                                                                       FILED
                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                   Tenth Circuit

                                                                  June 22, 2011
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                  Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                   Clerk of Court
                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT


    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                        No. 10-8092
    v.                                       (D.C. No. 2:09-CR-00099-WFD-2)
                                                         (D. Wyo.)
    ROBERT SUMMERS,

                Defendant-Appellant.


                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before HOLMES and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges, and BRORBY, Senior
Circuit Judge.



         Robert Summers was convicted by a jury of one count of conspiracy to

possess with intent to distribute, and to distribute, 500 grams or more of

methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and § 841(a)(1) and

(b)(1)(A). He was sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of




*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is
not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
twenty years, ten years of supervised release, a special assessment of $100, and a

fine of $1000.

      Mr. Summers appeals the district court’s judgment and sentence. His

appellate counsel has filed a motion to withdraw and supporting brief under

Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 744 (1967), and 10th Cir. R. 46.4(B)(1),

noting that “after careful and conscientious review of the case, discussions with

[Mr. Summers], discussion with [Mr. Summers’s] trial attorney, and in an

exercise of his independent professional judgment,” he could “find no meritorious

grounds to go forward with an appeal.” Aplt. Anders Br. at 2 (footnote omitted).

In the Anders brief, counsel identified four issues Mr. Summers insisted be raised

on appeal, which can be reduced to three: (1) that his prosecution in this case for

conspiracy violates the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment of the

United States Constitution based on his prior conviction for possession with intent

to distribute methamphetamine in 2003; (2) that the government presented

insufficient evidence to convict him in this case; and (3) that his sentence was

incorrect.

      Mr. Summers filed a one-page response to the Anders brief. We discern the

following relevant objections to his attorney’s motion to withdraw: (1) that the

attorney who represented him when he pleaded guilty in 2003 to possession with

intent to distribute told him that his guilty plea “would take care of anything [he]

had done prior to that offense”; (2) that it was improper to admit evidence of any

                                         -2-
money sent to his brother and indicted co-conspirator, Todd Summers, because in

fact the money was sent by his father, who has the same name as Mr. Summers

(i.e., Robert Summers); (3) that the prosecution used the same drugs that formed

the basis of his prior conviction; and (4) that his trial counsel provided ineffective

assistance in failing to object to the introduction of the money sent to Todd

Summers, to call any witnesses, and to object to the use of recorded telephone

calls between Mr. Summers and his attorney.

        The government declined to file a brief. Based upon our thorough,

independent review of the record, see Anders, 386 U.S. at 744, we conclude that

Mr. Summers raises no non-frivolous issues. His objections numbered one and

four above concern whether he received ineffective assistance of counsel with

regard to his 2003 conviction or from his trial attorney in the present case.

Ineffective assistance claims “should be brought in collateral proceedings, not on

direct appeal,” unless “the issue was raised before and ruled upon by the district

court and a sufficient factual record exists.” United States v. Flood, 635 F.3d

1255, 1260 (10th Cir. 2011) (quotation and emphasis omitted). Neither condition

for review on direct appeal is satisfied here. Further, to the extent Mr. Summers

takes issue with his 2003 attorney’s performance, he has done so in the wrong

case.

        As to his objection numbered two above, he has provided no argument in

support of his conclusory allegation that any money allegedly sent to Todd

                                          -3-
Summers should not have been used at trial because it was in fact sent by his

father, who has the same name. Our review of the transcript indicates that one

wire transfer of $900 to Todd in Las Vegas was discussed at trial. See R., Vol. 3,

at 99-100, 219-24. It was sent under the name of “Mike Snow,” which one of the

prosecution’s witnesses, Michael Wheeler, claimed was an alias he used. Id.

at 100. Thus, we are at a loss to understand Mr. Summers’s argument on this

point.

         Next, we construe Mr. Summers’s objection numbered three above—that

his prosecution was based on the same drugs that formed the basis of his 2003

conviction—as an argument that he was tried in violation of the Double Jeopardy

Clause. However, “the law is well settled that commission of a substantive

offense and a conspiracy to commit it are separate crimes because the essence of a

conspiracy charge is an agreement to commit a substantive offense.” United

States v. Johnson, 977 F.2d 1360, 1371 (10th Cir. 1992) (brackets, internal

quotation marks, and emphasis omitted). Further, with respect to drug trafficking

offenses, “Congress intended to allow imposition of separate sentences for a

conspiracy conviction under 21 U.S.C. § 846 and for the substantive drug

offenses that form the object of the conspiracy.” Id. Therefore, assuming

Mr. Summers’s 2003 possession-with-intent-to-distribute conviction involved

some of the same methamphetamine at issue in this case, it was not a violation of

the Double Jeopardy Clause to try Mr. Summers on the conspiracy charge here.

                                        -4-
      In addition to Mr. Summers’s specific objections, we have conducted a

thorough, independent examination of the record in order to consider the other

issues raised in the Anders brief, namely, sufficiency of the evidence and the

propriety of the sentence. We address each issue in turn.

      We review the sufficiency of the evidence de novo, viewing the evidence

and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the jury’s verdict. United States

v. Wright, 506 F.3d 1293, 1297 (10th Cir. 2007). A conviction may be reversed

only if “no reasonable juror could have reached the disputed verdict.” United

States v. Carter, 130 F.3d 1432, 1439 (10th Cir. 1997). “To prove a conspiracy,

the government must show (1) that two or more persons agreed to violate the law;

(2) that the defendant knew the essential objectives of the conspiracy; (3) that the

defendant knowingly and voluntarily took part in the conspiracy; and (4) that the

conspirators were interdependent.” Wright, 506 F.3d at 1297-98.

“Interdependence exists where coconspirators intend to act together for their

shared mutual benefit within the scope of the conspiracy charged.” United States

v. Caldwell, 589 F.3d 1323, 1329 (10th Cir. 2009) (brackets and internal

quotation marks omitted). A “jury can infer an agreement constituting a

conspiracy from the acts of the parties and other circumstantial evidence

indicating concert of action for the accomplishment of a common purpose.”

Carter, 130 F.3d at 1439 (internal quotation marks omitted).




                                         -5-
      Our review indicates that the evidence was more than sufficient to support

Mr. Summers’s conspiracy conviction and the drug quantity (500 grams or more)

found by the jury. The evidence showed that Mr. Summers did more than merely

associate with others who conspired to distribute methamphetamine; he agreed

with his brother, Todd; his girlfriend, Arien Adams; and Michael Wheeler, to

obtain methamphetamine in substantial quantities and resell it, often in smaller

amounts.

      Ms. Adams testified that she began buying small amounts of

methamphetamine (between a half gram and one gram) from Mr. Summers in

2001. R., Vol. 3, at 130-31. Soon thereafter, she and Mr. Summers became

romantically involved. Id. at 131. Later that year, Mr. Summers, Todd Summers,

and Ms. Adams drove from Wyoming, where they lived, to California to visit

someone Ms. Adams knew who was a source of methamphetamine. Todd

purchased several sandwich-sized bags of methamphetamine. Id. at 134-37.

After returning to Wyoming, Todd gave Mr. Summers one of the baggies, which

Ms. Adams estimated to contain a couple of ounces. Id. at 142. Mr. Summers

kept some for personal use and split some of the drugs into small quantities,

which he and Ms. Adams sold. Id. at 142-45. Ms. Adams testified that between

2001 and 2003, she went with Mr. Summers to pick up methamphetamine from

Todd approximately two dozen times, in quantities between an eighth of an ounce

and two or three ounces, and that they would sell some of it and use some of it.

                                         -6-
Id. at 146-48. Sometimes Todd would front the drugs to them. Id. at 146. One

of the people they sold to was Mr. Wheeler. Id. at 154. On one occasion,

Ms. Adams, Mr. Summers, and Mr. Wheeler visited Todd to purchase

methamphetamine. Id. at 153-55. Upon returning home, Mr. Summers and

Mr. Wheeler each took some of the drugs, and Mr. Summers split his up and sold

it. Id. at 155. On other occasions, Mr. Summers also went alone to get

methamphetamine from Todd, selling some of it and using some of it. Id. at 158.

      Mr. Wheeler also testified about his relationship with Mr. Summers. He

stated that he was purchasing methamphetamine from another dealer, who

introduced Mr. Wheeler to his supplier, Mr. Summers, in 2002. Id. at 66-67.

Mr. Wheeler then began buying quarter ounces of methamphetamine directly from

Mr. Summers. Id. at 71. Later, Mr. Wheeler bought two ounces of

methamphetamine from Mr. Summers on approximately ten occasions. Id.

Mr. Wheeler also testified that Mr. Summers and Ms. Adams took him to

purchase a half-ounce of methamphetamine from Todd, some of which he sold.

Id. at 77-79. On that occasion, Mr. Summers obtained 1.5 ounces of

methamphetamine for himself. Id. at 78. Eventually, Mr. Summers took

Mr. Wheeler to purchase one to four ounces of methamphetamine from Todd (on

average two ounces each time) on twenty-five or thirty different occasions. Id.

at 79, 82. Mr. Summers made a profit on each of these transactions. Id. at 79-80.

Mr. Wheeler also testified that on December 31, 2005, he fronted an ounce of

                                        -7-
methamphetamine to Mr. Summers after he and Mr. Summers telephoned Todd to

ensure that Todd would replace the ounce. Id. at 89-95. Mr. Wheeler then

witnessed Mr. Summers sell that ounce to another person, who then divided it into

smaller quantities and sold it at a New Years’ Eve party. Id. at 89, 92-96.

      Ms. Darlene Frankfurth offered testimony about her dealings with Mr.

Summers in 2004 or 2005. In addition to selling methamphetamine to

Mr. Summers from time to time, Mr. Summers would sell her anywhere from a

gram to an ounce, most of which she would resell. Id. at 191, 193. He sold her

an ounce four or five times. Id. at 192. Mr. Summers told Ms. Frankfurth that he

was getting the drugs from his brother. Id. at 193.

      Further, the prosecution presented an expert in the field of narcotics

trafficking, who provided a summary of the drug quantities involved based on the

testimony of the other witnesses. Id. at 225-29. Excluding certain large

quantities involved when Mr. Wheeler began dealing with Todd Summers

directly, 1 the expert’s testimony was that 560 grams were attributable to the ten

times Mr. Wheeler bought two ounces from Mr. Summers, id. at 225-26; 1400



1
       Mr. Wheeler testified that by mid-2003, he was dealing with Todd
Summers directly, and Todd continued to obtain his drugs in California. At
sentencing, the district court disregarded large quantities of methamphetamine
related to those transactions. Because our review of the record indicates that
there was sufficient evidence Mr. Summers conspired to distribute in excess of
500 grams of methamphetamine even excluding these amounts, we have not
recited the details of those transactions.

                                         -8-
grams were attributable to the twenty-five times Mr. Wheeler and Mr. Summers

obtained an average of two ounces from Todd, id. at 226; 28 grams were

attributable to the New Year’s Eve 2005 transaction, id. at 227; 56 grams were

attributable to the trip Mr. Summers, Ms. Adams, and Todd Summers took to

California in 2001, id. at 228; 81.6 grams were attributable to the two dozen trips

Mr. Summers and Ms. Adams took to obtain at least an eighth of an ounce from

Todd, id. at 228; 21 grams were attributable to Ms. Adams’s six solo trips to

obtain at least an eighth of an ounce from Todd, id. at 228; and 112 grams were

attributable to Ms. Frankfurth’s purchases from Mr. Summers, id. at 229. By our

count, these quantities add up to 2258.6 grams.

      In short, it is beyond doubt that there was sufficient evidence that

Mr. Summers acted interdependently with at least one other person in furtherance

of the sale of 500 grams or more of methamphetamine. Thus, we see no

non-frivolous issue regarding the sufficiency of the evidence.

      We now turn to the propriety of Mr. Summers’s sentence. Mr. Summers’s

sentence was undoubtedly proper under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(viii), which

requires a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of “20 years” (i.e., 240

months) when an individual is convicted for conspiracy to distribute “500 grams

or more of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of

methamphetamine, its salts, isomers, or salts of its isomers” following “a prior




                                         -9-
conviction for a felony drug offense.” 2 As detailed above, the evidence was

sufficient to support the finding that Mr. Summers conspired to distribute 500

grams or more of methamphetamine, and it is undisputed that he had a prior

conviction for a felony drug offense—his 2003 conviction for possession of

methamphetamine with intent to distribute. Moreover, the district court sentenced

Mr. Summers at the lowest end of the Sentencing Guidelines range, which was

240-293 months, stating that “the sentence . . . is sufficient but not greater than

necessary to meet the purposes of sentencing” set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).

R., Vol. 3, at 686.

      In sum, we are confident that Mr. Summers’s counsel is correct: there are

no non-frivolous issues to present on appeal. Consequently, we GRANT

counsel’s motion to withdraw and AFFIRM the district court’s judgment and

sentence. Mr. Summers’s motion to proceed on appeal pro se is denied as moot.


                                                     Entered for the Court



                                                     Jerome A. Holmes
                                                     Circuit Judge




2
      Although § 841 prescribes punishments for substantive drug offenses, a
conspiracy to commit such an offense is subject to the same penalties. See
21 U.S.C. § 846.

                                         -10-
