                United States Court of Appeals
                           For the Eighth Circuit
                       ___________________________

                               No. 17-3688
                       ___________________________

  Maleni Gutierrez Molina; Eduardo Yoneli Guido Gutierrez; Melina Elizabeth
                 Guido Gutierrez; Jorge Javier Guido Gutierrez

                           lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioners

                                         v.

      Matthew G. Whitaker, Acting Attorney General of the United States1

                           lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent
                                   ____________

                     Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals
                                 ____________

                          Submitted: October 17, 2018
                           Filed: December 12, 2018
                                 ____________

Before WOLLMAN, COLLOTON, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                       ____________

BENTON, Circuit Judge.

      Maleni Gutierrez Molina and three of her children, Eduardo Yoneli Guido
Gutierrez, Melina Elizabeth Guido Gutierrez, and Jorge Javier Guido

      1
      Pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 43(c)(2), Acting Attorney
General Matthew G. Whitaker is automatically substituted for former Attorney
General Jefferson B. Sessions, III as the respondent in this case.
Gutierrez—natives and citizens of Mexico—petition for review of an order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals denying their claims for asylum, withholding of
removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture. This court denies the
petition for review.

                                         I.

       Maleni Gutierrez Molina and her children were paroled into the United States
in 2015. The government placed them in removal proceedings. Gutierrez conceded
removability, but requested asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the
Convention Against Torture, based on fears that she and her family would be harmed
if returned to Mexico.

       “To be eligible for asylum, an applicant must show that she is unable or
unwilling to return to her country of origin ‘because of persecution or a well-founded
fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a
particular social group, or political opinion.’” Marroquin-Ochoma v. Holder, 574
F.3d 574, 577 (8th Cir. 2009), quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). The Gutierrezes
seek asylum based on their membership in a particular social group.

       At the removal hearing, Gutierrez and other family members testified that a
cartel kidnapped Gutierrez’s niece and demanded a ransom. The cartel released her
the next day after her mother paid part of the ransom. Gutierrez and her children left
Michoacan, Mexico, after the kidnappers demanded the rest of the money and
threatened her family. The Gutierrezes recalled several other incidents. Eduardo
received a threatening call from an unknown caller demanding money. After turning
off his cell phone, he did not receive any more threats. A truck followed Melina
once, but after waiting inside a house for 15 to 20 minutes, she walked home safely.
Gutierrez testified she witnessed two people getting killed. The immigration judge
asked several times why she did not report these crimes to police and questioned

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whether her husband—a police officer in Mexico—would do anything if someone
reported crimes to him.

       During the hearing, Gutierrez’s attorney did not elicit testimony identifying any
particular social group. Instead, at the close of the hearing, her attorney stated “I do
have proposed social groups if the Court would like it.” The judge replied:

      No, it’s not up to you to tell me what the social groups are, it’s up to the
      [Gutierrezes] to do that. . . . [A]t the end of all the testimony and
      evidence, I don’t find it particularly appropriate because you may
      propose a social group that I don’t know anything about and I’m going
      to have to start asking more questions.

Her attorney replied, “Nothing further, Your Honor.”

       The judge analyzed Gutierrez’s application for asylum based on her
membership in three potential social groups: family, family members of police
officers, and persons who resist gangs in Mexico. The judge found no well-founded
fear of future persecution because Gutierrez failed to connect the kidnapping and
other incidents to any protected ground. She also failed to demonstrate past
persecution because her family experienced only unfulfilled threats lacking
specificity and immediacy. Because they failed to establish their eligibility for
asylum, the judge denied their claims for asylum and withholding of removal. The
judge also denied relief under the Convention Against Torture.

      Gutierrez appealed to the BIA, arguing the immigration judge violated the Due
Process Clause and erred in finding no past persecution or well-founded fear of future
persecution. The BIA rejected Gutierrez’s due process arguments and affirmed the
decision of the immigration judge.




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                                         II.

       Under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, Gutierrez is entitled
to a fundamentally fair hearing. Tun v. Gonzales, 485 F.3d 1014, 1025 (8th Cir.
2007), citing Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292, 306 (1993); Al Khouri v. Ashcroft, 362
F.3d 461, 464 (8th Cir. 2004) (“The Fifth Amendment’s due process clause mandates
that removal hearings be fundamentally fair.”). “For a removal hearing to be fair, the
arbiter presiding over the hearing must be neutral and the immigrant must be given
the opportunity to fairly present evidence, offer arguments, and develop the record.”
Tun, 485 F.3d at 1025, citing 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(4)(B); 8 C.F.R. § 1240.10(a)(4).
To establish a due process violation, Gutierrez “must demonstrate both a fundamental
procedural error and resulting prejudice.” Kipkemboi v. Holder, 587 F.3d 885, 890
(8th Cir. 2009). Prejudice requires “a showing that the outcome of the proceeding
may well have been different had there not been any procedural irregularities.” Tun,
485 F.3d at 1026.

      Gutierrez alleges two due process violations. This court reviews these “de
novo, as the question of whether an immigration hearing violates due process is a
purely legal issue.” Bracic v. Holder, 603 F.3d 1027, 1032 (8th Cir. 2010).

       At the close of testimony, the judge stopped Gutierrez’s attorney from
proposing a particular social group. Gutierrez claims this deprived her of her right
to counsel, violating the Due Process Clause. Even if this were a fundamental
procedural error, she has not demonstrated any resulting prejudice. The judge
analyzed Gutierrez’s asylum claim based on her membership in the social groups of
family, the family of police officers, and opposition to gangs. On appeal, Gutierrez
claims that her attorney would have proposed that she was a member of the particular
social group of people who oppose cartels. In her brief to the BIA, however,
Gutierrez notes that opposition to gangs and opposition to cartels are “similar”
groups. She has not articulated how her proposed social groups would have changed

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the outcome of the proceeding. Without a showing of prejudice, the judge’s social-
group ruling is not a due process violation.

       Gutierrez also claims the immigration judge violated her due process rights by
repeatedly questioning her about her failure to report to police the crimes she
witnessed, exhibiting a clear bias. Immigration judges shall question witnesses and
develop the record. 8 C.F.R. § 1003.10(b) (“Immigration judges shall administer
oaths, receive evidence, and interrogate, examine, and cross-examine aliens and any
witnesses.”). The judge’s questions whether Gutierrez reported these crimes and how
police respond to reports were relevant to the persecution inquiry. See Shaghil v.
Holder, 638 F.3d 828, 834 (8th Cir. 2011) (“‘[P]ersecution’ is a harm that is ‘inflicted
either by the government of [a country] or by persons or an organization that the
government was unable or unwilling to control.’”) (second alteration in original).
Gutierrez claims, however, that the questions show “a judgment call against” her.
However, judgments or hostility against a party are typically insufficient to prove
bias. A judge’s opinion based on “facts introduced or events occurring in the course
of the current proceedings” and judicial remarks demonstrating hostility to the parties
support a finding of bias when “they display a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism
that would make fair judgment impossible.” Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540,
555 (1994). Gutierrez has not alleged the judge formed an opinion of her based on
anything outside the record. The judge’s conduct here does not show a deep-seated
favoritism or antagonism that precludes fair judgment. No violation of due process
occurred.

                                         III.

       Gutierrez presents two other arguments: the agency failed to consider her
eligibility for humanitarian asylum under 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1)(iii); and her
counsel was ineffective in not presenting evidence of her membership in the social
groups of Mexican females and females unable to leave domestic relationships.


                                          -5-
     This “court may review a final order of removal only if . . . the alien has
exhausted all administrative remedies available to the alien as of right.” 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(d)(1). “Failure to raise an issue before the agency constitutes a failure to
exhaust administrative remedies and deprives this court of jurisdiction to hear the
matter.” Ixtlilco-Morales v. Keisler, 507 F.3d 651, 656 (8th Cir. 2007). Gutierrez
did not seek humanitarian asylum before either the immigration judge or BIA. She
also raises the ineffective assistance claim for the first time on appeal. Because she
did not exhaust all administrative remedies, this court lacks jurisdiction over these
claims.2

                                    *******

      The petition for review is denied.
                       ______________________________




      2
       The motions to supplement the record and to strike references in a brief are
denied as moot.

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