                          IN THE NEBRASKA COURT OF APPEALS

               MEMORANDUM OPINION AND JUDGMENT ON APPEAL
                        (Memorandum Web Opinion)

                                        DEWING V. DEWING


  NOTICE: THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PERMANENT PUBLICATION
 AND MAY NOT BE CITED EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY NEB. CT. R. APP. P. § 2-102(E).


                                   RYAN L. DEWING, APPELLEE,
                                                 V.

                                  KELLY M. DEWING, APPELLANT.


                              Filed March 26, 2019.     No. A-18-695.


       Appeal from the District Court for Cass County: MICHAEL A. SMITH, Judge. Affirmed.
       Terrance A. Poppe and Anne E. Brown, of Morrow, Poppe, Watermeier & Lonowski, P.C.,
L.L.O., for appellant.
       Mark J. Krieger and Terri M. Weeks, of Bowman & Krieger, for appellee.


       MOORE, Chief Judge, and RIEDMANN and BISHOP, Judges.
       BISHOP, Judge.
       The marriage of Ryan L. Dewing and Kelly M. Dewing was dissolved by decree on March
23, 2018. Kelly only appeals the portions of that decree entered by the Cass County District Court
awarding legal and physical custody of the parties’ two children to Ryan. We affirm.
                                         BACKGROUND
        Kelly and Ryan were married in 2004 and had two children during their marriage, a son
born in 2009 and a daughter born in 2011. Ryan filed for divorce in January 2017; he asked that
custody of the parties’ two children be awarded to him. Kelly filed a responsive pleading and
counterclaim; she sought joint custody of the children, but in the event the district court determined
that joint custody was not in the best interests of the children, she asked that custody be awarded
to her. Both parties filed motions for temporary relief, and the district court entered a temporary
order on March 1, awarding “the care, custody and control” of the parties’ children to Ryan.



                                                -1-
However, the parenting plan incorporated into the temporary order awarded joint legal custody of
the children to the parties, with physical custody awarded to Ryan, subject to Kelly’s rights of
parenting time. The parenting plan established a “School Year Schedule” which allowed Kelly
parenting time every other weekend from 5 p.m. Thursday to 8 a.m. Monday morning (a 10/4
parenting time schedule). The parenting plan established a holiday parenting time schedule for the
parties, but was silent as to summer. Pursuant to the temporary order, Kelly was to pay $644 per
month to Ryan for child support.
        In May 2017, Kelly filed a motion asking the district court to award “summer parenting
time on a week on/week off basis commencing with the summer of 2017.” In July and August, she
filed motions asking the court to award her a “week on week off parenting time schedule between
now and the time of trial.” No rulings on these motions appear in our record.
        Trial took place on December 7, 2017. We will discuss the trial evidence relevant to the
errors assigned in our analysis below. A decree dissolving the marriage was entered by the district
court on March 23, 2018.
        Relevant to this appeal, the district court awarded legal and physical custody of the children
to Ryan, subject to Kelly’s rights of parenting time as set forth in the parenting plan attached to
the property settlement agreement; the property settlement agreement was attached to and made
part of the decree by reference. The parenting plan established a “School Year Schedule” which
allowed Kelly parenting time every other weekend from 5 p.m. Thursday to 8 a.m. Monday
morning, awarded each party one 2-week parenting time period during the summer months, and
established a holiday parenting time schedule. Because Kelly has alcohol addiction issues, the
parenting plan also included a safety plan wherein during all periods of parenting time, Kelly was
not to consume alcoholic beverages of any kind, at any time, and was to only take narcotics as
prescribed and directed by her physician. If Kelly relapsed during a period of her parenting time,
her parenting time was to end as soon as the children could be transported safely to Ryan. Kelly
was required to enroll and participate in the “Level 2 Soberlink Program” for a period of 7 years
from the entry of the decree. As part of that program she was to test four times per day during any
period of her parenting time (the four 1-hour testing periods were from 8 to 9 a.m., 12 to 1 p.m., 5
to 6 p.m., and 10 to 11 p.m.). In the event Kelly failed a test, she forfeited her remaining period of
parenting time with the children and they were to be immediately returned to Ryan until the
commencement of Kelly’s next regularly scheduled parenting time. Kelly was also to list Ryan as
a concerned party to receive real time updates and weekly or monthly reports of all testing
performed or missed by Kelly on the Soberlink Program. Pursuant to the Decree, Kelly was
ordered to pay Ryan child support in the amount of $768 per month.
        On April 2, 2018, Kelly filed a motion for new trial. After a hearing on May 31, the district
court entered an order on June 18 granting Kelly’s motion in part, “in that the requirement for use
of the Soberlink device . . . shall expire three (3) years after the entry of the Decree.” All other
requested relief was denied. Kelly timely appealed.
                                   ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
       Kelly assigns that the district court erred in awarding legal and physical custody of the
children to Ryan.



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                                    STANDARD OF REVIEW
        In an action for the dissolution of marriage, an appellate court reviews de novo on the
record the trial court’s determinations of custody, child support, property division, alimony, and
attorney fees; these determinations, however, are initially entrusted to the trial court’s discretion
and will normally be affirmed absent an abuse of that discretion. Donald v. Donald, 296 Neb. 123,
892 N.W.2d 100 (2017).
        Parenting time determinations are also matters initially entrusted to the discretion of the
trial court, and although reviewed de novo on the record, the trial court’s determination will
normally be affirmed absent an abuse of discretion. Aguilar v. Schulte, 22 Neb. App. 80, 848
N.W.2d 644 (2014).
        An abuse of discretion occurs when a trial court bases its decision upon reasons that are
untenable or unreasonable or if its action is clearly against justice or conscience, reason, and
evidence. Flores v. Flores-Guerrero, 290 Neb. 248, 859 N.W.2d 578 (2015).
        When evidence is in conflict, an appellate court considers, and may give weight to, the fact
that the trial judge heard and observed the witnesses and accepted one version of the facts rather
than another. Donald v. Donald, supra.
                                            ANALYSIS
                                        EVIDENCE AT TRIAL
        Ryan (age 39) and Kelly (age 37) each testified at trial. Ryan is a compliance director at a
company in Lincoln, Nebraska. Kelly has worked for a hospital in Lincoln for 11 years. She started
as a “RN” in the cardiovascular intensive care unit. She moved around to various positions in the
hospital and is now a patient advocacy and experience consultant. At the time of trial, the parties’
son was 8 years old and their daughter was 6 years old.
        Ryan and Kelly both testified that Kelly is an alcoholic. She had been convicted of driving
while intoxicated two times (1999 and 2010), and she continued to drink alcohol during and after
her probation for the 2010 conviction. Her drinking got worse over time and caused a strain in
their marriage. She went into inpatient treatment in October 2016, shortly before Ryan filed for
divorce in January 2017.
        Ryan testified that his relationship with Kelly “started to deteriorate as [her] alcoholism
got worse.” Ryan tried “to protect the kids” by trying to keep them away from it, and keeping a
sense of normalcy for dinner times, bedtimes, and daily routines. As Kelly’s alcoholism got worse,
he took on more roles at home. And even after Kelly got done with treatment in November 2016,
she was driving to Omaha, Nebraska, for aftercare and then would come home and “seclude”
herself in the basement, so the parenting obligations fell on him. But according to Kelly, the parties
generally shared in the parenting and household tasks.
        Ryan testified about concerns he had with Kelly driving the children. One time (no specific
timeframe given, but presumably before Kelly’s inpatient treatment in October 2016), Kelly had
driven into a ditch when she and the children were driving to her son’s friend’s home. It was the
children, not Kelly, who told Ryan about the incident, and when he asked her if she had been
drinking, she did not admit to it. (In her testimony, Kelly denied getting in car accidents with
children in the car after she had been drinking, and she said she was not drinking when driving to


                                                -3-
her son’s friend’s home. However, when asked if she ever drank and drove with her children, she
acknowledged that she had.)
        Ryan was asked if he believed Kelly when she said that she had not been drinking or that
she had been sober, and he said, “I do not believe that she’s been sober, no.” “[A]s the alcoholism
got worse . . . really the only periods of time that she was sober . . . was in the mornings right when
she got up[.]” Ryan adjusted his work schedule so that he would go into work early and then be
able to pick the children up and be around for them in the afternoons and evenings.
        Shortly before Kelly went into treatment, Ryan and the children drove from the family
home in Eagle, Nebraska, to her office in Lincoln to find out why she had not come home from
work. Kelly met them in the parking lot and got in the car; it was “very evident” that she was
intoxicated because she could “barely walk,” could not hold her head up, and “passed out” on the
way home. The next morning Ryan went to Kelly’s office with her and found vomit on the floor
and bottles of vodka.
        In October 2016, Ryan left the house in the morning. Later, he could not reach Kelly on
her phone and even tried to FaceTime the children on their iPads. As he was driving home, his son
finally answered Kelly’s phone and said that Kelly was in bed and could not get up. When Ryan
got home, the children were downstairs playing and Kelly was upstairs on the floor, unable to
move. He contacted his sister to come get the children. Then he carried Kelly out to the car and
drove her to the hospital. “The whole time” Kelly said she had not been drinking, but she vomited
inside the car. At the hospital they did a blood draw. Kelly told him that her alcohol level was
“.403 or .42 or something like that,” and she then admitted that she had been drinking. (Kelly
acknowledged in her testimony that her blood alcohol content was .403.) After this point, Kelly
was ready to go to treatment.
        When Kelly got out of treatment in November 2016, she started an aftercare program in
Omaha. Ryan became concerned that Kelly may have developed a relationship with a man
attending the aftercare program. Ryan asked Kelly not to go to the program in Omaha anymore
“[t]o stop seeing him.” She eventually stopped going. She did not transfer to an aftercare program
in Lincoln.
        The safety plan in the March 2017 temporary order allowed Ryan to confirm Kelly’s
sobriety through an alcohol-censored device if he believed that she was under the influence of
alcohol at any time during her parenting time. Ryan acknowledged that he had used a handheld
breathalyzer outside the presence of the children to check whether Kelly was sober before he let
the children go with her. At that point, “[t]he exchanges [became] very, very volatile with
screaming and yelling at me. ‘Why do you have to do this? You don’t have to do this.’” One time
the parties’ son came outside when Ryan was trying to do a breathalyzer, and Ryan tried to get
him to go back inside. Ryan stated, “[Kelly] starts screaming and yelling at me, cursing at me,
yelling at [our son]. ‘Can you believe your daddy’s making me do this? Your daddy’s such an
asshole.’” (Kelly denied calling Ryan an asshole in front of their son.)
        On another occasion, Kelly picked the children up from daycare and took them out for ice
cream during Ryan’s parenting time without his permission. Ryan later talked to her about not
doing that and she acted “[v]ery negatively” yelling and screaming. Kelly apparently testified in
her deposition that when the children asked again whether they could go for ice cream, she said,
“‘No, Daddy won’t let us.’”


                                                 -4-
        When asked what his relationship with Kelly is now, Ryan responded, “I don’t really think
we have one today. We communicate via text message at times and then talk on the phone.” He
affirmed that most conversations end up in an argument. As the case has gone on, their ability to
communicate has decreased. If there are conversations, discussions, or if he has an argument with
Kelly, Ryan sends the children upstairs or the parties go outside “just to try to keep them
completely separate . . . from that.” There were disputes between the parties in front of the children
after the entry of the temporary order. When those disputes arose, Ryan would tell Kelly that it
needs to stop and that the children do not need to be a part of it, but Kelly would not respond in a
positive manner. “She’s very, very volatile, comes with screaming and yelling. ‘Look what your
daddy’s making me do.’ Swearing at me in front of the kids. Very volatile actions.”
        Ryan testified that the children have adjusted well to the 10/4 parenting schedule from the
temporary order. His suggested parenting plan at trial was to continue a 10/4 schedule, with each
parent getting one 2-week period during the summer. He said a change from the 10/4 schedule
would be difficult for the children because the 10/4 schedule provides the consistency that they
need. To confirm Kelly’s sobriety, he suggested a safety plan including a “Level 2 Soberlink”
program with set testing periods on the days she has the children. Ryan did not think that he and
Kelly could make joint decisions.
        Although the temporary parenting plan did not provide Kelly any extra parenting time in
the summer, Ryan acknowledged, on cross-examination, that the parties did do week-on-week-off
parenting for a period of time in the summer and that the children did “okay.” He insisted they go
back to the 10/4 schedule when school started because “[i]t provided a consistent school time
frame for the kids. So the morning routine, getting up, coming home after school, to provide that
consistency during the school year.” He acknowledged that there had not been a problem with
Kelly getting the children to school on the Friday and Monday mornings during her parenting time.
        Ryan’s sister and brother-in-law both testified at trial. They saw Ryan and the children a
couple of times a month. Both had seen Kelly intoxicated while the children were present. And
both testified that they have had to leave social events to take care of the parties’ children, and they
have had to leave concerts early because of Kelly’s intoxication. Ryan’s brother-in-law testified
that within “the past couple years,” he received a call from Ryan saying that Kelly was in a ditch;
when the brother-in-law arrived at the scene, Kelly’s car was stuck in a ditch and “she was
completely nonresponsive” and he had to “drag her” out of her car and put her into his vehicle to
take her to Ryan. (The children were not in the car with Kelly.) Ryan’s sister testified that before
Kelly went to treatment, she (the sister) saw the children “increasingly getting more anxious.”
When Kelly was away in treatment “it was kind of back to their old selves.” And then when Kelly
returned, “there seemed to be a lot more conflict in the home” and the sister “definitely noticed . . .
a difference at that point.” After Kelly left the marital residence in May 2017, the children have
seemed “a little bit more calm.” On cross-examination the sister also acknowledged that the
children were generally calm during the summer when Kelly and Ryan had alternating weeks of
parenting time. Ryan’s sister believed it was best for the children to reside primarily with Ryan.
She said that Ryan is “a very good parental figure,” he is “very calm,” and “‘[c]onsistency’ is the
word that comes to mind.” The brother-in-law acknowledged that he had not seen Kelly since she
went to treatment, but when he saw Kelly with the children she appeared loving.



                                                 -5-
         Kelly acknowledged that she is an alcoholic. In 2016, Kelly was drinking “daily.” She went
into treatment that October after “winding up in the emergency department, my children finding
me unconscious, essentially -- that was rock bottom”; “[m]y blood alcohol was lethal.” Kelly was
in inpatient treatment for 28 days. (On cross-examination, Kelly acknowledged that she failed a
drug test and two retests while in treatment; it appears it was Xanax, a benzodiazepine; she had a
prescription for Xanax but was not to have it in the facility.) Kelly stated that while in treatment,
“I learned that [alcohol is] toxic to me, that I just don’t tolerate it the way others do.” “I learned
that I could be free of it and that I could still - I could enjoy life without it.” In treatment there was
programming about relapse prevention. “AA is so important [because] an alcoholic understands
what another alcoholic’s been through.” After inpatient treatment, Kelly was involved in an
aftercare program in Omaha. She “went, maybe, four times,” and had a relationship with a person
in that program. Kelly said she left the program in Omaha in mid-December because “[Ryan]
requested that I do that.” She acknowledged that she did not feel she had the ability to tell him no
when he asked her to get out of the program. On cross-examination, Kelly acknowledged that after
she quit going to Omaha, she did not find an aftercare program in Lincoln. She said, “[t]he
recommendation wasn’t made when I [was] discharged from the . . . outpatient one in Omaha.”
Although Ryan’s counsel questioned whether Kelly was discharged or just stopped going, Kelly
did acknowledge that she had not complied with the recommendation of the inpatient treatment
facility.
         Now Kelly goes to AA meetings once a week and has counseling sessions with Debra
Knight. Kelly also worked with another counselor from November/December 2016 to January
2017, but decided to stay with Knight. In addition, Kelly has a close colleague who has a daughter
and a significant other in recovery; her friend is getting a counseling degree “and it’s like I have a
built-in counselor that I work with every day.” And Kelly said her parents are “pretty supportive.”
Kelly also takes medication for depression and anxiety.
         Kelly stated her sobriety date is October 10, 2016. She “can’t give any assurance” that she
will never drink again, “[n]o alcoholic can.” She can only focus on “[o]ne day at a time.” But she
does understand that if she drinks, she will not be able to be a mother to her children. Kelly said
that Ryan tested her 12 to 15 times during the pendency of this action and she never had a positive
test.
         Kelly would prefer to be the custodial parent, but fears she will “be back in this courtroom
every month” until custody is “in [Ryan’s] favor.” So she is suggesting a week-on-week-off
parenting time arrangement. The parties had week-on-week-off parenting time for a while in the
summer and the children “really loved it.” As part of her suggested parenting plan, Kelly would
do a “Level 1 Soberlink” for a period of 1 year, and if she were to test positive her parenting time
would be suspended. (Her understanding is that Level 1 is testing only when she has the children
whereas Level 2, which Ryan suggested, is testing every day.) Kelly has concerns about Ryan
being awarded primary custody because, “I have concerns about his ability to be organized” and
“I have concerns about his priorities and the kids’ nutrition and . . . every time I see my daughter
when she’s with her dad she has something all over her face. And I know that’s vain to be
concerned about my daughter’s appearance, but I am.”
         When asked to describe the parties’ ability to communicate at this point, Kelly responded,
“I say we’re perfectly capable of communicating.” She denied that communication always ends


                                                  -6-
up in a fight, as Ryan had testified. She also felt that the parties are “100 percent capable” of talking
and making joint decisions about their children. She said that they had been able to agree on
property division, alimony, a summer schedule, and extracurricular activities, among other things.
What they cannot agree on is whether the parenting schedule should be equal or a 10/4 schedule.
Kelly testified that the 10/4 parenting schedule has been “[e]xcruciating.” And she feels that
week-on-week-off parenting time is just as consistent as a 10/4 schedule. When she has the
children on a school night she helps them with their homework and there have been no problems
with attendance or the children being tardy during her parenting time.
         Debra Knight is licensed in both mental health counseling and drug and alcohol counseling.
She worked with Kelly through an employee assistance program, and had been providing
counseling to her since November 2016. The first three or four sessions were couples’ counseling
with Kelly and Ryan. There was “a lot of emotion and a lot of conflict within the sessions.” Then
Kelly started individual sessions and those sessions were “much more controlled emotionally.”
Since January 2017, Knight had been working with Kelly on processing the pending divorce, the
feelings and the adjustment. According to Knight, Kelly appeared to be committed to her children.
The services Knight provided to Kelly did not focus on recovery or relapse prevention.
         Dr. George Williams is a licensed clinical psychologist who specializes in behavioral
pediatrics. Although Dr. Williams did not testify at trial, his deposition testimony was received
into evidence and reveals the following. It has been Dr. Williams’ experience that the “original
Wilson v. Wilson parenting plan -- every other weekend, every other Wednesday -- was pretty
disruptive to children, it was disruptive to family systems, it did not allow the non-custodial parent
to have meaningful time with their children.” “[W]e found, through clinical experience, that the
more continuity a child had with each parent . . . the fewer emotional/behavioral/learning problems
we saw.” Dr. Williams stated,
         [U]ltimately, that evolved into a . . . recommendation of a nine/five, ten/four type of
         visitation schedule, taking that Wednesday, putting it on the weekends, offering another
         day, just to get the non-custodial parent involved in transitions back to school, faith-based
         responsibilities, over the course of . . . four or five days, which gave children a more
         complete view of the non-custodial parent and the non-custodial parent to have an
         opportunity to have a more meaningful relationship and influence on their development.

Dr. Williams has had experience with cases involving an even division of parenting time. He said
that an even division of parenting time “takes an extraordinarily [sic] relationship”; “the divorce
is mutual, there’s no real conflict, they are, are very much on the same page when it comes to
academic achievement, faith, extracurricular activities, they communicate without a sense of
ownership, it can work fine.” “[T]he transitions, obviously, are about the same . . . 50-50 versus a
nine/five,” but “it requires a lot more communication.” “[A] week’s worth of academic, social,
emotional issues, if not communicated accurately, can lead to trouble.” Cooperation is “absolutely”
required and if there is not communication, “then we’re just traumatizing the children for an
extended period of time.” Dr. Williams said it takes “flexibility” and a “strong awareness” of what
“parent alienation” is, and that a parent has to be a good advocate for their children and for the
other parent across their entire family system.



                                                  -7-
         According to a letter authored by Dr. Williams, which was received into evidence, he had
nine clinical contacts with the Dewing family between July 10 and November 7, 2017. He met
with each parent twice individually, had one session with the children together, and then two
individual sessions with each child. Both parents also participated in pre- and/or post child session
telephone conversations to discuss Dr. Williams’ observations of the children, concerns, and
treatment recommendations. During his deposition, Dr. Williams was asked if he had an opinion
as to whether Kelly and Ryan share the sort of communication and cooperation necessary to make
an equal division of parenting time beneficial to their children. Dr. Williams responded, “Not from
what I’ve got through the children and/or each parent. I mean, there’s a lot of conflict.” He also
said, “I would say the way [Kelly and Ryan] interact with each other right now, a 50-50 [parenting
time schedule] that would require a lot of communication would not go well.” However, Dr.
Williams said the children have strong relationships with both parents, and he “can’t make a
decision regarding custody.” When asked if he had any reason to believe that there would be any
harm to the children if the current parenting time of a 10/4 schedule were to remain in effect going
forward, Dr. Williams responded, “No.” “[A]gain, it really comes down to how parents conduct
themselves, and that will determine child adjustment, child issues.”
         On cross-examination, Dr. Williams was asked if he was saying a “seven/seven” parenting
time schedule cannot work in this case. He responded, “[N]o, but they’d have to engage in a lot of
change, that’s for sure.” Dr. Williams acknowledged that Kelly and Ryan are making progress in
how to deal with the divorce and the issues it creates with their children. He also acknowledged
that there are studies that conclude a “seven/seven” parenting time schedule is beneficial for
children, and he has seen couples make that schedule work. But, “if it’s going to work, again,
similar to the other ones, you have to have parents that are -- have a division of labor and that
there’s communication.” “[R]ealizations from children that parents are still co-parenting, . . . that
helps in their development.”
         When asked what sort of suggestions he had made to Kelly and Ryan, Dr. Williams stated,
         I’ve told them to make sure that the visitation is consistent, that there’s no conflict at the
         time of exchange, that you know, when children . . . are leaving, not to be overly emotional,
         be saying things like, well, I can’t come to that; Mom won’t let me or Dad won’t let me, to
         not bring in legal issues, you know, I can’t change visitation until we go to court, things
         like, you know, making sure your extended family are supportive of the other parent when
         it comes up in conversation; just, again, protect the children from . . . the legal process, the
         conflict, and our own burdens, whether they’re financial, emotional, therapy burdens,
         whatever they might be, that that’s not really information that benefits child development.

According to Dr. Williams, there had been improvement, but “there’s still things that are
happening during exchanges, or phone calls I think are a bit intrusive when the children are in the
other home; . . . that they’re working on.” But, the Dewings’ son “isn’t really demonstrating yet
that there’s good communication, open communication, co-parenting going on between [Kelly]
and [Ryan], so that tells me . . . there’s a lot more to do. And . . . so . . . I don’t think they’re there
yet.”
        There was also evidence from other witnesses (friends) who spoke favorably about the
parties’ parenting abilities.


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                                    DISTRICT COURT’S RULING
       In the decree, the district court stated:
               Given the evidence of [Kelly’s] addiction and of her behavior while under the sway
       of that addiction, and further considering the difficulties in communication between the
       parties, the Court cannot find that joint physical and legal custody is in the best interests of
       the minor children. Accordingly, the care, custody and control of the minor children of the
       parties, both legal and physical, is to be vested in [Ryan], subject to rights of [parenting
       time] vested in [Kelly] as set forth in the Parenting Plan attached to the Property Settlement
       Agreement.

And as stated previously in this opinion, the parenting plan established a “School Year Schedule”
which allowed Kelly parenting time every other weekend from 5 p.m. Thursday to 8 a.m. Monday
morning (a 10/4 schedule), awarded each party one 2-week parenting time period during the
summer months, and established a holiday parenting time schedule.
                                         APPLICABLE LAW
        Keeping the evidence and the district court’s findings in mind, we now consider the legal
principles governing custody and parenting time matters. When deciding custody issues, the
court’s paramount concern is the child’s best interests. Citta v. Facka, 19 Neb. App. 736, 812
N.W.2d 917 (2012). Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-2923(6) (Reissue 2016) states, in pertinent part:
                In determining custody and parenting arrangements, the court shall consider the
        best interests of the minor child, which shall include, but not be limited to, consideration
        of the foregoing factors and:
                (a) The relationship of the minor child to each parent prior to the commencement
        of the action or any subsequent hearing;
                (b) The desires and wishes of the minor child, if of an age of comprehension but
        regardless of chronological age, when such desires and wishes are based on sound
        reasoning;
                (c) The general health, welfare, and social behavior of the minor child;
                (d) Credible evidence of abuse inflicted on any family or household member. . . ;
        and
                (e) Credible evidence of child abuse or neglect or domestic intimate partner abuse.

Other pertinent factors include the moral fitness of the child’s parents, including sexual conduct;
respective environments offered by each parent; the age, sex, and health of the child and parents;
the effect on the child as a result of continuing or disrupting an existing relationship; the attitude
and stability of each parent’s character; and parental capacity to provide physical care and satisfy
educational needs of the child. Robb v. Robb, 268 Neb. 694, 687 N.W.2d 195 (2004).
        The Parenting Act defines “[j]oint legal custody” as “mutual authority and responsibility
of the parents for making mutual fundamental decisions regarding the child’s welfare, including
choices regarding education and health.” Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-2922(11) (Reissue 2016). Courts
typically do not award joint legal custody when the parties are unable to communicate effectively.
See, Kamal v. Imroz, 277 Neb. 116, 759 N.W.2d 914 (2009) (joint decisionmaking by parents not


                                                -9-
in child’s best interests when parents are unable to communicate face-to-face and there is level of
distrust); Klimek v. Klimek, 18 Neb. App. 82, 775 N.W.2d 444 (2009) (no abuse of discretion by
district court’s failure to award joint custody when minor child was confused by temporary joint
legal and physical custody arrangement and parents had hard time communicating with one
another). However, a trial court’s decision to award joint legal or physical custody can be made
without parental agreement or consent so long as it is in the child’s best interests. And appellate
courts have in some instances declined to reverse trial court decisions where joint custody has been
awarded or maintained even when the evidence demonstrates a lack of communication or
cooperation between parents. See, State on behalf of Jakai C. v. Tiffany M., 292 Neb. 68, 871
N.W.2d 230 (2015) (Nebraska Supreme Court affirmed district court’s denial of father’s request
to modify custody from joint legal custody (mother with physical custody) to sole legal and
physical custody despite apparent inability of parties to parent cooperatively with one another);
Kay v. Ludwig, 12 Neb. App. 868, 686 N.W.2d 619 (2004) (this court affirmed district court’s
award of joint legal custody, with physical custody of parties’ minor son awarded to mother,
despite failure of parties to agree on joint legal custody and mother’s testimony that
communication between herself and father had been nearly nonexistent and that they have had
number of confrontations since separation). However, the key to all of the cases cited above was
the appellate court’s deference to the trial judge who had heard and observed the witnesses.
                          DID DISTRICT COURT ABUSE ITS DISCRETION?
        Kelly argues that the only concern Ryan had about the parties being awarded joint custody
is Kelly’s prior alcohol use, and that such concern has been addressed by requiring her to
participate in the SoberLink program. Additionally, the parties had joint legal custody under the
temporary order, but the district court ultimately awarded sole legal custody to Ryan. Kelly
contends that the district court “[did] not address legal custody separate, but simply awards sole
legal custody to Ryan.” Brief for appellant at 13-14.
        Based on the evidence described above, including Dr. Williams’ deposition testimony, we
cannot say the district court abused its discretion by awarding Ryan legal and physical custody of
the children. The district court did not address legal custody separately from physical custody, but
its reason for both was, in part, the difficulties in communication between the parties. As we stated
previously, courts typically do not award joint legal custody when the parties are unable to
communicate effectively. And deference is given to the district court who heard and observed the
witnesses.
        Although Kelly testified that the parties are “perfectly capable of communicating” and are
“100 percent capable” of talking and making joint decisions about their children, Ryan disagreed.
And Dr. Williams, who had met with both parties and the children, noted the parties’
communication problems. Additionally, Dr. Williams testified about the communication and
cooperation necessary for a “50-50” parenting time schedule to work, and he did not believe the
parties had the type communication and cooperation required. He stated that “there’s a lot of
conflict” and that “a 50-50 [parenting time schedule] that would require a lot of communication
would not go well.” Ryan testified that during the temporary order Kelly was screaming and yelling
at him in front of their son when Ryan tried to breathalyze her (per the safety plan); she also said,
“‘Can you believe your daddy’s making me do this? Your daddy’s such an asshole.’” (Although


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Kelly denied calling Ryan an asshole in front of their son.) Ryan also testified that when disputes
arose during the temporary order, he would tell her the children did not need to be a part of it, but
Kelly did not respond in a positive manner. “She’s very, very volatile, comes with screaming and
yelling. ‘Look what your daddy’s making me do.’” These are exactly the conflicts that Dr.
Williams was concerned about that would make a joint custody arrangement unlikely to be
successful.
         There is certainly evidence in the record to indicate that the week-on-week-off parenting
time in the summer preceding trial worked well and that the children enjoyed it. There is also
evidence that Kelly had been committed to her sobriety for the year preceding trial, and that she
had a good, loving relationship with the children and had been an integral part of their lives. When
considering such evidence, it is understandable why Kelly believes a 50/50 joint custody
arrangement would work. However, in light of the other evidence discussed above which shows
ongoing conflict between the parties and an inability to reasonably communicate with one another,
we can also understand why the district court decided against joint custody at this time. Therefore,
in light of the evidence presented, and giving deference, as we must, to the district court who heard
and observed the witnesses, we cannot say the court abused its discretion in awarding legal and
physical custody of the children to Ryan.
                                          CONCLUSION
       For the reasons stated above, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                                                                                         AFFIRMED.




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