[Cite as Dalton v. Ohio Dept. Rehab. & Corr., 2014-Ohio-2658.]


                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                  TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

Robert Dalton,                                      :

                Plaintiff-Appellant,                :

v.                                                  :                 No. 13AP-827
                                                                  (Ct. of Cl. No. 2012-01457)
Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and               :
Correction,                                                      (REGULAR CALENDAR)
                                                    :
                Defendant-Appellee.
                                                    :


                                        D E C I S I O N

                                     Rendered on June 19, 2014


                Daniel H. Klos, for appellant.

                Michael DeWine, Attorney General, and Eric A. Walker, for
                appellee.

                            APPEAL from the Court of Claims of Ohio

CONNOR, J.
        {¶ 1}    Plaintiff-appellant, Robert Dalton, appeals from a judgment from the
Court of Claims of Ohio, granting the Civ.R. 56 motion for summary judgment filed by
defendant-appellee, Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction ("ODRC").
Because (1) Dalton failed to establish a prima facie case of perceived disability
discrimination, (2) ODRC complied with Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-30-03 when it sent
Dalton to an independent medical examination ("IME"), and (3) Dalton failed to
establish genuine issues of material fact regarding his claims for invasion of privacy, we
affirm.
No. 13AP-827                                                                             2


I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
      {¶ 2} Dalton filed a complaint against ODRC on January 27, 2012. The
complaint alleged that ODRC discriminated against Dalton on the basis of a perceived
mental impairment by sending Dalton to an IME, and that ODRC invaded Dalton's
privacy by requiring him to undergo the IME and by distributing the results of the IME.
      {¶ 3} The events giving rise to the complaint occurred shortly after Dalton was
reinstated to his job as a Psychology Assistant 2 with ODRC in January 2010. Dalton
initially began working for ODRC as a Psychology Assistant 2 at the Mansfield
Correctional Institution in 2005. In 2006, Dalton transferred to the Corrections
Reception Center ("CRC") because it was "closer" to his home, "and safer." (Dalton
Depo., 27.) As an ODRC employee, Dalton was also a member of the Service Employees
International Union 1199 ("SEIU/1199"). In 2008, Dalton became a union delegate, and
was "responsible for representing the membership file and grievances, unfair labor
practices, disseminating information, that kind of stuff." (Dalton Depo., 34.)
      {¶ 4}   In spring 2009, ODRC fired Dalton for misusing the state's email system,
engaging in political activity while on the job, and intimidating a witness. Dalton grieved
his termination, pursuant to the collective bargaining agreement in place between
SEIU/1199 and ODRC. The grievance proceeded to arbitration, and the arbitrator found
that Dalton did not misuse the state's email system or engage in political activity while
on the job, but that he did intimidate a witness. The arbitrator reinstated Dalton with
back pay, less a five-day suspension, and Dalton returned to CRC on January 28, 2010.
Dalton completed the necessary requirements and received his psychologist's license in
November 2009.
      {¶ 5} Dr. Robert C. Hammond, the chief of the Bureau of Mental Health at
ODRC, called Dalton sometime after Dalton returned to work in January 2010 and said,
"it's time to figure out how we're going to place you into a psychologist position."
(Hammond Depo., 26.) Dr. Hammond noted that he had contacted the state Board of
Psychology and confirmed that, "when somebody is a psych assistant and they become a
psychologist, that they can no longer be on somebody else's license. At that time, they
become an independent professional." (Hammond Depo., 26.) Accordingly, as Dalton
No. 13AP-827                                                                              3


had obtained his psychologist's license, Dalton could not continue working under
another psychologist's license as a Psychology Assistant 2.
       {¶ 6} Dr. Hammond explained that, when he began to discuss moving Dalton
into a psychologist position, Dalton told Dr. Hammond that he did not want to talk, as
there were "people who listen in on [his] conversations." (Hammond Depo., 26.) Dalton
told Dr. Hammond he would call him "after work * * * on a secure line." (Hammond
Depo., 26-27.) Dalton called Dr. Hammond later that evening, and told Dr. Hammond
he was concerned that if he moved to a psychologist position, it "would give central
office and the warden more ability to do damage to his career, so-to-speak; that they
could go after his license." (Hammond Depo., 27.) Dalton believed that if he "remained
in a psych assistant position, that * * * in some way he felt more protective in that role."
(Hammond Depo., 27.) Dr. Hammond also went into Dalton's office to ask him how
things were going. In that face-to-face interaction, Dalton told Dr. Hammond that he
was concerned "that they're going to come after me" and worried about "what they're
going to do with my family." (Hammond Depo., 78.)
       {¶ 7} On March 1, 2010, Dalton sent an email to Hugh Quill, the director of the
Department of Administrative Services, requesting "some emergency assistance in
getting out of work on administrative leave because of an investigation." (Dalton Depo.,
State's exhibit D.) Dalton reported in the email that an investigative interview conducted
by ODRC during Dalton's first termination "was creatively edited and manipulated to
frame me." (Dalton Depo., State's exhibit D.) Dalton further reported that someone had
hacked into his personal email account and sent an email containing "a policy violating
porn link" from his personal account to his work account, and noted his belief that it
was "an ODRC employee that hacked into my email account." (Dalton Depo., State's
exhibit D.) Dalton also told Quill that ODRC "purposely delayed giving [him] a 'man
down' alarm for a full month" after Dalton returned to work, and noted that "[a]ll
employees have an alarm issued and inmates know who doesn’t have one." (Dalton
Depo., State's exhibit D). The final two paragraphs of the email stated as follows:
              My wife and I are concerned that the next attempt they take
              to get me, they won't miss. We are both worried about drugs
              being placed in my office or some other set up. My
              supervisor tells me, my fears are justified. My work
No. 13AP-827                                                                             4


               conditions have deteriorated horribly to my detriment. I
               have contacted the State's EAP for assistance.

               I cannot go through the ODRC assistance for remedy given
               the level of Mr. Croft in the organization and the sensitive
               nature of the investigation. Can you direct me how I can get
               out on Admin leave pending completion of the investigation?
               If you need documentation, I can provide whatever you need
               to substantiate my concerns. I am worried about what is
               next.

(Dalton Depo., State's exhibit D.)

      {¶ 8} Dr. Hammond obtained the Quill email and, based on Dalton's statements
in the email and Dalton's statements to Dr. Hammond during their interactions, Dr.
Hammond decided to request an IME in order "to clarify is, you know, is there a
problem that's going to keep this individual from being able to work." (Hammond
Depo., 39.) Dr. Hammond noted that the Quill email raised a "red flag," as it was a
"deviation from the typical procedures that an employee would follow if they had some
kind of concern," and because in the email it appeared that Dalton was alleging that "the
institution [was] purposely trying to do something harmful to him." (Hammond Depo.,
25, 32.) Dr. Hammond explained that, based on the "level of distress" represented in the
email, his concern was "do we have a distressed employee" and "worst case scenario is
do we have an employee here who has some type of personality disorder that could have
an impact" on their job. (Hammond Depo., 40.) Dr. Hammond "hope[d] that the
evaluation [would] show that [Dalton was] doing perfectly fine," but felt that he "was
under obligation to at least look at this and say, you know, let's check these things out."
(Hammond Depo., 73.) Dr. Hammond noted that when he has an employee exhibiting
"erratic behavior that could affect patient care, then" Dr. Hammond wanted
"verification that they're okay." (Hammond Depo., 74.)
      {¶ 9} On March 18, 2010, Dr. Hammond sent a letter to Ginny Lamneck, the
warden    of    CRC,    requesting    that   Dalton    be    ordered    to    undergo    a
psychological/psychiatric IME. In the letter, Dr. Hammond recommended that Dalton
undergo a "[p]ersonality assessment to include MMPI-2 [the Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory 2 test] and MCMI [the Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory test]."
No. 13AP-827                                                                            5


(Dalton Depo., State's exhibit I.) The goal of the assessment was "to answer whether or
not there is a dysfunctional behavioral profile that [would] impede[] [Dalton's] work in
a correctional setting." (Dalton Depo., State's exhibit I.) Dr. Hammond noted in the
request that it was "essential to know if [Dalton's] current reactiveness is within the
normal limits of having been a part of a recent investigation, or if it is suggestive of
either an Axis I related paranoia or Axis 2 condition." (Dalton Depo., State's exhibit I.)
Dr. Hammond explained that there was an "alleged recurring theme in [Dalton's]
interactions with both institutional staff and Central Office Staff where Mr. Dalton
offensively makes accusations toward staff on a variety of complaints," and is "then
quick to suggest that there is retaliation for his actions by staff across many of these
settings." (Dalton Depo., State's exhibit I.) Dr. Hammond noted the following "6
examples are indicative of the tone of paranoia that permeates many of his descriptions
of events":
              1) The institution is denying him use of a "man down" alarm
              so that he can be assaulted.

              2) He accused the Office of the Inspector of tampering with
              his interview tapes to frame him. This was quoted in an
              email addressed to the Director of DAS (Full quotation from
              email, "As it turned out, my investigative interview done by
              the Deputy Chief Inspector Linda Coval of ODRC and
              overseen by the Chief Inspector, Gary Croft, was creatively
              edited and manipulated to frame me. I had a Forensic
              Audio Engineer conduct an analysis and indeed, my
              interview was edited and cut.")

              3) He refuses to take on a psychology position after
              becoming licensed in Ohio as a psychologist because it will
              "make him a target" and they (Central Office) will "come
              after me."

              4) He requested that the Department of Administrative
              Services place him on emergency Admin Leave, because he
              was concerned about having it done through ODRC.

              5) He states that he is having his email "hacked" into by
              someone at ODRC. ("I recently had my personal email
              account hacked into about 10 days ago, and had an email
              set from my this account to my work email at ODRC. This
No. 13AP-827                                                                            6


               personal email account had the same password as my
               ODRC account. The email was a policy violating porn link
               that got sent to my work, even though we only have access
               to the intranet, not internet. I immediately wrote an
               incident report and reported it to my supervisor.")

               6) Since his return to work, he has publicly stated that he
               should move to a different institution because the Warden is
               "out to get him". When he has contacted this writer, he often
               states that he has to call later after working hours, because
               the line is not secure.

(Sic. passim.)(Dalton Depo., State's exhibit I.)

Based on Dr. Hammond's request, ODRC authorized Warden Lamneck to obtain a
professional evaluation of Dalton, pursuant to Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-30-01 and 123:1-
30-03.
         {¶ 10} On March 31, 2010, ODRC placed Dalton on paid administrative leave
pending completion of the IME. On April 1, 2010, ODRC sent a letter to the MLS Group
of Companies, Inc. ("MLS"), requesting that MLS schedule Dalton for an IME. The letter
stated that ODRC was requesting "a complete psychological examination be conducted
to determine Mr. Dalton's fitness for duty, given the requirements of his current
position as a Psychology Assistant, as well as the requirements of the position of a
Psychologist," and noted that Dalton's "[f]itness for duty need[ed] to be considered
given the unique safety and security issues associated with the working environment of a
prison." (Dalton Depo., State's exhibit J.)
         {¶ 11} On April 14, 2010, Dalton received a letter from MLS, informing Dalton
that he was scheduled for an IME with Dr. Michael Farrell on May 7, 2010. The letter
informed Dalton that he was required to submit to the IME to determine his fitness for
duty, and that his refusal to submit to the examination, or refusal to release the results
of the examination, could result in Dalton being charged with insubordination.
         {¶ 12} On May 11, 2010, Dr. Farrell issued a report of his examination of Dalton.
Dr. Farrell noted that ODRC had provided him with, among other documents, the
position descriptions for the Psychology Assistant 2 and Psychologist positions at
ODRC, the Quill email, and Dr. Hammond's request for the IME. Dr. Farrell noted that,
No. 13AP-827                                                                             7


when Dalton first arrived for the IME "he was resistant to filling out a standard
authorization form for my office to release information about his evaluation to MLS
Group of Companies, Inc.," but that Dr. Farrell ultimately convinced Dalton to sign the
form. (Dalton Depo., State's exhibit T.) Dr. Farrell then noted the following about the
interview:
              [Dalton] then refused to take any objective personality
              testing, including the MMPI-2 and the MCMI as requested,
              initially stating that it would be inappropriate since he had
              administered and scored thousands of the MMPI-2. When I
              explained to him the multiple versions of these instruments
              and his probable inability to know all the questions on the
              different versions and which questions weighted on which
              scales, he then indicated that he found such test to be
              intrusive. When his various comments were adequately
              refuted he stated "they will only use it against me!"
              Unfortunately, no testing was performed and the evaluation
              was concluded at 1:25 p.m.

(Dalton Depo., State's exhibit T at 6.)

       {¶ 13} Dr. Farrell diagnosed Dalton with features of a paranoid personality as an
Axis II condition, but stated that "[a] definitive opinion (one within psychological
probability) regarding a psychological diagnosis * * * as well as his psychological ability
to work as a psychology assistant and/or psychologist cannot be made given his refusal
to comply with any objective personality testing secondary to his statements regarding
the inappropriateness and intrusiveness." (Dalton Depo., State's exhibit T at 7.) Dr.
Farrell concluded his report by noting that "[w]ithout being able to make a DSM-IV
diagnosis, [he was] unable to justify any specific impairments which would prevent him
from working as a psychology assistant and/or psychologist." (Dalton Depo., State's
exhibit T at 8.)
       {¶ 14} Dalton asserted at his deposition that Dr. Farrell presented the MMPI-2
test as "optional after the conclusion of the interview." (Dalton Depo., 14.) Dalton
explained that he declined Dr. Farrell's offer to take the MMPI-2 test because Dr. Farrell
"had already declared [him] fit for duty, and [he] was already out the door," when Dr.
Farrell asked Dalton if he would take the MMPI-2. (Dalton Depo., 81.) Dalton also
stated that he had administered the MMPI-2 around "500 times," and that he used to
No. 13AP-827                                                                               8


personally take the MMPI along with his other co-workers, and that they "regularly
talked about [their] scores" with each other. (Dalton Depo., 61, 172.)
       {¶ 15} Following the report from Dr. Farrell, the situation moved from "a clinical
assessment to a question of compliance." (Hammond Depo., 114.) On September 28,
2010, ODRC mailed Dalton a letter advising him that he was being removed from his
position as a Psychology Assistant 2 at CRC. The letter advised Dalton that he was being
removed for violation of the following ODRC rules: Rule 24, interfering with, failing to
cooperate in, or lying in an official investigation or inquiry, and Rule 7, failure to follow
post orders, administrative regulations, policies or directives. ODRC explained in the
letter that the basis for the violations was Dalton's failure to undergo the IME as
ordered, based on his refusal to take the MMPI-2 and MCMI tests as directed by Dr.
Farrell.
       {¶ 16} Dalton grieved his termination pursuant to the collective bargaining
agreement in place between ODRC and SEIU/1199, and the grievance proceeded to
arbitration. The arbitrator issued a decision on October 28, 2011, denying the grievance
and finding just cause to support the termination. The arbitrator rejected Dalton's
argument that Dr. Farrell presented the objective personality tests as optional. The
arbitrator noted that Dr. Farrell testified that he always includes objective tests in his
examinations, "insisted in his testimony that he never offered the MMPI-2 as an option
and in fact, spent considerable time attempting to persuade the grievant to take the test
or an alternative objective test." (Dalton's Depo., exhibit HH, Arbitration Decision, 21.)
As Dr. Farrell had "no motive to be untruthful," the arbitrator concluded that "his
testimony must be credited over the testimony of the grievant whose testimony may be
influenced by his attempt to protect his job." (Dalton's Depo., exhibit HH, Arbitration
Decision, 21-22.)
       {¶ 17} ODRC filed a Civ.R. 56 motion for summary judgment on June 14, 2013.
ODRC asserted that Dalton's perceived disability discrimination claim failed, as ODRC's
act of sending Dalton to the IME did not amount to evidence that ODRC perceived
Dalton as disabled. Regarding Dalton's invasion of privacy claims, ODRC noted that
Dalton appeared to be asserting invasion of privacy claims based on an invasion into his
private thoughts and a public disclosure of private affairs. ODRC asserted that sending
No. 13AP-827                                                                            9


Dalton to the IME was not an invasion of privacy, and that Dalton signed a release to
participate in the IME. ODRC also argued that there was no public disclosure of Dr.
Farrell's report, as the evidence indicated that, at most, the report was shown to one
other ODRC employee. Dalton filed a memorandum contra ODRC's motion for
summary judgment on July 1, 2013.
      {¶ 18} The trial court issued a decision granting ODRC's motion for summary
judgment on August 26, 2013. The court found that plaintiff failed to establish a prima
facie case of perceived disability discrimination. The court noted Dalton's contention
that "the act of sending him for an IME constitute[d] perceived disability
discrimination." (Decision, 5.) Relying on Peters v. Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources,
10th Dist. No. 03AP-350, 2003-Ohio-5895 and Sullivan v. River Valley School Dist.,
197 F.3d 804 (6th Cir.1999) the court concluded that merely sending Dalton to the IME
was not evidence that ODRC perceived Dalton as disabled. (Decision, 5.) The court
further noted that, as Dr. Farrell was unable to complete the objective personality
testing, Dalton had failed to establish that he could safely and substantially perform the
functions of his job. As ODRC complied with Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-30-03 in sending
plaintiff to the IME, the court concluded that Dalton could not establish that the IME
was a pretext for discrimination. Similarly, because ODRC complied with Ohio
Adm.Code 123:1-30-03 in sending Dalton to the IME, the court determined that the
IME was not a wrongful intrusion into the seclusion of another. Regarding Dalton's
claim for invasion of privacy based on public disclosure of private thoughts, the trial
court noted that "plaintiff testified in his deposition that defendant disseminated the
report from his IME to Ken Confer, a nurse at DRC." (Decision, 7.) Accordingly, the
court concluded that Dalton failed to put forth evidence demonstrating that the results
of the IME were publicly disclosed.
II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
      {¶ 19} Defendant appeals, assigning the following errors:
             1. The Court erred as a matter of law when it determined the
             fact that [plaintiff] was sent for a psychological evaluation is
             not evidence that [plaintiff] was perceived to have a
             psychological handicap. Peters v. Ohio Dept. of Natural
             Resources, 10th Dist. No. 03AP-350, 2003-Ohio-5895, ¶24
No. 13AP-827                                                                 10


          and when it determined and accepted as law, "The Sixth
          Circuit has explained that an employer's perception that
          health problems are adversely affecting an employee's job
          performance is not tantamount to regarding that employee
          as disabled. Sullivan v. River Valley School Dist., 197 F.3d
          804, 810-11 (6th Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 530 U.S. 1262, 120
          S. Ct. 2718, 147 L. Ed. 2d 983 (2000). And that "a medical
          exam 'cannot itself prove perception of a disability because it
          does not prove that the employer perceived the employee to
          have an impairment that substantially limits one or more of
          the employee's major life activities.' Id. at 811." Marziale v.
          BP Prods. N. Am., S.D.Ohio No. 1:05cv741, 2007 U.S. Dist.
          LEXIS 90730 (November 27, 2007).

          2. The Court erred when it determined that only reasonable
          conclusion is that defendant acted reasonably and complied
          with the procedures as outlined in OAC § 123:1-30-03 in
          sending plaintiff to an IME because the OAC § 123:1-30-03
          and 123:1-30-01 limits the authority of a State of Ohio
          Appointing Authority to request medical examinations only
          for disability separation and reinstatement from disability
          separation, not a general fitness for duty exam.

          3. The Court erred by interpreting The OAC § 123:1-30-03
          and OAC § 123:1-30-01 as currently written and enforced as
          not violating the Americans With Disabilities Act and ORC §
          4112 relating to disabilities.

          4. The Court erred when it determined Dr. Hammond
          lawfully recommended an IME because "I wanted to be able
          to clarify is, you know, is there a problem that's going to keep
          this individual from being able to work." As acting
          reasonably and complying with the procedures as outlined in
          OAC § 123:1-30-03 in sending plaintiff to an IME as
          construing the facts most strongly in favor of plaintiff when
          Dr. Hammond testified "To be honest . . . I assumed . . . we
          would get a clean report back . . . I didn't have any reason to
          believe that [he had] a psychological condition."

          5. The Court erred when it determined that without
          plaintiff's full compliance with the IME, plaintiff cannot
          establish the third prong of the prima facie case i.e. that he,
          despite his perceived disability, could safely and
          substantially perform the essential functions of the job in
          question.
No. 13AP-827                                                                            11


             6. The Court erred when it mistakenly defined claims for
             invasion of privacy.

             7. The Court erred when it applied the false light defamation
             standard to the Appellant. The Appellant did not plead false
             light defamation requiring a public disclosure.

             8. The Court has erred in requiring that Appellant show that
             the results of his IME were disclosed in order to show
             damages.

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
      {¶ 20} Appellate review of summary judgment motions is de novo. Helton v.
Scioto Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 123 Ohio App.3d 158, 162 (4th Dist.1997). "When reviewing
a trial court's ruling on summary judgment, the court of appeals conducts an
independent review of the record and stands in the shoes of the trial court." Mergenthal
v. Star Bank Corp., 122 Ohio App.3d 100, 103 (12th Dist.1997). We must affirm the trial
court's judgment if any of the grounds raised by the movant at the trial court are found
to support it, even if the trial court failed to consider those grounds. Coventry Twp. v.
Ecker, 101 Ohio App.3d 38, 41-42 (9th Dist.1995).
      {¶ 21} Summary judgment is proper only when the party moving for summary
judgment demonstrates that: (1) no genuine issue of material fact exists, (2) the moving
party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and (3) reasonable minds could come to
but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to the party against whom the motion
for summary judgment is made, that party being entitled to have the evidence most
strongly construed in that party's favor. Civ.R. 56(C); State ex rel. Grady v. State Emp.
Relations Bd., 78 Ohio St.3d 181, 183 (1997).
      {¶ 22} When seeking summary judgment on the ground that the nonmoving
party cannot prove its case, the moving party bears the initial burden of informing the
trial court of the basis for the motion, and identifying those portions of the record that
demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact on an essential element of
the nonmoving party's claims. Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 293 (1996). A
moving party does not discharge this initial burden under Civ.R. 56 by simply making a
conclusory allegation that the nonmoving party has no evidence to prove its case. Id.
No. 13AP-827                                                                             12


Rather, the moving party must affirmatively demonstrate by affidavit or other evidence
allowed by Civ.R. 56(C) that the nonmoving party has no evidence to support its claims.
Id. If the moving party meets this initial burden, then the nonmoving party has a
reciprocal burden outlined in Civ.R. 56(E) to set forth specific facts showing that there is
a genuine issue for trial and, if the nonmoving party does not so respond, summary
judgment, if appropriate, shall be entered against the nonmoving party. Id.
IV.   FIRST     AND     FIFTH     ASSIGNMENTS          OF    ERROR       -   PERCEIVED
       DISABILITY DISCRIMNATION PRIMA FACIE CASE


       {¶ 23} Dalton's first assignment of error asserts that the trial court erred in
finding that ODRC's decision to send Dalton to the IME did not amount to evidence of
discrimination on the basis of a perceived psychological disability. Dalton's fifth
assignment of error asserts that the trial court erred in finding that Dalton could not
establish the third prong of his prima facie case for perceived disability discrimination.
       {¶ 24} Disability discrimination in employment is prohibited by R.C. 4112.02
which provides, in pertinent part, that "[i]t shall be an unlawful discriminatory practice
* * * [f]or any employer," because of the "disability * * * of any person, to discharge
without just cause, * * * or otherwise to discriminate against that person with respect to
hire, tenure, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, or any matter directly or
indirectly related to employment." R.C. 4112.02(A). R.C. 4112.01 defines "disability" to
mean "a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life
activities, * * * or being regarded as having a physical or mental impairment." R.C.
4112.01(A)(13). Thus, under the plain language of R.C. 4112.01(A)(13), a plaintiff may be
disabled if their employer regarded them as having a mental or physical impairment,
without regard to whether the employer regarded them as substantially limited in their
daily life activities as a result. See Scalia v. Aldi, Inc., 9th Dist. No. 25436, 2011-Ohio-
6596, ¶ 24. A "physical or mental impairment" is defined to include "[a]ny mental or
psychological disorder, including, but not limited to, * * * emotional or mental illness."
R.C. 4112.01(A)(16)(a)(ii).
       {¶ 25} Dalton asserts that ODRC discriminated against him on the basis of a
perceived disability by sending him to the IME. Dalton does not assert that ODRC
No. 13AP-827                                                                            13


discriminated against him by placing him on paid administrative leave or by terminating
his employment. See Marziale v. BP Prods. N. Am., Inc., S.D. Ohio No. 1:05cv741 (Nov.
27, 2007), citing Kocsis v. Multi-Care Mgmt., Inc., 97 F.3d 876, 885 (6th Cir.1996)
(explaining that "an offer of a paid medical leave of absence does not show that an
employee was regarded as disabled"); Sullivan at 813 (although the school district's
"subsequent suspending of Sullivan [was] an adverse job action, it was based on his
refusal to undergo the valid examinations, which [was] not a discriminatory reason").
Dalton was terminated pursuant to Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-30-03(D), which states that
"[a]n employee's refusal to submit to an examination, * * * amounts to insubordination,
punishable by the imposition of discipline up to and including removal."
      {¶ 26} To prevail in an employment discrimination case, a plaintiff must prove
discriminatory intent. Gismond v. M & T Mtge. Corp., 10th Dist. No. 98AP-584 (Apr. 13,
1999). Discriminatory intent may be proven by either direct or indirect evidence. Id.
Where a plaintiff relies on indirect evidence, discrimination claims are subject to a
version of the burden shifting analysis the United States Supreme Court described in
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973); see also Coryell v. Bank One
Trust Co. N.A., 101 Ohio St.3d 175, 2004-Ohio-723, ¶ 9. Under the three-part framework
McDonnell Douglas articulated, a plaintiff must first present evidence from which a
reasonable trier of fact could find a prima facie case of discrimination. Lindsay v. Yates,
578 F.3d 407, 415 (6th Cir.2009), citing Blair v. Henry Filters, Inc., 505 F.3d 517, 524
(6th Cir.2007). A prima facie case for perceived disability discrimination required
Dalton to establish that: (1) ODRC perceived Dalton as disabled; (2) ODRC took adverse
employment action in part because of the perceived disability; and (3) Dalton could
safely and substantially perform the essential functions of the job, despite his perceived
disability. See Caldwell v. Ohio State Univ., 10th Dist. No. 01AP-997, 2002-Ohio-2393,
¶ 74, citing Hood v. Diamond Prods., Inc., 74 Ohio St.3d 298 (1996), paragraph one of
the syllabus. See also Columbus Civ. Serv. Comm. v. McGlone, 82 Ohio St.3d 569
(1998).
       {¶ 27} Once a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of disability discrimination,
"the burden then shifts to the employer to set forth some legitimate, nondiscriminatory
reason for the action taken." Hood at 302, citing Plumbers & Steamfitters Joint
No. 13AP-827                                                                            14


Apprenticeship Commt. v. Ohio Civ. Rights Comm., 66 Ohio St.2d 192, 197 (1981).
"Legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for the action taken by the employer may
include, but are not limited to, insubordination on the part of the employee claiming
discrimination, or the inability of the employee * * * to safely and substantially perform,
with reasonable accommodations, the essential functions of the job in question." Id.
"[I]f the employer establishes a nondiscriminatory reason for the action taken, then the
employee * * * must demonstrate that the employer's stated reason was a pretext for
impermissible discrimination." Id.
       {¶ 28} Courts are permitted to look to federal regulations and cases interpreting
the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA") for guidance when interpreting Ohio law.
McGlone at 573. However, federal materials may only be utilized "when the terms of the
federal statute are consistent with Ohio law or when R.C. Chapter 4112 leaves a term
undefined." Scalia at ¶ 23, citing Genaro v. Cent. Transport, 84 Ohio St.3d 293, 298
(1999).
       {¶ 29} Prior to the 2008 amendments, the ADA defined disability, in part, as "a
physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities
of such individual * * * or being regarded as having such an impairment." Courts
interpreted the "regarded as having such an impairment language," to mean an
employer regarded an employee as disabled when the employer mistakenly believed that
the employee had a physical or mental impairment that substantially limited one or
more major life activities. See Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc., 527 U.S. 471, 489 (1999).
In Scalia, the court concluded that "[b]ecause the plain language of the definition of
disability contained in R.C. 4112.01 differs in substance from the [pre-2008] ADA, it is
not appropriate to look to federal materials interpreting the pre-2008 ADA with respect
to perceived disability claims under Ohio law." Id. at ¶ 25.
       {¶ 30} In 2008, the ADA was amended, and the ADA definition of perceived
disability now conforms with the R.C. 4112.01(A)(13) definition. The current version of
the ADA specifically states that an individual meets the requirement of " 'being regarded
as having such an impairment' if the individual establishes that he or she has been
subjected to an action prohibited under this chapter because of an actual or perceived
physical or mental impairment whether or not the impairment limits or is perceived to
No. 13AP-827                                                                             15


limit a major life activity." 42 U.S.C. 12102(3)(A). See also Wells v. Cincinnati Children's
Hosp. Med. Ctr., 860 F.Supp.2d 469, 478 (S.D.Ohio 2012), citing 29 C.F.R. 1630.2(g)(3)
(explaining that "[i]n contrast to the pre-amendment statute, under the ADAAA, a
plaintiff proceeding under the 'regarded as' prong only has to prove the existence of an
impairment to be covered under the Act; she no longer is required to prove that the
employer regarded her impairment as substantially limiting a major life activity").
       {¶ 31} The trial court correctly determined that Dalton could not establish a
prima facie case of perceived disability discrimination, as both Ohio and federal courts
have concluded that merely sending an employee to an IME, or other type of fitness for
duty examination, does not amount to evidence that the employer perceived the
employee as disabled. See Peters at ¶ 24 (noting that the fact that the appointing
authority sent an employee "for a psychological evaluation is not evidence that she was
perceived to have a psychological handicap"); Sullivan at 808 (noting that "an
employer's ordering an employee to undergo mental and physical examinations does not
suffice to show that an employer regards an employee as disabled"); James v. Goodyear
Tire & Rubber Co., 354 Fed.Appx. 246, 249 (6th Cir.2009) (noting that "[a] valid FCE
[functional capacity evaluation] demand cannot constitute an adverse employment
action in general discrimination claims, like the one James brings"); Mickens v. Polk
Cty. School Bd., 430 F.Supp.2d 1265, 1274 (M.D. Fla.2006) (noting that "the School
Board's request that Mickens undergo a psychological evaluation fails to establish that
the School Board regarded Mickens as disabled"); Kocsis at 885 (noting that "[w]hile the
defendant may have perceived that [the plaintiff's] health problems were adversely
affecting her job performance, there is no evidence that the defendant regarded [the
plaintiff] as being unable to care for herself or to perform all of the duties of her job").
As Dalton asserts that ODRC perceived him as disabled because it sent him to the IME,
and merely sending an employee to an IME is not evidence that the employer regarded
the employee as disabled, Dalton has failed to establish the first element of his prima
facie case of perceived disability discrimination.
       {¶ 32} Dalton attacks the trial court's conclusion that sending Dalton to the IME
was not evidence that ODRC perceived Dalton as disabled, by asserting that the court's
reliance on Peters and Sullivan was misplaced. Dalton notes that both cases predate the
No. 13AP-827                                                                              16


2008 amendments to the ADA, and notes that the "current cases no longer contain the
applicable standard of 'major life activities' but rather the standard is now a significantly
different 'a physical or mental impairment.' " (Appellant's brief, 17.) Dalton is correct
that Peters and Sullivan both concerned the pre-2008 version of the ADA. However,
Dalton ignores the fact that the trial court did not rely on Peters or Sullivan for the
proposition that an individual can only be perceived as disabled if their employer
perceives them as having a physical or mental impairment which substantially limits a
major life activity. Rather, the trial court cited those cases for the above-noted
proposition, that merely requesting and sending an employee to an IME does not
amount to evidence that the employer perceived the employee as disabled. The court did
not base its holding on the substantially limiting a major life function language from the
pre-2008 version of the ADA. Accordingly, Dalton's contention that the court erred by
relying on Peters and Sullivan is misplaced.
       {¶ 33} The trial court also determined that, as Dalton refused to undergo
objective psychological testing during the IME, Dalton could not establish the third
prong of the prima facie case; that, despite his perceived disability, he could safely and
substantially perform the essential functions of the job in question. See Whitlow v.
Ingram, 7th Dist. No. 93 C.A. 74 (Nov. 7, 1994), citing Clover v. The Columbus Retail
Merchants Delivery, Inc., 115 Ohio App. 467 (10th Dist.1962) (holding that an issue of
fact or law determined in a binding arbitrator's decision is res judicata in a later court
action). Dalton asserts, without support, that "absent evidence to the contrary, an
employee is presumed to be able to perform their job." (Appellant's brief, 43.) We
disagree. Dalton filed the action against ODRC alleging perceived disability
discrimination. Dalton thus had the burden to establish the elements of his prima facie
case. Accordingly, in responding to ODRC's motion for summary judgment, Dalton had
to cite specific facts demonstrating that he could safely and substantially perform the
essential functions of his job. Dalton was not obligated to rely on the IME results to
make this showing, but Dalton was obligated to put forth some evidence to establish that
he could safely and substantially perform the essential functions of his job. Dalton failed
to present any evidence to establish this element, and the trial court correctly
No. 13AP-827                                                                         17


determined that he failed to establish a prima facie case of perceived disability
discrimination.
      {¶ 34} Based on the foregoing, Dalton's first and fifth assignments of error are
overruled.
IV.   SECOND, THIRD, AND FOURTH ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR – OHIO
      ADM.CODE 123:1-30-03 AND THE IME


      {¶ 35} Dalton's second and fourth assignments of error assert that the trial court
erred in concluding that ODRC complied with Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-30-03 in sending
Dalton to the IME. Dalton's third assignment of error asserts the trial court erred by
finding that Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-30-03 and 123:1-30-01 do not violate the ADA or
R.C. 4112.02.
      {¶ 36} Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-30-03 provides that "[a]n appointing authority may
require that an employee submit to medical or psychological examinations for purposes
of disability separation or a reinstatement from disability separation." Ohio Adm.Code
123:1-30-03(A). Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-30-01 describes the procedures for involuntary
disability separation, and Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-30-02 describes the procedures for
voluntary disability separation. Both code sections provide for disability separation
when the employee is unable to perform the essential job duties of their position. "An
involuntary disability separation occurs when an appointing authority has received
substantial credible medical evidence of the employee's disability and determines that
the employee is incapable of performing the essential job duties of the employee's
assigned position due to the disabling illness, injury or condition." Ohio Adm.Code
123:1-30-01(A). An appointing authority must require that an employee submit to an
examination under Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-30-03 prior to involuntarily disability
separating the employee, unless the appointing authority has other evidence of the
disability. Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-30-01(B).
      {¶ 37} "Prior to any examination," conducted under Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-30-03,
the appointing authority must "supply the examining practitioner with facts relating to
the perceived disabling illness, injury or condition," and "supply physical and mental
requirements of the employee's position; duty statements; job classification
No. 13AP-827                                                                            18


specifications; and position descriptions." Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-30-03(B). Compare 42
U.S.C. 12112(d)(4)(A) (under the ADA "[a] covered entity shall not require a medical
examination * * *, unless such examination or inquiry is shown to be job-related and
consistent with business necessity"). Dalton asserts that under Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-
30-03(B) "the appointing authority [must] make at least two determinations."
(Appellant's brief, 23.) The first is that the "employee's job performance is below the
ability to perform the essential job duties of the position," and the second is that "there
is some articulable conduct 'relating to the perceived disabling illness, injury or
condition.' " (Appellant's brief, 23.)
       {¶ 38} We note that a court interprets an administrative rule in the same manner
it would interpret a statute. McFee v. Nursing Care Mgt. of Am., Inc., 126 Ohio St.3d
183, 2010-Ohio-2744, ¶ 27. We first look to the plain language of the administrative
rule. Sugarcreek Twp. v. Centerville, 133 Ohio St.3d 467, 2012-Ohio-4649, ¶ 19; In re
M.W., 133 Ohio St.3d 309, 2012-Ohio-4538, ¶ 17. When that language is unambiguous,
we apply the administrative rule as written. Id. " 'The interpretation of statutes and
administrative rules should follow the principle that neither is to be construed in any
way other than as the words demand.' " State ex rel. Baroni v. Colletti, 130 Ohio St.3d
208, 2011-Ohio-5351, ¶ 18, quoting Morning View Care Ctr.-Fulton v. Ohio Dept. of
Human Servs., 148 Ohio App.3d 518, 2002-Ohio-2878, ¶ 36 (10th Dist.).
       {¶ 39} Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-30-03(B) is unambiguous. It requires simply that
the appointing authority provide the examining practitioner with facts relating to the
perceived illness and the requirements of the employee's position before the employee
must undergo the examination. Dalton asserts that ODRC had to find that Dalton was
unable to perform the essential job duties of his position before it could request the
IME. We disagree. There is nothing in the code which indicates that the appointing
authority must have evidence that the employee is unable to perform their essential job
duties before the appointing authority may request an examination under Ohio
Adm.Code 123:1-30-03. The appointing authority may not involuntarily disability
separate the employee until the appointing authority has substantial credible medical
evidence demonstrating that the employee can no longer perform the essential duties of
their position due to the disabling illness. Herein, however, ODRC never moved to
No. 13AP-827                                                                            19


involuntarily disability separate Dalton, and thus never had to establish that Dalton was
unable to perform his essential job duties due to a disabling illness, because ODRC fired
Dalton for refusing to submit to the IME.
       {¶ 40} ODRC sent Dalton to the IME precisely because his odd behavior caused
ODRC to have "significant concern that Mr. Dalton may be unable to perform the
essential functions of his current position as a Psychology Assistant or the essential
functions of the position we will have to reclassify him to as a Psychologist." (Dalton's
Depo., State's exhibit J.) As a psychological assistant conducting mental health
assessments of prison inmates, Dalton's own mental stability was essential to Dalton's
ability to perform his job duties. "[A]n employer needs to be able to determine the cause
of an employee's aberrant behavior * * * without exposing themselves to ADA claims" or
perceived disability discrimination claims under R.C. 4112.02. Sullivan at 811. ODRC
was entitled to request the IME pursuant to Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-30-03 to determine
whether, in light of Dalton's odd behavior, Dalton could perform his essential job duties.
       {¶ 41} Dalton also indicates that ODRC could only request the IME pursuant to
Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-30-03 if ODRC was going to proceed with a disability separation.
Dr. Hammond stated that he requested the IME "to, in an investigating way, try to
determine if there is something that we should pursue in terms of disability separation."
(Hammond Depo., 11.) Although Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-30-03(A) states that an
appointing authority may require an employee to submit to an examination for purposes
of disability separation, the code does not obligate the appointing authority to proceed
with a disability separation if the results of the examination reveal that the employee is
not disabled. Indeed, if the results of the requested IME reveal that the employee is
capable of performing their essential job duties, the appointing authority may not
involuntarily disability separate the employee. See Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-30-01(D)
(explaining that if the evidence at the pre-separation hearing demonstrates "that the
employee is capable of performing his or her essential job duties, then the involuntary
disability process shall cease and the employee shall be considered fit to perform his or
her essential job duties").
       {¶ 42} Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-30-03(B) requires only that the appointing
authority supply the examining practitioner with facts relating to the perceived injury,
No. 13AP-827                                                                         20


illness, or condition and with documentation describing the requirements of the job for
which the employee is being evaluated, prior to the examination. ODRC complied with
Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-30-03(B) when it supplied MLS with Dr. Hammond's letter to
Warden Lamneck detailing Dalton's odd behavior, the Quill email, and the position
descriptions describing the job duties and worker characteristics for the Psychological
Assistant 2 and Psychologist positions.
      {¶ 43} Based on the foregoing, Dalton's second and fourth assignments of error
are overruled.
      {¶ 44} Dalton's third assignment of error asserts that the court erred by
interpreting Ohio Adm.Code 123:1-30-03 and 123:1-30-01 as not violating the ADA or
R.C. 4112.02. Dalton never argued that the cited code sections violated the ADA or R.C.
4112.02 in the court below, and the trial court accordingly never made a ruling on this
argument. Dalton's argument in support of his third assignment of error consists of
several citations to Dr. Hammond's testimony, and contends that "no reasonable fact
finder could conclude that the Appellee had a scintilla of adverse performance or
inappropriate conduct by himself or toward others that would permit an IME request
under OAC § 123:1-30-03 and § 123:1-30-01." (Appellant's brief, 38.) While we disagree
with Dalton's contention, as Dr. Hammond's interaction with Dalton and Dalton's
statements in the Quill email provided ODRC with a firm basis on which to request the
IME, we note that "this court rules on assignments of error only, and will not address
mere arguments." Ellinger v. Ho, 10th Dist. No. 08AP-1079, 2010-Ohio-553, ¶ 70, citing
In re Estate of Taris, 10th Dist. No. 04AP-1264, 2005-Ohio-1516, ¶ 5. Accordingly,
Dalton's third assignment of error is overruled.
VI.   SIXTH, SEVENTH, AND EIGHTH ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR –
      INVASION OF PRIVACY


      {¶ 45} Dalton's sixth assignment of error asserts that the trial court incorrectly
defined Dalton's claims for invasion of privacy. Dalton's seventh assignment of error
asserts the trial court erred by applying a false light defamation standard to Dalton's
invasion of privacy claims, as Dalton did not plead false light defamation. Dalton's
No. 13AP-827                                                                               21


eighth assignment of error asserts the trial court erred by requiring Dalton to show that
the results of the IME were publicly disclosed in order to show damages.
       {¶ 46} Until 2007, Ohio recognized three actionable types of invasion of privacy
claims: "the unwarranted appropriation or exploitation of one's personality, the
publicizing of one's private affairs with which the public has no legitimate concern, or
the wrongful intrusion into one's private activities in such a manner as to outrage or
cause mental suffering, shame or humiliation to a person of ordinary sensibilities."
Housh v. Peth, 165 Ohio St. 35 (1956), paragraph two of the syllabus. In 2007, the
Supreme Court of Ohio recognized a fourth theory, the "false light" invasion of privacy
theory. Welling v. Weinfeld, 113 Ohio St.3d 464, 2007-Ohio-2451, syllabus. Under a
false light theory, "[o]ne who gives publicity to a matter concerning another that places
the other before the public in a false light is subject to liability to the other for invasion
of privacy if (a) the false light in which the other was placed would be highly offensive to
a reasonable person and (b) the actor had knowledge of or acted in reckless disregard as
to the falsity of the publicized matter and the false light in which the other would be
placed." Welling at syllabus, adopting Restatement of the Law 2d, Torts, Section 652E
(1997).
       {¶ 47} Dalton asserts that the trial court mistakenly defined the claims for
invasion of privacy. We have reviewed the trial court's decision, and find that the court
correctly defined the claims for invasion of privacy. In his argument under his sixth
assignment of error, Dalton cites to the syllabus language from Housh and Welling and
notes that an invasion of privacy requires evidence of a wrongful intrusion into one's
private activities in such a manner as to outrage or cause mental suffering, shame or
humiliation to a person of ordinary sensibilities. In defining invasion of privacy
premised on the wrongful intrusion into the seclusion of another, the trial court noted
that, in order to prove an invasion of privacy claim, one must prove "a 'wrongful
intrusion into one's private activities in a manner that outrages or causes mental
suffering, shame, or humiliation to a person of ordinary sensibilities.' Peitsmeyer v.
Jackson Twp. Bd. of Trustees, 10th Dist. No. 02AP-1174, 2003-Ohio-4302, ¶ 26."
(Decision, 7.) Dalton's sixth assignment of error is overruled.
No. 13AP-827                                                                              22


       {¶ 48} Dalton asserts that the trial court applied a false light defamation standard
to his invasion of privacy claims, despite that Dalton did not plead a cause of action for
false light defamation. Aside from mentioning that false light publicity is one of the four
types of invasion of privacy claims, the court did not otherwise mention false light
invasion of privacy or apply the false light invasion of privacy standard to Dalton's
invasion of privacy claims. The trial court only analyzed the invasion of privacy claims
that plaintiff plead: wrongful intrusion into the seclusion of another and public
disclosure of one's private affairs. Dalton's seventh assignment of error is overruled.
       {¶ 49} Dalton's eighth assignment of error asserts the trial court erred in
requiring Dalton to establish that the results of his IME were publicly disclosed in order
to show damages. To establish an invasion of privacy through publicity, the plaintiff
must prove five elements: (1) communication of the matter to the public at large or to so
many persons that the matter is substantially certain to become one of public
knowledge, (2) disclosure of facts concerning the individual's private life, (3) the matter
publicized must be highly offensive and objectionable to a reasonable person of ordinary
sensibilities, (4) the communication must be intentional, not negligent, and (5) the
matter publicized is not of legitimate concern to the public. Killilea v. Sears, Roebuck &
Co., 27 Ohio App.3d 163, 166-67 (10th Dist.1985). Accordingly, plaintiff must show a
public disclosure in order to show an invasion of privacy claim based on public
disclosure of private affairs. The trial court determined that there was not a public
disclosure of Dr. Farrell's report, as Dalton testified that the only person he knew of who
had seen the report was Ken Confer, a nurse at ODRC. See also Clark v. Clark, 6th Dist.
No. H-05-006, 2005-Ohio-5252, ¶ 14.
       {¶ 50} Dalton's argument under his eighth assignment of error asserts that the
court erred in finding that Dalton did not submit to the MMPI-2 test during the IME,
that Dalton's release to participate in the IME was subject to revocation at any time, that
the entire IME process was unwarranted and illegal, and that, because Dalton had
"knowledge of what an IME may reveal * * *, it naturally follows that outrage, mental
suffering, shame and humiliation to the Appellant * * * was a certainty." (Appellant's
brief, 50.) Appellant's arguments under his eighth assignment of error do not relate to
the assigned error regarding the public disclosure requirement. As noted above, this
No. 13AP-827                                                                   23


court rules only on assigned errors and not mere arguments. Ellinger. Accordingly,
Dalton's eighth assignment of error is overruled.
VII.   DISPOSITION
       {¶ 51} Having overruled Dalton's eight assignments of error, we affirm the
judgment of the Court of Claims of Ohio.
                                                               Judgment affirmed.


                    O'GRADY and LUPER SCHUSTER, JJ., concur.
                                _________________
