                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 08a0013n.06
                            Filed: January 7, 2008

                                           No. 07-5192

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                )
                                                         )
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                               )        ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                         )        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
               v.                                        )        COURT FOR THE WESTERN
                                                         )        DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
ROBERT DEREK BELL,                                       )
                                                         )
      Defendant-Appellant.                               )
___________________________________________



BEFORE: RYAN, BATCHELDER, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.

       GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.

       Defendant Robert Derek Bell was convicted by a jury of three counts of bank robbery in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a). The district court sentenced him to a total period of imprisonment

of 262 months – at the top of, but within, the applicable Guideline range of 210 to 262 months. Bell

now appeals, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence and the procedural reasonableness of his

sentence pursuant to United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005). He further argues that the

enhancement of his base offense level, taking into account his prior convictions and resultant career

offender status under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1, violates the Sixth Amendment. For the reasons set forth

below, we affirm his judgment of conviction and sentence. In addition, we have considered the

arguments raised in defendant’s pro se supplemental brief and conclude that they lack merit.
No. 07-5192
United States v. Bell


                                                 I.

       Three bank robberies occurred in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in May, June, and August

of 2005. The robberies had similarities not only in modus operandi, but in the physical description

of the suspects as well. In each instance, the robber presented a threatening note to the teller,

demanded money, and guaranteed physical harm to the teller or other bank employees who failed

to comply with his demand. Surveillance tapes, still photographs, and descriptions of the perpetrator

from bank employees indicated consistently that the robber was a black male of small build, 5' 3"

to 5' 6" tall, weighing approximately 120-150 pounds.

       Immediately after the third robbery, a bank supervisor followed the suspect out of the bank

and around the block. The bank employee and an off-duty police officer witnessed the suspect

getting into a blue Ford Econoline van. The officer was able to get a description of the van, as well

as the license number, and notified authorities. An alert was issued and shortly thereafter the van

was spotted on a highway traveling away from the scene of the robbery. Responding officers

stopped the van and arrested its two occupants – the driver and a passenger, defendant Bell. The

officers recovered $3,580 in twenty dollar bills and items of clothing matching those worn by the

robber from the van. Additional items of discarded clothing used in the robbery were found by

authorities along the side of the road on the route taken by the van.

       Defendant was ultimately implicated in all three bank robberies and, accordingly, was

indicted and charged by a grand jury in a superseding indictment with three counts of bank robbery

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a). Defendant pleaded not guilty and proceeded to trial on

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United States v. Bell


October 26, 2006. Following a two-day trial, a jury found him guilty as charged on all three counts.

The district court sentenced Bell to 240 months of imprisonment on Counts 1 and 2; 22 months’

incarceration on Count 3, to run consecutively to the sentences imposed on Counts 1 and 2; 3 years

of supervised release on each count, to run concurrently; and restitution in the amount of $1,815.

A final amended judgment of conviction and sentence was entered on February 6, 2007.

                                                  II.

       In his appeal, Bell first alleges that there was insufficient evidence to sustain his bank robbery

convictions under 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a). In considering Bell’s claim, we review the evidence in the

light most favorable to the government and draw all inferences in the government’s favor in order

to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the elements of the offense beyond

a reasonable doubt. United States v. Craft, 495 F.3d 259, 264 (6th Cir. 2007).

       “To sustain a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), the jury was required to find that [Bell]

intentionally took money from another person, that the money was then in possession of a federally

insured bank or credit union, and that [Bell] took the money by force, violence, or intimidation.”

United States v. Sullivan, 431 F.3d 976, 982 (6th Cir. 2005).

       Bell acknowledges that “unequivocal written and verbal demands for money to bank

employees are a sufficient basis for a finding of intimidation under 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a).” United

States v. Gilmore, 282 F.3d 398, 403 (6th Cir. 2002). He nonetheless urges this court to reconsider

its holding in Gilmore, on the ground that this decision improperly negates the government’s

responsibility to prove an essential element of the offense – intimidation or the use of force. Bell

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United States v. Bell


further argues that there is inadequate evidence of this requisite element, particularly with regard to

the first and third robberies. His argument is without merit.

       First, there is no need to revisit the sound principles of Gilmore. “Intimidation in the context

of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) is defined as an act by a defendant reasonably calculated to put another in

fear, or conduct and words . . . calculated to create the impression that any resistance or defiance by

the [individual] would be met by force.” United States v. Waldon, 206 F.3d 597, 606 (6th Cir. 2000)

(internal citation and quotation marks omitted); United States v. Perry, 991 F.2d 304, 310 (6th Cir.

1993). “Whether intimidation under 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) exists in a particular case is determined

by an objective test: whether an ordinary person in the teller’s position could reasonably infer a

threat of bodily harm from the defendant’s acts.” Gilmore, 282 F.3d at 402. “[E]vidence that ‘the

teller felt threatened is probative of whether a reasonable person would have been afraid under the

same circumstances.’” Id. at 403 (quoting United States v. Hill, 187 F.3d 698, 702 (7th Cir. 1999)).

In the setting of a bank robbery, “[d]emands for money amount to intimidation because they carry

with them an implicit threat: if the money is not produced, harm to the teller or other bank employee

may result. Bank tellers who receive demand notes are not in a position to evaluate fully the actual

risk they face.” Id. at 402. Consequently, “the display of a weapon, a threat to use a weapon, or even

a verbal or nonverbal hint of a weapon is not a necessary ingredient of intimidation under § 2113(a).”

Id.

       The present circumstances are remarkably similar to those in Gilmore, where we held that

the defendant’s use of demand notes containing imperatives such as “[h]and over the money,”

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No. 07-5192
United States v. Bell


followed up with commands such as “Give me that,” “Hurry up,” and “Now!” constituted sufficient

proof of “intimidation” for purposes of § 2113(a). Gilmore, 282 F.3d at 402. See also Waldon, 206

F.3d at 606 (evidence that the defendant wore a mask over his face, ordered everyone in the bank

to lie down on the floor and demanded money from the tellers was “exactly the type of behavior that

is reasonably calculated to put other persons in fear and create the impression that resistance would

be forcefully overcome. It is immaterial that Waldon did not brandish a weapon.”); Perry, 991 F.2d

at 310-11 (sufficient evidence of intimidation established where the defendant demanded money

from a teller and opened his coat, implying that he had a weapon in his pocket, but never actually

brandished a weapon.).

       Here, there is abundant evidence of violence, force, or intimidation. In the first robbery, the

demand note used by defendant and recovered at the scene stated, “This is a robbery and this is no

joke. I want hundreds, fifties, twenties passed as if cashing a check. Do anything different, alert

anyone and you will be shot in the face. Do it now. Warn the guard, I’ll kill him.” During the

second robbery, defendant handed a note to the bank teller which, as she recalled, “asked me to give

all of my hundreds and fifties and that if I did not do so or if I alerted anyone else, I would be shot

in the face.” The victimized teller in the third robbery testified that a man she later identified as

defendant walked into the bank and presented her with a note stating, “This is no joke. You’re being

robbed.” Each of the tellers testified that they were terrified by these confrontations. Under the

circumstances, a rational trier of fact could certainly find that an ordinary person in the tellers’



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United States v. Bell


positions would reasonably infer a threat of bodily harm from defendant’s acts. Gilmore, 282 F.3d

at 402.

          There is no dispute that all of the banks were FDIC-insured. Moreover, the banks’ security

cameras recorded the robberies as they transpired and several still photographs of the suspects were

made from the surveillance tapes. Bell did not wear a mask and was positively identified by all of

the tellers, as well as other bank employees, including a supervisor and security officer. In short, this

case falls neatly within the acceptable parameters proof of Gilmore. Bell’s argument is therefore

without merit.

                                                   III.

          Bell next argues that the district court made “sweeping generalizations” in its consideration

of the relevant sentencing factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553, and, hence, his sentence was procedurally

unreasonable pursuant to United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005). The record belies Bell’s

claim.

          “After Booker, district courts have enhanced discretion in sentencing criminal defendants,

and a sentence will be upheld on appeal as long as it is procedurally and substantively reasonable.”

United States v. Brogdon, 503 F.3d 555, 558-59 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing Rita v. United States, 127 S.

Ct. 2456, 2465 (2007)). We review the reasonableness of a sentence using the abuse-of-discretion

standard of review. Gall v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 586, 594 (2007). A rebuttable presumption of

reasonableness is accorded to sentences that fall within a properly calculated Guideline range;

therefore, it is incumbent upon a defendant to demonstrate otherwise. Id. at 559. This presumption,

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United States v. Bell


however, does not relieve a sentencing court of its obligation to explain adequately its reasons for

imposing a particular sentence. United States v. Richardson, 437 F.3d 550, 554 (6th Cir. 2006).

Thus, from a procedural standpoint, although a district court need not explicitly recite the pertinent

factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) at sentencing, it must articulate its reasoning to a sufficient

degree in order to allow for meaningful appellate review. Brogdon, 503 F.3d at 559. “[A] sentence

is procedurally reasonable if the record demonstrates that the sentencing court addressed the relevant

factors in reaching its conclusion.” Id. (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).

        At Bell’s sentencing hearing, the district court determined that Bell’s total offense level was

32 and his criminal history category was VI, based in part on his career offender status under

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 for five prior felonies, all bank robberies. Defense counsel requested that Bell be

sentenced at level 27, the appropriate level assuming that defendant was not a career offender.

However, after considerable discussion of Bell’s extensive criminal history and the government’s

request that defendant be sentenced at the upper end of the Guideline range, the district court deemed

Bell’s objection to his career offender status to be without merit and sentenced Bell to a total term

of imprisonment of 262 months – at the top of, but within, the applicable Guideline range. The

record shows that the district court properly calculated and considered the advisory Guideline range;

the nature and circumstances of the offenses, including the traumatic effect upon the bank employees

and their families; Bell’s criminal history; the availability of alternative sentences; family issues; the

proportionality of the sentence; and, finally, the deterrent effect of the sentence. The court wanted



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No. 07-5192
United States v. Bell


to send the message that “if you rob eight banks, you’re going to jail for as long as I can send you.”1

Under the circumstances, Bell’s sentence was procedurally and substantively reasonable.

                                                 IV.

       Last, as Bell concedes, his argument that the district court’s use of his prior convictions to

enhance his sentence violates the Sixth Amendment has been soundly rejected by this court. “It is

well settled in this Circuit that Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), does not require the

nature of prior convictions to be determined by a jury.” United States v. Craft, 495 F.3d 259, 266

(6th Cir. 2007). See also United States v. Bradley, 400 F.3d 459, 462-63 (6th Cir. 2005); United

States v. Barnett, 398 F.3d 516, 524-25 (6th Cir. 2005). Bell’s contention that the continued viability

of this case law is questionable in light of Justice Clarence Thomas’s concurring opinion in Shepard

v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 26-28 (2005), espousing a contrary viewpoint, has been expressly

rejected by this court in United States v. Hill, 440 F.3d 292, 299 n.3 (6th Cir. 2006).

       We therefore affirm defendant’s judgment of conviction and sentence.




       1
         As the presentence report indicates, defendant Bell has a propensity toward robbing banks.
In 1988, he was convicted of fraudulently receiving unemployment benefits in South Carolina.
While on probation for that offense, he robbed four banks in North Carolina within a two-month
period in the fall of 1989. At the time of his arrest, he was also wanted on a bank robbery charge in
Missouri. Thus, as the district court found, Bell clearly qualified for sentencing adjustment as a
career offender.

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