                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

_________________________________________
                                          )
GENOPSGROUP LLC,                          )
                                          )
      Plaintiff,                          )
                                          )
             v.                           )                   Civil Action No. 14-0893 (ESH)
                                          )
PUBLIC HOUSE INVESTMENTS LLC,             )
and                                       )
PUBLIC IRISH PUB LLC                      )
                                          )
      Defendants.                         )
_________________________________________ )


                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff GenopsGroup LLC (“Genops”) has sued defendants Public House Investments,

LLC (“PHI”) and Public Irish Pub, LLC (“PIP”) for their alleged failure pay plaintiff under two

separate contracts for the build-out of the storefront and interior of a restaurant in National

Harbor, Maryland. The defendants removed the case to federal court (Notice of Removal, May

27, 2014 [Dkt. No. 1]) and have filed a motion to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint for failure to state

a claim upon which relief can be granted. (Mot., May 27, 2014 [Dkt. No. 4].) For the following

reasons, the Court will grant plaintiff’s motion in part, dismiss plaintiff’s claim against PIP for

failure to state a claim, and remand plaintiff’s claim against PHI to the District of Columbia

Superior Court.

                                         BACKGROUND

       Plaintiff entered into two separate contracts—one with each defendant—from which

plaintiff’s breach of contract claims arise. On October 7, 2010, plaintiff entered into a contract

with PHI to build a restaurant storefront in National Harbor, Maryland. (Compl., March 13,
2014 [Dkt. No. 1] ¶ 5; Contractor Agreement between PHI and Genops (“PHI Contract”),

October 2010 [Dkt. No. 7-2] at 1.) Under the contract, PHI was to pay plaintiff $124,610 for its

completion of the storefront. (Compl. ¶ 6.) Although plaintiff completed the storefront in

accordance with the contract terms, and PHI has paid plaintiff for a portion of its work, PHI still

owes plaintiff $34,610 under the contract. (Id. ¶¶ 7-9.)

        On October 21, 2010, plaintiff entered into a contract with PIP to build-out the interior of

a restaurant in National Harbor, Maryland. (Compl. ¶ 10; Abbreviated Standard Form of

Agreement Between PIP and Genops with Stipulated Sum (“PIP Contract”), Oct. 21, 2010 [Dkt.

No. 4-2] at 1.) Under the contract, PIP was to pay plaintiff $557,000 for its build-out of the

restaurant interior. (Compl. ¶ 11.) Plaintiff completed its buildout of the interior in accordance

with the contract terms. (Id. ¶ 12.) The contract contained a stipulation providing that “if, within

one year after the date of Substantial Completion of the Work . . . any of the Work is found to be

not in accordance with the requirements of the Contract Documents, the Contractor shall correct

it promptly after receipt of written notice from the Owner . . . .” (PIP Contract § 17.2.) PIP

never notified plaintiff of any work that failed to meet the specifications of the contract. (Compl.

¶ 13.) Although PIP has paid plaintiff for some of its work, PIP still owes plaintiff a balance of

$122,823 under the contract. (Id. ¶ 14.)

        The PIP Contract provides, inter alia, that “[c]laims, disputes, and other matters in

question arising out of or relating to this Contract . . . . shall . . . be subject to mediation as a

condition precedent to arbitration or the institution of legal or equitable proceedings by either

party.” (PIP Contract § 9.10.1.) It also states that “[b]y mutual consent, the parties may

endeavor to resolve their disputes by mediation . . . .” (Id. § 9.10.3.) On March 18, 2012,

plaintiff sent a letter to PIP stating that, under the “mutual consent” clause in § 9.10.3, it
                                                    2
“decline[d] mediation or arbitration” and intended “to enforce the contract by litigation.”

(Notice of Intent to Commence Litigation and Opposition to Mediation or Arbitration (“Notice”),

March 18, 2012 [Dkt. No. 7-1] at 1.)

        Nearly two years later, on March 13, 2014, plaintiff filed this action in the Superior Court

of the District of Columbia, alleging breach of contract against each defendant under their

respective contracts. On May 27, 2014, defendants removed the case to this Court on the basis

of diversity jurisdiction. (Notice of Removal at 4.) Defendants now move to dismiss the case

and enforce a “mandatory mediation provision” in PIP Contract § 9.10.1. (Def.’s Mem. of P. &

A. in Support of Mot. to Dismiss, May 27, 2014 [Dkt. No. 4-1] at 1-2.)

                                             ANALYSIS

I.      LEGAL STANDARD

        “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,

accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556

U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). Thus,

when ruling on a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), courts must assume the veracity of

all “well-pleaded factual allegations” contained in the complaint and draw all reasonable

inferences in plaintiff’s favor. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678-79; see also Atherton v. D.C. Office of

Mayor, 567 F.3d 672, 681 (D.C. Cir. 2009). In so doing, a court is not limited to the facts

alleged in the complaint, but also may consider documents attached to or incorporated by

reference in the complaint, matters about which the court may take judicial notice, and any

documents appended to a motion to dismiss whose authenticity is not disputed if they are

referred to in the complaint and are integral to a claim. U.S. ex rel. Folliard v. CDW Tech. Servs.,

Inc., 722 F. Supp. 2d 20, 24 (D.D.C. 2010); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(c).
                                                   3
II.    SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION

       “‘It is axiomatic that subject matter jurisdiction may not be waived, and that courts may

raise the issue sua sponte.’” NetworkIP, LLC v. FCC, 548 F.3d 116, 120 (D.C. Cir. 2008)

(quoting Athens Cmty. Hosp., Inc. v. Schweiker, 686 F.2d 989, 992 (D.C. Cir. 1982)). Indeed,

before proceeding to the merits, the Court must first assure itself that it has subject matter

jurisdiction over plaintiff's motion. Id. Because plaintiff only brings state-law breach of contract

claims against the defendants, the Court’s subject matter jurisdiction must rest, if at all, on

diversity of citizenship under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Further, because defendants removed this action

to federal court, they have the burden of establishing jurisdiction. See Breakman v. AOL LLC,

545 F. Supp. 2d 96, 100 (D.D.C. 2008).

       A federal court has diversity jurisdiction when (1) there is complete diversity of

citizenship among the parties (that is, no plaintiff is a citizen of the same state as any defendant)

and (2) the “amount in controversy” is greater than $75,000. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). The

parties agree, and there is no evidence to the contrary, that complete diversity of citizenship

exists among the parties. (See Compl. ¶¶ 2-4; Notice of Removal at 2-4.) Moreover, it is clear

that plaintiff’s breach of contract claim against PIP for $ 122,823 satisfies the amount-in-

controversy requirement. (Compl. ¶ 14.) However, plaintiff’s breach of contract claim against

PHI for $34,610 falls short of the $75,000 amount-in-controversy requirement. (Compl. ¶ 9.)

Thus, whether the Court’s has original jurisdiction over plaintiff’s claim against PHI depends on

whether the damages sought for that claim may be aggregated with the damages sought for

plaintiff’s claim against PIP.




                                                  4
        “When calculating the amount in controversy for purposes of this statute, it is well-

established that ‘the separate and distinct claims of two or more plaintiffs cannot be aggregated

in order to satisfy the jurisdictional amount requirement.’” Nat’l Consumers League v. Flowers

Bakeries, LLC, -- F. Supp. 2d ---, 2014 WL 1372642 at *3 (D.D.C. Apr. 8, 2014) (quoting

Snyder v. Harris, 394 U.S. 332, 335 (1969)); accord Georgiades v. Martin–Trigona, 729 F.2d

831, 833 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (“Separate and distinct claims, regardless of whether they share a

community of interest or originate in a single transaction or event, may not be aggregated to

satisfy the jurisdictional amount-in-controversy requirement”). The same principle applies to

diversity cases involving one plaintiff and two or more defendants, but with a twist: claims

against multiple defendants can be aggregated only when the defendants are jointly liable to the

plaintiff. See Middle Tenn. News Co. v. Charnel of Cincinnati, Inc., 250 F.3d 1077, 1081 (7th

Cir. 2001); State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. A & J Med. Ctr., -- F. Supp. 2d ---, 2014 WL

2025799 at *3 (S.D. Fla. May 15, 2014); Cronin v. State Farm Lloyds, 2008 WL 4649653 at *4

(S.D. Tex. Oct. 10, 2008); see also 14B Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Edward H.

Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure § 3704, at 138-41 (3d ed. 1998) (“[T]he cases are quite

clear and virtually unanimous that separate and distinct claims by different plaintiffs still cannot

be aggregated for purposes of measuring the amount in controversy. The same rule applies when

suit is brought by a single plaintiff against multiple defendants.”).

       In this case, defendants have not suggested—let alone demonstrated—that they are

jointly liable for plaintiff’s separate and distinct claims. Defendants are limited liability

companies that are wholly owned by different members and share no other indicia of corporate

relationship. (See Notice of Removal at 3-4). Further, plaintiff does not seek to hold defendants

jointly liable. Indeed, plaintiff’s claims arise out of separate contracts for the performance of
                                                  5
different types of work, and neither defendant co-signed the other’s contract to guarantee its

performance. (Compl. ¶¶ 5-14; PIP Contract at 2, 17; PHI Contract at 1, 4.) Because defendants

have failed to demonstrate that they would be jointly liable for the claims brought in this action,

the Court concludes that it lacks diversity jurisdiction over plaintiff’s claim against PHI.

Therefore, if the Court exercises jurisdiction over plaintiff’s claim against PHI, it may only do so

on the basis of supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367.

III.    MERITS

        Under D.C. common law, “‘the written language embodying the terms of an agreement

will govern the rights and liabilities of the parties regardless of the intent of the parties at the

time they entered into the contract, unless the written language is not susceptible of a clear and

definite meaning.’” Aziken v. Dist. of Columbia, 70 A.3d 213, 218-19 (D.C. 2013) (quoting

Hartford Fin. Servs. Group v. Hand, 30 A.3d 180, 187 n.12 (D.C. 2011)). When interpreting a

contract, the Court must “strive to give reasonable effect to all its parts and eschew an

interpretation that would render part of it meaningless or incompatible with the contract as a

whole.” Dist. of Columbia v. Young, 39 A.3d 36, 40 (D.C. 2012) (internal quotation marks

omitted). Moreover, courts “apply a familiar principle of contract interpretation, that ‘specific

terms and exact terms are given greater weight than general language.’” Washington Auto. Co.

v. 1828 L St. Assocs., 906 A.2d 869, 880 (D.C. 2006) (quoting Restatement (Second) of

Contracts § 203(c) (1981)). “[W]here both the specific and general provisions may be given

reasonable effect, both are to be retained.” Ohio Power Co. v. FERC, 744 F.2d 162, 168 n.7

(D.C. Cir. 1984). However, where they “stand irreconcilably in conflict[,]” “specific clauses

prevail over general clauses[.]” Id.



                                                    6
        PIP seeks to dismiss plaintiff’s breach of contract claim for its failure to pursue mediation

prior to litigation in accord with PIP Contract § 9.10.1. (Mot. at 1-2, 5-7.)1 PIP Contract §

9.10.1 requires that “[c]laims, disputes, and other matters in question arising out of or relating to

this Contract . . . . shall . . . be subject to mediation as a condition precedent to arbitration or the

institution of legal or equitable proceedings by either party.” (PIP Contract § 9.10.1.) This

provision unambiguously requires mediation before a party may file suit. Indeed, courts dealing

with this precise language have struggled “to imagine language which more plainly states that

the parties intended to establish mediation as a condition precedent to [litigation] proceedings.”

HIM Portland, LLC v. DeVito Builders, Inc., 317 F.3d 41, 44 (1st Cir. 2003); see also Golden

State Foods Corp. v. Columbia/Okura LLC, 2014 WL 2931127 at *6 (C.D. Cal. June 26, 2014)

(“The language of the AIA Agreement could not be more clear: mediation is a condition

precedent to arbitration . . . . One can scarcely imagine clearer language on this point.”). It is

undisputed that plaintiff’s claim against PIP arose out of or is related to the PIP Contract. Thus,

the mandatory mediation provision in section 9.10.1 applies to plaintiff’s claim against PIP.

        Plaintiff argues, however, that it did not need to pursue mediation because it formally

“decline[d] mediation” pursuant to PIP Contract § 9.10.3. (Pls.’ Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to

Dismiss, July 31, 2014 [Dkt. No. 7] at 3; Notice at 1.) PIP Contract § 9.10.3 provides that “[b]y

mutual consent, the parties may endeavor to resolve their disputes by mediation . . . .” (PIP

Contract § 9.10.3 (emphasis added)). Plaintiff apparently reads section 9.10.3’s permissive



        1
           In their motion, defendants seek to dismiss both of plaintiff’s claims under the “mandatory
mediation provision” in the PIP Contract. (See Mot. at 1-2, 8-9.) Although the Court need not reach this
issue because it lacks original jurisdiction over plaintiff’s claims against PHI, it is arguable whether PHI
can rely on the mandatory mediation provision in the PIP Contract. PHI and PIP are distinct entities, PHI
is not a party to the PIP contract, and plaintiff’s claim against PHI is based on a distinct contract that does
not have a similar mandatory mediation provision.
                                                      7
language as making mediation merely optional. (Opp’n at 3-4.) While plaintiff is correct that

section 9.10.3, when read in isolation, suggests that mediation is optional, its language cannot

undermine the unequivocal requirement set forth in section 9.10.1: “[c]laims . . . arising out of

or relating to this Contract . . . . shall . . . be subject to mediation as a condition precedent to

arbitration or the institution of legal or equitable proceedings by either party.” (PIP Contract

§ 9.10.3 (emphasis added).) Indeed, plaintiffs’ interpretation of the PIP Contract reads the

operative word “shall” completely out of section 9.10.1. See Thermal Dynamics Int’l, Inc. v.

Safe Haven Enters., 952 F. Supp. 2d 143, 149 (D.D.C. 2013). The Court must strive to give

effect to both section 9.10.1 and section 9.10.3 of the PIP Contract. The only way to do so in

this case is to hold that the specific and mandatory language of section 9.10.1 controls over the

general and permissive language in section 9.10.3. See HIM Portland, 317 F.3d at 44 (holding

that provision similar to PIP Contract § 9.10.3 did not undermine the clear requirement

elsewhere that claims “shall . . . be subject to mediation as a condition precedent to arbitration or

the institution of legal . . . proceedings”).

        The PIP Contract therefore required plaintiff to submit its claim against PIP to mediation

as a condition precedent to pursuing litigation. The PIP Contract did not allow plaintiff to—as it

did here—simply “decline mediation” and proceed directly with litigation. “The failure to

mediate . . . a contract that makes mediation . . . a condition precedent to filing a lawsuit has

been held to warrant dismissal.” Golden State Foods Corp., 2014 WL 2931127 at *7 (collecting

cases); see also Tattoo Art, Inc. v. Tat Int’l, LLC, 711 F. Supp. 2d 645, 651 (E.D. Va. 2010).

Therefore, because plaintiff did not submit its claim against PIP to mediation prior to filing this

suit, the Court will dismiss the claim without prejudice. See Tattoo Art, 711 F. Supp. 2d at 652.



                                                    8
IV.     SUPPLEMENTAL JURISDICTION

        When, as here, the state-law claim providing the Court with diversity jurisdiction has

been dismissed, the Court “may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction” over the

remaining state-law claims. 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3). In deciding “whether to exercise

jurisdiction,” the Court “should consider and weigh . . . the values of judicial economy,

convenience, fairness, and comity.” Carnegie-Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350 (1988).

“[I]n the usual case . . . the balance of factors . . . will point toward declining to exercise

jurisdiction over the remaining state-law claims.” Id. at 350 n.7.

        The Court concludes this is a “usual case.” Therefore, in light of the dismissal of

plaintiff’s claim against PIP, there is no reason for the Court to retain jurisdiction over plaintiff’s

separate claim against PHI that fails to independently satisfy the requirements for diversity

jurisdiction.2 The Court will therefore remand plaintiff’s breach of contract claim against PHI to

District of Columbia Superior Court.

                                           CONCLUSION

        For these foregoing reasons, the Court will grant plaintiff’s motion to dismiss [Dkt. No.

4] in part, dismiss plaintiff’s claim against Public Irish Pub without prejudice, and remand

plaintiff’s claim against Public House Investments to District of Columbia Superior Court. An

Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion will be filed on this day.


        2
           Indeed, the Court questions whether plaintiff’s two contract claims, concerning distinct
contracts, with distinct defendants, for the performance of (according to the complaint) distinct work,
even derive from a “common nucleus of operative fact,” see United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S.
715, 725 (1966), necessary for the Court to exercise supplemental jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a)
(“[T]he district courts shall have supplemental jurisdiction over all other claims that are so related to
claims in the action within such original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or controversy
under Article III of the United States Constitution.”); see also Wisey’s # 1 LLC v. Nimellis Pizzeria LLC,
952 F. Supp. 2d 184, 191 (D.D.C. 2013) (“loose factual connection” among claims is insufficient if the
“factual connection” does not pertain to the claims’ operative facts).
                                                    9
                                /s/ Ellen Segal Huvelle
                                ELLEN SEGAL HUVELLE
                                United States District Judge

Date: September 16, 2014




                           10
