      MEMORANDUM DECISION
      Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this
      Memorandum Decision shall not be                                                FILED
      regarded as precedent or cited before any                                   Jul 30 2018, 9:56 am
      court except for the purpose of establishing                                    CLERK
      the defense of res judicata, collateral                                     Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                                     Court of Appeals
      estoppel, or the law of the case.                                                and Tax Court




      APPELLANT PRO SE                                             ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
      Nico Ross                                                    Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
      Hammond, Indiana                                             Attorney General of Indiana
                                                                   James B. Martin
                                                                   Deputy Attorney General
                                                                   Indianapolis, Indiana


                                                    IN THE
             COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

      Nico Ross,                                                   July 30, 2018
      Appellant-Defendant,                                         Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                                   04A03-1707-IF-1724
              v.                                                   Appeal from the Benton Circuit
                                                                   Court
      State of Indiana,                                            The Honorable Rex W. Kepner,
      Appellee-Plaintiff.                                          Judge
                                                                   Trial Court Cause No.
                                                                   04C01-1701-IF-2



      Mathias, Judge.

[1]   Nico Ross (“Ross”) appeals the Benton Circuit Court’s imposition of a Class C

      infraction for speeding. We affirm.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 04A03-1707-IF-1724 | July 30, 2018                Page 1 of 7
                                     Facts and Procedural History
[2]   On December 30, 2016, Benton County Sheriff Department Deputy Micah

      Wallace (“Deputy Wallace”) activated his radar and clocked Ross driving at 88

      m.p.h. in a 60-m.p.h. speed zone, pulled him over, and issued a speeding ticket.

      Deputy Wallace asked Ross to sign the ticket, but Ross refused.1


[3]   Ross contested the ticket, and a bench trial was held on June 20, 2017. Ross

      argued that he was not speeding, and that he was driving “approximately

      between 45 and 50” m.p.h. Tr. p. 25. He stated that he would not have been

      speeding because he “had actually busted some of [his radial tires] . . . so [his]

      car would shake . . . so [he] was taking precaution.” Id. However, Deputy

      Wallace testified that his speed radar detector clocked the vehicle traveling at 88

      m.p.h. Id. at 12. Deputy Wallace also testified that the stop occurred at US 41

      and Division Road, but other evidence indicates that the stop was at US 41 and

      300 North.


[4]   During trial, Ross’s counsel moved to dismiss the case on the grounds that the

      signature on the ticket appeared to read “V-A-L-L-E” and not “W-A-L-L-A-C-

      E.” Id. at 15. Counsel attempted to argue that “[e]verything that [the State]

      presented in the discovery was related to an officer Wallace, but they didn’t

      present anything saying that this ticket was written by a V-A-L-L-E[,] and




      1
          A copy of the actual ticket was not included in the appendix and therefore was unavailable for our review.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 04A03-1707-IF-1724 | July 30, 2018                 Page 2 of 7
      therefore they haven’t proven the charge.” Id. at 16. The court denied the initial

      motion and denied counsel’s motion to reconsider.


[5]   After the presentation of the evidence, the court concluded that “the State

      proved by a preponderance of the evidence that Nico Ross was traveling 88

      mph in a 60 mph zone.” Appellant’s App. Vol II, p. 19–20. The court ordered

      Ross to pay a $149.50 fine on or before July 20, 2017. Ross now appeals.


                                      Discussion and Decision
[6]   Traffic infractions are civil, rather than criminal, in nature, and the State must

      prove the commission of the infractions by only a preponderance of the

      evidence. Rosenbaum v. State, 930 N.E.2d 72, 74 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (citing

      Slate v. State, 798 N.E.2d 510, 520 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), superseded by statute on

      other grounds), trans. denied.


[7]   It is also well-settled that even though Ross is proceeding pro se in this appeal,

      he “will be held to the same established rules of procedure that trained legal

      counsel are bound to follow. Also, the fact that he is proceeding pro se does not

      excuse him from complying with appellate rules.” Foster v. Adoption of Federspiel,

      560 N.E.2d 691, 692 (Ind. Ct. App. 1990) (citation omitted).


[8]   Initially, we observe that the claims Ross attempts to raise in this appeal center

      around his belief that Deputy Wallace committed perjury during trial.

      Specifically, Ross alleges that, in his incident report, Deputy Wallace cited the

      location of the stop at US 41 and 300 North, but during trial he testified it


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 04A03-1707-IF-1724 | July 30, 2018   Page 3 of 7
       occurred at US 41 and Division Road. Ross did not challenge this inconsistency

       during trial.


                                        I. Waiver of Alleged Errors

[9]    The arguments Ross attempts to raise in his brief are generally incoherent and

       are not cogently articulated, as required by Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a). “While

       we prefer to decide cases on their merits, we will deem alleged errors waived

       where an appellant’s noncompliance with the rules of appellate procedure is so

       substantial it impedes our appellate consideration of the errors.” Shepherd v.

       Truex, 819 N.E.2d 457, 463 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (citing Thacker v. Wentzel, 797

       N.E.2d 342, 345 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003)).


[10]   Additionally, Ross’s brief contains lengthy citations from the U.S. Constitution,

       Indiana statutes, and caselaw but fails to explain how these provisions and

       cases should be applied to the issues raised. The citation to authority that Ross

       includes in his brief does not directly apply to the facts and circumstances of

       this case. “On review, we will not search the record to find a basis for a party’s

       argument, nor will we search the authorities cited by a party in order to find

       legal support for its position.” Young v. Butts, 685 N.E.2d 147, 151 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 1997) (citation omitted). This court has stated:


               We demand cogent argument supported with adequate citation
               to authority because it promotes impartiality in the appellate
               tribunal. A court which must search the record and make up its
               own arguments because a party has not adequately presented
               them runs the risk of becoming an advocate rather than an
               adjudicator. A brief should not only present the issues to be

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 04A03-1707-IF-1724 | July 30, 2018   Page 4 of 7
                decided on appeal, but it should be of material assistance to the
                court in deciding those issues.


       Id. (citation omitted).


[11]   Ross has failed to comply with our Appellate Rules and present a cogent

       argument, other than his alleged Brady violation. For example, under what

       appears to be Ross’s fundamental error argument, he states that his counsel did

       not object when Deputy Wallace gave allegedly false testimony. See Appellant’s

       Br. at 28. But he does not argue a basis for making the objection. Id. Ross cites

       to Arizona jurisprudence and United States Supreme Court caselaw but has not

       offered any direction in application or interpretation of these standards to the

       facts of his case. These types of incoherent arguments and procedural errors are

       ubiquitous in Ross’s brief, and thus he has waived his right to raise these

       allegations on appeal.


                                          II. Alleged Brady Violation

[12]   However, Ross has cogently argued his claim that a Brady violation occurred.

       Ross argues that the State presented testimony from Deputy Wallace that was

       “not inclusive in the discovery and was omitted[,]” Appellant’s Br. at 15, which

       he contends constitutes a violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). To

       prevail on a Brady claim2, a defendant must establish: (1) that the prosecution



       2
         Certain federal courts have concluded that Brady does not apply to certain civil cases that involve only
       money or damage to reputation. See United States v. Edwards, 777 F.Supp.2d 985, 997–98 (E.D.N.C. 2011)
       (stating that “established precedent supports application of Brady’s mandate in civil proceedings under
       extreme circumstances threatening fundamental liberty interests”). Here, Ross states that the interest at stake

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 04A03-1707-IF-1724 | July 30, 2018                Page 5 of 7
       suppressed evidence; (2) that the suppressed evidence was favorable to the

       defense; and (3) that the evidence was material to an issue at trial. Shelby v.

       State, 986 N.E.2d 345, 358 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (citing Bunch v. State, 964

       N.E.2d 274, 297 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans. denied), trans. denied. Evidence is

       “material” under Brady only if there is a reasonable probability that, had the

       evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have

       been different. Id. And a “reasonable probability” is a probability sufficient to

       undermine confidence in the outcome. Id. However, the State will not be found

       to have suppressed material evidence if it was available to a defendant through

       the exercise of reasonable diligence. Id.


[13]   Here, Ross claims that the “statements made by [Deputy] Wallace and known

       by Assistant Deputy Prosecuting Attorney Ms. Pitstick are inconsistent and

       ambiguous as to where the alleged violation actually occurred.” Appellant’s Br.

       at 15–16. Specifically, Ross argues that the original ticket indicated that the

       location of the stop was made at US 41 and 300 North, but during trial, Deputy

       Wallace testified that the stop occurred at US 41 and Division Road, and this

       inconsistency should have been disclosed during discovery. See id.


[14]   However, these facts and circumstances do not establish a Brady violation. First,

       Brady requires that information be suppressed. By definition, suppression of




       is not only money. Rather it is his interest in maintaining a clean driving record, as he drives for a
       transportation company. Therefore, we will address his argument on its merits.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 04A03-1707-IF-1724 | July 30, 2018                     Page 6 of 7
       evidence means “[t]he prosecution’s withholding from the defense of evidence

       that is favorable to the defendant.” Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014).


[15]   Here, Deputy Wallace testified concerning his recollection of the location of the

       traffic stop during trial. Moreover, whether Ross was pulled over at US 41 and

       Division Road or US 41 and 300 North is not outcome determinative. Based on

       the Incident Report that was submitted, Deputy Wallace entered the location as

       US 41 and 300 N. Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 10. Even if the location was

       different than what was originally cited, the evidence is still sufficient to

       conclude that Deputy Wallace clocked Ross driving above the speed limit. Ross

       has not established that there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the

       proceeding would have been different had he known prior to trial that Deputy

       Wallace was going to testify that the stop occurred at US 41 and Division Road.

       Therefore, Ross has failed to establish that a Brady violation occurred. See

       Shelby, 986 N.E.2d at 358 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013).


                                                  Conclusion
[16]   For all of these reasons, we conclude that the trial court did not err in imposing

       a Class C infraction for speeding.


[17]   Affirmed.


       Riley, J., and May, J., concur.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 04A03-1707-IF-1724 | July 30, 2018   Page 7 of 7
