                   NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
                     To be cited only in accordance with
                             Fed. R. App. P. 32.1



           United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Seventh Circuit
                            Chicago, Illinois 60604

                            Argued November 13, 2007
                            Decided November 30, 2007

                                      Before

                    Hon. JOHN L. COFFEY, Circuit Judge

                    Hon. TERENCE T. EVANS, Circuit Judge

                    Hon. DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

No. 07-1808

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                      Appeal from the United States
    Plaintiff-Appellee,                        District Court for the Eastern
                                               District of Wisconsin
      v.
                                               No. 05-CR-320
MAURICIO JIMENEZ-DEGARCIA,
    Defendant-Appellant.                       Lynn Adelman,
                                               Judge.


                                    ORDER

       Mauricio Jimenez-DeGarcia is a Mexican citizen who has repeatedly, and
illegally, entered the United States. Following his most recent entry, he was
arrested in 2004 on Wisconsin charges to which he eventually pleaded guilty.
Although Wisconsin promptly notified federal immigration officials of Jimenez-
DeGarcia’s presence in the Badger State, he was not indicted on an illegal re-entry
charge until sixteen months later. The government then waited another eight
months, while Jimenez-DeGarcia completed serving his state sentence, before
arraigning him. Jimenez-DeGarcia then pleaded guilty in federal court to illegal re-
entry following deportation for an aggravated felony. He argued for a sentence
below the guidelines range of 70 to 87 months based on, as relevant to this appeal,
his missed opportunity to serve his state and federal sentences concurrently. The
No. 07-1808                                                                  Page 2
district judge (Hon. Lynn Adelman) rejected this argument but imposed a sentence
of 60 months based on certain of Jimenez-DeGarcia’s personal characteristics.
Jimenez-DeGarcia now appeals his sentence, but he fails to show that it is
unreasonable. Thankfully for him, the government has not cross-appealed.

       Jimenez-DeGarcia first came to the United States illegally in 1991. He was
deported to Mexico in 1993. He returned and was again deported in 1996.
Undeterred, Jimenez-DeGarcia returned once again, and in 2002 Milwaukee police
arrested him after he led them on a high-speed chase in which one of his passengers
threw a pistol from the moving vehicle.1 When he failed to appear at a court
hearing in December 2002, a state judge issued a bench warrant for his arrest.
Jimenez-DeGarcia must have returned to Mexico because in October 2003 federal
authorities stopped him as he attempted to re-enter the United States by wading
across the Rio Grande River. After he served a short 70-day sentence for illegal re-
entry, he was deported to Mexico for the third time.

       Jimenez-DeGarcia must have found a way to enter the country again because
in August 2004, he was arrested in Milwaukee on the 2002 state bench warrant.
That month, Milwaukee officials notified the Bureau of Immigration and Customs
Enforcement of Jimenez-DeGarcia’s presence in the country. Three months after
receiving notification of his illegal presence, federal agents visited Jimenez-
DeGarcia in state custody and confirmed that he had illegally re-entered the
country.

       The government did not immediately indict Jimenez-DeGarcia for his illegal
re-entry. Instead, it waited until December 2005, about sixteen months after it
learned of his return. The government explained to the district court that the delay
was caused by a separate investigation into other crimes that Jimenez-DeGarcia
may have been involved in. Ultimately that investigation did not lead to any
additional charges. Jimenez-DeGarcia rejects the government’s explanation for its
delay but offers no evidence to support a different explanation.

      While the government investigated him during 2005, Jimenez-DeGarcia
remained in state custody and his state charges remained pending. Less than a
month after his indictment in federal court in December 2005, the government
lodged a detainer against Jimenez-DeGarcia, which required that state authorities
remand him to its custody upon his release. The day after the detainer was filed,
Jimenez-DeGarcia pleaded guilty in state court to being a felon in possession of a
firearm and fleeing/eluding an officer. The state judge sentenced him to two years


      1
        When arrested, Jimenez-DeGarcia claimed his name was “Fernando
Garcia-Jimenez.”
No. 07-1808                                                                    Page 3
imprisonment and two years extended supervision. While in state custody,
Jimenez-DeGarcia did not invoke his rights under the Interstate Agreement on
Detainers, which would have required that the federal prosecution begin within six
months. As a result, the government waited while he completed his state sentence
before arraigning him. On August 23, 2006, about two years after the government
had first received notice of Jimenez-DeGarcia’s presence in the country, he
completed his state sentence and he was taken into federal custody and arraigned.
Three months later, he pleaded guilty to illegal re-entry following deportation for an
aggravated felony. See 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a), (b)(2).

        On April 2, 2007, Judge Adelman held a sentencing hearing. Judge Adelman
first calculated a guidelines imprisonment range of 77 to 96 months, the accuracy of
which is not in dispute. Jimenez-DeGarcia argued for a below-guidelines sentence
based on pre-indictment delay. Judge Adelman rejected the argument because even
if the prosecution had proceeded more quickly, he said he would not have imposed a
concurrent sentence. Judge Adelman also noted that there was no evidence of bad
faith on the part of the government and that Jimenez-DeGarcia took no action
under the Interstate Agreement on Detainers to speed up the prosecution. But
Judge Adelman did accept Jimenez-DeGarcia’s other arguments about his personal
characteristics and imposed a below-guidelines sentence of 60 months based on
Jimenez-DeGarcia’s assertion that he stayed in the United States only to earn
money to support his children in Mexico and because he had improved himself while
in state custody.

       On appeal, Jimenez-DeGarcia’s sole argument is that his sentence, although
below the guidelines imprisonment range, is unreasonably high because it was not
reduced further to account for the government’s delay in starting its prosecution.
He contends that if the government had initiated its prosecution nearly two years
earlier, closer to August 2004 when it first became aware of his presence in the
country, he might have been able to serve his federal and state sentences
concurrently.

       We review a sentence for reasonableness in light of the factors set forth in 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a). United States v. Williams, 425 F.3d 478, 480 (7th Cir. 2005). A
sentence within the guidelines range is, of course, presumed to be reasonable. Rita
v. United States, 127 S. Ct. 2456, 2465 (2007); United States v. Gama-Gonzalez, 469
F.3d 1109, 1110 (7th Cir. 2006). But, as we have explained, “[i]t is hard to conceive
of below-range sentences that would be unreasonably high.” United States v.
George, 403 F.3d 470, 473 (7th Cir. 2005).

      Before Booker, several courts of appeals held that unreasonable pre-
indictment delay was a valid ground for a downward departure under U.S.S.G.
§ 5K2.0. United States v. Stuart, 384 F.3d 1243, 1247 (11th Cir. 2004) (collecting
No. 07-1808                                                                      Page 4
cases). After Booker, these circuits continue to consider unreasonable delay to be a
valid basis for a below-guidelines sentence. See United States v. Castro-Juarez, 425
F.3d 430, 434 (7th Cir. 2005). Despite some uncertainty about what standards to
apply to claims of pre-indictment delay, the circuits that allow lower sentences on
that basis all require a showing that the delay actually prejudiced the defendant
combined with a showing that either the length of delay was unreasonable or that it
was caused by bad faith on the part of the government. Stuart, 384 F.3d at 1247.
We have not previously decided whether a below-guidelines sentence based on pre-
indictment delay can ever be appropriate. See United States v. Lechuga-Ponce, 407
F.3d 895, 897 (7th Cir. 2005). But we have affirmed a district court’s refusal to
depart downward based on a delay of about three-and-a-half years because the
delay was justified by the defendant’s ongoing criminal conduct. United States v.
Dote, 328 F.3d 919, 926 (7th Cir. 2003).

       Assuming without deciding that a below-guidelines sentence can be based on
unreasonable pre-indictment delay, and even ignoring the government’s unrebutted
explanation for the delay here, Jimenez-DeGarcia’s argument fails for a
fundamental reason: he cannot show prejudice because he cannot show that absent
the delay his federal sentence would have been ordered to run concurrent with his
state sentence. The circuits that approve the imposition of a lower sentence based
on pre-indictment delay have relied on the defendant’s “missed opportunity” to
receive a concurrent sentence from the federal district court. See, e.g., United
States v. Los Santos, 283 F.3d 422, 428 (2d Cir. 2002); United States v. Brye, 146
F.3d 1207, 1214 (10th Cir. 1998). In the similar context of proving a due process
violation based on pre-indictment delay, the defendant bears the burden of
demonstrating “actual and substantial” prejudice from the delay. See United States
v. Sowa, 34 F.3d 447, 450-51 (7th Cir. 1994).

       Jimenez-DeGarcia cannot prove prejudice because, absent the delay, the
sentencing judge would not have imposed a concurrent sentence. Judge Adelman
could not have been more clear on this point, explaining that a concurrent sentence
would have “failed to treat the re-entry offense as a distinct violation of the law, and
failed to produce a total sentence sufficient to satisfy the purposes of sentencing.”
This statement is entirely consistent with U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3, which governs the
imposition of concurrent sentences. And it means that any delay in bringing him to
court did not prejudice Jimenez-DeGarcia’s federal sentence.

       That Judge Adelman would not have imposed a concurrent sentence does not
put to rest all of Jimenez-DeGarcia’s arguments: he raises two more. First, he
argues that he deserved a shorter sentence because absent the government’s delay,
the federal court might have sentenced him before the state court did, thereby
reducing his criminal history score. And second, he contends that if the federal
No. 07-1808                                                                  Page 5

proceedings had been quicker, he might have received a concurrent sentence from
his state sentencing judge.

       The premise for each argument may be correct--without the state conviction,
Jimenez-DeGarcia’s guidelines range would have been 70 to 87 months instead of
77 to 96 months, and under Wisconsin law, see WIS. STAT. § 973.15(2)(a), state
judges have discretion to impose concurrent sentences. But for Jimenez-DeGarcia
to be entitled to a lower sentence based on these arguments, we must assume that
absent any delay in bringing the federal charge, the state sentencing proceeding
would actually have occurred after the federal sentencing and that the state court
would have imposed a concurrent sentence. Jimenez-DeGarcia presents no factual
support for either assumption. Likewise, he cites no precedent, and we have found
none, to support the proposition that a district court can appropriately base a
below-guidelines sentence on speculation about the timing of a state-court
conviction or sentencing practices in a state court. Because Jimenez-DeGarcia has
the burden to prove that he was prejudiced from the delay, cf. Sowa, 34 F.3d at 451,
speculation alone is not a basis for setting aside his sentence as unreasonable.

      Finally, Jimenez-DeGarcia all but concedes that the postindictment “delay”
(from January 2006 to arraignment in August 2006) is irrelevant to the issue of a
sentence reduction. Aside from this time period being after indictment, he
acknowledges that his rights under the Interstate Agreement on Detainers, even if
he had invoked them, could not have materially hastened his arraignment.

      Because the district court imposed a reasonable sentence, we AFFIRM.
