UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                          Before
                              MULLIGAN, FEBBO, and WOLFE
                                 Appellate Military Judges

                           UNITED STATES, Appellant
                                        v.
                  Private First Class OLANREWAJU O. DAIRO
                          United States Army, Appellee

                                  ARMY MISC. 20160213

                             Headquarters, Fort Drum
                         S. Charles Neill, Military Judge
             Lieutenant Colonel John J. Merriam, Staff Judge Advocate


For Appellant: Colonel Mark H. Sydenham, JA; Lieutenant Colonel A.G. Courie III,
JA; Captain Jihan Walker, JA; Captain Samuel E. Landes, JA (on brief); Colonel
Mark H. Sydenham, JA; Lieutenant Colonel A.G. Courie III, JA; Captain Jihan
Walker, JA (on reply brief).

For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Jonathan F. Potter, JA; Major Andres Vazquez
Jr., JA; Captain Katherine L. Depaul, JA (on brief).


                                       27 October 2016

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                  OPINION OF THE COURT AND ACTION ON APPEAL
                     BY THE UNITED STATES FILED PURSUANT TO
                 ARTICLE 62, UNIFORM CODE OF MILITARY JUSTICE
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MULLIGAN, Senior Judge:

       Appellee stands charged with the sexual assault of a child between the age of
twelve and sixteen in violation of Article 120, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10
U.S.C. § 920 (2012) [hereinafter UCMJ]. The United States filed a timely appeal
with this court pursuant to Article 62, UCMJ, contending the military judge abused
his discretion in excluding evidence under Military Rule of Evidence [hereinafter
Mil. R. Evid] 404(b).

     In broad terms, the government alleges appellee engaged in two extraordinarily
similar patterns of conduct in having sex with two teenage girls. Appellee is
charged with the sexual assault of LM, who was fifteen at the time of the alleged
DARIO—ARMY MISC 20160213

intercourse. Appellee is not charged with any offense against BB, as she was
sixteen. It is the military judge’s exclusion of appellee’s conduct with BB under
Mil. R. Evid. 404(b) that forms the basis of the government’s appeal.

                                  BACKGROUND

     At trial, the government asserted the following facts 1: Appellee, while stationed
at Fort Drum in March 2015, used social media applications, to include Whisper, to

1
  In an appeal under Article 62, UCMJ, we do not have fact-finding ability absent a
clearly erroneous finding. These facts are provided as background. The military
judge’s findings of fact are not clearly erroneous and were limited to:

      The accused is charged with a single specification of sexual assault of a child
      between the age of 12 and 16 years old.

      The Government’s theory of the case is as follows:

             a. The accused met Miss [LM, the alleged charged victim] on the web
             site Whisper. The two were friendly and communicated by instant
             messages on the web site. They eventually agreed to meet in person
             and, on or about 1 April 2015, they met at a gas station in Adams, New
             York. At the time the accused was 27 years old and the victim was 15
             years old.

             b. The accused drove the alleged victim in his vehicle to a McDonald’s
             in Watertown, New York. At the McDonald’s, the accused asked for
             extra napkins.

             c. After going to the McDonald’s, the accused drove the alleged victim
             to a secluded parking lot. The accused and the alleged victim then had
             sexual intercourse in the vehicle.

             d. The accused wore a condom during the intercourse. He took the
             condom off after having sex with the alleged victim and put the condom
             in the napkins he obtained from McDonald’s. He then offered hand
             sanitizer to the alleged victim.

             e. The accused drove the alleged victim back to her home.

             f. Although she was under the age of consent, the alleged victim
             believes that the intercourse with the accused was consensual.

                                                                       (continued . . .)


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DARIO—ARMY MISC 20160213

contact BB and LM, two females, aged sixteen and fifteen years respectively.
Appellee posed as BB’s classmate “Jake” and arranged to meet her at a local
McDonald’s. Despite recognizing appellee was not her classmate “Jake,” BB
entered appellant’s vehicle. Appellee drove BB to a park where they held a brief
conversation before driving to the mall. Appellee and BB stayed at the mall to
watch a movie, and after the movie, drove to a Burger King. Appellee ordered food
for BB and asked for extra napkins. Appellee then drove BB back to the park where
they engaged in sexual intercourse in appellee’s vehicle by the zoo parking lot.
Once they were finished, appellee placed the used condom in a napkin, put hand
sanitizer on it, and disposed of it in the Burger King bag. Appellee then drove BB
back home.

     According to the government, appellee similarly met LM through the internet
and had been in contact with LM for multiple months prior to his encounter with BB.
Appellee knew LM was fifteen years old, and LM knew he was twenty-seven. On 1
April 2015, two to three days after meeting BB, appellee arranged to pick up LM at
a local shopping center. Appellee took LM to a McDonald’s, ordered her a
milkshake, and asked for extra napkins. They then drove to the same park where
appellee took BB and parked by the zoo area. Appellee and LM had a prolonged
conversation in the car and then engaged in sexual intercourse. Once finished,
appellee placed the used condom in a napkin, put hand sanitizer on it, and offered
LM hand sanitizer. Appellee then drove LM back home.

     BB and LM communicated with each other about their shared experiences with
appellee. BB reported the incident to her mother who subsequently notified civilian
authorities, who then transferred the case to military law enforcement. U.S. Army


(. . . continued)

       Sometime before the charged offense, the accused began communicating with
       Miss [BB] on the Whisper website. At that time, Miss [BB] was 16 years old.
       The accused and Miss [BB] agreed to meet at a McDonald’s near her home in
       Adams, New York. While in Watertown the accused took Miss [BB] to a
       Burger King. At the Burger King the accused asked for extra napkins.

       After leaving Burger King, the accused took Miss [BB] to a secluded parking
       lot in Thompson park. The two had consensual sexual intercourse in the
       accused’s vehicle. The accused wore a condom, put it in the napkins from
       Burger King, put hand sanitizer on the condom, and then discarded the items
       in the Burger King bag. The accused then drove Miss [BB] back to her home.




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DARIO—ARMY MISC 20160213

Criminal Investigation Command (CID) Special Agents (SA) interviewed BB, BB’s
mother, LM, and appellee. Appellee acknowledged in his sworn statement that he
had contacted LM through Whisper, and he met with her on the date alleged. He
further acknowledged he took her to McDonald’s, bought her ice cream, but denied
going anywhere other than McDonald’s. He denied any physical or sexual contact.

     The government charged appellee with the sexual assault of a child between the
ages of twelve and sixteen in violation of Article 120, UCMJ. The government
provided notice before trial that it intended to bring in BB’s testimony under Mil. R.
Evid. 404(b). The defense filed a motion in limine to exclude the evidence. After
an Article 39(a), UCMJ, session with testimony and argument, the military judge
ruled in favor of the defense by excluding the “relationship” with BB, and the
government filed a timely Article 62, UCMJ, appeal.

                              LAW AND DISCUSSION

      When acting on interlocutory appeals pursuant to Article 62, UCMJ, our court
may act “only with respect to matters of law” and we may not substitute our own
fact finding. United States v. Baker, 70 M.J. 283, 288 (C.A.A.F. 2011). We review
the facts under a clearly erroneous standard and conclusions of law de novo. United
States v. Jones, 73 M.J. 357, 360 (C.A.A.F. 2014). We may not make additional
findings of fact; rather, “[o]n questions of fact, [our] court is limited to determining
whether the military judge’s findings are clearly erroneous or unsupported by the
record. If the findings are incomplete or ambiguous, the ‘appropriate remedy . . . is
a remand for clarification’ or additional findings.” United States v. Lincoln, 42 M.J.
315, 320 (C.A.A.F. 1995) (quoting United States v. Kosek, 41 M.J. 60, 64 (C.M.A.
1994)). This court may not “find its own facts or substitute its own interpretation of
the facts.” United States v. Stellato, 74 M.J. 473, 482 (C.A.A.F. 2015) (quoting
United States v. Cossio, 64 M.J. 254, 256 (C.A.A.F. 2007).

     “A military judge’s decision to admit or exclude evidence is reviewed for an
abuse of discretion.” United States v. Ediger, 68 M.J. 243, 248 (C.A.A.F. 2010). “A
military judge abuses his discretion when: (1) the findings of fact upon which he
predicates his ruling are not supported by the evidence of record; (2) if incorrect
legal principles were used; or (3) if his application of the correct legal principles to
the facts is clearly unreasonable.” United States v. Ellis, 68 M.J. 341, 344 (C.A.A.F.
2010) (citing United States v. Mackie, 66 M.J. 198, 199 (C.A.A.F. 2008)).

       Military Rule of Evidence 404(b) bans evidence of prior acts to show a general
propensity or predisposition to commit a crime, but allows such evidence to show
“proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or
absence of mistake or accident.” This list is non-exhaustive, and “it is unnecessary
. . . that relevant evidence fit snugly into a pigeon hole provided by Mil. R. Evid.


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DARIO—ARMY MISC 20160213

404(b).” United States v. Castillo, 29 M.J. 145, 150 (C.M.A. 1989). Our superior
court has “consistently held that Mil. R. Evid. 404(b) is a ‘rule of inclusion.’”
United States v. Tyndale, 56 M.J. 209, 212 (C.A.A.F. 2001). When considering the
admissibility of evidence of a prior act under Mil. R. Evid 404(b), the military judge
must answer each of the following:

             1) Does the evidence reasonably support a finding by the
             court members that appellant committed prior crimes,
             wrongs, or acts?

             2) What fact of consequence is made more or less probable
             by the existence of the evidence? [In other words, what is
             the logical relevance?]

             3) Is the probative value substantially outweighed by the
             danger of unfair prejudice?

United States v. Staton, 69 M.J. 228, 230 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citing United States v.
Reynolds, 29 M.J. 105, 109 (C.M.A. 1989)) (internal quotations omitted). “The
evidence at issue must fulfill all three prongs to be admissible.” United States v.
Yammine, 69 M.J. 70, 77 (C.A.A.F. 2010).

       The government offered five bases of logical relevancy for the admission of
the Mil. R. Evid. 404(b) evidence: modus operandi, plan, preparation, intent, and
motive. The military judge would not allow the government to proffer any evidence
as “modus operandi” and limited the government to those specific bases delineated
in the rule. 2 So limited, the government then articulated a basis for plan,
preparation, motive, and intent.

2
  Modus operandi evidence is usually only relevant to prove identity. Reynolds, 29
M.J. at 110 (citing United States v. Rappaport, 22 M.J. 445 (C.M.A. 1986)).
However, prior acts that are “significantly similar” to the charged offenses can be
relevant evidence of “design,” “system,” or “purpose” for 404(b) admissibility.
Reynolds, 29 M.J. at 110. The Court of Appeals of the Armed Forces tests the
logical relevancy of 404(b) evidence for modus operandi by employing a six factor
analysis. The Court looks to “(1) the ‘[r]elationship between victims and appellant’;
(2) the ‘[a]ges of the victims’; (3) the ‘[n]ature of the acts’; (4) the ‘[s]itus of the
acts’; (5) the ‘[c]ircumstances of the acts’; and (6) the ‘[t]ime span.’” United States
v. Barnett, 63 M.J. 388, 395 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (quoting United States v. Morrison, 52
M.J. 117, 121-22 (C.A.A.F. 1999)).




                                           5
DARIO—ARMY MISC 20160213

       At an Article 39(a), UCMJ, session to hear the government’s motion, the
military judge appeared particularly concerned that appellee’s sexual intercourse
with BB did not constitute a criminal act, as she was sixteen at the time. Both
during the Article 39(a) session and in his written ruling, the military judge repeated
this fact as a controlling concern.

       We see no requirement, either in the plain text of the rule or in case law, that
evidence introduced under Mil. R. Evid. 404(b) be evidence of a criminal act. 3 In
fact, we find the opposite.

       In conducting the second prong of the Reynolds test, the military judge erred
when he found that Miss BB’s ability to consent to intercourse is a controlling
factor. This mistaken belief led to contradictory conclusions. First, the military
judge found that “the accused certainly had similar intent and motive to have sexual
intercourse in both instances.” However, he also came to the contradictory
conclusion that “the accused’s intent or motive to have sexual intercourse with BB
(who is over the age of consent) is not relevant” to his intent and motive to commit a
sexual assault on the victim who was not of the age of consent. While intent and
motive are similar, they are separate concepts. Intent is an element. Motive is the
why. Evidence of other crimes, wrongs and even “acts” are specifically admissible
to prove inter alia, intent. Mil R. Evid. 404(b); see also Barnett, 63 M.J.at 394. We
cannot reconcile the military judge’s reasoning. 4 In the same sentence the military

3
  Unlike Mil. R. Evid. 413, which has as a threshold requirement that the accused
committed another sexual offense, Mil. R. Evid. 404 has no such requirement. “[A]n
act need not be a crime to be logically relevant.” United States v. Franklin, 35 M.J.
311, 319 (C.M.A. 1992) (quoting Imwinkelried, Uncharged Misconduct Evidence
2:16 at 43 of Ch. 2) (1984)). The record can easily be interpreted to support an
inference the military judge erroneously imported such a requirement for an offense
from Mil. R. Evid 413 into Mil. R. Evid. 404(b).
4
  Our superior court has “repeatedly concluded that a pattern of lustful intent,
established in one set of specifications, could be used by factfinders as proof of
lustful intent in a different set of specifications.” United States v. Tanksley, 54 M.J.
169, 175 (C.A.A.F. 2000), overruled on other grounds by United States v. Inong, 58
M.J. 460, 464 (C.A.A.F. 2003); United States v. Sweeney, 48 M.J. 117, 120-21
(C.A.A.F. 1998); United States v. Ruppel, 49 M.J. 247, 250 (C.A.A.F. 1998); United
States v. Johnson, 49 M.J. 467, 473-74 (1998); United States v. Miller, 46 M.J. 63,
65 (C.A.A.F. 1997); United States v. Herbert, 35 M.J. 266, 268 (C.M.A. 1992);
United States v. Bender, 33 M.J. 111, 112 (C.M.A. 1991); United States v. Munoz,
32 M.J. 359, 363-64 (C.M.A. 1991); Reynolds, 29 M.J. at 109-110; United States v.

                                                                        (continued . . .)


                                           6
DARIO—ARMY MISC 20160213

judge stated appellee’s “motive and intent” were the same with regards to both
children, and the motive is “not relevant” because one teenager was sixteen. The
“motive” in question is the reason someone engages in a course of conduct, not their
reason for violating a statute. 5

        In conducting the third prong of the Reynolds test, the military judge
remained focused on the “non-criminal” nature of the other act(s) with Miss BB. He
described the fact that intercourse with a sixteen year-old is not criminal as a
“threshold” matter for the court’s consideration. Indeed, the legality of the prior act
is “irrelevant to [its] admissibility” under 404(b). United States v. Cardillo, 708
F.2d 29, 30 (1st Cir. 1983) (holding that noncriminal possession and sale of foreign
counterfeit coins was admissible to prove intent to sell illegal U.S. coin
counterfeits); see United States v. Dennis, 497 F.3d 765, 768-69 (7th Cir. 2007)
(“Rule 404(b) does not exclude evidence of ‘other acts’ that are not criminal.”); see
also United States v. Rhea, 33 M.J. 413, 423 (C.M.A. 1991) (upholding military
judge’s finding that noncriminal possession of sexually explicit books was more
probative than prejudicial to prove motive for raping stepdaughter). Even
“especially flagrant and repugnant” misconduct can be more probative than
prejudicial when testimony of the prior act is “indispensable for a full understanding
by the factfinder of the transaction which has given rise to a criminal charge.”
Castillo, 29 M.J. at 151 (holding prior acts of sodomy on his child step-daughter


(. . . continued)
Cox, 18 M.J. 72, 74-75 (C.M.A. 1984). However, this reasoning does not imply the
conduct must be charged, or even criminal. Tanksley, 54 M.J. at 175.
5
    The following colloquy took place in the Art. 39(a) session:

         MJ: How do you believe it shows motive?

         TC: In both of these the sufficient—I’m sorry—the similar fact pattern it
         clearly indicates if you look at the totality of the circumstances that the
         motive was to have sex with both these individuals.

         MJ: How would that be relevant for the charged offense? Put another way,
         it appears that the accused’s motive with Miss [BB] would have been to have
         consensual sex with someone who is capable of consent.

         How would that be relevant to show that he intended to have or had a motive
         to have consensual sex with someone who is under the age of consent?




                                             7
DARIO—ARMY MISC 20160213

admissible to clarify his motives for requesting oral sex through a hand motion); see
United States v. Simpson, 56 M.J. 462, 464 (C.A.A.F. 2002).

        In short, we find the military judge erred as a matter of law when he
determined that, as a “threshold matter,” evidence admitted under Mil. R. Evid.
404(b) must be evidence of a crime. Additionally, the military judge erred as a
matter of law when he limited the types of admissible evidence to the non-
exhaustive list in Mil. R. Evid. 404(b). Accordingly, we find the military judge
abused his discretion in excluding the evidence relating to BB, and set aside the
ruling.

        However, to be clear, we do not rule that the evidence of appellee’s “other
acts” with BB are admissible. Here, we are guided by two concerns: First, as an
interlocutory appeal, we are presented with an undeveloped record. The probative
weight of evidence under Mil. R. Evid. 404(b) will likely turn on developments at
trial. If questions of identity, plan, preparation, or motive are put at issue, (and the
pretrial motion practice raises such a possibility), the outcome of the Reynolds test
may change. As this case is in a pretrial stage, we are poorly positioned to decide
this issue now. Second, prudence suggests we return this case to the military judge
for reconsideration in light of this opinion.

                                    CONCLUSION

       The appeal of the United States pursuant to Article 62, UCMJ, is GRANTED.
The military judge’s 22 March 2016 ruling is VACATED. The record will be
returned to the military judge for action consistent with this opinion.

      Judge FEBBO and Judge WOLFE concur.

                                         FOR
                                         FOR THE
                                             THE COURT:
                                                 COURT:




                                         MALCOLM H. SQUIRES, JR.
                                         MALCOLM H. SQUIRES, JR.
                                         Clerk of Court
                                         Clerk of Court




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