                                                           SUSANL:\ARUfcSN
                                                         SUPREME COURT CLERK



           IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON



CERTIFICATION FROM THE                )
UNITED STATES DISTRICT                )
COURT FOR THE EASTERN                 )
DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON                )
              IN                      )                 No. 92483-0
                                      )
TRAVELERS CASUALTY &                  )                     EnBanc
SURETY CO.,                           )
As Assignee and Subrogee              )        Filed
                                                       "nv
                                                       i~t) .   o" n.,
                                                                   .!) ll
                                                                  .J

of Skils'Kin,                         )
                                      )
                   Plaintiff,         )
      v.                              )
                                      )
WASHINGTON TRUST BANK,                )
                                      )
                   Defendant.         )
                                      )


      GONZALEZ, J.-An employee of a nonprofit serving disabled adult client~

used her position to embezzle more than half a million dollars held by the

nonprofit for its clients. She did this by drawing checks from the nonprofit's

account payable to its clients, signing the back of those checks with her own

signature, and cashing them at the nonprofit's local bank. After the embezzlement

was discovered, Travelers Casualty & Surety Company, the nonprofit's insurance
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


company, made the nonprofit whole. Travelers now seeks contribution from the

bank in federal court. By submitting certified questions, that court has asked us to

decide, among other things, whether a nonpayee's signature on the back of a check

is an indorsement. We are also asked whether claims based on unauthorized

indorsements that are not discovered and reported to a bank within one year of

being made available to the customer are time barred. We answer yes to both

questions.

                            FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       Travelers insured Skils'Kin, a nonprofit agency providing services to

disabled adult clients in Spokane. Skils'Kin was the representative payee for many

of its clients' Social Security benefits, which were deposited into a single business

checking account at Washington Trust Bank (Bank). Skils'Kin wrote checks as

representative payee and agent for its clients' use. Checks were written either to

the clients directly or to those who provided services to the clients. Clients and

Skils'Kin entered into a '"Financial Service Agreement"' in which clients

"'authorize SKILS KIN staff to act as agent/payee on [their] behalf."' Doc. No.

191-1, at 2. Skils'Kin managed the monthly income and living expenses for about

1,000 clients. Shannon Patterson was a Skils'Kin employee who oversaw

Skils'Kin's bank account and was a signatory on the account. Skils'Kin adopted




                                             2
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


and delivered a corporate resolution to the Banlc, authorizing Patterson to open

deposit and checking accounts and to indorse checks. 1

       From 2008 to 2013, Patterson embezzled hundreds of thousands of dollars

from Skils'Kin by drawing over 300 checks from Skils'Kin's account payable to

its disabled clients or to third party service providers, signing the back of each

check with her own name, cashing the checks at the Banlc, and keeping the money.

Patterson was not the named payee on any of the checks at issue, and no named

payee indorsed the checks to Patterson. Patterson's bad acts were not discovered

until she admitted them in a suicide note.

       The Bank sent Skils'Kin monthly banlc statements during Patterson's

embezzlements. These statements included copies of the fronts of the checks that

had been cashed at the Banlc. The statements did not include copies of the backs of

the checks, which would have readily revealed Patterson's signature. Each



'See Doc. No. 90-3. In relevant part, Skils'Kin's 2009 corporate resolution states:
      (4) Any of the persons named below, so long as they act in a representative capacity as
      agents of this corporation, are authorized to make any and all other contracts, agreements,
      stipulations and orders which they may deem advisable for the effective exercise of the
      powers indicated below, from time to time with this Financial Institution, concerning
      funds deposited in this Financial Institution, moneys borrowed from this Financial
      Institution or any other business transacted by and between this corporation and this
      Financial Institution subject to any restrictions stated below.
!d.
The resolution also gave each of the named individuals the power to:
       (2) Open any deposit or checking account(s) in the name of this corporation .
       . . . (3) Endorse checks and orders for the payment of money and withdraw funds on
       deposit with this Financial Institution.
!d.

                                                3
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


statement contained contact information for the bank and listed cleared checks by

check number, date, and dollar amount. Skils'Kin's bookkeeper used these

statements to reconcile the accounts. Beginning in 2011, Skits 'Kin could access its

checking account online at any time to view both the front and backs of checks that

cleared its account. The online process required clicking an account to view,

clicking a link for the front of the check, clicking a link for the back of the check,

closing the check, and repeating as necessary.

       After Patterson's confession, Travelers covered Skils'Kin's losses and sued

the Ban1( for contribution. Travelers alleges that the Bank breached its duty of care

as a matter of law by cashing checks to Patterson-who was not the named

payee-and that the checks at issue are not "properly payable" under RCW 62A.4-

40l(a). 2 Thus, it reasons, the time bar under RCW 62A.4-406(t) 3 does not apply.




2
     A banlc may charge against the account of a customer an item that is properly payable
     from that account even though the charge creates an overdraft. An item is properly
     payable if it is authorized by the customer and is in accordance with any agreement
     between the customer and banlc.
RCW 62A.4-401(a).
3
     Without regard to care or lack of care of either the customer or the banlc, a natural person
     whose account is primarily for personal, family, or household purposes who does not
     within one year, and any other customer who does not within sixty days, from the time
     the statement and items are made available to the customer (subsection (a)) discover and
     report the customer's unauthorized signature or any alteration on the face or back of the
     item or does not within one year from that time discover and report any unauthorized
     indorsement is precluded from asserting against the banlc such unauthorized signature or
     indorsement or such alteration. If there is a preclusion under this subsection, the payor
     banlc may not recover for breach of warranty under RCW 62A.4-208 with respect to the
     unauthorized signature or alteration to which the preclusion applies.
RCW 62A.4-406(f).
                                                4
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


Washington Trust Bank argues that an oral agreement between the Bank and

Patterson allowed tellers to cash the checks signed on the back by Patterson. The

parties dispute whether an oral agreement existed. The Banl( also contends the

"Terms and Conditions" contract for Skils'Kin's pooled account at Washington

Trust Bank gave Patterson authority to indorse checks on behalf of the named

payees. 4 Additionally, the Bank argues that Skils'Kin's corporate resolution

allowed Patterson to make an agreement with the Bank and that Skils'Kin clients

were unable to personally sign the checks at the banl( because they were

homebound, disruptive, and/or lacked proper identification. As an affirmative

defense, the Banl( contends RCW 62A.4-406(f) precludes Travelers's claims as

time barred, while Travelers denies that Patterson's signature qualifies under RCW

62A.4-406(f) and argues the statute does not apply.

       Both the banl( and the insurance company filed for summary judgment.

Neither prevailed. Sometime afterward, the district court found that the case

raised unresolved questions of Washington state law and certified three questions

to us, as follows:



4
 The "Terms and Conditions" state, in part:
      Unless clearly indicated otherwise on the account records, any of you, acting alone, who
      signs in the space designated for signatures on the signature card may withdraw or
      transfer all of any part of the account balance at any time. Each of you (until we receive
      written notice to the contrary) authorizes each other person signing the signature card to
      indorse any item payable to you or your order for deposit to this account or any other
      transaction with us.
Doc. No. 90-1, at24, 29, 31.
                                                5
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


                                 CERTIFIED QUESTIONS


         1. When a check (i) is presented for payment, (ii) bears no signature in the
            name of the payee on the back, and (iii) the drawee/payor ban1c pays the
            check over the counter, in cash, to an individual who is not the payee but
            who is an authorized signer on the account and who signs the back of the
            check in her own name, is the signature on the back of the check an
            "unauthorized signature," "alteration," or "unauthorized indorsement" as
            a matter oflaw imposing on the customer the notice requirement ofRCW
            62A.4-406( t)?
         2. If the Answer to Question #1 is "Yes," does providing a ban1c customer
            with a listing of the front of the checks and electronic access to images of
            the front and back of the checks via on-line banking make the "statement
            of account" and "items" reasonably available as required by 4-406(a)?
         3. Does a bank fail to exercise ordinary care as a matter oflaw if it pays a
            check to a person other than the payee when the check contains no
            indorsement in the name of the payee?

Order Certifying Local Law Questions to the Wash. Supreme Ct., Travelers Cas.

& Sur. Co. v. Wash. Tr. Bank, No. CV-13-0409-JLQ, at 9-10 (E.D. Wash. Nov. 10,

2015).

                                  STANDARD OF REVIEW

         Certified questions present questions of law, and this court reviews them de

novo. Parents Involved in Cmty. Schs. v. Seattle Sch. Dist. No. I, 149 Wn.2d 660,

670, 72 P.3d 151 (2003) (citing Rivett v. City of Tacoma, 123 Wn.2d 573, 578, 870

P.2d 299 (1994)). We consider the legal issues not in the abstract but based on the

certified record provided by the federal court. Bradburn v. N. Cent. Reg'l Library

Dist., 168 Wn.2d 789, 799, 231 P.3d 166 (2010) (citing RCW 2.60.030(2)).



                                              6
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


       We review questions of statutory interpretation de novo. State v. Wentz, 149

Wn.2d 342, 346, 68 P.3d 282 (2003) (citing City ofPasco v. Pub. Emp 't Relations

Comm 'n, 119 Wn.2d 504, 507, 833 P .2d 381 (1992)). On matters of statutory

interpretation, our "fundamental objective is to ascertain and carry out the

Legislature's intent." Dep'tofEcologyv. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1,

9, 43 P.3d 4 (2002). "[I]fthe statute's meaning is plain on its face, then the court

must give effect to that plain meaning as an expression oflegislative intent." !d. at

9-10. A statute's "meaning is discerned from all that the Legislature has said in the

statute and related statutes which disclose legislative intent about the provision in

question." !d. at 11.

                                        ANALYSIS

       We decline to answer the first certified question as written because part of

the original question asks us to make factual determinations regarding Patterson's

authority to cash the checks. Instead, we exercise our inherent authority to

reformulate question 1 into two questions of law. See Danny v. Laidlaw Transit

Servs, Inc., 165 Wn.2d 200,205 n.l, 193 P.3d 128 (2008) (plurality opinion)

(citing Broad v. Mannes mann Anlagenbau A G, 196 F .3d 1075, 1076 (9th Cir.

1999)). First, is the signature of someone other than the named payee an




                                             7
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


indorsement if that signature is located on the back of a check5 that is presented for

payment, lacks the payee's signature on the back, and is cashed by a bank?

Second, are Travelers's claims time barred under RCW 62A.4-406(f)? We answer

both in the affirmative. We conclude that Patterson's signature is an indorsement

as a matter of law. RCW 62A.3-204(a). But whether Patterson's signature is

"unauthorized" for purposes of the latter half of the first question will depend on

whether Patterson had the authority to cash checks as an agent for Skils'Kin's

customers. We recognize that whether Patterson had that authority is disputed and

decline to reach that issue.

       Certified question 2 essentially asks us to decide whether the time bar

provision ofRCW 62A.4-406(f) has been triggered. To enjoy the benefit ofRCW

62A.4-406(f)'s time bar on claims, a bank must make a statement of account

available to its customer that meets certain statutory requirements. We find as a

matter of law that the Bank's statement of account met those requirements and

answer this question in the affirmative.

       Finally, in this case, we answer certified question 3 in the negative.

Generally, a bank fails to exercise ordinary care as a matter of law if it cashes a

check for a person other than the payee when the check contains no payee's




5
 A check is one type of negotiable instrument. A "check" is a draft, or order, that is payable on
demand and drawn on a bank. RCW 62A.3-104(f).
                                                8
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


indorsement. However, whether in fact the bank exercised ordinary care will tum

on unresolved factual issues regarding Patterson's authority to indorse checks on

behalf of the named payees, and her agreement, if any, with the bank. 6

       Question l(A). Is the signature of an authorized signer who is not the named
       QID:'§e an indorsement if that signature is located on the back of a check that
       is presented for payment, bears no signature in the name of the payee on the
       back, and is cashed by a bank?

       We answer the reformulated question in the affirmative. Patterson's

signatures constitute indorsements under Washington law.

       Patterson's signature is an indorsement

       Washington law defines "indorsement" in RCW 62A.3-204(a). The parties

in this case urge us to apply different portions of subsection (a)'s definition.

Travelers focuses on the first half of subsection (a), arguing a signature must

negotiate, restrict payment, or incur indorser's liability to be an indorsement.

Travelers contends that Patterson's signatures do not meet any of the three

alternatives in subsection (a) and are instead receipts that document '"proof of who

cashed the check[s]."' Pl. Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co. of Am.'s Opening Br. at 33

(Travelers Br.). Travelers argues this proves unambiguously that Patterson's

signatures were not indorsements. The Bank emphasizes the last half of subsection




6
 We do not opine on whether, given our resolution of the certified questions, those factual issues
will need to be resolved.
                                                9
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


(a). The Bank argues that state law presumes a signature on the back of a check is

an indorsement.

       RCW 62A.3-204(a) states:
       "Indorsement" means a signature, other than that of a signer as maker, drawer,
       or acceptor,Pl that alone or accompanied by other words is made on an
       instmment for the purpose of (i) negotiating the instrument, (ii) restricting
       payment of the instrument, or (iii) incurring indorser's liability on the
       instrument, but regardless of the intent of the signer, a signature and its
       accompanying words is an indorsement unless the accompanying words,
       terms of the instrument, place of the signature, or other circumstances
       unambiguously indicate that the signature was made for a purpose other than
       indorsement.

       Chapter 62A.3 RCW was modeled on the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)

and official comment to the parallel UCC provision, article 3 's "Negotiable

Instruments." "Courts in Washington have relied on the Official Comments to

U.C.C." Bank ofAm. NT & SA v. David W Hubert, PC, 153 Wn.2d 102, 113 n.9,

101 P.3d 409 (2004) (citing Jones v. Allstate Ins. Co., 146 Wn.2d 291, 313, 45

P.3d 1068 (2002)). The comment elaborates that in some cases, an indorsement

may serve more than one purpose. The "intent of the signer" may be determined

by words accompanying the signature, the place of the signature, or other

circumstances. See RCWA 62A.3-204(a) U.C.C. cmt. 1, at 69. As an example, the

comment states that if a signature is not qualified and appears in the place normally




7
  RCW 62A.3-1 03 defines "acceptor" as a drawee who has accepted a draft. It does not include
the indorsers in this case because the drawee here is the Bank itself.
                                              10
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


used for indorsements, it may be an indorsement even though the signer intended

the signature to be a receipt. Id. "The general rule is that a signature is an

indorsement if the instnunent does not indicate an unambiguous intent of the

signer not to sign as an indorser." Id. Put another way, "[a] signature on the back

of an instrument is an indorsement unless it says that it is not. If the instrument

does not indicate any clear intent on the part of the signer to sign as anything other

than an indorser, the signature is an indorsement." Chi. Title Ins. Co. v. Allfirst

Bank, 394 Md. 270, 284, 905 A.2d 366 (2006).

       Washington's definition of"indorsement" is technical and somewhat

counterintuitive-indeed, a Maryland court has described its own identical version

of the stahlte and official comment as "somewhat unnecessarily obtuse." See id.

Webster's Dictionary's definition reflects the common understanding of the term.

Webster's defines "indorsement" as (1) the process of"sign[ing] one's name as

payee on the back of (a check) in order to obtain the cash or credit represented on

the face" or (2) "inscrib[ing] (one's signature) on a check, bill, or note."

WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 1154, 749 (1993) (noting

"indorse" as a variant spelling of "endorse" and defining the terms "endorsement"

and "endorse"). Carefully read in context, the meaning of"indorsement" under

Washington statutes is plain and controls in this case. If a statute's meaning is

plain on its face, we "must give effect to that plain meaning as an expression of


                                             11
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


legislative intent." Campbell & Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 9-10. RCW 62A.3-204(a)

does not expressly require the "named payee" to sign or indorse the instrument.

Instead, the statute essentially provides four alternatives under which a signature

may qualify as an indorsement. Under the fourth alternative, any signature

operates as an indorsement unless it is unambiguously something else.

Additionally, while the UCC does not define "indorsement," secondary sources

suggest any person's signature could act as an indorsement, not just the payee or

holder. 8 For example, Black's Law Dictionary defines "indorsement" as (1) "[t]he

placing of a signature, sometimes with an additional notation, on the back of a

negotiable instrument to transfer or guarantee the instrument or to acknowledge

payment" or (2) "[t]he signature or notation itself." BLACK's LAW DICTIONARY 893

(lOth ed. 2014). Definition (2) supports the conclusion that a signature or notation

itself is an indorsement.

       We conclude Patterson's signatures are indorsements as a matter of law.

Under a plain reading ofRCW 62A.3-204(a) and its UCC official comment, a

signature qualifies as an "indorsement" if it meets one of four alternatives: (1) it

was made to negotiate the instrument, (2) it was made to restrict payment, (3) it

was made to incur signer's liability, or (4) it was a signature and not



8"Indorsement" is generally understood to mean writing one's signature on the back of the
commercial paper. See 5A RONALD A. ANDERSON & LARY LAWRENCE, ANDERSON ON THE
UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE §§ 3-202 to 3-202.33 (3d ed. 1994).
                                              12
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


unambiguously something other than an indorsement. Patterson's signatures

arguably fit the first alternative and plainly fit the fourth-she signed the top area

on the back of checks at issue where an indorsement would normally appear, she

presented the checks for payment, and she did nothing that would indicate

unambiguously that her signature was anything but an indorsement.

       The UCC exhibits a strong presumption in favor of the legitimacy of

indorsements, which protect the transfer of negotiable instruments by giving force

to the information presented on the face of the instrument. See In re Foreclosure

of Deed ofTr. Executed by Bass, 366 N.C. 464,468, 738 S.E.2d 173 (2013) (citing

LAWRENCE'S ANDERSON ON THE UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE § 3-204 (3d ed.

2003)). Treating Patterson's signatures as indorsements aligns with this

presumption. Likewise, committing to the jury the factual question of Patterson's

authority to indorse checks promotes uniformity of commercial law, as a multitude

of jurisdictions follow this procedural trajectory. See JAMES J. WHITE, ROBERTS.

SUMMERS & ROBERT A. HILLMAN, UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE § 19:4 n.8 (6th

ed. 2013) (listing cases that have found and not found authorization). 9



'Authorization was f01md in In re McMullen Oil Co., 251 B.R. 558 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 2000)
(depository bank was not liable for a missing indorsement where the depositor was an authorized
agent of the payee).
       Authorization was not found in Seattle-First National Bank v. Pacific National Bank of
Washington, 22 Wn. App. 46, 55, 587 P.2d 617 (1978) (finding no agency relationship existed
between depository bank and indorser); Gallery Garage Mgmt. Corp. v. Chemical Bank, 226
A.D.2d 305, 642 N.Y.S.2d 217 (1996) (bank liable for checks where no actual, apparent, or
implied agency authority existed and it was commercially unreasonable to accept them); Gen.
                                              13
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


       Travelers argues that Patterson's signatures were receipts of"'who cashed

the check[s],"' not indorsements. Travelers's Br. at 33. Accepting this argument

would require us to give RCW 62A.3-204 a strained reading. It would also require

us to put aside the comment that explains that if an indorsed signature "is not

qualified in any way and appears in the place normally used for indorsements, it

may be an indorsement even though the signer intended the signature to be a

receipt." RCWA 62A.3-204 U.C.C. cmt. 1, at 69. Patterson signed in the upper

area of the checks in the place normally used for indorsements. See, e.g., SA

RONALD A. ANDERSON & LARY LAWRENCE, ANDERSON ON THE UNIFORM

COMMERCIAL CODE§ 3-202:47 (3d ed. 1994) ("[o]rdinarily and following the

literal meaning of the term, an indorsement is written on the back of the

instrument"). Even if Patterson intended her signature to be a receipt, it is still an

indorsement for statutory purposes. 10

       We conclude that the signature of an authorized signer who is not the named

payee is an indorsement if that signature is located on the back of a check that is



Am. Life Ins. Co. v. AmSouth Bank, 100 F.3d 893 (11th Cir. 1996) (bank liable to payee of check
for conversion when it allowed an authorized indorser to deposit the check into his own account;
agent did not have that apparent authority); Kenerson v. F.D.I.C., 44 F.3d 19 (1st Cir. 1995)
(agent was authorized to receive checks but not to indorse them).
10
   Anderson on the Uniform Commercial Code further explains that an indorsement need not be
on any particular part of the instmment provided the intention to indorse can be determined or
provided the signing is not clearly in some other capacity. See 6 RONALD A. ANDERSON & LARY
LAWRENCE, ANDERSON ON THE UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE § 3-202:47 (3d ed. 1998) (citing
U.C.C. § 3-402, which was adopted by Washington in RCW 62A.3-204 and elaborates on fonner
section 3-402).
                                              14
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


presented for payment, bears no signature in the name of the payee on the back,

and is cashed by a bank and answer the first part of the reformulated certified

question 1 in the affirmative .

       .Whether Patterson's signature is "unauthorized" is a question for the trier of
       fact

       Because we have determined that Patterson's signatures are indorsements as

a matter of law, we may, but need not, address this issue. However, because the

federal district court has certified this question to us, we will address it briefly.

       An unauthorized signature is a "signature made without actual, implied, or

apparent authority." RCW 62A.l-201(b)(41). This applies to "indorsements."

RCWA 62A.1-201 U.C.C. cmt. 43, at 43. UCC comments attached to chapter

62A.3 RCWA explain that the former version of the statute was unclear as to

whether an '"unauthorized signature"' in articles 3 and 4 applied to indorsements.

Id. Thus, lawmakers deleted the words "or indorsement" so that references to

"unauthorized signature" in RCWA 62A.3-406 and in articles 3 and 4 as a whole

"unambiguously refer to any signature." I d.

       The legislature has directed us to construe the UCC in light of agency law,

and learned treatises direct us to resolve questions of authorization under the UCC

through agency law principles. RCW 62A.1-1 03(b ); 5A ANDERSON & LAWRENCE,

supra,§ 3-202:35 (citing U.C.C. § 1-103). Under agency principles, an

indorsement may be made by an agent; it is not necessary that an indorsement be
                                             15
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


made by the holder personally because it could be written on behalf of the holder.

See RCW 62A.3-402 (signature by representative); see also SA ANDERSON &

LAWRENCE, supra,§ 3-202:35 (citing Pazol v. Citizens Nat'! Bank of Sandy

Springs, 110 Ga. App. 319,321, 138 S.E.2d 442 (1964)). "Courts have handled

authorization determinations on a case by case basis and looked to agency law to

determine whether there was actual or apparent authorization." WHITE ET AL.,

supra, at 332-33 (6th ed. 2013); see also Summerlin v. Nat'! Serv. Indus., Inc., 72

N.C. App. 476, 478-80, 325 S.E.3d 12 (1985) (existence of authority to sign on

behalf of another is a question of fact when reasonable inferences from evidence

conflict). Whether an agency relationship exists is generally a question of fact.

Unruh v. Cacchiotti, 172 Wn.2d 98, 114, 257 P.3d 631 (2011) (citing 0 'Brien v.

Hafer, 122 Wn. App. 279, 281, 93 P.3d 930 (2004)); see Hudson v. Pac. Truck &

Tractor Co., 151 Wash. 46, 50, 274 P. 789 (1929) (contention that money

payments were made without authority is a question of fact). The record is unclear

on whether Skils'Kin had the authority to authorize Patterson to act as an agent for

its clients and if so, whether it did authorize her to so act, or whether those clients

had given her that authority. We decline to reach this portion of the certified

question.

       Q_uestion 1(B). Are claims based on unauthorized indorsements that are not
       discovered and reported to a bank within one year of being made available to
       the customer time barred under RCW 62A.4-406(0Z


                                             16
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


   Assuming without deciding that the indorsements are unauthorized, we must

decide whether the RCW 62A.4-406(f) time bar applies to claims made based on

unauthorized indorsements. RCW 62A.4-406(f) states:

       Without regard to care or lack of care of either the customer or the banlc, a
       natural person whose account is primarily for personal, family, or household
       purposes who does not within one year, and any other customer who does
       not within sixty days, from the time the statement and items are made
       available to the customer (subsection (a)) discover and report the customer's
       unauthorized signature or any alteration on the face or back of the item or
       does not within one year from that time discover and report any
       unauthorized indorsement is precluded from asserting against the bank such
       unauthorized signature or indorsement or such alteration. If there is a
       preclusion under this subsection, the payor bank may not recover for breach
       of warranty under RCW 62A.4-208 with respect to the unauthorized
       signature or alteration to which the preclusion applies.

(Emphasis added.)

       The Banlc argues that Travelers's claim is time barred under this statute.

Travelers contends that RCW 62A.4-406(t) does not apply because its claim is not

based on "unauthorized alterations, indorsements or customer signatures."

Travelers's Br. at 26. Instead, Travelers contends its claim rests on RCW 62A.4-

40 I (a), which states that "[a] bank may charge against the account of a customer an

item that is properly payable from that account even though the charge creates an

overdraft. An item is properly payable if it is authorized by the customer and is in

accordance with any agreement between the customer and bank." (Emphasis

added.) Travelers contends that the statute creates a requirement that the check be

properly payable for it to be paid and that the checks at issue were not properly
                                             17
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


payable because they were not indorsed by the named payee. Travelers relies on

RCW 62A.4-40l(a)'s language stating something is properly payable "if it is

authorized by the customer and is in accordance with any agreement between the

customer and bank." But this is a section concerning overdrafts, not a statement of

the general principles governing payability. Cf 6C RONALD A. ANDERSON & LARY

LAWRENCE, ANDERSON ON THE UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE§ 4-401:5 (3d. ed.

2000) (when a bank pays an item which is not properly payable, it may not debit its

customer's account); id. § 4-401:55 (collecting cases). 11

       Under the plain language ofRCW 62A.4-406(f), the time bar applies to

unauthorized indorsements. The adjective "unauthorized" modifies signature,

indorsement, and alteration in RCW 62A.4-406(f). Fidelity & Deposit Co. of

Maryland v. Dally appears to be the only Washington case that has addressed

specifically the one-year time bar in RCW 62A.4-406(f). 12 148 Wn. App. 739, 747-

48,201 P.3d 1040 (2009). Other jurisdictions have found that RCW 62A.4-

406(f)'s requirement that customers notify banks of unauthorized signatures,

alterations, or indorsements is a condition precedent to bringing suit. See Euro




11
   We note in passing that Travelers does not suggest an alternative statute of limitations or other
species of time bar that would apply. We find it unlikely that the UCC would have no time bar
on this category of claims.
12
   Other Washington cases have referenced RCW 62A.4-406 but have not analyzed the time bar.
See Seattle-First Nat'/ Bankv. Pacific Nat'/ Bank of Wash., 22 Wn. App. 46, 587 P.2d 618
(1978) (did not address time limitations imposed by RCW 62A.4-406); Parsons Travel, Inc. v. ·
Haag, 18 Wn. App. 588, 570 P.2d 445 (1977) (stands for same proposition as Seattle-First).
                                                 18
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


Motors, Inc. v. Sw. Fin. Bank & Tr. Co., 297 Ill. App. 3d 246, 251-52, 696 N.E.2d

711, 231 Ill. Dec. 415 (1998) (citing other jurisdictions reaching the same

conclusion); 6C ANDERSON & LAWRENCE, supra, at 490 (RCW 62A.4-406 relates

only to the time for notice and is not a statute of limitations specifying the time

within which a suit must be brought). 13

       Accordingly, we conclude that claims based on unauthorized indorsements

that are not discovered and reported to a bank within one year of being made

available to the customer are time barred under RCW 62A.4-406(f) and answer the

second part of the reformulated certified question 1 in the affirmative.

       Question 2. Does a "statement of account" listing ofthe front of checks and
       online access to images ofthe front and backs of checks make the back of
       the checks "reasonably available"?

       We also answer certified question 2 in the affirmative. The Bank provided

sufficient information to Skils'Kin to identify the items paid through monthly

statements listing check numbers, amounts, and dates. The statement also

provided a telephone number for Skils'Kin to call and request the items that

cleared a customer's account. This is sufficient under RCW 62A.4-406(a), which

concerns customer statements of account and states:

       A bank that sends or makes available to a customer a statement of account
       showing payment of items for the account shall either return or make
       available to the customer the items paid, copies of the items paid, or provide

13
  See also Brown v. Cash Mgmt. Tr. ofAm., 963 F. Supp. 504 (D. Md. 1997); Gerber v. City
Nat' I Bank ofF/a., 619 So.2d 328 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1993) (citing cases from numerous
jurisdictions in accord).
                                             19
Travelers Casualty & Surely Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


         information in the statement of account sufficient to allow the customer
         reasonably to identify the items paid. The statement of account provides
         sufficient information ifthe item is described by item number, amount, and
         date of payment. If the bank does not return the items paid or copies of the
         items paid, it shall provide in the statement of account the telephone number
         that the customer may call to request an item or copy of an item pursuant to
         subsection (b )[ 141 of this section.

(Emphasis added.)

         The language ofRCW 62A.4-406(a) gives a banlc multiple ways to satisfy

the statute. A bank that makes available a statement of account may return or

make available those items to a customer. I d. Providing a check number, amount,

and date of payment is sufficient information under the statute. Id. Moreover, a

bank is not required to return items paid but if it does not, it must provide

customers with a telephone number to request paid items. I d.

         Travelers urges this court to hold that the Bank did not make statements

"reasonably available" because Skils'Kin did not agree to receive electronic copies




14
     RCW 62A.4-406(b) provides:

         If the items are not returned to the customer, the person retaining the items shall either
         retain the items or, if the items are destroyed, maintain the capacity to furnish legible
         copies of the items until the expiration of seven years after receipt of the items. A
         customer may request an item from the bank that paid the item, and that bank must
         provide in a reasonable time either the item or, if the item has been destroyed or is not
         otherwise obtainable, a legible copy of the item. A bank shall provide, upon request and
         without charge to the customer, at least two items or copies of items with respect to each
         statement of account sent to the customer. A bank may charge fees for additional items or
         copies of items in accordance with [ ]RCW 30.22.230. Requests for ten items or less shall
         be processed and completed within ten business days.

(Reviser's note omitted.)
                                                 20
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


of its monthly statements and the Bank did not send copies of the backs of the

cleared checks. Travelers notes that Skils'Kin's statement of account did not give

instmctions on obtaining original or copies of canceled checks.

       We find Travelers's argument unpersuasive. The Bank satisfied RCW

62A.4-406(a) because it complied with the language of the statute. It provided

sufficient information to Skils'Kin to reasonably identify the items paid through

monthly statements listing check numbers, amount, and dates. RCW 62A.4-406(a)

contains no language requiring a bank to return copies of checks to its customers.

See also RCWA 62A.4-406 U.C.C. cmt. 1, at 345 (customer's duties to timely

review and report errors triggered if bank sends a statement of account complying

with safe harbor rule without returning the paid items). Nevertheless, the Bank

sent copies of the items with images ofthe fronts of the paid checks and language

on the first page directing customers to call a telephone number for assistance. A

customer could call that number to request copies of cancelled checks.

       Other jurisdictions have held that statements with images of the face of all

cleared checks satisfies the notice requirement mirroring RCW 62A.4-406(f).

Ownbey Enters., Inc. v. Wachovia Bank, NA, 457 F. Supp. 2d 1341 (N.D. Ga.

2006) (Ga. Code Ann. § 11-4-406(c), a statute paralleling ours, barred customer's

claim despite providing images of only front of checks where customer could

obtain copies affront and back of checks); Red/and Co. v. Bank ofAm. Corp., 568


                                            21
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


F.3d 1232, 1236 (11th Cir. 2009). In Redland, a corporate employee wrote checks

payable to a specific company and the employee indorsed the checks, writing the

company's name on the back. 568 F.3d at 1234. The depositing bank sent the

corporation monthly account statements including copies of the fronts of all

checks. !d. The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held

statements and copies of check fronts were sufficient to trigger customer's duty to

report. Jd. at 1236. However, the court noted that if the customer had the

opportunity to review the backs of checks, it was unlikely the customer would have

discovered the employee's scheme because the employee did not use his own

name--he signed the specific company's name. I d. Despite Redland's factual

differences from this case, it is clear that the language ofRCW 62A.4-406(a) sets

out the requirements for a satisfactory statement of account. Even if providing the

copies of only the front of checks is insufficient standing alone, the Bank's

statement of account still satisfies RCW 62A.4-406(a) because it provided

sufficient information (numbers, amount, and dates of cleared checks) and a

telephone number for Skils'Kin to call for assistance. If the Bank had provided

only the numbers, amount, and dates of the checks plus assistance telephone

number to request copies, it would have minimally satisfied the statute. Here, the

Banlc exceeded its obligations under the statute by providing Skils'Kin with online

banking services that included electronic viewing of the fronts and backs of all


                                             22
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


cleared checks. See also WHITE ET AL., supra, at 429 ("We see no reason why a

listing of these checks and the debits to the account together with digital ima&es of

checks would not fully satisfy the 'statement of account' requirement in [U.C.C.]

4-406(a)."); see also Tatis v. US Bancorp, 473 F.3d 672, 675-76 (6th Cir. 2007)

(bank satisfied '"made available"' requirement by keeping statements at bank

instead of providing them to customer); Grubaugh v. Cent. Progressive Bank, No.

13-3045, 2014 WL 794141 (E.D. La. 2014) (court order) (bank satisfied statute

because customer could access statements at the bank).

       Question 3. Does a bank fail to exercise ordinary care as a matter of law if it
       IlliY§_a check to a person other than the payee when the check contains no
       indorsement in the name ofthe payee?

       Generally, a bank fails to exercise ordinary care as a matter oflaw in paying

a check to a person other than a named payee when the check lacks a payee's

indorsement. However, we stress that questions of fact remain as to Patterson's

authorization to act as an agent on behalf of the named payees. Based on the

record before us, a trier of fact could find that Patterson was or was not authorized

to indorse checks in the name of the payees. Therefore, the resolution of certified

question 3 also turns on unresolved factual questions and should not be determined

as a matter oflaw. Determination of this question does not affect the application

of RCW 62A.4-406(f), which applies with or"[ w ]ithout regard to ... lack of care."




                                            23
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


See also 6C ANDERSON & LAWRENCE, supra, at 519 (collecting cases). Whether

the Bank exercised ordinary care relates to RCW 62A.4-406(d) and (e).

       We stress that what constitutes a proper degree of care for a bank and a

depositor is ordinarily a question of fact for the trier of fact. See 6C ANDERSON &

LAWRENCE, supra, at 446-48. RCW 62A.3-402(a) allows binding signatures on

checks made by individuals "acting, or purporting to act, as a representative." A

payee's authorized agent may sign in that agent's name or in the payee's name.

RCW 62A.3-402(a) ("either the name of the represented person or the name of the

signer[;] the represented person is bound by the signature"); see Domestic Constr.,

LLC v. Bank ofAm., NA, No. C07 -5357BHS, 2009 WL 2710244 (W.D. Wash.

2009) (court order). If a jury determines Patterson had authority as an agent of the

payee's to indorse the checks at issue, the signatures are binding as a matter oflaw

on the principals/payees under RCW 62A.3-402(a).

       A bank does not exercise ordinary care if it fails to exercise "reasonable

commercial standards, prevailing in the area in which the person is located, with

respect to the business in which the person is engaged." RCW 62A.3-103(a)(7).

Certain "egregious practices by banks" violate reasonable commercial standards as

a matter of law. See Cont'l Cas. Co. v. Fifth/Third Bank, 418 F. Supp. 2d 964, 978

(N.D. Ohio 2006); Govoni & Sons Constr. Co. v. Mechs. Bank, 51 Mass. App. Ct.

35, 742 N. E. 2d 1094 (2001). Examples of a bank's '"clearly unreasonable


                                            24
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


conduct"' are payment of checks with missing indorsements, ignoring a restrictive

indorsement, and failure to inquire into the authority to sign of one purporting to be

an agent. Govoni & Sons, 51 Mass. App. Ct. at 45 (quoting WHITE ET AL., supra,

at 761-62).

       The record in this case does not establish the Bank exercised "clearly

unreasonable conduct" and therefore failed to exercise reasonable care as a matter

oflaw. Travelers argues that a bank fails to exercise ordinary care under

Washington law when a transaction is "'suspect on its face."' Travelers's Br. at 42

(quoting Bank ofW v. Wes-Con Dev. Co., 15 Wn. App. 238, 241, 548 P.2d 563

(1976)). Bank of West concerns the payment of a check with a forged payee's

indorsement. Bank ofW, 15 Wn. App. at 240-41. Unlike here, the parties in Bank

of West did not dispute that the signature at issue was an indorsement. See id. at

238-40. Similarly, Travelers's reliance on Govoni & Sons to argue the Bank acted

commercially unreasonable is inapposite. Govoni & Sons concerns missing

indorsements. 51 Mass. App. Ct. at 50-51. In the case at hand, the checks cashed

by the Bank contained Patterson's signatures, which constitute indorsements. See

supra Question l(A). Additionally, evidence was presented regarding the Bank's

inquiry into Patterson's authority.




                                            25
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0


        Whether a bank exercises ordinary care when it pays a check to a person

other than the named payee, when the payee has not indorsed the check, will turn

on the facts of the individual case.

                                       CONCLUSION


        We hold that Patterson's signatures are indorsements under Washington law.

Whether she had authority to sign on behalf of the named payees on the checks at

issue is properly decided by the trier offact. In addition, we note that Skils'Kin's

failure to discover and notify the Bank of Patterson's embezzlement scheme within

one year bars Travelers's claims under RCW 62A.4-406(f).

        We conclude that the Banlc satisfied RCW 62A.4-406(a) because it provided

sufficient information to Skils'Kin to reasonably identif'y the items paid through

monthly statements listing check numbers, amounts, and dates; and provided a

phone number to call to request items or copies of items paid. See RCW 62A.4-

40l(a). Sending the fronts of checks satisfies the statute.

        Finally, whether a bank exercises ordinary care when it pays a check to a

person other than the payee, when the check lacks that payee's indorsement, is a

factual determination that requires deciding whether the person was an authorized

agent of the payee. The parties in this case dispute Patterson's authority as an

agent to indorse checks for the named payees. This is a question for the trier of

fact.


                                             26
Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Washington Trust Bank, No. 92483-0




WE CONCUR:




                                         27
