           Case: 14-11188   Date Filed: 12/04/2014   Page: 1 of 12


                                                      [DO NOT PUBLISH]



             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 14-11188
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                D.C. Docket No. 5:13-cv-00072-ACC-PRL


JOSE R. GONZALEZ,
individually,
                                               Plaintiff -Appellant,
versus



MORTGAGE ELECTRONIC REGISTRATION SYSTEMS, INC.,
GMAC MORTGAGE,

                                              Defendants -Appellees.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Middle District of Florida
                      ________________________

                            (December 4, 2014)

Before MARCUS, JULIE CARNES, and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
                Case: 14-11188     Date Filed: 12/04/2014   Page: 2 of 12




         Plaintiff Jose R. Gonzalez appeals from the district court’s denial of his

Motion to Vacate Judgment on Attorney’s Fees. For the following reasons, we

affirm.

I.       BACKGROUND

         On February 4, 2008, Triple Crown Homes, Inc. conveyed to Gonzalez real

property located in Marion County, Florida. To finance the construction of a

residence on the property, Gonzalez executed a note in favor of Community Bank

and Trust of Florida (“Community Bank”) for the principal sum of $252,000.

Then, to secure the note, Gonzalez granted to Community Bank a mortgage on the

Marion County property and all improvements subsequently made upon it.

Community Bank recorded the mortgage on February 26, 2008.

         Thereafter, Gonzalez’s mortgage underwent a string of assignments: (1)

from Community Bank to Prime Home Mortgage, Inc. (“Prime”) on August 26,

2008; (2) from Prime to Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (“MERS”)

that same day; and (3) on February 14, 2012, from MERS to GMAC Mortgage,

LLC (“GMAC”). Each assignment was recorded with the Marion County Clerk of

Court.

         On or around June 26, 2012, Gonzalez sent “Debt Verification” letters to

Community Bank, Prime, and GMAC. The letters declared that Gonzalez was not
                                             2
              Case: 14-11188     Date Filed: 12/04/2014    Page: 3 of 12


aware of any lawful contract between himself and each of the institutions, and

requested validation “that an actual debt exists” by a showing of twenty facts,

including: that Gonzalez entered into a lawful contract; that legal tender was used

to create the debt; that the debt was not set off or discharged; that the note

conforms to certain provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code; and that

Gonzalez received a “loan” pursuant to Black’s Law Dictionary. Finally, the

letters requested a release of Gonzalez’s mortgage, cautioning that “silence is

acquiescence” and that a failure to respond waives any and all claims to the Marion

County property.

      Receiving no response, on August 1, 2012, Gonzalez sent a second letter to

each institution, providing notice of their failures to respond and an opportunity to

cure by releasing all rights to his mortgage within thirty days. Gonzalez again

received no response, so he mailed the three institutions a “Notice of Default in

Dishonor” around September 26, 2012, which he said “discharge[d] the alleged

liability” owed under his note and mortgage. Then, around December 4, 2012,

Gonzalez likewise sent a Notice of Default in Dishonor to MERS.

      On December 18, 2012, Gonzalez filed suit in Florida state court, seeking to

quiet title to the Marion County property based on a novel theory: specifically,

that the failure of the above institutions to verify the debt evidenced by his note

                                           3
              Case: 14-11188     Date Filed: 12/04/2014    Page: 4 of 12


and secured by his mortgage meant that the Gonzalez had thereby been released

from any obligation to repay the money he had borrowed and that the property

secured by his mortgage was now his, free and clear. Gonzalez was represented by

counsel. Defendants, now appellees, MERS and GMAC moved to dismiss the

complaint on January 30, 2013. Shortly thereafter, they removed Gonzalez’s suit

to the Middle District of Florida based on diversity jurisdiction, pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 1332(a).

      Upon consideration of the Motion to Dismiss previously filed in state court

by MERS and GMAC, the district court found that Gonzalez had failed to plead

plausible facts showing that a cloud on his title exists. Specifically, the court

concluded that Gonzalez’s theory that “failure to acknowledge in writing a

recorded note and mortgage creates a possible cloud on [] title” was “frivolous”

and “unsupported by any legal authority.” Moreover, exhibits attached to

Gonzalez’s Complaint “directly rebut” the averments made within it, as “the

recorded mortgage and note show that [Community Bank] lent [Gonzalez] the

sums of money at issue,” that Gonzalez’s “signature appears on both of these

recorded documents,” and that Gonzalez “has never denied that he signed the

documents.” Thus, the district court granted the motion, dismissing Gonzalez’s

Complaint without prejudice. While it found Gonzalez’s position to be

                                           4
               Case: 14-11188       Date Filed: 12/04/2014     Page: 5 of 12


unsupported by any legal authority, the court nevertheless granted Gonzalez two

weeks within which to file an amended complaint, so long as he could “do so

without violating Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11.” In affording Gonzalez this

leniency, the court noted that “[t]he amended complaint shall not serve as an

opportunity to add new claims” and that if it does not satisfy Rule 11, the court

“may consider sanctions against [Gonzalez].”

       Thereafter, Gonzalez timely filed an Amended Complaint. 1 Though he took

advantage of the court’s leniency, he did not heed its warning as to the permitted

scope of the pleading or the standard to which it would be held. Rather,

Gonzalez’s Amended Complaint included new claims for fraud, fraudulent

inducement, concealment, and fraudulent representation. Most notably, it retained

his claims for “non-verification of debt” as to GMAC, which claims the district

court had held did not constitute a valid claim for relief.

       In response, GMAC filed a Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint and

to impose sanctions upon Gonzalez. The district court granted that part of

GMAC’s motion requesting dismissal of Gonzalez’s Amended Complaint, and did

so with prejudice. It denied, without prejudice, the request for sanctions, noting

that the latter must be made in an independent motion and must include the amount

       1
          Appellant later corrected the Amended Complaint, adding a previously omitted
Certificate of Service.
                                               5
                Case: 14-11188        Date Filed: 12/04/2014       Page: 6 of 12


of attorney’s fees or proposed amounts for possible sanctions. Consequently,

GMAC and MERS refiled a Motion for Sanctions, which the court referred to a

magistrate judge.

       Thereafter, the magistrate judge issued a Report and Recommendation in

which he concluded that Gonzalez’s claims have no “plausible basis in law or

fact,” which “should have been clear by reading the case law.” Instead, they are

“based upon a legal theory that had absolutely no chance of success and which

cannot be characterized as reasonable arguments to change existing law.”

Moreover, Gonzalez repeatedly failed to allege facts sufficient to show a cloud on

his title and ploughed ahead with his claims, despite warnings of frivolity and the

possibility of sanctions given by the opposing parties.

       With respect to Gonzalez’s counsel, Kelly A. Bosecker, the magistrate judge

noted that her conduct “consistently fell below the level expected of lawyers

practicing before [the] [c]ourt.” To wit, Bosecker filed motions in the Middle

District of Florida when she had not been admitted there2; botched the simple


       2
           On February 14, 2013, shortly after removal of the action to federal court, the Clerk of
Court notified Bosecker that she was not admitted to practice in the District and provided
instruction on how to gain admission. Yet, Bosecker ignored this communication, instead filing
a Motion to Remand on March 3, 2011. In response, the magistrate judge removed her as
counsel of record for appellant and denied the Motion to Remand. Bosecker eventually
completed the admission process, entering notice of her appearance on behalf of appellant on
March 29, 2013. She then used her tardy admission as the ground for appellant’s emergency
motion to extend the deadline for filing an amended complaint, which the court denied.
                                                 6
                Case: 14-11188        Date Filed: 12/04/2014       Page: 7 of 12


admissions process when she finally and belatedly attempted it; pursued

Gonzalez’s claims despite being advised of their frivolity; responded to appellees’

motions with papers that “had no reasonable factual or legal basis” and that were

“‘frivolous, incoherent, and shoddy’”; “engaged in unreasonable and vexatious

conduct” and “multiplied the proceedings by filing [an] unfounded motion to

remand, [a] ‘less than forthcoming’ emergency motion for extension of time, and

the frivolous Amended Complaint, and by opposing [appellees’] motion to dismiss

with frivolous and unsupported arguments”; acted in an unprofessional manner

throughout the course of litigation; and disregarded the “[c]ourt’s limited

resources, the Local Rules of [the] Court and the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure.”3

       For these reasons, the magistrate judge recommended imposing sanctions

jointly upon Gonzalez and Bosecker pursuant to Rule 11, 28 U.S.C. § 1927, Fla.

Stat. § 57.105, and the court’s inherent authority. Gonzalez filed an incoherent

response, which the court construed as a Motion for Reconsideration and which the

       3
           On these last three points, the magistrate judge noted that Bosecker had represented six
other plaintiffs who asserted the same unsupported legal theory advanced in this case: that
failure to validate a debt creates a cloud on title. With respect to appellant’s emergency motion
for an extension of time, Bosecker had filed similar motions in the other actions on which she
was counsel, asserting “an unidentified, serious medical emergency that prevent[ed] her from
completing a plaintiff’s Amended Complaint.” The court requested that Bosecker provide
documentation of her emergency, but she refused to do so. Consequently, the court denied the
motions for extensions of time, and Bosecker ceased using medical emergency as a ground for
her filings.
                                                    7
              Case: 14-11188     Date Filed: 12/04/2014   Page: 8 of 12


magistrate judge denied. Thereafter, the district court adopted the magistrate

judge’s recommendation to impose sanctions, entering a Final Judgment to that

effect. Gonzalez then filed a Motion to Vacate Judgment on Attorney’s Fees,

construed as being made pursuant to Rule 60(b), which the district court denied.

II.    STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review the denial of a Rule 60(b) motion for abuse of discretion. Aldana

v. Del Monte Fresh Produce N.A., Inc., 741 F.3d 1349, 1355 (11th Cir. 2014).

III.   ANALYSIS

       Under Rule 60(b), a judge may relieve a party from a final judgment, order,

or proceeding for six reasons: (1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable

neglect; (2) newly discovered evidence that could not previously have been

discovered with reasonable diligence; (3) fraud, misrepresentation, or misconduct

by an opposing party; (4) a void judgment; (5) a judgment has been satisfied,

released, discharged, reversed, or vacated or that would no longer be equitable to

apply; or (6) any other reason that justifies relief. Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b) (2014).

       When appealing from the denial of a Rule 60(b) motion, an appellant carries

a heavy burden. Cano v. Baker, 435 F.3d 1337, 1342 (11th Cir. 2006) (per

curiam). To succeed on his appeal, the appellant “‘must do more than show that a

grant of [the] motion might have been warranted.’” Maradiaga v. United States,

                                          8
              Case: 14-11188      Date Filed: 12/04/2014     Page: 9 of 12


679 F.3d 1286, 1291 (11th Cir. 2012) (quoting Rice v. Ford Motor Co., 88 F.3d

914, 919 (11th Cir. 1996)). Rather, “he ‘must demonstrate a justification for relief

so compelling that the district court was required to grant [the] motion.’” Id.

      At the outset, we note that review of an appeal from a Rule 60(b) motion is

“‘narrow in scope, addressing only the propriety of the denial or grant of relief.’”

Id. (quoting Am. Bankers Ins. Co. of Fla. v. Nw. Nat’l Ins. Co., 198 F.3d 1332,

1338 (11th Cir. 1999)). It does not “‘raise issues in the underlying judgment for

review.’” Id. Further, Gonzalez’s Notice of Appeal only identifies “the lower

[c]ourt’s Denial of Plaintiff’s Motion to Vacate Judgment on Attorney Fees” as the

action he is appealing. For these reasons, we do not address Gonzalez’s arguments

that his Complaint stated a plausible claim for relief or that the district court’s

order dismissing such was improper or a deprivation of his Due Process rights.

      While Gonzalez’s Brief mostly rehashes arguments presented below, he

does make four claims pertinent to the denial of his Motion to Vacate: (1) that he

has “[n]ever misrepresented or otherwise misled the [c]ourt in any way, shape or

form in regards to this action, and [that he] has a valid claim in quiet title to his

property”; (2) that § 57.105 should be exercised with restraint and not to chill use

of the courts; (3) that “[a]ny purported failure to state of action (sic) is not, in and

of itself, a sufficient basis to support a finding that a claim was so lacking in merit

                                            9
             Case: 14-11188      Date Filed: 12/04/2014    Page: 10 of 12


as to justify an award of fees; and (4) that sanctions under § 57.105 “‘must be

predicated upon substantial competent evidence presented to the court at the

hearing on attorney’s fees or otherwise before the court and in the trial record.’”

None of these arguments demonstrate a justification for relief so compelling that

the district court was required to grant Gonzalez’s motion.

      First, and most importantly, these arguments do not speak to any of the

enumerated reasons for which a judge may grant relief from a final judgment, such

as mistake or inadvertence, newly-discovered evidence, or fraud, nor are they

persuasive in arguing that relief from the court’s entry of Final Judgment is

warranted. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(1)-(6); cf. Toole v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.,

235 F.3d 1307, 1316-17 (11th Cir. 2000) (finding newly-discovered scientific

evidence insufficient to reverse denial of Rule 60(b) motion). Second, Gonzalez

may not have misled the district court about the substance of his purported quiet

title claim, but that does not make the claim any less frivolous or unsupported: a

fact of which Gonzalez was informed on at least three occasions. As we have

stated before, it is not “an abuse of discretion for the district court to deny a motion

under Rule 60(b) when the judgment or order from which the movant seeks relief

was entered as a result of the movant’s choice to rely on an unsuccessful legal

theory.” Maradiaga, 679 F.3d at 1294.

                                           10
              Case: 14-11188     Date Filed: 12/04/2014     Page: 11 of 12


      Third, it is true that “Florida favors access to the courts and has interpreted

section 57.105 to provide a remedy only where the plaintiff’s complaint is

completely untenable.” Vasquez v. Provincial S., Inc., 795 So. 2d 216, 218 (Fla.

4th Dist. Ct. App. 2001). Gonzalez’s complaint, however, does not present a

“good faith attempt to change an existing rule of law,” as did the complaint at issue

in Vasquez. Id. Rather, Gonzalez asserts a legal theory that is frivolous and

unsupported, and has been repeatedly rejected. See id. (“The purpose of section

57.105 is to discourage baseless claims, stonewall defenses and sham appeals in

civil litigation”) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Indeed, we have

previously affirmed the imposition of sanctions in cases identical to that before us

now, as has a Florida court. See Huff v. Regions Bank, 574 Fed. App’x 913 (11th

Cir. 2014); Barrios v. Regions Bank, 572 Fed. App’x 839 (11th Cir. 2014);

Badgley v. Suntrust Mortg., Inc., 134 So. 3d 559 (Fla. 5th Dist. Ct. App. 2014)

(affirming sanctions and collecting cases). Notably, all three of these cases

involved Bosecker as counsel.

      Fourth, the court below did not impose sanctions solely for Gonzalez’s

failure to state a plausible claim for relief, but also for his continued pursuit of his

frivolous debt validation theory and for Bosecker’s continuing unprofessional

conduct. Finally, more than sufficient evidence existed in the record for the court

                                           11
             Case: 14-11188    Date Filed: 12/04/2014   Page: 12 of 12


to determine that such an action was appropriate. See Strothman v. Henderson

Mental Health Ctr., Inc., 425 So. 2d 1185, 1185-86 (Fla. 4th Dist. Ct. App. 1983)

(“[An imposition of sanctions under § 57.105] must be predicated upon substantial

competent evidence . . . before the court and in the trial court record.”) (emphasis

added).

      Thus, for the above reasons, we conclude that the district court did not err by

denying Gonzalez’s Motion to Vacate Judgment on Attorney’s Fees, and we

therefore affirm.

      AFFIRMED.




                                         12
