                    United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
      ___________

      No. 06-1797
      ___________

United States of America,              *
                                       *
            Appellee,                  *
                                       *
      v.                               *
                                       *
David M. Nanos,                        *
                                       *
            Appellant.                 *

      ___________
                                           Appeals from the United States
      No. 06-1821                          District Court for the Western
      ___________                          District of Missouri.

United States of America,              *        [UNPUBLISHED]
                                       *
            Appellee,                  *
                                       *
      v.                               *
                                       *
Johnnie D. Dethrow, also known as      *
Jerry Lee Rich,                        *
                                       *
            Appellant.                 *

                                  ___________

                             Submitted: November 14, 2006
                                Filed: December 13, 2006
                                 ___________
Before BYE, JOHN R. GIBSON, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
                             ___________

PER CURIAM.

       David M. Nanos and Johnnie D. Dethrow pleaded guilty to conspiracy to
manufacture methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B), and
aiding and abetting each other in carrying a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c). The charges stemmed from an incident involving the purchase of
methamphetamine precursors at a Wal-Mart in Independence, Missouri. Nanos and
Dethrow conditioned their pleas on their right to challenge the district court's1 denial
of their motions to suppress. Finding no error in the denial of their suppression
motions, we affirm.

       Nanos and Dethrow contend the district court should have suppressed evidence
seized subsequent to their arrests because the arrests stemmed from an improper
investigatory detention and no probable cause existed for their arrests. "[W]e review
for clear error the facts supporting a denial of a motion to suppress and review de
novo the legal conclusions based on the facts." United States v. James, 353 F.3d 606,
612 (8th Cir. 2003).

       "Law enforcement officers may briefly detain an individual for investigative
purposes if they have a reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal activity."
United States v. Davis, 457 F.3d 817, 822 (8th Cir. 2006) (citations omitted). The
investigating officer, Christina Nunez, had been told by a Wal-Mart loss-prevention
employee that Dethrow and a female companion had split up after shopping together
and selecting for purchase pseudoephedrine, hydrogen peroxide, and coffee
filters—three items Nunez knew to be methamphetamine precursors. Thereafter,


      1
      The Honorable Dean Whipple, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the Western District of Missouri.

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Nunez observed: (1) Dethrow and his female companion leave the store separately;
(2) Dethrow and his female companion talking on cell phones as Dethrow left the
store; (3) Dethrow pacing outside the front doors of the store despite very cold
conditions; (4) Dethrow's female companion taking an extremely long time to check
out at a self-check-out register while constantly looking around; and (5) Dethrow and
his female companion reuniting at a vehicle parked outside of Wal-Mart; Dethrow was
in the driver's seat and Nanos in the backseat. Given the totality of the circumstances,
we find Nunez had an objectively reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal
activity sufficient to justify an investigatory stop. See, e.g., United States v. Ameling,
328 F.3d 443, 448 (8th Cir. 2003) (concluding stop of suspect's vehicle was justified
after officer learned from reliable source or observed: two suspects who had entered
store together split the purchase of four boxes of pseudoephedrine, known to the
officer to be a methamphetamine precursor, the suspects did not leave the store
together but reunited at one of the suspect's vehicles, and the suspects went to another
store and purchased lithium batteries, also known to the officer to be a
methamphetamine precursor).

        As part of the investigatory stop, Nunez was entitled to conduct an investigation
"reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interference in
the first place." Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 20 (1968). We agree with the district court
that Nunez acted properly in securing the keys to the vehicle (for officer and bystander
safety), in asking Dethrow and his female companion to keep their hands in plain sight
(for officer and bystander safety), in calling the vehicle license number in to the police
dispatch center (to dispel her suspicion of criminal activity), and in removing
Dethrow's female companion from the vehicle and conducting a pat-down search after
she refused to keep her hands in plain sight during the brief investigation despite being
directed to remain still on two prior occasions (again for officer and bystander safety).
See United States v. Navarrete-Barron, 192 F.3d 786, 790 (8th Cir. 1999) ("During
a Terry stop, officers can check for weapons and may take any additional steps that
are 'reasonably necessary to protect their personal safety and to maintain the status quo

                                           -3-
during the course of the stop.'" (quoting United States v. Hensley, 469 U.S. 221, 235
(1985))).

       Finally, we agree with the district court that the officers had probable cause to
arrest Nanos and Dethrow. Coupled with the information provided by reliable sources
(trained loss-prevention employees) and their own pre-arrest observations, Nunez and
another officer developed probable cause to arrest the occupants of the car after
smelling a heavy chemical odor—familiar to the officers as the odor of
methamphetamine manufacturing—as Dethrow's female companion exited the
vehicle. See, e.g., United States v. Clayton, 210 F.3d 841, 845 (8th Cir. 2000)
(finding officer "developed probable cause for a search based on his immediate
perception of an odor associated with methamphetamine production").

      We therefore affirm the district court.
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