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             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF ALASKA


JERRY GENE INGA,
                                                      Court of Appeals No. A-12067
                            Appellant,               Trial Court No. 3PA-13-1048 CR

                     v.
                                                             O P I N I O N
STATE OF ALASKA,

                            Appellee.                   No. 2638 — March 1, 2019


              Appeal from the Superior Court, Third Judicial District, Palmer,
              Kari C. Kristiansen, Judge.

              Appearances: Nancy Driscoll Stroup, Law Office of Nancy
              Driscoll Stroup, Palmer, under contract with the Office of Public
              Advocacy, Anchorage, for the Appellant. Brittany L. Dunlop,
              Assistant District Attorney, Palmer, and Craig W. Richards,
              Attorney General, Juneau, for the Appellee.

              Before: Mannheimer, Chief Judge, Allard, Judge, and Suddock,
              Superior Court Judge. *

              Judge ALLARD, writing for the Court.
              Judge MANNHEIMER, concurring.




   *
       Sitting by assignment made pursuant to Article IV, Section 16 of the Alaska
Constitution and Administrative Rule 24(d).
               Following a jury trial, Jerry Gene Inga was convicted of second-degree
sexual assault and third-degree assault.1 According to the State’s evidence, Inga
committed these offenses while he was alone at his stepfather’s house with his
stepfather’s girlfriend, L.P. Inga had been violent towards L.P. in the past, and his
stepfather had previously promised L.P. that he would not leave Inga and L.P. together
again.
               While Inga and L.P. were watching television, Inga propositioned L.P. to
have sex with him. L.P. told him no. Inga then grabbed L.P.’s breasts. (This was the
basis of the second-degree sexual assault charge.) L.P. pushed Inga away. Inga then
pulled L.P. to the ground and beat her brutally. During this beating, Inga straddled L.P.
and tried to restrain her hands above her head. L.P. suffered multiple injuries from this
assault, including a fractured nose. (This was the basis of the third-degree assault
charge.)
               At trial, Inga’s attorney conceded that Inga was guilty of beating up L.P.,
but the defense attorney contended that Inga never grabbed L.P.’s breasts. The attorney
argued that L.P. was lying about this aspect of the attack — that she invented a story of
sexual assault so that Inga would get in more trouble for the physical assault. The jury
rejected the defense attorney’s contention and convicted Inga of both sexual assault and
physical assault.
               On appeal, Inga challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his
conviction for second-degree sexual assault.        Inga concedes that the jury could
reasonably have found that he grabbed L.P.’s breasts. But Inga now argues that the State
failed to present sufficient evidence of coercion to render Inga’s act of grabbing L.P.’s
breasts “without consent” as that term is defined in AS 11.41.470(8)(A).


   1
         AS 11.41.420(a)(1) and AS 11.41.220(a)(5), respectively.

                                           –2–                                      2638

               For the reasons explained in this opinion, we conclude that the evidence
presented at Inga’s trial was sufficient to establish the “without consent” element. We
therefore affirm Inga’s conviction for second-degree sexual assault.
               Inga also separately appeals his sentence, arguing that his sentence is
excessive and that the superior court erred in rejecting the proposed mitigator that his
conduct was “among the least serious” included in the definition of second-degree sexual
assault. We affirm the superior court’s rejection of the statutory mitigator, and we
conclude that Inga’s sentence is not clearly mistaken.


       Factual background and proceedings in the trial court
               Because Inga challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his
sexual assault conviction, we present the following background facts in the light most
favorable to upholding the jury’s verdict.2
               In early May 2013, Inga was with his stepfather and his stepfather’s
girlfriend, L.P., at the house his stepfather was renting in Big Lake. A few months
earlier, there had been an incident where Inga had pushed L.P., and L.P. was therefore
aware that Inga could become violent. At that time, Inga’s stepfather had promised L.P.
that he would not leave Inga and L.P. together again.
               Despite this promise, Inga’s stepfather left to go to Anchorage, leaving Inga
and L.P. to clean the house. After Inga and L.P. had been cleaning for a while, Inga
found ten dollars, and they decided to walk to the liquor store and buy alcohol. On the
way home, Inga and L.P. were drinking shots of the vodka they had purchased. L.P.
later testified that Inga seemed like he was getting upset with her.

   2
        See Iyapana v. State, 284 P.3d 841, 849 (Alaska App. 2012). We note that Inga’s
appellate attorney improperly relies on the grand jury transcript rather than the trial transcript
in certain sections of her brief.

                                              –3–                                           2638

              When they arrived back at the house, Inga and L.P. sat on the couch and
started watching television. According to L.P.’s testimony at trial, Inga propositioned
her for sex. When L.P. said no, Inga grabbed her breasts. L.P. pushed Inga away, and
then he began beating her. During the beating, Inga was straddling L.P., trying to
restrain her hands above her head, and biting her. L.P. fought back and punched Inga.
L.P. testified that she was bitten a couple of times on the face and on her arms and then
“somehow I got out of it, and I ran out the side door.” L.P. suffered multiple injuries
from the assault, including a fractured nose.
              In her statement to the police (which was played for the jury), L.P. was
asked if Inga had touched her sexually during the assault. L.P. replied, “He grabbed my
boobs ... but I did not let him get any further than that.” At trial, L.P. confirmed that Inga
“grabbed [her] breasts in the course of the assault,” and that he did so in a “groping-type
way,” although it “all happened so fast.”
              After escaping from the house, L.P. ran barefoot to a neighbor’s house
located about a quarter-mile away. Inga chased L.P. for part of the way, but eventually
he gave up. He was found by the troopers a few hours later walking south on the Parks
Highway.
              At trial, Inga’s defense attorney argued that L.P. was lying about Inga
grabbing her breasts, and that L.P. told the trooper that this happened because she wanted
to get Inga in even more trouble for the physical assault. During closing argument, the
defense attorney replayed L.P.’s interview with the trooper for the jury, emphasizing that
L.P. told the trooper that Inga grabbed her breasts only after the trooper asked L.P. if
Inga had touched her sexually. The defense attorney also attacked L.P.’s credibility,
emphasizing her intoxication and mental health issues.
              Following deliberations, the jury convicted Inga of both second-degree
sexual assault and third-degree assault. At sentencing, the trial court rejected Inga’s

                                            –4–                                         2638

proposed mitigator that his conduct was “among the least serious conduct included in the
definition of the offense,”3 rejecting Inga’s contention that this was a “touch-and-go”
breast grab. The superior court ultimately sentenced Inga to 13 years with 3 years
suspended (10 years to serve) on the second-degree sexual assault and 5 years on the
third-degree assault, to run consecutively for a composite sentence of 18 years with 3
suspended (15 years to serve).
              This appeal followed.


       Why we conclude that the evidence presented at Inga’s trial was sufficient
       to establish the coercion element of “without consent”
              On appeal, Inga argues that the evidence presented at trial was legally
insufficient to support his conviction for second-degree sexual assault.
              To prove this charge, the State had to establish (1) that Inga knowingly
engaged in sexual contact with L.P. (here, touching L.P.’s breasts),4 (2) that this sexual
contact was “without consent” as that phrase is defined in AS 11.41.470(8)(A), and (3)
that Inga acted at least recklessly with respect to the circumstance that the sexual contact
was “without consent.”5
              Under AS 11.41.470(8)(A), an act of sexual penetration or sexual contact
is “without consent” if:


   3
       AS 12.55.155(d)(9).
   4
       See AS 11.81.900(b)(60)(A)(i) (declaring that the term “sexual contact” includes
“the defendant’s ... knowingly touching, directly or through clothing, the victim’s genitals,
anus, or female breast”).
   5
        See Reynolds v. State, 664 P.2d 621, 625 (Alaska App. 1983) (holding that, in a
prosecution for first-degree sexual assault, the State must prove that the defendant knowingly
engaged in sexual penetration with the victim and that the defendant recklessly disregarded
the circumstance that the sexual penetration was “without consent”).

                                            –5–                                         2638

              a person[,] with or without resisting, is coerced by the use of
              force against a person or property, or by the express or
              implied threat of death, imminent physical injury, or
              kidnapping[.]6
In other words, to establish that sexual activity occurred without consent, the State must
prove that the victim was not willing to engage in the sexual activity, and that the victim
was coerced by force or by the threat of force. Thus, the phrase “without consent” refers
to a particular type of unwanted sexual activity: unwanted sexual activity that is coerced
by force or the threat of force.7
              For purposes of our criminal code, the word “force” is defined in
AS 11.81.900(b)(28) as any “bodily impact, restraint, or confinement, or the threat of
imminent bodily impact, restraint, or confinement.” However, in the context of sexual
offenses, the “bodily impact, restraint, or confinement” that the defendant uses or
threatens must be more than simply the bodily impact or restraint inherent in the charged
act of sexual penetration or contact.8

   6
       Alaska Statute 11.41.470(8)(B) also provides that an act of sexual penetration or
sexual contact is “without consent” if the person “is incapacitated as a result of an act of the
defendant.” This alternate definition of “without consent” is not at issue in Inga’s case.
   7
       See, e.g., Milligan v. State, 286 P.3d 1065, 1070-71 (Alaska App. 2012).
   8
        See State v. Townsend, 2011 WL 4107008, at *7-8 (Alaska App. Sept. 14, 2011)
(unpublished); Inga v. State, 2004 WL 719626, at *5 (Alaska App. Mar. 31, 2004)
(unpublished). The requirement that the bodily impact, restraint, or confinement be more
than simply the bodily impact or restraint inherent in the charged act of sexual penetration
or contact derives from the common law and remains the law in the majority of jurisdictions.
See State v. Jones, 299 P.3d 219, 228 (Idaho 2013) (“The extrinsic force standard is the
traditional view and ‘is still the most commonly adopted.’”); State v. Schenck, 513 So. 2d
1159, 1163 (La. 1987) (concluding that the use of force “requires use of force in addition to
any mere touching or minimum effort exerted in performing the lewd act”); State v.
Marshall, 253 P.3d 1017, 1028 (Or. 2011) (the force must be “greater in degree or different
                                                                               (continued...)

                                             –6–                                          2638

              In the present case, Inga concedes that the State presented sufficient
evidence that Inga knowingly engaged in unwanted sexual contact with L.P. — i.e., that
he knowingly touched L.P.’s breasts through her clothing when she did not want him to
do so. However, Inga contends that the State failed to present sufficient evidence of the
coercion element of “without consent” — that is, he contends that there was insufficient
evidence that the sexual touching was “coerced by the use of force.”
              But, as Chief Judge Mannheimer’s concurrence points out, whether
coercion exists in a particular case is inherently a fact-intensive inquiry that ultimately
turns on the totality of the circumstances present in a given interaction.9
              Inga argues that the facts of his case are analogous to the facts in State v.
Townsend, an unpublished decision involving a charge of sexual assault in which a
majority of this Court held that the State failed to present sufficient evidence that the
victim was “coerced by the use of force.”10 But the facts of Townsend are materially
different from the facts of Inga’s case.




   8
       (...continued)
in kind from the simple movement and contact that is inherent in the act of touching the
intimate part of another”). See generally 2 Wayne R. LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law §§
17.3(a) & (b), at 840-50 (3d ed. 2017) (discussing extrinsic force requirement as majority
approach and collecting cases).
   9
       A totality of the circumstances analysis is consistent with our prior case law
construing AS 11.41.420(a)(1) (sexual assault in the second degree) and AS 11.41.410(a)(1)
(sexual assault in the first degree). See, e.g., Jimmy v. State, 206 P.3d 750, 751 (Alaska App.
2009); Grandstaff v. State, 171 P.3d 1176, 1210-11 (Alaska App. 2007); Ritter v. State, 97
P.3d 73, 77-78 (Alaska App. 2004); Nicholson v. State, 656 P.2d 1209, 1213 (Alaska App.
1982).
   10
        Townsend, 2011 WL 4107008, at *1.

                                            –7–                                          2638

              In Townsend, T.M. and his fiancée were walking through a crowded bar,
brushing against people.11 Townsend, dressed in drag, approached T.M. and grabbed
T.M.’s penis (through T.M.’s clothing) for a few seconds. T.M. immediately chased
after Townsend and reported the incident to a nearby police officer, who arrested
Townsend for second-degree sexual assault — i.e., engaging in sexual contact “without
consent.”12 When Townsend was arrested, he admitted that he had grabbed the victim’s
penis. He told the officer that he did not know T.M., and that he grabbed T.M.’s penis
because he wanted to “hit on” T.M.13
              Following Townsend’s indictment, Townsend’s attorney moved to dismiss
the sexual assault charge, arguing that the evidence did not support a finding that
Townsend’s act of momentarily grabbing T.M.’s penis constituted sexual contact that
was “coerced by the use of force.” The superior court agreed that there was insufficient
proof that Townsend used any force or threat of force beyond the “bodily impact [or]
restraint” inherent in the act of touching itself, so the court dismissed the indictment.14
              When the State appealed the superior court’s decision, the case resulted in
separate opinions from each of the three members of this Court — with two members of
this Court voting to affirm the superior court’s decision, but for slightly different reasons.
Central to both the lead and concurring opinions, however, was the concept that there is
a difference between an act of unwanted sexual touching that a person may find
offensive and an act of unwanted sexual touching that is coerced by the use of force or



   11
        Id.
   12
        Id.
   13
        Id.
   14
        Id.

                                            –8–                                         2638

threat of force.15 The former may constitute the criminal offense of first-degree
harassment, but it does not constitute the crime of second-degree sexual assault.16
               In Townsend, there was no evidence of force or threat of force, apart from
the force inherent in the sexual contact itself. Nor was there any evidence that the victim
felt threatened or fearful. The same is not true in Inga’s case. Townsend involved a
momentary grab of a man’s genitals in a crowded public bar. Here, the sexual contact
occurred in an isolated location by a man who the victim had good reason to be afraid
of. The sexual contact also occurred immediately after the victim had just unequivocally
refused to have sex with the defendant, and the defendant’s immediate response to the
victim’s attempt to resist any further contact was to physically attack her, pushing her
down to the floor, straddling her body, and trying to restrain her arms as he did so.
               In his briefing on appeal, Inga repeatedly tries to separate his act of
grabbing L.P.’s breasts from his ensuing physical attack on L.P. that left her injured,
focusing on L.P.’s comment that she momentarily looked towards her cigarettes after
pushing Inga away from her breasts. But when we review a claim of evidentiary
insufficiency on appeal, we are required to view the evidence presented at trial — and
all reasonable inferences to be drawn from this evidence — in the light most favorable
to upholding the verdict.17 Viewing the evidence at Inga’s trial in that light, we conclude
that a fair-minded juror exercising reasonable judgment could find that Inga’s grabbing
of L.P.’s breasts and his ensuing attack were connected parts of a continuous episode,
and that Inga’s contact with L.P.’s breasts occurred without consent, as that term is



   15
        Id. at *1, 5.
   16
        Compare AS 11.61.118(a)(2) with AS 11.41.420(a)(1).
   17
        See Iyapana v. State, 284 P.3d 841, 849 (Alaska App 2012).

                                           –9–                                        2638

defined under Alaska law.18 Accordingly, we reject Inga’s argument on appeal that the
evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for second-degree sexual assault.


        Inga’s sentencing arguments
              Inga had one prior felony conviction and multiple prior misdemeanor
convictions, many of which involved assaultive behavior. As a result of his prior felony
conviction, Inga faced a presumptive sentencing range of 10 to 25 years’ imprisonment
for the second-degree sexual assault conviction and a presumptive range of 2 to 4 years’
imprisonment for the third-degree assault conviction.19
              At sentencing, the State established three aggravating factors under
AS 12.55.155(c): (c)(8) — that Inga had a history of aggravated assaultive behavior;
(c)(21) — that Inga had a history of repeated criminal conduct similar to his present
offense; and (c)(31) — that Inga’s criminal history included convictions for five or more
class A misdemeanors. Because of these aggravators, Inga’s maximum sentence was 99
years’ imprisonment for the second-degree sexual assault and 5 years for the third-degree
assault.20
              With regard to the sexual assault conviction, Inga’s defense attorney argued
that statutory mitigating factor AS 12.55.155(d)(9) should apply — i.e., that Inga’s
conduct was among the least serious within the definition of second-degree sexual
assault. If proved, this mitigating factor would authorize the sentencing judge to impose



   18
      Cf. State v. Middleton, 386 N.W.2d 226, 230 (Minn. 1986) (“The criminal sexual
conduct statutes do not protect only the victim who submits to a sexual assault. The victim
who resists is also protected.”).
   19
        See AS 12.55.125(i)(3)(B); former AS 12.55.125(e)(2) (2013).
   20
        See AS 12.55.155(a)(1), (2); AS 12.55.125(i)(3); AS 12.55.125(e).

                                          – 10 –                                     2638

a sentence as low as 5 years’ imprisonment for the sexual assault conviction.21 Inga’s
attorney argued that this statutory mitigating factor was appropriate in this case because
Inga was convicted for briefly grabbing L.P.’s breasts through her clothing, and the
second-degree sexual assault statute encompasses much more serious conduct.
              The sentencing judge rejected the proposed mitigator. Based on all the
circumstances of this episode, the judge found that Inga’s assault on L.P. was more than
a “touch-and-go” grabbing of L.P.’s breasts — that it was not a “fleeting” touching that
“involve[d] [no] physical harm.” Rather, L.P. was “significantly beaten up” by Inga —
and the judge viewed this beating as an integral facet of Inga’s sexual assault on L.P., not
a separate and discrete incident.
              On appeal, Inga renews his argument that the judge should have found
mitigator (d)(9). But the judge’s findings of fact are supported by the record, and based
on those findings we uphold the judge’s rejection of this mitigator.22
              The three aggravating factors in Inga’s case all related to Inga’s history of
assaultive crimes. Based on those aggravators, and based on Inga’s prior failed efforts
on probation, the sentencing judge concluded that Inga’s prospects for rehabilitation
were poor and that Inga posed a danger to the community, given his history of assaulting
“many, many people.” For these reasons, the judge imposed the 5-year maximum
sentence for the offense of third-degree assault.




   21
        See AS 12.55.155(a)(2) & AS 12.55.125(i)(3)(B).
   22
        See Michael v. State, 115 P.3d 517, 519 (Alaska 2005) (holding that when an appellate
court reviews a sentencing judge’s ruling on a proposed mitigating factor, the appellate court
applies the deferential “clearly erroneous” standard of review when evaluating the sentencing
judge’s findings of historical fact, but the appellate court then employs its independent
judgment when evaluating whether, under those facts, the mitigating factor is applicable).

                                           – 11 –                                       2638

              However, given the fact that Inga had no prior sexual assaults, the judge
decided to impose a sentence at the lower end of the presumptive range for Inga’s
second-degree sexual assault conviction: 13 years with 3 years suspended, or 10 years
to serve. The judge imposed these two sentences consecutively, giving Inga a composite
18 years with 3 years suspended (i.e., 15 years to serve).
              On appeal, Inga contends that this sentence is excessive. He argues that the
sentencing judge erred when she found that further rehabilitative efforts were unlikely
to accomplish anything, and that she also erred by putting too much emphasis on Inga’s
extensive history of violence.
              The question is whether the judge’s analysis of these factors was clearly
mistaken.23 We have independently examined the record, and we conclude that the
judge’s sentencing decision was not clearly mistaken.


        Conclusion
              The judgment of the superior court is AFFIRMED.




   23
       McClain v. State, 519 P.2d 811, 813-14 (Alaska 1974) (an appellate court is to affirm
a sentencing decision unless the decision is clearly mistaken).

                                          – 12 –                                      2638

Judge MANNHEIMER, concurring.


              I write separately to describe the historical background of our current sexual
assault statutes, particularly with regard to the element of “without consent”, and also to
describe how other states have interpreted the requirement of coercion. I then apply
Alaska’s law of coercion to the facts of Inga’s case.


       The historical background of our sexual assault statutes and the element
       of “without consent”


              For purposes of Alaska’s sexual assault statutes, the phrase “without
consent” has a special meaning that differs significantly from its everyday meaning.
Under AS 11.41.470(8)(A), unwanted sexual conduct occurs “without consent” only if
the person “is coerced by the use of force ... or by the express or implied threat of death,
imminent physical injury, or kidnapping”.
              Thus, the statutory phrase “without consent” does not cover all instances
where the other person does not subjectively consent to the sexual activity. Rather,
sexual activity occurs “without consent” only if the victim was coerced to engage in the
sexual activity by force or by the types of threat specified in the statute. See AS 11.41.­
470(8)(A).
              This statutory definition is a modified version of the common law that
applied to the crime of rape. At common law, the crime of rape was defined as “carnal
knowledge of a woman forcibly and against her will”. 1 These two concepts —
“forcibly” and “against the victim’s will” were related, but they were not the same.


   1
      Rollin M. Perkins & Ronald N. Boyce, Criminal Law (Third Edition 1982), p. 210,
quoting Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol. 4, § 210.

                                          – 13 –                                      2638

              The majority view at common law was that these two phrases — “forcibly”
and “against the victim’s will” — were two separate elements of the crime of rape, and
the government was required to prove both of these elements. 2 Thus, even when the
woman did not wish to engage in the act of intercourse, there was no rape if the coercion
was not “forcible” — for example, if the woman acquiesced in an act of intercourse
against her will because the offender threatened to fire her from her job, or threatened
to expose some humiliating secret, if she refused. 3
              Before the enactment of Alaska’s current criminal code, the crime of rape
was defined by former AS 11.15.120(a), a statute that tracked this common-law
definition of the crime. Under this former statute, the crime of rape consisted of “carnal
knowledge of another person, forcibly and against the will of the other person”.
              The Commentary to our current criminal code shows that the drafters
wanted to abandon this common-law formulation of the crime because they wanted to
“[e]liminate[] ... any contention that ... a victim must forcibly resist a sexual assault to
the utmost” or “that [the victim’s] resistance must continue until the act has been
terminated.” 4
              In place of “forcibly” and “against the will of the other person”, the drafters
proposed a new phrase, “without consent”. Under this new element of “without
consent”, the government would be required to prove that the victim, “with or without
resisting”, was “coerced by the use of physical force against a person or property, or by



   2
      See Wayne R. LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law (Third Edition 2017), §§ 17.3(a)
through 17.3(d), Vol. 2, pp. 840-860.
   3
       See LaFave, § 17.3(d), Vol. 2, pp. 855-60.
   4
       Commentary to Tentative Draft 11.41.460(6), found in Alaska Criminal Code
Revision Subcommission Tentative Draft, Vol. 1, pp. 74, 79-80.

                                           – 14 –                                      2638

the express or implied threat of imminent death, imminent physical injury, or imminent
kidnapping to be inflicted on anyone”.
              The Alaska Legislature ultimately adopted this proposal and codified it in
AS 11.41.470(8)(A).
              But this new element, “without consent”, still tracks the basic elements of
common-law rape. The government must prove (1) that the victim was coerced into
engaging in sexual activity that they otherwise were not willing to engage in, and (2) that
this coercion took the form of force or the types of threat specified in the statute.
              Alaska has a statutory definition of “force” which is quite expansive.
Under AS 11.81.900(b)(28), “force” includes “any bodily impact” or “threat of imminent
bodily impact”. Since all sexual contact includes some degree of “bodily impact”, one
might argue that all sexual contact is, by definition, “coerced by the use of force” if the
victim does not subjectively consent to the contact.
              While this might appear to be a plausible reading of the two statutes, this
would be a significant departure from the rule at common law.
              At common law, a non-consensual act of sexual intercourse was deemed
“forcible” only if it was achieved by physical compulsion apart from the force or impact
inherent in the act of sexual intercourse itself. 5 The common law required proof that the
act of intercourse was achieved by some additional degree of force — either proof that
the victim resisted and was overcome by force, or proof that the victim would have
resisted but was intimidated into submission by force or the threat of imminent force.
              In light of this common-law background of modern sexual assault statutes,
courts in other states have held that, in prosecutions for sexual assault, the government




   5
       See LaFave, § 17.3(a), Vol. 2, pp. 841-46.

                                          – 15 –                                        2638

must establish that the defendant used more force than simply the touching or “bodily
impact” required to accomplish the sexual activity. 6
              Alaska’s sexual assault statutes are likewise derived from this common-law
root. Although the drafters of our current criminal code replaced the phrase “forcibly
and against the will” with the new phrase “without consent”, the drafters never indicated
that they wanted to eliminate the common-law requirement that the force accompanying
the sexual act had to exceed the bodily impact inherent in the sexual act itself.


       How other states have answered the question of what type or degree of
       force is required to establish that a sexual act was “coerced by the use of
       force”


              In a prosecution for sexual assault, the State must prove that the defendant
subjected the victim to coercive force or a coercive threat of force, and this force must
exceed the bodily impact inherent in the act of sexual contact or sexual penetration itself.
But what exactly does this mean?
              Some states have divided their sex offenses into different levels — the
higher level consisting of sexual activity that is coerced by force, and the lower level
consisting of sexual activity where the victim does not consent, but where there is no
forcible coercion. Because of this distinction between the levels of sexual offenses, the
courts in these states have had to directly address the question of what type or degree of
force must be proved when the government alleges that the sexual activity was coerced
by force.


   6
        See, e.g., People v. Denbo, 868 N.E.2d 347, 355, 358 (Ill. App. 2007); Scott-Gordon
v. State, 579 N.E.2d 602, 603-04 (Ind. 1991); Chatham v. State, 845 N.E.2d 203, 207-08
(Ind. App. 2006); State v. Schenck, 513 So. 2d 1159, 1163 (La. 1987); Johnson v.
Commonwealth, 365 S.E.2d 237, 240 (Va. App. 1988).

                                          – 16 –                                      2638

               The Oregon Supreme Court’s decision in State v. Marshall, 253 P.3d 1017
(Or. 2011), is a good example of how courts have resolved this question.
               Under Oregon law, nonconsensual sexual contact is third-degree sexual
abuse, a class A misdemeanor, 7 unless the state proves that the victim was subjected to
“forcible compulsion” — in which case the crime is elevated to first-degree sexual abuse,
a class B felony. 8
               Oregon law defines “forcible compulsion” using language that is analogous
to the language found in Alaska’s definition of “without consent”. Under Oregon law,
a sexual act is accomplished by “forcible compulsion” if the act is compelled by physical
force, or if it is compelled by a threat (express or implied) that the person will be killed
or injured, or that the person or someone else will be kidnapped. 9
               In Marshall, the Oregon Supreme Court provided a fuller explanation of
this concept of “forcible compulsion”.
               First, if the government charges the defendant with using force against the
victim, this force must be greater than, or qualitatively different from, the movement or
bodily impact that is inherent in the charged act of sexual contact. 10 Second, the
government must prove that there was a causal relationship between the defendant’s use
of force and the victim’s submission to, or engagement in, the charged act of sexual
contact. 11 The government need not prove that the force used by the defendant was so
violent or so aggravated that the defendant physically overpowered or completely

   7
        ORS § 163.415.
   8
        ORS § 163.427(1)(a)(B).
   9
        ORS § 163.305(1)(a)-(b).
   10
        Marshall, 253 P.3d at 1025.
   11
        Id. at 1023.

                                          – 17 –                                      2638

physically dominated the victim. 12 But the defendant’s use of force must have been a
substantial factor in causing the victim to submit to or engage in the charged act of sexual
contact. 13
               Under Oregon law, this question — whether the defendant’s use of force
or threat of force caused the victim to submit to or engage in sexual contact that they
otherwise would not have submitted to or engaged in — does not turn solely on the type
or amount of physical force used or threatened by the defendant. It also turns on the
relevant attendant circumstances —such things as the relationship between the defendant
and the victim, their relative ages, the differences in their size or strength, and similar
matters. 14
               Although the members of this Court do not necessarily endorse all the
specifics of the Oregon court’s approach to this matter, we agree that the question of
coercion is a fact-intensive inquiry that turns on the totality of the circumstances.


        Application of this law to the facts of Inga’s case


               As explained in Judge Allard’s lead opinion, Inga’s defense at trial was that
he never touched L.P.’s breasts — that L.P. was lying about this aspect of the attack.
Given this defense, the parties did not directly litigate the issue of whether Inga used
force or threat of force to coerce L.P. into submitting to the sexual touching. Rather, the
parties litigated whether a sexual touching had occurred at all.




   12
        Id. at 1027.
   13
        Id. at 1024-27.
   14
        Id. at 1027.

                                           – 18 –                                       2638

              Now, on appeal, Inga raises a different defense to the State’s case: he
contends that even if he touched L.P.’s breasts without her subjective consent, the State’s
evidence was insufficient to support a finding that this touching occurred “without
consent” as defined in AS 11.41.470(8)(A) — in other words, insufficient to support a
finding that L.P. was coerced by force or threat of force to submit or acquiesce to this
touching.
              Even though Inga did not raise this issue in the trial court, he may raise it
on appeal, because our supreme court has held that the question of the sufficiency of the
evidence to support a particular verdict is a question of law. 15
              But when a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support
a criminal conviction, we must view the evidence (and all reasonable inferences to be
drawn from it) in the light most favorable to the verdict. 16 Viewed in this light, the
evidence presented at Inga’s trial supports a finding that his touching of L.P.’s breasts
was “without consent”.
              Inga’s primary argument is that his beating of L.P. did not occur until after
he grabbed L.P.’s breasts and she pushed his hand away. According to Inga, this fact
demonstrates that Inga’s touching of L.P.’s breasts could not have been “without
consent”, since Inga did not employ any greater force than was inherent in the act of
touching itself — at least, not until after L.P. resisted the touching.
              But as I explained earlier in this concurrence, the question of force must be
resolved under the totality of the circumstances. Here, according to the State’s evidence,
Inga was alone with L.P. in the house when this incident occurred. The violence in the

   15
      See Shafer v. State, 456 P.2d 466, 467-68 (Alaska 1969); see also Marshall v. Peter,
377 P.3d 952, 956 (Alaska 2016).
   16
      See Iyapana v. State, 284 P.3d 841, 848-49 (Alaska App. 2012); Silvera v. State, 244
P.3d 1138, 1142 (Alaska App. 2010).

                                          – 19 –                                     2638

present case was precipitated when Inga propositioned L.P. to have sex with him, and
she told him no. It was then that Inga grabbed L.P.’s breasts. L.P. pushed him away —
and Inga immediately began beating her. During this beating, according to L.P.’s
testimony, Inga was straddling her and trying to restrain her hands above her head.
              Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, Inga engaged in
one continuing assault against L.P. — an assault that was motivated by a desire for sex.
Inga initiated this assault immediately after L.P. rejected his verbal sexual advance. And
this assault had overtly sexual components: first, Inga’s forcible grabbing of L.P.’s
breasts, and then Inga’s act of straddling L.P. and restraining her hands above her head
while he beat her.
              If Inga had begun to beat L.P. before he grabbed her breasts, we would not
be engaged in this debate as to whether that sexual touching was “without consent”. But
the same principle governs Inga’s case, even though he did not beat L.P. until moments
after he grabbed her breasts.
              Inga committed a physical assault upon L.P. that included sexual contact.
A reasonable jury could find that this sexual contact was “without consent” within the
meaning of AS 11.41.470(8)(A) — i.e., that the unwanted sexual touching was coerced
by the use of force. I therefore conclude that the evidence was legally sufficient to
support Inga’s conviction for second-degree sexual assault. 17




   17
        See Iyapana, 284 P.3d at 848-49; Silvera, 244 P.3d at 1142.

                                          – 20 –
