                      NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                              File Name: 18a0613n.06

                                          No. 18-3325


                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

NEXUS GAS TRANSMISSION, LLC,                               )
                                                           )                   FILED
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                                 )             Dec 07, 2018
                                                           )         DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
v.                                                         )
                                                           )       ON APPEAL FROM THE
CITY OF GREEN, OHIO,                                       )       UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                           )       COURT FOR THE NORTHERN
       Defendant,                                          )       DISTRICT OF OHIO
                                                           )
JUDY JANE HAMRICK; JOHN SELZER; ELAINE                     )                   OPINION
SELZER,                                                    )
                                                           )
       Defendants-Appellants.                              )




      BEFORE:         NORRIS, STRANCH, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges

      JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Ohio landowners John Selzer, Elaine Selzer, and

Judy Jane Hamrick (Landowners) have been in a longstanding dispute with Nexus Gas

Transmission, LLC (Nexus) regarding Nexus’s right to use a 1.4-acre tract of land on

Landowners’ property to build part of an interstate natural gas pipeline. During the first stage of

this dispute, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) gave Nexus the authority to

condemn private tracts of land along the pipeline’s route, including Landowners’ property. Nexus

then obtained a preliminary injunction in the district court requiring Landowners to give Nexus

immediate access to their property. In this appeal, Landowners argue that (1) the district court

erred in issuing that injunction and (2) the court should not have issued the injunction without
No. 18-3325, Nexus Gas Transmission, LLC, v. City of Green, Ohio, et al.


first allowing further discovery and holding an evidentiary hearing. Though we acknowledge

Landowners’ concern for the property rights at stake in this litigation, we find no basis for

vacating the district court’s injunction. Because the district court properly considered the relevant

factors and no additional discovery or evidentiary hearing was necessary, we AFFIRM.

                                    I.    BACKGROUND

       In November 2015, Nexus asked FERC for authorization to build an interstate natural gas

pipeline cutting across parts of Ohio and Michigan. FERC began lengthy notice-and-comment

proceedings in response to Nexus’s application. Almost two years later, FERC issued a certificate

of public convenience and necessity giving Nexus permission to build and operate the pipeline.

       Although Nexus soon negotiated voluntary easements on 97% of the 2,070 tracts of land

that lay in the path of the pipeline, several dozen owners of land—including Landowners—refused

to grant easements. Under the Natural Gas Act (NGA), if a company with a FERC certificate in

hand cannot reach voluntary agreement on the terms of an easement with an affected landowner,

then the company may acquire the landowner’s property “by the exercise of the right of eminent

domain in the district court . . . in which such property may be located.” 15 U.S.C. § 717f(h).

Nexus accordingly filed suit in the district court seeking to condemn the remaining landowners’

properties under the NGA. Owners of the remaining properties later settled or provided immediate

access, with the exception of Landowners.




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No. 18-3325, Nexus Gas Transmission, LLC, v. City of Green, Ohio, et al.


        In December 2017, the district court granted partial summary judgment in favor of Nexus,

finding (among other things)1 that Nexus had established its statutory right to condemn

Landowners’ property under the NGA. But Nexus and Landowners still could not agree on the

compensation owed to Landowners for the easement. In March 2018, Nexus filed a motion

requesting immediate access to Landowners’ property to start construction while the parties

negotiated the terms of the easement. Nexus attached an affidavit submitted by Lawrence D.

Smore, the Senior Project Manager of Nexus, stating that the disputed 1.4-acre tract on

Landowners’ property was an integral part of Nexus’s construction plan, that building around

Landowners’ property would cause significant delays, that Nexus would have to spend as much as

$800,000 per day to retain its construction crew during those delays, and that circumventing the

property would cost Nexus around $553,000 in additional construction costs.

        Although the district court initially scheduled an evidentiary hearing, the court later

canceled that hearing and discovery in a written order. The court stated: “At this stage, the Court

sees no cause to schedule an evidentiary hearing or argument. . . . No further discovery shall be

conducted on the motion absent leave from the undersigned.” On April 5, 2018, the district court

granted Nexus’s motion and ordered Landowners to give Nexus immediate access to the property.

The court also ordered Nexus to post a bond of $100,000 pending calculation of the proper

compensation owed to Landowners.




1
 The district court’s December 2017 order also gave Nexus the right of immediate access to Landowners’
property for the narrow purpose of conducting certain surveys, tree felling, clearing, and environmental and
utility work. Landowners appealed that injunction, but we granted Nexus’s motion to dismiss the appeal
on mootness grounds because Nexus had already completed those preliminary tasks by the time
Landowners’ appeal had reached this court. See Nexus Gas Transmission, LLC v. City of Green, No. 18-
3113, 2018 WL 2072606 (6th Cir. Apr. 3, 2018). Nexus has not similarly moved to dismiss on mootness
grounds in this appeal, so we assume that Nexus remains on the property.


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No. 18-3325, Nexus Gas Transmission, LLC, v. City of Green, Ohio, et al.


        In this appeal, Landowners argue that the district court (1) erred in issuing the April 5

preliminary injunction order and (2) should not have issued that order without first allowing

additional discovery and holding an evidentiary hearing.2

                                            II.     ANALYSIS

        A.       Preliminary Injunction Order

        We review a district court’s decision to grant a preliminary injunction for abuse of

discretion. McGirr v. Rehme, 891 F.3d 603, 610 (6th Cir. 2018). We will not disturb that decision

unless it “relied upon clearly erroneous findings of fact, improperly applied the governing law, or

used an erroneous legal standard.” Hunter v. Hamilton Cty. Bd. of Elections, 635 F.3d 219, 233

(6th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted).

        District courts weigh four factors when deciding whether to grant a preliminary injunction:

“(1) whether the movant has a strong likelihood of success on the merits; (2) whether the movant

would suffer irreparable injury absent the injunction; (3) whether the injunction would cause

substantial harm to others; and (4) whether the public interest would be served by the issuance of


2
  A third party, Goldman & Braunstein, LLP (Goldman), has moved for leave to file an amicus brief. We
grant this motion and have considered Goldman’s relevant arguments. Goldman’s principal claim is that
the district could should not have granted this preliminary injunction because Congress never granted
federal courts the authority to give private parties the right to take immediate possession of another’s
property. The Fourth Circuit rejected that very claim in East Tennessee Natural Gas Co. v. Sage, 361 F.3d
808 (4th Cir. 2004). Since Sage, dozens of courts have held that after a federal court determines the
petitioner has a substantive right to condemn the disputed property, it possesses inherent equitable power
to grant this type of injunction. See, e.g., Transcon. Gas Pipe Line Co., LLC v. Permanent Easements for
2.14 Acres in Conestoga Twp., Lancaster Cty., Pennsylvania, No. 17-3075, 2018 WL 5571434, at *8 (3d
Cir. Oct. 30, 2018); Texas E. Transmission, LP v. 3.2 Acres Permanent Easement, No. 2:14-CV-2650, 2015
WL 152680, at *4–5 (S.D. Ohio Jan. 12, 2015) (collecting cases). These cases adhere to the well-
established principle that, “[u]nless a statute in so many words, or by a necessary and inescapable inference,
restricts the court’s jurisdiction in equity, the full scope of that jurisdiction is to be recognized and applied.”
Armstrong v. Exceptional Child Ctr., Inc., 135 S. Ct. 1378, 1392 (2015) (citation omitted); see also
Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U.S. 305, 313 (1982) (observing that injunctions in equity “reflect a
practice with a background of several hundred years of history, a practice of which Congress is assuredly
well aware . . . [and courts] do not lightly assume that Congress has intended to depart from established
principles”) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). We find no such “necessary and inescapable
inference” here.
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No. 18-3325, Nexus Gas Transmission, LLC, v. City of Green, Ohio, et al.


an injunction.” Hall v. Edgewood Partners Ins. Ctr., Inc., 878 F.3d 524, 526–27 (6th Cir. 2017)

(citation omitted). These factors “simply guide the discretion of the court; they are not meant to

be rigid and unbending requirements.” McPherson v. Michigan High Sch. Athletic Ass’n, Inc., 119

F.3d 453, 459 (6th Cir. 1997) (en banc) (citation omitted). Our review of the district court’s

balancing of these factors is highly deferential. See Hunter, 635 F.3d at 233.

       As an initial matter, we disagree with Landowners’ claim that the district court balanced

the wrong factors in its preliminary injunction order. Landowners suggest that the district court

relied on the preliminary injunction standard used in E. Tennessee Nat. Gas Co. v. Sage, 361 F.3d

808 (4th Cir. 2004), which they argue “was rejected” by the Supreme Court in Winter v. Nat. Res.

Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7 (2008). But the district court never mentioned Sage in its discussion

of the preliminary injunction standard; instead, it cited the four factors we laid out in McPherson,

119 F.3d at 459. Those are the same factors we apply today—see, e.g., Hall, 878 F.3d at 526-27;

Cooper v. Honeywell Int’l, Inc., 884 F.3d 612, 615 (6th Cir. 2018)—and they are entirely consistent

with Winter. See Winter, 555 U.S. at 20-26. We address each factor in turn.

               1.      Likelihood of Success on the Merits

       The first factor looms large in this case. The ultimate merits question is whether Nexus

has a substantive right to condemn Landowners’ property. The NGA gives companies that right

if (1) they hold “a certificate of public convenience and necessity” issued by FERC, (2) the tract

of land at issue is “necessary to construct, operate, and maintain a pipe line,” and (3) they are

unable to negotiate a voluntary easement by contract.        See 15 U.S.C. § 717f(h); see also

Transwestern Pipeline Co. v. 17.19 Acres of Prop. Located in Maricopa Cty., 550 F.3d 770, 776

(9th Cir. 2008) (discussing the same three factors).

       In its earlier order granting partial summary judgment to Nexus—decided well before the

preliminary injunction order at issue here—the district court determined that Nexus had satisfied
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No. 18-3325, Nexus Gas Transmission, LLC, v. City of Green, Ohio, et al.


each of these three factors. And our own review of the record strongly suggests that Nexus has

established the elements necessary to condemn Landowners’ property. On appeal, Landowners

do not dispute that Nexus holds a FERC certificate, that the 1.4-acre tract of land is necessary to

build and maintain the pipeline, and that the parties have been unable to negotiate a voluntary

easement by contract. This case appears to present a question not of whether Nexus has the

statutory right to condemn Landowners’ property, but only of when it may exercise that right.

While that distinction may be significant in other cases, it is not here. The alleged harms resulting

from the district court’s injunction, discussed below, do not depend on the timing of Nexus’s

possession. Declining to issue an injunction would serve little purpose other than to delay Nexus’s

access to the property and increase the cost of completing the project. The district court properly

used its injunctive power to avoid that outcome. See McGirr, 891 F.3d at 614 (“The preliminary

injunction serves an important purpose—to allow a victory by [the plaintiffs] to be meaningful.”)

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

                2.      Irreparable Harm

        While Landowners do not address Nexus’s likelihood of success on the merits, they do

take issue with the district court’s assessment of the alleged harm to Nexus absent an injunction.

In finding that Nexus would suffer irreparable harm without an injunction, the district court relied

on Smore’s sworn statement that building around Landowners’ property would cost approximately

$553,000.3 Landowners challenge that figure on the basis that it is “pure conjecture,” but it is in

the nature of preliminary injunctions that they rely on forward-looking evidence. As Nexus’s

Senior Project Manager, Smore was well positioned to estimate the cost of building around




3
  The district court’s opinion says the cost would be “roughly $530,000.” That appears to have been a
typo, as the number quoted in Smore’s affidavit is $553,000.
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No. 18-3325, Nexus Gas Transmission, LLC, v. City of Green, Ohio, et al.


Landowners’ property. The district court did not abuse its discretion in choosing to credit Smore’s

sworn statement.

       Landowners also claim that the district court should have rejected Smore’s estimate

because it “contradict[ed]” a statement he made in a previous affidavit. Landowners refer to an

affidavit filed by Smore at an earlier stage of this litigation, when Nexus sought access to

Landowners’ property for the narrow purpose of conducting “survey, tree felling, clearing,

environmental, and utility” work before pipeline construction began. In that affidavit, Smore

stated that Nexus “must pay the contractor move-around costs every time survey, tree felling,

clearing, environmental, and utility crews are forced to move around a no access property,” and

estimated that the “cost at each no access property for these crews can be up to $78,750 for each

property skipped.” Almost six months later, when Nexus sought the broader injunction at issue

here, Smore projected that skipping Landowners’ property “during full mainline construction”—

which “would require Nexus to demobilize and remobilize equipment and personnel around” the

property—would lead to additional construction costs totaling $553,000.

       These affidavits estimate two different costs—first, the cost of skipping Landowners’

property during preliminary “survey, tree felling, clearing, environmental, and utility” work, and

second, the cost of “demobiliz[ing] and remobiliz[ing] equipment and personnel” after “full

mainline construction” has begun. Contrary to Landowners’ claims, the record fully supports this

distinction. Landowners are correct that both of Smore’s affidavits describe activities related to

full mainline construction but fail to note that the affidavits do so in an initial section that

summarizes the sequential construction process for the entire pipeline project. This section makes

clear that different construction crews are responsible for each phase of the project; Smore explains

that “[a]s one specialized crew completes its work, the next crew will move into position to



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No. 18-3325, Nexus Gas Transmission, LLC, v. City of Green, Ohio, et al.


complete its portion of the construction process.” In the section of the first affidavit estimating

the harm to Nexus absent an injunction, Smore projects that it would cost $78,750 to skip

Landowners’ property during only the first phase of that process—“the sequential survey, tree

felling, clearing, environmental, and utility” work. The section discussing move-around costs in

Smore’s second affidavit, by contrast, refers to the costs associated with skipping Landowners’

property “during full mainline construction.” The district court did not clearly err in crediting

Smore’s estimates of the costs for those different services.

       At any rate, Landowners do not argue that Nexus would suffer no financial harm absent an

injunction; they simply dispute the dollar amount of that loss. Regardless of the precise loss

amount, the record supports Nexus’s claim that skipping Landowners’ property would result in

significant harm to Nexus. In addition to the $553,000 noted in the district court’s order, for

example, Smore estimated that Nexus would have to spend up to $800,000 per day to retain its

construction crew during any associated delays, that those delays would increase the likelihood of

Nexus missing its target in-service date for the pipeline, and that such delays would risk harming

Nexus’s business reputation.

       Landowners further claim that even if Nexus would suffer harm without an injunction, the

district court should not have considered that harm to be “irreparable” because “it is conceivable”

that Nexus could deduct its move-around costs from the compensation it eventually pays

Landowners. Landowners forfeited that argument by failing to raise it in the district court.

Regardless, this claim assumes that the money owed to Landowners would be enough to

compensate Nexus fully for all the harm flowing from denial of the injunction. See Langley v.

Prudential Mortg. Capital Co., LLC, 554 F.3d 647, 649 (6th Cir. 2009) (noting that “fully

compensable” harm may not be irreparable) (citation omitted). We find nothing in the record to



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No. 18-3325, Nexus Gas Transmission, LLC, v. City of Green, Ohio, et al.


support that assumption. While it may be “conceivable” that such a set-off would fully compensate

Nexus, the court did not clearly err in finding otherwise. And even if Landowners could

compensate Nexus fully for its loss, that would not change the outcome of this case because, as

we explain above and below, the other relevant factors also favor injunctive relief.

               3.      Harm to Others

       The next factor requires us to “balance the harm that [Nexus] would face” absent an

injunction “against that which [Landowners] would face if we uphold the injunction.” Jones v.

Caruso, 569 F.3d 258, 277 (6th Cir. 2009). Landowners complain that because of the injunction,

they have been “forced to continue to pay the property taxes on the property occupied by Nexus

without any rents being paid for the use and occupancy of the land.” But these are the types of

“fully compensable” harms that courts do not consider irreparable. Langley, 554 F.3d at 649

(citation omitted). The purpose of the pending proceedings in the district court is to calculate the

proper compensation owed to Landowners for Nexus’s use of the property. See Fed. R. Civ. P.

71.1(h). There Landowners will have the opportunity to present their position regarding what is

necessary to compensate them fully.

       We note also that the harm to each party must be considered alongside the likelihood that

Nexus will succeed on the merits. If the plaintiff’s success is certain, then harm to the defendant

is usually inevitable, while harm to the plaintiff is avoidable. And in this case, the district court

has already determined that Nexus has a substantive right to condemn Landowners’ property.

Although that order is not at issue on appeal, we conclude that there is a strong likelihood Nexus

will succeed on the merits of its condemnation claim. With this same likelihood in mind, the

district court reasonably decided that the balance of harms tipped in favor of Nexus. See Doe v.

Sundquist, 106 F.3d 702, 707 (6th Cir. 1997) (“[W]e have observed that the degree of likelihood



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No. 18-3325, Nexus Gas Transmission, LLC, v. City of Green, Ohio, et al.


of success that need be shown to support a preliminary injunction varies inversely with the degree

of injury the plaintiff might suffer.”)

                4.      Public Interest

        The final factor asks whether the injunction would serve the public interest. This factor

“primarily addresses impact on non-parties.” Hunter, 635 F.3d at 244 (citation omitted). The

district court found that the public interest supported a preliminary injunction here

because (1) “expeditious completion of the pipeline is in the public interest,” (2) Congress “gave

gas companies condemnation power to insure that consumers would have access to an adequate

supply of natural gas at reasonable prices,” and (3) FERC “carefully considered the pipeline and

concluded that it will fulfill the goals detailed by Congress.”

        Landowners disagree with the district court’s analysis for two reasons.              First, they

emphasize that much of the natural gas transported by the pipeline “is destined for Canada and

international markets,” so the benefits of the pipeline will not be “primarily” enjoyed by U.S.

consumers. But the public-interest analysis does not require a balancing of the benefits inured in

foreign countries against those enjoyed in the United States. That the pipeline may benefit

consumers in foreign countries does not preclude a finding that it will also benefit consumers in

the United States. And Landowners admit that a substantial amount of the natural gas transported

by the pipeline will serve U.S. consumers.

        Second, Landowners claim that the district court “merely defer[red]” to FERC’s public-

interest findings instead of conducting an independent assessment.4 But the district did not simply

defer to FERC. Rather, the court noted Congress’s desire to provide U.S. consumers with an


4
  Landowners argue that FERC should not have issued Nexus a certificate of public convenience and
necessity and briefly challenge FERC’s statutory authority to do so. To the extent that Landowners wish
to pursue a collateral attack on FERC’s certificate, a separate proceeding is the proper vehicle for that
challenge. See 15 U.S.C. § 717r(b) (spelling out the procedure for seeking review of a FERC order).
                                                  -10-
No. 18-3325, Nexus Gas Transmission, LLC, v. City of Green, Ohio, et al.


adequate and efficient supply of natural gas and recognized that FERC had “carefully considered”

whether Nexus’s pipeline would serve those goals. The almost 90-page order to which the district

court referred—which was part of the district court record—reflected a two-year investigation and

consideration of hundreds of live speakers and thousands of written comments. FERC issued that

order under Congress’s express directive to evaluate whether projects like this one will serve the

public interest. See 15 U.S.C. § 717f(e) (providing that a certificate “shall be issued” upon FERC’s

finding that a project “is or will be required by the present or future public convenience and

necessity”). District courts may reasonably credit the findings in such “carefully considered”

reports, and it was not an abuse of discretion for the district court to do so here. See Sage, 361

F.3d at 827 (noting that FERC had issued a certificate after spending “sixteen months evaluating

the need for” a pipeline project, and finding that “[i]t was therefore appropriate for the district

court to weigh the public benefit of expeditious project construction in deciding that it could use

its equitable power in this case”).

       B.      Evidentiary Hearing

       Finally, Landowners argue that the district court should have permitted additional

discovery and held an evidentiary hearing before issuing the preliminary injunction. Nexus claims

that “[a]ll due process arguments have been waived” because after the district court canceled the

evidentiary hearing and prohibited further discovery “absent leave from the” court, Landowners

“did not thereafter seek leave to conduct discovery, nor did [they] object to the order cancelling

the hearing.” But the district court granted Nexus’s preliminary injunction motion only two days

after the court canceled the hearing and discovery. Landowners could not have anticipated the

district court’s sua sponte cancellation order, nor could they have known that they would have

only two days to seek additional discovery. We find no “waiver” on these facts.



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No. 18-3325, Nexus Gas Transmission, LLC, v. City of Green, Ohio, et al.


       Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(1), district courts may limit discovery if,

among other things, they determine that “the burden or expense of the proposed discovery

outweighs its likely benefit.” Such restrictions make sense, for example, where “claims may be

dismissed based on legal determinations that could not have been altered by any further discovery.”

Gettings v. Bldg. Laborers Local 310 Fringe Benefits Fund, 349 F.3d 300, 304 (6th Cir. 2003)

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Likewise, “where material facts are not in dispute,

or where facts in dispute are not material to the preliminary injunction sought, district courts

generally need not hold an evidentiary hearing.” Certified Restoration Dry Cleaning Network,

L.L.C. v. Tenke Corp., 511 F.3d 535, 553 (6th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted).

       Landowners maintain that additional discovery and an evidentiary hearing were necessary

to resolve factual disputes about (1) whether the pipeline would serve the public interest and (2) the

financial harm that Nexus would suffer absent an injunction. Landowners do not explain what

material factual disputes related to the pipeline’s effect on the public interest. And Landowners’

bases for challenging the district court’s public-interest analysis—namely, that the pipeline

benefited foreign consumers and that the court should not have deferred to FERC’s findings—do

not implicate any material factual dispute. Nexus does not dispute that the pipeline will serve

foreign consumers, and even if it did, this dispute would be immaterial because the parties agree

the pipeline will also serve U.S. consumers. And Landowners’ claim that the district court gave

too much deference to FERC is a legal argument that Landowners have addressed fully in their

briefing.

       We likewise find no material factual dispute related to the expense Nexus would incur

without an injunction.     Landowners contend that a hearing was necessary to address the

“discrepancies” in the loss calculations provided by Smore in his two affidavits. As we explain



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No. 18-3325, Nexus Gas Transmission, LLC, v. City of Green, Ohio, et al.


above, however, these estimates refer to two different categories of loss, and thus there was no

discrepancy for the district court to resolve. And even if there were some factual dispute about the

precise loss amount Nexus would suffer absent an injunction, this dispute would be immaterial

because the record demonstrates that the harm to Nexus in that scenario—including project delays,

the cost of retaining personnel during those delays, and additional construction costs—would be

significant.

                                    III.    CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, we GRANT the motion to file an amicus brief and AFFIRM

the district court’s preliminary injunction order.




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