Affirmed; Opinion Filed October 10, 2019.




                                                                   In The
                                           Court of Appeals
                                    Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                                        No. 05-18-01372-CV

                                               TOBY L. FURRH, Appellant
                                                         V.
                                              NANCY R. NULISCH, Appellee

                                  On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 1
                                              Dallas County, Texas
                                      Trial Court Cause No. CC-15-03878-A

                                           MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                Before Justices Whitehill, Schenck, and Pedersen, III1
                                             Opinion by Justice Schenck
           Toby Furrh appeals a take nothing summary judgment entered against him in his premises

liability lawsuit against Nancy Nulisch for injuries he sustained while climbing a retractable attic

ladder at her residence. In a single issue, Furrh argues the trial court erred in granting summary

judgment because Nulisch did not conclusively establish she had no knowledge of an unreasonably

dangerous condition, and that she conducted a proper inspection of the ladder and its housing

before Furrh was injured. We affirm the trial court’s judgment. Because all issues are settled in

law, we issue this memorandum opinion. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4.




     1
       After submission of this case, Justice Brown was appointed to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas. Justice
Pedersen succeeds her as a member of this panel.
                                           BACKGROUND

       On or about April 27, 2015, Time Warner Cable dispatched Furrh and a co-worker trainee

to Nulisch’s residence to install phone, internet and cable services. Upon arriving, Furrh told

Nulisch he needed to access the attic to assess the installation requirements. The attic is accessible

by a retractable ladder that is lowered from the ceiling by a pull chain. After lowering the ladder,

Furrh and the co-worker each climbed up and down the attic ladder one time without incident.

Furrh then climbed the ladder a second time and stopped near the top to survey the attic with his

cellphone’s flashlight. At this point, the frame and ladder fell to the floor below. Furrh was injured

during the fall. As a result, he underwent surgery to his shoulder, followed by physical therapy.

       Following this incident, Furrh sued Nulisch claiming she was negligent in maintaining the

premises. Nulisch answered denying Furrh’s claim and asserting several affirmative defenses.

After conducting discovery, Nulisch filed a motion for traditional summary judgment. In her

motion, Nulisch asserted she had no knowledge of an unreasonably dangerous condition and she

did not fail to inspect or warn of an unknown or latent condition. In response, Furrh maintained

whether Nulisch had actual or constructive knowledge of the defective ladder is a question of fact

precluding summary judgment. After considering the summary judgment evidence and reviewing

the pleadings, the trial court granted Nulisch’s motion for summary judgment. Furrh filed a motion

for new trial, which was overruled by operation of law. This appeal followed.

                                      STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review de novo the trial court’s summary judgment. Mid–Century Ins. Co. of Tex. v.

Ademaj, 243 S.W.3d 618, 621 (Tex. 2007); Beesley v. Hydrocarbon Separation, Inc., 358 S.W.3d

415, 418 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.). When reviewing a traditional summary judgment

granted in favor of the defendant, we determine whether the defendant conclusively disproved at

least one element of the plaintiff’s claim or conclusively proved every element of an affirmative
defense. Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex. 1995). A matter is conclusively established

if ordinary minds cannot differ as to the conclusion to be drawn from the evidence. Beesley, 358

S.W.3d at 418. The traditional summary judgment movant must show there is no genuine issue of

material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Sysco

Food Servs., Inc. v. Trapnell, 890 S.W.2d 796, 800 (Tex. 1994). In deciding whether a disputed

material fact issue exists precluding summary judgment, we must take evidence favorable to the

non-movant as true, and we must indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in

favor of the non-movant. Sysco Food Servs., 890 S.W.2d at 800. When, as in this case, the

court’s order granting summary judgment does not specify the basis for the ruling, we will affirm

the summary judgment if any of the theories presented to the trial court are meritorious. Provident

Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 216 (Tex. 2003).

                                           DISCUSSION

       Premises liability is a special form of negligence in which the duty owed to the plaintiff

depends on the plaintiff’s status on the premises at the time of the injury causing event. Scott &

White Mem’l Hosp. v. Fair, 310 S.W.3d 411, 412 (Tex. 2010). The plaintiff is usually classified

as either an invitee, licensee, or trespasser. Mellon Mortg. Co. v. Holder, 5 S.W.3d 654, 655 (Tex.

1999). “An invitee is ‘one who enters on another’s land with the owner’s knowledge and for the

mutual benefit of both.’” American Indus. Life Ins. Co. v. Ruvalcaba, 64 S.W.3d 126, 134 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. denied) (quoting Rosas v. Buddie’s Food Store, 518

S.W.2d 534, 536 (Tex. 1975)); see also RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 332 (1965).

       Here, the summary judgment evidence and the pleadings establish Furrh had been invited

to Nulisch’s home to install phone, internet and cable services. Accordingly, he occupied the status

of an invitee at the time he was injured. Premises owners and operators owe a duty to keep their

premises safe for invitees against conditions on the property that pose unreasonable risks of
harm. Brinson Ford, Inc. v. Alger, 228 S.W.3d 161, 162 (Tex. 2007); Wal–Mart Stores, Inc. v.

Gonzalez, 968 S.W.2d 934, 936 (Tex. 1998). This duty, however, does not render the premises

owner or operator an insurer of the invitee’s safety. See, e.g., Gonzalez, 968 S.W.2d at 936.

Premises owners are not strictly liable for conditions that result in injury. Corbin v. Safeway

Stores, Inc., 648 S.W.2d 292, 295 (Tex. 1983). The core of the duty depends on actual or

constructive knowledge of a dangerous condition that a reasonable inspection would reveal. CMH

Homes, Inc. v. Daenen, 15 S.W.3d 97, 101 (Tex. 2000). To prevail as the invitee plaintiff in this

case, Furrh had to prove (1) actual or constructive knowledge of some condition on the premises

by Nulisch that posed an unreasonable risk of harm; (2) Nulisch did not exercise reasonable care

to reduce or eliminate the risk; and (3) Nulisch’s failure to use such care proximately caused

Furrh’s injuries. See Gonzalez, 968 S.W.2d at 936 (Tex. 1998) (citing Keetch v. Kroger Co., 845

S.W.2d 262, 264 (Tex. 1992)).

       There is no one test for determining actual knowledge that a condition presents an

unreasonable risk of harm, but courts generally consider whether the premises owner has received

reports of prior injuries or reports of the potential danger presented by the condition. Univ. of

Tex.–Pan Am. v. Aguilar, 251 S.W.3d 511, 513 (Tex. 2008) (per curiam). The actual knowledge

required for premises liability is of the dangerous condition at the time of the accident, not merely

of the possibility that a dangerous condition can develop over time. City of Dallas v. Thompson,

210 S.W.3d 601, 603 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam).

       Constructive knowledge is a substitute in the law for actual knowledge. CMH Homes, 15

S.W.3d at 102. In premises cases constructive knowledge can be established by showing that the

condition had existed long enough for the owner or occupier to have discovered it upon reasonable
inspection.2 Id. at 102–103. Temporal evidence, or evidence of the length of time the dangerous

condition existed, is the best indication of whether the premises owner had a reasonable

opportunity to discover and remedy the situation. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Reece, 81 S.W.3d 812,

816 (Tex. 2002).

           Nulisch asserted in her motion for summary judgment that, as a matter of law, she did not

have actual or constructive knowledge of the dangerous condition that caused Furrh’s injury. In

support of her motion, Nulisch relied on her own and Furrh’s deposition testimony. Nulisch’s

testimony established she and her late husband were the first and only owners of the home. They

purchased the house in 1989. Neither she nor her husband worked on or modified the attic ladder.

Nulisch and other invitees to her home had climbed the attic ladder prior to Furrh’s fall without

incident. An exterminator had been coming to Nulisch’s property for years, including the month

before the incident, and used the ladder each time without incident. No one accessing the attic via

the attic ladder advised Nulisch of any problem or issue concerning the ladder prior to Furrh’s fall.

Furrh’s testimony established he and his co-worker climbed the attic ladder prior to his fall and

there were no “red flags.” He did not hear any wood cracking and there was no indication the

second time he climbed the ladder that anything was about to happen. Accordingly, Nulisch’s

summary judgment evidence established Nulisch received no reports of prior injuries or reports of

a potential danger posed by the attic ladder prior to Furrh’s fall. Thus, her summary judgment

evidence established Nulisch did not have actual knowledge of a condition that presented an

unreasonable risk of harm. See Aguilar, 251 S.W.3d at 513. Furrh did not controvert this evidence.




      2
        Furrh’s reliance on this Court decision in Welborn Mortg. Corp. v. Knowles to urge there is a duty to discover a defect and that failing to do
so amounts to the requisite knowledge is misplaced. 851 S.W.2d 328, 331 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1993, writ denied). Welborn was not a premises
defect case. The issue presented in that case was whether the parties had notice of the judgment entered in the same case and we stated “[t]he law
charges all parties and their lawyers with notice of all orders and judgments that the court renders in the case. Id. (citing Pentikis v. Tex. Electric
Serv. Co., 470 S.W.2d 387, 390 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1971, writ ref’d n.r.e.)). Accordingly, Knowles is neither instructive nor controlling.
       As to constructive knowledge, the uncontroverted summary judgment evidence established

the attic ladder functioned as it was intended to up to the moment Furrh fell and was injured. In

fact, moments before the fall, Furrh climbed the ladder without incident. It was not until Furrh

climbed the ladder a second time that there was an issue and even then Furrh was able to stand on

the steps for a few seconds before the ladder system failed. Accordingly, the ostensibly dangerous

condition existed for mere seconds, minutes at the most, and Nulisch did not have an opportunity

to discover and remedy the situation. The evidence further established that any inspection of the

attic ladder seconds before the incident in question, would not have revealed any condition

requiring a warning. Consequently, Nulisch meet her burden of establishing a lack of constructive

knowledge of the claimed defect. Furrh did not contradict this evidence. Rather, without citing

any supporting or controlling authority, he suggests some formal inspection of the attic ladder was

required and not performed. A premises owner’s duty does not extend that far.

       We conclude the summary judgment evidence conclusively negated the knowledge

element of Furrh’s claim. Consequently, the trial court did not err in granting Nulisch’s motion

for summary judgment. We overrule Furrh’s sole issue.

                                          CONCLUSION

       We affirm the trial court’s judgment.




                                                  /David J. Schenck/
                                                  DAVID J. SCHENCK
                                                  JUSTICE

181372F.P05
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                       JUDGMENT

 TOBY L. FURRH, Appellant                           On Appeal from the County Court at Law
                                                    No. 1, Dallas County, Texas
 No. 05-18-01372-CV          V.                     Trial Court Cause No. CC-15-03878-A.
                                                    Opinion delivered by Justice Schenck.
 NANCY R. NULISCH, Appellee                         Justices Whitehill and Pedersen, III
                                                    participating.

     In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED.

       It is ORDERED that appellee NANCY R. NULISCH recover her costs of this appeal
from appellant TOBY L. FURRH.


Judgment entered this 10th day of October, 2019.
