                IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                    Docket No. 44543-2016

KEVIN SEWARD, an individual,          )
                                      )                      Boise, September 2017 Term
        Plaintiff-Respondent,         )
                                      )                      Filed: September 19, 2018
v.                                    )
                                      )                      Karel A. Lehrman, Clerk
MUSICK AUCTION, LLC, an Idaho limited )
liability company,                    )
                                      )
        Defendant-Appellant.          )

       Appeal from the District Court of the Third Judicial District of the State of Idaho,
       Canyon County. Hon. Davis F. VanderVelde, District Judge.

       The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

       Pickens Cozakos, PA., Boise, for appellant. Shelly Cozakos argued.

       Rossman Law Group, PLLC and Barnum Howell & Gunn, PLLC, Boise, for
       respondent. Matthew Gunn argued.

            _______________________________________________

HORTON, Justice.

       This appeal relates to a purported agreement resolving a lawsuit between Kevin
Seward and Musick Auction, LLC (“Musick”). Seward claimed that the parties entered
into a binding oral settlement agreement and he moved to enforce the agreement. The
district court granted Seward’s motion. Musick’s appeal contends that the district court
erred in several respects when it held that the parties had entered into a binding
settlement agreement. We affirm.
               I.       FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       Seward began working for Musick in August of 2014 and was terminated on February 5,
2015. Thereafter, Seward made a written demand for wages that he claimed to be owed. Musick
disputed Seward’s claim that he was an employee and asserted that Seward had been paid all
sums owed to him as an independent contractor.



                                                1
        Seward filed a complaint on May, 8, 2015, in which he alleged that Musick violated the
Wage Claim Act, Idaho Code section 45-601, et seq. The district court ordered the parties to
mediate. Judge Stephen Dunn served as the mediator. Kimberly Williams represented Seward in
the mediation and Musick, acting through its managing member, Roger Worley, was represented
by Brian Webb. Following the mediation, Judge Dunn went into court with the parties and read
the terms of the parties’ agreement into the record. No court reporter was present. Because of a
technical error—the audio was muted—the proceedings were not successfully recorded. Thus,
the court minutes represent the only record of the proceedings. The minutes state, in pertinent
part:
                 The Court noted the parties had reached a settlement agreement and stated
        the terms and conditions of the agreement for the record.

                 In answer to the Courts [sic] inquiry, each of the parties and their counsel
        concurred with the settlement agreement as set forth on the record by the Court.

                 The Court noted the settlement agreement entered into resolved the case
        and it would notify the assigned Judge of the same.

                 The Court directed Mr. Webb to submit necessary documents to dismiss
        the case, including a release.

        Webb sent a draft settlement agreement and release to Williams for her review. The draft
contained terms which Seward claims were not discussed during the mediation. These terms
included a confidentiality clause, a stipulation that Seward had been an independent contractor
rather than an employee, and a requirement that Seward’s wife be a party to the agreement
(collectively “the additional terms”). 1 The draft resulted in an exchange of email between the
parties’ attorneys. As will be seen, the tenor of the discussions rapidly changed. The following is
the exchange:
        Williams: I received the proposed settlement agreement provided by your legal
        assistant. However, there are a few changes that need to be made before Mr.
        Seward can sign it. There are several items included that were not bargained for,

1
 The reference to “additional terms” does not mean that we have accepted Seward’s position as an established fact
before beginning our analysis of the issues presented by this appeal. Rather, we have elected to use the phrase as
shorthand in describing the parties’ dispute despite our awareness that it does not accurately reflect Musick’s
position in this appeal.

                                                        2
        nor agreed upon during the mediation. As we did not receive this draft until after
        the two week period your client agreed to on record in the hearing conducted on
        October 28th, please provide a revised copy as soon as possible, but no later than
        noon on November 20, 2015.
                 1. Remove Hailey Seward’s name from the agreement entirely,
                 including the signature block.
                 2. Recital paragraph 1 2 change from “asserting they are entitled to”
                 and replace with “asserting a claim for.”
                 3. Agreement paragraph B, 3 change the date from November 12th
                 to November 20, 2015.
                 4. Agreement paragraph C, 4 remove the last sentence.
                 5. Agreement paragraph F, 5 remove in its entirety.
        Finally, please have the check made out to Rossman Law Group, PLLC in trust
        for Kevin Seward. Once the agreement is signed we will be happy to send our
        runner to your office to pick it up.
        Feel free to contact me if you have any questions.


        Webb: My client will not sign without F. Please ask your client to reconsider.




2
  The draft contained the following recital: “1. Seward filed a lawsuit in Canyon County, Idaho, Case #CV15-4118,
on May 8, 2015, asserting they are entitled to unpaid wages from Musick Auction.”
3
  This portion of the draft read: “Payment. Musick Auction will pay Seward the amount of $15,000.00 on or before
November 12, 2015.”
4
  This paragraph provided:
         C. Not Admission. This Agreement is entered into by the Parties to avoid the uncertainty,
         inconvenience and expense of further disputes on this matter, and shall not be construed to be an
         admission of the truth or correctness of any of the allegations of any Party of responsibility or
         liability of any other Party, nor be used in any proceeding as an admission of liability on the part
         of or concerning any Party. However, in the event proceedings are initiated against Musick
         Auction by a state or federal administrative or governmental agency, Seward shall acknowledge in
         any such proceedings that he was an independent contractor during his tenure with Musick
         Auction.
5
  The paragraph in question stated:
         F. Confidentiality / Non-Disparagement. The Parties agree that they will not disclose the terms
         of this Agreement with any individuals or third parties. Further, all Parties agree that hereafter
         they will not disparage any other Party or tend to impede their ability to do transact [sic] business
         of any kind.

                                                       3
Williams: That was not a term discussed at the mediation. If your client’s
position is that he is going to breach the settlement agreement, we can certainly
contact Judge Dunn regarding how to proceed.


Webb: Part of the agreement [was] that Musick was going to put together a
formal document. It was my client’s understanding that the future documents
would include a confidentiality provision, which is customary, as is other
provisions that were not discussed in detail but that are customarily included in
settlement agreements. Moreover, given that Hailey was allowed to participate
and this is a CP state, she probably should sign the settlement agreement as well. I
am not sure what Judge Dunn is going to do. If your client wishes to asset [sic] a
claim for breach of the settlement agreement then Judge Dunn won’t really be
involved.


Williams: Yes, you were tasked with drafting the agreement pursuant to the terms
discussed at mediation and on the record at the hearing. While certain provisions
such as integration and counterpart signature clauses are standard language in
these agreements, confidentiality is always a negotiated term. By no means can it
be assumed to be a term of the agreement without being expressly negotiated. The
fact that Hailey was at the mediation does not make her a party and there is no
basis whatsoever for requiring her signature.


Webb: Kimberly - does your client really object to a confidentiality provision?
My client will not require Hailey to sign if he will agree to it. Did Kevin tell you
about his journal he left at Musick before he left? It seems that confidentiality is
something he would want in this case.


Williams: Does your client have a copy of Mr. Seward’s journal?
I am highly offended by your not-so-veiled threat to reveal personal information
regarding my client’s private life in order to extort an additional term which was
not negotiated at the mediation. While I have no basis to expect better of your

                                         4
           client, this is highly improper behavior for a member of the bar to be participating
           in. The journal was in no way related to Mr. Seward’s work for Musick Auction,
           and certainly is not related to Mr. Seward’s litigation against Musick Auction.
           My client does object to the confidentiality agreement, and you have no basis
           whatsoever to request that Mrs. Seward sign any settlement agreement based upon
           this litigation. The fact that Idaho is a community property state is the reason for
           the language in Paragraph A 6 of the settlement agreement.
           Mr. Seward is prepared to sign the settlement agreement with the revisions sent to
           you previously. Please have the revised agreement to me by Wednesday,
           December 2nd, at 12:00 p.m. Otherwise we will have to move forward with the
           litigation of this matter.
           Again, please have the check made out to Rossman Law Group, PLLC in trust for
           Kevin Seward.


           Webb: Kim - while I understand why you may think I was extorting the situation,
           that was not my intent. I was merely trying to convey that, given the
           circumstances, and the lack of agreement to a confidentiality, it can only be
           supposed that your client intends to disparage mine, in which instance, one could
           be worried about whether there would be a response, and this would be a way he
           could prevent that (although that is not something I would condone, or my client
           for that matter). It was more for your client’s peace of mind. A confidentiality
           provision would be good for both clients.
           Additionally, my client is seeking advice from separate counsel. He and they have
           asked for an extension to tomorrow at noon to consider your demand. Although it
           is passed the noon deadline already, I would ask that you hold off until tomorrow
           before taking additional action in the event my client will agree.
           Please advise.


6
    This provision in the draft provided:
           Mutual Release. Seward and Musick Auction, and any persons or entities claiming by, through or
           under their successors in interest, insurers, assigns, lien holders, members, or occupants, hereby
           fully, unequivocally and irrevocably releases and forever discharges each other from all claims
           included in or in any way related to the Subject Matter of this Agreement.

                                                           5
Williams: Thank you for the explanation. My client has no intention of
disparaging Mr. Worley. We do agree to the extension.


Webb: Unfortunately, my client will not sign without a confidentiality agreement.
Obviously, his position is that there was not a meeting of the minds on that issue.
If your client won’t agree to it, then please proceed as you have indicated. He will
likely be proceeding with different counsel.


Williams: I have spoken with Mr. Seward, he will include a confidentiality
agreement upon the following conditions.
First, the language in F needs to be amended as follows: “The Parties agree that
they will not disclose the terms of this Agreement with any individuals or third
parties, except tax advisors, or other professional consultants. Further, the Parties
agree that hereafter they will not disparage any other Party or tend to impede their
ability to transact business. As the Parties are currently business competitors in
the same and/or similar business, and in the same geographic area, this clause
does not restrict the Parties from regular competitive business practices in the
running of their respective businesses.
Secondly, Mr. Seward would like an additional $10,000 in consideration for the
confidentiality and non-disparagement term.
The signed agreement will be exchanged for a check made out to Rossman Law
Group, PLLC in trust for Kevin Seward. This offer remains open until the close of
business on Monday, December 7th.
On another matter, Mr. Seward has received in the mail an insurance check for
Musick Auction in the amount of approximately $25,000. We can deliver this
check at the same time the agreement and settlement check are exchanged. If your
client would prefer other arrangements regarding the insurance check please let
me know.


Webb: Kimberly - My client declines your offer. In addition, he just discovered
that your client interfered with the negotiations on the Caldwell Auction. He

                                          6
intends to pursue this claim personally against him. By the way, the reason the
check was sent to him was because he represented himself as an “owner” on the
application, and on multiple others’ [sic] as well apparently.


Williams: Your client’s claims of interference are clearly nothing more than an
attempt to harass and intimidate Mr. Seward in the present matter. Mr. Seward has
no concerns whatsoever about any alleged lawsuit which would certainly be
baseless, frivolous and subject to sanctions pursuant to Idaho Code 12-123 and
I.R.C.P. 11(a)(1). The former owner of Caldwell Auctions is willing to provide an
affidavit that he spoke with Mr. Seward and Roger once just before Mr. Seward
was fired by Roger, and that Roger never contacted him again regarding the
purchase of his business. He will also state the [sic] he never had any intention of
selling to Roger, and that he would not have sold his business to Mr. Seward if
Mr. Seward had still been involved with Roger.
That being said, Mr. Seward would like to put the present matter to rest. He will
sign the settlement agreement with all of the revisions we initially proposed and
with the language of the confidentiality agreement being revised as provided in
my December 3rd email below.
If we cannot come to terms, we will file a motion to enforce the settlement
agreement on Wednesday, December 16th.


Williams: We are having difficulties with our email system. I am not sure if you
received the [previous] correspondence which I attempted to send out last Friday,
so I am resending now. Due to the potential delay in your receipt of the below, we
are extending your response date to this Friday, December 18th.


Webb: I did not receive it. Let me take a look and talk with Roger. Will you send
me a draft of what he will (is) agree(ing) to?
Thanks.




                                          7
Williams: Changes to the settlement agreement as indicated in my November
18th email are as follows:
       1. Remove Hailey Seward’s name from the agreement entirely,
       including the signature block.
       2. Recital paragraph 1 change from “asserting they are entitled to”
       and replace with “asserting a claim for.”
       3. Agreement paragraph B, change the date from November 12th
       to November 20, 2015.
       4. Agreement paragraph C, remove the last sentence.
The changes to the confidentiality clause from my December 3rd email are as
follows:
       Paragraph F needs to be amended as follows: “The Parties agree
       that they will not disclose the terms of this Agreement with any
       individuals or third parties, except tax advisors, or other
       professional consultants. Further, the Parties agree that hereafter
       they will not disparage any other Party or tend to impede their
       ability to transact business. As the Parties are currently business
       competitors in the same and/or similar business, and in the same
       geographic area, this clause does not restrict the Parties from
       regular competitive business practices in the running of their
       respective businesses.
With those changes Mr. Seward will sign the settlement agreement.


Webb: These changes are fine except my client will not agree unless Hailey signs
as well.


Williams: She is not a party and there is no basis whatsoever for requiring her to
sign . Your client’s continued attempts to extort additional terms out of this matter
are beyond contempt and our motion to compel will certainly include a motion for
fees, and for interest for the delay beyond the two weeks the Judge required you
to have this completed by.

                                         8
        Webb: Kim - she was present at the mediation, agreed to the terms, was present
        after hours in what the IT members of Musick believes was an effort to steal data,
        and from my client’s perspective, was the reason things ended the way it did . . .
        and they are married. Should we have excluded her from mediation? Regardless,
        my client will not be agreeing without her signature. If you feel a need to move to
        “compel” signature, please proceed.


        Williams: None of that changes the fact that she is not and never was a party to
        the wage claim which is the entire basis of the litigation in this matter. Her
        attendance at mediation has no bearing whatsoever on her signing an agreement.
        As the terms of the agreement were already made a matter of public record by
        Judge Dunn at the hearing your request for confidentiality is absurd to say the
        least with regards to anyone, and certainly with regards to a non-party.


        Webb: Without addressing your argument on the reasonableness or validity of the
        additions, this could still nonetheless be resolved with what, is in reality, a minor
        change. I am holding the check in my office if your client wants this to end.

There were no further communications between the parties. Approximately five months later,
Seward filed his Motion to Enforce Settlement Agreement. The motion was supported by an
affidavit from his attorney which attached the foregoing email exchange and a copy of the court
minutes. 7 In his accompanying brief, Seward argued that the parties reached a complete
settlement of their claims during the mediation and that the parties intended the agreement to be
final and binding. In opposition to the motion, Musick contended that the oral agreement was
preliminary to a written agreement and that the additional terms were merely standard provisions
that are routine and necessary parts of a settlement agreement.
        Following a hearing at which Musick was represented by its new attorney, the district
court granted Seward’s motion. Judgment was entered on September 9, 2016, and Musick timely
appealed.

7
 The affidavit also included notes prepared by Judge Dunn in his capacity as a mediator. The district court granted
Musick’s unobjected-to motion to strike the notes as privileged.

                                                        9
                              II.         STANDARD OF REVIEW
        This Court has frequently stated that “[a] motion for the enforcement of a settlement
agreement is treated as a motion for summary judgment when no evidentiary hearing has been
conducted.” Budget Truck Sales, LLC v. Tilley, 163 Idaho 841, 844–45, 419 P.3d 1139, 1143–44
(2018) (quoting Vanderford Co., Inc. v. Knudson, 150 Idaho 664, 671, 249 P.3d 857, 864
(2011)). We take this opportunity to clarify that different standards of review will apply to
proceedings to enforce a settlement agreement, depending upon the procedural mechanism by
which enforcement is sought.
        A settlement agreement is a contract resolving the parties’ underlying dispute and “stands
on the same footing as any other contract and is governed by the same rules and principles as are
applicable to contracts generally.” Budget Truck Sales, 163 Idaho at 845, 419 P.3d at 1144
(quoting Vanderford, 150 Idaho at 672, 249 P.3d at 865). As such, a settlement agreement is
enforceable through a contract action. However, a party seeking to enforce such an agreement
“need not initiate a new civil lawsuit to enforce the settlement agreement.” Estate of Holland v.
Metro. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 153 Idaho 94, 100, 279 P.3d 80, 86 (2012) (quoting Vanderford,
150 Idaho at 670, 249 P.3d at 863). Instead, the party seeking to enforce the action may either
amend the pleadings to assert a cause of action based upon the agreement (which we have
deemed to be “the better practice”) or move that the trial court enforce the agreement prior to
dismissal of the underlying action. Id.
        In this case, Seward moved for enforcement of the settlement agreement. Such a motion
seeks specific performance of the settlement agreement or a declaration of the rights of the
parties. As these claims for relief lie in equity, there is no right to jury trial. In Estate of Holland,
this Court held that a motion to enforce the terms of a settlement agreement was “in the nature of
a declaratory judgment,” for which there is no right to a jury trial. Id. at 100, 279 P.3d at 86. We
reaffirmed this holding in Morgan v. New Sweden Irrigation Dist., 160 Idaho 47, 368 P.3d 990
(2016), noting that “in Estate of Holland . . . this Court determined that in an action for
declaratory judgment there was no right to a jury trial in order to determine the terms of a
settlement agreement, which was properly an issue in equity.” Id. at 52, 368 P.3d at 995; see also
Ada Cnty. Highway Dist. v. Total Success Investments, LLC, 145 Idaho 360, 369, 179 P.3d 323,
332 (2008) (no right to jury trial on equitable claims). Other jurisdictions have concluded that a
motion to enforce a prior settlement agreement is essentially a claim for specific enforcement,

                                                   10
thus equitable in nature, and not subject to the right of jury trial. See e.g., Ackerman v. Sobel
Family Partnership, LLP, 4 A.3d 288, 312 (Conn. 2010); Adams v. Johns-Manville, Corp., 876
F.2d 702, 709–10 (9th Cir. 1989); Willapa Trading Co., Inc. v. Muscanto, Inc., 727 P.2d 687,
692 (Wash. Ct. App. 1986). .
       “A motion for the enforcement of a settlement agreement is treated as a motion for
summary judgment. . . .” Estate of Holland, 153 Idaho at 100, 279 P.3d at 86 (2012) (quoting
Vanderford, 150 Idaho at 671, 249 P.3d at 864). In cases where a jury trial right exists and has
been timely demanded the standard of review which we apply requires us to “construe all
disputed facts and make all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.” Med.
Recovery Servs., LLC v. Neumeier, 163 Idaho 504, 415 P.3d 372, 376 (2018) (citing Sprinkler
Irrigation Co. v. John Deere Ins., 139 Idaho 691, 695–96, 85 P.3d 667, 671–72 (2004)). If there
has been no timely demand for a jury trial, or if that right is subsequently waived, or does not
apply because the claim or defense lies in equity:
       the trial court as the trier of fact is entitled to arrive at the most probable
       inferences based upon the undisputed evidence properly before it and grant the
       summary judgment despite the possibility of conflicting inferences. This Court
       freely reviews the entire record that was before the district court to determine
       whether either side was entitled to judgment as a matter of law and whether
       inferences drawn by the district court are reasonably supported by the record.
Borley v. Smith, 149 Idaho 171, 176–77, 233 P.3d 102, 107–08 (2010) (citations omitted).
       As there is no right to a jury trial in connection with a motion to enforce a settlement
agreement, we will apply this latter standard when reviewing the district court’s order enforcing
the settlement agreement.
                                       III.    ANALYSIS
       Musick’s appeal advances several arguments in support of its claim that the district court
erred. For ease of analysis, we have elected to address the arguments in a different sequence than
Musick has presented and to jointly consider two closely related arguments. Thus, we consider
Musick’s assertions that the district court: (1) improperly considered the court minutes when
ruling on Seward’s motion; (2) made impermissible credibility determinations when evaluating
the evidence; and (3) incorrectly granted Seward’s motion to enforce the purported settlement
agreement after finding that there was an enforceable oral agreement between the parties. Seward
asks that we award attorney fees on appeal. We will address these issues in turn.



                                                11
    A. The district court did not err when it considered the court minutes when deciding
       Seward’s motion.
        Musick contends that the district court erred by considering the court minutes when
deciding Seward’s motion because they are not an official record of the actual terms of the
alleged agreement. Musick contends that it was error for the district court to consider the minutes
because the Idaho Rules of Evidence required Seward to produce the actual recording made in
court following the mediation. Musick cites Idaho Rule of Evidence 1002, which requires the
original “[t]o prove the content of a writing, recording, or photograph.” I.R.E. 1002. According
to Musick, this rule required Seward to produce the original recording in order to prove that the
parties reached an enforceable oral agreement.
        Musick’s claim that the court minutes were inadmissible is an objection raised for the
first time on appeal. Generally, “[t]his Court will not consider objections to the admission of
evidence that are not preserved in the record and that are raised for the first time on appeal.”
PacifiCorp v. Idaho State Tax Comm’n, 153 Idaho 759, 768, 291 P.3d 442, 451 (2012). The
objecting party must timely object to the evidence or submit a motion to strike. Phillips v.
Erhart, 151 Idaho 100, 105, 254 P.3d 1, 6 (2011). Here, Musick neither objected to the
admission of the court minutes nor moved to strike them. Therefore, we will not consider
Musick’s arguments relating to Idaho Rule of Evidence 1002. 8
    B. The district court did not make an improper credibility determination when it ruled
       on Seward’s motion.
        “As a general rule, a trial court does not make findings of fact when deciding a motion
for summary judgment because it cannot weigh credibility, must liberally construe the facts in
favor of the non-moving party, and must draw all reasonable inferences from the facts in favor of
the non-moving party.” Hilliard v. Murphy Land Co., LLC, 158 Idaho 737, 744, 351 P.3d 1195,
1202 (2015) (citing Beus v. Beus, 151 Idaho 235, 238, 254 P.3d 1231, 1234 (2011)). “Although
affidavits must set forth facts that would be admissible as evidence . . . it is not proper for the
trial judge to assess the credibility of an affiant at the summary judgment stage when credibility
can be tested in court before the trier of fact.” Baxter v. Craney, 135 Idaho 166, 172, 16 P.3d
263, 269 (2000). “The burden of the plaintiff when faced with a motion for summary judgment,
is not to persuade the judge that an issue will be decided in his favor at trial. Rather, he simply
8
 We observe that Musick would likely not have prevailed on this claim even if it had been properly preserved for
appeal. We do not interpret Idaho Rule of Evidence 1002 as requiring production of the original version of
something that never existed.

                                                      12
must present sufficient materials to show that there is a triable issue.” G & M Farms v. Funk Irr.
Co., 119 Idaho 514, 524, 808 P.2d 851, 861 (1990) (emphasis original) (quoting Earl v. Cryovac,
a Div. of W.R. Grace Co., 115 Idaho 1087, 1093, 772 P.2d 725, 731(Ct. App. 1989)).
       Musick contends that the district court erred by comparing Williams’ affidavits to
Worley’s affidavit and, after weighing all the evidence, finding that Williams’ version of events
was the more credible. The record does not support this claim.
       Williams’ affidavit testimony described particular events occurring—or not occurring—
during mediation. She testified that the first discussion of written settlement documents occurred
after the parties read the terms of their agreement into the record and Judge Dunn asked
Musick’s attorney to prepare the necessary documents for dismissal of the case. She identified
the terms of the agreement that were read into the record: Seward would dismiss his lawsuit and
Musick would pay him $15,000.00. She further testified that “each party acknowledge[d] the
terms of the agreement on the record.”
       Worley’s affidavit acknowledged that he had “agreed to some terms of a settlement
agreement, such as the amount to be paid to [Seward].” However, Worley’s affidavit is
conspicuous for its absence of specificity as to the representations made to Judge Dunn when the
parties’ agreement was placed on the record. Instead, the affidavit is replete with statements
reflecting Worley’s subjective expectations. For example, his affidavit states:
               It was always my understanding that, following the mediation session, our
       respective attorneys would prepare a written settlement agreement, containing all
       the terms of a final and binding agreement. I further understood that I would have
       an opportunity to review the written agreement and execute it only if accurate and
       comprehensive.
Worley’s affidavit is silent as to the basis for this understanding; more importantly, there is no
indication that this understanding was the subject of an agreement with Seward or discussed on
the record before Judge Dunn.
       Worley’s affidavit also states: “Following the mediation session, my attorney prepared a
written agreement, containing essential terms that, in my opinion and belief, are necessary in
order for there to be an agreement and I was not willing to have Musick Auction pay any money
to the Plaintiff without these terms.” Significantly, Worley’s affidavit does not claim that these
additional terms were the subject of agreement between the parties.
       In short, although Worley’s affidavit contains information relating to his subjective
expectations of what would occur following the mediation and the terms that he believed were
                                                13
necessary to protect Musick’s interests, he simply did not contradict any statement contained in
Williams’ affidavits. Therefore, the district court’s acceptance of Williams’ affidavit testimony
did not constitute an impermissible resolution of the affiants’ credibility. 9
    C. The district court did not err in its holding that there was an enforceable oral
       agreement between the parties.
        “For a contract to exist, a distinct understanding that is common to both parties is
necessary.” Wandering Trails, LLC v. Big Bite Excavation, Inc., 156 Idaho 586, 592, 329 P.3d
368, 374 (2014). “A party’s subjective, undisclosed intent is immaterial to the interpretation of a
contract.” J.R. Simplot Co. v. Bosen, 144 Idaho 611, 614, 167 P.3d 748, 751 (2006). Instead,
        the court will give force and effect to the words of the contract without regard to
        what the parties to the contract thought it meant or what they actually intended for
        it to mean. The court will not attempt to ascertain the actual mental processes of
        the parties in entering into the particular contract; rather the law presumes that the
        parties understood the import of their contract and that they had the intention
        which its terms manifest.
17 Am. Jur. 2d Contracts § 347 (2004). To arrive at the real intention of the parties, this Court
“will consider the facts and circumstances out of which the contract arose, and will construe the
contract in the light of such facts and circumstances.” Werry v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 97 Idaho
130, 136, 540 P.2d 792, 798 (1975) (internal quotations and citation omitted).
        Musick challenges the district court’s determination that the parties reached a valid
settlement agreement in the mediation. Musick argues it anticipated that the oral agreement
would be succeeded by a formal document that Musick’s attorney would prepare. Musick further
argues that the failed recording of the proceedings following the mediation means that the
precise terms and conditions purportedly agreed to in mediation cannot be established. This,
Musick asserts, presents a genuine issue of material fact whether or not the oral agreement was
inclusive of all terms and conditions that would be contained in the final written document.
        A settlement agreement “stands on the same footing as any other contract and is governed
by the same rules and principles as are applicable to contracts generally.” Vanderford Co., Inc. v.
Knudson, 150 Idaho 664, 672, 249 P.3d 857, 865 (2011). “A contract must be complete, definite
and certain in all its material terms, or contain provisions which are capable in themselves of


9
  Musick also argues that the court minutes reflect that the “terms and conditions” of the agreement were placed on
the record, while Williams’ affidavit refers only to the “terms” of the agreement. Musick did not advance this
argument at the summary judgment stage, perhaps because the weakness of this semantic argument is evident on its
face.

                                                        14
being reduced to certainty.” Unifund CCR, LLC v. Lowe, 159 Idaho 750, 753, 367 P.3d 145, 148
(2016). A contract can only exist when there is an understanding common to both parties. Gray
v. Tri-Way Const. Services, Inc., 147 Idaho 378, 384, 210 P.3d 63, 69 (2009). In other words,
“formation of a valid contract requires a meeting of the minds as evidenced by a manifestation of
mutual intent to contract.” Federal Nat’l Mort. Ass’n v. Hafer, 158 Idaho 694, 701–02, 351 P.3d
622, 629–30 (2015). Oral agreements for settlement are generally enforceable as contracts unless
the subject matter falls within the proscription of the statute of frauds. McColm-Traska v. Baker,
139 Idaho 948, 952, 88 P.3d 767, 771 (2004). When outside the statute of frauds, “[o]ral
stipulations of the parties in the presence of the court are generally held to be binding, especially
when acted upon or entered on the court records. . . .” Kohring v. Roberts, 137 Idaho 94, 99, 44
P.3d 1149, 1154 (2002) (citation omitted). “Whether the parties to an oral agreement or
stipulation become bound prior to the drafting and execution of a contemplated formal writing is
largely a question of intent.” Id. The intent of the parties to contract is determined by the
surrounding facts and circumstances. Bosen, 144 Idaho at 614, 167 P.3d at 751. The best
evidence to support the parties’ intent to contract is to look at the words of counsel and their
clients. First Sec. Bank of Idaho v. Hansen, 107 Idaho 472, 477, 690 P.2d 927, 932 (1984).
         Due to the error in recording the proceedings that took place on the record before Judge
Dunn, the only evidence relating to the parties’ intent are the court minutes, the emails
exchanged between counsel for the parties, and the affidavits subsequently submitted by the
parties. The court minutes reflect that the parties reached a final agreement. Judge Dunn inquired
of each party whether they had reached an agreement and whether they agreed with the terms
read into the record. 10 The minutes reflect that “each of the parties and their counsel concurred
with the settlement agreement as set forth on the record by the Court.” Based upon the parties’
agreement, Judge Dunn directed Musick’s attorney to submit the necessary documents to dismiss
the case. The minutes contain nothing to indicate that additional contractual terms were to be
worked out between the parties. To the contrary, the minutes reflect Judge Dunn’s view that “the
settlement agreement entered into resolved the case and [he] would notify the assigned Judge of
the same.”

10
   During its oral argument, Musick argued that Judge Dunn was acting in his role as a mediator when he took the
bench and read the terms of the agreement into the record. We disagree. There is nothing to suggest Judge Dunn was
acting as anything other than a court officer at this time. In any event, we will not decide an appeal based upon
issues advanced for the first time during oral argument. See, e.g., Mac Tools, Inc. v. Griffin, 126 Idaho 193, 198, 879
P.2d 1126, 1131 (1994).

                                                         15
       The exchange of emails between counsel for the parties set forth in the introduction to
this opinion and Worley’s affidavit testimony give rise to only two reasonable interpretations: (1)
at the time the parties and their attorneys appeared before Judge Dunn on the record, Worley
harbored a subjective expectation that the additional terms were to be incorporated into a final
written agreement; or (2) following that appearance, Worley decided that a confidentiality clause
was necessary and Seward’s wife should also be a party to the agreement. Neither of these
potential explanations is a ground for avoiding summary judgment.
       As to the first interpretation of the evidence before the district court, “[t]he existence and
nature of [an] offer is judged by its objective manifestations, not by any uncommunicated beliefs,
mental reservations, or subjective interpretations or intentions of the offeror.” Hafer, 158 Idaho
at 702, 351 P.3d at 630 (citation and internal quotations omitted). “Whether there was a meeting
of the minds is an objective inquiry that does not focus on the subjective beliefs or intentions of
[the parties].” Id. at 704, 351 P.3d at 632. Under the first scenario that the evidence suggests, it is
evident that the provisions Worley understood to be “customary” were uncommunicated beliefs
or subjective intentions.
       Under the second scenario suggested by the evidence before the district court, we first
observe the obvious: a party may not avoid the duties imposed under the terms of a valid and
enforceable contract simply because that party subsequently decides that additional terms may be
desirable. This requires us to consider whether the terms set forth before Judge Dunn constituted
a valid and enforceable contract. “A response to an offer amounts to an acceptance if an
objective, reasonable person is justified in understanding that a fully enforceable contract has
been made, even if the offeree subjectively does not intend to be legally bound.” Justad v. Ward,
147 Idaho 509, 512, 211 P.3d 118, 121 (2009) (quoting 17A Am.Jur.2d Contracts § 91 (2d ed.
2008)). This objective standard takes into account the facts and circumstances, “including what
the offeree said, wrote, or did and the transactional context in which the offeree verbalized or
acted.” Id.
       Both Williams and Worley acknowledge that Seward agreed to dismiss his action in
consideration of Musick’s promise to pay him $15,000. This exchange of promises was
sufficient to create an enforceable contract.




                                                  16
         For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the district court considered all relevant
evidence 11 and correctly concluded there was a binding oral agreement reached at the conclusion
of mediation.
     D. Seward is entitled to attorney fees on appeal.
         Seward requests attorney fees pursuant to Idaho Code section 12-121 and Idaho
Appellate Rule 41. An award of attorney fees under Idaho Code section 12-121 is not a matter of
right to the prevailing party, but is appropriate only when this Court, in its discretion, is left with
the abiding belief that the case was brought, pursued, or defended frivolously, unreasonably, or
without foundation. Pocatello Hosp., LLC v. Quail Ridge Med. Investor, LLC, 157 Idaho 732,
742, 339 P.3d 1136, 1146 (2014). This is such a case. Therefore, we award attorney fees on
appeal to Seward.
                                          IV.      CONCLUSION
         We affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment and award Seward attorney
fees and costs on appeal.

                  Chief Justice BURDICK, Justice BRODY, and Justice Pro Tem HIPPLER
CONCUR. JONES, J. sat, but did not participate due to his untimely death.




11
  Musick argues that Williams’ affidavit should not have been considered because the Idaho Rules of Professional
Conduct do not permit an attorney to act as advocate and witness in the same case. However, Musick did not
advance this objection before the district court. Therefore, we will not further address this issue. See PacifiCorp v.
Idaho State Tax Comm’n, 153 Idaho 759, 769, 291 P.3d 442, 452 (2012).


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