                                                                                          06/08/2018
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT KNOXVILLE
                                March 27, 2018 Session

          STATE OF TENNESSEE v. WESLEY LYNN HATMAKER

                 Appeal from the Circuit Court for Campbell County
                        No. 17253 Paul G. Summers, Judge
                     ___________________________________

                           No. E2017-01370-CCA-R3-CD
                       ___________________________________


Wesley Lynn Hatmaker (“the Defendant”) pled guilty to two counts of theft of property
valued between $10,000 and $60,000 (Counts 1 and 6) and four counts of theft of
property valued between $60,000 and $250,000 (Counts 2, 3, 4, and 5). The trial court
imposed concurrent sentences of three years and six months for Counts 1 and 6, and
concurrent sentences of ten years and six months for Counts 2, 3, 4, and 5, with Counts 1
and 2 to be served consecutively and all others concurrently, for an effective sentence of
fourteen years in the Department of Correction with a release eligibility of thirty percent.
The Defendant asserts that the trial court improperly applied sentencing factors,
improperly imposed consecutive sentences, and improperly denied alternative sentencing.
Upon review, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed

ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOHN
EVERETT WILLIAMS and J. ROSS DYER, JJ., joined.

Stephen Ross Johnson and Tyler M. Caviness, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant,
Wesley Lynn Hatmaker.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Jeffrey D. Zentner, Assistant
Attorney General; Jared R. Effler, District Attorney General; and Thomas E. Barclay and
Courtney Stanifer, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of
Tennessee.
                                        OPINION

                           I. Factual and Procedural History

       On May 11, 2017, the Defendant pled guilty to two counts of theft of property
valued between $10,000 and $60,000, and four counts of theft of property valued
between $60,000 and $250,000. As a part of the open plea, the State dismissed Count 7
of the indictment and the trial court determined the length and manner of service of the
sentence.

       At the guilty plea hearing, the Defendant stipulated to the State’s recitation of the
following facts:

               As to Count 1[,] . . . [o]n April 8, 2009[,] proceeds from the sale of
       real property sold in the Lois M. Faile estate were transferred to [the
       Defendant] with a check in the amount of $20,731.82 payable to the “Estate
       of Lois Faile—[the Defendant], Atty.” The estate was never settled and the
       monies were never paid out. [The Defendant] took the money for his
       personal use. . . . [The Defendant] concealed the crime from the date of the
       commission of the offense until December 2015, by deception and
       misrepresentation in that he repeatedly lied to Kelly Ray, a representative
       of the estate, by telling her information about the status of a Chancery
       Court case that he knew to be false, and thereby prevented the
       representative of the estate from discovering the offense, and therefore
       tolled the [s]tatute of [l]imitations pursuant to [Tennessee Code Annotated
       section] 40-2-103.

              As to Count 2[,] . . . [o]n October 10, 2009, [the Defendant] was
       given a check for $163,000 to settle the Estate of Ray Odom Baker. He
       took the money for his personal use. He repaid the money more than two
       years later by depositing $163,000 with the clerk of the court on December
       12, 2011. The money should have been paid by the estate to the State of
       Tennessee Bureau of TennCare to release a lien against the estate.

              As to Count 3[,] . . . Melissa Ann Albright died February 13, 2014.
       A check from Allstate [Insurance] was payable to Melissa Ann Albright in
       the amount of $30,000. Mary Jane Partin, the decedent’s mother and heir
       to her daughter’s estate, took the check to [the Defendant] and asked him to
       handle the estate. He took the check and agreed to handle the estate. In
       June 2014, Mary Jane Partin received another check for Melissa Ann
       Albright in the amount of $72,361.77. Mary Jane Partin took the check to
                                           -2-
[the Defendant] and told him she desired to use her inheritance from the
estate to establish a trust for her granddaughter and the decedent’s niece,
Shelby Jane Davis. [The Defendant] deposited both checks in his trust
account and used the money for his personal use.

       As to Count 4[,] . . . [i]n February 2015[, the Defendant] was
appointed Administrator ad [l]item for the estate of William Blankenship.
On March 18, 2015, he received a check from the law firm of Arnett,
Draper, and Haygood to settle an insurance claim. The check was made out
to “Estate of William Wadsworth Blankenship, [the Defendant,]
Administrator” in the amount of $89,438.22. He deposited the check in his
trust account and used the money for his personal use. In November
2015[,] he wrote checks from his trust account to heirs of the estate totaling
$30,000, but the remaining money was never paid out.

       As to Count 5[,] . . . [the Defendant] was hired to close the estate of
Mac Arthur Coffey and establish a trust for the benefit of Sidney Coffey.
On April 23, 2014, [the Defendant] met with Jenny Ann Daniel and
removed $63,363 in cash from a safe deposit box. He took the money and
made a deposit to his trust account. On October 29, 2014, Jenny Ann
Daniel met with [the Defendant] at Peoples Bank of the South. They closed
a checking account belonging to Mac Arthur Coffey[,] and a check was
written payable to the Estate of Mac Arthur Coffey for $13,652.77. Jenny
Ann Daniel endorsed the check and turned it over to [the Defendant]. He
deposited the check into his personal checking account the same day.
Between August 2014 and October 2015, [the Defendant] paid out $6,702
to Sidney Coffey and made $1,863.70 in various payments regarding the
Estate of Mac Arthur Coffey. [The Defendant] used the remainder of the
money for his personal use.

       As to Count 6[,] . . . Jeff Anderson hired [the Defendant] to represent
him in a pending criminal case involving Jeff Anderson’s wife, Amy
Anderson. Jeff Anderson had a separate but related domestic case also
involving Amy Anderson in which Jeff Anderson was represented by
different counsel. On November 17, 2015, Jeff Anderson got a cashier’s
check from his bank in the amount of $40,000 and gave the check to his
criminal defense counsel, [the Defendant]. The same day, [the Defendant]
deposited $30,000 to his trust account and $10,000 to his personal account.
The money was never paid to Jeff Anderson or Amy Anderson. About a
week later, [the Defendant] wrote checks from his trust account totaling
$30,000 to make a partial repayment to the victims in the Estate of William
                                    -3-
       Blankenship as described in [Count] four (4) above.

              At all times described herein, [the Defendant] was an attorney
       licensed to practice law in the State of Tennessee, that he was acting in that
       capacity when he received money from and/or on behalf of his clients who
       are the victims identified in [C]ounts 1 through 6 of the [i]ndictment.

              [The Defendant] admitted his unlawful conduct before the Board of
       Professional Responsibility, and he has been disbarred as of October 3,
       2016, by Order of the Tennessee Supreme Court.

            The offenses described in [C]ounts 1 through 6 above were
       committed in Campbell County, Tennessee.

       The State did not file notice of any enhancement factors prior to the June 27, 2017
sentencing hearing. However, at the sentencing hearing, several victims provided impact
statements. The State read into the record a letter from Kelly Ray, a representative of the
Estate of Lois Faile. Ms. Ray stated she was humiliated and embarrassed and that the
Defendant “preyed on the weak.” She stated, “Unfortunately, I cannot change the past,
but the [c]ourt can rectify the past by issuing a sentence that involves prison time.”

       Next, the trial court noted that Jack and Inez Bridges were present for the hearing
on behalf of the Estate of Odom Ray Baker. Both Mr. and Ms. Bridges declined to make
a statement. The State told the court that the Defendant’s theft from the Baker estate
totaled $163,000 but that he did pay the money back to the estate two years later.

        Tammy Albright spoke on behalf of the Estate of Melissa Ann Albright, her sister.
Ms. Tammy Albright1 stated that her sister passed away from cancer and planned to leave
her life savings of $102,361.77 to Ms. Tammy Albright’s daughter, who was Ms. Melissa
Ann Albright’s niece. Ms. Tammy Albright testified that her mother had a nervous
breakdown because she blamed herself for losing her sister’s life savings to the
Defendant. She stated that her daughter had planned to use the money to further her
education. Ms. Tammy Albright had no sentencing recommendations to the court,
saying, “I feel like no matter what you do to [the Defendant], he’s never gonna [sic] feel
sorry for anybody but himself.”

      The State called Carl Blankenship to speak on behalf of the Estate of William
Blankenship. Mr. Blankenship stated that he lost his parents and their home because the

       1
        We will use the first names of Ms. Tammy Albright and Ms. Melissa Ann Albright for clarity.
We intend no disrespect.
                                               -4-
Defendant “stole [his] money” and then “tried to charge [him] $5,000 for robbing [him].”
He testified that his sister has five children and could have used the money “more than
anybody.” The State told the trial court that the gross amount the Defendant stole from
the Blankenship estate was almost $90,000. Mr. Blankenship asked the court to send the
Defendant to prison.

       Steve Hurst gave a statement to the trial court as the attorney for Sidney Coffey.
When Ms. Coffey’s grandparents passed away, Ms. Coffey’s aunt mishandled their
estate. Mr. Hurst helped Ms. Coffey by taking over her financial affairs, and he arranged
with her grandparents’ estate to pay funds to Ms. Coffey on a periodic basis to help her
with her education. It was then that Mr. Hurst discovered that the Defendant had been
stealing from the estate. The State told the trial court that the gross amount the
Defendant stole from the Coffey estate was over $77,000. Mr. Hurst asked the trial court
to give the Defendant probation so that he could continue to repay Ms. Coffey because
“she needs the money more than she needs . . . retribution.”

       Jeff Anderson was not present for the hearing, but the State informed the trial
court that the gross amount the Defendant stole from Mr. Anderson was approximately
$40,000.

       The State called Chancellor Elizabeth Asbury, the chancery court judge who
presided over the Blankenship estate. When Chancellor Asbury received the TennCare
releases from the Blankenship estate in October 2015, she instructed the Defendant to pay
the money into the Registry of the Court within two business days. When the deadline
came, the Defendant confessed to Chancellor Asbury that he did not have the money.

      The Defendant made an unsworn allocution statement requesting probation so that
he could continue to make restitution to his victims and to care for his family.

        The trial court found that the Defendant was a Range I, standard offender with
several applicable enhancement factors. First, the trial court found that the Defendant
had a history of criminal behavior spanning several years, beginning in April 2009. The
trial court applied this factor to Counts 2 through 6. The trial court said the Defendant
“relentlessly stole large amounts of money from at least six clients . . . for his own
personal use and benefit . . . and sought to hide his criminal activities until he could no
longer maintain the illusion of his integrity.” The trial court placed a significant amount
of weight on this factor.

       Next, the trial court found that the offenses involved more than one victim because
there were “additional victims beyond those named in the indictment [that] were affected
by the actions of the [D]efendant” in the Counts involving estate clients. The trial court
                                           -5-
placed a significant amount of weight on this factor. The trial court found that, in Counts
2 and 5, a victim of the Defendant’s offenses was particularly vulnerable because of age
or disability. The trial court placed “some but not a tremendous amount of weight on this
factor.”

       Finally, the trial court found that the Defendant “abused a position of public or
private trust as a lawyer” and “utilized his professional license to facilitate his offenses.”
The trial court placed “great weight on this factor as to all [C]ounts[.]”

        When considering mitigating factors, the trial court found that the Defendant’s
actions “neither caused nor threatened serious bodily injury” but placed little weight on
this factor “because theft usually doesn’t involve any injury.” The trial court also found
the Defendant’s payment of $50,000 to the Campbell County Criminal Court Clerk to be
distributed to his victims to be a mitigating factor.

       The trial court considered several factors regarding the imposition of consecutive
sentences. First, the trial court found the Defendant to be a professional criminal because
“$500,000 is a lot of money for a country lawyer and amounts to a ‘major source of
livelihood’ for at least six years.” Next, the court found that the Defendant’s record of
criminal activity was “extensive” because of his “lies to his clients, theft of money
entrusted to him[,] and repeated criminal activity [over] an extended period of time[.]”
Because of these two factors, the trial court imposed consecutive sentences for Counts 1
and 2, with all others to run concurrently.

      The trial court stated that it considered the following factors regarding alternative
sentencing :

       the presentence report, the [D]efendant’s physical, mental condition and
       social history, the facts and circumstances surrounding the offenses, and the
       nature and circumstances of the criminal conduct, prior criminal history of
       the [D]efendant or lack thereof, the previous actions and character of the
       [D]efendant, whether or not the [D]efendant might reasonably be expected
       to be rehabilitated, whether or not it reasonably appears the [D]efendant
       will abide by the terms of probation, whether or not the interests of society
       being protected from further future criminal conduct are great, and whether
       or not measures less restrictive than confinement have frequently or
       recently been applied unsuccessfully to the [D]efendant, whether or not a
       sentence of full probation would unduly depreciate, or any probation would
       unduly depreciate the seriousness of the offenses, deterrence, and whether
       or not the offenses were particularly enormous, gross or heinous.

                                            -6-
       The trial court found that alternative sentencing was not appropriate and denied
probation. The trial court sentenced the Defendant to three years and six months for
Counts 1 and 6, and ten years and six months for Counts 2, 3, 4, and 5, with Counts 1 and
2 to be served consecutively to each other and all others concurrently, for an effective
sentence of fourteen years with a release eligibility of thirty percent.

       In the trial court’s written sentencing order, it summarized its findings at the
sentencing hearing and found an additional enhancement factor. The trial court
concluded that the damages inflicted upon the victims were particularly great because
“[t]he amount of money stolen from the victims in several counts is a significant multiple
of the amount required to establish the offense.” The trial court placed moderate weight
on this factor.

       The Defendant now timely appeals.

                                        II. Analysis

        On appeal, the Defendant argues that (1) the trial court erred as a matter of law in
determining the applicability of certain sentencing factors, (2) the trial court erred as a
matter of law by imposing consecutive sentences, (3) the trial court erred as a matter of
law by rejecting alternative sentencing, and (4) the trial court “wholly departed” from the
purposes and principles of sentencing. The Defendant requests that this court reverse the
trial court’s sentence and impose alternative sentencing. We will examine each of these
arguments in turn.

       When the record establishes that the trial court imposed a sentence within the
appropriate range that reflects a “proper application of the purposes and principles of our
Sentencing Act,” this court reviews the trial court’s sentencing decision under an abuse of
discretion standard with a presumption of reasonableness. State v. Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682,
707 (Tenn. 2012). A finding of abuse of discretion “‘reflects that the trial court’s logic
and reasoning was improper when viewed in light of the factual circumstances and
relevant legal principles involved in a particular case.’” State v. Shaffer, 45 S.W.3d 553,
555 (Tenn. 2001) (quoting State v. Moore, 6 S.W.3d 235, 242 (Tenn. 1999)). The party
challenging the sentence on appeal bears the burden of establishing that the sentence was
improper. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401 (2017), Sentencing Comm’n Cmts.

        In determining the proper sentence, the trial court must consider: (1) the evidence,
if any, received at the trial and the sentencing hearing; (2) the presentence report; (3) the
principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives; (4) the nature and
characteristics of the criminal conduct involved; (5) evidence and information offered by
the parties on the mitigating and enhancement factors set out in Tennessee Code
                                            -7-
Annotated sections 40-35-113 and -114; (6) any statistical information provided by the
administrative office of the courts as to sentencing practices for similar offenses in
Tennessee; and (7) any statement the defendant made on the defendant’s own behalf
about sentencing. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(b)(1) (2017); State v. Taylor, 63
S.W.3d 400, 411 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001). The trial court must also consider the
potential or lack of potential for rehabilitation or treatment of the defendant in
determining the sentence alternative or length of a term to be imposed. Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 40-35-103(5) (2017).

       Theft of property valued between $60,000 and $250,000 is a Class B Felony.
Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-14-103 (2009); 39-14-103(a) (2014); 39-14-103(a) (2015); 39-
14-105(5) (2009); 39-14-105(a)(5) (2014); 39-14-105(a)(5) (2015). The Range I
sentence range for a Class B felony is “not less than eight (8) nor more than twelve (12)
years[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-112(a)(2) (2017). Theft of property valued between
$10,000 and $60,000 is a Class C felony. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-14-103 (2009); 39-14-
103(a) (2015); 39-14-105(4) (2009); 39-14-105(a)(4) (2015). The Range I sentence
range for a Class C felony is “not less than three (3) nor more than six (6) years[.]” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-35-112(a)(3) (2017).

                                     A. Sentence Length

       The Defendant contends that the trial court (1) improperly allowed the State to
raise enhancement factors after the presentence report was filed and (2) improperly
applied sentencing factors. The State argues that (1) the State’s notice of enhancement
factors was timely and (2) the trial court acted within its discretion in applying sentencing
factors. We will review these issues in turn.

                      1. Notice of Intent to Seek Enhancement Factors

       “In all cases following a finding of guilt, the court may require that . . . the district
attorney general file a statement with the court setting forth any enhancement or
mitigating factors the district attorney general believes should be considered by the
court[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-202(b)(1) (2017) (emphasis added). “There is, of
course, no statutory mandate for the state to provide notice of enhancement factors.”
State v. Bobby Joe Strader, No. 03C01-9812-CR-00425, 1999 WL 1023738, at *3 (Tenn.
Crim. App. Nov. 10, 1999) (citing State v. Adams, 788 S.W.2d 557 (Tenn. 1990)), no
perm. app. filed. “[A] trial judge may consider enhancement factors notwithstanding the
fact the district attorney general does not file a notice of enhancement factors” because
Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-202(b)(1) is “permissive.” State v. Birge, 792
S.W.2d 723, 726 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990); see also Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-202(b)(1)
(2017). Therefore a trial court may consider enhancement factors for a standard
                                             -8-
offender’s in-range sentence regardless of whether or when the factors are proffered by
the State.

       Here, the State, through its Sentencing Memorandum, sought four enhancement
factors which were found by the probation officer in preparing the Defendant’s
presentence report. The State is only statutorily required to provide notice of
enhancement factors “if, and on what basis, it seeks other than a standard sentence[.]”
State v. Adams, 788 S.W.2d 557, 558 (Tenn. 1990) (emphasis added); see also Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-35-202(a) (2017). In this case, the State did not request that the trial
court find that the Defendant was a multiple, persistent, or career offender and thus had
no statutory requirement to provide notice of enhancement factors. Further, there is no
evidence that the trial court ordered the State to give notice of its intent to seek
enhancement factors. Three of the State’s proffered enhancement factors detailed in its
June 19, 2017 Sentencing Memorandum’s applied to the Defendant’s in-range sentence
as a standard offender, regardless of prior notice. Birge, 792 S.W.2d at 726.
Notwithstanding that the State was not required to provide notice, the Defendant had
eight days of actual notice between the filing of the State’s Sentencing Memorandum and
the sentencing hearing. Further, the Defendant filed a June 26, 2017 Response to the
State’s Sentencing Memorandum. Thus, the trial court did not err in considering these
enhancement factors.

                                   2. Sentencing Factors

       The Defendant asserts that the trial court abused its discretion by applying the four
enhancement factors proffered in the State’s June 19, 2017 Sentencing Memorandum,
and further erred by applying one enhancement factor sua sponte. The State argues that
the trial court acted within its discretion in applying five enhancement factors. The
Defendant further claims that the trial court abused its discretion by finding that ten
mitigating factors found in the presentence report did not apply to the Defendant’s case.
The State argues that the trial court acted within its discretion when it considered all the
mitigating factors in the presentence report and then rejected all but two.

        To facilitate meaningful appellate review, the trial court must state on the record
the factors it considered and the reasons for imposing the sentence chosen. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-210(e) (2017); Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 706. However, “[m]ere inadequacy in
the articulation of the reasons for imposing a particular sentence . . . should not negate the
presumption [of reasonableness].” Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 705-06. The party challenging
the sentence on appeal bears the burden of establishing that the sentence was improper.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401 (2017), Sentencing Comm’n Cmts. “[A] trial court’s
misapplication of an enhancement or mitigating factor does not remove the presumption
of reasonableness from its sentencing determination.” Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 709.
                                            -9-
Moreover, under those circumstances, this court may not disturb the sentence even if it
had preferred a different result. See State v. Carter, 254 S.W.3d 335, 346 (Tenn. 2008).

                        a. Application of enhancement factors

        In his appellate brief, the Defendant concedes that the enhancement factor that he
abused his professional license applies to all counts. The finding of this one
enhancement factor alone supports the trial court’s decision. “So long as there are other
reasons consistent with the purposes and principles of sentencing, as provided by statute,
a sentence imposed by the trial court within the appropriate range should be upheld.” Id.
Even “a maximum sentence within the appropriate range, in the total absence of any
applicable enhancement factors, and even with the existence of applicable mitigating
factors, should be upheld as long as there are reasons consistent with the statutory
purposes and principles of sentencing.” State v. Christopher Scott Chapman, No.
M2011-01670-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 1035726, at *9 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 13, 2013)
(citing Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 706; Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 345-46), no perm. app. filed.

       A trial court can consider certain enhancement factors in sentencing which would
increase a defendant’s sentence from the statutory minimum:

      (1) The defendant has a previous history of criminal convictions or criminal
      behavior, in addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate range;

      ....

      (3) The offense involved more than one (1) victim;

      (4) A victim of the offense was particularly vulnerable because of age or
      physical or mental disability;

      ....

      (6) The personal injuries inflicted upon, or the amount of damage to
      property sustained by or taken from, the victim was particularly great; [and]

      ....

      (14) The defendant abused a position of public or private trust, or used a
      professional license in a manner that significantly facilitated the
      commission or the fulfillment of the offense[.]

                                          - 10 -
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(1), (3), (4), (6), (14) (2017).

        At the sentencing hearing, the trial court stated its reasons on the record for the
application of the enhancement factors. First, the court found that the Defendant “[had] a
previous history of . . . criminal behavior” because the criminal activity in the instant case
involved six thefts spanning six years. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(1) (2017).
“The date of the offense, not the date of the conviction, determines whether offenses can
be used to enhance punishment.” State v. McKnight, 900 S.W.2d 36, 54 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1994), abrogated on other grounds by State v. Williams, 977 S.W.2d 101 (Tenn.
1998) as recognized by State v. Collier, 411 S.W.3d 886 (Tenn. 2013). The Defendant
concedes that case law supports a finding of criminal history even in the absence of
criminal convictions but argues the weight the trial court should afford such criminal
history is “unclear.” “[T]he 2005 amendments [to the 1989 Sentencing Act] deleted as
grounds for appeal a claim that the trial court did not weigh properly the enhancement
and mitigating factors.” Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 344. The record here shows six separate
thefts spanning six years, totaling nearly $500,000, indicating significant criminal history.
Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion either in finding the criminal history
enhancement factor applies to Counts 2 through 6 or in giving this factor “significant
weight.”

       The Defendant further argues that the trial court erred by finding the “extensive
criminal history” enhancement factor sua sponte. A trial court may properly raise
enhancement factors on its own. “[T]he trial court is not bound by the [S]tate’s
recommendations or limited to only those factors presented by the State.” State v.
Tawana Jones, No. W2013-00335-CCA-R3-CD, 2014 WL 3002808, at *17 (Tenn. Crim.
App. Jan. 29, 2014) (citing State v. Albert Franklin, No. 02C-01-9404-CR-00081, 1994
WL 697928, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec.14, 1994), no perm. app. filed), perm. app.
denied (Tenn. Jan 29, 2014). Here, the trial court found that “the [D]efendant had a
previous history of criminal convictions or criminal behavior in addition to those
necessary to establish the appropriate range.” The trial court was not “bound by the
[S]tate’s recommendations,” see id., and was therefore free to find this factor sua sponte.

       Next, the trial court found that Counts 1 through 5 each involved more than one
victim because “the victims [in Counts 1 through 5] were estate clients which affect[ed]
beneficiaries, creditors[,] and family.” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(3) (2017). The
Defendant argues that an estate’s beneficiaries and creditors cannot be considered
additional “victims” because “there cannot be multiple victims for any one offense where
the indictment specifies a named victim[,]” and the named victims in the indictments
were estates. The State argues that the trial court properly exercised its authority in
finding this factor. We agree with the State.

                                            - 11 -
        A “victim” is “a person or entity that is injured, killed, had property stolen, or had
property destroyed by the perpetrator of the crime.” State v. Raines, 882 S.W.2d 376,
384 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). In this case, the individual beneficiaries and creditors of
the affected estates “had property stolen” from them and are therefore considered
“victims” within the meaning of Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-114(3).
Further, this court has found that the beneficiaries and creditors of an estate may be
considered “victims” for the purposes of applying the enhancement factor for multiple
victims. See State v. John Parker, No. W2007-02702-CCA-R3-CD, 2010 WL 432416, at
*5-6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 5, 2010) (holding that the trial court properly found the
enhancement factor for multiple victims when a defendant pled guilty to theft from an
estate which directly affected the creators and beneficiaries of that estate), perm. app.
denied (Tenn. Aug. 25, 2010). Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding
that the “multiple victims” enhancement factor applied to Counts 1 through 5.

       Next, the Defendant argues that the trial court erred by finding the amount of
damage to the victims “in several counts” was “particularly great.” See Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 40-35-114(6) (2017). The Defendant argues that State v. Grissom rejects the
application of enhancement factor six to cases of theft. 956 S.W.2d 514, 518 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1997). He further contends that, because the Legislature added an additional
upper range for theft in 2012,2 “if the Legislature had intended to punish a defendant who
stole between $60,000 and $249,000 more harshly, it would have done so by statute.”
See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-14-105(a)(6) (2012). The State argues the trial court’s
application of enhancement factor six falls under an exception to the general rule in
Grissom rejecting the application of this enhancement factor to cases of theft. We agree
with the State.

        In theft cases, this court has sometimes rejected the use of the “particularly great
damage” enhancement factor. Because “the punishment for theft is enhanced based upon
the amount taken by the accused, use of this enhancement factor constitutes double
enhancement in violation of the statute.” Grissom, 956 S.W.2d at 518 (citing State v.
Brewer, 875 S.W.2d 298, 302 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993)). However, this court has upheld
exceptions to the Grissom rule when the “particularly great damage” factor has been
applied to theft cases in two main ways: (1) theft of multiples of the highest grade of
theft, or (2) theft approaching the threshold amount of the next highest grade of theft. See
State v. Jamie H. Jones, No. M2002-00055-CCA-R3-CD, 2003 WL 21281650, at *21
(Tenn. Crim. App. June 4, 2003) (upholding application of the “particularly great
damage” factor “when the amount taken approaches the upper end of the offense

       2
         In 2012, the Legislature amended Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-14-105(a)(6) to include
a class A felony for theft of property valued at $250,000 or above. See 2012 Tenn. Laws Pub. Ch. 1080
(S.B. 2606) § (1)(a)(6).
                                               - 12 -
spectrum or the amount taken is as much as six times the amount of the minimum of the
offense”), no perm. app. filed; see also State v. Chanda Dawn Langston, No. M2009-
02247-CCA-R3-CD, 2010 WL 3822829, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 30, 2010)
(upholding use of the “particularly great damage” factor for a theft of $106,000, almost
twice the minimum amount necessary for highest grade of theft at the time of the
offense), no perm. app. filed. For example, in 2013, the defendant in State v. Brenda
Judy Moss was convicted of a Class B felony for stealing $111,374.19, a theft which
occurred in 2011. No. M2013-01377-CCA-R3-CD, 2014 WL 4243255, at *2 (Tenn.
Crim. App. Aug. 27, 2014), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Jan. 27, 2015). Her theft was prior
to the 2012 theft statute amendment, and she was sentenced in 2013. Id. at *2-3.
However, this court upheld the trial court’s application of enhancement factor six for her
2011 theft, in spite of the 2012 theft statute amendment adding a Class A range above her
theft amount. Id. at *6. In the present case, Count 2 shows a theft of almost three times
the minimum amount necessary for the highest grade of theft at the time of the offense.3
Therefore, the application to Count 2 of enhancement factor six, which the trial court
gave little weight, was proper.

        Finally, the trial court also found that the victims in Counts 2 and 5 were
“particularly vulnerable” due to age. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(4) (2017). A
victim is “particularly vulnerable due to age” where “the facts show that the
vulnerabilities of the victim . . . had some bearing on, or some logical connection to, ‘an
inability to resist the crime, summon help, or testify at a later date.’” State v. Lewis, 44
S.W.3d 501, 505 (Tenn. 2001) (quoting State v. Poole, 945 S.W.2d 93, 96 (Tenn. 1997)).
We agree with the Defendant and the State that there is nothing in the record indicating
that the victims in Count 2 were “particularly vulnerable.” The State argues that the
victim in Count 5 (Ms. Coffey) was a minor at the time of the offenses, was “unable to
resist” the Defendant’s offense, and was therefore “particularly vulnerable.” However,
there is no evidence in the record that Ms. Coffey’s age was relevant to the crime in
question, that the Defendant selected her due to her age, or that the offense would have
been different had she been older. See State v. Seals, 735 S.W.2d 849, 853-4 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1987) (concluding that the “particularly vulnerable” factor was not applicable
because the crime involved theft from mailboxes and the result would be the same
regardless of the victims’ ages). Therefore, the trial court’s application of this
enhancement factor to Counts 2 and 5 was improper. However, although the trial court
improperly considered some of the victims’ ages as an enhancement factor, we find that
four other enhancement factors apply in this case. “[A] trial court’s misapplication of an
enhancement or mitigating factor does not remove the presumption of reasonableness

        3
           At the time of the offense of Count 2 in 2009, the highest grade of offense was a Class B felony
for theft of property valued at $60,000 or more. Tenn. Code Ann. §39-14-105(a)(5) (2009). Count 2 was
for theft of property valued at $163,000.
                                                  - 13 -
from its sentencing determination.” Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 709. Thus, the trial court’s
sentencing determination remains within the presumption of reasonableness.

                          b. Application of Mitigating Factors

        The Defendant argues that the trial court failed to properly consider the mitigating
factors in the presentence report. The Defendant further argues that the trial court failed
to place on the record its reasoning for rejecting ten mitigating factors listed in the
presentence report. The State argues that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
rejecting all but two mitigating factors.

       Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-113 states, in pertinent part:

       If appropriate for the offense, mitigating factors may include, but are not
       limited to:

       (1) The defendant’s criminal conduct neither caused nor threatened serious
       bodily injury;

       ....

       (5) Before detection, the defendant compensated or made a good faith
       attempt to compensate the victim of criminal conduct for the damage or
       injury the victim sustained;

       ....

       (11) The defendant, although guilty of the crime, committed the offense
       under such unusual circumstances that it is unlikely that a sustained intent
       to violate the law motivated the criminal conduct; [and]

       ....

       (13) Any other factor consistent with the purposes of this chapter.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-113(1), (5), (11), (13) (2017).

       At the sentencing hearing, the trial court evaluated several mitigating factors:

             The [c]ourt has evaluated each potential mitigating factor as outlined
       in Tennessee Code Annotated [section] 40-35-113, and any other factors
                                           - 14 -
      not listed in the statute that [d]efense counsel has pointed out. The [c]ourt
      finds that factor one, the [D]efendant’s criminal conduct neither caused nor
      threatened serious bodily injury[,] applies. The [c]ourt places little weight
      on this factor, however, because theft usually doesn’t involve any injury.
      But, nonetheless, it does meet the words of that particular mitigating factor.
      The [c]ourt puts little weight on that. The [D]efendant argues that his
      payment of $163,000 to the clerk on December the 12th, 2011, is an
      example of his having fully compensated one of the victims of his criminal
      conduct and that this [c]ourt should consider this a mitigating factor. This
      [c]ourt does not find this to be a mitigating factor, but rather an act to
      prevent detection of criminal activity. The [c]ourt does find that the
      payment of $50,000 to the Campbell County Criminal Court Clerk prior to
      his change of plea hearing is a mitigating factor.

              [The Defendant] has agreed to make admissions necessary to
      facilitate the prompt payment of restitution to the victims from the
      Tennessee Lawyers’ Fund for Client Assistance, and he claims this is the
      basis to apply a mitigating factor. The [c]ourt declines to so find. The
      Tennessee Lawyers’ Fund for Client Assistance merely spreads the costs of
      the [D]efendant’s defalcation to other innocent bystanders such as every
      lawyer in the State of Tennessee. This [c]ourt finds that allowing and
      encouraging others to pay for the [D]efendant’s criminal activity is not
      redemptive behavior warranting mitigating consideration.

             The [c]ourt finds [that] no other mitigating factors apply.

       The Defendant specifically argues that nine mitigating factors should apply under
the “catch-all” provision of Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-113(13), providing
for application of “[a]ny other factor consistent with the purposes of this chapter.” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-35-113(13) (2017). He further argues that mitigating factor eleven
applies because he committed the offense “under such unusual circumstances that it is
unlikely a sustained intent to violate the law motivated the criminal conduct[.]” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-35-113(11) (2017).

       Like enhancement factors, mitigating factors are merely advisory. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-210(c)(2) (2017); see also Bise 380 S.W. 3d at 707. Moreover, the trial
court reasonably rejected mitigating factor eleven because the Defendant spent six years
stealing from clients, which indicates sustained criminal intent. Although some factors
proffered by the Defendant “could have been considered as . . . mitigating factor[s] under
the ‘catch-all’ provision, we note that the Sentencing Act renders enhancing and
mitigating factors merely ‘advisory’ pursuant to the 2005 amendments.” State v. Lucian
                                          - 15 -
Alan Green, No. M2014-00242-CCA-R3-CD, 2014 WL 6758838, at *9 (Tenn. Crim.
App. Dec. 2, 2014), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Feb. 12, 2015). Further, the trial court
stated on the record that it “evaluated each potential mitigating factor as outlined in
Tennessee Code Annotated [section] 40-35-113, and any other factors not listed in the
statute that [d]efense counsel ha[d] pointed out.” While the trial court did not detail on
the record specific reasons for rejecting each of these mitigating factors, “[m]ere
inadequacy in the articulation of the reasons for imposing a particular sentence . . . should
not negate the presumption [of reasonableness].” Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 705-06.
Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in rejecting all but two mitigating
factors.

        The court’s application of only two advisory mitigating factors falls within the
presumption of reasonableness. As previously noted, even “a maximum sentence within
the appropriate range, in the total absence of any applicable enhancement factors, and
even with the existence of applicable mitigating factors, should be upheld as long as there
are reasons consistent with the statutory purposes and principles of sentencing.”
Christopher Scott Chapman, 2013 WL 1035726, at *9. Therefore, the Defendant is not
entitled to relief.

                                B. Consecutive Sentencing

       The Defendant argues that the trial court erred when it found the Defendant to be a
“professional criminal” subject to consecutive sentencing. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
115(b)(1) (2017). The Defendant also contends that the trial court erred when it found
the Defendant to have an extensive criminal record. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
115(b)(2) (2017). The State asserts that the trial court properly found by a preponderance
of the evidence that the Defendant was a “professional criminal” who had an “extensive
criminal history,” which warranted consecutive sentences. We agree with the State.

        In State v. Pollard, the Tennessee Supreme Court expanded its holding in Bise to
trial courts’ decisions regarding consecutive sentencing. 432 S.W.3d 851, 859 (Tenn.
2013). “So long as a trial court properly articulates reasons for ordering consecutive
sentences, thereby providing a basis for meaningful appellate review, the sentences will
be presumed reasonable and, absent an abuse of discretion, upheld on appeal.” Id. at 862
(citing Tenn. R. Crim. P. 32(c)(1); Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 705). Tennessee Code Annotated
section 40-35-115(b) states, in pertinent part:

              The court may order sentences to run consecutively if the court finds
       by a preponderance of the evidence that:



                                           - 16 -
             (1) [t]he defendant is a professional criminal who has knowingly
       devoted the defendant’s life to criminal acts as a major source of livelihood;
       [or]

              (2) [t]he defendant is an offender whose record of criminal activity is
       extensive[.]”

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b)(1), (2) (2017). Any one ground set out in the above
statute is “a sufficient basis for the imposition of consecutive sentences.” Pollard, 432
S.W.3d at 862 (citing State v. Dickson, 413 S.W.3d 735, 748 (Tenn. 2013)).

        Our supreme court has defined a “professional criminal” as “one who has
knowingly devoted himself to criminal acts as a major source of livelihood or who has
substantial income or resources not shown to be derived from a source other than
criminal activity[.]” Gray v. State, 538 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tenn. 1976). In State v.
Clifford Leon Farra, this court noted that “the appellate courts have typically considered
the offender’s age, criminal history, and constancy of regular employment” in reviewing
the application of the professional criminal factor to a determination of consecutive
sentencing. No. E2001-02235-CCA-R3-CD, 2003 WL 22908104, at *14 (Tenn. Crim.
App. Dec. 10, 2003) (internal citation omitted), perm. app. denied (Tenn. May 10, 2004).
This court has previously held that “[w]hile the amount of income derived from illegal
acts may be significant, it is not determinative. Only a ‘major source of livelihood or . . .
a substantial income or resources not shown to be derived from . . . other than criminal
activity’ is required” to establish the need for consecutive sentencing under the
“professional criminal” ground. State v. Roscoe C. Smith, No. 01C01-9502-CR-00031,
1995 WL 599012, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 12, 1995) (alterations in original)
(quoting Gray, 538 S.W.2d at 393).

        The State argues that only “a major source of livelihood,” as opposed to “the
major source of livelihood,” is needed to implicate the “professional criminal” factor.
“[I]t remains true that factor (1) is implicated when the defendant’s criminal acts provide
a major source of livelihood and not just when criminal activity provides the only, or
even the major, source of livelihood.” State v. James Dewayne Bass, No. M2005-01471-
CCA-R3-CD, 2006 WL 1381607, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 12, 2006), no perm. app.
filed. However, “[a] defendant’s record of steady, gainful employment often militates
against a finding of a professional criminal status.” Id. at *2 (citing State v. Linda
Culver, No. 01C01-9503-CC-00057, 1995 WL 702793, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 30,
1995)).

       Here, although the Defendant has a consistent record of employment, the trial
court found that the Defendant’s six thefts between 2009 and 2015 totaled nearly
                                           - 17 -
$500,000, which “is a lot of money for a country lawyer and amounts to a ‘major source
of livelihood’ for at least six years.” During his allocution, the Defendant stated that he
“took funds [he] shouldn’t have” because his “family began to have financial problems.”
This admission supports the trial court’s finding that the Defendant used the stolen funds
as a “major source of livelihood” and was therefore a “professional criminal.” See State
v. Marques Sanchez Johnson, No. M2012-00169-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 5188136, at *4
(Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 18, 2012) (upholding the trial court’s finding that the defendant
was a “professional criminal” because he committed thefts “in part to provide for himself
and his family”), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Jan. 22, 2013).

        Further, the Defendant argues that the trial court misapplied the “extensive
criminal activity” factor. This factor has been interpreted “to apply to offenders who
have an extensive history of criminal convictions and activities, not just to a
consideration of the offenses before the sentencing court.” State v. Palmer, 10 S.W.3d
638, 647-49 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). Additionally, “an extensive record of criminal
activity may include criminal behavior which does not result in a conviction.” State v.
Koffman, 207 S.W.3d 309, 324 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2006) (internal quotation marks
omitted).

       In this case, the trial court found that “[t]he [D]efendant’s lies to his clients, theft
of money entrusted to him and repeated criminal activity on an extended period of time
constitute[d], in this [c]ourt’s opinion, an extensive record of criminal activity.” Even if
a defendant has no prior convictions, “current offenses may be used in determining
criminal history for purposes of consecutive sentencing.” State v. Kenneth Michael
McIntosh, No. E2017-01353-CCA-R3-CD, 2018 WL 2259183, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App.
May 17, 2018) (quoting State v. Carolyn J. Nobles, No. M2006-00695-CCA-R3-CD,
2007 WL 677861, at *12 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 7, 2007), no perm. app. filed) (internal
quotation marks omitted), no perm. app. filed. As detailed above, the evidence does not
preponderate against the trial court’s finding that the Defendant had an extensive record
of criminal activity because he committed numerous acts of theft over several years.
Therefore, the imposition of consecutive sentences was proper.

                                   C. Denial of Probation

       The Defendant argues that “[t]he trial court’s erroneous consecutive sentences
ensured [the Defendant] was ineligible for alternative sentencing.” The State contends
that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding alternative sentencing was not
appropriate. We agree with the State.

       The abuse of discretion with a presumption of reasonableness standard of review
set by our supreme court in Bise also applies to a trial court’s decision to grant or deny
                                            - 18 -
probation. State v. Caudle, 388 S.W.3d 273, 278-79 (Tenn. 2012) (citing Bise, 380 S.W.
3d at 708). Under the revised Tennessee sentencing statutes, a defendant is no longer
presumed to be a favorable candidate for alternative sentencing. State v. Carter, 254
S.W.3d 335, 347 (Tenn. 2008) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102(6)). Instead, the
“advisory” sentencing guidelines provide that a defendant “who is an especially mitigated
or standard offender convicted of a Class C, D or E felony, should be considered as a
favorable candidate for alternative sentencing options in the absence of evidence to the
contrary[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102(6)(A) (2017).

       Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-303(a) states that “[a] defendant shall be
eligible for probation under this chapter if the sentence actually imposed upon the
defendant is ten (10) years or less[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-303(a) (2017).
However, a defendant remains eligible for probation if “the actual sentence imposed for
each conviction was ten years or less and the offenses for which the defendant was
sentenced are not specifically excluded by statute.” State v. Anthony Harville, No.
M2015-02116-CCA-R3-CD, 2016 WL 4216683, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 9, 2016)
(citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-303(a); State v. Langston, 708 S.W.2d 830, 832-33
(Tenn. 1986)), no perm. app. filed; see also State v. Quadarius Deshun Martin, No.
W2015-01095-CCA-R3-CD, 2016 WL 3563661, at *7 (stating the defendant was eligible
for probation because each sentence was ten years or less), no perm. app. filed. “[T]he
burden of establishing suitability for probation rests with the defendant.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-303(b) (2017); see also Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 347.

       Here, the Defendant was convicted of four Class B felony thefts and is thus not
considered a “favorable candidate” for alternative sentencing pursuant to Tennessee Code
Annotated § 40-35-102(6). The trial court stated on the record all its considerations in
determining that alternative sentencing was not appropriate, including the presentence
report, the Defendant’s physical and mental condition and social history, the facts and
circumstances surrounding the offenses, the nature and circumstances of the criminal
conduct, prior criminal history of the Defendant or lack thereof, the previous actions and
character of the Defendant, whether or not the Defendant might reasonably be expected
to be rehabilitated, whether or not it reasonably appeared the Defendant would abide by
the terms of probation, whether or not the interests of society being protected from
further future criminal conduct are great, and whether or not measures less restrictive
than confinement have frequently or recently been applied unsuccessfully to the
Defendant, whether any probation would unduly depreciate the seriousness of the
offenses, deterrence, and whether or not the offenses were particularly enormous, gross
or heinous. These factors in combination more than adequately support the trial court’s
denial of alternative sentencing. Further, since four of the Defendant’s six properly
ordered sentences exceed the ten-year maximum sentence statutorily permitted for

                                          - 19 -
consideration of probation, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that
probation was inappropriate.

                      D. The Purposes and Principles of Sentencing

        In his Reply Brief, the Defendant argues that the collective effect of (1) applying
five enhancement factors absent from the presentence report, (2) rejecting ten mitigating
factors present in the presentence report, (3) ordering consecutive sentencing, and (4)
rejecting alternative sentencing shows that the trial court “wholly departed” from the
Sentencing Act of 1989. We disagree.

        As stated above, the trial court acted within its discretion in applying the
sentencing factors, imposing consecutive sentences, and denying alternative sentencing.
The trial court imposed an in-range sentence for a standard offender. The record shows
that the trial court stated its reasons for imposing mid-range sentences, followed the
statutory sentencing procedure, made findings of fact that are adequately supported in the
record, and gave due considerations to the relevant sentencing principles. The trial court
sentenced the Defendant to an effective fourteen-year sentence for his six convictions for
theft, a sentence consistent with the purposes and principles of sentencing and within the
appropriate range. Based on our review, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in ordering mid-range sentences within the applicable range, nor did it “wholly
depart” from the purposes and principles of sentencing. Therefore, the judgments of the
trial court are affirmed.

                                     III. Conclusion

       In consideration of the foregoing, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.


                                          _________________________________
                                          ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., JUDGE




                                           - 20 -
