J-S74042-18


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    MARVIN DUNCAN                              :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 2505 EDA 2017

        Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 3, 2014
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                        No(s): CP-51-CR-0002251-2013


BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., STABILE, J., and McLAUGHLIN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY McLAUGHLIN, J.:                            Filed March 19, 2019

        Marvin Duncan appeals from the judgment of sentence entered following

his conviction for carrying a firearm without a license, carrying a firearm on

public streets in Philadelphia, and possession of a firearm by a prohibited

person.1 Duncan contends there was insufficient evidence to support the

verdicts of guilty. We affirm on the basis of the Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) trial court

opinion.

        In its opinion, the trial court recounted the relevant underlying facts,

and we need not restate them here. See Trial Court Opinion, filed 12/28/17,

at 1-2. Ultimately, a jury convicted Duncan of the above offenses, and the




____________________________________________


1   18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6106, 6108, and 6105, respectively.
J-S74042-18



court sentenced him to a term of six to 12 years’ incarceration followed by

five years’ probation.

       Duncan thereafter appealed,2 and raises the question of whether the

evidence was sufficient to support the guilty verdicts. See Duncan’s Br. at 3.

Duncan argues that none of the arresting officers saw him in possession of

the firearm; there was no fingerprint evidence linking him to the firearm; he

did not own the vehicle in which the firearm was found; and he was merely

present at the scene where the firearms were found. Id. at 11-12.

       We review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to determine

whether the trial evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict

winner, would “enable the fact-finder to find every element of the crime

beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. Vargas, 108 A.3d 858, 867

(Pa.Super. 2014) (en banc) (quoting Commonwealth v. Brown, 23 A.3d

544, 559-60 (Pa.Super. 2011) (en banc)). The Commonwealth may sustain

its burden to prove each element of the charged offenses through the use of

wholly circumstantial evidence. Id. at 867-68. “Any doubts regarding a

defendant’s guilt may be resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so

weak and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may be

drawn from the combined circumstances.” Id. at 867 (citation omitted).

       When the police find contraband somewhere other than directly on the

defendant’s person, the Commonwealth may prove “constructive possession,”
____________________________________________


2 Duncan had his appellate rights reinstated nunc pro tunc after filing a petition
for relief under the Post Conviction Relief Act, 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-9546.

                                           -2-
J-S74042-18



which is “the ability to exercise a conscious dominion over the illegal

substance: the power to control the contraband and the intent to exercise that

control.” Id. at 868 (quoting Commonwealth v. Macolino, 469 A.2d 132,

134 (Pa. 1983)). When the contraband is found in an area equally accessible

to other persons, the defendant’s mere presence in that area will not, alone,

prove conscious dominion. Id. at 868-69. However, the “intent to maintain a

conscious dominion may be inferred from the totality of the circumstances,”

and “a jury need not ignore presence, proximity and association” in

determining whether the defendant had knowledge of and power over the

contraband found in the area of equal access. Id. (citations omitted).

      In its opinion, the trial court explains that the evidence was sufficient

for the jury to conclude that Duncan had constructively possessed the firearm,

because the testimony established that a police officer responding to a report

of three individuals in a car with firearms saw Duncan, who was sitting in a

back seat of the car, “make a furtive movement in the direction of his feet”;

the same officer saw a firearm at Duncan’s feet when she approached the car;

and two other firearms were recovered from the driver and front passenger

seat, where the other two men had been sitting. See Tr. Ct. Op. at 3-4.

      After a review of the parties’ briefs, the certified record, and the relevant

law, we find no error in the trial court’s analysis. We thus affirm on the basis

of the well-reasoned opinion of the Honorable Donna M. Woelpper, which we

adopt and incorporate herein. See id. at 1-4.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

                                      -3-
J-S74042-18




Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 3/19/2019




                          -4-
.                                                                                                       Circulated 02/19/2019 11:59 AM



                                                                                                                   FILED
                                   lN THE COURT OF C0\1MON PLEAS
                              FIRST n.�DTCIAL DISTIUCT OF P.l::.t,l\SYLVANIA                                DEC 2 8 2017
                                        CR!).,HN_.U TRTAL DIVISION                                       O�e ot Judicial Records
                                                                                                             ppeafs/Post Trial
             C0:\1MONWEALTH OF                                                         CP-5 l-CR-0002251-2013
             PENKSYL VANTA

                    v.
                                                                                       SUPERIOR COURT
             !\t[ARVIN DUNCAN                                                          2505 EDA 2017




                                                                            Mar,·,·,
             WOELPPF.R, .T.        C:r>-s:.;.;R X0.22!.t ���n v. D:.n..m.              )F:CEMBER 28, 2017


                                       111111111i11111n11111
                                               8047660021
                                                                      m
        l.      PROCEDURAL & FACfUAI, RACKGRQTJND

             On August 15, 2014, a jury convicted Marvin Duncan ("defendant") of violations of the

    Uniform Firearms Act.' Upon reinstatement' of his right to file a direct appeal nunc pro tune,

    defendant appealed the judgments of sentence, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence. His

    claim is meritless.

             Shortly before 5 :00 P .M. on July 19, 2012, Philadelphia police officers Danielle Hughes

    and Carlos Rodriguez responded to a call for tluee black males with guns in a green Chevy Impala

    in the area of 1800 Bucknell Street. The officers arrived. at the location within a minute or two of

    the call and saw a car and three individuals matching the Hash description. Defendant, who was

    seated in the back of the car, immediately reached toward his feet. Based on her thirteen years of

    experience, Officer Hughes suspected that defendant was reaching for a weapon. She and Officer


    I The jury convicted defendant of carrying a firearm without a license (18 Pa.C.S. § 6106) and
    carrying a firearm on the public streets or property of Philadelphia (18 Pa.C.S. § 6108). After the
    jury returned its verdict, the patties stipulated to this Court finding defendant guilty of possession
    of a firearm by a prohibited person (18 Pa.C.S. § 6105).
                                                               l
Rodriguez called for backup, drew their guns, and ordered the three men to show their hands. The

driver and front seat passenger each got out of the Chevy and ran from the sccnc.2 When Officer

Hughes approached the Chevy, she saw a gun at defendant's feet. Defendant was ordered out of

the car and taken into custody. Officer Hughes then recovered the gun, a Smith & Wesson .38

special revolver. Two additional guns were recovered from the car: a Glock .9 mil1imeter pistol

from under the driver's seat and a .45 caliber Bersa pistol from under the front passenger seal. N.T.

8/14/14, 13, 15-23, 27, 34.

          After defendant was found guilty of the above offenses, this Court deferred sentencing for

completion of a presentence investigation. On November 3, 2014, the Court sentenced defendant

to an aggregate term of six Lo twelve years of incarceration, followed by Ii ve years of probation.

Defendant filed a motion for reconsideration, which the Court denied on January 16, 2015.

Defendant did not file a direct appeal. On March 30, 2016, he filed a petition under the Post

Conviction Relief Act ("PCRA"). Counsel for defendant filed an amended PCRA petition on

August 31, 2016, seeking the reinstatement of defendant's direct appeal rights nunc pro tune. The

Court granted the requested relief on July 20, 2017, and this appeal followed.

     n.      DISCUSSION

          Defendant claims that there was insufficient evidence that he physically possessed the

firearm at his feet. See Statement of Errors. On sufficiency review, all evidence is viewed in the

light most favorable to the verdict winner to determine whether "there is sufficient evidence to

enable the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt."

Commonwealth v. Antidormi, 84 A.3d 736, 756 (Pa. Super. 2014), appeal denied, 95 A.3d 275

(Pa. 2014).     The Commonwealth may meet its hurden "by means of wholly circumstantial



2
    Only the driver was apprehended.
                                                   2
evidence." Id.     Finally, the reviewing court "may not weigh the evidence and substitute [its]

judgment for the fact-finder." Id

       Defendant claims that he is entitled to relief because the officers did not see him holding

the gun. This, however, disregards the long-standing principle that an individual can physically

or constructively possess an item:

              Constrnctive possession is a legal fiction, a pragmatic construct to
              deal with the realities of criminal law enforcement. Constructive
              possession is an inference arising from a set of facts that possession
              of the contraband was more likely than not. We have defined
              constructive possession as "conscious dominion." We subsequently
              defined "conscious dominion" as "the power to control the
              contraband and the intent to exercise that control." To aid
              application, we have held thal constructive possession may be
              established by the totality of the circumstances.

Commonwealth v. Thompson, 779 A.2d 1195, 1199 (Pa. Super. 2001), appeal denied, 790 A.2d

1016 (Pa. 2001).

        Here, the totality of the evidence was more than sufficient to sustain defendant's

convictions. Within moments of responding to a report of three individuals with guns, Officer

Hughes saw defendant make a furtive movement in the direction of his feet, which based on her

experience as a police officer, indicated that he was reaching for a gun. Her suspicions were

confirmed when she approached the car and saw a gun in plain view at defendant's feet. Although

there had been two other individuals in the car as well, they had each been seated in close proximity

to their own respective guns, one at the driver's seat and one at the front passenger's seat. Viewing

this evidence in the Conunonwealth 's favor, the jury reasonably concluded that defendant had the

ability and intent to control the gun at his feet. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Bentley, 419 A.2d 85,

 87 (Pa. Super. J 980) (evidence was sufficient to permit fact-finder LO infer possession of firearm




                                                  3
Located within appellant's easy reach, such that appellant's knowledge of its presence could be

"readily inferred").

            Finally, defendant's arguments concerning the lack of fingerprint evidence, ownership of

the vehicle, and the absence of flight arc better suited for a weight of the evidence claim, a claim

defendant has not preserved for appeal.'

     111.      CONCLUSION

            For the foregoing reasons, defendant's judgments of sentence should he affirmed.



                                                                     DY THE COURT:


                                                                       ;}/r0�
                                                                     DONNA M. WOELPPER, J.




3   Even if defendant had challenged the weight of the evidence, the Court would not have abused
its discretion in denying such a claim, given the overwhelming evidence outlined above.
Commonwealth v. Diggs, 949 A.2d 873, 879 (Pa, 2008) (appellant not entitled to new trial based
on weight of the evidence claim unless verdict "is so contrary to the evidence that it shocks one's
sense of justice.").
                                                    4
......


                                   IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                              FIRST JUDICIAL DJSTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                                       CRJMINAL TRIAL DIVISION



                COMMONWEAL TH OF                                     CP-5l-CR-0002251-2013
                PENNSYLVANIA

                        v.
                                                                     SUPERIOR co1J-RT
                MARVN DUNCAN                                         2505 EDA 2017

                                               PROOF OF SERVICE

         I hereby certify that I am this2   '8' � of December, 2017, serving the foregoing Opinion on the
         persons indicated below:

         By U.S. Mail
         Douglas P. Earl, Esquire
         1015 Chestnut Street, Suite 9Q2
         Philadelphia, PA 19107

         By Interoffice 1'1ail
         Hugh Bums, Chief, Appeals Unit
         District Attorney's Office
         Three South Penn Square
         Philadelphia, PA 19107


                                                          �� ,U;'/t--
                                                       Anna Dillon
                                                       Secretary to the Honorable DoIU1a M. Woelpper




                                                          5
