April 11, 2019




                                                                        Supreme Court

                                                                        No. 2017-26-Appeal.
                                                                        No. 2017-135-Appeal.
                                                                        (PC 16-1113)
                                                                        (Dissent begins on page 18)


        Family Dollar Stores of Rhode Island, Inc.   :

                            v.                       :

                  Justin B. Araujo et al.            :




                     NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before
                     publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers are requested to
                     notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme Court of Rhode Island, 250
                     Benefit Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone 222-
                     3258 of any typographical or other formal errors in order that
                     corrections may be made before the opinion is published.
                                                                    Supreme Court

                                                                    No. 2017-26-Appeal.
                                                                    No. 2017-135-Appeal.
                                                                    (PC 16-1113)
                                                                    (Dissent begins on page 18)


 Family Dollar Stores of Rhode Island, Inc.     :

                      v.                        :

            Justin B. Araujo et al.             :


               Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.

                                         OPINION

       Justice Robinson, for the Court. The plaintiff, Family Dollar Stores of Rhode Island,

Inc. (Family Dollar), appeals from a September 20, 2016 judgment entered in Providence County

Superior Court in favor of the defendants, Justin B. Araujo and the Rhode Island Commission for

Human Rights (the Commission), following an August 16, 2016 bench decision dismissing

Family Dollar’s case without prejudice. Family Dollar argues on appeal that the hearing justice

erred in dismissing its case because, as it contends, “the dispute involved declaratory relief

related to the enforcement of a contract” and that, therefore, “the Superior Court was the correct

forum for the dispute.”

       Both defendants cross-appeal from a November 9, 2016 order granting Family Dollar’s

emergency motion for a thirty-day extension of time within which to file its notice of appeal.

The defendants contend on appeal that “the Superior Court erred in granting Family Dollar’s

motion for extension of time” for the following reasons: (1) “Family Dollar did not make the



                                               -1-
requisite showing of excusable neglect;” and (2) “the equities did not favor granting Family

Dollar’s motion for extension because Family Dollar would not suffer prejudice by a denial of

[that motion].”

       This case came before the Supreme Court pursuant to an order directing the parties to

appear and show cause why the issues raised in this appeal should not be summarily decided.

After a close review of the record and careful consideration of the parties’ arguments (both

written and oral), we are satisfied that cause has not been shown and that these appeals may be

decided at this time.

       For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we vacate the September 20, 2016 judgment of

the Superior Court. With respect to the cross-appeal, we affirm the November 9, 2016 order of

the Superior Court.

                                               I

                                      Facts and Travel

       The sequence of events which forms the basis of this action is not in dispute to any

significant degree. In setting forth those events, we rely on the August 16, 2016 and November

9, 2016 bench decisions of the hearing justice and other documents contained in the record

before this Court.

       According to Family Dollar’s complaint, it hired Mr. Araujo on or about June 12, 2007 as

a Customer Service Representative/Clerk. Family Dollar states in its memorandum submitted

pursuant to Article I, Rule 12A of the Supreme Court Rules of Appellate Procedure that Mr.

Araujo was employed with Family Dollar until February 12, 2014. On September 23, 2014, Mr.

Araujo and Family Dollar entered into a settlement agreement to resolve a workers’




                                             -2-
compensation claim that had been filed by Mr. Araujo. That settlement agreement included the

following very pertinent release language:

               “This release waives any other claims I could make against my
               employer, its agents, assigns, or successors, including, but not
               limited to, claims under the Americans with Disabilities Act,
               claims with the Rhode Island Governor’s Commission on the
               Handicapped, Rhode Island Commission for Human Rights, Equal
               Employment Opportunity Commission, FETA, United States
               Department of Labor, United States Department of Justice,
               Workers’ Compensation Court, or any other agencies, tribunals,
               commissions, or courts.”

As consideration for executing the settlement agreement, which includes the just-quoted release,

Family Dollar paid Mr. Araujo the sum of twenty thousand dollars.

       On November 28, 2014, Mr. Araujo filed a charge of discrimination with the Rhode

Island Commission for Human Rights and the United States Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission, in which he alleged that Family Dollar discriminated against him on the basis of a

disability. (The defendants acknowledge that the focus or gravamen of that charge of

discrimination was unrelated to the injury that was the subject of Mr. Araujo’s workers’

compensation claim that Mr. Araujo and Family Dollar settled, as described above.) That charge

alleged that the final discriminatory act occurred on February 12, 2014—i.e., before Mr. Araujo

signed the above-quoted release. On July 31, 2015, the Commission issued a finding of probable

cause that Family Dollar and its district manager had engaged in disability discrimination in

violation of the Rhode Island Fair Employment Practices Act and the Civil Rights of People with

Disabilities Act.

       In accordance with G.L. 1956 § 28-5-24.1(c), Family Dollar was then afforded the option

of having the matter adjudicated in Superior Court, but it declined to pursue that course of action.




                                               -3-
Subsequently, on December 30, 2015, the Commission issued a complaint, and a hearing was

scheduled. That hearing was later continued.

       On March 10, 2016, Family Dollar filed its complaint seeking a declaratory judgment to

the effect that the parties had entered into a valid and enforceable settlement agreement releasing

Family Dollar from the claims that Mr. Araujo asserted against it in his charge before the

Commission and also alleging breach of contract. On April 15, 2016, Mr. Araujo filed a motion

to dismiss the declaratory judgment and breach of contract action in Superior Court pursuant to

Rule 12(b)(6) of the Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure. Thereafter, on April 22, 2016, the

Commission moved to intervene in the case pursuant to Rule 24 of the Superior Court Rules of

Civil Procedure. That motion was ultimately granted, and the Commission was added as an

additional party to the case. On May 26, 2016, the Commission also filed a motion to dismiss

the case. As the hearing justice so succinctly put it, defendants contended in their motions to

dismiss that it would be “improper for the Court to exercise * * * jurisdiction in this case while

the underlying matter at the center of the dispute is pending before the Commission;” indeed, the

hearing justice stated that defendants were contending that “Family Dollar declined to have the

matter adjudicated in the Superior Court * * * [and] must now exhaust its administrative

remedies before seeking relief in court.” On July 12, 2016, a hearing was held on those motions

to dismiss.

       Subsequent to that July 12, 2016 hearing, the hearing justice issued a bench decision on

August 16, 2016.     In that decision, he noted that the release contained in the settlement

agreement between Family Dollar and Mr. Araujo could be asserted as a defense before the

Commission and that the Commission had “looked at similar releases in many, many

cases * * *.” He then pointed to the fact that, once the Commission had passed upon the validity



                                               -4-
vel non of the release, Family Dollar would have a right to an appeal to the Superior Court. In

holding that “the proper forum for determining the validity of the release [was] before the

Commission,” the hearing justice cited to the potential for inconsistent results from different

tribunals, and he added that “Family Dollar must exhaust all administrative remedies before

proceeding to [the Superior Court].”

       The hearing justice further noted that Family Dollar could have had the matter removed

from the Commission to the Superior Court pursuant to § 28-5-24.1(c), but it did not do so.

Finally, he opined as follows:

               “Our general tendency, like that of most American courts, has been
               to require [parties] to stay on the dispute resolution path for which
               they originally opted until they reach the end of that path. In this
               case this matter has progressed to the point where there was to be a
               hearing on this matter. Given that the parties are this far along in
               the process before the Commission, it is appropriate to require the
               parties to complete that process.”

The hearing justice then granted, without prejudice, defendants’ motions to dismiss.         That

decision was reflected in an order entered on September 20, 2016. A judgment also entered on

that same day, entering judgment in favor of defendants and against Family Dollar on all counts

of its complaint. It is from that judgment that Family Dollar is appealing.

       We next turn our attention to the facts forming the basis of the cross-appeal. Those

pertinent facts relate to events occurring after the August 16, 2016 bench decision of the hearing

justice. At some point following that bench decision, but prior to September 7, 2016, copies of

the order and the judgment reflecting the decision to dismiss Family Dollar’s case, both of which

were ultimately entered on September 20, 2016, were filed with the court for the hearing

justice’s review and signature.    According to the representations made by Family Dollar’s

counsel before the Superior Court and before this Court, on September 7, 2016, Family Dollar’s



                                               -5-
counsel called the court to inquire whether the order and the judgment had been signed by the

hearing justice and entered in the docket, and he was told that they were still pending. (Knowing

the date of entry of the judgment and order in this case was of special pertinence to Family

Dollar because the entry of a final order or judgment triggers the twenty-day period within which

a party must file its notice of appeal as provided for in Article I, Rule 4(a) of the Supreme Court

Rules of Appellate Procedure.) Family Dollar’s counsel represented, in an affidavit provided to

the Superior Court with his eventual motion for an extension of time to file the notice of appeal,

that he had contacted the clerk’s office on one other occasion in either late September or early

October, but that he could not recall the exact date. He further represented to the Superior Court

that he then sent an email message to the hearing justice’s clerk on October 19, 2016 for the

same purpose. It was his representation that he subsequently emailed the hearing justice’s clerk

again on October 31, 2016 and that that was the first time he was informed that the order and

judgment had entered on September 20, 2016. At that point, Family Dollar had missed the

twenty-day period in which to appeal the judgment of the Superior Court to this Court.

       For that reason, on November 3, 2016, Family Dollar filed an emergency motion for a

thirty-day extension of the time within which to file its notice of appeal pursuant to Rule 4(a). A

hearing was held on that motion on November 9, 2016.

       During that hearing, counsel for Family Dollar argued that his failure to file a notice of

appeal on behalf of Family Dollar within the prescribed twenty-day period was the result of

excusable neglect due to the fact that he did not know that the judgment he intended to appeal

from had been entered on September 20, 2016. He represented that he had received numerous

notifications through the Superior Court’s electronic filing system in the course of the case but

that he had received no such notification when the order and the judgment entered.              He



                                               -6-
acknowledged that he had eventually come to understand that, “if the Court files something and

it’s submitted and accepted, I don’t get a * * * notification * * *.” However, he also noted that

this was his first appeal under the new electronic filing system and that his lack of familiarity

was not with the rules, but rather with the new electronic filing system.

       At the close of the November 9, 2016 hearing, the hearing justice issued a bench decision

in which he began by noting that the standard that it was his duty to apply was that of excusable

neglect. He then candidly stated that he himself was “not totally familiar and comfortable with

the way our electronic filing system deals with the orders and judgments.” He went on to

expressly state that, in his opinion, Family Dollar’s failure to file a timely notice of appeal was

due to “a lack of understanding of the process as distinct from a lack of understanding of the

rules[.]” The hearing justice further noted that counsel for Family Dollar had contacted his

chambers to inquire about the order and the judgment. He additionally stated that this was a case

of excusable neglect and that he could excuse counsel “once and once only.” He consequently

granted Family Dollar’s motion filed pursuant to Rule 4(a) for a thirty-day extension of the time

within which to file its notice of appeal. An order entered the same day granting Family Dollar’s

motion and providing that Family Dollar had until the end of that day to file its notice of appeal

with respect to the September 20, 2016 judgment of the Superior Court. Family Dollar then

proceeded to file its notice of appeal on the same day—November 9, 2016.

       The defendants then filed a timely notice of appeal from the November 9, 2016 order

granting Family Dollar’s emergency motion for an extension of time to file its notice of appeal.

       Having summarized the travel of this case thus far, we would reiterate for the sake of

clarity that Family Dollar is appealing from the September 20, 2016 judgment in defendants’

favor on the underlying issue of whether or not the case should have been dismissed. The



                                               -7-
defendants are cross-appealing from the November 9, 2016 order granting Family Dollar’s

emergency motion for an extension of the time within which to file its notice of appeal.

                                                 II

                                             Analysis

                                                 A

                     The Defendants’ Cross-Appeal—Excusable Neglect

       Due to the fact that the cross-appeal raises a threshold issue as to whether or not Family

Dollar filed a timely notice of appeal, we will begin our analysis by addressing the cross-appeal.

                                       1. Standard of Review

       As we have previously stated, we “will review the Superior Court’s excusable-neglect

determination for abuse of discretion.” UAG West Bay AM, LLC v. Cambio, 987 A.2d 873, 878

(R.I. 2010) (quoting Friedman v. Lee Pare & Associates, Inc., 593 A.2d 1354, 1356 (R.I. 1991));

see also Boranian v. Richer, 983 A.2d 834, 837 (R.I. 2009) (“Motions to enlarge time are

confided to the sound discretion of the trial justice[;] * * * [t]herefore, this Court reviews such

decisions for abuse of discretion or error of law.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                            2. Discussion

       On appeal, defendants contend that “Family Dollar’s lack of knowledge of the Superior

Court’s rules and process relative to the entry and notice of Orders and Judgments cannot

constitute excusable neglect as a matter of law.” They point out that this Court has stated that

ignorance of court rules and court procedures is not a defense. They further aver that, pursuant

to Rule 77(d) of the Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure, Family Dollar should have known

of its responsibility “to routinely check the docket for a notation of Order and Judgment

entering.” It is their contention that “Family Dollar’s acts or omissions are outside the course of



                                               -8-
conduct a reasonably prudent person would have taken under similar circumstances * * *.”

Finally, they posit that the “equities did not favor granting Family Dollar’s motion for extension

because Family Dollar would not suffer prejudice by a denial of the same,” especially given the

fact that its Superior Court action was dismissed without prejudice.

      Pursuant to Article I, Rule 4(a) of the Supreme Court Rules of Appellate Procedure, a

notice of appeal must be filed within twenty days of “the date of the entry of the judgment,

order, or decree appealed from * * *.” We have likewise stated that “the twenty-day appeal

time commence[s] to run from the first day following the day when the first valid appealable

order was entered.” Blais v. Beacon Mutual Insurance Co., 812 A.2d 838, 839 (R.I. 2002)

(mem.) (emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). It is clear in this case that the

judgment from which Family Dollar is appealing was entered on September 20, 2016. It is

undisputed that Family Dollar did not file its notice of appeal within the prescribed twenty-day

window. However, Rule 4(a) also provides that a trial court may extend the time for filing a

notice of appeal for a period of up to thirty days “[u]pon a showing of excusable neglect[.]” See

Boranian, 983 A.2d at 838 (“Relief from a counsel’s failure to comply with procedural

requirements will not be granted unless it is first factually established that his [or her] neglect

was occasioned by some extenuating circumstance of sufficient significance to render it

excusable.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). As such, with respect to the cross-appeal in

this case, we are tasked with reviewing, under the abuse of discretion standard, the hearing

justice’s ruling that Family Dollar’s failure to file its notice of appeal within the twenty-day

window was due to excusable neglect.

      This Court has defined “excusable neglect” as follows:

               “[a] failure to take the proper steps at the proper time, not in
              consequence of the party’s own carelessness, inattention, or willful

                                              -9-
               disregard of the process of the court, but in consequence of some
               unexpected or unavoidable hindrance or accident, or reliance on
               the care and vigilance of his counsel or on promises made by the
               adverse party.” Duffy v. Estate of Scire, 111 A.3d 358, 366 (R.I.
               2015) (internal quotation marks omitted).

We have further opined that “[e]xcusable neglect that would qualify for relief from judgment is

generally that course of conduct that a reasonably prudent person would have taken under similar

circumstances.” Boranian, 983 A.2d at 839 (internal quotation marks omitted). What is more,

“[e]xcusable neglect should be interpreted flexibly, because [t]he determination of excusable

neglect is at bottom an equitable one, taking account of all relevant circumstances * * *.” Duffy,

111 A.3d at 366 (internal quotation marks omitted). Some of those circumstances include: “the

length of delay and its potential impact on judicial proceedings, the reason for the delay,

including whether it was within the reasonable control of the movant, and whether the movant

acted in good faith.” Boranian, 983 A.2d at 839 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also

UAG West Bay AM, LLC, 987 A.2d at 880.

       Turning to the facts of the instant case, after a thorough review of the record and

consideration of the parties’ contentions on appeal, we are not inclined to second-guess the

hearing justice with respect to his conclusion that it appears that the underlying cause of the

delay was counsel’s lack of familiarity with the electronic filing system and not with the rules.

Accordingly, under the circumstances of the instant case and bearing in mind that the electronic

filing system was of recent vintage at the time in question,1 we cannot say that the hearing justice

abused his discretion in holding that the delay in filing the notice of appeal was the result of

excusable neglect.


1
        The amendments to the Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure which provided for the
implementation of the electronic filing system as to civil cases took effect on November 5, 2014.
See Super. R. Civ. P. 86. The electronic filing system for criminal cases was implemented at a
later date. See Super. R. Crim. P. 59.
                                               - 10 -
       Rule 77(d) of the Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure provides that “[i]mmediately

upon the entry of an order or judgment the clerk shall make a note in the docket. Such notation is

sufficient notice for all purposes for which notice of the entry of an order is required by these

rules * * *.” Pursuant to that rule, the judgment at issue in this case was entered into the docket

on the electronic filing system on September 20, 2016; no additional notice was provided

(electronically or otherwise) to the parties of that entry. However, Family Dollar’s counsel

represented that he had received thirty-eight notifications in this case alone from the Superior

Court’s relatively new electronic filing system and that, accordingly, he had relied on that course

of conduct as the basis for his belief that the electronic filing system would similarly notify him

when the judgment and the order entered. As such, the record reflects that the delay in filing the

notice of appeal in this case was caused by a lack of understanding of what notice is and is not

provided under the electronic filing system, not a lack of understanding of the court rules.

       The defendants point out that the thirty-eight notifications from the electronic filing

system that were received by Family Dollar’s counsel were notifications of filings by the parties

and were not notice of the entry of any order, judgment, or decree of the court. However, even

given that fact, we remain of the opinion that the expectation of Family Dollar’s counsel that he

would receive notification from the electronic filing system of the entry of the judgment at issue

was understandable under the circumstances. The electronic filing system had only recently

been implemented in the Superior Court during the time period at issue in this case; indeed, even

the hearing justice frankly admitted that he was “not totally familiar and comfortable with the

way our electronic filing system deals with the orders and judgments.” In our opinion, in the

circumstances of this case, a reasonably prudent person could have likewise relied on receiving




                                               - 11 -
notice from the electronic filing system of the entry of the judgment in the case. See Boranian,

983 A.2d at 839.

           What is more, we note that Family Dollar’s counsel represented that he made an effort to

contact the court at least twice to inquire about the status of the order and the judgment. He did

not behave in a careless or inattentive manner; nor did he willfully disregard the process of the

court. See Duffy, 111 A.3d at 366. For that reason, it is evident to this Court that Family

Dollar’s counsel acted in good faith. See Boranian, 983 A.2d at 839. We also note that the

length of the delay in the filing of the notice of appeal was only thirty days. See id.

           We do acknowledge that, as defendants point out, it is the responsibility of the parties to

    “know the rules and procedures * * *.” Coutu ex rel. Coutu v. Porter, 744 A.2d 405, 406 (R.I.

    1999) (mem.). What is more, we have certainly stated that “[i]t is incumbent upon the party

    intending to appeal to be watchful for the entry of a valid judgment.” Blais, 812 A.2d at 839.

    However, we would note that we have already concluded that the error committed by counsel

    for Family Dollar did not stem from a lack of knowledge of the rules, but rather stemmed from

    his not unreasonable (albeit erroneous) expectations relative to the electronic filing system.

    Moreover, a determination of excusable neglect is an equitable determination; and, for the

    above-stated reasons, we can detect no abuse of discretion with respect to the hearing justice’s

    weighing of the equities in this case. See Duffy, 111 A.3d at 366.

           Accordingly, it is our judgment that the hearing justice did not abuse his discretion in

    finding excusable neglect in this case. However, we wish to be absolutely clear: our holding in

    this case is the result of our careful scrutiny of the specific facts and context of this case.2




2
        We would add that, in view of the plethora of information provided to litigants through
the electronic filing system, now may well be the time for revisiting the provisions of Rule 77(d)
                                                    - 12 -
                                                B

                         Family Dollar’s Appeal—Motions to Dismiss

       Having determined that Family Dollar’s appeal is properly before us, we turn to the

substance of that appeal—i.e., the dismissal of Family Dollar’s case in Superior Court due to the

fact that the charge of discrimination at issue was destined for a hearing before the Commission

at the time when the complaint for declaratory judgment and breach of contract was filed.

                                      1. Standard of Review

       We have stated that, “[w]hen we review the grant of a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule

12(b)(6), we apply the same standard as the hearing justice.” Chase v. Nationwide Mutual Fire

Insurance Co., 160 A.3d 970, 973 (R.I. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Rein

v. ESS Group, Inc., 184 A.3d 695, 699 (R.I. 2018). In so doing “we confine ourselves to the four

corners of the complaint, assume that the allegations set forth are true, and resolve any doubts in

favor of the complaining party.” Chase, 160 A.3d at 973 (internal quotation marks omitted); see

also Goddard v. APG Security-RI, LLC, 134 A.3d 173, 175 (R.I. 2016). “A motion to dismiss

may be granted only when it is established beyond a reasonable doubt that a party would not be

entitled to relief from the defendant under any set of conceivable facts that could be proven in

support of its claim.” Chase, 160 A.3d at 973 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Doe

ex rel. His Parents and Natural Guardians v. East Greenwich School Department, 899 A.2d

1258, 1264-65 (R.I. 2006).

       We further note that “[a] dismissal of a declaratory-judgment action before a hearing on

the merits * * * is proper only when the pleadings demonstrate that, beyond a reasonable doubt,

the declaration prayed for is an impossibility.” Tucker Estates Charlestown, LLC v. Town of


of the Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure, especially with respect to the giving of notice of
the entry of an order or judgment, one of the most significant events in the travel of a case.
                                              - 13 -
Charlestown, 964 A.2d 1138, 1140 (R.I. 2009); see also Bellevue-Ochre Point Neighborhood

Association v. Preservation Society of Newport County, 151 A.3d 1223, 1228 (R.I. 2017);

Perron v. Treasurer of City of Woonsocket, 121 R.I. 781, 786, 403 A.2d 252, 255 (1979).

                                            2. Discussion

       Family Dollar urges this Court on appeal to “reverse the trial court’s decision to dismiss

Family Dollar’s declaratory judgment action * * * [and] conclude [that] the settlement

agreement * * * entered    into   between     Family     Dollar   and     Appellee     Justin   B.

Araujo * * * preclude[d] him from proceeding with the Charge of Discrimination * * * currently

pending before the [Commission].”3 Family Dollar contends that it was not required to exhaust

administrative remedies because “the question before the Superior Court was a pure question of

law, which should be decided by the courts.” It notes that Family Dollar’s “right[s] under the

Release are separate and distinct from the statutory rights the Commission is empowered to

enforce.”

       After a thorough review of the record in this case and after careful consideration of the

parties’ arguments, we conclude that the hearing justice erred in dismissing Family Dollar’s

action under the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act, G.L. 1956 chapter 30 of title 9.

       We have indicated that “[a] release is a contractual agreement, and the various principles

of the law of contracts govern the judicial approach to a controversy concerning the meaning of a

particular release.” Young v. Warwick Rollermagic Skating Center, Inc., 973 A.2d 553, 558 (R.I.

2009). Moreover, we have specifically stated that “[c]ontract interpretation is a question of law;



3
       In view of the fact that Family Dollar’s appellate argument focuses solely on the
dismissal of its declaratory judgment count and in view of the fact that the breach of contract
count was dismissed without prejudice (as was the declaratory judgment count), we need not and
shall not pass upon the hearing justice’s dismissal without prejudice of the breach of contract
claim.
                                              - 14 -
it is only when the contract terms are ambiguous that construction of terms becomes a question

of fact.” Dubis v. East Greenwich Fire District, 754 A.2d 98, 100 (R.I. 2000) (internal quotation

marks omitted).

       In deciding whether or not to issue a declaratory judgment with respect to whether the

release at issue serves as a bar to Mr. Araujo’s recovery in this case, the Superior Court was

originally and will be hereafter presented with the very limited task of interpreting a contract

between the parties. To reiterate, the only issue in the case before the Superior Court with

respect to the declaratory judgment count was the validity and effectiveness of the release

contained in the settlement agreement between Family Dollar and Mr. Araujo—an issue well

within the Superior Court’s jurisdiction and competence and one with which the justices of the

Superior Court must deal frequently.4 What is more, a declaratory judgment action is a statutory

remedy available to Family Dollar which is quite separate and distinct from the proceedings

before the Commission. See G.L. 1956 chapter 30 of title 9. Indeed, the Uniform Declaratory

Judgments Act clearly allows the holder of a release document such as the one at issue in this

case to seek from the Superior Court a declaration as to the validity and enforceability of the

release. See § 9-30-2. Prompt and definitive resolution of release-related issues is one of the

many salutary efficiencies made possible by the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act.

Accordingly, it is entirely clear to this Court that Family Dollar’s complaint with respect to the

validity and enforceability of the release may proceed in Superior Court.

       This Court’s jurisprudence with respect to the election of remedies doctrine similarly

leads us to conclude that the hearing justice erred in the instant case. As we have previously


4
       We need not pass upon whether or not, in the circumstances of this case, the Commission
has authority to pass upon the validity and effectiveness of the release. See Grady v.
Narragansett Electric Co., 962 A.2d 34, 42 n.4 (R.I. 2009) (noting “our usual policy of not
opining with respect to issues about which we need not opine”).
                                              - 15 -
stated, “[t]he doctrine of election of remedies is one that is grounded in equity and is designed to

mitigate unfairness to both parties by preventing double redress for a single wrong.” Weeks v.

735 Putnam Pike Operations, LLC, 85 A.3d 1147, 1154 (R.I. 2014) (internal quotation marks

omitted); see also State Department of Environmental Management v. State Labor Relations

Board, 799 A.2d 274, 278 (R.I. 2002). The doctrine applies only in cases where “the parties

have two or more inconsistent remedies” and where “asserting one necessarily negates or

repudiates the other.” Silva v. Silva, 122 R.I. 178, 184, 404 A.2d 829, 832 (1979); see also

Coderre v. Zoning Board of Review of City of Pawtucket, 105 R.I. 266, 274, 251 A.2d 397, 402

(1969). There is of course “no bar to the use of concurrent and consistent remedies.” Silva, 122

R.I. at 184, 404 A.2d at 832; see also Coderre, 105 R.I. at 274, 251 A.2d at 402.

       In applying that precedent to the instant case, we do not hesitate to conclude that there is

no viable election of remedies issue in this case. In the judgment of this Court, and contrary to

the assertion of defendants, it matters not that Family Dollar opted not to have the case removed

to Superior Court pursuant to § 28-5-24.1(c) because we are confronted with the plain blunt fact

that Family Dollar did not commence this litigation before the Commission and thus did not

affirmatively elect any remedy. See, e.g., Rhode Island Employment Security Alliance, Local

401, S.E.I.U., AFL-CIO v. State Department of Employment and Training, 788 A.2d 465, 468

(R.I. 2002) (stating that the plaintiffs, “having elected their remedies, are now barred from

pursuing the matter in court until the remedy they initiated has been exhausted”) (emphasis

added); Cipolla v. Rhode Island College, Board of Governors for Higher Education, 742 A.2d

277, 282 (R.I. 1999) (stating that “[o]nce the plaintiff entered the grievance procedure, he had

selected the remedy to adjudicate his claim, and he should have pursued that remedy to its

conclusion”) (emphasis added). Consequently, Family Dollar is entitled to have the question of



                                               - 16 -
the validity and enforceability of the contractual settlement agreement passed upon by the courts

at this juncture. It is our opinion that the election of remedies doctrine is inapplicable to the case

before us.

       Additionally, we do not believe that the doctrine of the exhaustion of administrative

remedies is applicable to this case since we are not confronted with a situation where Family

Dollar is aggrieved by a decision of an agency and must exhaust all avenues of review within

that agency before proceeding to court; rather, this is a purely contractual issue. See Almeida v.

Plasters’ and Cement Masons’ Local 40 Pension Fund, 722 A.2d 257, 259 (R.I. 1998) (“The

general rule is that a plaintiff first must exhaust his administrative remedies before seeking

judicial review of an administrative decision.”). The validity and applicability of the release is a

legal question, unquestionably within the jurisdiction and purview of the Superior Court. See

Burns v. Sundlun, 617 A.2d 114, 117 (R.I. 1992) (noting, in holding that the doctrine of

exhaustion of administrative remedies did not apply in that case, that the question was a “pure

question of law”). As such, in our judgment, the doctrine of exhaustion of administrative

remedies is inapplicable to the instant case.

       In conclusion, we hold that the hearing justice erred in dismissing Family Dollar’s

declaratory judgment action. It certainly has not been established beyond a reasonable doubt that

Family Dollar would not be entitled to relief under any set of conceivable facts on either its

declaratory judgment or breach of contract claims. See Chase, 160 A.3d at 973. What is more, it

is certainly clear that defendants have not borne their burden of showing beyond a reasonable

doubt that the declaration requested in the declaratory judgment count in the complaint is an

impossibility. See Tucker Estates Charlestown, LLC, 964 A.2d at 1140.




                                                - 17 -
       Accordingly, Family Dollar’s declaratory judgment action may proceed in Superior Court

on remand.

                                                III

                                           Conclusion

       For the above-stated reasons, the November 9, 2016 order of the Superior Court is

affirmed. The September 20, 2016 judgment of the Superior Court is vacated. The record may

be returned to that tribunal.



       Chief Justice Suttell, with whom Justice Indeglia joins, dissenting. Although I am

not unsympathetic to the plight of the plaintiff’s counsel in navigating the intricacies of the

court’s relatively new electronic filing system, I would point out that Rule 77(d) of the Superior

Court Rules of Civil Procedure is neither new nor confusing. Because I do not believe that the

plaintiff has met the high standard that this Court has set for a finding of excusable neglect, I

respectfully dissent.

       As the majority explains, the defendants’ cross-appeal is grounded in two procedural

rules and this Court’s previous interpretation and application of those rules.         Rule 77(d)

provides: “Immediately upon the entry of an order or judgment the clerk shall make a note in the

docket. Such notation is sufficient notice for all purposes for which notice of the entry of an

order is required by these rules * * *.” Article I, Rule 4(a) of the Supreme Court Rules of

Appellate Procedure requires that a notice of appeal be filed within twenty days “of the date of

the entry of the judgment, order, or decree appealed from[,]” but, “[u]pon a showing of

excusable neglect, the trial court may extend the time for filing the notice of appeal by any party




                                              - 18 -
for a period not to exceed thirty (30) days from the expiration of the original time prescribed by

this [rule].”

        We have previously described “excusable neglect” as

                “a failure to take the proper steps at the proper time, not in
                consequence of the party’s own carelessness, inattention, or willful
                disregard of the process of the court, but in consequence of some
                unexpected or unavoidable hindrance or accident, or reliance on
                the care and vigilance of his counsel or on promises made by the
                adverse party.” Boranian v. Richer, 983 A.2d 834, 838 (R.I. 2009)
                (brackets omitted) (quoting Pleasant Management, LLC v.
                Carrasco, 960 A.2d 216, 224-25 (R.I. 2008)).

“Relief from the repercussions of failure to comply with procedural requirements will not be

granted ‘unless it is first factually established that counsel’s neglect was occasioned by some

extenuating circumstance of sufficient significance to render it excusable.’” UAG West Bay AM,

LLC v. Cambio, 987 A.2d 873, 880 (R.I. 2010) (brackets omitted) (quoting King v. Brown, 103

R.I. 154, 157, 235 A.2d 874, 875 (1967)). “We have characterized such circumstances as those

that are ‘out of that party or counsel’s control.’” Id. (quoting Boranian, 983 A.2d at 840). This

Court has declined to grant relief from a counsel’s failure to timely file a notice of appeal when

the failure to file “was fully within his or her control, and his or her failure to do so derived from

his or her own conduct.” Id. (brackets omitted) (quoting Astors’ Beechwood v. People Coal

Company, Inc., 659 A.2d 1109, 1116 (R.I. 1995)).

        This Court has also stated that, “[w]hen determining whether or not the evidence in a

particular case indicates that the conduct at issue amounts to excusable neglect, this Court asks

whether what transpired was a ‘course of conduct that a reasonably prudent person would have

taken under similar circumstances.’” Duffy v. Estate of Scire, 111 A.3d 358, 366 (R.I. 2015)

(quoting Boranian, 983 A.2d at 839). “[T]he determination of excusable neglect ‘is at bottom an


                                                - 19 -
equitable one, taking account of all relevant circumstances surrounding the party’s

omission.’” Boranian, 983 A.2d at 839 (quoting Pleasant Management, LLC, 960 A.2d at 225).

          There is no question here that the final judgment was signed and entered on the docket

on September 20, 2016. The plaintiff’s counsel asserts that he was caught unaware of the entry

of judgment on September 20 because he did not receive a notification from the electronic case

management system that the judgment had been entered, and some of his attempts to inquire

directly at the Superior Court went unanswered. The plaintiff’s counsel submitted an affidavit

with plaintiff’s motion for extension of time to file the notice of appeal in which he attested that

he had received thirty-eight electronic notifications about this case from the electronic filing

system since he filed the complaint in March 2016, but that he had not received a notification

that the order and judgment had been entered on September 20, 2016. There is no indication,

however, that he had received notifications in the past when an order in the case was entered on

the docket—only that he received a notification when opposing counsel electronically filed the

proposed order and proposed judgment as well as many other notifications (the content and

context of which were not provided in the written arguments to the Superior Court or to this

Court).

          The record indicates that plaintiff’s counsel received an electronic notification on August

24 that the proposed final judgment had been filed with the electronic filing system. Counsel

called the Superior Court clerk’s office on September 7 to inquire about its status; he was told

that the document was pending. Counsel followed up once more by telephone in late-September

or early-October, then he emailed the hearing justice’s deputy clerk on October 19.              Not

receiving a response, counsel sent another email on October 31, to which the deputy clerk

replied that the judgment had been entered on September 20.



                                                - 20 -
       In light of the clear wording of Rule 77(d), it was the responsibility of counsel to monitor

the docket to determine whether the judgment had been entered electronically or the old-

fashioned way. See Cambio, 987 A.2d at 879 (“[I]t is incumbent upon the party intending to

appeal to be watchful for the entry of a valid judgment.”) (quoting Blais v. Beacon Mutual

Insurance Company, 812 A.2d 838, 839 (R.I. 2002) (mem.)). Four contacts with the clerk’s

office in a nearly eight-week period are simply not sufficient.

       Taking all of the relevant circumstances into account and considering our high standard

for excusable neglect, counsel’s confusion as to the process of docketing orders and judgments

does not rise to the level of excusable neglect because counsel has not established extenuating

circumstances that were out of his control. See Cambio, 987 A.2d at 880. Despite the hearing

justice’s acknowledgment that there were many areas of confusion as the Superior Court

transitioned to the electronic filing system, the plaintiff’s counsel’s misplaced expectation that

he would be notified electronically when the judgment entered was not “occasioned by [an]

extenuating circumstance of sufficient significance to render it excusable.” Id. (quoting King,

103 R.I. at 157, 235 A.2d at 875). And, in my opinion, the hearing justice abused his discretion

by so concluding. See id. at 878. Accordingly, I would sustain the defendants’ cross-appeal,

vacate the Superior Court’s November 9, 2016 order granting the plaintiff’s motion for

extension of time in which to file a notice of appeal, and dismiss the plaintiff’s appeal from the

September 20, 2016 judgment in favor of the defendants.




                                               - 21 -
STATE OF RHODE ISLAND AND                                   PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS



                          SUPREME COURT – CLERK’S OFFICE

                                  OPINION COVER SHEET

                                      Family Dollar Stores of Rhode Island, Inc. v. Justin B.
Title of Case
                                      Araujo et al.
                                      No. 2017-26-Appeal.
Case Number                           No. 2017-135-Appeal.
                                      (PC 16-1113)
Date Opinion Filed                    April 11, 2019
                                      Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and
Justices
                                      Indeglia JJ.
Written By                            Associate Justice William P. Robinson III

Source of Appeal                      Providence County Superior Court

Judicial Officer From Lower Court     Associate Justice Richard A. Licht
                                      For Plaintiff:

                                      John D. Doran, Esq.
                                      Eric B. Mack, Esq.
                                      For Defendants:
Attorney(s) on Appeal
                                      Richard A. Sinapi, Esq.
                                      Danilo A. Borgas, Esq.
                                      Francis A. Gaschen, Esq.
                                      Marissa Janton, Esq.

 




SU‐CMS‐02A (revised June 2016) 
