                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        FILED
                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT                            JUL 7 2011

                                                                        MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                         U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS

MICHAEL SCOTT IOANE and SHELLY                   No. 09-73948
JEAN OLSON-IOANE,
                                                 Tax Ct. No. 9903-06
               Petitioners - Appellants,

  v.                                             MEMORANDUM *

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL
REVENUE,

               Respondent - Appellee.



                            Appeal from a Decision of the
                              United States Tax Court

                              Submitted June 15, 2011 **

Before:        CANBY, O’SCANNLAIN, and FISHER, Circuit Judges.

       Michael Scott Ioane and Shelly Jean Olson-Ioane appeal pro se from the tax

court’s order following a trial upholding the Commissioner of Internal Revenue’s

deficiencies and penalties for tax years 2002 and 2003 and issuing sanctions. We


          *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
          **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
have jurisdiction under 26 U.S.C. § 7482(a)(1). We review de novo the tax court’s

legal conclusions, and for clear error its factual findings. Hardy v. Comm’r, 181

F.3d 1002, 1004 (9th Cir. 1999). We review for an abuse of discretion both the tax

court’s evidentiary rulings, Hudspeth v. Comm’r, 914 F.2d 1207, 1213 (9th Cir.

1990), and the imposition of sanctions under 26 U.S.C. § 6673, Wolf v. Comm’r, 4

F.3d 709, 716 (9th Cir. 1993). We affirm.

      The tax court properly upheld the deficiencies because the Commissioner

presented the “minimal factual foundation” necessary to link the Ioanes to the

receipt of unreported income, Palmer v. IRS, 116 F.3d 1309, 1312 (9th Cir. 1997),

and the Ioanes failed to submit any evidence “showing that the deficienc[ies]

w[ere] arbitrary or erroneous,” Hardy, 181 F.3d at 1005. Moreover, the Ioanes

failed to demonstrate their entitlement to the disallowed deductions. See Norgaard

v. Comm’r, 939 F.2d 874, 877 (9th Cir. 1991) (the taxpayer carries the burden of

establishing entitlement to a deduction).

      The tax court properly upheld the late-filing penalty because the Ioanes

belatedly filed their tax return for 2002 and provided no evidence suggesting

reasonable cause for their tardiness. See 26 U.S.C. § 6651(a)(1).

      The tax court properly upheld the accuracy-related penalties imposed on the

deficiencies because the Ioanes failed to meet their burden of showing that the


                                            2                                   09-73948
underpayments were not a result of negligence. See 26 U.S.C. § 6662(a); Pahl v.

Comm’r, 150 F.3d 1124, 1131 (9th Cir. 1998).

       The tax court did not abuse its discretion in admitting into evidence copies

of checks. See United States v. Pang, 362 F.3d 1187, 1192 (9th Cir. 2004) (checks

are self-authenticating and constitute legally operative verbal acts that are not

barred by the hearsay rule); see also Fed. R. Evid. 1003 (“A duplicate is admissible

to the same extent as an original unless (1) a genuine question is raised as to the

authenticity of the original or (2) in the circumstances it would be unfair to admit

the duplicate in lieu of the original.”).

       The tax court did not abuse its discretion in imposing sanctions on the

Ioanes under § 6673 for persisting in frivolous litigation. See Wolf, 4 F.3d at 716

(“When taxpayers are on notice that they may face sanctions for frivolous

litigation, the tax court is within its discretion to award sanctions under section

6673.”).

       The Ioanes’ remaining contentions are unpersuasive.

       AFFIRMED.




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