                        UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                        FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 John Ray and Susan Ray,
             Petitioners,
        v.                                         Civil Action No. 16-428 (CKK)
 Marc Chafetz,
             Respondent.


                              MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Petitioner Susan Ray and Respondent Marc Chafetz are co-partners of the now-

defunct Beltway Law Group LLP (“BLG”). Petitioner John Ray, Ms. Ray’s ex-husband, is

not formally a partner of BLG, but shares in the firm’s distributions. Shortly after

Respondent joined BLG, irreconcilable differences emerged between him and Ms. Ray,

and the latter filed a demand for arbitration before the American Arbitration Association

(“AAA”) seeking dissolution of the firm. Mr. Ray, though not originally a party to the

arbitration, was compelled by a North Carolina state court to join the proceedings.

Ultimately, in a series of rulings spanning over two years, AAA arbitrators ordered BLG to

dissolve, held in favor of Respondent on two counterclaims, and awarded Respondent

attorney fees and costs pursuant to the fee-shifting provision in the parties’ arbitration

agreement and the AAA Rules.

       Pending before the Court are a variety of motions related to those arbitral awards.

Petitioners have filed two petitions to vacate, one seeking to vacate the award of attorney

fees and costs (“Original Petition”), and another other seeking to vacate the final award

that incorporated all prior awards issued during the arbitration (“Renewed Petition”).

Petitioners have also asked the Court to appoint a receiver to administer the further winding

down of BLG. Respondent, for his part, has moved to confirm the final award, and in doing

                                             1
so, seeks post-judgment interest and attorney fees and costs associated with his counsel’s

efforts before this Court. Respondent also seeks sanctions pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 11(b) against Petitioners’ counsel of record, Mr. Dwight D. Murray.

        Upon consideration of the pleadings, 1 the relevant legal authorities, and the record

as a whole, the Court DENIES Petitioner John Ray’s [1] Petition to Vacate Arbitration



1
 The Court’s consideration has focused on the following documents and their supporting
exhibits:

    •   Petition to Vacate Arbitration Award (“Orig. Pet.”), ECF No. 1.
    •   Petitioner’s Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Petition to
        Vacate Arbitration Award (“Orig. Pet. Mem.”), ECF No. 1-1.
    •   Respondent’s Opposition to Motion to Vacate Arbitration Award (“Orig. Pet.
        Opp.”), ECF No. 5.
    •   Petitioner’s Reply to Opposition to Petition to Vacate Arbitration Award (“Orig.
        Pet. Reply”), ECF No. 6.
    •   Petitioners’ Motion for Expedited Appointment of Receiver and For Status
        Conference (“Receiver Mot.”), ECF No. 8.
    •   Petitioners’ Renewed Petition to Vacate Arbitration Award and Motion to Appoint
        a Receiver (“Renewed Pet.”), ECF No. 9.
    •   Petitioners’ Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Renewed
        Petition to Vacate and Expedited Motion for Appointment of Receiver (“Renewed
        Pet. Mem.”), ECF No. 9-1.
    •   Respondent’s Opposition to Renewed Motion to Vacate Arbitration Award and
        Expedited Motion to Appoint Receiver (“Renewed Pet. Opp.”), ECF No. 12.
    •   Petitioners’ Reply to Respondent’s Opposition to Renewed Petition to Vacate
        Arbitration Award and Expedited Motion to Appoint a Receiver (“Renewed Pet.
        Reply”), ECF No. 13.
    •   Respondent’s Surreply in Opposition to Renewed Petition to Vacate (“Renewed
        Pet. Surreply”), ECF No. 14-1.
    •   Petitioners’ Memorandum in Opposition to Respondent’s Motion for Leave to File
        Surreply (“Renewed Pet. Surreply Opp.”), ECF No. 22.
    •   Respondent’s Cross-Motion to Confirm Arbitration Award (“Cross Mot.”), ECF
        No. 23.
    •   Petitioners’ Opposition to Chafetz’s Cross Motion to Confirm Arbitration Award
        (“Cross Mot. Opp.”), ECF No. 24.
    •   Respondent’s Reply in Favor of Cross-Motion to Confirm Arbitration Award
        (“Cross Mot. Reply”), ECF No. 25.
    •   Respondent’s Motion for Rule 11 Sanctions Against Dwight Murray (“Sanctions
        Mot.”), ECF No. 26, and related Opposition, ECF No. 27, and Reply, ECF No. 28.
                                             2
Award; GRANTS Petitioners’ [7] Motion to Amend Caption 2; DENIES Petitioners’ [8]

Motion For Expedited Appointment of Receiver and For Status Conference; DENIES

Petitioners’ [9] Renewed Petition to Vacate Arbitration Award and Motion to Appoint a

Receiver; GRANTS Respondent’s [14] Motion for Leave to File Surreply in Opposition

to Renewed Petition to Vacate 3; GRANTS Respondent’s [23] Cross-Motion to Confirm

Arbitration Award, except to the extent it seeks attorney fees and costs for matters before

this Court, which is DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE; and DENIES Respondent’s

[26] Motion for Rule 11 Sanctions Against Dwight Murray.

                                   I. BACKGROUND

       Ms. Ray founded BLG in February 2012 with the assistance of her then husband,

Mr. Ray. Orig. Pet. Mem. at 2. Ms. Ray, who is not an attorney, incorporated the firm in

the District of Columbia because the D.C. Code permits lawyers to form partnerships with

non-lawyers. Throughout the relevant period, a company owned by Ms. Ray and known as

BDS Systems (“BDS”) covered the operating expenses for and provided various marketing

services to BLG. Id. The business model of BDS and BLG relied on the creation of

numerous websites that were intended to attract new clients for unaffiliated trial law firms,

which would pay BDS a deposit for the company’s marketing expenses. In addition, once

a client was sourced by BDS, and referred to the trial firm, BLG would enter into a co-




2
 The Court interprets Petitioners’ “Motion to Amend Caption” as a request for leave to
amend their Original Petition to add Ms. Ray as a petitioner, which they have done in the
Renewed Petition. The Court GRANTS that request as it finds that “justice so requires.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2).
3
 The Court finds that Respondent has met his burden of demonstrating that “the reply filed
by the moving party raised new arguments that were not included in the original motion.”
Longwood Vill. v. Ashcroft, 157 F. Supp. 2d 61, 68 n.3 (D.D.C. 2011).
                                             3
counsel agreement with that firm, which entitled BLG to share in the settlement or verdict

that the trial firm obtained, after the trial firm recouped the amount it had deposited with

BDS. Renewed Pet. Mem. at 3. According to Petitioners, by the end of 2012, “BLG had

entered into a large number of co-counsel agreements and had a substantial docket of active

matters pending that had significant seven-figure value.” Orig. Pet. Mem. at 3.

       At the end of 2012, after BLG’s initial lawyer-partner resigned, Respondent joined

BLG as his replacement and entered into an amended partnership agreement with Ms. Ray

(“LLP Agreement”), which is the operative agreement before the Court. Renewed Pet.

Mem. at 4. The partners’ revenue shares, however, were set forth in a separate distribution

agreement. Id. at 4 n.6. Petitioner John Ray, who provided marketing and business

development services to BLG, see Orig. Pet. Mem. at 4, was entitled to 35% of BLG’s

revenue under the distribution agreement, while Respondent and Ms. Ray, the two partners,

were entitled to 32.5% each. Orig. Pet., Attach. 4.

       By June 2013, irreconcilable differences emerged between Respondent and Ms.

Ray. Orig. Pet. Mem. at 4. The specifics of those differences are not relevant to the Court’s

analysis of the pending motions, and they are not recounted here. Suffice it to say, in

October 2013, Ms. Ray filed a demand for arbitration with the AAA seeking “dissolution .

. . based on failure of duty.” Orig. Pet., Attach. 10. The demand was based on the arbitration

provision in the LLP Agreement (“Arbitration Agreement”):

       12.13 Resolution of Disputes. Any controversy arising out of or related to
       this Agreement or the breach thereof shall be settled by arbitration in the
       District of Columbia, in accordance with the rules of the American
       Arbitration Association, and judgment entered upon the award rendered
       may be enforced by appropriate judicial action pursuant to the District of
       Columbia Code of Civil Procedure. The arbitration panel shall consist of
       one member, which shall be a person agreed to by each partner to the dispute
       within 30 days following notice by one party that he desires that a matter be

                                              4
        arbitrated. If the parties are unable within such 30 day period to agree upon
        an arbitrator, then the panel shall be one arbitrator selected by the District
        of Columbia office of the American Arbitration Association, which
        arbitrator shall be experienced in the area of legal partnerships and who
        shall be knowledgeable with respect to the subject matter area of the dispute.
        The losing party shall bear any fees and expenses of the arbitrator, other
        tribunal fees and expenses, reasonable attorney's fees of both parties, any
        costs of producing witnesses and any other reasonable costs or expenses
        incurred by him or the prevailing party or such costs shall be allocated by
        the arbitrator. The arbitration panel shall render a decision within 30 days
        following the close of presentation by the parties of their cases and any
        rebuttal. The parties shall agree within 30 days following selection of the
        arbitrator to any prehearing procedures or further procedures necessary for
        the arbitration to proceed, including interrogatories or other discovery;
        provided, in any event each Partner shall be entitled to discovery in
        accordance with the District of Columbia Code of Civil Procedure.

Orig. Pet., Attach. 3 at 13.

        Pursuant to the terms of the Arbitration Agreement, the parties jointly appointed

Judge Richard A. Levie to arbitrate their dispute. See Orig. Pet. Mem. at 7. In December

2013, Ms. Ray amended the demand to include additional counts against Respondent for

breaches of contractual and fiduciary duties. Respondent filed a counterclaim in January

2014, likewise seeking dissolution of BLG. See Orig. Pet., Attach. 14 at 1–2. Then, on

March 31, 2014, Judge Levie issued an Interim Award in which he concluded that “a

Liquidating Event has occurred and that dissolution is appropriate at this time,” noting that

there had been “a complete breakdown of trust and confidence between the two parties.”

Orig. Pet., Attach. 12 at 2–3. Judge Levie also denied Ms. Ray’s motion to appoint a

receiver to administer the dissolution of BLG, holding that “any issues to be decided by

any receiver insofar as they arise in the dissolution can be decided by the Arbitrator” and

noting the practical reality that BLG at the time lacked any funds to pay for a receiver. Id.

at 2, 5 (“Claimants failed to persuade the Arbitrator that there currently is a need to appoint

a receiver to try to adjudicate matters that are more properly presented to the Arbitrator.”).

                                              5
To facilitate the winding down of BLG, Judge Levie ordered Respondent’s counsel to

establish “a trust escrow account [the “Escrow Account”] in the District of Columbia . . .

for the handling of funds.” Id. at 4. Respondent’s counsel was prohibited from making

“disbursements from the Escrow Account without either express written consent of [Ms.

Ray] to the specific disbursements (amount, payee, and time) or an order of the Arbitrator.”

Id. at 6.

        In between the filing of the demand for arbitration and Judge Levie’s Interim Order,

two related actions were brought in North Carolina state court against BLG by Mr. Ray

and BDS, respectively. Both lawsuits sought compensation for services allegedly rendered

to BLG. Orig. Pet. Mem. at 7–8; Orig. Pet., Attach. 14 at 3. Because Ms. Ray held a

proprietary interest in the outcome of these lawsuits that conflicted with the interests of

BLG—because she owned BDS and was married to Mr. Ray—Judge Levie held that Ms.

Ray was “not in a position to objectively represent the interests of BLG in these lawsuits,”

and permitted Respondent to represent BLG in the two North Carolina lawsuits. Orig. Pet.,

Attach. 12 at 5. Respondent then sought to the compel the arbitration of those disputes.

Orig. Pet., Attach. 14 at 3.

        The Interim Award essentially resolved the primary dispute between the parties that

led to the arbitration—the dissolution of BLG—and ordered that “the Partnership shall

continue solely for the purpose of winding up its affairs in an orderly manner . . . .” Orig.

Pet., Attach. 12 at 6. The issues that remained, and that would eventually be resolved by

another arbitrator—Robert E. Margulies—related to the award of attorney fees and costs,

Respondent’s counterclaims, and supervision of the winding down process, as required by

the Interim Award. Id. at 5–6. Accordingly, in April 2014, Respondent filed a motion for



                                             6
fees, costs, and sanctions, seeking a determination that he was the prevailing party and an

award of attorney fees and costs under the fee shifting provision of the Arbitration

Agreement against Ms. Ray, as well as sanctions under the AAA Rules against her attorneys

for alleged misconduct during the course of the arbitration. Sanctions Mot., Attach. 1 at 13

(“In addition to shifting Respondent’s fees and expenses onto Claimant herself, the

Arbitrator has inherent authority to order that her attorneys (and their law firms) be jointly

and severally liable for such amounts as a sanction for their well-documented bad-faith

behavior.”). Then, in October 2014, Respondent succeeded in having the North Carolina

cases referred to arbitration; amended his counterclaims shortly thereafter to add Mr. Ray

to the proceedings; and moved for partial summary judgment on the counterclaims. See

Orig. Pet. Opp., Attachs. 2, 4; Orig. Pet., Attach. 14 at 3.

        The resolution of these issues, however, was stymied by two events. First, also in

October 2014, Judge Levie resigned without explanation, and was replaced with Arbitrator

Judith Ittig in December 2014 by the AAA. Orig. Pet., Attach. 14 at 5. In February 2015,

however, the AAA notified the parties that Arbitrator Ittig, in response to Petitioners’

objections that she lacked sufficient experience “in the area of legal partnerships and . . .

[knowledge of] the subject matter area of the dispute,” as required by the Arbitration

Agreement, had determined that “[l]aw firm dissolutions and mass tort law firm

partnerships [were] not areas of [her] expertise.” The AAA also relayed that Arbitrator Ittig

had suspended the proceedings until the parties made a “deposit in the amount of $18,000

for her anticipated compensation.” If the parties did not make the deposit, the AAA warned

that “pursuant to [AAA] Rule R-57(f), [the arbitration] will be terminated.” Orig. Pet.,

Attach. 13 at 3. That came to pass several weeks later, in the beginning of March, when the



                                               7
AAA informed the parties that it had terminated the proceedings “inasmuch as the

requested deposit for compensation was not received within the time required . . . .” The

AAA added that it had received a credit card authorization from Respondent for his share

of the arbitral fees, but that the “balance of the deposit was left outstanding.” Id. at 1.

         Several days after the arbitration was terminated, Respondent’s counsel wrote to

the AAA and requested that the proceedings be reopened. According to that letter, in the

period between the suspension and termination of the arbitration, Respondent had

requested “permission to pay the [outstanding amount] from the Escrow Account AAA

ordered be establish[ed] to administer [BLG’s] funds,” but received no response from the

AAA. Orig. Pet., Attach. 14 at 8. After the termination, Respondent’s counsel apparently

spoke with a representative of the AAA, who relayed that Arbitrator Ittig “did not believe

she had jurisdiction over the Escrow Account since the matter had been terminated, and . .

. AAA had determined that it was legally prevented from reversing the termination since

there was no express provision for it under the [AAA] rules.” Id. at 9. Given the AAA’s

position, Respondent’s counsel “determined that [he had] a duty to pay the [outstanding

amount] so that the AAA [could] conclude the winding up of Beltway’s affairs.”

Respondent’s counsel did so by sending the AAA a wire payment from the Escrow Account

for the remainder of the deposit. Id. The letter concluded by warning that if the AAA

continued to decline to reopen the arbitration, Respondent would “file an emergency

motion for a temporary restraining order seeking judicial intervention.” Id. at 10.

        The following week, the AAA wrote to the parties again and reported that it had

“made the administrative decision to reopen this matter for further administration.” Orig.

Pet., Attach. 15 at 2. The AAA explained that the “administrative decision was made in



                                               8
light of Respondent Chafetz’s offer to pay the outstanding deposit required, or alternatively,

a suggestion of a different method under which payment could be made.” The AAA also

determined that Arbitrator Ittig would be removed and replaced pursuant to the AAA Rules

without input from the parties. Id. The AAA adopted Arbitrator Ittig’s estimate as the

amount due from the parties to continue the arbitration, and instructed the parties that “the

AAA cannot authorize the use of funds held in the escrow account that was established in

accordance with Judge Levie’s Interim Order.” Id. at 3. Accordingly, the AAA did not

accept the monies wired from the Escrow Account by Respondent’s counsel as payment

for the arbitral fees, but rather, Respondent eventually paid Petitioners’ share at his own

expense. The AAA held the wired amount in trust and subsequently returned it to the

Escrow Account. See Orig. Pet., Attach. 2 at 5 (“Respondent (Chafetz) made a deposit from

the escrow account. After Susan Ray objected, Chafetz replaced the funds with other

monies paid directly by Mr. Chafetz.”); Renewed Pet., Attach. 2 at 2 (“The [AAA] is

directed to return the sum of $12,000 to Beltway Law Group, LLP.”).

       When the arbitration reopened, the AAA appointed Arbitrator Robert E. Margulies

to replace Arbitrator Ittig, and the arbitration progressed on the outstanding issues raised

in Respondent’s motion for summary judgment and motion for attorney fees, costs, and

sanctions. See Renewed Pet. Mem. at 6. In the interim between Arbitrator Margulies’s

appointment and his rulings on those issues, Mr. Ray moved in July 2015 to stay

proceedings to conduct additional discovery. In that motion, Mr. Ray alleged in summary

fashion that he had been “denied any rights to discovery of any nature in this proceed[ing]

. . . .” Renewed Pet. Opp., Attach. 1 at 3. Ultimately, Arbitrator Margulies declined to stay

proceedings, and on September 24, 2015, issued an “Interim Order” on the motion for



                                              9
partial summary judgment that awarded $124,098.48 in favor of Respondent for “Breach

of Contract, Conversion and Good Faith and Fair Dealing . . . .” Orig. Pet. Opp., Attach. 5

at 2. Subsequently, in February 2016, Arbitrator Margulies issued an “Order on Various

Outstanding Motions,” where he, inter alia: (i) denied Petitioners’ objections to the

reopening of the arbitration after it was terminated for non-payment; (ii) denied awarding

sanctions against Ms. Ray and her attorneys; (iii) awarded attorney fees and costs against

Petitioners, jointly and severally; and (iv) denied appointing a receiver, noting that Judge

Levie previously denied the same request. Orig. Pet., Attach. 2 at 1–3. Petitioners were

provided ten days to object to Respondent’s counsel’s “fee affidavit setting forth his legal

efforts . . . .” Id. at 3. Mr. Ray filed the Original Petition shortly after the issuance of the

February 2016 Order.

       Then, in May 2016, Arbitrator Margulies issued a “Final Award,” which

incorporated “prior Orders and/or Awards entered into in [the arbitration]” and determined

that Respondent was entitled to $506,050.18 in attorney fees and costs, “to be paid or

reimbursed, such as the case may be, against [BLG], Susan Ray and John Ray, jointly and

severally . . . .” Renewed Pet., Attach. 2 at 2–3. Following the issuance of the Final Award,

Petitioners jointly filed the Renewed Petition, to which the Court now turns.

                                  II. LEGAL STANDARD

       As the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (“D.C.

Circuit”) “has repeatedly recognized, judicial review of arbitral awards is extremely

limited. Courts do not sit to hear claims of factual or legal error by an arbitrator.” Owen-

Williams v. BB & T Inv. Servs., Inc., 717 F. Supp. 2d 1, 9 (D.D.C. 2010) (Kollar-Kotelly,

J.) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see also FBR Capital Markets & Co v.



                                              10
Hans, 985 F. Supp. 2d 33, 36 (D.D.C. 2013) (“[T]he burden facing petitioners who seek

judicial vacatur of arbitration awards is exceedingly high. . . . It is not enough for petitioners

to show that the panel committed an error–or even a serious error.” (internal quotation

marks omitted)). Pursuant to § 10(a) of the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), the Court may

vacate an award on only four limited statutory bases: (1) the award was “procured by

corruption, fraud, or undue means”; (2) “there was evident partiality or corruption in the

arbitrators, or either of them”; (3) the arbitrators were guilty of misconduct or misbehavior

“by which the rights of any party have been prejudiced”; or (4) “the arbitrators exceeded

their powers, or so imperfectly executed them that a mutual, final, and definite award upon

the subject matter submitted was not made.” 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(1)–(4). Conversely, “under

the terms of § 9 of the FAA, a court must confirm an arbitration award unless it is vacated,

modified, or corrected . . . .” Owen-Williams, 717 F. Supp. 2d at 10 (internal quotation

marks and alterations omitted).

        The United States Supreme Court in Hall St. Assocs., L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc.

instructed that § 10 provides “the FAA’s exclusive grounds for expedited vacatur . . . .”

552 U.S. 576, 584 (2008). Before Hall Street, however, the D.C. Circuit “recognized that,

in addition to the four statutory grounds listed in [§ 10(a)], an arbitration award may be

vacated if it is in ‘manifest disregard of the law.’” Owen-Williams, 717 F. Supp. 2d at 10

n.7. Absent further decisions of the Supreme Court or the D.C. Circuit, it “remains an open

question in this Circuit whether the ‘manifest disregard’ standard survives Hall Street.” Id.

Because the Court does not find Petitioners’ contentions on this basis to be meritorious,

the Court need not and does not resolve that legal question here.




                                               11
                                    III. DISCUSSION

   A. Petitions to Vacate the Final Award

       Between the Original and Renewed Petitions, Petitioners seek vacatur of the Final

Award on each of the four statuary bases recognized by the FAA, and for manifest disregard

of the law. All of these challenges are addressed in turn.

       1. Vacatur Based on § 10(a)(1) – “Undue Means”

       “Federal courts consistently refuse to vacate an arbitral award under § 10(a)(1) [for

undue means] unless the movant’s submissions meet three cumulative conditions.” ARMA,

S.R.O. v. BAE Sys. Overseas, Inc., 961 F. Supp. 2d 245, 254 (D.D.C. 2013) (collecting

cases). The first of those conditions is dispositive of the issues raised by Petitioners.

Namely, “the party seeking vacatur must demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence

that its opponent actually engaged in fraudulent conduct or used undue means during the

course of the arbitration.” Id. Importantly, “[u]nder this first requirement, ordinary

misconduct will not suffice; the alleged fraudulent acts must have been so prejudicial that

they effectively denied the opposing party a ‘fundamentally fair hearing.’” Id. Conduct by

an attorney that amounts to “mere sloppy or overzealous lawyering” does not “constitute[]

‘undue means.’” A.G. Edwards & Sons, Inc. v. McCollough, 967 F.2d 1401, 1403 (9th Cir.

1992). Rather, the term “clearly connotes behavior that is immoral if not illegal.” Id.

       Petitioners posit three ways in which the Final Award was “procured by undue

means”: (i) the “award was the product of bias which resulted in the improper re-opening

of a terminated arbitration,” which indicates a bias in favor of Respondent by the arbitrator;

(ii) “bias was also demonstrated by the AAA when it received money illegally withdrawn

from BLG’s escrow account for the payment of arbitration fees”; and (iii) Respondent sent



                                             12
a letter to the AAA, which demanded that the arbitration be reopened, threatened the AAA

with legal action, and disparaged Petitioners. Renewed Pet. Mem. at 7–9. 4

        However, neither the reopening of the arbitration nor the acceptance of arbitral fees

constitute “undue means” because these actions did not deny Petitioners a “fundamentally

fair hearing”—if anything, they facilitated the hearing. Nor do these actions appear to

constitute misconduct, let alone the type of immoral or illegal behavior that can justify

vacatur. The decision to reopen the arbitration was a prerogative of the AAA, see infra at

19–20, and Respondent ultimately paid the arbitral fees at his personal expense, see supra

at 9. That Respondent’s counsel under exigent circumstances wired monies to pay for

Petitioners’ share of the arbitral fees, to arbitrate a dispute regarding the parties’ interests

in the partnership, out of the Escrow Account established for the benefit of the partnership,

without consent from Petitioners or the AAA, does not in this Court’s view constitute the

type of unethical or illegal conduct that can justify vacatur.

        The Court has also reviewed the letter that Petitioners claim allowed Respondent

to obtain the Final Award by undue means because it threatened the AAA with litigation

and disparaged Petitioners. The Court finds this contention to be without merit. The letter

articulates the procedural history of the arbitration, the circumstances surrounding the

suspension and termination of the proceedings, conveys Respondent’s offer to pay for

Petitioners’ share of the arbitral fees, and informs the AAA that Respondent will seek

judicial review of the AAA’s determination if it does not reopen the matter. See Orig. Pet.,




4
  The Court notes that the first two contentions appear to be more properly styled as
challenges under § 10(a)(2) for evident partiality by the arbitral tribunal. Regardless, these
contentions do not rise to meet the exceedingly high burden that is required for the Court
to find vacatur on the basis of evident partiality.
                                              13
Attach. 14. The letter is not an example of “sloppy or overzealous lawyering,” which by

itself is insufficient for vacatur, let alone an instance of conduct that is so immoral or illegal

that it justifies vacatur. Finally, even were the Court to entertain the notion that the letter

constituted misconduct by Respondent’s counsel, the effect of the letter was, at worst, that

the arbitration was reopened. In other words, the letter did not deprive Petitioners of a

“fundamentally fair hearing.” Accordingly, for all of the foregoing reasons, the Court finds

that the Final Award was not obtained by undue means.

        2. Vacatur Based on § 10(a)(2) – “Evident Partiality”

        In their Renewed Petition, Petitioners include a headnote that reads: “The Award

Should Be Vacated Due to Evident Partiality.” But the text that follows the headnote

discusses vacatur on the basis of § 10(a)(3) for misconduct by the arbitrator. Renewed Pet.

Mem. at 9. In their Reply, Petitioners appear to recognize this error, but indicate that they

do “not waive the evident partiality argument as a basis for vacatur. At the same time,

Petitioners also recognize that this is a difficult, but not impossible burden for Petitioners

to meet.” Renewed Pet. Reply at 10. The Court agrees with that assessment.

        “A party challenging an arbitration award because of evident partiality bears a

heavy burden to establish specific facts that indicate improper motives on the part of an

arbitrator. The alleged partiality must be direct, definite, and capable of demonstration

rather than remote, uncertain or speculative . . . .” Thian Lok Tio v. Washington Hosp. Ctr.,

753 F. Supp. 2d 9, 17 (D.D.C. 2010) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

Although an “arbitrator’s legitimate efforts to control the proceedings in an expeditious

manner often may be viewed as abrasive or disruptive to a disappointed party[,] [s]uch

displeasure . . . fails to qualify as grounds for vacating an arbitration award.” Alston v. UBS



                                               14
Fin. Servs., Inc., No. CIV.A. 04-01798(HHK), 2006 WL 20516, at *3 (D.D.C. Jan. 2, 2006)

(internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Ultimately, in order to succeed on the

basis of § 10(a)(2), Petitioners must demonstrate “more than an amorphous institutional

predisposition toward the other side . . . .” Andersons, Inc. v. Horton Farms, Inc., 166 F.3d

308, 329 (6th Cir. 1998).

       The only specific instance of partiality described in the Reply is the AAA’s decision

to reopen the arbitration. Renewed Pet. Reply at 11–12. However, Petitioners do not

explain what “improper motive” this incident imbued on the AAA, and after reviewing the

record as a whole, the Court finds none. A desire to continue the proceedings, even if it

were a motive, is not improper; and a general predisposition toward Respondent by the

AAA, even if it were a reality, does not suffice for vacatur. Petitioners also cite a laundry

list of other incidents as “evidence” of partiality, including “the re-writing of the LLP

Agreement by Judge Levie, the re-opening of a terminated arbitration, the denial of

discovery to John Ray when all other parties were entitled to discovery, the improper

appointment of Arbitrator Margulies, and the award of sanctions against BLG that allowed

Respondent to pilfer the assets of BLG . . . .” Id. at 12. These contentions fail to meet the

“heavy burden to establish specific facts that indicate improper motives . . . .” Thian Lok

Tio, 753 F. Supp. 2d at 17 (internal quotation marks omitted). Rather, they amount to “a

series of unfavorable rulings by the arbitrator,” that while they “may produce an

appearance of bias in the eyes of the unsuccessful party,” do not justify this Court vacating

the Final Award on the basis of evident partiality. Id. at 18. Accordingly, the Final Award

does not warrant vacatur under § 10(a)(2).




                                             15
       3. Vacatur Based on § 10(a)(3) – Misconduct by the Arbitrator

       Under § 10(a)(3) of the FAA, the Court may vacate the Final Award if it determines

that an arbitrator was “guilty of misconduct in refusing to postpone [a] hearing . . . .” Here,

Petitioners assert that Arbitrator Margulies was guilty of such misconduct when he refused

to stay proceedings at Mr. Ray’s request in July 2015 in order to allow Mr. Ray to conduct

additional discovery. Renewed Pet. Mem. at 10; see supra at 9. On this issue, the inquiry

before the Court is “not whether this Court might have exercised its discretion to grant a

postponement under the relevant circumstances, but whether the arbitrator’s decision to

deny the continuance was unreasonable or an abuse of discretion.” Equitas Disability

Advocates, LLC v. Daley, Debofsky & Bryant, P.C., 177 F. Supp. 3d 197, 215 (D.D.C.

2016), aff’d sub nom. Equitas Disability Advocates, LLC v. Feigenbaum, No. 16-7060,

2016 WL 7335677 (D.C. Cir. Dec. 2, 2016). On the other hand, “the failure of an arbitrator

to grant a postponement or adjournment [that] results in the foreclosure of the presentation

of ‘pertinent and material evidence,’ is an abuse of discretion” that may warrant vacatur.

Naing Int’l Enterprises, Ltd. v. Ellsworth Assocs., Inc., 961 F. Supp. 1, 3 (D.D.C. 1997).

       Petitioners claim that “after Mr. Ray was added as a party to the arbitration, he was

immediately faced with a Motion for Partial Summary Judgment.” Renewed Pet. Mem. at

10. That may be true in a technical sense, as Mr. Ray was joined in October 2014 shortly

after he was compelled to proceed to arbitration by a North Carolina state court. In the

same month, Respondent amended his counterclaims to include Mr. Ray and moved for

partial summary judgment. See supra at 7. However, it is also evident that Mr. Ray was

well aware of the arbitral proceedings before he was formally added as a party, see

Renewed Pet. Opp., Attach. 9 (August 2014 letter from Mr. Ray informing Judge Levie



                                              16
that Mr. Ray was filing a sanctions motion against him in North Carolina); and that Mr.

Ray did not file his motion to stay proceedings until July 2015—nine months after he was

added to the arbitration. In that motion, Mr. Ray claimed that he was denied “any rights to

discovery of any nature” in the arbitration. Renewed Pet. Opp., Attach. 1 at 3. Respondent

strenuously objects that Mr. Ray in fact received “thousands of pages of documents in

discovery—all of the discovery exchanged between Respondent and Mrs. Ray—and he has

never requested any discovery in [the arbitration].” Renewed Pet. Opp. at 7. In their Reply,

Petitioners seem to concede that Mr. Ray had access to discovery, but assert that he was

dissatisfied with Respondent’s counsel’s control over the online service, “Dropbox,” that

was used to store the materials. Renewed Pet. Reply at 12. Regardless of the exact nature

of the discovery dispute, from the record before it, the Court does not see any basis to

conclude that Arbitrator Margulies’s decision to deny Mr. Ray’s request for a stay to

conduct additional discovery was unreasonable or an abuse of discretion, especially given

the time that had elapsed since Mr. Ray was formally joined as a party to the arbitration.

See Al-Haddad Commodities Corp. v. Toepfer Int’l Asia Pte., Ltd., 485 F. Supp. 2d 677,

682 (E.D. Va. 2007) (finding no misconduct in tribunal’s “decisions to hold a hearing ‘just

six weeks’ after the arbitration was demanded, and to reject [respondent’s] request to

adjourn the arbitration hearings”). Furthermore, and crucially, Petitioners have made no

representation to the Court as to what specific, additional evidence Mr. Ray hoped to have

presented before Arbitrator Margulies if he had been permitted to conduct additional

discovery. Absent this information, “there is no basis on which the Court could conclude

that [Mr. Ray] was prevented from presenting ‘pertinent and material’ evidence” due to

Arbitrator Margulies’s denial of his motion to stay. Equitas Disability, 177 F. Supp. 3d at



                                            17
217. 5 Accordingly, the Court finds that vacatur is not warranted under § 10(a)(3).

       4. Vacatur Based on Manifest Disregard of the Law

       As discussed earlier in this opinion, see supra at 11, the legal viability of the

manifest disregard of the law doctrine is a question that has not been resolved.

Nevertheless, the Court will address the factual predicates involved in these claims.

       In order to establish manifest disregard of the law as a basis for vacatur, Petitioners

must demonstrate that “(1) the arbitrators knew of a governing legal principle yet refused

to apply it or ignored it altogether and (2) the law ignored by the arbitrators was well

defined, explicit, and clearly applicable to the case.” Affinity Fin. Corp. v. AARP Fin., Inc.,

468 F. App’x 4, 5 (D.C. Cir. 2012). None of Petitioners’ contentions meet this difficult

standard.

       Petitioners assert that the AAA manifestly disregarded the law by reopening the

arbitration after it had been terminated. Orig. Pet. Mem. at 13–15. The Crux of this claim

is that after the AAA terminated the arbitration, there “was no AAA Rule permitting” the

AAA to reopen the arbitration. Id. at 15. Petitioners also highlight that Respondent’s

counsel’s March 2015 letter to the AAA memorialized a conversation during which a

representative of the AAA purportedly said that the organization “had determined that it

was legally prevented from reversing the termination since there was no express provision

for it under the [AAA] rules.” See Orig. Pet. Reply at 10; Orig. Pet., Attach. 14 at 9. One




5
  In their Reply, Petitioners also contend that “arbitrator misconduct was further
demonstrated when a terminated arbitration was re-opened illegally and when the arbitrator
improperly selected to decide the case outside his authority.” Renewed Pet. Reply at 14.
No legal or factual support is provided for this position, and the Court finds it to be without
merit, and the Court notes that the AAA, and not the arbitrator, determined to reopen the
arbitration.
                                              18
week later, the AAA did in fact reopen the arbitration, and Arbitrator Margulies later

rejected Petitioners’ objections to continued proceedings on that basis. See supra at 8, 10.

        Petitioners’ claim fails, as Respondent correctly asserts, because while there may

be no AAA Rule that permits the reopening of a terminated arbitration, the record contains

no indication that there is an AAA Rule that forbids the AAA from taking that action. See

Orig. Pet. Opp. at 7. Given that there is no AAA Rule forbidding the reopening of a

terminated proceeding, and no other viable legal doctrine has been presented that precludes

the AAA from taking that action—let alone one that was acknowledged by the AAA or the

arbitrators—the Court cannot conclude that “the arbitrators knew of a governing legal

principle yet refused to apply it or ignored it altogether” by reopening the arbitration, or

that “the law ignored by the arbitrators was well defined, explicit, and clearly applicable to

the case.” That the AAA initially thought they should not reopen the arbitration but

ultimately decided to do so does not change this analysis. 6

        Moreover, the Supreme Court has instructed that “procedural questions which grow

out of the dispute and bear on its final disposition are presumptively not for the judge, but

for an arbitrator, to decide.” Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 537 U.S. 79, 84 (2002)

(internal quotation marks omitted). “So, too, the presumption is that the arbitrator should

decide allegations of waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.” Id. (internal quotation



6
  The two cases cited by Petitioners in their letter to the AAA, Orig. Pet., Attach. 16, and
which they reference in the Original Petition, Orig. Pet. Mem. at 11, are factually
inapposite, as they stand for the proposition that “a party’s failure to pay its share of
arbitration fees breaches the arbitration agreement and precludes any subsequent attempt
by that party to enforce that agreement.” Pre-Paid Legal Servs., Inc. v. Cahill, 786 F.3d
1287, 1294 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 373 (2015); Brown v. Dillard’s, Inc., 430
F.3d 1004, 1010 (9th Cir. 2005) (same). Here, the party seeking to reopen the arbitration
paid its share of the arbitral fees.


                                               19
marks and alterations omitted). Whether the arbitration could be reopened after it was

terminated is a procedural arbitrability issue that was and remains properly left to the

arbitrators in the underlying proceeding, especially given that they are “more expert than

the district court at interpreting and applying [their] own rules . . . .” Williams v. Tully, No.

C-02-05687 MMC, 2005 WL 645943, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 18, 2005); see also Union

Cent. Life Ins. Co. v. Andraos, No. 1:09-CV-758, 2011 WL 6091771, at *5 (S.D. Ohio Oct.

21, 2011), report and recommendation adopted, No. C-1-09-758, 2011 WL 6100275 (S.D.

Ohio Dec. 7, 2011) (under similar factual circumstances, after an underlying arbitration

had been terminated for non-payment of fees, holding that “plaintiff’s argument that the

parties’ non-payment of arbitration fees equates to a waiver of arbitration is a procedural

issue which should be determined by the arbitrator. The payment of arbitration fees is a

condition precedent to arbitration, similar to the required submission of documents and

abiding by time limits, which are considered procedural issues to be decided by an

arbitrator.”). 7

         Petitioners also contend that the termination rendered Arbitrator Margulies functus

officio, which would invalidate the Final Award. Orig. Pet. Mem. at 15. That doctrine holds

that “once an arbitrator has made and published a final award, his authority is exhausted



7
  The Court notes two practical realities that lend further support for its decision here. First,
the arbitration was terminated because Petitioners did not pay their ratable share of the
arbitral fees. To allow parties to challenge arbitral awards issued on the merits because they
failed to pay their fair share of arbitral fees would be counter to the “emphatic federal
policy in favor of arbitral dispute resolution . . . .” Belize Soc. Dev. Ltd. v. Gov't of Belize,
668 F.3d 724, 727 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). Second, Petitioners
do not contend that the AAA was completely deprived of jurisdiction by its termination of
the arbitration proceedings, but rather that Respondent was required to file a demand for
arbitration and start anew. To compel that result would likewise be contrary to the federal
policy that favors arbitration as an expeditious dispute resolution mechanism.


                                               20
and he . . . can do nothing more in regard to the subject matter of the arbitration.” Hill v.

Wackenhut Servs. Int’l, 971 F. Supp. 2d 5, 12 (D.D.C. 2013) (internal quotation marks and

alterations omitted). An arbitral award is final if it “intended by the arbitrator to be his

complete determination of every issue submitted to him.” Am. Postal Workers Union v.

U.S. Postal Serv., 422 F. Supp. 2d 240, 246 (D.D.C. 2006) (internal quotation marks

omitted). However, the decision to terminate the arbitration did not determine any issue,

and was not final as to any issue because, as Petitioners concede, those issues could have

been arbitrated again by Respondent filing a new demand with the AAA. Orig. Pet. Reply

at 11. Petitioners appear to concede the point altogether by stating that the decision was

“not technically an award.” Id. Accordingly, the arbitrator was not rendered functus officio.

       Petitioners focus their other manifest disregard challenges on Arbitrator

Margulies’s award of attorney fees and costs. These contentions are factually infirm. Most

notably, Petitioners repeatedly assert that Arbitrator Margulies manifestly disregarded the

law, or otherwise acted improperly, by awarding sanctions against Petitioners and BLG. 8

See, e.g., Renewed Pet. Reply at 15 (“Arbitrator Margulies issued an initial order awarding

fees and costs as sanctions”); Orig. Pet. Mem. at 18 (“the award of sanctions should be

vacated”). The Court charitably construes Petitioners’ claim to be that Arbitrator Margulies




8
  In the Original Petition, Arbitrator Margulies’s “award of sanctions” is cast as a violation
of § 10(a)(4), which provides for vacatur “where the arbitrators exceeded their powers, or
so imperfectly executed them that a mutual, final, and definite award upon the subject
matter submitted was not made.” To succeed on this basis, “a party must demonstrate that
the arbitrator strayed from interpretation and application of the agreement and effectively
dispensed his own brand of industrial justice.” Republic of Argentina v. AWG Grp. Ltd.,
No. CV 15-1057 (BAH), 2016 WL 5928464, at *15 (D.D.C. Sept. 30, 2016) (internal
quotation marks and alterations omitted). Nothing in the record supports such a finding,
not least with respect to Arbitrator Margulies’s award of attorney fees and costs, which was
expressly contemplated by the Arbitration Agreement.
                                             21
awarded attorney fees and costs as a type of sanction. Even then, Arbitrator Margulies did

nothing of the sort. The February 2016 Order specifically addressed Respondent’s

sanctions motion against Ms. Ray and her attorneys, and held that although the conduct of

Ms. Ray’s attorneys “bordered upon the precipice of professionalism . . . they do not

warrant monetary sanctions and none will be awarded.” Moreover, although Arbitrator

Margulies found that “Ms. Ray’s participation created difficulties for the prior arbitrators

and [himself] in adjudicating the claims, no sanctions will be awarded against her.” Orig.

Pet., Attach. 2 at 2. Arbitrator Margulies went on to award attorney fees and costs against

Petitioners, jointly and severally, as permitted by the fee-shifting provision in the parties’

arbitration agreement and the AAA Rules, which are incorporated by reference in the

Arbitration Agreement. See Orig. Pet., Attach. 3 at 13; AAA Rule R-47(d) (“The award of

the arbitrator(s) may include . . . an award of attorneys’ fees if . . . it is authorized by law

or their arbitration agreement.”).

        Petitioners’ contention that they were not permitted to object to the award of

attorney fees and costs is also contradicted by the factual record before the Court. The

February 2016 Order plainly states that Petitioners could file an objection to Respondent’s

counsel’s fee affidavit within 10 days. Orig. Pet., Attach. 2 at 3. That Petitioners apparently

chose not to do so is irrelevant. See Renewed Pet. Opp., Attach. 13 at 1 (referring to the

February 2016 Order, Petitioners’ counsel wrote only that the “objections of the Rays are

well known to this AAA proceeding”). Likewise, although Petitioners claim that Arbitrator

Margulies failed to apply a reasonable standard in awarding fees, and that he focused solely

on Respondent’s counsel’s pedigree, that is not correct. The fee award was based on “the

experience and professional expertise demonstrated by [Respondent’s counsel and his



                                              22
colleagues] . . . [and] that the fees regularly charged by [Respondent’s counsel and his

colleagues], based on their expertise, education, experience and standing in the legal

community, warrants the assessment of such fees.” Renewed Pet., Attach. 2. at 3; Renewed

Pet. Surreply at 6–7 (indicating that Respondent’s counsel submitted briefing on the

appropriateness of his fee rates); see also UBS Fin. Servs., Inc. v. Padussis, 127 F. Supp.

3d 483, 498–99 (D. Md. 2015), aff’d, 842 F.3d 336 (4th Cir. 2016) (noting that a “court

must defer to the arbitrators’ findings as to the appropriate amount of attorneys’ fees”

(internal quotation marks and alterations omitted)). In sum, Petitioners’ fee-related claims

do not warrant vacatur on any ground permitted by the FAA. An award of attorney fees

and costs to the prevailing party was expressly permitted by the Arbitration Agreement and

the AAA Rules, and there is no indication in the record that Arbitrator Margulies acted

improperly or misapplied the law when determining which party prevailed and the

appropriate fee award.

       Petitioners’ other contentions are similarly flawed. They claim that Arbitrator

Margulies manifestly disregarded the law when he refused to stay the arbitration after

Petitioners filed their Original Petition. Renewed Pet. Mem. at 11. However, Petitioners

cite to no principle of law that unequivocally entitled them to a stay of the arbitration when

the February 2016 Order was challenged in this Court. Petitioners also claim that Arbitrator

Margulies was appointed in contradiction of the Arbitration Agreement because he was not

“selected by the District of Columbia office of the American Arbitration Association,” and

because he practices in New Jersey rather than in the District of Columbia. See Renewed

Pet. Mem. at 1 n.2, 12; Orig. Pet. Mem. at 11. However, the portion of the Arbitration

Agreement that sets forth this criteria—and the Court notes that, in any event, there is no



                                             23
requirement that the arbitrator himself be located or barred in the District of Columbia—

only applies to the initial selection of an arbitrator “within 30 days following notice by one

party that he desires that a matter be arbitrated . . . .” Orig. Pet., Attach. 3 at 13. The parties

jointly agreed on the appointment of the first arbitrator, Judge Levie. Orig. Pet. Mem. at 7.

The Arbitration Agreement does not specify the procedure for replacing an arbitrator, but

does incorporate the AAA Rules, which the AAA followed in appointing Arbitrator

Margulies to replace Arbitrator Ittig. Orig. Pet., Attach. 15 (“Pursuant to Rules R-20 and

R-12(c), the AAA will fill this vacancy without the submission of an additional list to the

parties.”). Accordingly, the Court finds that the appointment of Arbitrator Margulies was

in conformity with the Arbitration Agreement. 9

        For all of the foregoing reasons, the Court concludes that the Final Award was not

rendered in manifest disregard of the law. In reaching that conclusion, the Court has now

considered each of the bases for vacating the Final Award raised in Petitioners’ pleadings,

and has found that none of them warrant vacatur. Accordingly, the Court DENIES

Petitioners’ request to vacate the Final Award, or any preliminary award incorporated into

the Final Award.



9
  Petitioners also assert in summary fashion that Arbitrator Margulies’s award of attorney
fees and costs was in violation of the Arbitration Agreement because it was “not rendered
in 30 days.” According to Petitioners, “Respondent’s Motion for fees and costs was filed
on April 4, 2014. Almost two years passed before [Arbitrator] Margulies issued his award.”
Renewed Pet. Mem. at 12. The Arbitration Agreement provides that the “arbitration panel
shall render a decision within 30 days following the close of presentation by the parties of
their cases and any rebuttal.” Orig. Pet., Attach. 3 at 13. Respondent, however, objects that
“this provision appears to refer to the close of an evidentiary hearing at which testimony is
given, not to summary motions practice, and the Arbitration never proceeded that far.”
Renewed Pet. Opp. at 10. The Court agrees with this assessment, and moreover, does not
find this to be a valid basis for vacating the Final Award. See also R.J. O’Brien & Assocs.,
Inc. v. Pipkin, 64 F.3d 257, 263 (7th Cir. 1995) (“A ‘trivial departure’ from the parties’
agreement, however, may not bar enforcement of an award.”).
                                                24
    B. Motion to Confirm

        Respondent seeks confirmation of the Final Award and entry of judgment.

        The Final Award provides for the following monetary amounts in favor of

Respondent: (i) $80,248.48 “against [BLG] and Susan and John Ray, said sum to be

assessed against the interests of Susan and John Ray in said entity first to the extent of their

interest, if any”; (ii) $43,850.00 “against Susan Ray and [BLG] said sum to be assessed

against the interest of Susan Ray first to the extent of her interest in said entity”; and (iii)

attorney fees and costs in the amount of “$506,050.18, to be paid or reimbursed, such as

the case may be, against [BLG], Susan Ray and John Ray, jointly and severally . . . .”

Renewed Pet., Attach. 2 at 2 (Final Award); Orig. Pet. Opp., Attach. 5 at 3 (September 24,

2015 Interim Order, incorporated by reference into the Final Award). According to the

pleadings, $189,016.77 of the Final Award has already been paid out of BLG’s distributions

to Ms. Ray. Cross Mot. at 2. The Court offers no view on the propriety of this action. For

the reasons described below, to the extent there are disagreements between the parties that

arise out of the continued winding down of BLG, those disagreements are not for this Court

to decide on the basis of the pending motions. The remaining amount currently due to

Respondent under the Final Award is $441,131.89, which represents the $43,850.00 award

against Ms. Ray, and $397,281.89 against Petitioners, jointly and severally, as

compensation for Respondent’s attorney fees and costs. Id. Accordingly, Respondent

moves the Court to confirm the Final Award, and enter judgment in the amount of

$441,131.89, apportioned between Petitioners in the manner just described.

        Pursuant to § 9 of the FAA , the Court “must” confirm the Final Award “unless [the

award] is vacated, modified, or corrected as prescribed” in §§ 10 or 11 of the FAA. Hall



                                              25
Street, 552 U.S. at 582 (internal quotation marks omitted); Int’l Thunderbird Gaming Corp.

v. United Mexican States, 473 F. Supp. 2d 80, 83 (D.D.C. 2007) (“in the absence of a legal

basis to vacate, this court has no discretion but to confirm the award”), aff’d, 255 Fed.

App’x 531 (D.C. Cir. 2007). Because the Court concludes that there is no valid basis to

vacate the Final Award, the Court GRANTS Respondent’s request to confirm the Final

Award and for entry of judgment in the amount of $441,131.89.

       The Court now turns to two ancillary issues raised in the Cross-Motion to Confirm.

First, Respondent requests post-judgment interest. Cross. Mot. at 2. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 1961(a), “[i]nterest shall be allowed on any money judgment in a civil case recovered in

a district court.” The Court’s judgment in this matter is a “money judgment” that falls

within the purview of § 1961. See Mediso Med. Equip. Developing Servs., Ltd v. Bioscan,

Inc., 75 F. Supp. 3d 359, 364 (D.D.C. 2014); McVay v. Halliburton Energy Servs., Inc.,

688 F. Supp. 2d 556, 565 (N.D. Tex. 2010), aff’d, 608 F. App’x 222 (5th Cir. 2015)

(“Because a district court’s confirmation of an arbitration award is equivalent, in every

respect, to any other judgment entered by the court, it is also subject to post-judgment

statutory interest under § 1961.”). Accordingly, Respondent is entitled to post-judgment

interest at the rate provided in § 1961 from the date of this Court’s judgment until the

judgment is paid.

       Respondent also seeks attorney fees and costs for his efforts before this Court.

Cross. Mot. at 3. The FAA does not provide independent grounds for attorney fees, and

absent an underlying fee-shifting statute or a contractual agreement, the “American rule”

is that each party should bear its own attorney fees and costs. See Riniker v. UnitedHealth

Grp. Inc., No. 12-CV-2875 JNE/TNL, 2015 WL 1782566, at *8 (D. Minn. Apr. 20, 2015).



                                            26
Here, the Arbitration Agreement provides for the shifting of attorney fees as follows: “The

losing party shall bear any fees and expenses of the arbitrator, other tribunal fees and

expenses, reasonable attorney's fees of both parties, any costs of producing witnesses and

any other reasonable costs or expenses incurred by him or the prevailing party or such costs

shall be allocated by the arbitrator.” Orig. Pet., Attach. 3 at 13. On the basis of the pending

motions, the Court cannot exclude the possibility that attorney fees and costs are warranted

based on this contractual language, but neither can the Court grant Respondent’s motion

for fees and costs at this time. Accordingly, Respondent’s request for attorney fees and

costs is DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE. Respondent may file a separate motion for

attorney fees and costs as provided by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d)(2).

   C. Motion to Appoint a Receiver

       Petitioners have moved for the appointment of a receiver to administer the further

winding down of BLG. See Receiver Mot. at 1-2. They contend that this relief is necessary

to preclude further alleged misconduct by Respondent and his counsel in administering the

funds and affairs of BLG, and in particular, the Escrow Account that Judge Levie ordered

Respondent’s counsel to administer. See id.; Renewed Pet. Reply at 16–17. The Court

expresses no view on the validity of these contentions, as there are at least two independent,

threshold reasons why the Court may not grant the relief that Petitioners seek.

       First, the appointment of a receiver must be ancillary “to some primary relief which

is sought and which equity may appropriately grant.” Kelleam v. Md. Cas. Co., 312 U.S.

377, 381 (1941). In other words, a receivership “is not an end in itself.” Id.; see also N.Y.

Cmty. Bank v. Sherman Ave. Assocs., LLC, 786 F. Supp. 2d 171, 175–76 (D.D.C. 2011);

Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Star Texas Gasoline & Oil Distributors, Inc., No. 2:14-CV-453,



                                              27
2015 WL 419638, at *3 (S.D. Tex. Jan. 29, 2015) (collecting cases). In this matter, the

Court has denied the primary relief sought by Petitioners—vacatur of the Final Award—

and has granted the primary relief sought by Respondent—confirmation of the Final

Award. Consequently, at this juncture, the only relief that Petitioners can and do seek is the

appointment of a receiver; but the Court cannot appoint a receiver “when it is sought as the

primary form of relief.” Sherman, 786 F. Supp. 2d at 176.

       Beyond this first legal impediment lies the fact that the receivership issue has

already been adjudicated in the underlying arbitration; and while Petitioners have requested

that this Court appoint a receiver, they have not specifically challenged Judge Levie’s and

Arbitrator Margulies’s denial of that request on any ground recognized by the FAA.10

Granting Petitioners’ request would be tantamount to vacating part of the Final Award that

the Court now confirms in its entirety. Given that this matter has been constituted as a

review of an arbitral award under the FAA, to the extent there are any disputes regarding

the winding down of BLG that have arisen since the issuance of the Final Award, this Court

is not the appropriate forum for the parties to air those grievances and seek ancillary relief




10
   In the March 2014 Interim Award, Judge Levie considered and denied Petitioners’
request for a receiver to administer the dissolution of BLG. Rather, Judge Levie ordered
that the Escrow Account be established and administered by Respondent’s counsel, and
indicated that the arbitrator would resolve any disputes that arose between the parties
regarding the winding down of BLG. See supra at 5–6.Then, in the February 2016 Order,
Arbitrator Margulies held that the “applications to appoint a receiver at this stage are not
justified and are denied if still outstanding. Arbitrator Levie’s Interim Award dated 3/31/14
denied such relief.” Orig. Pet., Attach. 2 at 3. The Final Award, issued in May 2016,
“specifically incorporate[ed] prior Orders and/or Awards . . . .” Renewed Pet., Attach. 2 at
3. Although the Court acknowledges Arbitrator Margulies’s June 2016 ruling, which found
that he lacked further authority to adjudicate disagreements between the parties regarding
the dissolution of BLG, that does not change the fact that both he and Judge Levie denied
Petitioners’ request to appoint a receiver. Renewed Pet. Surreply Opp., Attach. 6.


                                             28
in the form of a receivership. Accordingly, the Court DENIES Petitioners’ motion for the

appointment of a receiver.

   D. Motion for Sanctions

       Respondent seeks sanctions pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11(b)

against Petitioners’ counsel, Dwight D. Murray, for a variety of misrepresentations that

were allegedly made in Petitioners’ pleadings to this Court, the most notable being

Petitioners’ frequent refrain that Arbitrator Margulies awarded sanctions against Petitioners

and BLG. See Sanctions Mot. at 4–8. “The test for sanctions under Rule 11 is an objective

one: that is, whether a reasonable inquiry would have revealed that there was no basis in

law or fact for the asserted claim.” Hickey v. Scott, 738 F. Supp. 2d 55, 72 (D.D.C. 2010)

(internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). “If the Court determines that Rule 11(b)

has been violated, the court may impose an appropriate sanction on any attorney, law firm,

or party that violated the rule or is responsible for the violation.” Cheeks of N. Am., Inc. v.

Fort Myer Const. Corp., 807 F. Supp. 2d 77, 99 (D.D.C. 2011) (internal quotation marks

omitted), aff’d, No. 11-7117, 2012 WL 3068449 (D.C. Cir. July 26, 2012). The imposition

of sanctions is ultimately “left to the discretion of the district court judge,” id., and the

Court must “take into consideration that Rule 11 sanctions are a harsh punishment . . . .”

Hickey, 738 F. Supp. at 72; see also Hourani v. Mirtchev, 796 F.3d 1, 18 (D.C. Cir. 2015)

(“once a district court finds a Rule 11 violation, it retains broad discretion in imposing

sanctions”). After reviewing the record as a whole, the Court concludes that while some of

Petitioners’ contentions are potentially misleading, if viewed in context, they suggest

positions that are not wholly frivolous or deceptive. The Court recognizes, however, that

this is an exceedingly low bar by which to gauge attorney work product. Accordingly,



                                              29
although the Court in an exercise of its discretion DENIES Respondent’s motion for

sanctions in this instance, the Court pauses to stress that, to the extent there are further

proceedings in this matter, similar conduct shall not be tolerated.

                                    IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES Petitioner John Ray’s [1] Petition to

Vacate Arbitration Award; GRANTS Petitioners’ [7] Motion to Amend Caption; DENIES

Petitioners’ [8] Motion For Expedited Appointment of Receiver and For Status Conference;

DENIES Petitioners’ [9] Renewed Petition to Vacate Arbitration Award and Motion to

Appoint a Receiver; GRANTS Respondent’s [14] Motion for Leave to File Surreply in

Opposition to Renewed Petition to Vacate; GRANTS Respondent’s [23] Cross-Motion to

Confirm Arbitration Award, except to the extent it seeks attorney fees and costs for matters

before this Court, which is DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE; and DENIES

Respondent’s [26] Motion for Rule 11 Sanctions Against Dwight Murray.

       The Final Award is confirmed, and judgment shall be entered in the amount of

$441,131.89, apportioned as $43,850.00 against Petitioner Ms. Ray, and $397,281.89

against Petitioners jointly and severally, plus interest as provided in 28 U.S.C. § 1961, from

the date of the judgment until the judgment is paid.

       An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

Dated: February 17, 2017

                                                          /s/
                                                       COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
                                                       United States District Judge




                                             30
