                                                        NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                          FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                               _____________

                                    No. 17-3160
                                   _____________

                        ANA MARGARITA O-O, M.D. R-O,
                                             Petitioners
                                   v.

             ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                              Respondent
                        _______________________

                      On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                           Board of Immigration Appeals
                     Agency Nos. A208-446-964, A208-446-965
                     Immigration Judge: Honorable John B. Carle
                            _______________________

                  Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                   June 14, 2018

      Before: SMITH, Chief Judge, CHAGARES and FUENTES, Circuit Judges

                            (Opinion Filed: July 26, 2018)
                             _______________________

                                   OPINION
                            _______________________




*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does
not constitute binding precedent.
SMITH, Chief Judge.

       Ana Margarita O-O (Ana) and her minor child M.D. R-O (M.D.) petition for

review of a decision by the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) dismissing an appeal

from the Immigration Judge’s (IJ) denial of asylum and withholding of removal.1 For the

reasons that follow, we will deny the petition.

                                             I.

       Ana is a native and citizen of El Salvador. In 2015, she was served with a Notice

to Appear charging her as an alien present in the United States without being admitted or

paroled. She conceded removability and applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and

protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT).

       During a hearing before an IJ, Ana testified that her daughter had been born in

2012, when Ana was sixteen. From the time of her daughter’s birth until she left for the

United States in 2015, Ana lived in El Salvador with her maternal grandfather, who was

elderly and suffered medical problems. Because she and her grandfather were

unemployed, they depended upon money sent by Ana’s father, who lives in the United

States. Ana and her grandfather typically went together to pick up the monthly checks,

while Ana would handle household chores like paying bills and shopping.




1
  Because M.D. is a rider on Ana’s petition, this opinion will hereafter refer only to
Ana as the petitioner. The IJ’s decision notes that M.D. filed her own application
for asylum, which the IJ addressed in a separate opinion. JA 08 at n.1. That decision
is not before us.
                                          2
       In 2014, Ana received a threatening message from an unknown phone number.

The unidentified individual indicated that he was contacting her on behalf of the Mara-18

gang and demanded that she pay them $1,000. Ana did not pay the $1,000, nor did she

have access to such an amount. Although she initially thought the message was a joke,

threatening calls persisted for six months, occurring as often as ten times per month.

According to Ana, she thought gang members were targeting her “[b]ecause [she] was . .

. a single woman.” JA 83.

       The calls stopped for a period when Ana changed her phone number, but soon

resumed at her new number. In June or July 2014, while Ana was shopping, someone

threw rocks at her home, breaking roof tiles and destroying the roof. Gang members later

claimed responsibility, telling Ana it was because she had not paid them. Ana, her

daughter, and her grandfather then relocated to a new neighborhood about two hours

away. Despite the move, the threatening calls began again.

       In August 2015, masked individuals came to Ana’s home on two occasions, again

demanding money. On the second occasion, they threatened Ana and her daughter with a

gun and a knife. When Ana’s grandfather arrived and tried to intervene, the intruders

attacked him.

       Ana did not report the incidents to the police, but she did contact the Mayor of her

town, who told her it would be best for her to leave the country. Shortly thereafter, she

and her daughter fled El Salvador. Ana’s family arranged for and paid a smuggler, who




                                             3
brought them to the United States in early September 2015.2 They now live in

Pennsylvania with Ana’s parents, her siblings, and M.D.’s father.

       The IJ found that Ana testified credibly to having suffered past harm in the form

of concrete, imminent death threats from gang members. The IJ considered whether Ana

had suffered that harm on account of her membership in a “particular social group”

(PSG), described as “Salvadoran single female heads of households responsible for the

household’s support.” JA 15. The IJ concluded that this proposed PSG was not

sufficiently “particular” because it did not have discrete and definable boundaries. In

addition, the PSG was not “socially distinct” because the members of the proposed group

do not possess a trait meaningfully distinguishing them from the rest of the society.

Finally, even if the proposed PSG was cognizable, the IJ determined that Ana did not

establish the necessary nexus between the harm she suffered and her membership in the

proposed PSG. The IJ therefore denied the asylum and withholding claims.3

       Ana appealed to the BIA. The BIA found no clear error in the IJ’s findings of fact

and agreed with its determinations that Ana failed to establish membership in a cognizable

PSG and that she failed to establish a nexus between harm she suffered and any PSG

membership.

       Ana timely filed this petition for review.




2
  Ana’s grandfather remained in El Salvador and relocated to a different part of the
country.
3
  The IJ denied Ana’s CAT claim on different grounds. She does not appeal the
CAT claim denial.
                                        4
                                              II.

       We have jurisdiction to review the BIA’s final order of removal under 8 U.S.C.

§1252(a). Shehu v. Att’y Gen., 482 F.3d 652, 656 (3d Cir. 2007). Although we review

the BIA’s decision, we consider the IJ’s opinion as well “where the BIA has substantially

relied on that opinion.” Camara v. Att’y Gen., 580 F.3d 196, 201 (3d Cir. 2009).

                                             III.

       Ana claims she is a refugee and is therefore eligible for asylum because she has “a

well-founded fear of persecution on account of . . . membership in a particular social

group.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). To prove this, Ana bore the burden of establishing:

(1) the existence of a particular social group that is legally cognizable; (2) her

membership in that social group; (3) a subjectively honest and objectively reasonable fear

of persecution; and (4) a nexus between her membership in the social group and her

persecution. S.E.R.L. v. Att’y Gen., -- F.3d --, 2018 WL 3233796 at *4 (3d Cir. July 3,

2018). Ana’s petition for review focuses on whether the proposed PSG is cognizable and

whether she established a nexus between the harm she suffered and her membership in

the proposed PSG.

                                              A.

       “[T]he existence of a cognizable particular social group presents a mixed question

of law and fact, since the ultimate legal question of cognizability depends on underlying

factual questions concerning the group and the society of which it is a part.” Id. at *3.

Therefore, we review de novo the legal conclusion as to whether a particular social group

exists, and we review the underlying factual findings for substantial evidence. Id.; see
                                              5
also 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B) (“[A]dministrative findings of fact are conclusive unless

any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.”).

       According to the BIA, a cognizable PSG must: (1) have members that share a

common, immutable characteristic; (2) be particularized; and (3) be socially distinct.

Matter of M-E-V-G-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 227, 237 (BIA 2014). A common, immutable

characteristic is one that “the group either cannot change, or should not be required to

change because it is fundamental to their individual identity or consciences.” Matter of

Acosta, 19 I. & N. Dec. 211, 233–234 (BIA 1985). To be particularized, a PSG must

have “discrete and definable boundaries” that are not “amorphous, overbroad, diffuse, or

subjective.” M-E-V-G-, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 239. And finally, “‘[s]ocial distinction’ means

social recognition, or ‘whether the people of a given society would perceive a proposed

group as sufficiently separate or distinct.’” S.E.R.L., 2018 WL 3233796 at *8 (quoting

M-E-V-G-, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 241). Social distinction does not mean that the group’s

characteristics must be literally visible to the eyes. M-E-V-G-, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 240.

Our Court has concluded that the BIA’s approach to determining whether a PSG is

cognizable is reasonable and entitled to deference under Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural

Res. Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984).4 S.E.R.L., 2018 WL 3233796 at *10.




4
 In her brief, Ana argued that the BIA’s approach should not be afforded Chevron
deference. Recently, however, this Court considered the issue and ruled otherwise.
See S.E.R.L., 2018 WL 3233796 at *10.
                                         6
       Relying on the IJ’s factual findings, the BIA concluded that Ana’s proposed PSG

lacks particularity and social distinction.5 We agree. Most notably, Ana did not establish

that there is a widely accepted definition of “head of household” that meets the

particularity requirement. While one might reasonably conclude that a “head of

household” is an adult individual who is responsible for her family’s financial support,

Ana testified that she was a teenager while she was targeted and that she was unemployed

and not responsible for financially supporting her household. Thus, while she describes

herself as “head of household,” it is not clear precisely why Ana should qualify. Such a

vague phrase is “amorphous, overbroad, diffuse, or subjective,” M-E-V-G-, 26 I. & N.

Dec. at 239, and therefore is not sufficiently particular.

       We also agree that the BIA correctly upheld the IJ’s finding that the proposed PSG

does not include “a trait that meaningfully distinguishes [the PSG members] from

members of the society that do not possess the same trait.” JA 16. Simply put, Ana did

not put forth substantial evidence that El Salvadoran society recognizes this group as

socially distinct.

       As support for the existence of her PSG, Ana points to several articles detailing

programs in El Salvador that are geared towards benefitting women. Yet none of the

articles explicitly address the proposed PSG. None of the articles describe programs

designed specifically for single women, and only one article, titled “Women



5
 The IJ agreed with Ana that “single female heads of households” share an
immutable characteristic. The BIA did not address this element, and we do not
consider it here.
                                        7
Entrepreneurs Reaching Their Goals,” even includes the phrase “heads of households.”

JA 230–33. While that article discusses government efforts to stimulate the economy

through female entrepreneurship, it simply mentions that most women participating in the

program are the heads of their households. This scant evidence does not compel a

conclusion that society recognizes “Salvadoran single female heads of household

responsible for the household’s support” as a socially distinct group within El Salvador.

       Ana also argues that people in her area knew she was a single female who was the

head of her household and that there were other single female heads of household in her

neighborhood.6 Even if true, the social distinction element is not met by merely creating


6
  Ana cites her own testimony in support, yet that testimony did not go as far as she
contends in her brief. Ana argues that “she was known around the area in which
she lived as the head of her household.” Pet. Br. 16. Her testimony, however,
addresses only Ana’s interactions with her own household members, not anyone
else. See JA 66. In addition, she argues that “there were other single female heads
of households in other families in her area.” Pet. Br. 16. That may be so, but her
testimony merely establishes that there were others in her town whose relatives
live in the United States:

              A: Well, because once I had my daughter, I, I had to take
              care of her and, right, I didn’t have anyone else also to,
              you know that could take care of her for me, so that’s,
              that’s what I did.
              Q: Okay. In your town were there a lot of people in a
              similar situation?
              A: Yes. Definitely.
              Q: Just to be more specific, people with families in the
              United States who were living on their own?
              A: Yes.

JA 67. Notably, this exchange was not specific to women at all, let alone to
“single female heads of households responsible for the household’s support.”
                                        8
a label that describes one’s position in society. See, e.g., S.E.R.L., 2018 WL 3233796 at

*15 (concluding that “immediate family members of Honduran women unable to leave a

domestic relationship” is not a socially distinct PSG); Matter of W-G-R-, 26 I. & N. Dec.

208, 217 (BIA 2014) (concluding that “former gang members” is not a socially distinct

PSG).

        Ana has not identified substantial evidence that El Salvadoran society views

“Salvadoran single female heads of household responsible for the household’s support”

as a distinct PSG. Because we may reverse the BIA’s determination only if the evidence

compels a contrary conclusion, we will uphold the BIA’s determination that Ana did not

posit a cognizable PSG. See Gonzalez-Posadas v. Att’y Gen., 781 F.3d 677, 684 n.5 (3d

Cir. 2015) (citing INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 n.1 (1992)).

                                            B.

        Even if we were to recognize “Salvadoran single female heads of households

responsible for the household’s support” as a cognizable PSG, Ana has not shown the

harm she suffered was on account of her membership in the group she defined.

Ndayshimiye v. Att’y Gen., 557 F.3d 124, 129 (3d Cir. 2009) (“[A] key task for any

asylum applicant is to show a sufficient ‘nexus’ between persecution and one of the listed

protected grounds.”). Ana does not point to evidence that would compel a reasonable

factfinder to reverse the BIA’s determination in this regard. See Fei Mei Cheng v. Att’y

Gen., 623 F.3d 175, 195 (3d Cir. 2010); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).




                                             9
       Before the IJ, Ana did not testify to any clear belief about the reason she was

targeted, stating only that it occurred “[b]ecause I was a, a single woman, I think.”7 JA

83. Here, she argues that she meets the nexus requirement because: (1) the persecution

occurred when she was at home, showing that it “centered around the very household she

supported,” Pet. Br. at 20; and (2) there is “targeted violence against women in El

Salvador,” Pet. Br. at 19.

       First, the occurrence of the harm at her home, without more, does not provide

substantial evidence of the motive of her attackers. Gang members could have just as

reasonably targeted Ana at her home because it was a private location where they knew

they could find her.

       Second, while Ana presented some evidence that there is targeted violence against

women in El Salvador for reasons including profit, silencing political opposition, and

ensuring gang control, this does not establish a nexus between the harm Ana suffered and

her status as a “Salvadoran single female head of household responsible for the

household’s support.” The BIA determined that Ana did not show that the harm was “on

account of her membership in the group she defined, rather than for other reasons such as

the gang’s perception that she has money.” JA 5. We will not disturb this conclusion.

Ana has not put forth substantial evidence to suggest why she was targeted. As such, a

reasonable factfinder would not be compelled to reverse the BIA’s decision.



7
 Ana’s belief is undermined by the fact that the gang members targeted both men
and women. For example, she testified that her boyfriend’s father was similarly
threatened and asked for money.
                                         10
                                             IV.

       To prevail on her claim for withholding of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3),

Ana must “establish a ‘clear probability of persecution,’ i.e., that it is more likely than

not, that [she] would suffer persecution upon returning home.” Valdiviezo-Galdamez v.

Att’y Gen., 663 F.3d 582, 591 (3d Cir. 2011) (citing INS v. Stevic, 467 U.S. 407, 429–30

(1984)). “Since [that] standard is more demanding than that governing eligibility for

asylum, an alien who fails to qualify for asylum is necessarily ineligible for withholding

of removal.” Id. Therefore, because Ana failed to establish her eligibility for asylum,

she is unable to succeed on her withholding of removal claim under INA § 241(b)(3).

                                              V.

       For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review will be denied.




                                              11
