Filed 2/27/14
                           CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION



                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                            SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                    DIVISION ONE


PHYSICIANS COMMITTEE FOR                          B243908
RESPONSIBLE MEDICINE,
                                                  (Los Angeles County
        Plaintiff and Appellant,                  Super. Ct. Nos. BC383722, BC457193)

        v.

APPLEBEE'S INTERNATIONAL, INC.,
et al.,

        Defendants and Respondents.




        APPEAL from judgments of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Jane L.
Johnson, Judge. Affirmed.
        Richards, Watson & Gershon, T. Peter Pierce and Norman A. Dupont for Plaintiff
and Appellant.
        Arnold & Porter, Trenton H. Norris, Maria Chedid and Sarah Esmaili for
Defendants and Respondents Applebee’s International, Inc., McDonald’s Corporation,
OSI Restaurant Partners, Inc., and Chick-fil-A, Inc.
        Morrison & Foerster, Michele B. Corash and Robin Stafford for Defendants and
Respondents KFC Corporation and Yum! Brands, Inc.
                              _________________________
       Following our decision reversing summary judgment for defendants in Physicians
Committee for Responsible Medicine v. McDonald’s Corporation (2010) 187
Cal.App.4th 554 (PCRM I), the trial court sustained demurrers without leave to amend
and dismissed second amended complaints alleging that various chain restaurants serving
grilled chicken were in violation of Proposition 65. We affirm.
                                    BACKGROUND
1.     The McDonald’s complaint
       As we described in PCRM I, in January 2008 appellant Physicians Committee for
Responsible Medicine (PCRM), self-described as a nonprofit organization “‘committed
to promoting a safe and healthful diet and to protecting consumers from food and drink
that are dangerous or unhealthful,’” filed a complaint in Los Angeles Superior Court,
seeking injunctive and declaratory relief and civil penalties against seven chain restaurant
corporations (the McDonald’s complaint), including respondents Applebee’s
International, Inc. (Applebee’s), McDonald’s Corporation (McDonald’s), OSI Restaurant
Partners, Inc. (the owner of Outback Steakhouse) (OSI), and Chick-fil-A, Inc. (Chick-fil-
A) (collectively, the McDonald’s defendants). (PCRM I, supra, 187 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 559–560.)
       PCRM alleged that the restaurants sold grilled chicken products to consumers in
California and that the grilling process created a chemical called PhIP,1 which appeared
on California’s list of carcinogenic chemicals and required the restaurants to give a
“‘clear and reasonable warning’” to individuals under the California Safe Drinking Water
and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986, Health and Safety Code2 section 25249 et seq.
(Proposition 65). (PCRM I, supra, 187 Cal.App.4th at p. 560.) The complaint alleged:
“None of the locations where Defendants grilled chicken products were purchased for
purposes of testing had posted clear and reasonable warnings that food sold on the

       1
     PhIP is shorthand for the chemical 2-AMINO-1-METHYL-6-
PHENYLIMIDAZO[4,5-b]PYRIDINE.
       2All further statutory references are to the Health and Safety Code unless
otherwise indicated.

                                             2
premises contained a chemical known to the State of California to cause cancer.” The
complaint also stated that in order to comply with Proposition 65, the restaurants “must
conspicuously post specific warnings with respect to the carcinogenic dangers of the
grilled chicken they offer for sale,” and requested a declaratory judgment declaring that
any warning not specifically mentioning the carcinogenic effects of grilled chicken is
inadequate.
       The trial court granted the McDonald’s defendants’ summary judgment motions,
concluding that three specific warnings proposed by PCRM were barred by federal
conflict preemption. The trial court also concluded that the Proposition 65 “Safe Harbor”
warning was presumptively clear and reasonable, and the restaurants could not be
required to provide any different warning in a restaurant already providing the Safe
Harbor warning. (PCRM I, supra, 187 Cal.App.4th at pp. 562–563.) The Safe Harbor
Warning states: “WARNING: Chemicals known to the State of California to cause
cancer, or birth defects or other reproductive harm may be present in foods or beverages
sold or served here.” (See Cal. Code Regs., tit. 27, § 25603.3, subd. (a).) Although
PCRM also identified the Safe Harbor Warning as a proposed warning, the trial court in
PCRM I declined to require the posting of the warning in restaurants that did not already
post it, noting that although the Safe Harbor Warning did not say anything about grilled
chicken, “‘the context in which a Safe Harbor Warning, or any other warning, would be
posted cannot be ignored.’” Any order that the restaurants post the Safe Harbor warning
would therefore constitute a finding that grilled chicken contained carcinogens sufficient
to require a Proposition 65 warning, a finding the court concluded would conflict with
federal law and policy and was therefore preempted. (PCRM I, at pp. 563–564.)
       On appeal, we reversed the trial court’s summary judgment orders, concluding that
the Safe Harbor Warning was presumptively clear and reasonable and was not
preempted. (PCRM I, supra, 187 Cal.App.4th at p. 571.) “As the language of the Safe
Harbor Warning is presumptively clear and reasonable, the Restaurants already providing
the Safe Harbor Warning would not be required to provide the warnings with the more
targeted language that PCRM suggests. The ‘“safe harbor”’ warning specified in the

                                             3
regulations is ‘so called because [its] use constitutes compliance with [Proposition 65]
without the necessity of a case-by-case factual determination.’ [Citation.] [¶] . . . [¶] As
the clear and reasonable language of the Safe Harbor Warning does not create any
conflict with any federal policy regarding the thorough cooking of chicken, the trial court
erred in finding that the Safe Harbor Warning was preempted.” (Ibid.) We also
specifically declined to address the method by which the restaurants posted the Safe
Harbor Warning, as the method was not in issue before the trial court. Only the wording
of the warning was in issue, and therefore “[w]hether the Restaurants utilize a method
specified in the regulation [Cal. Code Regs., tit. 27, § 25603.1] is not before us on this
appeal.” (Ibid.)
2.     The KFC complaint
       After PCRM I was decided in August 2010, PCRM filed a complaint on March 15,
2011 against KFC Corporation and its parent company, Yum! Brands (the KFC
complaint), requesting the same injunctive relief, statutory civil penalties, and declaratory
relief as in the McDonald’s complaint, and alleging that KFC posted the Safe Harbor
Warning but failed to warn customers about the PhIP in its grilled chicken, and did not
properly post the Safe Harbor Warning: “Although Defendant does post the food and
beverage notice set out in the Proposition 65 regulations, this warning does not relate to
Defendant’s sale of grilled chicken and is not clear and reasonable as required by the
statute because a reasonable consumer would not know that Defendant’s grilled chicken
products contain a known carcinogen. This warning is also not displayed in a manner
calculated to render it as likely to be read and understood by an ordinary individual.”
(Italics added.) Like the McDonald’s complaint, the KFC complaint also stated that the
restaurants “must conspicuously post specific warnings with respect to the carcinogenic
dangers of the grilled chicken they offer for sale,” and requested a declaratory judgment
declaring that any warning not specifically mentioning the carcinogenic effects of grilled
chicken is inadequate.




                                              4
       After the McDonald’s and KFC cases were ordered related in August 2011,
PCRM filed an unopposed motion to formally consolidate the cases, but no formal
consolidation order ever issued, although the cases were considered together thereafter.
3.     The joint challenge to the initial complaints
       In a joint pleading, the McDonald’s defendants filed a motion for judgment on the
pleadings on the cause of action for a declaratory judgment, on the ground that the
McDonald’s complaint sought relief inconsistent with PCRM I’s conclusion that the Safe
Harbor Warning was clear and reasonable as a matter of law, so that PCRM was not
entitled to a warning specifically identifying carcinogens in grilled chicken. The KFC
defendants filed a demurrer on the same grounds to all three causes of action in the KFC
complaint.
       At the hearing on the motions on January 17, 2012, the trial court noted that the
KFC complaint included an admission that KFC gave Safe Harbor Warnings, and “absent
allegations—and then, ultimately, proof—that no warning meeting the requirements of
the Safe Harbor provisions have been given, the complaint would fail to state a cause of
action.” PCRM admitted “we don’t have the slightest idea what KFC does with its
warnings and how it handles them,” and offered to “extend that sentence [stating that
KFC restaurants gave the warnings] to say—well, I’ll have to ask the people who saw it
exactly what they saw; but presumably, what they saw was not the safe harbor warning.
They saw this longer—I don’t know what they saw. I’ll go back, and I’ll ask them what
they saw—” The court rejoined: “No, no. Listen. You don’t get to file a complaint
unless you have a reasonable belief that there is a violation . . . . If you don’t have any
example of a violation, you shouldn’t be here.” PCRM offered to amend the complaint to
state that KFC failed to post any Safe Harbor Warnings without additional language
about acrylamide, another chemical found in French fries. The court observed: “I think
you [PCRM] have to do a little investigation.”
       The trial court pointed out that the McDonald’s complaint alleged that no
warnings at all were given, but the request in PCRM’s declaratory relief cause of action
(that warnings specifically mention grilled chicken) was not in conformance with the

                                              5
law’s requirements. The McDonald’s defendants stated that they intended to file for
summary judgment “directed quite specifically at the question of whether the signs are
posted and the burden of proof for that.” The motion would state that interrogatory
responses from PCRM indicated that PCRM did not have evidence that the McDonald’s
defendants did not post the Safe Harbor Warnings, and that the McDonald’s defendants
did not believe PCRM could show that no clear and reasonable warnings were posted.
“[W]e believe that Proposition 65 is quite clear that they need evidence of that before
they, honestly, can send a 60-day notice, much less file a complaint, much less move
forward in the litigation. [¶] We think that’s part of their prima facie case. They must
show . . . that we knowingly and intentionally failed to provide a warning.” PCRM was
now seeking discovery about the posting of the warnings, but at the initiation of the
lawsuit PCRM “need[ed] to have those facts before they proceed.” PCRM argued that
the McDonald’s defendants had not responded to its 60-day notice “to say ‘No, no. Just
go look at our stores. You’ll see we’re fine,” and PCRM was now entitled to discovery.
The court responded: “I have to say this again: we’re two years into the case, and you
tell me you don’t have the foggiest idea of what they do.” PCRM replied that the issue
was what the McDonald’s defendants were doing during the one-year period before
PCRM filed suit: “[W]hat were they doing in the one-year period from 2007 to 2008?”
and up until now in 2012, and that would require extensive discovery. PCRM needed to
know what warning signs the McDonald’s defendants posted in 2007 and how they were
posted, if at all, and intended to file motions to compel. The McDonald’s defendants’
counsel reiterated that PCRM had to have a sufficient basis for alleging that Safe Harbor
or other warnings were not posted in 2008: “We don’t believe they had that basis back
then, and we certainly don’t believe they have the basis now. . . . [W]e don’t bear the
burden of proof on it. We think the plaintiffs do. We think they had an inadequate
investigation from the beginning.”
       The trial court granted the motions with leave to amend, concluding as to KFC
that the Safe Harbor Warning was presumptively “‘clear and reasonable’ and therefore
complies with the law.” The KFC complaint conceded that KFC restaurants provided

                                             6
compliant warnings, so that “to amend its complaint in good faith, Plaintiff must possess
sufficient facts to support allegations of conduct contrary to these findings.” As to the
McDonald’s defendants, the court concluded that PCRM could not seek to require the
posting of specific grilled chicken warnings, as that was not required by Proposition 65
(although additional language could be provided voluntarily or as part of a settlement).
The court allowed PCRM to file amended complaints “if it can do so in good faith.”
4.     The first amended complaints and sustained demurrers
       PCRM then filed first amended complaints (FAC) against the McDonald’s
defendants and KFC in February 2012. The McDonald’s FAC omitted any allegation (as
had appeared in the original complaint) that the McDonald’s defendants did not post any
clear and reasonable warnings, instead alleging that Proposition 65 required that in
restaurants “clear and reasonable warnings must be placed in conspicuous locations in a
manner reasonably calculated to make the warnings likely to be observed by all patrons,”
and “Defendants have failed to post clear and reasonable warnings in accordance with the
statutory requirements of Proposition 65.” PCRM alleged that in 2006, when a PCRM
employee purchased grilled chicken “from retail establishments owned and operated by
all Defendants in the Los Angeles area,” the employee “did not see the proposition 65
Safe Harbor Warning posted in the entry, lobby or purchase area” of 18 restaurants. The
complaint also alleged that even if “certain” restaurants posted the Safe Harbor Warning,
the warning was not “clear and reasonable” because it did not relate to the sale of grilled
chicken. PCRM alleged that the McDonald’s defendants “have not posted the Safe
Harbor Warning in every purchase area, such as the outdoor ‘drive-thru’ order and pick-
up areas or the take-out entrance.” In February 2012, PCRM members visited 21
restaurants and their findings “demonstrate that Defendants do not currently post the Safe
Harbor Warning in all of the purchase areas of all of their retail establishments,” as the
PCRM members “did not see the Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Warning posted in at least
one purchase area.”
       The KFC FAC, like the McDonald’s FAC, alleged that Proposition 65 required
that “clear and reasonable warnings must be placed in conspicuous locations in a manner

                                              7
reasonably calculated to make the warnings likely to be observed by all patrons.” PCRM
admitted that “certain” KFC restaurants posted the Safe Harbor Warning, but that
warning was not clear and reasonable because it did not relate to the sale of grilled
chicken. Further, KFC had not posted the warning “in every purchase area, such as its
outdoor ‘drive-thru’ order and pick-up area,” of its retail establishments. In February
2012, PCRM members visited 13 KFC restaurants and “did not see the Proposition 65
Safe Harbor Warning posted in at least one purchase area.” In contrast to its allegation in
the original KFC complaint, PCRM alleged that KFC “failed to post any Proposition 65
warning in one or more of its retail establishments during the period covered by this
lawsuit.”
       The McDonald’s defendants and KFC filed demurrers and motions to strike. At
the hearing on the demurrers, PCRM raised an issue that did not appear in its KFC FAC,
and asserted as to KFC that if the court allowed amendment, it intended to allege that the
Safe Harbor Warnings in the restaurants were not in compliance with Proposition 65,
because they included language warning about “acrylamide in potatoes” as required by an
earlier consent decree. The court pointed out that PCRM still did not allege that any
person did an investigation and saw that a KFC restaurant failed to post the Safe Harbor
Warning (and PCRM conceded this), only that the warning did not appear in all purchase
areas. The court observed: “I don’t think you get to drag a defendant into a lawsuit if
you haven’t even gone into one store where there wasn’t a sign posted, and you didn’t
allege that.” The McDonald’s defendants pointed out that they “had a dog in the fight,”
because McDonald’s was also subject to a consent decree requiring the same language
about acrylamide. The court stated that PCRM had not alleged that supplementing the
Safe Harbor Warning rendered it not clear and reasonable, but “that gives you something
you can allege, which keeps you from sustained without leave to amend.” As to the
allegation that KFC did not post warnings in all service areas, “This is not what you
reported to the Attorney General. This is a new theory because you were trying to get out
from under what . . . I thought [] was the pure plain vanilla safe harbor warning,”
although the court now understood “all of them reference acrylamide.” The court

                                             8
confirmed that PCRM’s notice to the Attorney General did not contain an allegation that
there were no signs in all service areas. PCRM argued that no such specificity was
required. The court stated: “I don’t think that ‘not in every service area’ is an issue
here,” to which PCRM replied, “All right. We have no problem.” Counsel for the
McDonald’s defendants and counsel for KFC indicated that if amendment was allowed
on the supplementation issue, they would argue that the statutory notice was not
sufficient to support the complaint. The court reiterated that it would not allow
amendment as to posting in every service area “because you didn’t give proper notice on
that to the Attorney General.”
       The trial court sustained the demurrers as to McDonald’s, Chick-fil-A, and OSI as
well as KFC and Yum! Brands, because the Safe Harbor Warning was “‘clear and
reasonable’” in compliance with Proposition 65, and both FACs “fail[ed] to sufficiently
allege based on adequate investigation that Defendants have failed to provide the ‘safe
harbor’ language in at least one location at Defendants’ restaurants within the relevant
statute of limitations periods; [] Defendants are not required to provide warnings in
multiple locations, such as additional warnings in drive-thru, carry-out or other takeaway
areas; and [] in light of the years of litigation of these cases, and Plaintiff’s changing
theories of liability, Plaintiff may amend the [FACs], if it can do so in good faith, to
allege that Defendants failed within the statute of limitations period to provide a warning
that was ‘clear and reasonable’ due to the warning sign being supplemented with
language specific to acrylamide.” The demurrers were sustained regarding PCRM’s
claim that warnings were required specifically mentioning grilled chicken even where the
Safe Harbor Warnings were posted.
       Further, the court sustained the McDonald’s defendants’ demurrer without leave to
amend as to Applebee’s, because Applebee’s was already subject to a consent judgment
in an earlier case. (The demurrer was also sustained without leave to amend as to two
other restaurant corporations, Brinker International, Inc. and Carlson Restaurants
Worldwide, Inc., who are not parties to this appeal.) The remaining defendants were
McDonald’s, Chick-fil-A, OSI, KFC, and Yum! Brands.

                                               9
5.     The second amended complaints, sustained demurrers, and dismissals.
       PCRM, undaunted, quickly filed second amended complaints (SAC) against the
remaining McDonald’s defendants and KFC in June 2012. PCRM alleged in the
McDonald’s SAC that McDonald’s posted an “Acrylamide Potato Warning, and not the
Safe Harbor Warning, near the main ordering counter” of nine restaurants, “does not post
any Proposition 65 warning” at three restaurants, and did not post a Proposition 65
warning in the drive-thru ordering area of seven others. PCRM also alleged that Chick-
fil-A did not post any Proposition 65 warning in four restaurants and in the drive-thru
ordering area of one restaurant; and that OSI did not post any warnings at one restaurant
and in the take-out order area of another. Further, PCRM alleged that in one Chick-fil-A
restaurant, the Safe Harbor Warning posted by the main ordering counter contained an
additional sentence referring to a nutritional guide, which contained information
regarding acrylamide found in potatoes. PCRM alleged that the Safe Harbor Warning
posted by McDonald’s was not clear and reasonable under Proposition 65, because it
contained “surplus text” related to acrylamide, and the Safe Harbor Warning posted by
Chick-fil-A was not clear and reasonable because “it contains an additional sentence that
references a separate ‘nutritional guide.’” “Due to the surplus text, the [McDonald’s
warning] is not presumptively clear and reasonable under Proposition 65’s regulations,”
because the warning would lead consumers to believe that acrylamide was the only
carcinogen present.
       PCRM alleged in the KFC SAC that KFC “posts the Acrylamide Potato Warning,
and not the Safe Harbor Warning, via a combination of the sign and brochure near the
main ordering counter” of 10 restaurants. Photographs (which PCRM stated were taken
in February 2012, showed posters containing the following warning: “WARNING:
Chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer, or birth defects or other
reproductive harm may be present in foods or beverages sold or served here. For more
specific information, see the nutrition brochure.” The KFC SAC also alleged that KFC
did not post a Proposition 65 warning in the drive-thru ordering area of 13 restaurants.
KFC failed to post “clear and reasonable warnings in the manner and the method

                                            10
prescribed by Proposition 65,” and a reasonable consumer would understand the posted
warnings to relate solely to acrylamide.
       The defendants filed demurrers and motions to strike the SACs, asking the court to
deny leave to amend. The court held a hearing on August 15, 2012. The McDonald’s
defendants argued that PCRM did not have a basis to certify in November 2007 that they
had a reasonable and meritorious case as to all the elements of their original action. The
court agreed that PCRM’s counsel at the previous hearing “said that there hadn’t been an
investigation with respect to the signage,” and although the court had allowed an
investigation, “I don’t know if that’s sufficient.” Because “you didn’t do any
investigation within the statutory period of time with respect to the 60-day notice,” the
court suggested PCRM would have to file a new lawsuit. “You didn’t do the
investigation you were supposed to do. I think that would gut . . . the statute completely
if someone could just file an action whenever they wanted without going out and taking a
look at what the signage was, in at least one outlet, which you didn’t do within the
statutory period,” and here the only investigation was during the course of the lawsuit.
The allegation that some restaurants did not post warnings at all went outside the leave to
amend. KFC also argued that there was no allegation that there were any KFC locations
that did not post a warning.
       The trial court sustained the demurrers without leave to amend (and granted the
motions to strike without leave to amend, although they were moot). The court took
judicial notice of various documents, including consent judgments. As to the
McDonald’s defendants, the court’s written order concluded that PCRM’s 60-day notice
under Proposition 65, issued November 5, 2007, was invalid because PCRM did not
conduct a timely investigation of whether the defendants were providing warnings in
their restaurants, and therefore PCRM’s certificate of merit was defective at the time that
it issued the notice, and at the time it first sued the McDonald’s defendants in 2008. This
required that the demurrers as to all McDonald’s defendants and all causes of action be
sustained without leave to amend. The court also held that Chick-fil-A’s Safe Harbor
Warning containing additional language referring customers to a nutrition brochure was

                                             11
in compliance with Proposition 65. Although the sustaining of the demurrer disposed of
the entire SAC, the court struck the allegations regarding take-away and drive-thru areas
because the defendants were not required to provide warnings in multiple locations, and
struck the allegations regarding restaurants providing no warnings as attempts to add a
new theory of liability that was outside the scope of the leave to amend the court had
granted when sustaining the demurrer to the FACs.
       As to KFC, the trial court’s order concluded that the KFC complaints were sham
pleadings “clearly inconsistent with each other” in their descriptions of what warnings
KFC posted and why they were insufficient, so that KFC’s SAC was “a ‘sham’
Complaint designed to ‘breathe life into the complaint’ so as to avoid a demurrer and
keep the lawsuit alive.” PCRM’s initial complaint alleged that KFC posted the Safe
Harbor Warning; the FAC alleged that only certain restaurants posted the warning; and
the SAC alleged that KFC posted an acrylamide potato warning, and not the Safe Harbor
Warning. The SAC, therefore, attempted to omit relevant facts that made the previous
complaints defective. The court also concluded that KFC’s warnings using the Safe
Harbor language and “making reference to the nutrition guide for more ‘specific
information’” were sufficient under Proposition 65. Finally, the certificate of merit
PCRM filed in 2009 to accompany its pre-suit notice as required under Proposition 65
was defective and did not demonstrate that the notice was supported by sufficient
evidence, as the SAC made clear that PCRM did not visit the KFC restaurants until
February 2012, long after filing the initial complaint against KFC in 2011.
       PCRM filed a timely notice of appeal from the judgments. We consolidated the
two cases on appeal.
                                      DISCUSSION
       We review de novo the sustaining of a demurrer and the grant of a motion for
judgment on the pleadings. (Smiley v. Citibank (1995) 11 Cal.4th 138, 145–146.) We
review for an abuse of discretion a court’s denial of leave to amend, as well as a decision
to strike a pleading. (Blatty v. New York Times Co. (1986) 42 Cal.3d 1033, 1040–1041;
Leader v. Health Industries of America, Inc. (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 603, 612.) PCRM

                                            12
has the burden to establish that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to allow
amendment. (Blatty v. New York Times Co., supra, 42 Cal.3d at p. 1041.) “When [a
demurrer] is sustained without leave to amend, we decide whether there is a reasonable
possibility that the defect can be cured by amendment: . . . if not, there has been no abuse
of discretion and we affirm.” (Blank v. Kirwan (1985) 39 Cal.3d 311, 318.)
I.     The demurrers to the SAC were properly sustained without leave to amend.
       Proposition 65 provides: “No person in the course of doing business shall
knowingly and intentionally expose any individual to a chemical known to the state to
cause cancer or reproductive toxicity without first giving clear and reasonable warning to
such individual,” unless a specified exemption (not in issue here) applies. (§ 25249.6,
italics added.) A Proposition 65 warning must be displayed “with such
conspicuousness . . . as to render it likely to be read and understood by an ordinary
individual under customary conditions of purchase or use.” (Cal Code Regs., tit. 27,
§ 25603.1, subd. (c).)
       Before a private enforcer may sue under Proposition 65 alleging failure to warn of
exposure to chemicals known to cause cancer, he or she must give notice of an alleged
violation more than 60 days before filing, notifying the defendant, the California
Attorney General, and other public enforcers, and must include a “certificate of merit”
executed by the private enforcer or its attorney. The certificate of merit must state that
the person executing it has consulted with one or more experts “‘who ha[ve] reviewed
facts, studies, or other data regarding the exposure to the listed chemical [that is the
subject of the action,] and that, based on that information, the [person executing the
certificate] believes there is a reasonable and meritorious case for the private
action.’ . . . ‘[F]actual information sufficient to establish the basis of the certificate of
merit’ must be included with the certificate served on the Attorney General. ([§ 25249.7,
subd. (d)(1)].)” (Center for Self-Improvement & Community Development v. Lennar
Corp. (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 1543, 1551.) The required notice “is a mandatory
precondition to bringing a citizen enforcement suit,” (id. at p. 554) and the accompanying
certificate of merit “operates as a brake on improvident citizen enforcement.” (Id. at

                                               13
p. 1551.) While Proposition 65 allows for private enforcement, “public suits are
preferred,” and the certificate of merit requirement is “designed to discourage frivolous
suits.” (DiPirro v. American Isuzu Motors Inc. (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 966, 974.)
“[C]ertificates of merit discourage groundless, bad faith, frivolous suits in two ways.
One way is to provide a basis for imposing sanctions pursuant to section 25249.7,
subdivision (h)(2), . . . if the trial court deems the action to be frivolous . . . . The second
way is to prevent groundless, frivolous lawsuits before they are filed by providing factual
data” that allow prosecuting entities to assess whether the claim has merit, and to
encourage resolution of the claim with the alleged violator before the filing of a
complaint. (In re Vaccine Cases (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 438, 456-457.)
       The implementing regulation clarifies that the certificate’s statement that there is a
“‘[r]easonable and meritorious case for the private action’ requires not only
documentation of exposure to a listed chemical, but a reasonable basis for concluding that
the entire action has merit. The certifier must have a basis to conclude that there is merit
to each element of the action on which the plaintiff will have the burden of proof.” (Cal.
Code Regs., tit. 11, § 3101, subd. (a).)
       All the complaints stated that PCRM had provided notice and a certificate of merit
as required by the statute and regulations.
       A.     PCRM’s certificate of merit regarding the McDonald’s defendants was
defective.
       PCRM filed a 60-day notice on November 5, 2007 as to the McDonald’s
defendants, alleging that they failed to warn consumers of the PhIP in grilled chicken.
The notice stated that the McDonald’s defendants “have knowingly and intentionally
failed to warn consumers that they are being exposed to the chemical compound
‘PhIP’ . . . through ingestion of grilled chicken consumed from the . . . Defendants’
[restaurants,] without . . . giving clear and reasonable warning to consumers of the
significant health risk that these consumer[s] face.” The notice stated that the
McDonald’s defendants failed to provide clear and reasonable warnings at all their
California locations.

                                               14
       The attached certificate of merit was signed by PCRM’s counsel, and stated that
counsel had consulted with one or more experts regarding the alleged exposure to PhIP.
Based on that information “and all other information in my possession,” there was a
reasonable and meritorious case for the lawsuit, “mean[ing] that the information provides
a credible basis that all elements of the plaintiffs’ case can be established and the
information did not prove that the alleged violator will be able to establish any of the
affirmative defenses set forth in the statute.”
       The McDonald’s defendants contend that when PCRM’s counsel admitted during
the hearing on the demurrer to the original complaint that PCRM did not have
information regarding whether and how the McDonald’s defendants posted warnings
(and therefore needed discovery regarding what the McDonald’s defendants were doing
from 2007 to 2008, when PCRM filed its complaint), that was a binding admission that
PCRM had not conducted a factual investigation regarding warnings before filing the
lawsuit. This demonstrates that at the time counsel signed the certificate of merit,
counsel did not have a credible basis for believing that the McDonald’s defendants had
failed to warn. Under the requirements of the statute and regulations, the 60-day notice
requires that a plaintiff have sufficient information at the time of filing suit to support a
reasonable basis for concluding that there is merit to each element of the action on which
the plaintiff will have the burden of proof, which includes whether a defendant posts
clear and reasonable warnings. PCRM did not have the required information to support
its notice and its filing of the lawsuit, and therefore the trial court properly sustained the
demurrer to the McDonald’s SAC.
       “[A]n oral statement by counsel in the same action is a binding judicial admission
if the statement was an unambiguous concession of a matter then at issue and was not
made improvidently or unguardedly. [Citations.]” (Fassberg Construction Co. v.
Housing Authority of City of Los Angeles (2007) 152 Cal.App.4th 720, 752.) In
sustaining a demurrer, the trial court may take into account as admissions against interest
statements made in argument, and may rely on concessions made by plaintiff’s counsel
during oral argument to show there was no basis for a cause of action. (Brandwein v.

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Butler (2013) 218 Cal.App.4th 1485, 1515, fn. 19; DeRose v. Carswell (1987) 196
Cal.App.3d 1011, 1019, superseded by statute on another ground as stated in Ramona v.
Superior Court (1997) 57 Cal.App.4th 107, 112, fn. 6.)
       PCRM’s statements during oral argument, made repeatedly under close
questioning by the trial court, were that it needed to conduct discovery in 2012 to
determine “what were [the McDonald’s defendants] doing in the one-year period from
2007-2008,” and PCRM conceded that when PCRM’s counsel executed the certificate of
merit before filing suit in 2008, PCRM did not know what warning signs were posted and
how they were posted in 2007. These statements constitute admissions that PCRM did
not have information to support the essential element of a Proposition 65 claim that the
McDonald’s defendants failed to give “clear and reasonable warning” that its customers
were being exposed to a carcinogenic chemical. (§ 25249.6.) PCRM cannot cure this
defect in its notice and certificate of merit by later conducting discovery into the
warnings given before the filing of the lawsuit. (See DiPirro v. American Isuzu Motors
Inc., supra, 119 Cal.App.4th at pp. 974–975.)
       PCRM argues that consideration of the basis of the certificate of merit must be
postponed until the end of the lawsuit, because the statute provides that the factual basis
for the certificate is not discoverable unless at the conclusion of the lawsuit, the trial court
determines that there was no actual or threatened exposure to a listed chemical, at which
time the court may “review the basis for the belief of the person executing the certificate
of merit . . . that an exposure to a listed chemical had occurred or was threatened,” and
shall deem the action frivolous if the court finds “no credible factual basis for the
certifier’s belief . . . .” (§ 25249.7, subds. (h)(1), (h)(2).) In this case, however, the
defendants did not seek discovery into the basis for PCRM’s factual basis for believing
that the McDonald’s defendants’ customers were exposed to PhIP in grilled chicken, and
did not argue that the complaint was frivolous. Instead, PCRM admitted before trial that
it did not have a credible factual belief to support its allegation that the McDonald’s
defendants did not provide clear and reasonable warnings. The trial court was not
required to ignore that admission as it determined whether to sustain the demurrers and

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whether to grant leave to amend the SAC, and we will not ignore it on appeal. (See
Yeroushalmi v. Miramar Sheraton (2001) 88 Cal.App.4th 738, 740; In re Vaccine Cases,
supra, 134 Cal.App.4th at p. 459 (affirming the sustaining of demurrers without leave to
amend on the ground of failure to comply with Proposition 65 notice requirement).)
       B.     PCRM’s certificate of merit regarding KFC was also defective.
       PCRM filed a 60-day notice on June 2, 2009 as to the KFC defendants, alleging
that since April 2009, KFC’s California establishments had sold grilled chicken products
exposing consumers to PhIP while “knowingly and intentionally failing to provide clear,
reasonable and conspicuous warnings” of the health risks.
       The attached certificate of merit was signed by PCRM’s counsel on June 2, 2009,
and stated that counsel had consulted with one or more experts regarding the alleged
exposure to PhIP. Based on that information “and all other information in my
possession,” there was a reasonable and meritorious case for the lawsuit, which “means
that the information provides a credible basis that all elements of the plaintiffs’ case can
be established and the information did not prove that the alleged violator will be able to
establish any of the affirmative defenses set forth in the statute.”
       At the January 17, 2012 hearing on the demurrer to the original KFC complaint
filed in March 2011, PCRM’s counsel stated that PCRM saw warnings at KFC
restaurants but “we did not check that the methods that were used were compliant,” and
“we don’t have the slightest idea what KFC does with its warnings and how it handles
them.” Counsel continued that he would have to ask those who saw the warnings what
they saw, and although he “presumed” it was not the Safe Harbor warning, “I don’t know
what they saw.” PCRM’s counsel “inferred from [KFC’s] lack of response [to the 60-day
notice] that . . . they were denying that they had any obligation to post the signs,” and
“they could have sent me some kind of exhaustive factual finding . . . affidavits and
depositions and pictures and exemplars. Then I think that might have put the burden on
me.”
       This 2012 statement by PCRM’s counsel that in 2011 when it filed its complaint,
PCRM did not know what warnings KFC posted and “we did not check” what methods it

                                              17
used in posting them, is an admission that PCRM did not have that information in 2009
when counsel signed the certificate of merit. At the relevant time, PCRM did not have
the factual basis to support its notice or the certificate of merit. Although PCRM’s initial
complaint stated that KFC did post the warnings, the complaint also stated that the
warnings were not displayed in a manner calculated to render them likely to be read and
understood by an ordinary individual, and the notice stated that KFC failed to provide
“clear, reasonable, and conspicuous warnings.” (Italics added.) If (as counsel admitted)
PCRM did not check the methods by which KFC posted its warnings, the statement in the
notice that the warnings were not conspicuous also was not supported by the certificate of
merit.
         PCRM’s notice and certificate of merit were not supported by facts sufficient to
provide a basis for PCRM to believe that it could support the elements of its Proposition
65 claim. A notice that is unsupported by adequate investigation and information is
equivalent to no notice at all, as PCRM could not give the defendants or the Attorney
General (just as it later failed to provide the court) any allegation of how KFC violated
the Proposition 65 warning requirement. As we stated above, PCRM cannot cure its
defective certificate and notice by later conducting discovery to fill in the gaps in what it
knew when counsel executed the certificate and filed the notice. (DiPirro v. American
Isuzu Motors Inc., supra, 119 Cal.App.4th at pp. 974–975.) “‘Neither settlement nor an
official investigation is likely to result from a pro forma notice that the citizen intends to
sue in 60 days for any violation relating to [the identified carcinogen] that discovery
might turn up.’ [Citation.]” (Consumer Advocacy Group, Inc. v. Kintetsu Enterprises of
America (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 953, 965.)
         A Proposition 65 lawsuit filed without adequate investigation into whether and
how defendants post clear and reasonable warnings is susceptible to endless mutations
and amendments, leaving defendants like those in this case to answer conflicting and
contradictory allegations in each successive iteration of the complaint. The statutory
requirements of notice and a supporting certificate of merit are intended to prevent such
improvident lawsuits. When the trial court learns from the plaintiff that it did not know

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what warnings were displayed and how, the requirement of notice is not met, and no
further amendment to the complaints can cure that defect. The trial court did not abuse
its discretion when it sustained the defendants’ demurrers without leave to amend. Our
decision makes it unnecessary to address the preclusive effect of the consent decrees.
                                     DISPOSITION
      The judgments are affirmed. Costs are awarded to respondents.
      CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION.


                                                 JOHNSON, J.


We concur:


      ROTHSCHILD, Acting P. J.


      CHANEY, J.




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