18‐3287
CIT Bank N.A. v. Schiffman

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                         FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
                             _______________

                               August Term, 2019

   (Submitted: January 13, 2020          Questions Certified: January 28, 2020)

                               Docket No. 18‐3287
                                _______________

                                  CIT BANK N.A.,

                       Plaintiff‐Counter‐Defendant‐Appellee,

                                       – v. –

                     PAMELA SCHIFFMAN, JERRY SCHIFFMAN,

                     Defendants‐Counter‐Claimants‐Appellants,

  JP MORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., NEW YORK CITY PARKING VIOLATIONS BUREAU,

                                     Defendants.
                                  _______________

B e f o r e:

    KATZMANN, Chief Judge, LYNCH, Circuit Judge, and KAPLAN, District Judge.*




       *Judge Lewis A. Kaplan, of the United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York, sitting by designation.
                                 ______________

       Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of New York (Irizarry, C.J.), adopting the Report and Recommendation of
Magistrate Judge Robert M. Levy and granting summary judgment in favor of
plaintiff‐counter‐defendant‐appellee CIT Bank N.A. in a foreclosure action against
defendants‐counter‐claimants‐appellants Pamela and Jerry Schiffman. On appeal,
the Schiffmans argue that CIT failed to prove compliance with the pre‐foreclosure
notice requirements of New York Real Property Actions and Proceedings Law
(“RPAPL”) § 1304 and the pre‐foreclosure filing requirements of RPAPL § 1306.
Because the Schiffmans’ appeal turns on questions of New York law for which no
controlling decisions of the New York Court of Appeals exist, we CERTIFY two
questions to the Court of Appeals.
             _______________

            Stephen J. Vargas, Gross Polowy, LLC, Westbury, NY, for Plaintiff‐
                  Counter‐Defendant‐Appellee.

            Samuel Katz, Law Office of Samuel Katz, PLLC, Brooklyn, NY, for
                  Defendants‐Counter‐Claimants‐Appellants.
            _______________

      KATZMANN, Chief Judge:

      This appeal arises out of a foreclosure action that plaintiff‐counter‐

defendant‐appellee CIT Bank N.A. brought against defendants‐counter‐claimants‐

appellants Pamela and Jerry Schiffman. CIT moved for summary judgment, and

the district court (Dora L. Irizarry, C.J.) granted the motion after adopting the

Report and Recommendation of Magistrate Judge Robert M. Levy. The Schiffmans

now challenge the district court’s decision, arguing that CIT failed to prove


                                        2
compliance with the pre‐foreclosure notice requirements of New York Real

Property Actions and Proceedings Law (“RPAPL”) § 1304 and the pre‐foreclosure

filing requirements of RPAPL § 1306. With respect to § 1304, the Schiffmans argue

that CIT failed to show that it followed standard mailing procedures to ensure that

pre‐foreclosure notices were properly addressed and mailed. And with respect to

§ 1306, the Schiffmans argue that CIT’s pre‐foreclosure filing with the

superintendent of financial services was deficient because it did not include

information about Jerry Schiffman. Because these arguments both turn on

questions of state law for which no controlling decisions of the New York Court

of Appeals exist, we certify two questions to the Court of Appeals pursuant to 22

N.Y.C.R.R. § 500.27(a) and 2d Cir. R. 27.2(a).

                                  BACKGROUND

      On March 26, 2008, Pamela Schiffman took out a loan and executed a note

with IndyMac Bank, F.S.B., for the principal amount of $326,000. The note was

secured by a mortgage given by Pamela Schiffman and her husband, Jerry, on their

home in Brooklyn. On the same day that Pamela Schiffman executed the note, the

Schiffmans both executed a Consolidation, Extension, and Modification

Agreement in which they agreed to “combin[e] into one set of rights and


                                          3
obligations all of the promises and agreements stated in the Note[] and

Mortgage[],” and in which they “agree[d] to take over all of the obligations under

the Note[] and Mortgage[] as consolidated and modified by this Agreement as

Borrower.” J.A. 48. The mortgage was subsequently assigned to OneWest Bank,

F.S.B., which later became known as CIT Bank N.A. On October 30, 2014, the

Schiffmans executed a Loan Modification Agreement, in which they were both

listed as “Borrower,” J.A. 87, which increased the balance owed to $406,481.10.

      The Schiffmans failed to make mortgage payments on and after December

1, 2014, and CIT initiated a foreclosure action on October 17, 2016.1 On February

28, 2018, CIT moved for summary judgment, and the case was referred to

Magistrate Judge Levy for preparation of a Report and Recommendation.

Magistrate Judge Levy issued his R&R on August 24, 2018, and he recommended

that the district court grant CIT’s motion, notwithstanding the Schiffmans’

arguments that CIT had failed to prove compliance with the pre‐foreclosure notice

requirements of RPAPL § 1304 and the pre‐foreclosure filing requirements of




      1  CIT also named JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. and the New York City
Parking Violations Bureau as defendants. The disputes involving these parties are
not at issue on appeal.

                                        4
RPAPL § 1306. The Schiffmans renewed these arguments in their objections to the

R&R, but the district court adopted the R&R in its entirety and granted summary

judgment in favor of CIT in an order dated September 30, 2018, and filed October

3, 2018. The Schiffmans timely appealed, and they now raise the same arguments

they raised below.

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW

       “We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, construing the evidence

in the light most favorable to the non‐moving party.” Anderson v. Recore, 446 F.3d

324, 328 (2d Cir. 2006).2 “If the party moving for summary judgment demonstrates

the absence of any genuine issue as to all material facts, the nonmoving party must,

to defeat summary judgment, come forward with evidence that would be

sufficient to support a jury verdict in its favor.” Burt Rigid Box, Inc. v. Travelers Prop.

Cas. Corp., 302 F.3d 83, 91 (2d Cir. 2002). “The nonmoving party may not rely

simply on conclusory statements or on contentions that the affidavits supporting

the motion are not credible.” Id.




       2Unless otherwise indicated, in quoting cases, all internal quotation marks,
alterations, emphases, footnotes, and citations are omitted.

                                             5
                                    DISCUSSION

      The Schiffmans argue that the district court erred in concluding that CIT

proved compliance with the pre‐foreclosure notice requirements of RPAPL § 1304

and the pre‐foreclosure filing requirements of RPAPL § 1306. For the reasons

below, we conclude that these issues both turn on questions of New York law for

which no controlling decisions of the New York Court of Appeals exist.

      I. RPAPL § 1304

      RPAPL § 1304(1) requires that, “with regard to a home loan, at least ninety

days before a lender, an assignee or a mortgage loan servicer commences legal

action against the borrower, or borrowers at the property address and any other

address of record, including mortgage foreclosure, such lender, assignee or

mortgage loan servicer shall give notice to the borrower.” N.Y. Real Prop. Acts.

Law § 1304(1). Section 1304(2) specifies that this notice must be sent “by registered

or certified mail and also by first‐class mail to the last known address of the

borrower, and to the residence that is the subject of the mortgage.” Id. § 1304(2).

      “Proper service of RPAPL 1304 notice on the borrower or borrowers is a

condition precedent to the commencement of a foreclosure action, and the plaintiff

has the burden of establishing satisfaction of this condition.” Deutsche Bank Nat.


                                          6
Tr. Co. v. Spanos, 961 N.Y.S.2d 200, 202 (2d Dep’t 2013). Compliance with § 1304

can be “established with proof of the actual mailings, such as affidavits of mailing

or domestic return receipts with attendant signatures, or proof of a standard office

mailing procedure designed to ensure that items are properly addressed and

mailed, sworn to by someone with personal knowledge of the procedure.”

Citibank, N.A. v. Conti‐Scheurer, 98 N.Y.S.3d 273, 277 (2d Dep’t 2019). As the New

York Court of Appeals has explained in an analogous context, proof of a standard

office mailing procedure gives rise to a presumption that a notice was received,

although that presumption may be rebutted by “a showing that [the] routine office

practice was not followed or was so careless that it would be unreasonable to

assume that the notice was mailed.” Nassau Ins. Co. v. Murray, 386 N.E.2d 1085,

1086 (N.Y. 1978).

      In support of its motion for summary judgment, CIT included a sworn

affidavit from one of its employees, Assistant Secretary Rachel Hook. As relevant

here, Hook stated that:

      I have received training and have personal knowledge of CIT’s
      standard office practice to prepare, address, mail and store letters
      used in its mortgage servicing business, and how to retrieve such
      information. . . .



                                         7
I am familiar with CIT’s standard practices and procedures used to
create, mail and store data regarding the 90 day pre‐foreclosure notice
(“90 Day Notice”) required by New York law and the notice of default
required by the mortgage (“Notice of Default”) that are designed to
ensure that these letters are properly addressed and mailed and that
data reflecting those events are stored in CIT’s business records. . . .

As a standard business practice and procedure, the 90 Day Notice, a
current list of at least five housing counseling agencies serving the
county where the property is located, and envelopes for both certified
and first‐class mail are created upon default. The envelopes are
addressed, from the data stored in CIT’s business records, with the
borrower(s)’ last known address and the address of the residence that
is subject to the Mortgage. The 90 Day Notices and list of housing
counseling agencies are enclosed, separate from any other notice, in
both the certified and first‐class mail, postage prepaid envelopes. The
envelopes are sealed and provided to the United States Post Office for
mailing.

l hereby certify and affirm that, in accordance with CIT’s standard
business practice and procedures and in compliance with RPAPL
§ 1304, a 90 Day Notice and a current list of at least five (5) housing
counseling agencies serving the county where the property is located
from the most recent listing available from the Department of
Financial Services were mailed to Pamela Schiffman by certified and
first class mail, in an envelope separate from any other notice, to the
residence that is the subject of the Mortgage . . . and Jerry Schiffman
by certified and first class mail, in an envelope separate from any
other notice, to the residence that is the subject of the Mortgage . . . .
The 90 Day Notice was mailed on November 18, 2015 . . . . A copy of
the 90 Day Notices are attached to this application.




                                    8
J.A. 18–19. Along with Hook’s affidavit, CIT submitted copies of § 1304 notices

that were addressed to each of the Schiffmans, dated November 18, 2015, and

marked as having been sent via first‐class and certified mail.

      The district court held that Hook’s affidavit was sufficient to demonstrate

compliance with § 1304, and the Schiffmans now challenge that holding in several

respects. First, the Schiffmans argue, Hook “attested that the envelopes [for

mailing § 1304 notices] are purportedly created upon default . . . , while the notices

in this action were dated and sent a year after the default.” Appellants’ Br. 12.

Second, the Schiffmans contend that Hook “failed to attest to or describe any

procedure regarding when or by what process these envelopes are ever mailed.”

Id. And third, the Schiffmans assert that Hook failed to attach copies of the § 1304

notices described in her affidavit.

      Regarding the latter two arguments, we conclude that the Schiffmans do not

raise triable issues about CIT’s compliance with § 1304. While it is true that Hook

did not describe the exact process by which notices are “provided to the United

States Post Office for mailing,” J.A. 19, such details are unnecessary to prove

compliance. See, e.g., Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Heiney, 93 N.Y.S.3d 84, 86 (2d Dep’t

2019) (plaintiff demonstrated compliance with § 1304 by providing affidavit that


                                          9
“detailed the procedures of electronically recording, printing, and dating the

notices, appending a list of approved housing counseling agencies to them,

placing the notices in properly addressed certified and first‐class mailing

envelopes, and sealing the envelopes and delivering them to the United States

Postal Service for mailing”). Likewise, although the Schiffmans argue that Hook

failed to attach copies of the § 1304 notices described in her affidavit, they do not

dispute that such copies were included with CIT’s summary judgment motion,

and they offer no reason to question the authenticity of these copies.

      We nevertheless hesitate to affirm the district court’s judgment in light of

the Schiffmans’ observation that the § 1304 notices are dated November 18, 2015,

whereas the Schiffmans defaulted on December 1, 2014. This nearly one‐year gap

is inconsistent with Hook’s statement in her affidavit that CIT’s § 1304 notices “are

created upon default,” J.A. 19, and it therefore casts doubt on whether CIT offered

adequate “proof of a standard office mailing procedure designed to ensure that

items are properly addressed and mailed.” Citibank, 98 N.Y.S.3d at 277.

Specifically, the untimely creation of the § 1304 notices suggests that the

Schiffmans may have rebutted the presumption of receipt by “showing that [CIT’s]

routine office practice was not followed.” Murray, 386 N.E.2d at 1086.


                                         10
      We recognize that the delay in creating the Schiffmans’ § 1304 notices does

not necessarily imply that CIT otherwise failed to follow its routine procedures for

addressing and mailing notices. Indeed, CIT’s delay may be explained by its

acquisition of the Schiffmans’ mortgage after the Schiffmans defaulted. We have

been unable to find any controlling decisions from the New York Court of

Appeals, however, that discuss whether the presumption of receipt is rebutted by

any showing of a deviation from the assertedly routine office procedures for

preparing and mailing § 1304 notices, or whether instead the presumption is

rebutted only by a showing of deviations directly related to the mailing process,

rather than to other aspects of the asserted routine. Nor have we found any

decisions from the Appellate Division that indicate how the Court of Appeals

would likely resolve the issue. Accordingly, we certify the following question to

the Court of Appeals: Where a foreclosure plaintiff seeks to establish compliance with

RPAPL § 1304 through proof of a standard office mailing procedure, and the defendant

both denies receipt and seeks to rebut the presumption of receipt by showing that the

mailing procedure was not followed, what showing must the defendant make to render

inadequate the plaintiff’s proof of compliance with § 1304?




                                            11
      II. RPAPL § 1306

      Whereas RPAPL § 1304 requires that a foreclosure plaintiff give notice to the

borrower, RPAPL § 1306 requires that certain information be filed with the

superintendent of financial services. Section 1306(1) provides as a precondition of

a foreclosure action that a plaintiff must file “the information required by

[§ 1306(2)]” within three business days of mailing a § 1304 notice. N.Y. Real Prop.

Acts. Law § 1306(1). Section 1306(2), in turn, requires that “[e]ach filing delivered

to the superintendent shall be on such form as the superintendent shall prescribe,

and shall include at a minimum, the name, address, last known telephone number

of the borrower, and the amount claimed as due and owing on the mortgage, and

such other information as will enable the superintendent to ascertain the type of

loan at issue.” Id. § 1306(2). Section 1306(3) instructs the superintendent of

financial services to create an electronic database for the required filings, see id.

§ 1306(3), and § 1306(4) states that the information contained in the filings “shall

be used by the superintendent exclusively for the purposes of monitoring on a

statewide basis the extent of foreclosure filings within this state, to perform an

analysis of loan types which were the subject of a pre‐foreclosure notice and




                                         12
directing as appropriate available public and private foreclosure prevention and

counseling services to borrowers at risk of foreclosure,” id. § 1306(4).

      As above, CIT relied on Hook’s affidavit in support of its motion for

summary judgment. In her affidavit, Hook stated that the requisite § 1306 filing

was made with the superintendent of financial services within three business days

of the mailing of the Schiffmans’ § 1304 notices. CIT also included in support of its

motion a proof of filing statement, which is dated November 18, 2015, the same

date that appears on the § 1304 notices. The filing statement lists Pamela Schiffman

as the borrower, but it does not list Jerry Schiffman.

      Throughout this litigation, the Schiffmans have maintained that CIT failed

to comply with § 1306 because the filing statement lists only Pamela Schiffman as

the borrower and does not include Jerry Schiffman. Neither Magistrate Judge Levy

nor the district court addressed this argument, and CIT does not respond to it on

appeal. We believe that the argument warrants closer consideration, however, as

§ 1306(2) does not specify whether filings must include information about all

borrowers on a given loan, or whether it is sufficient to include information about

only one borrower.




                                          13
      A review of New York case law does not resolve the matter. Although New

York courts have held that § 1304 requires strict compliance with respect to all

borrowers on a loan, see, e.g., Aurora Loan Servs., LLC v. Weisblum, 923 N.Y.S.2d 609,

616 (2d Dep’t 2011), we have found no decisions from the New York Court of

Appeals or the Appellate Division that address whether § 1306 imposes an

analogous obligation.

      On the one hand, it seems logical to assume that §§ 1304 and 1306 have

similar requirements, as the two provisions operate in tandem, with the mailing

of a § 1304 notice triggering the deadline to make a § 1306 filing. Moreover, the

two provisions appear to have as shared purposes the protection of homeowners

and the prevention of foreclosures. See Weisblum, 923 N.Y.S.2d at 617 (stating that

§ 1304’s “manifest purpose is to aid the homeowner in an attempt to avoid

[foreclosure] litigation”); TD Bank, N.A v. Oz Leroy, 995 N.Y.S.2d 625, 628 (3d Dep’t

2014) (describing § 1306’s purpose of “reduc[ing] the number of preventable

foreclosures” by “identify[ing] distressed homeowners as soon as possible”).

Given this overlap, it is plausible that both provisions require compliance with

respect to all borrowers on a single loan.




                                          14
      On the other hand, there is some evidence that §§ 1304 and 1306 differ in

relevant respects. Indeed, while the Court of Appeals and Appellate Division seem

not to have addressed the question, a Justice of the New York Supreme Court, in

a pair of decisions issued after the district court’s ruling in this case, has held that

§ 1306 does not require compliance with respect to all borrowers on a loan because

§ 1306, unlike § 1304, was intended “only to be a source of statistics for the state,”

such that “filing for either [borrower] would provide the state with the same

statistical information it needed.” Bank of N.Y. Mellon v. Vasquez, 63 Misc. 3d

1220(A), 2019 WL 1891326, at *4 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2019) (unreported disposition); see

HSBC Bank USA, N.A. v. Ahmad, 62 Misc. 3d 1225(A), 2019 WL 1087863, at *6–7

(N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2019) (unreported disposition). Relatedly, the superintendent of

financial services, who is charged under § 1306(2) with prescribing the form of the

filing statement and has authority under § 1306(5) “to promulgate such rules and

regulations as shall be necessary to implement the purposes of” § 1306, N.Y. Real

Prop. Acts. Law § 1306(5), has declined to interpret the provision as requiring

compliance with respect to all borrowers on a loan.3 Instead, the superintendent




      3   The Department of Financial Services website explains that:

                                           15
has prescribed a filing form that provides for a maximum of two borrowers, even

if there are more borrowers on a loan.

      Given these conflicting considerations and the lack of guidance from either

the Court of Appeals or the Appellate Division, we certify the following question

to the Court of Appeals: Where there are multiple borrowers on a single loan, does




      The [RPAPL § 1306] form requests information about a particular
      home loan. Consequently, if there are multiple borrowers on a single
      loan, the lender or servicer should not report them on multiple forms.

      We recognize that RPAPL § 1306 requires the reporting of the name
      of “the Borrower”. It does not specifically anticipate multiple
      borrowers. The purpose of the borrower information on the [RPAPL
      § 1306] Form is to assist mortgage counselors working with the
      Department to contact the Borrower. When we developed the
      electronic reporting form for bulk filings, we did not provide for
      reporting more than two Borrowers. The Department’s assumption in
      preparing the [RPAPL § 1306] form was that, if a single 1‐to‐4 family
      residence is the principal dwelling of multiple borrowers, (1) they
      have the same interest in seeking counseling to avoid foreclosure, and
      (2) even if their interests differ, it is difficult for New York to allocate
      resources to more than one borrower in a household. Consequently,
      we do not believe RPAPL § 1306 should be interpreted as requiring
      the reporting of more than two Borrowers on the bulk reporting form.

Pre‐foreclosure Information       Form     FAQs,    N.Y.    St.   Dep’t   Fin.   Servs.,
https://on.ny.gov/3753YPA.

                                           16
RPAPL § 1306 require that a lender’s filing include information about all borrowers, or

does § 1306 require only that a lender’s filing include information about one borrower?4

      III.   Certification

      “Although the parties did not request certification, we are empowered

to seek certification nostra sponte.” Corsair Special Situations Fund, L.P. v. Pesiri, 863

F.3d 176, 182–83 (2d Cir. 2017). Pursuant to the rules of the New York Court of

Appeals, “[w]henever it appears to . . . any United States Court of Appeals . . . that

determinative questions of New York law are involved in a case pending before

that court for which no controlling precedent of the Court of Appeals exists, the

court may certify the dispositive questions of law to the Court of Appeals.” 22

N.Y.C.R.R. § 500.27(a); see also 2d Cir. R. 27.2(a) (“If state law permits, the court

may certify a question of state law to that state’s highest court.”).




      4  In certifying this question, we have assumed that Jerry Schiffman is a
“borrower” within the meaning of RPAPL § 1306. We have made this assumption,
notwithstanding the fact that only Pamela Schiffman executed the note with
IndyMac Bank, F.S.B., because both Jerry and Pamela Schiffman executed, and are
listed as borrowers in, the Consolidation, Extension, and Modification Agreement,
and the Loan Modification Agreement. If the Court of Appeals determines that
Jerry Schiffman is not in fact a “borrower” within the meaning of RPAPL § 1306
because of his failure to execute the note with IndyMac Bank, F.S.B., then this
certified question will become moot.

                                            17
       Our decision to certify questions to the Court of Appeals is discretionary,

and when exercising that discretion we consider whether: (1) “the New York Court

of Appeals has not squarely addressed an issue and other decisions by New York

courts are insufficient to predict how the Court of Appeals would resolve it”; (2)

“the statute’s plain language does not indicate the answer”; (3) “a decision on the

merits requires value judgments and important public policy choices that the New

York Court of Appeals is better situated than we to make”; and (4) “the questions

certified will control the outcome of the case.” See Penguin Grp. (USA) Inc. v. Am.

Buddha, 609 F.3d 30, 42 (2d Cir. 2010). Each of those factors weighs in favor of

certification in this case.

       First, as discussed above, the Court of Appeals has not decided the specific

questions of New York law raised here, and similar questions have not “been

litigated in New York courts often enough that sufficient precedents exist for use

to make a determination concerning their proper outcome.” CFTC v. Walsh, 618

F.3d 218, 231 (2d Cir. 2010). Second, the plain language of RPAPL §§ 1304 and 1306

does not directly speak to the questions at issue. Third, both questions turn on

policy determinations that the Court of Appeals is best suited to make, including

the balancing of lenders’ and borrowers’ interests, and the relative importance of


                                         18
the state’s ability to collect and analyze foreclosure data. And fourth, the answers

to the questions will determine whether CIT demonstrated compliance with

§§ 1304 and 1306, thereby resolving this appeal. Because these factors weigh in

favor of certification, we certify the questions formulated above and restated

below.

                                   CONCLUSION

      For the reasons stated, the Court hereby certifies the following questions to

the New York Court of Appeals:

      (1)   Where a foreclosure plaintiff seeks to establish compliance with

            RPAPL § 1304 through proof of a standard office mailing procedure,

            and the defendant both denies receipt and seeks to rebut the

            presumption of receipt by showing that the mailing procedure was

            not followed, what showing must the defendant make to render

            inadequate the plaintiff’s proof of compliance with § 1304?

      (2)   Where there are multiple borrowers on a single loan, does RPAPL

            § 1306 require that a lender’s filing include information about all

            borrowers, or does § 1306 require only that a lender’s filing include

            information about one borrower?


                                         19
        We invite the Court of Appeals to reformulate these questions as it sees fit

or expand them to address any other issues of New York law that would assist this

Court in determining whether CIT demonstrated compliance with §§ 1304 and

1306.

        It is hereby ORDERED that the Clerk of this Court transmit to the Clerk of

the New York Court of Appeals this opinion as our certificate, together with a

complete set of briefs, appendices, and the record filed in this case by the parties.

This panel retains jurisdiction for purposes of resolving this appeal once the New

York Court of Appeals has responded to our certification.

                                     Certificate

        The foregoing is hereby certified to the New York Court of Appeals

pursuant to 22 N.Y.C.R.R. § 500.27(a) and 2d Cir. R. 27.2(a), as ordered by the

United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.




                                          20
