
487 F.Supp.2d 467 (2007)
Byron WARD, Plaintiff,
v.
AVAYA, INC., et al, Defendants.
Civil Action No. 06-1721 (JAP).
United States District Court, D. New Jersey.
April 13, 2007.
*468 *469 Mark A. Amadeo, Sprenger & Lang, PLLC, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff.
Kerri E. Chewning, Archer & Greiner, PC, Haddonfield, NJ, for Defendants.


*470 OPINION
PISANO, District Judge.
Plaintiff brings this purported class action against Ayaya, Inc. ("Avaya") and the Pension and Employee Benefits Investment Committee (the "Committee," collectively with Avaya, "Defendants") alleging that Defendants breached various duties under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA") in connection with three Avaya retirement plans. Defendants have moved to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). For the reasons expressed below, Defendants motion is granted in part and denied in part.
I. Factual Background[1]
Defendant Avaya, which is in the business of communications and technology, was established on September 30, 2000, through a spin-off from Lucent Technologies, Inc. ("Lucent"). Avaya established and maintained three "employee pension benefits plans" as defined in 29 U.S.C. § 1002(2)(A): the Avaya Inc. Savings Plan for Salaried Employees (the "Salaried Plan"), the Avaya Inc. Savings Plan (the "Savings Plan"), and the Avaya Inc. Savings Plan for the Variable Workforce (the "Variable Plan") (collectively referred to herein as "Plans"). Avaya was the plan administrator for each of the Plans, and the Committee, among other things, had authority to provide for the investment of the Plans' assets, as well as the authority to select and monitor investment options under the Plans.
Plaintiff was an employee of Lucent until Avaya was spun off from Lucent, at which time Plaintiff then became an employee of Avaya. From the time of the spin-off, Plaintiff has been a "participant and/or beneficiary" in the Salaried Plan and has held assets in his account that included Avaya and Lucent securities. Compl. ¶ 11. Plaintiff purports to bring this action on behalf of persons who were "participants and beneficiaries in the Plans at anytime between September 29, 2000 and April 23, 2003, whose accounts in the Plans included investments in Avaya securities," as well as persons who were "participants and beneficiaries in the Plans at anytime between September 29, 2000 and October 30, 2003, whose accounts in the Plans included investments in Lucent securities." Id. ¶¶ 29-30.
Employees participating in the Plans had the option to contribute a percentage of their pay into the Plans, subject to certain limitations. Avaya also provided matching contributions under the Plans.[2] All funds from all three Plans were held in a master trust. Participants could direct the trustee to invest their contributions and Avaya's matching funds[3] into a variety *471 of investment options available under the Plans. The Plan documents required "a broad range of investment alternatives" be available to participants. Compl. ¶ 21. One available fund was the Lucent Stock Fund, which was a fund that invested primarily in Lucent stock. Another was the Avaya Stock Fund, which invested primarily in shares of Avaya common stock. In fact, as set forth in the relevant governing documents, it was an express requirement for each of the Plans that the investment options include the Avaya Stock fund. Certification of Kerri Chewning ("Chewning Cert.") at Ex. 2 at § 5.3, Ex. 3 at § 5.3, Ex. 4 at § 5.3.[4]
In the present case, Plaintiff alleges that the financial conditions of both Lucent and Avaya made their stock unsuitable as retirement plan investments for the Avaya Plans. Several months prior to the spin-off of Avaya, on January 6, 2000, Lucent issued a press release stating that its financial results for the first quarter of 2000 would fall short of analysts' expectations. On that day, the price of Lucent's shares dropped substantially, from $72.32 to $51.96 per share. Lucent's stock continued a downward trend that year, and it was trading at $30.50 per share on September 29, 2000, the last day before the Lucent spin-off. Further, during this same period of time, sales attributable to Avaya's businesses within Lucent had declined 3.5% from the year before. By the time of the spin-off, Avaya projected that its revenue would grow only "incrementally" over the following three years. Compl. at ¶ 72.
On October 10, 2000, Lucent announced that excepted financial results for the fourth quarter would be less than previously announced, and the price of Lucent shares suffered a two-day drop in price from $31.21 to $21.25 per share. With further news of revenue reductions, by December 31, 2000, the price for a share of Lucent stock had fallen to $13.50. Lucent's revenues and earnings continued to decline in 2001, and by year end a share of Lucent stock was trading at $6.30. With the announcement of continued losses in 2002, Lucent's stock dropped to $0.76 per share by October 2002. It was not until one year later, in October 2003, that Lucent recorded its first quarterly profit since March 2000.
After being spun off, Avaya suffered financial difficulties as well. In the final quarter of 2000, Avaya's net income was down substantially from the prior year, and Avaya recorded an annual net loss of $352 million for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2001. By the end of its second fiscal year, Avaya's net losses reached $666 million. Not surprisingly, Avaya stock suffered declines in share price during this time. On October 2, 2000, the stock's first day of trading on the New York Stock Exchange, the stock opened at $22.88 per share. Three days later the price of the stock had fallen to $14.38 per *472 share. By December 31, 2000, the price was $10.31 per share. Despite substantial fluctuations in share price during 2001, by August 2, 2002, Avaya's stock closed at $1.15 per share. Things finally began to turn around for Avaya several months later in April of 2003, when the company's ongoing restructuring efforts resulted in a second quarter financial performance that was above analysts' expectations.
Plaintiff alleges that on September 29, 2000, the day before the Avaya spin-off, Defendants caused the Salaried Plan and the Savings Plan to invest hundreds of millions of dollars in the both the Lucent Stock Fund and the Avaya Stock Fund. Defendants permitted the Salaried Plan and the Saving Plan to be invested in the Lucent Stock Fund until October 30, 2003, at which time Defendants required the assets invested in the Lucent Stock Fund to be invested in other investment options. The Salaried and the Savings Plan continued to invest assets in the Avaya Stock Fund, and on March 1, 2001, the Defendants permitted the Variable Plan participants to invest in the Avaya Stock Fund.
Plaintiff alleges that Defendants breached their fiduciary duties and engaged in prohibited transactions as follows:
Count I: Plaintiff alleges in Count I that Defendants "failed to conduct an adequate and independent investigation of the fair market value of Avaya securities before or after September 29, 2000," thereby causing the Salaried and Savings Plans "to acquire Avaya securities at inflated prices that exceeded their market value." Compl. ¶ 134. As a result, the "Salaried and Savings Plans' acquisition of Avaya stock are per se prohibited transactions, in violation of ERISA § 408(a)(1), 29 U.S.C. § 1108(a)(1), that are not exempt under the provisions of ERISA § 408(e)(1), 29 U.S.C. § 1108(e)(1)." Id.
Count II: Plaintiff alleges in Count II that Defendants breached their fiduciary duties by failing to "conduct an adequate investigation of Avaya securities or the Avaya Stock fund" before including the investments as an option under the Plans and "failing to adequately monitor the Plans' investment options," thereby permitting the Plans' assets, including employee contributions and company matching contributions, to remain invested in Avaya securities when it was imprudent to do so. Compl. ¶ 155.
Count III: Plaintiffs allegations in Count III are similar to those in Count II, except Count III relates to. Lucent stock. Plaintiff claims that Defendants breach their fiduciary duties by failing to "conduct an adequate investigation of the Lucent Stock Fund . . . before including the Lucent Stock Fund as an investment option under the Plans," and by failing to "take any actions to prevent the Plans from investing in the Lucent Stock Fund." Compl. ¶ 162. Further, once Lucent securities were included as an investment option in the Plans, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants failed to conduct an "adequate investigation" that would have "concluded that the Plans' continued investments in the Lucent Stock Fund was imprudent." Compl. ¶ 169.
Count IV: In Count IV, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants "failed to adequately monitor the activities of other fiduciaries and failed to replace them with fiduciaries willing and able to make prudent investment decisions." Compl. ¶ 180. Plaintiff also alleges that Defendants are liable as cofiduciaries under 29 U.S.C. § 1105 for breaches by other fiduciaries.
Plaintiff seeks (1) damages in the form of reimbursement to the Plans of "all losses resulting from" Defendants' breaches and restoration to the Plans of "any profits made through [Defendants'] use of the assets *473 of the Plans; (2) certain declaratory, injunctive and other equitable relief; (3) attorneys' fees, costs and expenses of this Compl. at 43-44.
II. Discussion
A. Standard on a Motion to Dismiss
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) permits a court to dismiss a complaint that fails `to state a claim upon which relief can be granted." In deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the Court must reasonably read the complaint and decide whether the plaintiff has pled a cognizable cause of action entitling him to relief. Nami v. Fauver, 82 F.3d 63, 65 (3d Cir.1996). In making this determination, a court accepts as true all of the well-pleaded factual allegations within the complaint and any reasonable inferences drawn therefrom. Hayes v. Gross, 982 F.2d 104, 105-06 (3d Cir.1992). The court may also consider exhibits attached to the complaint, matters of public record, and documents that form a basis of plaintiffs claim. Lum v. Bank of Am., 361 F.3d 217, 222 n. 3 (3d Cir. 2004). However, the court need not consider plaintiffs, bald assertions or legal conclusions. Morse v. Lower Merion School Dist., 132 F.3d 902, 906 (3d Cir. 1997).
B. Statute of Limitations
Defendants argue that Plaintiff's claims under ERISA are time-barred pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1113. This section provides that
No action may be commenced under this title with respect to a fiduciary's breach of any responsibility, duty, or obligation under this part [29 USCS §§ 1101 et seq.], or with respect to a violation of this part [29 USCS §§ 1101 et seq.], after the earlier of
(1) six years after (A) the date of the last action which constituted a part of the breach or violation, or (B) in the case of an omission, the latest date on which the fiduciary could have cured the breach or violation, or
(2) three years after the earliest date on which the plaintiff had actual knowledge of the breach or violation; except that in the case of fraud or concealment, such action may be commenced not later than six years after the date of discovery of such breach or violation.
29 U.S.C. § 1113. Specifically, Defendants point to subsection (2) and assert that Plaintiffs claims are out of time because Plaintiff had actual knowledge of the facts that allegedly established his claims more than three years prior to the filing of this suit on April 10, 2006.
The Third Circuit has adopted a two-part test to determine when a plaintiff has acquired "actual knowledge" to trigger the three-year statute of limitations. First, the plaintiff must have actually known of "the events that occurred which constitute the breach or violation." Richard B. Roush, Inc. Profit Sharing Plan v. New Eng. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 311 F.3d 581, 586 (3d Cir.2002). Second, plaintiff must have actually known that "those events supported a claim of breach of fiduciary duty or violation under ERISA." Id.See also Montrose Med. Group Participating Say. Plan v. Bulger, 243 F.3d 773 (3d Cir.2001), Gluck v. Unisys Corp., 960 F.2d 1168 (3d Cir.1992). The Third Circuit has described these requirements as "rigorous" and has noted that "Section 1113 sets a high standard for barring claims against fiduciaries prior to the expiration of the section's six-year limitations period." Gluck, 960 F.2d at 1176.
It is well-established that an affirmative defense such as the expiration of the statute of limitations may provide a basis for dismissal on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion in *474 those situations where the defense is "apparent on the face of the complaint." Benak v. Alliance Capital Mgmt. L.P., 435 F.3d 396, 400 n. 14 (3d Cir.2006) ("[A] statute of limitations defense is an affirmative one, and in order to undergird a dismissal, must appear on the face of the complaint."); Robinson v. Johnson, 313 F.3d 128, 135 (3rd Cir.2002) (limitations defense may be raised on a motion under Rule 12(b)(6) "only if the time alleged in the statement of a claim shows that the cause of action has not been brought within the statute of limitations") (internal citations and quotations omitted); Rycoline Prods. v. C & W Unlimited, 109 F.3d 883, 886 (3d Cir.1997) ("[l]f a statute of limitations bar is not apparent on the face of the complaint, then it may not afford the basis for a dismissal of the complaint under Rule 12(b)(6).") (internal quotations omitted). Therefore, the Court's inquiry on this motion is whether it is apparent from the face of the complaint that prior to April 10, 2003, (three years prior to the filing of his complaint) Plaintiff knew of the events that form the basis of his present claims and knew that those events supported a claim under ERISA.
In support of their argument that Plaintiff had such "actual knowledge" with respect to the facts supporting the fiduciary duty claims asserted in Counts II, III and IV, Defendants point out that "virtually all" of the facts alleged in those counts occurred between 2000 and 2002 and are "based solely on . . . press releases, publicly filed financial statements and media articles." Def. Brf. at 12. Defendants further point to the fact that there are no allegations in the complaint of any fraud or concealment of such information from Plaintiff. Nevertheless, this does not establish that Plaintiff had the requisite "actual knowledge" of the relevant facts prior to April 10, 2003. At most, the complaint alleges that prior to April 10, 2003, such information was available to Plaintiff, but this is not sufficient to trigger the three-year limitations period under § 1113. See Gluck, 960 F.2d at 1176 (noting that "constructive knowledge" is not sufficient and stating that "Congress knew how to require constructive knowledge . . . [w]e do not think that Congress' failure to call for it in section 1113 was accidental.").
With respect to Court I, Defendants assert that Plaintiff had knowledge of all facts relevant to this claim no later than September 29, 2000, and point to the following two paragraphs in the complaint as establishing such knowledge:
87. The price of units in the Avaya Stock Fund fell as steeply as Avaya's stock price during this same period. On September 29, 2000, the Salaried and Savings Plans acquired units in the Avaya Stock Fund for $15.57 per unit. By October 20, 2000, less than three weeks after the Salaried and Savings Plans first acquired the Avaya securities, the units were priced at only $11.89 per unit.
* * *
134. By failing to conduct an adequate and independent investigation of the fair market value of Avaya securities before or after September 29, 2000, Defendants caused the Salaried and Savings Plans to acquire Avaya securities for more than adequate consideration. In fact, the Salaried and Savings Plans acquired the Avaya securities at inflated prices that far exceeded their market value. Therefore, the Salaried and Savings Plans' acquisitions of Avaya stock are per se prohibited transactions, in violation ERISA § 406(a)(1), 29 U.S.C. § 1108(e)(1), that are were not exempt under the provisions of ERISA § 408(e)(1), 29 USC § 1108(e)(1).
*475 While these paragraphs allege that certain events and occurred on or about September 29, 2000, the complaint does not establish when Plaintiff actually knew of these events. The mere allegation by Plaintiff that an event took place on a certain date does not establish that Plaintiff had knowledge of the event on that same date. Consequently, the Court shall not dismiss Plaintiffs claims as time-barred at the pleading stage.
C. Prohibited Transaction Claim in Count I
Plaintiff alleges in Count I that Defendants caused the Salaried and Savings Plan to acquire Avaya securities[5] for "inflated prices that far exceeded their market value," and, therefore, such transactions are "per se prohibited transactions" in violation of 29 U.S.C. § 1106(a)(1).[6] Compl. ¶ 134. The complaint also alleges that these transactions are not exempt from this prohibition by § 1108(e)(1). Section 1108(e)(1) provides in the relevant part:
(e) Acquisition or sale by plan of qualifying employer securities; acquisition, sale, or lease by plan of qualifying employer real property
Sections 1106 and 1107 of this title shall not apply to the acquisition or sale by a plan of qualifying employer securities (as defined in section 1107(d)(5) of this title) or acquisition, sale or lease by a plan of qualifying employer real property (as defined in section 1107(d)(4) of this title) 
(1) if such acquisition, sale, or lease is for adequate consideration . . . ,
ERISA, 19 U.S.C. § 1002(18)(A), defines the term "adequate consideration" with respect to a security as follows:
(A) in the case of a security for which there is a generally recognized market, either (i) the price of the security prevailing on a national securities exchange which is registered under section 78f of Title 15, or (ii) if the security is not traded on such a national securities exchange, a price not less favorable to the plan than the offering price for the security as established by the current bid and asked prices quoted by persons independent of the issuer and of any party in interest.
As Defendants note, Plaintiffs prohibited transaction claim can be broken down into two time periods, namely, before and after the initial public offering ("IPO") of Avaya's stock on October 2, 2000. *476 First, with respect to any shares acquired by the Plans after the IPO, Plaintiff fails to state a claim. Plaintiff alleges in the complaint that. Avaya stock began publicly trading on the New York Stock Exchange on October 2, 2000. Compl. ¶ 81. However, the complaint is devoid of any allegations that shares of Avaya stock acquired by the Plans after that date were acquired at a price in excess of the prevailing price on the exchange. See In re Honeywell Internat'l, 2004 WL 3245931, *14 (D.N.J. Sept. 14, 2004) ("Plaintiffs have no prohibited transaction claim: it is not alleged that the Plan paid more for Honeywell securities than the price prevailing on a national exchange."). Consequently, as it relates to any Avaya securities acquired by the Plans on or after October 2, 2000, Plaintiffs prohibited transaction claim is dismissed.
Second, with respect to any shares acquired by the Plans prior to the IPO, Defendants' motion must be denied. Defendants argue that dismissal is appropriate because no compensation was paid for the Avaya stock that went into the Plans prior to the IPO. In support of their argument, Defendants point to public filings relating to the IPO that describe the distribution of a dividend in the form of Avaya stock to Lucent shareholders in connection with the spin-off of Avaya. Chewning Cert., Ex. 1 at 39[7] (stating that on September 30, 2000, all holders of Lucent common stock were to receive a dividend of one share of Avaya stock for every 12 shares. of Lucent stock held). As described by Defendants in their brief, the Lucent savings/401(k) plans that were predecessors to the Avaya Plans were shareholders of record on the record date, and those Lucent plans acquired the Avaya stock through the dividend distribution. Def. Reply at 3. Subsequently, the balances of those Lucent plans, including the distributed Avaya shares, were transferred into the new Avaya Plans. Id. However, nothing in the complaint or the documents properly before the Court establishes these facts. Additionally, they contradict the allegations in the complaint, which alleges that the Avaya Plans acquired Avaya stock on September 29, 2000. The issue, therefore, is not one that is appropriately resolved on a motion under Rule 12(b)(6). Defendants' motion, to the extent it seeks dismissal of claims in Count I that relate to Avaya stock acquired prior to October 2, 2000, is denied.
D. Breach of Fiduciary Duty Claims in Count II (Avaya Stock)
Pursuant to the documents governing each of the Plans, the Plans were required to include the Avaya Stock Fund as an investment option for participants. Chewing Cert. at Ex. 2 at § 5.3, Ex. 3 at § 5.3, Ex. 4 at § 5.3. According to these documents, the Avaya Stock Fund was to be "invested primarily in shares of Avaya Common Stock with a small portion in cash or other liquid investments." Id. In Count II of his complaint, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants "breached their fiduciary duties under ERISA . . . [by] select[ing] Avaya securities and the Avaya Stock Fund as investment options for retirement plan savings" without conducting an adequate investigation and "allow[ing] Avaya securities and the Avaya Stock Fund to remain an investment option" despite the "poor performance and extreme volatility" of the Avaya securities. Compl. ¶ 144, 149.
When Congress passed ERISA in 1974, its goal, in part, was "to establish minimum standards of fiduciary conduct for *477 Trustees, Administrators and others dealing with retirement plans . . . and to improve the equitable character and soundness of private pension plans." Smith v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 422 F.Supp.2d 1310, 1325 (N.D.Ga.2006) (citing H.R.Rep. No. 93-533 (1974), as reprinted in 1974 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4639, 4655). As relevant to the present matter, ERISA defines a fiduciary as follows:
[A] person is a fiduciary with respect to a plan to the extent (i) he exercises any discretionary authority or discretionary control respecting management of such plan or exercises any authority or control respecting management or disposition of its assets . . . or (iii) he has any discretionary authority or discretionary responsibility in the administration of such plan.
29 U.S.C. § 1002(21)(A). The prudent man standard of care, to which fiduciaries are held, includes four duties: (1) to act solely in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries; (2) to exercise care, skill, prudence, and diligence; (3) to diversify the investments of the plan to minimize risk of loss unless imprudent to do so under the circumstances; and (4) to deal in accordance with the documents and instruments governing the plan unless to do so would violate ERISA. 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1).
ERISA's statutory scheme contains particular provisions for eligible individual account plans ("EIAPs") that are designed to hold employer stock, such as the Avaya Plans. See Edgar v. Avaya, Inc., 2006 WL 1084087 at *5 (D.N.J. April 25, 2006) (finding that the Avaya Plans were EIAPs). For example, these plans are exempt from ERISA's general prohibition against a plan acquiring or holding such securities in an amount greater than ten percent of the fair market value of the assets in the plan. 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(2). Furthermore, EIAP fiduciaries do not have a duty to diversify and do not act imprudently by not diversifying the assets of an EIAP holding qualifying employer securities. ERISA explicitly states that "the diversification requirement . . . and the prudence requirement (only to the extent that it requires diversification) . . . is not violated by acquisition or holding of . . . qualifying employer securities." 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(2). This treatment of these plans furthers a recognized goal of Congress in supporting employee ownership of their employer's stock. See, e.g., Moench v. Robertson, 62 F.3d 553, 568 (3d Cir. 1995) ("[T]he concept of employee ownership constituted a goal in and of itself. To accomplish this end, Congress enacted a number of laws designed to encourage employers to set up such plans.") (internal quotations and alterations omitted).
Although Plaintiff argues that his claims of imprudence center on Defendants' alleged failure to conduct an "adequate investigation" relating to the Plans' investments in Avaya securities, Plaintiff "essentially alleges that Defendants acted imprudently by not diversifying" the Plans. Smith v. Delta Air Lines, 422 F.Supp.2d 1310, 1326 (N.D.Ga.2006) ("Plaintiff attempts to argue around ERISA's diversification exemption by alleging that the Savings Plan's heavy investment in Delta securities was imprudent irrespective of the lack of diversification. At its core, however, Count I just amounts to another form of diversification argument."). Consequently, Plaintiff's claim that Defendants acted imprudently implicates the exceptions in 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(2).
In this circuit, a deferential standard of review is accorded to fiduciaries of a type of EIAP known as an Employee Stock Ownership Plan ("ESOP") with respect to those fiduciaries' decisions to invest *478 plan assets in stock of sponsoring employer. See Moench v. Robertson, 62 F.3d 553, 568 (3d Cir.1995). ESOPs are designed to invest primarily in qualifying employer securities. Id. In Moench, the Court held that
an ESOP fiduciary who invests the assets in employer stock is entitled to a presumption that it acted consistently with ERISA by virtue of that decision. However, the plaintiff may overcome that presumption by establishing that the fiduciary abused its discretion by investing in employer securities.
Id. at 571. The Moench court further noted that
[I]n reviewing the fiduciary's actions, the court must be governed by the intent behind the trust  in other words, the plaintiff must show that the ERISA fiduciary could not have believed reasonably that continued adherence to the ESOP's direction was in keeping with the settlor's expectations of how a prudent trustee would operate. In determining whether the plaintiff has overcome the presumption, the courts must recognize that if the fiduciary, in what it regards as an exercise of caution, does not maintain the investment in the employer's securities, it may face liability for that caution, particularly if the employer's securities thrive. See Kuper v. Quantum Chems. Corp., 852 F.Supp. 1389, 1395 (S.D.Ohio 1994)("defendants who attempted to diversify its ESOP assets conceivably could confront liability for failure to comply with plan documents").
Id.
Defendants argue that the deferential Moench standard is applicable here because, although not strictly ESOPs, each of the Plans at issue required that the Avaya Stock Fund be included as an investment option. Indeed, this was the approach taken by the court in Edgar v. Avaya, Inc., 2006 WL 1084087 (D.N.J. April 25, 2006) (applying the Moench standard to the Avaya Plans). Plaintiff, citing In re Schering-Plough Corp. ERISA Litig., 420 F.3d 231 (3d Cir.2005), argues that Moench should not apply in the present case because the Plans are not ESOPs. In Schering-Plough Corp., the Third Circuit held that the Moench decision was "inapposite" with regard to the savings plan at issue in that case because the plan was "simply permitted" to invest in "employer securities." 420 F.3d at 238 n. 5.
The Court agrees with the approach taken in Edgar and finds that Moench is relevant to the present case. It was an express requirement of the Plans that the Avaya Stock Fund be offered as one of the investment options. The fiduciaries of the Savings and Salaried Plans were required to administer the Plans in accordance with the governing documents, but the fiduciaries were also bound by ERISA's "stringent fiduciary duties." Moench, 62 F.3d at 569. The balance between these two sometimes conflicting requirements is exactly what the Moench standard is intended to address.
The Moench presumption that the fiduciaries acted in accordance with ERISA can be overcome by showing that Defendants abused their discretion by continuing to offer Avaya securities as an investment option and continuing to invest Plan assets in Avaya securities. "Moench suggests that the presumption . . . can be overcome by a showing of precipitous decline in the price of employer stock, combined with the fiduciary's knowledge of the company's impending collapse and his or her own conflicted status . . . [and][o]ther cases indicate that a factor weighing against the presumption is the presence of fraud involving the leadership of the company." Honeywell 2004 WL 3245931 at *11 (citing *479 Lalonde v. Textron, Inc., 369 F.3d 1 (1st Cir.2004); Canale v. Yegen, 782 F.Supp. 963, 967-68 (D.N.J.1992); In re Sprint Corp. ERISA Litigation, 388 F.Supp.2d 1207, 1223-25 (D.Kan.2004)).
In Edgar, the Court, applying the Moench standard in the context of a 12(b)(6) motion,[8] found that allegations that the price of Avaya's stock "underwent a precipitous fall of over 25%" in a single day following an announcement that the company would not meet certain financial goals was not sufficient to support a claim for breach of fiduciary duty. 2006 WL 1084087 at *6. Allegations of more severe circumstances, however, have been found to withstand challenge on a motion to dismiss under 12(b)(6) in spite of the presumption. In In re Merck & Co., Inc., Securities Deritative & Erisa Litigation, 2006 WL 2050577, *7 (D.N.J. 2006), the court found that, where plaintiffs asserted that (1) undisclosed risks regarding the Merck's drug Vioxx artificially inflated the price of the stock; (2) withdrawal of the drug from the market caused substantial declines in the value of Merck's stock; and (3) potential legal liability for injuries caused by the drug was estimated to be in the tens of billions of dollars, these facts "`present[ed] a situation where a company's financial situation is seriously deteriorating and there is a genuine risk of insider self-dealing' sufficient to call into question the fiduciary propriety of continued investment in the Company's securities by Plan fiduciaries." Id. The Court in Honeywell similarly found allegations sufficient to overcome the Moench presumption where plaintiffs asserted that "Plan fiduciaries were privy to a fraud that vastly inflated the price of its stock." 2004 WL 3245931 at *11.
In the present case, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants' investment in Avaya securities was imprudent because of the financial difficulties experienced by the company over approximately a two and a half year period beginning late in 2000. Prior to the spin-off of Avaya, sales attributable to Avaya's businesses declined about 3.5% from the year before and, while the company projected revenue growth going forward, such projected growth was merely incremental. Avaya suffered substantial losses in its first two years of operation and undertook restructuring efforts during that time that included laying off a number of employees. During this time, the price of Avaya's stock fell significantly. By the end of the of the purported class period in this case, however, Avaya's restructuring efforts appeared to have achieved success and analysts "lauded the company's apparent turnaround, noting Avaya' stronger than expected product revenues and its return to operating profitability." Compl. ¶ 121. In response, Avaya's stock price increased substantially. Id. ¶ 122.
The Court finds that, weighed against the Moench standard, these allegations *480 fail to support a claim for breach of fiduciary duty. First, a decline in the price of a company's stock, even a significant decline, is not sufficient absent allegations of other circumstances such as fraudulent conduct or knowledge of the company's impending collapse. See Honeywell, 2004 WL 3245931, at *11; see also Edgar, 2006 WL 1084087 at *6. As alleged by Plaintiff, Avaya's business did experience some significant difficulties, but Plaintiff did not allege the type of extreme circumstances contemplated by Moench. Given the Avaya's improved financial condition by the end of the relevant time period, it is clear that Avaya's troubles had not put the company on the brink of financial collapse as was the situation in Moench. In that case, the price of the company's stock fell from over $18 per share to less than 25 cents per share in a two year period, federal regulators repeatedly expressed concerns to the company's directors about the company's financial condition, regulators took over one of the company's wholly-owned subsidiaries, and the company ultimately filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11. See 62 F.3d at 557.
Additionally, there are no allegations in the present case of underlying fraud as was present in Honeywell and Merck. In Honeywell, plaintiffs alleged that the defendants were "privy to a fraud that vastly inflated the price of [the company's] stock." 2004 WL 3245931, at *11. Similarly, in Merck, plaintiffs alleged that the company intentionally withheld information regarding serious side effects of Vioxx and continued to market the drug with knowledge that contradicted the company's public statements regarding the drug's safety, thereby artificially inflating the price of Merck's stock. 2006 WL 2050577, at *2, *16.
Plaintiff, therefore, cannot sustain his claim that Defendants breached their fiduciary duties by permitting the Avaya Stock Fund to remain an investment option for the Plans and permitting the Plans to remain invested in Avaya securities. Accordingly, Count II is dismissed.
E. Breach of Fiduciary Duties in Count III (Lucent Stock)
Defendants argue that Plaintiff's claims in Count III of his complaint alleging that Defendants breached their fiduciary duties by permitting the Plans to invest in Lucent securities are barred by the final judgment of a previous class action, Reinhart v. Lucent Technologies, Inc., No. 01-cv-3491 (JAP) (D.N.J.). Reinhart, a case similar to the present case, involved allegations that Lucent and the fiduciaries of certain Lucent retirement plans breached their fiduciary duties under ERISA by permitting the plans to invest in Lucent stock when it was allegedly imprudent to do so.
The parties in Reinhart reached a settlement, embodied in a Stipulation and Agreement of Settlement, which was approved by the Court and adopted as its final judgment[9] on December 12, 2003. Chewning Cert. at Ex. 10 (Order and Final Judgment). On that same date, the Court certified the following settlement class:
All persons who were participants or beneficiaries of the Lucent Savings Plan and/or the Lucent Long-Term Savings and Security Plan during any portion of the Class Period (December 31, 1999 through March 27, 2003) and who had *481 Lucent Technologies Inc. common stock allocated in their Plan at any time during the Class Period.
Id. Plaintiff has not disputed that he is a member of this class.
Pursuant to the terms of the Stipulation and Agreement of Settlement, the Reinhart class agreed to "waive, release, forever discharge and dismiss" any and all "claims, rights or causes of action or liabilities whatsoever . . . against the Released Parties which arise out of or relate in any way to the allegations, transactions, facts, matters or occurrences, representations or omissions involved, set forth or referred to in any complaint filed in the ERISA Lawsuits." Id. Ex. 9 (Stipulation and Settlement Agreement) at 11. The "Released Parties" included, among others, Avaya Inc., . . . "any current or former fiduciaries to either or both Plans and their successors . . . or other individual or entity which is related or affiliated with Defendant or any of the parties listed above." Id. Ex. 9 at 10. Defendants in this case clearly fall within this definition.
Count III of the complaint in the instant matter claims that Defendants breached their fiduciary duties under ERISA by maintaining Lucent stock as an investment option in the Plans. A similar claim was asserted in Reinhart with respect to the Lucent plans at issue in that case, which plans were the predecessor plans to the Plans in the present case. See Compl. ¶ 73. Therefore, Plaintiffs argument that the prior judgment does not bar his claims because the Reinhart case dealt with "different" claims than those at issue in the present case brought on behalf of "different" plans is simply without merit. Pl. Brf. at 17-18. Additionally, Plaintiffs argument that any release of his claims effected by the class action was invalid because it was not "knowing and voluntary" and lacked consideration is merely an improper collateral attack on the Court's judgment in Reinhart. Consequently, the Court finds that the judgment in Reinhart bars Plaintiffs claims in Count III of the complaint. Count III is, therefore, dismissed.
F. Monitoring Claims in Count IV
In Count IV of the complaint, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants failed to monitor the activities of other fiduciaries thereby permitting those fiduciaries "to breach the duties under ERISA to act prudently and solely, in the interest of participants and beneficiaries." Compl. ¶ 180. A duty to monitor other fiduciaries, generally, is imposed as an implicit duty upon those who have the power to appoint and remove other fiduciaries. See In re RCN Litigation, 2006 WL 753149, *9 (D.N.J.2006); Edgar v. Avaya, Inc., 2006 WL 1084087, *11 (D.N.J.2006). As discussed above, Plaintiff's complaint has failed to state a claim for breach of fiduciary duty in Counts II and III as to any of the Plans' fiduciaries. Consequently, Plaintiff's claims for failing to adequately monitor these fiduciaries must also fail. Accordingly, Count IV is dismissed.
G. Standing
Because Plaintiff alleges that he is a participant and/or beneficiary in only the Salaried Plan, Defendants challenge Plaintiffs standing to bring this action on behalf of the Savings Plan and the Variable Plan. While it is true that Plaintiff, individually, does not have standing to commence an action pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(2) and (3) unless he is a "participant, beneficiary or fiduciary" of a Plan, "it is a totally different issue whether Plaintiff has standing to assert claims on behalf of the [Savings Plan and the Variable Plan] as part of a class action." Pietrangelo v. NUI Corp., 2005 WL 1703200, *14 (D.N.J.2005). *482 Therefore, with respect to the claim that remains in this case, the question of whether Plaintiff has standing to bring his claim as part of a class action is best resolved on a motion for class certification. The Court will accordingly defer consideration of the issue until such a motion is filed.
III. Conclusion[10]
For the reasons stated above, the Court grants in part and denies in part the Defendants' motion to dismiss. An appropriate order accompanies this Opinion.
NOTES
[1]  Unless otherwise indicated, the facts set forth herein are taken from the allegations contained in Plaintiff's complaint.
[2]  With respect to the Salaried Plans, up until January 1, 2004, Avaya's matching contribution consisted of a fixed match of 50% of the participant's eligible compensation up to a maximum of $2,500 and an uncapped variable match. Beginning on January 1, 2004, Avaya made contributions of 2% of each participant's eligible compensation, whether or not the participant made any contribution. Additionally, Avaya matched 100% of the participant's contributions up to the first 2% of a participant's eligible compensation, and then 50% of the contributions in excess of 2% of a participant's eligible compensation. For participants in the Savings Plan, Avaya made matching contributions of 66 2/3 cents for every dollar contributed, up to the first 6% of eligible compensation. For participants in the Variable Plan, Avaya matched 50% of each participant's contributions up to 6% of eligible contributions.
[3]  Before July 1, 2002, all Avaya matching contributions in the Savings Plan were made as Avaya stock contributions to a fund called the Employer Shares Fund and Savings Plan participants could not transfer those funds into any other investment options Effective July 1, 2002, participants could direct Avaya's matching contributions as well as existing assets in the Employer Shares Fund to investment options other than the Employer Shares Fund.
[4]  On a motion to dismiss, the Court generally does not consider documents extraneous to the pleadings, but the Court may consider a "document integral or explicitly relied upon in the complaint . . . without converting the motion to dismiss into one for summary judgment." In re Burlington Coat Factory Secs. Litig., 114 F.3d 1410, 1426 (3d Cir.1997). In this case, Plaintiff's claims center entirely on the benefit plans detailed in the complaint. Accordingly, this Court will consider the Plan documents, which Defendants have included in their motion, without converting this motion to one for summary judgment.
[5]  Plaintiff appears to raise an argument in his brief that his claim in Count I relates to the Plans' acquisitions of "units" in the Avaya Stock Fund rather than (or in addition to) the Plans' acquisition of Avaya securities. However, the complaint does not allege a violation of ERISA based on the purchase of "units," but rather the complaint repeatedly refers to investment in Avaya "securities." Moreover, the complaint describes that, with respect to the Avaya Stock Fund, Plan assets are pooled to purchase shares of Avaya stock, and each individual's ownership interest in the Avaya Stock Fund is measured in "units." Consequently, "units" appear to be merely a measurement of an individual participant's ownership interest rather than investments to be acquired by the Plan.
[6]  Section 1106(a) provides in the relevant part as follows:

(a) Transactions between plan and party in interest
Except as provided in section 1108 of this title:
(1) A fiduciary with respect to a plan shall not cause the plan to engage in a transaction, if he knows or should know that such transaction constitutes a direct or indirect 
* * *
(E) acquisition, on behalf of the plan, of any employer security or employer real property in violation of section 1107(a) of this title.
[7]  Given the confusing pagination of this exhibit, the Court here cites to the page number assigned to the document by the Court's electronic filing system.
[8]  Some district courts have declined to apply the deferential Moench standard in evaluating the sufficiency of a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6). In this regard, Plaintiff points to In re Ferro Corp. Erisa Litig., 422 F.Supp.2d 850, 860 (N.D.Ohio 2006) (noting that "courts are split as to whether it is appropriate to evaluate the Moench presumption on a motion to dismiss" and expressing "serious doubts as to whether it is appropriate to evaluate the Moench presumption this early in the litigation"). This Court finds application of Moench at this stage appropriate to effectuate § 1104(a)(2)'s diversification and prudence exemptions. Additionally, there have been other decisions in this district that have applied Moench in deciding a motion to dismiss. See Merck & Co., Inc., Securities Deritative & Erisa Litigation, 2006 WL 2050577 (D.N.J. 2006); Edgar v. Avaya, Inc., 2006 WL 1084087 (D.N.J.2006).
[9]  The Court may consider the judgment with respect to the instant 12(b)(6) motion without converting the motion to one for summary judgment. See Beverly Enters. v. Trump, 182 F.3d 183, 190 (3d Cir.1999) (noting that in deciding a motion to dismiss, courts may consider "matters of public record").
[10]  Given the Court's disposition of Defendants' motion with regard to Plaintiff's breach of fiduciary duty claims, it is not necessary for the Court to reach Defendants' argument that, to the extent Plaintiff's fiduciary duty claims challenge the structure of the Plans (namely, the requirement of the Plans that Avaya and Lucent stock be included as investment options), such claims should be dismissed. However, were the Court to reach that argument, the Court would dismiss such claims. See, e.g., Compl. ¶ 144 (alleging that Defendants breached their fiduciary duties "when they selected Avaya securities and the Avaya Stock Fund as investment options under the Plan."). To the extent that Plaintiff challenges the decision of the sponsor of the Plans to require particular investment options, Plaintiff fails to state a claim for breach of fiduciary duty. See, e.g., Akers v. Palmer, 71 F.3d 226, 230 (6th Cir.1995) ("[A] company is only subject to fiduciary restrictions when managing a plan according to its terms, but not when it decides what those terms are to be.").
