                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2004 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


12-7-2004

Pe v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 03-3906




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                                                  NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                          FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                      NO. 03-3906


                               NOEL VENTURA PE,
                                           Petitioner

                                          v.

                                JOHN ASHCROFT,
                        Attorney General of the United States,
                                                 Respondent


                        Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         United States Department of Justice
                            Board of Immigration Appeals
                                BIA No. A73-478-141


                     Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                December 6, 2004

             Before: RENDELL, FISHER and YOHN*, Circuit Judges.

                            (Filed:    December 7, 2004)




                            OPINION OF THE COURT




__________________________________

   * Hon. William H. Yohn, Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the
     Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
RENDELL, Circuit Judge.

       Noel Pe petitioned this Court for review of the Attorney General’s denial of his

claims for asylum, relief from removal, and protection under the Convention Against

Torture (“CAT”). Our jurisdiction arises under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a). We will deny the

petition for review.

                                              I.

       Pe is a native and citizen of the Philippines who entered the United States without

inspection on or about October 11, 1998. He was placed in removal proceedings where

he conceded deportability, but claimed eligibility for asylum and requested withholding of

removal as well as relief under the CAT because of persecution in his home country on

account of his imputed political beliefs.

       As we write solely for the parties, our recitation of the facts will be limited to those

necessary to our determination. At a hearing before the Immigration Judge (“IJ”), Pe

claimed he experienced difficulties in his home country because of his efforts to expose

the operations of a criminal syndicate whose members included high ranking officials in

the Philippine government.

       In February 1998, Pe was engaged in selling cars in his home town of Puerto

Princesa for Jude Estrada (“Estrada”), the son of the then Philippines presidential

candidate Joseph Estrada. After selling two cars, Pe saw a television report exposing a

stolen car syndicate involving Estrada which made Pe suspicious that the cars he was



                                              2
selling were stolen. Pe met with Estrada in M anila where his suspicions were confirmed.

Estrada asked Pe to leave Puerto Princesa until after the presidential election. However,

Pe returned to the city and began to inform people about the syndicate and that the cars he

had sold them were stolen. Soon after his return to Puerto Princesa, Pe began to receive

phone calls threatening his life if he did not stop telling people about the cars. After

Joseph Estrada’s inauguration as President of the Philippines in June 1998,1 Pe fled to

Manila and went into hiding with his family, but continued to receive threatening phone

calls. In July 1998, after discovering that police had ransacked his room, Pe believed that

he had no choice but to leave the Philippines for fear of his life.

                                              II.

       The IJ found that Pe was credible and that Pe had established his eligibility for

asylum. Although Pe’s persecution was a result of a desire to protect a criminal

conspiracy, the IJ found that the identity of the leaders of this conspiracy added a political

dimension to Pe’s persecution. This, the IJ believed, was sufficient to find that Pe’s




 1
        President Estrada was removed from office on January 20, 2001. See Maria Ressa,
Arroyo Sworn in as President of Philippines (Jan. 21, 2001), at
http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ASIANOW/southeast/01/20/philippines.estrada.02/.
Former President Estrada was brought to trial for charges that he plundered
approximately $78 million in bribes and embezzled funds during his 31 months in office.
Defiant Estrada Appears in Court (Oct. 1, 2001), at
http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/10/01/phil.estrada/index.html.
Estrada’s corruption trial is currently ongoing. See Joel Francis Guinto, Prosecution,
Defense Clash in Estrada Plunder Trial (Oct. 27, 2004), at
http://news.inq7.net/breaking/index.php?index=1&story_id=16265.

                                              3
persecution was a result of a political opinion imputed to him and qualifying him as a

refugee under 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2).

       The government appealed to the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”). On

appeal, the BIA upheld the IJ’s determination of Pe’s credibility and his account of the

events that lead to his asylum application. The BIA noted, however, that Pe’s political

opinion was not the basis for the actions taken against him. Pe’s treatment “stemmed

from his involvement with a criminal syndicate which happened to be led by political

notables.” Pe’s claim for asylum could not, therefore, be established because the adverse

treatment he received was unrelated to one of the five established grounds for refugee

status under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). The BIA sustained the appeal and reversed the

IJ’s decision, ordering Pe deported from the United States.

       Pe then filed a petition for review with this Court alleging that the BIA erred in

finding that Pe was not eligible for asylum because Pe’s persecution was a result of an

imputed political opinion.

                                            III.

       Because the BIA issued its own decision, we review the decision of the BIA, and

not that of the IJ. Awolesi v. Ashcroft, 341 F.3d 227, 231 (3d Cir. 2003); Abdulai v.

Ashcroft, 239 F.3d 542, 549 (3d Cir. 2001). We must uphold the BIA’s decision if it is

supported by substantial evidence in the record, sustaining that decision “unless the

evidence not only supports a contrary conclusion, but compels it.” Zubeda v. Ashcroft,



                                             4
333 F.3d 463, 471 (3d Cir.2003) (quoting Abdille v. Ashcroft, 242 F.3d 477, 483-84 (3d

Cir. 2001)).

                                              IV.

       To qualify for a grant of asylum, Pe must prove that he meets the statutory

definition of a refugee, i.e., that he is an alien who is unable or unwilling to return to his

home country “because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account

of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political

opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). This requires Pe to present evidence that the harm

inflicted upon him was motivated because of his actual or imputed political opinion. See

Amanfi v. Ashcroft, 328 F.3d 719, 728 (3d Cir. 2003). As the Supreme Court noted,

“[t]he ordinary meaning of the phrase ‘persecution on account of . . . political opinion’ in

§ 101(a)(42) is persecution on account of the victim's political opinion, not the

persecutor’s.’” INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 482 (1992). The fact that Pe’s

persecutors appeared to have a generalized political motive underlying their actions is not

sufficient to establish Pe’s fear of persecution “on account of [his] political opinion, as §

101(a)(42) requires.” Id. (emphasis in original).

       The record in this case provides sufficient evidence to support the BIA’s

conclusion that Pe was not persecuted on account of his political opinions. Pe was

assisting in the political campaign of Joseph Estrada and his political opinion was in favor

of Estrada’s candidacy. By his own admissions, Pe’s decision to disclose the activities of



                                               5
the syndicate were motivated by his own honesty rather than any political opposition to

Joseph Estrada. Because Pe’s claim was based on a fear of retribution over a personal

matter rather than on expression of his political opinion, asylum could not be granted on

this basis. See Molina-Morales v. INS, 237 F.3d 1048, 1052 (9th Cir. 2001).

                                            V.

       For the foregoing reasons, we will DENY the petition for review of the decision of

the Board of Immigration Appeals.




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