                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



JEFFERY EARL ANDERSON,                                               UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     June 2, 2015
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                    No. 321880
                                                                     Ottawa Circuit Court
SVITLANA ANDERSON,                                                   LC No. 11-071347-DM

               Defendant-Appellee.


                                        AFTER REMAND

Before: RIORDAN, P.J., and MARKEY and WILDER, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        This matter returns to us after remand to the trial court to make brief, definite, and
pertinent findings regarding the factors set forth in 2013 Michigan Child Support Formula
(MCSF), § 2.01(G)(2), regarding the imputation of income to plaintiff, Jeffery Earl Anderson, in
this divorce action from defendant, Svitlana Anderson.

        We instructed the trial court to make findings regarding plaintiff’s alleged learning
disabilities, criminal record, and diligence in seeking employment, and to assess the impact these
factors may have on the court’s decision to impute income to plaintiff. The trial court having
done so, we find no error in the court’s decision to impute income to plaintiff. We affirm.

                                 I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

        The parties married in April 2006, and their judgment of divorce was entered in February
2014. The parties have one child together, a daughter, born in 2010. The trial court granted sole
legal and physical custody of the minor child to defendant. The court properly found that the
majority of the best-interests factors, MCL 722.23, favored defendant as plaintiff often left his
daughter with third parties to pursue his own interests and career opportunities out of state.

         The financial business that plaintiff was involved with—DMI Financial—was based in
Illinois, and a new construction job he took also had out-of-state locations. Plaintiff went on
numerous out-of-state wrestling trips, and sometimes missed parenting time with the minor child
because of these travels. Plaintiff’s brother, his brother’s girlfriend, neighbors, cousins, and his
parents would watch the minor when plaintiff was away. The trial court also found that plaintiff
used the marital home as a base to exercise parenting time. A fluctuating group of people

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sporadically lived in the home, including plaintiff’s brother and nephew, and plaintiff’s other
brother and daughters.

         In the previous appeal, we affirmed the trial court order granting sole legal and physical
custody of the minor to defendant. For purposes of child support, the trial court imputed income
to plaintiff in the amount of $70,900. However, because the trial court did not review the
appropriate factors under the MCSF, we remanded for the trial court to consider the relevant
factors.

        On remand, the trial court did as instructed, and reviewed the following factors: (c) the
physical and mental disabilities that may affect a parent’s ability to obtain or maintain gainful
employment; (g) diligence exercised in seeking appropriate employment; (h) evidence that the
parent in question is able to earn the imputed income; (i) personal history, including present
marital status and present means of support. The trial court found that factors (c), (g), and (h)
weighed in favor of imputing income to plaintiff, and that factor (i) was neutral. Ultimately, the
trial court found that imputing income to plaintiff in the amount of $70,900 remained
appropriate. We now review that decision.

                                    II. IMPUTED INCOME

                                 A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        “[W]e review a trial court’s discretionary rulings, such as the decision to impute income
to a party, for an abuse of discretion.” Carlson v Carlson, 293 Mich App 203, 205; 809 NW2d
612 (2011). “An abuse of discretion occurs when a court selects an outcome that is not within
the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” Id.

                                         B. ANALYSIS

        To determine the appropriate amount of child support, a trial court must follow the
MCSF, or provide reasons for failing to do so. Stallworth v Stallworth, 275 Mich App 282, 284;
738 NW2d 264 (2007). The first step in determining a child support award is to determine each
parent’s net income by considering all sources of income. Id. This calculation is not limited to a
parent’s actual income as it can include imputed income based on “the parent’s unexercised
ability to pay when supported by adequate fact-finding that the parent has an actual ability and
likelihood of earning the imputed income.” Id. at 285. “When a parent is voluntarily
unemployed or underemployed, or has an unexercised ability to earn, income includes the
potential income that parent could earn, subject to that parent’s actual ability.” 2013 MCSF
2.01(G).

       A trial court should rely on the following relevant factors when calculating the amount of
potential income:

        (2) Use relevant factors both to determine whether the parent in question has an
       actual ability to earn and a reasonable likelihood of earning the potential income.
       To figure the amount of potential income that parent could earn, consider the
       following:


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               (a) Prior employment experience and history, including reasons for any
               termination or changes in employment.

               (b) Educational level and any special skills or training.

               (c) Physical and mental disabilities that may affect a parent’s ability to
               obtain or maintain gainful employment.

               (d) Availability for work (exclude periods when a parent could not work
               or seek work, e.g., hospitalization, incarceration, debilitating illness, etc.).

               (e) Availability of opportunities to work in the local geographical area.

               (f) The prevailing wage rates in the local geographical area.

               (g) Diligence exercised in seeking appropriate employment.

               (h) Evidence that the parent in question is able to earn the imputed
               income.

               (i) Personal history, including present marital status and present means of
               support.

               (j) The presence of the parties’ children in the parent’s home and its
               impact on that parent’s earnings.

               (k) Whether there has been a significant reduction in income compared to
               the period that preceded the filing of the initial complaint or the motion for
               modification. [2013 MCSF 2.01(G)(2).]

“These factors generally ensure that adequate fact-finding supports the conclusion that the parent
to whom income is imputed has an actual ability and likelihood of earning the imputed income.”
Clarke v Clarke, 297 Mich App 172, 184; 823 NW2d 318 (2012).

       On appeal, plaintiff does not contest the trial court’s decision to impute income to him.
Rather, his disagreement is with the amount of income the trial court imputed. The trial court
determined that $70,900 was a reasonable income to attribute to father because it was the
average of: (1) the income that Michele Korponai, defendant’s expert, testified that plaintiff
could earn ($76,000 to $80,000 a year) and (2) plaintiff’s income for 2005 through 2007, which
he reported to the federal government ($63,800.33 a year).

       We find that the trial court’s conclusions are not in error. The trial court relied on
Korponai’s assessment of plaintiff’s ability to earn income. Plaintiff had a bachelor’s degree in
marketing. After reviewing plaintiff’s resume, Korponai concluded that plaintiff could obtain
employment as a financial manager. The median pay for a financial manager in Michigan is




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$46.56 an hour. Korponai also testified about an open position in Kent County for a budget
administration manager that she believed was an appropriate position for plaintiff. The position
had a salary of $76,000 to $88,000.1

        Although plaintiff testified that his average annual income—according to his tax returns
from 2006 to 2011—was somewhere between $20,000 and $26,000, the trial court did not
believe this was an accurate representation of his income. Indeed, there was evidence that
plaintiff was not forthcoming about the true amount of his income. For example, he failed to
provide the trial court with his complete tax return for 2012, and he changed his testimony about
whether he received commissions from DMI Financial. He also reported to the federal
government in an affidavit of support for defendant’s green card that he earned $47,189 in 2007,
$48,456 in 2006, and $101,756 in 2005. He also pleaded the “Fifth” when asked if he was an
authorized user on the DMI Financial account with Citizens First Bank.

        Thus, not only was there evidence that plaintiff was qualified for a managerial position
with a salary of up to $88,000, he also was evasive about the income he was producing. The trial
court’s decision to impute a higher salary to plaintiff resulted from its evaluation of plaintiff’s
credibility, which is an assessment that warrants our deference. Rains v Rains, 301 Mich App
313, 329; 836 NW2d 709 (2013). Further, based on Korponai’s testimony about the appropriate
salary for a person with plaintiff’s skills and experience, we find no error in the trial court’s
selection of $70,900 as the amount of income to impute to plaintiff.

        Nor do we find any error in the trial court’s findings regarding the factors it analyzed on
remand. In regard to factor (c)—the physical and mental disabilities that may affect a parent’s
ability to obtain or maintain gainful employment—the court found that plaintiff suffers from
ADD and dyslexia. Nevertheless, the trial court found that the evidence at trial establishes that
these conditions have not prevented plaintiff from serving in management positions in a number
of businesses. As the trial court found, there is no evidence that any mental disability has
affected plaintiff’s ability to work in his chosen field. Thus, we find no error in the trial court’s
finding.

       In regard to factor (g)—diligence in seeking appropriate employment—the trial court
found that although plaintiff testified that he applied for 200 positions, there was little
documentation to support that claim. See Berger v Berger, 277 Mich App 700, 705; 747 NW2d
336 (2008) (“This Court will defer to the trial court’s credibility determinations, and the trial
court has discretion to accord differing weight to the best-interest factors.”). The court also
found that plaintiff settled for employment at a low hourly rate, and at a location several hours
away from the minor child, which further strained the financial resources available to support the
minor. Thus, the court concluded that plaintiff did not exercise due diligence in seeking and
preserving financial resources, and that “[h]is thought process reflects no consideration of
maximizing the income available to support his child.” We find no error in the trial court’s
findings. As the trial court recognized, plaintiff’s exorbitant claim of job applications is


1
 Although plaintiff claimed that he was not qualified for the position, Korponai testified that
based on his education and experience, it would be an appropriate fit for him.


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unsubstantiated, and his selection of jobs renders his earnestness in seeking employment
doubtful.

        As for factor (h)—evidence that the parent is able to earn the imputed income—the trial
court found that the evidence at trial demonstrated that plaintiff earned significant income in
managerial-level positions with a number of different companies. Indeed, plaintiff had
significant involvement in business throughout his career, most notably of which was DMI
financial. We again find no error in the trial court’s finding.

        Finally, the trial court considered factor (i)—personal history—and, in particular,
plaintiff’s conviction for domestic violence. The trial court found that no evidence was
presented to suggest that any business had not hired plaintiff because of his criminal record, and
this factor was neutral regarding the decision to impute income. We find no error in the trial
court’s reasoning. As Korponai testified, a criminal conviction is “not necessarily” a deciding
factor for an employer, as a job applicant’s “soft skills” may be more important.

       Based on the foregoing, we find that the trial court’s decision to impute income in the
amount of $70,900 to plaintiff did not fall outside the range of reasonable and principled
outcomes. Carlson, 293 Mich App at 205. The trial court’s findings were supported with
evidence that plaintiff had an actual ability and likelihood of earning the amount of the imputed
income. Ghidotti v Barber, 459 Mich 189, 193; 586 NW2d 883 (1998).

                                        III. CONCLUSION

          The trial court did not err in imputing income in the amount of $70,900 to plaintiff. We
affirm.



                                                             /s/ Michael J. Riordan
                                                             /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                             /s/ Kurtis T. Wilder




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