NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal
revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter
of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@vermont.gov or by mail at: Vermont Supreme Court, 109
State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may be made
before this opinion goes to press.


                                             2017 VT 80

                                            No. 2017-095

In re M.S., Juvenile                                              Supreme Court

                                                                  On Appeal from
                                                                  Superior Court, Windham Unit,
                                                                  Family Division

                                                                  June Term, 2017


Katherine A. Hayes, J.

Matthew Valerio, Defender General, and Katina Francis Ready, Appellate Defender, Montpelier,
 for Appellant Father.

Adele V. Pastor, Barnard, for Appellant Mother.

Thomas J. Donovan, Jr., Attorney General, Montpelier, and Jody Racht, Assistant Attorney
 General, Waterbury for Appellee.

Michael Rose, St. Albans, for Appellee Juvenile.


PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Skoglund, Robinson and Eaton, JJ., and Teachout, Supr. J.,
         Specially Assigned


       ¶ 1.    EATON, J.         Mother and father separately appeal the family court’s order

terminating their parental rights to their son, M.S., born on January 12, 2015. On appeal, both

parents argue that the court did not have jurisdiction. In addition, father argues that the court erred

in (1) not immediately ordering genetic testing of father and proceeding with the merits hearing

without his participation, and (2) at disposition, admitting New Hampshire orders terminating

parents’ rights to two older children. We affirm.
        ¶ 2.    M.S. is parents’ fourth child. He was born at a hospital in New Hampshire. The

day of his birth, the State of Vermont filed a petition alleging M.S. was a child in need of care or

supervision (CHINS) and seeking an emergency care order based on allegations that mother failed

to get adequate prenatal care, parents’ two oldest children, daughters, were in custody in New

Hampshire due to parental neglect, and parents’ next youngest child, a son, was in the custody of

the Vermont Department for Children and Families (DCF) based on serious and unexplained

physical injuries. The court issued an emergency care order on January 13, 2015, placing M.S. in

DCF custody. On January 14, 2015, mother filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that Vermont lacked

jurisdiction under the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA), 15

V.S.A. §§ 1061-1096. At a hearing on January 14, 2015, the court noted that it was authorized by

the UCCJEA to issue an emergency order to protect the child, but set the matter for a contested

hearing to resolve the jurisdictional issue. The court held an evidentiary hearing over two days in

February and March 2015. In April 2015, the court issued a written order, concluding that the

child did not have a home state and that Vermont could properly exercise jurisdiction due to its

connections to the child and parents.

        ¶ 3.    Although father was named in the CHINS petition, he was not definitively

identified until genetic testing was complete and a parentage order was issued in June 2015. M.S.

was placed in the same foster home as his older brother. He was adjudicated CHINS in August

2015. The initial case plan included recommendations for both parents, including obtaining

substance-abuse and mental-health treatment, obtaining safe housing, obtaining domestic-violence

counseling, attending visits, and engaging in parenting coaching. DCF sought termination at the

initial disposition. Following a hearing, the court concluded that parents had made no progress,

parents would not be able to parent in a reasonable period of time, and termination was in the

child’s best interests.


                                                 2
        ¶ 4.    Parents separately filed notices of appeal. On appeal, neither parent challenges the

court’s assessment of the child’s best interests.

                                I. Jurisdiction Under the UCCJEA

        ¶ 5.    We begin with mother’s argument, which father joins, that under the UCCJEA

Vermont lacked jurisdiction. The question of jurisdiction is a legal one that we review de novo.

In re A.W., 2014 VT 32, ¶ 17, 196 Vt. 228, 94 A.3d 1161. We review the factual findings

underlying the jurisdictional decision for clear error. Id.

        ¶ 6.    The UCCJEA defines the circumstances in which Vermont has jurisdiction to make

an initial child custody decision. Id. ¶ 14. The primary basis for exercising jurisdiction is when

Vermont is the home state of the child at the time the proceeding is commenced. 15 V.S.A.

§ 1071(a)(1). Among other possibilities, Vermont may also exercise jurisdiction if the child is

without a home state and the child and at least one parent have “a significant connection with

Vermont” and “substantial evidence is available in Vermont concerning the child’s care,

protection, training, and personal relationships.” Id. § 1071(a)(2).

        ¶ 7.    Here, the trial court concluded that the child did not have a home state and that

Vermont could exercise jurisdiction based on the connections to and evidence in Vermont. Mother

argues that (1) the court’s conclusion regarding home state was incorrect and that New Hampshire

is the child’s home state, and (2) Vermont lacks the necessary significant connection to exercise

jurisdiction on that basis.

                                    A. Home State Jurisdiction

        ¶ 8.    The trial court made the following relevant findings. Mother was essentially

homeless for several months in 2014, living at various times with relatives or friends in Vermont

and New Hampshire. While pregnant with M.S., she was admitted to a hospital in New Hampshire

in November 2014. She provided a social worker there with a Vermont address for purposes of


                                                    3
applying for assistance.    In December 2014, mother was discharged and stayed with her

grandparents and then other relatives in New Hampshire before M.S.’s birth in January 2015 at a

hospital in New Hampshire. On the day of M.S.’s birth, the CHINS petition was filed in Vermont.

       ¶ 9.    On appeal, mother argues that New Hampshire was M.S.’s home state and that New

Hampshire therefore had jurisdiction over this proceeding. Mother emphasizes her connections to

New Hampshire, including the various relatives she has in that state and the time she spent in New

Hampshire prior to M.S.’s birth. She argues that she was not homeless prior to M.S.’s birth, but

had established a legal residence in New Hampshire by staying in New Hampshire, obtaining a

New Hampshire identification card, and intending to remain in New Hampshire after the child’s

birth. She contends that her connections to New Hampshire along with the child’s birth in New

Hampshire are sufficient to confer home-state jurisdiction.

       ¶ 10.   The UCCJEA prioritizes jurisdiction based on the home state of the child in initial

custody determinations. Ward v. LaRue, 2016 VT 81, ¶ 17, __ Vt. __, 150 A.3d 631. Under the

UCCJEA, home state is defined as the state in which the child lived with a parent or person acting

as a parent “for at least six consecutive months immediately” preceding the child custody

proceeding, or for children under six months, “the state in which the child lived from birth” with

a parent. 15 V.S.A. § 1061(7). Because the CHINS petition in this case was filed the day of M.S.’s

birth, the question is whether M.S. “lived from birth” with a parent in a state such that that state

was his home state. In construing this provision, we apply familiar rules of statutory construction

and look first to the plain language of the statute. In re A.W., 2013 VT 107, ¶ 5, 195 Vt. 226, 87

A.3d 508. To resolve any ambiguity, we look at the statute as a whole and consider the statute’s

subject matter, effects, and consequences. Id.

       ¶ 11.   Mother asserts that her legal residence, her intent regarding where she would live

after M.S.’s birth, and the facts about where she resided for the six months prior to M.S.’s birth


                                                 4
are relevant to the home-state analysis. The statutory language defines home state as the state

where the child “lived from birth.” 15 V.S.A. § 1061(7). Two conclusions flow from the use of

this language. First, the focus is on where the child was since birth. Where mother resided prior

to M.S.’s birth is not relevant to determining M.S.’s home state.

       ¶ 12.   Second, the word “lived” is different from resided or domiciled and we conclude

that the Legislature used the word “lived” in the statute purposefully. See McMurphy v. State,

171 Vt. 9, 12, 757 A.2d 1043, 1046 (2000) (“We presume that language is inserted advisedly and

that the Legislature did not intend to create surplusage.”). As the Supreme Court of Texas

explained, “[t]he word ‘lived’ strongly connotes physical presence” and “it [is] significant that the

Legislature chose the word ‘lived’ as opposed to ‘resided’ or ‘was domiciled.’ ” Powell v. Stover,

165 S.W.3d 322, 326 (Tex. 2005). Determining residence or domicile includes an inquiry into

intent and using “live” avoids the complication of determining a child’s home state “ ‘with

inquiries into the states of mind of the child or the child’s adult caretakers.’ ” Id. (quoting Escobar

v. Reisinger, 64 P.3d 514, 517 (Tex. 2003)); see Slay v. Calhoun, 772 S.E.2d 425, 429-30 (Ga. Ct.

App. 2015) (concluding that language “lived” in definition of home state refers to state where child

is physically present, not state of legal residence); In re Marriage of Miller & Sumpter, 196 S.W.3d

683, 691 (Mo. Ct. App. 2006) (construing similar language of UCCJA and observing that appellate

courts have concluded that language “lived” means “state of the child’s actual physical presence,

rather than the state of the child’s legal residence or domicile”), abrogated on other grounds as

recognized in Hightower v. Myers, 304 S.W.3d 727, 733 (Mo. 2010) (en banc). Using a more

objective analysis furthers the purpose of the UCCJEA to make the initial jurisdictional decision

a more straightforward determination. See Ward, 2016 VT 81, ¶ 17 (explaining that one aim of

UCCJEA was to clarify that home state jurisdiction analysis should take primacy to make initial

jurisdictional analysis more straightforward).


                                                  5
        ¶ 13.   We join several other states in holding that it is the child’s physical presence—not

a parent or child’s residence, domicile or subjective intent—that is relevant to determining a child’s

home state.1 See, e.g., Ocegueda v. Perreira, 181 Cal. Rptr. 3d 845, 852-53 (Ct. App. 2015)

(holding that parent’s subjective intent to remain in state is irrelevant to determining where child

“lives” for home-state analysis); Calhoun, 772 S.E.2d at 429-30 (explaining that “ ‘home state’ is

not synonymous with the residence or domicile of the parent having legal custody” (quotation

omitted)); Dekinderen v. Dekinderen, No. 293443, 2010 WL 99269, at *3 (Mich. Ct. App. Jan. 12,

2010) (holding that child’s physical location is central factor to determining home state, not

residence or domicile); Carter v. Carter, 758 N.W.2d 1, 9 (Neb. 2008) (explaining that child’s

home state is separate from parents’ or child’s legal residence); In re Tieri, 283 S.W.3d 889, 893

(Tex. App. 2008) (“In determining where a child lived for the purposes of establishing home state

jurisdiction, the trial court must consider the child’s physical presence in a state and decline to

determine where a child lived based on the child’s or the parents’ intent.”). This is consistent with

this Court’s past cases, which have focused on the child’s presence in the state to determine home

state, and held that if the child has a home state, that state has jurisdiction to make an initial decision

regarding custody regardless of the parents’ connections to the state. See In re D.T., 170 Vt. 148,

152, 743 A.2d 1077, 1080-81 (1999); see also In re R.W., 2011 VT 124, ¶ 31, 191 Vt. 108, 39




        1
           The statute explains that in determining home state “[a] period of temporary absence” is
included in the period. 15 V.S.A. § 1061(7). While the determination of whether a child “lived”
in a state involves an objective test dependent on the child’s physical presence and not based on
subjective intent, this is different from the question of whether a period outside the state qualifies
as a “temporary absence,” which is determined by looking at the totality of the circumstances. In
re A.W., 2014 VT 32, ¶ 21; see In re S.M., 938 S.W.2d 910, 918 (Mo. Ct. App. 1997) (holding
that in Missouri temporary absence under UCCJA is resolved by examining totality of
circumstances); Chick v. Chick, 596 S.E.2d 303, 308 (N.C. Ct. App. 2004) (adopting totality-of-
the-circumstances test to determine if absence from state amounted to “temporary absence” under
UCCJEA).

                                                    6
A.3d 682 (explaining that child’s home state has jurisdiction to adjudicate status of child “even if

the parents lack minimum contacts with the forum”).

        ¶ 14.   Therefore, to determine M.S.’s home state, we look to where he was physically

present since birth. He was born in New Hampshire and remained in the hospital at the time the

petition was filed, but these facts alone do not make New Hampshire M.S.’s home state. Although,

as explained above, “lived” as used in the statute connotes physical presence, the statutory

language defines home state as more than just the place the child was present. The statutory

language is plain: the home state for a child under six months is the place the child “lived from

birth” with a parent or person acting as a parent. 15 V.S.A. § 1061(7). We conclude that by adding

the requirement that the child live with a parent or person acting as a parent, the Legislature meant

“lived” to mean more than simply being alive in the state. “When people speak of where a mother

and newborn baby ‘live,’ they do not speak of the maternity ward,” but of the place where the child

and parents occupied a home. In re D.S., 840 N.E.2d 1216, 1222 (Ill. 2005). We agree with courts

from other jurisdictions that a short hospital stay incident to birth does not amount to “liv[ing]

from birth with” a parent and does not in itself confer home state jurisdiction.2 See, e.g., In re

R.L., 208 Cal. Rptr. 3d 523, 533-34 (Ct. App. 2016) (holding that under UCCJEA “a temporary

hospital stay in a state incident to birth, by itself, is insufficient to confer home state jurisdiction”);

In re D.S., 840 N.E.2d at 1222 (“By itself, a temporary hospital stay incident to delivery is simply



        2
          Contrary to the concurrence’s assertion, this does not mean that the child’s presence in
New Hampshire is “irrelevant,” post, ¶ 38 n.10, or that a child will not have a home state “until he
or she sleeps in a bed outside the hospital,” post, ¶ 37. Because the statute defines home state as
the place where a child has lived with a parent, the child’s presence in a state is certainly relevant,
but mere presence is not enough. The child must be living in the state with a parent. There may
be situations where a child is living with a parent while still in the hospital, but we need not
determine in the context of this appeal what facts would suffice. Here, M.S. had not been to
Vermont and following his birth in New Hampshire he was in the hospital for less than a day
before the petition was filed. Under these facts, there was no state in which M.S. had lived with a
parent since birth. Therefore, he did not have a home state.

                                                    7
insufficient to confer ‘home state’ jurisdiction under the UCCJEA.”); In re Adoption of Baby Girl

B., 867 P.2d 1074, 1079 (Kan. Ct. App. 1994) (explaining that statutory home state “requirement

that the child ‘live with’ the mother from birth requires more than the mother and newborn child

staying at the same hospital for a brief period”), superseded by statute, K.S.A. 59-2127, as

recognized in In re Adoption of H.C.H., 304 P.3d 1271, 1280 (Kan. 2013). Here, the petition was

filed the day of M.S.’s birth and we conclude that the short period of time that M.S. was in the

hospital in New Hampshire following his birth did not confer home state jurisdiction.

       ¶ 15.   We also conclude that Vermont was not M.S.’s home state. Again, we begin with

the statute’s plain language, which defines home state as the place where a child lived from birth.

As explained above, “lived” as used in the statute means where the child is physically present and

is different from the parents’ residence or domicile. See In re Calderon-Garza, 81 S.W.3d 899,

901 (Tex. App. 2002) (holding that Texas was home state of child born there and brought to

Mexico day before proceeding commenced, even though mother was resident and citizen of

Mexico); B.B. v. A.B., 916 N.Y.S.2d 920, 923-24 (Sup. Ct. 2011) (holding that child’s home state

was Minnesota, where child was born and continued to reside at time case was filed, even though

parties had lived in marital residence in New York up until mother was seven-months pregnant).

M.S. had never been physically present in Vermont at the time the petition was filed and therefore

Vermont was not his home state.3 See In re D.T., 170 Vt. at 152-53, 743 A.2d at 1080-81

(concluding under UCCJA, which defined home state similarly, that Vermont was not home state




       3
          The concurrence asserts that Vermont could be the home state of a child, who had never
been to the state, but was born to parents who resided in Vermont for a long time. Post, ¶ 48. The
statutory language does not support this assertion; the language focuses on where the child lives
with the parents, not where the parents have lived. For this reason, courts have held that a baby,
who is born in one state and within days transported to another state, simply has no home state.
Carl v. Tirado, 945 A.2d 1208. 1209-10 (D.C. 2008) (per curiam).

                                                8
of ten-week old child born at hospital in Massachusetts and then brought to Vermont because child

had not lived in Vermont from birth).

       ¶ 16.   Therefore, M.S. did not have a home state when the proceeding was commenced

and jurisdiction could not be exercised on this basis. See In re A.W., 2014 VT 32, ¶ 20 (concluding

that three-week-old child born in Vermont, transported to New York, where parents had resided

prior to child’s birth, and brought back to Vermont did not have home state because he had not

“lived from birth” in either state); Carl, 945 A.2d at 1209-10 (construing requirement from UCJA

that child live from birth in given state “strictly” and concluding that child born in Maryland and

transported to mother’s home in Virginia at four days old did not have home state).

                             B. Significant Connection Jurisdiction

       ¶ 17.   Under the UCCJEA, when a child does not have a home state, Vermont can assert

jurisdiction if the child and at least one parent “have a significant connection with Vermont other

than mere physical presence” and “substantial evidence is available in Vermont concerning the

child’s care, protection, training, and personal relationships.” 15 V.S.A. § 1071(a)(2)(A), (B).

       ¶ 18.   Here, the court found that significant connection jurisdiction existed in January

2015 when the petition was filed based on the following facts. Mother and father’s two eldest

children were in Vermont DCF custody in 2008. Subsequently, the children were reunified with

parents, and after the family moved to New Hampshire, the children were placed in the custody of

the New Hampshire Division of Children, Youth and Families (DCYF). Mother and father’s third

child, B.S., born in September 2013, was placed in Vermont DCF custody in January 2014 after

DCF became aware that he had a fractured tibia and two fractured vertebrae and no explanation

for the injuries.4 At that time, father lived with his parents in Vermont and mother lived with her


       4
          In July 2014, the Vermont court found B.S. was CHINS based on the severe unexplained
physical injuries that occurred while in parents’ sole care. The court subsequently terminated
parents’ rights and this Court affirmed. In re B.S., No. 2015-155, 2015 WL 4643608 (Vt. July 24,

                                                 9
mother in Vermont. Except for the year he lived in New Hampshire, father is a lifelong resident

of Vermont.

       ¶ 19.   Mother continued to live in Vermont for a short time after B.S. was removed from

her care and was then essentially homeless for several months, during which time she stayed with

friends and family in Vermont and New Hampshire, including staying with father at his parents’

home and sleeping in his car. During her period of homelessness, mother continued to use a

Vermont address as her mailing address. Mother was hospitalized in New Hampshire in November

2014 and provided the hospital her Vermont address. When she was discharged from the hospital,

in December 2014, she stayed with relatives in New Hampshire until shortly before M.S.’s birth.

Based on these findings, the court concluded that there was a significant connection to Vermont

and substantial evidence in Vermont concerning parental fitness because there was a child-neglect

proceeding pending in Vermont regarding M.S.’s older brother.

       ¶ 20.   Mother argues that the court’s determination is in error, asserting that New

Hampshire had “more [] substantial evidence than Vermont.” While mother might have also had

connections to New Hampshire, these connections did not preclude an exercise of jurisdiction by

Vermont. As we recently explained, to exercise significant connection jurisdiction does not

require a finding that Vermont has the most significant connection, just that there is a significant

connection.5 Pierce v. Slate, 2017 VT 63, ¶ 23, __ Vt. __, __ A.3d __. The relevant issues are




2015) (unpub. mem.), https://www.vermontjudiciary.org/sites/default/files/documents/eo15-
155.pdf [https://perma.cc/CZ79-QNGW].
       5
          In In re A.W., 2014 VT 32, this Court concluded that Vermont had significant connection
jurisdiction, reciting the ties to Vermont and concluding that “the most direct and best evidence
concerning the child’s day-to-day care and well-being at the time of the CHINS petition was in
Vermont.” Id. ¶ 24. To the extent this statement implies that Vermont must have the most
evidence or the best connection to exercise significant connection jurisdiction, we clarify that that
is not the test.

                                                 10
whether there was a significant connection to Vermont and whether there was substantial evidence

in Vermont relevant to the child’s care. See 15 V.S.A. § 1701(a)(2).

       ¶ 21.   The record supports the court’s findings concerning the parties’ connections to

Vermont.6 Those findings demonstrate that both mother and father had a long history in Vermont.

Mother had relatives in Vermont with whom she had recently lived, including during her

pregnancy. Mother had a long-term relationship with father, who was a resident of Vermont, and

she had lived with father for at least part of her pregnancy.7 M.S.’s older brother was in the custody

of Vermont DCF following serious unexplained physical injuries and there were ongoing

proceedings in Vermont concerning that child’s welfare. These connections to Vermont and this



       6
           The sole finding that mother challenges is that she was homeless prior to M.S.’s birth,
instead asserting that she was a resident of New Hampshire. On appeal, we will uphold findings
of fact unless clearly erroneous and will defer to the family court’s determinations of weight and
credibility. In re A.F., 160 Vt. 175, 178, 624 A.2d 867, 869 (1993). The record supports the
court’s finding that mother was homeless. Mother testified that she stayed in various locations
prior to M.S.’s birth, some in New Hampshire and at least two locations in Vermont—her brother’s
home and father’s parents’ home—and when questioned mother explained that she had been
staying with various relatives, but was essentially homeless. Although mother made other
statements regarding her living situation, this evidence is sufficient to support the court’s finding
that mother was homeless prior to M.S.’s birth. Moreover, this fact was not determinative. Even
if mother had presented enough evidence to demonstrate that she was a legal resident of New
Hampshire prior to M.S.’s birth, this would not have changed the jurisdictional analysis. As
explained above, the determination of mother’s legal residence is different from M.S.’s home state.
In addition, there remained a significant connection to Vermont and evidence in Vermont
regarding the safety and care of M.S.
       7
          At the time of the hearing on the motion to dismiss, father had not legally been recognized
as M.S.’s parent. In its jurisdictional decision, the court credited mother’s testimony that father
was the likely biological parent and considered the fact that father is a life-long resident of Vermont
in evaluating the connections to Vermont. On appeal, mother contends that she was the only
recognized legal parent at the time and therefore father’s connections should not factor into the
determination of jurisdiction. We need not reach the question of whether the court could rely on
father’s connection to Vermont in his capacity as a parent where he had not been legally recognized
as a parent for two reasons. First, regardless of parentage, father was a significant connection that
mother had to Vermont insofar as the two had a long history together and mother had resided with
father for at least part of her pregnancy. Second, given their history, father’s situation and
information about his relationship with mother was important evidence relevant to the child’s
future welfare.

                                                  11
evidence in Vermont about parental fitness provided a sufficient basis for Vermont to exercise

jurisdiction. See In re A.W., 2014 VT 32, ¶ 24 (holding that Vermont had sufficient ties to exercise

jurisdiction where father and child resided in Vermont with paternal grandparents and father had

applied for benefits in Vermont, had retained Vermont driver’s license and vehicle registration,

and had engaged in safety plan with DCF).

                            C. Communication with New Hampshire

       ¶ 22.   Mother also argues that the family court abused its discretion in failing to contact

and communicate with New Hampshire prior to exercising jurisdiction. The section of the

UCCJEA upon which mother relies is entitled “Communication between courts.” 15 V.S.A.

§ 1068.

       ¶ 23.   In construing this provision, we look first to the plain language of the statute, which

states: “A Vermont court may communicate with a court in another state concerning a proceeding

arising under this chapter.” Id. The provision’s use of “may” indicates communication is an

option, but not a requirement. See Town of Calais v. Cty. Rd. Comm’rs, 173 Vt. 620, 621, 795

A.2d 1267, 1268 (2002) (mem.) (“The plain, ordinary meaning of the word “may” indicates that a

statute is permissive, not mandatory.”). This conclusion is made even more plain by the fact that

the statute elsewhere uses “shall” to indicate that communication is required. See 15 V.S.A.

§ 1076(b) (“If the court determines that a child custody proceeding has been commenced in a court

in another state having jurisdiction substantially in accordance with this chapter, the Vermont court

shall stay its proceeding and communicate with the court of the other state.” (emphasis added)).

The comment to the uniform law on which the statute is based explains that communication is

authorized by the provision at issue here, but it is not required. U.L.A. Child Custody Jurisdiction

and Enforcement Act § 110 cmt. (1997); see Rosen v. Rosen, 664 S.E.2d 743, 751 (W. Va. 2008)

(holding that because UCCJEA “does not expressly require interstate court communication


                                                 12
concerning these types of proceedings, we simply cannot find that the circuit court committed any

error in declining to require the family court to have direct verbal communication with the Ohio

common pleas court before taking jurisdiction of the case”).

       ¶ 24.   Moreover, there was no conflict between states to resolve. At the hearing on the

motion to dismiss, an employee of DCYF, who had been working with mother since 2012, testified

that there was no pending case in New Hampshire for M.S. and if Vermont determined it did not

have jurisdiction, then New Hampshire would file for custody. Given that there was no pending

court proceeding in New Hampshire and no open child-protection case there, there was no conflict

between Vermont and New Hampshire and the court did not abuse its discretion in declining to

contact New Hampshire. See In re C.P., 2012 VT 100, ¶ 26, 193 Vt. 29, 71 A.3d 1142 (explaining

that one main purpose of uniform law is to avoid conflict between states and no conflict arises

when proceedings are ongoing in only one state).

                                        II. Father’s Appeal

       ¶ 25.   We turn next to father’s appeal. Father first contends that DCF failed to timely

request genetic testing to identify him and that the court erred in proceeding with the merits hearing

in his absence. He also argues that the court erred in taking judicial notice of the New Hampshire

termination decisions involving his two eldest children.

                         A. Father’s Identification and Absence at Merits

       ¶ 26.   The record reveals the following facts related to father’s involvement in the case.

Father was named in the initial CHINS petition, was noticed of the hearing, and was present with

an attorney at the initial hearing on January 14, 2015, which took place after DCF filed for an

emergency care order and mother moved to dismiss it. At that hearing, the court inquired whether

father had signed an acknowledgement of parentage at the time of the child’s birth or shortly

thereafter and father’s attorney answered that he had not. The court further inquired whether


                                                 13
mother would agree that father was the biological parent of M.S. and mother’s attorney indicated

that mother would not make that acknowledgement.

       ¶ 27.   The following exchange then took place:

                THE COURT: Okay, then he’s not the father and he’s out.

                [Mother’s attorney]: I understand that, Your Honor. And that’s
               why [mother] is not making a statement at this time.

                THE COURT: Okay. So [father’s attorney]?

                [Father’s attorney]: Oh, yeah. Since –

                THE COURT: See you.

                [Father’s attorney]: Yeah. Since it’s rendered moot, yeah.

                THE COURT: You do not have standing. You do not have any
               involvement in this case until there’s a finding that [father] is the
               father of this child. So further discussion today will be—that
               doesn’t mean we’re done with the case though. It just means
               [father’s attorney] and [father] should remove themselves from the
               courtroom now. Quickly.

It appears from the transcript that father and his attorney left the proceeding at that time. Neither

challenged the court’s order or made any attempt to claim father’s paternity.

       ¶ 28.   Later in the hearing, the court inquired whether the court should order genetic

testing of father and mother’s attorney indicated that mother was not requesting genetic testing

and was not willing to name the putative father. The court directed DCF to make diligent efforts

to identify the child’s biological parent. At a subsequent hearing on mother’s motion to dismiss,

mother testified that father was probably M.S.’s biological parent, but that it could be another man.

She would not provide the other person’s name or where he lived.

       ¶ 29.   In April 2015, the State filed a motion requesting an order for genetic testing. As

an exhibit, the state attached two letters DCF previously sent to father attempting to set up

voluntary genetic testing in February and March 2015.           Father did not appear for either


                                                 14
appointment. The court granted the State’s motion and issued an order for genetic testing. Based

on the results, and following a period for the parties to object, the court issued a parentage order

in June 2015. The merits hearing on the CHINS petition was heard over two days in May and July

2015. Father did not participate in the first day of the hearing, which occurred prior to the order

identifying him as a parent. After father was identified, he was given notice of hearings and

participated in the second day of the merits hearing. At the close of the hearing, the court indicated

that father could challenge any evidence from the merits proceeding that was being relied upon at

disposition. Father made no objection at that time.

       ¶ 30.   Pursuant to statute, where a parent has not been identified, the court can order

genetic testing of “the alleged father.” 33 V.S.A. § 5111(a). Further, when a child is placed in

DCF custody, DCF must “make reasonably diligent efforts to locate a noncustodial parent as early

in the proceedings as possible,” but hearings are not delayed even if the noncustodial parent is not

located. Id. § 5111(b). The statute explains that all parties have a right to present evidence at the

merits hearing. 33 V.S.A. § 5315(c). Nonparties may not be present and offer evidence.

       ¶ 31.   On appeal, father first argues that the court erred in not ordering genetic testing

earlier in the proceedings. We agree that the court was in error in failing to order genetic testing

of father following the initial hearing on the CHINS petition. Here, where mother and father had

three prior children together, they were living together prior to this child’s birth, and father was

named by DCF in the CHINS petition and appeared at the initial hearing, father qualified as an

“alleged father” within the meaning of the statute. To clarify father’s status as quickly as possible,

the court should have issued an order for genetic testing. This would have avoided unnecessary

delay in the determination of paternity, whatever the reasons for mother’s position on the paternity

issue might have been.




                                                 15
       ¶ 32.   The court’s failure to order genetic testing at the initial stages of the proceeding

does not require reversal, however, because father fails to demonstrate how his lack of participation

in the first day of the merits proceeding resulted in prejudice to him. “The focus of a CHINS

proceeding is the welfare of the child, and therefore a court may adjudicate the child as CHINS

even if the allegations are established as to one parent but not the other.” In re C.P., 2012 VT 100,

¶ 28. The merits proceeding in this case properly focused on M.S. Based on the evidence

presented, the court found that M.S. lacked proper parental care relative to mother, who was the

custodial parent, and indeed, the only parent identified at that time. The court was not required to

make a separate finding as to father. See id. (explaining that CHINS decision determines issues

about child’s welfare and can form basis for termination petition against father even if allegations

are not directed at father). Further, the court explained at the end of the second day of the merits

hearing that father would have an opportunity to challenge any evidence presented at merits that

was going to be used at disposition. This fully protected father’s interest at the disposition stage.

See In re B.R., 2014 VT 37, ¶¶ 13-14, 196 Vt. 304, 97 A.3d 867 (explaining that CHINS

proceeding focuses on child’s welfare and parent’s fitness becomes relevant at disposition).

       ¶ 33.   Father also contends that the failure to identify him earlier in the process violated

his due process rights. Because we conclude that father’s lack of participation in the CHINS

proceeding does not require reversal of the merits adjudication and because his due process rights

were protected at disposition, we need not consider the extent of his interests prior to disposition.

                        B. Termination Orders Concerning Older Children

       ¶ 34.   Finally, father argues that the court erred in taking judicial notice of the New

Hampshire termination of parental rights orders concerning the parties’ two eldest children. Father

asserts that while the court could take judicial notice of the fact of the orders, it could not rely on

substantive findings in those orders. We conclude that there was no error.


                                                  16
       ¶ 35.   The record reveals that the court did not take judicial notice of the termination

orders, but admitted them into evidence. At the disposition hearing, the State offered the orders

as exhibits. Father’s attorney objected to the court taking judicial notice of the orders. The court

explained that it was not taking judicial notice, but admitting the orders, and father’s attorney

agreed that the orders were admissible. Insofar as father did not object, he has not preserved any

argument for appeal to challenge their admission. See In re C.H., 170 Vt. 603, 604, 749 A.2d 20,

22 (2000) (mem.) (explaining that parent must raise issue below to preserve it for appeal).

       ¶ 36.   Furthermore, the court did not rely on the substantive findings in those orders to

support its own conclusions. The court referred to the New Hampshire termination orders and

recounted that court’s findings regarding the conditions that led to the children being removed

from parents’ care and parents’ failure to take significant steps to correct those conditions. The

court did not, however, rely on any of those findings to support its own conclusions in this case.

Therefore, we need not determine whether such reliance would have been appropriate in this case.

       Affirmed.

                                                 FOR THE COURT:



                                                 Associate Justice


       ¶ 37.   ROBINSON, J., concurring.               Without explicitly saying so, the majority

essentially holds as a matter of law that a child born in a hospital generally does not have a home

state until he or she sleeps in a bed outside the hospital. Its analysis in support of this conclusion

leaps from an uncontroversial legal assertion supported by the language of the statute and the cases

the majority cites to the far more questionable holding that I challenge. I don’t believe this analysis

is supported by a sensible interpretation of the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and

Enforcement Act (UCCJEA) or the cases relied upon by the majority, and the majority’s approach

                                                  17
has negative real-world ramifications. I agree with the outcome of the majority’s analysis not

because, as a matter of law, a child in the hospital has no home state, but because in this case the

evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion that, on account of his mother’s lack of an established

home at the time of his birth, this newborn child had no home state. For these reasons, I concur in

the judgment, but not in the majority’s analysis of the jurisdictional question.8

       ¶ 38.   The majority’s holding rests on the partly explicit, partly implicit conclusion that a

newborn child in the hospital has no home state. The majority concludes that, because this child

was born in a hospital in New Hampshire, Vermont cannot be the child’s home state as a matter

of law, ante, ¶ 15, apparently even if the child has two parents who live together in Vermont, have

lived together in Vermont for years, and plan to bring the child home to the newly decorated

nursery in their home in Vermont that has been awaiting that child’s arrival. In deciding that the

child has no home state at all, the majority also concludes that New Hampshire is not the child’s

home state. It rests this conclusion in part on authority supporting the proposition that the child’s

birth in a New Hampshire hospital is not in itself enough to confer home state jurisdiction on New

Hampshire. Ante, ¶ 14. But the Court goes further. In determining that New Hampshire is not

the child’s home state, the Court implicitly concludes that evidence about mother’s living situation

in the months leading up to the child’s birth and mother’s intent regarding where she and the baby

would live after the child’s birth, are not legally relevant. See ante, ¶ 13. Without explanation,

the Court concludes that even though the child was born in New Hampshire, New Hampshire

cannot be the child’s home state even if mother had a long-established home in New Hampshire




       8
         I concur fully in the majority’s analysis and judgment with respect to father’s arguments
concerning the trial court’s failure to immediately order genetic testing of father and references to
the New Hampshire termination of parental rights orders.

                                                 18
to which she planned to return with the child.9 Because the child is a newborn, and still in the

hospital, the majority implicitly reasons, he has no home state.10

       ¶ 39.   The unremarkable proposition underlying the majority’s analysis is that under the

UCCJEA, courts should look at where a child has actually lived, rather than where a parent asserts

an intent to reside, in determining a child’s home state. This statement of law is squarely supported

by the language of the UCCJEA. See 15 V.SA. § 1061(7) (defining “home state” as “the state in

which a child lived with a parent or a person acting as a parent for at least six consecutive months

immediately before the commencement of a child custody proceeding” and, for a child less than

six months of age, as “the state in which the child lived from birth with any of the persons

mentioned” (emphasis added)).

       ¶ 40.   And this is the critical holding in the vast majority of cases cited by the majority in

support of its analysis. See, e.g., Ocegueda v. Perreira, 181 Cal. Rptr. 3d 845, 856-57 (Ct. App.

2015) (holding that where pregnant mother who lived and worked in California traveled to Hawaii

to give birth, and then lived with child in Hawaii for six weeks, Hawaii, and not California, was

child’s home state); Slay v. Calhoun, 772 S.E.2d 425, 429-30 (Ga. Ct. App. 2015) (holding that,

where child traveled back and forth between mother’s home in Florida and unadjudicated Georgia

father’s homes during six month period preceding father’s parentage action, Georgia was child’s

home state because child spent more time in Georgia during that time); Powell v. Stover, 165



       9
          The logic of the majority’s analysis is somewhat inconsistent. In rejecting Vermont as
the child’s home state, as a matter of law, the majority emphasizes the fact that the child was born
in a New Hampshire hospital and has not been “physically present” in Vermont. Ante, ¶ 15. But
in rejecting New Hampshire as the home state, the majority asserts that the child’s physical
presence in New Hampshire on account of being born in a New Hampshire hospital is irrelevant.
       10
           The majority suggests that some cases may exist in which a child in the hospital does
“live with” a parent in that state, and thus has a home state. But its analysis clearly rests on the
proposition that a child in the hospital “lives” in that hospital—a conclusion I reject for the reasons
set forth below.

                                                  19
S.W.3d 322, 326 (Tex. 2005) (holding that where mother and father moved from Texas to

Tennessee with child for period of ten months, and then mother returned to Texas with child and

initiated custody action, mother’s asserted subjective intent to return to Texas all along did not

make Texas child’s home state because child had actually lived in Tennessee for preceding ten

months); In re Marriage of Miller & Sumpter, 196 S.W.3d 683, 691-92 (Mo. Ct. App. 2005)

(holding that under predecessor Uniform Child Custody and Jurisdiction Act, where children lived

in Virginia for well over six months preceding initiation of custody proceeding, Virginia was their

home state notwithstanding fact that mother, who was in the military, listed Missouri as her

permanent residence and intended to retire there), abrogated on other grounds by Hightower v.

Myers, 304 S.W.3d 727, 733 (Mo. 2010) (en banc). I do not dispute this aspect of the majority’s

analysis. If this were a case in which a parent was arguing that a state had home state jurisdiction

due to a parent’s subjective intentions, even though the parent and child had not actually lived in

that state, these cases would be apt and persuasive.

       ¶ 41.   These decisions do not support the majority’s suggestion that an infant in the

hospital does not actually “live” anywhere. In distinguishing where a child lives from a parent’s

claimed legal residence based on that parent’s intent, these courts emphasized the child’s physical

presence in a state, as contrasted with a parent’s intentions as to the child’s domicile, as the

touchstone for determining a child’s home state. See, e.g., Ocegueda, 181 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 851

(concluding that child’s “physical presence in Hawaii from birth until the day before

commencement of the proceedings means the child ‘lived’ in Hawaii for purposes of determining

home state jurisdiction under the UCCJEA” (emphasis added)); Powell, 165 S.W.3d at 328 (“[I]n

determining where a child lived for purposes of establishing home-state jurisdiction, the trial court

must consider the child’s physical presence in a state.” (emphasis added)). However, these cases

all involved circumstances in which a child had lived in—was physically present in—a state


                                                 20
outside of the hospital beyond the period incident to the birth. None purport to address the status

of a newborn in a hospital moments after birth. In relying on the “physical presence” language in

these decisions to conclude that a newborn child in the hospital has no home state as a matter of

law, without regard to the evidence concerning the child’s parents’ living situation, the majority

stretches the language in these cases far beyond their actual holdings.

       ¶ 42.   This more controversial prong of the majority’s analysis—in which the majority

holds that this child had no home state upon initiation of this custody action because the newborn

child was in the hospital and thus did not “live” in Vermont or New Hampshire—is not supported

by the language or purpose of the UCCJEA, nor the handful of decisions the majority cites that

actually address this more challenging issue.

       ¶ 43.   Nothing in the language of the UCCJEA supports the notion that a newborn child

in a hospital does not “live” anywhere. The UCCJEA defines a child’s home state with reference

to where a child has “lived.” 15 V.S.A. § 1061(7). In the context of the cases above, it makes

sense to equate “living” with “physical presence,” because those cases involve a parent invoking

an intent to reside somewhere other than where the children have actually been spending their days

and nights in order to claim an intended home state for the children. But the statute does not use

the term “physical presence” and includes no language suggesting that a newborn child in a

hospital does not live anywhere, even if the child has two parents who have for a long time lived

together in a single state in a home to which they plan to bring their newborn child upon discharge

from the hospital.

       ¶ 44.   Nor does the purpose of the UCCJEA support such a reading. One of the main

features of the UCCJEA relative to its predecessor, the UCCJA, is that it prioritizes “home state”

jurisdiction above the alternate bases of jurisdiction for an initial custody determination. 15 V.S.A.

§ 1071. This was a deliberate change from the UCCJA, which authorized four independent bases


                                                 21
for establishing jurisdiction without prioritizing among them.          See U.L.A. Child Custody

Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act § 201 cmt. (1997); see also Ward v. LaRue, 2016 VT 81, ¶ 17,

__ Vt. __, 150 A.3d 631. The prioritization of home state jurisdiction in the UCCJEA aligns the

UCCJEA with the enforcement provisions of the federal Parental Kidnapping Protection Act

(PKPA) and eliminates problems that arise when courts in different states simultaneously exercise

jurisdiction in child custody cases. U.L.A. Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act § 201

cmt. (1997); see also Powell, 165 S.W.3d at 325. By prioritizing home state jurisdiction, the

UCCJEA reduces the number of potential disputes between competing jurisdictions.                   An

interpretation that narrows the scope of home state jurisdiction, or makes it less predictable, has

the opposite effect of increasing the possibility of jurisdictional disputes in competing

jurisdictions. See Stephens v. Fourth Judicial Dist. Court, 2006 MT 21, ¶ 13, 128 P.3d 1026

(explaining that interpretation that had effect of narrowing home state jurisdiction “would increase

the number of potentially conflicting jurisdictional disputes in competing jurisdictions”—a result

that “conflicts with the UCCJEA’s purpose”); Powell, 165 S.W.3d at 326 (“We believe that the

UCCJEA should be construed in such a way as to strengthen rather than undermine the certainty

that prioritizing home-state jurisdiction was intended to promote . . .”). An interpretation that

would render home-state jurisdiction inapplicable during the brief period of time when a child born

in the hospital remains in the hospital after birth would greatly diminish the certainty and clarity

the UCCJEA seeks to promote.

       ¶ 45.   The main case relied upon by the majority that addresses the status of newborn

babies in the hospital expressly contradicts the majority’s actual holding. In re D.S., 840 N.E.2d

1216 (Ill. 2005). In In re D.S., a mother who resided in Illinois was driving to Tennessee, where

the father lived, when she went into labor en route. She delivered at a hospital in Indiana. Illinois

child protection officials initiated a custody proceeding involving the child in Illinois. The Illinois


                                                  22
Supreme Court upheld the trial court’s significant connection jurisdiction after concluding that the

child had no home state. The court rejected mother’s argument that the child’s brief stay in an

Indiana hospital vested Indiana with home state jurisdiction, explaining:

               By itself, a temporary hospital stay incident to delivery is simply
               insufficient to confer “home state” jurisdiction under the UCCJEA.
               Again, the best indication of legislative intent is the statutory
               language, given its plain and ordinary meaning. Section 102(7)
               defines a newborn’s home state as the state in which he or she has
               “lived from birth” with his or her parents. The crucial question, of
               course, is what did the drafters of the UCCJEA mean by “live,” a
               verb that can mean many different things depending upon the
               context. Did they mean, as respondents seem to suggest, nothing
               more than “to be alive”? That, for purposes of the UCCJEA, a child
               “lives” in every jurisdiction in which he or she draws a breath? Or
               did they mean, as the case law teaches, something more like “to
               occupy a home”? We are convinced that they meant the latter.
               When people speak of where a mother and newborn baby “live,”
               they do not speak of the maternity ward. Instead, they speak of the
               place to which the mother and baby return following discharge from
               the hospital. In many parts of Illinois, the mother’s hospital of
               choice may be located in another city or even another state.
               Hoopeston mothers, we now know, may deliver in Champaign.
               Galena mothers may deliver in Dubuque. Yet no one would respond
               “a hospital in Champaign” or “a hospital in Dubuque” if asked
               where these mothers and babies live. Rather, they would respond
               “Hoopeston” or “Galena” because that is where these mothers and
               babies “live,” as that term is commonly understood.

                 As importantly, allowing a temporary hospital stay to confer
               “home state” jurisdiction would undermine the public policy goals
               of the UCCJEA, which include ensuring that “a custody decree is
               rendered in that State which can best decide the case in the interest
               of the child.” Consider, again, a Galena mother who chooses to
               deliver her baby in a Dubuque hospital. In addition to living in
               Illinois, this mother may work in Illinois, have a husband and other
               children in Illinois, pay taxes in Illinois, attend church in Illinois,
               and send her children to Illinois schools. Clearly, if the occasion
               arose, Illinois would be the state “which can best decide” a case
               involving the interest of this mother’s children. Yet, if respondent
               is correct, and a mere hospital stay is sufficient to confer home state
               jurisdiction under the UCCJEA, Iowa would possess exclusive
               jurisdiction over this newborn, based solely on the location of the
               obstetrician’s practice. Such formalism turns the UCCJEA on its
               head, conferring jurisdiction on a state with a de minimis interest in
               the child, to the exclusion of the only state that could conceivably

                                                 23
                be called the child’s “home.”           We refuse to endorse this
                interpretation.

Id., 840 N.E.2d at 1222-23 (footnotes, quotations, and alterations omitted). The court concluded

that the child had no home state not merely because the child was still in the hospital at the time

child protection workers initiated the proceedings in Illinois, but also because mother’s own

testimony established that she had no connection to Indiana and no intention of remaining there

following the child’s birth, and that “she [was] a longtime resident of Illinois who, fearful of losing

custody of [the child], intended to move to Tennessee.” Id. at 1223. The In re D. S. court’s analysis

does not support the suggestion that a child born in the hospital has no home state, and fully

supports the proposition that evidence concerning the parent or parent’s living arrangement and

intentions with respect to the child are highly relevant in determining the home state of a newborn

child in the hospital.

        ¶ 46.   Similarly, In re R.L., 208 Cal. Rptr. 3d 523 (Cal. Ct. App. 2016) does not support

the position the majority has taken. In that case, the court considered a mother who had lived

alternately in Tijuana, Mexico and Las Vegas, Nevada for the three years prior to the child’s birth.

She crossed into San Diego County for the purpose of giving birth to the child. Due to positive

drug tests for herself and her child, child protection officials took the child into custody and

asserted that California courts had jurisdiction to conduct an initial custody proceeding. The

appeals court rejected this argument on the ground that, although the mother told the social worker

she would like to stay in the San Diego area, “a parent’s subjective intent to change residence does

not determine where the child ‘lived from birth.’ ” Id. at 534. The critical fact in this case was

that the mother did not live in California prior to the child’s birth, and the critical holding was that

her subjective intent to begin living in the state following the child’s birth was insufficient to create

home state jurisdiction under those circumstances. The court’s decision does not suggest that if



                                                   24
mother had actually relocated to and lived in California prior to giving birth in that state, California

still would not have home state jurisdiction.

        ¶ 47.   To the extent it is relevant, In re Adoption of Baby Girl B., a case interpreting the

UCCJA as opposed to UCCJEA, is likewise unhelpful to the majority’s argument. 867 P.2d 1074

(Kan. Ct. App. 1994), superseded by statute, K.S.A. 59-2127, as recognized in In re Adoption of

H.C.H., 304 P.3d 1271, 1280 (Kan. 2013). In that case, biological parents who were expecting a

child initially lived in Pennsylvania with their own respective parents. The young mother-to-be

moved to Kansas in September 1992 to live with her uncle and attend high school. She was unable

to attend high school right away due to a medical issue. The child was born a couple of weeks

later in Kansas. The next day, proposed adoptive parents who resided in Michigan petitioned the

Kansas court for adoption and termination of the legal parents’ rights. The child returned with

them to Michigan upon discharge from the hospital, and the mother returned to Pennsylvania to

finish the school semester a few days later. She returned to Kansas at the end of the semester. The

mother consented to the adoption but the father did not. At issue before the Court of Appeals of

Kansas was whether Kansas had jurisdiction. Concluding that the UCCJA applied to adoption

proceedings, the court concluded that Kansas was not the child’s home state. The court reasoned:

                The requirement that the child “live with” the mother from birth
                requires more than the mother and newborn child staying at the same
                hospital for a brief period. When considering a similar provision in
                the Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1738A (1988),
                the court in Rogers v. Platt, 641 F.Supp. 381, 386 (D.D.C. 1986
                stated, “[T]o ‘live with’ someone requires a deliberate manifestation
                to share a common place with the person during a substantial period
                of the time involved. Since an infant cannot make such a
                manifestation, the Court must look to the mother in this situation.”
                The court in Rogers went on to conclude that, where the mother
                never saw the child after birth, signed a release permitting the
                hospital to give other individuals temporary custody of the baby a
                few hours later, and left the hospital without the child, the court
                could not conclude the child lived with the mother from birth. Here,
                the record is insufficient to support a finding that the child lived with


                                                   25
                 the mother in Kansas from birth. Kansas was not the child’s home
                 state when the adoption proceedings were commenced.

867 P.2d at 1079-80 (emphasis added). In considering whether Kansas was the child’s home state,

the court did not conclude that as a matter of law the child had no home state while still in the

hospital. Instead, the court looked to the evidence concerning mother’s own living situation and

intentions with respect to the child. Id. at 1080.

        ¶ 48.    For the above reasons, the proper interpretation of “lived with” in the definition of

“home state” in the UCCJEA, as applied to a newborn child in the hospital, requires consideration

of the mother’s living situation and intentions at the time of the child’s birth. Although a mother

cannot intend her way out of an actual living situation—that is, she cannot confer home state

jurisdiction on a state where she does not actually live by declaring an intention to begin living

there prospectively—when a mother lives in a single state with no intention to relocate at the time

of the child’s birth, and plans to return to that home with the child upon discharge from the hospital,

the mother and child live in that state from the moment the child is born, whether or not they are

still in the hospital.

        ¶ 49.    The issue here is not merely academic; the majority’s approach broadly expands

the number of states that may assert jurisdiction to adjudicate the custody of newborn children

who, through their parents, other adults, or various circumstances, have potential ties of varying

degrees to multiple states. If a newborn child in the hospital has no home state, then any state with

a significant connection can assert jurisdiction to make an initial custody determination. See, e.g.,

15 V.S.A. § 1071(a)(2) (providing that Vermont court may assert jurisdiction when no other court

has jurisdiction if child and at least one parent has “significant connection with Vermont”). This

is true whether the child is born in Vermont or New Hampshire, and whether the parents have an

established residence in one state or the other. The significant connection required to support

jurisdiction need not be the most significant or strongest connection. Pierce v. Slate, 2017 VT 63,

                                                  26
¶ 23, __ Vt. __, __ A.3d __. State child protection agencies from any state with a significant

connection to a child and the child’s parent may ask that state’s courts to initiate a custody

proceeding at the time of the child’s birth. The court in the state where the first state agency files

would maintain jurisdiction subject only to the court’s discretion to decline to exercise jurisdiction

in deference to another state. See 15 V.S.A. § 1076(a) (establishing first-in-time rule, where

multiple states have jurisdiction); 15 V.S.A. § 1077 (providing that court with jurisdiction may

decline to exercise jurisdiction).11

       ¶ 50.   I agree with the outcome of the majority’s analysis not on the basis of an across-

the-board rule about newborns in the hospital, but because in this case the evidence supports the

trial court’s conclusion that, on account of mother’s lack of an established home at the time of the

child’s birth, this newborn child had no home state. After an evidentiary hearing, the trial court

found that in the late winter months of 2014, mother moved out of her trailer in Vermont, and the

home became uninhabitable due to burst pipes. Through 2014 mother continued to give the

address for that trailer to New Hampshire and Vermont social service providers. Mother was

essentially homeless for several months in 2014, living with her own mother, at friends’ houses,

with her brother, with father at his parents’ house in Vermont, and with relatives in New

Hampshire. Mother lived with her grandparents in New Hampshire in December 2014, but that

arrangement was short-lived. She was staying with her mother and her mother’s cousins in a

different New Hampshire town shortly before the child’s January 12, 2015 birth. She testified that



       11
           I don’t see anything in the court’s analysis that limits its holding to cases in which a
child is born in a different state from where the parents live and plan to bring the child upon
discharge from the hospital. If physical presence in the hospital does not confer jurisdiction, and
the parents’ own living arrangements and intentions are irrelevant, then no child in the hospital has
a home state. Even if the holding were somehow limited to children born in states other than where
the parents live, it would still have broad and harmful effects. For example, a large number of
Vermonters up and down the Connecticut River Valley cross the river into New Hampshire for
their medical care, including to give birth.

                                                 27
she intended to remain in New Hampshire for the foreseeable future, and acknowledged that she

spends nights in some other locations at times, including with the father in his home in Vermont.

These findings were supported by the evidence, and are unchallenged on appeal. They support the

trial court’s conclusion that mother was homeless, and had lived in multiple different residences

over the several months prior to the child’s birth. The court properly rejected mother’s argument

that her claimed subjective intent to stay in New Hampshire was sufficient to convey home state

status on New Hampshire under such circumstances, especially when, as the court noted, “the

evidence strongly suggests that she was trying to avoid the attention of Vermont DCF, so that [the

child] would not be placed in Vermont custody.” The trial court properly considered whether

mother actually lived in New Hampshire or Vermont, at the time of the child’s birth, and its

conclusion that she did not supports its determination that the child has no home state under the

UCCJEA. For these reasons, I concur in the court’s judgment only.



                                                 Associate Justice


        ¶ 51.   TEACHOUT, Supr. J., Specially Assigned, dissenting in part. I dissent only

on the ruling that because father had the ability to participate in the last stage of the case, his due

process rights were sufficiently protected. He was summoned into court as a named party in the

petition, and as such he had the right to an opportunity to be heard as to his position on parentage

at the temporary care hearing, which is a preliminary hearing on the petition. 33 V.S.A. § 5307(g).

Instead he was summarily dismissed without an opportunity to even state a position or seek to have

parentage established. The majority ruling seems to endorse the principle that a named party’s

due process right to a timely opportunity to be heard can be compromised as long as the person is

brought into the case later. This ruling does not sufficiently protect the due process rights of fathers



                                                  28
in future cases as well as this one, nor the rights of children to have an opportunity for a relationship

with their father that is timely in terms of their developmental needs.

        ¶ 52.   In a juvenile case, “all the parties involved are to be accorded a fair hearing, and

their constitutional and other legal rights recognized and enforced.” In re R.B., 152 Vt. 415, 421,

566 A.2d 1310, 1313 (1989) (quotation omitted). The due process right of a named party father

to be heard in a timely way is too important to be subject to possible compromise. For some

fathers, delay may mean denial of participation until too late, not only regarding hearings but also

to be part of a case plan (due within sixty days of removal pursuant to 33 V.S.A. § 5314) and to

participate in services to prepare for effective parenting.

        ¶ 53.   The process by which father’s parental rights were terminated was procedurally

flawed when, as a named party, he was not given a timely opportunity to be heard on the petition.

I would reverse as to father and remand for a new disposition case plan and hearing with respect

to father. I concur on all other issues in the majority opinion.

      ¶ 54.

                                                  Superior Judge, Specially Assigned




                                                   29
