                                                                  NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                  _____________

                                       No. 12-1428
                                      _____________

                  PARKE BANK and VERNON PARK PLAZA, LLC,

                                                       Appellants,

                                             v.

                               BANK OF AMERICA, N.A.
                                   _____________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                              (E.D. Pa. No. 2:10-CV-02368)
                     District Judge: Honorable Eduardo C. Robreno
                                     _____________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                    May 6, 2013

               Before: SLOVITER, FUENTES, and ROTH, Circuit Judges

                              (Opinion Filed: July 24, 2013)
                                     _____________

                               OPINION OF THE COURT
                                   _____________
FUENTES, Circuit Judge:

       Appellants, Parke Bank and Vernon Park Plaza, LLC (together, the “Landlords”),

filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of

Pennsylvania, seeking damages for breach of contract, and a declaratory judgment,

arising out of their lease with Bank of America, N.A. (“Bank of America”). The
Landlords claim that Bank of America breached the lease by refusing to restore the

property to its original condition. Bank of America argues that its obligation under the

lease to restore the property was extinguished by two later agreements, a Consent to

Sublease and a Sublease. The District Court granted Bank of America’s motion for

summary judgment and dismissed the Landlords’ complaint. The Landlords now appeal

that ruling. 1 We will affirm.

                                              I.

       Because we write primarily for the parties, who are well acquainted with this case,

we recite only the facts essential to our disposition of this appeal. This dispute arises out

of three separate but related contracts, in connection with a 1988 commercial lease for

real property. The Landlords leased a building (the “Premises”) to Bank of America

through an agreement expiring on July 9, 2010 (the “Lease”). 2 The Lease contained a

requirement that Bank of America restore the Premises to its original condition, as a bank

branch, upon the agreement’s termination.

       During Bank of America’s tenancy, it negotiated a sublease of the Premises to

Blockbuster Videos, Inc. (“Blockbuster”). The Lease allowed Bank of America to

sublet with the Landlords’ consent, and after extensive negotiations, the Landlords,

Bank of America, and Blockbuster entered into a consent agreement (the “Consent to

1
  The District Court had diversity jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. We have
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
2
  The Landlords and Bank of America came to be parties to the lease agreement through
their predecessors-in-interest. For ease of reference, we will refer to the Landlords and
Bank of America as the current parties to the agreements, regardless of the original
signatories.

                                              2
Sublease”) in which the Landlords consented to the sublease to Blockbuster (the

“Sublease”). The Consent to Sublease contained a provision that would convert the

Sublease into a direct lease between the Landlords and Blockbuster, on the condition

that the Lease expire before the Sublease.

       The Sublease was attached and incorporated into the Consent to Sublease. As part

of the Sublease, the parties agreed that Blockbuster “shall and may peaceably and quietly

have, hold and enjoy the [] Premises and improvements thereon during the term of [the

Sublease].” JA 221. Further, the Sublease required Bank of America and Blockbuster to

enter into a supplemental agreement to establish when the Sublease would expire (the

“Supplemental Agreement”). It was signed on January 6, 1998 and set the Sublease

expiration date for July 31, 2010.

       Blockbuster made substantial alterations to the Premises. Before the Lease

expired, the Landlords demanded that Bank of America restore the Premises to its

original condition, as required under the Lease. Bank of America refused, contending

that the Sublease extinguished its obligations under the Lease. The Landlords brought

this action, and the District Court granted summary judgment in favor of Bank of

America. The Landlords appeal this ruling.

                                             II.

       We review the District Court’s summary judgment ruling de novo, applying the

same standard as the District Court. Ideal Dairy Farms, Inc. v. John Labatt, Ltd., 90 F.3d

737, 743 (3d Cir. 1996). “To affirm a grant of summary judgment on an issue of contract

interpretation, [the court] must conclude that the contractual language is subject to only


                                             3
one reasonable interpretation.” Arnold M. Diamond, Inc. v. Gulf Coast Trailing Co., 180

F.3d 518, 521 (3d Cir. 1999) (internal citations omitted). “Thus, if [a party] presents [the

court] with a reasonable reading of the contract which varies from that adopted by the

district court, then a question of fact as to the meaning of the contract exists which can

only be resolved at trial.” Am. Flint Glass Workers Union v. Beaumont Glass Co., 62

F.3d 574, 581 (3d Cir. 1995) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

       Parties can execute two or more agreements that cover the same subject matter,

and when the terms of two agreements are inconsistent and cannot stand together, the

new contract takes the place of the original agreement. Riverside Coal Co. v. Am. Coal

Co., 139 A. 276, 278 (Conn. 1927). 3 A new agreement that replaces a prior agreement,

and introduces a new party, is referred to as a “novation.” Bushnell Plaza Dev. Corp. v.

Fazzano, 400 A.2d 1311, 1315 (Conn. Super. Ct. 1983). In the lease context, “[w]here a

lessee assigns a lease, and the lessor thereafter recognizes the assignee, with the latter’s

consent, as his immediate tenant . . . there is [a] novation.” Carrano v. Shoor, 171 A. 17,

21 (Conn. 1934) (internal citations omitted). A novation that creates a direct relationship

between a lessor and a lessee’s assignee extinguishes the lessee’s obligations under the

original lease. Id.

       As the District Court correctly asserted, there are two steps in our analysis of this

dispute. First, we must determine whether the language in the Consent to Sublease

created a conditional novation. See Bushnell Plaza, 400 A.2d at 1315 (finding a novation


3
 The parties do not dispute that Connecticut law governs the agreements discussed
herein.

                                              4
when a new agreement takes the place of a prior agreement, and introduces a new party).

Second, if we find a conditional novation, we must determine whether the condition was

met, triggering a novation that would extinguish Bank of America’s restoration obligation

under the Lease. See Blitz v. Subklew, 810 A.2d 841, 845 (2002) (“A condition . . . is a

fact or event [that] . . . must exist or take place before there is a right to performance . . .

.”) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted); Carrano, 171 A. at 21 (finding that a

novation between a lessor and a lessee’s assignee extinguishes the lessee’s obligations

under the original lease).

       The Consent to Sublease states that in “the event of a termination of the [] Lease

prior to the termination of the Sublease, the Sublease shall continue in full force and

effect as a direct lease between [the Landlords] . . . and [Blockbuster].” JA 188. This

language creates a novation, as the Landlords’ lease of the Premises to Bank of America

will be replaced by the Sublease—a new agreement—and will become a direct lease with

Blockbuster—a new party. See Bushnell Plaza, 400 A.2d at 1315 (stating that a novation

occurs when a new agreement introducing a new party replaces a prior agreement);

Carrano, 171 A. at 21 (finding a novation when “a lessee assigns a lease, and the lessor

thereafter recognizes the assignee . . . as his immediate tenant.”). The novation is

conditional because the conversion of the Sublease into a direct lease will not

automatically occur, but is dependent on the satisfaction of a condition—whether the

Lease expires before the Sublease. See Blitz, 810 A.2d at 845 (stating that a condition is

an event that must take place before performance is required).




                                                5
       Therefore, Bank of America’s restoration obligation would be extinguished only if

the Lease expired prior to the Sublease. Otherwise, there would be no novation, and

Bank of America would continue to be bound by the terms of the Lease. While the

parties agree that the Lease terminated on July 9, 2010, they dispute the expiration date of

the Sublease. 4

       The Supplemental Agreement clearly established that the Sublease terminated on

July 31, 2010. Because the Sublease was attached to the Consent to Sublease, the

Landlords had the opportunity to review the two agreements before providing consent.

At the time that they signed the Consent to Sublease, the Landlords were aware that the

Supplemental Agreement would be executed at a later date, and could have negotiated to

require their consent to this agreement to ensure the Sublease terminated prior to the

Lease. However, the Landlords failed to do so.

       Because the Sublease terminated after the Lease, the condition contained in the

Consent to Sublease was satisfied, triggering the novation. Therefore, the Sublease

became a direct lease between the Landlords and Blockbuster, and Bank of America was

released from its restoration obligation under the Lease. See Carrano, 171 A. at 21

(“Where a lessee assigns a lease, and the lessor thereafter recognizes the assignee . . . as

his immediate tenant . . . the lessee is released from his covenants in the lease.”).


4
 The Landlords argue that the Sublease terminated on June 30, 2010, while Bank of
America argues that the termination occurred on July 31, 2010. Alternatively, the
Landlords seek to find support in the fact that they entered into a new agreement with
Blockbuster, purportedly amending the term of the Sublease, and causing it to expire on
July 9, 2010. However, we believe that this agreement is irrelevant to this dispute
because Bank of America was not a party to that agreement.

                                              6
       Summary judgment is appropriate in this case because any other interpretation of

the Lease, the Consent to Sublease, and the Sublease would result in unreasonable

inconsistencies between the three agreements. See Arnold M. Diamond, Inc., 180 F.3d at

521 (finding that summary judgment on an issue of contract interpretation is appropriate

when “the contractual language is subject to only one reasonable interpretation.”). If the

Consent to Sublease did not create a conditional novation, the Lease would require Bank

of America to restore the Premises to a bank branch while Blockbuster continued to enjoy

its rights to use the property as a video store. This would create an unreasonable result.

                                            III.

       Accordingly, we will affirm the Order of the District Court.




                                             7
