                  NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             File Name: 19a0287n.06

                                           No. 18-5909

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


 JAMES BROWN; PHILIP LEIGH; DENISE                         )
 PUCKETT, Executrix of Theresa Cambron, on                 )                 FILED
 behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated;   )           Jun 04, 2019
 LAURA        BRANSON;         THIRD       CENTURY         )       DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
 DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION,                                  )
                                                           )
        Plaintiffs-Appellants,                             )
                                                           )
 v.                                                        )
                                                           )   ON APPEAL FROM THE
 TAX EASE LIEN SERVICING, LLC; TAX EASE                    )   UNITED STATES DISTRICT
 LIEN INVESTMENTS 1, LLC; BLUE GRASS                       )   COURT FOR THE WESTERN
 ABSTRACT, LLC; LIEN DATA SERVICES, LLC;                   )   DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
 PHIL MIGICOVSKY; RICHARD ERIC CRAIG;                      )
 SHERROW, SUTHERLAND & ASSOCIATES,                         )
 PSC; BILLY W. SHERROW; TAX EASE                           )
 HOLDINGS, LLC, fka Tax Ease L.P.; TAX EASE                )
 FUNDING TWO, LLC; BLUESHINE, LLC; TREY                    )
 GULLEDGE,                                                 )
                                                           )
        Defendants-Appellees.                              )



       Before: SUHRHEINRICH, THAPAR, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.

       LARSEN, Circuit Judge.         To combat the effect of property-tax delinquencies on

government coffers, the Kentucky General Assembly enacted a system in which long-delinquent

tax bills, represented by certificates of delinquency, may be sold to third-party purchasers. The

government gets its money, and the third-party purchasers collect on the certificates, which

function as liens on the subject properties. The purchasers are entitled by statute to collect the

amount paid for the certificates plus interest, prelitigation attorney’s fees, attorney’s fees
No. 18-5909, Brown, et al. v. Tax Ease Lien Servicing, LLC, et al.


associated with litigation, and administrative fees. Defendants (Tax Ease)1 have profited from this

process. Plaintiffs, tax-delinquent property owners who are members of this putative class action,

contend that Tax Ease has committed fraud by assessing fabricated and unreasonable attorney’s

fees and costs in connection with its collection efforts. The district court granted summary

judgment to Tax Ease, concluding that plaintiffs had failed to produce evidence from which a jury

could conclude that the fees charged were fictitious or unreasonable. For the reasons stated below,

we AFFIRM the award of summary judgment. Plaintiffs also challenge the district court’s implicit

denial of its motion for expert witness fees pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(4)(E).

Because the district court did not explain its reasons for denying plaintiffs’ motion, we REVERSE

the implicit denial of that motion and REMAND for further proceedings limited only to that issue.

                                                 I.

       Kentucky has created a “statutory framework for collecting ad valorem taxes owed to the

Commonwealth, its counties, and their respective tax districts.”           Farmers Nat’l Bank v.

Commonwealth, Dep’t of Revenue, 486 S.W.3d 872, 875 (Ky. Ct. App. 2015). “Ad valorem taxes

provide revenue for Kentucky schools, and other essential public services.” Id. But whenever

there are taxes, some will fail to pay. As the Kentucky Court of Appeals has recognized:

       [T]ax delinquency impairs our government’s ability to maintain a consistent stream
       of tax revenue, and thus frustrates its ability to fund its endeavors. To combat tax
       delinquency, our General Assembly enacted legislation permitting the sale of long-
       delinquent tax bills, known as ‘certificates of delinquency’ (tax certificates) to
       private, third-party purchasers. Third-party purchasers buy these tax certificates,
       and in doing so, satisfy the tax debt. In exchange, third-party purchasers may
       recoup the costs of tax certificates as well as additional fees generated during
       collection proceedings.




1
 We refer to defendants collectively as “Tax Ease.” All the Tax Ease entities involved in this case
are owned by two holding companies, Tax Ease Holdings and Tax Ease Funding.
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No. 18-5909, Brown, et al. v. Tax Ease Lien Servicing, LLC, et al.


Id. In 2005, the Kentucky Court of Appeals held that third-party purchasers had a right to recover

attorney’s fees in enforcing certificates of delinquency. Flag Drilling Co., Inc. v. Erco, Inc., 156

S.W.3d 762, 767 (Ky. Ct. App. 2005). This prompted the Kentucky General Assembly to revise

the tax-delinquency process in 2007. The 2007 amendments, which govern this case, allowed a

third-party purchaser to collect from the property owner (1) the amount of the certificate;

(2) interest accrued; (3) prelitigation attorney’s fees, never to exceed $700 for a single certificate;

(4) attorney’s fees and costs arising from litigation; and (5) administrative fees. See Ky. Rev. Stat.

§ 134.452.

       Plaintiffs are individuals and companies who failed to pay their property taxes. Tax Ease

Lien Investments 1 (TELI) and Tax Ease Lien Servicing (TELS) purchased the certificates of

delinquency for all plaintiffs’ outstanding tax bills.2 Once TELI and TELS purchased the

certificates, they were required by law to send a fifty-day notice—a letter advising the property

owner that the certificate constitutes a lien of record against the property, bears interest at a

prescribed rate and, if not paid, is “subject to collection as provided by law.” Ky. Rev. Stat.

§ 134.490(1), (3)(d). For one year after purchasing the certificate, the law limited TELI and TELS

to prelitigation collection efforts; they could not institute an action to collect on the certificate or

enforce the lien. Id. at § 134.490(2).

       At the start of its Kentucky operations, Tax Ease worked with an attorney, Virginia

Lawson, who helped prepare and send the fifty-day notices to property owners. But Tax Ease had

little success collecting on certificates. Tax Ease believed it could increase its collection rate by

sending more frequent letters. Tax Ease employee William Abshier explained,



2
 Plaintiffs also sued Blueshine, another Tax Ease-owned third-party purchaser. But there is no
evidence that Blueshine purchased any of the certificates for plaintiffs’ outstanding tax bills.


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No. 18-5909, Brown, et al. v. Tax Ease Lien Servicing, LLC, et al.


       [W]e were going to start sending more frequent letters, so if they took, say, a full
       two years to pay and received, say, eight letters during that time frame to the full
       maximum prelitigation fee amount, they were going to be paying more because of
       their inaction.

       But the trade-off for that was that . . . we were going to be consistently trying to
       find . . . the true property owner that owed us the money and letting them know
       they owed us the money rather than just sitting there until it was time to foreclose.

According to Abshier, “[A]s you would expect, if you get an additional notice letter, you’re more

likely to pay off than your peers that had received no letter” in the time since the initial fifty-day

notice. Eventually, Tax Ease decided that it was best to send “progressively more aggressive”

letters leading up to foreclosure, to remind the property owners that foreclosure was imminent.

       Impediments to collection remained, however, including a lack of current information on

the property owners. Tax Ease attempted to solve that problem by creating Lien Data Services

(LDS), a company that would gather information and offer administrative services to attorneys

representing Tax Ease in the prelitigation process. Abshier explained:

       So we knew that we needed to go back and update these mailing addresses for
       everyone. And we thought that would be the service that we could sell to the
       attorney. Say, hey, look, we’re going to ask you to send letters, we’re going to ask
       you to send them to these updated mailing addresses, and we think we’ve got the
       vendor management system to handle getting those updates for you. And that was
       the business plan.

       Lawson declined to continue working with Tax Ease after the creation of LDS, so Tax Ease

retained Billy Sherrow and his law firm, Sherrow, Sutherland and Associates, to handle the notices

and represent TELI and TELS in the prelitigation phase of enforcing the certificates of

delinquency. Sherrow would use LDS’s services to locate mailing addresses and send the notices

to property owners on his letterhead. Initially, Tax Ease paid Sherrow $67.50 per notice, although

the price went up over time. Sherrow would then pay LDS $62.50 for its work, leaving Sherrow

with $5 per notice. Tax Ease would then charge the property owners the amount it paid Sherrow

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No. 18-5909, Brown, et al. v. Tax Ease Lien Servicing, LLC, et al.


as prelitigation fees. According to plaintiffs, Sherrow sent over 200,000 notices to property owners

on behalf of Tax Ease during the approximately seven years they worked together. Plaintiffs in

this case were each charged at or around the statutory prelitigation fee maximum for multiple

notices sent by Sherrow on Tax Ease’s behalf.

       Tax Ease eventually identified an additional source of revenue. During the foreclosure

process, attorneys would often farm out title searches to third parties because there were not

enough attorneys to handle the work. So Tax Ease created a title company, Blue Grass Abstract

(BGA), to assist. BGA would do the title work for the foreclosing attorneys, such as Sherrow and

Eric Craig, who would then pass on the cost to Tax Ease. Tax Ease would pay the attorneys and

then bill the property owners in the form of litigation fees. Tax Ease charged all the named

plaintiffs either $300 or $400 for BGA’s role in the process.

       Litigation between plaintiffs and Tax Ease began in state court. After years of messy

procedural maneuvering, this case arrived in federal court, styled as a putative class action against

Tax Ease. Plaintiffs raised many claims, all premised on the idea that Tax Ease had created a

fraudulent scheme to charge the property owners fictitious and unreasonable fees. Among other

claims, plaintiffs asserted violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act,

18 U.S.C. § 1961 et seq., and the Kentucky Consumer Protection Act, Ky. Rev. Stat. § 367.110 et

seq., as well as common law claims for unjust enrichment, fraud, and fraud in the inducement.

Plaintiffs focused on two sets of fees: (1) prelitigation fees for the work done by Sherrow and

LDS in relation to the notices sent to property owners; and (2) fees and costs related to the title-

report work done by BGA.

       Tax Ease moved for summary judgment. Tax Ease argued that “[w]hile the specific

elements of Plaintiffs’ causes of action differ, each is premised on the allegation that any fees



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No. 18-5909, Brown, et al. v. Tax Ease Lien Servicing, LLC, et al.


attributable to vendors such as LDS and BGA are not real fees.” Because the fees charged were

actually incurred and reasonable, said Tax Ease, plaintiffs’ claims failed. The district court agreed

with Tax Ease that all fees were “actual and reasonable”; granted summary judgment to Tax Ease

on all claims; and dismissed the action. Brown v. Tax Ease Lien Servicing, LLC, No. 3:15CV-

208-CRS, 2018 WL 1573231, at *13 (W.D. Ky. Mar. 30, 2018). Plaintiffs then filed a motion to

alter or amend the judgment, arguing that the district court had overlooked evidence, including

expert witness evidence, and that the court had failed to rule on their motion to compel Tax Ease

to pay expert witness fees pursuant to Rule 26(b)(4)(E). The district court denied the motion. The

court explained that, while plaintiffs had mustered some facts “in support of their contention that

the defendants’ business practices constituted fraud and racketeering[,] . . . those facts, taken in

the light most favorable to plaintiffs, were not material facts inasmuch as they did not controvert

the defendants’ evidence.” As to plaintiffs’ expert testimony, the court noted that plaintiffs had

proffered that evidence too late. The court did not address plaintiffs’ motion for expert witness

fees.

                                                 II.

        Plaintiffs are not now raising, and indeed cannot raise, individual challenges to the amounts

of the attorney’s fees assessed against them. The district court recognized that while “[t]he named

plaintiffs in this action have each articulated some discrepancy in the fees added to their tax bills,

that bogus title report fees were added, or . . . that the prelitigation attorneys’ fees exceeded the

statutory maximum allowed,” nevertheless “[a]ll of the plaintiffs knowingly and voluntarily

resolved their tax delinquency in some fashion.” Brown, 2018 WL 1573231, at *13. The district

court appropriately concluded that plaintiffs are “bound by their judgments, absent a successful

claim for fraud or misrepresentation upon which they relied in settling their claims.” Id. It is,



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No. 18-5909, Brown, et al. v. Tax Ease Lien Servicing, LLC, et al.


therefore, plaintiffs’ burden in this case to show that the fees were not actual and reasonable—i.e.,

that they were fraudulent.

          By seeking summary judgment, Tax Ease assumed the burden of showing that no genuine

issues of material fact existed and that it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Hanrahan

v. Mohr, 905 F.3d 947, 953–54 (6th Cir. 2018). To escape summary judgment, plaintiffs “must

set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Id. (quoting Anderson v.

Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250 (1986)). We review de novo the district court’s award of

summary judgment to Tax Ease. Audi AG v. D’Amato, 469 F.3d 534, 542 (6th Cir. 2006).

                                                   A.

          We begin with plaintiffs’ challenge to the prelitigation fees. The 2007 amendments allow

a third-party purchaser to collect “[a]ttorneys’ fees incurred for collection efforts prior to

litigation.”     2007 Ky. Laws ch. 14 (HB 321), § 1(c)(1), codified at Ky. Rev. Stat.

§ 134.452(1)(c)(1).3 Those fees must be actual and reasonable and are capped by statute. Fees

vary with the amount of the certificate, but they may never exceed $700 for collection efforts

related to a single certificate. Ky. Rev. Stat. § 134.452(1)(c)(2). The General Assembly did not

define “prelitigation attorneys’ fees” in the 2007 amendments; but later amendments state that

“[p]relitigation attorneys’ fees . . . may include amounts incurred for collection efforts and costs

related to notification, processing, research, communication, compliance, legal costs,

documentation, and similar expenses.” Id. at § 134.452(1)(c)(1). Plaintiffs do not argue that fees

for sending prelitigation notices would be uncollectible under the 2007 version of the statute.

          The district court made two important observations, which plaintiffs do not contest. First,

that “it is neither unusual nor impermissible for attorneys to outsource work to legal and nonlegal



3
    All statutory references are to the 2007 version unless otherwise stated.
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No. 18-5909, Brown, et al. v. Tax Ease Lien Servicing, LLC, et al.


staff so long as the attorney remains ultimately responsible for rendering competent legal

services.” Brown, 2018 WL 1573231, at *5. And second, that “[t]here is nothing illegal or

improper about the fact that the third-party purchasers, TELS, and TELI, and the vendors, LDS

and BGA, are owned by [the same] holding company.” Id. With these principles in mind, we

consider whether genuine issues of material fact remain regarding the prelitigation fees.

       Ample evidence in the record shows that LDS provided valuable services to attorneys.

Catherine Abshier explained the problems Tax Ease had in identifying property owners prior to

the creation of LDS:

       [I]n speaking with local [Property Valuation Administrator (PVA)] offices, what
       we began to understand is that in some of the smaller counties in the state of
       Kentucky where their systems are not necessarily online, the PVA office solidifies
       their tax role, generally, as of January 1st of each taxable year. And so if the
       property transfers or is sold in any way . . . during the year, the PVA office does
       not capture that update until January of the following year. . . .

       And so, frequently, if the property address was, in fact, the mailing address, the
       new owner would receive the bill in the name of the previous owner and disregard
       it, not understanding that it is their responsibility. And also frequently the address
       that was on the property tax bill was not the property address but the mailing
       address. So the bill may never have been received by the current homeowner.

Abshier did not know whether Lawson, the first attorney handling the notices, had attempted to

receive updates from county PVAs prior to sending notices, “but the low redemption rates that we

had may indicate that that wasn’t happening.” Abshier continued, “[O]nce we implemented a

process through LDS, when it worked properly, we had . . . contractors on the ground

that . . . would obtain the correct owner and mailing address for each delinquent tax bill. And

when those . . . PVA updates were done properly, redemptions improved.”

       Trey Gulledge, an executive at Tax Ease, testified that Tax Ease, through LDS, wanted to

take nonlegal services away from the attorneys so they could work on reviewing the work product

and dealing with the follow-up:

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No. 18-5909, Brown, et al. v. Tax Ease Lien Servicing, LLC, et al.


       [I]t doesn’t make sense for me in my mind as a business person to think of Billy
       Sherrow trying to find somebody in Perry County to go into the PVA office and
       pull however many PVA cards and to match the PVA card to the certificate of
       delinquency and make sure those match and to find the right contractor and make
       sure they show up for work and then review their work product and then find a mail
       house and negotiate the best price for the mail house and negotiate a price for the
       contractor.

       I mean, there’s a whole host of things that are more business oriented and logistical
       and not so much legal. So a big part of LDS’s business plan was to take that off
       the plate of the attorney to handle things that were nonlegal in nature and to have
       the attorney review the work product to make sure it met their satisfaction and to
       do the follow-up with the questions that came through.

       Based on the record evidence, there is thus little doubt that LDS offered a real service to

the lawyers. But did the arrangement between Tax Ease, Sherrow, and LDS lead to fraudulent or

unreasonable fees? Again, Tax Ease would initially pay Sherrow $67.50 per notice. Sherrow

would then pay LDS $62.50 for its work, leaving Sherrow with $5 per notice. Tax Ease would

then charge the property owners the amount it paid Sherrow as prelitigation fees. Over time, the

prices crept up, but the arrangement remained the same.

       The sticking point, according to plaintiffs, is Sherrow’s involvement, or his lack thereof.

Sherrow offered this general overview of his role in the process:

       [T]he vendor was going to handle all of the data management of sending the letters,
       get the information together, checking with the PVA, getting all of the information
       from the PVA, getting the information on the property map numbers . . . . They
       were going to manage that. . . .

       We [the firm] were going to represent the client in the sense that we reviewed the
       applicable laws, first of all, determined the necessary content of the letters, what
       the law required in terms of those notices, the information that had to be in the
       letter, and then I actually drafted letters . . . and presented them to Tax Ease for
       their review.

Plaintiffs paint Sherrow as a shell, whose only purpose was to allow Tax Ease to funnel money to

itself through other entities. Because of this, plaintiffs claim that the prelitigation fees cannot be

actual or reasonable.

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No. 18-5909, Brown, et al. v. Tax Ease Lien Servicing, LLC, et al.


       Specifically, plaintiffs contend that Sherrow’s fee could not be reasonable because he never

reviewed the letters before they went to the mailing vendor. They focus on Sherrow’s testimony

that he could not remember whether he had opened a particular email containing 5,750 letters

before it was sent to the mailing vendor. Based on this exchange, plaintiffs claim Sherrow did no

work on any of the letters and offered no value in the process.

       But there is evidence that Sherrow reviewed LDS’s work. Gulledge testified that he

absolutely expected Sherrow to validate or verify the letters. He then explained, “I do recall

conversations with Billy Sherrow about the responsibility on him for auditing a certain percentage

of the letters and the data that was provided by LDS, and I’m virtually certain that he did audit

some percentage of those letters.” Gulledge explained that he was confident in that regard because

he recalled conversations in which Sherrow confirmed having audited the letters. Gulledge

testified that Sherrow once told him “that he did some checking and that . . . the quality of the work

was extremely high and that some of the checking that they had done had validated that the work

provided by LDS was precise.” As to whether Gulledge would expect Sherrow to open emails full

of letters that were about to go to property owners, Gulledge said, “It depends. Early on I would

expect a much more thorough review process. Early in the relationship I would expect a much

higher level of review than a couple of years into the relationship when the quality and the process

had been proven out and the quality was evident.”

       As it turned out, the expectation matched reality; Sherrow explained, “Over a period of

time the performance of LDS [led] me to believe that they did their job. The data that they

collected, which was reflected in the letters that they sent out, was correct. I’m not saying there

was never a mistake, but it was basically accurate.” In addition, Sherrow said it was not feasible

to double check all of LDS’s work on every letter, given the volume. Rather, his auditing “was



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No. 18-5909, Brown, et al. v. Tax Ease Lien Servicing, LLC, et al.


done based on the response”; when he learned of a problem with the information provided by LDS,

Sherrow would contact Tax Ease or LDS to let them know.

       William Abshier also testified that Sherrow verified a portion of LDS’s work. He testified

that Tax Ease expected Sherrow to verify around ten percent of the information received from LDS

and that Sherrow said he would do so by checking the information from counties with online

databases and sending staff to the rural county offices. Abshier believed that Sherrow did some

verification, explaining that he had “receive[d] e-mails rejecting certain batches, saying . . . hey,

we think we may have a problem on this one, or hey, . . . I looked this guy up and I don’t think

this is right.” Abshier could not, of course, definitively state the percentage of notices that Sherrow

actually reviewed.

       But even if Sherrow did not open a particular batch of mass letters before sending, that

would not mean that he did nothing for Tax Ease. Sherrow drafted some of the letters that were

later populated by LDS and consulted on all of them. Plaintiffs make much of the fact the fifty-

day letter used by Tax Ease was the one originally used by Lawson, albeit with minor tweaks. But

Sherrow testified that he drafted a different fifty-day letter and that even though Tax Ease did not

ultimately use his letter, he reviewed and approved the alternative letter Tax Ease used.

       The record shows that, even if Tax Ease preferred a different format than Sherrow’s

templates, Sherrow nonetheless reviewed the contents of the letters and offered input. For

example, Gulledge testified:

       So the other thing that we did was, when we engaged Billy Sherrow, we wanted his
       counsel—again, we were only using one attorney at the time and trying to do the
       best job that we could and maintain being as statutorily compliant as possible, we
       wanted Sherrow’s opinion on how he thought we should tweak the letter. Again,
       we had sent letters of our own, we had sent letters through Virginia Lawson. Now
       working with Billy Sherrow we wanted his opinion.




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No. 18-5909, Brown, et al. v. Tax Ease Lien Servicing, LLC, et al.


       And if I remember correctly, there were only very minor subtle tweaks to the [fifty-
       day] letter, but we did change the letter.

Abshier also testified that Sherrow was involved in drafting the letters’ content: “[A]s just one

example [of] Sherrow’s input, there was often a lot of spirited debate about whether to include

federal debt collection practices notice, for instance, on the letter. It was our position that this is

not a debt. . . . Sherrow wanted to be ultrasafe and include the notice.”

       Sherrow also answered follow-up communications from property owners. Plaintiffs make

much of the fact that the notices contained Tax Ease’s phone numbers and not Sherrow’s. But

there was a reason for that. Gulledge explained that Tax Ease wanted its phone number on the

notices because it had the information to answer the calls received and “wanted to be able to handle

the servicing aspect of that.” But Sherrow did follow-up work in other ways. Gulledge testified:

“[T]hat doesn’t mean that if somebody walked into Sherrow’s office because he had his address

on there or if somebody looked up his phone number and called him that he wasn’t expected to

answer some general questions or to, you know, respond to whatever inquiries that the property

owner had.” Similarly, Sherrow had testified that it quickly became obvious to him that people

were going to call him even though his phone number was not on the notices. Sherrow even hired

another employee to handle phone calls “[i]n response to letters and also in response to litigation

phone calls, both.”

       Given the above, we conclude that the prelitigation fees were actual fees. We cannot say

that an attorney performs no legal work simply because he deploys a form letter or even a letter

drafted by the client. Sherrow vouched for the letters and sent them on his letterhead, thereby

taking professional responsibility for them. And in attacking Sherrow’s relationship with LDS,

plaintiffs lose sight of the fact that LDS worked on Sherrow’s behalf. As the district court noted,

and as plaintiffs do not meaningfully dispute, an attorney may rely on nonlegal vendors to perform

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No. 18-5909, Brown, et al. v. Tax Ease Lien Servicing, LLC, et al.


nonlegal work, so long as the attorney is “ultimately responsible for rendering competent legal

services.” Plaintiffs have produced no material evidence that Sherrow, though assisted by LDS,

performed no actual work in relation to the notices.

        But were the fees reasonable? Plaintiffs contend that it was unreasonable to send so many

notices; according to plaintiffs, the notices served no other purpose than to make money. Yet,

plaintiffs offer no evidence of how many prelitigation notices are commonly sent by other third-

party purchasers. And Tax Ease had a legitimate, collection-related reason for sending quarterly

notices after the fifty-day notice:

        [F]rom our experience, a lot of the reasons certificates of delinquency exist is
        because the property changes hands and the PVAs aren’t always quick to update
        the PVA information. A lot of times that falls on the new owner and for multiple
        reasons they won’t be quick to update it. So by being able to send more letters that
        are cheaper . . . and by doing the updates every time we send a letter, we’re able to
        catch that change of ownership when the PVA does finally get around to updating
        it, so we can actually get a notice in the property owner’s hand and create a dialogue
        that would hopefully lead to a redemption.

        In addition, although plaintiffs claim the prelitigation fees were unreasonable, they provide

no evidence to show what a reasonable fee for the notices would be. The record contains only one

indicator of what the market would bear, and it favors a finding of reasonableness. Lawson, the

attorney who handled the notices for Tax Ease before Sherrow was retained, charged between

$75 and $125 per letter. And for that fee, she did not do any research to verify that the property

owner data was correct, nor did she perform any of the other work LDS provided. She was

unwilling to take a lower price and unwilling to use LDS. At the time these plaintiffs were

involved in the collection process, Tax Ease charged fees below or at the low end of Lawson’s

prices. In fact, Gulledge testified that using LDS allowed it to charge roughly half of what Lawson

was charging per letter.




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No. 18-5909, Brown, et al. v. Tax Ease Lien Servicing, LLC, et al.


       In addition, two post-2007 amendments to Ky. Rev. Stat. § 134.452 confirm that neither

the number of notices sent nor the amount charged for each letter was unreasonable, even if the

amendments do not directly control this case. First, the General Assembly has now deemed

“reasonable” any fees and charges falling within the amounts allowed by statute. See Ky. Rev.

Stat. § 134.452(5) (“The General Assembly has carefully considered the fees and charges

authorized by this section, and has determined that the amounts established are reasonable based

on the costs of collection and fees and charges incurred in litigation.”). All the prelitigation fees

charged to plaintiffs fell at or around the statutory maximum, and thus would be deemed reasonable

under the General Assembly’s current formulation. Second, § 134.452(1)(c)(3) now says that a

third-party purchaser may charge up to $175 in prelitigation fees for each notice sent, so long as

the third-party purchaser only charges for one notice every ninety days and does not exceed the

$700 statutory maximum for prelitigation fees. The fees charged by Tax Ease to plaintiffs for each

notice, usually around $75, fell far short of the now-allowable $175. We acknowledge that these

amendments are not retroactive. Nonetheless, Kentucky law tells us that the determination of

reasonable attorney’s fees “should be done with a view to common sense realism.” In re Citizens

Fid. Bank & Tr. Co., 550 S.W.2d 569, 570 (Ky. Ct. App. 1977) (citation omitted). Employing that

metric, we cannot say that these fees, which fall within limits now expressly blessed by the

Kentucky General Assembly, fall on the unreasonable side. We conclude that plaintiffs have failed

to show a genuine issue of material fact regarding the prelitigation fees.

                                                 B.

       We turn next to the title-report fees and costs. Ky. Rev. Stat. § 134.452(3) allows a third-

party purchaser to collect “actual, reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs that arise due to the

prosecution of collection remedies or the protection of a certificate of delinquency that is involved



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No. 18-5909, Brown, et al. v. Tax Ease Lien Servicing, LLC, et al.


in litigation.” Plaintiffs challenge whether the fees and costs charged by Tax Ease for BGA’s title-

report work were actual and reasonable.

       Nicole Compary, a former manager at BGA, described BGA’s vetting process as follows:

       We would make sure the correct property was searched. We would compare our
       tax bill with the legal description or whatever information we had from the abstract
       that we got back. We would—if there wasn’t a current mailing address or the
       correct owner, or if there were other owners, heirs, what have you, we would skip
       trace those people and try and provide the attorneys with the correct mailing
       addresses. And then we would look up . . . any of the interested parties, mortgage
       companies, what have you, we would look up their registered agent, the secretary
       of state, and provide that information to the foreclosure attorney.

BGA then provided “a cover summary page that we would send with the backup documents that

were provided by the title life abstractor.” Gulledge elaborated on what BGA offered:

       One of the most valuable services that BGA provided was the negotiation,
       coordination, and procuring of title reports throughout 120 different counties in
       Kentucky. . . . BGA validated all of the various tax certificate information for a
       property on which an attorney was trying to institute a foreclosure action. . . . BGA
       verified the property information, the tax information, the parties of interest. They
       provided the backup for anybody that needed to be included in the lawsuit,
       judgment, creditors, mortgage holders, property owners. They produced all the
       relevant documents. They made sure that any abstract that was procured or used
       was complete, that the quality was there, that . . . any addresses for anybody that
       needed to be served was available. They verified the current information with the
       PVA.

William Abshier explained that BGA “would take all that information, put it into the format

requested by the attorneys. And it was a proprietary format worked out between [BGA] and the

attorneys. You would get it all typed up into that format and sent back to the attorney.” Abshier

acknowledged that a competent attorney could have handled the work that BGA performed, but

because it was not strictly legal work, Tax Ease “didn’t want our attorneys working on that portion

of it. We wanted them doing attorney work, not back-office work.”

       Compary testified that the abstractors usually charged between $75 and $100 to pull the

data. She explained that BGA did not simply forward the abstractor’s work to foreclosure

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No. 18-5909, Brown, et al. v. Tax Ease Lien Servicing, LLC, et al.


attorneys, as the vetting process often led to further discussions about what the abstractors had

missed. Compary testified that when BGA was at its busiest, it was “doing 600 of these abstracts

a month.”

        Like the district court, we have little doubt either that BGA’s process was valuable to the

attorneys or that a fee for obtaining a title report is an actual fee. All parties agree that the attorneys

had to get title reports before filing for foreclosure. BGA helped Tax Ease’s attorneys avoid work

that non-attorneys could do. BGA also provided all the relevant information in one packet, a

convenience of perhaps understated utility given the volume of foreclosures Tax Ease and its

attorneys were handling.

        As to the reasonableness of the fee itself (either $300 or $400 for the named plaintiffs), we

conclude that Tax Ease was entitled to summary judgment in this respect as well. Attorney

Lawson, who had handled Tax Ease’s foreclosures before Sherrow took over, was asked during

her deposition whether “you typically pay $400 or more for a title report for a residential

foreclosure.” Her response: “It depends. Some counties you do. Some counties you pay more,

some counties you pay less.”

        Gulledge described the process by which BGA arrived at the roughly $400 title-report fee.

He testified that “the flat fee idea was one that the attorneys were in favor of and seemed to make

a lot of sense,” given the fluctuating prices of abstracts and the high number of abstracts BGA

would be purchasing. He explained that, to come up with the $400 figure, the company

        start[ed] with the cost of the abstract. And let’s just say that on average, with fees,
        et cetera, I think we were probably paying in the 135 range. Sometimes it was
        more, sometimes it was less. Then there was the cost of labor to get the title vetted.
        So we had title abstractors. I think the average that they could get done was about
        seven or eight a day and what does it cost to have somebody vet a title at the hourly
        rate we were paying them [$12 to $20 per hour].




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No. 18-5909, Brown, et al. v. Tax Ease Lien Servicing, LLC, et al.


Of course there was markup, said Gulledge: “I don’t care what product I’m selling, if the raw

material costs a certain amount, there has to be a margin in there. And not only a margin, but the

raw material, the abstract, plus all the other things I described, you have to add those together, add

your margin. Otherwise why would you be in business?” Larry Evans, Tax Ease operation

manager, added his view on why BGA’s markup was warranted: “[The title abstractors] would

give us all the ingredients for the cake. The responsibility of [BGA] was to look at all of those

components . . . . [BGA] would catalog that information and put it in a very clean format to give

to the attorneys. So the action that they earned was taking all of these ingredients and putting

it . . . in a cake and then giving it to the attorney.”

        Despite this evidence, plaintiffs suggest three reasons why the district court was wrong to

find the title-report fees and costs reasonable as a matter of law. First, plaintiffs argue the district

court erred by citing Eric Craig’s testimony as proof of reasonableness. Craig, a defendant in this

case and an attorney who worked with BGA and Tax Ease, testified, “I think in general we were

getting more value than we were paying BGA. And actually I can tell you that for a fact

because . . . we had vendors out there that were charging us over $500 for the same exact titles and

giving us less product, less analysis, less review.”

        This testimony supports a finding of reasonableness. But plaintiffs say that Craig’s

testimony was self-serving and not credible because Craig charged property owners $100 on top

of the BGA fee, which he kept for himself. Yet even if we were to omit Craig’s testimony as to

the value of BGA’s title reports, that would not undercut the other evidence described above

indicating that BGA’s fees were reasonable. Plaintiffs still must point to affirmative evidence

indicating that a genuine issue of material fact remains given Tax Ease’s evidence of

reasonableness. Hanrahan, 905 F.3d at 953–54.



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No. 18-5909, Brown, et al. v. Tax Ease Lien Servicing, LLC, et al.


       Plaintiffs also fault the district court for not discussing Nathan Miller’s testimony. Miller

owns Document Retrieval Network (DRN), which performed title searches for BGA. Miller

testified that, for some parcels, DRN not only did a title search, but also conducted a review similar

to BGA’s subsequent vetting and charged BGA in some circumstances $45 for that process.

According to Miller, even on a file where DRN did the vetting, BGA still marked up the title-

report fees and costs by nearly $300.

       Plaintiffs say Miller’s testimony proves two things: (1) there are files in which BGA tacked

on fees without doing additional work beyond the title search and vetting; and (2) the $45 fee is

an example of a reasonable cost of the vetting process. But Miller’s testimony does not create a

genuine issue of material fact. Miller testified that he did not know what else BGA did on the file

after DRN sent BGA the information. Nor was DRN involved in the drafting of the summary

sheet, which BGA claims was an important part of the service it provided to the attorneys. And

more importantly, DRN stopped offering a vetting service because the $45 fee was insufficient to

justify it. Miller explained:

       We weren’t profitable doing it. It took too much time. And even when our fees
       changed, I upped the fee, you know, at least once, if I remember well, and we still
       couldn’t really make a profit. And at that time, we were very busy.

       At the end, it ended up being where we were, . . . on a good month, we were
       breaking even. But I mean, breaking even. There wasn’t like a dollar left in profit.
       It was breaking even. And we were so busy at the time, it just . . . doesn’t make
       sense, we can’t do it anymore. So we stopped doing it. . . .

       [S]ometimes to find the name on-line, and to find their address, took a lot of time.
       Sometimes that was very easy. But sometimes that was hard, if the company wasn’t
       active anymore, or the last known mailing address was from five years ago or
       something. They needed it to be a more up-to-date address.

       So those were hard. And . . . it was a time-consuming process really, typing the
       whole thing up. And for $45, . . . there wasn’t a lot of money there, you know, by
       the time we actually—some of these would take us many hours . . . . We had some



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No. 18-5909, Brown, et al. v. Tax Ease Lien Servicing, LLC, et al.


       that took five, six hours just to vet one title. That would be a bad title. But when
       you’re only making $45, there’s just not a lot of profit there.


Thus, Miller’s testimony does not indicate that $45 is a reasonable charge for the vetting process,

even without considering the additional work done by BGA on a given file.

       Finally, plaintiffs chastise the district court for discounting the conclusions of BGA’s

former manager, Nicole Compary. Compary was asked during her deposition: “Compared to

the . . . 75 to 100 that . . . BGA was paying the abstractors, did the value add[ed] seem

comparable?” She responded, “No,” with no explanation or elaboration. There was no follow up

by the attorney. We also note that the record is devoid of the deposition page leading up to the

question, so we are left without context. In any event, given the other record evidence, this

statement alone does not create a genuine issue of material fact. Plaintiffs, therefore, have not

shown that a genuine issue of material fact remains as to whether the title-report fees and costs

were actual and reasonable.

                                                 C.

       Plaintiffs finally argue that the district court erred by not granting its motion to compel Tax

Ease to pay plaintiffs’ expert witness fees pursuant to Rule 26(b)(4)(E). When the district court

granted summary judgment, it made no mention of plaintiffs’ motion to compel. In their post-

judgment motion, plaintiffs asserted that “[f]or reasons entirely separate [from] the balance of this

motion, the Court should alter its March 30, 2018 order dismissing this action because there is an

unresolved motion to compel the defendants to pay for expert discovery as required by Rule

26(b)(4)(E).” When the district court denied the motion to alter the judgment, the court again

made no mention of plaintiffs’ motion regarding expert witness fees. Plaintiffs argue that the

district court erred by implicitly denying their motion to compel.



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No. 18-5909, Brown, et al. v. Tax Ease Lien Servicing, LLC, et al.


       Rule 26(b)(4)(E)(i) states, “Unless manifest injustice would result, the court must require

that the party seeking discovery . . . pay the expert a reasonable fee for time spent in responding

to discovery.” Our circuit has little caselaw on Rule 26(b)(4)(E) or its predecessor (Rule

26(b)(4)(C)), and we have none at all regarding a district court’s implicit denial of such a motion.

Other jurisdictions, however, have reversed and remanded when a district court failed to give

reasons for denying a motion pursuant to Rule 26(b)(4)(E). For example, in Gwin v. American

River Transportation Co., 482 F.3d 969, 975 (7th Cir. 2007), the Seventh Circuit explained that

“before refusing to order a deposing party to pay the other party’s expert, the district court must

explicitly find either manifest injustice or that the fee was unreasonable.” Because the district

court there had not explained why it had denied the motion for expert witness fees, the Seventh

Circuit reversed and remanded for the district court to address the motion. Id.; see also United

States v. City of Twin Falls, 806 F.2d 862, 879 (9th Cir. 1986), overruled on other grounds as

recognized by Ass’n of Flight Attendants, AFL-CIO v. Horizon Air Inds., Inc., 976 F.2d 541, 552

(9th Cir. 1992).

       We are reluctant to resurrect this case, given its labyrinthine procedural history, the

underlying claims’ lack of merit, and the district court’s able handling of the motion for summary

judgment. But we believe it appropriate to remand for the district court to exercise its discretion

in resolving the multiple arguments raised for and against the motion for expert witness fees. Cf.

Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962).

                                               ***

       We AFFIRM the award of summary judgment in favor of Tax Ease but REVERSE the

implicit denial of plaintiffs’ motion for expert witness fees and REMAND for further proceedings

as to that motion only.



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