                           This opinion will be unpublished and
                           may not be cited except as provided by
                           Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).

                                STATE OF MINNESOTA
                                IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                   A14-0430, A14-0437


                       In the Matter of the Welfare of the Children of:
                               J. A. S. and R. L. S., Parents.


                                   Filed August 25, 2014
                                         Affirmed
                                        Kirk, Judge

                                Anoka County District Court
                                  File No. 02-JV-13-1441


Gretchen R. Severin, Munstenteiger & Severin, P.A., Anoka, Minnesota (for appellant
J.A.S.)

Patricia A. Zenner, Stillwater, Minnesota (for appellant R.L.S.)

Anthony C. Palumbo, Anoka County Attorney, M. Katherine Doty, Assistant County
Attorney, Anoka, Minnesota (for respondent Anoka County)


         Considered and decided by Hudson, Presiding Judge; Stauber, Judge; and Kirk,

Judge.

                          UNPUBLISHED OPINION

KIRK, Judge

         In these consolidated appeals from the district court’s termination of appellant-

parents’ parental rights, appellants argue that the district court abused its discretion by

terminating their parental rights because it determined that: (1) they were palpably unfit
to be parties to the parent and child relationship; (2) they committed egregious harm; and

(3) termination of parental rights is in the children’s best interests. We affirm.

                                          FACTS

       Appellants J.A.S. (mother) and R.L.S. (father) married on October 17, 2009. They

are the parents of K.A.S., who was born in March 2010, and L.M.S., who was born in

March 2011. Before K.A.S. and L.M.S. were born, the Hennepin County District Court

involuntarily terminated mother’s parental rights to a third child, J.A.C., and mother

agreed to voluntarily terminate her parental rights to a fourth child, A.R.C. Father served

25 years in prison for sexually abusing his teenage stepdaughter from a previous

marriage.

       On October 17, 2013, Mark Hudson, M.D., a child-abuse pediatrician at the

Midwest Children’s Resource Center (MCRC), reported to the Anoka County Sheriff’s

Department that K.A.S. had gonorrhea and had possibly been sexually abused. K.A.S.

and her parents were still at the hospital, and Dr. Hudson requested that police and child-

protection social workers meet with the family. Anoka County Sheriff’s Department

Detective Patrick Nelson went to MCRC, located K.A.S. and L.M.S., and placed them in

protective custody.

       Detective Nelson then interviewed mother and father separately. Mother told

Detective Nelson that she and father engaged in three-way sexual encounters. Mother

stated that before the children were born she and father typically engaged in those

encounters twice a month, and after the children were born they engaged in the




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encounters “once in a blue moon.” She stated that she had maintained a profile on an

adult-oriented website to seek individuals for these sexual encounters.

       Mother stated that she took K.A.S. to her family physician after she noticed that

K.A.S. had vaginal discharge, and her physician referred K.A.S. to MCRC. Mother

reported that she also had vaginal discharge, and she thought she had been diagnosed

with chlamydia. Mother reported that B.W., with whom she and father had a three-way

sexual encounter in September 2013, had recently informed them that he had gonorrhea

and suggested that they be tested.

       Mother told Detective Nelson that K.A.S. and L.M.S. stayed at a babysitter’s

house when she and father had three-way sexual encounters, and that during the

encounter with B.W., they were with a babysitter.         Mother stated that one of the

children’s babysitters is named Tina, but she did not know Tina’s last name. Mother

explained that Tina is the girlfriend of her ex-boyfriend, and the ex-boyfriend is a sex

offender. Mother acknowledged that she was aware that father is a sex offender. When

Detective Nelson questioned her about the details of father’s conviction, mother became

upset and ended the interview.

       Father admitted to Detective Nelson that he served 25 years in prison after he was

convicted of having sex with his 13- or 14-year-old stepdaughter. Father acknowledged

that he and mother engaged in three-way sexual encounters, but stated that he mainly did

so because it made mother happy. Father told Detective Nelson that they found third

parties on the Internet, and the encounters occurred approximately once a month.

Detective Nelson asked him roughly how many people they had encounters with in 2013,


                                            3
and father said 20. Father stated that most of the encounters occurred at their house while

K.A.S. and L.M.S. were asleep in bed.

       Father also told Detective Nelson about the sexual encounter with B.W. Father

stated that when he walked past K.A.S. and L.M.S.’s bedroom with B.W., B.W. asked

about the children. Father reported that B.W. contacted them after the encounter and told

them he had tested positive for chlamydia. Father stated that both he and mother tested

positive for gonorrhea.

       On October 22, respondent Anoka County filed a petition to terminate mother’s

and father’s parental rights. The district court held a termination of parental rights (TPR)

trial in January 2014. Father testified that he and mother have changed their lifestyle.

They removed all of the pornography from their home and no longer have sexual

encounters with other people. Father testified that it never occurred to him that exposing

K.A.S. and L.M.S. to his and mother’s sexual behavior could be dangerous. Father also

testified that he was arrested in 2011 for sexual contact with a 16-year-old female

acquaintance and later pleaded guilty to stalking.

       Mother testified that she did not believe her lifestyle harmed her children’s health

and welfare, and that the third parties were not strangers because she talked to them on

the phone before they came to their home. Mother testified that she did not know how

K.A.S. contracted gonorrhea.

       Dr. Hudson testified that K.A.S. tested positive for gonorrhea in her throat and her

genitals.   He explained that gonorrhea is contracted when an individual’s mucous

membranes inside the mouth, genitalia, or urethra come in contact with wet, infected


                                             4
secretions from another individual. Dr. Hudson testified that “[s]exual abuse is really the

only reasonable, potential explanation” for how K.A.S. contracted gonorrhea.            He

explained that by “sexual abuse,” he meant “that someone’s infected genitals, be that a

penis or vagina, [was] in contact with her mouth or mucous membranes of her mouth and

the mucous membranes of her genitals.” Dr. Hudson testified that gonorrhea is an

infection that would probably clear by itself, but sexual abuse has enormous long-term

health consequences, including “increased rates of depression; suicidality; early chemical

use; chemical dependency; early sexual debut, meaning the first time you have sex;

earlier pregnancy; [and] more sexually transmitted infections.”

       The child-protection social worker and the guardian ad litem testified that it is in

the children’s best interests to terminate mother’s and father’s parental rights. At the

time of trial, the Anoka County Attorney’s Office had not charged father with sexually

abusing K.A.S., but Detective Nelson testified that he is a suspect in the ongoing

investigation.

       After the trial, the district court filed an order terminating mother’s and father’s

parental rights to K.A.S. and L.M.S. Mother and father appealed separately, and this

court consolidated their appeals.

                                     DECISION

       Appellate courts review a district court’s decision to terminate parental rights to

determine whether the district court’s findings address the statutory criteria and are not

clearly erroneous. In re Welfare of Children of S.E.P., 744 N.W.2d 381, 385 (Minn.

2008). In doing so, “[w]e give considerable deference to the district court’s decision to


                                            5
terminate parental rights. But we closely inquire into the sufficiency of the evidence to

determine whether it was clear and convincing.” Id. (citation omitted). Appellate courts

review the district court’s determination that a statutory basis for terminating a parent’s

parental rights is present for an abuse of discretion. In re Welfare of Children of J.R.B.,

805 N.W.2d 895, 901 (Minn. App. 2011), review denied (Minn. Jan. 6, 2012). We will

affirm the district court’s decision to terminate parental rights if at least one statutory

ground alleged in the petition is supported by clear and convincing evidence and

termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interests. In re Welfare of Children of

R.W., 678 N.W.2d 49, 55 (Minn. 2004).

I.     The district court did not abuse its discretion by terminating mother’s and
       father’s parental rights based on palpable unfitness.

       The district court concluded that mother and father are both palpably unfit to

parent K.A.S. and L.M.S. A district court may terminate a parent’s parental rights when

it finds that the parent

               is palpably unfit to be a party to the parent and child
               relationship because of a consistent pattern of specific
               conduct before the child or of specific conditions directly
               relating to the parent and child relationship either of which
               are determined by the court to be of a duration or nature that
               renders the parent unable, for the reasonably foreseeable
               future, to care appropriately for the ongoing physical, mental,
               or emotional needs of the child.

Minn. Stat. § 260C.301, subd. 1(b)(4) (2012).

       A.      Mother.

       Mother argues that she successfully rebutted the statutory presumption of palpable

unfitness because she demonstrated that she completed chemical-dependency treatment,


                                             6
is participating in mental-health services, and her interactions with her children during

visits were appropriate. A party is presumed to be palpably unfit to be a party to the

parent and child relationship if the party’s parental rights to one or more children were

involuntarily terminated. Id. If the presumption of palpable unfitness applies, it is the

parent’s burden to rebut it. In re Welfare of Child of J.L.L., 801 N.W.2d 405, 412 (Minn.

App. 2011), review denied (Minn. July 28, 2011). To successfully rebut the presumption,

“a parent must do more than engage in services; a parent must demonstrate that his or her

parenting abilities have improved.” In re Welfare of the Child of D.L.D., 771 N.W.2d

538, 545 (Minn. App. 2009). “When the presumption of unfitness applies, a parent must

affirmatively and actively demonstrate her or his ability to successfully parent a child.”

In re Welfare of D.L.R.D., 656 N.W.2d 247, 251 (Minn. App. 2003).

       The district court correctly found that the presumption of palpable unfitness

applies to mother because her parental rights to J.A.C. were involuntarily terminated.

The district court made numerous findings about mother’s mental-health diagnoses and

the mental-health treatment that mother has received since October 2012. The district

court noted that in 2008, the court that terminated mother’s parental rights to J.A.C.

found that mother was in denial and lacked insight into the risks her chemical abuse

created for J.A.C. The district court found that mother is still in denial, does not take

responsibility for her actions, and has no insight into the risks her sexual behavior creates

for K.A.S. and L.M.S.      The district court also found that mother continues to use

marijuana and alcohol. Based on those findings, the district court determined that mother

did not rebut the presumption of palpable unfitness.


                                             7
       The district court’s findings are supported by substantial evidence. The evidence

presented at trial establishes that, while mother sought out mental-health services, she has

numerous significant mental-health issues that remain unresolved. A psychologist who

evaluated mother in August 2013 recommended that she undergo a psychiatric evaluation

to determine if she should be prescribed medication; participate in individual or group

psychotherapy; continue to participate in rehabilitative services; and continue to

participate in chemical-dependency services.       Mother testified that she met with a

therapist for approximately six months before the August 2013 evaluation, but was no

longer meeting with that therapist at the time of the trial and was not taking medication.

She also testified that she never discussed her three-way sexual encounters with her

therapist and acknowledged that she has ongoing mental-health issues. There is also

evidence in the record that mother frequently uses marijuana and alcohol.

       Further, mother testified that she does not believe that her three-way sexual

encounters negatively impacted K.A.S. and L.M.S.’s health and welfare, and that if the

county had not become involved she and father would have continued those encounters.

Mother testified that she had no concerns about father’s status as a convicted sex

offender, and the child-protection social worker testified that mother has consistently

refused to consider that father may have been responsible for giving K.A.S. gonorrhea.

       B.     Father.

       Father argues that there is insufficient evidence to support the district court’s

determination that he is palpably unfit. The district court determined that the county

presented clear and convincing evidence to rebut any presumption of parental fitness as


                                             8
to father. That determination is supported by substantial evidence and is not clearly

erroneous. Father testified that he served 25 years in prison for sexually abusing his

teenage stepdaughter and pleaded guilty to stalking a 16-year-old girl. In addition,

evidence in the record shows that the county requested that father complete a

psychosexual evaluation and although he initially agreed to do so, he later refused to

participate.

       Father further testified that it did not occur to him that exposing K.A.S. and

L.M.S. to three-way sexual encounters could be harmful to them, and he and mother

would have continued those encounters if K.A.S. had not contracted gonorrhea. Father

admitted that he had been diagnosed with gonorrhea and testified that the children

regularly came into his bed at night.

       The child-protection social worker testified that father suggested that K.A.S.

contracted gonorrhea by putting household objects in her mouth. She also testified that

she had concerns about father’s behavior during his supervised visits with K.A.S. and

L.M.S. The children did not run and greet mother and father and did not have trouble

saying goodbye to them. Father did not engage very much with the children and asked

them inappropriate questions.

II.    The district court did not abuse its discretion by terminating mother’s and
       father’s parental rights based on egregious harm.

       The district court determined that mother and father committed egregious harm

against K.A.S. and L.M.S.       A district court may terminate parental rights when it

determines



                                            9
              that a child has experienced egregious harm in the parent’s
              care which is of a nature, duration, or chronicity that indicates
              a lack of regard for the child’s well-being, such that a
              reasonable person would believe it contrary to the best
              interest of the child or of any child to be in the parent’s care.

Minn. Stat. § 260C.301, subd. 1(b)(6) (2012).

       “Egregious harm” is defined as “the infliction of bodily harm to a child or neglect

of a child which demonstrates a grossly inadequate ability to provide minimally adequate

parental care.” Minn. Stat. § 260C.007, subd. 14 (2012). Egregious harm includes

“conduct toward a child that constitutes criminal sexual conduct.” Id., subd. 14(10). The

supreme court has held that “‘in the parent’s care’ should not be limited to the physical

presence of a parent at the time egregious harm occurs.” In re Welfare of T.P., 747

N.W.2d 356, 361 (Minn. 2008). To terminate the parental rights of a parent who did not

personally inflict harm on a child, the district court “must find that the parent either knew

or should have known that the child had experienced egregious harm.” Id. at 362.

       Mother argues that the fact that K.A.S. contracted gonorrhea does not constitute

egregious harm on its own, and there is no evidence that she knew or should have known

that K.A.S. experienced egregious harm. Father contends that the district court’s order

should be reversed because the district court did not specifically find that he committed

conduct that constitutes criminal sexual conduct.

       The district court made numerous findings about mother’s and father’s sexual

activities in the family home and the encounter with B.W. that led to their diagnosis of

gonorrhea. The district court found that “[s]exual abuse is the only reasonable potential

explanation for a child [K.A.S.’s] age being infected with gonorrhea.” It also found that


                                             10
mother is unwilling to consider the possibility that K.A.S. was abused by father, offers no

other explanation for how K.A.S. contracted gonorrhea, “takes no responsibility for her

actions,” and “has no insight into the risks to her children from her sexual lifestyle

choices.” The district court found that Detective Nelson, the child-protection social

worker, and the guardian ad litem all “ultimately believed[] that [K.A.S.] contracted the

disease from [father].” Further, the district court found that the children had been cared

for by the girlfriend of mother’s sex-offender ex-boyfriend.

      The district court’s findings are supported by substantial evidence and are not

clearly erroneous. It is undisputed that K.A.S. contracted gonorrhea, and mother and

father admitted that they invited people they met over the Internet into their home for

three-way sexual activity. Father admitted that he is a sex offender, and mother admitted

that the girlfriend of her sex-offender ex-boyfriend sometimes babysat K.A.S. and L.M.S.

Dr. Hudson testified extensively about how gonorrhea is contracted, and provided his

expert opinion that “[s]exual abuse is really the only reasonable, potential explanation”

for how K.A.S. contracted gonorrhea. Detective Nelson testified that father is still a

suspect in the investigation into who gave K.A.S. gonorrhea, and the child-protection

social worker and the guardian ad litem testified that they believe father gave K.A.S.

gonorrhea. Although the district court did not specifically find that mother knew or

should have known that the children suffered egregious harm, that finding is implicit in

its extensive findings about mother’s refusal to consider that father sexually abused

K.A.S. and her failure to recognize that her sexual behavior endangered the children.




                                            11
Further, even if father did not sexually abuse K.A.S., the abuse happened while she was

in mother’s and father’s care.

III.   The district court did not abuse its discretion by determining that
       termination of parental rights is in the children’s best interests.

       In a TPR proceeding, “the best interests of the child must be the paramount

consideration.” Minn. Stat. § 260C.301, subd. 7 (2012). The district court must consider

the best interests of the child and explain its rationale in its order terminating parental

rights. In re Tanghe, 672 N.W.2d 623, 626 (Minn. App. 2003). The district court “must

balance the child’s interests in preserving the parent and child relationship, the parent’s

interest in preserving the parent and child relationship, and any competing interests of the

child.” J.L.L., 801 N.W.2d at 414. “Competing interests include such things as a stable

environment, health considerations and the child’s preferences.” In re Welfare of R.T.B.,

492 N.W.2d 1, 4 (Minn. App. 1992).                “We review a district court’s ultimate

determination that termination is in a child’s best interest for an abuse of discretion.”

J.R.B., 805 N.W.2d at 905.

       Mother and father argue that the district court failed to make specific findings as to

the best interests of the children and explain the rationale for its determination. We

disagree. The district court found that there was clear and convincing evidence that

termination of mother’s and father’s parental rights is in K.A.S.’s and L.M.S.’s best

interests. The district court considered the children’s interests and the parents’ interests,

and concluded that “[t]he children’s need for stability, safety and permanency, with

nurturing, competent caregivers, outweigh[s] any competing interests of the parents.”



                                             12
The district court made extensive findings about father’s sex-offender status, mother’s

and father’s choices to engage in three-way sexual behavior in their home with

individuals they met over the Internet, K.A.S.’s gonorrhea diagnosis, and mother’s and

father’s opinions that the children were not harmed by their sexual behavior. These

findings are supported by the record and are not clearly erroneous. Therefore, the district

court did not abuse its discretion by determining that termination of mother’s and father’s

parental rights is in the best interests of K.A.S. and L.M.S.

       Affirmed.




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