Filed 7/28/08              NO. 4-07-0793

                       IN THE APPELLATE COURT

                            OF ILLINOIS

                          FOURTH DISTRICT

WILLIAM COOLE, as Special              )   Appeal from
Administrator of the Estate of LISA    )   Circuit Court of
COOLE, Deceased,                       )   Champaign County
          Plaintiff-Appellant,         )   No. 04L0055
          v.                           )
CENTRAL AREA RECYCLING, CENTRAL AREA   )
WASTE, ALLIED TRANSPORT, INC., and     )   Honorable
BRYAN HALL,                            )   Jeffrey B. Ford,
          Defendants-Appellees.        )   Judge Presiding.
_________________________________________________________________

          JUSTICE TURNER delivered the opinion of the court:

          Plaintiff William Coole, as administrator of the estate

of his deceased daughter, Lisa Coole, appeals the Champaign

County circuit court's July 2007 order, granting the motion for

summary judgment filed by defendants, Central Area Recycling;

Central Area Waste; Allied Transport, Inc.; and Bryan Hall.    On

appeal, William asserts (1) the court improperly assessed the

witnesses' credibility and weighed the evidence, (2) a jury could

find Hall negligent based upon evidence of excessive speed, (3)

expert testimony is not warranted to find Hall negligent based

upon evidence of a failure to keep a proper lookout and/or

failure to brake, and (4) the court erroneously compared the

parties' negligence.   We affirm.

                           I. BACKGROUND

          Lisa was killed in a May 16, 1998, motor-vehicle

accident, in which a garbage truck driven by Hall and owned by

the other defendants struck her Oldsmobile sedan.   The accident
occurred around 7 a.m. at the intersection of Clayton and Duncan

Avenues, which is a residential area with a speed limit of 35

miles per hour.   The weather that morning was sunny and clear.

Hall, who had been working for more than three hours, was in the

process of delivering a garbage container and heading southbound

on Duncan.   Lisa had a friend, Renee Gamboa, in her car and was

heading eastbound on Clayton, which had a stop sign at the

intersection of Clayton and Duncan.    The stop sign was located 25

to 30 feet west of the intersection.    Sinda Anderson was travel-

ing behind Lisa on Clayton and witnessed the accident.

          In August 1998, William filed a complaint against

defendants based on the May 1998 accident.   Coole v. Central Area

Recycling, No. 98-L-232 (Cir. Ct. Champaign Co.).    On William's

motion, the circuit court dismissed that lawsuit with prejudice

and allowed William one year to refile.   In March 2004, William

filed this wrongful-death suit against defendants.   In May 2004,

defendants filed an answer to the complaint as well as the

affirmative defense of comparative fault.

          At an October 2006 status hearing, the trial court,

pursuant to an agreement by the parties, required (1) William to

disclose his experts on or before November 27, 2006, and (2) the

completion of depositions of such experts by December 30, 2006.

Defendants had to disclose their experts on or before January 30,

2007, and the depositions of defendants' experts were to be

completed on or before March 1, 2007.   The court also set the

case for a jury trial in May 2007.


                               - 2 -
          In March 2007, defendants filed a motion for summary

judgment, asserting that, as a matter of law, they could not be

found liable to William based on (1) Hall's use of medication,

(2) Hall's alleged failure to maintain a proper lookout or to

avoid the accident, (3) allegations Hall operated his vehicle at

a speed greater than the speed that was reasonable and proper for

the prevailing conditions, and (4) their failure to inspect and

maintain the garbage truck.   In support of their motion, defen-

dants attached, inter alia, (1) Hall's May 2000 and October 2006

depositions; (2) Anderson's December 2001 deposition; (3) Dr.

Timothy Roberts's December 2001 and August 2002 depositions; and

(4) the October 2002 deposition of Joan Jackson, Hall's ex-wife.

William filed a response, attaching, inter alia, (1) the Septem-

ber 2001 deposition of police officer Robert Wills, who was the

first officer on the accident scene; (2) the December 2002

deposition of Gene Lewis, route supervisor for Allied Waste; (3)

the May 2000 deposition of Colonel Bartley, a safety manager for

Allied Waste; (4) the December 2002 deposition of Ronald Wells, a

route driver for Central Area Waste; and (5) the December 2002

deposition of Kenneth Miller, a former route supervisor in

Central Illinois for Allied Waste.

          The testimony contained in the aforementioned deposi-

tions that is relevant to the issues on appeal is set forth

below.

          Hall testified that, on the morning of the accident, "a

few cars were here and there" on Duncan.   He was a commercial


                               - 3 -
garbage hauler and was on Duncan taking a garbage container to a

customer.    Hall's garbage truck was half full at the time of the

accident.    He estimated he saw Lisa's car two to three seconds

before impact.    At that point, she was going through the stop

sign.   He was driving somewhere between 35 and 40 miles per hour.

Hall stated he hardly had time to apply the brakes and only

applied them a split second before impact.    He also swerved to

the left to try to avoid Lisa's car.     Hall denied having time to

use the horn or air brake.

            Hall did not have a clear view of Clayton as he was

traveling south on Duncan due to trees along side the road.

According to Hall, one heading southbound on Duncan could not see

a vehicle traveling eastbound on Clayton until a few seconds

before the intersection, which he estimated as 20 to 50 feet.

            Hall further testified he did not specifically recall a

car being in front of him on Duncan, but if one had been, he

would have had three to four car lengths in front of him.

             Anderson testified she was on a side street off of

Clayton when she observed Lisa's car drive by on Clayton.    As the

car passed her, she observed the driver and passenger talking.

Anderson turned right and got behind Lisa's car.    No cars were in

between them.    Anderson could not recall whether she saw Lisa's

brake lights but did know Lisa did not make a complete stop at

the stop sign or intersection.    Lisa's car was going slow at the

stop sign and when she proceeded into the intersection.    Anderson

observed the truck change lanes to try to avoid the accident.


                                 - 4 -
She could not determine if the truck slowed.    According to

Anderson, Lisa went out in front of the truck, and the truck

could not avoid hitting her.

            Officer Wills testified he arrived on the scene less

than five minutes after the accident.    Officer Wills observed

indentations in the concrete where the collision appeared to have

occurred.    Lisa's vehicle was 120 feet to the south of the

indentations.    Officer Wills observed push marks but not any skid

marks.    The driver's side of Lisa's vehicle was collapsed inward

to the point it was close to the pavement.    Hall informed Officer

Wills he had slowed to 35 or 40 miles per hour before the acci-

dent because of a vehicle turning in front of him.

            Officer Wills stated the stop sign on Clayton was 25 to

30 feet west of the intersection.    Thus, a driver stopped at the

stop sign would have to travel 20 more feet to the intersection.

In his opinion, a vehicle traveling southbound on Duncan that was

one-eighth of a mile north of the Clayton intersection could not

observe a vehicle at the stop sign on Clayton.    Officer Wills

noted a six-foot privacy fence obstructed a view of Clayton from

Duncan.   According to Officer Wills, the farthest north a person

traveling south on Duncan could observe the intersection of

Duncan and Clayton was 75 to 100 feet.    He also stated a person

southbound on Duncan could see a vehicle stopped at the stop sign

100 to 150 feet away.

            Lewis testified about a safety rule referred to as the

four-second rule, which requires a driver of a garbage truck to


                                - 5 -
maintain 150 to 200 feet in between the truck and the vehicle in

front of it.    The reason behind the rule is it takes a garbage

truck longer to stop than a car.    Lewis also stated it takes a

garbage truck longer to stop when it is full compared to when it

is empty.

            An April 17, 2007, docket entry indicates the trial

court chose to decide defendants' summary-judgment motion without

oral argument and moved the trial date to October 1, 2007.     We

note also in April 2007, defendants' counsel filed 27 motions in

limine, addressing trial evidence, and a motion to bifurcate the

trial.   On July 3, 2007, the court entered a written order,

granting defendants' motion.    On August 1, 2007, William filed a

motion for reconsideration.    On August 22, 2007, the court

entered a written order, denying William's motion.

            On September 18, 2007, William filed a notice of appeal

from the trial court's July 3, 2007, and August 22, 2007, orders

in accordance with Supreme Court Rule 303 (210 Ill. 2d R. 303).

                            II. ANALYSIS

            Here, William challenges the trial court's grant of

summary judgment in defendants' favor.

            A grant of summary judgment is only appropriate when

the pleadings, depositions, admissions, and affidavits demon-

strate no genuine issue of material fact exists and the movant is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.    735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c)

(West 2006); Williams v. Manchester, 228 Ill. 2d 404, 417, 888

N.E.2d 1, 8-9 (2008).    With regard to analyzing summary-judgment


                                - 6 -
motions, our supreme court has stated the following:

                  "In determining whether a genuine issue

          as to any material fact exists, a court must

          construe the pleadings, depositions, admis-

          sions, and affidavits strictly against the

          movant and liberally in favor of the oppo-

          nent.    A triable issue precluding summary

          judgment exists where the material facts are

          disputed or where, the material facts being

          undisputed, reasonable persons might draw

          different inferences from the undisputed

          facts.    Although summary judgment can aid in

          the expeditious disposition of a lawsuit, it

          remains a drastic means of disposing of liti-

          gation and, therefore, should be allowed only

          where the right of the moving party is clear

          and free from doubt.    [Citation.]   If the

          plaintiff fails to establish any element of

          the cause of action, summary judgment for the

          defendant is proper."     Williams, 228 Ill. 2d

          at 417, 888 N.E.2d at 9.

          Moreover, our supreme court has recognized that, if

what is submitted to the trial court in support of and in re-

sponse to the summary-judgment motion would have constituted all

of the evidence before the court and, upon such evidence, nothing

would be left to go to a jury and the court would be required to


                                 - 7 -
direct a verdict, then a summary judgment should be entered.

Fooden v. Board of Governors of State Colleges & Universities of

Illinois, 48 Ill. 2d 580, 587, 272 N.E.2d 497, 500 (1971).    If

the Fooden requirements for summary judgment are met, then

summary judgment is proper even if some issue of fact exists.

Koziol v. Hayden, 309 Ill. App. 3d 472, 477, 723 N.E.2d 321, 324

(1999).

           We review de novo the trial court's grant of a motion

for summary judgment.    See Williams, 228 Ill. 2d at 417, 888

N.E.2d at 9.

           This case involves a wrongful-death action.   "[T]he

representative's wrongful-death action is derived from the

decedent's cause of action and is limited to what the decedent's

cause of action against the defendant would have been had the

decedent lived."     Williams, 228 Ill. 2d at 422, 888 N.E.2d at 11-

12.   William's complaint raises a negligence claim against

defendants.    To prevail in a negligence action, a plaintiff's

complaint must set forth facts establishing the existence of (1)

a duty owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, (2) a breach of

that duty, and (3) an injury proximately caused by that breach.

Marshall v. Burger King Corp., 222 Ill. 2d 422, 430, 856 N.E.2d

1048, 1053 (2006).

           In their response to William's complaint, defendants

asserted Lisa was contributorily negligent.    Section 2-1116 of

the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1116 (West 1994)) bars

a plaintiff "whose contributory negligence is more than 50% of


                                 - 8 -
the proximate cause of the injury or damage for which recovery is

sought" from recovering any damages.     Hobart v. Shin, 185 Ill. 2d

283, 290, 705 N.E.2d 907, 910 (1998).    A plaintiff is

contributorily negligent when he or she acts without the degree

of care that a reasonably prudent person would have used for his

or her own safety under like circumstances and that action is the

proximate cause of his or her injuries.    Basham v. Hunt, 332 Ill.

App. 3d 980, 995, 773 N.E.2d 1213, 1226 (2002).    Generally, the

issue of contributory negligence is a question of fact for the

jury, but it does become a question of law "when all reasonable

minds would agree that the evidence and the reasonable inferences

therefrom, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving

party, so overwhelmingly favors the movant that no contrary

verdict based on that evidence could ever stand."    Basham, 332

Ill. App. 3d at 995, 773 N.E.2d at 1226.

       A. Witness Credibility and the Weighing of Evidence

          We first note William's argument the trial court

assessed the witnesses' credibility and weighed evidence in

ruling on the summary-judgment motion.

          With a summary-judgment motion, the trial court does

not decide a question of fact but, rather, determines whether one

exists.   Thus, a court cannot make credibility determinations or

weigh evidence in deciding a summary-judgment motion.     AYH

Holdings, Inc. v. Avreco, Inc., 357 Ill. App. 3d 17, 31, 826

N.E.2d 1111, 1124 (2005).

          We note that, in its order on William's motion to


                               - 9 -
reconsider, the trial court denied assessing credibility and

weighing the evidence.   However, even if William's contention is

correct, he cites no authority that reversal is necessary for

such an error.   Our review of a ruling on a summary-judgment

motion is de novo (see Williams, 228 Ill. 2d at 417, 888 N.E.2d

at 9), and thus we are examining the depositions and pleadings

anew to determine whether a material question of fact exists.      No

deference is given to the trial court's ruling.   Interior Crafts,

Inc. v. Leparski,   366 Ill. App. 3d 1148, 1151, 853 N.E.2d 1244,

1247 (2006).   Moreover, "we may affirm a trial court's grant of

summary judgment on any basis appearing in the record."    State

Automobile Mutual Insurance Co. v. Habitat Construction Co., 377

Ill. App. 3d 281, 291, 875 N.E.2d 1159, 1168 (2007).   Accord-

ingly, since we are reviewing the issue anew, William's alleged

error would not itself warrant reversal of the trial court's

grant of summary judgment, and we decline to address its merits.

                          B. Negligence

          William contends a jury could find Hall was negligent

based upon evidence of excessive speed and failure to keep a

proper lookout and/or brake.   He contends Hall's admission he was

traveling up to five miles per hour over the speed limit before

the accident is prima facie evidence of negligence.    However,

while a statutory violation is prima facie evidence of negli-

gence, that fact itself does not create liability, as the statu-

tory violation must have been the direct and proximate cause of

the injury before liability will exist.   Ney v. Yellow Cab Co., 2


                               - 10 -
Ill. 2d 74, 78-79, 117 N.E.2d 74, 78 (1954); see also Kalata v.

Anheuser-Busch Cos., 144 Ill. 2d 425, 434-35, 581 N.E.2d 656, 661

(1991).   Moreover, even if the facts show Hall breached his duty

to keep a proper lookout and/or brake, William still had to show

that breach was the proximate cause of Lisa's injury.    See Guy v.

Steurer, 239 Ill. App. 3d 304, 309-10, 606 N.E.2d 852, 856 (1992)

("A driver's failure to observe speed appropriate to conditions

and maintain a proper lookout, or any other acts or omissions, do

not render that driver negligent if those acts are not the

proximate cause of a plaintiff's injuries").

          The proximate-cause element consists of two separate

requirements:   cause in fact and legal cause.   City of Chicago v.

Beretta U.S.A. Corp., 213 Ill. 2d 351, 395, 821 N.E.2d 1099, 1127

(2004).   Cause in fact exists "'when there is a reasonable

certainty that a defendant's acts caused the injury or damage.'"

City of Chicago, 213 Ill. 2d at 395, 821 N.E.2d at 1127, quoting

Lee v. Chicago Transit Authority, 152 Ill. 2d 432, 455, 605

N.E.2d 493, 502 (1992).    In deciding the aforementioned issue,

courts first address "whether the injury would have occurred

absent the defendant's conduct."    City of Chicago, 213 Ill. 2d at

395, 821 N.E.2d at 1127.    Additionally, when multiple factors may

have combined to cause the injury, we must consider whether the

"defendant's conduct was a material element and a substantial

factor in bringing about the injury."    City of Chicago, 213 Ill.

2d at 395, 821 N.E.2d at 1127.    As to legal cause, we assess

foreseeability and consider "whether the injury is of a type that


                               - 11 -
a reasonable person would see as a likely result of his conduct."

City of Chicago, 213 Ill. 2d at 395, 821 N.E.2d at 1127.     While

proximate causation generally presents a question of fact, a

court may determine the lack of proximate cause as a matter of

law "where the facts alleged do not sufficiently demonstrate both

cause in fact and legal cause."      City of Chicago, 213 Ill. 2d at

395-96, 821 N.E.2d at 1127-28.

           Courts have recognized an "unavoidable collision."    In

such cases the driver on the preferential road is without proxi-

mate cause, and the driver's acts or omissions in breach of a

duty are not material.   Guy, 239 Ill. App. 3d at 310, 606 N.E.2d

at 856.   In cases where the reviewing court has concluded an

accident was unavoidable, the courts have found the following:

           "[T]he motorist on the preferential road had

           the right to expect that the vehicle

           approaching on the secondary road controlled

           by a stop sign would obey the stop sign and

           yield the right-of-way.    When the motorist

           drove into the path of the preferential

           driver, the circumstances afforded no oppor-

           tunity to avoid the collision."     Guy, 239

           Ill. App. 3d at 309, 606 N.E.2d at 856 (cit-

           ing Salo v. Singhurse, 181 Ill. App. 3d 641,

           643, 537 N.E.2d 339, 341 (1989), First Na-

           tional Bank of Geneva v. Douell, 161 Ill.

           App. 3d 158, 161-62, 514 N.E.2d 238, 240


                              - 12 -
          (1987), Romero v. Ciskowski, 137 Ill. App. 3d

          529, 534, 484 N.E.2d 1150, 1154 (1985), Marsh

          v. McNeill, 136 Ill. App. 3d 616, 619-20, 483

          N.E.2d 595, 597-98 (1985)).

"An unavoidable collision normally occurs when a motorist is

confronted with a sudden swerve into his right-of-way by an

approaching vehicle."   Guy, 239 Ill. App. 3d at 310, 606 N.E.2d

at 856.   In such cases, the driver lacks sufficient time to react

and take evasive action.   Guy, 239 Ill. App. 3d at 310, 606

N.E.2d at 856.

          In Johnson v. May, 223 Ill. App. 3d 477, 484-85, 585

N.E.2d 224, 229 (1992), the reviewing court found an unavoidable

collision on the part of the plaintiff-preferential driver and

reversed the jury's finding the preferential driver 50% at fault.

There, the defendant stopped at the intersection because he had a

stop sign but then pulled out in front of the preferential

driver.   Johnson, 223 Ill. App. 3d at 484, 585 N.E.2d at 229.

The Johnson court found the preferential driver, who was driving

a tractor-trailer loaded with coal at or near 55 miles per hour,

had only 162 feet to stop after the defendant pulled forward into

the intersection and could not stop in such short a distance.

Johnson, 223 Ill. App. 3d at 484-85, 585 N.E.2d at 229.   Thus,

even if the preferential driver had kept a better lookout, the

collision still would have taken place.   Johnson, 223 Ill. App.

3d at 485, 585 N.E.2d at 229.

          William does not directly address proximate causation


                                - 13 -
or its two elements in his initial brief.   When discussing

excessive speed, William does assert that, if Hall had been

driving the speed limit, he "would have had over 22 feet more

distance to stop and/or make evasive maneuvers that would have

limited the immensely destructive nature of the fatal impact."

However, William cites no evidence that would allow an inference

that an extra 22 feet would have allowed Hall to stop the heavy

garbage truck or maneuver around Lisa's vehicle.

          In contending the trial court should not have compared

the parties' negligence, William points out Hall's testimony he

observed Lisa's car two to three seconds before impact.   Thus, he

argues, based on three seconds, Hall had around 177 feet to stop

or maneuver the garbage truck after first seeing Lisa.    However,

that calculation ignores reaction time, which, in Illinois, has

been found to be "at least a second."   Johnson, 223 Ill. App. 3d

at 484, 585 N.E.2d at 229, citing Seeds v. Chicago Transit

Authority, 342 Ill. App. 303, 306-07, 96 N.E.2d 646, 648 (1950),

dismissed in part and rev'd in part on other grounds, 409 Ill.

566, 101 N.E.2d 84 (1951).   Accordingly, Hall would have had less

than 118 feet to stop a half-loaded garbage truck.   Again,

William fails to point to any evidence that would support an

inference a half-loaded garbage truck could be stopped in such a

short distance or at what speed the truck would have to have been

going to stop in that distance.   Moreover, William even fails to

argue what Hall could have done to avoid the accident if he had

kept a proper lookout.


                              - 14 -
           In his reply brief, William does expressly address

proximate causation.   He asserts this case is analogous to Turner

v. Roesner, 193 Ill. App. 3d 482, 493, 549 N.E.2d 1287, 1294

(1990), where the Second District, with one judge dissenting,

reversed the trial court's grant of summary judgment in the

defendant's favor.   There, the defendant was driving completely

within his own lane at 45 miles per hour, which was 10 miles per

hour less than the speed limit.    Turner, 193 Ill. App. 3d at 487,

549 N.E.2d at 1290-91.   Due to darkness and fog, visibility was

poor, and the defendant admitted his visibility was limited to

only that distance which was illuminated by his headlights.

Turner, 193 Ill. App. 3d at 485, 489, 549 N.E.2d at 1289, 1292.

At some point, another vehicle crossed the centerline and entered

into the defendant's lane.   Turner, 193 Ill. App. 3d at 485, 549

N.E.2d at 1289.   "The defendant had about 2 seconds and 120 feet

to react."   Turner, 193 Ill. App. 3d at 487, 549 N.E.2d at 1291.

The defendant responded by taking his foot off the accelerator

but did not remember braking.    He also did not attempt to drive

into the other lane or onto the shoulder of the road.    Turner,

193 Ill. App. 3d at 487, 549 N.E.2d at 1291.

           Regarding the cause-in-fact requirement of proximate

cause, the Turner court found "a reasonable jury could find that,

but for the defendant's failure to drive at a speed which would

have allowed him to stop in time, the collision would not have

occurred."   Turner, 193 Ill. App. 3d at 490, 549 N.E.2d at 1292-

93.   Moreover, while the defendant's conduct was certainly not


                                - 15 -
the sole cause of the collision, a reasonable jury could have

concluded the speed of the defendant's truck was a substantial

factor in causing the accident.    Turner, 193 Ill. App. 3d at 490,

549 N.E.2d at 1293.

          In distinguishing Walling v. Lingelbach, 65 Ill. 2d

244, 357 N.E.2d 530 (1976), Young v. Texas Eastern Transmission

Corp., 137 Ill. App. 3d 35, 484 N.E.2d 325 (1985), and Rutter v.

Gemmer, 153 Ill. App. 3d 586, 505 N.E.2d 1308 (1987), all of

which affirmed a summary judgment or reversed a jury verdict

based on no proximate cause, the Turner court found the holdings

in those cases resulted from the plaintiffs' failure to present

sufficient evidence from which one could infer the defendant's

conduct was a proximate cause of the accident.    Turner, 193 Ill.

App. 3d at 491, 549 N.E.2d at 1293.    It specifically addressed

the facts of the Walling case, noting the defendant there was

still able to react to the presence of an oncoming automobile in

her lane by veering onto the shoulder but could not avoid the

collision.   Turner, 193 Ill. App. 3d at 491, 549 N.E.2d at 1293.

On the other hand, in Turner, the defendant's own deposition

supported an inference he was driving at such a speed he could

not even attempt to avoid a collision with a vehicle stopped in

his lane once it came into view.   Turner, 193 Ill. App. 3d at

491-92, 549 N.E.2d at 1293-94.

          William contends that, like Turner, a jury could

conclude that but for Hall's failure to travel at the speed

limit, to travel at a reasonable speed for the conditions, to


                              - 16 -
keep a proper lookout and/or brake, the collision would not have

occurred.    However, William's assertion is conclusory as he again

fails to point to any evidence or reasonable inference in support

of his assertion.    Additionally, we note both Hall and Anderson

indicated Hall changed lanes in an attempt to avoid the colli-

sion.   Thus, the Turner court's reason for distinguishing Walling

would not apply in this case.

            Here, the parties have taken discovery over many years

and nothing indicates any additional evidence could be presented

at a trial.    Despite the lengthy discovery, William is unable to

point to any evidence supporting an inference Hall could have

avoided the accident if he would have been driving slower, had

been keeping a better lookout, or had applied the brakes.    This

case is analogous to the unavoidable-collision cases.    Based on

the evidence William has argued to us, Lisa pulled out in front

of Hall when he did not have a sufficient time to avoid the

accident regardless of any breach of duty.    Unlike Turner, we

find a reasonable jury could not find that but for Hall's exces-

sive speed, failure to keep a proper lookout, and failure to

brake, the collision would not have occurred.    Even if a reason-

able jury could reach that conclusion, it could not find Hall's

breach of any duty was a substantial factor in causing the fatal

collision.    Thus, a trial court would have to direct a verdict

for defendants.    Accordingly, this case satisfies the Fooden

requirements, and the trial court properly entered summary

judgment.    See Koziol, 309 Ill. App. 3d at 477, 723 N.E.2d at


                                - 17 -
324-25.

                         III. CONCLUSION

          For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court's

grant of summary judgment in defendants' favor.

          Affirmed.

          COOK and STEIGMANN, JJ., concur.




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