                                                                                               Filed
                                                                                         Washington State
                                                                                         Court of Appeals
                                                                                          Division Two

                                                                                          April 26, 2016



      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                         DIVISION II
    STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                           No. 47003-9-II

                                 Respondent,

          v.

    JAMES DILLARD APPLEGATE,                                 UNPUBLISHED OPINION

                                 Appellant.


         LEE, J. — A jury found James Dillard Applegate guilty of second degree assault—domestic

violence. He appeals, alleging evidentiary errors. He further alleges the sentencing court erred by

imposing legal financial obligations (LFOs) without inquiring into his ability to pay. We affirm.

                                               FACTS

         Applegate and his sister, Debra Applegate, lived together with their mother. One evening

the siblings got into an argument which culminated in a physical altercation. When police arrived,

Applegate approached Officer David Krebs with his hands up and stated, “I did it. Take me in.”

1 Report of Proceedings (RP) at 10. Officer Krebs then went inside the house and observed Debra,1

who was “extremely agitated” and “really emotional.” 1 RP at 11-12. She was pacing and showed

“hystericalness.” 2 RP at 181.




1
    We use Debra Applegate’s first name to avoid confusion. No disrespect is intended.
No. 47003-9-II


         Officer Krebs noticed Debra had a lump on her head, blood on her forehead and mouth,

swelling over her eye, a cut on her chin, and redness and bruising around her neck. Debra told

Officer Krebs that Applegate hit her in the head and face, and then grabbed her neck with both

hands and strangled her until she almost lost consciousness, saw spots, and involuntarily urinated.

Debra eventually calmed down and provided a sworn written statement of the details she

previously told Officer Krebs. A few days later, Officer Matthew Bachelder, a former domestic

violence detective, returned to the Applegate residence to photograph Debra. He noted bruising

and redness around her chin and left eye but did not recall seeing marks around her neck.

         The State charged Applegate with second degree assault—domestic violence, by

strangulation or suffocation.

         During trial, Debra testified she was intoxicated during the incident and did not remember

what happened. Over a defense objection, Officer Krebs testified to Debra’s statement on the night

of the incident that Applegate hit her in the head and face, and then grabbed her neck with both

hands and strangled her until she almost lost consciousness, saw spots, and involuntarily urinated.

Over a defense objection, the trial court also allowed the State to admit Debra’s written statement,

concluding that the affidavit was properly admissible as a Smith2 affidavit.

         The trial court also admitted, over a defense objection, the testimony of Officer Bachelder,

who testified that based on his training and experience, signs of strangulation included breathing

issues and involuntary urination. The trial court further admitted several photographs that were

taken on the night in question that showed redness and bruising around Debra’s neck.




2
    State v. Smith, 97 Wn.2d 856, 651 P.2d 207 (1982).


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No. 47003-9-II


       Applegate testified in his defense, claiming Debra was the aggressor and he was unaware

how she received her injuries. Applegate, however, admitted to telling the police to “take me to

jail.” 3 RP at 348.

       A jury found Applegate guilty as charged. The sentencing court sentenced Applegate to

135 days and imposed $2,650 in LFOs without objection. Applegate appeals.

                                            ANALYSIS

A.     EVIDENTIARY RULINGS

       Applegate contends the trial court erred by admitting Debra’s oral and written statements

and allowing Officer Bachelder to testify as an expert. We disagree.

       We review a trial court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion. State v. Finch, 137

Wn.2d 792, 810, 975 P.2d 967, cert. denied, 528 U.S. 922 (1999). A court abuses its discretion

when its evidentiary ruling is “manifestly unreasonable, or exercised on untenable grounds, or for

untenable reasons.” State v. Downing, 151 Wn.2d 265, 272, 87 P.3d 1169 (2004) (quoting State

ex rel. Carroll v. Junker, 79 Wn.2d 12, 26, 482 P.2d 775 (1971)). We may uphold a trial court’s

evidentiary ruling on the grounds the trial court used or on other proper grounds the record

supports. State v. Powell, 126 Wn.2d 244, 259, 893 P.2d 615 (1995). We will reverse an erroneous

evidentiary ruling only if there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have

been materially affected had the error not occurred. State v. Goggin, 185 Wn. App. 59, 69, 339

P.3d 983 (2014), review denied, 182 Wn.2d 1027 (2015).




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No. 47003-9-II


       1.      Admission of Oral Statement

       Applegate first contends the trial court erred by allowing Officer Krebs’ hearsay testimony

of Debra’s statements on the night of the incident. This challenge fails.

       Hearsay is “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial

or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted” in the statement. ER

801(c). Hearsay statements are inadmissible unless they fall within one of the exceptions in the

Rules of Evidence. ER 802. One such exception is for the declarant’s “excited utterances,”

defined as “statement[s] relating to a startling event or condition made while the declarant was

under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition.” ER 803(a)(2). To qualify as an

exited utterance, a statement must meet three requirements: (1) a startling or exciting event must

have occurred, (2) the declarant’s statement must have been made while he or she was under the

stress of the startling or exciting event, and (3) the statement must be related to the startling or

exciting event. State v. Ohlson, 162 Wn.2d 1, 8, 168 P.3d 1273 (2007).

       Applegate argues the second requirement was not satisfied because there was no showing

Debra was still under the stress of a startling event when speaking with Officer Krebs. Officer

Krebs testified Debra appeared “extremely agitated” and “really emotional.” 1 RP at 11-12. Debra

was pacing and showed “hystericalness.” 2 RP at 181. While Officer Krebs testified she

eventually calmed down, she remained agitated and emotional.

       Applegate also argues the second requirement was not satisfied because Debra’s responses

were to Officer Krebs’ questions versus blurted out statements. In State v. Chapin, 118 Wn.2d

681, 690, 826 P.2d 194 (1992), our Supreme Court noted that when a statement is made in answer

to a question it may raise doubts as to whether the statement is in response to a startling event, but



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No. 47003-9-II


“[t]he fact that a statement is made in response to a question will not by itself require the statement

be excluded.” Based on Debra’s actions throughout Officer Krebs’ contact with her, she was

clearly under the stress of an exciting event that was not minimized by his questioning. Thus,

because the trial court had tenable grounds to allow the hearsay testimony under the excited

utterance exception, it did not abuse its discretion.

       2.        Admission of Written Statement

       Applegate next argues the trial court erred by admitting Debra’s prior written statement.

He argues that the reliability test articulated in State v. Smith, 97 Wn.2d 856, 863, 651 P.2d 207

(1982), is invalid after the United States Supreme Court’s opinion in Crawford v. Washington, 541

U.S. 36, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004).

       Even if the trial court erred in admitting Debra’s prior written statement, it will not impact

Applegate’s conviction because any error would be harmless. An erroneous admission of evidence

does not amount to reversible error unless the court determines within reasonable probability that

the outcome of the trial would have been materially affected had the error not occurred. Goggin,

185 Wn. App. at 69. Here, Applegate admitted to wrongdoing when officers first arrived; several

admitted photographs show Debra’s injuries, including redness and bruising around her neck; and

Officer Krebs properly testified to Debra’s oral statements alleging Applegate tried to strangle her.

Given the evidence, there is no reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have

been materially affected had the statement not been admitted. Thus, Applegate’s argument is

unpersuasive.3


3
 Applegate further argues the written statement would not be admissible as a recorded recollection
under ER 803(a)(5) because Debra had a “complete lack of recollection.” Br. of Appellant at 16



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No. 47003-9-II


       3.      Officer Bachelder’s Testimony

       Applegate next argues the trial court erred by allowing Officer Bachelder to testify about

the signs of strangulation. This challenge also fails.

       Expert testimony is admissible when the expert’s “specialized knowledge will assist the

trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.” ER 702. A witness can be

“qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, [and] may testify

thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.” Id. Training and experience gained as a police

officer can qualify that person as an expert in certain areas. State v. Sanders, 66 Wn. App. 380,

386, 832 P.2d 1326 (1992). Moreover, under ER 703 and 705, expert opinions can be admitted

without foundation other than “testimony establishing the expert’s qualifications.” Id. (quoting

5A KARL TEGLAND, WASHINGTON PRACTICE, EVIDENCE § 311, at 482 (3d ed. 1989)).

       Here, Officer Bachelder testified that before he was a patrol officer he was a domestic

violence detective and went through assault training, which included recognizing the signs of

strangulation. He further testified he had investigated “30 or more” strangulation cases. 2 RP at

235. He then testified that based on his training and experience, signs of strangulation included

breathing issues and involuntary urination.

       Given Officer Bachelder’s specific training and experience, his specialized knowledge

qualified him to testify about the signs of strangulation. Because the trial court had tenable grounds

to admit his testimony regarding signs of strangulation, the trial court did not err.




n.11. This argument is improperly raised in a footnote in Applegate’s opening brief without an
assignment of error as required in RAP 10.3(a)(4). Given the improper raising of this issue and
our conclusion that any error would be harmless, we decline to reach this issue.


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No. 47003-9-II


B.     LFOs

       The final issue is whether the sentencing court erred by failing to make an individualized

determination of Applegate’s ability to pay before imposing LFOs. The State argues this issue

was not preserved for appeal. The State is correct. Applegate did not challenge the trial court’s

imposition of LFOs at his sentencing, so he may not do so on appeal. State v. Blazina, 174 Wn.

App. 906, 911, 301 P.3d 492 (2013), remanded, 182 Wn.2d 827, 344 P.3d 680 (2015). Our

decision in Blazina, issued before Applegate’s November 7, 2014 sentencing, provided notice that

the failure to object to LFOs during sentencing potentially waives a related claim of error on

appeal. As our Supreme Court noted, an appellate court may use its discretion to reach unpreserved

claims of error. State v. Blazina, 182 Wn.2d 827, 830, 344 P.3d 680 (2015). We decline to exercise

such discretion here.

C.     APPELLATE COSTS

       Applegate objects to awarding appellate costs to the State in light of State v. Sinclair, 192

Wn. App. 380, 367 P.3d 612 (2016), arguing he lacks the ability to pay. We ordered the State to

respond, but it did not.

       The trial court entered an order of indigency for this appeal on January 5, 2015. We

presume a party remains indigent “throughout the review” unless the trial court finds otherwise.

RAP 15.2(f). RCW 10.73.160(1) vests the appellate court with discretion to award appellate costs.

Under RAP 14.2, that discretion may be exercised in a decision terminating review. We exercise

our discretion and hold that an award of appellate costs to the State is not appropriate.

       We affirm.




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No. 47003-9-II


        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

2.06.040, it is so ordered.



                                                                        Lee, J.

We concur:



                 Worswick, P.J.




                  Melnick, J.




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