                                                   Supreme Court

                                                   No. 2012-219-C.A.
                                                   (P2/11-10A)


      State                     :

       v.                       :

Thomas Mercurio.                :




  NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before
  publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers are requested to
  notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme Court of Rhode Island,
  250 Benefit Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone
  222-3258 of any typographical or other formal errors in order that
  corrections may be made before the opinion is published.
                                                                    Supreme Court

                                                                    No. 2012-219-C.A.
                                                                    (P2/11-10A)


                    State                       :

                     v.                         :

             Thomas Mercurio.                   :


              Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.

                                           OPINION

       Justice Indeglia, for the Court.         The defendant Thomas Mercurio (Mercurio or

defendant) appeals from his conviction on one count of resisting arrest. The defendant contends

that the trial justice abused his discretion by permitting the prosecutor to inquire about three prior

convictions for assault and, during cross-examination, erred in permitting the prosecutor to

reveal that two of the defendant’s prior assault convictions in question were upon police officers.

This case came before the Supreme Court for oral argument on March 4, 2014. After carefully

considering the written and oral submissions of the parties, we are satisfied that this appeal may

be resolved without further briefing or argument. For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we

vacate the judgment of conviction.

                                                    I

                                         Facts and Travel

       The defendant was charged by information on January 11, 2011 with making threats to a

public official (count 1), simple assault and battery (count 2), resisting arrest (count 3), and

disorderly conduct (count 4).




                                              -1-
         The incident triggering the charges occurred on the evening of October 26, 2010 in

Cranston, Rhode Island. It began with a dispute between defendant and his neighbor, Ms. Irene

Ferreira. According to defendant, he and his neighbor had been “feuding” for over a decade.

Each had called the police on the other party in the past. On the evening in question, defendant

testified that the dispute was nothing more than an exchange of childish words and that he was

not angry. Ferreira, however, asserted that defendant was yelling in an outrageous tone that left

her fearful for her life, prompting her to call 911 at around 6 p.m., requesting that a police officer

be sent to her home.

       The interactions between the police officer who responded to Ferreira’s 911 call and

defendant resulted in defendant being charged with the aforementioned criminal charges. A jury

trial was conducted in the Providence County Superior Court over the course of four days

between March 14, 2012 and March 20, 2012.

                                                  A

                                             The Trial

                                                  1

                                  Officer Salvatore’s Testimony

       At trial, Officer Donald K. Salvatore, Jr. testified that, just before 6 p.m., he was

dispatched to the home of defendant because “there was a Tom Mercurio at that residence [who

was] out of control.” Officer Salvatore, in uniform, arrived at defendant’s house in a marked

police car. The testimony of defendant and that of Officer Salvatore diverge from the time of

their initial encounter. Officer Salvatore stated that, as the front door of defendant’s residence

was open and the storm door was shut, and seeing a male and a female in the kitchen area, he

knocked on the storm door. When they did not acknowledge him, he opened the storm door,




                                              -2-
stepped on the threshold, and yelled, “Hello.”     The man asked who the officer was; after

identifying himself as a Cranston police officer, Officer Salvatore asked the man if he was Tom.

At this time, another man later identified as Thomas Mercurio “came running from the right side

of the home” and began yelling, asking the officer if he had a warrant. Officer Salvatore

described Mercurio as “irate” or “pretty upset.”   The officer testified that, at that time, he was

standing on the threshold and had one foot inside of the home. Officer Salvatore explained that

he asked defendant to come outside to talk, and they both stepped outside to the front stairway,

with the officer standing approximately two feet away from defendant. After stepping outside,

defendant said, “That f---ing neighbor.” When he then asked defendant if he had any guns or

knives on him, defendant angrily said, “F--- this,” pushed him in the chest, and retreated back

into the home.

       Officer Salvatore testified that he then pursued defendant into the house, entering the

landing between the first and second floors. He tried to grab defendant and repeatedly told

defendant that he was under arrest. He testified that, because defendant was “flailing his arms”

and “trying to kick,” defendant’s momentum caused him to trip down the stairs and fall sideways

to the lower level. He then ran down the stairs and grabbed defendant, who was still kicking and

punching in an apparent attempt to get away. According to Officer Salvatore, defendant was still

swinging and kicking towards him before Officer Salvatore had his whole body on top of the

face-down defendant, continually telling defendant that he was under arrest. He testified that

defendant put his hands underneath his body after defendant was on his stomach and Officer

Salvatore was on top of him. At this time, while trying to grab defendant’s left arm, Officer

Salvatore first became aware that two other Cranston patrolmen, Officers Aldrich and Escobar,

had arrived. Officers Salvatore and Aldrich grabbed defendant’s arms and handcuffed him.




                                            -3-
       Officer Salvatore testified that, as he escorted defendant to the police car, defendant was

“yelling the whole time[,]” as were members of his family. He stated that defendant was “very

tense when [Officer Salvatore] was getting him into the car, [and defendant] continued to call me

a yellow bastard.” According to him, defendant screamed and threatened to kill him while he

walked defendant to the police car.

                                                2

                                  Officer Aldrich’s Testimony

       Officer Seth Aldrich testified that he also received the dispatch shortly before 6 p.m. and

arrived at defendant’s residence soon after Officer Salvatore. He testified that he was in the

street, about twenty-five to thirty feet away, when he observed Officer Salvatore speaking with

Mercurio. He did not hear much of what was said but did hear Officer Salvatore state that he

would rather speak with Mercurio outside. He stated that Officer Salvatore was standing on the

outside front steps of the house while Mercurio was standing in the open doorway. Officer

Aldrich did not see defendant strike Officer Salvatore; he did see defendant quickly turn towards

Officer Salvatore and re-enter the house and Officer Salvatore run into the house after him.

Officer Aldrich then ran into the house, and “observed Officer Salvatore and * * * defendant

wrestling on the [lower-level] floor.” He stated that defendant was “lying on his stomach with

his hands underneath his chest [and that he] attempted to get [defendant’s] right arm from

underneath him [as] Officer Salvatore was on [defendant’s] left side.” Officer Aldrich stated that

he handcuffed defendant after a “brief struggle.” During this time, defendant yelled toward his

family members to get the video camera while saying that the officers should not have been in

his home. Officer Aldrich followed behind Officer Salvatore and observed him secure defendant

in the police cruiser. Officer Aldrich did not observe defendant kick, scream vulgarities, threaten




                                             -4-
to kill Officer Salvatore, or otherwise cause problems either in the house or as he was being

secured in the cruiser. Notably, Officer Aldrich was not questioned as to whether he heard

Officer Salvatore inform defendant that defendant was under arrest.

                                                3

                                  The Defendant’s Testimony

       The defendant gave a different version of the events. He stated that, at the time Officer

Salvatore arrived, he was eating dinner at the kitchen table with his mother, brother, and sister.

According to defendant, his family’s dinner was interrupted when they heard someone open the

door and ask for “Todd.” He became upset on seeing a police officer completely inside the

house, with his foot on a stair and hand on the railing. He testified that he first asked Officer

Salvatore “what he was doing in our home[,]” to which Officer Salvatore did not respond. When

defendant next asked if the officer had a warrant, Officer Salvatore only responded by saying,

“Just come down, I want to talk to you.” The defendant then came down the stairway while

pointing his finger at Officer Salvatore and telling him to leave. He stated that he was angry, but

did not yell. The defendant then testified that he stopped on one of the first three steps when the

officer, standing inside of the home approximately two feet away, grabbed defendant’s right arm

and collar, pulling him down the stairs and into the railing. The railing gave way and he fell to

the bottom floor on his hands and knees. The defendant then testified that he received a blow to

the left side of his rib and that the pain of the blow caused him to lie down flat on the ground.

He stated that he received a blow on the left side of his head, and Officer Salvatore then put his

knee in defendant’s back. According to defendant, he had both arms under his stomach as a

result of the blow but allowed the officer to handcuff him when the officer grabbed his arm. He

stated that he and Officer Salvatore did not speak to each other at this point, and that he was not




                                             -5-
told that he was under arrest. He first observed two more police officers after he was handcuffed

and brought to his feet. The defendant testified that he went willingly to the officer’s car and did

not try to hit, yell at, threaten, or escape from Officer Salvatore.

       After hearing all the testimony, the jury found defendant guilty of the charge of resisting

arrest but not guilty of the charges of making threats to a public official, simple assault, and

disorderly conduct. On April 4, 2012, the trial justice denied defendant’s motion for a new trial

and sentenced him to one year of imprisonment at the Adult Correctional Institutions, with thirty

days to serve and eleven months suspended with probation. 1 Thereafter, defendant filed a notice

of appeal to this Court on April 13, 2012. A final judgment of conviction and commitment

entered on May 4, 2012. 2

       On appeal, defendant challenges the trial justice’s pretrial ruling on his motion in limine

permitting admission into evidence of his prior convictions. The defendant also challenges the

trial justice’s decision during trial that defendant had “opened the door” so as to allow the state

to impeach his credibility on cross-examination by bringing in the fact that his prior convictions

involved assaults against police officers.

       Additional facts will be added as necessary to resolve the issues on appeal.




1
 The execution of defendant’s sentence was stayed pending this appeal.
2
 This Court considers a premature notice of appeal timely so long as a final judgment is entered
thereafter. See State v. Mitchell, 80 A.3d 19, 27 n.6 (R.I. 2013).


                                               -6-
                                                 II

                                       Standard of Review

       “[T]he trial justice has broad discretion in deciding whether or not to admit evidence of

prior convictions under Rule 609 [of the Rhode Island Rules of Evidence].”                 State v.

McWilliams, 47 A.3d 251, 257 (R.I. 2012) (quoting State v. Vargas, 991 A.2d 1056, 1060 (R.I.

2010)). “Therefore, ‘this Court will not overturn such a decision on appeal unless there has been

an abuse of that discretion.’” State v. McRae, 31 A.3d 785, 789 (R.I. 2011) (quoting State v.

Gongoleski, 14 A.3d 218, 222 (R.I. 2011)).

       “With respect to evidentiary rulings, it is well established that ‘questions as to the

admissibility vel non of evidence are confided to the sound discretion of the trial justice.’” State

v. Rosario, 14 A.3d 206, 215 (R.I. 2011) (quoting State v. Moreno, 996 A.2d 673, 678 (R.I.

2010)). Accordingly, this Court “will not interfere with a trial justice’s decision in that regard

unless there was a clear abuse of discretion * * *.” Id. (quoting State v. Merida, 960 A.2d 228,

234 (R.I. 2008)). In addition, “[a] trial justice’s determination as to the permissible scope of

cross-examination is * * * given deference and will be disturbed on appeal only upon a clear

showing of abuse of discretion and only if it constitutes prejudicial error.” State v. Motyka, 893

A.2d 267, 280 (R.I. 2006).

                                                III

                                             Analysis

                                                 A

                                     The Motion in Limine

       The defendant first contends that the trial justice abused his discretion in denying his

motion in limine to preclude admission into evidence of three prior convictions: a 1987 assault




                                             -7-
on a police officer, a 1982 assault on a police officer, and a 1982 simple assault, for the purpose

of impeachment under Rule 609 of the Rhode Island Rules of Evidence. 3

          Rule 609 provides that evidence of a prior criminal conviction is not admissible for

impeachment purposes if the trial justice determines that its prejudicial effect substantially

outweighs its probative value. It is also well-settled that, in Rhode Island, “the prior conviction

need not involve dishonesty, false statement, or a felony to be admissible [for impeachment

purposes].” McRae, 31 A.3d at 792 (quoting Gongoleski, 14 A.3d at 223). This Court has

outlined factors that the trial justice must balance when deciding whether to permit the state to

impeach a defendant with his or her prior convictions. See State v. Mattatall, 603 A.2d 1098,

1117 (R.I. 1992). “The trial justice must balance the remoteness of the conviction, the nature of

the crime, and the defendant’s disdain for the law as represented by the extent of his prior

criminal record, to determine whether the relevance with respect to credibility outweighs the

prejudicial effect to the defendant.” Id. In making this determination, the trial justice has broad


3
    Rule 609 of the Rhode Island Rules of Evidence provides, in pertinent part:
                           “(a) General Rule. For the purpose of attacking the
                  credibility of a witness, evidence that the witness has been
                  convicted of a crime shall be admitted if elicited from the witness
                  or established by public record. ‘Convicted of a crime’ includes (1)
                  pleas of guilty, (2) pleas of nolo contendere followed by a sentence
                  (i.e. fine or imprisonment), whether or not suspended and (3)
                  adjudications of guilt.

                         “(b) Discretion. Evidence of a conviction under this rule is
                 not admissible if the court determines that its prejudicial effect
                 substantially outweighs the probative value of the conviction. If
                 more than ten years has elapsed since the date of the conviction or
                 of the release of the witness from the confinement imposed for that
                 conviction, whichever is the later date, or if the conviction is for a
                 misdemeanor not involving dishonesty or false statement, the
                 proponent of such evidence shall make an offer of proof out of the
                 hearing of the jury so that the adverse party shall have a fair
                 opportunity to contest the use of such evidence.” (Emphasis
                 added.)


                                               -8-
discretion. See Vargas, 991 A.2d at 1061. Accordingly, “[t]his Court will not disturb a trial

justice’s finding regarding the admissibility of prior conviction evidence for impeachment

purposes unless our review of the record reveals an abuse of discretion on the part of the trial

justice.” State v. Silvia, 898 A.2d 707, 718 (R.I. 2006) (quoting State v. Morel, 676 A.2d 1347,

1357 (R.I. 1996)).

       Here, the trial justice took note of the fact that “[t]he * * * conviction in 1987 * * * is not

charged as something involving dishonesty or false statements, but it does concern conduct

which is similar to the conduct which the defendant is now faced with.” The trial justice

determined, however, that he would permit the state to use defendant’s prior convictions to

impeach defendant but stated that he would “inform the jury of the limited purpose for which

that evidence was being offered * * *.”

       We perceive no abuse of discretion in the trial justice’s decision to deny defendant’s

motion in limine. The record in this case reflects that defendant was given an abundantly “fair

opportunity to contest the [state’s] use of [the] evidence [of his prior convictions],” as required

by Rule 609(b). Absent some indication of a clear error on the trial justice’s part, we will not

disturb the trial justice’s decision on review. “[T]he decision whether to admit evidence of prior

convictions involves the balancing of several factors that turns on the particular facts of each

case.” State v. Gillespie, 960 A.2d 969, 981 (R.I. 2008). The trial justice was within his

discretion to conclude at the pretrial stage that defendant’s multiple prior convictions, in spite of

their age, had a probative value in demonstrating a disdain for the law so as to affect a jury’s

assessment of defendant’s credibility. In particular, we note that this case, with the general lack

of any physical evidence, largely hinged on a credibility determination, making the ability to

impeach a witness’s credibility of even greater importance. We cannot find that the trial justice




                                              -9-
was clearly wrong in his decision and, accordingly, will not disturb his denial of defendant’s

motion in limine.

                                                B

              The Use of Defendant’s Prior Convictions on Cross-Examination

       The defendant next argues that the trial justice erred in finding that defendant had

“opened the door” to the prosecutor’s specific mention that two of defendant’s prior convictions

were of assaults on police officers. He contends that the prosecutor’s questioning exceeded the

scope of defendant’s testimony on direct and cross-examination. The defendant asserts that the

prosecutor “manufactured” the issue of defendant’s respect for police officers in order to be able

to bring in these prior convictions.

       It is axiomatic that cross-examination is generally limited to the scope of the direct

examination. State v. Carvalho, 892 A.2d 140, 144 (R.I. 2006). However, “questions calculated

to explain, contradict[,] or discredit a witness’s testimony or designed to test the witness’s

accuracy, memory, veracity, credibility or bias are” also permitted. State v. Gordon, 880 A.2d

825, 838 (R.I. 2005).      In addition, it is well-settled that “a witness’s credibility may be

challenged by evidence that the witness has been convicted of a crime * * *.” State v. Price, 68

A.3d 440, 446 (R.I. 2013). The admission into evidence of previous crimes is, however, limited

to certain enumerated purposes. See Rule 404(b) of the Rhode Island Rules of Evidence. 4 This

Court has previously stated that

               “evidence that may not be admissible in the prosecution’s case in
               chief may be used in rebuttal in order to counter false statements


4
 Rule 404(b) of the Rhode Island Rules of Evidence states, in pertinent part, that “[e]vidence of
other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show
that the person acted in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other
purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity,
absence of mistake[,] or accident * * *.”


                                            - 10 -
                made by the accused in the course of his direct testimony. * * * In
                sum[,] the prosecution may not manufacture an issue in the course
                of cross-examination for the purpose of impeaching the credibility
                of defendant by the use of evidence or testimony that would
                otherwise be inadmissible.” State v. O’Dell, 576 A.2d 425, 429
                (R.I. 1990) (emphasis added). 5

        Prior to defendant’s direct examination, the trial justice granted his request to limit the

state to inquiring about convictions for “assault,” rather than “assault[s] on uniformed police

officers[.]”   In so doing, the trial justice modified his earlier ruling on defendant’s motion in

limine prohibiting the prosecution from inquiring on cross-examination whether two of

defendant’s prior convictions for assault involved police officers.

        Because our discussion of defendant’s arguments necessarily centers on the exchanges

which took place at trial, we set forth the relevant portions here. During the cross-examination

of defendant, the state first broached the topic of defendant’s like or dislike of the police by

inquiring why defendant asked Officer Salvatore “Do you have a warrant?” and why he was

“angry” that Officer Salvatore was in his home. The defendant explained that “it’s [his] personal

understanding and knowledge that the police require a warrant or some type of consent upon

entering a dwelling place.” The following exchange then ensued:

                “[The State]: You don’t like the police, do you?

                “[Defendant]: That’s not true. I have many friends that are in the
                police department. I went to school with the chief of Providence,
                Hugh Clements, and he’s a very good friend of mine.

                “[The State]: You don’t respect the police, do you?”




5
 State v. O’Dell, 576 A.2d 425, 429 (R.I. 1990), involved evidence that was inadmissible in the
prosecution’s case in chief because it had not been disclosed to the defendant as required under
Rule 16 of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure. This Court has since applied this
rule concerning the prosecution manufacturing an issue during cross-examination in the context
of Rule 404(b) in State v. McDowell, 620 A.2d 94, 95-96 (R.I. 1993).


                                             - 11 -
The trial justice overruled an objection made by defense counsel. The defendant was thus

permitted to answer.

               “[Defendant]: I respect law and order, yes, I do.

               “[The State]: You respect law and order?

               “[Defendant]: Yes, I do.”

The cross-examination of defendant then continued, before the following colloquy took place,

again regarding defendant’s sentiments about the police:

               “[The State]: You never got angry with the officer * * * and
               pushed him?

               “[Defendant]: I never said that.

               “[The State]: Because you respect police; right?

               “[Defendant]: I respect law and order, yes, I do.

               “[The State]:    And you wouldn’t put your hands on a police
               officer.

               “[Defendant]: No, I would not.”

       At a sidebar immediately following this exchange, the state argued that defendant had

“opened the door” to the fact that two of his prior convictions for assault involved police

officers. The trial justice determined that defendant had “opened the door” to the nature and

circumstances surrounding the prior convictions. Therefore, he permitted the state to confront

defendant with specific evidence of the prior convictions.

       This Court has recently been faced with a similar situation involving a prosecutor’s

alleged manufacturing of an issue in order to impeach a witness’s testimony in Rosario. In

Rosario, 14 A.3d at 207-08, the defendant was charged with assault with a dangerous weapon on

a police officer. In ruling upon two motions in limine, the trial justice in Rosario held inter alia




                                             - 12 -
that evidence of one particular previous interaction between the defendant and the police officer

who had been the victim of the alleged assault as well as of specific comments that the defendant

had made with regard to the police officer would be admissible. Id. at 208-09. The trial justice

further held that evidence of “generalized references to threats of assault on police officers in

general” would be precluded but noted that her decision on the motions in limine might be

changed depending on what the defendant testified to during trial. Id. at 209.

       At trial, during cross-examination of the defendant, Rosario was asked specifically if he

liked the victim-police officer. Rosario, 14 A.3d at 212. The defendant responded, “Yes, I like

him. He is an officer. I respect authority.” Id. The prosecutor then asked the defendant for

confirmation: “Sir, you testified to this jury under oath that you respect all authority and you

respect all Providence police officers; didn’t you say that?” Id. The defendant answered in the

affirmative. Id. At this point, the prosecutor questioned the defendant regarding a previous

generalized negative statement defendant had made about “all Providence police officers[.]” Id.

The trial justice permitted the cross-examination of the defendant to proceed with that line of

questioning, finding that the defendant had “opened the door” with his answer that he respected

authority. Id. at 212. This Court affirmed the trial justice’s ruling, noting that “[the] defendant

chose to answer a question about his attitude towards one person * * * with an extremely broad

and unqualified declaration about his respect for authority in general[,]” in holding that

defendant had “opened the door” to the rebuttal testimony which followed. Id. at 218.

       The state relies on Rosario to support its contention that the trial justice did not err in

determining that defendant had “opened the door” to being impeached based on his prior

convictions for assault on police officers. We are of the opinion, however, that the facts of

Rosario are different from the facts here. We emphasize, in particular, that in Rosario it was the




                                            - 13 -
defendant who answered a specific question about one police officer with a broad, generalized

statement about his respect for authority. See Rosario, 14 A.3d at 218. In contrast, here, the

prosecutor was the first one to ask a broad leading question about defendant’s sentiments

towards the police by asking, “You don’t like the police, do you?” 6 Prior to the prosecutor’s

asking this question, the defendant had not “opened the door” through any general declarations

about his respect for authority. Indeed, we note that in both this first exchange and in the one

which followed, it was the prosecutor who persisted in questioning defendant in such broad

terms. 7 We conclude that defendant had not “opened the door” to these questions. We find no

support in the record for the proposition that defendant had previously volunteered any broad

declarations of his respect for either the police or law and order generally so as to “open the

door” to the prosecutor’s questions.      Our careful review of the record compels us to the

conclusion that the repeated broad questions about defendant’s sentiments towards police

officers in general elicited a response from defendant which then enabled the state to bring in

defendant’s prior convictions of assault against police officers. We are persuaded that these

repeated questions constituted improper “manufacturing” of an issue to bring in evidence which

the trial justice had previously ruled inadmissible.

       Our conclusion is further buttressed by the fact that, during the pretrial motion in limine

hearing, the prosecutor stated that he would use defendant’s prior convictions only “if the

defendant testifies and he gets up there and starts saying he’s a peaceful guy, that he respects

police, or something along those lines.” (Emphasis added.) We are struck by the prosecutor’s

use of this very phrase in several different permutations during the course of defendant’s cross-


6
  In phrasing the question thusly, we note that the prosecutor had essentially “painted defendant
into a corner” where the only possible response was a broad statement of liking the police.
7
  As noted above, the prosecutor asked defendant “Because you respect police; right?” and then
“And you wouldn’t put your hands on a police officer.”


                                              - 14 -
examination. It was only after broadly leading questions along these lines that the prosecutor

directly asked, “And you wouldn’t put your hands on a police officer,” thereby referring

obliquely to defendant’s prior convictions in such a way as to lead inevitably to further questions

regarding the exact nature of those convictions. We conclude that these questions on cross-

examination were improper. 8 Accordingly, we hold that the trial justice erred in permitting the

state to impeach defendant’s testimony using his prior convictions of assault against police

officers.

        Finally, this Court will address whether the trial justice’s error was harmless. “In order to

meet the harmless-error test, there must be proof ‘beyond a reasonable doubt that the error

complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.’” State v. Smith, 446 A.2d 1035, 1036

(R.I. 1982) (quoting Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24 (1967)). This Court has listed

various factors to be considered in determining whether an error was harmless,

               “including the relative degree of importance of the witness
               testimony to the prosecution’s case, ‘* * * the presence or absence
               of evidence corroborating or contradicting the testimony of the
               witness on material points, the extent of cross-examination
               otherwise permitted, and * * * the overall strength of the
               prosecution’s case.’” State v. Bustamante, 756 A.2d 758, 766 (R.I.
               2000) (quoting State v. Texter, 594 A.2d 376, 378 (R.I. 1991)).

We are of the opinion that the trial justice’s error in permitting the state to cross-examine the

defendant concerning the exact nature of his prior convictions was not harmless. As previously

noted, this case was largely devoid of physical evidence, rendering the credibility of each of the

witnesses central to the case.     We cannot be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that the


8
 We note that we do not believe the prosecutor acted deliberately in improperly cross-examining
defendant. Indeed, we are satisfied that the prosecutor was fulfilling his duty as a zealous
advocate for the state. We reiterate, however, our admonition in a recent case: “[w]hen a
defendant is testifying at his trial, prosecutors and trial justices must be scrupulous to ensure that
impeachment of defendant by reference to prior convictions or past criminal conduct is effected
in a proper manner * * *.” State v. Price, 68 A.3d 440, 448 (R.I. 2013).


                                              - 15 -
improper admission into evidence of the defendant’s prior convictions was not overly

prejudicial. We are, moreover, especially reluctant to find the improper use of prior convictions

to be harmless in the case at bar, when the improper cross-examination occurred to impeach the

credibility of the defendant, whose liberty was directly at stake. Because we cannot conclude

that the use of the defendant’s prior convictions was harmless, we are perforce required to hold

that their admission into evidence was a reversible error. Consequently, we conclude that the

defendant is entitled to a new trial.

                                                IV

                                           Conclusion

        For the foregoing reasons, the defendant’s judgment of conviction is vacated. This case

shall be remanded to the Superior Court for a new trial consistent with this opinion.




                                            - 16 -
                           RHODE ISLAND SUPREME COURT CLERK’S OFFICE

                                Clerk’s Office Order/Opinion Cover Sheet




TITLE OF CASE:       State v. Thomas Mercurio.

CASE NO:             No. 2012-219-C.A.
                     (P2/11-10A)

COURT:               Supreme Court

DATE OPINION FILED: May 2, 2014

JUSTICES:            Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.

WRITTEN BY:          Associate Justice Gilbert V. Indeglia

SOURCE OF APPEAL:    Providence County Superior Court

JUDGE FROM LOWER COURT:

                     Associate Justice Edward C. Clifton

ATTORNEYS ON APPEAL:

                     For State: Jane M. Mcsoley
                                Department of Attorney General

                     For Defendant: Janice M. Weisfeld
                                    Office of the Public Defender
