               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT JACKSON
                        Assigned on Briefs December 22, 2015


                  GUYOKA BONNER v. SGT. CAGLE, ET AL.

                   Appeal from the Circuit Court for Lake County
                     No. 14CV521 R. Lee Moore, Jr., Judge

                         ________________________________

               No. W2015-01609-COA-R3-CV – Filed January 7, 2016
                      _________________________________


An inmate sought a writ of certiorari challenging the decision of the prison disciplinary
board, alleging both a violation of his due process rights and a violation of the Uniform
Disciplinary Procedures. The trial court granted a motion for judgment on the pleadings
based upon the Tennessee Supreme Court‟s holding in Willis v. Tennessee Department of
Correction, 113 S.W.3d 706 (Tenn. 2003). We affirm the dismissal of the inmate‟s due
process claim but reverse the trial court‟s decision to grant the motion for judgment on the
pleadings of the inmate‟s claim related to the alleged failure to comply with the Uniform
Disciplinary Procedures. Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed in
                     Part; Reversed in Part; and Remanded

J. STEVEN STAFFORD, P.J.,W.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ARNOLD B.
GOLDIN, and BRANDON O. GIBSON, JJ., joined.

Guyoka Bonner, Tiptonville, Tennessee, Pro Se

Jennifer L. Brenner, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Tennessee Department of
Correction.


                                        OPINION

                                       Background
        Petitioner/Appellant Guyoka Bonner is an inmate in the custody of the Tennessee
Department of Correction (“TDOC”). On December 18, 2014, Mr. Bonner filed a petition for
a writ of certiorari against Respondents/Appellees “Sgt. Cagle, et al.”1 (“Appellees”) in the
Lake County Circuit Court regarding prison disciplinary proceedings that were undertaken
after a cell phone was found in his cell.
        In his petition, Mr. Bonner alleged that his rights were violated when the disciplinary
proceedings were held in his absence. The facts surrounding Mr. Bonner‟s allegations are
taken from his petition and largely undisputed. On July 1, 2014, a search of Mr. Bonner‟s cell
revealed a cellular phone hidden in a hole in the wall behind a mirror. Both Mr. Bonner and
his cellmate were charged with possession of a cellular phone and destruction of property due
to the hole in the cell wall. The disciplinary proceedings related to the possession of a cellular
phone charge were continued several times, twice upon Mr. Bonner‟s request, and three
times upon request of TDOC staff. Finally, the hearing was scheduled for August 6, 2014.
        On that day, Mr. Bonner received a movement pass that allowed him to move about
the prison in order to attend the disciplinary hearing and/or visit the law library. Mr. Bonner
proceeded to the disciplinary hearing around 1:15, but after being informed by hearing
officer Sergeant Cagle that the hearing would not commence until 2:00, Mr. Bonner left the
part of the prison where the hearing was to take place to go the law library. After visiting the
law library, Mr. Bonner returned to his cell to retrieve the documents needed for the hearing.
According to Mr. Bonner, however, upon his arrival at his cell, an officer informed him that
“movement had stopped” and that he would not be allowed to leave his cell without an
escort. According to Mr. Bonner, no one was available to escort him to the disciplinary
hearing, and he was not able to leave his cell until 2:30 when movement resumed. When he
finally arrived at the hearing, it had already been conducted, and Mr. Bonner had been found
guilty. Mr. Bonner received a punishment of segregation for ten days; cancellation of three
months of visitation; package restriction for nine months; and a $4.00 fine. Mr. Bonner
thereafter appealed to the warden and the TDOC Commissioner, but both appeals were
denied.
       On January 21, 2015, the Tennessee Attorney General, on behalf of Appellees, filed a
notice that it would not oppose the petition for a writ of certiorari. Accordingly, on February
2, 2015, the trial court granted Mr. Bonner‟s petition for a writ of certiorari and ordered that
the record regarding the disciplinary proceedings be filed with the court. The record was
thereafter filed on February 25, 2015.


        1
           The only respondents ever named in this case were “Sgt. Cagle, et al.” It appears, however, that
TDOC took responsibility for responding to the petition, as the Tennessee Attorney General appeared to defend
in the trial court and on appeal.
                                                     2
        On April 23, 2015, Appellees filed a brief opposing Mr. Bonner‟s request for relief. In
their brief, Appellees asserted that Mr. Bonner failed to show that there was any violation of
the Uniform Disciplinary Procedures (discussed in detail, infra) or that there was any
substantial prejudice resulting from any slight deviation from the Uniform Disciplinary
Procedures, as required for relief. At the request of the trial court, Appellees subsequently
filed a motion for judgment on the record, in reliance on their previously filed brief. Mr.
Bonner did not respond to Appellees‟ motion.
      On July 13, 2015, the trial court entered an order dismissing Mr. Bonner‟s petition.
According to the trial court:
                      From a review of the TDOC file that was filed by
              certified record on February 25, 2015, it appears to the Court
              that the inmate‟s right to appear in person before the board or
              hearing officer may have been violated. The reason for failure of
              the inmate to be present for the hearing appears to be a question
              of fact. A certified record filed by TDOC seems to substantiate
              the claim of the petitioner that Policy No. 502.01 under Uniform
              Disciplinary Procedures may have been violated.
                     The petitioner claims that his failure to be present for the
              hearing constitutes a violation of his constitutional right to due
              process. He requests that this Court reverse his conviction for
              possession of a cell phone and to dismiss the charge due to a
              violation of his due process rights. He cites the case of Willis v.
              TDOC, 113 S.W.3d 706 (Tenn. 2003). He alleges in his petition
              that TDOC sentenced him to ten days in isolation; cancelled
              three months of visitation and nine months package restriction
              and a $4.00 fine. In reviewing the Willis case, cited above, it
              appears that Mr. Willis had certain tools which TDOC felt could
              be used for escape. He was punished by the disciplinary board
              with a thirty (30) day punitive segregation; involuntary
              administrative segregation and a $5.00 fine. He filed a petition
              for certiorari claiming violation of his due process rights. In
              Willis, the court found that thirty (30) days of punitive
              segregation was not a dramatic departure from the basic
              conditions of the prisoner[‟]s determinate sentence and,
              therefore, the prisoner was not entitled to due process
              protection. The court also found that the de minimis nature of
              the fine makes it immune from procedural due process
              requirements. Although under a Motion for Judgment on the
                                              3
                 record,2 the Court must accept the petitioner‟s version as being
                 true, the petitioner still does not state a claim upon which relief
                 can be granted under a common-law Writ of Certiorari because
                 the punishment alleged does not trigger due process rights as
                 defined in the Willis case.
Mr. Bonner filed a timely notice of appeal.
                                             Issues Presented
        As we perceive it, Mr. Bonner raises two issues in his brief to this Court:
    1. Whether the trial court erred in dismissing his claim based upon a violation of his due
       process rights?
    2. Whether the trial court erred in dismissing his claim based upon a violation of the
       Uniform Disciplinary Procedures?3
    3.
                                    Standard of Review
      Here, the trial court granted Appellees‟ motion for judgment on the pleadings. When
reviewing orders granting a motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Rule 12.03 of
the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure,4 we use the same standard of review we use to

        2
         Although the trial court references a motion for judgment “on the record,” by indicating that Mr.
Bonner‟s allegations would be taken as true, it is clear that the trial court utilized the standard applicable for
motions for judgment on the pleadings. See Tenn. R. Civ. 12.03 (discussed in detail, infra).
       3
          The actual issue raised in Mr. Bonner‟s brief provides:

                          THE CHANCERY COURT ERRED IN DISSMISSING WRIT OF
                  CERTIORARI AFTER DISCIPLINARY BOARD DENIED THE
                  APPELLANT OF THE MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS OF DUE
                  PROCESS, AND ERRED IN DISSMISSING PETITION FOR FAILURE
                  TO STATE A CLAIM AFTER PREVIOUSLY GRATED CERTIORARI
                  REVIEW BASED ON THE MERITS, AND ERRED IN DISMISSING
                  THE WRIT OF CERTIORARI AFTER APPELLANT DEMONSTRATED
                  THAT THE DISCIPLINARY BOARD FAILED TO FOLLOW THEIR
                  OWN UNIFORM DISCIPLINARY PROCEDURE.
        4
            Rule 12.03 provides:

                           After the pleadings are closed but within such time as not to delay
                 the trial, any party may move for judgment on the pleadings. If, on a motion
                 for judgment on the pleadings, matters outside the pleadings are presented to
                 and not excluded by the court, the motion shall be treated as one for
                 summary judgment and disposed of as provided in Rule 56, and all parties
                 shall be given reasonable opportunity to present all material made pertinent
                                                        4
review orders granting a Rule 12.02(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. Young
v. Barrow, 130 S.W.3d 59, 63 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003) (citing Waller v. Bryan, 16 S.W.3d
770, 773 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999)). Accordingly, we must review the trial court‟s decision de
novo without a presumption of correctness, Stein v. Davidson Hotel Co., 945 S.W.2d 714,
716 (Tenn. 1997), and we must construe the complaint liberally in favor of the non-moving
party and take all the factual allegations in the complaint as true. Young, 130 S.W.3d at 63.
We should uphold granting the motion only when it appears that the plaintiff can prove no set
of facts in support of a claim that will entitle him or her to relief. Id.
                                              Analysis
       As an initial matter, we note that Mr. Bonner is proceeding pro se in this appeal, as he
did throughout the proceedings in the circuit court. “It is well settled that pro se litigants
must comply with the same standards to which lawyers must adhere.” Watson v. City of
Jackson, 448 S.W.3d 919, 926 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2014). As explained by this Court:
              Parties who decide to represent themselves are entitled to fair
              and equal treatment by the courts. The courts should take into
              account that many pro se litigants have no legal training and
              little familiarity with the judicial system. However, the courts
              must also be mindful of the boundary between fairness to a pro
              se litigant and unfairness to the pro se litigant's adversary. Thus,
              the courts must not excuse pro se litigants from complying with
              the same substantive and procedural rules that represented
              parties are expected to observe.
Jackson v. Lanphere, No. M2010-01401-COA-R3-CV, 2011 WL 3566978, at *3 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Aug. 12, 2011) (quoting Hessmer v. Hessmer, 138 S.W.3d 901, 903 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2003)). Accordingly, we keep these rules in mind in considering this appeal.
                                             Due Process
       Mr. Bonner first argues that his procedural due process rights were violated when he
was deprived of an opportunity to be heard at the disciplinary proceeding, citing Wolff v.
McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 94 S. Ct. 2963, 41 L. Ed. 2d 935 (1974) (holding that inmates in
prison disciplinary proceedings are entitled to advance written notice of the charges, written
findings of fact, the right to call witnesses and present documentary evidence when not
unduly hazardous); but see Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 480, 115 S. Ct. 2293, 2298, 132
L. Ed. 2d 418 (1995) (holding that while Wolff applies in prison disciplinary proceedings
where due process is implicated by the deprivation of a protected liberty or property interest,

              to such a motion by Rule 56.
                                                 5
not all prison disciplinary punishments implicate due process, as “[t]he Due Process Clause
standing alone confers no liberty interest in freedom from state action taken „within the
sentence imposed‟”) (discussed infra). As the Tennessee Supreme Court explained in Heyne
v. Metropolitan Nashville Board of Public Education, 380 S.W.3d 715 (Tenn. 2012):
                      When a person asserts a procedural due process claim,
              the court must first determine whether he or she has an interest
              entitled to due process protection. Board of Regents of State
              Colls. v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 570–71, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d
              548 (1972); Rowe v. Board of Educ. of City of Chattanooga,
              938 S.W.2d 351, 354 (Tenn. 1996). If the court determines that
              the person has an interest that is entitled to constitutional due
              process protection, then the court must determine “what process
              is due.” Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 481, 92 S.Ct. 2593,
              33 L.Ed.2d 484 (1972); see also Martin v. Sizemore, 78 S.W.3d
              249, 263 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001). Once the court determines
              minimum procedural due process protections to which the
              person is entitled, the court must finally determine whether the
              challenged procedures satisfy these minimum requirements.
Heyne, 380 S.W.3d at 731.
        Here, the trial court dismissed Mr. Bonner‟s petition after determining that Mr.
Bonner‟s punishment did not constitute the deprivation of a liberty or property interest that
would entitle him to due process protections, citing Willis v. Tennessee Department of
Correction, 113 S.W.3d 706 (Tenn. 2003). In Willis, the petitioner inmate was found guilty
of attempting escape, after pliers were found in his cell, and information was provided to that
effect from a confidential informant. The petitioner was found guilty of the charged offense
and received a thirty-day sentence of punitive segregation, involuntary administrative
segregation, and a $5.00 fine. After exhausting his administrative appeals, the petitioner
inmate filed a petition for a writ of certiorari, claiming that his due process rights were
violated because he was not given adequate notice of the charges, he was not given access to
exculpatory evidence, and the disciplinary board improperly relied upon the testimony of the
confidential informant. Id. at 709. The trial court dismissed the petition and the Court of
Appeals affirmed. Id. at 709–10.

       The Tennessee Supreme Court granted permission to appeal, affirming in part and
reversing in part. The Willis Court first considered the petitioner inmate‟s claim that his due
process rights had been violated. As the Court explained:



                                              6
                     The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
              provides that no State shall “deprive any person of life, liberty,
              or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const. amend.
              XIV, § 1.4 Consequently, a claim of denial of due process must
              be analyzed with a two-part inquiry: (1) whether the interest
              involved can be defined as “life,” “liberty” or “property” within
              the meaning of the Due Process Clause; and if so (2) what
              process is due in the circumstances. See Bd. of Regents v. Roth,
              408 U.S. 564, 569–70, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972);
              Rowe v. Bd. of Educ., 938 S.W.2d 351, 354 (Tenn.1996).
              Deprivation of an interest which is neither liberty nor property
              does not trigger the procedural safeguards of the Due Process
              Clause. See Sandin [v. Conner], 515 U.S. [472,] at 483–84, 115
              S.Ct. 2293 [(1995)]; Rowe, 938 S.W.2d at 354.
                      The United States Supreme Court has addressed, on
              several occasions, the issue of when a prisoner is deemed to
              have been deprived of a liberty interest. In Sandin, the Court
              held that a liberty interest is not created unless the disciplinary
              restraints being imposed on a prisoner are atypical in
              comparison to the “ordinary incidents of prison life.” Sandin,
              515 U.S. at 483–84, 115 S.Ct. 2293. In that case, the Court held
              that thirty days of punitive segregation was not a dramatic
              departure from the basic conditions of the prisoner‟s
              indeterminate sentence, and therefore, the prisoner was not
              entitled to due process protection. Sandin, 515 U.S. at 486, 115
              S.Ct. 2293.

Willis, 113 S.W.3d at 710–11. Based upon the foregoing, the Willis Court held that the
inmate petitioner “was not deprived of a liberty interest when he was punished with punitive
and administrative segregation.” Id. at 711. Because there was no deprivation of a protected
liberty interest, there could be no due process violation related to the procedure utilized in
depriving the inmate petitioner of that interest.
       The question remained, however, as to whether the $5.00 fine imposed upon the
inmate petitioner deprived him of a property interest so as to implicate due process. The
Willis Court concluded that it did not, explaining:
                     State prisoners in Tennessee have a property interest in
              the funds in their prison trust fund accounts. Jeffries v. Tenn.
              Dep’t of Corr., 108 S.W.3d 862, 872 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002); see
                                              7
                 also Hampton v. Hobbs, 106 F.3d 1281, 1287 (6th Cir. 1997)
                 (holding that prisoners have a protected interest in their money).
                 It would follow, therefore, that the imposition of a monetary fine
                 to be paid from that trust fund account would constitute a
                 deprivation of a property interest. If a property interest has been
                 implicated, we must then determine what process is due under
                 the circumstances. The answer to that question is situational
                 because due process is a flexible concept that calls for only
                 those procedural protections that the particular situation
                 demands. See Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S.Ct.
                 893, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976); Wilson v. Wilson, 984 S.W.2d 898,
                 902 (Tenn. 1998); Phillips v. State Bd. of Regents of State
                 Univ. & Cmty. Coll. Sys. of Tenn., 863 S.W.2d 45, 50 (Tenn.
                 1993).
Willis, 113 S.W.3d at 711. The Court also recognized that “[t]he relative weight of a property
or liberty interest is relevant to the extent of due process to which one is entitled.” Thus, the
Court concluded that “where the interest is truly de minimis, procedural rights can be
dispensed with altogether.” Id. at 712 (citing Goss v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565, 576, 95 S.Ct. 729,
42 L.Ed.2d 725 (1975); Carter v. Western Reserve Psychiatric Habilitation Ctr., 767 F.2d
270, 272 n. 1 (6th Cir. 1985)). In considering these rules, the Willis Court concluded that:
“The government‟s interests, including fiscal and administrative burdens of providing
additional process, outweigh the petitioner‟s interest in his five dollars. The de minimis
nature of the fine makes it immune from procedural due process requirements.” Willis, 113
S.W.3d at 712.5
        Here, it appears that Mr. Bonner received comparatively no more punishment than that
at issue in Willis. Accordingly, we must conclude that neither a property nor liberty interest
was at stake so as to implicate due process protections. While the inmate in Willis received a
$5.00 fine, Mr. Bonner‟s fine was only $4.00. In addition, while the inmate in Willis
received thirty days of administrative segregation, Mr. Bonner only received ten days. The
only significant difference between this case and Willis is the additional punishment of the
cancellation of visitation and package restriction. In Anglin v. Turner, No. E2006-01764-
COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 914708 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 28, 2007), however, this Court held
that a ten day administrative segregation coupled with a six month visitor/package restriction
was not sufficiently harsh to be “atypical” of or a “significant hardship . . . in relation to the

        5
           In dicta, the Willis Court also noted that: “At the very least, the amount of the fine certainly does not
warrant any more process than [the petitioner inmate] actually received.” Id. at 712. There was no dispute that
the petitioner inmate “received some process, in that he did receive a hearing and was allowed to testify on his
own behalf.” Id. at 712 n.5.
                                                         8
ordinary incidents of prison life.” Id. at *3 (citing Willis, 113 S.W.3d at 712). In a similar
case, this Court held that twelve months of package restriction and ten days of segregation
were insufficient to constitute an “atypical” and “significant hardship” implicating due
process protections. Patterson v. Tennessee Dep’t of Correction, No. W2009-01733-COA-
R3-CV, 2010 WL 1565535, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 20, 2010). Based upon these cases,
we must likewise conclude that three months of visitation cancellation and nine months of
package restriction are not sufficient punishments to constitute “a dramatic departure from
the basic conditions” of Mr. Bonner‟s sentence. Because Mr. Bonner was not deprived of
either a protected property or liberty interest, due process was not implicated. The trial
court‟s dismissal of Mr. Bonner‟s claim related to due process is, therefore, affirmed.
     Unlike the trial court, however, we cannot conclude that this ends the inquiry into Mr.
Bonner‟s writ of certiorari action. Indeed, as this Court explained:
              [E]ven if a state prisoner is not entitled to due process
              protections in a disciplinary proceeding, the inmate may
              nevertheless assert a claim under a common-law writ of
              certiorari that the prison disciplinary board otherwise acted
              illegally or arbitrarily in failing to follow TDOC‟s Uniform
              Disciplinary Procedures. Irwin v. Tenn. Dep’t of Corr., 244
              S.W.3d 832, 835 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 13, 2007) (citing Willis,
              113 S.W.3d at 713).
Patterson, 2010 WL 1565535, at *2. Indeed in Willis, the very case relied upon by the trial
court, the Tennessee Supreme Court did not dismiss the inmate petitioner‟s common law writ
of certiorari, despite determining that no process was due. See Willis, 113 S.W.3d at 712–13.
Instead, the Willis Court considered the inmate petitioner‟s claim that the Uniform
Disciplinary Procedures were violated independent from his due process claim. Id. at 713.
Here, Mr. Bonner‟s petition for a writ of certiorari clearly alleges that the disciplinary
proceedings violated TDOC‟s Uniform Disciplinary Procedures in holding the hearing in his
absence, as discussed in more detail, infra. The trial court therefore erred in failing to
consider this claim independent of his due process claim. Accordingly, we will proceed to
consider whether the trial court erred in granting Appellees‟ motion for judgment on the
pleadings as to Mr. Bonner‟s common law writ of certiorari.
                                     Writ of Certiorari
        The proper vehicle for challenging a prison disciplinary action is the common law writ
of certiorari. Rhoden v. State Dep’t of Corr., 984 S.W.2d 955, 956 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998).
When the trial court granted the petition for writ of certiorari, it simply issued a command “to
the inferior tribunal or administrative agency to send the record made before the agency in

                                               9
the proceeding to the court for review. . . .” Gore v. Tenn. Dep’t of Corr., 132 S.W.3d 369,
375 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003). Once the administrative record has been filed, “the reviewing
court may proceed to determine whether the petitioner is entitled to relief without any further
motions, and if the court chooses, without a hearing.” Jackson v. Tenn. Dep’t of Corr., No.
W2005-02240-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 1547859, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 8, 2006).
      After a petition for the common law writ of certiorari is granted, the scope of judicial
review is narrow:
              It covers only an inquiry into whether the Board has exceeded its
              jurisdiction or is acting illegally, fraudulently, or arbitrarily[.]
              Conclusory terms such as “arbitrary and capricious” will not
              entitle a petitioner to the writ. At the risk of oversimplification,
              one may say that it is not the correctness of the decision that is
              subject to judicial review, but the manner in which the decision
              is reached. If the agency or board has reached its decision in a
              constitutional or lawful manner, then the decision would not be
              subject to judicial review.
Powell v. Parole Eligibility Review Bd., 879 S.W.2d 871, 873 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994)
(internal citations omitted). Accordingly, “[a]bsent a showing of some illegality or
arbitrariness in the proceedings, a dispute over the outcome of a prison disciplinary hearing
does not state a claim for writ of certiorari.” Brown v. Little, 341 S.W.3d 275, 279 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2009) (quoting Meeks v. Traughber, No. M2003-02077-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL
280746, *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 4, 2005)). The Tennessee Supreme Court has indicated that
relief under a writ of certiorari may be authorized to remedy: “(1) fundamentally illegal
rulings; (2) proceedings inconsistent with essential legal requirements; (3) proceedings that
effectively deny a party his or her day in court; (4) decisions beyond the lower tribunal‟s
authority; and (5) plain and palpable abuses of discretion.” Willis, 113 S.W.3d at 712 (citing
State v. Willoughby, 594 S.W.2d 388, 392 (Tenn. 1980)).
        The allegations in this case concern a violation of the Uniform Disciplinary
Procedures. The Uniform Disciplinary Procedures exist “[t]o provide for the fair and
impartial determination and resolution of all disciplinary charges placed against inmates.”
TDOC Policy No. 502.01(II); Meeks v. Tenn. Dep’t of Corr., No. M–2007–01116–COA–
R3–CV, 2008 WL 2078054 at * 3 (Tenn. Ct. App. May, 15, 2008). Minor deviations from
the procedures will not warrant dismissal of the disciplinary action unless the prisoner
demonstrates “substantial prejudice as a result and the error would have affected the
disposition of the case.” TDOC Policy No. 502.01(V); Meeks, at * 3. “To trigger judicial
relief, a departure from the Uniform Disciplinary Procedures must effectively deny the
prisoner a fair hearing.” Jeffries v. Tenn. Dep’t of Corr., 108 S.W.3d 862, 873 (Tenn. Ct.
                                              10
App. 2002). Thus, an inmate may be entitled to relief under a common law writ of certiorari
if he demonstrates that the disciplinary board failed to adhere to the Uniform Disciplinary
Procedures and that its failure to do so resulted in substantial prejudice to the inmate. Irwin v.
Tenn. Dep't of Corr., 244 S.W.3d 832, 835 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007).
        In order to determine whether the trial court correctly granted Appellees‟ motion for
judgment on the pleadings, we must consider whether Mr. Bonner‟s petition states a claim
for relief. According to the Tennessee Supreme Court:
                       A prisoner seeking judicial review of a prison
               disciplinary proceeding states a claim for relief under common-
               law writ of certiorari if the prisoner‟s complaint alleges facts
               demonstrating that the disciplinary board failed to follow the
               Uniform Disciplinary Procedures and this failure substantially
               prejudiced the petitioner. Thus, for [Mr. Bonner] to survive a
               motion to dismiss, his petition must allege that the disciplinary
               board followed an unlawful procedure and that he was
               substantially prejudiced thereby.
Willis, 113 S.W.3d at 713. Here, Mr. Bonner alleges that Appellees violated TDOC Policy
502.01 of the Uniform Disciplinary Procedures, which states in pertinent part:
               2. The inmate who is charged with the rule infraction(s) shall
               have the right to appear in person before the board/hearing
               officer at all times, except:
               a. When the board/hearing officer is receiving testimony from a
               confidential source.
               b. During the board‟s deliberations or the hearing officer‟s
               review of the charge.
               c. If the inmate is disorderly (i.e., preventing the orderly conduct
               of the hearing). In such cases, the advisor may remain present on
               the inmate‟s behalf.
               d. When the inmate signs an agreement to plead guilty.
Based upon this rule, the trial court specifically found that a review of the “certified record
filed by TDOC seems to substantiate the claim of the petitioner that [the] Uniform
Disciplinary Procedures may have been violated.”


                                               11
        We likewise conclude that Mr. Bonner‟s petition for a writ of certiorari, if taken as
true, “alleges facts demonstrating that the disciplinary board failed to follow” Policy 502.01.
Willis, 113 S.W.3d at 713. Here, Mr. Bonner clearly alleges that, without any of the above
exceptions being present, he was prevented from attending the disciplinary proceedings,
despite the fact that the hearing officer knew of his intention to appear. By the use of the
word “shall” and the indication that the rule shall apply “at all times,” Policy 502.01 indicates
that its directive is mandatory, rather than discretionary. State v. Haddon, 109 S.W.3d 382,
386 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2002) (“It is correct that when the word “shall” appears in a statute, it
is ordinarily construed as being mandatory and not discretionary.”) (citing Stubbs v. State,
216 Tenn. 567, 393 S.W.2d 150 (1965)).
        Appellees contend, however, that the disciplinary hearing officer was entitled to hold
the hearing in Mr. Bonner‟s absence because he voluntarily chose not to appear at the
appointed time. This fact, Appellees argue, shows that Mr. Bonner was “disorderly” and,
therefore, not entitled to attend the hearing. As previously discussed, however, in reviewing a
trial court‟s decision to grant a motion for judgment on the pleadings, we must take the
allegations in the petition as true. Young, 130 S.W.3d at 63. Mr. Bonner alleges in his
petition that it was not his choice to arrive late for the hearing, but instead he was prevented
from attending when prison officials suspended movement in the prison. In our view, this
allegation is sufficient to survive the motion for judgment on the pleadings on the issue of
whether a violation of the Uniform Disciplinary Procedures occurred.
        We next consider whether Mr. Bonner “alleges facts demonstrating that the . . . failure
[to comply with the Uniform Disciplinary Procedures] substantially prejudiced” him. Willis,
113 S.W.3d at 713. We conclude that he has. In his petition, Mr. Bonner alleges that by
holding the hearing in his absence, Mr. Bonner “was not present to see and [hear] evidence,
testify in his own behalf, or face his accuser.” Appellees cite no cases, nor has our research
revealed any, where this Court or the Tennessee Supreme Court has held that no prejudice
results from a disciplinary proceeding that is held in the absence of the accused inmate.
        Here, Mr. Bonner clearly alleges that he was prejudiced in being prevented from
testifying in his own defense and facing his accuser, which may have affected the outcome of
his case. According to the record from the disciplinary proceedings, the officer that testified
regarding the search of Mr. Bonner‟s and his cellmate‟s cell admitted that of the two inmates,
he “ha[d] no idea who the phone belonged to.” It is certainly conceivable that Mr. Bonner‟s
testimony may have shed light on this issue. “[T]he threshold for surviving a motion to
dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted is „generally low.‟”
Moses v. Dirghangi, 430 S.W.3d 371, 378 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2013), perm. app. denied (Feb.
11, 2014) (quoting Steele v. Ritz, No. W2008-02125-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 4825183, at *4
(Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 16, 2009) (describing the requirements as “minimal”). A petitioner is
not required to prove his case at the motion to dismiss stage. See Cook By & Through
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Uithoven v. Spinnaker’s of Rivergate, Inc., 878 S.W.2d 934, 938 (Tenn. 1994) (noting that a
“motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted tests only the
sufficiency of the complaint, not the strength of a plaintiff‟s proof”) (citing Merriman v.
Smith, 599 S.W.2d 548, 560 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1979)). Instead, “courts should construe the
complaint liberally in favor of the plaintiff,” and should only grant a motion for judgment on
the pleadings if “the allegations contained in the complaint, considered alone and taken as
true, are insufficient to state a claim as a matter of law.” Cook, 878 S.W.2d at 938) (citing
Fuerst v. Methodist Hospital South, 566 S.W.2d 847, 848–49 (Tenn. 1978); Cornpropst v.
Sloan, 528 S.W.2d 188, 190 (Tenn. 1975)). Assuming the facts alleged in the petition are
true, as we must at this stage, we conclude that Mr. Bonner alleged sufficient facts in his
petition to survive a motion for judgment on the pleadings. The trial court‟s decision to grant
Appellees‟ motion for judgment on the pleadings is, therefore, reversed.
                                             Conclusion
       The judgment of the Circuit Court of Lake County is affirmed in part, reversed in part,
and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion, including, if necessary,
an evidentiary hearing on Mr. Bonner‟s writ of certiorari.6 Costs of this appeal are taxed to
Appellees, for which execution may issue if necessary.




                                                        _________________________________
                                                        J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE




        6
          We note that an evidentiary hearing may be necessary, as the trial court noted that there was a
“question of fact” regarding some of Mr. Bonner‟s allegations.
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