                                        2019 IL App (1st) 151938-B

                                                                                     FIRST DISTRICT
                                                                                   SECOND DIVISION
                                                                                       March 26, 2019

                                                  No. 1-15-1938

     THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                  )               Appeal from the
                                                           )               Circuit Court of
                            Plaintiff-Appellee,            )               Cook County, Illinois.
                                                           )
     v.                                                    )               No. 11 CR 17332 (01)
                                                           )
     JUAN RODRIGUEZ,                                       )               Honorable
                                                           )               Lauren Ediden,
                            Defendant-Appellant.           )               Judge Presiding.

            PRESIDING JUSTICE MASON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
            Justices Pucinski and Hyman concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                                   OPINION

¶1          Following a 2013 discharge hearing, defendant Juan Rodriguez was found not not guilty

     of aggravated criminal sexual assault on the basis of unfitness. The trial court held that

     Rodriguez was not required to register pursuant to the Sex Offender Registration Act (SORA)

     (730 ILCS 150/1 et seq. (West 2014)) because he was incapable of understanding the registration

     requirements, but on appeal, we reversed. People v. Rodriguez, 2014 IL App (1st) 141255-U.

¶2          On remand, the trial court ordered Rodriguez to register, and he appealed that ruling

     challenging the constitutionality of SORA both on its face and as applied to him. We affirmed

     (People v. Rodriguez, 2018 IL App (1st) 151938), and Rodriguez petitioned for leave to appeal

     to the supreme court. In November 2018, the Illinois Supreme Court denied Rodriguez’s petition

     for leave to appeal but issued a supervisory order directing us to vacate our January 2018

     judgment and reconsider our decision in light of People v. Bingham, 2018 IL 122008. In

     accordance with the supreme court’s direction, we vacate our prior judgment and reconsider in
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     light of Bingham to determine whether a different result is warranted. Finding Bingham

     inapposite, we again affirm.

¶3                                             BACKGROUND

¶4          The facts of this case were set forth in detail in our order of December 30, 2014,

     Rodriguez, 2014 IL App (1st) 141255-U, ¶¶ 4-17, and we describe here only those proceedings

     that occurred following remand to the trial court.

¶5          On April 16, 2015, the trial court held a hearing to notify Rodriguez, who was

     represented by counsel, of his obligation to register under SORA. The State read the registration

     requirements to Rodriguez on the record, and they were translated into Spanish. But when

     Rodriguez was asked to sign a document stating that he understood the registration requirements,

     he repeatedly stated, “I don’t understand what is this. I don’t know what this is.” In response to

     his counsel’s objection that Rodriguez was incapable of understanding what was required of him,

     the State struck the language indicating otherwise, but Rodriguez persisted in his refusal to sign.

     The trial court then ordered the State to indicate on the form that it was “read and translated in

     open court,” that Rodriguez was present with his attorney and a translator, and that he refused to

     sign. The court stated on the record that Rodriguez must register under SORA within three days.

     This appeal follows.

¶6                                               ANALYSIS

¶7          The sole issue on appeal is the constitutionality of subjecting unfit defendants found not

     not guilty of sexual assault to SORA’s “statutory scheme,” which, according to Rodriguez,

     encompasses the duty to register (730 ILCS 150/3 (West 2014)), the penalty for noncompliance

     with the registration requirements and the failure to register (id. §§ 7, 10), the limitations on a

     sex offender’s residence and presence in certain locations (720 ILCS 5/11-9.3, 11-9.4-1 (West



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     2014)), the requirement that a sex offender must renew his driver’s license yearly (730 ILCS 5/5-

     5-3(o) (West 2014)), and the prohibition on name changes for sex offenders (735 ILCS 5/21-101

     (West 2014)).

¶8          In Bingham, the defendant argued before the supreme court that he was

     unconstitutionally subject to the registration requirement of SORA based on his conviction for

     felony theft. 2018 IL 122008, ¶ 14. The State contended that the court had no power on direct

     appeal to relieve defendant of his registration obligation when that obligation was not imposed

     by the trial court and was not related to his reasons for conviction or sentence in that court. Id.

     ¶ 15. The supreme court, relying on Illinois Supreme Court Rule 615(b) (eff. Jan. 1, 1967),

     agreed. Bingham, 2018 IL 122008, ¶¶ 15-16. Pursuant to Rule 615(b), a reviewing court may

     (1) reverse, affirm, or modify the judgment or order from which the appeal is taken; (2) set aside,

     affirm, or modify any or all of the proceedings subsequent to or dependent upon the judgment or

     order from which the appeal is taken; (3) reduce the degree of offense of which the appellant was

     convicted; (4) reduce the punishment imposed by the trial court; or (5) order a new trial. Ill. S.

     Ct. R. 615(b) (eff. Jan. 1, 1967).

¶9          Because the reviewing court in Bingham was not asked to exercise any of those

     delineated powers with respect to the defendant’s argument regarding the constitutionality of

     SORA, the supreme court concluded that it did not have jurisdiction over the defendant’s appeal.

     Bingham, 2018 IL 122008, ¶ 17. The court’s decision rested in large part on the fact that “[t]he

     requirement that defendant register as a sex offender is not encompassed within the judgment or

     any order of the trial court,” and so did not fall within the ambit of Rule 615(b)(1). Id. The court

     suggested that constitutional challenges to SORA could be mounted in one of two ways: “(1)

     through a direct appeal from a case finding a defendant guilty of violating the regulation he



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       attempts to challenge as unconstitutional, such as the sex offender registration law [citation], or

       (2) by filing a civil suit seeking a declaration of unconstitutionality and relief from the

       classification as well as the burdens of sex offender registration.” Id. ¶ 21.

¶ 10          What distinguishes this case from Bingham is that following the hearing on April 16,

       2015, the court did order Rodriguez to register under SORA within three days (and it was this

       order from which Rodriguez appealed). Unlike Bingham, in which the requirement that the

       defendant register as a sex offender arose by operation of law and was not reflected in either the

       court’s written or oral judgment (id. ¶¶ 9-10), here, the court explicitly made an oral

       pronouncement that Rodriguez must register as a sex offender. Thus, we may reach the merits of

       Rodriguez’s constitutional challenge pursuant to Rule 615(b)(1), allowing us to “reverse, affirm,

       or modify the judgment or order from which the appeal is taken.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(b)(1) (eff.

       Jan. 1, 1967). Stated differently, this case presents a third avenue for a constitutional challenge to

       the Act aside from the two suggested by the supreme court.

¶ 11          Before turning to the merits, two additional preliminary matters require our attention.

       First, we address the State’s argument that the law of the case doctrine bars Rodriguez’s

       constitutional challenge to SORA. The State contends that we decided this issue in our 2014

       order holding that Rodriguez was required to register as a sex offender. But contrary to the

       State’s assertion, our holding did not rest on constitutional grounds. Rather, we relied on People

       v. Cardona, 2013 IL 114076, and engaged in statutory interpretation to conclude that,

       notwithstanding that he was found not not guilty of committing a sex offense, Rodriguez met the

       statutory definition of a sex offender and, as such, was required to register under SORA.

       Rodriguez, 2014 IL App (1st) 141255-U, ¶ 25. Because we did not rule on the constitutionality




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       of the SORA statutory scheme, the law of the case does not preclude consideration of

       Rodriguez’s constitutional challenge in this appeal.

¶ 12          Next, we turn to the issue of standing. The State contends that Rodriguez lacks standing

       to mount a challenge to all but section 3 of SORA, setting forth the registration requirements. In

       order to have standing to challenge the constitutionality of a statute, a person must have suffered

       or be in imminent danger of suffering a direct injury as a result of the statute’s enforcement.

       People v. Greco, 204 Ill. 2d 400, 409 (2003). In other words, a party may not raise a

       constitutional challenge to a statute that does not affect him or her. In re Veronica C., 239 Ill. 2d

       134, 147 (2010).

¶ 13          We have previously considered and rejected the State’s argument that a defendant sex

       offender lacks standing to challenge the limitations on presence and residence applicable to him

       as well as the other civil consequences he faces as a result of his sex offender status (yearly

       renewal of his driver’s license and inability to change his name). See People v. Avila-Briones,

       2015 IL App (1st) 132221, ¶¶ 40-43; People v. Pollard, 2016 IL App (5th) 130514, ¶¶ 26-27. In

       Avila-Briones, 2015 IL App (1st) 132221, ¶ 41, we explained that the restrictions on residency,

       presence, and name changes, as well as the requirement to renew one’s driver’s license annually,

       are all automatically applicable to a defendant classified as a sex offender. Merely because a

       defendant does not allege that he wishes to live in a certain prohibited location or change his

       name does not mean that he is not affected by these laws. Id. ¶ 42. Therefore, Rodriguez has

       standing to challenge these provisions.

¶ 14          We likewise reject the State’s argument that Rodriguez lacks standing to challenge

       section 10 of SORA (prescribing the penalty for failure to register). In reaching this conclusion,

       we acknowledge that this court previously held that a juvenile respondent lacked standing to



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       challenge the constitutionality of this section because he was not in danger of suffering a direct

       injury as a result of that provision where he had not failed to comply with his registration

       requirements or been charged with a felony. In re A.C., 2016 IL App (1st) 153047, ¶ 24.

       Similarly, Rodriguez has not alleged that he failed to register or that he has been charged with

       violating SORA’s requirements. However, Rodriguez is nevertheless affected by section 10.

       After all, he would have no incentive to comply with SORA in the absence of the penalty

       provision. See id. ¶¶ 85-86 (Gordon, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). For that

       reason, if Rodriguez has standing to challenge the other provisions of SORA on their face as

       punitive in nature, he has standing to challenge the penalty provision as well. Id. ¶ 85

¶ 15          Bingham supports this conclusion. There, the supreme court held that a constitutional

       challenge to SORA could be raised by way of a declaratory judgment action. Bingham, 2018 IL

       122008, ¶ 21. Such a proceeding would address the precise claim here, i.e., that the totality of

       SORA’s provisions constitute punishment. Because a declaratory judgment action can only be

       mounted by a litigant with standing, it follows that a defendant also has standing to mount a

       similar facial constitutional challenge to the cumulative effect of SORA’s provisions on direct

       appeal from an order requiring him to register under SORA.

¶ 16          Turning to the merits of Rodriguez’s claims, we review a challenge to the

       constitutionality of a statute de novo. People v. Mosley, 2015 IL 115872, ¶ 22. All statutes are

       presumed constitutional, and the party bringing a constitutional challenge bears the burden of

       rebutting that presumption. People v. Hollins, 2012 IL 112754, ¶ 13. If reasonably possible, we

       must construe the statute to affirm its constitutionality and validity. Id.

¶ 17          When confronted with a claim that a statute violates the constitutional guarantee of due

       process, the first step is to determine the nature of the right purportedly infringed by the statute.



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       People v. Cornelius, 213 Ill. 2d 178, 203 (2004). Here, Rodriguez contends that the statute

       infringes on an unfit defendant’s fundamental right to be free from punishment and, as such, is

       subject to strict scrutiny. See Napleton v. Village of Hinsdale, 229 Ill. 2d 296, 307 (2008)

       (statutes implicating fundamental rights are reviewed under strict scrutiny).

¶ 18          Before considering the merits of this claim, we must first determine whether the SORA

       statutory scheme constitutes “punishment” at all. Our supreme court has answered that question

       in the negative on several occasions, most recently in 2013. Cardona, 2013 IL 114076, ¶ 24; see

       also People ex rel. Birkett v. Konetski, 233 Ill. 2d 185, 203 (2009); People v. Malchow, 193 Ill.

       2d 413, 424 (2000). Rodriguez acknowledges these holdings but maintains that they are

       outdated, as the registration requirements and limitations imposed on sex offenders have become

       more onerous since these cases were decided. Specifically, today’s SORA (1) increases the

       number of agencies with which a sex offender must register to include not only police

       departments in the county where the offender resides but also in the county where he works or

       attends school (730 ILCS 150/3(a), (d) (West 2014)); (2) increases the amount of information a

       sex offender must provide when registering to include a photograph, telephone number, place of

       employment, employer’s telephone number, school attended, information about his qualifying

       offense, information about identifying marks on his body, license plate numbers for vehicles

       registered in his name, and all e-mail addresses, Internet identities, and Internet sites he

       maintains (id. § 3(a)); (3) provides less time to report changes in this information (from 10 days

       to 3 days) (compare id. § 3(b), with 730 ILCS 150/3(b) (West 1998)); (4) increases how often a

       sex offender must register and how often he must report in person (730 ILCS 150/6 (West

       2014)); (5) increases the initial and annual registration fees (id. § 3(c)(6)); (6) imposes harsher

       penalties for noncompliance with registration requirements (id. § 10); and (7) imposes greater



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       restrictions on where a sex offender can live or be present (720 ILCS 5/11-9.3, 11-9.4-1 (West

       2014)).

¶ 19             Determining whether a law imposes punishment turns first on whether the legislature

       intended the law to be punitive or to establish civil consequences. Smith v. Doe, 538 U.S. 84, 92

       (2003); Cornelius, 213 Ill. 2d at 208. Rodriguez does not dispute that with regard to SORA, the

       legislative intent was not to impose additional punishment on sex offenders. However, even

       when the legislature intends to enact a civil regulatory scheme, the law may nevertheless

       constitute punishment if “the clearest proof” shows that it is punitive in purpose or effect.

       Malchow, 193 Ill. 2d at 421 (citing Kansas v. Hendricks, 521 U.S. 346, 361 (1997)); People v.

       Fredericks, 2014 IL App (1st) 122122, ¶ 56.

¶ 20             When determining whether an ostensibly civil statute has a punitive effect, Illinois courts

       have applied the seven factor test first set forth in Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez, 372 U.S. 144,

       168-69 (1963), which considers whether (1) the sanction involves an affirmative disability or

       restraint, (2) the sanction has historically been regarded as punishment, (3) the sanction is

       applicable only upon a finding of scienter, (4) operation of the sanction promotes retribution and

       deterrence, (5) the behavior to which the sanction applies is already a crime, (6) an alternative

       purpose to which the sanction may rationally be connected is assignable to it, and (7) the

       sanction appears excessive in relation to the alternative purpose assigned. Malchow, 193 Ill. 2d at

       421.

¶ 21             We previously applied the Mendoza-Martinez factors to the 2012 SORA in Fredericks,

       2014 IL App (1st) 122122, ¶ 58, and the 2014 SORA and Sex Offender Community Notification

       Law (Notification Law) (730 ILCS 152/101 et seq. (West 2014)) in A.C., 2016 IL App (1st)




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       153047, ¶¶ 77-78, and determined that the changes to those statutes since Malchow did not

       render the statutes punitive. We reach the same conclusion today.

¶ 22          In the context of sex offender registration statutes, factors three and five are of little

       weight (see Smith, 538 U.S. at 105), and we instead focus on the remaining five factors.

¶ 23          With regard to the first factor, Rodriguez contends that the requirement of in-person

       registration amounts to an affirmative restraint. But the 1987 Habitual Child Sex Offender

       Registration Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 38, ¶ 221 et seq.) required registration, and the supreme

       court nevertheless held that the statute did not amount to a restraint of defendant’s liberty or

       property. People v. Adams, 144 Ill. 2d 381, 387 (1991). To be sure, the 2014 SORA imposes a

       shortened time period for complying with the in-person registration requirements in certain

       circumstances, but Rodriguez does not explain how this operates as a restraint on his movement.

¶ 24          Turning to the second factor, the act of appearing in person and registering is not

       traditionally regarded as punishment in the same way as mandatory supervised release or parole,

       as Rodriguez contends. Indeed, the Supreme Court rejected this identical argument in Smith,

       when it evaluated Alaska’s SORA. In Smith, the Court explained that “[p]robation and

       supervised release entail a series of mandatory conditions and allow the supervising officer to

       seek the revocation of probation or release in case of infraction,” while under Alaska’s SORA,

       offenders were able to move where they wished without supervision. Smith, 538 U.S. at 101.

       Illinois’s SORA, like Alaska’s, does not require offenders to seek permission to move about the

       state, though it requires offenders to inform authorities about their movements. Nor do Illinois

       police have the authority to revoke an offender’s registration as they do for parolees. Because the

       registration requirement is sufficiently dissimilar to parole, we cannot say it has historically been

       regarded as punishment.



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¶ 25          Nor does the SORA scheme promote retribution or deterrence, the focus of Mendoza-

       Martinez’s fourth factor. Rather, it is a “regulatory scheme designed to foster public safety.”

       Cardona, 2013 IL 114076, ¶ 24. Certainly, SORA can also deter crime, but this is a collateral

       effect of the registration scheme that does not detract from the fact that the primary purpose of

       SORA is to protect the public.

¶ 26          And because the purpose of SORA is to protect the public, the sixth Mendoza-Martinez

       factor—whether an alternative purpose to which the sanction may rationally be connected is

       assignable to it—also weighs in favor of finding that the SORA statutory scheme is nonpunitive.

¶ 27          Finally, Rodriguez contends that because SORA does not allow a mechanism by which

       an offender can petition for relief from registering when he is no longer a danger, it is

       disproportionate to the need to protect the public—Mendoza-Martinez’s seventh factor. But the

       1998 SORA likewise did not provide for a procedure that would allow an offender to obtain

       relief from the registration requirements, and the supreme court nevertheless found it

       proportional to the purpose of protecting the public. Id. Moreover, today’s SORA in fact has a

       termination provision for juveniles who are adjudicated guilty of sex offenses who pose no risk

       of harm. See 730 ILCS 150/3-5 (West 2014). Thus, the legislature has, in fact, considered which

       sex offenders should be afforded the ability to seek termination of registration requirements and

       has limited that relief to those who were juveniles when adjudicated. See Chicago National

       League Ball Club, Inc. v. Thompson, 108 Ill. 2d 357, 367 (1985) (legislature “may choose to

       address itself to what it perceives to be the most acute need”). For these reasons, we conclude

       that while the SORA statutory scheme has become more onerous since 1998, it remains

       nonpunitive in effect under Mendoza-Martinez.




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¶ 28           Rodriguez’s arguments to the contrary are premised on cases from outside Illinois. But

       where there is Illinois law on point, we need not, and should not, look to cases from other

       jurisdictions. People v. Qurash, 2017 IL App (1st) 143412, ¶ 34. In any event, the non-Illinois

       cases to which Rodriguez cites are distinguishable. For example, Rodriguez relies on Does #1-5

       v. Snyder, 834 F.3d 696, 705-06 (6th Cir. 2016), where the Sixth Circuit found that Michigan’s

       sex offender registration scheme, although ostensibly a civil regulatory statute, had punitive

       effects. But as we found in People v. Parker, 2016 IL App (1st) 141597, ¶¶ 64-65, not only is the

       Michigan scheme distinguishable from the Illinois version of SORA, but the civil plaintiffs in

       Does also supported their claims with an “extensive demonstration” that included maps depicting

       the effects of the Michigan law’s geographical restrictions on sex offender presence and

       residence. Rodriguez, just as the defendant in Parker, has not presented any comparable

       evidence of the Illinois’s scheme’s punitive effects.

¶ 29           The remaining cases Rodriguez relies on from Alaska, Oklahoma, Indiana, and Maryland

       are likewise inapposite, as those states, unlike Illinois, have not adopted the Supreme Court’s

       “clearest proof” standard in evaluating whether a law has a punitive effect and instead employ a

       less demanding standard of proof. See Doe v. State, 189 P.3d 999, 1008 n.62 (Alaska 2008)

       (rejecting Supreme Court’s heightened standard of “clearest proof” in evaluating whether a law

       is punitive in effect); Gonzalez v. State, 980 N.E.2d 312, 316 n.3 (Ind. 2013) (same); Starkey v.

       Oklahoma Department of Corrections, 2013 OK 43, ¶¶ 44-45, 305 P.3d 1004 (Okla. 2013)

       (undertaking neutral evaluation of act’s purpose and effects to determine whether it has punitive

       effects).

¶ 30           Because we have determined that the burdens imposed on those subject to SORA’s

       statutory scheme are not punitive so as to override the legislature’s intent to create a civil



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       sanction, Rodriguez’s argument that the scheme violates his fundamental right to be free from

       punishment necessarily fails. But this is not the end of the analysis. Rodriguez’s failure to

       identify a fundamental right merely results in the application of rational basis review to the

       SORA statutory scheme. See, e.g., In re J.W., 204 Ill. 2d 50, 67 (2003) (finding that SORA did

       not implicate fundamental rights and applying rational basis review); Avila-Briones, 2015 IL

       App (1st) 132221, ¶ 81 (same).

¶ 31           Importantly, rational basis review is highly deferential to the legislature; it is not

       concerned with the wisdom of the statute or whether it is the best means to achieve the desired

       outcome. Village of Lake Villa v. Stokovich, 211 Ill. 2d 106, 125-26 (2004). Rather, “[s]o long as

       there is a conceivable basis for finding the statute rationally related to a legitimate state interest,

       the law must be upheld.” Id. at 126.

¶ 32           Rodriguez maintains that SORA fails rational basis review as it is both overinclusive and

       underinclusive. Specifically, he argues that the law is overinclusive because it encompasses

       offenders in its broad net who are unlikely to recidivate and underinclusive because it allows

       those who pose a greater risk of recidivism to escape its reach by pleading guilty to lesser

       offenses. But under rational basis review, “a statute ‘is not fatally infirm merely because it may

       be somewhat underinclusive or overinclusive.’ ” Avila-Briones, 2015 IL App (1st) 132221, ¶ 83

       (quoting Maddux v. Blagojevich, 233 Ill. 2d 508, 547 (2009)). Here, despite being in certain

       ways under- or overinclusive, the SORA statutory scheme is rationally related to protecting the

       public from sex offenders, which is a legitimate state interest.

¶ 33           SORA enables law enforcement to monitor the whereabouts of sex offenders. And “by

       keeping sex offenders who have committed offenses against children away from areas where

       children are present (e.g., school property and parks) and out of professions where they could



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       come in contact with children (e.g., driving an ice cream truck, being a shopping-mall Santa

       Claus) or vulnerable people (e.g., driving an emergency services vehicle),” the legislature

       rationally limited the opportunities sex offenders have to reoffend. Id. ¶ 84; see also Pollard,

       2016 IL App (5th) 130514, ¶¶ 41-43. Thus, although the scheme may be imperfect, it is

       rationally related to the legitimate state interest of protecting the public from sex offenders and

       not unconstitutional on its face.

¶ 34          Rodriguez’s argument that the statutory scheme is unconstitutional as applied to him

       fares no better. As a general rule, an as-applied constitutional challenge cannot be raised for the

       first time in a reviewing court in a collateral proceeding. See Bingham, 2018 IL 122008, ¶ 22.

       This is because the record below is usually insufficiently developed as to the unique facts and

       circumstances supporting the challenge. Id. Here, however, the unique procedural posture of this

       case has provided us a factual record enabling us to adjudicate Rodriguez’s as applied claim.

¶ 35          Rodriguez maintains that his “cognitive and physical defects” “make reoffending next to

       impossible” and also make him unable to comprehend and comply with the SORA statutory

       scheme. But Rodriguez suffered from the same cognitive defects at the time he was charged with

       the offense that led to this proceeding; he has not claimed or proved the onset of any new defects

       that would prevent him from committing a similar offense in the future. And in our earlier

       decision we rejected Rodriguez’s contention that he was incapable of understanding or

       complying with the registration requirements:

              “The evidence adduced during the discharge hearing demonstrates that Rodriguez

              has some level of cognitive functioning as was evident when he partially closed

              the apartment’s blinds, presumptively to conceal his actions, made sexual

              advances to [K.J.] when no other adult was home, repeatedly pushed and



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              restrained [K.J.] and had a condom in his pocket that he showed to K.J. and stated

              ‘it’s okay, I got protection.’ Further, Rodriguez’[s] initial statement to Officer

              Domenech indicating, in an effort to deflect responsibility, that he only touched

              K.J. on her [shoulder] is indicative of his ability to appreciate that his actions were

              wrong. The evidence also reveals that Rodriguez had worked in a shop where his

              responsibilities included sweeping, putting on gloves, and gathering scrap metal

              and brake lining and putting them in a truck. Rodriguez was also responsible for

              his own personal hygiene, had the ability to clean, do laundry, pay bills, and

              received a high school degree from a school that specializes in teaching

              individuals with cognitive deficits.” Rodriguez, 2014 IL App (1st) 141255-U,

              ¶ 26.

       In light of this evidence, we concluded that Rodriguez was capable of complying with the

       registration requirements, and we decline to find otherwise today.

¶ 36                                             CONCLUSION

¶ 37          For these reasons, we affirm the constitutionality of the SORA statutory scheme both on

       its face and as applied to Rodriguez.

¶ 38          Affirmed.




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