Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County
Case No. 02-K-14-1626


                                                       REPORTED

                                        IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

                                                  OF MARYLAND

                                                        No. 713

                                                September Term, 2016



                                                BASHUNN PHILLIPS

                                                          v.

                                              STATE OF MARYLAND



                                           Meredith,
                                           Graeff,
                                           Leahy,

                                                        JJ.


                                                 Opinion by Leahy, J.


                                           Filed: June 28, 2017
       Bashunn Phillips (“Appellant”) is charged with the first-degree murder of Shar-Ron

Mason and related crimes. Phillips filed a motion in limine to exclude certain cell phone

evidence in the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County, and, on February 12, 2016, the

court granted Phillips’s motion. The State sought in banc review of the order granting

Phillips’s motion in the circuit court pursuant to the Maryland Constitution, Article IV,

section 22, and Maryland Rules 4-352 and 2-551.

       Phillips filed a motion to dismiss the State’s request for in banc review for lack of

jurisdiction. A three-judge panel sitting in banc denied the motion. In a written order and

memorandum dated June 3, 2016, the panel found in favor of the State, thereby reversing

the trial court’s ruling. Phillips filed a notice of appeal of the in banc decision and presents

the following questions for our review: 1

       1. “Did the three-judge panel lack appellate jurisdiction to review [the trial
       court’s 2] ruling?”

       2. “Did the three-judge panel fail to identify any legal error in [the trial
       court’s] ruling?”

       3. “Did [the trial court] correctly conclude that the State’s use of a drive test
       for the forensic purpose of pinpointing the location of a cell phone during a
       crime was not generally accepted in the relevant scientific community, as
       required by the Frye-Reed test for admissibility of expert testimony?”

       4. “Did [the trial court] properly exercise [its] discretion under Maryland
       Rule 5-702 in ruling that the State’s witnesses were not qualified to offer
       expert testimony about the use of drive tests for the forensic purpose of


       1
           Phillips is still awaiting trial in the circuit court.
       2
         For ease of reference, we will generally refer to the original circuit court judge as
“the trial court” in this opinion to differentiate the trial court from the in banc panel of the
circuit court.
       pinpointing the location of a cell phone during a crime?”

       The State has filed a motion to dismiss this appeal, arguing that this Court does not

have appellate jurisdiction over the appeal filed by Phillips. We deny the State’s motion.

       We hold that the in banc panel lacked jurisdiction to review the trial court’s grant

of Phillip’s motion in limine because it was an unappealable interlocutory order.

Accordingly, we do not reach Phillips’s remaining contentions. We vacate the panel’s

order, and remand the case with directions to reinstate the trial court’s order and dismiss

the appeal so that criminal proceedings may resume.

                                     BACKGROUND

                          A. Indictment and Motion in Limine

       On July 18, 2014, a grand jury indicted Phillips for the December 10, 2013 murder

of Shar-Ron Mason. Phillips was charged with first-degree murder, second-degree murder,

manslaughter, the use of a firearm in a felony, and the use of a firearm during a crime of

violence. He was also charged with wearing, carrying, or transporting a handgun. Phillips

was then arrested pursuant to a warrant.

       The State notified Phillips that it intended to offer at trial a radio frequency (“RF”)

signal propagation map purporting to establish the approximate location of Phillips’s phone

on the morning of December 10, 2013. The propagation map represented data obtained

through a drive test 3 conducted by Special Agent Richard Fennern, a member of the Federal



       3
         According to the testimony offered at the underlying hearing on the motion in
limine, the drive test is conducted by driving around a cell phone tower with a cell phone
connected to a measuring device. This device measures the radio frequency emanating
                                              2
Bureau of Investigation’s Cellular Analysis and Survey Team, on October 23, 2014.

       Phillips filed a motion in limine on August 7, 2015, seeking to exclude the RF signal

propagation map and related testimony. Phillips argued that the method used to create the

map was not generally accepted as reliable within the relevant scientific community under

Maryland’s Frye-Reed test for admissibility of evidence based on novel scientific

methodology. 4 Phillips acknowledged that cell phone tower “ping” evidence is admissible,

but drew a distinction between the method used to create the RF signal propagation map

and the collection of historical cell phone “ping” evidence. 5 Phillips argued that a drive




from the tower. The data is collected and then, using software, is represented in a map
which shows the service coverage of the cell phone tower at a particular time.
      The trial court described a drive test in its memorandum opinion:

              A drive-test is generally conducted by cell phone providers using
       either a scanner or test phone to measure the signal strength in order to
       determine the true coverage area for a particular cell tower and any gaps in
       their network. The person drives around a particular neighborhood and the
       JDSU equipment plots the latitude, longitude, and energy emitted by the cell
       tower at the location.

JDSU is an abbreviation for “JDS Uniphase Corporation,” the company that creates the
drive test software.
       4
          Pursuant to Maryland’s Frye-Reed test for the admissibility of scientific expert
opinion, “before a scientific expert opinion may be received in evidence, the basis of that
opinion must be shown to be generally accepted as reliable within the expert’s particular
scientific field.” Wilson v. State, 370 Md. 191, 203 (2002).
       The test’s name stems from Reed v. State, 283 Md. 374, 389 (1978), in which the
Court of Appeals adopted the “general acceptance” rule for the admission of expert
testimony set forth by the D.C. Circuit in Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir.
1923).
       5
       Cellular tower “ping” evidence is deemed reliable and is admissible without a
Frye-Reed hearing. See Stevenson v. State, 222 Md. App. 118, 133 (2015).
                                             3
test—in this case conducted ten months after the murder of Shar-Ron Mason—“is merely

a snapshot in time that cannot give any reliable prediction of where [radio frequency]

signals were or where they were going over time.” “In order for the test to be reliable,

conditions would have to be analogous to those that existed on [the date of the murder]

such as but not limited to weather, time, volume of call traffic, and the state of the

equipment in use by the cell phone company.”

                 B. Frye-Reed Hearing and the Trial Court’s Opinion

       The trial court heard arguments on Phillip’s motion and conducted a Frye-Reed

hearing over four days between September 24, 2015 and October 30, 2015. Phillips

maintained that drive tests are routinely performed by cell phone companies to improve

coverage and minimize “dropped calls,” but that they are not generally accepted in criminal

investigations. Testifying for the defense, William Folson, accepted as an expert witness

“in the field of cellular technology and historical cell site analysis” explained that he

“consider[s] [drive tests] a waste of time” because “[t]hey add no value to the historical

analysis of a cell phone.” He further testified that the manner in which Special Agent

Fennern had performed the drive test was not accepted as reliable in the relevant scientific

community. Mr. Folson explained that the RF signal range in December 2013 when the

murder occurred would be different than the range in October 2014 when the drive test was

conducted because the strength of RF signals fluctuate. Because of this, according to Mr.

Folson, a drive test is not representative of the strength of the RF signals on any other date.

He also pointed out that drive tests were not peer reviewed, accepted by the scientific

community, or used in criminal investigations.

                                              4
        Providing a different opinion and testifying for the State, Special Agent Fennern

was accepted as an “expert in the field of historical cell site analysis, cellular technology,

and [] radio frequency drive testing for cell phone mapping.” Agent Fennern opined that

factors such as weather only have a “minimal” impact on radio frequency strength. He

also testified that, relying on information provided by cell phone companies, the RF signal

strength only varied by five or ten percent.

        The State also offered the testimony of T-Mobile employee Stephen Willingham,

accepted as an expert in radio frequency engineering.          He testified that cell phone

companies use drive tests for “competitive analysis reasons.” He explained that when a

customer complains about a missed call, a cell phone company will use a drive test to

attempt to recreate that dropped call to identify a gap in service. Mr. Willingham testified

that, over time, radio frequency “[f]ootprints remain consistent as long as nothing major

has changed[,]” referring to the physical layout of the cell site, such as antennas and

equipment. He stated that the maximum variation he had seen for a footprint was a quarter

mile.

        In a written memorandum and order dated February 12, 2016, the trial court granted

Phillips’s motion excluding the RF signal propagation maps and related expert testimony

on drive tests. First, the trial court concluded that experts were required to testify on the

drive test methodology. Next, the court concluded that law enforcement’s use of drive

tests for forensic purposes was novel and, thus, subject to the Frye-Reed reliability and

admissibility standards. After determining that the digital forensic science field is the

relevant scientific community, the court found that the State’s experts lacked familiarity

                                               5
with that field and were unable to produce studies or peer-reviewed articles in that field

supporting the reliability or general acceptance of drive tests for forensic purposes. The

court ultimately concluded that the State did not establish that drive tests as used by the

FBI are generally accepted in the digital forensic science community. The court then

mused that, even if the drive test were considered generally accepted and reliable, the

State’s experts were not qualified to testify because they were not members of the digital

forensic science community and failed to satisfy the requirement of Maryland Rule 5-702. 6

                                  C. In Banc Proceedings

       i.        Article IV, § 22 and Maryland Rule 2-551

       Displeased with the court’s interlocutory order granting Phillips’s motion in limine,

on February 18, 2016, the State filed a request for in banc review of the trial court’s order

pursuant to the Maryland Constitution, Article IV, section 22, and Maryland Rules 4-352

and 2-551. To provide context for the parties’ ensuing filings and arguments, we interpose

the relevant text authorizing in banc review in the circuit courts.

       Article IV, section 22, of the Maryland Constitution reads:

              Where any trial is conducted by less than three Circuit Judges, upon
       the decision or determination of any point, or question, by the Court, it shall
       be competent to the party, against whom the ruling or decision is made, upon

       6
            Maryland Rule 5-702 provides:

       Expert testimony may be admitted, in the form of an opinion or otherwise, if
       the court determines that the testimony will assist the trier of fact to
       understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue. In making that
       determination, the court shall determine (1) whether the witness is qualified
       as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, (2) the
       appropriateness of the expert testimony on the particular subject, and (3)
       whether a sufficient factual basis exists to support the expert testimony.
                                              6
       motion, to have the point, or question reserved for the consideration of three
       Judges of the Circuit, who shall constitute a court in banc for such purpose;
       and the motion for such reservation shall be entered of record, during the
       sitting at which such decision may be made; and the procedure for appeals to
       the Circuit Court in banc shall be as provided by the Maryland Rules. The
       decision of the said Court in banc shall be the effective decision in the
       premises, and conclusive, as against the party at whose motion said points,
       or questions were reserved; but such decision in banc shall not preclude the
       right of Appeal by an adverse party who did not seek in banc review, in those
       cases, civil or criminal, in which appeal to the Court of Special Appeals may
       be allowed by Law. The right of having questions reserved shall not,
       however, apply to trials of Appeals from judgments of the District Court, nor
       to criminal cases below the grade of felony, except when the punishment is
       confinement in the Penitentiary; and this Section shall be subject to such
       provisions as may hereafter be made by Law.

       Maryland Rule 2-551 provides in pertinent part: 7

       (a) Generally. When review by a court in banc is permitted by the Maryland
           Constitution, a party may have a judgment or determination of any point
           or question reviewed by a court in banc by filing a notice for in banc
           review. Issues are reserved for in banc review by making an objection in
           the manner set forth in Rules 2-517 and 2-520. Upon the filing of the
           notice, the Circuit Administrative Judge shall designate three judges of
           the circuit, other than the judge who tried the action, to sit in banc.


           ii.   Motion to Dismiss

       Phillips filed a motion to dismiss on February 24, 2016, arguing that the in banc

panel was without jurisdiction to hear the appeal. Phillips reasoned that Maryland’s



       7
          Technically, Maryland Rule 2-551, standing alone, applies only to in banc review
of civil cases, but Maryland Rule 4-352, applying to criminal causes, provides, in pertinent
part, that “[i]n banc review of a circuit court's judgment or determination is governed by
the provisions of Rule 2-551, except that the right of review does not apply to criminal
actions exempted under the Maryland Constitution.” The excerpt’s last clause, referring
to the Constitution’s exemptions, is not applicable in the present case because it refers only
to District Court actions and “criminal cases below the grade of felony, except when the
punishment is confinement in the Penitentiary . . . .” Maryland Const. art. IV, § 22.
                                              7
appellate courts have repeatedly recognized that Article IV, section 22, of the Maryland

Constitution permits in banc review only when a direct appeal is allowed and the State had

no statutory right to appeal the court’s order. Phillips relied on decisional law holding that

the standard for appealability to an in banc panel is the same as that to the Court of Special

Appeals, including Board of License Commissioners for Montgomery Cnty. v. Haberlin,

320 Md. 399 (1990), abrogated on other grounds by Bienkowski v. Brooks, 386 Md. 516

(2005); Dean v. State, 302 Md. 493 (1985), abrogated on other grounds by Bienkowski,

supra, 386 Md. at 516; and Estep v. Estep, 285 Md. 416 (1979), abrogated on other

grounds by Bienkowski, 386 Md. at 516.

       In response, the State argued, inter alia, that in banc review of a trial court decision

was not an “appeal,” but instead a “review,” and that the Maryland Constitution provided

a right to an in banc determination in this context. Specifically, the State argued that the

plain, ordinary, and common meaning of the language of the Maryland Constitution

expressly permits in banc review “upon the decision or determination of any point, or

question, by the Court[.]”     The State also maintained that Maryland Rule 2-551 is

“straightforward” in that it provides that upon filing a notice for in banc review, the circuit

administrative judge “shall designate three judges of the circuit court . . . to sit in banc.”

Therefore, the State argued, “the appointment of a panel is not discretionary, and is not

dependent upon the movant first having to clear any sort of merits hearing.”

       The in banc panel denied Phillips’s motion to dismiss on March 24, 2016, stating

that it would reconsider the motion after oral argument.



                                              8
       iii.   Further Proceedings and Final Order

        The State filed a “Memorandum in Support of its Request for In Banc Review of

[the trial court]’s February 12, 2016 Order Granting Defendant’s Motion to Exclude

Tangible Evidence and Testimony Regarding Cell Phone Drive Tests” on March 17, 2016.

On the jurisdictional question, the memorandum restated verbatim the arguments relied

upon by the State in its response to the motion to dismiss. On the merits, the State argued

that (1) the trial court incorrectly permitted a Frye-Reed hearing because this scientific

technique is not new or novel; (2) the trial court had incorrectly applied Frye-Reed because

drive tests have widespread acceptance in the relevant scientific field; (3) the trial court

erred by incorrectly and narrowly defining the relevant scientific community; and (4) the

trial court erred in allowing Mr. Folson to testify as an expert.

       Phillips filed a “Defendant-Appellee” brief in which he renewed his motion to

dismiss, maintaining that: (1) appellate jurisdiction is defined by statute; (2) the right to an

in banc appeal is coextensive with the right to appeal to a traditional Maryland appellate

court; and, (3) the State had no statutory right to appeal the trial court’s evidentiary ruling

to this Court or the Court of Appeals. Specifically, Phillips maintained that Maryland Code

(1973, 2013 Repl. Vol., 2016 Supp.), Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article (“CJP”), §§

12-301 and 12-302 did not allow the State to appeal in this circumstance. Otherwise, in

defense of the trial court’s ruling, Phillips averred: (1) the trial court properly admitted Mr.

Folson as an expert witness; (2) the trial court properly concluded that the drive test

technique is not generally accepted under Frye-Reed; and (3) the trial court properly

concluded that the State’s experts lacked a sufficient factual background under Maryland

                                               9
Rule 5-702(3) to testify.

       At oral argument on May 17, 2016, the State persisted in its contention that the in

banc panel had jurisdiction. The State asserted that the purpose of section 22 was to “allow

quick informal reviews of . . . errors by trial judges[,]” and that the history of the 1864

Constitutional Convention indicated that § 22 “was meant to extend to instances where an

appeal ordinarily would not lie[.]”

       Phillips countered with the simple proposition that binding Court of Appeals

precedent exists contrary to the State’s position on the very same point. Phillips pressed

that jurisdiction is not something the in banc panel can create on its own and that it is

established by the Constitution and statutory provisions, neither of which permit appeal of

the trial court’s interlocutory order. Phillips also contended, on policy grounds, that

recognizing in banc review of a grant of a motion in limine would open the floodgates to

litigants requesting in banc review from all interlocutory orders.

       On June 3, 2016, the in banc panel entered an order, concluding that it had

jurisdiction to hear the State’s appeal and that the trial court abused its discretion in its

evidentiary rulings.        Addressing the threshold jurisdictional question, the panel

acknowledged that the State would be precluded from appealing the interlocutory order to

this Court, yet concluded that it had jurisdiction to consider the State’s appeal. The panel

relied on Berg v. Berg, 228 Md. App. 266 (2016), in which we are purported to have

“advocated for a broad interpretation of Art. IV, § 22, ultimately holding that a Petitioner

could properly take an in banc appeal from a post-trial trial motion.” The panel explained:

       In the instant case, this Panel believes that the case at hand is an

                                             10
       extraordinary instance in which the legislature failed to address the
       ability of the State to take an in banc [sic] from a[n] evidentiary
       determination amounting to both an abuse of discretion of the trial court
       and an error of law. As previously stated, the State cannot proceed to the
       Court of Special Appeals, nor can the State take the normal route of an in
       banc appeal as delineated in Haberlin, because the situation does not fall
       within the constraints of § 12-301 & 12-302. In this case, however, the
       Panel concludes that the language of Art. IV, § 22 of the Maryland
       Constitution, when read in conjunction with Md. Rules 4-353 and 2-551
       and in light of the dicta included within Berg, shows the intention of the
       legislature to provide an avenue of review for situations akin to the case
       at hand. As such, the Panel must look to the Maryland Constitution for
       guidance in the procedural manner in which this matter is to advance.

(Emphasis added; italics in original).

       On the merits, the in banc panel concluded that the trial court abused its discretion

by conducting a Frye-Reed hearing and excluding the drive test evidence. The panel also

concluded that the State’s witnesses, Special Agent Fennern and Mr. Willingham—as well

as Phillips’s witness, Mr. Folson—were qualified to testify as experts.

       Phillips noted an appeal to this Court on June 13, 2016.

                                         DISCUSSION

                                               I.

                              The State’s Motion to Dismiss

       As previously mentioned, the State filed a motion to dismiss in this Court, arguing

that Phillips lacks the statutory authority to appeal an evidentiary ruling before a trial has

been conducted. The State contends that this appeal is an interlocutory appeal not subject

to any delineated exception to the final judgment rule. The State further maintains that an

order of an in banc panel is only as final as the judgment that it reviews, and that, the proper

avenue for Phillips to take is to appeal after the trial, if he is convicted, at which point he

                                              11
may present argument concerning any grievances he had with the in banc panel’s decision. 8

       Phillips counters that the decision of an in banc panel is a final, appealable judgment.

Phillips argues that a court in banc is one acting as an appellate tribunal and that the

decisions of such an appellate tribunal are reviewable as final judgments.

       Two appellate decisions, Buck v. Folkers, 269 Md. 185 (1973), and Estep, supra,

are dispositive on the issue as to whether we have jurisdiction in the present case. In Buck,

the Court of Appeals explained that “[t]he decision of the court en banc is conclusive, final,

and non-appealable by the party who sought the en banc review (the moving party).” 269

Md. at 186 (citations omitted). In that case, Folkers filed a petition for declaratory relief

against Buck in the circuit court. Id. at 187. On December 30, 1971, the circuit court

entered an order in favor of Buck, at which point Folkers appealed to the court in banc. Id.

On April 26, 1972, the in banc panel filed an opinion remanding the case for a new trial

because of an error it perceived in the admission of evidence. Id. A different circuit court

judge then held a new trial on October 2, 1972, which resulted in an entry of judgment in

favor of Folkers on October 13, 1972. Id. Buck appealed, presenting questions relating

only to alleged errors by the in banc panel. Id. The Court of Appeals stated that,

              [w]hile Buck, as the adverse party, was entitled under Article IV, s 22
       to appeal from the en banc determination, the order for such an appeal, to be
       timely, must have been filed within thirty days after April 26, 1972. Since it
       was not, we cannot take cognizance of the questions presented. There being
       no other questions before us, we dismiss the appeal.



       8
          The State also observes, without noticing the apparent irony, that the purpose of
the final judgment rule is “to prohibit piecemeal disposition of litigation.” (Citing Jolley v.
State, 282 Md. 353, 356 (1978)).
                                              12
Id. at 187-88 (internal citations omitted).

       Thus, the proper time to appeal a decision of an in banc panel is directly after the

decision of the in banc panel. A party who waits to appeal until after remand and final

judgment by the circuit court loses the ability to argue those points decided by the in banc

panel. See id. This is contrary to the State’s contention, just mentioned, that Phillips must

wait until after a trial and verdict to offer any allegations of error concerning the in banc

panel’s decision. 9 In fact, if Phillips were to follow the State’s advice and wait until a full

trial, verdict, and appeal to this Court, he would be foreclosed from offering argument

concerning the decision of the in banc panel, as per the stricture from Buck. See id.

       Estep, 285 Md. at 416, is also instructive here. In that case, Ms. Estep filed a petition

for modification of a governing custody order for her four children against her former

husband, Mr. Estep, in the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County. Id. at 418–19. In

response, Mr. Estep argued that, under the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act

(“UCCJA”), the circuit court chancellor was without jurisdiction to grant Ms. Estep’s

modification and, also, that Prince George’s County was an inconvenient forum to litigate

the case. Id. at 419. Mr. Estep also filed a cross-petition for modification of the governing



       9
         Specifically, the State posits that “if after a trial, Phillips still feels aggrieved by
the ruling, he may present it (along with any other complaints) to this Court on direct
appeal.” The State contends that

       Phillips has not been forever denied an opportunity to contest the merits of
       the panel’s decision. If he is tried and convicted, he may, on direct appeal,
       contest whether the State should have been allowed to present its expert
       testimony. But at this stage of the proceedings, he has no right to contest that
       ruling.
                                               13
custody order, seeking child support contributions from Ms. Estep. Id.

       The chancellor dismissed Ms. Estep’s petition with regard to the three youngest

children, 10 finding that the court was without UCCJA jurisdiction to hear the case and,

further, that Prince George’s County was an inconvenient forum to hear the case. Id. On

the same day, Ms. Estep sought in banc review of the chancellor’s order. Id. The court in

banc reversed the decision on April 26, 1978, even though Mr. Estep’s cross-petition for

support and Ms. Estep’s motion for modification of custody regarding the eldest son

remained pending in the circuit court. Id. Mr. Estep then appealed to this Court, which

dismissed the case, stating that the appeal “was ‘not allowed by law[,]’” without providing

further explanation for its reasoning. Id. at 420 and n.3.

       After granting certiorari, the Court of Appeals reversed this Court and instructed:

       If, as petitioner has suggested, the Court of Special Appeals dismissed the
       appeal to it as interlocutory because the court in banc, after reversing the
       circuit court’s decision, remanded the case for further action on the
       respondent’s petition for modification, such a ruling by the Court of Special
       Appeals would be in error. In holding that a nonmoving party’s appeal
       from the decision of a court in banc to grant a new trial would be timely
       only if it were made immediately, rather than after the new trial was
       conducted, this Court in Buck v. Folkers, 269 Md. 185, 187-88, 304 A.2d
       826, 828 (1973), clearly indicated that the court in banc acts only as an
       appellate tribunal so that its decisions are not those of a reconsidering
       trial court but are reviewable as final appellate judgments. Thus, we
       find no grounds for the dismissal by the Court of Special Appeals of the
       petitioner’s appeal and will reverse that action.

Id. at 420-21 (emphasis added) (footnote omitted).

       Nonetheless, the Court did not reach the substantive merits of the case. Id. at 421-


       10
         The eldest son lived with Ms. Estep in a different location than the three other
children. Estep, 285 Md. at 418.
                                             14
22. The Court concluded that the in banc panel below had no jurisdiction because the in

banc panel was reviewing a decision that was not a final judgment. Id. at 421-23. The

Court observed that several claims in the original circuit court action were unresolved,

including Ms. Estep’s motion for modification of the custody order for the eldest son, and

Mr. Estep’s cross-petition for child support, and concluded that the order appealed to the

court in banc was not a final judgment and was, thus, appealed prematurely. Id. at 423.

The Court then remanded the case back to the original circuit court. Id. at 424. Estep,

therefore, directs that: (1) a decision of an in banc panel is appealable to a higher Maryland

appellate court, (2) only final judgments or otherwise appealable orders may be appealed

to an in banc panel, and (3) the Court of Appeals or Court of Special Appeals should

remand the case back to the circuit court if a non-appealable order is appealed from a circuit

court to an in banc panel. 11 Id. at 420-24; see also Dabrowski v. Dondalski, 320 Md. 392,


       11
           We note that in Bienkowski, the Court of Appeals, for the first time, addressed
“whether Article IV, § 22, of the Maryland Constitution precludes the Court of Special
Appeals from exercising jurisdiction over an ‘appeal’ from a court in banc taken by the
party who was an appellee in the court in banc.” Bienkowski, 386 Md. at 523. At the time
of that case, section 22 did not mention the “Court of Special Appeals” by name because
the constitutional provision preceded the creation of our Court in 1967.
        In Bienkowski, the plaintiff Bienkowski filed a survival and wrongful death action
for his wife’s death against Brooks in circuit court. Id. at 524. The jury returned a verdict
in Bienkowski’s favor, but the damages were less than he desired. Id. at 524–26.
Bienkowski sought a new trial only on the issues of damages, which the circuit court
denied. Id. at 526. Bienkowski then sought an appeal by an in banc panel of the circuit
court. Id. at 528. The in banc panel reversed the trial court’s denial of Bienkowski’s
motion for a new trial on the issue of damages, and ordered such a trial. Id. at 529. Brooks
then appealed to this Court, which reversed the judgment of the in banc panel and remanded
the case to the trial court with instructions to enter a judgment in accordance with the jury
verdict. Id. Bienkowski filed a petition for certiorari in the Court of Appeals seeking
review of the merits. The Court, sua sponte, raised the issue of this Court’s jurisdiction.
Id. at 530-31. After review of the legislative history of Article IV, § 22, of the Maryland
                                             15
393-96 (1990) (per curiam) (explaining that an in banc panel’s order of a new trial and

reversal of a circuit court’s decision constituted a final, appealable order), abrogated on

other grounds by Bienkowski, supra, 386 Md. at 516.

       The cases are clear. A court in banc acts as an appellate tribunal, and its decisions

“are reviewable as final appellate judgments.” Estep, 285 Md. at 421 (footnote omitted)

(citing Buck, 269 Md. at 187–88). A party who did not seek in banc review may appeal

the decision of the in banc panel because “such decision in banc shall not preclude the right

of Appeal by an adverse party who did not seek in banc review, in those cases, civil or

criminal, in which appeal to the Court of Special Appeals may be allowed by law.”

Maryland Const. art. IV, § 22.

       In the present case, Phillips timely appealed from the decision of an in banc panel

of the circuit court exercising appellate review. Phillips did not seek in banc review; the

State did. Therefore, this Court has jurisdiction over the in banc panel’s decision because

it is a “final appellate judgment.” Estep, 285 Md. at 421 (footnote omitted); see also Buck,




Constitution, id. at 531–44, and the Maryland’s three-level system of trial and appeals, id.
at 543-44, the Court held that the in banc review was in lieu of appellate review by this
Court and that this Court “lack[ed] authority to exercise jurisdiction over the merits of
appeals from in banc courts[.]” Id. at 531, 543-44. The Court further held that the only
judicial review available to either party after an appeal to an in banc panel is to file a writ
of certiorari to the Court of Appeals. Id. at 549.
        In 2006, section 22 of Article IV of the Maryland Constitution, was amended to
provide appeals to the Court of Special Appeals “by an adverse party who did not seek in
banc review.” 2006 Md. Laws, ch.421 (H.B. 84); Maryland Const. art. IV, § 22. Thus, at
present, this Court has jurisdiction over cases properly appealed from an in banc panel of
the circuit court.
                                              16
269 Md. at 187–88. We deny the State’s motion to dismiss. 12

                                               II.

                                Appeal of a Motion in Limine

       Our denial of the State’s motion to dismiss does not, however, end our jurisdictional

inquiry. We now consider whether the in banc panel had jurisdiction to hear the State’s

appeal of the trial court’s evidentiary ruling in the first instance. 13

                                  A. The Parties’ Contentions

       The parties largely repeat the arguments presented during the proceedings before

the in banc panel. Phillips observes that appellate jurisdiction is defined by statute and

maintains that the State would have no right to appeal under CJP § 12-301—which

provides that a party may generally appeal only from a final judgment—because the trial

court’s evidentiary ruling was not a final judgment. Phillips then asserts that the State had

no right to appeal under CJP § 12-302—which gives the State the ability to take an

interlocutory appeal when the State’s evidence is excluded due to violation of the United



       12
          The State cites State v. Taylor, 371 Md. 617 (2002), and In re Kevin E., 402 Md.
624 (2008), for the proposition that Phillips may not appeal the decision of the three-judge
panel, regardless of “[w]hether the three-judge panel had authority or not.” Those two
cases did not address in banc panels and instead addressed situations in which a trial court
had committed an error, but the Court of Appeals was powerless to remand with
instructions to retry the case, due to double jeopardy. Kevin E., 402 Md. at 639–40; Taylor,
317 Md. at 654. We fail to divine how these two cases inform the situation at hand.

       13
         We would have addressed the issue even if Phillips had not raised it, for “[w]hen
a court in banc or other intermediate appellate court has exercised jurisdiction over an
appeal, the question of whether it should have exercised jurisdiction is an issue which [a
Maryland appellate court] shall address sua sponte when the case reaches [it].” Haberlin,
supra, 320 Md. at 405 n.4 (citations omitted).
                                                17
States Constitution or the Maryland Constitution or Declaration of Rights—because, in the

present case, the evidence was excluded under Frye-Reed and Maryland Rule 5-702.

Phillips claims the in banc panel “reached the merits of the appeal in order to justify

reaching the merits” and that the panel incorrectly divined legislative intent and

misinterpreted Maryland decisional law.

       The State recognizes that its argument is contrary to the holding in Estep.

Nonetheless, the State maintains that the plain language of the constitutional provision,

specifically, the phrase “upon the decision or determination of any point, or question,”

provides it a right to a review from an in banc panel of the circuit court in precisely this

circumstance. See Maryland Const., art. IV, § 22 (emphasis added). The State further

maintains that Article IV, section 22, gives the Court of Appeals the right to adopt rules

governing the procedure for in banc appeal, but that neither courts nor the legislature can

delimit the original right to appeal. The State claims that there is a distinction between a

traditional appeal and in banc review and broadly argues that an in banc panel may review

many points of law of a trial court, prior to a final judgment from the trial court. The State

maintains that “the root of the misinterpretation” in the relevant Court of Appeals cases—

including Estep and Dean, supra—“lies in the Court’s sometimes imprecise references to

Buck[.]” Finally, the State concedes that it is unlikely that it would have the right to appeal

the trial court’s evidentiary ruling to this Court under CJP § 12-302(c), but it states that it

“is not ‘appealing’ the motion court’s ruling[.]”

       In its reply brief, Phillips notes that the State conceded that it had no statutory right

to appeal under CJP § 12-302 and, further, that a court cannot rule on the merits in order

                                              18
to determine it has the ability to rule on the merits, as the in banc panel did in the present

case. Phillips further observes that section 22 states that it is “‘subject to such provisions

as may hereafter be made by law[,]’” which allows the legislature to circumscribe the right

to appeal through such enactments as CJP § 12-301. (Quoting Maryland Const., art. IV, §

22). Phillips adds, in response to the State’s argument suggesting that the Court of Appeals

incorrectly decided cases on this point, that we “[are] not at liberty to reinterpret § 22 in a

manner inconsistent with the decisions of the higher court.” Finally, Phillips reasserts the

policy argument that, if we were to allow this appeal to proceed, the “circuit courts would

be inundated with requests for in banc reviews of virtually every type of interlocutory

ruling[,]” contending that these “piecemeal appeals would clog up dockets, making it

difficult for already-overburdened courts to guarantee speedy trials.”

                                      B. In Banc Review

       Judge J. Dudley Digges, writing for the Court of Appeals, offered the following

commentary on section 22 and in banc review:

       Although the reason for section 22’s inclusion in the constitution is not
       altogether clear, it appears to have been, as its commonly recognized
       nickname of “the poor person’s appeal” suggests, a response to a fear of the
       framers of the Constitution of that year that the distance to Annapolis and the
       concomitant delay and expense incident to prosecuting an appeal in the Court
       of Appeals would discourage or preclude many litigants from seeking justice
       by means of appellate review.[14]

       14
          But, in an article, John J. Connolly argues that, although the “poor person’s
appeal” rationale has some logic, the provision was “likely . . . intended as part of a
compromise between a one-judge and three-judge system . . . and [] it surely was intended
to serve the purposes of the three-judge judiciary without demanding all of the attendant
expenses.” John J. Connolly, Comment, Maryland’s Right of In Banc Review, 51 Maryland
L. Rev. 434, 438-59 (1992). In any event, Connolly points out, the members of the 1867
Constitutional Convention decided that they did not desire to spend the $2.50 a day
                                              19
Washabaugh v. Washabaugh, 285 Md. 393, 396 (1979) (citation omitted).

       Section 22 survives today in much the same form as it did in 1867. See Berg, 228

Md. App. at 272–75 (tracing the history of the minor amendments of the language of

Article IV, section 22, over the course of the 150 years since the adoption of the Maryland

Constitution of 1867). It still provides litigants, 150 years later, the right to appeal circuit

court judgments to three-judge circuit court panels in certain circumstances. We next

examine the contours of the right, contained in section 22, to appeal to an in banc panel. 15

                       C. Appellate Jurisdiction of an In Banc Panel

       The Court of Appeals concisely described the role and purpose of in banc review in

Haberlin. 320 Md. at 406-07. The in banc panel “functions ‘as a separate appellate

tribunal, and not merely as an arm of the trial court.’” Id. at 406 (other citations omitted)

(quoting Montgomery Cnty. v. McNeece, 311 Md. 194, 201 (1987)). “The purpose of the

constitutional provision authorizing an in banc appeal was to provide a substitute or

alternate for an appeal to the Court of Appeals or, in recent years, to the Court of Special

Appeals.” Id. (other citations omitted) (citing McNeece, 311 Md. at 198, 201). Therefore,

       . . . when no appeal from a circuit court order could be taken to the Court of

required for a professional reporter; thus, there is no transcript of the proceedings, and the
precise reason for the inclusion of section 22 has been lost to history. See id. at 443-44.
       15
         Although, as stated supra, we do not reach the merits of this case because the
State took an improper appeal to the in banc panel, we do note that, were we to reach the
merits, we would be reviewing the decision of the trial court, not the decision of the in banc
panel, contrary to the State’s arguments concerning the requisite standard of review. See
Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. Sanders, 232 Md. App. 24, 38-42 (2017) (explaining that this
Court reviews the decision of the trial court, not the decision of the in banc panel and
affords any requisite deference to the trial court’s decision).
                                              20
       Special Appeals (or, prior to the 1970’s, the Court of Appeals), then no
       appeal can be taken to a court in banc. Generally, an appeal under § 12-301
       of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article must be authorized in order
       for a court in banc to exercise jurisdiction. Dean v. State, 302 Md. 493, 497-
       498, 489 A.2d 22 (1985); Estep v. Estep, supra, 285 Md. at 422-424, 404
       A.2d at 1043-1045. See Liquor Board v. Handelman, supra, 212 Md. at 161,
       129 A.2d at 83. As Judge J. Dudley Digges pointed out for the Court in the
       Estep case, “we look to the pertinent enactment [conferring appellate
       jurisdiction] to determine the scope of the court in banc’s basic authority to
       act. The applicable statute is section 12-301 of the . . . Courts [and Judicial
       Proceedings] Article,” 285 Md. at 422, 404 A.2d at 1043.

320 Md. at 406-07 (alteration in Haberlin).

       Clearly, the jurisdiction of the in banc panel is determined by the Maryland

Constitution and the Maryland Code. 16 Maryland Rule 2-551 sets forth the appellate

procedures for a party seeking review by the in banc panel and is consistent with the notion

that such an appeal is an alternative to an appeal to this Court. Subsection (h) provides, in

pertinent part: “Any party who seeks and obtains review under this Rule has no further

right of appeal. The decision of the panel does not preclude an appeal to the Court of

Special Appeals by an opposing party who is otherwise entitled to appeal.”

       The Court of Appeals has consistently held, upon examination of section 22 and the

corresponding Maryland Rules, that a litigant may not appeal to an in banc panel when the

litigant could not note an appeal to this Court successfully. See, e.g., Haberlin, 320 Md. at

403; Dean, 302 Md. at 496-97. We now summarize and explain these cases.

       In Dean, a jury convicted Dean of multiple felonies, whereupon the circuit court

granted his motion for a new trial. 302 Md. at 494. The State then noted an in banc appeal,


       16
           We have set out the text of Article IV, section 22, of the Maryland Constitution
in full, supra.
                                              21
claiming an abuse of discretion by the court in granting a new trial. Id. at 494-95. The in

banc panel vacated the order and reinstated the convictions for the reason that the court did

not provide precise findings as to its reason for the grant of a new trial. Id. at 496.

       Upon granting certiorari, the Court of Appeals stated that “[t]here is no different

standard[]” “of appealability to a court in banc from that to the Court of Special Appeals.”

Id. at 497. The Court explained that normally a final judgment is required before a party

may appeal to the Court of Special Appeals pursuant to CJP § 12-301. Id. The Court

concluded that “[i]t [wa]s clear that the order from which the State sought to appeal in

th[at] case was not an appealable final order and thus the in banc court was without

jurisdiction to consider the point reserved.” Id. at 499 (footnote omitted). Thus, Dean

stands for the proposition that a litigant may not appeal to an in banc panel in the circuit

court if the litigant cannot also note an appeal to this Court successfully. Id. at 496-97.

       In Dabrowski, the respondent brought an action against Dabrowski & Son Funeral

Home after falling on the funeral home’s premises. 320 Md. at 393. The circuit court

granted a motion for judgment in favor of Dabrowski. Id. After respondent’s timely

motion for a new trial was denied, respondent filed an untimely request for review by an in

banc panel. Id. The in banc panel reversed the trial court and ordered the case be set for a

new trial. Id. at 394. The petitioner, Dabrowski, then timely filed an appeal to the Court

of Special Appeals. Id. This Court dismissed the appeal on the grounds that the order by

the in banc panel was not a final appealable judgment. Id. After granting certiorari, the

Court of Appeals reversed this Court and held that the order by the in banc panel was a

final appealable order under CJP § 12-301. Id. at 395. The Court cited Estep for the

                                              22
proposition that a “court in banc acts only as an appellate tribunal so that its decisions are

not those of a reconsidering trial court but are reviewable as final appellate judgments.”

Id. at 396 (quoting Estep, 285 Md. at 421). The Court then vacated the Court of Special

Appeals’ dismissal and vacated the in banc panel’s order, holding that the in banc panel of

the circuit court lacked jurisdiction because the respondent’s request for in banc review

was untimely. Id. at 397. The Court reminded us that “timeliness of an order of appeal is

‘jurisdictional,’ and that if an appeal is not filed within the prescribed time, ‘the appellate

court acquires no jurisdiction and the appeal must be dismissed.’” Id. at 398 (quoting

Walbert v. Walbert, 310 Md. 657, 662 (1987)) (some internal quotation marks omitted).

       In Haberlin, decided on the same day as Dabrowski, the Court of Appeals reached

a similar result. 320 Md. at 403 (citations omitted). In that case, respondents—Haberlin

and Plotnick—opposed a liquor license application filed by a competitor. Id. at 401. After

the Board of License Commissioners granted the license, the respondents sought judicial

review in the circuit court. Id. The circuit court dismissed the action on the grounds that

respondents—competing licensees—lacked standing to request judicial review. Id. at 402.

When the court denied respondents’ motion to alter or amend the judgment, the

respondents sought in banc review. Id. The in banc panel concluded that the competing

licensees had standing to seek judicial review, reversed the court’s judgment, and

remanded the case for additional proceedings. Id. at 402-03. The Board then sought an

appeal in this Court; however, before we heard the case, the Court of Appeals issued a writ

of certiorari. Id. at 403. The respondents moved to dismiss the appeal, contending that the

judgment of the in banc panel was not final and appealable because the judgment did not

                                              23
terminate the circuit court proceedings. Id. The Court reiterated Dabrowski’s holding that

a judgment of an in banc panel of the circuit court is final and appealable to this Court. Id.

       Next, the Court stated that the purpose of the constitutional provision authorizing in

banc review was to provide an alternative to an appeal to this Court, but, this alternative

method of appeal must be authorized by statute in order for an in banc panel to assert

jurisdiction. Id. at 406-07. The Court explained:

       In a majority of circuit court cases, an appeal from a final judgment to the
       Court of Special Appeals is authorized by [CJP] § 12-301 [], and there are
       no other statutory provisions limiting or modifying the right of appeal under
       § 12-301. As to these ordinary cases, Art IV, § 22, of the Constitution and
       Rule 2-551 provide an alternate avenue of appeal to a court in banc.

Id. at 407. The Court reaffirmed its holding from prior cases that “when no appeal from a

circuit court order could be taken to the Court of Special Appeals (or, prior to the 1970’s,

the Court of Appeals), then no appeal can be taken to a court in banc.” Id. (emphasis

added) (citations omitted). Thus, a litigant may only appeal an order from a circuit court

to an in banc panel if that litigant could appeal the same order in this Court. 17 Id.

       Applying these precepts to the case before it, the Haberlin Court held that an appeal

to an in banc panel in the circuit court was inconsistent with the legislative purpose of the

then-existing statute addressing appellate review of the liquor board’s decisions. Id. at 409.


       17
          In Haberlin, the Court also explained that there are statutory provisions providing
for direct appeals to the Court of Appeals, such as in death penalty cases (formerly),
contested election cases, and habeas corpus cases in which the circuit court judge held
unconstitutional the law in which the habeas applicant was convicted. 320 Md. at 407-08.
The Court explained that these types of extraordinary cases (and statutory provisions),
along with discretionary Court of Appeals review of appeals in the circuit court of cases
originating in the District Court, “embod[ied] a legislative intent that is inconsistent with
an alternate appeal from a circuit court to a court in banc.” Id. at 408.
                                              24
The statute expressly stated that the board’s decisions are final and not appealable except

to resolve conflicting trial court decisions on a legal issue. Id. Accordingly, the in banc

panel lacked jurisdiction over the appeal, and the Court of Appeals vacated the in banc

panel’s judgement with instructions to dismiss the appeal. Id. at 409-10. 18

       The State directs us to Berg, supra, 228 Md. App. at 266. 19 In that case, Mr. Berg

filed a complaint for divorce in 2005, and the circuit court held a merits trial in 2007 in

which the court awarded a $450,000.00 monetary judgment to Ms. Berg. Id. at 269-70.

Although Mr. Berg made irregular payments over the next seven years, he never satisfied

the judgment, and in 2014, Ms. Berg brought a separate garnishment action. Id. at 270. In

the garnishment action, Mr. Berg objected to the manner in which Ms. Berg had applied

his payments to interest, rather than principal. Id. The circuit court then held an evidentiary

hearing and entered an order, agreeing in part with Mr. Berg. Id. at 270-71. After Ms.

Berg’s timely motion to alter or amend the judgment was filed and denied, she noted an in



       18
          The State contends that the legislature cannot by statute define the right to appeal
to an in banc panel because that right springs from the Constitution. We set out the final
paragraph of Haberlin to dispose of this argument:

       Therefore, we hold that Art. 2B, § 175(f), prohibits an appeal to a court in
       banc. As Art. IV, § 22, of the Constitution provides that the right to an in
       banc appeal “shall be subject to such provisions as may hereafter be made by
       Law,” the General Assembly is entitled to preclude an in banc appeal in
       specific situations. It did so in the present case.

320 Md. at 409-10.
       19
          The in banc panel in the present case also relied on Berg, stating in its opinion
that “the Court of Special Appeals recently advocated for a broad interpretation of Art. IV,
§ 22” in that case.
                                              25
banc appeal, and Mr. Berg contested jurisdiction. Id. at 271. The in banc panel ruled that

it had jurisdiction and entered an order reversing the circuit court. Id. Mr. Berg appealed

to this Court, arguing that the in banc panel lacked jurisdiction for the reason that in banc

appeals could only be taken from merits trials, not from issues arising long after the merits

trial had been held. Id. at 269. Mr. Berg contended that the phrase “any trial is conducted”

found in Article IV, section 22, of the Maryland Constitution limited in banc appeals to

errors occurring during a “merits trial.” Id. at 276.

       Relying on Dean, Haberlin, and the provision in section 22 which allows in banc

appeals “upon the decision or determination of any point, or question . . . [,]” we held that

“in banc appeals from post trial decisions . . . by less than three judges are allowed.” Id. at

279 (quoting Maryland Const., art. IV, § 22). We interpreted the word “trial” used in

section 22 of Article IV “as meaning ‘that step in an action by which issues or questions of

fact are decided.’” Id. at 281 (quoting Miller v. Tobin, 18 F. 609, 616 (D. Or. 1883)).

Applying this definition, we concluded that a trial was held when the circuit court held an

evidentiary hearing on the garnishment action and decided, based on evidence, how Mr.

Berg’s payments should be applied. Id. at 281-82. In the present case, we conclude the

court’s four-day Frye-Reed hearing, in which testimony and evidence was presented and

the court made determinations, meets this definition of a “trial.” 20



       20
         In this appeal we do not decide the issue left open in Berg, when Judge Salmon,
writing for this Court, recognized the possibility that there could be a case that was
appealable to this Court—yet not appealable to an in banc panel—because no “trial” within
the meaning of section 22 had yet been conducted, for example, a final judgment granting
a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. See 228 Md. at 282-83. Phillips notes this
                                              26
       We do not agree, however, with the interpretation of Berg urged by the State

endorsing a sweeping right of in banc review that would include the right to appeal the

grant of the motion in limine in the present case. First, in Berg we cited and relied on Dean

and Haberlin, two cases holding that—as stated supra—the right to in banc review and the

right to appeal to this Court are coextensive. Berg, 228 Md. App. at 278. Second, Berg

was addressing a post-trial motion, id. at 279, and the order the State appealed from in the

present case is a pre-trial motion. 21

       Given that a party may appeal to an in banc panel only when it has an appeal to this

Court, we turn to the relevant statutes addressing this Court’s jurisdiction. Generally, CJP

§ 12-301 provides that a final judgment is a prerequisite before a party may appeal. 22 The



in his brief, urging “that in banc review might actually be more limited than direct appeal.”
We leave this question for another day.
       21
          We observe, with the disclaimer that we do not have the full record in the Berg
case before us, that Ms. Berg’s motion to alter or amend the garnishment judgment was
likely a final judgment under CJP § 12-301 from which Ms. Berg could have appealed to
this Court because “[a] garnishment of a judgment debtor's property has ‘many of the
attributes of a separate cause of action[.]’” See Mayor & City Council of Baltimore v. Utica
Mut. Ins. Co., 145 Md. App. 256, 265, 274-77 (2002) (quoting C. Brown, Introduction to
Maryland Civil Litigation, § 6.34, 200–201 (1982)).
       22
          The parties do not dispute this, but, in the interest of completeness, we take a
moment to point out that the trial court’s Frye-Reed ruling in the present case was clearly
not a final judgment. Rohrbeck v. Rohrbeck provides the signature Maryland definition of
the three attributes of a final judgment:

            (1) it must be intended by the court as an unqualified, final disposition of
            the matter in controversy, (2) unless the court properly acts pursuant to
            Md. Rule 2-602(b), it must adjudicate or complete the adjudication of all
            claims against all parties, and (3) the clerk must make a proper record of
            it in accordance with Md. Rule 2-601.

                                              27
statute states, in pertinent part, that:

       Except as provided in § 12-302 of this subtitle, a party may appeal from a
       final judgment entered in a civil or criminal case by a circuit court. The right
       of appeal exists from a final judgment entered by a court in the exercise of
       original, special, limited, statutory jurisdiction, unless in a particular case the
       right of appeal is expressly denied by law.

Here, the trial court’s grant of Phillips’s motion in limine was not a final order. However,

CJP § 12-301 also includes exceptions to its final judgment rule. CJP § 12-302(c)(3)(i) is

one such exception. Its text reads, in pertinent part:

       In a case involving a crime of violence . . ., the State may appeal from a
       decision of a trial court that excludes evidence offered by the State or requires
       the return of property alleged to have been seized in violation of the
       Constitution of the United States, the Maryland Constitution, or the
       Maryland Declaration of Rights.

(Emphasis added). 23


318 Md. at 41. See also Kevin F. Arthur, Finality of Judgments and Other Appellate
Trigger Issues (2014).
        “In a basic sense, ‘a final judgment consists of a verdict [in a criminal case] and
either the pronouncement of sentence or the suspension of its imposition or execution.’”
Hoile, 404 Md. at 612 (alteration in Hoile) (quoting Lewis v. State, 289 Md. 1, 4 (1980)).
Phillips has not yet received a trial, nor has a verdict been reached in his case; thus, the
trial court’s ruling on the motion in limine plainly does not satisfy the first two of these
requirements from Rohrbeck. See Hoile, 404 Md. at 612; Rohrbeck, 318 Md. at 41.
        23
           CJP § 12-302(c)(1) and (2) actually limit the State’s ability to appeal as to certain
final judgments. The text of those subsections provides:

       (c)   (1) In a criminal case, the State may appeal as provided in this
       subsection.
             (2) The State may appeal from a final judgment granting a motion to
             dismiss or quashing or dismissing any indictment, information,
             presentment, or inquisition.
             (3) The State may appeal from a final judgment if the State alleges
             that the trial judge:
                     (i) Failed to impose the sentence specifically mandated by the
                     Code; or
                                               28
       Before this Court the State concedes that CJP § 12-302(c) provided the State no

right to appeal the trial court’s evidentiary ruling to the Court of Special Appeals. The trial

court excluded the State’s evidence pursuant to Frye-Reed and Maryland Rule 5-702, not

on federal or Maryland constitutional grounds. If the trial court had based its ruling on

federal or Maryland constitutional principles, then CJP § 12-302 would have provided the

State with a right to appeal to this Court or an in banc panel of the circuit court.

       Once again, the case law is unambiguous that “when no appeal from a circuit court

order could be taken to the Court of Special Appeals . . . , then no appeal can be taken to a

court in banc.” Haberlin, 320 Md. at 407; accord Remson v. Krausen, 206 Md. App. 53,

65-66 (2012). In the present case, the order the State appealed from was not a final

judgment because there was no verdict, see Hoile v. State, 404 Md. 591, 612 (2008), it was

not “intended by the court as an unqualified final disposition of the matter in controversy,”

and it did not “adjudicate or complete the adjudication of all claims against all parties[.]”

See Rohrbeck v. Rohrbeck, 318 Md. 28, 41 (1989). The trial court’s order was also not an

interlocutory order nonetheless appealable under one of the exceptions catalogued in CJP

§ 12-303. 24

       Because the State had no right to appeal from the trial court order granting Phillips’s

motion in limine, the in banc panel was without jurisdiction. Accordingly we do not reach




                      (ii) Imposed or modified a sentence in violation of the
                      Maryland Rules.
        24
           None of the exceptions set out in CJP § 12-303, which provides for the lion’s
share of the interlocutory orders from which an appeal may be taken—and applies only in
civil cases—are applicable to the case at hand.
                                              29
the merits of the case. See Estep, 285 Md. at 423-24 (declining to reach merits when in

banc panel improperly exercised jurisdiction and remanding for further proceedings). We

vacate the in banc panel’s June 3, 2016 order and remand with instructions to remand the

case back to the trial court.

                                               JUNE 3, 2016 ORDER OF THE IN
                                               BANC PANEL VACATED. CASE
                                               REMANDED TO THE IN BANC
                                               PANEL OF THE CIRCUIT COURT
                                               WITH       DIRECTIONS    TO
                                               REINSTATE THE CIRCUIT COURT
                                               FOR ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY’S
                                               FEBRUARY 12, 2016 ORDER,
                                               DISMISS THE APPEAL, AND
                                               REMAND TO THE CIRCUIT
                                               COURT.

                                               COSTS TO BE PAID BY ANNE
                                               ARUNDEL COUNTY.




                                          30
