MEMORANDUM DECISION
                                                                               FILED
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),                                     Jun 11 2018, 5:21 am

this Memorandum Decision shall not be                                          CLERK
                                                                           Indiana Supreme Court
regarded as precedent or cited before any                                     Court of Appeals
                                                                                and Tax Court
court except for the purpose of establishing
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT                                  ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Ruth Johnson                                             Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Megan Shipley                                            Attorney General of Indiana
Marion County Public Defender Agency
                                                         Matthew B. MacKenzie
Indianapolis, Indiana                                    Deputy Attorney General
                                                         Indianapolis, Indiana



                                           IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Rodolfo Ruiz Lugo,                                       June 11, 2018
Appellant-Defendant,                                     Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                         49A02-1711-CR-2548
        v.                                               Appeal from the
                                                         Marion Superior Court
State of Indiana,                                        The Honorable
Appellee-Plaintiff.                                      Peggy R. Hart, Judge Pro Tempore
                                                         Trial Court Cause No.
                                                         49G05-1702-F5-5570



Kirsch, Judge.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CR-2548 | June 11, 2018               Page 1 of 13
[1]   Following a bench trial, Rodolfo Ruiz Lugo (“Lugo)” was convicted of Level 5

      felony sexual misconduct with a minor.1 He now appeals, arguing that

      statements made by the State during closing argument, to which Lugo did not

      object, constituted prosecutorial misconduct and that the misconduct resulted in

      fundamental error.


[2]   We affirm.


                                      Facts and Procedural History
[3]   In September 2016, E.H. was fourteen years old, and Lugo was her brother-in-

      law, as he was married to E.H.’s older sister, Yajayra.2 E.H. lived in a

      residence with her mother (“Mother”), and at least two older sisters, as well as

      other family members. Lugo and Yajayra and their three young children had a

      separate residence, but because Yajayra was in prison at times relevant to this

      case, Lugo’s three children mostly stayed at Mother’s home during the week

      and with Lugo on the weekends. It was “common” for E.H. to spend time at

      Lugo’s house, babysitting and helping with the children.3 Tr. Vol. II at 44. She

      also helped Lugo by going with him to the children’s doctor and appointments.

      E.H. has known Lugo since she was seven years old. Id. at 8.




      1
          See Ind. Code § 35-42-4-9(b)(1).
      2
          The parties spell the name as Yajayra, but the Transcript also sometimes spells it Jajayra. Tr. Vol. II at 8-9.
      3
        E.H., who was in eighth grade, was at home during the day because she took online classes for her
      schooling.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CR-2548 | June 11, 2018                   Page 2 of 13
[4]   On the morning of September 20, 2016, E.H. was babysitting two of Lugo’s

      children at Mother’s house. Around noon, Lugo came and picked up his

      children, along with E.H., and they went to his house to eat lunch. While E.H.

      was cleaning up after the children, something spilled on her shirt, and she asked

      Lugo if she could borrow a shirt from him. He agreed and told her to get a shirt

      out of his bedroom closet. E.H. went into the bedroom and took off her shirt;

      she was not wearing a bra. She was about to grab his shirt when she heard

      someone come in behind her, and she turned around and saw Lugo as he

      locked the door behind him. E.H. “froze,” and Lugo came up to her and

      touched both her breasts with his hands, telling E.H. that her breasts “were big

      for [her] age.” Id. at 15-16. He put his mouth on her right areola and said,

      “[D]on’t worry, I’m not going to bite.” Id. at 17. He asked E.H. if he could

      touch her “butt,” and, at that point, E.H. “unfroze,” grabbed her shirt, and ran

      out of the room. Id. at 17-18. A few minutes later, E.H. told Lugo to take her

      home, which he did, and on the way, he told E.H. not to tell anyone what

      happened.


[5]   When E.H. got home, she did not tell anyone about the incident with Lugo, but

      her older sister Yaquelin noticed that E.H. was crying that night. Id. at 39. The

      next day, E.H. was crying and throwing up in the bathroom because she “felt

      disgusted with [her]self.” Id. at 21. Yaquelin noticed and asked E.H. about it,

      and while E.H. initially told Yaquelin that she was “fine,” she later told

      Yaquelin “what happened.” Id. at 21-22. One or both of them called Mother,

      who came home from work, and another older sister was also called and came


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CR-2548 | June 11, 2018   Page 3 of 13
      home. One of the women called the police. Indianapolis Metropolitan Police

      Department (“IMPD”) Officer Katrina McEvilly (“Officer McEvilly”)

      responded and came to the house. After speaking to E.H., Officer McEvilly

      contacted the IMPD sex crimes unit, and, in response, Detective James Carver

      (“Detective Carver”) came to the scene. Detective Carver spoke with E.H., and

      E.H. later participated in a forensic interview at the Children’s Advocacy

      Center. Detective Carver conducted a follow-up interview after the forensic

      interview.


[6]   On February 10, 2017, the State charged Lugo with one count of sexual

      misconduct with a minor as a Level 5 felony. The matter proceeded to a bench

      trial in September 2017. At trial, E.H. testified about what happened with Lugo

      and how she told others about it. She said that, the following day, Yaquelin

      asked her questions about what was wrong, and E.H. described the exchange as

      follows:


              Q: And how did you tell [Yaquelin] what happened?


              A: She asked me if someone had hurt me, I shook my head no,
              she asked me if my brother-in-law Justin had hurt me, I said no.
              She asked me if her boyfriend, or fiancé during the time, she
              asked me if he had hurt me, I said no. Then she asked me if
              Rodolfo had hurt me and I didn’t say anything.


              Q: What did you do?


              A: I didn’t say anything and she took that that he was the one
              that did something.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CR-2548 | June 11, 2018   Page 4 of 13
              Q: Were you crying?


              A: Yes.


      Id. at 21-22. Yaquelin telephoned Mother, who came home. E.H. stated that

      Yaquelin told Mother, who began crying. E.H. described, “My mom was

      crying and said it was okay, it was not my fault.” Id. at 23.


[7]   Yaquelin testified that, on the night of September 20, she saw E.H. was crying,

      but did not inquire about it. The next day, Yaquelin saw E.H. crying and

      throwing up in the bathroom. Yaquelin checked on E.H. and asked why she

      was crying. Yaquelin’s testimony was as follows:


              Q: And did you ask [E.H.] why she was crying?


              A: Yes.


              Q: Without telling me what she said, did she tell you why she
              was crying?


              A: Yes.


              Q: Did it take any prompting or did she tell you right away?


              A: It took me asking her a bit.


              Q: And what did you ask her?


              A: I asked her if anyone had touched her.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CR-2548 | June 11, 2018   Page 5 of 13
              Q: And did she respond right away?


              A: No.


              Q: Did you just continue asking her questions?


              A: Yes. I asked her if my boyfriend had touched her or if my
              other brother-in-law had touched her and then I asked her if
              Rodolfo had touched her.


              Q: Did she eventually tell you who touched her?


              A: Yes.


      Tr. Vol. II at 40. Yaquelin said that when she asked E.H. if Lugo had touched

      her, E.H. began crying harder and “said yes.” Id. at 45. Yaquelin told E.H.

      that “everything was going to be all right” and assured E.H. that she “would

      handle it.” Id. at 40. Yaquelin testified that, when Mother arrived home, she

      sat Mother down and told her, and Yaquelin stated that she also told her other

      sister, Yesenia. Yaquelin said that after Yesenia got there, together they

      decided to call the police. Yaquelin was asked, “Did you tell [the officer] what

      happened?” and Yaquelin said “Yes.” Id. at 42.


[8]   Mother described that Yaquelin called her at work and said there was “a

      problem,” so she went home. Id. at 60. After speaking to her daughters,

      together they called the police. Mother testified as follows about speaking with

      E.H. about the incident:



      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CR-2548 | June 11, 2018   Page 6 of 13
               Q: [] On September 21st of 2016, did you learn that something
               had happened to E.H.?


               A: Yes.


               Q: And did you have a chance to talk to her about it after you
               found out?


               A: Yes.


               Q: What was E.H., what did she look like, what was she acting
               like when you talked to her about it?


               A: She wasn’t speaking very well because she was crying and she
               could not speak anything because she was crying.


       Id. at 58. After the incident with Lugo, Mother testified to taking E.H. to a

       psychiatrist.


[9]    Officer McEvilly testified that she spoke to E.H. at the home, and her demeanor

       was very timid and shy. About speaking to E.H., Officer McEvilly said, “I

       asked her if she wanted to tell me what happened[,] and her and I stepped aside

       and she told me what happened.” Id. at 50. At that time, E.H.’s eyes were

       watery, and she “kept looking down” and “was very uncomfortable.” Id. at 51.


[10]   Detective Carver testified that he responded to the call around 11:00 p.m. and

       went to the home, where he met with E.H. His testimony about that meeting

       was:



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CR-2548 | June 11, 2018   Page 7 of 13
               Q: And did you have a chance to take a brief statement from her
               about what had happened to her that brought you there?


               A: Yes.


               Q: And did she tell you about an incident with her brother-in-
               law?


               A: Yes.


       Id. at 67-68. Detective Carver said that E.H. was uncomfortable and was

       crying. Because of E.H.’s age, Detective Carver arranged for a forensic

       interview to be conducted at the Children’s Advocacy Center. After that

       interview, Detective Carver had a follow-up interview with E.H., making it a

       total of three interviews that he had with her. On cross-examination, Detective

       Carver was asked, “When you were speaking with E.H. and she was telling you

       about the incident, did she say the word nipple or areola?” and the detective

       replied, “[n]ipple” and noted that he put that in his report. Id. at 72.


[11]   During closing argument, the State commented on E.H.’s testimony several

       times, including:


               [S]he has given statements and given testimony about this once
               to the detective, once in a forensic interview, a follow-up
               interview with the detective, a deposition, here today, and she
               had to tell her sister and her family first. That’s six different
               times that she has told that story and the only inconsistencies are
               she doesn’t remember now how her shirt got dirty? . . . So she is
               entirely consistent about the facts and the details of what


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CR-2548 | June 11, 2018   Page 8 of 13
               happened to her. Every single time she has talked about it she
               has told people exactly what happened to her[.]


               ....


               [S]he has been entirely consistent in telling what happened to her
               over and over and over again, her testimony is believable and
               that means if her testimony is believable the court can find the
               defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt and that is what
               we’d ask the court to do. We are asking this court to believe EH
               when she told you what happened to her, as she has done time
               and time again without inconsistency.


       Id. at 75-76, 78. Lugo did not object to any portion of the State’s argument. In

       Lugo’s closing argument, his counsel argued that E.H.’s story was not entirely

       consistent with that of her mother and sisters and that her version of events was

       not credible, noting she could not remember some details. The trial court found

       Lugo guilty as charged, and he now appeals.


                                      Discussion and Decision
[12]   Lugo asserts that the State committed prosecutorial misconduct in closing

       argument based on the prosecutor’s comments about E.H. being “entirely

       consistent” as she told the story “over and over” to various people “six different

       times.” Id. In reviewing a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, this Court

       determines (1) whether misconduct occurred, and if so, (2) whether the

       misconduct, under all of the circumstances, placed the defendant in a position

       of grave peril to which he or she otherwise would not have been subjected.

       Ryan v. State, 9 N.E.3d 663, 667 (Ind. 2014); Tibbs v. State, 996 N.E.2d 1288,

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CR-2548 | June 11, 2018   Page 9 of 13
       1290 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. “A prosecutor has the duty to present a

       persuasive final argument, and thus placing a defendant in grave peril, by itself,

       is not misconduct.” Ryan, 9 N.E.3d at 667. Whether a prosecutor’s argument

       constitutes misconduct is measured by reference to case law and the Rules of

       Professional Conduct. Id. Our Supreme Court has explained that “[t]he gravity

       of peril is measured by the probable persuasive effect of the misconduct” on the

       factfinder. Id. (quoting Cooper v. State, 854 N.E.2d 831, 835 (Ind. 2006)).


[13]   Lugo did not object to the prosecutor’s statements that he now argues were

       prosecutorial misconduct. “A claim of prosecutorial misconduct presented on

       appeal without a contemporaneous trial objection will not succeed unless the

       defendant establishes not only prosecutorial misconduct but also the additional

       grounds for fundamental error.” Tibbs, 996 N.E.2d at 1290. Our Indiana

       Supreme Court has emphasized the “extremely narrow” application of the

       fundamental error doctrine:


               To qualify as fundamental error, an error must be so prejudicial
               to the rights of the defendant as to make a fair trial impossible.
               To be fundamental error, the error must constitute a blatant
               violation of basic principles, the harm or potential for harm must
               be substantial, and the resulting error must deny the defendant
               fundamental due process.


       Id. (quoting Benson v. State, 762 N.E.2d 748, 755 (Ind. 2002)) (citations and

       quotations omitted). Additionally, Lugo’s case was tried to the bench, and

       “generally valid issues with regard to fundamental error such as ‘unfair



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CR-2548 | June 11, 2018   Page 10 of 13
       prejudice, confusion of the issues, or potential to mislead the jury’ are relevant

       only in jury trials.” Id.


[14]   Lugo contends on appeal that the State committed prosecutorial misconduct

       because the prosecutor “repeatedly relied on information that was not admitted

       at trial.” Appellant’s Br. at 3. Specifically, Lugo’s argument is that, in closing

       argument, the prosecutor stated that E.H. had been entirely consistent each of

       the six times that she had discussed the incident with family members and

       police officers, but that, at trial, the State did not present evidence of the content

       of those prior statements, and, therefore, “[t]he State’s improper reliance on

       information that was not admitted at trial was prosecutorial misconduct.” Id. at

       7. Lugo acknowledges that he did not object during the State’s closing

       argument and therefore must establish fundamental error.


[15]   Here, the record reflects that E.H. provided specific testimony as to what Lugo

       did to her: He followed her into the bedroom as she changed her shirt, he

       locked the door behind him, he used both hands to touch her breasts, and he

       put his mouth on one breast. She also testified to the fact that she shared what

       had happened with her sisters, Mother, and law enforcement. Thereafter, the

       witnesses testified in various ways to the fact that each had been told “what

       happened.” Tr. Vol. II at 21-22, 50, 58, 67-68. None of the witnesses testified to

       the exact content of what E.H. had said. However, Yaquelin testified that,

       when she asked E.H. if Lugo “had touched her,” E.H. began crying harder and

       said “yes.” Id. at 40, 45. Detective Carver testified that E.H. used the word

       “nipple” in the course of telling him what had occurred. Id. at 72.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CR-2548 | June 11, 2018   Page 11 of 13
       Furthermore, each witness described what he or she did after learning the

       information. For instance, Yaquelin told E.H. that “everything was going to be

       all right” and that Yaquelin would “handle it,” the sisters and Mother called the

       police, and Mother assured E.H. that it was “not [her] fault.” Id. at 23, 40.

       After Officer McEvilly was told what happened by E.H., she asked for a sex

       crimes unit detective, and Detective Carver came to the scene and spoke to

       E.H. After talking to E.H., Detective Carver directed that a forensic interview

       at the Children’s Advocacy Center be conducted. Thus, even though we do not

       know if E.H. was consistent in terms of the description and detail that she

       conveyed about Lugo’s acts, we find that the evidence presented indicates that

       E.H.’s statements to family and law enforcement were consistent, at a

       minimum, in terms of the fact that Lugo had touched her inappropriately,

       including a touching of her breast. Given this record, we do not find that the

       prosecutor’s comments during closing arguments constituted prosecutorial

       misconduct.


[16]   Furthermore, even if, as Lugo claims, the State committed prosecutorial

       misconduct, Lugo has failed to establish that the comments placed him “in a

       position of grave peril to which [he] would not have been subjected otherwise,”

       nor did the comments rise to the level of fundamental error, which applies

       “only when the error constitutes a blatant violation of basic principles, the harm

       or potential for harm is substantial, and the resulting error denies the defendant

       fundamental due process.” Ryan, 9 N.E.3d at 667; Wilson v. State, 931 N.E.2d

       914, 919 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied. E.H. testified and described what


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CR-2548 | June 11, 2018   Page 12 of 13
       Lugo had done, and Yaquelin testified that E.H. confirmed that Lugo had

       touched her. Officer McEvilly and Detective Carver also testified that, based

       on what E.H. told each of them, Lugo was identified as the person who had

       committed the acts in question, and Detective Carver stated that E.H. used the

       word “nipple” in describing to him what had occurred, which reflects that E.H.

       told him about Lugo’s touching, in some manner, of her breast. Tr. Vol. II at

       72. As noted by the State on appeal, E.H.’s testimony was internally consistent

       and not contradicted by other witnesses or evidence. Appellee’s Br. at 9-10. The

       prosecutor’s comments stating that E.H. was “entirely consistent” when she

       told the story “six different times” did not make a fair trial impossible or violate

       basic principles of due process. Tr. Vol. II at 75-76, 78.


[17]   Affirmed.


       Baker, J., and Bradford, J., concur.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1711-CR-2548 | June 11, 2018   Page 13 of 13
