                                         COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


            Present: Judges Humphreys, Alston and Decker
PUBLISHED


            Argued at Richmond, Virginia


            UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND
             LIBERTY INSURANCE CORPORATION
                                                                                OPINION BY
            v.     Record No. 0006-14-2                                  JUDGE ROSSIE D. ALSTON, JR.
                                                                             SEPTEMBER 9, 2014
            KIRK V. PRINCE


                       FROM THE VIRGINIA WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION

                           Patricia C. Arrighi (PennStuart, on brief), for appellants.

                           Gregory O. Harbison (Harbison & Kavanagh, PLLC, on brief), for
                           appellee.


                   United Parcel Service, Inc. (“employer”) and Liberty Insurance Corporation appeal a

            decision of the Workers’ Compensation Commission (“the commission”) awarding Kirk V.

            Prince (“claimant”) benefits. Employer argues that the commission erred when it reversed the

            finding by the deputy commissioner and awarded benefits to claimant for post-traumatic stress

            disorder (“PTSD”). Finding no error, we affirm.

                                                      I. Background

                   “‘On appeal from a decision of the [commission], the evidence and all reasonable

            inferences that may be drawn from that evidence are viewed in the light most favorable to the

            party prevailing below.’” Snyder v. City of Richmond Police Dep’t, 62 Va. App. 405, 408, 748

            S.E.2d 650, 652 (2013) (quoting Artis v. Ottenberg’s Bakers, Inc., 45 Va. App. 72, 83, 608

            S.E.2d 512, 517 (2005) (en banc)). So viewed, the evidence indicated that on January 7, 2013,

            claimant, a forty-two-year-old at the time who had been working for employer since 1995,

            specifically as a delivery driver for twelve years, arrived at Barbara Fassett’s home to deliver a
package and found her lying on the ground with blood on her face. It was later determined that

Ms. Fassett had sustained a fatal gunshot wound to her face. Claimant filed his claim for

benefits on February 6, 2013, alleging a compensable injury (PTSD) by accident from the

circumstances associated with having observed the gruesome scene of the January homicide.

Claimant sought a medical award and temporary total disability benefits from January 10, 2013,

through June 2, 2013, based upon an average weekly wage of $1,545.48. Employer defended the

claim on the grounds that the incident did not qualify as a compensable injury by accident that

arose out of claimant’s employment and that claimant failed to market his remaining work

capacity.1

       At the hearing before the deputy commissioner on May 23, 2013, claimant testified that

he had been making deliveries to Ms. Fassett’s home two to three times a week for

approximately ten years and had developed a good relationship with her. Around 5:30 p.m. on

January 7, 2013, claimant arrived at Ms. Fassett’s home to make a regular delivery and as he

walked towards the house, he noticed glass on the porch and saw a woman lying in the doorway

of the house. As claimant moved closer to the woman and yelled out to ask if she was okay, he

noticed that “she was covered in blood over the face” at which point claimant backed away and

dialed 911.

       Claimant testified that he recognized the victim as Ms. Fassett and described what he

witnessed as a “really really gruesome scene.” Specifically, claimant observed blood on

Ms. Fassett’s face and the bottom part of her mouth. In claimant’s recorded interview taken

seven days after the incident on January 14, 2013, claimant stated that “I thought she had passed

out - I proceeded to look inside at her and she had been shot several times.” In his recorded

interview, claimant was asked if “there [was] any visible evidence as [he] walked up to the door

       1
           The failure to market remaining work capacity issue is not before this Court on appeal.
                                               -2-
that there might have been a situation that had happened [at Ms. Fassett’s house]?” Claimant

responded:

               Yeah – I thought – the glass to the screen door had been broken
               and I thought she had fall – my initial – um – assessment was that
               she had fell or something like that – or she may have passed out or
               something – I did not notice what had happened until I got closer
               to her.

       Claimant stated that as he moved closer, when he looked at Ms. Fassett’s face, he could

tell she had “shrapnel and bullet wounds in her face and her face was pretty much gone – it was

all bloody.” At that point claimant called 911. Claimant testified that he:

               felt sorrow because [he] knew her, . . . [he knew] all [his]
               customers and [he] just had never seen anyone besides in the
               funeral home that had been deceased. And [he] just felt a
               sickening feeling in [his] stomach and [he] didn’t know how to
               comprehend how [he] was feeling at the time.

       When asked why he feared for his life, claimant testified: “Once I saw the, the glass and

I saw the, the light on, like someone had just left the premises, or someone had just went into the

house, I, . . . just made assessment that, you know, it’s, it was foul play or miss [sic].”

       Claimant had not heard any radio reports of a crime being committed on the way to

Ms. Fassett’s nor heard any gunshots before he arrived. Additionally, he had never taken a

training course through UPS as to what to do or how to prepare for witnessing scenes of violence

while on the job. Claimant testified that he made 150 deliveries a day on average and had never

before seen any customers at their home covered in blood. After witnessing Ms. Fassett’s body

for approximately five or ten seconds, claimant called 911 and then his supervisor.

       The audio of claimant’s 911 call was admitted into the record and played at the hearing.

In the audio, claimant stated that Ms. Fassett was not breathing, had blood on her mouth and

nose, and that he believed there had been foul play. Claimant declined to attempt to perform

CPR, stating that he did not know whether the person who had done this was still in the house.
                                                 -3-
Claimant testified that he cried at the scene “pretty much right after [he] saw [Ms. Fassett]” and

that “the longer [he] was there, the more upset [he] got.” Claimant further testified that he

vomited while waiting for 911 responders because he “felt nauseating [sic] and overwhelmed.”

Claimant testified that he was at the scene for approximately an hour waiting for police

responders and to be interviewed. After police arrived and entered the house, claimant learned

that there was another dead body, Ms. Fassett’s daughter, inside the house and claimant stated

that this news made him feel even worse.

       Claimant had seven more deliveries to make that day but he did not make them because

he was “too upset” and could not drive. Claimant was driven back to the UPS terminal by a

supervisor. Claimant testified that he did not sleep that night because he “was in fear” and

“mourning for Ms. Fassett and her daughter” and “didn’t feel safe in [his] own home, from what

[he] saw.”

       Employer’s doctor evaluated claimant the following day and diagnosed him with

“situational anxiety” and recommended counseling and prescribed Xanax. From January

through March, claimant experienced sleep problems, flashbacks, fear at night or while being out

in public, and not feeling safe at home. Claimant began treatment at Adolescent and Family

Health Center where he was diagnosed with PTSD. Mr. Stan Tebbe, LPC, restricted claimant

from working as a result of his diagnosis by letter dated January 10, 2013. Dr. George Bright,

M.D., also of Adolescent and Family Health Center, confirmed claimant’s PTSD diagnosis and

sleep disturbance as a result of his trauma and noted that claimant was on Abilify and Lunesta to

help him sleep and continuing counseling with Mr. Stebbe. Claimant testified that he planned to

return to work at UPS on June 3, 2013.

       The deputy commissioner issued his opinion on July 23, 2013, finding that claimant

adequately marketed his residual earning capacity but that claimant’s condition did not constitute
                                                -4-
a compensable injury by accident. Claimant requested review by the full commission on August

1, 2013. On December 17, 2013, the full commission issued its opinion reversing the deputy

commissioner and holding that the “sight of [claimant’s] murdered customer was so shocking,

frightening, traumatic, catastrophic, and unexpected as to comprise a compensable injury by

accident . . . .” The commission further found that

               [C]laimant experienced an obvious sudden shock or fright
               sufficient to constitute an injury by accident producing a
               psychological injury. The events of January 7, 2013 were wholly
               outside the reasonable expectations of the claimant’s work day.
               . . . It was the claimant’s job to deliver packages. He did not
               volunteer or expect to find the murdered woman.

This appeal followed.

                                            II. Analysis

       Employer argues that claimant’s brief observation of Ms. Fassett’s body was insufficient

to constitute a “sudden shock or fright” so as to constitute a compensable injury by accident.

       “On appeal, factual findings of the commission will not be disturbed if based on credible

evidence.” Anthony v. Fairfax Cnty. Dep’t of Family Servs., 36 Va. App. 98, 103, 548 S.E.2d

273, 275 (2001) (citing Morris v. Badger Powhatan/Figgie Int’l, Inc., 3 Va. App. 276, 279, 348

S.E.2d 876, 877 (1986)). “Causation is a factual determination to be made by the commission,

but the standards required to prove causation and whether the evidence is sufficient to meet those

standards are legal issues which we must determine.” Id. at 103, 548 S.E.2d at 276 (citing

Morris v. Morris, 238 Va. 578, 385 S.E.2d 858 (1989)).

       A claimant may recover workers’ compensation benefits for a purely psychological

injury, provided the injury is causally related to a sudden shock or fright arising out of the course




                                                -5-
of the claimant’s employment.2 In one of the first cases awarding benefits for a psychological

injury, Burlington Mills v. Hagood, 177 Va. 204, 206, 211, 13 S.E.2d 291, 291, 294 (1941), the

Supreme Court of Virginia affirmed the then Industrial Commission’s award of benefits to a

claimant who thought she had been electrocuted when a motor short-circuited, causing a flash

which frightened claimant. The Supreme Court held that because the claimant’s psychological

injury was traced to a risk that arose out of her employment and there was a direct causal relation

between the short-circuit flash and claimant’s psychological injury, the commission did not err in

awarding claimant benefits. Id. at 211, 13 S.E.2d at 293-94. This Court later applied the

principle that a claimant may recover for a psychological injury and clarified that “[t]o be

compensable as an injury by accident, a purely psychological injury must be causally related to a

physical injury or be causally related to an obvious sudden shock or fright arising in the course

of employment.” Chesterfield Cnty. v. Dunn, 9 Va. App. 475, 477, 389 S.E.2d 180, 182 (1990)

(citing Hagood, 177 Va. at 210-11, 13 S.E.2d at 293-94) (claimant firefighter and emergency

medical technician not entitled to benefits for a psychological injury allegedly caused by

attending to a severely injured motorist after an automobile accident because the situation was an

expected occurrence in claimant’s occupation).

       2
          See, e.g., Daniel Const. Co. v. Tolley, 24 Va. App. 70, 480 S.E.2d 145 (1997)
(explosion of 100 pounds of dynamite without warning while claimant was unloading concrete in
a mine shaft nearby was deemed sufficient); Hercules v. Gunther, 13 Va. App. 357, 412 S.E.2d
185 (1991) (claimant, who was propelled through air in an explosion that killed coworkers, was
entitled to benefits). While its decisions are not binding authority on this Court, we note that the
commission has likewise held that a claimant may recover for purely psychological injuries.
See, e.g., Tucker v. A&G Coal Co., VWC File No. 190-92-66 (July 16, 1999) (claimant who was
on runaway motor grader rolling down a steep road and had to jump off to safety suffered a
“truly life or death situation” that was sufficient to “shock the conscience” and the commission
awarded benefits); Trent v. Cent. Va. Training Ctr., VWC File No. 165-64-70 (Sept. 12, 1994)
(shot fired near unarmed security guard left claimant with “profound feelings of vulnerability,
threat and helplessness”); Dudley v. Norfolk Airport Auth., VWC File No. 141-48-81 (Jan. 19,
1994) (post-traumatic stress disorder resulted from work-related robbery).


                                               -6-
       In Anthony, 36 Va. App. at 103-04, 548 S.E.2d at 276, this Court refined the “shock or

fright” component of a compensable psychological injury by noting that “[t]he types of

precipitating events that give rise to purely psychological compensable injuries are consistently

described as shocking, frightening, traumatic, catastrophic, and unexpected.” In Anthony, the

claimant therein was a social worker for the Fairfax County Department of Family Services and

her duties included field contacts with clients and implementation of court orders, including

removing children from their homes. Id. at 100, 548 S.E.2d at 274. During one incident giving

rise to her claim, claimant conducted a home visit of a client, which resulted in the client

physically pulling claimant from a chair and throwing her out of the house. During a separate

incident one year later in a visit to a daycare center to take emergency custody of two children,

the mother and grandmother of the children pushed claimant to the ground. Id. at 100-01, 548

S.E.2d at 274. Claimant filed a claim for benefits related to both physical and psychological

injuries and testified that she was “terrified” after the second altercation and that she became

more afraid of going out in the field, that she had trouble sleeping, became more angry, lost

weight, and that the incident affected her relationships with other staff members. Id. at 101, 548

S.E.2d at 275. A psychologist with the employee assistance program diagnosed claimant with

PTSD; however, a psychiatrist retained by employer found no evidence of PTSD. Id.

       The deputy commissioner found that while claimant did not suffer any new physical

injuries in the second confrontation, the incident did cause PTSD. Id. at 102, 548 S.E.2d at 275.

The full commission reversed. In affirming the commission, this Court upheld the commission’s

findings regarding the employer-retained psychiatrist’s characterization of the types of events

that meet the criteria for PTSD as: “Life threatening events, being held hostage, being held at

gunpoint, being subject to some unexpected catastrophe like a severe automobile accident [or] a

plane crash. And the word unexpected is very important because in the normal range of
                                                -7-
activities, we kind of expect certain things to happen.” Id. at 104, 548 S.E.2d at 276. The

employer’s psychiatrist further opined that one of the factors mitigating claimant’s diagnosis of

PTSD was that what happened to her was not “out of the range of experience of a social worker

in Child Protective Services.” Id. Accordingly, this Court held that credible evidence supported

the commission’s determination that the events of the second altercation did not “rise to the level

of the type of sudden shock or fright from which a compensable injury may arise.” Id. at 105,

548 S.E.2d at 277.

       In the present case, there is ample credible evidence in the record to support the

commission’s award of benefits based on claimant’s PTSD resulting from his encounter with the

dead body of a longtime customer on the job. Employer cites to the commission’s decision in

Larkin v. Thalia Gardens Apartments, VWC File No. 238-20-16 (Mar. 26, 2010), in support of

its position3; however, the facts of that case are clearly distinguishable from the facts of the

present case.4 The uncontroverted evidence is that claimant obviously stumbled on a completely


       3
           The commission’s analysis in Larkin certainly is not binding on this Court.
       4
          In Larkin, the commission reversed the deputy commissioner’s award of benefits to a
claimant who saw her coworker lying on the ground after she had been shot. Claimant heard six
loud bangs and then received a call from a coworker saying that her other coworker had been
shot. Claimant then drove over to the location of the shooting and observed her injured
coworker lying on the ground. Claimant was later diagnosed with PTSD. The commission,
citing Curry v. Consol. Energy, Inc., Record No. 1747-07-3, 2008 Va. App. LEXIS 145 (Va. Ct.
App. Mar. 25, 2008), relied on the facts that claimant was not present when the shooting
occurred and testified that she thought the sound was a blown generator, she was notified by a
coworker that the decedent had been shot prior to her arrival on the scene, and that claimant was
not required to be present at the shooting scene as part of her employment to hold that claimant
did not suffer a compensable psychological injury.
        In Curry, claimant’s coworker was fatally injured when he became caught in a conveyor
belt line of a rock crusher tailpiece. 2008 Va. App. LEXIS 145, at *2-3. Claimant did not
witness the accident but was told about it, arrived shortly after it occurred, and assisted with the
removal of his friend’s remains from the machine. Id. The commission denied the claimant
benefits, finding that claimant did not suffer from PTSD based upon the employer’s medical
evidence, which disputed claimant’s assertion that he suffered from PTSD. Id. at *5-6. This
Court affirmed, holding that the commission did not err in resolving the conflicting medical
                                                 -8-
unexpected, horrific and terrifying sight.5 He described the horror as a “really really gruesome

scene.” Specifically, claimant observed blood on Ms. Fassett’s face and the bottom part of her

mouth. Claimant further stated that when he looked at Ms. Fassett’s face he could tell she had

“shrapnel and bullet wounds in her face and her face was pretty much gone – it was all bloody.”

Claimant’s shock was evident immediately as he testified that he cried at the scene “pretty much

right after [he] saw [Ms. Fassett]” and that he vomited while waiting for 911 responders because

he “felt nauseat[ed] and overwhelmed.”

       Additionally, unlike the claimant in Anthony where claimant’s confrontations with

clients were not surprising in the course of her job, claimant unexpectedly came across

Ms. Fassett’s body while in the course of his job duties. Claimant did not hear any radio reports

of crime on the way to Ms. Fassett’s house or hear any gunshots before he arrived. He did not

have a training course through UPS on how to prepare for or react to witnessing scenes of

violence while on the job and out of approximately 150 deliveries a day on average, claimant had

never before seen any customers at their home covered in blood. Claimant was clearly

frightened and felt like he was in a life or death situation. Indeed he testified that he “was feeling

fear because [he] knew something bad had happened, but [he] didn’t know . . . who had did it

and . . . exactly where the person was that did it, so [he] was fearing for [his] life actually.”


evidence in favor of the employer. Id. at *7. Because the Court affirmed the commission’s
finding that claimant did not actually suffer from PTSD, it did not reach the issue of whether the
precipitating event was sufficiently shocking or frightening to cause a compensable
psychological injury.
        The commission’s reliance on Curry in deciding whether the claimant in Larkin suffered
a sufficiently shocking or frightening event, despite the fact that the court did not reach that issue
in Curry, is inapposite to this case. The gruesome facts of this case are clearly distinguishable
from both Larkin and Curry.
       5
         We also note that unlike the evidence before the commission in Anthony and Curry, in
this case the medical evidence of claimant’s PTSD diagnosis was not contradicted.


                                                 -9-
       Employer places great emphasis on the fact that claimant only looked at Ms. Fassett’s

body for five to ten seconds before retreating and calling 911. We note that neither the Supreme

Court nor this Court has developed a temporal component or standard for how long a claimant

must witness a scene for it to constitute a sufficiently shocking or frightening event, and we

decline to do so in this case. Regardless of the length of time claimant looked at Ms. Fassett’s

face, it was long enough to determine that it was bloodied and “pretty much gone . . . .”

Furthermore, claimant remained at the scene for approximately an hour after the police arrived

and during that time was told that there was another dead body in the house. The entire incident,

during which claimant remained in shock, crying, and vomiting, lasted over an hour.

       Finally, employer argues that the commission erred by taking into account details not

known by claimant when he initially witnessed the scene (such as the fact that there was a

second dead body inside the house, which he only learned after the police arrived). The

commission’s opinion makes no mention of such details. While claimant learned from the police

while at the scene that there was a second dead body inside the home, it does not diminish the

initial shock associated with unexpectedly stumbling across one dead body. The commission

based its determination on claimant’s testimony describing the scene he witnessed and the 911

recording in concluding that claimant observed a sufficiently shocking and frightening scene.

The facts set forth in claimant’s testimony and the 911 call all centered on claimant’s

observations of Ms. Fassett’s body immediately when he came across it and in the seconds and

minutes following his discovery.

       For these reasons, we hold that the commission did not err in determining that claimant

suffered a compensable psychological injury and that he was therefore entitled to an award of

benefits.

                                                                                            Affirmed.
                                               - 10 -
