   IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

MICHAEL J. DONNELLY,                       )
                                           )
                   Plaintiff,              )
                                           )
                                           )
       v.                                  ) C.A. No. 2018-0892-SG
                                           )
KERYX BIOPHARMACEUTICALS,                  )
INC.,                                      )
                                           )
                   Defendant.              )
                                           )

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

                         Date Submitted: July 10, 2019
                        Date Decided: October 24, 2019

Peter B. Andrews, Craig J. Springer, and David M. Sborz, of ANDREWS &
SPRINGER LLC, Wilmington, Delaware; OF COUNSEL: Randall J. Baron, David
T. Wissbroecker, and Christopher H. Lyons, of ROBBINS GELLER RUDMAN &
DOWD LLP, San Diego, California and Nashville, Tennessee, Attorneys for Plaintiff.

David E. Ross and S. Michael Sirkin, of ROSS ARONSTAM & MORITZ LLP,
Wilmington, Delaware; OF COUNSEL: Peter L. Welsh, Christian Reigstad, and
Mary Zou, of ROPES & GRAY LLP, New York, New York, Attorneys for
Defendant.




GLASSCOCK, Vice Chancellor
          What follows is, for me at least, a rare bird; a written Section 220 decision.

This Memorandum Opinion addresses Plaintiff’s Section 220 demand for books and

records from Keryx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Defendant” or “Keryx”) related to

its 2018 merger with Akebia Therapeutics, Inc. (“Akebia”). The Plaintiff seeks

books and records relevant to alleged breaches of the duty of loyalty and improper

disclosure.        The Defendant asserts that the Plaintiff’s purpose is pretextual,1

requiring dismissal under the rationale of Wilkinson v. A. Schulman, Inc.2 The

Plaintiff, in turn, asks me to find that the Defendant has opposed its document

demand in bad faith, and to shift attorney’s fees accordingly. Because these issues

seemed best addressed in writing, this Memorandum Opinion has followed. For the

reasons stated below, I grant the Plaintiff’s 220 demand. I do not find bad faith and

accordingly do not shift attorney’s fees.

                                            I. BACKGROUND

          What follows is an adumbration of the facts sufficient to the issues before me.

Keryx, a Delaware corporation, is a commercial stage biopharmaceutical company

that develops and markets medicines for kidney disease.3 Its marketed product,

Auryxia, is approved by the FDA and is also available in Japan and Europe. 4 Prior


1
    The Defendant also disputes that the Plaintiff has shown a credible basis to imply wrongdoing.
2
    2017 WL 5289553 (Del. Ch. Nov. 13, 2017).
3
    Joint Pre-Trial Stipulation and Order (“Pre-Trial Order”) ¶ 1; JX 5, at 5; JX 8, at 26.
4
    JX 5, at 5; JX 8, at 26.
to Keryx’s merger with Akebia, Baupost Group Securities, L.L.C. (“Baupost”) was

Keryx’s largest stockholder, with an approximate 21.4% stake of outstanding Keryx

common stock.5 Baupost also held approximately $164.75 million of Keryx’s senior

notes, which were convertible into common stock.6 If converted, the notes would

give Baupost approximately a 39% ownership stake.7 Keryx listed Baupost in its

10-K as its largest stockholder and one that “through its equity interests, may have

significant influence over matters submitted to [Keryx’s] stockholders for approval

and other corporate actions. . . .” 8 In addition to its ownership interest, Baupost had

a contractual right to appoint one director and one observer to Keryx’s seven-director

board (the “Board”).9

          In September 2017, John Butler—Akebia’s President and CEO—resigned as

Baupost’s appointee on the Keryx Board.10 That month, Baupost replaced Butler




5
    JX 8, at 17, 189-90.
6
    JX 8, 79–80, 189–90.
7
    JX 5, at 38.
8
    Id.
9
    JX 1, at 149–50, 156; JX 7, at 18.
10
  JX 7, at 13, 18, 46; JX 3, at 1–2. The parties disagree about whether Butler was CEO of
Akebia and Chairman of Keryx simultaneously. The press announcement regarding Enyedy’s
appointment indicates that Butler was “chairman of the Keryx board of directors and president
and chief executive officer of Akebia Therapeutics, Inc.” JX 3, at 1. Keryx’s counsel, however,
represented at trial that there was no overlap between these positions. Trial Tr. 63:21–64:5.

                                               2
with a new director, Mark Enyedy. 11 The remainder of the Board, with the exception

of then-CEO Greg Madison, were non-management, outside directors.12

           In December 2017, the Board formed a special committee (the “Committee”),

chaired by Baupost’s appointee, Enyedy, to explore a merger with Akebia, as well

as other potential alternatives. 13 The Committee hired Perella Weinberg Partners as

a financial advisor and engaged in discussions with Akebia and two other parties

based on a review of eight potential strategic partners or acquirers.14 During this

process, Keryx communicated with Baupost to ensure its support.15           In early

February 2018, Keryx, at the Committee’s recommendation, declined to go forward

with Akebia, citing concerns with Akebia’s development stage, the timing of its

clinical program, and the companies’ respective balance sheets and cash positions. 16

Discussions between Keryx and Akebia ceased. 17

           Shortly thereafter, Keryx reopened explorations in a broader field.18   It

engaged a new financial advisor, MTS Health Partners (“MTS”), and the Committee



11
     JX 7, at 13, 18, 46; JX 3, at 1–2.
12
     JX 7, at 12.
13
     JX 8, at 82.
14
     Id. at 80.
15
     Id.
16
     Id. at 84.
17
     Id.
18
     Id. at 84–85.

                                           3
authorized management to enter preliminary discussions with a broad range of

potential partners.19 The Committee engaged with several parties, but none was

interested in an acquisition of or merger with Keryx. 20

           While Keryx was exploring these options in March 2018, and at a time shortly

after Keryx’s board had determined that a merger with Akebia was not in Keryx’s

interest, Baupost conducted its own due diligence on Akebia.21 Then, in late April,

Madison resigned from his position as CEO of Keryx, and the Board appointed Jodie

Morrison as interim CEO. 22 At the same board meeting, Baupost provided Keryx

with access to its due diligence on Akebia.23 The Board directed Morrison to inquire

whether Akebia would be interested in reengaging in discussions regarding a

potential transaction.24 Recognizing certain conflicts, the Board re-constituted the

Committee, this time with CEO Morrison as chairman, alongside two independent,

non-management directors.25 Over the next two months, Keryx and Akebia engaged

in due diligence and merger negotiations.26



19
     Id. at 84.
20
     Id. at 85.
21
     Id.
22
     Id.; JX 6.
23
     JX 8, at 85.
24
     Id.
25
     Id. at 86.
26
     Id. at 85–93.

                                             4
           As a part of the discussions, Keryx and Akebia also engaged with Baupost

concerning early conversion of Baupost’s senior notes.27            Baupost requested

consideration, and the parties ultimately formed an agreement under which Baupost

received four million additional shares of common stock, valued at approximately

$20 million, in exchange for early conversion of its notes.28

           In addition, several Keryx officers received monetary or employment benefits

related to the transaction. On May 1, 2018, with merger negotiations in their nascent

stages, Keryx entered into retention agreements with three named executives

(besides Morrison) adding an approximate combined $450,000 in single-trigger

bonuses for a change-of-control. 29 Morrison’s term as interim CEO was originally

set to expire on October 31, 2018, but she entered an employment agreement to

remain through the earlier of the close of the merger or the end of the year. 30 Under

the terms of her extended employment agreement, Morrison received a $150,000

cash payment in October for her “considerable efforts” since her hiring in May, as

well as a potential $200,000 cash retention payment upon closing. 31 Morrison and




27
     Id. at 86–91.
28
     Id. at 88–91.
29
     Id. at 140–42.
30
     Id. at 139.
31
     Id.

                                             5
four other Keryx directors were tapped to become Keryx’s designees on the

combined company’s board.32

           Ultimately, the Committee recommended the merger, and on June 27, 2018

the Board unanimously approved. 33 The parties executed the Merger Agreement the

following day. 34 The stockholders approved the merger on December 11, 2018, and

the merger closed on December 12. 35

           According to the Complaint, inadequate disclosures in the proxy precluded

Keryx stockholders from making an informed decision about the merger.36

Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that Keryx failed to disclose the reasons behind

Madison’s resignation as well as the reasons for the exit of the Board’s initial

financial advisor, Perella Weinberg Partners.37 Plaintiff also alleged that Keryx

adjusted certain financial projections with the intent to mislead Keryx stockholders

into supporting the merger.38 Finally, he contended that Keryx failed to adequately

disclose either Baupost’s role in the sales process—given its side-agreement—or




32
     Id. at 137.
33
     Id. at 93.
34
     Id. at 94.
35
     JX 27, at 2.
36
     Docket Item (“D.I.”) 1 ¶ 19.
37
     Id.
38
     Id. ¶ 16. The financial projections can be found at JX 8, at 103–105.

                                                  6
why the Board renewed the sales process after it initially declined to move forward

with Akebia.39

          On November 26, 2018, Donnelly served a demand letter on Keryx (the

“Demand Letter”) under Section 220 of the Delaware General Corporation Law.40

In his demand, sent by his counsel at Robbins Geller Rudman & Dowd LLP

(“Counsel” or “Plaintiff’s Counsel”), Donnelly cited concerns with possible

breaches of loyalty based on the fairness of the merger price, potential influence by

Baupost, the bonuses paid in connection with the merger, the independence and

disinterestedness of the directors, and the disclosure issues identified above. 41 Keryx

responded on December 3, 2018 and refused to produce any of the demanded books

and records for inspection.42 Donnelly filed this action on December 10, 2018.43 To

date, Keryx has not produced any books and records in response to the Demand

Letter.44




39
     D.I. 1 ¶ 19.
40
     Pre-Trial Order ¶ 4.
41
     JX 9, at 5–8.
42
     Pre-Trial Order ¶ 5.
43
     Id. ¶ 6–7.
44
     Id. ¶ 11.

                                           7
                                         II. ANALYSIS

          “Stockholders of Delaware corporations enjoy a qualified . . . right to inspect

the corporation’s books and records.”45 Qualified, that is, in order to balance

stockholders’ legitimate need, as stockholders, to inspect corporate documents,

against the company’s interest in avoiding excessive and disruptive, and perhaps

nefarious, inquiries. Section 220 requires that a stockholder seeking inspection of

books and records (1) be a stockholder of record, (2) comply with the form and

manner requirements when making the demand, and (3) state a proper purpose for

the requested inspection.46 This dispute centers solely on the proper purpose

requirement and whether the Defendant responded properly to Plaintiff’s demand.

          A. Plaintiff Stated a Proper Purpose to Investigate a Breach of the Duty of
          Loyalty

          A plaintiff stockholder carries the burden of showing a proper purpose for

inspection of books and records.47 Section 220 defines a “proper purpose” as one

“reasonably related to the party’s interest as a stockholder.” 48 Investigation of




45
  KT4 Partners LLC v. Palantir Techs. Inc., 203 A.3d 738, 750 (Del. 2019) (citing Saito v.
McKesson HBOC, Inc., 806 A.2d 113, 116 (Del. 2002)); Cent. Laborers Pension Fund v. News
Corp., 45 A.3d 139, 143 (Del. 2012).
46
  8 Del. C. § 220(c); see also Cent. Laborers, 45 A.3d at 144; Amalgamated Bank v. Yahoo!
Inc., 132 A.3d 752, 775 (Del. Ch. 2016).
47
  8 Del. C. §220(c); see also Rodgers v. Cypress Semiconductor Corp., 2017 WL 1380621, at *3
(Del. Ch. Apr. 17, 2017); Grimes v. DSC Commc’ns Corp., 724 A.2d 561, 565 (Del. Ch. 1998).
48
     8 Del. C. § 220(b).

                                              8
mismanagement, waste, and wrongdoing is a proper purpose for inspection,

assuming it is directed ultimately to some stockholder-related end, such as making

a litigation demand or bringing a derivative action. 49 On the other hand, “[a]

corporate defendant may resist demand where it shows that the stockholder’s stated

proper purpose is not the actual purpose for the demand.” 50 This requires the

defendant to prove false pretenses, which “is fact intensive and difficult to

establish.” 51 One subspecies of false pretenses, our courts have held, is present

where the litigation is entirely lawyer—not client—driven. Such a situation was

presented to this Court in Schulman.52                In Schulman, the court found a fatal

misalignment of goals between the stockholder and his counsel, noting that the

demand “differed substantially” from the stockholder’s expressed concerns.53 The




49
  Seinfeld v. Verizon Commc’ns, Inc., 909 A.2d 117, 121 (Del. 2006); In re Facebook, Inc.
Section 220 Litig., 2019 WL 2320842, at *13 (Del. Ch. May 30, 2019); Rodgers, 2017 WL
1380621, at *3.
50
  Pershing Square, L.P. v. Ceridian Corp., 923 A.2d 810, 817 (Del. Ch. 2007) (citing Highland
Select Equity Fund, L.P. v. Motient Corp., 906 A.2d 156 (Del. Ch. 2006), aff'd sub nom.
Highland Equity Fund, L.P. v. Motient Corp., 922 A.2d 415 (Del. 2007)).
51
     Pershing Square, 923 A.2d at 817.
52
     Wilkinson v. A. Schulman, Inc., 2017 WL 5289553, at *3 (Del. Ch. Nov. 13, 2017).
53
  Id. at *3 (“This is not a situation in which the stockholder client initiated the process, then
counsel drafted a demand. The event that prompted Wilkinson to seek books and records
differed substantially from what [his counsel] chose to explore.”).

                                                  9
court found false pretenses because the stockholder “simply lent his name” to his

counsel for the litigation, which was itself entirely lawyer-driven. 54

          The Defendant here points to the deposition of the Plaintiff as failing the

Schulman “test.” As this Court noted in Inter-Local Pension Fund GCC/IBT v.

Calgon Carbon Corp., 55 Schulman did not announce a new Section 220 test; rather,

the court in Schulman found that a certain set of facts proved the stockholder’s stated

purposes were pretextual.56 The Defendant in this case points to a misalignment of

the reasons for investigation the Plaintiff articulated at his deposition, and those set

forth in the demand. Specifically, the Demand Letter sent by Plaintiff’s Counsel on

Donnelly’s behalf named disclosure as one of his concerns.57 At his deposition,

when asked what concerns motivated filing the demand, Donnelly named the deal

price, the change of leadership, the bonuses, potential board conflicts, and Baupost’s

influence.58 Despite repeated inquiries, he did not name disclosure as a concern until

prompted, and when prompted, it became evident he had not reviewed the merger



54
  Id. at *2 (“In this case, the trial record established that the purposes for the inspection
belonged to Wilkinson’s counsel . . . and not to Wilkinson himself. Wilkinson simply lent his
name to a lawyer-driven effort by entrepreneurial plaintiffs’ counsel.”).
55
     2019 WL 479082 (Del. Ch. Jan. 25, 2019).
56
  Inter-Local Pension Fund GCC/IBT v. Calgon Carbon Corp., 2019 WL 479082, at *9 n.99
(Del. Ch. Jan. 25, 2019) (“I do not read Schulman as announcing a rigid test for when a purpose
will be improper under Section 220.”).
57
     JX 9, at 5–8.
58
     Donnelly Dep. at 18:8–20:15; 61:7–65:5.

                                                10
proxy to see what the companies had already disclosed.59 After further questioning,

Donnelly testified that even had he received the disclosures he now argues were

required, he still would have opposed the merger based on fairness concerns. 60

          The Defendant argues that adequate disclosure is solely the concern of

Donnelly’s counsel, and not Donnelly. As such, Defendant maintains the Plaintiff

has not stated a proper purpose in seeking documents relating to disclosure. Unlike

the 220 demand in Schulman, where the misalignment between the stockholder’s

interest and the demand was total,61 here Donnelly expressed a proper purpose

regarding investigating breach of fiduciary duty in way of the merger.62 This is not

a case of a pretextual, lawyer-driven demand as in Schulman. I do not find evidence

of false pretenses for the Plaintiff’s stated concerns over a possible breach of the

duty of loyalty. The Defendant points out that the Demand Letter is drafted from a

template used by Plaintiff’s Counsel, but this is not proof that the client did not have

individual concerns placed into the template to create the Demand Letter.




59
     See id. at 101:23–102:17.
60
     Id. at 103:4–105:15.
61
  The Schulman case states that the concerns of the plaintiff and his counsel “differed
substantially,” and the difference was stark: the plaintiff was concerned about financial
performance, while his counsel, through the demand letter, investigated the acceleration of
restricted stock awards to the CEO. Wilkinson v. A. Schulman, Inc., 2017 WL 5289553, at *2
(Del. Ch. Nov. 13, 2017).
62
     See Donnelly Dep. at 18:8–20:15; 61:7–65:5; 183:22–184:15.

                                               11
          Moreover, having found a proper purpose in investigating wrongdoing in way

of a derivative—or direct damages—action,63 it was appropriate for Counsel to

request disclosure-related documents as well, since, under our case law, that

information would be necessary to the client’s purpose.64 I turn, therefore, to

whether the record demonstrates a credible basis from which to infer wrongdoing.

          B. Plaintiff Offered a Credible Basis for His Demands Regarding a Breach
          of the Duty of Loyalty

          To meet his burden for inspection, the Plaintiff “need only show, by a

preponderance of the evidence, a credible basis from which the Court of Chancery

can infer there is possible mismanagement that would warrant further

investigation.”65 As our courts have often noted, where, as was initially intended

here, a plaintiff must meet the high bar of specific pleading to sustain derivative

litigation, she should avail herself of the tools at hand under Section 220 to aid in

crafting the required pleading. Accordingly, the credible basis test must not be so

rigorous that derivative litigation is precluded, as a practical matter. 66 Accordingly,

a plaintiff is not required to show that wrongdoing or mismanagement are actually




63
     The demand was made pre-closing, but only a direct action is now available given the merger.
64
     See Corwin v. KKR Fin. Holdings LLC, 125 A.3d 304, 312 (Del. 2015).
65
  Seinfeld v. Verizon Commc’ns, Inc., 909 A.2d 117, 123 (Del. 2006); see also Thomas & Betts
Corp. v. Leviton Mfg. Co., 681 A.2d 1026, 1031 (Del. 1996).
66
     Nor so low that it promotes inefficient fishing for purely speculative wrongdoing.

                                                  12
occurring.67 Her burden of proof may be met “by a credible showing, through

documents, logic, testimony or otherwise, that there are legitimate issues of

wrongdoing.”68

         Plaintiff’s evidence, I find, is sufficient to suggest that Baupost was in a

control position, from which, aided by the company’s directors, it extracted an

additional benefit not shared with the non-Baupost stockholders. The Defendant

contends the Plaintiff has relied on a theoretical narrative, rather than pointing to

concrete evidence of wrongdoing. But the Plaintiff need not offer specific, tangible

evidence of his claim. 69 Rather, he needs to show some evidence that casts an

inference of actionable wrongdoing. 70 While the Plaintiff is far from demonstrating

the theory he posits, he clears the low hurdle set here by our law.

         Plaintiff offered some evidence that Baupost had an improper influence on the

merger. Baupost was the largest blockholder, with the ability to wield nearly 40%



67
     Seinfeld, 909 A.2d at 123; Thomas, 681 A.2d at 1031.
68
  Seinfeld, 909 A.2d at 123 (emphasis added) (quoting Sec. First Corp. v. U.S. Die Casting &
Dev. Co., 687 A.2d 563, 568 (Del. 1997)); Louisiana Mun. Police Employees’ Ret. Sys. v.
Lennar Corp., 2012 WL 4760881, at *2–3 (Del. Ch. Oct. 5, 2012) (quoting Norfolk Cnty. Ret.
Sys. v. Jos. A. Bank Clothiers, Inc., 2009 WL 353746, at *6 (Del. Ch. Feb. 12, 2009) aff'd, 977
A.2d 899 (Del. 2009)).
69
  See Oklahoma Firefighters Pension & Ret. Sys. v. Citigroup Inc., 2014 WL 5351345, at *6
(Del. Ch. Sept. 30, 2014). Vice Chancellor Noble adopted this Master’s final report in
Oklahoma Firefighters Pension & Ret. Sys. v. Citigroup Inc., 2015 WL 1884453 (Del. Ch. Apr.
24, 2015).
70
  See Inter-Local Pension Fund GCC/IBT v. Calgon Carbon Corp., 2019 WL 479082, at *11
(Del. Ch. Jan. 25, 2019).

                                                13
of the voting control of the entity. 71 It also had financial leverage, as well as an

appointee and an observer on the Board.72 After the Board abandoned the initial

merger effort, I can infer that Baupost disagreed; it continued to pursue diligence

with Akebia. Ultimately, I may infer, Baupost convinced the Board to resume

consideration of the merger, and provided the board with its conclusion in favor of

the merger with Akebia, based on its own evaluation. The board, rather than

reengaging the financial advisor whose advice, I can infer, influenced its initial

rejection of Akebia as a merger partner, relied on its new advisor to support the

contemplation of the merger. Meanwhile, Baupost negotiated the valuable side deal

advancing its debt-equity conversion, in negotiation with both sides of the merger,

Akebia and Baupost.

          If Baupost were a controlling blockholder, the merger could be subject to

entire fairness review. 73 Having raised a reasonable inference of such control,

Plaintiff is entitled to investigate whether Baupost improperly “compete[d] with the

common stockholders for consideration in a sale of the corporation to a third



71
   See JX 5, at 38 (“If Baupost converts all of the convertible notes it holds into shares of
[Keryx’s] common stock, Baupost would beneficially own approximately 39% of [Keryx’s]
issued and outstanding common stock.”).
72
     JX 8, 79–80, 189–90; JX 1, at 149–50, 156; JX 7, at 18.
73
   In re Crimson Expl. Inc. S’holder Litig., 2014 WL 5449419, at *14 (Del. Ch. Oct. 24, 2014)
(“triggering entire fairness review requires the controller or control group to engage in a
conflicted transaction. That conflicted transaction could involve . . . receiving different
consideration than the other stockholders.”).

                                                 14
party.” 74 Inquiry into control is a threshold issue for whether these higher duties

existed.

         Demonstrating control by a stockholder who owns less than 50% of a

company requires showing the minority stockholder “exercised actual domination

and control over the directors.”75 While demonstrating actual control by a minority

blockholder is “not easy,” 76 the Plaintiff does not need to demonstrate actual control

to prevail here. From the facts, I can infer that Baupost had significant influence on

Keryx, as the company itself disclosed to stockholders, that it exercised direct

influence on the Board through its appointees, that it revived the merger when it

otherwise might have died, that its approval was a prerequisite for the merger, and

that it obtained, in connection with the merger, a side-agreement valued at $20

million, a benefit not shared with unaffiliated stockholders.77 I find that the Plaintiff

has met his burden to point to some evidence sufficient to imply that this was a

conflicted transaction investigation of which is a proper purpose. 78


74
     IRA Tr. FBO Bobbie Ahmed v. Crane, 2017 WL 7053964, at *6 (Del. Ch. Dec. 11, 2017).
75
  In re Morton’s Rest. Grp., Inc. S’holder Litig., 74 A.3d 656 (2013) (alterations omitted)
(quoting In re Sea–Land Corp. S’holder Litig., 1988 WL 49126, at *384 (Del. Ch. May 13,
1988)); In re PNB Hldg. Co. S’holders Litig., 2006 WL 2403999, at *9 (Del. Ch. Aug. 18, 2006).
76
 In re Rouse Properties, Inc., 2018 WL 1226015, at *11 (Del. Ch. Mar. 9, 2018) (citing In re
PNB Hldg. Co. S’holders Litig., 2006 WL 2403999, at *9 (Del. Ch. Aug. 18, 2006).
77
   JX 5, at 38; JX 8, at 17, 189-90; JX 1, at 149–50, 156; JX 7, at 18; JX 7, at 13, 46; JX 3, at 1–
2; JX 8, at 80, 85, 88–91.
78
   See Kosinski v. GGP Inc., 214 A.3d 944, 953 (Del. Ch. 2019). In Kosinski, this Court weighed
a stockholder with a 34% interest, power to replace one-third of the board of directors, and
mention in the company’s 10-K, and it determined that “[i]n the Section 220 context, these facts
                                                 15
          Similarly, the Plaintiff has offered some evidence that crosses the low

threshold to show conflicted management and directors. The payments to Morrison,

as Keryx points out, are of a type not unusual in corporate mergers, but here

Morrison also served as chairperson of the Committee that negotiated and then

recommended the merger, and in addition to further change-of-control bonuses

added late in the game, she and four other legacy Keryx directors were tapped for

seats on the surviving company’s board of directors.79 Three other named executives

also received change-in-control bonuses after merger negotiations had begun.80 This

is enough to give the Plaintiff the right to investigate whether the interests of

Morrison, along with other management and directors, were fully aligned with the

stockholders.

          Given the findings above, the Plaintiff is also entitled to documents reflecting

the extent to which any potential wrongdoing was appropriately disclosed in the

proxy.




are enough to demonstrate the possibility that [the stockholder] was a de facto controller at the
time of the merger.” Id. (all emphasis added). The situation here, if not identical, is comparable:
Baupost could convert into a stake larger than the stake held in Kosinski; it had the power to
appoint a director and observer; and, unlike in Kosinski, it had a financial interest in the merger
that required its cooperation and approval for the transaction to complete.
79
     See JX 8, at 86, 137, 139.
80
     Id. at 140–42.
                                                16
         C. Plaintiff is Not Entitled to Fee Shifting

         Finally, I address the issue of the Plaintiff’s request that I order Defendant to

pay his legal fees. Delaware follows the American rule on fees and costs, and in a

Section 220 action, each party bears its own attorney’s fees unless there is an

exception to that rule. The Plaintiff locates that exception in what he characterizes

as the Defendant’s bad-faith litigation conduct.                Allegations of bad faith,

unfortunately, are not rare birds in this Court; in fact, they are becoming the starlings

of misplaced motion practice.

         In order to support his request for fee shifting, the Plaintiff must point to “clear

evidence” of “bad faith in opposing the relief being sought in the lawsuit.”81 Bad

faith is not something this court takes lightly, and it should not be alleged lightly.

Plaintiff’s Counsel, citing McGowan v. Empress Entm’t, Inc., 82 argues I should

award attorney’s fees because the Defendant’s conduct forced a lawsuit to secure a

clearly defined, established legal right. McGowan, I note, involved egregious facts:

the company promised a director certain documents; put off making good on the

promise for eighteen months, leading to litigation; then offered opposition in that

litigation, only to capitulate after the plaintiff filed a motion for summary




81
     McGowan v. Empress Entm’t, Inc., 791 A.2d 1, 4 (Del. Ch. 2000).
82
     791 A.2d 1 (Del. Ch. 2000).

                                               17
judgement. 83 The Plaintiff, to my mind, can point to nothing similar here, only a

vigorous but good-faith dispute over purpose and scope. Bad faith means a litigation

position in furtherance of abuse of process that is manifestly incompatible with

justice. It means frivolous opposition in an attempt to game the system. None of

this should be confused with the vigorous litigation here.84 Plaintiff’s request to shift

fees is denied.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

          The Plaintiff is entitled to corporate documents necessary to the purpose stated

in his demand. The parties should confer on the proper scope.




83
     Id. at 2–3.
84
   The Plaintiff points to the Defendant’s assertion of pretextual purpose under Schulman as
evidence of bad faith. But the still-developing nature of this Court’s application of Schulman is
antithetical to the contention that the Defendant’s argument here was beyond the bounds of
proper litigation. I note, however, that corporations do have an affirmative statutory obligation
to provide books and records, as appropriately demanded by their stockholders, under Section
220. I can readily image a situation where a legitimate books and records request, met by
company intransigence leading to needless litigation, rises to bad faith and justifies sanctions.

                                               18
