Filed 11/23/15 P. v. Schutz CA4/1
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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                    COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

                                           STATE OF CALIFORNIA



THE PEOPLE,                                                         D068484

         Plaintiff and Respondent,

         v.                                                         (Super. Ct. No. RIF1200223)

MARK ALAN SCHUTZ,

         Defendant and Appellant.


         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Riverside County, Jeffrey J.

Prevost, Judge. Affirmed in part and reversed in part with directions.



         Gerald J. Miller, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant.

         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Barry Carlton, Seth Friedman, and

Sabrina Y. Lane-Erwin, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
      Defendant and appellant Mark Alan Schutz was charged by second amended

information with 15 counts of grand theft (Pen. Code, § 487, subd. (a); counts 1-5 & 7-

16); misdemeanor petty theft (Pen. Code, § 488; count 6); felony money laundering (Pen.

Code, § 186.10, subd. (a); count 17); and making false statements in tax returns (Rev. &

Tax. Code, § 19705, subd. (a); counts 19-20). The second amended information further

alleged Schutz took property of a value exceeding $200,000 in the commission of counts

1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 (Pen. Code, § 12022.6, subd. (a)(2)) and committed two or more related

offenses charged under counts 1 through 20, a material element of which was fraud or

embezzlement and which involved a pattern of related felony conduct that involved the

taking of more than $500,000 (Pen. Code, § 186.11, subd. (a)(2)).1

      The jury found Schutz guilty of all counts and the enhancements true. The court at

sentencing denied probation and sentenced Schutz to prison for seven years.

      On appeal, Schutz contends his grand theft convictions on counts 8 and 10 must be

reversed because the victim knew, or through the exercise of reasonable diligence should

have known, of facts giving rise to these offenses more than four years before criminal

proceedings commenced. Schutz also contends, and the People concede, his

misdemeanor petty theft conviction on count 6 must be reversed for lack of timely

commencement of criminal prosecution. Finally, Schutz contends the court abused its

discretion and thus erred when it denied probation and sentenced him to prison.




1     Unless otherwise noted, all further statutory references are to the Penal Code.
                                            2
      As we explain, we agree with the parties and reverse Schutz's conviction on count

6, misdemeanor petty theft. In all other respects, we affirm the judgment of conviction.

                                       OVERVIEW

      Daniel Leigh testified at all times relevant he owned about 80 businesses involved

in real estate construction and development. Leigh met Schutz in or about 2003 or 2004.

Schutz, who had an electrical contractor's license, in late 2004 made a business proposal

to Leigh after a company with whom Schutz had done business filed for bankruptcy.

Schutz represented to Leigh that the projects from the bankrupt company could be

transferred to businesses owned by Leigh and that Schutz could obtain some of the assets

of the bankrupt company at a very low price.

      Leigh testified he was then interested in expanding his business into public-sector

contracting. After conducting due diligence, Leigh agreed to go into business with

Schutz. In late January 2005, they formed an electrical contracting corporation called

CAM/BK, Inc, dba Tri-City Electric (CAM/BK or company), with a corporate office in

Temecula, California. Leigh and Schutz were the only two members of the board, and

Leigh was named CEO and Schutz president, of CAM/BK. As relevant here, DeRicci

Keller was appointed corporate secretary, and Dale Northup CFO, of CAM/BK. Leigh

testified Keller and Northup previously had worked for his other businesses.

      In addition to the typical formalities in setting up a business, Leigh testified the

board of CAM/BK resolved that the signature of two of the company's officers were

required to write and deposit checks, enter into contracts, and open and close bank

accounts. Leigh testified this requirement was important to him as a "check[s] and

                                             3
balance" system within CAM/BK because this was his first time doing business with

Schutz. The record shows the company established a checking and savings account at a

bank in Temecula, in which Leigh, Schutz and two other officers were listed on the

bank's signature card.

       As president of CAM/BK, Schutz's responsibilities were to manage the day-to-day

operations of the company; to identify potential projects; to prepare bids for the projects;

and if the company obtained those projects, to manage them. Leigh testified he routinely

met with Schutz to discuss various projects and whether the company would bid on them.

Leigh noted he considered the "risk return relationship" and other factors, including the

economy and the number of outstanding performance bonds, in determining whether the

company should bid on a project.

       CAM/BK began operations in February 2005. According to Leigh, the company

lost money in 2005 and 2006 but started to "break even" in 2007. CAM/BK also did not

build any schools, which was part of the original business model for the company.

However, in 2007 and 2008 the company successfully bid on various projects and, as a

result, incurred exposure for performance bonds of approximately $10 to $12 million.

       Leigh testified he, one or more of his businesses, his wife and their family trust

guaranteed the performance of CAM/BK's bonds, as did Schutz. According to Leigh,

Schutz alone then did not have the financial means to obtain the bonds needed for the

projects sought by CAM/BK.

       Leigh explained that, if a project resulted in $10 million in revenue but because of

increased costs, poor bidding or other factors the project actually cost $12 million to

                                              4
complete, the bonding company would pay the $2 million overrun and then seek payment

from the guarantors. As such, Leigh testified it was "important" for him and his family to

ensure the company was a "functioning business."

       Leigh testified he received and reviewed the financial records, the job list and cash

flow projections, of CAM/BK provided by Schutz. Leigh's review included the canceled

checks of CAM/BK as well as its monthly financial statements. In addition, the books of

CAM/BK were audited annually by a certified public accountant.

       Leigh became suspicious of Schutz in the "first half of 2007" when Schutz gave

himself a $30,000 pay raise without first informing Leigh. Leigh discovered the pay raise

from company payroll records. Leigh testified he had made several requests for these

records before Schutz finally provided them.

       The minutes from the July 17, 2007 meeting of the board of CAM/BK show the

payroll issue was addressed. Although Leigh agreed to Schutz's pay raise, Leigh testified

he then decided he needed to "spend more time paying attention" to the business

operations of the company. Leigh thus offset the $30,000 increase to Schutz with a

$30,000 increase to his own management company in order to monitor Schutz and the

company more closely. The July 17 minutes also noted that Leigh was having difficulty

obtaining various company records from Schutz, including those related to payroll,

benefits and banking, despite Leigh's numerous requests for such records/information.

       Leigh testified that during this same general time frame he discovered "canceled

checks" endorsed by Schutz that lacked the required second signature. Leigh also spoke

with an individual during this time frame that had been in a prior business relationship

                                             5
with Schutz. According to this individual, Schutz allegedly took money from the

individual's company.

       In December 2007, Leigh discovered Schutz was holding on to checks paid to

CAM/BK rather than depositing them into the company's bank account. Leigh prepared

a memorandum to Schutz dated December 27, 2007 stating his displeasure with Schutz's

decision to hold the checks.

       In a February 11, 2008 email, Keller requested that Schutz provide financial data

to support his position he needed to "hold[] the checks." This email also referenced a

January 27, 2008 memorandum reminding Schutz to provide the "requested financials" of

CAM/BK.

       The February 20, 2008 minutes of the meeting of the CAM/BK board show Schutz

replaced Northup as CFO of the company and Leigh was named assistant CFO. In

explaining why he then decided to become assistant CFO, Leigh testified, "I was

concerned about the prior activities -- financial activities in regards to the taxes and the

items that I mentioned before. So my concern taking the CFO -- I'd rather be an

Assistant CFO so he [i.e., Schutz] had to bounce things off of me, as opposed to being the

CFO, who technically has liability for the financial recording and financial accuracy of

the company."

       The February 20 minutes also show that Schutz was thereafter required to provide

Leigh the general ledger and check register of the company in "PDF format"; that Schutz

was reminded of the requirement of two signatures on all checks; that Schutz in response

stated he was having difficulty obtaining signatures from Leigh; that Leigh was still

                                              6
having some difficulty obtaining the various financial records of the company; and that

Schutz left the board meeting early, completed the meeting by telephone and later

protested a portion of the minutes requiring him to provide Leigh with various company

documents.

       Leigh testified he told Schutz in March or April 2008 that he wanted to "wind

down the affairs" of CAM/BK or that Schutz could buy his interest in the company.

According to Leigh, Schutz did not appear interested in either alternative, as Schutz kept

telling Leigh, " 'Everything is going to be fine, everything will be great, don't worry about

it, the economy will be better.' " As a result, Leigh on March 18, 2008 sent a letter to the

bonding company stating that going forward, neither he nor his companies nor his spouse

nor their trust would guarantee the completion bonds on CAM/BK projects. Leigh

testified at the time, CAM/BK still had about $10 to $12 million worth of work

outstanding subject to the original guarantee.

       After Leigh sent the March 18 letter to the insurance bonding company, Schutz

expressed an interest in buying Leigh's 50 percent interest in the company. As a result,

they engaged a CPA who valued the company at $1.2 million as of April 30, 2008.

Because the valuation did not include April 2008 data, Leigh testified the CPA finished

the company valuation in or about June 2008, which information Schutz then used in an

attempt to obtain a bank loan. In or about July or August 2008, Schutz told Leigh he was

unable to obtain the loan.

       Although Schutz was unable to buy Leigh's interest in the company and although

Leigh wanted to wind down the company, Schutz told Leigh he wanted to continue using

                                             7
the "Tri-Citi Electric" name. Leigh vehemently objected, as he believed Schutz's doing

so would create confusion for vendors and others. In or around August 2008, Leigh and

Schutz met to discuss a "wind-down plan" created by Schutz.

       Leigh testified that under the plan, CAM/BK would not take on any new projects

and would wind down its affairs. The plan was based on certain cash flow projections as

various company projects were completed. According to Leigh, he had a "number of sit-

down face-to-face conversations" with Schutz regarding the wind down. During these

meetings, Schutz not once raised the issue of the company (or its dba) doing "side jobs"

while it wound down.

       Leigh testified he became concerned in early 2009 that Schutz was not following

their wind-down plan after Schutz provided him with additional information showing the

plan was "significantly different" than the original plan. According to Leigh, this

information showed "hundreds of thousands of dollars" in variations for the company's

projects, which suggested to Leigh that Schutz was using the company to do various "side

jobs" rather than wind down the company as they had agreed.

       As a result, Leigh testified he visited in or about February 2009 the company's

office. Prior to his visit, Leigh had discovered that projects the company was projected to

make a profit on were losing money, that projects were running behind schedule and that

Schutz was not laying off employees as they had discussed.

       Leigh testified Schutz was present when he arrived at the CAM/BK office in

February 2009. Schutz initially stated he had to leave for a meeting. In response, Leigh

asked for a key to the office, as Leigh did not have one. Leigh told Schutz he would

                                             8
make a copy of the key and would lock up the office after he completed his review of the

company's financial records and contracts. According to Leigh, Schutz then appeared

"very nervous."

       Leigh testified that during his review of the company's records, he discovered

"significant irregularities" in the business including learning for the first time that

Schutz's daughter was on the company payroll even though she was attending college in

San Diego. According to Leigh, Schutz neither asked if his daughter could be on the

payroll nor ever told Leigh she was employed by the company.

       Leigh testified that he also found other "irregularities," including company jobs

that were omitted from the company "job sheet" and a new bank account opened by

Schutz in CAM/BK's name. Leigh also found Schutz was continuing to employ

individuals who were responsible for preparing bids for new company projects, when

Schutz was supposedly winding down the company. Leigh copied various company

records before he left the office.

       When Leigh confronted Schutz about the jobs not included on the company job

list, Schutz claimed that he was doing those jobs in the evenings and/or on weekends and

that he was not using any company employees and/or assets to complete them. When

asked why his daughter was then on the company payroll, Schutz stated she ran "plans

around" for $10/hour, which he claimed was cheaper than paying the prevailing wage.

       Leigh testified things came to a head between him and Schutz on or about March

2, 2009. Prior to that date, Schutz had failed to attend several meetings Leigh had

scheduled. On March 2, Leigh arranged to meet with a buyer who had expressed interest

                                               9
in buying some of the assets of CAM/BK. Leigh already had set this meeting a number

of times and previously had asked Schutz to have the equipment delivered to the office.

However, on the morning of March 2 Schutz again informed Leigh he was unable to

make the meeting because he was going to Los Angeles to attend a basketball game.

       Leigh testified he decided to make an impromptu visit to the company office that

morning. Before doing so, however, Leigh called a locksmith because Schutz had

changed the front door lock after Leigh had made a copy of the key. While Leigh was

driving to the office, he received a call from the locksmith informing him that Schutz was

in the office.

       When Leigh arrived at the company office, he found the front door locked.

Although Schutz was inside, he refused to open the door. Leigh testified when Schutz

finally opened the door, he stood in the doorway and told Leigh, " 'You're not coming

in.' " As Leigh pushed his way through the front door, Schutz punched Leigh in the back.

       The police were called. After the police arrived, Schutz reluctantly agreed to

allow Leigh to copy various company documents, including documents showing projects

Leigh did not recognize.

       On March 9, 2009, after Schutz again failed to show up for a prescheduled

meeting, Leigh went to the company office and found a sign had been posted stating

CAM/BK was no longer allowed in, and/or in possession of, the office. In speaking with

the landlord, Leigh was told that Schutz had signed a new lease for the office space and

that CAM/BK allegedly had relinquished its rights to that space. Concerned he would



                                            10
lose access to the premises, the equipment and company information, Leigh inventoried

these and other items and moved them into storage under the name of CAM/BK.

       On or about May 11, 2009, Leigh had a letter sent to Schutz's home informing

Schutz that, effective immediately, he was suspended from "all of his activities in

regard[] to the company and that he [was] to have no further contact with employees,

vendors, or any of the material of the company." The May 11 letter also stated that Leigh

suspected Schutz had engaged in misconduct with respect to the company; that Schutz

should turn over all company assets in his possession; and that Schutz was not to use any

company funds "in any manner." Leigh testified he transferred all of the assets in the

company bank account to a new account he created.

       On or about May 15, 2009, Leigh went to one of the banks where Schutz had

opened a new account in the name of "CAM/BK/Tri-Citi." Leigh testified that although

he presented the bank with records showing he was a 50 percent owner of the company,

the bank denied him access because Schutz was the only person named on the account.

       As a result of having full access to the company's financial records for the first

time, as opposed to the "summary" or incomplete records/information Schutz up to then

had been providing, Leigh's accounting department discovered "significant irregularities"

that led Leigh to believe Schutz had committed theft.

       Keller, at all times relevant Leigh's "legal manager" and an officer of the

company, testified she prepared the minutes of the February 20, 2008 board meeting.

Keller testified she was present at that meeting when Schutz was named CFO and Leigh

assistant CFO. During the meeting, the board passed a series of resolutions, including

                                             11
requiring Schutz (i) to prepare monthly a general ledger and check register in PDF format

and (ii) to provide "copies of all payroll and benefits records, lease documents, and

banking records." Keller testified that the resolution requiring Schutz to provide these

records was necessary because she and Leigh in the past had "trouble" obtaining such

information from Schutz. Keller also testified that CAM/BK on March 1, 2008 renewed

its general liability, worker's compensation and automobile policy insurance.

       After Schutz was suspended in or about May 2009, the board of directors (sans

Schutz) authorized the company to sue Schutz. At Leigh's request, Keller reviewed

discovery obtained in connection with that suit; information obtained from CAM/BK

computers; and additional documents copied from CAM/BK's office. Based on her

review of this voluminous information, Keller determined that Schutz had opened up 10

bank accounts at different institutions under various names including "CAM/BK," "Tri-

Citi Electric, Inc.," "Tri-City Electric" and in his own personal name; that Schutz owned

"Tri-Citi Electric, Inc."; and that while an officer and director of CAM/BK, Schutz used

the company to perform various "side projects" that produced revenue that were excluded

from the company job list, which revenue Schutz deposited into one or more of the 10

accounts he had opened.

       Keller testified her investigation showed that Schutz had entered into a contract

dated May 2, 2008—when he was still an officer and director of CAM/BK—for a project

that was not on the company job list; that when Schutz bid on the May 2 project he used

CAM/BK's contractor's license and general liability and worker's compensation insurance

policies; that various employees of CAM/BK worked under the May 2 contract, which

                                            12
labor costs were paid by the company; that CAM/BK also paid material costs of about

$25,000 for this project; and that in late-August 2008, "Tri-Citi Electric" was paid about

$143,000 for this project, which funds were deposited into one of the bank accounts

secretly opened by Schutz.

       Keller also testified that her investigation revealed Schutz used company resources

and assets to enter into other contracts for jobs that also were not included on the

company job list. Keller noted many of these jobs were initiated in 2008.

                                       DISCUSSION

       A. Statute of Limitations and Counts 8 and 10

       Schutz contends his conviction on counts 8 and 10 must be reversed because the

applicable four-year limitations period set forth in sections 801.5 and 803 ran before the

prosecution of such offenses commenced.

       As stated in the second amended information, count 8 alleged Schutz "on or about

August 24, 2006" violated section 487, subdivision (a) in that he "willfully and

unlawfully" defrauded, and/or stole and/or took $2,500 from Leigh and CAM/BK. Count

10 similarly alleged Schutz on or about January 11, 2007 violated section 487,

subdivision (a) when he "willfully and unlawfully" defrauded, and/or stole and/or took

$24,745.83 from Leigh and CAM/BK. Both counts 8 and 10 involved unauthorized

payments from CAM/BK's bank account to a law firm unilaterally hired by Schutz to

defend his separate business, Tri-City Electric, Inc., under a contract that arose in 2002

(before CAM/BK was even in existence).



                                             13
       The record shows the jury was instructed in part as follows with a modified

version of CALCRIM No. 3410: "A defendant may not be convicted of Grand Theft . . .

unless the prosecution began within four years of the date the crime[] w[as] discovered.

The present prosecution began on March 7, 2012. [¶] A crime should have been

discovered when the victim or law enforcement officer was aware of facts that would

have alerted a reasonably diligent person or law enforcement officer in the same

circumstances to the fact that a crime may have been committed. [¶] The People have

the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that prosecution of this case

began within the required time. This is a different standard of proof than proof beyond a

reasonable doubt. To meet the burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence, the

People must prove that it is more likely than not that prosecution of this case began

within the required time. If the People have not met this burden, you must find the

defendant not guilty of Grand Theft . . . ."

       1. Guiding Principles

       The parties agree counts 8 and 10 are governed by the limitations period in section

801.5. It provides in pertinent part: "[P]rosecution for any offense described in

subdivision (c) of section 803 shall be commenced within four years after discovery of

the commission of the offense, or within four years after completion of the offense,

whichever is later." (Italics added.) Section 803, subdivision (c) in turn provides: "A

limitation of time prescribed in this chapter does not commence to run until the discovery

of an offense described in this subdivision. This subdivision applies to an offense

punishable by imprisonment in the state prison or imprisonment pursuant to subdivision

                                               14
(h) of Section 1170, a material element of which is fraud or breach of a fiduciary

obligation . . . including, but not limited to, the following offenses: [¶] (1) Grand theft of

any type . . . . "

        We note the trial court and the parties used March 7, 2012—the date the felony

complaint was filed—as the date prosecution commenced for purposes of the statute of

limitations analysis. However, section 804 provides that "prosecution for an offense is

commenced when any of the following occurs: [¶] (a) An indictment or information is

filed[;] [¶] (b) A complaint is filed charging a misdemeanor or infraction[;] [¶] (c) The

defendant is arraigned on a complaint that charges the defendant with a felony[;] [¶]

[or] (d) An arrest warrant or bench warrant is issued, provided the warrant names or

describes the defendant with the same degree of particularity required for an indictment,

information, or complaint." (Italics added.)

        As noted by the plain language in subdivision (c) of section 804, the filing of a

felony complaint alone does not commence prosecution of the charges stated in the

complaint. (§ 804, subd. (c); People v. Terry (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 750, 764 [citing

§§ 803 & 804 and noting the "filing of a criminal complaint does not generally

commence the prosecution of a felony for statute of limitation purposes"].) However, our

independent review of the record shows Schutz waived formal arraignment on March 9,

2012, two days after the felony complaint was filed. In light of subdivision (c) of section

804, we therefore conclude the prosecution commenced on March 9, 2012. (See People

v. Posten (1980) 108 Cal.App.3d 633, 648 [noting "[n]othing in the case law requires

reversal or retrial for jurisdictional defects [i.e., the accusatory pleading showed on its

                                               15
face that the statute of limitations had run on various criminal charges,] when those

defects are as a matter of law cured on the undisputed record"].)

       When, as here, the "statute of limitations issue has been tried to a jury, on appeal

the question becomes whether there was substantial evidence to support the jury's implied

findings. [Citation.] If there was not, the judgments are reversed." (People v. Le (2000)

82 Cal.App.4th 1352, 1361; see People v. Castillo (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 364, 369

[noting when an "issue involving the statute of limitations has been tried, we review the

record to determine whether substantial evidence supports the findings of the trier of

fact"].) Substantial evidence is evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of solid value.

(See People v. Weddles (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 1365, 1368.)

       A crime is discovered for purposes of section 803, subdivision (c) when the victim

or law enforcement (1) learns of the crime or (2) "learns of facts which, when

investigated with reasonable diligence, would make the person aware a crime had

occurred. [Citation.]" (People v. Bell (1996) 45 Cal.App.4th 1030, 1061; see People v.

Zamora (1976) 18 Cal.3d 538, 571–572.) Under the second prong, the facts must

indicate that a crime, criminal activity or, at a minimum, wrongdoing, has occurred.

(People v. Zamora, supra, at pp. 571–572.) Facts indicating a loss or other irregularity

are not enough by themselves to trigger the running of the limitations period because

"[t]he law does not require an employer to investigate an employee absent circumstances

that are sufficient to make the employer suspicious of a crime." (People v. Wong (2010)

186 Cal.App.4th 1433, 1447, italics added; see People v. Kronemyer (1987) 189



                                             16
Cal.App.3d 314, 334 [noting "discovery" for purposes of triggering a period of

limitations "calls for awareness of the crime, not merely the loss"].)

       The inquiry as to the discovery of the offense is a question of fact for the jury to

decide. (People v. Zamora, supra, 18 Cal.3d at p. 565.) In this regard, a victim's duty to

investigate is even less onerous when a fiduciary relationship is involved. (People v.

Crossman (1989) 210 Cal.App.3d 476, 482 [noting if defendant and victim are in a

fiduciary relationship where defendant occupies a "position of trust . . . 'facts which

would ordinarily require investigation may not excite suspicion' "].)

       2. Analysis

       We conclude there is substantial evidence in the record to support the (tacit)

finding of the jury that Leigh was not aware of facts on or before March 8, 2008—more

than four years after commencement of criminal prosecution (see § 804, subd. (c))—that

would have alerted a reasonably diligent person in the same circumstances as Leigh that a

crime was being, or had been committed, by Schutz in connection with his operation of

the company.

       First, the record shows it was not until Leigh visited the company office in

February 2009 that he discovered "significant irregularities" in the business operations of

the company. It was only then, after he obtained the key to the company office and

independently reviewed company financial and payroll records, that he discovered for the

first time that: 1) Schutz's daughter was on the company payroll, even though she was

attending college in San Diego; 2) the company had successfully bid on jobs that were

omitted from the company "job sheet"; 3) Schutz had opened a new bank account in

                                             17
CAM/BK's name; and 4) Schutz continued to employ individuals who were responsible

for preparing bids for new company projects when Schutz had agreed to wind down the

company. Although the record shows Leigh did not learn the full extent of these

"irregularities"—including with respect to counts 8 and 10—until sometime after Schutz's

suspension in May 2009, we conclude a jury could find under the facts of this case that a

reasonably prudent person in Leigh's circumstances was "on notice" in February 2009 of

Schutz's potential criminal activity, which we note is within four years from the date

prosecution commenced.

       Second, at the time of the February 2008 board meeting and for an extended

period thereafter, the record shows Schutz was "slow" to turn over company financial

information requested by Leigh. As a result, the board at that meeting passed a resolution

requiring Schutz to put in "PDF format" the general ledger and check register of the

company and to provide such information to Leigh on a monthly basis.

       Thus, the evidence in the record supports the finding that Schutz was less than

forthcoming with company financial information, even on request; that the information

he did provide was in summary form and clearly incomplete; and that if Schutz had

timely provided true and accurate information to Leigh—including copies of the checks

that were the subject of counts 8 and 10, a reasonably prudent person in the same

circumstances then as Leigh would have been alerted to the criminal conduct of Schutz

shortly after August 2006 (count 8) and again shortly after January 2007 (count 10),

when Schutz then used company assets to pay the legal expenses of his separate business.

This evidence supports the finding Schutz acted to create the maximum delay in

                                            18
discovery of his criminal conduct. (See People v. Kronemyer, supra, 189 Cal.App.3d at

p. 331.)

       Third, the record shows Leigh in mid-February 2008 was then concerned about

certain activities by Schutz in managing the company, including Schutz's decision to give

himself a pay raise, his processing of company checks without the required two

signatures and his holding on to checks. Nonetheless, a reasonable jury could find that

such concerns, at that point in time, would not have alerted a reasonably prudent person

in the same situation as Leigh (i.e., owning about 80 other companies and relying on

Schutz, a fiduciary) to the fact Schutz had engaged or was engaging in criminal conduct,

as opposed to conduct that merely raised concerns over his management of the company.

       Schutz's appointment as CFO, and Leigh's appointment as assistant CFO, of the

company during the February 2008 board meeting further supports the finding Leigh was

concerned about Schutz's management of the company, as Leigh then sought to become

more involved in the business affairs of the company.

       Fourth, the record shows when Leigh informed Schutz in mid-March 2008 of his

desire to wind down the company because of concerns over Schutz's management of the

company and because of the worsening economy, Schutz in response reassured Leigh

"everything" would be "fine," the economy was getting "better" and not to worry. A jury

could reasonably find that Leigh was entitled to rely in some measure on Schutz's

assurances and that such assurances were made to allay Leigh's concerns and suspicions

regarding Schutz's operation of the company, thus further delaying the discovery of

Schutz's criminal activity. (See Garret v. Perry (1959) 53 Cal.2d 178, 181-182 [noting a

                                           19
fact finder "could properly conclude that any suspicions of [the] plaintiff arising from the

information he had obtained upon his investigations [regarding the profitability of a ranch

bought from the defendant] were allayed by [the] defendant's subsequent reassurances

and that under the circumstances . . . [the] plaintiff was not precluded from relying upon

what [the] defendant told him," given the defendant had owned the ranch for 20 years and

claimed to have "superior knowledge" concerning its profitability].)

       Fifth, the record shows that even though Leigh in mid-March 2008 decided to

wind down the company, at that point in time he, his businesses, his wife and their trust

were still on the hook for about $10 to $12 million in guarantees for the completion

bonds previously issued on company projects. Such evidence further supports a finding

that Leigh—or a reasonably prudent person in his situation—was not then alerted to

criminal conduct by Schutz, inasmuch as Leigh then had every incentive to ensure Schutz

successfully ran CAM/BK.

       Finally, even if there is evidence in the record that, if credited, would support a

different finding on this issue, it does not change our decision. As noted, the issue of

when the statute of limitations commenced was decided by the jury. As further noted,

there is substantial evidence in the record to support the finding that criminal prosecution

of Schutz on counts 8 and 10 was commenced within four years from the date when a

reasonably prudent person would have discovered the criminal conduct—February 2009.

As such, the fact there was other evidence in the record that may have supported a

different or contrary finding is of no consequence on this issue. (See People v. Little

(2004) 115 Cal.App.4th 766, 771 [recognizing that in determining whether substantial

                                             20
evidence supports a conviction, a court of review does "not reweigh the evidence, resolve

conflicts in the evidence, draw inferences contrary to the verdict, or reevaluate the

credibility of witnesses"].)

       Because criminal prosecution commenced within four years of the discovery of

the crimes in counts 8 and 10 and because that finding is supported by substantial

evidence, we reject Schutz's contention his conviction on counts 8 and 10 must be

reversed under sections 801.5 and 803, subdivision (c).

       B. Statute of Limitations and Count 6

       Schutz next contends, and the People concede, that his conviction on count 6 for

petty theft was barred by the one-year statute of limitations set forth in section 802,

subdivision (a).2 It provides in part: "[P]rosecution for an offense not punishable by

death or imprisonment in the state prison or pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170

shall be commenced within one year after commission of the offense." Moreover, the

delayed discovery provisions of section 803, subdivision (c) are inapplicable as they only

apply to felonies.

       Here, count 6 alleges Schutz committed petty theft "on or about 2006, 2007, [or]

2008." As such, the statute of limitations expired no later than 2009. (See § 802, subd.

(a).) Because Schutz's criminal prosecution commenced on March 9, 2012, we agree

with the parties that his conviction on count 6 must be reversed.


2      Count 6 originally was charged as felony grand theft (§ 487, subd. (a)) in
connection with the amounts Schutz paid his daughter between 2006 and 2008. The
record shows the prosecution at the preliminary hearing failed to present evidence as to
the amount his daughter received and, as a result, the court bound over on petty theft.
                                             21
       C. Denial of Probation

       1. Guiding Principles

       " 'All defendants are eligible for probation, in the discretion of the sentencing

court [citation], unless a statute provides otherwise.' [Citation.] 'The grant or denial of

probation is within the trial court's discretion and the defendant bears a heavy burden

when attempting to show an abuse of that discretion. [Citation.]' [Citation.] 'In

reviewing [a trial court's determination whether to grant or deny probation,] it is not our

function to substitute our judgment for that of the trial court. Our function is to

determine whether the trial court's order granting [or denying] probation is arbitrary or

capricious or exceeds the bounds of reason considering all the facts and circumstances.'

[Citation.]" (People v. Weaver (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 1301, 1311, disapproved on

another ground as stated in People v. Cook (2015) 60 Cal.4th 922, 939.)

       Schutz's eligibility for probation is governed by section 1203.045, which provides

that "[e]xcept in unusual cases where the interests of justice would best be served if the

person is granted probation, probation shall not be granted to any person convicted of a

crime of theft of an amount exceeding one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000)."

(§ 1203.045, subd. (a).) Although Schutz recognizes there was a statutory presumption

against probation that could only be overcome in an "unusual case," inasmuch as he stole

almost $800,000 or about eight times the statutory amount, we note the trial court was not

precluded as a matter of law from considering a grant of probation. (See ibid.)

       Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 4.413(b), "[i]f the defendant comes

under a statutory provision prohibiting probation 'except in unusual cases where the

                                             22
interests of justice would best be served,' . . . the court should apply the criteria in (c) to

evaluate whether the statutory limitation on probation is overcome." California Rules of

Court, rule 4.413(c) (Rule 4.413) is divided into two subsections: (1) "Facts relating to

basis for limitation on probation," and (2) "Facts limiting defendant's culpability."

       As particularly relevant here, Rule 4.413(c)(2) provides the court may consider

facts or circumstances that did not amount to a defense but reduce "the defendant's

culpability for the offense . . . ." It lists three possible circumstances. The first one

concerns a defendant committing crimes "under circumstances of great provocation,

coercion, or duress . . . ." (Rule 4.413(c)(2)(A).) This category appears inapplicable

here, inasmuch as there is no evidence suggesting Schutz committed the various offenses

under any of these three scenarios. To the contrary, the record shows he committed the

offenses over the course of years and used his position of trust and confidence as an

officer and director of CAM/BK to escape detection for as long as possible.

       The second category relates to crimes "committed because of a mental condition

not amounting to a defense . . . ." (Rule 4.413(c)(2)(B).) Again, this category appears

inapplicable because there is no evidence in the record that Schutz suffered from a mental

condition or if so, that he could be successfully treated for such a condition on probation.

       Finally, in the third category a court may consider whether the "defendant is

youthful or aged" and whether he or she "has no significant record of prior criminal

offenses." (Rule 4.4.13(c)(2)(C).) We note the Rule does not define what "aged" means.

In any event, this factor is the only one that appears applicable to Schutz, inasmuch as

this was Schutz's first felony offense and he was 52 years old at the time of sentencing.

                                               23
       2. Brief Additional Background

       The record shows before sentencing, the court indicated it had received and

considered Schutz's probation report, which recommended Schutz be sentenced to prison;

the People's sentencing brief, which recommended imposition of a 10-year prison term;

Schutz's sentencing brief; two restitution briefs stating Leigh and the company sustained

losses of over $1.2 million; a number of letters submitted on Schutz's behalf; and a

document entitled " 'Settlement and Restitution Agreement.' "

       The record also shows the court at sentencing considered the argument of counsel

and the statements of a family member of Schutz and of Schutz himself. With respect to

Schutz, he told the court that he had already returned almost $500,000 of the money he

stole and that he was remorseful for what he had done, noting he had been "selfish" in

committing the crimes.

       The record shows the court next invited additional argument from counsel

regarding whether to impose probation or sentence Schutz to prison. The defense argued

the court should impose probation because Schutz was truly sorry, he was committed to

make restitution and he was then 52 years of age and had no criminal history. The

prosecution argued Schutz should be sentenced to prison, albeit for less than the 23 years

four months maximum he faced. In particular, the prosecution noted prison was

warranted based on the amount of money Schutz stole and his sophistication in doing so,

including using his position of trust in the company to conceal his criminal conduct for

years. The prosecution acknowledged Schutz's efforts to make restitution and thus

recommended Schutz be sentenced to prison for seven, as opposed to 10, years.

                                            24
       With respect to whether Schutz qualified under Rule 4.413(c)(2)(C), the

prosecution argued that Schutz was several years younger when he first engaged in the

criminal conduct (i.e., years before his sentencing in May 2014), and thus he was not

"aged" within the meaning of that subdivision. The prosecution also argued Schutz's lack

of criminal history did not reduce his culpability because the lack of any such history

allowed Schutz to gain Leigh's trust, which Schutz then abused in committing the various

offenses.

       In ruling to deny probation, the court noted this was a "difficult case." Although

the court found Schutz acted in good faith in his effort to make restitution, the court

further found that doing so did not make this an "unusual" case. The court also found

that Schutz's age did not make him an "aged" person within the meaning of Rule

4.413(c)(2)(C). The court thus imposed a seven-year prison term, noting it was not going

to impose the 10-year term previously sought by the People in light of Schutz's effort to

make restitution.

       3. Analysis

       Our task here is not to reweigh the evidence, but rather to determine whether the

court abused its broad discretion in denying Schutz probation. We discern no such abuse.

       First, the record shows the court was well aware of its discretion to impose

probation in this case, which the court carefully considered before sentencing Schutz to

prison. Second, this was a presumptive prison case, as Schutz himself recognizes. (See

§ 1203.045, subd. (a).)



                                             25
       Third, the court in the exercise of its discretion found Schutz was not "aged" for

purposes of Rule 4.413(c)(2)(C). Although the court did not state the reason for this

particular finding, we note it was not required to do so. (See People v. Zamora (1991)

230 Cal.App.3d 1627, 1637 [concluding a " 'trial court may minimize or even entirely

disregard mitigating factors without stating its reasons' "].) In fact, we note Rule 4.413(c)

uses the word "may," which suggests this provision is permissive and not mandatory.

(See People v. Stuart (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 165, 178 [same].)3

       Fourth, we discern no abuse of discretion, much less a clear abuse of discretion, in

sentencing Schutz to prison in light of the amount of money he stole, the circumstances

under which he did so and his efforts over the years to hide his ongoing criminal

conduct.4 (See People v. Ferguson (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 1070, 1091 [noting " '[a]n

order denying probation will not be reversed in the absence of a clear abuse of

discretion' "].)

                                       DISPOSITION

       We reverse Schutz's conviction on count 6, petty theft (§ 488), because



3      Given Schutz was 52 years old at the time of sentencing and given the use of the
contrasting terms "youthful" and "aged" in Rule 4.413(c)(2)(C), it appears reasonable to
conclude Schutz was perhaps "middle-aged," as opposed to "aged," for purposes of this
Rule. (See People v. Salcido (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 1303, 1311 [noting that in
construing a statute, a court " 'first look[s] to the plain meaning of the words used,' " and
noting a court is " 'bound to give effect to a statute according to the usual and ordinary
import of those words' "].)

4      Because the court found Schutz's case was not "unusual," it was not required to
consider the factors set forth in California Rules of Court, rule 4.414, which pertain to
suitability for probation.
                                              26
prosecution was not timely commenced under section 802, subdivision (a). We thus

order the trial court to prepare a corrected abstract of judgment and to forward a certified

copy of such to the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. In all other respects,

the judgment of conviction is affirmed.


                                                                                 BENKE, J.

WE CONCUR:


McCONNELL, P. J.


O'ROURKE, J.




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