MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),                                      FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any                              May 20 2019, 9:08 am

court except for the purpose of establishing                                CLERK
                                                                        Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral                                    Court of Appeals
                                                                             and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.


ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                  ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
John Kindley                                            Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
South Bend, Indiana                                     Attorney General of Indiana

                                                        Jesse R. Drum
                                                        Supervising Deputy Attorney
                                                        General
                                                        Indianapolis, Indiana


                                          IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Joshua B. Stam,                                         May 20, 2019
Appellant-Defendant,                                    Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                        18A-CR-2873
        v.                                              Appeal from the Miami Circuit
                                                        Court
State of Indiana,                                       The Honorable Timothy P. Spahr,
Appellee-Plaintiff.                                     Judge
                                                        Trial Court Cause No.
                                                        52C01-1709-F1-28



Altice, Judge.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2873 | May 20, 2019                    Page 1 of 10
                                             Case Summary
[1]   Joshua Stam appeals the sixteen-year sentence he received after pleading guilty

      to Level 3 felony aggravated battery, which stemmed from his attack on a

      correctional officer who was transporting Stam from a court hearing back to

      prison. He claims that his sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of the

      offense and his character.


[2]   We affirm.


                                   Facts & Procedural History
[3]   In August 2017, Stam was serving a sentence at the Miami Correctional

      Facility. Following a court appearance on August 30, Decatur County Sheriff’s

      Department Transport Officer David Weakley picked up Stam from the

      Sheriff’s Department to return him to the Miami Correctional Facility. Officer

      Weakley shackled and handcuffed Stam and placed him in the front seat of his

      patrol car. While Officer Weakley was driving, Stam freed his left hand from

      the handcuff and struck Officer Weakley in the face. Stam also freed himself

      from his seatbelt and climbed over the center console in the car and on top of

      Officer Weakley. Stam unsuccessfully attempted to remove Officer Weakley’s

      gun from its holster. He then used a strip of cloth, which was one inch in width

      and sixty-six inches in length and appeared to be bedding material, to strangle

      Officer Weakley until he lost consciousness. When Officer Weakley regained

      consciousness, Stam was trying to put the car in gear. Two bystanders saw

      what was happening and removed Stam from the car.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2873 | May 20, 2019   Page 2 of 10
[4]   On September 14, 2017, the State charged Stam with Level 1 felony attempted

      murder, Level 3 felony aggravated battery, Level 4 felony escape, and Level 5

      felony battery resulting in bodily injury to a public safety official and also

      alleged that Stam was a habitual offender. The parties entered into a plea

      agreement, and on November 1, 2018, Stam pled guilty to Level 3 felony

      aggravated battery, and the State dismissed the remaining charges and the

      habitual offender allegation. Sentencing was left to the discretion of the court.


[5]   At the guilty plea hearing, Stam’s counsel questioned Stam and provided the

      following factual basis:


              Q. Back on August 30, 2017 were you in Miami County, in the
              State of Indiana?


              A. Yes sir.


              Q. On that day did you knowingly inflict injury on David
              Weekly [sic] that created a substantial risk of death?


              A. Yes sir.


              Q. And that is why you feel that you’re charged with Aggravated
              Battery, am I correct?


              A. Yes sir.


              Q. You think they could prove that if it went to a jury?


              A. Yes sir.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2873 | May 20, 2019   Page 3 of 10
               Q. No further questions.


               STATE: No questions.


               COURT: Okay I have no additional questions for this witness
               regarding the establishment of a factual basis either so evidence is
               concluded.


      Transcript at 79. The trial court accepted the plea agreement and, with the

      parties’ agreement, proceeded to sentencing.


[6]   The information before the court 1 indicated that Stam started using drugs when

      he was ten years old and has used marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, and

      heroin, and has abused prescription drugs. He was adjudicated delinquent for

      theft, runaway, resisting law enforcement, and forgery. As an adult, he was

      convicted of Class D felony auto theft, Class D felony theft, Class B felony

      burglary, Level 4 felony burglary, and Level 6 felony resisting law enforcement.

      He has never successfully completed probation or community corrections and




      1
       Stam suggests that the factual basis presented at the hearing was minimal, and to the extent that Stam is
      arguing that the trial court should not also have considered the facts outlined in the probable cause affidavit
      (PCA), we find no error with the trial court’s reliance on that information when sentencing Stam. The
      presentence investigation report (PSI) filed with the court included the PCA as well as the arrest warrant, and
      Stam had no corrections or deletions to the PSI’s contents, other than minor technical corrections.
      Accordingly, the trial court could consider the PCA. See Sullivan v. State, 836 N.E.2d 1031, 1036-37 (Ind. Ct.
      App. 2005) (where defendant indicated there were no corrections to be made to presentence report and did
      not object to introduction of PCA at sentencing hearing, defendant effectively admitted to contents of report
      and affidavit). Furthermore, our Supreme Court has recognized that, unless the plea agreement provides
      otherwise, “it is not necessary for a trial court to turn a blind eye to the facts of the incident that brought the
      defendant before [it].” Bethea v. State, 983 N.E.2d 1134, 1145 (Ind. 2013).

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2873 | May 20, 2019                          Page 4 of 10
      has violated probation at least three times. The parties stipulated that Stam’s

      criminal history was an aggravator.


[7]   Stam, who was twenty-eight years old, testified at the hearing about his

      childhood and drug abuse. He explained that, after being removed as a baby

      from his mother’s care, he was adopted and that his adoptive father was

      verbally and physically abusive. After breaking his leg at age thirteen, Stam

      was prescribed hydrocodone to manage the pain, which ultimately led to

      addiction and to crime. He first started getting into trouble at age thirteen or

      fourteen, and he dropped out of high school in ninth grade. After a

      commitment to the Boys School, he got a job and attempted to join the military

      but was rejected due to his history of drug use. Stam testified that, not long

      after, he got arrested and was sentenced to prison for nineteen years with seven

      years suspended. He was released early on community corrections, but violated

      the terms of his placement, and the court revoked his suspended sentence,

      returning him to prison. With regard to the incident with Officer Weakley,

      Stam conceded that he “screwed up” badly and that it was “every bit of [his]

      fault.” Id. at 96.


[8]   Stam’s counsel argued that Stam’s troubled childhood, including conflict with

      his adoptive father, and drug addiction starting at a young age, were mitigating

      circumstances. Stam asked the court to impose twelve years with six years

      executed. The State maintained that there were no mitigators and sought the

      maximum sixteen-year sentence. Officer Weakley did not appear at the

      hearing, but in a statement of allocution Stam expressed, “I really wish Mr.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2873 | May 20, 2019   Page 5 of 10
       Weekly [sic] was here so I’d be able to tell him that I’m sorry . . . for the pain

       and inconvenience that I cause [sic] him and his family.” Id. at 104.


[9]    The trial court expressly stated that it considered Stam’s proposed mitigators –

       his “very difficult upbringing and [] past history with drug [] abuse” – but

       observed that “a lot of people who go through the criminal justice system . . .

       have had difficult upbringings” but “[t]here are plenty of people who’ve had

       challenging upbringings who haven’t resorted to attacking [] an officer[.]” Id. at

       107. The court also observed that “drug abuse is often a driver” but that, in this

       case, the court “heard nothing today or in the [PSI] to indicate somehow drugs

       were a driver in this particular offense.” Id. at 106-07. Rather, the court found,

       “It looks like to me [that]… you just wanted to get out and you were going to

       do whatever it took to get out of custody.” Id. at 107. The trial court identified

       Stam’s “extensive” criminal history as an aggravator and sentenced him to an

       executed sixteen-year term in the Indiana Department of Correction. 2 Id. at

       105. Stam now appeals.


                                           Discussion & Decision
[10]   Stam claims that his sentence is inappropriate. Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule

       7(B), this Court “may revise a sentence authorized by statute if, after due

       consideration of the trial court’s decision, the Court finds that the sentence is

       inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the character of the




       2
           Sixteen years is the maximum sentence that can be imposed for a Level 3 felony. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-5(b).


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2873 | May 20, 2019                      Page 6 of 10
       offender.” Our Supreme Court has explained that the principal role of appellate

       review should be to attempt to leaven the outliers, “not to achieve a perceived

       ‘correct’ result in each case.” Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1225 (Ind.

       2008). “‘[W]e must and should exercise deference to a trial court’s sentencing

       decision, both because Rule 7(B) requires us to give ‘due consideration’ to that

       decision and because we understand and recognize the unique perspective a

       trial court brings to its sentencing decisions.’” Rogers v. State, 878 N.E.2d 269,

       275 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (quoting Stewart v. State, 866 N.E.2d 858, 866 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2007)), trans. denied. “Such deference should prevail unless overcome by

       compelling evidence portraying in a positive light the nature of the offense (such

       as accompanied by restraint, regard, and lack of brutality) and the defendant’s

       character (such as substantial virtuous traits or persistent examples of good

       character).” Stephenson v. State, 29 N.E.3d 111, 122 (Ind. 2015).


[11]   The determination of whether we regard a sentence as inappropriate “turns on

       our sense of the culpability of the defendant, the severity of the crime, the

       damage done to others, and myriad other factors that come to light in a given

       case.” Bethea v. State, 983 N.E.2d 1134, 1145 (Ind. 2013). The question under

       App. R. 7(B) is “not whether another sentence is more appropriate” but rather

       “whether the sentence imposed is inappropriate.” Miller v. State, 105 N.E.3d

       194, 196 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018). Stam bears the burden of persuading us that his

       sentence is inappropriate. Barker v. State, 994 N.E.2d 306, 315 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2013), trans. denied.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2873 | May 20, 2019   Page 7 of 10
[12]   As this court has recognized, “[t]he nature of the offense is found in the details

       and circumstances of the commission of the offense and the defendant’s

       participation.” Croy v. State, 953 N.E.2d 660, 664 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). Stam

       urges that his conduct “could just as easily have been described as a battery

       resulting in bodily injury to a public safety officer as a Level 5 felony.”

       Appellant’s Brief at 7. Therefore, he asserts, the nature of his offense was “closer

       to the Level 5 end than the worst of the Level 3 end of the spectrum,” i.e., his

       crime “was not the ‘worst of the worst’ of aggravated batteries.” Id. at 9. We

       are unpersuaded, however, that the nature of his offense warrants revision of his

       sentence.


[13]   Here, while being transported back to the correctional facility, Stam freed

       himself from one handcuff and attacked Officer Weakley as he was driving.

       Stam hit the officer in the face and crawled over the console on top of him.

       Stam tried to take Officer Weakley’s gun, and he strangled Officer Weakley

       with a strip of bedding cloth until he lost consciousness. Fortunately, two men

       saw what was occurring and helped Officer Weakley. As a result of the

       incident, Officer Weakley went to the hospital. He had an abrasion on his neck

       and petechial hemorrhages on the back of his throat, a bite mark on his palm,

       and an injury to his gums. We see no “compelling evidence[,]” such as

       “restraint, regard, and lack of brutality[,]” that portrays the nature of the offense

       “in a positive light[.]” Stephenson, 29 N.E.3d at 122. Like the trial court, we are

       troubled by the “degree of violence” and “viciousness” of the attack. Transcript




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2873 | May 20, 2019   Page 8 of 10
       at 107-08. Stam’s sentence was not inappropriate in light of the nature of the

       offense.


[14]   “The character of the offender is found in what we learn of the offender’s life

       and conduct.” Croy, 953 N.E.2d at 664. When considering the character of the

       offender, “‘one relevant fact is the defendant’s criminal history,’ and ‘[t]he

       significance of criminal history varies based on the gravity, nature, and number

       of prior offenses in relation to the current offense.’” Sanders v. State, 71 N.E.3d

       839, 844 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017) (quoting Garcia v. State, 47 N.E.3d 1249, 1251

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied), trans. denied. The trial court may consider

       not only the defendant’s adult criminal history but also his juvenile delinquency

       record in determining whether his criminal history is significant. Id.


[15]   Stam’s juvenile history began around age fourteen and his encounters with the

       law continued until the present case, when he committed the present offense at

       age twenty six. Stam accrued five felonies as an adult and a number of

       delinquency adjudications as a juvenile. He never successfully completed

       probation or community corrections. As the trial court observed, “prior

       attempts at rehabilitation through the juvenile justice system have not worked”

       and “[p]rior attempts through adult justice system have not worked.” Transcript

       at 108. The trial court found that Stam’s criminal history has “been over an

       extended period of time” and included “prior incarceration, prior boy’s school,

       even before the, the adult incarcerations” and none of that “led to a change” in

       behavior. Id. at 106. We agree, and Stam has failed to show that his character

       warrants revision of his sentence.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2873 | May 20, 2019   Page 9 of 10
[16]   Stam also argues that he “deserves some credit” for accepting responsibility and

       pleading guilty to Level 3 felony that, he claims, could have been a Level 5

       felony. Appellant’s Brief at 9. We find that Stam indeed received substantial

       credit for his decision to plead guilty, as the State agreed to dismiss three other

       felonies, including attempted murder, and the habitual offender allegation.


[17]   We reiterate that our task on appeal is not to determine whether another

       sentence might be more appropriate; rather, the inquiry is whether the imposed

       sentence is inappropriate. Barker, 994 N.E.2d at 315. Stam has failed to carry

       his burden of establishing that his sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature

       of the offense and his character.


[18]   Judgment affirmed.


       Kirsch, J. and Vaidik, C.J., concur.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2873 | May 20, 2019   Page 10 of 10
