     In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                No. 16-44C
                     (Originally Filed: March 21, 2016)
                           (Re-filed: April 5, 2015)1

**********************

STARRY ASSOCIATES, INC.

                     Plaintiff,
                                                Bid Protest; Assertions of
v.                                              Bias; Supplementation of the
                                                Administrative Record.
THE UNITED STATES,

            Defendant.
**********************

      Lars E. Anderson, Reston, VA, with whom was James Y. Boland,
Tysons Corner, VA, for plaintiff.

       Alexis J. Echols, Trial Attorney, United States Department of Justice,
Civil Division, Commercial Litigation Branch, Washington, DC, Benjamin C.
Mizer, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Robert E. Kirschman, Jr.,
Director, Douglas K. Mickle, Assistant Director. Christian Maimone, Office
of General Counsel, U.S. Department of Health and Humans Services, of
counsel.

                          OPINION AND ORDER

       Pending in this protest of a Department of Health and Human Services’
decision to cancel a solicitation is plaintiff’s motion to supplement the
administrative record with four depositions it seeks leave to take. Defendant
opposes the motion and asks to supplement the record with two documents of
its own. The motion is fully briefed, and oral argument was held
telephonically on March 18, 2016. Because plaintiff makes credible


1
 This opinion was originally issued under seal pursuant to the protective order
entered in this case. The parties conferred and proposed appropriate redactions
of protected information. Those redactions are indicated herein with brackets.
allegations that the decision to cancel the solicitation was tainted by bias, we
grant plaintiff’s motion to take limited discovery to supplement the record.

                              BACKGROUND

I. General Background And Procurement History

       The Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) Program
Support Center (“PSC”) issued Request for Quotations No. 15-233-SOL-
00023 (“RFQ” or “solicitation”) on November 13, 2014. The procurement
was set aside for small businesses and was to be awarded to the lowest priced,
technically acceptable offeror. Through the solicitation, PSC sought to
procure a range of business operations services which would support PSC’s
implementation of HHS’s Unified Financial Management System (“UFMS”).
Plaintiff, Starry Associates, Inc. (“Starry”), is the incumbent provider of on-
site operational support for UFMS.

       UFMS is built on a backbone of commercial software known as Oracle
Federal Financials, part of the Oracle E-Business Suite. The RFQ thus
required key personnel to have experience with that software as well as with
UFMS. The agency was also looking for expertise regarding several of its
other systems that worked in coordination with UFMS: the Managing
Accounting and Credit Card System (“MACCS”), a system for accounting
purchases made by government credit card holders, and GovNet-NG, a
reporting system used to distribute operational reports. See Administrative
Record (“AR”) 54-55. Both MACCS and GovNet-NG are proprietary systems
developed by Starry and are licensed to HHS. AR 48.

       Three companies timely submitted quotations. The lowest priced
bidder, Intellizant, LLC (“Intellizant”) offered a total price of $15,204,633.60
over five years. As the low-priced bidder, it was evaluated for technical
acceptability along with past performance and Section 508 Compliance.2 The
acquisition plan called for the initial technical evaluation to be performed by
the Technical Evaluation Panel (“TEP”). The TEP was comprised of three
individuals: [                 ], [             ], and [                   ]. [


2
 “Section 508” refers to section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which
requires that federal agencies provide software and website accessability to
disabled persons.

                                       2
        ] and [    ] are referred to in the AR as “certified by the COR.”3
AR 593. The TEP received the three proposals by email on November 26,
2014.

        The TEP sent its completed evaluation to the Source Selection
Authority (“SSA”) on December 3, 2014. The evaluation was not unanimous.
[            ] and [            ] found Intellizant to be acceptable–although [.
           ] did note information missing from Intellizant’s proposal–for all
three factors, but [           ] rated Intellizant technically unacceptable. AR
559 ([               ]’s evaluation sheet).

        The SSA, Cassandra Ellis, who is also the Contracting Officer (“CO”)
for this procurement and resulting contract, after considering the TEP
assessment, evaluated Intellizant’s proposal herself and determined that
Intellizant was technically acceptable. See AR 594 (Award Decision
Document). She listed some of the concerns from the TEP: “minimal detail
or omission of detail regarding performance metrics, minor computation errors
and [lack of] specific detail regarding the accomplishment of the knowledge
transfer.” Id. She found, however, that those concerns could be “easily []
addressed at the time of award, and do not outweigh the strengths of the
technical aspects of Intellizant’s quote. The computational errors were
corrected in the second revision of Intellizant’s quote.” Id. She also found
that Intellizant had experience with the “existing software” and with “Oracle
R12 which will be implemented in the coming fiscal year.” She thus awarded
the contract to Intellizant on December 18, 2014.

       Starry was notified of the award the same day. It had an evaluated price
of [               ] but was not evaluated for other factors because Intellizant
was found to be technically acceptable. Plaintiff filed a protest at the
Government Accountability Office (“GAO”) on December 29, 2014. Starry
alleged that the agency’s evaluation of Intellizant was unreasonable because
of Intellizant’s lack of experience with the contract requirements and lack of
qualified key personnel.




3
 “COR” stands for Contracting Officer’s Representative. The AR is not clear
what the importance is of being certified by the COR other than that the CO
saw fit to mention it in the award decision document.

                                       3
       On January 6, 2015, HHS informed GAO and Starry of its intent to take
corrective action. After inquiry from GAO, HHS explained that it did “not
intend to reevaluate the requirement or solicit new proposals.” AR 715.
Instead, the agency represented that the protest had “revealed certain gaps in
the record” that needed to be filled, and thus it intended to “thoroughly review
the contract file and ensure that the evaluation is complete, accurate, and fully
consistent with the requirements of the RFP.” Id. GAO dismissed the protest
as academic on January 7, 2015.

        In response to what it believed to be an insufficient scope of corrective
action, Starry sent a letter to the Clerk of Court of this court, stating its intent
to file a bid protest. On January 9, 2015, the CO sent a letter to Starry
indicating that the agency now intended to reevaluate proposals and make a
new award decision. AR 718. That representation prompted Starry to
withdraw its notice of intent to protest here.

        Unlike the first evaluation, which took only two or three business days,
the TEP’s second evaluation lasted from January 16, 2015 to April 28, 2015.
It issued its new report on April 29, 2015. The TEP was once again unable to
reach a consensus because one of its members again rated Intellizant as
unacceptable for the technical factor. There is virtually no contemporary
documentation of that process, and the record does not contain individual
reports of the TEP members concerning the reevaluation.

        The SSA’s report and second award determination stated the minority
and majority evaluators’ views as to the three main facets of the technical
proposals: 1) Functional Knowledge Transfer and Training; 2) Monthly,
Quarterly, and Year-End Processing Support; and 3) Minimum Resource
Requirements. For each area, the CO agreed with the majority’s evaluation
and found Intellizant to be technically acceptable. She thus concluded that
award should be made to Intellizant as the lowest priced, technically
acceptable offeror. Offerors were notified of that result the same date as the
report, April 30, 2015.

       On May 5, 2015, Starry filed another protest at GAO, once again
challenging the award on the basis of Intellizant’s alleged lack of experience
and lack of qualified key personnel. Starry also alleged bias in the PSC’s
director of accounting services, Mr. John Davis, who Starry alleged exerted
influence to guide the award to Intellizant


                                         4
        GAO held a hearing on July 15, 2015, and took testimony from the CO.
Starry was, however, precluded from examining Ms. Ellis regarding its
allegation of bias. On August 11, 2015, GAO sustained the protest in part and
denied it in part. GAO found that the SSA failed to “evaluate whether the
personnel proposed by Intellizant were capable of performing the PWS
[Performance Work Statement] tasks” and “failed to evaluate whether
Intellizant could provide the personnel necessary to meet the solicitation’s
requirements.” AR 1129 (first GAO decision); Starry Assocs., Inc., B-
410968.2 , 2015 CPD ¶ 253 (Comp. Gen. Aug. 11, 2015). GAO found the
allegations of bias to be “without merit” based on Mr. Davis’ assertion that he
had recused himself from the procurement process. AR 1130. GAO
concluded by recommending reevaluation of the proposal in accordance with
the RFQ’s stated PWS and key personnel criteria, adequate documentation of
that evaluation, and, if the agency found Intellizant to be lacking, to terminate
the award and evaluate the next-in-line offeror. AR 1130-31.

        The record is then largely silent until September 8, 2015, when counsel
for HHS informed GAO and Starry that it intended to cancel the solicitation
rather than reevaluate Intellizant. Counsel emailed the parties and GAO the
following explanation:

       Specifically, it has been determined that two of the three systems
       proposed to be supported under the instant procurement were
       included in the solicitation by error. That is, both MACCS and
       GovNet-NG are the subject of separate license agreements with
       Starry Associates which allow the agency to make use of those
       proprietary systems. Included in those license agreements are
       support provisions; and, after review, the agency has determined
       that it better suits the government’s needs to have the contract
       support and license agreements bundled together, rather than
       including the support function in a separate multi-faceted
       support contract. Indeed, my client informs me that the MACCS
       license agreement will be renewed before the end of September
       2015, and the GovNet-NG license agreement was renewed n
       May 2015.




                                       5
Def.’s App. 1.4 The agency thus concluded that it would “cancel the instant
solicitation, redraft the statement of work to better match its current needs, and
re-solicit in Fiscal Year 2016.” Id.

       On September 15, 2015, Starry filed its third protest at GAO,
challenging HHS’s decision to cancel the solicitation as a pretext so that Mr.
Davis could secure future work for Intellizant. Plaintiff argued that Davis
decided to eliminate the requirements of the solicitation as to which Intellizant
was unqualified and later to re-solicit the remaining work in order to avoid
GAO’s earlier recommendation to reevaluate, which Starry believes would
have resulted in it winning the original procurement. GAO denied the protest
by written decision on December 23, 2015, finding that the agency’s proffered
rational for cancellation was reasonable. Thus, even crediting the allegations
of bias, the result was not affected, in GAO’s view, because the “cancellation
was otherwise reasonably justified.” AR 1254.

II. Evolution Of The Agency’s Need

       The underlying procurement documentation is largely silent as to the
evolution of the agency’s view of its needs vis-a-vis the RFQ. The record
now, however, contains two additional declarations submitted to GAO by the
agency after plaintiff’s third protest there.

       The first is from Mr. Davis and is dated October 8, 2015. In it, he avers
that he was asked by the COR for the MACCS and GovNet-NG license
agreements to sign off on their renewals. The GovNet-NG renewal was in
May 2015, and the MACCS contract was up for renewal in September 2015.
The request regarding the MACCS contract specifically is what Mr. Davis says
triggered his conclusion that the UFMS procurement should not have included
support for these systems because those services were already covered by
separate contracts. See AR 1243. He also stated that the UFMS system and
the two proprietary Starry systems “do not talk with each other” and thus were
not very integral to supporting UFMS. Id. There was thus no need to pay for
extra support for those systems under the UMFS contract, according to Mr.
Davis. Id. That being the case, he concluded that it was unnecessary to


4
  This document was attached to the government’s opposition to plaintiff’s
motion to supplement the administrative record. The government represents
that it should have been included in the record.

                                        6
reevaluate Intellizant and decided a better course was to cancel the solicitation
and re-solicit only those services needed as part of the UFMS effort. AR 1244.
We note, however, that, as plaintiff points out, the duplication between the
proprietary systems’ license agreements and the UFMS contract should have
been apparent in May 2015, when the GovNet-NG contract was renewed.

        The second declaration is from Mr. Patrick Joy, the interim Head of
Contracting Activity and Competition Advocate at PSC. It is dated October
13, 2015. Mr. Joy declared that removing the two proprietary-related items
from the UFMS contract would promote competition. AR 1245. Although
that logic-leap is unexplained, presumably he concluded that the removal of
an expertise requirement regarding two pieces of proprietary software would,
at least hypothetically, result in a larger pool of qualified offerors. He also
records in his declaration that he was told that the work regarding the two
proprietary systems was only incidental to the overall effort. He does
recognize in his statement that MACCS and GovNet-NG allow the agency to
better use Oracle software, but also notes that neither is directly built into it
and that the agency could use other tools. Id. Further, he stated that PSC is
phasing out the GovNet system to be replaced by a non-proprietary Oracle
program. Id. The Joy declaration also notes in bullet points several additional
relevant facts, including that:

       3. Verbal communication consisted of requests for the Program
       to determine a course of action in relation to the loss of the
       GAO Protest and reminders that that determination was due.

       ...

       5. At no time did the Program Office or Contracting Office
       discuss or contemplate re-evaluating Intellizant’s proposal either
       before or after the GAO decision was issued in August of 2015.

       ...

       7. John Davis . . . received a request to renew the contract for
       Starry for the MACCS license and support . . . . This triggered
       a memory that MACCS support had also been included in the
       Statement of Work (SOW) for the UFMS acquisition. He was
       asked and was told that GOVNET-NG was also proprietary to
       Starry Associates and was covered under a separate license and

                                       7
       support contract, but that it has also been included in the UFMS
       statement of work. When he asked his staff why they were
       included in more than one contract, he was told that is what we
       have always done.

       8. I saw John Davis at some point (unsure of actual date but
       before GAO issued a decision on August 11, 2015) in passing.
       He informed me generally of the above facts and said that the
       [PSC], Financial Management Portfolio wished to re-write the
       Statement of Work to remove the duplicative work. I told John
       Davis to hold off on any actions since a GAO decision was due
       soon. Our course of action would be dependent on the decision
       of the GAO.

AR 1245-46. The bullet points go on further to reflect that, after GAO reached
its August 11 decision, Joy forwarded all of this information to his
“leadership” to “keep them informed and to try to coordinate a decision on
process forward.” AR 1246. Discussions via email and a conference call were
held during the next several days. The Program Office indicated to Mr. Joy
that it wanted to cancel the solicitation and rewrite the Statement of Work.5
Id.

III. Allegations Of Bias

        Plaintiffs allege that this procurement was tainted from its inception by
the undue influence of Mr. John Davis, who serves as Accounting Services
Division Manager at PSC. Mr. Davis was employed by Intellizant
immediately prior to joining PSC, during which time he was involved in
Intellizant’s unsuccessful effort to secure the incumbent contract for UFMS
support. Plaintiff won and has performed that contract. During his
employment at Intellizant, Mr. Davis was also involved in unrelated work for
HHS. Plaintiff alleges that Mr. Davis continues to be personal friends with the
president and CEO of Intellizant.

      Mr. Davis joined HHS PSC in August 2010. Plaintiff alleges that, since
Mr. Davis began at HHS, Intellizant has received 57 contract awards, totaling


5
  We are not clear on whether the reference to “Program Office” refers to
the PSC or a component of it.

                                       8
over $12.5 million. 43 of these contracts were sole-source awards, which were
worth $5,227,315. Plaintiff further alleges that, prior to Mr. Davis’ inception
at HHS, Intellizant won only $98,233 in contracts from HHS. Given his
history with Intellizant and its past effort to win the predecessor contract, Mr.
Davis purported to recuse himself from the solicitation. AR 940 (“I recused
myself from this procurement because I am a former employee of Intellizant.”)

        Mr. Davis is the supervisor of [             ], who was the COR for the
incumbent UFMS contract. [                  ] prepared the PWS for the current
solicitation. In a signed statement prepared for the GAO, he represented that
Mr. Davis “highly recommended” that he recuse himself from the TEP due to
his involvement with the incumbent UFMS contract. AR 957. After Starry’s
first protest, [             ] offered to once again be part of the TEP, but Mr.
Davis told him that it “would not look good.” Id. Instead, the TEP was,
according to [             ], made up of individuals selected by Mr. Davis. Id.
Plaintiff alleges that Mr. Davis asked him to recuse himself because of [
          ]’s consistent positive performance feedback during the incumbent
contract performance, of which Mr. Davis was aware. [                       ] also
states that Mr. Davis asked him to give Starry negative feedback. AR 958.
His refusal to comply with that request has caused friction in their relationship,
according to [                 ]. Id. Finally, [             ] stated that he was
instructed by Mr. Davis several times to prepare for a change in vendor and
that Mr. Davis represented that Intellizant would be much better “than what we
have today” as far as UFMS support. Id.

        Internal correspondence between [               ] and Mr. Davis reveals
that [            ] inquired of Mr. Davis who and how many persons should
make up the TEP. Mr. Davis recommended a panel of three and recommended
three names, one of whom, [              ], was eventually part of the TEP. AR
1535-36. [               ] responded that there should be at least “one person
with UFMS experience,” and further recommended that Mr. Davis, [
     ], and [               ] comprise the TEP. AR 1534-35. He also offered
his own services if Mr. Davis felt that appropriate. Mr. Davis replied that he
should be replaced by [              ] or Ed Jackson, both of whom he stated
were aware of the contract effort. The record is not clear how the final
composition of [             ], [          ], and [          ] was reached.

       [         ] was the COR for Intellizant’s other unrelated contract with
HHS. On November 21, 2014, she prepared a past performance questionnaire
for Intellizant on that contract and submitted it to Megan Kisamore, the

                                        9
Contract Specialist for the UFMS solicitation. She rated Intellizant as
“exceptional” in every category and stated that she “definitely would” award
another contract to Intellizant. AR 313. In a signed statement submitted as part
of the agency’s report to GAO, she stated that she was unaware of any
involvement by Mr. Davis with the subject procurement and has very little
day-to-day contact with him. AR 965. She did, however, inquire of Mr. Davis
after [             ] questioned her involvement in the TEP because she had
just completed a past performance questionnaire for Intellizant on its other
contract. She reported that Mr. Davis assured her that it was alright for her
participate and thanked her for her willingness to do so. Id.

        On November 26, 2014, [                      ] questioned [            ]’s
involvement given the revelation that Intellizant was the lowest priced offeror
and that [             ] had just previously submitted a past performance
questionnaire for Intellizant. AR 1449. He did not question her integrity in
fact but only whether she would appear as biased. [              ] responded that
it was “not [her] call” and that she was asked the day before by [               ]
“per the direction of John Davis.” AR 1448. She suggested that she be
replaced by Mr. Jackson and further directed [                ] to inquire of Mr.
Davis. Id. Instead, [                    ] relayed those same concerns to Ms.
Kisamore, who in turn relayed them to Ms. Ellis, the CO. Nine minutes later,
Ms. Kisamore replied back to [                  ] that the CO had cleared [
      ]’s involvement. AR 1472-73 (“there is no issue”). [                 ] then
forwarded the entire chain of emails regarding her involvement to Mr. Davis
with the following encapsulation: “FYI – no more concerns,” which was
followed with a smiley face emoticon. AR 1523. The record contains no
indication of the context for [            ]’s forwarding of that email chain to
Mr. Davis. Plaintiff, naturally, alleges that the two must have colluded during
the procurement process to award to Intellizant, and, at a minimum, that it
reflects that Mr. Davis would be pleased by her continuing involvement.

       The email record then shows that Mr. Davis asked [              ] to call
him in response to her forwarding of the emails. Id. The record does not
record whether that conversation took place, or, if it did, the substance of it.

IV. The Procurement Record

      Substantial portions of the tortured procurement record were produced
in an ongoing series of declarations prepared solely in response to GAO


                                       10
protests. Virtually none of the information contained in those statements
appears in documents contemporaneous with the contracting process itself.

       On June 1, 2015, Mr. Davis’ first signed statement appears in the record
in response to Starry’s allegations in its second protest that he had exerted
undue influence over the procurement. This is followed by an explanation
from the CO dated June 3, 2015, a signed statement from Ms. Kisamore dated
June 1, 2015, and a statement from [                   ] dated May 15, 2015,
attached to which were emails between himself and Mr. Davis. [                ],
[           ], and [          ] also submitted statements to GAO dated June
2, 2015, May 29, 2015, and May 22, 2015, respectively.

       The third protest at GAO prompted a new round of signed statements
from agency personnel: the two previously mentioned explanations of the
proposed cancellation by Mssrs. Davis and Joy and a second statement from
[             ], this one dated October 8, 2015, in which he states that he had
no discussions with Starry or Intellizant regarding the procurement. Bradley
Lindgren, the Assistant to the Director of Accounting Services for PSC also
submitted a declaration that he had met with Mr. Joy on behalf of Mr. Davis,
his supervisor, regarding the UFMS contact and revising the Statement of
Work. That statement is dated October 9, 2015. It is also our understanding
that the agency’s internal communications, such as the above referenced
emails regarding the procurement, were not included in the record until the
second or third protest.

                                 DISCUSSION

       Plaintiff filed suit here on January 11, 2016. The Administrative
Record was filed on February 5, 2016. Plaintiff moved to supplement the AR
on February 25, 2016, asking for leave to depose Ms. Ellis, Mr. Davis, Mr.
Joy, and [             ]. Plaintiff has identified three gaps in the record that it
believes, in light of the history of the procurement and the bias it believes it
has suffered, need to be filled in order for effective judicial review. Plaintiff
also argues that these holes can only effectively be filled by the depositions of
those individuals.

       The first alleged gap is from November 2014 to January 2015, during
which time the agency was organizing the TEP, the TEP performed its first
evaluation and the CO made her award decision. Starry relies in part on the
agency’s own decision to take corrective action after its first GAO protest

                                        11
because of what the agency characterized as gaps in the record, gaps which
Starry argues were never filled, such as why [                     ]’s questions
regarding [            ]’s appearance of bias went unheeded and why [
       ]’s noted a list of omissions in Intellizant’s proposal but rated them as
technically acceptable nonetheless. Plaintiff also seeks an explanation for why
the agency decided to take corrective action after Starry’s first protest was
filed.

        The second gap is from January 2015 to April 30, 2015. Plaintiff
alleges that the record is silent with respect to the process which lead to the
second award to Intellizant or why it took so long to reevaluate the same
proposals. The record of this reevaluation does not contain individual
evaluation sheets for each TEP member as it did for the first evaluation in
2014. Plaintiff also points out issues raised in the agency’s internal email
communications, which it believes are unresolved during the record for this
period, such as concerns raised by [               ] and [            ] regarding
Intellizant’s proposal, and, at least in [           ]’ case, why those concerns
did not show up in the final consensus TEP report. [                 ] also asked
for further clarification regarding the issues that [            ]’s had initially
raised regarding omissions from Intellizant’s proposal. AR 1485-86 ([
      ] emails). Plaintiff finds the response from the CO, AR 1487, to be
insufficient.

        The third alleged gap is from July 2015 to September 2015.
Specifically, plaintiff alleges that the record does not explain why the agency
only began to consider cancellation of the solicitation after the second GAO
protest was sustained. Plaintiff also points out that there is no explanation for
what took place in meetings during this period that are otherwise referred to
in documents. See AR 1543-45 (agency emails). Plaintiff believes that the
steps taken by agency personnel during this period, especially after the August
11, 2015 GAO decision, are not explained in contemporaneous documents.
The decision to cancel simply appears ex nihilo.

       Defendant objects to plaintiff’s discovery request. It does, however,
attach two documents to its opposition that it believes should have been
included in the AR. The first is an email from agency counsel to the parties
and GAO on September 8, 2015, which explains the agency’s rationale for
cancelling the solicitation rather than reevaluating Intellizant, as recommended
by the GAO. The second document is a declaration of the CO, created March
9, 2016, in which agency counsel attempts to recapitulate the various decisions

                                       12
of the agency throughout the two and a half year history of this procurement.

       Defendant argues that Starry has not made the requisite showing of a
credible allegation of bias. Defendant also argues that, even if there are gaps
in the record, the record is still sufficient for the court to do a review,
particularly in light of the March 2016 declaration of Ms. Ellis that defendant
proposes we add to the record. Alternatively, it suggests that any gaps that
might exist would be better addressed by remand to the agency.

        Plaintiff replies that much of the information the agency relies on to
respond to the assertions of a lack of an adequate record consists of after-the-
fact declarations offered to the GAO or to this court; the information is not
contemporaneous with the real events as issue. Insofar as gaps remain,
plaintiff responds that a remand, in the face of serious documented assertions
of the appearance of bias would be inappropriate because such allegations
uniquely raise concerns that the agency will be less than candid in
documenting what occurred.

I. Plaintiff Has Presented Credible Allegations of Bias

        Bid protests in this court are conducted under the standards set forth in
the Administrative Procedures Act. 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1)(4) (2012). As
such, the parties and the court are normally limited to reviewing the agency’s
record of the procurement, which is meant to be contemporaneous with the
events as they happened and to supply the parties and the court with an
explanation of the agency’s decision making process. See Axiom Res. Mgmt.,
Inc. v. United States, 564 F.3d 1374, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2009). Supplementation
of the administrative record is warranted only when it is necessary to ensure
effective judicial review. Id. Discovery by deposition, therefore, would be
unusual.

        Nevertheless, we are satisfied that plaintiff has made the appropriate
case for supplementation through discovery. Effective judicial review is not
possible when the administrative record “is missing ‘relevant information that
by its very nature would not be found in an agency record–such as evidence of
bad faith, information relied upon but omitted from the paper record, or the
content of conversations.’” InfoReliance Corp. v. United States, 118 Fed. Cl.
744, 747 (2014) (quoting Orion Int’l Techs. v. United States, 60 Fed. Cl. 338,
343-44 (2004)). As this court has recognized on several occasions, “rare
indeed would be the occasions when evidence of bad faith will be placed in an

                                       13
administrative record.” Beta Analytics Int’l v. United States, 61 Fed. Cl. 223,
226 (2004); see also, e.g., L-3 Commc’ns Intergrated Sys., L.P. v. United
States, 91 Fed. Cl. 347, (2010); Int’l Res. Recovery, Inc. v. United States, 61
Fed Cl. 38, 41-42 (2004). Courts have therefore “traditionally considered
extra-record evidence in assessing alleged bias or bad faith.” Int’l Res.
Recovery, 38 Fed. Cl. at 41-42.

        While government officials are presumed to operate in good faith, Am-
Pro Protective Agency, Inc. v. United States, 281 F.3d 1234, 1239 (Fed. Cir.
2002), a protestor is entitled to investigate bias if it can make a threshold
showing of “motivation for the Government employees in question to have
acted in bad faith or conduct that is hard to explain absent bad faith,” and that
“discovery could lead to evidence which would provide the level of proof
required to overcome the presumption of regularity.” Beta Analytics, 61 Fed.
Cl. at 226.

       A. Questionable Conduct

        While plaintiff casts its motion as a request to fill gaps in the record,
and while the record here is remarkably innocent of details supporting the
numerous steps in the procurement process (especially the agency’s change in
needs and decision to cancel the procurement), we treat the real thrust of
plaintiff’s request as one for permission to investigate its assertions that Mr.
Davis was biased and that the bias affected the outcome.

        There is credible evidence in the record that Mr. Davis was biased and
that, despite his self-proclaimed recusal, he continued to affect the outcome of
the procurement in a way that benefitted his former employer. The most
obvious example, of course, is his decision to cancel the procurement after
Intellizant’s two failures to obtain the award. Mr. Davis was a relatively
recent former employee of Intellizant, and he recognized his own apparent bias
and purported to recuse himself from the procurement process. AR 940.

        [             ] states that Mr. Davis expressed both the inevitability and
desirability of award to Intellizant. He also states that Mr. Davis directed [
          ] not to participate in the TEP due to [         ]’s ongoing involvement
with Starry on the UFMS contract but then encouraged the participation of [
     ] who was similarly situated to [                ] with regard to Intellizant on
a different contract. [               ] also states that he was asked by Mr. Davis
to rate Starry’s performance as “unprofessional” for the current UFMS

                                         14
contract and that, when he declined to do so, his relationship with Mr. Davis
became strained.

        We also have email correspondence between various agency personnel
during the events described above. Those emails reveal that, despite Mr.
Davis’ representation that he had recused himself from the procurement in
toto, he had a hand in selecting the TEP. They reflect that [       ] went to
Mr. Davis when confronted with a challenge to her independence in the matter.
Even after that question was resolved, she followed up with Mr. Davis by
forwarding him the CO’s resolution of the issue. He almost immediately asked
her to call him after receiving her message. This suggests something more
than disinterested observation on the part of Mr. Davis.

        Finally, despite his protestations that he was generally uninvolved, Mr.
Davis was clearly the decision maker with regard to the cancellation of the
solicitation and failure to follow GAO’s direction to reevaluate the award to
Intellizant. While Mr. Davis as a director of one of the components of the
PCS had a legitimate interest as a “customer” in obtaining only needed
services, there is evidence calling into question whether the decision to cancel
the solicitation was based solely on the absence of need.

       On August 11, 2015, GAO sustained Starry’s second protest, laying out
a variety of deficiencies in the agency’s evaluation of Intellizant, and
recommending that the agency reevaluate the award consistent with its
directions. The recommendation was, on its face, prejudicial to Intellizant and
potentially beneficial to Starry.         The agency never followed that
recommendation, however, because, Mr. Davis changed his mind regarding its
needs from the UFMS support contract. Mr. Davis’ second statement for the
record suggests that the idea to revise the agency’s need arose prior to GAO’s
August 11 decision.

       Mr. Joy’s statement for the record, although lending some credence to
the notion that Mr. Davis considered factors other than Starry’s success at
GAO, also informs the court that Mr. Joy and others at the agency were
awaiting the outcome at GAO before action on cancellation of the solicitation.
At oral argument, government counsel suggested that, had the agency
prevailed at GAO, it could have continued with the award to Intellizant and
then modified the contract later to drop the work that the agency discovered
was duplicated by the license agreements. There is no record support for that
explanation, and it would, in any event, be highly anticompetitive for the

                                      15
agency to compete a contract on the basis of needed expertise with several
software systems, while knowing before final award that it did not need that
expertise, and yet awarding on that basis anyway. As Mr. Joy stated up front
in his statement for the record, dropping that requirement would presumably
open the competition to more bidders.

        We are thus left with a situation in which a previously-recused agency
official stepped in to cancel a solicitation after the agency was unsuccessful in
multiple efforts to award the contract to his former employer. Plaintiff
proffers evidence that the rationale for waiting for the outcome of the third
protest was pretextual. All of this after the same allegedly self-recused official
was consulted regarding the make up of the TEP, was kept informed of the
process by the TEP panelists that he recommended, advised one potential TEP
member that he had a bias issue while ignoring the same issue presented by his
own recommendee, made known his preference for one offeror, and allegedly
attempted to bias a performance rating for the protestor.

        In sum, plaintiff has presented a credible allegation of “motivation for
the Government employees in question to have acted in bad faith or conduct
that is hard to explain absent bad faith.” Beta Analytics, 61 Fed. Cl. at 226.
We thus turn to the question of whether the supplementation sought is likely
to lead to evidence sufficient to overcome the presumption of regularity.

       B. Evidence Likely to be Developed by Depositions

       A protestor must present clear and convincing evidence that an agency
official acted with bias or in bad faith in order to overcome the presumption
of regularity. See generally Galen Med. Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 369
F.3d 1324, 1330 (Fed. Cir. 2004). Supplementation of the record, however,
requires a lesser standard–a showing of likelihood that discovery would lead
to evidence that would meet the clear and convincing standard. L-3
Commc’ns, 91 Fed. Cl. at 355. We find that the standard is met here.

        As detailed above, Mr. Davis continued to have a hand in the
procurement, guiding the composition of the TEP, readying other agency
personnel for an eventual switch to a new contractor, and eventually cancelling
the solicitation after it became apparent that the agency would have difficulty
awarding to Intellizant. Some of his explanation for his involvement is
contradicted, or at least cast in a different light, by other record evidence such
as the statements of Mr. Joy and [                ] and the email correspondence

                                       16
revealed at GAO. Further, even assuming it was not improper for Mr. Davis
to have reinserted himself in the process to cancel the solicitation, his decision-
making process is not documented in the record in any contemporary fashion.
Instead it appears only through two self-serving post-hoc explanations
prepared for litigation at GAO.

        In the face of credible allegations of bias and unexplained agency
action, we are left to conclude that the depositions of Mr. Davis, Ms. Ellis, Mr.
Joy, and [          ] are necessary for the court to resolve the issues presented.
We find that plaintiff meets the burden for showing that its request is likely to
lead to evidence that would overcome the presumption of regularity. The
statements of [                ] already contained in the record directly suggest
bias on the part of Mr. Davis. The statement of Mr. Joy at least partially
contradicts the implication of Mr. Davis’ second statement for the record that
his decision to cancel the solicitation was unrelated to GAO’s decision in favor
of Starry. [            ]’s involvement in the TEP is questionable in light of [
          ]’s representation that he was asked to abstain for participating in the
TEP because of his involvement with an offeror’s effort on a contract with
HHS but [            ] was not asked to abstain for that same reason. Ms. Ellis,
the CO and the official ultimately responsible for the procurement, cleared [
     ]’s involvement. Thus, the taking of depositions of these individuals will
produce testimony that is more probative than the largely self-seeking post-hoc
explanations currently contained in the record. Examination by counsel may
result in fuller explanations of the agency’s actions and decisions, as far as
they exist, for the agency’s actions and decisions.

II. Depositions Are Warranted

        Defendant also argues that, if the court were to find the record lacking
in some respect, that the only warranted remedy is to remand to the agency to
supply yet another round of after-the-fact explanations. We decline that
invitations for two reasons.

       First, we gave defendant an opportunity to supplement the record at the
onset of this case in light of the allegations contained in the complaint. See
Order of February 12, 2016. Defendant declined that invitation. See
Defendant’s Status report of February 19, 2016. Defendant elected to proceed
with the explanations that agency officials had already presented to the GAO.
We do not see a reason to give it another chance to answer that question
differently now.

                                        17
        Second, in light of the credible allegations of bias and spotty
explanations of agency conduct, the inclusion of new explanations short of
discovery by means of depositions is unlikely to result in information useful
to the court in resolving the merits of this protest. Depositions are warranted.

                                CONCLUSION

       We conclude that plaintiff has met its burden in showing why it is
necessary to supplement the administrative record with the four depositions
detailed above. Although the protest is framed as a challenge only to the
cancellation of the solicitation, given the well-founded allegations of bias, the
long history of this procurement, and Mr. Davis’ involvement at different
points along the way, we will open the record to examination of all of the
agency’s actions from inception to cancellation of the solicitation through the
four depositions requested by plaintiff. Accordingly, the following is ordered:

       1. Plaintiff’s motion to supplement the administrative record is granted.

       2. Defendant’s request to include in the AR the two documents
       attached to its opposition is granted. The email from HHS counsel and
       the declaration of Ms. Ellis will be considered part of the
       Administrative Record.6

       3. Plaintiff is granted leave to take the depositions of Mr. John Davis,
       Mr. Patrick Joy, Ms. Cassandra Ellis, and [                  ].

       4. The parties are directed to endeavor to complete those depositions
       within the next three weeks.

       5. The parties are directed to file a joint status report on or before April
       8, 2016.

                                                    s/ Eric G. Bruggink
                                                    ERIC G. BRUGGINK
                                                    Judge

6
 We recognize that Ms. Ellis’ declaration is not a contemporaneous record
of agency decision making, but, in light of our grant of plaintiff’s motion to
supplement the record, we will allow it added to the record.

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