                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


    ESTRELLA DEPPNER,

                Plaintiff,

         v.
                                                           Civil Action No. 1:17-cv-1275 (DLF)
    SPECTRUM HEALTH CARE
    RESOURCES, INC., et al.,

                 Defendants.


                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

        Estrella Deppner brings these Title VII and District of Columbia Human Rights Act

(DCHRA) actions against her former employer, Spectrum Healthcare Resources, asserting that it

discriminated against her based on national origin, subjected her to a hostile work environment,

and retaliated against her for engaging in protected activity. She also brings a DCHRA action

against her former supervisor, Jerl Huling, in his individual capacity, asserting that he did the

same. Before the Court is defendants’ Motion to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, for Summary

Judgment. Dkt. 11. For the reasons that follow, the Court will grant the motion.

I. BACKGROUND1

        Spectrum Healthcare Services—a government contractor tasked with providing

healthcare services to various federal agencies—employed Deppner as a nurse coordinator. Am.


1
  The Court treats this motion as a motion for summary judgment with respect to Deppner’s
national origin discrimination claim under Title VII and as a motion to dismiss with respect to all
other claims. Because the Court in resolving a motion to dismiss must treat plaintiff’s “factual
allegations as true and must grant the plaintiff the benefit of all inferences that can be derived
from the facts alleged,” Ctr. for Responsible Sci. v. Gottlieb, 311 F. Supp. 3d 5, 8 (D.D.C. 2018)
(internal quotation marks and alterations omitted), the following sets forth the facts solely as they
appear in Deppner’s pleadings and the administrative record before the EEOC.
Compl. ¶¶ 4–5, Dkt. 6. From February 4, 2015 to March 30, 2016, Deppner was placed at the

Health Center for the Department of Veteran’s Affairs. Id. ¶ 4. During that time, Deppner was

directed to prepare a report on “bed bugs” discovered in the health center. Id. ¶ 19. Her

supervisor, Jerl Huling, was “made aware” of the bed bugs and instructed Deppner not to discuss

them with other nurses. Id. ¶ 24.2

       On the afternoon of April 27, 2016, Deppner reported to the Potomac Education Center,

where she was asked to measure the blood pressure of two female patients—“Client 1” and

“Client 2.”3 Id. ¶¶ 9–13. During Client 1’s visit, Deppner called her “honey bunny” and told her

she “looked good and was sexy.” Id. ¶ 11. Deppner also asked her to “uncross her legs and

arms” to avoid inaccuracies in the blood pressure reading. Id. When Client 1 failed to do so,

Deppner “touched Client 1’s knee” and repeated the request. Id. After the treatment, Client 1

filed a complaint against Deppner alleging that Deppner’s use of the terms “‘Honey Bunny’ and

‘Sexy’ made her feel uncomfortable” and “amounted to ‘sexual [sic] harassment.” Id. ¶ 12.

       Later that afternoon, Deppner told Client 2 she was “pretty” and “had a nice smile.” Id.

¶ 13. Deppner began testing Client 2’s blood pressure using a standard-sized cuff, which proved

too small. Id. She then switched to the largest cuff available and administered the test. Id. The

result was lower than usual, which Deppner explained could have been due to “diet, exercise,

lack of sleep, dehydration” or “stress.” Id. Client 2 responded “angrily” that if she needed



2
  During this conversation, Deppner also told Huling she overheard two nurses—her “friends”—
talking about her in the “Jamaican language.” Am. Compl. ¶ 24. One of them (apparently
switching to English) referred to her as a “Filipino doll.” Id. Deppner does not appear to
consider that reference an insult; nor does she make any effort to tie it to her national origin
discrimination claims.
3
 To protect the patients’ privacy, the Court adopts plaintiff’s convention of referring to them as
Client 1 and Client 2.

                                                 2
advice, she would consult her doctor. Id. She filed a complaint against Deppner, in which she

described Deppner’s explanation for the low blood pressure result as a “lecture” that was both

“demeaning and harassing.” Id.

       Spectrum reviewed the incidents and concluded that Deppner’s conduct was

“inappropriate, unprofessional and harassing.” Id. ¶ 14. Huling called Deppner on April 29 and

informed her she would be “suspended without pay until [Spectrum’s] investigation is done.” Id.

Later that day, Deppner provided Spectrum with a statement in which she denied that her actions

constituted harassment but admitted to calling Client 1 “Honey Bunny” and “sexy” and to

“touching her on the knee” while asking the patient to “uncross her legs.” Defs.’ Mot. at Ex. 5,

Dkt. 11-7 at 2–3.4 Spectrum concluded that those actions violated Spectrum’s policy on

workplace harassment, and it suspended Deppner for five days. Am. Compl. ¶ 16. Deppner also

alleges that Spectrum “planned” to terminate her effective June 6, 2016. Id. But she does not

clarify whether (or when) this plan was revealed to her, or whether (or when) it was actually

carried out. Id. Rather, Deppner suggests both that Spectrum “terminated her from the job” and

that she “did not want to return to work” or “communicate with Spectrum,” id. ¶ 18 (emphasis

added), making it difficult to discern from the pleadings alone when—and why—Deppner’s

employment with Spectrum eventually ended.


4
  The copy of Deppner’s statement furnished by defendants is appropriately considered
regardless of whether the Court treats the motion as a motion for summary judgment or a motion
to dismiss. “[T]he court may consider a document supplied by defendant in a motion to dismiss
if ‘the complaint necessarily relies’ on the document and when . . . there is no genuine dispute
that the document is what ‘its proponent claims.’” George v. Bank of America N.A., 821 F.
Supp. 2d 299, 301 n.5 (D.D.C. 2011) (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 901(a)). Deppner herself alleges
that she “provided a statement on April 29, 2016 denying that she did anything that could be
conceived as harassment of either client.” Am. Compl. ¶ 15. Because Deppner relies on that
statement and does not dispute that the copy furnished by defendants “is what its proponent
claims,” the Court may consider Exhibit 5 without necessarily treating defendants’ motion as one
for summary judgment.

                                                3
       Deppner filed a Charge of Discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission on October 25, 2016. Dkt. 11-13 at 2. When asked the basis for the alleged

discrimination, she checked the boxes for “Race,” “National Origin,” and “Other” (specifying

“Discriminatory Discipline”). Id. She did not check the box for “Retaliation.” Id. In the sworn

Statement of Particulars accompanying the charge, Deppner described her interactions with

Client 1 and Client 2, and Spectrum’s investigation of their complaints. Id. at 3–5. Deppner

alleged that Spectrum suspended her without pay and “threatened to terminate [her] if similar

conduct occurred again.” Id. at 5. Deppner further explained she “fell out of communication

with Spectrum” and was told by Huling that her position had changed to “PRN duty,” meaning

“Spectrum could assign her to work wherever there [wa]s a need and a vacancy appeared, if she

was prepared to work.” Id. at 6. From this, Deppner “concluded that she was terminated from

her employment as reprisal to her complaint of Bed Bugs.” Id. And she “believe[d] that

Spectrum took this action because of her national origin, Filipino.” Id.

       Deppner filed this case in June 2017, asserting the following counts against Spectrum:

            •   Count I: National origin discrimination and hostile environment harassment under

                Title VII

            •   Count II: National origin discrimination and hostile environment harassment

                under the DCHRA

            •   Count III: Retaliation under Title VII

            •   Count IV: Retaliation under the DCHRA

       In addition, Deppner brought the following count against Huling in his individual

capacity:




                                                 4
            •   Count V: National origin discrimination, reprisal, and hostile environment

                harassment under the DCHRA

        The defendants filed a joint Motion to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, Motion for

Summary Judgment. They argue that Deppner failed to exhaust administrative remedies as to

her hostile work environment and retaliation claims, that Deppner failed to state a claim upon

which relief can be granted as to all claims, and that Deppner failed to satisfy the pleading

requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2), Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.

544 (2007), and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009) as to all claims. They also argue that

Spectrum “had a very strong and non-discriminatory reason for suspending Deppner and issuing

her a Final Written Warning.” Defs.’ Reply at 13, Dkt. 20.

II. LEGAL STANDARDS

        Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allows a defendant to move to

dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Fed. R. Civ.

P. 12(b)(6). To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a complaint must contain factual matter

sufficient to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp., 550 U.S. at 570.

Well-pleaded factual allegations are “entitled to [an] assumption of truth,” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at

679, and the court construes the complaint “in favor of the plaintiff, who must be granted the

benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged,” Hettinga v. United States,

677 F.3d 471, 476 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted).

        A motion to dismiss Title VII claims for failure to exhaust administrative remedies is

properly analyzed under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Jones v. Bush,

160 F. Supp. 3d 325, 337 (D.D.C. 2016), aff'd, No. 16-5103, 2017 WL 2332595 (D.C. Cir. Feb.

21, 2017); Mount v. Johnson, 36 F. Supp. 3d 74, 80 (D.D.C. 2014). Moreover, a Rule 12(b)(6)



                                                   5
dismissal for failure to state a claim—including for failure to exhaust administrative remedies—

“is a resolution on the merits and is ordinarily prejudicial.” Okusami v. Psychiatric Inst. of

Wash., Inc., 959 F.2d 1062, 1066 (D.C. Cir. 1992).

       When deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court may consider only the complaint itself,

documents attached to the complaint, documents incorporated by reference in the complaint, and

judicially noticeable materials. EEOC v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624

(D.C. Cir. 1997). As relevant here, the court may consider a plaintiff’s EEOC documents. See

Bowden v. United States, 106 F.3d 433, 437 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (considering “the pleadings and

undisputed documents in the record” while reaching the merits on a motion to dismiss); Vasser v.

McDonald, 228 F. Supp. 3d 1, 11 (D.D.C. 2016) (taking judicial notice of informal and formal

administrative complaints on a motion to dismiss); Williams v. Chu, 641 F. Supp. 2d 31, 35

(D.D.C. 2009) (“A plaintiff's EEOC charge and the agency's determination are both public

records, of which this Court may take judicial notice.” (quotation marks and alteration omitted)).

       A court grants summary judgment if the moving party “shows that there is no genuine

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.

R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247–48 (1986). A

“material” fact is one with potential to change the substantive outcome of the litigation. See

Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 248; Holcomb v. Powell, 433 F.3d 889, 895 (D.C. Cir. 2006). In

response to a motion for summary judgment, the nonmoving party “must do more than simply

show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co.

v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). “[T]he nonmoving party must come forward

with ‘specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Id. at 587 (quoting Fed. R.

Civ. P. 56(e)).



                                                  6
III. ANALYSIS

       Before the Court is defendants’ motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, for summary

judgment. Because the Court may dispose of Deppner’s Title VII hostile work environment and

retaliation claims by reviewing only her amended complaint and EEOC documents, the Court

treats the motion as a motion to dismiss with respect to those claims. But because both parties

have attached materials relevant to Deppner’s Title VII national origin discrimination claim

against Spectrum, the Court will treat the motion as a motion for summary judgment with respect

to that claim. See Zuver v. Sprigg, No. CV 16-2505 (DLF), 2018 WL 3617308, at *4 (D.D.C.

June 13, 2018) (“The court . . . may, a fortiori, convert the motion to dismiss into a motion for

summary judgment only with respect to certain counts or issues”).5


5
  Deppner argues that summary judgment is inappropriate because she “has not had an
opportunity to engage in discovery . . . and has not presented any evidence.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 6,
Dkt. 13. But the Court disagrees. “The decision to convert a motion to dismiss into a motion for
summary judgment . . . is committed to the sound discretion of the trial court.” Flynn v. Tiede–
Zoeller, Inc., 412 F. Supp. 2d 46, 50 (D.D.C. 2006). In exercising that discretion, the “reviewing
court must assure itself that summary judgment treatment would be fair to both parties.” Tele–
Commc'ns. of Key West, Inc. v. United States, 757 F.2d 1330, 1334 (D.C. Cir. 1985). The parties
“must be given a reasonable opportunity to present all the material that is pertinent,” Fed. R. Civ.
P. 12(d), but “[a] motion may be treated as one for summary judgment even if the parties have
not been provided with notice or an opportunity for discovery if they have had a reasonable
opportunity to contest the matters outside of the pleadings such that they are not taken by
surprise,” Bowe-Connor v. Shinseki, 845 F. Supp. 2d 77, 86 (D.D.C. 2012). Here, Deppner has
had more than a reasonable opportunity to present pertinent material outside the pleadings.
Defendants requested summary judgment in the alternative and explicitly acknowledged the
possibility that the Court could treat their motion as one for summary judgment. Defs.’ Mot. at
2–3 n.2. And Deppner attached affidavits and public records to her opposition. See Dkt. 13-1,
13-2, 13-3, 13-4, 14. Deppner never once requested discovery in this case, and under the
circumstances she will not be unfairly surprised by the Court’s decision. See, e.g., Chambers v.
Sebelius, 6 F. Supp. 3d 118, 124 (D.D.C. 2013) (treating motion to dismiss as motion for
summary judgment before discovery “because the defendant’s motion was in the alternative for
summary judgment and . . . the parties had the opportunity to submit and submitted materials in
support in opposition” (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted)), aff'd sub nom.
Chambers v. Burwell, 824 F.3d 141 (D.C. Cir. 2016).




                                                 7
       A.      Exhaustion of Deppner’s Hostile Work Environment and Retaliation Claims
               Under Title VII

       Defendants first argue that Deppner failed to exhaust administrative remedies as required

by Title VII. The Court agrees.

       “Title VII complainants must timely exhaust their administrative remedies before

bringing their claims to court.” Payne v. Salazar, 619 F.3d 56, 65 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (internal

quotation marks and alterations omitted); see also 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(c). The exhaustion

requirement “serves the important purposes of giving the charged party notice of the claim and

narrowing the issues for prompt adjudication and decision,” Park v. Howard Univ., 71 F.3d 904,

907 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted), and it “ensure[s] that the

federal courts are burdened only when reasonably necessary,” Brown v. Marsh, 777 F.2d 8, 14

(D.C. Cir. 1985). In the Title VII context, failure to exhaust is an affirmative defense, and thus

“the defendant bears the burden of pleading and proving it.” Bowden, 106 F.3d at 437; see also

Smith-Haynie v. District of Columbia, 155 F.3d 575, 578 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (“[A]n affirmative

defense may be raised by pre-answer motion under Rule 12(b) when the facts that give rise to the

defense are clear from the face of the complaint.”).

       “A Title VII lawsuit following the EEOC charge is limited in scope to claims that are like

or reasonably related to the allegations of the charge and growing out of such allegations.” Park,

71 F.3d at 907 (internal quotation marks omitted). “Although it is true that the administrative

charge requirement should not be construed to place a heavy technical burden on individuals

untrained in negotiating procedural labyrinths, it is also true that the requirement of some

specificity in a charge is not a mere technicality.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted). After all, “[a] court cannot allow liberal interpretation of an administrative charge to

permit a litigant to bypass the Title VII administrative process.” Id.


                                                 8
        Defendants do not dispute that Deppner has exhausted a claim based on national origin

discrimination. But her EEOC charge cannot be stretched to include a claim for harassment or

retaliation.

               1. Hostile Work Environment

        Deppner never once mentioned “harassment” or a “hostile work environment” to the

EEOC. See Dkt. 11-13. Rather, she focused on a single discrete event—termination—and her

“belie[f] that Spectrum took this action because of her national origin, Filipino.” Id. at 6–7.

        A plaintiff raising a hostile work environment claim, however, must allege more than a

discrete act. The plaintiff must show that the “workplace is permeated with discriminatory

intimidation, ridicule, and insult that is sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of

the victim’s employment.” Vickers v. Powell, 493 F.3d 186, 197 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (emphasis

added) (quoting Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21 (1993)). Thus, courts have

repeatedly refused to find hostile work environment claims exhausted where a plaintiff alleges

only a handful of isolated instances of potential discrimination before the EEOC. See, e.g.,

Panarello v. Zinke, 254 F. Supp. 3d 85, 102 (D.D.C. 2017) (dismissing hostile work environment

claim for failure to exhaust administrative remedies where plaintiff’s “administrative complaint

contain[ed] no mention of a hostile work environment but, rather, identifie[d] a series of discrete

acts of alleged discrimination and retaliation”), appeal filed, No. 17-5148 (D.C. Cir. June 23,

2017); Akridge v. Gallaudet Univ., 729 F. Supp. 2d 172, 180 (D.D.C. 2010) (dismissing

plaintiff’s hostile work environment claim for failure to exhaust administrative remedies where

plaintiff’s EEOC charge raised only “one discrete act of discrimination”).

        Further, the D.C. Circuit made clear in Park v. Howard that “[t]he bald statement that

‘[i]t is my belief that I was denied the opportunity for advancement in my career because of . . .



                                                   9
my national origin’ . . . cannot be read to encompass a hostile work environment claim” for

purposes of exhaustion. 71 F.3d at 908 (second alteration in original). Thus, Deppner’s

assertion that she “believes that Spectrum took this action because of her national origin,

Filipino” cannot be read to encompass a hostile work environment claim. See Rush v.

McDonald’s Corp., 966 F.2d 1104, 1111 (7th Cir. 1992) (“Some detail, beyond a statement that

‘I believe I have been discriminated against because of my race, Black’ is necessary to allow the

[EEOC] to perform its statutory duty [regarding a hostile work environment claim].”). As in

Park, Deppner’s “charge not only lacks the words ‘hostile work environment,’ but also lacks any

factual allegations supporting such a claim.” 71 F.3d at 908. Thus, Count I must be dismissed to

the extent it relies on a theory of “hostile environment harassment.” Am. Compl. at 9.

               2. Retaliation

       Deppner likewise failed to exhaust her retaliation claim. The only possible basis for

construing Deppner’s EEOC charge to encompass retaliation is a single line in which Deppner

asserts she “was terminated from her employment as reprisal to her complaint of Bed Bugs.”

Dkt. 11-13 at 6. But that lone reference to “reprisal” could not have exhausted a retaliation

claim. For one, Deppner was explicitly asked to provide the basis for her claim, and she checked

the boxes for “race” and “national origin” while leaving unchecked the box for “retaliation.” Id.

at 2. More fundamentally, Deppner never alleged “reprisal” for protected activity, as required by

Title VII. See Broderick v. Donaldson, 437 F.3d 1226, 1231 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (listing

“engag[ing] in protected activity” as an essential element of a Title VII retaliation claim (internal

quotation marks omitted)). “An activity is protected for the purposes of a [Title VII] retaliation

claim if it involves opposing alleged discriminatory treatment by the employer or participating in

legal efforts against the alleged treatment.” Beyene v. Hilton Hotels Corp., 815 F. Supp. 2d 235,



                                                 10
247 (D.D.C. 2011), aff'd, 573 F. App'x 1 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Disconcerting as bed bugs in the workplace may be, complaining about them does not constitute

protected activity because it has nothing to do with “discriminatory treatment.” See id.

(explaining that “not every complaint entitles its author to protection from retaliation under Title

VII” because the plaintiff “must demonstrate that he complained [to the employer] of some

unlawful discrimination based on his membership in a protected class” (emphasis added)); Hale

v. Bd. of Trs. of S. Ill. Univ. Sch. of Med., 2017 WL 2695287, at *6 (C.D. Ill. June 22, 2017)

(finding that “speak[ing] up about bed bugs” is “not protected activity” under Title VII because it

“do[es] not relate to illegal employment discrimination”). Because Deppner failed to articulate a

retaliation claim in her EEOC charge, she has failed to exhaust administrative remedies with

respect to that claim. Consequently, the Court must dismiss Count III.

       B.      Deppner’s National Origin Discrimination Claim

       Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 makes it “an unlawful employment practice for

an employer . . . to discriminate against any individual with respect his compensation, terms,

conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race . . . or national

origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). An employee can prove unlawful discrimination with either

direct or indirect evidence. An employee has direct evidence of unlawful discrimination if, for

example, the employer “overtly refer[s]” to the employee's protected trait when making an

unfavorable employment decision. Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 272 (1989)

(O'Connor, J., concurring in the judgment). The indirect method of proof, on the other hand,

requires the employee to establish a prima facie showing of discrimination, which can then be

rebutted by the employer. The elements of a prima facie case of discrimination are: (1) the

plaintiff is part of a protected class; (2) the plaintiff suffered a cognizable adverse employment

action; and (3) the action gives rise to an inference of discrimination. Walker v. Johnson, 798
                                                 11
F.3d 1085, 1091 (D.C. Cir. 2015). At summary judgment, however, “the question whether the

plaintiff in a disparate treatment discrimination suit actually made out a prima facie case is

almost always irrelevant.” Brady v. Office of Sergeant at Arms, 520 F.3d 490, 492 (D.C. Cir.

2008). That is because “by the time the district court considers an employer’s motion for

summary judgment . . . the employer ordinarily will have asserted a legitimate, non-

discriminatory reason for the challenged decision.” Id. at 493. If so, “the district court need

not—and should not—decide whether the plaintiff actually made out a prima facie case.” Id. at

494. Instead, the court “must resolve one central question: Has the employee produced sufficient

evidence for a reasonable jury to find that the employer’s asserted non-discriminatory reason was

not the actual reason and that the employer intentionally discriminated against the employee on

the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin?” Id.

       Deppner has not provided direct evidence of discrimination but instead points to the

circumstances surrounding her suspension and eventual departure from Spectrum. Defendants

challenge Deppner’s prima facie case on multiple grounds.6 But because defendants have also

provided a non-discriminatory reason for disciplining Deppner, Defs.’ Reply at 11–13,7 the

Court “need not—and should not—decide whether the plaintiff actually made out a prima facie

case.” Brady, 520 F.3d at 494. Instead, the Court turns to the “central question” of whether


6
 Specifically, they argue that Deppner has failed to allege satisfactory performance and adverse
employment action and that her complaint does not meet the “plausibility” requirement of Iqbal
and Twombly. See Defs.’ Mot. at 10–12, 16–17.
7
  Defendants primarily discuss Spectrum’s non-discriminatory reason as a challenge to
Deppner’s prima facie case, arguing that she failed to allege that “her job performance was
satisfactory.” Defs.’ Mot. at 10. Satisfactory performance, however, is not a necessary element
of national origin discrimination. See Stella v. Mineta, 284 F.3d 135, 145 (D.C. Cir. 2002)
(listing the elements). Thus, her job performance is better addressed as a potential “legitimate,
non-discriminatory reason” for Spectrum’s actions, as defendants suggest in their reply. Defs.’
Reply at 11; see also id. at 13.

                                                  12
Deppner has “produced sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that the employer’s

asserted non-discriminatory reason was not the actual reason and that the employer intentionally

discriminated against” her. Id.

       Defendants’ non-discriminatory reason for disciplining Deppner is straightforward:

Spectrum received complaints from two patients about Deppner’s behavior, and Deppner

admitted in writing to “the most egregious” of the patients’ accusations. Defs.’ Reply at 13. To

demonstrate that reason, Spectrum has attached copies of both patients’ complaints, Dkt. 11-3,

11-4, a declaration by Huling, Dkt. 11-5, a series of emails and letters exchanged between

Huling and Deppner, Dkt. 11-6, 11-7, 11-9, 11-11, 11-12, an Employee Corrective Counseling

Form, Dkt. 11-8, and Deppner’s response to that form, Dkt. 11-10.

       Those documents clearly establish that Spectrum disciplined Deppner because of the

complaints it received from Client 1 and Client 2. The Employee Corrective Counseling Form

sent to Deppner is particularly revealing. In it, Spectrum explains that Client 1 complained about

Deppner’s use of the words “Honey Bunny” and “sexy” and the fact Deppner “touched her leg in

a way that made the patient feel uncomfortable.” Dkt. 11-8 at 2. Spectrum also explains that

Client 2 complained that she felt “embarrassed” when Deppner “insisted upon utilizing a small

blood pressure cuff,” that she felt “uncomfortable” with being called “pretty,” and that she “felt

like she received a lecture” regarding issues “unrelated” to the purpose of her visit. Id. at 3. To

rectify the issues raised in the patients’ complaints, Spectrum required Deppner to take certain

“action steps for improvement.” Id. Those steps consisted of reviewing Spectrum’s Behavior,

Conduct, and Performance Guidelines, reviewing Spectrum’s policy on Employee and

Workplace Harassment, and refraining from treating “unrelated issues or providing unsolicited




                                                 13
opinions” in the future. Id. If Deppner failed to take those steps, her dismissal would be

“recommended.” Id.

       Deppner admits to nearly all of these facts: that she treated Clients 1 and 2 on April 27,

Am. Compl. ¶¶ 9, 11, 13; that she called Client 1 “Honey Bunny” and “sexy,” id. ¶ 11; that she

“touched Client 1’s knee”, id.; that Client 1 filed a complaint stating Deppner’s use of the words

“Honey Bunny” and “Sexy” made her feel uncomfortable and “amounted to ‘sexual [sic]

harassment,” id. ¶12; that Deppner used a small blood pressure cuff on Client 2 before switching

to a larger one, id. ¶ 13; that Deppner called Client 2 “pretty,” id.; that Client 2 responded

“angrily” when Deppner provided unsolicited advice, id.; that Client 2 filed a complaint

describing Deppner’s treatment as “demeaning and harassing,” id; that Spectrum reviewed the

April 27 incidents and concluded Deppner’s conduct was “inappropriate, unprofessional and

harassing,” id. ¶ 14; that Huling informed Deppner she would be suspended without pay pending

the results of an internal investigation, id.; and that Spectrum ultimately concluded Deppner’s

actions violated its policy on workplace harassment, id.

       Deppner adds merely one twist: that despite all those facts, she “believes” Spectrum

really disciplined her “because of her national origin, Filipino.” Id. ¶ 33. To support that

allegation, Deppner provides two affidavits: her own and that of a co-worker, Karyn Miller. See

Dkt. 21, 22 (redacted versions supplied by defendants with permission of the Court). Deppner’s

affidavit, however, contradicts her own complaint. She asserts that she doesn’t “recall referring

to [Client 1] as being sexy,” Dkt. 21 ¶ 5, and that she “believe[s] Spectrum manufactured [the

two patients’] complaints” as punishment for “complaining to the Veteran’s Administration

about bed bug infestation,” id. ¶ 11. But even if Spectrum had “manufactured” the complaints

for this purpose, it would not make a difference. “[A] plaintiff cannot survive summary



                                                 14
judgment merely by showing that the employer was motivated by a different nondiscriminatory

reason”—like complaining about bed bugs. Moses v. Kerry, 110 F. Supp. 3d 204, 210 (D.D.C.

2015), aff'd, No. 15-5241, 2016 WL 1272943 (D.C. Cir. Feb. 8, 2016). “[S]uch a plaintiff shoots

himself in the foot by demonstrating that the real explanation for the employer's behavior is not

discrimination, but some other motivation.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus,

Deppner’s affidavit would be legally irrelevant even if it did not contradict her own complaint.

        Miller’s affidavit fares no better. It explains that Miller was the “charge nurse” at

Potomac Education Center on April 27, Dkt. 22 ¶ 1, that neither Client 1 nor Client 2 complained

to her about the treatment they received, id. ¶ 5, and that such complaints would “[n]ormally” be

made to her so that she could “address concerns at the lowest level and promptly,” id. ¶ 7. She

further explains that she never heard anything from Spectrum regarding the complaints. Id. ¶ 6.

And she states her “opinion” that “Deppner did not engage in inappropriate communications or

contact with the two patients.” Id. ¶ 9. Presumably, Miller’s testimony is meant to show two

things: first, that the complaints never existed; and second, that Deppner acted appropriately on

April 27. But it fails at the first, and the second is irrelevant.

        First, Deppner herself alleged that both Clients filed complaints about her performance,

Am. Compl. ¶¶ 12, 13, and that Spectrum “conducted a review of these incidents and concluded

that Ms. Deppner’s conduct was inappropriate, unprofessional and harassing,” ¶ 14. But even if

that were not the case, Miller’s testimony that patients “[n]ormally” complain to her instead of

Spectrum is not nearly enough to rebut defendants’ evidence. Defendants have provided, among

other things, purported copies of the patients’ actual complaints, see Dkt. 11-3, 11-4, and two

written statements (whose authenticity is undisputed) in which Deppner confirms the critical

details of April 27 and objects only to the characterization of her conduct as improper, see Dkt.



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11-7 at 2–4; Dkt. 11-10 at 5–6. In a letter to Huling, Deppner says that she “suspected that [she]

would receive feedback from these 2 patients, because they were obviously upset.” Dkt. 11-7 at

2. And in her response to the corrective counseling form, she does not challenge any of the

“Facts and Events” recounted by Spectrum but only Spectrum’s “one sided” focus “on the

statements of the 2 patients.” Dkt. 11-10 at 5. In light of Deppner’s own written statements

admitting to the conduct for which she was disciplined and predicting and acknowledging the

patients’ complaints, Miller’s affidavit could not lead a reasonable juror to conclude that those

complaints were “manufactured” as a pretext for discrimination.

       Second, Miller’s “opinion” about Deppner’s conduct is irrelevant because “[t]he question

is not whether the underlying sexual harassment incident occurred; rather, the issue is whether

the employer honestly and reasonably believed that the underlying sexual harassment incident

occurred.” Brady, 520 F.3d at 496 (affirming summary judgment for defendant in Title VII

action where plaintiff’s “only argument for discrediting the employer's asserted non-

discriminatory reason [wa]s his contention that the underlying sexual harassment incident never

occurred,” id. at 495–96). Miller’s characterization of Deppner’s performance—which she does

not claim to have observed—at most suggests Spectrum might have been wrong to conclude

Deppner’s conduct was improper. It does not show that Spectrum acted dishonestly or

unreasonably in reaching that conclusion.

       To be sure, a Title VII plaintiff has “multiple ways to show that the employer’s stated

reason for the employment action was not the actual reason.” Id. at 495. A plaintiff can

“produce evidence suggesting that the employer treated other employees of a different race . . .

or national origin more favorably in the same factual circumstances” or “demonstrate that the

employer is making up or lying about the underlying facts that formed the predicate for the



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employment decision.” Id. A plaintiff can also point to “changes and inconsistencies in the

stated reasons for the adverse action; the employer’s failure to follow established procedures or

criteria; the employer’s general treatment of minority employees; or discriminatory statements

by the decisionmaker.” Id. at 495 n.3. Deppner has taken none of those steps. She has merely

stated her “[b]elief” that “Spectrum manufactured [the] complaints” against her for the different

but equally non-discriminatory purpose of punishing her for complaining about bed bugs. Dkt.

21 ¶ 11. In the face of defendants’ evidence that Spectrum disciplined Deppner because it

received complaints about her treatment of Client 1 and Client 2, Deppner has not “produced

sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that the employer’s asserted non-discriminatory

reason was not the actual reason and that the employer intentionally discriminated against” her.

Brady, 520 F.3d at 494. The Court will therefore grant defendants’ motion for summary

judgment with respect to Count I.

       C.      Deppner’s DCHRA Claims

       The only remaining counts are Deppner’s DCHRA claims against both defendants. The

Court has an “affirmative obligation” to consider its own jurisdiction, James Madison Ltd. v.

Ludwig, 82 F.3d 1085, 1092 (D.C. Cir. 1996), and it may do so sua sponte at any point during

litigation. In her Amended Complaint, Deppner relies on the subject-matter jurisdiction provided

by 28 U.S.C. § 1343 and 28 U.S.C. § 1331 for her Title VII claims and on the supplemental

jurisdiction provided by 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a) for her DCHRA claims.

       When this case began, the Court had supplemental jurisdiction over Deppner’s D.C.

claims because they derived from the same “nucleus of operative fact” as her federal claims.

United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 725 (1966); see also 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). But

when a court dismisses all federal claims in a suit, it has the discretion to exercise—or decline to

exercise—supplemental jurisdiction over any state-law claims that remain. United Mine
                                                 17
Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 726 (describing supplemental jurisdiction as a “doctrine of

discretion” and not of “right”); see also 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3); Trimble v. District of Columbia,

779 F. Supp. 2d 54, 60 (D.D.C. 2011) (dismissing all federal claims and declining to exercise

supplemental jurisdiction over remaining state-law claims).

       In exercising that discretion, courts consider “judicial economy, convenience and fairness

to litigants.” United Mine Workers, 383 U.S. at 726. “[I]n the usual case in which all federal-

law claims are eliminated before trial, the balance of factors . . . will point toward declining to

exercise jurisdiction over the remaining state-law claims.” Carnegie–Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 484

U.S. 343, 350 n.7 (1988); see also Edmondson & Gallagher v. Alban Towers Tenants Ass'n, 48

F.3d 1260, 1267 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (applying Carnegie-Mellon Univ. to the current version of

§ 1367(d)).

       In this case, the factors weigh against retaining Deppner’s state-law claims. The case has

not progressed beyond defendants’ first motion, and the Court has not developed any familiarity

with Deppner’s state-law claims. Moreover, Deppner will not be prejudiced in any way by

dismissal. As the Supreme Court recently recognized—specifically in the context of District

proceedings—§ 1367(d)’s tolling provision not only provides for a thirty-day grace period for

refiling in state court after dismissal; it also stops the clock on any otherwise-applicable

limitations period during the pendency of the federal-court suit. See Artis v. District of

Columbia, 138 S. Ct. 594, 598 (2018). Because the Court declines to exercise supplemental

jurisdiction over Deppner’s state-law claims, it will dismiss Counts I, IV, and V for lack of

subject-matter jurisdiction.




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                                        CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court grants defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Count I to the

extent it advances a harassment or hostile work environment claim. The Court grants

defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Count III. The Court grants defendants’ Motion for Summary

Judgment regarding Count I. And the Court dismisses Counts II, IV, and V for lack of subject-

matter jurisdiction. A separate order consistent with this decision accompanies this

memorandum opinion.




                                                            ________________________
                                                            DABNEY L. FRIEDRICH
                                                            United States District Judge
Date: September 11, 2018




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