                     United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 06-3278
                                    ___________

United States of America,                *
                                         *
             Appellee,                   *
                                         * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                 * District Court for the
                                         * Eastern District of Missouri.
Carlos Whitehead,                        *
                                         *
             Appellant.                  *
                                    ___________

                              Submitted: February 12, 2007
                                 Filed: June 1, 2007
                                  ___________

Before WOLLMAN, SMITH, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

        Carlos Whitehead was convicted by a jury of manufacturing and possessing
cocaine base with intent to distribute, a felony in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1);
and possession of heroin, cocaine, and marijuana, misdemeanor violations of 21
U.S.C. § 841(a). The district court1 sentenced Whitehead to a mandatory minimum
of life imprisonment for the felony and concurrent three-year sentences on each of the
misdemeanors. Whitehead appeals from his sentence and conviction. We affirm.



      1
        The Honorable Jean C. Hamilton, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.
                                    I. Background

       Officers of the St. Louis Police Department, including Detective John
Applegate, entered a second floor apartment at 4220 Ellenwood with a search warrant
at the culmination of a narcotics investigation of the residence. They encountered
Whitehead standing in a hallway. As Whitehead expressed surprise over the officers’
presence, the kitchen microwave “dinged.” In the microwave, officers found a glass
vial containing a damp off-white substance that Applegate believed to be crack
cocaine. Next to the appliance was a small baggie of powder cocaine, seven chunks
of loose crack cocaine, and one chunk of crack cocaine wrapped in clear plastic.
Applegate also noticed and seized a metal spoon and knife on the kitchen counter, as
well as a box of sandwich bags and a coffee grinder – items commonly used in
narcotics manufacturing and distribution. In the bedroom, the officers found heroin
and marijuana, as well as a digital scale, white residue, and a plastic bag of marijuana.
When asked to whom the drugs belonged, Whitehead said, “You know you got me,
so don’t play.”

      Joseph Crow, a supervisor of the Drug Chemistry Section of the St. Louis
Metropolitan Police Department’s Laboratory Division tested the substances seized
from the apartment and concluded that the total weight of all crack cocaine seized was
52.06 grams.2 Additionally, he identified .91 grams of powder cocaine (cocaine
hydrochloride), 17.31 grams of marijuana, and 2.71 grams of heroin.

      Upon Whitehead’s conviction for manufacturing with intent to distribute and
possessing more than 50 grams of crack cocaine, the district court imposed a
mandatory life imprisonment enhancement pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 841 because

      2
       Crow analyzed the damp substance removed from the microwave and
concluded that it was cocaine base (also known as crack cocaine). The cocaine in the
microwave amounted to 45.03 grams of the 52.06 gram total. During the time it was
held as evidence, the damp cocaine dried into a single large chunk.

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Whitehead had previously been convicted of five felony drug offenses. Whitehead
appeals, arguing that (1) the mandatory minimum life sentence imposed constitutes
cruel and unusual punishment, (2) the district court erroneously applied the enhanced
sentence without a jury finding that the government had proved the existence of prior
convictions beyond a reasonable doubt, (3) the enhancement was not justified because
the government had not demonstrated that more than 50 grams of the cocaine was
crack cocaine, and (4) the district court abused its discretion when it denied
Whitehead’s motion for a continuance to retain new counsel. Whitehead also insisted
that his counsel present an additional list of issues in his reply brief.

                                     II. Analysis

                                          A.

       Whitehead urges us to apply the proportionality review established in Solem v.
Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 290-92 (1983), and Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957 (1991),
and find the mandatory life sentence imposed under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(iii)
cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. An Eighth
Amendment violation may be found only “‘in the rare case in which a threshold
comparison of the crime committed and the sentence imposed leads to an inference
of gross disproportionality.’” See Henderson v. Norris, 258 F.3d 706, 712 (8th Cir.
2001) (quoting Harmelin, 501 U.S. at 1005 (opinion of Kennedy, J.)); see also
Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 73 (2003) (noting that the “gross disproportionality
principle . . . [is] applicable only in . . . ‘exceedingly rare’ and ‘extreme’ case[s].”
(citation omitted)). This is not such a case. Because Whitehead had been convicted
of five prior felony drug offenses, see Rummel v. Estelle, 445 U.S. 263, 276, 284-85
(1980) (holding that recidivism may support the imposition of a severe penalty), and
because cocaine distribution represents a grave threat to society, United States v.
Johnson, 944 F.2d 396, 408-09 (8th Cir. 1991), we do not consider his sentence
grossly disproportionate to the crime. See, e.g., United States v. Collins, 340 F.3d

                                          -3-
672, 679-80 (8th Cir. 2003) (upholding a life sentence for possession with intent to
distribute more than 500 grams of methamphetamine when defendant had been
convicted of two prior drug felonies). Accordingly, the sentence does not constitute
cruel and unusual punishment.3

                                           B.

      We find similarly unavailing the contention that the district court violated
Whitehead’s Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial by imposing an enhanced sentence
based on his prior convictions without proving to a jury factual issues related to his
criminal record. Evidence of a prior conviction need not be submitted to the jury for
the enhancement to apply. Collins, 340 F.3d at 679 (responding to an identical
argument).

                                           C.

       The district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Whitehead’s request
for a continuance to obtain new counsel. The right to choice of counsel is not absolute
and is “circumscribed in several important respects.” United States v. Gonzalez-
Lopez, 126 S. Ct. 2557, 2561 (2006) (citation omitted). Whitehead acknowledges not
only that the trial court has broad discretion to grant or deny a continuance for the
purpose of retaining new counsel, but also that the district court’s discretion is at its
zenith when the issue is raised close to the trial date. See United States v. Vallery,


      3
       Our conclusion is consistent with our prior observation that “Section 841 and
its mandatory minimum sentencing provisions have consistently withstood
constitutional scrutiny.” United States v. Regenos, 54 Fed. Appx. 245, 245 (8th Cir.
2002) (unpublished per curiam) (collecting cases); see also United States v. Jones, 965
F.2d 1507, 1517-18 (8th Cir. 1992) (holding that a life sentence pursuant to §
841(b)(1)(A)(iii) was not a cruel and unusual punishment); United States v. Johnson,
944 F.2d 396, 408-09 (8th Cir. 1991).

                                          -4-
108 F.3d 155, 157 (8th Cir. 1997). Here, Whitehead moved for a continuance to
retain new counsel on the very morning of trial. The district court reasoned that denial
of the motion was justified because Whitehead had had ample time to retain a new
attorney, a jury was ready, Whitehead had already changed his counsel once, an
additional continuance would be prejudicial to the government, and five continuances
had already been granted to Whitehead, which cumulatively amounted to a delay of
over two years. In light of these considerations, the district court did not abuse its
discretion by denying Whitehead’s motion. See, e.g., United States v. Armstrong,
112 F.3d 342, 344-45 (8th Cir. 1997) (denying an eleventh-hour request for new
counsel and continuance); Vallery, 108 F.3d at 157-58; Urquhart v. Lockhart, 726
F.2d 1316, 1319 (8th Cir. 1984).

                                          D.

       We review for clear error a district court’s identification of a controlled
substance at sentencing. Garrett v. United States, 211 F.3d 1075, 1076 (8th Cir. 2000)
(per curiam). We will reverse only if “left with a definite and firm conviction that a
mistake has been made.” Id. (quoting United States v. Brown, 156 F.3d 813, 816 (8th
Cir. 1998)). The Sentencing Guidelines define crack cocaine as “the street name for
a form of cocaine base, usually prepared by processing cocaine hydrochloride and
sodium bicarbonate, and usually appearing in a lumpy, rocklike form.” U.S.S.G. §
2D1.1(c), Note D (2006). Whitehead argues that the government failed to prove that
the substance retrieved from the apartment that weighed in excess of 50 grams was
crack cocaine because it had not been tested for the presence of sodium bicarbonate.
This argument is unavailing. We have previously held that the government need not
show the presence of sodium bicarbonate in order to prove that cocaine is crack.
United States v. Stewart, 122 F.3d 625, 628 (8th Cir. 1997) (observing that the
language of the Sentencing Guidelines definition does not require evidence of sodium
bicarbonate or cocaine hydrochloride); see also Brown, 156 F.3d at 816.



                                          -5-
        Additionally, “[i]t is well established that ‘the identity of a controlled substance
can . . . be proved by circumstantial evidence and opinion testimony.’” United States
v. Covington, 133 F.3d 639, 644 (8th Cir. 1998) (alteration in original) (quoting
United States v. Williams, 982 F.2d 1209, 1212 (8th Cir. 1992)). Here, Applegate
testified that he believed the substance was crack cocaine. DEA Special Agent James
McHugh, an individual who had been involved in more than 250 drug distribution or
manufacturing investigations, testified that he had examined the cocaine and that it
appeared to be crack cocaine. He also stated that crack cocaine can be prepared in a
microwave. Although the cocaine removed from the microwave was still damp and
may not have been in chunks at the time it was weighed, McHugh testified that
properly cooked crack cocaine takes on its characteristic rock-like form when allowed
to dry out. Crow observed that the cocaine had taken on a rock-like form after drying
in an evidentiary envelope. Crow had also determined that the cocaine identified as
crack was not cocaine hydrochloride (cocaine powder) and testified that there were
more than 50 grams of crack cocaine. Accordingly, the district court’s determination
was not clearly erroneous.

                                            E.

       Although we do not normally consider issues raised for the first time in a reply
brief, the government has raised no objection to our addressing them. Having
considered these newly raised arguments, we conclude that they are without merit.

       The judgment is affirmed.
                         ___________________________




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