                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 10a0321n.06

                                            No. 09-1268                                     FILED
                                                                                        May 27, 2010
                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


DAVID VERKADE,                                     )
                                                   )
       Plaintiff–Appellant,                        )
                                                   )
v.                                                 )    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                   )    STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE;                      )    WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
JOHN E. POTTER, Postmaster General,                )
                                                   )
       Defendants–Appellees.                       )


Before: GIBBONS, ROGERS, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.

       JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff–appellant David Verkade appeals the

district court’s order of judgment in favor of defendants–appellees the United States Postal Service

(“USPS”) and John C. Potter, Postmaster General. Verkade filed suit against the USPS alleging

interference with his rights under the Family Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”), 29 U.S.C. § 2601 et

seq., and against Potter for unlawful discrimination under the Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 791

et seq. After a bench trial, the district court entered judgment in favor of the defendants and, for the

following reasons, we affirm.

                                                   I.

       David Verkade has been employed by the USPS since 1979, most recently as an express mail

clerk. Verkade suffers from Ménière’s disease, which is an abnormality of the inner ear that can

cause vertigo, severe dizziness, tinnitus, and hearing loss. Verkade’s USPS medical file indicates
Verkade v. U.S. Postal Serv.
No. 09-1268

that he received work restrictions due to Ménière’s in 1997, 2003, and 2004. Consequently, he

manually sorts mail and does not work near any automated machinery, which could trigger

symptoms of Ménière’s.

        On October 27, 2006, Verkade submitted a medical certification form for intermittent FMLA

leave for dizziness to the USPS’s FMLA Office.1 The certification was not tied to any particular

absence but rather notified the USPS that because of “chronic dizziness,” Verkade would be

intermittently absent, at unpredictable times and for an undeterminable duration as they would “vary

according to his symptoms.” Verkade did not describe the underlying health condition causing the

dizziness. The USPS denied the FMLA request because it “does not accept certifications unless and

until an absence is requested pursuant to FMLA[, and it] reserve[d] the right to request current,

complete medical certification at the time of absence, if it becomes necessary . . . to use FMLA for

this condition.” The letter also outlined in detail the deficiencies of the submitted certification that

would need to be rectified in any subsequent FMLA request.

        Verkade was absent due to dizziness on November 6–9, 2006. On November 7, the FMLA

Office informed Verkade that, based on the information provided, the condition did not qualify as

a “chronic condition requiring treatment.” The FMLA Office also notified Verkade that his absence

required a medical certification form to qualify for FMLA protection. Verkade subsequently

submitted a note from his doctor, Eric Weinman, and an FMLA certification substantially identical


       1
         Verkade communicated with two USPS offices: the FMLA Office processes requests for
FMLA leave, and the Medical Unit maintains medical records and handles medical clearances,
disability requests, disability-related workplace restrictions, and other related medical issues. The
Medical Unit does not have authority to grant or deny FMLA protection or to disclose the contents
of employees’ medical files to the FMLA Office. Therefore, USPS employees’ medical files are kept
in the Medical Unit, and the FMLA Office does not have access to those files.
Verkade v. U.S. Postal Serv.
No. 09-1268

to the denied October 27 medical certification. On November 23, the FMLA Office notified Verkade

that the medical certification was “incomplete,” set out the deficiencies and the additional

information necessary to grant FMLA leave, and directed Verkade to ask his physician to clarify

certain statements. The FMLA Office gave Verkade fifteen days to resubmit. Verkade did not do

so, and the FMLA Office denied him FMLA leave.

       Meanwhile, on November 23, the FMLA Office forwarded Verkade’s information to Dr.

Pamela Zuidgeest, the USPS’s contract physician, noting that the dizziness might present a safety

problem for a mail processing clerk. Zuidgeest considered Verkade’s medical file, the Employee

and Labor Relations Manual (“ELM”), information on Ménière’s disease, and the essential functions

of his job as a mail clerk as she understood them from past experience and the job posting. She

concluded that Verkade required return-to-work clearance following any absence due to dizziness.

       Verkade again requested FMLA protection for an absence due to dizziness on December

11–13, 2006. The day after he returned to work, his supervisor informed Verkade that although he

must receive medical clearance before returning to work, because he had worked one day without

incident, he need not get clearance on this occasion. On December 20, 2006, Verkade received a

letter from the Medical Unit reminding him of the medical clearance requirement and providing a

contact number in the Medical Unit.

       Verkade’s next dizziness-related absence was December 27–28, 2006. He returned to work

on December 29 but was sent home because he had not submitted medical clearance. After

considerable prompting from the USPS, Verkade finally submitted medical clearance on January 11,

2007, and returned to work. The USPS consequently put him on absent-without-leave (“AWOL”)
Verkade v. U.S. Postal Serv.
No. 09-1268

status from December 29 through January 10. Meanwhile, on December 30, the FMLA Office

notified Verkade that the December 11–13 and 27–29 absences were not FMLA-protected because

Verkade had failed to provide medical certification. The December 30 notification treated both

absences as one FMLA case and stated that the request for medical certification was mailed to

Verkade from Topeka on December 12, 2006.2 Verkade claims that he never received any such

“Topeka packet.”

       Verkade again submitted a premature medical certification for FMLA leave on April 12,

2007. The FMLA Office again pointed out the deficiencies in the certification, what information

was necessary to cure it for future submissions, and reiterated that Verkade must get medical

clearance before returning to work. After an absence for dizziness on April 17, 2007, he again

received a Topeka packet requesting certification. Verkade submitted an FMLA certification form

identical to the previous certifications that had been denied as incomplete. On May 3, the FMLA

Office notified Verkade that the certification was incomplete and that he must get medical clearance

to return to work. In order to facilitate certification of FMLA-eligibility, the FMLA Office offered

to have Zuidgeest contact Verkade’s doctor and included a release form. In response, Verkade

threatened suit and asserted that the USPS had illegally revealed his dizziness symptoms to

management. He prohibited the Medical Unit from revealing his underlying condition, stated that

he would forward a declaration from his doctor to the Medical Unit, and authorized Zuidgeest to

speak with his attorney, but not with Weinman. Once Zuidgeest received Weinman’s declaration



       2
         Customarily, when a USPS employee requests FMLA leave, the USPS office in Topeka
sends the employee a packet requesting medical certification, including the necessary forms, and sets
a fifteen-day deadline for submission of the certification.
Verkade v. U.S. Postal Serv.
No. 09-1268

in mid-May 2007, she followed up with Verkade’s supervisors. After exchanging several emails,

Zuidgeest visited the facility on June 28, 2007. Soon thereafter she withdrew the medical clearance

requirement.

       Verkade again requested FMLA leave for a dizziness-related absence on June 11–13, 2007.

He returned to work on June 14 but was sent home for lack of medical clearance. Verkade was put

on leave-without-pay (“LWOP”) status for June 14–15, and AWOL status for June 18–26, and his

subsequent request that those days count as annual leave was denied. Verkade sent the FMLA

certification form and a return-to-work clearance on June 19. Although the Medical Unit cleared

him to work on June 20, Verkade did not inquire about his status until he did so by mail on June 25.3

He returned to work on June 26.

       On July 3, the FMLA Office requested further clarification from Verkade regarding the June

FMLA claim and requested authorization to contact Verkade’s physician. In reply, Verkade

questioned the need for further clarification given the May 3 Weinman declaration, a pending suit,

filed on June 27, for a preliminary injunction against the requirement of return-to-work clearance,

and prior Equal Employment Opportunity claims. The FMLA Office replied on July 10, outlining

the deficiencies in the certification form and pointing out that Verkade had been notified of the same

deficiencies in prior correspondence. The FMLA Office stated that it had received no declaration

from a physician and denied FMLA leave.

       Verkade was again absent due to dizziness on October 2–3 and 10–18, 2007. He submitted


       3
         The USPS does not notify employees directly about their clearance status. USPS employees
typically contact the Medical Unit or their supervisors to find out whether they are cleared to return
to work. Occasionally employees contact the FMLA Office, which also receives notification of the
clearance as a matter of course.
Verkade v. U.S. Postal Serv.
No. 09-1268

an incomplete certification and did not resubmit after being given fifteen days to cure the

deficiencies. Consequently, the USPS denied him FLMA leave for those absences. Verkade later

requested FMLA protection for absences on January 7–9, 17, and 31, February 1, and March 17–18,

2008. After attending depositions of FMLA Office staff in April 2008, Verkade submitted a

successful FMLA certification. FMLA leave was granted retrospectively for all 2008 absences on

April 22, 2008.

       Verkade filed grievances with the USPS challenging the LWOP and AWOL status for the

June and December absences. Verkade’s union and the USPS settled, and Verkade received a

$1,657.99 “lump sum payment” for the June 18–26, 2007, absences. The settlement also converted

both LWOP and AWOL absences to work hours and prohibited the USPS from citing those absences

in “any attendance-related action.” A second grievance procedure resulted in a November 9, 2007,

agreement that converted “48.0 hours of AWOL covering January 3, 2007 through January 10, 2007”

to sick leave. The parties further agreed that the November 6–9, December 11–13, and December

27–28 absences could not be cited in any corrective action initiated against Verkade.

       On June 27, 2007, Verkade filed a one-count complaint in federal district court alleging that

the USPS had interfered with his FMLA rights by denying him FMLA protection for absences due

to Ménière’s disease. He sought compensatory and liquidated damages and a preliminary injunction

barring the requirement of medical return-to-work clearance. Verkade later amended his complaint

to include the June 11–13 absences in the FMLA interference count and to allege a violation of the

Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 705.

       After a three-day bench trial, the district court found no interference with Verkade’s FMLA
Verkade v. U.S. Postal Serv.
No. 09-1268

rights and that he had failed to establish a prima facie case of discrimination under the Rehabilitation

Act. Verkade v. U.S. Postal Serv., No. 1:07-cv-531, 2009 WL 279048 (W.D. Mich. Feb. 5, 2009).

The district court, therefore, entered judgment in favor of the defendants on all counts, Id. at *11,

and Verkade timely appealed.

                                                   II.

        We “review the district court’s conclusions of law following a bench trial de novo and its

findings of fact for clear error.” Little Caesar Enters., Inc. v. OPPCO, LLC, 219 F.3d 547, 550 (6th

Cir. 2000) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a)). The Supreme Court has described the deference required

by such review:

        If the district court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed
        in its entirety, the court of appeals may not reverse it even though convinced that had
        it been sitting as the trier of fact, it would have weighed the evidence differently.
        Where there are two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice
        between them cannot be clearly erroneous.

Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 573–74 (1985). Furthermore, “[w]hen factual

findings rest upon credibility determinations, [we] afford[] great deference to the findings of the

district court.” Schroyer v. Frankel, 197 F.3d 1170, 1173 (6th Cir. 1999) (citation omitted).

                                                   III.

                                                   A.

        The district court’s interpretations of the FMLA are questions of law that we review de novo.

See Bowling Green v. Martin Land Dev. Co., 561 F.3d 556, 558 (6th Cir. 2009) (citations omitted).

        As the district court noted:

        The FMLA affords those who cannot work as a result of a “serious health condition”
        up to twelve weeks of leave in one year. 29 U.S.C. § 2612(a)(1)(D). Under certain
Verkade v. U.S. Postal Serv.
No. 09-1268

       circumstances, FMLA leave may be taken “intermittently or on a reduced leave
       schedule.” 29 C.F.R. § 825.203(a).

       Section 105 of the FMLA, 29 U.S.C. § 2615, prohibits covered employers such as the
       Postal Service from interfering with, restraining, or denying the exercise of their
       employees’ rights under the statute and also makes it “unlawful for any employer to
       discharge or in any other manner discriminate against any individual for opposing
       any practice made unlawful by this subchapter.” 29 U.S.C. § 2615(a)(1), (a)(2), (b).
       These provisions are enforceable under § 107 of the FMLA, which imposes liability
       on “[a]ny employer who violates section 2615,” and provides an individual right of
       action to sue in state or federal court. 29 U.S.C. § 2617(a)(1), (a)(2).

Verkade, 2009 WL 279048, at *6.

       Verkade argues that the USPS interfered with his FMLA rights by (1) denying FMLA

protection for and immediate restoration to work following his absences on December 27–28

because he did not submit a complete certification when the USPS did not request such certification

in writing as required by 29 C.F.R. § 825.305(a) (2007); (2) denying FMLA protection for and

immediate restoration to work following the June 11–13 absences for failing to submit a complete

certification when the USPS failed to give him notice and opportunity to cure the incomplete

certification in violation of 29 C.F.R. § 825.305(d) (2007); and (3) requiring return-to-work

clearance for each absence due to an intermittent, chronic condition as prohibited by 29 C.F.R. §

825.310(e), (g) (2007).

       In order to make out an interference claim under the FMLA pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 2614(a),

Verkade must demonstrate that (1) he was an eligible employee under the FMLA; (2) the USPS is

an employer as defined under the FMLA; (3) he was entitled to leave under the FMLA; (4) he gave

the USPS notice of his intention to take leave; and (5) the USPS denied him FMLA benefits to which

he was entitled. See Edgar v. JAC Prods., Inc., 443 F.3d 501, 507 (6th Cir. 2006). The USPS
Verkade v. U.S. Postal Serv.
No. 09-1268

concedes that only the fifth element is at issue.

        The FMLA states that “[a]n employer may require that a request for leave . . . be supported

by a certification issued by the health care provider . . . [, and t]he employee shall provide, in a timely

manner, a copy of such certification to the employer.” 29 U.S.C. § 2613(a). “An employer must

give notice of a requirement for medical certification each time a certification is required; such

notice must be written notice whenever required by § 825.301.”4 29 C.F.R. § 825.305(a) (2007).

An employer requesting certification should do so within two business days of the leave

commencing, 29 C.F.R. § 825.305(c) (2007), and grant the employee no less than fifteen days to

provide the certification, 29 C.F.R. § 825.311(b) (2007). “If the employee never produces the

certification, the leave is not FMLA leave.” 29 C.F.R. § 825.311(b) (2007). If the submitted

certification is incomplete, the employer must “advise an employee whenever the employer finds a

certification incomplete, and provide the employee a reasonable opportunity to cure any such

deficiency.” 29 C.F.R. § 825.305(d) (2007).

        In resolving the FMLA claim, the district court determined that the USPS was entitled to rely

on prior incomplete certifications provided by Verkade—which it characterized as “negative

certifications”—to deny FMLA protection in both December and June. Verkade, 2009 WL 279048,

at *8 (citing Nawrocki v. United Methodist Retirement Comtys., Inc., 174 F. App’x 334, 338 (6th Cir.

2006), and Stoops v. One Call Commc’ns, Inc., 141 F.3d 309, 311 (7th Cir. 1998)). In Nawrocki,

we concluded that “the original FMLA form did not show that Plaintiff was entitled to FMLA leave.

Thus, Defendant was justified in denying this claim.” Nawrocki, 174 F. App’x at 336 (emphasis


        4
        The district court incorrectly applied the 2009 FMLA regulations. We review the case under
the 2007 regulations, which were in effect when the underlying incidents took place.
Verkade v. U.S. Postal Serv.
No. 09-1268

added). The Nawrocki court relied on Stoops, which first defined “negative certification” as one that

facially demonstrated that the absence was not FMLA-qualifying. See Stoops, 141 F.3d at 311. In

Nawrocki, the employer found the medical condition non-qualifying because the physician indicated

that the employee need not be absent for treatment. 174 F. App’x at 338. We found the employee’s

documentation to be a negative certification on which the employer “[wa]s entitled to rely . . . in

denying FMLA leave.” Id.

       Nawrocki and Stoops thus do not hold that an “incomplete or insufficient certification”

constitutes a “negative certification.” Rather those cases hold only that certifications that, on their

face, show that the employee is not entitled to FMLA protection may be relied upon to deny FMLA

leave without further inquiry by the employer. See also Hoffman v. Prof’l Med Team, 394 F.3d 414,

418–19 (6th Cir. 2005) (“The Seventh Circuit has held that employers have no responsibility to

conduct further investigation when a certification is invalid on its face.” (emphasis added)).

Furthermore, the district court’s extension of the rule is inconsistent with FMLA regulations

requiring the employer to notify the employee that his certification is incorrect and provide him with

time to cure any deficiency. See 29 C.F.R. § 825.305(d) (2007).

       Verkade’s certifications were not facially invalid; rather, they were incomplete and lacked

sufficient information to make a determination about whether his condition was FMLA-qualifying.

Therefore, we conclude that Nawrocki and Stoops do not apply. However, under de novo review,

we “may affirm on any grounds supported by the record even if different from the reasons of the

district court.” Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc. v. Am. Eagle Outfitters, Inc., 280 F.3d 619, 629

(6th Cir. 2002). We do so affirm for the following reasons.
Verkade v. U.S. Postal Serv.
No. 09-1268

                                                  1.

       Verkade argues that he was not provided written notice of the requirement for certification

for the December 27–28 absences or the minimum fifteen days required by the regulations to submit

certification in violation of 29 C.F.R. § 825.301(c)(2)(i). The record supports his assertion. The

regulations state that “written notice of the requirement shall be given with respect to each employee

notice of a need for leave.” 29 C.F.R. § 825.301(c)(2)(i) (emphasis added); see also Perry v. Jaguar

of Troy, 353 F.3d 510, 514 & n.1 (6th Cir. 2003). The regulations also “clearly and unequivocally

require[ the employer] to provide [an employee] with fifteen days from the date of its request to

submit medical certification supporting her . . . leave.” Killian v. Yorozu Auto. Tenn., Inc., 454 F.3d

549, 555 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing 29 C.F.R. § 825.311). It is undisputed that the USPS did not request

certification following Verkade’s request for leave on December 27. Furthermore, it is undisputed

that the USPS denied FMLA leave for the December 27–28 absences only one day after Verkade

returned to work from that absence. The USPS therefore technically violated the FMLA regulations.

       However, we have previously held that “the mere occurrence of interference with an

employee’s FMLA rights is not a per se FMLA violation.” Allen v. Butler County Comm’rs, 331

F. App’x 389, 394 (6th Cir. 2009). More specifically,

               § 2617 provides no relief unless the employee has been prejudiced by
               the violation: The employer is liable only for compensation and
               benefits lost “by reason of the violation,” § 2617(a)(1)(A)(i)(I), for
               other monetary losses sustained “as a direct result of the violation,”
               § 2617(a)(1)(A)(i)(II), and for “appropriate” equitable relief,
               including employment, reinstatement, and promotion,
               § 2617(a)(1)(B). The remedy is tailored to the harm suffered.

Cavin v. Honda of Am. Mfg., 346 F.3d 713, 726 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting Ragsdale v. Wolverine
Verkade v. U.S. Postal Serv.
No. 09-1268

World Wide, Inc., 535 U.S. 81, 88–90 (2002)). Verkade was not terminated, disciplined, or demoted

because of his absence on December 27–28, and he suffered no harm from the USPS’s failure to

provide written notice of the certification requirement specifically for the December 27–28 absences.

He was also compensated, at least in part, by a settlement for this absence, and his position was held

open upon his return. Relief may be granted only when the loss or harm is “by reason of the

violation.”   See 29 U.S.C. § 2617(a)(1)(A)(i)(I) (emphasis added).          Because Verkade had

communicated with the FMLA Office at considerable length regarding the required elements of

certification by the time he requested FMLA leave for his December 27–28 absence and thus was

well aware of what was required, any harm was not by reason of the technical violation but by reason

of his own noncompliance with the certification requirement. He is therefore not entitled to relief

for his claim with respect to this absence.

                                                  2.

       Verkade next argues that the USPS interfered with his FMLA rights by not allowing him a

reasonable time to cure the deficiencies in the certification he submitted regarding his June 11–13

absence. We have recognized that “an employer who finds an employee’s certification to be

‘incomplete’ has a duty to inform the employee of the deficiency and provide the employee a

‘reasonable opportunity’ to cure it.” Novak v. Metrohealth Med. Ctr., 503 F.3d 572, 579 (6th Cir.

2007) (quoting Sorrell v. Rinker Materials Corp., 395 F.3d 332, 337 (6th Cir. 2005) (citing 29

C.F.R. § 825.305(d))). However, there is no statute or regulation that defines “a reasonable

opportunity.” See id.

       On July 3, the FMLA Office informed Verkade that his certification was incomplete and that
Verkade v. U.S. Postal Serv.
No. 09-1268

further information would be necessary to provide FMLA protection. The FMLA Office included

a release form to enable the USPS to contact Verkade’s physician to resolve the outstanding

questions. The letter warned that “failure to provide information that an employer is entitled to

under the FMLA could jeopardize the employee’s FMLA entitlement.” Verkade replied to the letter

on July 6, asking what clarification was necessary, referring to Weinman’s declaration, and declining

to grant authorization until further explanation was provided. On July 10, the FMLA Office

responded, noting that it had not received Weinman’s declaration and referring to prior

correspondence outlining the required elements of a certification. Finally, in the same letter, the

FMLA office denied FMLA leave. Verkade submitted no further information following this letter.

       Although the FMLA Office denied FMLA protection without responding to Verkade’s

request for clarification, the USPS did not interfere with Verkade’s rights because he was already

on notice of what certification was required. Verkade submitted five medical certifications between

October 2006 and June 2007, all of which were substantively identical. The USPS informed

Verkade after each submission that they were premature or incomplete. Letters sent in November

2006 and April 2007 outlined the specific deficiencies and what information was necessary to cure

them. The FMLA Office had also previously provided an opportunity for Verkade to authorize

clarification through his physician, which he declined. Therefore, although the USPS provided only

five days—effectively one week—in July 2007 to cure the deficient certification or to authorize

Zuidgeest to consult Weinman, the history of Verkade’s interaction with the FMLA Office renders

that period of time “a reasonable opportunity.” Furthermore, the lack of opportunity and clarification

did not harm Verkade, who continued employment at the same position with the same benefits and
Verkade v. U.S. Postal Serv.
No. 09-1268

was compensated by settlement for lost wages and adjusted leave status.

                                                 3.

       We next turn to Verkade’s allegation that the return-to-work requirement interfered with his

FMLA right to immediate restoration to his position following an absence. Pursuant to 29 U.S.C.

§ 2614(a), “any eligible employee who takes leave under [the FMLA] shall be entitled, on return

from such leave . . . to be restored by the employer to the position of employment held by the

employee when the leave commenced” or to “an equivalent position with equivalent employment

benefits.” See also Hoge v. Honda of Am. Mfg., Inc., 384 F.3d 238, 250–51 (6th Cir. 2004).

       An employer may require medical clearance following FMLA leave if the employer has “a

uniformly-applied policy or practice that requires all similarly-situated employees (i.e., same

occupation, same serious health condition) who take leave for such conditions to obtain and present

certification from the employee’s health care provider that the employee is able to resume work.”

29 C.F.R. § 825.310(a) (2007). The scope of the clearance is limited “to the particular health

condition that caused the employee’s need for FMLA leave [and t]he certification itself need only

be a simple statement of an employee’s ability to return to work.” 29 C.F.R. § 825.310(c) (2007).

Furthermore, “[a]n employer may delay restoration to employment until an employee submits a

required fitness-for-duty certification unless the employer failed to provide the notices required.”

29 C.F.R. § 825.310(f) (2007). However, “[a]n employer is not entitled to certification of fitness to

return to duty when the employee takes intermittent leave.” 29 C.F.R. § 825.310(g) (2007).

       Verkade argues that because he requested FMLA leave for an intermittent, chronic medical

condition, the USPS cannot require medical clearance. Verkade also argues that the return-to-work
Verkade v. U.S. Postal Serv.
No. 09-1268

clearance requirement violated the FMLA regulations limiting such clearances to those set out in a

uniform policy. See 29 C.F.R. § 825.311(c). The ELM provided such a policy, and, therefore, this

argument is without merit. Furthermore, this court has held that “an employee can be required to

comply with the reasonable requirements of an employer’s sick leave policy while on FMLA leave,”

even if the FMLA requirements are less stringent. See Allen, 331 F. App’x at 394 (discussing

Harrell v. U.S. Postal Serv., 445 F.3d 913 (7th Cir. 2006), which found the USPS ELM to be

incorporated into the USPS collective bargaining agreement and, therefore, not trumped by the

FMLA under 29 U.S.C. § 2614(a)(4)). Finally, although Verkade argues that his FMLA condition

is intermittent and chronic, it had not been approved as such at the time the USPS imposed a return-

to-work clearance requirement, and the USPS made clear in its November 23, 2006, and April 13,

2007, letters that his submitted certifications were insufficient to support FMLA protection for a

chronic, intermittent condition.

       Moreover, Verkade suffered no harm because of the requirement. Verkade was on notice that

he was required to obtain return-to-work clearance and that the ELM § 865.1 permits the USPS to

require return-to-work clearance following non-FMLA absences “when management has a

reasonable belief, based upon reliable and objective information . . . that the employee may not be

able to perform the essential functions of his/her position, or . . . may pose a direct threat to the

health and safety of himself/herself or others due to that medical condition.”           The record

demonstrates that Zuidgeest had a reasonable belief—based on information provided on the

certificate (dizziness), research she conducted on Ménière’s disease, and her personal knowledge of

mail clerks’ work environments and tasks—that Verkade’s dizziness could pose a safety threat to
Verkade v. U.S. Postal Serv.
No. 09-1268

himself and others if he were working around fast-moving, large machinery. Because the clearance

requirement was reasonable under the ELM, and Verkade had knowledge of the requirement, any

delay in granting clearance was due to his delay rather than to any action or inaction of the USPS.

                                                 B.

       The Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 791 et seq., rather than the Americans with Disabilities

Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq., provides the exclusive remedy for USPS employees

asserting a claim of disability discrimination. 42 U.S.C. § 12111(5)(B)(i); Jones v. Potter, 488 F.3d

397, 403 (6th Cir. 2007). Under the Rehabilitation Act, the USPS is prohibited from discriminating

against an employee “solely by reason of her or his disability.” 29 U.S.C. § 794(a). To establish a

prima facie case of discrimination under the Act, Verkade must demonstrate that: “1) he is an

individual with a disability; 2) he is ‘otherwise qualified’ to perform the job requirements, with or

without reasonable accommodation; and 3) he [suffered an adverse employment action] solely by

reason of his handicap.” Jones, 488 F.3d at 403 (quoting Monette v. Elec. Data Sys. Corp., 90 F.3d

1173, 1178 (6th Cir. 1996)). Only the third prong remains in dispute.

       Verkade argues that being “put off the clock twice and required to provide medical clearance

due to safety concerns,” which resulted in a loss of $2,912.93 in wages and 7.68 hours of sick leave,

constitutes an adverse employment action under the Rehabilitation Act. Assuming arguendo, as did

the district court, that the requirement was an adverse employment action, Verkade’s claim fails.

       Although the USPS determined that Verkade must submit a return-to-work clearance because

of his dizziness, that does not per se amount to discrimination under the Rehabilitation Act. That

act, unlike the ADA, “permits an employer to make a decision because of a handicap if the handicap
Verkade v. U.S. Postal Serv.
No. 09-1268

is not the sole reason for the decision.” Burns v. City of Columbus, Dep’t of Public Safety, 91 F.3d

836, 841–42 (6th Cir. 1996) (emphasis in original); see also Macy v. Hopkins County Sch. Bd. of

Educ., 484 F.3d 357, 364 n.2 (6th Cir. 2007) (collecting cases). “[I]n cases in which the grantee

states that it made the decision because of the handicap, the central factual dispute becomes whether

the decision was made solely because of the handicap.” Burns, 91 F.3d at 842 (emphases in

original). An employer makes an adverse employment decision “solely” because of its employee’s

disability when “the employer has no reason left to rely on to justify its decision other than the

employee’s disability.” Monette, 90 F.3d at 1183 n.9 (emphasis in original).

       The record demonstrates, and the district court did not clearly erroneously determine, that

the USPS required medical clearance because of Verkade’s dizziness and because it feared that the

dizziness could pose safety concerns in a facility in which heavy machinery operated and because

he failed to provide detailed information regarding the effect of his symptoms to the Medical Unit.

The record also establishes that the USPS sent Verkade home when he returned to work without

clearance because he failed to submit the clearance to the Medical Unit as previously instructed—not

because of his disability. Because Verkade knew when he was sent home on December 29 and June

14 that he could return to work only once he submitted medical clearance, the number of days

elapsing between being sent home and submitting that clearance were under his control.

Consequently, the forced leave was due to Verkade’s failure to promptly provide the required

medical clearance to the USPS rather than due to his disability.

       Finally, Verkade fails to present any evidence of discriminatory intent on behalf of Zuidgeest

or the USPS. “[P]roof of discriminatory intent is necessary to prevail” on a Rehabilitation Act claim.
Verkade v. U.S. Postal Serv.
No. 09-1268

Pesterfield v. Tenn. Valley Auth., 941 F.2d 437, 443 (6th Cir. 1991). “[A]n employer may base a

decision on an employee’s actual limitations, even if those limitations result from a disability.”

Gillen v. Fallon Ambulance Serv., Inc., 283 F.3d 11, 29 (1st Cir. 2002) (citation omitted). “The trick

. . . is to distinguish between unfounded stereotypes, on the one hand, and frank assessments of the

actual consequences of a disability, on the other hand.” Id. “To avoid liability in this sort of

situation, the evidence must show that the employer understood the nature, extent, and implications

of the prospective employee’s particular impairment, and that the employment decision reflected that

understanding.” Id. (citing Holiday v. City of Chattanooga, 206 F.3d 637, 643 (6th Cir. 2000)).

Zuidgeest reviewed Verkade’s medical file and researched Ménière’s disease. Her concerns

regarding his safety following an episode of dizziness were not unreasonable. After receiving

Weinman’s declaration in mid-May 2007, Zuidgeest reevaluated her earlier decision based on the

additional documentation that Verkade provided and, after further inquiries, removed the clearance

requirement. Her review was, therefore, individualized and based on the pertinent information she

had before her at the time. Therefore, Verkade’s Rehabilitation Act claim is meritless.

                                                 IV.

       Thus, we affirm the district court’s order granting judgment in favor of the defendants.
