                                              COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Chief Judge Huff, Judges Petty and McCullough
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued by teleconference


              RAYMOND CURTIS
                                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.      Record No. 2449-13-3                                    JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY
                                                                                  MARCH 31, 2015
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                       FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF WISE COUNTY
                                                Chadwick S. Dotson, Judge

                                Charles H. Slemp, III (Slemp Law Office, PLLC, on brief), for
                                appellant.

                                Steven A. Witmer, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                                Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                      Raymond Curtis was convicted by a jury of distribution of cocaine, a Schedule II controlled

              substance, in violation of Code § 18.2-248. On appeal, Curtis makes two assignments of error:

              (1) the trial court erred when it denied his motion for a new trial and motion in limine to prevent

              the Commonwealth from presenting evidence of Curtis’s prior drug use and drug activity; and

              (2) the trial court erred when it denied his motion for a new trial and motion in limine to prevent

              the Commonwealth from introducing testimony concerning types of cocaine, a drug problem in

              Wise County, and the drug culture. For the following reasons, we affirm the decision of the

              circuit court.

                                                                 I.

                      Because the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case and this

              memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, we recite only those facts and incidents of

                      *
                          Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of this appeal.

“On appeal, ‘we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, granting

to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.’” Archer v. Commonwealth, 26

Va. App. 1, 11, 492 S.E.2d 826, 831 (1997) (quoting Martin v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 438,

443, 358 S.E.2d 415, 418 (1987)).

       On February 13, 2012, Missy Smith, an informant for the Big Stone Gap Police

Department, called Curtis to ask if he could get her a “50.”1 Curtis agreed to provide her the

drugs. Smith then called Officer Johnson, a Sergeant for the Big Stone Gap Police Department,

for whom she had performed controlled buys before, and told him about the call with Curtis.

Officer Johnson met with Smith that evening, searched her, and set her up with audio and video

recording equipment so that he could record the controlled buy. Officer Johnson gave Smith $50

with which she would purchase the cocaine from Curtis. Smith then met Curtis at the backdoor

of the apartment building where Curtis lived. Smith bought what was later determined to be a

rock of cocaine from Curtis. Smith returned to Officer Johnson, who retrieved the recording

equipment and the cocaine, and paid Smith $50.

       On July 25, 2012, a grand jury indicted Curtis for three counts of distribution of cocaine,

a Schedule II substance, in violation of Code § 18.2-248. A jury found Curtis guilty of one count

of that charge, and on January 10, 2014, he was sentenced to six years of incarceration.

                                                 II.

       Curtis assigns error to two admissibility rulings of the trial court; we will address them in

turn below. “Generally, the admissibility of evidence is within the discretion of the trial court

and we will not reject the decision of the trial court unless we find an abuse of discretion.”

Midkiff v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 216, 219, 694 S.E.2d 576, 578 (2010).


       1
           A “50” is $50 worth of crack cocaine.
                                                -2-
                         A. Prior Drug Use and Drug Activity of Curtis

       First, Curtis argues that the trial court erred when it denied his motion for a new trial and

motion in limine to prevent the Commonwealth from presenting evidence of prior drug use and

drug activity of Curtis. We disagree.

       “It is well settled that evidence of other crimes or bad acts of an accused is generally

inadmissible in a criminal prosecution.” Wilkins v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 293, 297, 443

S.E.2d 440, 443 (1994) (en banc). “The purpose of this rule is to prevent confusion of offenses,

unfair surprise to the defendant and a suggestion of ‘criminal propensity,’ thus preserving the

‘presumption of innocence.’” Crump v. Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 286, 289, 411 S.E.2d 238,

240 (1991) (quoting Lewis v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 497, 502, 303 S.E.2d 890, 893 (1983)).

There are numerous exceptions to this rule, however. As this Court noted in Dunbar v.

Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 387, 390, 512 S.E.2d 823, 825 (1999) (quoting Lafon v.

Commonwealth, 17 Va. App. 411, 417, 438 S.E.2d 279, 283 (1993)),2 “Among the exceptions to

the general rule against admissibility, the accused’s intent ‘may be shown by prior bad acts

evidence when relevant to prove a material element or issue of the crime charged.’ Such

evidence is admissible to show, inter alia, the intent with which a crime is committed.” See also

Haskins v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 1, 10, 602 S.E.2d 402, 406 (2002) (allowing admittance

of prior drug use to support an inference that appellant knew cocaine when he saw it). “Evidence

of ‘other crimes’ is relevant and admissible if it tends to prove any element of the offense

charged. Thus, evidence of other crimes is allowed when it tends to prove motive, intent, or

knowledge of the defendant.” Guill v. Commonwealth, 255 Va. 134, 138, 495 S.E.2d 489, 491

(1998) (citation omitted).



       2
          We note that the applicable Virginia Rule of Evidence, Rule 2:404(b), was not in effect
until July 2, 2014, after the date of appellant’s trial. Thus, it does not apply.
                                                  -3-
       Furthermore, witness testimony of prior drug-related dealings with an appellant is

admissible when it is probative of the witness’ relationship with the appellant while the witness

was involved in the conduct for which the appellant is now on trial. Doss v. Commonwealth, 59

Va. App. 435, 453, 719 S.E.2d 358, 367 (2012). In Doss, the appellant challenged the

admissibility of testimony of the appellant’s cocaine supplier, Michael Cox. Id. at 444-45, 719

S.E.2d at 363. Cox testified that, among other things, he supplied appellant with cocaine during

the time that another witness, a confidential informant, executed two controlled buys with the

appellant. Id. at 445, 719 S.E.2d at 363. Cox also testified as to conversations he had with

appellant about the informant purchasing drugs from appellant. Id. Appellant argued that Cox’s

testimony should not have been admitted because Cox did not have knowledge of the two

controlled buys between the informant and the appellant. Id. at 452, 719 S.E.2d at 366. This

Court held that Cox’s testimony was correctly admitted because it was “highly relevant to the

charges at issue in [that] case in that it confirmed [the informant’s] relationship with the

appellant and appellant’s participation in the drug trade with [the informant].” Id. at 453-54, 719

S.E.2d at 367. “Accordingly, the probative value of Cox’s testimony outweighed the incidental

prejudice inherent in the evidence of prior ‘bad acts.’” Id. at 454, 719 S.E.2d at 367.

       As in Doss, the testimony at issue here was probative of confirming Smith’s relationship

with Curtis. The following exchange occurred between the Commonwealth’s attorney and Smith

regarding her relationship with Curtis.

               Q: Have you ever done drugs with the Defendant?
               A: Yes.
               Q: Have you ever done cocaine with him?
               A: Smoked crack.
               Q: Have you ever bought crack from him?
               A: Yeah.
               Q: Prior to February 13th—
               A: Yes.
               Q: —of 2012?
               A: Yes.
                                                -4-
Thus, Smith provided background information of her relationship with Curtis to establish the

legitimacy of her testimony regarding the controlled buy that was the subject of Curtis’s ultimate

conviction. Her testimony demonstrated her ability to correctly identify him as the person who

sold her the cocaine and to show that Curtis was aware of the character of the substance he sold.3

In Doss, Cox’s background testimony was admitted even though he was not the one who actually

purchased the drugs from the appellant. Unlike the witness in Doss, Smith actually participated

in the controlled buy at issue. Therefore, we hold that the probative value of Smith’s testimony

outweighed any incidental prejudice inherent in the evidence of prior “bad acts.”

       Furthermore, we note that even if the trial court committed error by admitting Smith’s

testimony, that error was harmless. “The harmless error check on judicial power has never been

a begrudged limitation, but rather one favored by Virginia courts, because it grows out of the

imperative demands of common sense, and consequently has been deeply embedded in our

jurisprudence.” Kirby v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 691, 699, 653 S.E.2d 603-04 (2007)

(citations and internal quotation marks omitted). We explained the harmless error doctrine in

some detail in Kirby, 50 Va. App. at 698-99, 653 S.E.2d at 603-04:

                        A criminal defendant “‘is entitled to a fair trial but not a
               perfect one,’ for there are no perfect trials.” Brown v. United
               States, 411 U.S. 223, 231-32 (1973) (citations omitted). “No
               litigant has the right to demand more, and no Commonwealth
               ought to give less.” Walker v. Commonwealth, 144 Va. 648, 652,
               131 S.E. 230, 231 (1926). Absent an error of constitutional
               magnitude, “no judgment shall be arrested or reversed” when “it
               plainly appears from the record and the evidence given at the trial
               that the parties have had a fair trial on the merits and substantial
               justice has been reached . . . .” Code § 8.01-678.

                          *      *       *       *       *       *      *


       3
         We note that Curtis insisted throughout the proceedings, and even after conviction, that
he did not sell cocaine to Smith during the controlled buy, but actually sold her Lortab.
Therefore, the question of Curtis’s knowledge that he was selling cocaine was a genuine issue in
the proceedings.
                                               -5-
               It is “the duty of a reviewing court to consider the trial record as a
               whole and to ignore errors that are harmless” lest they “retreat
               from their responsibility, becoming instead impregnable citadels of
               technicality.” United States v. Hasting, 461 U.S. 499, 509 (1983)
               (citation omitted).

       It is well settled that the erroneous admission of the type of evidence at issue in this case

is non-constitutional error. Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 68-70 (1991). Thus, in order to

determine whether such non-constitutional error was harmless, we must examine the record to

determine if “it plainly appears from the facts and circumstances” of this case that the “error did

not affect the verdict.” Lavinder v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 1003, 1005, 407 S.E.2d 910,

911 (1991) (en banc) (setting forth standard for non-constitutional error pursuant to Code

§ 8.01-678). We can come to that conclusion here because we conclude, “without usurping the

jury’s fact finding function, that, had the error not occurred, the verdict would have been the

same.” Id. at 1006, 407 S.E.2d at 910.

       Here, the Commonwealth presented ample evidence to meet its burden of proving beyond

a reasonable doubt that Curtis distributed cocaine. The trial court’s statement in denying the

defense’s motion to set aside the verdict is particularly telling: “And as a matter of fact, this

[c]ourt finds that the evidence was overwhelming in favor of Defendant’s guilt on that charge.”

       Even putting aside Smith’s testimony about her relationship with Curtis, the jury heard

the testimony of Officer Johnson that he coordinated the controlled buy with Smith, he met with

her before the buy to set her up with audio and video recorders, and then he retrieved the cocaine

and recorders from her right after the buy. Moreover, the jury watched the video recording of

the transaction between Curtis and Smith. The video depicted Smith meeting with Curtis, whose

face was clearly visible, and handing Smith a small baggie containing a white, round substance,

which Smith referred to as a “50.” Smith then took the bag, put it in her purse, and handed

Curtis a fifty-dollar bill. The jury also heard the testimony of Stephen Houck, the forensic

                                                 -6-
scientist who analyzed the substance Smith purchased from Curtis. Mr. Houck confirmed that

the substance was cocaine, a Schedule II controlled substance. Thus, there was ample evidence

presented at trial to support a finding of guilt regardless of any alleged error in the admission of

aspects of the informant’s testimony.

             B. Types of Cocaine, Drug Problems in Wise County, and Drug Culture

        Next, Curtis argues that the trial court erred when it denied his motion for a new trial and

motion in limine to prevent the Commonwealth from introducing testimony concerning types of

cocaine, a drug problem in Wise County, and the drug culture. We disagree.

        The Supreme Court, in Bunting v. Commonwealth, 208 Va. 309, 314, 157 S.E.2d 205,

208 (1967), outlined the standard for evaluating the admissibility of testimony like that at issue

here:

                          Evidence which has no tendency to prove guilt, but only
                  serves to prejudice an accused, should be excluded on the ground
                  of lack of relevancy. For evidence to be admissible it must relate
                  and be confined to the matters in issue and tend to prove an offense
                  or be pertinent thereto. Evidence of collateral facts or those
                  incapable of affording any reasonable presumption or inference on
                  matters in issue, because too remote or irrelevant, cannot be
                  accepted in evidence.

See also Rule 2:403(a) (noting that relevant evidence may be excluded “if the probative value of

the evidence is substantially outweighed by (i) the danger of unfair prejudice, or (ii) its

likelihood of confusing or misleading the trier of fact”); Rule 2:803(6) (enacted by 2012 Acts

chs. 688, 708).

        Curtis argues that testimony regarding the different types of cocaine was improper.

However, Officer Stallard merely explained what it means to cut crack or rock, which is what

was done to the substance Smith purchased from Curtis. Next, Curtis argues that Officer

Stallard’s explanation of how the different types of cocaine are ingested was improper and

prejudicial. Officer Stallard noted that some types are “snorted through a straw or some type of
                                                 -7-
device up through the nostrils, or injected intravenously.” He then noted that crack or rock

cocaine is smoked. This testimony, Curtis alleges, is “closely analogous” to the expert testimony

in Smith v. Commonwealth, 223 Va. 721, 292 S.E.2d 362 (1982). The expert witness in Smith

testified as follows:

                 In my opinion the lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD, is a very potent
                 drug. Most drugs are given in milligram amounts. Okay. Most
                 drugs like valium, aspirin are given in milligrams . . . which is
                 about a billionth of an ounce. In LSD the concentration that you
                 need to take is one, is micrograms, that’s one trillionth of an ounce.
                 That is one hundred times more potent that most of your drugs
                 right off the bat. The effect that it actually does, it is called a
                 hallucinogenic and it causes your senses to become very distorted.
                 It can make you do some very erratic things, and it’s quite
                 unpredictable in its effects. You may do some very bizarre things.
                 The effects of LSD has been reported to cause a person from, or
                 hallucinogenics in general, I should say, have been, have made
                 people go as far as to tear their eyes right out of their sockets,
                 chew off an arm, jump out of windows, do some really . . . bizarre
                 things.

Id. at 722-23, 292 S.E.2d at 363 (emphasis added). The Supreme Court found the testimony in

Smith to be irrelevant and prejudicial, noting that “[t]o permit evidence respecting extreme

horrors which may result from the use of illegal substances diverts the jury from its principal

inquiry and injects an element of passion into the trial prejudicial to the accused.” Id. at 724, 292

S.E.2d at 364.

        Officer Stallard’s brief explanation of the different types of cocaine and vague

explanation of how they are ingested was nothing like the extensive testimony in Smith about the

specific effects of ingesting certain drugs. We decline to hold that Officer Stallard’s superficial

testimony injected “an element of passion into the trial prejudicial to the accused.”

        Curtis also argues that “[t]he undercurrent of [Officer Stallard’s] entire testimony was a

review of the efforts of the Wise County Task Force to deal with the ‘problem’ of drugs in




                                                 -8-
Wise.” Again, we disagree. In fact, in our review of the transcript, we find Curtis’s

characterization of Officer Stallard’s testimony to be grossly overstated.

       Here, the record contains no testimony reviewing “the efforts of the Wise County Task

Force to deal with the ‘problem’ of drugs in Wise.” The only reference Officer Stallard made

that could be construed as a reference to a “drug problem” in Wise County was when he stated

that over 400 of the 2,000 drug investigations he has worked over the last twenty-one years while

he was on the Drug Task Force involved cocaine. There was otherwise no reference to a drug

problem in Wise County. This information was merely offered to demonstrate the experience

and credibility of the witness. Thus, we find no merit to Curtis’s assertion that the trial court

improperly admitted evidence of a drug problem in Wise County.

       Curtis also takes issue with Officer Stallard’s testimony regarding “the drug culture.”

The only testimony relating to “drug culture” we can discern was Officer Stallard’s explanation

of how one becomes a confidential informant, their usefulness, and the reliability of their

knowledge of certain drugs. However, this testimony was probative of explaining to the jury

Smith’s role in the case as well as the legitimacy of her testimony. Therefore, the trial court did

not abuse its discretion in admitting Officer Stallard’s testimony.

                                                 III.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the circuit court.

                                                                                           Affirmed.




                                                -9-
