              IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                        No. 106,748

                                 ROBERT BLAKE DUMLER,
                                       Appellant,

                                               v.

                           KANSAS DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE,
                                     Appellee.


                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
       Under Kansas' Implied Consent Law, any person who operates a vehicle within
this state is deemed to have given consent to submit to one or more tests of the person's
blood, breath, urine, or other bodily substance to determine the presence of alcohol or
drugs, provided that the person has been given certain mandatory notices before a law
enforcement officer administers such a test.


2.
       The mandatory implied consent notices that must be given to a person before a law
enforcement officer can administer a drug or alcohol test include the advice that there is
no constitutional right to consult with an attorney regarding whether to submit to testing,
but that after the completion of the testing, the person has the right to consult with an
attorney and may secure additional testing.


3.
       The scope of an administrative hearing on a driver's license suspension is
restricted to those issues set forth in K.S.A. 2009 Supp. 8-1020(h). Whether a driver has
been denied her or his statutory right to consult with an attorney after alcohol or drug
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testing is germane to those issues permitted to be addressed at a driver's license
suspension administrative hearing.


4.
        A person who has been given the implied consent advisory notice that he or she
has the right to consult with an attorney after completion of the alcohol or drug testing,
may invoke that post-testing right prior to testing. The only statutory constraint on the
right to counsel in the Implied Consent Law involves when the person may actually
communicate with a lawyer, i.e., after the completion of the alcohol or drug testing.


5.
        The statutorily mandated implied consent advisory under K.S.A. 2009 Supp. 8-
1001(k)(10)—that after the completion of alcohol or drug testing the person has the right
to consult with an attorney—does not restrict the subject matter of the attorney
consultation to which the person is entitled.


6.
        In a driver's license suspension administrative hearing, if the district court finds
that the driver requested, but was denied, counsel pursuant to the statutory right to
counsel contained in K.S.A. 2009 Supp. 8-1001(k)(10), the proper remedy is to suppress
the State's testing results.


        Review of the judgment of the Court of Appeals in an unpublished opinion filed September 28,
2012. Appeal from Russell District Court; JACK L. BURR, judge. Opinion filed July 24, 2015. Judgment of
the Court of Appeals affirming the district court is remanded with directions. Judgment of the district
court is remanded with directions.


        Michael S. Holland II, of Holland and Holland, of Russell, argued the cause and was on the brief
for appellant.

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        John D. Shultz, of Kansas Department of Revenue, argued the cause, and James G. Keller, of the
same office, was on the brief for appellee.


The opinion of the court was delivered by


        JOHNSON, J.: Robert Blake Dumler challenges the administrative suspension of
his driving privileges based on driving under the influence of alcohol. Dumler contends
he was denied his statutory right under K.S.A. 2009 Supp. 8-1001(k)(10) to consult with
an attorney after he completed a breath alcohol test. The district court and Court of
Appeals affirmed Dumler's administrative suspension after concluding that his pre-test
request for counsel was insufficient to invoke his statutory right. We granted Dumler's
petition for review and now hold that there is no bright-line rule requiring a person to
invoke his or her statutory right to counsel after the completion of breath or blood alcohol
testing, so long as the request pertained to post-testing consultation. We remand to the
district court to apply the standard we set forth in this opinion.


                              FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL OVERVIEW

        The facts relevant to Dumler's issue on appeal were established at a de novo
hearing in the district court and are not in material dispute. On April 17, 2010, a law
enforcement officer stopped Dumler for committing a traffic violation, which led to his
arrest for driving under the influence (DUI). The officer transported Dumler to the
sheriff's office and provided Dumler with the implied consent notices under K.S.A. 2009
Supp. 8-1001(k)(1) through (10), before requesting that he submit to a breath alcohol test.
One of the implied consent notices informed Dumler that he had the right, after the
completion of testing, to consult with an attorney and secure additional testing. The
officer also read Dumler his Miranda rights, which, of course, include the right to an
attorney.
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       The Court of Appeals opinion related that "[o]n several occasions before the
breath test was administered Dumler requested that he be permitted to confer with an
attorney," with the last request coming after the oral and written implied consent
advisories and the Miranda warnings. Dumler v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, No. 106,748,
2012 WL 4679128, at *1 (Kan. App. 2012) (unpublished opinion), rev. granted 298 Kan.
1201 (2014). The arresting officer acknowledged that he never gave Dumler an
opportunity to confer with an attorney. Dumler did not repeat his request for an attorney
or request additional testing after his breath test failure. The arresting officer provided
Dumler with an officer's certification and notice of suspension of driving privileges and
apparently placed him in a holding cell, where he remained for an hour or so before
posting bond and being released.


       Dumler made a timely request to the Kansas Department of Revenue (KDR) for an
administrative hearing where he argued that his statutory right to counsel was violated.
After the KDR hearing officer affirmed Dumler's suspension, he petitioned the district
court for review. The Court of Appeals described the district court's disposition as
follows:


               "The district court found that although the better practice would have been to
       allow Dumler access to an attorney after the breath test was completed, suspension of his
       driving privileges should be upheld because the arresting officer complied with paragraph
       9 of the implied consent advisories [enumerating statutory right to counsel] and Dumler
       did not ask to speak with an attorney after the breath test failure." Dumler, 2012 WL
       4679128, at *1.


       The Court of Appeals majority affirmed the district court based on the timing of
Dumler's requests to consult with an attorney. Because Dumler did not ask to consult


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with an attorney after he failed the breath test, he had not invoked his statutory right to an
attorney and, accordingly, that right was not violated. Dumler, 2012 WL 4679128, at *3.


       Judge Atcheson disagreed with the majority's bright-line rule that a driver can
invoke the statutory right to an attorney only after completion of the alcohol testing
because the statute simply does not contain that restriction. 2012 WL 4679128, at *3
(Atcheson, J., concurring). Nevertheless, Judge Atcheson concurred in the result because
of his belief that the governing statutes provide no remedy for violation of the statutory
right to counsel. 2012 WL 4679128, at *5 (Atcheson, J., concurring).


       Dumler timely petitioned this court for review.


                              STATUTORY RIGHT TO COUNSEL

       Under Kansas' Implied Consent Law, "[a]ny person who operates . . . a vehicle
within this state is deemed to have given consent, subject to the provisions of this act, to
submit to one or more tests of the person's blood, breath, urine or other bodily substance
to determine the presence of alcohol or drugs." K.S.A. 2009 Supp. 8-1001(a). But the
statute provides that a "person shall be given" certain mandatory notices before a law
enforcement officer administers such a test. See K.S.A. 2009 Supp. 8-1001(k); Barnhart
v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 243 Kan. 209, 212-13, 755 P.2d 1337 (1988) (holding
notices required before DUI arrestee must submit to a breath test are mandatory).


       The notices advise, inter alia, that "there is no constitutional right to consult with
an attorney regarding whether to submit to testing." K.S.A. 2009 Supp. 8-1001(k)(3). But
the notices also provide that "after the completion of the testing, the person has the right
to consult with an attorney and may secure additional testing, which, if desired, should be
done as soon as possible and is customarily available from medical care facilities willing

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to conduct such testing." (Emphasis added.) K.S.A. 2009 Supp. 8-1001(k)(10). Dumler
asserts he was denied the subsection (k)(10) post-testing right to consult with an attorney.


Scope of Review

       Our first consideration is whether Dumler's issue is one that can be raised in the
proceeding before us. We have held that K.S.A. 2009 Supp. 8-1020(h) "circumscribes the
scope of an administrative hearing on a driver's license suspension, setting forth an
exclusive list of issues that may be addressed." Swank v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 294
Kan. 871, 875, 281 P.3d 135 (2012).


       Where, as here, the officer certifies that the person failed a breath test, the scope of
the hearing includes the issue of whether "the test result determined that the person had
an alcohol concentration of .08 or greater in such person's breath." K.S.A. 2009 Supp. 8-
1020(h)(2)(G). A driver must be permitted the opportunity of challenging the efficacy of
the State's evidence on this issue. Accordingly, the denial of the driver's statutory right to
consult with an attorney about procuring an additional test is germane to the inquiry
under subsection (h)(2)(G). The relevance of this opportunity is reinforced by K.S.A. 8-
1004, which provides:


               "Without limiting or affecting the provisions of K.S.A. 8-1001 . . . the person
       tested shall have a reasonable opportunity to have an additional test by a physician of the
       person's own choosing. In case the officer refuses to permit such additional testing, the
       testing administered pursuant to K.S.A. 8-1001 . . . shall not be competent in evidence."


       If a test is not competent evidence, it cannot be used to determine whether the
person "had an alcohol concentration of .08 or greater" under K.S.A. 2009 Supp. 8-
1020(h)(2)(G). Accordingly, we hold that the denial of a driver's statutory right to consult
with an attorney after alcohol testing is an appropriate issue to be addressed at a driver's
                                                    6
license suspension administrative hearing. Because the issue is within the scope of the
administrative hearing, it is likewise within our scope of review. Sloop v. Kansas Dept. of
Revenue, 296 Kan. 13, 17, 290 P.3d 555 (2012) (holding issues within scope of
administrative hearing are "within the reviewing court's purview"). Therefore, we will
proceed to the merits of Dumler's argument.


Standard of Review

       Because the material facts are undisputed, resolution of the issue before us hinges
upon our interpretation of the Implied Consent Law, K.S.A. 2009 Supp. 8-1001 et seq.
Statutory interpretation is a question of law subject to unlimited to review. See, e.g.,
Milano's, Inc. v. Kansas Dept. of Labor, 296 Kan. 497, 500, 293 P.3d 707 (2013).


When a person must invoke the statutory right to counsel

       We begin by considering the timing of the request, i.e., when a person must invoke
the statutory right to counsel. Dumler asserts that a pre-test request for counsel is
sufficient to invoke the statutory right and, therefore, it was irrelevant that he did not
repeat his request for counsel after he failed the breath test. He relies on State v. Kelly, 14
Kan. App. 2d 182, 191-92, 786 P.2d 623 (1990), and State v. Lynch, No. 85,915 (Kan.
App. 2001) (unpublished opinion).


       In Kelly, a panel of the Court of Appeals held that Kelly's statutory right to consult
with counsel under the Implied Consent Law was violated. 14 Kan. App. 2d at 190. In
that case, however, the driver had requested an attorney both before and after completing
a breath test. Lynch, on the other hand, is factually similar with respect to the timing of
the request for counsel. Lynch requested counsel before he took his breath test, but then
he did not renew the request after testing. The Lynch panel held "[t]he fact that Lynch
requested counsel before, rather than after, the test was administered is of no moment.
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His right to counsel attached immediately after completing the test, and he previously
expressed his desire to exercise that right." Slip op. at 4.


       Here, the panel majority rejected Dumler's reliance on Lynch in favor of the
interpretation of the statutory right to counsel expressed in State v. Tedder, 38 Kan. App.
2d 141, 142-43, 163 P.3d 311 (2007). As in this case, Tedder had asked to speak with an
attorney before completing a breath test but then did not ask again after completing the
test. The Tedder panel opined that "a request for counsel must be made after completion
of the breath test before there can be a violation of the defendant's statutory right to
confer with an attorney." 38 Kan. App. 2d at 142-43. Based on that reasoning, the
majority below held that because Dumler did not reiterate his request for counsel post-
testing, his statutory right to counsel was not violated. Dumler, 2012 WL 4679128, at *2-
3.


       As in the Lynch opinion, Judge Atcheson's concurrence pointed out that a bright-
line timing rule cannot be found in the plain language of the statute. See In re Tax Appeal
of Burch, 296 Kan. 713, 722, 294 P.3d 1155 (2013) ("[I]n reviewing a statute that is plain
and unambiguous we will not speculate as to the legislative intent behind it and will not
read into the statute something not readily found in it."). The concurrence further opined
that the only statutory restriction on the right to counsel involves "when the person may
actually communicate with a lawyer." Dumler, 2012 WL 4679128, at *3 (Atcheson, J.,
concurring). We agree. The advisory required under K.S.A. 2009 Supp. 8-1001(k)(10)
states that the consultation right accrues "after the completion of the testing." But it does
not say that a request to invoke that right of consultation must await the completion of
testing.


       Moreover, the plain language of the advisory tells the person that, after testing, he
or she "has the right to consult with an attorney." (Emphasis added.) K.S.A. 2009 Supp.
                                               8
8-1001(k)(10). The right is stated affirmatively and is not conditioned upon the person
making a post-testing request. The State would apparently expect a layperson to intuit
that the advisory actually means that, after the testing, the person has the right to request
that he or she be allowed to consult with an attorney. We decline to contort the statutory
language in that manner.


       Consequently, we reject the court-made, bright-line timing rule set forth in Tedder
and applied by the majority below. A person may invoke his or her post-testing right to
consult with an attorney prior to testing.


Whether Dumler requested post-testing consultation

       The district court appeared to view the post-testing right to counsel as only being
applicable to a consultation on the topic of additional testing. Specifically, the district
court noted that "it certainly is not defined as to what [Dumler] wanted to talk to the
attorney about . . . and I don't imagine [] Dumler was thinking specifically about talking
about a test or just talking about things in general with an attorney." But the statutorily
mandated implied consent advisory does not restrict the subject matter of the attorney
consultation to which the person is entitled. Rather, it states that "the person has the right
to consult with an attorney and may secure additional testing." (Emphasis added.) K.S.A.
2009 Supp. 8-1001(k)(10). As the Court of Appeals recognized in Kelly, "had the
legislature intended to limit the consultation to whether a second test is performed, it
could have easily written 'the person has the right to consult with an attorney to determine
whether to secure additional testing.'" 14 Kan. App. 2d at 189. Certainly, consulting with
an attorney about additional testing would be an important reason that a person would
exercise his or her right to counsel, but it is not a condition precedent to the invocation of
the right.



                                               9
       Rather than focusing on the subject matter of the desired consultation, the district
court should have determined whether Dumler was requesting a post-testing consultation.
As the concurrence below noted, the statute limits when a person may actually
communicate with a lawyer. 2012 WL 4679128, at *3. For instance, a person has no right
to consult with counsel before deciding whether to take the requested alcohol testing. But
after the test, a person has the unrestricted right to consult with an attorney, period. Given
that the district court apparently applied an incorrect legal standard on the question of
whether Dumler's post-testing right to counsel was violated, a remand would be in order.
See Dragon v. Vanguard Industries, 282 Kan. 349, 356, 144 P.3d 1279 (2006) (noting
that despite general rule that litigant must object to inadequate findings of fact in the trial
court, "this court may still consider a remand if the lack of specific findings precludes
meaningful review"). Upon remand, the district court shall determine whether Dumler
was invoking the right to consult with an attorney after testing that the arresting officer
specifically advised him that he possessed.


       But before sending the matter back for further proceedings, we pause to address
the question of whether any remedy exists for a violation of the statutory right to counsel.


Remedy

       As noted, the Court of Appeals concurrence found that the arresting officer
violated Dumler's statutory right to counsel but opined that the statutes governing driver's
license suspension proceedings provided him with no remedy for such a denial of his
right to counsel. 2012 WL 4679128, at *5 (Atcheson, J., concurring). The concurrence's
rationale is that because K.S.A. 2009 Supp. 8-1001(k)(10) discusses both the person's
right to consult with an attorney and the person's right to obtain additional testing, but
K.S.A. 8-1004 only provides an explicit remedy for an officer's failure to permit a person
to obtain additional testing, the courts should not fashion an implied remedy for the

                                              10
failure to permit a person to consult with an attorney. 2012 WL 4679128, at *5-6
(Atcheson, J., concurring). We decline to find that the legislature intended to create a
right without a remedy on the most fundamental subject matter as a person's right to
counsel.


       Although we have not ruled on the remedy issue in the context of a civil
administrative proceeding, we have clearly held that the notice provisions, including the
right to consult with an attorney after testing, are mandatory. Barnhart, 243 Kan. at 212.
And in the criminal DUI context, we have held that because of Barnhart's holding that
the notices were mandatory, an officer's failure to provide a driver with notice of the
statutory right to counsel results in suppression of the test results. State v. Luft, 248 Kan.
911, 913, 811 P.2d 873 (1991). The Court of Appeals has applied Luft to suppress test
results in the administrative license suspension context, reasoning that Luft's reliance
upon Barnhart "makes it clear that failure to give the statutory warnings (notices)
required by 8-1001[k] will result in suppression of test results in an administrative
suspension of license proceeding as well as in a criminal action." Ostmeyer v. Kansas
Dept. of Revenue, 16 Kan. App. 2d 639, 644, 827 P.2d 780 (1992). It would seem
counterintuitive, if not perverse, to provide a person the remedy of suppression where the
arresting officer failed to tell the person that he or she had the right to consult with an
attorney, but then withhold any remedy where the officer tells the person of the right but
then refuses to allow the person to exercise that right. If the legislature intended for the
State to inform drivers of their rights, it surely contemplated that the State would honor
those rights, as well.


       Further, we do not read K.S.A. 8-1004's explicit provision of a remedy for
refusing to allow a driver to obtain additional testing as impliedly withholding any
remedy for refusing to allow a driver to consult with an attorney. As suggested, those two
rights are often intertwined, so that denying the right to consult with an attorney could
                                              11
remove an important component of the driver's decision-making with respect to
additional testing. In other words, a driver's exercise of her or his right to consult with an
attorney could lead to a request for additional testing, which is subject to an explicit
remedy. Moreover, K.S.A. 8-1004 specifically provides that its provisions do not limit or
affect K.S.A. 8-1001, from whence the statutory right to counsel emanates.


       Two additional provisions support the notion that the legislature intended to
provide a remedy for a violation of the right to counsel. First, K.S.A. 2009 Supp. 8-
1001(s) provides that "[n]o test results shall be suppressed because of technical
irregularities in the consent or notice required pursuant to this act." The clear implication
is that if something more than a technical irregularity is involved, the test result should be
suppressed. It would stretch the common understanding of "technical irregularities" to
find that it encompassed a complete denial of the right to consult with an attorney. See
Cady v. Schroll, 298 Kan. 731, 738, 317 P.3d 90 (2014) (appellate court ascertains
legislative intent through statutory language enacted, giving common words their
ordinary meanings).


       Second, K.S.A. 2009 Supp. 8-1012, dealing with preliminary breath tests, shows
that our legislature knew how to enact notice provisions that are not grounds for
suppression. K.S.A. 2009 Supp. 8-1012(c) discusses the notices a person shall be given
before taking a preliminary breath test and explicitly states that "[f]ailure to provide the
notice shall not be an issue or defense in any action." No corresponding remedy exclusion
is contained in the notice provisions required under K.S.A. 2009 Supp. 8-1001(k).


       Finally, as a practical matter, if we do not recognize a remedy for a violation of the
statutory right to counsel, that provision would be essentially rendered meaningless. "As
a general rule, courts should . . . presume that the legislature does not intend to enact


                                              12
useless or meaningless legislation." Board of Miami County Comm'rs v. Kanza Rail-
Trails Conservancy, Inc., 292 Kan. 285, 322, 255 P.3d 1186 (2011).


       Consequently, we hold that suppression of the alcohol testing result is the
appropriate remedy for the denial of a driver's statutory right to counsel. Therefore, upon
remand, if the district court finds that Dumler requested counsel pursuant to the statutory
right to counsel contained in K.S.A. 2009 Supp. 8-1001(k)(10), the proper remedy is to
suppress the breath test results in his administrative action.


       Remanded with directions.




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