                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUN 12 2019
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No. 17-30117

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No. 3:16-cr-05110-RJB-1

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
DAVID W. TIPPENS,

                Defendant-Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Western District of Washington
                    Robert J. Bryan, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted May 17, 2019
                              Seattle, Washington

Before: HAWKINS and W. FLETCHER, Circuit Judges, and BURY,** District
Judge.

      David W. Tippens appeals from his conviction for possession of child

pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4) and (b)(2). We have

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and we affirm.



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable David C. Bury, United States District Judge for the
District of Arizona, sitting by designation.
      The parties are familiar with the facts. We refer to them only insofar as

necessary to explain our decision.

      On appeal, Tippens challenges the district court’s denial of his motions to

dismiss the indictment and to suppress the NIT and Washington warrants.

      1.      Tippens argues that the district court erred in denying the motion to

dismiss the indictment based on outrageous government conduct and abused its

discretion in declining to exercise its supervisory powers, a decision we review de

novo. See United States v. Black, 733 F.3d 294, 301 (9th Cir. 2013). The district

court here did not err: Even if the government acted outrageously in allowing

Playpen to continue to operate for two weeks, its conduct was not so outrageous

that it violated due process and warranted dismissal of the indictment under the

“totality of the circumstances,” especially given “the nature of the crime being

pursued and necessity for the actions taken in light of the nature of the criminal

enterprise at issue.” Black, 733 F.3d at 303-04. Permitting the site to continue to

operate for this limited time allowed the government to identify and prosecute

numerous individuals involved in the child pornography industry, and to rescue 49

children from sexual exploitation. United States v. Anzalone, 923 F.3d 1, 6 (1st

Cir. 2019).

      We review for abuse of discretion the district court’s decision declining to

exercise its supervisory powers. See Black, 733 F.3d at 301. Here, there was no


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abuse of discretion because the district court did not unreasonably weigh the Black

factors.

     2.      Our holding in United States v. Henderson, 906 F.3d 1109, 1114-20

(9th Cir. 2018) forecloses consideration of the NIT warrant issues raised in

Tippens’ motion to suppress. Even though the warrant violated Rule 41(b), the

“good faith exception applies to bar suppression of evidence obtained [] pursuant

to the NIT warrant.” Id. at 1120.

      3.     Tippens also contends that the district court erred in denying the

motion to suppress all evidence obtained pursuant to the Washington warrant. He

argues that Pierce County Detective Douglas Shook intentionally or recklessly

made false and/or materially misleading statements and omissions in the affidavit

supporting the Washington warrant and, therefore, the Washington warrant lacked

probable cause. We review de novo a “district court’s determination ‘[w]hether

probable cause is lacking because of alleged misstatements or omissions in the

supporting affidavit.’” United States v. Elliott, 322 F.3d 710, 714 (9th Cir. 2003)

(quoting United States v. Reeves, 210 F.3d 1041, 1044 (9th Cir. 2000)). We

review for clear error a district court’s factual findings as to whether “any

statements [in the probable cause affidavit] were false or omitted and whether any

such statements were intentionally or recklessly made.” Elliott, 322 F.3d at 714.

      The district court did not clearly err in finding that Shook did not


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intentionally or recklessly make false or misleading statements in the affidavit

about Tippens downloading child pornography. In the affidavit, Shook stated that

Tippens accessed a series of posts on Playpen containing images depicting child

pornography in February 2015 and that such images would have been

“downloaded” and displayed on his computer upon accessing the posts. At the

Franks1 hearing, Shook clarified what he meant by the term “download,” stating he

used the term “download” to refer to Tippens viewing images of child pornography

on Playpen on his computer, not that he had stored the images on his computer at

that time. The district court found that Shook was credible, a finding which we

“pay special deference to” and will not disturb. Elliott, 322 F.3d at 715.

      At the Franks hearing, Shook also admitted that he knew that the Tor

browser contained a feature that was designed to prevent the automatic

downloading of data onto a user’s computer that normally occurs when viewing a

public website (referred to as the “disk avoidance feature”), but did not include this

information in the affidavit. Shook testified that, in his experience, the Tor

browser did not completely eliminate trace digital evidence from a user’s



1
  The reference is to Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978). To prevail on a
Franks challenge, “the defendant must establish . . . the affiant officer intentionally
or recklessly made false or misleading statements or omissions in support of the
warrant and . . . that the false or misleading statement or omission was material,
i.e., necessary to finding probable cause.” United States v. Perkins, 850 F.3d 1109,
1116 (9th Cir. 2017) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)).

                                          4
computer, which the district court determined was credible. Consistent with his

testimony, the affidavit alleges that a computer may unintentionally retain digital

evidence.

      We are not left with a “definite and firm” conviction that the district court

clearly erred in concluding that Shook did not intentionally or recklessly omit such

information from the affidavit. United States v. Perkins, 850 F.3d 1109, 1115 (9th

Cir. 2017). There is no evidence that Shook intended to mislead the magistrate

judge into concluding probable cause existed when it did not or that Shook knew

or had a “high degree of awareness” that the information in the affidavit was false

or misleading without the information about the Tor browser’s disk-avoidance

feature. United States v. Senchenko, 133 F.3d 1153, 1158 (9th Cir. 1998). We

cannot say that the district court’s view of the evidence was clearly erroneous

under these circumstances. See Elliott, 322 F.3d at 715 (“Where there are two

permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be

clearly erroneous.” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)).

      The district court did not err in concluding that there was probable cause to

search Tippens’ Washington residence based upon the totality of the circumstances

which included: (1) Playpen was an illegal child pornography site; (2) Tippens

created an account on Playpen under the username candygirl123 in Hawaii,

maintained it for more than three months, and actively logged into the site for 26


                                          5
hours; (3) trace digital evidence could be recovered from a user’s computer of the

user’s internet activities; and (4) the reasonable inference that Tippens likely

carried, as opposed to shipped, a computer or laptop when he moved from Hawaii

to Washington. Such facts and inferences demonstrated that there was a “fair

probability” of finding digital evidence of child pornography on Tippens’

computer. See Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238 (1983); see also United States

v. Gourde, 440 F.3d 1065, 1071 (9th Cir. 2006).

      4.     Since we conclude that the district court did not err in denying the

motion to suppress the Washington warrant, we need not consider whether the

good faith exception applies.2

      AFFIRMED.




2
 The American Civil Liberties Union (“ACLU”)’s and the ACLU of Washington’s
motion for leave to file an amicus brief (Docket Entry No. 14) is granted.

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