                              District of Columbia
                               Court of Appeals
No. 17-FS-1106
                                                                         FEB. 15, 2018
IN RE K.G.,
              Appellant.          DEL440-17


      Before BECKWITH and EASTERLY, Associate Judges, and RUIZ, Senior
Judge.


                                       ORDER


       On further consideration of the court’s October 8, 2017, judgment that reversed the
trial court order detaining appellant, remanded the case for further proceedings, and
stated that an opinion would follow and it appearing that the mandate previously issued,
it is

      ORDERED, sua sponte, that the Clerk shall recall the mandate and issue the
attached opinion explaining the court’s October 8, 2017, judgment.


                                                PER CURIAM
Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the
Atlantic and Maryland Reporters. Users are requested to notify the Clerk of the
Court of any formal errors so that corrections may be made before the bound
volumes go to press.

             DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS

                                 No. 17-FS-1106

                             IN RE K.G., APPELLANT.



                          Appeal from the Superior Court
                            of the District of Columbia
                                   (DEL-440-17)

                    (Hon. Jennifer M. Anderson, Trial Judge)

(Argued October 7, 2017                               Decided February 15, 2018)

      Terrence Austin, Public Defender Service, with whom Samia Fam, Jaclyn S.
Frankfurt, and Stefanie Schneider, Public Defender Service, were on the brief for
appellant.

       John W. Donovan, Assistant Attorney General, with whom Karl Racine,
Attorney General for the District of Columbia, Todd S. Kim, Solicitor General at
the time the brief was filed, and Rosalyn C. Groce, Deputy Solicitor General, were
on the brief for appellee.

      Before BECKWITH and EASTERLY, Associate Judges, and RUIZ, Senior
Judge.


      EASTERLY, Associate Judge: Under our juvenile delinquency system, the

District of Columbia recognizes that children, because of their cognitive and

emotional immaturity, should not be treated like adults.       This differentiation
                                          2

applies across the board to all decisions made in the life of a juvenile delinquency

case, including a detention decision under D.C. Code §§ 16-2310 and -2312 (2017

Supp.), the subjects of this opinion.1 Under D.C. Code § 16-2310, the default prior

to final disposition is not to detain children alleged or even proven to have

committed delinquent acts. Instead, the statute favors keeping children with their

families and communities as they receive beneficial rehabilitative services. Recent

amendments to the detention statute have only reinforced that detention is a last

resort, authorized only (1) if, after an assessment of the individual child and the

particular circumstances, the trial court concludes detention is either required ―to

protect the person or property of others from significant harm‖ or necessary ―to

secure the child‘s presence‖ in court, or (2) as a narrow exception to (1), if a child

alleged to have committed a ―dangerous crime‖—limited to specified gun

crimes—fails to demonstrate detention is not warranted. D.C. Code § 16-2310 (a).



      In this case, the information presented to the trial court—the fact of K.G.‘s

new arrest for commission of another drug offense while his juvenile case was

pending and his failure to comply with some conditions of his release—was legally

      1
          In the context of Title 16, ―detention‖ is defined as ―the temporary, secure
custody of a child in facilities, designated by the Division, pending a final
disposition of a petition,‖ and does not encompass placement in other types of
facilities, such as shelter care. D.C. Code § 16-2301 (13) (2017 Supp.).
                                           3

insufficient to sustain the trial court‘s determination that the detention of K.G. was

―required to protect the person or property of others from significant harm.‖ D.C.

Code § 16-2310 (a)(1). K.G. took an interlocutory appeal pursuant to D.C. Code

§ 16-2328 (2013 Repl.), and this court issued an order, within the requisite

statutory timeframe, see infra note 33, reversing the trial court‘s decision. See

Appendix. We now explain our reasoning.



                        I.     Facts and Procedural History



      On April 22, 2017, the District charged K.G., then seventeen, with one count

of possession of a controlled substance (cocaine) with intent to distribute, and one

count of possession of a controlled substance (cocaine). 2 K.G. initially remained in

his grandmother‘s care but was later placed in shelter care, i.e., a physically

unrestricted facility, D.C. Code § 16-2301 (14) (defining shelter care). 3 After

entering a plea of involvement to one count of possession of cocaine, K.G. was

returned to the custody of his grandmother, pending disposition.




      2
          D.C. Code § 48-904.01 (a)(1) (2013 Repl.).
      3
          The record does not reflect the reason for this placement.
                                         4

      K.G. returned to court on October 3 for his dispositional hearing, but his

hearing did not go forward. Instead, K.G.‘s probation officer reported to the trial

court that K.G. had been arrested on August 30, 2017, and, because he was now

eighteen, had been charged as an adult with two counts of distribution of a

controlled substance (cocaine) and one count of possession of a controlled

substance (cocaine) with intent to distribute.4 The trial court in the adult case had

released K.G. to the community, where he had apparently resided without further

incident. But now, almost five weeks later, the Office of the Attorney General

(OAG), litigating this case on behalf of the District government, asked the trial

court in his juvenile case to remove K.G. from the community and place him at the

Youth Services Center (YSC), a secured facility.5



      Counsel for K.G. opposed the government‘s request and argued that

detention was not justified under the juvenile detention statute as recently revised.

Counsel emphasized that there was ―no indication that [K.G.] was armed, or used

any weapons, or harmed anyone physically.‖ Counsel represented that K.G. had

―been responding to his supervision‖ in the adult case and had been attending


      4
          See supra note 2.
      5
        K.G. remained a ―child‖ for purposes of this case because it concerned a
delinquent act committed before he turned eighteen. D.C. Code § 16-2301 (3).
                                           5

school, and argued that if the trial court were concerned about K.G., ―[s]helter

[h]ouse placement would be the least restrictive alternative appropriate‖ under the

circumstances.



      The trial court granted the OAG‘s detention request. As the basis for its

decision, the court relied on D.C. Code § 16-2310 (a)(1) (authorizing detention

―prior to a factfinding hearing or a dispositional hearing‖ if it is ―required to protect

the person or property of others from significant harm‖) and determined that K.G.

was ―a significant danger to others.‖ The court‘s reasoning for this determination

was twofold.



      The court first focused on the nature of K.G.‘s new adult charges,

specifically the fact that ―there‘s been probable cause to believe that [K.G. is]

selling cocaine, which is . . . dangerous.‖ The court noted that ―the City Council

believes [distribution of cocaine is] a dangerous crime; and so, I do think it‘s . . .

significant risk of harm to others – I mean, cocaine is dangerous and . . . that‘s
                                           6

what the statute[6] says.‖ The court further observed that ―to me selling drugs is . . .

dangerous . . . . [I]t does have the risk of substantial harm.‖



      The court also focused on K.G.‘s recidivism and general noncompliance

with supervision.    The court expressed concern that ―people can‘t supervis[e]

[K.G.],‖ as evidenced by his new arrest for charges similar to those that had

initiated his juvenile case. The court also noted K.G.‘s noncompliance with his

curfew, his failure to enroll in drug treatment, and his failure to complete computer

training.7 The court agreed that, by themselves, K.G.‘s technical violations did not

warrant detention (although, the court noted, they would justify K.G.‘s placement

in a shelter house).      But the court stated, ―when you look at the whole

combination,‖ along with his prior history on release and his new adult charges, ―I

do believe he‘s a danger to the community.‖



      To memorialize its decision, the court issued a standardized form ―Order for

Detention Pending Further Division Action.‖ The court checked two boxes on the

      6
        The trial court seemingly was referring to the adult detention statute, D.C.
Code § 23-1331 (3) (2013 Repl.) (defining ―dangerous crimes‖ ―[a]s used in this
subchapter‖).
      7
          The court later noted that K.G. had tested positive for cocaine at his lock
up test on the adult charges. K.G. had also tested positive for illegal drugs earlier
in the life of the juvenile case.
                                          7

form indicating that it had determined that detention was required ―to protect the

person of others . . . based on . . . the nature and circumstances of the pending

charge‖ and ―to protect the respondent‘s own person.‖ 8 After the issuance of the

court‘s order, counsel filed both a notice of appeal pursuant to D.C. Code § 16-

2328 (a), which requires a juvenile to note an appeal from a detention order within

two days, and a motion for reconsideration. 9 The trial court denied the motion for

reconsideration after the parties filed pleadings with this court but before this court

heard oral argument.10




      8
         As explained below, neither of these reasons is an authorized basis for
detention set forth in D.C. Code § 16-2310. See infra II.A.
      9
         In making its detention decision, the trial court invited defense counsel to
file a motion to reconsider to present any additional authority that would clarify the
new juvenile detention statute‘s meaning, acknowledging that ―these are all kind of
uncharted areas.‖
      10
            We appreciate the trial court‘s quick issuance of its order denying
reconsideration to assist us in understanding its reasoning. While technically not
part of our record on appeal, the trial court‘s order made clear that (1) it had not
applied the presumption in favor of detention under D.C. Code § 16-2310 (a-1),
which it acknowledged was inapplicable to K.G.; (2) its detention decision was not
based solely on its determination that distribution of cocaine, his newly charged
offense, is a dangerous crime; and (3) it reached the decision ―that detention is
required to protect the person or property of others from significant harm‖ pursuant
to D.C. Code § 16-2310 (a)(1) based on its assessment of ―all the circumstances of
this case.‖
                                           8

                           II.    The Detention Decision

                   A. The Evolution of the Juvenile Detention Statute



      By creating a juvenile justice system distinct from the adult criminal justice

system, Congress communicated its objective to treat children who are alleged to

have committed crimes differently from their adult counterparts. With the passage

of D.C. Code § 16-2301.02, the Council of the District of Columbia subsequently

memorialized its ―purpose . . . to create a juvenile justice system . . . that will treat

children as children in all phases of their involvement, while protecting the needs

of communities and victims alike.‖ (emphasis added). This ―purpose‖ provision

sets forth a number of ―goals . . . for delinquency cases,‖ which, in addition to

reaffirming a commitment to due process protections,11 convey a desire to support

children in the community, to support their families, and to pursue rehabilitation,

not punishment, ―with the goal of creating productive citizens.‖ 12 Section 16-

      11
         See D.C. Code § 16-2301.02 (1) (goal ―[t]o provide due process through
which juveniles and all other interested parties are assured fair hearings, during
which applicable constitutional and other legal rights are recognized and
enforced‖).
      12
          See D.C. Code § 16-2301.02 (2) (goal ―[t]o promote youth development
and prevent delinquency through early intervention, diversion, and community-
based alternatives‖); § 16-2301.02 (3) (goal ―[t]o preserve and strengthen families
whenever possible . . . .‖); § 16-2301.02 (5) (goal ―[t]o place a premium on the
rehabilitation of children with the goal of creating productive citizens and to
recognize that rehabilitation of children is inextricably connected to the well-being
                                                                  (continued ....)
                                          9

2301.02 also establishes goals of holding ―child[ren] found to be delinquent

accountable for [their] actions, taking into consideration the child[ren]‘s age,

education, mental and physical condition, background, and all other relevant

factors‖13 and ―provid[ing] for the safety of the public.‖14 Lastly, the statute seeks

to ―achieve the foregoing goals in the least restrictive settings necessary, with a

preference at all times for the preservation of the family and the integration of

parental, guardian, or custodial accountability and participation in treatment and

counseling programs.‖15



      Because the goals of § 16-2301.02 apply to ―all phases‖ of a juvenile

delinquency case, other statutory provisions addressing juvenile detention before a

factfinding hearing or a dispositional hearing—D.C. Code § 16-2310 (setting forth

the criteria for detaining children alleged to be delinquent) and D.C. Code § 16-

2312 (setting forth the procedures for detaining children alleged to be



 (....continued)
and strength of their families‖); § 16-2301.02 (6) (goal ―[t]o serve children in their
own neighborhood and communities whenever possible‖); § 16-2301.02 (7) (goal
―[t]o hold the government accountable for the provision of reasonable
rehabilitative services‖).
      13
           D.C. Code § 16-2301.02 (4).
      14
           D.C. Code § 16-2301.02 (8).
      15
           D.C. Code § 16-2301.02 (9) (emphasis added).
                                          10

delinquent)—must be read and applied with the purpose and goals of § 16-2301.02

in mind.



      Section 16-2310 recognizes a default rule that children alleged to be

delinquent should not be detained before final disposition of their juvenile case. It

provides that ―[a] child [alleged to be delinquent] shall not be placed in detention

prior to a factfinding hearing 16 or a dispositional hearing 17 . . . unless it appears

from available information that detention is required‖ either ―(1) to protect the

person or property of others from significant harm, or (2) to secure the child‘s

presence at the next court hearing.‖ D.C. Code § 16-2310 (a). The default against

placing a child alleged to be delinquent in detention prior to a dispositional hearing

is subject to a limited exception under § 16-2310 (a-1)(1) which creates ―a

rebuttable presumption that detention is required to protect the person or property

of others if the judicial officer finds by a substantial probability that the child‖

either ―(A) Committed a dangerous crime or a crime of violence while armed with

or having readily available a pistol, firearm, or imitation firearm‖ or ―(B)

      16
         D.C. Code § 16-2301 (16) (defining a ―factfinding hearing‖ as ―a hearing
to determine whether the allegations of a petition are true‖).
      17
          D.C. Code § 16-2301 (17) (defining a ―dispositional hearing‖ in relevant
part as ―a hearing, after a finding of fact, to determine [ ] whether the child in a
delinquency or need of supervision case is in need of care or rehabilitation and, if
so, what order of disposition should be made‖).
                                         11

Committed CPWL, carrying a pistol without a license.‖ Notably, § 16-2310 (a-1)

employs the definitions of ―dangerous crime‖ and ―crime of violence‖ in the adult

detention statute 18 but carves out a number of offenses, including ―[a]ny felony

offense under Chapter 9 of Title 48 (Controlled Substances).‖ D.C. Code § 16-

2310 (a-1)(2)(B).



      Current restrictions on the placement of juveniles in detention prior to a

delinquency disposition are the product of successive amendments to § 16-2310

that promote keeping children in the community and out of a jail-like setting.19

With the passage of the Comprehensive Youth Justice Amendment Act of 2016

(CYJAA),20 language in § 16-2310 (a)(1) that had permitted detention of a child

alleged to be delinquent ―to protect the person or property . . . of the child‖ was

deleted, in recognition that placing a child in a jail-like setting for his own

protection was inappropriate and potentially dangerous. 21       Additionally, the



      18
           D.C. Code § 23-1331.
      19
           We highlight, however, that neither the standardized form order used by
the trial court nor the juvenile court rules reflect the amendments to the juvenile
detention statute. See supra note 8. Both are in need of updating.
      20
           D.C. Law 21-238, 64 D.C. Reg. 3959 (effective Apr. 4, 2017).
      21
          D.C. Council, Report on Bill 21-0683 at 9 (Oct. 5, 2016) (explaining that
―[p]otential victims of crime should not be securely detained against their will,
particularly when there is a risk of harm within the secure facility,‖ and that
                                                               (continued ....)
                                         12

provision in § 16-2310 (a)(1) that had permitted detention of a child alleged to be

delinquent if ―required to protect the person or property of others‖ was further

constricted to compel a showing that detention was required to protect the person

or property of others from significant harm.‖ (emphasis added). 22



      Similarly, the 2007 amendment of the detention statute that created the

presumption in favor of detention if there is a substantial probability that a child

committed an offense involving a firearm, see D.C. Code § 16-2310 (a-1),23 also

signaled a desire to minimize juvenile detention pre-disposition. The Council

could have replicated the analogous provision for adult detention decisions, which

creates a rebuttable presumption authorizing detention in a broader array of

circumstances, including when an adult has committed a felony drug crime while

on release in another case. Compare D.C. Code § 16-2310 (a-1) with D.C. Code

§ 23-1322 (c) (2017 Supp.). And indeed the Council did just that in emergency



 (....continued)
―where there is a risk that a child may harm [him]sel[f], medical intervention is the
appropriate response, as secure detention may in fact exacerbate the problem‖).
      22
         The CYJAA also deleted language in D.C. Code § 16-2310 (a) that had
authorized pre-disposition detention of juveniles who were alleged to be ―in need
of supervision,‖ but, to date, that amendment appears not be effective. D.C. Law
21-238 § 701 (a).
      23
           D.C. Law 16-308 § 2, 54 D.C. Reg. 942 (effective May 5, 2007).
                                         13

legislation that was in effect for three months in 2006. 24        But the Council

ultimately did not make the provisions of the emergency legislation permanent.

Instead, the Council opted for the much more restrictive presumption limited to

crimes involving firearms, and in all other cases it continued to require a showing

that the criteria for detention under § 16-2310 (a) were satisfied. 25 See supra note

23.



      These revisions to the juvenile detention statute are in keeping with and

were in part inspired by ―[r]ecent research . . . on the development of the brain

during adolescence,‖ which indicates          that detaining children for poor

decisionmaking to punish or educate them is simply ineffective and may be

counterproductive. Council Comm. on the Judiciary, Report on Bill 21-0683, at 3

      24
          See Enhanced Crime Prevention and Abatement Emergency Amendment
Act of 2006, D.C. Act 16-446, 53 D.C. Reg. 6477 (effective July 21, 2006, exp.
Oct. 19, 2006). The presumption in favor of detention under this emergency
legislation effectively adopted for juveniles the presumption in favor of detention
for adults under D.C. Code §§ 23-1322 (c)(1), (3)-(7). See 53 D.C. Reg. 6477
§ 302 (effective Jul. 21, 2006, exp. Oct. 19, 2006).
      25
           See D.C. Council Comm. on the Judiciary, Report on Bill 16-895 at 2
(Nov. 20, 2006) (observing that creation of a rebuttable presumption of detention
for certain offenses ―express[es] a policy statement by the Council that certain
criminal activity is extremely dangerous . . . and will not be condoned,‖
nevertheless acknowledging ―the focus of juvenile court is rehabilitation,‖ and—
for that reason and in contrast to the rebuttable presumption of detention for adults
and the emergency legislation passed earlier in the year—limiting the rebuttable
presumption of detention for juveniles to ―crimes involving firearms‖).
                                         14

(Oct. 5, 2016). As the Committee on the Judiciary acknowledged in its 2016

Report,

              research has demonstrated that the frontal lobes of the
              brain, which control executive functions like ―planning,
              working memory, and impulse control‖ are one of the
              last areas of the brain to develop and may not be fully
              developed until the mid-twenties . . . . As a result
              adolescents have a more difficult time grasping long-term
              consequences and are more likely to have impaired
              judgment—both of which are factors in determining
              criminal culpability and the proportionality of
              punishment.

Id. at 3. Moreover, detention of juveniles ―can actually increase recidivism [and]

pull youth deeper into the justice system.‖ Id. at 9. With the recognition that

―[a]dolescents are not simply young adults,‖ the Council has endorsed ―a different

approach‖ toward the administration of juvenile justice ―that recognizes both

[juveniles‘] reduced culpability and their capacity for rehabilitation and growth.‖

Id. at 4.



            B. Analysis of the Trial Court’s Rationale for Detaining K.G.



       The trial court ruled that K.G. should be detained because the government

had carried its burden under D.C. Code § 16-2310 (a) to rebut the presumption

against detention of a juvenile prior to a factfinding or dispositional hearing. It is

undisputed that because the trial court issued another interim order of detention (in
                                          15

lieu of proceeding with K.G.‘s dispositional hearing pursuant to D.C. Code § 16-

2320), its detention decision had to be authorized under D.C. Code § 16-2310. The

only question is whether the evidence supported the court‘s decision under D.C.

Code § 16-2310 (a)(1) that K.G.‘s detention was ―required . . . to protect the person

or property of others from significant harm.‖26 Reviewing the sufficiency of the

evidence and the embedded statutory interpretation issues de novo, 27 we determine

that the record does not support a conclusion that K.G. should be detained.



      We begin our analysis, as we must, with the plain language of D.C. Code

§ 16-2310 (a). Peoples Drug Stores, Inc. v. District of Columbia, 470 A.2d 751,

753 (D.C. 1983) (en banc). The language of § 16-2310 (a) authorizing detention if

it is ―required to protect the person or property of others from significant harm‖ has

only ―superficial clarity.‖ Id. at 754. It plainly conveys a goal of promoting public

safety but provides little guidance as to the limits of a trial court‘s detention

authority. See Dolan v. U.S. Postal Serv., 546 U.S. 481, 486 (2006) (―A word in a

statute may or may not extend to the outer limits of its definitional possibilities.‖).

In particular, it does not define the source or type of ―significant harm‖ that would

      26
          D.C. Code § 16-2310 (a)(2) alternatively authorizes detention ―to secure a
child‘s presence at the next court hearing.‖ No concerns were ever raised in this
case about the need to ensure K.G.‘s appearance in court.
      27
           Campbell v. United States, 163 A.3d 790, 794 (D.C. 2017).
                                          16

render detention ―required.‖ Thus we look beyond the text of this phrase and place

it in the context of the statute as a whole, its legislative history, and its animating

purpose. See Washington v. District of Columbia, 137 A.3d 170, 174 (D.C. 2016)

(―in expounding a statute, we must . . . look to the provisions of the whole law,

and to its object and policy‖); District of Columbia v. Place, 892 A.2d 1108, 1111

(D.C. 2006) (―Statutes always have some purpose or object to accomplish, whose

sympathetic and imaginative discovery is the surest guide to their meaning.‖);

Hively v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 681 A.2d 1158, 1161 (D.C.

1996) (―Ambiguous [statutory] provisions are to be ‗construed with reference to

the statute‘s manifest purpose.‘‖).




      Considering these factors, we interpret D.C. Code § 16-2310 (a) to require

proof that a juvenile‘s particular behavior could cause direct, ―significant harm‖ to

―the person or property‖ of a particular individual (or individuals). We ground our

analysis in the legislative purpose to minimize the detention of children, see supra

II.A., and the statutory mandate that a child ―shall not‖ be placed in detention

―unless‖ there is ―information‖ that satisfies the strictures of the statute; we also

contrast section (a) with section (a-1), which authorizes a presumption and thus to

some extent relieves the government from having to make a case-specific showing
                                          17

that detention is required. 28 We further rely on the statutory directive that the

particular ―information‖ presented by the government be proof that detention—

again, generally disfavored for juveniles—is ―required‖ to advance the public

safety goal of the statute.   As discussed, proof that a juvenile has committed an

offense with a firearm—a weapon that can cause direct, physical ―significant

harm‖—is sufficient information to justify a presumption of detention.              We

conclude that other case-specific information that similarly demonstrates that an

individual juvenile (albeit without a firearm) presents a threat of direct,

―significant‖ harm to the person or property of others is necessary to satisfy the

strictures of § 16-2310 (a) and ensures that detention is used only as a last resort.29




      Applying this standard to this case, reversal of the detention decision was

compelled. No particularized evidence of direct harm to the person or property of

others—or potential for such harm—was presented.            The government did not

present any evidence as to the particulars of K.G.‘s alleged new drug activity in the
      28
           Cf. Blackson v. United States, 897 A.2d 187, 194-95 (D.C. 2006)
(acknowledging that the government bears the burden of proof in adult detention
proceedings).
      29
          What quantum of harm amounts to ―significant harm‖ under D.C. Code
§ 16-2310 (a) is another question, but we do not address it in this case because we
conclude that the government failed to establish that K.G. engaged in or posed a
serious risk of the kind of harm—direct, physical harm—envisioned by the
juvenile detention statute. See infra.
                                            18

adult case. The Gerstein 30 affidavit from his arrest indicates only that he was

selling drugs to consenting adults in a public park. Thus, there is no indication in

the record, for example, that K.G. was armed, that he threatened anyone with

physical harm, or that he actually engaged in any behavior that might cause direct

harm to the person or property of others.



      To reach its conclusion that K.G. should be detained, the trial court relied on

K.G.‘s rearrest as an adult on ―dangerous‖ drug charges. The court also relied on

K.G.‘s recidivism while on supervision and failure to comply with some of his

conditions of release. None of these considerations supported K.G.‘s detention

under D.C. Code § 16-2310 (a).



      The fact that K.G. faced new charges in adult court for drug crimes which

are categorized as ―dangerous‖ under the adult detention statute did not itself

justify K.G.‘s detention under the juvenile detention statute.      A term of art,

―dangerous crimes‖ is defined in D.C. Code § 23-1331 (3) to include a range of

offenses—some that may cause direct physical harm to others (e.g., some gun

offenses, arson, robbery) and others that may not (e.g., prostitution, pandering,

attempted burglary). This definition is limited to adult detention decisions, D.C.

      30
           See Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103 (1975).
                                          19

Code § 23-1331 (3) (defining dangerous crime ―as used in this subchapter‖); D.C.

Code § 23-1322 (c) (employing definition of ―dangerous crime‖ under § 23-1331

(3) in its rebuttable presumption authorizing detention of adults).        While the

juvenile detention statute borrows in part the meaning of ―dangerous crimes‖ and

―crimes of violence‖ in § 23-1331, it does so selectively, and it expressly excludes

a number of crimes that are so categorized under the adult statute, including felony

controlled substance offenses under Chapter 9 of Title 48. D.C. Code § 16-2310

(a-1).31 In light of the desire to treat juvenile detention decisions differently, the

designation of drug crimes as dangerous in the adult detention scheme is not

controlling under the juvenile detention statute.



      The fact that selling drugs (here cocaine) may be considered in a colloquial

sense ―dangerous‖ to our society is irrelevant for the purposes of the juvenile

detention statute.   The illegal sale and consumption of controlled substances

undoubtedly has adverse societal effects; as a result of drug abuse and addiction,

people may lose their jobs, their homes, their families, and even their lives. But to

the extent our juvenile justice system is focused on these larger issues, it seeks to

break children out of cycles of anti-social behavior, not to punish or hold them


      31
         Also excluded are arson, burglary, prostitution, and pandering.         D.C.
Code § 16-2310 (a-1)(2).
                                        20

accountable for contributing to a problem that they did not create. Under § 16-

2310, pre-disposition detention is not a tool for teaching kids a lesson. Rather, as

explained above, it has a limited public safety purpose which compels a showing

that a juvenile‘s particular behavior could cause direct, ―significant harm‖ to ―the

person or property‖ of a particular individual (or individuals)—not merely

generalized harm to the District community at large.



      Moreover, the fact that this was K.G.‘s second arrest for selling drugs,

incurred while he was on release in his juvenile case, does not justify a detention

decision under § 16-2310. This is a basis for presumptive detention of adults under

D.C. Code § 23-1322 (c), but it is not a basis for presumptive detention of

juveniles under § 16-2310 (a-1). Given that a child‘s recidivism while he has

another delinquency case pending does not create a presumption of detention, it

cannot by itself justify his detention when the government bears the burden of

proof. Without a particularized showing that the child is engaged in conduct that

could cause direct, physical ―significant harm‖ to someone else‘s person or

property, it is not an authorized basis for detaining the child prior to final

disposition.
                                           21

         Finally, K.G.‘s violation of some of his conditions of release did not justify

his detention. The trial court correctly acknowledged that, on their own, K.G.‘s

noncompliance with his curfew, his failure to enroll in drug treatment, and his

failure to complete computer training did not justify his detention under § 16-2310,

but concluded that these violations in conjunction with his rearrest for selling drugs

did provide an adequate foundation for detention under the statute. We cannot

agree.        If neither K.G.‘s technical violations nor his rearrest individually

constituted conduct that could cause direct, ―significant harm‖ to someone else‘s

person or property, their combination likewise could not. Instead, K.G.‘s failure to

comply with some of the conditions of his release, like K.G.‘s rearrest, established

only that he was in need of enhanced care and supervision while on release and at

most justified his placement in shelter care.32



         Because the evidence on which the trial court relied was insufficient under

the statute to support a decision to detain K.G. prior to his dispositional hearing,

we reversed the detention order.




         32
        Counsel for K.G. did not object to him being placed in shelter care, and in
our remand order we directed K.G. to be placed in shelter care. See Appendix.
                                          22

     III.   K.G.’s Entitlement To Pursue an Emergency Appeal Under D.C.
                                   Code § 16-2328


      Before we conclude, we address the OAG‘s procedural argument that K.G.

should not have been permitted to pursue an emergency interlocutory appeal and

only had a right to an expedited appeal. The OAG argues that D.C. Code § 16-

2328—which authorizes juveniles who are detained or placed in shelter care to

pursue an appeal in this court and obtain a decision from us within a week of a trial

court‘s order33—―only applies where a juvenile ‗has been ordered transferred for

criminal prosecution under § 16-2307 or detained or placed in shelter care or

subject to conditions of release under § 16-2312,‘‖ neither of which, the OAG

argues, is the situation in K.G.‘s case. It is undisputed that K.G. has not been

ordered to be tried as an adult under D.C. Code § 16-2307 (2013 Repl.); we

conclude, however, that he was detained ―under D.C. Code § 16-2312,‖ and thus

that he may pursue an emergency appeal under § 16-2328.




      33
          If the juvenile files a timely notice of appeal (within two days of the date
of entry of the trial court‘s order), this court must then hear the appeal within three
days (excluding Sundays) of that filing, and we must render a decision ―on or
before the next day‖ following argument. D.C. Code § 16-2328 (a)-(b). In this
case, K.G. filed his notice of appeal on Thursday, October 5, 2017; this court heard
oral argument on Saturday, October 7, 2017; and we issued an order reversing and
remanding on Sunday, October 8, 2017. See Appendix.
                                           23

      The OAG argues that § 16-2312 ―governs an initial, pre-trial detention order,

not a post-trial detention order,‖ alluding to the fact that K.G. had already pled

involved to one count of possession of cocaine. But § 16-2312 does not limit the

procedures it sets forth for making detention and shelter care decisions to initial

pre-trial detention orders. Nor does it make sense to read into the statute such a

limitation. Section 16-2312 is the only statutory provision that authorizes a trial

court to ―order detention or shelter care . . . if [either] is required under the criteria

in [§] 16-2310.‖ D.C. Code § 16-2312 (d)(1)(A). As noted above, the reach of

D.C. Code § 16-2310 applies to all detention decisions made before either a

factfinding or a dispositional hearing, i.e. before final adjudication of the juvenile.

If the OAG were correct, juveniles like K.G.—to whom the OAG concedes the

strictures of § 16-2310 apply—would have none of the procedural rights provided

in § 16-2312 to ensure that they were properly detained or placed in shelter care

pursuant to § 16-2310:       they would have no statutory right to notice or an

opportunity to be heard, no right to counsel, and no right to a written decision

explaining the reasons for the court‘s decision detaining them or placing them in

shelter care. See D.C. Code § 16-2312 (b)-(d). We can conceive of no reason the

Council would have intended such a result, particularly in light of (1) its manifest

desire to limit the circumstances in which detention orders may issue and to keep

children with their families in the community whenever possible, see supra II.A.,
                                          24

and (2) its commitment to ensuring that juveniles receive due process.34 See D.C.

Code § 16-2301.02 (1).



      In the absence of any language limiting § 16-2312 to initial pre-trial

detention hearings, the OAG cites to provisions of the statute—subsections (e) and

(f), requiring an assessment of probable cause to believe the allegations in the

delinquency petition are true before ordering detention or shelter care. The OAG

argues that, because these subsections only make sense in the context of pre-

factfinding detention decisions, we must read the whole of § 16-2312 to apply only

to pre-factfinding detention decisions. We are unpersuaded by the OAG‘s logic.

These subsections of § 16-2312 establish that, even after satisfying the strictures of

D.C. Code § 16-2310, the District needs, at the very least, probable cause to restrict

a child‘s liberty and place him in juvenile detention. 35 But the fact that there may

be more than the requisite minimum probable cause—for example, as in this case,


      34
          The District did not object to the hearing K.G. received prior to being
detained, which satisfied all the procedural requirements of D.C. Code § 16-2312.
      35
          D.C. Code § 16-2312 (e) provides that ―[w]hen a judge finds that a
child‘s detention or shelter care is required under the criteria of section 16-2310, he
shall then hear evidence . . . to determine whether there is probable cause to
believe the allegations in the petition are true.‖ (emphasis added). See also D.C.
Code § 16-2312 (f) (providing that ―[w]hen a judge finds there is probable cause to
believe the allegations in the petition are true, he shall order the child to be placed
or continued in detention or shelter care and set forth [h]is reasons.‖).
                                         25

a plea of involvement—thereby obviating a finding of probable cause under § 16-

2312 (e)-(f), does not obviate the other procedural protections of § 16-2312 (b)-(d).

For the reasons discussed above, these provisions are still critical and have

independent force.36



      ―[O]ur task is to search for an interpretation that makes sense of the statute

as a whole.‖ District of Columbia v. Reid, 104 A.3d 859, 868 (D.C. 2014); see,

e.g., In re T.G.T., 515 A.2d 1086, 1088 (D.C. 1986) (reading D.C. Code § 16-2312

as a whole in assessing whether it permitted a delinquency petition to be filed

within 5 days of a detention hearing upon a showing of good cause). We conclude

that the procedures for detention and shelter care hearings set forth in § 16-2312

can only sensibly be read to apply to the same range of detention and shelter care

decisions—i.e., decisions made before factfinding and dispositional hearings—that

are governed by the criteria set forth in § 16-2310. Accordingly, because K.G. was




      36
          In support of its argument that § 16-2328 only applies to initial pre-trial
detention orders, the OAG also relies on this court‘s statement in In re K.H., 647
A.2d 61 (D.C. 1994), that the ―expedited appeal procedure applies to an original
detention order under D.C. Code § 16-2312.‖ Id. at 62. The rest of that sentence,
however, makes plain that we were distinguishing between the ―original‖ order
that directed the juvenile to be detained and ―subsequent orders denying
reconsideration of the detention order.‖ Id. Here, we are presented with ―an
original order of detention.‖ Id.
                                          26

detained under § 16-2312, he was entitled to pursue an emergency appeal to this

court under § 16-2328.



                                      IV. Conclusion



      For the reasons set forth above, we have granted K.G.‘s motion for summary

reversal and vacated the trial court‘s detention decision.



                                               So ordered.
                                             27

                                       APPENDIX

                 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS

No. 17-FS-1106

IN RE K.G., APPELLANT.                                          2017 DEL 440

BEFORE: Beckwith and Easterly, Associate Judges, and Ruiz, Senior Judge.

                                       JUDGMENT

       On consideration of appellant‘s notice of appeal and motion for summary reversal
wherein he seeks interlocutory review pursuant to D.C. Code § 16-2328 (a) & (b) (2012
Repl.); appellee the District of Columbia‘s opposition and cross-motion for summary
affirmance; the trial court‘s October 3, 2017, order; and the October 7, 2017, argument on
appeal before this court; it is

        ORDERED that, construing appellee‘s opposition in part as a motion to dismiss
appellant‘s interlocutory appeal, the motion is denied. This court has jurisdiction over
this interlocutory appeal pursuant to D.C. Code § 16-2328. It is

       FURTHER ORDERED that appellant‘s motion for summary reversal is granted
and the trial court‘s October 3, 2017, detention order directing the Department of Youth
Rehabilitation Services to place K.G. at the Youth Services Center (YSC) (which was
reaffirmed by the trial court‘s October 6, 2017, order denying appellant‘s motion for
reconsideration) is hereby vacated. The evidence presented by appellee and findings of
the court are insufficient to establish that ―detention [at YSC] is required‖ to ―protect the
person or property of others from significant harm.‖ D.C. Code § 16-2310 (a) (1) (2012
Repl.). It is

       FURTHER ORDERED that appellee‘s motion for summary affirmance is denied.

       It is FURTHER ORDERED that the trial court shall, no later than 5:00 p.m. of the
date of this order, enter an order transferring K.G. to a youth shelter house.

       This court will issue an opinion in due course.

                                   ENTERED BY DIRECTION OF THE COURT:
                                   JULIO A. CASTILLO
                                   Clerk of the Court
Dated: October 8, 2017
