                                   2019 IL App (4th) 170261
                                                                                    FILED
                                                                                  August 12, 2019
                                                                                   Carla Bender
                                         NO. 4-17-0261                         4th District Appellate
                                                                                     Court, IL
                                IN THE APPELLATE COURT

                                         OF ILLINOIS

                                     FOURTH DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                       )     Appeal from the
           Plaintiff-Appellee,                             )     Circuit Court of
           v.                                              )     Logan County
CHRISTOPHER J. HARRIS,                                     )     No. 09CF171
           Defendant-Appellant.                            )
                                                           )     Honorable
                                                           )     Scott D. Drazewski,
                                                           )     Judge Presiding.

               JUSTICE KNECHT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
               Justices Turner and Cavanagh concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                           OPINION

¶1             Defendant, Christopher J. Harris, appeals from the summary dismissal of his

pro se petition for relief under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 to 122-

7 (West 2016)). On appeal, defendant argues we should reverse the trial court’s judgment

because his petition states an arguable claim his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by

failing to request a continuance on the last day of his trial to secure testimony from two

witnesses who would have supported his claim of self-defense. We disagree and affirm.

¶2                                     I. BACKGROUND

¶3             On September 21, 2009, several members of the Gee family, including Raymond

(“Rick”) Gee, Ruth Ann Gee, Justina Constant (16 years old), Dillen Constant (14 years old), and

Austin Gee (11 years old) were found dead in their home. The youngest member of the Gee
family, T.G. (3 years old), was found alive but suffering from severe head trauma. Defendant,

the ex-husband of Nicole Gee (a daughter of Rick), was later charged with various criminal

offenses associated with the deaths and injuries caused to the members of the Gee family.

¶4             At a May 2013 jury trial, defendant testified he acted in self-defense and killed

14-year-old Dillen after he entered the Gee residence and discovered Dillen was in the process of

killing the other members of the Gee family. The jury disbelieved defendant’s account and found

him guilty of five counts of first degree murder (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a) (West 2008)), one count of

attempt (first degree murder) (id. § 8-4(a), 9-1(a)(3)), one count of aggravated battery of a child

(id. § 12-4.3(a)), one count of home invasion (id. § 12-11(a)(1)), and one count of armed robbery

(id. § 18-2(a)). The trial court sentenced defendant to five terms of natural life imprisonment for

first degree murder, 30 years’ imprisonment for attempt (first degree murder), 30 years’

imprisonment for home invasion, and 20 years’ imprisonment for armed robbery, all of which

were imposed consecutively. (The court merged the aggravated-battery-of-a-child conviction

with the attempt (first degree murder) conviction.) On direct appeal, we affirmed defendant’s

convictions and sentences. People v. Harris, 2015 IL App (4th) 130672-U.

¶5             In December 2016, defendant filed the instant postconviction petition claiming, in

part, his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to request a continuance on the

last day of his trial to secure testimony from two witnesses who would have supported his claim

of self-defense. Defendant alleged Nicole and A.H, his and Nicole’s daughter, were scheduled to

testify on the last day of his trial but had “unintentionally” missed their flight from Florida to

Illinois. Defendant alleged the “testimony was crucial to the defense as both witnesses [had]

firsthand knowledge of [Dill[e]n’s] *** threats to kill everyone in his family,” which “did not

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have another source to come from during *** trial.” To support these allegations, defendant

attached to his petition (1) a signed and notarized personal evidentiary affidavit, (2) an unsigned

“affidavit” drafted by defendant for Nicole, and (3) an unsigned “affidavit” drafted by defendant

for A.H. In his personal evidentiary affidavit, defendant stated he questioned his trial counsel on

the last day of trial regarding why counsel rested without calling Nicole and A.H., to which

counsel stated he did so because Nicole and A.H. had missed their flights. Defendant averred,

had Nicole been called to testify, she would have testified, in part, she “had talked with Rick Gee

*** only days before the murders, and that Rick was scared Dill[e]n would violently act out after

Rick had punished Dill[e]n recently for breaking down Rick[’]s bedroom door[ ] and stealing

money from Rick,” and “Dill[e]n had ‘lashed out’ and said he ‘would kill Rick’ and said ‘your

[sic] not my dad.’ ” Defendant further averred, had A.H. been called to testify, she would have

testified, in part, she “was there when Dill[e]n would tell his siblings that he’d kill them.”

Defendant noted in his affidavit both Nicole and A.H. were “willing to sign their affidavits, but

due to the harsh conditions of confinement, I have been unable to secure them.”

¶6             In March 2017, the trial court entered a written order summarily dismissing

defendant’s postconviction petition. As to defendant’s claim suggesting his trial counsel rendered

ineffective assistance by failing to request a continuance to secure testimony from Nicole and

A.H., the court found defendant failed to attach the necessary supporting material or sufficiently

explain why the same was not attached. The court also found, even if it considered defendant’s

summary of the alleged testimony from Nicole and A.H., that testimony did not show counsel’s

failure to seek a continuance to call those witnesses was arguably deficient as Nicole’s testimony

would have been inadmissible as hearsay and irrelevant and A.H.’s testimony would have been

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inadmissible as neither specific nor associated with a relevant time frame.

¶7             This appeal followed.

¶8                                        II. ANALYSIS

¶9             On appeal, defendant argues we should reverse the trial court’s judgment

summarily dismissing his postconviction petition because his petition states an arguable claim

his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to request a continuance to secure

testimony from Nicole and A.H. to support his claim of self-defense. The State disagrees.

¶ 10           The Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1 to 122-7 (West 2016)) “provides a mechanism by

which a criminal defendant can assert that his conviction and sentence were the result of a

substantial denial of his rights under the United States Constitution, the Illinois Constitution, or

both.” People v. English, 2013 IL 112890, ¶ 21, 987 N.E.2d 371. The adjudication of a

postconviction petition follows a three-stage process. People v. Allen, 2015 IL 113135, ¶ 21, 32

N.E.3d 615. In this case, defendant’s postconviction petition was dismissed at the first stage. We

review a first-stage dismissal de novo. People v. Boykins, 2017 IL 121365, ¶ 9, 93 N.E.3d 504.

¶ 11           Because most postconviction petitions are drafted by pro se defendants, “the

threshold for a petition to survive the first stage of review is low.” Allen, 2015 IL 113135, ¶ 24.

The low threshold, however, “does not excuse the pro se [defendant] from providing factual

support for his claims; he must supply sufficient factual basis to show the allegations in the

petition are ‘capable of objective or independent corroboration.’ ” Id. (quoting People v. Collins,

202 Ill. 2d 59, 67, 782 N.E.2d 195, 199 (2002)).

¶ 12           Section 122-2 of the Act provides a postconviction petition “shall have attached

thereto affidavits, records, or other evidence supporting its allegations or shall state why the

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same are not attached.” 725 ILCS 5/122-2 (West 2016). “The purpose of the ‘affidavits, records,

or other evidence’ requirement is to establish that a petition’s allegations are capable of objective

or independent corroboration.” People v. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 10, 912 N.E.2d 1204, 1208

(2009). The supporting material must (1) show “the petition’s allegations are capable of

corroboration” and (2) identify “the sources, character, and availability of evidence alleged to

support the petition’s allegations.” Allen, 2015 IL 113135, ¶ 34.

¶ 13           Our supreme court has found the failure to attach the necessary supporting

material or explain its absence is “fatal” to a postconviction petition and alone “justifies the

petition’s summary dismissal.” Collins, 202 Ill. 2d at 66; see also Allen, 2015 IL 113135, ¶ 26

(referring to a postconviction petition that fails to comply with section 122-2 as being

“substantially incomplete”). However, our supreme court has also carved out an exception to this

rule and found compliance with section 122-2 is not required where a defendant’s claim is based

on consultations with his or her attorney, as it can be reasonably inferred the only supporting

material a defendant could provide, other than a personal evidentiary affidavit, is an evidentiary

affidavit of the attorney, the difficulty of which is self-apparent. See People v. Hall, 217 Ill. 2d

324, 333-34, 841 N.E.2d 913, 919 (2005).

¶ 14           Defendant initially suggests he adequately supported the allegation in his

postconviction petition that Nicole and A.H. had “firsthand knowledge of [Dill[e]n’s] *** threats

to kill everyone in his family” with his personal evidentiary affidavit, which outlined Nicole’s

and A.H.’s alleged testimony. We disagree. Defendant’s personal evidentiary affidavit

summarizing what he believed would be the testimony of Nicole and A.H. does not demonstrate

defendant’s allegation in his petition is capable of objective or independent corroboration, nor

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does it identify the availability of evidence alleged to support the petition’s allegation. See

People v. Dupree, 2018 IL 122307, ¶ 34, 124 N.E.3d 908 (“[I]n most cases where [a claim of

ineffective assistance based on counsel’s failure to investigate and call a witness] is raised,

without an affidavit [from the proposed witness], there can be no way to assess whether the

proposed witness could have provided evidence that would have been helpful to the defense.”);

see also People v. Teran, 376 Ill. App. 3d 1, 4, 876 N.E.2d 734, 737 (2007) (“[C]ommon sense

dictates that a defendant’s own affidavit is not at all objective or independent.”).

¶ 15           Defendant alternatively contends he provided a sufficient explanation for why he

failed to obtain signatures from his ex-wife and daughter for the proposed affidavits he drafted

for them. In support, defendant cites People v. Washington, 38 Ill. 2d 446, 449, 232 N.E.2d 738,

739 (1967), for the proposition that imprisonment, by itself, can excuse a defendant’s failure to

attach supporting material to a postconviction petition.

¶ 16           In Washington, the defendant, who was serving a 25-year prison sentence,

appealed from the trial court’s decision granting the State’s motion to dismiss his postconviction

petition. Id. at 447-48. In his petition, defendant alleged, in part, his attorney informed him, in

the presence of his sister, the trial judge and the prosecutor agreed that if he pleaded guilty he

would be sentenced to 14 years’ imprisonment and, “ ‘relying on the promise of his attorney,’ ”

he pleaded guilty. Id. at 448. Before the supreme court, the State argued dismissal was proper

because defendant’s petition “lacked supporting affidavits.” Id. The court began by reviewing the

contents of defendant’s petition, noting it (1) “stated why affidavits were not attached,”

(2) identified every person involved by name, and (3) was verified. Id. at 449. The court next

reviewed the contents of the State’s motion to dismiss, as well as the State’s arguments before

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the trial court. Id. After reviewing the State’s motion to dismiss and the arguments presented, the

court found the State could not “depart from the position it took in the trial court” and “argue that

the petition was properly dismissed for want of supporting affidavits.” Id. After declining to

entertain the State’s argument, the court turned to the merits of defendant’s claim. Id. at 449-50.

The court found defendant was entitled to an evidentiary hearing on his claim and reversed and

remanded for further proceedings. Id. at 450-51.

¶ 17           Contrary to defendant’s argument, the supreme court in Washington neither

(1) “held that under section 122-2[ ] [the defendant’s postconviction] petition adequately

explained why the sister’s affidavit was not attached” nor (2) “relied on the fact that [the

defendant] stated he could not obtain the affidavits because he was incarcerated.” Instead, the

court, after reviewing the contents of the defendant’s petition and the State’s written and oral

arguments in support of its motion to dismiss, held that the State forfeited its argument

concerning compliance with section 122-2 by failing to raise it before the trial court. In fact,

Justice Underwood, in dissent, explicitly rejected the notion the defendant’s explanation as to

why he did not attach an affidavit from his sister was sufficient, stating:

                       “While a defendant’s indigency and incarceration might

               conceivably excuse his failure to provide supporting material in

               some instances, surely it cannot be thought sufficient to excuse his

               failure to secure an affidavit from his sister corroborating

               defendant’s allegations regarding her participation in the

               conversations with his attorney.” Id. at 451-52 (Underwood, J.,

               dissenting).

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In so finding, Justice Underwood noted, “The majority avoid this problem by saying the State

did not question the absence of the supporting material at the trial level and are therefore now

precluded from doing so.” Id. at 452. We find Washington does not support the proposition

imprisonment, by itself, can excuse a defendant’s failure to attach supporting material to a

postconviction petition.

¶ 18           Defendant also asserts the supreme court’s later decision in Collins supports his

interpretation of Washington. In Collins, 202 Ill. 2d at 66, the defendant, who failed to attach to

his postconviction petition any supporting material and offered no explanation for the absence of

such material, asserted his sworn verification could serve as a substitute for the supporting

material required by section 122-2. In rejecting the defendant’s argument, the supreme court

found the defendant’s reliance on Washington to be unpersuasive, as Washington was

distinguishable. Id. at 67-68. The court distinguished Washington based on the fact the

postconviction petition in that case contained “an explanation” as to why the supporting material

was not attached, which it noted “explicitly” complied with the letter of the statute. Id. The court

did not, however, address the sufficiency of the explanation given in Washington. At another

point in its decision, the court asserted Washington was an example of a case where a pro se

defendant should be excused from attaching supporting material as the burden to do so would be

unreasonable. Id. at 68. The court, however, cited Washington as an example after only

addressing the fact the petition in that case contained a claim arising from “conversations

between the defendant and his attorney,” the type of claim for which, as discussed above, the

supreme court has carved out an exception to compliance with section 122-2. Id. at 67. We find

Collins does not support defendant’s interpretation of Washington.

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¶ 19           As noted by the State, relief under the Act is available only to persons

“imprisoned in the penitentiary.” 725 ILCS 5/122-1(a) (West 2016). Yet the Act also includes

the requirement to attach supporting materials. Id. § 122-2. Because the Act contemplates

defendants seeking postconviction relief are likely to be imprisoned, we hold imprisonment, by

itself, cannot excuse a defendant’s failure to attach supporting material to a postconviction

petition. To hold otherwise would be to render the requirement to attach supporting materials

meaningless, which we may not do. See People v. Lloyd, 2013 IL 113510, ¶ 25, 987 N.E.2d 386

(“[S]tatutes should be *** construed so that no part is rendered meaningless or superfluous.”).

¶ 20           Defendant has not described any efforts he made to obtain the signatures of his

ex-wife and daughter for the proposed affidavits he drafted for them, nor has he described any

circumstances, other than his imprisonment, that may have prevented him from obtaining those

signatures. We find defendant’s imprisonment, by itself, fails to adequately explain why he was

unable to obtain supporting material. Because defendant failed to attach the necessary supporting

material or provide a reasonable explanation for its absence, we find summary dismissal of

defendant’s postconviction petition was proper.

¶ 21                                   III. CONCLUSION

¶ 22           We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶ 23           Affirmed.




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                                  No. 4-17-0261


Cite as:                 People v. Harris, 2019 IL App (4th) 170261


Decision Under Review:   Appeal from the Circuit Court of Logan County, No. 09-CF-171;
                         the Hon. Scott D. Drazewski, Judge, presiding.


Attorneys                James E. Chadd, Patricia Mysza, and Peter Sgro, of State
for                      Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.
Appellant:


Attorneys                Kwame Raoul, Attorney General, of Chicago (David L. Franklin,
for                      Solicitor General, and Michael M. Glick and Eldad Z.
Appellee:                Malamuth, Assistant Attorneys General, of counsel), for the
                         People.




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