                                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]


                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                  FILED
                             FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                               ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                          DECEMBER 15, 2009
                                      No. 09-10491                        THOMAS K. KAHN
                                ________________________                      CLERK


                            D. C. Docket No. 07-00832-CV-CG

GORDON RIPPS,


                                                                             Plaintiff-Counter
                                                                         Defendant-Appellant-
                                                                              Cross-Appellee,

                                             versus

D. LEON POWERS,

                                                                            Defendant-Counter
                                                                            Claimant-Appellee
                                                                             Cross-Appellant.


                                ________________________

                      Appeals from the United States District Court
                         for the Southern District of Alabama
                            _________________________
                                  (December 15, 2009)

Before DUBINA, Chief Judge, BIRCH and SILER,* Circuit Judges.

       *
        Honorable Eugene E. Siler, Jr., United States Circuit Judge for the Sixth Circuit, sitting
by designation.
PER CURIAM:

      Appellant/Cross-Appellee Gordon Ripps and Appellee/Cross-Appellant

Leon Powers appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment on all breach

of contract and related claims in this diversity case. Ripps and Powers undertook a

business relationship in the mid-1990s, established first by an oral joint

development agreement. A more narrow written agreement creating joint

ownership of specific development interests followed in 1999.

      The joint venturers were unable to abide by the terms of their agreements.

Ripps sued first, claiming Powers breached the written agreement. Powers

asserted counterclaims based upon Ripps’s alleged breach of the oral agreement.

We hold that the district court correctly granted summary judgment on all of the

claims in this case except for Ripps’s claims based on the written agreement. We

affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand to the district court for trial on Ripps’s

breach of contract and related claims.

                                 I. BACKGROUND

        Gordon Ripps and Leon Powers seek to resolve claims arising from their

now-defunct business relationship. Powers alleges that, in 1996, Ripps induced

him to enter into an oral agreement covering all property they undertook to develop

in South Alabama. Powers would contribute his business connections, Ripps his



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real estate license, and the two would share equally in the ventures. Ripps disputes

the existence of this oral agreement. Powers testified in his deposition that the oral

agreement was intended to last longer than one year, though no term was specified

by the parties.

      In 1999, Powers and Ripps entered into a written agreement allowing Ripps

to share equally in Powers’s ownership of several specific properties. The

agreement stated that Ripps had earned an equal share in “Sportsman’s[] Marina

LP and all Related Properties” by his past acts in closing on Sportsman’s Marina.

The agreement, signed and notarized, did not by express words in the body indicate

that it was under seal.

      Powers alleges that Ripps breached the oral agreement by refusing to share

about $1.6 million in real estate commissions he earned from sales of

condominiums in “The Moorings” project, developed by an organization that also

owned and developed Sportsman’s Marina. Powers alleges that, at the time he

found out about Ripps’s breach in June, 2000, he repudiated the written contract.

Ripps alleges that this repudiation did not occur until the summer of 2005. Though

Powers claims the contract was repudiated in 2000, he admits that on three separate

occasions as late as 2004, he submitted invoices to, and received payment from,

Ripps for expenses related to the entities described in the written agreement.



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      It is undisputed that Powers received distributions from the entities

referenced in the written agreement in 2000, 2006, and 2007. These distributions

were for about $40,000, $250,000, and $1.2 million, respectively. Ripps claims

that he did not know of the 2000 distribution until after he filed suit in 2007 but

does not sue to recover that distribution.

      Ripps asserts four distinct claims, all based on their contractual relationship:

breach of contract, declaratory judgment, accounting, and fraudulent suppression.

Powers counterclaims, asserting three claims against Ripps based on the formation

of the written contract and violation of the oral joint development agreement:

fraudulent inducement, breach of fiduciary duty, and breach of contract.

      The district court, hearing the case based on its diversity jurisdiction and

applying Alabama law, granted summary judgment on all claims. It held that the

statute of limitations precluded Ripps’s suits on the written agreement, because it

was repudiated and breached first in 2000, more than six years before the suit was

filed. It held that the statute of frauds prohibited Powers’s claims on the oral

contract because it was contemplated to last longer than one year but was not in

writing.

                           II. STANDARD OF REVIEW




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      We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment. Fanin v.

U.S. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 572 F.3d 868, 871 (11th Cir. 2009).

                                  III. DISCUSSION

                                  A. Ripps’s Claims

                      1. Breach of Contract and Related Claims

      The district court held that the statute of limitations precluded Ripps’s suit

on the written contract. The district court order indicated that the statute of

limitations on all of Ripps’s contract claims began to run in 2000 for a number of

reasons: Powers anticipatorily repudiated the contract in 2000, Powers first

breached the contract in 2000, and the oral and written agreements were in fact just

one agreement that the parties abandoned in 2000. Each of these reasons, taken

individually, is insufficient to bar Ripps’s claims on the written contract.

      The applicable statute of limitations for breach of contract claims is six

years. Ala. Code § 6-2-34(9) (2005). Though Ripps claims that the notarized

contract is “under seal” and therefore subject to a ten year statute of limitations,

Alabama law is clear that for a contract to be “under seal” it must express that

intention in the body of the contract. Crane v. Pringle, 378 So. 2d 721, 723 (Ala.

1979). The written contract in this case states no such intention.

      The statute of limitations begins to run when the contract is breached, not



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when the contract is repudiated. In City of Mobile v. Sumrall, 727 So. 2d 118 (Ala.

Civ. App. 1999), the plaintiff sued the city in 1997 after not receiving promised

retirement benefits. The city argued that the six-year statute of limitations had run

because it notified the plaintiff in 1987 that it would not pay the benefits. The

court held that the statute of limitations did not begin to run until 1995, when the

plaintiff was entitled to begin receiving benefits. Id. at 120.

       In this case, the statute began to run at breach, not when the contract was

verbally repudiated by Powers. As in City of Mobile, the advance notice of intent

by Powers not to honor the contract has no effect on the running of the statute of

limitations in this case. The statute began to run when the contract was actually

breached.

       Likewise, a distinct limitations period attaches to each breach of an ongoing

contract. See Ala. Code § 6-5-280 (“[I]f the breaches occur at successive periods

in an entire contract . . . an action will lie for each breach . . . .” ); Bowdoin Square,

L.L.C. v. Winn-Dixie Montgomery, Inc., 873 So. 2d 1091, 1104 (Ala. 2003)

(holding that breaches of a lease for periodic rent create separate causes of action).

Powers characterizes the unshared distributions in 2006 and 2007 as “damages”

flowing from his original breach of the agreement in 2000. He relies on Stephens

v. Creel, where the Alabama Supreme Court held that “in a contract action based



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upon a warranty to construct a house in a workmanlike manner, the cause of action

accrues and the statute of limitations begins to run on the date the defendant

completes performance.” 429 So. 2d 278, 280 (Ala. 1983).

      Powers attempted reliance on the narrow holding of Stephens falls flat. The

alleged breaches by Powers’s in this case are more like failure to pay periodic rent

than the failure to construct a home in a workmanlike manner. The joint

ownership agreement here was an ongoing relationship, like a lease agreement. It

was not like a construction contract, where the accomplishment of a single object

fulfills the contract. The unshared distributions in 2006 and 2007 were not

damages flowing from the initial breach of the contract but were successive

breaches in and of themselves. As a result, we conclude that the statute did not

begin running on these claims until the breach actually occurred, when Powers

failed to share each distribution he received.

      Finally, there is no evidence in the record that supports the district court’s

conclusion, against both parties’ assertions, that the two agreements here were

really just one agreement abandoned by the parties in 2000. Powers himself

testified at his deposition that he submitted invoices to, and received payment

from, Ripps for expenses made in connection with their joint ownership interests in

2000, 2003, and 2004. The conclusion that mutual rescission occurred in this case



                                           7
was based on a disputed material fact and cannot be affirmed.

      We reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment on Ripps’s

breach of contract, declaratory judgment, and accounting claims related to the

written agreement for the unshared distributions in 2006 and 2007 and remand

these claims to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

                             2. Fraudulent Concealment

      Ripps additionally asserts that Powers’s failure to report receipt of

distributions from their jointly owned entities constituted the tort of fraudulent

concealment. In Alabama, “mere breach of a contractual provision is not sufficient

to support a charge of fraud.” Brown-Marx Assocs., Ltd. v. Emigrant Sav. Bank,

703 F.2d 1361, 1370-71 (11th Cir. 1983) (citing McAdory v. Jones, 71 So. 2d 526,

528 (Ala. 1954) (holding that only a promissory fraud claim may arise from a

breach of contract)). Ripps cannot bring a fraud claim based upon Powers’s failure

to alert Ripps to Powers’s breach of contract. We affirm the grant of summary

judgment on this claim.

                                 B. Powers’s Claims

                1. Breach of Fiduciary Duty and Breach of Contract

      We agree with the district court that Powers’s claims on the oral agreement



                                           8
fail because the contract is unenforceable under the statute of frauds. Under

Alabama law, “[e]very agreement which, by its terms, is not to be performed

within one year from the making thereof” must be in writing. Ala. Code § 8-9-

2(1). Testimony about the duration of the contract by the party suing upon it is

significant evidence of the contract’s term. In Cox Nuclear Pharmacy, Inc. v. CTI,

Inc., we held that the deposition testimony of a contracting party that the contract

would continue for more than one year brought the contract within the statute of

frauds. 478 F.3d 1303, 1309-10 (11th Cir. 2007), cited in Williams v. Hill, 17 So.

3d 229, 233 (Ala. Civ. App. 2009).

      Here, Powers himself testified at his deposition that the intended term of the

contract was for more than one year. As a result, the evidence indicates that the

contract was contemplated to last for more than one year and was within the statute

of frauds. Because it was not in writing, Powers’s claims based on the contract fail

as a matter of law. We affirm the grant of summary judgment in favor of Ripps on

these contract-based claims.

                               2. Fraudulent Inducement

      The district court broadly categorized Powers’s fraudulent inducement claim

as based on the unenforceable oral agreement, though the pleaded counterclaim

indicates that it is based on the formation of the written contract. We briefly note



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that the two-year statute of limitations has run on the affirmative fraud claim

because Powers alleges that he discovered Ripps never intended to honor their

ongoing contracts in 2000. See Ala. Code § 6-2-3 (extending an expired statute of

limitations for two years after fraud is discovered). As a result, fraud in the

inducement may only be a defense to Ripps’s affirmative claim. See Bama’s Best

Party Sales, Inc. v. Tupperware, U.S., Inc., 723 So. 2d 29, 34 (Ala. 1998). We

affirm the grant of summary judgment on Powers’s fraudulent inducement claim.

                                 IV. CONCLUSION

      We affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on all of the

claims and counterclaims in this case except for those claims asserted by Ripps

based on the written agreement.

      AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part and REMANDED.




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