                              Fourth Court of Appeals
                                     San Antonio, Texas
                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

                                        No. 04-17-00638-CV

                              SWIFT ENERGY OPERATING, LLC,
                                        Appellant

                                                  v.

  REGENCY FIELD SERVICES LLC, Regency Energy Partners LP, Regency GP LP, and
                          Regency GP LLC,
                              Appellees

                   From the 343rd Judicial District Court, McMullen County, Texas
                                 Trial Court No. M-14-0029-CV-C
                            Honorable Janna K. Whatley, Judge Presiding

Opinion by: Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
Concurring and Dissenting Opinion by: Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice

Sitting:          Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
                  Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
                  Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Delivered and Filed: April 10, 2019

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED

           Appellant Swift Energy Operating, LLC sued Appellees for damage to its leased minerals

allegedly caused by H2S/CO2 injectate spreading from Appellees’ nearby injection well. Appellees

asserted a statute of limitations affirmative defense, and both sides moved for summary judgment.

Because Appellees conclusively established their affirmative defense only to Swift’s PCQ lease

claims, we affirm the trial court’s order in part, reverse it in part, and remand this cause.
                                                                                                    04-17-00638-CV


                                                 BACKGROUND

         This case concerns damage caused by the underground spread of H2S/CO2 gas from an

injection well. The damages Swift seeks pertain to its leases near Appellees’ injection well in

McMullen County.

A.       Swift’s PCQ Lease

         In 2009, Swift and Leo O. Quintanilla entered into a lease (the PCQ lease) for minerals

underlying much of Quintanilla’s ranch. The PCQ lease covers most depths below 2,000 feet for

over 4,200 acres of the approximately 4,271-acre Quintanilla ranch. Swift’s leased depths include

some depths in the Olmos and Eagle Ford formations.

B.       Swift’s Other (Non-PCQ) Leases

         Swift has other leases in the area, some contiguous, some not, to the PCQ lease. 1 Swift’s

PCQ lease and its eight other (non-PCQ) leases are all near Appellees’ injection well.

C.       Regency’s Injection Well

         Appellees are Regency Field Services LLC, Regency Energy Partners LP, Regency GP LP,

and Regency GP LLC (collectively Regency). In 2006, Regency sought permission from the

Texas Railroad Commission (RRC) to allow Regency to operate an injection well (the Tilden

Injection Well) in McMullen County to dispose of a gaseous mixture of concentrated hydrogen

sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2). 2 Regency sought to pump the H2S/CO2 mixture, the

injectate, into the Wilcox formation.




1
  Swift’s other (non-PCQ) leases include the following: the Bracken Lease, the Chew Lease, the FB Horton Lease, the
Gonzales Lease, the Henry (Olmos) Lease, the Henry (Eagle Ford) Lease, the McClaugherty LS Lease, and the
Quintanilla Me-You Lease.
2
  At sufficient concentrations, the gaseous mixture is fatal to humans and is highly corrosive to metals commonly used
in oil and gas production. The injectate at issue is approximately 34% H2S, 64% CO2, and 2% natural gas.


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       In its permit application, Regency submitted a plume model that predicted the injectate

would spread horizontally by about 2,200 feet after forty years of injection.

       The RRC Examiner’s Report, issued in response to Regency’s permit application, states

there is “at least 250 feet of shale overlying the disposal interval and at least 100 feet of shale

below the disposal interval. These shale barriers will prevent the [vertical] migration of acid gas

from the disposal zone.” The RRC approved Regency’s plan to use H2S resistant materials, such

as stainless steel, for the injection well and the RRC issued the permit for the Tilden Injection

Well. In February 2012, the RRC approved an increased disposal rate. Regency’s revised model

predicted a horizontal spread of 2,900 feet after thirty years of injection.

D.     JCB Horton #1 Well Contamination

       In August 2012, Layline Petroleum was operating the JCB Horton #1 well. The JCB

Horton #1 well is located on the Quintanilla ranch, and is about 3,300 feet northeast of the Tilden

Injection Well. That August, Layline detected H2S in the JCB Horton #1 well; the H2S was tested

and determined to have originated from Regency’s Tilden Injection Well.

       Although the plume was not predicted to spread to the JCB Horton #1 well even after thirty

years of injection, in 2012, Layline had to plug and cap its JCB Horton #1 well because of the H2S

contamination from Regency’s injectate.

E.     Layline’s Notice to Swift of Spreading H2S Plume

       On October 23, 2012, Layline’s Aaron Brougher e-mailed Swift’s Richard Kimberlin with

this message:

       Subject: McMullen County H2S outbreak
       Hi, Richard:
       Layline Petroleum is an offset operator of yours in McMullen County. I believe
       you have some of the deep rights where we have Olmos operation on the main
       Quintanilla Ranch.



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       Regency has an H2S injection well just to our west that has exceeded their permit
       and have forced us to plug a producing well. It looks as though Swift has 2
       horizontal wells permitted in the area and the bottom hole locations seem very near
       this injection well.

Later the same day, Swift’s Bob Redweik responded to Layline’s Aaron Brougher with this

request:

       Subject: H2S BREAK OUT FROM INJECTION WELL IN McMULLEN
                COUNTY
       Can you provide me some additional details including our permitted well names
       which could be affected by this issue so that we can look into this further?

That evening, Layline’s Aaron Brougher responded to Swift’s Bob Redweik’s request and

identified the permitted wells that could be affected.

       The permitted wells are:
       PC-Q EF #5H, #8H and #10H

On October 29, 2012, Layline’s Aaron Brougher asked Swift’s Bob Redweik if Swift would like

to participate in the upcoming RRC hearing with Layline. Swift’s Bob Redweik responded with

“I will say a tentative yes at present. Please keep me in the loop.”

F.     Procedural Posture

       In July 2014, Quintanilla and others sued Regency for trespass, negligence, and other

causes. Swift intervened on September 24, 2015. Swift sued Regency for trespass, negligence,

gross negligence, and nuisance for present and future damage to seventy-four existing or planned

wells. Some of the wells are on the PCQ lease; others are on the non-PCQ leases.

       Citing the two-year statute of limitations for injuries to real property, see TEX. CIV. PRAC.

& REM. CODE ANN. § 16.003, Regency moved for summary judgment against all of Swift’s claims.

       The trial court granted summary judgment for Regency against Swift’s PCQ lease and non-

PCQ leases claims based on Regency’s affirmative defense of limitations.

       Swift appeals.


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                              LIMITATIONS PERIOD TO BRING SUIT

       The limitations period for a trespass claim is two years. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

ANN. § 16.003(a) (“[A] person must bring suit for trespass for injury to the estate or to the property

of another . . . not later than two years after the day the cause of action accrues.”); accord Taub v.

Hous. Pipeline Co., 75 S.W.3d 606, 620 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002, pet. denied) (citing First

Nat’l Bank of Eagle Pass v. Levine, 721 S.W.2d 287, 289 (Tex. 1986)).

       The limitations period for negligence, gross negligence, and nuisance claims is also two

years. Hunt Oil Co. v. Live Oak Energy, Inc., 313 S.W.3d 384, 387 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, pet.

denied) (negligence); Hall v. Stephenson, 919 S.W.2d 454, 467 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1996,

writ denied) (gross negligence); Nat. Gas Pipeline Co. of Am. v. Justiss, 397 S.W.3d 150, 153

(Tex. 2012) (nuisance).

       “A defendant moving for summary judgment on the affirmative defense of limitations has

the burden to conclusively establish that defense.” Town of Dish v. Atmos Energy Corp., 519

S.W.3d 605, 608 (Tex. 2017) (quoting KPMG Peat Marwick v. Harrison Cty. Housing Fin. Corp.,

988 S.W.2d 746, 748 (Tex. 1999)). To establish that defense, if the discovery rule has not been

pled or raised, “the defendant must . . . conclusively prove when the cause of action accrued.”

KPMG, 988 S.W.2d at 748.

       “Causes of action accrue and statutes of limitations begin to run when facts come into

existence that authorize a claimant to seek a judicial remedy.” Exxon Corp. v. Emerald Oil & Gas

Co., L.C., 348 S.W.3d 194, 202 (Tex. 2011) (op. on reh’g) (citing Provident Life & Acc. Ins. Co.

v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 221 (Tex. 2003)); accord Town of Dish, 519 S.W.3d at 609 (“[A]

trespass claim accrues once ‘known injury begins.’”). “Generally, when a cause of action accrues

is a question of law.” Knott, 128 S.W.3d at 221; accord Emerald Oil, 348 S.W.3d at 202.




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       “[T]he commencement of [a] limitations period may be determined as a matter of law if

reasonable minds could not differ about the conclusion to be drawn from the facts in the record.”

Childs v. Haussecker, 974 S.W.2d 31, 44 (Tex. 1998); accord Cmty. Health Sys. Prof’l Servs.

Corp. v. Hansen, 525 S.W.3d 671, 681 (Tex. 2017) (quoting Childs, 974 S.W.2d at 44).

                                      STANDARD OF REVIEW

       “We review the trial court’s summary judgment de novo.”              ConocoPhillips Co. v.

Koopmann, 547 S.W.3d 858, 865 (Tex. 2018) (citing Knott, 128 S.W.3d at 215). In our review,

“we take as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant, and we indulge every reasonable

inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor.” Id. (citing Knott, 128 S.W.3d at 215).

We determine whether the movant has proved that there are no genuine issues of material fact and

that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Lightning Oil Co. v.

Anadarko E&P Onshore, LLC, 520 S.W.3d 39, 45 (Tex. 2017).

                                            DISCUSSION

       To be entitled to summary judgment on all of Swift’s claims against it, Regency’s burden

was to conclusively establish its affirmative defense of limitations against each claim. See Town

of Dish, 519 S.W.3d at 608; KPMG, 988 S.W.2d at 748.

       Swift intervened on September 24, 2015, and the two-year limitations period applies to

Swift’s claims. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 16.003(a); Justiss, 397 S.W.3d at 153

(nuisance); Hunt Oil, 313 S.W.3d at 387 (negligence); Taub, 75 S.W.3d at 620 (trespass); Hall,

919 S.W.2d at 467 (gross negligence). Swift did not plead or raise the discovery rule, so Regency’s

burden was to conclusively establish that Swift’s claims to the PCQ lease and the other leases

accrued before September 24, 2013. See Schlumberger Tech. Corp. v. Pasko, 544 S.W.3d 830,

833–34 (Tex. 2018) (citing KPMG, 988 S.W.2d at 748).

       We first address the arguments and claims pertaining to the PCQ lease.


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A.      PCQ Lease

        1.      PCQ Lease Arguments

        Swift argues that Regency failed to conclusively establish when Swift’s PCQ lease claims

accrued. Swift reasons that “no cause of action accrued merely because of the uninvited intrusion

of injectate into the subsurface space covered by Swift’s PCQ lease.” Citing Lightning Oil, Swift

asserts that no cause of action accrues until the “uninvited molecules” actually infringe on its

mineral rights in its PCQ lease. See Lightning Oil, 520 S.W.3d at 49 (“[A]n unauthorized

interference with the place where the minerals are located constitutes a trespass as to the mineral

estate only if the interference infringes on the mineral lessee’s ability to exercise its rights.”).

        Regency contends that the undisputed evidence conclusively proves that Swift’s PCQ lease

claims accrued more than two years before Swift sued. Citing Town of Dish, Regency argues

Swift’s PCQ lease claims accrued when the injectate entered the PCQ lease. See Town of Dish,

519 S.W.3d at 609 (“[A] trespass claim accrues once ‘known injury begins.’”). And Regency

contends that the injectate crossed onto the PCQ lease before October 2012. Regency notes the

JCB Horton #1 well is wholly surrounded by the PCQ lease, and thus when Swift learned on

October 23, 2012, that the JCB Horton #1 well had been contaminated by Regency’s H2S plume,

Swift knew that Regency’s injectate had spread onto its PCQ lease.

        2.      PCQ Lease Claims

        In Layline’s October 2012 injectate breakout warnings to Swift, Layline advised Swift of

the H2S/CO2 contamination at Layline’s JCB Horton #1 well, which was surrounded by Swift’s

PCQ lease. In response to Swift’s inquiry, Layline identified three of Swift’s permitted wells that

could be affected by the injectate plume: the PCQ EF 5H, 8H, and 10H wells.

        The relative location of the wells is important, and a cause of action accrual date analysis

requires an examination of the geological facts in three dimensions.


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                 a.       Horizontal Plane

        In the horizontal plane, the location of Swift’s wells with respect to the JCB Horton #1

well and the Tilden Injection Well is significant.                   Regency’s Tilden Injection Well is

approximately one-half mile north, northwest of the southwest corner of the PCQ lease. The PCQ

EF 5H and 8H wells are near the southeast corner of the PCQ lease; the PCQ EF 10H well is near

the northeast corner of the PCQ lease.

                 b.       Vertical Plane

        In the vertical plane, the depths of the injection well formation, the JCB Horton #1 well,

and Swift’s leased depths are also significant.

        The summary judgment evidence shows the depths of the three formations that affect the

analysis: the Wilcox, the Olmos, and the Eagle Ford. 3 Of the three, the Wilcox disposal zone is

the highest—the closest to the earth’s surface; it is the formation into which Regency is injecting

the H2S/CO2 mixture. Below the Wilcox is the Olmos, from which the JCB Horton #1 well was

producing. And beneath the Olmos is the Eagle Ford, in which Swift has leased minerals.

        Taking Swift’s summary judgment evidence as true, see Koopmann, 547 S.W.3d at 865,

we note that to reach its PCQ leased depths in the Eagle Ford, Swift must drill through the Wilcox

and the Olmos, and drilling through an H2S/CO2 contaminated formation and protecting its

existing wells from the H2S/CO2 injectate will impose additional costs and burdens on Swift.

        3.       Notice of Injury to PCQ Lease

        Layline’s October 23, 2012 warning of H2S/CO2 injectate contamination of its JCB Horton

#1 well was notice to Swift of Regency’s injury-causing conduct—that the injectate plume had




3
  There are other formations that lie above, between, and beneath the Wilcox, Olmos, and Eagle Ford formations, but
there is no need to recite them here.


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crossed the PCQ lease’s western border and into Swift’s PCQ lease. See Town of Dish, 519 S.W.3d

at 609 (“[A] trespass claim accrues once ‘known injury begins.’”).

        Because the injectate plume overlaid Swift’s leased depths and would require Swift to drill

any new wells through the contamination, and the injectate had reached Swift’s existing well bores

and would corrode them, the plume had affected Swift’s rights in its PCQ lease. See Lightning

Oil, 520 S.W.3d at 49 (“[A]n unauthorized interference with the place where the minerals are

located constitutes a trespass as to the mineral estate [when] the interference infringes on the

mineral lessee’s ability to exercise its rights.”); Exxon Corp. v. Emerald Oil & Gas Co., L.C., 348

S.W.3d 194, 207 (Tex. 2011) (“[T]he statute of limitations begins to run when a party has actual

knowledge of a wrongful injury.”); Tenn. Gas Transmission Co. v. Fromme, 269 S.W.2d 336, 338

(Tex. 1954) (noting the “[plaintiff’s] cause of action accrued at the time [the defendant] began

wrongfully discharging the water on the land (emphasis added)).

        Layline’s October 23, 2012 warning that the PCQ EF 5H, 8H, and 10H wells were likely

affected was notice to Swift that the plume had spread to the PCQ lease’s southeast and northeast

corners—meaning the H2S/CO2 injectate was present in one or more formations that overlie

Swift’s PCQ leased depths and through which Swift’s existing PCQ well bores had to penetrate.

        Layline’s October 23, 2012 e-mails, which the record conclusively establishes that Swift

received more than two years before Swift sued, were notice to Swift that its PCQ lease rights had

been infringed. See Lightning Oil, 520 S.W.3d at 49 (noting a trespass to a mineral estate occurs

“if the interference infringes on the mineral lessee’s ability to exercise its rights”).

        4.      Swift’s PCQ Lease Claims Barred

        The summary judgment evidence establishing the commencement of limitations for the

PCQ lease claims is clear, and reasonable minds cannot differ on when the causes of action

accrued. See Hansen, 525 S.W.3d at 681; Childs, 974 S.W.2d at 44. The summary judgment


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evidence conclusively establishes that Swift’s causes of action for damage to its leased mineral

interests in the PCQ lease accrued more than two years before Swift sued Regency on September

24, 2015. See Lightning Oil, 520 S.W.3d at 49; Town of Dish, 519 S.W.3d at 609. Thus, Regency

conclusively established its affirmative defense of limitations against Swift’s claims for injuries to

its PCQ lease. See KPMG, 988 S.W.2d at 748.

       We turn now to the arguments and claims pertaining to the other (non-PCQ) leases.

B.     Non-PCQ Leases

       1.      Non-PCQ Leases Arguments

       Swift argues it was Regency’s burden to conclusively establish when Swift’s causes of

action accrued for its non-PCQ leases. Swift contends Regency produced no evidence of when

Swift’s causes of action for the non-PCQ leases accrued, and Regency was not entitled to summary

judgment on those claims.

       Rather than producing summary judgment evidence to conclusively establish when Swift’s

claims to its non-PCQ leases accrued, Regency proposes an entirely different analysis that relies

on Emerald Oil. See Emerald Oil, 348 S.W.3d at 202–03, 207–08. Regency argues that under

Emerald Oil, because (1) Swift sued Regency for damage to Swift’s non-PCQ leases, (2) Swift’s

PCQ lease claims accrued more than two years before it sued, and (3) Regency moved for

judgment against all of Swift’s claims, Regency was entitled to judgment against all of Swift’s

claims. See id.

       As we explain below, Regency’s attempt to apply Emerald Oil’s field-wide notice for past

damage proposition to Swift’s non-PCQ lease claims for spreading contamination is misguided.

       2.      Non-PCQ Lease Claims

       Regency’s reasoning relies on Emerald Oil, but Emerald Oil is distinguishable. See id.




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               a.       Misuse of Emerald Oil

       To begin, Emerald Oil concerned whether Exxon sabotaged one or more of thirty-four

wells owned by the same royalty owners with the same royalty provisions in the same field that

Exxon (then Humble Oil) plugged during the same period; it was not a spreading contamination

case. See id. at 200. When Emerald sued Exxon, any damage Exxon had done to the wells had

already happened; there was no ongoing risk of spreading contamination or any possibility that

Exxon’s well-plugging acts would adversely affect other wells Exxon had not plugged. See id.

       In marked contrast, Swift’s claims for non-PCQ leases are based on spreading

contamination from an injection well’s plume where the injection is ongoing and the injectate

plume continues to spread both horizontally and vertically in directions and at rates that have

defied experts’ earlier predictions. Emerald Oil’s proposition that notice of damage to eight wells

in a thirty-four well group was notice of possible injury to each of the remaining twenty-six wells—

where all the injurious actions and all the damage had already occurred, and where there was no

ongoing damage and no risk of spreading to other wells or leases—does not support Regency’s

argument and is not the proper test. Contra id. at 202–03, 207–08.

               b.       Proper Test

       The proper test for an affirmative defense of limitations is well known and applies here.

See Town of Dish, 519 S.W.3d at 608 (quoting KPMG, 988 S.W.2d at 748). To be entitled to

judgment as a matter of law on its affirmative defense of limitations against Swift’s claims arising

from the non-PCQ leases, Regency’s burden was to conclusively establish that each of Swift’s

causes of action (i.e., trespass, negligence, gross negligence, and nuisance) accrued more than two

years before Swift sued Regency. See id.; ExxonMobil Corp. v. Lazy R Ranch, LP, 511 S.W.3d

538, 542 (Tex. 2017).




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                c.     When Causes of Action Accrue

        For each of Swift’s causes of action, the accrual date depends on when the injury occurred.

See Town of Dish, 519 S.W.3d at 608.

        For trespass, Swift’s cause of action for a particular lease accrues when there is “an

unauthorized interference with one of the rights [Swift] holds,” such as the right to develop. See

Lightning Oil, 520 S.W.3d at 49 (distinguishing trespass to land and trespass to a mineral right).

As Lighting Oil’s trespass analysis teaches, “an unauthorized interference with the place where

the minerals are located constitutes a trespass as to the mineral estate only if the interference

infringes on the mineral lessee’s ability to exercise its rights.” Id.

        For negligence and gross negligence, Swift’s causes of action for a particular lease accrue

when the injectate breaches the boundary of that lease and interferes with Swift’s rights in that

lease. See Fromme, 269 S.W.2d at 338 (noting in a negligence case, the property owner’s “legal

rights were invaded the moment water from the [defendant]’s plant began to flow upon [the

plaintiff’s] land”).

        For a permanent nuisance, Swift’s “claim accrues when the condition first ‘substantially

interferes with the use and enjoyment of [its property] by causing unreasonable discomfort or

annoyance to persons of ordinary sensibilities.” See Town of Dish, 519 S.W.3d at 609.

                d.     Regency Failed to Meet Its Burden

        For its affirmative defense of limitations against Swift’s non-PCQ leases claims, Regency’s

burden was to conclusively establish when its injectate infringed on, or substantially interfered

with, Swift’s rights in each lease. See Lightning Oil, 520 S.W.3d at 49 (trespass); Town of Dish,

519 S.W.3d at 609 (nuisance); Fromme, 269 S.W.2d at 338 (negligence, gross negligence).

Because it did not produce or identify summary judgment evidence to conclusively establish the

dates that each of Swift’s claims to each of its non-PCQ leases accrued, Regency failed to carry


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                                                                                       04-17-00638-CV


its burden to conclusively establish its affirmative defense of limitations against Swift’s claims for

its non-PCQ leases. See Town of Dish, 519 S.W.3d at 608; Lazy R Ranch, LP, 511 S.W.3d at 542.

       Regency did not move for summary judgment on any other grounds, and the trial court

could not have granted summary judgment for Regency against Swift’s non-PCQ claims on any

other basis. See State Farm Lloyds v. Page, 315 S.W.3d 525, 532 (Tex. 2010); Johnson v. Brewer

& Pritchard, P.C., 73 S.W.3d 193, 204 (Tex. 2002).

                                           CONCLUSION

       The summary judgment evidence conclusively establishes that Swift knew more than two

years before it sued Regency that its (Swift’s) PCQ lease rights had been infringed on by Regency’s

spreading injectate. Therefore, we affirm the portion of the trial court’s order that grants summary

judgment for Regency against Swift’s PCQ lease claims.

       But Regency failed to conclusively establish that each of Swift’s claims regarding its non-

PCQ leases accrued more than two years before Swift sued Regency. Therefore, we reverse the

portion of the trial court’s order that grants summary judgment for Regency against Swift’s claims

for its non-PCQ leases and remand the cause to the trial court.

                                                   Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice




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