                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT JACKSON
                                February 18, 2014 Session

DELORES BLACKMON, Individually and as surviving spouse and personal
  representative of DOLPHUS H. BLACKMON v. ILLINOIS CENTRAL
 RAILROAD COMPANY, Individually and successor-in-interest to Gulf,
   Mobile & Ohio Railroad Company, and Illinois Central Gulf Railroad
                           Company, ET AL.

              Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Madison County
                     No. C-08-280    Roy B. Morgan, Jr., Judge


                  No. W2013-01605-COA-R3-CV- Filed May 16, 2014


Plaintiff filed this lawsuit pursuant to the Federal Employers’ Liability Act, alleging that her
husband was exposed to toxic substances, including asbestos and other chemicals, during his
employment with the defendant railroad and that such exposure led to his death from
mesothelioma. The railroad filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that the deceased
employee had executed a release, when he settled previous litigation with the railroad, which
served to bar the current litigation. The trial court granted the railroad’s motion for summary
judgment based on the release. We reverse and remand for further proceedings.


Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Reversed and
                                    Remanded

A LAN E. H IGHERS, P.J., W.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D AVID R. F ARMER,
J., and H OLLY M. K IRBY,J., joined.

Jimmy F. Rodgers, Jr., Chattanooga, Tennessee; John E. (“Rett”) Guerry, III, Mt. Pleasant,
South Carolina; Joe H. Byrd, Jr., Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellants, Delores Blackmon,
Individually and as surviving spouse and personal representative of Dolphus H. Blackmon

Thomas R. Peters, Michael C. Hermann, Belleville, Illinois; Brooks E. Kostakis, Memphis,
Tennessee, for the appellee, Illinois Central Railroad Company
                                               OPINION

                               I.   F ACTS & P ROCEDURAL H ISTORY

        Dolphus H. Blackmon was employed as a machinist with Illinois Central Railroad
Company and its predecessors from 1945 until he retired in 1989. Mr. Blackmon died in
May 2008, allegedly as a result of pleural mesothelioma. In September 2008, the instant case
was filed by Plaintiff Delores Blackmon, acting individually and as surviving spouse and
personal representative of Dolphus H. Blackmon, against Illinois Central Railroad Company
(“Illinois Central”) and numerous other defendants. Relevant to this appeal, the complaint
alleged that Mr. Blackmon was exposed to “toxic substances, including but not limited to
asbestos, asbestos dust, asbestos-containing products, diesel exhaust or chemicals” during
his employment with Illinois Central between 1945 and 1989 and that such exposure
allegedly caused him to develop mesothelioma. The complaint alleged that Illinois Central
was liable for the wrongful death of Mr. Blackmon pursuant to the Federal Employers’
Liability Act (“FELA”), 45 U.S.C. § 51.1

        Illinois Central filed an answer claiming, among other things, that Plaintiff’s claims
were barred by a release that Mr. Blackmon had executed in connection with the settlement
of another FELA lawsuit Mr. Blackmon had filed against Illinois Central several years
earlier. In the previous lawsuit, Mr. Blackmon had alleged that he suffered from a different
disease, asbestosis, as a result of his exposure to asbestos during his employment with Illinois




        1
            The FELA provides, in relevant part:

        Every common carrier by railroad while engaging in commerce ... shall be liable in damages
        to any person suffering injury while he is employed by such carrier in such commerce, ...
        for such injury or death resulting in whole or in part from the negligence of any of the
        officers, agents, or employees of such carrier, or by reason of any defect or insufficiency,
        due to its negligence, in its cars, engines, appliances, machinery, track, roadbed, works,
        boats, wharves, or other equipment.

45 U.S.C. § 51. “‘The very title of the law, Federal Employers' Liability Act, is confusingly overbroad.’”
Jordan v. Burlington Northern Santa Fe R.R. Co., No. W2007-00436-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 112561, at
*5 n.3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 15, 2009) (quoting CSX Transp., Inc. v. Miller, 159 Md. App. 123, 858 A.2d
1025, 1029 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2004)). It is not a “federal employer” law but a federal law specifically
pertaining to railroads as employers. Id. “‘The only possible defendants are railroads engaged in interstate
commerce. The only possible plaintiffs are the employees of those railroads who are injured on the job.’”
Id. (quoting Miller, 858 A.2d at 1029).

                                                    -2-
Central.2 Mr. Blackmon settled the asbestosis lawsuit with Illinois Central in October 2002
by executing a “Release” in exchange for a lump sum payment of $28,000. The Release
provided, in part, that Mr. Blackmon released Illinois Central from “any and all claims
arising out of Dolphus Blackmon's employment.” Among other things, the Release
specifically stated that Illinois Central was released “from any and all claims, losses,
damages, injuries, conditions or diseases, including, but not limited to . . . mesothelioma, or
any other disease allegedly resulting in any manner from the employment of Dolphus
Blackmon or any other medical condition allegedly related to the employment of Dolphus
Blackmon.” It stated that Illinois Central was released from “any and all claims, losses,
damages and injuries directly or indirectly caused by or resulting from any alleged exposure
to asbestos, . . . diesel fumes, . . . and any and all other fumes, dusts, mists, gases, and vapors
from any material, chemical, or agent which allegedly occurred while Dolphus Blackmon
was in the employment of the parties released.” The Release was signed by Mr. Blackmon
and by his attorney.

        Illinois Central filed a motion for summary judgment based upon the Release. Illinois
Central asserted that the Release unambiguously released any claims arising out of Mr.
Blackmon’s exposure to asbestos or chemicals, including those for mesothelioma. Illinois
Central also contended that the Release was valid and enforceable under the FELA. Plaintiff
filed a response, arguing that the terms of the Release did not encompass the claims in the
present case and that the Release was void and unenforceable pursuant to the FELA.

       Following a hearing in April 2009, the trial court entered an order granting summary
judgment to Illinois Central, finding the Release valid and enforceable as a bar to Plaintiff’s
claims. Plaintiff’s claims against other defendants remained pending but were ultimately


        2
            The Tennessee Supreme Court recognized that asbestosis and mesothelioma are separate and
distinct diseases in Potts v. Celotex Corp., 796 S.W.2d 678, 679 (Tenn. 1990), and the Court described the
two diseases as follows:

        According to the medical evidence in this case, asbestosis and mesothelioma are two
        independent, distinct and separate diseases, related only by the fact that each is caused by
        exposure to asbestos fibers. Asbestosis is a pneumoconiosis, causing a fibrous condition or
        scarring of the lungs. Mesothelioma is an extremely virulent cancer of the epithelium, the
        thin membrane that lines the lungs, chest and abdominal cavities. A person may have
        asbestosis without ever contracting mesothelioma and, conversely, may contract
        mesothelioma without ever having had asbestosis. In the words of Dr. Bedwell, one of
        petitioner's medical experts, “one disease does not arise out of the other.” A study in the
        New England Journal of Medicine estimates that only 15% of asbestosis sufferers later
        contract pleural mesothelioma and only 12% contract peritoneal mesothelioma. Selikoff,
        Churg & Hammond, Relation between Exposure to Asbestos and Mesothelioma, 272 New
        Eng. J. Med. 560, 562 (1965).

                                                    -3-
resolved by an order of voluntary dismissal in June 2013. Plaintiff then filed a notice of
appeal, challenging the trial court’s April 2009 order granting summary judgment to Illinois
Central.

                                  II.    I SSUES P RESENTED

       On appeal, Plaintiff presents the following issues, slightly restated, for review:

1.     Whether the trial court erred in construing the language of the Release as applying to
       future claims;

2.     Whether the trial court erred by determining the validity of the Release under the
       FELA using the approach taken by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third
       Circuit in Wicker v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 142 F.3d 690 (3rd Cir. 1998), in light
       of the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Norfolk & Western Railway v.
       Ayers, 538 U.S. 135 (2003); and

3.     Whether the trial court erred in failing to heed the Third Circuit’s caution in Wicker
       against boilerplate language in release agreements.

For the following reasons, we reverse the trial court’s order granting summary judgment to
Illinois Central, and we remand for further proceedings.

                                III.    S TANDARD OF R EVIEW

        The FELA provides for concurrent jurisdiction of the state and federal courts over
FELA claims. Jordan, 2009 WL 112561, at *6 (citing Norfolk S. Ry. Co. v. Sorrell, 549 U.S.
158, 165-66 (2007)); Jennings v. Ill. Cent. R.R. Co., 993 S.W.2d 66, 70 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1998). Although, substantively, FELA actions are governed by federal law, when FELA
cases are tried in state courts, the applicable state rules generally govern procedural matters.
Mills v. CSX Transp., Inc., 300 S.W.3d 627, 631 (Tenn. 2009); May v. Illinois Central R.R.
Co., 361 S.W.3d 511, 518 n.9 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011); Jennings, 993 S.W.2d at 70.
Accordingly, we will consider Illinois Central’s motion for summary judgment under the
familiar standards of Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 56. See Mills, 300 S.W.3d at 631
(applying Tennessee summary judgment standard in a FELA case); Jennings, 993 S.W.2d
at 70 (same).

        A motion for summary judgment should be granted only “if the pleadings, depositions,
answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show
that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to

                                              -4-
a judgment as a matter of law.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04. “The party seeking the summary
judgment has the burden of demonstrating that no genuine disputes of material fact exist and
that it is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Green v. Green, 293 S.W.3d 493, 513
(Tenn. 2009) (citing Martin v. Norfolk S. Ry., 271 S.W.3d 76, 83 (Tenn. 2008); Amos v.
Metro. Gov't of Nashville & Davidson County, 259 S.W.3d 705, 710 (Tenn. 2008)). “The
moving party may make the required showing and therefore shift the burden of production
to the nonmoving party by either: (1) affirmatively negating an essential element of the
nonmoving party's claim; or (2) showing that the nonmoving party cannot prove an essential
element of the claim at trial.” Martin, 271 S.W.3d at 83 (citing Hannan v. Alltel Publ'g Co.,
270 S.W.3d 1, 5 (Tenn. 2008)). In order to negate an essential element of the claim, “the
moving party must point to evidence that tends to disprove an essential factual claim made
by the nonmoving party.” Id. at 84 (citing Blair v. W. Town Mall, 130 S.W.3d 761, 768
(Tenn. 2004)). “If the moving party is unable to make the required showing, then its motion
for summary judgment will fail.” Id. (citing Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 215 (Tenn.
1993)). If the moving party does make a properly supported motion, the nonmoving party
is required to produce evidence of specific facts establishing that genuine issues of material
fact exist. Id. at 84 (citing McCarley v. West Quality Food Serv., 960 S.W.2d 585, 588
(Tenn. 1998); Byrd, 847 S.W.2d at 215). The resolution of a motion for summary judgment
is a matter of law, which we review de novo with no presumption of correctness. Id.
However, “we are required to review the evidence in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party and to draw all reasonable inferences favoring the nonmoving party.” Id.
(citing Staples v. CBL Assocs., Inc., 15 S.W.3d 83, 89 (Tenn. 2000)).

                                     IV.   D ISCUSSION

       As noted above, the validity of a release under FELA raises a federal question to be
determined by federal law. Dice v. Akron, C. & Y. R.R. Co., 342 U.S. 359, 361 (1952);
Cheff v. BNSF Ry. Co., 358 Mont. 144, 150, 243 P.3d 1115, 1120 (Mont. 2010); Ratliff v.
Norfolk Southern Ry. Co., 224 W.Va. 13, 18, 680 S.E.2d 28, 33 (W. Va. 2009). The party
attacking a FELA release bears the burden of establishing that the release is invalid. Cheff,
358 Mont. at 150, 243 P.3d at 1120; Jaqua v. Canadian Nat. R.R., Inc., 274 Mich. App.
540, 547, 734 N.W.2d 228, 232 (Mich. Ct. App. 2007); Loyal v. Norfolk Southern Corp.,
234 Ga. App. 698, 703, 507 S.E.2d 499, 504 (Ga. Ct. App. 1998).

       When enacting the FELA, Congress sought to prevent railroad employers from
contracting out of FELA liability, as many railroads had insisted on contracts with their
employees that discharged the company from liability for personal injuries. Wicker, 142 F.3d
at 696 (citing H.R. Rep. 1386, 60th Cong. 1st Sess. 6 (1908)). To remedy this problem,
Congress passed 45 U.S.C. § 55, which provides, in relevant part:



                                             -5-
       Any contract, rule, regulation, or device whatsoever, the purpose or intent of
       which shall be to enable any common carrier to exempt itself from any liability
       created by this chapter, shall to that extent be void . . . .

In the case at bar, Plaintiff argues that the Release executed by Mr. Blackmon is
unenforceable due to 45 U.S.C. § 55.

        Despite the seemingly broad language of this section, the United States Supreme
Court made clear long ago that releases are not per se invalid in FELA cases. In Callen v.
Pennsylvania Railroad Co., 332 U.S. 625, 626-27 (1948), a railroad employee had executed
a release when he settled a claim against the railroad arising out of a back injury. In
exchange for $250, the employee released all claims and demands against the railroad that
the employee had at that time, or could have in the future, for injuries sustained in an alleged
accident. Id. The employee later filed a FELA action based on the back injury he sustained
in the accident. He acknowledged that he read and understood the release, knew what he was
doing, and intended to waive any further claim. Id. at 627. However, he argued that the
release violated the aforementioned FELA section, 45 U.S.C. § 55, because it enabled the
railroad to “exempt” itself from liability. Id. at 630-31. The United States Supreme Court
dismissed this argument without much discussion, simply stating:

       It is obvious that a release is not a device to exempt from liability but is a
       means of compromising a claimed liability and to that extent recognizing its
       possibility. Where controversies exist as to whether there is liability, and if so
       for how much, Congress has not said that parties may not settle their claims
       without litigation.

Id. at 631.

        Because of the Supreme Court’s statement in Callen, it is well established that “a
release of FELA claims can have the same effect as any other release, in that it may
constitute a settlement or compromise, rather than an attempt to escape liability.” Babbitt
v. Norfolk & Western Ry. Co., 104 F.3d 89, 92 (6th Cir. 1997) (citing Callen, 332 U.S. 625).
However, the proper application and reach of 45 U.S.C. § 55 remained unclear after Callen,
and the United States Supreme Court has not had occasion since Callen “to explain how wide
a net its ruling casts.” Wicker, 142 F.3d at 698; see also Ratliff, 224 W. Va. at 19, 680
S.E.2d at 34 (“While the United States Supreme Court has, subsequent to Callen, addressed
45 U.S.C. § 55 in other contexts, it has not conclusively settled the manner in which this
section may properly be applied.”) Specifically, Callen did not explain what constitutes a
permissible settlement or compromise of a FELA claim, and what constitutes an
impermissible exemption from FELA liability; these unanswered questions have led to a

                                              -6-
divergence in federal courts. Daniels v. Union Pacific R.R. Co., 388 Ill. App. 3d 850, 857,
904 N.E.2d 1003, 1009 (Ill. App. Ct. 2009). The particular release executed by the employee
in Callen released the railroad from all claims and demands “which I have or can or may
have” due to the accident. 332 U.S. at 626-27 (emphasis added). The employee’s
subsequent FELA action was based upon a back injury that was known at the time of the
release, although the employee claimed he did not know the injury was permanent at the time
of the release. Id. The Supreme Court rejected his argument that the release violated § 55.
Id. at 630-31. However, courts considering FELA releases since Callen have disagreed as
to whether a FELA release can only bar claims for injuries that were known at the time of the
release, or whether a FELA release can also extend to claims for future injuries. See Illinois
Cent. R.R. Co. v. Acuff, 950 So.2d 947, 959 (Miss. 2006) (“When, if ever, a release may
cover future claims is unclear from Callen.”) There are two main approaches, which were
originally set forth by the Sixth Circuit in Babbitt v. Norfolk & Western Ry. Co., 104 F.3d
89 (6th Cir. 1997) and by the Third Circuit in Wicker v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 142 F.3d
690 (3rd Cir. 1998).3

        In Babbitt, 104 F.3d at 90-91, the plaintiff employees had executed general releases
as part of the railroad’s early retirement program, releasing the railroad from any claims “of
any kind whatsoever, known or unknown,” which the employees presently had or could have
in the future, arising in any manner out of their employment. The employees later filed
FELA claims for hearing loss, alleging that they were exposed to excessive noise levels
during their employment. Id. The plaintiffs argued that the releases were unenforceable
because they contravened 45 U.S.C. § 55. Id. at 91. The Sixth Circuit acknowledged that,
according to Callen, “a release executed as part of a settlement of disputed liability for
work-related injuries can survive application of 45 U.S.C. § 55.” Id. at 92. However, the
Sixth Circuit emphasized that the Callen release “settled an actual controversy, i.e., liability
for the plaintiff’s specific injuries.” Id. The Court said, “it is clear that FELA is not
offended when there is a compromise of a claim of liability that settles a specific injury
sustained by an employee.” Id. at 93. The Sixth Circuit ultimately reached the following
conclusion:

        [W]here there exists a dispute between an employer and employee with respect

        3
           We note that our decision is controlled by the decisions of the United States Supreme Court but
not by the decisions of other courts of the federal system. Denver Area Meat Cutters & Employers Pension
Plan v. Clayton, 209 S.W.3d 584, 590-91 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006). “[W]hile we may, in our discretion, follow
the opinions of other federal courts, we are not bound to do so.” Id. at 591; see also Leggett v. Duke Energy
Corp., 308 S.W.3d 843, 871 (Tenn. 2010) (“because lower federal courts exercise no appellate jurisdiction
over state tribunals, decisions of lower federal courts are not conclusive on state courts”); Thompson v.
State, 958 S.W.2d 156, 174 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997) (“The United States Supreme Court is the only federal
court Tennessee courts are bound to follow.”)

                                                    -7-
       to a FELA claim, the parties may release their specific claims as part of an
       out-of-court settlement without contravening the Act. However, where the
       release was not executed as part of a specific settlement of FELA claims, 45
       U.S.C. § 55 precludes the employer from claiming the release as a bar to
       liability. To be valid, a release must reflect a bargained-for settlement of a
       known claim for a specific injury, as contrasted with an attempt to extinguish
       potential future claims the employee might have arising from injuries known
       or unknown by him.

Id. (emphasis added and citation omitted). Because the district court did not analyze whether
the release at issue in Babbitt was intended to resolve a claim of liability for the specific
injuries in controversy, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals remanded for the district court to
make that determination. Id. The Court cautioned, however, that the release could not bar
the plaintiffs’ hearing loss claims unless the release “was clearly executed as a settlement for
their hearing loss injuries.” Id.

       The very next year, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals considered and declined to
follow the Babbitt approach in Wicker v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 142 F.3d 690 (3rd Cir.
1998) cert. denied, 525 U.S. 1012 (Nov 16, 1998). In Wicker, the plaintiff employees had
executed releases in the past in connection with the settlement of claims for various injuries,
such as asbestos-related injuries and back injuries. Id. at 692-93. The releases purported to
release the railroad from liability for all injuries, past and future, relating to their
employment. Id. at 693. The plaintiffs then brought suit under FELA, alleging that they
were injured by exposure to hazardous and toxic substances during their employment. Id.
at 694. The plaintiffs argued that the general releases they executed were void pursuant to
45 U.S.C. § 55. The plaintiffs contended that a FELA release could only compromise a
claimed liability, and therefore, it could not release claims they did not know existed. Id. at
695. They claimed they were unaware of their present injuries at the time of the releases, and
they offered supporting affidavits from the attorneys who represented them at the time.

        At the outset, the Wicker Court recognized that, according to Callen, releases are not
per se invalid under FELA. Id. at 697. The Court said that although the Callen Court did
not explain what will qualify as a permissible “compromise” of a claimed liability, “it did say
that parties may settle ‘[w]here controversies exist as to whether there is liability, and if so
for how much.’ The explicit requirement is that a controversy must exist.” Id.

       The Wicker Court noted that lower courts addressing general releases since Callen
had reached varying results – some courts had held that general releases of all claims did not
contravene the purposes of FELA and could bar a subsequent claim, while others had refused
to enforce them. Id. at 699. The Court acknowledged the Sixth Circuit’s recent holding in

                                              -8-
Babbitt, which it said “appear[ed] to establish a broad, legal rule prohibiting the use of
general releases in cases such as this.” Id. However, the Court noted that the releases in
Babbitt were executed as part of an early retirement program, offered to all employees on a
take-it-or-leave-it basis, rather than the result of a compromise of claims. Id. “By contrast,”
the Court said, “the releases at issue here were all negotiated as part of the settlement of an
existing claim—each was the result of arms-length bargaining between the plaintiff, his
counsel, and the defendant railroad.” Id. “To be valid under FELA,” the Court continued,
“a release must at least have been executed as part of a negotiation settling a dispute between
the employee and the employer.” Id. at 700. The Court also explained that FELA cases are
inherently fact-bound, and “[t]he evaluation of the parties' intent at the time the agreement
was made is an essential element of this inquiry.” Id. “[T]he ‘meaning to be given to the
words of a contract must be the one that carries the intent of the parties as determined by the
circumstances under which the contract was made.’” Id. (quoting Forry, Inc. v. Neundorfer,
Inc., 837 F.2d 259, 263 (6th Cir. 1988)).

       After extensively reviewing additional relevant caselaw, the Wicker Court concluded,
“The question remains whether there is a way to protect employees' statutory rights while
also upholding the parties' right to settle claims by contract.” Id. The Court explained its
decision as follows:

              A bright line rule like the one set forth in Babbitt, limiting the release
       to those injuries known to the employee at the time the release is executed, has
       the benefit of predictability. Under Babbitt, “a release must reflect a
       bargained-for-settlement of a known claim for a specific injury, as contrasted
       with an attempt to extinguish potential future claims the employee might have
       arising from injuries known or unknown by him.” 104 F.3d at 93. . . .

               Yet, it is entirely conceivable that both employee and employer could
       fully comprehend future risks and potential liabilities and, for different
       reasons, want an immediate and permanent settlement. The employer may
       desire to quantify and limit its future liabilities and the employee may desire
       an immediate settlement rather than waiting to see if injuries develop in the
       future. To put it another way, the parties may want to settle controversies about
       potential liability and damages related to known risks even if there is no
       present manifestation of injury.

             The question still remains whether a rule allowing parties to release
       claims related to known risks rather than known injuries reflects FELA's
       remedial goals. We believe it does. We hold that a release does not violate §



                                              -9-
        54 provided it is executed for valid consideration as part of a settlement, and
        the scope of the release is limited to those risks which are known to the parties
        at the time the release is signed. Claims relating to unknown risks do not
        constitute “controversies,” and may not be waived under § 5 of FELA. See
        Callen, 332 U.S. at 631, 68 S.Ct. at 298–99. For this reason, a release that
        spells out the quantity, location and duration of potential risks to which the
        employee has been exposed—for example toxic exposure—allowing the
        employee to make a reasoned decision whether to release the employer from
        liability for future injuries of specifically known risks does not violate § 5 of
        FELA.

                To the extent that a release chronicles the scope and duration of the
        known risks, it would supply strong evidence in support of the release defense.
        But we are wary of making the validity of the release turn on the writing alone
        because of the ease in writing detailed boiler plate agreements; draft releases
        might well include an extensive catalog of every chemical and hazard known
        to railroad employment. For this reason, we think the written release should
        not be conclusive. We recognize that what is involved is a fact-intensive
        process, but trial courts are competent to make these kinds of determinations.
        While the elusiveness of any such determination might counsel in favor of a
        bright-line rule such as the Sixth Circuit adopted in Babbitt, we decline to
        adopt one here.

                Instead, we conclude that a release may be strong, but not conclusive,
        evidence of the parties' intent. Where a specific known risk or malady is not
        mentioned in the release, it would seem difficult for the employer to show it
        was known to the employee and that he or she intended to release liability for
        it. Furthermore, where a release merely details a laundry list of diseases or
        hazards, the employee may attack that release as boiler plate, not reflecting his
        or her intent. We recognize that this is a different (and more difficult) standard
        for railroad employers than is typical in non-FELA situations, but given the
        Supreme Court's pro-employee construction of the FELA, [citations omitted],
        we adopt it.
Id. at 700-701.

       Applying these standards to the releases before it, the Wicker Court found each of the
releases invalid. Even though the releases were executed in the context of settling previous


        4
          “45 U.S.C. § 55 (1908) (2000 ed.) is also referred to as § 5 of the FELA.” Ratliff, 224 W. Va. at
15 n.2, 680 S.E.2d at 30 n.2.

                                                   -10-
claims, the Court found the issue of the parties’ intent more problematic. Id. at 701. The
language of the releases appeared to recite a standard waiver of liability, which did not
demonstrate that the parties understood, let alone addressed or discussed, the scope of the
claims being waived. There was no indication that the parties negotiated any part of the
releases other than the amount of the settlement. Some of the releases were quite detailed
blanket releases that attempted to cover all potential liabilities, reciting a series of generic
hazards to which the employees might have been exposed, rather than specific risks the
employees faced during the course of their employment. For example, some of the releases
referenced injuries from “dust, fumes, vapors, mists, gases, agents, asbestos or toxic
substances of any kind.” Id. at 693. However, the releases did not demonstrate the
employees knew of the actual risks to which they were exposed and from which the employer
was being released. Id. at 701. The plaintiffs had testified that they were not aware of the
risks associated with the chemicals used at their employer’s facility. Id. at 702. In sum, the
Court found no evidence that the plaintiffs, “despite being represented by counsel,” were
aware of the potential health risks to which they had been exposed, and therefore, the Court
found that they could not have properly waived their claims for chemical exposure.
Basically, the releases violated § 5 because they purported to settle all claims regardless of
whether the parties knew of the potential risks. Id.

        In summary, the Babbitt and Wicker approaches appear to diverge on the issue of
whether FELA permits a release of only known injuries or conditions that exist at the time
of the release, as the Court held in Babbitt, 104 F.3d at 93, or whether FELA also permits the
release of known risks of future injuries or conditions, as the Court held in Wicker, 142 F.3d
700-701. “The adoption of the Babbitt approach requires that the parties know of the
specific injury; the adoption of the Wicker approach requires that the parties know of the
specific risk.” Oliverio v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 14 Misc.3d 219, 221, 822 N.Y.S.2d 699,
701 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2006). Under Wicker, “a valid release may encompass an injury that is
unknown at the time of its execution, if the possibility of such injury is known.” Loyal, 234
Ga. App. at 701, 507 S.E.2d at 502.

        Many courts that have considered the validity of FELA releases in recent years have
adopted the Wicker approach. See, e.g., Sea–Land Serv., Inc. v. Sellan, 231 F.3d 848, 852
(11th Cir. 2000); Loyal v. Norfolk Southern Corp., 234 Ga. App. 698, 701 n.4, 507 S.E.2d
499, 502 n.4 (Ga. Ct. App. 1998) (adopting Wicker and stating, “Only the Sixth Circuit has
adopted a bright line rule that a release may be valid only with regard to injuries that are
known at the time the release is executed. The majority of courts have not so found.”)
(citations omitted); Jaqua v. Canadian Nat. R.R., Inc., 274 Mich. App. 540, 542, 734
N.W.2d 228, 229 (Mich. Ct. App. 2007) (adopting the Wicker approach as the “better
reasoned” approach); Illinois Cent. R.R. Co. v. Acuff, 950 So.2d 947, 960 (Miss. 2006) (“we
find the Third Circuit's approach allowing the release of future claims based on specific risks

                                              -11-
known to the parties to be appropriate.”); Sinclair v. Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Ry.
Co., 347 Mont. 395, 413, 200 P.3d 46, 59 (Mont. 2008) (“The Wicker approach to the scope
and validity of FELA releases in light of § 5 of FELA has been adopted approvingly by
several courts. . . . We join these courts in adopting the standard set forth in Wicker[.]”);
Oliverio v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 14 Misc.3d 219, 222, 822 N.Y.S.2d 699, 702 (N.Y.
Sup. Ct. 2006) (“the Wicker approach is the better approach”).5

       Other courts have followed Babbitt. See, e.g., Choate v. National R.R. Passenger
Corp., No. 05-74583, 2007 WL 2868027, at *5-6 (E.D. Mich. 2007); Knoth v. Illinois Cent.
R.R. Co., No. 2005-CA-001882-MR, 2006 WL 1510782, at *1 (Ky. Ct. App. 2006) (applying
Babbitt without mentioning Wicker)6 ; Anderson v. A.C. & S., Inc., 154 Ohio App.3d 393,
402, 797 N.E.2d 537, 544 (Ohio Ct. App. 2003) (finding the appellees’ reliance on Wicker
“misplaced,” stating, “[t]his is not the rule in the Sixth Circuit”).

       Still other courts have found it unnecessary to formally adopt one approach or the
other because the releases before the courts were invalid under either approach.7 See, e.g.,
Presley v. Union Pacific R.R. Co., No. CIV-10-252-SPS, 2012 WL 4120906, at *3 (E.D.
Okla. 2012); Aurand v. Norfolk Southern Ry Co., No. 3:08-CV-398 PPS, 2010 WL
1972786, at *3 (N.D. Ind. 2010) (finding summary judgment inappropriate under either
approach); Daniels v. Union Pacific R. Co., 388 Ill. App. 3d 850, 851-852, 904 N.E.2d 1003,


        5
         We note that in the State of New York, the court of last resort is called the Court of Appeals, and
the Supreme Court is a trial level court. In re Shannel P., No. D-21117/13, 42 Misc.3d 1222(A), 2014 WL
521463, at *2 n.2 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. Feb. 10, 2014).
        6
           In a subsequent case, the Kentucky Court of Appeals acknowledged Knoth but stated that
“Kentucky Courts have not definitively ruled on this issue in a published opinion.” CSX Transp., Inc. v.
Hamilton, Nos. 2011-CA-001401-MR, 2011-CA-001422-MR, 2012 WL 3137399, at *3 (Ky. Ct. App. Aug.
3, 2012). The Court went on to resolve the case on other grounds, finding it unnecessary to reach the issue.
        7
           The Supreme Court of West Virginia recently concluded that it is not necessary to select between
the two approaches because, in the Court’s view, “the Babbitt and Wicker cases actually set out different
standards to be applied in different circumstances.” Ratliff v. Norfolk Southern Ry. Co., 224 W. Va. 13,
23, 680 S.E.2d 28, 38 (W. Va. 2009). The West Virginia Court opined that the “distinction lies with the
posture of the employee in executing a release,” with Wicker applying to cases where an employee executes
a release in connection with the negotiation of a FELA claim, and Babbitt applying when the employee was
not negotiating the settlement of a claim but executed a general release in the context of participating in a
voluntary separation program. Id.; see also Wells v. Union Pacific R.R. Co., No. 9:07cv27, 2008 WL
4500735, at *4 (E.D. Tex. 2008) (distinguishing Babbitt because it involved a release that was executed as
part of an early retirement program, and Wells involved a release executed in connection with a previous
claim for an injury); Wicker, 142 F.3d at 700 (noting that the Babbitt holding “was based in part on the fact
that the releases formed part of a voluntary separation program, and were not the product of negotiations
settling a claim”).

                                                    -12-
1005 (Ill. App. Ct. 2009); Illinois Cent. R.R. Co. v. McDaniel, 951 So.2d 523, 530-32 (Miss.
2006); Wolf v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 840 A.2d 1004, 1007-1008 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2003).

        Having considered these approaches, we now turn to the language of the Release
executed by Mr. Blackmon in connection with the asbestosis case, and the parties’ arguments
in the present case. The Release provided, in part:

                FOR AND IN CONSIDERATION of the sum of TWENTY-EIGHT
       THOUSAND DOLLARS AND 00/100 ($28,000.00), the receipt of which is
       hereby acknowledged, the undersigned, Dolphus Blackmon does hereby fully,
       completely and forever release, discharge and acquit ILLINOIS CENTRAL
       RAILROAD COMPANY . . . and any and all other persons and entities, of and
       from any and all claims, losses, damages and injuries directly or indirectly
       caused by or resulting from any alleged exposure to asbestos, coal, coal dust,
       welding fumes, brass fumes, diesel fumes, dust, paint vapors, fuel fumes,
       methyl bromide, ammonia gas, sand, silica, and any and all other fumes, dusts,
       mists, gases, and vapors from any material, chemical, or agent which allegedly
       occurred while Dolphus Blackmon was in the employment of the parties
       released.
                IT IS THE INTENTION OF THE UNDERSIGNED to release,
       discharge and acquit the parties released of and from any liability for any
       claim, loss, and damage and injury to Dolphus Blackmon directly or indirectly
       caused by or resulting from any exposures to Dolphus Blackmon while in the
       employ of the parties released, whether founded on any federal, state, or
       municipal statute, regulation, or ordinance or founded on the common law . .
       . . It is understood and agreed that this Release is intended by the parties to
       release any and all claims for any injuries, conditions or diseases, including
       mesothelioma, cancer, or other malignancies, which Dolphus Blackmon has
       against the parties released, including but not limited to any and all claims
       allegedly caused by or resulting from any alleged exposure of Dolphus
       Blackmon to any of the above-described materials, chemicals or agents which
       might have occurred at any time while Dolphus Blackmon was in the
       employment or environment of the parties released.
                IT IS UNDERSTOOD AND AGREED that it is the intention of the
       parties that this Release releases ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD
       COMPANY, a corporation, and all parties released of and from any and all
       claims, losses, damages, injuries, conditions or diseases, including, but not
       limited to, pneumoconiosis, cancer, mesothelioma, or any other disease
       allegedly resulting in any manner from the employment of Dolphus Blackmon
       or any other medical condition allegedly related to the employment of Dolphus

                                            -13-
        Blackmon with the parties released.
                ....
                IT IS FURTHER UNDERSTOOD AND AGREED that the
        undersigned acknowledges that this settlement represents the full and complete
        accord and satisfaction of any and all claims arising out of Dolphus
        Blackmon's employment with the parties released and that he acknowledges,
        by this Release, that he has received everything he expects to receive as
        compensation from the parties released for any conditions arising while he was
        in the employment and environment of the parties released, and acknowledges
        that he reserves no rights against any such party, either known or unknown, for
        any other or additional claims allegedly arising while he was in the
        employment or environment of the parties released.
                IT IS FURTHER UNDERSTOOD AND AGREED that by executing
        this Release the undersigned is taking that what he was told by any doctor or
        other person with regard to his injuries or conditions or diseases and the future
        manifestation thereof may have been wrong and the doctor or other person
        may have made mistakes with respect to the injuries or conditions involved.
        Even if that should be the case, it is the intention of the undersigned that this
        Release is binding and effective.
                IT IS FURTHER UNDERSTOOD AND AGREED that this settlement
        is a compromise of a disputed claim and is not to be construed as an admission
        of liability on the part of the parties released, which expressly deny liability
        and the denial of liability has been taken into consideration in connection with
        the negotiation for the amount of consideration paid for this Release.
                ....

        Plaintiff’s first argument on appeal is that “[t]he plain language of the release
demonstrates that the release was not intended to release future claims.” Plaintiff points to
specific, isolated terms used in the Release, such as “claims, losses, damages, and injuries,”
whether “founded” on state or federal law, which Mr. Blackmon “has” against the parties
released, and he argues that these terms, “all present tense or past tense usages,” demonstrate
that the Release only governed claims for injuries existing at the time of the release. We
disagree. “[T]he ‘meaning to be given to the words of a contract must be the one that carries
the intent of the parties as determined by the circumstances under which the contract was
made.’” Wicker, 142 F.3d at 700 (quoting Forry, 837 F.2d at 263).8 The Release also stated:


        8
          “Since this action was commenced under the provisions of the Federal Employers' Liability Act,
substantive federal law controls with regard to the substantive interpretation of releases.” Blaylock v.
Toledo, P. & W. R. Co., 43 Ill.App.3d 35, 37, 356 N.E.2d 639, 641, 1 Ill.Dec. 451, 453 (Ill. App. Ct. 1976)
                                                                                              (continued...)

                                                   -14-
                IT IS FURTHER UNDERSTOOD AND AGREED that the
        undersigned acknowledges that this settlement represents the full and complete
        accord and satisfaction of any and all claims arising out of Dolphus
        Blackmon's employment with the parties released and that he acknowledges,
        by this Release, that he has received everything he expects to receive as
        compensation from the parties released for any conditions arising while he was
        in the employment and environment of the parties released, and acknowledges
        that he reserves no rights against any such party, either known or unknown, for
        any other or additional claims allegedly arising while he was in the
        employment or environment of the parties released.

(Emphasis added). In addition, the fact that the Release included many specific conditions
that were not present at the time suggests that the Release was not intended to cover only Mr.
Blackmon’s existing injury – asbestosis. We reject Plaintiff’s contention that the language
of the Release does not encompass future claims in any event.

        Plaintiff’s next argument involves the trial court’s approach to considering the validity
of a FELA release. The trial court applied the Wicker approach, and Plaintiff does not
appear to challenge the trial court’s decision to apply Wicker rather than Babbitt. In fact,
Plaintiff’s brief states, “The Trial Court correctly followed Wicker’s focus on whether there
was an ‘existing controversy’ in order to determine if the release signed by Mr. Blackmon
for his prior asbestosis claim precluded a later claim for mesothelioma.” However, Plaintiff
goes on to argue, “Where the Trial Court erred in relying on Wicker for the ‘known risk’
approach is found in the Trial Court’s failure to recognize the effect that the U.S. Supreme
Court opinion in Norfolk & Western RY v. Ayers, 538 US 135 (2003), had on issues related
to the analysis of FELA releases under Section 55.” Plaintiff asserts that the Ayers opinion
“had the effect of refining the definition of what is a controversy under the FELA.”

        We are not persuaded by Plaintiff’s argument that Ayers has redefined the analysis
applicable to determine the validity of FELA releases or otherwise eliminated the ability of
courts to follow the Wicker approach. The issue in Ayers, as stated by the Supreme Court,
concerned “the damages recoverable by a railroad worker who suffers from the disease
asbestosis: When the cause of that disease, in whole or in part, was exposure to asbestos
while on the job, may the worker's recovery for his asbestosis-related ‘pain and suffering’
include damages for fear of developing cancer?” Ayers, 538 U.S. at 140. The Court noted
its previous holding that emotional distress damages may not be recovered under the FELA
by disease-free asbestos-exposed workers; although workers who do suffer from a disease


        8
         (...continued)
(citing Callen, 332 U.S. 625, 68 S.Ct. 296, 92 L.Ed. 242; Dice, 342 U.S. 359, 72 S.Ct. 312, 96 L.Ed. 398).

                                                  -15-
may recover for related negligently caused emotional distress. Id. (citing Metro-North
Commuter R. Co. v. Buckley, 521 U.S. 424, 117 S. Ct. 2113, 138 L.Ed.2d 560 (1997)).
Accordingly, the Ayers Court held that “mental anguish damages resulting from the fear of
developing cancer may be recovered under the FELA by a railroad worker suffering from the
actionable injury asbestosis caused by work-related exposure to asbestos.” Id. at 141.

       Obviously, the Ayers case did not involve the issues before us. It did not involve a
FELA release; nor did the opinion mention releases or 45 U.S.C. § 55. We find nothing to
indicate that Ayers altered the definition of a “controversy,” as that term was used in Callen,
as the word “controversy” does not even appear in the Ayers opinion. Furthermore, the
Ayers case was decided over a decade ago, and Plaintiff has not cited any cases that have
interpreted Ayers as altering the analysis applicable to FELA releases. In contrast, several
courts considering the validity of FELA releases, post-Ayers, have explicitly adopted the
Wicker approach without any discussion of the Ayers opinion. See, e.g., Jaqua, 274 Mich.
App. at 542, 734 N.W.2d at 229; Acuff, 950 So.2d at 960 (Miss. 2006); Sinclair, 347 Mont.
at 413, 200 P.3d at 59; Oliverio, 14 Misc.3d 219, 822 N.Y.S.2d at 702.

        Basically, Plaintiff argues that Ayers made it clear that “asbestos exposure alone and
any resultant risks of future cancer are not considered an injury sufficient to support a FELA
action.” As a result, Plaintiff argues that, because he could not have filed a FELA lawsuit
for mesothelioma at the time of the execution of the release in his asbestosis case, then there
was no “controversy” regarding mesothelioma that could be subject to the release.
According to Plaintiff, “the U.S. Supreme Court has defined a ‘controversy’ as, in summary,
a civil action based on more than an abstract injury.” Plaintiff appears to argue, then, that
a FELA release can only encompass claims that are (or could be) the subject of an existing
civil action. Callen did not so hold, and neither did Ayers. The Callen Court simply said,
“It is obvious that a release is not a device to exempt from liability but is a means of
compromising a claimed liability and to that extent recognizing its possibility. Where
controversies exist as to whether there is liability, and if so for how much, Congress has not
said that parties may not settle their claims without litigation.” (Emphasis added).

       Many courts that have adopted the Wicker approach have done so precisely because
it allows the parties the freedom to settle claims for potential future injuries, not yet
manifested, but of which the employee is at risk, and these courts have found that such an
approach is not inconsistent with Callen or 45 U.S.C. § 55.9 The Georgia Court of Appeals
explained:


        9
           It appears to us that Plaintiff is basically lobbying for the adoption of some version of the Babbitt
approach – that a FELA release can only cover known injuries – without specifically framing her argument
in those terms.

                                                     -16-
       . . . Clearly, in an industry, such as the railroad industry, that has a number of
       known occupational risks and diseases, it is important to both the employer
       and employee to be able to settle potential claims regarding injuries or diseases
       prior to actual discovery.

              The correctness of an analysis that turns on the known risk of injury, as
       opposed to a known actual injury, is completely supported by the Supreme
       Court's decision in Callen . . . . In so holding we avoid the set aside of
       successive settlements of known occupational diseases and repeated litigation
       when subsequent injuries from such occupational diseases manifest themselves
       over time.

Loyal, 234 Ga. App. at 701, 507 S.E.2d at 502. The Michigan Court of Appeals rejected the
Babbitt approach for similar reasons:

       Babbitt appears to hold that a release executed as part of a settlement for an
       accident or exposure cannot bar claims arising when the employee's condition
       worsens, or when an additional illness develops because of the same accident
       or exposure, even if the additional illness or worsened condition is explicitly
       contemplated by the release. However, nothing in Callen, Duncan, or
       Schubert suggests that an employee cannot settle his or her claims for injuries
       the parties know or have reason to know may worsen, spread, or lead to
       additional medical complications, and, therefore, we believe that Babbitt's
       holding is overly broad.

Jaqua, 274 Mich. App. at 552, 734 N.W.2d at 235. The Michigan Court adopted Wicker as
the “better reasoned” approach because it “allows the employer and the employee the
freedom to negotiate and settle claims, but protects the employee from releasing the employer
for unknown liability that was not considered and resolved in an informed manner.” Id. at
542, 734 N.W.2d at 229. Similarly, the Supreme Court of Erie County, New York reasoned:

               To adopt the Babbitt approach requires an unrealistic view on how
       parties compromise claims. And while it may appear that the approach may
       enable an easier resolution of the manner in which a release is enforced, the
       result may be either more complicated inquiry into the exact nature and scope
       of the injury compromised, or a chilling effect on the resolution by
       compromise of any claims. This is particularly true with respect to claims
       based upon exposure to asbestos, where effects of the exposure may be latent
       for a considerable period of time. If a new claim were permitted for each and
       every new manifestation of the asbestos exposure, regardless of the extent of

                                              -17-
       the parties' awareness of such risks, there would be no incentive on the part of
       the railroad defendant to ever compromise such claims. This result would not
       further the public policy of encouraging settlement of claims.

               For these reasons, the Wicker approach is the better approach. It permits
       the enforcement of the release for not only the specific injuries already
       manifested at the time of its execution, but also any risks of future injury
       which the parties specifically contemplated in its execution, so long as those
       risks are properly within the ambit of the claim compromised. This approach
       provides a realistic view of compromises and releases, while staying true to the
       prohibition on blanket relinquishments of rights under FELA.

Oliverio, 14 Misc.3d at 222, 822 N.Y.S.2d at 701-702; see also Acuff, 950 So.2d at 960
(Miss. 2006) (stating that Babbitt “unfairly restricts the ability of an employer and employee
to knowingly and voluntarily settle both current and future claims, should the parties so
desire.”).

       We agree with the reasoning of these courts and find that the trial court did not err in
applying the Wicker approach to determine the validity of the release executed by Mr.
Blackmon, even in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Ayers.

        Finally, Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in failing to “fully follow” the Wicker
decision, and specifically, its caution against boilerplate language in release agreements.
Plaintiff argues that the release signed by Mr. Blackmon is similar to the releases at issue in
Wicker, which the Court found violated 45 U.S.C. § 55. She claims it was “boiler plate,
general in nature, not designed to fully inform [Mr. Blackmon] and failed to comply with the
specificity requirements . . . discussed in Wicker.”

       Resolution of this issue requires us to consider the procedural posture of this case and
the evidence that has been presented at this stage of the proceedings. The party attacking a
FELA release bears the burden of establishing that the release is invalid or void under 45
U.S.C. § 55. Cheff, 358 Mont. at 150, 243 P.3d at 1120 (citing Callen, 332 U.S. at 630, 68
S.Ct. at 298); see also Keenan v. BNSF Ry. Co., No. C07-130BHS, 2008 WL 2434107, at
*4 (W.D. Wash. 2008) (“Where release is pleaded as a defense, the burden of proof is on the
employee to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the release is invalid.”);
Choate, 2007 WL 2868027, at *5 (E.D. Mich. 2007); Jaqua, 274 Mich. App. at 548, 734
N.W.2d at 232. Accordingly, Plaintiff has the burden to demonstrate that the release is
invalid as to the present claim for mesothelioma. Loyal, 234 Ga. App. at 703; 507 S.E.2d
at 504. Illinois Central filed a motion for summary judgment, claiming that it was entitled
to judgment as a matter of law based upon the Release signed by Mr. Blackmon. There was

                                               -18-
no additional evidence presented to the trial court beyond the Release itself. Therefore, we
must decide whether Illinois Central, by pointing to the Release, has affirmatively negated
an essential element of the nonmoving party’s claim or demonstrated that the nonmoving
party cannot prove an essential element of the claim at trial. Martin, 271 S.W.3d at 83.

        The Wicker Court held that “a release does not violate § 5 provided it is executed for
valid consideration as part of a settlement, and the scope of the release is limited to those
risks which are known to the parties at the time the release is signed.” Regarding the first
issue, the Release executed by Mr. Blackmon was negotiated by Mr. Blackmon, his attorney,
and Illinois Central, as part of the settlement of an existing claim. Therefore, the Release
meets Wicker’s initial requirement that parties may settle where controversies exist as to
whether there is liability.

       The next step in the Wicker analysis requires us to evaluate the parties’ intent at the
time the agreement was made. We must determine whether the scope of the release is limited
to those risks which were known to the parties at the time the release was signed, or, more
specifically, whether the “controversies” that were part of the settlement included
mesothelioma as a risk known to the parties. The Wicker Court said that “a release that
spells out the quantity, location and duration of potential risks to which the employee has
been exposed—for example toxic exposure—allowing the employee to make a reasoned
decision whether to release the employer from liability for future injuries of specifically
known risks does not violate § 5 of FELA.” 142 F.3d at 701. A release that “chronicles the
scope and duration of the known risks . . . would supply strong evidence in support of the
release defense.” Id. However, because of the ease of drafting “detailed boiler plate
agreements” that “might well include an extensive catalog of every chemical and hazard
known to railroad employment,” the validity of the release does not turn on the writing alone.
Id. In other words, the written release may be strong, but not conclusive, evidence as to the
parties’ intent in a FELA case. Id. “[W]here a release merely details a laundry list of
diseases or hazards, the employee may attack that release as boiler plate, not reflecting his
or her intent.” Id. This is a different (and more difficult) standard for railroad employers
than is typical in non-FELA situations, but it is necessary, given the Supreme Court's
pro-employee construction of the FELA. Id.

        Here, it is clear from the plain language of the Release that its intent was to exempt
Illinois Central from all potential liability related to Mr. Blackmon’s employment. Like the
releases at issue in Wicker, the Release executed by Mr. Blackmon appears to be a standard
waiver of liability, with nothing to indicate that the parties understood, let alone addressed
or discussed, the scope of the claims being waived. The Release attempts to cover a broad
spectrum of potential liabilities of railroad employment, addressing “any and all claims,
losses, damages and injuries directly or indirectly caused by or resulting from any alleged

                                             -19-
exposure to asbestos, coal, coal dust, welding fumes, brass fumes, diesel fumes, dust, paint
vapors, fuel fumes, methyl bromide, ammonia gas, sand, silica, and any and all other fumes,
dusts, mists, gases, and vapors from any material, chemical, or agent which allegedly
occurred while Dolphus Blackmon was in the employment of the parties released.” It
covered “any and all claims for any injuries, conditions or diseases, including mesothelioma,
cancer, or other malignancies, which Dolphus Blackmon has against the parties released,
including but not limited to any and all claims allegedly caused by or resulting from any
alleged exposure of Dolphus Blackmon to any of the above-described materials, chemicals
or agents which might have occurred at any time while Dolphus Blackmon was in the
employment or environment of the parties released.” It purportedly released Illinois Central
from “any and all claims, losses, damages, injuries, conditions or diseases, including, but not
limited to, pneumoconiosis, cancer, mesothelioma, or any other disease allegedly resulting
in any manner from the employment of Dolphus Blackmon or any other medical condition
allegedly related to the employment of Dolphus Blackmon with the parties released.” The
Release basically covered “any conditions arising while [Mr. Blackmon] was in the
employment and environment of the parties released.”

        Illinois Central points out that the Release specifically referenced asbestos and
mesothelioma. However, these terms were buried in a laundry list of other substances and
diseases. A similar release was considered in Illinois Cent. R.R. Co. v. McDaniel, 951 So.2d
523, 530-32 (Miss. 2006), which addressed claims for “exposure of the undersigned to
asbestos, coal dust, sand, silica, welding fumes, brass fumes, diesel fumes, fuel fumes, paint
vapors, methylbromide, ammonia, gas, lead, PCB, dioxin, or other toxic or noxious chemical
exposure and all other fumes, dusts, mists, gases and vapors from any chemical or agent.”
The Court found that this was “a ‘laundry list’ of potential claims from which [the railroad]
sought exemption,” listing asbestos simply as a generic hazard rather than including the
specific risks of asbestos the employee faced. Id. at 532. In fact, the Court said “the broad
verbiage of the release creates an anticipatory laundry list of possible injuries effectively
throwing in everything but the kitchen sink.” Id. In yet another FELA release case before
the same Court, another railroad defendant similarly argued that because “asbestos” was
specifically mentioned in the release at issue, it was a “known risk.” Acuff, 950 So.2d at 960
(Miss. 2006). The Court rejected the railroad’s suggestion that “any hazard may be classified
as a known risk simply by listing it in a release,” stating, “Clearly, more is required for a risk
to be considered ‘known.’” Id. The Court said the railroad’s approach “does not address the
question of whether the employee ever actually contemplated having the illness or injury
being released,” and it emphasized that “the key inquiry” was whether the risk of developing
the illness was known and contemplated by the plaintiff at the time he signed his release.10


       10
            In declining the railroad’s invitation to look only to the terms of the release in order to establish
                                                                                                  (continued...)

                                                      -20-
Id.; see also Clayton v. Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Ry. Co., No. 2:10-07082-ER, 2012
WL 5389803, at *1 (E.D. Pa. 2012) (finding that summary judgment was not warranted
where a release purportedly released claims for “cancer” but there was no evidence the
employee actually understood he was at risk of developing leukemia).

       Likewise, the Release executed by Mr. Blackmon merely recited “a series of generic
hazards to which [Mr. Blackmon] might have been exposed, rather than specific risks [he]
faced during the course of [his] employment.” See Wicker, 701-702. The Release does not
“chronicle[] the scope and duration” of the risks, and there is nothing to indicate that Mr.
Blackmon knew of the actual health risks associated with asbestos, diesel fumes, dusts, mists,
gases, vapors, chemicals, and the like, for which Illinois Central was being released.

        We also find it significant that there is no other evidence in the record, aside from the
Release itself, to suggest that the Release was intended to cover any future claim for
mesothelioma.11 Cf. Wicker, 142 F.3d at 702 (considering testimony by the plaintiffs that
they were unaware of their injuries and the cause thereof at the time they signed the releases
as well as affidavits from the attorneys who represented the plaintiffs when the releases were
executed); Presley, 2012 WL 4120906, at *3 (E.D. Okla. 2012) (considering the employee’s
testimony about his intention); Loyal, 234 Ga. App. at 703, 507 S.E.2d at 503 (finding that
an employee was aware of the risk of hearing loss due to repeated mandatory hearing tests
as part of his employment and his previous complaints to his supervisor regarding excessive
noise); Jaqua, 274 Mich. App. at 542, 734 N.W.2d at 229 (finding that lung cancer was a
risk known to an employee because his doctor had advised him that he was at risk of
developing lung cancer as a result of asbestos exposure); Sinclair, 347 Mont. at 414, 200
P.3d at 60 (considering testimony of the employee, his attorney, and representatives of the
railroad as to what they believed was covered by the release and concluding that a genuine
issue of material fact existed regarding the parties’ intent). According to Wicker, a release
may be “strong, but not conclusive,” evidence of the parties’ intent. 142 F.3d at 701.

        10
           (...continued)
the plaintiff’s intent, the Court explained:

        Under general contract law, parties are usually free to contract away their rights, even those
        which are unknown and not contemplated. However, releases extinguishing an employee's
        claims for injuries under FELA are held to a higher standard, given the statutory language
        and Congress' stated intent in passing the Act.

Acuff, 950 So.2d at 960.
        11
           We recognize that it may be difficult to come up with evidence regarding Mr. Blackmon’s intent
because he is deceased. However, we are reviewing a motion for summary judgment, so the question at this
stage is whether Illinois Central has shown that Plaintiff cannot prove her claim at trial.

                                                    -21-
        Although it may be likely that Mr. Blackmon was made aware that he was at risk of
developing mesothelioma, either by his doctors, or by his attorney at the time, there is simply
nothing in the record to prove such an awareness, and it would take an assumption on our
part to reach that conclusion. At this stage in the proceedings we are required to view the
evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant (here, Plaintiff), and we believe there
is simply a gap in the evidence that we cannot overlook.12 See Wicker, 142 F.3d at 702
(finding releases invalid to release claims for chemical exposure, even though they
specifically listed exposure “to toxic substances of any kind” among the risks covered,
because there was “no evidence that any of the plaintiffs, despite being represented by
counsel, was aware of the potential health risks to which he had been exposed”); Anderson,

        12
            We recognize that our conclusion on this issue appears to be at odds with the decision of the
Supreme Court of Erie County, New York, in Oliverio. In that case, an employee had previously brought
a claim against his railroad employer for lung related ailments due to asbestos exposure, and he had executed
a release in connection with the settlement of that claim. 14 Misc.3d at 223. The employee later brought
another claim against the railroad, alleging that the same asbestos exposure caused him to suffer from bladder
cancer. The employee claimed that the previous release did not bar his claim because he had only intended
to release his claims regarding lung ailments. The Court acknowledged that the issue of the enforceability
of the release was “problematic,” but it ultimately concluded that the release barred the bladder cancer claim,
stating:

        The release is the product of a compromise between the parties, each represented by
        counsel, regarding a claim for exposure to asbestos. The instant claim is based upon the
        same exposure to asbestos. Plaintiff claims, even under the Wicker standard, that the risk
        of bladder cancer was not contemplated by the initial release and that it should not be
        enforced, in that the plaintiff intended in executing the release to compromise only his claim
        regarding lung and related ailments. While lung cancer and other lung ailments are the most
        common injuries caused by exposure to asbestos, the risks of asbestos exposure are known
        to be greater than simply lung ailments. The language of the release includes all cancers and
        fear of cancer in addition to certain lung ailments. While plaintiff may not have specifically
        known of the bladder cancer which he later contracted at the time of the compromise, []he
        had to understand that he was compromising his claim based upon asbestos exposure and
        any future claim based upon that exposure and that such claim would include cancers and
        other injuries which were specifically based upon asbestos exposure. In negotiating the
        settlement with plaintiff, defendant had a reasonable expectation of finality with respect to
        the specific claim of asbestos exposure, and the settlement paid was likely to have been
        based upon that expectation. While any other claim (e.g. exposure to other substances)
        should not be precluded by the release, it is appropriate to enforce the release in this action
        where the claim arises out of precisely the same asbestos exposure that was compromised
        in the earlier settlement and release.

Id. (Emphasis added). Thus, the Court granted summary judgment in favor of the railroad.
         Considering the summary judgment standard applicable to the case before us, in addition to the fact
that the only evidence in the record regarding the parties’ intent is the Release, which is not conclusive, we
find that summary judgment is inappropriate in the case before us.

                                                     -22-
154 Ohio App.3d at 403, 797 N.E.2d at 545 (“Representation by counsel [] cannot make an
otherwise invalid release valid.”).

        In sum, the limited record before us does not contain evidence sufficient to
demonstrate, conclusively, that Mr. Blackmon understood that he was at risk of developing
mesothelioma, or, in other words, that it was a risk known to him, at the time the release was
signed. The only evidence Illinois Central has submitted on this issue is the boilerplate
Release itself, which contains the terms “mesothelioma” and “asbestos” buried in a laundry
list of other conditions and substances. “Evaluating releases under Section 5 of FELA is
undeniably a fact-intensive process, and an assessment of the parties’ intent at the time of
agreement ‘is an essential element of this inquiry.’” Acuff, 950 So.2d at 960 (quoting Wicker,
142 F.3d at 700). Illinois Central has not submitted evidence demonstrating that Plaintiff
cannot prove the invalidity of the Release at trial or cannot prove that Mr. Blackmon was not
aware of the risk of mesothelioma when he signed the release. Therefore, we find that the
trial court erred in granting summary judgment to Illinois Central based on the Release.

                                     V.   C ONCLUSION

       For the aforementioned reasons, the decision of the circuit court is hereby reversed
and the case is remanded for further proceedings. Costs of this appeal are taxed to the
appellee, Illinois Central Railroad Company, for which execution may issue if necessary.


                                                    _________________________________
                                                    ALAN E. HIGHERS, P.J., W.S.




                                             -23-
