                    United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 07-2837
                                  ___________

Fozia Mohammed Hassen,                *
                                      *
            Petitioner,               *
                                      * Petition for Review of an
     v.                               * Order of the
                                      * Board of Immigration Appeals.
Michael B. Mukasey, Attorney General, *
                                      *
            Respondent.               *
                               ___________

                            Submitted: May 16, 2008
                               Filed: July 25, 2008
                                ___________

Before WOLLMAN, MURPHY, and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
                         ___________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

      Fozia Mohommed Hassen’s conditional status as a lawful resident was revoked
and she was ordered removed to her home country, Ethiopia. She seeks review of an
order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) that affirmed and adopted the
decision of an Immigration Judge (IJ) that refused to adjust Hassen’s status to
permanent resident based on her marriage to a United States citizen. She also seeks
review of that portion of the order which denied her petition for asylum, for
withholding of removal, and for protection under the Convention Against Torture.
We deny the petition for review.
       In rejecting Hassen’s claims, the IJ considered testimony from Hassen, Zuber
Ali, and persons who believed that Hassen and Ali were married. The IJ considered
a country report documenting Ethiopia’s history of human rights abuses. The IJ
further considered Hassen’s visa application and the accompanying documentation,
Hassen’s application for asylum and related relief, and the records relied upon by the
government in denying Hassen and Ali’s joint request to adjust Hassen’s status to
permanent resident in 2001.

        Our review is of the IJ’s decision, which the BIA adopted in its entirety. Al
Tawm v. Ashcroft, 363 F.3d 740, 743 (8th Cir. 2004). We review only the record as
it existed before the IJ and the BIA. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(A). We are bound by the
IJ’s findings of fact unless “any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to
conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B); see, e.g., Osonowo v. Mukasey,
521 F.3d 922, 927-28 (8th Cir. 2008). On appeal, the IJ’s “discretionary judgment
whether to grant [asylum is] conclusive unless manifestly contrary to the law and an
abuse of discretion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(D).

                                    I. Marriage

                                  A. Background

       In 1998, Hassen married Ali, an American citizen, in Ethiopia. Six or seven
months later, war broke out in Ethiopia and Ali left the country while Hassen moved
to the capital city, Addis Ababa. In early 1999, Ali joined her in Addis Ababa to
complete paperwork for her to join him in the United States. Ali departed for the
United States in March of that year. In August 1999, Hassen joined him in
Minneapolis, Minnesota, where they lived with various friends of Ali for more than
a year. A few months after her arrival, Hassen obtained employment as a housekeeper
at a casino, which she kept until the commencement of these proceedings. Ali left to
attend graduate school on the East Coast, but Hassen did not know the name of the

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school or the state in which it was located. Ali did not leave her his phone number,
so they communicated only when he called her. Ali visited Hassen twice during the
two years he was at school. Hassen sent money to Ali twice during that time, but did
not visit him. Ali returned to Minnesota after completing school, but he moved to
Wisconsin in February 2003 in search of better employment. Hassen stayed in
Minnesota because her job, her friends, and the school she was attending were all
located there. Hassen did not know the name of the town in Wisconsin where Ali was
living and knew only that he was teaching children, a position that Ali obtained
through a classmate from graduate school named Denise Buckbee. Although Ali and
Buckbee both deny that they are romantically involved, Ali was staying at and paying
rent on her home in Wisconsin. After one year in Wisconsin, Ali’s teaching job
expired. He testified that he unsuccessfully applied to several places in Minnesota
before getting a job in Wisconsin. He remained in Wisconsin and did substitute
teaching during the nine months it took to find permanent employment there. Hassen
bought a house with a man named Ibrahim Kadir as an investment, but they both deny
that they are romantically involved. She split the mortgage payment with Kadir until
she was forced to stop working, but did not live there with him. Ali did not know
Kadir or about Hassen’s joint purchase of a house. Hassen and Ali have always
maintained separate bank accounts and have never jointly owned any property, though
he supported her when she was not working.

                                     B. Analysis

       Hassen argues that the IJ erred by not adjusting her conditional resident status
to permanent resident status based on her marriage to a United States citizen. A
person who is granted conditional resident status because of a marriage to a United
States citizen can have that status adjusted to permanent resident upon proper request.
8 U.S.C. § 1186a(c). Such an adjustment will be denied, however, if the marriage is
found to have been entered into for the purpose of obtaining admission into the United



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States. 8 U.S.C. § 1186a(b)(1)(A)(i). The government bears the burden to prove by
a preponderance of evidence that the marriage is a sham. 8 U.S.C. § 1186a(b)(2).

       The facts relevant to this issue are largely undisputed. Both in Ethiopia and in
the United States, Hassen and Ali have lived apart more than they have lived together.
They have never shared any joint property, including bank accounts. During at least
some of their time apart, Hassen did not have Ali’s phone number, and, as indicated
earlier, she did not know the name of Ali’s school, the state in which it was located,
or the degree towards which he was working. Hassen and Ali acknowledge that the
marriage has been rocky since Ali moved to Wisconsin, but they argue that it was
entered into in good faith. Hassen contends that they are trying to establish
themselves financially before establishing a home together and that in their culture,
similar arrangements are not uncommon. Although not beyond the realm of the
possible, Hassen’s explanations are not so strong that any reasonable fact-finder
would be compelled to accept them. Accordingly, the IJ’s decision is supported by
substantial evidence, and we will not overturn its finding that Hassen and Ali were not
entirely credible and that the marriage was entered into for the purpose of obtaining
admission to the United States.

                      II. Asylum and Withholding of Removal

       Hassen argues that the IJ should have granted her requests for asylum and for
withholding of removal. Asylum may be granted to an applicant who is determined
to be a refugee. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b). A refugee must have “a well-founded fear of
persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social
group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). An IJ must withhold an
alien’s removal to a country if “the alien’s life or freedom would be threatened in that
country because of” one of the same five grounds. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A). Also,
under the Convention Against Torture, removal to a country must be withheld if the
potential deportee proves that it is more likely than not that she will be tortured there.

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8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2). Although the standards for these three claims differ, we
address them together because the facts relied upon to prove them are the same and
Hassen does not prevail under any of them.

       In the immigration visa application that Hassen completed in Ethiopia, she
stated that she was employed as a cashier from 1994 to 1996, and was a babysitter
from 1996 to 1999. She listed her only residence as Dire Dawa from 1978 to 1999.
Hassen attached a certificate of good standing from Ethiopia stating that she had not
been convicted of any crime or misdemeanor. She obtained a passport, her birth
certificate, and permission to leave the country, and she was also able to register her
marriage with the local authorities without difficulty. Her visa was approved, and she
entered the United States in August 1999 as a permanent resident on a conditional
basis. Hassen’s resident status was terminated on September 3, 2004.

       Hassen claims that, beginning in 1991, she was involved with the Oromo
Liberation Front, primarily as a member of a singing and acting group, though she
also carried a weapon and fought in a defensive action. When the war started in 1992,
she was fourteen years old and went with the Oromo to the bush to hide from the
government. Hassen claims that she was captured in 1995 and held for two years,
during which time she was beaten and raped. After her release, government agents
monitored her closely, causing her to confine herself largely to her house to avoid
them.

       The IJ stated that Hassen’s allegations of imprisonment and physical and sexual
abuse would, if credible, be reason enough to grant asylum. The IJ found, however,
that her allegations were unsupported beyond her testimony and were undermined by
her visa application and related documentation. Hassen testified that she was visited
in prison by the Red Cross, but produced no evidence from the Red Cross to support
that claim. She testified that her failure to provide any evidence from friends or
family in support of her claim was the result of her lack of knowledge that such proof

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would be necessary. Hassen testified that she was unable to read when she applied for
the visa and that the persons who helped her wrote down that Hassen had been
steadily employed from 1992 to 1999, instead of writing that she had been hiding in
the bush and imprisoned for much of that time. She testified she was able to get a
certificate of good standing from one regional government office because it did not
check with the other regional government offices for her arrest records. Although
Hassen adduced other facts and provided alternate explanations for the uncontested
facts, we cannot say that any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to accept her
allegations and explanations as true. Accordingly, the IJ’s decision to deny asylum
was neither manifestly contrary to the law nor an abuse of discretion.

       We reject without further discussion Hassen’s contention that the government’s
failure to submit a brief to the BIA violated her due process rights.

      The petition for review is denied.
                       ______________________________




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