                                2014 IL App (1st) 111925

                                     No. 1-11-1925

                              Opinion filed August 15, 2014

                                                                         FIFTH DIVISION



                                         IN THE

                           APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                    FIRST DISTRICT


 THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                           )   Appeal from the
                                                                )   Circuit Court
              Plaintiff-Appellee,                               )   of Cook County
                                                                )
 v.                                                             )   No. 10 CR 5491
                                                                )
 RON FLEMMING,                                                  )   Honorable
                                                                )   Vincent M. Gaughan,
              Defendant-Appellant.                              )   Judge Presiding.

      JUSTICE PALMER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
      Justices McBride and Taylor concurred in the judgment and opinion.


                                        OPINION


¶1    Following a bench trial, the trial court found defendant Ron Flemming guilty of

second degree murder and aggravated battery and sentenced him to 20 years'

imprisonment. On appeal, defendant argues that the court erred in (1) finding him guilty

of second degree murder where the State failed to disprove he acted in self-defense, (2)

finding him guilty of aggravated battery and (3) failing to conduct an adequate inquiry

regarding his pro se ineffective assistance claim. We affirm the convictions and remand
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for sentencing on the aggravated battery conviction.

¶2                                   BACKGROUND

¶3     The record shows that defendant was charged by grand jury indictment with four

counts of first degree murder arising from the February 17, 2010, stabbing death of

Steve Nabry. He was also charged with one count of attempted first degree murder and

three counts of aggravated battery arising from the stabbing of Gerald Gushiniere on

the same date. The State nol-prossed two of the first degree murder counts and the

three aggravated battery counts.

¶4     At the bench trial, Gushiniere testified that he was currently in custody on a

residential burglary charge. It was his understanding that, in exchange for his truthful

testimony in defendant's case, the State's Attorney's office would recommend a three-

year sentence on a reduced charge of burglary in his case. Gushiniere testified that he

and his friend Nabry were walking to Nabry's house on February 17, 2010, to pick up a

movie to watch at Gushiniere's apartment. They encountered defendant, whom

Gushiniere knew "from the neighborhood," and a woman, subsequently identified as

Yolanda McElroy. The four went to Gushiniere's studio apartment where Nabry,

McElroy and defendant sat on the couch and smoked "crack." Gushiniere stated he sat

on the bed drinking water. He denied telling defense counsel that he had been drinking

alcohol.

¶5     Gushiniere testified that he was not smoking crack but at some point left with

defendant "to get some more crack," leaving Nabry and McElroy at the apartment.

Gushiniere stated it was light outside when he and defendant left the apartment to buy

more crack. When defendant and Gushiniere returned "four or five minutes" later, they



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did not see Nabry and McElroy. Gushiniere testified that defendant knocked on the

bathroom door, "busted in on them in the bathroom" and Nabry and McElroy came out

of the bathroom. Gushiniere did not know what McElroy and defendant were doing in

the bathroom or whether they had their clothes on. He admitted that he never told

police officers about going to pick up drugs with defendant and defendant "busting" on

the bathroom door and rousting Nabry and McElroy.

¶6     Gushiniere testified that defendant, Nabry and McElroy "just went and got back

on the couch" and started smoking crack again. When defendant and McElroy started

arguing over her crack pipe, Gushiniere asked defendant to leave but defendant told

him to "stay out of it." McElroy told him she did not feel safe with defendant so

Gushiniere again asked defendant to leave. Defendant then "ran up on" Gushiniere

with a knife he had pulled from his pocket and started cursing at him. Gushiniere

testified defendant had pulled a folding knife from his pocket but admitted telling the

grand jury that defendant had a different kind of knife, a knife "with multiples tools on it,

a screwdriver with a file and you can bend it over and make tracks with it." Defendant

held the knife by his side.

¶7     Gushiniere got a weight pole from the closet, defendant "grabbed the pole" from

him and they began to wrestle over the pole. Gushiniere testified that he pushed

defendant with the pole and managed to get him out of the apartment by swinging the

pole at him to scare him. Defendant still had his knife. Gushiniere stated Nabry was

not involved in ejecting defendant but admitted that he had made an earlier statement

that Nabry had assisted in ejecting defendant. Outside the apartment, Gushiniere and

defendant continued to fight over the pole and yelled at each other. Defendant still held



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his knife. Police officers approached the men. At the officers' direction, he left the pole

and went back to his apartment. Gushiniere testified it was still light outside. He denied

telling the officers that he had picked the pole up off the street to defend himself.

¶8     Gushiniere stated that, five minutes later, he, Nabry and McElroy were talking

when a loud knock came at the door. He thought it was his mother because he had not

"buzzed" anyone into the building and his mother was the only person with a key to the

building. Gushiniere testified that he went unarmed to the door to let his mother in,

even though she had her own key. Nabry was by his side. McElroy was still on the

couch. He did not hear pounding or yelling.

¶9     Gushiniere testified that "[n]ext thing I know, I opened the door and he

[defendant] stabbed Steve Nabry in the chest and I hopped in front." He testified that

Nabry had approached the door before he opened it and neither he nor Nabry had

anything in their hands. Gushiniere stated that when he opened the door, he saw

defendant standing there holding a knife and saw defendant immediately stab Nabry in

the chest. Gushiniere testified that he "hopped in front [of Nabry] and told [defendant]

he can't stab Steve Nabry no more." Defendant then stabbed Gushiniere in the back

and in his left arm. Gushiniere thought that defendant then pushed him onto Nabry. All

three men fell onto the floor "at my house." Defendant kept stabbing Nabry.

¶ 10   Gushiniere stated he then picked up a weight and/or a weight pole (barbell) and

started hitting defendant "in the head" and "in the face" with it. Gushiniere kept hitting

defendant but defendant kept stabbing Nabry, who was trying to get up off the floor.

Gushiniere stated that, when Nabry fell, Nabry had also "grab[bed]" a part of a weight

pole with which to hit defendant. While still on the floor of the apartment, defendant



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stabbed Gushiniere in his back again. Gushiniere testified that, while in the apartment,

defendant had stabbed him six times, in his right arm, left arm, shoulder and back.

¶ 11   Gushiniere testified variously that he pushed defendant toward the stairs, he and

Nabry pushed defendant toward the stairs and Nabry did not help get defendant down

the stairs. Gushiniere saw McElroy coming out of the apartment when the three men

were on the stairs. He chased defendant down the interior building stairs and out of the

building. After Gushiniere had chased defendant outside, Nabry managed to get off the

floor and come into the hallway of the building but fell there bleeding. He died before

the police arrived. Gushiniere testified that he was taken to a hospital, where he his

wounds were "sewed up" and he stayed in "special care" for "one day" or "one night."

¶ 12   On cross-examination, Gushiniere explained that he originally told detectives that

he did not know what drug defendant, Nabry and McElroy had been smoking because

he did not learn until later the drug was crack. Gushiniere stated he was currently

taking a medication named Risperdal, prescribed from him when he arrived at Cook

County jail. Before that, "in the outside world," he had been talking Abilify, an anti-

psychotic medication, which stopped him from seeing and hearing things that were not

there. He had taken the Abilify regularly as he was supposed to.

¶ 13   Gushiniere stated that defendant had a knife in the hallway and ran out of the

building still holding a knife. He did not know why there was a knife, shown in defense

exhibit No. 3, inside his front door. He did not know whether the knife defendant

brandished when the door opened was the same folding knife with which he had

threatened Gushiniere earlier. He identified defense exhibit No. 3 as the knife

defendant used to stab him and Nabry. Neither he nor Nabry had used the knife in



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defense exhibit No. 3.

¶ 14   The tool pictured in defense exhibit No. 5 was his own knife and had been lying

on the floor of his apartment. Neither Nabry nor he used it against defendant.

Gushiniere testified that the knife defendant had first pulled on him inside the apartment

was a green pocket knife and defendant used the same knife when he came back to the

apartment. He stated that neither he nor Nabry had a knife that evening. Gushiniere

identified defense exhibit No. 7 as a photograph of the two parts of the weight pole with

defendant's blood on them and a dumbbell. He stated that he and Nabry each held part

of a weight pole and he also held the dumbbell but denied hitting defendant with the

dumbbell. He identified a bottle of "Dom Julio" as alcohol he kept in his apartment as a

souvenir.

¶ 15   Officer Torreno Cobb testified that, on February 17, 2010, at 11 p.m., he and two

other officers were riding in an unmarked squad car. It was night and dark outside, but

the area was well lit. The officers saw two men, one chasing the other with a pole in his

hand, and stopped to speak to them. Cobb identified Gushiniere as the man running

with the pole and defendant as the man being chased. He did not see Gushiniere

actually swing the pole and saw no pushing and shoving. The officers took the five-

pound pole away from Gushiniere and placed it in the squad car. They patted down

defendant but found no weapons. It appeared to Cobb that defendant was under the

influence "of maybe alcohol." Defendant was aggressive while Cobb was attempting to

interview him and "yelling back and forth" to Gushiniere. Cobb told Gushiniere to go

home and defendant to go home in the opposite direction and not return to Gushiniere's

apartment. Cobb kept the pole in his custody but turned it over to detectives when he



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heard a stabbing had taken place. Cobb testified that Gushiniere told him he ran from

defendant and picked the pole off the street to protect himself.

¶ 16   The parties stipulated that the medical examiner, Tara Jones, would testify that

Nabry had stab wounds in the right upper and left side of his chest as well as abrasions,

he died as a result of the multiple stab wounds and his death was a homicide.

Toxicologist Peter Koin would testify that a toxicologic analysis of Nabry's blood showed

it contained "a significant amount of cocaine," a byproduct of cocaine named

benzoylecgonine and morphine. Evidence technician William Buglio would testify that

he processed the crime scene and inventoried, inter alia, blood samples found on the

first, second and third floors, a 25-pound hand weight, a crack pipe, a 33-inch-long

metal pipe with a suspected bloodstain, two other pipes with suspected blood stains, a

Leatherman pocket tool and a kitchen knife with a 5-inch blade. Jennifer Barrett and

Christine Creagan of the Illinois State Police crime lab would testify that they found no

fingerprints or presence of blood on the pocket tool. They lastly stipulated that

Gushiniere's apartment was on the third floor.

¶ 17   Yolanda McElroy testified that on February 17, 2010, she was walking with

defendant when they met Nabry and Gushiniere on the street. It was nighttime and

dark. The four of them went to a third-floor apartment. McElroy stated that there was

"stuff" on the floor but did not remember having to step over a dumbbell, knife or pocket

tool to get into the apartment. She and defendant sat on the couch, Nabry sat on the

bed and Gushiniere was in the back of the apartment. Everyone drank beer and

defendant and Nabry smoked crack pipes. "Not long" thereafter, defendant told her that

he had to leave for a few minutes "to go make a run."



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¶ 18   Defendant left with Gushiniere, leaving her alone in the apartment with Nabry.

She chatted with Nabry and then went to the bathroom. While she was in there, Nabry

pushed the door open and came in. He asked her whether they could "hook up and get

together." She told him no, because she was with defendant, and Nabry "was like okay,

I can respect that." While they were still in the bathroom talking, defendant and

Gushiniere returned to the apartment. Defendant pushed the bathroom door open,

saying "what's going on in here, what are you doing." McElroy testified he "was upset."

¶ 19   McElroy left the bathroom, followed by Nabry, and defendant then went into the

bathroom. She testified that, "when [defendant] came out of the bathroom he was even

more angrier," was "yelling" at her and "appeared to be high." She could tell he was

high because his eyes were glassy and "he was looking and, you know, like acting

frantic." McElroy was sitting on the couch. Defendant approached, stood over her and

"started arguing" with her, asking her "what did they give you, what did you do?" He

started searching her pockets and lunged at her. Gushiniere "got in the middle" and

told defendant to leave her alone. McElroy testified that Gushiniere and defendant then

started a "pushing match." She saw defendant reach into his back pocket, pull out a

black and gray switchblade knife and hold it at his side. When McElroy yelled his name

and "no," defendant put the knife back in his pocket

¶ 20   McElroy testified that, when defendant pulled out the knife, Gushiniere picked up

a pole. After defendant put the knife back in his pocket, he and Gushiniere were

wrestling, "tussling" back and forth, with Gushiniere telling defendant to leave and

pushing defendant with the pole, trying to back him toward the door. McElroy stated

that Nabry then started helping Gushiniere and together they were able to get defendant



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out of the apartment. Gushiniere also left the apartment, still holding the pole. McElroy

watched through a window and saw Gushiniere and defendant go to a street corner.

They were talking "kind of loud," arguing or discussing, she could hear their voices

through the window. A police car pulled up. The police officers took the pole and

Gushiniere returned to the apartment.

¶ 21   McElroy testified that she was upset and nervous and asked to borrow a phone

so that she could have someone come and pick her up. She told Gushiniere that

defendant "was upset right now" and she did not want to run into him. Nabry and

Gushiniere told her defendant was gone but she responded that "no, believe me, he's

not gone." She had known defendant for three years and was dating him at the time.

¶ 22   Five minutes after Gushiniere returned, someone started banging on the

apartment door. She had not heard the doorbell ring and no one had buzzed anyone

into the apartment building. McElroy heard defendant's voice at the door, saying "yo,

it's time to go, let the bitch out of there, come on out." She testified defendant kept

banging and Nabry and Gushiniere decided to open the door. She stated one of them,

she did not remember which one, picked up an "arm weight lift [dumb bell]" and the

other picked up a weight pole. She did not know who opened the door.

¶ 23   McElroy testified that, "when the door opened, [defendant] charged at them."

Gushiniere and Nabry were standing in the doorway and defendant "charged right into

them, trying to get into the apartment." She stated she "didn't see anything in his

hands." A fight ensued. McElroy stated she "[could not] say who did what as far as

who hit who where and that kind of thing, but [defendant] charged at them. [Gushiniere]

and [Nabry were] blocking the apartment way and they were fighting with him to try and



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get him backwards, to go back out the apartment door." They were using their hands to

try to get defendant out and she did not see anyone hit him with the dumbbell.

¶ 24   McElroy testified that Gushiniere and Nabry prevented defendant from coming

into the apartment by wrestling him "backwards" out into the hallway. She did not see

them hit him with anything or him hit them with anything. She walked backwards further

into the apartment away from them. Once the men were in the hallway, she heard "a lot

of bumping noises, a lot of tussling and bumping, and you know, fighting noises." After

a few minutes, she heard someone moaning "ahh, ooh, he stabbed me." After all was

quiet and she heard the downstairs door closing, McElroy went into the hallway. She

saw Nabry lying on his stomach surrounded by blood and Gushiniere on his knees,

shirtless, with a wound in his back. She did not see any of the fight happening in the

hallway because she did not go out into the hall until the fight was over.

¶ 25   On cross-examination, McElroy admitted that, although she told the grand jury

that she did not have a case pending at the time of the grand jury hearing, she had

actually been arrested for prostitution the day before the stabbing and had a court date

pending when she went before the grand jury. She stated she had not lied to the grand

jury because, although she had a court date, the case was ultimately dismissed.

McElroy acknowledged that she took an antipsychotic medication named Seroquel as

well as other medications for bipolar disorder. She knew she should not drink alcohol

with the medications and had not taken her evening medication on the day of the

incident because she was drinking. McElroy testified that she was not high or tipsy at

the time of the stabbing and was not on her medication.

¶ 26   Defense counsel asked her why, in her statement to police officers, she did not



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tell them that defendant and Nabry were smoking crack. McElroy replied that she did

not remember what she specifically told the State's Attorney or police officers regarding

when the smoking started but that she did tell them about the crack and that the

smoking did happen. She admitted she did not tell the officers that defendant had been

"put out" of the apartment with a pole but that she should have. She admitted she did

not tell them defendant had left earlier with Gushiniere, but she should have told them

because "it happened."

¶ 27   McElroy stated that she was offered crack but politely refused it. She had used

drugs in the past but had "been clean and sober" since she went into treatment on

August 12, 2009. When she had used drugs in the past, she and defendant would

"party with people," have sex with other men. When Nabry followed her into the

bathroom, he asked her about "partying or trying to get with" her, i.e., sex, but did not

offer her money or drugs for sex. She thought she had told the police officers about her

conversation with Nabry in the bathroom, defendant's being angry about it, his going

into the bathroom alone and coming out acting differently, "high and irate," and his

arguing with her about what Nabry might have given her. McElroy admitted telling the

grand jury that defendant lunged at her and Nabry got between them but, in fact,

Gushiniere got between them. She stated she made the error was because, at the time

of the grand jury, she did not know Nabry's and Gushiniere's names and confused

them. She had not reported to police that Gushiniere had intervened between her and

defendant and started pushing defendant out of the apartment with a pole. She had not

seen the knife shown in defense exhibit No. 3 or the utility knife shown in defense

exhibit No. 5 that night. She stated that she had not been offered "any deals" in



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exchange for testifying in front of the grand jury.

¶ 28   Defendant testified that, on the evening of February 17, 2010, he and McElroy

were on their way to dinner when they ran into Nabry and Gushiniere on the street. He

subsequently testified that he and McElroy had been on their way to Nabry's house to

see if they could get high. He had known Nabry for three years. Defendant

acknowledged he had no money that night and was armed with a folding knife. He

carried it for protection as he usually did in that neighborhood.

¶ 29   Defendant asked Nabry for cocaine, Nabry opened his mouth and showed him "a

mouth full of cocaine" and the four went to Gushiniere's apartment. At the apartment,

defendant smoked cocaine given to him by Gushiniere and a "rock" given to him by

Nabry. He testified he was not high or agitated at the time. Nabry, meanwhile, had

bagged up some cocaine, separating it with a knife. He asked defendant to go with

Gushiniere to drop it off but defendant refused, telling him he did not "do that."

Gushiniere left alone to deliver the package.

¶ 30   Defendant testified that, at some later point, Nabry asked him whether McElroy

"freaked off." Defendant replied that it was up to McElroy. Nabry then gave McElroy

some cocaine, she smoked it and performed oral sex with Nabry on the bed. Defendant

was sitting on the couch. McElroy took off her clothes and handed them to defendant.

He denied that McElroy performed oral sex in exchange for drugs, stating that he and

McElroy were "swinging." Gushiniere returned.

¶ 31   Nabry and McElroy then went into the bathroom. Defendant knocked on the door

and they came out. Defendant testified that there was no argument. He merely asked

Nabry what was going on because, when he and McElroy partied, "having sex, two men



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and one lady," they did not separate and it was strange that Nabry took her into the

bathroom alone. Defendant stated that, when Nabry and McElroy went into the

bathroom, it did not make him uncomfortable and did not bother him. He did not like it

that his girlfriend went into the bathroom alone with Nabry and was whispering with

Nabry but he just told Nabry that "we started together, we'll finish together." At that

point, he, Nabry and McElroy had their clothes off. When he undressed, defendant had

taken his knife from his pocket and put it on the table.

¶ 32   Subsequently, defendant and Gushiniere left the apartment to get more cocaine.

Although the neighborhood was dangerous, defendant left his knife in the apartment

because he was with Gushiniere. After he returned to the apartment with Gushiniere,

he did not smoke any more. McElroy was sitting on the couch and Nabry was standing

by the bed. McElroy had her clothes on but Nabry only had his shirt on. Defendant told

McElroy he was ready to go and she responded that she had smoothed everything

over. Nabry then mentioned $20, and defendant assumed Nabry had given McElroy

drugs that defendant now had to pay for. He and McElroy put on their coats and got

ready to leave. Nabry and Gushiniere then started arguing with defendant over whether

McElroy should stay or go. When Gushiniere reached for a "Patron bottle," defendant

picked up his folding knife from the table and put it into his back pocket because he was

leaving. He testified that he felt threatened because Gushiniere was reaching for the

bottle. Gushiniere put the bottle back down when defendant told him he was leaving.

¶ 33   Defendant testified that he walked out of the apartment on his own and

Gushiniere closed the door. However, by the time defendant got downstairs,

Gushiniere was coming down the stairs with a 30-inch pipe in his hands. Gushiniere



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waved the pipe and walked him to the corner, where they started talking, not yelling.

Defendant started to walk down the street with Gushiniere walking behind him, at which

point police officers stopped the men. They patted defendant down. He had brought

his knife out of the apartment but had threw it "to the side" when he saw the police

officers. Defendant testified that he had felt threatened when Gushiniere picked up the

bottle but not when Gushiniere had the pole.

¶ 34   Defendant testified that Gushiniere returned to his apartment and he started to

go to a friend's house. He then remembered that McElroy's mother had told him

McElroy was his responsibility and went back to Gushiniere's apartment for her.

Defendant stated he was unarmed and did not pick his knife back up because he did

not know where he threw it. He admitted that he told detectives that he returned to the

apartment to pick up some paperwork but stated he also told them that he went there to

retrieve McElroy.

¶ 35   On cross-examination, however, defendant stated that, after the incident with

Nabry, he had left the apartment on his own because the situation was getting out of

hand and that he had waited for McElroy to come out but instead Gushiniere came out.

He talked to Gushiniere on the corner about McElroy and Gushiniere had returned to

the apartment to ask McElroy what she was going to do. Defendant admitted that he

had told detectives that he had told McElroy to stay at the apartment if she wanted and

that he'd be back but denied that he had not been waiting for her to come out.

¶ 36   Defendant further testified on direct examination that, back at the apartment

building, he "buzzed" Gushiniere's doorbell, McElroy came on the intercom, she told him

she would be down and "they" then buzzed him into the building. He waited for a while



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downstairs but, when McElroy did not come down, he went upstairs and knocked on the

door. Asked to identify himself, he gave his name. He heard Gushiniere come to the

door and Nabry tell Gushiniere not to open it. The door was then opened.

¶ 37   Defendant stated that Nabry and Gushiniere were standing in the doorway "with

pipes and a dumbbell." He felt threatened because they had weapons. Defendant

stepped back and said, "you know, hey, man it's not that serious." He then ran up the

stairs from Gushiniere's apartment to the fourth floor landing. Nabry put the dumbbell

down, Gushiniere handed Nabry a pipe and Nabry pulled a folding knife out of his

pocket, saying "I know you like knives." Nabry did not have the knife in his hands when

the door opened but pulled it out of his pocket when defendant was on stairs.

¶ 38   Defendant testified that, when he stepped up some more stairs, Nabry hit him in

the leg with the pipe, stepped to the side and swung at his head. Defendant blocked

the blow with his arm and "grabbed" Nabry's arm. Someone hit defendant in the head,

he fell forward and then all three men fell. Defendant is blind in one eye and his glasses

fell off during the struggle.

¶ 39   Defendant testified that, when he fell, Nabry dropped the knife. He and Nabry

scrambled for the knife and defendant "grabbed it." He denied telling detectives that he

had taken the knife from Nabry's hand. Nabry started "swinging" at defendant, hit him in

the head, and defendant started swinging the knife. He could not see what he was

doing and did not know how many time he stabbed. Defendant testified that, when he

picked the knife up off the floor and swung it, he was "trying to get them off of me"

because he thought they were going to kill him.

¶ 40   When Gushiniere and Nabry got off defendant, he stood up, started to run down



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the stairs and fell to the first floor. Nabry was behind him, swinging at him with a pole

as he fell down the stairs. Gushiniere was upstairs. As defendant got out of the front

door, he saw Nabry go back up the stairs. Defendant then called the police because he

was hurt and knew Gushiniere and Nabry were hurt. Defendant was taken to the

hospital, where he received stitches and a "technic" shot.

¶ 41     Defendant stated that, after the stabbings, he did not take the knife outside so

must have dropped it going down the stairs. He stated that he had not used the knives

pictured in defense exhibits Nos. 3 and 5 to stab Nabry and Gushiniere and had not

seen Nabry or Gushiniere with either knife. However, he identified the knife pictured on

defense exhibit No. 3 as the knife used by Nabry to separate out the cocaine that night.

He did not know how the knife came to be at the front door. He had not seen the utility

tool pictured in defense exhibit No. 5 that night. He identified the weight in defense

exhibit 6 as having hit him that night but he did not know who wielded it.

¶ 42      The parties stipulated that Detective Parks would testify that the upshot of

McElroy's statement to him was that defendant, McElroy, Nabry and Gushiniere were

drinking beer in the apartment, defendant went to the bathroom for several minutes and

returned acting different, he appeared high and irate and he walked towards her and

asked "what did he give you, don't lie to me." He stated McElroy did not tell him that

Gushiniere had ejected defendant from the apartment with a pole, Gushiniere and

defendant had left the apartment to buy drugs or defendant had come into the bathroom

with her and Nabry. The parties also stipulated that Detective Barsh would testify that

defendant told him during an interview that "I grabbed his [Nabry's] hand, the knife

then."



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¶ 43   The trial court found defendant guilty of two counts of second degree murder for

Nabry's death and one count of aggravated battery of Gushiniere. It noted that it had

observed the demeanor of the witnesses and was aware of defense counsel's "perfect

impeachment" and the inconsistencies in the evidence, including the fact that

Gushiniere testified the 11 p.m. incident occurred in daylight when sunset had occurred

at 5:26 p.m. that night. The court denied defendant's posttrial motion.

¶ 44   During the sentencing hearing, defendant made an oral pro se motion for a new

trial asserting ineffective assistance of counsel. Noting that the law required an informal

hearing "at this stage," the court asked defendant to restate his claim. Defendant stated

that his counsel was ineffective because she had told him Gushiniere was stabbed

three times when in fact Gushiniere had been stabbed six times and she had failed to

bring out at trial that Nabry had an extensive background of unprovoked aggression. 1

The court then asked the State to examine defense counsel. The following colloquy

occurred:

              "MS. LANIER [Assistant State's Attorney]: Ms. Smith, during your

       representation *** of the defendant, did you discuss with him Mr. Gushiniere's

       medical records?

              MS. SMITH [defense attorney]: Yes, I did.

              MS. LANIER: Did you actually go over these medical records with him?

              MS. SMITH: Yes, I did.

              MS. LANIER: And that would have included any injuries and treatment he

1
  Defendant also asserted it should have been on the record that McElroy had testified
that he did not have anything in his hand when he returned to the apartment and that
she had stated that everyone had been drinking but the evidence showed Nabry had no
alcohol in his system. This evidence was off the record.
                                            17
1-11-1925


     received; is that correct?

            MS. SMITH: Yes.

            MS. LANIER: In addition, on March 15 ---

            THE COURT: I'm sorry, but that doesn't get to the number.

            MS. LANIER: Included in those records were the number of stab wounds

     Mr. Gushiniere received, as well as the treatment for this stab wounds; is that

     correct?

            MS. SMITH: Yes.

            MS. LANIER: On March 15 of 2011 did you participate in a conference

     with Judge Gaughan, along with myself, regarding this case?

            MS. SMITH: Yes, I did.

            MS. LANIER: During the conference, did we discuss the victim, Mr.

     Nabry's criminal history in this case?

            MS. SMITH: Yes, we did.

            MS. LANIER: And during the trial was it then based on the results of that

     conference, trial strategy to not put that before the trier of fact?

            MS. SMITH: Yes.

            THE COURT: *** As to the allegations as to the number of stab wounds, I

     find that Miss Smith's testimony is more credible. As far as the other material

     concerning the behavior and background concerning aggressiveness, I find that

     was a legitimate trial strategy.

            Mr. Flemming, the motion for new trial predicated on ineffective assistance

     of counsel is denied."



                                            18
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¶ 45   The court merged the two second degree murder counts and sentenced

defendant to 20 years' imprisonment. It stated that it was not entering judgment on the

aggravated battery conviction. On June 9, 2011, the court denied defendant's motion to

reconsider his sentence. Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal on June 10, 2011.

¶ 46                                      ANALYSIS

¶ 47   Defendant raises the following three arguments on appeal: the court erred in (1)

finding him guilty of second degree murder where the State failed to disprove he acted

in self-defense, (2) finding him guilty of aggravated battery and (3) failing to conduct an

adequate inquiry regarding his pro se ineffective assistance claim.

¶ 48                       1. Second Degree Murder Conviction

¶ 49   Defendant first challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his

conviction for second degree murder. He argues that the court erred in finding him

guilty of second degree murder because the State failed to disprove that he acted in

self-defense beyond a reasonable doubt and its entire case rested on the inconsistent

and contradictory testimony of two inherently incredible witnesses, Gushiniere and

McElroy.

¶ 50   In considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, the reviewing court

must determine whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the

State, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime

beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d 274, 278 (2004). The

trier of fact, here the trial court, is responsible for assessing the credibility of the

witnesses, weighing the testimony, and drawing reasonable inferences from the

evidence. People v. Ortiz, 196 Ill. 2d 236, 259 (2001). We will not reverse a criminal



                                               19
1-11-1925


conviction unless the evidence is so improbable or unsatisfactory that it creates a

reasonable doubt as to the defendant's guilt. People v. Cox, 195 Ill. 2d 378, 387 (2001).

¶ 51   Defendant was charged with two counts of first degree murder of Nabry under

sections 9-1(a)(1) and (a)(2) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1), (a)(2)

(West 2010)) but found guilty of second degree murder on both counts. Pursuant to

sections 9-1(a)(1) and (a)(2), first degree murder occurs when a person kills another

person without lawful justification and, in performing the acts which cause the death, he

(1) either intended to kill or do great bodily harm to that individual or another or knew

that such acts will cause death to that individual or another or (2) knew that such acts

create a strong probability of death or great bodily harm to that individual or another.

720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1), (a)(2) (West 2010). The elements of first and second degree

murder are identical. People v. Jeffries, 164 Ill. 2d 104, 122 (1995). Second degree

murder differs from first degree murder only in the presence of a mitigating factor, such

as an alleged provocation or an unreasonable belief in justification. People v. Porter,

168 Ill. 2d 201, 213 (1995).

¶ 52   At trial, the State argued that defendant returned to the apartment with a knife to

retaliate against Nabry and Gushiniere. Defendant argued that he went back to the

apartment unarmed to retrieve McElroy, not to retaliate. He also argued that, even if the

State met its burden to prove murder, it did not disprove self-defense beyond a

reasonable doubt. Self-defense is a recognized legal justification to first degree

murder. 2 Jeffries, 164 Ill. 2d at 127. Once defendant raised this affirmative defense,



       2
         "A person is justified in the use of force against another when and to the extent
that he reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend himself or another
against such other's imminent use of unlawful force. However, he is justified in the use
                                             20
1-11-1925


the State had the burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt not only the elements of

first degree murder but also that the murder was not carried out in self defense.

Jeffries, 164 Ill. 2d at 127. In order to raise self-defense:

       "[T]he defendant must establish some evidence of each of the following

       elements: (1) force was threatened against a person; (2) the person threatened

       is not the aggressor; (3) the danger of harm was imminent; (4) the threatened

       force was unlawful; (5) he actually and subjectively believed a danger existed

       which required the use of the force applied; and (6) his beliefs were objectively

       reasonable." Jeffries, 164 Ill. 2d at 127-28.

If the State negates any one of these elements, a defendant's claim of self-defense fails.

Jeffries, 164 Ill. 2d at 128.

¶ 53   Only if the State has successfully proven the elements of first degree murder and

negated a defendant's claim of self-defense may the trier of fact consider whether the

defendant is guilty of first degree murder or second degree murder. Jeffries, 164 Ill. 2d

at 128-29. In order to be found guilty of second degree murder rather than first degree

murder, a defendant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that:

               "(1) at the time of the killing he or she is acting under a sudden and

       intense passion resulting from serious provocation by the individual killed or

       another whom the offender endeavors to kill, but he or she negligently or

       accidentally causes the death of the individual killed; or

               (2) at the time of the killing he or she believes the circumstances to be

of force which is intended or likely to cause death or great bodily harm only if he
reasonably believes that such force is necessary to prevent imminent death or great
bodily harm to himself or another, or the commission of a forcible felony." 720 ILCS 5/7-
1 (West 1996).

                                              21
1-11-1925


         such that, if they existed, would justify or exonerate the killing under the

         principles stated in Article 7 of this Code, but his or her belief is unreasonable."

         720 ILCS 5/9-2(a)(1), (a)(2) (West 2010).

Given that the court found defendant guilty of second degree murder, it necessarily

must have found that the State proved the elements of first degree murder, the State

disproved or defendant failed to raise at least one of the elements of self-defense and

defendant proved by a preponderance of the evidence a mitigating factor sufficient to

reduce the offense from first degree murder to second degree murder. Jeffries, 164 Ill.

2d at 129.

¶ 54     Defendant challenges the State's assertion that he did not act in self-defense.

He argues the State's case was so unsatisfactory, improbable and unreasonable that it

established a reasonable doubt as to his guilt, asserting that the State's case was

predicated exclusively on the testimony of two inherently incredible witnesses,

Gushiniere and McElroy, who directly contracted each other and themselves on nearly

every relevant fact in the case regarding the details of the fight that caused Nabry's

death.

¶ 55     The trial court was presented with conflicting versions of defendant's reentry into

the apartment and subsequent stabbing of Nabry. The State's version, presented

through the testimony of Gushiniere and McElroy, was that defendant approached the

door armed with a knife and, when the door opened, he immediately attacked

Gushiniere and Nabry and stabbed Nabry without provocation or legal justification.

Defendant's version, presented through his own testimony, was that he approached the

door unarmed, Gushiniere and Nabry were armed with poles when they opened the



                                               22
1-11-1925


door and, although he verbally tried to defuse the situation and run upstairs, Nabry

attacked him and he wound up stabbing Nabry in self-defense with Nabry's own knife.

¶ 56   When presented with conflicting versions of events from witnesses, it is the trial

court's responsibility to determine the credibility of those witnesses and to determine

which version to believe. People v. Villarreal, 198 Ill. 2d 209, 231 (2001). Here, the

court chose to believe the version presented by the State through the testimony of

eyewitnesses Gushiniere and McElroy and did not believe defendant's version of

events. Gushiniere's and McElroy's testimony established that defendant attacked

Nabry without provocation as soon as the door opened. Neither testified that Nabry

and/or Gushiniere attacked or threatened defendant first such that he would need to

immediately stab Nabry to protect himself.

       "In the context of self-defense, it is the defendant's perception of the danger, and

       not the actual danger, which is dispositive. *** Nevertheless, *** in cases of self-

       defense, the issue *** is whether the facts and circumstances induced a

       reasonable belief that the threatened danger, whether real or apparent, existed.

       The reasonableness of a defendant's subjective belief that he was justified in

       using deadly force is a question of fact for the [trier of fact] to determine." People

       v. Sawyer, 115 Ill. 2d 184, 193 (1986).

Accepting Gushiniere's and McElroy's version of the events, and viewing the evidence

in a light most favorable to the State, a rational trier of fact could find that the State

disproved beyond a reasonable doubt that any belief on defendant's part that he was

justified in using deadly force was reasonable.

¶ 57   There is no question that Gushiniere and McElroy contradicted each other



                                              23
1-11-1925


throughout their testimony. They did not agree on who sat where in the apartment, who

was drinking alcohol, who was smoking crack or how the argument between McElroy

and defendant arose. They did not agree on whether Gushiniere chased defendant

outside, whether Gushiniere and defendant argued outside, whether defendant

knocked/banged on the door and yelled when he returned to the apartment, whether

Gushiniere and/or Nabry were holding poles or weights when they opened the door and

a myriad of other details.

¶ 58   They did, however, agree that defendant was agitated, aggressive and

argumentative and possibly high while in the apartment the first time. This testimony

was corroborated by Officer Cobb, who testified that defendant was aggressive and

appeared under the influence of something when he questioned him outside, shortly

before the stabbing. Gushiniere and McElroy also agreed that defendant refused to

leave the apartment and had to be forced out by Gushiniere, that he returned to the

apartment shortly after his conversation with the officers and, when Gushiniere opened

the door to him, he immediately attacked. Gushiniere testified that, when he opened the

door, defendant was holding a knife and immediately stabbed Nabry while McElroy

testified that defendant immediately charged Nabry and Gushiniere and she did not see

anything in defendant's hands. However, they both agree that defendant was the

aggressor, that he immediately attacked. The fact that McElroy did not see anything in

defendant's hands does not mean that he was not holding a knife.

¶ 59   Defendant points out that Gushiniere and McElroy contradicted not only each

other but themselves throughout their testimony. As the trial court noted, defense

counsel was able to impeach both Gushiniere and McElroy with statements each had



                                           24
1-11-1925


previously made to police officers and the grand jury. But none of these inconsistencies

related to the crux of the question here, whether defendant immediately stabbed Nabry

and/or attacked Gushiniere and Nabry when the door opened and, if so, whether he

was justified in doing so, i.e., whether defendant could have reasonably believed that

deadly force was necessary in the situation.

¶ 60   Moreover, even if part of a witness's testimony is questionable, this does not

necessarily mean that everything that the witness said on the stand must be subject to

question. People v. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d 274, 282-83 (2004). A fact finder may

reject entire testimony but is not bound to do so. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d at 283.

" '[C]ontradictory testimony of a witness does not per se destroy [his credibility], and it

remains for the trier of fact to decide when, if at all, he testified truthfully.' "

Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d at 283 (quoting Sparling v. Peabody Coal Co., 59 Ill. 2d 491,

498-99 (1974)). "In other words, it is for the fact finder to judge how flaws in part of the

testimony affect the credibility of the whole." Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d at 283. Nothing in

the record supports finding that the court erred in crediting portions of Gushiniere and

McElroy's testimony over defendant's testimony.

¶ 61   Defendant also argues that Gushiniere and McElroy were unreliable witnesses

because they were both on psychotropic medications. The mental health of a witness

can be relevant to assessing a witnesses' credibility. People v. Williams, 147 Ill. 2d 173,

237 (1991). Here, however, beyond Gushiniere's and McElroy's testimony regarding

the medications they were taking, the evidence did not otherwise call into question their

ability to observe the situation clearly and communicate it accurately and truthfully.

¶ 62   Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, we find that the evidence



                                                25
1-11-1925


presented at trial supports finding beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant stabbed

Nabry without lawful justification, intending to kill or cause great bodily harm to Nabry

and knowing that his act created a strong probability of death or great bodily harm.

Further, the testimony supports finding that defendant was the aggressor in the situation

and that any subjective belief he may have had that he was justified in using deadly

force as self-defense was unreasonable. Accordingly, the evidence supports a finding

that defendant did not prove he stabbed Nabry in self-defense.

¶ 63   Defendant asserts that the court's second degree murder conviction represented

a rejection of Gushiniere's account of the fight that resulted in Nabry's death.

Gushiniere had testified that, when he opened the door, defendant immediately stabbed

Nabry in the chest. Defendant asserts that no reasonable fact finder could find this

version of the fight compatible with imperfect self defense, mutual combat or any other

theory of second degree murder, i.e., if the court believed Gushiniere, it would have

found defendant guilty of first degree murder. Not so. If the court believed defendant

had an unreasonable belief in selfdefense when he stabbed Nabry without legal

justification, then the evidence supports a second degree murder conviction. People v.

Hawkins, 296 Ill. App. 3d 830, 836 (1998).

¶ 64   As noted above, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the State,

a rational trier of fact could find the evidence supports finding that defendant's belief that

the circumstances justified using self-defense against Nabry was unreasonable.

Accordingly, the State proved first degree murder and disproved self-defense beyond a

reasonable doubt. Defendant did, however, prove one of the mitigating factors for

second degree murder and the court, therefore, did not err in finding defendant guilty of



                                             26
1-11-1925


the second degree murder of Nabry. Defendant does not challenge his sentence. We

affirm the conviction and sentence.

¶ 65                        2. Aggravated Battery Conviction

¶ 66   Defendant argues the court erred in finding him guilty of aggravated battery of

Gushiniere because the State failed to (a) prove that Gushiniere suffered great bodily

harm beyond a reasonable doubt and (b) disprove self-defense. He also argues that

aggravated battery is not a lesser-included offense of attempt murder as charged.

¶ 67   Defendant was charged with attempt first degree murder of Gushiniere and found

guilty of aggravated battery. He raised self-defense as an affirmative defense. The

State, therefore, had the burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt not only the

elements of the charged offense but also that defendant did not act in self-defense.

Jeffries, 164 Ill. 2d at 127. The self-defense argument has been adequately addressed

in section 1 above. Suffice it to say, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable

to the State, a rational trier of fact could find the evidence supports finding beyond a

reasonable doubt that defendant was the aggressor, no force was threatened against

him, danger of harm was not imminent and his belief that the circumstances justified

using self-defense was not reasonable.

¶ 68   The court did not specify the type of aggravated battery it found defendant

committed and stated no findings of fact from which this can be gleaned. Defendant

asserts that "it can be presumed" that the court was referring to "simple" aggravated

battery predicated upon "great bodily harm, or permanent disability or disfigurement"

(hereinafter great bodily harm) as set forth in section (a)(1) of the aggravated battery




                                             27
1-11-1925


statute (720 ILCS 5/12-4(a)(1) (West 2010)). 3 He argues that the State failed to prove

Gushiniere suffered "great bodily harm" beyond a reasonable doubt because McElroy's

testimony that she saw a wound on Gushiniere's back and Gushiniere's testimony that

he was stabbed six times and taken to the hospital where he was "sewed up" and

stayed for either "one night" or "one day" are insufficient to establish that the wounds

were so serious as to constitute great bodily harm. Whether a victim's injuries rise to

the level of great bodily harm is a question for the trier of fact. People v. Cochran, 178

Ill. App. 3d 728, 738 (1989). Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the

State, we conclude that a rational trier of fact could find that Gushiniere suffered great

bodily harm. Gushiniere's testimony shows that his injuries were severe enough to

warrant medical treatment. These were not superficial injuries. Superficial wounds do

not require stitches or an in-hospital observation period. Gushiniere's testimony is

sufficient to show defendant inflicted great bodily harm on him.

¶ 69   Moreover, we see no reason to presume that the court found defendant guilty

under subsection (a)(1) of the aggravated battery statute when the evidence also

supports finding him guilty of aggravated battery under subsection (b)(1) of the statute

(720 ILCS 5/12-4(b)(1) (West 2010)), which is predicated on use of "a deadly weapon

other than by the discharge of a firearm" (720 ILCS 5/12-4(b)(1) (West 2010)) and has

no "great bodily harm" component. There is no question that the knife defendant used

to stab Gushiniere and cause him physical harm was a deadly weapon. A deadly



       3
         The aggravated battery statute in effect at the time of the offense, section 12-4
of the Code (720 ILCS 5/12-4 (West 2010)), was renumbered and amended as section
12-3.05 of the Code (720 ILCS 5/12-3.05 (West 2012), effective July 1, 2011. Pub.Act
96-1551, Art. 1, § 5 (eff. July 1, 2011). The State cites to the renumbered statute
throughout.
                                             28
1-11-1925


weapon is an "instrument that is used or may be used for the purpose of an offense and

is capable of producing death." People v. Blanks, 361 Ill. App. 3d 400, 411 (2005). The

knife with which defendant stabbed Gushiniere and caused his injuries is the same knife

with which defendant stabbed and killed Nabry. The knife was not just "capable of

producing death." It had produced death. Accordingly, the evidence supports finding

defendant committed battery on Gushiniere with a deadly weapon and, therefore, is

guilty of aggravated battery under subsection (b)(1) of the Code. 4

¶ 70   Defendant argues that he should not have been convicted of aggravated battery

because he was charged with attempted first degree murder, not aggravated battery,

and aggravated battery is not a lesser-included offense of attempted murder. The

indictment charged defendant with committing attempt first degree murder "in that he,

without lawful justification, with intent to kill, did any act, to wit: stabbed Gerald

Gushiniere with a knife, which constituted a substantial step towards the commission of

first degree murder." Defendant claims that, because the indictment does not describe

Gushiniere's actual injuries, it is insufficient to show that great bodily harm occurred

and, therefore, insufficient to encompass aggravated battery as a lesser-included

offense of attempted murder as charged in this case.

¶ 71   Defendant did not raise this argument in his posttrial motion to the trial court. A

defendant's failure to both object at trial to an alleged error and raise the issue in a

written posttrial motion results in forfeiture of that issue on appeal. People v. Enoch,

       4
         There is no question that the defendant committed a battery against
Gushiniere. "A person commits battery if he or she knowingly without legal justification
by any means, (1) causes bodily harm to an individual or (2) makes physical contact of
an insulting or provoking nature with an individual." 720 ILCS 5/12-3(a) (West 2010).
As discussed in section 1 above, defendant had no legal justification for knowingly
attacking Gushiniere with a knife and physically harming him.
                                               29
1-11-1925


122 Ill. 2d 176, 186 (1988). Defendant requests, however, that we review the

nonpreserved allegation of error under the plain error doctrine. Under this doctrine, we

may consider a nonpreserved error "where the evidence is closely balanced or the error

was so fundamental and of such magnitude as to deny the defendant a fair trial."

People v. Macri, 185 Ill. 2d 1, 40 (1998). Or, put another way, when “(1) the evidence is

close, regardless of the seriousness of the error, or (2) the error is serious, regardless of

the closeness of the evidence.” People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 186-87 (2005).

However, before considering plain error, we must first determine whether error occurred

at all. People v. Harris, 225 Ill. 2d 1, 31 (2007). The defendant bears the burden of

persuasion in plain error review. People v. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d 598, 613 (2010). If

the defendant fails to sustain his burden, we must honor the procedural default. People

v. Hillier, 237 Ill. 2d 539, 545 (2010). For the reasons that follow, there was no error

here.

¶ 72    We apply the charging instrument approach when determining whether an

uncharged offense is a lesser-included offense of a charged offense. People v.

Kennebrew, 2013 IL 113998, ¶ 32. Under this approach, "the lesser offense need not

be a 'necessary' part of the greater offense, but the facts alleged in the charging

instrument must contain a 'broad foundation' or 'main outline' of the lesser offense." Id.

¶ 30 (quoting People v. Miller, 238 Ill. 2d 161, 166 (2010) citing People v. Kolton, 219 Ill.

2d 353, 361 (2006) and People v. Novak, 163 Ill. 2d 93, 107 (1994)). " 'The indictment

need not explicitly state all of the elements of the lesser offense as long as any missing

element can be reasonably inferred from the indictment allegations.' " Id. ¶ 30 (quoting

Miller, 238 Ill. 2d at 166-67).



                                             30
1-11-1925


¶ 73   As noted above, with regard to Gushiniere, the indictment charged defendant

with committing attempted first degree murder "in that he, without lawful justification,

with intent to kill, did any act, to wit: stabbed Gerald Gushiniere with a knife, which

constituted a substantial step towards the commission of first degree murder." We find

that merely stating that Gushiniere was stabbed is insufficient to satisfy the requirement

that the element of great bodily harm can be reasonably inferred. The term "stabbed"

can denote many levels of the infliction of injury. For example, a superficial wound can

also be described as a stab wound.

¶ 74   However, as noted previously, the evidence here supported not only a finding

that defendant committed aggravated battery predicated on great bodily harm under

subsection (a)(1) but also a finding that he committed aggravated battery under

subsection (b)(1) of the statute for knowingly and without legal justification causing

bodily harm to Gushiniere or making physical contact of an insulting or provoking nature

with him using a deadly weapon other than a firearm. The indictment is clearly sufficient

to provide a main outline of the latter offense. From the charge that defendant "stabbed

*** Gushiniere with a knife" intending to kill him, one can readily infer that defendant

made the requisite physical contact of an insulting or provoking nature with Gushiniere

using a deadly weapon other than a firearm, sufficient to notify defendant that

aggravated battery under subsection (b)(1) was a lesser-included offense of attempted

murder. We may affirm on any basis in the record. People v. Daniel, 2013 IL App (1st)

111876, ¶ 37.

¶ 75   Given our finding that aggravated battery under subsection (b)(1) was a lesser-

included offense of attempted murder under the indictment here, the court did not err in



                                             31
1-11-1925


finding defendant guilty of committing aggravated battery on Gushiniere. Consequently,

given that no error occurred, we find no plain error and no basis to excuse defendant's

procedural default of this argument. People v. Chapman, 194 Ill. 2d 186, 227 (2000).

¶ 76   For the foregoing reasons, the court did not err in finding defendant guilty of

committing aggravated battery on Gushiniere. Although the court found defendant

guilty of aggravated battery, it did not enter judgment on the conviction. The appellate

court has the authority to remand for entry of sentence. People v. Scott, 69 Ill. 2d 85,

88 (1977). We remand for entry of judgment and sentencing on the aggravated battery

conviction under section (b)(1) of the aggravated battery statute (720 ILCS 5/12-4(b)(1)

(West 2010)).

¶ 77               3. Pro Se Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claim

¶ 78   Defendant argues that, in violation of People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181 (1984),

the court failed to conduct an appropriate judicial inquiry and hearing regarding his pro

se claim that trial counsel was ineffective. He asserts that the court failed to conduct

the requisite initial judicial inquiry, "one-on-one style" with defendant and defense

counsel, and, instead, "conducted a full-blown hearing wherein the prosecutor

conducted an examination of defense counsel" but defendant was not represented by

new counsel and was denied the opportunity to cross-examine defense counsel, to

present evidence and to argue defense counsel's ineffectiveness.

¶ 79   In Krankel, our supreme court found that the failure to appoint new counsel to

argue a defendant's pro se posttrial motion alleging ineffective assistance of counsel

was error and remanded the cause for a new hearing on the ineffective assistance of

counsel claim. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d at 189. Subsequent cases interpreting Krankel



                                            32
1-11-1925

compel a fairly narrow reading of the case. In People v. Nitz, 143 Ill. 2d 82 (1991), our

supreme court clarified that there is no per se rule that new counsel must be appointed

every time a defendant presents a pro se motion for a new trial alleging ineffective

assistance of counsel. Nitz, 143 Ill. 2d at 134. Rather, the trial court should first

examine the factual matters underlying the defendant's claim to determine whether new

counsel should be appointed. Nitz, 143 Ill. 2d at 134.

¶ 80   In considering this initial inquiry, "[t]he operative concern for the reviewing court

is whether the trial court conducted an adequate inquiry into the defendant's pro se

allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel." People v. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d 68, 78

(2003). If the court determines that the claim lacks merit or pertains only to matters of

trial strategy, then it need not appoint new counsel and may deny the pro se motion. Id.

at 78. If, however, the court finds that the allegations show possible neglect of the case,

the case then proceeds to the second step of a Krankel hearing, an adversarial

proceeding in which new counsel must be appointed to represent the defendant on his

pro se claim of ineffective assistance. Id. at 78. We review the manner in which the

trial court conducted its Krankel hearing de novo. Id. at 75.

¶ 81   Defendant argues that the trial court here compressed the two steps and,

thereby, failed to properly execute either of them. He asserts the court failed to engage

in an elemental one-on-one inquiry with defendant and defense counsel and, instead,

held a full-blown hearing where defense counsel testified for the State against her client

and defendant was not represented by new counsel to protect his interests.

¶ 82   In his oral motion, defendant had claimed that defense counsel was ineffective

for failing to present evidence of Nabry's prior violent or aggressive behavior to the



                                             33
1-11-1925


court, which would have corroborated his theory of selfdefense, and for failing to tell him

that Gushiniere was stabbed six times, not three times as he believed. In order to elicit

whether there was any merit to defendant's allegations, the court did not interact with

defense counsel directly but directed the State's Attorney to ask defense counsel

questions relevant to the allegations. Under this questioning, defense counsel told the

court that she had discussed Gushiniere's medical records with defendant. In response

to a question prompted by the court, she then specified that she had discussed with

defendant how many stab wounds Gushiniere had, thus contradicting defendant's

assertion that she told him Gushiniere had only three stab wounds. Counsel also told

the court that, after discussing Nabry's criminal history with the court and the State

during a pretrial conference, she made the strategic decision that she would not put that

history before the court. The court denied defendant's motion. It stated that, as to the

number of stab wounds, it found defense counsel's testimony "more credible." With

regard to the failure to present information regarding Nabry's previous "aggressiveness"

background, it found the decision a "legitimate trial strategy."

¶ 83   The State's questioning of defendant was not a "full-blown" second-stage

adversarial hearing as defendant asserts. The record shows that the questioning was

conducted at the court's direction and was very brief, consisting of only seven

questions. The questions was specifically directed to determining whether defense

counsel informed defendant regarding the number of stabs wounds and why she did not

raise the issue of Nabry's previous aggression before the court. The questioning was

clearly a preliminary inquiry, intended to provide the court with information regarding the

factual matters underlying defendant's claims in order to determine whether the claims



                                             34
1-11-1925


had merit and should be examined further, in which case new counsel should be

appointed for defendant.

¶ 84   The fact that the court did not ask the questions, that it did not personally engage

in an interchange with defense counsel, makes no difference in our determination.

There is no set format for how an initial inquiry into a defendant's pro se allegations of

ineffective assistance of counsel should be conducted. During an initial inquiry:

       "[S]ome interchange between the trial court and trial counsel regarding the facts

       and circumstances surrounding the allegedly ineffective representation is

       permissible and usually necessary in assessing what further action, if any, is

       warranted on a defendant's claim. Trial counsel may simply answer questions

       and explain the facts and circumstances surrounding the defendant's allegations.

       [Citations.] A brief discussion between the trial court and the defendant may be

       sufficient. [Citations.] Also, the trial court can base its evaluation of the

       defendant's pro se allegations of ineffective assistance on its knowledge of

       defense counsel's performance at trial and the insufficiency of the defendant's

       allegations on their face." Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 78-79.

In other words, a trial court's method of inquiry at a Krankel hearing is somewhat

flexible. People v. Fields, 2013 IL App (2d) 120945, ¶ 40. Although a court may

conduct an initial inquiry into a defendant's pro se allegations of ineffective assistance

through an interchange between court and trial counsel or a simple question-and-

answer session, it may also base its evaluation of the allegations "on its knowledge of

defense counsel's performance at trial and the insufficiency of the defendant's

allegations on their face" (Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 78-79), i.e., depending on the



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circumstances of the case, it need not question defense counsel at all, directly or

indirectly.

¶ 85   We grant that no case law suggests that the State should be an active participant

during the preliminary inquiry. Fields, 2013 IL App (2d) 120945, ¶ 40. "If the State's

participation during the initial investigation into a defendant's pro se allegations is

anything more than de minimis, there is a risk that the preliminary inquiry will be turned

into an adversarial proceeding, with both the State and trial counsel opposing the

defendant." Id. ¶ 40. The State's participation here was de minimis. All it did was ask

defense counsel a few specific questions, at the court's direction and without

editorializing or argument. It blandly stated the questions and did not advocate against

defendant's position in any way. There was no adversarial edge to the proceeding. It

was a properly conducted and sufficient initial inquiry into defendant's pro se claims.

Accordingly, the court did not err in failing to appoint new counsel for defendant.

¶ 86                                   CONCLUSION

¶ 87   For the reasons stated above, we affirm the decisions of the trial court. We

remand for entry of judgment and sentencing on the aggravated battery conviction.

¶ 88   Affirmed; remanded.




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