             This opinion is subject to revision before final
                  publication in the Pacific Reporter.

                              2014 UT 3

                                IN THE
      SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF UTAH
                     ———————
    HUGHES GENERAL CONTRACTORS, INC. a Utah Corporation,
                       Petitioner,
                                   v.
       UTAH LABOR COMMISSION, Occupational Safety and
                      Health Division,
                         Respondent.
                       ———————
                        No. 20120426
                   Filed January 31, 2014
                       ———————
              Original Proceeding in this Court
                       ———————
                         Attorneys:
      Joseph D McAllister, North Salt Lake, Clark B. Fetzer,
           John W. Mann, Salt Lake City, for petitioner
 Sean D. Reyes, Att‘y Gen., Brent A. Burnett, Ronald V. Ludlow,
        Asst. Att‘ys Gen., Salt Lake City, for respondent
                        ———————
    JUSTICE LEE authored the opinion of the Court, in which
   CHIEF JUSTICE DURRANT, ASSOCIATE CHIEF JUSTICE NEHRING,
          JUSTICE DURHAM, and JUSTICE PARRISH joined.
                        ———————

 JUSTICE LEE, opinion of the Court:
  ¶1 In this case we are asked to determine the viability of the
so-called multi-employer worksite doctrine under the Utah Occu-
pational Safety and Health Act (UOSHA). The doctrine makes a
general contractor responsible for the occupational safety of all
workers on a worksite—even those who are not the contractor‘s
employees. Federal OSHA regulations adopt this doctrine, and
federal courts have upheld it as consistent with the governing
federal statute. But for us this is a matter of first impression.
  ¶2 We reject the multi-employer worksite doctrine as incom-
patible with the governing Utah statute, Utah Code section 34A-6-
201(1). Specifically, we hold that the responsibility for ensuring
               HUGHES v. UTAH LABOR COMMISSION
                       Opinion of the Court

occupational safety under the governing statute is limited to an
employer‘s responsibility to its employees. And because the cited
contractor in this case was not an employer of the workers in
question, we reverse the citation and penalty at issue.
                                 I
  ¶3 This case arises out of a construction project at Parowan
High School overseen by Hughes General Contractors. The project
involved over 100 subcontractors, including B.A. Robinson, which
performed masonry work. During the course of this project,
Hughes was cited by the Utah Occupational Safety and Health
Division for a range of workplace safety violations. The violation
at issue here concerned improper use and erection of scaffolding
in connection with masonry work performed by B.A. Robinson.
  ¶4 UOSH cited and fined both Hughes and B.A. Robinson for
this violation. As to Hughes, the citation was based on its failure
to inspect and take corrective action, as required by Utah Admin-
istrative Code rule 614-1-5(D)(3). In determining that Hughes was
responsible for safety conditions for B.A. Robinson‘s employees,
the UOSH compliance officer invoked the multi-employer
worksite doctrine. Specifically, the officer concluded that Hughes
was responsible as a controlling employer under Utah Code sec-
tion 34A-6-201, in that it had general supervisory authority over
the worksite.
  ¶5 Hughes contested the citation, challenging the legal viabil-
ity of the multi-employer worksite doctrine and the factual basis
for the alleged violation. The citation was upheld by an Adminis-
trative Law Judge, whose decision was affirmed on appeal to the
Labor Commission‘s Appeals Board. Both the ALJ and the Ap-
peals Board upheld the multi-employer worksite doctrine. The
Appeals Board based its decision on the notion that the governing
Utah statute, section 34A-6-201, ―mirrors its federal counterpart,
which was interpreted in Universal Construction Co. v. Occupational
Safety and Health Review Commission, 182 F.3d 726 (10th Cir. 1999),‖
to endorse the principle that ―a general contractor [is] liable for
the safety violations of a subcontractor under the multi-employer
worksite doctrine.‖
  ¶6 Hughes sought review in the Utah Court of Appeals pur-
suant to Utah Code section 78A-4-103(2)(a)(i)(A), which then certi-
fied the case to this court. The issues presented are questions of

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law, concerning the viability of the multi-employer worksite doc-
trine under UOSHA. Specifically, Hughes seeks reversal on the
grounds that ―the agency has erroneously interpreted or applied
the law‖ and ―the agency has acted beyond the jurisdiction con-
ferred by any statute‖ in so doing. UTAH CODE § 63G-4-403(4)(d),
(b). Those arguments present questions of law subject to review
for correctness. Utah Chapter of the Sierra Club v. Air Quality Bd.,
2009 UT 76, ¶ 13, 226 P.3d 719; see Murray v. Utah Labor Comm’n,
2013 UT 38, ¶ 24, 308 P.3d 461.
                                 II
  ¶7 The multi-employer worksite doctrine has been repeatedly
challenged and upheld under federal law. See infra ¶ 20. But we
have never had occasion to consider it as a matter of Utah law,
and the state law issue is distinct.
  ¶8 The governing Utah statute, Utah Code section 34A-6-201,
is not a mirror-image of its federal counterpart, 29 U.S.C. § 654(a).
Under federal law, moreover, the doctrine finds support in an ex-
press federal regulation, 29 C.F.R. § 1926.16(c), a provision afford-
ed deference by the courts under Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural
Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984). Our Utah regu-
lations have not incorporated the federal provision to which the
federal courts have deferred in upholding the multi-employer
worksite doctrine. And in any event our law affords no deference
to federal regulations on questions of law. See infra ¶ 25.
  ¶9 We thus address the legality of the multi-employer
worksite doctrine on a clean slate under Utah law. And we hold
that the governing state OSHA provision forecloses it. In so rul-
ing, we distinguish the federal cases relied on by the ALJ, the Ap-
peals Board, and the Labor Commission, and we also dismiss the
policy basis advanced in support of the doctrine. And we reverse
the citation and penalty against Hughes, as it was based on a legal
ground that we now repudiate.
                                 A
  ¶10 The governing UOSHA provision imposes responsibilities
for occupational safety on an ―employer.‖ It requires that ―[e]ach
employer . . . furnish each of the employer‘s employees employ-
ment and a place of employment free from recognized hazards
that are causing or are likely to cause death or physical harm to


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               HUGHES v. UTAH LABOR COMMISSION
                       Opinion of the Court

the employer‘s employees and comply with the standards prom-
ulgated under this chapter.‖ UTAH CODE § 34A-6-201(1).
  ¶11 The question presented concerns the scope of these respon-
sibilities. The Utah Labor Commission interpreted this provision
to extend broadly to anyone with supervisory control over a par-
ticular worksite. Hughes contests this ―multi-employer‖ ap-
proach, insisting that the safety responsibilities prescribed by this
provision extend only to a single employer as concerning its own
employees.
  ¶12 We read the statute as Hughes does. First, the text and
structure of this provision are singularly focused on the employ-
ment relationship. Thus, the sole subject of the single sentence
comprising this provision—the term identifying the persons to
whom the prescribed occupational safety responsibilities run—is
―[e]ach employer.‖ Id. So the duty to furnish a workplace free
from recognized hazards is one that runs only to ―[e]ach employ-
er.‖ Id. And the same goes for the duty to ―comply with the
standards promulgated under this chapter.‖ Id. Under the clear
text of the statute, this obligation also runs only to employers.
  ¶13 ―Employer,‖ moreover, is defined in terms that contem-
plate a traditional employment relationship—and that according-
ly forecloses the multi-employer worksite principle applied be-
low. By statute, an ―employer‖ is ―a person . . . having one or
more workers or operatives regularly employed in the same busi-
ness, or in or about the same establishment, under any contract of
hire.‖ Id. § 34A-6-103(1)(f)(iii) (emphasis added). So an employer
is one who engages employees under a contract of hire. And ―em-
ployee,‖ in turn, is defined in a similarly circular manner. An
―employee‖ is ―any person suffered or permitted to work by an
employer.‖ Id. § 34A-6-103(1)(e) (emphasis added).
  ¶14 The circular terminology of the statutory definitions drives
home a key to its meaning. By defining ―employer‖ as one who
engages an employee, and ―employee‖ as one who works for an
employer, the legislature conveyed its acceptance of a term of art
with a widely shared meaning. See Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v.
Darden, 503 U.S. 318, 323 (1992) (appealing to the common-law
meaning of the term ―employee‖ when faced with a circular statu-
tory definition); Kelson v. Salt Lake Cnty., 784 P.2d 1152, 1156 (Utah
1989) (interpreting the term ―heirs‖ in wrongful death statute to


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                       Opinion of the Court

incorporate the term of art meaning of the term under the Probate
Code).
  ¶15 The legal term-of-art understanding of the employment re-
lationship focuses on the employer‘s ―right to control the employ-
ee.‖ Dyson ex rel. Glover v. Boy Scouts of Am., 923 P.2d 1383, 1386
(Utah 1996). Thus, the relevant control is not over the premises of
a worksite, but regarding the terms and conditions of employ-
ment. In identifying factors of relevance to the inquiry into the
right to control, our cases have looked to the existence of ―cove-
nants or agreements . . . concerning the right of direction and con-
trol over the employee,‖ the ―right to hire and fire,‖ the ―method
of payment (i.e., wages versus payment for a completed job or
project),‖ and ―the furnishing of equipment.‖ Id. at 1385–86.
  ¶16 This concept of employment forecloses the ―multi-
employer‖ construct that was the basis for the UOSHA citation
against Hughes. Hughes had no employment relationship in con-
nection with the safety violation involving B.A. Robinson‘s ma-
sonry work. The scaffolding problems in question involved work-
ers engaged under the control of B.A. Robinson, not Hughes. As
the sole employer involved in the masonry work and the scaffold-
ing it required, only B.A. Robinson had the statutory responsibil-
ity to provide a workplace free of recognized hazards and to
comply with standards promulgated under UOSHA.
  ¶17 Hughes was not an ―employer‖ in connection with the
work done by B.A. Robinson‘s workers. It had none of the rights
of control identified in our cases—as to hiring and firing, method
of payment, etc. Instead it had only general supervisory authority
over the worksite. That did not render it an employer subject to
sanctions for failure to comply with UOSHA.
  ¶18 The ―multi-employer‖ construct is a misnomer—an at-
tempt to shoehorn the notion of a general contractor‘s authority
over a worksite into the employment-focused standard of the
statute. Typically a general contractor is not an employer vis-à-vis
the workers of its subcontractors. And typically there is only one
employer as to any one group of workers. Where that is true (as it
is here), it is only the employer that is subject to sanctions under
Utah Code section 34A-6-201.
  ¶19 We reverse the citation against Hughes on that basis. We
reject the multi-employer worksite doctrine as a matter of Utah

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                HUGHES v. UTAH LABOR COMMISSION
                        Opinion of the Court

law, and reverse the UOSHA sanction against Hughes, as it was
rooted in that construct and not on Hughes‘s status as an employ-
er.
                                   B
  ¶20 Federal courts have generally upheld the multi-employer
worksite doctrine as a matter of federal law. Under the governing
federal statute, 29 U.S.C. § 654(a), the courts have consistently
held that a general contractor bears the responsibility to provide a
workplace free of recognized hazards and to comply with federal
OSHA standards.1
  ¶21 The ALJ and the Appeals Board found this federal authori-
ty persuasive. We do not. It is distinguishable on two principal
grounds.
  ¶22 First, the terms of the federal statute are distinct. The main
difference between the two provisions is structural, in that the
federal statutory duty to ―comply with occupational safety and
health standards promulgated under this Act‖ is set forth in a
separately sub-sectioned provision. See 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(2). Our
Utah provision, by contrast, is unitary—setting forth the responsi-
bility of ―[e]ach employer‖ to provide a place of employment free
of recognized hazards and to comply with promulgated standards
in a single, undifferentiated provision.
  ¶23 This structural difference is at least arguably significant.
Under federal law, it is more plausible to conclude that the duty
to comply with OSHA standards runs to non-employers.2 We find



 1  Universal Constr. Co. v. Occupational Safety & Health Review
Comm’n, 182 F.3d 726, 730 (10th Cir. 1999); United States v. Pitt-Des
Moines, Inc., 168 F.3d 976, 983 (7th Cir. 1999); Teal v. E. I. DuPont de
Nemours & Co., 728 F.2d 799, 804 (6th Cir. 1984); Brennan v. Occu-
pational Safety & Health Review Comm’n, 513 F.2d 1032, 1038 (2d
Cir. 1975). But see Melerine v. Avondale Shipyards, Inc., 659 F.2d 706,
712 (5th Cir. 1981) (―[T]he class protected by OSHA regulations
comprises only employers‘ own employees.‖).
 2 Universal Constr. Co., 182 F.3d at 728, 730 (citing Pitt-Des
Moines, Inc., 168 F.3d at 983 (noting the structural distinction be-
tween 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1) and (2), and upholding the multi-

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                       Opinion of the Court

that construction untenable under our statute for reasons noted
above, which are reaffirmed by the unitary structure of the Utah
provision—emphasizing that both the duty regarding recognized
hazards and the duty to comply with promulgated standards are
part and parcel of the employment relationship. But we also note
that the federal statute is at least plausibly subject to a contrary
construction.
  ¶24 Second, the federal cases cited by the ALJ and Appeals
Board and advanced by the Labor Commission here are distin-
guishable on another ground: The federal caselaw is based on a
principle of administrative deference under Chevron, 467 U.S. 837.
Under Chevron, the existence of ambiguity in a statute subject to
implementation by a federal agency requires judicial deference to
the agency‘s resolution of the ambiguity. See Fed. Nat’l Mortg.
Ass’n v. Sundquist, 2013 UT 45, ¶ 19, 311 P.3d 1004. Thus, if a fed-
eral statute is ambiguous on a question resolved by an implement-
ing agency, ―the question for the court is whether the agency‘s an-
swer is based on a permissible construction of the statute.‖ Id. (in-
ternal quotations marks omitted). This is the basis of the federal
caselaw upholding the multi-employer worksite doctrine as a
matter of federal law. By and large, the federal courts have not
rendered an independent assessment of the meaning of 29 U.S.C.
§ 654(a). They have simply found the federal statute less than
clear, and thus deferred to a federal agency regulation construing
the statute to allow for the multi-employer worksite doctrine.3


employer worksite doctrine in light of the arguable distinction in
the terms of the two sub-sections)).
3
  See Solis v. Summit Contractors, Inc., 558 F.3d 815, 827 (8th Cir.
2009) (―[W]e defer to the Secretary‘s reasonable interpretation that
§ 1910.12(a) does not preclude the controlling employer citation
policy.‖); Universal Constr. Co., 182 F.3d at 729 (―Because
§ 654(a)(2) is ambiguous regarding this issue [the multi-employer
doctrine], we consider if the agency‘s interpretation is based on a
permissible construction of the statute and does not frustrate the
policy underlying the Act.‖). But see Teal, 728 F.2d at 805 (―[O]nce
an employer is deemed responsible for complying with OSHA
regulations,‖ the statute imparts a duty ―to protect every employ-
ee who works at its workplace,‖ even the employees of independ-
ent contractors.); Brennan, 513 F.2d at 1037 (interpreting the stat-

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                HUGHES v. UTAH LABOR COMMISSION
                        Opinion of the Court

  ¶25 This approach is not a viable one under Utah law. On pure
questions of law, we have not adopted a Chevron-like standard of
administrative deference. Murray v. Utah Labor Comm’n, 2013 UT
38, ¶ 22, 308 P.3d 461.4 In fact our caselaw has openly repudiated
that approach.5 Understandably. A key justification for Chevron
deference to federal agencies is national uniformity—the avoid-
ance of a patchwork of federal standards among the numerous
federal circuit courts of appeals.6 That concern is not implicated in
our state system, in which we have a single line of appellate
courts and thus no real prospect for a split of judicial authority. So
we have retained for the courts the de novo prerogative of inter-




ute to impose a ―broad[] duty to keep a work area safe for any
employees having access to that area‖).
 4  This is not to say that we never defer to agency action. There
are certain circumstances in which deference is warranted by our
caselaw, such as when an agency makes a factual determination,
or ―whenever the Legislature directs an agency to engage in [dis-
cretionary] decision-making.‖ Murray, 2013 UT 38, ¶ 30. A ―dis-
cretionary decision involves a question with a range of ‗accepta-
ble‘ answers, some better than others, and the agency . . . is free to
choose from among this range without regard to what an appel-
late court thinks is the ‗best‘ answer.‖ Id. Statutory interpretation
does not present such a discretionary decision, because ―questions
of law . . . ha[ve] a single ‗right‘ answer.‖ Id. ¶ 33.
 5  See Murray, 2013 UT 38, ¶ 22 (―[T]he applicable standard of re-
view will depend on the nature of the agency action and whether
it can be characterized as a question of law, a question of fact, or a
mixed question of law and fact.‖); Utah Chapter of the Sierra Club v.
Bd. of Oil, Gas, & Mining, 2012 UT 73 ¶ 9, 289 P.3d 558 (―[W]e re-
view an agency‘s general interpretations of law for correctness,
granting little or no deference to the agency‘s determination.‖) (in-
ternal quotation marks omitted).
 6  See Peter L. Strauss, One Hundred Fifty Cases per Year: Some Im-
plications of the Supreme Court’s Limited Resources for Judicial Review
of Agency Action, 87 COLUM. L. REV. 1093, 1106 (1987).

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                       Opinion of the Court

preting the law, unencumbered by any standard of agency defer-
ence.7
  ¶26 The question for us is thus different from the one resolved
by the cited federal cases. And we resolve that question different-
ly, finding in our statute no room for the multi-employer worksite
doctrine advanced by the Labor Commission.
                                  C
  ¶27 The question before us is a matter of statutory interpreta-
tion. And our role in that endeavor is to determine the meaning of
the statutory language. Having done so, we are in no position to
pick sides in the policy debate engaged in by the parties in their
briefs before us.
  ¶28 It may well be, as the Labor Commission advocates, that a
broad multi-employer duty to assure compliance with the stand-
ards of UOSHA would enhance workplace safety in Utah. And it
is also true that a principal purpose of our OSHA statute is to en-
hance the safety of the Utah workplace. But we cannot from that
infer a legislative intent to extend the statutory duties in Utah
Code section 34A-6-201(1) to general contractors. As we have re-
peatedly noted, legislation is rarely a result of an attempt to ad-
vance a single cause at all costs, and is almost always a balance of
competing objectives.8 That is certainly the case with UOSHA.

 7  In Utah, in any event, we would have no agency regulation to
defer to. The federal regulation upheld by the courts under feder-
al law is 29 C.F.R. § 1926.16(c). But that provision is omitted from
the various federal regulations embraced in our state regulations.
See UTAH ADMIN CODE r. 614-1-4(B)(1) (incorporating ―Section 29
CFR 1926.20 through the end of part 1926,‖ thus excluding part
1926.16(c)).
 8  See Olsen v. Eagle Mountain City, 2011 UT 10, ¶ 23 & n.6, 248
P.3d 465 (holding that a party‘s ―speculation as to a contrary legis-
lative purpose cannot quash our construction of the plain lan-
guage,‖ and noting ―the peril of interpreting statutes in accord-
ance with presumed legislative purpose, particularly given that
most statutes represent a compromise of purposes advanced by
competing interest groups, not an unmitigated attempt to stamp
out a particular evil‖); Myers v. Myers, 2011 UT 65, ¶ 27, 266 P.3d
806 (―Legislation is rarely aimed at advancing a single objective at

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               HUGHES v. UTAH LABOR COMMISSION
                       Opinion of the Court

Workplace safety is at its core, but the statute also obviously bal-
ances concerns for fairness to employers.
  ¶29 In any event, the interpretive function for us is not to di-
vine and implement the statutory purpose, broadly defined. It is
to construe its language. Where, as here, that language dictates an
answer to the question presented, we are not at liberty to adopt a
different one because we think it might better advance the legisla-
ture‘s purpose as we understand it.9
                                  D
  ¶30 We therefore repudiate the multi-employer worksite doc-
trine as incompatible with Utah Code section 34A-6-201(1). And
we reverse the decision of the Appeals Board and the sanction
against Hughes that was based on this doctrine.
                          ——————




the expense of all others. More often, statutes are a result of a leg-
islative give-and-take that balances multiple concerns.‖) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
 9  Schroeder Invs., L.C. v. Edwards, 2013 UT 25, ¶ 25, 301 P.3d 994
(―Any request that we override clear statutory text on policy
grounds misperceives the judicial function. . . . We . . . must im-
plement the particular balance of policies reflected in the terms of
[the] statute. Those terms are the law—even when we might find
the policies behind the statute should properly have dictated a
different rule. Public policy concerns, however grave, do not dep-
utize this court to ignore the terms a statute and act legislatively.‖
(third alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and cita-
tions omitted)).

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