        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                              December 11, 2013 Session

               STATE OF TENNESSEE v. LEONARD GILES, JR.

                 Appeal from the Circuit Court for Williamson County
                    No. I-CR075059 Michael W. Binkley, Judge


                No. M2013-01037-CCA-R3-CD - Filed March 24, 2014


The Defendant-Appellant, Leonard Giles, Jr., appeals the Williamson County Circuit Court’s
revocation of his probation. On appeal, Giles argues (1) the special condition of his
probation prohibiting him from driving or possessing a vehicle is invalid; (2) the trial court
erred in failing to consider the invalidity of this special condition during his revocation
hearing; (3) the admission of witness statements at the revocation hearing violated his right
of confrontation; and (4) the cumulative effect of the aforementioned errors deprived him of
his right to a fair trial. Upon review, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

C AMILLE R. M CM ULLEN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J ERRY L. S MITH and
A LAN E. G LENN, JJ., joined.

Benjamin C. Signer, for the Defendant-Appellant, Leonard Giles, Jr.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Brent C. Cherry, Senior Counsel; Kim
R. Helper, District Attorney General; and Mary Katherine White, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the Appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                         OPINION

       Factual Background. On April 1, 2011, Giles entered a guilty plea to the delivery
of dihydrocodeinone in violation of Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-17-417. On April
26, 2011, the trial court sentenced Giles to a three-year sentence, suspended after service of
nine months in confinement. The trial court’s judgment contained the following special
condition: “[Defendant] cannot drive a motor vehicle or have a vehicle on his property
within his control[.]”
       On December 20, 2011, a probation violation warrant was issued against Giles
alleging that he “operated a motor vehicle in violation of his court-ordered Special
Conditions” on that date. On January 18, 2012, a second probation violation warrant was
issued against Giles alleging that he “operated a motor vehicle in violation of his court-
ordered Special Conditions” on December 21, 2011. On February 14, 2012, a third probation
violation warrant was issued against Giles alleging that on February 7, 2012, he “operated
a motor vehicle in violation of his court-ordered Special Conditions” and that on February
14, 2012, he “admitted in open court that he recently had made a threatening statement
against his attorney.”

        On April 9, 2012, Giles’s attorney filed a “Motion to Dismiss and Revisit the
Condition of Probation Prohibiting Driving or Owning a Motor Vehicle.” On April 23, 2012,
the trial court revoked his probation after Giles admitted to the violations and reached an
agreement with the State to reinstate his probation according to its original terms “to [three
years] from today to [April 22, 2015].”

        On December 18, 2012, a probation violation warrant was issued against Giles
alleging that on November 17, 2012, he had been cited for an improper tag on his vehicle and
no proof of insurance; that on November 27, 2012, he was cited for an accident resulting in
damage to another vehicle; that he failed to report these citations to his probation officer; and
that on November 17, 2012, and November 27, 2012, he violated the special condition of his
probation that prohibited him from driving a vehicle or having a vehicle on his property
within his control. On March 18, 2013, Giles, through new counsel, filed a “Motion to Alter
Conditions of Probation,” wherein the defense sought to remove the “probation condition
that he not drive or possess a motor vehicle.”

        Revocation Hearing. At the March 26, 2013 probation revocation hearing, Giles’s
presentence investigation report, two statements from witnesses, and copies of Giles’s
citations were admitted. The State noted that this was at least Giles’s third violation for
failing to abide by the special condition precluding him from driving a motor vehicle. It
explained that this special condition had been imposed by a different trial judge after a full
sentencing hearing. The State noted that in April 2012, a different attorney had filed a
motion to have that special condition removed, and that motion was denied. It also asserted
that on April 23, 2012, Giles’s probation was revoked and reinstated according to the original
conditions of his probation. The State argued that despite this, Giles “has still continued to
drive, and therefore, . . . [we] would submit that [he] should be ordered to serve his sentence
[in confinement] due to the flagrancy of the[se] violations[.]” Defense counsel responded
that because Giles’s citations had been dismissed, Giles’s probation should not be revoked
on that basis. However, he conceded that Giles should have reported these citations to his



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probation officer, even though they were later dismissed. Defense counsel also argued that
the special condition prohibiting Giles from driving was invalid.

        Christopher Cook, the Chapel Hill Chief of Police, testified that he knew Giles
because he investigated him for leaving the scene of an accident on November 12, 2012 and
because he wrote him a citation for a traffic stop on November 17, 2012. He stated that the
police department became aware of the November 12, 2012 incident when a man notified
police that his mother’s car had been hit while parked in the parking lot of the Dollar General
Store in Chapel Hill. Chief Cook went to the store and talked with two witnesses, Julie
Sanborne and Betty Fraizer. He said that Fraizer told him that Giles had just been in the store
and had been driving a vehicle matching the description of the white truck that Sanborne saw
striking the woman’s car. Fraizer’s and Sanborne’s written statements were entered into
evidence over the defense’s objection.

       Chief Cook stated that after obtaining the statements from Fraizer and Sanborne, he
continued his investigation and later obtained the following statement from Giles after
signing a waiver of rights form: “On 11-12-12 I was at the dollar store[.] I went and got
Aspirin and left[.] I didn’t hit any other automobile[.]” After obtaining these statements,
Chief Cook took out warrants against Giles for leaving the scene of an accident resulting in
damage and for failing to give immediate notice of an accident. He later discovered that
these citations were dismissed after Giles made a twenty dollar donation to the equipment
fund for the Chapel Hill Police Department.

        Chief Cook stated that on November 12, 2012, he independently verified that Giles
had a white truck matching the description of the vehicle Sanborne had seen hit the woman’s
car. After obtaining the witnesses’ statements, Chief Cook went to Giles’s residence and
noticed that a white truck with a gold stripe that had damage to the front end was parked
outside the house. He wrote down the vehicle’s tag number, and when he checked this tag
against the department’s database for registrations, the database showed that the tag was for
a different vehicle belonging to a different owner.

       On November 17, 2012, Chief Cook saw Giles driving the white truck on a highway
within the city limits of Chapel Hill. He stopped Giles and issued him a citation for improper
tags and for failing to have proof of insurance. He stated that “[t]o the best of [his]
understanding,” this citation was later dismissed.

       Taz Farmer, Giles’s probation officer, testified that Giles knew about the special
condition of his probation prohibiting him from driving a vehicle or having a vehicle on his
property and that they had talked about this condition on several different occasions. He
explained why the sentencing court had originally imposed this special condition:

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             To my knowledge, the reason for that was . . . Giles had a former
       vehicular homicide case[.]

              ....

              [S]o it was my understanding that as that was brought out in the
       sentencing hearing that the Court was very concerned about him driving and
       especially because his charge being a drug charge and that [vehicular homicide
       conviction] having been in his past, that was put on him as a . . . special
       condition to his probation out of the concern for the safety of the community.

       Farmer stated that he had taken out four warrants against Giles for violating the
special condition of his probation, including the one at issue in this case. He stated that on
April 23, 2012, Giles admitted that he had violated his special condition and agreed to abide
by the original conditions of his probation when he was reinstated to a new three-year
probationary term.

       At the conclusion of the revocation hearing, the trial court noted that the special
condition prohibiting Giles from driving was troubling but was not his concern:

       [H]onestly, before I get into the findings, I have a real problem with making
       a condition of probation [not] driving an automobile for an offense that
       occurred 20 years ago. I’ve got a real problem with that, but, nonetheless, if
       I have a problem with that, that really is not my concern at this level. My
       concern as a trier of fact and as a judge in this case is to look at the evidence
       in front of me, and even though that bothers me and it really does because, you
       know, we’re in [a] rural area, and, you know, I didn’t hear any proof from the
       defendant about why he would need to be driving, but it just–it bothers me, but
       you know what, so what. That’s not my role as a judge and that’s sometimes
       hard to separate to be frank with you, but it’s not my role to be an advocate or
       to think, well, why didn’t that happen or why did it happen or why didn’t
       someone come in and do this before, they did, but it still bothers me but,
       nonetheless, I am obligated and bound to follow the rules of other judges. I
       am bound to follow the rules of law whether I like them or not. . . .

       The court also stated that it was going to follow the previous order denying Giles’s
request to remove the special condition because no new evidence required a modification of
that condition:




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       As a judge, again, regardless of my feelings of why in the world that was made
       a condition to probation, fact of the matter remains [that] someone tried before
       this hearing today to get that modified and that was [denied]. Court didn’t
       think that that was a smart and wise thing to do, and the question becomes am
       I bound by that with the facts up to that day as the rule of the case and I think
       I am. I think I am, and I think I, as a judge, am required to follow that order
       and there were no new facts that were presented to justify me considering the
       modification of that particular condition from the date of the last order on
       denying that modification until today, so I didn’t hear any new evidence.

       At the conclusion of the revocation hearing, the trial court found that Giles had
violated the terms of his probation by failing to obey the laws of the United States, or the
State of Tennessee, or a municipal ordinance, by failing to report his citations to his
probation officer, and by failing to abide by the special condition of his probation precluding
him from driving an automobile or having an automobile within his control on his property.
Regarding the appropriate sentence, the court stated:

       I just can’t justify putting this man back on probation. I just can’t do it as
       much as I hate it. I really hate it, but, [y]ou know, what I hate and what I need
       to do as a judge [are] two different things. This is the fourth time this man has
       violated under this particular case and first one was back on [12]/20, the
       second one, 1/18, the third, 2/14, and then today’s violations. You know, I just
       can’t in good conscience allow the man to get another chance because I don’t
       think he’s paying attention[.]

        In light of these violations, the trial court revoked Giles’s probation and ordered him
to serve his three-year sentence in confinement. Giles filed a timely notice of appeal.

                                         ANALYSIS

       I. Special Condition. Giles argues that the special condition prohibiting him from
driving or possessing a vehicle is unreasonable and invalid. Citing Tennessee Code
Annotated section 40-35-303(d)(9), he argues that this special condition was not reasonably
related to the purpose of his sentence because the use of a vehicle was not directly tied to his
conviction for the delivery of dihydrocodeinone and was instead imposed because of his
1996 conviction for vehicular homicide by intoxication. He also claims that this special
condition is not reasonably related to rehabilitating him for his drug offense. Finally, citing
State v. Bouldin, 717 S.W.2d 584, 587 (Tenn. 1986), Giles argues that this special condition,
which precludes him from having any vehicles in his possession, amounts to a forfeiture that
has not been authorized by the legislature.

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        Initially, we note that a trial court is not required to relate the special condition of
probation to the conviction offense. Instead, the special condition must reasonably relate to
the purpose of the defendant’s sentence and not be unduly restrictive. T.C.A. § 40-35-
303(d)(9) (A court may require an offender to “[s]atisfy any other conditions reasonably
related to the purpose of the offender’s sentence and not unduly restrictive of the offender’s
liberty or incompatible with the offender’s freedom of conscience, or otherwise prohibited
by this chapter[.]”). Moreover, a trial court may “impose any terms and conditions not
inconsistent with the Tennessee Sentencing Reform Act.” State v. Johnson, 980 S.W.2d 410,
413 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998) (citing State v. Huff, 760 S.W.2d 633, 639 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1988)). However, all probation conditions “must be reasonable and realistic and must not
be so stringent as to be harsh, oppressive or palpably unjust.” Stiller v. State, 516 S.W.2d
617, 620 (Tenn. 1974). The trial court has discretion in determining special conditions of
probation, but any abuse of discretion is subject to appellate review. Bouldin, 717 S.W.2d
at 586 (citing Stiller, 516 S.W.2d at 620).

         Regarding the validity of this special condition, we note that Giles never challenged
this special condition of his probation when it was imposed. At the sentencing hearing for
his delivery of dihydrocodeinone offense, the court properly considered Giles’s extensive
criminal history, which included a conviction for vehicular homicide by intoxication, a
conviction for vehicular assault, two convictions for public intoxication, two convictions for
assault, two convictions for shoplifting, and a conviction for theft of property. See State v.
Kendrick, 10 S.W.3d 650, 656 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999) (When considering probation, the
trial court should consider the nature and circumstances of the offense, the defendant’s
criminal record, the defendant’s background and social history, the defendant’s present
condition, including physical and mental condition, the deterrent effect on the defendant, and
the best interests of the defendant and the public.). Given this extensive criminal history,
which stemmed in part from alcohol and drug abuse, Giles has failed to show that the special
condition prohibiting him from driving or having control of a motor vehicle was unrelated
to the rehabilitative purpose of his sentence, which, as Farmer testified to, was to prevent him
from injuring members of the community. See T.C.A. § 40-35-103(5) (“The potential or lack
of potential for the rehabilitation or treatment of the defendant should be considered in
determining the sentence alternative or length of a term to be imposed.”). Moreover, we
conclude that this special condition does not amount to a forfeiture because there was no
requirement that Giles divest himself of any vehicle in his possession without compensation
or that his motor vehicle be stored by any law enforcement agency for the duration of his
probation. See Black’s Law Dictionary (9th ed. 2009) (defining forfeiture as “[t]he
divestiture of property without compensation”); Bouldin, 717 S.W.2d at 586-87 (holding that
a special condition requiring the defendant to forfeit his car to the police department to be
stored for the entirety of his two-year probationary sentence amounted to a forfeiture not
authorized by statute). Accordingly, we conclude that the sentencing court did not abuse its

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discretion in imposing this special condition. Moreover, because we have upheld the trial
court’s revocation of Giles’s probation and imposition of a sentence of three years in
confinement, this issue is moot.

        II. Failure to Consider Alleged Invalidity of Special Condition. Giles argues that
the trial court erred in failing to consider the invalidity of his special condition as a defense
during his probation revocation hearing. He asserts that the trial court retains jurisdiction of
a defendant’s sentence until the defendant is transferred to the Tennessee Department of
Correction. See T.C.A. § 40-35-212(c). He also argues that a trial court can modify or
remove a condition of the defendant’s probation upon its own motion or upon the motion by
the defendant, a probation officer, or the district attorney. See id. § 40-35-308(a). Finally,
Giles argues that the trial court gave too much weight to the prior trial court’s ruling
declining to remove the special condition.

        We have already concluded that the sentencing court did not abuse its discretion in
imposing the special condition in this case. Therefore, the trial court did not err in failing to
consider it as a defense at Giles’s most recent revocation hearing. While we acknowledge
that the trial court may remove a condition of probation upon the motion of a defendant, see
id. § 40-35-308(a)(2), we conclude that the trial court in this case did not abuse its discretion
in declining to remove this special condition of probation. The record shows that Giles never
challenged or objected to the special condition at the time of sentencing and never appealed
his sentence. He challenged the special condition for the first time on April 9, 2012, more
than a year after he was sentenced, when he filed his “Motion to Dismiss and Revisit the
Condition of Probation Prohibiting Driving or Owning a Motor Vehicle” after being served
with probation violation warrants alleging that he violated the special condition by driving
a motor vehicle on three different occasions. On April 23, 2012, the trial court revoked Giles
probation after he admitted to the violation and reached an agreement with the State to
reinstate his probation according to its original terms. In this case, Giles did not file his
“Motion to Alter Conditions of Probation” until after he was served with a probation
violation warrant alleging in part that he had again driven in violation of his special condition
of probation. At the revocation hearing in this case, the trial court recognized the prior
court’s ruling declining to remove the special condition and noted that Giles had presented
no new evidence establishing why the special condition was so burdensome that it should be
removed at this time. Accordingly, Giles is not entitled to relief on this issue.

       III. Admission of Witnesses’ Statements. Giles argues that his constitutional right
of confrontation was violated when the trial court admitted the statements of two witnesses
who did not testify at trial. Although he acknowledges that the rules regarding hearsay are
relaxed at probation revocation hearings, he contends that the trial court failed to make the



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required findings pursuant to Wade before admitting the statements at his probation
revocation hearing. See State v. Wade, 863 S.W.2d 406, 409 (Tenn. 1993).

        The Tennessee Supreme Court has noted that “the full panoply of rights due a
defendant in criminal prosecutions” do not apply to probation revocations. Wade, 863
S.W.2d at 408 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). However, the confrontation
rights of a defendant, though relaxed at a probation revocation hearing, preclude the
admission of hearsay evidence unless: (1) the trial court makes a finding that there is “good
cause” to justify the denial of the defendant’s right to confront and cross-examine adverse
witnesses, and (2) there is a showing that information contained in the evidence is reliable.
Id. at 409.

        At the probation revocation hearing, Chief Cook testified that he investigated an
accident where Giles was believed to have hit another car with his truck in a parking lot.
During his investigation, Chief Cook took statements from Sanborne, who saw a white truck
hit the victim’s car in the parking lot of the Dollar General Store, and Fraizer, who stated that
Giles had just been in the store and was driving a white truck that day. The defense objected
to Chief Cook’s testifying about what Sanborne and Fraizer told him. After obtaining the
statements from Sanborne and Fraizer, Chief Cook went to Giles’s home and saw a white
truck on Giles’s property, which violated his special condition of probation. He ran a check
on the truck’s tag and discovered that the tags were for a different vehicle belonging to a
different owner. Chief Cook later observed Giles driving the white truck and wrote Giles a
citation for driving with improper tags and for failing to have proof of insurance.

        When the State asked to admit the written statements by Fraizer and Sanborne, the
defense objected on the basis that these statements violated Giles’s right to confrontation
because they were made in anticipation of prosecution and because Giles was unable to
cross-examine either of these witnesses. The State responded that reliable hearsay may be
admitted in probation revocation hearings and that it had subpoenaed Sanborne and Fraizer
to testify, but these witnesses failed to appear at the revocation hearing. It argued that these
statements were relevant to whether Giles was driving a car in violation of the special
condition of his probation and whether he left the scene of the accident after hitting another
car in the parking lot of the Dollar General Store. After hearing counsel’s arguments, the
trial court made the following ruling: “I think reliable hearsay is relevant. I understand your
confrontation argument. I do think, however, that the [statements] themselves are reliable
hearsay for the purposes of consideration in a probation revocation hearing.”

       Clearly, the written statements given by Sanborne and Fraizer were hearsay. See
Tenn. R. Evid. 801(c). We agree that the trial court failed to make the finding of “good
cause” to justify the admission of the witnesses’ statements without having these witnesses

                                               -8-
testify at the revocation hearing. We also agree that the court failed to make a showing that
the information contained in these statements was reliable. Absent these findings, the trial
court should not have admitted these statements over the defendant’s objection. See State
v. David James Wiley, No. E2004-01463-CCA-R3-CD, 2005 WL 1130222, at *3 (Tenn.
Crim. App. May 13, 2005); State v. Brandon Scott Watson, No. M2003-01814-CCA-R3-CD,
2004 WL 1562553, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 13, 2004); State v. Joyce Newman, No.
M1999-00161-CCA-R3-CD, 2000 WL 994358, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 12, 2000).

        However, we conclude that the admission of these statements was harmless beyond
a reasonable doubt. See Tenn R. App. P. 36(b) (“A final judgment from which relief is
available and otherwise appropriate shall not be set aside unless, considering the whole
record, error involving a substantial right more probably than not affected the judgment or
would result in prejudice to the judicial process.”). It has long been recognized that a
constitutional error need not require the reversal of a conviction as long as the State shows
“beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contributed to the verdict
obtained.” Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24 (1967); State v. Vaughan, 144 S.W.3d
391, 409 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003). Even without the witnesses’ statements, there is
sufficient proof to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that Giles violated the terms
of his probation. Giles admitted at the revocation hearing that he had violated his probation
by failing to report all of his citations to his probation officer. Moreover, the evidence at the
hearing established that Chief Cook observed Giles driving a motor vehicle in violation of
the special condition of his probation and wrote him citations for improper tags, failing to
have proof of insurance, leaving the scene of an accident resulting in damage, and failing to
give immediate notice of an accident. Accordingly, we conclude that Giles’s probation
would have been revoked, even if the hearsay evidence had not been admitted. See State v.
Samuel A. Gribbins, No. M2005-01992-CCA-R3-CD, 2006 WL 1916811, at *6 (Tenn. Crim.
App. June 14, 2006); Brandon Scott Watson, 2004 WL 1562553, at *4; State v. Stephen E.
Cline, No. M2000-01674-CCA-R3-CD, 2001 WL 1379877, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 30,
2001). Moreover, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in revoking
Giles’s probation and ordering him to serve his three-year sentence in confinement. See
State v. Shaffer, 45 S.W.3d 553, 554 (Tenn. 2001) (reiterating that probation revocation rests
within the sound discretion of the trial court, and this court will not disturb the trial court’s
ruling absent an abuse of that discretion); State v. Hunter, 1 S.W.3d 643, 647 (Tenn. 1999)
(stating that once the trial court decides to revoke a defendant’s probation, it may (1) order
confinement; (2) order the sentence into execution as initially entered, or, in other words,
begin the probationary sentence anew; (3) return the defendant to probation on modified
conditions as necessary; or (4) extend the probationary period by up to two years). Once the
trial court determined that Giles violated the terms of his probation, it was authorized to order
him to serve his three-year sentence in confinement. Therefore, Giles is not entitled to relief
on this issue.

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        IV. Cumulative Error. Finally, Giles argues that the cumulative errors committed
by the trial court deprived him of the right to a fair trial. He contends that because half of
his violations were based on the wrongfully admitted statements of Fraizer and Sanborne and
the allegedly invalid special condition precluding him from driving or possessing a vehicle,
these errors more probably than not affected the trial court’s judgment. Because we have
already determined that Giles is not entitled to relief on any of his issues on appeal, we need
not consider the cumulative effect of the alleged errors. State v. Hester, 324 S.W.3d 1, 77
(Tenn. 2010) (“To warrant assessment under the cumulative error doctrine, there must have
been more than one actual error committed in the trial proceedings.”).

                                      CONCLUSION

       Upon review, we conclude that the trial court erred in admitting the witnesses’
statements. However, because this error is harmless, we conclude that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in revoking Giles’ probation and in ordering him to serve his three-year
sentence in confinement. The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

                                                    _________________________________
                                                    CAMILLE R. McMULLEN, JUDGE




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