[Cite as Sigler v. Burk, 2017-Ohio-5486.]




                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                           THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                              CRAWFORD COUNTY




STEPHEN SIGLER,

        PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,                             CASE NO. 3-16-19

        v.

ROBERT BURK, ET AL.,                                     OPINION

        DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES.




                Appeal from Crawford County Common Pleas Court
                                Probate Division
                            Trial Court No. 031784 E

      Judgment Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part and Cause Remanded

                              Date of Decision: June 26, 2017




APPEARANCES:

        Jason H. Beehler for Appellant

        Eric H. Griebling for Appellee
Case No. 3-16-19


ZIMMERMAN, J.

       {¶1} This appeal is brought by Stephen Sigler, Appellant, from the judgment

of the Probate Court of Crawford County granting summary judgment in favor of

Janet and Robert Burk, Appellees, in a will contest action. For the reasons that

follow, we affirm the decision of the trial court in part and reverse the decision in

part, and remand this matter to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with

this opinion.

       {¶2} Prior to her death on July 20, 2014, the decedent, Martha Sigler

(“Martha”), executed her Last Will and Testament on July 3, 2014. Martha’s Will

was admitted to probate on August 4, 2014 in Crawford County, Ohio. On August

20, 2014, Martha’s son and sole surviving heir, Stephen Sigler (“Stephen”), an

Alabama resident, filed a motion to dismiss the probate proceedings in Crawford

County for lack of jurisdiction, claiming that Alabama, not Ohio, was Martha’s

domicile. The trial court overruled Stephen’s motion. Thereafter, Stephen filed a

will contest complaint (“Complaint”) in the trial court on November 26, 2014,

naming Martha’s brother, Robert Burk (“Robert”) and his wife, Janet Burk (“Janet”)

as defendants.

       {¶3} The Complaint sets forth four counts against Robert and Janet,

specifically: Count I – Testamentary Capacity; Count II - Undue Influence; Count

III – Concealment of Assets; and Count IV - Intentional Interference with

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Expectancy of Inheritance. Robert and Janet filed their answer on December 11,

2014, which they amended on March 3, 2016, alleging that the counts involving

concealment and intentional interference with expectancy of inheritance were

frivolous. The Burks further demanded a jury trial.

       {¶4} Upon completion of discovery, Robert and Janet filed for summary

judgment in the trial court on March 17, 2016. Stephen filed his response in

opposition to summary judgment on April 8, 2016. The trial court issued a lengthy

judgment entry granting summary judgment on August 2, 2016 and dismissed

Stephen’s complaint. Stephen appeals this decision and presents the following two

assignments of error for our review:

                       ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING SUMMARY
       JUDGMENT FOR THE BURKS BECAUSE MATERIAL
       ISSUES OF FACT EXIST.

                       ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2

       THE TRIAL COURT IMPROPERLY WEIGHED THE
       EVIDENCE AND CREDIBILITY OF WITNESSES WHEN
       RULING ON THE MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT.

       {¶5} On appeal, Stephen challenges the trial court’s decision granting

summary judgment, stating that genuine issues of material fact exist as to whether

Martha had the testamentary capacity to execute her Will and as to whether Robert

and Janet unduly influenced her in making a Will. Specifically, Stephen argues that:

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(1) the trial court failed to examine evidence and testimony demonstrating that

issues of fact exist; (2) the trial court improperly usurped the jury’s role as fact-

finder; and (3) the trial court “inconsistently” addressed relevant facts from a

reasonable time before and after Martha executed her Will. For the purpose of

judicial economy and because the assignments of error are interrelated, we will

address them together, starting with the issue of Martha’s testamentary capacity.

                                Standard of Review

       {¶6} An appellate court reviews a trial court’s decision on a motion for

summary judgment de novo. Hancock Fed. Credit Union v. Coppus, 2015-Ohio-

5312, 54 N.E.3d 806, ¶ 15 (3rd Dist.). Trial courts may grant a motion for summary

judgment when “(1) no genuine issue as to any material fact remains to be litigated,

(2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and (3) it appears

from the evidence that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion and that

conclusion is adverse to the party against whom the motion for summary judgment

is made.” Hamilton v. Hector, 117 Ohio App.3d 816, 819, 691 N.E.2d 745 (3rd

Dist.1997). Additionally, “‘upon appeal from summary judgment, the reviewing

court should look at the record in the light most favorable to the party opposing the

motion.’” Id. quoting Campbell v. Hosp. Motor Inns, Inc., 24 Ohio St.3d 54, 58,

493 N.E.2d 239 (1986).



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                               Testamentary Capacity

       {¶7} An order admitting a will to probate is prima facie evidence of its

validity pursuant to R.C. 2107.74; however, an otherwise valid will may be

invalidated if the testator lacked testamentary capacity at the time the will was

executed. Niemes v. Niemes, 97 Ohio St. 145, 119 N.E. 503 (1917), paragraph four

of the syllabus. Evidence of the testator’s mental and physical condition, both at

the time the will is executed and within a reasonable time before and after its

execution, is admissible as casting light on testamentary capacity. Kennedy v.

Walcutt, 118 Ohio St. 442, 161 N.E. 336 (1928), paragraph two of the syllabus,

overruled on other grounds, Krischbaum v. Dillon, 58 Ohio St.3d 58, 567 N.E.2d

1291 (1991). The burden of proof in determining testamentary capacity is upon the

party contesting the will. Id. at paragraph six of the syllabus.

       {¶8} Testamentary capacity exists when the testator has sufficient mind and

memory; first, to understand the nature of the business in which the testator is

engaged; second, to comprehend generally the nature and extent of the testator’s

property; third, to hold in the testator’s mind the names and identities of those who

have natural claims upon his (her) bounty; and fourth, to appreciate the testator’s

relation to members of his family. Niemes, supra.




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                                  Relevant Facts

       {¶9} As of May 1, 2014, the decedent, Martha Sigler, a 79-year-old widow,

resided alone in Montgomery, Alabama. When necessary, Martha was cared for by

her only living child, her adult son Stephen (Appellant) who also lived in Alabama.

On May 1, 2014, Martha fell and broke her pelvis, which resulted in her being

hospitalized in Jackson Hospital in Alabama. From May 1st until her death on July

20, 2014, Martha was in and out of rehabilitation facilities and hospitals and never

returned to her home to live.

       {¶10} During her hospital stay in Alabama, Martha was not happy with

Stephen’s attention to her and to the care she was receiving, so she contacted her

older brother, Robert Burk, who lived in Galion, Ohio for assistance. At Martha’s

urgence, Robert and his wife Janet, arranged for Martha to be transferred from

Jackson Hospital in Alabama to the Mill Creek Nursing and Rehabilitation Center

in Galion, Ohio. Martha began her stay at Mill Creek on June 11, 2014 and was

treated there by a number of medical professionals for issues related to her fall as

well other medical issues.

       {¶11} The medical care professionals who assisted Martha at Mill Creek

included: Dr. Marc G. Schramm, a clinical psychologist; Julie Kight, a licensed

speech therapist; Kimberly Collins, RN; Jenny Koge, RN and former Director of



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Nursing at Mill Creek; Dr. Gohar Ghazarian, hospitalist; Peggy Skidmore, RN; and

Dr. Mark Wood.

        {¶12} While at Mill Creek Martha relied upon Robert and Janet for her

personal needs and for financial advice. They also introduced Martha to attorney

Jay Wagner (“Wagner”) who prepared a number of legal documents for Martha

including: her Last Will and Testament; a Living Will; a Power of Attorney naming

Robert Burk as her attorney-in-fact; and a Power of Attorney naming Janet Burk as

her alternate attorney-in-fact.   Wagner met with Martha at Mill Creek twice

concerning these legal documents.

        {¶13} On July 3, 2014, Martha signed her Will at Mill Creek. Louise

Brutchey, Wagner’s legal secretary and Ralph Mills witnessed the Will. Martha’s

Will provided that Robert and Janet would receive 80% of her estate and Stephen

the other 20%. Martha died July 20, 2014, seventeen (17) days after she signed her

Will.

                 Summary Judgment as to Testamentary Capacity

        {¶14} In our determination as to whether a genuine issue of material fact

remains to be litigated as to Martha’s testamentary capacity, we must review the

record in the light most favorable to Stephen, the non-moving party to summary

judgment. However, we commence our de novo review starting with the pleadings,

evidence, and affidavits presented to the trial court by Robert and Janet, since they

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have the burden of proof to show the absence of a genuine issue of material fact

concerning Martha’s testamentary capacity to make a Will.

      {¶15} As explained in Dresher v. Burt:

      [A] party seeking summary judgment, on the ground that the
      nonmoving party cannot prove its case, bears the initial burden of
      informing the trial court of the basis for the motion, and identifying
      those portions of the record that demonstrate the absence of a genuine
      issue of material fact on the essential element(s) of the nonmoving
      party’s claims. The moving party cannot discharge its initial burden
      under Civ.R. 56(C) simply by making a conclusory assertion that the
      nonmoving party has no evidence to prove its case. Rather, the
      moving party must be able to specifically point to some evidence of
      the type listed in Civ.R. 56(C) which affirmatively demonstrates that
      the nonmoving party has no evidence to support the nonmoving
      party’s claims. If the moving party fails to satisfy its initial burden,
      the motion for summary judgment must be denied. However, if the
      moving party has satisfied its initial burden, the nonmoving party then
      has a reciprocal burden outlined in Civ.R. 56(E) to set forth specific
      facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial and, if the
      nonmovant does not so respond, summary judgment, if appropriate,
      shall be entered against the nonmoving party.

Parks v. Parks, 3rd Dist. Allen No. 1-99-11, 1999-Ohio-843 *2, quoting Dresher v.

Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 292-93,1996-Ohio-107, 662 N.E.2d 264.

      {¶16} Robert and Janet’s motion for summary judgment (Doc. No. 24) was

filed in the trial court on March 17, 2016, and was accompanied by:

       Deposition of Stuart Bear with exhibits 1-2; 4-9 (Doc. No. 10,

          12/16/14 Dep.).

       Deposition of Lisa Olszewski (Doc. No. 10, 12/22/14 Dep.).


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        Deposition of Jacqueline Compton with exhibits 1-3 (Doc. No. 10,

          12/16/14 Dep.).

        Affidavit of Louise Brutchey with exhibits A - E (Doc. No. 26).

        Affidavit of Jay D. Wagner with exhibits A - F (Doc. No. 27).

        Affidavit of Ralph A. Mills with exhibit A (Doc. No. 28).

        Affidavit of Robert L. Burk with exhibits A - B-4 (Doc. No. 29).

        Affidavit of Janet E. Burk with exhibits A - N (Doc. No. 30).

        Affidavit of Mary Jane Fuller (Doc. No. 31).

        Affidavit of Marc G. Schramm with exhibits 1- 6 (Doc. No. 32)

                              Transaction of Business

       {¶17} Martha’s capacity to understand the business in which she engaged is

the first element of testamentary capacity for our review. As noted in Niemes,

“[T]he transaction of the ordinary affairs of life involves a contest of judgment,

wisdom, and experience, and often demands an exercise of mentality superior to

that required in the testamentary disposition of property.” Niemes at 505.

       {¶18} Jacqueline Campton (“Campton”), a nurse at Jackson Hospital in

Alabama, testified by deposition. Campton testified that she provided Martha’s

treatment during her time at Jackson Hospital in May and June, 2014. Campton

testified that it was Martha’s decision to move to Ohio and that her brother, Robert,

had found a facility in Ohio for her to live. (12/16/14 Jacqueline Campton Dep. at
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37-38). Additionally, Martha wanted to move to Ohio to be “with her family.” (Id.

at 49).

          {¶19} In the deposition of Stuart Bear (“Bear”), an Alabama business

acquaintance of Martha’s, Bear testified that Martha contacted him in June, 2014,

while she was in Jackson Hospital, to hire him to unlock her home for Robert

(Martha’s brother). Bear testified that Martha hired him to change the locks on her

home earlier in the year. (12/16/14 Stuart Bear Dep. at 17). Martha wanted Bear to

unlock her home so Robert could pick up some of her personal effects and clothing

to take with her to Ohio. (Id. at 19).

          {¶20} Martha’s Alabama neighbor, Lisa Olszewski (“Olszewski”) also

testified by deposition. (12/22/14 Lisa Olszewski Dep.). Olszewski testified that

she visited Martha at Jackson Hospital just prior to Martha’s discharge on June 10,

2014. Olszewski testified that Martha was fearful of remaining in Jackson Hospital

too long, because of its impact upon the number of “Medicare days” she was

permitted. (Id. at 22, 28). Olszewski also testified that Martha was upset with

Stephen as her power of attorney, and that she feared that he would “blow her

money.” Martha wanted to find a way for Stephen to receive her money in a manner

that would last him “for the rest of his life.” (Id. at 44).

          {¶21} The affidavits of Robert and Janet Burk also provide evidence of

Martha’s business decision making. Robert’s affidavit details Martha’s requests (of

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Robert) to “come and get [her]” when she was in Jackson Hospital. (Doc. No. 29

at ¶ 6). The affidavit also details Martha’s decision to appoint him (Robert) as her

power of attorney, to authorize him to sell her Alabama home, to liquidate some of

her bank accounts, and to move her (Martha’s) personal property from Alabama to

Ohio. (Id. at ¶¶ 7-8).

       {¶22} Janet’s affidavit states that Martha called her (Martha’s) credit card

bank to alert them that a $6,000 charge for ambulance services (to transport her from

Alabama to Ohio) would appear on her account. (Doc. No. 30 at ¶ 16). Janet’s

affidavit confirms Bear’s testimony that Martha arranged for him to unlock her

home so Robert could pick up Martha’s clothing, her wheelchair, and her personal

papers to take to Ohio. (Id. at ¶ 17). Lastly, Janet’s affidavit chronicles Martha’s

steps to revoke Stephen’s power of attorney by appointing Robert as her successor

power of attorney. (Id. at ¶ 19).

       {¶23} In our de novo review of this first element of testamentary capacity

(under Niemes) competent and credible evidence exists in the record demonstrating

the absence of a genuine issue of material fact that Martha had sufficient mind and

memory to understand the nature of the business in which she engaged at or near

the time she signed her Will.




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                     Martha’s Ability to Comprehend the Nature
                            and Extent of her Property

         {¶24} The second element of testamentary capacity under Niemes is whether

Martha had sufficient mind and memory to generally comprehend the nature and

extent of her property. Looking to the record and to the evidence submitted to the

trial court by the Burks on this element, we determine that Robert and Janet’s

affidavits, Olszewski’s deposition and the affidavit of attorney Jay Wagner are

dispositive that Martha was generally aware of the nature and extent of her estate at

or near the time she signed her Will.

         {¶25} Robert’s affidavit reveals that between June 14 and June 18, 2014,

Martha directed him to place her home in Alabama for sale. (Doc. No. 29 at ¶ 8).

His affidavit further avers that Martha had recently loaned Stephen $200,000 and

she expected him to repay it. (Id. at ¶ 10).

         {¶26} Janet’s affidavit confirms Martha’s loan to Stephen, and identifies

several of Martha’s financial documents to justify the loan. (Doc. No. 30 at ¶¶ 4-6;

Doc. No. 30 Ex. B-E). Janet’s affidavit also avers that Martha discussed with her

(while at Mill Creek) “matters such as her home, the contents of her house, her car,

and her financial accounts including her checking and credit card accounts.” (Id. at

¶ 11).




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        {¶27} Janet’s affidavit further details that she was present when Martha met

with attorney Jay Wagner (at Mill Creek) and that “Martha was able to name the

bank accounts and credit cards she owned * * * was able to describe her 6,000

square foot house * * * [and] was able to describe her Cadillac motor vehicle.” (Id.

at ¶ 19).

        {¶28} Furthermore, Janet’s affidavit avers that between June 14 and June 18,

2014, Martha instructed (Robert and Janet) “to close out her business affairs in

Alabama and move her personal property and financial holdings to Ohio.” (Id. at

¶22).

        {¶29} Lastly, Janet’s affidavit states that Martha “wanted all of her financial

accounts to be in her estate and subject to the terms of her Will and that such

accounts be liquidated and consolidated into a savings and checking account at the

Galion Branch of the US Bank.” (Id. at ¶ 33).

        {¶30} Lisa Olszewski’s deposition also provides evidence of Martha’s

knowledge of her property, through their discussions of Martha’s Medicare days.

(12/22/14 Lisa Olszewski Dep. at 22-29). Our conclusion from Lisa’s testimony is

that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether Martha was keenly aware

of the negative impact upon her finances should she run out of her Medicare days

by remaining in the hospital too long.



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       {¶31} The affidavit of attorney Jay Wagner also contains evidence of

Martha’s awareness of the extent of her property. (Doc. No. 27). Wagner’s affidavit

avers that when he met with Martha at Mill Creek on June 12, 2014, Martha told

him that she owned bank accounts at USAA Bank, Compass Bank, and other banks

in Alabama. (Id. at ¶ 3, 5). Wagner’s affidavit further avers that Martha told

Wagner she owned real estate in Alabama, personal property in that home, and a

Cadillac automobile. (Id.). Lastly, Wagner’s affidavit confirms Martha’s loan to

Stephen and her wishes that Stephen’s share of her estate be subject to a

testamentary trust through her Will. (Id. at ¶ 10).

       {¶32} In our de novo review of this second element of testamentary capacity,

the evidence is such that reasonable minds could not differ that Martha was able to

generally comprehend the nature and extent of her property. Hence, Robert and

Janet have sustained their summary judgment burden under Niemes on the second

element of testamentary capacity.

                      Names and Identities of Those who have
                        Natural Claims to Martha’s Estate

       {¶33} The third element of testamentary capacity under Niemes is whether

Martha had sufficient mind and memory of the names and identities of those

individuals who have natural claims to her estate. Once again, the burden is upon

Robert and Janet, as summary judgment movants, to provide the absence of a


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genuine issue of material fact on this element. In our de novo review of the evidence

on this element, we find that ample evidence was presented to the trial court by

Robert and Janet to establish this burden.

       {¶34} Lisa Olszewski testified that Martha wanted her (Lisa) to call her

brother, Robert, and that Martha wanted her (Lisa) to meet him. (12/22/14 Lisa

Olszewski Dep. at 29-31). Lisa also testified that she was aware of Martha’s sister,

Mary Jane Fuller, who lived in Ohio. (Id. at 34).

       {¶35} Wagner’s legal secretary, Louise Brutchey (“Brutchey”) met with

Martha at Mill Creek on June 13, 2014, to gather information for Wagner. (Doc.

No. 26 at ¶ 5). Brutchey’s affidavit reveals that Martha told her that her (Martha’s)

husband and daughter had predeceased her and that her only living child was her

adult son, Stephen. (Id. at ¶ 6). Brutchey witnessed Martha’s Will on July 3 at Mill

Creek. (Id. at ¶ 14). Brutchey’s affidavit further avers that Martha identified Robert

as her brother and Janet as her sister-in-law to Ralph Mills, the other witness to

Martha’s Will, at the time Martha signed her Will. (Id. at ¶ 13).

       {¶36} The affidavit of attorney Jay Wagner states that Martha told him that

her late husband, James, died on January 16, 2004 and confirmed that Martha’s

daughter predeceased her. (Doc. No. 27 at ¶ 9-10). Wagner’s affidavit also states

that Martha wished to name family members Robert and Janet Burk as beneficiaries



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of her Will, and to create a testamentary trust in her Will for her son, Stephen. (Id.

at ¶ 11).

       {¶37} In our de novo review of the third element of testamentary capacity

under Niemes we determine that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to

whether Martha had sufficient mind and memory to hold in her mind the names and

identities of those who had natural claims to her bounty at or near the time she

executed her Will. Accordingly, Robert and Janet have met their burden as to the

third element under Niemes.

            Martha’s Appreciation of her Relation to Members of her Family

       {¶38} The final element as to testamentary capacity under Niemes is whether

Martha was able to appreciate her relation to the members of her family at or near

the time she signed her Will.

       {¶39} The depositions of Bear, Olszewski, and Campton are replete with

references as to Martha’s strained relationship with Stephen.        (See generally,

12/22/14 Lisa Olszewski Dep. at 22, 26; 12/16/14 Stuart Bear Dep. at 20; 12/16/14

Jacqueline Campton Dep. at 30, 52). Bear testified that “Martha was * * * disgusted

with her son [Stephen], absolutely disgusted with him.” (12/16/14 Stuart Bear Dep.

at 20). He further testified that Martha was “looking forward to going back home

with family and friends.” (Id. at 21). Bear also testified that Martha hired him to



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change the locks in her home, in February, 2014, because of Stephen’s marital and

alcohol problems. (Id. at 40-41).

       {¶40} Campton testified that Stephen was Martha’s caregiver at the time she

was admitted to Jackson Hospital on May 2, 2014. (12/16/14 Jaqueline Campton

Dep. at ¶ 8; Ex. 1). She also testified that Stephen called her on June 5, 2014 and

left her a voicemail requesting that someone else be appointed to have “power of

stuff” over Martha. (Id. at 46-47).

       {¶41} Olszewski testified that Martha wanted to replace Stephen as her

power of attorney because she (Martha) “felt like Stephen would blow her money.”

(12/22/14 Lisa Olszewski Dep. at 44). Olszewski also testified that Martha was

unhappy with Stephen because he pressured her into buying him a home in

Alabama, which was not a good decision on her (Martha’s) part. (Id. at 65).

       {¶42} The affidavits of Brutchey and Wagner also reveal evidence of

Martha’s relation with family members. Wagner states that Martha told him that

Stephen “physically and emotionally abused her,” while Brutchey states that Martha

moved back to Ohio because Stephen “had mismanaged her care.” (Doc. No. 27 at

¶ 4; Doc. No. 26 at ¶ 5). The affidavit of Brutchey also reveals that Martha relied

upon Robert and Janet, and that her relationship with them was very good. (See

generally, Doc. No. 30, ¶ 3).



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       {¶43} Lastly, the affidavit of Mary Jane Fuller, Martha’s sister, avers that

Martha told her that Stephen hurt her (Martha) and her injury required stitches.

(Doc. No. 31 at ¶ 5). Fuller also avers that Martha told her that Stephen had

threatened her (Martha) “by putting a gun to her head.” (Id.).

       {¶44} Moreover, we find in our de novo review that the record demonstrates

an absence of a genuine issue of material fact that Martha had sufficient mind and

memory to appreciate her relation to members of her family at or near the time she

signed her Will and Appellees have met their burden as to the fourth element of

testamentary capacity under Niemes.

       {¶45} Accordingly, we find in our de novo review that Robert and Janet

successfully met their summary judgment burden by demonstrating the absence of

a genuine issue of material fact on all of the essential elements of Stephen’s claim

that Martha lacked testamentary capacity to make a Will at or near the time she

executed her Will on July 3, 2014.

                          Civ.R. 56(E) Reciprocal Burden

       {¶46} Under Civ.R. 56(E), Stephen, as the non-moving party to summary

judgment, has the reciprocal burden of proof as set forth in Civ.R. 56(E) to “set forth

specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial and, if the nonmovant

does not so respond, summary judgment, if appropriate, shall be entered against the

non-moving party.” Dresher, supra, at 293.

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       {¶47} Our de novo review of the record on the issue of testamentary capacity

now shifts to the evidence submitted by Stephen to the trial court in opposition to

the Burks’ motion.     Such evidence includes: Martha’s medical records; the

pleadings; and the affidavits of the Appellant, Jason Beehler, Jenny Koge, Kimberly

Collins, Julie Kight, Dr. Gohar Ghazarian, and Sandra Hayes. We will discuss such

evidence in turn.

                            Affidavit of Stephen Sigler

       {¶48} On the issue of Martha’s testamentary capacity, Stephen’s affidavit

asserts that his mother, Martha, had resided in Alabama since 1979 until she moved

to Ohio on June 10, 2014. (Doc. 33, Ex. A, ¶ 2). He avers that prior to her moving

to Ohio, Martha “suffered from numerous medical conditions, including end stage

kidney failure and dementia.” (Id., ¶ 3). Stephen also avers that he was Martha’s

primary caregiver when she lived in Alabama. (Id., ¶ 4). He further avers that on

May 1, 2014 Martha fell and injured her pelvis resulting in her being hospitalized

at Jackson Hospital in Alabama and that the medical records, from Jackson Hospital,

reveal that Martha was suffering from “mental impairment,” “confusion,” and

“decreased responsiveness.” (Id. at ¶ 5). However, he does not reference the exact

dates and specific documents in support of this contention.




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       {¶49} His affidavit also details the acts of Robert and Janet Burk to relocate

Martha to Mill Creek nursing home which included moving her personal belongings

from Alabama to Ohio. (Id., ¶¶ 5-8).

       {¶50} However, Stephen’s affidavit fails to specifically address the elements

of testamentary capacity (under Niemes) relative to his mother and further fails to

direct us to his personal observations of his mother’s physical and mental condition

at or near the time she signed her Will. His affidavit is vague as to when he last

visited Martha in Alabama, and if he ever visited her after she moved to Ohio.

Stephen’s affidavit is conclusory and fails to create a genuine issue of material fact

as to his mother’s testamentary capacity.

                             Affidavit of Jason Beehler

       {¶51} Next, we review the affidavit of Jason Beehler (“Beehler”), one of

Stephens’ attorneys. (Doc. 33, Ex. B, ¶ 3). Beehler’s affidavit contains a summary

of Martha’s medical records and was presented to the trial court for the court’s

“convenience.” (Id., ¶ 4, Ex. B-1). In addition to this summary, Beehler also

attached true and accurate copies of Martha’s medical records from Mill Creek

Nursing Home in Galion, Ohio (Ex. B-2) and records from DaVita Dialysis in

Montgomery, Alabama (Ex. B-3). (Id., ¶¶ 5-6).

       {¶52} Finally, in addition to Martha’s medical records, Beehler also attached

his first and second requests for discovery (to the Burks); a copy of the audio

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recordings of the pre-trial hearing on jurisdiction held in the trial court; a copy of

the Burks’ video response to Beehler’s requests for discovery; and a copy of Robert

Burk’s deposition. (Id., ¶¶ 7-12). However, Beehler does not direct us to the

portions of these documents as to relevant evidence on Martha’s testamentary

capacity.

       {¶53} Hence, the purpose of Jason Beehler’s affidavit is to identify medical

records and other documents which were presented to the trial court and has limited

evidentiary value.

                               Affidavit of Jenny Koge

       {¶54} Jenny Koge’s (“Koge”) affidavit states that she was the Director of

Nursing at Mill Creek during Martha’s stay in 2014. (Doc. 33, Ex. C, ¶ 5). Koge

states that Martha was “often confused” while at Mill Creek. (Id., ¶ 7).

       {¶55} Koge’s affidavit details a meeting involving Martha, Martha’s family,

and presumably, Martha’s attorney at Mill Creek. (Id., ¶ 9). Koge states that at this

meeting Martha “did not appear fully coherent” and was moaning (in pain) and

appeared agitated, which caused frustration to the attorney present. (Id.). No date

was given as to the meeting, names of the family member(s) present, or identity of

the attorney present. (Id.).

       {¶56} Koge’s affidavit also avers that she treated Martha on July 2, 2014,

observing Martha to have “increased confusion” from the prior visits with her.

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Attached to Koge’s affidavit were her progress notes from July 2, in which Koge

noted that Martha had ascites, a medical condition that causes pain and confusion.

(Id. at ¶ 11).

       {¶57} Koge’s affidavit paint’s Martha’s condition, especially on July 2,

2014, with a broad brush. Her statement that Martha had “increased confusion” is

vague and fails to connect the confusion to any Niemes element. Thus, Koge’s

affidavit does not establish a genuine issue of material fact that remains to be

litigated as to the testamentary capacity of Martha.

                            Affidavit of Kimberly Collins

       {¶58} Kimberly Collins’ (“Collins”) affidavit states that she is a registered

nurse and worked as an RN at Mill Creek during Martha’s stay there. (Doc. 33, Ex.

D, ¶¶ 4-5). Collins’ affidavit chronicles her treatment of Martha starting June 23,

2014, noting Martha’s conversation was “confused at times.” (Id., ¶ 15). The

affidavit identifies her nursing progress notes, revealing that Martha screamed out

“mama, mama,” and that Martha failed to recognize Collins as her nurse on June

23. (Id., ¶ 16).

       {¶59} Collins further states that on June 24, Martha told her “that she is going

crazy and does not know why.” (Id., ¶ 17). Additionally, Collins avers that Martha

did not understand where she was and that she did not understand that (her deceased)

mother was not present. (Id.). However, Collins does reveal that Martha was on a

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heavy narcotic on June 24, and that medication was changed due to its impact upon

Martha’s behavior. (Id. at ¶ 16).

        {¶60} Collins’ affidavit also states that she treated Martha on July 1 and July

2, 2014, noting Martha was “lethargic” and “was oriented to herself only.” (Id., ¶

22). Finally, Collins states that on July 5, 2014 Martha was “alert and oriented to

herself only.” (Id., ¶ 25).

        {¶61} We determine that Collins’ affidavit does not create a genuine issue of

material fact as to Martha’s testamentary capacity. Moreover, even though Collins’

affidavit presents us with valid evidence that Martha was in poor health, it reveals

that Martha was often sedated, which impacted Martha’s behavior prior to July 3,

2014.

                                Affidavit of Julie Kight

        {¶62} Julie Kight’s (“Kight”) affidavit states that she is a licensed speech

pathologist and provided those services to residents of Mill Creek Nursing Home.

(Doc. 33, Ex. E, ¶¶ 4-6).     Kight’s affidavit states that “speech and cognition are

closely related and a decline in cognitive function often manifests itself in a decline

in speech function.” (Id., ¶ 7).

        {¶63} Kight avers that she worked with Martha when Martha was very ill,

stating Martha was “compromised nutritionally and cognitively.”           (Id., ¶ 11).



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Kight’s progress notes were attached to her affidavit and marked as Exhibit 1. (Id.,

¶ 13).

         {¶64} Kight averred that she worked with Martha at Mill Creek for twenty-

two days, June 11, 2014 through July 2, 2014. (Id., ¶ 14). Kight’s evaluation (of

Martha on June 11th) indicates that she needed to work with Martha on “her verbal

reasoning skills.” (Id., ¶ 15).

         {¶65} Kight’s affidavit chronicles her work with Martha, and states that on

June 23 Martha had “decreased orientation to her environment,” along with “noted

nonsensicle [sic] speech.” (Id., ¶ 17). Kight stated that Martha, on June 25, had an

“increased level of confusion” from her previous visit with Martha (on June 23).

(Id., ¶ 19). And on June 26, Kight asserts, in layman’s terms, that Martha “did not

know where she was.” (Id., ¶ 20). Specifically, Kight avers that “Martha didn’t

know what day it was, the time of day, or the month.” (Id.).

         {¶66} Lastly, Kight’s affidavit states that July 2 was her last visit with

Martha, and “Martha was not oriented to time or environment” and had “noted

increased nonsensical speech.” (Id., ¶ 21).

         {¶67} It is apparent that Kight met with Martha frequently during Martha’s

stay at Mill Creek. Yet, Kight’s affidavit fails to specifically address whether

Martha was not of sound mind and memory to understand the nature of the business

in which she engaged, or was not able to comprehend the nature and extent of her

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property, or whether she knew the names and identities of those who had a natural

claim to her estate; or whether she understood her relation with her family members.

The affidavit’s lack of specificity to the testamentary capacity of Martha results in

its failure to create a genuine issue of material fact that remains to be litigated on

the issue of testamentary capacity.

                         Affidavit of Gohar Ghazarian, M.D.

         {¶68} Gohar Ghazarian’s (“Dr. Ghazarian”) affidavit avers that he is a

medical doctor and is board certified in internal medicine. (Doc. 33, Ex. F, ¶¶ 4-6).

Dr. Ghazarian states that he was a Hospitalist at Galion Community Hospital in

2014 and treated Martha when she was a patient there on July 10, 2014. (Id., ¶¶ 6-

7). When he treated Martha, Dr. Ghazarian avers that she was “chronically ill,” had

“dementia,” and was a poor historian of her medical history. (Id., ¶ 10). Dr.

Ghazarian avers that Martha was “not oriented to place or time” on July 10th. (Id.,

¶ 11).

         {¶69} Dr. Ghazarian’s affidavit also reveals that Martha was chronically ill

on July 10 and under numerous medications, including Xanax (for anti-anxiety) and

Norco (for pain), which impacted her orientation at that time. (Id. at ¶ 12). But, Dr.

Ghazarian’s affidavit does not specifically address the elements under Niemes

regarding Martha’s testamentary capacity to make a will. Further, Dr. Ghazarian’s

treatment of Martha was related to blood in her stool, and not dementia. (Id. at ¶ 7).

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Thus, Martha may have been suffering from dementia and may have been on

medication that affected her behavior, but like the affidavits of Koge, Collins, and

Kight, Dr. Ghazarian’s affidavit fails to specifically relate her condition to the

elements discussed under Niemes.

                             Affidavit of Sandra Hayes

       {¶70} The affidavit of Sandra Hayes (“Sandra”) asserts that she had known

Martha since 2006. (Doc. 33, Ex. G, ¶ 2). The affidavit states that Sandra and

Martha were friends and that Sandra visited Martha monthly since 2013. (Id.).

Sandra was aware that Martha was hospitalized in Alabama, in May, 2014 for a

broken pelvis. (Id., ¶¶ 1, 4). When Sandra first visited Martha at Jackson Hospital,

Martha’s personality and demeanor were “her usual.” (Id.). Sandra also states that

when she visited Martha later in May, 2014, (after Martha was transferred back to

Jackson Hospital from the rehabilitation center in Alabama) she noticed Martha’s

condition had “deteriorated.” (Id., ¶ 5). She states that at that time Martha was in

“a lot of pain but was very confused as to the circumstances.” (Id.).

       {¶71} Sandra avers that she visited Martha twice between June 2 and June 6,

2014 after Martha returned to Jackson Hospital, (from the rehabilitation center)

averring that Martha’s memory “would come and go during the visits.” (Id., ¶ 6).

The affidavit states that Sandra’s last visit with Martha occurred on June 9 at

Jackson Hospital, describing Martha’s condition as “horrible.” (Id., ¶ 7). Sandra

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avers that Martha failed to recognize her and Martha repeatedly asked “where she

was.” (Id.).

       {¶72} Sandra avers that she spoke with Martha two to three times after she

(Martha’s) moved to Ohio, finding Martha to be “very weak and often incoherent.”

(Id., ¶ 12).

       {¶73} We determine that Hayes’ affidavit does not specifically address the

elements of testamentary capacity under Niemes, and therefore does not create a

genuine issue of material fact as to Martha’s testamentary capacity to make her Will.

                                     Exhibit B-1

       {¶74} In addition to the above affidavits, Appellant submitted Martha’s

medical records from Jackson Hospital, from Davita Dialysis, from Mill Creek

Nursing Home, and from Galion Community Hospital to the trial court. Since

Stephen received his power of attorney from Martha on May 25, 2014, such is our

starting point of these records as to testamentary capacity.

       {¶75} Exhibit B-1, Summary of Martha Sigler’s Medical Records, was

presented to the trial court to direct it to Martha’s medical records regarding her

physical and mental condition at or near the time she made her Will. We note that

the majority of the references in Exhibit B-1 concern Mill Creek Nursing Home

records. Since we previously addressed Martha’s medical records from Jackson

Hospital and Galion Community Hospital when we analyzed the affidavit of

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Stephen, and the deposition of Campton, and affidavit of Dr. Ghazarian, we need

only address the medical records from Mill Creek Nursing Home now.

       {¶76} As noted above, evidence of Martha’s mental and physical condition,

both at the time the Will was signed and within a reasonable time before and after

its execution, is admissible as casting light on her testamentary capacity. See

generally, Kennedy v. Walcutt, 118 Ohio St. 442, 161 N.E. 336, paragraph two of

the syllabus, overruled on other grounds, Krischbaum v. Dillon, 58 Ohio St.3d 58,

567 N.E.2d 1291 (1991). Exhibit B-1’s discusses Martha’s medical records prior

to signing her will (June 23-July 2, 2014) and after its execution (July 5 – July 9,

2014). Exhibit B-1 reveals just one record on July 3, the day she signed her Will,

which we will discuss first.

       {¶77} Exhibit B-1 directs us to Martha’s medical record of July 3, the nursing

notes from Mill Creek Nursing Home, which state that “[p]atient keeping eyes

closed when communicating with patient in AM.” However, the exhibit does not

expand further as to how a person talking with their eyes closed creates a genuine

issue of material fact. This conduct (talking with eyes closed) is innocuous and does

not create a genuine issue of material fact, under Niemes, regarding Martha’s

testamentary capacity on July 3, 2014.

       {¶78} Regarding the medical records regarding Martha’s condition prior to

executing her Will, we now look to those records from Mill Creek, dated June 23 to

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July 2, 2014. Exhibit B-1 contains 24 referenced events between those dates: eleven

(11) references are identified as “nursing notes;” seven (7) identified as “speech

therapy notes;” three (3) identified as “physical therapy notes;” two (2) identified as

“occupational therapy notes;” and one (1) identified as from “dialysis.”

       {¶79} As to the eleven references of “nursing notes,” we find that such

encompasses just six (6) days of Martha’s stay at Mill Creek: June 23, 24, 29, 30,

and July 1, 2, 2014. Since we have already discussed these eleven references in our

analysis of the affidavits of Collins and Koge, no further discussion is required.

Likewise, we analyzed the seven (7) references identified as “speech therapy notes”

(June 23-27, July 1 and 2) during our discussion of Kight’s affidavit above.

       {¶80} The remaining six references identified as “physical therapy notes” (3

references), “occupational therapy notes” (2 references) and “dialysis” (1 reference)

chronicle Martha’s physical and mental condition on June 23, 24, 25, 26, and July

1. Specifically, these notes refer to Martha being “unable to stay awake” on June

23; being “agitated” on June 24; having “increased shaking in hands and feet” and

“yelling and screaming” on June 25; having “increased confusion” on June 26; and

“patient falling asleep” on July 1. These references were not developed by Stephen

and fail to provide specificity as to how these conditions influenced Martha’s

testamentary capacity. The mere fact that Martha’s hands were shaking or that she



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was in pain or was confused, standing alone, does not create a genuine issue of

material fact.

       {¶81} As to the references in Exhibit B-1 regarding Martha’s physical and

mental condition after she signed her Will, the seven (7) references in the exhibit

encompass July 5-9, 2014. Four (4) of the references are identified as “nursing

notes” and the other three (3) are identified as “occupational therapy notes” and

“physical therapy notes.”     These seven (7) references, like the 24 references

discussed above, are vague and conclusory, and fail to create a genuine issue of

material fact as to Martha’s testamentary capacity.

       {¶82} Thus, in our review of Exhibit B-1, Summary of Martha Sigler’s

Medical Records, we determine that this exhibit does not create a genuine issue of

material fact that remains to be litigated herein.

                                   Other Evidence

       {¶83} In addition to her medical records, Stephen also attached a list of his

mother’s possessions removed by Robert and Janet from Martha’s home in Alabama

(Doc. No. 33, Ex. A-C); a copy of the listing of Martha’s Alabama home (Id., Ex.

A-E); and Stephen’s correspondences to the Burks concerning Martha’s home and

personal property in Ohio (Id., A-F). Further, a copy of Martha’s Last Will and

Testament, executed on July 3, 2014 and the Durable Power of Attorney executed

on June 13, 2014 were also attached to the affidavits as exhibits. (Doc. No. 33, Ex.

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A-H). A copy of Martha’s 2012 Income Tax Return, as well as copies of Martha’s

Alabama property tax documents and Alabama voter registration documentation

were as attached as exhibits. (Id., Ex. A-I, J, K). And an amended Certificate of

Death for Martha is also contained in the record. (Id., Ex. A-H). Lastly, the record

contains the deposition of Robert Burk, as well as Robert and Janet’s withdrawal

records for Martha’s Pentagon Federal Credit Union account.

       {¶84} Appellant fails to direct us as to how these records create a genuine

issue of material fact regarding Martha’s physical or mental condition at the time

she signed her Will or within a reasonable period of time prior to or after she signed

her Will. As such, our review of these exhibits as to the testamentary capacity of

Martha is not necessary.

       {¶85} Accordingly, considering the evidence presented by the Appellant in

opposition to summary judgment as to the testamentary capacity of Martha, we find

that Robert and Janet sustained their burden as to the absence of a genuine issue as

to any material fact that must be litigated and that reasonable minds can come to but

one conclusion and that conclusion is Martha had the testamentary capacity to make

a Will on July 3, 2014. Thus, the trial court did not err in granting summary

judgment on the issue of testamentary capacity. Accordingly, Stephen’s assignment

of error as to the issue of testamentary capacity is overruled.



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                     Summary Judgment as to Undue Influence

       {¶86} The second portion of Sigler’s appeal centers on the trial court’s grant

of summary judgment on his claim of undue influence. To prevail on a claim of

undue influence a “plaintiff must prove four elements: (1) the individual in question

was susceptible to undue influence; (2) another person had the opportunity to exert

undue influence over the susceptible individual; (3) improper influence was exerted

or attempted; and (4) the result shows the effect of such influence.” Huntington v.

Riversource, 2015-Ohio-5600, 45 N.E.3d 1053, ¶ 40 (7th Dist.), appeal not allowed

sub nom. Huntington Natl. Bank v. Riversource Life Ins. Co., 145 Ohio St.3d 1471,

2016-Ohio-3028, 49 N.E. 3d 1313, ¶ 40.

       {¶87} However, “’[w]here a fiduciary or confidential relationship exists

between the donor and the donee, the transfer is regarded with suspicion that the

donee may have brought undue influence to bear upon the donor.’” Id. at ¶ 41,

quoting Smith v. Shafter, 89 Ohio App.3d 181, 183, 623 N.E.2d 1261 (3rd Dist.

1993) citing Willis v. Baker, 75 Ohio St. 291, 79 N.E. 466, (1906). “A presumption

arises in which the donee bears the burden of going forward with proof of the

validity of the gift, however, the party attacking the gift ultimately retains the burden

of proving undue influence by clear and convincing evidence.” Smith, supra.

       {¶88} “‘A fiduciary relationship is one in which special confidence and trust

is placed in the integrity and fidelity of another, who acquires a resulting position

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Case No. 3-16-19


of superiority or influence by virtue of this special trust.’” Fox v. Stockmaster, 3rd

Dist. Seneca Nos. 13-01-34, 13-01-35, 2002-Ohio-2824, ¶ 52 quoting In re Estate

of Case, 2nd Dist. Montgomery No. 16747, 1998 WL 151141, * 3 (Apr. 3, 1998)

citing Stone v. Davis, 66 Ohio St.2d 74, 78, 419 N.E.2d 1094 (1981). Furthermore,

“[t]he holder of a power of attorney has a fiduciary relationship with the principal.

This fiduciary relationship imposes a duty of loyalty to the principal.” Temple v.

Temple, 2015-Ohio-2311, 38 N.E.3d 342, ¶ 29 (3rd Dist.).

       {¶89} In this case Robert and Janet were Martha’s attorneys-in-fact as of

June 13, 2014.     (See generally, Doc. No. 33, Ex. A-H).         Thus, a fiduciary

relationship existed between Martha and the Burks prior to her decision to make her

new Will. Further, and as Martha’s POAs, Robert and Janet used such authority

prior to Martha’s death. (See generally, Jan. Burk Dep. 30:4-8; 35:6-16; Doc. No.

33, Ex. A, ¶ 10). Regardless of the reasons for Robert and Janet’s use of the powers

of attorney, a presumption of undue influence results under the facts presented. As

such, a genuine issue of material fact exists to determine whether Robert and Janet’s

fiduciary relationship with Martha was free of undue influence and that Martha

voluntarily acted with full knowledge of the consequences of her actions to make

her Will by a preponderance of the evidence.




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Case No. 3-16-19


       {¶90} Thus, we find that the trial court erred by not affording Stephen the

opportunity to litigate this presumption by its grant of summary judgment on the

issue of undue influence.

       {¶91} Therefore, Stephen’s assignment of error as to the order of the trial

court granting summary judgment on the claim of undue influence is well taken and

is sustained.

       {¶92} Accordingly, having found error prejudicial to the appellant, in the

particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the trial court’s order granting summary

judgment on the issue of testamentary capacity, and we reverse the judgment of the

trial court as to the order of summary judgment on the undue influence cause of

action. This matter is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion.

                                                       Judgment Affirmed in Part,
                                                            Reversed in Part and
                                                               Cause Remanded

WILLAMOWSKI and SHAW, J.J., concur.

/jlr




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