from the Preliminary Determination how the Commission is defining “attenuated

competition.”

        On remand, the Commission shall further explain how it defines attenuated competition, as

well as the relevant analytical methodology. The Commission shall state with specificity the factors

underlying its finding of attenuated competition in this proceeding, and explain specifically why it

is reasonable to discount the significant competition outside the top 10 customers, particularly since

14 of the 17 purchasers surveyed cited price competition as important.

                                         c. Non-price Factors

        Celanese also argues that the Commission provided no “non-price related explanation” as

to why purchasers would choose subject imports over domestic PVA. Pl.’s Brief at 27. In addition,

Celanese asserts that the Commission’s finding on the “importance of price in the context of

analyzing . . . substitutability” contradicts its analysis of the importance of non-price factors. Pl.’s

Brief at 44.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                                Page 39



         However, the Commission did point to specific factors – such as diversity of suppliers,

quality, and prequalification – as non-price considerations that purchasers took into account.

Preliminary Determination at 25. The Commission also pointed to evidence that “the PVA industry

has become increasingly global in nature and that PVA prices have converged across different

regions and applications as large multinational firms have greater access to price information and

are able to secure global contracts for their PVA needs.” Id. at 26 (citing CCPC Post-Conference

Brief, C.D. 21, at 6). Moreover, the Commission never said substitutability was complete.17 It was

well within the discretion of the Commission to assign different weights to different pieces of

evidence. Comm. for Fair Beam Imports, 27 CIT at 955.

         Celanese notes evidence provided by DuPont and evidence from the 2003 investigations

(which the Commission claims corroborates its finding on the importance of factors other than

price), and argues that the evidence in fact shows price to be the most important factor. Pl.’s Brief

at 45.

         DuPont submitted a number of internally prepared “transaction reports” documenting [

                        ]. DuPont Post-Conference Brief, C.D. 19. In the vast majority of those

transactions, DuPont attributed the lost sale to price. Celanese claims that the transaction reports


         17
          In fact, the Commission stated: “The degree of substitution in demand between PVA
produced in the United States and that imported from Taiwan depends upon such factors as relative
prices, types of customers, conditions of sales, purchaser supply requirements, and product
differentiation. Product differentiation depends on factors such as the range of products, quality,
availability, reliability of supply, and the market perception of these latter three factors. Based on the
reported information in this investigation, we find there is substitutability in demand between the
PVA produced domestically and that imported from Taiwan, but some reported product
differentiation and other differences may limit the degree of this demand substitution.” Preliminary
Determination at 20.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                             Page 40



contradict the testimony of DuPont’s witness concerning the trend toward diversifying supply

sources as accelerating and not price-driven. Pl.’s Brief at 46 (citing Conference Transcript, P.D.

39, at 71). Celanese also claims this testimony is undermined by the same witness’s statement under

oath in the 2003 investigations that “{b}y far the single most important factor is price and then price

and then price again. Once we meet the subject import price, these other non-price factors may

become a tie-breaker in a buying decision but if we don’t meet the prices, we lose the business.”

Pl.’s Brief at 47 (citing Polyvinyl Alcohol from China and Korea, Inv. No. 731-TA-1014 and 1017

(Final), USITC Pub. 3634 (“PVA from China and Korea”) at 32 (Sept. 2003)). Celanese further

emphasizes that, while the Commission in its 2003 investigation noted the non-price factors on

which it now relies, the Commission found price to be much more important then. Id.

       As a general matter, however, the Commission has the discretion to weigh evidence, resolve

contradictory evidence and analyze prior findings in light of new circumstances. Conn. Steel Corp.,

18 CIT at 315, 852 F. Supp. at 1064; see also Am. Lamb Co., 785 F.2d at 1002-04. “It is not within

the Court's domain either to weigh the adequate quality or quantity of the evidence for sufficiency

or to reject a finding on grounds of a differing interpretation of the record.” Timken Co., 12 CIT at

962, 699 F. Supp. at 306. Celanese’s challenges to the Commission’s findings on non-price factors

must therefore be rejected.

                                        2. Price Depression

       In the proceeding at issue, the Commission found no price depression. The Commission

explained that, while there were declines in PVA prices in the U.S. market over the POI, those

declines largely occurred in the earlier portion of the period (between 2001 and 2002) when subject
Court No. 04-00594                                                                              Page 41



imports from Taiwan were declining. Preliminary Determination at 26. The Commission further

noted that “{g}enerally prices began to increase or stabilized during the latter part of the period of

investigation, notwithstanding an increase in the volume of subject imports between 2002 and 2003.”

Id.18

        Celanese contends that, in making its finding, the Commission relied on the same flawed

questionnaire data concerning subject imports discussed in section A.1 above, and asserts that

Census data show a much less pronounced decline. Pl.’s Brief at 49. Celanese has a compelling

argument regarding the price trends found by the Commission. While the Commission apparently

viewed prices as generally stabilizing or increasing toward the end of the investigation, the evidence

seems to indicate that they were flat or even decreasing.19 On remand, the Commission shall

        18
          The Commission also noted that domestic producers had been able to increase prices in the
recent period. Def.’s Brief at 51 (citing Conf. Comm. Views at 41-42). Celanese claims this finding
is contradicted by evidence showing that prices have not risen, and that the Commission does not
dispute the fact that Celanese, unlike DuPont, had been unable to raise prices. Pl.’s Reply Brief at
19. The evidence in the record is mixed. It appears that Celanese was able to raise prices [          ],
but not enough to cover increased costs. Preliminary Determination at 26-27; Conf. Comm. Views
at 43; see also Pl.’s Brief at 51-52, 56. Based on the evidence available in the record, the importance
of such mixed ability to increase prices to the Commission’s finding that there was no price
depression is unclear. On remand, the Commission shall explain in greater detail how the evidence
supports its finding. Staff Report at V-17 to V-26.
        19
             For example, [
Court No. 04-00594                                                                            Page 42



elaborate on its view of the relevant evidence, and explain any apparent contradictions and

inconsistencies.

                                         3. Price Suppression

       Celanese also objects to the Commission’s finding of no significant price suppression. While

the Commission did find evidence of a cost-price squeeze, it did not find reasonable evidence that

it was a result of cost suppression by subject imports from Taiwan.20 Preliminary Determination at

27; Conf. Comm. Views at 44. Rather, in addition to its analysis of [

        ],21 the Commission also focused on evidence that overselling increased toward the end of

the period of investigation, when subject import volume was rising, and that factors other than

subject imports had an adverse impact on prices. Preliminary Determination at 27; Conf. Comm.

Views at 44.

       Celanese disputes the Commission’s treatment of cost information, asserting that the

Commission failed to articulate a rational connection between its findings on cost information and




                   ]. Staff Report at V-17 to V-26.
       20
          A cost-price squeeze occurs when the cost of goods sold (“COGS”) exceeds price and the
producer is unable to raise the price – that is, when the producer is unable to sell the good for more
than it costs to produce it. Nippon Steel Corp., 458 F.3d at 1354.
       21
         Celanese takes strong exception to the Commission’s entire analysis of its cost structure,
and asserts that many of Commission’s findings regarding its differences are not supported by the
record – [                                                                               ]. But, as
discussed above, the Commission has broad discretion in choosing methodologies, and Celanese
merely protests the outcome. Celanese does not contend that the methodology used by the
Commission was arbitrary or a surprise. Pl.’s Brief at 55. Evidence on the record shows the
Commission fully considered the relevant issues of fact. Def.’s Brief at 55-57.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                             Page 43



the importance to production of natural gas (the price of which was rising). Pl.’s Brief at 54.

Celanese further asserts that, although the Commission purports to have considered the cost of

natural gas in its cost-price squeeze analysis, it actually did not do so. Pl.’s Reply Brief at 21. But

the record does not bear out that charge. The Commission specifically took note of the impact of

natural gas prices in its price suppression analysis.22 Preliminary Determination at 27; Conf. Comm.

Views at 43. And, in any event, the Commission is presumed to have considered all of the evidence

on the record, absent a showing to the contrary. Ranchers-Cattlemen Action Legal Found., 23 CIT

at 887, 74 F. Supp. 2d at 1376; Conn. Steel Corp., 18 CIT at 316, 852 F. Supp. at 1065. Celanese

has failed to make such a showing.

       Celanese argues that the Commission’s findings as to Celanese’s [                             ],

“are simply a function of the methodology the Commission itself chose for accounting for those

revenues.” Pl.’s Brief at 55. As discussed elsewhere above, the Commission has broad discretion

to choose a methodology for analyzing price effects. However, the Commission has not addressed

several of Celanese’s arguments concerning the rational connection between certain cost structure

findings made by the Commission and its finding that subject imports did not contribute to the cost-

price squeeze.23 Pl.’s Brief at 52-56; Def.’s Brief at 54-57.

       22
          Specifically, the Commission noted: “Cost of goods sold as a ratio to sales declined
between 2001 and 2002 as natural gas prices fell during a time of declining PVA prices, but the ratio
of cost of goods sold to sales increased between 2002 and 2003 and continued to increase between
interim 2003 and interim 2004, as increases in prices in the U.S. market were unable fully to keep
pace with increasing costs.” Preliminary Determination at 27.
       23
          Celanese argues that [                                               ] – both noted as
components of Celanese’s cost structure differences – are symptoms evidencing injury, not a cause
of injury. Celanese further asserts that the fact that it had [                    ] compared to
other producers does not discount the fact that those revenues showed [                    ] than
Court No. 04-00594                                                                              Page 44



        The Commission, of course, is not required to make explicit findings with respect to all

factors considered. Calabrian Corp., 16 CIT at 350, 794 F. Supp. at 385. However, no court can

review what the Commission has not expressed. Altx, Inc. v. United States, 26 CIT 1425, 1426

(2002). This matter must be remanded to allow the Commission to further explain the connection

between cost structure factors and its finding of no price suppression. The Commission shall also

reconsider its findings on price suppression and depression, in light of any new conclusions it may

reach on volume.

                                              C. Impact

        Celanese’s chief complaint about the Commission’s impact analysis is the Commission’s

decision to consider and compare the [                 ] of domestic producers [                    ].24

Pl.’s Brief at 56-59. Celanese argues that, because the Commission did not consider cost structure

differences in its causation analysis in its 2003 investigation, it may not do so here absent a rational

explanation. Pl.’s Brief at 58; Pl.’s Reply Brief at 23-27. Specifically, Celanese asserts that the

“Commission’s decision to disregard, without explanation or justification, its prior findings was

arbitrary.” Pl.’s Brief at 58.

        As a threshold matter, it is unclear to precisely what “findings” Celanese refers. Celanese

makes no argument, nor is there any evidence, that the Commission made an affirmative finding in




[      ]. Pl.’s Reply Brief at 22.
        24
          In sum, the Commission found that the domestic industry’s [                      ] were
largely a result of Celanese’s [                      ], and that Celanese’s lack of profitability
was largely attributable to [          ]. Preliminary Determination at 29; Conf. Comm. Views
at 47-48.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                              Page 45



2003 that cost structure differences were not a cause of injury.25 There is no indication that the

Commission changed either its analytic framework or its factual findings.

       “{A}n agency action is arbitrary when the agency offers insufficient reasons for treating

similar situations differently.” Consolidated Bearings Co. v. United States, 348 F.3d 997, 1007 (Fed.

Cir. 2003) (citations omitted). Thus, it is generally true that an agency must conform with prior

decisions or explain its departure. Citrosuco, 12 CIT at 1209, 704 F. Supp. at 1087. However, the

statute directs the Commission to “evaluate all relevant economic factors,” and states that its analysis

shall include (though it is not necessarily limited to) a list of certain factors. 19 U.S.C. §

1677(7)(C)(iii). Furthermore, the Commission is required to consider these factors within the

context of the “business cycle and conditions of competition that are distinctive” to the industry. Id.

Because the statute is silent on how much weight to assign each of these factors, and because the

Commission is charged with administering the statute, the Commission’s construction of the statute

is entitled to Chevron deference. Nucor Corp., 414 F.3d at 1336 (citing Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v.

Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984)).

       While the Commission’s discretion is not absolute, Celanese’s argument is largely without

merit. It is well-established that the Commission’s material injury determinations are sui generis.

Nucor Corp., 414 F.3d at 1340 (“Each injury investigation is sui generis, involving a unique


       25
         Celanese cites to Usinor for the proposition that “the Commission may not disregard
previous findings of a general nature that bear directly upon the current review.” Usinor v. United
States, 26 CIT 767, 792 (2002). But Usinor is distinguishable on its facts from the situation in this
case. The findings at issue in Usinor were broader and more affirmative, in that they referred to a
claim that European countries were generally export-oriented – a statement which the Commission
had subsequently retracted without explanation. See Comm. for Fair Beam Imports, 27 CIT at 947-
48 (discussing the “general nature” standard in Usinor).
Court No. 04-00594                                                                              Page 46



combination and interaction of many economic variables; and consequently, a particular

circumstance in a prior investigation cannot be regarded by the {Commission} as dispositive of the

determination in a later investigation.”) (citations omitted). Nor are “findings” in a prior related

determination of injury generally dispositive for purposes of subsequent investigations. Citrosuco,

12 CIT at 1217, 704 F. Supp. at 1094 (whether earlier findings of threat materialized or not was

irrelevant to the investigation at issue).

        The causation analysis in an earlier investigation thus does not set a precedent for causation

analysis in a latter investigation of the same product. Caribbean Ispat Ltd. v. United States, 29 CIT

__, __, 366 F. Supp. 2d 1300, 1305 (2005), rev’d on other grounds, 450 F.3d 1336 (Fed. Cir. 2006).

Indeed, due to the “dynamic” nature of the global economy, “the agency’s findings and

determinations are necessarily confined to a specific period of investigation with its attendant,

peculiar set of circumstances.” Comm. for Fair Beam Imports, 27 CIT at 944.

        As noted above, in examining the impact of imports on the domestic industry, the

Commission is required to evaluate all relevant economic factors which have a bearing on the state

of the industry in the United States, within the context of the particular period of investigation. 19

U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(iii).26 Whether or not the Commission considered cost structure differences in

        26
          Specifically, when examining the impact of imports on the domestic industry, the
Commission is required to evaluate all relevant economic factors which have a bearing on the state
of the industry in the United States, including, but not limited to: (I) actual and potential decline in
output, sales, market share, profits, productivity, return on investments, and utilization of capacity
(II) factors affecting domestic prices, (III) actual and potential negative effects on cash flow,
inventories, employment, wages, growth, ability to raise capital, and investment, (IV) actual and
potential negative effects on the existing development and production efforts of the domestic
industry, and (V) in an antidumping duty proceeding, the magnitude of the margin of dumping. The
factors must be evaluated within the context of the business cycle and conditions of competition that
are distinctive to the affected industry. 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(iii)(I)-(V).
Court No. 04-00594                                                                              Page 47



the 2003 investigations is irrelevant. Equally irrelevant is whether any of the parties in the present

case argued that Celanese’s cost structure differences were critical.27 See Pl.’s Brief at 25-26.

        The fact that the Commission decided to analyze cost structure differences in the current

investigation, even if it did not in 2003, does not undermine its finding here, because it is within the

Commission’s discretion to determine the significance of a particular factor based on a reasonable

interpretation of the evidence, and because each injury investigation is sui generis. Maine Potato

Council, 9 CIT at 300, 613 F. Supp. at 1244 (citing S.Rep. 249, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. at 74-75 (1979),

reprinted in 1979 U.S.C.C.A.N. 381, 460-61); Armstrong Bros. Tool Co. v. United States, 84 Cust.

Ct. 102, 115, 489 F. Supp. 269, 279 (1980).

        A factor that was less important in an earlier investigation may, in the context of a new

investigation covering overlapping but different years and a different subject country, become more

important. Here, the Commission did not change its analytical framework or discount an earlier

finding, but instead weighed the evidence in context and under the unique circumstances of the case

as it is required to do.

        Celanese cites Citrosuco for the for the proposition that prior decisions “need not be followed

if ‘new arguments or facts are presented that support different conclusions’” but that “the

Commission may not act arbitrarily and must explain reasons for any departure.” Pl.’s Brief at 58


        27
           Celanese disputes the Commission’s claim that “no party argued that the cost structure of
one of the domestic producers vitiated the entire industry’s injury argument in the {2003}
investigations,” and cites evidence and argument in the 2003 investigations urging the Commission
to consider Celanese’s “excessive costs.” Pl.’s Reply Brief at 25 (citing Def.’s Brief at 63).
However, that evidence merely proposed Celanese’s “excessive costs” as one factor to consider. See,
e.g., Pl.’s Reply Brief, Att. 3 (Post-Conference Brief of Wego Chemical & Mineral Corp. (Oct. 2,
2002)) at 1.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                            Page 48



(citing Citrosuco, 12 CIT at 1209, 704 F. Supp. at 1087-88). But Celanese has not made the requisite

showing. Indeed, the Commission has demonstrated that this case is not factually identical to the

prior investigation that Celanese cites.

       The current investigation overlapped with the 2003 investigations for the years 2001 and

2002. But it did not overlap during the latter half of the period of investigation, from 2003 through

interim 2004.28 Even if the factors were exactly the same for the two overlapping years, the

Commission would be well within its discretion to focus on the more recent period. Nucor Corp.,

414 F.3d at 1337 (“since the Commission has broad discretion to choose the most appropriate period

of time for its investigation, it would be nonsensical to hold that once the Commission had chosen

an investigation period, it is required to give equal weight to imports throughout the period it has

selected.”). Moreover, factors were not exactly the same – for example, the subject countries were

different. See Comm. for Fair Beam Imports, 27 CIT at 947 (discussing the importance of different

subject countries as a factor in distinguishing material injury investigations).

        In addition, the Commission pointed to differences in volume, price effects, timing, and

other economic factors as reasons for differences between its conclusions in the current investigation

compared to the 2003 investigations. Preliminary Determination at 30; Conf. Comm. Views at 48-

49. Although the Commission did not specify the other economic factors considered beyond a

general reference to those “discussed above,” so long as the path of the Commission’s reasoning may


       28
          Celanese argues that the different time period is irrelevant because the cost structure was
the same in both time periods. However, the Commission is specifically mandated to evaluate
factors within the context of the business cycle and conditions of competition that are distinctive to
the affected industry. 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(c)(iii). Due to changes in industry circumstances,
different factors may become more or less important.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                              Page 49



be “reasonably discerned,” it is to be sustained. Ceramica Regiomontana, 810 F.2d at 1139 (citing

Bowman Transp., 419 U.S. at 286).

       Celanese dismisses as post hoc rationalization the Commission’s claim that the “factual

records” of the investigations were sufficiently different to justify differences in its analysis. Pl.’s

Brief at 23-27. But the Commission’s Preliminary Determination specifically enumerated multiple

factors distinguishing the investigations. Preliminary Determination at 30; Conf. Comm. Views at

48-49. That the Commission made no mention of the divide in the industry in the specific section

of the Preliminary Determination dealing with impact does not nullify the other factual differences

pointed out. See Def.’s Brief at 63. The Commission clearly appreciated the divided nature of the

industry, which was addressed throughout the Commission’s determination.

       Celanese also contends that the Commission failed to respond to Celanese’s argument

regarding other negative profitability trends in the domestic industry.29 Pl.’s Reply Brief at 26-27.

The Commission similarly failed to explain the connection between its negative impact finding and

the fourth factor regarding exports from the U.S. cited in the Preliminary Determination.30 See Pl.’s

Brief at 57 n.177. On remand, the Commission shall elaborate on these matters, explaining, inter

alia, (a) why it found the profitability trend to be not significant, and (b) the significance of the

exports noted.


       29
            Specifically, Celanese argues that, while DuPont might have been profitable, DuPont’s
[
       ]. Pl.’s Brief at 59; Pl.’s Reply Brief at 26-27. Celanese also denies that it failed to provide
the Commission with financial information that it requested. Pl.’s Reply Brief at 24.
       30
         The Commission noted the fact that the domestic industry exported large volumes of PVA
at average unit values [                        ]. Conf. Comm. Views at 47.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                             Page 50



       To the extent that the Commission’s impact analysis was based on cost structure differences,

it is sustained. To the extent that it relied on volume and price effect, the Commission shall

reconsider its finding in light of its reconsidered volume and price effect findings on remand.

                                              D. Threat

       As a final step in its analysis, the Commission is required to determine whether the domestic

industry is threatened with material injury by reason of subject imports.31 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F).

The Commission is obligated to consider certain enumerated factors, among other relevant factors,


       31
          In a threat of material injury determination, the Commission must find whether “further
dumped or subsidized imports are imminent and whether material injury by reason of imports would
occur unless an order is issued.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(ii). The relevant factors outlined in the
statute for a finding of threat of material injury include, but are not limited to: (II) any existing
unused production capacity or imminent, substantial increase in production capacity in the exporting
country indicating the likelihood of substantially increased imports of the subject merchandise into
the United States, taking into account the availability of other export markets to absorb any
additional exports, (III) a significant rate of increase of the volume or market penetration of imports
of the subject merchandise indicating the likelihood of substantially increased imports, (IV) whether
imports of the subject merchandise are entering at prices that are likely to have a significant
depressing or suppressing effect on domestic prices, and are likely to increase demand for further
imports, (V) inventories of the subject merchandise, (VIII) the actual and potential negative effects
on the existing development and production efforts of the domestic industry, and (IX) any other
demonstrable adverse trends that indicate the probability that there is likely to be material injury by
reason of imports of the subject merchandise (whether or not it is actually being imported at the
time). 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(i).

       Further, the Commission must evaluate the statutory factors “as a whole” in making a threat
determination; and no particular factor will “necessarily give decisive guidance with respect to the
determination.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(ii).

        As the Commission noted here, statutory threat factor (I) is inapplicable, because no
countervailable subsidies are involved; statutory threat factor (VI) is inapplicable, as there is no
evidence of production facilities in Taiwan that are currently being used to produce other products
that can be used to produce the subject merchandise; and statutory threat factor (VII) is inapplicable,
because no imports of agricultural products are involved. Preliminary Determination at 31 n.206;
Conf. Comm. Views at 50 n.206.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                              Page 51



as a whole in assessing the possible threat of imminent injury. But no single factor is necessarily

determinative. Moreover, the Commission’s determination must not be based on “mere conjecture

or supposition.” Id.

        Here, the Commission made explicit findings on five relevant mandatory factors: (1)

production capacity; (2) volume or market penetration of subject imports; (3) the suppressing or

depressing effects of subject imports on domestic prices; (4) inventories of the subject merchandise;

and (5) negative effects on development and production of the domestic industry. Def.’s Brief at 67-

72 (citing Conf. Comm. Views at 50-53). Celanese challenges the Commission’s findings on

capacity, volume, price effects, and inventories.

                                        1. Production Capacity

        Under the statute, the Commission was required to assess any latent production capacity of

PVA in Taiwan, and the possibility of substantially increased imports to the United States,

considering the availability of other export markets to absorb any additional exports. 19 U.S.C. §

1677(7)(F). The Commission found that the evidence on the production capacity of Chang Chun

PetroChemical Co. Ltd (“CCPC”), the only firm known to have produced PVA products in Taiwan

during the period of investigation, did not indicate a threat.32 Def.’s Brief at 67.

        Celanese challenges the Commission’s finding on subject country production capacity,

claiming that it is based on contradictory evidence that fails to meet the clear and convincing

standard, and asserts that the issue requires further investigation. Pl.’s Brief at 61-64. Specifically,



        32
             The Commission noted that CCPC had [        ] production capacity, and [
                                     ]. Def.’s Brief at 67.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                            Page 52



Celanese charges that the Commission should have rejected CCPC’s data as not credible.33 Pl.’s

Brief at 62. But Celanese’s argument is without merit. As discussed above, the Commission has

great discretion to weigh the probative value of contradictory evidence. Conn. Steel Corp., 18 CIT

at 315, 852 F. Supp. at 1064; see also Am. Lamb Co., 785 F.2d at 1002-04. There is no indication

that the Commission was arbitrary in its analysis here.

       Celanese’s argument as to the alleged contradictory nature of CCPC’s evidence regarding

[                                      ] likewise fails. Celanese offers nothing more than its own

speculation that CCPC will not be able to do as it plans.34 And a threat determination cannot be

based on a “mere conjecture or supposition.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(ii). Moreover, even firm

evidence of increased capacity does not necessarily imply increased exports to the United States.

Am. Spring Wire Corp. v. United States, 8 CIT 20, 28, 590 F. Supp. 1273, 1281 (1984).

                                  2. & 3. Volume and Price Effects

       In its volume and price effects findings regarding threat, the Commission specifically referred

to its findings on the conditions of competition as muting the impact of earlier increases in volume

in determining no evidence of substantially increased imports in the near future.35 Preliminary

       33
            Celanese emphasizes CCPC’s last minute revisions. Pl.’s Brief at 62.
       34
          CCPC indicated that it [                                           ]. See Pl.’s Brief at 64
(citing Staff Report at VII-2).
       35
         While the Commission found that the volume of subject imports had increased, it weighed
this against the conditions of competition and the lack of price effect. It also noted that subject
import volumes from Taiwan did not increase significantly during the period of investigation or
during the most recent period when they had opportunities to do so, such as shortly after the
termination of the antidumping duty order on PVA imports from Taiwan in 2001 or after the
imposition of the antidumping duty orders on PVA imports from China, Korea, and Japan in July
2003 (Japan) and October 2003 (China and Korea). Preliminary Determination at 31 n.208; Conf.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                             Page 53



Determination at 31-32; Conf. Comm. Views at 52. The Commission further referred to the above

findings and its findings on price effects, supra, to support its finding of no evidence of suppressing

or depressing price effects. Additionally, the Commission found no evidence that the conditions of

competition in the U.S. market would change in such a way as to make any increase more significant

in the future. Because each of these findings may be subject to change on remand, judicial review

of the Commission’s volume and price effects findings would be inappropriate at this time.

                                               4. Inventory

        The Commission found that end-of-period inventories of subject PVA in Taiwan declined

throughout the period of investigation and were projected to continue declining in 2004 and 2005.

Preliminary Determination at 31; Conf. Comm. Views at 51. In addition, the Commission found that

importers’ end-of-period inventories of subject PVA in the United States were relatively stable

throughout the period of investigation and were projected to remain stable in 2004 and 2005.

Preliminary Determination at 32; Conf. Comm. Views at 52-53.

       Celanese challenges the Commission’s inventory analysis as based on data from importers

that Celanese contends “lacks credibility on its face.” Pl.’s Brief at 67; Pl.’s Reply Brief at 30.

Celanese targets the inventory data of one importer,36 disparaging it as a mere estimate rather than

confirmed values. However, the Commission regularly instructs companies to provide estimates

when unable to supply information “in exactly the form requested.” Conn. Steel Corp. v. United

States, 30 CIT __, __, 462 F. Supp. 2d 1322, 1331 (2006).


Comm. Views at 51 n.208.
       36
            Celanese singles out [        ].
Court No. 04-00594                                                                             Page 54



       Celanese similarly disputes the information supplied by a second importer as incomplete and

lacking credibility. Pl.’s Brief at 67. Celanese asserts that the importer’s claim regarding the limits

of its data are unbelievable, and argues that the Commission failed to thoroughly investigate (as

Celanese argues it was required to do). Id. According to Celanese, this “lack of data . . . , combined

with the likelihood that additional data could be obtained by the time of the final determination,

requires the Commission to continue the case.” Id.

       Celanese is again arguing that the Commission should have arrived at a different conclusion

based on determinations as to the credibility of facts that underlie the Commission’s analysis. As

in a material injury determination, in making its threat determination the Commission “is afforded

discretion in interpreting the data, and the court does not weigh the evidence.” U.S. Steel Group,18

CIT at 1224, 873 F. Supp. at 703 (citations omitted). In other words, judicial review “does not

extend beyond determining whether the Commission has acted within its delegated authority and has

correctly interpreted and applied the law.” Bando Chem. Indus., Ltd. v. United States, 17 CIT 798,

802 (1993).

       As to Celanese’s claim that “contrary evidence” with respect to inventories would likely arise

in a final investigation, Celanese does not suggest with any particularity what that evidence might

be. Indeed, throughout its briefs, Celanese repeatedly asserts the need for “additional evidence.”

However, as established by Am. Lamb Co., the standard for a preliminary injury determination

requires the Commission to determine whether “(1) the record as a whole contains clear and

convincing evidence that there is no material injury or threat of such injury; and (2) no likelihood

exists that contrary evidence will arise in a final investigation.” Am. Lamb Co., 785 F.2d at 1001
Court No. 04-00594                                                                            Page 55



(emphasis added). Moreover, the Commission must make its decision based on the evidence

available at the time. Co-Steel Raritan, 357 F.3d at 1313 (“The Commission will investigate the

allegations in the petition in as thorough a manner as possible using the information available within

that time period . . .”) (citing Am. Lamb Co., 785 F.2d at 1003 (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 96-317, at

61 (1979))).

                                  5. Development and Production

       Finally, the Commission found no reasonable indication that subject imports would have an

actual or potential negative effect on the domestic industry’s existing development and production

efforts.37 Preliminary Determination at 31; Conf. Comm. Views at 53. The statute requires a causal

link between a threat of material injury finding and subject imports. 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(b)(1). The

record before the Commission reflects a number of favorable conditions pertaining to the domestic

industry (in addition to some negative trends). Based on the record as whole, there is no indication

that the Commission’s determination on this issue was in any way unreasonable or factually

unsupportable.




       37
            The Commission noted that the domestic industry [
                                                           ]; and, although Celanese reported
actual and anticipated [                                    ], [                            ].
Preliminary Determination at 31-32; Conf. Comm. Views at 53.
Court No. 04-00594                                                                        Page 56



                                        V. Conclusion

       For the reasons set forth above, Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment Upon the Agency Record

is granted in part, and this action is remanded to the Commission for further action in accordance

with this opinion.


                                                                   /s/
                                                    __________________________________
                                                               Delissa A. Ridgway
                                                                      Judge

Dated: January 29, 2007
       New York, New York
                 UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE


CELANESE CHEMICALS LTD.,                             :

                             Plaintiff,              :

                       v.                            :

UNITED STATES,                                       :         Court No. 04-00594
                             Defendant,
                                                     :
                       and
                                                     :
E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. and
CHANG CHUN PETROCHEMICAL CO., LTD.,                  :

                             Defendant-Intervenors. :



                                           ORDER

       In accordance with the opinion of the Court issued this date in this matter, it is hereby

        ORDERED that this matter is remanded to the U.S. International Trade Commission for
further proceedings not inconsistent with that opinion; and is further

      ORDERED that the Commission shall file the results of this remand with the Court no later
than March 30, 2007; and it is further

         ORDERED that any comments on those results shall be filed no later than April 30, 2007;
and it is further

       ORDERED that the Commission’s response to any comments shall be filed no later than
21 days after the filing of those comments.

                                                                     /s/
                                                     ________________________________
                                                           Delissa A. Ridgway, Judge


Dated: January 29, 2007
       New York, New York
