                                                                   NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                      No. 19-1579
                                     _____________

                                    UNITED STATES

                                             v.

                               MICHAEL JAY JACKSON,
                                                  Appellant
                                   ______________

             APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
               FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                            (D.C. No. 1-17-cr-0036-001)
                    District Judge: Honorable Sylvia H. Rambo
                                 ______________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                   March 30, 2020
                                  ______________

           Before: GREENAWAY, JR., PORTER, and MATEY, Circuit Judges.

                              (Opinion Filed: May 13, 2020)
                                    ______________

                                        OPINION *
                                     ______________


GREENAWAY, JR., Circuit Judge.



       *
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
does not constitute binding precedent.
       Appellant Michael Jackson pleaded guilty to 30 counts of criminal conduct,

including wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343, making false statements in relation

to bankruptcy proceedings in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 152(3), bankruptcy fraud in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 157(1), aggravated identity theft in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 1028A(a)(1), and making unlawful monetary transactions in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 1957. The District Court sentenced him to 145 months’ imprisonment and ordered him

to pay $1,567,275.25 in restitution.

       Jackson argues that his sentencing was procedurally unreasonable in four ways:

the District Court failed (1) to calculate the Guidelines range for his crimes, (2) to state

how it had applied the § 3553(a) factors in reaching his sentence, (3) to allow the

Government to inform the Court that the parties had stipulated to a potential sentence

reduction because of Jackson’s acceptance of responsibility, and (4) to address or explain

its ruling on Jackson’s objection to a $74,500 portion of his restitution order. Two of

these objections—that the District Court failed to state how it applied the § 3553(a)

factors and failed to explain its ruling on Jackson’s objection to the restitution amount—

command our attention. Accordingly, on the basis of these two objections we will vacate

Jackson’s judgement of conviction and remand this case back to the District Court.

I.     Background

       In January 2011, a Virginia state court sentenced Jackson for embezzling or

misdirecting over $500,000 in funds from a company he ran as CEO. Even before that


                                              2
prosecution, however, Jackson had already commenced the fraudulent scheme charged in

this case. Jackson’s conduct constituted two distinct frauds: the bankruptcy fraud and the

wire fraud. Jackson continued to perpetrate these frauds both during and after serving his

sentence for his state embezzlement offense.

         A. The Bankruptcy Fraud

       Between 2009 and 2017, Jackson filed seven separate bankruptcy petitions under

Chapter 11 or Chapter 13. Jackson made each of these filings in the Middle District of

Pennsylvania, and at least five of these filings were transmitted electronically to a

bankruptcy court server in Virginia.

       Filing a petition under either of these provisions triggers an automatic 30-day stay

of any legal proceedings, including “any act to obtain possession of property of the estate

or of property from the estate or to exercise control over property of the estate.” 11

U.S.C § 362(a)(3). Jackson filed the first of these on January 7, 2009, one day before his

residence in Hershey, Pennsylvania was scheduled to be sold at a Dauphin County,

Pennsylvania Sheriff’s sale. The property was encumbered by two mortgages, and

Jackson had not made a payment since January 2008. The aim, and result, of these

petitions was to delay the sale of this residence.

       In each of these bankruptcy petitions, Jackson inflated his financial resources and

made false representations regarding his employment. After rejecting Jackson’s fifth

bankruptcy petition, the Bankruptcy Court barred him from filing any new bankruptcy


                                              3
petitions for two years. Less than a week later, in violation of this order, Jackson filed

another Chapter 13 petition, this one in his wife’s name. He did so without counsel and

without his wife’s knowledge or consent. This filing, like those before it, resulted in a

delay of the Sheriff’s sale of Jackson’s property. On the morning of the newly scheduled

date for the sale, Jackson filed yet another bankruptcy petition under his wife’s name,

again unbeknownst to her. This filing also successfully postponed the Sheriff’s sale of

Jackson’s residence.

       Among the assets that Jackson listed in his bankruptcy petitions were income from

a paper company named Intex Building Group, Inc. (“Intex”). Jackson claimed to have

earned $192,000 in annual income from Intex, but his bank records showed no deposits

from Intex, and he admitted in an October 20, 2016 interview with the FBI and IRS that

he had never received any income from Intex.

           B. The Wire Fraud

       Intex was a sham. In January 2007, Jackson registered the corporation and listed

himself as sole shareholder and CEO. 1 Between January 2008 and January 2017, Jackson

solicited and received several loans from multiple individuals. In soliciting these funds

from investors, Jackson made fraudulent statements regarding investments Intex had



       1
          The corporation that Jackson listed in his bankruptcy petitions was “Intex
Building Group, Inc.” PSR ¶ 20. The corporation that he registered in January 2007 was
“INTEX Building Materials Group, Inc.” PSR ¶ 22. For purposes of this opinion, we
refer to these entities collectively as “Intex.”

                                              4
received from well-established, New York-based firms to finance Intex’s acquisition of

companies that manufactured a variety of building products. In addition, he fabricated

personal and business expenses and created email accounts and assumed false identities

to obtain additional funds from investors in several states. Between 2007 and 2017, the

victims of Jackson’s scheme lost $1.7 million. He used these funds to pay for personal

expenses, including mortgage payments, his son’s tuition at the University of Pittsburgh,

wire transfers to his mistress in Las Vegas, and satisfaction of his restitution obligation

for his conviction in Virginia.

         C. Jackson’s Guilty Plea and Sentencing Hearing

       On November 20, 2017, the District Court accepted Jackson’s guilty plea to all

counts of a 28-count Indictment. Jackson entered his guilty plea without the benefit of a

Plea Agreement. On February 22, 2018, the Government filed a Superseding Information

that contained two counts, one for wire fraud and one for money laundering. On March

13, 2018, Jackson pleaded guilty to the Superseding Information. Jackson entered into a

Plea Agreement in which the Government, in exchange for his guilty plea, agreed to

recommend a two-level reduction (and potentially a three-level reduction at the

Government’s discretion) for acceptance of responsibility.

       The United States Probation Office assembled a pre-sentence investigation report

(“PSR”) that determined that Jackson’s total Offense Level was 31 and that he had a

Criminal History Category of II. Based on these findings, the Probation Office calculated


                                              5
Jackson’s Guidelines range to be 121 to 151 months’ imprisonment. In addition, the

Probation Office determined that Jackson owed $1,742,275.25 in restitution to his

victims.

       Jackson filed a sentencing memorandum in response to the PSR. He made three

arguments relevant to this appeal. First, he argued that he should receive a reduction in

his total Offense Level due to acceptance of responsibility. Second, he objected to the

PSR’s restitution calculation and challenged the inclusion of two amounts—$175,000

and $74,500—that he purportedly owed to two of his victims, Pete and Carol Heath.

Third, he argued that the sentencing factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) weighed in favor

of granting a variance to a below-Guidelines sentence of 84 months. Jackson did not

object to the calculation of his base Offense Level or criminal history category as

indicated in the PSR.

       At the March 11, 2019 sentencing hearing the District Court noted Jackson’s

argument that he should receive credit for acceptance of responsibility and his objection

to the restitution amount. The District Court denied the request for a reduction for

acceptance of responsibility and granted the request to reduce the restitution amount by

$175,000. After the District Court made its rulings, Jackson’s counsel did not bring to

the District Court’s attention his challenge to $74,500 that was also included in the

Probation Office’s restitution calculation. After hearing the parties’ presentations and




                                             6
victim impact statements, the District Court sentenced Jackson to, inter alia, 145 months’

imprisonment and ordered him to pay $1,567,275.25 in restitution. 2

       In imposing this sentence, the District Court stated that it “ha[d] considered the

factors set forth at 18 U.S.C.[] Section 3553(a),” App. 183, and set forth the following

reasons. The District Court adopted the PSR without change and stated that (1) its

sentence was within the Guidelines range, (2) Jackson’s financial crimes lasted for over a

decade and inured to his substantial benefit, (3) those crimes had a detrimental impact on

at least 20 individuals, and (4) Jackson continued to engage in fraudulent conduct while

under pre-trial supervision. Jackson, again, made no further objections during the

hearing and instead timely filed this appeal.

II.    Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

       The District Court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231, and we have

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a)(2).

       We review for plain error alleged defects in sentencing procedure that the

defendant failed to raise before the District Court. United States v. Parker, 462 F.3d 273,

278 (3d Cir. 2006). The burden to establish plain error falls on the defendant, who must

show that (1) the District Court committed “an error; (2) the error is clear or obvious,

rather than subject to reasonable dispute; [and] (3) the error affected the appellant’s



       2
         This represents the original restitution minus the $175,000 reduction that the
District Court granted at the sentencing hearing.

                                                7
substantial rights, which in the ordinary case means it affected the outcome of the district

court proceedings.” United States v. Lee, 612 F.3d 170, 178 n.6 (3d Cir. 2010) (quoting

United States v. Marcus, 560 U.S. 258, 262 (2010)). If the defendant meets that burden,

then we may exercise our discretion to award relief only if the defendant is “actually

innocent” or the error “seriously affect[ed] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of

judicial proceedings.” United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993) (internal

quotation marks and citations omitted). This final requirement “is discretionary. Even if

an error satisfies the first three prongs, we may correct the error but need not do so.”

United States v. Greenspan, 923 F.3d 138, 147 (3d Cir. 2019) (citing Olano, 507 U.S. at

735).

III.    Discussion

        At sentencing, a district court must follow a three-step process: (1) “calculate [the]

defendant’s Guidelines sentence”; (2) “formally rule on the motions of both parties and

stat[e] on the record whether they are granting a departure and how that departure affects

the Guidelines calculation, [] tak[ing] into account” relevant case law; and (3) “exercise

[its] discretion by considering the relevant § 3553(a) factors.” United States v. Gunter,

462 F.3d 237, 247 (3d Cir. 2006). The District Court must fulfill these Gunter “steps

separately and sequentially.” United States v. Friedman, 658 F.3d 342, 361 (3d Cir.

2011) (citing United States v. Lofink, 564 F.3d 232, 242 (3d Cir. 2009)). On appeal,




                                              8
Jackson contends that the District Court failed to fulfill the Gunter steps in four ways.

We address each argument in turn.

         A. Challenges Under Gunter Step One

       Jackson argues first that the District Court failed to calculate the Guidelines range

for his crimes. Before setting forth reasons for imposing its sentence, however, the

District Court clearly stated that it “adopt[ed] the pre-sentence investigation report

without change.” App. 186. Jackson contends that our precedent requires the District

Court to calculate the Guidelines range explicitly on the record of the sentencing.

Jackson is wrong. Our case law makes clear that a district court can satisfy the first

Gunter step by, at a minimum, explicitly calculating the Guidelines range itself or stating

that it had adopted the PSR’s Guidelines calculation. See, e.g., United States v.

Weatherspoon, 696 F.3d 416, 419 (3d Cir. 2012) (noting that while “the District Court

did not explicitly calculate or adopt a particular Guidelines range . . . . , after brief

argument, it accepted the recommended sentence of 120 months”).

       Furthermore, Jackson does not argue that either the Guidelines range calculation in

the PSR or the District Court’s statement that a sentence of 145 months’ imprisonment

was within the Guidelines range was incorrect. Accordingly, even if we found that the

District Court erred in not explicitly calculating the Guidelines range at the sentencing

hearing, any such error was harmless. United States v. Langford, 516 F.3d 205, 215 (3d

Cir. 2008) (“For the error to be harmless, it must be clear that the error did not affect the


                                                9
district court’s selection of the sentence imposed.”). We therefore find that the District

Court did not clearly err in adopting the Guidelines range calculation as set forth in the

PSR.

           B. Challenges Under Gunter Step Two

       Jackson next contends that the District Court committed plain error when it denied

his request for an offense level reduction for acceptance of responsibility without first

allowing the Government to explain why it had stipulated to a reduction. 3 This argument,

too, is easily dispatched. The record clearly belies any assertion that the District Court

was unaware of either the Government’s stipulation to a two-level reduction for

acceptance of responsibility or the Government’s position on the appropriateness of such

a reduction. Indeed, not only did Jackson raise this issue in his sentencing memorandum,

the District Court addressed the issue with Jackson’s counsel at the pre-sentencing

hearing. Moreover, the first page of the PSR, which the District Court expressly adopted,

states that “the parties agreed that Jackson should receive a two-level reduction for

acceptance of responsibility[] but noted they understood that such a reduction was at the

discretion of the [District] Court.” PSR at 1. Accordingly, any suggestion that the record

is unclear as to whether the District Court was aware of, and properly considered, the


       3
         Because Jackson failed to object to the District Court’s procedural errors, we
apply plain error review. United States v. Flores-Mejia, 759 F.3d 253, 258 (3d Cir. 2014)
(“[U]nless a relevant objection has been made earlier, a party must object to a procedural
error after the sentence is pronounced in order to preserve the error and avoid plain error
review.”). Jackson concedes this point.

                                             10
Government’s recommendation for an offense level reduction is without merit. We

therefore find that the District Court did not commit any error—and certainly not plain

error—in rejecting Jackson’s request for such a reduction.

       Jackson also argues that the District Court failed to state how it applied the

§ 3553(a) factors in reaching his sentence and rejecting his arguments for a below-

Guidelines variance. We have explained: “With respect to the applicable § 3553(a)

factors, the court need not discuss and make findings as to each of them if the record

makes clear it took the factors into account in sentencing and gave them meaningful

consideration.” United States v. Jones, 566 F.3d 353, 366 (3d Cir. 2009) (internal

alterations, quotation marks, and citation omitted).

       Here, the District Court merely stated that it had “considered” the § 3553(a)

factors. But “[a] mere recitation of the factors and a statement that counsel’s arguments

have been considered is insufficient.” Friedman, 658 F.3d at 362. Jackson argued that

he deserved a downward variance so that he could be released at a young enough age to

earn money after his release to repay his victims. The District Court neither responded to

that argument nor cited any particular § 3553(a) factor in explaining its sentence. 4 This

constitutes an error that is “clear or obvious” and “affect[s] [Jackson]’s substantial

rights.” Lee, 612 F.3d at 178 n.6. The District Court’s statement that it had considered


       4
        Instead, the District Court merely stated that the duration of Jackson’s financial
schemes and the extensive financial injury to his victims warrants imposing a within-
Guidelines sentencing.

                                             11
the § 3553(a) factors was insufficient to “set forth enough to satisfy the appellate court

that [it] has considered the parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for exercising [its]

own legal decisionmaking authority.” United States v. Lessner, 498 F.3d 185, 203 (3d

Cir. 2007) (citation omitted).

         C. Challenges Under Gunter Step Three

       Finally, Jackson contends that the District Court committed procedural error by

failing to explain its ruling on Jackson’s objection to a $74,500 portion of his restitution

order. In granting only Jackson’s objection to the $175,000 portion of the restitution

calculation, the District Court implicitly rejected Jackson’s objection to the $74,500

portion. The transcript of the sentencing hearing, however, offers no other indication that

the District Court had even considered Jackson’s second objection and the arguments

made in support thereof. Thus, we are unable to determine whether the District Court has

a sound basis for its ruling on Jackson’s objection to the $74,500 portion of his restitution

order. The Government concedes “that the District Court’s oversight in failing to address

Jackson’s argument and/or explain the basis for it[s] rejecti[on] [of] his objection was

error that potentially affected the amount of the restitution order.” Appellee Br. at 34.

We agree. The District Court’s failure to state explicitly why it had overruled Jackson’s

objection to the $74,500 portion of his restitution order and to set forth its reasons for

doing so was plain error.




                                              12
IV.    Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we will vacate Jackson’s judgment of conviction and

remand the case to the District Court for resentencing consistent with the rulings in this

decision.




                                             13
