
717 F.Supp.2d 908 (2010)
Brent BECKWAY, Plaintiff,
v.
Deputy Paul DeSHONG, et al., Defendants.
No. C07-5072 TEH.
United States District Court, N.D. California.
May 12, 2010.
Order Granting Reconsideration in Part and Denying Reconsideration in Part July 28, 2010.
*911 Charles Frederick Bourdon, Law Offices of Charles F. Bourdon, San Francisco, CA, Baron J. Drexel, Law Offices of Baron J. Drexel, Oakland, CA, for Plaintiff.
John Robert Whitefleet, Porter Scott Weiberg & Delehant, Sacramento, CA, for Deputy Paul DeShong, Rodney K. Mitchell, County of Lake Sheriff's Department, County of Lake.
Terence J. Cassidy, Porter Scott, Sacramento, CA, for Deputy Paul DeShong.
Kristen K. Preston, Jones & Dyer, A Professional Corporation, Sacramento, CA, for Rodney K. Mitchell, County of Lake Sheriff's Department, County of Lake.
Mark A. Jones, Jones & Dyer, A Professional Corporation, Sacramento, CA, for Rodney K. Mitchell, County of Lake Sheriff's Department, County of Lake, Richard Ward.

ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS' MOTIONS FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS; GRANTING DEFENDANT DESHONG'S MOTION FOR LEAVE TO AMEND ANSWER
THELTON E. HENDERSON, District Judge.
This matter came before the Court on April 26, 2010, on Defendants' motions for *912 judgment on the pleadings. For the reasons set forth below, Defendants' motions are GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. The Court also GRANTS Defendant DeShong's motion for leave to amend his answer.

BACKGROUND
This lawsuit arises out of the October 27, 2006 arrest of Plaintiff Brent Beckway ("Beckway" or "Plaintiff") by defendants Richard Ward ("Ward") and Paul DeShong ("DeShong"), deputies with the Lake County Sheriff's Department. Beckway contends that the officers seriously injured his left knee through excessive force and arrested him without probable cause. A state court judge found probable cause to hold Beckway over for trial at a preliminary hearing on May 18, 2009, and Beckway pleaded nolo contendere to a charge of resisting arrest on October 27, 2009. At issue on these motions is whether Beckway's claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 are barred by determinations made in the criminal proceeding, based on the Supreme Court's decision in Heck v. Humphrey and the doctrine of collateral estoppel.
Beckway's arrest resulted from a dispute with his neighbor, Harold Alan Keats, regarding a cord of wood that Beckway purchased from him. Beckway alleges in his complaint that Keats twice visited Beckway's home to demand payment for the wood on October 27, 2006, and that Beckway "encountered" Keats later that day at the local store. Compl. ¶¶ 9-11. According to DeShong's police report,[1] Beckway struck Keats on the left side of his face with a closed fist during their confrontation at the store. Keatswho uses a wheelchairmomentarily stood from the chair and grabbed Beckway's shirt, tearing it. Witnesses interviewed by DeShong characterized Beckway as the aggressor. Beckway also left two phone messages on Keats' answering machine, the first conciliatory, the second threatening.
DeShong, after interviewing Keats and two other witnesses and hearing the telephone messages, contacted Beckway at his home while accompanied by Ward as a cover unit. He found Beckway to be visibly intoxicated and unsteady on his feet. After soliciting Beckway's account of his altercation with Keats, DeShong notified Beckway that he was placing him under arrest. Beckway "pulled away" and "started to spin around, attempting to gain physical advantage," but then "lost his balance and fell to the deck of the residence." Preston Decl., Ex. A at 3. Beckway, having fallen forward, had his hands and arms beneath his torso; the officers attempted to gain control of his hands and soon placed him in handcuffs. As the officers helped him up, Beckway complained of a *913 pain to his left leg, and was transported by medical personnel to a hospital for treatment. Beckway alleges in his complaint that the officers had forcibly thrown him to the ground and stomped on the back of his left knee, causing his injury.
Beckway was charged with elder abuse, Cal. Pen.Code § 368, making criminal threats, id. § 422, and resisting arrest, id. § 148(a)(1), in a criminal complaint filed on September 20, 2007. A preliminary hearing on the criminal charges was held over five days spanning eight months, starting on September 26, 2008, and concluding on May 18, 2009. Observing that the "Court only needs to find probable cause, a strong suspicion standard for purposes of preliminary hearing," Superior Court Judge Richard Martin found "sufficient evidence" to sustain a misdemeanor charge of making criminal threats, "but not to the standard of a felony." Preston Decl., Ex. C at 261-62. As to the other charges, Judge Martin noted that he "need not make any finding. . . for purposes of a prelim," yet concluded that "there was sufficient evidence heard during the course of the presentation to satisfy the Court that they were appropriately charged." Id. at 262. Turning to "the officer[s'] conduct," the court observed that they "clearly announce that they need to arrest"as Beckway's "story is inconsistent with" other witnesses' accountsand found that "they appear at that point to at least have probable cause to effect an arrest." Id. at 263.
Beckway entered a plea of nolo contendere, or "no contest," to the misdemeanor charge of resisting arrest on October 27, 2009. The plea form he signed explained that a nolo contendere plea "will have exactly the same effect in this case as a plea of guilty," but "cannot be used against me in a civil lawsuit unless the offense is punishable as a felony." Preston Decl., Ex. E. At the hearing, Beckway's counsel stated that he would "not be stipulating to a factual basis for the plea," but had "no objection to the Court making its own finding based upon the preliminary hearing." Id., Ex. F at 3. As a "factual basis" for the plea, Judge Martin stated that he would rely on a September 25, 2007 warrant that he had signed as well as "53 pages of police reports attached in support of the affidavit for the warrant." Id.
Beckway filed this action on October 2, 2007 against DeShong, Lake County, the Lake County Sheriff's Department, Sheriff Rodney Mitchell, and Ward ("Defendants").[2] He brings claims for excessive use of force and false arrest under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, as well as state law claims for battery, negligence, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Two motions for judgment on the pleadingsone by DeShong, and the other by Ward and the remaining Defendantswere filed on February 24, 2010 and are now before the Court.

LEGAL STANDARD
"After the pleadings are closed but early enough not to delay triala party may move for judgment on the pleadings." Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(c). "Judgment on the pleadings is proper when the moving party clearly establishes on the face of the pleadings that no material issue of fact remains to be resolved and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., 896 F.2d 1542, 1550 (9th Cir.1989). "[T]he same standard of review applicable to a Rule 12(b) motion applies to its Rule 12(c) analog," because the motions are "functionally identical." Dworkin v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 867 F.2d 1188, 1192 (9th Cir.1989). The Court must "accept all *914 material allegations in the complaint as true," and resolve all doubts "in the light most favorable to the plaintiff." McGlinchy v. Shell Chemical Co., 845 F.2d 802, 810 (9th Cir.1988). A court may also consider, on a Rule 12(c) motion, "facts that `are contained in materials of which the court may take judicial notice.'" Heliotrope Gen., Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 189 F.3d 971, 981 n. 18 (9th Cir.1999) (quoting Barron v. Reich, 13 F.3d 1370, 1377 (9th Cir.1994)).

DISCUSSION
Defendants, in both motions, argue that Beckway's action is preempted on two grounds. They first contend that the Supreme Court's ruling in Heck v. Humphrey bars his § 1983 claim for excessive force, as that claim implies the invalidity of his conviction for resisting arrest. Defendants further argue that the state court judge's finding of probable cause to hold Beckway over for trial collaterally estops his false arrest claim. The Court addresses these arguments in turn.

I. Heck v. Humphrey

In Heck v. Humphrey, the Supreme Court limited a plaintiff's ability to bring a § 1983 action that calls into question the lawfulness of a criminal conviction. The petitioner in Heck had filedwhile the appeal of his conviction for voluntary manslaughter was pendinga § 1983 suit alleging illegal conduct in his prosecution for that charge. Before the Court was the question of "whether a state prisoner may challenge the constitutionality of his conviction in a suit for damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1983." 512 U.S. 477, 478, 114 S.Ct. 2364, 129 L.Ed.2d 383 (1994). The Court held that, "in order to recover damages for . . . harm caused by actions whose unlawfulness would render a conviction or sentence invalid, a § 1983 plaintiff must prove that the conviction or sentence has been reversed on direct appeal, expunged by executive order, declared invalid by a state tribunal authorized to make such determination, or called into question by a federal court's issuance of a writ of habeas corpus." Id. at 486-87, 114 S.Ct. 2364. A damages claim "bearing that relationship to a conviction" that "has not been so invalidated is not cognizable under § 1983." Id. at 487, 114 S.Ct. 2364.
In a concurrence joined by three other justices, however, Justice Souter sought to prevent the Court's ruling from being interpreted "to shut off federal courts altogether to claims that fall within the plain language of § 1983." Id. at 501, 114 S.Ct. 2364 (Souter, J., concurring). The Court's decision, he observed, required "a state prisoner challenging the lawfulness of his confinement to follow habeas's rules before seeking § 1983 damages for unlawful confinement in federal court," a holding that "neatly resolve[d] a problem that ha[d] bedeviled lower courts." Id. at 498, 114 S.Ct. 2364. Justice Souter cautioned, however, that the Court's opinion could also be read to "needlessly place at risk the rights of those . . . not `in custody' for habeas purposes." Id. at 500, 114 S.Ct. 2364.
If these individuals (people who were merely fined, for example, or who have completed short terms of imprisonment, probation, or parole, or who discover (through no fault of their own) a constitutional violation after full expiration of their sentences), like state prisoners, were required to show the prior invalidation of their convictions or sentences in order to obtain § 1983 damages for unconstitutional conviction or imprisonment, the result would be to deny any federal forum for claiming a deprivation of federal rights to those who cannot first obtain a favorable state ruling. The reason, of course, is that individuals not "in custody" cannot invoke federal habeas jurisdiction, the only statutory mechanism besides § 1983 by which individuals *915 may sue state officials in federal court for violating federal rights. That would be an untoward result.
Id. at 500, 114 S.Ct. 2364. Justice Souter therefore read the Heck holding as applying only to "prison inmates seeking § 1983 damages in federal court for unconstitutional conviction or confinement." Id.
A majority of justices subscribed to Justice Souter's view in Spencer v. Kemna, 523 U.S. 1, 118 S.Ct. 978, 140 L.Ed.2d 43 (1998). Justice Souter's concurring opinion, joined now by Justices O'Connor, Ginsburg, and Breyerand endorsed in a dissent by Justice Stevensreiterated his concern that Heck could be interpreted to place "a given claim for relief from unconstitutional injury . . . beyond the scope of § 1983 if brought by a convict free of custody." Spencer, 523 U.S. at 20-21, 118 S.Ct. 978 (Souter, J., concurring); see also id. at 25, 118 S.Ct. 978 (Stevens, J., dissenting) ("Given the Court's holding that petitioner does not have a remedy under the habeas statute, it is perfectly clear, as Justice Souter explains, that he may bring an action under § 1983."). "The better view, then, is that a former prisoner, no longer `in custody,' may bring a § 1983 action establishing the unconstitutionality of a conviction or confinement without being bound to satisfy a favorable-termination requirement that it would be impossible as a matter of law for him to satisfy." Id. at 21, 118 S.Ct. 978 (Souter, J., concurring).
Heck requires district courts to dismiss a complaint "when a state prisoner seeks damages in a § 1983 suit" and "a judgment in favor of the plaintiff would necessarily imply the invalidity of [a] conviction or sentence" that has not "already been invalidated." Heck, 512 U.S. at 487, 114 S.Ct. 2364. Defendants, relying on that mandate, urge this Court to dismiss Beckway's § 1983 excessive force claim because it is incompatible with his plea for resisting arrest, which Beckway never alleges was in any way overturned.[3] Beckway argues that dismissal would be inappropriate, for two reasons. Given that he is not in custody and therefore cannot bring a habeas action, he contends that his claim falls within the broad exception to Heck carved out by Justice Souter. Beckway also argues that a ruling in his favor on the excessive force claim is not necessarily incompatible with his plea for resisting arrest, because the use of excessive force occurred after he was effectively placed under arrest.
Beckway's nolo contendere plea to the resisting arrest charge brings his excessive force claim within the realm of Heck. Beckway pled to a violation of section 148(a) of the California Penal Code, which applies to one who "willfully resists, delays, or obstructs any . . . peace officer. . . in the discharge or attempt to discharge any duty of his or her office or employment." A violation of section 148(a) is comprised of three elements: "(1) the defendant willfully resisted, delayed, or obstructed a peace officer, (2) when the officer was engaged in the performance of his or her duties, and (3) the defendant knew or reasonably should have known that the other person was a peace officer engaged in the performance of his or her duties." People v. Simons, 42 Cal.App.4th 1100, 1108-09, 50 Cal.Rptr.2d 351 (1996). Section 148(a) can only be violated where "the officer at the time of the offense [is] engaged in the lawful performance of his duties." People v. Wilkins, 14 Cal.App.4th *916 761, 776, 17 Cal.Rptr.2d 743 (1993) (emphasis added). An arrest made with excessive force cannot be lawful, because "a police officer is not permitted to use unreasonable or excessive force in making an otherwise lawful arrest." People v. Olguin, 119 Cal.App.3d 39, 46, 173 Cal.Rptr. 663 (1981). Therefore, to the extent that Beckway alleges excessive force in effecting his arrest, his claim is incompatible with his conviction under section 148(a).[4]
However, it is undisputed that Beckway is not currently in custody, and that habeas corpus is not an available avenue of relief. If this Court were to apply the Heck rule to bar his § 1983 excessive force claim, "the result would be to deny any federal forum for claiming a deprivation of federal rights" unless he can first "obtain a favorable state ruling." Heck, 512 U.S. at 500, 114 S.Ct. 2364 (Souter, J., concurring). This is, in other words, precisely the scenario that Justice Souterand a majority of the Supreme Courtconsidered untenable.
The Ninth Circuit followed Justice Souter's understanding of Heck in Nonnette v. Small, 316 F.3d 872 (9th Cir.2002), when it addressed a state inmate's claims that prison officials had violated his constitutional rights by miscalculating his prison sentence and revoking good-time credits in a disciplinary proceeding. After observing that Nonnette's case paralleled both Heck and Edwards v. Balisok, 520 U.S. 641, 117 S.Ct. 1584, 137 L.Ed.2d 906 (1997) (applying Heck "to a state prisoner who was seeking damages for unconstitutional deprivation of good-time credits," Nonnette, 316 F.3d at 875), the Ninth Circuit nonetheless declined to find that Heck precluded his § 1983 claim. The key distinction was that Nonnette had been "released from the incarceration of which he complains," meaning a petition for writ of habeas corpus "would present no case or controversy" and would be dismissed. Nonnette, 316 F.3d at 875. The court therefore had to address whether "the unavailability of a remedy in habeas corpus because of mootness permit[s a plaintiff] to maintain a § 1983 action for damages, even though success in that action would imply the invalidity of" the underlying disciplinary proceeding. Id. at 876.
The Ninth Circuit relied on "the discussions in Spencer" to "conclude that Heck does not control." Id. at 877 n. 5. In so ruling, the court emphasized that its holding "affects only former prisoners challenging loss of good-time credits, revocation of parole or similar matters; the status of prisoners challenging their underlying convictions or sentences does not change upon release, because they continue to be able to petition for a writ of habeas corpus." Id. at 878 n. 7. Defendants highlight that language to argue that Nonnette is inapplicable, since Beckway is not a "former prisoner[] challenging loss of good-time credits." Defendants read that statement too narrowly. The Ninth Circuit was distinguishing claims that ex-prisoners can continue to assert on habeas once they are released from claims that a prisoner's release renders moot; Nonnette applies only to the latter, because habeas remains available to the former. Since Beckway was never incarcerated, habeas is unavailable to him, and his circumstances fit within Nonnette. Indeed, Justice Souter's concurrence in Heckwhich Nonnette followsexplicitly recognizes "people who *917 were merely fined," or "who have completed short terms of . . . probation," among those to whom Heck's holding does not apply. Heck, 512 U.S. at 500, 114 S.Ct. 2364 (Souter, J., concurring).
Both sides also dispute the significance of Guerrero v. Gates, in which the Ninth Circuit cited Spencer and Nonnette in acknowledging that "exceptions to Heck's bar for plaintiffs no longer in custody may exist." Guerrero v. Gates, 442 F.3d 697, 704 (9th Cir.2006). However, the court concluded that "any such exceptions would not apply here," because the plaintiff's "failure timely to achieve habeas relief [was] self-imposed," as he waited nearly three years from his arrest and incarceration before challenging them. Id. at 705. Nonnette, to the contrary, "was founded on the unfairness of barring a plaintiff's potentially legitimate constitutional claims when the individual immediately pursued relief after the incident giving rise to those claims and could not seek habeas relief only because of the shortness of his prison sentence." Id. Here, Beckway's inability to seek habeas relief is not self-imposed; as he was subject merely to a fine and a brief period of probation, habeas was not a plausible avenue for relief. Although the instant motions come three-and-a-half years after Beckway's arrest, he only pled to the resisting arrest charge six months ago, and this action has been pending for three years. Guerrero, like Nonnette, counsels against the application of Heck under Beckway's circumstances.
Since habeas relief was unavailable to Beckway through no fault of his own, Heck is inapplicable, and his § 1983 claim for excessive force survives. Defendants' motions for judgment on the pleadings on that basis are therefore DENIED.

II. Collateral Estoppel
In addition to alleging the officers' use of excessive force, Plaintiff also brings a § 1983 claim for false arrest. "To prevail on his § 1983 claim for false arrest and imprisonment," Beckway must "demonstrate that there was no probable cause to arrest him." Cabrera v. City of Huntington Park, 159 F.3d 374, 380 (9th Cir. 1998). Defendants argue that the probable cause question was already decided against Beckway in a preliminary hearing in state court, and that he is therefore precluded from litigating this issue. Beckway responds that collateral estoppel is inapplicable because the issue decided at the preliminary hearing was distinct from the issue in his § 1983 claim, and was neither actually litigated nor necessarily decided.
The collateral estoppel doctrine establishes that, "when an issue of ultimate fact has once been determined by a valid and final judgment, that issue cannot again be litigated between the same parties in any future lawsuit." Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436, 443, 90 S.Ct. 1189, 25 L.Ed.2d 469 (1970). In Allen v. McCurry, the Supreme Court allowed collateral estoppel to be invoked against a § 1983 claimant to bar the relitigation of issues decided in his state criminal trial despite the unavailability of federal habeas corpus relief. 449 U.S. 90, 105, 101 S.Ct. 411, 66 L.Ed.2d 308 (1980). The respondent, after being convicted of drug possession and assault charges, brought a § 1983 action alleging constitutional violations by officers who had seized drugs in his home. However, the state court had already decided the constitutional questions in a suppression hearing before his criminal trial, and the district court held that collateral estoppel barred the relitigation of that issue. Although the Court of Appeals reversedconcluding that the § 1983 suit was the plaintiff's "only route to a federal forum for his constitutional claim" since habeas was unavailablethe Supreme *918 Court found the application of collateral estoppel permissible. Id. at 93-94, 105, 101 S.Ct. 411. "There is . . . no reason to believe that Congress intended to provide a person claiming a federal right an unrestricted opportunity to relitigate an issue already decided in state court simply because the issue arose in a state proceeding in which he would rather not have been engaged at all." Id. at 104, 101 S.Ct. 411.
Defendants urge the Court to apply collateral estoppel based on the findings of the state superior court judge in the preliminary hearing for Beckway's criminal prosecution. "State law governs the application of collateral estoppel or issue preclusion to a state court judgment in a federal civil rights action." Ayers v. City of Richmond, 895 F.2d 1267, 1270 (9th Cir.1990). California courts impose five "threshold requirements" for collateral estoppel: "1) the issue to be precluded must be identical to that decided in the prior proceeding; 2) the issue must have been actually litigated at that time; 3) the issue must have been necessarily decided; 4) the decision in the prior proceeding must be final and on the merits; and 5) the party against whom preclusion is sought must be in privity with the party to the former proceeding." People v. Garcia, 39 Cal.4th 1070, 1077, 48 Cal.Rptr.3d 75, 141 P.3d 197 (2006).
The Ninth Circuit and the California Court of Appeals have both affirmed trial courts' decisions to preclude § 1983 claimants from relitigating probable cause determinations made in the preliminary hearing of a related criminal matter. In Haupt v. Dillard, the Ninth Circuit affirmed a district court's grant of summary judgment to the defendants in a § 1983 action based on its conclusion "that probable cause to arrest [the plaintiff] had been conclusively determined during his state criminal prosecution." 17 F.3d 285, 288 (9th Cir.1994). The plaintiff objected that probable cause for arrest is a distinct determination from the probable cause determination at a preliminary hearing, an argument that the court acknowledged could have merit. "[T]he issues are different only in the sense that probable cause for his arrest involves reference to the evidence that was or should have been presented to the magistrate, while probable cause to bind [him] over involves reference to the evidence available to the court at the preliminary hearing." Id. at 289. While recognizing that this "difference may be significant in some cases," the Ninth Circuit found no such significance in the case before it, as the plaintiff had adverted to "no evidence adduced at his preliminary hearing that was not available to the defendant officers when they obtained his arrest warrant." Id.
The California Court of Appeal's Fourth Appellate District endorsed Haupt in McCutchen v. City of Montclair, 73 Cal. App.4th 1138, 87 Cal.Rptr.2d 95 (1999). At issue was whether the plaintiff's civil suit was collaterally estopped by a magistrate's ruling in his criminal prosecution that there was probable cause to hold him over for trial. Finding Haupt to be "well reasoned and supported by California law," the court decided to "follow the Ninth Circuit" and hold that "a prior judicial determination at a preliminary hearing that there was sufficient evidence to hold the plaintiff over for trial may, in some situations, preclude the plaintiff from relitigating the issue of probable cause to arrest in a subsequent civil suit." Id. at 1145, 1147, 87 Cal.Rptr.2d 95. Like the Ninth Circuit in Haupt, the McCutchen court recognized the possibility that "a ruling on sufficiency of the evidence at a preliminary hearing" may not "meet the identity of the issues requirement." Id. at 1146, 87 Cal.Rptr.2d 95. The Fourth District followed the Ninth Circuit in requiring "a showing that evidence not available *919 to the arresting officer was presented at the preliminary hearing" in order to defeat collateral estoppel. Id. Since "the evidence presented at the preliminary hearing was not the same as the evidence available" at the time of arrest, the court found that collateral estoppel did not bar relitigation of the probable cause issue. Id. at 1147-48, 87 Cal.Rptr.2d 95.
However, a more recent decision by California's Sixth Appellate District questioned "the soundness of the narrow holding of McCutchen." Schmidlin v. City of Palo Alto, 157 Cal.App.4th 728, 767, 69 Cal.Rptr.3d 365 (2007). "[W]e do not believe a preliminary hearing either raises the issue of, or provides an adequate opportunity to litigate, the legality of an arrest." Id. The Schmidlin court disagreed with both Haupt and McCutchen, finding that the "issue of `probable cause' to arrest (or sufficient cause to detain) is simply not the same aslet alone identical tothat of sufficient cause to hold the defendant for trial." Id. Observing that a "magistrate presiding over a preliminary hearing" has only "limited factfinding powers," the court also concluded that a defendant cannot "`actually litigate' the issue so as to give the magistrate's ruling preclusive effect in a later civil suit." Id. at 768, 69 Cal.Rptr.3d 365.
Beckway urges the Court to follow Schmidlin rather than Haupt and McCutchen. However, the Schmidlin court's critique of Haupt and McCutchen appeared only in dicta: the Sixth District was examining collateral estoppel in the context of an order denying a motion to suppress evidence, not a preliminary hearing. Schmidlin, 157 Cal.App.4th at 768, 69 Cal.Rptr.3d 365. The court's observations about the collateral estoppel effects of preliminary hearings were therefore irrelevant to the question before it, and are alsoas explained further belowunconvincing.
Beckway argues that three of the five required elements of collateral estoppelthat (1) identical issues were (2) actually litigated and (3) necessarily decided are lacking here. An issue raised by Beckway's § 1983 false arrest claim is whether the officers had probable cause to arrest him. "Probable cause exists where `the facts and circumstances within [an officer's] knowledge and of which [he] had reasonably trustworthy information [are] sufficient in themselves to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that' an offense has been or is being committed." Safford Unified Sch. Dist. # 1 v. Redding, ____ U.S. ____, 129 S.Ct. 2633, 2639, 174 L.Ed.2d 354 (2009) (internal citations omitted). At a preliminary hearing, the "magistrate's role is limited to determining whether a reasonable person could harbor a strong suspicion of the defendant's guilt." Cooley v. Superior Court, 29 Cal.4th 228, 251-52, 127 Cal.Rptr.2d 177, 57 P.3d 654 (2002). Although Beckway and the Schmidlin court both insist that the probable cause inquiries made by the arresting officer and the state court are distinct, this Courtlike Haupt and McCutchendoes not see how. In both contexts, a reasonable person standard is applied to determine whether evidence is sufficient to suspect one's guilt in committing an offense. The only potential difference is the evidence available to make that determination, a difference that Haupt and McCutchen both recognize and accommodate. This Court will therefore follow Haupt and McCutchen, and not Schmidlin, on this issue.
Beckway does not show that any evidence relied upon by Judge Martin at the preliminary hearing was unavailable to the officers in making the probable cause determination. The judge concluded that "there was sufficient evidence heard during the course of the presentation to satisfy *920 the Court that [the criminal counts] were appropriately charged." Preston Decl., Ex. C at 262. Absent any demonstration that the judge was relying on information that the officers did not have, this issue is identical to that of probable cause to arrest. Judge Martin then went on to expressly find that the officers appeared to have had "probable cause to effect an arrest." Id. at 263. The identity of issues element is therefore satisfied.
Beckway also contends that he was denied the opportunity to actually litigate the issue, because DeShongwho conducted the investigation preceding his arrestdid not appear at the preliminary hearing. Beckway's counsel made a motion to examine DeShong at the hearing, which was denied. The court relied instead on the testimony of Ward, who repeatedly observed that it was DeShong who investigated the episode and made the probable cause determination. For example, when asked on cross-examination whether Beckway's statements immediately before his arrest "added to the probable cause or a reason to arrest him," Ward responded, "It wasn't my investigation. So you're asking me questions that I don't really have the answers to because I didn't effect the arrest essentially." Preston Dec., Ex. C at 173. In characterizing his role that evening, Ward said, "I was assisting [DeShong] as a cover officer. He outlined the brief circumstances regarding the detail he had responded to, told me he had probable cause to arrest Brent Beckway." Id. at 143. Beckway therefore argues that he was unable to explore the reasonableness of DeShong's underlying probable cause determination.
"An issue is actually litigated when it is properly raised, by the pleadings or otherwise, and is submitted for determination, and is determined." People v. Carter, 36 Cal.4th 1215, 1240, 32 Cal. Rptr.3d 838, 117 P.3d 544 (2005) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). The issue of probable cause was clearly raised and determined at the preliminary hearing; indeed, it was the very purpose for the hearing. Judge Martin considered and denied the motion to examine DeShong because Beckway's counsel, on an offer of proof, provided only "speculation" that DeShong's version of events would be inconsistent with that relayed by Ward. Preston Dec., Ex. C at 225. The record demonstrates that Beckway actually litigated the probable cause question. The fact that the court did not allow the examination of DeShong does not nullify the five days of hearings held to determine the probable cause issue. The actual litigation requirement is satisfied.
Beckway argued for the first time at hearing that probable cause was not "necessarily decided" at the preliminary hearing. The probable cause determination at a preliminary hearing is "necessary to the judgment" because "the sole purpose of the preliminary hearing [is] to determine whether [the defendant] should have been bound over for trial." Haupt v. Dillard, 17 F.3d 285, 289 (9th Cir.1994). However, Beckway stresses that the preliminary hearing's purpose is limited to establishing whether there is "probable cause to believe that the defendant has committed a felony." Cal. Pen.Code § 866(b) (emphasis added). The only felony charge brought against Beckway was for criminal threats, an offense punishable as a felony or a misdemeanor. Id. § 422. Such offenses are known "[i]n the jargon of the criminal law" as "wobblers," and may be reduced from felony to misdemeanor in the discretion of the judge presiding over a preliminary hearing. People v. Municipal Court (Kong), 122 Cal. App.3d 176, 179 n. 3, 175 Cal.Rptr. 861 (1981); Cal. Pen.Code § 17(b)(5).
*921 Judge Martin concluded that the evidence of Beckway's threats, although insufficient to meet "the standard of a felony," supported a misdemeanor charge. Preston Decl., Ex. C at 262. Beckway insists that probable cause for a misdemeanor was not "necessarily decided" because the judge could have ended his inquiry after rejecting the felony charge. However, reducing the charge to a misdemeanor does not change the substance of the offenseit merely alters how that offense may be punished. Cal. Pen.Code § 17. The preliminary hearing was held to determine if the criminal threats charge was supported by probable cause, and Judge Martin concluded that it was. That he also exercised his discretion in reducing the charge does not mean, as Beckway argues, that the probable cause question was not necessarily decided. It was.
Plaintiff does not dispute the presence of the last two elements of collateral estoppel. "A finding of probable cause to hold the defendant over for trial is a final judgment on the merits for the purposes of collateral estoppel under the California law because the accused can (1) immediately appeal the determination by filing a motion to set aside the preliminary hearing (Pen. Code, § 995) and (2) obtain review of the decision on the motion to set aside the preliminary hearing by filing a writ of prohibition (Pen.Code, § 999a)." McCutchen v. City of Montclair, 73 Cal. App.4th 1138, 1145-46, 87 Cal.Rptr.2d 95 (1999). Finally, there is privity because Beckway appeared in both actions, as the defendant in the criminal proceeding, and as the plaintiff in the present action.
Finally, Beckway argues that, since Defendants failed to raise collateral estoppel as an affirmative defense in their answers, they have waived the defense altogether. The possibility of collateral estoppel only arose after the preliminary hearing in the criminal matter had concluded, long after Defendants had filed their answers. When a preclusion defense "arises after the pleadings have been filed," it "can be raised only by a motion for leave to file a supplemental answer under" Rule 15(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Harbeson v. Parke Davis, Inc., 746 F.2d 517, 520 (9th Cir. 1984). Even if no such motion is formally made, however, an "attempt to raise the defense" may be "liberally treated" as a motion for leave to file a supplemental answer. Id. In response to Beckway's waiver argument, DeShong moved for leave to amend his answer to raise the collateral estoppel defense, noticing it for hearing on May 17, 2010. Beckway has not opposed the motion, and the deadline for filing an opposition has passed. See Civ. L. Rule 7-3. The Court therefore GRANTS DeShong's motion to amend his answer, and VACATES the May 17, 2010 hearing. The Court will also liberally construe the remaining Defendants' invocation of the collateral estoppel defense as a motion for leave to amend their answer, which the Court hereby GRANTS. Defendants' failure to raise collateral estoppel as an affirmative defense in their original answers therefore does not bar the assertion of the defense on these motions.
The requirements for collateral estoppel on the question of probable cause are satisfied. Since this Court is bound by the state court's finding of probable cause, and the presence of probable cause defeats a false arrest claim, judgment on the pleadings is GRANTED to Defendants on that cause of action, and the false arrest claim is DISMISSED with prejudice.

III. State Law Claims
Defendants argue that Beckway's state law claims for battery, negligence, and intentional infliction of emotional distress should be dismissed on two grounds. *922 First, they contend that the state law claims, like the excessive force claim, imply the invalidity of Beckway's conviction and therefore must be dismissed under Heck. They further argue that, if summary judgment were granted as to the § 1983 claims, the Court should decline to exercise jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims. Since the Court denied Defendants' motion as to Heck and the excessive force claim survives, the arguments as to the state law claims are moot, and those causes of action survive.

CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, Defendants' motions for judgment on the pleadings are GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. Plaintiff's false arrest claim is DISMISSED with prejudice, and the excessive force and state law claims survive. Defendant DeShong's motion to amend his answer is GRANTED, and the May 17, 2010 hearing is VACATED.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the parties shall appear for a case management conference on Monday, June 21, 2010, at 1:30pm. The parties shall file a joint case management statement no fewer than seven days prior to the conference.
IT IS SO ORDERED.

ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFEDANTS' MOTIONS FOR RECOSIDERATION
This matter is before the Court on two motions for reconsideration, the first filed by Defendant Deputy Paul DeShong ("DeShong"), and the second by Defendants Deputy Richard Ward ("Ward"), Sheriff Rodney Mitchell, County of Lake, and County of Lake Sheriff's Department (collectively, "Defendants"). Defendants ask the Court to reconsider its May 12, 2010 Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part Defendants' Motions for Judgment on the Pleadings (Doc. 89) ("May 12, 2010 Order"), in particular the Court's conclusion that Plaintiff Brent Beckway ("Beckway") is not currently in custody for purposes of habeas corpus. For good cause appearing, Defendants' motions are GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART.

BACKGROUND
A detailed factual and procedural background of this case is set out in the Court's May 12, 2010 Order, and will not be repeated here. In summary, Beckway's lawsuit arises out of his October 27, 2006 arrest by Ward and DeShong, deputies with the County of Lake Sheriffs Department, for striking and threatening his neighbor following a dispute over the sale of a cord of wood. Beckway pleaded nolo contendere to a charge of resisting arrest (Cal. Pen.Code § 148(a)(1)) on October 27, 2009, and was sentenced to "one year summary probation," with the "conditions that [he] obey all laws, commit no same or similar offenses and that he pay a fine in the amount of $160[.]" Preston Decl. (Doc. 72), Ex. F at 6:9-15. Beckway was also required to "[n]otify the Court of any changes in mailing address, physical address or telephone number," and to "[f]ollow all orders of the Court." Id., Ex. G at 3. Beckway filed this lawsuit on October 2, 2007, bringing claims for excessive use of force and false arrest under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, as well as state law claims for battery, negligence, and intentional infliction of emotional distress.[1] He alleges that Ward and DeShong applied excessive force and seriously injured his left knee.
In Heck v. Humphrey, the Supreme Court barred a § 1983 plaintiff from recovering *923 damages for "harm caused by actions whose unlawfulness would render a conviction or sentence invalid," unless the plaintiff has proven that the conviction has been reversed, expunged, or otherwise declared invalid or called into question. 512 U.S. 477, 486-87, 114 S.Ct. 2364, 129 L.Ed.2d 383 (1994). Defendants, in their motions for judgment on the pleadings, urged the Court to apply the Heck rule to bar Beckway's excessive force claim, because the use of excessive force by an officer would necessarily preclude a section 148 conviction.[2] In opposition, Beckway asserted two bases for the Court to find Heck inapplicable.
First, he invoked the exception to the Heck rule carved out by Justice Souter in his concurrence to Heck, 512 U.S. at 491, which a majority of justices later endorsed in Spencer v. Kemna, 523 U.S. 1, 20-21, 118 S.Ct. 978, 140 L.Ed.2d 43 (1998) (Souter, J., concurring), id. at 25 n. 8 (Stevens, J., dissenting). According to Justice Souter, Heck should not bar the § 1983 claims of a plaintiff who is not "in custody" and cannot therefore "invoke federal habeas jurisdiction, the only statutory mechanism besides § 1983 by which individuals may sue state officials in federal court for violating federal rights." Heck, 512 U.S. at 500 (Souter, J., concurring). Beckway asserted that he was not in custody and therefore could not seek habeas relief, a position Defendantsin replydid not dispute. After observing that "it is undisputed that Beckway is not currently in custody, and that habeas corpus is not an available avenue of relief," this Court followed Justice Souter's rationale in concluding that the Heck bar was inapplicable here. May 12, 2010 Order at 8-9.
Beckway's second argument relied on the Ninth Circuit's holding in Smith v. City of Hemet that an action is not barred by Heck where "the excessive force may have been employed against [the plaintiff] subsequent to the time he engaged in the conduct that constituted the basis for his conviction." 394 F.3d 689, 693 (9th Cir. 2005). Beckway argued that the excessive force underlying his claimthe stomping on his knee by one of the two deputies occurred after his arrest had been effected, in which case his claim would not be inconsistent with his conviction. Since the Court had already found Heck to be inapplicable based on Beckway's first argument, however, it concluded that it did not need to rule on this second ground.
Defendants now challenge this Court's ruling on Beckway's first argument. Defendants had presented evidence that, on October 27, 2009, Beckway was sentenced to one year of summary probation. In reliance on that evidence, Defendants now arguefor the first timethat habeas was (and remains) available to Beckway: as his probation term does not expire until October 27, 2010, Defendants contend that Beckway is currently "in custody" for habeas purposes. Since the Court did not previously consider the material fact of Beckway's summary probation, the Court granted Defendants leave to file the motions for reconsideration that are now before the Court.

LEGAL STANDARD
Rule 54(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allows "any order or other decision" that does not end an action to "be revised at any time before the entry of a judgment adjudicating all the claims and all the parties' rights and liabilities." Under *924 the local rules of this district, one basis for allowing leave to file a motion for reconsideration is the showing of a "manifest failure by the Court to consider material facts or dispositive legal arguments" previously presented to the Court. Civ. L.R. 7-9(b)(3). The Court previously granted Defendants leave to file the instant motions based on its failure to consider the material fact of Beckway's probation term. See Order Granting Leave to File Motions for Reconsideration (Doc. 100) at 2.
Since Defendants ask the Court to reconsider a ruling on motions for judgment on the pleadings, the Court must continue to apply the standard governing such motions. "After the pleadings are closed but early enough not to delay triala party may move for judgment on the pleadings." Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(c). "Judgment on the pleadings is proper when the moving party clearly establishes on the face of the pleadings that no material issue of fact remains to be resolved and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., 896 F.2d 1542, 1550 (9th Cir.1989). "[T]he same standard of review applicable to a Rule 12(b) motion applies to its Rule 12(c) analog," because the motions are "functionally identical." Dworkin v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 867 F.2d 1188, 1192 (9th Cir.1989). The Court must "accept all material allegations in the complaint as true," and resolve all doubts "in the light most favorable to the plaintiff." McGlinchy v. Shell Chemical Co., 845 F.2d 802, 810 (9th Cir.1988). A court may also consider, on a Rule 12(c) motion, "facts that `are contained in materials of which the court may take judicial notice.'" Heliotrope Gen., Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 189 F.3d 971, 981 n. 18 (9th Cir.1999) (quoting Barron v. Reich, 13 F.3d 1370, 1377 (9th Cir.1994)).

DISCUSSION
The Court begins by considering whether habeas is available to Beckway because he is in custody by virtue of his summary probation. If habeas is available, Justice Souter's exception to Heck does not apply and the Court will address the question raised by Beckway's second argument: whether his allegation that excessive force occurred following his arrest removes this claim from the scope of Heck.

I. Is Beckway currently "in custody" for habeas purposes?
Justice Souter concurred in Heck out of concern that the Court's majority opinion could be interpreted to "needlessly place at risk the rights of those ... not `in custody' for habeas purposes." Heck, 512 U.S. at 500. Since "individuals not `in custody' cannot invoke federal habeas jurisdiction," a requirement that they "show the prior invalidation of their convictions or sentences in order to obtain § 1983 damages for unconstitutional conviction or imprisonment" would "deny any federal forum for claiming a deprivation of federal rights to those who cannot first obtain a favorable state ruling." Id. He therefore concludedwith the agreement of four other justicesthat "a former prisoner, no longer `in custody,' may bring a § 1983 action establishing the unconstitutionality of a conviction or confinement without being bound to satisfy a favorable-termination requirement that it would be impossible as a matter of law for him to satisfy." Spencer, 523 U.S. at 21 (Souter, J., concurring).
Justice Souter's concurrences carve out an exception to the Heck bar for those not in custody because habeas relief is available only to those who are. The key question on Defendants' instant motion is what qualifies as "in custody." The federal habeas statute provides that a federal *925 court "shall entertain an application for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court only on the ground that he is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a) (emphasis added). The Supreme Court's "interpretation of the `in custody' language has not required that a prisoner be physically confined in order to challenge his sentence on habeas corpus." Maleng v. Cook, 490 U.S. 488, 491, 109 S.Ct. 1923, 104 L.Ed.2d 540 (1989). Under California law, a writ of habeas corpus may be prosecuted by "[e]very person unlawfully imprisoned or restrained of his liberty, under any pretense whatever, . . . to inquire into the cause of such imprisonment or restraint." Cal. Pen.Code § 1473(a). The writ is available not only to those who are "physically imprisoned," but also to individuals "in constructive custody" like those on parole, probation, or bail. In re Wessley W., 125 Cal.App.3d 240, 246, 181 Cal. Rptr. 401 (1981). As Justice Souter himself explained, among individuals not "in custody" are "people who were merely fined, for example, or who have completed short terms of imprisonment, probation, or parole, or who discover (through no fault of their own) a constitutional violation after full expiration of their sentences." Heck, 512 U.S. at 500.
Beckway was sentenced to one year of summary probation on October 27, 2009, a sentence that will presumptively end on the same date in 2010. "Summary probation" is formally referred to as a "conditional sentence" in the California Penal Code, and is defined as "the suspension of the imposition or execution of a sentence and the order of revocable release in the community subject to conditions established by the court without the supervision of a probation officer." Cal. Pen.Code § 1203(a); see also People v. Bishop, 11 Cal.App.4th 1125, 1131-32, 15 Cal.Rptr.2d 539 (1992) (describing 1981 and 1982 amendments to the Penal Code introducing "conditional sentence" and clarifying "that what was formerly referred to as `summary probation' or `court probation' was henceforth to be known as `conditional sentence'"). The conditions for Beckway's release were to "obey all laws, commit no same or similar offenses and . . . pay a fine in the amount of $160," Preston Decl. (Doc. 72), Ex. F at 6:9-15, as well as to "[n]otify the Court of any changes in mailing address, physical address or telephone number," and to "[f]ollow all orders of the Court," id., Ex. G at 3.
An individual on probation can generally petition for a writ of habeas corpus under both state and federal law.[3]See Jones v. Cunningham, 371 U.S. 236, 83 S.Ct. 373, 9 L.Ed.2d 285 (1963) (ruling that "a state prisoner who has been placed on parole is `in custody'" for habeas purposes); Arketa v. Wilson, 373 F.2d 582, 583 (9th Cir.1967) (applying Jones's holding to individuals on probation, observing that "[i]n California, a convict who is on probation is as much in custody as one who is on parole; he remains subject to the control of the probation officer and the court"); In re Wessley W., 125 Cal.App.3d 240, 246, 181 Cal.Rptr. 401 (1981) ("Today, the writ is available to one on . . . probation[.]"). In Jones, the Supreme Court observed that the writ of habeas corpus *926 "never has been a static, narrow, formalistic remedy," .but rather is one whose "scope has grown to achieve its grand purposethe protection of individuals against erosion of their right to be free from wrongful restraints upon their liberty." Jones, 371 U.S. at 243. With that in mind, the Court concluded that the conditions of the petitioner's parole, which "confine[d] and restrain[ed] his freedom," were "enough to keep him in the `custody' of the members of the Virginia Parole Board within the meaning of the habeas corpus statute." Id. The Court "reasoned that the petitioner's release from physical confinement under the sentence in question was not unconditional; instead, it was explicitly conditioned on his reporting regularly to his parole officer, remaining in a particular community, residence, and job, and refraining from certain activities." Maleng, 490 U.S. at 491 (discussing Jones).
Jones was the first in a line of Supreme Court decisions expanding the scope of habeas corpus beyond challenges to the convictions of "prisoners actually in the physical custody of the State." Lehman v. Lycoming County Children's Servs. Agency, 458 U.S. 502, 508, 102 S.Ct. 3231, 73 L.Ed.2d 928 (1982). In Carafas v. LaVallee, 391 U.S. 234, 237-38, 88 S.Ct. 1556, 20 L.Ed.2d 554 (1968), the Court concluded that a habeas petitioner's unconditional release during his action's pendency did not moot a claim that was filed when he was in physical custody, because he still faced the "collateral consequences" of his conviction. The Court later found that a defendant who had been released on his own recognizance post-sentencing but pre-incarceration was "in custody" for habeas purposes, because he was "subject to restraints `not shared by the public generally.'" Hensley v. Municipal Court, 411 U.S. 345, 351, 93 S.Ct. 1571, 36 L.Ed.2d 294 (1973) (citing Jones, 371 U.S. at 240, 83 S.Ct. 373). Those decisions "have limited the writ's availability to challenges to state-court judgments in situations whereas a result of a state-court criminal convictiona petitioner has suffered substantial restraints not shared by the public generally." Lehman, 458 U.S. at 510. The question before this Court, then, is whether Beckway's summary probation subjects him to "substantial restraints not shared by the public generally."
The parties have cited no cases addressing whether summary probation under California law is a sufficient restraint on liberty to qualify as custody for habeas corpus purposes. An individual sentenced to summary probation is "subject to conditions established by the court." Cal. Pen. Code § 1203(a). Summary probation falls within section 1203.2 of the California Penal Code, which dictates the procedures to be followed when a condition of probation is violated:
At any time during the probationary period of a person released on probation under the care of a probation officer pursuant to this chapter, or of a person released on conditional sentence or summary probation not under the care of a probation officer, if any probation officer or peace officer has probable cause to believe that the probationer is violating any term or condition of his or her probation or conditional sentence, the officer may, without warrant or other process and at any time until the final disposition of the case, rearrest the person and bring him or her before the court or the court may, in its discretion, issue a warrant for his or her rearrest. Upon such rearrest, or upon the issuance of a warrant for rearrest the court may revoke and terminate such probation if the interests of justice so require and the court, in its judgment, has reason to believe from the report of the probation officer or otherwise that the person has violated any of the conditions *927 of his or her probation, has become abandoned to improper associates or a vicious life, or has subsequently committed other offenses, regardless whether he or she has been prosecuted for such offenses.
Cal. Pen.Code § 1203.2(a) (emphasis added). In characterizing an earlier version of section 1203.2, the Ninth Circuit observed that "a prisoner released on probation may at any time be rearrested without warrant, brought before the court, and have his probation revoked and terminated upon the mere report of the probation officer." Benson v. California, 328 F.2d 159, 162 (9th Cir.1964). An individual on summary probation faces those same constraints.
On the surface, the conditions imposed on Beckway appear no different than those imposed on the general public: to "obey all laws" and "commit no same or similar offenses."[4] For that reason, Beckway argues that his summary probation is not analogous to the cases that concluded one on probation or parole is "in custody." He is not required to report to a probation officer or submit to government supervision, and he does not have a suspended sentence that could lead to incarceration if he violates a condition of probation. His circumstances bear little resemblance to the conditions in Jones that prompted the Supreme Court to conclude that parole satisfies the "in custody" requirement.
The Court agrees that summary probation is distinct from probation, and that the restraint on Beckway's liberty is substantially less than that faced by an individual on probation. However, the Supreme Court addressed the significance of such seemingly innocuous conditions in a footnote to Jones: "Even the condition which requires petitioner not to violate any penal laws or ordinances, at first blush innocuous, is a significant restraint because it is the Parole Board members or the parole officer who will determine whether such a violation has occurred." Jones, 371 U.S. at 242 n. 19. Thus an individual on parole could "be thrown back in jail to finish serving the allegedly invalid sentence with few, if any, of the procedural safeguards that normally must be and are provided to those charged with crime." Id. at 242. The possibility of a parole officer deciding whether a violation has occurred by itself constitutes, according to the Supreme Court, a "significant restraint" on liberty.
Section 1203.2 puts Beckway in an analogous condition. "[I]f any probation officer. . . has probable cause to believe that the probationer is violating any term or condition of his or her . . . conditional sentence, the officer may, without warrant or other process . . ., rearrest the person and bring him or her before the court[.]" Cal. Pen.Code § 1203.2. Although the requirement that the probationer be brought "before the court" demonstrates the retention of some procedural protections, a probation officer is still entitled to make an arrest "without warrant or other process." Probation can be revoked by the court if it "has reason to believe from the report of the probation officer or otherwise that the person has violated any of the conditions of his or her probation, has become abandoned to improper associates or a vicious life, or has subsequently committed other offenses, regardless whether he or she has been prosecuted for such offenses." Id. (emphasis added). The loss of procedural safeguards can be a sufficient basis to conclude that an individual is "in custody" for habeas purposes. See Jones, 371 U.S. *928 at 242 n. 19. Since Beckway loses some procedural protection by operation of section 1203.2 while he is on summary probation, the Court concludes that he is "in custody" for habeas purposes. Justice Souter's exception to Heck is therefore inapplicable; the Court reverses its prior conclusion to the contrary. Defendants' motions for reconsideration are GRANED IN PART as to this issue.

II. Does Beckway's claim imply the invalidity of his conviction?
Beckway reasserts a second basis for determining that Heck does not bar his § 1983 claim, which the Court concluded it did not need to address in its original order. Beckway's excessive force claim would not imply the invalidity of his conviction for resisting arrest, according to Beckway, because he alleges that the excessive force occurred only after his arrest was effected. As this theory would remove Beckway's excessive force claim from the scope of Heck, the Court agrees that it must now be addressed.
Defendants contend that Beckway's claim is barred by Heck because one can only be convicted of resisting an arrest that is lawful, see People v. Wilkins, 14 Cal.App.4th 761, 776, 17 Cal.Rptr.2d 743 (1993), but an officer "is not permitted to use unreasonable or excessive force in making an otherwise lawful arrest," People v. Olguin, 119 Cal.App.3d 39, 46, 173 Cal. Rptr. 663 (1981). The allegation that the officers used excessive force therefore implies the invalidity of his conviction for resisting a lawful arrest under section 148 of the California Penal Code.[5] Although Beckway does not dispute that an excessive force claim can be inconsistent with a resisting arrest conviction, he argues that there is no such inconsistency here. As alleged in his complaint, one of the two deputies stomped on his leg and fractured his knee only after his "face and abdomen were on the ground" and the other deputy was holding Beckway's "hands behind his back." Complaint (Doc. 1) ¶ 15. At that point, Beckway argues, his arrest had already been effected and he was no longer offering resistance. The excessive force therefore occurred after the events underlying his conviction for resisting arrest, and his claim does not imply the invalidity of that conviction.
Beckway's argument relies on the Ninth Circuit's decision in Smith v. City of Hemet. 394 F.3d 689 (9th Cir.2005). The plaintiff in Smith pled guilty to a section 148(a)(1) violation, after repeatedly defying the orders of police officers who had been called to his home in response to a domestic violence complaint. Each act of defianceincluding refusing to remove his hands from his pockets, refusing to step off his porch, and refusing to put his hands on his headoccurred as the police officers were lawfully investigating the complaint, and each by itself "could support a conviction under [section 148] for obstructing the criminal investigation." Id. at 697. Smith continued to defy section 148 by resisting the officers when they came onto his porch to arrest him, at which time they deployed pepper spray and sicced the police canine on him. Although the defendants cited Heck to bar Smith's § 1983 excessive force claim, the court recognized that the applicability of Heck depended on the factual basis for Smith's guilty plea. If he pled guilty "based on his behavior after the officers came onto the porch, during the course of the arrest, his suit would be barred by Heck," because "a successful § 1983 action" would mean the officers had *929 used excessive force to arrest him, which would demonstrate the invalidity of his section 148 conviction. Id. at 697-98 (emphasis in original). If, however, his plea was based on his behavior while standing "alone and untouched on his porch," then the alleged excessive force "occurred subsequent to the conduct on which his conviction was based" and his § 1983 action would not conflict with his conviction. Id. at 698 (emphasis in original). Since the basis for the plea was unknown, the Ninth Circuit held that Smith's § 1983 action was "not barred by Heck because the excessive force may have been employed against him subsequent to the time he engaged in the conduct that constituted the basis for his conviction." Id. at 693. As a result, the "§ 1983 action neither demonstrate[d] nor necessarily implie[d] the invalidity" of Smith's conviction. Id.
The Ninth Circuit reached a similar conclusion four years earlier in Sanford v. Motts, when it allowed the plaintiff, Regina Sanford, to bring an excessive force claim alleging that an officer had punched her in the face after she was already handcuffed. 258 F.3d 1117 (9th Cir.2001). Sanford pled nolo contendere to a section 148(a)(1) charge after she and her boyfriend had intervened with a police officer who was attempting to arrest her boyfriend's brother. In her § 1983 claim, she alleged that excessive force was used after her arrest. The court concluded that "Heck is no bar": if the officer "used excessive force subsequent to the time Sanford interfered with his duty, success in her section 1983 claim will not invalidate her conviction." Id. at 1120. As excessive force "used after an arrest is made does not destroy the lawfulness of the arrest," Sanford's case hinged on her ability to "prove the punch was delivered after she was arrested." Id.
Likewise, in Smithart v. Towery, 79 F.3d 951 (9th Cir.1996), the Ninth Circuit confronted the applicability of Heck to a plaintiff who had pled guilty to assault with a deadly weapon for driving a truck at two officers. Although Heck barred him from challenging the probable cause for his arrest, it did not bar his claim that the officers used excessive force after he had exited the vehicle, as his conviction was based on his conduct in the truck. Id. at 952. "To the extent that Smithart seeks to recover for defendants' alleged use of excessive force during the course of his arrest, his section 1983 action may proceed," the court concluded. Id. at 953.
To distinguish the present facts from these and similar cases cited by Beckway, Defendants argue that, in Beckway's case, "there was a single act of resistance that coincided with the arrest upon which Beckway's plea was entered." Defs.' Reply in Support of Motion for J. on the Pleadings (Doc. 85) at 6 n.9. As a result, Defendants assert, there can be no dispute over the factual basis for Beckway's plea: only one act of resistance would subject Beckway to the section 148 charge, and the officers' alleged use of excessive force at that time would be inconsistent with his conviction. As described in the police reports and in Beckway's own complaint, Beckway's altercation with the officers appears to have been brief and rapid:
DeShong . . . contacted Beckway at his home while accompanied by Ward as a cover unit. He found Beckway to be visibly intoxicated and unsteady on his feet. After soliciting Beckway's account of his altercation with Keats, DeShong notified Beckway that he was placing him under arrest. Beckway "pulled away" and "started to spin around, attempting to gain physical advantage," but then "lost his balance and fell to the deck of the residence." Preston Decl., Ex. A at 3. Beckway, having fallen forward, had his hands and arms beneath his torso; the officers attempted to gain control of his hands and soon placed him *930 in handcuffs. As the officers helped him up, Beckway complained of a pain to his left leg, and was transported by medical personnel to a hospital for treatment. Beckway alleges in his complaint that the officers had forcibly thrown him to the ground and stomped on the back of his left knee, causing his injury.
May 12, 2010 Order at 2-3. In Smith, the Ninth Circuit found multiple potential bases for the plaintiff's guilty plea because he had engaged in numerous, discrete acts of defying officer commands. Beckway attempts to do the same here, arguing that he engaged in distinct actshis initial delay upon being told of his arrest, for example, and his pulling away from DeShong's gripeach of which could have formed the basis of his plea. Defendants argue that such a breakdown of his arrest is infeasible, because the arrest was a fluid, uninterrupted act that could be measured in seconds. Defendants urge the Court to follow instead the Ninth Circuit's decision in Cunningham v. Gates, which found the Heck bar applied because "there was no break between [the plaintiff's] provocative act" and "the police response that he claims was excessive." 312 F.3d 1148, 1155 (9th Cir.2002).
Smith forces the Court to examine the temporal relationship between the acts underlying a conviction and the acts underlying the § 1983 claim. If "the excessive force may have been employed against him subsequent to the time he engaged in the conduct that constituted the basis for his conviction," the Heck bar does not apply. Smith, 394 F.3d at 693. Thus, a claim that the officers used excessive force after Beckway had already submitted to their authority would not be subject to Heck. That is precisely what Beckway alleges: he claims one of the deputies stomped on his leg after his arrest was already effected, when he was on the ground and in the grasp of one deputy. Even if the arrest itself was fluid, any excessive force that occurred after the arrest had been effected would fall beyond the scope of Heck.
On a motion for judgment on the pleadings, the Court construes all doubts in favor of the plaintiff. The Court must therefore credit Beckway's allegations as true, and as such cannot conclude at this time that the excessive force claim is barred by Heck. To the extent that Beckway alleges the use of excessive force following his arrest, his § 1983 claim does not necessarily imply the invalidity his conviction for resisting arrest. As in Sanford v. Motts, Beckway's case hinges on his ability to prove the kick "was delivered after [ ]he was arrested." 258 F.3d at 1120. Defendants' motions for reconsideration are therefore DENIED IN PART as to their requests that the Court dismiss Beckway's § 1983 claim for excessive force and the related state law claims for battery, negligence, and intentional infliction of emotional distress.

CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, Defendants' motions are GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. The Court concludes that Beckway is currently in custody for habeas purposes, and that the exception to Heck carved out by Justice Souter does not apply here. The motions are therefore GRANTED IN PART as to this issue. However, the Court also finds that Heck does not bar Beckway's claim that excessive force was used after his arrest. Judgment on the pleadings is therefore DENIED IN PART as to Beckway's § 1983 claim and the related state law claims for battery, negligence, and intentional infliction of emotional distress.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
NOTES
[1]  Defendants request judicial notice of documents from the criminal proceeding against Beckway in Lake County Superior Court, including a transcript of the a preliminary hearing and police reports on which the judge relied as the factual basis for Beckway's plea. The Court may consider, on a motion for judgment on the pleadings, the facts alleged in the pleadings as well as those contained in judicially noticed materials. Heliotrope Gen., Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 189 F.3d 971, 981 n. 18 (9th Cir.1999). Pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 201, the Court will take judicial notice of the existence of these documents as "matters of public record." Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 689 (9th Cir.2001). Since it would be inappropriate to "take judicial notice of a fact that is `subject to reasonable dispute,'" id. (quoting Fed.R.Evid. 201(b)), the Court does not accept as true the facts alleged in the documents. As Defendants' motions are based on issues litigated in the criminal proceeding, the Court sets out the facts alleged by Plaintiff and in the judicially noticed documents to establish the context for that litigation. However, the Court makes no judgment as to the veracity of any account, andwhere facts are material to the resolution of this motionresolves all doubts in favor of Plaintiff.
[2]  Ward appeared only as a Doe Defendant in the original complaint, and was added by name in an amendment to the complaint filed on February 1, 2008.
[3]  The nolo contendere plea "shall be considered the same as a plea of guilty" and, upon that plea, "the court shall find the defendant guilty." Cal. Pen.Code § 1016(3). The nolo contendere plea is the equivalent of a conviction for purposes of Heck. See Nuno v. County of San Bernardino, 58 F.Supp.2d 1127, 1135 (C.D.Cal.1999).
[4]  Beckway contends, in opposition to Defendants' motions, that the use of excessive force occurred after his arrest, in which case his excessive force claim would not necessarily impugn his conviction for resisting arrest. See Smith v. City of Hemet, 394 F.3d 689, 699 (9th Cir.2005). Since the Court ultimately concludes that Heck is inapplicable for other reasons, there is no need to assess the factual basis for Beckway's nolo contendere plea.
[1]  This Court dismissed the false arrest claim based on collateral estoppel in its May 12, 2010 Order, a ruling that is not at issue on these motions.
[2]  The nolo contendere plea "shall be considered the same as a plea of guilty" and, upon that plea, "the court shall find the defendant guilty." Cal. Pen.Code § 1016(3). The nolo contendere plea is the equivalent of a conviction for purposes of Heck. See Nuno v. County of San Bernardino, 58 F.Supp.2d 1127, 1135 (C.D.Cal.1999).
[3]  Although Justice Souter's concurrence was concerned with avoiding the denial of "any federal forum for claiming a deprivation of federal rights," Heck, 512 U.S. at 500 (emphasis added), a party is required to exhaust state remedies before pursuing habeas relief in federal court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b), (c); Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 515-16, 102 S.Ct. 1198, 71 L.Ed.2d 379 (1982). For that reason, the Court addresses the "in custody" requirement for habeas corpus on the federal and state levels.
[4]  Although Beckway was also fined, a fine does not trigger habeas jurisdiction. See Dremann v. Francis, 828 F.2d 6, 7 (9th Cir.1987).
[5]  Section 148 makes it a misdemeanor to "willfully resist[ ], delay[ ], or obstruct[ ] any. . . peace officer . . . in the discharge or attempt to discharge any duty of his or her office or employment." Cal. Pen.Code § 148(a)(1).
