                 FOR PUBLICATION

  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
       FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


LYNNE WANG ; YU FANG INES KAI;           No. 08-55483
HUI JUNG PAO , on behalf of
themselves and all others similarly         D.C. No.
situated; LIEN YI JUNG ; YU FANG         2:04-cv-01498-
KAI; CHANG CHINGFANG ; JEFFREY             CBM-JWJ
SUN ; SHIEH -SHENG WEI; YUN MIN
PAO ; HUI JUNG LEE; CHENGYANG
YAN ; SHIANG HUANG ; CHIH -MING            OPINION
SHEU ; MINH VI-HUYNH ; JENNY LIU
HUNG ,
                 Plaintiffs-Appellees,

                  v.

CHINESE DAILY NEWS, INC.,
             Defendant-Appellant.
2              WANG V . CHINESE DAILY NEWS

LYNNE WANG ; YU FANG INES KAI;              No. 08-56740
HUI JUNG PAO , on behalf of
themselves and all others similarly           D.C. No.
situated,                                  2:04-cv-01498-
                Plaintiffs-Appellees,        CBM-JWJ

                   v.

CHINESE DAILY NEWS, INC.,
             Defendant-Appellant,

                   and

LIEN YI JUNG ; YU FANG KAI;
CHINGFANG CHANG ; SHIEH -SHENG
WEI; YUN MIN PAO ; HUI JUNG LEE;
CHENYANG YAN ; SHIANG L. HUANG ;
CHIH -MING SHEU ; MINH VI-HUYNH ;
JENNY LIU HUNG ; JEFFREY SUN ,
                         Plaintiffs.


        Appeal from the United States District Court
            for the Central District of California
    Consuelo B. Marshall, Senior District Judge, Presiding

                    Argued and Submitted
          July 31, 2012—San Francisco, California

                    Filed March 4, 2013
                WANG V . CHINESE DAILY NEWS                            3

       Before: Stephen S. Trott and William A. Fletcher,
     Circuit Judges, and Charles R. Breyer, District Judge.*

                  Opinion by Judge W. Fletcher


                           SUMMARY**


               Labor Law / Class Certification

    On remand from the United States Supreme Court, the
panel reversed the district court’s certification of a plaintiff
class in an action brought by newspaper employees under the
Fair Labor Standards Act, California’s Unfair Business
Practices Law, and the California Labor Code.

    In light of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 131 S. Ct.
2541 (2011), the panel reversed the district court’s
certification of the state-law claims as a class action under
Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(2). The panel vacated the district
court’s finding of commonality under Rule 23(a)(2) and
remanded for reconsideration in light of Wal-Mart. The panel
concluded that, as conceded by the plaintiffs, class
certification for their monetary claims under Rule 23(b)(2)
could not stand under Wal-Mart. The panel remanded the
case to the district court for reconsideration of the propriety
of class certification under Rule 23(b)(3) on the basis that


 *
  The Honorable Charles R. Breyer, District Judge for the U.S. District
Court for Northern California, sitting by designation.

  **
     This summary constitutes no part of the opinion of the court. It has
been prepared by court staff for the convenience of the reader.
4             WANG V . CHINESE DAILY NEWS

common questions of fact or law predominate over questions
affecting only individual class members.


                         COUNSEL

Della Barnett, Berkeley, California; Cordelia Dai and Randy
Renick, Hadsell Stormer Richardson & Renick, LLP,
Pasadena, California, for Appellees.

Michael M. Berger, Benjamin G. Shatz, Yi-Chin Ho, and
Andrew L. Satenberg, Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, Los
Angeles, California, for Appellant.


                          OPINION

W. FLETCHER, Circuit Judge:

    Named plaintiffs filed a class action suit against
defendant-appellant Chinese Daily News, Inc. (“CDN”),
alleging violations of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act
(“FLSA”), of California’s Unfair Business Practices Law, and
of the California Labor Code. The district court certified the
FLSA claim as a collective action and certified the state-law
claims as a class action. After a sixteen-day jury trial and a
three-day bench trial, the district court entered judgment in
favor of plaintiffs. On September 27, 2010, we affirmed the
district court. On October 3, 2011, the United States
Supreme Court vacated and remanded for reconsideration in
light of its decision in Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 131
S. Ct. 2541 (2011). We now reverse the district court’s
certification of the plaintiff class under Federal Rule of Civil
              WANG V . CHINESE DAILY NEWS                     5

Procedure 23(b)(2), and we remand for the district court to
reconsider its analysis under Rules 23(a) and 23(b)(3).

                       I. Background

    On March 5, 2004, Lynne Wang, Yu Fang Ines Kai, and
Hui Jung Pao filed suit against CDN on behalf of current,
former, and future CDN employees based in CDN’s San
Francisco and Monterey Park (Los Angeles) locations,
claiming violations of the FLSA, 29 U.S.C. § 206 et seq.,
California’s Unfair Competition Law, Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code
§ 17200 et seq., and California’s Labor Code. Plaintiffs
alleged that CDN employees were made to work more than
eight hours per day and more than forty hours per week.
They further alleged that they were wrongfully denied
overtime compensation, meal and rest breaks, accurate and
itemized wage statements, and penalties for wages due but
not promptly paid at termination. They sought damages,
restitution, attorneys’ fees, and injunctive relief.

    After plaintiffs narrowed the class definition to include
only non-exempt employees at the Monterey Park facility, the
district court certified the FLSA claim as a collective action.
The district court certified the state-law claims as a class
action under Rule 23(b)(2). Wang v. Chinese Daily News,
Inc., 231 F.R.D. 602, 611 (C.D. Cal. 2005). In the
alternative, the district court held that the class could be
certified under Rule 23(b)(3). Id. at 614.

    The post-certification litigation proceeded in three stages.
First, both sides sought summary judgment on the question
whether CDN’s reporters were eligible for overtime under the
FLSA. The court granted summary judgment to plaintiffs,
holding that CDN’s reporters did not fall within the “creative
6              WANG V . CHINESE DAILY NEWS

professional exemption” and were thus eligible for overtime.
Wang v. Chinese Daily News, Inc., 435 F. Supp. 2d 1042,
1055 (C.D. Cal. 2006); see 29 C.F.R. § 541.302(d). Second,
the district court held a sixteen-day jury trial. The jury
returned a special verdict awarding the plaintiff class over
$2.5 million in damages. Third, the court held a bench trial
on the remaining issues of injunctive relief, penalties,
prejudgment interest, and restitution. It held that plaintiffs’
injuries could be remedied by damages and denied plaintiffs’
request for an injunction.

    We affirmed. Wang v. Chinese Daily News, 623 F.3d 743
(9th Cir. 2010). The Supreme Court granted certiorari,
vacated our opinion, and remanded for reconsideration in
light of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 131 S. Ct. 2541
(2011). The parties submitted post-remand supplemental
briefing, and we held oral argument.

                        II. Discussion

    A party seeking class certification must satisfy the
requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a) and the
requirements of at least one of the categories under Rule
23(b). The district court held that Rule 23(a) had been
satisfied and certified the class under Rule 23(b)(2). In the
alternative, it held that the class could be certified under Rule
23(b)(3). Wang, 231 F.R.D. at 614. We reverse the district
court’s certification under Rule 23(b)(2) in light of Wal-Mart.
We remand for the district court to reconsider its analysis
under Rules 23(a) and 23(b)(3).
              WANG V . CHINESE DAILY NEWS                     7

                        A. Rule 23(a)

   “Rule 23(a) ensures that the named plaintiffs are
appropriate representatives of the class whose claims they
wish to litigate.” Wal-Mart, 131 S. Ct. at 2550. The rule
requires a party seeking class certification to satisfy four
requirements: numerosity, commonality, typicality, and
adequacy of representation. Id. The rule provides:

           One or more members of a class may sue
       or be sued as representative parties on behalf
       of all members only if:

               (1) the class is so numerous that
       joinder of all members is impracticable;

            (2) there are questions of law or fact
       common to the class;

              (3) the claims or defenses of the
       representative parties are typical of the claims
       or defenses of the class; and

              (4) the representative parties will fairly
       and adequately protect the interests of the
       class.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a). Class certification is proper only if the
trial court has concluded, after a “rigorous analysis,” that
Rule 23(a) has been satisfied. Wal-Mart, 131 S. Ct. at 2551
(quoting General Telephone Co. of Southwest v. Falcon,
457 U.S. 147, 161 (1982)). CDN challenges the district
court’s finding that the commonality requirement of Rule
8              WANG V . CHINESE DAILY NEWS

23(a)(2) was satisfied. CDN does not challenge other Rule
23(a) findings of the district court.

     Plaintiffs argue that CDN has waived its right to
challenge the district court’s commonality finding because its
opening brief, filed before the Supreme Court’s decision in
Wal-Mart, discussed the existence of common questions only
in arguing against Rule 23(b)(3) certification. CDN did not
argue the issue of commonality in its discussion of Rule
23(a). “Generally, an issue is waived when the appellant does
not specifically and distinctly argue the issue in his or her
opening brief.” United States v. Brooks, 610 F.3d 1186, 1202
(9th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). However,
we may consider new arguments on appeal if the issue arises
because of an intervening change in law. See Randle v.
Crawford, 604 F.3d 1047, 1056 (9th Cir. 2010). We conclude
that the Court’s decision in Wal-Mart presents a sufficiently
significant legal development to excuse any failure of CDN
to discuss the commonality requirement of Rule 23(a)(2) in
its opening brief. Further, any potential prejudice to plaintiffs
is cured by the fact that both parties were able to address the
commonality issue under Rule 23(a)(2) in their supplemental
briefs submitted after the Supreme Court’s remand.

    The district court held that the commonality requirement
was satisfied because of numerous common questions of law
and fact arising from CDN’s “alleged pattern of violating
state labor standards.” 231 F.R.D. at 607. However, as the
Supreme Court noted in Wal-Mart, “any competently crafted
class complaint literally raises common questions.” Wang,
131 S. Ct. at 2551 (alteration and internal quotation marks
omitted). “What matters to class certification is not the
raising of common questions — even in droves — but, rather
the capacity of a classwide proceeding to generate common
             WANG V . CHINESE DAILY NEWS                  9

answers apt to drive the resolution of the litigation.” Id.
(alteration and internal quotation marks omitted).
Dissimilarities within the proposed class may “impede the
generation of common answers.” Id. “If there is no evidence
that the entire class was subject to the same allegedly
discriminatory practice, there is no question common to the
class.” Ellis v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 657 F.3d 970, 983
(9th Cir. 2011).

    Wal-Mart was “one of the most expansive class actions
ever.” Wal-Mart, 131 S. Ct. at 2547. The class was a
nationwide class of approximately 1.5 million current and
former female Wal-Mart employees alleging “that the
discretion exercised by their local supervisors over pay and
promotion matters violate[d] Title VII by discriminating
against women.” Id. The Supreme Court noted that the
plaintiffs in Wal-Mart “wish[ed] to sue about literally
millions of employment decisions at once.” Id. at 2552. In
order to show that examination of the class claims would
“produce a common answer to the crucial question” of why
each employee was disfavored, the plaintiffs needed to
present “significant proof” that Wal-Mart “operated under a
general policy of discrimination.” Id. at 2552-53 (internal
quotation marks omitted). Wal-Mart’s publicly announced
policy forbade discrimination. In the view of the Court, the
only countervailing evidence of a general policy of
discrimination offered by plaintiffs was “worlds away from
significant proof.” Id. at 2554 (internal quotation marks
omitted).

    Wal-Mart reiterated that the “rigorous analysis” under
Rule 23(a) “sometimes [requires] the court to probe behind
the pleadings before coming to rest on the certification
question.” Id. at 2551 (quoting Falcon, 457 U.S. at 160,
10             WANG V . CHINESE DAILY NEWS

161). As we explained in Ellis, 657 F.3d at 981, “the merits
of the class members’ substantive claims are often highly
relevant when determining whether to certify a class,” and “a
district court must consider the merits” if they overlap with
Rule 23(a)’s requirements. “[T]he district court was required
to resolve any factual disputes necessary to determine
whether there was a common pattern and practice that could
affect the class as a whole.” Id. at 983.

    Wal-Mart is factually distinguishable from our case.
Most important, the class here is much smaller. It
encompasses only about 200 employees, all of whom work or
worked at the same CDN office. Plaintiffs’ claims do not
depend upon establishing commonalities among 1.5 million
employees and millions of discretionary employment
decisions. Nonetheless, there are potentially significant
differences among the class members.

    We vacate the district court’s Rule 23(a)(2) commonality
finding and remand for reconsideration in light of Wal-Mart.
On remand, the district court must determine whether the
claims of the proposed class “depend upon a common
contention . . . of such a nature that it is capable of classwide
resolution — which means that determination of its truth or
falsity will resolve an issue that is central to the validity of
each one of the claims in one stroke.” Wal-Mart, 131 S. Ct.
at 2551. Plaintiffs must show “significant proof that [CDN]
operated under a general policy of [violating California labor
laws].” Ellis, 657 F.3d at 983 (quoting Wal-Mart, 131 S. Ct.
at 2553 (alteration omitted)). However, plaintiffs need not
show that every question in the case, or even a preponderance
of questions, is capable of classwide resolution. So long as
there is “even a single common question,” a would-be class
can satisfy the commonality requirement of Rule 23(a)(2).
               WANG V . CHINESE DAILY NEWS                     11

Wal-Mart, 131 S. Ct. at 2556 (alteration and internal
quotation marks omitted).

                       B. Rule 23(b)(2)

    In our earlier opinion, we affirmed the district court’s
certification under Rule 23(b)(2). Relying upon our en banc
decision in Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 603 F.3d 571 (9th
Cir. 2010) (en banc), we held that the class certification under
Rule 23(b)(2) was proper because the class’s claims for
monetary relief did not predominate over its claims for
injunctive relief. Wang, 623 F.3d at 755. After we issued our
decision in this case, however, the Supreme Court reversed
our en banc decision. In reversing, the Court made clear that
“individualized monetary claims belong in Rule 23(b)(3)”
rather than Rule 23(b)(2). Wal-Mart, 131 S. Ct. at 2558. The
Court left open the possibility that “incidental” monetary
claims could be brought in a Rule 23(b)(2) class action, but
it declined to decide that question. Id. at 2560–61.

     Plaintiffs concede that class certification for their
monetary claims under Rule 23(b)(2) cannot stand in light of
Wal-Mart. See Wal-Mart, 131 S. Ct. at 2559–60. Further, it
appears that none of the named plaintiffs has standing to
pursue injunctive relief on behalf of the class, as none of them
is a current CDN employee. See Wang, 623 F.3d at 756. We
therefore reverse the district court’s class certification under
Rule 23(b)(2).

                       C. Rule 23(b)(3)

    In our earlier opinion, we declined to consider whether
the district court’s alternative ruling certifying the class under
12            WANG V . CHINESE DAILY NEWS

Rule 23(b)(3) was proper. Rule 23(b)(3) provides that class
certification is permissible if:

       the court finds that the questions of law or fact
       common to class members predominate over
       any questions affecting only individual
       members, and that a class action is superior to
       other available methods for fairly and
       efficiently adjudicating the controversy. The
       matters pertinent to these findings include:

       (A) the class members’ interests in
       individually controlling the prosecution or
       defense of separate actions;

       (B) the extent and nature of any litigation
       concerning the controversy already begun by
       or against class members;

       (C) the desirability or undesirability of
       concentrating the litigation of the claims in
       the particular forum; and

       (D) the likely difficulties in managing a class
       action.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). The predominance analysis under
Rule 23(b)(3) focuses on “the relationship between the
common and individual issues” in the case and “tests whether
proposed classes are sufficiently cohesive to warrant
adjudication by representation.” Hanlon v. Chrysler Corp.,
150 F.3d 1011, 1022 (9th Cir. 1998) (citation and internal
quotation marks omitted).
              WANG V . CHINESE DAILY NEWS                    13

    For two reasons, we remand to the district court for
reconsideration of the propriety of class certification under
Rule 23(b)(3). First, the district court’s conclusion that
common questions predominate in this case rested on the fact,
considered largely in isolation, that plaintiffs are challenging
CDN’s uniform policy of classifying all reporters and account
executives as exempt employees. See Wang, 231 F.R.D. at
612–13. In two recent decisions, we criticized the nature of
the district court’s Rule 23(b)(3) predominance inquiry in this
case. See In re Wells Fargo Home Mortg. Overtime Pay
Litig., 571 F.3d 953, 958–59 (9th Cir. 2009); Vinole v.
Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 571 F.3d 935, 944–48 & n.14
(9th Cir. 2009). We observed that the district court in this
case “essentially create[d] a presumption that class
certification is proper when an employer’s internal exemption
policies are applied uniformly to the employees.” In re Wells
Fargo Home Mortg. Overtime Pay Litig., 571 F.3d at 958.
We wrote that such a presumption “disregards the existence
of other potential individual issues that may make class
treatment difficult if not impossible.” Id. The main concern
of the predominance inquiry under Rule 23(b)(3) is “the
balance between individual and common issues.” Id. at 959.
“[A] district court abuses its discretion in relying on an
internal uniform exemption policy to the near exclusion of
other factors relevant to the predominance inquiry.” Vinole,
571 F.3d at 946.

    Second, the California Supreme Court has recently
clarified California law concerning an employer’s duty to
provide meal breaks. In Brinker Rest. Corp. v. Superior
Court, 273 P.3d 513, 535 (Cal. 2012), the court held that an
employer is obligated to “relieve its employee of all duty for
an uninterrupted 30-minute period” in order to satisfy its
meal-break obligations, but that the employer need not
14            WANG V . CHINESE DAILY NEWS

actually ensure that its employees take meal breaks. If an
employee works through a meal break, the employer is liable
only for straight pay, and then only when it “knew or
reasonably should have known that the worker was working
through the authorized meal period.” Id. at 536 n.19 (internal
quotation marks omitted).

        On the other hand, an employer may not
        undermine a formal policy of providing meal
        breaks by pressuring employees to perform
        their duties in ways that omit breaks. . . . The
        wage orders and governing statute do not
        countenance an employer’s exerting coercion
        against the taking of, creating incentives to
        forego, or otherwise encouraging the skipping
        of legally protected breaks.

Id. at 536.

    We vacate the district court’s Rule 23(b)(3) certification
and remand to permit the court to reconsider its analysis in
light of Wal-Mart, in light of Wells Fargo and Vinole, and in
light of Brinker. Rule 23 provides district courts with broad
authority at various stages in the litigation to revisit class
certification determinations and to redefine or decertify
classes as appropriate. Armstrong v. Davis, 275 F.3d 849,
871 n.28 (9th Cir. 2001), abrogated on other grounds by
Johnson v. California, 543 U.S. 499, 504-05 (2005). The
district court should consult the entire record of this case in
the exercise of that authority.
              WANG V . CHINESE DAILY NEWS                    15

                         D. Damages

    In Wal-Mart, the Supreme Court disapproved what it
called “Trial by Formula,” wherein damages are determined
for a sample set of class members and then applied by
extrapolation to the rest of the class “without further
individualized proceedings.” Wal-Mart, 131 S. Ct. at 2561.
Employers are “entitled to individualized determinations of
each employee’s eligibility” for monetary relief. Id. at 2560.
Employers are also entitled to litigate any individual
affirmative defenses they may have to class members’ claims.
Id. at 2561. If the district court again certifies a class under
Rule 23(b)(3), it should calculate damages in light of the
Supreme Court’s admonitions in Wal-Mart.

                      CONCLUSION

    We reverse the district court’s certification of a class
under Rule 23(b)(2). We vacate the district court’s findings
of commonality under Rule 23(a) and predominance under
Rule 23(b)(3) and remand for reconsideration.

  REVERSED in part, VACATED in part, and
REMANDED.
