                       NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 17a0499n.06

                                         No. 16-3628
                                                                                    FILED
                                                                               Aug 28, 2017
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                        DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk

MALIBU MEDIA, LLC,                                     )
                                                       )
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                             )
                                                       )      ON APPEAL FROM THE
v.                                                     )      UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                       )      COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN
DAVID RICUPERO,                                        )      DISTRICT OF OHIO
                                                       )
       Defendant-Appellant.                            )                  OPINION
                                                       )
                                                       )



       BEFORE:        SUHRHEINRICH, BATCHELDER, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges

       JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Malibu Media filed suit against David Ricupero

for copyright infringement, alleging that he illegally downloaded various films owned by Malibu

Media. Ricupero brought a counterclaim against Malibu Media, seeking a declaratory judgment

that he was not a copyright infringer, which the district court dismissed as redundant to the

plaintiff’s claims. Malibu Media filed a motion to voluntarily dismiss the action pursuant to

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(2), which the district court granted. Ricupero appeals the

district court’s dismissal of Malibu Media’s claims against him and the dismissal of his

counterclaim. For the following reasons, we AFFIRM.

                                 I.       BACKGROUND

       Malibu Media, LLC, produces pornographic films that it offers on the web via paid

subscription.   Despite this fee structure, Malibu Media states that on a monthly basis
No. 16-3628, Malibu Media, LLC v. Ricupero


approximately 80,000 U.S. residents use BitTorrent, a peer-to-peer file transfer protocol used for

sharing large amounts of data over the Internet, to download Malibu Media’s movies. This has

spurred Malibu Media to file hundreds of copyright infringement claims in federal courts across

the country, including more than 200 cases in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of

Ohio. Ricupero argues that these cases are all similarly pled and follow an inappropriate

litigation model.

        Here Malibu Media brought suit against a John Doe defendant identified by his Internet

Protocol (IP) address, alleging that he had used BitTorrent technology to download, copy, and

distribute 26 movies copyrighted by Malibu Media. Malibu Media served a third-party subpoena

on the Internet Service Provider connected to the IP address to obtain the identity of the

subscriber, and subsequently filed an amended complaint naming David Ricupero as the

defendant. Ricupero filed an answer, as well as counterclaims for a declaratory judgment that he

was not a copyright infringer and for abuse of process. The parties consented to the jurisdiction

of a U.S. Magistrate Judge.          The magistrate judge dismissed Ricupero’s counterclaims,

determining that the declaratory judgment claim was redundant to Malibu’s claim, and that the

abuse of process claim failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted.

        Ricupero filed a motion for reconsideration of the dismissal of the counterclaims, which

kicked off what the district court characterized as a “firestorm of motions filed over a three-and-

one-half month period.” The “tone and volume of the parties’ briefing” caused the district court

to describe the motions as “fall[ing] into two primary categories – motions raising what can be

characterized as more substantive issues1 and motions which exemplify a deterioration of civility

in the litigation process.”


1
 One such substantive dispute concerned Ricupero’s hard drive. Ricupero states that his hard drive was
“forensically imaged, preserved, and examined” by an expert who determined that the computer was not used to

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No. 16-3628, Malibu Media, LLC v. Ricupero


         Many of Ricupero’s arguments stem from his view of Malibu’s litigation model, which

he alleges is abusive and coercive to defendants. Cf. Malibu Media, LLC v. Doe, No. 1:14-cv-

493, 2016 WL 1242687, at *4 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 30, 2016) (“[Malibu Media’s] countless

voluntary dismissals filed in numerous other suits in this District and others . . . is more

concerning. . . . Throughout these cases, Malibu Media has not shown any indication that it

intends to prosecute the merits of its copyright infringement claims.”). Ricupero describes

Malibu Media as seeking out defendants based on an IP address, conducting early discovery on

the subscriber’s finances, and delaying service until the subscriber is notified of the suit and

reaches out to Malibu. If Malibu and the subscriber fail to reach a settlement, Ricupero states,

only then does Malibu name the subscriber, and then further delays discovery. According to

Ricupero, if a settlement is not reached by the close of discovery, Malibu will voluntarily dismiss

the complaint, often blaming the defendant’s conduct.                          Malibu takes issue with this

characterization of its conduct, and emphasizes its right to protect its copyrighted films from

infringement.

         In its order denying Ricupero’s motion for reconsideration, the district court remarked on

the increasing friction between the parties and concluded that “both parties claim patterns of

delay and stonewalling.” Some improvement followed and the court set a discovery deadline of

January 28, 2016, with dispositive motions due by February 29. On February 23, Malibu filed a

motion to voluntarily dismiss the case against Ricupero. On February 29, Ricupero filed a




infringe any of Malibu Media’s films. Ricupero claims that he repeatedly offered the imaged drive but Malibu
refused to take it. Malibu claims that Ricupero continually failed to produce his hard drives for imaging, requiring it
to move for extensions of discovery. Malibu charges that its expert ultimately received an image of the hard drive,
and later a declaration from Ricupero’s expert, which revealed that the two experts examined different images of the
hard drive. Malibu demanded a copy of the image that Ricupero’s expert examined and obtained that hard drive
image about a month later.

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No. 16-3628, Malibu Media, LLC v. Ricupero


motion for default judgment and a summary judgment motion on his counterclaims. He later

filed a response in opposition to Malibu’s motion to dismiss.

       The court granted Malibu Media’s motion, determining that Ricupero would not suffer

plain legal prejudice due to the dismissal without prejudice and declined to condition the

dismissal on Malibu’s payment of Ricupero’s attorney’s fees and costs. Ricupero now appeals

both the district court’s dismissal of his counterclaim for a declaratory judgment that he did not

infringe Malibu Media’s copyright and the voluntary dismissal granted Malibu pursuant to Rule

41(a)(2).

                                     II.       ANALYSIS

       A.      Dismissal of Ricupero’s Counterclaim

       The district court dismissed Ricupero’s counterclaim, finding that it was redundant to

Malibu Media’s copyright infringement suit and thus failed to state a claim upon which relief

could be granted under Rule 12(b)(6). See also Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f) (“The court may strike from

a pleading . . . any redundant . . . matter.”) We review dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo.

Agema v. City of Allegan, 826 F.3d 326, 331 (6th Cir. 2016).

       Ricupero argues that the district court’s dismissal was a decision whether or not to

exercise jurisdiction over a declaratory judgment action under the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28

U.S.C. § 2201(a) and is subject to a different standard of review. “We review a district court’s

decision to exercise jurisdiction over a declaratory judgment for abuse of discretion.” Scottsdale

Ins. Co. v. Flowers, 513 F.3d 546, 554 (6th Cir. 2008) (citations omitted). “Federal courts, and

federal district courts in particular, have ‘unique and substantial discretion in deciding whether to

declare the rights of litigants.’” W. World Ins. Co. v. Hoey, 773 F.3d 755, 758 (6th Cir. 2014)

(quoting Wilton v. Seven Falls Co., 515 U.S. 277, 286 (1995)). Courts evaluating jurisdiction

over a declaratory judgment do so using the five factors articulated in Grand Trunk W. R.R. Co.

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No. 16-3628, Malibu Media, LLC v. Ricupero


v. Consol. Rail Corp., 746 F.2d 323, 326 (6th Cir. 1984). The Grand Trunk factors examine

whether the declaratory judgment (1) would settle the controversy; (2) would serve a useful

purpose in clarifying the legal relations at issue; (3) is being used merely for “procedural

fencing” or to “provide an arena for a race for res judicata”; (4) would increase friction between

state and federal courts and improperly encroach on state jurisdiction; and (5) whether there is a

more effective, alternative remedy. Id. The district court did not discuss the Grand Trunk

factors in dismissing the counterclaim for a declaratory judgment, which Ricupero argues

constitutes reversible error.

       Grand Trunk directs courts to evaluate “efficiency, fairness, and federalism,” as they

depend on the facts of a particular case, in determining whether to exercise jurisdiction over a

declaratory judgment claim. W. World, 773 F.3d at 759. Our “essential question is always

whether a district court has taken a good look at the issue and engaged in a reasoned analysis of

whether issuing a declaration would be useful and fair.” Id. A district court will typically

examine the general principles—whether a declaratory judgment will “serve a useful purpose”

and if it will “terminate and afford relief from the uncertainty, insecurity, and controversy giving

rise to the proceeding.” Grand Trunk, 746 F.2d at 326. Courts have evaluated whether such a

“useful purpose” exists by looking specifically at the issue of redundancy and may appropriately

do so without relying on the Grand Trunk factors. See, e.g., Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Project

Dev. Corp., 819 F.2d 289 (6th Cir. May 27, 1987) (unpublished table decision) (finding that a

magistrate judge appropriately denied a motion to add a counterclaim because “when a

counterclaim merely restates the issue as a ‘mirror image’ to the complaint, the counterclaim

serves no purpose”); Orleans Int’l, Inc. v. Mistica Foods, L.L.C., No. 15-13525, 2016 WL

3878256, at *2-3 (E.D. Mich. Jul. 18, 2016) (dismissing declaratory judgment counterclaim



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No. 16-3628, Malibu Media, LLC v. Ricupero


under Rule 12(b)(6) because it was redundant to the plaintiff’s claims and therefore did not serve

a useful purpose); Pettrey v. Enter. Title Agency, Inc., No. 1:05-cv-1504, 2006 WL 3342633, at

*3 (N.D. Ohio Nov. 17, 2006) (determining that there was “no useful purpose” for retaining the

defendants’ declaratory judgment counterclaims when the factual and legal issues were identical

and the counterclaims would be rendered moot by adjudication of the plaintiff’s claims).

         The district court dismissed Ricupero’s counterclaim under Rule 12(b)(6) because it was

redundant to Malibu Media’s copyright infringement suit. Since Ricupero failed to state a claim

upon which relief could be granted, the district court had no need to assess its discretion to

exercise jurisdiction over the declaratory judgment action under the Grand Trunk factors. Thus,

we review de novo the dismissal of Ricupero’s counterclaim.

         Ricupero sought a declaratory judgment that he did not infringe on Malibu Media’s

copyright. The court found this counterclaim to be a “mirror image” of Malibu’s complaint, and

determined that the issues in the counterclaim would necessarily be resolved with the

adjudication of the infringement claim. Ricupero argues that redundancy is not the appropriate

issue at the pleading stage as it is distinct from the question of whether the counterclaim “serves

any useful purpose.” He posits that the court should have first determined whether Malibu

Media’s claims would have negated the need for declaratory relief and then avers that such a

determination is impossible at the pleading stage. Ricupero argues that any suit he files against

Malibu on the facts in the counterclaim would be duplicative and the district court should have

resolved the entire matter instead of forcing him to sue again.2 Malibu takes particular issue with

this argument, countering that Ricupero has not cited any authority for the notion that his



2
Ricupero also argues that the court improperly dismissed his counterclaim because it was compulsory. See Fed. R.
Civ. P. 13(a). But the compulsory nature of a counterclaim is irrelevant if it fails to survive Rule 12(b)(6), and thus
Ricupero’s argument has no bearing on the court’s dismissal.

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No. 16-3628, Malibu Media, LLC v. Ricupero


counterclaim could stand without Malibu’s complaint, and that dismissal of Malibu’s complaint

would moot his claim.

       Ricupero’s counterclaim allegations track those made in Malibu Media’s complaint and

seek only a declaratory judgment that he did not infringe its copyrighted works. The heart of

Ricupero’s counterclaim is whether he infringed the copyrighted works; resolution of Malibu

Media’s copyright infringement claim would dispose of all factual or legal issues necessary for

deciding that counterclaim.

       Indeed, Ricupero is not clear what “useful purpose” his counterclaim would serve,

arguing only that it would cause no prejudice to Malibu Media and may “deter against future

filing of copyright claims to obtain nuisance-value settlements.” A counterclaim would also

provide Ricupero an additional avenue for securing an award of attorney’s fees, especially where

Malibu Media later moved to voluntarily dismiss its complaint without prejudice under Rule

41(a)(2). See Malibu Media, LLC v. Doe, No. C 15-04441 WHA, 2016 WL 3383758, at *2-3

(N.D. Cal. June 20, 2016). But the fee-shifting provision of the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 505,

awards reasonable attorney’s fees to the prevailing party in a copyright infringement action

without regard to whether the defendant has asserted a counterclaim.              See Mawdsley v.

Kirkland’s, Inc., No. 3-13-0462, 2013 WL 5754947, at *2 (M.D. Tenn. Oct. 23, 2013) (“If

Plaintiff’s claim for infringement is denied, Defendant could be the prevailing party without

having asserted a counterclaim.”).       Thus we affirm the district court’s dismissal of the

counterclaim as redundant.

       B.      Voluntary Dismissal of Malibu Media’s Complaint

       Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(2), for voluntary dismissal by court order, provides

that “an action may be dismissed at the plaintiff’s request only by court order, on terms that the

court considers proper. . . . Unless the order states otherwise, a dismissal under this paragraph (2)
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No. 16-3628, Malibu Media, LLC v. Ricupero


is without prejudice.” We review dismissal under Rule 41(a)(2) for an abuse of discretion.

Grover by Grover v. Eli Lilly & Co., 33 F.3d 716, 718 (6th Cir. 1994). “Generally, an abuse of

discretion is found only where the defendant would suffer ‘plain legal prejudice’ as a result of a

dismissal without prejudice, as opposed to facing the mere prospect of a second lawsuit.” Id.

(citations omitted). To examine prejudice, we consider “the defendant’s effort and expense of

preparation for trial, excessive delay and lack of diligence on the part of the plaintiff in

prosecuting the action, insufficient explanation for the need to take a dismissal, and whether a

motion for summary judgment has been filed by the defendant.” Id.; see also Bridgeport Music,

Inc. v. Universal-MCA Music Pub., Inc., 583 F.3d 948, 953 (6th Cir. 2009) (“Bridgeport II”).

These factors are only a guide, however, and the trial judge ultimately retains discretion to grant

the motion to dismiss. Rosenthal v. Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 217 F. App’x 498, 502 (6th Cir.

2007).

         The district court evaluated the four Grover factors and determined that they weighed in

favor of dismissal. Ricupero argues that the court abused its discretion in granting a voluntary

dismissal because Malibu’s litigation model—filing a motion for voluntary dismissal where

settlement is not reached by the close of discovery—results in unfair treatment to the defendant.

We begin our analysis with the Grover factors.

         First assessing Ricupero’s effort and the expense of preparation, the court found that

discovery was relatively limited in the case, and any excessive energy spent on motions practice

was the result of Ricupero’s own litigation tactics. Ricupero argues that Malibu’s several

requests for extensions, which he frequently opposed, were intended to hang him with the cost of

extended litigation, and that he was often compelled to correct Malibu’s misrepresentations of

law and fact. Malibu counters that its extensions were necessary based on Ricupero’s own



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No. 16-3628, Malibu Media, LLC v. Ricupero


failure to produce discovery. The record shows some support for both positions. Though

Ricupero has clearly expended great energy and effort in defending himself against what he

views as Malibu Media’s suspect litigation tactics, the record reveals that much of this effort was

directed at matters that did not advance either discovery or the litigation as a whole. As the court

noted, Ricupero repeatedly expressed dissatisfaction with Malibu Media’s discovery responses,

but did not seek to compel or obtain the information he purportedly sought. Instead, many of

Ricupero’s actions—such as failing to produce his imaged hard drive until compelled by the

court—can fairly be seen as holding up the progression of discovery. The effort and expense

Ricupero has expended in litigation is thus not dispositive of the issue of legal harm.

       Similarly, in evaluating excessive delay or lack of diligence on the part of the plaintiff,

the court found that any delay by Malibu Media was the result of Ricupero’s failure to provide it

with his electronic devices and storage systems until ordered to do so. Ricupero counters that

Malibu’s inability to keep to its own discovery schedule, evidenced through five discovery-

related extensions, weighs against dismissal. He emphasizes that Malibu Media brought its

motion to dismiss only six days before the deadline for dispositive motions, when it could or

should have known the facts underlying its claimed rationale for dismissal at the start of the case,

and when it was on notice that Ricupero intended to file a summary judgment motion. But the

timing of the motion here carries little weight in determining the legal harm to Ricupero,

especially where Malibu attributes this timing to information it learned in Ricupero’s deposition.

See Rosenthal, 217 F. App’x at 502 (finding that the district court did not abuse its discretion in

granting the plaintiff’s motion to dismiss, which was filed after the court had expressed its

inclination to rule favorably on the defendant’s pending summary judgment motion, and that

“plaintiffs’ delay in filing the motion to dismiss did not sufficiently prejudice defendant to



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No. 16-3628, Malibu Media, LLC v. Ricupero


preclude dismissal”). The issue is the extent to which Malibu’s delay caused legal harm to

Ricupero. In this case, when much of that delay was premised on Ricupero’s own litigation

tactics, we find that the district court did not err in weighing this factor in favor of Malibu Media.

       Third, the court also accepted Malibu’s explanation for its dismissal: that it had learned,

shortly before filing its motion to dismiss, that pursuing the case would not be financially

justified based on the state of Ricupero’s personal finances. Malibu states that it first learned of

Ricupero’s finances at his January 26, 2016, deposition, where he stated that he had recently

started his own business and that he and his roommates could not afford cable. Ricupero argues

that his financial situation should have been obvious from the outset, but fails to point to any

place in the record from which Malibu could have gleaned this information. Ricupero also

argues that his finances provide insufficient justification to warrant a dismissal without

prejudice. But a plaintiff’s cost-benefit analysis of pursuing further litigation may serve as

sufficient explanation of its dismissal. See Bridgeport II, 583 F.3d at 955 (determining that the

district court did not abuse its discretion in granting the motion to dismiss where it concluded

that the “plaintiffs’ cost-benefit analysis provided a reasonable explanation for seeking dismissal

in [the] cases”); see also Malibu Media, LLC v. Shekoski, No. 13-12217, 2015 WL 2353117, at

*2 (E.D. Mich. May 15, 2015) (finding that “whether Plaintiff seeks dismissal to avoid expensive

litigation, or because it no longer has a good faith belief that Defendant is the direct infringer,

Plaintiff has a justifiable reason to dismiss th[e] lawsuit”). While this explanation may be fairly

scant, Ricupero does not actually dispute his limited financial means or show how it was known

earlier. The court did not err in finding this cost-benefit analysis to be a sufficient explanation

for purposes of this factor.




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No. 16-3628, Malibu Media, LLC v. Ricupero


       Finally, in evaluating the fourth Grover factor, the court noted that at the time Malibu

Media filed its motion to dismiss, no summary judgment motion was pending. Ricupero filed his

motion for summary judgment six days later, on the deadline, and argues that the order of filing

makes no difference because Malibu knew that he intended to file for summary judgment, and

the relevant inquiry is whether such a dispositive motion was pending. See Grover, 33 F.3d at

718. The court concluded that Ricupero’s after-the-fact filing should not be held against Malibu,

and that dismissal was justified despite the pending summary judgment motion.

       The existence of a pending motion for summary judgment is not dispositive.              In

Rosenthal, the defendants’ summary judgment motion was pending at the time the district court

granted the plaintiffs’ motion to dismiss. See 217 F. App’x at 499. Though that court had

indicated its inclination to grant summary judgment in defendants’ favor on all claims, the

plaintiffs subsequently filed a motion to dismiss, which was granted. Id. Defendants argued

“that the pending summary judgment motion precluded the court from granting the motion to

dismiss” but we rejected that argument because “[t]here is no requirement that each of the

Grover factors be resolved in favor of the moving party before dismissal is appropriate,” and that

“the existence of a pending motion for summary judgment is a factor that should be considered,

but its existence does not mandate a finding of plain legal prejudice.” Id. at 502. Here,

particularly when Ricupero’s motion for summary judgment was filed after the motion to

dismiss, we find that the court did not abuse its discretion by granting Malibu Media’s motion to

dismiss.

       Ricupero makes one final argument that he will suffer legal harm from dismissal of the

complaint: he will lose defenses and “[c]ourts readily find plain legal prejudice where dismissal

results in stripping a defendant of an absolute defense.” Id. at 500. Ricupero claims that he



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retains two absolute defenses: innocence/non-infringement and a statute of limitations defense

for some of the films copyrighted by Malibu Media that he allegedly downloaded. But Ricupero

has not shown how he will lose either of these defenses in a subsequent action. Should Malibu

Media assert a second copyright infringement lawsuit against Ricupero, dismissal in this action

will not affect Ricupero’s ability to raise either a non-infringement or statute of limitations

defense. “Where a defense is still available in the second action, courts are less likely to find

plain legal prejudice.” Rosenthal, 217 F. App’x at 501. And as the district court noted, simply

the threat of a second lawsuit is not enough to show that Ricupero will suffer legal prejudice

from dismissal. See Grover, 33 F.3d at 718.

        Ricupero has not shown that the law “clearly dictates a result” in his favor, such that it

would be “unfair to subject him to continued exposure to potential liability by dismissing the

case without prejudice.” Id. at 719. Accordingly, we find that the district court did not abuse its

discretion in granting Malibu Media’s motion to dismiss without prejudice.

        C.     Payment of Attorney’s Fees and Costs

        Finally, Ricupero argues that the dismissal without prejudice should have been with

payment of attorney’s fees and costs. The district court determined that such an award was not

necessary because there was no indication that Malibu Media had brought the action against

Ricupero in bad faith, or that it deliberately sought to increase Ricupero’s costs through extended

litigation.

        Ricupero appears to argue that the dismissal of Malibu’s complaint under Rule 41(a)(2)

makes him a “prevailing party” within the meaning of 17 U.S.C. § 505, which would entitle him

to fees under the Copyright Act. (See Appellant’s Br. at 68-69) He offers no support for this

contention. Rule 41(a)(2) “is not a fee-shifting statute like § 505 of the Copyright Act,” which

requires the evaluation of specific factors to award attorney’s fees. Bridgeport Music, Inc. v.
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No. 16-3628, Malibu Media, LLC v. Ricupero


Universal-MCA Music Pub., Inc., 481 F.3d 926, 931 (6th Cir. 2007) (“Bridgeport I”). Rule

41(a)(2) is a “discretionary procedural rule that explicitly allows a district court to impose terms

and conditions upon a voluntary dismissal as the court deems proper.” Id. (internal quotations

and citation omitted). We review the district court’s determination for abuse of discretion. Id. at

929.

       The magistrate judge assessed the general factors used to evaluate whether to award

attorney’s fees, including whether the plaintiff acted in good faith in bringing the action,

extensive discovery costs were involved, and extraordinary expenses were incurred in defending

the action. The court determined that it could not conclude that Malibu brought the action solely

for the purpose of harassing, embarrassing, or abusing Ricupero, but rather that it was acting to

protect its copyright by bringing an infringement action against a person who it believed was

infringing on that right. Similarly, the court determined that there was no evidence that Malibu

attempted to increase Ricupero’s costs in defending the action by delaying or extending the

litigation—to the contrary, the court found that the length of the litigation was due in large part

to Ricupero’s own conduct.

       On appeal, Ricupero once more argues that Malibu Media abused the discovery process

and conducted the litigation in a manner that intended to increase the cost of his defense. There

is some litigation history suggesting that Malibu Media has sued multiple individuals and

employed a litigation model of pushing for and obtaining nuisance value settlements or

dismissing the claim. Ricupero suggests that the possibility of incurring fees could reduce

Malibu’s incentives to bring “meritless” suits and better balance the litigants’ positions. While

this last sentiment may be true, it does not mean that the district court abused its discretion in

declining an award of attorney’s fees.      Examining the dynamics exhibited throughout the



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litigation as a whole, and particularly Ricupero’s conduct, the court determined that a fee award

was not appropriate to alleviate any harm to Ricupero as a result of dismissal without prejudice.

We cannot say that this was an abuse of discretion.

       Ricupero’s final argument is that “[a]ny dismissal should be conditioned on Malibu

providing proper responses to [his] discovery demands.” This argument appears to be another

request for fees as a prevailing party in the litigation, but insofar as Ricupero seeks specific

documents or interrogatories, he is not clear as to what those documents or interrogatories might

be. Without any indication of what “discovery” Ricupero seeks for Malibu to “produce,” we do

not make any such condition on the dismissal. We also find that the district court did not abuse

its discretion in denying this request.

                                  III.      CONCLUSION

       For the reasons discussed, we AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of Ricupero’s

counterclaim and of Malibu Media’s suit pursuant to Rule 41(a)(2).




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