         IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

Opinion Number: _________

Filing Date: August 12, 2013

Docket No. 32,597

STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

       Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

MICHAEL ANTHONY SAMORA,

       Defendant-Appellant.

APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
Kenneth H. Martinez, District Judge

Robert E. Tangora, L.L.C.
Robert E. Tangora
Santa Fe, NM

for Appellant

Gary K. King, Attorney General
Yvonne Marie Chicoine, Assistant Attorney General
Santa Fe, NM

for Appellee

                                        OPINION

DANIELS, Justice.

{1}     Defendant Michael Samora was convicted of first-degree murder and other crimes
for the bludgeoning death of his girlfriend and a subsequent robbery and stabbing at an
Albuquerque convenience store. One of Defendant’s primary issues in his direct appeal to
this Court is whether his convictions should be reversed as a result of the district court’s
excusal of a Spanish-speaking prospective juror who had difficulty understanding the
English language. While we agree with Defendant’s argument, made for the first time on
appeal, that the juror’s dismissal violated Article VII, Section 3 of the New Mexico

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Constitution, we hold that the unpreserved error was not the kind of fundamental error that
requires reversal of a conviction without a party’s raising the issue in the trial court. We also
hold that Defendant’s remaining challenges are without merit. Accordingly, while we affirm
Defendant’s convictions, we stress to trial judges and lawyers that they have a shared
responsibility to make every reasonable effort to protect the right of our non-English-
speaking citizens to serve on New Mexico juries.

I.      FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

{2}     Defendant’s appeal is based primarily on the dismissal of Mr. Rojelio Haros from
Defendant’s jury pool. During voir dire, the district court noted that Mr. Haros had written
in his jury questionnaire that he did not “understand English [well] enough to write in
English” and asked him if he understood English well enough to proceed with jury selection
without the aid of an interpreter, stating that the interpreter that had been requested by the
court mistakenly ended up in another courtroom. When Mr. Haros stated that he had been
able to follow the discussions to that point, the court promised to provide an interpreter
should Mr. Haros be selected as a juror.

{3}     At the conclusion of voir dire, when the court asked Mr. Haros if he had been able
to follow the voir dire exchanges, Mr. Haros admitted that there was a large part of it that
he had not understood. When the court proposed to excuse Mr. Haros for cause, defense
counsel objected, not because the inability to understand English could not provide a lawful
basis for dismissal but on the theory that Mr. Haros understood English well enough to serve
without an interpreter during voir dire. The State argued that Mr. Haros should be removed.
The court ultimately dismissed Mr. Haros, concluding that Mr. Haros had been unable to
participate in voir dire in a meaningful way.

{4}     On appeal, Defendant argues that his conviction should be reversed because Mr.
Haros’s dismissal violated Article VII, Section 3 of the New Mexico Constitution, which
resulted in a denial of Defendant’s constitutional right to be tried by a fair and impartial jury.
Defendant also argues that his conviction should be reversed based on violations caused by
(1) the late disclosure of DNA evidence, (2) being denied an expert witness, (3)
inappropriate testimony by a witness, (4) ineffective assistance of counsel, (5) trial delays,
and (6) cumulative error. Because Defendant was sentenced to life imprisonment, this Court
has exclusive jurisdiction to hear his direct appeal. See N.M. Const. art. VI, § 2 (“Appeals
from a judgment of the district court imposing a sentence of death or life imprisonment shall
be taken directly to the supreme court.”); accord Rule 12-102(A)(1) NMRA.

II.     DISCUSSION

A.      Excusal of a Juror for Inability to Understand English Was Error but Not
        Fundamental Error Requiring Reversal in the Absence of Preservation

{5}     Article VII, Section 3 of the New Mexico Constitution guarantees that “[t]he right

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of any citizen of the state to . . . sit upon juries, shall never be restricted, abridged or
impaired on account of . . . [the] inability to speak, read or write the English or Spanish
languages except as may be otherwise provided in this constitution.” While we agree that
Mr. Haros’s dismissal in the circumstances before us violated that constitutional provision,
the unpreserved error does not warrant reversal of Defendant’s conviction under the
fundamental error standard.

1.     Mr. Haros’s Dismissal Violated Article VII, Section 3 of the New Mexico
       Constitution

{6}     We begin our analysis by examining whether the dismissal of Mr. Haros violated the
New Mexico Constitution. We review constitutional claims de novo. See State v. Pacheco,
2007-NMSC-009, ¶ 12, 141 N.M. 340, 155 P.3d 745 (reviewing de novo the two interrelated
constitutional rights of a non-English-speaking citizen to serve on a jury and a defendant’s
right to a fair and impartial jury).

{7}     This Court has recognized more than once that Article VII, Section 3 unambiguously
protects the rights of non-English speakers to serve on our state juries. See State v. Rico,
2002-NMSC-022, ¶ 5, 132 N.M. 570, 52 P.3d 942; see also Pacheco, 2007-NMSC-009, ¶
13 (interpreting Article VII, Section 3 as applying to jury deliberations as well as to trials).
This unique right has been a part of our judicial history since our territorial days. See
Territory v. Romine, 1881-NMSC-010, ¶¶ 11, 14, 2 N.M. 114 (addressing an 1859 statute
that lacked any language requirement for jury service and noting that “[a]part from the
impracticability of obtaining English-speaking juries, it would have been manifestly unjust
to the great majority of the people of the territory, had such a requirement as to language
been made”). Today, the right is enshrined in our state Constitution as one of the few
provisions that can be amended only by a supermajority of both legislators and voters. See
N.M. Const., art. XIX, § 1 (“No amendment shall restrict the rights created by Section[] . .
. Three of Article VII . . . unless it be proposed by vote of three-fourths of the members
elected to each house and be ratified by a vote of the people of this state in an election at
which at least three-fourths of the electors voting on the amendment vote in favor of that
amendment.”).

{8}     In order to protect the rights guaranteed by Article VII, Section 3, we have
emphasized that New Mexico courts are required to “make every reasonable effort to
accommodate a potential juror for whom language difficulties present a barrier to
participation in court proceedings.” Rico, 2002-NMSC-022, ¶ 11 (emphasis added). In
explaining what we meant by “every reasonable effort,” we cautioned that “inconvenience
alone will not suffice; a trial court shall not excuse a juror on the basis of an ‘inability to
speak, read or write the English or Spanish languages’ absent a showing that accommodating
that juror will create a substantial burden.” Id. ¶ 12 (quoting N.M. Const. art. VII, § 3). And
we went further to provide examples of the factors that may be relevant to the reasonable
efforts standard:


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        What constitutes sufficiently reasonable efforts will depend on the
        circumstances in which the problem arises. Whether a reviewing court will
        find a trial court’s efforts in this regard reasonable will depend on several
        factors, including, but not limited to, the steps actually taken to protect the
        juror’s rights, the rarity of the juror’s native language and the difficulty that
        rarity has created in finding an interpreter, the stage of the jury selection
        process at which it was discovered that an interpreter will be required, and
        the burden a continuance would have imposed on the court, the remainder of
        the jury panel, and the parties.

Id.

{9}      In Rico, this Court vacated the judgments of two defendants because the district
courts failed to provide Navajo interpreters for prospective jurors, even though the nearest
interpreter was two and a half hours away. Id. ¶¶ 1-2. In determining that the efforts by the
district courts were insufficient, we explained that when a trial court becomes aware of a
language problem, the court

        should first take steps to determine whether the difficulty will prevent the
        juror from following the proceedings. Then, the trial court must take steps
        to ensure the availability of a suitable interpreter, if an interpreter is needed.
        If an interpreter is needed and not available, the court is under a
        constitutional obligation to continue the trial for a reasonable time if the
        continuance will be effective in securing an interpreter.

Id. ¶ 16.

{10} Here, unlike in Rico, Defendant’s trial took place in the Second Judicial District
Court, the most populous district in our state, where a Spanish interpreter should have been
readily available. At a minimum, voir dire should have been continued until the misdirected
interpreter was brought to the correct court or a replacement interpreter secured. See id. ¶
15 (noting that when “the language for which an interpreter is needed is one commonly
spoken in the jurisdiction, particularly when it is one in which interpreters are specially
trained, and no interpreter is available on the first scheduled day of the trial, the trial should
be continued for a reasonable time in order to secure an interpreter”).

{11} The record before us does not document what, if any, efforts the court made to secure
an interpreter. Merely stating that an interpreter was requested but unavailable provides an
appellate court little insight into what the judge may or may not have done to remedy the
situation. See id. (explaining that the duration of a continuance appropriate to satisfy the
every reasonable effort standard depends on the totality of the circumstances).

{12} Because the record reflects that after determining that Mr. Haros did not understand
all of the voir dire exchanges, the district court made no further effort to find an interpreter

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for Mr. Haros before dismissing him, we conclude that the court violated Article VII, Section
3.

2.     Defendant’s Unpreserved Error Is Not Fundamental Error

{13} Having concluded that the district court violated Mr. Haros’s constitutional right, we
review whether the violation requires the reversal of Defendant’s conviction.

{14} With few exceptions, we review an issue for reversible error only when the defendant
has properly raised the issue in the district court. See Rule 12-216(A) NMRA (“To preserve
a question for review it must appear that a ruling or decision by the district court was fairly
invoked . . . .”); accord Mitchell v. Allison,1949-NMSC-070, ¶ 14, 54 N.M. 56, 213 P.2d 231
(“Unless the trial court’s attention is called in some manner to the fact that it is committing
error, and given an opportunity to correct it, cases will not be reversed because of errors
which could and would have been corrected in the trial court, if they had been called to its
attention.”).

{15} We have specifically applied this contemporaneous objection requirement to the
unconstitutional exclusion of a juror for lack of fluency in English. See Rico, 2002-NMSC-
022, ¶ 8 (noting “that a criminal defendant who does not object to an exclusion of a juror in
violation of Article VII, Section 3 has waived his or her ability to do so on appeal”). When
Article VII, Section 3 is violated and the objection properly preserved, an appellate court is
required to reverse what would have been an otherwise valid conviction. See Rico, 2002-
NMSC-022, ¶¶ 1, 3 (vacating two convictions and remanding for retrial in both cases based
on improper juror dismissals in which the state conceded the issue of reversible error).

{16} In this case, the trial judge clearly notified counsel for both Defendant and the State
that he was considering dismissing Mr. Haros. The only argument the defense made was
that Mr. Haros should remain on the jury because he understood English well enough
without an interpreter. Significantly, Defendant did not raise the issue of a violation of
Article VII, Section 3, or object to the exclusion of a juror for inability to understand
English, or object to the failure of the district court to exercise every reasonable effort to
procure an interpreter. Accordingly, Defendant’s Article VII, Section 3 issues were not
preserved. Because Defendant did not preserve Mr. Haros’s right to serve on a jury under
Article VII, Section 3, we review only for fundamental error. See Rule 12-216(B)(2)
(recognizing fundamental error as an exception to the preservation rule).

{17} “The exacting standard of review for reversal for fundamental error requires the
question of guilt [be] so doubtful that it would shock the conscience [of the court] to permit
the verdict to stand.” State v. Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, ¶ 46, 279 P.3d 747 (alterations in
original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted) (reversing a second-degree murder
conviction for fundamental error because a missing element in the jury instructions created
an ambiguous verdict, see id. ¶ 58). Here, Defendant fails to demonstrate how the question
of his guilt is so doubtful that his convictions should shock the conscience of this Court.

                                              5
There is nothing in the record that indicates Defendant was convicted by an unfair or partial
jury, notwithstanding Mr. Haros’s improper dismissal, and the evidence of Defendant’s guilt
was substantial. See State v. Baca, 1983-NMSC-049, ¶ 9, 99 N.M. 754, 664 P.2d 360 (“The
burden of establishing partiality [of a juror] is upon the party making such a claim.”); State
v. Singleton, 2001-NMCA-054, ¶ 19, 130 N.M. 583, 28 P.3d 1124 (rejecting a defendant’s
claim of fundamental error because the “[d]efendant has not shown that he was prejudiced
in any way by the juror’s excusal”). Accordingly, we hold that Defendant’s conviction does
not warrant reversal under the fundamental error standard.

{18} Although the constitutional violation in this case does not result in the reversal of an
otherwise valid conviction, as would have been required if defense counsel had preserved
the issue properly, we stress that judges and attorneys on both sides of the courtroom have
responsibilities in protecting a non-English-speaking juror’s constitutional right to
participate in jury service. The appellate record must demonstrate that a trial judge has made
every reasonable effort to provide interpreters for non-English-speaking jurors; defense
attorneys must raise the unconstitutionality of proposed dismissals of jurors for lack of
fluency in English; and prosecutors representing the State must protect the rights of all non-
English-speaking New Mexicans to serve on juries, both because it is their duty to do so and
because an otherwise unnecessary reversal and retrial may well be the consequence of
denying those rights.

B.     Defendant’s Other Issues Are Insubstantial

{19} Defendant raises six additional challenges to his conviction, none of which we
determine to be meritorious.

1.     Disclosure of DNA Reanalysis

{20} Defendant argues that the State should be sanctioned because of the disclosure of a
second DNA report two weeks before the 2008 trial. The report included the results of DNA
reanalysis of physical evidence after disclosure to Defendant in 2005 of the results of the
original analysis. However, Defendant did not object to the timing of the second disclosure,
and the issue is therefore unpreserved for appellate review. In addition, Defendant does not
demonstrate in any way how the timing of the supplemental disclosure harmed his ability
to defend himself at trial. See State v. Duarte, 2007-NMCA-012, ¶ 15, 140 N.M. 930, 149
P.3d 1027 (“Failure to disclose a witness’ identity prior to trial in itself is not grounds for
reversal. Defendant has the burden of showing that he was prejudiced by the untimely
disclosure.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)), recognized by this Court in
State v. Harper, 2011-NMSC-044, ¶ 19, 150 N.M. 745, 266 P.3d 25. Because Defendant
did not preserve the issue or demonstrate prejudice, Defendant’s late disclosure argument
is without merit.

2.     Lack of Defense DNA Expert


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{21} Relying on State v. Brown, Defendant argues that the district court erroneously
denied his motion for a new trial based on a claimed violation of his right to a DNA expert
to assist in his defense. See 2006-NMSC-023, ¶ 31, 139 N.M. 466, 134 P.3d 753 (holding
that the right to effective assistance of counsel for indigent defendants, including defendants
assisted by private counsel providing pro bono legal services, includes the right to state
funding for necessary expert witnesses). Defendant does not cite anything in the record
demonstrating that he requested the district court to order expert assistance, and we have
found nothing in our own review. Accordingly, Defendant’s argument that he should have
been granted a new trial because he lacked a DNA expert is without merit.

3.      Improper Comment by State Witness

{22} Defendant argues that the district court improperly denied his motion for mistrial
because the State’s bloodstain pattern expert impermissibly referred to seeing “brain matter”
on Defendant’s shoes in violation of a pretrial order in limine and that the brain matter
remark was so prejudicial it could not be cured by the judge’s limiting instruction. “We
review a trial court’s denial of a motion for mistrial under an abuse of discretion standard.”
State v. Fry, 2006-NMSC-001, ¶ 52, 138 N.M. 700, 126 P.3d 516 (internal quotation marks
and citation omitted). In reviewing inadvertent remarks made by witnesses, generally, “the
trial court’s offer to give a curative instruction, even if refused by the defendant, is sufficient
to cure any prejudicial effect.” Id. ¶ 53. Here, the district court found that the witness’s
remark was “not . . . in deliberate violation of the [pretrial] order” and therefore inadvertent
and curable by a limiting instruction. See State v. Gonzales, 2000-NMSC-028, ¶ 39, 129
N.M. 556, 11 P.3d 131 (distinguishing between inadvertent remarks made by a witness about
. . . inadmissible [matters] and similar testimony intentionally elicited by the prosecutor”),
overruled on other grounds by State v. Tollardo, 2012-NMSC-008, ¶ 37 n.6, 275 P.3d 110.
Because the district court did not abuse its discretion in responding to the witness’s
unsolicited comment, Defendant was not entitled to a mistrial.

4.      Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

{23} Defendant argues that he was denied effective assistance of counsel because of his
attorney’s failure to (1) secure a DNA expert, (2) request a mistrial over the “brain matter”
comment, (3) request a continuance before Mr. Haros’s dismissal, and (4) interview
witnesses. “For a successful ineffective assistance of counsel claim, a defendant must first
demonstrate error on the part of counsel, and then show that the error resulted in prejudice.”
State v. Arrendondo, 2012-NMSC-013, ¶ 38, 278 P.3d 517 (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted). “Without such prima facie evidence, the Court presumes that defense
counsel’s performance fell within the range of reasonable representation.” Id. In this case,
Defendant does not reference anything in the record that supports his ineffective assistance
claim. Because we usually have insufficient information before us to evaluate an ineffective
assistance claim on direct appeal, as in this case, “this Court prefers that these claims be
brought under habeas corpus proceedings so that the defendant may actually develop the
record with respect to defense counsel’s actions.” Id. See Duncan v. Kerby, 1993-NMSC-

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011, ¶ 4, 115 N.M. 344, 851 P.2d 466 (observing that the record before the district court
“may not adequately document the sort of evidence essential to a determination of trial
counsel’s effectiveness because conviction proceedings focus on the defendant’s misconduct
rather than that of his [trial counsel] . . . , [but] habeas corpus is specifically designed to
address such postconviction constitutional claims and is the procedure of choice in this
situation.”).

5.      Speedy Trial

{24} Defendant argues that his state and federal rights to a speedy trial were violated
because forty-one months elapsed between arrest and trial. As we recently clarified in State
v. Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 13, 146 N.M. 499, 212 P.3d 387, while the length of pretrial
delay will trigger a speedy trial analysis, it is not alone dispositive: “Violation of the speedy
trial right is only determined through a review of the circumstances of a case, which may not
be divorced from a consideration of the State and the defendant’s conduct and the harm to
the defendant from the delay.” The factors taken into account include (1) the length of
delay, (2) the reasons for the delay, (3) the defendant’s assertion of his right, and (4) the
actual prejudice to the defendant resulting from the delay. Id.

{25} Defendant clearly was responsible for the delay in taking his case to trial, with his
disruptive and uncooperative conduct causing repeated rescheduling of his trial and a
succession of appointed defense attorneys with whom he failed to cooperate. In the first
twelve months, Defendant went through the first two of his appointed defense attorneys,
hampering pretrial preparation and discovery; the next five months saw the entrance of new
appointed counsel who had to familiarize herself with the extensive discovery, a failed plea
agreement, and the defense’s request for a determination of Defendant’s competency to stand
trial; during the next fifteen months, Defendant’s court-ordered competency examinations
had to be scheduled three separate times because of Defendant’s repeated obstructionist
behavior; his persistent refusals to cooperate with his third appointed attorney and his filing
of a federal lawsuit against her finally resulted in her withdrawal; after a series of events in
which Defendant filed a motion to proceed pro se and then changed his mind, the district
court ordered a fourth attorney to represent him; the district court denied that attorney’s
efforts to withdraw after Defendant also sued him in federal court, and the case was finally
brought to trial despite Defendant’s obstructionist efforts. There is nothing in the record or
Defendant’s briefing that would indicate that the delays in this case were the result of
anything but his own obstreperous conduct.

{26} Defendant’s claim on appeal that he asserted his speedy trial right in the district court
is belied by his own obstructionist conduct that itself was the cause of a delayed trial. See
State v. Spearman, 2012-NMSC-023, ¶ 31, 283 P.3d 272 (“[W]e accord weight to the
frequency and force of the defendant’s objections to the delay and analyze the defendant’s
actions with regard to the delay.” (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted)).


                                               8
{27} A particularly significant factor is the lack of any claim of particularized prejudice
to Defendant’s right to a fair trial that resulted from the delay. In Garza, we explained that
“generally a defendant must show particularized prejudice” to his ability to defend himself
and that it is only where “the length of delay and the reasons for the delay weigh heavily in
defendant’s favor and defendant has asserted his right and not acquiesced to the delay” that
“the defendant need not show [particularized] prejudice” in order to prevail on a speedy trial
claim. Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 39. Defendant does not claim the loss of any exculpatory
witnesses, the deterioration of exculpatory evidence, or any other kind of particularized
prejudice to his defense. Accordingly, as in Garza, we reject Defendant’s speedy trial claim.
See id. ¶ 40 (holding that because the “other factors do not weigh heavily in Defendant’s
favor” and “[b]ecause Defendant failed to demonstrate particularized prejudice . . . , we
cannot conclude that Defendant’s right to a speedy trial was violated”).

6.      Cumulative Error

{28} Defendant argues that all of the errors raised on appeal constitute cumulative error
sufficient to overturn his conviction, relying on State v. Woodward, 1995-NMSC-074, ¶ 59,
121 N.M. 1, 908 P.2d 231 (“The doctrine of cumulative error requires reversal of a
defendant’s conviction when the cumulative impact of errors which occurred at trial was so
prejudicial that the defendant was deprived of a fair trial.” (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted)).1 The doctrine of cumulative error “is to be strictly applied, and . . . cannot
[be] invoke[d] if the record as a whole demonstrates that [the defendant] received a fair
trial.” Id. We have already concluded that Defendant did not preserve the improperly
dismissed juror claim and that Defendant’s remaining claims are without merit. The
cumulative error claim is therefore meritless. “[W]here there is no error to accumulate, there
can be no cumulative error.” State v. Saiz, 2008-NMSC-048, ¶ 66, 144 N.M. 663, 191 P.3d
521, abrogated on other grounds by State v. Belanger, 2009-NMSC-025, ¶ 36 & n.1, 146
N.M. 357, 210 P.3d 783.

III.    CONCLUSION

{29}    We hold that although the district court failed to make every reasonable effort to


        1
         Although State v. Mendez, 2010-NMSC-044, ¶ 22, 148 N.M. 761, 242 P.3d 328,
indicates that State v. Woodward was abrogated on other grounds as recognized by State v.
Granillo-Macias, 2008-NMCA-021, 143 N.M. 455, 176 P.3d 1187, this characterization is
inaccurate. Granillo-Macias incorrectly states that State v. Woodward was reversed in part
on other grounds by Woodward v. Williams, 263 F.3d 1135 (10th Cir. 2001). See Granillo-
Macias, 2008-NMCA-021, ¶ 8. However, nothing in Woodward v. Williams reversed this
Court’s holding in State v. Woodward. See Woodward v. Williams, 263 F.3d at 1138, 1143
(recognizing two issues on appeal and upholding the New Mexico Supreme Court on the
issue of exited utterance but reversing in part the defendant’s federal statute of limitations
claim). Accordingly, State v. Woodward remains good law.

                                                9
provide an interpreter to a prospective juror, in violation of Article VII, Section 3 of the New
Mexico Constitution, the unpreserved error was not fundamental error sufficient to require
the reversal of Defendant’s convictions. We also hold that Defendant’s remaining
challenges are without merit, individually or cumulatively.

{30}   Accordingly, we affirm Defendant’s convictions.

{31}   IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                               ____________________________________
                                               CHARLES W. DANIELS, Justice

WE CONCUR:

____________________________________
PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Chief Justice

____________________________________
RICHARD C. BOSSON, Justice

____________________________________
EDWARD L. CHÁVEZ, Justice

____________________________________
BARBARA J. VIGIL, Justice




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