              United States Bankruptcy Appellate Panel
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                               ________________

                                  No. 10-6002
                               ________________

In re:                                   *
                                         *
M&M Marketing, L.L.C.,                   *
                                         *
      Debtor.                            *
                                         *
                                         *
Michael L. Blumenthal,                   *
                                         *
      Creditor - Appellant,              *
                                         *
             v.                          *
                                         * Appeals from the United States
Richard D. Myers,                        * Bankruptcy Court for the District of
                                         * Nebraska
      Trustee - Appellee,                *
                                         *
Jerry Cronk, Cheryl Cronk, Jerome        *
Langdon, Coleen Langdon, Phillip         *
Cronk, and Lorraine Cronk,               *
                                         *
      Petitioning Creditors - Appellees. *
                               ________________

                                  No. 10-6004
                               ________________

In re:                                  *
                                        *
Premier Fighter, L.L.C.,                *
                                        *
         Debtor.                        *
Michael L. Blumenthal,                   *
                                         *
      Creditor - Appellant,              *
                                         *
             v.                          *
                                         *
Jerry Cronk, Cheryl Cronk, Jerome        *
Langdon, Coleen Langdon, Phillip         *
Cronk, and Lorraine Cronk,               *
                                         *
      Petitioning Creditors - Appellees. *
                                      _____

                            Submitted: March 2, 2010
                              Filed: April 2, 2010
                                     _____

Before KRESSEL, Chief Judge, FEDERMAN and VENTERS, Bankruptcy Judges.
                                 _____

VENTERS, Bankruptcy Judge.

      This is an appeal of the bankruptcy court's order denying Creditor Michael
Blumenthal’s “Motion to Remove Professional David Skalka and Croker Huck Law
Firm,” and a related order granting the Trustee’s supplemental application to employ
David Skalka and Croker Huck as special counsel. For the reasons stated below, we
reverse these orders.1




      1
        This opinion addresses identical rulings entered in the underlying
companion bankruptcy cases of In re M&M Marketing, LLC, Case No. 09-81458
and In re Premier Fighter, LLC, Case No. 09-81461.
                                         2
                            I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
       We review a bankruptcy court’s decision concerning the employment of an
attorney for abuse of discretion.2 A court abuses its discretion “when its ruling is
founded on an error of law or a misapplication of law to the facts.”3 In its application,
the abuse of discretion standard is nearly indistinguishable from the clearly erroneous
standard.4

                                 II. BACKGROUND
        The resolution of this appeal turns on the relationships among the following
parties-in-interest in the underlying bankruptcy cases:

1.    The Debtors, M&M Marketing, LLC (M&M) and Premier Fighter, LLC
      (“Premier”). M&M is the sole member of Premier Fighter, LLC.

2.    Matthew Anselmo (“Anselmo”). Anselmo’s current relationship to the Debtors
      is a matter of dispute. It is undisputed that prior to June 2008, Anselmo was the
      sole member and manager of M&M and the manager of Premier. The
      Appellant, Creditor Michael Blumenthal, maintains that Anselmo is still the
      owner of M&M. The Trustee and the Petitioning Creditors, on the other hand,
      contend that sometime in June 2008 Blumenthal coerced Anselmo to transfer
      all of his interest in M&M to Blumenthal. Blumenthal denies this ever
      occurred.


      2
          Walton v. LaBarge (In re Clark), 223 F.3d 859, 862 (8th Cir. 2000).
      3
        First Nat'l Bank of Olathe, Kansas v. Pontow (In re Pontow), 111 F.3d
604, 609 (8th Cir. 1997).
      4
        Gourley v. Usery (In re Usery), 242 B.R. 450, 457 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 1999)
(citing Forbes v. Forbes (In re Forbes), 215 B.R. 183, 187 n. 6 (B.A.P. 8th Cir.
1997)).
                                           3
3.    Michael Blumenthal. Blumenthal is a creditor of Anselmo and the Debtors.

4.    The Petitioning Creditors: Jerry Cronk, Cheryl Cronk, Jerome Langdon, Coleen
      Langdon, Phillip Cronk and Lorraine Cronk. The Petitioning Creditors are the
      “parents and aunts and uncles” of Matthew Anselmo’s wife, Heather Anselmo.
      It is unclear from the record who are Mrs. Anslemo's parents and who are her
      aunts and uncles.

5.    Proposed counsel for the Trustee: David Skalka and his law firm, Croker, Huck,
      Kasher, DeWitt, Anderson & Gonderinger, LLC (collectively, “Skalka”).
      Skalka currently represents the Petitioning Creditors.

B.     History
       In May 2007 Blumenthal loaned Anselmo $1,545,000.00 in several
installments. Shortly thereafter, M&M Marketing made the following payments to
three of the Petitioning Creditors:


           Recipient                     Amount                       Date
          Jerry Cronk                    $250,000                 May 14, 2007
          Phillip Cronk                  $280,000                 May 30, 2007
       Coleen Langdon                    $470,000                 June 7, 2007


      In January 2008, Blumenthal obtained a judgment against Anselmo and M&M
Marketing in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.5
According to Blumenthal, the Petitioning Creditors opposed Blumenthal’s efforts in
obtaining this judgment and took various steps to prevent Blumenthal from enforcing


      5
      It appears from the record that this judgment has since been set aside or
amended.
                                         4
his judgment against Anselmo and the Debtors, supposedly because Blumenthal’s
search for assets led to the Petitioning Creditors’ doorstep.

       The Petitioning Creditors filed involuntary petitions in bankruptcy against
M&M and Premier on June 3, 2009. The petitions were unopposed, and orders of
relief were entered on June 30, 2009. Richard D. Myers was appointed as the Chapter
7 trustee (“Trustee”) in both bankruptcy cases.

       On September 9, 2009, the Trustee filed an application to approve the
employment of Skalka as “Special Counsel . . . to represent the Trustee in pursuing
any and all preferences in this bankruptcy estate, pursuing any avoidable and/or
fraudulent transfers of all or substantially all of the assets of the Debtor occurring in
the year immediately preceding the filing of the involuntary petition in this matter,
pursuing any causes or choses of action the bankruptcy estate may have flowing from
the aforesaid avoidable preferences or transfers, and bringing any adversary
proceedings as may be necessary to pursue such actions.” At the hearing on the
application, the Trustee stated that Skalka’s sole mission was to pursue Blumenthal
and that the Trustee’s general counsel, Erin R. Harris, would investigate any other
potential preference or fraudulent transfer actions the estate might have against the
Petitioning Creditors.

       The Trustee also stated in the application that Skalka’s representation of the
Petitioning Creditors would not be adverse to the estate because the Petitioning
Creditors did not receive any transfers from the Debtors within the year preceding the
involuntary petitions. Skalka’s affidavit filed in support of the Trustee’s motion
disclosed the same.




                                           5
      On September 10, 2009, the bankruptcy court granted the Trustee’s application
to employ Skalka as special counsel.6 Notably, the court specifically reserved ruling
on whether “the person or entity being employed represents no adverse interest.”7

       On September 21, 2009, Blumenthal filed a “Motion to Remove David Skalka
and Croker Huck Law Firm as Special Counsel to Chapter 7 Trustee,” in which he
argued that Skalka should be disqualified because: 1) the interests of Skalka’s clients
(the Petitioning Creditors) are adverse to the estate because they received (allegedly)
fraudulent transfers in 2007; 2) Skalka is not “disinterested,” as required by 11 U.S.C.
§ 327(a), because he represents relatives of Debtor M&M’s principal, Anselmo; and
3) the Trustee and Skalka failed to disclose in their “Rule 2014 disclosures” that
Skalka represents Anselmo’s relatives.8

       The Trustee subsequently filed a “Supplemental Application to Employ Special
Counsel for Trustee.” The Supplemental Application was filed for the sole purpose
of disclosing the fee agreement between Trustee and Skalka.

       The bankruptcy court held a hearing on Blumenthal’s motion to remove Skalka
on November 16, 2009, at which time the parties offered argument and evidence in
the form of previously filed affidavits. No live testimony was tendered or admitted.
The bankruptcy court took the matter under advisement.


      6
      The order was entered on September 10 in case no. 09-81458 and on
September 15 in case no. 09-81461.
      7
        Consequently, the Trustee’s argument that Blumenthal’s motion to remove
counsel constitute an impermissible collateral attack on the bankruptcy court’s
order approving their employment fails. Blumenthal’s motion addresses an issue
which had not been previously ruled on.
      8
       Because we reverse on other grounds, we do not need to rule on the
adequacy of the Trustee’s and Skalka’s disclosures.
                                           6
     On November 19, 2009, the bankruptcy court denied Blumenthal’s motion to
remove Skalka. The ruling stated in pertinent part:

      Mr. Skalka and his firm are employed as special counsel for a limited
      purpose. The lawyers have no actual conflict with the estate, only with
      the movant. There are creditors in addition to movant and they have a
      right to have the Trustee use best efforts to obtain control of all assets of
      the estate. Using special counsel with knowledge of the history of the
      relationship between movant and Mr. Anselmo may facilitate those
      efforts.

The bankruptcy court approved the Trustee’s Supplemental Application to Employ
Special Counsel for Trustee on November 20, 2009. Blumenthal timely appealed both
of these orders.



                              III. DISCUSSION
      The employment of counsel by a bankruptcy trustee is governed by 11 U.S.C.
§ 327(a). Under §327(a), there are essentially two conditions for an attorney’s
employment: the attorney must be “disinterested,” and the attorney cannot hold or
represent an interest adverse to the estate.9 Blumenthal challenges Skalka’s
employment on both grounds. We deal with each in turn.

       Whether an attorney is disinterested is determined by reference to 11 U.S.C. §
101(14), which defines a disinterested person as someone that “(A) is not a creditor,
an equity security holder, or an insider; (B) is not and was not, within 2 years before
the date of the filing of the petition, a director, officer, or employee of the debtor; and

      9
        11 U.S.C. § 327(a) provides in full: “Except as otherwise provided in this
section, the trustee, with the court's approval, may employ one or more attorneys,
accountants, appraisers, auctioneers, or other professional persons, that do not hold
or represent an interest adverse to the estate, and that are disinterested persons, to
represent or assist the trustee in carrying out the trustee's duties under this title.”
                                            7
(C) does not have an interest materially adverse to the interest of the estate or of any
class of creditors or equity security holders, by reason of any direct or indirect
relationship to, connection with, or interest in, the debtor, or for any other reason.”

       Blumenthal argues that Skalka is not disinterested because his clients are not
disinterested.

       Blumenthal is correct that the Petitioning Creditors would not qualify as
disinterested under § 101(14).10 As close relatives of the Debtor M&M’s principal,11
the Petitioning Creditors are “insiders” of the Debtor, and under the terms of §
101(14), insiders are not disinterested persons. However, an attorney is not
disinterested because he represents an entity that is not disinterested. Whether an
attorney (or law firm) is disinterested is solely a function of the attorney’s relationship
to the debtor.12 And Blumenthal has not identified, nor have we found, anything in
the record that would support an independent basis for finding that Skalka or the
Croker Huck law firm had or have a relationship with the Debtor which would make
them not disinterested. Therefore, Skalka is disinterested.

       The second requirement for an attorney’s employment under § 327(a), i.e., that
the attorney not hold or represent an interest adverse to the estate, does impute a
client’s conflict with an estate to the attorney. On this issue, the bankruptcy court’s

      10
         Section 101(31) defines insider as including a “relative of a general
partner, director, officer, or person in control of the debtor.” And § 101(45)
defines relative as an “individual related by affinity or consanguinity within the
third degree as determined by the common law.”
      11
       Section 101(45) defines relative as an “individual related by affinity or
consanguinity within the third degree as determined by the common law.”
      12
        See In re AroChem Corp., 176 F.3d 610, 629 (2nd Cir. 1999); In re BH &
P, 949 F.2d 1300, 1310 (3rd Cir. 1991); In re Huntco, Inc., 288 B.R. 229 (Bankr.
E.D. Mo. 2002).
                                            8
conclusion that Skalka’s only conflict is with Blumenthal, not the estate, is clearly
erroneous.

       To “hold an interest adverse to the estate” means: “(1) to possess or assert any
economic interest that would tend to lessen the value of the bankruptcy estate or that
would create either an actual or potential dispute in which the estate is a rival
claimant; or (2) to possess a predisposition under circumstances that render such a bias
against the estate.”13 To “represent an adverse interest” means to serve as agent or
attorney for any individual or entity holding such an adverse interest. Based on this
definition, the Petitioning Creditors hold an interest adverse to the estate and therefore
Skalka holds an interest adverse to the estate.

       The Petitioning Creditors’ interests are adverse to the estate because they
received transfers from the Debtor in 2007 that could potentially be avoided and
recovered by the Trustee. In representing the Petitioning Creditors, Skalka also holds
an adverse interest. The affidavits on record establish that the Petitioning Creditors
were not the beneficiaries of any transfer within the year prior to the petition date, but
that only eliminates liability under 11 U.S.C. § 547. Transfers occurring more than
a year before the petition, however, could be subject to avoidance under other
provisions of the Bankruptcy Code, such as § 544 (utilizing the Uniform Fraudulent
Transfer Act) or § 548. Consequently, Skalka’s employment would include
investigating the potentially fraudulent transfers his clients received in 2007 – which
would create a clear conflict of interest.




      13
         In re Roberts, 46 B.R. 815, 827 (Bankr. D. Utah 1985), aff'd in relevant
part and rev'd and remanded in part on other grounds, 75 B.R. 402 (D. Utah
1987). See also Pierce v. Aetna Life Ins. Co. (In re Pierce), 809 F.2d 1356, 1362
(8th Cir. 1987) (citing Roberts with approval); In re Tri-State Ethanol Company,
LLC, 2007 WL 1174182 (Bankr. S.D. 2007) (same).
                                            9
      The bankruptcy court held, and the Trustee argues here, that Skalka’s
employment does not create such a conflict because Skalka was hired for a limited
purpose – pursuing Blumenthal. This argument is without merit.

       First, we question whether it is appropriate to narrow the inquiry of potential
conflicts based on the allegedly limited scope of Skalka’s employment. The only
Bankruptcy Code section that explicitly permits a court to consider conflicts solely
with regard to the matter for which the attorney is to be employed is 11 U.S.C.
§ 327(e),14 which provides:

      The trustee, with the court's approval, may employ, for a specified
      special purpose, other than to represent the trustee in conducting the
      case, an attorney that has represented the debtor, if in the best interest of
      the estate, and if such attorney does not represent or hold any interest
      adverse to the debtor or to the estate with respect to the matter on which
      such attorney is to be employed.15

      By its plain terms § 327(e) applies only to attorneys who have previously
represented a debtor. There is no evidence or suggestion in the record indicating that
Skalka was previously employed by either of the Debtors. Consequently, Skalka’s
employment must meet the requirements of § 327(a), which does not limit the purview
of conflicts to a specific matter.




      14
          The Trustee did not cite 11 U.S.C. § 327(e) in his application to employ
Skalka, and the bankruptcy court did not cite § 327(e) as a basis for its decision;
however, both refer to Skalka as “special counsel,” suggesting that Skalka was
being employed under § 327(e), inasmuch as that is the only provision which deals
with a trustee's employment of an attorney for a “specified special purpose.”
      15
           11 U.S.C. § 327(e).
                                           10
       Second, even if it was appropriate to limit the scope of Skalka’s representation
of the Trustee, and thereby limit the scope of potential conflicts,16 the Trustee did not
properly do so. The application to employ Skalka filed with the bankruptcy court
stated that Skalka’s employment was limited to pursuing preference and avoidance
actions. Under that limitation, Skalka’s employment would still pose a conflict
because it would include a consideration of whether to pursue an avoidance action
against the Petitioning Creditors. At the very close of the hearing on Blumenthal’s
motion to remove Skalka, the Trustee attempted to further limit the scope of Skalka's
employment by stating that Skalka was hired for the sole purpose of pursuing
Blumenthal and that potential avoidance actions against the Petitioning Creditors
would be handled by his general counsel, Erin Harris. Such an important limitation
(assuming it was valid) should have been included in the Trustee's application filed
with the bankruptcy court. The last minute, oral modification of the Trustee’s
application was insufficient to limit the scope of Skalka’s employment so as to
eliminate an impermissible conflict under § 327(e).

       The final reason that Skalka cannot be employed under § 327(e) – or § 327(a)
– is that Skalka’s representation of the Trustee poses an actual conflict regardless of
whether the scope of Skalka’s employment is limited to pursuing Blumenthal.

       As noted above, an individual’s interest is considered adverse to an estate if that
interest would tend to lessen the value of a bankruptcy estate or foster a predisposition

      16
         A number of courts have applied § 327(e) by “analogy” to attorneys who
have not previously represented debtors. See, e.g., In re AroChem Corp., 176 F.3d
610, 622 (2nd Cir. 1999) (“[W]here the trustee seeks to appoint counsel only as
‘special counsel’ for a specific matter, there need only be no conflict between the
trustee and counsel's creditor client with respect to the specific matter itself.”)
(quoting Stoumbos v. Kilimnik, 988 F.2d 949, 964 (9th Cir. 1993)). We do not
need to decide whether such an extension of § 327(e) is appropriate because Skalka
represents an interest adverse to the estate with respect to the matter for which his
employment has been proposed.
                                           11
against the estate. In this case, the interests of the Petitioning Creditors have the
potential of doing both. The record (albeit sparse) suggests that Blumenthal might
possess state-law claims against three of the Petitioning Creditors for the recovery of
potentially fraudulent transfers. If Blumenthal pursues those claims, and the Trustee
pursues the Petitioning Creditors for recovery of the same transfers, it is not difficult
to conceive of several situations in which Skalka’s loyalties might be divided. If
Blumenthal and the Petitioning Creditors seek to settle their dispute in a way that
reduces the pool of assets available to the estate, then Skalka’s interests would be
adverse to the estate. The zeal with which Skalka pursues Blumenthal on behalf of
the estate could be affected (negatively or positively) by litigation that might ensue
between Blumenthal and the Petitioning Creditors. Or Skalka might unearth
incriminating information in his defense of the Petitioning Creditors which would
interfere with his unbiased representation of the estate.

        Ultimately, it is unnecessary to fathom every possible conflict that might arise
from Skalka’s concurrent representation of the Petitioning Creditors and the estate. It
is sufficient to preclude Skalka’s employment by the estate under § 327(a) or (e) if the
record supports the existence of a single potential conflict. And here it does.

                                IV. CONCLUSION
      For the reasons stated above, the bankruptcy court's order denying Creditor
Michael Blumenthal’s “Motion to Remove Professional David Skalka and Croker
Huck Law Firm,” and the related order granting the Trustee’s supplemental
application to employ David Skalka and Croker Huck as special counsel are hereby
reversed.    By virtue of their representation of the Petitioning Creditors, attorney
David Skalka and the Croker Huck Law Firm, possess interests adverse to the estate
precluding employment under 11 U.S.C. § 327(a) and (e).




                                           12
