         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT NASHVILLE
                             Assigned on Briefs June 20, 2006

                STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JOHNNY C. MENIFEE


                       Appeal from the Circuit Court for Maury County
                         No. 13869, 13870    Stella Hargrove, Judge



                      No. M2005-00708-CCA-R3-CD - Filed July 7/31/06


The Appellant, Johnny C. Menifee, was convicted by a Maury County jury of Class D felony evading
arrest with risk of injury, misdemeanor theft, Class E felony reckless endangerment with a deadly
weapon, and resisting arrest following his involvement in a car theft and resulting police high-speed
chase. Menifee was subsequently sentenced to an effective eighteen-year Department of Correction
sentence. On appeal, Menifee raises two issues for review: (1) whether the evidence is sufficient to
support his convictions; and (2) whether his dual convictions for felony evading arrest and felony
reckless endangerment violate double jeopardy. Following review, we affirm the convictions.

                 Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

DAVID G. HAYES, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS T. WOODALL and NORMA
MCGEE OGLE, JJ., joined.

Claudia S. Jack, District Public Defender and Shipp R. Weems, Assistant Public Defender,
Columbia, Tennessee, for the Appellant, Johnny C. Menifee.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Benjamin A. Ball, Assistant Attorney General;
Mike Bottoms, District Attorney General; and Daniel Runde, Assistant District Attorney General,
for the Appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                            OPINION

                                       Factual Background

        On April 22, 2003, Elizabeth Fox drove her 1998 Ford Mustang onto the Kroger parking lot
and entered the Farmer’s and Merchant’s Bank, leaving the keys in her car. Fox was in the bank only
briefly and, upon returning to her car, found it missing. She reported the theft to the Columbia
Police Department, and a BOLO was issued to all officers, which included the car’s license plate
number.
         Moments later, Sergeant Blair and Officer Shannon of the Columbia Police Department were
refueling their patrol cars when Blair observed a 1998 silver Mustang drive by and noted that a
portion of the license plate number matched that of the vehicle reported stolen. Blair was able to
catch up with the Mustang and confirmed that the license plate number was the same as reported
stolen. He observed a black male as the driver and the sole occupant of the Mustang. However,
pursuant to police department procedure, Blair did not activate his emergency equipment until other
officers were in position as backup. As the Appellant drove the Mustang onto the shopping center
parking lot at Columbia Plaza, Blair noticed that Officer Shannon had arrived and had positioned
his patrol car to block an exit of the shopping center. At this point, Blair proceeded to activate his
blue lights and sirens. The Appellant refused to stop and proceeded through the parking lot at a high
rate of speed, veering towards Shannon’s patrol car, and, only at the last minute, swerving to avoid
hitting the car. The Appellant exited Columbia Plaza onto 7th Street, still being pursued by Sergeant
Blair.

        As the Appellant proceeded down 7th Street, he reached speeds of approximately one hundred
miles per hour in an area where the posted speed limit was thirty miles per hour and veered into lanes
of oncoming traffic to avoid being stopped at a traffic signal. As the Appellant approached the
intersection of 7th Street and Garden Street, he swerved back into his own lane, but he then attempted
to drive through an area reserved for parallel parking, striking a 1992 GEO Metro before crashing
into a utility pole and coming to a stop.

        Witnesses, including Blair, observed that only one person, the Appellant, exited the vehicle
and fled on foot. Nonetheless, upon exiting his patrol car, Blair checked the Mustang to make sure
that no other occupants were inside. He then pursued the Appellant on foot. Officer Shannon, who
had arrived on the scene as the foot chase began, proceeded down the street in his patrol car, keeping
pace with the Appellant and Blair. Several times, Shannon used his loud speaker to tell the
Appellant to stop. The Appellant continued his flight on foot, at one point jumping over two parked
patrol cars. Eventually, Shannon and another officer who had arrived on the scene managed to drive
ahead and cut off the Appellant’s escape route. After the police encountered the Appellant, he
struggled with the officers as they attempted to handcuff him. Eventually, the officers succeeded in
handcuffing the Appellant and placed him in Shannon’s patrol car. After being placed in the patrol
car, the Appellant spat blood, saliva, and mucus upon Officer Shannon and banged his head against
the door and window, yelling obscenities at the officers.

        In June 2003, two multi-count indictments were returned by a Maury County grand jury
charging the Appellant with various crimes stemming from the criminal episode. In case number
13869, the Appellant was charged with driving on a revoked license, leaving the scene of an
accident, reckless endangerment, evading arrest creating a risk of death or injury, and theft over
$1,000 but less than $10,000. In case number 13870, the Appellant was charged with reckless
endangerment by motor vehicle, assault, evading arrest, and resisting arrest. Prior to trial, the
charges of driving on a revoked license, leaving the scene of an accident, reckless endangerment, and
evading arrest were dismissed by the State. The remaining charges, namely evading arrest creating
a risk of death or injury, theft over $1,000 but less than $10,000, reckless endangerment by motor


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vehicle, assault, and resisting arrest, were consolidated for trial on November 4, 2004. At trial, the
Appellant testified and denied any involvement in the crimes, asserting that he simply was a
passenger in the car, which he claimed had been stolen by a man he had previously worked with who
had given him a ride. Following the presentation of evidence, the jury convicted the Appellant of
evading arrest with risk of death and injury, misdemeanor theft, reckless endangerment with a deadly
weapon, and resisting arrest.

        At a subsequent January 4, 2005 sentencing hearing, the State introduced evidence of the
Appellant’s extensive criminal history, spanning over two decades. The Appellant testified and
again proclaimed his innocence in the crimes. The trial court sentenced the Appellant, as a Range
III offender, as follows: (1) twelve years for Class D felony evading arrest; (2) six years for Class E
felony reckless endangerment; (3) eleven months and twenty-nine days for misdemeanor theft; and
(4) six months for resisting arrest. The court further ordered that the two felony convictions were
to be served consecutively, resulting in an effective sentence of eighteen years in the Department of
Correction. Following the denial of his motion for new trial on February 22, 2005, the Appellant
filed the instant appeal.

                                               Analysis

       On appeal, the Appellant has raised two issues for our review. First, he asserts that the
evidence presented was insufficient to support his four convictions. Additionally, he argues that his
convictions for Class D felony evading arrest and Class E felony reckless endangerment violate
double jeopardy.

I. Sufficiency of the Evidence

        First, the Appellant asserts that “under the circumstances of this case . . . the evidence does
not justify the guilty verdicts which were returned by the jury.” Other than a recitation of relevant
sufficiency law, the Appellant’s entire argument on appeal is as follows:

               The [Appellant] contends that the evidence is not sufficient to convict him of
       evading arrest with risk of death and injury, theft, reckless endangerment with a
       motor vehicle, and resisting arrest. The [Appellant] testified that he was not the
       driver of this automobile and fled on foot only because he panicked when he saw
       police coming for him.

In considering the issue of sufficiency of the evidence, we apply the rule that where the sufficiency
of the evidence is challenged, the relevant question for the reviewing court is "whether, after viewing
the evidence in the light most favorable to the [State], any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319,
99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); see also Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). Moreover, the State is entitled to the
strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences which may be drawn
therefrom. State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 75 (Tenn. 1992). All questions involving the credibility


                                                  -3-
of witnesses, the weight and value to be given the evidence, and all factual issues are resolved by the
trier of fact. State v. Pappas, 754 S.W.2d 620, 623 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). This court will not
reweigh or reevaluate the evidence presented. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978).

       “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the
witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory of the State.” State v. Grace,
493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). A jury conviction removes the presumption of innocence with
which a defendant is initially cloaked and replaces it with one of guilt, so that on appeal, a convicted
defendant has the burden of demonstrating that the evidence is insufficient. State v. Tuggle, 639
S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). These rules are applicable to findings of guilt predicated upon direct
evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of both. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776,
779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).

        Although a conviction may be based entirely upon circumstantial evidence, Duchac v. State,
505 S.W.2d 237, 241 (Tenn. 1974), in such cases, the facts must be “so clearly interwoven and
connected that the finger of guilt is pointed unerringly at the Defendant and the Defendant alone.”
State v. Black, 815 S.W.2d 166, 175 (Tenn. 1991) (citing State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63 (Tenn.
1985)). However, as in the case of direct evidence, the weight to be given circumstantial evidence
and “the inferences to be drawn from such evidence, and the extent to which the circumstances are
consistent with guilt and inconsistent with innocence, are questions primarily for the jury.” Marable
v. State, 203 Tenn. 440, 313 S.W.2d 451, 457 (Tenn. 1958) (citations omitted).

          As noted, the Appellant’s entire sufficiency argument is premised upon his assertion that the
proof failed to establish his identity as the perpetrator of the crimes charged. The Appellant testified
at trial that he was walking down the road when a friend, whom he knew only as Bobby, stopped and
offered him a ride in the Mustang. According to the Appellant, Bobby refused to stop the car when
the police began pursuit, despite the Appellant’s urging him to do so. He further stated that it was
Bobby who crashed the car into the pole prior to fleeing from the car. The Appellant stated that he
exited the Mustang through the driver side door because the passenger door was jammed and that
he ran because he was afraid that the police would beat him.

         While the identity of the perpetrator is an essential element of the offense which must be
proven beyond a reasonable doubt, State v. Thompson, 519 S.W.2d 789, 793 (Tenn. 1975), the
Appellant’s argument fails to recognize that the jury, as the trier of fact, was free to reject his
testimony that he was not the driver of the car based upon a credibility determination. Also, the
Appellant fails to acknowledge that his testimony that another person was present in the car was
contradicted by several eyewitnesses who testified that the Appellant was the sole occupant of the
vehicle. Clearly, based upon the guilty verdicts, the jury rejected the Appellant’s testimony that he
was not the driver of the car. The credibility of a witness is a factual issue to be resolved by the trier
of fact, and we will not reweigh or reevaluate such determinations on appeal. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d
at 835. From the facts presented, a jury could have concluded that the Appellant was the perpetrator
of the crimes for which he was convicted.



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          The Appellant was convicted of evading arrest with risk of death and injury. The offense
of evading arrest occurs when “any person, while operating a motor vehicle on any street, road, alley
or highway in this state, . . . intentionally flee[s] or attempt[s] to elude any law enforcement officer,
after having received any signal from such officer to bring the vehicle to a stop.” T.C.A. § 39-16-
603(b)(1) (2003). While defined as a Class E felony, the offense is a Class D felony if “the flight
or attempt to elude creates a risk of death or injury to innocent bystanders or other third parties . .
. .” Id. at (b)(3). For such Class D felony convictions, all that need be shown is that the defendant
evaded arrest and that, in doing so, he created the risk of death or injury. State v. Payne, 7 S.W.3d
25, 28 (Tenn. 1999). Here, both Blair and Shannon testified that the emergency equipment of their
patrol cars was activated as they pursued the Appellant down 7th Street during the high speed chase.
The Appellant himself acknowledged that they were involved in a high-speed chase and that he was
aware that the police were trying to stop the Mustang. Clearly, there can be no dispute that the
Appellant was attempting to elude arrest. Moreover, it is clear that the Appellant’s flight created a
risk of death or injury to others. The officers testified that the Appellant was driving down a busy
street in a thirty-mile per hour zone, at one hundred miles per hour, weaving in and out of traffic,
even driving into oncoming traffic to avoid being stopped at a traffic light. The proof established
that prior to crashing into a pole, the Appellant’s vehicle struck a GEO Metro, which had stopped
for a red light. Clearly, the Appellant created a risk of death or injury to every motorist on the
roadway which he encountered, in addition to the driver of the GEO Metro. The evidence presented
is sufficient to support this conviction.

        The Appellant was also convicted of Class E felony reckless endangerment with a deadly
weapon. Reckless endangerment is committed when a person “recklessly engages in conduct which
places or may place another person in imminent danger of death or serious bodily injury.” T.C.A.
§ 39-13-103(a) (2003). While it is generally a Class A misdemeanor, it becomes a Class E felony
when committed with a deadly weapon. Id. at (b). Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-11-302(c)
(2003) states that:

        “Reckless” refers to a person who acts recklessly with respect to circumstances
        surrounding the conduct or the result of the conduct when the person is aware of but
        consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the circumstances exist
        or the result will occur. The risk must be of such a nature and degree that its
        disregard constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of care that an ordinary
        person would exercise under all the circumstances as viewed from the accused
        person’s standpoint.

For the threat of death or serious bodily injury to be “imminent,” the person must be placed in a
reasonable probability of danger as opposed to a mere possibility of danger. Payne, 7 S.W.3d at 28.
The “zone of danger” is “that area in which a reasonable probability exists that the defendant’s
conduct would place others in imminent danger of death or serious bodily injury if others were
present in that zone or area.” Id. Additionally, in order to convict an accused of reckless
endangerment, “the State must show that a person or class of persons were in an area in which a
reasonable probability of danger existed.” Id. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to


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the State, we conclude that the evidence is sufficient to support the conviction. Officer Shannon
testified that the Appellant drove his car directly at the patrol car Shannon occupied and swerved
only at the last minute, narrowly missing the car. The fact that serious injury was not inflicted as a
result of the Appellant’s actions is irrelevant to the offense. State v. Baggett, 836 S.W.2d 593, 595
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1992).

         Though the Appellant was charged with theft of property valued at more than $1,000 but less
than $10,000, the jury convicted the Appellant of misdemeanor theft. Tennessee Code Annotated
section 39-14-103 (2003) provides, “[a] person commits theft of property if, with intent to deprive
the owner of property, the person knowingly obtains or exercises control over the property without
the owner’s effective consent.” Theft of property is a Class A misdemeanor if the value of the
property is $500 or less. T.C.A. § 39-14-105(a) (2003). Elizabeth Fox testified that her 1998 Ford
Mustang was taken from the Kroger parking lot without her consent. Fox further testified that she
had purchased the car approximately one year earlier for $8,500. Moments after the car was reported
stolen, the Appellant was seen driving the car, which he eventually crashed into a pole. Though no
witness actually saw the Appellant steal the car, there is strong circumstantial evidence, based upon
his immediate possession of recently stolen property, that the Appellant was the thief. Clearly, the
jury, though rejecting the victim’s asserted value, found proof that the Appellant committed the theft.
Accordingly, we conclude that the proof is legally sufficient to support the Appellant’s conviction
for misdemeanor theft.

       Lastly, the Appellant was convicted of resisting arrest. Resisting arrest is defined as follows:

       It is an offense for a person to intentionally prevent or obstruct anyone known to the
       person to be a law enforcement officer . . . from effecting a stop, frisk, halt, arrest or
       search of any person, including the defendant, by using force against the law
       enforcement officer.

T.C.A. § 39-16-602 (2003). “‘Force’ means compulsion by the use of physical power or violence
and shall be broadly construed to accomplish the purposes of this title[.]” T.C.A. § 39-11-106(12)
(2003). Both Blair and Shannon testified that the Appellant resisted their efforts and the efforts of
other officers who had arrived to handcuff the Appellant. Blair testified that the Appellant
repeatedly pulled away, tried to get his hands underneath him, and pushed off the ground in order
to avoid being cuffed. Blair further stated that it was a considerable struggle to actually accomplish
handcuffing the Appellant. Clearly, this proof supports a conviction for resisting arrest.

II. Double Jeopardy

        Next, the Appellant argues that his dual convictions for Class D felony evading arrest with
risk of death or injury and Class E felony reckless endangerment violate the principles of double
jeopardy. The Appellant specifically asserts that a violation of double jeopardy occurred because
both offenses were established by the Appellant’s actions in a continuous high-speed flight from
officers and the resulting risks to drivers on the roadway.


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        Both our federal and state constitutions prohibit persons from being “twice put in jeopardy”
for the same offense. U.S. CONST . amend. V; Tenn. Const. art. I, § 10. “This prohibition against
double jeopardy provides protection from three evils: (1) a second prosecution after an acquittal; (2)
a second prosecution after a conviction; and (3) multiple punishments for the same offense.” State
v. Franklin, 130 S.W.3d 789, 797 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003) (citing Lewis, 958 S.W.2d at 738). The
issue before us relates to the last of the three categories as the Appellant contends that the two
convictions resulted from the same act, i.e., the high-speed chase.

        In State v. Denton, our supreme court recognized that “[t]he key issue in multiple punishment
cases is legislative intent.” State v. Denton, 938 S.W.2d 373, 379 (Tenn. 1996). In other words, the
court must determine whether the legislature intended that each violation resulting from a single act
be a separate offense. Presumptively, “the legislature does not ordinarily intend to punish the same
offense under two different statutes.” Id. In Denton, the court set out a four-part balancing inquiry
which is to be utilized in determining whether a defendant has received multiple punishments for
the same act in violation of the principles of double jeopardy. Id. at 379-81; see also State v.
Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d 771, 781 (Tenn. 2004). First, the reviewing court must determine whether
each offense requires proof of an element that the other does not in accordance with Blockburger v.
United States, 284 U.S. 299, 52 S. Ct. 180 (1932). Denton, 938 S.W.2d at 379. Second, the court
must look to the specific evidence offered in the case to determine whether different evidence was
used to prove each separate offense. Id. at 380. Next, the court is to consider whether there were
multiple victims or multiple episodes. Id. at 381. Finally, the court must examine the purposes of
the respective statutes prohibiting the defendant’s conduct and determine whether the statutes serve
different purposes. Id. at 381. No one factor in this test is determinative; rather, the court must
balance all factors in relation to each other. Id.

        Applying the test to the case at hand, we must first determine whether each offense requires
proof of an element the other does not. See Blockburger, 284 U.S. at 304, 52 S. Ct. at 182. As
previously noted, Class E felony reckless endangerment is “recklessly engag[ing] in conduct which
places or may place another person in imminent danger of death or serious bodily injury . . .
committed with a deadly weapon.” T.C.A. § 39-13-103(a), (b). Class D felony evading arrest is
committed while “operating a motor vehicle on any street, road, alley or highway in this State, . . .
[and] intentionally flee[ing] or attempt[ing] to elude any law enforcement officer, after having
received any signal from such officer to bring the vehicle to a stop . . . [and] the flight or attempt to
elude creates a risk of death or injury to innocent bystanders or other third parties . . . .” T.C.A. §
39-16-603(b)(1), (3). Thus, reckless endangerment requires a deadly weapon, while evading arrest
requires the use or operation of a motor vehicle. Id.; see also State v. Jimmy Lee Cullop, JR., No.
E2000-00095-CCA-R3-CD (Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville, Apr. 17, 2001). Additionally, evading
arrest requires flight or an attempt to elude a law enforcement officer upon a signal to stop. Id.
Thus, there is not an identity of elements, and the offenses pass Blockburger scrutiny. Cullop, No.
E2000-00095-CCA-R3-CD.

       Next, we examine the specific evidence offered by the State to determine whether different
evidence was used to establish each offense. As noted, the Appellant was convicted of Class D


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felony evading arrest. With regard to this conviction, the proof established that the Appellant, while
still attempting to elude Blair’s pursuit, sped down 7th Street at high rates of speed, swerving and
veering through lanes of moving traffic. Moreover, at the intersection of 7th and Garden Streets, the
Appellant swerved into an area reserved for parallel parking, hitting a 1992 GEO Metro driven by
Robert Hardison who had stopped at the traffic signal. With regard to felony reckless endangerment,
the proof established that the Appellant, while operating his vehicle in the parking lot of the
shopping center, intentionally swerved his vehicle toward Officer Shannon’s parked car, narrowly
missing it. Thus, clearly, each of the two offenses was established by separate proof. We do not
dispute that the Appellant’s acts were all committed within a single criminal episode; however, this
is not the determinative test for double jeopardy. The record before us demonstrates that the proof
established the existence of separate and distinct acts of Class D felony evading arrest and felony
reckless endangerment which were separated by time, location, and actus reas.

        Third, we address the question of whether the dual convictions involved multiple victims
within the single criminal episode. As opposed to Cullop, which is relied upon by the Appellant, this
case, as noted supra, involved multiple victims and distinct episodes of conduct constituting the
separate offenses. In contrast, Cullop involved evidence of multiple drivers on the road, but the
charging instrument and the proof offered to support both offenses centered on “others” generally,
as opposed to specific or different individuals who were placed at risk by the defendant’s conduct.
Cullop, No. E2000-00095-CCA-R3-CD. Here, with regard to felony evading arrest, the State
presented proof of specific identified victims placed at risk, in addition to those unidentified
motorists who were shown to be traveling on 7th Street. Specifically, Robert Hardison testified that
he was stopped at a stop light in his car when the Appellant crashed into him. Additionally, Sarah
Bolin testified that she was at the stop light when the Appellant swerved through the traffic and
plowed into the pole next to her. Moreover, with regard to the felony reckless endangerment charge,
Officer Shannon testified that the Appellant drove directly at his parked patrol car, swerving only
at the last minute and narrowly missing him. Thus, by presenting distinct proof of acts against
specific victims, the State established that this was not one continuous episode; rather, the proof
established discrete acts and separate victims which were capable of being separated into multiple
offenses. Cf. Cullop, No. E2000-00095-CCA-R3-CD;1 State v. Ramsey, 903 S.W.2d 709, 713
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).

        Finally, we hold that the purposes of the reckless endangerment and felony evading arrest
statutes are not the same. See Cullop, No. E2000-00095-CCA-R3-CD (Tipton, J., concurring in part
and dissenting in part) (holding that the legislature did not intend the offenses of felony reckless
endangerment and felony evading arrest to be viewed as the same offense for double jeopardy
purposes). The crime of evading arrest, which is codified in Chapter 16, Offenses Against
Administration of Government, Part 6, Obstruction of Justice, legislatively addresses the threatened


         1
          W e note that the Appellant also relies upon the case of State v. Brandon Patrick, No. E2003-02382-CCA-R3-
CD (Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville, Mar. 8, 2005). The facts of Patrick are virtually identical to those in Cullop, and
the same analysis was employed. However, that case was designated “not for citation.” Cases bearing such designation
are not persuasive authority under Tenn. R. Sup. Ct. 4(H)(1).

                                                         -8-
harm “to . . . the public interest” of obstructing a law enforcement officer in the discharge of any
legal duty. See T.C.A. § 39-11-101(1) (2003); T.C.A. § 39-16-603(b)(5). The aggravated form of
evading arrest, T.C.A. § 39-16-603(b)(3), addresses the public harm when the act of evading arrest
creates a risk of death or injury to innocent bystanders or other third parties. On the other hand, the
crime of reckless endangerment is codified in Chapter 13, Offenses Against the Person, Part 1,
Assaultive Offenses, and legislatively addresses threatened harm “to the individual . . . [,]” T.C.A.
§ 39-11-101, by prohibiting conduct which may place another person in danger of death or serious
bodily injury with a deadly weapon. T.C.A. § 39-13-103(b). Accordingly, we conclude that the
respective harms underlying the two crimes are distinguishable in purpose.

        Upon consideration of the above factors, we conclude that double jeopardy does not bar dual
convictions for Class D felony evading arrest and Class E felony reckless endangerment upon the
facts of this case. In so concluding, we place great weight upon the proof that the crimes involved
separate victims and that the State introduced evidence of distinct criminal acts defining the two
offenses.

                                          CONCLUSION

       Based upon the foregoing, the judgments of conviction are affirmed.




                                                       ___________________________________
                                                       DAVID G. HAYES, JUDGE




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