                                Cite as 2014 Ark. App. 555

                 ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
                                       DIVISION II
                                      No. CV-14-246


                                                 Opinion Delivered   October 22, 2014
RALPH TREZZA
                               APPELLANT         APPEAL FROM THE ARKANSAS
                                                 WORKERS’ COMPENSATION
V.                                               COMMISSION
                                                 [NO. G300761]
USA TRUCK INC.
                                 APPELLEE

                                                 AFFIRMED

                             BILL H. WALMSLEY, Judge

       Appellant Ralph Trezza appeals the decision of the Arkansas Workers’ Compensation

Commission that he failed to prove a compensable injury because he was not performing

employment services at the time of his injury. The sole issue on appeal is whether substantial

evidence supports the Commission’s decision. We affirm.

       Appellant was a truck driver for appellee USA Truck. He testified in a hearing before

the administrative law judge (ALJ) that on October 22, 2011, he injured his right ankle at

appellee’s West Memphis terminal. Appellant testified that he parked his truck at the terminal

at about 9:45 a.m., made a change in his logbook from “driving” to “off-duty,” and got out

to go to the bathroom. Appellant said that he stumbled or stepped incorrectly, which caused

his ankle to “bend over” and him to fall. Appellant eventually continued inside to the

bathroom, and he then called his friend and fellow truck driver, Roger Jaggers, and his

dispatcher, Brandon Hudson, and told them about his injury.
                                 Cite as 2014 Ark. App. 555

         Appellant did not want to see a doctor at that point because he was hoping his ankle

was merely sprained. Appellant said that he stayed with his truck all day at the terminal and

spent the night in his truck. He said he was responsible for his truck at all times, but he was

not required to sit with his truck. He was on a “thirty-four hour restart,” which meant he

was restarting his clock for the number of hours he could drive in a week; thus, he was not

going to perform any job functions for at least thirty-four hours after going off-duty at 9:45

the morning of his injury. Appellant said that he stayed with his truck on October 23 and

drove it to a Mexican restaurant next to the terminal that night. He said that his truck had

already been disconnected from his trailer for work on a tire issue. Appellant said that if he

wanted to he could stay in a hotel room, but appellee did not pay for one so he slept in his

truck.

         The ALJ found that appellant sustained a compensable injury and awarded temporary

total-disability benefits and medical expenses. USA Truck appealed to the Commission,

which reversed the decision of the ALJ and denied and dismissed the claim. The Commission

determined that appellant did not prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he had

sustained a compensable injury because he was not performing employment services at the

time of the alleged injury. The Commission noted that appellant had changed his status to

“off-duty,” had completed his employment services for the day, and did not intend to

perform any more job functions that day. The Commission found that, at the time of the

accident, he was not doing anything required by his employer or carrying out the employer’s

purpose or advancing the employer’s interest, directly or indirectly. Appellant now appeals


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the Commission’s decision.

       When reviewing a decision of the Workers’ Compensation Commission, the court of

appeals views the evidence and all reasonable inferences deducible therefrom in the light most

favorable to the findings of the Commission. Cook v. ABF Freight Sys., Inc., 88 Ark. App. 86,

194 S.W.3d 794 (2004). This court must affirm the decision of the Commission if it is

supported by substantial evidence. Id. Substantial evidence is that evidence which a

reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion of the Commission. Id.

The issue on appeal is not whether the appellate court might have reached a different result

or whether the evidence would have supported a contrary finding; if reasonable minds could

reach the Commission’s conclusion, the appellate court must affirm its decision. Id.

       A compensable injury includes an accidental injury causing internal or external physical

harm to the body arising out of and in the course of employment and which requires medical

services or results in disability or death. Ark. Code Ann. § 11-9-102(4)(A)(i) (Repl. 2012).

A compensable injury does not include an injury which was inflicted upon the employee at

a time when employment services were not being performed.                Ark. Code Ann. §

11-9-102(4)(B)(iii). The supreme court has interpreted the term “employment services” as

performance of something that is generally required by an employer. Cook, supra. We use

the same test to determine whether an employee was performing “employment services” as

we do when determining whether an employee was acting within “the course of

employment.” Id. The test is whether the injury occurred within the time and space

boundaries of the employment, when the employee was carrying out the employer’s purpose


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or advancing the employer’s interest directly or indirectly. Id.

       Appellant argues that at the time of his injury he was performing a variety of tasks that

were directly or indirectly advancing his employer’s interest. First, he contends that his

supervision of his truck at the terminal advanced appellee’s interest because the truck could

have been damaged during the time he was not driving it and he would be held responsible

if anything happened to it. He also claims that he advanced appellee’s interest by stopping at

the terminal because maintenance was performed on his trailer while he was there. Lastly, he

contends that he was benefiting appellee by taking his mandated thirty-four restart so that he

could continue driving for appellee.

       In Cook, supra, Cook drove a fixed overnight route from Little Rock to Dallas for

ABF, and due to a required eight-hour rest break, he was not permitted to return to Little

Rock until the next day. ABF made motel reservations for its drivers and paid for the rooms,

although drivers were not required to stay at the motel. Drivers were expected to be “on

call,” but they were not on the clock and could leave the motel. Cook stayed the night at

the motel and was injured the following morning as he was turning on the light in the motel

bathroom. This court affirmed the Commission’s finding that Cook was not performing

employment services at the time of his injury. We held that Cook’s entry into the bathroom

to attend to his own personal needs did not arise within the course of employment because

he was off the clock and taking a mandated eight-hour overnight rest break.

       Here, appellant’s work day had ended when he was injured because he had logged

“off-duty” and did not intend to perform any further job functions for thirty-four hours.


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Appellant was not taking a necessary bathroom break so that he could return to his work

duties; instead, he was off work and not required to do anything. Although he was

responsible for his truck being secure, he was not required to sit with or sleep in his truck.

Furthermore, although appellant testified that his truck had been disconnected from his trailer

for maintenance purposes before the evening of October 23, there was no evidence that this

occurred around the time of his injury. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to

the findings of the Commission, we hold that reasonable minds could reach the Commission’s

conclusion that appellant failed to prove his injury arose in the course of his employment.

       Appellant also argues that he should be considered a “residential employee” of his

truck, and as such, he was performing employment services at the time of his injury by virtue

of his presence on the premises. Appellant cites Jivan v. Economy Inn & Suites, 370 Ark. 414,

260 S.W.3d 281 (2007), but that case is distinguishable because appellant was not required to

live in his truck and was not always “on call.” Appellant also cites Toia v. HTI Logistics, 100

Ark. App. 314, 268 S.W.3d 334 (2007), where a truck driver was injured climbing back into

his truck to retire for the night because he could not deliver his load until the following

morning. We held that Toia had returned to the “premises” of his employment, his truck,

when he was checking his truck and then climbing back in. Here, however, appellant’s injury

did not occur in his truck and was not related to sleeping in his truck. We hold that

substantial evidence supports the Commission’s decision that appellant failed to prove he was

injured in the course of his employment.

       Affirmed.


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                         Cite as 2014 Ark. App. 555

PITTMAN and HIXSON, JJ., agree.

Frye Law Firm, P.A., by: William C. Frye, for appellant.

Cross, Gunter, Witherspoon & Galchus, P.C., by: R. Scott Zuerker, for appellee.




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