                         This opinion will be unpublished and
                         may not be cited except as provided by
                         Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                              STATE OF MINNESOTA
                              IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                    A14-1625

                                   State of Minnesota,
                                      Respondent,

                                           vs.

                                   Ronald Clark, Jr.,
                                      Appellant.

                               Filed December 21, 2015
                                      Affirmed
                                    Chutich, Judge

                            Hennepin County District Court
                              File No. 27-CR-13-28418

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Michael Richardson, Assistant County
Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)

Renée J. Bergeron, Special Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)


      Considered and decided by Ross, Presiding Judge; Halbrooks, Judge; and

Chutich, Judge.

                        UNPUBLISHED OPINION

CHUTICH, Judge

      Appellant Ronald Clark Jr. appeals his convictions for first-degree sale and

second-degree possession of a controlled substance, arguing that he established the
entrapment defense by a fair preponderance of the evidence and that the state failed to

prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he was predisposed to commit the charged

offenses. Because we conclude that the state’s evidence was sufficient to establish

Clark’s predisposition to commit the offenses, we affirm his convictions.

                                        FACTS

      This case arises from a controlled-substance buy-bust1 transaction when appellant,

Ronald Clark, Jr., sold two ounces of methamphetamine to a confidential informant, M.P.

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the guilty verdict, as we must, we

assume the jury believed the following account of the events and disbelieved any

contrary evidence. See State v. Chambers, 589 N.W.2d 466, 477 (Minn. 1999).

      At the time of the buy-bust transaction, informant M.P. faced criminal charges for

first-degree possession of a controlled substance, third-degree possession of a controlled

substance, and possession of a pistol or assault weapon related to a March 2011 arrest.

Upon advice from his attorney, M.P. agreed to work with police as a confidential

informant to secure the arrest and conviction of other controlled-substance offenders.

M.P. knew Clark through a mutual cousin and from previous drug deals.

      In August 2013, M.P. contacted Clark seeking to buy cocaine. M.P. testified that

Clark responded that he did not have any cocaine, but that he had “that stuff that white




1
  “Buy bust” is a law enforcement term referring to transactions in which police intend to
arrest an offender immediately after he or she completes an arranged controlled-
substance sale to a police informant.

                                            2
people like,” which M.P. understood as either methamphetamine or “plant food.”2 They

called and texted back and forth three or four times.

         Clark testified that he told M.P. that he no longer sold drugs, he had a job, and he

was currently at work. Clark stated that M.P referred to him as “Cuz” while attempting

to persuade him to sell. Clark ultimately acquiesced to M.P.’s request, he testified,

because he considered M.P. family.

         Clark agreed to sell M.P. two ounces of methamphetamine for $3,000, and they

arranged to meet in a Bloomington hotel parking lot. Before completing the deal, Clark

texted M.P. a picture of the intended product. M.P. then told police that he knew

someone by the name of “Dawg,” from whom he could buy methamphetamine that same

day.

         After ensuring that M.P. had no contraband or cash in his possession, the officers

supplied him with $3,000 in marked bills, accompanied him to the sale, and conducted

surveillance from a short distance away.          Once the sale was complete, the officers

immediately arrested Clark and searched him and his car. They confirmed that Clark had

the $3,000 in marked bills from executing the sale. They also recovered an additional

ounce of methamphetamine from a purse in Clark’s car, which Clark claimed was his.

Clark admitted to selling and possessing methamphetamine in a recorded interview on the

scene.

2
   “Plant food” is an illegal synthetic cathinone used as an alternative to illicit stimulants
like MDMA, LSD, cocaine, and methamphetamine. Drug Enforcement Agency,
Department of Justice, Notice of Intent: Temporary Placement of Three Synthetic
Cathinones          Into          Schedule         I        (Sept.         8,           2011),
http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/rules/2011/fr0908.htm.

                                              3
       Based on the sale and the results of the search of Clark’s car, the state charged

Clark with first-degree sale of a controlled substance and second-degree possession of a

controlled substance. See Minn. Stat. §§ 152.021, subd. 1(1), .022, subd. 2(a)(1) (2014).

Before trial, Clark filed a notice of intent to assert the affirmative defense of entrapment.

       At trial in May 2014, M.P., four police officers, a forensic scientist, and Clark

testified. Following their testimony, the district court found that Clark had established

that he was induced to commit the offense by a fair preponderance of the evidence. To

meet its burden of proving that Clark was predisposed to commit the offense, the state

then introduced testimony establishing Clark’s two prior controlled-substance

convictions: an October 2004 conviction for first-degree possession of cocaine and an

August 2006 conviction for third-degree sale of marijuana. The district court instructed

the jury on entrapment along with the charged offenses.

       The jury convicted Clark of both counts, and the district court sentenced Clark to

104 months. Clark appeals.

                                      DECISION

       To raise the entrapment defense, a criminal defendant must first show by a

preponderance of the evidence “that the government induced the commission of the

crime.” State v. Vaughn, 361 N.W.2d 54, 57 (Minn. 1985). Inducement requires a

showing that “the state did something more than merely solicit the commission of a

crime.” State v. Olkon, 299 N.W.2d 89, 107 (Minn. 1980). Rather, the state must have

persuaded, badgered, or pressured the defendant to commit a crime. Id.              Here, the




                                              4
district court found that Clark had established inducement by a fair preponderance of the

evidence.

       Once a defendant shows inducement, the state must then prove beyond a

reasonable doubt that the defendant was predisposed to commit the crime charged. State

v. Grilli, 304 Minn. 80, 96, 230 N.W.2d 445, 456 (1975). Specifically, the state must

prove that the defendant was predisposed to commit the crime before being approached

by government agents. State v. Johnson, 511 N.W.2d 753, 755 (Minn. App. 1994),

review denied (Minn. Apr. 19, 1994).

       Predisposition may be shown by evidence of (1) the defendant’s “active

solicitation to commit the crime,” (2) “prior criminal convictions,” (3) “prior criminal

activity not resulting in conviction,” (4) the “defendant’s criminal reputation,” or (5) “by

any other adequate means.” Grilli, 304 Minn. at 89, 230 N.W.2d at 452. A defendant’s

ready response to the government’s solicitation of the crime satisfies the “other adequate

means” basis for predisposition. Olkon, 299 N.W.2d at 108. When the state’s evidence

establishes a defendant’s predisposition, “the challenged conduct of the state's officers is

mitigated or excused, and the defense of entrapment is not proved.” Id. (quotation

omitted).

       On a claim of insufficient evidence, this court examines the evidence in the light

most favorable to the conviction to determine if it would permit a jury to reasonably

conclude that the defendant was guilty of the offense. State v. Nelson, 812 N.W.2d 184,

187 (Minn. App. 2012). “[I]t is the province of the jury to determine the credibility and

weight to be given to the testimony of any individual witness.” State v. Engholm, 290


                                             5
N.W.2d 780, 784 (Minn. 1980). This court assumes “the jury believed the state’s

witnesses and disbelieved any evidence to the contrary.” State v. Moore, 438 N.W.2d

101, 108 (Minn. 1989).

       Clark argues that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his convictions. He

contends that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he was predisposed

to commit a controlled-substance crime because it produced no evidence that he was

otherwise involved in drug activity in 2013 and it relied on his six- and nine-year-old

prior convictions.3 We disagree.

       First, the state properly introduced Clark’s two prior convictions for similar drug-

related activity. See Grilli, 304 Minn. at 89, 230 N.W.2d at 452. The district court ruled

Clark’s convictions admissible in a pre-trial hearing in which it heard meaningful

arguments from both parties. Clark does not contest their admissibility.

       Next, M.P.’s testimony, which we assume the jury believed, established Clark’s

ready response to the government’s solicitation. See Olkon, 299 N.W.2d at 108. M.P.

testified that when he initially contacted Clark to purchase cocaine, Clark responded that,

although he could not get cocaine, he could get a different drug. Clark and M.P. readily


3
   Clark frames the issue as one of first impression: whether evidence of past convictions,
absent other evidence of ready willingness to commit the crime, is sufficient to establish
a defendant’s predisposition. He correctly asserts that this court has held that a finding of
predisposition cannot rely on a twenty-year-old conviction alone. Johnson, 511 N.W.2d
at 755 (“Otherwise, anyone ever involved with drugs would—for entrapment purposes—
be forever ‘predisposed’ to sell drugs.”) Though Minnesota precedent does not address
the sufficiency question that Clark raises, we need not reach it given the remaining
evidence that establishes Clark’s predisposition.




                                             6
exchanged calls and text messages; it was not a one-sided conversation. Clark texted

M.P. a picture of the methamphetamine before completing the sale, showing that he had

ready access to large quantities of methamphetamine.          And Clark produced the

methamphetamine shortly after M.P. requested it.

      Finally, despite Clark’s testimony that he had been sober since 2007, and no

longer dealt cocaine, he retained an entire ounce of methamphetamine from the sale,

which the police found in a purse in his car after his arrest. This additional ounce of

methamphetamine resulted in the second-degree possession charge.

      This evidence, considered in its entirety, is sufficient to establish that Clark was

predisposed to commit the offense before being solicited to sell drugs. Accordingly,

Clark did not prove the defense of entrapment, and the jury properly convicted him of

both charges.

      Affirmed.




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