                                 FIFTH DIVISION
                                 DILLARD, P. J.,
                              REESE and BETHEL, JJ.

                     NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                     physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                     days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                 http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                     February 1, 2017




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A16A1817. HOWARD v. THE STATE.

      DILLARD, Presiding Judge.

      In 1987, following a trial, Ernest Howard was convicted on two counts of

aggravated assault, one count of kidnapping with bodily injury, and one count of rape.

Howard appeals his convictions and the denial of his motion for new trial,

challenging the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his convictions, arguing that

the State failed to prove venue, and maintaining that the trial court erred in denying

his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. For the reasons set forth infra, we

affirm.

      Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict,1 the record shows that

around 1:00 a.m. on November 8, 1986, C. B. and G. H. set out with a group of

      1
          See, e.g., Powell v. State, 310 Ga. App. 144, 144 (712 SE2d 139) (2011).
friends to a popular unlicensed bar called Jay Wright’s in Lizella, Bibb County,

Georgia. While there, a young man, ultimately identified as Howard, asked G. H. to

dance and offered to buy her a drink, which she refused. After an hour or so, a fight

broke out amongst some of the bar’s patrons, and, in the confusion that ensued, the

friends who had driven C. B. and G. H. to the bar left without them. Seeing that C.

B. and G. H.’s friends had stranded them at the bar, Howard offered to drive the

women home. The two women accepted Howard’s offer and accompanied him to his

car, at which point C. B. sat in the front passenger’s seat and G. H. sat in the back of

the vehicle.

      Within a few minutes of leaving the bar, the women realized that Howard was

not driving in the direction of their homes. When they asked him to explain this

unexpected detour, Howard claimed that he needed to inform his mother that he

would be late getting home. But shortly thereafter, Howard drove into some nearby

woods via an unpaved, gravel road and stopped the car. Once parked, he reached

under the driver’s seat to retrieve a large knife, held the knife close to C. B.’s neck,

and ordered both women to undress. The women complied, but after doing so, C. B.

told Howard that she needed to go to the bathroom and asked if she could exit the



                                           2
vehicle. After finishing, C. B. started toward the car but then suddenly slammed the

passenger door shut and fled into the brush.

      Howard immediately ordered G. H. to yell for her friend to return to the

vehicle, and G. H. complied. But after several minutes, it became apparent that C. B.

was not going to return, so Howard left the area and drove around for about three

minutes before again parking. Once there, he raped G. H. and afterward told her to

put her clothes back on. Howard then drove away from the area, stopped near a

school, told G. H. to get out of his car, and then drove off. Eventually, G. H. waved

down a passing motorist, who coincidentally had just assisted a police officer in

changing another motorist’s flat tire. The motorist helped G. H. into his vehicle and

returned to where he had assisted the police officer, who at this point was still aiding

the other motorist. After G. H. recounted the abduction, the officer made

arrangements to have her transported to a hospital.

      Meanwhile, after slamming the passenger door of Howard’s car and fleeing,

C. B. ran for several minutes through brambles and marshy areas before happening

upon a group of young men who were camping in a cove on Lake Tobesofkee.

Waking the men up, C. B. recounted the abduction and advised that her friend was

still being held hostage. Agreeing to help, one of the campers told C. B. to get into

                                           3
his truck, and he started the engine. As he did, he saw headlights illuminate from

another vehicle, which appeared to be parked across part of the lake in another cove

but was now beginning to move. Believing it to be C. B.’s assailant, the camper drove

to the area where he had seen the headlights, but by the time he arrived, there were

no other vehicles in sight. Consequently, at C. B.’s request, the camper drove her

home.

        Although both C. B. and G. H. provided a physical description of their

assailant, neither was familiar with Howard, and thus, law enforcement initially made

no arrest. But a few weeks later, C. B. was out at a different nightclub when Howard

approached her and asked if he knew her from somewhere. Immediately recognizing

Howard as her assailant, C. B. lied about knowing him and gave him a fake name. C.

B. also refused Howard’s offer of a ride home, and while still at the club, a friend told

C. B. that she knew Howard, but only by his first name, which she said was Ernest.

A few days afterward, another friend informed C. B. of Howard’s last name and his

place of employment. Subsequently, both C. B. and G. H. went to Howard’s

workplace, observed him from a distance, and positively identified him as their

assailant. The woman then informed a detective with the Macon Police Department,



                                           4
who obtained a warrant for Howard’s arrest and, in fact, arrested him after he came

to the police station for questioning.

      Thereafter, the State charged Howard, via indictment, with two counts of

aggravated assault with a deadly weapon (one count for each victim),2 one count of

kidnapping with bodily injury,3 one count of rape,4 and two counts of aggravated

sodomy (both counts pertaining to G. H.).5 The case then proceeded to trial, during

which the State presented the foregoing evidence. And at the conclusion of the trial,

the jury convicted Howard on both aggravated-assault charges, the kidnapping-with-

bodily-injury charge, and the rape charge, but it acquitted him on both aggravated-

sodomy charges.

      The procedural history of Howard’s case following his 1987 conviction can

aptly be described as tortuous. His trial counsel filed a timely motion for new trial,

which he later amended. On August 8, 1989, the trial court held a hearing on

Howard’s motion, during which his counsel informed the court that Howard wanted


      2
          See former OCGA § 16-5-21 (a) (2) (1991).
      3
          See former OCGA § 16-5-40 (a), (b) (1994).
      4
          See former OCGA § 16-6-1 (a) (1994).
      5
          See former OCGA § 16-6-2 (a) (1994).

                                          5
to obtain new counsel and allege claims that his trial counsel rendered ineffective

assistance. The trial court denied the majority of Howard’s motion, but it agreed to

hold a second hearing, in which Howard could assert his ineffective-assistance

claims. The court then held this second hearing on September 28, 1989, during which

Howard’s trial counsel testified regarding his representation.

      On November 2, 1989, the trial court issued an order denying Howard’s motion

for new trial, but it is unclear whether Howard ever received a copy of that order at

that time. Over the course of the next 20 years, Howard, for the most part acting pro

se, filed numerous motions with the trial court and nearly as many unsuccessful

attempts to appeal the denials of those motions. Then, on September 27, 2013,

Howard filed a motion for an out-of-time appeal, alleging—as he had done several

times previously—that he did not receive a copy of the trial court’s November 2,

1989 order until 1992. The trial court denied this motion as moot based on Howard

having already filed another notice of appeal regarding other court orders. Howard

appealed that order, and this Court vacated the trial court’s judgment and remanded

the case for a determination of whether Howard had timely received notice of the trial

court’s November 2, 1989 order. But agreeing with the State that it would be



                                          6
impossible to determine whether Howard timely received the order, the trial court

granted Howard’s motion for an out-of-time appeal. This appeal follows.

      1. Howard contends, generally, that the evidence was insufficient to support

his convictions. We disagree.

      At the outset, we note that when a criminal conviction is appealed, the evidence

must be viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, and the appellant no longer

enjoys a presumption of innocence.6 And in evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence

to support a conviction, we do not weigh the evidence or determine witness

credibility but only resolve whether “a rational trier of fact could have found the

defendant guilty of the charged offenses beyond a reasonable doubt.”7 Accordingly,

the jury’s verdict will be upheld so long as “there is some competent evidence, even

though contradicted, to support each fact necessary to make out the State’s case[.]”8




      6
       See English v. State, 301 Ga. App. 842, 842 (689 SE2d 130) (2010); see also
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (III) (B) (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).
      7
       Joiner v. State, 299 Ga. App. 300, 300 (682 SE2d 381) (2009); see also
Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319 (III) (B).
      8
        Miller v. State, 273 Ga. 831, 832 (546 SE2d 524) (2001) (punctuation
omitted).

                                          7
With these guiding principles in mind, we turn first to Howard’s specific challenge

in this regard.

      Former OCGA § 16-5-21 (a) (2) provided, in pertinent part: “A person commits

the offense of aggravated assault when he assaults . . . [w]ith a deadly weapon . . .

which, when used offensively against a person, is likely to or actually does result in

serious bodily injury.”9 Under former OCGA § 16-5-40 (a), “[a] person commits the

offense of kidnapping when he abducts or steals away any person without lawful

authority or warrant and holds such person against his will.”10 And “[a] person

convicted of the offense of kidnapping shall be punished by . . . life imprisonment .

. . if the person kidnaped shall have received bodily injury.”11 Finally, under former

OCGA § 16-6-1 (a), “[a] person commits the offense of rape when he has carnal

knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will,” and “[c]arnal knowledge in rape

occurs when there is any penetration of the female sex organ by the male sex organ.”

      In this case, the State presented evidence that Howard offered to drive the two

victims home, but then took them to a remote location and ordered the women to


      9
          See former OCGA § 16-5-21 (a) (2) (1991).
      10
           See former OCGA § 16-5-40 (a) (1994).
      11
           See former OCGA § 16-5-40 (b) (1994).

                                          8
undress while he brandished a knife. Then, after C. B. escaped, Howard drove G. H.

to another remote location and forced her to engage in sexual intercourse.

Nevertheless, Howard argues that the evidence was insufficient because it was vague

and there were some conflicts in the victims’ testimony. But it is the role of the jury,

not this Court, to “determine the credibility of the witnesses and to resolve any

conflicts or inconsistencies in the evidence.”12 And here, the jury resolved those

conflicts against Howard. Thus, the evidence was sufficient to support Howard’s

convictions.13

      2. Howard also contends that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable

doubt that Bibb County was the proper venue. Again, we disagree.

      12
         Harris v. State, 332 Ga. App. 789, 790-91 (1) (775 SE2d 165) (2015)
(punctuation omitted); see Brock v. State, 293 Ga. 156, 157-58 (1) (743 SE2d 410)
(2013) (“It is the jury’s role to assess the credibility of witnesses and resolve any
inconsistencies in the evidence.”).
      13
        See Bester v. State, 294 Ga. 195, 195-96 (1) (751 SE2d 360) (2013) (holding
that evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s convictions on rape and
aggravated assault charges); Dennis v. State, 293 Ga. 688, 689-90 (1) (748 SE2d 390)
(2013) (holding that defendants moving victims from their own vehicle before
shooting them was sufficient to support kidnapping-with-bodily-injury charge);
Wallace v. State, 294 Ga. App. 159, 159-60 (1) (669 SE2d 400) (2008) (holding that
evidence the defendant brandished a knife, moved victim under a desk in her office,
forced her to have sexual intercourse there, and scratched her hip while doing so
supported defendant’s aggravated-assault, kidnapping-with-bodily-injury, and rape
convictions).

                                           9
      The Georgia Constitution requires that venue in all criminal cases “be laid in

the county in which the crime was allegedly committed.”14 And as with every other

material allegation contained in an indictment, the State must prove venue beyond a

reasonable doubt.15 But the State may do so by circumstantial evidence.16

Accordingly, as is the case with regard to the sufficiency of the evidence generally,

the standard of review of the sufficiency of the evidence to support venue is whether,

after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, any rational trier

of fact could have found venue beyond a reasonable doubt.17 Importantly, venue is a

question for the jury, and “its decision will not be set aside if there is any evidence




      14
         Jones v. State, 272 Ga. 900, 901 (2) (537 SE2d 80) (2000); see Ga. Const.
Art. VI, Sec. II, Par. VI. (“[A]ll criminal cases shall be tried in the county where the
crime was committed, except cases in the superior courts where the judge is satisfied
that an impartial jury cannot be obtained in such county.”); OCGA § 17-2-2 (a).
      15
          Jones, 272 Ga. at 901 (2); accord Muldrow v. State, 322 Ga. App. 190, 192
(2) (a) (744 SE2d 413) (2013).
      16
        Walton v. State, 293 Ga. 607, 609 (2) (748 SE2d 866) (2013); accord
Stockard v. State, 327 Ga. App. 184, 185 (761 SE2d 351) (2014).
      17
           Thompson v. State, 277 Ga. 102, 103 (1) (586 SE2d 231) (2003).

                                          10
to support it.”18 Bearing this legal backdrop in mind, we turn now to Howard’s claim

of error.

       In this matter, both C. B. and G. H. conceded in their testimony that when

Howard drove to the remote location where he parked, they did not know where they

were. Nevertheless, the camper from whom C. B. sought help after she escaped

testified that he and his friends were camping in a cove on Lake Tobesofkee in Bibb

County when they encountered C. B. And indeed, C. B. noted that much of the area

through which she fled was surrounded by water. The camper further testified that

when he started his truck, he saw the headlights of another vehicle in a nearby cove

illuminate and, given the early hour, presumed it was C. B.’s assailant. Additionally,

the detective who investigated the case testified that the area where C. B. escaped and

fled was Lake Tobesofkee in Bibb County. And he further testified that based on G.

H.’s testimony that the second area where Howard parked after C. B. escaped was

only three minutes away from the first area, this second location where the rape

occurred was also more than likely within Bibb County.


       18
          Davis v. State, 328 Ga. App. 796, 797-98 (1) (760 SE2d 728) (2014)
(punctuation omitted); see Graham v. State, 275 Ga. 290, 292 (2) (565 SE2d 467)
(2002) (noting that whether venue has been properly proved is a question of fact for
the jury).

                                          11
      Notwithstanding the foregoing testimony, Howard argues that because both

victims conceded that they were not familiar with the area where their assailant took

them, the State failed to prove venue. But as previously noted, the State may prove

venue through circumstantial evidence.19 And the testimony from the camper and

detective certainly constituted circumstantial evidence that the crimes occurred in

Bibb County.20 Moreover, there was no evidence presented that “any incident related

to the crime took place outside of [Bibb] County.”21 Accordingly, the evidence here

was sufficient for the jury to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that venue for the

crimes was in Bibb County.22


      19
           Walton, 293 Ga. at 609 (2).
      20
         See O’Donnell v. Smith, 294 Ga. 307, 311-12 (2) (a) (751 SE2d 324) (2013)
(finding proof of venue sufficient when the “jury heard testimony that the victim was
found lying down and injured in Fulton County”).
      21
           Id. at 312 (2) (a).
      22
         See id. at 311-12 (2) (a) (holding that State proved venue for murder when
victim’s body was found in Fulton County and scene of stabbing appeared to be 100
yards from where body was found). Compare Jones, 272 Ga. at 903-04 (3) (finding
that State failed to prove venue when only evidence presented was that murder
victim’s neighbor’s home—across the street from victim’s home—was in Fulton
County). We note that although the case has not been overruled, the logic in Jones
has been called into question. See O’Donnell, 294 Ga. at 313-14 (Nahmias, J.,
concurring) (opining that, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, jurors can very
reasonably infer that a location within 100 yards of a location in a particular county

                                         12
      3. Finally, Howard also contends that the trial court erred in denying his claims

of ineffective assistance of counsel. Once again, we disagree.

      In order to prevail on his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, we apply

the two-pronged test established in Strickland v. Washington,23 which requires

Howard to show that his trial counsel’s performance was “deficient and that the

deficient performance so prejudiced [him] that there is a reasonable likelihood that,

but for counsel’s errors, the outcome of the trial would have been different.”24 In

addition, there is a strong presumption that trial counsel’s conduct falls within the

broad range of reasonable professional conduct, and a criminal defendant must

overcome this presumption.25 Unless clearly erroneous, this Court will uphold a trial

court’s factual determinations with respect to claims of ineffective assistance of


is in the same county and that Jones should be overruled if its erroneous logic would
result in a conviction being reversed due to purportedly insufficient proof of venue).
      23
           466 U.S. 668, 687 (III) (104 SCt 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984).
      24
         Chapman v. State, 273 Ga. 348, 349-50 (2) (541 SE2d 634) (2001); see
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687 (III); Ashmid v. State, 316 Ga. App. 550, 556 (3) (730
SE2d 37) (2012).
      25
         Chapman, 273 Ga. at 350 (2); see Cammer v. Walker, 290 Ga. 251, 255 (1)
(719 SE2d 437) (2011) (“A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is judged by
whether counsel rendered reasonably effective assistance, not by a standard of
errorless counsel or by hindsight.” (punctuation omitted)).

                                         13
counsel; “however, a trial court’s legal conclusions in this regard are reviewed de

novo.”26 With these guiding principles in mind, we turn now to Howard’s claims of

ineffective assistance.

       (a) Failure to call witnesses. During his motion for new trial, Howard argued

that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to locate and call a host

of witnesses. But on appeal, Howard argues only generally that this failure to locate

and call witnesses constituted ineffective assistance. In fact, on appeal, he references

no specific witnesses who should have been called and does not even argue how trial

counsel’s alleged failure to call these unnamed witnesses affected the outcome of his

trial. Suffice it to say, merely alleging that counsel provided ineffective assistance,

without more, is “insufficient to establish a claim of ineffective assistance of

counsel.”27 Moreover, under the rules of this Court, an appellant must support

enumerations of error with argument and citation of authority,28 and “mere conclusory


       26
            Sowell v. State, 327 Ga. App. 532, 539 (4) (759 SE2d 602) (2014).
       27
         Tyner v. State, 313 Ga. App. 557, 565 (6) (b) (722 SE2d 177) (2012)
(punctuation omitted); see Brewer v. State, 280 Ga. 18, 20-21 (3) (622 SE2d 348)
(2005) (holding that defendant’s mere allegations of ineffective assistance were
insufficient to prevail on such a claim).
       28
        See Court of Appeals Rule 25 (c) (2) (providing that “[a]ny enumeration of
error which is not supported in the brief by citation of authority or argument may be

                                            14
statements are not the type of meaningful argument contemplated by our rules.”29

Thus, Howard’s arguments in this regard have been abandoned.30

      Nevertheless, we will address trial counsel’s failure to call the two witnesses,

who seemed to be the focus of Howard’s arguments during the hearing on the motion

for new trial. Specifically, Howard claimed that trial counsel rendered ineffective

assistance by failing to locate a woman named Patricia, who along with her cousin,

Howard claims left the unlicensed bar with him on the night in question and was with

him for much of that evening. Additionally, Howard argued that trial counsel was

ineffective by failing to call his girlfriend, Valerie Goins, who would have testified

that Howard was home with her by 12:30 a.m. on the night in question.

      In considering this argument, we first note that the decision on which defense

witnesses will be called is “a matter of trial strategy and tactics and does not usually



deemed abandoned”).
      29
        Brittain v. State, 329 Ga. App. 689, 704 (4) (a) (766 SE2d 106) (2014)
(punctuation omitted).
      30
         See Brewer, 280 Ga. at 20-21 (3) (holding that defendant’s mere allegations
of ineffective assistance were insufficient to prevail on such a claim); Brittain, 329
Ga. App. at 704 (4) (a) (holding that defendant abandoned majority of his ineffective
assistance claims by making only conclusory arguments and failing to support such
argument with citations to authority).

                                          15
constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.”31 Indeed, which witnesses to call and all

other strategies and tactical decisions are “the exclusive province of the lawyer after

consultation with his client, and whether an attorney’s trial tactics are reasonable is

a question of law, not fact.”32

      Turning to the specific witnesses at issue, with regard to Patricia, trial counsel

testified that Howard only knew her first name and believed that she had attended

Crandall College. Based on this information, trial counsel searched the college’s

records, but was unable to find Patricia. But given Howard’s lack of sufficient

information regarding this alleged witness’s full name, her whereabouts, or how to

find her, trial counsel’s failure to locate her certainly did not constitute ineffective

assistance.33




      31
        Tyner, 313 Ga. App. at 564 (6) (a) (punctuation omitted); see Perdue v. State,
298 Ga. 841, 845 (3) (785 SE2d 291) (2016) (noting that it is well established that the
decision as to which defense witnesses to call is a matter of trial strategy and tactics).
      32
           Tyner, 313 Ga. App. at 564 (6) (a) (punctuation omitted).
      33
         See Mattox v. State, 305 Ga. App. 600, 606 (3) (699 SE2d 887) (2010)
(holding that trial counsel’s inability to locate witness did not constitute ineffective
assistance when defendant only knew witness’s first name and the apartment complex
where he believed the witness lived).

                                           16
      With regard to Valerie Goins, trial counsel testified that he decided not to call

her as a witness because she would have testified that Howard returned home that

night around 12:30 a.m., which was inconsistent with the statement Howard provided

to law enforcement about being with Patricia and her cousin all night. As previously

noted, the determination as to which defense witnesses will be called is “purely a

matter of trial strategy and tactics, and trial strategy and tactics do not equate with

ineffective assistance of counsel.”34 And given trial counsel’s reasonable explanation

for his strategy here, his decision to not call Goins as a witness certainly did not

render his assistance ineffective.35

      (b) Failure to adequately prepare. Howard also generally contends that his trial

counsel rendered ineffective assistance by not spending enough time meeting with

witnesses prior to trial. But trial counsel’s testimony during the hearing on the motion

      34
          Davenport v. State, 308 Ga. App. 140, 154 (2) (b) (706 SE2d 757) (2011)
(punctuation omitted); see Perdue, 298 Ga. at 845 (noting that it is well established
that the decision as to which defense witnesses to call is a matter of trial strategy and
tactics).
      35
         See Moss v. State, 298 Ga. 613, 619 (5) (d) (783 SE2d 652) (2016) (holding
that given trial counsel’s concerns about witness’s credibility and status as a felon,
his decision not to call witness was reasonable); Davenport, 308 Ga. App. at 154 (2)
(b) (holding that trial counsel did not render ineffective assistance in failing to call
witness given counsel’s testimony that he determined witness would not be favorable
for defendant).

                                           17
for new trial, in which he discussed the fact that he spoke with all the witnesses and

potential witnesses, except for the victims, who refused to speak with him, belies this

contention. Accordingly, there is no basis for finding that Howard’s trial counsel

provided ineffective assistance in this regard.36

      (c) Failure to make objections. Finally, Howard argues—again only very

generally—that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to object

when the State’s prosecutor employed leading questions during the direct

examination of the State’s witnesses, including the victims. Putting aside the fact that

Howard fails to specifically identify the objectionable leading questions on appeal,37

he never questioned his trial counsel during the hearing on his motion for new trial

about the alleged failure to object to these non-descript questions. And in the absence



      36
         See Rice v. State, 292 Ga. 191, 209 (9) (d) (733 SE2d 755) (2012) (finding
that contrary to defendant’s claim, trial counsel did investigate case by consulting
with a computer expert on certain issues, and therefore, trial counsel did not render
ineffective assistance in this regard); Gadson v. State, 252 Ga. App. 347, 352 (11) (c)
(556 SE2d 449) (2001) (holding that defendant failed to show that his trial counsel
provided ineffective assistance by failing to adequately investigate the case because
record demonstrated that counsel did in fact prepare for trial and interview witnesses).
      37
        See supra note 30; see also Maxwell v. State, 290 Ga. 574, 575 (2) (722 SE2d
763) (2012) (holding that defendant’s conclusory allegation that trial counsel failed
to object to leading questions without specifying such instances did not support a
claim for ineffective assistance of counsel).

                                          18
of evidence to the contrary, “counsel’s decisions are presumed to be strategic and thus

insufficient to support an ineffective assistance of counsel claim.”38 Indeed, the

decision not to object to leading questions is “often the result of reasonable trial

strategy.”39 And given that Howard has not made a contrary showing in this regard,

he has failed to demonstrate that his trial counsel performed deficiently.40

      For all of the foregoing reasons, we affirm Howard’s convictions and the denial

of his motion for new trial.

      Judgment affirmed. Reese and Bethel, JJ., concur.




      38
         Mitchell v. State, 290 Ga. 490, 492 (4) (a) (722 SE2d 705) (2012)
(punctuation omitted).
      39
           Id.
      40
         See id. (holding that defendant failed to show that his trial counsel rendered
ineffective assistance by not objecting to the State’s leading questions when there was
no evidence that such failure was not based on trial strategy).

                                          19
