               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                      Docket No. 47921

In the Matter of: Jane Doe I and John Doe      )
I, Children Under Eighteen (18) Years of       )
Age.                                           )
                                               )
STATE OF IDAHO, DEPARTMENT OF                  )
HEALTH AND WELFARE,                            )   Filed: July 7, 2020
                                               )
       Petitioner-Respondent,                  )   Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk
                                               )
v.                                             )   THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED
                                               )   OPINION AND SHALL NOT
JOHN DOE (2020-17),                            )   BE CITED AS AUTHORITY
                                               )
       Respondent-Appellant.                   )
                                               )

       Appeal from the Magistrate Division of the District Court of the Third Judicial
       District, State of Idaho, Canyon County. Hon. A. Lynne Krogh, Magistrate.

       Judgment terminating parental rights, affirmed.

       Aaron Bazzolli, Chief Canyon County Public Defender; Scott J. Davis, Deputy
       Public Defender, Caldwell, for appellant.

       Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Kathryn T. Garrett, Deputy
       Attorney General, Boise, for respondent.
                 ________________________________________________

BRAILSFORD, Judge
       John Doe (Father) appeals from the magistrate court’s judgment terminating his parental
rights. We affirm.




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                                                 I.
                     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       The termination of Father’s parental rights to his two minor children, a son (Son) and a
daughter (Daughter), is the subject of this appeal.1 In September 2017, while the children were
living with their mother (Mother) in a women’s and children’s shelter in Boise, Son reported that
Mother physically abused him with a belt and said she heard voices telling her to hurt him.
Based on this allegation and Mother’s history with child protection services, the police declared
the children in imminent danger the next day.
       On September 29, 2017, the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare (Department) filed
a petition under the Child Protective Act (CPA), Idaho Code §§ 16-1601-1647, to obtain custody
of the children. At the time of the petition, Father’s identity was unknown. The Department,
however, later amended the petition to identify Father. Then, after an adjudicatory hearing, the
magistrate court found that the children lacked a stable home environment; protective custody
was in the children’s best interests; and it had jurisdiction over the children under the CPA.
       In December 2017, the magistrate court approved a case plan for Father, which noted
Father did not protect the children when their Mother physically abused them and which required
him, among other things, to address his substance abuse issues. Throughout much of the
children’s lives, however, including during the case plan’s pendency, Father was incarcerated,
mostly for drug-related offenses. Son was born in 2009, and Daughter was born in 2011. The
court found that Father was incarcerated from 2010 to 2015. About six months later, Father was
re-incarcerated until February 2019.       Then, in September 2019, Father was once again
incarcerated and remained incarcerated at the time of the termination hearing in February 2020.
During both of the brief periods when Father was not incarcerated, he resumed using
methamphetamine. When Father will be released from his current incarceration is unknown.
       In April 2019, the Department filed a petition to terminate Father’s parental rights based
on Idaho Code § 16-2005(1)(b), alleging that Father had neglected the children under I.C. § 16-
2002(3)(a) and that he had failed to comply with his case plan under I.C. § 16-2002(3)(b). In
February 2020, the magistrate court held a two-day termination hearing at which numerous
witnesses testified. Following the hearing, the court issued written findings and conclusions.


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        The termination of the Mother’s parental rights to these two minor children is the subject
of a separate appeal.
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Among other things, the court found that the Department had custody of the children for twenty-
eight months and that Father had been incarcerated for much of the children’s lives. The court
rejected Father’s argument that “what the children lacked for their well-being was not his fault
because he was incarcerated.” It concluded clear and convincing evidence supported that Father
had neglected the children under I.C. § 16-2002(3)(a) and that termination of Father’s parental
rights is in the children’s best interests.
        Father timely appeals the magistrate court’s termination of his parental rights.
                                                 II.
                                     STANDARD OF REVIEW
        A parent has a fundamental liberty interest in maintaining a relationship with his or her
child. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000); Doe v. State, 137 Idaho 758, 760, 53 P.3d
341, 343 (2002). This interest is protected by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution. State v. Doe, 144 Idaho 839, 842, 172 P.3d 1114, 1117 (2007). Implicit in the
Termination of Parent and Child Relationship Act is the philosophy that, wherever possible,
family life should be strengthened and preserved. I.C. § 16-2001(2). Therefore, the requisites of
due process must be met when terminating the parent-child relationship. State v. Doe, 143 Idaho
383, 386, 146 P.3d 649, 652 (2006). Due process requires that the grounds for terminating a
parent-child relationship be proved by clear and convincing evidence.              Id.     Because a
fundamental liberty interest is at stake, the United States Supreme Court has determined that a
court may terminate a parent-child relationship only if that decision is supported by clear and
convincing evidence. Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 769 (1982); see also I.C. § 16-2009;
Doe v. Dep’t of Health & Welfare, 146 Idaho 759, 761-62, 203 P.3d 689, 691-92 (2009); Doe,
143 Idaho at 386, 146 P.3d at 652.
        On appeal from a decision terminating parental rights, this Court examines whether the
decision is supported by substantial and competent evidence, which means such evidence as a
reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. Doe v. Doe, 148 Idaho 243,
245-46, 220 P.3d 1062, 1064-65 (2009).          The appellate court will indulge all reasonable
inferences in support of the trial court’s judgment when reviewing an order that parental rights
be terminated. Id. The Idaho Supreme Court has also said that the substantial evidence test
requires a greater quantum of evidence in cases where the trial court’s finding must be supported
by clear and convincing evidence than in cases where a mere preponderance is required. State v.

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Doe, 143 Idaho 343, 346, 144 P.3d 597, 600 (2006). Clear and convincing evidence is generally
understood to be evidence indicating that the thing to be proved is highly probable or reasonably
certain. Roe v. Doe, 143 Idaho 188, 191, 141 P.3d 1057, 1060 (2006). Further, the magistrate
court’s decision must be supported by objectively supportable grounds. Doe, 143 Idaho at 346,
144 P.3d at 600.
       Idaho Code § 16-2005 permits a party to petition the court for termination of the
parent-child relationship when it is in the child’s best interests and any one of the following five
factors exist: (a) abandonment; (b) neglect or abuse; (c) lack of a biological relationship between
the child and a presumptive parent; (d) the parent is unable to discharge parental responsibilities
for a prolonged period that will be injurious to the health, morals, or well-being of the child; or
(e) the parent is incarcerated and will remain incarcerated for a substantial period of time. Each
statutory ground is an independent basis for termination. Doe, 144 Idaho at 842, 172 P.3d at
1117. Each of these conditions is an independent, alternative basis for terminating parental
rights. Doe, 144 Idaho at 842, 172 P.3d at 1117; see also I.C. § 16-2005(1) (noting court may
terminate parental rights if one or more of conditions exist). If the court grants a judgment on
more than one independent basis and the appellant does not challenge each basis for termination,
then we must affirm the judgment. Idaho Dep’t of Health & Welfare v. Doe (2016-09), 163
Idaho 707, 711, 418 P.3d 1216, 1220 (2016) (“When a judgment is granted on alternative
grounds and one of them is not addressed on appeal, we must affirm the judgment.”); Idaho
Dep’t of Health & Welfare v. Doe (2017-36), 163 Idaho 274, 278, 411 P.3d 1175, 1179 (2018)
(noting court need not address parent’s argument because “the magistrate court’s order contains
additional, unchallenged findings of neglect that must be affirmed”).
                                                III.
                                           ANALYSIS
A.     Neglect
       On appeal, Father argues that he “has never been able to comply with the case plan” and
that his “incarceration made it impossible for him to participate in the case plan.” The magistrate
court, however, did not terminate Father’s parental rights under I.C. § 16-2002(3)(b) for his
failure to comply with his case plan. Rather, the court terminated Father’s parental rights under
I.C. §§ 16-2002(3)(a) and 16-1602(31)(a) for neglecting the children. Specifically, the court
concluded that Father “has not provided proper parental care or control, or subsistence, medical

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or other care necessary for the children’s well-being, for most of the children’s lives.” Because
Father failed to challenge the actual basis for the court’s termination of his parental rights, we
must affirm the court’s judgment. Doe, 163 Idaho at 711, 418 P.3d 1220 (“When a judgment is
granted on alternative grounds and one of them is not addressed on appeal, we must affirm the
judgment.”).
        Moreover, Father’s incarceration is not a defense to neglect.      Rather, “evidence of
incarceration is competent evidence of neglect.” Idaho Dep’t of Health & Welfare v. Doe (2015-
01), 158 Idaho 764, 768, 351 P.3d 1222, 1226 (2015). A parent in prison for a substantial part of
his children’s lives cannot provide parental care necessary for their health, safety, and well-
being. Id. A parent’s incarceration alone can constitute neglect. Idaho Dep’t of Health &
Welfare v. Doe, 151 Idaho 846, 852, 264 P.3d 953, 959 (2011).
        Further, willfulness is not necessary for a finding of neglect and its absence is not a
defense to neglect. Father cites Doe I v. Doe II, 148 Idaho 713, 228 P.3d 980 (2010), and In re
Doe, 143 Idaho 188, 141 P.3d 1057 (2006), for the proposition that his failure to maintain a
normal parental relationship must be willful to justify termination of his parental rights. Those
cases, however, address whether the parent’s rights should be terminated for abandonment versus
neglect, which is a different basis for termination. See Doe I, 148 Idaho at 716, 228 P.3d at 983
(“Petitioners contended that Father abandoned the children by failing to have regular personal
contact with them.”); In re Doe, 143 Idaho at 191, 141 P.3d at 1060 (addressing abandonment
statute).   Accordingly, those cases are inapposite, and the magistrate court did not err by
concluding Father neglected his children.
B.      Children’s Best Interests
        Once a statutory ground for termination has been established, the trial court must next
determine whether it is in the child’s best interests to terminate the parent-child relationship.
Tanner v. State, Dep’t of Health & Welfare, 120 Idaho 606, 611, 818 P.2d 310, 315 (1991).
When determining whether termination is in the child’s best interests, the trial court may
consider the parent’s history with substance abuse, the stability and permanency of the home, the
unemployment of the parent, the financial contribution of the parent to the child’s care after the
child is placed in protective custody, the improvement of the child while in foster care, the
parent’s efforts to improve his or her situation, and the parent’s continuing problems with the
law. Doe (2015-03) v. Doe, 159 Idaho 192, 198, 358 P.3d 77, 83 (2015); Idaho Dep’t of Health

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& Welfare v. Doe, 156 Idaho 103, 111, 320 P.3d 1262, 1270 (2014). A finding that it is in the
best interests of the children to terminate parental rights must still be made upon objective
grounds. Idaho Dep’t of Health & Welfare v. Doe, 152 Idaho 953, 956-57, 277 P.3d 400, 403-04
(Ct. App. 2012).
        Father argues that insufficient evidence supports the magistrate court’s finding that
termination of his parental rights is in the children’s best interests. He argues generally that he
“was very motivated to be involved with his children”; he “can have a very positive effect upon
the children”; and “[t]here was no evidence that failing to terminate his parental rights would be
detrimental to the children.” The only specific evidence to which Father points in support of his
arguments, however, is a single gift to Son.
        The magistrate court’s factual findings belie Father’s general arguments that termination
of his parental rights is not in the children’s best interests. These findings focus primarily on the
children’s improvement while in foster care. Among other things, the court found that when Son
entered foster care he “was tearful, scared, and withdrawn” and he had health and behavioral
issues. Since being in foster care, however, Son’s health has improved; most of his problematic
behaviors have resolved; he has self-esteem; and he is succeeding in math. Similarly, when
entering foster care, Daughter had severe anxiety and outbursts, was underweight, and “her
speech was unintelligible.” Now, however, Daughter’s anxiety has eased; she has gained weight;
she is receiving speech therapy; she has made friends; and her grades have improved. Based on
these findings, the court concluded that the children are doing well in foster care; permanency is
in their best interests; and they should not be kept waiting for Father to find a path to succeed in
life.
        Father does not challenge any of these findings and, indeed, fails to identify any specific
finding he contends is not supported by substantial and competent evidence. His general attack
on the magistrate court’s findings is insufficient to preserve the issue for appeal. See Bach v.
Bagley, 148 Idaho 784, 790, 229 P.3d 1146, 1152 (2010) (“A general attack on the findings and
conclusions of the [trial] court, without specific reference to evidentiary or legal errors, is
insufficient to preserve an issue.”). Furthermore, his identification of a single gift to Son is
inadequate to overcome the substantial and competent evidence that the termination of Father’s
parental rights is in the children’s best interests.



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                                                 III.
                                        CONCLUSION
       Father failed to challenge the magistrate court’s conclusion that he neglected the children
and failed to establish the court’s findings regarding the children’s best interests are not
supported by substantial and competent evidence. Accordingly, we affirm the magistrate court’s
judgment terminating Father’s parental rights.
       Judge GRATTON and Judge LORELLO CONCUR.




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