                                 FOURTH DIVISION
                                  DILLARD, P. J.,
                                 RAY and SELF, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                       May 26, 2017




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A17A0180. DIMAURO v. THE STATE.

      DILLARD, Presiding Judge.

      Following a jury trial, former police officer Nicholas Dimauro was convicted

of aggravated assault, aggravated battery, and two counts of violating his oath of

office. Dimauro appeals these convictions, arguing that the trial court erred in (1)

admitting evidence of a similar transaction; (2) admitting evidence that a witness was

harassed; (3) admitting opinion evidence from various police officials; (4) refusing

to give a requested special jury instruction on the reasonable use of force; (5)

admitting the prior consistent statements of a witness; (6) excluding certain

impeachment evidence; (7) failing to dismiss the indictment on the ground that he

was prohibited from presenting evidence to the grand jury; and (8) failing to intervene
and address the prosecutor’s alleged misconduct during closing argument. For the

reasons set forth infra, we affirm Dimauro’s convictions.

      Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict,1 the record reflects that

on September 4, 2010, Robert Wormley, who is white, was walking home in the

Bankhead neighborhood of Atlanta around 3:00 a.m. Some Atlanta Police Department

(“APD”) officers, including Dimauro, referred to white people they saw in this

neighborhood as “tourists,” and generally considered them to be suspicious

characters.2 That night, Dimauro was on patrol when he stopped Wormley, who was

walking in the middle of the road, and asked him for identification. Wormley—who

was a convicted felon on probation and out past his curfew—responded that he had

no identification. Dimauro again asked to see some form of identification , and

Wormley once again responded that he had no identification and told Dimauro that

he was going home. Dimauro then directed Wormley to put his hands on the patrol

car, which he did. While Wormley’s hands were on the vehicle, Dimauro struck him



      1
          See, e.g., Muse v. State, 323 Ga. App. 779, 780 (748 SE2d 136) (2013).
      2
        Suffice it to say, there is “no objective manifestation that a person is, or is
about to be, engaged in criminal activity merely because the person is a white man in
a black neighborhood late at night[.]” Hughes v. State, 269 Ga. 258, 261 (1) (497
SE2d 790) (1998).

                                           2
in the back of the head with a flashlight or a baton, and Wormley then took off

running. As he fled, Wormley’s flip flops caused him to trip and fall, but he sustained

no injuries. But while he was still on the ground, Dimauro caught up to Wormley,

immediately kneed him in his side, and then hit him in his left forearm with a baton.

      Wormley was eventually able to get away from Dimauro, and he ran around a

fence and into a backyard, where he hid behind a piece of plywood laying against the

back of the house. And shortly thereafter, several other officers responded to the

scene. Indeed, from his hiding place, Wormley could see multiple flashlights coming

around the side of the house and into the yard. Wormley then heard someone exclaim,

“there he is,” and then he felt someone jump on the plywood. An unidentified officer

then kicked Wormley in the face, he was knocked unconscious, and the next thing he

remembered was waking up in a police car.

      From the scene, Wormley was transferred to Grady Hospital, where he was

treated for a collapsed lung, a fractured wrist, broken ribs, lacerations on his forehead

and scalp, and cracked teeth. While he was hospitalized, Wormley made a statement

to an officer from internal affairs. Four days later, Wormley was released from the

hospital. He was then immediately transported to jail on charges of aggravated battery

on a police officer, obstruction, and being a pedestrian in the roadway. At trial,

                                           3
Wormley admitted that he had used cocaine earlier that evening, had prior felony

convictions, and had spent time in prison. Wormley also testified that, just before the

trial began, the State nolle prossed an unrelated escape charge that he had been

facing.

      Ultimately, Dimauro was indicted by a grand jury for aggravated battery by

depriving Wormley of the use of his arm and ribs, aggravated battery by disfiguring

Wormley’s head, aggravated assault, and two counts of violating his oath of office.

Following a jury trial, he was found not guilty of aggravated battery by depriving

Wormley of the use of his arms and ribs and found guilty on the remaining charges.

Dimauro then filed a motion for new trial, which the trial court denied after a hearing.

This appeal follows.

      1. Dimauro first asserts that the trial court erroneously admitted evidence under

OCGA § 24-4-404 (b) (i.e., Rule 404 (b)) in order to establish intent and mistake of

fact. Specifically, he argues that evidence regarding an assault against another man

Dimauro attempted to detain should not have been admitted to show intent because

the charged crimes were general intent crimes, and similar transaction evidence is

most appropriate in cases involving specific intent. Dimauro also asserts that a video



                                           4
shown to the jury of the assault against the other man was more prejudicial than

probative. We disagree.

      OCGA § 24-4-404 (b) provides that

      [e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts shall not be admissible to
      prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity
      therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, including,
      but not limited to, proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,
      knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.3


      The Supreme Court of Georgia has adopted a three-part test by which we

evaluate the admissibility of so-called “other acts” evidence:4

      (1) the evidence must be relevant to an issue other than defendant’s
      character; (2) the probative value must not be substantially outweighed




      3
        See also Smart v. State, 299 Ga. 414, 417 (2) (788 SE2d 442) (2016) (quoting
OCGA § 24-4-404 (b)). The new Evidence Code applies to this case because Dimauro
was tried in December 2014. See Ga. L. 2011, pp. 99, 214, § 101 (providing that
Georgia’s new Evidence Code applies “to any motion made or hearing or trial
commenced on or after” January 1, 2013).
      4
        See Smart, 299 Ga. at 417 (2); see generally Parks v. State, 300 Ga. 303, 305
(2) (794 SE2d 623) (2016) (adopting the three-part test used by the Eleventh Circuit
Court of Appeals in evaluating such evidence under the Federal Rules of Evidence,
upon which Georgia’s new Evidence Code is largely modeled).

                                           5
      by its undue prejudice; [and] (3) the government must offer sufficient
      proof so that the jury could find that defendant committed the act.5


As to the first factor, relevant evidence is “evidence having any tendency to make the

existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more

probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.”6 And as to the

second factor, even if Rule 404 (b) evidence is relevant, we must still decide whether

“the probative value of the other acts evidence is substantially outweighed by its

unfair prejudice, i.e., the evidence must satisfy the requirements of Rule 403.”7 Of

course, application of the Rule 403 balancing test is “a matter committed principally


      5
         Smart, 299 Ga. at 417 (2) (punctuation omitted) (quoting United States v.
Ellisor, 522 F3d 1255, 1267 (II) (A) (11th Cir. 2008)). We note that Dimauro does
not challenge the third prong.
      6
          OCGA § 24-4-401; accord Smart, 299 Ga. at 418 (2) (a).
      7
        Smart, 299 Ga. at 418 (2) (b) (punctuation omitted); accord State v. Jones,
297 Ga. 156, 159 (2) (773 SE2d 170) (2015); see also OCGA § 24-4-403 (“Relevant
evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the
danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury or by
considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative
evidence.”); Ronald L. Carlson & Michael Scott Carlson, CARLSON ON EVIDENCE 96
(5th ed. 2016) (“Under Rule 403, the term ‘unfair prejudice’ speaks to the capacity
of some concededly relevant evidence to lure the factfinder into declaring guilt on a
ground different from proof specific to the offense charged. The prejudice referenced
in Rule 403 addresses prejudice to the integrity of the trial process, not prejudice to
a particular party or witness.” (footnote omitted)).

                                          6
to the discretion of the trial courts,” but as we have explained before, “the exclusion

of evidence under Rule 403 is an extraordinary remedy which should be used only

sparingly.”8 Finally, we review the admission of Rule 404 (b) evidence “for a clear

abuse of discretion,” a deferential review requiring us to make “a common sense

assessment of all the circumstances surrounding the extrinsic offense, including

prosecutorial need, overall similarity between the extrinsic act and the charged

offense, as well as temporal remoteness.”9

      Prior to trial, Dimauro filed a motion in limine seeking to prevent the State

from presenting evidence regarding ten different allegations of excessive force that

had been made against him throughout his time as an officer with the APD.

Thereafter, the State filed its notice of intent to introduce “other acts” evidence

concerning two incidents, and Dimauro filed a motion to prevent the introduction of



      8
        Smart, 299 Ga. at 418 (2) (b) (punctuation omitted); accord Jones, 297 Ga.
at 164 (3).
      9
        Brannon v. State, 298 Ga. 601, 606 (4) (783 SE2d 642) (2016) (punctuation
omitted); accord Graham v. State, 337 Ga. App. 664, 669 (2) (788 SE2d 555) (2016).
See CARLSON, supra note 7, p. 130 (“Evaluating the balance between probativity and
prejudice under Rule 403 calls for a commonsense assessment of all the
circumstances surrounding the other act, including [the] proponent’s need for the
[Rule 404 (b)] evidence, the overall similarity between the extrinsic evidence and the
offense at issue, and the temporal proximity of the two.”).

                                          7
such evidence. Specifically, the State sought to introduce evidence that Dimauro (1)

falsely accused a man of dragging him with a vehicle and pinning him in during an

arrest, and (2) used excessive force against Clemmin Davis while attempting to detain

him in 2011.

      At the hearing on these matters, the State sought to introduce evidence,

including a short video, showing that on April 29, 2011, Dimauro, along with two

other officers, struck Davis while attempting to arrest him. Dimauro asserted, during

an internal investigation, that Davis was resisting arrest. The State argued that the

incident was relevant to the jury’s determination of whether Dimauro was truthful

regarding his encounters with citizens and whether the amount of force he used was

actually necessary to bring a suspect into custody. Dimauro argued that the Davis

incident was not relevant to show intent or lack of mistake of fact, was not similar to

the charged offense, and that the video of the assault was merely intended to inflame

the passions of the jury. The court took the matter under advisement and ultimately

ruled, based on its consideration of the motions and oral argument, that the Davis

incident was admissible to show Dimauro’s “intent to commit an assault upon the

victim as well as his lack of mistake of fact in his assertion of the suspect’s resistance

leading to the use of force.” The trial court deemed the other incident inadmissible

                                            8
and prohibited the State from referring to it or any other allegations of excessive force

against Dimauro.

      At trial, Davis testified that on April 29, 2011, he fled from police officers

during a traffic stop. He eventually ran into a wooded area and fell to the ground.

While he was on the ground, three officers, including Dimauro, punched, kicked, and

hit him for several minutes. The State also presented testimony from a man who saw

and videotaped Davis’s beating and uploaded the video to YouTube. The 14-second

video, made on the witness’s cell phone, was introduced into evidence and played for

the jury. The video is not of great quality, but it depicts three officers in a wooded

area, surrounding Davis. Although the video clearly depicts the officers on either side

of Davis hitting and kicking him, it is difficult to see what Dimauro, who is in the

middle of the three officers, is doing.

      As an initial matter, we note that although Dimauro argues that similar

transaction evidence is most appropriate in cases involving specific intent, he

concedes that Rule 404 (b) evidence “is not automatically excluded in general intent

crimes.”10 Here, Dimauro was charged with aggravated battery, aggravated assault


      10
        See, e.g., State v. Jones, 297 Ga. at 161 (2) (holding admissible Rule 404 (b)
evidence where “the charged DUI crimes are general intent crimes”).

                                           9
with a deadly weapon, and violating his oath of office. Dimauro’s entry of a not guilty

plea “put the State to its burden of proving every element of the crimes charged,

including intent.”11 As to aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, the intent required

is “an intent to commit the act which in fact places another in reasonable

apprehension of injury[.]”12 And evidence that an accused committed an intentional

act generally is relevant to “show—the evidence, in other words, has some tendency

to make more or less probable—that the same defendant committed a similar act with

the same sort of intent, especially when the acts were committed close in time and in

similar circumstances.”13 Thus, evidence that Dimauro, shortly after the charged

incident, committed an assault against another detainee was relevant to show that he

committed a similar act against Wormley with a similar intent.14


      11
         Jones v. State, 299 Ga. 377, 382 (4) (788 SE2d 477) (2016); accord Olds v.
State, 299 Ga. 65, 72 (2) (786 SE2d 633) (2016).
      12
         Easley v. State, 266 Ga. App. 902, 905 (4) (598 SE2d 554) (2004); accord
Smith v. State, 280 Ga. 490, 491-92 (1) (629 SE2d 816) (2006).
      13
         Olds, 299 Ga. at 72 (2); accord Gerbert v. State, 339 Ga. App. 164, 176 (3)
(a) (793 SE2d 131) (2016).
      14
        See Olds, 299 Ga. at 75 (2) (explaining that”[e]vidence is relevant if it has
any tendency to prove or disprove a fact” (punctuation omitted)). Cf. Smart v. State,
299 Ga. at 418 (2) (a) (holding that other acts evidence that the defendant had
committed domestic violence against a former partner was “relevant to help the jury

                                          10
      Furthermore, we find that the probative value of the Davis assault video was

not substantially outweighed by any undue prejudice.15 The video was short in

duration and, more importantly, not particularly inflammatory, in part because of its

poor quality. This case, then, is distinguishable from United States v. Stout,16 upon

which Dimauro heavily relies. In Stout, the Sixth Circuit held that the trial court

correctly prohibited the admission of other evidence that the defendant had

surreptiously videotaped a teenage girl while she showered because the other acts

evidence was “more lurid and frankly more interesting than the evidence surrounding

the actual charges” of possession of child pornography.17

      But here, even if the trial court erred in admitting the foregoing evidence, any

error was harmless because “it is highly probable that the error did not contribute to

the verdict.”18 And when we determine whether or not an error was harmless, “we


understand why [the defendant] might have used violence against” his wife, the
victim of the charged offenses).
      15
           See supra note 7 & accompanying text.
      16
           509 F3d 796 (6th Cir. 2007).
      17
           Id. at 801 (II) (b).
      18
         Edmonson v. State, 336 Ga. App. 621, 624 (1) (785 SE2d 563) (2016)
(punctuation omitted); accord Peoples v. State, 295 Ga. 44, 55 (4) (c) (757 SE2d 646)
(2014); Booth v. State, 293 Ga. 285, 289 (2) (b) (745 SE2d 594) (2013).

                                          11
review the record de novo”19 and “weigh the evidence as we would expect reasonable

jurors to have done so as opposed to viewing it all in the light most favorable to the

jury’s verdict.”20

      So viewed, we initially note that the jury was given the following limiting

instruction: “You may not infer from such [similar transaction] evidence that the

defendant is of a character that would commit such crimes or acts. The evidence may

be considered only to the extent that it may show the elements of intent or lack of

mistake . . . in this case now on trial.” Moreover, Wormley testified that Dimauro hit

him in the back of the head and on the arm while he was laying on the ground, a

witness observed the attack,21 and there was uncontroverted evidence that Wormley

sustained serious injuries. Given this evidence, the Rule 404 (b) evidence establishing




      19
        Edmonson, 336 Ga. App. at 624 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord Peoples,
295 Ga. at 55 (4) (c); Booth, 293 Ga. at 289 (2) (b).
      20
        Edmonson, 336 Ga. App. at 624 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord Peoples,
295 Ga. at 55 (4) (c); Booth, 293 Ga. at 289 (2) (b).
      21
           See supra Division 5.

                                          12
that Dimauro hit another detainee is “not particularly compelling or prejudicial” and

it is likely that any error did not contribute to the verdict.22

       2. Dimauro next argues that the trial court erred in admitting irrelevant

evidence that other police officers threatened the man who videotaped the assault on

Davis. Again, we disagree.




       22
         Hood v. State, 299 Ga. 95, 105-06 (4) (786 SE2d 648) (2016) (holding that
the admission of evidence that the defendant sold drugs on other occasions was
harmless where the evidence that he committed the charged crimes was strong);
Peoples, 295 Ga. at 58 (4) (c) (holding that the admission of evidence that the
defendant participated in an unrelated robbery was harmless when the evidence was
not particularly compelling or prejudicial and it was highly probable that the trial
court’s error did not affect the jury’s verdict in murder trial); Edmonson, 336 Ga.
App. at 625-26 (1) (recounting evidence presented by the State, which did not include
the questioned Rule 404 (b) evidence, and concluding that it was highly probable that
any error did not contribute to the verdict). See also Baker v. State, 214 Ga. App. 640,
640 (1) (448 SE2d 745) (1994) (noting that limiting instruction was one mitigating
factor in determining that proof of defendant’s prior conviction did not place his
character at issue to such an extent to affect the verdict on the charged offenses). But
see Brooks v. State, 298 Ga. 722, 727-28 (2) (783 SE2d 895) (2016) (holding that
evidence of defendant’s guilt was sufficient to convict him of murder but was not
overwhelming and erroneously admitted Rule 404 (b) evidence that defendant
previously participated in the murder of a state trooper “was extremely prejudicial in
the eyes of the jury[,]” such that the court could not conclude that any error was
harmless).

                                            13
      At the outset, we note that, as a general rule, “admission of evidence is a matter

resting within the sound discretion of the trial court, and appellate courts will not

disturb the exercise of that discretion absent evidence of its abuse.”23

      Here, Dimauro asserts that evidence that other police officers harassed the

witness was not relevant.24 But a review of the evidence shows that the witness

testified that Dimauro was one of several police officers who harassed him. Indeed,

during direct examination, the witness testified that the three officers present in the

video “threatened [him]” and told him they knew where he lived. Over defense

objection, the witness then testified that, following his videotaping the assault and

posting it on YouTube, he “had officers coming to [his] business harassing [him] for

no reason[,]” resulting in the witness closing his business. On cross-examination, the

witness clarified that Dimauro, specifically, pulled up in a vehicle later on the same

day as the Davis incident and “hassled [him] about that video[.]” And, as a general



      23
        Adams v. State, 316 Ga. App. 1, 3 (1) (728 SE2d 260) (2012) (punctuation
omitted); accord Smith v. State, 302 Ga. App. 128, 130 (1) (690 SE2d 449) (2010).
      24
          See OCGA § 24-4-402 (“All relevant evidence shall be admissible, except
as limited by constitutional requirements or as otherwise provided by law or by other
rules, as prescribed pursuant to constitutional or statutory authority, applicable in the
court in which the matter is pending. Evidence which is not relevant shall not be
admissible.”); see also supra note 6 & accompanying text.

                                           14
matter, it is well settled “in Georgia that evidence of a defendant’s attempt to

influence or intimidate a witness can serve as circumstantial evidence of guilt.”25

Thus, while the evidence here went to the commission of other acts, rather than the

charged offenses, it was nonetheless relevant.26 Accordingly, we affirm the trial

court’s admission of same.27

      3. Dimauro asserts that the trial court erred in admitting opinion testimony from

APD Chief George Turner and Lieutenant Sharonne Steed on whether Dimauro’s use



      25
         Kell v. State, 280 Ga. 669, 671 (2) (a) (631 SE2d 679) (2006); accord
Nguyen v. State, 273 Ga. 389, 397 (3) (543 SE2d 5) (2001) (“[T]he State may
introduce evidence of a defendant’s attempt to influence a witness as consciousness
of guilt by conduct.”).
      26
           See supra note 6 & accompanying text.
      27
          See Marchman v. State, 299 Ga. 534, 545 (787 SE2d 734) (2016) (“Evidence
of a threat to a witness by the defendant is relevant as showing an attempt to prevent
a witness from testifying and thereby avoiding punishment for the crime.” (citation
and punctuation omitted)); Nguyen, 273 Ga. at 397 (3) (holding admissible evidence
that the defendant asked a witness to lie and defendant’s wife threatened the witness);
Ballard v. State, 268 Ga. 895, 895 (2) (494 SE2d 644) (1998) (holding admissible
evidence that the defendant threatened to beat his girlfriend if she did not lie to
police); United States v. Gonzalez, 703 F2d 1222, 1223 (11th Cir. 1983) (“Courts may
consider evidence of threats to witnesses as relevant in showing consciousness of
guilt.”). Cf. Redding v. State, 297 Ga. 845, 851 (5) (a) (778 SE2d 774) (2015)
(holding admissible evidence of a jailhouse attack by others where the witness
testified that his assailants made statements that made him felt threatened by
defendant).

                                          15
of force against Wormley and Davis was appropriate, as well as their testimony

regarding the administrative proceedings that occurred following these incidents. Yet

again, we disagree.

      Prior to trial, Dimauro filed a motion to exclude any lay or expert testimony

from the State’s witnesses that he used excessive force against Davis or Wormley.

Dimauro also filed a motion to exclude any evidence regarding statements that he

made during the administrative investigations into the Davis and Wormley incidents,

arguing that statements made by a public employee during an internal investigation

cannot be used against him at trial. The trial court ruled that the State could elicit

evidence from witnesses as to whether Dimauro’s use of force was proper and

whether he followed APD policy and procedure. In so ruling, the trial court instructed

the parties to limit the testimony to that permitted in the then-recent ruling by the

United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia in Collins v.

Sheppard,28 a civil rights suit brought after officers broke a man’s arm while he was

in the custody of a youth detention center. In Collins, the district court ruled that the

director of the Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice’s Training Academy was


      28
           No. 1:13-CV-31 (WLS), 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 145973 (M.D. Ga. Oct. 14,
2014).

                                           16
limited to testifying about techniques and procedures for the use of force in juvenile

detention centers and whether the officer applied those techniques and procedures

properly and used force appropriately.29 And here, the trial court ruled that the State’s

witnesses were similarly limited in their testimony. The court did, however, prohibit

the State from eliciting testimony regarding Dimauro’s termination.

      Steed, who served as the commander of the APD’s internal affairs unit, testified

on direct examination that she has been an APD officer since 1997, serving most

recently as a watch commander. In internal affairs, she was trained to investigate and

did investigate use-of-force complaints. Specifically, she investigated Wormley and

Davis’s complaints against Dimauro and determined that, in both instances,

Dimauro’s use of force was not appropriate and violated APD polices and procedures.

After Steed made her determination, it was then forwarded to the chief for his

consideration. During cross-examination, Dimauro’s counsel elicited from Steed that

her recommendation in the Wormley incident was not sustained by the chief.




      29
         Id. at *9, 12-14. We provide this information merely to give context to the
trial court’s ruling. As set forth infra, we conclude that the State’s witnesses’
testimony was admissible under established Georgia law. See infra notes 34-43 &
accompanying text.

                                           17
      Turner then testified that he had been an APD officer for more than 30 years,

and became chief in 2010. As chief, he was the ultimate authority in the department

for reviewing the disciplinary complaints, including the complaints against Dimauro.

He also approved all APD standard operating procedures and the department’s use-of-

force training. Turner reviewed Wormley’s complaint against Dimauro and found that

his use of force was not appropriate and not in accordance with APD policies and

procedures. Nevertheless, Turner did not sustain Wormley’s complaint because he

received that complaint and Davis’s complaint at the same time, both complaints

served as a basis for termination, and he sustained Davis’s complaint. This was the

only reference to Dimauro’s termination at trial.

      On appeal, Dimauro raises several related arguments. He argues that Turner

and Steed’s testimony was improper because neither witness was offered as an expert

witness. He also asserts that the officers’ opinion testimony as to whether Dimauro’s

use of force was appropriate was not admissible. Finally, Dimauro asserts that Turner

improperly testified that he was terminated based on these incidents.




                                         18
      We first note that the admissibility of expert testimony is “a matter within the

trial court’s sound discretion.”30 And we will not reverse the trial court’s ruling on

such evidence “absent an abuse of that discretion.”31 With these guiding principles

in mind, we will now consider Dimauro’s specific claims of error.

      (a) As to Dimauro’s claim that Turner and Steed were not proffered as experts,

Dimauro failed to object to either witnesses’ testimony on this basis in his motion in

limine or at trial. Accordingly, Dimauro has waived this argument by failing to raise

it below.32 But even if Dimauro had objected, “[a]lthough much preferred for the sake


      30
        Lott v. State, 281 Ga. App. 373, 375 (3) (636 SE2d 102) (2006) (punctuation
omitted); accord Brown v. State, 285 Ga. 772, 774 (2) (683 SE2d 581) (2009).
      31
         Lott, 281 Ga. App. at 375 (3) (punctuation omitted); accord Brown, 285 Ga.
at 774 (2).
      32
          See Mitchell v. State, 290 Ga. 490, 492 (4) (a) (722 SE2d 705) (2012)
(holding that a criminal defendant waived an argument when he did not raise it before
the trial court); Griffey v. State, 298 Ga. App. 610, 611 (680 SE2d 634) (2009)
(holding that the defendant’s argument was waived on appeal because it was not
raised before the trial court). The only objection lodged during either witness’s
testimony was during redirect examination, when Dimauro objected to the State
questioning Turner about whether Dimauro made a voluntary statement regarding the
Davis incident. The trial court allowed the questioning, and the State elicited that
Turner did not recall whether Dimauro made such a statement. But see CSX Transp.,
Inc. v. Smith, 289 Ga. 903, 907 (2) (717 SE2d 209) (2011) (holding that, following
the trial court’s ruling on the defendant’s motion in limine, the defendant was not
required to “object to evidence encompassed by his motion”); accord Reno v. Reno,
249 Ga. 855, 856 (1) (295 SE2d 94) (1982).

                                         19
of clarity and certainty and to preclude question, it is not required that an expert be

formally tendered.”33 And here, both witnesses testified to their expertise in

evaluating whether an officer’s use of force violated APD policies and procedures,

and Dimauro’s counsel had an opportunity to cross-examine them about their

qualifications and testimony. Thus, the officers’ testimony was admissible.34

      (b) Moreover, in criminal trials, the opinions of experts on “any question of

science, skill, trade, or like questions shall always be admissible; and such opinions

may be given on the facts as proved by other witnesses.”35 And expert opinion

testimony is admissible where “the conclusion of the expert is one which jurors would




      33
         Morrow v. State, 230 Ga. App. 137, 140 (3) (a) (495 SE2d 609) (1998)
(holding that where defendant was afforded an opportunity to challenge witness’s
credentials and cross-examine him, lack of tender was not fatal); see Henry v. State,
265 Ga. 732, 736-37 (5) (462 SE2d 737) (1995) (holding that untendered
interpreter/expert witness’s opinion testimony was admissible where she was subject
to questioning regarding her qualifications and the content of her testimony).
      34
        See Walton v. State, 291 Ga. App. 736, 740 (2) (662 SE2d 820) (2008)
(holding that although witness was “never tendered as an expert witness, the
prosecutor laid the foundation for his testimony by questioning him extensively about
his experience and training[,]” and defendant’s claim of error lacked merit); supra
note 33.
      35
           OCGA § 24-7-707.

                                          20
not ordinarily be able to draw for themselves; i.e., the conclusion is beyond the ken

of the average layman.”36

       In the case sub judice, Dimauro was charged with two counts of violating his

oath of office.37 In order to convict an officer of violating his oath of office, the State

must prove that “the defendant was actually administered an oath, that the oath was

prescribed by law, and that the officer violated the terms of that oath.”38 And here, the

State presented evidence, through an APD instructor, that Dimauro had been

administered an oath of office, and that the oath was required by law. The instructor,

who was tendered as an expert in APD policy and procedures, testified that if a

person were to commit a crime or violate APD rules and regulations, that would


       36
         Smith v. State, 247 Ga. 612, 619 (277 SE2d 678) (1981) (citation omitted).
Smith was decided under the former Evidence Code, but it is appropriate to rely on
decisions under the old Code in this instance because “the evidentiary requirements
relating to the admissibility of expert opinion testimony in a criminal case under the
new Evidence Code (OCGA § 24-7-707) are nearly identical to those that applied
under the former Evidence Code (OCGA § 24-9-67).” Mosby v. State, 300 Ga. 450,
453 (2) n.2 (796 SE2d 277) (2017).
       37
         See OCGA § 16-10-1 (“Any public officer who willfully and intentionally
violates the terms of his oath as prescribed by law shall, upon conviction thereof, be
punished by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than five years.”).
       38
        Reynolds v. State, 334 Ga. App. 496, 499 (1) (779 SE2d 712) (2015)
(punctuation omitted); accord Bradley v. State, 292 Ga. App. 737, 740 (2) (665 SE2d
428) (2008).

                                            21
violate his oath of office. Thus, Steed and Turner’s testimony that Dimauro’s use of

force was in violation of APD policy was relevant to whether he violated his oath of

office.39 Moreover, such evidence was also beyond the ken of the average layman.40

Thus, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting Steed and

Turner’s testimony.

      The case upon which Dimauro relies in supporting his argument, Bly v. State,41

is easily distinguishable. Indeed, Bly concerned a prosecution for an assault

committed on a police officer and obstruction, and, as a result, the question of

whether an officer violated police department policies and procedures was not at

issue. Instead, the Supreme Court of Georgia held in Bly that the trial court erred in


      39
           See supra notes 6 and 24 & accompanying text.
      40
          See Gibbs v. State, __ Ga. App. __, __ (3) (798 SE2d 308) (2017) (holding
that, in prosecution for aggravated assault on a police officer and fleeing a police
officer, expert testimony on police officers’ use of force was admissible because it
was not something with which the jurors ordinarily would be familiar). Cf. Samples
v. City of Atlanta, 916 F2d 1548, 1551 (11th Cir. 1990) (explaining that, in civil
rights action against officer, “although literal wording of the question posed tends to
call for an answer that would invade the province of the jury, which in this case was
to decide the reasonableness of the officer’s actions[,] . . . the questions leading up
to this testimony, and the manner in which the expert answered the question, properly
informed the jury that the expert was testifying regarding prevailing standards in the
field of law enforcement”).
      41
           283 Ga. 453 (660 SE2d 713) (2008).

                                          22
admitting testimony from another officer that the police officer, the victim of the

assault, “acted appropriately” because it was a matter “which the jurors could have

made an equally intelligent judgment of their own[.]”42 Importantly, in Bly, the expert

was not asked to testify about the standard of conduct for a police officer or whether

the officer’s actions (as the victim of an assault) comported with that standard.43

      (c) Finally, Turner did testify, in violation of the court’s ruling in limine, that

Dimauro was recommended for termination. But not all trial errors require reversal.44

And even assuming that the admission of evidence regarding Dimauro’s termination

was erroneous, it is highly probable that this error did not contribute to the verdict

and, thus, for the same reasons discussed in Division 1 supra, was harmless.45


      42
           Id. at 458 (2) (punctuation omitted).
      43
           See id. at 456, n.7.
      44
         See Peoples, 295 Ga. at 55 (4) (c); see City of Coll. Park v. Pichon, 217 Ga.
App. 53, 54 (1) (456 SE2d 686) (1995) (“[A]n appellant must show harm as well as
error to prevail on appeal; error to be reversible must be harmful.”); Merrill v.
Eiberger, 198 Ga. App. 806, 806 (403 SE2d 91) (1991) (“This [C]ourt serves to
correct errors of the trial court. It is a well established principle, however, that for
errors to require reversal they must be harmful.”).
      45
         See generally Douglas v. State, 340 Ga. App. 168, 174-75 (796 SE2d 893)
(2017) (holding that, even if the trial court’s evidentiary ruling was erroneous, any
error was harmless because it was highly probable that the error did not contribute to
the jury’s verdict). See also supra notes 18-20 & accompanying text.

                                           23
      4. Dimauro next contends that the trial court erred in refusing his requested

special instruction on the reasonable use of force, which he asserts is based on the

Supreme Court of the United States’s opinion in Graham v. Connor.46 Once again,

we disagree.

      Specifically, Dimauro requested that the jury be instructed, inter alia, as

follows:

      In considering whether the defendant’s actions were reasonable, you
      must take into account the facts and circumstances confronting the
      officer at the time force was administered. The “reasonableness” of a
      particular use of force must be judged from the perspective of a
      reasonable officer on the scene. You must take into account the fact that
      police officers are often forced to make split second judgments—in
      circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving—about the
      amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation. You should
      consider all of the surrounding circumstances, including but not limited
      to whether the subject against whom force was used posed an immediate
      threat to the safety of the officer, the severity of the crime in question,
      and whether the subject actively resisted arrest or attempted to flee.




      46
         490 U.S. 386, 396 (109 SCt 1865, 104 LE2d 443) (1989) (explaining that,
in analyzing a civil rights claim based on excessive force, the “‘reasonableness’ of a
particular use of force must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on
the scene”).

                                          24
      Initially, it is important to note that Dimauro did not object to any portion of

the trial court’s jury charges as given, and under OCGA § 17-8-58, “[a]ny party who

objects to any portion of the charge to the jury or the failure to charge the jury shall

inform the court of the specific objection and the grounds for such objection before

the jury retires to deliberate.”47 The failure to do so precludes “appellate review of

such portion of the jury charge, unless such portion of the jury charge constitutes

plain error which affects the substantial rights of the parties.”48 In such cases, as the

Supreme Court of Georgia has explained, “the proper inquiry is whether the

instruction was erroneous, whether it was obviously so, and whether it likely affected

the outcome of the proceedings.”49 Consequently, because Dimauro failed to object

to the jury charge, we are limited to reviewing the charge for plain error.50


      47
           OCGA § 17-8-58 (a).
      48
         OCGA § 17-8-58 (b); see also Alvelo v. State, 290 Ga. 609, 614 (5) (724
SE2d 377) (2012) (holding that OCGA § 17-8-58 (b) requires an appellate court to
review for plain error an alleged jury-instruction error to which no objection was
raised at trial); Wheeler v. State, 327 Ga. App. 313, 318 (3) (758 SE2d 840) (2014)
(same).
      49
        Alvelo, 290 Ga. at 615 (5) (punctuation omitted); accord Wheeler, 327 Ga.
App. at 318 (3).
      50
       See OCGA § 17-8-58 (b); see also State v. Alvarez, 299 Ga. 213, 214 (1)
(790 SE2d 66) (2016) (noting that when trial counsel fails to object to a jury charge,

                                           25
      It is, of course, well established that “the charge to the jury is to be taken as a

whole and not out of context when making determinations as to its correctness.”51

And in this matter, the trial court provided the jury with the following instructions on

justification and the use of force:

      An affirmative defense is a defense that admits the doing of the act
      charged, but seeks to justify, excuse or mitigate it. Once an affirmative
      defense is raised, the burden is on the State to disprove it beyond a
      reasonable doubt. The fact that a person’s conduct is justified is a
      defense to prosecution for any crime based on that conduct.


      The defense of justification can be claimed: A) when the person’s
      conduct is justified . . . in defense of self or others[;] B) when the
      person’s conduct is in reasonable fulfillment of his duties as a
      government officer or employee[;] C) when the person’s conduct is
      reasonable and is performed in the course of making a lawful arrest[;]
      D) when the person’s conduct is justified for any other reason specified
      under the laws of this State[;] or E) in all other instances based on
      similar reason and justice as those enumerated in this charge.



appellate courts must review the issue under the plain-error doctrine); Wheeler, 327
Ga. App. at 318 (3) (same).
      51
         Minor v. State, 328 Ga. App. 128, 132 (2) (a) (761 SE2d 538) (2014)
(punctuation omitted); see Drayton v. State, 297 Ga. 743, 748-49 (2) (b) (778 SE2d
179) (2015) (explaining that before a jury charge will be considered reversible error,
it must be considered in the context of the jury instructions as a whole).

                                          26
      An arrest for a crime may be made by a law enforcement officer without
      a warrant if the offender is endeavoring to escape. A person is justified
      in threatening or using force against another person when and to the
      extent that he reasonably believes that such threat or force is necessary
      to defend himself against the other’s imminent use of unlawful force. .
      ..


      The use of excessive or unlawful force while acting in self-defense is
      not justifiable and the defendant’s conduct in this case will not be
      justified if you find that the force used exceeded that which the
      defendant reasonably believed was necessary to defend against the
      victim’s use of unlawful force, if any.


      A police officer is authorized to use in making a lawful arrest only that
      degree of force that is reasonably necessary to accomplish the arrest.
      The mere fact that a lawful arrest is being made does not give the officer
      the right to use excessive force or an unlawful degree of force upon the
      person being arrested.


      Viewing these instructions as a whole, the jury was adequately informed that

Dimauro was justified in threatening or using force against Wormley when and to the

extent that he reasonably believed such threat or force was necessary to defend




                                         27
himself.52 Accordingly, the court’s refusal to give the requested special instruction did

not constitute error, much less plain error.53

      5. Dimauro next argues that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence the

prior consistent statements of a witness. Again, we find no error.

      At trial, Terri Scott testified that on the early morning of September 4, 2010,

she heard someone run to the back of her house and fall to the ground. Scott then

heard another person running, and she opened the blinds to look outside. In the yard,

she saw a police officer run up to Wormley and kick, punch, and knee him as he lay

on the ground, screaming. Wormley did not fight the police officer. In the backyard,

she also saw a female police officer holding a flashlight. The officer with the

flashlight shined her light at Scott’s bedroom window and told her to go back to

      52
          See Dugger v. State, 297 Ga. 120, 125 (9) (a) (772 SE2d 695) (2015)
(holding that defendant’s requested instruction that the reasonableness of his fear for
his life must be determined from the position of a person standing in his shoes was
not warranted where general instructions on justification were sufficient to inform the
jury of that principle); Christopher v. State, 269 Ga. 382, 383 (3) (497 SE2d 803)
(1998) (“It is not necessary to give the exact language of a request to charge” when
the charge given fully explained the concept of justification. (punctuation omitted));
Pope v. State, 193 Ga. App. 384, 384 (388 SE2d 25) (1989) (holding that court’s
general instruction on justification adequately covered the relevant legal principles).
      53
         See Dugger, 297 Ga. at 125 (9) (a) (concluding that trial court did not err in
refusing to give defendant’s requested instruction on justification where general
instructions were sufficient); Christopher, 269 Ga. at 383 (3) (same).

                                           28
sleep, and Scott pulled down the blinds. The next morning, Scott—who was in high

school at the time—told her mother what she had seen, but she did not speak to

anyone else about it until four years later, when an investigator came to her home to

ask about the incident. On cross-examination, Dimauro questioned Scott about

discrepancies between her trial testimony and her earlier testimony before the grand

jury.

         The State thereafter introduced testimony from a Fulton County District

Attorney’s Office investigator. In the course of investigating Davis’s complaint of

excessive force, the investigator learned of the Wormley incident and began looking

into it. He visited the scene, where he spoke with Scott’s mother and learned that

Scott had witnessed the incident. Over Dimauro’s hearsay objection,54 the investigator

testified that in mid-August 2014, Scott told him that she saw Dimauro assault

Wormley in her backyard. He further testified that Scott’s description of the female

officer matched the description of another officer who responded to the scene that

night.


         54
         See OCGA § 24-8-802 (“Hearsay shall not be admissible except as provided
by this article; provided, however, that if a party does not properly object to hearsay,
the objection shall be deemed waived, and the hearsay evidence shall be legal
evidence and admissible.”).

                                          29
      It is well established that a witness’s prior consistent statement is admissible

only where: “(1) the veracity of a witness’s trial testimony has been placed in issue

at trial; (2) the witness is present at trial; and (3) the witness is available for

cross-examination.”55 And a witness’s veracity is placed in issue, so as to permit the

introduction of a prior consistent statement, “if affirmative charges of recent

fabrication, improper influence, or improper motive are raised during

cross-examination.”56 But even then, “to be admissible to refute the allegation of

recent fabrication, improper influence, or improper motive, the prior statement must

predate the alleged fabrication, influence, or motive.”57

      Although Dimauro’s trial counsel did not directly accuse Scott of lying, her

veracity was certainly challenged by questions eliciting the discrepancies between her

trial testimony and her September 2014 grand jury testimony and by questions about

her failure to report what she saw earlier. Thus, at the very least, Dimauro’s cross-



      55
       Johnson v. State, 328 Ga. App. 702, 706 (2) (760 SE2d 682) (2014); accord
Cowart v. State, 294 Ga. 333, 339 (4) (a) (751 SE2d 399) (2013).
      56
         Johnson, 328 Ga. App. at 706 (2); accord Cowart, 294 Ga. at 339-40 (4) (a);
see also OCGA § 24-6-613 (c).
      57
        Duggan v. State, 285 Ga. 363, 366 (2) (677 SE2d 92) (2009) (punctuation
omitted); accord Cowart, 294 Ga. at 340 (4) (a); see also OCGA § 24-6-613 (c).

                                         30
examination of Scott strongly implied that her direct testimony was a recent

fabrication.58 Additionally, Scott’s statement to the investigator predated any

allegedly fabricated trial testimony.59 Under these particular circumstances, we

conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the State to

introduce Scott’s prior consistent statement.60


      58
         See Kidd v. State, 292 Ga. 259, 260 (2) (736 SE2d 377) (2013) (holding that
“on cross-examination, appellant challenged [one witness’s] veracity by posing
questions that suggested she had been dishonest” and “similarly challenged [a second
witness’s] veracity by posing questions that suggested” the second witness had made
statements inconsistent with his trial testimony, such that his “trial testimony was
recently fabricated”); Colzie v. State, 289 Ga. 120, 123 (2) (710 SE2d 115) (2011)
(holding that defendant’s questions eliciting inconsistencies between witness’s direct
testimony and statements he previously made to a defense investigator were an attack
on the witness’s veracity); Blackmon v. State, 272 Ga. 858, 859 (536 SE2d 148)
(2000) (holding that defense suggested that witness’s “trial testimony lacked veracity
and had been fabricated” where cross-examination elicited that portions of the
witness’s “testimony on direct were inconsistent with what he had told defense
counsel in an earlier interview”).
      59
          See Colzie, 289 Ga. at 123 (2) (noting that “alleged recent fabrication
occurred within the week preceding trial, which clearly was after” the witness made
the prior consistent statements, such that prior statements were admissible); Brown
v. State, 310 Ga. App. 835, 838 (1) (b) (714 SE2d 395) (2011) (noting that victim’s
prior consistent statement to nurse undisputedly predated her allegedly fabricated trial
testimony).
      60
         See Kidd, 292 Ga. at 260-61 (2) (concluding that trial court did not abuse its
discretion in admitting “witnesses’s prior sworn statements to rehabilitate their trial
testimony” after defense counsel challenged witnesses’ veracity on cross-
examination); Colzie, 289 Ga. at 123 (2) (concluding that, where defense attacked

                                          31
      6. Dimauro also argues that the trial court erred in excluding impeachment

evidence regarding Wormley. Once again, we find no reversible error.

      Specifically, Dimauro argues that the trial court erred in excluding evidence of

one of Wormley’s prior convictions. Prior to trial, the court admitted Wormley’s 2010

burglary conviction and his 2006 conviction for possession of cocaine. But the trial

court excluded a 2003 burglary conviction, finding that it may have been more than

ten years old, and in any event, the probative value of the conviction did not outweigh

its prejudicial impact.61

      On direct examination, Wormley testified that he had more than one felony

conviction. On cross-examination, Dimauro elicited that Wormley had been convicted


witness’s credibility and prior consistent statements predated allegedly fabricated
testimony, trial court did not err in admitting prior consistent statements); Brown, 310
Ga. App. at 838 (1) (b) (same). See generally CARLSON, supra note 7, p. 334 (“There
can be no consistent statement support of a witness until he is attacked. But after a
charge of fabrication or improper motive [is] attributed to the witness by the cross-
examiner, the witness may be supported or rehabilitated by his earlier statements. The
statements must predate the date the beginning of the alleged fabrications or onset of
improper motive.” (footnote omitted)).
      61
         OCGA § 24-6-609 (b) provides: “Evidence of a conviction under this Code
section shall not be admissible if a period of more than ten years has elapsed since the
date of the conviction or of the release of the witness from the confinement imposed
for such conviction, whichever is the later date, unless the court determines, in the
interests of justice, that the probative value of the conviction supported by specific
facts and circumstances substantially outweighs its prejudicial effect.”

                                          32
in 2006 of possession of cocaine and driving with a suspended license, and in 2010

of burglary and possession of a firearm by a felon. Dimauro asserts that the 2003

conviction was admissible because the State “opened the door” to all of Wormley’s

prior convictions by eliciting testimony from him that he had more than one felony

conviction. Generally, a witness “opens the door” to introduction of his entire

criminal history when the witness denies having a record or multiple convictions.62

But even assuming Wormley’s admission that he had more than one felony conviction

“opened the door” to his entire criminal history, it is highly probable that any error

in excluding his third felony conviction did not contribute to the verdict, in light of

the evidence that he had two prior felony convictions, including one for the same

offense, he had faced other charges, and he had served time in prison.63

      62
         See, e.g., McNeal v. State, 289 Ga. 711, 712-13 (2) (715 SE2d 95) (2011)
(holding that defendant “opened the door” to having the State introduce his entire
criminal history by implying, during his testimony, that he had only prior conviction);
Scruggs v. State, 309 Ga. App. 569, 576-79 (5) (711 SE2d 86) (2011) (holding that
defense counsel “opened the door” to defendant’s entire prior history when defendant
denied having multiple prior convictions).
      63
         See Williams v. State, 328 Ga. App. 876, 880-81 (1) (763 SE2d 261) (2014)
(holding that any error in failing to admit burglary victim’s prior convictions was
harmless where jury was aware that the victim had a criminal record and had spent
time in prison). Cf. Askew v. State, 310 Ga. App. 746, 750 (3) (713 SE2d 925) (2011)
(holding that defendant failed to establish prejudice prong of ineffective assistance
claim based on counsel’s failure to introduce victim’s prior convictions where jury

                                          33
      Dimauro further argues that the trial court improperly excluded as irrelevant

evidence that Wormley told his daughter, with regards to his then-upcoming trial on

escape charges, “[T]hat’s the story.” Dimauro argues that this is evidence of an

attempt to suborn perjury, admissible under OCGA § 24-6-608 (b).64 Finally, Dimauro

also summarily argues that excluding this testimony violated his Sixth Amendment

rights to cross-examine adverse witnesses. But he has abandoned these arguments by

failing to cite to the record or any relevant legal authority in support of his claims.65

In his two-paragraph argument, he failed to apply any legal authority to the facts of



was aware of “victim’s criminal propensities”). See also supra notes 18-20 &
accompanying text.
      64
         OCGA § 24-6-608 (b) provides: “Specific instances of the conduct of a
witness, for the purpose of attacking or supporting the witness’s character for
truthfulness, other than a conviction of a crime as provided in Code Section 24-6-609,
or conduct indicative of the witness’s bias toward a party may not be proved by
extrinsic evidence. Such instances may however, in the discretion of the court, if
probative of truthfulness or untruthfulness, be inquired into on cross-examination of
the witness: (1) Concerning the witness’s character for truthfulness or untruthfulness;
or (2) Concerning the character for truthfulness or untruthfulness of another witness
as to which character the witness being cross-examined has testified.”
      65
         Dimauro cites to one case, Wearry v. Cain, __ U. S. __ (II) (136 SCt 1002,
1006-07, 194 LE2d 78) (2016), which holds that a the prosecution’s failure to
disclose material evidence regarding a witness’s credibility in violation of Brady v.
Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (83 SCt 1194, 10 LE2d 215) (1963), undermined confidence
in the conviction. Dimauro, however, has not raised a Brady claim here.

                                           34
this case to show that the trial court erred.66 And it is well settled that “[t]he burden

is upon the party alleging error to show it affirmatively by the record[,]”67 and “[i]t

is not the function of this court to cull the record on behalf of a party[.]”68

      7. Dimauro also argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to

dismiss the indictment because his right to appear before the grand jury was

improperly limited. Specifically, he argues that he was entitled to present evidence

to the grand jury. Yet again, we disagree.

      When Dimauro appeared at the grand jury proceedings to testify, he attempted

to present several exhibits as evidence, including the results of administrative

proceedings against him, his awards and commendations, a photograph of Davis, and

Davis’s jail intake forms. After the State refused to allow Dimauro to present this




      66
         See Flowers v. State, 269 Ga. App. 443, 445 (1) (604 SE2d 285) (2004)
(noting that “legal analysis is, at a minimum, a discussion of the appropriate law as
applied to the relevant facts” (punctuation omitted)); Higgins v. State, 251 Ga. App.
175, 178 (3) n.3 (554 SE2d 212) (2001) (same).
      67
        Patterson v. State, 327 Ga. App. 695, 696 (1) (761 SE2d 101) (2014)
(punctuation omitted); accord Orengo v. State, 339 Ga. App. 117, 123 (4) (793 SE2d
466) (2016).
      68
         Orengo, 339 Ga. App. at 123 (4); accord Hicks v. State, 337 Ga. App. 567,
569 (1) (788 SE2d 502) (2016).

                                           35
evidence, he filed a motion to dismiss the indictment, which the trial court denied,

finding that he had no right to present evidence at the grand jury proceedings.

      Under former OCGA § 45-11-4 (g),69 a police officer charged with a crime

occurring in the course of his duties is entitled to notice of grand jury proceedings and

may request to appear and “make such sworn statement as he or she shall desire.”70




      69
          Former OCGA § 45-11-4 (g) (2014), which was in effect at the time of
Dimauro’s December 2014 trial, has since been amended and renumbered OCGA §
17-7-52 (e). See Ga. L. 2016, pp. 190-93, §§ 6, 8. Compare former OCGA § 45-4-11
(g) (2015) (“The accused shall have the right to appear before the grand jury to make
such sworn statement as he or she shall desire at the conclusion of the presentation
of the state’s evidence. The accused shall not be subject to examination, either direct
or cross, and shall not have the right individually or through his or her counsel to
examine the state’s witnesses. The accused and his or her counsel shall have the right
to be present during the presentation of all evidence and alleged statements of the
accused on the proposed indictment, presentment, or accusation, after which the
accused and his or her counsel shall retire instanter from the grand jury room to
permit the grand jury to deliberate upon the indictment.”) with OCGA § 17-7-52 (e)
(“After being sworn as a witness but prior to being asked any questions by the
prosecuting attorney or the grand jurors, the officer may make such sworn statement
as he or she shall desire. The officer’s attorney shall not propound questions to the
officer nor object to questions propounded to the officer on evidentiary grounds.”).
      70
         Former OCGA § 45-4-11 (g) (2014); see State v. Smith, 286 Ga. 409, 411
(688 SE2d 348) (2010) (holding that former OCGA § 45-4-11 (g) “confers upon the
accused the rights to appear before the grand jury to make a sworn statement at the
conclusion of the State’s evidence”); see generally Ellis v. State, 300 Ga. 371, 376-78
(2) (794 SE2d 601) (2016) (discussing former OCGA § 45-11-4).

                                           36
But former OCGA § 45-4-11 (g) does not define “sworn statement.”71 The question,

then, is whether the term “sworn statement” contemplates the introduction of

evidence. And as with any question of statutory interpretation, we necessarily begin

our analysis with familiar and binding canons of construction. Indeed, in considering

the meaning of a statute, our charge as an appellate court is to “presume that the

General Assembly meant what it said and said what it meant.”72 And toward that end,

we must afford the statutory text its plain and ordinary meaning,73 consider the text

contextually,74 and read the text “in its most natural and reasonable way, as an




      71
        Although the amended statute is not applicable here, we also note that OCGA
§ 17-7-52 does not define “sworn statement” either.
      72
        Deal v. Coleman, 294 Ga. 170, 172 (1) (a) (751 SE2d 337) (2013) (citation
and punctuation omitted); accord Arby’s Restaurant Group, Inc. v. McRae, 292 Ga.
243, 245 (1) (734 SE2d 55) (2012).
      73
          See Deal, 294 Ga. at 172 (1) (a) (“To that end, we must afford the statutory
text its plain and ordinary meaning.” (citation and punctuation omitted)); State v.
Able, 321 Ga. App. 632, 636 (742 SE2d 149) (2013) (“A judge is charged with
interpreting the law in accordance with the original and/or plain meaning of the text
at issue (and all that the text fairly implies[.])”).
      74
         See Deal, 294 Ga. at 172 (1) (a) (“[W]e must view the statutory text in the
context in which it appears[.]”); Hendry v. Hendry, 292 Ga. 1, 3 (1) (734 SE2d 46)
(2012) (same).

                                         37
ordinary speaker of the English language would.”75 In sum, where the language of a

statute is plain and susceptible of only one natural and reasonable construction,

“courts must construe the statute accordingly.”76

      Thus, we must consider the meaning of “statement,” which is defined as “[a]

written or oral communication setting forth facts, arguments, demands, or the like”77

or “[a] verbal assertion or non-verbal conduct intended as an assertion.”78 Under the

plain language of the statute, Dimauro was permitted to communicate with or make

a verbal account to the grand jury, including describing the exhibits to the jurors. But

nothing in the language of the statutes permits him to present documentary evidence.



      75
         Deal, 294 Ga. at 172-73 (1) (a); see also Luangkhot v. State, 292 Ga. 423,
424 (1) (736 SE2d 397) (2013) (same).
      76
         Luangkhot, 292 Ga. at 424 (1) (punctuation omitted); see also Deal, 294 Ga.
at 173 (1) (a) (“[I]f the statutory text is clear and unambiguous, we attribute to the
statute its plain meaning, and our search for statutory meaning is at an end.”)
(punctuation omitted).
      77
         THE OXFORD COMPACT ENGLISH DICTIONARY 1889 (2d ed. 1991). See
OCGA § 1-3-1 (b) (providing that “[i]n all interpretations of statutes, the ordinary
signification shall be applied to all words, except words of art or words connected
with a particular trade or subject matter, which shall have the signification attached
to them by experts in such trade or with reference to such subject matter”); Harris v.
State, 286 Ga. 245, 246 (3) (686 SE2d 777) (2009) (applying same).
      78
           BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1629 (10th ed. 2014). See also supra note 77.

                                          38
Accordingly, his right to appear before the grand jury was not improperly limited, and

the trial court did not err in denying his motion to dismiss the indictment.




      8. In his final claim of error, Dimauro contends that the prosecutor’s closing

argument was “rife with inappropriate, unethical and universally condemned

statements,” even though he concedes that his trial counsel raised no objections.

Nevertheless, Dimauro argues that the trial court should have sua sponte intervened.

Once again, we disagree.

      OCGA § 17-8-75 provides that when

      counsel in the hearing of the jury make statements of prejudicial matters
      which are not in evidence, it is the duty of the court to interpose and
      prevent the same. On objection made, the court shall also rebuke the
      counsel and by all needful and proper instructions to the jury endeavor
      to remove the improper impression from their minds; or, in his
      discretion, he may order a mistrial if the prosecuting attorney is the
      offender.




                                         39
But a trial judge has no obligation under OCGA § 17-8-75 to “rebuke a prosecuting

attorney or give a curative instruction in the absence of a timely objection.”79 Rather,

a defendant who fails to object or request a mistrial on the basis of a prosecutor’s

comments during argument waives the claim on appeal.80

      To the extent that Dimauro asserts that trial counsel’s failure to object to the

prosecutor’s comments constituted ineffective assistance of counsel, we note that one

of Dimauro’s defense attorneys continues to represent him on appeal, and therefore

he cannot raise a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.81



      79
         Powell v. State, 291 Ga. 743, 746 (2) (a) (733 SE2d 294) (2012); accord
Smith v. State, 296 Ga. 731, 736 (2) (b) (770 SE2d 610) (2015).
      80
         See Powell, 291 Ga. at 746 (2) (a) (“[T]he defendant’s failure to object to the
State’s closing argument waives his right to rely on the alleged impropriety of that
argument as a basis for reversal.”); Carr v. State, 275 Ga. 185, 186 (2) (563 SE2d
850) (2002) (“Inasmuch as appellant did not promptly interpose an objection to the
prosecutor’s statements or argument or move for a mistrial, he has waived his right
to complain on appeal.” (citation and punctuation omitted)). See also Gates v. State,
298 Ga. 324, 329 (4) (781 SE2d 772) (2016) (concluding that under Georgia’s new
Evidence Code, plain error review is not available for prosecutor’s allegedly improper
remarks made during closing argument and argument is waived if remarks are not
objected to below).
      81
         See Perkinson v. State, 279 Ga. 232, 238 (10) (610 SE2d 533) (2005)
(holding that where one of defendant’s trial lawyers continues to represent him on
appeal, claim of ineffective assistance is premature); Berry v. State, 262 Ga. 614, 615
(3) (422 SE2d 861) (1992) (same).

                                          40
      Finally, Dimauro argues that the cumulative effect of various errors prejudiced

him. But to the extent Dimauro is claiming that the cumulative effect of various errors

deprived him of a fair trial, “Georgia does not recognize the cumulative error rule.”82

      For all these reasons, we affirm Dimauro’s convictions.

      Judgment affirmed. Ray and Self, JJ., concur.




      82
         Rivers v. State, 296 Ga. 396, 405 (12) (768 SE2d 486) (2015); accord Rogers
v. State, 282 Ga. 659, 668 (11) (653 SE2d 31) (2007).

                                          41
