             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                  For the Fifth Circuit



                       No. 92-9096



                UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                            Plaintiff-Appellee,


                         VERSUS


WILLIE HUGH MORRIS, BRENDA PEARL OWENS, ERNEST MUNOZ, A/K/A
                ERNESTO, KENNETH LEON MORRIS

                                         Defendants-Appellants.


                      CONSOLIDATED



                       No. 92-9110




                UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                            Plaintiff-Appellee,


                         VERSUS


           CHARLES BERNARD MALONE, A/K/A TUNA,

                                            Defendant-Appellant.




      Appeals from the United States District Court
            for the Northern District of Texas


                   (February 16, 1995)
Before KING and BENAVIDES, Circuit Judges, and LEE*, District
Judge.



BENAVIDES, Circuit Judge:

       These appeals concern five members of two of a number of

organizations involved in a major cocaine trafficking scheme.

Defendants-Appellants Willie Morris, Kenneth Morris, Brenda Owens

("Owens"), Ernesto Munoz ("Munoz"), and Charles Malone ("Malone")

were each convicted of conspiracy to possess with intent to

distribute and to distribute cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §

846.    Willie Morris was also convicted of money laundering in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956; possession with intent to

distribute cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and 21

U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A); and aiding and abetting others in

committing money laundering and possession with intent to

distribute cocaine in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2.            In addition to

the conspiracy conviction, Owens was also convicted of possession

with intent to distribute cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §

841(a)(1), while Munoz was also convicted of distribution of

cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1).           Finally, Kenneth

Morris and Malone were also convicted of money laundering in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956.        They separately raise numerous

issues on appeal.     Finding no reversible error, we affirm.




      *District Judge of the Southern District of Mississippi, sitting by
designation.


                                     -2-
                    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY



     On January 30, 1992, a thirty-five count indictment was

returned against twenty-three individuals, including Willie Morris,

Kenneth Morris, Owens, Munoz, and Malone.         The appellants were

charged   with   several   drug   offenses,   including   a   charge    of

conspiracy to commit the substantive drug offenses from on or about

May 1, 1989 to November 7, 1991.

     At trial, the government relied heavily on the testimony of

Victor Mattias Costa ("Costa"), a cocaine "broker" or "distributor"

in the Fort Worth, Texas area.    Costa testified that he bought bulk

quantities of cocaine from several different groups of suppliers

and sold the cocaine to a number of drug organizations in the Fort

Worth area. The suppliers included: (1) several groups from Miami,

Florida; (2) Munoz and his associates ("Munoz Organization"); and

(3) a group from Laredo, Texas ("Laredo Organization").                The

purchasers included: (1) a group that included Willie Morris,

Kenneth Morris, Owens, and Malone ("Morris Organization"); (2) the

Ronald Jerome Fisher organization ("Fisher Organization"); and (3)

a group from Atlanta, Georgia.       On July 21, 1992, the district

court severed the trial into two groups of defendants.        The Morris

and Munoz Organizations were tried together, while the Fisher

Organization was tried separately with the Laredo Organization.


                                   -3-
      The jury returned verdicts against each of the appellants. The

arguments of each appellant and the disposition thereof will be

considered separately as follows:



                           I.    Ernesto Munoz


A.    Was there a material variance between the indictment and the
      government's proof at trial that harmed Munoz?


      Munoz claims that his conviction should be reversed because a

fatal variance existed between the indictment, which charged a

single conspiracy, and the proof at trial, which revealed multiple

conspiracies.     Even if a variance existed, however, Munoz must

still prove that his substantial rights were violated.               "The true

inquiry is not whether there has been a variance in proof, but

whether   there   has   been    such    a    variance   as   to   `affect     the

substantial rights' of the accused."            Berger v. U.S., 295 U.S. 78,

82 (1935).      Thus, in order to prevail, Munoz must prove (1) a

variance between the indictment and the proof at trial; and (2)

that the variance affected his "substantial rights."



                                i.   Variance



      To prove a conspiracy, the government must prove (1) the

existence of an agreement between two or more persons to violate

the   narcotics   laws;   (2)    that    each    conspirator      knew   of   the

conspiracy and intended to join it; and (3) that each alleged

                                       -4-
conspirator participated in the conspiracy.                     U.S. v. Maseratti, 1

F.3d 330, 337 (5th Cir. 1993), cert. denied, -- U.S. --, 114 S. Ct.

1096 (1994).       To determine whether a variance existed between the

indictment and the proof at trial, the number of conspiracies

proved at trial must be counted.                 The principal considerations in

counting conspiracies are (1) the existence of a common goal; (2)

the    nature    of       the   scheme;    and     (3)   the    overlapping      of   the

participants in the various dealings.                 U.S. v. Richerson, 833 F.2d

1147, 1153 (5th Cir. 1987). In examining these factors, "[w]e must

affirm the jury's finding that the government proved a single

conspiracy unless the evidence and all reasonable inferences,

examined in the light most favorable to the government, would

preclude reasonable jurors from finding a single conspiracy beyond

a reasonable doubt."            U.S. v. DeVarona, 872 F.2d 114, 118 (5th Cir.

1989).

       1.   A common goal.          Everyone alleged to be part of the same

single conspiracy must share a common goal.                         "Where the evidence

demonstrates that all of the alleged co-conspirators directed their

efforts towards the accomplishment of a single goal or common

purpose, then a single conspiracy exists."                     Id.    The Fifth Circuit

has broadly defined this criterion and has adopted an expansive

notion of a "common purpose."              For example, we have found a common

purpose     with      a    plan    to    purchase    cocaine         involving   various

participants over three years, U.S. v. Rodriguez, 509 F.2d 1342,

1348   (5th     Cir.      1975),   and    in   a   series      of    staged   automobile

accidents involving different participants, in different locations,


                                            -5-
and over an extended period of time, U.S. v. Perez, 489 F.2d 51,

62-63 (5th Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 417 U.S. 945, 94 S. Ct. 3067

(1974).   In fact, one panel has remarked that "[g]iven these broad

`common goals' the common objective test may have become a mere

matter of semantics."    Richerson, 833 F.2d at 1153.

     In the instant case, the common goal is readily apparent.           The

common goal of everyone involved, the suppliers, Costa, and the

purchasers, was to derive personal gain from the illicit business

of buying and selling cocaine. The sellers, such as Munoz, derived

profits from selling to the middleman, Costa, at a higher price

than for what they had bought.          The purchasers, such as Willie

Morris, derived profits from selling at a higher price than for

what they had bought from Costa.        Likewise, Costa derived profits

from selling to the purchasers at a higher price than for what he

had bought from the sellers.     The overall objective or goal was for

everyone in the conspiracy to profit from the illicit purchase and

selling of cocaine.

     2.   The nature of the scheme.      Although diagrams and charts of

conspiracies as either "wheels" or "chains" were once important in

analyzing   this   criterion,1   this    court   has   moved   away   from   a

     1
      See, e.g., U.S. v. Elliott, 571 F.2d 880, 900 (5th Cir.
1978) ("The essential element of a chain conspiracy--allowing
persons unknown to each other and never before in contact to be
jointly prosecuted as co-conspirators--is interdependence. The
scheme which is the object of the conspiracy must depend on the
successful operation of each link in the chain."), cert. denied,
439 U.S. 953, 99 S. Ct. 349 (1978); U.S. v. Levine, 546 F.2d 658,
663 (5th Cir. 1977) ("If there is not some interaction between
those conspirators who form the spokes of the wheel as to at
least one common illegal object, the `wheel' is incomplete, and
two conspiracies rather than one are charged.").

                                   -6-
structural and formal examination of the criminal enterprise.

Indeed, we have rejected an analysis of this factor based on

wheels, charts, or other modes.2       Instead, this court has moved to

a more functional and substantive analysis. In 1973, we determined

that,    "[i]f   [an]   agreement   contemplates   bringing    to    pass   a

continuous result that will not continue without the continuous

cooperation of the conspirators to keep it up, then such agreement

constitutes      a   single   conspiracy."     Perez,   489   F.2d   at   62.

Similarly, in U.S. v. Elam, 678 F.2d 1234 (5th Cir. 1982), we

stated that the existence of a single conspiracy will be inferred

where the activities of one aspect of the scheme are necessary or

advantageous to the success of another aspect or to the overall

success of the venture, where there are several parts inherent in

a larger common plan, id. at 1246.

     Thus, it can be said in the instant case that "[t]he success

of this conspiracy depended on the continued willingness of each

member to perform his function."       Richerson, 833 F.2d at 1154.         If

the sellers discontinued selling, there would be no cocaine for

Costa and the purchasers to buy.             "The necessity of a steady

     2
      Finding that they impede rather than facilitate analysis of
the "single conspiracy-multiple conspiracy" issue, we eschew
utilization of figurative analogies such as "wheels," "rims" and
"hubs," which are often used to describe the nature of complex
conspiracies. We reiterate Judge Brown's comment in United
States v. Perez, 489 F.2d 51 (5th Cir. 1973), that
"[c]onspiracies are as complex as the versatility of human nature
and federal protection against them is not to be measured by
spokes, hubs, wheels, rims, chains or any one or all of today's
galaxy of mechanical molecular or atomic forms." 489 F.2d at 59,
n.11. The government is not required to attempt to squeeze
conspiracy into any particular mold.
U.S. v. Elam, 678 F.2d 1234, 1246 (5th Cir. 1982).

                                     -7-
cocaine supply to feed a distribution effort is beyond question."

DeVarona, 872 F.2d at 199.         Likewise, the distribution effort is

critical to the success of the suppliers. If the purchasers ceased

to buy, there would be no reason for Costa to buy from the sellers,

and hence no reason for the sellers to acquire the cocaine.             Thus,

although the sellers and the purchasers may not have had a direct

relationship with each other, each was necessary for the continued

success of the venture.

     Munoz suggests that an analysis of the conspiracy horizontally

among the suppliers and the purchasers, however, points to a

different    conclusion.       Munoz,    for    example,   argues   that    his

organization could not have been in the same conspiracy as the

other suppliers, such as the Laredo Organization, which were

competitors.    Munoz cites to the testimony of Costa in which he

stated that he initially approached the Laredo Organization for

cocaine after       becoming   unhappy   with   Munoz.     Likewise,   it    is

suggested that the Morris Organization cannot be in the same

conspiracy     as    the   other   purchasers,      such    as   the   Fisher

Organization, which were their competitors.

     We are not persuaded by this argument.           We keep in mind that

the larger, common plan was the purchase and sale of drugs through

Costa for profit.      Munoz is no less a part of this larger, common

plan because Costa also purchased from others.             To illustrate, if

one manufactures parts to be used in producing automobiles and

indeed sells these parts to be used in the production of such

vehicles, one's activities in so producing and selling these parts


                                     -8-
and enabling the automobiles to be made may be seen as necessary to

the overall success of the production of the vehicles. The larger,

common plan has been advanced.    Two larger, common plans are not

created if the auto maker buys some of a competitor's parts.

Indeed, such purchases may in fact be necessary from time to time

to keep the larger, common plan in existence.        Similarly, we

believe that a separate conspiracy was not created because from

time to time Costa used other sellers or purchasers to keep the

scheme alive.

     3. Overlapping of participants in the various dealings. This

final criterion examines the interrelationships among the various

participants in the conspiracy.        The more interconnected the

various relationships are, the more likely there is a single

conspiracy. Munoz argues that there were no interrelationships, as

he did not know or deal with anyone in the conspiracy other than

Costa.   However, "[t]here is no requirement that every member must

participate in every transaction to find a single conspiracy.

Parties who knowingly participate with core conspirators to achieve

a common goal may be members of an overall conspiracy."   Richerson,

833 F.2d at 1154 (footnote omitted).    This court continued:

          A single conspiracy exists where a "key man" is
     involved in and directs illegal activities, while various
     combinations of other participants exert individual
     efforts toward a common goal. Elam, 678 F.2d at 1246. .
     . . The members of a conspiracy which functions through
     a division of labor need not have an awareness of the
     existence of the other members, or be privy to the
     details of each aspect of the conspiracy. Elam, 678 F.2d
     at 1246.




                                 -9-
Richerson, 833 F.2d at 1154.        Here, the "key man" was Costa.          The

government    does    not   have   to    establish   that   the   sellers   and

purchasers knew each other or knew what each was doing.                 All that

the government needs to show is that the sellers and purchasers

were conspiring with Costa to transact illicit business in cocaine.

Such activities were amply demonstrated by the testimony and

evidence presented at trial.             The bulk transfers of cocaine by

Munoz to Costa show obvious efforts on the part of Munoz to

facilitate    the    cocaine   trafficking     scheme.      And   the   amounts

transferred themselves evince a knowledge that such cocaine would

be sold or delivered to other parties.          In addition, evidence that

Munoz was involved in the decision rejecting a drop-off location

where 200 kilograms of cocaine were to be delivered because the

location was unfeasible and his involvement in suggestions for a

safe place at which Costa could receive and deliver 200 to 300

kilograms of cocaine show his awareness of the agreement to provide

cocaine so that Costa could deliver to other participants in the

conspiracy.

     Accordingly, after considering the three factors, we find no

variance between the proof at trial and the indictment.3




     3
      Munoz cites U.S. v. Townsend, 924 F.2d 1385 (7th Cir.
1991), as a case with analogous facts to the instant one in which
the court held that a single conspiracy did not exist. Townsend
is not controlling in this circuit, and Munoz presents no
arguments or reasoning outside of the arguments advanced in
Townsend as to why we should reject established Fifth Circuit
precedent. We note, in addition, that the error found by the
Townsend court was not reversible error. Id. at 1410.

                                        -10-
                ii.   Prejudice to Substantial Rights



       Even assuming a variance between the indictment and the proof

at trial, no reversible error occurs unless Munoz' substantial

rights were prejudiced. Richerson, 833 F.2d at 1155.    Munoz argues

that testimony involving the other conspiracies in which he was not

involved in were allowed at trial and that this evidence prejudiced

him.    Munoz cites to the testimony and evidence concerning the

Fisher Organization, Morris Organization, and Laredo Organization.

In particular, Munoz argues that, because the testimony on the

Fisher Organization involved crack cocaine, which the Munoz and

Morris Organizations did not deal in, the potent stigma related to

that form of cocaine was especially prejudicial.

       The possible transference of guilt to Munoz from the evidence

concerning the Fisher and Laredo Organizations is a danger that the

variance doctrine was meant to protect against.    "The most common

prejudice to a substantial right resulting from a variance is

transference of guilt.      Courts have recognized their duty to

protect those tried en masse on a conspiracy count from possible

transference of guilt from other joint defendants." Richerson, 833

F.2d at 1155.    Munoz specifically points to the introduction of

cocaine seized from Costa's couriers before Costa had even met

Munoz. Munoz also emphasizes the fact that the lower court gave an

instruction pursuant to Pinkerton v. U.S., 328 U.S. 640 (1946), in


                                 -11-
which the Court held that an act of one conspirator is attributable

to all in the conspiracy, id. at 647.            At oral argument, Munoz

contended that the Pinkerton instruction increased the possibility

of guilt transference, as the jury may have attributed the acts of

the other conspiracies to him pursuant to this instruction.                   We

must reject this claim.

       We have held "that where the indictment alleges a single

conspiracy      and     the   evidence    established    each       defendant's

participation in at least one conspiracy a defendant's substantial

rights are affected only if the defendant can establish reversible

error under general principles of joinder and severance."               U.S. v.

Jensen, No. 93-1126, slip op. 1526, 1538 (5th Cir. Dec. 20, 1994)

(quoting U.S. v. Faulkner, 17 F.3d 745, 762 (5th Cir.), cert.

denied, 115 S. Ct. 193 (1994)).              Here, the evidence clearly

establishes     every    defendant's     participation   in    at    least   one

conspiracy.       Munoz has not demonstrated improper joinder and

severance, as the Fisher and Laredo Organizations were severed and

tried separately.        Thus, Munoz' substantial rights have not been

violated.

       Further, in U.S. v. Guerra-Marez, 928 F.2d 665 (5th Cir.),

cert. denied, 112 S. Ct. 322 (1991), a panel of this Circuit held

that   the    trial   judge's   instructions    safeguarded      against     the

possibility of guilt transference, id. at 672.                Here, the trial

court gave an instruction very similar to the one given in Guerra-

Marez.      In Guerra-Marez, the trial judge stated:

             If you find that a particular defendant is a member
       of   another conspiracy, not the one charged in the

                                     -12-
     indictment, then you must acquit the defendant. In other
     words, if you find the defendant guilty of the conspiracy
     offense alleged in count 1, you must find that he or she
     was a member of the conspiracy alleged in count 1 and not
     some other, different conspiracy.

Id. at 672 n.7.   Here, the lower court stated:

          You must determine whether the conspiracy charged in
     the indictment existed, and, if it did, whether the
     defendant was a member of it.      If you find that the
     conspiracy charged does not exist, then you must return
     a not guilty verdict, even though you find that some
     other conspiracy existed. If you find that a defendant
     was not a member of the conspiracy charged in the
     indictment, then you must find that defendant not guilty,
     even though that defendant may have been a member of some
     other conspiracy.

     In deciding that the instruction was sufficient protection

against guilt transference, the Guerra-Marez court emphasized the

fact that the risk of guilt transference was minimal because only

two conspiracies were proved at trial.    Id. at 672.   Here, assuming

that four conspiracies, as suggested by Munoz, were involved

(Munoz-Costa-Morris,    Munoz-Costa-Fisher,      Laredo-Costa-Morris,

Laredo-Costa-Fisher), only one of the combinations was the focus of

the trial because of the severance ordered by the trial court.        In

Guerra-Marez, there was no such separation.      Also, in the several

instances in which testimony on crack cocaine was allowed, the

trial court issued a cautionary instruction to the jury, stating

that the testimony was not to be considered for the guilt of the

defendants.   Munoz' substantial rights were not prejudiced.



B.   Should Munoz' proposed    addition    to   the   jury   instruction
     have been given?




                               -13-
     At trial, as part of his objection to the jury charge, Munoz

sought to have an addition to pattern jury instruction 1.19, the

"on or about" instruction.        Jury instruction 1.19 states:

     You will note that the indictment charges that the
     offense was committed on or about a specified date. The
     government does not have to prove that the crime was
     committed on that exact date, so long as the government
     proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant
     committed the crime on a date reasonably near ___________
     [repeat date], the date stated in the indictment.

Munoz proposed the following addition:

     This is not to say, however, that the testimony of a
     witness cannot be evaluated or discredited by evidence
     that an incident occurred on a date different from that
     testified to by the witness, if it occurred at all.

     Munoz argues that this additional instruction was necessary to

protect his rights.      Munoz points to the fact that, at trial, there

were numerous instances in which there were discrepancies in dates

stated in the witnesses' testimony and hotel records. For example,

in testifying about the execution of one cocaine transaction, Costa

stated that one of Munoz' associates had checked into a hotel on

December 19,     1990,   when   the   hotel   records   revealed   that   the

associate did not check in until December 20.           Munoz argues that,

although Munoz attempted to highlight these discrepancies during

closing   argument    and    cross-examination,    because   the   proposed

addition was not read to the jury, the jury did not know that it

could consider the discrepancies when assessing the credibility of

the witnesses.

     When a trial court refuses to give a requested instruction,

the appellate court must review the refusal under an abuse of

discretion standard.        U.S. v. Sellers, 926 F.2d 410, 414 (5th Cir.

                                      -14-
1991). "The trial judge is given substantial latitude in tailoring

the instructions so long as they fairly and adequately cover the

issues presented."        U.S. v. Pool, 660 F.2d 547, 558 (5th Cir.

1981).       The refusal is reversible error only if the proposed

instruction (1) is substantively correct; (2) was not substantially

covered in the charge actually delivered to the jury; and (3)

concerns an important point in the trial so that the failure to

give it seriously impaired the defendant's ability to effectively

present a given defense.         U.S. v. Grissom, 645 F.2d 461, 464 (5th

Cir. 1981).

      Here, the second criterion has not been met.             The trial judge

not   only    gave    pattern   jury    instruction     1.09   (credibility   of

witnesses),     but     also    gave    pattern   jury     instructions     1.15

(accomplice-informer-immunity) and 1.16 (accomplice-codefendant-

plea agreement), all of which touched upon the jury's ability to

assess the credibility of witnesses.                  The court's instruction

correctly informed and allowed the jury to take such discrepancies

into account.

      Munoz also claims that the "on or about" jury instructions by

themselves lessened the burden of proof of the government as they

improperly led the jury to believe that it could automatically

excuse these discrepancies.            We find no merit in such argument.

While the "on or about" instruction relieves the government from

absolute accuracy with respect to the dates in its pleadings, the

government     must    still    prove    beyond   a    reasonable   doubt     the




                                        -15-
commission of the crime on a date reasonably near the date stated

in the indictment.



C.   Should Munoz' base offense level have been increased by three
     levels for the purpose of sentencing?



     At sentencing, the district court found Munoz to be a manager

or supervisor and accordingly ruled that a three-level increase for

an adjustment for role in the offense under § 3B1.1(b) of the 1992

United States Sentencing Guidelines ("Guidelines") was justified

for Munoz.      Section 3B1.1(b) states: "If the defendant was a

manager or supervisor (but not an organizer or leader) and the

criminal   activity   involved    five    or   more   participants   or   was

otherwise extensive, increase by 3 levels."            Munoz contends that

his relationship with Costa was only as a seller in a buy-sell

relationship.

     In reviewing a trial court decision on sentencing, we will not

disturb the district court's findings on a sentencing factor unless

the findings are clearly erroneous.            U.S. v. Whitlow, 979 F.2d

1008, 1011 (5th Cir. 1992).      As long as it is plausible in light of

the record read as a whole, a factual finding is not clearly

erroneous.   Id.

     The trial court's findings are plausible in light of the

record as a whole.    To illustrate, at trial Costa testified that,

during one of the times that cocaine was transferred to Costa from

Munoz, Munoz was the individual giving the orders on the place of

transfer and the method of transfer.           Costa also testified that,

                                   -16-
when he was first introduced to Munoz, he was told that Munoz was

the man he would be contacting for his Texas business.                          Costa

testified that, when he became late on his payments, Munoz led the

group that threatened his life.             And finally, when one of Munoz'

associates, Felix Machado, grabbed Costa as if he was going to

start    a    fight,   Munoz       told   Machado    that      the   place   was   not

appropriate for such action, and no fight ensued.                        The district

court's finding that Munoz was a manager or supervisor in the

conspiracy is supported by the record, plausible, and not clearly

erroneous.



                             II.    Willie Hugh Morris



A.   Did the district court err in rejecting Morris' motion to
     suppress?



     Willie Morris argues that certain evidence allowed by the

district court at trial was obtained as a result of an illegal

search       and   seizure    in    violation       of   the    Fourth     Amendment.

Specifically, he complains of the seizure at his residence by

federal agents of a business card of Costa bearing Costa's address.

The pertinent facts reveal that state police officers searched

Willie Morris' residence for a gun pursuant to a search warrant

that was obtained in connection to a murder investigation.                          In

conducting the search, the state officers came upon legal documents

concerning Willie Morris' ownership of several automobiles and real

property, travel tickets, and other financial records, including

                                          -17-
possibly    ledgers,   the     existence     of    which     they   told    federal

officers.    The federal officers used this information to obtain a

search warrant for Willie Morris' residence.

     Willie Morris argues that, because the state officers stepped

outside the bounds of the initial warrant in examining the pieces

of evidence, which were not related at all to the gun they were

searching for, the Fourth Amendment was violated.                    He contends

that, because the warrant that the federal officers used was based

on evidence obtained from an illegal search and seizure, this

second warrant cannot be valid.

     But even assuming there was no probable cause for a search,

the evidence    may    still    be   admissible      under    the   "good    faith"

exception to the exclusionary rule, whereby the rule will not apply

when the evidence has been obtained by objectively reasonable

reliance on a subsequently invalidated search warrant.                      U.S. v.

Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 922-23 (1984).                As we held in the previous

action on this issue, U.S. v. Kim Banks & Willie Hugh Morris, No.

91-7013 (Nov. 19, 1992), the warrant is not so lacking in probable

cause as to render official belief in the existence of probable

cause unreasonable because other information, not connected to the

state officers' illegal search, existed to justify the warrant.

For example, the affidavit contained information that Willie Morris

discussed drug transactions in his home and that he was involved in

the illicit cocaine business.          Such information by itself would

make official belief in the existence of probable cause reasonable.

Because Willie Morris has not demonstrated any difference in the


                                      -18-
facts or law since this court last considered this matter, we again

reject his Fourth Amendment claim.



B.   Did the use of certain evidence violate the double jeopardy
     clause?



     Willie Morris contends that, because 10,000 gelatin capsules

allegedly used to package cocaine had been introduced previously by

the government to obtain a prior conviction of Willie Morris, the

use of this same evidence in the instant trial violates the Double

Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment.

     But Willie Morris does not contend that the previous offense

was the same offense, a lesser included offense, or that this

subsequent prosecution fails the Blockburger test.   Blockburger v.

U.S., 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932). And since the previous prosecution

resulted in a conviction, he cannot nor does he attempt to argue

that the previous decision predetermined in his favor an ultimate

and essential issue in the subsequent prosecution.     See Ashe v.

Swenson, 397 U.S. 436, 443-46 (1970).   Appellant's Double Jeopardy

claim is without merit.     The Fifth Amendment bars a subsequent

prosecution and punishment for the same offense; it does not bar

admission of the same evidence.



                     III.   Brenda Pearl Owens



A.   Was the evidence sufficient to support a conviction?



                                -19-
     Owens argues that her conspiracy conviction should be vacated

because of insufficient evidence.               Owens claims that there was no

evidence that she knew of the essential nature of the conspiracy,

that she was a member of the Morris Organization, and that she knew

of anyone who was a part of the conspiracy.             In conducting a review

of the sufficiency of the evidence, we consider the evidence in the

light   most    favorable     to   the    government,      with   all   reasonable

inferences and credibility choices made in support of the jury's

verdict.       If a rational trier of fact could have found the

essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt, we must

affirm. U.S. v. Yamin, 868 F.2d 130, 133 (5th Cir.), cert. denied,

492 U.S. 924, 109 S. Ct. 3258 (1989).

     In order to obtain a narcotics conspiracy conviction, the

government     must   prove   beyond      a   reasonable    doubt   (1)   that   an

agreement to violate the narcotics laws existed between two or more

persons; (2) that each alleged conspirator knew of the conspiracy

and intended to join it; and (3) that each alleged conspirator

participated in the conspiracy.               Maseratti, 1 F.3d at 337.          An

overt act does not need to be shown.               The "agreement between the

co-conspirators and the defendant need not be proved by direct

evidence, but may be inferred from concert of action."                    U.S. v.

Vergara, 687 F.2d 57, 60-61 (5th Cir. 1982).                "Such action may be

inferred from the circumstances as a whole.             Acts which are not per

se unlawful lose that character when cumulatively viewed as the

constituent elements of a criminal conspiracy."                   U.S. v. Medina,

887 F.2d 528, 530 (5th Cir. 1989) (citing U.S. v. Muller, 550 F.2d


                                         -20-
1375, 1380 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 971, 98 S. Ct. 522

(1977)).

      The record reveals that Owens once brought the down payment

money for a cocaine distribution to Costa and that she had told

Costa that she was from Willie Morris.         Further, when the plans for

a cocaine delivery were being arranged, Costa, Willie Morris, and

Owens were on a three-way line, and Owens herself was the person

who arrived to pick up the cocaine.          Owens' house was also a place

of storage and capping for the cocaine.            A rational jury could

easily   find   the   elements   of    the   conspiracy   charge   beyond   a

reasonable doubt.



B.   Was there a material variance between the indictment and the
     government's proof at trial that harmed Owens?



     Owens argues that she was prejudiced by a material variance

between the indictment and the government's proof at trial.             She

adopts the argument advanced by Munoz. Owens was on the purchasing

side of Costa's cocaine dealing operation. For the same reasons as

set out in disposing of Munoz' argument, we likewise reject the

argument of Owens.




                        IV.   Kenneth Leon Morris



A.   Was the evidence sufficient to support a conviction?



                                      -21-
     Kenneth Morris argues that there is insufficient evidence to

support his conspiracy conviction.         According to Kenneth Morris,

there is no testimony or evidence that (1) any discussions relating

to narcotics deals was ever conducted in the presence of Kenneth

Morris;   (2)   that    Kenneth   Morris   knew   of   the   nature   of   the

conspiracy (that the money he was delivering was for cocaine

shipments, as opposed to money from gambling or prostitution or

some other form of illegal activity); and (3) that narcotics

activities, such as capping, occurred in the presence of Kenneth

Morris.   He admits that he was present when money was given to

Costa, but points out that he was not present when the cocaine was

actually delivered to Willie Morris.          We reject Kenneth Morris'

insufficiency claim.

     The evidence reviewed in the light most favorable to the jury

verdict reveals that Kenneth Morris delivered large sums of money

to Costa on a number of occasions.         For example, Costa testified

that, in May 1989, Kenneth Morris delivered a suitcase containing

around $110,000.       On another occasion, Kenneth Morris handed a bag

to Costa containing $180,000.       Costa testified that the money was

in payment of cocaine deliveries to the Morris Organization.

Further, DEA agents investigating Kenneth Morris' house discovered

bags of money located at various points throughout his residence.

Anderson testified that these bundles of cash were like the bundles

of cash that would be put together when Willie Morris was counting

drug proceeds.     The agents also found an electric money counting

machine and a piece of paper with co-conspirator Charles Malone's


                                    -22-
nickname, "Tuna," and business telephone number printed on it. The

agents also found several pieces of paper with numbers and letters

broken into columns.        A DEA agent testified that the numbers may

refer to dollar amounts and weight amounts of narcotics.         Clearly,

Kenneth Morris knowingly possessed on more than one occasion large

quantities of cash which he delivered in payment for cocaine and

from which the jury could reasonably infer that he knew the object

of the conspiracy.

     Kenneth Morris contends that, in cases where a challenge to

the sufficiency of evidence has been overruled, there was always

evidence of narcotics activity taking place in the presence of the

defendant.    However, in U.S. v. Gallo, 927 F.2d 815 (5th Cir.

1991),   we   held   that    the   defendant's   "knowing   possession   of

[$300,000], which represented a necessary part of the conspiracy,"

made it "reasonable for the jury to conclude that [the defendant]

knew the object of the conspiracy".          Id. at 821.      In Gallo we

recognized that drug traffickers are unlikely to entrust a large

portion of the proceeds from their illicit trade to an outsider,

especially so when one entrusted with such proceeds is aware of the

valuable nature of the merchandise that he is transporting.

Because of the repeated payments of large amounts of cash for

cocaine and the clandestine nature of the exchanges that Kenneth

Morris was involved in, the jury could easily conclude that Kenneth

Morris acted as the "banker" for the conspiracy, just as the

defendant in Gallo.




                                     -23-
     Aware of our decision in Gallo, Kenneth Morris seeks to

distinguish this case by arguing that there is evidence that Willie

Morris purposely did not include Kenneth Morris as part of the

conspiracy.   For example, one government witness, Bobby Anderson,

testified that Willie Morris specifically told him not to discuss

narcotics around Kenneth Morris and not to mix the narcotics

business with his family, and that Willie Morris was very sensitive

about his family's knowledge of his drug activities.           Further,

another government witness, Costa, testified that he was chided by

Willie Morris for once leaving a note for Willie Morris at Kenneth

Morris'   house.    Kenneth   Morris   contends   that   the   evidence

establishes that Willie Morris did not want to involve Kenneth

Morris in the drug trade, but rather intended to use him as his

personal helper on money matters.       Kenneth Morris continues by

arguing that, in Gallo, there was no evidence or testimony from

government witnesses that the defendant was actively being shielded

from the conspiracy. We reject this argument because the testimony

of the shielding given by Anderson and Costa could very well have

been disregarded by the jury.   Moreover, it is also quite possible

that the jury interpreted the shielding as an attempt by Willie

Morris to shield his brother from prosecution or the money in his

brother's possession from seizure if the conspiracy were to be

discovered.   The jury could have concluded that Willie Morris was

providing "cover" for his brother and that Kenneth Morris was in

fact the banker for the conspiracy.




                                -24-
     Finally, Kenneth Morris argues that, in Gallo, an inference of

knowledge   was   permissible          because       Gallo   gave      inconsistent

statements upon being arrested.          However, the government in Gallo

proved   knowledge    of   the   contents      of    a   box,   money,    that   was

exchanged   between    Gallo     and     a    drug    dealer    from     reasonable

inferences stemming from the inconsistent statements, not knowledge

of the object of the conspiracy.             Here, it is well-established in

the record that Kenneth Morris knew that he was giving money to

Costa.



B.   Did the trial court err in basing Kenneth Morris'
sentence on 285 kilograms of cocaine?



     The district court sentenced Kenneth Morris to a 264 month

term.    Kenneth Morris argues that the district court erred in

basing his sentence on 285 kilograms of cocaine.                    District court

findings about the quantity of drugs on which a sentence should be

based are factual findings which are reviewed for clear error.

U.S. v. Mitchell, 964 F.2d 454, 457 (5th Cir. 1992).

     Kenneth Morris first contends that Costa never testified to

the 285 figure, but was confined to testimony that involved only

around 105 kilograms.      However, in making its determination of the

amount of cocaine to be attributed, the district court is not

limited to the quantity proved at trial; nor is it limited to

evidence admissible at trial.          U.S.S.G. § 6A1.3(a), p.s.           Kenneth

Morris next claims that the exchanges that he participated in

involved dollar amounts that could only account for 20 to 22

                                       -25-
kilograms.       The district court, however, is not limited to the

amount of cocaine that Malone directly transacted in, but may also

consider other relevant conduct, which includes "conduct of others

in furtherance of the execution of the jointly-undertaken criminal

activity   that    was   reasonably    foreseeable    by    the   defendant."

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, comment. (n.1).

     Finally, Kenneth Morris argues that the district court never

made an individualized finding on the amount that he is liable for.

However, paragraph 19 of the presentence report, which was adopted

by the district court, stated: "The defendant knew, or reasonably

should have known, the entire scope of the conspiracy that he was

involved in due to his relationship with his brother, Willie

Morris,    who    was    the   organizer     and   leader   of    the   Morris

Organization."4      We have held that a long-term drug relationship

between the individual defendant and his supplier can form the

basis for finding that a defendant could reasonably foresee the

entire scope of the enterprise.            U.S. v. Devine, 934 F.2d 1325,

1338 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 112 S. Ct. 349 (1991).                   Here,

Kenneth Morris handled the monetary exchanges for the Morris

Organization throughout its relationship with Costa.               The record

reveals that, in May 1989, Kenneth Morris brought $100,000 to Costa

and Willie Morris.       In September 1989, Kenneth Morris' residence

was used to store over $176,000 of Willie Morris' cash.                     In

November 1990, Kenneth Morris delivered $80,000 to Costa.                   In


     4
      The presentence report adopted by the district court
attributed 285 kilograms of cocaine to the Morris Organization.

                                      -26-
December 1990, Costa is taken to Kenneth Morris' residence to

receive $180,000.       Further, Kenneth Morris' close and trusted

relationship with his brother, Willie Morris, the leader of the

Morris Organization, as the caretaker of the proceeds put him in a

position to both know and foresee the scope of the drug dealing.

We find that Kenneth Morris' relationship as the banker or money

keeper for his brother formed an adequate basis to conclude that

Kenneth Morris could reasonably foresee the entire scope of the

drug dealing by the Morris Organization which, as reflected in the

presentence report, had received 285 kilograms of cocaine from

Costa during the conspiracy.



C.   Did the trial court err in considering amounts of cocaine not
     testified to or disclosed to Morris prior to the sentencing
     hearing?



     Kenneth   Morris   next   objects   to   the   introduction   at   the

sentencing hearing by the government of two exhibits that detailed

debriefings of Costa around 14 months prior to trial.              Kenneth

Morris argues that such a procedure deprives him of confronting the

witness and preparing for the information in violation of his

rights to confrontation and due process of law.           We reject this

argument.    Kenneth Morris never asked the court for a continuance

of the proceedings nor did he request that Costa, the probation

officer, or the interviewing agents testify at the sentencing

hearing.    And as previously stated, the court may rely on evidence

not admissible at trial.


                                  -27-
                              V.    Charles B. Malone



A.    Was there a material variance between the indictment and the
      government's proof at trial that harmed Malone?



      Malone argues that he was prejudiced by a material variance

between the indictment and the government's proof at trial.                        We

reject this        argument    for    the   same   reasons   outlined     above    in

disposing of Munoz' argument.



B.    Was there sufficient evidence to support a conviction for
      money laundering?



      In     its   indictment,       the    government    alleged     that   Malone

delivered approximately $150,000 in partial payment for cocaine.

In   order    to    obtain    a     conviction     for   money    laundering,     the

government     must    prove       that   Malone   (1)   knowingly     conducted   a

financial transaction; (2) which involved the proceeds of an

unlawful activity; and (3) with the intent to promote or further

that unlawful activity.            18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(A)(i).         At trial,

the government relied on the eye-witness identification given by

Michael Monkada and Sean Weber, who testified that they saw Malone

place a bag in the back seat of Monkada's car.                   Malone argues that

this testimony was "quite suspect" and also points to the fact

that, under cross-examination, Weber stated that he could not

identify Malone "without reservation."




                                           -28-
     Malone, however, does not state why the testimony of the two

individuals was "quite suspect."     Further, although Weber may have

qualified his identification of Malone, Monkada did not.           Viewing

the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, it

would be reasonable for a jury to credit the testimony of Monkada

in identifying Malone as the individual who delivered the bag of

money.

     Malone also argues that there was no evidence presented at

trial which suggested that he knew that the bag contained the

proceeds of an illegal transaction or that he possessed the intent

to further the transaction.       The jury, however, heard testimony

that Malone was involved in distributing cocaine and in counting

the proceeds.     There was evidence at trial that Malone capped

cocaine and that he returned Costa's phone calls to Willie Morris.

Further, regarding the specific instance when Malone delivered the

bag of money to Monkada and Weber, the evidence indicates that

Costa contacted    Morris   in   delivering   the   money   and   that   the

location was set by Costa and Willie Morris.                A jury could

reasonably conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Malone knew that

he was furthering Willie Morris' cocaine business when he delivered

the money.   The evidence is sufficient to support Malone's money

laundering conviction.




C.   Did the district court err in basing Malone's sentence
     on 285 kilograms?



                                  -29-
     The district court sentenced Malone to a 235 month term.

Malone argues that, although Malone's conspiracy sentence was based

on a finding in the presentence report that the Morris Organization

was involved       in   a   conspiracy   to    distribute    285    kilograms    of

cocaine, the evidence clearly establishes that no more than 120

kilograms were ever delivered to the Morris Organization. Further,

Malone claims that, of this 120 kilograms, the Morris Organization

sold only 75 kilograms, while the government only linked Malone to

a partial payment for a delivery of 45 kilograms.

     1. Foreseeability. Malone argues that the district court did

not attempt to make a finding on whether the drug quantity listed

in the presentence report was reasonably foreseeable to Malone.

However, in the November 18, 1992 Addendum to the Presentence

Report,     the    Probation    Officer's      Response     states    that    "the

defendant's position within the organization put him in a position

to be well aware of the size and scope of the drug trafficking

network.     Therefore, the base offense level . . . should be based

on the total drug amounts involved in the Morris conspiracy," id.

at 3.     The district court adopted this finding.

     Malone next argues that the presentence report does not

present sufficient evidence to establish foreseeability.                However,

an examination of the presentence report proves the contrary.                   The

presentence       report    states    that    "Charles    Bernard    Malone     was

considered to be Willie Hugh Morris' right hand man.                         Malone

transported cocaine in the Ft. Worth area, picked up money and

counted money for Morris.            Malone served as a lieutenant in the


                                       -30-
Morris' Organization and was viewed as a major participant."

Presentence Investigation Report, October 28, 1992, at 6.              It is

not unreasonable to find that an individual so thoroughly involved

in   an    organization   would   know   the    scope   and   reach   of   the

organization.     We hold that the district court was not clearly

erroneous in finding foreseeability from such facts.

       Malone's reply brief cites U.S. v. Mitchell, 964 F.2d 454 (5th

Cir. 1992), arguing that the court in Mitchell focused on the

transaction in which the defendant directly participated, id. at

460.      But the Mitchell court refused to infer a larger amount

because there was no other evidence to support a larger involvement

with drugs.     Here, Malone delivered cocaine, collected money, and

counted money for the Morris Organization, was heavily involved in

the conspiracy, and was shown to be Willie Morris' right hand man.

Unlike the defendant in Mitchell, it is reasonable to infer that

Malone knew that the conspiracy involved more than the drugs that

he directly delivered.

       Malone next points to the fact that the district court found

that Malone did not have a managerial or supervisory role in the

conspiracy in denying a three-level increase in his sentence.

Citing United States v. Carreon, 11 F.3d 1225 (5th Cir. 1994),

Malone then argues that the district court's emphasis on Malone's

position     within   the   conspiracy     in     finding     foreseeability

contradicts its finding that he was not a manager or supervisor.

       In Carreon, the district court explicitly found that the

defendant was a key man in finding foreseeability, but rejected the


                                   -31-
finding that the defendant was a leader or organizer in increasing

his sentence level.   Id. at 1231.    The Carreon court then held that

these two decisions contradicted each other to such an extent that

a reversal of the sentencing was necessary to allow the district

court the opportunity to clarify and explain its reasoning.       Id.

We believe that the instant case is distinguishable from Carreon.

There were no independent, additional findings with respect to

foreseeability other than the district court's findings that the

defendant was a key man.    Thus, the key man finding contradicted

the rejection of the leader/organizer role.      In the instant case,

the trial court found consistent with the evidence and as suggested

by the presentence report that Malone transported cocaine, picked

up money, and counted money for the Morris Organization.           In

addition, there was evidence that he capped cocaine and was the one

who returned phone calls to Costa for Willie Morris.    Thus, even if

Malone was not a manager or supervisor, he was nonetheless in a

position as Willie Morris' right hand man (as found by the court)

to be aware of and a part of the Morris Organization's overall

involvement with Costa in the illicit drug scene.        Accordingly,

Carreon does not control the disposition of Malone's foreseeability

argument.

     2.     Quantity of Cocaine.    The district court relied on the

presentence report in arriving at 285 kilograms of cocaine.       The

amount in the presentence report is based on the statements made by

Costa to investigative agents.      In the November 18, 1992 Addendum

to the Presentence Report, the Probation Officer's Response states:


                                   -32-
      Investigative agents in this case provided information
      regarding the amount of cocaine that Victor Costa
      delivered to the Morris Organization between 1989 and
      1990. Costa gave them detailed information regarding the
      quantities of cocaine he delivered to the Morris
      organization. According to agents and the Assistant U.S.
      Attorney assigned to the case, Victor Costa testified
      that he distributed over 500 kilograms of cocaine to the
      Ft. Worth area. . . . Therefore, the use of 285 kilograms
      for the offense level calculations for the Morris
      Organization is considered to be a conservative estimate
      of the drug amounts actually distributed during the
      conspiracy.

Id. at 2.    Malone argues that Costa never again made any statements

indicating    that   285   kilograms    were       delivered   to   the    Morris

Organization and that no other evidence supports this figure.

      In making its determination of the amount of cocaine to be

attributed to an organization, the district court is not limited to

the   quantity   proved    at   trial   nor   is    it   limited    to   evidence

admissible at trial. U.S.S.G. § 6A1.3(a), p.s. The district court

may rely on the information in the presentence report if the

information has "some minimum indicium of reliability."                   U.S. v.

Vela, 927 F.2d 197, 201 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 875, 112

S. Ct. 214 (1991).

      Malone claims that the information relied upon by the district

court to reach the 285 kilogram figure is unreliable.                      Malone

argues that Costa's testimony is not only uncorroborated, it is

also a self-serving confession.5        Malone claims that Costa had the

incentive to implicate others and to reveal high amounts of cocaine


      5
      Costa had been arrested in February 1991 on an indictment
out of the Southern District of Mississippi after one of his
cocaine shipments was intercepted. Costa entered into a plea
agreement with the Government in which he agreed to testify.

                                    -33-
in order to shorten his own potential sentence. Malone also argues

that the evidence at trial only proved that the Morris Organization

received 120 kilograms, less than half of the amount the sentence

was based upon.

     The government cites U.S. v. Cuellar-Flores, 891 F.2d 92 (5th

Cir. 1989), for the holding that, in sentencing, a district court

may rely on uncorroborated hearsay testimony, id. at 93.           In

Cuellar-Flores, the hearsay declarant was the investigating case

agent, a law enforcement officer.   Id.   Here, the hearsay came from

Costa, the unindicted co-conspirator.      The government also cites

United States v. Rodriguez, 897 F.2d 1324 (5th Cir.), cert. denied,

498 U.S. 857, 111 S. Ct. 158 (1990).         In Rodriguez, however,

corroborating evidence was present.     Id. at 1328.   Nonetheless, we

believe that the 285 kilogram amount was sufficiently corroborated

and possessed a sufficient indicium of reliability.

     Generally, presentence reports are presumed reliable, Gardner

v. Florida, 97 S. Ct. 1197, 1205 (1977); U.S. v. Vontsteen, 910

F.2d 187, 190 (5th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1074, 111 S.

Ct. 801 (1991), because "trained probation officers employ various

investigative procedures for verifying information used in their

reports," Vontsteen, 910 F.2d at 190.     Here, the verification took

the form of the investigation and discovery of Costa's statements

under oath at the Fisher trial.     Costa's admission to the agents

that he delivered approximately 285 kilograms of cocaine to the

Morris Organization is corroborated by his sworn testimony in the

Fisher trial that he delivered between 300 and 500 kilograms of


                               -34-
cocaine to organizations in the Fort Worth area. The 285 kilograms

of cocaine reported in the presentence report was sufficiently

corroborated.      Further, the district court judge heard Costa's

testimony at trial and thereby was able to make an assessment of

Costa's demeanor and credibility and to view the out-of-court

statement in light of his own assessment of Costa and the facts of

the conspiracy trial over which he presided.          The trial court was

thus capable of judging the truthfulness of Costa's out-of-court

statements to the investigative agents.



D.    Was Malone a minor participant?



      At sentencing, Malone argued for a two-level decrease in his

sentence for minor participant status pursuant to U.S.S.G. §

3B1.1(b), which provides that "a minor participant means any

participant who is less culpable than most other participants, but

whose role could not be described as minimal."         The district court

denied this request.

      Malone first argues that the evidence clearly establishes that

he   was   less   involved   than   Costa,   Willie   Morris,   and   Owens.

However, "[t]he fact that some participants may be more culpable

than [Malone] does not entitle [Malone] to classification as a

minor participant."     Molano-Garza v. U.S. Parole Comm'n, 965 F.2d

20, 24 (5th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 113 S. Ct. 1009 (1993).

      Malone next argues that Molano-Garza requires that a defendant

not be convicted of more serious charges and not receive longer


                                    -35-
sentences than the other defendants in order to be found a minor

participant.        Malone, however, misinterprets Molano-Garza.          In

rejecting Molano-Garza's claim that he was a minor participant, the

court emphasized the fact that "Molano-Garza was convicted of more

serious charges than other participants and received a longer

sentence than other participants."           Id. at 23-24.   But the court

did not hold that these facts must always be present in order to

arrive at this conclusion.

     Here, the trial court found that Malone was the right hand man

of   Willie     Morris   and    was   very   active   in   the   conspiracy.

Accordingly, the trial court did not err in finding that Malone was

not a minor participant.6



                                  CONCLUSION



     For      the   foregoing    reasons,    we   AFFIRM   the   defendants'

convictions and sentences.




     6
      Malone also argues that his Sixth Amendment Right to
Confrontation and his Fifth Amendment Right to Due Process were
violated because he could not cross-examine Costa, whose
statements to investigative agents formed the basis for the 285
kilograms figure in the presentence report. Malone made no
objections in the district court to preserve these arguments. We
decline to initially address them on appeal.

                                      -36-
