Opinion filed May 2, 2013




                                             In The


          Eleventh Court of Appeals
                                          __________

                                    No. 11-11-00140-CR
                                        __________

  DEBORAH LORRAINE TERRY A/K/A DEBORAH LORRAINE REED
        A/K/A DEBORAH LORRAINE AIKMAN, Appellant

                                                V.

                          THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee


                 On Appeal from the Erath County Court at Law

                                    Erath County, Texas

                              Trial Court Cause No. 41,954


                          MEMORANDUM OPINION
      The jury found Appellant, Deborah Lorraine Terry a/k/a Deborah Lorraine
Reed a/k/a Deborah Lorraine Aikman, 1 guilty of the misdemeanor offense of
cruelty to livestock animals and assessed punishment at one year in jail and a
$1,500 fine, but recommended community supervision. The trial court sentenced

      1
       We note that the reporter’s record refers to Appellant as Devorah Aikman throughout.
Appellant to one year in jail, but suspended the imposition of the sentence and
ordered Appellant to complete two years of community supervision and pay the
$1,500 fine. In her sole issue on appeal, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of
the evidence to support the jury finding that she intentionally or knowingly
committed the charged offense. We affirm.
                                   I. Background
      Officers in the Stephenville Police Department and the Erath County
Sheriff’s Department separately received complaints on the welfare of
approximately eleven horses owned by Appellant. Charles Allen contacted Deputy
Larry Cox of the Erath County Sheriff’s Department regarding horses that were
being kept on ten acres behind the Bosque River Apartments in Stephenville.
Allen, a horse trainer, was looking for a suitable rental property to stable horses in
Erath County. Allen testified that the property smelled “like . . . a pig pen” and
that the conditions were terrible. He stated that the horses were stabled in small
muddy pens and that the only food he saw was an old bale of hay about fifty yards
from the pens. The hay was being covered by feed sacks.
      Officer Scott Whitely worked in the animal control department of the
Stephenville Police Department. Officer Whitely investigated a report that there
were some horses behind the Bosque River Apartments that were not being cared
for properly. Officer Whitely testified that the property had a “bad stench” and
that two stud horses—Fleet Bob and Commitment—were standing in deep mud
and manure with no feed or hay. Officer Whitely recalled that the available
drinking water was dark with bits of hay stuck in it and visible mosquito larvae.
The two stud horses had prominent backbones, visible ribs, and rotted hooves and
were wild and unsocial. Based on Officer Whitely’s observations and Allen’s
statement to Deputy Cox, the police obtained a warrant to seize the horses.
Officer Whitely identified Appellant as the owner of the horses. Nine of the eleven
                                          2
horses were later returned to Appellant; Fleet Bob and Commitment were sold at
auction.
      Bob Waldron is a veterinarian at the Animal Health and Medical Center in
Stephenville. Dr. Waldron examined the eleven seized horses for their general
body condition. He said that nine of the horses had satisfactory body conditions
and were not starving. He found that Fleet Bob and Commitment were emaciated
with little muscle mass on the rump, no fat covering on their bodies, and easily
visible ribs and vertebrae. Dr. Waldron stated that Fleet Bob’s and Commitment’s
condition would have worsened gradually over several weeks or months and that
their condition could not have deteriorated to that level in less than two weeks.
Dr. Waldron testified that, while it is possible for an older horse to be underweight
even with very good care, the condition of the two stud horses was not the result of
age. Fleet Bob was a relatively young thoroughbred horse, while Commitment
was middle-aged. Dr. Waldron opined that their condition was the result of either
“malnutrition or extreme environmental stresses that led to malnutrition.”
Dr. Waldron elaborated that standing in mud or water for long periods of time can
lead to infections in the hooves, legs, and skin of a horse and that standing water or
mud is a breeding ground for flies, which further irritate the horses.
      Tandi Rider housed Appellant’s eleven horses following the seizure. She
kept Fleet Bob and Commitment from the July seizure until the auction in
September, during which both horses gained weight. When the stud horses first
arrived, they were very malnourished and underweight and had sore feet. Rider
stated that the two stud horses were so “glossy eyed” that they did not fight even
though they were stabled in relatively close quarters for stallions. She stated that
Commitment was around fifteen years old, that Fleet Bob was younger, and that
neither horse appeared to have any illnesses aside from a lack of food and care.
Appellant never sent her veterinarian to inspect the horses, never sent any feed, and
                                          3
did not provide any care for the stud horses during their stay at Rider’s ranch.
Rider testified that she had been a part of the horse industry her entire life but that
she had never before dealt with horses in such bad physical condition as Fleet Bob
and Commitment.
      In her defense, Appellant stated that, one month prior to the seizure, she
moved to Houston for work; however, she and her family returned to Stephenville
every two weeks to check on her horses. She hired Donna Kreitz to care for the
horses while she was away and purchased feed, hay, and watering hoses for Donna
to use. Before her family’s move to Houston, Appellant cared for the horses.
Appellant testified that she owned and was responsible for the eleven seized horses
but that she purchased Commitment on an installment contract and was behind on
the payments. Appellant stated that, when she left for Houston, Commitment had
“gut problems” and was underweight due to those issues, but was not emaciated.
      Appellant’s husband, Jerry Aikman, testified on her behalf. Jerry said that,
before the family moved to Houston, Fleet Bob and Commitment were “a little
underweight,” but otherwise were doing well. Jerry saw the two stud horses two
weeks prior to the seizure when Appellant and he drove back to Stephenville to
check on the horses. When he saw the horses after the seizure, two weeks after his
last return to Stephenville, Commitment was in “bad shape,” and it did not appear
to him that Donna had fed the animals. Jerry testified that he found 200 pounds of
unused feed after the seizure. Jerry further stated that the dirty water that the
police referred to was rain water that had collected in a wheelbarrow and was not
the horses’ water supply.
      Appellant also called Rhett Harrison and Sam Taylor as witnesses. Harrison
rented property near Gorman, Texas, to Appellant for pasturing some of her horses.
His property was not involved in the seizure of the horses. Harrison testified that
he stopped by his property every few days and that the horses at that location
                                          4
appeared to be in reasonably good shape. Harrison admitted that a few of the
horses looked “old” and “wormy.” Several years before, Taylor housed his horses
at a stable managed by Appellant. He noticed no neglected animals, but Taylor
saw an aged and underweight stallion. After Appellant moved to the property
behind the Bosque River Apartments, Taylor saw the mares, which appeared to be
in good condition in the front pasture, but he could not see the pens where
Appellant kept the stud horses.
                          II. Sufficiency of the Evidence
      Appellant argues that the evidence is insufficient to establish the elements of
the offense of cruelty to livestock animals.     We review a sufficiency of the
evidence issue under the standard of review in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307
(1979). Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Polk v.
State, 337 S.W.3d 286, 288–89 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2010, pet. ref’d). Under the
Jackson standard, we review all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the
verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the
elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319;
Isassi v. State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). The jury may make
reasonable inferences from the evidence and can rely on both circumstantial and
direct evidence in its determination. Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 14–16 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2007). We defer to the jury’s role as the sole judge of witnesses’
credibility and the weight their testimony is afforded. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 899.
      The State charged Appellant with cruelty to livestock animals under
Section 42.09 of the Texas Penal Code. Section 42.09 provides that a person
commits the offense by knowingly or intentionally failing to provide food, water,
or care necessary to maintain good health for a livestock animal in the person’s
custody. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 42.09(a)(2), (b)(6) (West 2011). Horses are
livestock animals. Id. § 42.09(b)(5)(B).
                                           5
      Appellant argues that there is insufficient evidence to establish that she
knowingly or intentionally committed the offense. A person acts intentionally
when the person has a conscious objective or desire to engage in the conduct or
cause the result; a person acts knowingly when she is aware of the nature of her
conduct or that the circumstances exist. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.03(a), (b)
(West 2011).     Although Appellant maintains that no evidence of intent or
knowledge exists, a jury may infer a culpable mental state from circumstantial
evidence, including the acts, words, and conduct of Appellant. Martinez v. State,
48 S.W.3d 273, 276 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2001, pet. ref’d) (citing Pine v.
State, 889 S.W.2d 625, 629 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, pet. ref’d)).
      Dr. Waldron testified that it would take longer than two weeks for the
horses’ condition to deteriorate to the state they were in when he examined them.
Appellant and Jerry testified that they last saw the horses two weeks before the
State seized the horses. Appellant admitted that, prior to her move to Houston, she
was the caretaker of her horses and that she left for Houston roughly one month
before the State seized the horses. When the State cross-examined Appellant, she
said that Donna, Appellant’s hired caretaker, was a truck driver and was out of
town on truck runs during the week. Appellant also testified to her monthly
income and her monthly expenses; she testified that she “could not afford to feed
11 horses.” The jury heard Appellant say, “I’ve been doing it [horse care] for so
many years that I haven’t changed one thing since you took my horses and stole
them from me.”
       Here, the evidence indicates a long period of deprivation and neglect. The
State introduced photographs of the two horses when they were seized and
photographs of the same horses after six weeks in Rider’s care; the “after”
photographs showed that the horses were no longer emaciated. Presented with
evidence of Fleet Bob’s and Commitment’s physical condition and with the
                                         6
testimony that Appellant saw the horses two weeks prior to the seizure and was the
primary caretaker until one month before seizure, a jury could easily infer intent or
knowledge. We hold that the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to
the verdict, supports the jury’s verdict that Appellant knowingly or intentionally
deprived the horses of necessary food, water, and care. “The quantity and quality
of food necessary to sustain a horse is a matter of common knowledge among
persons familiar with the care of horses.” Cross v. State, 646 S.W.2d 514, 515–16
(Tex. App.—Dallas 1982, pet. ref’d).          As the factfinder, the jury could have
rationally determined that Appellant knew of the malnourishment.
      Appellant attempts to distinguish the facts of her case from those in Pine.
Pine, 889 S.W.2d 625. In Pine, the defendant was found guilty of cruelty to
livestock animals for failing to provide necessary food, water, and care to a colt.
Id. at 627. Similar to this case, Pine hired someone to feed and care for the colt.
Id. at 629–30. Appellant argues that Pine is in direct contrast to her case because
Pine was on the property every day, whereas she was “hundreds of miles away.” A
closer reading of the Pine opinion reveals that Pine testified he only saw the colt
every two to three weeks and paid someone to feed and care for the colt daily. Id.
at 630. Pine is analogous to the facts of Appellant’s case.
      We have reviewed all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the
verdict, and we determine that a rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. We overrule Appellant’s sole
issue on appeal.




                                          7
                              III. This Court’s Ruling
      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.




                                                   MIKE WILLSON
                                                   JUSTICE


May 2, 2013
Do not publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Panel consists of: Wright, C.J.,
McCall, J., and Willson, J.




                                         8
