                 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                     No. 405PA17

                                   Filed 10 May 2019

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

               v.
J.C.



        On discretionary review pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-31 of a unanimous decision

of the Court of Appeals, ___ N.C. App. ___, 808 S.E.2d 154 (2017), dismissing the

State’s appeal from an order of expunction entered on 10 August 2016 by Judge Mary

Ann Tally in Superior Court, Onslow County. Heard in the Supreme Court on 9 April

2019.

        Joshua H. Stein, Attorney General, by William P. Hart, Jr., Assistant Attorney
        General, and Adren L. Harris, Special Deputy Attorney General, for respondent-
        appellant.

        Yoder Law PLLC, by Jason Christopher Yoder, for petitioner-appellee.


        EARLS, Justice.

        The petitioner, J.C., was granted an expunction of arrest, trial, and conviction

records from a prior conviction and from previously dismissed charges pursuant to

N.C.G.S. §§ 15A-145.5 and 15A-146, respectively. The statute authorizing expunction

of his dismissed charges was first enacted in 1979 “to provide for the expunction of

arrest and trial records of youthful offenders when charges are dismissed or when

there are findings of not guilty.” See Act of Feb. 20, 1979, Ch. 61, 1979 N.C. Sess.

Laws 34. At issue here is the proper application of the statute authorizing expunction
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                                    Opinion of the Court



of his conviction, N.C.G.S. § 15A-145.5. This law was enacted in 2012 “to allow for

expunction of nonviolent felonies or nonviolent misdemeanors after fifteen years for

persons who have had no other convictions for felonies or misdemeanors other than

traffic violations under the laws of the United States, this State, or any other

jurisdiction, as recommended by the Legislative Research Commission.” See Act of

July 2, 2012, Ch. 191, 2011 N.C. Sess. Laws 901 (Reg. Sess. 2012).1 The statute

authorizes a court to order that a person “be restored, in the contemplation of the law,

to the status the person occupied before such arrest or indictment or information.”

N.C.G.S. § 15A-145.5(c) (Supp. 2018).

      Previously the State has sought appellate review of expunction orders through

petitions for writ of certiorari, which the Court of Appeals has allowed on several

occasions. See State v. Frazier, 206 N.C. App. 306, 697 S.E.2d 467 (2010) (reversing

grant of expunction when trial court erroneously applied statute to a conviction

occurring before the effective date of the statute); In re Expungement for Kearney, 174

N.C. App. 213, 620 S.E.2d 276 (2005) (reversing order granting expunction of



      1   “In its 2012 report recommending the addition of a new expunction category for
certain non-violent felonies and misdemeanors, which would later form the basis for the
original section 145.5 expunction statute, the North Carolina General Assembly’s Criminal
Record Expunction Committee noted that ‘[e]xpunction is a process that can and should be
used to give people who have committed minor crimes a clean slate and a fresh start,
especially when a significant amount of time has passed without further trouble.’ ” Charles
J. Johnson, Automatic (Expunctions) for the People: For A Court-Initiated Expunction Right
in North Carolina for Charges Not Resulting in Conviction, 96 N.C. L. Rev. 573, 591 (2018)
(alteration in original) (footnotes omitted).


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                                   Opinion of the Court



conviction and affirming expunction of dismissed charge); In re Robinson, 172 N.C.

App. 272, 615 S.E.2d 884 (2005) (reversing erroneous expunction of multiple,

unrelated offenses occurring over a period of years); In re Expungement for Spencer,

140 N.C. App. 776, 538 S.E.2d 236 (2000) (reversing order granting expunction to

defendant who was over the age of twenty-one at the time of the offense).

      For the first time, in this case the State seeks to appeal as a matter of right

the trial court’s order granting J.C.’s expunction with respect to his conviction for the

offense of indecent liberties with a child. The Court of Appeals dismissed the State’s

appeal, holding the State had no right to appeal the expunction order. The State filed

a petition for discretionary review with this Court, as well as a petition for writ of

certiorari. We granted the State’s petition for discretionary review to determine

whether the Court of Appeals erred in dismissing the State’s appeal from an order

granting expunction under N.C.G.S. § 15A-145.5. Because we conclude that the State

does not have a right of appeal in orders granting expunctions under N.C.G.S. § 15A-

145.5, we affirm the Court of Appeals’ decision.

                          Factual and Procedural Background

      On 11 June 1987, petitioner pleaded guilty in Superior Court, Onslow County

to one count of indecent liberties which occurred on 24 May 1986. In exchange for

J.C.’s guilty plea, the State dismissed a second indecent liberties charge, as well as

an incest charge. The trial court sentenced J.C. to a three-year term, which was

suspended for three years subject to supervised probation. On 11 June 2015, J.C.


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                                   Opinion of the Court



filed a petition in Onslow County under N.C.G.S. § 15A-145.5 seeking expunction of

the offense to which he pleaded guilty. J.C. also filed a petition seeking an expunction

under N.C.G.S. §§ 15A-145(a) and 15A-146 regarding the two charges against him

that were dismissed.

      According to section 15A-145.5, a person who has been previously convicted of

a “nonviolent felony” as defined in the statute may “file a petition, in the court of the

county where [he] was convicted, for expunction of [the] . . . conviction from the

person’s criminal record if [he] has no other misdemeanor or felony convictions, other

than a traffic violation.” N.C.G.S. § 15A-145.5(c). The statute contains a number of

conditions, including that the qualifying offense not have been:

             (1) A Class A through G felony . . . .
             (2) An offense that includes assault as an essential element
                 of the offense.
             (3) An offense requiring registration pursuant to Article
                 27A of Chapter 14 of the General Statutes, whether or
                 not the person is currently required to register.
             (4) Any of the following sex-related or stalking offenses:
                 G.S. 14-27.25(b), 14-27.30(b), 14-190.7, 14-190.8, 14-
                 190.9, 14-202, 14-208.11A, 14-208.18, 14-277.3, 14-
                 277.3A, 14-321.1.
             ....
             (7) An offense under G.S. 14-401.16.
             ....
             (8) Any felony offense in which a commercial motor vehicle
                 was used in the commission of the offense.

Id. § 15A-145.5(a)(1)-(8) (Supp. 2018). In the affidavit accompanying his petition, J.C.

asserted that the felony for which he was convicted “[wa]s a Class H felony” which

“did not include assault as an essential element of the offense” and “does not require


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                                   Opinion of the Court



registration pursuant to Article 27A of Chapter 14.” Petitioner averred that his

conviction also did not fall under N.C.G.S. § 15A-145.5(a)(4), (a)(7), or (a)(8).

      On 8 August 2016, Judge Mary Ann Tally granted both petitions for expunction

pursuant to N.C.G.S §§ 15A-145.5 and 15A-146 and ordered that the offenses be

removed from J.C.’s record. On 23 August 2016, Judge Tally entered both orders for

expunction, after which the State appealed the order expunging J.C.’s conviction

records to the Court of Appeals.      On 19 September 2017, the Court of Appeals

dismissed the State’s appeal. County of Onslow v. J.C., ___ N.C. App. ___, 805 S.E.2d

360 (2017). The court then allowed the State’s petition for rehearing and on 7

November 2017, issued an opinion dismissing the State’s appeal and denying the

State’s petition for writ of certiorari. County of Onslow v. J.C., ___ N.C. App. ___, 808

S.E.2d 154, 155-56 (2017). On appeal, the State challenged only the order granting

defendant an expunction for his conviction pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 15A-145.5 and

made no argument regarding the expunction under N.C.G.S. § 15A-146. Id. at ___,

808 S.E.2d at 155. In its opinion the Court of Appeals unanimously concluded that

the State had no statutory right to appeal the expunction order and that when the

State fails to demonstrate its right to appeal, the appellate court lacks jurisdiction

over the matter. Id. at ___, 808 S.E.2d at 155. On 27 November 2017, the State

petitioned this Court for discretionary review and for writ of certiorari. This Court

issued a special order allowing the State’s request for discretionary review on 14

August 2018.


                                           -5-
                                    STATE V. J.C.

                                  Opinion of the Court



                                      Analysis

      This case of first impression requires us to apply the plain language of the

statutory framework established by the General Assembly for the expunction of

certain criminal record information.     Questions of statutory interpretation, like

questions of law, are reviewed de novo. In re D.S., 364 N.C. 184, 187, 694 S.E.2d 758,

760 (2010) (citation omitted). “As a general rule the prosecution cannot appeal or

bring error proceedings from a judgment in favor of the defendant in a criminal case,

in the absence of a statute clearly conferring that right.” State v. Harrell, 279 N.C.

464, 466, 183 S.E.2d 638, 640 (1971) (quoting State v. Vaughan, 268 N.C. 105, 108,

150 S.E.2d 31, 33 (1966)).

      The statute at issue here designates a petition for an expunction as “a motion

in the cause in the case wherein the petitioner was convicted.” N.C.G.S. § 15A-

145.5(c)(3). Considering the statute’s plain language, an expunction petition is part

of the underlying criminal proceeding, making expunctions criminal matters. “The

right of the State to appeal in a criminal case is statutory, and statutes authorizing

an appeal by the State in criminal cases are strictly construed.” State v. Elkerson,

304 N.C. 658, 669, 285 S.E.2d 784, 791 (1982) (citations omitted). This Court has

recognized that “[t]he only statutory authority we find which permits an appeal by

the State in a criminal case is contained in G.S. 15A-1445.” Id. at 669, 285 S.E.2d at

791. In a criminal case the State may appeal only under the following circumstances:

             (1) When there has been a decision or judgment dismissing


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                                   Opinion of the Court



                 criminal charges as to one or more counts.
             (2) Upon the granting of a motion for a new trial on the
                 ground of newly discovered or newly available evidence
                 but only on questions of law.
             (3) When the State alleges that the sentence imposed:
                 a. Results from an incorrect determination of the
                      defendant’s prior record level under G.S. 15A-
                      1340.14 or the defendant’s prior conviction level
                      under G.S. 15A-1340.21;
                 b. Contains a type of sentence disposition that is not
                      authorized by G.S. 15A-1340.17 or G.S. 15A-
                      1340.23 for the defendant’s class of offense and
                      prior record or conviction level;
                 c. Contains a term of imprisonment that is for a during
                      not authorized by G.S. 15A-1340.17 or G.S. 15A-
                      1340.23 for the defendant’s class of offense and
                      prior record or conviction level; or
                 d. Imposes an intermediate punishment pursuant to
                      G.S. 15A-1340.13(g) based on findings of
                      extraordinary mitigating circumstances that are
                      not supported by evidence or are insufficient as a
                      matter of law to support the dispositional
                      deviation.
                (b) The State may appeal an order by the superior court
             granting a motion to suppress as provided in G.S. 15A-979.

N.C.G.S. § 15A-1445 (2017). Because section 15A-1445 is to be strictly construed, any

deviations from or additions to the orders or rulings appealable by the State must be

authorized by the legislature, not the courts. Elkerson, 304 N.C. at 670, 285 S.E.2d

at 792 (“If the State’s right to appeal is to be enlarged, it must be done by the

legislature.”). It is not the province of the courts to rewrite statutes absent some

constitutional defect or conflict with federal law. See State ex rel. McCrory v. Berger,

368 N.C. 633, 661, 781 S.E.2d 248, 266 (2016) (Newby, J., concurring in part and

dissenting in part) (“When one branch interferes with another branch’s performance


                                           -7-
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                                  Opinion of the Court



of its constitutional duties, it attempts to exercise a power reserved for the other

branch.”). Judicial restraint requires us to defer to the will of the General Assembly.

State v. Whitehurst, 212 N.C. 300, 303, 193 S.E. 657, 659-60 (1937) (“Criminal

statutes are not to be extended by implication or equitable construction to include

those not within their terms, for the very obvious reason that the power of

punishment is vested in the legislative and not in the judicial department. It is the

General Assembly which is to define crimes and ordain their punishment.”)

      In this case our task is straightforward because “[w]hen the language of a

statute is clear and unambiguous, there is no room for judicial construction and the

courts must give the statute its plain and definite meaning, and are without power

to interpolate, or superimpose, provisions and limitations not contained therein.” In

re Banks, 295 N.C. 236, 239, 244 S.E.2d 386, 388-89 (1978). The statute governing

the State’s right to appeal, N.C.G.S. § 15A-1445, does not contain language allowing

the State to appeal an expunction order.          The statute governing defendant’s

expunction, N.C.G.S. § 15A-145.5, allows for the State to object to a petition for an

expunction before the hearing takes place; however, the statute does not afford the

State the right to appeal an expunction order.

      The State contends that expunction hearings are civil proceedings, similar to

hearings conducted to determine an individual’s eligibility for satellite-based

monitoring, and therefore, the State’s right to appeal should be governed by N.C.G.S.

§ 7A-27, which generally allows any party an appeal of right to the Court of Appeals


                                          -8-
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                                 Opinion of the Court



from a final judgment of a superior court. N.C.G.S. § 7A-27(b)(1) (2017). Because the

court’s order granting petitioner an expunction of his criminal history record

essentially disposed of the matter, the State argues it is a final order appealable

under section 7A-27.

      The legislature stated that a petition for an expunction “is a motion in the

cause in the case wherein the petitioner was convicted.” N.C.G.S. § 15A-145.5(c)(3).

The plain effect of that provision is that an expunction order is one arising in a

criminal proceeding. As further support for the proposition than an expunction is

part of a criminal proceeding, it is significant that the legislature placed the

expunction statute, N.C.G.S. § 15A-145.5, in the chapter addressing criminal

procedure. Here again, as this Court has held consistently, clear statutory language

must be given its plain meaning. See, e.g., State ex rel. Utilities Com. v. Edmisten,

291 N.C. 451, 465, 232 S.E.2d 184, 192 (1977) (reversing the Utilities Commission’s

approval of a surcharge because it violated clear statutory language and thereby was

unauthorized). An expunction proceeding is part of a criminal case.

      Moreover, the State’s contention that expunction proceedings are similar to

satellite-based monitoring (SBM) proceedings is incorrect based on the plain

language of the SBM statutes. This Court addressed SBM in State v. Bowditch, 364

N.C. 335, 342, 700 S.E.2d 1, 6 (2010), and determined that the legislature intended

SBM to be “a nonpunitive, regulatory program.” The Court looked to the legislature’s

purpose in placing SBM in the same chapter as the sex offender registration laws and


                                         -9-
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                                  Opinion of the Court



concluded that SBM was one part of a larger framework involving the sex offender

registration program, stating that the “legislative objective [was] to make the SBM

program one part of a broader regulatory means of confronting the unique ‘threat to

public safety posed by the recidivist tendencies of convicted sex offenders.’ ” Id. at

343, 700 S.E.2d at 7 (quoting State v. Abshire, 363 N.C. 322, 323, 677 S.E.2d 444, 446

(2009)). The expunction statutes are distinct from SBM statutes in that expunction

provisions are located in Chapter 15A, the Criminal Procedure Act, and not in

Chapter 14, which contains the SBM and sex offender registration statutes.

Considering that a petition for an expunction “is a motion in the cause in the case

wherein the petitioner was convicted,” an expunction petition is one part of the

broader criminal procedure applicable to offenders and consequently, is governed by

N.C.G.S. § 15A-1445 and not N.C.G.S. § 7A-27. N.C.G.S. § 15A-145.5(c)(3).

      It is also important to note that after the Court of Appeals issued its opinion

in this case, the General Assembly amended section 15A-145.5 but did not include a

right to appeal on the part of the State. See Act of June 27, 2017, Ch. 195, Sec. 1,

2017 N.C. Sess. Laws 1387, 1387-88. We can find good reasons to support the policy

judgment made by the General Assembly to not give the State an absolute right to

appeal any expunction order. Based on the statute, the process for an expunction is

straightforward and more ministerial than deliberative. As long as the petitioner

meets the relevant criteria, he may be granted an expunction. Unlike a trial where

evidence is weighed, in an expunction proceeding a petitioner either meets the


                                         -10-
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                                      Opinion of the Court



criteria or does not. This approach is also reflected in recently introduced bills in the

General Assembly that provide for the automatic expunction of certain records and

remove the requirement for a hearing on the petition.         See H. 132, 154th Gen.

Assemb., Reg. Sess. (N.C. 2019); S. 82, 154th Gen. Assemb., Reg. Sess. (N.C. 2019).

Nevertheless, whatever future changes to the process might be made, those are for

the legislature to determine, not this Court.

      Our decision today in no way forecloses the opportunity to correct errors of law

that may occur at the trial court level. As it has done in the past, the State may seek

review of an expunction order by writ of certiorari. Considering that the vast majority

of expunction proceedings do not invoke the court’s discretion when deciding whether

to grant or deny such an order, an unjust outcome that would invoke certiorari review

should rarely arise. Since N.C.G.S. § 15A-145.5 is “clear and unambiguous,” we must

“give effect to the plain and definite meaning of the language,” Carolina Power &

Light Co. v. City of Asheville, 358 N.C. 512, 518, 597 S.E.2d 717, 722 (2004) (quoting

Fowler v. Valencourt, 334 N.C. 345, 348, 435 S.E.2d 530, 532 (1993)), which fails to

give the State the right to appeal.

      Although not binding on this Court, it is worth noting that other jurisdictions

have followed the same reasoning as ours to conclude there was no statutory right to

appeal an expunction order under their state statutes. See, e.g., Bell v. State, 217

So.3d 962 (Ala. Crim. App. 2016) (“There is no provision in Chapter 27 of Title 15,

‘Expungement,’ for a direct appeal of the denial of a petition for expungement.”).


                                             -11-
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                                  Opinion of the Court



Likewise, in State v. Alder, 92 S.W.3d 397, 401 (Tenn. 2002) the Tennessee Supreme

Court stated: “Because of the plain and unambiguous language of Rules 3(b) and 3(c),

we conclude that neither the State nor a criminal defendant has the authority to

appeal as of right an unfavorable ruling concerning an expungement order under

Rule 3.” Alder was later superseded by statute to allow a defendant to appeal a final

expunction order as of right. State v. Rowland, 520 S.W.3d 542, 545 (Tenn. 2017)

(citing N.C. R. App. P. 3(b)) (amended 2003).

                                     Conclusion

      The legislature did not give the State the right to appeal an expunction order

in N.C.G.S. § 15A-145.5 and did not amend section 15A-1445 to include this right. It

is not the Court’s role to now expand N.C.G.S. § 15A-145.5 to include this right, or to

construe N.C.G.S. § 7A-27 as governing procedure in a criminal matter not clearly

brought under that statute’s provisions authorizing appeals of right from the trial

courts. Therefore, the Court of Appeals’ decision holding that the State does not have

a right to appeal an order granting an expunction is affirmed.

      AFFIRMED.




                                         -12-
      Justice NEWBY dissenting.

      The rule of law requires equal treatment to everyone similarly situated. Our

appellate process assures uniform application of the law.       Today the majority’s

decision deprives the parties to an expunction proceeding of a right to appeal, opening

the door to inconsistent expungement decisions and depriving the trial bench of

needed guidance. This case decides whether a party may appeal a trial court’s final

order from an ancillary expunction proceeding under N.C.G.S. § 15A-145.5. Contrary

to the majority’s conclusion, a straightforward application of N.C.G.S. § 7A-27, which

outlines the right to appeal final judgments generally, affords either party a right to

appellate review of an expunction decision. I respectfully dissent.

      On 11 June 1987, petitioner pled guilty to felony indecent liberties under

N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1, a Class H felony at the time, and received a three-year sentence,

suspended subject to three years of supervised probation. The State dismissed a

second charge of indecent liberties and a charge of incest. In June 2015, after the

required statutory time had elapsed, petitioner petitioned the Superior Court,

Onslow County to expunge all records of the conviction under N.C.G.S. § 15A-145.5,

the statute that allows a person who has been previously convicted of certain felonies

to file a petition for expunction of a conviction from the person’s criminal record if

certain conditions are met. See N.C.G.S. § 15A-145.5 (Supp. 2018). Petitioner alleged
                                      STATE V. J.C.

                                   Newby, J., dissenting

he met all of the stated statutory conditions.         Given that N.C.G.S. § 15A-145.5

precludes certain classes of felonies from expunction, at trial the State questioned

whether the statute allows the trial court to “look back” at the felony’s classification

at the time it was committed or whether the court should consider the felony’s current

classification.

       Noting the State’s objection, the trial court granted the petition entering an

order of expunction on 8 August 2016. The trial court found the underlying offense

was a Class H felony at the time of conviction, but was elevated to a Class F felony in

1993, and that the same offense would not qualify for expunction if committed after

1995. The trial court concluded as a matter of law that, “having considered the

elements as they existed at the time of the offense and conviction,” “the [p]etitioner

is entitled and does qualify for expunction in both petitions.” The court thus ordered

that all three offenses, including the two criminal charges the State dismissed, be

removed from petitioner’s record. The State appealed the expunction order only as

to the conviction for indecent liberties.

       On appeal the State raised a purely legal issue of whether the expunction

statute allows the trial court to consider the felony’s classification at the time of the

offense as the trial court did here. For its appeal of right, the State relied on N.C.G.S.

§ 7A-27, which generally governs appeals of right from judgments of the superior

court, including those “from which an appeal is authorized by statute.” N.C.G.S.

§ 7A-27(b)(4) (2017). The Court of Appeals concluded that section 7A-27 did not

                                            -2-
                                    STATE V. J.C.

                                  Newby, J., dissenting

authorize the appeal, applying N.C.G.S. § 15A-1445 instead because the expunction

statute and N.C.G.S. § 15A-1445 are both part of Chapter 15A, the Criminal

Procedure Act. State v. J.C., ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 808 S.E.2d 154, 155 (2017). The

Court of Appeals thus concluded that expunction proceedings are “part of a ‘criminal

proceeding,’ and, therefore, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1445—and not N.C. Gen. Stat.

§ 7A-27—is the relevant statute in determining the State’s right to appeal in this

case.” Id. at ___, 808 S.E.2d at 155. The court added that “[r]elief from errors

committed in criminal trials and proceedings . . . may be sought by . . . [a]ppeal, as

provided in Article 91,” in which section 15A-1445 is codified. Id. at ___, 808 S.E.2d

at 155 (alterations in original) (quoting N.C.G.S. § 15A-1401 (2015)).

      The court further opined that “because N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1445 clearly does

not include any reference to a right of the State to appeal from an order of

expunction,” “the General Assembly did not intend to bestow such a right at the time

the statute was adopted.” Id. at ___, 808 S.E.2d at 155. Ultimately concluding the

State had no right to appeal under section 7A-27, the panel dismissed the State’s

appeal and, in its discretion, denied the State’s associated petition for writ of

certiorari. Id. at ___, 808 S.E.2d at 156. The majority of this Court agrees with the

Court of Appeals’ analysis.

      “Judgments and orders of the Superior Court are divisible into these two

classes: (1) Final judgments; and (2) interlocutory orders.” Veazey v. City of Durham,

231 N.C. 357, 361, 57 S.E.2d 377, 381 (1950) (citing N.C.G.S. § 1-208). Unlike an

                                          -3-
                                       STATE V. J.C.

                                     Newby, J., dissenting

interlocutory order, “[a] final judgment is one which disposes of the cause as to all the

parties, leaving nothing to be judicially determined between them in the trial court.”

Id. at 361-62, 57 S.E.2d at 381 (citations omitted). Because a final judgment disposes

of the whole case, it is therefore “immediately appealable.” N.C. State Highway

Comm’n v. Nuckles, 271 N.C. 1, 13, 155 S.E.2d 772, 783 (1967) (citing 4 Am. Jur. 2d,

Appeal and Error § 53 (1962)). Generally, final judgments from the trial court are

subject to appellate review. Veazey, 231 N.C. at 362, 57 S.E.2d at 381 (“An appeal

lies to the [appellate court] from a final judgment of the Superior Court.”).

      Section 7A-27, entitled “Appeals of right from the courts of the trial divisions,”

affords any party the right to appeal a final judgment directly to the Court of Appeals:

             (1) From any final judgment of a superior court, other than
                 one based on a plea of guilty or nolo contendere,
                 including any final judgment entered upon review of a
                 decision of an administrative agency, except for a final
                 judgment entered upon review of a court martial under
                 G.S. 127A-62.

N.C.G.S. § 7A-27(b)(1) (2017) (emphasis added). Thus, based on the plain language

of N.C.G.S. § 7A-27, a party may appeal any final judgment of a superior court. See

Veazey, 231 N.C. at 362, 57 S.E.2d at 381 (“[A]n appeal can be taken only from such

judgments and orders as are designated by the statute regulating the right of

appeal.”). Indisputably, the expungement order is a final judgment. Notably, this

statute includes criminal cases by implication, excluding the right to appeal criminal

convictions based on guilty pleas.

      The State’s right to appeal may be statutorily limited to prevent double
                                     -4-
                                    STATE V. J.C.

                                  Newby, J., dissenting

jeopardy issues in a criminal case. See State v. Elkerson, 304 N.C. 658, 669, 285

S.E.2d 784, 791 (1982) (“The right of the State to appeal in a criminal case is

statutory, and statutes authorizing an appeal by the State in criminal cases are

strictly construed.” (citing N.C.G.S. § 15A-1445)); see also N.C.G.S. § 15A-1445 (2017)

(“Unless the rule against double jeopardy prohibits further prosecution, the State

may appeal from the superior court to the appellate division . . . a decision or

judgment dismissing criminal charges as to one or more counts . . . [or] the granting

of a motion for a new trial on the ground of newly discovered or newly available

evidence but only on questions of law” and may appeal to challenge the propriety of

certain criminal sentences and punishments and grants of motions to suppress.).

      Even though petitioner’s underlying criminal conviction is relevant here, the

State’s appeal in the instant case arises from a motion in a later-in-time ancillary

expunction proceeding, rather than a case involving a criminal conviction.         See

N.C.G.S. § 15A-145.5. Like other ancillary proceedings conducted under Chapters

14, 15, and 15A, the instant case is not a criminal appeal that triggers the statutory

limitations put in place to prevent criminal double jeopardy.         See, e.g., In re

Timberlake, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 792 S.E.2d 525, 527 (2016) (noting that the State

“fail[ed] to appeal from the trial court’s order” terminating the petitioner’s sex

offender registration requirement, “as allowed in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-27”); State v.

Singleton, 201 N.C. App. 620, 625, 689 S.E.2d 562, 565 (A satellite-based monitoring

hearing “is not a ‘criminal trial or proceeding’ ” under N.C.G.S. § 15A-1442 or

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                                      STATE V. J.C.

                                    Newby, J., dissenting

N.C.G.S. § 15A-1444, and the Court of Appeals may consider appeals from SBM

determinations.), disc. rev. improvidently allowed, 364 N.C. 418, 700 S.E.2d 226

(2010) (per curiam); id. at 626, 689 S.E.2d at 566 (recognizing the State’s right to

appeal under N.C.G.S. § 7A-27, noting that, “[f]or all practical purposes there is an

unlimited right of appeal . . . from any final judgment of the superior court or the

district court in civil and criminal cases” (first alteration in original) (quoting State v.

Black, 7 N.C. App. 324, 327, 172 S.E.2d 217, 219 (1970) (citing N.C.G.S. § 7A-27))).

The issues listed in N.C.G.S. § 15A-1445(a) as appealable by the State are the types

of issues that arise in traditional criminal trials, suggesting that the statute which

the majority deems controlling may well not apply outside the context of a traditional

criminal trial.   Nonetheless, the majority classifies “an expunction [as] part of a

criminal proceeding” because it arises from a “motion in the cause in the case wherein

the petitioner was convicted,” quoting N.C.G.S. § 15A-145.5, and then appears to

simply assume that N.C.G.S. § 15A-1445(a) applies in the present context.

       Like expunction petitions, however, motions relating to a defendant’s

obligation to register as a sex offender or enroll in SBM also arise from the underlying

criminal case and yet, N.C.G.S. § 7A-27 affords the State an appeal in those cases.

The majority’s classification of this ancillary proceeding as “a criminal proceeding”

would operate to bar the State’s appeal in sex offender registry and SBM cases.

Moreover, the majority’s approach, in all probability, would likewise deny a petitioner

seeking an expunction an appeal as of right even if the trial court denied his

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                                      STATE V. J.C.

                                   Newby, J., dissenting

expunction petition as the result of a legal error.

       The majority assumes that the placement of the expunction statutes in

Chapter 15A suggests that expunction motions are governed by the criminal appeals

statute; however, one would not expect to find appeal-related provisions in the

substantive expunction statutes. Chapter 14 is entitled “Criminal Law” and, unlike

Chapter 15A, contains the bulk of the statutory provisions dealing with substantive

criminal offenses to be found in the General Statutes. The majority mistakenly relies

on State v. Whitehurst, 212 N.C. 300, 193 S.E. 657 (1937), to support its conclusion

when that case involved the construction of a substantive criminal statute relating to

embezzlement rather than to ancillary proceedings such as expunction motions.

       Contrary to the majority’s view that “the process for an expunction is

straightforward and more ministerial than deliberative,” a final expunction decision

involves both legal analysis and an exercise of discretion. N.C.G.S. § 15A-145.5(c)

(stating that, if the trial court finds the petitioner has satisfactorily met the statutory

requirements, “it may order that such person be restored, in the contemplation of the

law, to the status the person occupied before such arrest” (emphasis added)). When

the trial court exercises discretion, those decisions are reviewed for abuse of

discretion; however, here the State raises a purely legal issue which appears to be

one of first impression regarding the applicability of the expunction statute to various

convictions. Furthermore, the cases cited by the majority in which appellate review

occurred demonstrate the need for appellate guidance. In all cited cases, the trial

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                                  Newby, J., dissenting

court’s decision was reversed. See State v. Frazier, 206 N.C. App. 306, 697 S.E.2d 467

(2010) (reversing the trial court’s grant of expunction); In re Robinson, 172 N.C. App.

272, 615 S.E.2d 884 (2005) (same); In re Expungement for Spencer, 140 N.C. App. 776,

538 S.E.2d 236 (2000) (same); see also In re Expungement for Kearney, 174 N.C. App.

213, 620 S.E.2d 276 (2005) (reversing in part and affirming in part an order granting

expunction). Appellate review brings consistency to expunction decisions.

      This case in particular highlights the need for appellate review when the trial

court grappled with an issue of statutory interpretation that appears to be one of first

impression. Section 7A-27 provides the statutory authorization for such review.

Therefore, I dissent.

      Justices ERVIN and DAVIS join in this dissenting opinion.




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