UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                       Before
                        MULLIGAN, FEBBO, and SCHASBERGER
                              Appellate Military Judges

                            UNITED STATES, Appellee
                                        v.
                        Staff Sergeant GENE R. ROUSE III
                          United States Army, Appellant

                                   ARMY 20170192

                            Headquarters, Fort Knox
             Matthew A. Calarco and John M. Bergen, Military Judges
            Lieutenant Colonel James A. Bagwell, Staff Judge Advocate


For Appellant: Lieutenant Colonel Christopher D. Carrier, JA; Captain Patrick G.
Hoffman, JA; Captain Benjamin J. Wetherell, JA (on brief).

For Appellee: Colonel Steven P. Haight, JA; Lieutenant Colonel Eric K. Stafford,
JA; Captain Jeremy Watford, JA; Major Meghan Peters, JA (on brief).


                                     19 March 2019

                               ---------------------------------
                                OPINION OF THE COURT
                               ---------------------------------

FEBBO, Judge:

       Consent to a sexual act may be withdrawn at any time, including after the
sexual act has begun. In this case, we answer the question of when continuing a
sexual act after consent is withdrawn constitutes the crime of forcible sodomy. We
answer this question to decide whether appellant’s conviction for forcible sodomy is
legally and factually sufficient when appellant’s sexual partner initially consented to
the sexual act, but withdrew her consent during the act when appellant tried to trick
her into an orgy by ambush. Ultimately, we conclude the evidence was legally and
factually sufficient to establish that appellant committed sodomy by force and
without consent.

       A military judge sitting as a general court-martial convicted appellant,
contrary to his pleas, of one specification of forcible sodomy and one specification
of assault consummated by a battery, in violation of Articles 125 and 128, Uniform
Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. §§ 925 (2006 & Supp. IV 2011) and 928
ROUSE—ARMY 20170192

(2012 & Supp. I 2014). The military judge acquitted appellant of one specification
of rape by force, in violation of Article 120, UCMJ. The military judge sentenced
appellant to a bad-conduct discharge and four years of confinement. The convening
authority approved the findings and the adjudged sentence. This case is before us
for review pursuant to Article 66, UCMJ. 1

                                 BACKGROUND

      In 2010, appellant was assigned to a unit at Fort Bliss, Texas. He was
simultaneously involved with numerous sexual partners. Three of these partners are
relevant to appellant’s conviction of forcible sodomy.

       The named victim of the sodomy charge is NM. Appellant met NM through
an online dating service, and they began a sexual relationship. While they were in a
relationship, appellant asked NM if she would participate in sex with appellant and
another woman. NM told appellant she was not interested in participating in group
sex. Appellant also asked if a female friend of his could come over to observe NM
and appellant engaging in anal sex. Appellant explained his female friend was
inexperienced and wanted to learn about anal sex. Again, NM explained she had no
interest in having anyone watching them engage in sexual acts. In response,
appellant stated he was “just joking.”

       While deployed to Iraq, appellant began communicating with KY through
Facebook. The day before appellant redeployed, KY moved to El Paso, Texas, to
live with him. During their relationship, which included later getting married,
appellant and KY engaged in sexual acts with multiple other women. One of these
sexual partners was JS. In 2010, appellant met JS on a dating website and they
began a sexual relationship. JS lived with appellant and KY and the three of them
engaged in sexual acts with one another.

      KY and JS knew about NM. NM did not know appellant, KY, and JS were
both sharing a residence and sharing each other sexually.

       In December 2011, appellant and NM decided to rekindle their sexual
relationship. NM went to appellant’s house. She observed a woman cooking in the


1
  We have also considered whether appellant’s conviction of assault is legally and
factually sufficient and conclude it is. We similarly considered two additional
issues appellant raised on brief related to Military Rules of Evidence 404(b) and
412. We conclude neither issue merits further discussion or relief. We also
considered the matters appellant asserted under United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J.
431 (C.M.A. 1982), and find they merit neither discussion nor relief.




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kitchen. Appellant claimed the woman was just a neighbor. In reality, without
NM’s knowledge, appellant had arranged for an attempted orgy between himself,
NM, KY, and JS.

       Appellant and NM went upstairs, locked the bedroom door, and engaged in
consensual sexual acts to include anal sodomy. Appellant and NM took a break from
their sexual acts so NM could use the bathroom that was accessible from the
bedroom. When NM came back, she observed appellant texting on his phone.
Appellant told NM he was texting someone at his unit about a work-related issue. In
reality, he had unlocked the bedroom door and told KY and JS to come into the
bedroom. Appellant and NM began to re-engage in consensual anal sex. Appellant
was on top of NM as she lay on her back with her legs over his shoulders.

       KY and JS opened the bedroom door and, as appellant had designed,
discovered appellant and NM in flagrante delicto. Based on appellant’s prior
requests to include additional participants in his sexual escapades, NM immediately
ascertained appellant orchestrated an attempted orgy by ambush.

      NM told appellant to “get off” of her. She told him “no” around ten times.
She pounded his chest to get him to stop. Appellant, however, pinned her to the bed
and continued actively penetrating her by thrusting into her despite her protests.
Appellant did not stop until NM was able to move her legs between their bodies and
push him off of her. She estimated that “it was more than a few minutes” before
appellant stopped penetrating her. 2

       NM was upset and immediately left the residence crying. She promptly
reported the sexual assault to the El Paso Police Department (PD). El Paso PD
investigated the allegations but did not pursue charges against appellant. Before
civilian law enforcement spoke with appellant, KY, JS, and appellant agreed to lie to
the police. They told the El Paso PD investigator that there was a misunderstanding
and KY and JS had come into the bedroom by mistake to search for a phone charger.




2
 All three witnesses testified about this length of time. KY testified that it was
“real fast” between the time they walked into the bedroom and the time NM got her
foot into position and pushed appellant off of her. JS testified that appellant
continued to “thrust” 10 or 12 times until NM kicked him off of her. JS also
estimated it was “four minutes” before appellant stopped. Although it is not the
basis on which we decide this case, we find appellant continued performing the
sexual act on NM for at least thirty seconds after she emphatically withdrew
consent.




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       In 2012, appellant and KY married and continued their polyamorous
relationship with other women. In January 2014, appellant and KY had an argument
during which appellant physically assaulted KY by strangling her. Around this time,
U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command (CID) began investigating sexual
assault allegations made by two of appellant’s other sexual partners. NM cooperated
with the CID investigation and appellant was charged with the December 2011
forcible sodomy of NM.

        The government’s case against appellant was substantially based on the
testimony and credibility of NM, KY, and JS. The defense argued that all three were
jilted ex-lovers that were fabricating and exaggerating what was actually a failed
attempt by appellant for consensual group sex.

                             LAW AND DISCUSSION

       Article 66, UCMJ, establishes our statutory duty to review a record of trial for
legal and factual sufficiency de novo. United States v. Walters, 58 M.J. 391, 395
(C.A.A.F. 2003). We may affirm only those findings of guilty that we find correct
in law and fact and determine, based on the entire record, should be affirmed. Id.

       In weighing factual sufficiency, we take “a fresh, impartial look at the
evidence,” applying “neither a presumption of innocence nor a presumption of
guilt.” United States v. Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002). To affirm a
conviction, “after weighing the evidence in the record of trial and making
allowances for not having personally observed the witnesses, [we must be]
convinced of the [appellant’s] guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v.
Turner, 25 M.J. 324, 325 (C.M.A. 1987).
       Appellant asserts the evidence was factually insufficient to support his
conviction for forcible sodomy. Appellant claims the testimony against him was not
credible, riddled with contradictions, and fueled by his ex-lovers’ biases against
him. The biases and inconsistencies alleged by appellant do not undermine our
confidence in appellant’s convictions. We find NM, KY, and JS’s testimony was
credible despite their alleged motives to fabricate claims against appellant. Further,
we recognize that the trial court saw and heard the witnesses and was in a “superior
position” than us to judge issues of credibility. United States v. Latimer, 30 M.J.
554, 557 (A.C.M.R. 1990).

       We have also considered whether appellant’s conviction for forcible sodomy
is legally and factually sufficient considering his anal sex with NM began
consensually but NM withdrew her consent during the sexual act. We conclude
appellant’s conviction is indeed legally and factually sufficient.




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       Appellant’s conviction of forcible sodomy required the government to prove
appellant engaged in “unnatural carnal copulation” by force and without consent. 3
In this case, penetration is not in doubt. The issue is whether any such penetration
was by force and without consent. It is clear NM initially consented to engaging in
anal sex with appellant. It is equally clear—at least to us—NM withdrew her
consent to continued sex when KY and JS entered the bedroom. What remains in
dispute is whether appellant’s actions after NM’s withdrawal of consent constitute
penetration by force and without consent. We conclude they did.
       Clearly, there is an absolute right to withdraw consent to a sexual act—even
in the middle of the very same sexual act—that is not subject to reasonable debate.
The question before us is: at what point does continuation of a once-consensual
sexual act, after consent to the act is withdrawn, become the crime of forcible
sodomy? We have found no precedential military cases addressing this issue. 4 As
such, we see this as an issue of first impression in the military. 5

3
  It is well-established that the term “unnatural carnal copulation” includes penile
penetration of the anus. Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, pt. IV ¶ 51.c
(2008 ed.). While the case before us involves forcible sodomy under the law as it
existed prior to 16 January 2014, we see no other relevant difference between the
offense at issue in this case and the more commonly charged offense of rape by
force. See UCMJ, art. 120(a). For this reason, we use the term “sexual act”
throughout our opinion rather than the term “unnatural carnal copulation.”
4
  We have found three non-binding cases that mention this specific issue in passing.
See United States v. Wilson, No. 201700098, 2018 CCA LEXIS 451, *10 (N.M. Ct.
Crim. App. 20 Sep. 2018); United States v. Battles, ARMY 20140399, 2017 CCA
LEXIS 380, *11 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 31 May 2017); United States v. Horne,
NMCM 91 1798, 1992 CMR LEXIS 442, *2-3 (N.M.C.M.R. 13 Apr. 1992). The
distinct but analogous issue of advanced consent was addressed by our superior
court in United States v. Prather, 69 M.J. 338, 343 (C.A.A.F. 2011). In Prather, our
superior court found consent given before a victim became substantially
incapacitated no longer continues to be valid throughout the period of incapacity.
5
 For an extensive review of the issue of withdrawal of consent, see Amanda O.
David, Comment, Clarifying the Issue of Consent: The Evolution of Post-Penetration
Rape, 34 Stetson L. Rev. 729 (2005). Ms. David concludes, as of 2005, the
following states expressly addressed the issue of “post-penetration rape:” Alaska,
California, Connecticut, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, North Carolina, and South
Dakota. An additional two—Minnesota and New Mexico—upheld rape convictions
after procedural challenges based on the trial court refusing to instruct the jury on
“post-penetration rape.” Id. at n.125.




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       We conclude an accused may be convicted under Article 125 if he or she uses
force to continue commission of an ongoing sexual act after consent to such sexual
act has been withdrawn. The crucial question is whether an accused continued the
sexual act by the use of force after consent was withdrawn. In this case, appellant
did.

       At the time of appellant’s offense, the crime of forcible sodomy required
proof of a sexual act amounting to “unnatural carnal copulation” by force and
without consent. As several state courts have addressed the withdrawal of consent
under similar statutes, we begin by surveying relevant civilian cases. Next, we
consider the language of Article 125, as it relates to force and “penetration.”
Finally, we apply our conclusions of law to the facts of this case.

                                  A. Civilian Cases

       A majority of the jurisdictions we have surveyed agree that consent to a
sexual act may be withdrawn at any time, including after the sexual act has begun. 6
One notable decision to this effect came from the Alaska Court of Appeals in McGill
v. State, 18 P.3d 77 (Alaska Ct. App. 2001). In McGill, the court rejected the
argument that consent to sexual penetration may not be withdrawn once the
penetrative act has begun. Mr. McGill had argued that appellate courts in three
other states—North Carolina in Way, Maryland in Battle, and California in Vela 7—
had adopted the rule that the act of initial penetration was the moment of criminal
conduct, and that once penetration had begun lawfully, it could not become unlawful


6
 While our survey primarily relies on the decisions of state courts, some federal
civilian courts have addressed similar issues, at least in passing. See, e.g., United
States v. Lanning, 723 F.3d 476, n.7 (4th Cir. 2013) (“initiation of sexual activity
does not deprive a person of the right to withdraw consent”); Davenport v. Vaughn,
2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6407, *13, *36-37 (E.D. Pa. 14 Apr. 2005), aff’d, 215 Fed.
Appx. 175 (3d Cir. 2007) (rejecting the argument that “only the initial act of
penetration counts as penetration, so a withdrawal of consent after sexual assault has
begun is not rape unless the man withdraws and then ‘penetrates’ again”).
7
  State v. Way, 254 S.E.2d 760, 762 (N.C. 1979) (“if actual penetration is
accomplished with the women’s consent, the accused is not guilty of rape, although
he may be guilty of another crime because of his subsequent actions”); Battle v.
State, 414 A.2d 1266, 1270 (Md. 1980) (“ordinarily if a [woman] consents to
penetration and withdraws consent following penetration, there is no rape”); and
People v. Vela, 172 Cal. App. 3d 237, 242 (Cal. Ct. App. 1985) (“if consent is given
at the moment of penetration, that act of intercourse will be shielded from being rape
even if consent is later withdrawn during the act”).




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by subsequent withdrawal of consent. Id. at 82-83. The Alaska Court of Appeals
found the cases cited by Mr. McGill unpersuasive and criticized those cases’
“reasoning, or lack of it.” Id. at 83. The McGill court found the trio of contrary
cases relied on “archaic and outmoded social conventions.” Id. at 84. We agree.

       Similarly, the Appellate Court of Connecticut rejected the reasoning of Vela
as “archaic and unrealistic.” State v. Siering, 644 A.2d 958, 963 (Conn. App. Ct.
1994). The Siering court also adopted the rule that consent to a sexual act may be
withdrawn at any time, and the use of force to compel a victim to continue a sexual
act after consent is withdrawn is an offense. Id.

       Since McGill and Siering were decided, courts in both Maryland and
California have changed course from the decisions criticized in McGill. The
Supreme Court of California functionally overruled Vela in In re John Z, 60 P.3d
183, 188 (Cal. 2003). Similarly, the Court of Appeals of Maryland rejected the
language in Battle that suggested a person cannot withdraw consent after a sexual
act has begun. State v. Baby, 946 A.2d 463, 473-78 (Md. 2008).

       The Supreme Court of Maine addressed a closely related issue in State v.
Robinson, 496 A.2d 1067, 1071 (Me. 1985). After surveying cases describing how
rape is complete upon penetration—by force or compulsion—“however slight,” the
court explained: “The fact that the overwhelming bulk of rape cases involve the
question whether the threshold entry of the female sex organ occurred cannot blink
the fact that in either everyday or legal parlance any continuing presence of the male
sex organ in the female organ constitutes sexual intercourse.” Id. at n.2. We agree
with Maine’s high court and find its analysis particularly relevant considering our
own law requires penetration “however slight.” Penetration may be ongoing, it does
not necessarily cease after the initial moment when the slightest penetration is made.

       In State v. Flynn, the Supreme Court of Kansas decided the associated issue of
when continued penetration after withdrawal of consent constitutes the crime of
rape. 329 P.3d 429 (Kan. 2014). In Flynn, the court held the crime of rape was
established when consent is withdrawn as to an initially consensual sexual act and
one party nevertheless continues the sexual act “by use of force or fear.” Id. at 438.

      The analysis in McGill, Siering, Robinson, and Flynn is consistent with a
majority of the jurisdictions we have surveyed, and with the language of the UCMJ.

                             B. The Statutory Language

       The plain language of the UCMJ is consistent with those civilian cases that
have concluded “penetration,” in the legal sense, continues so long as the
penetrative sexual act continues. Article 125 states, “penetration, however slight is
sufficient to complete the offense.” For much the same reasons articulated in



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Robinson and Siering, we conclude “penetration” includes but is not limited to the
initial, “slight” breach of a bodily opening. “Penetration” is a noun describing the
arrangement wherein one object breaches the plane of another. Penetration exists so
long as the breach exists.

       We hold that an accused may be convicted under Article 125 if he or she uses
force to continue committing an ongoing sexual act after consent to such sexual act
is withdrawn. When an offense requires proof that a sexual act was accomplished by
force and without consent, the offense is complete when an accused uses force to
continue the sexual act after consent is withdrawn. 8

                             C. Application to this Case

       Appellant continued to penetrate NM as long as his penis was inside her.
While appellant was penetrating her, NM withdrew her consent to the penetrative
act. Instead of removing himself from her body, appellant used force to pin NM to
the bed and continue penetrating her by thrusting himself inside her. We conclude
appellant’s ongoing penetration, accomplished by force, after NM withdrew consent
to the sexual act, constituted the crime of forcible sodomy.

      Under different circumstances, there could be a claim that verbal or nonverbal
communications withdrawing consent during a consensual sexual act may not have
been clearly conveyed and understood. 9 Both the emphatic nature of NM’s
withdrawal of consent and appellant’s actions before and after the forcible sodomy,
however, undermine any claim of an honest and reasonable mistake of fact in this



8
  Our holding applies to the offense of forcible sodomy as it existed prior to 16
January 2014, when the text of Article 125 changed to require “unnatural carnal
copulation . . . by force or without the consent of the other person.” UCMJ art.
125(a) (2012 & Supp. I 2014) (emphasis added). We see no reason, however, to
distinguish between the offense of forcible sodomy presented to us in this case, and
the more commonly charged offense of rape by force. See UCMJ art. 120(a). We
also note that an analogous principle applies to the offense of sexual assault by
bodily harm. Both common sense and the law dictate that once consent to a sexual
act is withdrawn, the sexual act must cease.
9
 An accused who maintained an honest and reasonable mistake as to the continued
consent of the other party is not criminally culpable for continuing the sexual act.
See Rule for Courts-Martial 916(j). Factors a court-martial may use to determine
whether an accused had an honest and reasonable mistake of fact as to continued
consent will vary based on the facts and circumstances of each case.




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case. 10 There was no ambiguity in NM’s conditions for sexual activity or her
withdrawal of consent. NM consented to sex with appellant in private and behind
closed doors. Appellant knew NM’s conditions in advance and knew NM would
consent neither to sex with other individuals nor to other individuals viewing her sex
with appellant. Nevertheless, appellant arranged for KY and JS to enter the
bedroom, knowing NM would not consent to continued sexual acts in their presence.
NM’s resulting withdrawal of consent was immediate, unequivocal, and emphatic.
Appellant could not have had an honest and reasonable mistake as to NM’s
withdrawal of consent. Regardless, appellant used force to continue performing the
sexual act on NM. After NM withdrew consent to the sexual act, appellant’s crime
was complete when he used force to pin NM down and continue the sexual act
against her will. We are convinced of appellant’s guilt beyond any reasonable
doubt.




10
   We find no inconsistency between our conclusions in this case regarding the
defense of an honest and reasonable mistake of fact as to consent and our recent
decision in United States v. Peebles, 78 M.J. 658 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 2019),
applying the rule articulated in Elonis and Gifford, to require a reckless disregard
for consent. See generally United States v. Elonis, 135 S.Ct. 2001 (2014); United
States v. Gifford, 75 M.J. 140 (C.A.A.F. 2016). Our holding in Peebles relates to
cases alleging sexual assault where the alleged sexual act and bodily harm were one
and the same. In such situations, consent—and nothing else—separates innocent
from wrongful conduct. In this case, as in all cases alleging a sexual act by force, it
is not innocent conduct to accomplish the sexual act by force. As defined under the
UCMJ at the time of appellant’s offense, “force” meant “physical violence, strength,
power, or restraint applied to another person, sufficient that the other person could
not avoid or escape the sexual conduct.” UCMJ art. 120(t)(5)(C) (2006 & Supp. IV
2011). Prior to the 2007 changes to Article 120, our superior court defined force
similarly: “Actual force is physical force used to overcome a victim’s lack of
consent. Actual force requires ‘more than the incidental force involved in
penetration.’” United States v. Leak, 61 M.J. 234, 246 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (quoting
United States v. Bonano-Torres, 31 M.J. 175, 179 (C.M.A. 1990)). Military courts
also recognized the element of force could be accomplished through constructive
force. “Constructive force may be shown by proof of a coercive atmosphere that
includes, for example, threats to injure others or statements that resistance would be
futile.” Id. (quoting United States v. Simpson, 58 M.J. 368, 377 (C.A.A.F. 2003)).
While sexual acts are ordinarily innocent, forcible sexual acts—whether the force
was actual or constructive—are not.




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                                  CONCLUSION

      Upon consideration of the entire record, the findings of guilty and sentence
are AFFIRMED.

      Senior Judge MULLIGAN and Judge SCHASBERGER concur.


                                       FOR THE
                                       FOR THE COURT:
                                               COURT:



                                       MALCOLM
                                       MALCOLM H.  H. SQUIRES,
                                                      SQUIRES, JR.
                                                               JR.
                                       Clerk of Court
                                       Clerk of Court




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