                    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE
                                AT JACKSON
                                     April 6, 2011 Session

             DAVID CANTRELL1 v. JOE EASTERLING, WARDEN

               Appeal by Permission from the Court of Criminal Appeals
                         Circuit Court for Hardeman County
                        No. 09-02-0415     Joe Walker, Judge


                   No. W2009-00985-SC-R11-HC - Filed August 1, 2011


We granted this appeal to determine if the defendant’s four sentences for aggravated rape are
illegal because each of the four uniform judgment documents designates the defendant as a
“Multiple 35% Range 2” offender and does not designate the defendant as a “Multiple
Rapist.” Because the four uniform judgment documents indicate that the defendant is
eligible for early release on parole, which is in direct contravention of a statutory provision,
we hold that the four sentences are illegal and void. The defendant’s underlying convictions
of aggravated rape, which arose from a jury verdict before a court of competent jurisdiction,
remain intact. We remand this matter to the sentencing court for the entry of four amended
judgment orders, each to set forth the legal sentence on each of the defendant’s four
convictions of aggravated rape, including the designation that the defendant is a “Multiple
Rapist.”

                    Tenn. R. App. 11 Appeal by Permission; Judgment
                       of the Court of Criminal Appeals Reversed;
                           Remanded to the Sentencing Court.

C ORNELIA A. C LARK, C.J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which W ILLIAM C. K OCH,
J R., and S HARON G. L EE, JJ., joined. G ARY R. W ADE, J., filed a separate opinion in which
J ANICE M. H OLDER, J., joined.

Sharon Harless Loy, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, David Cantrell.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General & Reporter; Gordon W. Smith, Associate Solicitor
General; Rachel E. Willis, Senior Counsel; for the appellee, State of Tennessee.


       1
          The record before the Court identifies Mr. Cantrell variously as “David Cantrell,” “David L.
Cantrell,” “David M. Cantrell,” and “David MacArthur Cantrell.”
                                          OPINION

                           Factual and Procedural Background

       In 1995, a jury convicted David Cantrell (“Defendant”) of four counts of aggravated
rape, a Class A felony, and one count of false imprisonment, a Class A misdemeanor, that
he committed earlier that year. The trial court sentenced Defendant to forty years on each
of the aggravated rape convictions and structured service of the sentences to result in an
effective term of eighty years. On each of the four judgment orders entered on the
aggravated rape convictions, Defendant is designated a “Multiple 35% Range 2” offender.
Although each judgment order also contains a place in which to designate the offender a
“Multiple Rapist,” none of Defendant’s four judgment orders on his aggravated rape
convictions reflects this designation.

        Defendant appealed, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence and claiming that his
effective eighty-year sentence was excessive. The Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed
Defendant’s convictions and sentence. Although the intermediate appellate court made
specific mention of Defendant’s sentencing classification as a “Range II Multiple Offender,”
it did not address that classification as error. See State v. Cantrell, C.C.A. No. 01C01-9604-
CC-00136, 1997 WL 661496, at *5-6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 24, 1997). This Court denied
Defendant’s application for permission to appeal. Id., perm. appeal denied (Tenn. July 6,
1998).

       On April 21, 2009, Defendant filed a pro se petition for writ of habeas corpus on the
basis that the trial court did not have authority to sentence him as a multiple, Range II
offender “with a release eligibility of 35%.” The habeas corpus court denied relief, ruling
that Defendant’s sentences on his aggravated rape convictions were not illegal. Defendant
appealed and the Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed, concluding that the designation of
Defendant as a “Multiple 35% Range 2” offender was “merely a clerical error.” Cantrell v.
Easterling, No. W2009-00985-CCA-R3-HC, 2010 WL 848810, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App.
Mar. 10, 2010) The intermediate appellate court reasoned as follows:

       Because a multiple rapist must serve his entire sentence by operation of law
       rather than by designation of the trial court, a judgment’s notation that a
       multiple rapist is anything other than a multiple rapist generally does not create
       an egregiously illegal sentence “to the point of voidness.”

Id. at *4 (citing Braden v. Bell, No. M2004-01381-CCA-R3HC, 2005 WL 2008200, at *3-4
(Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 19, 2005)).



                                              -2-
      We granted permission to appeal to address, once again, the effect of a judgment order
which sets forth a sentence that directly contravenes a statute.

                                    STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Whether to grant relief upon review of the denial of a petition for a writ of habeas
corpus is a question of law. Hart v. State, 21 S.W.3d 901, 903 (Tenn. 2000). Accordingly,
our review is de novo with no presumption of correctness given to the conclusions of the
court below. Hogan v. Mills, 168 S.W.3d 753, 755 (Tenn. 2005).

                                              ANALYSIS

                                       I. Erroneous Sentences

        The Tennessee Criminal Sentencing Reform Act of 1989 (“the Sentencing Act”) is
codified at Tennessee Code Annotated sections 40-35-101 through -505 (2010). It consists
of sixty-six statutes, many containing multiple parts. The multitude of cases explicating these
statutes demonstrates that, in application, the Sentencing Act presents challenges to both trial
and appellate courts. Mistakes are inevitable. A recurring issue before Tennessee’s trial and
appellate courts is what to do about these mistakes. The avenue of relief and remedy depends
upon what type of error infects the sentence.

                                          A. Clerical Errors

       Some errors arise simply from a clerical mistake in filling out the uniform judgment
document. As to these types of errors, which we will refer to as “clerical errors,” Tennessee
Rule of Criminal Procedure 36 provides that “[a]fter giving any notice it considers
appropriate, the court may at any time correct clerical mistakes in judgments, orders, or other
parts of the record, and errors in the record arising from oversight or omission.” 2

        2
          While this Court has referred to Rule 36 in the context of trial courts attempting to amend
judgments so as to preserve a certified question, see State v. Armstrong, 126 S.W.3d 908, 912 (Tenn. 2003);
State v. Pendergrass, 937 S.W.2d 834, 837-38 (Tenn. 1996), this Court has not relied on Rule 36 in the
context of a defendant’s claim that his sentence is illegal.
         Our Court of Criminal Appeals has, however, commented on the proper use of Rule 36 to amend
judgments of conviction to correct an error in sentencing:

        In making changes for clerical error, the record in the case must show that the judgment
        entered omitted a portion of the judgment of the court or that the judgment was erroneously
        entered. The most reliable indicator that clerical error was made is the transcript of the
        hearing or other papers filed in connection with the proceedings which show the judgment
                                                                                              (continued...)

                                                    -3-
       For instance, in Wilkerson v. Carlton, No. E2007-02453-CCA-R3-HC, 2008 WL
4949227 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 20, 2008), the defendant was convicted of first degree
murder, especially aggravated robbery, and theft over $1,000. The transcript of the
sentencing hearing revealed that the trial court sentenced the defendant to twenty-five years
on the robbery conviction and four years on the theft conviction. In filling out the uniform
judgment documents, however, the trial court mistakenly transposed the sentences for the
robbery and theft convictions. Thus, the uniform judgment order on the defendant’s
especially aggravated robbery conviction set forth a sentence of four years, and the judgment
order on the defendant’s theft over $1,000 conviction set forth a sentence of twenty-five
years. The Court of Criminal Appeals correctly determined that this error was clerical in
nature and affirmed the habeas corpus court’s ruling that the judgments be forwarded to the
sentencing court for correction. Id. at *4-6.

                                         B. Appealable Errors

       A second category of errors, which we will label “appealable errors,” consists of
those errors for which the Sentencing Act specifically provides a right of direct appeal:

               The defendant in a criminal case may appeal from the length, range or
        the manner of service of the sentence imposed by the sentencing court. The
        defendant may also appeal the imposition of consecutive sentences. An appeal
        pursuant to this section shall be taken within the same time and in the same
        manner as other appeals in criminal cases. . . . There is no appellate review of
        the sentence in a postconviction or habeas corpus proceeding.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(a) (emphases added). Similarly,




        2
         (...continued)
        was not correctly entered. In the absence of these supporting facts, a judgment may not be
        amended under the clerical error rule after it has become final.

State v. Thomas, C.C.A. No. 03C01-9504-CR-00109, 1995 WL 676396, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 15,
1995). The transcript of the sentencing hearing is not included in the record before us in this case. We note,
however, that Defendant asserted in his motion to reconsider, filed after the habeas corpus court denied
relief, that the sentencing court informed him during the sentencing hearing “that he would be eligible for
parole after serving 35%” of his sentence. If the uniform judgment documents prepared and entered on
Defendant’s aggravated rape convictions accurately reflect the actual sentences imposed, then relief under
Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 36 is not available. See Coleman v. Morgan, 159 S.W.3d 887, 892
(Tenn. Crim. App. 2004) (concluding that Rule 36 did not apply where transcript of defendant’s guilty plea
hearing indicated that illegal sentence reflected on judgment document was sentence actually imposed).

                                                     -4-
               The district attorney general in a criminal case may appeal from the
        length, range or manner of the service of the sentence imposed by the
        sentencing court. The district attorney general may also appeal the imposition
        of concurrent sentences. In addition, the district attorney general may also
        appeal the amount of fines and restitution imposed by the sentencing court.

Id. § 40-35-402(a). And, Tennessee Code Annotated sections 40-35-106(d), -107(d), and
-108(d) provide that either party may appeal from a trial court’s determination that a
defendant is a multiple, persistent, or career offender.3 Additionally, the district attorney may
appeal a trial court’s finding that a defendant is an especially mitigated offender. Id. § 40-35-
402(b)(4). The errors contemplated by these statutory provisions occur when the trial court
draws a conclusion not supported by the evidence. That is, these are errors that arise from
a trial court’s findings of fact.4

        A brief consideration of the methodology used to determine a defendant’s offender
classification (which also determines his sentencing range), the length of his sentence, the
manner of service of his sentence, and whether multiple sentences should run concurrently
or consecutively, demonstrates why these issues depend upon findings of fact and are
therefore appropriately raised only on direct appeal.5 Pursuant to our current sentencing
scheme, a trial court’s first obligation in imposing a sentence is to “determine the appropriate
range of sentence.” Id. § 40-35-210(a). Our sentencing scheme sets forth three ranges:
Range I, Range II, and Range III. Id. § 40-35-112. The higher the range, the longer the
sentence. See id. A criminal defendant’s offender classification, and therefore his
sentencing range, is determined on the basis of his or her prior convictions, if any. See id.
§§ 40-35-105 through -109. Thus, for example, a defendant who has “[a] minimum of two
(2) but not more than four (4) prior felony convictions within the conviction class [for which
the defendant is being currently sentenced], a higher class, or within the next two (2) lower
felony classes” is a “multiple offender.” Id. § 40-35-106(a)(1). The sentencing range for a


        3
          For sentencing purposes, convicted defendants are classified as either “especially mitigated,”
“standard,” “multiple,” “persistent,” or “career” offenders. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-109, -105, -106,
-107, -108. Under certain circumstances, a defendant may also be found a “repeat violent offender.” Id. §
40-35-120.
        4
          We assume for the sake of this discussion that the trial court is applying the correct statutes to its
findings of fact when fashioning the sentence.
        5
          Consistent with our recognition that these matters are appropriate for direct appeal, we have
emphasized that, in the event a defendant enters into a plea-bargain, he or she waives any subsequent
complaint about offender classification and length of sentence, “so long as [the sentence] does not exceed
the maximum punishment authorized for the plea offense.” Hoover v. State, 215 S.W.3d 776, 780 (Tenn.
2007) (citing Hicks v. State, 945 S.W.2d 706, 707 (Tenn. 1997)).

                                                      -5-
multiple offender is Range II, id. § 40-35-106(c), which translates into a term of two to forty
years, depending upon the class of the felony for which the defendant is being sentenced, id.
§ 40-35-112(b).

        A trial court’s conclusion that a defendant is, for example, a multiple offender, and
therefore subject to a Range II sentence, rests on issues of fact – the number, classes, and
dates of his prior convictions – which must be determined “beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.
§ 40-35-106(c). Accordingly, a trial court’s “finding” that a defendant is a multiple offender
“is appealable by either party.” Id. § 40-35-106(d). So, if a defendant is aggrieved by the
trial court’s determination that he is a multiple offender, he may raise this issue on direct
appeal. Such an appeal is in the nature of a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence.

        Similarly, the length of a defendant’s sentence is based in part upon the trial court’s
consideration of the mitigating and enhancement factors set forth in Tennessee Code
Annotated sections 40-35-113 and -114. See id. § 40-35-210(b); but see id. § 40-35-108(c)
(“A defendant who is found by the court beyond a reasonable doubt to be a career offender
shall receive the maximum sentence within the applicable Range III.”). Again, each of these
factors must be established through proof and, when relying on any of these factors, the trial
court is, in essence, making findings of fact. Likewise, the manner in which a defendant is
ordered to serve his sentence, e.g., on probation or incarcerated, depends on the proof offered
at the sentencing hearing and findings of fact made by the trial court. See id. § 40-35-210(f).
And, finally, whether a defendant is ordered to serve multiple sentences concurrently or
consecutively generally depends upon the proof supporting, and the trial court’s findings of
fact regarding, the factors set forth in section 40-35-115. In short, a challenge to a
defendant’s sentence on any of these bases is akin to a challenge to the sufficiency of the
evidence supporting a conviction. Thus, the Sentencing Act makes clear that errors of this
nature are to be addressed on direct appeal and not in a post-conviction or habeas corpus
proceeding.6



        6
          See Archer v. State, 851 S.W.2d 157, 161 (Tenn. 1993) (recognizing that habeas corpus cannot be
utilized to “impeach a judgment as contrary to the facts”) (quoting State ex rel. Karr v. Taxing Dist. of
Shelby Cnty., 84 Tenn. (16 Lea) 240, 249 (1886)). See also State ex rel. Holbrook v. Bomar, 364 S.W.2d
887, 888 (Tenn. 1963) (recognizing that “a petition for writ of habeas corpus may not be used to review or
correct errors of law or fact committed by a court in the exercise of its jurisdiction” and “cannot be used to
serve the purpose of an appeal or writ of error”); Gant v. State, 507 S.W.2d 133, 136 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1973) (recognizing that a defendant may not challenge the sufficiency of the convicting evidence in a habeas
corpus proceeding). We recognize, however, that, if the trial court relies on an inapplicable statute when
fashioning its sentence, a collateral attack on the sentence may be appropriate. See, e.g. McConnell v. State,
12 S.W.3d 795, 796, 800 (Tenn. 2000) (post-conviction relief granted where trial court sentenced defendant
pursuant to wrong sentencing act). In that event, however, the attack is not on the facts underlying the trial
court’s ruling, but on the trial court’s application of the law to the facts.

                                                     -6-
       Release eligibility dates (“REDs”) are of a different nature altogether. An RED is the
date upon which an inmate becomes eligible for parole. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
501(a). Release on parole is, of course, not a right but a privilege. Id. § 40-35-503(b); Davis
v. State, 313 S.W.3d 751, 756 n.5 (Tenn. 2010). Parole determinations are made by the
Board of Probation and Parole, not trial courts. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-28-118(a) (2006),
40-35-503(a).

        A defendant’s RED does not depend directly upon factual findings by the trial court,
but is determined entirely by statute. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-501. While not explicitly
determined or assigned by trial courts, REDs are generally dependent upon a defendant’s
offender classification. Thus, for instance, “[r]elease eligibility for each defendant sentenced
as a Range I standard offender shall occur after service of thirty percent (30%) of the actual
sentence imposed less sentence credits earned and retained by the defendant,” and “[r]elease
eligibility for each defendant sentenced as a Range II multiple offender shall occur after
service of thirty-five percent (35%) of the actual sentence imposed less sentence credits
earned and retained by the defendant.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-501(c), (d).

       Although a trial court does not assign an RED to a defendant at sentencing (except
insofar as the trial court assigns an offender classification), this Court has recognized that a
defendant and the State may agree to “mix and match” offender classifications and REDs
pursuant to a plea bargain. As we stated in Davis,

       the parties may agree to a “hybrid” sentence that “mixes and matches” range
       assignment, term of years, and release eligibility without regard to what our
       sentencing scheme might call for absent a plea bargain so long as (1) the term
       of years is within the overall range of years specified for the offense, and (2)
       the RED is not less than the minimum allowable for the offense.

313 S.W.3d at 760 (citations omitted). See also McConnell v. State, 12 S.W.3d 795, 799
(Tenn. 2000) (“The 1989 [Sentencing] Act establishes the outer limits within which the State
and a defendant are free to negotiate, and the courts are bound to respect those limits.”).
Thus, a defendant may agree to be sentenced as a Range I standard offender with an RED of
thirty-five percent even if the facts would support a different offender classification and
different RED. Such a plea-bargained sentence may not, however, contravene the Sentencing
Act. That is, both the offender classification and the RED must be available for the plea
offense under the Act.

                                       C. Fatal Errors

       We refer to the third category of sentencing errors as “fatal errors” because they are


                                              -7-
so profound as to render the sentence illegal and void. An illegal sentence is one which is
“in direct contravention of the express provisions of [an applicable statute], and consequently
[is] a nullity.” State v. Burkhart, 566 S.W.2d 871, 873 (Tenn. 1978). We also include within
the rubric “illegal sentences” those sentences which are not authorized under the applicable
statutory scheme. Davis, 313 S.W.3d at 759.

       Examples of illegal sentences include

       (1) a sentence imposed pursuant to an inapplicable statutory scheme; (2) a
       sentence designating a [release eligibility date] where . . . specifically
       prohibited by statute; (3) a sentence ordered to be served concurrently where
       statutorily required to be served consecutively; and (4) a sentence not
       authorized for the offense by any statute.

Id. (citations omitted) (emphasis added). See also, e.g., May v. Carlton, 245 S.W.3d 340,
348-49 (Tenn. 2008) (granting habeas corpus relief where the judgment included a
declaration of infamy for a crime not declared infamous by the statutes in effect when the
offense was committed and the sentence imposed); Smith v. Lewis, 202 S.W.3d 124, 127-28
(Tenn. 2006) (holding a sentence illegal because it included a release eligibility percentage
in clear contravention of a statute requiring child rapists to serve their entire sentence);
Stephenson v. Carlton, 28 S.W.3d 910, 912 (Tenn. 2000) (granting habeas corpus relief
where the judgment included an “illegal and void” sentence of life imprisonment without the
possibility of parole which was not available under the statute in effect at the time the
defendant committed the offense); McConnell, 12 S.W.3d at 800 (granting post-conviction
relief because the trial court sentenced the defendant under the wrong sentencing act);
Burkhart, 566 S.W.2d at 873 (describing as illegal and a “nullity” a judgment which imposed
concurrent sentences in “direct contravention” of a statute requiring consecutive sentences);
Lynch v. State ex rel. Killebrew, 166 S.W.2d 397, 398 (Tenn. 1942) (holding a judgment
“void” because the trial court acted “beyond [its] jurisdiction” in sentencing a minor to the
“State Training and Agricultural School for one year” when the relevant statute only
authorized sentencing to the “workhouse or jail”).

        Drawing the distinction among these various categories has proved vexatious for our
courts, yet it is crucial to determine the category into which an alleged sentencing error falls,
because the avenues of relief are significantly different. Errors belonging to the category
known as “clerical mistakes” are addressed pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Criminal
Procedure 36. Errors belonging to the category which we have labeled “appealable errors”
may be addressed only on direct appeal. Only sentences containing “fatal errors,” and which




                                               -8-
are therefore illegal, may be addressed through the collateral proceeding of habeas corpus.7
See Moody v. State, 160 S.W.3d 512, 516 (Tenn. 2005).

                                       II. Illegal Sentences

        In 1978, this Court recognized that a trial court has the authority to correct an illegal
sentence at any time. Burkhart, 566 S.W.2d at 873. We did not at that time, however, set
forth the procedure to be followed for seeking the correction of an allegedly illegal sentence.
A year later, Tennessee’s Rules of Criminal Procedure became effective. Unfortunately, the
Rules did not contain a specific procedural mechanism for seeking relief from an allegedly
illegal sentence. In 2005, this Court determined that habeas corpus was a correct procedural
mechanism to use for seeking the correction of an illegal sentence. Moody, 160 S.W.3d at
516.

       Although the Tennessee Constitution guarantees the right to seek habeas corpus relief,
see Tenn. Const. art. I, § 15, the procedure for seeking state habeas corpus relief is regulated
by statute. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 29-21-101 through -130 (2000 and Supp. 2010). “Any
person imprisoned or restrained of liberty, under any pretense whatsoever, except in cases
specified in § 29-21-102 [dealing with federal prisoners], may prosecute a writ of habeas
corpus, to inquire into the cause of such imprisonment and restraint.” Id. § 29-21-101
(2000). Although this statutory language is broad, this Court has long recognized “the
limited nature of the relief available pursuant to the writ of habeas corpus.” Archer v. State,
851 S.W.2d 157, 161 (Tenn. 1993) (citing State ex rel. Karr v. Taxing Dist. of Shelby Cnty.,
84 Tenn. (16 Lea) 240, 249-50 (1886)). To wit, “‘[w]hen the restraint, from which relief is
sought by a writ of habeas corpus, proceeds from a judgment erroneous but not void, the writ
will not lie.’” Archer, 851 S.W.2d at 161 (quoting Karr, 84 Tenn. at 249). Thus, the key
issue becomes whether the challenged judgment is “void.” And, as we explained many years
ago,

       [a] void judgment is one which shows upon the face of the record a want of
       jurisdiction in the court assuming to render the judgment, which want of
       jurisdiction may be either of the person, or of the subject-matter generally, or
       of the particular question attempted to be decided or the relief assumed to be
       given.

Lynch, 166 S.W.2d at 398 (quoting New York Cas. Co. v. Lawson, 160 Tenn. 329, 336


       7
        “A void or illegal sentence also may be challenged collaterally in a post-conviction proceeding
when the statutory requirements are met.” Moody, 160 S.W.3d at 516 n.2 (citing State v. Mahler, 735
S.W.2d 226, 228 (Tenn. 1987)).

                                                  -9-
(1930)). Stated slightly differently,

              Habeas corpus relief is available in Tennessee only when “it appears
       upon the face of the judgment or the record of the proceedings upon which the
       judgment is rendered” that a convicting court was without jurisdiction or
       authority to sentence a defendant, or that a defendant’s sentence of
       imprisonment or other restraint has expired.

Archer, 851 S.W.2d at 164. “[F]or purposes of habeas corpus proceedings, the term
‘jurisdiction’ is synonymous with the term ‘authority.’” Edwards v. State, 269 S.W.3d 915,
920-21 (Tenn. 2008) (citing Lynch, 166 S.W.2d at 398-99).

        The separate concurring opinion maintains that this Court has drawn distinctions
between illegal sentences imposed by the trial court without a plea bargain and illegal
sentences imposed pursuant to a plea bargain. We disagree. A trial court either has
jurisdiction to impose the sentence or it does not, regardless of how the specific sentence is
determined. If the trial court has the statutory authority to impose a particular sentence,
habeas corpus relief is not available. See Edwards, 269 S.W.3d at 921 (recognizing that this
Court’s decisions “illustrate that the availability of habeas corpus relief is not dependent upon
the manner of imposition of the sentence”).

        The actual distinction we have drawn is between sentences that are statutorily
available but ordinarily inapplicable to a given defendant and those that are simply
unavailable under the Sentencing Act. For example, a defendant with a single prior
conviction of a Class C felony may be charged with a Class A felony. On conviction, such
a defendant typically would be sentenced as a standard offender. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-
35-105(a). Standard offenders are sentenced within Range I. Id. § 40-35-105(b). A Range
I sentence for a Class A felony is fifteen to twenty-five years. Id. § 40-35-112(a)(1). The
RED for a Range I sentence is thirty percent. Id. § 40-35-501(c). The defendant is therefore
subject to a minimum term of incarceration of four years and six months (less any applicable
sentence credits) if he is convicted as charged. However, the defendant and the State may
agree for the defendant to plead guilty to a Class B felony as a Range II multiple offender for
the minimum term. A Range II sentence for a Class B felony is twelve to twenty years, id.
§ 40-35-112(b)(2), and the RED is thirty-five percent, id. § 40-35-501(d). Under the plea
agreement, the defendant would be eligible for parole after serving four years and
approximately two and one-half months. Although the defendant in this scenario does not
have the prior convictions that would ordinarily result in the multiple offender classification,
see id. § 40-35-106(a), his agreement to be sentenced as a Range II offender does not create
a jurisdictional problem because Range II sentences for Class B felonies are available under
the Sentencing Act, id. § 40-35-112(b)(2). This Court considers the defendant to have


                                              -10-
waived any complaint he might later lodge concerning this legal, if irregular, sentence. See,
e.g., Hicks v. State, 945 S.W.2d 706, 709 (Tenn. 1997). No jurisdictional defect exists
because the trial court had the statutory authority to impose the sentence and the sentence
contravenes no statute.

        By the same token, a trial court may miscount the number of prior convictions that a
defendant has. In so doing, the trial court may classify a defendant as a multiple offender
when she should be classified as a standard offender. While the defendant may seek to
correct such an error on direct appeal, she may not do so in a habeas corpus proceeding
because the erroneous offender classification is not outside the trial court’s jurisdiction. See
Edwards, 269 S.W.3d at 924. That is, the classification is available under the Sentencing Act
and is not in direct contravention of a statute. Such a sentence is, by definition, neither
illegal nor void.

        Because habeas corpus relief is available only where the judgment being attacked is
“void” or where the sentence has expired, petitioners must cast their allegations this way, and
this Court has been asked numerous times to determine whether a particular sentence is
illegal and therefore void. See, e.g., Davis, 313 S.W.3d at 754; May, 245 S.W.3d at 342;
Summers v. State, 212 S.W.3d 251, 254 (Tenn. 2007); Smith, 202 S.W.3d at 125-26;
Stephenson, 28 S.W.3d at 910. As recited above, we set forth in Davis four non-exclusive
categories of illegal sentences, including those that designate an RED where prohibited by
statute. The legality of the sentences in all of these categories generally may be determined
by simply comparing the judgment order against the relevant statutes.8 These categories do
not require a court to consider matters of evidentiary sufficiency.9 As set forth above,


        8
          We emphasize that it is crucial for uniform judgment documents to be filled out precisely and
completely. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-209(e)(1); cf. Summers, 212 S.W.3d at 255, 262 (habeas corpus
petitioner did not establish that sentence was illegal because judgment orders did not set forth offense dates
and petitioner failed to include with petition portions of record establishing offense dates).
        9
         On occasion, a court will need to consider matters of record in addition to the judgment order under
attack. For instance, Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 32(c)(3) provides as follows:

                 Mandatory Consecutive Sentences. – When a defendant is convicted of multiple
        offenses from one trial or when the defendant has additional sentences not yet fully served
        as the result of convictions in the same or other courts and the law requires consecutive
        sentences, the sentence shall be consecutive whether the judgment explicitly so orders or
        not. This rule shall apply:
                 (A) to a sentence for a felony committed while on parole for a felony;
                 (B) to a sentence for escape or for a felony committed while on escape;
                 (C) to a sentence for a felony committed while the defendant was released on bail
                                                                                              (continued...)

                                                    -11-
sentences containing alleged errors dependent upon a review of the trial court’s findings of
fact should be challenged on direct appeal and not in a habeas corpus proceeding.10

       If we determine that a challenged judgment is void, we must also determine which
component of the judgment is void. As our Rules of Criminal Procedure make clear, a
“judgment” consists of several components: “A judgment of conviction shall include: (A)
the plea; (B) the verdict or findings; and (C) the adjudication and sentence.” Tenn. R. Crim.
P. 32(e)(2) (emphases added). See also Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-209(e) (setting forth the
requirements of a uniform judgment document); Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 17 (same). Thus, a
judgment in a criminal case includes both a conviction and a sentence. This Court has
previously recognized that the adjudication of guilt – that is, the conviction – and the
sentence are distinct and severable components of the judgment. See, e.g., Smith, 202
S.W.3d at 130; State v. Stephenson, 195 S.W.3d 574, 593 (Tenn. 2006) (noting that, while
habeas corpus relief was granted in prior proceeding as to defendant’s illegal sentence,
defendant’s conviction “remained valid and in effect”). Each of these two components must
be valid to be enforceable. If either of these components is void, habeas corpus relief is
available. The relief will differ, however, depending upon which aspect of the judgment is
invalid. As we explained in Smith, “where the illegality infects only the sentence, only the
sentence is rendered void and habeas corpus relief may be granted to the extent of the
sentence only. In such cases, the underlying conviction remains intact.” 202 S.W.3d at 130.

        Moreover, if the conviction is valid but the sentence is illegal, and therefore void, then




        9
         (...continued)
        and the defendant is convicted of both offenses; and
                 (D) for any other ground provided by law.

Tenn. R. Crim. P. 32(c)(3). See also Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-16-605(d) (2010); 40-20-111(b) (2006); 40-28-
123(a) (2006). Thus, where a defendant has been sentenced for a felony that she committed while on parole
for a previous felony conviction, the judgment order for the subsequent felony may not reflect the
defendant’s previous parole status. A court reviewing the second judgment order would therefore have to
consider matters of record beyond the face of the judgment order to determine that a consecutive sentence
was mandated. Habeas corpus relief is appropriate in these cases because the trial court was without
authority to sentence the defendant to a concurrent sentence.
        10
           The separate concurring opinion claims that we are “explor[ing] uncharted territory” with this
assertion. We rely upon the plain language of the relevant statute, which provides unequivocally that
challenges to the length, range or manner of service of sentences, and whether multiple sentences are to be
served concurrently or consecutively, may not be reviewed in habeas corpus proceedings. See Tenn. Code
Ann. §§ 40-35-401(a).

                                                   -12-
the remedy depends upon whether the sentence was imposed pursuant to a plea-bargain.11
If the illegal sentence was a material condition of a plea agreement, then the defendant must
be given the opportunity (a) to withdraw his plea and stand trial on the original charges or
(b) to enter into a legal plea agreement. See Smith, 202 S.W.3d at 129; Burkhart, 566
S.W.2d at 873. If the illegal sentence follows a valid jury verdict, however, the only remedy
is the entry of an amended judgment order reflecting a legal sentence. See May, 245 S.W.3d
at 348-49. The underlying conviction remains intact and the defendant’s custodial status is
determined by reference to the corrected, legal sentence.12

                         III. Multiple Convictions for Aggravated Rape

        Convicted defendants who are classified as “Multiple 35% Range 2” offenders are
eligible for early release on parole after serving thirty-five percent of their sentence (less
sentence credits). Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-501(d). However, Tennessee Code Annotated
section 39-13-523 provides that persons convicted of multiple counts of aggravated rape
“shall be required to serve the entire sentence imposed by the court” and that “[t]he
provisions of title 40, chapter 35, part 5, relative to release eligibility status and parole shall
not apply to or authorize the release of a multiple rapist . . . prior to service of the entire
sentence imposed by the court.” Id. § 39-13-523(b), (c) (Supp. 1995). The multiple rapist
classification is mandatory rather than discretionary. See Thurmond v. Carlton, 202 S.W.3d
131, 136 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2006). The uniform judgment document form contains the
“Multiple Rapist” designation in order to inform the Tennessee Department of Correction
(“TDOC”) that the defendant is not eligible for early release.

        11
           Effective June 11, 2009, the legislature amended the statute setting forth the grounds for seeking
a writ of habeas corpus to provide as follows:

                (b) Persons restrained of their liberty pursuant to a guilty plea and negotiated
        sentence are not entitled to the benefits of this writ on any claim that:
                (1) The petitioner received concurrent sentencing where there was a statutory
        requirement for consecutive sentencing;
                (2) The petitioner’s sentence included a release eligibility percentage where the
        petitioner was not entitled to any early release; or
                (3) The petitioner’s sentence included a lower release eligibility percentage than the
        petitioner was entitled to under statutory requirements.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-21-101(b) (Supp. 2010); Act of June 2, 2009, ch. 420, § 3, 2009 Tenn. Pub. Acts __.
Because Defendant filed this action prior to June 9, 2009, we do not address this amendment in this case.
        12
           A new sentencing hearing may be necessary or desirable for the determination of a legal sentence.
In that event, the prosecution must avoid seeking to increase the sentence out of vindictiveness. See, e.g.,
State v. Phipps, 959 S.W.2d 538, 546 (Tenn. 1997) (recognizing that a presumption of prosecutorial
vindictiveness may be warranted where, on retrial, prosecutor seeks to increase sentence).

                                                    -13-
       Because of his four convictions for aggravated rape, Defendant is statutorily ineligible
for early release on parole. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-523(b), (c). Unfortunately, his
four judgment orders do not correctly reflect his statutorily-required sentencing status.
Instead, Defendant’s four judgment orders, entered on each of his aggravated rape
convictions, indicate that he is eligible for early release on parole after serving 35% of his
sentence. This indication is in direct contravention of Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-
13-523, which provides that he is not eligible for early release on parole. Defendant’s
sentences on his four aggravated rape convictions are therefore illegal and void. See Smith,
202 S.W.3d at 128. The State concedes this point in its brief to this Court.

        The Court of Criminal Appeals held that the “Multiple 35% Range 2” designation in
each of Defendant’s four aggravated rape judgment orders was “merely a clerical error” and
did not create an illegal sentence subject to habeas corpus relief. On the record before us,
we must disagree. There is no evidence demonstrating that the judgment orders conflict with
the sentences actually imposed by the trial court during the sentencing hearing. Cf. Coleman
v. Morgan, 159 S.W.3d 887, 892 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2004) (concluding that Rule 36 did not
apply where transcript of defendant’s guilty plea hearing indicated that illegal sentence
reflected on judgment document was sentence actually imposed); see also Braden, 2005 WL
2008200, at *6 (recognizing that a sentencing error on the judgment document may be
deemed “clerical” only where “shown by the transcript of the sentencing hearing, minute
book entries, or other records in the convicting case”) (Tipton, J., dissenting). Moreover, the
intermediate appellate court’s conclusion does not take into account the binding nature of the
documents on TDOC. TDOC is required to enforce judgment orders as they are written.
TDOC does not have the authority to “correct” what it perceives to be errors, clerical or
otherwise, in judgment orders. Burkhart, 566 S.W.2d at 873 (recognizing that “[t]he
Department of Correction may not alter the judgment of a court, even if that judgment is
illegal”); see also Tenn. Atty. Gen. Op. No. 98-126, 1998 WL 423988, at *1 (July 20, 1988)
(opining that “[t]he Department of Correction may not alter a judgment entered by a court
even if it is illegal. The Department must comply with the order until it is corrected”).
According to each of Defendant’s four judgment orders, TDOC must certify Defendant as
eligible for parole upon his having served 35% of his sentence. See Tenn. Atty. Gen. Op. 98-
126, 1998 WL 423988, at *1. However, according to Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-
13-523(c), Defendant is not eligible to be considered for parole. TDOC is caught in the
middle, between a fundamentally flawed judgment order and a legislative mandate. This
result is not acceptable.

        In this case, the trial court was without authority to designate Defendant an offender
eligible for parole. Defendant’s four sentences on his four aggravated rape convictions are
therefore illegal and void. However, Defendant was tried in a court of competent jurisdiction
and convicted by a jury. His convictions are not infected by the sentencing error; rather,


                                             -14-
Defendant’s four convictions for aggravated rape remain intact. The only remedy to which
Defendant is entitled as a result of his habeas corpus proceeding is the entry of amended
judgment orders on each of his four aggravated rape convictions reflecting Defendant’s
status as a multiple rapist.13

                                         IV. Edwards v. State

        The separate concurring opinion misconstrues isolated language in Edwards in an
attempt to make out a jurisdictional issue where none exists. Edwards deals with a convicted
defendant who was trying to challenge in a habeas corpus proceeding the trial court’s finding
that he was a persistent offender. The defendant claimed that his offender classification was
not supported by the requisite number of prior convictions. Edwards, 269 S.W.3d at 917.
That is, the defendant was challenging the sufficiency of the evidence underlying the trial
court’s offender classification decision. We rejected the defendant’s challenge, reiterating
that

        [h]abeas corpus may not be used as a substitute for appeal. Rather, habeas
        corpus relief is limited to remedying jurisdictional defects that are apparent on
        the face of the judgment or the record of the proceedings on which the
        judgment is rendered. For purposes of habeas corpus challenges to sentencing,
        jurisdictional defect means either a sentence that directly contravenes a
        governing statute or a sentence that was not available under governing statutes.
        However, habeas corpus relief is not available to remedy non-jurisdictional
        errors, i.e., factual or legal errors a court makes in the exercise of its
        jurisdiction.

Id. at 924.

        Edwards does not deal with a sentence that fell outside of the trial court’s jurisdiction.
Nor does it deal with a sentence that “was in excess of that permitted by statute,” as asserted
in the separate concurring opinion. Edwards was sentenced to a Range III nine-year sentence
as a persistent offender on a Class D felony. Id. Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-
112(c)(4) permits this sentence. While a trial court may make an error in offender
classification, the error is not going to render the sentence illegal so long as the classification
falls within the purview of the Sentencing Act. That is because the trial court had the
jurisdiction to make the error. See Edwards, 269 S.W.3d at 924. (“[The Defendant’s]
assertions amount to no more than a claim that the trial court erred in exercising the


        13
           Indeed, in his petition for habeas corpus relief, Defendant acknowledges that his convictions are
valid and requests that the judgments be remanded “for correction and entry of valid judgments.”

                                                   -15-
jurisdiction it clearly possessed under the governing sentencing statutes.”). Correction of an
alleged error in offender classification must be sought on direct appeal. See Tenn. Code
Ann. §§ 40-35-106(d), -107(d), -108(d), 40-35-401(a), -402(a) & (b)(4).

        If the trial court in Edwards had instead classified the defendant as, for instance, a “de
minimus” offender, the defendant’s habeas corpus challenge to the legality of his sentence
would have succeeded. Under the Sentencing Act, a trial court does not have the authority
or the jurisdiction to classify a defendant as a “de minimus” offender. The actual impact of
Edwards, then, is limited to its unsurprising holding that an allegedly erroneous offender
classification does not create an illegal sentence so long as the offender classification is
available under the Sentencing Act. Edwards does not stand for the proposition, as asserted
in the separate opinion, that a “sentence in contravention of statute is . . . merely voidable.”
That is because the sentence in Edwards was not in contravention of any statute.

        The language in Edwards cited by the separate concurring opinion – that “offender
classification is a non-jurisdictional element of sentencing” – presumes that the offender
classification at issue is a statutorily available one because the offender classification at issue
in that case was statutorily available. The cited language does not stand for the proposition
that an offender classification can never, under any circumstances, be illegal.14

        With respect to REDs, we emphasize that they are a function of statute, not trial court
findings of fact or conclusions of law. See generally Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-501. As set
forth above, REDs are typically dependent upon a defendant’s offender classification, but can
be “mixed and matched” in conjunction with plea agreements, so long as the RED is
available under the Sentencing Act. If the RED is not available under the Sentencing Act,
as in this case, its provision is illegal because no authority exists for its imposition. Edwards
does not contradict this principle.

       In sum, the release eligibility date designated on the judgment orders in this case was
not available under the Sentencing Act. Ergo, the trial court lacked jurisdiction to impose
the sentences at issue and habeas corpus relief is available. Edwards is not inconsistent with
our holding.




        14
          We also disagree that our decision in this case precludes a habeas corpus challenge based on
erroneous findings of fact. If a trial court sentences the defendant on an erroneous finding of fact that the
offense was committed in 1980 whereas the record reveals that the offense was committed in 1990, a habeas
corpus challenge to the sentence may succeed. See, e.g., McConnell, 12 S.W.3d at 800 (granting post-
conviction relief where trial court sentenced defendant pursuant to 1982 sentencing act for offenses
committed in 1989 and therefore subject to the 1989 sentencing act).

                                                    -16-
                                            CONCLUSION

        Defendant’s four sentences for his four aggravated rape convictions are illegal
because, in direct contravention of Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-523, each of
the judgment orders indicates that Defendant is eligible for early release on parole (by the
designation “Multiple 35% Range 2” offender) instead of indicating that he must serve his
entire sentence (by the designation “Multiple Rapist”). Defendant’s underlying convictions
are not tainted by the illegality and therefore remain intact. We grant habeas corpus relief
to the extent of remanding this matter to the Circuit Court of Hickman County, Tennessee,
for the entry of amended judgment orders reflecting Defendant’s status as a “Multiple
Rapist.” Defendant’s judgments are in no other way modified.15

      The costs of this cause are taxed to the State, for which execution may issue if
necessary.




                                                  ______________________________________
                                                  CORNELIA A. CLARK, CHIEF JUSTICE




        15
            We emphasize that it is not the designation of Defendant’s offender classification that is the
problem in this case, because “Multiple Range 2” indicates the appropriate sentencing range for Defendant’s
convictions. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-105(c) (“If the judgment of conviction does not include a
sentence range, it shall be returned to the sentencing court to be completed.”). Rather, it is the “35%” RED
designation that is the problem in this case, because Defendant is statutorily ineligible for parole. Each of
the four judgment orders on Defendant’s aggravated rape convictions should be amended to delete the “35%”
and to add the designation that Defendant is a “Multiple Rapist.”

                                                    -17-
