Filed 7/25/13 P. v. White CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.




              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                    (San Joaquin)


THE PEOPLE,                                                                                  C069675

                   Plaintiff and Respondent,                                    (Super. Ct. No. SF113757A)

         v.

WILLIAM WHITE,

                   Defendant and Appellant.




         A jury found defendant William White guilty of assaulting his wife Willie Ruth
Dean with a deadly weapon, to wit an extension cord, on December 19, 2009 (Pen.
Code,1 § 245, subd. (a)(1); count 1); making criminal threats on December 19, 2009
(§ 422; count 2); attempting to murder Dean on January 3, 2010 (§§ 187, subd. (a), 664;
count 3); inflicting corporal injury on Dean on January 3, 2010 (§ 273.5, subd. (a);
count 4); and contempt of court (§ 166, subd. (c)(1); count 6). The jury found defendant
not guilty of second degree robbery (§ 211; count 5) but guilty of the lesser included
offense of petty theft (§ 484) on January 3, 2010. The jury also found true allegations



1        Further undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.

                                                             1
defendant personally inflicted great bodily injury under circumstances involving
domestic violence in the commission of counts 3 and 4 (§ 12022.7, subd. (e)), personally
used a deadly weapon in the commission of counts 2, 3, and 4 (§ 12022, subd. (b)(1)),
and acted with deliberation and premeditation in the commission of count 3. In a
bifurcated proceeding, the trial court found true allegations defendant had four prior
serious felony convictions (§§ 667, subd. (d), 1170.12, subd. (b)) and served two prior
prison terms (§ 667.5, subd. (a)).
       Sentenced to 61 years to life in state prison, defendant appeals.2 He contends the
trial court erred in (1) failing to instruct the jury sua sponte on attempted voluntary
manslaughter as a lesser included offense of attempted murder, and (2) admitting
evidence of a prior act of domestic violence. He also asserts his trial counsel was
ineffective in failing to move to suppress certain evidence. Finding no error on the part
of the trial court or defendant’s trial counsel, we shall affirm the judgment.
                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A.     The Prosecution’s Case in Chief
       Defendant and Dean had a short term relationship in the mid-1970’s that produced
a son, Chris. Dean later had another son, Adrian. Defendant and Dean kept in touch
“[o]ff and on over the years” and married in 2007.
       On December 19, 2009, defendant and Dean were living at 5288 Barbados Circle
in Stockton. When Dean returned home from work that evening, defendant was there but



2       Defendant was sentenced as follows: 25 years to life for attempted murder
(count 3), plus a consecutive 4 years for inflicting great bodily injury and a consecutive
1 year for use of a deadly weapon; a consecutive 25 years to life for assault with a deadly
weapon (count 1); a concurrent 6 months for petty theft (count 5); a concurrent 6 months
for contempt of court (count 6); and a consecutive 6 years for the prior prison terms. The
trial court struck defendant’s conviction for inflicting corporal injury on a spouse
(count 4) as duplicative of count 3, and stayed defendant’s sentence for making criminal
threats (count 2) under section 654.

                                              2
his truck was not. Defendant told Dean the truck had gotten a flat tire. After dinner,
Dean prepared to take defendant to get his truck. When defendant told Dean that she
would “need to pay to get the truck,” Dean told him that she did not have money to pay to
get the truck and returned home. Later that evening, as Dean was watching television,
defendant walked over to their Christmas tree, picked up an extension cord, and said, “I
got to do what I got to do.” He then walked toward Dean with the cord stretched tightly
between both of his hands. Fearing defendant was going to strangle her, Dean began
screaming for help. A struggle ensued. Dean eventually ran outside and used a
neighbor’s cell phone to call police. During the struggle, Dean ended up with the
extension cord and dropped it on the lawn when she got outside. Meanwhile, defendant
took Dean’s keys and drove away in the Mercury Sable Dean used as her personal
vehicle. The Mercury was purchased after defendant and Dean were married in 2007.
Dean told the police officer who responded to her call that defendant had stolen her car.
The police officer discussed obtaining an emergency protective order with Dean, and
Dean indicated she wanted one. The officer was unable to locate an extension cord at the
scene. Later that evening, Dean had a friend change the locks on her security door to
keep defendant out.
       Between December 19 and 25, 2009, defendant, who was living in a homeless
shelter, telephoned Dean at least five times wanting to return home. She declined, telling
him that she could not trust someone who tried to kill her and that she was divorcing him.
       Between December 19, 2009, and January 3, 2010, defendant came by Dean’s
home three or four times. The first time was sometime prior to December 26, 2009, and
Dean’s son Adrian served him with the emergency protective order.
       About a week after the incident, Dean boxed up all of defendant’s personal items
and placed them outside.
       On December 29, 2009, Dean filed for divorce, and her son Adrian served
defendant with the papers.

                                             3
       Sometime prior to January 3, 2010, the Mercury Sable was returned to Dean’s
driveway. She assumed defendant left it there because that is what she had asked him to
do. She notified the police the car had been returned.
       On January 2, 2010, defendant telephoned Dean and asked her to take him to
church with her the following day. She said, “No,” and they exchanged words.
       The next morning, Sunday, January 3, 2010, Dean prepared to go to church. As
she walked out the door, she was carrying her bible bag and purse. As she was about to
turn away from the door, she “felt blows” on the top and back of her head. She looked
and saw that it was defendant who was hitting her. The two scuffled and eventually
ended up on the lawn in front of Dean’s and her next door neighbor’s home. Dean
sustained additional blows to her face, head, right eye, arms, legs, and chest. She had no
idea what defendant was using to strike her; however, it did not feel like a punch, it felt
like she was being hit with an object. She attempted to shield herself with her hands and
arms. While she was lying on the grass, defendant took her purse and car keys and drove
off in the Mercury.3
       Dean ended up across the street but had no idea how she got there. A neighbor
heard dogs barking, looked outside, and saw Dean lying on the sidewalk. Dean had been
beaten. She was covered in blood and told her neighbor defendant had hit her with
something as she was coming out of her house on her way to church.
       Stockton Police Officer Scott Fogg responded to a report of “a person beat.”
When he arrived, Dean was lying on the sidewalk in front of 5291 Barbados Circle. She
was not in good condition. Blood was coming from a wound to the back of her head, her
arms were “swollen and deformed,” and she was bleeding profusely from a cut below her
right eye, which was swollen shut. Dean told Fogg who had hurt her, and Fogg “radioed



3     During cross-examination, Dean acknowledged that she did not actually see
defendant take these items from her.

                                              4
to all the cars, hey, this is our suspect.” He provided a description of defendant and
information regarding the Mercury, including the license plate number. He also advised
the other officers that defendant likes to hang out at Mariani’s Liquors.
       Stockton Police Officers Greg Olmstead and Neto Urias responded to Fogg’s call
and arrived at Mariani’s at the same time. Defendant was standing next to the Mercury in
the parking lot. Olmstead drew his gun and ordered defendant to his knees, and
defendant complied. Defendant identified himself and was taken into custody. He had
blood on his hands and clothing and did not appear to be injured. Stockton Police Officer
John Hernandez also responded to Fogg’s call and arrived as defendant was being taken
into custody.
       After defendant was taken into custody, Officer Olmstead returned to the Mercury
and saw what appeared to be blood on the exterior of the driver’s side of the car. Officers
Olmstead and Hernandez searched the passenger compartment of the Mercury. Olmstead
searched the driver’s side and saw what appeared to be blood on the interior of the door,
the steering wheel, and the center console. Hernandez searched the passenger side and
did not find anything of interest. Thereafter, Hernandez searched the trunk where he
found a small, wooden bat that appeared to have blood on it and Dean’s purse. At the
time he searched the Mercury, including the trunk, Hernandez knew there had been an
assault and that defendant may have been involved.
       In June 2007, Dean’s brother was living with Dean and defendant. Dean’s brother
and defendant got into a fight, Dean got involved, and defendant “scraped” her on the
arm with a knife. Dean does not know whether defendant intended to hurt her. The
police were called, but Dean did not want to press charges because she believed the fight
was between defendant and her brother. As a result of the injury to her arm, Dean has
“tingling and numbness and nerve damage and muscle damage” to three fingers on her
right hand.



                                             5
B.      The Defense
        Defendant testified on his behalf at trial. On the evening of December 19, 2009,
he was illegally dumping some building materials in an area off of Highway 99 and
observed Dean’s Mercury and a male friend’s truck parked up the street. Dean and her
friend left in their respective vehicles after observing defendant. When defendant went to
leave, he discovered his truck had a flat tire. A man at a nearby Home Depot drove him
home.
        Dean returned home later that evening and asked defendant where his truck was
located. Defendant responded that Dean knew where the truck was because she had seen
defendant earlier that evening. Defendant dropped the topic when Dean began waving
around a kitchen knife she was using to cut lettuce. After dinner, they left to get
defendant’s truck but never made it past the driveway. When defendant informed Dean
he needed money to have the tire repaired, she said she was not going to give him
anything and went back inside.
        Later that night, Dean asked defendant if he planned to finish decorating their
Christmas tree, and defendant responded, “I guess I got to do what I got to do.” As
defendant got to work on the tree, Dean came at him with a kitchen knife. Defendant
grabbed an extension cord to protect himself. He wrapped the cord around Dean’s hands
and pushed her. They both fell over, and defendant’s wrist was cut in the process. Dean
got up and ran out the door. Defendant did not call the police because he did not want
Dean to lose her nursing license. He wanted to let things cool down, so he left in the
Mercury. He denied taking any money from Dean’s purse, explaining that he had $40 in
his pocket that day.4 Dean called him later that night, and he told her he would bring the
car back as soon as he got his truck fixed. He returned the car two or three days later.




4       Defendant previously testified that he “didn’t have any money at that time.”

                                              6
       Between December 19, 2009, and January 3, 2010, Dean called defendant nearly
every day. She invited defendant over three or four separate times, but defendant told her
he “want[ed] to get away, get back to me fish.”
       Dean called defendant on January 2, 2010, to remind him that January 3d is their
son’s birthday. She also told him that if he got to her home in time, she might let him go
with her to church the next day.
       The following day, January 3, 2010, defendant arrived at Dean’s home at
8:00 a.m. and waited outside. When he heard Dean inside the garage, he knocked on the
garage door and told her he was outside. She said, “Okay.” Dean came outside a few
minutes later, placed her purse and another bag in the trunk of the Mercury, and moved
the car from the driveway to the street. As Dean walked back to the house, she handed
defendant her phone so that he could call his son. Defendant attempted to hand Dean
some divorce papers, but she refused to take them.
       When Dean came back outside, she had a coat draped over her left arm, and
defendant noticed that her demeanor had changed. She had the “[s]ame old crazy look”
on her face that she had on December 19, 2009, when she came at him with the knife. As
Dean came toward him, she dropped her coat, and revealed she was carrying a knife with
a four- to five-inch blade. Defendant told her to put the knife down, and Dean said, “No.
You trying to take everything from me. I’m not going to let you take nothing from me.”
When Dean continued toward defendant, he picked up a little twig and began hitting
Dean on the hand so that she would drop the knife. Dean took off “running across the
way.” Defendant picked up Dean’s keys, which she had dropped, got into the Mercury,
and attempted to look for her. As he was driving down the street, Dean ran in front of the
car and defendant accidently ran her over. Dean was pinned underneath the car, and
there was “a lot of blood coming out from under there.” Defendant got the jack out of the
trunk, jacked up the car, pulled Dean out, placed her on the sidewalk, rang a neighbor’s



                                            7
doorbell, drove to the end of the street, and waited a few minutes until he saw someone
come out and check on Dean. Then he drove away.
       According to defendant, the incident in 2007 was between him and Dean’s
brother. Dean was “not included.” On cross-examination, he acknowledged he was
convicted of battery on a spouse, assault with a deadly weapon (a knife), and brandishing
a knife as a result of the 2007 incident. He also admitted prior convictions for aggravated
robbery, bank robbery, possession of a firearm, voluntary manslaughter, and assault with
intent to commit robbery by use of a deadly weapon.
C.     The Rebuttal
       Following his arrest, defendant was interviewed by a police detective. Defendant
told the detective he called Dean nearly every day between December 19, 2009, and
January 3, 2010. He was upset about having to live at a shelter. He also was upset Dean
had filed for divorce, explaining that she had promised his mother she would take care of
him for the rest of his life. Defendant spoke to Dean on January 2, 2010, and told her he
would be serving her with divorce papers. The next morning, he took a bus from the
homeless shelter to Dean’s house and waited outside. When Dean emerged from the
house, defendant attempted to serve her with the divorce papers. Dean cursed at him and
went back inside. When she reemerged a few minutes later, she continued cursing at
him, and he felt like he was under attack. He thought Dean had a knife. He “lost it,”
“blacked out,” and did not remember what exactly happened. “[H]e was so frustrated
about his living situation and the way that he felt he was being treated by Ms. Dean’s son
that he couldn’t take it anymore, and that this anger had built up inside him so much that
he knew that he hurt Ms. Dean very severely and that he was really sorry, but he couldn’t
help it.” He found a stick on the lawn that he used to hit her. After striking her with the
stick, he took her car keys and purse and left in the Mercury. When the detective told
him no knife was found at the scene, defendant said he must have seen something that
resembled a knife, such as Dean’s keys. He denied striking Dean with a baseball bat or

                                             8
knowing anything about the bat found in the trunk of Dean’s car. He did not say
anything about accidentally striking Dean with the car. He repeatedly said he was sorry
and offered to and did write Dean an apology letter.
       Officer Fogg “walked the scene” within minutes of arriving at Barbados Circle on
January 3, 2010, including the grass area in front of Dean’s and Dean’s next door
neighbors’ homes, and did not locate a knife. He did observe a large amount of blood in
the grass in front of Dean’s next door neighbor’s home. There were also blood drops
from the sidewalk in front of Dean’s next door neighbor’s home “all the way over to
where [Fogg] located Ms. Dean in the driveway/sidewalk area of 5291” Barbados Circle.
Fogg did not see a large amount of blood in the street. Nor did he observe any drag
marks, just drops of blood.
                                             I
   The Trial Court Did Not Err in Failing to Instruct the Jury Sua Sponte on Attempted
      Voluntary Manslaughter as a Lesser Included Offence of Attempted Murder
       Defendant contends his conviction for attempted murder (count 3) must be
reversed because the trial court failed to instruct the jury sua sponte on the lesser included
offense of attempted voluntary manslaughter. More particularly, he asserts “[t]here was
substantial evidence of provocation during the period from December 19, 2009 to
January 3, 2010, that spilled over into a violent, uncontrollable attack, requiring sua
sponte jury instructions on the lesser-included offense of attempted voluntary
manslaughter.” We disagree.
       “ ‘ “The trial court is obligated to instruct the jury on all general principles of law
relevant to the issues raised by the evidence, whether or not the defendant makes a formal
request.” ’ [Citation.] ‘Conversely, even on request, the court “has no duty to instruct on
any lesser offense unless there is substantial evidence to support such instruction.” ’
[Citation.] This substantial evidence requirement is not satisfied by ‘ “any evidence . . .
no matter how weak,” ’ but rather by evidence from which a jury composed of reasonable



                                              9
persons could conclude ‘that the lesser offense, but not the greater, was committed.’
[Citation.] ‘On appeal, we review independently the question whether the trial court
failed to instruct on a lesser included offense.’ ” (People v. Avila (2009) 46 Cal.4th 680,
704-705, italics omitted.)
       Attempted voluntary manslaughter is a lesser included offense of attempted
murder. (People v. Gutierrez (2003) 112 Cal.App.4th 704, 708.) “The mens rea element
required for murder is a state of mind constituting either express or implied malice. A
person who kills without malice does not commit murder. Heat of passion is a mental
state that precludes the formation of malice and reduces an unlawful killing from murder
to manslaughter. Heat of passion arises if, ‘ “at the time of the killing, the reason of the
accused was obscured or disturbed by passion to such an extent as would cause the
ordinarily reasonable person of average disposition to act rashly and without deliberation
and reflection, and from such passion rather than from judgment.” ’ (People v. Barton
(1995) 12 Cal.4th 186, 201.) Heat of passion, then, is a state of mind caused by legally
sufficient provocation that causes a person to act, not out of rational thought but out of
unconsidered reaction to the provocation. While some measure of thought is required to
form either an intent to kill or a conscious disregard for human life, a person who acts
without reflection in response to adequate provocation does not act with malice.”
(People v. Beltran (2013) 56 Cal.4th 935, 942, fn. omitted (Beltran).) “Provocation is
adequate only when it would render an ordinary person of average disposition ‘liable to
act rashly or without due deliberation and reflection, and from this passion rather than
from judgment.’ ” (Id. at p. 957, quoting People v. Logan (1917) 175 Cal. 45, 49.)
       Here, defendant points to the following as substantial evidence of provocation.
Following the December 19, 2009, incident, Dean changed the locks on her security door,
placed defendant’s belongings outside, and filed for divorce. She also told police
defendant had stolen the Mercury even though she knew the car was community property
and her report could cause defendant to return to prison after having spent most of the

                                              10
past 20 years there. Finally, on the morning in question, January 3, 2010, Dean refused
to allow defendant to accompany her to church or to accept divorce papers he attempted
to serve on her. None of these events is sufficient to “render an ordinary person of
average disposition ‘liable to act rashly or without due deliberation and reflection, and
from this passion rather than from judgment.’ ” (Beltran, supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 28,
quoting People v. Logan, supra, 175 Cal. at p. 49; see also People v. Lujan (2001) 92
Cal.App.4th 1389, 1413-1414 [no provocation shown where wife separated from
defendant, filed for divorce, and enlisted law enforcement assistance in stopping
defendant from stalking and harassing her].)
         The cases relied on by defendant are readily distinguishable. In People v. Berry
(1976) 18 Cal.3d 509, 513-514, the victim, the defendant’s wife, had engaged in a two-
week pattern of sexually arousing the defendant and taunting him into jealous rages over
her love for another man. Our Supreme Court found that under those circumstances the
trial court erred in refusing to instruct on voluntary manslaughter based on sudden quarrel
or heat of passion. (Id. at p. 518.) In contrast, here, the evidence indicated Dean sought
to break off her relationship with defendant following a physical altercation two weeks
earlier. To that end, she changed the locks on her home, served him with divorce papers
and an emergency protective order, and rebuffed his request to accompany her to church.
While she had reported defendant stole the Mercury, defendant had since returned the
car, and there is no indication defendant would suffer any adverse consequences as a
result of Dean’s report. Dean’s actions are nothing like those of the defendant’s wife in
Berry.
         Defendant also cites People v. Borchers (1958) 50 Cal.2d 321, in support of his
contention that heat of passion may be provoked over an extended period of time.
Borchers is factually distinguishable because the series of events that prompted the
defendant to kill in that case included, “[the victim’s] admitted infidelity, her statements
that she wished she were dead, her attempt to jump from the car . . . her repeated urging

                                             11
that defendant shoot her, [her son], and himself on the night of the incident, and her taunt,
‘are you chicken.’ ” (Id. at p. 328-329.) This case presents no similarly egregious
provocations, either as extended build-up to the January 3, 2010, assault or as the
immediate impetus for it.
       In sum, Dean did nothing to provoke defendant so as to permit heat of passion
instructions to be given. No reasonable jury could find otherwise. Accordingly, the trial
court did not err in failing to instruct the jury on attempted voluntary manslaughter.
                                          II
Defendant’s Trial Counsel Was Not Ineffective for Failing to Move to Suppress the Items
     Found in the Trunk of the Mercury Because the Search Was Proper Under the
                                Automobile Exception
       Defendant next contends “[t]he warrantless search of the trunk . . . exceeded the
lawful scope of a search incident to arrest; [and] trial counsel’s failure to object deprived
[defendant] of the Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel, requiring
reversal of counts three [attempted murder] and five [petty theft].” Again, we disagree.
       A defendant claiming ineffective assistance of counsel has the burden to show:
(1) counsel’s performance was deficient, falling below an objective standard of
reasonableness under prevailing professional norms; and (2) the deficient performance
resulted in prejudice. (Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 687-688 [80
L.Ed.2d 674, 693] (Strickland); People v. Ledesma (1987) 43 Cal.3d 171, 216-218.)
Prejudice is shown when “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A
reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.” (Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 694 [80 L.Ed.2d at p. 698].) Where, as
here, the claim is based on trial counsel’s failure to object or make a motion, a defendant
must prove not only the absence of a reasonable tactical explanation for the omission but
also that the objection or motion would have been meritorious. (People v. MacKenzie
(1995) 34 Cal.App.4th 1256, 1272.)


                                             12
       Whether a search is unreasonable under the Constitution is a question of law.
(People v. Lawler (1973) 9 Cal.3d 156, 160.) Under the California Constitution, the
reasonableness of a search and seizure is measured against federal constitutional
standards. (People v. Woods (1999) 21 Cal.4th 668, 674.) Under the Fourth Amendment
to the United States Constitution, a warrantless search is presumed to be illegal, subject to
a few exceptions. (Ibid.)
       Here, defendant does not contest the legality of his arrest or the search of the car’s
passenger compartment. Instead, he disputes the legality of the search of the car’s trunk
incident to his arrest.5 Defendant cites Arizona v. Gant (2009) 556 U.S. 332 [173
L.Ed.2d 485] (Gant) for the proposition that “the warrantless search of the trunk of [his]
car exceeded the lawful scope of a search incident to arrest.” In Gant, the United States
Supreme Court held that the police may “search a vehicle incident to a recent occupant’s
arrest only when the arrestee is unsecured and within reaching distance of the passenger
compartment at the time of the search” or “it is reasonable to believe that evidence
[relevant to] the offense of arrest might be found in the vehicle.”6 (Id. at pp. 343, 335
[173 L.Ed.2d at pp. 496, 491], fn. omitted.) We need not consider whether the search of




5      For purposes of this appeal, we shall assume defendant has standing to challenge
the search. While we sometimes refer to the Mercury as “Dean’s car” because she was
the primary driver, it is undisputed the Mercury was purchased during Dean’s marriage to
defendant. The People do not challenge defendant’s standing to challenge the search of
the trunk.
6      The vehicle search Gant authorizes when it is reasonable to believe evidence
relevant to the offense of arrest might be found in the vehicle appears to be limited to the
“passenger compartment” and “any containers therein,” (Gant, supra, 556 U.S. at p. 344
[173 L.Ed.2d at p. 496]), and, traditionally, the passenger compartment has not included
the trunk (New York v. Belton (1981) 453 U.S. 454, 461 fn. 4 [69 L.Ed.2d 768, 775 fn.
4]). (See also United States v. Arnold (E.D.Mich. Sept. 23, 2009, No. 08-20556) 2009
U.S. Dist. LEXIS 87215, *23-*25 [concluding that Gant did not authorize a trunk
search].) Accordingly, we analyze the legality of the trunk search under another doctrine.

                                             13
the trunk exceeded the lawful scope of a search incident to arrest because we find it was
justified under the automobile exception to the search warrant requirement.
       “If there is probable cause to believe a vehicle contains evidence of criminal
activity, United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 820-821, 102 S.Ct. 2157, 72 L.Ed.2d 572
(1982) [(Ross)], authorizes a search of any area of the vehicle in which the evidence
might be found.” (Gant, supra, 556 U.S. 347 [173 L.Ed.2d at p. 498], italics added.)
“ ‘Probable cause means “a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be
found . . . .” ’ ” (Alabama v. White (1990) 496 U.S. 325, 330 [110 L. Ed. 2d 301, 308].)
Probable cause to search thus exists when the “known facts and circumstances are
sufficient to warrant a [person] of reasonable prudence in the belief that contraband or
evidence of a crime will be found . . . .” (Ornelas v. United States (1996) 517 U.S. 690,
696 [134 L. Ed. 2d 911, 918].) A probable cause determination “must be based on
objective facts that could justify the issuance of a warrant by a magistrate and not merely
on the subjective good faith of the police officers.” (Ross, supra, 456 U.S. at p. 808
[72 L.Ed.2d at p. 583].)
       Officer Hernandez had probable cause to believe the trunk contained evidence of
criminal activity when he searched it. At the time he searched the Mercury, he knew
defendant was a suspect in an assault. He arrived at the liquor store just as defendant was
being detained. After defendant was taken into custody, Officers Olmstead and
Hernandez searched the Mercury. Olmstead saw what appeared to be blood on the
exterior of the driver’s side of the car. Olmstead also saw what appeared to be blood on
the interior of the door, the steering wheel, and the center console. Hernandez searched
the passenger side of the car and did not find anything of interest. Thereafter, he
searched the trunk where he found a small wooden bat that appeared to have blood on it
and Dean’s purse. While Hernandez did not testify that he had seen what appeared to be
blood on or in the Mercury, it is inconceivable that he was not aware of its presence given
that he searched the passenger side of the passenger compartment while Olmstead

                                            14
searched the driver’s side. These facts provided Hernandez with probable cause to
believe the car contained evidence of criminal activity. (See People v. Kraft (2000) 23
Cal.4th 978, 1044 [“Having found a substance suspected to be blood, searching officers
clearly had probable cause to believe criminal activity had occurred in the car . . . .”],
underscore added.) Accordingly, he could lawfully search “any area of the vehicle in
which the evidence might be found.” (Gant, supra, 556 U.S. 347 [173 L.Ed.2d at p.
498].)
         Because Officer Hernandez’s search of the trunk was lawful under the automobile
exception to the search warrant requirement, we reject defendant’s claim that his trial
counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to move to suppress the evidence found
during that search.7 (People v. Szadziewicz (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 823, 836 [“Counsel’s
failure to make a futile or unmeritorious motion or request is not ineffective
assistance.”].)
                                           III
    The Trial Court Properly Admitted Evidence Concerning a Prior Incident of Domestic
                                        Violence
         Finally, defendant argues the admission of evidence concerning a prior incident of
domestic violence pursuant to Evidence Code section 1109 violated his federal
constitutional rights to due process and equal protection, and such evidence should have
been excluded pursuant to Evidence Code section 352. We reject both claims.
         The prosecution moved in limine to admit evidence concerning defendant’s 2007
convictions for assault with a knife, brandishing a knife, and spousal battery to establish
defendant’s propensity to commit acts of domestic violence. In support of its motion, the
prosecution made the following proffer: On June 27, 2007, Dean’s brother heard Dean



7      Because we find the search was lawful under the automobile exception, we need
not address the People’s claim “[t]he search was proper as an inventory search and as a
search incident to arrest . . . .”

                                              15
and defendant arguing in the front room. Dean’s brother entered the front room and saw
defendant pointing a knife at Dean and heard defendant threatening to kill Dean. When
Dean’s brother attempted to intervene, defendant pointed the knife at him and threatened
to kill him. Fearing defendant was going to stab her, Dean grabbed the knife with both
hands and during the process was cut twice on her left forearm. Dean’s brother called the
police over Dean’s objection. When the police arrived, Dean said she did not want to
press charges and would not testify or show up in court. She said she just wanted
defendant out of her life.
       Defendant moved in limine to exclude such evidence because “the defense has not
received any reports. Therefore, the defense requests the exclusion of any prior charged
or uncharged domestic violence incidents between William White and Willie Dean-
White. (Evidence Code, §§ 1109, 352.)”8 By the time of the hearing, defendant’s trial
counsel had received information concerning the June 27, 2007, incident and conceded
the evidence was admissible under Evidence Code section 1109. The trial court agreed,
finding “[i]t is clearly a domestic violence incident in which allegedly the defendant here
started out by threatening to harm [Dean] and wound up cutting her . . . .”
       Evidence Code section 1109 permits the admission of a defendant’s other acts of
domestic violence for the purpose of showing a propensity to commit such crimes,
subject to certain limitations. (People v. Brown (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 1222, 1233.)
More particularly, Evidence Code section 1109, subdivision (a)(1) provides in relevant
part: “[I]n a criminal action in which the defendant is accused of an offense involving
domestic violence, evidence of the defendant's commission of other domestic violence is



8      Pursuant to Evidence Code section 1109, subdivision (b), “In an action in which
evidence is to be offered under this section, the people shall disclose the evidence to the
defendant, including statements of witnesses or a summary of the substance of any
testimony that is expected to be offered, in compliance with the provisions of Section
1054.7 of the Penal Code.”

                                             16
not made inadmissible by Section 1101 if the evidence is not inadmissible pursuant to
Section 352.” Evidence Code section 352 states: “The court in its discretion may
exclude evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability that
its admission will (a) necessitate undue consumption of time or (b) create substantial
danger of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury.”
       Defendant argues the admission of propensity evidence under Evidence Code
section 1109 violated his federal constitutional rights to due process or equal protection.
Similar constitutional challenges have been repeatedly rejected, and courts, including this
one, have held the admission of evidence pursuant to Evidence Code section 1109 does
not violate a defendant’s rights to due process and equal protection. (People v. Brown,
supra, 192 Cal.App.4th at p. 1233, fn. 14 [admission of evidence pursuant to Evidence
Code section 1109 does not violate defendant’s right to due process or equal protection];
People v. Cabrera (2007) 152 Cal.App.4th 695, 703–704 [admission of evidence
pursuant to Evidence Code section 1109 does not violate defendant’s right to due
process]; People v. Price (2004) 120 Cal.App.4th 224, 240 [admission of evidence
pursuant to Evidence Code section 1109 does not violate defendant’s right to due process
or equal protection]; People v. Escobar (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 1085, 1095–1096
[admission of evidence pursuant to Evidence Code section 1109 does not violate
defendant’s right to due process]; People v. Jennings (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 1301, 1309–
1313 [admission of evidence pursuant to Evidence Code section 1109 does not violate
defendant’s right to due process or equal protection]; People v. Johnson (2000) 77
Cal.App.4th 410, 420 [admission of evidence pursuant to Evidence Code section 1109
does not violate defendant’s right to due process].) We see no reason to revisit those
decisions here.
       Defendant also claims that even if the evidence is not constitutionally barred, the
trial court abused its discretion by failing to exclude it pursuant to Evidence Code section
352 because “Dean’s trial testimony flatly contradicted the prosecution’s offer of proof.”

                                             17
According to defendant, “Dean’s trial testimony fails to support the trial court’s
conclusion that the incident involved domestic violence; [and] even if [it] may have, the
evidence was so conflicting that it was likely to confuse the issues. The potential
prejudice thus outweighed any probative value of the evidence.”
       This claim was not preserved for appeal. “A verdict or finding shall not be set
aside, nor shall the judgment or decision based thereon be reversed, by reason of the
erroneous admission of evidence unless: [¶] (a) There appears of record an objection to
or a motion to exclude or to strike the evidence that was timely made and so stated as to
make clear the specific ground of the objection or motion . . . .” (Evid. Code, § 353.)
Here, while defendant initially argued the challenged evidence should be excluded
because the defense had not been provided with “any reports,” at the hearing on the
parties’ respective motions defendant’s trial counsel acknowledged receiving information
concerning the June 27, 2007, incident and conceded the evidence was admissible under
Evidence Code section 1109. By making this concession, defendant effectively withdrew
her prior objection, and thus, failed to preserve the issue for appeal.
       Even assuming the issue had been preserved for appeal, it fails on the merits. “We
review the correctness of the trial court’s ruling at the time it was made, . . . and not by
reference to evidence produced at a later date.” (People v. Welch (1999) 20 Cal.4th 701,
739.) The trial court did not have Dean’s trial testimony before it at the time of its ruling.
Accordingly, defendant has failed to establish the trial court abused its discretion in
admitting the challenged evidence. In any event, Dean’s trial testimony was not
inconsistent with a finding that the prior incident involved domestic violence. While
Dean testified that the dispute initially was between defendant and her brother, she went
on to state that she intervened in the dispute, and defendant “scraped” her with a knife,
resulting in nerve damage to three of her fingers. Moreover, at trial defendant admitted
he was convicted of battery on a spouse, among other things, as a result of that incident.
       Evidence concerning the June 27, 2007, incident was properly admitted.

                                              18
                                    DISPOSITION
     The judgment is affirmed.


                                        BLEASE    , Acting P. J.


We concur:


        BUTZ                     , J.


        HOCH                     , J.




                                        19
