               NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
                      MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED


                                          IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
                                          OF FLORIDA
                                          SECOND DISTRICT



HECTOR DELGADO,                           )
                                          )
              Appellant,                  )
                                          )
v.                                        )      Case No. 2D16-1035
                                          )
STATE OF FLORIDA,                         )
                                          )
              Appellee.                   )
                                          )

Opinion filed October 6, 2017.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for
Hillsborough County; Samantha L.
Ward, Judge.

Howard L. Dimmig, II, Public Defender,
and Pamela H. Izakowitz, Assistant
Public Defender, Bartow, for Appellant.

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General,
Tallahassee, and Susan M. Shanahan,
Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for
Appellee.



ROTHSTEIN-YOUAKIM, Judge.

              Hector Delgado appeals his judgment and sentences entered after a jury

found him guilty of the lesser included offense of principal to felony battery causing

great bodily harm (count two), see §§ 777.011, 784.041(1), Fla. Stat. (2015), and
conspiracy to deliver less than twenty grams of cannabis (count four), see §§ 777.04(3),

893.13(3), Fla. Stat. (2015). We reject without further discussion Delgado's challenge to

the trial court's admission of the firearm discovered outside of the home where Delgado

and codefendant Samuel Frazier Lenker were arrested. And although we also reject

Delgado's argument that the court erred in denying his motion for a judgment of

acquittal on count two, we agree that the court erred in denying his motion for a

judgment of acquittal on count four because there is no competent, substantial evidence

that he agreed with anyone to deliver cannabis. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment

and sentence as to count two but reverse the judgment and sentence as to count four.

                                      I. Background

              Delgado and Lenker were charged with attempted second-degree murder

while carrying a firearm and discharging a firearm causing great bodily harm (count

one), see §§ 775.087(1)(b), (2)(a)(3), 777.04(1), 782.04(2), Fla. Stat. (2015);

aggravated battery causing great bodily harm while carrying a firearm and discharging a

firearm causing great bodily harm (count two), see §§ 775.087(1)(b), (2)(a)(3),

784.045(1)(a)(1); shooting at, within, or into a vehicle (count three), see § 790.19, Fla.

Stat. (2015); and conspiring to deliver a controlled substance (cannabis) (count four),

see §§ 777.04(3), 893.03(1)(c)(7), .13(1)(a)(2). After severing Delgado's and Lenker's

cases for trial, the State nolle prossed counts one and three against Delgado and

announced that it would proceed to trial on count two as charged and on count four on

the lesser included offense of conspiring to deliver less than twenty grams of cannabis.

See §§ 777.04(3), 893.13(3).




                                            -2-
             The evidence at trial, viewed in the light most favorable to the State,

established the following:

             Devin Creech suffers from a debilitating medical condition that he eases

by smoking cannabis. Consequently, in the early morning hours of July 27, 2015,

Creech called and arranged, he thought, to purchase twenty dollars' worth of cannabis

from Lenker. Creech enlisted a friend, Henry Manriquez, to give him a ride, and

Creech's mother, Tangela Campbell, insisted on accompanying them.

             En route to Lenker's general location, Creech twice had to call Lenker to

find out where exactly they were to meet. Ultimately, Lenker directed Creech to a

specific location; Manriquez parked the car there, and he, Creech, and Campbell sat

waiting for Lenker.

             After five or six minutes, Creech called Lenker again. Lenker told Creech

to get out of the car and walk to meet him. Suspicious, Creech refused and told Lenker

to come to him. A few minutes after that, Lenker and another person, later identified as

Delgado, came slowly down the sidewalk on foot towards the car. Creech gave

Campbell the twenty dollars, and she rolled down the window and waved the money at

Delgado and Lenker as they approached. The men ignored Campbell, however, and

instead went to the rear passenger's side of the car, where Creech was sitting.

Cracking the door open, Creech attempted to direct Lenker's attention to the purchase

money and asked where the cannabis was. Lenker patted his pockets, looked around,

and responded, "[M]y homeboy's got it."

             Delgado approached with a square piece of paper, momentarily attracting

Creech's attention. When Creech saw that the paper did not contain cannabis,




                                          -3-
however, he again became suspicious and pulled the door closed. Almost immediately

after that, Lenker pulled a gun out of his waistband and pointed it at the back window of

the car. Creech told Campbell and Manriquez that Lenker had a gun, told Manriquez to

drive, and sought cover.

              Campbell saw everything unfold from the front seat. Once she saw the

gun, she turned around to push Creech's head down. Manriquez, who had not been

paying attention until that point, tried to drive away, but they only made it a few feet

before Lenker fired, shooting Campbell in the face and causing serious permanent

injuries.

              Responding officers and a K-9 unit tracked Delgado and Lenker to a

nearby house. Several other people were also at the house. After officers obtained a

search warrant, one officer recovered what appeared to be cannabis from an unlocked

drawer in one of the bedrooms, but he did not know how long it had been there.

Officers also recovered the gun, which had been stashed in a bag in a tree in the front

yard.

              In moving for a judgment of acquittal as to count two, Delgado argued that

the State failed to prove that he had acted with the intent necessary to convict him as a

principal. As to count four, he argued that the State proved nothing more than his mere

presence at the scene and, therefore, failed to prove an agreement between him and

anyone else to deliver cannabis. The State responded that the conspiracy could be

inferred from the circumstances surrounding the drug transaction. The trial court denied

the motion without explanation. The jury subsequently found Delgado guilty on count

two of the lesser included offense of principal to felony battery causing great bodily




                                            -4-
harm, see §§ 777.011, 784.041(1), and on count four (as amended) of conspiracy to

deliver less than twenty grams of cannabis, see §§ 777.04(3), 893.13(3).

              Post verdict, Delgado unsuccessfully renewed his motion for judgments of

acquittal. The trial court sentenced him as a youthful offender to thirty-six months'

imprisonment on count two and to time served on count four.1 This appeal followed.

                                       II. Analysis

              "In moving for a judgment of acquittal, a defendant admits all the facts

introduced into evidence and all fair and reasonable inferences from them which must

be viewed in the light most favorable to the State." Williams v. State, 110 So. 3d 59, 61

(Fla. 2d DCA 2013). The trial court should deny a motion for a judgment of acquittal

when the State has presented legally sufficient evidence of each element of the offense.

See Poczatek v. State, 213 So. 3d 1065, 1071 (Fla. 2d DCA 2017). This court reviews

the denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal de novo and will not reverse if, upon

viewing the evidence and all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the

State, competent, substantial evidence supports the verdict. See Walls v. State, 184

So. 3d 1151, 1154 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015); Williams, 110 So. 3d at 61-62.

                           A. Principal to Aggravated Battery

              To establish Delgado's guilt as a principal to the battery offense that

Lenker physically committed, the State had to prove that Delgado intended for Lenker to

commit the offense and did some act that assisted Lenker to actually commit it. See



              1The  written judgment and sentence incorrectly identifies count four as
charging conspiracy to deliver a controlled substance, see § 893.13(1)(a)(2), which was
the original charge, rather than conspiracy to deliver less than twenty grams of
cannabis, see § 893.13(3), which was the amended charge. Our disposition, however,
obviates the need to correct this mistake on remand.


                                           -5-
State v. Tovar, 110 So. 3d 33, 36 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013) ("[I]n order to be a principal in a

crime, one must have a conscious intent that the crime be done and must do some act

or say some word which was intended to and does incite, cause, encourage, assist, or

advise another person to actually commit the crime." (alteration in original) (quoting

L.J.S. v. State, 909 So. 2d 951, 952 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005))). "The elements of aiding and

abetting—assisting the actual perpetrator in some way and intent to participate—'may

be proven by a combination of surrounding circumstances from which a jury can

reasonably infer a defendant's guilt.' " Salter v. State, 77 So. 3d 760, 763 (Fla. 4th DCA

2011) (quoting Parker v. State, 795 So. 2d 1096, 1099 (Fla. 4th DCA 2001)).

              Delgado argues that competent, substantial evidence failed to establish

that he either intended for Lenker to commit aggravated battery or did any act to assist

Lenker in committing it. We disagree. From the evidence, the jury reasonably could

infer that Lenker set up the cannabis sale with Creech as a ruse so that Lenker could

commit a different offense, which ultimately resulted in the battery on Campbell. And

from Lenker and Delgado's closely coordinated conduct, the jury reasonably could infer

that Delgado was on board with Lenker's ruse the whole time. When Creech refused to

get out of the car at Lenker's urging, Lenker and Delgado approached the car together.

They both ignored the obvious opportunity to consummate a cannabis sale when they

walked right past Campbell, who was waving the purchase money at them. Then, they

acted in tandem and in quick succession to distract Creech: Lenker patted his pockets

as if he were trying to find the cannabis and then directed Creech's attention to

Delgado, who gave Lenker time to retrieve his firearm by distracting Creech with a piece

of paper that clearly did not contain cannabis.




                                           -6-
              The quick succession in which these events occurred established that this

was a preplanned, coordinated effort in which Delgado intended to participate.

Moreover, it certainly refutes Delgado's contention that he was "merely present" at the

scene. Cf. A.D. v. State, 106 So. 3d 67, 71 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013) ("Mere presence at the

scene of the crime, knowledge of the crime, and even flight from the scene are

insufficient to show that a defendant was an aider and abettor."). Therefore, the trial

court did not err in denying Delgado's motion for a judgment of acquittal on count two.

                           B. Conspiracy to Deliver Cannabis

              To establish that Delgado conspired to deliver less than twenty grams of

cannabis, the State had to prove (1) that Delgado intended that cannabis be delivered

and (2) that Delgado agreed, conspired, combined, or confederated with another person

to cause cannabis to be delivered. See § 777.04(3); Fla. Std. Jury Instr. (Crim.) 5.3;

see also Bell v. State, 111 So. 3d 199, 201 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013) (reciting elements of

criminal conspiracy to deliver cocaine). Although Delgado's intent and the existence of

an agreement may be established through circumstantial evidence, see Schlicher v.

State, 13 So. 3d 515, 517 (Fla. 4th DCA 2009), we agree with Delgado that the State

introduced no evidence, direct or circumstantial, that Delgado had intended to deliver

cannabis to Creech or that he had agreed with Lenker to cause the delivery of cannabis

to Creech.

              Our analysis on count two requires such a conclusion on this count. The

evidence proving that Delgado acted as a principal on count two establishes that what

Creech had believed to be a drug transaction was actually just a ruse to allow Lenker,

with Delgado's help, to commit some other offense. See id. ("Logic demands that the




                                           -7-
agreement that constitutes the conspiracy must be an agreement to commit the same

criminal offense."). There was no cannabis on the paper that Delgado held out to

Creech, and the State failed to present any other evidence of an intent on Delgado's

part to deliver cannabis or of an agreement between Delgado and Lenker (or anyone

else) to deliver cannabis.2

                                       III. Conclusion

              Although competent, substantial evidence established Delgado's guilt on

count two, it did not establish his guilt on count four, and the trial court, therefore, erred

in denying his motion for a judgment of acquittal on that count. Accordingly, we affirm

Delgado's conviction for felony battery but reverse his conviction for conspiracy to

deliver cannabis.

              Affirmed in part; reversed in part.


WALLACE and SLEET, JJ., Concur.




              2The suspected cannabis found in the drawer of the house where officers
later found Delgado and Lenker cannot support Delgado's conspiracy conviction
because there was no evidence demonstrating that it belonged to either Delgado or
Lenker, and any link to them would be tenuous at best.


                                             -8-
