                    United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 06-3867
                                  ___________

Alireza Bakhtiari                      *
                                       *
            Appellant,                 *
                                       *
      v.                               * Appeal from the United States
                                       * District Court for the Eastern
Paula M. Lutz, Dr., Dean of            * District of Missouri.
College of Arts & Sciences,            *
University of Missouri - Rolla;        *
Board of Curators of the               *
Corporation of the Curators of         *
the University of Missouri;            *
Curators of the University of          *
Missouri, a public corporation,        *
                                       *
            Appellees.                 *
                                  ___________

                            Submitted: June 13, 2007
                               Filed: November 15, 2007
                                ___________

Before MURPHY, BEAM, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

BEAM, Circuit Judge.
       Alireza Bakhtiari appeals from the district court's1 adverse grant of summary
judgment in favor of Dr. Paula Lutz and the University of Missouri-Rolla (UMR) in
this employment discrimination and civil rights case. We affirm.

I.    BACKGROUND

       We recite the facts in the light most favorable to Bakhtiari, the non-moving
party. Weyrauch v. Cigna Life Ins. Co., 416 F.3d 717, 720 (8th Cir. 2005). In the fall
of 2001, the Chemistry Department at UMR recruited Bakhtiari, an Iranian national,
to be a graduate teaching assistant (TA) and a participant in the Chemistry Ph.D.
program. Bakhtiari reported to campus and commenced his studies and work as a TA
in January 2002. As part of his Ph.D. studies, Bakhtiari enrolled in an advanced
inorganic chemistry course with Dr. Gary Long for the semester beginning in January
2002. Not satisfied with the ultimate grade he received in that course, Bakhtiari filed
a grade appeal in August 2002, alleging that Dr. Long excessively missed class,
mismanaged the course, and graded capriciously. A hearing on the matter was
conducted in November 2002, and Bakhtiari's grade remained unchanged after that
procedure. Unhappy with this result, Bakhtiari communicated with Dean Paula Lutz
on numerous occasions between November 2002 and January 2004 to express his
displeasure about the grade appeal outcome and to request further action. Also during
this time period, Bakhtiari made complaints to UMR's international affairs office
regarding UMR's compliance with Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
regulations. In October 2003, a UMR employee within the international affairs office
reported to her supervisor that she met with Bakhtiari and they discussed DHS's
"special registration" requirements for foreign nationals.




      1
       The Honorable Audrey G. Fleissig, United States Magistrate Judge for the
Eastern District of Missouri, to whom the case was referred for final disposition by
consent of the parties, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c).

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      In December 2003, Bakhtiari filed a grievance with UMR's EEO Affirmative
Action office, complaining that the student affairs office had treated him in a
derogatory manner while investigating his possible involvement with anonymous
emails sent to a female UMR student.

       During the spring 2004 semester, Bakhtiari, in his position as a TA, was
assigned to redesign and re-write the freshman chemistry laboratory syllabus. Classes
began on January 12, 2004. However, later that same month, Bakhtiari was informed
by Dr. Ekkehard Sinn, Chair of the Chemistry Department at UMR, that UMR had
decided to dismiss him as a TA, effective immediately. No official reason for his
dismissal was ever given. In February 2004, UMR administration officials ordered
the information technology (IT) department to freeze Bakhtiari's computer account.
In March 2004, Bakhtiari officially withdrew as a student because UMR officials
demanded full tuition payment for that semester. Bakhtiari, however, continued to
communicate with UMR officials about the status of his email account. Bakhtiari
thought that even though a freeze had been placed on the account, the contents of the
account would be preserved at least until February 2005, and there is evidence in the
record to support this understanding. Nonetheless, UMR officials deleted Bakhtiari's
email account in May 2004, but contend that they backed-up the contents of the
account onto two CDs before doing so.

       Bakhtiari brought this lawsuit in August 2004, alleging that UMR had retaliated
against him for his complaints regarding the grade appeal process and for his
complaints regarding the immigration and student affairs issues. Bakhtiari also
alleged claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1983, and state law for breach of contract
and promissory estoppel. In the course of the litigation, UMR turned over the two
CDs containing Bakhtiari's email account information. Bakhtiari contends that while
parts of his email account are contained on the CDs, a large portion of the data is
missing. Accordingly, Bakhtiari moved for sanctions due to spoliation of evidence
with regard to his missing email data. In response, UMR submitted evidence to the

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district court that after its IT department copied the contents of the email account onto
the CDs, the account was automatically deleted by campus automated systems
maintenance. UMR also produced evidence that third parties had access to Bakhtiari's
account before campus officials froze it, and argued that this could account for any
allegedly missing data. The district court denied the motion for sanctions, finding no
evidence that UMR acted with intent to destroy evidence.

       UMR subsequently moved for summary judgment, which the district court
granted. The district court found that Bakhtiari's prior complaints were not "protected
activity" for purposes of a retaliation cause of action and that in any event, UMR
offered legitimate reasons for terminating Bakhtiari's TA appointment. With regard
to the section 1981 and 1983 claims and the state law claims, the district court held
that because Bakhtiari sued UMR officials only in their official capacities, they were
entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity.

II.   DISCUSSION

      A.     Spoliation

       We review the district court's decision not to sanction UMR for spoliation of
evidence for an abuse of discretion. Menz v. New Holland N. Am., Inc., 440 F.3d
1002, 1005 (8th Cir. 2006). A spoliation sanction requires a finding that a party
intentionally destroyed evidence with a desire to suppress the truth. Greyhound Lines,
Inc. v. Wade, 485 F.3d 1032, 1035 (8th Cir. 2007).

       The district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to sanction UMR for
the alleged spoliation of evidence. UMR offered credible IT evidence that it had taken
the appropriate steps to back-up Bakhtiari's electronic mail account onto CDs. The
district court was entitled to credit UMR's explanations when resolving this
evidentiary dispute and motion for sanctions. For example, UMR offered several

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alternatives as to what might have happened to allegedly missing emails, many of
them attributable to Bakhtiari, or his representatives who had access to his email
account before it was frozen. UMR also presented evidence that Bakhtiari himself had
asked individuals to delete portions of his email account. Furthermore, we agree with
the district court that the fact that deletion of his electronic account occurred before
this lawsuit was filed further undercuts Bakhtiari's claims that UMR acted with a
desire to suppress the truth. See id. (rejecting argument that "because litigation was
likely, Greyhound had a duty to preserve . . . data" and noting that "ultimate focus" for
imposing spoliation sanctions is "the intentional destruction of evidence indicating a
desire to suppress the truth, not the prospect of litigation"). Under these
circumstances, we find that the district court did not abuse its discretion, and
Bakhtiari's spoliation argument is without merit.2

      B.     Retaliation

      Because there is no evidence, direct or circumstantial,3 "showing a specific link

      2
       In his Second Amended Complaint, Bakhtiari included a claim for Intentional
Spoliation of Evidence. In light of our analysis of the spoliation sanctions issue, we
conclude that the district court properly dismissed this claim on summary judgment.
      3
         The concurring opinion objects to the use of the word "circumstantial" in
conjunction with the word "direct" in the discussion of discriminatory retaliation, vel
non. It is respectfully suggested that Supreme Court precedent requires the language
used. In this regard, both words are employed in a purely evidentiary context, and not
necessarily in the "causal" sense discussed by Chief Judge Loken in Griffith v. City
of Des Moines, 387 F.3d 733, 736 (8th Cir. 2004), from which case the term "direct
evidence" seems to have taken on a new and broader meaning, possibly one unique
to this circuit. See, e.g., Morgan v. A.G. Edwards & Sons, Inc., 486 F.3d 1034, 1042
(8th Cir. 2007). The term "direct evidence," as used, is simply evidence, which if
believed, proves the existence of a fact in issue without inference or presumption.
Rowan v. Lockheed Martin Energy Sys., Inc., 360 F.3d 544, 548 (6th Cir. 2004);
Black's Law Dictionary 596 (8th ed. 2004). The term "circumstantial evidence," on
the other hand, is "proof of a chain of facts and circumstances" indicating the

                                          -5-
existence of a fact, United States v. Curry, 187 F.3d 762, 767 (7th Cir. 1999)
(quotation omitted), or "[e]vidence based on inference and not on personal knowledge
or observation." Black's Law Dictionary 595 (8th ed. 2004).

       In Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228 (1989), a mixed-motive case as
differentiated from a single-motive case under McDonnell Douglas, see Griffith, 387
F.3d at 743, Justice O'Connor, in her controlling concurrence, stated: "[I]n order to
justify shifting the burden on the issue of causation [of discriminatory animus] to the
defendant, a . . . plaintiff must show by direct evidence that an illegitimate criterion
was a substantial factor in the decision." Price Waterhouse, 490 U.S. at 276 (emphasis
added). Congress disagreed with this analysis or at least with some of the numerous
lower court interpretations of her articulation. Accordingly, the legislators amended
Title VII, revising and reordering liability determinations and damage-finding
procedures, at least in a mixed-motive case. Civil Rights Act of 1991, 42 U.S.C. §
2000e-2(m). Subsequently, the Supreme Court, in Desert Palace, Inc. v. Costa, 539
U.S. 90 (2003), analyzed the Act's amendments in relationship to Price Waterhouse,
realigning by its opinion burdens of proof and institutional and individual liabilities
arising from invidious discrimination in mixed-motive disputes. But what appears to
have been lost by the two-judge concurrence in this case are the several basic, and
longstanding, evidentiary rules noted and specifically recalled in Desert Palace.

       Justice Thomas, writing for a unanimous Court in Desert Palace states "that we
should not depart from the '[c]onventional rul[e] of civil litigation [that] generally
appl[ies] in [all] Title VII cases.' [Price Waterhouse, 490 U.S. at 253]. That rule
requires a plaintiff to prove his case 'by a preponderance of the evidence,' [id.], using
'direct or circumstantial evidence,' Postal Service Bd. of Governors v. Aikens, 460
U.S. 711, 714 (1983)." 539 U.S. at 99 (some alterations in original). Justice Thomas
further discusses the sufficiency of circumstantial evidence in civil rights litigation,
noting that "[c]ircumstantial evidence is not only sufficient, but may also be more
certain, satisfying and persuasive than direct evidence." 539 U.S. at 100.

       The concurrence appears to advance the idea that in the face of a motion for
summary judgment, a single-motive Title VII case, not supported by "direct evidence"
but supported by "circumstantial evidence" tending to show a specific link to
prohibited discriminatory practices, may not proceed directly to trial–or to dismissal
if the proffered evidence is insufficient as a matter of law–but must first, in every

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between" Bakhtiari and any alleged retaliatory practices prohibited by Title VII,
Griffith v. City of Des Moines, 387 F.3d 733 (8th Cir. 2004), the burden-shifting
analysis set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802-03 (1973)
applies. Under this analysis, the employee must first establish a prima facie case of
retaliation by showing the following: (1) he engaged in statutorily protected activity;
(2) the employer took an adverse action against him; and (3) a connection between the
two occurrences. Green v. Franklin Nat'l Bank, 459 F.3d 903, 914 (8th Cir. 2006).
"Protected activity" in this context includes opposition to employment practices
prohibited under Title VII; however, a plaintiff employee need not establish that the
conduct he opposed was in fact prohibited under Title VII; rather he need only
demonstrate that he had a "good faith, reasonable belief that the underlying challenged
conduct violated [Title VII]." Buettner v. Arch Coal Sales Co., 216 F.3d 707, 714
(8th Cir. 2000).

       If the plaintiff succeeds in establishing a prima facie case, a presumption of
retaliation results, and the burden of production shifts to the employer, who must rebut
the presumption with evidence of a legitimate, nonretaliatory reason for the
challenged action. Green, 459 F.3d at 914. If the employer meets that burden, the
employee may prevail by showing that the employer's reason was a pretext for
retaliation. Id.



instance, be relegated to the McDonnell Douglas three-part presumption of
discrimination paradigm. After Desert Palace, this is simply an untenable concept.
In Desert Palace, Justice Thomas emphatically put to rest the theory that
circumstantial evidence may only serve in a single-issue civil rights case to establish
the "presumption of discrimination" upon which the McDonnell Douglas procedure
and analysis rely. While circumstantial evidence may, indeed, be used for that
presumption-creating purpose, if necessary, it may also be used in the same manner
as direct evidence if it establishes an unbroken chain of proof leading to unlawful
discrimination. Accordingly, the use of the words "direct or circumstantial" comports
with binding precedent.

                                          -7-
       Bakhtiari cannot clear the first McDonnell Douglas hurdle because he did not
engage in any "protected" actions as an employee of UMR within the meaning of a
federal employment discrimination case. Bakhtiari alleges that his protected activity
consisted of: his threat that he would pursue his grade appeal with the United States
Department of Education; complaining to UMR's international affairs office about the
way UMR handled matters pertaining to his student immigration status; and
complaining that a UMR student affairs office employee spoke to him in a
discriminatory manner during a student conduct investigation. All of these activities
pertain to Bakhtiari's status as a student, however, and not as a TA employed by
UMR.

       Pursuing a grade appeal, even to the Department of Education, does not
constitute protected action within the context of Bakhtiari's employment at UMR. In
his deposition, Bakhtiari admitted that his grade appeal had "nothing" to do with his
position as a TA, and only impacted the course that he took as a graduate student. See
Artis v. Francis Howell N. Band Booster Ass'n, Inc., 161 F.3d 1178, 1183-84 (8th Cir.
1998) (holding that a plaintiff's internal complaints to school officials about the
treatment of students is not a protected activity within the scope of Title VII retaliation
provisions). Not only is this conduct not protected activity, Bakhtiari could not
possibly have a good faith belief that it was protected when he admitted that the grade
appeal only impacted the course he took as a student.

       Nor do the complaints to the international affairs office about his student
immigration status and his complaint about the employee in the student affairs office
comprise protected activity. Bakhtiari's participation in these activities did not amount
to opposition to prohibited employment practices. Id. at 1183 ("We must first
determine whether [plaintiff] engaged in a protected activity, i.e., whether he opposed
an unlawful employment practice."). Perhaps they were legitimate complaints about
unsavory actions by UMR officials. Nonetheless, that possibility does not transform
these complaints into complaints about unlawful employment practices. Complaining

                                           -8-
about an entity's "actions outside the ambit of an employment practice is unprotected
by Title VII." Id. Here, Bakhtiari made complaints about UMR as a university, not
about UMR as an employer. Title VII simply does not protect this conduct. Evans
v. Kan. City, Mo. Sch. Dist., 65 F.3d 98, 100-02 (8th Cir.1995) (reversing a judgment
for a plaintiff teacher's Title VII retaliation claims where alleged retaliation stemmed
from teacher's opposition to employer school's desegregation plan and not from
teacher's employment with school).

       Because we find that Bakhtiari did not engage in protected activity as required
by Title VII, we need not consider Bakhtiari's evidence regarding pretext. Hunt v.
Neb. Pub. Power Dist., 282 F.3d 1021, 1029 (8th Cir. 2002). Accordingly, we affirm
the district court's grant of summary judgment on Bakhtiari's Title VII retaliation
claim.

      C.      Remaining Claims

       Bakhtiari sued each of the defendants in their official capacities only. His
failure to name these parties in their individual capacities invalidates his remaining
claims for relief under sections 1981 and 1983, and the state law claims, because these
state defendants have not waived Eleventh Amendment immunity. Hafer v. Melo, 502
U.S. 21, 25 (1991) (holding that suits against state officials in their official capacities
are suits against the state). Bakhtiari claims that because these defendants acted with
"malice" and purchased liability insurance, they waived their immunity. Bakhtiari
bases his insurance arguments upon the Missouri statutory grant of immunity found
in Missouri Revised Statutes §§ 537.600 et seq., not Eleventh Amendment immunity.
As the UMR defendants point out, they did not assert immunity pursuant to the
Missouri statute, but instead have asserted Eleventh Amendment immunity. Nor are
Bakhtiari's malice arguments persuasive. Accordingly, these arguments are without
merit, and we affirm the district court's dismissal of these claims.



                                           -9-
III.   CONCLUSION

       We affirm the district court.

SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge, with whom MURPHY, Circuit Judge, joins, concurring
in part and writing separately in part.

       I concur in the Court’s decision but write separately because I respectfully
disagree with the statement in Part II.B that the McDonnell Douglas framework
applies to Bakhtiari’s retaliation claim “[b]ecause there is no direct or circumstantial
evidence” of retaliation. Ante at 5 (emphasis added). When a plaintiff produces
direct evidence of discrimination or retaliation, the McDonnell Douglas burden-
shifting analysis need not be employed. Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N. A., 534 U.S. 506,
511 (2002); Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Thurston, 469 U.S. 111, 121 (1985).
Circumstantial evidence cases are different, for the law of this circuit instructs that
“[b]ecause [Bakhtiari] presented no direct evidence of retaliation, we analyze his
claim under the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting analysis.” Gilbert v. Des Moines
Area Cmty. Coll., 495 F.3d 906, 917 (8th Cir. 2007) (emphasis added); see Carrington
v. City of Des Moines, 481 F.3d 1046, 1050 (8th Cir. 2007) (“In the absence of direct
evidence, the burden-shifting framework of McDonnell Douglas . . . governs
retaliation claims.”) (emphasis added); Stewart v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 196, 481 F.3d
1034, 1042-43 (8th Cir. 2007) (“Without direct evidence of a retaliatory motive, we
analyze retaliation claims (whether under Title VII, the ADA, or the ADEA), under
the burden-shifting framework of McDonnell Douglas . . . .”) (emphasis added).
Because this is a circumstantial evidence case, I agree that the McDonnell Douglas
burden-shifting analysis governs Bakhtiari’s retaliation claim and that, under this
framework, his claim fails.
                        ______________________________




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