                        NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 18a0015n.06

                                           No. 17-3496

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                                                     FILED
WILSON-DAVIS & CO., INC.,                        )                             Jan 08, 2018
                                                 )                         DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
      Plaintiff-Appellant,                       )
                                                 )
              v.                                 )
                                                                 ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                 )
                                                                 UNITED STATES DISTRICT
JAMES MIRGLIOTTA, Individually and as )
                                                                 COURT FOR THE NORTHERN
Administrator of the Estate of Bette Mirgliotta, )
                                                                 DISTRICT OF OHIO
Deceased,                                        )
                                                 )
      Defendant-Appellee.                        )
                                                 )



BEFORE: BATCHELDER, GRIFFIN, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

       GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.

       Defendant James Mirgliotta and his late wife Bette invested several hundred thousand

dollars in penny stocks at the advice of financial advisors. Their investments are now worthless,

and the advisors were convicted of securities fraud and are defendants in an SEC enforcement

action. Plaintiff Wilson-Davis & Co., Inc. is a brokerage firm that housed the Mirgliottas’

investments for just over a month. The Mirgliottas seek to hold Wilson-Davis (and others)

responsible for their losses, so James, on his own behalf and on behalf of his wife’s estate, filed a

statement of claim before the arbitration board of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority

(FINRA). Seeking to enjoin the arbitration proceedings, Wilson-Davis, a FINRA member, filed

a complaint for declaratory action and injunctive relief, asserting it lacked any obligation to
No. 17-3496
Wilson-Davis & Co., Inc. v. Mirgliotta


arbitrate. The district court disagreed, holding the dispute fell within the scope of FINRA’s

mandatory arbitration provision, FINRA Rule 12200. We affirm.

                                                I.

       Larry Werbel was the Mirgliottas’ primary financial advisor. James testified the couple

essentially “followed” Werbel’s advice and instructions, opening accounts and making trades at

Werbel’s direction.    One of the recommendations made by Werbel and followed by the

Mirgliottas was to buy and sell penny stocks to be held in their individual retirement accounts.

       Werbel had the Mirgliottas open IRAs at Wilson-Davis in July 2013, transferring funds

from their accounts at TD Ameritrade. Christopher Cervino, the Mirgliottas’ Wilson-Davis

account representative, “worked together” with Werbel to facilitate the opening of their accounts

and various transactions within the accounts; Cervino and Werbel made several authorized

purchases and sales of penny stocks for the Mirgliottas through Wilson-Davis, for which Wilson-

Davis collected fees and commissions. A third individual, Edward Durante, also interfaced with

Cervino, Werbel, and James. Only Cervino was a Wilson-Davis employee.

       The focal point of this appeal is the Mirgliottas’ investment in New Market Enterprises.

In the same month the Mirgliottas opened IRAs at Wilson-Davis, Wilson-Davis certified

representative Cervino helped James wire $75,000 out of James’s IRA at Wilson-Davis to

James’s personal bank account at Liberty Bank for the purpose of then transferring the funds to

Bank of America to purchase securities in New Market Enterprises. The same goes for over

$490,000 that was wired from a Wilson-Davis IRA in Bette’s name. In one notable email to

James, Durante summarized the transfers to New Market Enterprises as follows:




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Wilson-Davis & Co., Inc. v. Mirgliotta


       Wilson Davis & Company . . . will be wiring a total of $565,000 to your joint
       account at Liberty Bank in Twinsburg, Ohio Monday morning.

                                              ***

       More than likely it will be two separate wires (although it could be combined) one
       for $490,000 from Bette’s account and one for $75,000 from James’ account.

       Upon receipt of funds Monday, please wire those proceeds $565,000 to the
       following:

       Bank of America
       3rd Avenue New York Branch (optional)
       NY, NY 10174

                                              ***

       f.b.o. New Market Enterprises, Inc.

       Once the funds are credited to the account indicated, I will send you an e-mail
       acknowledgment of same and then we will process the convertible securities for
       deposit to your account.

       Cervino left Wilson-Davis in August 2013 and arranged for the Mirgliottas’ investments

to follow him to a new investment firm, COR Clearing. The Mirgliottas continued to invest in

penny stocks, and more specifically, wired money out of their IRAs to New Market Enterprises

via this new firm at the direction of Werbel, Cervino, and others. Unfortunately, the Mirgliottas’

investments are now worthless.

       The Mirgliottas’ experience with these individuals was not unique. Indeed, Cervino,

Werbel, and Durante were convicted of various fraud, money laundering, and conspiracy charges

for their role in defrauding investors of over $15 million dollars, and the SEC commenced a

related civil enforcement action.    These proceedings fit within the overall theme of what

happened to the Mirgliottas—Cervino, Werbel, and Durante conspired to defraud the Mirgliottas,

using Wilson-Davis as a pass-through investment vehicle. In James’s words, “[m]oney went



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Wilson-Davis & Co., Inc. v. Mirgliotta


from TD Ameritrade, to Wilson-Davis, to Liberty Bank, to New Market Enterprises, all per the

instructions of Mr. Werbel, Mr. Durante, [and] Mr. Cervino.”

       In August 2016, James commenced FINRA arbitration proceedings against Werbel,

Cervino, Wilson-Davis, another individual (but not Durante), and several other financial

investment institutions, claiming a loss of over $700,000. He alleged five counts, three of which

related to the institutions’ alleged lack of oversight over the Mirgliottas’ accounts and brokers:

(1) negligence in failing to “adhere to the opening, administering and supervising of the

Mirgliottas’ accounts and other indirect accounts with the promotion of penny stocks to their

investors”; (2) respondeat superior liability for the “misconduct of the respective financial

advisors’ conduct”; and (3) negligently training and supervising the financial advisors.

       Wilson-Davis then filed a complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief in the Northern

District of Ohio under the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. § 4, contending it is not obligated to

arbitrate the Mirgliottas’ claims under FINRA Rule 12200(2). It also moved for an injunction on

this basis. In pertinent part, the district court declined to enjoin the Mirgliottas’ New Market

Enterprises claim, and subsequently denied Wilson-Davis’s motion to alter or amend judgment

under Rule 59(e), or, alternatively, for relief from judgment under Rule 60(b).1 Wilson-Davis

appeals.

                                                II.

       When reviewing a district court’s grant or denial of a request for a permanent injunction,

we review factual findings for clear error, legal conclusions de novo, and the scope of the relief

for an abuse of discretion. Worldwide Basketball & Sport Tours, Inc. v. Nat’l Coll. Athletic

       1
        For reasons not important here, the district court enjoined arbitration for a claim
involving losses prior to the Mirgliottas having accounts with Wilson-Davis and declined to
enjoin arbitration in another claim. (R. 49). The parties did not appeal these holdings.


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Wilson-Davis & Co., Inc. v. Mirgliotta


Ass’n, 388 F.3d 955, 958 (6th Cir. 2004). We review the denial of a request for relief under Rule

59(e) and 60(b) for abuse of discretion. Hansmann v. Fid. Invs. Inst. Servs. Co., 326 F.3d 760,

766 (6th Cir. 2003); Thompson v. Bell, 580 F.3d 423, 442 (6th Cir. 2009).

                                               III.

       Arbitration is “simply a matter of contract between the parties; it is a way to resolve those

disputes—but only those disputes—that the parties have agreed to submit to arbitration.” Rent-

A-Center, W., Inc. v. Jackson, 561 U.S. 63, 77 (2010) (citation omitted). FINRA Rules “create[]

the right of parties to compel [a FINRA]-member firm to arbitrate even in the absence of a direct

transactional relationship with the firm.” Vestax Sec. Corp. v. McWood, 280 F.3d 1078, 1081

(6th Cir. 2002).2 Specifically, “[p]arties must arbitrate a dispute” under FINRA’s Code of

Arbitration Procedure if: (1) Arbitration is “[r]equested by the customer”; (2) “The dispute is

between a customer and a member or associated person of a member”; and (3) “The dispute

arises in connection with the business activities of the member or the associated person[.]”

FINRA Rule 12200(2).

       Wilson-Davis originally presented two claims of error. First, it contended in its brief that

the Mirgliottas were not “customers” of Wilson-Davis for their investments in New Market

Enterprises because they purchased those shares after they transferred funds out of their Wilson-

Davis accounts and used non-Wilson-Davis funds (i.e., money from Bank of America) to

purchase the securities. However, at oral argument, Wilson-Davis conceded the Mirgliottas’

customer status. (And even if Wilson-Davis did not so concede, we agree with the district

court’s same conclusion).

       2
        Vestax considered National Association of Securities Dealers Rule 10301, the
predecessor to FINRA Rule 12200. Because the rules are “substantively equivalent,” so too is
our analysis. See, e.g., Waterford Inv. Servs., Inc. v. Bosco, 682 F.3d 348, 353 (4th Cir. 2012).


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Wilson-Davis & Co., Inc. v. Mirgliotta


        Therefore, we focus only on Wilson-Davis’s second claim of error—that the New Market

Enterprises purchases did not “arise[] in connection with the business activities of” Wilson-

Davis. FINRA Rule 12200(2). In its view, the Mirgliottas’ dispute with Wilson-Davis falls

outside this prong because Wilson-Davis “had no involvement with the trades,” “did not even

know the trades took place,” and their losses occurred after they transferred funds out of their

Wilson-Davis accounts.     Our case law rejects such a narrow interpretation of “business

activities.”

        We previously considered the extent to which alleged negligent and fraudulent conduct

by employees of a securities brokerage firm arises in connection with a firm’s business activities

in Vestax Securities Corporation v. McWood, 280 F.3d at 1081–83. There, we broadly held

investors may establish such a link by connecting their losses to the firm’s alleged failure to

supervise its brokers, even though the firm neither received commissions for the transactions nor

was “even aware of the transactions that were ultimately placed through other broker-dealers.”

Id. at 1081–82 (citation omitted and emphasis added). This is so, we held, because “[a] dispute

that arises from a firm’s lack of supervision over its brokers arises in connection with its

business.” Id. at 1082 (citation omitted and emphasis added).

        The Mirgliottas’ contentions here are straightforward:       Crooked financial advisors

conspired to direct the Mirgliottas’ nest egg into unsuitable investments, using Wilson-Davis—

Cervino’s employer—as a conduit through which the Mirgliottas’ savings passed. As the district

court recognized, the record evidence suggests Werbel, Cervino, and Durante participated in a

scheme to convince the Mirgliottas to move money to Wilson-Davis and then to New Market

Enterprises. Under Vestax, a dispute arising “from a firm’s lack of supervision over its brokers”

constitutes a dispute that “arises in connection with the business activities” of the FINRA


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Wilson-Davis & Co., Inc. v. Mirgliotta


member, even when the FINRA member is not aware of the transactions facilitated by the

broker. Id. at 1081–82. The Mirgliottas’ dispute with Wilson-Davis is that it negligently

supervised Cervino (including when he played a role in directing the Mirgliottas’ money from

Wilson-Davis to New Market Enterprises), which falls comfortably within Vestax’s broad

holding.

       Wilson-Davis seeks to distinguish Vestax on the facts.3 It contends that, unlike in Vestax,

the Mirgliottas did not advance “competent evidence” that they invested in New Market

Enterprises on the advice of Wilson-Davis or Cervino because James gave less-than-definitive

deposition testimony about Cervino’s exact role regarding the New Market Enterprises

investment.   To be sure, the deposition testimony regarding who specifically advised the

Mirgliottas to invest in New Market Enterprises is not unequivocal. But this does not mean the

district court erred in determining Cervino played a direct role in facilitating the transfer of the

Mirgliottas’ investments to New Market Enterprises and a more general role—for which he was

indicted and convicted—of conspiring with Werbel and others to defraud investors.4

                                                IV.

       For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.



       3
        Wilson-Davis also advances facts and an argument not presented to the district court:
“Wilson-Davis and Wilson-Davis personnel are not investment ‘advisors,’ . . . Wilson-Davis
does not make investment recommendations, has no trading authority over customer accounts,
and transacts only unsolicited trade orders on behalf of its clients.” Having failed to do so below,
we pass on them here. See, e.g., Bormuth v. Cty. of Jackson, 870 F.3d 494, 499–501 (6th Cir.
2017) (en banc).
       4
        To the extent Wilson-Davis contends it had no duty to supervise the New Market
Enterprises trades because those specific purchases were not “executed on Wilson-Davis’ trading
platform,” such an argument lies (as the district court recognized) with the FINRA arbitration
panel. It is an argument about liability, not arbitrability.


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