           Case: 18-10299   Date Filed: 03/22/2019   Page: 1 of 7


                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]



             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                             No. 18-10299
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                  D.C. Docket No. 1:89-cr-00012-FAM-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                           Plaintiff - Appellee,

                                   versus

OLUWATOYIN UTOH,

                                                        Defendant - Appellant.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Florida
                      ________________________

                             (March 22, 2019)

Before TJOFLAT, JILL PRYOR, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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       Oluwatoyin Utoh immigrated to the United States from Nigeria in 1978.

Just more than ten years later, in 1989, she pled guilty in federal court to filing a

false passport application in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1542. She was also convicted

in Georgia state court the year before of four counts of forgery and financial

transaction card theft. The Board of Immigration Appeals ordered her removed

from the country in 1999, but she has not been deported, and she is not still in

custody.

       Utoh moved in the District Court for referral to a volunteer attorney program

and to reopen her case. Her underlying contention is that the district judge who

sentenced her never informed her of the collateral immigration consequences of a

guilty plea. The Court denied the Motion. Utoh initiated this appeal.

       We affirm the District Court’s denial of Utoh’s Motion, which we construe

as a petition for a writ of coram nobis, 1 because the Court did not abuse its

discretion. Utoh has suffered no injustice that would make relief appropriate.

Because we write for the parties, we set out facts only as they are needed to

support our analysis.

                                               I.



       1
         A writ of coram nobis is an “extraordinary remedy of last resort available only in
compelling circumstances where necessary to achieve justice.” United States v. Mills, 221 F.3d
1201, 1203 (11th Cir. 2000). Under the All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1651, we may issue the writ
only to correct “errors ‘of the most fundamental character.’” Id. (quoting United States v.
Mayer, 235 U.S. 55, 69, 35 S. Ct. 16, 19 (1914)).
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      We begin by assessing our own jurisdiction.

      We may review only “final decisions” of the district courts. 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291. Because judgment has already been entered in the case from which Utoh

appeals, we treat this post-judgment proceeding as “free-standing litigation.”

Mayer v. Wall St. Equity Grp., Inc., 672 F.3d 1222, 1224 (11th Cir. 2012) (per

curiam) (quoting Thomas v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield Ass’n, 594 F.3d 823, 829

(11th Cir. 2010)). “[A]n order is deemed final if it disposes of all the issues raised

in the motion that initially sparked the postjudgment proceedings.” Id. In 2017,

Utoh filed in the District Court a boilerplate document, presumably intended for

use by pro se litigants, entitled “Motion for Referral to Volunteer Attorney

Program.” This is the Motion we must evaluate to determine whether the Court’s

decision was “final.” 28 U.S.C. § 1291. “[I]n evaluating whether a district court’s

order is final and appealable, we look to the substance of the order—not the label.”

Young v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 671 F.3d 1213, 1215 (11th Cir. 2012) (per

curiam). At the bottom of her form, Utoh handwrote that she was requesting a

motion to reopen her case. The District Court understood Utoh to be moving for

both referral to a volunteer attorney program and to reopen her case and issued an

order that denied each request.

      Because the District Court’s order “leaves nothing for the court to do,” we

have power to review the disposition of both the denial of referral and denial to


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reopen. Id. (quoting Catlin v. United States, 324 U.S. 229, 233, 65 S. Ct. 631, 633

(1945)).

       We turn to how Utoh’s Motion should be construed.

                                                II.

       “[W]e have a duty to ‘liberally construe a pro se litigant’s assertions to

discern whether jurisdiction to consider his motion can be founded on a legally

justifiable base.’” Sanders v. United States, 113 F.3d 184, 187 (11th Cir. 1997)

(per curiam) (alteration omitted) (quoting Fernandez v. United States, 941 F.2d

1488, 1491 (11th Cir.1991)). As we explain below, we can interpret Utoh’s

Motion to reopen her case only as a petition for a writ of coram nobis, and that writ

provides her no relief here.2

       Utoh’s Motion to reopen her case cannot be used to challenge her four

convictions in Georgia state court in 1988 for forgery and financial transaction

card theft. The only means to attack a state criminal conviction in federal court is

through 28 U.S.C. § 2254. 3 But this route is unavailable because Utoh is not in


       2
          Utoh has not briefed this Court at all on the District Court’s denial of her request to be
referred to a voluntary attorney program and thus has waived the issue on appeal. See United
States v. Robles, 408 F.3d 1324, 1326 n.1 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam) (“Issues not raised in a
party’s initial brief will be deemed waived.”). Similarly, she briefed this Court, but not the
District Court, on an allegedly unlawful search that occurred. We review arguments not raised
before a district court only for plain error. United States v. Cavallo, 790 F.3d 1202, 1234 (11th
Cir. 2015). But because Utoh has not argued that the District Court plainly erred, the issue of the
unlawful search is also waived.
       3
        Utoh cannot attack her state convictions in federal court with a writ of coram nobis
because it would have to be filed with the state court that sentenced her. Grene v. United States,
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“custody.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a); Maleng v. Cook, 490 U.S. 488, 492, 109 S. Ct.

1923, 1926 (1989) (per curiam) (“[O]nce the sentence imposed for a conviction has

completely expired, the collateral consequences of that conviction are not

themselves sufficient to render an individual ‘in custody’ for the purposes of a

habeas attack upon it.”).

       As to Utoh’s conviction in federal court in 1989 for filing a false passport

application, she faces the same problem with respect to “custody,” which is a

jurisdictional prerequisite to habeas relief. 3 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R.

Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 630 (4th ed. 2008).

       In short, the District Court had jurisdiction to review Utoh’s Motion only as

a petition for a writ of coram nobis.

       We review a district court’s denial of a petition for a writ of coram nobis for

abuse of discretion. Alikhani v. United States, 200 F.3d 732, 734 (11th Cir. 2000)

(per curiam).

       The District Court did not abuse its discretion because the two errors that

Utoh identifies are not eligible for coram nobis relief as a matter of law. Cf.

United States v. Frazier, 387 F.3d 1244, 1259 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc) (“[W]hen

employing an abuse-of-discretion standard, we must affirm unless we find that the



448 F.2d 720, 721 (5th Cir. 1971). (In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th
Cir. 1981) (en banc), this Court adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth
Circuit handed down prior to October 1, 1981.)
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district court has made a clear error of judgment[] or has applied the wrong legal

standard.”). A writ of coram nobis is an “extraordinary remedy of last resort

available only in compelling circumstances where necessary to achieve justice.”

Mills, 221 F.3d at 1203. The only claim that Utoh presented to the District Court is

that she was never informed by the sentencing court of the immigration

consequences of a guilty plea. 4 But Utoh had no legal right to be informed by the

court of those consequences. See United States v. Ataya, 884 F.3d 318, 323 (6th

Cir. 2018) (collecting decisions of the Second, Fourth, Sixth, and Ninth Circuits

for the proposition that “failure by the district court to inform a defendant of

potential immigration consequences does not entitle the defendant to a vacation of

his conviction because the district court . . . is not under a constitutional obligation

to inform the defendant of these potential consequences”). 5

                                                III.


       4
          In a previous petition for a writ of coram nobis, which was denied in 2006, Utoh also
argued that counsel had failed to advise her of the immigration consequences of her plea.
Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 130 S. Ct. 1473 (2010), held that the Sixth Amendment
requires counsel to inform a client on “whether [a] plea carries a risk of deportation.” Id. at 374,
130 S. Ct. at 1486. But the Court later held that Padilla is not retroactively applicable under
Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S. Ct. 1060 (1989). Chaidez v. United States, 568 U.S. 342,
344, 133 S. Ct. 1103, 1105 (2013). So even accounting for Utoh’s argument in this prior
petition, no injustice has occurred because no legal right was violated.
       5
         Utoh also did not have a statutory right to be informed of the consequences. In 2013, in
the wake of Padilla, Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure was amended to
“require[] the court to include a general statement that there may be immigration consequences
of conviction in the advice provided to the defendant before the court accepts a plea of guilty or
nolo contender.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(O) advisory committee’s note to 2013 amendment.
But that requirement was not in effect at the time of Utoh’s conviction.
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         In conclusion, we AFFIRM the District Court’s denial of Utoh’s Motion

because it did not abuse its discretion in d-enying her petition for a writ of coram

nobis.

         SO ORDERED.




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