Elections-Ballots-General: Marking-Rules: Section 208 of the VRA preempts the prohibition on a
candidate assisting a voter and the prohibition on a person assisting more than three voters in an election,
as set forth in Minn. Stat. § 204C.15, subd 1. Any enforcement of these prohibitions would violate the
Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution.
                                                                                                      28a-6
                                                                                       cr ref 185a-5; 385a)




                                                     May 7, 2020



Steve Simon
Minnesota Secretary of State
180 State Office Building
100 Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd.
St. Paul, MN 55155-1299

        Re:      Request for Opinion Concerning Minnesota’s Voter Assistance Statute

Dear Secretary Simon:

         Thank you for your April 22, 2020, letter requesting an opinion regarding whether
restrictions in Minn. Stat. § 204C.15, subd. 1, are preempted by section 208 of the Voting Rights
Act. Specifically, you ask whether the prohibition on a candidate assisting a voter and the
prohibition on a person assisting more than three voters in an election are preempted. Our
conclusion is that the answer to your question is yes, these prohibitions are preempted by section
208 of the Voting Rights Act.
                                                        FACTS

        Minnesotans speak many different languages in their homes, including Spanish, Hmong,
and Somali. We are home to many people who may need assistance to read and mark their
ballots on election day. We are also home to many people with disabilities who may need
assistance to cast their ballots at the polls.

        Section 204C.15 provides that a voter who needs assistance, because of an inability to
read English or physical inability to mark the ballot, may receive assistance from the person of
their choice. Minn. Stat. § 204C.15, subd. 1. The statute, though, contains several exceptions,
including one that prohibits candidates from assisting voters and another that prohibits a person
from assisting more than three voters in an election. Id.



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Minnesota Secretary of State
May 7, 2020
Page 2


        The legislative history shows that these restrictions existed in Minnesota before section
208 of the Voting Rights Act was passed. Early versions of Minnesota’s voter assistance statutes
date back to the 1890s. See Minnesota Statutes 1894, ch. 1, s. 108; State v. Gay, 59 Minn. 6
(1894). Those also contained a three-person limit. The Minnesota Legislature enacted the first
version of Minnesota Statute § 204C.15, subd.1, in 1981.

        In 1965, Congress passed the Voting Rights Act (VRA) to protect the right of American
citizens to vote. League of United Latin Am. Citizens v. Perry, 548 U.S. 399, 433-34 (2006).
Under the VRA, “[a]ll citizens of the United States who are otherwise qualified by law to vote at
any election by the people in any State, . . . county, [or] city, . . . shall be entitled and allowed to
vote at all such elections.” 52 U.S.C. § 10101(a)(1). The VRA defines the terms “vote” and
“voting” broadly as “all action necessary to make a vote effective,” which includes any “action
required by law prerequisite to voting, casting a ballot, and having such ballot counted properly.”
52 U.S.C. § 10310(c)(1).

        In 1982, Congress added section 208 of the VRA, which guarantees a voter who requires
assistance, by reason of blindness, disability, or inability to read or write, the right to
receive assistance from “a person of the voter’s choice.” 52 U.S.C. § 10508. Unlike
Minnesota’s voter assistance statute, section 208 of the VRA does not limit the voter’s choice by
prohibiting assistance from a candidate or from someone who has already assisted three voters in
the election.
                                        LEGAL ANALYSIS

         The VRA preempts any state laws that conflict with it or prevent its effectiveness.
52 U.S.C. § 10101(a)(1). Preemption occurs when a “state law confers rights or imposes
restrictions that conflict with the federal law,” Murphy v. NCAA, 138 S. Ct. 1461, 1480 (2018),
or when state law stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes
and objectives of Congress. Gade v. Nat’l Solid Wastes Mgmt. Ass’n, 505 U.S. 88, 98 (1992).
Minnesota does not have the authority to enforce a law that is preempted by the Supremacy
Clause of the United States Constitution. Murphy, 138 S. Ct. at 1476.

         Generally, any Minnesota statute that infringes on the assistance guaranteed in section
208 of the VRA for disabled or limited-English voters would be preempted. Section 204C.15
restricts the right to voter assistance that is guaranteed by section 208 of the VRA because
section 204C.15 includes exceptions that do not exist in the federal law.

        Section 204C.15 provides in pertinent part that a “voter who claims a need for assistance
because of inability to read English or physical inability to mark a ballot” may receive assistance
from “any individual the voter chooses.” Minn. Stat. § 204C.15, subd. 1. A voter cannot receive
assistance, though, from “the voter’s employer, an agent of the voter’s employer, an officer or
agent of the voter’s union, or a candidate for election.” Id. In addition, there is the three-voter
limit: “No person who assists another voter as provided in the preceding sentence shall mark the
ballots of more than three voters at one election.” Id.
Steve Simon
Minnesota Secretary of State
May 7, 2020
Page 3


        Section 208 of the VRA guarantees voters in need of assistance the right to receive that
assistance from a person of their choice, while only listing exceptions that prohibit assistance
from the voter’s employer or union. It states in full:

       Any voter who requires assistance to vote by reason of blindness, disability, or
       inability to read or write may be given assistance by a person of the voter’s
       choice, other than the voter’s employer or agent of that employer or officer or
       agent of the voter’s union.

52 U.S.C. § 10508.

         While section 208 establishes a couple of exceptions to a voter’s right to obtain assistance
from the person of the voter’s choice, Minnesota’s statute adds two more: assistance cannot
come from a candidate or someone who has already assisted three voters. By adding these
exceptions, Minnesota’s statute limits the right guaranteed by section 208 of the VRA. Cf. Minn.
Stat. § 645.19 (“Exceptions expressed in a law shall be construed to exclude all others.”). By
restricting this federal right, the statute conflicts with federal law.

       Minnesota’s law also frustrates Congress’s purpose in enacting section 208. The Senate
Judiciary Committee explained that section 208 was designed to protect individuals at the polls
and ensure they receive trusted and meaningful assistance:

       To limit the risks of discrimination against voters in these specified groups and
       avoid denial or infringement of their right to vote, the Committee has concluded
       that they must be permitted to have the assistance of a person of their own choice.
       The Committee concluded that this is the only way to assure meaningful voting
       assistance and to avoid possible intimidation or manipulation of the voter. To do
       otherwise would deny these voters the same opportunity to vote enjoyed by all
       citizens.

S. Rep. No. 97-417, 1982 U.S.C.C.A.N. 177, 240-41.

        The state law can create indefensible situations like the following: the only fluent English
speaker in a family can help her parents and grandmother to vote but not her grandfather, who
then must either receive assistance from a less-trusted individual or eschew his right to vote. Or,
a personal care assistant who cares for multiple people with disabilities must choose which three
to help vote and leave the others to seek help elsewhere. This frustrates the purpose and
objective of section 208 of the VRA, which is to assure trusted and meaningful assistance for
voters who cannot read English or who have a disability.

        Two recent cases finding that section 208 of the VRA preempted contrary state law are
consistent with this preemption analysis. In 2017, Mr. Dai Thao was on the ballot as a candidate
in the election for the Mayor of St. Paul. After an elderly Hmong-American voter sought Mr.
Thao’s assistance with the voter’s ballot, Mr. Thao was prosecuted for violating section 204C.15,
Steve Simon
Minnesota Secretary of State
May 7, 2020
Page 4


subd. 1. The prosecution failed, however. Ramsey County District Court Judge Nicole Starr
issued an Order finding that Minn. Stat. § 204C.15, subd. 1, conflicts with section 208 of the
VRA and is preempted. As she explained:

         [T]he legislative history of the VRA demonstrates that Congress considered
         situations such as this, and determined that the overriding interest was access to
         the voting versus possible voter manipulation. The committee made special note
         of the need for flexibility with regard to insular communities comprised of
         “language minorities” where there are few choices of people who speak the same
         language. . . . Congress saw the individual’s ability to determine who would be
         trustworthy assistant as an internal check against manipulation.

Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Order, State of Minnesota v. Dai Thao, 62-CR-18-927
(Ramsey County District Court Oct. 23, 2018). The court concluded that “the prohibition of a
candidate as a possible trusted assistant acted as an obstacle to the accomplishment of the full
purpose and objective of Congress.” Id. at 5. The same reasoning extends to preempt the
statute’s prohibition on assisting more than three voters.

        Similarly, in OCA-Greater Houston v. Texas, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals
examined a Texas law requiring that interpreters assisting voters must be registered to vote in the
county where the voter needs assistance. 867 F.3d 604, 607 (5th Cir. 2017). The court held the
state law was preempted because it “impermissibly narrows the right guaranteed by Section 208
of the VRA.” Id. at 615. The same reasoning extends to preempt Minnesota’s prohibitions on
assisting voters.

       This Office could find no court case in the country that examined a similar state law and
concluded it was not preempted.

       The answer to your question is that section 208 of the VRA preempts both the prohibition
on a candidate assisting a voter and the prohibition on a person assisting more than three voters
in an election, as set forth in Minn. Stat. § 204C.15, subd 1. Any enforcement of these
prohibitions would violate the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution.


                                                Sincerely,




                                                KEITH ELLISON
                                                Attorney General


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