                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MAR 28 2018
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

LOGTALE, LTD., a British Virgin Islands         No.    16-15376
corporation,
                                                D.C. No. 3:11-cv-05452-EDL
                Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v.                                             MEMORANDUM*

IKOR, INC., a South Dakota corporation; et
al.,

                Defendants-Appellees.


LOGTALE, LTD., a British Virgin Islands         No.    16-16530
corporation,                                           16-17127

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No. 3:11-cv-05452-EDL

 v.

JAMES CANTON, Dr.,

                Defendant-Appellant,

and

IKOR, INC., a South Dakota corporation
and ROSS W. TYE, Dr.,

                Defendants.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
LOGTALE, LTD., a British Virgin Islands      No.   16-16624
corporation,                                       16-17128

              Plaintiff-Appellee,            D.C. No. 3:11-cv-05452-EDL

 v.

IKOR, INC., a South Dakota corporation
and ROSS W. TYE, Dr.,

              Defendants-Appellants,

and

JAMES CANTON, Dr.,

              Defendant.


LOGTALE, LTD., a British Virgin Islands      No.   16-16656
corporation,
                                             D.C. No. 3:11-cv-05452-EDL
              Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v.

JAMES CANTON, Dr.; et al.,

              Defendants-Appellees.

                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of California
               Elizabeth D. Laporte, Magistrate Judge, Presiding

                  Argued and Submitted November 15, 2017
                          San Francisco, California




                                         2
Before: BERZON and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges, and SESSIONS,** District
Judge.

      This case arises from a $5 million investment that Logtale made in IKOR

after IKOR’s founders, Dr. James Canton and Dr. Ross Tye, claimed to have

developed a new biotechnology. Logtale lost its $5 million after what it alleged

was the mishandling of that investment. Logtale sued 1) IKOR, Canton, and Tye

for breach of contract; 2) IKOR for breach of implied covenant to deal in good

faith; and 3) Canton and Tye for breach of fiduciary duty. The case went to trial,

and the jury awarded $4 million in compensatory damages against the various

Defendants on each of the claims and $1 million in punitive damages against

Canton and Tye.1

      After trial, Defendants moved to strike punitive damages on the ground that




      **
              The Honorable William K. Sessions III, United States District Judge
for the District of Vermont, sitting by designation.
       1
         As we note in the concurrently filed order, the appeals as they relate to Tye
are dismissed pursuant to his discharge from bankruptcy under 11 U.S.C. § 727.
See In re Eber, 687 F.3d 1123, 1128 (9th Cir. 2012) (“If and when a debtor is
granted discharge, . . . § 362’s automatic stay dissolves and is replaced by a
permanent injunction under § 524.”); see also 11 U.S.C. § 524(a)(1)-(2) (stating
that a discharge under Section 727 “voids any judgment at any time obtained, to
the extent that such judgment is a determination of the personal liability of the
debtor” and “operates as an injunction against the commencement or continuation
of an action . . . to collect, recover or offset any such debt as a personal liability of
the debtor”). For convenience, however, when discussing events in the district
court and arguments made on appeal, this memorandum disposition refers to
Defendants collectively.

                                            3
there was insufficient evidence of their financial condition, and the court granted

this motion. Logtale appealed.

      Defendants then moved for judgment as a matter of law and/or a new trial on

the grounds that the jury instructions on damages were erroneous, the awards of

compensatory damages were duplicative, and there was insufficient evidence to

support the compensatory damages awards. Logtale also moved for attorney’s fees

and costs. In the same order, the district court granted in part and denied in part

Defendants’ motion for judgment as a matter of law and/or a new trial, concluding

that the compensatory awards were duplicative and thus reducing them but

rejecting Defendants’ other arguments. The district court also awarded Logtale

fees and costs.

      Defendants appealed from that order and from the judgment on the ground

that the court erred in granting a number of Logtale’s motions in limine at trial.

Logtale also appealed, challenging the decision to reduce compensatory damages.

      1. “To reverse on the basis of an evidentiary ruling,” the panel must

determine that the district court committed an error and that the error was

prejudicial. McEuin v. Crown Equip. Corp., 328 F.3d 1028, 1032 (9th Cir. 2003).

Defendants contend that the district court prejudicially erred in granting Logtale’s

motions in limine. Specifically, they argue that the excluded evidence was

relevant because it impeached Norman Wai, Logtale’s founder, and Bing Wong,


                                          4
Wai’s acquaintance, by showing their bias.

      Here, even if Defendants could show error, they cannot show prejudice. “A

reviewing court should find prejudice only if it concludes that, more probably than

not, the lower court’s error tainted the verdict.” Tennison v. Circus Circus Enters.,

Inc., 244 F.3d 684, 688 (9th Cir. 2001). Here, the jury certainly knew that Wai

was biased—he was Logtale’s founder. And even if the jury had believed that

Wai’s and Wong’s testimony should be entirely disregarded because of bias, the

documentary evidence and the testimony of Canton and Tye themselves provide

ample support for the jury’s verdict. We therefore cannot conclude that the jury’s

verdict was tainted by the exclusion of the evidence challenged on appeal. We

thus AFFIRM the district court’s decision to grant Logtale’s motions in limine.

      2. Defendants contend there were a number of errors in the jury’s awards of

compensatory damages, but we are not persuaded.

      Defendants first contend that the jury instructions on compensatory damages

were erroneous. But Defendants stipulated to the jury instructions and therefore

affirmatively waived any objection. See Gilchrist v. Jim Slemons Imports, Inc.,

803 F.2d 1488, 1493 (9th Cir. 1986). We therefore AFFIRM the district court’s

decision to deny Defendants’ motion for judgment as a matter of law on this

ground.

      Defendants also argue, and the district court agreed, that the jury’s awards of


                                          5
compensatory damages were duplicative and not supported by the evidence. We

disagree. Although a failure to make a Rule 50(a) motion normally forecloses a

Rule 50(b) motion, we review Defendants’ Rule 50(b) challenge to the jury’s

verdict on the sufficiency of the evidence for plain error. E.E.O.C. v. Go Daddy

Software, Inc., 581 F.3d 951, 961-62 (9th Cir. 2009) (applying plain error despite

the absence of a Rule 50(a) motion).2 We reverse a jury verdict for plain error

“only if such plain error would result in a manifest miscarriage of justice.” Go

Daddy Software, Inc., 581 F.3d at 961 (quoting Janes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 279

F.3d 883, 888 (9th Cir. 2002)).

      Logtale often presented the same facts to support its various claims. But

when asked by the district court, the jury specifically explained that it intended

these amounts to be cumulative (i.e., a total of $4 million). The jury could have

concluded—and, given that its damages figures make more sense as fractions of a

whole than as independent figures, likely did conclude—that damages for each

claim were the same, and that the amount should be distributed among the various

claims so as to avoid duplicative damages. Alternatively, the jury might have

considered the evidence and allocated the aggregate harm caused by the



      2
        Logtale argues that the panel should decline altogether to review
Defendants’ Rule 50(b) arguments. We need not evaluate Logtale’s support for
that position, however, because even reviewing for plain error, Defendants’ Rule
50(b) arguments fail.

                                          6
Defendants in a way that provided independent support for each claim. 3 For

example, the jury could have treated Defendants’ failure to provide financial

statements as a breach of contract; the payment of consulting fees to Tye and

Canton as a breach of fiduciary duty; and the removal of Wai from the board as a

breach of good faith. Either way, the damages assessed could reasonably have

been grounded in the evidence, nonduplicative, and not excessive.

      Therefore, we REVERSE the district court’s decision to grant in part

Defendants’ motion for judgment as a matter of law because the damages were not

clearly duplicative. We also AFFIRM the district court’s denial of Defendants’

motion for judgment as a matter of law with respect to Defendants’ argument that

there was insufficient evidence to support the awards. As a result, the jury’s

awards of compensatory damages against IKOR and Canton are reinstated.4

      3. A Rule 52(b) motion is not appropriate in a jury trial. See 9C Charles

Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 2571 (3d ed.

2017). Therefore, although Defendants labeled their motion to strike punitive

damages for lack of evidence as a Rule 52(b) motion, we construe it as a Rule



      3
         Defendants argue that such an action by the jury would violate the jury
instructions, but they cite nothing in the jury instructions prohibiting such an
allocation, nor do they cite any persuasive authority on this point.
       4
         Because Tye was discharged from bankruptcy, and because the
compensatory damages awards were not joint and several, the award of
compensatory damages against Tye is not reinstated.

                                          7
50(b) motion. See, e.g., Andersen v. United States, 298 F.3d 804, 807 (9th Cir.

2002) (“The substance of the motion, not its form, controls its disposition.”); see

also Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a) (stating that judgment as a matter of law is appropriate if

“the court finds that a reasonable jury would not have a legally sufficient

evidentiary basis to find for the party on that issue”). Because Defendants did not

raise their argument in a Rule 50(a) motion, we review the jury’s award of punitive

damages for plain error. Go Daddy Software, Inc., 581 F.3d at 961-62.5

      We agree with Defendants that California law requires something more than

a showing of profits and that Logtale did not make the requisite showing. But we

decline to reverse the jury’s punitive damages verdict for plain error here because

Defendants have not shown a manifest miscarriage of injustice. Go Daddy

Software, Inc., 581 F.3d at 961. Logtale may well have been able to present

evidence supporting the punitive damages award had Defendants filed a Rule 50(a)

motion in a timely fashion. The amount of punitive damages awarded was

relatively modest, and Defendants’ history of business ventures suggests, though it

does not prove, the ability to pay that amount. Therefore, we REVERSE the

district court’s decision to strike punitive damages and reinstate the award of




      5
         As previously noted, we decline to reach Logtale’s argument that a Rule
50(b) motion is completely foreclosed by a failure to make a Rule 50(a) challenge
to sufficiency of the evidence. See supra note 2.

                                          8
punitive damages against Canton.6

      4. Section 1717 of the California Civil Code allows for recovery of

attorney’s fees provided for by contract. Here, only the Stock Purchase Agreement

(“SPA”) contained a fees provision. Although Canton did not sign the SPA, and

although the special verdict form did not prompt the jury to specify which contract

was breached, the SPA expressly linked to the remaining contracts between the

parties, which Canton did sign, by attaching them, describing all the contracts

together as the “Entire Agreement,” and specifying that the other contracts were

the consideration for the SPA. Therefore, Canton is liable for any fees and costs

properly awarded under the SPA. Further, the fees provision in the SPA allowed

for recovery of a prevailing party’s fees and costs incurred to “enforc[e] any right

of such prevailing party under or with respect to this Agreement.” Given the close

and express connection specified in the SPA between the contracts and the

expansive language of the fees provision, it does not matter which of the contracts

the jury believed had been breached. IKOR and Canton are liable for fees and

costs incurred to enforce any of the contracts because such an action would be

undertaken “with respect to” the SPA.

      Non-taxable expenses may properly be included in an attorney’s fees award.


      6
        Because Tye was discharged from bankruptcy, and because the punitive
damages awards were not joint and several, the award of punitive damages against
Tye is not reinstated.

                                          9
See Trs. of Constr. Indus. & Laborers Health & Welfare Tr. v. Redland Ins. Co.,

460 F.3d 1253, 1258 (9th Cir. 2006) (“‘[R]easonable attorney’s fees’ include

litigation expenses only when it is ‘the prevailing practice in a given community’

for lawyers to bill those costs separately from their hourly rates.” (quoting

Missouri v. Jenkins, 491 U.S. 274, 286-87 (1989))). Defendants argue, however,

that Logtale is not entitled to any award based on such expenses because Logtale

provided no documentary evidence to support such an award. This argument is not

persuasive, because Logtale did provide such documentation. Therefore, we

AFFIRM the district court’s award of attorney’s fees and costs. Liability for

attorney’s fees and costs is joint and several, so Tye’s dismissal from these appeals

leaves IKOR and Canton jointly and severally liable for the award of fees and

costs.

         All appeals with respect to Tye are DISMISSED. The decision to strike

punitive damages at issue in Appeal No. 16-15376 is REVERSED and punitive

damages against Canton are reinstated. The decision to grant Logtale’s

motions in limine and the decision to deny in part Defendants’ motion for

judgment as a matter of law at issue in Appeal No. 16-16530 are AFFIRMED.

The decision to grant in part Defendants’ motion for judgment as a matter of

law at issue in Appeal No. 16-16656 is REVERSED and the compensatory

damages awards against IKOR and Canton are reinstated. The decision to


                                          10
grant Logtale fees and costs at issue in Appeal No. 16-17127 is AFFIRMED

and Defendants IKOR and Canton are jointly liable for fees and costs.

     Costs on appeal in each of these Appeals are taxed against Defendants

IKOR and Canton.




                                     11
