417 F.3d 225
Steven E. PASDON, Plaintiff, Appellant,v.CITY OF PEABODY; Sheila McDaid, in her professional and personal capacities; Chief Robert Champagne, in his professional and personal capacities, Defendants, Appellees.
No. 04-2314.
United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
Heard February 11, 2005.
Decided August 9, 2005.

Mary-Ellen Manning, on brief, for appellant.
Katharine Goree Doyle, with whom Kopelman and Paige, P.C., was on brief, for appellees.
Before TORRUELLA, Circuit Judge, STAHL, Senior Circuit Judge, and OBERDORFER,* Senior District Judge.
TORRUELLA, Circuit Judge.


1
This matter is before us on appeal from a dismissal of the complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c).1 We affirm the decision of the district court. The standard for evaluating a Rule 12(c) motion for judgment on the pleadings is essentially the same as that for deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. "[T]he trial court must accept all of the nonmovant's well-pleaded factual averments as true, and draw all reasonable inferences in his favor." Rivera-Gomez v. de Castro, 843 F.2d 631, 635 (1st Cir.1998) (internal citations omitted). The motion should not be granted "unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief." Id. With these parameters in mind, we look to the circumstances of the case before us.


2
The complaint was originally filed in Essex Superior Court in Massachusetts, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging violations of plaintiff-appellant Steven E. Pasdon's constitutional rights under the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. In essence, Pasdon claimed that these rights were transgressed during the course of an investigation into an alleged infringement of a restraining order that had been issued by a Massachusetts state court against him. The case was removed to the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts.


3
The defendants in the original complaint were appellee Sheila McDaid, a police officer of the Peabody Police Department, appellee Robert Champagne, the chief of that department, and appellee City of Peabody.


4
The complaint alleged that Pasdon's former wife made ex parte allegations against him that enabled her to obtain a restraining order against Pasdon in the Essex Probate and Family Court. She then reported to the Peabody Police Department that Pasdon had disobeyed the restraining order by coming within fifty yards of the marital home in Peabody. Subsequently, the department, with the approval of Chief Champagne, caused a criminal complaint to be issued by the Peabody District Court against Pasdon for breaching the restraining order. Almost immediately thereafter, "McDaid . . ., with [the] authorization of Chief . . . Champagne, questioned . . . Pasdon about the alleged criminal conduct without informing him that criminal process had already been issued against him and without informing him of his constitutional rights under Miranda." Original Compl., para. 11. It is then claimed that following this incident, "Defendant City. . . Police Department, with authorization of Chief . . . Champagne, read the substance of the police report containing the allegations of criminal conduct to a reporter from the Salem Evening News, who []published the allegations" the next day. Id. at para. 12. The complaint outlines several claims for relief which, considering our disposition of this case, are irrelevant to the present discussion and outcome.2


5
After appellees moved to dismiss the original complaint, but before the district court acted on their motion, Pasdon filed for leave to amend the complaint "to make corrections to certain aspects of the pleadings as well as to add additional state pleadings." Appellant's Br. at 25. This request "was predicated upon the need to state his allegations with greater clarity so as to correct defects in his prima facie case for § 1983" relief. Id. The amended complaint argued that both McDaid and Chief Champagne were "policymaker[s]" for the City with regard to "the handling, investigation, and prosecution of crimes of domestic violence as well as violations of restraining orders issued" in relation therewith, and that their actions were in conformance with established municipal policy for which the City is liable. Proposed Am. Compl., para. 6-7.


6
We turn first to Pasdon's claim that McDaid's failure to provide Miranda warnings before questioning him violated his Fifth Amendment rights. We find that the district court properly dismissed this claim, because Pasdon was not "in custody" at the time of the questioning, and thus, not entitled to Miranda warnings. The warnings required by Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966), are needed "only where there has been such a restriction on a person's freedom as to render him `in custody.'" Oregon v. Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492, 496, 97 S.Ct. 711, 50 L.Ed.2d 714 (1977); see also United States v. Ventura, 85 F.3d 708, 710 (1st Cir.1996) ("[T]he ultimate inquiry is whether there was a formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal arrest.") (internal quotation omitted). It is clear that Pasdon was not "in custody" here: McDaid asked him questions over the telephone. Cf. Commonwealth v. Smallwood, 379 Mass. 878, 401 N.E.2d 802, 806 (1980) (warnings not required for statements to police over telephone; defendant "not in custody" even though complaint and arrest warrant had been issued).


7
Pasdon argues that the "custodial interrogation" requirement does not apply here since a criminal complaint was issued against him. However, he does not cite a single case holding that Miranda warnings are required where a complaint has been issued but the suspect is not in custody. Moreover, Miranda warnings are intended to provide protection "from coercive pressures that can be brought to bear upon a suspect in the context of custodial interrogation." Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 428, 104 S.Ct. 3138, 82 L.Ed.2d 317 (1984) (emphasis added). Pasdon does not explain how the mere filing of a criminal complaint — particularly one of which he was unaware — could create such "coercive pressure."


8
Pasdon additionally claims that McDaid's questioning implicated his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. However, as to this claim, Pasdon has no cause of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 because he has not and cannot show that he was prejudiced by having been questioned without his counsel present. See Cinelli v. Revere, 820 F.2d 474, 476-77 (1st Cir.1987) (section 1983 claim for violation of Sixth Amendment right to counsel requires "showing of prejudice" in the form of "realistic possibility of injury to the defendant or benefit to the state") (internal quotation omitted).


9
The remaining contentions in Count Two and Three fare no better. We start with the fact previously stated that Pasdon was not subjected to a criminal trial. We are thus not faced with issues of unconstitutional pretrial publicity, situations which are in themselves considerably different factually, and legally, from the present scenario. See, e.g., Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U.S. 333, 86 S.Ct. 1507, 16 L.Ed.2d 600 (1966); United States v. Moreno Morales, 815 F.2d 725 (1st Cir.1987). Those extraordinary circumstances aside, we are unaware of any authority, and appellant does not cite to any authority, suggesting that the dissemination to the press of "the substance of [a] police report containing. . . allegations of criminal conduct" constitutes a violation of a criminal defendant's constitutional rights. Original Compl., para. 12. We decline the invitation to so conclude. Furthermore, we fail to see how, under the circumstances of this case, the release of information contained in a public record can in any way affect appellant's "right against self-incrimination, right to counsel, right to fair trial, and all other rights under the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Amendments." Compl., para. 17. Moreover, because there was no trial, fair or otherwise, the allegation that appellees' actions have affected Pasdon's right to a fair trial appears to run afoul of Rule 11(b)(2)'s requirement that all claims be "warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the establishment of new law."


10
If the gravamen of this contention is, as stated in Count Three, that the release of this information caused Pasdon to be "held up to public scorn and . . . stigmatized and deprived of his reputation without a hearing and without available and adequate post-deprivation hearing," quite clearly, Pasdon fails to state a cause of action under § 1983.


11
To begin with, interest in reputation as such is not a "liberty" or "property" concern which is guaranteed against spoilation by state action. See Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 708, 712, 96 S.Ct. 1155, 47 L.Ed.2d 405 (1976) ("[A]ny harm or injury to that interest, even where as here inflicted by an officer of the State, does not result in a deprivation of any `liberty' or `property' recognized by state or federal law.").


12
In substance, Pasdon is only making a defamation claim. Such an allegation is not cognizable under the Constitution and thus fails to state an actionable cause under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Wojcik v. Mass. State Lottery Comm'n, 300 F.3d 92, 102 (1st Cir.2002) ("It is beyond cavil that `defamation, even from the lips of a government actor, does not in and of itself transgress constitutionally assured rights.'") (quoting Pendleton v. Haverhill, 156 F.3d 57, 62-63 (1st Cir.1998)). For a reputational harm or stigma to be actionable under § 1983, the utterance must be coupled with a loss of or adverse effect on a person's legal status. Paul, 424 U.S. at 707-709, 96 S.Ct. 1155. We note that the complaint makes no allegation that Pasdon suffered any change in legal status, such as employment discharge or demotion, as a result of the allegedly defamatory statements released to the press by Chief Champagne. See Wojcik, 300 F.3d at 103. (To be actionable under § 1983 "the stigmatizing statements must have been made in conjunction with an alteration of the employee's legal status, such as the termination of his employment."). Thus, the district court had no alternative but to dismiss Count Three as well.


13
We turn finally to the district court's refusal to allow Pasdon's request to amend his complaint. Appellant claims that the district court committed error "because the denial was apparently based on the erroneous conclusion that Pasdon's constitutional rights did not attach until he was incarcerated." Appellant's Br. at 25. We have just indicated in some detail why we believe that the district court was correct in determining that Pasdon's constitutional rights had not been violated. Having concluded that there were no remaining valid federal claims before it, the district court was well within its discretion to refuse to accept amendments for the purpose of adding state causes of action. Romani v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, 929 F.2d 875, 880 (1st Cir.1991) (denial of motion to amend complaint is reviewed for abuse of discretion); Steir v. Girl Scouts of the USA, 383 F.3d 7, 12 (1st Cir.2004) (an appellate court will "defer to the district court if any adequate reason for the denial is apparent on the record").


14
The opinion of the district court is affirmed. Appellant is granted 20 days to show cause why double costs should not be granted to appellees.



Notes:


*
 Of the District of Columbia, sitting by designation


1
 Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(c) provides: "After the pleadings are closed but within such time as not to delay the trial, any party may move for judgment on the pleadings."


2
 Appellant seeks,inter alia, that the defendants be enjoined from investigating allegations against him "in such a way that violates his constitutional rights" and that defendants be ordered to pay all his damages, including attorney's fees and costs associated with this lawsuit. Original Compl., Prayers for Relief.


