                            RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                 Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                       File Name: 05a0488p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                     _________________


                                                       X
                                  Plaintiff-Appellee, -
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                        -
                                                        -
                                                        -
                                                            No. 04-6360
            v.
                                                        ,
                                                         >
 DANIEL J. GLEASON, individually and d/b/a Tax          -
                                                        -
                             Defendants-Appellants. -
 Toolbox, Inc., and My Tax Man, Inc.,

                                                        -
                                                       N
                        Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Middle District of Tennessee at Nashville.
                       No. 03-00311—Joe B. Brown, Magistrate Judge.
                                   Argued: November 9, 2005
                             Decided and Filed: December 29, 2005
                  Before: MERRITT, MOORE, and SUTTON, Circuit Judges.
                                       _________________
                                            COUNSEL
ARGUED: John D. Schwalb, WILLIAMS & SCHWALB, Franklin, Tennessee, for Appellants.
Curtis C. Pett, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: John D. Schwalb, Ernest W. Williams, WILLIAMS & SCHWALB, Franklin,
Tennessee, for Appellants. Curtis C. Pett, Gilbert S. Rothenberg, Charles Bricken, Richard T.
Morrison, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Appellee.
                                       _________________
                                           OPINION
                                       _________________
        MERRITT, Circuit Judge. “Every day can be a new deduction if you structure your life
right,” defendant Daniel J. Gleason promised potential customers of his “Tax Toolbox.” Mr.
Gleason’s aggressive tax strategies attracted the attention of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and
prompted the District Court to enjoin him, pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 6700 and 26 U.S.C. § 7408, from
selling the Tax Toolbox, a collection of pamphlets, record-keeping aids, a CD-Rom, and other
information, and from providing services to Tax Toolbox customers. Mr. Gleason appeals that
permanent injunction on two grounds. First, he claims that the materials comprising the Tax
Toolbox were never introduced into evidence at the hearing on the injunction. Second, he argues
that the bar on providing services to Tax Toolbox customers unduly restricts his ability to earn a
living. Because the record reflects more than ample evidence to support the District Court’s


                                                 1
No. 04-6360           United States v. Gleason, et al.                                             Page 2


findings, including relevant portions and descriptions of the Tax Toolbox, and because the
injunction’s scope is appropriately tailored and does not unduly burden his livelihood, we affirm.
                                      I. Factual Background
       For over fifteen years, Mr. Gleason has provided tax preparation and representation services
individually and through Tax Toolbox, Inc., and My Tax Man, Inc. In 2000, Mr. Gleason, the
President and CEO of My Tax Man, Inc., created the Tax Toolbox that, in the charitable words of
the District Court, “aggressively promoted tax saving through home-based businesses.”
        In “no more than a couple of minutes a day,” Mr. Gleason’s materials asserted, “you
transform your non-deductible personal expenses into legal and audit-proof business deductions”
by following his tax strategies. A new business can “magically” erase taxes by purportedly creating
deductions for weddings, college, “travel, meals, and golf, and cars and medical expenses, kids [sic]
allowances, every day household expenses and much more.”
          According to Mr. Gleason, executing the Tax Toolbox’s employment agreement between
spouses and children eliminates many of life’s more expensive costs. To deduct medical expenses,
“[a]ll it takes is a business that you have, or can start, and a spouse who can become an employee
. . . . Medical expenses that are usually subject to a 7.5% of income floor limitation are moved over
to your business returns and become 100% deductible!” Get a head start on a college or wedding
fund by turning a child’s “weekly allowance into a pay check and it’s a business deduction for you.”
With the Tax Toolbox’s promissory agreement form, the children “loan” the money back to their
parents without money actually changing hands. Mr. Gleason called his methods “audit-proof” and
provided a “100% Accuracy Guarantee” that promised to pay any “penalties or interest from our
mistake,” but not the underlying tax resulting from using the Tax Toolbox.
       Mr. Gleason’s misrepresentations about tax deductions rival his generous resume
embellishments to induce purchases of the Tax Toolbox. His promotional materials boasted that he
was an attorney when he was neither licensed to practice in any state nor a graduate of an accredited
law school, that he was an enrolled agent with the IRS when that status had lapsed, and that he was
an adjunct professor of business law and federal taxation when he could not provide one name of
a person to corroborate his claim. The District Court found further fabrications from the self-
proclaimed tax expert:
       a. falsely claiming to be . . . an editor and a reviewer of articles for Newsweek . . . ;
       b. falsely claiming that all of his tax coaches were CPAs and IRS Enrolled Agents;
       c. falsely claiming that he is such a good attorney that the government pays his fees,
       when he is not an attorney and has been awarded fees in only one case, for the
       relatively minor sum of $318.75;
       d. falsely claiming that he has never “lost a case in tax court” when Gleason admits
       that he has never even tried a case in Tax Court;
       [e.] disingenuously claiming that he has “never lost a tax court dispute to date” and
       that he “has a 100% success record in tax court” when Gleason is referring to cases
       he has conceded and defines “loss” to mean that he has never had a client receive a
       decision that they did not agree to;
       [f.] falsely claiming that over 50% of his audits result in refunds, when this figure
       includes audits resulting in “no changes” to the taxpayer’s return;
       [g.] falsely claiming that customers would have “free Form 1040 preparation,” when
       in reality the cost to Gleason’s customers varies based on the number of schedules
       attached to the return;
No. 04-6360               United States v. Gleason, et al.                                                     Page 3


       [h.] falsely presenting “customer testimonials” in promotional materials, including
       that of “A.M.,” who was not a customer but one of Gleason’s own salespersons,
       Alexander Mandossian;
       [i.] misleading customers by referring them to only certain IRS publications, but not
       IRS Publication 4035, which expressly warns taxpayers of the potential dangers of
       home-based business scams, claiming he need not do so on the specious ground that
       this publication was not “relevant” to his home-based business customers.
United States v. Gleason, No. 3:03-0311, 2004 WL 2483220, at *2 (M.D. Tenn. Aug. 25, 2004)
(emphasis in original).
        On April 10, 2003, the United States sued Mr. Gleason individually and d/b/a Tax Toolbox,
Inc., and My Tax Man, Inc., seeking permanent injunctions under 26 U.S.C. §§ 7407-08. In spite
of Mr. Gleason’s continuing assertions of the Tax Toolbox’s legitimacy, he stopped selling it in late
2003. On February 23, 2004, pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 7407, the District Court permanently enjoined
him from misrepresenting his eligibility to practice before the IRS and his experience or education
as an income tax preparer, and from guaranteeing the payment of any tax refund or the allowance
of any tax credit. Mr. Gleason did not appeal that injunction. On June 22, 2004, the District Court
denied the Government’s motion to enjoin Mr. Gleason permanently from acting as a federal income
tax preparer, stating that “Mr. Gleason’s primary business and livelihood is tax preparation and a
total ban on his livelihood should not be undertaken lightly.” The Government has withdrawn its
appeal of that denial.
       On August 25, 2004, the District Court issued a permanent injunction under 26 U.S.C.
§ 7408, prohibiting Mr. Gleason from selling or promoting the Tax Toolbox and from providing
services to Tax Toolbox customers.1 It is from this injunction that Mr. Gleason now appeals.
                                                   II. Analysis
                                            A. Standard of Review
        We review a district court’s grant of a permanent injunction for abuse of discretion. United
States v. Szoka, 260 F.3d 516, 521 (6th Cir. 2001); United States v. Estate Pres. Servs., 202 F.3d
1093, 1097 (9th Cir. 2000). “The district court abuses its discretion if it ‘applies the wrong legal
standard, misapplies the correct legal standard, or relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact.’ ”
Szoka, 260 F.3d at 521 (quoting Waste Mgmt., Inc. of Tennessee v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville &
Davidson County, 130 F.3d 731, 735 (6th Cir. 1997)).




       1
           The District Court later denied Mr. Gleason’s motion to alter or amend this permanent injunction.
No. 04-6360               United States v. Gleason, et al.                                                         Page 4


   B. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Issuing a Permanent Injunction
        Section 7408 of the Internal Revenue Code empowers a district court to grant an injunction
when (1) the defendant has engaged in conduct subject to penalty under        26 U.S.C. § 6700, and
(2) injunctive relief is appropriate to prevent recurrence of such conduct.2 See United States v. Bell,
414 F.3d 474, 477 n.2 (3d Cir. 2005); United States v. Schiff, 379 F.3d 621, 625 (9th Cir. 2004);
United States v. Buttorff, 761 F.2d 1056, 1059 (5th Cir. 1985). Because section 7408 expressly
authorizes the issuance of an injunction, the traditional requirements for equitable relief need not
be satisfied. Estate Pres. Servs., 202 F.3d at 1098.
               1. Mr. Gleason’s Conduct Subject to Penalty Under 26 U.S.C. § 6700
        A person is subject to penalty under section 6700 when (1) he organized or participated in
the sale of an entity, plan, or arrangement, (2) he made false or fraudulent statements regarding
specified tax matters, including deductions, in connection with that organization or sale, (3) he knew
or had reason to know   that his statements were false or fraudulent, and (4) the statements pertained
to a material matter.3 See Estate Pres. Servs., 202 F.3d at 1098.
        First, the parties do not dispute that Mr. Gleason created the Tax Toolbox, that he
participated in its sale, and that it is an “entity, plan or arrangement” within the meaning of section
6700(a)(1)(A). See United States v. Raymond, 228 F.3d 804, 811-12 (7th Cir. 2000) (describing the
broad scope of section 6700(a)(1)(A)).
       Second, the District Court is not clearly erroneous in finding that Mr. Gleason made false
statements about the purported home-based business deductions that can be derived from using the
Tax Toolbox. Mr. Gleason did not properly qualify his assertions about the deductibility of
weddings, college, travel, meals, golf, cars, and everyday household expenses by stating that
business expenses must be “ordinary and necessary” to the business, 26 U.S.C. § 162(a) (2005);
Commissioner v. Groetzinger, 480 U.S. 23, 27-36 (1987), and that personal consumption


       2
           Section 7408 provides in pertinent part:
       (b) Adjudication and decree.--In any action under subsection (a), if the court finds--
       (1) that the person has engaged in any specified conduct, and
       (2) that injunctive relief is appropriate to prevent recurrence of such conduct,
       the court may enjoin such person from engaging in such conduct or in any other activity subject to
       penalty under this title.
       (c) Specified conduct.--For purposes of this section, the term “specified conduct” means any action,
       or failure to take action, which is--
       (1) subject to penalty under section 6700 . . . .
       3
           Section 6700 provides in pertinent part:
       (a) Imposition of penalty.--Any person who--
       (1)(A) organizes (or assists in the organization of)--
       (i) a partnership or other entity,
       (ii) any investment plan or arrangement, or
       (iii) any other plan or arrangement, or
       (B) participates (directly or indirectly) in the sale of any interest in an entity or plan or arrangement
       referred to in subparagraph (A), and
       (2) makes or furnishes or causes another person to make or furnish (in connection with such
       organization or sale)--
       (A) a statement with respect to the allowability of any deduction or credit, the excludability of any
       income, or the securing of any other tax benefit by reason of holding an interest in the entity or
       participating in the plan or arrangement which the person knows or has reason to know is false or
       fraudulent as to any material matter . . . .
No. 04-6360           United States v. Gleason, et al.                                         Page 5


expenditures must be “inextricably linked to the production of income,” Buttorff, 761 F.2d at 1060
(quoting Schulz v. Commissioner, 686 F.2d 490, 493 (7th Cir. 1982)). See also Estate Pres. Servs.,
202 F.3d at 1101 (disallowing deduction of expenses related to ownership of a personal residence);
Grimes v. Commissioner, 806 F.2d 1451, 1453-54 (9th Cir. 1986) (per curiam) (precluding
deduction of personal expenditures to achieve the “American Standard of ‘good living’ ”); Kasun
v. United States, 671 F.2d 1059, 1061-63 (7th Cir. 1982) (disallowing deduction of commuting
expense). Mr. Gleason also failed to warn customers that the notion of deducting wages and all
medical expenses through executing employment contracts with family members is subject to close
scrutiny and has been rejected in similar abusive tax shelter cases. See generally Haeder v.
Commissioner, 81 T.C.M. (CCH) 987 (2001). His claim that his methods are “audit-proof” misleads
customers because no tax arrangement is immune from IRS scrutiny, and in fact the IRS has begun
auditing many Tax Toolbox customers. Furthermore, many of his statements to induce customers
to purchase the Tax Toolbox, including those regarding his education and experience, were
flagrantly false.
        Third, the District Court is not clearly erroneous in concluding that Mr. Gleason knew or had
reason to know that his statements were false. Factors relevant to this inquiry include: “(1) the
extent of the defendant’s reliance upon knowledgeable professionals; (2) the defendant’s level of
sophistication and education; and (3) the defendant’s familiarity with tax matters.” Estate Pres.
Servs., 202 F.3d at 1103. Mr. Gleason has not claimed to have relied upon knowledgeable
professionals, but instead has promoted himself as a nationally recognized tax expert. Although
neither attorney nor law professor, Mr. Gleason has been involved in tax preparation for over fifteen
years. Moreover, in his deposition, Mr. Gleason conceded the complexity of Internal Revenue rules
governing deductions for employment of family members and admitted knowledge of numerous
cases where deductions for payments to children have been disallowed.
       Fourth, the District Court’s conclusion that Mr. Gleason’s false statements pertained to a
material matter is not clearly erroneous. Statements with a “substantial impact” on the decision to
purchase a tax package pertain to a material matter. Buttorff, 761 F.2d at 1062 (quoting S. Rep. No.
97-494, 267 (1982), reprinted in 1982 U.S.C.C.A.N. 781, 1015). Mr. Gleason’s exaggerations and
misstatements about himself, his company, and the tax benefits of home-based businesses
undoubtedly influenced individuals deciding whether to purchase the Tax Toolbox.
                  2. The Injunction Was Appropriate to Prevent Recurrence
       Other Courts of Appeals have set out various factors for consideration in determining the
need for an injunction to prevent future violations of section 6700, including:
       (1) the gravity of the harm caused by the offense; (2) the extent of the defendant’s
       participation; (3) the defendant’s degree of scienter; (4) the isolated or recurrent
       nature of the infraction; (5) the defendant’s recognition (or non-recognition) of his
       own culpability; and (6) the likelihood that defendant’s occupation would place him
       in a position where future violations could be anticipated.
Estate Pres. Servs., 202 F.3d at 1105; see also United States v. Kaun, 827 F.2d 1144, 1149-50 (7th
Cir. 1987). These factors strongly support the District Court’s issuance of an injunction. Adherence
to Mr. Gleason’s tax strategies by his apparently large number of clients, which he advertised as
over 250,000, indicates the possibility of significant harm to the federal treasury. Mr. Gleason’s
participation in this scheme was pervasive and central. Morever, he maintained at the injunction
hearing that the Tax Toolbox offers legitimate advice. Furthermore, his continued tax practice
places him in a position where future violations could be anticipated.
No. 04-6360           United States v. Gleason, et al.                                          Page 6


                C. Introduction of the Tax Toolbox at the Injunction Hearing
        Mr. Gleason argues on appeal that the Tax Toolbox was never introduced into evidence at
the hearing on the injunction, and that, therefore, there was insufficient evidence to support the
issuance of the injunction. This argument borders on the frivolous. As Mr. Gleason admitted in his
Answer and similarly advertised in his promotional materials, the Tax Toolbox is “a collection of
tapes, pamphlets, workbooks, a CD-Rom and record-keeping aids.” Sufficient portions and
descriptions of the Tax Toolbox materials became part of the record through exhibits at the hearing
on the injunction and through the testimony of various witnesses, namely Mr. Gleason himself.
            D. The Injunction Does Not Unduly Burden Mr. Gleason’s Livelihood
        Mr. Gleason challenges the scope of the injunction as an overly burdensome restriction on
his ability to earn a living. As the District Court rightly remarked “a total ban on his livelihood
should not be undertaken lightly.” However, permanently enjoining him from providing services
to Tax Toolbox customers is far from a total ban on his livelihood and is fully warranted in light of
his egregious misrepresentations about tax deductions, his company, and his resume.
        At the injunction hearing, Mr. Gleason and his counsel indicated that the Tax Toolbox
constituted a relatively small portion of his overall tax practice and was, as the District Court
described Mr. Gleason’s position, “an unfortunate offshoot” of his primary business, My Tax Man,
Inc. Mr. Gleason testified that he sold the Tax Toolbox for only three of his roughly fifteen years
of tax preparation and that such sales were limited only to those who were already operating small
businesses. Moreover, towards the end of the injunction hearing, Mr. Gleason’s counsel asserted
that, despite the Tax Toolbox’s demise, Mr. Gleason still “provides services to a lot of entities.”
Based on these representations, the injunction will not overly restrict Mr. Gleason’s ability to
continue conducting his primary tax practice.
         Even if the injunction encroaches on more of Mr. Gleason’s livelihood than the transcript
reflects, the injunction comports with applicable case law. Some courts have gone so far as issuing
a lifetime ban on acting as an income tax preparer in the face of extreme misconduct. See United
States v. Nordbrock, 38 F.3d 440, 447 (9th Cir. 1994) (finding no error in lifetime injunction
prohibiting preparation of tax returns pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 7407(b)); United States v. Bailey, 789
F. Supp. 788, 819 (N.D. Tex. 1992) (permanently enjoining individuals from acting as income tax
preparers pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 7407(b)). Others have enjoined a range of tax-related conduct
pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 7408 where, as in this case, violations of 26 U.S.C. § 6700 occurred. See,
e.g., United States v. Bell, 414 F.3d 474, 477 n.3 (3d Cir. 2005) (permanent injunction); Estate Pres.
Servs., 202 F.3d at 1097 n.3 (preliminary injunction); Kaun, 827 F.2d at 1146 n.1 (permanent
injunction); United States v. Stephenson, 313 F. Supp. 2d 1054, 1061-62 (W.D. Wash. 2004)
(preliminary injunction).
        In the instant case, the District Court’s permanent injunction aligns with these cases and their
applications of sections 7408 and 6700, and is especially appropriate to avert a serious conflict of
interest. Allowing Mr. Gleason to continue providing services to Tax Toolbox customers would
foster his direct financial interest in peddling further faulty tax advice to Tax Toolbox customers and
in obstructing IRS audits to avoid malpractice liability for his abusive tax scheme embodied in the
Tax Toolbox.
                                           III. Conclusion
       Through the Tax Toolbox, Mr. Gleason systematically overstated the tax benefits of a home-
based business without warning of well-established limitations in the tax code. Although, as Judge
Learned Hand wrote, an individual “is not bound to choose that pattern which will best pay the
Treasury,” Helvering v. Gregory, 69 F.2d 809, 810 (2d Cir. 1934), the tax code does not grant
No. 04-6360           United States v. Gleason, et al.                                        Page 7


deductions for sham home-based businesses and a few minutes of daily paperwork. Nor does the
tax code tolerate Mr. Gleason’s outright lies to induce purchases of his tax preparation product. For
the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the District Court.
