                   United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
            ___________

            No. 05-3102
            ___________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
                  Appellee,             *
                                        *
      v.                                *
                                        *
Jose Ramirez Garcia,                    *
                                        *
                  Appellant.            *
                                            Appeals from the United States
            __________                      District Court for the Southern
                                            District of Iowa.
            No. 05-3755
            __________

United States of America,             *
                                      *
                   Appellee,          *
                                      *
       v.                             *
                                      *
Patricio Gonzalez, also known as      *
German Ruiz,                          *
                                      *
                   Appellant.         *
                                 ___________

                              Submitted: March 14, 2006
                                 Filed: March 22, 2006
                                  ___________

Before WOLLMAN, FAGG, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.
                                    ___________

FAGG, Circuit Judge.

      Police seized evidence from Jose Ramirez Garcia and Patricio Gonzalez during
separate warrantless searches. After their motions to suppress were denied, juries
convicted both men of conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine, distribution of
methamphetamine, and possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine. Garcia
was sentenced to 180 months in prison, and Gonzalez was sentenced to 240 months
in prison (the mandatory minimum under 18 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)). In this
consolidated appeal, Garcia and Gonzalez challenge the denials of their motions to
suppress.

        Garcia contends the district court* should have granted his motion to suppress
evidence seized during a search of his vehicle. During the hearing on Garcia’s
motion, an officer with fifteen years of experience in narcotics testified that he was
conducting surveillance on a building based on earlier drug transactions there. The
officer saw Garcia standing by a blue Dodge pickup truck in the parking lot. The
officer noticed Garcia seemed to be looking around to see if anyone was watching
him, and saw an unusually large bulge in the front pocket of Garcia’s pants. After
Garcia knocked on doors to an apartment in the building several times and received
no response, Garcia removed the large object from his pocket, placed it in a green box,
and put the green box in the back of his pickup. With the officer following, Garcia
and his passenger then left the area, entered and the freeway, and pulled into a church
parking lot. When Garcia got out of the truck, the officer approached, identified
himself as a police officer, and showed Garcia his badge. The officer asked Garcia
for his driver’s license, but Garcia could not produce one. The officer saw Garcia
looked pale and appeared very nervous. The officer asked Garcia for consent to


      *
        The Honorable James E. Gritzner, United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Iowa.

                                         -2-
search the truck, and Garcia consented. The officer then went immediately to the
green box in the back of the pickup and found a large bag of methamphetamine.
Garcia was arrested, and a further search of the vehicle resulted in the seizure of more
methamphetamine, for a total of nearly one pound.

       Garcia contends there was an investigatory stop in the church parking lot and
the stop violated the Fourth Amendment because the officer lacked a reasonable
suspicion of criminal activity. We conclude no Fourth Amendment violation
occurred. Police do not violate the Fourth Amendment merely by approaching
individuals in public places and asking questions, requesting identification, and
requesting consent to search, as long as the police do not coerce cooperation. United
States v. Drayton, 536 U.S. 194, 200-01 (2002). Here, the district court stated that
Garcia’s vehicle was never stopped by police, and with no earlier contact or directive
from law enforcement, Garcia parked and exited his vehicle in the church parking lot.
Only then did the officer approach Garcia and begin to question him about
identification, and Garcia could not produce a license. The officer requested consent
to search, and Garcia does not contest the validity of his consent.

       Even if there was an investigatory stop in this case, the stop was justified
because the officer had a reasonable suspicion that Garcia was involved in criminal
activity. United States v. Spotts, 275 F.3d 714, 718-20 (8th Cir. 2002). The officer
had seen Garcia at a known drug house, acting in a furtive manner, trying to make
contact with residents while concealing an object in his pants, then removing the
object and placing it in the back of his truck after he failed to make contact. Given
the officer’s specialized training in narcotics enforcement, the officer could reasonably
believe criminal activity was afoot.




                                          -3-
       Gonzalez also asserts the district court** should have granted his motion to
suppress. At the suppression hearing, a police officer testified that after he stopped
a vehicle being driven by Gonzalez for a traffic violation, Gonzalez handed him an
Iowa identification card and told him his driver’s license might be suspended due to
a drug-related conviction. From a computer check on Gonzalez, his passenger, and
the vehicle, the officer learned there were no arrest warrants for Gonzalez or his
passenger, but neither had a driver’s license and the vehicle was registered to a third
person. At the officer’s request, Gonzalez exited the vehicle. The officer then
performed a pat down search for his safety, and felt an object in Gonzalez’s left rear
pocket. The officer asked Gonzalez what the object was, and Gonzalez responded it
was a glass pipe. The officer removed the pipe and saw it had been used and
contained a white residue. The officer then arrested Gonzalez for not having a
driver’s license and possessing drug paraphernalia. The officer then searched the
vehicle incident to Gonzalez’s arrest. Inside the center console, the officer located a
cigarette box wrapped in foil containing marijuana and methamphetamine. During the
search, the officer also found several butane torches, a torch head, baggies, $540 in
cash, drug notes, and digital scales with white residue.

       Gonzalez attacks the pat down asserting it violated his Fourth Amendment
rights because the officer did not have reasonable suspicion that Gonzalez posed a
danger. When a police officer reasonably believes a person may be armed and
dangerous, the officer may frisk the person for weapons. United States v. Cornelius,
391 F.3d 965, 967 (8th Cir. 2004). A pat-down search or protective frisk is justified
by officer safety. Id. at 967-68. Gonzalez contends that the officer’s knowledge that
his license had been suspended for an earlier drug conviction did not give rise to a
reasonable belief that he posed a danger. Given the officer’s knowledge that Gonzalez
had an earlier drug conviction, was driving a car neither he nor his passenger owned,


      **
         The Honorable Robert W. Pratt, United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Iowa.

                                         -4-
and was driving without a license, we conclude the officer could reasonably conclude
in light of his experience that criminal activity might be afoot and Gonzalez might be
armed and dangerous. See id.; United States v. Bustos-Torres, 396 F.3d 935, 943 (8th
Cir. 2005) (reasonable for officer to believe person suspected of drug activity might
be armed and dangerous); United States v. Shranklen, 315 F.3d 959, 963 (8th Cir.
2003) (reasonable for officer to believe driver was armed and dangerous when neither
driver nor passenger owned vehicle or had valid license). Once Gonzalez was
arrested, the search of his vehicle was permissible incident to his arrest. United States
v. Barnes, 374 F.3d 601, 603 (8th Cir. 2004).

      Gonzalez next contends his Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights were violated
when the court, rather than the jury, found the fact of his earlier conviction for the
purpose of 18 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A). Gonzalez acknowledges this contention is
contrary to controlling law, Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224 (1998);
United States v. Carrillo-Beltran, 424 F.3d 845, 848 (8th Cir. 2005) (post-Booker), and
seeks only to preserve error in the event the Supreme Court revisits the issue. See
Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, __, 125 S. Ct. 1254, 1264 (2005) (Thomas, J.,
concurring in part) (stating a majority of the Court recognizes Almendarez-Torres was
wrongly decided, but has yet to reconsider the issue).

       Citing United States v. Okai, No. 4:05CR19, 2005 WL 2042301, at *7-10 (D.
Neb. Aug. 22, 2005) (unpublished), Gonzalez last argues the Fifth Amendment Due
Process Clause requires his drug quantity to be proven to the court beyond a
reasonable doubt. Gonzalez acknowledges precedents hold that only a preponderance
of evidence is required, but argues the precedents do not control because they are
based on the Sixth Amendment. We need not decide whether the Fifth Amendment
requires a higher burden of proof at sentencing because, as Gonzalez recognizes, the
issue is moot in light of the district court’s finding that the mandatory minimum
controlled in this case.



                                          -5-
Accordingly, we affirm.
               ______________________________




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