                           PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


SOUTH ATLANTIC LIMITED                  
PARTNERSHIP OF TENNESSEE, LP;
SOUTH ATLANTIC INCOME PROPERTIES,
LLC; SOUTH ATLANTIC MANAGEMENT
COMPANY,
                Plaintiffs-Appellees,
                 v.
DAVID R. RIESE; GARY PLICHTA,
             Defendants-Appellants,
                and                              No. 02-2274
GIBRALTAR COMPANIES OF TENNESSEE,
INCORPORATED; GIBRALTAR
COMPANIES, INCORPORATED,
                       Defendants,
                 v.
E. STEPHEN STROUD; GRACE D.
RAMSEY; STEVE SIMPSON,
           Third Party Defendants-
                        Appellees.
                                        
            Appeal from the United States District Court
       for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at Raleigh.
                Malcolm J. Howard, District Judge.
                        (CA-96-901-5-H-1)

                      Argued: October 28, 2003

                      Decided: January 30, 2004

      Before MOTZ, TRAXLER, and KING, Circuit Judges.
2           SOUTH ATLANTIC LIMITED PARTNERSHIP v. RIESE
Vacated and remanded by published opinion. Judge King wrote the
opinion, in which Judge Motz and Judge Traxler joined.


                              COUNSEL

ARGUED: Sean Eric Andrussier, WOMBLE, CARLYLE, SAN-
DRIDGE & RICE, P.L.L.C., Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellants.
Kenneth Ray Wooten, WARD & SMITH, P.A., New Bern, North
Carolina, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Pressly M. Millen, WOMBLE,
CARLYLE, SANDRIDGE & RICE, P.L.L.C., Raleigh, North Caro-
lina, for Appellants. E. D. Gaskins, Jr., EVERETT, GASKINS, HAN-
COCK & STEVENS, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellees.


                              OPINION

KING, Circuit Judge:

   David Riese and Gary Plichta have initiated this appeal from an
October 1, 2002, judgment entered by the district court. South Atl.
Ltd. P’ship of Tenn. v. Riese, 5:96CV901H1 (E.D.N.C. Oct. 1, 2002).
Riese and Plichta maintain that the 2002 judgment improperly modi-
fied the court’s earlier May 6, 1999, judgment, which had been
affirmed on appeal. South Atl. Ltd. P’ship of Tenn. v. Riese,
5:96CV901H1 (E.D.N.C. May 6, 1999); aff’d by South Atl. Ltd.
P’ship of Tenn. v. Riese, 284 F.3d 518 (4th Cir. 2002) (hereinafter
"SALT I"). As explained below, the 2002 judgment contravened the
mandate rule, and we therefore vacate and remand.

                                   I.

   In order to determine whether entry of the 2002 judgment contra-
vened our mandate in SALT I, we must understand the procedural
history of this litigation. This procedural history can be, for organiza-
tional purposes, divided into three periods — the period prior to May
6, 1999 (the "Pre-Judgment" period); the period between May 6,
1999, and the issuance of the SALT I mandate on May 14, 2002 (the
"Post-Judgment" period); and the period following issuance of the
             SOUTH ATLANTIC LIMITED PARTNERSHIP v. RIESE               3
SALT I mandate (the "Post-Mandate" period). Prior to reviewing this
procedural history, we will briefly relate the relevant facts underlying
this dispute.

                                   A.

   In the 1980s, David Riese and Gary Plichta (the "Riese Group")
joined efforts to develop a multi-family residential community,
known as Lexington Apartments (the "Lexington"), near Nashville,
Tennessee. In 1993, in order to secure the capital necessary to
develop the Lexington, the Riese Group joined forces with E. Stephen
Stroud, Stroud’s wife Grace Ramsey, and Steven Simpson (the
"Stroud Group"). The Stroud Group and the Riese Group then formed
a limited partnership, called South Atlantic Limited Partnership of
Tennessee ("SALT" or the "Partnership"), to develop real estate in the
Nashville area. The Partnership was structured so that SALT owned
the Lexington. The Riese Group owned twenty-five percent of SALT,
and the other seventy-five percent was controlled by the Stroud
Group.

   Rather than retain a third-party to oversee development of the Lex-
ington, the Partnership authorized the Riese Group to form Gibraltar
Companies of Tennessee, Incorporated ("Gibraltar")1 to serve as its
general construction contractor. SALT and Gibraltar entered into a
general contractor agreement in August 1994, pursuant to which
Gibraltar was required, inter alia, to achieve substantial completion
of the Lexington within eighteen months of commencing construc-
tion.

   The beginning of the Lexington’s construction was delayed almost
six weeks, and several additional delays occurred after construction
commenced. In January 1996, citing concerns stemming from con-
  1
   As in SALT I, two Gibraltar Companies — Gibraltar Companies of
Tennessee, Incorporated and Gibraltar Companies, Incorporated — are
defendants, but the general construction contractor was Gibraltar Compa-
nies of Tennessee, Incorporated. The distinction between the Gibraltar
companies is immaterial to this appeal, and we refer to them both collec-
tively and individually as "Gibraltar." SALT I at 523 n. 1.
4           SOUTH ATLANTIC LIMITED PARTNERSHIP v. RIESE
struction quality and delays, SALT replaced Gibraltar with a new
general contractor, and the Lexington was completed in August 1996.

   Meanwhile, in January 1996, Prudential Insurance Company exe-
cuted a letter of intent to purchase the Lexington. In May 1996,
Stroud’s attorney notified the Riese Group that an audit reflected that
the Riese Group and Gibraltar had engaged in financial improprieties
during construction of the Lexington. Stroud’s attorney also informed
the Riese Group that, as a result of these improprieties, it would be
expelled from SALT on May 31, 1996. According to the Stroud
Group, SALT’s book value was less than zero at the end of May
1996. Pursuant to the partnership agreement, therefore, the Riese
Group received nothing for its twenty-five percent ownership interest
in SALT. On June 11, 1996, eleven days after the Riese Group was
expelled from the Partnership, Prudential purchased the Lexington
from SALT for $17,640,000, netting SALT a profit of approximately
$1,200,000.

                                  B.

                1. THE PRE-JUDGMENT PERIOD

   In October 1996, SALT, along with its general partner (South
Atlantic Income Properties, L.L.C.) and its majority limited partner
(South Atlantic Management Company) (collectively, the "SALT
Group"), filed suit against the Riese Group and Gibraltar in the East-
ern District of North Carolina. The Riese Group and Gibraltar
responded with counterclaims against the SALT Group and with
third-party claims against the Stroud Group. The various claims in the
lawsuit included breaches of contract, breaches of fiduciary duties,
and violations of North Carolina’s Unfair Trade Practices Act (the
"UTPA"). SALT I at 524.

   A jury trial was conducted in the Eastern District of North Carolina
in November 1998. Upon its conclusion, the jury rendered its Verdict,
finding: (1) that the Riese Group had breached its fiduciary duties to
SALT; (2) that Gibraltar had breached its contractual obligations to
SALT; and (3) that the SALT Group, the Stroud Group, the Riese
Group, and Gibraltar had each engaged in unfair and deceptive trade
practices. On November 19, 1998, the court entered judgment on the
             SOUTH ATLANTIC LIMITED PARTNERSHIP v. RIESE                5
        2
Verdict. On December 4, 1998, the Riese Group and Gibraltar moved
the court, pursuant to Rules 59 and 60(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure, to correct certain clerical errors in the judgment. Specifi-
cally, they sought to amend the judgment to reflect that the breach of
contract aspect of the Verdict related only to Gibraltar, rather than to
all defendants, and that the Riese Group and Gibraltar’s UTPA award
was against the Stroud Group as well as the SALT Group. On March
10, 1999, in conformity with those requests, the court entered an
Amended Judgment.

   On March 24, 1999, the SALT and Stroud Groups sought, pursuant
to Rule 60(a), to amend the judgment a second time. They sought to
remove Gibraltar Companies, Incorporated, as a counter-claimant and
third-party plaintiff in the Amended Judgment of March 10, 1999.
They also sought to have the judgment reflect that they (the SALT
and Stroud Groups) were jointly and severally liable for their UTPA
violations, and that the Riese Group and Gibraltar were jointly and
severally liable for their UTPA violations. Finally, the SALT and
Stroud Groups requested the court to aggregate the SALT Group’s
total recovery in the judgment (i.e., aggregate its recovery of costs
with its recovery for Gibraltar’s breach of contract and the Riese
Group’s and Gibraltar’s UTPA violations).

   On March 29, 1999, the Riese Group and Gibraltar filed a cross-
motion, pursuant to Rule 60(a), also seeking to amend the judgment
for a second time. Although they agreed with certain of the amend-
ments proposed by the SALT and Stroud Groups, they opposed the
aggregation of the SALT Group’s total recovery. The Riese Group
and Gibraltar noted that the SALT Group’s various awards were not
rendered against the same parties. See infra note 5. They contended,
therefore, that aggregating the claims "could be potentially confusing
  2
   Because of the complexity of this litigation, the Verdict included ten
pages of special interrogatories. Indeed, the trial judge observed that it
"was one of the most complex cases I’ve run into now in more than a
decade on the bench." The judgment entered on November 19, 1998, was
the first of four judgments entered by the district court. An Amended
Judgment was entered on March 10, 1999, and a Second Amended Judg-
ment was entered on May 6, 1999. The most recent judgment (at issue
in this appeal) was entered on October 1, 2002.
6                SOUTH ATLANTIC LIMITED PARTNERSHIP v. RIESE
for court personnel (including state court personnel) attempting to
deal with [the] judgment . . . ."

   While the Rule 60(a) motions were pending, the parties proceeded
to appeal various aspects of the Amended Judgment. The SALT and
Stroud Groups filed their notice of appeal on April 9, 1999, and the
Riese Group and Gibraltar filed a notice of appeal on April 22, 1999.
On May 1, 1999, we consolidated these two appeals (Nos. 99-1497(L)
and 99-1552, respectively).

                    2. THE POST-JUDGMENT PERIOD

   On May 6, 1999, while the two consolidated appeals were pending
in this Court, the district court amended the judgment for a second
time, entering its Second Amended Judgment. Despite the Riese
Group and Gibraltar’s objection to aggregation of the SALT Group’s
total recovery, the Second Amended Judgment provided that the
SALT Group "collectively shall have . . . a total recovery, exclusive
of interest, of $1,578,765.94."3
    3
   The Second Amended Judgment, which we affirmed in SALT I, pro-
vided as follows:
           [P]laintiffs collectively [(i.e., SALT Group)] shall have and
        recover: (1) of defendant Gibraltar Companies of Tennessee,
        Inc., $1,100,000.00 for breach of contract, with interest at the
        State of North Carolina legal rate from January 17, 1996, until
        March 9, 1999, and interest at the federal legal rate from March
        10, 1999 until paid; (2) plaintiffs collectively shall have and
        recover of defendants Gary Plichta and David Riese, jointly and
        severally, $1.00 for breach of fiduciary duty; with interest at the
        State of North Carolina legal rate from October 25, 1996 until
        March 9, 1999, and interest at the federal rate from March 10,
        1999, until paid; (3) from all of the defendants [(i.e., the Riese
        Group and Gibraltar)], jointly and severally, $450,000.00 for
        unfair and deceptive trade practices plus interest on $150,000.00
        at the State of North Carolina legal rate from October 25, 1996
        until March 9, 1999, and interest on $450,000.00 at the federal
        legal rate from March 10, 1999, until paid; and (4) costs in the
        amount of $28,764.94; for a total recovery, exclusive of interest,
        of $1,578,765.94.
             SOUTH ATLANTIC LIMITED PARTNERSHIP v. RIESE                 7
   On May 14, 1999, eight days after entry of the Second Amended
Judgment (the "Judgment"), the SALT and Stroud Groups moved the
district court, pursuant to Rule 62(d), to stay the Judgment without
requiring bond (the "Bond Motion"). On June 2, 1999, the Riese
Group and Gibraltar filed a motion to stay execution of the Judgment
pending appeal. In support of the Bond Motion, the SALT and Stroud
Groups asserted that the two motions raised the issue of "how prop-
erly to treat [the Riese Group and Gibraltar’s] recovery on their coun-
terclaim to offset [the SALT Group’s] recovery on [its] claims, for
purposes of execution." They contended that the court should amend
the Judgment again to adopt a net recovery approach to the various
awards, that is, by: (1) aggregating the SALT Group’s recovery with
the Stroud Group’s recovery; (2) aggregating the Riese Group’s
recovery with Gibraltar’s recovery; and (3) setting off the Riese
Group and Gibraltar’s total recovery against the SALT and Stroud
Groups’ total recovery (the "Net Recovery Approach").

   The SALT and Stroud Groups sponsored the Net Recovery
Approach because, pursuant thereto, the recoveries of all parties other
than the SALT Group would be eliminated by the awards rendered
against them, and the SALT Group would receive a net recovery,
exclusive of interest, of $678,765.94.4 The Riese Group and Gibraltar

         IT IS FURTHER ORDERED third-party plaintiffs collectively
      [(i.e., the Riese Group and Gibraltar)] shall have and recover of
      plaintiffs and third-party defendants [(i.e., the SALT Group and
      Stroud Group)], jointly and severally, $900,000.00 for unfair and
      deceptive trade practices, plus interest on $300,000.00 with
      interest at the State of North Carolina legal rate from February
      28, 1997, until March 9, 1999, and interest on $900,000.00 at the
      federal legal rate from March 10, 1999, until paid; for a total
      recovery, exclusive of interest, of $900,000.
   4
     The SALT and Stroud Groups’ interest in the Net Recovery Approach
apparently arose from two concerns. First, they recognized that, unless
Gibraltar recovered some portion of the $900,000 awarded collectively
to Riese, Plichta, and Gibraltar for the SALT and Stroud Groups’ UTPA
violations, Gibraltar, as a minimally capitalized corporation, may be
unable to pay any of its $1.1 million breach of contract liability to SALT.
The SALT and Stroud Groups wanted to ensure, therefore, that Riese and
8             SOUTH ATLANTIC LIMITED PARTNERSHIP v. RIESE
responded to the Bond Motion by asserting that the court, in resolving
the SALT Group’s earlier Rule 60(a) motion, had already declined to
adopt the aggregation proposal of the Net Recovery Approach. They
contended that the SALT and Stroud Groups’ inclusion of the alloca-
tion and setoff issue in the Bond Motion was simply an effort to reliti-
gate an issue the court had already resolved. Concerned that the
SALT and Stroud Groups would continue to pursue a net recovery
theory, the Riese Group and Gibraltar requested the court to "issue an
order that makes clear once and for all that Plaintiffs are not entitled
to a ‘net recovery’ against Riese and Plichta."

   On July 2, 1999, while the two consolidated appeals were pending
in SALT I, the district court entered an order rejecting the Net Recov-
ery Approach. South Atl. Ltd. P’ship of Tenn. v. Riese, 5:96CV901H1
(E.D.N.C. July 2, 1999) (hereinafter, the "Rejection Order"). In the
Rejection Order, the court observed that it had "awarded a $900,000
judgment for Riese, Plichta and Gibraltar Companies of Tennessee
against Stroud, Ramsey, Simpson and [SALT]."5 The court also noted

Plichta, as the shareholders, directors, and principal officers of Gibraltar,
were required to record the $900,000 judgment on Gibraltar’s behalf.
Second, the Stroud Group was concerned that, because it, along with the
SALT Group, had been found jointly and severally liable for violating
the UTPA, Riese and Plichta would choose to record the Judgment
against the Stroud Group alone. And the Stroud Group understood that,
without some form of aggregation, it would be unable to offset its UTPA
liability against any recovery it received in the Judgment.
   5
     The recoveries authorized under the Judgment (exclusive of costs and
interest) are summarized in the following table:

    Recovering Party      Liable Party          Amount            Claim
     SALT Group             Gibraltar         $1,100,000        breach of
                                                                 contract
     SALT Group           Riese Group              $1           breach of
                                                             fiduciary duty
     SALT Group         Riese Group and        $450,000       three UTPA
                            Gibraltar                          violations
    Riese Group and     SALT and Stroud        $900,000        two UTPA
        Gibraltar          Groups                               violations
     ("collectively")
            SOUTH ATLANTIC LIMITED PARTNERSHIP v. RIESE              9
that "[t]here can be no ‘net’ recovery because separate defendants
must pay the judgments of $1,100,000, $450,000 and $1.00." The
Rejection Order provided that "[t]he only true ‘net’ recovery would
be on the unfair and deceptive trade practices cross-claims between
defendants’ [sic] Riese, Plichta and [Gibraltar] and third-party defen-
dants Stroud, Ramsey, Simpson and [SALT]." The court noted, how-
ever, that such a net recovery would favor the Riese Group and
Gibraltar rather than the SALT and Stroud Groups.

  On July 14, 1999, the SALT and Stroud Groups filed a notice of
appeal from the Rejection Order. On July 22, 1999, they filed their
docketing statement in SALT I, listing the issues they would raise on
appeal. These issues included:

    1. Whether the offset for purposes of execution, as pro-
    posed by Appellants and disallowed by the District Court
    [(i.e., the Net Recovery Approach)], is appropriate?

    2. If not, how should the judgment be applied for purposes
    of execution?

(emphasis added). On August 2, 1999, we consolidated the SALT and
Stroud Groups’ appeal of the Rejection Order (No. 99-1987) with the
consolidated appeals in SALT I.

   On September 13, 2001, the SALT and Stroud Groups filed their
brief in SALT I. Although their docketing statement asserted that they
would raise the issue of how the Judgment should be applied for pur-
poses of execution, that issue was not addressed. On October 30,
2001, when we heard argument in SALT I, the SALT and Stroud
Groups did not raise or address the issue of how the Judgment should
be applied for purposes of execution. On March 22, 2002, we issued
our opinion in SALT I, affirming the Judgment "in all respects."
SALT I at 542.

   On April 9, 2002, the SALT and Stroud Groups filed a Petition for
Rehearing with Rehearing En Banc (the "Petition"). In the Petition,
they asserted that "the jury awarded . . . $300,000 to the Riese
Group," and that the result of the UTPA determination in SALT I "is
10            SOUTH ATLANTIC LIMITED PARTNERSHIP v. RIESE
that the Riese Group stands to recover from the Stroud Group
$450,000, plus interest." On May 6, 2002, we denied rehearing and
rehearing en banc. On May 14, 2002, we issued our mandate in SALT
I, affirming the Judgment.6

                  3. THE POST-MANDATE PERIOD

   On May 16, 2002, the Riese Group recorded its $900,000 judgment
against the Stroud Group in Wake County, North Carolina. As the
sole shareholders, directors, and principal officers of Gibraltar, how-
ever, the Riese Group did not record the judgment on Gibraltar’s
behalf. The following day, the SALT and Stroud Groups returned to
the district court and sought relief pursuant to Rule 54(c),7 requesting
the court to adopt a net recovery approach to the UTPA awards by
making the following allocations and setoffs:

      1. Allocate one-half of the $900,000.00 liability of
      [SALT] and the Stroud Group to Gibraltar and allocate the
      other one-half to Riese and Plichta; and

      2. Order that Gibraltar’s entitlement to $450,000.00 is
      more than offset by its $1.1 million liability to [SALT] and
      order that Riese and Plichta’s entitlement to $450,000.00 is
      offset by their liability of $450,000.00 to [SALT] . . . .

(the "UTPA Net Recovery Approach").
  6
     Pursuant to Rule 41(a) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure,
"[u]nless the court directs that a formal mandate issue, the mandate con-
sists of a certified copy of the judgment, a copy of the court’s opinion,
if any, and any direction about costs." We did not issue a formal mandate
in SALT I. Our mandate of May 14, 2002, consisted of our Opinion and
the Certified Copy of Judgment. South Atl. Ltd. P’ship of Tenn. v. Riese,
Notice of Issuance of Mandate, 99-1497(L) (4th Cir. May 14, 2002).
   7
     Pursuant to Rule 54(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure:
      Except as to a party against whom a judgment is entered by
      default, every final judgment shall grant the relief to which the
      party in whose favor it is rendered is entitled . . . .
              SOUTH ATLANTIC LIMITED PARTNERSHIP v. RIESE               11
   On September 26, 2002, during a hearing on the Rule 54(c) motion,
the SALT and Stroud Groups maintained that the Riese Group’s
recording of the $900,000 judgment in Wake County was contrary to
the Judgment and our mandate. They noted that, although the Judg-
ment provided that the third-party plaintiffs — the Riese Group and
Gibraltar — shall collectively recover $900,000 from plaintiffs and
third-party defendants, the Riese Group had not recorded the Judg-
ment on behalf of Gibraltar. Counsel for the SALT and Stroud Groups
contended that the $900,000 award made collectively to Riese,
Plichta, and Gibraltar should be allocated among those parties. In
response, the Riese Group maintained that the court was precluded by
the mandate rule from amending the Judgment.8 In addition, the Riese
Group contended that the court lacked authority under Rule 54(c) to
amend the Judgment.

   On October 1, 2002, the district court granted the Rule 54(c)
motion and entered its 2002 judgment (the "Post-Mandate Judg-
ment"). The court therein allocated half of the $900,000 UTPA award
to Gibraltar and half of that award to the Riese Group. The court then
applied the UTPA Net Recovery Approach, offsetting the Riese
Group’s UTPA award against its $450,000 UTPA liability to SALT,
and offsetting Gibraltar’s UTPA award against its $1.1 million liabil-
ity to SALT. Utilizing the UTPA Net Recovery Approach, the Post-
Mandate Judgment provided for the following:

      (1) Judgment against Gibraltar and in favor of plaintiffs in
      the amount of $650,000; (2) Judgment against Riese and
      Plichta, jointly and severally, in favor of plaintiffs in the
   8
     As the Second Circuit explained in United States v. Ben Zvi, the man-
date rule "forecloses relitigation on issues expressly or impliedly decided
by the appellate court." 242 F.3d 89, 95 (2d. Cir. 2001) (internal quota-
tion marks and citations omitted) (emphasis in original). In addition, the
court observed that:
      [W]here an issue was ripe for review at the time of an initial
      appeal but was nonetheless foregone, the mandate rule generally
      prohibits the district court from reopening the issue on remand
      unless the mandate can reasonably be understood as permitting
      it to do so.
Id.
12            SOUTH ATLANTIC LIMITED PARTNERSHIP v. RIESE
      amount of $1; and (3) Judgment against Riese, Plichta, and
      Gibraltar, jointly and severally, in favor of plaintiffs in the
      amount of $28,764.94.

   On October 30, 2002, the Riese Group and Gibraltar filed a notice
of appeal from the Post-Mandate Judgment. They contend on appeal
that entry of the Post-Mandate Judgment contravened the mandate
rule and that the district court lacked authority under Rule 54(c) to
amend the Judgment affirmed in SALT I. We possess jurisdiction
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

                                     II.

   A district court’s interpretation of an appellate court’s mandate is
reviewed de novo. See, e.g., Odetics, Inc. v. Storage Tech. Corp., 185
F.3d 1259, 1275 (Fed. Cir. 1999). We review de novo, therefore,
whether a post-mandate judgment of a district court contravenes the
mandate rule, or whether the mandate has been "scrupulously and
fully carried out." 2A Fed. Proc., L. Ed. § 3:1016 (citing Bd. of Super-
visors of Wayne County v. Kennicott, 94 U.S. 498 (1876)).

                                    III.

   In this appeal, we must decide whether the district court’s entry of
the Post-Mandate Judgment violated the mandate rule, which has
been characterized as a "more powerful version" of the law of the
case doctrine. LaShawn v. Barry, 87 F.3d 1389, 1393 & n.3 (D.C. Cir.
1996) (en banc). As we observed in United States v. Bell, 5 F.3d 64,
66 (4th Cir. 1993), "[f]ew legal precepts are as firmly established as
the doctrine that the mandate of a higher court is ‘controlling as to
matters within its compass.’" (citing Sprague v. Ticonic Nat’l Bank,
307 U.S. 161, 168 (1939)). Under the mandate rule, a lower court
generally may not consider questions that the mandate has laid to rest.9
  9
   We have recognized certain limited exceptions to the mandate rule. In
Bell, we observed that, in exceptional circumstances, a trial court may
reopen an issue expressly or impliedly decided by the appellate court. Id.
at 67. Such circumstances include:
      (1) a showing that controlling legal authority has changed dra-
      matically; (2) that significant new evidence, not earlier obtain-
            SOUTH ATLANTIC LIMITED PARTNERSHIP v. RIESE                13
Sprague, 307 U.S. at 168. In assessing whether the mandate rule has
been contravened, we must determine whether the district court
addressed a matter within the scope of our mandate.

   In defining the scope of a mandate, we have observed that the man-
date rule "forecloses litigation of issues decided by the district court
but foregone on appeal or otherwise waived . . . ." Bell, 5 F.3d at 66.
And we have held that "a district court must, except in rare circum-
stances, implement both the letter and the spirit of the . . . mandate,
taking into account [our] opinion and the circumstances it embraces."
Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted) (alteration in orig-
inal). We have also held that the mandate rule "forecloses relitigation
of issues expressly or impliedly decided by the appellate court." Id.
(citing United States v. Bell, 988 F.2d 247, 251 (1st Cir. 1993)). The
mandate rule does not simply preclude a district court from doing
what an appellate court has expressly forbidden it from doing. Under
the mandate rule, a district court cannot reconsider issues the parties
failed to raise on appeal; the court must attempt to implement the
spirit of the mandate; and the court may not alter rulings impliedly
made by the appellate court. Id.

   The SALT and Stroud Groups maintain that, for two reasons, the
Post-Mandate Judgment did not contravene the mandate rule. First,
they contend that the Post-Mandate Judgment did not alter the Judg-
ment, but rather that it was the Judgment, simply clarified. Second,
the SALT and Stroud Groups maintain that the clarifications in the
Post-Mandate Judgment were consistent with, rather than contrary to,
our mandate in SALT I. In assessing whether the Post-Mandate Judg-
ment contravened the mandate rule, therefore, we must answer the
following inquiries. First, we must decide whether the Post-Mandate
Judgment altered, or merely clarified, the Judgment. Second, if the
Post-Mandate Judgment altered the Judgment, we must determine

    able in the exercise of due diligence, has come to light; or (3)
    that a blatant error in the prior decision will, if uncorrected,
    result in a serious injustice.
United States v. Aramony, 166 F.3d 655, 662 (4th Cir. 1999) (quoting
Bell, 5 F.3d at 67). The SALT and Stroud Groups make no claim of
exceptional circumstances in this appeal.
14           SOUTH ATLANTIC LIMITED PARTNERSHIP v. RIESE
whether the alteration was consistent with our mandate. We address
these issues in turn.

                                    A.

   The SALT and Stroud Groups maintain that the district court’s
entry of the Post-Mandate Judgment did not contravene the mandate
rule because it merely clarified the Judgment. The Judgment provided
that "third-party plaintiffs [(i.e., Riese, Plichta, and Gibraltar)] collec-
tively shall have and recover of plaintiffs and third-party defendants,
jointly and severally, $900,000.00 for unfair and deceptive trade prac-
tices . . . ." The SALT and Stroud Groups accurately contend that,
although the Judgment indicates that the third-party plaintiffs (i.e.,
Riese, Plichta, and Gibraltar) should collectively recover $900,000, it
does not allocate how much of the $900,000 each third-party plaintiff
should receive. This fact does not, however, foreclose the proposition
that the Post-Mandate Judgment impermissibly altered the Judgment.

   It cannot be determined, relying solely on the language of the Judg-
ment, how the $900,000 UTPA award should be allocated between
the Riese Group and Gibraltar. The Riese Group maintains that,
because the Verdict provided that the Riese Group (i.e., Riese and
Plichta, not Gibraltar) suffered $300,000 in damages from the SALT
and Stroud Groups’ unfair and deceptive trade practices, the Riese
Group should collect the trebled UTPA award (i.e., $900,000).10 And
the Riese Group contends that its collection of the $900,000 UTPA
award would be consistent with the Judgment because, if it collected
the $900,000, the Riese Group and Gibraltar would collectively, as a
group, receive $900,000.
  10
    There is support in the Verdict for allocating the entire $900,000
UTPA award to the Riese Group. The amount of a UTPA award is deter-
mined by trebling the damages suffered as a result of a UTPA violation.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 75-16. The issue of how the $900,000 UTPA award
should be allocated, therefore, depends on which party or parties suffered
the $300,000 in damages from the UTPA violations. The third interroga-
tory of the Verdict asked, "[W]hat amount of damages have the defen-
dants, Riese and Plichta, suffered as a result of [the SALT Group’s or
the Stroud Group’s] unfair and deceptive trade practices." (emphasis
added). The jury answered "$300,000."
            SOUTH ATLANTIC LIMITED PARTNERSHIP v. RIESE               15
   The SALT and Stroud Groups, on the other hand, maintain that,
because they committed two violations of the UTPA, one that injured
the Riese Group and one that injured Gibraltar, the Riese Group and
Gibraltar should each receive $450,000 of the UTPA award. Under
such an allocation, the Riese Group and Gibraltar also would collec-
tively receive $900,000, consistent with the Judgment.

   In fact, the Riese Group and Gibraltar could, consistent with the
Judgment, collectively receive the $900,000 UTPA award under a
multitude of scenarios other than those advocated by the parties. So
long as the sum collected by the Riese Group and Gibraltar totalled
$900,000, the aspect of the Judgment directing that Riese, Plichta, and
Gibraltar collectively receive the $900,000 UTPA award would be
satisfied. Under the Post-Mandate Judgment, on the other hand, only
a single allocation scenario is permissible. We agree with the SALT
and Stroud Groups that the allocation scenario specified in the Post-
Mandate Judgment was a possible allocation scenario under the Judg-
ment. We disagree, however, with their contention that, because the
allocation scenario of the Post-Mandate Judgment was possible under
the Judgment, the Post-Mandate Judgment did not alter the Judgment.
The Judgment did not preclude Riese and Plichta, without Gibraltar,
from collecting the $900,000 UTPA award. The Post-Mandate Judg-
ment, however, prohibits them from so doing. In specifying how the
$900,000 UTPA award should be allocated between the Riese Group
and Gibraltar, the Post-Mandate Judgment foreclosed all possible
allocation scenarios save one. It thereby altered the Judgment.

                                   B.

   The SALT and Stroud Groups contend that, even if entry of the
Post-Mandate Judgment altered the Judgment, its entry did not contra-
vene the mandate rule because the Post-Mandate Judgment is consis-
tent with, rather than contrary to, our SALT I mandate. We disagree.
As we held in Bell, the mandate rule not only precludes a lower court
from doing what the mandate expressly forbids, the rule also "fore-
closes litigation of issues decided by the district court but foregone on
appeal or otherwise waived . . . ." 5 F.3d at 66. Even if the allocation
and setoff scenario specified in the Post-Mandate Judgment did not
conflict with any specific aspect of SALT I,11 it contravened the man-
  11
   The allocation and setoff scenario provided for in the Post-Mandate
Judgment appears to conflict with the statement in SALT I that "the dis-
16           SOUTH ATLANTIC LIMITED PARTNERSHIP v. RIESE
date if its entry required the litigation of an issue the SALT and
Stroud Groups failed to raise and pursue in the SALT I appeal. Here,
the Post-Mandate Judgment contravened the SALT I mandate because
entry of that judgment required the litigation of such an issue.

   In the Rejection Order, the district court observed that the only net
recovery possible under the Judgment would be that provided for
under the UTPA Net Recovery Approach. The SALT and Stroud
Groups rely on this provision of the Rejection Order to support their
position that the court did not contravene the mandate rule in the Post-
Mandate Judgment because, in entering that judgment, it merely
incorporated the UTPA Net Recovery Approach into the Judgment —
an action the court had determined, prior to our SALT I mandate, to
be proper. This contention, however, cuts against the position of the
SALT and Stroud Groups. The district court’s authority to enter a new
judgment on July 2, 1999, implementing the UTPA Net Recovery
Approach, has no bearing on whether the court continued to possess
such authority following the issuance of our mandate. The Rejection
Order is significant, however, in that, after it was entered, the SALT
and Stroud Groups were on notice that the UTPA Net Recovery
Approach was the only form of net recovery permissible under the
Judgment.

   The Rejection Order did not require incorporation of the UTPA Net
Recovery Approach into the Judgment and, after entering the Rejec-
tion Order, the court did not amend the Judgment to reflect such an
incorporation. When the SALT and Stroud Groups appealed the
Rejection Order, therefore, it was clear that, although the UTPA Net
Recovery Approach could have been incorporated into the Judgment,
the Judgment could also be properly executed without utilizing that
approach. During SALT I, however, the SALT and Stroud Groups
failed to contend that the Judgment should incorporate any net recov-
ery approach — no issues of allocation or setoff under the Judgment
were raised in SALT I.

   The SALT and Stroud Groups maintain that, because issues regard-
ing the proper allocation or setoff of the UTPA awards under the

trict court’s award of treble damages to the Riese Group, in the aggregate
sum of $900,000 . . . must be upheld." SALT I at 540 (emphasis added).
            SOUTH ATLANTIC LIMITED PARTNERSHIP v. RIESE               17
Judgment were not reasonably foreseeable, they were not required to
raise them in their SALT I appeal. More specifically, the SALT and
Stroud Groups contend that they did not waive these issues because
they could not have reasonably foreseen that, under the Judgment,
Riese and Plichta alone would record the entire $900,000 judgment.
They maintain that their inability to foresee that the Judgment would
not be recorded on Gibraltar’s behalf was reasonable in light of the
court’s observation in the Rejection Order that implementation of the
UTPA Net Recovery Approach would be proper under the Judgment.
The record is to the contrary, however. Not only were the allocation
and setoff issues reasonably foreseeable, the SALT and Stroud
Groups actually foresaw the possibility that Riese and Plichta alone,
without Gibraltar, would record the $900,000 UTPA award.

   On July 14, 1999, twelve days after the district court entered its
Rejection Order, the SALT and Stroud Groups noticed their appeal of
that order. In their docketing statement on appeal, they asserted that
they would raise the issue of how the Judgment should be applied for
purposes of execution. In so doing, they then recognized that the
Judgment did not specify how the $900,000 UTPA award should be
allocated among Riese, Plichta, and Gibraltar. Furthermore, in speci-
fying the allocation issue in their docketing statement, they acknowl-
edged that the issue was not resolved to their satisfaction by the
Rejection Order. The SALT and Stroud Groups recognized that Riese
and Plichta were not precluded from recording the $900,000 judgment
without Gibraltar, and yet they failed to pursue the allocation issue on
appeal. And after we issued our mandate in SALT I, they returned to
the district court to relitigate this very issue.
   In addition to the docketing statement’s declaration that the alloca-
tion issue had not yet been resolved, the record indicates that the
SALT and Stroud Groups understood the practical implications of the
Judgment — that Riese and Plichta stood to net approximately
$450,000 (i.e., that Riese and Plichta’s total liabilities were $450,001,
excluding costs and interest, and that they would collect the entire
$900,000 UTPA award, leaving them with a net recovery of approxi-
mately $450,000). In their brief in SALT I, for example, the SALT
and Stroud Groups asserted that "[t]he judgment awarded Riese and
Plichta $900,000 against Stroud for unfair and deceptive trade prac-
tices" (emphasis added), and noted that "[t]he jury found Riese and
18           SOUTH ATLANTIC LIMITED PARTNERSHIP v. RIESE
Plichta suffered damages in the amount of $300,000 as a result of the
plaintiffs’ acts and practices (which the District Court trebled to
$900,000)." Appellants’ Brief at 4, 18 (emphasis added).
    Finally, the SALT and Stroud Groups acknowledged at oral argu-
ment and in their Petition that they understood how the Judgment
might be executed. During oral argument, their counsel observed that
the result of the Judgment "may well be that, instead of money flow-
ing into the partnership . . ., the result is going to be money flowing
— $900,000 in fact — flowing back to Mr. Riese and Mr. Plichta
. . . ." And in their Petition, they acknowledged that "the jury awarded
. . . $300,000 to the Riese Group," and they observed that the result
of the UTPA determination in SALT I "is that the Riese Group stands
to recover from the Stroud Group $450,000, plus interest."
   In sum, the record reflects that the SALT and Stroud Groups knew
that Riese and Plichta were not precluded from recording and execut-
ing the $900,000 judgment. More importantly, the record reflects their
recognition that, under our mandate, Riese and Plichta were permit-
ted to record and execute the $900,000 judgment. They understood,
therefore, that in seeking the Post-Mandate Judgment, they sought to
preclude Riese and Plichta from recording and executing the Judg-
ment in a manner authorized by SALT I. Recognizing what might
come to pass under the Judgment, however, the SALT and Stroud
Groups failed to pursue the allocation and setoff issue on appeal.
They were foreclosed by the mandate rule, therefore, from resurrect-
ing this issue in the district court.12
                                   IV.
  Pursuant to the foregoing, we vacate the Post-Mandate Judgment
and remand for reentry of the Judgment.
                                         VACATED AND REMANDED
  12
    The Riese Group and Gibraltar also maintain that the district court
lacked the authority, pursuant to Rule 54(c), to enter an amended judg-
ment three years after it entered the Judgment and after that Judgment
had been affirmed by this Court. Because the Post-Mandate Judgment
violated the mandate rule, we need not address the issue of whether,
absent the mandate rule, the district court could, pursuant to Rule 54(c),
enter the Post-Mandate Judgment.
